{"id": "2hop__55254_176500", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Scarecrow (Oz)", "paragraph_text": "The Scarecrow Oz character Illustration by W.W. Denslow from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Ray Bolger Voiced by Paul Scheer (Once Upon a Time) Information Aliases Socrates Strawman Chang Wang Woe Fiyero Tigelaar Species Scarecrow Gender Male Occupation Ruler of Oz Tin Woodman's treasurer Corn farmer Title His Majesty the Scarecrow Royal Treasurer Emperor of the Silver Islands Spouse (s) Tsing Tsing (in his former incarnation) Children 3 sons 15 grandsons (from his former incarnation)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fallout 4", "paragraph_text": "The player assumes control of a character referred to as the ``Sole Survivor '', who emerges from a long - term cryogenic stasis in Vault 111, an underground nuclear fallout shelter. After witnessing the murder of their spouse and kidnapping of their son, the Sole Survivor ventures out into the Commonwealth to search for their missing child. The player explores the game's dilapidated world, complete various quests, help out factions, and acquire experience points to level up and increase the abilities of their character. New features to the series include the ability to develop and manage settlements, and an extensive crafting system where materials scavenged from the environment can be used to craft drugs and explosives, upgrade weapons and armor, and construct, furnish and improve settlements. Fallout 4 also marks the first game in the series to feature full voice acting for the protagonist."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dave Fennoy", "paragraph_text": "Dave Fennoy Fennoy in Phoenix, Arizona David Henderson Fennoy (1952 - 01 - 20) January 20, 1952 (age 65) Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Voice actor Years active 1990 -- present Known for The Walking Dead as Lee Everett Minecraft: Story Mode as Gabriel the Warrior Spouse (s) Monique Fennoy Children Michelle Fennoy"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bud Luckey", "paragraph_text": "William Everett ``Bud ''Luckey (July 28, 1934 -- February 24, 2018) was an American animator and actor. He best known for his work at Pixar, where he worked as a character designer on a number of films, including Toy Story, Boundin ', Toy Story 2, A Bug's Life, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, Cars and Ratatouille. Luckey was also known as the voice of Rick Dicker in The Incredibles, Chuckles the Clown in Toy Story 3 and as Eeyore in the 2011 Winnie the Pooh film."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pointless Nostalgic", "paragraph_text": "Pointless Nostalgic is Jamie Cullum's second album but his first major release on a record label. It was released in 2002 through Candid Records. It was recorded at Clowns Pocket Recording Studio, Bexley, Kent by Derek Nash who also co produced the CD."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "I Am Not Homer", "paragraph_text": "I Am Not Homer is a 2002 comedy album by actor and comedian Dan Castellaneta, with additional input by his wife Deb Lacusta. The album is a collection of comedy sketches written and performed by Castellaneta and Lacusta, and was the follow-up to Castellaneta's previous all-music album \"Two Lips\". The title of the album is a reference to Leonard Nimoy's first autobiography, \"I Am Not Spock\", and a majority of the sketches were material that the pair had used before in their careers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Star vs. the Forces of Evil", "paragraph_text": "Jackie Lynn Thomas (voiced by Grey Griffin) -- A skateboarding classmate who has been Marco's crush since kindergarten. She and Marco start dating in the season 2 episode ``Bon Bon the Birthday Clown. ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alyson Court", "paragraph_text": "Alyson Stephanie Court (born November 9, 1973) is a Canadian actress and voice actress. She is best known as Loonette the Clown on The Big Comfy Couch (1992 -- 2002); and as the voices of Jubilee from X-Men: The Animated Series (1992 -- 1997), and Claire Redfield from the Resident Evil video game series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Kind of Alchemy", "paragraph_text": "A Kind of Alchemy is the second studio album from the alternative/progressive rock band byron. Released on 23 October 2009 at The Silver Church Club in Bucharest. It contains two singles, \"Diggin' a Hole\" and \"King Of Clowns\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Krusty the Clown", "paragraph_text": "Krusty the Clown The Simpsons character Information Voiced by Dan Castellaneta Gender Male Occupation Television clown, entertainer, congressman Relatives Mother: Rachel Krustofsky (deceased) Father: Hyman Krustofsky (deceased) Daughter: Sophie Krustofsky Half - Brother: Luke Perry Sister: Barbara Van Horne Nephew: Josh Van Horne First appearance Shorts ``The Krusty the Clown Show ''The Simpsons`` The Telltale Head''"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Adriana Caselotti", "paragraph_text": "Adriana Caselotti Caselotti in 1937 (1916 - 05 - 06) May 6, 1916 Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S. January 18, 1997 (1997 - 01 - 18) (aged 80) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Cause of death Respiratory failure from lung cancer Resting place Ashes scattered at Newport Beach, California Nationality American Occupation Actress, voice actress, singer Years active 1932 -- 1997 Notable work Original voice of Princess Snow White in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) Spouse (s) Robert Chard (m. 1945 --?; divorced) Norval Mitchell (m. 1952; his death 1972) Dr. Joseph Dana Costigan (m. 1972; his death 1982) Florian St. Pierre (m. 1989 --?; divorced) Parent (s) Guido Caselotti (father) Maria Orefice (mother) Relatives Louise Caselotti (older sister) Awards Disney Legend (1994)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Simpsons Movie", "paragraph_text": "Voice actor Credited roles Uncredited roles (in order of appearance) Dan Castellaneta Homer Simpson, Abe Simpson, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby, Sideshow Mel, Mr. Teeny, EPA Officer, Itchy, Barney Gumble Stage Manager, Blue Haired Lawyer, Multi-Eyed Squirrel, Hans Moleman, Panicky Man, Kissing Cop, Bear, Boy on Phone, NSA Worker, Officer, Rich Texan, Santa's Little Helper, Squeaky - Voiced Teen Julie Kavner Marge Simpson, Selma Bouvier, Patty Bouvier Nancy Cartwright Bart Simpson, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Nelson Muntz Maggie Simpson, TV Daughter, Woman on Phone Yeardley Smith Lisa Simpson Hank Azaria Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Cletus Spuckler, Professor Frink, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Lou, Comic Book Guy, Captain McCallister, Bumblebee Man, Dr. Nick Carl, Male EPA Worker, Dome Depot Announcer, Kissing Cop, Carnival Barker, Gas Station Clerk, Drederick Tatum, EPA Passenger, Robot, Wiseguy Harry Shearer Mr. Burns, Smithers, Ned Flanders, Reverend Lovejoy, Lenny, President Arnold Schwarzenegger, Seymour Skinner, Kent Brockman, Dr. Hibbert, Otto Mann Scratchy, Skull, Toll Booth Operator, Guard Pamela Hayden Milhouse Van Houten, Rod Flanders, Jimbo Jones Tress MacNeille Medicine Woman, Agnes Skinner, Crazy Cat Lady, Colin, Cookie Kwan Sweet Old Lady, Mrs. Muntz, Plopper, Female EPA Worker, Lindsey Neagle, GPS Voice, TV Son, Girl on Phone Albert Brooks (as ``A. Brooks '') Russ Cargill Karl Wiedergott EPA Officer, Man Marcia Wallace Edna Krabappel (scenes deleted) Russi Taylor Martin Prince Maggie Roswell Helen Lovejoy Miss Hoover Phil Rosenthal TV Dad Billie Joe Armstrong Green Day (himself) Frank Edwin Wright III Green Day (himself) Michael Pritchard Green Day (himself) Joe Mantegna Fat Tony Tom Hanks Himself"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The New Clown", "paragraph_text": "The New Clown is a 1916 British silent comedy film directed by Fred Paul and starring James Welch, Manora Thew and Richard Lindsay. It was based on a play by H.M. Paull. The screenplay concerns an aristocrat who runs away to join the circus."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hellbreeder", "paragraph_text": "Hellbreeder is a 2004 horror/mystery film directed by James Eaves and Johannes Roberts and starring Lyndie Uphill. The films centers on a killer clown who returns from Hell and goes on a murderous rampage."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Bozo Show", "paragraph_text": "The Bozo Show was a locally produced children's television program that aired on WGN-TV in Chicago and nationally on what is now WGN America. It was based on the children's record book series, \"Bozo the Clown\" by Capitol Records. The series is a local version of the internationally franchised \"Bozo the Clown\" format and is also the longest-running in the franchise. Recognized as the most popular and successful locally produced children's program in the history of television, it only aired under this title for 14 of its 40+ years: other titles were Bozo, Bozo's Circus, and The Bozo Super Sunday Show."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bob\u00e8che (clown)", "paragraph_text": "Antoine Mandelot, better known as Bob\u00e8che, was a French theatre clown, similar to a Merry Andrew, under the First Empire and the Restoration."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Big Comfy Couch", "paragraph_text": "Loonette is the lead character, portrayed by Alyson Court from 1992 -- 2002 and Ramona Gilmour - Darling in 2006 - 2007. She is a young clown living with her doll, Molly, on the eponymous Big Comfy Couch, an over-sized green couch with flower patterns on it. She wears a pink dress with purple sleeves and a white shirt with yellow clown suns and moons. She also wears a purple hat on her head and wears black and white socks with black shoes on her feet."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of krusty the clown's voice actor?"}
{"id": "2hop__421982_677154", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as \"The Big House\". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Joe Kidd", "paragraph_text": "Joe Kidd is a 1972 American Technicolor western film in Panavision starring Clint Eastwood and Robert Duvall, written by Elmore Leonard and directed by John Sturges."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Roy Kidd Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Roy Kidd Stadium is Eastern Kentucky University's football stadium in Richmond, Kentucky. The stadium is home to the EKU Colonels football team, located on campus. Currently, Roy Kidd Stadium consists of upper and lower level seating areas with a predominant majority of the seats being metal bleachers. Reserved chairback seats can be found in the middle of the lower level, as well, the seats are generally purchased by season ticket holders and Eastern Alumni."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wes Schulmerich", "paragraph_text": "Edward Wesley Schulmerich (August 21, 1901 \u2013 June 26, 1985) was an American Major League Baseball player from the state of Oregon. A native of the state, he played baseball and football at what is now Oregon State University where he participated in three sports. On the football team, he played three positions and earned the nickname of Ironhorse and all-conference honors. In baseball, he was a right-handed outfielder and after leaving school started his professional career in the minor leagues. Schulmerich then became the first player from the school to make it to the Major Leagues, playing for three teams in the early 1930s. He is a member of the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2001\u201302 New Jersey Nets season", "paragraph_text": "In the offseason, the Nets acquired All-Star point guard Jason Kidd from the Phoenix Suns. Kidd was credited for most of turn-around\u2014the Nets had finished 26\u201356 the previous year\u2014and finished second to the Spurs' Tim Duncan in MVP voting, and was selected for the 2002 NBA All-Star Game. The team also acquired rookie Richard Jefferson from the Houston Rockets."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Binnaz Uslu", "paragraph_text": "Binnaz Uslu (born March 12, 1985 in Ankara) is a retired Turkish middle-distance and long-distance runner. She was banned from sport for life in 2014, after her second doping violation. The tall athlete at is a member of Enkaspor athletics team, where she was coached by Yahya Sev\u00fcktekin. Uslu is a student at the Gazi \u00dcniversitesi in Ankara."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Joseph Cogels", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Hubert Cogels (14 January 1894 \u2013 26 July 1978) was a Belgian sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Belgian team in the team clay pigeons competition."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Joumana Kidd", "paragraph_text": "Joumana Marie Kidd (n\u00e9e Samaha) (born September 28, 1972) is an actress and journalist and former wife of retired NBA basketball star Jason Kidd."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "George Balderston Kidd", "paragraph_text": "Rev. George Balderston Kidd (28 July 1794 in Cottingham, near Hull \u2013 1852) was a Dissenting Minister and theological writer."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket. A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is Ano, which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter. Ano is a localised version of volleyball, in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground. Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charlotte 49ers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A founding member of Conference USA (C-USA), Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. Previously, Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Devil and Tom Walker", "paragraph_text": "The story starts with the legend of William Kidd the pirate. It is rumored that Kidd had buried a large treasure in a forest in colonial Massachusetts. Kidd made a deal with the devil to protect his money. The devil's conditions are unknown. Kidd died never able to reclaim his money, but the devil has protected it ever since."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frederick Kidd", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Alexander Kidd (July 29, 1921 \u2013 March 22, 1997) was a provincial level politician and Geologist from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the governing Progressive Conservative caucus from 1975 to 1979."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bennigsen Beavers", "paragraph_text": "The Bennigsen Beavers were established in 1993 as a department of FC Bennigsen, and became an independent sporting team on January 1, 2004. The club fielded 7 teams for the 2005 season, including three men's teams, a women's team, a junior team, a youth team and a student team. As of mid-2005, the Beavers claimed a total of 97 Members."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sports in Canada", "paragraph_text": "Ice hockey, referred to as simply ``hockey '', is Canada's most prevalent winter sport, its most popular spectator sport, and its most successful sport in international competition. It is Canada's official national winter sport. Lacrosse, a sport with Indigenous origins, is Canada's oldest and official summer sport. Canadian football is Canada's second most popular spectator sport, being the most popular in the prairie provinces. The Canadian Football League's annual championship, the Grey Cup, is one of the country's largest annual sports events. While other sports have a larger spectator base, Association football, known in Canada as soccer in both English and French, has the most registered players of any team sport in Canada. Professional teams exist in many cities in Canada. Statistics Canada reports that the top ten sports that Canadians participate in are golf, ice hockey, swimming, soccer, basketball, baseball, volleyball, skiing (downhill and alpine), cycling and tennis."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd", "paragraph_text": "Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd is a 1952 film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, along with Charles Laughton, who reprised his role as the infamous pirate from the 1945 film \"Captain Kidd\". It was the second film in SuperCinecolor, a three-color version of the two-color process Cinecolor."}], "question": "What team is Joumana Kidd's spouse on?"}
{"id": "2hop__680867_826659", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "William Walker (diplomat)", "paragraph_text": "William Graham Walker (born June 1, 1935) is a veteran United States Foreign Service diplomat who served as the US ambassador to El Salvador and as the head of the Kosovo Verification Mission."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "William Stewart Walker", "paragraph_text": "William Stewart Walker, usually known as Stewart Walker (October 6, 1914 \u2013 February 6, 1999), was a lieutenant colonel from Winnfield, Louisiana who, during World War II as a United States Army major, rescued 380 of his fellow soldiers from behind enemy lines in Belgium in December 1944. In 1964, he ran unsuccessfully as a Republican for Louisiana's 8th congressional district seat in the United States House of Representatives, a position now defunct."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "William Stephen Walker", "paragraph_text": "William Stephen Walker (April 13, 1822 \u2013 June 7, 1899) was a Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War (Civil War). He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania but was raised by Robert J. Walker, his uncle, who was a Secretary of the Treasury and U.S. Senator. Walker served as a first lieutenant in the United States Army during the Mexican\u2013American War from 1847 to 1848. He was discharged in 1848. Walker rejoined the army as captain in the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment on March 3, 1855 and served until he resigned on May 1, 1861. Walker was wounded in the left arm and lost his left foot during the Battle of Ware Bottom Church during the Overland Campaign. After the war, he lived at Atlanta, Georgia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bob Bastian", "paragraph_text": "William Robert Bastian (October 21, 1938 July 13, 2019) was a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 69th District. He and his wife lived in Friedens, Pennsylvania and had five children. He retired prior to the 2008 election, having joined in 1999, and was succeeded by Republican Carl Walker Metzgar."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William W. Tait", "paragraph_text": "William Walker Tait (born 1929) is an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, where he served as a faculty member from 1972 to 1996, and as department chair from 1981 to 1987."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Abroad with Two Yanks", "paragraph_text": "Abroad with Two Yanks is a 1944 American comedy film directed by Allan Dwan and starring Helen Walker, William Bendix and Dennis O'Keefe as the title characters. It was Bendix's third and final role in a film as a US Marine and the first of Dwan's three films about the United States Marine Corps."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Margaret Walker", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Walker (Margaret Abigail Walker Alexander by marriage; July 7, 1915\u00a0\u2013 November 30, 1998) was an American poet and writer. She was part of the African-American literary movement in Chicago, known as the Chicago Black Renaissance. Her notable works include the award-winning poem \"For My People\" (1942) and the novel \"Jubilee\" (1966), set in the South during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Walker (surname)", "paragraph_text": "Walker is a German surname derived from either a fuller, from the Middle High German walker, meaning ``a fuller of cloth '', or an officer whose duty consisted of walking or inspecting a certain part of a forest. The surname`` Walker'' was first found in Germany where records of the name date back to the thirteenth century. In 1253, Sigelo dictus Welkere was recorded in Weissenburg, and in 1209, Bruno Welkiner was a citizen of Cologne. The name is also found within African Kenyan tribes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paul Walker", "paragraph_text": "Paul William Walker IV (September 12, 1973 -- November 30, 2013) was an American actor best known for his role as Brian O'Conner in The Fast and Furious franchise. Walker first gained prominence in 1999 with roles in the teen films She's All That and Varsity Blues. In 2001, he gained international fame for his performance in the street racing action film The Fast and the Furious (2001), a role he reprised in five of the next six installments, but died in 2013 in the middle of filming Furious 7 (2015)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Second Battle of Rivas", "paragraph_text": "The Second Battle of Rivas occurred on 11 April 1856 between Costa Rican militia under General Mora and the Nicaraguan forces of William Walker. The lesser known First Battle of Rivas took place on the 29 June 1855 between Walker's forces and the forces of the Chamorro government of Nicaragua."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Blue Horses", "paragraph_text": "In 1942, \"Blue Horses\" was purchased by the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota through The T. B. Walker Foundation and its Gilbert M. Walker Memorial Fund. This was the first major modernist work to enter the collection."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lunokhod 2", "paragraph_text": "Lunokhod 2 (, \"moon walker\") was the second of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod programme."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mount Walker, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Mount Walker is a mountain and locality in the Scenic Rim Region of Queensland, Australia. The western boundary of Mount Walker is marked by the Bremer River. The central eastern parts of the locality rise to elevations above 400\u00a0m around Mount Walker. At the 2011 Australian Census Mount Walker and surrounds recorded a population of 392."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Petrified Springs fault", "paragraph_text": "The Petrified Springs Fault is a right lateral-moving (dextral) geologic fault located in western Nevada, United States. It is considered an integral part of the Walker Lane."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Richard F. Pedersen", "paragraph_text": "Richard Foote Pedersen (February 21, 1925 \u2013 July 11, 2011) was a career Foreign Service Officer in the United States State Department and President of the American University in Cairo."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Milan Cabrnoch", "paragraph_text": "Milan Cabrnoch (born 6 August 1962 in \u010c\u00e1slav) is a Czech physician and politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Walker Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Walker Township is a township in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the State College, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 4,433 at the 2010 census, up from 3,299 at the 2000 census."}], "question": "What is the employer of William Walker part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__528695_461025", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "That's All Right", "paragraph_text": "Elvis Presley's version was recorded in July 1954. Its catalogue number was Sun 209. The label reads ``That's All Right ''(omitting`` Mama'' from the original title), and names the performers as Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill. Arthur Crudup was credited as the composer on the label of Presley's single, but even after legal battles into the 1970s, was reportedly never paid royalties. An out - of - court settlement was supposed to pay Crudup an estimated $60,000 in back royalties, but never materialized. Crudup had used lines in his song that had been present in earlier blues recordings, including Blind Lemon Jefferson's 1926 song ``That Black Snake Moan ''."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Roscoe Mitchell and the Sound and Space Ensembles", "paragraph_text": "Roscoe Mitchell and the Sound and Space Ensembles is an album by jazz saxophonist Roscoe Mitchell recorded in 1983 for the Italian Black Saint label."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Triple Threat (Roland Kirk album)", "paragraph_text": "Triple Threat is the debut album by jazz multi-instrumentalist Roland Kirk originally released on the King label in July 1957, later re-released on the Bethlehem label as \"Third Dimension\" and on the Affinity label as \"Early Roots\". The original album received limited distribution and only became widely known after it was rereleased a few years prior to Kirk's death. It features performances by Kirk with James Madison, Carl Pruitt and Henry Duncan. The album features the first recorded examples of Kirk's trademark playing of multiple wind instruments at the same time as well as two tracks (\"Stormy Weather\" and \"The Nearness of You\") where he overdubbed manzello and tenor saxophone. Kirk would later state that the album \"was about the third overdub record in black classical music\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Groovin' with Golson", "paragraph_text": "Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm", "paragraph_text": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances with Ernie Henry recorded in 1957 and released on the Riverside label. This was Henry's last recording session."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tijuana Jazz", "paragraph_text": "Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label. The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Main Attraction (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Something Personal", "paragraph_text": "Something Personal is an album by American jazz pianist Jack Wilson featuring performances recorded and released on the Blue Note label in 1967."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Foolin' Myself", "paragraph_text": "Foolin' Myself is an album of trio performances by the American jazz pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1988 and released on the Italian Soul Note label."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Jazz Skyline", "paragraph_text": "The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Black Paladins", "paragraph_text": "Black Paladins is an album by American jazz saxophonist Joseph Jarman and percussionist Don Moye featuring Johnny Dyani recorded in 1979 for the Italian Black Saint label."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "It's What's Happenin'", "paragraph_text": "It's What's Happenin' (subtitled The Varitone Sound of Clark Terry) is an album by American jazz trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1967 for the Impulse! label. Remastered in 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Impulse! Records, it was reissued together with Terry's only other record for the label as a solo leader, \"The Happy Horns of Clark Terry\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Army of Mushrooms", "paragraph_text": "Army of Mushrooms is the eighth studio album by Infected Mushroom released on May 8, 2012 under Dim Mak Records. It features a cover of \"The Pretender\" by Foo Fighters, \"Serve My Thirst\", and \"U R So Fucked\" (which was released as a single/video on February 14, 2012)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Equity Music Group", "paragraph_text": "Equity Music Group was an American country music record label founded in 2003 by singer Clint Black. The label was distributed by Koch Entertainment (now E1 Entertainment)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album)", "paragraph_text": "Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Soundsigns", "paragraph_text": "Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Four Compositions (Quartet) 1983", "paragraph_text": "Four Compositions (Quartet) 1983 is an album by American saxophonist and composer Anthony Braxton recorded in 1983 for the Italian Black Saint label."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Legend of the Black Shawarma", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Black Shawarma is the seventh studio album by psychedelic trance duo Infected Mushroom released on September 8, 2009. The album is named after a shawarma, a Middle Eastern wrap/sandwich; the equivalent of the d\u00f6ner kebab in Turkey or the gyros in Greece. The title was also inspired by Shawarma Hazan, a shawarma restaurant where Erez and Amit used to eat in their hometown, Haifa."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Three for Shepp", "paragraph_text": "Three for Shepp is the debut album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Plenty, Plenty Soul", "paragraph_text": "Plenty, Plenty Soul is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1957 and released on the Atlantic label."}], "question": "What is the record label of Legend of the Black Shawarma's performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__543484_790947", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sapphire Princess", "paragraph_text": "\"Sapphire Princess\" was built in Japan by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the second Princess Cruises ship to be built in a Japanese shipyard. Her only sister ship is \"Diamond Princess\", with whom she swapped names during construction."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen", "paragraph_text": "Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen (23 September 1853 \u2013 22 February 1923) was the only daughter of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, by his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia. She was notable as a musician and composer. One of her most famous works is \"Romanze\" in F major for clarinet and piano."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Forever Charmed", "paragraph_text": "``Forever Charmed ''is the last episode of the American supernatural - drama television series Charmed, and the 178th overall. It is the second part of the double - episode series finale of the show's eighth season. The episode was written by Brad Kern and directed by James L. Conway. It was originally broadcast in the United States on May 21, 2006 on The WB.`` Forever Charmed'' involves time travel, nostalgic family visitations and a reprise of various important historical background situations, as well as a glimpse of the future to other progeny of The Charmed Ones. It was watched by 4.5 million American viewers, becoming the highest rating episode of the season."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Princess Charming", "paragraph_text": "Princess Charming is an operetta by composer Albert Szirmai. It was first presented in Hungarian in Budapest as \"Alexandra\". The English libretto by Arthur Wimperis and Lauri Wylie is based on the Hungarian libretto by Franz Martos. The story concerns a young princess who accepts a proposal of marriage from the elderly king of a neighboring country as protection against an uprising by her own subjects. Captain Torrelli, a military officer sent by the king, fears imminent danger to the princess and marries her himself. The officer then escorts her to his king for an annulment, but the couple fall in love and elope."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Prinsessoja ja astronautteja", "paragraph_text": "\"Prinsessoja ja astronautteja\" (English: Princesses and astronauts) is the debut single by Finnish singer-songwriter Sanni. It was released on 4 April 2013 through Warner Music Finland as the lead single of her debut studio album \"Sotke mut\". The song was composed by Sanni and Hank Solo, while its lyrics were written by Sanni and it was produced by Solo."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nannette Streicher", "paragraph_text": "Nannette Streicher (n\u00e9e Anna-Maria Stein; 2 January 1769, Augsburg \u2013 16 January 1833, Vienna) was a German piano maker, composer, music educator and writer."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Princess Cecilia of Sweden (1807\u20131844)", "paragraph_text": "Cecilia of Sweden (22 June 1807 in Stockholm \u2013 27 January 1844 in Oldenburg) was a composer, a Swedish princess by birth, and Grand Duchess of Oldenburg by marriage. She was the daughter of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sxip Shirey", "paragraph_text": "Gene \"Sxip\" Shirey (pronounced \"skip\") is an American electric-acoustic composer, performer, and story-teller. Currently based in New York City, he is known for working with found objects, traditional instruments, and computer and rare modified instruments. Shirey has released three solo albums, including \"Sonic New York\" in 2010. Shirey is a member of The Daredevil Opera Company and is a founding member of the band Luminescent Orchestrii, as well as the band Gentlemen & Assassins. He is the host and producer of \"Sxip's Hour of Charm\", a variety show of cabaret acts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Crimson Charm", "paragraph_text": "The Crimson Charm is a 1971 Hong Kong \"wuxia\" film directed by Huang Feng and produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kermit Ruffins", "paragraph_text": "Kermit Ruffins (born December 19, 1964) is an American jazz trumpeter, singer, and composer from New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. He has been influenced by Louis Armstrong and Louis Jordan and says that the highest note he can hit on trumpet is a high C. He often accompanies his songs with his own vocals. Most of his bands perform New Orleans jazz standards, though he also composes many of his own pieces. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" wrote, \"Mr. Ruffins is an unabashed entertainer who plays trumpet with a bright, silvery tone, sings with off-the-cuff charm and never gets too abstruse in his material.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Helen Eugenia Hagan", "paragraph_text": "Helen Eugenia Hagan (10 January 1891 \u2013 6 March 1964) was an American pianist, music educator and composer of African descent."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Victor Jacobi", "paragraph_text": "He studied at Zeneakad\u00e9mia (Academy of Music) in Budapest at the same time as the noted Hungarian composers Imre K\u00e1lm\u00e1n and Albert Szirmai. Jacobi began his career as \"\"Jakabfi Viktor\"\" on 17 December 1904 with the operetta \"\"A r\u00e1tart\u00f3s kir\u00e1lykisasszony\"\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Paige Matthews", "paragraph_text": "Paige Matthews Charmed character First appearance October 4, 2001 (episode 4.01; ``Charmed Again (Part 1) '') Last appearance May 21, 2006 (episode 8.22;`` Forever Charmed'' Created by Brad Kern Portrayed by Rose McGowan Information Aliases Jo Bennett Spouse (s) Henry Mitchell Children Tamora Mitchell Kat Mitchell Henry Mitchell Jr. Species Charmed One Witch Whitelighter Notable powers Telekinetic Orbing Whitelighter powers Orb - Shield Extended Family Grandparents Penny Halliwell (grandmother; deceased) Allen Halliwell (grandfather; deceased) Parents Patty Halliwell (mother; deceased) Sam Wilder (father) Mr. and Mrs. Matthews (adoptive parents; deceased) Siblings Prue Halliwell (half - sister; deceased) Piper Halliwell (half - sister) Phoebe Halliwell (half - sister) Other Relatives Melinda Warren (ancestor) Charlotte Warren (ancestor)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bruce Wolosoff", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Wolosoff (born March 27, 1955 in New York City) is an American classical composer, pianist, and educator. He lives in Shelter Island, New York."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joe Newman (trumpeter)", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Dwight Newman (7 September 1922 \u2013 4 July 1992) was an American jazz trumpeter, composer, and educator, best known for his time with Count Basie."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mark Adamo", "paragraph_text": "Mark Adamo (born 1962) is an American composer, librettist and professor of music composition at New York University's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. He was born in Philadelphia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Renato Dionisi (composer)", "paragraph_text": "Renato Dionisi (2 January 1910 in Rovinj \u2013 24 August 2000 in Verona) was an Italian composer and music educator."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Emerentia von D\u00fcben", "paragraph_text": "Emerentia von D\u00fcben was the daughter of organist and composer Gustaf D\u00fcben and Emerentia Standaert, she was a great-granddaughter of the German-born Baroque composer Andreas D\u00fcben, and a sister of Gustaf von D\u00fcben the Younger, Joachim von D\u00fcben the Elder (father of Ulrika Eleonora von D\u00fcben, also a royal favourite), and Anders von D\u00fcben (the Younger). Probably born in Stockholm, Menza was initially employed as a chamber maid at the court of the queen, Ulrika Eleonora. In 1690, she was made responsible for Princess Ulrika Eleonora. In 1707 Menza was ennobled along with her brothers, in 1717 she officially became lady-in-waiting, and in 1719, she was given the title Baroness (). She had the same position with Ulrika Eleonora, which Juliana Schierberg had to the elder Princess, Hedvig Sophia of Sweden."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "These Old Charms", "paragraph_text": "These Old Charms is the debut album by \"Canadian Idol\" finalist Theresa Sokyrka, released across Canada on April 26, 2005."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Disney's Sleeping Beauty characters", "paragraph_text": "Prince Phillip is Aurora's true love, voiced by Bill Shirley. Phillip is based on the prince from the original French fairy tale that appears a hundred years after the princess is put to sleep by Maleficent's curse, having heard the story of the sleeping princess, and entered the castle. He trembled upon seeing the princess's beauty and fell on his knees before her. He kissed her, then she woke up, and then everyone lived happily ever after. Unlike The Prince from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Prince Charming from Cinderella, Phillip was the first prince in Disney theatrical animated features to be given a proper name and a full character."}], "question": "Where was Princess Charming's composer educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__723323_485690", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", "paragraph_text": "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso (6 April 1913, Milan, Italy \u2013 22 April 1983) was an Italian geneticist. In 1962 he founded in Naples the \"Laboratorio Internazionale di Genetica e Biofisica\" (\"International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics\")."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Adriano Buergo", "paragraph_text": "Adriano Buergo (born Jos\u00e9 Adriano Buergo y Ortiz March 5, 1964), is a Cuban artist specializing in painting, drawing and installations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Adrianos Komnenos", "paragraph_text": "Born in , Adrianos Komnenos was the fourth and second-to-last son (and seventh overall child) of the \"domestikos ton scholon\" John Komnenos, the younger brother of Emperor Isaac I Komnenos (r. 1057\u20131059) and Anna Dalassene. According to the historian Nikephoros Bryennios, after John's death, Anna entrusted Adrianos and his younger brother Nikephoros to tutors, and gave them an encyclopedic education."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics", "paragraph_text": "Lionel Messi (Barcelona), 7 -- 1 against Bayer Leverkusen, round of 16, 2011 -- 12 Luiz Adriano (Shakhtar Donetsk), 7 -- 0 against BATE Borisov, group stage, 2014 -- 15"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Camillo Olivetti", "paragraph_text": "Camillo Olivetti (August 1868 in Ivrea, Piedmont, Italy \u2013 December 1943 in Biella, Italy) was an Italian electrical engineer and founder of Olivetti & Co., SpA., the Italian manufacturer of computers, printers and other business machines. The company was later run by his son Adriano."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Santo Adriano del Monte", "paragraph_text": "Santo Adriano del Monte is one of 28 parishes (administrative divisions) in the municipality of Grado, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Darwinius", "paragraph_text": "The genus \"Darwinius\" was named in commemoration of the bicentenary of the birth of Charles Darwin, and the species name \"masillae\" honors Messel where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Adriano Panatta", "paragraph_text": "Adriano Panatta (born 9 July 1950) is a former professional tennis player from Italy. He won the French Open in 1976, and was the only player ever to defeat Bj\u00f6rn Borg at Roland Garros, doing so on two occasions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Adriano Goldman", "paragraph_text": "Adriano Goldman is a Brazilian television director and cinematographer born in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. He won \"Excellence in Cinematography Award: Dramatic\" during the 2009 Sundance Film Festival for his cinematography in Cary Joji Fukunaga's 2009 film \"Sin Nombre\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yang Meng", "paragraph_text": "Yang Meng was the third son of Yang Xingmi, a major warlord at the end of Tang Dynasty as the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Huainan Circuit (\u6dee\u5357, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). It is not known when he was born, although his immediately older brother Yang Longyan was born in 897 and his immediately younger brother Yang Pu was born in 900, placing a timeframe on his birth date. His mother's name was not recorded in history."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Adriano Vignoli", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Sasso Marconi. In 1934, Vignoli won one stage both in the 1934 Tour de France and in the 1934 Giro d'Italia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Grado, Asturias", "paragraph_text": "Grado (, Asturian: \"Grau\") is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias in Spain. It is bordered on the north by Candamo and Las Regueras, on the east by Proaza, Santo Adriano and Oviedo, on the south by Teverga and Yernes y Tameza, and on the west by Belmonte de Miranda and Salas."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Adriano Chuva", "paragraph_text": "Adriano Neves Pereira (born 24 May 1979 in Cap\u00e3o da Canoa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), commonly known as Adriano Chuva, is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Atl\u00e9tico Sorocaba, primarily as a striker."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sasso Marconi", "paragraph_text": "Known as Sasso Bolognese until 1938, it is named after Guglielmo Marconi, the radio pioneer, who was born in the nearby city of Bologna. In 1902, Marconi received the first transatlantic radio signal at Poldhu Cove, Cornwall, UK. The name \"Sasso\" (\"rock\") derives from the Pliocenic rock formation called Sasso della Glosina that commands the confluence of the Setta and Reno rivers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of UEFA Champions League hat-tricks", "paragraph_text": "Rank Player Hat - tricks Lionel Messi 8 Cristiano Ronaldo 7 Mario G\u00f3mez Luiz Adriano Filippo Inzaghi 6 Adriano Robert Lewandowski Sergio Ag\u00fcero Neymar Karim Benzema Andy Cole Didier Drogba Samuel Eto'o Roy Makaay Michael Owen Marco Simone Andriy Shevchenko Roberto Soldado Ruud van Nistelrooy"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament", "paragraph_text": "Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament (birth name Catherine de Bar, 31 December 1614 \u2013 6 April 1698), was born at Saint-Di\u00e9, Lorraine in northeastern France."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Queen Dong", "paragraph_text": "Queen Dong (17 October 1623 \u2013 30 July 1681), birth name Dong You, posthumous name Chaowu Wangfei, was the princess consort of Koxinga and mother of Zheng Jing."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alberto Demicheli", "paragraph_text": "His wife, Sof\u00eda \u00c1lvarez Vignoli de Demicheli, was noted for her diplomatic activity during the Presidency of Gabriel Terra, in whose administration Alberto Demicheli also served."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gerd Ludwig", "paragraph_text": "Gerd Ludwig (birth name Gerhard Erich Ludwig, born March 17, 1947 in Alsfeld, Hesse, Germany) is a German-American documentary photographer and photojournalist."}], "question": "Who is Adriano Vignoli's birthplace named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__378135_64619", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle", "paragraph_text": "Nick Jonas as Jefferson ``Seaplane ''McDonough, a young aircraft pilot in Jumanji who is Alex Vreeke's avatar. Mason Guccione as Alex Vreeke, a teenage gamer who was trapped inside the Jumanji video game for two decades. Colin Hanks plays the adult Alex when he appears two decades later."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle", "paragraph_text": "Mason Guccione as Alex Vreeke, a teenage gamer who played (and was trapped inside) the Jumanji video game for 20 years. Colin Hanks plays the adult Alex when he appears 20 years later."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2005 UEFA Champions League Final", "paragraph_text": "2005 UEFA Champions League Final Event 2004 -- 05 UEFA Champions League Milan Liverpool After extra time Liverpool won 3 -- 2 on penalties Date 25 May 2005 Venue Atat\u00fcrk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul Man of the Match Steven Gerrard (Liverpool) Referee Manuel Mejuto Gonz\u00e1lez (Spain) Attendance 69,600 Weather Clear night 18 \u00b0 C (64 \u00b0 F) 78% humidity \u2190 2004 2006 \u2192"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Forrest Gump", "paragraph_text": "In 1951 in Greenbow, Alabama, young Forrest is fitted with leg braces to correct a curved spine, and is not able to walk. He lives alone with his mother, who runs a boarding house out of their home that attracts many tenants, including a young Elvis Presley, who plays the guitar for Forrest and incorporates his jerky dance movements into his famous performances. On the first day in school, Forrest meets a girl  called Jenny Curran, and the two become good friends."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Liverpool F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The club's supporters have been involved in two stadium disasters. The first was the 1985 Heysel Stadium disaster, in which 39 Juventus supporters were killed. They were confined to a corner by Liverpool fans who had charged in their direction; the weight of the cornered fans caused a wall to collapse. UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool supporters, and banned all English clubs from European competition for five years. Liverpool was banned for an additional year, preventing it from participating in the 1990\u201391 European Cup, even though it won the League in 1990. Twenty-seven fans were arrested on suspicion of manslaughter and were extradited to Belgium in 1987 to face trial. In 1989, after a five-month trial in Belgium, 14 Liverpool fans were given three-year sentences for involuntary manslaughter; half of the terms were suspended.The second disaster took place during an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield, on 15 April 1989. Ninety-six Liverpool fans died as a consequence of overcrowding at the Leppings Lane end, in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster. In the following days The Sun newspaper published an article entitled \"The Truth\", in which it claimed that Liverpool fans had robbed the dead and had urinated on and attacked the police. Subsequent investigations proved the allegations false, leading to a boycott of the newspaper by Liverpool fans across the city and elsewhere; many still refuse to buy The Sun 30 years later. Many support organisations were set up in the wake of the disaster, such as the Hillsborough Justice Campaign, which represents bereaved families, survivors and supporters in their efforts to secure justice."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Steven Gerrard", "paragraph_text": "Steven Gerrard MBE Gerrard lining up for England at UEFA Euro 2012 Full name Steven George Gerrard Date of birth (1980 - 05 - 30) 30 May 1980 (age 37) Place of birth Whiston, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1989 -- 1998 Liverpool Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1998 -- 2015 Liverpool 504 (120) 2015 -- 2016 LA Galaxy 34 (5) Total 538 (125) National team 1999 -- 2000 England U21 (1) 2000 -- 2014 England 114 (21) Teams managed 2017 -- Liverpool U18s * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alex Ferguson", "paragraph_text": "In the 1987\u201388 season, Ferguson made several major signings, including Steve Bruce, Viv Anderson, Brian McClair and Jim Leighton. The new players made a great contribution to a United team who finished in second place, nine points behind Liverpool. Liverpool's points lead, however, had been in double digits for most of the season and while United had lost only five league games all season, they drew 12 games and there was clearly still some way to go before United could be a match for their north western rivals."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brian F. Curran", "paragraph_text": "Brian F. Curran (born November 1, 1968) is an American politician from Lynbrook, New York. Curran was elected to the New York State Assembly in 2010. His district includes parts of Lynbrook, Valley Stream, Rockville Centre, South Hempstead and portions of Baldwin, Oceanside, East Rockaway, Malverne and North Lynbrook. He was defeated by Judy Griffin of Rockville Centre in the November, 2018 general election."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1977 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1977 FA Cup Final was the final match of the 1976 -- 77 FA Cup, the 96th season of England's premier cup football competition. The match was played on 21 May 1977 at Wembley Stadium, London, and it was contested by Manchester United and Liverpool. United won the game 2 -- 1. All three goals came in a five - minute period early in the second half. Stuart Pearson opened the scoring when he latched onto a long ball forward and drove a hard shot past Ray Clemence. Liverpool equalised through Jimmy Case soon after, as he turned and hooked a right foot half - volley into the top corner, giving Stepney no chance. However, just three minutes later, United regained the lead when Lou Macari's shot deflected off teammate Jimmy Greenhoff's chest and looped into the net past Clemence and Phil Neal on the line."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park, which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium, with the first official match taking place in 1879. In 1882, a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club's home before they moved to Anfield, which was Everton's home until 1892. At this time, a dispute of how the club was to be owned and run emerged with Anfield's owner and Everton's chairman, John Houlding. A dispute between Houlding and the club's committee over how the club should be run, led to Houlding attempting to gain full control of the club by registering the company, \"Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd\". In response, Everton left Anfield for a new ground, Goodison Park, where the club have played ever since. Houlding attempted to take over Everton's name, colours, fixtures and league position, but was denied by The Football Association. Instead, Houlding formed a new club, Liverpool F.C."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alex Curran", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Gerrard (n\u00e9e Curran; born 23 September 1982) is an English model, fashion columnist for the \"Daily Mirror\", and the wife of former Liverpool and England captain Steven Gerrard. She was described as a leading \"WAG\" of the England national football team, along with women such as Victoria Beckham and Coleen Rooney. In 2007, the \"Times\" referred to her, then Steven Gerrard's fianc\u00e9e, as an \"\"\u00fcber\"-WAG\". On 29 October 2007, she launched her own fragrance, named \"Alex\", which was one of the top sellers of 2007."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lancashire", "paragraph_text": "Liverpool produced a number of nationally and internationally successful popular singers in the 1950s, including traditional pop stars Frankie Vaughan and Lita Roza, and one of the most successful British rock and roll stars in Billy Fury. Many Lancashire towns had vibrant skiffle scenes in the late 1950s, out of which by the early 1960s a flourishing culture of beat groups began to emerge, particularly around Liverpool and Manchester. It has been estimated that there were around 350 bands active in and around Liverpool in this era, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs, among them the Beatles. After their national success from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & the Pacemakers, the Searchers and Cilla Black. The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool, or managed by Brian Epstein, were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester, as were Herman's Hermits and the Hollies. Led by the Beatles, beat groups from the region spearheaded the British Invasion of the US, which made a major contribution to the development of rock music. After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s the centre of rock culture shifted to London and there were relatively few local bands who achieved national prominence until the growth of a disco funk scene and the punk rock revolution in the mid and late 1970s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Peter Short (rugby union)", "paragraph_text": "Peter Short (born 20 June 1979 in Liverpool, England) was a rugby union footballer who played as a lock forward predominantly for Bath in the Aviva Premiership."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of English football champions", "paragraph_text": "Manchester United have won 20 titles, the most of any club. United's rivals Liverpool are second with 18. Liverpool dominated during the 1970s and 1980s, while United dominated in the 1990s and 2000s under Sir Alex Ferguson. Arsenal are third; their 13 titles all came after 1930. Everton (nine) have enjoyed success throughout their history, and both Aston Villa (seven) and Sunderland (six) secured the majority of their titles before World War I. Huddersfield Town in 1924 -- 26, Arsenal in 1933 -- 35, Liverpool in 1982 -- 84 and Manchester United in 1999 -- 2001 and 2007 -- 09 are the only sides to have won the League title in three consecutive seasons."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Liverpool F.C. seasons", "paragraph_text": "Liverpool F.C. were formed in 1892, following a rent dispute between the leaseholder of Anfield, John Houlding, and Everton Football Club, which left Houlding with a ground but no club playing in it. In their first season Liverpool won the Lancashire League, and were elected to the Football League Second Division for the 1893 -- 94 season, going on to win the title without losing a match. Their first season in the First Division ended in relegation, before they were promoted back the following season. Liverpool won the First Division for the first time in the 1900 -- 01 season, and reached their first FA Cup Final in 1914, losing 1 -- 0 to Burnley. They won their first back - to - back titles in the 1921 -- 22 and 1922 -- 23 seasons; this was their last success until the 1946 -- 47 season, when they regained the league title. Relegated in the 1953 -- 54 season, they did not regain their place in the First Division until the 1962 -- 63 season under the management of Bill Shankly."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term \"Sunday League Football\". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jan Fiala", "paragraph_text": "He played 58 matches for the Czechoslovakia national football team, for which he scored one goal. He was a member of the bronze team in the 1980 UEFA European Football Championship even if he didn't play a single match. He was a participant in the 1982 FIFA World Cup, where he played all three matches."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1981 European Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1981 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Real Madrid of Spain on 27 May 1981 at the Parc des Princes, Paris, France. It was the final match of the 1980 -- 81 season of Europe's premier cup competition, the European Cup. Liverpool were appearing in their third final, after two appearances in 1977 and 1978. Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final, they had previously won the competition six times and lost twice."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Robert Priday", "paragraph_text": "Robert Priday (29 March 1925 \u2013 30 September 1998) was a South African footballer who played as a midfielder for Liverpool F.C. in The Football League. Priday played for Cape Town City in his native South Africa before he moved to Liverpool in 1946. He made 9 appearances during the 1946\u201347 season, which was not enough for him to receive a winner's medal as Liverpool won the First Division. He made 25 appearances over the next two seasons, unable to become a first team regular he moved to Blackburn Rovers F.C."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1914 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1914 FA Cup Final was a football match between Burnley and Liverpool on 25 April 1914 at Crystal Palace, London. It was the final match of the 1913\u201314 FA Cup, the 43rd season of the country's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup. Both teams were appearing in their first final."}], "question": "How many times did Alex Curran's husband play for Liverpool?"}
{"id": "2hop__73384_777525", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Home for the Holidays (song)", "paragraph_text": "``(There's No Place Like) Home for the Holidays ''Single by Perry Como A-side`` Silk Stockings'' Released 1954 (1954) Format 78 rpm and 45 rpm singles Recorded November 16, 1954 Genre Easy listening, pop Label RCA Songwriter (s) Al Stillman (lyrics), Robert Allen (music)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Beaches of Agn\u00e8s", "paragraph_text": "The Beaches of Agn\u00e8s () is a 2008 French documentary film directed by Agn\u00e8s Varda. The film is an autobiographical essay where Varda revisits places from her past, reminisces about life and celebrates her 80th birthday on camera. Varda said it would most likely be her last film, but released the documentary Faces Places a decade later."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Norman Langen", "paragraph_text": "Norman Langen (born 7 March 1985 in Bardenberg, Germany) is a German singer and a participant in season 8 of Deutschland sucht den Superstar who finished in 7th place. He likes to sing in German. He likes Schlager, pop and dance music."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Lay of the Land", "paragraph_text": "\"The Lay of the Land\" takes place in the fall of 2000, and Ford's character Frank Bascome is preparing for Thanksgiving at his home in Sea Clift, New Jersey. His son Paul, who is now a greeting card designer in Kansas City, Paul's girlfriend, who has only one hand, and Frank's daughter, Clarissa, who is an on-and-off lesbian, are all expected to attend. Frank has ordered a ready-made organic meal to be delivered on the holiday."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sethubavachatram", "paragraph_text": "Sethubavachatram () is a village located in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is largely a fishing and farming community. It has the harbor enough to place only 50 boats but nearly 100 boats are there. Every boat has Indian Nation Flag on the (Paai Maram) and the paintings on the boat will have the name of the Owner or their son and will have the unique no to identify its Starts like(TNJ 001...). The village is home to a government school."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Place to Call Home (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "A Place to Call Home (season 5) Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 12 Release Original network Showcase Original release 8 October (2017 - 10 - 08) -- 24 December 2017 (2017 - 12 - 24) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 4 Next \u2192 Season 6 List of A Place to Call Home episodes"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kentucky Home", "paragraph_text": "The Kentucky Home (also known as the Anderson Hotel) was a historic home in Miami, Florida. It was located at 1221 and 1227 Northeast 1st Avenue. On January 4, 1989, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, but then it was demolished."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Billie Holiday (album)", "paragraph_text": "Billie Holiday ( MG C-161) is the third 10 inch LP album of original material by jazz singer Billie Holiday, released on Clef Records in 1954 (her final album would also be given the same title, prior to being changed to \"Last Recording\" instead). The recordings took place in 1952 and 1954. Holiday never entered the recording studio in 1953."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guru Randhawa", "paragraph_text": "Guru Randhawa is an Indian singer and songwriter from Punjab, India. Randhawa is known for his tracks like ``High Rated Gabru '',`` Patola'', ``Raat kamal hai ''and`` Lahore''. He sang in the 2017 Indian Premier League opening ceremony. He made his Bollywood singing debut in Hindi Medium. He also sang for the film Simran. He composed and sang for films like Hindi Medium, Tumhari Sulu, Dil Juunglee, Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety and Blackmail. He is related to singer Zora Randhawa."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "On the Radio \u2013 The Perry Como Shows 1943", "paragraph_text": "After Perry Como left the Ted Weems Orchestra in late 1942, he returned to his home in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania with the idea of going back to his barbering profession. Como had many offers before and after he was back in his home town. As he was preparing to sign a lease to re-open a barber shop, he received a telephone call from Tommy Rockwell, who was with General Artists Corporation. Rockwell, who also represented Ted Weems, offered Como a sustaining (non-sponsored) radio program on CBS and also to get him a recording contract. The offers made by Rockwell meant remaining in New York to perform with no more road tours as had been the case for many years when Como was with both Freddie Carlone and Ted Weems. On the advice of his wife, Roselle, Como agreed to go to New York as it meant he could continue working in the music business and not be separated from his family."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "On 5 January 2010, the Lord President of the Council and Business Secretary Lord Mandelson announced that an extra bank holiday would take place on 5 June 2012. Moving the Spring Bank Holiday (the last Monday in May) to 4 June resulted in a four - day holiday in honour of the Diamond Jubilee. As national holidays are a devolved matter, Scotland's first minister confirmed that the bank holiday would be held on 5 June in Scotland. Some economists later theorised that the holiday could reduce the country's gross domestic product by 0.5% in the second quarter of the year, though this would be partially offset by increased sales for the hospitality and merchandise sectors."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Villa Wartholz", "paragraph_text": "Villa Wartholz was designed by Heinrich von Ferstel in the historicist style in the years 1870 to 1872 for Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria. The castle-like building with towers was for recreational purposes, not for military means. The villa was designed with a view over the valley. Karl Ludwig spent so much time in this area, he reserved this place only for hunting by the imperial court. It was built near by his home Karl-Ludwig-Haus on the Rax."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Day of the Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Day of the Dead (Spanish: D\u00eda de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Berry (actor)", "paragraph_text": "David Berry is an Australian actor best known for his role as James Bligh in the television series A Place To Call Home."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole", "paragraph_text": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole, is an epistolary novel by Sue Townsend. It is the second in Adrian Mole series. It focuses on the worries and regrets of a teenage aspiring intellectual and, like its predecessor, takes the form of a diary. The story takes place from 1982 to mid-1983. Notable events in this volume are the breakup and later reconciliation of Adrian and Pandora, Adrian's attempt to run away from home and subsequent breakdown, the birth of his sister Rosie Mole, and Adrian's general worry about his O levels and nuclear war."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Prince of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Ofra Haza as Yocheved, the mother of Miriam and Aaron and birth mother of Moses. She also sang her character's number, ``Deliver Us '', in seventeen other languages for the film's dubbing)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1X Band", "paragraph_text": "1x Band is a musical band that represented Slovenia for the first time at the Eurovision Song Contest 1993. Their singer, Cole Moretti, sang the song Tih de\u017eeven dan, which finished in 22nd place."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "David Berry (actor)", "paragraph_text": "David Berry (born 18 January) is an Australian actor best known for his role as James Bligh in the television series A Place To Call Home."}], "question": "Where was the singer of There's No Place Like Home for the Holidays born?"}
{"id": "2hop__32998_72786", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Frustum", "paragraph_text": "Mount Frustum () is a large pyramidal shaped table mountain, high, standing between Mount Fazio and Scarab Peak in the southern part of Tobin Mesa, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The topographical feature was so named by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1962\u201363, for its frustum-like shape. The mountain lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nicoamen Plateau", "paragraph_text": "The Nicoamen Plateau is a small sub-plateau of the Thompson Plateau in the southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located between the Nicoamen River (W) and the lower valley of the Nicola River (E)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Loewe Massif", "paragraph_text": "Loewe Massif () is a large rock massif in the eastern part of the Aramis Range of the Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica. The surface of the massif is largely an undulating plateau from which Mount Loewe and the Medvecky Peaks rise. The plateau lies at an average elevation of above sea level and above the ice on its northern flank. It was discovered by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) party led by W.G. Bewsher in 1956. The name of the massif derives from Mount Loewe, which was named for Fritz Loewe, a member of the ANARE reconnaissance party in the French expedition at Port Martin, Ad\u00e9lie Coast, in 1951."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hillary Coast", "paragraph_text": "The Hillary Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica along the western margin of the Ross Ice Shelf between Minna Bluff and Cape Selborne. It was named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1961 for Sir Edmund Hillary, the leader of the New Zealand Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1956\u201358. Various New Zealand parties carried out detailed surveys of portions of this coast and pioneered routes up Skelton Glacier and Darwin Glacier to the polar plateau."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kar Plateau", "paragraph_text": "Kar Plateau () is a small, mainly snow-covered plateau with an almost vertical rock scarp marking its southern side, standing on the west side of Granite Harbour, just north of the terminus of Mackay Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The plateau rises gently toward the northwest to the heights of Mount Marston. It was mapped and named by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910\u201313, \"kar\" being a Turkish word meaning snow."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Okanogan River", "paragraph_text": "The Okanogan River (known as the Okanagan River in Canada) is a tributary of the Columbia River, approximately 115\u00a0mi (185\u00a0km) long, in southern British Columbia and north central Washington. It drains a scenic plateau region called the Okanagan Country east of the Cascade Range and north and west of the Columbia, and also the Okanagan region of British Columbia. The Canadian portion of the river has been channelized since the mid-1950s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region. Oklahoma lies in a transition zone between humid continental climate to the north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, south and eastern portions of the state. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth. An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year\u2014one of the highest rates in the world."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau (the Intermontane Plateaus) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada. Precipitation averages less than 15 inches (38 cm). The Southwest is a hot desert, with temperatures exceeding 100 \u00b0F (37.8 \u00b0C) for several weeks at a time in summer. The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September, which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Great Basin Desert", "paragraph_text": "The climate of the Great Basin desert is characterized by extremes: hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters; frigid alpine ridges and warm, windy valleys; days over 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) followed by nights near 40 \u00b0 F (4 \u00b0 C). This is the climate of the high desert."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kerguelen Plateau", "paragraph_text": "The plateau was produced by the Kerguelen hotspot, starting with or following the breakup of Gondwana about 130 million years ago. A small portion of the plateau breaks sea level, forming the Kerguelen Islands (a French territory) plus the Heard and McDonald Islands (an Australian territory). Intermittent volcanism continues on the Heard and McDonald Islands."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north. The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This region has a tremendous amount of variety in precipitation. An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley (i. e., the region around Kotzebue Sound) is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually. On the other extreme, some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 in (250 cm) of precipitation."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hollick-Kenyon Plateau", "paragraph_text": "Hollick-Kenyon Plateau () is a large, relatively featureless snow plateau in Antarctica, above sea level, located between the northern portion of the Ellsworth Mountains, to the east, and Mount Takahe and the Crary Mountains, to the west. It was discovered by Lincoln Ellsworth on his trans-Antarctic airplane flight during November\u2013December 1935, and named by Ellsworth for his pilot, Herbert Hollick-Kenyon."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hall Rock", "paragraph_text": "Hall Rock () is a large rock located northwest of Carapace Nunatak at the edge of the polar plateau of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for geologist Bradford A. Hall who, with Harold W. Borns, did research on the so-called Mawson Tillite in this vicinity, 1968\u201369."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Slab Fork", "paragraph_text": "The Slab Fork is a tributary of the Guyandotte River, long, in southern West Virginia in the United States. Via the Guyandotte and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of in a mainly rural area on the unglaciated portion of the Allegheny Plateau."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus (also known as the Intermountain West), a large, arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges. The large southern portion, known as the Great Basin, consists of salt flats, drainage basins, and many small north-south mountain ranges. The Southwest is predominantly a low-lying desert region. A portion known as the Colorado Plateau, centered around the Four Corners region, is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world. It is accentuated in such national parks as Grand Canyon, Arches, Mesa Verde National Park and Bryce Canyon, among others. Other smaller Intermontane areas include the Columbia Plateau covering eastern Washington, western Idaho and northeast Oregon and the Snake River Plain in Southern Idaho."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Geological history of Earth", "paragraph_text": "During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold (\"continental climate\") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Iroquois Plateau", "paragraph_text": "Iroquois Plateau () is a large, mainly ice-covered plateau situated east of the southern part of the Washington Escarpment in the Pensacola Mountains of Edith Ronne Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1956\u201366, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after the Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter which has greatly facilitated field operations in Antarctica."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Appalachian Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the Great Lakes and the interior plains. A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys, including The Great Appalachian Valley, which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions, but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features, and separates them from the Adirondack group. The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights, and, especially in the central section, the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself. None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Cfb) and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail, large temperature drops, and heavy rain."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Admiralty Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Admiralty Mountains (alternatively Admiralty Range) is a large group of high mountains and individually named ranges and ridges in northeastern Victoria Land, Antarctica. This mountain group is bounded by the Ross Sea, the Southern Ocean, and by the Dennistoun, Ebbe, and Tucker glaciers. The mountain range is situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}], "question": "What is the climate of the large southern portion of the Intermontane Plateaus?"}
{"id": "2hop__451943_354041", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pope John III of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "Marwan I made his sons governors over all the provinces. He appointed his son Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan governor of Egypt and his eldest son Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan as governor of Damascus, who later became the successor to his father."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bimalkah", "paragraph_text": "Bimalkah (, also spelled Bmalkyeh) is a village and suburb in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Tartus Governorate, located 10 kilometers northeast of Tartus. Nearby localities include Dweir al-Shaykh Saad to the west, al-Shaykh Saad and al-Khreibat to the southwest, Tayshur to the southeast, al-Baqaa and Hamin to the east, Khawabi and Khirbet al-Faras to the northeast, Awaru and al-Sawda to the north and Husayn al-Baher to the northwest."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Abd al-Rahman al-Tamanarti", "paragraph_text": "Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman al-Jazuli al-Tamanarti al-Mghafri (died 1070 AH, 1659/60 AD) was a qadi of the Moroccan town Taroudannt and grand qadi of the Sous area. He is the author of \" Fawaid al Jamma bi Isnadi Ouloumi al Oumma\", an autobiographical work of great historical value that also includes biographies of his instructors. Appended to this work is a chapter about dreams, \"Bab al-rabi\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Great Mosque of Brussels", "paragraph_text": "In 1967, King Baudouin lent the building to King Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz of Saudi Arabia with a 99-year rent-free lease, on an official visit to Belgium as part of negotiations to secure oil contracts. The building was turned into a place of worship for the use of Muslim immigrants to Belgium, who at the time were notably from Morocco and Turkey. As part of the deal, imams from the Gulf area would be hired, although their orthodox salafism was a tradition, according to Georges Dallemagne, different from that of the more open-minded immigrants but their teachings would over time turn them into a more orthodox tradition and imams would discourage immigrants from integrating into the Belgian society, according to Georges Dallemagne. The mosque, after a long reconstruction carried out at the expense of Saudi Arabia by Tunisian architect Mongi Boubaker, was inaugurated in 1978 in the presence of Khalid ibn Abd al-Aziz and Baudouin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "University of Tikrit", "paragraph_text": "Tikrit University () is an Iraqi university located in Tikrit, Saladin Province, Iraq. It was established in 1987. It is one of the largest universities in Iraq with over 12,000 students. While it has faced challenges in recent years due to the conflict that has engulfed Iraq, it has begun to reemerge as a respected institution of higher education. It has sought to partner with other universities around the globe in an effort to reconnect its faculty and students to a global network."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mu'awiya ibn Hisham", "paragraph_text": "Mu'awiya ibn Hisham () was an Arab general, the son of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 723\u2013743), who distinguished himself in the Arab\u2013Byzantine Wars. His son, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya, was the founder of the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba and the Umayyad line of al-Andalus."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Faisal al-Duwaish", "paragraph_text": "He was injured at the 1929 battle of Sabilla, fled Arabia and later surrendered to the British in Kuwait. Sultan was pardoned by his former ruler King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud of Nejd and Hejaz (later of Saudi Arabia), but was later jailed in Riyadh where he died in 1931 suffering from an aneurysm."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Abdul Hamid I", "paragraph_text": "Abd\u00fclhamid I, Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I (, \"`Abd\u00fc\u2019l-\u1e24am\u012bd-i evvel\"; ; 20 March 1725 \u2013 7 April 1789) was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over the Ottoman Empire from 1773 to 1789."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai", "paragraph_text": "Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai forms an important link between his father, Qusai ibn Kilab (c. 400\u2013480), the great-great-grandfather of Shaiba ibn Hashim (Abdul-Mutallib) and his own sons, since he is the progenitor of the Banu Abd-al-dar."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Abdul Rahman bin Faisal", "paragraph_text": "Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud (1845\u20131928) ( / ALA-LC: \"\u2018Abd ar Ra\u1e25man bin Fay\u1e63al\") was the last ruler of the Emirate of Nejd, Second Saudi State. He was the youngest son of Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud and the father of Ibn Saud, who founded the modern Saudi Arabia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Musa al-Kadhim", "paragraph_text": "M\u016bs\u00e1 ibn Ja\u2018far al-K\u0101zim (), also called Ab\u016bl-Hasan, Ab\u016b Abd Allah, Ab\u016b Ibr\u0101h\u012bm, and al-K\u0101zim (the one who controls his anger), was the seventh Shiite Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. He is regarded by Sunnis as a renowned scholar, and was a contemporary of the Abbasid caliphs Al-Mansur, Al-Hadi, Al-Mahdi and Harun al-Rashid. He was imprisoned several times; finally dying in Baghdad in the Sindi ibn Shahak prison. Ali al-Ridha, the eighth Im\u0101m, and Fatemah Masume were among his children."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Burj Islam", "paragraph_text": "Burj Islam () is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Latakia Governorate, located north of Latakia. Nearby localities include Salib al-Turkman to the north, al-Shabatliyah to the northeast, Ayn al-Bayda to the east and al-Shamiyah to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 5,652 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims from Turkmen ethnicity."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Abd al Razaq Abdallah Hamid Ibrahim al Sharikh", "paragraph_text": "Abd al Razaq Abdallah Hamid Ibrahim al Sharikh is a citizen of Saudi Arabia who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724\u201343), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Khan Tuman", "paragraph_text": "Khan Tuman () is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of Aleppo Governorate, located southwest of Aleppo. Nearby localities include Urum al-Kubrah, Urum al-Sughrah, al-Shaykh Ali and al-Zurbah. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Khan Tuman had a population of 2,781 in the 2004 census. The village is built on a hill located just east of the Queiq River. It is known for its historical \"caravanserai\" which dates back to 1189."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rukan Razuki Abd al-Ghafar", "paragraph_text": "Rukan Razuki Abd al-Ghafar (Ar:\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0648\u0631, born 1956 in Tikrit, died 2003) was the head of the tribal affairs office in Iraq under Saddam Hussein and a member of Saddam's inner circle."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Al-Shamiyah", "paragraph_text": "Al-Shamiyah () is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Latakia Governorate, located north of Latakia. Nearby localities include Burj Islam to the north, Burj al-Qasab and Kirsana to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Al-Shamiyah had a population of 2,982 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites."}], "question": "In what province is Rukan Razuki Abd al-Ghafar's birthplace located?"}
{"id": "2hop__323086_185193", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ithaca Creek", "paragraph_text": "Ithaca Creek is a waterway in the Enoggera Creek catchment, in the western suburbs of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It arises in the Taylor Range at the Mount Coot-tha forest with two streams, one arising at J C Slaughter Falls, the other and stronger source being Simpson Falls, the western branch."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "C.C. Lemon", "paragraph_text": "\"The Simpsons\" have appeared in numerous commercials for C.C. Lemon. In Japan, \"The Simpsons\" are anecdotally better known for being featured in C.C. Lemon commercials than for their television show. References to the yellow color of the \"Simpsons\" features heavily in the marketing."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx (\"throat\"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of the tentacles, if present; all along the underside of each comb row; and four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth \u2013 two of these four branches terminate in anal pores. The inner surface of the cavity is lined with an epithelium, the gastrodermis. The mouth and pharynx have both cilia and well-developed muscles. In other parts of the canal system, the gastrodermis is different on the sides nearest to and furthest from the organ that it supplies. The nearer side is composed of tall nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles (internal compartments), germ cells that produce eggs or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence. The side furthest from the organ is covered with ciliated cells that circulate water through the canals, punctuated by ciliary rosettes, pores that are surrounded by double whorls of cilia and connect to the mesoglea."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tamarindo Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "The Tamarindo Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife refuge of Costa Rica, part of the Tempisque Conservation Area, protects the estuary and river mouth of the Matapalo River near the Las Baulas National Marine Park."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Simpson Falls", "paragraph_text": "The Simpson Falls, a cascade waterfall on the West Ithaca Creek, is located within the Mount Coot-tha Forest, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minnehaha Creek", "paragraph_text": "Minnehaha Creek is a 22-mile-long (35\u00a0km) tributary of the Mississippi River that flows east from Gray's Bay Dam on Lake Minnetonka through the suburban cities of Minnetonka, Hopkins, Saint Louis Park, and Edina, and the city of Minneapolis. The creek flows over Minnehaha Falls in Minnehaha Park near its mouth at the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Simpsons: Hit & Run", "paragraph_text": "The Simpsons: Hit & Run is a Grand Theft Auto clone action - adventure video game developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Vivendi Universal Games, for GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the American animated sitcom The Simpsons, and is the twenty - second installment in the Simpsons series. It was released on September 16, 2003."}], "question": "What creek is the watercourse that includes Simpson Falls the mouth of?"}
{"id": "2hop__51868_149137", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of colonial governors of New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "In 1702, both divisions of New Jersey were reunited as one royal colony by Queen Anne with a royal governor appointed by the Crown. Until 1738, this Province of New Jersey shared its royal governor with the neighboring Province of New York. The Province of New Jersey was governed by appointed governors until 1776. William Franklin, the province's last royal governor before the American Revolution (1775 -- 83), was marginalized in the last year of his tenure, as the province was run de facto by the Provincial Congress of New Jersey. In June 1776, the Provincial Congress formally deposed Franklin and had him arrested, adopted a state constitution, and reorganized the province into an independent state. The constitution granted the vote to all inhabitants who had a certain level of wealth, including single women and blacks (until 1807). The newly formed State of New Jersey elected William Livingston as its first governor on 31 August 1776 -- a position to which he would be reelected until his death in 1790. New Jersey was one of the original Thirteen Colonies, and was the third colony to ratify the constitution forming the United States of America. It thereby was admitted into the new federation as a state on 18 December 1787. On 20 November 1789 New Jersey became the first state to ratify the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1935 Ryder Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 5th Ryder Cup Matches were held at the Ridgewood Country Club in Paramus, New Jersey, a suburb northwest of New York City in Bergen County. The United States team won the competition by a score of 9\u20133 points to regain the cup."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nora Lewin", "paragraph_text": "Nora Lewin is a fictional character on the TV show \"Law & Order\", played by two-time Academy Award winning actress Dianne Wiest from 2000 to 2002. She appeared in 51 episodes (48 episodes of \"Law & Order\", one episode of \"\" and two episodes of \"\"). Her character was particularly notable for the fact that she was the first woman in the program's history to hold the position of New York County District Attorney (no woman has held the position in real life). Pursuant to New York law, an interim District Attorney is appointed by the Governor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Grainville Cricket Ground", "paragraph_text": "Grainville Cricket Ground is a cricket ground in Saint Saviour, Jersey. The first recorded match held on the ground came in 1988 when Jersey played the Hampshire Second XI. Jersey have used the ground since then and it has held a number of international tournaments, including matches in the 2008 World Cricket League Division Five which was won by Afghanistan, and more recently the 2010 European Cricket Championship Division One, which Jersey won. The ground also hosted four matches for a combined Channel Islands team when it was permitted to take part in the English Minor counties MCCA Knockout Trophy competition in 2001 and 2002."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jersey City Armory", "paragraph_text": "The Jersey City Armory is located at 678 Montgomery Street near McGinley Square in Jersey City, New Jersey, USA. In addition to being a military training and mustering facility of the New Jersey National Guard (New Jersey National Guard 2/113 Infantry 250 Jersey City), the WPA era armory has long been used as a sports arena, particularly for boxing, basketball, and track and field events, and more recently mixed martial arts."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "The Mayor of the City of Jersey City is the head of the executive branch of government of Jersey City, New Jersey, United States. The mayor has the duty to enforce the municipal charter and ordinances; prepare the annual budget; appoint deputy mayors, department heads, and aides; and approve or veto ordinances passed by the City Council. The mayor is popularly elected in a nonpartisan general election. The office is held for a four - year term without term limits, although the current term is a four - and - a-half - year term, due to a change in election dates."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "George N. Seger", "paragraph_text": "George Nicholas Seger (January 4, 1866 \u2013 August 26, 1940) was an American politician. Seger, a Republican, represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives for eighteen years, lasting from 1923 until his death on August 26, 1940. Seger first represented New Jersey's 7th District from 1923 to 1933 and New Jersey's 8th District from 1933 to 1940, where he succeeded Fred A. Hartley, Jr."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "First New Jersey Brigade", "paragraph_text": "The First New Jersey Brigade (also called the First Jersey Brigade and Kearny's New Jersey Brigade) is the common name for an American Civil War brigade of New Jersey infantry regiments in the Union Army of the Potomac. Its official designation through most of its service was as the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, VI Corps."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Augustus Albert Hardenbergh", "paragraph_text": "Augustus Albert Hardenbergh (May 18, 1830, New Brunswick, New Jersey \u2013 October 5, 1889, Jersey City, New Jersey) was an American Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 7th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1875 to 1879, and again from 1881 to 1883."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "NWA Shockwave", "paragraph_text": "NWA Shockwave (NWA-SW, formerly known as CyberSpace Wrestling Federation and NWA: Cyberspace) was a professional wrestling promotion that was founded by Billy Firehawk in Staten Island, New York in 2001, and later relocated to Wayne, New Jersey. It was the earliest promotion to bring in major stars to Central New Jersey, many being seen in live events for the first time, and attracted a loyal following for its traditional \"family friendly\" style of wrestling. It was the single major promotion of this type to run New Jersey, other rival promotions favoring hardcore-style wrestling, and was at one time considered the top promotion in the region along with Jersey All Pro Wrestling."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game", "paragraph_text": "First College Football Game New Jersey at Rutgers New Jersey Tigers Rutgers Queensmen (0 -- 0) (0 -- 0) 6 Total New Jersey Rutgers 6 6 Date November 6, 1869 Season 1869 Location New Brunswick, New Jersey Attendance 100"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7, 2017. There were seven candidates. Candidates for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey run on the same ticket and thus are elected at the same time. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie, who was re-elected to a second term in 2013, was term - limited and could not run for a third consecutive term."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jerry Fodor", "paragraph_text": "Jerry Alan Fodor (; April 22, 1935 \u2013 November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and cognitive scientist. He held the position of State of New Jersey Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Rutgers University and was the author of many works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science, in which he laid the groundwork for the modularity of mind and the language of thought hypotheses, among other ideas. He was known for his provocative and sometimes polemical style of argumentation and as \"one of the principal philosophers of mind of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. In addition to having exerted an enormous influence on virtually every portion of the philosophy of mind literature since 1960, Fodor's work has had a significant impact on the development of the cognitive sciences.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "America's Got Talent", "paragraph_text": "During seasons one through six (2006 -- 11), the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles. In season seven (2012), the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark. From seasons eight through ten (2013 -- 15), live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York. From season eleven (2016) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Baseball uniform", "paragraph_text": "In 1916, the Cleveland Indians became the first team to add numbers on their uniforms, positioned on the left sleeve of the home uniforms only. (Okkonen, p. 36, p. 120) In 1929, numbers were first added on the backs of uniforms by the New York Yankees and the Cleveland Indians. By 1932, all major league baseball teams had numbers on their players' uniforms. The Brooklyn Dodgers, in 1952, became the first baseball team to add numbers to the fronts of their uniforms. In 1960, the Chicago White Sox were the first team to place players' names on the back of their jerseys, doing so on their road jerseys; within a few years, this practice became almost universal in MLB, though to this day the Yankees only wear names on their uniforms for Players Weekend, a yearly event where alternate uniforms with nicknames are used."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "First Presbyterian Church (Trenton, New Jersey)", "paragraph_text": "First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 120 East State Street in Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William Livingston", "paragraph_text": "William Livingston (November 30, 1723July 25, 1790) was an American politician who served as the Governor of New Jersey (1776\u20131790) during the American Revolutionary War and was a signer of the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Streetlight Manifesto", "paragraph_text": "Streetlight Manifesto is an American Ska punk band from New Brunswick, New Jersey formed in 2002. They released their first album, \"Everything Goes Numb\", which was distributed by Victory Records, on August 26, 2003. The band headlined and sold out their first concert at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey on December 9, 2003. Several of Streetlight Manifesto's members were well known in the New Jersey third wave ska community for their roles in past ska punk bands from that area, primarily Kalnoky's Catch 22 and fellow New Jersey band One Cool Guy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New Jersey Devils", "paragraph_text": "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1974. The Scouts moved to Denver, Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies. In 1982, they moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey and took their current name. For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey, the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford and played their home games at Brendan Byrne Arena (later renamed to Continental Airlines Arena). Before the 2007\u201308 season, the Devils moved to Prudential Center in Newark."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sherman Douglas", "paragraph_text": "Sherman Douglas (born September 15, 1966) is a retired American professional basketball player from Syracuse University who played for the Miami Heat, Boston Celtics, Milwaukee Bucks, New Jersey Nets and the Los Angeles Clippers from 1989 to 2001. His nickname, \"The General\" is a play on his first name and his position as a point guard (as a floor general). He was known for revolutionizing the running \"floater\" shot in the lane."}], "question": "Which position was held by the first Governor of New Jersey?"}
{"id": "2hop__24668_24578", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Coconino National Forest", "paragraph_text": "The Coconino National Forest is a 1.856-million acre (751,000 ha) United States National Forest located in northern Arizona in the vicinity of Flagstaff. Originally established in 1898 as the \"San Francisco Mountains National Forest Reserve\", the area was designated a U.S. National Forest in 1908 when the San Francisco Mountains National Forest Reserve was merged with lands from other surrounding forest reserves to create the Coconino National Forest. Today, the Coconino National Forest contains diverse landscapes, including deserts, ponderosa pine forests, flatlands, mesas, alpine tundra, and ancient volcanic peaks. The forest surrounds the towns of Sedona and Flagstaff and borders four other national forests; the Kaibab National Forest to the west and northwest, the Prescott National Forest to the southwest, the Tonto National Forest to the south, and the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest to the southeast. The forest contains all or parts of ten designated wilderness areas, including the Kachina Peaks Wilderness, which includes the summit of the San Francisco Peaks. The headquarters are in Flagstaff. There are local ranger district offices in Flagstaff, Happy Jack, and Sedona."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "General Sherman (tree)", "paragraph_text": "General Sherman is a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) tree located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in Tulare County, in the U.S. state of California. By volume, it is the largest known living single - stem tree on Earth."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oma forest", "paragraph_text": "Oma forest is a work of art created by Agustin Ibarrola, a Basque sculptor and painter. The work is located in a forest near Kortezubi (Bizkaia, Basque Country), in the natural reserve of Urdaibai. It is also known as the ``painted forest ''."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yellowstone National Park", "paragraph_text": "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone was the first National Park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular features. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Davidson, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Davidson is a suburb of northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Davidson is located 20 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Davidson is considered to be part of the Forest District, colloquially known as \"The Forest\", which is part of the Northern Beaches area of Sydney. It is known to be the smallest suburb of the Northern beaches, while also being isolated, quiet, and primary known as a residential area with beautiful parks, bush walks and views of the city."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Selway National Forest", "paragraph_text": "Selway National Forest was established by the U.S. Forest Service in Idaho on July 1, 1911 with from parts of Clearwater National Forest and Nez Perce National Forest. On October 29, 1934 the entire forest was divided between Bitterroot, Clearwater, Lolo and Nez Perce, and the name was discontinued."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "General Sherman (tree)", "paragraph_text": "General Sherman is a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) tree located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in Tulare County, in the U.S. state of California. By volume, it is the largest known living single stem tree on Earth."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Holly Springs National Forest", "paragraph_text": "The Holly Springs National Forest (HSNF) was established by the United States Forest Service on June 15, 1936 during the tenure of United States Department of Agriculture Chief Forester Ferdinand A. Silcox. That same year, it was combined administratively with the Bienville, De Soto and Homochitto national forests, known collectively as \"National Forests in Mississippi.\" The Holly Springs Ranger District controls of Forest Service land, interspersed with of privately owned properties, within the national forest's proclamation zone."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Big Boy Peak", "paragraph_text": "Big Boy Peak, at above sea level is a peak in the Lemhi Range of Idaho. The peak is located in Butte County on the border of Caribou-Targhee National Forest and Salmon-Challis National Forest. It is about southeast of The Riddler and north of Shoshone John Peak. It is the 50th highest peak in Idaho."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Upper Deadwood Lake", "paragraph_text": "Upper Deadwood Lake is an alpine lake in Camas County, Idaho, United States, located in the Soldier Mountains in the Sawtooth National Forest. While no trails lead to the lake, the lake is east of Iron Mountain, which has an old Forest Service lookout on the top."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Big Fall Creek Lake", "paragraph_text": "Big Fall Creek Lake is an alpine lake in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located in the Boulder Mountains in Salmon-Challis National Forest. The lake is most easily accessed via forest road 168."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the Low Country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century. The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots-Irish, English, and German Protestants, the so-called \"cohee\". Arriving during the mid- to late 18th century, the Scots-Irish from what is today Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant group before the Revolution; English indentured servants were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group before the Revolution. During the American Revolutionary War, the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown, because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lick Creek Guard Station", "paragraph_text": "The Lick Creek Guard Station is a Forest Service Guard Station located in the Wallowa\u2013Whitman National Forest near Enterprise, Oregon. The station was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression. The wooden building was built in a rustic style; its walls were constructed with shiplap, and its gable roof has wood shingles. The building's design also includes a gabled porch, a stone interior chimney, and double-hung sash windows."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths, 34 state parks, and 14 national parks. National Park Service units include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, the Blue Ridge Parkway, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site at Flat Rock, Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Manteo, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in Greensboro, Moores Creek National Battlefield near Currie in Pender County, the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, Old Salem National Historic Site in Winston-Salem, the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, and Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills. National Forests include Uwharrie National Forest in central North Carolina, Croatan National Forest in Eastern North Carolina, Pisgah National Forest in the northern mountains, and Nantahala National Forest in the southwestern part of the state."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Prescott National Forest", "paragraph_text": "The Prescott National Forest is a 1.25 million acre (510,000 ha) United States National Forest located in north central Arizona in the vicinity of Prescott. The forest is located in the mountains southwest of Flagstaff and north of Phoenix in Yavapai County, with a small portion (about 3.5 percent) extending into southwestern Coconino County. Its administrative offices are in Prescott. There are local ranger district offices in Camp Verde, Chino Valley, and Prescott. The forest includes Lynx Creek where Sam Miller panned for gold and was wounded by a cougar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shelburne, New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "Shelburne is a town in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 372 at the 2010 census. It is located in the White Mountains, and part of the White Mountain National Forest is in the south. Shelburne is home to Leadmine State Forest. The Appalachian Trail crosses the town."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bear Mountain (Siskiyou County, California)", "paragraph_text": "Bear Mountain is a mountain located in the Siskiyou Mountains of Northern California in the United States. The summit, located in Siskiyou County, is at an elevation of . The highest point in Del Norte County is located just west of the summit at about 6400+ feet (1951+ meters). The mountain is in the Siskiyou Wilderness and straddles the county boundary, which also separates the Six Rivers and Klamath national forests."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Long Lake (Arizona)", "paragraph_text": "Long Lake is located in the Mogollon Rim area of the state of Arizona. It is located southeast of Flagstaff. The facilities are maintained by Coconino National Forest division of the USDA Forest Service. It is named after a legend of a long serpent type creature that was reportedly seen by ranchers as they herd cattle near the lake."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bitterroot National Forest", "paragraph_text": "Bitterroot National Forest comprises 1.587 million acres (6,423\u00a0km\u00b2) in west-central Montana and eastern Idaho, of the United States. It is located primarily in Ravalli County, Montana (70.26% of the forest), but also has acreage in Idaho County, Idaho (29.24%), and Missoula County, Montana (0.49%)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Divided roughly along the Santee River were the two main groups of Native American peoples -- Hokan Sioux (Ancestral Sioux) & the Cusaboan tribes. Relative to the Hokan were mostly the Waccamaw Siouan & the Sewee. That being said, there were also the Wateree, Woccon & the Santee (not to be confused with the Dakota Santee of the west.) Hokan Sioux lived in a narrow, zigzagging region from modern day Ohio to the Carolina coast. Most of the region south of the Santee River was controlled by the Muskogean Cusabo tribes. North of the Sewee were the Croatan, an Algonquian nation related to the Chowanoke, Piscataway, Nanticoke & Powhatan further north. Many descendants of the Croatan survive among the Lumbee, who also took in many Siouan peoples of the region. Deeper inland, other Muskogean tribes merged to form the Yamasee. The lands of the Cherokee may have just grazed into the state, but they were set further back in Appalachia. In the 18th century, both the Yamasee & Cherokee merged with other tribes to form the Creek Confederacy, who later fractured after conquering mush of the east coast. The Yamasee survive today among the Seminole."}], "question": "What is the location of the Croatan National Forest also known as?"}
{"id": "2hop__94037_354370", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oued Irara\u2013Krim Belkacem Airport", "paragraph_text": "Oued Irara\u2013Krim Belkacem Airport () is an airport serving Hassi Messaoud, a city in the Ouargla Province of eastern Algeria. It is located southeast of the city. The airport is named for Krim Belkacem (1922\u20131970), an Algerian revolutionary fighter and politician."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lufthansa Flight 2904", "paragraph_text": "Lufthansa Flight 2904 was an Airbus A320-200 which overran the runway at Ok\u0119cie International Airport on 14 September 1993. It was a flight from Frankfurt, Germany to Warsaw, Poland."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eurowings", "paragraph_text": "Eurowings GmbH is a German low-cost airline headquartered in D\u00fcsseldorf and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group. Founded in 1996, it serves a network of domestic and European destinations as well as some long-haul routes and maintains bases at Berlin Tegel Airport, Cologne Bonn Airport, D\u00fcsseldorf Airport, Hamburg Airport, Hannover Airport, Munich Airport, Nuremberg Airport, Palma de Mallorca Airport, Pristina International Airport, Salzburg Airport, Stuttgart Airport, and Vienna International Airport."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pingtung Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Airport () were two airports in Pingtung City, Pingtung County, Taiwan . The two airports were under the control of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Pingtung Airport was established on 28 November 1994 at the old art exhibition hall at the Pingtung Culture Centre. This northern terminal was designated the public airport terminal, while the south part became the Republic of China Air Force base."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Condor Flugdienst Flight 3782", "paragraph_text": "Condor Flugdienst Flight 3782 was an international charter flight from Stuttgart-Echterdingen Airport, West Germany to Adnan Menderes Airport, Turkey that crashed near Seferihisar, Turkey on 2 January 1988. At the time, Condor Flugdienst was a 100% subsidiary of Lufthansa."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pozna\u0144\u2013\u0141awica Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pozna\u0144\u2013\u0141awica Henryk Wieniawski Airport (IATA: POZ, ICAO: EPPO), built in 1913, is one of the oldest airports in Poland. It is located 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Pozna\u0144 city centre. It takes its name from the neighborhood of \u0141awica, part of the city's Grunwald district while the airport actually lies in the Je\u017cyce district."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lufthansa Flight 502", "paragraph_text": "Lufthansa Flight 502 was a scheduled flight from Hamburg, Germany to Buenos Aires, Argentina on 11 January 1959. The flight was being operated by a Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation (registration D-ALAK). On the leg between Senegal and Brazil the Super Constellation was on approach to Rio de Janeiro\u2013Gale\u00e3o International Airport when it crashed near Flecheiras Beach just short of the runway. All 29 passengers and seven of the ten crew were killed. It was the first fatal accident involving Lufthansa since it was formed in 1955."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Suceava International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Suceava \u0218tefan cel Mare International Airport () is an airport serving the city of Suceava, Romania. It is located in Salcea, east of Suceava, and west of Boto\u0219ani. The airport is named in honour of the Prince of Moldavia Stephen the Great."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sudbury Airport", "paragraph_text": "Sudbury Airport or Greater Sudbury Airport, , is an airport in the Canadian city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario and is located northeast of the downtown area, on Municipal Road 86 between the communities of Garson and Skead. Although in many contexts the airport uses the name Greater Sudbury Airport, its official name, as registered with Transport Canada and printed in all aeronautical publications, is still simply Sudbury Airport."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Berlin Sch\u00f6nefeld Airport", "paragraph_text": "On 15 October 1934 construction began to build three 800 metres (2,600 ft) long runways to serve the Henschel aircraft plant in Sch\u00f6nefeld. By the end of the Second World War, over 14,000 aircraft had been built. On 22 April 1945, the facilities were occupied by Soviet troops, and the plant was dismantled and demolished. By late 1947, the railway connection had been repaired and agricultural machinery was built and repaired on the site.In 1946, the Soviet Air Forces moved from Johannisthal Air Field to Sch\u00f6nefeld, including the civil airline Aeroflot. In 1947, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany approved the construction of a civilian airport at the site.A stipulation of the Four Power Agreement following World War II was a total ban on German carriers' participation in air transport to Berlin, where access was restricted to American, British, French, and Soviet airlines. Since Sch\u00f6nefeld airport was located outside the city boundaries of Berlin, this restriction did not apply. Thus, aircraft of the East German flag carrier Interflug could use Sch\u00f6nefeld airport, while West German Lufthansa was denied access to Tegel or Tempelhof airports."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ioannina National Airport", "paragraph_text": "Ioannina International Airport () is an airport located four kilometers from the city center of Ioannina, Greece. Its full name is Ioannina International Airport - King Pyrrhus."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brussels Airlines", "paragraph_text": "On 15 September 2008, it was announced that Lufthansa would acquire a 45% stake in Brussels Airlines with an option to acquire the remaining 55% from 2011. As a part of this deal, Brussels Airlines would join Star Alliance. From 26 October 2008, the ICAO code was changed from DAT to BEL."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Austrian Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Austrian Airlines AG, sometimes shortened to Austrian, is the flag carrier of Austria and a subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group. The airline is headquartered on the grounds of Vienna International Airport in Schwechat where it also maintains its hub. It flies to six domestic and more than 120 international year-round and seasonal destinations in 55 countries as of July 2016, and is a member of the Star Alliance."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A Coru\u00f1a Airport", "paragraph_text": "A Coru\u00f1a Airport , formerly known as Alvedro Airport, is the airport serving the Galician city of A Coru\u00f1a in northwestern Spain. The airport is located in the municipality of Culleredo, approximately from the city center. It is a part of the network of airports managed by Aena, a Spanish state-owned company responsible for airport management. Air traffic control is provided by Ferronats. In 2014, 988,834 passengers used the airport."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "SunExpress", "paragraph_text": "The airline was established in October 1989 and started operations in April 1990 with a charter service between Antalya and Frankfurt. SunExpress was founded as a joint venture between Turkish Airlines and the Lufthansa Group/Condor Flugdienst. In 1995, the Lufthansa Group transferred its SunExpress shares to Condor. All tourist flights operate under a single unit. In February 2007, all Condor shares were retaken by the Lufthansa Group as Condor was acquired by Thomas Cook AG (now Thomas Cook Group)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edelweiss Air", "paragraph_text": "Edelweiss Air is a Swiss leisure airline wholly owned by Swiss International Air Lines which in turn is owned by Lufthansa. It operates flights to European and intercontinental destinations from its base at Zurich Airport."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460", "paragraph_text": "Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460 was an international cargo flight that on 27 July 2010 crashed upon landing at King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lufthansa CityLine", "paragraph_text": "Lufthansa CityLine GmbH is a German airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Munich Airport. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Lufthansa and maintains hubs at Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport, from where it operates a dense domestic and European network as a member of Lufthansa Regional."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "M\u00fcnchen Menterschwaige station", "paragraph_text": "M\u00fcnchen Menterschwaige is a proposed Munich S-Bahn railway station to be built on the eastern bank of the river Isar, in the Menterschwaige district of the Munich borough of Untergiesing-Harlaching. If built, it will provide interchange access between the S-Bahn lines 20 and 27 and the tram lines 15 and 25 at nearby Gro\u00dfhesseloher Br\u00fccke tram station as well as transportation services for the whole of the Menterschwaige district and nearby Gr\u00fcnwald with its film production sites at Bavaria Film Studios."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "T. F. Green Airport", "paragraph_text": "T.F. Green International Airport (officially Theodore Francis Green Memorial State Airport) (IATA: PVD, ICAO: KPVD, FAA LID: PVD) is a public international airport in Warwick, six miles (10 km) south of Providence, in Kent County, Rhode Island, United States. Opened in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore F. Green. Rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun. It was the first state - owned airport in the United States."}], "question": "What was the airport Lufthansa CityLine is part of named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__172966_261133", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Langton's loops", "paragraph_text": "Langton's loops are a particular \"species\" of artificial life in a cellular automaton created in 1984 by Christopher Langton. They consist of a loop of cells containing genetic information, which flows continuously around the loop and out along an \"arm\" (or pseudopod), which will become the daughter loop. The \"genes\" instruct it to make three left turns, completing the loop, which then disconnects from its parent."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Electorate of Baden", "paragraph_text": "The Electorate of Baden was a State of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803 to 1806. In 1803, Napoleon bestowed the office of Prince-elector to Charles Frederick. This only lasted until 1806, when Francis II dissolved the Empire. When the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, Baden achieved sovereignty, and Charles Frederick became Grand Duke."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jakob von Baden", "paragraph_text": "Jakob von Baden was born at the Burg Hohenbaden in Baden-Baden on June 6, 1471, the second child and eldest son of Christopher I, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his wife Ottilie of Katzenelnbogen. He studied Christian theology at the University of Bologna and the Sapienza University of Rome."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Franz Joseph Damian Junghanns", "paragraph_text": "Franz Joseph Damian Junghanns (29 November 1800, in Stocksberg castle \u2013 3 December 1875, in Baden-Baden) was a Jurist and leader in the Baden Revolution of 1848."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James T. O'Donohoe", "paragraph_text": "James T. O'Donohoe (1898 \u2013 27 August 1928 in Los Angeles, California) born James Thomas Langton O'Donohoe was a screenwriter in the early days of Hollywood, during the silent film era."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Only Fools and Horses characters", "paragraph_text": "June Snell (Diane Langton) was an ex-girlfriend of Del Boy's from many years previously. They met up again when Rodney dated June's daughter Debbie in Happy Returns, which Del scuppered in the mistaken belief that Debbie was his daughter."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Stephen Langton", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Langton (c. 1150\u00a0\u2013 9 July 1228) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228. The dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III over his election was a major factor in the crisis which produced Magna Carta in 1215. Cardinal Langton is also credited with having divided the Bible into the standard modern arrangement of chapters used today."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Walter K\u00f6hler", "paragraph_text": "Walter Friedrich Julius K\u00f6hler, (30 September 1897 in Weinheim \u2013 9 January 1989 Weinheim) was Minister President of Baden, Germany during the Nazi regime. K\u00f6hler was born in Weinheim, Baden. He was known as a talented speaker and strict anti-semite. When the Nazis rose to power, K\u00f6hler served under Robert Heinrich Wagner as Minister President of Baden."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mount Baden-Powell", "paragraph_text": "Mount Baden-Powell () is a peak in the San Gabriel Mountains of California named for the founder of the World Scouting Movement, Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell. It was officially recognized by the USGS at a dedication ceremony in 1931. It was originally known as East Twin or North Baldy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions. Innocent set a commission in place to try to convince John to change his mind, but to no avail. Innocent then placed an interdict on England in March 1208, prohibiting clergy from conducting religious services, with the exception of baptisms for the young, and confessions and absolutions for the dying."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Baden Langton", "paragraph_text": "Langton began in radio with CKPC in Brantford, Ontario before moving to stations in Hamilton and Ottawa where he moved into television and became co-anchor of the CTV National News with Jennings from 1962 until 1964, when he moved to ABC News in the United States where he was soon joined by Jennings. Langton joined ABC Radio, first in New York and then in Washington as White House correspondent on radio and television and as a radio anchor. Langton and his family moved back to Canada in 1967 as their son, Max, was approaching draft age and the Vietnam War was heating up. His wife, Norah Halajian Langton died in 2009."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Robert Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell, FRSA (30 October 1913 \u2013 9 December 1962) was the son of Lieutenant-General Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, and Olave St. Clair Soames. He was also the nephew of Agnes Baden-Powell, Baden Baden-Powell, and Warington Baden-Powell, and the grandson of the Rev. Baden Powell. Peter was named Arthur after his mother's brother, Robert after his father, and Peter after Peter Pan, a character in a play by James Barrie, of whom Peter's father, the first Lord Baden-Powell, was a great fan. Likewise, Peter Baden-Powell named his daughter Wendy after another character in the play."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "W\u00fcrttemberg (wine region)", "paragraph_text": "W\u00fcrttemberg is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of W\u00fcrttemberg in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. Under German wine legislation, W\u00fcrttemberg and Baden are separate wine regions."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Baden State Library", "paragraph_text": "The Baden State Library (, BLB) is a large universal library in Karlsruhe. Together with the W\u00fcrttembergische Landesbibliothek, the BLB is the legal deposit and regional library for Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Deizisau", "paragraph_text": "Deizisau is a town in the district of Esslingen in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in southern Germany. It belongs to the Stuttgart Region"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of programs broadcast by ABC Television", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of television programmes that are currently being broadcast or have been broadcast on ABC Television's ABC (formerly ABC1), ABC Comedy, ABC Kids (formerly ABC 4 Kids), ABC ME (formerly ABC3) or ABC News channel(formerly ABC News 24) in Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Unterriexingen", "paragraph_text": "Unterriexingen is a village in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. By 1973 it was incorporated to the city of Markgr\u00f6ningen."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chapters and verses of the Bible", "paragraph_text": "Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed different schemas for systematic division of the Bible in the early 13th century. It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based."}], "question": "Who is the operator of Baden Langton's employer?"}
{"id": "2hop__653015_798111", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eagle Rock, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Eagle Rock is an unincorporated community in Wake County, North Carolina, United States. It is located at 35\u00b047'28N 78\u00b024'31W, and is approximately east of Knightdale, and northwest of Wendell, just to the southeast of the interchange of US 64 and US 64-Business. Southeastern Freewill Baptist College lies within the community. The Hood-Anderson Farm is located in Eagle Rock and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Anderson Lodge", "paragraph_text": "The John Anderson Lodge is an historic site in Ormond Beach, Florida, United States, built for Ormond Beach promoter John Anderson (1853\u20131911). It is located at 71 Orchard Lane. On September 6, 1989, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "H\u00f6lderlinturm", "paragraph_text": "The H\u00f6lderlinturm (English: H\u00f6lderlin Tower) is a building located in T\u00fcbingen, Germany that served as the place of residence and death in the final years of poet Friedrich H\u00f6lderlin. He lived there from May 3, 1807 until his death in 1843. The building is located on the Neckar riverfront and is one of the most popularly known sites in T\u00fcbingen."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "William H. Davidson (lieutenant governor)", "paragraph_text": "William H. Davidson was an American businessman and politician who was the acting Lieutenant Governor of Illinois from December 9, 1836 to December 7, 1838. Davidson, who had been serving as the senator from White County, Illinois, replaced Alexander M. Jenkins when Jenkins resigned the Lieutenant Governor's office to become president of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1838, Davidson lost a reelection bid to Stinson H. Anderson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lee Evans (producer)", "paragraph_text": "Lee Evans, also known as LeRoi Evans and LeRoy Evans, is an American record producer, recording engineer, songwriter, musician, entrepreneur, businessman and the CEO and co-owner of JAMBOX Entertainment. He currently resides in midtown Manhattan, New York."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kentucky Home", "paragraph_text": "The Kentucky Home (also known as the Anderson Hotel) was a historic home in Miami, Florida. It was located at 1221 and 1227 Northeast 1st Avenue. On January 4, 1989, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, but then it was demolished."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Borough House Plantation", "paragraph_text": "Borough House Plantation, also known as Borough House, Hillcrest Plantation and Anderson Place, is an historic plantation on South Carolina Highway 261, north of its intersection with U.S. Route 76/US Route 378 in Stateburg, in the High Hills of Santee near Sumter, South Carolina. A National Historic Landmark, the plantation is noted as the largest assemblage of high-style pis\u00e9 (rammed earth) structures in the United States. The main house and six buildings on the plantation were built using this technique, beginning in 1821. The plantation is also notable as the home of Confederate Army General Richard H. Anderson."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marin County Civic Center", "paragraph_text": "The Marin County Civic Center, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is located in San Rafael, California, United States. Groundbreaking for the Civic Center Administration Building took place in 1960, after Wright's death and under the watch of Wright's prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Aaron Green; it was completed in 1962. The Hall of Justice was begun in 1966 and completed in 1969. Veterans Memorial Auditorium opened in 1971, and the Exhibit Hall opened in 1976."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "LeRoy H. Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ellendale, North Dakota, Anderson, the grandson of Norwegian immigrants, moved with his parents to Conrad, Montana, in 1909. He graduated with a B.S. degree from Montana State College in 1927, and went on to do postgraduate work in mathematics and physical chemistry in 1935-1938 at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. He later worked as a wheat and cattle rancher. During the Second World War he served as commander of an armored task force in the European Theater of Operations in combat from Normandy to the Elbe River. He was separated from the service as a lieutenant colonel in 1945. For his service, he received the Silver Star and Croix de Guerre Medal with Palm. He served as a Major general in Army Reserve, commanding the 96th Infantry Division Reserve from 1948 through 1962."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Leroy (name)", "paragraph_text": "Leroy (/ l\u0259\u02c8r\u0254\u026a / l\u0259 - ROY), also Leeroy, LeeRoy, Lee Roy, LeRoy or Le Roy, is both a male given name in English - speaking countries and a family name of French origin. Leroy (l\u00f8rwa) is one of the most common surnames in northern France. As a surname it is sometimes written Le Roy, as a translation of Breton Ar Roue. It is an archaic spelling of le roi, meaning ``the king ''and is the equivalent of the English surname King."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Conrad, Montana", "paragraph_text": "Conrad is a city in and the county seat of Pondera County, Montana, United States. The population was 2,570 at the 2010 census. Conrad is a small town. Each June they kick up their heels at Whoop Up Days, a town wide celebration that includes a parade and rodeo."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "What county includes the place where LeRoy H. Anderson died?"}
{"id": "2hop__158482_75571", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Headmaster (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Headmaster is a 1921 British silent comedy-drama film directed by Kenelm Foss and starring Cyril Maude, Margot Drake and Miles Malleson. It is based on the 1913 play \"The Headmaster\" by Edward Knoblock and Wilfred Coleby. The film can be summarized as a clergyman working as the headmaster of a school tries to persuade his daughter to marry the idiotic son of an influential figure in the hope of being promoted to bishop."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Edward Janczewski", "paragraph_text": "Edward Janczewski (Edward Franciszek Janczewski-Glinka) (14 December 1846, Blinstrubiszki, Kovno Governorate \u2013 17 July 1918, Krak\u00f3w) was a Polish biologist (taxonomist, anatomist, and morphologist), rector of the Jagiellonian University, and member of the Academy of Learning. He married Jadwiga Szetkiewicz (1856\u20131941)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The King's Speech", "paragraph_text": "The King's Speech is a 2010 British historical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler. Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who, to cope with a stammer, sees Lionel Logue, an Australian speech and language therapist played by Geoffrey Rush. The men become friends as they work together, and after his brother abdicates the throne, the new king relies on Logue to help him make his first wartime radio broadcast on Britain's declaration of war on Germany in 1939."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rodney Ackland", "paragraph_text": "Born as Norman Ackland Bernstein in Southend, Essex, to a Jewish father from Warsaw and a non-Jewish mother, he was educated at Balham Grammar School in London. In his 16th year he made his first stage appearance at the Gate Theatre Studio, playing Medvedieff in Gorky's \"The Lower Depths\" and later studied acting at the Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art. He married Mab Lonsdale, daughter of the playwright Frederick Lonsdale, in 1952; she died in 1972."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young. Many people believed he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College, and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses. A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her own age. Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when her parents had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought her too young to undertake public tours. Elizabeth \"looked tearful\" as her parents departed. They corresponded regularly, and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "As Good as Married", "paragraph_text": "As Good as Married is a 1937 American comedy film starring John Boles and Doris Nolan. The film was directed by Edward Buzzell and distributed by Universal Pictures."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Edward Cullen", "paragraph_text": "Edward Cullen (n\u00e9 Edward Anthony Masen, Jr.) is a fictional character in Stephenie Meyer's \"Twilight\" series. He is featured in the books \"Twilight\", \"New Moon\", \"Eclipse\" and \"Breaking Dawn\", and their corresponding film adaptations, and the as yet unfinished novel \"Midnight Sun\"\u2014a re-telling of the events of \"Twilight\" from Edward's perspective. Edward is a telepathic vampire who, over the course of the series, falls in love with, marries, and has a child with Bella Swan, a human teenager who later chooses to become a vampire as well. In the \"Twilight\" film series, Edward is played by actor Robert Pattinson."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Edward Cullen", "paragraph_text": "In Eclipse, Bella agrees to marry Edward on the condition he will make love to her while she is still human. Edward eventually relents and agrees, on the stipulation it will only occur after they are married. The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria, who, seeking revenge for the death of her mate James, is hunting Bella and creating new vampires to build an army. A grudging truce is made between the Cullens and the Native-American werewolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black, a friend of Bella's who was there for her when Edward broke her heart. However, the truce is endangered when Bella realizes Jacob means more to her than she thought. Ultimately, Edward accepts that Bella cares for Jacob and successfully destroys Victoria, and Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life. Edward tells Bella that they may attempt making love before they get married, as he realizes that she spends too much of her life trying to please other people. However, she refuses his offer and agrees to doing things the way Edward initially wanted: marriage, making love, and then becoming a vampire."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Civil disobedience", "paragraph_text": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial. She gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law. She is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with (and eventually carries out), but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dishonored Lady", "paragraph_text": "Dishonored Lady is a 1947 American film noir crime film directed by Robert Stevenson and starring Hedy Lamarr, Dennis O'Keefe, and John Loder. It is based on the 1930 play \"Dishonored Lady\" by Edward Sheldon and Margaret Ayer Barnes. The film is also known as Sins of Madeleine. Hedy Lamarr and John Loder were married when they made this film; they divorced before the year was out."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Edward II (play)", "paragraph_text": "Edward II is a Renaissance or Early Modern period play written by Christopher Marlowe. It is one of the earliest English history plays. The full title of the first publication is The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "On July 6, John Kerry selected John Edwards as his running mate, shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, held later that month. Days before Kerry announced Edwards as his running mate, Kerry gave a short list of three candidates: Sen John Edwards, Rep Dick Gephardt, and Gov Tom Vilsack. Heading into the convention, the Kerry/Edwards ticket unveiled their new slogan\u2014a promise to make America \"stronger at home and more respected in the world.\" Kerry made his Vietnam War experience the prominent theme of the convention. In accepting the nomination, he began his speech with, \"I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty.\" He later delivered what may have been the speech's most memorable line when he said, \"the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom\", a quote that later appeared in a Kerry/Edwards television advertisement."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II. Matt Smith as Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister. Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother (season 1) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David Lia Williams as Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister (season 2) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret (season 2)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eve Best", "paragraph_text": "Emily ``Eve ''Best (born 31 July 1971) is an English stage and screen actress and director, known for her television roles as Dr. Eleanor O'Hara in the Showtime series Nurse Jackie (2009 -- 13), First Lady Dolley Madison in the American Experience television special (2011), and Monica Chatwin in the BBC miniseries The Honourable Woman (2014). She also played Wallis Simpson in the 2010 film The King's Speech."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Treaty of Paris (1303)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Paris was signed on 20 May 1303 between Philip IV of France and Edward I of England. Based on the terms of the treaty, Gascony was restored to England from France, thus setting the stage for the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). Moreover, it was confirmed that Philip's daughter would marry Edward's son (the later Edward II of England), as already agreed in the Treaty of Montreuil (1299)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Andrew Murray (Scottish soldier)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Andrew Murray (1298\u20131338), also known as Sir Andrew Moray, or Sir Andrew de Moray, was a Scottish military and political leader who supported David II of Scotland against Edward Balliol and King Edward III of England during the so-called Second War of Scottish Independence. He held the lordships of Avoch and Petty in north Scotland, and Bothwell in west-central Scotland. In 1326 he married Christina Bruce, a sister of King Robert I of Scotland. Murray was twice chosen as Guardian of Scotland, first in 1332, and again from 1335 on his return to Scotland after his release from captivity in England. He held the guardianship until his death in 1338."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Henry Twells", "paragraph_text": "Henry Twells was the son of Philip Mellor Twells, born in Ashted, Birmingham on 13 March 1823. He went to school at King Edward's School, Birmingham and then to Peterhouse, University of Cambridge, from where he graduated B.A. in 1848 and M.A. in 1851. On 25 May 1875, he married Ellen Jane Tompson, daughter of the Rev. Matthew Carrier Tompson, for fifty years Vicar of Alderminster, near Stratford-on-Avon. He died in Bournemouth on 19 January 1900."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Constitution of Norway", "paragraph_text": "The union amendments were revoked after the dissolution of the ninety-one-year-old union in 1905. The question of a King was again considered, and the Storting elected to offer the throne to the 33-year-old Prince Carl of Denmark, married to Princess Maud of Wales, the daughter of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. By bringing in a king with British royal ties, it was hoped that Norway could court Britain's support. Prince Carl was however well aware of a surge of republicanism in Norway and of the constitutional situation of the Norwegian throne. He insisted that he would accept the crown only if the Norwegian people expressed their will for monarchy by referendum and if the parliament then elected him king. On 13 November, the Norwegian votes decided on monarchy with a 74 percent majority, and Carl was elected King by the Storting, taking the name and title Haakon VII, Norway's King."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alcidice", "paragraph_text": "Alcidice (Ancient Greek: \u1f08\u03bb\u03ba\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7) was in Greek mythology the daughter of Aleus, king of Arcadia. She married Salmoneus, king of Elis and bore a daughter, Tyro. After her death Salmoneus married Sidero."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Code of Scotland Yard", "paragraph_text": "Code of Scotland Yard is a 1947 British crime film directed by George King and starring Oskar Homolka, Muriel Pavlow and Derek Farr. It was also known as The Shop at Sly Corner, from the popular stage play of that name by Edward Percy. It features an appearance by the young Diana Dors."}], "question": "Who played the individual married to Edward in The King's Speech?"}
{"id": "2hop__859529_726491", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nizampatnam mandal", "paragraph_text": "Nizampatnam mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is under the administration of Tenali Revenue Division and the headquarters are located at Nizampatnam. The mandal is bounded by Repalle, Nagaram, Pittalavanipalem and Karlapalem mandals. The mandals lies on the shore of Bay of Bengal and a portion of the mandal lies on the banks of Krishna River."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: / \u02c8b\u028ck\u026a\u014b\u0259m \u02c8p\u00e6l\u026as /) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Meigs Campus", "paragraph_text": "The Mount Meigs Campus is a juvenile corrections facility of the Alabama Department of Youth Services located in Mount Meigs, unincorporated Montgomery County; the campus serves as the agency's administrative headquarters. The campus, which can house 264 boys, is next to Interstate 85 North and about east of Downtown Montgomery. Since 2015, the separate J. Walter Wood Treatment facility for 24 girls is also located in the Mount Meigs Campus."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hagenwil Castle", "paragraph_text": "Hagenwil Castle is a castle in the municipality of Amriswil of the Canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. It is the only remaining intact water castle in eastern Switzerland."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "NORC at the University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "NORC at the University of Chicago is one of the largest independent social research organizations in the United States. Established in 1941 as the National Opinion Research Center, its corporate headquarters is located in downtown Chicago, with offices in several other locations throughout the United States. Organized as an independent corporation, more than half its board comes from faculty and administration of the university, it also jointly staffs some university academic research centers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Majura Training Area", "paragraph_text": "The Majura Training Area (MTA) is a facility belonging to the Australian Department of Defence located to the east of Mount Majura in the Majura district in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The MTA is used primarily by the Australian Army for the conduct of field exercises and weapon qualification shoots. The MTA is located near to the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy and is frequently used by these training establishments. Accommodation and support on the range is through 'Camp Blake', which consists of headquarters buildings, Q-Store, Mess, Staff accommodation and amenities and trainee accommodation and amenities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eugster/Frismag", "paragraph_text": "Eugster/Frismag AG, headquartered in Amriswil, Switzerland, is an OEM producer of home appliances, especially coffee machines which are sold under many well-known international brand names. Eugster/Frismag manufactures around 20% of all Nestle machines as well as other machines for brands such as Jura, Koenig, Melitta, Moulinex, or Turmix. The annual production totals 5 million coffee machines. Alongside Saeco, Eugster/Frismag is one of the world's largest producers of coffee machines."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "What region is the headquarters of Eugster/Frismag located in?"}
{"id": "2hop__558573_290289", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Frederick Kappel", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Kappel was an American businessman. He served as chairman of AT&T from 1961 to 1972. He also served in the Johnson and Nixon administrations."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Litchfield, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Litchfield is a city in and the county seat of Meeker County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 6,726 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Deere World Headquarters", "paragraph_text": "The John Deere World Headquarters is a complex of four buildings located on 1,400 acres (5.7\u00a0km\u00b2) of land at One John Deere Place, Moline, Illinois, United States. The complex serves as corporate headquarters for John Deere."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Johnson Village, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Johnson Village is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place located in central Chaffee County, Colorado, in the United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 246."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John A. Johnson (politician)", "paragraph_text": "John A. Johnson (July 9, 1883 in Litchfield, Minnesota \u2013 February 3, 1962) was a Minnesota politician and a Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives. He served three decades in the Minnesota legislature, twenty of those years in the Minnesota House."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lou Johnson (pitcher)", "paragraph_text": "John Louis \"Lou\" Johnson (born John Louis Mercer; November 18, 1869 \u2013 January 28, 1941) was a left-handed pitcher who played briefly for the Philadelphia Phillies during the season. Johnson was born in Pekin, Illinois."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ren\u00e9 Verdon", "paragraph_text": "Ren\u00e9 Verdon (June 29, 1924 \u2013 February 2, 2011) was a French-born American chef. Verdon was the chef for the White House during the administrations of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Verdon was hired by First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1961."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Red John", "paragraph_text": "In subsequent episodes (season 3), Jane wonders about this but does n't tell anyone that Red John recited it to him. In episode 9 of season 3 (Red Moon), serial cop killer Todd Johnson is burned alive. While in the ICU, with Jane the only person present, Johnson whispers in his dying breath ``Tyger! Tyger! ''. This makes Jane conclude that there is a connection between Johnson and Red John, but he does n't tell anyone about this either."}], "question": "Which administrative territorial entity is John A. Johnson's place of birth located in?"}
{"id": "2hop__129954_306196", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Szelment", "paragraph_text": "Szelment is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Szypliszki, within Suwa\u0142ki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. Szelment is located 15\u00a0km north of Suwa\u0142ki. It is also home to a 1000m cable car line, the second-longest in Poland. It is located 6.0\u00a0km from the nearest city in Lithuania, Salaperaugis."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Czeremcha, Podlaskie Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Czeremcha (, \"Cheremkha\") is a village in Hajn\u00f3wka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Czeremcha. It lies approximately south-west of Hajn\u00f3wka and south of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Antelope Wells, New Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Antelope Wells is a small unincorporated community in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, United States. The community is located along the Mexico \u2013 United States border, in the New Mexico Bootheel region, located across the border from the small settlement of El Berrendo, Chihuahua, Mexico. Despite its name, there are neither antelope nor wells in the area. The name comes from an old ranch, located north of the current community. The only inhabitants of the community are United States Customs and Border Protection employees."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "G\u00f3ra \u015awi\u0119tej Anny Landscape Park", "paragraph_text": "The Park lies within Opole Voivodeship: in Krapkowice County (Gmina Gogolin, Gmina Zdzieszowice) and Strzelce County (Gmina Strzelce Opolskie, Gmina Le\u015bnica). It is centred on and named after the village of G\u00f3ra \u015awi\u0119tej Anny and the hill of the same name (St Anne's hill)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina Lubrza, Opole Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Lubrza is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, on the Czech border. Its seat is the village of Lubrza, which lies approximately east of Prudnik and south-west of the regional capital Opole."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gmina Paczk\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Paczk\u00f3w is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, on the Czech border. Its seat is the town of Paczk\u00f3w, which lies approximately west of Nysa and west of the regional capital Opole."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Heidelberg, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Heidelberg is a borough located southwest of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,244 at the 2010 census. The borough was named after Heidelberg in Germany, the native home of a large share of the early settlers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "McCroskey State Park", "paragraph_text": "McCroskey State Park (full name: Mary Minerva McCroskey State Park) is a public recreation area in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, located in the Palouse region of northern Idaho. The park's stretch along a ridge in Latah and Benewah Counties, along the border with Washington."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mirsk", "paragraph_text": "Mirsk () is a town in Lw\u00f3wek \u015al\u0105ski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Mirsk, close to the Czech border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Strzeleczki", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Strzeleczki, German Gemeinde Klein Strehlitz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Strzeleczki (Klein Strehlitz), which lies approximately west of Krapkowice and south of the regional capital Opole."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the country where Gmina Strzeleczki is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__760279_766976", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "James Anderson (American actor)", "paragraph_text": "James Anderson (July 13, 1921 -- September 14, 1969), sometimes billed as Kyle James, was an American television and film actor of the 1950s and 1960s. He is probably best known for his role as Robert E. Lee ``Bob ''Ewell in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hochdonn High Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Hochdonn High Bridge (\"Hochbr\u00fccke Hochdonn\" in German) is a railway bridge in the Marsh Railway crossing the Kiel Canal near Hochdonn, Germany. It is a riveted steel bridge, \"exposed to extreme railway traffic\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Warren Covered Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Warren Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge that crosses the Mad River in Warren, Vermont on Covered Bridge Road. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Werra Viaduct, Hedem\u00fcnden", "paragraph_text": "The Werra viaducts near Hedem\u00fcnden, Germany are two bridges crossing the valley of the river Werra. They are located in southern Lower Saxony and provide crossings for the A 7 motorway and the Hanover-W\u00fcrzburg high-speed rail line. The bridges are located 33 metres apart from each other."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wami Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Wami Bridge is a bridge in Tanzania that crosses the Wami River. It lies on the A14 highway between Chalinze and Segera junctions."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River", "paragraph_text": "This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tuolumne River", "paragraph_text": "The Tuolumne River (; Yokutsan: \"Tawalimnu\") flows for through Central California, from the high Sierra Nevada to join the San Joaquin River in the Central Valley. Originating at over above sea level in Yosemite National Park, the Tuolumne drains a rugged watershed of , carving a series of canyons through the western slope of the Sierra. While the upper Tuolumne is a fast-flowing mountain stream, the lower river crosses a broad, fertile and extensively cultivated alluvial plain. Like most other central California rivers, the Tuolumne is dammed multiple times for irrigation and the generation of hydroelectricity."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beach Boulevard (Hamilton, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Beach Boulevard is a Lower city street in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, east of the Hamilton Harbour on a thin piece of land that crosses over Lake Ontario and stretches from where Woodward Avenue becomes Eastport Drive in the south to near the Lift Bridge in the north at Eastport Drive (again). It runs parallel with the QEW and the Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway Bridge."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge is a railway bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and the Millennium Bridge."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hartford Bridge, Cheshire", "paragraph_text": "The Hartford Bridge, or Blue Bridge, is a single-span road bridge crossing the River Weaver at Hartford, Cheshire in England. The bridge is located on the A556 as part of the Northwich bypass."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Konrad Adenauer Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Konrad Adenauer Bridge (in German: Konrad-Adenauer-Br\u00fccke) is one of two road bridges crossing the Rhine between the German cities of Mannheim and Ludwigshafen am Rhein. The other bridge is the Kurt Schumacher Bridge."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dartford Crossing", "paragraph_text": "The Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing, commonly known as the Dartford Crossing and until 1991 the Dartford Tunnel, is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, carrying the A282 road between Dartford in Kent in the south and Thurrock in Essex in the north. It consists of two bored tunnels and the cable-stayed Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. The only fixed road crossing of the Thames east of Greater London, it is the busiest estuarial crossing in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of over 130,000 vehicles. It opened in stages: the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980 and the bridge in 1991. The crossing, although not officially designated a motorway, is considered part of the M25 motorway's route, using the tunnels northbound and bridge southbound. Described as one of the most important road crossings in Britain, it suffers from heavy traffic and congestion."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Richmond Bridge, London", "paragraph_text": "Richmond Bridge is an 18th-century stone arch bridge that crosses the River Thames at Richmond, connecting the two halves of the present-day London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It was designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Petroleum Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Petroleum Street Bridge is a girder bridge connecting the North Side and South Side neighborhoods of Oil City, Pennsylvania and crosses the Allegheny River. The bridge sits just downstream from the confluence of Oil Creek and the Allegheny River. The 1995 structure carries two lanes of U.S. Route 62 and was built during a decade of major refurbishments of Upper Allegheny crossings. Previously, a 1910 truss bridge stood on the site; this structure replaced an earlier wooden bridge."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ledyard Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ledyard Bridge crosses the Connecticut River to connect Hanover, New Hampshire to Norwich, Vermont. It is the third bridge at this crossing to bear the name of the adventurer John Ledyard."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "James E. Roberts Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Originally named the Tuolumne River Bridge, it was renamed in 2007 in honor of James E. Roberts by legislative resolution. Roberts was the California Department of Highways (now, Caltrans) project manager, his first project management assignment as a senior bridge engineer. The cost to create new highway signs was raised by private donations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Taemas Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Taemas Bridge is a two-lane road bridge crossing the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. The bridge crosses on the river just before it enters Lake Burrinjuck, which has been created by the Burrinjuck Dam. The bridge is a key part of the road between Yass and Wee Jasper, and from there, to Tumut. The bridge is around 26 kilometres from Yass and 22 kilometres from Wee Jasper. The current bridge was completed in 1931 and is over 200 metres in length."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Double Cross Roads", "paragraph_text": "Double Cross Roads is a 1930 pre-Code American drama film directed by George E. Middleton and Alfred L. Werker and starring Robert Ames, Lila Lee and Edythe Chapman."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Delaware Memorial Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Delaware Memorial Bridge is a twin suspension bridge crossing the Delaware River. The toll bridges carry Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 40 between Delaware and New Jersey. The bridge was designed by the firm known today as HNTB with consulting help from engineer Othmar Ammann, whose other designs include the Walt Whitman Bridge (which is similar in appearance, except for the fact that it is a single span) and Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge. It is also one of only two crossings of the Delaware River with both U.S. Highway and Interstate Highway designations, the other being the Benjamin Franklin Bridge."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dock Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Dock Bridge is a pair of vertical lift bridges crossing the Passaic River at Newark, Essex County and Harrison, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, used exclusively for railroad traffic. It is the seventh crossing from the river's mouth at Newark Bay and is upstream from it. Also known as the Amtrak Dock Vertical Lift, it carries Amtrak, NJ Transit, and PATH trains. It is listed on the state and federal registers of historic places."}], "question": "What river has a tributary spanned by the James E. Roberts bridge?"}
{"id": "2hop__750086_606937", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina Bolk\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Bolk\u00f3w is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Jawor County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Bolk\u00f3w, which lies approximately south-west of Jawor and west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marcinowice, \u015awidnica County", "paragraph_text": "Marcinowice () is a village in \u015awidnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Marcinowice. It lies approximately east of \u015awidnica and south-west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina Siechnice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Siechnice is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Wroc\u0142aw County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Siechnice, which lies approximately south-east of the county and regional capital, Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brzozy", "paragraph_text": "Brzozy () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chojn\u00f3w, within Legnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina W\u0119gliniec", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0119gliniec is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Zgorzelec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of W\u0119gliniec, which lies approximately north-east of Zgorzelec, and west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Borek Strzeli\u0144ski", "paragraph_text": "Borek Strzeli\u0144ski () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bor\u00f3w, within Strzelin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately east of Bor\u00f3w, north of Strzelin, and south of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw. The village has a population of 960."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina Czarny B\u00f3r", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Czarny B\u00f3r is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wa\u0142brzych County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Czarny B\u00f3r, which lies approximately west of Wa\u0142brzych, and south-west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Walim, Lower Silesian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Walim (, until 1917 \"W\u00fcste Waltersdorf\") is a village in Wa\u0142brzych County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Walim. It lies approximately south-east of Wa\u0142brzych, and south-west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw. The town is notable for 300-year-old timber framed houses."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Darnk\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Darnk\u00f3w () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lewin K\u0142odzki, within K\u0142odzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Lewin K\u0142odzki, west of K\u0142odzko, and south-west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mirsk", "paragraph_text": "Mirsk () is a town in Lw\u00f3wek \u015al\u0105ski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Mirsk, close to the Czech border."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Owl Mountains Landscape Park", "paragraph_text": "The Park lies within Lower Silesian Voivodeship: in Dzier\u017coni\u00f3w County (Gmina Dzier\u017coni\u00f3w), K\u0142odzko County (Gmina Nowa Ruda), Wa\u0142brzych County (Gmina G\u0142uszyca, Gmina Walim) and Z\u0105bkowice \u015al\u0105skie County (Gmina Stoszowice)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Kamieniec Z\u0105bkowicki", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Kamieniec Z\u0105bkowicki is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Z\u0105bkowice \u015al\u0105skie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Kamieniec Z\u0105bkowicki, which lies approximately south-east of Z\u0105bkowice \u015al\u0105skie, and south of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Smolnik-Jurk\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Smolnik-Jurk\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Le\u015bna, within Luba\u0144 County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It lies approximately north-west of Le\u015bna, south-west of Luba\u0144, and west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "My\u015blin\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "My\u015blin\u00f3w () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina M\u0119cinka, within Jawor County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It lies approximately south-west of M\u0119cinka, west of Jawor, and west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Marcisz\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Marcisz\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kamienna G\u00f3ra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Marcisz\u00f3w, which lies approximately north-west of Kamienna G\u00f3ra and south-west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kalno", "paragraph_text": "Kalno () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina \u017bar\u00f3w, within \u015awidnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Warta Boles\u0142awiecka", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Warta Boles\u0142awiecka is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Boles\u0142awiec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Warta Boles\u0142awiecka, which lies approximately south-east of Boles\u0142awiec and west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina L\u0105dek-Zdr\u00f3j", "paragraph_text": "Gmina L\u0105dek-Zdr\u00f3j is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in K\u0142odzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of L\u0105dek-Zdr\u00f3j, which lies approximately south-east of K\u0142odzko, and south of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Gr\u0119bocice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gr\u0119bocice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Polkowice County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Gr\u0119bocice, which lies approximately north-east of Polkowice, and north-west of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}], "question": "What does the area Walim, Lower Silesian Voivodeship is capitol of share a border with?"}
{"id": "2hop__200452_162356", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WNDE", "paragraph_text": "WNDE (1260 AM) is a Sports formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Indianapolis, Indiana, serving the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The station, which began broadcasting in 1924, is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. The WNDE broadcast license is held by Capstar TX LLC."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "KPBD", "paragraph_text": "KPBD (89.3 FM) is a defunct American non-commercial educational radio station that was licensed to serve the community of Big Spring, the county seat of Howard County, Texas. The station's broadcast license was held by Paulino Bernal Evangelism. The station began broadcasting in June 2005 and went dark in May 2009 which led to the cancellation of the station's broadcast license in June 2011."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "WRNX", "paragraph_text": "WRNX (100.9 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts. The station is owned by iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by CC Licenses, LLC."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vansbrosimningen", "paragraph_text": "Vansbrosimningen or Vansbrosimmet is an annual open water swimming competition held in July in Vansbro, Dalarna, Sweden since 1950. The distance is 3,000 m, first 2,000 m in Van\u00e5n then 1,000 m in V\u00e4sterdal River. It is part of \"En svensk klassiker\", the \"Swedish Classic\" which also includes crosscountry skiing (Vasaloppet, 90 kilometers), biking (V\u00e4tternrundan, 300 kilometers) and running (Liding\u00f6loppet, 30 kilometers)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Franz Josef Land", "paragraph_text": "Eighty-five percent of the archipelago is glaciated, with large unglaciated areas being located on the largest islands and many of the smallest islands. The islands have a combined coastline of 4,425 kilometers (2,750 mi). Compared to other Arctic archipelagos, Franz Josef Land has a high dissection rate of 3.6 square kilometers per coastline kilometer. Cape Fligely on Rudolf Island is the northernmost point of the Eastern Hemisphere. The highest elevations are found in the eastern group, with the highest point located on Wiener Neustadt Land, 670 meters (2,200 ft) above mean sea level."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "WXPN", "paragraph_text": "WXPN (88.5 FM) is a non-commercial, public FM radio station licensed to The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that broadcasts an adult album alternative (AAA) radio format, along with many other format shows. WXPN produces \"World Cafe\", a music program distributed by NPR to many non-commercial stations in the United States. The station's call sign, which is often abbreviated to XPN, stands for \"Experimental Pennsylvania Network\". The broadcast tower used by WXPN is located at (), in the antenna farm complex in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare. To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued. The total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dergajen", "paragraph_text": "Dergajen (or \"Derge Agen\") is a Tigrayan tabia (municipality) located 19 kilometers east of Kwiha, Ethiopia. The administrative center of the tabia is located in the village of Aragure. A weekly market is organized in Aragure. According to the 2007 census, 9524 people were living in the tabia, which results in a population density of 68 inhabitants per square kilometer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "KFGY", "paragraph_text": "KFGY is a commercial radio station licensed to Healdsburg, California, broadcasting to the Santa Rosa, California area on 92.9 FM. Its programming is also broadcast on translator K300AO at 107.9\u00a0MHz, licensed to Santa Rosa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Columbia, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "One of Columbia's more prominent geographical features is its fall line, the boundary between the upland Piedmont region and the Atlantic Coastal Plain, across which rivers drop as falls or rapids. Columbia grew up at the fall line of the Congaree River, which is formed by the convergence of the Broad River and the Saluda River. The Congaree was the farthest inland point of river navigation. The energy of falling water also powered Columbia's early mills. The city has capitalized on this location which includes three rivers by christening itself \"The Columbia Riverbanks Region\". Columbia is located roughly halfway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits at an elevation of around 292 ft (89 m).Soils in Columbia are well drained in most cases, with grayish brown loamy sand topsoil. The subsoil may be yellowish red sandy clay loam (Orangeburg series), yellowish brown sandy clay loam (Norfolk series), or strong brown sandy clay (Marlboro series). All belong to the Ultisol soil order.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 134.9 square miles (349.5 km2), of which 132.2 square miles (342.4 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) is water (2.01%). Approximately \u2154 of Columbia's land area, 81.2 square miles (210 km2), is contained within the Fort Jackson Military Installation, much of which consists of uninhabited training grounds. The actual inhabited area for the city is slightly more than 50 square miles (130 km2)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "KAPE", "paragraph_text": "KAPE (1550 AM, \"Cape Radio 1550\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Agriculture in China", "paragraph_text": "Although China's agricultural output is the largest in the world, only about 15% of its total land area can be cultivated. China's arable land, which represents 10% of the total arable land in the world, supports over 20% of the world's population. Of this approximately 1.4 million square kilometers of arable land, only about 1.2% (116,580 square kilometers) permanently supports crops and 525,800 square kilometers are irrigated. The land is divided into approximately 200 million households, with an average land allocation of just 0.65 hectares (1.6 acres)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WRDF", "paragraph_text": "WRDF (106.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Columbia City, Indiana located near Fort Wayne, Indiana. The station offers a Catholic Talk format branded as \"Redeemer Radio\". The station is owned by Fort Wayne Catholic Radio Group, Inc.."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Has of Prizren", "paragraph_text": "Hasi has an area of 371\u00a0kilometers square and has a population of around 40,000 in the Republic of Kosovo, while in the Republic of Albania it has an area of 374\u00a0kilometers square and a population of 21,500. In this way, Hasi has an area of 745\u00a0kilometers square and a population of 61,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2000 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 1st FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships were held on October 29-November 4, 2000 in the waters off Waikiki Beach in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 164 swimmers from 34 countries swam in the championships, in race distances of 5-kilometer (5K), 10-kilometer (10K) and 25-kilometer (25K)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "WRMN", "paragraph_text": "WRMN (1410 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Elgin, Illinois. The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ocean", "paragraph_text": "The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 quintillion metric tons (7018140000000000000 \u2660 1.4 \u00d7 10 long tons or 7018150000000000000 \u2660 1.5 \u00d7 10 short tons), which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles), which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles). This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of 1,101 kilometers (684 mi). Its average depth is about 3,688 meters (12,100 ft), and its maximum depth is 10,994 meters (6.831 mi) at the Mariana Trench. Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. The vast expanses of deep ocean (anything below 200 meters or 660 feet) cover about 66% of Earth's surface. This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Agasthyavanam Biological Park", "paragraph_text": "Agasthyavanam Biological Park is a protected area in the Western Ghats, India. The park in kuttichal panchayat and lies between the Neyyar and Peppara Wildlife Sanctuaries. It has an area of 31 square kilometers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WRLS-FM", "paragraph_text": "WRLS-FM (92.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States. The station's broadcast license is held by Vacationland Broadcasting, Inc."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "WRGV", "paragraph_text": "WRGV (107.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and the broadcast license is held by Clear Channel Broadcasting Licenses, Inc. WRGV broadcasts an urban contemporary music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area. Its studios are located located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama."}], "question": "How many square kilometers of the city to which WRDF is licensed to broadcast are water?"}
{"id": "2hop__90016_88963", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Downey Jr. as Sherlock Holmes, a bohemian scientist and eccentric detective - for - hire who becomes a wanted fugitive in his hunt for Lord Blackwood while constantly being followed by the presence of Professor Moriarty. Downey was visiting Joel Silver's offices with his wife, producer Susan Downey, when he learned about the project. Ritchie initially felt Downey was too old for the role because he wanted the film to show a younger Holmes on a learning curve like Batman Begins. Ritchie decided to take a chance on casting him in the role, and Downey told the BBC that ``I think me and Guy are well - suited to working together. The more I look into the books, the more fantastic it becomes. Holmes is such a weirdo ''. Downey also revealed what his wife had to say:`` that when you read the description of the guy -- quirky and kind of nuts -- it could be a description of me''. Downey intended to focus more on Holmes' patriotic side and his bohemianism, and felt that his work on Chaplin had prepared him for an English accent. Ritchie feels his accent is ``flawless ''. Both Downey and Ritchie are martial arts enthusiasts, and have been inspired by the Baritsu mentioned in the 1901 story`` The Adventure of the Empty House''. Downey lost weight for the part, because during a chat he had with Chris Martin, Martin recommended that Holmes look ``gaunt ''and`` skinny''."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Sherlock episodes", "paragraph_text": "Sherlock is a television crime drama that presents a contemporary adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes detective stories. Created by Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss, it stars Benedict Cumberbatch as Sherlock Holmes and Martin Freeman as Doctor John Watson. The first series of three episodes aired in 2010, while series two aired in 2012, and a third series aired in the first quarter of 2014. The third series has become the UK's most watched drama series since 2001. A single episode aired in 2016, as a Victorian - era special. Sherlock has been sold to over 200 territories."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Diogenes Club", "paragraph_text": "The Diogenes Club is a fictional gentleman's club created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and featured in several Sherlock Holmes stories, such as \"The Greek Interpreter\". It seems to have been named after Diogenes the Cynic (although this is never explained in the original stories) and was co-founded by Sherlock's indolent elder brother, Mycroft Holmes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Testament of Sherlock Holmes", "paragraph_text": "The Testament of Sherlock Holmes is an adventure video game in the \"Sherlock Holmes\" series developed by Frogwares and published by Focus Home Interactive. After being delayed from an original 2010 release, the game was released in Europe on 20 September 2012 and in North America on 25 September 2012."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Fat Guy Strangler", "paragraph_text": "``The Fat Guy Strangler ''Family Guy episode Episode no. Season 4 Episode 17 Directed by Sarah Frost Written by Chris Sheridan Production code 4ACX20 Original air date November 27, 2005 Guest appearance (s) Bob Barker as himself Robert Downey, Jr. as Patrick Pewterschmidt Dave Boat Max Burkholder as Patrick Pewterschmidt (child) Barclay DeVeau Margaret Easley Kim Parks Will Sasso as Todd Anne - Michelle Seiler Tara Strong as African - American Boy with Ball in Cup Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` The Courtship of Stewie's Father'' Next \u2192 ``The Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonz ''Family Guy (season 4) List of Family Guy episodes"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sherlock Holmes", "paragraph_text": "For the 1951 Festival of Britain, Holmes's living room was reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition, with a collection of original material. After the festival, items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes (a London pub) and the Conan Doyle collection housed in Lucens, Switzerland by the author's son, Adrian. Both exhibitions, each with a Baker Street sitting-room reconstruction, are open to the public."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes", "paragraph_text": "In 1963 John Murray published two paperback volumes which divided the stories into \"The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes\" by Adrian Conan Doyle and \"More Exploits of Sherlock Holmes\" by Adrian Conan Doyle and John Dickson Carr. The first title contains the last six stories listed above, the second the first six. Greene suggests that authorship may be more complex."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sebastian Moran", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Sebastian Moran is a character in the stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. An enemy of Sherlock Holmes, he first appears in the short story \"The Adventure of the Empty House\". Holmes once described him as \"the second most dangerous man in London,\" the most dangerous being Professor Moriarty, Moran's employer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder", "paragraph_text": "\"The Adventure of the Norwood Builder\", one of the 56 short Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is the second tale from \"The Return of Sherlock Holmes\". The story was first published in \"The Strand Magazine\" in 1903 with original illustrations by Sidney Paget."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Adventure of the Empty House", "paragraph_text": "\"The Adventure of the Empty House\", one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of 13 stories in the cycle collected as \"The Return of Sherlock Holmes\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sherlock (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Sherlock is a 1984 text adventure developed under the lead of Philip Mitchell by Beam Software. It was published by Melbourne House. Five programmers worked for 18 months on the title and a Sherlock Holmes expert was employed full-time for a year to advise the team on accuracy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Final Problem", "paragraph_text": "\"The Final Problem\" is a short story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring his detective character Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in \"Strand Magazine\" under the title \"The Adventure of the Final Problem\" in December 1893. It appears in book form as part of the collection \"The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes\". This story, set in 1891, introduced Holmes's archenemy, the criminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty. Conan Doyle later ranked \"The Final Problem\" fourth on his personal list of the twelve best Holmes stories."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Adventure of the Abbey Grange", "paragraph_text": "\"The Adventure of the Abbey Grange\", one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of 13 stories in the cycle collected as \"The Return of Sherlock Holmes\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alwin Neu\u00df", "paragraph_text": "Alwin Neu\u00df (June 17, 1879 in Cologne\u2013October 30, 1935 in Berlin) born Carl Alwin Heinrich Neuss, was a film director and German actor noted for playing Sherlock Holmes in a series of silent films during the 1910s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A Letter of Mary", "paragraph_text": "A Letter of Mary is the third in the Mary Russell mystery series of novels by Laurie R. King. This is the first case that Mary Russell and Sherlock Holmes work on together as husband and wife. The story features a cameo by Lord Peter Wimsey"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Guy Williams (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Guy Williams played Professor John Robinson, expert in astrophysics and geology, who commanded the mission of the Jupiter 2 spaceship, taking his family in a voyage to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arthur Conan Doyle", "paragraph_text": "Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, KStJ, DL (22 May 1859 -- 7 July 1930) was a British writer best known for his detective fiction featuring the character Sherlock Holmes. Originally a physician, in 1887 he published A Study in Scarlet, the first of four novels about Holmes and Dr. Watson. In addition, Doyle wrote over fifty short stories featuring the famous detective. The Sherlock Holmes stories are generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Joseph Bell", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Bell FRCSE (2 December 1837 \u2013 4 October 1911) was a Scottish surgeon and lecturer at the medical school of the University of Edinburgh in the 19th century. He is best known as an inspiration for the literary character Sherlock Holmes."}], "question": "Which does the actor who played Sherlock Holmes in the 2009 movie play in Family Guy?"}
{"id": "2hop__863481_858128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "KFRU", "paragraph_text": "KFRU (1400 AM) is a radio station located in Columbia, Missouri, broadcasting with 1\u00a0kW of power. Its programming format consists primarily of news, talk and sports. The station is licensed to Cumulus Media."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "WRNX", "paragraph_text": "WRNX (100.9 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts. The station is owned by iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by CC Licenses, LLC."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "WRLS-FM", "paragraph_text": "WRLS-FM (92.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States. The station's broadcast license is held by Vacationland Broadcasting, Inc."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "CJXY-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJXY-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 107.9 FM and serving the Hamilton, Ontario market, licensed to the nearby city of Burlington. The station broadcasts an active rock format as \"Y108\". CJXY's studios are located on Main Street West (next to Highway 403) in Hamilton, while its transmitter is located atop the Niagara Escarpment near Burlington."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WHOS", "paragraph_text": "WHOS (800 AM, \"The Big Talker\") is a radio station licensed to serve Decatur, Alabama, United States. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and the broadcast license is held by Capstar TX Limited Partnership. WHOS is one of five stations in the Huntsville, Alabama, market owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.. The station is also simulcast on WBHP at 1230 AM in Huntsville, a 106.5 FM broadcast translator in Huntsville, and on WQRV-HD2 (HD Radio). Its studios are located in Madison, Alabama and its transmitter is located in West Decatur, Alabama."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WNDE", "paragraph_text": "WNDE (1260 AM) is a Sports formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Indianapolis, Indiana, serving the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The station, which began broadcasting in 1924, is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. The WNDE broadcast license is held by Capstar TX LLC."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "KPBD", "paragraph_text": "KPBD (89.3 FM) is a defunct American non-commercial educational radio station that was licensed to serve the community of Big Spring, the county seat of Howard County, Texas. The station's broadcast license was held by Paulino Bernal Evangelism. The station began broadcasting in June 2005 and went dark in May 2009 which led to the cancellation of the station's broadcast license in June 2011."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WMKC", "paragraph_text": "WMKC (102.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Indian River, Michigan. It airs a country music format called Big Country 102.9. The station is owned by Black Diamond Broadcast Holdings, LLC."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WGFX", "paragraph_text": "WGFX is a radio station broadcasting on the FM band at 104.5 MHz licensed to the city of Gallatin, Tennessee, but serving the Nashville market as a whole. It is currently branded as 104.5 The Zone, broadcasting a sports talk format. It is owned by Cumulus Media and operates out of studios in Nashville's Music Row district. Its transmitter is located just north of downtown Nashville."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "WRMN", "paragraph_text": "WRMN (1410 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Elgin, Illinois. The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WHRZ-LP", "paragraph_text": "WHRZ-LP (104.1 FM) also known as The Z, is a non-commercial low-power FM radio station located in Spartanburg, South Carolina. The station is licensed by the FCC to broadcast with an ERP of 47 watts (.047\u00a0kW)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WKHK", "paragraph_text": "WKHK is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights, Virginia, serving Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia. WKHK is owned and operated by SummitMedia. The station's studios and offices are located west of Richmond proper in unincorporated Chesterfield County, and its transmitter is located in Bensley, Virginia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "KAPE", "paragraph_text": "KAPE (1550 AM, \"Cape Radio 1550\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "KFGY", "paragraph_text": "KFGY is a commercial radio station licensed to Healdsburg, California, broadcasting to the Santa Rosa, California area on 92.9 FM. Its programming is also broadcast on translator K300AO at 107.9\u00a0MHz, licensed to Santa Rosa."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "WKDM", "paragraph_text": "WKDM 1380 is a United States ethnic brokered radio station licensed to New York City. The station is owned by Multicultural Broadcasting and airs programming in Mandarin Chinese, 24 hours a day from Monday to Friday. On the weekends, it broadcasts in Mexican Spanish for a Mexican audience. Its transmitting facility is located in Carlstadt, New Jersey."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "KOLL", "paragraph_text": "KOLL (106.3 FM, \"La Zeta\") is a radio station licensed in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas, area. KOLL airs Regional Mexican music format. The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located near Pettus."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indian River, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Indian River is an unincorporated community in Cheboygan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes and is not legally recognized as a municipality. The population was 1,959 at the 2010 census."}], "question": "What county is the radio station WMKC a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__128871_245068", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "\u015awiecie County", "paragraph_text": "\u015awiecie County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is \u015awiecie, which lies north of Toru\u0144 and north-east of Bydgoszcz. The only other town in the county is Nowe, lying north-east of \u015awiecie."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "WKTK", "paragraph_text": "WKTK is a commercial radio station licensed in Crystal River, Florida, broadcasting to the Gainesville\u2013Ocala, Florida area on 98.5 FM."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Campora", "paragraph_text": "Campora is a town and \"comune\" in the province of Salerno, Campania (southern Italy). It is located in the territory of Cilento and as of 2009 its population was of 810."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Crystal River, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Crystal River is a city in Citrus County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,108 in the 2010 census. (3,485 in 2000). According to the U.S Census estimates of 2012, the city had a population of 3,055. The city was incorporated in 1903 and is the self professed \"Home of the Manatee\". Crystal River Preserve State Park is located nearby, and Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located in the city's northwest side."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "What county contains the town that WKTK is licensed in?"}
{"id": "2hop__53750_473145", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Catherine Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Jagiellon was born in Krak\u00f3w as the youngest daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his wife Bona Sforza of Milan. Catherine became the spouse of King John III of Sweden and mother of the future Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. After the death of her father in 1548, she and her sisters Anna and Sophia moved to Masovia with their mother. After their mother's departure to Italy in 1558, they lived there alone. The sisters were not close to their brother Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Catherine could reportedly speak Italian and Latin, and was described as more attractive than Anna, and most marriage suggestions were directed toward her."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dubai International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Dubai International Airport has three terminals. Terminal 1 has one concourse (concourse D), Terminal 2 is set apart from the other two main buildings and Terminal 3 is divided into Concourse A, B, and C. The cargo terminal is capable of handling 3 million tonnes of cargo annually and a general aviation terminal (GAT) is close by."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Unconscious State", "paragraph_text": "Unconscious State is the debut studio album by American rapper Jon Connor. The album was released on July 2, 2013 by Connor's All Varsity Music. In early 2013, Jon Connor revealed that he was working on various projects including, his debut studio album \"Unconscious State\" along with his second studio album. The album featured guest appearances by Danny Brown, Chris Webby, Freddie Gibbs, Royce da 5'9\", Talib Kweli, Willie the Kid and Smoke DZA among others. Production was handled by Connor himself, Mr. Porter, Brix and Optiks among others. Upon its release the album peaked at number 35 on the US \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number seven on the \"Billboard\" Heatseekers Albums charts."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Chicago Med characters", "paragraph_text": "Cornelius Rhodes (D.W. Moffett) is the father of Dr. Connor Rhodes. He runs the family business Dolen Rhodes, a high - end department store started by his father. His wife Elizabeth died at some point before the pilot. As the only son and heir to the family fortune, Connor was expected to follow his father into the family business but eschews it for medicine. Elizabeth's death and Connor's choice to go into medicine lead to a bitter estrangement between father and son."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Leven Rambin", "paragraph_text": "Leven Alice Rambin (born May 17, 1990) is an American actress. She is best known for playing look - alike half - sisters Lily Montgomery and Ava Benton on All My Children (2004 -- 08) and her recurring roles in Grey's Anatomy (2005 -- present), Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008 -- 09), One Tree Hill (2003 -- 12), Wizards of Waverly Place (2007 -- 12), and CSI: Miami (2002 -- 12). She appeared in the sci - fi film The Hunger Games (2012) as the District 1 tribute Glimmer, and appeared as Clarisse La Rue in the fantasy film Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Norman Bates", "paragraph_text": "As ``Norma '', Norman murders Blaire Watson (Keegan Connor Tracy), one of his teachers who seduces him; Bradley Martin (Nicola Peltz), a girl he has feelings for; and Audrey Ellis Decody (Karina Logue), Emma's estranged mother. Fearing for his sanity, Norma briefly has him committed to a mental institution. While there, Norman recovers a memory of witnessing his father rape Norma; it is implied that this trauma fractured his psyche."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Key to My Soul", "paragraph_text": "Key to My Soul is the third studio album by German recording artist Sarah Connor. It was released by X-Cell and Epic Records on 17 November 2003 in German-speaking Europe. As with her previous albums, \"Green Eyed Soul\" (2001) and \"Unbelievable\" (2002), Connor reunited with songwriting and production duo Rob Tyger and Kay Denar to work on the majority of the album, with Diane Warren, TQ, Wayne Wilkins, and Connor's then-husband Marc Terenzi receiving songwriting credits and Brock Landers and Stephen Shape producing \"Daddy's Eyes\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Detroit: Become Human", "paragraph_text": "The characters Connor and Markus are played by Bryan Dechart and Jesse Williams, respectively. Clancy Brown, Lance Henriksen, and Minka Kelly portray supporting characters Lieutenant Hank Anderson, Carl Manfred, and North, respectively. There are three different composers, one for each playable character: Philip Sheppard for Kara, Nima Fakhrara for Connor, and John Paesano for Markus. Sheppard's cello sequence in Kara's theme was inspired by the flames of a log fire, whereas the motif layered over it came from the two syllables in her name. Fakhrara created custom instruments and used vintage synthesizers in order that the sound could represent the robotic nature of Connor. Paesano's music was made with the idea that it would be ``like a church hymn '', personifying Markus' transformation into a leader. Sheppard recorded at Abbey Road Studios with the English Session Orchestra; Paesano was at Synchron Stage Vienna with the Synchron Stage Orchestra. Director of photography Aymeric Montouchet used`` thick grain and shaky long lens'' with shallow depth of field for Kara, ``small, tight grain ''and a blue palette for Connor, and orange and white colours for Markus. The game was released to manufacturing on 23 April 2018, after four years of production."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players", "paragraph_text": "Rank Player Total 1. Federer, Roger Roger Federer 302 2. Sampras, Pete Pete Sampras 286 3. Lendl, Ivan Ivan Lendl 270 4. Connors, Jimmy Jimmy Connors 268 5. Djokovic, Novak Novak Djokovic 223 6. McEnroe, John John McEnroe 170 7. Nadal, Rafael Rafael Nadal 146 8. Borg, Bj\u00f6rn Bj\u00f6rn Borg 109 9. Agassi, Andre Andre Agassi 101 10. Hewitt, Lleyton Lleyton Hewitt 80 11. Edberg, Stefan Stefan Edberg 72 12. Courier, Jim Jim Courier 58 13. Kuerten, Gustavo Gustavo Kuerten 43 14. Murray, Andy Andy Murray 41 15. N\u0103stase, Ilie Ilie N\u0103stase 40 16. Wilander, Mats Mats Wilander 20 17. Roddick, Andy Andy Roddick 13 18. Becker, Boris Boris Becker 12 19. Safin, Marat Marat Safin 9 20. Newcombe, John John Newcombe 8 Ferrero, Juan Carlos Juan Carlos Ferrero 22. Muster, Thomas Thomas Muster 6 R\u00edos, Marcelo Marcelo R\u00edos Kafelnikov, Yevgeny Yevgeny Kafelnikov 25. Moy\u00e1, Carlos Carlos Moy\u00e1 26. Rafter, Patrick Patrick Rafter * active players - current No. 1 in bold Rank Player Consecutive 1. Federer, Roger Roger Federer 237 2. Connors, Jimmy Jimmy Connors 160 3. Lendl, Ivan Ivan Lendl 157 4. Djokovic, Novak Novak Djokovic 122 5. Sampras, Pete Pete Sampras 102 6. Jimmy Connors (2) 84 7. Pete Sampras (2) 82 8. Ivan Lendl (2) 80 9. Hewitt, Lleyton Lleyton Hewitt 75 10. McEnroe, John John McEnroe 58 11. Nadal, Rafael Rafael Nadal 56 12. John McEnroe (2) 53 Novak Djokovic (2) 14. Agassi, Andre Andre Agassi 52 15. Roger Federer (2) 48 Novak Djokovic (3) 17. Borg, Bj\u00f6rn Bj\u00f6rn Borg 46 Rafael Nadal (2) 19. Murray, Andy Andy Murray 41 20. N\u0103stase, Ilie Ilie N\u0103stase 40 * current streak in bold"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles", "paragraph_text": "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (sometimes abbreviated as Terminator: TSCC or simply TSCC) is an American science fiction television series that aired on Fox from January 2008 to April 2009. The show was produced by Warner Bros. Television, and C2 Pictures (C2 Pictures was replaced by The Halcyon Company in season two). It is a spin-off from the Terminator series of films. It revolves around the lives of the fictional characters Sarah and John Connor, following the events of Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and ignoring the events of the 2003 sequel Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines and the following installments. The series premiered on Sunday, January 13, 2008, on the U.S. television network Fox. Production for the series was provided by the Judgment Day and Rise of the Machines producers and C2 Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment (International) co-presidents Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna, C2 Senior Vice President James Middleton, David Nutter and Josh Friedman, who not only served as executive producer but also wrote the script for the first two episodes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Terminator", "paragraph_text": "The Terminator is a 1984 American science fiction action film directed by James Cameron. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator, a cyborg assassin sent back in time from 2029 to 1984 to kill Sarah Connor (Linda Hamilton), whose son will one day become a savior against machines in a post-apocalyptic future. Michael Biehn plays Kyle Reese, a soldier from the future sent back in time to protect Connor. The screenplay is credited to Cameron and producer Gale Anne Hurd, while co-writer William Wisher Jr. received a credit for additional dialogue. Executive producers John Daly and Derek Gibson of Hemdale Film Corporation were instrumental in the film's financing and production."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Johnny Crawford", "paragraph_text": "John Ernest ``Johnny ''Crawford (born March 26, 1946) is an American character actor, singer, and musician. At age 12, Crawford rose to fame for playing Mark McCain, the son of Lucas McCain (played by Chuck Connors), in the popular ABC Western series, The Rifleman, which originally aired from 1958 to 1963. Crawford first performed before a national audience as a Mouseketeer."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Connor (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "John Connor (July 1861 \u2013 November 24, 1905) was an American Major League Baseball player who pitched a total of 12 games over the course of his two-season career. He had a win\u2013loss record of 2\u20138 and a 3.81 earned run average in 104 innings pitched. He began his career with the Boston Beaneaters for the season, later playing for both the Buffalo Bisons and the Louisville Colonels during the season. On August 29, 1885, Connor was traded by Louisville to the Chattanooga, Tennessee team of the Southern League for Toad Ramsey. Connor died at the age of 44 in his hometown of Nashua, New Hampshire, and is interred at St. Patrick Cemetery in Hudson, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)", "paragraph_text": "The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky's wedding; this scene is shown in ``Last Forever '', the series finale. The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joe Scully", "paragraph_text": "Joe Scully is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Shane Connor. He made his first on-screen appearance on 20 October 1999, along with his family."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edward Furlong", "paragraph_text": "Edward Walter Furlong (born August 2, 1977) is an American actor and musician. Furlong won Saturn and MTV Movie Awards for his breakthrough performance as John Connor in Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). The following year he gave an Independent Spirit Award - nominated turn opposite Jeff Bridges in American Heart, and earned a second Saturn Award nomination for his work in Pet Sematary Two. He won a Young Artist Award for his performance alongside Kathy Bates in A Home of Our Own (1993), and shared a further ensemble nomination with the cast of the film."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tara Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance ``Pilot ''(2008) Last appearance`` A Mother's Work'' (2014) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname (s) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse (s) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Connor", "paragraph_text": "In The Terminator, John is mentioned and is the basis of the film. The Terminator (Arnold Schwarzenegger) is attempting to kill Sarah Connor (Linda Hamilton) because she will be his mother, but does not make a physical appearance. However, at the end of the film, Sarah is shown to be pregnant with John."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marshall Eriksen", "paragraph_text": "Marshall Eriksen How I Met Your Mother character Jason Segel in 2011 First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Last Forever'' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Jason Segel Information Gender Male Occupation Lawyer (2005 -- 2018), Judge (2018 --) Family Marvin Eriksen (father, deceased) Judy Eriksen (mother) Spouse (s) Lily Aldrin (2007 -- present) Children Marvin Waitforit Eriksen Daisy Eriksen Unnamed Third Child Nationality American"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Coronation Street characters (2015)", "paragraph_text": "Coronation Street is a British soap opera first broadcast on 9 December 1960. The following is a list of characters that appeared in 2015, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by series producer Stuart Blackburn. Beth Tinker's (Lisa George) grandmother, Agnes Tinker (Juliette Kaplan), and Hamish Young (James Redmond), a potential love interest for Michelle Connor (Kym Marsh), were introduced in January, while Linda Hancock (Jacqueline Leonard), the estranged mother of Izzy (Cherylee Houston) and Katy Armstrong (Georgia May Foote), began appearing from February. Michael Rodwell's (Les Dennis) long - lost son, Gavin Rodwell (Mark Holgate), began appearing from March, as did Jackson Hodge (Rhys Cadman), the father of Faye Windass' (Ellie Leach) baby. Faye and Jackson's baby daughter Miley Windass (Erin, Eilah & Elsie Halliwell), Eileen Grimshaw's (Sue Cleaver) new love interest Adrian Mortimer (Mark Moraghan) and the first regular character of the year, Cathy Matthews (Melanie Hill), a potential love interest for widower Roy Cropper (David Neilson), began appearing from April. A love interest for Liz McDonald (Beverley Callard) and a face from Leanne Battersby's (Jane Danson) past, Dan Jones (Andrew Paul), and Robert Preston's (Tristan Gemmill) secret wife, Joni (Sarah Harding), made their debuts in June and July respectively. August saw the arrivals of wildlife explorer Dougie Ryan (Paddy McGuinness), and his daughter Caitlin Ryan (Eve Gordon), as well as an extension to the Connor family, Aidan Connor (Shayne Ward). Cathy's nephew, Alex Warner (Liam Bairstow), and Steph Britton's (Tisha Merry) ex-boyfriend, Jamie Bowman (James Atherton), arrived in September. October saw the arrivals of Aidan's father, Johnny Connor (Richard Hawley) and sister, Kate Connor (Faye Brookes), as well as Cathy's sister and Alex's mother, Nessa Warner (Sadie Shimmin). Caz Hammond (Rhea Bailey), Kate's fianc\u00e9e, first appeared in November."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the person who played John Connor's mother in Terminator?"}
{"id": "2hop__27956_359372", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath, which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers. Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "Special procedures apply to legislation passed by Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man. Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 (the Revestment), the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor. After 1765, royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor; but, during the British Regency, the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council, which continues to this day, though limited to exceptional cases since 1981."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "In Canada, the traditional ceremony for granting assent in parliament was regularly used until the 21st century, long after it had been discontinued in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. One result, conceived as part of a string of royal duties intended to demonstrate Canada's status as an independent kingdom, was that King George VI personally assented to nine bills of the Canadian parliament during the 1939 royal tour of Canada\u201485 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally in the United Kingdom. Under the Royal Assent Act 2002, however, the alternative practice of granting assent in writing, with each house being notified separately ( the Speaker of the Senate or a representative reads to the senators the letters from the governor general regarding the written declaration of Royal Assent), was brought into force. As the act also provides, royal assent is to be signified\u2014by the governor general, or, more often, by a deputy, usually a Justice of the Supreme Court, at least twice each calendar year: for the first appropriation measure and for at least one other act, usually the first non-appropriation measure passed. However, the act provides that a grant of royal assent is not rendered invalid by a failure to employ the traditional ceremony where required."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Canada", "paragraph_text": "In 1981, the Canadian House of Commons and Senate passed a resolution requesting that the British Parliament enact a package of constitutional amendments which would end the last powers of the British Parliament to legislate for Canada and would create an entirely Canadian process for constitutional amendments. The resolution set out the text of the proposed Canada Act, which also included the text of the Constitution Act, 1982. The British Parliament duly passed the Canada Act 1982, the Queen granting Royal Assent on March 29, 1982, 115 years to the day since Queen Victoria granted Royal Assent to the Constitution Act, 1867. On April 17, 1982, the Queen signed the Proclamation on the grounds of Parliament Hill in Ottawa bringing the Constitution Act, 1982 into force, thus patriating the Constitution of Canada. Previously, the main portions of the constitution had existed only as an act passed of the British parliament, though under the terms of the Statute of Westminster, it could not be altered without Canadian consent. Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country, with the Queen's role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bantu Education Act, 1953", "paragraph_text": "Bantu Education Act, 1953 Act to provide for the transfer of the administration and control of native education from the several provincial administrations to the Government of the Union, and for matters incidental thereto. Citation Act No. 47 of 1953 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 5 October 1986 Date commenced 1 January 1954 Date repealed 1 January 1980 Administered by Minister of Native Affairs Repealing legislation Education and Training Act, 1979 Status: Repealed"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "George Washington on Horseback", "paragraph_text": "George Washington on Horseback is an equestrian statue by sculptor Herbert Haseltine. It is located south of the Washington National Cathedral."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "Independently of the method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The clerk signs one authentic copy of the bill and inserts the date (in English) on which the assent was notified to the two houses after the title of the act. When an act is published, the signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula, should the endorsement have been made in writing. However, the date on which the assent was notified is printed in brackets."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "During the 1960s, the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session. In 1960, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle was repeated in 1965; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go to the House of Lords, some members continued to make speeches. As a result, the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent. As the attorney-general explained, \"there has been a good deal of resentment not only at the loss of Parliamentary time that has been involved but at the breaking of the thread of a possibly eloquent speech and the disruption of a debate that may be caused.\" The granting of assent by the monarch in person, or by commission, is still possible, but this third form is used on a day-to-day basis."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords. Officially, assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent. It may be granted in parliament or outside parliament; in the latter case, each house must be separately notified before the bill takes effect."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Equestrian statue of George IV, Trafalgar Square", "paragraph_text": "The statue of George IV in Trafalgar Square, London, is a bronze equestrian statue by Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey. It depicts the King dressed in ancient Roman attire and riding bareback. The sculpture was originally designed to sit on top of the Marble Arch at the entrance to Buckingham Palace, but was placed in its current location following the King's death."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minister of Steel (India)", "paragraph_text": "The Minister of Steel is the head of the Ministry of Steel and one of the cabinet ministers of the Government of India. He is assisted by a Secretary to the Government of India, an Additional Secretary and Financial Adviser to Government of India, 4 Joint Secretaries, a Chief Controller of Accounts also looking after the accounting matters of the Ministry, one Economic Adviser of the rank of Joint Secretary, 6 Directors, 2 Deputy Secretaries, 12 Under Secretaries, One Deputy Director, other Officers and supporting staff and a Technical Wing under the charge of an Industrial Adviser to Government of India. The current Hon'ble Minister of Steel is Shri Narendra Singh Tomar."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Population Registration Act, 1950", "paragraph_text": "Population Registration Act, 1950 Act to make provision for the compilation of a Register of the Population of the Union; for the issue of Identity Cards to persons whose names are included in the Register; and for matters incidental thereto. Citation Act No. 30 of 1950 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 22 June 1950 Date commenced 7 July 1950 Date repealed 28 June 1991 Administered by Minister of the Interior Repealing legislation Population Registration Act Repeal Act, 1991 Status: Repealed"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, \"My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Equestrian Monument of Niccol\u00f2 da Tolentino", "paragraph_text": "The Equestrian Monument of Niccol\u00f2 da Tolentino (1456) is a fresco painting by the early-Italian Renaissance master Andrea del Castagno, housed in the Florence Cathedral, Italy. Located on the left internal wall of the church, it pairs the adjacent fresco of \"Equestrian Statue of John Hawkwood\" by Paolo Uccello (1436)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the governor-general merely signs the bill. In Canada, the governor general may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "The constitution of Jordan grants its monarch the right to withhold assent to laws passed by its parliament. Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly; if he vetoes it within that timeframe, the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses; otherwise, the law does not go into effect (but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly). If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him, it becomes law without his signature."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real (Royal Assent) and promulgation (publication) of laws with the monarch of Spain, while Title III, The Cortes Generales, Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills, outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days of passage of a bill by the Cortes Generales, the sovereign shall give his or her assent and publish the new law. Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum, on the advice of the president of the government (commonly referred to in English as the prime minister) and the authorisation of the cortes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Group Areas Act", "paragraph_text": "Group Areas Act, 1950 Act to provide for the establishment of group areas, for the control of the acquisition of immovable property and the occupation of land and premises, and for matters incidental thereto. Citation Act No. 41 of 1950 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date passed 7 July 1950 Date of Royal Assent 24 June 1950 Date commenced 30 March 1951 (Cape, Transvaal, Natal) 31 October 1952 (O.F.S.) Date repealed 1 November 1957 Administered by Minister of the Interior Repealing legislation Group Areas Act, 1957 Status: Repealed"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "Instead, the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council. Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. A recent example when assent was refused (or, more correctly, when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent) was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark. (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given assent.) In 2011, campaigners against a law that sought to reduce the number of senators in the states of Jersey petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse royal assent. An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent."}], "question": "Who sculpted the equestrian statue of the monarch who only reluctantly granted assent under his minister's advice?"}
{"id": "2hop__666844_599384", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Baghdad ER", "paragraph_text": "Baghdad ER is a documentary released by HBO on May 21, 2006. It shows the Iraq War from the perspective of a military hospital in Baghdad. It has some relatively disturbing scenes in it (e.g. amputations), therefore the U.S. Army is officially warning that military personnel watching it could experience symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Journal of Cuneiform Studies", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Cuneiform Studies was founded in 1947 by the Baghdad School of the American Schools of Oriental Research. The journal presents articles about ancient Mesopotamian language and history in English, French and German."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Paul Chester Kainen", "paragraph_text": "Paul Chester Kainen is an American mathematician, an adjunct associate professor of mathematics and director of the Lab for Visual Mathematics at Georgetown University. Kainen is the author of a popular book on the four color theorem, and is also known for his work on book embeddings of graphs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Embedded In Baghdad", "paragraph_text": "Embedded In Baghdad is a 2003 documentary created by Alexandre Trudeau for the CTV Television Program W-FIVE. It documents Trudeau's experience before, during, and after the US Bombing Campaign with the A-Saadi family, a middle-class family living in Baghdad."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Embassy of the United States, Baghdad", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of the United States of America in Baghdad is the diplomatic mission of United States of America in the Republic of Iraq. Ambassador Matthew Tueller is currently the Chief of Mission."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "NGC 1893", "paragraph_text": "NGC 1893 is an open cluster in the constellation Auriga. It is about 12,400 light years away. The star cluster is embedded in the HII region IC 410."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Al Karkh Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Al Karkh Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Baghdad, Iraq. It is used mostly for football matches and serves as the home stadium of Al-Karkh. The stadium holds 5,150 people."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dana Hussain", "paragraph_text": "Dana Hussain Abdul-Razak Al-Khafaji (born January 3, 1986 in Baghdad) is a sprinter on Iraq's national track and field team, coached by Yousif Abdul-Rahman."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Algami Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Algami Canal was fought between Kara Koyunlu under their Bey, Qara Yusuf and the Timurid Empire under the leadership of Timur's grandson Abu Bakr bin Miran Shah for control of Baghdad and therefore Iraq in late 1402."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Al-Ma\u02bfarri", "paragraph_text": "Born in the city of Ma\u02bfarra during the Abbasid era, he studied in nearby Aleppo, then in Tripoli and Antioch. Producing popular poems in Baghdad, he nevertheless refused to sell his texts. In 1010, he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health, and continued writing which gained him local respect."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bahija Ahmed Shihab", "paragraph_text": "Bahija Ahmed Shihab (; 1932\u20132012) was an Iraqi sociologist and one of the pioneering women that helped establish the Sociology department at the College of Arts, University of Baghdad, Iraq in the 1950s. Professor Shihab was specialized in Social Work and Community Organization and Development. She has authored several important books, articles, and studies and taught undergraduate and graduate courses at the department and supervised countless Ph.D. dissertations. Professor Shihab persistently promoted social justice causes especially relating to the emancipation of women in Iraq and the Arab world. Prof. Shihab continued to teach at the University of Baghdad until the Summer of 2007 which is when she and her family had to leave Iraq due to the deteriorating general security situation in Baghdad and assassinations targeting Iraqi secularists and academics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Apache Derby", "paragraph_text": "Apache Derby (previously distributed as IBM Cloudscape) is a relational database management system (RDBMS) developed by the Apache Software Foundation that can be embedded in Java programs and used for online transaction processing. It has a 3.5 MB disk-space footprint."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as \"the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr,\" that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and C\u00f3rdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hollywood Walk of Fame", "paragraph_text": "The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five - pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood, California. The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry, bearing the names of a mix of actors, musicians, directors, producers, musical and theatrical groups, fictional characters, and others. The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self - financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mr. Noodle", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Noodle and his siblings -- Mr. Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, Ms Noodle, and Miss Noodle -- are characters who appear in the ``Elmo's World ''segments during the educational children's television program Sesame Street. Mr. Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin, who had previously worked with Arlene Sherman, executive producer of Sesame Street and co-creator of`` Elmo's World'', in short films for the program."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States twenty-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "1992: Anti-counterfeiting features are added: microprinting around the portrait, and a plastic strip embedded in the paper. Even though the bills read Series 1990, the first bills were printed in April 1992."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alsalam University College", "paragraph_text": "Alsalam University College () (previously: Sheikh Mohammed Al Kasinzan University College) is a private Iraqi university established in 2005 in Baghdad, Iraq."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alexandre Trudeau", "paragraph_text": "Alexandre Emmanuel \"Sacha\" Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian filmmaker, journalist and author of \"Barbarian Lost\". He is the second son of Canada's former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and Margaret Trudeau, and the younger brother of Canada's current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Embedded system", "paragraph_text": "As with other software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded system software. However, they may also use some more specific tools:"}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the producer of Embedded in Baghdad?"}
{"id": "2hop__782771_649355", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jan Hendrik van den Berg", "paragraph_text": "Jan Hendrik van den Berg (June 11, 1914 \u2013 September 22, 2012) was a Dutch psychiatrist notable for his work in phenomenological psychotherapy (cf. phenomenology) and metabletics, or \"psychology of historical change.\" He is the author of numerous articles and books, including \"A different existence\" and \"The changing nature of man\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deborah Halpern", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Halpern (born 1957 in Melbourne) is a sculptor, mosaic artist and ceramic artist working in Victoria Australia, notable for her prominent and popular works of public art."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sofia Petrovna", "paragraph_text": "Sofia Petrovna is a novella by Russian author Lydia Chukovskaya, written in the late 1930s in the Soviet Union. It is notable as one of the few surviving accounts of the Great Purge actually written during the purge era."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Redfield", "paragraph_text": "James Redfield is an American author, lecturer, screenwriter and film producer. He is notable for his novel \"The Celestine Prophecy\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Siouxsie and the Banshees", "paragraph_text": "Siouxsie and the Banshees were an English rock band, formed in London in 1976 by vocalist Siouxsie Sioux and bass guitarist Steven Severin. They have been widely influential, both over their contemporaries and with later acts. \"Mojo\" rated guitarist John McGeoch in their list of \"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" for his work on \"Spellbound\". \"The Times\" cited the group as \"one of the most audacious and uncompromising musical adventurers of the post-punk era\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Javier Pulido", "paragraph_text": "Javier Pulido is a Spanish comic book artist working primarily for the American market. His notable works include \"Human Target\", \"\", \"She-Hulk\" and \"The Amazing Spider-Man\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shawqi Shafiq", "paragraph_text": "Shawqi Shafiq (born 1955 in Aden) is a Yemeni poet and translator. The author's work has been published in Banipal magazine. The author of 8 books of poetry, some of his works have been published in several languages."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mojo (play)", "paragraph_text": "Mojo is a 1995 play (then subsequent 1997 feature film) written by English playwright Jez Butterworth that premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London, directed by Ian Rickson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arthur Thomson (naturalist)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Arthur Thomson FRSE LLD (8 July 1861 \u2013 12 February 1933) was a Scottish naturalist who authored several notable books and was an expert on soft corals."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Vlastimil Pt\u00e1k", "paragraph_text": "Vlastimil Pt\u00e1k (; November 8, 1925 in Prague \u2013 May 5 1999) was a Czech mathematician, who worked in functional analysis, theoretical numerical analysis, and linear algebra. Notable early work include generalizations of the open mapping theorem ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Moshe Carmeli", "paragraph_text": "Moshe Carmeli (, 1933\u20132007) was the Albert Einstein Professor of Theoretical Physics, Ben Gurion University (BGU), Beer Sheva, Israel and President of the Israel Physical Society. He received his D.Sc. from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in 1964. He became the first full professor at BGU's new Department of Physics. He did significant theoretical work in the fields of cosmology, astrophysics, general and special relativity, gauge theory, and mathematical physics, authoring 4 books, co-authoring 4 others, and publishing 128 refereed research papers in various journals and forums, plus assorted other publications (146 in all). He is most notable for his work on gauge theory and his development of the theory of cosmological general relativity, which extends Einstein's theory of general relativity from a four-dimensional spacetime to a five-dimensional space-velocity framework."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Glenn Anders", "paragraph_text": "Glenn Anders (September 1, 1889 \u2013 October 26, 1981) was an American actor, most notable for his work on the stage."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Asima Chatterjee", "paragraph_text": "Asima Chatterjee (23 September 1917 \u2013 22 November 2006) was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Very Best of The Smiths", "paragraph_text": "The sleeve for The Very Best of The Smiths features Charles Hawtrey of Carry On fame, one of Morrissey's favourite actors (he wrote an obituary of him in the NME). The band members had no say in the cover, which has been described as ``an adman's approximation of a Smiths cover ''by Mojo magazine."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir (\"Truths of Exegesis\") which is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis. From the 11th century onwards several other works appear, including commentaries by Qushayri (d. 1074), Daylami (d. 1193), Shirazi (d. 1209) and Suhrawardi (d. 1234). These works include material from Sulami's books plus the author's contributions. Many works are written in Persian such as the works of Maybudi (d. 1135) kash al-asrar (\"the unveiling of the secrets\"). Rumi (d. 1273) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book Mathnawi. Rumi makes heavy use of the Quran in his poetry, a feature that is sometimes omitted in translations of Rumi's work. A large number of Quranic passages can be found in Mathnawi, which some consider a kind of Sufi interpretation of the Quran. Rumi's book is not exceptional for containing citations from and elaboration on the Quran, however, Rumi does mention Quran more frequently. Simnani (d. 1336) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran. He reconciled notions of God's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam. Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ruh al-Bayan (the Spirit of Elucidation) is a voluminous exegesis. Written in Arabic, it combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably Ibn Arabi and Ghazali), all woven together in Hafiz, a Persian poetry form."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Open Boat", "paragraph_text": "Crane subsequently adapted his report into narrative form, and the resulting short story \"The Open Boat\" was published in \"Scribner's Magazine\". The story is told from the point of view of an anonymous correspondent, with Crane as the implied author, the action closely resembles the author's experiences after the shipwreck. A volume titled \"The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure\" was published in the United States in 1898; an edition entitled \"The Open Boat and Other Stories\" was published simultaneously in England. Praised for its innovation by contemporary critics, the story is considered an exemplary work of literary Naturalism, and is one of the most frequently discussed works in Crane's canon. It is notable for its use of imagery, irony, symbolism, and the exploration of such themes as survival, solidarity, and the conflict between man and nature. H. G. Wells considered \"The Open Boat\" to be \"beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Birthday Girl", "paragraph_text": "Birthday Girl is a 2001 erotic comedy thriller film directed by Jez Butterworth. The plot focuses on English bank clerk John Buckingham, who orders a Russian mail-order bride, Nadia. It becomes clear upon her arrival that Nadia cannot speak English, and early into her stay, two mysterious men come to the house claiming to be her cousin and cousin's friend. The film features Nicole Kidman, Ben Chaplin, Mathieu Kassovitz, and Vincent Cassel. English and Russian are spoken interchangeably in the film."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ilyasah Shabazz", "paragraph_text": "Ilyasah Shabazz (born July 22, 1962) is the third daughter of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz. She is an author, most notably of a memoir, \"Growing Up X\", community organizer, social activist, and motivational speaker."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Qian Chunqi", "paragraph_text": "He was most notable for being one of the main translators into Chinese of the works of the German writer Friedrich Nietzsche."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Glenda Goss", "paragraph_text": "Glenda Goss is an American author and music historian whose special interests are music and culture, early modernism, critical editing, and European-American points of cultural contact. Her most notable work has revolved around the life and works of the Finnish composer, Jean Sibelius."}], "question": "What is the notable work of Mojo's author?"}
{"id": "2hop__534998_349958", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "East Fairview, North Dakota", "paragraph_text": "East Fairview is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in McKenzie County, North Dakota, United States. Its population was 76 as of the 2010 census. The community is located on the North Dakota-Montana border, which separates it from Fairview, Montana."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Drat\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Drat\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ludwin, within \u0141\u0119czna County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Ludwin, north-east of \u0141\u0119czna, and north-east of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "First Army Division East", "paragraph_text": "First Army Division East was established by Department of the Army Permanent Order 156-7 to provide training and readiness oversight and mobilization operations for an area of responsibility spanning 27 states and territories east of the Mississippi River. First Army Division East is responsible for mobilizing, training, readiness oversight and deploying the United States' Reserve and National Guard Soldiers, and selected Sailors and Airmen along with members of multiple interagency and governmental entities."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "\u0106wierdzin", "paragraph_text": "\u0106wierdzin () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Witkowo, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Witkowo, east of Gniezno, and east of the regional capital Pozna\u0144."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Erazm\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Erazm\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koluszki, within \u0141\u00f3d\u017a East County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Koluszki and east of the regional capital \u0141\u00f3d\u017a."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mokrzesz", "paragraph_text": "Mokrzesz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mst\u00f3w, within Cz\u0119stochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Mst\u00f3w, east of Cz\u0119stochowa, and north-east of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dobra-Kolonia", "paragraph_text": "Dobra-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pilica, within Zawiercie County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of Pilica, east of Zawiercie, and north-east of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Watford City, North Dakota", "paragraph_text": "Watford City (Hidatsa: aba\u0294aru\u0294ush), founded in 1914, is a city in and the county seat of McKenzie County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,744 at the 2010 census. and the Census Bureau gave the 2017 estimated population as 6,523, making Watford City the twelfth largest city in North Dakota. Because Watford City is part of the Bakken field, the North Dakota oil boom has significantly increased population and construction since the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ra\u0144sk", "paragraph_text": "Ra\u0144sk () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina D\u017awierzuty, within Szczytno County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately east of D\u017awierzuty, north-east of Szczytno, and east of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cayman Islands", "paragraph_text": "The Cayman Islands (/ \u02c8ke\u026am\u0259n / or / ke\u026a\u02c8m\u00e6n /) is an autonomous British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea. The 264 - square - kilometre (102 - square - mile) territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman located south of Cuba, northeast of Costa Rica, north of Panama, east of Mexico and northwest of Jamaica. Its population is approximately 60,765, and its capital is George Town."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Trzusko\u0142o\u0144", "paragraph_text": "Trzusko\u0142o\u0144 is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niechanowo, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Niechanowo, south-east of Gniezno, and east of the regional capital Pozna\u0144."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wiechowo", "paragraph_text": "Wiechowo , () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Marianowo, within Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Marianowo, east of Stargard, and east of the regional capital Szczecin."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fairview (near Helvetia), Randolph County, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is an unincorporated community in Randolph County, West Virginia, United States. Fairview is west-southwest of Helvetia and west of Huttonsville."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Boginia", "paragraph_text": "Boginia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowosolna, within \u0141\u00f3d\u017a East County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of the regional capital \u0141\u00f3d\u017a."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county in which East Fairview is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__161645_242282", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2017 BWF World Championships \u2013 Women's singles", "paragraph_text": "Women's singles at the BWF World Championships Venue Emirates Arena Location Glasgow, Scotland Dates 21 -- 27 August Medalists Nozomi Okuhara Japan P.V. Sindhu India Chen Yufei China Saina Nehwal India \u2190 2015 2018 \u2192"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Defendant, Stand Up!", "paragraph_text": "Defendant, Stand Up! (Italian: Imputato, alzatevi!) is a 1939 Italian comedy film directed by Mario Mattoli and starring Erminio Macario, Ernesto Almirante and Greta Gonda. It was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lin Dan career statistics", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of the main career statistics of professional badminton player, Lin Dan. To date, Lin has won fifty-seven singles titles, including three Super Series Premier titles, fourteen Super Series titles, and one Super Series Finals title. He is a two-time Olympic champion, five-time world champion and four-time Asian champion. Lin is currently ranked World No. 16 by the Badminton World Federation (BWF)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the United States Army", "paragraph_text": "After the war the Continental Army was quickly disbanded as part of the American distrust of standing armies, and irregular state militias became the new nation's sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point's arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Indians, it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The first of these, the Legion of the United States, was established in 1791."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "World Badminton Federation", "paragraph_text": "The World Badminton Federation is a former badminton organization, it was founded in February 1978 and ceased its operation on May 26, 1981 after it merged with the International Badminton Federation (now known as Badminton World Federation or BWF)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Utrecht", "paragraph_text": "Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gavel Fell", "paragraph_text": "Gavel Fell is a hill in the English Lake District. Centremost of the five Loweswater Fells in the western part of the District, it stands between Hen Comb and Blake Fell. Of moderate altitude it can be climbed from Loweswater village, or from Croasdale to the west."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2010 China Masters Super Series", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 China Masters Super Series was a top level badminton competition which was held from September 14, 2010 to September 19, 2010 in Changzhou, China. It was the seventh BWF Super Series competition on the 2010 BWF Super Series schedule. The total purse for the event was $250,000."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2009 India Open Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 Syed Modi Memorial India Grand Prix was a badminton tournament held in Lucknow, India, from 15 to 20 December 2009. It was the last tournament of the 2009 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mount Rutherford", "paragraph_text": "Mount Rutherford is a mountain in Alberta, Canada. Located in Jasper National Park, it is part of the Northern Front Ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The peak stands east of Harvey Lake and north of the Snaring River, a tributary of the Athabasca River."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "P. V. Sindhu", "paragraph_text": "Pusarla Venkata Sindhu (born 5 July 1995) is an Indian professional badminton player, who is currently world no 2 in the BWF World Ranking. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first Indian woman to win an Olympic silver medal. She is one of the two Indian badminton players to ever win an Olympic medal -- other being Saina Nehwal. She was also a silver medalist at the 2017 BWF World Championships and, in 2017, became first Indian ever to win Korea Open Super Series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Badminton Oceania", "paragraph_text": "On the occasion of launching the new logo by Badminton Oceania, the organisation decided to change the name from Oceania Badminton Confederation to Badminton Oceania."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Joan Standing", "paragraph_text": "Joan Standing (21 June 1903 \u2013 3 February 1979) was an English actress best known for playing Nurse Briggs in the 1931 horror film \"Dracula\". She appeared in 63 films between 1919 and 1940. She was the daughter of Herbert Standing Jr. and granddaughter of Herbert Standing (1846-1923). Her uncles were Wyndham Standing, Sir Guy Standing, Percy Standing and Jack Standing. Her cousin was actress Kay Hammond. Later in life she emigrated to the United States. She died in Houston, Texas in 1979, aged 75."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Badminton World Federation", "paragraph_text": "The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the international governing body for the sport of badminton recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Founded in 1934 as the International Badminton Federation (IBF) with nine member nations (Canada, Denmark, England, France, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales), the BWF has since expanded to 176 member nations around the world. On 24 September 2006, at the Extraordinary General Meeting in Madrid, it was decided to adopt the new name Badminton World Federation (BWF).Its head office was located in Cheltenham, UK since its founding, but on 1 October 2005, was relocated to Kuala Lumpur. Its current president is Poul-Erik H\u00f8yer Larsen."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mirabito Range", "paragraph_text": "Mirabito Range is a narrow, northwest-trending mountain range, 64\u00a0km (40\u00a0mi) long and 6\u00a0km (4\u00a0mi) wide, standing between the upper part of Lillie Glacier and the Greenwell Glacier in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. The range is part of the Concord Mountains."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zakir Khan (comedian)", "paragraph_text": "Zakir Khan is an Indian stand - up comedian, writer and presenter. In 2012, he rose to popularity by winning Comedy Central's India's Best Stand Up Comedian competition. He has also been a part of a news comedy show, On Air with AIB."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Wang Lin (badminton)", "paragraph_text": "Wang Lin (born March 30, 1989 in Hangzhou) is a badminton player from China. Wang Lin was crowned the world champion after winning the gold medal at the 2010 BWF World Championships held at Paris defeating fellow Chinese Wang Xin 21-11, 19-21, 21-13."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stephanie and Spy", "paragraph_text": "Stephanie and Spy, is a sculpture by American artist Robert Graham, located in the Rolfe Hall Courtyard on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The two-part, bronze sculpture was made in 1980-81 and depicts a nude woman standing next to a horse. Each figure stands on its own pedestal positioned about 2 feet from each other."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Fran\u00e7ais", "paragraph_text": "Mount Fran\u00e7ais is a mountain which forms the summit of Anvers Island, Antarctica standing southeast of the center of the island and 6 miles north of Borgen Bay. Mount Fran\u00e7ais has an elevation of and is part of the Trojan mountain range."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brim Fell", "paragraph_text": "Brim Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It stands to the west of Coniston village in the southern part of the District."}], "question": "BWF is part of what?"}
{"id": "2hop__154203_342687", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tara Kirk", "paragraph_text": "In the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Tara won a silver medal by swimming for the second-place American team in the preliminary heats of the women's 4\u00d7100-meter medley relay. Tara Kirk's younger sister, Dana Kirk, joined her on the 2004 USA Women's Olympic Swimming team, becoming the first set of sisters to swim on the same US Olympic Team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Taras Kozyra", "paragraph_text": "Taras Kozyra (born September 26, 1941) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1990."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket. A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is Ano, which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter. Ano is a localised version of volleyball, in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground. Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oliver Valentine", "paragraph_text": "Oliver continues and succeeds in his second F2 year under Elliot, who is his mentor. He begins a relationship with F1 Tara Lo (Jing Lusi). He learns she has a brain tumor and becomes fixated on finding a cure. She learns to accept it. Oliver begins spending more time at Tara's flat and later moves in. Oliver and Tara marry the day before she has a major operation. Oliver and Tara prepare for her operation, but there are complications in surgery and she dies."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kirk Profit", "paragraph_text": "Kirk Profit (born September 12, 1952) is a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives who is now a lobbyist with the firm Governmental Consultant Services."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Charlotte 49ers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A founding member of Conference USA (C-USA), Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. Previously, Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Simone Wearne", "paragraph_text": "Simone Wearne (born 5 December 1980 in Melbourne) is a pitcher for the Australia women's national baseball team. In the 2006 Women's Baseball World Cup she was named in the All-Star team as a pitcher. She was a member of the Australian team which won the 2002 Women's World Baseball Series. She is the sister of professional baseball infielder Scott Wearne. She now (2013) plays and coaches teams for a baseball team called the Springvale Lions. She is also coaching the women's national team, Victoria Blue, alongside Jade Hough."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dana Kirk (swimmer)", "paragraph_text": "Kirk attended Stanford University, where she swam for the Stanford Cardinal swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition. During her four-year college swimming career, she amassed seventeen All-American honors and eight Pac-10 Conference titles in the 200-yard medley and 400-yard medley relays, as well as the 100-yard and 200-yard butterfly events. She is currently the fourth fastest 100-yard and 200-yard butterfly swimmer in Stanford history. She graduated from Stanford in 2006."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bennigsen Beavers", "paragraph_text": "The Bennigsen Beavers were established in 1993 as a department of FC Bennigsen, and became an independent sporting team on January 1, 2004. The club fielded 7 teams for the 2005 season, including three men's teams, a women's team, a junior team, a youth team and a student team. As of mid-2005, the Beavers claimed a total of 97 Members."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wes Schulmerich", "paragraph_text": "Edward Wesley Schulmerich (August 21, 1901 \u2013 June 26, 1985) was an American Major League Baseball player from the state of Oregon. A native of the state, he played baseball and football at what is now Oregon State University where he participated in three sports. On the football team, he played three positions and earned the nickname of Ironhorse and all-conference honors. In baseball, he was a right-handed outfielder and after leaving school started his professional career in the minor leagues. Schulmerich then became the first player from the school to make it to the Major Leagues, playing for three teams in the early 1930s. He is a member of the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Andy Kirk (soccer)", "paragraph_text": "Andy Kirk (born October 3, 1977 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who spent three seasons in Major League Soccer. He was also a member of the United States U-17 men's national soccer team at the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship and the United States U-20 men's national soccer team at the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States of Tara", "paragraph_text": "United States of Tara is an American television comedy-drama created by Diablo Cody, which aired on Showtime from 2009 to 2011. The series follows the life of Tara (Toni Collette), a suburban housewife and mother coping with dissociative identity disorder."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bob McClurg", "paragraph_text": "Bob McClurg is an American actor. He joined the Los Angeles-based improvisational comedy team The Groundlings and remained a member for six years, working with John Paragon, Susan Barnes, Phil Hartman and Paul Reubens. Edie McClurg is his younger sister. He has not appeared in a film since 1987."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Joseph Cogels", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Hubert Cogels (14 January 1894 \u2013 26 July 1978) was a Belgian sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Belgian team in the team clay pigeons competition."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jennifer Morrison", "paragraph_text": "Jennifer Marie Morrison (born April 12, 1979) is an American actress, producer, director, and former child model. She is known for her roles as Dr. Allison Cameron in the medical - drama series House (2004 -- 2012) and Emma Swan in the ABC adventure - fantasy series Once Upon a Time (2011 -- 2017). She also has portrayed Zoey Pierson, one of Ted Mosby's love interests on the comedy series How I Met Your Mother; Winona Kirk, mother of James T. Kirk in the 2009 science - fiction film Star Trek; and Tess Conlon in the 2011 sports drama film Warrior."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Danielle Woodhouse", "paragraph_text": "Danielle Woodhouse (born 23 January 1969 in Perth) is an Australian water polo player from the gold medal squad of the 2000 Summer Olympics. She is the sister of Bridgette Ireland (Gusterson) who was captain of the 2000 Olympic Team. Along with Liz Weekes, Woodhouse was the goal keeper for the Australian team in 2000. Danielle is a Sports Physiotherapist working with elite water polo players and is the Chandler Family\u2019s private physio; residing in Perth with her husband and 2 children."}], "question": "What sports team was Tara Kirk's sister a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__65675_518613", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "London is home to five major medical schools \u2013 Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London \u2013 and has a large number of affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's five academic health science centres are based in the city \u2013 Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Frankenstein (1931 film)", "paragraph_text": "In a European village, a young scientist, named Henry Frankenstein, and his assistant Fritz, a hunchback, piece together a human body, the parts of which have been collected from various sources, including stealing freshly buried bodies in a cemetery, and recently hanged criminals. Frankenstein desires to create human life through electrical devices which he has perfected. He sends Fritz to a school where Dr. Waldman, Henry's old medical professor, teaches, to steal a brain; Fritz drops the normal brain and has to take the brain of a criminal."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Emory University School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The Emory University School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of Emory University and a component of Emory\u2019s Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center. Formerly the Atlanta College for Physicians and Surgeons, it is located on the university's main campus in the Druid Hills neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. The medical school offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, Masters programs in Anesthesiology and Genetic Counseling, degrees in Physical Therapy and Physician Assistant training, joint degree programs with other Emory graduate divisions, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education. Emory University School of Medicine traces its origins back to 1915 when the Atlanta Medical College (founded 1854), the Southern Medical College (1878), and the Atlanta School of Medicine (founded 1905) merged."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as tied for 66th for national universities in the United States. A 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study of where the nation's top high school students choose to enroll ranked BYU No. 21 in its peer-reviewed study. The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for college in 2007, and its library is consistently ranked in the nation's top ten \u2014 No. 1 in 2004 and No. 4 in 2007. BYU is also ranked No. 19 in the U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup, and No. 12 in lowest student-incurred debt. Due in part to the school's emphasis on undergraduate research, in rankings for 2008-2009, BYU was ranked No. 10 nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs, No. 1 nationally for students who go on to dental school, No. 6 nationally for students who go on to law school, and No. 10 nationally for students who go on to medical school. BYU is designated as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.]] Forbes Magazine ranked it as the No. 1 \"Top University to Work For in 2014\" and as the best college in Utah."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences (BUFHS), also known as the Busitema University Medical School (BUMS) and the Busitema University School of Medicine (BUSM), is the school of medicine of Busitema University, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school is one of the newer medical schools in the country, having been part of university since 2013. The school provides medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University", "paragraph_text": "The Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, the second oldest medical school in Thailand, was established in 1947 in accordance with the wishes of King Ananda Mahidol to educate a sufficient number of medical doctors to satisfy the public's demands. For more than half a century, this medical school has provided society with more than 5,000 medical doctors. The school accepts about 300 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. It has been ranked as one of the best medical schools in Thailand in 2016."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Perry Cox", "paragraph_text": "Cox is a graduate of Hale University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the former being a fictional adaptation of Yale University."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "McLean Nunataks", "paragraph_text": "The McLean Nunataks () are a group of three nunataks lying within the western part of Mertz Glacier, Antarctica, near the head. They were discovered by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911\u201314) under Douglas Mawson, who named them after Dr. Archibald Lang McLean, the medical officer and bacteriologist with the expedition."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Indian Lake Local School District", "paragraph_text": "Indian Lake Local School District also known as \"Indian Lake Local Schools\" is a school district comprising the northwestern part of Logan County, Ohio. The President of the Board of Education is Tracy McPherson, and the Superintendent is Dr. William McGlothlin."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Siddhartha Medical College", "paragraph_text": "Siddhartha Medical College is a medical school in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is one of the reputed medical schools providing undergraduate and graduate medical education in AP. Its address is Siddhartha Medical College, Gunadala, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh 520008 India."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sylhet Women's Medical College", "paragraph_text": "Sylhet Women's Medical College (SWMC) () is a low budget private medical school in Bangladesh, exclusively for female students, established in 2005. It is located in Mirboxtola, in central Sylhet. It is affiliated with Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) under the School of Medical Sciences."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Zabdiel Boylston Adams", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Zabdiel Boylston Adams, Jr. (born October 25, 1829 \u2013 May 1, 1902) was a Civil War surgeon and 1853 graduate of Harvard Medical School."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "USMLE Step 1", "paragraph_text": "The USMLE Step 1 (more commonly just Step 1 or colloquially, The Boards) is the first part of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. It aims to assess whether medical school students or graduates can apply important concepts of the foundational sciences fundamental to the practice of medicine. US medical students, as well as non-US medical students who wish to seek licensure to practice medicine in the US, typically take Step 1 at the end of the second year of medical school. Graduates of international medical schools (i.e., those outside the US or Canada) must also take Step 1 if they want to practice in the US. Graduates from international medical schools must apply through ECFMG, and the registration fee is $915. For 2016, the NBME registration fee for the test is $600, with additional charges for applicants who choose a testing region outside the United States or Canada."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Vinya Ariyaratne", "paragraph_text": "Dr Vinya Ariyaratne is the General Secretary of Sarvodaya and also a lecturer in Community Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Sri Jayewardenepura in Sri Lanka. He is a Medical Doctor by profession."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Medical College of Georgia", "paragraph_text": "The Medical College of Georgia (often referred to as MCG) is the flagship medical school of the University System of Georgia, the state's only public medical school, and one of the top 10 largest medical schools in the United States. Established in 1828 as the Medical Academy of Georgia, MCG is the oldest and founding school of Augusta University. It is the third - oldest medical school in the Southeast and the 13th oldest in the nation. With 22 departments, it offers both a Doctor of Medicine (MD) as well as MD - PhD, MD - MPH, and MD - MBA degrees. Its ranking in research is # 83, and its ranking in primary care is Not Published."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mbarara University School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "Mbarara University School of Medicine (MUSM), also known as Mbarara University Medical School (MUMS) is the school of medicine of Mbarara University of Science and Technology, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school was founded in 1989, the same year that the university was established."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions. Furthermore, each of the three schools has its own programs of graduate study. As of the Fall 2013 semester, there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med. The Medical Center also offers four year instruction at the Wichita campus, and features a medical school campus in Salina, Kansas that is devoted to rural health care."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Carlos Pardo-Villamizar", "paragraph_text": "Carlos A. Pardo-Villamizar, also known simply as Carlos Pardo, is an assistant professor of neurology and pathology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, as well as the director of the Johns Hopkins Transverse Myelitis Center. His area of expertise is immunopathology and the neuroimmune system. He is currently leading a project that investigates the role of neuroglial dysfunction in HIV infection and drug abuse, and has also published research concluding that the brains of autistic individuals exhibit neuroglial activation, loss of neurons in the Purkinje layer and neuroinflammation \"in the same regions [of the brain] that appear to have excess white matter.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Doctor Finlay", "paragraph_text": "Doctor Finlay is a British television series based on A. J. Cronin's stories about the fictional medical hero, Dr. Finlay."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Carrington Cox", "paragraph_text": "John Carrington Cox is the Nomura Professor of Finance at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is one of the world's leading experts on options theory and one of the inventors of the Cox\u2013Ross\u2013Rubinstein model for option pricing, as well as of the Cox\u2013Ingersoll\u2013Ross model for interest rate dynamics. He was named Financial Engineer of the Year by the International Association of Financial Engineers in 1998."}], "question": "What university is the medical school attended by Dr. Cox a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__37743_513641", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Historic Trinity Lutheran Church", "paragraph_text": "The Historic Trinity Lutheran Church is a church located in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It occupies the Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church complex, located at 1345 Gratiot Avenue. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1981 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Its current pastor is Rev. Darryl L. Andrzejewski."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "First Great Awakening", "paragraph_text": "The First Great Awakening (sometimes Great Awakening) or Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its American Colonies between the 1730s and 1740s. The revival movement had a permanent impact on Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion. The Great Awakening marked the emergence of Anglo - American evangelicalism as a transdenominational movement within the Protestant churches. In the United States, the term Great Awakening is most often used, while in the United Kingdom, it is referred to as the Evangelical Revival."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gwen Stacy", "paragraph_text": "Gwendolyne Maxine ``Gwen ''Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man. A college student, she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter's`` one true love'' is Gwen Stacy, or Mary Jane Watson (Peter's later girlfriend and wife). Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Made man", "paragraph_text": "In the American Mafia, a made man is a fully initiated member of the Mafia. To become ``made '', an associate first has to be sponsored by another made man. An inductee will be required to take the oath of Omert\u00e0, the mafia code of silence. After the induction ceremony the associate becomes a`` made man'', and holds the rank of soldier (Italian: soldato) in the Mafia hierarchy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Gilded Man", "paragraph_text": "The Gilded Man (also published as \"Death and the Gilded Man\") is a mystery novel by the American writer John Dickson Carr (1906\u20131977), who published it under the name of Carter Dickson. It is a whodunnit and features the series detective Sir Henry Merrivale."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Soyuz 2", "paragraph_text": "Soyuz 2 (, Union 2) was an uncrewed spacecraft in the Soyuz family intended to be the target of a docking maneuver by the manned Soyuz 3 spacecraft. It was intended to be the first docking of a manned spacecraft in the Soviet space program. Although the two craft approached closely, the docking did not take place and the first successful Soviet docking of manned spacecraft took place in the joint Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 mission."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mega Man Zero 4", "paragraph_text": "Mega Man Zero 4 is a video game developed by Inti Creates and Natsume and published in 2005 by Capcom for the Game Boy Advance (GBA) handheld. It is the fourth and final title in the \"Mega Man Zero\" subseries of the \"Mega Man\" franchise and is set several months after the events of \"Mega Man Zero 3\". The game deals with Dr. Weil's reign over Neo Arcadia in which humans, who have been reduced to second-rate citizens, begin to escape in large numbers to the last-known livable location on the planet, Area Zero, beginning a conflict between the two groups. The effects of this war eventually drive Zero and the Resistance to protect Area Zero and its inhabitants from Dr. Weil."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Death Studies", "paragraph_text": "Death Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal published ten times a year by Routledge and sponsored by the Association for Death Education and Counseling - The Thanatology Association. It focuses on issues related to death, dying, bereavement, and death education."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Columbia Bible College", "paragraph_text": "Columbia Bible College (CBC) is an institution of higher education in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada. The college states that its mission is to \"equip people for a life of discipleship, ministry and leadership in service to the church and community\". Theologically, Columbia Bible College is evangelical Anabaptist and is operated by two regional Mennonite conferences, British Columbia Mennonite Brethren and Mennonite Church British Columbia. Columbia is accredited by the international Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE), and is registered with the British Columbia Private Career Training Institution Association (PCTIA)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gwen Stacy", "paragraph_text": "Gwendolyne Maxine ``Gwen ''Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man. A college student, she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter's`` one true love'' is Gwen Stacy or Mary Jane Watson (Peter's later girlfriend and wife). Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Uzzah", "paragraph_text": "According to the Tanakh, Uzzah or Uzza, meaning strength, was an Israelite whose death is associated with touching the Ark of the Covenant."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "FIBT World Championships 1970", "paragraph_text": "The FIBT World Championships 1970 took place in St. Moritz, Switzerland for the record eleventh time. The Swiss city had hosted the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), 1939 (Two-man), 1947, 1955, 1957, 1959, and 1965."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Better Call Saul (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The first and second seasons mainly took place in 2002, with season three advancing the storyline to 2003. The fourth season also takes place mainly in 2003, with the last three episodes taking place in 2004. In season four, Jimmy (Bob Odenkirk) and Kim (Rhea Seehorn) struggle to cope with Chuck's (Michael McKean) death. Howard Hamlin (Patrick Fabian) believes that his decision to force Chuck out of HHM led to Chuck's death, and suffers with depression and disengagement from work. Mike (Jonathan Banks) performs security inspections at Madrigal, disregarding the fact that his consulting contract was supposed to be only a paper transaction. Gus (Giancarlo Esposito) has his suspicions about Nacho (Michael Mando) after Hector's (Mark Margolis) stroke. Nacho becomes a mole for Gus inside the Salamanca organization. Gus hires an engineer and construction crew to begin construction of the meth ``superlab ''under the industrial laundry. Lalo Salamanca (Tony Dalton) arrives to begin running the family's drug business."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lent", "paragraph_text": "Lent (Latin: Quadragesima: Fortieth) is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later, before Easter Sunday. The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer for Easter through prayer, doing penance, mortifying the flesh, repentance of sins, almsgiving, and self - denial. This event is observed in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist, and Catholic Churches. Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season. Its institutional purpose is heightened in the annual commemoration of Holy Week, marking the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus, which recalls the tradition and events of the New Testament beginning on Palm Sunday, further climaxing on Jesus' crucifixion on Good Friday, which ultimately culminates in the joyful celebration on Easter Sunday of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "David Zeisberger", "paragraph_text": "Zeisberger was born in Zauchtenthal, Moravia (present day Suchdol nad Odrou in the Czech Republic) and moved with his family to the newly established Moravian Christian community of Herrnhut, on the estate of Count Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf in the German Electorate of Saxony in 1727. However, when his family migrated to the newly established English colony in Georgia, Zeisberger remained in Europe to complete his education. In 1738, he came to Georgia in the United States, with the assistance of governor James Edward Oglethorpe. He later rejoined his family in the Moravian community at Savannah, Georgia. At the time, the United Brethren had begun a settlement, merely for the purpose of preaching the gospel to the Creek nation. From there he moved to Pennsylvania, and assisted at the commencement of the settlements of Nazareth and Bethlehem."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "FIBT World Championships 1965", "paragraph_text": "The FIBT World Championships 1965 took place in St. Moritz, Switzerland for the record tenth time. The Swiss city had hosted the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), 1939 (Two-man), 1947, 1955, 1957, and 1959."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United Church of Christ", "paragraph_text": "United Church of Christ Classification Protestant Orientation Reformed Polity Covenantal Associations Churches Uniting In Christ National Council of Churches World Communion of Reformed Churches World Council of Churches Region United States Headquarters Cleveland, Ohio Origin 1957 Merger of Evangelical and Reformed Church and the Congregational Christian Churches Congregations 5,000 Members 880,383 members in 5,000 congregations (2016) Official website www.ucc.org Logo"}], "question": "Where did the man associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism die?"}
{"id": "2hop__262322_805748", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Department of Employment (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Department of Employment was a department of the Government of Australia charged with the responsibility for national policies and programs that help Australians find and keep employment and work in safe, fair and productive workplaces. On 20 December 2017 the department was dissolved and its functions assumed by the newly formed Department of Jobs and Small Business."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2067 Aksnes", "paragraph_text": "This minor planet was named in honor of Norwegian astronomer Kaare Aksnes (born 1938), a celestial mechanician who worked at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", "paragraph_text": "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money was written by the English economist John Maynard Keynes. The book, generally considered to be his magnum opus, is largely credited with creating the terminology and shape of modern macroeconomics. Published in February 1936, it sought to bring about a revolution, commonly referred to as the ``Keynesian Revolution '', in the way some economists believe. Especially in relation to the proposition that a market economy tends naturally to restore itself to full employment after temporary shocks."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of Yale University further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital. Other large employers include St. Raphael Hospital, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Southern Connecticut State University, Assa Abloy Manufacturing, the Knights of Columbus headquarters, Higher One, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Covidien and United Illuminating. Yale and Yale-New Haven are also among the largest employers in the state, and provide more $100,000+-salaried positions than any other employer in Connecticut.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (\"Half Moon\" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "National Youth Service Corps", "paragraph_text": "Nigerian Graduates are ineligible for employment in governmental establishments (and few private establishments) till they have completed the mandatory one year service. Graduates who are exempted from the service include those above the age of thirty (30) and those with physical disability, therefore completing the service year entitles one to employment. During the service year, Corps members have the opportunity of learning of the cultures of other people, an opportunity many Nigerians never get in their lifetime. The program has also helped in creating entry - level jobs for many Nigerian youth. An NYSC forum dedicated to the NYSC members was built to bridge the gap amongst members serving across Nigeria and also an avenue for corpers to share job information and career resources as well as getting loans from the National Directorate Of Employment."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cork (city)", "paragraph_text": "Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Psycho (1960 film)", "paragraph_text": "Psycho is a 1960 American psychological horror film directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, and written by Joseph Stefano, starring Anthony Perkins, Janet Leigh, John Gavin, Vera Miles and Martin Balsam, and was based on the 1959 novel of the same name by Robert Bloch. The film centers on the encounter between a secretary, Marion Crane (Leigh), who ends up at a secluded motel after stealing money from her employer, and the motel's disturbed owner - manager, Norman Bates (Perkins), and its aftermath."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National Food For Work Programme", "paragraph_text": "The National Food for Work Programme was launched by minister of rural development, central government on November 14, 2004 in 150 of the most backward districts of India with the objective of generating supplementary wage employment. The programme is open for all Indian poors who are prepared to do manual unskilled labour work and are in the need of wage employment. It is implemented as a centrally - sponsored scheme. Food grains are provided to the States free of cost. The transportation cost, handling charges, and taxes on food grains will, however, be the responsibility of the States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kaare Aksnes", "paragraph_text": "Kaare Aksnes (born 25 March 1938 in Kvam in Hardanger) is a professor at the Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Oslo."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the \"policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment\".:72 Through this order, all federal funds, such as \"grants, loans, unions and employers who accepted taxpayer funds, and other forms of financial assistance to state and local governments,\" were forced to comply to the government's policies on affirmative action in employment practices.:72"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Marnie (film)", "paragraph_text": "Margaret ``Marnie ''Edgar (Tippi Hedren) steals $10,000 from her employer's company safe and flees. She had used her charms on Sidney Strutt (Martin Gabel), a tax consultant, to get a clerical job without references. After changing her appearance and identity, she makes a quick trip to a horse stable in Virginia, where she keeps a horse named Forio, and then to Baltimore for a surprise visit to her mother, Bernice (Louise Latham). Though Bernice seems to care more for a young neighbor named Jessie than she does for her own daughter, Marnie gives her money."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the \"social partners\" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the European Centre of Public Enterprises. A toned down version was adopted as the Social Charter at the 1989 Strasbourg European Council. The Social Charter declares 30 general principles, including on fair remuneration of employment, health and safety at work, rights of disabled and elderly, the rights of workers, on vocational training and improvements of living conditions. The Social Charter became the basis for European Community legislation on these issues in 40 pieces of legislation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Roland Guillon", "paragraph_text": "Roland Guillon (born 1942) is a French sociologist, known both for his work on the problems of employment and capital, and particularly, for his innovative approach to jazz."}], "question": "The planet 2067 Aksnes is named after an astronomer that works where?"}
{"id": "2hop__84702_119426", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Drake equation", "paragraph_text": "The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Local Group", "paragraph_text": "The term \"The Local Group\" was introduced by Edwin Hubble in Chapter VI of his 1936 book \"The Realm of the Nebulae\". There, he described it as \"a typical small group of nebulae which is isolated in the general field\" and delineated, by decreasing luminosity, its members to be M31, Milky Way, M33, Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic Cloud, M32, NGC 205, NGC 6822, NGC 185, IC 1613 and NGC 147. He also identified IC 10 as a possible part of Local Group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dwingeloo 1", "paragraph_text": "The Dwingeloo 1 galaxy was discovered in 1994 by the Dwingeloo Obscured Galaxy Survey (DOGS) using the Dwingeloo Radio Observatory, which searched for neutral hydrogen (HI) radio emissions at the wavelength of 21\u00a0cm from objects in the Zone of Avoidance. In this zone gas and dust in the disk of the Milky Way galaxy block the light from the galaxies lying behind it."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "NGC 1850", "paragraph_text": "NGC 1850 is a double cluster and a super star cluster in the Dorado constellation, located in the Large Magellanic Cloud at the distance of 168,000 ly (51,510 pc). It was discovered by James Dunlop in 1826. It is an unusual cluster of stars because the distribution of its stars is like a globular cluster, but unlike the globular clusters of the Milky Way it is composed of young stars. The only similar object in the Milky Way is Westerlund 1."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Milky Way", "paragraph_text": "The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System. The descriptive ``milky ''is derived from the appearance from Earth of the galaxy -- a band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that can not be individually distinguished by the naked eye. The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea, from the Greek \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 (galax\u00edas k\u00fdklos,`` milky circle''). From Earth, the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk - shaped structure is viewed from within. Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe. Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Galactic Center", "paragraph_text": "Harlow Shapley stated in 1918 that the halo of globular clusters surrounding the Milky Way seemed to be centered on the star swarms in the constellation of Sagittarius, but the dark molecular clouds in the area blocked the view for optical astronomers. In the early 1940s Walter Baade at Mount Wilson Observatory took advantage of wartime blackout conditions in nearby Los Angeles to conduct a search for the center with the 100 inch Hooker Telescope. He found that near the star Alnasl (Gamma Sagittarii) there is a one - degree - wide void in the interstellar dust lanes, which provides a relatively clear view of the swarms of stars around the nucleus of our Milky Way Galaxy. This gap has been known as Baade's Window ever since."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Abell 1413", "paragraph_text": "Abell 1413 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue. The Abell catalogue was published by George O. Abell in 1958 while working on his PhD at California Institute of Technology. The catalogue has two different surveys. The Northern survey was done first by Abell in 1958 with the help of A.G .Wilson. The Northern Survey has 2,712 clusters, and in order for a cluster to be put into the catalogue it must pass four criteria. The first criterion is richness, and Abell divided the clusters into 6 different richness groups. Group 0 was 30-49 galaxies, Group 1 was 50-79 galaxies, Group 2 was 80-129 galaxies, Group 3 was 130 to 199 galaxies, Group 4 was 200-299 galaxies, and Group 5 was more than 299 galaxies. The second criterion was compactness .To meet this requirement a cluster must have 50 or more members in one counting radius of the cluster's center. The third criterion is distance. A cluster must have a nominal redshift between .02 and .2, which means a recessional velocity is between 6,000 and 60,000\u00a0km/s. The fourth and final criterion was galactic latitude. Areas around the milky way were excluded because it was difficult to identify galaxy clusters. The Southern survey was done in 1989 and added 1,361 clusters using the same criteria as the Northern Survey."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "NGC 1049", "paragraph_text": "NGC 1049 is a globular cluster located in the Local Group galaxy of the Fornax Dwarf, visible in the constellation of Fornax. At a distance of 630,000 light years, it is visible in moderate sized telescopes, while the parent galaxy is nearly invisible. This globular cluster was discovered by John Herschel on October 19, 1835, while the parent galaxy was discovered in 1938 by Harlow Shapley."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "NGC 54", "paragraph_text": "NGC 54 is an edge-on spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus. The galaxy was discovered by Wilhelm Tempel in 1886, and he defined it as \"very faint, pretty small, round.\" The galaxy is 90,000 light years in diameter, making it slightly smaller than the Milky Way."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "NGC 4319", "paragraph_text": "NGC 4319 is a face-on barred spiral galaxy located about 77 million light years away in the constellation Draco. The morphological classification is SB(r)ab, which indicates it is a barred spiral with an inner ring structure and moderate to tightly wound arms. It is situated in physical proximity to the galaxies NGC 4291 and NGC 4386, with X-ray emissions from the intervening gap indicating NGC 4319 and NGC 4291 may be interacting. NGC 4319 has a much higher proportion of ionized hydrogen compared to the Milky Way galaxy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Globular cluster", "paragraph_text": "Globular clusters are found in the halo of a galaxy and contain considerably more stars and are much older than the less dense open clusters, which are found in the disk of a galaxy. Globular clusters are fairly common; there are about 150 to 158 currently known globular clusters in the Milky Way, with perhaps 10 to 20 more still undiscovered. Larger galaxies can have more: Andromeda Galaxy, for instance, may have as many as 500. Some giant elliptical galaxies (particularly those at the centers of galaxy clusters), such as M87, have as many as 13,000 globular clusters."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal", "paragraph_text": "The Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that was discovered in 1990 by Mike Irwin as the 8th satellite of the Milky Way, located in the constellation of Sextans. It is also an elliptical galaxy, and displays a redshift because it is receding from the Sun at 224\u00a0km/s (72\u00a0km/s from the Galaxy). The distance to the galaxy is 320,000 light-years and the diameter is 8,400 light-years along its major axis."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Local Group", "paragraph_text": "The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way. The Local Group comprises more than 54 galaxies, most of them dwarf galaxies. Between 100 billion and 1 trillion years from now, all these galaxies will collide to create 1 single galaxy. Its gravitational center is located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. The Local Group has a diameter of 10 Mly (3.1 Mpc) (about 10 meters) and has a binary (dumbbell) distribution. The group itself is a part of the larger Virgo Supercluster, which may be a part of the Laniakea Supercluster."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Places in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of places featured in Douglas Adams's science fiction series, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The series is set in a fictionalized version of the Milky Way galaxy and thus, while most locations are pure invention, many are based on ``real world ''settings such as Alpha Centauri, Barnard's Star and various versions of the Earth."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Star", "paragraph_text": "galaxy). But some stars have been observed in the M100 galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, about 100 million light years from the Earth."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Messier 15", "paragraph_text": "M 15 is about 33,600 light-years from Earth, and 175 light-years in diameter. It has an absolute magnitude of \u22129.2, which translates to a total luminosity of 360,000 times that of the Sun. Messier 15 is one of the most densely packed globulars known in the Milky Way galaxy. Its core has undergone a contraction known as \"core collapse\" and it has a central density cusp with an enormous number of stars surrounding what may be a central black hole.Home to over 100,000 stars, the cluster is notable for containing a large number of variable stars (112) and pulsars (8), including one double neutron star system, M15-C. It also contains Pease 1, the first planetary nebula discovered within a globular cluster in 1928. Just three others have been found in globular clusters since then."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Drake equation", "paragraph_text": "The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy. The number of such civilizations N, is assumed to be equal to the mathematical product of"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Draco Dwarf", "paragraph_text": "The Draco Dwarf is a spheroidal galaxy which was discovered by Albert George Wilson of Lowell Observatory in 1954 on photographic plates of the National Geographic Society's Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS). It is part of the Local Group and a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way galaxy. The Draco Dwarf is situated in the direction of the Draco Constellation at 34.6\u00b0 above the galactic plane."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Virgo Supercluster", "paragraph_text": "The Virgo Supercluster (Virgo SC) or the Local Supercluster (LSC or LS) is a mass concentration of galaxies containing the Virgo Cluster and Local Group, which in turn contains the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies. At least 100 galaxy groups and clusters are located within its diameter of 33 megaparsecs (110 million light-years). The Virgo SC is one of about 10 million superclusters in the observable universe and is in the Pisces\u2013Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Messier 99", "paragraph_text": "Messier 99 or M99, also known as NGC 4254, is a grand design spiral galaxy in the northern constellation Coma Berenices approximately in distance from the Milky Way. It was discovered by Pierre M\u00e9chain on March 17, 1781. The discovery was then reported to Charles Messier, who included the object in the Messier Catalogue of comet-like objects. Messier 99 was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. This pattern was first identified by Lord Rosse in the spring of 1846."}], "question": "Who found the galaxy cluster that includes the milky way?"}
{"id": "2hop__109210_483876", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pirate Party (Belgium)", "paragraph_text": "The Pirate Party of Belgium (, ) is a political party in Belgium. Based on the model of the Swedish Pirate Party, it supports reform of copyright law, the abolition of patents, and respect for privacy. It was a founding member of Pirate Parties International."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Copyright infringement", "paragraph_text": "In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: \"Over half of the world's personal computer users \u2013 57 percent \u2013 admit to pirating software.\" The ninth annual \"BSA Global Software Piracy Study\" claims that the \"commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software\" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Great American Ball Park", "paragraph_text": "Statistic Player (s) / Team First game vs. Pittsburgh Pirates First hit Ken Griffey Jr. (a double) First home run Reggie Sanders, Pirates First Reds home run Austin Kearns, later in the same game First ceremonial first pitch George H.W. Bush First at - bat Kenny Lofton (a ground out)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ntsikelelo Nyauza", "paragraph_text": "Ntsikelelo Nyauza (born 10 May 1990) is a South African professional footballer who plays for Orlando Pirates, as a defender."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kung Fu Panda 2", "paragraph_text": "Jack Black as Po Angelina Jolie as Master Tigress Dustin Hoffman as Master Shifu Gary Oldman as Lord Shen Jackie Chan as Master Monkey Lucy Liu as Master Viper Seth Rogen as Master Mantis David Cross as Master Crane James Hong as Mr. Ping Michelle Yeoh as Soothsayer Danny McBride as Wolf Boss Dennis Haysbert as Master Storming Ox Jean - Claude Van Damme as Master Croc Victor Garber as Master Thundering Rhino Fred Tatasciore as Li Shan Conrad Vernon as Boar"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Son of God (film)", "paragraph_text": "Son of God is a 2014 American epic biblical drama film directed by Christopher Spencer, and produced by Mark Burnett and Roma Downey. The film premiered in New York, and Los Angeles for a limited release on February 21, 2014, and then into a wide release on February 28, 2014. The film retells the life of Jesus and is an adaptation of the ten-hour miniseries \"The Bible\", which aired in March 2013 on the History channel. \"Son of God\" made $59.7 million domestically, becoming the 10th highest-grossing Christian film in the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Pirate Bay", "paragraph_text": "The Pirate Bay was established in September 2003 by the Swedish anti-copyright organisation Piratbyr\u00e5n (The Piracy Bureau); it has been run as a separate organisation since October 2004. The Pirate Bay was first run by Gottfrid Svartholm and Fredrik Neij, who are known by their nicknames \"anakata\" and \"TiAMO\", respectively. They have both been accused of \"assisting in making copyrighted content available\" by the Motion Picture Association of America. On 31 May 2006, the website's servers in Stockholm were raided and taken away by Swedish police, leading to three days of downtime. The Pirate Bay claims to be a non-profit entity based in the Seychelles, however this is disputed."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Piracy in the Caribbean", "paragraph_text": "The era of piracy in the Caribbean began in the 1500s and phased out in the 1830s after the navies of the nations of Western Europe and North America with colonies in the Caribbean began combating pirates. The period during which pirates were most successful was from the 1660s to 1730s. Piracy flourished in the Caribbean because of the existence of pirate seaports such as Port Royal in Jamaica, Tortuga in Haiti, and Nassau in the Bahamas."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jonathan Linsley", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Linsley (born 17 January 1956) is an English actor who made his professional debut in 1980. He appeared on television in Last of the Summer Wine as ``Crusher ''Milburn (1984 -- 87), and his film roles include Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, as Ogilvey aboard the ship Flying Dutchman (2006 -- 07)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Lego Movie", "paragraph_text": "Chris Pratt as Emmet Brickowski, an everyman and construction worker from Bricksburg. Will Ferrell as Lord Business, president of the Octan Corporation under the name of President Business. Ferrell also plays ``The Man Upstairs '', a Lego collector in the live - action part of the film. Elizabeth Banks as Wyldstyle, a Master Builder who is Emmet's love interest and Batman's girlfriend, whose real name is Lucy. Will Arnett as Batman, a DC Comics superhero who is a Master Builder and Wyldstyle's boyfriend. Nick Offerman as MetalBeard, a giant makeshift pirate and Master Builder.. Alison Brie as Princess Unikitty, a unicorn - kitten and Master Builder from Cloud Cuckoo Land Charlie Day as Benny, a`` 1980 - something space guy'' who is a Master Builder. Liam Neeson as Bad Cop / Good Cop, a double - faced police officer that leads the Super Secret Police. Neeson also voices Pa Cop, Bad Cop / Good Cop's father. Morgan Freeman as Vitruvius, a blind old wizard who is one of the Master Builders. Channing Tatum as Superman, a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders. Jonah Hill as Green Lantern, a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders. Cobie Smulders as Wonder Woman, a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders. Jadon Sand as Finn, The Man Upstairs' young son in the live - action part of the film. Graham Miller as The Duplo Aliens, aliens made from Duplo blocks that come from the planet Duplon."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters", "paragraph_text": "Captain Edward Teague, played by Keith Richards, is Jack's father. He is the former pirate lord of Madagascar and is now the keeper of the Pirate Code. He appears in At World's End, On Stranger Tides and Dead Men Tell No Tales."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "paragraph_text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL first took to the field as the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20, 1933, losing 23 -- 2 to the New York Giants. Through the 1930s, the Pirates never finished higher than second place in their division, or with a record better than. 500 (1936). Pittsburgh did make history in 1938 by signing Byron White, a future Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, to what was at the time the biggest contract in NFL history, but he played only one year with the Pirates before signing with the Detroit Lions. Prior to the 1940 season, the Pirates renamed themselves the Steelers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pirate Master", "paragraph_text": "Pirate Master was a CBS reality television show created by Mark Burnett which replaced the previous Mark Burnett show on CBS, Rock Star. It followed sixteen modern-day pirates on their quest for gold, which totaled US$1,000,000. The show was hosted by Cameron Daddo, and took place in the Caribbean island nation of Dominica. The show premiered on Thursday, May 31, 2007. The show also aired on CTV in Canada, Sky3 in the UK, premiered on June 21, 2007 on Network Ten in Australia, and premiered on July 4, 2007 on AXN Asia. On July 10 in the US, the show moved to Tuesdays at 10 p.m. (ET). In its Tuesday run, it would follow the 9 p.m. (ET) broadcast of \"\". As of July 24, in the US, Pirate Master was only online on CBS.com's Innertube, with the last six episodes presented each week on Tuesday mornings."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Film U.S. release date Director (s) Screenwriter (s) Story by Producer (s) Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9, 2003 (2003 - 07 - 09) Gore Verbinski Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, Stuart Beattie & Jay Wolpert Jerry Bruckheimer Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest July 7, 2006 (2006 - 07 - 07) Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End May 25, 2007 (2007 - 05 - 25) Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides May 20, 2011 (2011 - 05 - 20) Rob Marshall Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales May 26, 2017 (2017 - 05 - 26) Joachim R\u00f8nning & Espen Sandberg Jeff Nathanson Jeff Nathanson & Terry Rossio"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)", "paragraph_text": "Pirates of the Caribbean is a dark ride at Disneyland, the Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Park in Paris. The original version at Disneyland, which opened in 1967, was the last attraction whose construction was overseen by Walt Disney; he died three months before it opened. The ride, which tells the story of a band of pirates and their troubles and exploits, was replicated at the Magic Kingdom in 1973, at Tokyo Disneyland in 1983, and at Disneyland Paris in 1992. Each of the initial four versions of the ride has a different fa\u00e7ade but a similar ride experience. A reimagined version of the ride, Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure, opened at the Shanghai Disneyland Park in 2016."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some \u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000 worth of treasure."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Princess and the Pirate", "paragraph_text": "The Princess and the Pirate is a 1944 American comedy film directed by David Butler and starring Bob Hope and Virginia Mayo. Based on a story by Sy Bartlett, the film is about a princess who travels incognito to elope with her true love instead of marrying the man to whom she is betrothed. On the high seas, her ship is attacked by pirates who plan to kidnap her and hold her for ransom, unaware that she will be rescued by the unlikeliest of knights errant. Produced by Samuel Goldwyn, \"The Princess and the Pirate\" received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction and Best Music Score."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hercules and the Black Pirates", "paragraph_text": "Hercules and the Black Pirates (/ \"Samson Against the Black Pirate\"), also known as \"Hercules and the Pirates\" and \"Hercules and the Black Pirate\", is a 1963 Italian pirate-peplum film directed by Luigi Capuano and starring Alan Steel."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the creator of Pirate Master?"}
{"id": "2hop__811813_652481", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wheatfield with Crows", "paragraph_text": "Wheatfield with Crows is a July 1890 painting by Vincent van Gogh. It has been cited by several critics as one of his greatest works."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brainerd, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Brainerd is a city in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. Its population was 13,592 as of the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Crow Wing County, and is one of the largest cities in Central Minnesota. Brainerd straddles the Mississippi River several miles upstream from its confluence with the Crow Wing River, having been founded as a site for a railroad crossing above said confluence. Brainerd is the principal city of the Brainerd Micropolitan Area, a micropolitan area covering Cass and Crow Wing counties and with a combined population of 91,067 as of the 2010 census. The Brainerd area serves as a major tourist destination for Minnesota."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "James Redfield", "paragraph_text": "James Redfield is an American author, lecturer, screenwriter and film producer. He is notable for his novel \"The Celestine Prophecy\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Asima Chatterjee", "paragraph_text": "Asima Chatterjee (23 September 1917 \u2013 22 November 2006) was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Way the Crow Flies", "paragraph_text": "The Way the Crow Flies is a novel by Canadian writer Ann-Marie MacDonald. It was first published by Knopf Canada in 2003."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lord of the Flies", "paragraph_text": "Lord of the Flies is a 1954 novel by Nobel Prize - winning British author William Golding. The book focuses on a group of British boys stranded on an uninhabited island and their disastrous attempt to govern themselves."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Open Boat", "paragraph_text": "Crane subsequently adapted his report into narrative form, and the resulting short story \"The Open Boat\" was published in \"Scribner's Magazine\". The story is told from the point of view of an anonymous correspondent, with Crane as the implied author, the action closely resembles the author's experiences after the shipwreck. A volume titled \"The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure\" was published in the United States in 1898; an edition entitled \"The Open Boat and Other Stories\" was published simultaneously in England. Praised for its innovation by contemporary critics, the story is considered an exemplary work of literary Naturalism, and is one of the most frequently discussed works in Crane's canon. It is notable for its use of imagery, irony, symbolism, and the exploration of such themes as survival, solidarity, and the conflict between man and nature. H. G. Wells considered \"The Open Boat\" to be \"beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, \"the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison.\" She defines it further as \"a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls\", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Piper Kerman", "paragraph_text": "Piper Kerman Kerman at the University of Missouri in 2014 Piper Eressea Kerman (1969 - 09 - 28) September 28, 1969 (age 49) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Alma mater Smith College Occupation Writer, author, memoirist Notable work Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison Spouse (s) Larry Smith (m. 2006) Website piperkerman.com www.thepipebomb.com"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Picture (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Picture ''is a duet written by American music artists Kid Rock and Sheryl Crow, released on November 12, 2002 as the fourth single and ninth track from Kid Rock's 2001 album Cocky. The original recording on the album is performed by Kid Rock and Sheryl Crow. Rock re-recorded the song for the radio with alternative country singer Allison Moorer because Atlantic was initially unable to get the rights from Crow's label to release the album version as a single. When the Moorer version was released, some radio stations began playing the Crow version instead, leading Billboard to credit the song variously to Kid Rock featuring Sheryl Crow or Allison Moorer. The song was a commercial and critical success and was nominated for Vocal Event of The Year at the 2003 Country Music Association awards."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jan Hendrik van den Berg", "paragraph_text": "Jan Hendrik van den Berg (June 11, 1914 \u2013 September 22, 2012) was a Dutch psychiatrist notable for his work in phenomenological psychotherapy (cf. phenomenology) and metabletics, or \"psychology of historical change.\" He is the author of numerous articles and books, including \"A different existence\" and \"The changing nature of man\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "\u00d8stersk\u00e6r", "paragraph_text": "\u00d8stersk\u00e6r (Eastern Skerry) is a skerry belonging to the Ertholmene archipelago which is situated approximately 18\u00a0km from the island of Bornholm, Denmark. \u00d8stersk\u00e6r is the easternmost point of the country, at 15\u00b0 11' 55\" eastern longitude. The distance from Copenhagen is 106 miles (170.59 km) as the crow flies. and 12 miles (19.31 km) from Gudhjem, Bornholm."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet)", "paragraph_text": "Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet) is a 1988 comedic play by Ann-Marie MacDonald in which Constance Ledbelly, a young English literature professor from Queen's University, goes on a subconscious journey of self-discovery."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Malin to Mizen", "paragraph_text": "Malin to Mizen most commonly refers to a journey from Malin Head (Ireland's most northerly point in County Donegal) to Mizen Head in County Cork (commonly thought to be Ireland's most southerly point, although nearby Brow Head is approximately 9 metres further south). The journey is most often attempted by cyclists and walkers as a challenge route with the goal of raising money for charities. As the crow flies, the two points are apart. The shortest road distance from Malin to Mizen is approximately . The distance of the routes commonly taken have been reported as between 644 and 715\u00a0km (400 and 444 miles)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes and tapirs. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, peafowl, pheasants, crows, herons, and paddybirds. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources. For a list of protected areas, see List of protected areas of Myanmar."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Old Crow Airport", "paragraph_text": "Old Crow Airport is located in Old Crow, Yukon, Canada, and is operated by the Yukon government. The gravel runway is and is at an elevation of . The airport is extremely important to the community, which is not accessible by road."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pete von Reichbauer", "paragraph_text": "Some of his notable achievements on the King County Council include forging public/private partnerships to protect the Hylebos Wetlands (a near shore salmon breeding habitat), helping fund the construction of the South King County Baseball fields, blocking the development of Sexual Predator Housing in residential areas of South King County, and securing the acquisition of Bingamon Pond as a County Park. In addition, von Reichbauer helped fund and rebuild Redondo Beach Drive, facilitated the construction of the Federal Way Transit Center and the 317th HOV ramps on Interstate 5, and worked with state and federal authorities to help construct the I-5 Triangle interchange in Federal Way."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Glenda Goss", "paragraph_text": "Glenda Goss is an American author and music historian whose special interests are music and culture, early modernism, critical editing, and European-American points of cultural contact. Her most notable work has revolved around the life and works of the Finnish composer, Jean Sibelius."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tachinidae", "paragraph_text": "The Tachinidae are a large and variable family of true flies within the insect order Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered. Over 1300 species have been described in North America alone. Insects in this family commonly are called tachinid flies or simply tachinids. As far as is known, they all are protelean parasitoids, or occasionally parasites, of arthropods, usually other insects. The family is known from many habitats in all zoogeographical regions and is especially diverse in South America."}], "question": "What is a notable work from the author of The Way the Crow Flies?"}
{"id": "2hop__55078_445815", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Good News (Matt Dusk album)", "paragraph_text": "Good News is the fifth studio album by Canadian jazz singer Matt Dusk. It was released by Royal Crown Records on October 27, 2009. The album is a departure from previous Matt Dusk standard, having influences of Palm Beach Pop and crooner standards of the 1950s in a modern feel. The albums is filled with original tracks, plus a bonus classic available in Canada and on iTunes in the standard and deluxe edition."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Anno Domini", "paragraph_text": "This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor, but was not widely used until after 800."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Era of Good Feelings", "paragraph_text": "The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the bitter partisan disputes between it and the dominant Democratic - Republican Party during the First Party System. President James Monroe strove to downplay partisan affiliation in making his nominations, with the ultimate goal of national unity and eliminating parties altogether from national politics. The period is so closely associated with Monroe's presidency (1817 -- 1825) and his administrative goals that his name and the era are virtually synonymous."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Machete Kills", "paragraph_text": "Machete Kills is a 2013 American action exploitation film co-written and directed by Robert Rodriguez. It is a sequel to \"Machete\", and the third film based on a \"Grindhouse\" fake trailer. Danny Trejo, Michelle Rodriguez, Tom Savini, Billy Blair, Electra and Elise Avellan, Felix Sabates, and Jessica Alba reprise their roles from the first film, and are joined by series newcomers Mel Gibson, Demi\u00e1n Bichir, Amber Heard, Sof\u00eda Vergara, Lady Gaga, Antonio Banderas, Cuba Gooding Jr., Vanessa Hudgens, Alexa Vega, William Sadler, Marko Zaror, and Charlie Sheen (credited by his birth name of \"Carlos Est\u00e9vez\"). The film follows the titular ex-federal (Trejo) as he is recruited by the U.S. President (Sheen) to stop an arms dealer (Gibson) and a revolutionary (Bichir)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jacques-Louis David", "paragraph_text": "Jacques - Louis David (French: (\u0292aklwi david); 30 August 1748 -- 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward classical austerity and severity and heightened feeling, harmonizing with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien R\u00e9gime."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Giffen good", "paragraph_text": "Giffen goods are named after Scottish economist Sir Robert Giffen, to whom Alfred Marshall attributed this idea in his book \"Principles of Economics\", first published in 1890. Giffen first proposed the paradox from his observations of the purchasing habits of the Victorian era poor."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James Monroe Family Home Site", "paragraph_text": "James Monroe Family Home Site, also known as James Monroe's Birthplace, is a historic archaeological site located near Oak Grove and Colonial Beach, Westmoreland County, Virginia. The site includes the ruins of the Monroe Family Home and birthplace of President James Monroe (1758-1831), which were uncovered in 1976, by a team from the College of William & Mary. Monroe spent his entire youth working the farm until he left for his education at the College of William & Mary. The archaeological team uncovered a house foundation measuring 20 feet by 58 feet. The known 1845 etchings of the birth home indicate a small four room, rough cut wooden farm house with few outbuildings on a 500-acre farm filled with wetlands. The archaeological study clearly indicated that James Monroe's beginnings were humble."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Feel Good Inc.", "paragraph_text": "In the video, 2D yearns for the freedom to join Noodle on her floating island. The characters lying on the floor represent those who have already been ``dumbed down '', while the band members are the ones who have awakened. 2D is trying to wake all the people from their half - dead state by yelling at them through his megaphone, in the style of a political activist. Jamie Hewlett said in an interview that the inspiration for some scenes in the video came from Hayao Miyazaki; specifically, the windmill - powered landmass, which has been compared to that of Miyazaki's Castle in the Sky. The floating island is chased by ominous helicopters, which closely resemble Korean War era Bell H - 13s, monitoring the behaviour inside and ensuring that no one escapes. It is unclear whether they are preventing Noodle's escape or are chasing her away. Back in the tower, De La Soul appear as larger - than life, seemingly omnipotent images on surrounding television screens, laughing at the Gorillaz band members. Their taunting drives 2D into a wild, hypnotic frenzy as he tries to resist the urge to be dumbed down. At the end of the video, 2D appears beaten by his surroundings, and returns to the state he was in when the video began, repeating the words`` Feel good'' until the video finally ends, in an exact reversal of the intro. The repetition of ``Feel good ''represents that 2D is convincing himself that everything is OK (as if he is brainwashing himself to believe it), instead of facing the harsh truth of the situation. The music video for`` El Ma\u00f1ana'' is a continuation of this video, depicting two helicopter gunships catching up to Noodle's floating windmill island and attacking it."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Leslie P. Hume", "paragraph_text": "Leslie P. Hume is an American historian and philanthropist from San Francisco, California. She has published scholarship about the place of women in the Victorian era as well as women's suffrage societies. She served as President of the Board of Trustees of Stanford University from 2008 to 2012, making her the second woman after Jane Stanford ever to do so."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I Feel Good All Over", "paragraph_text": "\"I Feel Good All Over\" is a 1987 single by Stephanie Mills. The single was her second number one on the Hot Black Singles chart and first number one in 1987. The single spent three weeks at the top spot. However, the single did not make the Hot 100."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "I Can Make You Feel Good", "paragraph_text": "``I Can Make You Feel Good ''is a 1982 song by American funk band Shalamar from their album Friends. It reached No. 7 in the UK just beneath their previous single`` A Night to Remember'' and their following single ``There It Is ''which both peaked at No. 5."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Portraits by Vincent van Gogh", "paragraph_text": "Vincent van Gogh lived during the Impressionist era. With the development of photography, painters and artists turned to conveying the feeling and ideas behind people, places, and things rather than trying to imitate their physical forms. Impressionist artists did this by emphasizing certain hues, using vigorous brushstrokes, and paying attention to highlighting. Vincent van Gogh implemented this ideology to pursue his goal of depicting his own feelings toward and involvement with his subjects. Van Gogh's portraiture focuses on color and brushstrokes to demonstrate their inner qualities and van Gogh's own relationship with them."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "You've Got Mail", "paragraph_text": "After both break up with their significant others, Joe realizes his feelings towards Kathleen after a conversation with his father and begins building a face - to - face relationship with her, still keeping his online identity a secret. He arranges a meeting between her and NY152, but just before she is about to meet the latter, he reveals his feelings for her. Confused with her feelings for Joe, Kathleen decides to go anyway. Upon arriving at the meeting place, she realizes that Joe and NY152 are the same person when he called for his pet dog Brinkley, whose name he initially revealed online, and admits that she ``wanted it to be him ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Era of Good Feelings", "paragraph_text": "Era of Good Feelings 1816 -- 1825 Independence Day Celebration in Centre Square by John Lewis Krimmel, 1819 Preceded by Jeffersonian era Followed by Jacksonian era"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lullymore", "paragraph_text": "Lullymore () is a village in County Kildare in Ireland. Loilgheach M\u00f3r translates as \"a good place for a cow to calve\". It is also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Offaly East."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Brian Tyson", "paragraph_text": "Brian Tyson (birth registered first \u00bc 1930) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, and at club level for Hull Kingston Rovers, as a , i.e. number 8 or 10, during the era of contested scrums."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "You Feel Good All Over", "paragraph_text": "\"You Feel Good All Over\" is a song written by Sonny Throckmorton, and recorded by American country music artist T.G. Sheppard. It was released in April 1979 as the first single from the album \"3/4 Lonely\". The song reached #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Claudio Pari", "paragraph_text": "Claudio Pari (1574 \u2013 after 1619) was an Italian composer, of Burgundian birth, of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was a competent madrigalist, well regarded by his peers, as well as a late representative of the musical style/ethos known as \"musica reservata\"."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the President during the Era of Good Feelings?"}
{"id": "2hop__822571_747238", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The city is home to many monuments and memorials, most notably those along Monument Avenue. Other monuments include the A.P. Hill monument, the Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson monument in Jackson Ward, the Christopher Columbus monument near Byrd Park, and the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument on Libby Hill. Located near Byrd Park is the famous World War I Memorial Carillon, a 56-bell carillon tower. Dedicated in 1956, the Virginia War Memorial is located on Belvedere overlooking the river, and is a monument to Virginians who died in battle in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Column of the Goddess", "paragraph_text": "The Column of the Goddess is the popular name given by the citizens of Lille (France) to the Memorial of the Siege of 1792. The memorial is still in the center of the \"Grand\u2032 Place\" (central square) of Lille, and has been surrounded by a fountain since around 1990."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tell Monument", "paragraph_text": "The 'Tell Monument' () is a memorial to William Tell in the market place of Altdorf, Canton of Uri, Switzerland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Lotas", "paragraph_text": "John Lotas (September 14, 1920 \u2013 August 18, 1995) was the original producer of Hal Holbrook\u2019s \u201cMark Twain Tonight!\u201d in New York City. He was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. Lotas was a voice-over talent for Paramount News and was an original follower and contributor to the Sri Atmananda Memorial School (Austin, Texas). For many years he headed Lotas Productions, a recording studio and production company in New York City."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bird Girl", "paragraph_text": "Bird Girl is a sculpture made in 1936 by Sylvia Shaw Judson in Lake Forest, Illinois. It was sculpted at Ragdale, her family's summer home, and achieved fame when it was featured on the cover of the non-fiction novel \"Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil\" (1994)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vietnam Veterans Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The main part of the memorial, which was completed in 1982, is in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the National Mall, just northeast of the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial is maintained by the U.S. National Park Service, and receives around 3 million visitors each year. The Memorial Wall was designed by American architect Maya Lin. In 2007, it was ranked tenth on the ``List of America's Favorite Architecture ''by the American Institute of Architects. As a National Memorial, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sarah, Plain and Tall (film)", "paragraph_text": "Glenn Close as Sarah Wheaton Christopher Walken as Jacob Witting Lexi Randall as Anna Witting Christopher Bell as Caleb Witting Malgorzata Zajaczkowska as Maggie Grant (as Margaret Sophie Stein) Jon De Vries as Matthew Grant James Rebhorn as William Wheaton Woody Watson as Jess Stearns Betty Laird as Mrs. Parkley Marc Penney as Ticket Agent Kara Beth Taylor as Rose"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Memory", "paragraph_text": "Short-term memory is also known as working memory. Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity is also very limited: George A. Miller (1956), when working at Bell Laboratories, conducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7\u00b12 items (the title of his famous paper, \"The magical number 7\u00b12\"). Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower, typically of the order of 4\u20135 items; however, memory capacity can be increased through a process called chunking. For example, in recalling a ten-digit telephone number, a person could chunk the digits into three groups: first, the area code (such as 123), then a three-digit chunk (456) and lastly a four-digit chunk (7890). This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers. This may be reflected in some countries in the tendency to display telephone numbers as several chunks of two to four numbers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jollyville, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Jollyville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Travis and Williamson counties in Texas. It is a neighborhood in north Austin. The population was 16,151 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Memorial Drive Apartments Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Memorial Drive Apartments Historic District is a historic district encompassing four apartment houses on Memorial Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts. They are located between the Anderson Memorial Bridge and the Eliot Bridge with street numbers ranging from 983 to 993 Memorial Drive. All four buildings were built between 1916 and 1924, not long after Memorial Drive had been laid out, and were, despite significant similarities of style, designed by three different architects. All provide good views of the Charles River. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Monument to the Unknown Hero", "paragraph_text": "The Monument to the Unknown Hero ( / Spomenik Neznanom junaku) is a World War I memorial located atop Mount Avala, south-east of Belgrade, Serbia, and designed by the sculptor Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107. Memorial was built in 1934-1938 on the place where an unknown Serbian World War I soldier was buried. It is similar to many other tombs of the unknown soldier built by the allies after the war. The \u017drnov fortress was previously located on the same place."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Belle Austin Jacobs Memorial", "paragraph_text": "Memorial for Belle Austin Jacobs is a public artwork by American artist Sylvia Shaw Judson (sculptor) and Alexander C. Eschweiler (architect), formerly located in Kosciuszko Park, Lincoln Village, City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The statue depicted a young woman kneeling to feed a squirrel. It celebrated the life and philanthropy of Belle Austin Jacobs, who was best known for her work, with her husband Herbert Henry Jacobs, as the founders of organized social work in Wisconsin, including the establishment of the University Settlement House."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Joseph Lister Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The Joseph Lister Memorial is a memorial to Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister by the sculptor Thomas Brock, situated in Portland Place in Marylebone, London. The memorial is positioned in the centre of the road opposite numbers 71 to 81 and is Grade II listed. It is close to Lister's home at 12 Park Crescent."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream", "paragraph_text": "In the 5A playoff semifinals, Permian meets Dallas Carter Cowboys, a predominantly black team. In a hard fought game in the rain at Memorial Stadium in Austin, the Panthers are defeated 14 -- 9. Dallas Carter, led by future Miami Hurricanes and New York Giants linebacker Jessie Armstead, goes on to win the state championship, but faced severe penalties for their grade tampering, giving the state championship to Judson High School almost three years later."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Edith Cavell Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The Edith Cavell Memorial is an outdoor memorial to Edith Cavell by Sir George Frampton, in London, United Kingdom. The memorial is sited in St Martin's Place, beside the A400, just outside the northeast corner of Trafalgar Square, north of St Martin-in-the-Fields, east of the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery, and south of the London Coliseum. The site is adjacent to the first headquarters of the British Red Cross, originally located at 7 St Martin's Place."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jacob Thomas (soccer)", "paragraph_text": "Jacob Thomas (born February 14, 1977 in Austin, Texas) is an American soccer midfielder who last played for the Columbus Crew in Major League Soccer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Abraham Jacob van der Aa", "paragraph_text": "Abraham Jacob van der Aa (7 December 1792, Amsterdam \u2013 21 March 1857, Gorinchem) was a Dutch writer best known for his dictionaries, one of notable people and the other of notable places in the Netherlands."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Berzelii Park", "paragraph_text": "Berzelii Park was named after the Swedish chemist J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius. The work on establishing the park was begun in 1852, under the leadership of Knut Malte Forsberg. The park's opening ceremony took place on the morning of July 13, 1858."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Memorial Reformed Church", "paragraph_text": "Memorial Reformed Church, also known as Memorial United Church of Christ, is a historic church located at 201 E. Main Street in Maiden, Catawba County, North Carolina. It was built in 1887, and is a brick church with Gothic Revival and Neoclassical style design elements. In 1914, a two-stage bell tower with entrance was added to a corner of the church. Attached to the rear of the church in 1936-1937, is a Sunday School Building."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alexander Graham Bell", "paragraph_text": "Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old \"Georgie\" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to \"experiment\". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher."}], "question": "Where was the creator of Belle Austin Jacobs Memorial born?"}
{"id": "2hop__306985_301454", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as \"Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo\") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Qu\u00e1n S\u1ee9 Temple", "paragraph_text": "Qu\u00e1n S\u1ee9 Temple (, is a Buddhist temple located at 73 Quan Su Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. The temple is the headquarters of the Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ramananda College", "paragraph_text": "Ramananda College is an institution of higher education situated at Bishnupur, Bankura district, in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the only co-educational degree college at the headquarters of Bishnupur subdivision."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Koichi Yamauchi", "paragraph_text": "A native of Fukuoka Prefecture, he attended Silliman University in Philippines while he was an undergraduate at International Christian University. He also received a master's degree from the Institute of Education at the University of London. He was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 2005."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Andrews Independent School District", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Independent School District is a school district headquartered in Andrews, Texas, United States. Andrews ISD, which serves all of the city of Andrews and all of Andrews County, is served by the Educational Service Center Region 18."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "HOSA (organization)", "paragraph_text": "HOSA - Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is a national career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post secondary / collegiate students, along with professional, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization which prepares students to enter the healthcare field."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "North Rajupalem", "paragraph_text": "North Rajupalem is a major village in Kodavalur mandal, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India. North Rajupalem (NRP) is developed industrially, agriculturally. It is one of the major educational hubs in Kodavlur mandal. It is located 12\u00a0km from district headquarters Nellore."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Soma Yamauchi", "paragraph_text": "Soma Yamauchi (\u5c71\u5185 \u58ee\u99ac, born July 1, 1985 in Toyota, Aichi, Aichi Prefecture) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "International Baccalaureate", "paragraph_text": "The International Baccalaureate (IB), formerly known as the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), is an international educational foundation headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and founded in 1968. It offers four educational programs: the IB Diploma Program and the IB Career - related Program for students aged 15 to 18, the IB Middle Years Program, designed for students aged 11 to 14, and the IB Primary Years Program for children aged 3 to 12. To teach these programs, schools need to be authorized by the International Baccalaureate Organization."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dimbangombe College of Wildlife, Agriculture and Conservation Management", "paragraph_text": "Dimbangombe College of Wildlife, Agriculture and Conservation Management is an accredited college by Zimbabwe\u2019s Ministry of Education located just outside Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe. It is situated on a property. Which is mainly used for research and training. It was established by Allan Savory's Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) in 1998 and is based at Dimbangombe ranch, near Victoria Falls which is the headquarters of ACHM."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gesellschaft der \u00c4rzte in Wien", "paragraph_text": "Gesellschaft der \u00c4rzte in Wien (College of Physicians in Vienna) is a medical society with a long-standing tradition in Austria. Its principal task is the continuing education of medical practitioners. The society's headquarter is the Billrothhaus in the 9th district of Vienna."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John Deere World Headquarters", "paragraph_text": "The John Deere World Headquarters is a complex of four buildings located on 1,400 acres (5.7\u00a0km\u00b2) of land at One John Deere Place, Moline, Illinois, United States. The complex serves as corporate headquarters for John Deere."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dallas County Community College District", "paragraph_text": "The Dallas County Community College District (DCCCD) is a network of seven community colleges in Dallas County, Texas (USA). It is headquartered at 1601 S. Lamar St. in Dallas. The Colleges of the DCCCD serve more than 70,000 students annually in academic, continuing education and adult education programs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Haruko Arimura", "paragraph_text": "A native of Ishikawa Prefecture, she attended the International Christian University in Mitaka, Tokyo and received a master's degree from School for International Training in Vermont, United States and a Ph.D in international business from Aoyama Gakuin University."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Children of Mana", "paragraph_text": "\"Children of Mana\" was designed by series creator Koichi Ishii, directed by Yoshiki Ito, and produced by Takashi Orikata and Katsuji Aoyama. The game was a moderate commercial success: it sold 100,000 copies in its first week of release, and over 280,000 copies in Japan by the end of 2006. While critics praised the graphics and music as beautiful and unique, they found the combat simplistic and repetitive, and the story insubstantial."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Guitar Center", "paragraph_text": "Guitar Center is an American music retailer chain. It is the largest company of its kind in the United States, with 269 locations. Its headquarters is in Westlake Village, California."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States Department of Health and Human Services", "paragraph_text": "United States Department of Health and Human Services Seal of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Flag of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Hubert H. Humphrey Building, Department Headquarters Department overview Formed April 11, 1953; 64 years ago (1953 - 04 - 11) (as Department of Health, Education, and Welfare) May 4, 1980 (1980 - 05 - 04) (as United States Department of Health and Human Services) Preceding agencies Federal Security Agency United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Hubert H. Humphrey Building Washington, D.C., U.S. Employees 79,540 (2015) Department executives Alex Azar, Secretary Eric Hargan, Deputy Secretary Website www.hhs.gov"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lagos State Ministry of Education", "paragraph_text": "Lagos State Ministry of Education Ministry overview Jurisdiction Government of Lagos State Headquarters State Government Secretariat, Alausa, Lagos State, Nigeria Ministry executive Dr. Idiat Adebule, Commissioner"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the institution where Koichi Yamauchi was educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__18784_429470", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Aker Drilling", "paragraph_text": "Aker Drilling, was a Norwegian drilling rig operation company; based in Stavanger, Norway and majority owned by the Aker Group. It was listed on Oslo Stock Exchange under the ticker - 'AKD'."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Airlines Group", "paragraph_text": "American Airlines Group, Inc. is an American publicly traded airline holding company headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It was formed December 9, 2013, in the merger of AMR Corporation, the parent company of American Airlines, and US Airways Group, the parent company of US Airways. The airline groups together form the largest airline in the world, with more than 6,700 daily flights to 350 locations in 56 countries worldwide, about $40 billion in operating revenue, over 100,000 employees, and plans to take delivery of 607 new aircraft, including 517 narrowbody aircraft and 90 widebody international aircraft. The integration of American Airlines and US Airways was completed when the Federal Aviation Administration granted a single operating certificate for both carriers on April 8, 2015."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sinotrans Limited", "paragraph_text": "The company was incorporated in 2002 and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2003 as a vehicle for the core business, assets and staff of the state-owned China National Foreign Trade Transportation (Group) Corporation. In 2009 the company was reorganised together with the China Changjiang National Shipping (Group) Corporation (CSC) to form Sinotrans&CSC Holdings. A strategic merger of this new company together with China Merchants Group received approval from the State Council of the People's Republic of China in December 2015, and by April 2017 Sinotrans Limited (and its former subsidiary Sinotrans Shipping) had become direct subsidiaries of China Merchants Group.."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yatai Group", "paragraph_text": "Jilin Yatai Group Company Limited () is a private conglomerate enterprise in Changchun, Jilin, China. It was established in 1993 and it was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1995. Its core businesses include property development, cement manufacturing and securities. Others include coal mining, pharmaceuticals and trading. They are the founders and current owners of Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai F.C."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "North-West Mounted Police", "paragraph_text": "The North - West Mounted Police was created as a consequence of the expansion of the newly formed Dominion of Canada into the North - West Territories during the 1870s. The Dominion had been formed in 1867 by the confederation of the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but the extensive lands to the north - west remained governed by the Hudson's Bay Company. The new Dominion government was keen to expand westwards, in part due to fears that the United States might annex the region. It agreed to purchase the company's lands in exchange for \u00a3300,000 and various grants of land, adding around 2,500,000 square miles (6,500,000 km) of territory to the Dominion in 1871."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Coles (businessman)", "paragraph_text": "John Coles (1833\u20131919) was a member of the London Stock Exchange, a prominent Actuary, a Justice of the Peace for the City of London and a freeman of the borough of Tiverton, Devon."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "COSCO International Holdings", "paragraph_text": "COSCO International Holdings Limited () is the subsidiary of COSCO (Hong Kong) Group (COSCO Hong Kong's parent company is COSCO Group). It is engaged in ship trading and supplying services. It is headquartered in Hong Kong and it was listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 1992."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "EJE Bridge over Shell Creek", "paragraph_text": "The EJE Bridge over Shell Creek is a Warren pony truss bridge located near Shell, Wyoming, which carries Big Horn County Road CN9-57 across Shell Creek. The bridge was built in 1920 by the Midland Bridge Company, the only firm to bid for the bridge contract. At long, it is the longest known example of a Warren pony truss bridge in Wyoming."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "On 27 August 2007, Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group, the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country. On April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations. On October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy. Shell branded gas stations will be rebranded within maximum of five years from the acquisition and the number of gas stations is likely to be reduced. Until then the stations will operate under Shell brand licence."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Luoyang Glass", "paragraph_text": "Luoyang Glass was established in 1994 by its parent company, China Luoyang Float Glass Group. Its H shares were listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 1994, while its A shares were listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1995."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, where as, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from NYSE on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thomas Cook AG", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Cook AG was the parent company of Thomas Cook UK & Ireland, Condor Airlines and other such subsidiaries until 12 February 2007 when it merged with MyTravel Group PLC. The new combined company was named Thomas Cook Group plc and was listed on the London Stock Exchange."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Plessey", "paragraph_text": "It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. In 1989, it was taken over by a consortium formed by GEC and Siemens which split the assets of the Plessey group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs. Only 62,217 shares in Arsenal have been issued, and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange, a specialist market. On 10 March 2016, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of \u00a315,670, which sets the club's market capitalisation value at approximately \u00a3975m. Most football clubs aren't listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult. Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $1.3 billion in 2015. Consultants Brand Finance valued the club's brand and intangible assets at $703m in 2015, and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand. Research by the Henley Business School modelled the club's value at \u00a31.118 billion in 2015, the second highest in the Premier League."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alexon Group", "paragraph_text": "Alexon Group plc was an clothing retailer, based in Luton, England. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange (symbol AXN). It was an constituent of the FTSE Fledgling Index."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to many indicators, the largest market in the region, with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009. From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chicago Board of Trade Building", "paragraph_text": "The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois. It stands at 141 W. Jackson Boulevard at the foot of the LaSalle Street canyon, in the Loop community area. Built in 1930 and first designated a Chicago Landmark on May 4, 1977, the building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2, 1978. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 16, 1978. Originally built for the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), it is now the primary trading venue for the derivatives exchange, the CME Group, formed in 2007 by the merger of the CBOT and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In 2012, the CME Group sold the CBOT Building to a consortium of real estate investors, including GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Company."}], "question": "In which city is the exchange on which Shell Group's new parent company is primarily listed?"}
{"id": "2hop__409929_502898", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rye Brook, New York", "paragraph_text": "Rye Brook is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States, within the town of Rye. The population was 9,347 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Glenn MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving to St. Louis to work at Washington University in St. Louis, Glenn MacDonald served as a Professor and Area Coordinator for Economics and Management at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester located in Rochester, New York from 1994 until 2001. Also while working at the University of Rochester, Glenn MacDonald worked as a professor of economics in the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration from 1992 until 2001. During this period he was also a Professor of Organizations and Markets (1992-1994). Beginning in 1985 he served as a Senior Research Associate at the Rochester Center for Economic Research."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pegangsaan, Menteng", "paragraph_text": "Pegangsaan is an administrative village in the Menteng district of Indonesia. It has a postal code of 10320. This administrative village is also known as the location of the house where the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "E Township, Maine", "paragraph_text": "E is an unincorporated township located in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. It is part of the Central Aroostook Unorganized Territory and borders the towns of Blaine to the east and Westfield to the north. As of the 1990 census, when it was still organized as a plantation, E\u00a0Plantation had 64\u00a0residents. However, in 1990 its residents decided to disorganize the community and give up control to the state in an effort to reduce taxes. K\u201312 education for the community is provided by Maine School Administrative District 42, which also serves neighboring Blaine and Mars Hill. However, because E\u00a0Plantation withdrew from the school district following its disorganization, its students are tuitioned."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William E. Ward House", "paragraph_text": "The William E. Ward House, known locally as Ward's Castle, is located on Magnolia Drive, on the state line between Rye Brook, New York and Greenwich, Connecticut, United States. It is a reinforced concrete structure built in the 1870s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}], "question": "What county is William E. Ward's House in?"}
{"id": "2hop__525279_178505", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Musty Rusty", "paragraph_text": "Musty Rusty is an album by jazz saxophonist Lou Donaldson recorded for the Cadet label in 1965 and performed by Donaldson with Bill Hardman, Billy Gardner, Grant Green, and Ben Dixon."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sewing machine", "paragraph_text": "A sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Green", "paragraph_text": "Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm (\"green\"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium\u2013neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Barren County, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Barren County is part of the Glasgow, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Bowling Green-Glasgow, KY Combined Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greens of Serbia", "paragraph_text": "In 2012 the Greens of Serbia won its first seat of the Serbian parliament as part of \"Choice for a Better Life\". The coalition received 22.1% of the popular vote and 67 seats; 1 seat was allocated to the leader of the Greens of Serbia, Ivan Kari\u0107."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Green Valley, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Green Valley is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Green Valley is located west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Liverpool and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mud River (Kentucky)", "paragraph_text": "The Mud River is a tributary of the Green River in western Kentucky in the United States. Via the Green and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. It is about long."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gooden's Corner", "paragraph_text": "Gooden's Corner is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1961 and released on the Japanese Blue Note label in 1980. The tracks were also released in 1997 as part of \"The Complete Quartets with Sonny Clark\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mechanical calculator", "paragraph_text": "Surviving notes from Wilhelm Schickard in 1623 reveal that he designed and had built the earliest of the modern attempts at mechanizing calculation. His machine was composed of two sets of technologies: first an abacus made of Napier's bones, to simplify multiplications and divisions first described six years earlier in 1617, and for the mechanical part, it had a dialed pedometer to perform additions and subtractions. A study of the surviving notes shows a machine that would have jammed after a few entries on the same dial, and that it could be damaged if a carry had to be propagated over a few digits (like adding 1 to 999). Schickard abandoned his project in 1624 and never mentioned it again until his death eleven years later in 1635."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Little Green (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Little Green\" is a song composed and performed by Joni Mitchell. It is the third track on her 1971 album \"Blue\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Itacuru\u00e7\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Itacuru\u00e7\u00e1 is a district of the municipality of Mangaratiba, in the Greater Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is a part of the Green Coast."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shotgun Rider", "paragraph_text": "\"Shotgun Rider\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Tim McGraw. It was released on September 8, 2014 as the third single from his second studio album for Big Machine Records, \"Sundown Heaven Town\". The song was written by Marv Green, Hillary Lindsey, and Troy Verges."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Main Attraction (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "He also introduced the notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable. Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper. Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation. Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores, modern computers are said to be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Wolverine (film)", "paragraph_text": "Mariko is brought before Shingen at Ichir\u014d's estate where he attempts to kill her. The Blackfoot Ninjas led by Harada and accompanied by Dr. Green arrive and attack the compound. Dr. Green stabs Shingen in the neck with a poisoned pen and the Ninjas whisk Mariko away. Logan and Yukio arrive later and, using Ichir\u014d's X-ray machine, discover a robotic parasite attached to Logan's heart, suppressing his healing ability. Logan cuts himself open and extracts the device. During the operation, Shingen, who survived Dr. Green's attack, attempts to kill Logan but Yukio holds Shingen off long enough for Logan to recover and kill Shingen. Logan follows Mariko's trail to the village of Ichir\u014d's birth, where he is captured by Harada's ninjas. Logan is placed in a machine by Dr. Green, who reveals her plans to extract his healing factor and introduces him to the Silver Samurai, an electromechanical suit of Japanese armor with energized swords made of adamantium. Harada tries to convince Mariko that the events happening are for her well being but Mariko escapes from Harada by stabbing him in the leg. Harada sees the error of his ways and while attempting to stop the Silver Samurai he is killed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Them Crooked Vultures", "paragraph_text": "Them Crooked Vultures is a rock supergroup formed in Los Angeles in 2009 by John Paul Jones (former member of Led Zeppelin) on bass and keyboards, Dave Grohl (of Foo Fighters and formerly of Nirvana) on drums and backing vocals, and Josh Homme (of Queens of the Stone Age, Eagles of Death Metal and formerly of Kyuss) on guitar and vocals. The group also includes guitarist Alain Johannes during live performances. The band began recording in February 2009, and performed their first gig on August 9, 2009, in Chicago, followed by a European debut on August 19. On October 1 the group embarked on a worldwide tour titled \"Deserve the Future\" with dates going into 2010. The band's first single \"New Fang\" was released in October 2009, followed by the group's self-titled debut album the following month, debuting at number 12 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The group won the 2011 Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance for \"New Fang\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "RPK", "paragraph_text": "The RPK (\"Ruchnoy Pulemyot Kalashnikova\", or \"Kalashnikov hand-held machine gun\") is a 7.62\u00d739mm light machine gun of Soviet design, developed by Mikhail Kalashnikov in the late 1950s, parallel with the AKM assault rifle. It was created as part of a program designed to standardize the small arms inventory of the Red Army, where it replaced the 7.62\u00d739mm RPD light machine gun. The RPK continues to be used by the armed forces of countries of the former Soviet Union and certain African and Asian nations. The RPK is also manufactured in Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Green Machine (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Green Machine\" is a song by Kyuss from their 1992 album \"Blues for the Red Sun\". Written by drummer Brant Bjork, it was released as a single that same year."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Latin Bit", "paragraph_text": "The Latin Bit is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1962 and released on the Blue Note label. It is a loose concept album inspired by Latin American music."}], "question": "Who is a member of the Green Machine performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__57541_286797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Paulie", "paragraph_text": "Paulie is a 1998 American adventure fantasy comedy film about a disobedient bird named Paulie, starring Tony Shalhoub, Gena Rowlands, Hallie Eisenberg, and Jay Mohr. Mohr performs both the voice of Paulie and the on - screen supporting role of Benny, a character who has a lot of dialogue with Paulie."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pauli Jaks", "paragraph_text": "Pauli Jaks (born January 25, 1972) is a retired professional ice hockey goaltender who played one game in the NHL with the Los Angeles Kings during the 1994\u201395 NHL season."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Origin of birds", "paragraph_text": "The scientific question within which larger group of animals birds evolved, has traditionally been called the origin of birds. The present scientific consensus is that birds are a group of theropod dinosaurs that originated during the Mesozoic Era."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species of birds. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly the aforementioned flightless penguins, and also members of the duck family, have also evolved for swimming. Birds, specifically Darwin's finches, played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Edna Mode", "paragraph_text": "Edna Mode First appearance The Incredibles (2004) Last appearance Incredibles 2 (2018) Created by Brad Bird Voiced by Brad Bird Information Full name Edna Marie Mode Nickname (s) Species Human Gender Female Occupation Fashion designer Costume designer Scientist Auteur"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the M\u0101ori's legendary Pou\u0101kai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent Peacock Throne of the Mughal and Persian emperors. With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists was John James Audubon, whose paintings of North American birds were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the National Audubon Society. Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, Homer incorporated nightingales into his Odyssey, and Catullus used a sparrow as an erotic symbol in his Catullus 2. The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which led to the use of the term as a metaphor for a 'burden'. Other English metaphors derive from birds; vulture funds and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Docks of Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Docks of Hamburg or The Carmen of St. Pauli (German: Die Carmen von St. Pauli) is a 1928 German silent drama film directed by Erich Waschneck and starring Jenny Jugo, Willy Fritsch and Fritz Rasp. It was made by UFA at their Babelsberg Studio with location shooting in Hamburg. Art direction was by Alfred Junge. The film was released in the United States in 1930."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Christian Rahn", "paragraph_text": "Christian Rahn (born 15 June 1979 in Hamburg) is a German footballer. He currently plays as defender for FC St. Pauli II and also captains the squad."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ronnie Ronalde", "paragraph_text": "Ronald Charles Waldron (29 June 1923 \u2013 13 January 2015), known professionally as Ronnie Ronalde, was a British music hall singer and siffleur. Ronalde was famous for his voice, whistling, yodelling, imitations of bird song and stage personality. His crystal clear yodelling gained him acceptance with connoisseurs of Alpine and Western music around the world."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Iron Giant", "paragraph_text": "The Iron Giant is a 1999 American animated science fiction film produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation and directed by Brad Bird in his directorial debut, who would later script and direct the Pixar film \"The Incredibles\" (2004). It is based on the 1968 novel \"The Iron Man\" by Ted Hughes (which was published in the United States as \"The Iron Giant\") and was scripted by Tim McCanlies from a story treatment by Bird. The film stars the voices of Vin Diesel (voicing the titular character), Eli Marienthal, Jennifer Aniston, Harry Connick Jr., Christopher McDonald and John Mahoney. Set during the Cold War in 1957, the film is about a young boy named Hogarth Hughes, who discovers and befriends a gigantic metallic robot who fell from outer space. With the help of a beatnik artist named Dean McCoppin, Hogarth attempts to prevent the U.S. military and Kent Mansley, a paranoid federal agent, from finding and destroying the Giant."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mel Blanc", "paragraph_text": "Melvin Jerome ``Mel ''Blanc (May 30, 1908 -- July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor, actor, radio comedian, and recording artist. He began his 60 - plus - year career performing in radio, but is best remembered for his work in animation as the voices of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, Sylvester the Cat, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pep\u00e9 Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner, the Tasmanian Devil, and many of the other characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons during the golden age of American animation. He was, in fact, the voice for all of the major male Warner Bros. cartoon characters except for Elmer Fudd, whose voice was provided (uncredited) by fellow radio actor Arthur Q. Bryan, although Blanc later voiced Fudd as well after Bryan's death."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gino Ferrin", "paragraph_text": "Ferrin made a total of 10 appearances in the Bundesliga during his career for Tennis Borussia Berlin and FC St. Pauli; he also played in a further 72 2. Bundesliga games."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Pauly D Project", "paragraph_text": "The Pauly D Project is an American reality television series that aired on MTV. The series debuted on March 29, 2012 and concluded on June 14, 2012."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (wing) that serves as an aerofoil. Wing shape and size generally determine a bird species' type of flight; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are flightless, as were many extinct birds. Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, probably due to limited resources and the absence of land predators. Though flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to \"fly\" through the water, as do auks, shearwaters and dippers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Atlantic-Haus", "paragraph_text": "Atlantic-Haus is an 88 m high-rise office building in the St. Pauli district of Hamburg. Designed by Munich-based architect Thomas Herzog and completed in 2007, the Atlantic-Haus is part of a cluster of high-rises at Hamburg's \"Hafenkrone\", an area between the St. Pauli Piers and St. Pauli's Reeperbahn district."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Juhani Kaskeala", "paragraph_text": "Admiral Pauli Juhani Kaskeala (born 26 July 1946, Kuopio) is a senior Finnish admiral and was Chief of Defence of the Finnish Defence Forces from 2001 to August 1, 2009."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dave Fennoy", "paragraph_text": "Dave Fennoy Fennoy in Phoenix, Arizona David Henderson Fennoy (1952 - 01 - 20) January 20, 1952 (age 65) Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Voice actor Years active 1990 -- present Known for The Walking Dead as Lee Everett Minecraft: Story Mode as Gabriel the Warrior Spouse (s) Monique Fennoy Children Michelle Fennoy"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lonely Street (film)", "paragraph_text": "Lonely Street is a 2009 American comedy-thriller film directed by Peter Ettinger and starring Jay Mohr, Robert Patrick, Nikki Cox, Joe Mantegna and Katt Williams. The film is based on the novel of the same name, written by Steve Brewer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harley Quinn", "paragraph_text": "The character was originally voiced by Arleen Sorkin in various tie - ins to the DC animated universe. Since then, she has also been voiced by Hynden Walch and Tara Strong in either DC Animated Showcases or in various video games. In the Birds of Prey television series, she was portrayed by actress Mia Sara. The character made her live - action cinematic debut in the 2016 film Suicide Squad, portrayed by Margot Robbie."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the person who does the voice of Paulie the bird?"}
{"id": "2hop__8067_53019", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "CBC Television", "paragraph_text": "Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming. However, they may opt out of some CBC programming in order to air locally produced programs, syndicated series or programs purchased from other broadcasters, such as CTV Two, which do not have a broadcast outlet in the same market. In these cases, the CBC programming being displaced may be broadcast at a different time than the network, or may not be broadcast on the station at all. Most private affiliates generally opt out of CBC's afternoon schedule and Thursday night arts programming. Private affiliates carry the 10 p.m. broadcast of The National as a core part of the CBC schedule, but generally omitted the 11 p.m. repeat (which is no longer broadcast). Most private affiliates produce their own local newscasts for a duration of at least 35 minutes. Some of the private affiliates have begun adding CBC's overnight programming to their schedules since the network began broadcasting 24 hours a day."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "NHL on USA", "paragraph_text": "NHL on USA is the de facto title of a television show that broadcasts National Hockey League games on the USA Network. The network last broadcast regular-season games in 1985, but as part of current parent company NBCUniversal's contract to cover the NHL, the network resumed broadcasting a handful of games in the first two rounds of the Stanley Cup Playoffs, by serving as an overflow channel for NHL playoff games that cannot air on sister networks NBC or NBCSN through 2021."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "NBCSN", "paragraph_text": "NBCSN Launched July 1, 1995; 22 years ago (July 1, 1995) Owned by NBC Sports Group Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Downconverted to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed Slogan Believe Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Stamford, Connecticut Formerly called Outdoor Life Network (1995 -- 2006) Versus (2006 -- 11) NBC Sports Network (2012 -- 13) Sister channel (s) NBC Golf Channel NBC Sports Regional Networks Olympic Channel Website NBC Sports Availability Satellite Dish Network 159 DirecTV 220 1220 (On Demand) Cable Available on most cable systems check local listings IPTV AT&T U-verse 1640 640 (SD) Google Fiber NBCSN Verizon Fios 590 90 (SD) Streaming media DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television fuboTV Internet Protocol television Hulu Live TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television YouTube TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WCKD-LP", "paragraph_text": "WCKD-LP went on the air April 16, 1994 as W30BF, carrying PBS programming as part of Maine Public Television Plus, the state's secondary public television network. Cuts in federal funding led to the elimination of MPT Plus on June 30, 1996; W30BF then became a repeater of Maine Public Television's primary service until 1999, when James McLeod, owner of Pax affiliate WBGR-LP (channel 33), bought the station. McLeod was not able to put enough resources into the station, however, and in late 2000 he signed a local marketing agreement with Rockfleet Broadcasting, owner of ABC affiliate WVII-TV (channel 7), who relaunched the station in February 2001 as WCKD-LP, a UPN affiliate that also carried Fox Sports telecasts. Previously, Bangor viewers received UPN on cable via Boston's WSBK-TV. WCKD's schedule also included a 10 p.m. newscast produced by WVII."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "KPSD-FM", "paragraph_text": "KPSD-FM (97.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Eagle Butte, South Dakota. The station is owned by the South Dakota Bureau of Information and Telecommunication, and is an affiliate of South Dakota Public Broadcasting's radio network."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hallmark Movies & Mysteries", "paragraph_text": "Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Launched January 20, 2004; 14 years ago (2004 - 01 - 20) Owned by Crown Media Holdings Picture format 1080i (HDTV) (HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTVs) Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Studio City, Los Angeles, California Formerly called Hallmark Movie Channel (2004 -- 2014) Sister channel (s) Hallmark Channel Hallmark Drama Website Official website Availability Satellite DirecTV 565 (HD) Dish Network 187 (HD / SD) 9444 (HD) Cable Available on many cable systems check local listings IPTV Verizon FiOS 739 (HD) 239 (SD) AT&T U-verse 1366 (HD) 366 (SD) Sling TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Great American Country", "paragraph_text": "Great American Country Launched December 31, 1995; 22 years ago (1995 - 12 - 31) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Knoxville, Tennessee Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network Science Channel TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.greatamericancountry.com Availability Satellite Dish Network 165 (HD / SD) DirecTV 326 (HD / SD) Cable Verizon FiOS 660 (HD) 160 (SD) Time Warner Cable 295 (HD) IPTV AT&T U-Verse 1529 (HD) 529 (SD)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fox Sports 1", "paragraph_text": "Fox Sports 1 Launched August 17, 2013 (2013 - 08 - 17) Network Fox Sports Owned by Fox Entertainment Group (21st Century Fox) Picture format 720p (HDTV) (HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed) Slogan The 1 Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Puerto Rico Caribbean Headquarters Los Angeles, California Replaced Speed (2005 -- 2013) Sister channel (s) Fox Sports 2 Fox Soccer Plus Fox Deportes Fox Sports Networks Fox College Sports Big Ten Network Fox Sports Website www.foxsports.com/watch/fs1 www.foxsports.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 219 (HD / SD) Dish Network Channel 150 (HD / SD) Cable Available on most U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1652 (HD) Channel 652 (SD) Verizon FiOS Channel 583 (HD) Channel 83 (SD) Google Fiber Channel 208 (HD) Streaming media Fox Sports Go Watch live (U.S. cable internet subscribers only; requires login to stream content) PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television FuboTV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Science Channel", "paragraph_text": "Science Channel Launched October 7, 1996; 21 years ago (1996 - 10 - 07) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Question Everything Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Silver Spring, Maryland Formerly called Discovery Science (1996 - 1998) Discovery Science Channel (1998 - 2002) The Science Channel / Science Channel (2002 - 2007 / 2007 - 2011) Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network Great American Country HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.sciencechannel.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 284 (HD / SD) 1284 (VOD) Dish Network 193 (HD / SD) C - Band AMC 11 - Channel 612 (4DTV Digital) AMC 18 - Channel 255 (H2H 4DTV) Cable Available on most other U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV Verizon FiOS 622 (HD) 122 (SD) AT&T U-verse 1258 (HD) 258 (SD) Streaming media PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Astro SuperSport", "paragraph_text": "Astro SuperSport is an in-house satellite television network in Malaysia dedicated to broadcasting sports-related content 24 hours a day. It is available on the Astro (satellite TV) via Channels 810 & 831 (HD) to subscribers of the Sports package only. Launched in 1996 as one of Astro's original channels, Astro SuperSport offers a variety of international sporting events such as football, badminton, motorsport, rugby, volleyball, golf and WWE shows. Astro SuperSport broadcasts in HD on Channel 831. The network has been broadcasting studio shows around major football in HD like the Premier League and FIFA World Cup since 2010 and magazine shows like FourFourTwo since 2011."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cybernet", "paragraph_text": "Cybernet (also known as Interactive) is a weekly video gaming magazine programme, originally broadcast overnight on the ITV network in the United Kingdom. The programme was commissioned by \"Yorkshire Television\" and produced by \"Capricorn Programmes\" (who also produced the similar \"Movies, Games and Videos\") and also aired on GBC TV in Gibraltar. It was broadcast overseas in many countries on various television stations such as Dutch, Brazilian (MultiShow), Mexican (OnceTV), Chilean television (Canal 13), Ireland (TG4), Czech Republic (SuperMax), Israel (The Kids' Channel), Singapore (Premiere 12 and Mediacorp Channel 5), Estonia (TV3), Yugoslavia (NS+), the channel 2M TV in Morocco, the channel CNBC-e in Turkey, Australia (Fox Kids), the defunct children's cable channel Fun Channel in the Middle East, Channel 33 in the Emirates, Malaysia (TV2 and Astro Ria), the channels IBC 3 and UBC series in Thailand, the channel ATV Home and ATV World in Hong Kong, Bahrain TV Channel 55 in Bahrain, South Africa (Bop TV and SABC2), Brunei (RTB), Iceland (Skj\u00e1rEinn) and the 4 channel, ATV Stavropol in Russia, with local voice-overs, furthermore, in Middle-East, Kuwait Television channel 2 (KTV2) with original English voice-overs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "TV Jangadeiro", "paragraph_text": "When it started to broadcast on March 13, 1990, TV Jangadeiro had the basic proposal of offering quality programming focused on infotainment. In its inception it got affiliated with the Brazilian TV network Rede Bandeirantes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Turner Classic Movies Launched April 14, 1994; 23 years ago (1994 - 04 - 14) Owned by Turner Broadcasting System Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Let's Movie. Country United States Language English (imported feature films are broadcast in their native languages, provided with English subtitling) Broadcast area Nationwide (also available in Canada with substitutions; international versions in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, Nordic countries, Asia - Pacific, Spain, France, U.K. and Ireland, Malta) Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia, United States Sister channel (s) TBS TNT Cartoon Network Adult Swim Boomerang CNN HLN CNN International TruTV HBO Cinemax Website www.tcm.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 256 (HD / SD) Channel 1256 (VOD) Dish Network Channel 132 (HD / SD) Shaw Direct (Canada) Channel 178 / 531 (SD) Channel 138 / 638 (HD) Cable Spectrum Channel 631 (HD / SD) Available on most American and Canadian cable providers Check local listings for channels IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1790 (HD) Channel 790 (SD) Verizon FiOS Channel 230 (SD only) Unavailable in HD Bell Fibe TV (Canada) Channel 292 VMedia (Canada) 327 (HD) Streaming media Watch TCM Sling TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sirius XM Love", "paragraph_text": "Sirius XM Love is a music channel that plays love songs from soft - AC artists and airs on Sirius XM Radio, and Dish Network. It airs on channel 70 on Sirius XM Radio. On XM, it replaced former channel The Heart on November 12, 2008. On Sirius XM Canada, the channel retained the old Sirius Love name, Until February 9, 2010, Sirius XM Love was on DirecTV channel 819, but all of the Sirius XM programming was dropped in favor of Sonic Tap."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket", "paragraph_text": "Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket are American regional sports networks owned by The Walt Disney Company, and operate as Fox Sports Networks affiliates. The channels broadcast regional coverage of professional and collegiate sports events in California, focusing primarily on professional sports teams based in the Greater Los Angeles area. Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket maintain general offices and studios based at the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Olympic Channel (American TV channel)", "paragraph_text": "Olympic Channel Launched July 15, 2017 (2017 - 07 - 15) (as the Olympic Channel) Owned by NBC Olympics United States Olympic Committee NBC Sports Group (NBCUniversal) Picture format 1080i HDTV Slogan Home of Team USA Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters New York City, New York Colorado Springs, Colorado Formerly called Bravo HD+ (2003 -- 2004) Universal HD (2004 -- 2017) Sister channel (s) NBCSN Golf Channel NBC Sports Regional Networks Website Official website Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 624 Dish Network Channel 389 Cable Xfinity Channel 1419 Altice USA Channel 225 Available on some cable systems Channel slots vary on each provider IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 667 (SD) Channel 1667 (HD) Verizon FIOS Channel 91 (SD) Channel 591 (HD) Streaming media Hulu PlayStation Vue Sling TV DirecTV Now YouTube TV Fubo TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arena Football League", "paragraph_text": "The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas, such as with the Arizona Rattlers, Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Balitang America", "paragraph_text": "\"Balitang America\" (News America) is a 30-minute daily newscast with a nationwide scope, airing via satellite subscription on The Filipino Channel and its local affiliate station in the San Francisco Bay Area, KTSF. This makes \"Balitang America\" the first-ever Filipino American news program to be broadcast throughout North America. The Filipino Channel targets this newscast to air over its other nationwide station affiliates as well as worldwide, via satellite."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arena Football League", "paragraph_text": "Starting in 2014, ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners, with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN. ArenaBowl XXVII was also broadcast on ESPN. Most teams also have a local TV station broadcast their games locally and all games are available on local radio."}], "question": "What channel on Dish is the network whose affiliates broadcast Arizona Rattlers games?"}
{"id": "2hop__373879_434849", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chatri Sophonpanich", "paragraph_text": "Chatri Sophonpanich (; ; February 28, 1934 \u2013 June 24, 2018) was a Thai businessman who served as the chairman of the board of directors of the Bangkok Bank beginning in 1999, and as CEO of Thai TV Channel 3. He was the second son of Chin Sophonpanich and father of Chartsiri Sophonpanich."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Estelle Lawson", "paragraph_text": "Estelle Page, n\u00e9e Lawson (March 22, 1907 - May 7, 1983) was an American amateur golfer. A native of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, her father was Bob Lawson, the first athletic director at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "M\u00e9ziane Idjerouid\u00e8ne", "paragraph_text": "Meziane Idjerouidene (born June 1980 in Paris) has been since 2008 managing director of French domestic airline Aigle Azur, owned and led by his father."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sixpence None the Richer", "paragraph_text": "Sixpence None the Richer (also known as Sixpence) is an American alternative Christian rock band that formed in New Braunfels, Texas, eventually settling in Nashville, Tennessee. They are best known for their songs \"Kiss Me\" and \"Breathe Your Name\" and their covers of \"Don't Dream It's Over\" and \"There She Goes\". The name of the band is inspired by a passage from the book \"Mere Christianity\" by C. S. Lewis. The band received two Grammy Award nominations, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"Kiss Me\" and Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album for \"Sixpence None the Richer\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Richer of Senones", "paragraph_text": "Richer of Senones (sometimes in French: Richer le Lorrain) (circa 1190\u20131266) was a monk and chronicler of Senones Abbey in Lorraine, a traveller and one of the very few chroniclers or historians of the Vosges whose works have survived complete."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Christian Marquand", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marquand (15 March 1927 \u2013 22 November 2000) was a French director, actor and screenwriter working in French cinema. Born in Marseille, he was born to a Spanish father and an Arab mother, and his sister was film director Nadine Trintignant. He was often cast as a heartthrob in French films of the 1950s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "For Richer, for Poorer (film)", "paragraph_text": "For Richer, for Poorer is a 1992 made-for-TV comedy film directed by Jay Sandrich. The HBO original film, starring Jack Lemmon, Talia Shire, and Jonathan Silverman, was released on VHS with the title Father, Son and the Mistress."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Henry Krauss", "paragraph_text": "Henry Krauss (26 April 1866 \u2013 15 December 1935) was a French actor. He is sometimes credited as Henri Krauss. He was the father of the art director Jacques Krauss."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jay Sandrich", "paragraph_text": "Jay Henry Sandrich (born February 24, 1932) is an American television director; he is son of film director Mark Sandrich."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Katharina Wagner", "paragraph_text": "On 1 September 2008, Katharina Wagner was named together with her half-sister Eva Wagner-Pasquier as the new director of the Bayreuth Festival by the Richard Wagner Foundation, succeeding their father Wolfgang. This followed an extended family dispute. They were chosen in preference to their cousin Nike Wagner and the Belgian opera director and administrator Gerard Mortier, who had placed a late joint bid for the directorship on 24 August."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cages", "paragraph_text": "Cages is a 2005 film, directed by American film director Graham Streeter which tells the story of a single mother named Ali Tan (Tan Kheng Hua) who attempts to escape repeated bad relationships which puts her before the man she resents the most\u2014her father, Tan (Mako Iwamatsu). The truth is not always easy to face when her father reveals a dark secret 20 years past; a past that may cost a lifetime of relationship."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nathalie Vadim", "paragraph_text": "Nathalie Vadim (born 1958) is the daughter of Roger Vadim and actress Annette Stroyberg. While her father was married to Oscar-winning actor Jane Fonda, Vadim's family would go on vacations that lasted several weeks or a month to Saint-Tropez or the Arcachon Bay and spend time in the mountains or on the water. In May 1987, Vadim worked as second assistant director on her father's remake film \"And God Created Woman\". Like her father, she has been involved in directing many films."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Avantika Hari", "paragraph_text": "Avantika Hari was born in India, brought up in the Middle East and educated in the US and UK. She graduated with a double major in Digital Arts and Economics from Stetson University Florida in 2002 and then managed her own multimedia consulting firm while studying Creative Writing and Filmmaking at Stanford University in California. Hari won the Commonwealth Vision Award presented by HRH Prince Edward in 2006 for her short film \"Hat Day\". Hari is a multi award winning writer and director of the English feature \"Land Gold Women\" (2011). The film is the world\u2019s first English language feature to explore the issue of honour killing, and was released in India in conjunction with the Movement to End Honour Violence. Avantika was the creative director, and the film was produced by A Richer Lens."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jan Peerce", "paragraph_text": "Jan Peerce (June 3, 1904 December 15, 1984) was an American operatic tenor. Peerce was an accomplished performer on the operatic and Broadway concert stages, in solo recitals, and as a recording artist. He is the father of film director Larry Peerce."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "All About My Father", "paragraph_text": "All About My Father () is a 2002 Norwegian biographical documentary film written and directed by Even Benestad. \"All About My Father\" is a personal documentary about the director's father, the famous sexologist and transvestite Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, who lives in the southern Norwegian city of Grimstad."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Father of Frankenstein", "paragraph_text": "Father of Frankenstein is a 1995 novel by Christopher Bram which speculates on the last days of the life of film director James Whale. Whale directed such groundbreaking works as the 1931 \"Frankenstein\" and 1933's \"The Invisible Man\" and was a pioneer in the horror film genre."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Battle of Bolia", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Bolia, was a battle in 469 between the Ostrogoths (Amal Goths) and a coalition of Germanic tribes in the Roman province of Pannonia. It was fought on the south side of the Danube near its confluence with the river Bolia, in present-day Hungary. The Ostrogoths won, achieving supremacy in Pannonia, but soon migrated south towards richer lands."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Karl Doppler", "paragraph_text": "Karl Doppler (12 September 1825, Lemberg10 March 1900, Stuttgart) was a Hungarian flute virtuoso, conductor, music director, composer. He was the younger brother of the composer Franz Doppler and father of the composer \u00c1rp\u00e1d Doppler."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hans von Borsody", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Vienna into a Hungarian descent artistic family. His father Eduard was a film director, his uncle Julius a set designer. His daughter Suzanne is an actress. When Borsody was three, his family moved to Berlin and obtained German citizenship."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Coordinadora Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educaci\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "The Coordinadora Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educaci\u00f3n (CNTE) is a teachers union in Mexico founded on December 17, 1979 as alternative to the mainstream Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educaci\u00f3n (SNTE) by teachers of the SNTE in the poorer, southern states of Mexico."}], "question": "Who is the son of the director of For Richer, for Poorer?"}
{"id": "2hop__21461_715185", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jonathan Zittrain", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan L. Zittrain (born 24 December 1969) is an American professor of Internet law and the George Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School. He is also a professor at the Harvard Kennedy School, a professor of computer science at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and co-founder and director of Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society. Previously, Zittrain was Professor of Internet Governance and Regulation at the Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford and visiting professor at the New York University School of Law and Stanford Law School. He is the author of \"The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It,\" as well as co-editor of the books, \"Access Denied\" (MIT Press, 2008), \"Access Controlled\" (MIT Press, 2010), and \"Access Contested\" (MIT Press, 2011)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dawakin Tofa Science College", "paragraph_text": "Dawakin Tofa Science College is one of the special secondary school that are provide by Kano State, Nigeria, in order to train the best students in science and to provide the state with well qualified doctors and engineers. Other colleges are Dawakin Kudu, Maitama Sule, Day Science Kano, Garko Girls, Governor's College Kano."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "North Garland High School", "paragraph_text": "North Garland High School is a public secondary school located in Garland, Texas (USA). North Garland High School enrolls students in grades 9-12 and is a part of the Garland Independent School District. The school is known for the endorsement of its highly competitive Math, Science, and Technology Magnet Program."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses. KU features the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, which includes the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration; and the schools of Architecture, Design & Planning; Business; Education; Engineering; Health Professions; Journalism & Mass Communications; Law; Medicine; Music; Nursing; Pharmacy; and Social Welfare. The university offers more than 345 degree programs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Heritage High School (Newport News, Virginia)", "paragraph_text": "The Heritage High School, established in 1996, is a public school in Newport News, Virginia, USA. The school, whose colors are maroon and silver (rival to the I.C. Norcom High School Greyhounds in Portsmouth, Virginia due to the similarities in school colors. Norcom's school colors are maroon and gray.), is home to the Heritage Hurricanes. The school is also home to the Newport News Public Schools Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math magnet, or most commonly called STEM, as well as the University magnet. The school is located in the South East End area of the city (Downtown) at 5800 Marshall Avenue. The current principal is Shameka Gerald. She followed Mr. Nichols. The Class of 2015 will be the school's eighteenth graduating class. The school has a twin school, Woodside High School, that was built simultaneously and designed by the same architects."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Science Academy of South Texas", "paragraph_text": "The Science Academy of South Texas, also known as 'SciTech', is a high school in Mercedes, Texas, United States, as part of the South Texas Independent School District. This campus is ranked among the top 1% Best Public High Schools in America. The Science Academy has a 29 year old ruling dynasty for being the best school in the valley, top 1% in America, and one of the top 5 schools in Texas."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saul Gorn", "paragraph_text": "Saul Gorn (10 November 1912 \u2013 22 February 1992) was an American pioneer in computer and information science who was a member of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania for more than 30 years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "USMLE Step 1", "paragraph_text": "The USMLE Step 1 (more commonly just Step 1 or colloquially, The Boards) is the first part of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. It aims to assess whether medical school students or graduates can apply important concepts of the foundational sciences fundamental to the practice of medicine. US medical students, as well as non-US medical students who wish to seek licensure to practice medicine in the US, typically take Step 1 at the end of the second year of medical school. Graduates of international medical schools (i.e., those outside the US or Canada) must also take Step 1 if they want to practice in the US. Graduates from international medical schools must apply through ECFMG, and the registration fee is $915. For 2016, the NBME registration fee for the test is $600, with additional charges for applicants who choose a testing region outside the United States or Canada."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences (BUFHS), also known as the Busitema University Medical School (BUMS) and the Busitema University School of Medicine (BUSM), is the school of medicine of Busitema University, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school is one of the newer medical schools in the country, having been part of university since 2013. The school provides medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nitin Saxena", "paragraph_text": "He is an alumnus of Boys' High School And College, Allahabad. He graduated with his B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 2002. He received his PhD from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of the same institute in 2006 with the Dissertation titled \"Morphisms of Rings and Applications to Complexity\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Herbert Henry Dow High School", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Henry Dow High School is a public high school located in Midland, Michigan. The school, a part of Midland Public Schools, is a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence and in 2008 was named one of the top 20 High Schools in Michigan in a study commissioned by US News & World Report."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Institut industriel du Nord", "paragraph_text": "The Institut industriel du Nord (IDN) was the engineering school and research institute at \u00c9cole Centrale de Lille from 1872 to 1991, within the campus of the Lille University of Science and Technology (France)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stephen Hyde", "paragraph_text": "He is professor and also the ARC Federation Fellow in the Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, at the Australian National University. He holds the Barry Ninham Chair of Natural Sciences."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jim Toomey", "paragraph_text": "James Patrick Toomey (born December 26, 1960) is an American cartoonist famous for his comic \"Sherman's Lagoon\". Toomey received his B.S.E. from Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering in 1983, an M.L.A. from Stanford University in 1995, and a Master's of Environmental Management from the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences in 2008."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yale University", "paragraph_text": "Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sheffield Scientific School", "paragraph_text": "Sheffield Scientific School was founded in 1847 as a school of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut for instruction in science and engineering. Originally named the Yale Scientific School, it was renamed in 1861 in honor of Joseph E. Sheffield, a railroad executive. The school was incorporated in 1871. The Sheffield Scientific School helped establish the model for the transition of U.S. higher education from a classical model to one which incorporated both the sciences and the liberal arts. Following World War I, however, its curriculum gradually became completely integrated with Yale College. \"The Sheff\" ceased to function as a separate entity in 1956."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "In the fall of 2014, among the six undergraduate schools, 40.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 21.3% in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 14.3% in the School of Communication, 11.7% in the Medill School of Journalism, 5.7% in the Bienen School of Music, and 6.4% in the School of Education and Social Policy. The five most commonly awarded undergraduate degrees are in economics, journalism, communication studies, psychology, and political science. While professional students are affiliated with their respective schools, the School of Professional Studies offers master's and bachelor's degree, and certificate programs tailored to the professional studies. With 2,446 students enrolled in science, engineering, and health fields, the largest graduate programs by enrollment include chemistry, integrated biology, material sciences, electrical and computer engineering, neuroscience, and economics. The Kellogg School of Management's MBA, the School of Law's JD, and the Feinberg School of Medicine's MD are the three largest professional degree programs by enrollment."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "ISTY", "paragraph_text": "The Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Yvelines or ISTY is a French public engineering school specialized in the field of computer science and mechatronics, attached to the Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University."}], "question": "What college is the school that was used for engineering and sciences until 1956 a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__911_904", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Geshe Sonam Thargye", "paragraph_text": "Geshe Sonam Thargye is Spiritual Director of the Drol Kar Buddhist Centre in Anglesea, Victoria, Australia. He was born in the province of Kham, in eastern Tibet in 1962. After many years of studying Buddhist philosophy and practicing at Sera Je Monastic University in South India, he graduated in 1994 with the degree of Geshe Lharumpa. He established residence in Australia in 1998."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of social work", "paragraph_text": "Octavia Hill is regarded by many as the founder of modern social work. She was a moving force behind the development of social housing, and her early friendship with John Ruskin enabled her to put her theories into practice with the aid of his initial investment. She believed in self - reliance, and made it a key part of her housing system that she and her assistants knew their tenants personally and encouraged them to better themselves. She was opposed to municipal provision of housing, believing it to be bureaucratic and impersonal. Under her guidance, the Charity Organisation Society organised charitable grants and pioneered a home - visiting service that formed the basis for modern social work."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jo\u00e3o of Braganza, Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo", "paragraph_text": "Through a letter issued on 30 October 1471, king Afonso V of Portugal granted him the Lordship of Montemor-o-Novo and on 25 April 1473, he was appointed the 7th Constable of Portugal, as was his great-grandfather, Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira. Later, in 1478, the same king granted him the title of Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo \u2013 he was the first and sole marquis of this title."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The End (Earl Grant song)", "paragraph_text": "``The End ''is a song (music by Jimmy Krondes and lyrics by Sid Jacobson) which was released (in the United States) as a 1958 single by Earl Grant. Grant's single on the Decca label, featured Charles`` Bud'' Dant on orchestra; some pressings of the single were shown with the title ``(At) The End (Of A Rainbow) ''. The single was Grant's only entry into the U.S. Top 40, and spent 19 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 reaching No. 7, while reaching No. 16 on Billboard's`` Hot R&B Sides''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gabriel Naud\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Gabriel Naud\u00e9 (2 February 1600 \u2013 10 July 1653) was a French librarian and scholar. He was a prolific writer who produced works on many subjects including politics, religion, history and the supernatural. An influential work on library science was the 1627 book \"Advice on Establishing a Library\". Naud\u00e9 was later able to put into practice all the ideas he put forth in \"Advice\", when he was given the opportunity to build and maintain the library of Cardinal Jules Mazarin."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities \u2013 sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman \"domestic\" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fulton Mall (Fresno)", "paragraph_text": "In September 2013, the City of Fresno received a $15.9 million TIGER Grant from the US Department of Transportation to reintroduce traffic to Fulton. On February 27, 2014, the Fresno City Council decided the fate of Fulton Mall with a 5-2 vote in favor of putting traffic back on Fulton street,"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525\u20131582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment, even though he was only 400 km (250 mi) from Beijing. Laird adds that \"the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time.\" Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism\u2014or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated \"the unique fusion of religious and political power\" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolma\u0161 states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and S\u00f6nam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and \"to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama.\" Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained \"enormous power among the entire Mongol population.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was \"an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler.\" Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Faith campaign", "paragraph_text": "The Return to Faith campaign (\"al-Hamlah al-Imaniyah\"), often referred to simply as the Faith Campaign, was a campaign conducted by the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, beginning in 1993, to pursue a more socially conservative and overtly Islamist agenda. The campaign involved a variety of policies, including greater freedoms being granted to Islamist groups, greater resources being put into religious programmes, increased use of Islamic punishments, and a more general greater emphasis being put on Islam in all sectors of Iraqi life."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Samuli Paulaharju", "paragraph_text": "Samuli Paulaharju (14 April 1875 \u2013 6 February 1944) was a Finnish teacher, ethnographer and writer. He was granted with the title of Professor in October 1943."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "When an ally of the \u00dc-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan (1582\u20131655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. G\u00fcshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637\u20131640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Ch\u00f6pel urged G\u00fcshi Khan to assault the \u00dc-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which G\u00fcshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the \u00dc-Tsang forces surrendered. G\u00fcshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of \u00dc-Tsang, King of Tibet."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Skidaway Institute of Oceanography", "paragraph_text": "The Skidaway Institute of Oceanography (SkIO) is an internationally renowned marine science research institute located on the northern end of Skidaway Island near Savannah, Georgia, USA. Founded in 1968, it is now a research unit of the University of Georgia. It does not grant degrees, but its faculty serve as adjuncts to universities, and as mentors and advisors for visiting students and interns. SkIO faculty also frequently collaborate with marine scientists of other institutes both nationally and internationally. In 2012, it was announced that SkIO would be put under the management of the University of Georgia as part of an effort to streamline the University System of Georgia, the realignment with the University of Georgia being completed in July 2013."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2018\u201319 NCAA Division I women's basketball season", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 -- 19 NCAA Division I women's basketball season will begin on November 2018 and end with the Final Four title game at Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida on April 2019. Practices will officially begin in September 2018."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion", "paragraph_text": "Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion is an 1812 oil painting by John Martin. It has been called \"The most famous of the British romantic works...;\" it was the first of Martin's characteristically dramatic, grand, grandiose large pictures, and anchored the development of the style for which Martin would become famous."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, \"Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it.\" Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as \"our beloved sister Church\". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation. Historians have variously proposed Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC, Caesar's appointment as dictator for life in 44 BC, and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. However, most use the same date as did the ancient Romans themselves, the Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian and his adopting the title Augustus in 27 BC, as the defining event ending the Republic."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Aigars Apinis", "paragraph_text": "Aigars Apinis (9 June 1973 in Aizkraukle) is a Latvian athlete. He participates in F52 class which means he has limited finger movement and no trunk or leg function. He started to practice in 1998, but already at the 2000 Summer Paralympics he won two bronze medals \u2013 in discus throw and shot put. At the 2004 Summer Paralympics he became the Olympic champion in discus throw and was 4th in shot put."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Soon after the victory in \u00dc-Tsang, G\u00fcshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, G\u00fcshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel. Although G\u00fcshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama \"supreme authority\" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon G\u00fcshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point G\u00fcshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and G\u00fcshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually \"expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokite\u015bvara through the performance of rituals,\" by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of G\u00fcshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet."}], "question": "What practice did the person who granted the title of grandiose to Sonam Gyatso put to an end?"}
{"id": "2hop__108737_240242", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hours of \u00c9tienne Chevalier", "paragraph_text": "The Hours of \u00c9tienne Chevalier is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by \u00c9tienne Chevalier, treasurer to king Charles VII of France, from the miniature painter and illuminator Jean Fouquet."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bonnie-Jill Laflin", "paragraph_text": "Bonnie-Jill Laflin (born March 15, 1976) is an American model, television personality and sportscaster. Laflin has also worked as an actress and most notably as a scout for the Los Angeles Lakers, making her the league's first female scout. She was also assistant general manager of the Lakers NBA Development League team."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Louise (Maurice Chevalier song)", "paragraph_text": "``Louise ''is a song written by Leo Robin & Richard A. Whiting for the 1929 film Innocents of Paris, where it was performed by Maurice Chevalier. The song was Chevalier's first hit in the United States, and was among the best selling records for 10 weeks in the summer of 1929. Chevalier recorded the song again in 1946 with Henri Ren\u00e9's Orchestra - RCA VICTOR - 25 - 0093 - A."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9 (; ; 18 March 1842 \u2013 9 September 1898), whose real name was \u00c9tienne Mallarm\u00e9, was a French poet and critic. He was a major French symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Acapulco (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Acapulco is an American half-hour adventure series that aired on NBC in 1961. It is notable for providing Telly Savalas with his first regularly recurring role in a television series."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois-Beno\u00eet Hoffman", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Beno\u00eet Hoffman (11 July 1760 \u2013 25 April 1828) was a French playwright and critic, best known today for his operatic librettos, including those set to music by \u00c9tienne M\u00e9hul and Luigi Cherubini (most notably Cherubini's \"M\u00e9d\u00e9e\", 1797)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Melun Diptych", "paragraph_text": "The Melun Diptych is a two-panel oil painting by the French court painter Jean Fouquet (1425\u20131480) created around 1452. The name of the diptych came from its original home in the Collegiate Church of Notre-Dame in Melun. The left panel depicts Etienne Chevalier with his patron saint St. Stephen and the right panel depicts the Virgin and Christ child surrounded by cherubim. Each wooden panel measures about 93 by 85 centimeters and the two would have been hinged together at the center. The two pieces, originally a diptych, are now separated. The left panel now resides in the Staatliche Museen in Berlin and the right panel is now located at the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, Belgium. A self-portrait medallion is also associated with the two panels. Measuring 6 centimeters in diameter, it would have adorned the frame, and consists of copper, enamel, and gold. The medallion is now located in the Louvre in Paris, France."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Working time", "paragraph_text": "In most European Union countries, working time is gradually decreasing. The European Union's working time directive imposes a 48 - hour maximum working week that applies to every member state except the United Kingdom and Malta (which have an opt - out, meaning that UK - based employees may work longer than 48 hours if they wish, but they can not be forced to do so). France has enacted a 35 - hour workweek by law, and similar results have been produced in other countries through collective bargaining. A major reason for the low annual hours worked in Europe is a relatively high amount of paid annual leave. Fixed employment comes with four to six weeks of holiday as standard. In the UK, for example, full - time employees are entitled to 28 days of paid leave a year. It is commonly understood working hours in the UK are 09.00 to 17.00."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Working time in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Working time in the United Kingdom is regulated in UK labour law in respect of holidays, daily breaks, night work and the maximum working day under the Working Time Regulations 1998. While the traditional mechanisms for ensuring a ``fair day's wage for a fair day's work ''is by collective agreement, since 1962 the UK created minimum statutory rights for every individual at work. The WTR 1998 follow the requirements of the Working Time Directive, which allowed an`` opt out'' from the maximum working week, set at 48 hours. Other reforms have included the 28 holiday minimum per year, 20 minute breaks for each six hours worked, and a maximum of 8 hours work on any given night."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jean Bi\u00e8s", "paragraph_text": "Jean Bi\u00e8s (1933 \u2013 11 January 2014) was a French philosopher and author. He is the recipient of the High Prize of the Society of French Poets (1970), Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor (1997), and a prolific modern proponent of the Traditionalist School. His works deal with the union of Eastern and Western philosophy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The inventor Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825, and then developed the process with Louis Daguerre. The work of \u00c9tienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eug\u00e8ne Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'h\u00f4tel de ville has became iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, and others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Cartier-Bresson. Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Ch\u00e9ret, Eug\u00e8ne Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Gavarni, and Alphonse Mucha."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Colgate Comedy Hour", "paragraph_text": "The Colgate Comedy Hour was an American comedy-musical variety series that aired live on the NBC network from 1950 to 1955. The show featured many notable comedians and entertainers of the era as guest stars."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Man of the Hour", "paragraph_text": "The Man of the Hour (French: L'homme du jour) is a 1937 French musical film directed by Julien Duvivier and starring Maurice Chevalier, Elvire Popesco and Josette Day. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jacques Krauss. An ordinary man saves the life of a great actress by giving blood, and she in turns decides to promote him as a singing star."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Austin John Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Austin John Marshall (30 March 1937 \u2013 3 November 2013) was an English record producer, songwriter, poet and graphic artist, most notable for his work in developing folk music in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s. Writer Karl Dallas described him as \"one of the great unsung pioneers of contemporary British folk song\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Robert Hanbury Brown", "paragraph_text": "Robert Hanbury Brown, AC FRS (31 August 1916 \u2013 16 January 2002) was a British astronomer and physicist born in Aruvankadu, India. He made notable contributions to the development of radar and later conducted pioneering work in the field of radio astronomy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eight-hour day", "paragraph_text": "Robert Owen had raised the demand for a ten - hour day in 1810, and instituted it in his socialist enterprise at New Lanark. By 1817 he had formulated the goal of the eight - hour day and coined the slogan: ``Eight hours' labour, Eight hours' recreation, Eight hours' rest ''. Women and children in England were granted the ten - hour day in 1847. French workers won the 12 - hour day after the February Revolution of 1848. A shorter working day and improved working conditions were part of the general protests and agitation for Chartist reforms and the early organisation of trade unions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Asima Chatterjee", "paragraph_text": "Asima Chatterjee (23 September 1917 \u2013 22 November 2006) was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Michel Chevalier", "paragraph_text": "Michel Chevalier (; 13 January 1806 \u2013 18 November 1879) was a French engineer, statesman, economist and free market liberal."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "L'h\u00f4tellerie portugaise", "paragraph_text": "L'H\u00f4tellerie portugaise is an \"op\u00e9ra comique\" in 1 act by composer Luigi Cherubini. The opera uses a French language libretto by \u00c9tienne Aignan. The work premiered on 25 July 1798 in Paris at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Feydeau."}], "question": "What is the notable work of the person who developed Hours of Etienne Chevalier?"}
{"id": "2hop__150607_727919", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pietro Longhi", "paragraph_text": "Pietro Longhi was born in Venice in the parish of Saint Maria, first child of the silversmith Alessandro Falca and his wife, Antonia. He adopted the Longhi last name when he began to paint. He was initially taught by the Veronese painter Antonio Balestra, who then recommended the young painter to apprentice with the Bolognese Giuseppe Maria Crespi, who was highly regarded in his day for both religious and genre painting and was influenced by the work of Dutch painters. Longhi returned to Venice before 1732. He was married in 1732 to Caterina Maria Rizzi, by whom he had eleven children (only three of which reached the age of maturity)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Petrus Franciscus Greive", "paragraph_text": "Petrus Franciscus Greive (25 March 1811 in Amsterdam \u2013 4 November 1872 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch painter and lithographer."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bentvueghels", "paragraph_text": "The Bentvueghels (Dutch for \"Birds of a Feather\") were a society of mostly Dutch and Flemish artists active in Rome from about 1620 to 1720. They are also known as the Schildersbent (\"painters' clique\")."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Two Women Beside a Linen Chest, with a Child", "paragraph_text": "Two Women Beside a Linen Chest, with a Child (c. 1663) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Amsterdam Museum, on loan to the Rijksmuseum."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Group portrait of an unknown family or company", "paragraph_text": "Group portrait of an unknown family or company (1658\u20131660) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gerrit de Hooch", "paragraph_text": "Gerrit de Hooch was a 17th-century Dutch painter of italianate landscapes, who lived and worked in The Hague (the Netherlands)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Reinier Nooms", "paragraph_text": "Reinier Nooms (c. 1623 \u2013 1664), also known as Zeeman (Dutch for \"sailor\"), was a Dutch maritime painter known for his highly detailed paintings and etchings of ships."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gerard ter Borch", "paragraph_text": "Gerard ter Borch (; December 1617 \u2013 8 December 1681), also known as Gerard Terburg (), was an influential and pioneering Dutch genre painter who lived in the Dutch Golden Age. He influenced fellow Dutch painters Gabriel Metsu, Gerrit Dou, Eglon van der Neer and Johannes Vermeer. According to Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., Ter Borch \u201cestablished a new framework for subject matter, taking people into the sanctum of the home\u201d, showing the figures\u2019 uncertainties and expertly hinting at their inner lives. His influence as a painter, however, was later surpassed by Vermeer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Great Theatre of Dutch Painters", "paragraph_text": "The Great Theatre of Dutch Painters, or \"De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen\", as it was originally known in Dutch, is a series of artist biographies with engraved portraits written by the 18th-century painter Arnold Houbraken. It was published in three volumes as a sequel to Karel van Mander's own list of biographies known as the \"Schilder-boeck\". The first volume appeared in 1718, and was followed by the second volume in 1719, the year Houbraken died. The third and last volume was published posthumously by Houbraken's wife and children in 1721. This work is considered to be a very important source of information on 17th-century artists of the Netherlands. The \"Schouburg\" is listed as one of the 1000 most important works in the Canon of Dutch Literature from the Middle Ages to today."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jacobus Cornelis Gaal", "paragraph_text": "Jacobus Cornelis Gaal (September 5, 1796 in Oost-Souburg \u2013 December 20, 1866 in Kampen) was a Dutch painter and etcher."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid", "paragraph_text": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid (1665-1668) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Amsterdam Museum."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Laughing Fisherboy", "paragraph_text": "Laughing Fisherboy is a painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals, painted in 1628 and now in Westphalia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A Dutch Courtyard", "paragraph_text": "A Dutch Courtyard (1658\u20131660) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the National Gallery of Art."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "De Stijl", "paragraph_text": "\"De Stijl\" is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg that served to propagate the group's theories. Along with van Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Husz\u00e1r, Bart van der Leck, and the architects Gerrit Rietveld, Robert van 't Hoff, and J. J. P. Oud. The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group's work is known as \"Neoplasticism\"\u2014the new plastic art (or \"Nieuwe Beelding\" in Dutch)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Lives of Dutch painters and paintresses", "paragraph_text": "The Lives of Dutch painters and paintresses, or \"De levens-beschryvingen der Nederlandsche konst-schilders en konst-schilderessen\", as it was originally known in Dutch, is a series of artist biographies with engraved portraits written by the 18th-century painter Jacob Campo Weyerman. It was published in four volumes as a sequel to Arnold Houbraken's own list of biographies known as the Schouburgh. The first volume appeared in 1729, and the last volume was published in 1769. This work is considered to be a very important source of information on 17th-century artists of the Netherlands, specifically those artists who worked in The Hague and in London."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "A Waterfall in a Rocky Landscape", "paragraph_text": "A Waterfall in a Rocky Landscape (c. 1660s) is an oil painting on canvas by the Dutch landscape painter Jacob van Ruisdael."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Company in a courtyard behind a house", "paragraph_text": "Company in a courtyard behind a house (1663-1665) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Amsterdam Museum, on loan to the Rijksmuseum."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Young woman with a letter and a messenger in an interior", "paragraph_text": "Young woman with a letter and a messenger in an interior (1670) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Rijksmuseum."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Laughing Boy with Flute", "paragraph_text": "Laughing Boy with a Flute is a painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals, painted in the early 1620s."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jacobus Houbraken", "paragraph_text": "Jacobus Houbraken (25 December 1698 \u2013 14 November 1780) was a Dutch engraver and the son of the artist and biographer Arnold Houbraken (1660\u20131719), whom he assisted in producing a published record of the lives of artists from the Dutch Golden Age."}], "question": "Whose father authored The Great Theatre of Dutch Painters?"}
{"id": "2hop__409184_827338", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Richland-Chambers Reservoir", "paragraph_text": "Richland-Chambers Reservoir is the third largest inland reservoir by surface area and the 8th largest reservoir by water volume in Texas formed by the impoundment of Richland Creek and Chambers Creek east-southeast of the town of Corsicana and south of Kerens, in Navarro County and Freestone County, Texas, USA. It has of shoreline and is \"Y\" shaped with the dam on the eastern end of the lake."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fairfield, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Fairfield is a city in Freestone County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,951 at the 2010 census, down from 3,094 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Freestone County and was founded as such in 1851."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fairfield Industrial Dog Object", "paragraph_text": "The Fairfield Industrial Dog Object (FIDO) is a huge sculpture in hardwood of a canine in the inner northern Melbourne suburb of Fairfield, Victoria, Australia. It was part of the Darebin City Council's Public Art Program, and is located beside the Fairfield railway station."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zenith, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Zenith is an unincorporated community in Orchard Township, Wayne County, Illinois, United States. Zenith is located on County Route 18 northwest of Fairfield."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fairfield, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Fairfield is a town in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,023 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Greens Corners is located in the town."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}], "question": "What shares a border with the administrative territorial entity that Fairfield is located in?"}
{"id": "2hop__333793_258434", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Charlotte Brooke", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte Brooke, (c. 1740 \u2013 1793), born in Rantavan, beside Mullagh in County Cavan, Ireland, was the author of \"Reliques of Irish Poetry\", a pioneering volume of poems collected by her in the Irish language, with facing translations. She was one of twenty-two children fathered by the writer Henry Brooke, author of \"Gustavus Vasa\"; only she (and perhaps one other sibling) survived childhood."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yorkshire Terrier", "paragraph_text": "Yorkshire Terrier Common nicknames Yorkie Origin England hide Traits Life span 13 to 16 years hide Classification / standards FCI Group 3, Section 4 Toy Terriers # 86 standard AKC Toy Group standard ANKC Group 1 (Toys) standard CKC Group V, Toys standard KC (UK) Toy Group standard NZKC Toy Group standard UKC Companion Breeds Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mr. Potato Head", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Potato Head is an American toy consisting of a plastic model of a potato which can be decorated with a variety of plastic parts that can attach to the main body. These parts usually include ears, eyes, shoes, a hat, a nose, and a mouth. The toy was invented and developed by George Lerner in 1949, and first manufactured and distributed by Hasbro in 1952. Mr. Potato Head was the first toy advertised on television and has remained in production since its debut. The toy was originally produced as separate plastic parts with pushpins that could be stuck into a real potato or other vegetable. However, due to complaints regarding rotting vegetables and new government safety regulations, Hasbro began including a plastic potato body within the toy set in 1964."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Toys \"R\" Us", "paragraph_text": "Charles P. Lazarus founded Children's Supermart (which would evolve into Toys ``R ''Us) in Washington, D.C., during the post-war baby boom era in April 1948 as a baby - furniture retailer. Lazarus, who served in the Army during World War II, opened the first store at 2461 18th St. NW, where the nightclub Madam's Organ Blues Bar is. He began receiving requests from customers for baby toys. After adding baby toys, he got requests for toys for older children. The focus of the store changed in June 1957, and the first Toys`` R'' Us, dedicated exclusively to toys rather than furniture, was opened by Lazarus in Rockville, Maryland. Lazarus also designed and stylized the Toys ``R ''Us logo, which featured a backwards`` R'' to give the impression that a child wrote it. It was acquired in 1966 by Interstate Department Stores, Inc., owner of the White Front, Topps Chains and Children's Bargain Town USA, a toy - store chain related to Toys ``R ''Us in the American Midwest that would later be combined with the rest of the Toys`` R'' Us chain. The original Toys ``R ''Us store design from 1969 to 1989 consisted of vertical rainbow stripes and a brown roof with a front entrance and side exit."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James Gunn's PG Porn", "paragraph_text": "James Gunn's PG Porn is a web series created by brothers James Gunn, Brian Gunn, and Sean Gunn. It consists of a series of pornography spoofs, with a humorous event occurring just before the supposed commencement of pornographic sexual acts. Each episode pairs a mainstream actor with a pornographic actress or model. The tagline is, \"For people who love everything about Porn...except the sex.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Collector (2009 film)", "paragraph_text": "However, the Collector uses Larry as a decoy, so the trap kills Larry instead. Arkin then sends Hannah down a laundry chute to the basement where she hides. Before Arkin can go down the chute, the Collector attacks and knocks out Arkin. The Collector then takes Arkin captive and brutally tortures him. A police officer responding to Jill's 911 call tries to arrest the Collector and is killed by the Collector's dog, but manages to call for backup before dying. The distraction gives Arkin time to free himself, but he discovers Victoria dead and armed explosives in the basement. After killing the Collector's dog with a flaming bucket and trapping the Collector in one of his own traps, Arkin finally escapes with Hannah. Arkin, seeing several approaching police cars, runs into the road to get their attention but is accidentally hit by one of the cars. While lying injured in the road he sees Hannah being scooped to safety by one of the policeman. An injured Arkin tells a police officer that the Collector was an exterminator also working at the Chase house. The explosives promptly detonate and destroy the house, but the Collector is seen running away from the house unharmed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher", "paragraph_text": "Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher (2 August 1799 Dillenburg, Hessen, Germany \u2013 13 December 1858 Cape Town), was a botanical and insect collector who collected extensively in South Africa. He was the author, with Christian Friedrich Ecklon, of \"Enumeratio Plantarum Africae Australis\" (1835-7), a descriptive catalogue of South African plants."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Toni Hill", "paragraph_text": "Toni Hill is a Spanish author. His first novel, \"El verano de los juguetes muertos\" (\"The summer of the dead toys\"), has had a great success and it has received many excellent reviews."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wayte Raymond", "paragraph_text": "Wayte Raymond (1886\u20131956) was a numismatist from the United States. He authored several numismatic books and catalogs and his \"Standard Catalog\" was considered the premier coin guide of its time. He was inducted into the Numismatic Hall of Fame in 1969. He is perhaps best known for his \"boards\" or albums designed to hold sets of coin series; for example, collectors could store the complete run of Flying Eagle and Indian Cent regular issues in a single cardboard page with sliding plastic windows containing 70 slots for each date 1857\u20131909 and a couple notable varieties, such as the 1858 large- and small-letter varieties. These are the inception of millions of albums produced today for collectors."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kristiana Gregory", "paragraph_text": "Gregory grew up in a small town by the sea near Los Angeles with her parents and two younger siblings. Gregory is a popular author of children's historical fiction, including several for the Dear America and Royal Diaries series. She lives in Idaho with her husband near her grown children."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "The seventh season of the animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, developed by Lauren Faust, is currently airing on the Discovery Family channel in the United States. The series is based on Hasbro's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation, or ``G4 '', of the My Little Pony franchise. Season 7 of the series premiered on April 15, 2017 on Discovery Family, an American pay television channel partly owned by Hasbro."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jacek i Agatka", "paragraph_text": "Jacek i Agatka (\"Jacek and Agatka\") is a Polish television program created by writer Wanda Chotomska for Telewizja Polska's children's television block Dobranocka. It was the first Polish television show intended for bedtime. Featuring finger puppetry, the show centers on the young siblings Jacek and Agatka who explore children's topics and curiously crafted ideas. The program aired at 19:20 CET three times a week between 2 October 1962 and 1973 and was merchandised on bathing products and toys."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hagerty Insurance Agency", "paragraph_text": "Hagerty Insurance Agency, styled just Hagerty, is an insurance company specializing in classic car insurance based in Traverse City, Michigan, in the United States. The company is the leading insurance agency for collector vehicles in the world and host to the largest network of collector car owners. They have also been recognized as \"largest insurance agency for collector cars in the United States.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Transistor", "paragraph_text": "BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor\u2014an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n\u2013p\u2013n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter\u2013base junction is forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction) base\u2013collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately \u03b2 (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel", "paragraph_text": "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Blenheim Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Origin United Kingdom hide Traits Weight 13 -- 18 lb (5.9 -- 8.2 kg) Height 12 -- 13 inches (30 -- 33 cm) Colour Blenheim, Black and Tan, Ruby, and Tri-Colour Life span Average 9 to 14 years hide Classification / standards FCI Group 9, Section 7 English Toy Spaniels # 136 standard AKC Toy standard ANKC Group 1 (Toys) standard CKC Group 5 -- Toys standard KC (UK) Toy standard NZKC Toy standard UKC Companion Breeds standard Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Toy Collector", "paragraph_text": "The Toy Collector is a novel written by James Gunn, published by Bloomsbury Publishing in 2000. It is the story of a hospital orderly who steals drugs from the hospital which he sells to help keep his toy collection habit alive."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pugsley Addams", "paragraph_text": "In the American television series, Pugsley is played by child actor Ken Weatherwax. This incarnation of the character is more jovial and inventive; he displays outlandish engineering skills, including the invention of a disintegrator gun, an anti-gravity gun, and other devices. He and Gomez created a computer named Whizzo and a robot named Smiley (played by Robby the Robot). Pugsley and his younger sister Wednesday often play together, rarely exhibiting signs of sibling rivalry; they share an interest in spiders, dynamite, guillotines, and other dangerous ``toys. ''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "You've Got a Friend in Me", "paragraph_text": "``You've Got a Friend in Me ''is a song written and first recorded by Randy Newman. Originally written as the theme song for the 1995 Disney / Pixar animated film Toy Story, it has since become a major musical component for its sequels, Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole Toy Story franchise. The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but lost both to`` Colors of the Wind'' from Disney's Pocahontas."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dan Fellows Platt", "paragraph_text": "Dan Fellows Platt (June 10, 1873 \u2013 December 16, 1937) was an archeologist, author, art collector and the Mayor of Englewood, New Jersey from 1904 to 1905."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Toy Story 2", "paragraph_text": "Toy Story 2 is a 1999 American computer - animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by John Lasseter and co-directed by Lee Unkrich and Ash Brannon, it is the sequel to 1995's Toy Story. In the film, Woody is stolen by a toy collector, prompting Buzz Lightyear and his friends to vow to rescue him, but Woody is then tempted by the idea of immortality in a museum. Many of the original characters and voices from Toy Story return for this sequel, and several new characters -- including Jessie (voiced by Joan Cusack), Barbie (voiced by Jodi Benson), Stinky Pete (voiced by Kelsey Grammer) and Mrs. Potato Head (voiced by Estelle Harris) -- are introduced."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the author of The Toy Collector?"}
{"id": "2hop__127978_705427", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs. For the 2009\u201310 season, average attendances across the league clubs were 34,215 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,001,616. This represents an increase of 13,089 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league's first season (1992\u201393). However, during the 1992\u201393 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report's 1994\u201395 deadline for all-seater stadiums. The Premier League's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007\u201308 season. This record was then beaten in the 2013\u201314 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million, the highest average in England's top flight since 1950."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fatorda Stadium", "paragraph_text": "In 2006, before the 2007\u201308 I-League, all four Goan clubs (Dempo S.C., Churchill Brothers S.C., Salgaocar S.C., and Sporting Clube de Goa) announced that The Fatorda would be used as the home for all four teams' I-League matches. In 2014 Indian Super League club FC Goa announced it as their home ground."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Whitefield Park", "paragraph_text": "Whitefield Park was a football ground in Cambuslang, Scotland. It was the home ground of Cambuslang F.C. between 1888 and 1897, including their two seasons in the Scottish Football League."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2001 Kazakhstan Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 Kazakhstan Premier League was the 10th season of the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan, and took place between 28 April and 22 October."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gr\u00e9gory Mounis", "paragraph_text": "Gr\u00e9gory Mounis (born January 18, 1985 in Perpignan, France) is a professional rugby league footballer for Catalans Dragons in the Super League competition. Equally comfortable at second-row or at loose-forward, Mounis became the first French captain of Catalans in 2007 and featured in every Super League season for the club between 2006 and 2016, having made his debut in the club's inaugural Super League match against Wigan in 2006."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2008 Triglav Trophy", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 Triglav Trophy was the Triglav Trophy figure skating competition of the 2007\u201308 figure skating season. The competition is always held annually in the spring in Jesenice, Slovenia. Due to its timing, the Triglav Trophy is usually the last or one of the last International Skating Union-sanctioned international competitions of the season."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1929\u201330 Northern Football League", "paragraph_text": "The 1929\u201330 Northern Football League season was the 37th in the history of the Northern Football League, a football competition in Northern England."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Premier League records and statistics", "paragraph_text": "Most points in a season: 95, Chelsea (2004 -- 05) Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007 -- 08) Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011 -- 12) Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996 -- 97) Most points in a season while being relegated: 42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992 -- 93) 38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002 -- 03) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004 -- 05)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2008\u201309 Omani League", "paragraph_text": "The 2008\u201309 Omani League was the 33rd edition of the top football league in Oman. It began on 23 October 2008 and finished on 27 May 2009. Al-Oruba SC were the defending champions, having won the previous 2007\u201308 Omani League season. On Wednesday, 27 May 2009, Al-Nahda Club lost 1-0 away in their final league match against Sur SC and emerged as the champions of the 2008\u201309 Omani League with a total of 45 points."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1904\u201305 Northern Football League", "paragraph_text": "The 1904\u201305 Northern Football League season was the sixteenth in the history of the Northern Football League, a football competition in Northern England."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007\u201308 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over \u00a360,000 in prize money."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2007\u201308 Liga II", "paragraph_text": "The 2007\u201308 Liga II was the 68th season of Liga II, the second tier of the Romanian football league system. It was the second in the new format (two series of 18 teams each). The season began on 25 August 2007 and lasted until 24 May 2008."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2007\u201308 Northern Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The 2007\u201308 is the 40th season for the Northern Premier League Premier Division, and the first season for the Northern Premier League Division One North and South."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kidsgrove Athletic F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Kidsgrove Athletic F.C. is an English football club based in Kidsgrove, Staffordshire, England currently playing in the Northern Premier League Division One South East. The team, nicknamed \"The Grove\", play their home games at Hollinwood Road."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2007\u201308 Czech Extraliga season", "paragraph_text": "The 2007\u201308 Czech Extraliga season was the 15th season of the Czech Extraliga since its creation after the breakup of Czechoslovakia and the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League in 1993."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Billy Hogg (Scottish footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Hogg began his career in his native Scotland, seeing time in nine league games for Dundee United F.C. during the 1921\u20131922 Scottish league season. In the fall of 1923, he signed with the Brooklyn Wanderers of the American Soccer League. He played only one league game, scoring a goal, that season. Over the next two seasons, he became a regular on the Brooklyn front line, scoring twelve goals during the 1923\u201324 season. This put him ninth on the league scoring list. Although he scored fourteen goals the next season, he was only sixteenth on the list as scoring across the league exploded. Despite his success, the Wanderers sent him to Providence F.C. seven games into the 1925\u20131926 season. In 1926, he moved to Philadelphia Field Club. In August 1927, Hogg moved to the Newark Skeeters, but transferred to the New York Giants after fifteen games. During the 1928\u20131929 season, the Giants left the American Soccer League during the Soccer War and moved to the Eastern Professional Soccer League. Hogg played most of the season with Giants, but finished it with a single game, again scoring a lone goal, with the Brooklyn Wanderers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "30 June Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The 30 June Stadium is a stadium used mostly for football matches and also sometimes for athletics located in Cairo. It was built by the Egyptian Air Defense Forces. The stadium is the main venue of the Air Defense Sport Village. The stadium has a capacity of 30,000 and it is one of the venues of the Egyptian Premier League. It is the home ground of the Egyptian Premier League side Pyramids F.C."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sky UK", "paragraph_text": "Following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007\u201308 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for \u00a31.3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid \u00a34.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016. This represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be \u00a31bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices (including 9% in Sky's family package) and the dropping of the 3D channel."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years. In the 2004\u201305 season, 660 clubs entered the competition, beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921\u201322 season. In 2005\u201306 this increased to 674 entrants, in 2006\u201307 to 687, in 2007\u201308 to 731 clubs, and for the 2008\u201309 and 2009\u201310 competitions it reached 762. The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then, with 759 clubs participating in 2010\u201311, a record 763 in 2011\u201312, 758 for 2012\u201313, 737 for 2013\u201314 and 736 for 2014\u201315. By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ngoy Bomboko", "paragraph_text": "Ngoy Bomboko joined Azerbaijani Premier League side Gabala FC on loan for the first half of the 2007-08 season, scoring 4 goals in 11 appearances."}], "question": "What is the sports season of league or competition of the 2007-2008 league which includes Kidsgrove Athletic F.C.?"}
{"id": "2hop__36784_768699", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lista Point", "paragraph_text": "Lista Point is the point on the northwest coast of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica formed by an offshoot of Riggs Peak. Maglizh Rocks are situated off the point. The feature's name is given by Argentina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "London Cage", "paragraph_text": "Other war criminals passing through the London Cage after the war included Sepp Dietrich, an SS general accused but never prosecuted for the murder of British prisoners in 1940. Alexander Scotland participated in the investigation of the SS and Gestapo men who murdered 50 escaped prisoners from Stalag Luft III in 1944, in the aftermath of what became known as the \"Great Escape\". The London Cage closed in 1948."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Gullet", "paragraph_text": "The Gullet is a narrow channel between the eastern extremity of Adelaide Island and the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica, separating Hansen Island and Day Island and connecting the heads of Hanusse Bay and Laubeuf Fjord. This area was first explored in 1909 by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot who, though uncertain of the existence of the channel, sketched its probable position on the charts of the expedition. The channel was first visited and roughly surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill. It was resurveyed and given this descriptive name in 1948 by members of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bethulie", "paragraph_text": "Bethulie is a small sheep and cattle farming town in the Free State province of South Africa. The name meaning \"chosen by God\" was given by directors of a mission station in 1829 which the town formed around. The mission building is the oldest settler built building still standing in the Free State. The town was also home to one of the largest concentration camps run by the British during the Boer War."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Theodore Roosevelt Island", "paragraph_text": "Theodore Roosevelt Island is an island and national memorial located in the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. The island was given to the Federal government by the Theodore Roosevelt Association in memory of the 26th president, Theodore Roosevelt. Until then, the island had been known as My Lord's Island, Barbadoes Island, Mason's Island, Analostan Island, and Anacostine Island."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Director", "paragraph_text": "The Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Director is an annual film award given by the Online Film Critics Society to honor the best director of the year."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Moss Islands", "paragraph_text": "The Moss Islands are a group of small islands and rocks lying east of Midas Island and north of Ap\u00e9ndice Island in Hughes Bay, off the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. They were first charted in detail and given the descriptive name \"Moos Inseln\" (Moss Islands) by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenski\u00f6ld in 1902."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Villagra Point", "paragraph_text": "Villagra Point is the point on the northwest coast of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica forming the south side of the entrance to Bourchier Cove. The feature's name is given by Argentina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "James Dearden", "paragraph_text": "James Dearden (born 14 September 1949) is an English film director and screenwriter, the son of Scottish actress Melissa Stribling and acclaimed English film maker Basil Dearden. He directed seven films between 1977 and 1999. His film \"Pascali's Island\" was entered into the 1988 Cannes Film Festival. Dearden is married to British actress Annabel Brooks."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hurricane Irma", "paragraph_text": "Given that Irma's forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico and parts of Hispaniola on September 5."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Leterrier", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Leterrier, born 26 May 1929 in Margny-l\u00e8s-Compi\u00e8gne, is a French film director and actor. He entered the film industry when he was cast in Robert Bresson's film \"A Man Escaped\". After this he went on to become a director himself."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Escape from Broadmoor", "paragraph_text": "Escape from Broadmoor is a 1948 British short film featuring John Le Mesurier, in one of his earliest screen appearances. He plays Pendicost, a man escaped from an asylum, who police are hunting down. The title is a reference to Broadmoor high-security psychiatric hospital in Crowthorne, Berkshire. It was the last film appearance of Victoria Hopper who had been a prominent leading lady in the 1930s."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Everything Is Thunder", "paragraph_text": "Everything Is Thunder is a 1936 British thriller film directed by Milton Rosmer and starring Constance Bennett, Douglass Montgomery and Oskar Homolka. Its plot concerns a British officer who attempts to escape from a German Prisoner of War camp during the First World War."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Monsieur N.", "paragraph_text": "Monsieur N. is a 2003 British-French film directed by Antoine de Caunes. It tells the story of the last years of the life of the Emperor Napol\u00e9on (played by Philippe Torreton), who was imprisoned by the British on St Helena. Napol\u00e9on retained a loyal entourage of officers who helped him plot his escape, and evaded the attentions of Major-General Sir Hudson Lowe (Richard E. Grant), the island's overzealous Governor."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Escape from Hong Kong Island", "paragraph_text": "Escape from Hong Kong Island (\u58a8\u6597\u5148\u751f) is a 2004 black comedy film made in Hong Kong, directed by Simon Lui, and starring Jordan Chan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground battles. The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive, humiliating blow to China. The Treaty of Nanjing, the first of the unequal treaties, demanded war reparations, forced China to open up the five ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai to western trade and missionaries, and to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain. It revealed many inadequacies in the Qing government and provoked widespread rebellions against the already hugely unpopular regime."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "David (1979 film)", "paragraph_text": "David is a 1979 West German film by director Peter Lilienthal. It tells the story of a rabbi's son in Germany during the Holocaust, who tries to raise money to escape to Mandate Palestine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Great Escape (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Escape is a 1963 American World War II epic film based on an escape by British Commonwealth prisoners of war from a German POW camp during World War II, starring Steve McQueen, James Garner, and Richard Attenborough, filmed in Panavision."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kaname Island", "paragraph_text": "Kaname Island is a small, isolated island which lies about northwest of Padda Island in L\u00fctzow-Holm Bay, Antarctica. The island was discovered by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) during helicopter reconnaissance flights from East Ongul Island in the 1969\u201370 season. The name \"Kaname-jima\" (chief or important island) was given by JARE Headquarters in 1972."}], "question": "Who is the director of the movie Escape from the island given to the British?"}
{"id": "2hop__8231_686385", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fountain of the Mermaid of Lleida", "paragraph_text": "The Fountain of the Mermaid of Lleida is a fountain located in the Parc des Champs Elysees in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. It features a mermaid holding in a hand a conch, which released the water. The fountain is surrounded by a garden."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chris Fountain", "paragraph_text": "Fountain was a runner up in the third series of ITV show Dancing on Ice, in which he was partnered with skater Frankie Poultney. He also won the Dancing on Ice Tour 2008 with 24 wins and went home with the Dancing on Ice Tour Winners Trophy for winning the most shows. Second place went to Suzanne Shaw with eleven wins and third place went to Kyran Bracken with nine wins."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fountain Hills, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Fountain Hills is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. Known for its impressive fountain, once the tallest in the world, it borders on the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Salt River Pima - Maricopa Indian Community, and Scottsdale, Arizona. The population is 22,489, as of the 2010 census. Between the 1990 and 2000 censuses it was the eighth - fastest - growing place among cities and towns in Arizona."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and K\u00e4figturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are eleven 16th century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fontanet, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Fontanet (also Fountain, Fountain Station, or Hunter) is an unincorporated census-designated place in central Nevins Township, Vigo County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. It lies along Baldwin St., northeast of the city of Terre Haute, the county seat of Vigo County. Its elevation is 614\u00a0feet (187\u00a0m), and it is located at (39.5761500, \u221287.2436276). Although Fontanet is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP Code of 47851."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Another source of loanwords was Old Norse, which came into contact with Old English via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw from the late 9th century, and during the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the early 11th century. Many place-names in eastern and northern England are of Scandinavian origin. Norse borrowings are relatively rare in Old English literature, being mostly terms relating to government and administration. The literary standard, however, was based on the West Saxon dialect, away from the main area of Scandinavian influence; the impact of Norse may have been greater in the eastern and northern dialects. Certainly in Middle English texts, which are more often based on eastern dialects, a strong Norse influence becomes apparent. Modern English contains a great many, often everyday, words that were borrowed from Old Norse, and the grammatical simplification that occurred after the Old English period is also often attributed to Norse influence."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fontana delle Tartarughe", "paragraph_text": "The Fontana delle Tartarughe (The Turtle Fountain) is a fountain of the late Italian Renaissance, located in Piazza Mattei, in the Sant'Angelo district of Rome, Italy. It was built between 1580 and 1588 by the architect Giacomo della Porta and the sculptor Taddeo Landini. The bronze turtles around the upper basin, usually attributed either to Gian Lorenzo Bernini or Andrea Sacchi, were added in either 1658 or 1659 when the fountain was restored."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Trevi Fountain", "paragraph_text": "An estimated 3,000 Euros are thrown into the fountain each day. In 2016, an estimated US $1.5 million was thrown into the fountain. The money has been used to subsidise a supermarket for Rome's needy; however, there are regular attempts to steal coins from the fountain although it is illegal to do so."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "L\u00e4uferbrunnen", "paragraph_text": "The L\u00e4uferbrunnen (Runner Fountain) is a fountain on L\u00e4uferplatz in the Old City of Bern, Switzerland. It is a Swiss Cultural Property of National Significance and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Trevi Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Trevi Fountain () is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing high and wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and the most famous fountain in the world. The fountain has appeared in several notable films, including \"Roman Holiday\", Federico Fellini's \"La Dolce Vita\", the eponymous \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"The Lizzie McGuire Movie\", and \"Sabrina Goes to Rome\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Column of the Goddess", "paragraph_text": "The Column of the Goddess is the popular name given by the citizens of Lille (France) to the Memorial of the Siege of 1792. The memorial is still in the center of the \"Grand\u2032 Place\" (central square) of Lille, and has been surrounded by a fountain since around 1990."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fountain for Company H", "paragraph_text": "Fountain for Company H, also known as the Second Oregon Company Volunteers Fountain, is an outdoor limestone fountain and war memorial designed by John H. Beaver, located in the Plaza Blocks in downtown Portland, Oregon, in the United States. Dedicated to the men of Company H of the 2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment killed in service in the Philippine\u2013American War, it was installed in Lownsdale Square in 1914."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fountain Prairie, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Fountain Prairie is a town in Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 810 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Englewood is located in the town."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "South Valley, New York", "paragraph_text": "South Valley is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 264 at the 2010 census. The name is from the town's geographical attributes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Barnabas", "paragraph_text": "Although the date, place, and circumstances of his death are historically unverifiable, Christian tradition holds that Barnabas was martyred at Salamis, Cyprus, in 61 AD. He is traditionally identified as the founder of the Cypriot Orthodox Church. The feast day of Barnabas is celebrated on June 11."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Place Beno\u00eet-Cr\u00e9pu", "paragraph_text": "The Place Beno\u00eet-Cr\u00e9pu is a stone-paved square, located in Saint-Georges quarter, on the banks of the Sa\u00f4ne (Vieux Lyon), in the 5th arrondissement of Lyon. It has fountains with dolphin heads, many benches and trees and a playground. The place belongs to the area classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hans Gieng", "paragraph_text": "Hans Gieng (first mentioned 1525 \u2013 died 1562) was a Swiss Renaissance sculptor best known for his public fountain figures in the Old Town of Bern as well as Fribourg."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "U Flek\u016f", "paragraph_text": "U Flek\u016f is a pub and microbrewery in Prague, Czech Republic. It occupies buildings around a central courtyard at K\u0159emencova 11 in New Town, (Praha 1), not far from the National Theatre. The front facade of the building has an old, highly decorated clock above its door."}], "question": "What is the place of death of the person that the 11 fountains in Old Town are attributed to?"}
{"id": "2hop__464212_696787", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lee Perry (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Lee B. Perry (born August 10, 1966 in Brigham City, Utah) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Utah House of Representatives representing District 29 since January 1, 2013."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Perry Township, Vanderburgh County, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Perry Township is one of eight townships in Vanderburgh County, Indiana, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 25,092 and it contained 10,678 housing units. The University of Southern Indiana Campus is located in Perry Township."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Perry Lake Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Perry Lake Township is a township located in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 237 at the 2000 census. This township took its name from Perry Lake."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ethan Higbee", "paragraph_text": "Ethan Higbee (also known as nahte) is an American filmmaker, music producer and gallerist living in Ojai, California. He is most known for his films Red Apples Falling and The Upsetter, a documentary about Lee Scratch Perry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William Perry (American football)", "paragraph_text": "William Perry No. 72, 90, 95 Position: Defensive tackle, fullback Date of birth: (1962 - 12 - 16) December 16, 1962 (age 54) Place of birth: Aiken, South Carolina Height: 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Weight: 350 lb (159 kg) Career information High school: Aiken (SC) College: Clemson NFL Draft: 1985 / Round: 1 / Pick: 22 Career history Chicago Bears (1985 -- 1993) Philadelphia Eagles (1993 -- 1994) London Monarchs (1996) Career highlights and awards Inducted to the (WWE) Hall of Fame (2006) Super Bowl champion (XX) Consensus All - American (1983) Career NFL statistics Sacks: 29.5 Games: 138 Offensive TDs: 3 Player stats at NFL.com"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brigham City, Utah", "paragraph_text": "Brigham City is a city in Box Elder County, Utah, United States. The population was 17,899 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Box Elder County. It lies on the western slope of the Wellsville Mountains, a branch of the Wasatch Range at the western terminus of Box Elder Canyon. Brigham City saw most of its growth during the 1950s and 1960s, but has seen a struggling economy and stagnating growth since then. It is near the headquarters of ATK Thiokol, the company that created the solid rocket boosters for the Space Shuttle."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Natural Dam, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Natural Dam is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States. Natural Dam is located on Arkansas Highway 59, north-northwest of Cedarville. Natural Dam has a post office with ZIP code 72948. Lee Creek Bridge, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in the community."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Lee County, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lee County, Alabama, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a Google map."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}], "question": "What county was Lee Perry born in?"}
{"id": "2hop__628193_30118", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 \u2013 March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a \"greater confusion of purpose\", yet led to a war noted for its \"notoriously incompetent international butchery.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446\u20131453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853\u20131856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia, both in Northern Greece, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, Constantinople. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied Yemen and Algeria, frequently as provincial governors."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and successive Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence from the Russian empire, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989\u20131991."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Boian culture", "paragraph_text": "The Boian culture (dated to 4300\u20133500 BC), also known as the Giule\u015fti\u2013Mari\u0163a culture or Mari\u0163a culture, is a Neolithic archaeological culture of Southeast Europe. It is primarily found along the lower course of the Danube in what is now Romania and Bulgaria, and thus may be considered a Danubian culture."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tea in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Since the eighteenth century, the United Kingdom has been one of the world's greatest tea consumers, with an average annual per capita tea supply of 1.9 kg (4.18 lbs). The British Empire was instrumental in spreading tea from China to India; British interests controlled tea production in the subcontinent. Tea, which was an upper - class drink in mainland Europe, became the infusion of every social class in Great Britain throughout the course of the eighteenth century and has remained so. Tea is a prominent feature of British culture and society."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Central Asia", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century as firearms allowed settled people to gain control of the region. The Russian Empire, the Qing dynasty of China, and other powers expanded into the area and seized the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union incorporated most of Central Asia; only Mongolia and Afghanistan remained nominally independent, although Mongolia existed as a Soviet satellite state and Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in the late 20th century. The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much industrialisation and construction of infrastructure, but also the suppression of local cultures and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. In the late 1820s, the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan (all of Eastern Armenia) were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran's forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay. Western Armenia however, remained in Ottoman hands."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea. The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia, the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city-state of Venice. The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe, the Ottomans, who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century. The Ottomans expanded into Europe, reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396; a great army was sent to the Balkans, where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis. Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state (as in the Byzantine Empire) had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz (reigned 1861\u20131876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to \"the Near East,\" the Ottoman Empire, and \"the Far East,\" the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greek War of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (, \"Elliniki Epanastasi\", or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the \u0391\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \"Agonas\", \"Struggle\"; Ottoman: \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \"Yunan \u0130syan\u0131\", \"Greek Uprising\"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. The Greeks were later assisted by the Russian Empire, Great Britain, and the Kingdom of France, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, the eyalets of Egypt, Algeria, and Tripolitania, and the Beylik of Tunis."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[dn 4]"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Zenta", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Zenta or Battle of Senta, fought on 11 September 1697 just south of Zenta (Serbian: Senta; then part of the Ottoman Empire; today in Serbia), on the east side of the Tisa river, was a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683\u20131699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history. In a surprise attack, Habsburg Imperial forces routed the Ottoman army which was crossing the river. At the cost of a few hundred losses, the Habsburg forces inflicted thousands of casualties on the Ottomans, dispersed the remainder and captured the Ottoman treasure. As an immediate consequence, the Ottoman Empire lost control over Banat, while in the long run, the Habsburg victory at Zenta was the last decisive step that forced the Ottoman Empire into the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), ending the Ottoman control of large parts of Central Europe."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Trade exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactures from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans."}], "question": "During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of the area where Boian culture was located?"}
{"id": "2hop__20244_494191", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lower Dauphin Street Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Lower Dauphin Street Historic District is a historic district in the city of Mobile, Alabama, United States. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 9 February 1979. The district encompasses all of Dauphin Street from Water Street to Jefferson Street. It covers and contains 736 contributing buildings. The boundaries were increased on 19 February 1982, 30 June 1995, and 14 August 1998. The buildings range in age from the 1820s to the 20th century and include the Federal, Greek Revival, Queen Anne, Italianate, and various other Victorian architectural styles."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Another One Bites the Dust", "paragraph_text": "``Another One Bites the Dust ''Single by Queen from the album The Game B - side`` Do n't Try Suicide'' (US) ``Dragon Attack ''(UK) Released 1980 Format 7``, 12'', CD, MC Genre Funk rock disco Length 3: 35 Label EMI Elektra (US) Mute (UK) Songwriter (s) John Deacon Producer (s) Queen Mack Queen singles chronology ``Play the Game ''(1980)`` Another One Bites the Dust'' (1980) ``Need Your Loving Tonight ''(1980)`` Play the Game'' (1980) ``Another One Bites The Dust ''(1980)`` Need Your Loving Tonight'' (1980)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Songs from the Movies and More", "paragraph_text": "Songs from the Movies and More is the 32nd studio album released by Irish singer Daniel O'Donnell in 2012. It contained cover versions of the singer's favourite songs from several Hollywood movies. The album helped O'Donnell make chart history in the UK by becoming the first singer to have a different album featured in the UK Top 40 each year for the last 25 years."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Natalie Horler", "paragraph_text": "Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to British parents who had moved to Germany in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her 2 siblings. Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney movies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mann Rubin", "paragraph_text": "Mann Rubin (December 11, 1927 \u2013 October 12, 2013) was an American film and television screenwriter, whose credits included \"The Best of Everything\" in 1959, \"Brainstorm\" in 1965, \"Warning Shot\" in 1967, \"The First Deadly Sin\" in 1980, and \"The Human Shield\" in 1991. He also taught screenwriting within the cinema and TV department at the University of Southern California for more than ten years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Flash Gordon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Flash Gordon is a 1980 superhero film based on the King Features comic strip of the same name created by Alex Raymond. Directed by Mike Hodges and produced by Dino De Laurentiis, the film was shot in Technicolor and Todd-AO-35. It stars Sam J. Jones, Melody Anderson, Topol, Max von Sydow, Timothy Dalton, Brian Blessed and Ornella Muti. The movie was co-written by Michael Allin (known for \"Enter the Dragon\") and Lorenzo Semple Jr. (who had previously scripted De Laurentiis's remake of \"King Kong\"). It uses a camp style similar to the 1960s TV series \"Batman\" (which Semple developed) in an attempt to appeal to fans of the original comics and serial films. Although a box office success in the United Kingdom, it performed poorly in other markets. The film is notable for its soundtrack composed, performed and produced by the rock band Queen, with the orchestral sections by Howard Blake. The film has since gained a significant cult following."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Johan Kling", "paragraph_text": "Johan Kling (born Carl-David Johan Natt och Dag, 7 August 1962, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish film director, screenwriter, and novelist. His debut movie, \"Darling\" (2007), won the award for best Swedish film."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", "paragraph_text": "``Crazy Little Thing Called Love ''is a song by the British rock band Queen. Written by Freddie Mercury in 1979, the track is featured on their 1980 album The Game, and also appears on the band's compilation album, Greatest Hits in 1981. The song peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979, and became the group's first number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US in 1980, remaining there for four consecutive weeks. It topped the Australian ARIA Charts for seven weeks."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03a6\u03c4\u03ce\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf, Madalena, \u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03a4\u03bf \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b3\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Punch-Drunk Love (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Punch-Drunk Love is the 2002 soundtrack album featuring music composed by Jon Brion for the film of the same name. The album includes the song \"He Needs Me\" from the 1980 Robert Altman movie \"Popeye\". The soundtrack received an enthusiastic review from classical music critic Greg Sandow."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tea for Two (album)", "paragraph_text": "Tea for Two was a 10\" LP album released by Columbia Records on September 4, 1950 under catalog number CL-6149, featuring Doris Day, with Axel Stordahl conducting the orchestra on some pieces, and the Page Cavanaugh Trio as backup musicians on others. It contained songs from the soundtrack of the movie of the same name."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Empire State of Mind", "paragraph_text": "The song originally featured Hunte on the hook, but when Hunte and Sewell-Ulepic were asked if they thought anyone else would be more appropriate for the chorus, Hunte suggested Keys. Mary J. Blige was also considered for the part, but Keys was chosen after Jay-Z heard the song's piano loop. \"Empire State of Mind\" contains songwriting contributions from Keys and Shux. The song was described by critics as an \"orchestral rap ballad\" with \"crashing piano chords\" and a \"soaring\" hook. It contains references to various locations in New York and its famous residents, while describing the city's essence. Profanity is present throughout the song and, although it is usually included during live performances, it was omitted during the performance at Game 2 of the 2009 World Series."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Magic Adventures of Mumfie", "paragraph_text": "The Magic Adventures of Mumfie is an animated children's television series and movie, inspired by the works of Katharine Tozer, with an original music score containing more than 22 songs. Created by Britt Allcroft, creator of \"Thomas and Friends\", narrated by American actor Patrick Breen and directed by John Laurence Collins, \"Mumfie\" was first shown internationally in the 1990s to popular and critical acclaim."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Greenway Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Greenway Historic District is a national historic district located near Boyce, Clarke County, Virginia. It encompasses 432 contributing buildings, 23 contributing sites, and 35 contributing structures. The districts includes the agricultural landscape and architectural resources of an area distinctively rural that contains numerous large antebellum estates. The district contributing buildings are primarily farm and estate residences and their associated outbuildings. Other contributing buildings include three schools, five churches, two mills, a gas station, a restaurant, and a railroad station. The contributing structures are mostly corncribs and the contributing sites are mainly cemeteries and ruins of historic buildings. The district contains ten individual properties and two historic districts already listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register and National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Breakwater Cat", "paragraph_text": "Breakwater Cat is the tenth album by American singer Thelma Houston, released in 1980 on RCA Records. The 12\" single \"Suspicious Minds\" became a popular club hit. \"Breakwater Cat\" contains five songs written by Jimmy Webb, who was also the executive producer of the album."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Coal Miner's Daughter (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Coal Miner's Daughter ''served as the name of Lynn's 1976 autobiography, Coal Miner's Daughter: The Autobiography, which Lynn co-wrote. The song title also served as the name of Lynn's 1980 biographical motion picture on her life, Coal Miner's Daughter. The movie starred actress Sissy Spacek as Lynn and Tommy Lee Jones as Lynn's husband. The film's soundtrack featured Spacek singing all of Lynn's hits sung in the movie, including`` Coal Miner's Daughter''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Play the Game (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Play the Game\" is a song by British rock band Queen, written by Freddie Mercury. It is the first track on the first side of their 1980 album \"The Game\". It also appears on their \"Greatest Hits\" album. The single was a hit in the UK, reaching #14 in the charts, and in the US it peaked at #42."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stand by Me", "paragraph_text": "Mickey Gilley released his version of the song in 1980, and it was included in the movie Urban Cowboy. It was his eighth # 1 on the US country charts and also reached # 22 on the US Hot 100."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "Queen contributed music directly to the films Flash Gordon (1980), with \"Flash\" as the theme song, and Highlander (the original 1986 film), with \"A Kind of Magic\", \"One Year of Love\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", \"Hammer to Fall\", and the theme \"Princes of the Universe\", which was also used as the theme of the Highlander TV series (1992\u20131998). In the United States, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was re-released as a single in 1992 after appearing in the comedy film Wayne's World. The single subsequently reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 (with \"The Show Must Go On\" as the first track on the single) and helped rekindle the band's popularity in North America."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hummingbird Heartbeat", "paragraph_text": "\"Hummingbird Heartbeat\" is a song recorded by American singer Katy Perry for her third studio album, \"Teenage Dream\" (2010). It was written by Perry, Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart, Stacy Barthe, and Monte Neuble. Stewart handled the production of the song, while Kuk Harrell produced Perry's vocals. \"Hummingbird Heartbeat\" was inspired by Perry's boyfriend at the time, Russell Brand. Musically, it is a 1980s-styled hard rock song that contains a mixture of elements from rock and electronica. Lyrically, the song compares the feeling of being in love to the speed of a hummingbird's heartbeat."}], "question": "Who was the screenwriter for the 1980 film featuring music by Queen?"}
{"id": "2hop__35674_50424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Penicillin", "paragraph_text": "Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from \"Penicillium\" fungi."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Antibiotic", "paragraph_text": "Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as \"superbugs\", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that \"most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Fleming County, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Fleming County, Kentucky, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of syphilis", "paragraph_text": "The first recorded outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494 / 1495 in Naples, Italy, during a French invasion. Because it was spread by returning French troops, the disease was known as ``French disease '', and it was not until 1530 that the term`` syphilis'' was first applied by the Italian physician and poet Girolamo Fracastoro. The causative organism, Treponema pallidum, was first identified by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann in 1905. The first effective treatment, Salvarsan, was developed in 1910 by Sahachir\u014d Hata in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich. It was followed by the introduction of penicillin in 1943."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bacteria", "paragraph_text": "Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum \u2014 the spirochaete that causes syphilis \u2014 into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen. Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology, and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl\u2013Neelsen stain."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Antibiotic", "paragraph_text": "The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Baseboard", "paragraph_text": "In architecture, a baseboard (also called skirting board, skirting, mopboard, floor molding, or base molding) is usually wooden or vinyl board covering the lowest part of an interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor. It covers the uneven edge of flooring next to the wall; protects the wall from kicks, abrasion, and furniture; and can serve as a decorative molding."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Compact disc", "paragraph_text": "Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to \"stamp\" one CD is usually two to three seconds."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Peter Buxtun", "paragraph_text": "Peter Buxtun (sometimes referred to as Peter Buxton; born 1937 in Prague) is a former employee of the United States Public Health Service who became known as the whistleblower responsible for ending the Tuskegee syphilis experiment."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Antibiotic", "paragraph_text": "The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fleming Peaks", "paragraph_text": "The Fleming Peaks () are a small group of peaks east-southeast of Bailey Ridge, on the north side of Boyd Glacier in the Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. They were discovered and mapped by the United States Antarctic Service (1939\u201341), and were named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Bernard Fleming, an assistant to the scientific staff on the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933\u201335)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Iliniwek Village State Historic Site", "paragraph_text": "The Iliniwek Village State Historic Site is a state-owned property in Clark County, Missouri, maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, preserving the only known Illinois Indian village discovered in Missouri."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Antibiotic", "paragraph_text": "The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Antibiotic", "paragraph_text": "Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nutrition", "paragraph_text": "In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Horseshoe Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Horseshoe Mountain () is a mountain just west of Mount Fleming, standing on the north side of the head of Taylor Glacier, near the edge of the polar plateau in Oates Land, Antarctica, close to its boundary with Victoria Land. It was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901\u201304, and so named because of its shape."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Antibiotic", "paragraph_text": "With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials\u2014for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones\u2014are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Penicillin", "paragraph_text": "Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", "paragraph_text": "The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now a part of Pfizer), erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly and Co.) and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens. Streptomycin, discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943, became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Antibacterial soap", "paragraph_text": "Triclosan and triclocarban are the most common compounds used as antibacterials in soaps, however several other compounds are also common."}], "question": "When was the mold Fleming noticed had antibacterial properties discovered as a cure for syphilis?"}
{"id": "2hop__119415_605462", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Automotive lighting", "paragraph_text": "In the United States and Canada since 1986, in Australia and New Zealand since 1990, and in Europe and other countries applying UN Regulation 48 since 1998, a central stop (brake) lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's left and right stop lamps and called a ``centre high mount stop lamp (CHMSL) '', is also required. The CHMSL (pronounced / \u02c8t\u0283\u026amz\u0259l /) is sometimes informally called the`` centre brake lamp'', the ``third brake light '', the`` eye - level brake lamp'', the ``safety brake lamp '', or the`` high - level brake lamp''. The CHMSL may use one or more filament bulbs or LEDs, or a strip of neon tube as its light source."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Geordie lamp", "paragraph_text": "The Geordie lamp was a safety lamp for use in inflammable atmospheres, invented by George Stephenson in 1815 as a miner's lamp to prevent explosions due to firedamp in coal mines."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fluorescent lamp", "paragraph_text": "A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low - pressure mercury - vapor gas - discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, which produces short - wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 50 -- 100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 8)", "paragraph_text": "The eighth series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme was confirmed in August 2017 after it was reported that Geordie Shore cast member Marnie Simpson had joined the show. With this it was announced that filming for the series had already begun."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "A Christmas Story", "paragraph_text": "The Old Man wins a ``major award ''in a contest, which turns out to be a lamp in the shape of a woman's leg wearing a fishnet stocking, which was derived from the logo for Nehi (pronounced`` knee - high'') pop, a popular soft drink of the period. The Old Man is overjoyed by the lamp, but Mrs. Parker does not like it and a feud over it -- referred to by adult Ralphie as ``The Battle of the Lamp ''-- develops and results in the lamp's`` accidental'' destruction."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. The metal filament had the property of gradually shortening in use; the filaments were installed with large loops that tightened in use. This made lamps in use for several hundred hours quite fragile. Metal filaments had the property of breaking and re-welding, though this would usually decrease resistance and shorten the life of the filament. General Electric bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produced them in the US until 1913."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off is typically set to provide a lifetime of several hundred to 2,000 hours for lamps used for general illumination. Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps may have a useful life of only a few hours, trading life expectancy for high output in a compact form. Long-life general service lamps have lower efficiency but are used where the cost of changing the lamp is high compared to the value of energy used."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Davy lamp", "paragraph_text": "The Davy lamp is a safety lamp for use in flammable atmospheres, invented in 1815 by Sir Humphry Davy. It consists of a wick lamp with the flame enclosed inside a mesh screen. It was created for use in coal mines, to reduce the danger of explosions due to the presence of methane and other flammable gases, called \"firedamp\" or \"minedamp.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Garba (dance)", "paragraph_text": "Garba (\u0a97\u0ab0\u0aac\u0abe in Gujarati) is a form of dance which originated in the state of Gujarat in India. The name is derived from the Sanskrit term Garbha (``womb '') and Deep (`` a small earthenware lamp''). Many traditional garbas are performed around a centrally lit lamp or a picture or statue of the Goddess Shakti. The circular and spiral figures of garba have similarities to other spiritual dances, such as those of Sufi culture (garba being an earlier tradition). Traditionally, it is performed during the nine - day Hindu festival Navar\u0101tr\u012b (Gujarati \u0aa8\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac0 Nava = 9, r\u0101tr\u012b = nights). Either the lamp (the Garba Deep) or an image of the Goddess, Durga (also called Amba) is placed in the middle of concentric rings as an object of veneration."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tapton House", "paragraph_text": "Tapton House, in Tapton, Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England, was once the home of engineer George Stephenson, who built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. In its time Tapton has been a gentleman's residence, a ladies' boarding school and a co-educational school."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lighting", "paragraph_text": "Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alps", "paragraph_text": "In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as \u00d6tzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one place to another. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of \u00d6tzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1\u00f6 for \u00d6tzi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces the oxide, reforming water vapor and continuing this water cycle. The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening. Small amounts of substances such as zirconium are placed within the lamp as a getter to react with any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nat Wolff as Light Turner / ``Kira '': A high - school student who discovers the titular`` Death Note'' and uses it to kill criminals by writing their names and causes of death, and thus, alongside Mia Sutton, becoming the world - famous serial killer known as ``Kira '', while praised by law enforcement."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) would produce as much as 19.8 lumens per watt. Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament, for the same power rating. They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Geordie Shore", "paragraph_text": "Geordie Shore is a British reality television series broadcast on MTV and based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It was first broadcast on 24 May 2011, and is the British version of the American show \"Jersey Shore\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geordie Shore", "paragraph_text": "Geordie Shore is a British reality television series broadcast on MTV and based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It was first broadcast on 24 May 2011, and is the British version of the American show Jersey Shore."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lamping Peak", "paragraph_text": "Lamping Peak () is a rock peak standing between Prebble Glacier and Wyckoff Glacier, on the western slopes of the Queen Alexandra Range, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for John T. Lamping, a United States Antarctic Research Program geomagnetist at South Pole Station, 1961."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs, mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production. LED lamps are even more efficient, and are free of mercury. They are regarded as the best solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for \"Improvement In Electric Lights\" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on 22 October 1879, and lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by 4 November 1879, filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using \"a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires.\" Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using \"cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways,\" Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours. In 1880, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer, Columbia, became the first application for Edison's incandescent electric lamps (it was also the first ship to execute use of a dynamo)."}], "question": "What's the place of death of the person who discovered the Geordie lamp?"}
{"id": "2hop__306383_288378", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Northern mockingbird", "paragraph_text": "A laboratory observation of 38 mockingbird nestlings and fledglings (thirty - five and three, respectively) recorded the behavioral development of young mockingbirds. Notable milestones included the eyes opening, soft vocalizations, begging, and preening began within the first six days of life. Variation in begging and more compact movements such as perching, fear crouching, and stretching appeared by the ninth day. Wing - flashing, bathing, flight, and leaving the nest happened within seventeen days (nest leaving occurred within 11 to 13 days). Improvements of flight, walking and self - feeding took place within forty days. Agonistic behavior increased during the juvenile stages, to the extent of one of two siblings living in the same area was likely killed by the other."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "About Adam", "paragraph_text": "About Adam is a 2000 romantic comedy film written and directed by Gerard Stembridge. The screenplay focuses on the effect a seductive young man has on four siblings."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Daughters of Pharmacist Kim", "paragraph_text": "Daughters of Pharmacist Kim () is a 1963 South Korean film by Yu Hyun-mok portraying sibling rivalry and the troubled marriages of four sisters. In 2005, the film was adapted as an MBC television series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Steve Condos", "paragraph_text": "Steve Condos (October 12, 1918September 16, 1990) was an American tap dancer. He was a member of the Condos Brothers, with siblings Nick and Frank."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Theodora Dimova", "paragraph_text": "Theodora Dimova (Bulgarian: \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430) (born 19 September 1960 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian writer and playwright. She graduated in English Language Studies from the Sofia University \"St. Kliment Ohridski\" and has studied at the Royal Court Theatre in London. She has won many literary awards. Theodora Dimova is daughter of the famous Bulgarian writer Dimitar Dimov."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dimitar Ganchev", "paragraph_text": "Dimitar Ganchev was born in 1875 in the town of Ruse, Northern Bulgaria. After he graduated from the high-school in Ruse, he studied natural sciences at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. In 1897 he became a member of the so-called Geneva group \u2013 an anarchistic revolutionary circle led by Mihail Gerdzhikov and Petar Mandzhukov. With the assistance of his close friend Gotse Delchev, in 1901 Dimitar Ganchev was successfully hired as a teacher at the Bulgarian Pedagogical School in Skopie. In this city, he became a member of the IMARO and in 1902 he was chosen a member of the Skopie district revolutionary committee. Furthermore, in the beginning 1903 he was a delegate to the Solun congress, where a decision was made for an armed uprising. Dimitar Ganchev was against precipitate actions, but in the end he too signed the decision. During the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, Dimitar Ganchev was in Skopie. In September 1903, after the Solun affair, he was arrested and sentenced to jail for 101 years. However, in 1904 he was released from prison, as he came under an amnesty procured by the Bulgarian government."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zahari Zograf", "paragraph_text": "Zahariy Hristovich Dimitrov () (1810\u20131853), better known as Zahari Zograf (or Zahariy Zograf; \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438(\u0439) \u0417\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444) is a famous Bulgarian painter of the Bulgarian National Revival, noted for his church mural paintings and icons and often regarded as the founder of secular art in Bulgaria due to the introduction of everyday life elements in his work."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nathanael of Ohrid", "paragraph_text": "Nathanael of Ohrid, Nathanael of Plovdiv or Nathanael of Zograf, born Nesho Stanov Boykikev; (Bulgarian/) (26 October 1820 in Ku\u010devi\u0161te, Ottoman Empire \u2013 18 September 1906 in Plovdiv, Bulgaria) was a Bulgarian cleric, writer and revolutionary from Macedonia, one of the first supporters of literature in modern Bulgarian (as opposed to Church Slavonic) and one of the early figures of the Bulgarian National Revival. Nathanael is considered ethnic Macedonian in the Republic of Macedonia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dimitar Largov", "paragraph_text": "Dimitar Simeonov Largov (; born 10 September 1936) is a former Bulgarian football midfielder who played for Bulgaria in the 1966 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Septemvri Sofia and Slavia Sofia. He also competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Porcupines Are Born Without Bristles", "paragraph_text": "Porcupines Are Born Without Bristles (, translit.\u00a0Taralezhite se razhdat bez bodli, and also known as Hedgehogs Are Born Without Spines) is a 1971 Bulgarian comedy film directed by Dimitar Petrov. It was entered into the 1972 Melbourne International Film Festival. The film was selected as the Bulgarian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 44th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kirka", "paragraph_text": "Several Babitzin siblings are established musicians in their own right. In 1978, Kirka released a duet album with sister Anna; the next year, another sister Marija (\"Muska\") joined in."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dimitar Andonovski", "paragraph_text": "Dimitar Andonovski was a student for the Center for Music Education in his native home town of Bitola, Republic of Macedonia. He is not known only for being such a good singer, but he is also a good violinist. His first singing experience was in 1994 when he participated on children festival Si-Do in Bitola, and immediately after that, he appeared on Macedonian Television."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dimitar Zograf", "paragraph_text": "Born in Samokov to the family of Hristo Dimitrov, the founder of the Samokov iconographic school, Dimitar was the elder brother of the better-known painter Zahari Zograf. Dimitar was taught iconography by his father in his workshop and by his father's death in 1819 he was already an accomplished painter, taking the leadership of his father's workshop and often working for the same monasteries and architects as his father."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ana-Maria Yanakieva", "paragraph_text": "Ana-Maria Yanakieva (, born 5 August 1998) is a Bulgarian singer from the music label Virginia Records, the official representative of Sony Music Entertainment for Bulgaria. She is also a scholar of Dimitar Berbatov Foundation. Ana-Maria is a finalist from Season 2 of X Factor Bulgaria, which took place in 2013. She is one of the most talented and promising Bulgarian young singers as considered by many music professionals in Bulgaria."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Paisius of Hilendar", "paragraph_text": "Paisius was born in the Samokov eparchy of the time, probably in the town of Bansko. He established himself in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos in 1745, where he was later a hieromonk and deputy-abbot. Collecting materials for two years through hard work and even visiting the Habsburg Monarchy, he finished his \"Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya\" in 1762 in the Zograf Monastery. The book was the first attempt to write a complete history of Bulgaria and attempted to awake and strengthen Bulgarian national consciousnesses."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peshev Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Peshev Ridge (Peshev Rid \\'pe-shev 'rid\\) is a crescent-shaped ridge in central Tangra Mountains extending along the northeast coast of Brunow Bay and southeast of Macy Glacier, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Its east extremity is formed by the summit St. Naum Peak (), separated from Balchik Ridge to the east by Starosel Gate. The ridge was named in honour of Dimitar Peshev (1894\u20131973), who led the nationwide campaign that kept Bulgaria\u2019s Jews safe during the Holocaust."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lozen Saddle", "paragraph_text": "Lozen Saddle (Lozenska Sedlovina \\'lo-zen-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\\) is a 437 m high saddle situated between Lozen Nunatak and Zograf Peak in Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica which provides overland access from the W\u00f6rner Gap area to the Shipka Valley. The saddle was first crossed by the Bulgarian Lyubomir Ivanov from Camp Academia on 17 December 2004, and takes its name from the adjacent Lozen Nunatak."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kim Yoo-jung", "paragraph_text": "Kim was born in Seoul, South Korea on September 22, 1999 as the youngest of three siblings. Her older sister, Yeon-jung (born 1996) debuted as an actress in 2017."}], "question": "What movement is Dimitar Zograf's sibling know to be a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__335477_448606", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Congress of the New Right", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of the New Right (, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland. The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR). The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015. The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Green Party of Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "The Green Party of Tennessee is a state-level political party in Tennessee, and is a member of the Green Party of the United States. The party formed in 2001."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Politics of Cuba", "paragraph_text": "Cuba has had a communist political system since 1959 based on the ``one state -- one party ''principle. Cuba is constitutionally defined as a Marxist -- Leninist socialist state guided by the political ideas of Marx, one of the fathers of historical materialism, Engels and Lenin. The present Constitution also ascribes the role of the Communist Party of Cuba to be the`` leading force of society and of the state'' and as such has the capability of setting national policy. The most recent leader was Ra\u00fal Castro, who held the title of First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba. As of 2018 Miguel D\u00edaz - Canel is now the president of Cuba."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yolanda Barcina", "paragraph_text": "Yolanda Barcina Angulo (4 April 1960 in Burgos) is a conservative Spanish politician who was the mayor of Pamplona, Navarre from 1999 to 2011, and elected the chairwoman of the Navarrese People's Union (UPN) in 2009. From 2011 to 2015, she was the President of the Chartered Community of Navarre."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dilipkumar Gandhi", "paragraph_text": "Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi (born 9 May 1951) is an Indian politician and a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party. He is a current member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bhanwar Singh Dangawas", "paragraph_text": "Bhanwar Singh Dangawas (7 June 1929 \u2013 2 July 2012) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Nagaur constituency of Rajasthan and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dhirendra Agarwal", "paragraph_text": "Dhirendra Agarwal (born 2 August 1955) is a member of the 11th, 12th and 14th Lok Sabha of India . He represents the Chatra constituency of Jharkhand and currently is a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) political party. He had won Lok Sabha election in 11th Lok Sabha & 12th Lok Sabha as a member of Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miguel Sanz", "paragraph_text": "Miguel Sanz Sesma (born 16 September 1952 in Corella, Spain) is a conservative Spanish politician of the Navarrese People's Union (UPN) and the president of the autonomous community of Navarre from 1996 to 2011."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Salvador L\u00f3pez Sanz", "paragraph_text": "Salvador L\u00f3pez Sanz (Murcia, Spain, 1924 - 6 February 2009) was a Spanish politician for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chhatar Singh Darbar", "paragraph_text": "Chhatar Singh Darbar (born 8 January 1954) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Dhar constituency of Madhya Pradesh and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Liberal Forum", "paragraph_text": "The Liberal Forum (German: Liberales Forum, LiF) was a liberal political party in Austria. The party was active from February 1993 to January 2014, when the party merged into NEOS \u2013 The New Austria. The party was a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Vijay Kumar Khandelwal", "paragraph_text": "Vijay Kumar Khandelwal (22 April 1936 \u2013 12 November 2007) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Betul constituency of Madhya Pradesh and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Parsuram Majhi", "paragraph_text": "Parsuram Majhi (born 1 December 1961) was a member of the 13th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Nowrangpur constituency of Odisha and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wang Kunlun", "paragraph_text": "Wang Kunlun (1902\u20131985), birth name Wang Ruyu, was a Chinese politician who held high-profile positions, at different times, in both the Nationalist and Communist parties. Born 1902 in Baoding, Hebei province to a wealthy household, he participated in the May Fourth Movement while studying at Peking University and became involved with Chinese revolutionaries, at one point meeting in person with Dr. Sun Yat-sen. He joined the Nationalist party as a left-leaning member and served as Chief Secretary of the Political Department of the Headquarters of the National Revolutionary Army during the Northern Expedition, but became disillusioned with Chiang Kai-shek's leadership after Chiang initiated a major crackdown against Communists in April 1927. He subsequently joined the Communist Party in secret and used his political positions within the Nationalist government to aid the Communists. He was among a group of members of the Kuomintang who broke away to form the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang in 1948. He would serve various government positions after the Communist victory, including vice-mayor of Beijing and vice-chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pirate Party (Belgium)", "paragraph_text": "The Pirate Party of Belgium (, ) is a political party in Belgium. Based on the model of the Swedish Pirate Party, it supports reform of copyright law, the abolition of patents, and respect for privacy. It was a founding member of Pirate Parties International."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Party for the Netherlands", "paragraph_text": "Party for the Netherlands () (PVN) is a Dutch right-wing Fortuynist political party founded in August 2006 by Hilbrand Nawijn, a member of the Dutch House of Representatives."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Suresh Ganapat Wagmare", "paragraph_text": "Wagmare Suresh Ganapat (born 15 September 1961) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Wardha constituency of Maharashtra and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Enrique Peralta Azurdia", "paragraph_text": "Enrique Peralta was born on June 17, 1908 in Guatemala City. He took over the presidency after a coup against president Miguel Yd\u00edgoras Fuentes, under whom he served as Agriculture (1959-1960) and Defense Minister (1961-1963). He set up the Institutional Democratic Party, a pro-military governing party modeled on the Institutional Revolutionary Party, which dominated Guatemalan politics until 1982. In the 1978 election, he was the candidate of the National Liberation Movement but was defeated by Fernando Romeo Lucas Garc\u00eda."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Paul Vigouroux", "paragraph_text": "Paul Vigouroux (1919\u20131980), also known as Mathieu Laurier, was a French political activist and anti-communist. He was a member of the Jeunesses Patriotes, La Cagoule, and was secretary general of the Parti fran\u00e7ais national-collectiviste (PFNC), a political party that was one of the forerunners of the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism."}], "question": "Where is the location of the headquarters of the party that Miguel Sanz is a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__81628_64588", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adventure in Diamonds", "paragraph_text": "Adventure in Diamonds is a 1940 American crime film directed by George Fitzmaurice and starring George Brent, Isa Miranda, John Loder and Nigel Bruce. It was also released as Diamonds are Dangerous."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kinara", "paragraph_text": "The kinara is the candle holder used in Kwanzaa celebrations in the United States. During the week-long celebration of Kwanzaa, seven candles are placed in the kinara - three red on the left, three green on the right, and a single black candle in the center. The word \"kinara\" is a Swahili word that means \"candle holder.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Melanie Hamilton", "paragraph_text": "Melanie Hamilton Wilkes is a fictional character first appearing in the novel \"Gone with the Wind\" by Margaret Mitchell. In the 1939 film she was portrayed by Olivia de Havilland. Melanie is Scarlett O'Hara's sister-in-law and eventually her best friend."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Diamonds Are a Man's Best Friend", "paragraph_text": "Diamonds Are a Man's Best Friend () is a 1966 Italian thriller-heist film written and directed by Vittorio Sala and starring , Liana Orfei and Gastone Moschin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Candle in the Wind", "paragraph_text": "``Candle in the Wind ''is a threnody with music and lyrics by Elton John and Bernie Taupin. It was originally written in 1973, in honour of Marilyn Monroe, who had died 11 years earlier."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Do They Know It's Christmas?", "paragraph_text": "``Do They Know It's Christmas? ''is a song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure in reaction to television reports of the 1983 -- 1985 famine in Ethiopia. It was first recorded in a single day on 25 November 1984 by Band Aid, a supergroup put together by Geldof and Ure and consisting mainly of the biggest British and Irish musical acts at the time. The single was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1984 and aided by considerable publicity it entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and stayed there for five weeks, becoming the Christmas number one of 1984. The record became the fastest selling single in UK chart history, selling a million copies in the first week alone and passing 3 million on the last day of 1984, on the way to displacing Wings's`` Mull of Kintyre'' as the biggest - selling single of all time in the UK. It held this title until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John's ``Candle in the Wind 1997 '', released in tribute to Diana, Princess of Wales following her death. The original version of`` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' has sold 3.8 million copies in the UK to date."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend", "paragraph_text": "``Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend ''is a jazz song introduced by Carol Channing in the original Broadway production of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1949), which was written by Jule Styne and Leo Robin. It was based on a novel by Anita Loos."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of best-selling singles", "paragraph_text": "According to Guinness World Records, ``White Christmas ''(1942) by Bing Crosby is the best - selling single worldwide, with estimated sales of over 50 million copies. The song recognized as`` the best - selling single of all time'' was released before the pop / rock singles - chart era and ``was listed as the world's best - selling single in the first - ever Guinness Book of Records (published in 1955) and -- remarkably -- still retains the title more than 50 years later. ''Guinness World Records states that double A-side charity single`` Candle in the Wind 1997'' / ``Something About the Way You Look Tonight ''(1997) by Elton John, a tribute to the late Diana, Princess of Wales, is`` the biggest - selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s, having accumulated worldwide sales of 33 million copies,'' making it the second - best - selling single of all time."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bound in Morocco", "paragraph_text": "Bound in Morocco is a 1918 American silent action comedy romance film starring Douglas Fairbanks. Fairbanks produced and wrote the film's story and screenplay (under the pseudonym Elton Thomas), and Allan Dwan directed. The film was produced by Douglas Fairbanks Pictures Corporation and distributed by Famous Players-Lasky/Artcraft Pictures."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Girl Stroke Boy", "paragraph_text": "Girl Stroke Boy is a 1971 British comedy-drama film directed by Bob Kellett and starring Joan Greenwood, Michael Hordern and Clive Francis. It was based on the play \"Girl Friend\" by David Percival."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Manhattan (1979 film)", "paragraph_text": "Manhattan is a 1979 American romantic comedy film directed by Woody Allen and produced by Charles H. Joffe. The screenplay was written by Allen and Marshall Brickman. Allen co-stars as a twice-divorced 42-year-old comedy writer who dates a 17-year-old girl (Mariel Hemingway) but falls in love with his best friend's (Michael Murphy) mistress (Diane Keaton). Meryl Streep and Anne Byrne also star."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Fur Collar", "paragraph_text": "The Fur Collar is a 1962 British thriller film directed by Lawrence Huntington and starring John Bentley, Martin Benson and Philip Friend."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "La liceale al mare con l'amica di pap\u00e0", "paragraph_text": "La liceale al mare con l'amica di pap\u00e0 (\"High School Girl at the Beach with Dad's Friend\") is a 1980 commedia sexy all'italiana film directed by Marino Girolami and starring Renzo Montagnani. Although presented as the latest installment in the commercially successful \"Liceale\" series, the film despite its title and the token blonde high school girl character, has little to no resemblance to earlier films starring Gloria Guida."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wind River (Wisconsin)", "paragraph_text": "The Wind River is a minor tributary of the Mississippi River in western Wisconsin in the United States. It flows for its entire length in western Pierce County. It rises in the town (unincorporated jurisdiction) of Trimbelle and flows southward through the towns of Oak Grove and Diamond Bluff. Wind River joins the Mississippi near the unincorporated community of Diamond Bluff, which is within the larger jurisdiction (the town). The confluence is from the Mississippi's mouth on the Gulf of Mexico."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nice & Wild", "paragraph_text": "Nice N 'Wild, also known as Nice & Wild, was a U.S. Freestyle music group that rose to fame in 1986 after their release of ``Diamond Girl ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me ''is a song written by English singer Elton John and his lyricist Bernie Taupin. It was originally recorded in 1974 by Elton John for his studio album Caribou and was released as a single that peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. The song found further success in 1991 in a live cover version recorded as a duet between John and George Michael, which reached number one in the UK and US."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bennie and the Jets", "paragraph_text": "``Bennie and the Jets ''Single by Elton John from the album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road B - side`` Harmony'' Released 4 February 1974 Recorded May 1973 at Ch\u00e2teau d'H\u00e9rouville, France Genre Glam rock Length 5: 23 Label MCA DJM Songwriter (s) Elton John Bernie Taupin Producer (s) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology ``Candle in the Wind ''(1974)`` Bennie and the Jets'' (1974) ``Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me ''(1974)`` Candle in the Wind'' (1974) ``Bennie and the Jets ''(1974)`` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me'' (1974)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend", "paragraph_text": "The song is perhaps most famously performed by Marilyn Monroe in the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Monroe's character, Lorelei Lee, has been followed on a Transatlantic ocean liner by a detective hired by her fianc\u00e9's father, who wants assurance that she is not marrying purely for money. He is informed of compromising pictures taken with a British diamond mine owner and cancels her letter of credit before she arrives in France, requiring her to work in a nightclub to survive. Her fianc\u00e9 arrives at the cabaret to see her perform this song, about exploiting men for riches. Diamonds are an element in another story line in the film, in which Lorelei is given a diamond tiara by the mine owner, in gratitude for her recovering the photographs. In a later scene, Jane Russell, who played opposite Monroe, sang ``Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend ''in court, while pretending to be Lorelei."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "Madonna was criticized for her performance of \"Like a Virgin\" at the first 1984 MTV Video Music Awards (VMA). She appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake, wearing a wedding dress and white gloves. The performance is noted by MTV as an iconic moment in VMA history. In later years, Madonna commented that she was terrified of the performance. The next hit was \"Material Girl\" promoted by her video, a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. While filming this video, Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn. They married on her birthday in 1985. Like a Virgin was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold more than 25 million copies worldwide. In February 1984, according to the film director Sir Richard Attenborough, Madonna auditioned at the Royale Theatre on Broadway for a dance role in his movie version of A Chorus Line using her birth-name of Ciccone, but he rejected her."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I'm Still Standing", "paragraph_text": "``I'm Still Standing ''is a song by British rock musician Elton John, from his Platinum - certified 1983 album, Too Low for Zero."}], "question": "Who starred with the actress that Elton John wrote Candle in the Wind for in Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend?"}
{"id": "2hop__175951_460927", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eaton Rapids, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Eaton Rapids is a city in Eaton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 5,214 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Russell McCoy", "paragraph_text": "James Russell McCoy (4 September 1845 \u2013 14 February 1924) served as Magistrate of the British Overseas Territory of Pitcairn Island 7 times, between 1870 and 1904. McCoy was among the first wave of settlers to return to Pitcairn from Norfolk Island in 1859. He was the son of Matthew McCoy and Margaret Christian. His son Matthew Edmond McCoy also served as Magistrate, and was among the last islanders to hold the surname McCoy. Through his daughter Adelia, he is a grandfather of Warren Clive Christian, and Ivan Christian, and a great-grandfather of Steve Christian and Brenda Christian."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Michael McCoy", "paragraph_text": "Michael McCoy (born September 16, 1944 in Eaton Rapids, Michigan) is an American industrial designer and educator who has made significant contributions to American design and design education in the latter half of the 20th century. McCoy is best known as the co-chair of the graduate program in Design at Cranbrook Academy of Art where he and spouse Katherine McCoy pioneered semantic approaches to design."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sahara with Michael Palin", "paragraph_text": "Sahara with Michael Palin is a four-part BBC television series presented by British comedian and travel presenter Michael Palin, and first broadcast in 2002. In it, Palin travelled around the Sahara in Northern - and Western Africa, meeting people and visiting places. The journey route included the following countries and territories: Gibraltar, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Libya, Tunisia and Algeria."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Good Place", "paragraph_text": "When Shawn returns and unexpectedly declares the experiment a success (due to Michael's fake reports), he orders the humans to be brought to the real Bad Place and the neighborhood destroyed. He also promotes Michael to higher management. The group escapes with Michael's help, and they attempt to get to the Good Place by appealing to an entity known as the ``Judge ''(Maya Rudolph), who had once created a`` Medium Place'' for exactly one person. When Michael reveals that the Judge resides in a separate space that can only be reached by a portal in the Bad Place, the group ventures through the Bad Place offices to find it. They make it to the portal, and Michael sacrifices himself for the others, allowing himself to be captured by Shawn."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "In what county was Michael McCoy born?"}
{"id": "2hop__156969_601414", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Secret Life of a Satanist", "paragraph_text": "The Secret Life of a Satanist: The Authorized Biography of Anton LaVey is a biography on the life of Anton LaVey, the founder of LaVeyan Satanism and the Church of Satan, released in 1990 through Feral House publishing. The book is written by Blanche Barton, administrator of the Church of Satan and partner and confidant of LaVey.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deena Deardurff", "paragraph_text": "Deena Diane Deardurff (born May 8, 1957), also known by her married name Deena Schmidt, is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, former world record-holder, and former college swim coach."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kookyville", "paragraph_text": "Kookyville is a British comedy sketch show that aired on 25 November 2012 on Channel 4. The programme, created by Nichola Hegarty, is different from other sketch shows in that \"These people are not actors or comedians, and there's no script...they're just real funny people.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Diane Hegarty", "paragraph_text": "Diane Hegarty (born July 10, 1942) is co-founder of the Church of Satan, which she co-founded with her longtime partner Anton LaVey."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Honoratus a Sancta Maria", "paragraph_text": "Honoratus a Sancta Maria (1651\u20131729) was a French Discalced Carmelite, known as a prolific controversialist. His secular name was Blaise Vauxelles (or Vauxelle, Vauzelle), and he was known also by the French version of his name in religion, Honor\u00e9 de Sainte-Marie."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as \"a scriptural divorce\". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms \"absolute endangerment of spirituality\" are considered grounds for legal separation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Streetcar Named Desire (1995 film)", "paragraph_text": "A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1995 made-for-television drama film directed by Glenn Jordan and starring Alec Baldwin, Jessica Lange, John Goodman and Diane Lane that first aired on CBS Television. Based on the 1947 play by Tennessee Williams, it follows a 1951 adaptation starring Marlon Brando and a 1984 television adaptation. The film was adapted from a 1992 Broadway revival of the play, also starring Baldwin and Lange."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one \"true\" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, \"He Who Is\", \"I Am that I Am\", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, \"Al-El\", or \"Al-Elah\" (\"the God\") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Titanic: The Long Night", "paragraph_text": "Titanic: The Long Night is a 1998 romance novel by Diane Hoh. It is an entirely fictional story set aboard on the real ship, \"Titanic\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Philip III of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Philip III Portrait by Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Polanco King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia; Duke of Milan (more...) Reign 13 September 1598 -- 31 March 1621 Predecessor Philip II and I Successor Philip IV and III 14 April 1578 Madrid, Spain 31 March 1621 (1621 - 03 - 31) (aged 42) Madrid, Spain Burial El Escorial Spouse Margaret of Austria (m. 1599; d. 1611) Issue Anne, Queen of France Philip IV of Spain Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress Infante Charles of Spain Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand House Habsburg Father Philip II of Spain Mother Anna of Austria Religion Roman Catholicism Signature"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Money Monster", "paragraph_text": "With the help of longtime director Patty Fenn, Lee tries to calm Kyle and find Camby for him, though Kyle is not satisfied when both Lee and IBIS chief communications officer Diane Lester offer to compensate him for his financial loss. He also is not satisfied by Diane's insistence that the algorithm is to blame. Diane is not satisfied by her own explanation, either, and defies colleagues to contact a programmer who created the algorithm, Won Joon. Reached in Seoul, Joon insists that an algorithm could not take such a large, lopsided position unless someone meddled with it."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gunshy", "paragraph_text": "Gunshy is an American 1998 crime drama film directed by Jeff Celentano and starring William Petersen, Michael Wincott, and Diane Lane."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Esther", "paragraph_text": "Esther Queen of Persia Queen Esther (1879) by Edwin Long Queen of Persia Reign c. 479 -- c. 465 BC Coronation c. 479 Predecessor Vashti Hadassah c. 492 BC Achaemenid Empire Burial Hamadan, Iran Spouse King Xerxes I of Persia House Persia Father Abihail (biological), Mordecai (adoptive) Religion Judaism"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Women (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Women is a 2008 American comedy-drama film written, produced and directed by Diane English and starring Meg Ryan, Annette Bening, Eva Mendes, Debra Messing, Jada Pinkett Smith, Carrie Fisher, Cloris Leachman, Debi Mazar, Bette Midler, and Candice Bergen. The screenplay is an updated version of the George Cukor-directed 1939 film of the same name based on a 1936 play by Clare Boothe Luce."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Unstrung Heroes", "paragraph_text": "Unstrung Heroes is a 1995 American comedy-drama film directed by Diane Keaton and starring Andie MacDowell, John Turturro, Michael Richards, and Maury Chaykin. The screenplay by Richard LaGravenese is based on the memoir of the same name by journalist Franz Lidz."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Diane Jenkins", "paragraph_text": "Diane has had relationships with business tycoons Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) and Victor Newman (Eric Braeden). Diane has a son with Jack, Kyle Abbott (Lachlan Buchanan, Michael Mealor), who was initially supposed to be Victor's son before his sperm sample was switched. Donnelley described Diane as ``taking herself much too seriously '', while Walters criticized the character for existing solely to advance another character's storyline. Former head writer Maria Arena Bell was heavily criticized for the writing for West; Zap2it said Bell missed an opportunity to focus on Diane's rivalry with Jack. In 2011, within eight months of joining the cast, West was let go and the character was killed off two months later in a whodunit murder storyline. The storyline also was harshly criticized for progressing too slowly, as it was a six - month period before the revelation that Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott) killed Diane in self - defense."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Succession to the British throne", "paragraph_text": "Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, gender (for people born before October 2011), legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in ``communion with the Church of England ''. Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ch\u00e2teau d'Anet", "paragraph_text": "The Ch\u00e2teau d'Anet is a ch\u00e2teau near Dreux, in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France, built by Philibert de l'Orme from 1547 to 1552 for Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of Henry II of France. It was a gift from the king and was built on the former ch\u00e2teau at the center of the domains of Diane's deceased husband, Louis de Br\u00e9z\u00e9, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and Master of the Hunt."}], "question": "What was the religion of Diane Hegarty's spouse?"}
{"id": "2hop__90073_364445", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rookley Manor", "paragraph_text": "Rookley Manor (also Roclee, Rokeley, Roucle) is a manor house on the Isle of Wight, situated in the parish of Arreton. Though originally in Godshill parish, it is now included for the greater part in the boundaries of South Arreton."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alps", "paragraph_text": "In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as \u00d6tzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one place to another. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of \u00d6tzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1\u00f6 for \u00d6tzi."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Isle of Conquest", "paragraph_text": "The Isle of Conquest was a 1919 American silent drama film starring Norma Talmadge and produced by Talmadge and her husband Joseph Schenck. The film is now considered lost."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "Bermuda was discovered in 1503 by Spanish explorer Juan de Berm\u00fadez. It is mentioned in Legatio Babylonica, published in 1511 by historian Pedro M\u00e1rtir de Angler\u00eda, and was also included on Spanish charts of that year. Both Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands as a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water. Legends arose of spirits and devils, now thought to have stemmed from the calls of raucous birds (most likely the Bermuda petrel, or Cahow) and the loud noise heard at night from wild hogs. Combined with the frequent storm-wracked conditions and the dangerous reefs, the archipelago became known as the Isle of Devils. Neither Spain nor Portugal tried to settle it."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Subway (restaurant)", "paragraph_text": "Subway's best - selling sandwich, the B.M.T., contains pepperoni, salami, and ham. The name originally stood for Brooklyn Manhattan Transit, but now stands for ``Bigger, Meatier, Tastier ''."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "In 1897, William McKinley succeeded Cleveland as president. A year later he signed the Newlands Resolution, which provided for the annexation of Hawaii on July 7, 1898. The formal ceremony marking the annexation was held at Iolani Palace on August 12, 1898. Almost no Native Hawaiians attended, and those few who were on the streets wore royalist ilima blossoms in their hats or hair, and, on their breasts Hawaiian flags with the motto: Kuu Hae Aloha (``my beloved flag ''). Most of the 40,000 Native Hawaiians, including Lili \u02bbuokalani and the royal family, shuttered themselves in their homes, protesting what they considered an illegal transaction.`` When the news of Annexation came it was bitterer than death to me'', Lili\u02bbuokalani's niece, Princess Ka\u02bbiulani, told the San Francisco Chronicle. ``It was bad enough to lose the throne, but infinitely worse to have the flag go down. ''The Hawaiian flag was lowered for the last time while the Royal Hawaiian Band played the Hawaiian national anthem, Hawai\u02bbi Pono\u02bb\u012b."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eileach an Naoimh", "paragraph_text": "Eileach an Naoimh, also known as Holy Isle, is an uninhabited island in the Inner Hebrides of the west coast of Scotland. It is the southernmost of the Garvellachs archipelago and lies in the Firth of Lorne between Mull and Argyll. The name is Gaelic for \"rocky place of the saint\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Israel Kamakawiwo\u02bbole", "paragraph_text": "Israel Ka\u02bbano\u02bbi Kamakawiwo\u02bbole (Hawaiian pronunciation: (k\u0259\u02ccm\u0250k\u0259\u02ccvivo\u02c8\u0294ole), translation: ``The Fearless Eyed ''; May 20, 1959 -- June 26, 1997), also called Braddah Iz (Brother Iz), was a Native Hawaiian musician, entertainer and Hawaiian sovereignty activist."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Peter Kaeo", "paragraph_text": "Peter Young Kaeo Kekuaokalani (1836\u20131880) was a Hawaiian high chief (ali\u02bbi) and politician of the Kingdom of Hawaii. His cousin was Emma, who contended for the throne after the death of Kamehameha. After being diagnosed with leprosy, he was exiled in 1873 to Kalaupapa, the isolation settlement on Moloka. He was later permitted to return to Honolulu, where he died."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Milio's Sandwiches", "paragraph_text": "Milio's Sandwiches (formerly Big Mike's Super Subs) is a United States restaurant chain that mainly sells submarine sandwiches. The chain was founded in Madison, Wisconsin by Mike Liautaud. in 1989. The company has 35 locations throughout Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa The company headquarters are located in Middleton, Wisconsin. Milio's was First Place in Madison Magazine's Best of Madison 2017 for Best Sandwich Spot and has been recognized for its community involvement."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Moe's Italian Sandwiches", "paragraph_text": "Moe's Italian Sandwiches is the name of an Italian submarine sandwich shop located in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The owners, the Paganos, also own the Moe's franchising business, MadMoe Corporation, which has begun placing Moe's Italian Sandwiches restaurants throughout New England."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Abraham Akaka", "paragraph_text": "Abraham Kahikina Akaka (February 21, 1917 \u2013 September 10, 1997) was an American clergyman. For 27 years, Rev. Akaka was Kahu (shepherd) of Kawaiaha\u02bbo Church in Honolulu, Hawaii. His mother was of Hawaiian ancestry, and his father was of Hawaiian and Chinese ancestry. He delivered his messages in both the Hawaiian and English languages."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "South Sandwich Trench", "paragraph_text": "The South Sandwich Trench is a deep arcuate trench in the South Atlantic Ocean lying to the east of the South Sandwich Islands. The trench is produced by the subduction of the southernmost portion of the South American Plate beneath the small South Sandwich Plate. The South Sandwich Islands constitute a volcanic island arc which results from this active subduction. Mount Belinda on Montagu Island is an active volcano."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Esmond Martelli", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Esmonde Martelli (16 June 1878 \u2013 1926) was an Irish international rugby union fullback back who played club rugby for Dublin University. Martelli played international rugby for the British Isles team on its 1899 tour of Australia. He was described by British Isles tour manager, Matthew Mullineux, as having 'an excellent drop, punt and place kick'."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Gods Return", "paragraph_text": "The Gods Return is the ninth and final book in the Lord of the Isles Saga by David Drake. It was published in 2008 by Tor Books; the third books of the Crown of the Isles. It follows the stories of Garric, Sharina, Cashel and Ilna in the newly changed world that was once the Isles and is now a great continent: the Land."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Kealakekua Bay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Kealakekua Bay was a battle in 1779 in Hawaii, in which British explorer Captain James Cook was killed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Isle of Man TT", "paragraph_text": "Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial, restricted to touring automobiles. As the Motor Car Act 1903 placed a speed restriction of 20 mph (32 km / h) on automobiles in the UK, Julian Orde, Secretary of the Automobile Car Club of Britain and Ireland approached the authorities in the Isle of Man for the permission to race automobiles on the island's public roads. The Highways (Light Locomotive) Act 1904 gave permission in the Isle of Man for the 52.15 - mile (83.93 km) Highroads Course for the 1904 Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial which was won by Clifford Earl (Napier) in 7 hours 26.5 minutes for five laps (255.5 mi or 411.2 km) of the Highroads Course. The 1905 Gordon Bennett Trial was held on 30 May 1905 and was again won by Clifford Earl driving a Napier automobile in 6 hours and 6 minutes for six laps of the Highroads Course. This was followed in September 1905 with the first Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Race for racing automobiles, now known as the RAC Tourist Trophy and was won by John Napier (Arrol - Johnston) in 6 hours and 9 minutes at an average speed of 33.90 mph (54.56 km / h)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hawaiian Islands", "paragraph_text": "The Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian: Mokupuni o Hawai'i) are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the island of Hawai \u02bbi in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll. Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the ``Sandwich Islands '', a name chosen by James Cook in honor of the then First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The contemporary name is derived from the name of the largest island, Hawaii Island."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Reuben sandwich", "paragraph_text": "The Reuben sandwich is an American hot sandwich composed of corned beef, Swiss cheese, sauerkraut, and Russian dressing, grilled between slices of rye bread."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anne Chr\u00e9tien Louis de Hell", "paragraph_text": "Anne Chr\u00e9tien Louis de Hell, (25 August 1783\u00a0\u2013 1864), was a French admiral and the governor from May 1838 to October 1841 of the \"Isle de Bourbon\" in the Indian Ocean\u00a0\u2013 now known as the French overseas department of R\u00e9union."}], "question": "What's the place of death of the person who discovered sandwich (now hawaiian) isles?"}
{"id": "2hop__335390_597262", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Caleb Shang", "paragraph_text": "Caleb James Shang, (4 August 1884\u00a0\u2013 6 April 1953; born Duckbour Caleb James Shang) was the most highly decorated Chinese Australian soldier who served in the First World War. He was decorated with the Distinguished Conduct Medal twice and received the Military Medal. He served with distinction on the Western Front, primarily as a scout and sniper, until his wounds rendered him unfit for further duties. After returning to Australia, Shang married in Victoria and moved to Queensland, where he and his wife raised their three children. During the Second World War, he served on home defence duties in northern Queensland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Yuan", "paragraph_text": "John Yuan (born 1973) is an American actor and writer. He and his twin brother Matthew Yuan wrote the micro-budget zombie film, for The Asylum in 2004 for producer David Michael Latt."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Matthew Yuan", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Yuan (born 1973) is an American actor and writer. He and his twin brother John Yuan wrote the micro-budget zombie film, \"\" for The Asylum in 2004 for producer David Michael Latt."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of Gaykhatu. The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yuan Huangtou", "paragraph_text": "Yuan Huangtou (; died in 559) was the son of emperor Yuan Lang of Northern Wei. At that time, Gao Yang took control of the court of Eastern Wei and set the emperor as a puppet. Finally, Yuan Huangtou was imprisoned by Gao Yang and, against his will, flown via a large kite from the tower of Ye, China. He survived this flight, but was later starved in prison."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Natalie Horler", "paragraph_text": "Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to British parents who had moved to Germany in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her 2 siblings. Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney movies."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of China", "paragraph_text": "The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 -- 1046 BC). Ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian (c. 100 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070 -- 1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period, and Shang writings do not indicate the existence of the Xia. The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Yuan Tan", "paragraph_text": "Yuan Tan (died 205), courtesy name Xiansi, was the eldest son of Yuan Shao, a warlord who occupied much of northern China during the late Eastern Han dynasty. After Yuan Shao's death, Yuan Tan engaged his younger brother, Yuan Shang, in a power struggle over their father's territories. He sought help from his father's rival, Cao Cao, and defeated Yuan Shang with Cao's help. However, the alliance between Yuan Tan and Cao Cao was eventually broken and Yuan was defeated and killed in the Battle of Nanpi by Cao Cao's troops."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mandate of Heaven", "paragraph_text": "The prosperous Shang dynasty saw its rule filled with many outstanding accomplishments. Notably, the dynasty lasted for a considerable time during which 31 kings ruled over an extended period of 17 generations. During this period, the dynasty enjoyed a period of peace and tranquility in which citizens could make a good living. The government was originally able to control most of its internal affairs due to the firm support provided by the people. As time went on, however, the rulers' abuse of the other social classes led to social unrest and instability. The corruption in this dynasty created the conditions necessary for a new ruling house to rise -- the Zhou dynasty. Rebellion against the Shang was led by Zhou Wu. They created the Mandate of Heaven to explain their right to assume rule and presumed that the only way to hold the mandate was to rule well in the eyes of Heaven. They believed that the Shang ruling house had become morally corrupt, and that the Shang leaders' loss of virtue entitled their own house to take over. The overthrow of the Shang Dynasty, they said, was in accordance with the mandate given by Heaven."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David Kaonohiokala Bray", "paragraph_text": "David Kaonohiokala Bray was born 05 Mar 1889 in Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, to Missionary David Howard Hitchcock (1832\u20131899) and Hana Bray (-1889). Hana died when he was six months old so David had no full siblings, but there were five half siblings from his father's previous marriage to Almeda Eliza Widger (1828\u20131895): noted American painter D. Howard Hitchcock (1861 \u2013 1943), Ella Marian Hitchcock (1858 \u2013 1950), Cora Etta Hitchcock (1859 \u2013 1951), Almeda Eliza Hitchcock (1863 \u2013 1895), and Charles Henry Wetmore Hitchcock (1868 \u2013 1940)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chen Yuan (prince)", "paragraph_text": "Chen Yuan was the fourth son of Chen Shubao, and the oldest son of Chen Shubao's favorite concubine Consort Zhang Lihua. His exact birth year is not known. At the time of Chen Yuan's birth, Chen Shubao was crown prince under Chen Yuan's grandfather Emperor Xuan. On her account, Chen Shubao also greatly favored Chen Yuan, but at the order of Emperor Xuan, Chen Yuan's older brother Chen Yin, Chen Shubao's oldest son, was designated heir. (Chen Yin was also not born of Chen Shubao's wife Crown Princess Shen Wuhua, but Crown Princess Shen raised him after Chen Yin's mother Consort Sun died in childbirth in 573)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: \u5927\u5143\u901a\u5236, \"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan\"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "N\u00fcwa", "paragraph_text": "N\u00fcwa is featured within the famed Ming dynasty novel \"Fengshen Bang\". As featured within this novel, N\u00fcwa is very highly respected since the time of the Xia Dynasty for being the daughter of the Jade Emperor; N\u00fcwa is also regularly called the \"Snake Goddess\". After the Shang Dynasty had been created, N\u00fcwa created the five-colored stones to protect the dynasty with occasional seasonal rains and other enhancing qualities. Thus in time, Shang Rong asked King Zhou of Shang to pay her a visit as a sign of deep respect. After Zhou was completely overcome with lust at the very sight of the beautiful ancient goddess N\u00fcwa (who had been sitting behind a light curtain), he would write a small poem on a neighboring wall and take his leave. When N\u00fcwa later returned to her temple after visiting the Yellow Emperor, N\u00fcwa would see the foulness of Zhou's words. In her anger, she swore that the Shang Dynasty would end in payment for his foulness. In her rage, N\u00fcwa would personally ascend to the palace in an attempt to kill the king, but was suddenly struck back by two large beams of red light."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Heinrich Lossow", "paragraph_text": "Heinrich Lossow's father was Arnold Hermann Lossow, a Bremen sculptor. His father moved to Munich in 1820 to study under Ernst Mayer. In Munich, Arnold Hermann Lossow married and had three children: Carl Lossow in 1835, Friedrich Lossow in 1837, and Heinrich Lossow in 1843. The three boys had an affinity for art; Carl became a historical painter, while Friedrich became a wildlife painter. Heinrich would outlive all of his siblings."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143) is from the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143\" (d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n Yu\u00e1n / \"Great is Qi\u00e1n, the Primal\") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qi\u00e1n (\u4e7e). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai \u00d6n Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan \u00dcls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai \u00d6n (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the \"Yeke Mongghul Ulus\" (lit. \"Great Mongol State\"), resulting in Dai \u00d6n Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning \"Great Yuan Great Mongol State\". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the \"Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty of China\", similar to the names \"Manchu dynasty\" or \"Manchu Dynasty of China\" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the \"Empire of the Great Khan\" or \"Khanate of the Great Khan\", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jia'ao", "paragraph_text": "Jia'ao (, died 541 BC) was from 544 to 541 BC the king of Chu, a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. Born Xiong Yuan (), he succeeded his father King Kang of Chu who died in 545 BC."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Yangcheng", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Yangcheng was a battle fought between the warlords Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu as the coalition against Dong Zhuo fell apart in 191 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Sun Jian, Yuan Shu's nominal subordinate returning from his triumphant capture of the abandoned capital of Luoyang, became involved in Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu's personal feud as the former allies turned against one another. Yuan Shao's forces, under Zhou Yu, first got an upper hand against Sun Jian's forces, but was beaten back by Sun's counterattack."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of Liyang", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Liyang, fought between October 202 and June 203 in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, was an invasion attempt by the warlord Cao Cao against the brothers Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan, the sons of Cao's rival Yuan Shao. The battle in October 202 was the first between the two factions since the death of Yuan Shao four months ago. Although it ended in Cao Cao's withdrawal, events in this battle brought tensions between the Yuan brothers to the surface as Yuan Tan mutinied against his younger brother Yuan Shang after Cao Cao's temporary exit from the scene."}], "question": "Who was the brother of the father of Yuan Shang?"}
{"id": "2hop__10320_450197", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "There are traditions long associated with football games. Students growl like wildcats when the opposing team controls the ball, while simulating a paw with their hands. They will also jingle keys at the beginning of each kickoff. In the past, before the tradition was discontinued, students would throw marshmallows during games. The Clock Tower at the Rebecca Crown Center glows purple, instead of its usual white, after a winning game, thereby proclaiming the happy news. The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or until the end of the sports season. Whereas formerly the Clock Tower was lighted only for football victories, wins for men's basketball and women's lacrosse now merit commemoration as well; important victories in other sports may also prompt an empurpling."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minoan Bull-leaper", "paragraph_text": "It was acquired by the British Museum in 1966 as part of the collection of Captain Edward George Spencer - Churchill (1876 - 1964). He acquired it in Crete in 1921. The object was widely known before its acquisition and display in the Museum. It was illustrated in several general books and exhibited at the British Academy in 1936."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Museum Tinguely", "paragraph_text": "The Museum Tinguely is an art museum in Basel, Switzerland that contains a permanent exhibition of the works of Swiss painter and sculptor Jean Tinguely. Located in the Solitudepark by the Rhine, the museum was designed by the Ticinese architect Mario Botta and opened on 3 October 1996."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Independence Museum of Azerbaijan", "paragraph_text": "There are masterpieces of art and architecture, maps, pictures, books, currencies and other exhibits in the Independence Museum of Azerbaijan. A lot of expositions and activities dedicated to historical events are held in the exposition of the museum."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Small Cowper Madonna", "paragraph_text": "In 2015 the National Gallery of Art loaned the \"Small Cowper Madonna\" to the Worcester Art Museum in Massachusetts (U.S.) to be exhibited alongside \"The Virgin and Child (The Northbrook Madonna)\". The Northbrook Madonna is in the Worcester Art Museum's permanent collection and was once attributed to Raphael. One hope of the exhibition was to identify the Master of the Northbrook Madonna."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Big Ben", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Tower, previously called the Clock Tower but more popularly known as Big Ben, was raised as a part of Charles Barry's design for a new palace, after the old Palace of Westminster was largely destroyed by fire on the night of 16 October 1834. The new parliament was built in a neo-gothic style. Although Barry was the chief architect of the palace, he turned to Augustus Pugin for the design of the clock tower, which resembles earlier Pugin designs, including one for Scarisbrick Hall in Lancashire. The design for the tower was Pugin's last design before his final descent into madness and death, and Pugin himself wrote, at the time of Barry's last visit to him to collect the drawings: \"I never worked so hard in my life for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wood", "paragraph_text": "Wood has long been used as an artistic medium. It has been used to make sculptures and carvings for millennia. Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, often Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), and the Millennium clock tower, now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Millennium Dome", "paragraph_text": "The Millennium Dome, also referred to simply as The Dome, is the original name of a large dome - shaped building, originally used to house the Millennium Experience, a major exhibition celebrating the beginning of the third millennium of the Anno Domini calendar era. Located on the Greenwich Peninsula in South East London, England, the exhibition was open to the public from 1 January to 31 December 2000. The project and exhibition was the subject of considerable political controversy as it failed to attract the number of visitors anticipated, with recurring financial problems. All of the original exhibition and associated complex has since been demolished. The dome still exists, however, and it is now a key exterior feature of The O2. The Prime Meridian passes the western edge of the Dome and the nearest London Underground station is North Greenwich on the Jubilee line."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lapidarium, Prague", "paragraph_text": "Lapidarium is a part of the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. It was opened in 1905. It has been located in a summer palace on the exhibition area \"V\u00fdstavi\u0161t\u011b\" in Prague 7 - Hole\u0161ovice. It houses valuable stone sculptures dating from the 11th to the 20th century. The museum has a collection of around 2000 artefacts, 420 of which are on permanent display in eight halls of approximative area of 1500 square meters."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tam\u00e1stslikt Cultural Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Tam\u00e1stslikt Cultural Institute is a museum and research institute located on the Umatilla Indian Reservation near Pendleton in eastern Oregon. It is the only Native American museum along the Oregon Trail. The institute is dedicated to the culture of the Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla tribes of Native Americans. The main permanent exhibition of the museum provides a history of the culture of three tribes, and of the reservation itself. The museum also has a second hall for temporary exhibitions of specific types of Native American art, craftwork, history, and folklore related to the tribes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National Museum of Scotland", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, was formed in 2006 with the merger of the new Museum of Scotland, with collections relating to Scottish antiquities, culture and history, and the adjacent Royal Museum (so renamed in 1995), with collections covering science and technology, natural history, and world cultures. The two connected buildings stand beside each other on Chambers Street, by the intersection with the George IV Bridge, in central Edinburgh. The museum is part of National Museums Scotland. Admission is free."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Museum of Technology and Textile Industry", "paragraph_text": "The Museum of Technology and Textile Industry - a branch of the Museum in Bielsko-Bia\u0142a, Poland - was founded on January 1, 1979 with the aim of evidencing the traditions of the local wool industry centre by means of collecting machines, devices and documents related to this field of production. Apart from this the Museum also exhibits items connected with firefighting, printing and metal machine industry. The Museum occupies some parts of the B\u00fcttners\u2019 former cloth factory, which used to be one of the biggest textile factories in Bielsko."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guggenheim Museum SoHo", "paragraph_text": "The Guggenheim Museum SoHo was a branch of the Guggenheim Museum designed by Arata Isozaki that was located at the corner of Broadway and Prince Street in Manhattan's SoHo neighborhood, New York City. The museum opened in 1992 and closed in 2001 after hosting exhibits that included \"Marc Chagall and the Jewish Theater\", \"Paul Klee at the Guggenheim Museum\", \"Robert Rauschenberg: A Retrospective\", and \"Andy Warhol: The Last Supper\", which served as a key part of the museum's permanent collection. The closing was initially hoped to be temporary, but the museum closed permanently in 2002."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sammarinese Museum of Ancient Arms", "paragraph_text": "Sammarinese Museum of Ancient Arms (\"Museo delle armi antiche di San Marino\" in Italian) is located in the Cesta, the second tower of San Marino. The museum opened in 1956 due to agreement with Sammarinese collector Giovanni Carlo Giorgetti. Exhibition, divided to four rooms, contains about 2000 ancient arms and armours. It is part of the Musei di Stato."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bastille", "paragraph_text": "Some relics of the Bastille survive: the Carnavalet Museum holds objects including one of the stone models of the Bastille made by Palloy and the rope ladder used by Latude to escape from the prison roof in the 18th century, while the mechanism and bells of the prison clock are exhibited in Mus\u00e9e Europ\u00e9en d'Art Campanaire at L'Isle - Jourdain. The key to the Bastille was given to George Washington in 1790 by Lafayette and is displayed in the historic house of Mount Vernon. The Bastille's archives are now held by the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sifang Art Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Sifang Art Museum previously known as 4Cube Museum of Contemporary Art is a museum in Nanjing, in Jiangsu province in China. It is a non-profit private multi-functional institution dedicated to the exhibition, preservation, research and education of contemporary art and architecture."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Levine Museum of the New South", "paragraph_text": "The Levine Museum of the New South, is a history museum located in Charlotte, North Carolina whose exhibits focus on life in the North Carolina Piedmont after the American Civil War. The museum includes temporary and permanent exhibits on a range of Southern-related topics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "National Museum of Kandy", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Kandy in Kandy, Sri Lanka is located next to the Temple of the Tooth in part of the former Royal Palace of Kandy. The primary exhibits are housed in the \"Palle Vahala\" building, which was the former home of the King's harem. A secondary exhibition is located in the main palace building. The museum is maintained by the Department of National Museums."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "National Museum of Aleppo", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Aleppo () is the largest museum in the city of Aleppo, Syria, and was founded in 1931. It is located in the heart of the northern city on Baron Street, adjacent to the famous Baron Hotel and near the Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower. The majority of the museum's exhibitions are devoted to the archaeology of Syria, with most of the finds coming from archaeological sites of the northern part of the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History", "paragraph_text": "The Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History, founded in 1954, is operated by the Chulalongkorn University's Faculty of Science in the Biology Building at the university's main campus in Bangkok, Thailand. The museum features exhibits of various (mainly zoological) organisms, including mounts of the endangered white-eyed river martin (Princess Sirindhorn bird). The majority of the museum's exhibits are housed in its main hall, with dedicated rooms featuring Thai turtles and softshells, insects and land snails."}], "question": "What is the museum which exhibits the Millennium clock tower part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__745776_70731", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dale Enterprise, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Dale Enterprise is an unincorporated community in Rockingham County, Virginia, United States. The name dates to 1872, when it was time to name the village's post office. The place was previously known as Millersville, after the Miller family who ran an early store there. After the Civil War, Mr. J. W. Minnick started a new mercantile \u201centerprise\u201d at the crossroads of Silver Lake Road and Route 33. Minnick\u2019s store was located near a \u201cdale,\u201d so the chosen name became Dale Enterprise."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Daytona Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Typically tropical cyclones pass offshore once they reach the northern portion of the Atlantic coast of Florida. As such, the hurricane risk for Daytona Beach is significantly lower than areas of southern Florida like Miami and Key West. The 2004 hurricane season was by far the most active in the Daytona Beach area in the last 50 years. However, since 1950 there has only been one direct hit by a tropical cyclone to the Daytona Beach area, Hurricane Donna in 1960."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Casting Crowns", "paragraph_text": "Casting Crowns is a contemporary Christian and Christian rock band started in 1999 by youth pastor Mark Hall, who serves as the band's lead vocalist, as part of a youth group at First Baptist Church in Downtown Daytona Beach, Florida. They later moved to Stockbridge, Georgia, and more members joined. Some members of the band currently work as ministers for Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia. The band has won a Grammy and a Dove Award."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tony Dale", "paragraph_text": "Anthony William Dale, known as Tony Dale (born 1969) is a businessman from suburban Cedar Park, Texas, who is a Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 136, which encompasses part of Williamson County near the capital city of Austin on the eastern edge of the Texas Hill Country."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dale Earnhardt", "paragraph_text": "Regarded as one of the most significant drivers in NASCAR history, Earnhardt won a total of 76 Winston Cup races over the course of his career, including the 1998 Daytona 500. He also earned seven NASCAR Winston Cup championships, tying for the most all - time with Richard Petty. This feat, accomplished in 1994, was not equaled again for 22 years until Jimmie Johnson in 2016. His aggressive driving style earned him the nickname ``The Intimidator ''&`` The Count of Monte Carlo''."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Daytona 500", "paragraph_text": "Daytona 500 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Venue Daytona International Speedway Location Daytona Beach, Florida, United States First race 1959 (1959) Distance 500 mi (800 km) Laps 200 (Stage 1: 60 Stage 2: 60 Final stage: 80) Previous names Inaugural 500 Mile International Sweepstakes (1959) Second Annual 500 Mile International Sweepstakes (1960) Daytona 500 by STP (1991 -- 1993) Daytona 500 by Dodge (2001) Daytona 500 by Toyota (2007) Daytona 500 (1961 -- 1990, 1994 -- 2000, 2002 -- 2006, 2008 -- present) Most wins (driver) Richard Petty (7) Most wins (team) Petty Enterprises (9) Most wins (manufacturer) Chevrolet (23) Circuit information Surface Asphalt Length 2.5 mi (4.0 km) Turns"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dale (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dale is a 2007 documentary film about the life and career of NASCAR race car driver Dale Earnhardt. The film follows his career all the way to his death in the 2001 Daytona 500. Produced as a collaboration between CMT Films and NASCAR Images, the film premiered in theaters in selected cities in February 2007. A lot of the cities the film premiered in were cities where the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was racing that week including Daytona Beach. \"Dale\" made its television debut on CMT on September 4, 2007, setting a new ratings record for the network of more than 3.1 million total viewers. The film included interviews from legendary NASCAR drivers including Dale's rival Darrell Waltrip. The film is now available on DVD as a 6-disc set."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Billy McKinney (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "On July 4, 2014, the Athletics traded McKinney to the Chicago Cubs with Addison Russell and Dan Straily, in exchange for Jeff Samardzija and Jason Hammel. He was assigned to the Daytona Cubs of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League. He batted .301 in 51 games for Daytona."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Daytona 500", "paragraph_text": "2011 -- Trevor Bayne (First rookie to win the Daytona 500; won the race in his first Daytona attempt, only his second Cup race ever. Only career victory as of February 2018.)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "The university employs 3,401 full-time faculty members across its eleven schools, including 18 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 19 members of the National Academy of Engineering, and 6 members of the Institute of Medicine. Notable faculty include 2010 Nobel Prize\u2013winning economist Dale T. Mortensen; nano-scientist Chad Mirkin; Tony Award-winning director Mary Zimmerman; management expert Philip Kotler; King Faisal International Prize in Science recipient Sir Fraser Stoddart; Steppenwolf Theatre director Anna Shapiro; sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey; Holocaust denier Arthur Butz; Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi; former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn; ethnographer Gary Alan Fine; Pulitzer Prize\u2013winning historian Garry Wills; American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow Monica Olvera de la Cruz and MacArthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek, and Jennifer Richeson. Notable former faculty include political advisor David Axelrod, artist Ed Paschke, writer Charles Newman, Nobel Prize\u2013winning chemist John Pople, and military sociologist and \"don't ask, don't tell\" author Charles Moskos."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lee Raymond (racing driver)", "paragraph_text": "Lee Raymond (October 2, 1954 \u2013 December 12, 2013) was an American stock car racing driver. A two-time champion of the ARCA Super Car Series, he also competed in NASCAR racing in the 1989 Daytona 500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Talladega Superspeedway", "paragraph_text": "October 15, 2000: Dale Earnhardt set a record for the most wins at the track with 10. This was also his 76th and final win before his death in the 2001 Daytona 500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Coke Zero Sugar 400", "paragraph_text": "# Wins Driver Years Won 5 David Pearson 1961, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978 Cale Yarborough 1967, 1968, 1976, 1981 Tony Stewart 2005, 2006, 2009, 2012 Fireball Roberts 1959, 1962, 1963 Richard Petty 1975, 1977, 1984 Bobby Allison 1980, 1982, 1987 Jeff Gordon 1995, 1998, 2004 A.J. Foyt 1964, 1965 Bill Elliott 1988, 1991 Dale Earnhardt 1990, 1993 Dale Earnhardt Jr. 2001, 2015"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of NASCAR fatalities", "paragraph_text": "The premier series of NASCAR has seen 28 driver fatalities, the most recent of which occurred in February 2001 when Dale Earnhardt was killed during the Daytona 500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Denny Hamlin", "paragraph_text": "James Dennis Alan ``Denny ''Hamlin (born November 18, 1980) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes full - time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 11 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing, and part - time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 20 Camry for JGR. He has won 30 NASCAR Cup Series races, including the Daytona 500 in 2016, where he also posted the smallest winning margin in that race's history."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi", "paragraph_text": "On January 14, 2015, John Krasinski was cast in the film, to play one of the lead roles, a former US Navy SEAL. On February 3, Pablo Schreiber also signed on to star in the film, playing Kris \"Tanto\" Paronto, one of the six-man security team. On February 6, James Badge Dale was set to star, as the leader of the security team. Max Martini was cast as another member of the security team on February 17, 2015. David Denman signed on to star in the film on March 3, 2015, playing Boon, an elite sniper. On March 5, 2015, THR reported that Dominic Fumusa also signed on, to play John \"Tig\" Tiegen, one of the members of the security team, who is also a former Marine with weapons expertise. Freddie Stroma was added to the cast on March 17, 2015 to play the role of an undercover CIA officer in Libya. On May 7, 2015, Toby Stephens was set to play Glen \"Bub\" Doherty, another of the security team members."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Daytona 500", "paragraph_text": "2018: 20 years after Dale Earnhardt Sr. earned his iconic victory at Daytona, Austin Dillon brought Richard Childress's # 3 Chevrolet back to Victory Lane. Dillon, Childress's grandson who was photographed next to Earnhardt as a child after the earlier win, led only the final lap, bumping leader Aric Almirola out of the way, sending the latter's Ford into the wall. Also of note, rookie Darrell Wallace Jr. finished in the runner - up spot, barely edging out 2016 winner Denny Hamlin, the highest finish for an African - American driver in the event's history. It was also the final NASCAR race for Danica Patrick, who was collected in a multi-car wreck near the end of the second stage that also ended the days of Chase Elliott, Brad Keselowski, Kevin Harvick, among others."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Top Hat", "paragraph_text": "Top Hat is a 1935 American screwball musical comedy film in which Fred Astaire plays an American dancer named Jerry Travers, who comes to London to star in a show produced by Horace Hardwick (Edward Everett Horton). He meets and attempts to impress Dale Tremont (Ginger Rogers) to win her affection. The film also features Eric Blore as Hardwick's valet Bates, Erik Rhodes as Alberto Beddini, a fashion designer and rival for Dale's affections, and Helen Broderick as Hardwick's long-suffering wife Madge."}], "question": "How many times did the eponymous cast member of Dale win Daytona?"}
{"id": "2hop__715613_330063", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stare Bystre", "paragraph_text": "Stare Bystre is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarny Dunajec, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately south-west of Nowy Targ and south of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ci\u0119\u017ckowice-Ro\u017cn\u00f3w Landscape Park", "paragraph_text": "The Park lies within Lesser Poland Voivodeship: in Brzesko County (Gmina Czch\u00f3w), Nowy S\u0105cz County (Gmina Gr\u00f3dek nad Dunajcem, Gmina Korzenna) and Tarn\u00f3w County (Gmina Ci\u0119\u017ckowice, Gmina Gromnik, Gmina Rzepiennik Strzy\u017cewski, Gmina Zakliczyn)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Glan\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Glan\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzyci\u0105\u017c, within Olkusz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of Trzyci\u0105\u017c, east of Olkusz, and north of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Modlniczka", "paragraph_text": "Modlniczka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielka Wie\u015b, within Krak\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina Kro\u015bcienko nad Dunajcem", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Kro\u015bcienko nad Dunajcem is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Kro\u015bcienko nad Dunajcem, which lies approximately east of Nowy Targ and south-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ciborowice", "paragraph_text": "Ciborowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Proszowice, within Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of Proszowice and north-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Borek Szlachecki", "paragraph_text": "Borek Szlachecki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skawina, within Krak\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Skawina and south-west of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cz\u0119stochowa Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Cz\u0119stochowa Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975\u20131998, superseded mainly by Silesian Voivodeship, with a few eastern gminas attached to the freshly created \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Voivodeship. Though most of the current territory of the former Cz\u0119stochowa Voivodeship belongs to the Silesian Voivodeship, it historically is part of Lesser Poland, apart from western areas, around Lubliniec and Olesno."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Lubie\u0144", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Lubie\u0144 is a rural gmina (administrative district) in My\u015blenice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Lubie\u0144, which lies approximately south of My\u015blenice and south of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gromnik, Lesser Poland Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gromnik is a village in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Gromnik. It lies approximately south of Tarn\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Bystra-Sidzina", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Bystra-Sidzina is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Bystra; it also contains the village of Sidzina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krosno Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Krosno Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975\u20131998, superseded by Subcarpathian Voivodeship (except Biecz Commune which is now a part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship). Its capital city was Krosno."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tarn\u00f3w Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Tarn\u00f3w Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975\u20131998, superseded by a much larger Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Its capital city was Tarn\u00f3w. Located in southeastern part of the country, its area was 4,151\u00a0km. (which was 1.3% of the total area of Poland). In 1975 the population was 577,900, in 1998 it grew to 700,800."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Prandocin-I\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Prandocin-I\u0142y is a village in the administrative district of Gmina S\u0142omniki, within Krak\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north of S\u0142omniki and north-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "\u0141ost\u00f3wka", "paragraph_text": "\u0141ost\u00f3wka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mszana Dolna, within Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of Mszana Dolna, west of Limanowa, and south of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bibice", "paragraph_text": "Bibice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zielonki, within Krak\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "Which gmina shares a border with the gmina where Gromnik is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__82361_86508", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Breaking Bad", "paragraph_text": "Breaking Bad is an American neo-western crime drama television series created and produced by Vince Gilligan. The show originally aired on the AMC network for five seasons, from January 20, 2008 to September 29, 2013. It tells the story of Walter White (Bryan Cranston), a struggling high school chemistry teacher diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. Together with his former student Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul), White turns to a life of crime by producing and selling crystallized methamphetamine to secure his family's financial future before he dies, while navigating the dangers of the criminal world. The title comes from the Southern colloquialism ``breaking bad '', meaning to`` raise hell'' or turn toward crime. Breaking Bad is set and was filmed in Albuquerque, New Mexico."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Walter White (Breaking Bad)", "paragraph_text": "Walter Hartwell White Sr., also known by his clandestine alias Heisenberg, is a fictional character and the main protagonist of Breaking Bad. He is portrayed by Bryan Cranston. A graduate of the California Institute of Technology, Walt was once a promising chemist who cofounded the company Gray Matter Technologies with his close friend Elliot Schwartz and his then - girlfriend Gretchen. He left Gray Matter abruptly, selling his shares for $5,000; soon afterward, the company made a fortune, much of it from his research. Walt subsequently moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he became a high school chemistry teacher. Breaking Bad begins on Walter's 50th birthday, when he is diagnosed with Stage IIIA lung cancer. After this discovery, he resorts to manufacturing methamphetamine and drug dealing to ensure his family's financial security after his death. He is pulled deeper into the illicit drug trade, becoming more and more ruthless as the series progresses, and later adopts the alias ``Heisenberg '', which becomes recognizable as the kingpin figure in the local drug trade. Series creator Vince Gilligan has described his goal with Walter White as`` turning Mr. Chips into Scarface'', and deliberately made the character less sympathetic over the course of the series. Walt's evolution from mild - mannered school teacher and family man to ruthless criminal mastermind and murderer is the show's central focus."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Raviv Ullman", "paragraph_text": "Raviv Ullman (Hebrew: \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05df \u200e; born January 24, 1986), is an Israeli - American actor and musician. He is best known for playing Phil Diffy, the main character in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future. The actor was credited as Ricky Ullman from 1997 until 2006."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jenna Boyd", "paragraph_text": "Jenna Boyd was born in Bedford, Texas and moved with her parents and younger brother Cayden (also an actor) to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career. After a few small roles on television and film, Boyd's big break came when she was cast in The Missing, alongside Cate Blanchett and Evan Rachel Wood. Boyd's performance was praised in critical reviews of this film, although the film itself was not particularly well received. Previously she had been in Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star playing the daughter of a family hired by the title character (David Spade) to help him recapture his childhood. In 2005 Boyd played the Leukemia - suffering Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. Her recent roles include the Lifetime miniseries The Gathering in which she played the daughter of a doctor (Peter Gallagher) searching for his wife and in the Ghost Whisperer episode ``Children of Ghosts ''she played a troubled teenager living in a foster home. In 2017, she played Paige Hardaway, the`` practice girlfriend'' of the autistic main character, Sam Gardener, in the Netflix Original Series Atypical."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Shake It Up characters", "paragraph_text": "Character Actor Season CeCe Jones Bella Thorne Main Rocky Blue Zendaya Main Flynn Jones Davis Cleveland Main Ty Blue Roshon Fegan Main Deuce Martinez Adam Irigoyen Main Gunther Hessenheffer Kenton Duty Main Tinka Hessenheffer Caroline Sunshine Recurring Main"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kyan Khojandi", "paragraph_text": "Kyan Khojandi (born 29 August 1982 in Reims, France) is a French comedian, actor and screenwriter born to a French mother and an Iranian father. He is best known for playing the main character in the television series \"Bref\", which was broadcast on Canal+ from 2011 to 2012."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cress Williams", "paragraph_text": "Cress Williams (born July 26, 1970) is an American actor, known for his roles in Prison Break and Close to Home. His most recent roles include Mayor Lavon Hayes on The CW series Hart of Dixie as well as the titular character on The CW's Black Lightning."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wayne Dehart", "paragraph_text": "Wayne Dehart is an American actor of film and television who has been onscreen since the 1980s. He has appeared in such films as \"RoboCop 2\", \"A Perfect World\" and \"Looper\" and such television programs as \"Walker, Texas Ranger\", \"Prison Break\" and \"Breaking Bad\" (episode \"Blood Money\")."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Noom Diawara", "paragraph_text": "Noom Diawara (born 26 December 1978) is a French actor. He is known for playing the role of Charles in \"Serial (Bad) Weddings\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Bad News Bears", "paragraph_text": "The Bad News Bears is a 1976 American sports comedy film directed by Michael Ritchie. It stars Walter Matthau and Tatum O'Neal. The film was followed by two sequels, The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training in 1977 and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan in 1978, a short - lived 1979 -- 80 CBS television series, and a 2005 remake."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Asia Kate Dillon", "paragraph_text": "Asia Kate Dillon (born November 15, 1984) is an American actor who plays Brandy Epps in Orange Is the New Black and Taylor Mason in Billions. Dillon is non-binary and uses singular they pronouns. Their role on Billions is the first non-binary main character on North American television, and earned them a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Bad News Bears Go to Japan", "paragraph_text": "The Bad News Bears Go to Japan (also known as The Bad News Bears 3) is a sport comedy film 1978 film release by Paramount Pictures and was the third and last of a series, following \"The Bad News Bears\" and \"The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training\". It stars Tony Curtis and Jackie Earle Haley, also featuring Regis Philbin in a small role and Japanese wrestler Antonio Inoki in a role."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Medi Sadoun", "paragraph_text": "Medi Sadoun (born July 8, 1973) is a French actor born to Paris. He is known for playing the role of Rachid in \"Serial (Bad) Weddings\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul characters", "paragraph_text": "Character Portrayed by Breaking Bad Better Call Saul Season 1 (2008) Season 2 (2009) Season 3 (2010) Season 4 (2011) Season 5A (2012) Season 5B (2013) Season 1 (2015) Season 2 (2016) Season 3 (2017) Season 4 (2018) Walter White Bryan Cranston Main Skyler White Anna Gunn Main Jesse Pinkman Aaron Paul Main Hank Schrader Dean Norris Main Marie Schrader Betsy Brandt Main Walter White, Jr. RJ Mitte Main Saul Goodman / James' Jimmy 'McGill Bob Odenkirk Recurring Main Gustavo Fring Giancarlo Esposito Guest Main Main Mike Ehrmantraut Jonathan Banks Guest Main Main Lydia Rodarte - Quayle Laura Fraser Recurring Main Guest Todd Alquist Jesse Plemons Recurring Main Kimberly Wexler Rhea Seehorn Main Howard Hamlin Patrick Fabian Main Ignacio' Nacho 'Varga Michael Mando Main Charles' Chuck 'McGill, Jr. Michael McKean Main Guest"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "RJ Mitte", "paragraph_text": "Roy Frank \"RJ\" Mitte III (born August 21, 1992) is an American actor who played Walter \"Flynn\" White Jr. on the AMC series \"Breaking Bad\" (2008\u201313). Like his character on the show, he has cerebral palsy. After moving to Hollywood in 2006, he began training with personal talent manager Addison Witt. They sought acting opportunities where his disability would serve to educate viewers, which led him to audition for the role in \"Breaking Bad\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jenna Boyd", "paragraph_text": "Jenna Boyd was born in Bedford, Texas and moved with her parents and younger brother Cayden (also an actor) to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career. After a few small roles on television and film, Boyd's big break came when she was cast in The Missing, alongside Cate Blanchett and Evan Rachel Wood. Boyd's performance was praised in critical reviews of this film, although the film itself was not particularly well received. Previously she had been in Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star playing the daughter of a family hired by the title character (David Spade) to help him recapture his childhood. In 2005 Boyd played the Leukemia - suffering Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. Her recent roles include the Lifetime miniseries The Gathering in which she played the daughter of a doctor (Peter Gallagher) searching for his wife and in the Ghost Whisperer episode ``Children of Ghosts ''she played a troubled teenager living in a foster home. In 2017, she played Paige Hardaway, the`` practice girlfriend'' of the autistic main character, Sam Gardner, in the Netflix Original Series Atypical."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "paragraph_text": "Actor / Actress Character Seasons 5 6 Will Smith Will Smith Main James Avery Philip Banks Main Janet Hubert - Whitten Vivian Banks Main Daphne Maxwell Reid Main Alfonso Ribeiro Carlton Banks Main Karyn Parsons Hilary Banks Main Tatyana M. Ali Ashley Banks Main Joseph Marcell Geoffrey Butler Main Ross Bagley Nicholas ``Nicky ''Banks Main"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bryan Cranston", "paragraph_text": "Bryan Lee Cranston (born March 7, 1956) is an American actor, voice actor, producer, director and screenwriter. He is best known for portraying Walter White on the AMC crime drama series Breaking Bad, Hal on the Fox comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, and Dr. Tim Whatley on the NBC comedy series Seinfeld."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Angus T. Jones", "paragraph_text": "Angus Turner Jones (born October 8, 1993) is an American actor. Jones is best known for playing Jake Harper in the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men, for which he won two Young Artist Awards and a TV Land Award during his 10 - year tenure as one of the show's main characters."}], "question": "Who is the actor that plays the main character of Breaking Bad?"}
{"id": "2hop__674232_612188", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Water cribs in Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The water cribs in Chicago are structures built to house and protect offshore water intakes used to supply the City of Chicago with drinking water from Lake Michigan. Water is collected and transported through tunnels located close to 200 feet beneath the lake, varying in shape from circular to oval, and ranging in diameter from 10 to 20 feet. The tunnels lead from the cribs to one of two water purification plants located onshore, the Jardine Water Purification Plant (the world's largest) and the Eugene Sawyer Water Purification Plant, where the water is then treated before being pumped to all parts of the city as well as 118 suburbs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lamon Bay", "paragraph_text": "Lamon Bay is a large bay in the southern part of Luzon island in the Philippines. It is a body of water connecting the southern part of Quezon province to the Pacific Ocean, and bounds the coastal towns of Atimonan, Gumaca, Plaridel, Lopez, Calauag, and the islands of Alabat. It is a rich fishing ground and the home of various living corals. Most parts of the bay consist of gray sand, some parts are filled with rocks, and other living corals. It is gradually sloping to the extent that, during low tide, the water level is low enough to allow one to walk as far as five hundred metres from the shore like in Pulong Pasig of Calauag. The beaches in the towns of Gumaca and Plaridel are sandy and ideal for swimming.. White-sand beaches are found in the villages of Capaluhan, Santo Angel, Talingting, Pangahoy, and Dapdap of Calauag. In some parts of the bay, about ten feet from the beach front, are living corals. The town of Lopez has colonies of corals which are located just about 15 minutes by boat from the shore. Lamon Bay is located at the southern part of Quezon."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mira Loma High School", "paragraph_text": "Mira Loma High School is a public high school located in Sacramento, California, United States. It is located south of Interstate 80, and east of Watt Avenue. It is a part of the San Juan Unified School District with a student body of approximately 1700 students."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Potamogeton amplifolius", "paragraph_text": "Potamogeton amplifolius, commonly known as largeleaf pondweed or broad-leaved pondweed, is an aquatic plant of North America. It grows in water bodies such as lakes, ponds, and rivers, often in deep water."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Powwow Pond", "paragraph_text": "Powwow Pond is a water body in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States. The outlet of the pond is located in the town of East Kingston, but most of the lake lies in the town of Kingston. The Powwow River, the outlet of the pond, flows to the Merrimack River in Amesbury, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Walker Pond", "paragraph_text": "Walker Pond is a body of water in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, situated off Route 49 on the way to Wells State Park."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sea of Sardinia", "paragraph_text": "The Sea of Sardinia is a body of water in the Mediterranean Sea between the Spanish archipelago of Balearic Islands and the Italian island of Sardinia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vacha Reservoir", "paragraph_text": "Vacha Reservoir ( Yazovir Vacha; before 1999: Antonivanovtsi Reservoir) is a body of water associated with a dam in Devin Municipality, south Bulgaria. It is part of the Vacha Cascade Joint Implementation Project involving three more dams and four power stations. The two other existing dams on the Vacha River are the Kamak Dam and the Tsankov Dam; the Krichim Dam is in the implementation stage."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bothnian Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Bothnian Sea (, ) links the Bothnian Bay (also called the Bay of Bothnia) with the Baltic proper. Kvarken is situated between the two. Together, the Bothnian Sea and Bay make up a larger geographical entity, the Gulf of Bothnia, where the Bothnian Sea is the southern part. The whole Gulf of Bothnia is situated between Sweden, to the West, Finland, to the East, and the Sea of \u00c5land and Archipelago Sea to the South. The surface area of Bothnian Sea is approximately 79,000\u00a0km\u00b2. The largest coastal towns, from south to north, are Rauma and Pori in Finland, and G\u00e4vle and Sundsvall in Sweden. Ume\u00e5 (Sweden) and Vaasa (Finland) lie in the extreme north, near Bothnian Bay."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Plankton", "paragraph_text": "Plankton (singular plankter) are the diverse collection of organisms that live in the water column of large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Splash Kingdom Waterpark", "paragraph_text": "Splash Kingdom Waterpark (formerly known as Pharaoh's Lost Kingdom) is an Egyptian-beach themed water park, trampoline park, and concert venue located in Redlands, California, United States. Splash Kingdom is the largest water park in the Inland Empire. The park is known for having the world's tallest enclosed body-flume waterslide, and the world's tallest free-standing water slide tower. Splash Kingdom also has a Fun Park which includes three race cart tracks, bumper boats, and mini golf. The park also boasts a concert amphitheater, sports bar, and arcade."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Volkerak", "paragraph_text": "The Volkerak is a body of water in the Netherlands. It is part of the Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt delta, and is situated between the island Goeree-Overflakkee to the north-west and the Dutch mainland to the south and east. The western part of the Volkerak is also called Krammer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Herts\u00f6n", "paragraph_text": "Herts\u00f6n is a Swedish island in the Bothnian Bay, largely occupied by the eastern districts of the city of Lule\u00e5."}], "question": "Herts\u00f6n island is in which water body?"}
{"id": "2hop__143224_793142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ida Darling", "paragraph_text": "Ida Darling (February 23, 1880 \u2013 June 5, 1936) was an American actress of the stage and in silent motion pictures."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Beardy River", "paragraph_text": "Beardy River, a perennial river that is part of the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Take It to the Limit (Eagles song)", "paragraph_text": "``Take It to the Limit ''is unique in the canon of the band's singles, being the sole A-side on which Randy Meisner sang lead, as well as the first A-side Eagles single on which neither Henley nor Frey sang lead. It was also the last Eagles single to feature founding member Bernie Leadon before he was replaced by guitarist Joe Walsh. The single version of the song is 3: 48 in length, almost a minute shorter than the album version.`` Take It to the Limit'' is one of few Eagles' tracks written in waltz time. (Other notable waltzes performed by the Eagles are ``Hollywood Waltz ''; the Meisner / Henley / Frey waltz`` Saturday Night'' (co-written with Leadon) from the 1973 Desperado album; Frey's ``Most of Us are Sad ''from their self - titled debut album; Frey / Henley / JD Souther's hard - rocking`` Teenage Jail'' from 1979's ``The Long Run ''album; and Walsh's`` Pretty Maids All in a Row'' on the 1976 album Hotel California.)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Samuel Taylor Darling", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Taylor Darling (April 6, 1872 in Harrison, New Jersey \u2013 May 21, 1925 in Beirut) was an American pathologist and bacteriologist who discovered the pathogen \"Histoplasma capsulatum\" in 1906. He died in Beirut in a car accident together with British malariologist Norman Lothian. The 'Darling Prize' for malaria research was established in his memory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sex (boutique)", "paragraph_text": "Sex was a boutique run by Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood at 430 King's Road, London between 1974 and 1976. It specialised in clothing that defined the look of the punk movement."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Megan McCafferty", "paragraph_text": "Megan Fitzmorris McCafferty (born 1973) is an American author known for \"The New York Times\" bestselling Jessica Darling series of young adult novels published between 2001 and 2009. McCafferty gained international attention in 2006 when novelist Kaavya Viswanathan was accused of plagiarizing the first two Jessica Darling novels."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Daggs Falls", "paragraph_text": "The Daggs Falls is a plunge waterfall on Spring Creek that is located in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rom\u00e9o et Juliette", "paragraph_text": "Rom\u00e9o et Juliette (\"Romeo and Juliet\") is an opera in five acts by Charles Gounod to a French libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carr\u00e9, based on \"Romeo and Juliet\" by William Shakespeare. It was first performed at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Lyrique (Th\u00e9\u00e2tre-Lyrique Imp\u00e9rial du Ch\u00e2telet), Paris on 27 April 1867. This opera is notable for the series of four duets for the main characters and the waltz song \"\"Je veux vivre\"\" for the soprano."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Waltz by Strauss", "paragraph_text": "A Waltz by Strauss or As Long as Strauss Waltzes are Heard (German: So lang' noch ein Walzer vom Strau\u00df erklingt) is a 1931 German historical musical film directed by Conrad Wiene and starring Hans Junkermann, Gustav Fr\u00f6hlich and Julia Serda. In the United Kingdom it was released as Johann Strauss."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Love Waltz", "paragraph_text": "The Love Waltz is a 1930 German English language musical film directed by Carl Winston and starring Lilian Harvey, Georg Alexander and John Batten. It is the English-language version of \"Waltz of Love\" (1930) which also starred Harvey."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John Darling and Son", "paragraph_text": "John Darling and Son was an Australian wheat merchant and flour milling company founded in Adelaide, South Australia, for many years the largest in Australia. It was founded by John Darling Sr. (1831\u20131905), a businessman of Scottish origin, and Member of Parliament for 25 years. He was succeeded by his eldest son, John Darling, Jr. (1852\u20131914), also a Member of Parliament, then by Harold Gordon Darling. It was registered as a private company in Victoria in 1953 with three directors: Norman Darling, Leonard Darling, and Leonard Gordon Darling."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Darling Scarp", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Scarp, also referred to as the Darling Range or Darling Ranges, is a low escarpment running north-south to the east of the Swan Coastal Plain and Perth, Western Australia. The escarpment extends generally north of Bindoon, to the south of Pemberton. The adjacent Darling Plateau goes easterly to include Mount Bakewell near York and Mount Saddleback near Boddington. It was named after the Governor of New South Wales Lieutenant-General Ralph Darling."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cowboys and Angels (George Michael song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Cowboys and Angels\" is a song written and performed by George Michael and released on Epic Records in 1991. Among other things, the song is notable for being written in waltz time. It became the first single released by Michael to miss the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 45 on release in March 1991."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Waltz Darling", "paragraph_text": "Waltz Darling is the fourth studio album by Malcolm McLaren (his only with The Bootzilla Orchestra), released in 1989. The album spawned several popular singles, most notably \"Deep in Vogue\" a collaboration with Willi Ninja, best known for his appearance in the documentary film \"Paris Is Burning\", which introduced vogue style of dance to the mainstream. Another single, \"House of the Blue Danube\" was used in the trailer for the 1990 film, \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Waltz", "paragraph_text": "It became fashionable in Britain during the Regency period, having been made respectable by the endorsement of Dorothea Lieven, wife of the Russian ambassador. Diarist Thomas Raikes later recounted that ``No event ever produced so great a sensation in English society as the introduction of the waltz in 1813 ''. In the same year, a sardonic tribute to the dance by Lord Byron was anonymously published (written the previous autumn). Influential dance master and author of instruction manuals, Thomas Wilson published A Description of the Correct Method of Waltzing in 1816. Almack's, the most exclusive club in London, permitted the waltz though the entry in the Oxford English Dictionary shows that it was considered`` riotous and indecent'' as late as 1825. Ann Bronte in 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall' has a scene set in 1827 where the local vicar Reverend Milward tolerates quadrilles and country dances but intervenes decisively when a waltz is called for, declaring ``No, no, I do n't allow that! Come, it's time to be going home ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brian Darling", "paragraph_text": "Brian Darling (born 1965) is the president and founder of the firm Liberty Government Affairs. He was Senior Communications Director and Counsel for Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) and a former senior fellow in government studies at The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think-tank based in Washington, D.C. Darling has been involved in U.S. politics since the early 1990s, in roles as a congressional aide, lobbyist and legal counsel. Darling came to national media attention when he resigned as legal counsel to Republican Senator Mel Martinez of Florida after admitting he was the author of the \"Schiavo memo.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)", "paragraph_text": "The lyrics, describing a series of individuals and their journeys to New York City, refer to several of the regular ``superstars ''at Andy Warhol's New York studio, the Factory, namely Holly Woodlawn, Candy Darling, Joe Dallesandro, Jackie Curtis and Joe Campbell (referred to in the song by his nickname Sugar Plum Fairy). Candy Darling was also the subject of Reed's earlier song for The Velvet Underground,`` Candy Says''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Four Strong Winds", "paragraph_text": "Neil Young recorded the song for his 1978 album Comes a Time, with harmony vocals from Nicolette Larson, and on The Band's The Last Waltz. It has received significant airplay over album oriented rock and classic rock radio stations and has become part of Young's concert repertoire, including featured performances during Young's yearly appearances at Farm Aid benefit concerts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Briscoe Darling Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Briscoe Darling Jr. is a fictional character from The Andy Griffith Show, an American situation comedy from the 1960s that aired on CBS. The character was portrayed by actor Denver Pyle, best known for his roles as Grandpa Tarleton on Tammy, Buck Webb on The Doris Day Show, and Uncle Jesse on The Dukes of Hazzard. Briscoe was the patriarch of the mountain family The Darlings that appeared in several episodes during the run of the series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Susan Waltz", "paragraph_text": "Susan E. Waltz is an American political scientist and faculty member at the University of Michigan's Ford School of Public Policy. Waltz is also involved with Amnesty International, having served as chair of its International Executive Committee from 1996-1998. From 2009-2013 she served as a board member at Amnesty's U.S. branch."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the performer of Waltz Darling?"}
{"id": "2hop__40651_15718", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Janus (moon)", "paragraph_text": "Janus was identified by Audouin Dollfus on 15 December 1966 and given the temporary designation S/1966 S 2. Previously, Jean Texereau had photographed Janus on 29 October 1966 without realising it. On December 18, Richard Walker observed an object in the same orbit as Janus, but whose position could not be reconciled with the previous observations. Twelve years later, in October 1978, Stephen M. Larson and John W. Fountain realised that the 1966 observations were best explained by two distinct objects (Janus and Epimetheus) sharing very similar orbits, Walker is now credited with the discovery of Epimetheus. Voyager 1 confirmed this orbital configuration in 1980. (See co-orbital moon for a more detailed description of their unique arrangement.)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Saturn", "paragraph_text": "Saturn's rings require at least a 15-mm-diameter telescope to resolve and thus were not known to exist until Galileo first saw them in 1610. He thought of them as two moons on Saturn's sides. It was not until Christiaan Huygens used greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted. Huygens discovered Saturn's moon Titan; Giovanni Domenico Cassini later discovered four other moons: Iapetus, Rhea, Tethys and Dione. In 1675, Cassini discovered the gap now known as the Cassini Division.No further discoveries of significance were made until 1789 when William Herschel discovered two further moons, Mimas and Enceladus. The irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion, which has a resonance with Titan, was discovered in 1848 by a British team.In 1899 William Henry Pickering discovered Phoebe, a highly irregular satellite that does not rotate synchronously with Saturn as the larger moons do. Phoebe was the first such satellite found and it takes more than a year to orbit Saturn in a retrograde orbit. During the early 20th century, research on Titan led to the confirmation in 1944 that it had a thick atmosphere \u2013 a feature unique among the Solar System's moons."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cullen number", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, a Cullen number is a natural number of the form formula_1 (written formula_2). Cullen numbers were first studied by James Cullen in 1905. Cullen numbers are special cases of Proth numbers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Earth's energy budget", "paragraph_text": "The geothermal heat flux from the Earth's interior is estimated to be 47 terawatts. This comes to 0.087 watt / square metre, which represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 terawatts of incoming solar radiation."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Steam engine", "paragraph_text": "The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered latent heat, which was confirmed by the original discoverer Joseph Black, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure. Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature. The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Raglan Mine", "paragraph_text": "Raglan Mine is a large nickel mining complex in the Nunavik region of northern Quebec, Canada. It is located approximately south of Deception Bay. Discovery of the deposits is credited to Murray Edmund Watts in 1931 or 1932. It is owned and operated by Glencore. The mine site is located in sub-arctic permafrost of the Cape Smith Belt, with an average underground temperature of ."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Steam engine", "paragraph_text": "The centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning. The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Peter Cullen", "paragraph_text": "Peter Claver Cullen (born July 28, 1941) is a Canadian voice actor. He is best known as the voice of Optimus Prime (as well as Ironhide) in the original 1980s Transformers animated series, and most other incarnations of the character, as well, and Eeyore in the Winnie the Pooh franchise. He also voiced Monterey Jack in Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers from season one through some of season two. In 2007, Cullen returned to the role of Optimus Prime in various Transformers media, starting with the first live - action film."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kepler-10c", "paragraph_text": "Kepler-10c is an exoplanet orbiting the G-type star Kepler-10, located around 568 light-years away in Draco. Its discovery was announced by Kepler in May 2011, although it had been seen as a planetary candidate since January 2011, when Kepler-10b was discovered. The team confirmed the observation using data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and a technique called Blender that ruled out most false positives. Kepler-10c was the third transiting planet to be confirmed statistically (based on probability rather than actual observation), after Kepler-9d and Kepler-11g. The Kepler team considers the statistical method that led to the discovery of Kepler-10c as what will be necessary to confirm many planets in Kepler's field of view."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Russell Alan Hulse", "paragraph_text": "Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., \"\"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"\". He was a specialist in the pulsar studies and gravitational waves."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Christiaan Eijkman", "paragraph_text": "Eijkman was unable to continue his research due to ill health, but a study by his friend Adolphe Vorderman confirmed the link between polished rice and the disease. Eventually it was determined the missing compound that was causing Beriberi was vitamin B1, thiamine. Chemist Casimir Funk shortened the term \"vital amine\" to coin a new word, vitamin. For his contributions to the discovery of antineuritic vitamins, Eijkman won the 1929 Nobel Prize for Medicine, sharing the prize with Sir Frederick Hopkins. Funk, perhaps unfairly, was never given full credit for his work."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lobotomy", "paragraph_text": "The originator of the procedure, Portuguese neurologist Ant\u00f3nio Egas Moniz, shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine of 1949 for the ``discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses '', although the awarding of the prize has been subject to controversy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Periodic table", "paragraph_text": "As of 2016, the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements, from element 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson). Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the most recent discoveries, were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in December 2015. Their proposed names, nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts) and oganesson (Og) respectively, were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Age of Enlightenment", "paragraph_text": "In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was \"predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in character which played a major role in the further development of the transatlantic Enlightenment\". In France, Voltaire said \"we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization.\" The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen, physician and chemist; James Anderson, an agronomist; Joseph Black, physicist and chemist; and James Hutton, the first modern geologist."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pieter Zeeman", "paragraph_text": "Pieter Zeeman (; 25 May 1865 \u2013 9 October 1943) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hutchison Whampoa", "paragraph_text": "In January 2015, Li Ka Shing confirmed plans for Cheung Kong Holdings to purchase the remaining shares in Hutchison Whampoa that it did not already own, and merge the two companies as CK Hutchison Holdings. The merger is part of a larger reorganisation of Li's businesses, which will involve the spin-off of property assets into Cheung Kong Property. The new holding company has been incorporated in the Cayman Islands, rather than Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Epimetheus (moon)", "paragraph_text": "Epimetheus occupies essentially the same orbit as the moon Janus. Astronomers assumed that there was only one body in that orbit (disbelieving that two moons could share nearly identical orbits without colliding), and accordingly had difficulty determining their orbital characteristics. Observations were photographic and spaced widely apart in time, so that while the presence of two objects was not obvious, the observations were difficult to reconcile with a reasonable orbit.Audouin Dollfus observed a moon on 15 December 1966, which he proposed to be named \"Janus\". On 18 December, Richard Walker made a similar observation which is now credited as the discovery of Epimetheus. However, at the time, it was believed that there was only one moon, unofficially known as \"Janus\", in the given orbit.Twelve years later, in October 1978, Stephen M. Larson and John W. Fountain realised that the 1966 observations were best explained by two distinct objects (Janus and Epimetheus) sharing very similar orbits. This was confirmed in 1980 by Voyager 1, and so Larson and Fountain officially share the discovery of Epimetheus with Walker. A moon that was probably Epimetheus appeared in two Pioneer 11 images and was designated 1979S1, there is uncertainly though because the two images were not enough to allow a reliable orbit to be calculated.Epimetheus received its name in 1983. The name Janus was approved by the IAU at the same time, although the name had been used informally since Dollfus proposed it shortly after the 1966 discovery."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tropical cyclone", "paragraph_text": "Scientists estimate that a tropical cyclone releases heat energy at the rate of 50 to 200 exajoules (1018 J) per day, equivalent to about 1 PW (1015 watt). This rate of energy release is equivalent to 70 times the world energy consumption of humans and 200 times the worldwide electrical generating capacity, or to exploding a 10-megaton nuclear bomb every 20 minutes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WAGG", "paragraph_text": "WAGG (610 AM) is a radio station licensed to Birmingham, Alabama. It broadcasts at a daytime power 5,000 watts, and at nighttime, it broadcasts at 1,000 watts from a transmitter in the city's westside. WAGG is a gospel music station that targets Birmingham's African-American population. It is owned by SummitMedia, which also owns six other stations in the market, and all share studios in the Cahaba neighborhood in far southeast Birmingham. The station was assigned the WAGG call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on January 15, 1999."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Viktor Schobinger", "paragraph_text": "Leutnant Viktor Schobinger was a World War I flying ace credited with eight confirmed victories. Victory number two was confirmed over Charles Dawson Booker."}], "question": "What two occupations were shared by William Cullen and the person who confirmed Watt's discovery of latent heat?"}
{"id": "2hop__151119_156373", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hemp Museum Gallery", "paragraph_text": "The Hash Marihuana & Hemp Museum is a museum located in Barcelona, Spain and dedicated to the culture of cannabis. The museum opened on May 9, 2012."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Classica et Mediaevalia", "paragraph_text": "Classica et Mediaevalia, Danish Journal of Philology and History, is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal of philology and history published annually by Museum Tusculanum Press. It is based at Aarhus University and was established in 1938 as \"Classica et Mediaevalia, Revue danoise de philologie et d'histoire\", at which time it was warmly received by reviewers. It publishes articles in English, French, and German and is included in a number of bibliographic databases."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Museum Novitates", "paragraph_text": "American Museum Novitates is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Museum of Natural History. It was established in 1921. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.636."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Museum of the Bible", "paragraph_text": "The Museum of the Bible is a museum in Washington D.C. which documents the narrative, history and impact of the Bible. The museum opened on November 17, 2017. With 1,150 items from the museum's permanent collection and 2,000 items on loan from other institutions and collections, the museum claims to have amassed one of the largest assemblies of biblical artifacts and texts in the world through collaborations with private donors, institutions, and other museums."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jinju National Museum", "paragraph_text": "Jinju National Museum is a national museum located in the Jinju fortress (\uc9c4\uc8fc\uc131 \u6649\u5dde\u57ce), Jinju, South Korea. It opened in February 1984 with the purpose to specialize the theme of Imjinwaeran."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wheelhouse Maritime Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Wheelhouse Maritime Museum (WMM) was a maritime museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It opened officially on Monday, February 1, 1965 by the Underwater Society of Ottawa. The Wheelhouse Maritime Museum was open to the public on Sunday afternoons from 1 to 5 p.m., and on Tuesdays and Thursdays evenings between 7 and 9 p.m. From February 1, 1965 until it closed in 1976, the Museum was housed in the top-storey of 218 Cumberland Street in Ottawa."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "National Civil Rights Museum", "paragraph_text": "The museum was dedicated on July 4, 1991, and officially opened to the public on September 28, 1991. D'Army Bailey was the founding president of the museum."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Northern Pacific Railway Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Pacific Railway Museum is a railroad museum in Toppenish, Washington. It is located on 10 Asotin Av. and open between May and December."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Museum of Natural History", "paragraph_text": "Before construction of the present complex, the museum was housed in the Arsenal building in Central Park. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., the father of the 26th U.S. President, was one of the founders along with John David Wolfe, William T. Blodgett, Robert L. Stuart, Andrew H. Green, Robert Colgate, Morris K. Jesup, Benjamin H. Field, D. Jackson Steward, Richard M. Blatchford, J. P. Morgan, Adrian Iselin, Moses H. Grinnell, Benjamin B. Sherman, A. G. Phelps Dodge, William A. Haines, Charles A. Dana, Joseph H. Choate, Henry G. Stebbins, Henry Parish, and Howard Potter. The founding of the museum realized the dream of naturalist Dr. Albert S. Bickmore. Bickmore, a one-time student of zoologist Louis Agassiz, lobbied tirelessly for years for the establishment of a natural history museum in New York. His proposal, backed by his powerful sponsors, won the support of the Governor of New York, John Thompson Hoffman, who signed a bill officially creating the American Museum of Natural History on April 6, 1869."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "National Car Museum of Iran", "paragraph_text": "The National Car Museum of Iran ( \"Muze Melli Xodrodu Ir\u00e2n\") is a museum in Karaj, Iran, opened in 2001. Displayed at the museum are classic cars owned by the last Shah of the Pahlavi Dynasty, Mohammad Reza Shah. In addition to the large museum which is open to the public, there is a restoration center at the back closed to the public."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National Museum of Japanese History", "paragraph_text": "The , commonly known in Japanese as Rekihaku, is a history museum in Sakura, Chiba, Japan. The museum was founded in 1981 as an inter-university research consortium, and opened in 1983. The collections of museum focus on the history, archaeology, and folk culture of Japan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Team Building (Align)", "paragraph_text": "Team Building (Align) is a public artwork by American artist collective Type A, located on the Indianapolis Museum of Art, which is in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It was commissioned by the Indianapolis Museum of Art for their sculpture garden, which opened in 2010. It consists of two 30' aluminum rings suspending in midair, aligned such that their shadows merge at noon on the summer solstice."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "George Eastman Museum", "paragraph_text": "The George Eastman Museum, the world's oldest museum dedicated to photography and one of the world's oldest film archives, opened to the public in 1949 in Rochester, New York."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Museum of the American Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Museum of the American Revolution (formerly The American Revolution Center) is a Philadelphia museum dedicated to telling the story of the American Revolution. The museum was opened to the public on April 19, 2017, the anniversary of the first battle of the war, Lexington and Concord, on April 19, 1775."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brauer Museum of Art", "paragraph_text": "The Brauer Museum of Art is home to a collection of 19th- and 20th-century American art, world religious art, and Midwestern regional art. It is located in the Valparaiso University Center for the Arts (VUCA) on the campus of Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Indiana, US. Prior to the museum\u2019s opening, the university\u2019s collection was housed and displayed within several buildings across campus. It was named the Brauer Museum of Art in 1996 to honor the collection\u2019s long-time director and curator, Richard H. W. Brauer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "National Gandhi Museum", "paragraph_text": "The National Gandhi Museum or Gandhi Memorial Museum is a museum located in New Delhi, India showcasing the life and principles of Mahatma Gandhi. The museum first opened in Mumbai, shortly after Gandhi was assassinated in 1948. The museum relocated several times before moving to Raj Ghat, New Delhi in 1961."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Museum Tinguely", "paragraph_text": "The Museum Tinguely is an art museum in Basel, Switzerland that contains a permanent exhibition of the works of Swiss painter and sculptor Jean Tinguely. Located in the Solitudepark by the Rhine, the museum was designed by the Ticinese architect Mario Botta and opened on 3 October 1996."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Smithsonian museums", "paragraph_text": "The Smithsonian museums are the most widely visible part of the United States' Smithsonian Institution and consist of nineteen museums and galleries as well as the National Zoological Park. Seventeen of these collections are located in Washington D.C., with eleven of those located on the National Mall. The remaining ones are in New York City and Chantilly, Virginia. As of 2010, one museum, the Arts and Industries Building, is closed in preparation for a substantial renovation, and its newest museum building, the National Museum of African American History and Culture, opened in 2016."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pilgrim Hall Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Pilgrim Hall Museum at 75 Court Street in Plymouth, Massachusetts is the oldest public museum in the United States in continuous operation, having opened in 1824."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mathematikum", "paragraph_text": "The Mathematikum opened its doors to visitors on 19 November 2002. It was inaugurated by the German president Johannes Rau. Since then, the museum has attracted more than 1,500,000 visitors. Annually the museum is visited by more than 150,000 people. The museum is opened every day of the week, including Sunday and Monday."}], "question": "When was the publisher of American Museum Novitates founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__339387_134732", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vinternatten", "paragraph_text": "Vinternatten () is a Christmas album by Swedish singer Sanna Nielsen, released in Sweden on November 19, 2012. This is her second solo Christmas album, following her 1997 release, \"Min \u00f6nskejul\". The album features the lead single \"Viskar \u00f6mt mitt namn\", a ballad version of her Melodifestivalen 2011 song \"I'm in Love\" as well as a cover of Leona Lewis' worldwide hit \"Bleeding Love\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (film)", "paragraph_text": "Santa Claus Is Comin 'to Town is a 1970 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin / Bass Productions. The film stars Fred Astaire as the narrator S.D. Kluger, Mickey Rooney as Kris Kringle / Santa Claus, Keenan Wynn as the Winter Warlock, and Paul Frees in various roles. The film tells the story of how Santa Claus and several Claus - related Christmas traditions came to be. It is based on the hit Christmas song Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town, which was introduced on radio by Eddie Cantor in 1934, and the story of Saint Nicholas."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "This Christmas (Patti LaBelle album)", "paragraph_text": "This Christmas is the first holiday album released by singer Patti LaBelle on the MCA label. The album included original compositions such as \"Twas Love\", which LaBelle shot a video for, and \"Nothing Could Be Better\", which was sung live by LaBelle during an appearance on the show, \"A Different World\", where she played Kadeem Hardison's mother. The album was released while LaBelle was working on a follow-up to her last pop album, \"Be Yourself\". This would be LaBelle's only Christmas-related studio album until the release of \"Miss Patti's Christmas\" nearly 20 years later."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!", "paragraph_text": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a children's story by Theodor ``Dr. Seuss ''Geisel written in rhymed verse with illustrations by the author. It follows the Grinch, a grouchy, solitary creature who attempts to put an end to Christmas by stealing Christmas - themed items from the homes of the nearby town Whoville on Christmas Eve. Despite his efforts, Whoville's inhabitants still celebrate the holiday, so the Grinch returns everything that he stole and is the guest of honor at the Whos' Christmas dinner."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Inside (2007 film)", "paragraph_text": "A baby in utero is seen, with the mother's voice heard soothing it. The baby recoils as if struck. Expectant mother Sarah has been in a car accident, and her husband has been killed. Months later on Christmas Eve, Sarah is making final preparations for her delivery the following day. Still reeling from her husband's death, Sarah is now moody and depressed."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Cat Who Came for Christmas", "paragraph_text": "The Cat Who Came for Christmas is the first book in a cat trilogy written by Cleveland Amory, an American author who wrote extensively about animal rights. In this book Amory recounts his rescue and adoption of \"Polar Bear\", a cat he featured in several more books."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christmas in Tattertown", "paragraph_text": "Christmas in Tattertown is a 1988 television special created and directed by Ralph Bakshi about a place where everything discarded in the world came alive. It aired on the cable television network Nickelodeon."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Some 4.2 million immigrants arrived between 1945 and 1985, about 40 per cent of whom came from Britain and Ireland. The 1957 novel They're a Weird Mob was a popular account of an Italian migrating to Australia, although written by Australian-born author John O'Grady. The Australian population reached 10 million in 1959\u2013with Sydney its most populous city."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Skriker", "paragraph_text": "The Skriker is a 1994 play by Caryl Churchill that tells the story of an ancient fairy who, during the course of the play, transforms into a plethora of objects and people as it pursues Lily and Josie, two teenage mothers whom it befriends, manipulates, seduces and entraps. Whilst speaking English in its human incarnations, the Skriker\u2019s own language consists of broken and fragmented word play. Blending naturalism, horror and magical realism, it is a story of love, loss and revenge. As with Churchill's \"A Mouthful of Birds\" (1986), the play explores the themes of post-natal psychosis and possession."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Love Came Down at Christmas", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Came Down at Christmas\" is a Christmas poem by Christina Rossetti. It was first published without a title in \"Time Flies: A Reading Diary\" in 1885. It was later included in the collection \"Verses\" in 1893 under the title \"Christmastide\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Love Actually", "paragraph_text": "With the help of his longtime manager Joe (Gregor Fisher), rock and roll legend Billy Mack (Bill Nighy) records a Christmas variation of The Troggs' classic hit ``Love Is All Around ''. Although he thinks the record is terrible, Mack promotes the release in the hope it will become the Christmas number one single. The song does reach number one; after briefly celebrating his victory at a party hosted by Sir Elton John, Billy discerns that Joe is in need of affection and suggests that he and Joe celebrate Christmas by getting drunk and watching porn."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Denise Affon\u00e7o", "paragraph_text": "Denise Affon\u00e7o (born in Phnom Penh, Cambodia) is an author who wrote about her sufferings under the Khmer Rouge in a powerful memoir \"To The End Of Hell\" (\"La Digues Des Veuves\") with an introduction by Jon Swain. She was born to a Vietnamese mother and French father and grew up in the peaceful years before all out war came to Indo-China. Her life was torn apart in April 1975 when the Khmer Rouge came to power. There followed four hellish years during which her husband was taken away and never seen again and her daughter died of starvation."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alexander Guchkov", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Guchkov was born in Moscow. Unlike most of the conservative politicians of that time, Guchkov did not belong to the Russian nobility. His father, the grandson of a peasant, was a factory owner of some means, whose family came from a stock of Old Believers who had acknowledged the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church while keeping their ancient ritual. His mother was French."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Richard M. Siddoway", "paragraph_text": "Richard M. Siddoway (born 1940) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives. Siddoway is also the author of several books including the \"New York Times\" bestseller \"The Christmas Wish\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Merry Christmas (Mariah Carey album)", "paragraph_text": "Merry Christmas is the first Christmas album, and the fourth studio album, by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. Released by Columbia Records on November 1, 1994, the album features cover versions of popular Christmas tunes and original material. Carey worked with Walter Afanasieff, with whom she wrote all of the original tracks, as well as producing Carey's interpretations of the covered material. The album contains a contemporary holiday theme, and featured ``authentic, gospel flavored background vocals ''. Three singles were released from the album, of which`` All I Want for Christmas Is You'' went on to become one of the best - selling singles of all time."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "All I Want for Christmas Is You", "paragraph_text": "``All I Want for Christmas Is You ''is a Christmas song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. She wrote and produced the song with Walter Afanasieff. Columbia Records released it on November 1, 1994, as the lead single from her first holiday album and fourth studio album, Merry Christmas.`` Christmas'' is an uptempo love song that includes bell chimes and heavy back - up vocals, as well as use of synthesizers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Journey 2: The Mysterious Island", "paragraph_text": "Vanessa Hudgens as Kailani Laguatan Gabato's daughter whom Sean falls in love with and who is part of the father - daughter tour guide team."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near \"the disciple whom Jesus loved\" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds \"the mother of the sons of Zebedee\", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a \"piet\u00e0\" or \"pity\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Power of Love (Frankie Goes to Hollywood song)", "paragraph_text": "Initially issued as a single in November 1984, and taken from the album Welcome to the Pleasuredome, ``The Power of Love ''followed its two predecessors,`` Relax'' and ``Two Tribes '', to the top of the UK singles chart. It scored the band an early December number - one.`` The Power of Love'' was also a top 10 hit in several European countries, in Australia and New Zealand, and in Canada. ``The Power of Love ''is often regarded as a Christmas song, despite having no reference to Christmas within the song lyrics. However, the accompanying video features the Nativity, and the single cover was The Assumptions of the Virgin. The single spent just one week at Number One in the UK, outsold by the charity single Do They Know It's Christmas? by Band Aid, which until 1997 was the best selling single ever in the UK."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christina Rossetti", "paragraph_text": "Christina Rossetti was born in Charlotte Street (now 105 Hallam Street), London, to Gabriele Rossetti, a poet and a political exile from Vasto, Abruzzo, since 1824 and Frances Polidori, the sister of Lord Byron's friend and physician, John William Polidori. She had two brothers and a sister: Dante Gabriel became an influential artist and poet, and William Michael and Maria both became writers. Christina, the youngest, was a lively child. She dictated her first story to her mother before she had learned to write."}], "question": "Who is the mother of Love Came Down at Christmas's author?"}
{"id": "2hop__29708_29712", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Litmerk", "paragraph_text": "Litmerk () is a settlement in the hills north of Ormo\u017e in northeastern Slovenia. The area traditionally belonged to the Styria region and is now included in the Drava Statistical Region."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ikusi", "paragraph_text": "IKUSI\u00a0 is a business group located in San Sebasti\u00e1n (Guip\u00fazcoa), Spain which develops activity in the field of technological engineering and development for digital business transformation. The parent company was founded more than 45 years ago. Besides its presence across the whole of Spain, IKUSI currently has extensive international coverage."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "Palermo (Italian: [pa\u02c8l\u025brmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, Panormos, Arabic: \u0628\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0645\u200e, Balarm; Phoenician: \u05d6\u05b4\u05d9\u05d6, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Two-party system", "paragraph_text": "A two - party system is a party system where two major political parties dominate the government. One of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and is usually referred to as the majority or governing party while the other is the minority or opposition party. Around the world, the term has different senses. For example, in the United States, Jamaica, and Malta, the sense of two party system describes an arrangement in which all or nearly all elected officials belong to one of the only two major parties, and third parties rarely win any seats in the legislature. In such arrangements, two - party systems are thought to result from various factors like winner takes all election rules. In such systems, while chances for third party candidates winning election to major national office are remote, it is possible for groups within the larger parties, or in opposition to one or both of them, to exert influence on the two major parties. In contrast, in the United Kingdom and Australia and in other parliamentary systems and elsewhere, the term two - party system is sometimes used to indicate an arrangement in which two major parties dominate elections but in which there are viable third parties which do win seats in the legislature, and in which the two major parties exert proportionately greater influence than their percentage of votes would suggest."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500\u20131500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sarajevo", "paragraph_text": "The last official Yugoslav census took place 1991 and recorded 527,049 people living in the city of Sarajevo (ten municipalities). In the settlement of Sarajevo proper, there were 416,497 inhabitants. The war displaced hundreds of thousands of people, a large majority of whom have not returned."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ro\u0161poh, Maribor", "paragraph_text": "Ro\u0161poh (; in older sources also \"Ro\u017epoh\", ) is a dispersed settlement north of Maribor in northeastern Slovenia. The largest part of the settlement belongs to the City Municipality of Maribor. The remaining part of the settlement belongs to the Municipality of Kungota."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Robson, British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "Robson is an unincorporated settlement in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada. It is immediately north across the Columbia River from the city of Castlegar, on the west bank of the mouth of Pass Creek. Across Pass Creek on the same side of the Columbia is Raspberry, which was founded as a Doukhobor colony. The two communities are grouped together for census purposes as a single designated place named as Robson/Raspberry."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lakshadweep", "paragraph_text": "Most people of Lakshadweep are descendants of migrants from the Malabar Coast of southwest India and the islanders are ethnically similar to coastal Kerala's Malayali people. More than 93% of the population who are indigenous, are Muslims and the majority of them belong to the Shafi School of the Sunni Sect. The southernmost and second largest island of Minicoy has an ethnically Mahls population that are native to the Maldives."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefal\u00f9 in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as \"tourist marina\" for sailing yachts and catamarans."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "During 734 BC the Phoenicians, a sea trading people from the north of ancient Canaan, built a small settlement on the natural harbor of Palermo. Some sources suggest they named the settlement \"Ziz.\" It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum. However, the remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area, making any excavation efforts costly and logistically difficult. The site chosen by the Phoenicians made it easy to connect the port to the mountains with a straight road that today has become Corso Calatifimi. This road helped the Phoenicians in trading with the populations that lived beyond the mountains that surround the gulf."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among all major Jewish groups, including Ashkenazim, as well as the genetic relationship between these Jewish groups and non-Jewish ethnic populations. The study found that contemporary Jews (excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews) have a close genetic relationship with people from the Levant. The authors explained that \"the most parsimonious explanation for these observations is a common genetic origin, which is consistent with an historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jamestown, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Due to the aristocratic backgrounds of many of the new colonists, a historic drought and the communal nature of their work load, progress through the first few years was inconsistent at best. By 1613, six years after Jamestown's founding, the organizers and shareholders of the Virginia Company were desperate to increase the efficiency and profitability of the struggling colony. Without stockholder consent the Governor, Sir Thomas Dale, assigned 3 - acre (12,000 m) plots to its ``ancient planters ''and smaller plots to the`` settlement's'' later arrivals. Measurable economic progress was made, and the settlers began expanding their planting to land belonging to local native tribes. That this turnaround coincided with the end of a drought that had begun the year before the English settlers' arrival probably indicates multiple factors were involved besides the colonists' ineptitude."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Flowering plant", "paragraph_text": "Recent studies, as by the APG, show that the monocots form a monophyletic group (clade) but that the dicots do not (they are paraphyletic). Nevertheless, the majority of dicot species do form a monophyletic group, called the eudicots or tricolpates. Of the remaining dicot species, most belong to a third major clade known as the magnoliids, containing about 9,000 species. The rest include a paraphyletic grouping of primitive species known collectively as the basal angiosperms, plus the families Ceratophyllaceae and Chloranthaceae."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hajndl", "paragraph_text": "Hajndl () is a small settlement immediately west of Ormo\u017e in northeastern Slovenia. The area traditionally belonged to the Styria region and is now included in the Drava Statistical Region."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "Carthage was Palermo\u2019s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2) from which the current name is derived, meaning \"all port\" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bogus\u0142aw Sonik", "paragraph_text": "On 13 June 2004 Bogus\u0142aw Sonik was elected as member of the European Parliament. As a member of Platforma Obywatelska (Civic Platform) he belongs to the European People's Party-European Democrats which is the most numerous group in the European Parliament."}], "question": "Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belong to the founders of Palermo?"}
{"id": "2hop__633482_595132", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "65th Infantry Division (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The 65th Infantry Division\u2014nicknamed the \"Battle-axe\"\u2014was an infantry division of the United States Army that served in World War II. Its shoulder patch is a white halberd on a blue shield."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "6th Guards Motor Rifle Division", "paragraph_text": "In an exchange of numbers, the 6th Guards Lvov Motor Rifle Division (First Formation) in Germany in 1985 became the 90th Guards Tank Division, while the 90th Guards Tank Division became the 6th Guards Motor Rifle Division. The division in Poland disbanded a tank regiment and formed a motor rifle regiment, while the division in Germany formed a tank regiment."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "7th Indian Infantry Division", "paragraph_text": "The 7th Indian Infantry Division was a war-formed infantry division, part of the Indian Army during World War II that saw service in the Burma Campaign."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "8th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 8th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both World War I and World War II before being disbanded and reactivated in the 1960s, finally being disbanded in 2006. It was formed before the First World War as part of the 3rd Division. As part of that division it spent the entire war on the Western Front from 1914 to 1918 in the First World War. The brigade was also active during the Second World War."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "77th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 77th Infantry Division of the British Army was formed during the Second World War, from the re-organisation of the Devon and Cornwall County Division. During its existence the division changed roles several times. On 20 December 1942, it became the 77th Infantry (Reserve) Division, training recruits in infantry and armoured warfare. New recruits to the army were assigned to the 77th to complete their training."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 146th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force (Territorial Army from 1920) with the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The brigade saw active service during both World War I and World War II, and during the early part of the Cold War. The brigade was active from 1908 until 1967 when it was finally disbanded."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division", "paragraph_text": "The 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division was an infantry formation of the Territorial Force created in 1914 as part of the massive expansion of the British Army during the First World War. It served on the Western Front during 1917 and 1918. The divisional number was reactivated for deception purposes during the Second World War."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian)", "paragraph_text": "The 23rd \"Waffen\" Mountain Division of the SS \"Kama\" (2nd Croatian) was a German mountain infantry division of the \"Waffen-SS\", the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II. It was composed of German officers and Bosnian Muslim soldiers. Named \"Kama\" after a small dagger used by Balkan shepherds, it was one of the thirty-eight divisions fielded by the \"Waffen\"-SS during World War II. Formed on 19 June 1944, it was built around a cadre from the 13th \"Waffen\" Mountain Division of the SS \"Handschar\" (1st Croatian) but did not reach its full strength and never saw action as a formation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "10th Indian Division", "paragraph_text": "The 10th Indian Division was an infantry division of the British Indian Army during World War I. It was formed in Egypt in December 1914 with three infantry brigades of Indian Expeditionary Force F. After taking part in the Actions on the Suez Canal, the division was dispersed as its brigades were posted away."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 129th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that served during both the First and Second World Wars. In both wars the brigade was part of 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of Frankfurt", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Frankfurt was a four-day struggle for control of Frankfurt am Main during World War II. The 5th Infantry Division conducted the main attack while the 6th Armored Division provided support. The city was defended by the LXXX Corps of the Seventh Army."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "6th Infantry Division Cuneo", "paragraph_text": "The 6th Infantry Division Cuneo was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II. The Division was formed 24 May 1939 in Milan city, largely from the parts of 58th Infantry Division Legnano. \"Cuneo\" division was part of the III Corps, First Army that took part in the Italian invasion of France and the 26th Corps during Greco-Italian War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The 153d Infantry Regiment (First Arkansas) is a United States infantry regiment, currently represented in the Arkansas Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry, headquartered at Malvern, Arkansas, and 2nd Battalion, 153rd Infantry, headquartered at Searcy, Arkansas, elements of the 39th Brigade Combat Team. The regiment was also represented by the 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment headquartered at Warren, Arkansas until that unit was deactivated on 5 September 2005. The regiment was activated as the 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry for the Spanish\u2013American War, but did not deploy overseas. The regiment was activated for World War I, redesignated as the 153rd Infantry and shipped to France as a part of the 39th Division, but became a replacement division and personnel were reassigned to other AEF units. The regiment was activated for World War II and deployed to the Aleutian Islands, participating in the Aleutian Islands Campaign. Recently, elements of the regiment have participated in two deployments in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, in 2004 and again in 2008."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "3rd Alpine Division Julia", "paragraph_text": "The 3rd Alpine Division \"Julia\" was a World War II light Infantry division of the Italian Army, specializing in Mountain Combat. The \"Alpini\" that formed the divisions are a highly decorated and elite mountain corps of the Italian Army comprising both infantry and artillery units. Today the traditions and name of the 3rd Alpine Division Julia are carried on by the Alpine Brigade Julia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "15th Infantry Division Bergamo", "paragraph_text": "The 15th Infantry Division Bergamo was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II. It was formed 24 May 1939 in Opatija."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Frank Fujita", "paragraph_text": "Frank Fujita (October 20, 1921 \u2013 1996) was a Japanese American soldier of the US Army who, during his service in World War II became one of only two Japanese American combat personnel to be captured by the Japanese. Part of the 2nd Battalion, 131st Field Artillery of the 36th Infantry Division (which was later known as the \"Lost Battalion\"), Texas National Guard, he was captured during the Battle of Java when the Dutch surrendered."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "208th (2nd Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade", "paragraph_text": "The 208th (2nd Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as a second line brigade, part of the 69th (2nd East Anglian) Division, from those men in the Territorial Force who had not agreed to serve overseas. The second line infantry battalions had a minimum strength of 600 men."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Operation Cobra", "paragraph_text": "Operation Cobra Part of Operation Overlord (the Battle of Normandy) M4 Sherman tanks and infantrymen of the US 4th Armored Division in Coutances Date 25 -- 31 July 1944 Location Saint - L\u00f4, Normandy, France 49 \u00b0 06 \u2032 55 ''N 1 \u00b0 05 \u2032 25'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 49.115277 \u00b0 N 1.090277 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 49.115277; - 1.090277 \ufeff (Saint Lo) Coordinates: 49 \u00b0 06 \u2032 55 ''N 1 \u00b0 05 \u2032 25'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 49.115277 \u00b0 N 1.090277 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 49.115277; - 1.090277 \ufeff (Saint Lo) Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Germany Commanders and leaders Bernard Montgomery Omar Bradley J. Lawton Collins Troy Middleton Charles H. Corlett G\u00fcnther von Kluge Paul Hausser Eugen Meindl Strength 8 infantry divisions 3 armored divisions 2,451 tanks and tank destroyers 2 infantry divisions 1 parachute division 4 understrength Panzer divisions 1 Panzergrenadier division 190 tanks and assault guns Casualties and losses 1,800 casualties at least 109 medium tanks unknown number of light tanks and tank destroyers ~ 70 tanks and assault guns"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment", "paragraph_text": "The 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment () was an airborne unit of the French Army that was part of the French Airborne Units and all three histories of the 10th Parachute Division, 25th Parachute Division and the 11th Parachute Brigade. It was formed during the Algerian War and fought its most notable engagement at the Battle of Frontiers in 1958 at Souk Ahras during which the sacrifice of Captain's Beaumont 3rd combat company earned naming the garrison of the 9th Parachute Chasseur in his honor. During the Algerian War, the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment relieved the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment (1 RCP) and became part of the 25th Parachute Division. The regiment didn\u2019t take part in the 1961 Algiers Putsch. The regiment took part in numerous overseas operations before merging in 1999. The 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment was the heir to the traditions, battle honours and decorations of the 9th Infantry Regiment () created during the Ancien R\u00e9gime."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Italian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Italian Armed Forces () encompass the Italian Army, the Italian Navy and the Italian Air Force. A fourth branch of the armed forces, known as the Carabinieri, take on the role as the nation's military police and are also involved in missions and operations abroad as a combat force. Despite not being a branch of the armed forces, the Guardia di Finanza is part of the military and operates a large fleet of ships, aircraft and helicopters, enabling it to patrol Italy's waters and to eventually participate in warfare scenarios. These five forces have military status and are all organized along military lines, comprising a total of 346,800 men and women with the official status of active military personnel, of which 171,050 are in the Army, Navy and Air Force. The President of the Italian Republic heads the armed forces as the President of the High Council of Defence established by article 87 of the Constitution of Italy. According to article 78, the Parliament has the authority to declare a state of war and vest the necessary powers in the Government."}], "question": "What is the army containing the 6th Infantry Division a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__19433_22125", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, \"Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them.\" French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Teodoro Lechi", "paragraph_text": "Teodoro Lechi (Brescia, 16 January 1778 \u2013 Milan, 2 May 1866) was an Italian general, a Jacobin and a military advisor to King Carlo Alberto of Sardinia. He was the brother of Giuseppe Lechi, a brilliant and famous Napoleonic general, and Angelo, also a Napoleonic officer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Giuseppe Agostino", "paragraph_text": "Ordained to the priesthood, Agostino was named Archbishop of Santa Severina in 1973 and then archbishop of Crotone-San Severina. In 1998, Agostino was named archbishop of Cosenza-Bisignano, Italy, and retired in 2004."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Trani Cathedral", "paragraph_text": "Trani Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to Saint Nicholas the Pilgrim in Trani, Apulia, Italy. Formerly the seat of the archbishop of Trani, it is now that of the archbishop of Trani-Barletta-Bisceglie."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest. He was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year. Afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. At the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State in 1922, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian inspired culture'."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Upper and Lower Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC, but each maintained its own regalia: the hedjet or White Crown for Upper Egypt and the deshret or Red Crown for Lower Egypt. Thus, the pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Lands, and wore the pschent, a double crown, each half representing sovereignty of one of the kingdoms. Ancient Egyptian tradition credited Menes, now believed to be the same as Narmer, as the king who united Upper and Lower Egypt. On the Narmer Palette the king is depicted wearing the Red Crown in one scene and the White crown in another, and thereby showing his rule over both Lands."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9\u202f891\u202f497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini's government as a politician, and meddling in politics, but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican. In 1944, Luigi Maglione died, and Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as heads of the State Department. Montini's admiration was almost filial, when he described Pope Pius XII:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini, after a period of preparation, liked his new tasks as archbishop, connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan. He enjoyed meetings with intellectuals, artists and writers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Treaty of Barcelona (1493)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Barcelona was signed on 19 January 1493 between France and the Crown of Aragon. Based on the terms of the agreement, France returned Roussillon and Cerdagne to the Crown of Aragon. In return, the Crown of Aragon vowed to maintain neutrality during any French invasions of Italy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Coronation of the British monarch", "paragraph_text": "The Anglo-Saxon monarchs used various locations for their coronations, including Bath, Kingston upon Thames, London, and Winchester. The last Anglo-Saxon monarch, Harold II, was crowned at Westminster Abbey in 1066; the location was preserved for all future coronations. When London was under the control of rebels, Henry III was crowned at Gloucester in 1216; he later chose to have a second coronation at Westminster in 1220. Two hundred years later, Henry VI also had two coronations; as king of England in London in 1429, and as king of France in Paris in 1431."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Richard le Scrope", "paragraph_text": "Richard le Scrope (c. 1350\u00a0\u2013 8 June 1405), Bishop of Lichfield and Archbishop of York, was executed in 1405 for his participation in the Northern Rising against King Henry IV."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "\u017di\u010da", "paragraph_text": "\u017di\u010da was the seat of the Archbishop (1219\u20131253), and by tradition the coronational church of the Serbian kings, although a king could be crowned in any Serbian church, he was never considered a true king until he was anointed in \u017di\u010da. \u017di\u010da was declared a Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by Serbia. In 2008, \u017di\u010da celebrated 800 years of existence."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nanker", "paragraph_text": "Supporter of King W\u0142adys\u0142aw I and archbishop and primate of Poland Jakub \u015awinka, he initiated the construction of the Wawel Cathedral. In 1337 he excommunicated John of Bohemia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Crescenzio Sepe", "paragraph_text": "Crescenzio Sepe (born 2 June 1943) is an Italian Cardinal and Archbishop of Naples. He was Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples from 2001 to 2006. Earlier, he served as a priest in Italy and a diplomat in Brazil."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: \"Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Duchy of Modena and Reggio", "paragraph_text": "The Duchy of Modena and Reggio (, ) was a small northwestern Italian state that existed from 1452 to 1859, with a break during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814) when Emperor Napoleon I reorganized the states and republics of renaissance-era Italy, then under the domination of his French Empire. It was ruled from 1814 by the noble House of Este, of Austria-Este."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy in 1897. His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness."}], "question": "In what year did Montini become archbishop of the cathedral where Napoleon was crowned King of Italy?"}
{"id": "2hop__672324_75540", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Echo Hollow", "paragraph_text": "Echo Hollow was an American Christian metal band founded by former Tourniquet members Guy Ritter and Gary Lenaire in 1996. Echo Hollow released two studio albums, \"Diet of Worms\" in 1998 and \"Superficial Intelligence\" in 2004."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Echo Township, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Echo Township is a township in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 179 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Things They Left Behind", "paragraph_text": "\"The Things They Left Behind\" is short story by American writer Stephen King, originally published in the compilation \"\" edited by Ed McBain and published by Forge Books. It is one of three stories that is also available on audiobook compilation, in the \"Transgressions\" series, titled \"Terror's Echo\" and read by John Bedford Lloyd. It was later included in King's own 2008 collection \"Just After Sunset\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Amazon Echo", "paragraph_text": "The second generation of the Amazon Echo Dot was available on October 20, 2016. It is priced lower, has improved voice recognition, and is available in black and white. The Echo Spatial Perception (ESP) technology allows several Echo and Dot units to work together so that only one device answers the request. As of November 2017, the Echo Dot maintained a 78% score on GearCaliber, based on 23 reviews."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Down the Rabbit Hole (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Down The Rabbit Hole is the first book in the Echo Falls mystery series by best selling crime novelist Peter Abrahams. Ingrid is in the wrong place at the wrong time. Or at least her shoes are. And getting them back will mean getting tangled up in a murder investigation as complicated as the mysteries solved by her idol, Sherlock Holmes. With soccer practice, schoolwork, and the lead role in her town's production of Alice in Wonderland, Ingrid is swamped. But as things in Echo Falls keep getting curiouser and curiouser Ingrid realizes she must solve the murder on her own before it's too late!"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mystic Pizza", "paragraph_text": "The film is about the coming of age of two sisters and their friend through the romantic lives of the three main characters: Kat Ar\u00fajo (Annabeth Gish), Daisy Ar\u00fajo (Julia Roberts), and Jojo Barbosa (Lili Taylor), who are waitresses at Mystic Pizza owned by Leona (Conchata Ferrell) in Mystic, Connecticut. In the film, Mystic is represented as a fishing town with a large Portuguese-American population. The film also touches on an Old World work ethic."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Eric Clapton", "paragraph_text": "...the most important blues musician who ever lived. He was true, absolutely, to his own vision, and as deep as I have gotten into the music over the last 30 years, I have never found anything more deeply soulful than Robert Johnson. His music remains the most powerful cry that I think you can find in the human voice, really. ... it seemed to echo something I had always felt."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "License to Kill (1984 film)", "paragraph_text": "License to Kill is a 1984 television film directed by Jud Taylor. It stars James Farentino and Penny Fuller. It was released on DVD in 2008 by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cork (city)", "paragraph_text": "Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). It also prints the Evening Echo, which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper. Today, the shouts of the vendors selling the Echo can still be heard in various parts of the city centre. One of the biggest free newspapers in the city is the Cork Independent. The city's University publishes the UCC Express and Motley magazine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Last One (Friends)", "paragraph_text": "The series finale closes several long - running storylines. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) confesses his love for Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), and they decide to resume their relationship; and Monica Geller (Courteney Cox) and Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry) adopt twins and move to the suburbs. The episode's final scene shows the group leaving their apartments for the final time and going to Central Perk for one last cup of coffee."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Disappearance", "paragraph_text": "The Disappearance is a 1977 British-Canadian thriller film directed by Stuart Cooper and starring Donald Sutherland, Francine Racette and David Hemmings. It is based on the novel \"Echoes of Celandine\" by Derek Marlowe."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eternal Echoes", "paragraph_text": "Eternal Echoes is the name of John Barry's final solo album. It was his follow-up recording to \"The Beyondness of Things\", an original solo album of independent material not connected to any film. The composer described the 11 pieces of \"Eternal Echoes\" as comprising \"an album of sounds, of places and of objects that have always existed and always will exist. They are without beginning or end. They are infinite in our past and future.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Heck Tate is a friend of Atticus and also the sheriff of Maycomb County. He believes in protecting the innocent although he does n't usually show it. At the end of the book, the Atticus and Heck argue over whether Jem or Boo Radley should be held responsible for the death of Bob Ewell. Heck eventually persuades Atticus to accept the theory that Ewell accidentally fell on his own knife, thus saving the harmless, reclusive Boo from the public exposure of a criminal trial."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Open Season 2", "paragraph_text": "Sean Mullen as Roger. He is an intellectually disabled cat who often annoys his best friend Stanley. In the end, he is reformed and becomes friends with the wilds."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Scotty Doesn't Know", "paragraph_text": "In the film EuroTrip, Scotty (Scott Mechlowicz) is dumped by his girlfriend Fiona (Kristin Kreuk) for the lead singer of a band (played in the film by Matt Damon). The band performs the song at a party Scotty is attending and is praised by many characters in the film (including Scotty's parents and eventually Scotty himself) as being ``catchy. ''The song becomes something of a popular phenomenon, appearing on the radio and across the world; in Bratislava, the song has been remixed and is playing in a popular nightclub. By the end of the film, it has become so widespread and popular that Scotty's best friend Cooper is able to use it as his cell phone ring tone."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Echo Films", "paragraph_text": "Echo Films is an American production company founded in April 2008 by American actress Jennifer Aniston and production partner Kristin Hahn. Echo Films has a production deal with Universal Pictures. The company produces projects for both film and television. Most of the projects star Jennifer Aniston."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Echo Planet", "paragraph_text": "Echo Planet is a 2012 Thai 3D animation film distributed by Kantana Group directed by Kompin Keamkumned. It is the story of the adventures of three young men from two of the world's metropolis, New State Trinity Capital and Karen village in Northern Thailand. To help save the world from disaster recovery due to global warming."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Family Friend", "paragraph_text": "The Family Friend () is a 2006 Italian film directed by Paolo Sorrentino. It was entered into the 2006 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "High Bridge, Washington", "paragraph_text": "High Bridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,994 at the 2010 census. High Bridge includes the Echo Lake community and the former Echo Lake CDP, which was superseded by the larger High Bridge CDP in 2010."}], "question": "With whom does the character played by the co-owner of Echo Films end up in friends?"}
{"id": "2hop__195807_141371", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Durkee, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Durkee is an unincorporated community in Baker County, Oregon, United States. It has a post office with the ZIP code of 97905. Durkee lies at the Vandercar Road exit of Interstate 84. Durkee is known as the site of Oregon's only cement plant, the Ash Grove Cement Company plant in nearby Nelson. It one of Baker County's largest private employers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cromwell, Protector of the Vaudois", "paragraph_text": "Cromwell, Protector of the Vaudois (1877) is a painting by Ford Madox Brown which depicts Oliver Cromwell in conversation with John Milton dictating a letter to Andrew Marvell protesting at the Piedmontese Easter massacre (1655), an attack on the Vaudois (Waldenses), a persecuted Protestant sect in Piedmont, northern Italy. It was Brown's second Cromwell painting, following \"Cromwell on his Farm\" (1875)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cork (city)", "paragraph_text": "Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "BP", "paragraph_text": "Under John Browne, British Petroleum acquired other oil companies, transforming BP into the third largest oil company in the world. British Petroleum merged with Amoco (formerly Standard Oil of Indiana) in December 1998, becoming BP Amoco plc. Most Amoco stations in the United States were converted to BP's brand and corporate identity. In 2000, BP Amoco acquired Arco (Atlantic Richfield Co.) and Burmah Castrol. As part of the merger's brand awareness, the company helped the Tate Modern gallery of British Art launch RePresenting Britain 1500 -- 2000. In 2001, in response to negative press on British Petroleum's poor safety standards, the company adopted a green sunburst logo and rebranded itself as BP (``Beyond Petroleum '') plc."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of the steel industry (1850\u20131970)", "paragraph_text": "In 1869 iron was already a major industry, accounting for 6.6% of manufacturing employment and 7.8% of manufacturing output. By then the central figure was Andrew Carnegie, who made Pittsburgh the center of the industry. He sold his operations to US Steel in 1901, which became the world's largest steel corporation for decades."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "EDF Energy", "paragraph_text": "EDF Energy Customers (trading as EDF Energy) is wholly owned by the French state owned EDF (\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France) and was formed in January 2002, following the acquisition and mergers of SEEBOARD Plc (formerly the South Eastern Electricity Board), London Electricity Plc (formerly the London Electricity Board or LEB), SWEB Energy Plc (formerly the South Western Electricity Board) and two coal fired power stations and a combined cycle gas turbine power station."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Platinum Dunes", "paragraph_text": "Platinum Dunes is an American production company created in November 2001 by filmmakers Michael Bay, Brad Fuller, and Andrew Form. The company produces horror films, such as \"The Texas Chainsaw Massacre\", \"The Purge\", \"Friday the 13th\", \"A Nightmare on Elm Street\", \"Ouija\" and \"A Quiet Place\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La D\u00e9fense, just west of the city, where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s. In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Defense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a center of activity for the media and information technology."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beautiful Creatures (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Beautiful Creatures was signed by Little, Brown, and Company for a four - book series, the Caster Chronicles, with the follow - up books titled:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Schunck's Kledingindustrie Bonaire", "paragraph_text": "In 1948, Pierre Schunck (1906-1993), stemming from a family of weavers and son of the builder of the famous Glaspaleis in Heerlen, the Netherlands (see Schunck), arrived in Bonaire to set up a clothing industry (Kledingindustrie). This clothing manufacturing would become Bonaire's first real industry, providing employment\u2014and health care\u2014for a large part of the young women who were left behind when many men had left as sailors or to work for the oil companies on Cura\u00e7ao and Aruba. Preparations for the operation of this company would also result in better electricity and water supplies; eventually it would account for half the exports of the island."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Beat It On Down the Line", "paragraph_text": "Beat It Down the Line is a country - blues song written by Jesse Fuller and first recorded in 1961. The lyrics mention ``Joe Brown's Coal Mine '', which refer to Joseph E. Brown, four times governor of Georgia and president of the Dale Coal Company who ran numerous coal mines in the state."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Andrew Brown (media strategist)", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Mavor Brown (born 3 May 1956) is a Scottish former journalist and broadcaster who is now a media strategist with EDF Energy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Josef Brown", "paragraph_text": "Josef Brown (born 8 October 1969) is an Australian actor, dancer and choreographer. Brown was born in Woomera, Australia and raised in Sydney. Upon deciding that he wanted to act, Brown enrolled at The McDonald College of the Arts where he finished his high school education and also learned how to dance. After falling in love with classical ballet, Brown began attending the Australian Ballet School and he was promoted to soloist in 1994. He joined the Sydney Dance Company in 1997 and appeared in and choreographed many productions. Brown left the Sydney Dance Company in 2004 and went on to originate the role of Johnny Castle in the stage adaptation of \"Dirty Dancing\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry", "paragraph_text": "John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harper's Ferry) was an effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown's plan would fail."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Milan Cabrnoch", "paragraph_text": "Milan Cabrnoch (born 6 August 1962 in \u010c\u00e1slav) is a Czech physician and politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", "paragraph_text": "\"Papa's Got a Brand New Bag\" is a song written and recorded by James Brown. Released as a two-part single in 1965, it was Brown's first song to reach the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 Top Ten, peaking at number eight, and was a number-one R&B hit, topping the charts for eight weeks. It won Brown his first Grammy Award, for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thornsbury Bailey Brown", "paragraph_text": "Thornsbury Bailey Brown (May 15, 1829 \u2013 May 22, 1861) of Taylor County, Virginia (now West Virginia) is generally considered the first Union soldier killed by a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War. Brown, a member of a Virginia militia or volunteer company which supported the Union with the grade of private, was killed by a member of a Virginia militia or volunteer company which supported the Confederacy at Fetterman, Virginia (now West Virginia) on May 22, 1861. The members of both companies were from the same general vicinity of Taylor County."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}], "question": "What company is the employer of Andrew Brown part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__448254_87238", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Slam Creepers", "paragraph_text": "Slam Creepers were a rock band from Vansbro, Sweden formed by Bj\u00f6rn Skifs in 1962 and broke up in 1969. Bj\u00f6rn Skifs then went on a solo career. They had some moderate hits including a cover of a Foundations song \"We Are Happy People\". Skifs would later find success with a number 1 hit \"Hooked on a Feeling as a member of Blue Swede."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Home run", "paragraph_text": "Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit ``the longest home run ever ''at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history. The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium. Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double - deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of New York Yankees team records", "paragraph_text": "Outfielder Babe Ruth holds the most franchise records, with 16, including career home runs, and career and single - season batting average and on - base percentage. Shortstop Derek Jeter has the second-most records among hitters, with eight. Jeter's marks include the records for career hits, singles, doubles, and stolen bases. Among pitchers, Whitey Ford has the most Yankees records with five, all of which are career totals. These include games won, games started, and innings pitched."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Wehner", "paragraph_text": "John Wehner Utility player Born: (1967 - 06 - 29) June 29, 1967 (age 50) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Batted: Right Threw: Right MLB debut July 17, 1991, for the Pittsburgh Pirates Last MLB appearance July 27, 2001, for the Pittsburgh Pirates MLB statistics Batting average. 249 Home runs Runs batted in 54 Teams Pittsburgh Pirates (1991 -- 1996) Florida Marlins (1997 -- 1998) Pittsburgh Pirates (1999 -- 2001) Career highlights and awards World Series Championship (1997) Hit the final home run and recorded the final out in Three Rivers Stadium MLB record 99 consecutive games without an error at 3rd base"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fernando Tat\u00eds", "paragraph_text": "Tat\u00eds had the best season of his career in 1999 with the St. Louis Cardinals. He hit 34 home runs with 107 RBIs and 21 stolen bases, with a. 298 batting average. On April 23, 1999, Tat\u00eds made baseball history when he hit two grand slams in one inning. As of 2017, he is still the only batter in MLB history to accomplish this. Tat\u00eds hit both of his grand slams against the pitcher Chan Ho Park of the Los Angeles Dodgers. With his home run feat, Tat\u00eds also set a Major League record with eight runs batted in during a single inning."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Inside-the-park home run", "paragraph_text": "Of the 154,483 home runs hit between 1951 and 2000, 975 (about 1 in every 158) were inside - the - park. The percentage has dwindled since the increase in emphasis on power hitting which began in the 1920s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Buck Freeman", "paragraph_text": "John Frank \"Buck\" Freeman (October 30, 1871 \u2013 June 25, 1949) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century. Listed at and , he both batted and threw left-handed. Freeman was one of the top sluggers of his era, his most famous feat being the 25 home runs he hit during the 1899 season."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Joe Hauser", "paragraph_text": "Joseph John \"Unser Choe\" Hauser (January 21, 1899 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin \u2013 July 11, 1997 in Sheboygan, Wisconsin) was a professional baseball player who played first baseman in the major leagues from 1922 to 1929, with the Philadelphia Athletics and Cleveland Indians. Hauser's major league career was undistinguished, but he made a name for himself in the minor leagues, where he became the first player ever to hit 60 or more home runs twice in a professional career: 63 in 1930, and 69 in 1933."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Billy Williams", "paragraph_text": "Billy Williams Williams in 2013 Left fielder Born: (1938 - 06 - 15) June 15, 1938 (age 80) Whistler, Alabama Batted: Left Threw: Right MLB debut August 6, 1959, for the Chicago Cubs Last MLB appearance October 2, 1976, for the Oakland Athletics MLB statistics Batting average. 290 Hits 2,711 Home runs 426 Runs batted in 1,475 Teams Chicago Cubs (1959 -- 1974) Oakland Athletics (1975 -- 1976) Career highlights and awards 6 \u00d7 All - Star (19622, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1972, 1973) NL Rookie of the Year (1961) NL batting champion (1972) Chicago Cubs # 26 retired Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Induction Vote 85.71% (sixth ballot)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "50 home run club", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season. Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928. He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent player to reach the milestone is Giancarlo Stanton."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mike Trout", "paragraph_text": "He started his professional career in 2009 playing for the Arizona Angels of the rookie - level Arizona League, hitting. 360 with a. 418 OBP and. 506 SLG with one home run, 25 runs batted in (RBIs), and 13 stolen bases in 187 plate appearances over 39 games. He was beaten out in being named AZL Most Valuable Player by Cody Decker. He finished the season playing for the Cedar Rapids Kernels of the Class A Midwest League, hitting. 267 over 20 plate appearances in five games."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Patrick Juvet", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Juvet (born 21 August 1950, in Montreux, Switzerland) is a former model turned singer-songwriter, who had a string of hit records in France. While his early career was focused on making pop records, he found international success as a disco music performer in the latter half of the 1970s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders", "paragraph_text": "Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball (MLB) game as ``baseball's greatest single - game accomplishment ''. Eighteen players have accomplished the feat to date, the most recent being J.D. Martinez of the Arizona Diamondbacks on September 4, 2017 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. No player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game. Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four home runs in a single game, doing so on May 30, 1894. Fans were reportedly so excited that they threw $160 in silver coins ($4,400 today) onto the field after his fourth home run."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Turn 2 Foundation", "paragraph_text": "The Turn 2 Foundation is a charitable organization founded by New York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter in 1996. The Foundation was established to help children and teenagers avoid drug and alcohol addiction, and to reward those who show high academic achievement and adopt healthier lifestyles."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers", "paragraph_text": "Wes Ferrell holds the all - time Major League Baseball record for home runs hit while playing the position of pitcher. He hit 37 as a pitcher. Baseball Hall of Famers Bob Lemon and Warren Spahn are tied for second with 35 career home runs apiece. Red Ruffing, Earl Wilson, and Don Drysdale are the only other pitchers to hit at least 25 home runs. Jack Stivetts hit a total of 35 home runs in his playing career, 21 as a pitcher."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of milestone home runs by Barry Bonds", "paragraph_text": "In baseball, the home run is one of the most popular aspects of the game. Thus, the career record for home runs is among the most important and respected records in baseball. The road to this record has been closely followed and each additional home run Bonds hits extends the current record further. On August 7, 2007, Barry Bonds became the major leagues' career home run champion by hitting his 756th career home run, which surpassed Hank Aaron's total. the ball was caught by Pistolay."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mike Trout", "paragraph_text": "Mike Trout Trout in 2018 Los Angeles Angels -- No. 27 Center fielder Born: (1991 - 08 - 07) August 7, 1991 (age 27) Vineland, New Jersey Bats: Right Throws: Right MLB debut July 8, 2011, for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim MLB statistics (through September 22, 2018) Batting average. 307 Hits 1,187 Home runs 240 Runs batted in 648 Stolen bases 189 Teams Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim / Los Angeles Angels (2011 -- present) Career highlights and awards 7 \u00d7 All - Star (2012 -- 2018) 2 \u00d7 AL MVP (2014, 2016) AL Rookie of the Year (2012) 5 \u00d7 Silver Slugger Award (2012 -- 2016) AL Hank Aaron Award (2014) AL RBI leader (2014) AL stolen base leader (2012) 30 -- 30 club (2012) Hit for the cycle on May 21, 2013"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Derek Jeter", "paragraph_text": "Derek Jeter Jeter as a player in 2008 at Camden Yards Shortstop Born: (1974 - 06 - 26) June 26, 1974 (age 43) Pequannock Township, New Jersey Batted: Right Threw: Right MLB debut May 29, 1995, for the New York Yankees Last MLB appearance September 28, 2014, for the New York Yankees MLB statistics Batting average. 310 Hits 3,465 Home runs 260 Runs batted in 1,311 Teams New York Yankees (1995 -- 2014) Career highlights and awards 14 \u00d7 All - Star (1998 -- 2002, 2004, 2006 -- 2012, 2014) 5 \u00d7 World Series champion (1996, 1998 -- 2000, 2009) World Series MVP (2000) AL Rookie of the Year (1996) 5 \u00d7 Gold Glove Award (2004 -- 2006, 2009 -- 2010) 5 \u00d7 Silver Slugger Award (2006 -- 2009, 2012) 2 \u00d7 AL Hank Aaron Award (2006, 2009) Roberto Clemente Award (2009) New York Yankees No. 2 retired New York Yankees captain (2003 -- 2014)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oscar Taveras", "paragraph_text": "On May 31, 2014, Taveras homered in his major league debut against the San Francisco Giants and went on to hit .239 in 80 regular season games, playing mostly right field. He also hit a game-tying home run in Game 2 of the 2014 National League Championship Series against the Giants. On October 26, 2014, he died in a car accident in the Dominican Republic shortly after the Cardinals were eliminated from the playoffs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Barry Bonds", "paragraph_text": "Barry Bonds Bonds in 2006 Left fielder Born: (1964 - 07 - 24) July 24, 1964 (age 53) Riverside, California Batted: Left Threw: Left MLB debut May 30, 1986, for the Pittsburgh Pirates Last MLB appearance September 26, 2007, for the San Francisco Giants MLB statistics Batting average. 298 Home runs 762 Hits 2,935 Runs batted in 1,996 Stolen bases 514 Teams Pittsburgh Pirates (1986 -- 1992) San Francisco Giants (1993 -- 2007) Career highlights and awards 14 \u00d7 All - Star (1990, 1992 -- 1998, 2000 -- 2004, 2007) 7 \u00d7 NL MVP (1990, 1992, 1993, 2001 -- 2004) 8 \u00d7 Gold Glove Award (1990 -- 1994, 1996 -- 1998) 12 \u00d7 Silver Slugger Award (1990 -- 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000 -- 2004) 3 \u00d7 NL Hank Aaron Award (2001, 2002, 2004) 2 \u00d7 NL batting champion (2002, 2004) 2 \u00d7 NL home run leader (1993, 2001) NL RBI leader (1993) MLB records 762 career home runs 73 home runs in a season 2,558 career walks 688 career intentional walks"}], "question": "The Turn 2 Foundation's founder hit how many career home runs?"}
{"id": "2hop__463418_721869", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Garden of Delights", "paragraph_text": "El jard\u00edn de las delicias, also known as The Garden of Delights in English language cinema, is a 1970 Spanish drama film co-written and directed by Carlos Saura."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Despina Storch", "paragraph_text": "Despina Storch or Despina Davidovitch Storch (1894 or 1895 \u2013 March 30, 1918) was a Turkish woman who was alleged to be a spy for Germany and the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Storch was later immortalized as \"Turkish Delight\", \"Turkish beauty\", and a \"modern Cleopatra\" in spy literature."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Earthly Delights (album)", "paragraph_text": "Earthly Delights is the fifth album by the noise rock band Lightning Bolt. It was released on October 13, 2009 by Load Records."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Toyota Racing Development", "paragraph_text": "Toyota Racing Development (also known by its abbreviation TRD) is the in - house tuning shop for all Toyota, Lexus and formerly Scion cars. TRD is responsible both for improving street cars for more performance and supporting Toyota's racing interests around the world. TRD produces various tuning products and accessories, including performance suspension components, superchargers, and wheels. TRD parts are available through Toyota dealers, and are also available as accessories on brand - new Toyotas and Scions. Performance parts for Lexus vehicles are now labeled as F - Sport and performance Lexus models are labeled F to distinguish Lexus's F division from TRD."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)", "paragraph_text": "Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64, is his last large orchestral work. It forms an important part of the violin repertoire and is one of the most popular and most frequently performed violin concertos in history. A typical performance lasts just under half an hour."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal", "paragraph_text": "Today it is one of the most famous and recognizable buildings in the world and while the large, domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar part of the monument, the Taj Mahal is an extensive complex of buildings and gardens that extends over 22.44 hectares (55.5 acres) and includes subsidiary tombs, waterworks infrastructure, the small town of 'Taj Ganji' to the south and a 'moonlight garden' to the north of the river. Construction of Taj Mahal began in 1632 AD, (1041 AH), on the south bank of the River Yamuna in Agra, and was substantially complete by 1648 AD (1058 AH). The design was conceived as both an earthly replica of the house of Mumtaz Mahal in paradise and an instrument of propaganda for the emperor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Assumption of Mary", "paragraph_text": "The Catholic Church teaches as dogma that the Virgin Mary ``having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory ''. This doctrine was dogmatically defined by Pope Pius XII on 1 November 1950, in the apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus by exercising papal infallibility. While the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church believe in the Dormition of the Theotokos, which is the same as the Assumption, whether Mary had a physical death has not been dogmatically defined."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Angels in the Outfield (1951 film)", "paragraph_text": "With baseball's Pittsburgh Pirates in last place, their combative, foul - mouthed manager Guffy McGovern has plenty to complain about. All this changes when, while wandering through Forbes Field in search of his good luck charm one night, Guffy is accosted by the voice of an angel (voice of James Whitmore), who hints at having been a ballplayer during his earthly life."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Penguins on the Moon", "paragraph_text": "Penguins on the Moon is Sack Trick's second album which was produced, recorded and mixed by Alex Dickson. The album tells the tale of four lovable Penguin characters - The Captain, Alfredo and twins, Bob and Burt. Admirably performed by a variety of musicians with the main characters voiced by Chris Dale, Alex Dickson, Chris Nubile (Master Blaster/ Nubiles), Doogie White (Midnight Blue/Rainbow/Yngwie Malmsteen) with cameo's from Vision (Machine) and David Ryder-Prangley (Rachel Stamp). Dickson's production work is commendable and on tracks such as \"The Landing\", \"Aliens\" - with the vocals virtually performed by Dickson alone and \"The Captain's Doubt\" he demonstrates an intelligent use of technology and instrumentation. There is plenty of scope for pure, unadulterated rock however. \"Penguins on the moon\", \"All I Want Is Fish\" and \"Cheesy\" reveal, aside from culinary interests, a superior musical talent on show. These songs are well written and very well performed with some very commendable sections that delight you sonically. \"Antarctica\", \"A Lesson from History\" and \"Burts tale\" are used to glue the story together, and on occasions to challenge Darwin himself for a, scarily plausible reason for the Penguin's bizarre choice of habitat. \"Rainbow Trout\" and \"Microwave Sweetheart\" reveal a more punky flavour and \"We're on our way back\" is a suitably anthemic album closer."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Majka Je\u017cowska", "paragraph_text": "Majka Je\u017cowska (born Maria Je\u017cowska on May 25, 1960 in Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland), is a Polish singer performing pop and children's music. She is also a part-time actress."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Box of Delights", "paragraph_text": "The Box of Delights is a children's fantasy novel by John Masefield. It is a sequel to \"The Midnight Folk\", and was first published in 1935."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mindflayer (band)", "paragraph_text": "Mindflayer is a noise rock band from Providence, Rhode Island, made up of Brian Chippendale (of Lightning Bolt) and Matt Brinkman (of Forcefield) which was formed out of Fort Thunder."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dixieland Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Dixieland Delight\" is a song written by Ronnie Rogers, and recorded by American country music band Alabama. It was released in January 1983 as the lead-off single from their album \"The Closer You Get...\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks", "paragraph_text": "\"The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks\" is the tenth episode of the of the anthology television series \"American Horror Story\", which premiered on January 8, 2014, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by James Wong and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "HMS Delight (1806)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Delight\" was a British Royal Navy 16-gun brig-sloop of the \"Seagull\" class launched in June 1806, six months late. She grounded off Reggio Calabria in January 1808 and was burnt to prevent her being salvaged."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Domenico di Michelino", "paragraph_text": "Michelino predominantly painted scenes from the Bible. His most famous work can be found on the west wall of Florence's \"Duomo\" (cathedral) Santa Maria del Fiore, including \"La commedia illumina Firenze\" (\"The Comedy Illuminating Florence\"), showing Dante Alighieri and the \"Divina Commedia\" (\"Divine Comedy\"). Along with Dante and the city of Florence, the work depicts Hell, Mount Purgatory, the earthly Paradise (with Adam and Eve) and the celestial spheres."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ask for More", "paragraph_text": "\"Ask for More\" is a song performed by Janet Jackson as part of an advertising campaign for soft drink company Pepsi in 1999."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Infruset", "paragraph_text": "On October 28, 2012, the first public performance of \"Infruset\" was celebrated as cinema event with broadcasts in cinemas and theaters in Sweden, Germany and Switzerland. The premiere consisted of two parts \u2013 a biography of Gustaf Fr\u00f6ding and interviews with band members, and the live performance of the new songs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Architecture", "paragraph_text": "The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation \u2013 firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dominican Order", "paragraph_text": "The center of all mystical experience is, of course, Christ. English Dominicans sought to gain a full knowledge of Christ through an imitation of His life. English mystics of all types tended to focus on the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified. This led to a \"progressive understanding of the meanings of Scripture--literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical\"\u2014that was contained within the mystical journey itself. From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ: an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God."}], "question": "Who is a member of the group that performs Earthly Delights?"}
{"id": "2hop__480508_417579", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sir John Wedgwood, 2nd Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Born in Newcastle upon Tyne, Wedgwood was the son of Sir Ralph Wedgwood, 1st Baronet and his wife Iris Veronica Pawson, daughter of Albert Henry Pawson. He was a great-great-great-grandson of the master potter Josiah Wedgwood. His younger sister was the historian C.V. Wedgwood. Sir John was educated at Winchester College, at Trinity College, Cambridge and in Europe, where he learnt several languages."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sir William Erskine, 1st Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant-General Sir William Erskine, 1st Baronet (1728 \u2013 19 March 1795) was a British Army commander and the 1st Baronet of the Erskine of Torrie creation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "George Stucley", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Sir George Stucley Stucley, 1st Baronet (17 August 1812 \u2013 13 March 1900), known as George Buck until 1858, was a British Conservative Member of Parliament."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sir Charles Johnston, 1st Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Sir Charles Johnston, 1st Baronet (3 May 1848 \u2013 10 April 1933), was Lord Mayor of London for 1914 \u201315."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sir John Drake, 1st Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Drake, 1st Baronet (4 April 1625 \u2013 6 July 1669) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Leander Starr Jameson", "paragraph_text": "Sir Leander Starr Jameson, 1st Baronet, (9 February 1853 \u2013 26 November 1917), was a Scottish colonial politician who was best known for his involvement in the Jameson Raid."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Carsington", "paragraph_text": "Carsington is a village in the middle of the Derbyshire Dales, England; it adjoins the hamlet of Hopton, and is close to the historic town of Wirksworth and village of Brassington."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brian McConnell, Baron McConnell", "paragraph_text": "The grandson of Sir Robert McConnell, 1st Baronet, he was schooled at Sedbergh School and at Queen's University, Belfast where he read law, subsequently being called to the Bar of Northern Ireland."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sir John Maclean, 1st Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Maclean, 1st Baronet, (1604 \u2013 7 July 1666) also known as John Makel\u00e9er or Hans Makel\u00e9er in Sweden, was Lord of G\u00e5sevadholm, and Hageby and Hammar\u00f6. He lived in Gothenburg, Sweden. He was made a Baronet by Charles II of England and was made Lord of G\u00e5sevadholm, Hageby, and Hammar\u00f6 by Christina of Sweden in 1649."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sir William Spring, 1st Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Spring, 1st Baronet (1613 \u2013 17 December 1654) was an English Parliamentarian politician and a member of the Spring family of Pakenham, Suffolk."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sir John Gell, 2nd Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Gell was the son of Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet of Hopton, Derbyshire, and his wife Elizabeth Willoughby, daughter of Sir Percival Willoughby of Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire. He was baptised at Kedleston in October 1613. He matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford on 23 November 1632, aged 17."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Everard Home", "paragraph_text": "Sir Everard Home, 1st Baronet, FRS (6 May 1756, in Kingston upon Hull \u2013 31 August 1832, in London) was a British surgeon."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Henry Pottinger", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant General Sir Henry Pottinger, 1st Baronet, GCB, PC (Chinese: \u7835\u7538\u4e4d; 3 October 1789 \u2013 18 March 1856), was an Anglo-Irish soldier and colonial administrator who became the first Governor of Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sir William Thomas, 1st Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Thomas, 1st Baronet (29 July 1641 \u2013 18 November 1706) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1679, and from 1680 to 1706."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sir Richard Kaye, 6th Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Sir Richard Kaye, 6th Baronet, FRS (1736\u201325 December 1809) was an English churchman and scientist. He was Dean of Lincoln from 1783, and inherited the baronetcy from his elder brother Sir John Lister Kaye, 5th Baronet in 1789."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "George Albu", "paragraph_text": "Sir George Albu, 1st Baronet (26 October 1857 \u2013 27 December 1935) was a mining magnate in the diamond and gold industries of South Africa."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Watson Cheyne", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Watson Cheyne, 1st Baronet, (14 December 1852 \u2013 19 April 1932) was a Scottish surgeon and bacteriologist, who pioneered the use of antiseptic surgical methods in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lot 35, Prince Edward Island", "paragraph_text": "Lot 35 is a township in Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Bedford Parish. Lot 35 was awarded to Sir Alexander Maitland, 1st Baronet in the 1767 land lottery. It was sold in 1792 to John MacDonald of Glenaladale."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sir Arthur Onslow, 1st Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Sir Arthur Onslow, 1st Baronet (1622 \u2013 21 July 1688) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1641 and 1685."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sir Philip Crampton, 1st Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Sir Philip Crampton, 1st Baronet, FRS (7 June 1777 \u2013 10 June 1858) was an eminent Irish surgeon and anatomist."}], "question": "In which district was Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet born?"}
{"id": "2hop__96947_733360", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "GLAAD Media Award", "paragraph_text": "The 1st GLAAD Media Awards ceremony honoring the 1989 season was held in 1990, and recognized 34 nominees in 7 competitive categories."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Earth Day", "paragraph_text": "In 1969 at a UNESCO Conference in San Francisco, peace activist John McConnell proposed a day to honor the Earth and the concept of peace, to first be celebrated on March 21, 1970, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. This day of nature's equipoise was later sanctioned in a proclamation written by McConnell and signed by Secretary General U Thant at the United Nations. A month later a separate Earth Day was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach - in first held on April 22, 1970. Nelson was later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom award in recognition of his work. While this April 22 Earth Day was focused on the United States, an organization launched by Denis Hayes, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141 nations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Randall Arauz", "paragraph_text": "Randall Arauz is an environmentalist working in Costa Rica. He was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2010 for his efforts on the protection of the sharks and banning of the shark finning industry. Arauz was awarded The Gothenburg Award for Sustainable Development for 2010, shared with Ken Sherman."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "David Lobell", "paragraph_text": "David Lobell is an agricultural ecologist and an Associate Professor in Environmental Earth System Science at Stanford University. He won a MacArthur Award in 2013."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Valentin Thurn", "paragraph_text": "Valentin Thurn (born 1963, Stuttgart, Germany) is an award winning German film maker, writer and director who made the 2010 documentary \"Taste the Waste\". He is also the co-founder of the International Federation of Environmental Journalists."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Environmental Media Awards", "paragraph_text": "The Environmental Media Awards have been awarded by the Environmental Media Association since 1991 to the best television episode or film with an environmental message."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Shetland Experience", "paragraph_text": "The Shetland Experience is a 1977 British short documentary film directed by Derek Williams. It is about environmental measures taken by the oil industry at the Sullom Voe Terminal in the Shetlands. It was a sponsored film, produced for the environmental advisory group of the Sullom Voe Association, to which the Shetland Islands Council and oil companies belonged. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sense8", "paragraph_text": "The first season, consisting of 12 episodes, became available for streaming on Netflix on June 5, 2015, and was met with generally favorable critical reception. It was praised for its representation of LGBTQ characters and themes, winning the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Drama Series. It was also recognized with a Location Managers Guild award for its use of locations as an integral part of the story, and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Linked Hybrid", "paragraph_text": "Linked Hybrid () is a building complex built in Beijing, China designed by Steven Holl Architects. It is recognized for its environmental design and uses geo-thermal wells for cooling and heating. Linked Hybrid has won several awards such as the Best Tall Building Overall Award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in 2009."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ballon d'Or", "paragraph_text": "Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or. Prior to 1995, the award was often known in English language media as the ``European Footballer of the Year ''award. Milan's George Weah, the only African recipient, became the first non-European to win the award in the year the rules of eligibility were changed. Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later. Three players have won the award three times each: Johan Cruyff of Ajax and Barcelona, Michel Platini of Juventus and Marco van Basten of Milan, while Cristiano Ronaldo of Real Madrid has won four and Lionel Messi of Barcelona has won five. With seven awards each, Dutch and German players won the most Ballons d'Or. Spanish club Barcelona had the most winners."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Page 3 (film)", "paragraph_text": "Page 3 is a 2005 Indian drama film directed by Madhur Bhandarkar and produced by Bobby Pushkarna and Kavita Pushkarna about the Page 3 culture and media in the city of Mumbai. It stars Konkona Sen Sharma, Atul Kulkarni, Sandhya Mridul, Tara Sharma, Anju Mahendru, and Boman Irani. The film won three National Film Awards, including the Golden Lotus Award for Best Film."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Turner Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Turner Prize, named after the English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist. Between 1991 and 2016, only artists under the age of 50 were eligible (this restriction was removed for the 2017 award). Awarding the prize is organised by the Tate gallery and usually staged at Tate Britain, though in recent years the award ceremony has sometimes been held in other UK cities. Since its beginnings in 1984 it has become the UK's most publicised art award. The award represents all media."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chiau Wen-yan", "paragraph_text": "Chiau Wen-yan received his M.A. (1989) and Ph.D. (1991) from the University of Pennsylvania, U.S. after earning his B.S. (1976) and LL.M. (1980) degrees in Taiwan. He's honored with \"2015 National Cheng Kung University Distinguished Alumni Award\" in November 2015 and \u201cLifetime Contribution Award\u201d by Taiwan Institute of Landscape Architects in January 2016. Chiau's specialties are environmental planning and management, especially with regard to the areas of city and regional planning, climate change, coastal zone management, wetland conservation, ecotourism, underwater heritage, ocean policies and environmental law. In fact, Chiau drafted Taiwan's Environmental Education Act, which was passed in 2010. In 1995 and again in 2001, the Canadian Trade Office in Taipei honored him with the \u201cCanadian Studies Award\u201d for his research on coastal zone management and marine protected areas in Canada. Chiau served as a representative of the Chinese Taipei Delegation in the APEC Working Group Meeting on Marine Resource Conservation and Fisheries, which led to the common APEC journals for the \u201cMarine Resource Conservation Working Group\u201d and the \u201cFisheries Working Group.\u201d He also held the post of editor of the international journal \u201cOcean and Coastal Management.\u201d"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hingham High School", "paragraph_text": "Around 2005 the school received a history teacher who was fluent in Mandarin Chinese. The school began teaching the Chinese language around that time. In 2009, the school was awarded a Blue Ribbon by the United States Department of Education for academic excellence. In 2015, Hingham High was awarded the Green Ribbon by the United States Department of Education for its commitment to protecting the environment, reducing environmental impact and"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay", "paragraph_text": "The PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay is awarded by the PEN American Center to an author for a book of original collected essays. The award was founded by PEN Member and author Barbaralee Diamonstein and Carl Spielvogel, former \"New York Times\" columnist, \"to preserve the dignity and esteem that the essay form imparts to literature.\" The winner receives a cash award of $10,000."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brian Swibel", "paragraph_text": "Brian Swibel is a Chicago born writer, director and producer. He is the founder of b. swibel presents, a New York and Los Angeles based entertainment company (affiliated with Playing Pretend Productions) that develops and produces diverse forms of media and arts education programming. His numerous projects have garnered him two Tony Award nominations and a Kodak Emerging Filmmakers Award."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Miroslaw Romanowski Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Miroslaw Romanowski Medal is awarded annually by the Royal Society of Canada \"for significant contributions to the resolution of scientific aspects of environmental problems or for important improvements to the quality of an ecosystem in all aspects - terrestrial, atmospheric and aqueous - brought about by scientific means\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bharat Koirala", "paragraph_text": "Bharat Dutta Koirala, the winner of the 2002 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts, is one of the most prominent senior journalists of Nepal with a professional career of over four decades. He started his career in journalism as the chief reporter of \"The Rising Nepal\" in 1965 and became editor of \"Gorkhapatra\" and executive chairman and general manager of Gorkhapatra Corporation. He is also the founder of many organizations such as Nepal Press Institute, Nepal Forum for Environmental Journalist, Media Services International, and Radio Sagarmatha, the first independent private FM radio station. Awarded the Knight International Press Fellowship Award by the International Center for Journalists in Washington, D.C. and the Ramon Magsaysay Foundation in Manila, Philippines, he also pioneered the publication of a Nepalese Wall Newspaper, and is credited with introducing reporting on development of rural Nepal. Presently, he is the Secretary General of Nepal Press Institute, Chairman of Media Services International, and Chairman of Himal Association. He is a prominent media teacher in Nepal who produces many professional journalists."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Environmental Media Association", "paragraph_text": "The Environmental Media Association (EMA) is a non-profit organization which was founded in 1989 by Cindy and Alan Horn and Lyn and Norman Lear. EMA works with the entertainment industry to encourage green production and raise the public's environmental awareness. The group provides a \"Green Seal\" to productions which reduce their environmental footprint. The first movie to have the EMA Green Seal in its credits was The Incredible Hulk, which made specific efforts during its 2007 filming to cut carbon emissions and waste created during production. There are also various TV episodes, such as the \"Futurama\" episode \"The Problem with Popplers\", and various movies have been awarded the Environmental Media Award, which is awarded to the best television show or film with an environmental message."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology", "paragraph_text": "The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology (SSB) is a science award in India given annually by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for notable and outstanding research, applied or fundamental, in biology, chemistry, environmental science, engineering, mathematics, medicine and Physics. The prize recognizes outstanding Indian work (according to the view of CSIR awarding committee) in science and technology. It is the most coveted award in multidisciplinary science in India. The award is named after the founder Director of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. It was first awarded in 1958."}], "question": "Who founded the association that grants the Environmental Media Awards?"}
{"id": "2hop__21691_21680", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England. Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "The characteristic forms that were to define Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture and developed at several different geographic locations, as the result of different influences and structural requirements. While barrel vaults and groin vaults are typical of Romanesque architecture, ribbed vaults were used in the naves of two Romanesque churches in Caen, Abbey of Saint-\u00c9tienne and Abbaye aux Dames in 1120. Another early example is the nave and apse area of the Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9 in 1131. The ribbed vault over the north transept at Durham Cathedral in England, built from 1128 to 1133, is probably earlier still and was the first time pointed arches were used in a high vault."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of the world's tallest buildings", "paragraph_text": "The earliest structures now known to be the tallest in the world were the Egyptian pyramids, with the Great Pyramid of Giza, at an original height of 146.5 metres (481 ft), being the tallest man -- made structure in the world for over 3,800 years, until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1300. From then until the completion of the Washington Monument (capped in 1884) the world's tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals. Later, the Eiffel Tower and, still later, some radio masts and television towers were the world's tallest structures."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tonto Natural Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Tonto Natural Bridge is a natural arch in Arizona, United States, that is believed to be the largest natural travertine bridge in the world. The area surrounding the bridge has been made into a state park called Tonto Natural Bridge State Park, which is located off State Route 87, just north of Payson. Tonto Natural Bridge stands over a tunnel that measures at its widest point and reaches a height of ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "At the completion of the west front in 1140, Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end, leaving the Carolingian nave in use. He designed a choir that would be suffused with light. To achieve his aims, his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture, the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, the ambulatory with radiating chapels, the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "Other cities with a concentration of secular Gothic include Bruges and Siena. Most surviving small secular buildings are relatively plain and straightforward; most windows are flat-topped with mullions, with pointed arches and vaulted ceilings often only found at a few focal points. The country-houses of the nobility were slow to abandon the appearance of being a castle, even in parts of Europe, like England, where defence had ceased to be a real concern. The living and working parts of many monastic buildings survive, for example at Mont Saint-Michel."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Innsbruck Cathedral", "paragraph_text": "Innsbruck Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of St. James (), is an eighteenth-century Baroque cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Innsbruck in the city of Innsbruck, Austria, dedicated to the apostle Saint James, son of Zebedee. Based on designs by the architect Johann Jakob Herkomer, the cathedral was built between 1717 and 1724 on the site of a twelfth-century Romanesque church. The interior is enclosed by three domed vaults spanning the nave, and a dome with lantern above the chancel. With its lavish Baroque interior, executed in part by the Asam brothers, St. James is considered among the most important Baroque buildings in the Tyrol."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms. The architect entirely dispensed with the round arch in favour of the pointed arch and with cylindrical columns in favour of piers composed of clusters of shafts which lead into the mouldings of the arches. The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230. The character of the building is entirely Gothic. Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Serve (tennis)", "paragraph_text": "For any serve, the server stands behind the baseline without touching it. For the first point of any game, the server stands to the right of the center point of the baseline and serves diagonally across the net to the left side (from the server's perspective) of the court, into the service box which extends to the service line about midway into the opponent's court. For the second point of the game, the serve is diagonally from the left to the right side of the court, and for each subsequent point of the same game the positioning is the opposite of that on the previous point. The serve shown above is actually a foot fault."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style, it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque, notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England, Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9 in Sicily, Autun Cathedral in France."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "The Gothic vault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids. The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle. This enabled architects to raise vaults much higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture. While, structurally, use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different and more vertical visual character than Romanesque."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sant Pere de Casserres", "paragraph_text": "The building is quadrangular, somewhat wider than long, with three separate double-cruciform pillars supporting the nave's arches. The three naves are covered by barrel vaults. They were decorated with murals, some fragments of which are still visible. Outside, the apses are decorated in Lombard style with a frieze of blind arcades and pilasters. The central apse arcades have windows and a frieze. The bell tower is square and contains two floors. A second level has two arched windows on each side. The roof is hipped."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Horseshoe arch", "paragraph_text": "The horseshoe arch (Spanish: arco de herradura / \u02c8arko de era\u02c8du\u027ea /), also called the Moorish arch and the keyhole arch, is the emblematic arch of Moorish architecture. Horseshoe arches can take rounded, pointed or lobed form."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "Contrary to the diffusionist theory, it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch, for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan, or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults. This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093. Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading, where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern, and the points are accidental to the design."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Exeter Cathedral", "paragraph_text": "Exeter Cathedral, properly known as the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter in Exeter, is an Anglican cathedral, and the seat of the Bishop of Exeter, in the city of Exeter, Devon, in South West England. The present building was complete by about 1400, and has several notable features, including an early set of misericords, an astronomical clock and the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling in England."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aqueduct of Segovia", "paragraph_text": "To reach the old city, the water is conveyed by its aqueduct bridge. At Plaza de D\u00edaz Sanz (D\u00edaz Sanz Plaza), the structure makes an abrupt turn and heads toward Plaza Azoguejo (Azoguejo Plaza). It is there the monument begins to display its full splendor. At its tallest, the aqueduct reaches a height of 28.5 m (93 ft 6 in), including nearly 6 m (19 ft 8 in) of foundation. There are both single and double arches supported by pillars. From the point the aqueduct enters the city until it reaches Plaza de D\u00edaz Sanz, it includes 75 single arches and 44 double arches (or 88 arches when counted individually), followed by four single arches, totalling 167 arches in all."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Utrecht", "paragraph_text": "Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kurobe Dam", "paragraph_text": "The or , is a variable-radius arch dam on the Kurobe River in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. It supports the 335 MW Kurobe No. 4 Hydropower Plant and is owned by Kansai Electric Power Company. At in height, it is the tallest dam in Japan. It was constructed between 1956 and 1963 at a cost of \u00a551.3 billion yen. The project was a difficult engineering feat for the rapidly growing post\u2013World War II Japan, and claimed the lives of 171 people."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wushan Yangtze River Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Wushan Yangtze River Bridge is an arch bridge, which carries S301 Provincial Road across the Yangtze River near Wushan, Chongqing, China. Completed in 2005, the high arch spans ranking it in the top ten longest arch bridges in the world. The bridge is also among the highest in the world however, the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge, and the full clearance is no longer visible."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wanxian Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Wanxian Bridge, or Wanzhou Bridge (), is a reinforced concrete arch bridge built over the Yangtze River in 1997. It is located in the vicinity of the Three Gorges Dam in Wanzhou, Chongqing, China. The arch span is and the total length of the bridge is . The clearance height to the river below is however the full clearance is no longer visible as the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water. During the bridge construction, a concrete-filled tubular arch truss frame was built to support the weight of the concrete arch and embedded into the concrete arch."}], "question": "When was the cathedral in the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults constructed?"}
{"id": "2hop__26257_805967", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Palace of Westminster", "paragraph_text": "The failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a conspiracy among a group of Roman Catholic gentry to re-establish Catholicism in England by assassinating the Protestant King James I and replacing him with a Catholic monarch. To this end, they placed large quantities of gunpowder beneath the House of Lords, which one of the conspirators, Guy Fawkes, would detonate during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605. If successful, the explosion would have destroyed the Palace, killing the King, his family and most of the aristocracy. However, the plot was discovered and most of the conspirators were either arrested or killed while trying to evade capture. The survivors were tortured in the Tower of London, tried for high treason in Westminster Hall, convicted and gruesomely executed by hanging, drawing and quartering. Since then, the cellars of the Palace have been searched by the Yeomen of the Guard before every State Opening of Parliament, a traditional precaution against any similar attempts against the Sovereign.Sir Walter Raleigh was executed at the Palace of Westminster on 29 October 1618."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Horstead Priory", "paragraph_text": "Horstead manor was granted, by William II of England, to the Abbey of Sainte-Trinit\u00e9, in Caen, France, which had been founded by William's mother, Matilda of Flanders The priory was dissolved in 1414."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Palace of Westminster", "paragraph_text": "Palace of Westminster The Palace of Westminster with Elizabeth Tower and Westminster Bridge, viewed from across the River Thames Location Westminster London SW1A 0AA England Coordinates 51 \u00b0 29 \u2032 57 ''N 00 \u00b0 07 \u2032 29'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 51.49917 \u00b0 N 0.12472 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 51.49917; - 0.12472 Coordinates: 51 \u00b0 29 \u2032 57 ''N 00 \u00b0 07 \u2032 29'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 51.49917 \u00b0 N 0.12472 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 51.49917; - 0.12472 Area 112,476 m (1,210,680 sq ft) (internal) Built 1016 Demolished 1834 (due to fire) Rebuilt 1840 -- 76 Architectural style (s) Perpendicular Gothic Revival Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name: Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church Type Cultural Criteria i, ii, iv Designated 1987 (11th session) Reference no. 426 Country United Kingdom Region Europe Extensions 2008 Listed Building -- Grade I Official name: Houses of Parliament / The Palace of Westminster Designated 5 February 1970 Reference no. 1226284 Location of the Palace of Westminster in central London"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Leeds Town Hall", "paragraph_text": "Leeds Town Hall was built between 1853 and 1858 on The Headrow (formerly Park Lane), Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, to a design by architect Cuthbert Brodrick. It was planned to include law courts, a council chamber, a public hall, a suite of ceremonial entertaining rooms and municipal offices. With the building of the Civic Hall in 1933 some of those functions moved away and it became essentially a public hall and law courts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the most notable religious buildings in the United Kingdom and has been the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England \"Royal Peculiar\"\u2014a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the original abbey church."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Norman architecture", "paragraph_text": "In England, Norman nobles and bishops had influence before the Norman Conquest of 1066, and Norman influences affected late Anglo - Saxon architecture. Edward the Confessor was brought up in Normandy, and in 1042 brought masons to work on Westminster Abbey, the first Romanesque building in England. In 1051 he brought in Norman knights who built ``motte ''castles as a defence against the Welsh. Following the invasion Normans rapidly constructed motte - and - bailey castles, and in a burst of building activity built churches and abbeys, as well as more elaborate fortifications including Norman stone keeps."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mark O'Toole (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "Born in London, England, he was ordained a priest on 9 June 1990 by Basil Hume for the Archdiocese of Westminster. Between 2002 and 2008 he served as the private secretary to Cormac Murphy-O'Connor before his appointment as the Rector of Allen Hall Seminary."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Timeline of railway history", "paragraph_text": "c. 1594 -- The first overground railway line in England may have been a wooden - railed, horse - drawn tramroad which was built at Prescot, near Liverpool, around 1600 and possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster", "paragraph_text": "Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster, (22 March 1767\u00a0\u2013 17 February 1845) was the son of the 1st\u00a0Earl Grosvenor, whom he succeeded in 1802 as 2nd\u00a0Earl Grosvenor. He was created Marquess of Westminster in 1831. He was an English Member of Parliament (MP) and an ancestor of the modern-day Dukes of Westminster. Grosvenor continued to develop the family's London estates, he rebuilt their country house, Eaton Hall in Cheshire where he also restored the gardens, and built a new London home, Grosvenor House. He maintained and extended the family interests in the acquisition of works of art, and in horse racing and breeding racehorses."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "William Garland McQuarrie", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ottawa, Ontario, the son of Lachlan and Mary McQuarrie, McQuarrie was raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba and New Westminster, British Columbia. He studied law at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto and was called to the Bar of British Columbia in 1900. In 1919, he was created a King's Counsel. He first practiced law in Ashcroft, British Columbia and soon practiced in New Westminster."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Our Struggle", "paragraph_text": "The Dutch language editions of 1946 contain opening words by \"Perhimpoenan Indonesia\" and were used to sway Dutch public opinion during the \"Linggadjati negotiations\". Its English translation was distributed at Westminster Hall to the British delegates to the United Nations."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Palace of Westminster", "paragraph_text": "Under reforms made in 1999, the House of Commons uses the Grand Committee Room next to Westminster Hall as an additional debating chamber. (Although it is not part of the main hall, the room is usually spoken of as such.) The seating is laid out in a U-shape, in contrast with the main Chamber, in which the benches are placed opposite each other. This pattern is meant to reflect the non-partisan nature of the debates held in Westminster Hall."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "George VI", "paragraph_text": "From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England in the newly finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William constructed the Tower of London, the first of the many Norman castles in England to be rebuilt in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city, to intimidate the native inhabitants. In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "Secular Gothic architecture can also be found in a number of public buildings such as town halls, universities, markets or hospitals. The Gda\u0144sk, Wroc\u0142aw and Stralsund town halls are remarkable examples of northern Brick Gothic built in the late 14th centuries. The Belfry of Bruges or Brussels Town Hall, built during the 15th century, are associated to the increasing wealth and power of the bourgeoisie in the late Middle Ages; by the 15th century, the traders of the trade cities of Burgundy had acquired such wealth and influence that they could afford to express their power by funding lavishly decorated buildings of vast proportions. This kind of expressions of secular and economic power are also found in other late mediaeval commercial cities, including the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia, Spain, a purpose built silk exchange dating from the 15th century, in the partial remains of Westminster Hall in the Houses of Parliament in London, or the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, Italy, a 13th-century town hall built to host the offices of the then prosperous republic of Siena. Other Italian cities such as Florence (Palazzo Vecchio), Mantua or Venice also host remarkable examples of secular public architecture."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Palace of Westminster", "paragraph_text": "Westminster Hall has also served ceremonial functions. From the twelfth century to the nineteenth, coronation banquets honouring new monarchs were held here. The last coronation banquet was that of King George IV, held in 1821; his successor, William IV, abandoned the idea because he deemed it too expensive. The Hall has been used for lyings-in-state during state and ceremonial funerals. Such an honour is usually reserved for the Sovereign and for their consorts; the only non-royals to receive it in the twentieth century were Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts (1914) and Winston Churchill (1965). The most recent lying-in-state was that of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 2002."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Aston Hall", "paragraph_text": "Aston Hall is a Grade I listed Jacobean house in Aston, Birmingham, England, designed by John Thorpe and built between 1618 and 1635. It is a leading example of the Jacobean prodigy house."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Westminster Bank", "paragraph_text": "Westminster Bank was a British retail bank which operated in England and Wales from 1834 until its merger into the National Westminster Bank in 1970; it continued to exist as a dormant registered non-trading company until 4 July 2017 when it was dissolved. Considered one of the Big Five, it expanded during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and took over a number of smaller banking companies."}], "question": "Who is the mother of Westminster Hall's builder?"}
{"id": "2hop__661607_4353", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1st Canadian Division", "paragraph_text": "The 1st Canadian Division is an operational command and control formation of the Canadian Joint Operations Command, based at CFB Kingston."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Canadian Marathon Championships", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Marathon Championships is the annual national championships for the marathon in Canada. The event is currently part of the Ottawa Race Weekend. It includes both running and wheelchair divisions. The event has been held in Ottawa since its inception in 2000."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "31st Indian Armoured Division", "paragraph_text": "The 31st Indian Armoured Division was an armoured division of the Indian Army during World War II, formed in 1940, originally as the 1st Indian Armoured Division; it consisted of units of the British Army and the British Indian Army. When it was raised, it consisted of two Armoured Brigades (the 1st and 2nd Indian Armoured Brigades) and one Motor Brigade (the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Numeris", "paragraph_text": "Numeris (formerly the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement, or BBM Canada) is a Canadian audience measurement organization. Established on May 11, 1944 as a division of the Canadian Association of Broadcasters, Numeris is the primary provider of viewership numbers for television and radio broadcasters in Canada."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ulrik Johansen", "paragraph_text": "Ulrik Johansen (born March 12, 1980) is a Danish professional football player, who is playing for the Danish 1st Division club FC Fredericia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Spruce Production Division", "paragraph_text": "The Spruce Production Division was a unit of the United States Army that was established in 1917 to produce high-quality Sitka spruce timber and other wood products needed to make aircraft for the United States' efforts in World War I. The division was part of the Army Signal Corps's Aviation Section. Its headquarters were in Portland, Oregon, and its main operations center was at Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington. Workers in the division were members of the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen, a union specifically established to support the army's wood production operations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canadian Football League", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Football League (CFL; French: Ligue canadienne de football, LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football. Its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions: the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1994 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "1994 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Season 1993 -- 94 Teams 64 Finals site Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte, North Carolina Champions Arkansas Razorbacks (1st title, 1st title game, 5th Final Four) Runner - up Duke Blue Devils (7th title game, 11th Final Four) Semifinalists Arizona Wildcats (2nd Final Four) Florida Gators (1st Final Four) Winning coach Nolan Richardson (1st title) MOP Corliss Williamson (Arkansas) Attendance 578,007 Top scorer Khalid Reeves Arizona (137 points) NCAA Division I Men's Tournaments ``1993 1995 ''"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "33 Combat Engineer Regiment", "paragraph_text": "33 Combat Engineer Regiment (33CER) is the Primary Reserve (Militia) unit of the Canadian Military Engineers in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is assigned to 33 Canadian Brigade Group, part of 4th Canadian Division."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Faridkot district", "paragraph_text": "Faridkot district is one of the 22 districts in the state of Punjab, India with Faridkot city as the district headquarters. Faridkot District was a part of the erstwhile Ferozepur Division but in the year 1996, Faridkot Division was established with a Divisional headquarter at Faridkot which includes Faridkot, Bathinda and Mansa districts"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament Season 2017 Teams 64 Finals Site TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, Nebraska Champions Florida Gators (1st title) Runner - Up LSU Tigers (18th CWS Appearance) Winning coach Kevin O'Sullivan (1st title) Television ESPN Networks \u2190 2016 NCAA Division I Baseball Championship 2018 \u2192"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)", "paragraph_text": "Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (LdSH [RC]) is a regular armoured regiment of the Canadian Army. Currently based in Edmonton, Alberta, the regiment is part of 3rd Canadian Division's 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group. Members of the regiment are commonly called \"Strathconas\" or \"Strats\" as a short form. It was one of the last regiments in the British Empire to be created and raised by a private individual, Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "100th Grey Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 100th Grey Cup was a Canadian football game between the East Division champion Toronto Argonauts and the West Division champion Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League to decide the Grey Cup champions of the 2012 season."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian)", "paragraph_text": "The 23rd \"Waffen\" Mountain Division of the SS \"Kama\" (2nd Croatian) was a German mountain infantry division of the \"Waffen-SS\", the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II. It was composed of German officers and Bosnian Muslim soldiers. Named \"Kama\" after a small dagger used by Balkan shepherds, it was one of the thirty-eight divisions fielded by the \"Waffen\"-SS during World War II. Formed on 19 June 1944, it was built around a cadre from the 13th \"Waffen\" Mountain Division of the SS \"Handschar\" (1st Croatian) but did not reach its full strength and never saw action as a formation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 4th Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Army. It served in the Napoleonic Wars (notably at the Battle of Waterloo), in the First World War on the Western Front where it was initially assigned to The Cavalry Division before spending most of the war with the 2nd Cavalry Division, and with the 1st Cavalry Division during World War II."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2016 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "2016 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament 2016 Women's Final Four logo Season 2015 -- 16 Teams 64 Finals site Bankers Life Fieldhouse Indianapolis Champions Connecticut Huskies (11th title, 11th title game, 17th Final Four) Runner - up Syracuse Orange (1st title game, 1st Final Four) Semifinalists Oregon State Beavers (1st Final Four) Washington Huskies (1st Final Four) Winning coach Geno Auriemma (11th title) MOP Breanna Stewart (Connecticut) NCAA Division I Women's Tournaments ``2015 2017 ''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Season 1988 -- 89 Teams 64 Finals site Kingdome Seattle, Washington Champions Michigan (1st title, 3rd title game, 4th Final Four) Runner - up Seton Hall (1st title game, 1st Final Four) Semifinalists Duke (7th Final Four) Illinois (4th Final Four) Winning coach Steve Fisher (1st title) MOP Glen Rice (Michigan) Attendance 613,242 Top scorer Glen Rice Michigan (184 points) NCAA Division I Men's Tournaments ``1988 1990 ''"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament Teams 8 Finals site Patten Gymnasium Evanston, Illinois Champions Oregon Ducks (1st title, 1st title game, 1st Final Four) Runner - up Ohio State Buckeyes (1st title game, 1st Final Four) Semifinalists Oklahoma Sooners (1st Final Four) Villanova Wildcats (1st Final Four) Winning coach Howard Hobson (1st title) MOP Jimmy Hull, (Ohio State) Attendance 15,025 Top scorer Jimmy Hull, Ohio State (58 points) NCAA Division I Men's Tournaments 1940 ''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters."}], "question": "When was the command that includes the 1st Canadian Division established?"}
{"id": "2hop__13675_55954", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Operation Corridor 92", "paragraph_text": "Operation Corridor 92 (, \"Operacija Koridor 92\") was the largest operation conducted during the Bosnian War by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) against the forces of the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Croatian Army (HV) in the Bosanska Posavina region of northern Bosnia and Herzegovina between 24 June and 6 October 1992. The objective of the offensive was to re-establish a road link between the city of Banja Luka in the west of the country and the eastern parts of the territory controlled by the Bosnian Serbs. The offensive was prompted by the capture of Derventa by the HV and the HVO\u00a0\u2013 a move that blocked the single overland road between the VRS-controlled territories."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Garrett AiResearch", "paragraph_text": "John Clifford \"Cliff\" Garrett founded a company in Los Angeles in 1936 which came to be known as Garrett AiResearch or simply AiResearch. Already operating his Garrett Supply and Airsupply businesses, in 1939 Cliff Garrett established a small research laboratory to conduct \"air research\" on the development of pressurized flight for passenger aircraft. \"[AiResearch's] first 'lab' was a small store building on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bone-anchored hearing aid", "paragraph_text": "In 1977, the first three patients were implanted with a bone - conduction hearing solution by Anders Tjellstr\u00f6m at the Ear, Nose, and Throat Department at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden. A 4 - mm - long titanium screw with a diameter of 3.75 mm was inserted in the bone behind the ear, and a bone conduction hearing aid was attached."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Code of the United States Fighting Force", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Franklin Brooke Nihart, USMC, worked at Marine Corps headquarters throughout the summer of 1955, outlined his ideas in longhand and the Code of Conduct was established with the issuance of Executive Order 10631 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on 17 August 1955 which stated, ``Every member of the Armed Forces of the United States are expected to measure up to the standards embodied in the Code of Conduct while in combat or in captivity. ''It has been modified twice -- once in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter in Executive Order 12017, and most recently in President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12633 of March 1988, which amended the code to make it gender - neutral."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "The FBI is near-impenetrable, with applicants intensely scrutinized and assessed over an extended period. To apply to become an FBI agent, one must be between the ages of 23 and 37. Due to the decision in Robert P. Isabella v. Department of State and Office of Personnel Management, 2008 M.S.P.B. 146, preference-eligible veterans may apply after age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella decision. The applicant must also hold American citizenship, be of high moral character, have a clean record, and hold at least a four-year bachelor's degree. At least three years of professional work experience prior to application is also required. All FBI employees require a Top Secret (TS) security clearance, and in many instances, employees need a TS/SCI (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance. To obtain a security clearance, all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations (SSBI), which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management. Special Agents candidates also have to pass a Physical Fitness Test (PFT), which includes a 300-meter run, one-minute sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Personnel must pass a polygraph test with questions including possible drug use. Applicants who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Science Olympiad Foundation", "paragraph_text": "The NSO is conducted on two levels each year. It was the first Olympiad to be conducted by SOF.It has been conducted since 1996. Students from class I - XII may participate in the examination."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Census of India", "paragraph_text": "The decennial Census of India has been conducted 15 times, As of 2011. While it has been conducted every 10 years, beginning in 1872, the first complete census was taken in the year 1881. Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. All the census since 1951 are conducted under 1948 Census of India Act. The last census was held in 2011 and next census will be held in 2021."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vacuum", "paragraph_text": "Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses heat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the Pirani gauge which uses a single platinum filament as both the heated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10\u22123 torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being measured."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Stanford Caldwell Hooper", "paragraph_text": "Stanford Caldwell Hooper (August 16, 1884 \u2013 April 6, 1955) was a Rear Admiral of the United States Navy, and a noted radio pioneer who has been called \"the Father of Naval Radio\". Hooper conducted pioneering radio tests, established land stations for communication with the fleet, and served as technical advisor and head of many boards and committees dealing with communications."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Majura Training Area", "paragraph_text": "The Majura Training Area (MTA) is a facility belonging to the Australian Department of Defence located to the east of Mount Majura in the Majura district in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The MTA is used primarily by the Australian Army for the conduct of field exercises and weapon qualification shoots. The MTA is located near to the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy and is frequently used by these training establishments. Accommodation and support on the range is through 'Camp Blake', which consists of headquarters buildings, Q-Store, Mess, Staff accommodation and amenities and trainee accommodation and amenities."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Napoleonic Wars", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of Vienna redrew the borders of Europe, and brought a lasting peace to the continent. The wars had profound consequences on global history; it fostered the spread of nationalism and liberalism, saw the rise of the British Empire as the world's foremost power, independence movements in Latin America and the subsequent collapse of the Spanish Empire, the fundamental reorganisation of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the establishment of radically new methods of conducting warfare."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency", "paragraph_text": "The Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (\"Turkish: Afet ve Acil Durum Y\u00f6netimi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, AFAD\") was established in 2009 to take necessary measures for effective emergency management and civil protection nationwide in Turkey. The presidency conducts pre-incident work, such as preparedness, mitigation and risk management, during-incident work such as response, and post-incident work such as recovery and reconstruction. AFAD reports to the Turkish Prime Ministry."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Federal Reserve", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Congress established three key objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act: maximizing employment, stabilizing prices, and moderating long - term interest rates. The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate. Its duties have expanded over the years, and currently also include supervising and regulating banks, maintaining the stability of the financial system, and providing financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions. The Fed conducts research into the economy and provides numerous publications, such as the Beige Book and the FRED database."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Census of India", "paragraph_text": "The decennial Census of India has been conducted 15 times, As of 2011. While has been conducted every 10 years, beginning in 1872, the first complete census was taken in the year 1881. Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. All the census since 1951 are conducted under 1948 Census of India Act."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hippocrates Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Hippocrates Glacier () is a glacier at least long and wide, draining the southeast slopes of Stribog Mountains and flowing southeast between Solvay Mountains and Gutsal Ridge into Buls Bay on the east side of Brabant Island, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was shown on an Argentine government chart in 1953, but not named. The glacier was photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd in 1956\u201357, and mapped from these photos in 1959. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Hippocrates, a Greek physician and author of numerous works on medicine, who also established a professional code of medical conduct."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rick Jolly", "paragraph_text": "Surgeon-Captain Richard Tadeusz Jolly OBE (29 October 1946\u00a0\u2013 13 January 2018) was a Royal Navy medical officer who served in the 1982 Falklands War and was later decorated by both the British and Argentine governments for his distinguished conduct during the conflict. He went on to practise and give lectures to medical establishments on his experiences. He was a co-founder, with Denzil Connick, of the South Atlantic Medal Association formed in 1997. He was also the only person to be decorated by both sides for his work in the Falklands War."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "VX-6", "paragraph_text": "Air Development Squadron Six (VX-6 or AIRDEVRON SIX, commonly referred to by its nickname, \"puckered penguins\") was a United States Navy Air Development Squadron based at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Established at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland on 17 January 1955, the squadron's mission was to conduct operations in support of Operation Deep Freeze, the operational component of the United States Antarctic Program."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Greatest Indian", "paragraph_text": "The Greatest Indian was a poll sponsored by Reliance Mobile and conducted by Outlook magazine, in partnership with CNN - IBN and The History Channel. The poll was conducted from June to August 2012, with the winner, Babasaheb B.R. Ambedkar, announced on 11 August. A program associated with the poll aired from 4 June until 15 August."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Office of Personnel Management", "paragraph_text": "The United States Civil Service Commission was created by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. The commission was abolished and replaced by OPM on January 1, 1979, following the passage of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 and Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1978 (43 FR 36037, 92 Stat. 3783)."}], "question": "When was the entity which conducts SSBIs established?"}
{"id": "2hop__17344_853856", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Peter B. Germano", "paragraph_text": "Peter B. Germano (New Bedford, Massachusetts, May 17, 1913 - Wildwood, California, September 20, 1983) was an American author of short stories, novels, and television scripts. He began his career with short stories. He wrote articles documenting the Marines in World War II as a combat correspondent. He wrote novels, most of which were westerns, but also wrote science fiction. And, as television became ever-present in American culture, Peter wrote numerous television scripts for western, science-fiction, drama, and cartoon series."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Aristides Baltas", "paragraph_text": "Aristides Baltas (; born 9 February 1943) is a philosopher of science and physicist who served as the Minister of Culture and Sports of Greece and as the Minister of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs in the cabinet of Alexis Tsipras from 27 January 2015 to 4 November 2016."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Anarchy in Action", "paragraph_text": "Anarchy in Action is a book exploring anarchist thought and practice, written by Colin Ward and first published in 1973."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Annette Kuhn", "paragraph_text": "Annette Frieda Kuhn, FBA is a British author, cultural historian, educator, researcher, editor and feminist. She is known for her work in screen studies, visual culture, film history and cultural memory. Since 2006, she is an Emeritus Professor of Film Studies from Queen Mary University of London."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "\"Hellenistic\" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, Hell\u0113nist\u0113s), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander\u2019s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Today, with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions, Nanjing is commonly viewed as a \u201ccity of culture\u201d and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Culture", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Arnold contrasted \"culture\" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted \"culture\" with \"the state of nature\". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between \"civilized\" and \"uncivilized.\" According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Civil disobedience", "paragraph_text": "Following the Peterloo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time\u2014and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action. It is perhaps the first modern[vague] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest. A version was taken up by the author Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience, and later by Gandhi in his doctrine of Satyagraha. Gandhi's Satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by Shelley's nonviolence in protest and political action. In particular, it is known that Gandhi would often quote Shelley's Masque of Anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free India."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cultural safety", "paragraph_text": "Cultural safety can be defined as the effective nursing practice of a person or family from another culture that is determined by that person or family (from Nursing Council of New Zealand, Guidelines for Cultural Safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and M\u0101ori Health in Nursing Education and Practice, 2011, p. 7). Its origins are in nursing education and a culture can range anywhere from age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, or even disabilities. An unsafe cultural practice is an action that demeans the cultural identity of a particular person or family. Cultural safety also has four different principles. The first one aims to improve health status and well - being of New Zealanders because the concept originated in New Zealand; on the other hand, the second one improves the delivery of health services. The third one focuses on the differences among the people who are being treated and accepting those differences. The fourth principle focuses on understanding the power of health services and how health care impacts individuals and families."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jan Ligthart", "paragraph_text": "Jan Ligthart (11 January 1859 - 16 February 1916) was a Dutch teacher and philosopher. He became known for his innovative educational methods and the modernisation of the Dutch education system. He wrote many articles and books about education."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Niko Nicotera", "paragraph_text": "Niko Nicotera is an American film and television actor best known for playing Ratboy in the series Sons of Anarchy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John Andrew Doyle", "paragraph_text": "He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, winning the Arnold prize in 1868 for his essay, \"The American Colonies\" and elected President of the Oxford Union in 1870. He was a fellow of All Souls from 1870 until his death, which occurred at Crickhowell, Wales, on 4 August 1907. He inherited the estate of his grandfather Sir John Easthope, 1st Baronet."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kulturfinger", "paragraph_text": "The Kulturfinger is the nickname of a steel-framed tower built during the days of the communist German Democratic Republic that is the tallest building in Neubrandenburg, Germany. It is part of the Haus der Kultur und Bildung (German for \"House of Culture and Education\") or HKB, the city's cultural institution."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zoe Boyle", "paragraph_text": "Zoe Boyle is an English actress known for her role as Lavinia Swire on the series Downton Abbey and Trinity Ashby on Sons of Anarchy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marcus \u00c1lvarez", "paragraph_text": "Marcus \u00c1lvarez is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy and its spinoff Mayans MC, played by Emilio Rivera. He initially serves as an antagonist on the show but gradually comes to a less hostile relation with the Sons of Anarchy. He is the leader of the Mayans, a Mexican - American outlaw motorcycle club."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Johann Theodor Jablonski", "paragraph_text": "Johann Theodor Jablonski (15 December 1654, in Danzig \u2013 28 April 1731, in Berlin) was a German educator and lexicographer who also wrote under the name Pierre Rondeau."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "UNESCO", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; French: Organisation des Nations unies pour l'\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris. Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educational, scientific, and cultural reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter. It is the successor of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States Society for Education through Art", "paragraph_text": "The United States Society for Education through Art (USSEA) is an American national association whose members work in curriculum development, teaching and research related to art education and cultural differences, and who share interests in art educational content and strategies which promote tolerance and appreciation of the arts of non-mainstream cultural peoples. The mission of the society is to promote greater understanding and respect for learners from all ethnic, minority, and socio-cultural backgrounds through research, art curricula, instruction, and practices that are inclusive and culturally sensitive."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sons of Anarchy (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "Sons of Anarchy (season 3) DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network FX Original release September 7 (2010 - 09 - 07) -- November 30, 2010 (2010 - 11 - 30) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 2 Next \u2192 Season 4 List of Sons of Anarchy episodes"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Half-Sack Epps", "paragraph_text": "Edward Kip ``Half Sack ''Epps is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy, played by Johnny Lewis. He is a prospect (prospective member) of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, which often results in hazing and his being given undesirable tasks. The other members generally have a good - natured attitude towards Half Sack when giving him these difficult tasks."}], "question": "Where was the author of Culture and Anarchy educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__739162_804135", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kendall Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary", "paragraph_text": "The Kendall Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary (KIBS) is a migratory bird sanctuary in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located on Kendall Island and its surrounding area in Mackenzie Bay at the northern tip of the Mackenzie River Delta. A seasonal sanctuary for more than 60,000 shorebirds. it is one of five bird sanctuaries within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. The area that is now known as the KIBS is a traditional Inuvialuit whaling site."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "McConnell River", "paragraph_text": "The McConnell River is located in the Kivalliq Region of northern Canada's territory of Nunavut. It drains into Hudson Bay and is the namesake for the McConnell River Migratory Bird Sanctuary."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shmidtovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shmidtovsky District () was an administrative district (raion) of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, which existed in 1973\u20132011. As a municipal division, it was, together with Iultinsky Administrative District, incorporated as Iultinsky Municipal District. It was located in the far north of the autonomous okrug and bordered with Iultinsky District in the east, Anadyrsky District in the south, and with Chaunsky District in the west. The area of the district was . Its administrative center was the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Mys Shmidta. Population: The population of Mys Shmidta accounted for 33.5% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Akshinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Akshinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. It is located in the south of the krai and borders with Ononsky, Ulyotovsky, and Kyrinsky Districts of Zabaykalsky Krai, as well as with Mongolia. The area of the district is . Administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Aksha. Population: 12,080 (2002 Census); The population of Aksha accounts for 36.9% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jamnagar district", "paragraph_text": "Jamnagar District is a district of India located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Kutch in the state of Gujarat. Its headquarters are located in the eponymous city of Jamnagar. It hosts the production facilities of several large Indian companies such as Reliance and Essar. Among its attractions are several palaces, a Marine National Park and a Bird Sanctuary, known as Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kameng River", "paragraph_text": "The Kameng River (previously named Bhareli River (\u09ad\u09f0\u09b2\u09c0 \u09a8\u09a6\u09c0), now called Kameng in Arunachal Pradesh and Jia Bhoreli in Assam) in the eastern Himalayan mountains, originates in Tawang district from the glacial lake below snow-capped Gori Chen mountain , elevation , on the India-Tibet border in South Tibet and flows through Bhalukpong circle of West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh and Sonitpur District of Assam, India. It is one of the major tributaries of the Brahmaputra River, joining it at Tezpur, just east of the Kolia Bhomora Setu bridge."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shenkursky District", "paragraph_text": "Shenkursky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Shenkursky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast and borders with Vinogradovsky District in the north, Verkhnetoyemsky District in the east, Ustyansky District in the southeast, Velsky District in the south, Nyandomsky District in the west, and with Plesetsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Shenkursk. Population: The population of Shenkursk accounts for 37.5% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kazachinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Kazachinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the krai and borders with Yeniseysky and Motyginsky Districts in the north, Taseyevsky District in the east, Bolshemurtinsky District in the south, and with Pirovsky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Kazachinskoye. Population: The population of Kazachinskoye accounts for 33.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dnovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Dnovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast and borders with Soletsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the northeast, Volotovsky District, also of Novgorod Oblast, in the east, Dedovichsky District in the south, and with Porkhovsky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Dno. Population: 16,048 (2002 Census); The population of Dno accounts for 67.9% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sessa Orchid Sanctuary", "paragraph_text": "Sessa Orchid Sanctuary is a 100 km2 protected area of India in the Himalayan foothills in Bhalukpong Forest Division of West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh. It conjoins Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary to the southwest. It is a part of the Kameng Protected Area Complex (KPAC), which is an Elephant Reserve. See map. The department of Environment & Forests has developed trekking routes for visitors to enjoy the natural habitats of orchids. There are deep gorges and valleys, high peaks and rugged terrain that are rewarding for nature lovers and adventure tourists. A nursery includes representative specimens of various orchid species of the sanctuary and a demonstration farm of Cymbidium hybrids for cut-flower production. Most of Sessa has traditionally been claimed by the Bugun tribe as part of their territory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nazarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Nazarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai and borders with Achinsky District in the north, Kozulsky District in the east, Balakhtinsky District in the southeast, Uzhursky District in the south, Sharypovsky District in the west, and with Bogotolsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Nazarovo (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 24,265 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tuymazinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Tuymazinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Sharansky District in the north, Buzdyaksky District in the east, Belebeyevsky District in the southeast and south, Yermekeyevsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Tuymazy (which is administratively separate from the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a064,389."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Novolaksky District", "paragraph_text": "Novolaksky District (; Lak: ; , \"Aux Kho\u015ft\") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Khasavyurtovsky District in the northeast, Kazbekovsky District in the southeast, and with the Chechen Republic in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Novolakskoye. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a028,556, with the population of Novolakskoye accounting for 20.8% of that number."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Shumerlinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shumerlinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 13,298 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chaunsky District", "paragraph_text": "Chaunsky District (; Chukchi: ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located on the northern shore of the autonomous okrug and borders with Iultinsky District in the northeast, Anadyrsky District in the southeast, and with Bilibinsky District in the south and west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Pevek. Population: The population of Pevek accounts for 80.8% of the district's total population."}], "question": "Which district shares a border with the district in which Sessa Orchid Sanctuary is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__18296_18410", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: \ud55c\uad6d\uc804\uc7c1; Hanja: \u97d3\u570b\u6230\u722d; RR: Hanguk Jeonjaeng, ``Korean War ''; in North Korean Chos\u014fn'g\u016dl: \uc870\uad6d\ud574\ubc29\uc804\uc7c1; Hancha: \u7956\u570b\u89e3\u653e\u6230\u722d; MR: Choguk haebang ch\u01d2njaeng,`` Fatherland Liberation War''; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, came to the aid of South Korea. China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "War Memorial of Korea", "paragraph_text": "The War Memorial of Korea is located in Yongsan-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It opened in 1994 on the former site of the army headquarters to exhibit and memorialize the military history of Korea. It was built for the purpose of preventing war through lessons from the Korean War and for the hoped for peaceful reunification of North and South Korea. The memorial building has six indoor exhibition rooms and an outdoor exhibition centre displaying war memorabilia and military equipment from China,South Korea and United States.."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Usi County", "paragraph_text": "Usi County is a \"kun\", or county, in westernmost Chagang Province, North Korea. It looks across the Yalu River into the People's Republic of China. Within North Korea, it borders Chosan and Kopung to the east, Songwon to the south, and North Pyongan Province's Pyoktong county to the west. Originally part of Pyoktong, it was made a separate county in 1952 as part of a general reorganization of local government; in 1954, it was transferred from North Pyongan to Chagang."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hamgyong Province", "paragraph_text": "Hamgy\u014fng was bounded on the west by P'y\u014fngan, on the south by Hwanghae and Kangw\u014fn, on the east by the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), and on the north by China and Russia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Embassy of the United States, Seoul", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of the United States in Seoul is the embassy of the United States in the Republic of Korea (South Korea), in the capital city of Seoul. The embassy is charged with diplomacy and South Korea\u2013United States relations. The United States Ambassador to Korea is the head of the diplomatic mission of the United States to South Korea."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9) or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war is therefore considered a Cold War - era proxy war."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnam War (), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America () or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war, considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some, lasted 19 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973, and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, resulting in all three countries becoming communist in 1975."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "Korea was ruled by Imperial Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Imperial Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, and liberated Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments. Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces -- supported by the Soviet Union and China -- moved into the south on 25 June 1950. On 27 June, the United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion. Twenty - one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950. Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju \u2013 although as UNC forces approached, the government again moved \u2013 this time to Kanggye."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bukhan River", "paragraph_text": "The Bukhan River (North Han River) is a tributary of the Han River that flows through both North and South Korea. It traverses Kangwon province in North Korea and Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces in South Korea."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that \"Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule\", and yet \"despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan\". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North Korea", "paragraph_text": "North Korea (Korean: ; MR: \"Chos\u014fn\" or literally ; MR: \"Pukchos\u014fn\"), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or DPR Korea; Korean: , \"Chos\u014fn Minjuju\u016di Inmin Konghwaguk\"), is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, with Pyongyang the capital and the largest city in the country. To the north and northwest, the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok (known as the Yalu in Chinese) and Tumen rivers and to the south it is bordered by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating the two. Nevertheless, North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Geography of South Korea", "paragraph_text": "South Korea is located in East Asia, on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula jutting out from the far east of the Asian land mass. The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea, lying to the north with 238 kilometres (148 mi) of border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 2,413 kilometres (1,499 mi) of coast line along three seas. To the west is the Yellow Sea, to the south is the East China Sea, and to the east is Ulleung - do and Liancourt Rocks in the (East Sea). Geographically, South Korea's land mass is approximately 100,032 square kilometres (38,623 sq mi). 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi) of South Korea are occupied by water. The approximate coordinates are 37 \u00b0 North, 127 \u00b0 30 East."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "After the first two months of the conflict, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many of the North Korean attackers. Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, or into the mountainous interior. At this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951. After these dramatic reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their Communist allies."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Korea", "paragraph_text": "After the end of WWII in 1945, the Allies divided the country into a northern area, protected by the Soviets, and a southern area protected primarily by the United States. In 1948, when the powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government, this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea. The peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel: the ``Republic of Korea ''was created in the south, with the backing of the US and Western Europe, and the`` Democratic People's Republic of Korea'' in the north, with the backing of the Soviets and the communist People's Republic of China. The new premier of North Korea, Kim il - Sung launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. After immense material and human destruction, the conflict ended with a cease - fire in 1953. The two nations officially remain at war because a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In April 1950, Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if they became needed. Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the Americans. Kim met with Mao in May 1950. Mao was concerned that the Americans would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion. China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. At that time, the Chinese were in the process of demobilizing half of the PLA's 5.6 million soldiers. However, Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border. Once Mao's commitment was secured, preparations for war accelerated."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sea of Japan naming dispute", "paragraph_text": "A dispute exists over the international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan, Korea (North and South) and Russia. In 1992, objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. The Japanese government supports the exclusive use of the name ``Sea of Japan ''(\u65e5\u672c\u6d77), while South Korea supports the alternative name`` East Sea'' (Hangul: \ub3d9\ud574; Hanja: \u6771\u6d77), and North Korea supports the name ``Korean East Sea ''(Chos\u014fn'g\u016dl: \uc870\uc120\ub3d9\ud574; Hancha: \u671d\u9bae\u6771\u6d77). Currently, most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan (or equivalent translation) exclusively, and far fewer maps include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea, often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name. The International Hydrographic Organization, the international governing body for the naming of bodies of water around the world, in 2012 decided not to change the current single name`` Sea of Japan'' rejecting South Korea's request to use ``East Sea ''together with`` Sea of Japan''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: \ud55c\uad6d\uc804\uc7c1, Hanja: \u97d3\u570b\u6230\u722d, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, \"Korean War\"; in North Korean Chosungul: \uc870\uad6d\ud574\ubc29\uc804\uc7c1, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, \"Fatherland Liberation War\"; 25 June 1950 \u2013 27 July 1953)[a] was started when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with United States as the principal force, came to aid of South Korea. China, along with assistance from Soviet Union, came to aid of North Korea. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: \ud55c\uad6d\uc804\uc7c1; Hanja: \u97d3\u570b\u6230\u722d; RR: Hanguk Jeonjaeng, ``Korean War ''; in North Korean Chos\u014fn'g\u016dl: \uc870\uad6d\ud574\ubc29\uc804\uc7c1; Hancha: \u7956\u570b\u89e3\u653e\u6230\u722d; MR: Choguk haebang ch\u01d2njaeng,`` Fatherland: Liberation War''; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, came to the aid of South Korea. China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North."}], "question": "What caused who China pledged to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea to move their capital for the second time?"}
{"id": "2hop__12399_75502", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Permanent Settlement", "paragraph_text": "The Permanent Settlement was introduced first in Bengal and Bihar, and then in the south district of Madras and Varanasi. The system eventually spread all over northern India by a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793. These regulations remained in place until the Charter Act of 1833. The other two systems prevalent in India were The Ryotwari System and The Mahalwari System."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Insurance in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Insurance in the United Kingdom, particularly long - term insurance, is divided into different categories. The categorisation is currently set out in sections 333B, and 431B to 431F of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (ICTA) with each category of business given a different tax treatment. The Chartered Insurance Institute is a prominent professional group first chartered in 1913 The Financial Services Authority was formed in 2001 as the regulator. In 2013 the Financial Services Authority was dissolved and financial regulation was instead placed with the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1896 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The first regulation voted on by the new IOC in 1894 was to allow only amateur athletes to participate in the Olympic Games. The various contests were thus held under amateur regulations with the exception of fencing matches. The rules and regulations were not uniform, so the Organising Committee had to choose among the codes of the various national athletic associations. The jury, the referees and the game director bore the same names as in antiquity (Ephor, Helanodic and Alitarc). Prince George acted as final referee; according to Coubertin, \"his presence gave weight and authority to the decisions of the ephors.\"Women were not entitled to compete at the 1896 Summer Olympics, because de Coubertin felt that their inclusion would be \"impractical, uninteresting, unaesthetic and incorrect\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Governor-General of India", "paragraph_text": "The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company's Court of Directors. The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors, but he also had an additional vote to break ties. The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor-General."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Immigration Act of 1882", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Act of 1882 was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on August 3, 1882. It imposed a head tax on noncitizens of the United States who came to American ports and restricted certain classes of people from immigrating to America, including criminals, the insane, or ``any person unable to take care of him or herself. ''The act created what is recognized as the first federal immigration bureaucracy and laid the foundation for more regulations on immigration, such as the Immigration Act of 1891."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "President-elect of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The words president elect appear four times in the Constitution, and they did n't appear until 1933, when the Twentieth Amendment, which contained a provision addressing the unavailability of the president elect to take the oath of office on Inauguration Day, was ratified. Section 3 provides that if there is no president - elect on January 20, or the president - elect ``fails to qualify '', the vice president - elect would become acting president on January 20 until there is a qualified president. The section also provides that if the president - elect dies before noon on January 20, the vice president - elect becomes president. In cases where there is no president - elect or vice president - elect, the amendment also gives the Congress the authority to declare an acting president until such time as there is a president or vice president. At this point the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 would apply, with the office of the Presidency going to the speaker of the House of Representatives, followed by the president pro tempore of the Senate and various Cabinet officers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Net neutrality in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Following this ruling in Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014), the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) received 3.7 million comments urging it to change classification of the Internet to a telecommunications service, which would allow the FCC to uphold net neutrality. The FCC then changed its analysis, reclassified retail providers of BIAS as common carriers, and adopted revised open Internet requirements. On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by reclassifying broadband as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. On April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new ``net neutrality ''regulations. These rules went into effect on June 12, 2015."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "\u00c9dgar Morales P\u00e9rez", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9dgar Morales P\u00e9rez was the mayor-elect of Matehuala, San Luis Potos\u00ed, Mexico, elected on July 1, 2012. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), which are in a coalition in his municipality. The National Action Party (PAN) had ruled Matehuala for several years, and Morales P\u00e9rez was scheduled to take office in September 2012."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Special flight rules area", "paragraph_text": "In United States aviation, a special flight rules area (SFRA) is a region in which the normal regulations of flight do not apply in whole or in part, especially regulations concerning airspace classification, altitude, course, and speed restrictions, and the like."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Internet service provider", "paragraph_text": "On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, \"This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1886 United States House of Representatives elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Outsiders (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The story in the book takes place in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1965, but this is never stated in the book."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Supremacy Clause", "paragraph_text": "Congress has preempted state regulation in many areas. In some cases, such as the 1976 Medical Device Regulation Act, Congress preempted all state regulation. In others, such as labels on prescription drugs, Congress allowed federal regulatory agencies to set national minimum standards, but did not preempt state regulations imposing more stringent standards than those imposed by federal regulators. Where rules or regulations do not clearly state whether or not preemption should apply, the Supreme Court tries to follow lawmakers' intent, and prefers interpretations that avoid preempting state laws."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census", "paragraph_text": "\"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act).\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elections in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States has a presidential system of government, which means that the executive and legislature are elected separately. Article One of the United States Constitution requires that any election for the U.S. President must occur on a single day throughout the country; elections for Congressional offices, however, can be held at different times. Congressional and presidential elections take place simultaneously every four years, and the intervening Congressional elections, which take place every two years, are called Midterm elections."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Voting Rights Act of 1965", "paragraph_text": "The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the Civil Rights Movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act secured voting rights for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Act is considered to be the most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2018 Illinois gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election takes place as part of the 2018 Illinois general election and elects the Governor of Illinois. The Democratic and Republican general primary elections will take place on March 20, 2018, and the general election will take place on November 6, 2018."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Data Protection Act 1998", "paragraph_text": "Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority, the Information Commissioner's Office, which maintains guidance relating to the Act."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to determine the governor and lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It will occur concurrently with the election of Wisconsin's Class I U.S. Senate seat, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections."}], "question": "Where did the act that has rules and regulations for bilingual elections take place?"}
{"id": "2hop__55901_763349", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale", "paragraph_text": "Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (Albert Victor Christian Edward; 8 January 1864 \u2013 14 January 1892), was the eldest child of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra) and grandson of the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria. From the time of his birth, he was second in the line of succession to the British throne, but never became king because he died before his father and grandmother."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven", "paragraph_text": "Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven PC (20 October 1660 \u2013 26 July 1723), styled 17th Baron Willoughby de Eresby between 1666 and 1701 and known as 4th Earl of Lindsey between 1701 and 1706 and as 1st Marquess of Lindsey between 1706 and 1715, was a British statesman and nobleman."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Francis Hirst", "paragraph_text": "Francis Wrigley Hirst (10 June 1873 \u2013 22 February 1953) was a British journalist, writer and editor of \"The Economist\" magazine. He was a Liberal in party terms and a classical liberal in ideology."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gladstonian liberalism", "paragraph_text": "Gladstonian liberalism is a political doctrine named after the British Victorian Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party, William Ewart Gladstone. Gladstonian liberalism consisted of limited government expenditure and low taxation whilst making sure government had balanced budgets and the classical liberal stress on self - help and freedom of choice. Gladstonian liberalism also emphasised free trade, little government intervention in the economy and equality of opportunity through institutional reform. It is referred to as laissez - faire or classical liberalism in the United Kingdom and is often compared to Thatcherism."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Michel Chevalier", "paragraph_text": "Michel Chevalier (; 13 January 1806 \u2013 18 November 1879) was a French engineer, statesman, economist and free market liberal."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough, (27 July 1896 \u2013 29 June 1969) was a British Conservative statesman and British Army general."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden", "paragraph_text": "Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden, GCB, PC (23 February 1800 \u2013 10 November 1873), known as Robert Vernon Smith until 1859, was a British Liberal Party politician."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "George William Kekewich", "paragraph_text": "Sir George William Kekewich (1 April 1841 \u2013 5 July 1921) was a British Civil Servant and Liberal Party politician."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lawrence Dundas, 1st Marquess of Zetland", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence Dundas, 1st Marquess of Zetland (16 August 1844 \u2013 11 March 1929), known as Lawrence Dundas until 1873 and as the Earl of Zetland from 1873 to 1892, was a British Conservative statesman. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland between 1889 and 1892."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn", "paragraph_text": "James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, KG, KP, PC (21 January 1811 \u2013 31 October 1885), styled Viscount Hamilton from 1814 to 1818 and known as the The Marquess of Abercorn from 1818 to 1868, was a British Conservative statesman who twice served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Stuart Weir", "paragraph_text": "Stuart Weir is a British journalist, writer, and Visiting Professor with the Government Department at the University of Essex. He was previously the Director of the Democratic Audit, formerly a research unit of the University of Essex. Weir was a founder of the constitutional reform pressure group Charter 88, and was editor of the weekly political magazine the \"New Statesman\" from 1987\u201391, having previously been deputy editor of \"New Society\", which merged with the \"New Statesman\" in 1988. Weir was editor of the Labour Party's monthly magazine \"New Socialist\" in the mid-1980s."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as \"Liberated Africans\", were landed there."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Glen Everton Braden", "paragraph_text": "Glen Everton Braden (July 19, 1899 \u2013 December 20, 1967) was a merchant and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Peace River in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1937 to 1945 and from 1949 to 1952 as a Liberal."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "David Lloyd George", "paragraph_text": "David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, (17 January 1863 \u2013 26 March 1945) was a British statesman and Liberal Party politician. He was the last Liberal to serve as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nicolaas Pierson", "paragraph_text": "Nicolaas Gerard Pierson (7 February 1839 \u2013 24 December 1909) was a Dutch economist and Liberal statesman who served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Netherlands from 1897 until 1901."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Allan Warnke", "paragraph_text": "Allan Warnke (born October 27, 1946) is a former Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada. He represented the Richmond-Steveston electoral district from 1991 to 1996."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey (11 February 1836 \u2013 23 February 1918) was a British Liberal Party politician, Governor of Victoria and founder of \"The Naval Annual\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope", "paragraph_text": "James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope (c. 16735 February 1721) was a British statesman and soldier who effectively served as Chief Minister between 1717 and 1721."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Seaforth House", "paragraph_text": "Seaforth House was a mansion in Seaforth, Merseyside England built in 1813 for Sir John Gladstone, father of William Ewart Gladstone who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom four times."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Houseman", "paragraph_text": "Houseman was born on September 22, 1902, in Bucharest, Romania, the son of May (n\u00e9e Davies) and Georges Haussmann, who ran a grain business. His mother was British, from a Christian family of Welsh and Irish descent. His father was an Alsatian-born Jew. He was educated in England at Clifton College, became a British subject, and worked in the grain trade in London before emigrating to the United States in 1925, where he took the stage name of John Houseman. He became a United States citizen in 1943."}], "question": "Who was the father of the British statesman synonymous with British liberalism?"}
{"id": "2hop__79814_88492", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mortal Kombat (1992 video game)", "paragraph_text": "Mortal Kombat is an arcade fighting game developed and published by Midway in 1992 as the first title in the Mortal Kombat series. It was subsequently released by Acclaim Entertainment for nearly every home video game platform of the time."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bowie knife", "paragraph_text": "The Bowie knife derives part of its name and reputation from James Bowie, a notorious knife fighter, who died at the Alamo. James Bowie left a very thin paper trail; in the absence of verifiable facts, his history was buried in unverifiable knife-fighting legend. Historians seriously entertain the possibility that Bowie only fought one personal knife fight (and that was not fought with a blade meeting the modern definition if Rezin Bowie's account is true). That Sandbar Fight received national publicity (accounts in Philadelphia, New York, and the \"Niles' Register\" of Washington, D.C.) within months of the event. James Bowie prominently wore a large knife after the Sandbar fight."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Marsh (fighter)", "paragraph_text": "John Michael Marsh (born September 15, 1970) is a retired American mixed martial artist who has competed for the UFC, Pride Fighting Championships and International Fight League."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "The Allies had had time to consider the problem. The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff.:441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left, against the fortifications on Malakoff hill.:339 In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, located on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Skol, Vikings", "paragraph_text": "``Skol, Vikings ''(IPA: / sk\u0252l /, / \u02c8va\u026ak\u026a\u014bs /) is the fight song of the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League. It was introduced around the time the team was founded in 1961. The words and music are attributed to James`` Red'' McLeod, a composer from Edina, Minnesota."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Phillip Miller", "paragraph_text": "Phillip Miller is an American former mixed martial artist who retired undefeated and competed in the Middleweight division. He won his last fight at HOOKnSHOOT\u00a0\u2013 Absolute Fighting Championships 2 against Moacir Oliveira on March 28, 2003."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fight Club", "paragraph_text": "\"Fight Club\" was nominated for the 2000 Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, but it lost to \"The Matrix\". Bonham Carter won the 2000 Empire Award for Best British Actress. The Online Film Critics Society also nominated \"Fight Club\" for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor (Norton), Best Editing, and Best Adapted Screenplay (Uhls). Though the film won none of the awards, the organization listed \"Fight Club\" as one of the top ten films of 1999. The soundtrack was nominated for a BRIT Award, losing to \"Notting Hill\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harry Moskowitz", "paragraph_text": "\"Dirty\" Harry Moskowitz (born July 16, 1968) is an American mixed martial artist. He competed in the Super Heavyweight division. He won his last fight at XFC 1 - Xtreme Fight Club 1 against Johnnie Brown on November 14, 2003."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Santiago Lovell", "paragraph_text": "Alberto Santiago Lovell (1912\u20131966), known as Alberto Lovell, was an Argentine heavyweight boxer, who won the gold medal in the Olympic Games in Los Angeles 1932. In his career as a professional boxer he had 88 fights winning 76 (55 by KO) losing 8 (3 by KO) with 3 draws, He won both the Argentine and South American championships."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Floyd Mayweather Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr. (born Floyd Joy Sinclair; February 24, 1977) is an American professional boxing promoter and former professional boxer. He competed from 1996 to 2007 and 2009 to 2015, and made a one - fight comeback in 2017. During his career, he held 15 world titles in five weight classes and the lineal championship in four different weight classes (twice at welterweight), and retired with an undefeated record of 50 -- 0, surpassing Rocky Marciano's record of 49 -- 0. As an amateur, Mayweather won a bronze medal in the featherweight division at the 1996 Olympics, three U.S. Golden Gloves championships (at light flyweight, flyweight, and featherweight), and the U.S. national championship at featherweight."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao", "paragraph_text": "Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao, billed as The Fight of the Century, or the Battle for Greatness, was a professional boxing match between undefeated five - division world champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. and eight - division world champion Manny Pacquiao. It took place on May 2, 2015, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. Mayweather Jr. won the contest by unanimous decision, with two judges scoring it 116 -- 112 and the other 118 -- 110. Although the fight was considered to be one of the most anticipated sporting events in history, it was largely considered a letdown by critics and audiences alike upon its broadcast."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Artem Levin", "paragraph_text": "The much-anticipated fight between Artem Levin and Simon Marcus was scheduled for the third time and set for December 21, 2012 in Ekaterinburg, Russia and then February 23, 2013, before eventually settling on March 15, 2013 at \"Lion Fight 9\" in Las Vegas with the inaugural Lion Fight Light Heavyweight Championship will be on the line. Although a closely contested bout, it was Marcus' clinching skills that made the difference as he took the unanimous decision win."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Aljamain Sterling", "paragraph_text": "Aljamain Antoine Sterling (born July 31, 1989) is an American mixed martial artist of Jamaican descent. A professional since 2011, he made a name for himself competing in Cage Fury Fighting Championships, where he won and defended the Bantamweight Championship. He is signed with the UFC, fighting in its bantamweight division. As of June 10, 2019, he is ranked #2 in the official UFC bantamweight rankings"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fulgore", "paragraph_text": "Fulgore is a player character in the \"Killer Instinct\" series of fighting games by Rare. Fulgore was introduced in the original \"Killer Instinct\" in 1994 as an advanced fighting cyborg and a nemesis of the protagonist Jago. The character was met with positive critical reception and became an icon of the series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Floyd Cummings", "paragraph_text": "Floyd \"Jumbo\" Cummings (born 20 December 1949 in Mississippi) is a retired American heavyweight boxer best known for his fight with Joe Frazier."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather Jr.", "paragraph_text": "De La Hoya vs. Mayweather: The World Awaits was a super welterweight superfight that took place on May 5, 2007, at the MGM Grand Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada between six - division world champion Oscar De La Hoya (38 -- 4, 30 KO) and undefeated four - division champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. (37 -- 0, 24 KO). At the time, the bout was the most lucrative boxing match ever, with over $130 million in generated revenue."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oscar De La Hoya vs. Manny Pacquiao", "paragraph_text": "Oscar De La Hoya vs. Manny Pacquiao, also billed as The Dream Match, was a professional boxing welterweight superfight. The bout took place on December 6, 2008 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Pacquiao defeated De La Hoya via technical knockout when De La Hoya decided not to continue with the fight before the start of the ninth round. The card was a co-production of Bob Arum's Top Rank Boxing and De La Hoya's Golden Boy Promotions and was aired live on pay - per - view (PPV) on HBO PPV. The fight is notable for propelling Manny Pacquiao to full - blown superstar status in much of the western world (mostly in The United States), as Oscar De La Hoya symbolically ``passed the torch '', so to speak, to Pacquiao."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor", "paragraph_text": "Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor Date August 26, 2017 Venue T - Mobile Arena, Paradise, Nevada, U.S. Tale of the tape Boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. Conor McGregor Nickname ``Money ''`` The Notorious'' Hometown Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S. Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland Pre-fight record 49 -- 0 (26 KOs) 0 -- 0 (Professional boxing) 21 -- 3 (18 KOs) (MMA) Height 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Weight 149 \u2044 lb (67.8 kg) 153 lb (69 kg) Style Orthodox Southpaw Recognition 5 - division world champion and undefeated in professional boxing 2 - division world champion in mixed martial arts Result Mayweather defeats McGregor in 10th round by TKO"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ken Pavia", "paragraph_text": "Ken Pavia is a former sports agent, founder of the Huntington Beach, California based sports agency MMAagents and the former CEO of India\u2019s first MMA Promotion Super Fight League. From 2005 to September 2011 Pavia represented a client roster of 75 professional mixed martial artists at MMAagents, most of whom competed in top tier mixed martial arts promotions such as the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC), Pride Fighting Championships, Strikeforce, DREAM, and Bellator Fighting Championship."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Momentary Lapse of Reason", "paragraph_text": "A Momentary Lapse of Reason is the thirteenth studio album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd, released in the UK and US on 7 September 1987 by EMI and Columbia. It was recorded primarily on guitarist David Gilmour's converted houseboat, \"Astoria\". It was the first Pink Floyd album recorded without founding member Roger Waters, who departed in 1985; the production was marred by legal fights over the rights to the Pink Floyd name, which was not resolved several months after the album was released."}], "question": "When was the fight between Floyd Mayweather and the person who beat De La Hoya?"}
{"id": "2hop__11840_169143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Loco Max", "paragraph_text": "Edgar Gabriel Morales Correa, better known under the ring name Loco Max (born March 10, 1972 in Mexico City, Mexico) is a Mexican \"luchador\", or masked professional wrestler currently on the Mexican professional wrestling independent circuit portraying a \"rudo\" (\"Bad guy\") wrestling character. As Loco Max Morales worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) for many years where he was a part of groups known as \"Pandilla Guerrera\" and \"Los Guerreros Tuareg\" and also held the Mexican National Lightweight Championship."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cerebro Negro", "paragraph_text": "Ricardo Antonio Morales Gonzalez (born September 30, 1973 in Mexico City, Mexico), better known under the ring name Cerebro Negro (\"Black Brain\"), is a Mexican \"luchador\", or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) portraying a \"rudo\" (\"Bad guy\") wrestling character as well as a number of independent promotions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rub\u00e9n Jaramillo", "paragraph_text": "Rub\u00e9n Jaramillo M\u00e9ndez (1900 \u2013 May 23, 1962) was a Mexican military and political leader of \"campesino\" origin who participated in the Mexican Revolution. After the Revolution, he continued to fight for the land reform promised under the Mexican Constitution."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Edmundo O'Gorman", "paragraph_text": "Edmundo O'Gorman O'Gorman (24 November 1906 in Mexico City \u2013 28 September 1995 in Mexico City) was a Mexican writer, historian and philosopher. He is considered as being among the earlier and most influential applicants of historical revisionism to commonly held narratives regarding the Spanish colonial period in Latin America."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maximino \u00c1vila Camacho", "paragraph_text": "Maximino \u00c1vila Camacho (1891 in Teziutl\u00e1n, Puebla \u2013 1945 in Mexico City) was a Constitutionalist Army in the Mexican Revolution and afterwards politician who served as governor of Puebla from 1937 to 1941 and as secretary of Public Works in the cabinet of his brother, President Manuel \u00c1vila Camacho."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Domingo Arrieta Le\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Domingo Arrieta Le\u00f3n (August 4, 1874 - November 18, 1962) was a Mexican general and statesman who fought in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and was later elected the governor of Durango State, Mexico."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Germ\u00e1n Cueto", "paragraph_text": "Germ\u00e1n Cueto (February 8 or 9, 1883, Mexico City \u2013 February 14, 1975) was a Mexican artist. He was part of the initial wave of artistic activity following the Mexican Revolution. However, his stay in Europe from 1927 to 1932 moved him into more European and more abstract work, especially sculpture. While he had a number of exhibitions in Mexico during his life including a retrospective at the Museo de Arte Moderno in 1965, he did not have the kind of success that many of his contemporaries did as he did not follow the then dominant themes or styles of Mexican muralism movement. His work was considered to be avant-garde and is considered to be the first Mexican abstract artist, creating masks and sculptures of wood, wire, plastic, sheet metal, ceramic, electrical wire and other materials, traditional and non-traditional."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gregorio Ruiz", "paragraph_text": "Gregorio Ruiz was a Mexican general who participated in the Mexican Revolution. He was born in Perote, Veracruz and he died in Mexico City in 1913. He studied at the Heroico Colegio Militar, and by 1864 was a lieutenant of auxiliaries in the Mexican Army. He fought against the French Intervention in Mexico and ensuing empire of Maximilian I of Mexico (1862\u20131867). He participated in the pacification campaigns of Puebla and Oaxaca in 1876, and in Tepic and Sinaloa in 1877 and 1888."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Manuel Mondrag\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Manuel Mondrag\u00f3n (born Ixtlahuaca, State of Mexico, 1859 - died San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain, 1922) was a Mexican military officer who played a prominent role in the Mexican Revolution. He graduated from the Mexican Military Academy as an artillery officer in 1880. He designed the world\u2019s first gas-operated semi-automatic rifle, the M1908 rifle, and a 75mm howitzer. General Mondrag\u00f3n was the father of a model, artist and poet Carmen Mondrag\u00f3n, better known as Nahui Ollin."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mexican\u2013American War", "paragraph_text": "The Mexican -- American War, also known as the Mexican War in the United States and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Mexico) from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas. Mexico had considerable instability under the caudillo leadership of President / General Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna, with many constitutional changes leading up to the conflict. Mexico still considered Texas to be its northeastern province and a part of its territory, and did not recognize the Republic of Texas, which had seceded from Mexico in the 1836 Texas Revolution a decade earlier. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area, and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, Polk cited this in his request that Congress declare war."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "During the Mexican Revolution, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Adolfo de la Huerta", "paragraph_text": "Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor (; May 26, 1881 \u2013 July 9, 1955), known as Adolfo de la Huerta, was a Mexican politician, the 38th President of Mexico from June 1 to November 30, 1920, following the overthrow of Mexican president Venustiano Carranza, with Sonoran generals Alvaro Obreg\u00f3n and Plutarco El\u00edas Calles under the Plan of Agua Prieta. He is considered \"an important figure among Constitutionalists during the Mexican Revolution.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thomas Carleton", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Carleton (c. 1735 \u2013 2 February 1817) was an Irish-born British Army officer who was promoted to Colonel during the American Revolutionary War after relieving the siege of Quebec in 1776. After the war, he was appointed as Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, and supervised the resettlement of Loyalists from the United States in the province. He held this position until his death."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lucio Blanco", "paragraph_text": "Lucio Blanco (July 21, 1879 \u2013 June 1922) was a Mexican military officer, noteworthy for his participation in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 to 1920."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Luis Terrazas", "paragraph_text": "Luis Terrazas, born Jos\u00e9 Luis Gonzaga Jes\u00fas Daniel Terrazas Fuentes  (20 July 1829 in Chihuahua, Mexico \u2013 18 June 1923 in Chihuahua), was a Mexican politician, businessman, rancher and soldier. He was a pivotal figure in the history of the state of Chihuahua from the middle of the 19th century through the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution. He was a leader of the Cientificos during the regime of Porfirio Diaz and was the founder of the influential Creel-Terrazas Family."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Texas Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 -- April 21, 1836) was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos (Texas Mexicans) in putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico. While the uprising was part of a larger one that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops ``will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag. ''Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas, and eventually being annexed by the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "1969 Mexican Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 1969 Gran Premio de Mexico (Mexican Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at the Ciudad Deportiva Magdalena Mixhuca, Mexico City on October 19, 1969, two weeks after the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen. It was race 11 of 11 in both the 1969 World Championship of Drivers and the 1969 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. The 65-lap race was won by McLaren driver Denny Hulme after he started from fourth position. Jacky Ickx finished second for the Brabham team and his teammate Jack Brabham came in third."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Floyd M. Riddick", "paragraph_text": "After moving to Washington, D.C., he first worked as a statistical analyst for the FERA, and then for the Resettlement Administration. He then continued his congressional research interests, as an instructor of political science at American University from 1936 to 1939. He then received a position as an editor of the \"Congressional Daily\" for Congressional Intelligence, Inc., from 1939 to 1943. From 1943 to 1947, he edited the \"Legislative Daily\" for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. He was then invited to establish a \"Daily Digest,\" in the Congressional Record. From 1947 to 1951, he was Senate editor of \"Daily Digest\", a synopsis of Congressional events which continues as a handy guide to the daily \"Record\". He then joined the office of the parliamentarian, where he worked for 24 years. His work has appeared in the \"American Political Science Review\" and \"Western Political Quarterly\". From 1951 to 1964, Riddick served as the Assistant Senate Parliamentarian. Floyd M. Riddick succeeded Charles Watkins as the Senate Parliamentarian in 1964, and held that position until 1974. As parliamentarian emeritus, he remained as a consultant to the United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. Floyd M. Riddick died in Santa Fe, New Mexico at age 91, on January 25, 2000."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas", "paragraph_text": "L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas del R\u00edo (Local ; May 21, 1895 \u2013 October 19, 1970) was a general in the Constitutionalist Army during the Mexican Revolution and a statesman who served as President of Mexico between 1934 and 1940. He is best known for nationalization of the oil industry in 1938 and the creation of Pemex, the government oil company. He also revived agrarian reform in Mexico, expropriating large landed estates and distributing land to small holders in collective holdings (ejidos)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "\u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "\u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n Salido (; February 19, 1880 \u2013 July 17, 1928) was a general in the Mexican Revolution, who became President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. He supported Sonora's decision to follow Governor of Coahuila Venustiano Carranza as leader of a revolution against the Huerta regime. Carranza appointed Obreg\u00f3n commander of the revolutionary forces in northwestern Mexico and in 1915 appointed him as his minister of war. In 1920, Obreg\u00f3n launched a revolt against Carranza, in which Carranza was assassinated; he won the subsequent election with overwhelming support."}], "question": "What position did the person who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution hold?"}
{"id": "2hop__475093_606770", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "13 (Solace album)", "paragraph_text": "Considered heavier, angrier and musically more aggressive than its predecessor \"Further\", \"13\" continued to raise Solace above their Stoner rock stereotype with its Heavy metal and Doom metal influences, this time with help from genre legend Scott Weinrich (also known as Wino, formerly of The Obsessed, Saint Vitus, Spirit Caravan). With comparisons made between \"13\" and albums from seminal heavy bands Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin, Solace was dubbed \"one of the freshest sounds the metal scene has ever cultivated\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Betty Eadie", "paragraph_text": "Betty (Jean) Eadie (born 1942) is a prominent American author of several books on near-death experiences (NDEs). Her best-known book is the No. 1 New York Times bestselling book \"Embraced by the Light,\" (1992) describing her near-death experience. It was followed by \"The Awakening Heart\" (1996), which was also a best-seller. \"The Ripple Effect\" (1999) and \"Embraced by the Light: Prayers and Devotions for Daily Living\" (2001) were both published independently."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "paragraph_text": "Born in Bonn, then the capital of the Electorate of Cologne and part of the Holy Roman Empire, Beethoven displayed his musical talents at an early age and was taught by his father Johann van Beethoven and by composer and conductor Christian Gottlob Neefe. At the age of 21 he moved to Vienna, where he began studying composition with Joseph Haydn and gained a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. He lived in Vienna until his death. By his late 20s his hearing began to deteriorate, and by the last decade of his life he was almost completely deaf. In 1811 he gave up conducting and performing in public but continued to compose; many of his most admired works come from these last 15 years of his life."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Raven (DC Comics)", "paragraph_text": "In the final issue of this incarnation of the Titans, Superboy - Prime and his Legion of Doom attack Titan's Tower. Raven stops Kid Flash just before he can kill Inertia. Then she reveals her soul - self to Headcase, terrifying and in so defeating him. After the Legion of Doom is defeated and Superboy - Prime is bound to the Source Wall, Beast Boy and Raven have a talk about her difficulty in reading Solstice's emotions, and their encounter with Headcase. Eventually, Raven starts to open up about her true feelings. While it was her inner darkness that scarred her entire life, she was even more frightened of what her love for Beast Boy might cause her to do. Beast Boy makes it clear he does n't want to escape from any part of her. Touched, Raven decides that she needs to embrace the positive feelings inside her rather than just her negative ones. Beast Boy assures her this is part of being human, and points out, ``I think you've worried enough about the bad... so why do n't we focus on the good for a change? ''With that, they share a heartfelt kiss to renew their relationship and ultimately embrace their love for each other."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fischerspooner", "paragraph_text": "Fischerspooner is an electroclash duo and performance troupe formed in 1998 in New York City. The name is a combination of the founders' last names, Warren Fischer and Casey Spooner."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm", "paragraph_text": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances with Ernie Henry recorded in 1957 and released on the Riverside label. This was Henry's last recording session."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Four Strong Winds", "paragraph_text": "Neil Young recorded the song for his 1978 album Comes a Time, with harmony vocals from Nicolette Larson, and on The Band's The Last Waltz. It has received significant airplay over album oriented rock and classic rock radio stations and has become part of Young's concert repertoire, including featured performances during Young's yearly appearances at Farm Aid benefit concerts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)", "paragraph_text": "Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64, is his last large orchestral work. It forms an important part of the violin repertoire and is one of the most popular and most frequently performed violin concertos in history. A typical performance lasts just under half an hour."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Marian Bondrea", "paragraph_text": "Marian Bondrea (born 2 November 1950 in Craiova) is a Romanian football manager and former footballer. His last managerial job was performed at Ceahl\u0103ul Piatra Neam\u021b."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Heel de wereld", "paragraph_text": "\"Heel de wereld\" (\"The Whole World\") was the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1958, performed in Dutch by Corry Brokken. This was Brokken's third consecutive appearance on the Eurovision stage and it would be her last as a performer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Strange Little Girl", "paragraph_text": "\"Strange Little Girl\" by the Stranglers was released in the UK in 1982 as their last single while signed to Liberty Records (part of EMI). By the time of release, the band had already decided to leave the label for Epic Records, and this last single was part of the severance deal, along with the compilation album, \"The Collection 1977-1982\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elsie Spain", "paragraph_text": "Elsie Spain (1879 \u2013 28 May 1970), born Elsie Rickets, was an English opera singer and actress, best known for her performances in soprano roles of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company from 1908 to 1910 and in operettas and Edwardian musical comedies. She was one of the last leading ladies in the Gilbert and Sullivan roles personally trained by W. S. Gilbert. Among her roles in musicals, she originated the part of Princess Mathilde in the long-running \"The Quaker Girl\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Toyota Racing Development", "paragraph_text": "Toyota Racing Development (also known by its abbreviation TRD) is the in - house tuning shop for all Toyota, Lexus and formerly Scion cars. TRD is responsible both for improving street cars for more performance and supporting Toyota's racing interests around the world. TRD produces various tuning products and accessories, including performance suspension components, superchargers, and wheels. TRD parts are available through Toyota dealers, and are also available as accessories on brand - new Toyotas and Scions. Performance parts for Lexus vehicles are now labeled as F - Sport and performance Lexus models are labeled F to distinguish Lexus's F division from TRD."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ask for More", "paragraph_text": "\"Ask for More\" is a song performed by Janet Jackson as part of an advertising campaign for soft drink company Pepsi in 1999."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Two Grey Rooms", "paragraph_text": "\"Two Grey Rooms\" is a 1991 song written and performed by the Canadian musician Joni Mitchell. The song is the last track on her 1991 album \"Night Ride Home\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Last Embrace", "paragraph_text": "The Last Embrace is the final release by Spirit Caravan. It was released on 2xCD and 2xLP in 2003 by Meteor City Records. It contains 19 songs from their two albums, \"Jug Fulla Sun\" and \"Elusive Truth\", the three songs that appeared on their debut 7\" (under the name Shine), the two songs from their final 7\", \"Spirit Caravan\", the song from their split 7\" with Sixty Watt Shaman and their song from the Rise 13 compilation on Rise Above Records. It also features the last three songs Spirit Caravan recorded, \"The Last Embrace,\" \"Brainwashed\" and \"Dove-Tongued Aggressor.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Last Days of Disco Stick", "paragraph_text": "\"The Last Days of Disco Stick\" is the 53rd episode of the CW television series \"Gossip Girl\". It was also the tenth episode of the show's third season. It aired on November 16, 2009, and was written by Leila Gerstein and directed by Tony Wharmby. The episode features a cameo and special performance by Lady Gaga. The episode is the last appearance of Hilary Duff on the series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "18th century", "paragraph_text": "The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions. Philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror (1793 -- 1794) under Maximilien Robespierre. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution. The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe's military improvements during the Seven Years' War (1756 -- 1763), causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Embrace of the Serpent", "paragraph_text": "\"Embrace of the Serpent\" was filmed in the Amazon\u00eda region of Colombia. Seven weeks were spent filming in the Department of Vaup\u00e9s, and one week in the Department of Guain\u00eda. Location details include:"}], "question": "Who is a member of the group behind The Last Embrace?"}
{"id": "2hop__702600_750903", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gymnastics", "paragraph_text": "In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the \"execution score\" was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the event, is a 1.00 deduction, in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a difficulty score, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Macho like Me", "paragraph_text": "Macho like Me is a documentary film directed and performed by Helie Lee. She performs a social experiment where she by cutting her hair and changing her wardrobe to men's clothes transforming her appearance from an established woman into a \u201cman\u201d, and takes a step into the masculine world. The documentary is a mix of raw documentary footage and a live presentation, and was presented at SDAFF and DC APA in 2010."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance", "paragraph_text": "The Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance has been awarded since 1961. There have been several minor changes to the name of the award over this time:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Blood Red and Goin' Down", "paragraph_text": "\"Blood Red and Goin' Down\" is a song written by Curly Putman, and performed by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released in June 1973 as the second single from Tucker's album \"What's Your Mama's Name\". The single was Tucker's second number one on the country chart and would stay at number one for a single week and spend a total of twelve weeks on the chart."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "I Want to Destroy America", "paragraph_text": "I Want to Destroy America is a documentary film by Peter I. Chang which traces the life of the Japanese musician Hisao Shinagawa through his early years as a folk singer in Tokyo to his current occupation as a street performer in Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Goin' Through Changes", "paragraph_text": "Goin' Through Changes is the second and thus far final album by Zumpano, which has broken up. It was released on 1996 on Sub Pop. The album is out of print. A video was made for the single \"Behind the Beehive\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Let It Be", "paragraph_text": "The master take was recorded on 31 January 1969, as part of the ``Apple studio performance ''for the project. McCartney played Bl\u00fcthner piano, Lennon played six - string electric bass (replaced by McCartney's own bass part on the final version at the behest of George Martin), George Harrison and Ringo Starr assumed their conventional roles, on guitar and drums respectively, and Billy Preston contributed on organ. This was one of two performances of`` Let It Be'' that day. The first version, designated take 27 - A, would serve as the basis for all officially released versions of the song. The other version, take 27 - B, was performed as part of the ``live studio performance '', along with`` Two of Us'' and ``The Long and Winding Road ''. This performance, in which Lennon and Harrison harmonised with McCartney's lead vocal and Harrison contributed a subdued guitar solo, can be seen in the film Let It Be."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance", "paragraph_text": "The Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance was awarded from 1962 to 1986. During this time the award had several name changes:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "David Lance Goines", "paragraph_text": "David Lance Goines (born May 29, 1945) is an American artist, calligrapher, typographer, printing entrepreneur, and author. He was born in Grants Pass, Oregon, the oldest of eight children. His father was a civil engineer and his mother a calligrapher and artist."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Orleans", "paragraph_text": "The Hotel and Casino opened in 1996. When the casino first opened, it did not perform up to expectations. In 1999 a major addition to the casino and other amenities were added. The success of these changes has been demonstrated by continued expansions in later years."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Twisted Method", "paragraph_text": "Twisted Method is an American nu metal band from Cape Coral, Florida. Formed in 1998, the band released one full-length studio album in 2003 and went into hiatus in 2005 after the departure of guitarist Andrew Howard and drummer Ben Goins. On September 12, 2005, Andrew Howard was found dead. The band eventually returned in 2012."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Down the Road Again", "paragraph_text": "Down the Road Again is a 2011 Canadian drama film written and directed by Donald Shebib. The film is the sequel to Shebib's 1970 film \"Goin' Down the Road\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead is a 1995 compilation album of songs, performed by the original artists, that the American rock group the Grateful Dead covered and performed live throughout their career. Several of the tracks on this album can be found on no other compact disc, including \"Rain and Snow\" as performed by Obray Ramsey and \"Big Railroad Blues\" by Cannon's Jug Stompers. The eclectic nature of the Grateful Dead's music is highlighted on this album with the inclusion of songs from such diverse genres as folk (\"Morning Dew\", \"Goin' Down This Road Feelin' Bad\"), the blues (\"The Red Rooster\", \"Turn On Your Love Light\"), country (\"Mama Tried\", \"El Paso\"), gospel (\"Samson & Delilah\"), and straight out rock and roll (\"The Promised Land\", \"Not Fade Away\")."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zumpano", "paragraph_text": "The band, whose music style resembled such contemporaries as Sloan and The Super Friendz, consisted of vocalist/guitarist Carl Newman, keyboardist Michael Ledwidge, bassist Stefan Niemann and drummer Jason Zumpano."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Out Goin' Cattin' (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Out Goin' Cattin'\" is a song written by Mark Miller and Randy Scruggs, and released by American country music group Sawyer Brown. It featured guest vocals from Joe Bonsall of the Oak Ridge Boys. He was credited as Cat Joe Bonsall. It was released in September 1986 as the lead-off single and title tracks to Sawyer Brown's third album \"Out Goin' Cattin'\". It peaked at number 11 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart and number 4 the Canadian \"RPM\" country singles chart."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eldorado Red", "paragraph_text": "Eldorado Red is a 1974 crime novel by Donald Goines that tells the story of a number's runner in Detroit who goes by the name Eldorado Red (due to the color and make of his car)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Goin' South", "paragraph_text": "Goin' South is a 1978 American western-comedy film, directed by and starring Jack Nicholson, with Mary Steenburgen, Christopher Lloyd, John Belushi, Richard Bradford, Veronica Cartwright, Danny DeVito and Ed Begley Jr."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The X Factor (British series 14)", "paragraph_text": "For the first time since series six, a major overhaul of the set layout was made as live shows debuted in a new filming location, LH2 Studios in London. Numerous other changes were introduced for this series' live shows. This included contestant and musical guest performances on both Saturday and Sunday shows, and the removal of the sing - offs, deadlocks and judges' votes on the Sunday show. Each show, two of the categories would sing and immediately after the performances, the public vote would open for a short amount of time. At the end of each show, the contestant with the fewest votes is automatically eliminated from the competition. In addition, the contestant with the highest votes for that night would also be announced. The two acts who won their respective public vote would then sing against each other in a new element of the show called the prize fight. After another public vote, the winner of the prize fight would win a special weekly prize. For the first time ever the live final will broadcast from the Excel Centre, London and not Wembley Arena as part of the show's drastic changes this series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Out Goin' Cattin'", "paragraph_text": "Out Goin' Cattin' is the third studio album by American country music band Sawyer Brown. Its title track, along with \"Savin' the Honey for the Honeymoon\" and \"Gypsies on Parade\", were all released as singles."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Goin' to Rio", "paragraph_text": "Goin' to Rio is an album by Brazilian guitarist Bola Sete, released in 1973 through Columbia Records. In 2011, it was released as \"Crystal Garden\" accompanied by additional tracks from the same recording sessions."}], "question": "Who is part of the band that performed Goin' Through Changes?"}
{"id": "2hop__846635_110763", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia", "paragraph_text": "Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia was born in Gr\u00fcnberg, Silesia, as the son of Prince Karl Franz of Prussia (1916\u20131975) and his first wife Princess Henriette von Sch\u00f6naich-Carolath (1918\u20131972). He had a twin brother, Prince Friedrich Christian, who died three weeks after his birth. Prince Franz Wilhelm is a grandson of Prince Joachim of Prussia, the youngest son of Emperor William II."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jun Sadogawa", "paragraph_text": ", better known by his pen name , was a Japanese manga author from Tone, Ibaraki, Japan. In 2000, he won an honorable mention in the 55th \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Champion\" \"Newcomer Award\", sponsored by Akita Shoten, for his work \"Twin Burner\". His debut work \"Muteki Kanban Musume\" was published from 2002 to 2006. Sadogawa committed suicide by hanging on August 13, 2013 at age 34. He was serializing his manga \"Amane Atatameru\" at the time of his death."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing was a suicide bombing which occurred on May 18, 2001 in the HaSharon Mall in Netanya, Israel. Six people were killed in the attack."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final The original Wembley Stadium with its twin towers Event 1966 FIFA World Cup England West Germany After extra time Date 30 July 1966 Venue Wembley Stadium, London Referee Gottfried Dienst (Switzerland) Attendance 96,924 \u2190 1962 1970 \u2192"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dolly (sheep)", "paragraph_text": "Dolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh. There she was bred with a Welsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total. Her first lamb, named Bonnie, was born in April 1998. The next year Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie, and she gave birth to triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in the year after that. In late 2001, at the age of four, Dolly developed arthritis and began to walk stiffly. This was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Too Close for Comfort", "paragraph_text": "During its second season, the series' principal stories are focused around Muriel's pregnancy. Additionally, Henry's niece April (Deena Freeman) comes from Delaware to live with the Rush family. The season concludes with Muriel giving birth to a son, Andrew (later played regularly by twins William and Michael Cannon from 1983 to 1984)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Comedy of Errors", "paragraph_text": "The Comedy of Errors is one of William Shakespeare's early plays. It is his shortest and one of his most farcical comedies, with a major part of the humour coming from slapstick and mistaken identity, in addition to puns and word play. The Comedy of Errors is, along with The Tempest, one of only two Shakespearean plays to observe the Aristotelian principle of unity of time\u2014that is, that the events of a play should occur over 24 hours. It has been adapted for opera, stage, screen and musical theatre numerous times worldwide. In the centuries following its premiere, the play's title has entered the popular English lexicon as an idiom for \"an event or series of events made ridiculous by the number of errors that were made throughout\".Set in the Greek city of Ephesus, The Comedy of Errors tells the story of two sets of identical twins who were accidentally separated at birth. Antipholus of Syracuse and his servant, Dromio of Syracuse, arrive in Ephesus, which turns out to be the home of their twin brothers, Antipholus of Ephesus and his servant, Dromio of Ephesus. When the Syracusans encounter the friends and families of their twins, a series of wild mishaps based on mistaken identities lead to wrongful beatings, a near-seduction, the arrest of Antipholus of Ephesus, and false accusations of infidelity, theft, madness, and demonic possession."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "William Shakespeare", "paragraph_text": "William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth remains unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which can be traced to a mistake made by an 18th-century scholar, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on the same date in 1616. He was the third of eight children, and the eldest surviving son."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Parent Trap (1998 film)", "paragraph_text": "Lindsay Lohan, as Annie James and Hallie Parker, 11 - year - old twin sisters who were separated after birth. Following their parents' divorce, they were raised separately with no knowledge of each other."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Parent Trap (1961 film)", "paragraph_text": "Identical twins Susan Evers and Sharon McKendrick (Hayley Mills) meet at Miss Inch's Summer Camp for Girls, unaware that they are sisters. Their identical appearance initially creates rivalry, and they pull pranks on each other, which leads to the camp dance being crashed by their mischief. As punishment, they must live together in the isolated ``Serendipity ''cabin (and eat together at an`` isolation table'') for the remainder of their time at summer camp. After finding out that they both come from single parent homes, they soon realize they are twin sisters and that their parents, Mitch (Brian Keith) and Maggie (Maureen O'Hara), divorced shortly after their birth, with each parent having custody of one of them. The twins, each eager to meet the parent she never knew, switch places. They drill each other on the other's behavior and lives, and Susan cuts Sharon's hair into the same style as hers. While Susan is in Boston, Massachusetts masquerading as Sharon, Sharon goes to Carmel, California pretending to be Susan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clara Morris", "paragraph_text": "Clara Morris (March 17, 1849 \u2013 November 20, 1925) (her birth date is sometimes given as 1846/48) was an American actress."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Christina Alessi", "paragraph_text": "Christina Robinson (previously Alessi) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Gayle Blakeney. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 18 January 1990, when she moved into Ramsay Street with her twin sister, Caroline Alessi, played by Gayle's real-life twin, Gillian Blakeney. Christina marries Paul Robinson and gives birth to their son, Andrew Robinson. Christina departed on 5 August 1992 with Paul and Andrew, following Paul's relocation to Hawaii. Blakeney reprised the role in June 2019 and will make her on-screen return in September, alongside her sister."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior", "paragraph_text": "Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior is a peer-reviewed academic journal published six times per year by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Association of Suicidology. The journal was established in 1971 by Edwin S. Shneidman. Its current editor-in-chief is Thomas Joiner (Florida State University). The journal covers scientific research on suicidal and other life-threatening behaviors, including risk factors for suicide, ethical issues in intervention research, and mental health needs of those bereaved by suicide."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mounds View, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Mounds View is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 12,155 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "My Mother Was Murdered by a Suicide Bomber", "paragraph_text": "My Mother Was Murdered by a Suicide Bomber is a TV documentary about the killing of Perla Hermele in Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel in March 2002 as part of the Passover massacre."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alt.suicide.holiday", "paragraph_text": "alt.suicide.holiday (a.s.h, ASH or ash) is a Usenet newsgroup. Its original purpose was to discuss the relationship between suicide rates and holiday seasons. However, it has since evolved into a broad discussion forum where suicidal people can openly share their thoughts. Some participants are not suicidal, but post to provide psychological support and other input to suicidal or depressed posters. The newsgroup is unmoderated and subject to a high level of trolling and a harsh and sometimes hostile atmosphere. According to its FAQ, its purpose is neither to encourage nor discourage suicide, maintaining the stance of pro-choice rather than pro-suicide. \"Living as a suicidal, in defense of ASH\" explains the ideologies and debate of ASH's 'voluntary life' concept."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andy McCoy", "paragraph_text": "Antti Hulkko (born 11 October 1962), better known as Andy McCoy, is a Finnish musician. He is most famous for his role as the lead guitarist and main songwriter of Hanoi Rocks, but has also played with Iggy Pop."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Parent Trap (1961 film)", "paragraph_text": "Identical twins Susan Evers and Sharon McKendrick (Hayley Mills) meet at Miss Inch's Summer Camp for Girls, unaware that they are sisters. Their identical appearance initially creates rivalry, and they pull pranks on each other, culminating in the camp dance being ruined. As punishment, Miss Inch decides that they must live together in the isolated ``Serendipity ''cabin (and eat together at an`` Isolation Table'') for the remainder of the camp season. After discovering that they both come from single - parent homes, they soon realize they are twin sisters and that their parents, Mitchell ``Mitch ''Evers (Brian Keith) and Margaret`` Maggie'' McKendrick (Maureen O'Hara), divorced shortly after their birth, with each parent having custody of one of them. The twins, each eager to meet the parent she never knew, decide to switch places. Susan gives Sharon a matching haircut and has her bite her nails. They also take a crash - course getting to know each other while learning about each other's personalities and ways of life."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hazelton, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "Hazelton is a city in Jerome County, Idaho, United States. The population was 753 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Twin Falls, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Suicide Twins", "paragraph_text": "The Suicide Twins was a rock band, set up by Andy McCoy and Nasty Suicide (here credited as Nasty Superstar) after the break-up of Hanoi Rocks. The band managed to record only one album, \"Silver Missiles And Nightingales\". This was done with acoustic guitars, with the two sharing vocal duties along with the late Ren\u00e9 Berg. The band filmed a video for the single \"Sweet Pretending\" which features Nasty lip-synching as the song features Rene on lead vocals. The album was issued on CD by Castle Communications and is considered a classic by many. The song \"The Best Is Yet To Come\" was later covered by Samantha Fox. The album was actually recorded the same time as the EP's by the Cherry Bombz."}], "question": "What is the birth date of a member of The Suicide Twins?"}
{"id": "2hop__162483_80626", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sabapathy", "paragraph_text": "Sabapathy is a 1941 Indian Tamil-language comedy film directed by A. V. Meiyappan and A. T. Krishnaswamy, and produced by Meiyappan. The film stars T. R. Ramachandran, Kali N. Rathnam, C. T. Rajakantham and K. Sarangkapani. The film focuses on the antics of two dim-witted men named Sabapathy: a wealthy man and his servant. It was released on 14 December 1941 and became a commercial success."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Eerie Mr. Murphy", "paragraph_text": "The Eerie Mr. Murphy is a collection of science fiction, fantasy and horror stories by author Howard Wandrei. It was released in 2003 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 1,100 copies of which 100 were signed by the editor, D. H. Olson and released in a slipcase with a chapbook of correspondence and diary entries. Many of the stories originally appeared in the magazines \"Esquire\", \"Weird Tales\", \"Astounding Stories\", \"Spicy Mystery Stories\", \"Speed Mystery\", \"Unknown\", \"Astounding Stories\" and \"The Minnesota Quarterly\". The book also includes a collection of Wandrei's drawings."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Lion Man (serial)", "paragraph_text": "The Lion Man is a 1919 American action film serial released by the Universal Film Manufacturing Company, directed by Albert Russell and Jack Wells, produced by Russell and starring Kathleen O'Connor and Jack Perrin. The serial is now considered to be lost."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hacksaw Ridge", "paragraph_text": "The world premiere of Hacksaw Ridge occurred on September 4, 2016, at the 73rd Venice Film Festival, where it received a 10-minute standing ovation. The film was released in Australia on November 3, 2016, by Icon Film Distribution, and in the United States on November 4, 2016, by Lionsgate/Summit Entertainment. It was released by Bliss Media in China in November, and in the United Kingdom in 2017, with IM Global handling international sales."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spider-Man: Homecoming", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man: Homecoming premiered in Hollywood on June 28, 2017, and was released in the United States in 3D, IMAX, and IMAX 3D on July 7, 2017. Homecoming grossed over $880 million worldwide, making it the second most successful Spider - Man film and the fifth highest - grossing film of 2017. It received positive reviews, with critics praising the light tone and focus on Parker's high school life, and the performances of Holland and Keaton. A sequel is scheduled to be released on July 5, 2019."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Desmond Doss", "paragraph_text": "Doss refused to kill an enemy soldier or carry a weapon into combat because of his personal beliefs as a Seventh - day Adventist. He consequently became a medic assigned to 2nd Platoon, B Company, 1st Battalion, 307th Infantry, 77th Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Spider-Man: Homecoming", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man: Homecoming premiered in Hollywood on June 28, 2017, and was released in the United States on July 7, 2017, in 3D, IMAX, and IMAX 3D. Homecoming has grossed over $880 million worldwide, making it the second most successful Spider - Man film and the fourth highest - grossing film of 2017. It received positive reviews, with critics praising the light tone and focus on Parker's high school life, and the performances of Holland, Keaton and casts. A sequel is scheduled to be released on July 5, 2019."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jet Li filmography", "paragraph_text": "Considering US box office statistics, the most successful Jet Li American film as of August 2010 is \"Lethal Weapon 4\", which grossed over 130 million dollars domestically, while the second is \"The Expendables\" with over 103 million dollars. \"Hero\" is the third most successful foreign language film in the US, and one of the best critically acclaimed Li movies. \"Fearless\" is the sixth most successful foreign language film of all times in the US. From a critical point of view, the best acclaimed Li movie is \"Fist of Legend\" (Rotten Tomatoes: 100%) and the worst is \"\" (Rotten Tomatoes: 13%)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Uthiripookkal", "paragraph_text": "The film is considered as a breakthrough in commercial Tamil cinema and has been lauded by many film makers. In a 2002 interview with \"The Hindu\", Mani Ratnam remarked \"If I get anywhere near what Mahendran did in \"Udhiri Pookkal\", I\u2019ll be a happy man.\" \"The Times of India\" wrote \"1979 was the year of \"Uthiripookkal\"\". IBN Live included the film in its list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time in 2013."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A Maori Maid's Love", "paragraph_text": "A Maori Maid's Love (Originally titled The Surveyor's Daughter) is a 1916 Australian silent film directed by Raymond Longford about an interracial romance between a white man and a M\u0101ori girl. It is considered a lost film as there are no known copies."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Man in Grey", "paragraph_text": "The Man in Grey is a 1943 British film melodrama made by Gainsborough Pictures, and is considered as the first of its \"Gainsborough melodramas\" (a series of period costume dramas). It was directed by Leslie Arliss and produced by Edward Black from a screenplay by Leslie Arliss and Margaret Kennedy, adapted by Doreen Montgomery from the novel \"The Man in Grey\" by Eleanor Smith. The film's sets were designed by Walter Murton."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $654 million worldwide. After the first film's success, Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works. The franchise's second film, subtitled Dead Man's Chest, was released three years later in 2006; the sequel proved successful, breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere. Dead Man's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office. The third film in the series, subtitled At World's End, followed in 2007 earning $960 million, and Disney released a fourth film, subtitled On Stranger Tides, in 2011 in conventional 2D, Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D. On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion, becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", "paragraph_text": "Development of The Amazing Spider - Man 2 began after the success of The Amazing Spider - Man. DeHaan, Giamatti, Jones, and Cooper were cast between December 2012 and February 2013. Filming took place in New York City from February to June 2013. The film was released in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D on May 2, 2014, in the United States with two international premieres being held between March 31 & April 10, 2014. The film received mixed reviews, and grossed $709 million worldwide making it the ninth highest grossing film of 2014."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1924 film)", "paragraph_text": "Tess of the d'Urbervilles is a 1924 American silent drama film starring Blanche Sweet, and Conrad Nagel. It was directed by Sweet's husband, Marshall Neilan. The film is the second motion picture adaptation of the novel by Thomas Hardy, which had been turned into a very successful 1897 play starring Mrs. Fiske. In 1913, Adolph Zukor enticed Mrs. Fiske to reprise her role in a film version which is now considered lost. The 1924 version is also considered lost."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spider-Man (2002 film)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man premiered in the Philippines on April 30, 2002 and had its general release in the United States on May 3, 2002. It became a critical and financial success: it was the first film to reach $100 million in a single weekend, and became the most successful film based on a comic book. With $821.7 million worldwide, it was 2002's third - highest - grossing film and became the seventh - highest - grossing film of all time. The film competed at the 75th Academy Awards ceremony for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound. The film is credited for redefining the modern superhero genre, as well as the summer blockbuster, and due to its success it was followed by two sequels, Spider - Man 2 (2004) and Spider - Man 3 (2007)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as \"a scriptural divorce\". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms \"absolute endangerment of spirituality\" are considered grounds for legal separation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Blind Chance", "paragraph_text": "Blind Chance () is a Polish film written and directed by Krzysztof Kie\u015blowski and starring Bogus\u0142aw Linda. The film presents three separate storylines, told in succession, about a man running after a train and how such an ordinary incident could influence the rest of the man's life. Originally completed in 1981, \"Blind Chance\" was suppressed by the Polish authorities for several years until its delayed release in Poland on 10 January 1987 in a censored form."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "It Takes a Man and a Woman", "paragraph_text": "Released in the Philippines on 30 March 2013, \"It Takes a Man and a Woman\" was a major commercial success. The film grossed PHP 405 million in domestic sales. It is the 2nd highest-grossing film and the highest-grossing Filipino film released in the Philippines in 2013. During the FAMAS Award in 2014, it received three nominations including Best Actor, Best Actress and Best Editing."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bare Fists", "paragraph_text": "Bare Fists (also known as The Man Who Wouldn\u2019t Shoot) is a 1919 American Western film directed by John Ford and featuring Harry Carey. It is considered to be a lost film."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Gallant Lords of Bois-Dor\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The Gallant Lords of Bois-Dor\u00e9 (\"Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Dor\u00e9\") is a 1976 film adaption of the historical novel by George Sand directed by Bernard Borderie. Along with the films about Ang\u00e9lique it is considered one of the most successful works of this director."}], "question": "What religion was the man in the movie considered an astounding success?"}
{"id": "2hop__130175_731623", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nanhui New City", "paragraph_text": "Nanhui New City () is a planned city located in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China. It was formerly called Lingang New City (\u4e34\u6e2f\u65b0\u57ce) until renamed in April 2012."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Salt Lake City", "paragraph_text": "The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849. The United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the territorial capital in 1858, and the name was later abbreviated to Salt Lake City. The city's population continued to swell with an influx of Mormon converts and Gold Rush gold seekers, making it one of the most populous cities in the American Old West."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geographic Names Information System", "paragraph_text": "The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is a database that contains name and locative information about more than two million physical and cultural features located throughout the United States of America and its territories. It is a type of gazetteer.  GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gideon Putnam Burying Ground", "paragraph_text": "The Gideon Putnam Burying Ground is located on South Franklin Street in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States. It contains over 150 graves of early and mid-19th century residents of the city, all from the period between 1812 and 1871. It was restored in the 1980s after suffering from almost a century of neglect."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Verizon Communications", "paragraph_text": "As part of a rebranding of the Baby Bells in the mid-1990s, all of Bell Atlantic's operating companies assumed the holding company's name. In 1997, Bell Atlantic expanded into New York and the New England states by merging with fellow Baby Bell NYNEX. Although Bell Atlantic was the surviving company name, the merged company moved its headquarters from Philadelphia to NYNEX's old headquarters in New York City. In 2000, Bell Atlantic acquired GTE, which operated telecommunications companies across most of the rest of the country that was not already in Bell Atlantic's footprint. Bell Atlantic, the surviving entity, changed its name to \"Verizon\", a portmanteau of \"\" (Latin for \"truth\") and \"horizon\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Glenfield, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Glenfield is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Glenfield is located 36 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government areas of the City of Campbelltown and is part of the Outer Rim Territories."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma (/ \u02cco\u028akl\u0259\u02c8ho\u028am\u0259 / (listen); Pawnee: Uukuhu\u00fawa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyo\u02c0geh) is a state in the South Central region of the United States. It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning ``red people. ''It is also known informally by its nickname,`` The Sooner State,'' in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which dramatically increased European - American settlement in the Indian Territory. Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally as Okies, and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Greene, New York", "paragraph_text": "Greene is a town in Chenango County, New York, United States. The population was 5,604 at the 2010 census. The town is named after General Nathanael Greene. It is located in the southwest corner of the county and contains a village, also named Greene. The town and village are northeast of Binghamton."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi, these are two distinct entities, and the latter is a small part of the former."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Central Library (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "The Central Library is the main library of the Kansas City Public Library system, which is located in the Library District of Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It is situated at 14 West 10th Street, at the corner of West 10th Street and Baltimore Avenue, across Baltimore Avenue from the Kansas City Club and up from the New York Life Building. It contains the administration of Kansas City's library system."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park", "paragraph_text": "The Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park is a technology park in the Pudong district of Shanghai, China. It is operated by Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Development Co., Ltd. The park specializes in research in life sciences, software, semiconductors, and information technology."}], "question": "What technology park is found in the state where Nanhui New City is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__5106_5053", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1954\u201355 British Home Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1954\u201355 British Home Championship was a football tournament played between the British Home Nations during the 1954\u201355 football season. It was won by a strong England side which included players such as Johnny Haynes and Nat Lofthouse as well as future manager Don Revie. England and Scotland, had competed at the 1954 FIFA World Cup in the summer before the tournament began and both teams had struggled, eventually being knocked out by Uruguay, Scotland by a 7\u20130 margin."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of the largest six in the country (based on market capitalisation) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank and Telstra), as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic) while the neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository", "paragraph_text": "The Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository, as designated by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act amendments of 1987, is to be a deep geological repository storage facility within Yucca Mountain for spent nuclear fuel and other high level radioactive waste in the United States. The site is located on federal land adjacent to the Nevada Test Site in Nye County, Nevada, about 80 mi (130 km) northwest of the Las Vegas Valley."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dimbangombe College of Wildlife, Agriculture and Conservation Management", "paragraph_text": "Dimbangombe College of Wildlife, Agriculture and Conservation Management is an accredited college by Zimbabwe\u2019s Ministry of Education located just outside Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe. It is situated on a property. Which is mainly used for research and training. It was established by Allan Savory's Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) in 1998 and is based at Dimbangombe ranch, near Victoria Falls which is the headquarters of ACHM."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kingfisher plc", "paragraph_text": "Kingfisher plc is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, with regional offices located across the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. It is the largest home improvement retailer in Europe, and the third largest in the world (behind The Home Depot and Lowe's)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Plymouth Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth Township is a township with home rule status in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. Although it retains the word \"Township\" in its official name, it has been governed by a home rule charter since 1976 and is no longer subject to the Pennsylvania Township Code. The population was 16,525 at the 2010 census. It is serviced by the Colonial School District and is home to the Plymouth Meeting Mall. It also serves as the home of the Mid-County Interchange between the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the Blue Route."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "The city is home to 261,546 (mid-2014 est.) people, making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe \u2013 HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost \u00a340m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Plymouth Colony", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691 at a location that had previously been surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony and developed as the town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is \"The Pilgrims\". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities; the headquarters were moved to Chicago. The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton narrow-body plant (where the 707, 720, 727, and 757 were assembled, and the 737 is assembled today) and Everett wide-body plant (assembly plant for the 747, 767, 777, and 787). The company's credit union for employees, BECU, remains based in the Seattle area, though it is now open to all residents of Washington."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pilgrim Memorial State Park", "paragraph_text": "Pilgrim Memorial State Park comprises two monuments \u2014 Plymouth Rock and the National Monument to the Forefathers \u2014 in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Closely related to these memorials is the Myles Standish Monument State Reservation which can be seen across the Plymouth Bay in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Owned by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, these sites are managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation."}], "question": "What location is proposed for the future home of the body handling waste management in Plymouth?"}
{"id": "2hop__51808_45566", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Grease (film)", "paragraph_text": "The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu's Leo Carrillo State Beach, making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity. The exterior Rydell scenes, including the basketball, baseball and track segments, were shot at Venice High School in Venice, California, while the Rydell interiors, including the high school dance, were filmed at Huntington Park High School. The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood. The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers ``Greased Lightning ''and`` Beauty School Dropout''. The drive - in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive - In (it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place). The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges, where many other films have been shot. The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School. And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "In a career spanning more than four decades, Spielberg's films have covered many themes and genres. Spielberg's early science-fiction and adventure films were seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust (in Schindler's List), the transatlantic slave trade (in Amistad), war (in Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies) and terrorism (in Munich). His other films include Close Encounters of the Third Kind, the Indiana Jones film series, and A.I. Artificial Intelligence."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saving Private Ryan", "paragraph_text": "Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 American epic war drama film set during the Invasion of Normandy in World War II. Directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat, the film is notable for its graphic portrayal of war, and for the intensity of its opening 27 minutes, which includes a depiction of the Omaha Beach assault during the Normandy landings. It follows United States Army Rangers Captain John H. Miller (Tom Hanks) and a squad (Tom Sizemore, Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Giovanni Ribisi, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, and Jeremy Davies) as they search for a paratrooper, Private First Class James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon), who is the last - surviving brother of four servicemen."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vixen!", "paragraph_text": "Vixen! is a 1968 American drama film and satiric softcore sexploitation film directed by Russ Meyer and starring Erica Gavin. It was the first film to be given an X rating for its sex scenes, and was a breakthrough success for Meyer. The film was developed from a script by Meyer and Anthony James Ryan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tear in My Heart", "paragraph_text": "The music video for ``Tear in My Heart ''shows Joseph and Dun performing in Chinatown, Los Angeles, with Joseph singing in the town square. The people do n't notice them while Joseph sings the first verse of the song. As more people begin to notice them, their eyes distort. The buildings surrounding Joseph and Dun begin to crumble, as Joseph notices his wife in the group of people, showing how the world he had known before her is crumbling; he then proceeds to follow her down an alley and into a restaurant. Jenna sings his lyrics back to him, saying`` sometimes you've got to bleed and know / that you're alive and have a soul'', which means that sometimes you need to hurt or feel pain to be reminded of your mortality, what's important in life, and find the thing (or person) that made all that pain worth it. Joseph then sings the following line, ``but it takes someone to come around / to show you how '', implying that he has yet to have that person in his life, and he is still experiencing all that pain and hurt. Jenna starts choking, punching, kicking, and beating Joseph; this scene shows Jenna`` killing Blurryface'', which is Joseph's evil alter ego who represents his pain, depression, and insecurity. The purpose of this scene is to show how Jenna saved Joseph from himself and all of his pain. At the end of the music video, Joseph is bleeding and hurt, and Jenna turns him to look her in the eye; Joseph kisses Jenna, and the screen turns to black. This scene shows their love and how Joseph feels saved by her, as if he was her damsel in distress, Blurryface was the villain trying to kill him, and Jenna saved him."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ryan Hurst", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes The Postman Eddie March 1998 Patch Adams Neil 1998 Saving Private Ryan Paratrooper Mandelsohn 2000 Rules of Engagement Captain Hustings 2000 Remember the Titans Gerry Bertier 2001 Perfect Lover Guy 2001 Venus and Mars Roberto 2002 We Were Soldiers Sgt. Ernie Savage 2002 Lone Star State of Mind Tinker The Ladykillers Lump Hudson 2006 Noble Things Kyle Collins 2008 Chasing the Green Ross Franklin 2011 Rango Jedidiah (voice) 2013 CBGB Mad Mountain"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Avengers: Infinity War", "paragraph_text": "Avengers: Infinity War was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on July 31, 2018, and on Ultra HD Blu - ray, Blu - ray, and DVD on August 14. The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, and a blooper reel. The digital release also features a roundtable discussion between MCU directors the Russos, Jon Favreau, Joss Whedon, James Gunn, Ryan Coogler, Peyton Reed, and Taika Waititi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Dry Land", "paragraph_text": "The Dry Land, or \"American Tragic\", is a drama film, directed and written by Ryan Piers Williams. It opened worldwide on July 30, 2010."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Choice (2016 film)", "paragraph_text": "Travis Shaw (Benjamin Walker) is a veterinarian, living in the city of Wilmington, NC, who falls in love on his first meeting with Gabby Holland (Teresa Palmer), who has moved into the house next door. Gabby is a medical student who is in a relationship with a fellow doctor, Ryan McCarthy (Tom Welling). With Ryan out of state overseeing a new hospital opening, Gabby and Travis spend more time together, starting a relationship."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler's List (1993) and Saving Private Ryan (1998). Three of Spielberg's films\u2014Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Jurassic Park (1993)\u2014achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $9 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history. His personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion. He has been associated with composer John Williams since 1974, who composed music for all save five of Spielberg's feature films."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Battle of the Strong", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Strong is an 1898 novel by Gilbert Parker. It was first published in serial format in \"The Atlantic Monthly\" starting in January 1898, and as a single volume late in the same year. It was ranked as the tenth-highest best selling book overall in the United States for 1898, and appeared as high as Number 2 on the monthly bestseller list published in \"The Bookman\" in early 1899. The book is set in the Channel Islands, primarily during the period 1781-95, and opens with attempted invasion of Jersey by France in the Battle of Jersey."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Omaha Beach", "paragraph_text": "Omaha, commonly known as Omaha Beach, was the code name for one of the five sectors of the Allied invasion of German - occupied France in the Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, during World War II. 'Omaha' refers to a section of the coast of Normandy, France, facing the English Channel 8 kilometers (5 mi) long, from east of Sainte - Honorine - des - Pertes to west of Vierville - sur - Mer on the right bank of the Douve River estuary and an estimated 150 - foot (45 m) tall cliffs. Landings here were necessary to link the British landings to the east at Gold with the American landing to the west at Utah, thus providing a continuous lodgement on the Normandy coast of the Bay of the Seine. Taking Omaha was to be the responsibility of United States Army troops, with sea transport, mine sweeping, and a naval bombardment force provided predominantly by the United States Navy and Coast Guard, with contributions from the British, Canadian, and Free French navies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ryan Panchadsaram", "paragraph_text": "Ryan Panchadsaram was the Deputy Chief Technology Officer of the United States. He assumed this role under the second Chief Technology Officer of the United States, Todd Park. Panchadsaram was formerly a senior advisor to Park, starting in 2013, and is credited as an early member of the Healthcare.gov rescue team. Ryan is currently a partner at Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Histrodamus", "paragraph_text": "Histrodamus was opened on January 22, 2010, six years after start of the project. It was funded mostly by private capital, but was also supported through Civil Society's Endowment (Kodaniku\u00fchiskonna Sihtkapital)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saving Private Ryan (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Saving Private Ryan: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan, directed by Steven Spielberg. The album was produced by composer John Williams and distributed by DreamWorks Records. Recorded in Symphony Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, the scores were performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, with two of the ten compositions featuring vocals from the Tanglewood Festival Chorus. The soundtrack runs for almost an hour, while the film itself lasts over two hours."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Por una Cabeza", "paragraph_text": "Por Una Cabeza was featured in a famous tango scene in Martin Brest's Scent of a Woman (1992), in the opening scene of Steve Spielberg's Schindler's List (1993), and in James Cameron's True Lies (1994)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Juan Bautista Baigorria", "paragraph_text": "Juan Bautista Baigorria, also known as Granadero Baigorria, was born in San Luis Province and died at the Battle of San Lorenzo on 3 February 1813, was an Argentine soldier. He died in battle and became famous by having saved his commander when he stopped a royalist from bayonnetting then-colonel Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Scarecrow (1920 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Scarecrow is a 1920 American two-reel silent comedy film starring Buster Keaton. It was written and directed by Keaton and Edward F. Cline. The runtime is 19 minutes. One of the more memorable scenes of the film is the opening, where Buster and Joe Roberts share a small one room house that is filled with many space- and labor-saving Rube Goldberg-type devices. Later in the film, Keaton tries desperately and comically to outrun and escape Luke the Dog."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Atlanta in the American Civil War", "paragraph_text": "In 1864, as feared by Jeremy F. Gilmer, Atlanta did indeed become the target of a major Union invasion. The area now covered by metropolitan Atlanta was the scene of several fiercely contested battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, Battle of Ezra Church and the Battle of Jonesboro. On September 1, 1864, Confederate Gen. John Bell Hood evacuated Atlanta, after a five - week siege mounted by Union Gen. William Sherman, and ordered all public buildings and possible Confederate assets destroyed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "William R. Caddy", "paragraph_text": "Private First Class William Robert Caddy (August 8, 1925 \u2013 March 3, 1945) was a United States Marine who sacrificed his life to save the lives of his platoon leader and platoon sergeant during the Battle of Iwo Jima. For his bravery, he posthumously received his nation's highest military decoration \u2014 the Medal of Honor. He was the 72nd Marine of World War II to receive this honor."}], "question": "When did the battle depicted in the opening scene of Saving Private Ryan begin?"}
{"id": "2hop__738210_647434", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tourism in Scotland", "paragraph_text": "Scotland also has many lochs, including Loch Lomond, and Loch Ness, which is considered by some to be the home of the Loch Ness monster. There are also many rivers, which are good for salmon and fly fishing. These include the Tay, Tweed, Don, and Dee."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert R. Ness", "paragraph_text": "Born in Howick, Quebec, Ness was Canada\u2019s largest importer and exporter of purebred cattle. In 1909, he was president of the Canadian Ayrshire Breeders Association. From 1923 to 1935, he was the Director of the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Mysterious Monsters", "paragraph_text": "The Mysterious Monsters (also known as Bigfoot: The Mysterious Monster) is a 1976 documentary film written and directed by Robert Guenette about the cryptids Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, and the Yeti. The film was later featured in an episode of \"Cinema Insomnia\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Isabel Roberts House", "paragraph_text": "Isabel Roberts House is a classic 1908 Prairie House from the studio of Frank Lloyd Wright located at 603 Edgewood Place in River Forest, Illinois It was built for Isabel Roberts and her widowed mother, Mary Roberts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Howick, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Howick is the third smallest municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec, located in Le Haut-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 630, of which over 60% are Francophones. Situated along the English River in the heart of the Chateauguay Valley, it is approximately 50 minutes southwest of Montreal and 20 minutes north of the Canada\u2013United States border."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Marshall R. Sanguinet House", "paragraph_text": "Marshall R. Sanguinet House is located on 4729 Collinwood Avenue in Fort Worth, Texas, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 7, 1983."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Utica, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Utica is a city in Ness County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 158."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Genetic linkage", "paragraph_text": "NR denotes the number of non-recombinant offspring, and R denotes the number of recombinant offspring. The reason 0.5 is used in the denominator is that any alleles that are completely unlinked (e.g. alleles on separate chromosomes) have a 50% chance of recombination, due to independent assortment. '\u03b8' is the recombinant fraction, i.e. the fraction of births in which recombination has happened between the studied genetic marker and the putative gene associated with the disease. Thus, it is equal to R / (NR + R)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}], "question": "What municipality is the birthplace of Robert R. Ness located in?"}
{"id": "2hop__94535_790999", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Desk Set", "paragraph_text": "Desk Set (released as His Other Woman in the UK) is a 1957 American romantic comedy film directed by Walter Lang and starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn. The screenplay was written by Phoebe Ephron and Henry Ephron from the 1955 eponymous play by William Marchant."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Big Electric Chair", "paragraph_text": "Created in 1967, the Stockholm Big Electric Chair is part of a series of works by Andy Warhol depicting an electric chair. Death by electrocution was a controversial subject in New York City, where the artist lived and worked, especially after the last two executions at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in 1963. Warhol obtained a photograph of the empty execution chamber, which became the basis for this series."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Stade Olympique de Rad\u00e8s", "paragraph_text": "Built for the 2001 Mediterranean Games, the 60,000-seat covered area covers 13,000 m2 and consists of a central area, 3 adjoining grounds, 2 warm-up rooms, 2 paintings and an official stand of 7,000 seats. The press gallery is equipped with 300 desks."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Legal Help Desk", "paragraph_text": "Legal Help Desk (abbreviated as Legal HD) is a legal-consulting public affairs show that aired on CNN Philippines since November 26, 2012. It is hosted by Atty. Karen Jimeno."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cinema Rex fire", "paragraph_text": "The Cinema Rex Fire () took place on 19 August 1978, when the Cinema Rex, located in Abadan, Iran, was set ablaze, killing at least 420 civilians. The event started when four men doused the place with airplane fuel before setting it alight."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Big Valley", "paragraph_text": "While The Big Valley is set primarily in and near the city of Stockton, the filming of the series took place in Southern California."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Paul-Louis Halley", "paragraph_text": "The inquest into the death of Paul-Louis Halley took place in Oxford, England, in late October 2005. A jury returned a verdict of accidental death."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alexandria (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Alexandria is a 2009 historical mystery crime novel by Lindsey Davis and the 19th book in her Marcus Didius Falco series. Set in Egypt and Ancient Rome, the novel stars Marcus Didius Falco, informer and imperial agent. The title refers to the setting where the deaths occur."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Slavery in the British and French Caribbean", "paragraph_text": "William Wilberforce's Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the slave trade in the British Empire. It was not until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 that the institution finally was abolished, but on a gradual basis. Since slave owners in the various colonies (not only the Caribbean) were losing their unpaid labourers, the government set aside \u00a320 million for compensation but it did not offer the former slaves reparations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arrival card", "paragraph_text": "A landing card is an arrival card form that non-EEA citizens are required to complete on entry to the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland. The traveler must present the completed form at the UK Border Agency immigration desk at the point of entry. The form is usually supplied by the airline, train or ferry company."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "USS Cinnabar (IX-163)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Cinnabar\" (IX-163), a designated an unclassified miscellaneous vessel, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for cinnabar. Her keel was laid down in 1944. She was acquired on a loan-charter basis from the War Shipping Administration and placed in service at San Francisco, California, on 26 September 1944."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "BBC Television", "paragraph_text": "The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "William Marchant (playwright)", "paragraph_text": "William Marchant (May 1, 1923 in Allentown, Pennsylvania \u2013 November 5, 1995 in Paramus, New Jersey) was a playwright and screenwriter. He is best known for writing the play that served as the basis for the 1957 Walter Lang movie, \"The Desk Set\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A Quiet Place (film)", "paragraph_text": "A Quiet Place is a production of Sunday Night and Platinum Dunes; it was produced on a budget of $17 million. Krasinski wrote the screenplay with story co-writers Scott Beck and Bryan Woods. Beck and Woods grew up together in the US state of Iowa, and had watched numerous silent films in college. By 2013, they began working on the story that would lead to the film. They used their experience growing up close to farmland as the basis, including a grain silo setting as a place considered dangerous in their upbringing. They initiated their approach with a 15 - page proof of concept. Initially, the writers had considered developing the film into a Cloverfield installment, but after pitching their ideas to the studio collectively, all of those involved decided to keep the film its own entity."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Death in the Steel City", "paragraph_text": "Death in the Steel City is a crime novel by the American writer Thomas Lipinski set in 1990s Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "One (Harry Nilsson song)", "paragraph_text": "``One ''Single by Harry Nilsson from the album Aerial Ballet B - side`` Sister Marie'' Released 1968 Recorded 1967 Genre Chamber pop Label RCA Songwriter (s) Harry Nilsson Producer (s) Rick Jarrard Harry Nilsson singles chronology ``Good Old Desk ''(1967)`` One'' (1968) ``Everybody's Talkin '''(1968)`` Good Old Desk'' (1967) ``One ''(1968)`` Everybody's Talkin''' (1968)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tiny Desk Concerts", "paragraph_text": "Tiny Desk Concerts is a video series of live concerts hosted by NPR Music at the desk of All Songs Considered host Bob Boilen."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Francisco Cajigal de la Vega", "paragraph_text": "He was governor of Cuba in 1760 at the time of the death of the previous viceroy, Agust\u00edn de Ahumada. The Audiencia possessed sealed orders to be opened on the death of Ahumada, and these named Cajigal to fill the position on an interim basis. He sailed from Havana for Veracruz on March 28, 1760. He remained in Veracruz a few days awaiting the arrival of the vehicle intended to take him to Mexico City. He made his solemn entry into Mexico City on April 28, 1760 and took up the government."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Maze Runner: The Death Cure", "paragraph_text": "Maze Runner: The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17, 2017, in the United States by 20th Century Fox, but the studio rescheduled the film for January 26, 2018 in 3D, 2D and IMAX 3D, allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover from his injuries sustained on - set."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Talladega Superspeedway", "paragraph_text": "October 15, 2000: Dale Earnhardt set a record for the most wins at the track with 10. This was also his 76th and final win before his death in the 2001 Daytona 500."}], "question": "Where did the writer of the basis for Desk Set die?"}
{"id": "2hop__273473_160124", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Freemasonry", "paragraph_text": "In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brandon Bays", "paragraph_text": "Brandon Bays (born August 21, 1953) is an American motivational author and speaker. She has authored New Thought self-help books, and is best known for her 1999 book, \"The Journey\", which became a bestseller in England and Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gideon's Trumpet", "paragraph_text": "Gideon's Trumpet is a book by Anthony Lewis describing the story behind \"Gideon v. Wainwright\", in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that criminal defendants have the right to an attorney even if they cannot afford one. In 1965, the book won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Fact Crime book."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "So Long Been Dreaming", "paragraph_text": "So Long Been Dreaming: Postcolonial Science Fiction & Fantasy is an anthology of short stories by African, Asian, South Asian, and Indigenous authors, as well as North American and British writers of colour, edited by the writer Nalo Hopkinson and Uppinder Mehan. Hopkinson provides the introduction, although it is usually misattributed to Samuel R. Delany (whose recommendation of the book is quoted on the book's cover)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jason Gideon", "paragraph_text": "In the season ten episode ``Nelson's Sparrow '', Gideon was murdered off - screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer named Donnie Mallick (Arye Gross), which prompts the BAU team to investigate Gideon's murder. During the flashbacks focusing on a young version of him for the episode which show him working at the BAU in 1978, he is played by Ben Savage."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Overcoat", "paragraph_text": "\"The Overcoat\" (, translit.\u00a0Shinel; sometimes translated as \"The Cloak\") is a short story by Ukrainian-born Russian author Nikolai Gogol, published in 1842. The story and its author have had great influence on Russian literature, as expressed in a quote attributed to Fyodor Dostoyevsky: \"We all come out from Gogol's 'Overcoat'.\" The story has been adapted into a variety of stage and film interpretations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Luelen Bernart", "paragraph_text": "Luelen Bernart (Pohnpei 1866-1946) was the first Micronesian to write a book and Pohnpei's first historian. He is the author of \" The Book of Luelen\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "First Epistle to the Corinthians", "paragraph_text": "There is consensus among historians and Christian theologians that Paul is the author of the First Epistle to the Corinthians (c. AD 53 -- 54). The letter is quoted or mentioned by the earliest of sources, and is included in every ancient canon, including that of Marcion. The personal and even embarrassing texts about immorality in the church increase consensus."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Undergrowth of Literature", "paragraph_text": "The Undergrowth of Literature is a pioneering study of pornography written by the British author Gillian Freeman in 1967. The foreword is by David Stafford-Clark. A review by Stephen Vizinczey described it as 'nothing more than a collection of quotes, pr\u00e9cis, paraphrases and photographs from current pornographic publications and glossy magazines ... there is no love like the liberal prig's love for perverts and perversions'."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Icebound Land", "paragraph_text": "The Icebound Land is the third book in the \"Ranger's Apprentice\" book series written by Australian author John Flanagan. The book was released on 30 November 2005 in Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "My Dog Is Lost", "paragraph_text": "My Dog Is Lost is a 1960 children's picture book by American author and illustrator Ezra Jack Keats. \"My Dog is Lost\" was Keats' first attempt at authoring a children's book. Keats has authored and/or illustrated more than 85 books for children."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Testament of Gideon Mack", "paragraph_text": "The Testament of Gideon Mack is a novel written by the Scottish author James Robertson, first published in 2006. It pays conscious homage to ideas and themes originally explored with powerful effect in the novel \"The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner\" (1824) by the Scottish novelist, essayist and poet James Hogg. Set in present day Scotland, Robertson's story of a contemporary minister of the Church of Scotland, Gideon Mack, who essentially doubts the existence of God, and thus his entire vocation, involves a wide variety of themes including questions of philosophy, tragedy, and the nature of father and son relationships. It was long-listed for the 2006 Man Booker Prize."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Edward Tarr", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hankins Tarr (born June 15, 1936 in Norwich, Connecticut), is an American trumpet player and musicologist. He has been a pioneer in the revival of Baroque and Romantic era trumpet performance practice."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Gospel of the Holy Twelve", "paragraph_text": "The first collected edition of essays (or 'Lections') by the author, a former clergyman, Rev. Gideon Jasper Richard Ouseley (1834 -- 1906) was published in 1901. By the time of Ouseley's death the title was out of print but the executor of his manuscript, Samuel Hopgood Hart (1865 -- 1958) re-issued the text in 1924. There have been numerous editions published since the 1950s and the title remains in print and on the Internet."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Miss Mousie's Blind Date", "paragraph_text": "Miss Mousie's Blind Date is a book by Canadian children's book author Tim Beiser, illustrated by Canadian painter Rachel Berman. It was published by Tundra Books in October 2012."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Johnny's in the Basement", "paragraph_text": "Johnny's in the Basement is a children's novel by the author Louis Sachar, the author of the National Book Award and Newbery Medal winning novel, \"Holes\". This book was published in 1981, by Knopf. It is Sachar's second book (\"Sideways Stories from Wayside School\" was his first, in 1979). The book's title is a reference to the song \"Subterranean Homesick Blues\" by Bob Dylan, which begins with the line \"Johnny's in the basement mixing up the medicine.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Freedom for the Thought That We Hate", "paragraph_text": "Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment is a 2007 non-fiction book by journalist Anthony Lewis about freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of thought, and the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The book starts by quoting the First Amendment, which prohibits the U.S. Congress from creating legislation which limits free speech or freedom of the press. Lewis traces the evolution of civil liberties in the U.S. through key historical events. He provides an overview of important free speech case law, including U.S. Supreme Court opinions in Schenck v. United States (1919), Whitney v. California (1927), United States v. Schwimmer (1929), New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), and New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gideon's Spies", "paragraph_text": "Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad is a 1999 book by Welsh author Gordon Thomas on the Mossad, the Israeli intelligence service."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sergey Zayashnikov", "paragraph_text": "Sergey Ivanovich Zayashnikov () is the President of the Russian Muay Thai League, martial arts writer, TV commentator, promoter, one of the founders of the Muay Thai in Russia. He is the author of the first book about karate in the USSR (Karate Technique, 1990), co-author of the first book about Russian hand combat in Russia (Russian-Style Hand to Hand Combat,1991), co-author of the first book about Muay Thai in Russia (Thailand boxing, 1992)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Piare Lal Sharma", "paragraph_text": "Piare Lal Sharma (1902\u20132006) was a renowned author from India, author of several books including \"India Betrayed\". Among the many books written by this author, following are very well known:"}], "question": "What did the author of Gideon's Trumpet quote?"}
{"id": "2hop__146537_512488", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Iron Curtain", "paragraph_text": "The Iron Curtain took physical shape in the form of border defenses between the countries of western and eastern Europe. These were some of the most heavily militarised areas in the world, particularly the so - called ``inner German border ''-- commonly known as die Grenze in German -- between East and West Germany. The inner German border was marked in rural areas by double fences made of steel mesh (expanded metal) with sharp edges, while near urban areas a high concrete barrier similar to the Berlin Wall was built. The installation of the Wall in 1961 brought an end to a decade during which the divided capital of divided Germany was one of the easiest places to move west across the Iron Curtain."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Midway River", "paragraph_text": "The Midway River is an river located in southern Saint Louis County and northeast Carlton County, Minnesota, United States. It is a tributary of the Saint Louis River and flows northeast to southwest. The Midway River rises in the central part of Hermantown, then flows through Midway Township and Thomson Township, before flowing into the Saint Louis River southeast of Cloquet."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Matthews Peak", "paragraph_text": "Matthews Peak () is a prominent peak, rising to northwest of Statham Peak in the southwest part of Perplex Ridge, Pourquoi Pas Island, in Marguerite Bay, Antarctica. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1979 after David W. Matthews, a British Antarctic Survey geologist on Stonington Island, 1965\u201367, who worked in the area."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kon Tum Province", "paragraph_text": "Kon Tum Province lies in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam and shares borders with Laos and Cambodia. It has an area of 9,934 square km and a population of approximately 530,000. The economy is primarily agricultural."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fairview, California", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. It borders on the city of Hayward and the census-designated place of Castro Valley. The population was 10,003 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple", "paragraph_text": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada, popularly known as Peruviruthy Malanada or Malanada is the only Duryodhana Temple in South India. It is located at Edakkad Ward (Kara) of Poruvazhy village in Kunnathoor Taluk of Kollam district (Kerala State), India. This place is the northern border of Kollam district which Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha districts share the boundaries. The temple is located equidistant from Adoor (M C Road) to the Northeast and Sasthamcottah to the Southeast. It is also reachable from Kayamkulam and Karunagappally on the NH 47 and Kottarakkara (via Puthoor or Enathu) on the MC road (approximately 25\u00a0km from each centre)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Live by the sword, die by the sword", "paragraph_text": "The saying appears in the Latin Bible in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 26, verse 52. an unnamed follower of Jesus draws his sword and cuts off the ear of a servant of the high priest. Jesus then says to him: Converte gladium tuum in locum suum. Omnes enim, qui acceperint gladium, gladio peribunt. (``Return your sword to its place, for all who will take up the sword, will die by the sword. '') The phrase in the Greek original version of the Gospel is \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u1fc3 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Matthew Trupiano", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Trupiano suffered a heart attack at his home on October 22, 1997 and was pronounced dead at St. Anthony's Medical Center in South St. Louis County, Missouri."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Indonesia lies between latitudes 11\u00b0S and 6\u00b0N, and longitudes 95\u00b0E and 141\u00b0E. It is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. According to the country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Indonesia has 17,504 islands (16,056 of which are registered at the UN), scattered over both sides of the equator, and with about 6,000 of them inhabited. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea). Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Soltau", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Soltau () took place on 28 June 1519 and was the military climax of the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud which lasted from 1519\u20131523. Some sources describe it as \"the last knights' battle\" (\"Die letzte Ritterschlacht\")."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Matthews Island", "paragraph_text": "Matthews Island is the largest of the Robertson Islands in the South Orkney Islands off Antarctica. It lies immediately south-east of Coronation Island, from which it is separated by a narrow channel known as the Divide. Matthews Island was mapped as part of Coronation Island until January 1957 when a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) party established its insularity. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 for Drummond H. Matthews, a FIDS geologist at Signy Island in 1956."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the place where Matthew Trupiano died?"}
{"id": "2hop__12109_415077", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Texas Southern Tigers football", "paragraph_text": "The Texas Southern Tigers is the college football team representing Texas Southern University, a historically black university (HBCU) in Houston. The Tigers play in the NCAA's Division I FCS as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC), a conference whose members are all HBCUs. In 2012, the Tigers moved into the new BBVA Compass Stadium, built for the city's Major League Soccer team, the Houston Dynamo. It replaced the Alexander Durley Sports Complex as the home of Tiger football. On December 3, 2015, Houston native Michael Haywood was hired as the Tigers' 16th all-time head coach."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Riverdale Ward", "paragraph_text": "Riverdale Ward was a municipal ward in the city of Ottawa, Canada. It was created in 1929, when it split off from Capital Ward. The ward consisted of that part of Ottawa between Bronson Avenue and what is now Nicholas Street, between the Rideau River and the Rideau Canal. This area consists of the present day neighbourhoods of Old Ottawa East and Old Ottawa South."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "City and Eastern Songs", "paragraph_text": "City and Eastern Songs is the third album by anti-folk artist Jeffrey Lewis, though is credited to Jeffrey & Jack Lewis, Jeffrey's brother. Though Jack Lewis had contributed vocals, bass and songwriting to Jeffrey's two previous albums, this is the first instance in which he was given equal billing on the cover. The album was released in 2005 on Rough Trade Records and produced by Kramer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mary Hicks", "paragraph_text": "Mary Hicks is a professor Emeritus at Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. Mary Ward Hicks taught at Florida State University for 30 years in the Interdivisional Program of Marriage and the Family. Before coming to Florida State University in 1973, Hicks received the award of \u201cOutstanding Educator of America\u201d in 1972. In 1974, in St. Louis, Hicks received the Ernest G. Osborne Teaching Award. Educated at the University of Idaho and the University of California, Hicks received her PhD in Child Development from Pennsylvania State University."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ward Melville", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Brooklyn to Frank Melville, Jr. and his wife, Jennie. Ward Melville attended college at Columbia University, where he was active in the \"Columbia Daily Spectator\" and the Philolexian Society."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brazil at the 2006 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The Brazilian team played until the quarter - finals, where they were defeated by France, finishing the tournament in the fifth place -- for the third time in history (1954 and 1986 were the previous instances)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rideau-Rockcliffe Ward", "paragraph_text": "Prior to amalgamation, the area was part of Rideau Ward. The name \"Rideau Ward\" has been applied to this area since New Edinburgh was annexed by Ottawa in 1887. It was first contested in the 1888 municipal election. This recent incarnation of Rideau Ward was created in 1994 from Overbrook-Forbes Ward and part of By-Rideau Ward."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Derek Pang", "paragraph_text": "He was educated at the University of East Anglia (LLB, 1985), the University of Hong Kong (MPA, 1990), and Peking University (LLB, 1995). He was called to the English and Hong Kong Bar in 1986 and 1987 respectively, and was appointed a Judge of the Court of First Instance of the High Court in 2009. He was made a Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal in 2015."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ter\u00e4srautela", "paragraph_text": "Ter\u00e4srautela is a district in the Kuninkoja ward of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located to the west of the city, and is mainly a high-density residential suburb. The large \"L\u00e4nsikeskus\" shopping centre is located in Ter\u00e4srautela."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mount Hutton, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Mount Hutton is a suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, located from Newcastle's central business district on the eastern side of Lake Macquarie. It is part of the City of Lake Macquarie North Ward."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston. The University of Houston is a nationally recognized Tier One research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its 667-acre campus in southeast Houston. The University of Houston\u2013Clear Lake and the University of Houston\u2013Downtown are stand-alone universities; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University, one of the largest historically black colleges and universities in the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Highgate (Camden ward)", "paragraph_text": "Highgate is a ward in the London Borough of Camden, in the United Kingdom. The ward has existed since the creation of the borough on 1 April 1965 and was first used in the 1964 elections. The ward was redrawn in May 1978 and May 2002."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ward Valley", "paragraph_text": "Ward Valley () is an ice-free valley that lies between Porter Hills and Xanadu Hills and east of the snout of Ward Glacier in the Denton Hills, Scott Coast, Antarctica. Named by US-ACAN (1994) in association with Ward Glacier and Ward Lake."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "University", "paragraph_text": "A national university is generally a university created or run by a national state but at the same time represents a state autonomic institution which functions as a completely independent body inside of the same state. Some national universities are closely associated with national cultural or political aspirations, for instance the National University of Ireland in the early days of Irish independence collected a large amount of information on the Irish language and Irish culture. Reforms in Argentina were the result of the University Revolution of 1918 and its posterior reforms by incorporating values that sought for a more equal and laic higher education system."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charlie Ward", "paragraph_text": "Charlie Ward Jr. (born October 12, 1970) is a retired American professional NBA basketball player, college football Heisman Trophy winner, Davey O'Brien Award winner and a Major League Baseball draftee. Despite his NCAA football success, Ward was one of the very few players who won a Heisman trophy but was not drafted in the NFL draft. He won the College Football National Championship with the Florida State University Seminoles. Ward played several years with the New York Knicks and started in the NBA Finals. He was inducted in the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006. An avid tennis player, Ward also displayed his skills at the Arthur Ashe Tennis Tournament in 1994."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Erasmus", "paragraph_text": "In 1495, with Bishop Henry's consent and a stipend, Erasmus went on to study at the University of Paris, in the Coll\u00e8ge de Montaigu, a centre of reforming zeal, under the direction of the ascetic Jan Standonck, of whose rigors he complained. The University was then the chief seat of Scholastic learning but already coming under the influence of Renaissance humanism. For instance, Erasmus became an intimate friend of an Italian humanist Publio Fausto Andrelini, poet and \"professor of humanity\" in Paris."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Springfield/Belmont, Newark, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Springfield/Belmont is a neighborhood in the city of Newark in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. Part of the Central Ward, it is unofficially bounded by South Orange Avenue in the north, Avon Avenue in the south, Martin Luther King Boulevard and University Avenue on the east, and Bergen Street in the west."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Raymond H. Fogler", "paragraph_text": "Raymond H. Fogler was born in Hope, Maine and educated at the University of Maine, receiving a bachelor's degree in biology in 1915. He received a master's degree from Princeton University and then returned to Maine to become executive secretary of the Agriculture Extension Service. He later moved to New York City and began a career in business. He worked at W. T. Grant and Montgomery Ward, ultimately serving as president of each of those companies. While running Montgomery Ward, he was instrumental in choosing the Robert May's story of Rudolph the Red-nosed Reindeer as it first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward, the department store"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Stittsville Ward", "paragraph_text": "Stittsville (Ward 6) is a city ward in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It consists of the community of Stittsville in suburban Ottawa. Prior to the 2006 election, the Ward was known as Goulbourn Ward which consisted of the former Goulbourn Township (including Stittsville and Richmond). The ward as altered in 2006, by losing all of the rural parts of Goulbourn (including urban Richmond) and gaining a tiny bit of the former city of Kanata around Scotiabank Place. The ward was created when Goulbourn was amalgamated into Ottawa in 2000. It was known as Stittsville-Kanata West Ward until 2010."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Counties of Trinidad and Tobago", "paragraph_text": "Historically, Trinidad was divided into eight counties, and these counties were subdivided into Wards. Tobago was administered as a Ward of County Saint David."}], "question": "What is the university located in Houston's third ward an example of?"}
{"id": "2hop__515603_157320", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gibson Dam", "paragraph_text": "Gibson Dam is a concrete arch dam on the Sun River, a tributary of the Missouri River, about west of Great Falls, Montana in the United States. Located on the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains, the dam was built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) between 1926 and 1929 as part of the Sun River Project to develop about of irrigated land in the Sun River Valley."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gamkapoort Dam", "paragraph_text": "Gamkapoort Dam is a gravity type dam located on the Gamka River, near Prince Albert, Western Cape, South Africa. It was established in 1969 and its primary purpose is for flood control."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shahid Abbaspour Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Shahid Abbaspour Dam (Persian: \u0633\u062f \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631), formerly known as Great Reza Shah Dam (Persian: \u0633\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0628\u06cc\u0631) before 1979 Revolution, is a large arch dam providing hydroelectricity from the Karun River; it is located about northeast of Masjed Soleiman, in the province of Khuzestan, Iran, and originally completed in 1976, and formerly named \"Reza Shah Kabir Dam\". The dam was the first of a series of dams planned for development on the Karun River."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "J. Percy Priest Dam", "paragraph_text": "J. Percy Priest Dam is a dam in north central Tennessee at river mile 6.8 of the Stones River, a tributary of the Cumberland. It is located about ten miles (16\u00a0km) east of downtown Nashville. The reservoir behind the dam is Percy Priest Lake. It is one of four major flood control reservoirs for the Cumberland; the others being Wolf Creek Dam, Dale Hollow Dam, and Center Hill Dam."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Namoi River", "paragraph_text": "The Namoi River rises on the western slopes of the Moonbi Range and Great Dividing Range, near Niangala, at the convergence of the Macdonald River and Boundary Creek, and flows generally west, joined by twenty-seven tributaries, including the Peel, Manilla and Mooki rivers, before reaching its confluence with the Barwon River, near Walgett."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Injaka Dam", "paragraph_text": "Injaka Dam, also spelled Inyaka Dam is an earth-fill type dam located on the Ngwaritsane River, near Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa. It was established in 2001 and its primary purpose is to store water for irrigation use. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked as high (3)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Keepit Power Station", "paragraph_text": "Keepit Power Station is a hydro-electric power station located at the Keepit Dam on the Namoi River, near Gunnedah in the North West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia. The Keepit Power Station has one turbine with a generating capacity of of electricity. The power station is operated by Eraring Energy and generated of net energy production during 2009, used primarily for peak-load generation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Enloe Dam and Powerplant", "paragraph_text": "The Enloe Dam, also known as the Similkameen Dam, and its powerplant are located on the Similkameen River about west-northwest of Oroville, Washington. Located just above Similkameen (Coyote) Falls, the concrete arch-gravity dam stands about high, with a crest length of about , built between 1916 and 1923. The dam was named after the president of the Okanogan Valley Power Company, Eugene Enloe. The dam was operated to generate power at its powerplant, located about downstream from the dam. Lacking fish ladders, Enloe Dam blocks fish passage and completely extirpated anadromous fish migration into the upper reaches of the Similkameen River and its tributaries in Canada."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Balui River", "paragraph_text": "Balui River () is a river in Sarawak, Malaysia. It is a tributary of the Rajang River. The 2400 megawatt Bakun hydroelectric dam is located on the river."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Keepit Dam", "paragraph_text": "Keepit Dam is a major gated mass concrete gravity dam with an earth fill abutment and a central gated concrete overflow crest and six radial gate spillways across the Namoi River upstream of its junction with the Peel River in the North West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia. The dam's purpose includes flood mitigation, hydro-power, irrigation, water supply and conservation. The impounded reservoir is called Lake Keepit."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sondur Dam", "paragraph_text": "Sondur Dam is located in Dhamtari District of Chhattisgarh in India. It was constructed in 1988 across Sondur River. The catchment area of the Sondur river up to the dam is 518\u00a0km."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hari (Afghanistan)", "paragraph_text": "In western Afghanistan the Hari Rud flows to the south of Herat. The valley around Herat was historically famous for its fertility and dense cultivation. After Herat, the river turns northwest, then north, forming the northern part of the border between Afghanistan and Iran. Farther north it forms the south-eastern part of the border between Iran and Turkmenistan. The Iran\u2013Turkmenistan Friendship Dam is on the river.The Afghan-India Friendship Dam (Salma Dam) is a hydroelectric and irrigation dam project located on the Hari Rud in Chishti sharif District of Herat Province in western Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Joe Wheeler State Park", "paragraph_text": "Joe Wheeler State Park is a state-owned, public recreation area with resort features located on Wheeler Lake, an impoundment of the Tennessee River in northwest Alabama. The state park contains of land in three separate parcels and adjoins the Tennessee Valley Authority's Wheeler Dam."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sol Plaatje Dam", "paragraph_text": "Sol Plaatje Dam (or Saulspoort Dam) is an earth-fill type dam located at the confluence of the As and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers near Bethlehem, Free State, South Africa. It was established in 1968 and serves mainly for municipal and domestic water supply. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high. The reservoir receives water from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project via the As River."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tarka River", "paragraph_text": "The Tarka River is a river in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Along with the Baviaans River, Grootbrak River and Kat River it is a major eastern tributary of the Great Fish River. The Lake Arthur Dam and the Kommandodrif Dam are located in this river. The latter is included in the Commando Drift Nature Reserve."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Indianford, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Indianford (also Fosters Ferry, Fulton Center, Indian Ford, Morses Landing) is an unincorporated community located in the town of Fulton in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States, on the Rock River. The Rock River is dammed at Indianford; this creates Lake Koshkonong upstream from the dam."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gatun Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Gatun Dam is a large earthen dam across the Chagres River in Panama, near the town of Gatun. The dam, constructed between 1907 and 1913, is a crucial element of the Panama Canal; it impounds the artificial Gatun Lake, which in turn carries ships for of their transit across the Isthmus of Panama. In addition, a hydro-electric generating station at the dam generates electricity which is used to operate the locks and other equipment in the canal."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ross River Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Ross River Dam is a rock and earthfill-filled embankment dam across the Ross River, located between Kelso and Mount Stuart in the City of Townsville in northern Queensland, Australia. Built initially for flood control, Lake Ross, the impoundment created by the dam, serves as one of the major potable water supplies for the region."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yayangshan Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Yayangshan Dam (\u5d16\u7f8a\u5c71) is a concrete-face rock-fill dam on the Lixian River, bordering the counties of Ning'er and Mojiang in Yunnan Province, China. It is located from Pu'er City. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 120 MW power station. Construction began in 2003, the river was diverted in 2004 and the two 60 MW generators were commissioned in 2006. It is the first dam in the Lixian River cascade."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fengjie County", "paragraph_text": "Fengjie County () is a county of Chongqing Municipality, China. It is on the Yangtze River; located within a couple hundreds kilometers upstream from the Three Gorges Dam, it is within the dam's affected area."}], "question": "What river does the river on which the Keepit Dam is situated turn into?"}
{"id": "2hop__77955_56811", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Andy Travis", "paragraph_text": "Andy Travis is a fictional character on the television situation comedy WKRP in Cincinnati (1978 -- 82). He was played by Gary Sandy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Ryan (footballer, born 1962)", "paragraph_text": "John B. Ryan (born 18 February 1962 in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England), is an English footballer who played as a left back in the Football League. Equally adept at left full back or left wing, is still fondly remembered at Boundary Park where he was a firm fan favourite."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Willie Rose", "paragraph_text": "William \"Willie\" Rose (born March 23, 1987) is a former American football fullback. He was an undrafted rookie free agent signed by the Titans. He played college football at Florida Atlantic."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "DeMarco Murray", "paragraph_text": "DeMarco Murray (born February 12, 1988) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Oklahoma and was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Philadelphia Eagles and Tennessee Titans."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jonathan Orr", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Orr (born March 20, 1983 in Detroit, Michigan) is a former American football wide receiver who played for the NFL's Oakland Raiders and Tennessee Titans. He was drafted in the sixth round, pick 172 of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Titans. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lynchburg Titans", "paragraph_text": "The Lynchburg Titans are a franchise of the Premier Basketball League which began play in the 2011-12 season. Based in Lynchburg, Virginia, they play their home games in Downtown Lynchburg at the Lynchburg City Armory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gerry Bertier", "paragraph_text": "Gerry Bertier was portrayed in the Disney film Remember the Titans by actor Ryan Hurst. While most of the film is historically accurate, there are certain aspects of Bertier's portrayal that are not completely factual. The name of Bertier's girlfriend and Bertier and Campbell's relationship, for example, were misrepresented. Bertier's on - the - field portrayal in the film, however, is almost entirely correct. As the team's defensive captain, Bertier was a dominating force on the linebacking corps and received All - American honors following the team's championship season. Although heralded as an exceptional leader on and off the football field, Bertier's duties never included cutting fellow players from the team as he was shown doing in the film."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josue Mat\u00edas", "paragraph_text": "Josue Mat\u00edas (born January 6, 1993) is a former gridiron football guard who last played for the Ottawa Redblacks. He played college football at Florida State. Upon signing with the Tennessee Titans in 2015, he became the first Dominican-born player in the NFL."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Javon Ringer", "paragraph_text": "Javon Eugene Ringer (born February 2, 1987) is an American football running back who last played for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Michigan State University, and was drafted in the fifth round of the 2009 NFL draft."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Saving Private Ryan", "paragraph_text": "Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 American epic war film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat. Set during the Invasion of Normandy in World War II, the film is notable for its graphic portrayal of war, and for the intensity of its opening 27 minutes, which includes a depiction of the Omaha Beach assault during the Normandy landings. It follows United States Army Rangers Captain John H. Miller (Tom Hanks) and a squad (Tom Sizemore, Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Giovanni Ribisi, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, and Jeremy Davies) as they search for a paratrooper, Private First Class James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon), who is the last - surviving brother of four servicemen."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saving Private Ryan", "paragraph_text": "Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 American epic war drama film set during the Invasion of Normandy in World War II. Directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat, the film is notable for its graphic portrayal of war, and for the intensity of its opening 27 minutes, which includes a depiction of the Omaha Beach assault during the Normandy landings. It follows United States Army Rangers Captain John H. Miller (Tom Hanks) and a squad (Tom Sizemore, Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Giovanni Ribisi, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, and Jeremy Davies) as they search for a paratrooper, Private First Class James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon), who is the last - surviving brother of four servicemen."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Saving Private Ryan (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Saving Private Ryan: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan, directed by Steven Spielberg. The album was produced by composer John Williams and distributed by DreamWorks Records. Recorded in Symphony Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, the scores were performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, with two of the ten compositions featuring vocals from the Tanglewood Festival Chorus. The soundtrack runs for almost an hour, while the film itself lasts over two hours."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Martin Bayfield", "paragraph_text": "Since retirement, Bayfield has worked as a journalist, an after - dinner speaker, and has appeared in all of the Harry Potter films playing the half - giant Hagrid, as Robbie Coltrane's body and stunt double. (He also appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as a young Rubeus Hagrid). Continuing the acting theme, he also played a cyclops in Jonathan Liebesman's Wrath of the Titans, the sequel to 2010 movie Clash of the Titans. Bayfield also played ``Rugby Player 1 ''in an episode of the BBC One series New Tricks (first shown on 1 September 2008)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Premier League players", "paragraph_text": "The first player to reach the milestone was midfielder Gary Speed, in representation of Leeds United, Everton, Newcastle United and Bolton Wanderers; his 500th match was Bolton's 4 -- 0 win over West Ham United on 9 December 2006. Speed held the record for most appearances until 14 February 2009, when goalkeeper David James played his 536th match, for Portsmouth against his former team Manchester City. James ended with 572 appearances, a record which was broken by Ryan Giggs on 14 May 2011, having played all of his matches for Manchester United. On 25 September 2017, Gareth Barry broke Giggs' record by playing his 633rd match, West Bromwich Albion's 2 -- 0 loss at Arsenal."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Remember the Titans", "paragraph_text": "Remember the Titans is a 2000 American sports film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Boaz Yakin. The screenplay, written by Gregory Allen Howard, is based on the true story of African - American coach Herman Boone, portrayed by Denzel Washington, and his attempt to integrate the T.C. Williams High School football team in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1971. Will Patton portrays Bill Yoast, Boone's assistant coach. Real - life athletes Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell are portrayed by Ryan Hurst and Wood Harris, respectively."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Luke Stocker", "paragraph_text": "Lucas Aaron \"Luke\" Stocker (July 17, 1988) is an American football tight end and fullback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Tennessee, and was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Tennessee Titans."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ryan Hurst", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes The Postman Eddie March 1998 Patch Adams Neil 1998 Saving Private Ryan Paratrooper Mandelsohn 2000 Rules of Engagement Captain Hustings 2000 Remember the Titans Gerry Bertier 2001 Perfect Lover Guy 2001 Venus and Mars Roberto 2002 We Were Soldiers Sgt. Ernie Savage 2002 Lone Star State of Mind Tinker The Ladykillers Lump Hudson 2006 Noble Things Kyle Collins 2008 Chasing the Green Ross Franklin 2011 Rango Jedidiah (voice) 2013 CBGB Mad Mountain"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Craig Kirkwood", "paragraph_text": "Craig Kirkwood (born August 10, 1974) is an American lawyer and former actor. He is best known for his role as Jerry \"Rev\" Harris in the 2000 film \"Remember the Titans\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ethan Suplee", "paragraph_text": "Ethan Suplee (born May 25, 1976) is an American film and television actor best known for his roles as Seth Ryan in American History X, Louie Lastik in Remember the Titans, Frankie in Boy Meets World, Randy Hickey in My Name Is Earl, Toby in The Wolf of Wall Street, and his roles in Kevin Smith films."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Select Records", "paragraph_text": "Select Records is an American record label. Among its most popular acts were the Real Roxanne, Chubb Rock, AMG, The Jerky Boys, Kid 'n Play, UTFO, Whistle, and Gary Private. From 1990 to 1995, it had a distribution deal with Elektra Records and is still distributed by the Warner Music Group's Alternative Distribution Alliance. It also had a dance-music sub-label called Active Records."}], "question": "Who did the actor of Gary Bertier in Remember the Titans play in Saving Private Ryan?"}
{"id": "2hop__157540_157342", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande \u00cele in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bear River (Sustut River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "The Bear River is a river in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest into the Sustut River, which flows southwest into the upper Skeena River."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gojeb River", "paragraph_text": "The Gojeb River is eastward-flowing tributary of the Omo River in Ethiopia. It rises in the mountains of Guma, flowing in almost a direct line its confluence with the Omo at"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hargrave River (Manitoba)", "paragraph_text": "The Hargrave River is a river in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in Northern Manitoba, Canada. It flows in a southeasterly direction from its source at Hargrave Lake to Hill Lake on the Minago River which flows into Cross Lake on the Nelson River."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saint Louis River", "paragraph_text": "The Saint Louis River (abbreviated St. Louis River) is a river in the U.S. states of Minnesota and Wisconsin that flows into Lake Superior. The largest U.S. river to flow into the lake, it is in length and starts east of Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota. The river's watershed covers . Near the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin, the river becomes a freshwater estuary. The lower St. Louis is the only river in the state with whitewater rafting opportunities."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bargo River", "paragraph_text": "The Bargo River rises in the southern slopes of Southern Highlands, north of Colo Vale, and flows generally north-east, joined by two minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Nepean River, near Bargo."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Des Moines River", "paragraph_text": "The Des Moines River () is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the upper Midwestern United States that is approximately long from its farther headwaters. The largest river flowing across the state of Iowa, it rises in southern Minnesota and flows across Iowa from northwest to southeast, passing from the glaciated plains into the unglaciated hills near the capital city of Des Moines, named after the river, in the center of the state. The river continues to flow at a southeastern direction away from Des Moines, later flowing directly into the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Big Salmon River (New Brunswick)", "paragraph_text": "The Big Salmon River is a small river in southern New Brunswick, Canada, that flows south into the Bay of Fundy. The river has its source to the southwest of Sussex, New Brunswick. The river flows into the Bay of Fundy near St. Martins, New Brunswick, and serves as the endpoint of the Fundy Trail."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kaltenbach (D\u00fcrnach)", "paragraph_text": "Kaltenbach is a river of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. It is a right tributary of the D\u00fcrnach and belongs to the Danube river system. It is long and rises about east of Ringschnait. Most of the river flows through forest, and then flows into the D\u00fcrnach south-west of Wennedach."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nepean River", "paragraph_text": "Nepean River (Darug: Yandhai), is a major perennial river, located in the south-west and west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Nepean River and its associated mouth, the Hawkesbury River, virtually encircle the metropolitan region of Sydney."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "\u00d6sterdal River", "paragraph_text": "\u00d6sterdal\u00e4lven is a long river in Sweden that flows southeast through Dalarna. Its sources are Stor\u00e5n, Gr\u00f6vlan and S\u00f6r\u00e4lven and the end point is Djur\u00e5s, in the municipality of Gagnef, where it connects with V\u00e4sterdal\u00e4lven to form Dal\u00e4lven. \u00d6sterdal\u00e4lven flows through the Tr\u00e4ngslet Dam and Siljan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bargo railway station", "paragraph_text": "Bargo railway station is located on the Main South line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Bargo, opening on 13 July 1919 as West Bargo at the same time as a new alignment between Picton and Mittagong. It was renamed Bargo on 1 November 1921."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Econlockhatchee River", "paragraph_text": "The Econlockhatchee River (Econ River for short) is an north-flowing blackwater tributary of the St. Johns River, the longest river in the U.S. state of Florida. The Econ River flows through Osceola, Orange, and Seminole counties in Central Florida, just east of the Orlando Metropolitan Area (east of State Road 417). It is a designated Outstanding Florida Waters."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Broad River (Jamaica)", "paragraph_text": "The Broad River is a river in Jamaica. It flows into the Black River at the Great Morass in St. Elizabeth."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pager River", "paragraph_text": "The Pager River is a river of Uganda in eastern Africa. It flows through the northern part of the country and joins the Achwa River."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kunwak River", "paragraph_text": "The Kunwak River is a river of Nunavut, Canada. It flows northeast out of Tulemalu Lake and enters Tebesjuak Lake, Mallery Lake and Princess Mary Lake before turning southeast and flowing into Thirty Mile Lake on the Kazan River."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Apies River", "paragraph_text": "The Apies River is a river that flows through the city of Pretoria, South Africa. Its source is located just south of the city (south of Erasmus Park) and it flows northward until it drains into the Pienaars River."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Indian River (New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "The Indian River is a long river located in western New Hampshire in the United States. The river is a tributary of the Mascoma River, which in turn flows to the Connecticut River and ultimately Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Segen River", "paragraph_text": "Segen is a river that arises from Delo Mountain, central Amarro, Ethiopia. The river flows to the east, then to the north and to the west and last to the south to join the Weito River. On the western side of Amarro horst the valley through which the river flows is called Segen Valley."}], "question": "What river connects to the river into which Bargo River flows?"}
{"id": "2hop__532185_246590", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yemelyan Yaroslavsky", "paragraph_text": "Yemelyan Yaroslavsky was born into a Jewish family as Minei Israilevich Gubelman in Chita, then the capital of Russia's Transbaikal Oblast, on March 3, 1878."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Magnificent Sinner", "paragraph_text": "Magnificent Sinner (original French title: Katia) is a 1959 French film by director Robert Siodmak about the romance between Tsar Alexander II of Russia and the then-schoolgirl Catherine Dolgorukov, who later became his mistress and finally his morganatic wife. It stars Romy Schneider as Katia, a schoolgirl who becomes the Tsar's mistress and Curd J\u00fcrgens as Tsar Alexander II of Russia. The film, originally released as \"Katia\", was a remake of a 1938 French film of the same name, which starred Danielle Darrieux."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ang\u00e9lique Abachkina", "paragraph_text": "Ang\u00e9lique Abachkina (pronounced /\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0251\u0283ki\u02d0n\u0251\u02d0/, ) was born on 26 January 2000 in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. She arrived in France with her family when she was eight months old."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "AS Monaco FC", "paragraph_text": "Monaco Full name Association Sportive de Monaco Football Club Nickname (s) Les Mon\u00e9gasques (The Mon\u00e9gasques) Les Rouges et Blancs (The Red and Whites) Short name ASM Founded 23 August 1924; 93 years ago (1924 - 08 - 23) Ground Stade Louis II Ground Capacity 18,523 Owner Ekaterina Rybolovleva Trust (66.67%) House of Grimaldi (33.33%) Manager Leonardo Jardim League Ligue 1 2016 -- 17 Ligue 1, 1st Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Russian battleship Ekaterina II", "paragraph_text": "Ekaterina II ( \"Catherine II of Russia\") was the lead ship of the pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1880s. Her crew was considered unreliable when the crew of the battleship mutinied in June 1905 and her engines were decoupled from the propellers to prevent her from joining \"Potemkin\". She was turned over to the Sevastopol port authorities before being stricken on 14 August 1907. She was re-designated as \"Stricken Vessel Nr. 3\" on 22 April 1912 before being sunk as a torpedo target for the Black Sea Fleet."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym", "paragraph_text": "Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (21 May 1744 in Schaumburg \u2013 2 May 1790), was a German prince of the House of Ascania from the Anhalt-Bernburg branch through the sub-branch of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym and a Russian General under the service of Empress Catherine II the Great."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aleksandr Grebenyuk", "paragraph_text": "Aleksandr Grebenyuk (; born 22 May 1951 in Zelenokumsk, Stavropol Kray) is a retired decathlete from the Soviet Union. He set the best world's year performance in 1977, collecting 8400 points at a meet in Riga on 3 July 1977. He won the European title in 1978, and collected three Soviet titles (1977, 1978 and 1979). His cousin is Ekaterina Grebenyuk, future physician."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Viktor Nogin", "paragraph_text": "Viktor Nogin, born in Moscow, Russia to a Jewish family was the self-educated son of a shop keeper and a weaver by profession. In 1898 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). He was arrested and exiled several times, spending time in most of Russia's large jails."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Caucasian pygmy shrew", "paragraph_text": "The Caucasian pygmy shrew or Ukrainian shrew (\"Sorex volnuchini\") is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is found in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Russia, Ukraine, possibly Iran, and possibly Turkey."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Allied leaders of World War I", "paragraph_text": "Nicholas II -- last Czar of Russia, titular King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland. His rule ended with the Russian Revolution. Nicholas was killed on 17 July 1918."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "August Perk", "paragraph_text": "August Perk was born as the son of a merchant family based in Lohne, Germany. At the Age of 17 August Perk served as a soldier in World War I in Russia and France."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alexander Military Law Academy", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Military Law Academy () (1867\u20131917) was an educational institution in Russian Empire that provided military law education for officers of Russian Army and Fleet. It was established in 1867 and named after his founder, Emperor Alexander II of Russia in 1908. The Academy was situated in St. Petersburg by 96 Moika Embankment, along with many other institutions of military education."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alex Katz", "paragraph_text": "Alex Katz was born July 24, 1927 to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, as the son of an \u00e9migr\u00e9 who had lost a factory he owned in Russia to the Soviet revolution. In 1928 the family moved to St. Albans, Queens, where Katz grew up."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jean Worms", "paragraph_text": "Jean Worms (1884\u20131943) was a French film actor who appeared in a mixture of leading and supporting roles. Worms played Tsar Nicholas II of Russia in the 1938 film \"Rasputin\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Herbert (Family Guy)", "paragraph_text": "John Herbert Family Guy character First appearance ``To Love and Die in Dixie ''Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Mike Henry Information Full name John Herbert Gender Male Occupation U.S Army Air force pilot in World War II Nationality American"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia", "paragraph_text": "Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia (2 February 1907 \u2013 25 October 1951) was the eldest daughter of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna. She was born in Coburg when her parents were in exile because their marriage had not been approved by Tsar Nicholas II. She was generally called \"Marie,\" the French version of her name, or by the Russian nickname \"Masha.\" The family returned to Russia prior to World War I, but was forced to flee following the Russian Revolution of 1917."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)", "paragraph_text": "Princess Louise came to Russia in November 1792, when she was chosen by Empress Catherine II of Russia as a bride for her eldest grandson, Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich of Russia, the future Tsar Alexander I. Louise converted to the Orthodox Church, took the title of Grand Duchess of Russia and traded the name Louise Maria for Elizabeth Alexeievna. She married Alexander on 28 September 1793, when he was fifteen and she was fourteen. Initially the marriage was happy. Elizabeth was beautiful, but shy and withdrawn. She had two daughters, but both died in early childhood. During the reign of her father-in-law, Tsar Paul I, Elizabeth supported her husband's policies and she was with him on the night of Paul\u2019s assassination."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Romanovs: An Imperial Family", "paragraph_text": "The Romanovs: An Imperial Family (, ) is a 2000 Russian film about the last days of Tsar Nicholas II and his family. The Russian title implies both the Imperial Crown of Russia and the crown of thorns associated with martyrs. The film premiered at the 22nd annual Moscow Film Festival."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dmitry Shuisky", "paragraph_text": "Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Shuisky was a Russian boyar from the Shuisky family, a younger brother to Vasily IV of Russia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names."}], "question": "What was the family of the person Ekaterina II was named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__679679_45199", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Typhoon", "paragraph_text": "A typhoon differs from a cyclone or hurricane only on the basis of location. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jonathan Linsley", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Linsley (born 17 January 1956) is an English actor who made his professional debut in 1980. He appeared on television in Last of the Summer Wine as ``Crusher ''Milburn (1984 -- 87), and his film roles include Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, as Ogilvey aboard the ship Flying Dutchman (2006 -- 07)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "C\u00f3rdoba Department", "paragraph_text": "C\u00f3rdoba Department (, ) is a Department of the Republic of Colombia located to the north of this country in the Colombian Caribbean Region. C\u00f3rdoba faces to the north with the Caribbean Sea, to the northeast with the Sucre Department, east with the Bol\u00edvar Department and south with the Antioquia Department. Its capital is the city of Monter\u00eda."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the Cayman Islands", "paragraph_text": "In September 2004, The Cayman Islands were hit by Hurricane Ivan, causing mass devastation, loss of human and animal life (both wild and domestic / livestock) and flooding, with some accounts reporting that the majority of Grand Cayman had been underwater and with the lower floors of buildings being completely flooded in excess of 8 ft. An Ivan Flood Map is available from the Lands & Survey Dept. of The Cayman Islands indicating afflicted areas and their corresponding flood levels. This natural disaster also led to the bankruptcy of a heavily invested insurance company called Doyle. The company had re-leased estimates covering 20% damage to be re-insured at minimal fees when in fact the damage was over 65% and every claim was in the millions. The company simply could not keep paying out and the adjusters could not help lower the payments due to the high building code the Islands adhere to."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Caribbean Utilities", "paragraph_text": "Caribbean Utilities Company, Ltd., known locally as \"CUC\", commenced operations as the only public electric utility in Grand Cayman, the largest of the three Cayman Islands, in May 1966."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hurricane Wilma", "paragraph_text": "Hurricane Wilma was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, as well as the most intense recorded in the western hemisphere until Hurricane Patricia in 2015. Part of the record - breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which included three of the top ten most intense Atlantic hurricanes ever (along with # 4 Rita and # 7 Katrina), Wilma was the twenty - second storm, thirteenth hurricane, sixth major hurricane, fourth Category 5 hurricane, and second-most destructive hurricane of the 2005 season. A tropical depression formed in the Caribbean Sea near Jamaica on October 15, headed westward, and two days later intensified into a tropical storm which turned abruptly southward and was named Wilma. Wilma continued to strengthen, and eventually became a hurricane on October 18. Shortly thereafter, explosive intensification occurred, and in only 24 hours, Wilma became a Category 5 hurricane with wind speeds of 185 miles per hour (298 km / h)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hurricane Charley", "paragraph_text": "Hurricane Charley was the first of four individual hurricanes to produce winds of at least 75 mph in Florida in a single season -- Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne. It was the third named storm, the second hurricane, and the second major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. Charley lasted from August 9 to August 15, and at its peak intensity it attained 150 mph (240 km / h) winds, making it a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale. It made landfall in southwestern Florida at maximum strength, making it the strongest hurricane to hit the United States since Hurricane Andrew struck Florida in 1992."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hurricane Irma", "paragraph_text": "Hurricane Irma Category 5 major hurricane (SSHWS / NWS) Hurricane Irma at peak intensity approaching the Leeward Islands on September 5 Formed August 30, 2017 Dissipated September 13, 2017 (Remnant low after September 12) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained: 180 mph (285 km / h) Lowest pressure 914 mbar (hPa); 26.99 inHg Fatalities 52 direct, 82 indirect Damage $64.76 billion (2017 USD) (Fifth - costliest tropical cyclone on record) Areas affected Cape Verde, Leeward Islands (especially Barbuda, Saint Barthelemy, Anguilla, Saint Martin and the Virgin Islands), Greater Antilles (Cuba and Puerto Rico), Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, Eastern United States (especially Florida) Part of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season History Meteorological history Effects Caribbean Islands Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas British Virgin Islands Cuba United States Florida Other wikis Commons: Irma images"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2002 Atlantic hurricane season", "paragraph_text": "Noted hurricane expert William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University issue forecasts of hurricane activity each year, separately from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Gray's team determined the average number of storms per season between 1950 and 2000 to be 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (storms exceeding Category 3). A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 9 to 12 named storms, of which 5 to 7 reach hurricane strength and 1 to 3 become major hurricanes."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2004 Atlantic hurricane season", "paragraph_text": "There are four notables storms: Hurricane Charley, that made landfall in Florida as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS), causing $15.1 billion in damage in the United States alone. Later in August, Hurricane Frances struck the Bahamas and Florida, causing at least 49 deaths and $9.5 billion in damage. The most intense storm, and the one that caused the most damage, was Hurricane Ivan. It was a Category 5 hurricane that devastated multiple countries adjacent to the Caribbean Sea, before entering the Gulf of Mexico and causing catastrophic destruction on the Gulf Coast of the United States, especially Alabama and Florida. Throughout the countries it passed through, Ivan left 129 fatalities and over $23.33 billion in damage. The most significant tropical cyclone in terms of deaths was Hurricane Jeanne. In Haiti, torrential rainfall in the mountainous areas resulted in mudslides and severe flooding, causing at least 3,006 fatalities. Jeanne also struck Florida, inflicting extensive destruction. Overall, the storm caused at least $8.1 billion in damage and 3,042 deaths."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hurricane Maria", "paragraph_text": "Originating from a tropical wave, Maria became a tropical storm on September 16, east of the Lesser Antilles. Highly favorable environmental conditions allowed the storm to undergo explosive intensification as it approached the island arc. The hurricane reached Category 5 strength on September 18 upon making landfall on Dominica, producing extreme winds across the entire island. Afterwards, Maria achieved its peak intensity over the eastern Caribbean with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km / h) and a pressure of 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg), making it the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record. Weakening slightly, but retaining its ferocious winds, Maria struck Puerto Rico as a high - end Category 4 hurricane on September 20. Interaction with land weakened the hurricane, though it regained some strength as it moved northeast of The Bahamas. Moving slowly to the north, Maria gradually degraded and weakened to a tropical storm on September 28. Embedded in the westerlies, Maria accelerated toward the east and later east - northeast over the open Atlantic, becoming extratropical on September 30 and dissipating by October 3."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hurricane Irma", "paragraph_text": "Given that Irma's forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico and parts of Hispaniola on September 5."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Executive Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Executive Airlines, Inc. was a regional airline headquartered in Carolina, Puerto Rico. Effective April 1, 2013 Executive Airlines continued to do business in the Caribbean and Bahamas as an aircraft ground handling company, providing services to various airlines in the region, after it had ceased operating scheduled passenger flights with ATR turboprop aircraft as an American Eagle air carrier on behalf of American Airlines via a code sharing agreement providing passenger feed at the former American Airlines hub located at the Luis Munoz Marin International Airport (SJU) located in San Juan, Puerto Rico."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mexico Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Mexico Beach is a city in Bay County, Florida, United States. It is located southeast of Panama City. The population was 1,072 at the 2010 census. The community was extensively damaged by Hurricane Michael on October 10, 2018. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) declared the community \"wiped out\" in the aftermath of the hurricane's devastating impact."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "EDP Renov\u00e1veis", "paragraph_text": "EDPR was established in 2007 to hold and operate the growing renewable energy assets of parent company Energias de Portugal (EDP Group), Portugal\u00b4s largest utility company headquartered in Lisbon. EDP Renov\u00e1veis is the fourth-largest generator of wind energy globally."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Daytona Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Typically tropical cyclones pass offshore once they reach the northern portion of the Atlantic coast of Florida. As such, the hurricane risk for Daytona Beach is significantly lower than areas of southern Florida like Miami and Key West. The 2004 hurricane season was by far the most active in the Daytona Beach area in the last 50 years. However, since 1950 there has only been one direct hit by a tropical cyclone to the Daytona Beach area, Hurricane Donna in 1960."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Second Hurricane", "paragraph_text": "The Second Hurricane is an opera in two acts by Aaron Copland to a libretto by Edwin Denby. Specifically written for school performances, it lasts just under an hour and premiered on April 21, 1937, at the Henry Street Settlement playhouse in New York City. Set in the United States in the 1930s, the opera tells the story of a group of high school students who become trapped on an island while working to rescue the victims of a hurricane."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Caribbean Sea", "paragraph_text": "Rainfall varies with elevation, size and water currents (cool upwelling keep the ABC islands arid). Warm, moist trade winds blow consistently from the east, creating both rain forest and semi arid climates across the region. The tropical rainforest climates include lowland areas near the Caribbean Sea from Costa Rica north to Belize, as well as the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, while the more seasonal dry tropical savanna climates are found in Cuba, northern Venezuela, and southern Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico. Arid climates are found along the extreme southern coast of Venezuela out to the islands including Aruba and Curacao, as well as the northern tip of Yucat\u00e1nTropical cyclones are a threat to the nations that rim the Caribbean Sea. While landfalls are infrequent, the resulting loss of life and property damage makes them significant hazard to life in the Caribbean. Tropical cyclones that impact the Caribbean often develop off the West coast of Africa and make their way west across the Atlantic Ocean toward the Caribbean, while other storms develop in the Caribbean itself. The Caribbean hurricane season as a whole lasts from June through November, with the majority of hurricanes occurring during August and September. On average around 9 tropical storms form each year, with 5 reaching hurricane strength. According to the National Hurricane Center 385 hurricanes occurred in the Caribbean between 1494 and 1900."}], "question": "When was the last time the headquarters location of Caribbean Utilities had a hurricane?"}
{"id": "2hop__29692_41812", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mark Gillett", "paragraph_text": "Mark Gillett is a British executive, product manager and technologist. He is a partner, managing director and the senior operating partner at Silver Lake Partners, one of the largest global technology investment funds."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cake", "paragraph_text": "During the Great Depression, there was a surplus of molasses and the need to provide easily made food to millions of economically depressed people in the United States. One company patented a cake - bread mix in order to deal with this economic situation, and thereby established the first line of cake in a box. In so doing, cake as it is known today became a mass - produced good rather than a home - or bakery - made specialty."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "MacBook Pro", "paragraph_text": "The product's second iteration, known as the ``unibody ''model, has a casing made from a single piece of aluminum. It debuted in October 2008 in 13 - and 15 - inch screen sizes. In January 2009, the 17 - inch model was updated with the same unibody design. Subsequent updates brought upgraded Intel Core i5 and i7 processors and introduced Intel's Thunderbolt technology."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Celtic Tiger", "paragraph_text": "``Celtic Tiger ''(Irish: An T\u00edogar Ceilteach) is a term referring to the economy of the Republic of Ireland from the mid-1990s to the late - 2000s, a period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment. The boom was dampened by a subsequent property bubble which resulted in a severe economic downturn."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tadeusz Rybczynski", "paragraph_text": "He studied at the London School of Economics. Soon after discovering his famous theorem, he joined Lazard and spent the rest of his career there as an investment banker."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget was decreased for 2008 by EEK 6.1 billion and the expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion. In 2010, the economic situation stabilized and started a growth based on strong exports. In the fourth quarter of 2010, Estonian industrial output increased by 23% compared to the year before. The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Edward McCaffery", "paragraph_text": "Edward McCaffery (born c. 1958) is a tax law professor at the University of Southern California Law School and also a visiting professor of Law and Economics at the California Institute of Technology. At USC he is Robert C. Packard Trustee Chair in Law and Professor of Law, Economics and Political Science. He teaches Federal Income Taxation, Property, Intellectual Property, and Tax Law and Policy at USC, Law and Economics and Law and Technology at the California Institute of Technology. He also teaches Corporate Taxation, Federal Income Taxation, Partnership Taxation, Property and a Tax Policy seminar."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Academy of Science and Technology", "paragraph_text": "The National Academy of Science and Technology (\"abbreviated as \"NAST) is the highest recognition and scientific advisory body of the Philippines under the Department of Science and Technology. It was created through Presidential Decree 1003-A issued by President Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1976 to honor and recognize Filipino scientists who made worthy contributions in the advancement of science and technology in the country. It also recommends individuals to be conferred the Order of National Scientist upon approval of the President of the Philippines."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "World energy consumption", "paragraph_text": "Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US $214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Calgon Carbon", "paragraph_text": "Calgon Carbon Corporation is a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania based company that manufactures and markets products that remove contaminants and odors from liquids and gases, both for industrial, municipal, and consumer markets. Calgon Carbon's product lines typically use activated carbon in various forms, UV light technology, or ion exchange technology, and the company is the largest producer of granular activated carbon (GAC) in the world. The company also offers reactivation services, wherein activated carbon can be recycled."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Renewable energy commercialization", "paragraph_text": "A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme, climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dutch Republic", "paragraph_text": "The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange \u2013 that of the Dutch East-India Company \u2013 went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Renewable energy commercialization", "paragraph_text": "Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: \"A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support,\" and added that \"cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue.\" As of 2011[update], there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "Environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems\u2014of the order of 1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewellery making, information and communication technology, and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "paragraph_text": "According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons \"with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture\" and related to \"immediate risks with everyday relevance\", while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger. The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts. In case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem. In the UK, a report for a House of Lords committee asked to urge the IPCC to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the Stern Review ordered by the UK government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of mobile phones", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Algenol", "paragraph_text": "Algenol, founded in 2006, headquartered in Fort Myers, Florida, Algenol is an industrial biotechnology company that is commercializing patented algae technology for production of ethanol and other fuels. The technology enables the production of the four most important fuels (ethanol, gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel) using a proprietary process involving algae, sunlight, carbon dioxide and salt water."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "A elevator of this kind uses a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the \"shaft\" to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. a diaphragm or a piston is used as a \"brake\" if there's a sudden increase in pressure avove the cab. however, to go down, it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the \"shaft\", allowing the cab to go down by its own weight. this also means that in case of a power failure, the cab will automatically go down. the \"shaft\" is made of acrilic, is always round, due to the shape of the vacuum pump turbine. in order to keep the air inside of the cab, rubber seals are used. due to technical limitations, these elevators have a low capacity. they usually allow 1-3 passengers and up to 525 lbs."}], "question": "Who ordered the book that made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?"}
{"id": "2hop__107675_422885", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The First Beautiful Thing", "paragraph_text": "The First Beautiful Thing () is a 2010 Italian drama film directed by Paolo Virz\u00ec, produced by Medusa Film, Motorino Amaranto and Indiana Production, released in Italy on 15 January 2010. The film stars Micaela Ramazzotti, Valerio Mastandrea, Claudia Pandolfi and Stefania Sandrelli."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Samuel Schmid", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Schmid (born 8 January 1947 in R\u00fcti bei B\u00fcren, Canton of Bern) is a Swiss politician who was a member of the Swiss Federal Council from 2000 to 2008. He was the head of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports (notably acting as a defense minister for Switzerland)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Padus Vallis", "paragraph_text": "Padus Vallis is a valley in the Memnonia quadrangle on Mars that empties into the Medusa Fossae Formation. It is located at 4.6\u00b0 S and 150.1\u00b0 W. It is 46.0\u00a0km long and was named for the classical name for modern Po Valley in Italy. Padus Vallis is one of many valleys that empty into the Medusae Fossae Formation."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vlastimil Pt\u00e1k", "paragraph_text": "Vlastimil Pt\u00e1k (; November 8, 1925 in Prague \u2013 May 5 1999) was a Czech mathematician, who worked in functional analysis, theoretical numerical analysis, and linear algebra. Notable early work include generalizations of the open mapping theorem ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "In 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against the Romans. However, Rome responded by sending a stronger army. This second consular army decisively defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC and the Macedonians duly capitulated, ending the war."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley, head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least \u00a33.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Perseus with the Head of Medusa", "paragraph_text": "Perseus with the Head of Medusa is a bronze sculpture made by Benvenuto Cellini in the period 1545\u20131554. The sculpture stands upon a square base with bronze relief panels depicting the story of Perseus and Andromeda, similar to a predella on an altarpiece. It is located in the Loggia dei Lanzi of the Piazza della Signoria in Florence, Italy. The second Florentine duke, Duke Cosimo I de' Medici, commissioned the work with specific political connections to the other sculptural works in the piazza. When the piece was revealed to the public on 27 April 1554, Michelangelo's \"David\", Bandinelli's \"Hercules and Cacus\", and Donatello's \"Judith and Holofernes\" were already erected in the piazza."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Javier Pulido", "paragraph_text": "Javier Pulido is a Spanish comic book artist working primarily for the American market. His notable works include \"Human Target\", \"\", \"She-Hulk\" and \"The Amazing Spider-Man\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cellini Salt Cellar", "paragraph_text": "The Cellini Salt Cellar (in Vienna called the Saliera, Italian for salt cellar) is a part-enamelled gold table sculpture by Benvenuto Cellini. It was completed in 1543 for Francis I of France, from models that had been prepared many years earlier for Cardinal Ippolito d'Este."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Qian Chunqi", "paragraph_text": "He was most notable for being one of the main translators into Chinese of the works of the German writer Friedrich Nietzsche."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gorgons Head", "paragraph_text": "Gorgons Head () is a peak southeast of Mount Hughes in the Cook Mountains of Antarctica. The peak is sandstone with dolerite intrusions and is a sharp summit ridge. It was named after the Gorgons, three winged creatures of Greek mythology only one of which (Medusa) could be killed by having its head cut off."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Clash of the Titans (1981 film)", "paragraph_text": "Clash of the Titans is a 1981 British - American heroic fantasy adventure film directed by Desmond Davis and written by Beverley Cross which retells the Greek mythological story of Perseus. It stars Harry Hamlin, Judi Bowker, Burgess Meredith, Maggie Smith and Laurence Olivier. The film features the final work of stop motion visual effects artist Ray Harryhausen. It was released on June 12, 1981 and grossed $41 million at the North American box office, which made it the 11th highest - grossing film of the year. A novelization of the film by Alan Dean Foster was published in 1981."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Erwin Axer", "paragraph_text": "Erwin Axer (1 January 1917 \u2013 5 August 2012) was a Polish theatre director, writer and university professor. A long-time head of Teatr Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesny in Warsaw, he also staged numerous plays abroad, notably in German-speaking countries, in the USA and Leningrad (USSR)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jen Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Jennifer Lee Taylor is an American voice actress best known for her roles as Cortana in various Halo games as well as the intelligent personal assistant of the same name. She also voices Zoey in Left 4 Dead; Princess Peach, Toad, and Toadette in various Mario games; Salem in RWBY, and Lina, Windranger, Puck and Medusa in Dota 2."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Miconia medusa", "paragraph_text": "Miconia medusa is a species of plant in the Melastomataceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Amazonis Planitia", "paragraph_text": "Amazonis Planitia is one of the smoothest plains on Mars. It is located between the Tharsis and Elysium volcanic provinces, to the west of Olympus Mons, in the Amazonis and Memnonia quadrangles, centered at . The plain's topography exhibits extremely smooth features at several different lengths of scale. A large part of the Medusae Fossae Formation lies in Amazonis Planitia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Wrath of the Titans", "paragraph_text": "Sam Worthington as Perseus, the demigod son of Zeus, who defeated the Kraken and saved humanity; Zeus enlists Perseus' help in order to defeat the Titan Kronos. Liam Neeson as Zeus, the god of the sky and ruler of Mount Olympus, Perseus' father. Ralph Fiennes as Hades, the god of the underworld, who makes a deal with Kronos. Rosamund Pike as Andromeda, who was saved by Perseus when she was a princess; now crowned Queen of Argos, she joins Perseus in his quest to defeat Kronos. Pike replaced Alexa Davalos in the role, due to a schedule conflict. Bill Nighy as Hephaestus, the fallen god, forger of the gods' weapons. \u00c9dgar Ram\u00edrez as Ares, the god of war, who betrays his father Zeus to join Hades. Danny Huston as Poseidon, the god of the sea, Agenor's father. Toby Kebbell as Agenor, the demigod son of Poseidon; he joins Perseus in his quest to defeat Kronos. John Bell as Helius, the young son of Perseus. Lily James as Korrina, a female soldier from Argos. Sinead Cusack as Clea, Helius' teacher and guardian in Perseus' absence. Martin Bayfield as the Cyclops Elder, who leads Perseus and his group to Hephaestus. Spencer Wilding as Minotaur, the ferocious creature who guards the labyrinth."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Glenn Anders", "paragraph_text": "Glenn Anders (September 1, 1889 \u2013 October 26, 1981) was an American actor, most notable for his work on the stage."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Perseus Freeing Andromeda", "paragraph_text": "Perseus Freeing Andromeda or Liberation of Andromeda is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Piero di Cosimo, c. executed in 1510 or 1513. It is housed in the Uffizi Gallery of Florence, Italy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Deborah Halpern", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Halpern (born 1957 in Melbourne) is a sculptor, mosaic artist and ceramic artist working in Victoria Australia, notable for her prominent and popular works of public art."}], "question": "What famous work is by the sculptor of Perseus with the Head of Medusa?"}
{"id": "2hop__32896_684194", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Congress of Deputies", "paragraph_text": "The deputies' term of office finishes four years after their election or when the Cortes are dissolved, which can take place jointly or separately with the dissolution of the Senate. The dissolution's right belongs to the Monarch who exercises it by request of the President of the Government after the deliberation of the Council of Ministers and under its sole responsibility. The dissolution of the Cortes also takes place if there is a failed legislature or two months after a failed investiture session, in this case the Sovereign dissolves the house with the countersign of the President of the Congress of Deputies. During their mandate, the deputies have some guarantees and privileges in order to carry their responsibilities out according to Section 97 of the Spanish Constitution."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Toyota", "paragraph_text": "By the early 1960s, the US had begun placing stiff import tariffs on certain vehicles. The so - called ``chicken tax ''of 1964 placed a 25% tax on imported light trucks. In response to the tariff, Toyota, Nissan Motor Co. and Honda Motor Co. began building plants in the US by the early 1980s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2023 Rugby World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2023 Rugby World Cup, to be hosted by France, is scheduled to be the tenth Rugby World Cup, taking place in the year of the 200th anniversary of the 'invention' of the sport by William Webb Ellis."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78\u2013139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhang Heng", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Heng (; AD 78\u2013139), formerly romanized as Chang Heng, was a Han Chinese polymath from Nanyang who lived during the Han dynasty. Educated in the capital cities of Luoyang and Chang'an, he achieved success as an astronomer, mathematician, scientist, engineer, inventor, geographer, cartographer, artist, poet, statesman, and literary scholar."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Petri net", "paragraph_text": "A Petri net, also known as a place/transition (PT) net, is one of several mathematical modeling languages for the description of distributed systems. It is a class of discrete event dynamic system. A Petri net is a directed bipartite graph, in which the nodes represent transitions (i.e. events that may occur, represented by bars) and places (i.e. conditions, represented by circles). The directed arcs describe which places are pre- and/or postconditions for which transitions (signified by arrows). Some sources state that Petri nets were invented in August 1939 by Carl Adam Petri\u2014at the age of 13\u2014for the purpose of describing chemical processes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Army Inventions Board", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Army Inventions Board, otherwise known as the Army Inventions Directorate, was a government body of the Commonwealth of Australia, set up in 1942 to handle the thousands of inventions submitted by the public. These inventions numbered some 27,000; a mere 127 of which were eventually accepted by the Army as being of notable value or suitable for military purposes. The best known invention accepted by the Army Inventions Board was the Australian-designed Owen Gun, a machine carbine which took a few years to get off the ground."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Porro Bluff", "paragraph_text": "Porro Bluff () is a bluff lying south of Birdsend Bluff and overlooking Errera Channel on the Danco Coast, western Graham Land, Antarctica. Shown on an Argentine government chart of 1950. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for Ignazio Porro (1795\u20131875), Italian engineer who in 1851 invented a prism combination, important in the development of stereo-plotting instruments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Filet-O-Fish", "paragraph_text": "The Filet - O - Fish, otherwise known as the Fish - O - Filet, is a fish sandwich sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. It was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio, in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays. While the fish composition of the sandwich has changed through the years to satisfy taste and supply shortcomings, the framework of its ingredients have remained constant; a fried breaded fish fillet, a steamed bun, tartar sauce and pasteurized processed American cheese."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Goodwin Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Goodwin Glacier () is a glacier flowing west into Flandres Bay southward of Pelletan Point on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was charted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, 1897\u201399. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1960 for Hannibal Goodwin, an American pastor who invented the first transparent nitrocellulose flexible photographic roll-film in 1887."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court that an earthquake had just occurred in the northwest, a message came soon afterwards that an earthquake had indeed struck 400 km (248 mi) to 500 km (310 mi) northwest of Luoyang (in what is now modern Gansu). Zhang called his device the 'instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth' (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea), so-named because he and others thought that earthquakes were most likely caused by the enormous compression of trapped air. See Zhang's seismometer for further details."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Web 2.0", "paragraph_text": "The term was invented by Darcy DiNucci in 1999 and later popularized by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 Conference in late 2004. The Web 2.0 framework only specifies the design and use of websites and does not place any technical demands or specifications on designers. The transition was gradual and, therefore, no precise date for when this change happened has been given."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena", "paragraph_text": "Venue planning started after Lillehammer was awarded the Olympics in 1988. In the bid, Kanthaugen had been envisaged as the site of the sliding center. In 1989, the Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee (LOOC) proposed that the ski jumping hill and ski stadium instead be located there. Placing venues at Kanthaugen was controversial, as it would result in permanent encroachments in the one of the town's main recreational areas. Ultimately, only the freestyle arena and ski jump were placed at Kanthaugen, with the ski stadium placed further away from town. Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena was along with Lysg\u00e5rdsbakken designed by \u00d8kaw Arkitekter. The area development plan was passed in August 1991. The responsibility for construction originally rested on Lillehammer Municipality, but LOOC took over responsibility in November 1991. The decision to include aerials in the Olympic program was made in October 1992."}], "question": "Where was the inventor of the seismometer born?"}
{"id": "2hop__72839_631717", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canyondam, California", "paragraph_text": "Canyondam (formerly, Canyon Dam) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Plumas County, California, United States. Canyondam is located near the dam that forms Lake Almanor, east-southeast of Almanor. The population was 31 as of the 2010 census, down from 37 as of the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Westons Mill Pond", "paragraph_text": "The Westons Mill Pond is a dammed section of the Lawrence Brook located in the Westons Mills section of East Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. It is one of a series of dams on the Lawrence Brook. The Westons Mill Pond Dam is the dam that controls reservoir output. The Westons Mill Pond is available for boating, although gasoline motors are prohibited due to the highly sensitive wildlife ecosystems found there."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of tallest dams in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Most of the U.S.'s taller dams are located in the west because of the steeper and more rugged topography. The tallest is Oroville Dam in northern California, a 770.5 - foot (234.8 m) embankment dam completed in 1968. Five of the ten highest dams in the U.S. are located in California. The Colorado, Columbia and Sacramento -- San Joaquin river systems contain the greatest number of high dams. In the eastern U.S., tall dams are less common because of the lesser vertical relief. The tallest dam in the eastern U.S. is 480 - foot (150 m) Fontana Dam in North Carolina, which ranks 20th in height among all U.S. dams."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Joe Wheeler State Park", "paragraph_text": "Joe Wheeler State Park is a state-owned, public recreation area with resort features located on Wheeler Lake, an impoundment of the Tennessee River in northwest Alabama. The state park contains of land in three separate parcels and adjoins the Tennessee Valley Authority's Wheeler Dam."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Beaver Dam, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Beaver Dam is a city in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States, along Beaver Dam Lake and the Beaver Dam River. The estimated population was 16,564 in 2016, making it the largest city primarily located in Dodge County. It is the principal city of the Beaver Dam Micropolitan Statistical area. The city is adjacent to the Town of Beaver Dam."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Santiago Dam", "paragraph_text": "Santiago Dam (also known as Santiago Creek Dam) is an earth/rockfill dam across Santiago Creek in Orange County, in the U.S. state of California, forming Irvine Lake. The earth dam and its reservoir serve for flood control and recreational purposes. It lies upstream (southeast) from the city of Orange and north of Irvine. Irvine Lake is the largest body of fresh water entirely in Orange County."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Theewaterskloof Dam", "paragraph_text": "Theewaterskloof Dam is an earth-fill type dam located on the Sonderend River near Villiersdorp, Western Cape, South Africa. Administratively it is located within Theewaterskloof Local Municipality. It was established in 1978 and is the largest dam in the Western Cape Water Supply System with a capacity of 480 million cubic metres, about 41% of the water storage capacity available to Cape Town, which has a population of over 4 million people. The dam mainly serves for municipal and industrial use as well as for irrigation purposes. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high (3)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Natural Dam, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Natural Dam is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States. Natural Dam is located on Arkansas Highway 59, north-northwest of Cedarville. Natural Dam has a post office with ZIP code 72948. Lee Creek Bridge, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in the community."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Daguangba Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Daguangba Dam is a multi-purpose dam on the Changhua River in Hainan Province, China. It is located east of Dongfang. As the primary component of the Daguangba Multipurpose Project, the dam was constructed between 1990 and 1995. It serves to provide water for both hydroelectric power generation and agriculture. It supports a 240 MW power station and supplies water for the irrigation of . It is also the largest dam and hydroelectric power station in Hainan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kozjak Hydro Power Plant", "paragraph_text": "Kozjak Hydro Power Plant is a large hydroelectric power plant on the river Treska which creates an artificial lake Kozjak, the largest in North Macedonia. The dam which creates the reservoir, Kozjak Dam is the tallest in the country at . It is located in the western part of the country in the municipality of Makedonski Brod. The primary purpose of the dam is flood control but it also serves for power generation."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tr\u00eas Irm\u00e3os Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Tr\u00eas Irm\u00e3os Dam is an embankment dam with gravity sections on the Tiet\u00ea River in Pereira Barreto of S\u00e3o Paulo state in Brazil. The dam is about upstream of the river's confluence with the Paran\u00e1 River. It supports the largest hydroelectric power station on the river with an installed capacity of . The dam was completed in 1991 and the five Francis turbine-generators were commissioned between November 1993 and January 1999. It is owned and operated by Companhia Energ\u00e9tica de S\u00e3o Paulo (CESP). The dam also provides for navigation with two ship locks."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rogers Dam", "paragraph_text": "Rogers Dam is an earth-filled embankment dam on the Muskegon River in Mecosta Township, Michigan, United States. It is located about south of Big Rapids. Construction of the dam began in 1905, and its power plant was commissioned in March 1906. Owned and operated by Consumers Energy, the primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation. On December 22, 1921, the original power plant was destroyed in a fire. It was rebuilt with an increased installed capacity in 1922. The rebuild cost approximately $450,000. It is the oldest hydroelectric power plant operated by Consumers Energy who owns the Hardy and Croton dams downstream of Rogers Dam."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Indianford, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Indianford (also Fosters Ferry, Fulton Center, Indian Ford, Morses Landing) is an unincorporated community located in the town of Fulton in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States, on the Rock River. The Rock River is dammed at Indianford; this creates Lake Koshkonong upstream from the dam."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fontana Dam, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Fontana Dam (also known as Fontana Village) is a town in Graham County, North Carolina, United States. Fontana Dam is located on North Carolina Highway 28 near the Fontana Dam and the Little Tennessee River. The town incorporated in 2011 and has a full-time population of 33."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gibson Dam", "paragraph_text": "Gibson Dam is a concrete arch dam on the Sun River, a tributary of the Missouri River, about west of Great Falls, Montana in the United States. Located on the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains, the dam was built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) between 1926 and 1929 as part of the Sun River Project to develop about of irrigated land in the Sun River Valley."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "North Fork Feather River", "paragraph_text": "The fork's portion of the Feather River Canyon is notable as part of the Feather River Route, and the railroad's North Fork Bridge near the river's mouth is the longest reinforced concrete bridge in the US."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Teton Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Teton Dam was an earthen dam on the Teton River in Idaho, United States. It was built by the Bureau of Reclamation, one of eight federal agencies authorized to construct dams. Located in the eastern part of the state, between Fremont and Madison counties, it suffered a catastrophic failure on June 5, 1976, as it was filling for the first time."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Calamus, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Calamus is a town in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,005 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of South Beaver Dam is located in the town. The unincorporated community of Lost Lake is also located partially in the town."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yat\u00e9 Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Yat\u00e9 Dam is an arch dam on the Yat\u00e9 River in Yat\u00e9 commune of New Caledonia, France. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 68 MW power station. Plans for the project began in the early 1950s and the dam was designed by Coyne et Bellier. The owner and operator of the project, New Caledonian Society Energy (ENERCAL), was established on 27 August 1955 to implement the project. Construction began that year and the power station was commissioned in 1958. The dam and entire scheme was inaugurated by Jacques Soustelle, then Minister of State in charge of Overseas Departments, on 21 September 1959. It is the tallest dam and creates the largest reservoir in New Caledonia."}], "question": "On what river is the largest dam in the U.S. located?"}
{"id": "2hop__26187_585011", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C.D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016. j"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Daniel Bread", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Bread (1800-1873) was an important Oneida political and cultural leader who helped the Oneida preserve their culture while adapting to new realities during their transplantation from New York to Wisconsin (known then as Michigan Territory). He was frequently described as a \"principal chief\", \"head chief\", or \"sachem\" by the Oneida but held no hereditary position and was not an officially condoled chief."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter M. Haas", "paragraph_text": "Haas received his undergraduate education from the University of Michigan and his Ph.D. in 1986 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has been at Amherst since 1987, and has held visiting positions at Yale University, Brown University, and Oxford University."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "California Insurance Commissioner", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the passage of Proposition 103 in 1988, the elected office of the California Insurance Commissioner was created in 1991. Previously, the position was held by a person appointed by the Governor. The Insurance Commissioner oversees the Department of Insurance. Democrat Dave Jones won the November 2, 2010 election for California Insurance Commissioner."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New Energy to Reinvent and Diversify Fund", "paragraph_text": "The New Energy to Reinvent and Diversify Fund or NERD fund was developed through State of Michigan Governor Rick Snyder's office in 2011. Developed through a 501c4 organization, the purpose of the fund was to subsidize government expenses from unlimited anonymous corporate donations. The fund gathered $1.3 million in 2011 and another $368,000 in 2012. On October 21, 2013, it was announced that the NERD fund would close down."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history. It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan on December 3, 2013; he cited its $18.5 billion debt and declared that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were unfeasible. On November 7, 2014, Judge Rhodes approved the city's bankruptcy plan, allowing the city to begin the process of exiting bankruptcy. The City of Detroit successfully exited Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy with all finances handed back to the city at midnight on December 11, 2014."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Stacy McGaugh", "paragraph_text": "Stacy McGaugh was an undergraduate student at MIT (S.B. 1985) and a graduate student at Princeton and the University of Michigan (Ph.D. 1992). He held postdoctoral appointments at Cambridge University, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Rutgers University before joining the faculty of the University of Maryland in 1998. He moved to Case Western in 2012. He is married with two children. He is a Distinguished Alumnus of Flint (Michigan) Northern High School (2001) and of the Astronomy Department of the University of Michigan (2013)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pure Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Pure Michigan began as an advertising campaign launched in 2008 by the state of Michigan, featuring the voice of actor and comedian Tim Allen. The Pure Michigan campaign, which aims to market the state of Michigan as a travel and tourism destination, received state and international attention beginning in 2008 when Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm approved $45 million in additional funding for the Pure Michigan campaign from the 21st Century Jobs Trust Fund. The unprecedented tourism fund amount for the state allowed the Pure Michigan campaign to be broadcast on a national level beginning in March 2009. Annual funding for fiscal 2014 was $29 million."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Benjamin Franklin Bailey", "paragraph_text": "A native of Sheridan, Michigan, Benjamin Franklin Bailey studied electrical engineering at the University of Michigan and later held the positions of chief engineer of the Fairbanks Morse Electrical Manufacturing Company and Howell Electrical Motor Company, director of Bailey Electrical Company, and vice-president and director of the Fremont Motor Corporation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kevin S. Huffman", "paragraph_text": "Kevin S. Huffman (born September 22, 1970) is an American lawyer and education administrator who was the Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Education. He was appointed to the position by Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam and served from April 2011 to January 2015. Prior to his work at the Tennessee Department of Education, Huffman held a senior management position in Teach for America and had worked as an attorney specializing in education."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Neilson Poe", "paragraph_text": "Judge Neilson Poe (August 11, 1809 - January 4, 1884) was an American judge for the City of Baltimore's orphan's court, (today referred to as a probate court). He was initially appointed to the court by Maryland Governor John Lee Carroll in 1878 and elected to the position in November 1879. He held on to the position until 1883."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7, 2017. There were seven candidates. Candidates for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey run on the same ticket and thus are elected at the same time. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie, who was re-elected to a second term in 2013, was term - limited and could not run for a third consecutive term."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Walt Kyle", "paragraph_text": "Walt Kyle (born June 11, 1956) is an American ice hockey coach. He is the former head coach of the Northern Michigan Wildcats, a position he held from June 2002 to March 2017."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina is the second - in - command to the Governor of South Carolina. The Lieutenant Governor serves as the President of the South Carolina Senate and ascends to the office of Governor should it become vacant. The office of Lieutenant Governor is a part - time position and is currently occupied by Kevin L. Bryant since January 25, 2017."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thomas Carleton", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Carleton (c. 1735 \u2013 2 February 1817) was an Irish-born British Army officer who was promoted to Colonel during the American Revolutionary War after relieving the siege of Quebec in 1776. After the war, he was appointed as Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, and supervised the resettlement of Loyalists from the United States in the province. He held this position until his death."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C.D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature, in addition to a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The three ex officio members are the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Attorney General. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor, and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a \"Chief Councillor\" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy. On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jude Hofschneider", "paragraph_text": "Jude Hofschneider (born September 12, 1966) is an American Republican politician from the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. He served as the ninth Lieutenant Governor. He was automatically elevated to this position on February 20, 2013, when the former lieutenant governor, Eloy S. Inos, assumed the governorship."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Epaphroditus Ransom", "paragraph_text": "Epaphroditus Ransom (March 24, 1798 \u2013 November 11, 1859) was the seventh Governor of Michigan and Michigan Supreme Court justice from the U.S. state of Michigan."}], "question": "What position was held by Michigan's 2013 governor?"}
{"id": "2hop__60806_25328", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ren\u00e9e Felice Smith", "paragraph_text": "Ren\u00e9e Felice Smith (born January 16, 1985) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Nell Jones on NCIS: Los Angeles, since joining the series that began in 2010."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eric Christian Olsen", "paragraph_text": "Eric Christian Olsen (born May 31, 1977) is an American actor. He is known for his portrayals of Detective Marty Deeks on the CBS television series NCIS: Los Angeles, and of Austin in the film Not Another Teen Movie."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alonzo Ridley", "paragraph_text": "Alonzo Ridley, (June 3, 1826 \u2013 March 25, 1909) was a 49er, trader, Indian agent, engineer, Undersheriff of Los Angeles County, Confederate Army officer from California, who led the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles on their epic march across the Southwestern deserts from California to Texas in 1861."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christian Yount", "paragraph_text": "Christian Alexander Yount (born July 8, 1988) is an American football long snapper who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2011, and has also played for the Cleveland Browns. Yount played college football for the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "NCIS (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "NCIS was originally referred to as Navy NCIS during season one; ``Navy ''was later dropped from the title as it was redundant (the`` N'' in ``NCIS ''stands for`` Naval''). In season six, a two - part episode led to a spin - off series, NCIS: Los Angeles. A two - part episode during the eleventh season led to a second spin - off series, NCIS: New Orleans. While initially slow in the ratings, barely cracking the Top 30 in the first two seasons, the third season showed progress, consistently ranking in the top 20, and by its sixth season, it became a top five hit, having remained there since. In 2011, NCIS was voted America's favorite television show in an online Harris Poll. The series finished its tenth season as the most - watched television series in the U.S. during the 2012 -- 13 TV season. On February 29, 2016, NCIS was renewed for its fourteenth and fifteenth seasons. The fifteenth season premiered on Tuesday September 26, 2017. Maria Bello joined the cast as a series regular from episode four, replacing outgoing series regular Jennifer Esposito."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "\"Funday Night at the Movies\" was replaced in 2008 by \"Essentials Jr.\", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-themed films as National Velvet, Captains Courageous and Yours, Mine and Ours, as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock, Jr., The Music Box, Harvey, Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Diane Neal", "paragraph_text": "Diane Neal (born November 17, 1976) is an American actress best known for her role as Casey Novak on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, which she played from 2003 to 2008, then reprised her role from 2011 to 2012. She has portrayed Coast Guard Investigative Service Special Agent Abigail Borin in the NCIS franchise since 2009, appearing as an annual special guest star in NCIS since its seventh season, and as a recurring guest star in NCIS: New Orleans."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josh Flagg", "paragraph_text": "He is an original cast member on the show \"Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles\" on the Bravo television network. The show follows young real estate agents in Los Angeles as they sell high-end homes. Flagg has been recognized by \"The Wall Street Journal\" as one of the top-ranked agents in California and nationally by sales volume and as a top 25 real estate agent by \"The Hollywood Reporter\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of the Los Angeles Rams", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team that play in the National Football League (NFL). The Rams franchise was founded in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams in the short - lived second American Football League before joining the NFL the next year. In 1946, the franchise moved to Los Angeles. The Rams franchise remained in the metro area until 1994, when they moved to St. Louis, and were known as the St. Louis Rams from 1995 to 2015. The Rams franchise returned to Los Angeles in 2016. This article chronicles the franchise's history during their time in Los Angeles, from playing at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum between 1946 and 1979, to playing at Anaheim Stadium (now known as Angel Stadium of Anaheim) in Anaheim from 1980 to 1994, and its return to Southern California beginning with the 2016 season."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tod McBride", "paragraph_text": "Tod McBride (born January 26, 1976 in Los Angeles, California) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League. He was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at UCLA."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Daniela Ruah", "paragraph_text": "Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (born December 2, 1983) is a Portuguese - American actress best known for playing NCIS Special Agent Kensi Blye in the CBS police procedural series NCIS: Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eric Christian Olsen", "paragraph_text": "Olsen portrays Detective Marty Deeks on the CBS show NCIS: Los Angeles. His character appeared in two episodes of season one before joining the cast as a series regular in the second season."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "NCIS: Los Angeles", "paragraph_text": "NCIS: Los Angeles is an American action television series combining elements of the military drama and police procedural genres, which premiered on CBS on September 22, 2009, and stars Chris O'Donnell and LL Cool J. The series follows the exploits of the Los Angeles -- based Office of Special Projects (OSP), an elite division of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service that specializes in undercover assignments. NCIS: Los Angeles is the first spin - off of the successful series NCIS. On March 23, 2017, CBS renewed the series for a ninth season which premiered on October 1, 2017. Nia Long joined the cast as Shay Mosley for the ninth season after Miguel Ferrer's death. On April 18, 2018, CBS renewed the series for a tenth season, which premiered on September 30, 2018."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of the San Diego Chargers", "paragraph_text": "The professional American football team the Los Angeles Chargers was founded in 1959 as a charter member of the American Football League. The team played the 1960 season in Los Angeles and moved to San Diego the following year, where they played from 1961 - 2016. The Chargers' returned to Los Angeles in 2017."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles. The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member of the league's Western Conference in the Pacific Division. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, an arena shared with the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 16 NBA championships (11 in Los Angeles), their most recent being in 2010."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Staples Center", "paragraph_text": "Staples Center, officially stylized as STAPLES Center, is a multi-purpose sports arena in Downtown Los Angeles. Adjacent to the L.A. Live development, it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street. The arena opened on October 17, 1999, and is one of the major sporting facilities in the Greater Los Angeles Area."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Los Angeles Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles. They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team was founded on June 5, 1967, after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9, 1966, becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion. The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood, California, a suburb of Los Angeles, for thirty - two years, until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999 -- 2000 season."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tony Tripoli", "paragraph_text": "Tony Tripoli (born December 2, 1969) is an American actor, host, comedian and LGBT rights activist from Los Angeles, California."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "G. Callen", "paragraph_text": "G. Callen (born: Grisha Alekandrovich Nikolaev) is a fictional character in the show NCIS: Los Angeles portrayed by Chris O'Donnell. He is an NCIS Special Agent in Charge, and the senior agent assigned to the Office of Special Projects. O'Donnell made his first appearance during NCIS 'sixth season episode ``Legend (Part 1) ''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Daniela Ruah", "paragraph_text": "Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (born December 2, 1983) is a Portuguese - American actress best known for playing NCIS Special Agent Kensi Blye in the CBS police procedural series NCIS: Los Angeles. Height: 1.77 meters"}], "question": "who was the original host of Essentials Jr. along with the actor who plays agent callen on ncis los angeles?"}
{"id": "2hop__238038_186699", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jiao Guobiao", "paragraph_text": "Jiao Guobiao (; born 1963 in Qi County, Kaifeng, Henan) is a Chinese dissident who was formerly an associate professor at Peking University's College of Journalism and Communications until he was dismissed. A prominent journalist at \"Chinese Cultural Newspaper\" from 1996 to 2001, he has published widely on issues of journalism in China. Following the appearance online of his March 2004 essay condemning the Chinese government's Central Propaganda Department (\"Denouncing the Central Propaganda Department\") and his continued efforts to promote freedom of the press and human rights in China, he was suspended from his teaching duties."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Euclid's Nightmare", "paragraph_text": "Euclid's Nightmare is an album of improvised music by Bobby Previte and John Zorn. The album was released on the Depth of Field label in 1997. The album comprises 27 untitled tracks of which several are intentionally identical - tracks (7) and (18); tracks (3) and (20); and tracks (5), (14), and (27)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mary Previte", "paragraph_text": "Mary Evelyn Previte (born September 7, 1932 in Kaifeng, China) is an American Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly, where she represented the 6th legislative district from 1998 to 2006."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Now What (Lisa Marie Presley album)", "paragraph_text": "Now What is the second studio album from American singer-songwriter Lisa Marie Presley. It was released on April 5, 2005 in the United States and Canada, and was the last album Presley released under Capitol Records. Two singles were released from the album, a cover of Don Henley\u2019s \"Dirty Laundry\" and \"Idiot\". \"Now What\" is Lisa Marie Presley's first album to be issued with a parental advisory warning (her debut album, \"To Whom It May Concern\", did not include a Parental Advisory warning in all territories). Like most albums that contain a parental advisory warning, a clean version of the album was also made available."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}], "question": "What administrative territorial entity contains the place where Mary Previte was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__76197_74957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "A commandery consisted of a group of counties, and was headed by an Administrator. He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense, lawsuits, seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu. The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect, while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs, and both could be referred to as Magistrates. A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county, registered the populace for taxation, mobilized commoners for annual corv\u00e9e duties, repaired schools and supervised public works."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Railway electrification system", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, 25 Hz, a once-common industrial power frequency is used on Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system at 12 kV on the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C. and New York City and on the Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia. SEPTA's 25 Hz traction power system uses the same 12 kV voltage on the catenary in Northeast Philadelphia. This allows for the trains to operate on both the Amtrak and SEPTA power systems. Apart from having an identical catenary voltage, the power distribution systems of Amtrak and SEPTA are very different. The Amtrak power distribution system has a 138 kV transmission network that provides power to substations which then transform the voltage to 12 kV to feed the catenary system. The SEPTA power distribution system uses a 2:1 ratio autotransformer system, with the catenary fed at 12 kV and a return feeder wire fed at 24 kV. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad used an 11 kV system between New York City and New Haven, Connecticut which was converted to 12.5 kV 60 Hz in 1987."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kenya", "paragraph_text": "Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic. The president is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary.Kenya has a high degree of corruption according to Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI), a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries. In 2012, the nation placed 139th out of 176 total countries in the CPI, with a score of 27/100. However, there are several rather significant developments with regards to curbing corruption from the Kenyan government, for instance, the establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "The direct participation of the monarch and the governor general in areas of governance is limited. In practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons of Canada and chosen and headed by the prime minister (at present Justin Trudeau), the head of government. The governor general or monarch may, though, in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial advice. To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the individual who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "paragraph_text": "Cool Hand Luke is a 1967 American prison drama film directed by Stuart Rosenberg, starring Paul Newman and featuring George Kennedy in an Oscar - winning performance. Newman stars in the title role as Luke, a prisoner in a Florida prison camp who refuses to submit to the system."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Salvation Army in Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first Salvation Army meeting in Australia was held in 1880. Edward Saunders and John Gore led the meeting from the back of a greengrocer's cart in Adelaide Botanic Park with an offer of food for those who had not eaten. In 1883, Major James Barker led the way to establish the first Salvation Army social institution anywhere in the world on a permanent basis, known as the ``Prison Gate ''program. Barker saw that prisoners being released from the Melbourne Gaol had nowhere to go and no work, so they inevitably re-offended and returned to gaol. Barker leased a small house in Lygon Street, Carlton, to provide accommodation for prisoners discharged from Melbourne's gaols. This led to the formation of the Prison-Gate Brigade, the members of which met discharged prisoners upon their release and offered them a home and the prospect of a job. The Salvos also involved themselves in finding work for the unemployed and in re-uniting families. In Melbourne from 1897 to 1910, The Army's Limelight Department was established as Australia's first film production company."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Capital punishment in California", "paragraph_text": "On July 16, 2014, federal judge Cormac J. Carney of the United States District Court ruled that California's death penalty system is unconstitutional because it is arbitrary and plagued with delay. The state has not executed a prisoner since 2006. The judge stated that the current system violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment by imposing a sentence that ``no rational jury or legislature could ever impose: life in prison, with the remote possibility of death. ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Helsinki County Prison", "paragraph_text": "The Helsinki County Prison (\"Helsingin l\u00e4\u00e4ninvankila\" in Finnish) in the Helsinki city quarters of Katajanokka functioned as a prison from 1837 to 2002. It was established in 1837 by Tsar Nikolai I by the side of the Helsinki Crown Prison, which had operated from 1749. When completed, the prison had 12 cells, two rooms for guards and a worship room which still exists, is protected and has been used for church weddings. The prison area was surrounded by a high red brick wall. The prison was extended in 1888 by a cell block in the form of a cross, in the classical Philadelphia model; the old part of the prison was converted to an administrative building."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The 48 Laws of Power", "paragraph_text": "The 48 Laws of Power (1998) is the first book by American author Robert Greene. The book is a bestseller, selling over 1.2 million copies in the United States, and is popular with prison inmates and celebrities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Me", "paragraph_text": "American Me is a 1992 American biographical crime drama film produced and directed by Edward James Olmos, his first film as a director, and written by Floyd Mutrux and Desmond Nakano. Olmos also stars as the film's protagonist, Montoya Santana. Executive producers included record producer Lou Adler, screenwriter Mutrux, and Irwin Young. It depicts a fictionalized account of the founding and rise to power of the Mexican Mafia in the California prison system from the 1950s into the 1980s."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bengbu Prison", "paragraph_text": "Bengbu Prison is a prison in Bengbu, Anhui, China. It was established in 1958. The prison houses severe criminals and on average holds roughly 2,000 inmates. The prison enterprise mainly deals with the processing and production of rubber hoses."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sagging (fashion)", "paragraph_text": "It is often claimed the style originated from the United States prison system where belts are sometimes prohibited and there can be a lack of appropriately sized clothing."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, \"the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison.\" She defines it further as \"a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls\", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'\u00e9tat led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Get\u00falio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tejo Power Station (history)", "paragraph_text": "Indeed, on 21 January 1951 the Castelo do Bode Power Station was officially inaugurated, the first of several large scale hydroelectric power plants that the National Electrification Law established in its project to supply electric power to the large consumption centres, such as Lisbon and Porto. From that moment on, the Tejo Power Station became a reserve plant, limiting its operation to years of drought or complicated water situations, and as a support system for the national electric grid. However, it continued to produce power, although operating only one turbo set and two high pressure boilers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Politics of Ecuador", "paragraph_text": "The politics of Ecuador are multi-party. The central government polity is a four - yearly elected presidential, unicameral representative democracy. The President of Ecuador is head of state and head of government on a multi-party system, leading a cabinet with further executive power. Legislative power is not limited to the National Assembly as it may to a lesser degree be exercised by the executive which consists of the President convening an appointed executive cabinet. Subsequent acts of the National Assembly are supreme over Executive Orders where sufficient votes have been cast by the legislators. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There is also constitutional republic"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federal Bureau of Prisons", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is a United States federal law enforcement agency. A subdivision of the U.S. Department of Justice, the BOP is responsible for the administration of the federal prison system. The system handles inmates who have violated, or are accused of violating, federal law. The BOP also holds inmates who have committed felonies in Washington, D.C."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federal Bureau of Prisons", "paragraph_text": "Currently, the Bureau of Prisons is headed by Hugh Hurwitz, who is the current acting director. Mark S. Inch held the post from September 2017 until May 2018."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Politics of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Politics of Mexico take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic whose government is based on a congressional system, whereby the President of Mexico is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The federal government represents the United Mexican States and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917. The constituent states of the federation must also have a republican form of government based on a congressional system as established by their respective constitutions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Henry Classification System", "paragraph_text": "Influenced by Galton's Finger Prints, the men corresponded regularly in 1894; and in January 1896, Sir Henry ordered the Bengali Police to collect prisoners' fingerprints in addition to their anthropometric measurements. Expanding on Galton's classification system, Sir Henry developed the Henry Classification System between the years 1896 and 1925. He was primarily assisted by Azizul Haque who developed a mathematical formula to supplement Henry's idea of sorting in 1024 pigeon holes based on fingerprint patterns, and Hem Chandra Bose, another Henry's assistant also helped refine the system, and both, on the recommendation of Henry received recognition years later by the British Government for their contribution. The Henry Classification System was to find worldwide acceptance in 1899. In 1897 a commission was established to compare Anthropometry to the Henry Classification System. As the results were overwhelmingly in favor of fingerprints, fingerprinting was introduced to British India by the Governor General, and in 1900, replaced Anthropometry. Also in 1900, Henry was sent to Natal, South Africa to assist in the reorganization of the local police force and establish a fingerprint bureau. His efforts in South Africa were highly successful; and in 1901 Sir Henry returned to Britain and was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard, head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). In the same year, the first UK fingerprint bureau was established at Scotland Yard. (Harling 1996) (Met) (Early)"}], "question": "Who is the head of the group with the power to establish a prison system?"}
{"id": "2hop__144512_131876", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Girl", "paragraph_text": "Girls typically have a female reproductive system. Some intersex children with ambiguous genitals and some transgender children, originally assigned male at birth, may also be classified or self-identify as girls.Girls' bodies undergo gradual changes during puberty. Puberty is the process of physical changes by which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones, muscle, blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sexual organs. Physical growth\u2014height and weight\u2014accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when the child has developed an adult body. Until the maturation of their reproductive capabilities, the pre-pubertal, physical differences between boys and girls are the genitalia. Puberty is a process that usually takes place between 10 and 16 years, but these ages differ from girl to girl. The major landmark of girls' puberty is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between 12 and 13."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gir National Park", "paragraph_text": "Among the smaller mammals, porcupine and hare are common, but the pangolin is rare. The reptiles are represented by the mugger crocodile, tortoise and monitor lizard which inhabit the sanctuary's bodies of water. Snakes are found in the bush and forest. Pythons are sighted at times along the stream banks. Gir has been used by the Gujarat State Forest Department which formed the Indian Crocodile Conservation Project in 1977 and released close to 1000 marsh crocodiles into Lake Kamaleshwar and other small bodies of water in and around Gir."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Plankton", "paragraph_text": "Plankton (singular plankter) are the diverse collection of organisms that live in the water column of large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Walker Pond", "paragraph_text": "Walker Pond is a body of water in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, situated off Route 49 on the way to Wells State Park."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sea of Sardinia", "paragraph_text": "The Sea of Sardinia is a body of water in the Mediterranean Sea between the Spanish archipelago of Balearic Islands and the Italian island of Sardinia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Carlo Maria Badini", "paragraph_text": "Carlo Maria Badini (2 June 1925, Bologna \u2014 19 April 2007, Bologna) was a renowned Italian arts administrator. From 1964 to 1977 he was the Sovrintendente or General Manager of the Teatro Comunale di Bologna and from 1977 through 1990 he was the Sovrintendente of La Scala. Badini created controversy as a result of the unorthodox methods he used to revitalize La Scala's finances, which had reportedly reached a 2.8 million dollar (US) deficit, such as the introduction of television cameras to record performances and allowing advertisements on the programmes. These innovations allowed the opera house to emerge from the deficit within two years of their implementation. Upon his 1990 departure from La Scala, Badini continued work in the Italian artistic community, becoming chairman of the National Theatre Organization in Italy and co-founding the Mozart Orchestra in Bologna, which he formed alongside former La Scala music director Claudio Abbado."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dead Horse Bay", "paragraph_text": "Dead Horse Bay is a small water body off Barren Island, between the Gerritsen Inlet and Rockaway Inlet in the New York City borough of Brooklyn."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lake Lorraine, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Lake Lorraine is a census-designated place (CDP) in Okaloosa County, Florida, United States. The population was 7,106 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Fort Walton Beach\u2013Crestview\u2013Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area. It carries a Shalimar postal address and zip code. Lake Lorraine was originally a fresh-water body, but at some point in the 1990s the narrow sandbar that separated it from the Choctawhatchee Bay was breached and the former drainage channel to the tip of Black's Point became blocked by silt."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Potamogeton amplifolius", "paragraph_text": "Potamogeton amplifolius, commonly known as largeleaf pondweed or broad-leaved pondweed, is an aquatic plant of North America. It grows in water bodies such as lakes, ponds, and rivers, often in deep water."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guglielmo della Scala", "paragraph_text": "Guglielmo della Scala (; died 1404) was the son of Cangrande II della Scala. He assassinated his father in 1359, but was edged out of power by his uncle Cansignorio."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Secchi disk", "paragraph_text": "The Secchi disk, as created in 1865 by Angelo Secchi, is a plain white, circular disk in diameter used to measure water transparency or turbidity in bodies of water. The disc is mounted on a pole or line, and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure of the transparency of the water. This measure is known as the Secchi depth and is related to water turbidity. Since its invention, the disk has also been used in a modified, smaller diameter, black and white design to measure freshwater transparency."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Iurie Scala", "paragraph_text": "Iurie Scala (, \"Yuriy Vasylyovych Skala\"; born 12 April 1965 in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi) is a former Moldovan football player of Ukrainian descent. His twin brother, Alexei Scala was also a footballer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lake Helena", "paragraph_text": "Lake Helena is a body of water along Prickly Pear Creek in the Helena Valley of Lewis and Clark County in southwestern Montana. It is in size and is above sea level."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Patrick Edward O'Connor", "paragraph_text": "Monsignor Patrick Edward O'Connor (8 March 1932 \u2212 3 December 2014) was a Roman Catholic priest who served as the Ecclesiastical Superior of the Roman Catholic Mission Sui Iuris of Tokelau from 1992 to 2011."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi", "paragraph_text": "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (, , , ), formerly known as Akkerman (see naming section below), is a city and port situated on the right bank of the Dniester Liman (on the Dniester estuary leading to the Black Sea) in Odessa Oblast of southwestern Ukraine, in the historical region of Bessarabia. Administratively, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is incorporated as a town of oblast significance. It also serves as the administrative center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion, one of twenty-six districts of Odessa Oblast, though it is not a part of the district. It is a location of a big freight seaport. Population:"}], "question": "Which body of water is near Iurie Scala's birthplace?"}
{"id": "2hop__60310_211093", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Peter Kelamis", "paragraph_text": "Peter Kelamis (born December 11, 1967) is an Australian - born Canadian actor, voice actor and comedian. He is arguably best known for playing Dr. Adam Brody in Stargate Universe, Goku in Ocean's English dubs of the animated series Dragon Ball Z, and Rolf from Ed, Edd n Eddy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Daniel Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play Ian Fleming's British secret agent James Bond in the eponymous film series, taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, was released internationally in November 2006 and was highly acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA nomination and becoming the highest grossing in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace followed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the 22nd-highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, Spectre, premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth Bond film, provisionally known as Bond 25, is scheduled for release in 2020.Since taking the role of Bond, Craig has continued to star in other films, including the fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007), World War II film Defiance (2008), science fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and the heist film Logan Lucky (2017)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ann Mara", "paragraph_text": "Ann Mara (June 18, 1929 \u2013 February 1, 2015) was an American businesswoman, socialite, philanthropist, the wife and later widow of Wellington Mara, and the matriarch of the Mara family, which includes New York Giants CEO John Mara, and her granddaughters, actresses Rooney Mara and Kate Mara."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ed Ames", "paragraph_text": "Ed Ames (born Edmund Dantes Urick; July 9, 1927) is an American popular singer and actor. He is known for playing Mingo in the television series Daniel Boone, and for his pop hits of the 1960s including ``My Cup Runneth Over '',`` Who Will Answer?'' and ``When the Snow is on the Roses ''. He was also part of the popular 1950s singing group with his siblings, The Ames Brothers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pugsley Addams", "paragraph_text": "In the American television series, Pugsley is played by child actor Ken Weatherwax. This incarnation of the character is more jovial and inventive; he displays outlandish engineering skills, including the invention of a disintegrator gun, an anti-gravity gun, and other devices. He and Gomez created a computer named Whizzo and a robot named Smiley (played by Robby the Robot). Pugsley and his younger sister Wednesday often play together, rarely exhibiting signs of sibling rivalry; they share an interest in spiders, dynamite, guillotines, and other dangerous ``toys. ''"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf, an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself. He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf, an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself. He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle. Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket, the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires. Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire, the eldest Baudelaire sibling and inventor talented in mechanics. Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire, the middle Baudelaire child interested in literature and books. K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe, the family banker of the Baudelaire parents, who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian. Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire, the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth. Tara Strong provides the quasi-nonsensical lines of Sunny."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ryosuke Hirata", "paragraph_text": "Ryosuke Hirata (\u5e73\u7530 \u826f\u4ecb, born March 23, 1988 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Chunichi Dragons in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He has played for the Dragons since 2006."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Haidee Wright", "paragraph_text": "Haidee Wright (13 January 1867 \u2013 29 January 1943) as Ada Wright was a London born English character actress. She began acting in plays in 1878 when a small child. She came from a family of actors and had a long career in the UK and the US with much Broadway work with occasional parts in films. Her parents and many siblings were actors. One of her brothers was Huntley Wright."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sebastian Stan", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Stan (born August 13, 1982) is a Romanian American actor. On television, he has played Carter Baizen in Gossip Girl, Prince Jack Benjamin in Kings, Jefferson in Once Upon a Time, and T.J. Hammond in Political Animals. The latter earned him a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David Labrava", "paragraph_text": "David M. Labrava (born October 19, 1962) is an actor, writer, tattoo artist, member of the Hells Angels and motorcycle enthusiast best known for playing Happy in the FX series Sons of Anarchy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2011 Swedish - American psychological thriller film based on the novel of the same name by Stieg Larsson. This film adaptation was directed by David Fincher and written by Steven Zaillian. Starring Daniel Craig as journalist Mikael Blomkvist and Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander, it tells the story of Blomkvist's investigation to find out what happened to a woman from a wealthy family who disappeared 40 years prior. He recruits the help of Salander, a computer hacker."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kate Kellaway", "paragraph_text": "The daughter of the Australians Bill and Deborah Kellaway, she is the older sister of the journalist Lucy Kellaway. Both siblings were educated at the Camden School for Girls, where their mother was a teacher, and at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where Kate Kellaway read English."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sean Gunn", "paragraph_text": "Sean Gunn is an American actor, best known for his roles as Kirk Gleason on the television show Gilmore Girls (2000 -- 2007) and Kraglin in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, beginning with Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). He is the younger brother of filmmaker James Gunn, and often appears in his sibling's films."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Danny McNulty", "paragraph_text": "Danny Brian McNulty (born May 28, 1972) is an American actor and producer who is best known for playing Harvey ``Harley ''Keiner on Boy Meets World and later on its spinoff Girl Meets World."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Noomi Rapace", "paragraph_text": "Noomi Rapace (Swedish pronunciation: (\u02c8nu\u02d0m\u026a ra\u02c8pas\u02d0) (listen); n\u00e9e Nor\u00e9n; born 28 December 1979) is a Swedish actress. She achieved fame with her portrayal of Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish film adaptations of the Millennium series: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Girl Who Played with Fire, and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest. In 2011, she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd", "paragraph_text": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd was born in Stockholm, Sweden, to Swedish actor Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd and his first wife, My, a physician. He has five siblings: Alexander, Sam, Bill, Eija and Valter, and two half-brothers Ossian and Kolbj\u00f6rn from his father's second wife, Megan Everett. Alexander, Bill, and Valter are also actors. His godfather is Swedish actor Peter Stormare."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dungeons & Dragons Tactics", "paragraph_text": "Dungeons & Dragons Tactics is a tactical role-playing game released on the PlayStation Portable handheld video game console. It is set in the world of \"Dungeons & Dragons\" and uses a strict interpretation of the \"Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 Edition\" rule set."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tiny Furniture", "paragraph_text": "Tiny Furniture is a 2010 American independent comedy-drama film written, directed by, and starring Lena Dunham. The film premiered at South by Southwest, where it won the award for Best Narrative Feature, screened at such festivals as Maryland Film Festival, and was released theatrically in the United States on November 12, 2010. Dunham\u2019s own mother, the artist Laurie Simmons, plays Aura\u2019s mother, while her real sister, Grace, plays Aura\u2019s on-screen sibling. The actors Jemima Kirke and Alex Karpovsky would also appear in Dunham's television series \"Girls\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ian Herron", "paragraph_text": "Herron played for the St. George Dragons, Balmain Tigers and Parramatta Eels in Australia and Gateshead Thunder and Hull F.C. in the Super League. His position of choice was on the , and he also played at . Herron played in two Grand Final teams for the St. George Dragons in 1992 and 1993, and was a prolific goal-kicker."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the actor who plays the girl with the dragon tattoo?"}
{"id": "2hop__449957_837875", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album)", "paragraph_text": "Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Three for Shepp", "paragraph_text": "Three for Shepp is the debut album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Foolin' Myself", "paragraph_text": "Foolin' Myself is an album of trio performances by the American jazz pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1988 and released on the Italian Soul Note label."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "More Blues and the Abstract Truth", "paragraph_text": "More Blues and the Abstract Truth is an album by American jazz composer, conductor and arranger Oliver Nelson featuring performances recorded in 1964 for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ill Behaviour", "paragraph_text": "\"Ill Behaviour\" is a song by British drum and bass DJ, producer, and musician Danny Byrd. It is the second single released from his third album, \"Rave Digger\". The song was released on 26 September 2010 for digital download and on 27 September 2010 for 12\". The song, whose lyrics are based on \"One For The Trouble\" by A.D.O.R., features the voice of singer-songwriter I-Kay from Bristol, who has worked on several Danny Byrd track releases. \"III Behaviour\" has been supported by MistaJam, Annie Mac, and Sara Cox on BBC Radio 1. The single was promoted to BBC Radio 1 A-list status on 8 September 2010. The single entered the UK Singles Chart at number 36, Byrd's first top-40 single. It is featured as a soundtrack to the video game \"F1 2011\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Quan (rapper)", "paragraph_text": "Clifford Peacock, better known by his stage name Quan or Don Ferquan, is an American rapper, affiliated with Nas and Ill Will Records. In 2008, he signed with Just Blaze label Fort Knocks as a joint venture with Ill Will. He is currently signed to Amalgam Digital, who distributed his album \"Walking Testimony\" in 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Groovin' with Golson", "paragraph_text": "Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hellos and Goodbyes", "paragraph_text": "Hellos & Goodbyes by Buck-O-Nine was released in 2000 on Offramp Records, and consists of fifteen tracks recorded at a live performance in Japan in 1999, plus five previously unreleased studio tracks. This album features drummer Jeff Hawthorne, who became the band's permanent drummer in 1998, and bassist John Bell, who joined the band just a few weeks prior to their tour of Japan. In fact, Bell's first live performances with the band were on this tour. The studio tracks were recorded later in 1999, at the same studio where \"Libido\" was recorded. Offramp Records was a label started by singer Jon Pebsworth and his wife Laura. The label also released an album by The Scrimmage Heroes, band Buck-O-Nine toured with on its last U.S. tour. The tour ended prematurely when John Bell became ill and required emergency surgery."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Plenty, Plenty Soul", "paragraph_text": "Plenty, Plenty Soul is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1957 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Jazz Skyline", "paragraph_text": "The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thinking of Home", "paragraph_text": "Thinking of Home is an album by jazz saxophonist Hank Mobley recorded on July 31, 1970 but not released by the Blue Note label until 1980. It features performances by Mobley with Woody Shaw, Cedar Walton, Eddie Diehl, Mickey Bass, and Leroy Williams and was Mobley's final recordings for Blue Note, and his 26th album on the label."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Soundsigns", "paragraph_text": "Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jazz Contemporary", "paragraph_text": "Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label. The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Something Personal", "paragraph_text": "Something Personal is an album by American jazz pianist Jack Wilson featuring performances recorded and released on the Blue Note label in 1967."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Waterfalls (album)", "paragraph_text": "Waterfalls is a live album by American saxophonist and composer John Klemmer featuring studio enhanced live performances recorded in Los Angeles for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "At the Village Vanguard", "paragraph_text": "At the Village Vanguard (subtitled You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart) is a live album by jazz drummer Paul Motian recorded at the Village Vanguard and originally released on the German JMT label. Recorded in 1995 it features performances by Motian with Bill Frisell and Joe Lovano. The album was rereleased on the Winter & Winter label in 2005."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Main Attraction (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm", "paragraph_text": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances with Ernie Henry recorded in 1957 and released on the Riverside label. This was Henry's last recording session."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tonight (Danny Byrd song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Tonight\" is a song by drum and bass DJ, producer and musician Danny Byrd featuring fellow Hospital Records artist Netsky. It is the fourth single released from his third album Rave Digger. The song was released on 6 February 2011 for digital download and on 12\" vinyl on 7 February 2011. The single peaked at number 91 on the UK Singles Chart and number 11 on the UK Dance Chart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tijuana Jazz", "paragraph_text": "Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label. The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541."}], "question": "What record label does the performer of Ill Behaviour belong to?"}
{"id": "2hop__1609_35775", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "MidAmerican Energy Building", "paragraph_text": "Mid-American Energy Building is a high-rise office building located in the downtown Davenport, Iowa. The building was designed by Shive-Hattery Engineers & Architects and built by Iowa-Illinois Gas and Electric Company in 1995. It is a 9-story office building that stands on top of a six story parking ramp. The building stands , and is the second tallest building in the city after the Wells Fargo Bank Building. The building is also the home to a couple of peregrine falcons."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Str\u00f8msgodset Toppfotball", "paragraph_text": "Str\u00f8msgodset Toppfotball play their home games at Marienlyst Stadion. The stadium has been rebuilt several times, most recently with a new south end (\"Klokkesvingen\") in 2014. There, safe standing (rail seats) was installed, which increased the capacity to 8,935 in matches where standing supporters are allowed. Safe standing has also been installed in the north end. When an all-seating stadium is required, the capacity is 8,060."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hindustan Aeronautics Limited", "paragraph_text": "HAL was established as Hindustan Aircraft in Bangalore in 1940 on 23 December 1940. Hindustan Aircraft Company was incorporated under the Mysore Companies Act as a private Ltd Company. Walchand -- Tulsidas - Khatau Ltd was the Managing agency. Its first directors were: Walchand Hirachand, Chairman, Tulsidas Khilachand, Dharmsey Mularaj Khatau, A.N. Raghavachar (Mysore State representative), Venkatanaranappa (Mysore State representative). Company's office was opened at a bungalow called ``Eventide ''on Domlur Road. The initiative was actively encouraged by the Kingdom of Mysore, especially by its Young Maharaja, H.H. Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar and the Diwan, Sir Mirza Ismail. Walchand had first approached share holders of his own company, The Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd, for diversifying but was refused. He then wrote to the Rulers of Baroda, Gwalior and Bhavanagar without success. Only Maharaja of Mysore responded favourably by agreeing to invest 25 lakhs and gave initial 700 acres of land free."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: \u7231\u7684\u5949\u732e; traditional Chinese: \u611b\u7684\u5949\u737b), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at \u00a550 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled \"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Windows 8", "paragraph_text": "In June 2014, state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security. The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate \"sensitive user information\" that could be used to \"understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society\", and alleged that per documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the U.S. government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information. Yang Min, a computer scientist at Fudan University, also stated that \"the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft, allowing them control of the users' data, and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security.\" Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network Sina Weibo, which stated that the company had never \"assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients\" or provided client data to the U.S. government, never \"provided any government the authority to directly visit\" or placed any backdoors in its products and services, and that it had never concealed government requests for client data."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "ContractExpress", "paragraph_text": "ContractExpress is a document automation program designed and developed by Business Integrity Ltd., a company focused on contract automation based in the UK and the US. ContractExpress is available for SharePoint on-premises or in the cloud, for Salesforce, and as a stand-alone app in a private or public cloud. Users of the product are typically law firms and corporations, such as Clifford Chance and Microsoft."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alghanim Industries", "paragraph_text": "Alghanim Industries is one of the largest privately owned companies in the Persian Gulf region, predominantly in Kuwait. A multinational company in outlook with operations in 40 countries, Alghanim Industries is a multibillion-dollar conglomerate with more than 30 businesses. They also fund projects and provide loans for non-UAE/Middle East countries. Alghanim Industries claimed that it collected revenues of $2.5 billion in 2009, although has not disclosed its financial standing since."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Book of Jasher (biblical references)", "paragraph_text": "The Book of Jasher is also mentioned in the Biblical Book of Joshua amid the descriptions of Joshua's military exploits in the land of Canaan, specifically after Adonizedek, king of Jerusalem, and his allies attacked Gibeon for allying themselves with Israel and Joshua and the Israelites came to Gibeon's aid (Joshua 9 - 10). When ``YHWH gave the Amorites over to the sons of Israel '', Joshua told the sun to stand still over Gibeon and the moon to stand still over Valley of Aijalon (Joshua 9: 1 - 2). Then the Book of Joshua 10: 13 states:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Amica Wronki", "paragraph_text": "The club was invariably linked to the \"Amica\" company, a manufacturer of white goods, predominantly stoves, which gave the club its nickname. The company's increasing profits gave the new team tremendous financial clout in the Polish leagues. The club was formed when two clubs were joined together, B\u0142\u0119kitni Wronki and LZS Czarni Wromet Wr\u00f3blewo. The new club was named FK Amica Wronki and in just 4 years, the club won promotion from the Fourth Division to the Orange Ekstraklasa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Manuel Bonilla", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Juticalpa, Olancho, Honduras. He started out as a liberal, and then became a conservative, and he is considered the founder of the ideas that led to the creation of the National Party of Honduras. He was involved in various military actions as a young man. As president he gave generous concessions to the banana companies along the north coast, namely to Sam Zemurray's Cuyamel Fruit Company."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "East Chop", "paragraph_text": "East Chop, also known as the Vineyard Highlands, is a residential area located in the town of Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts on the north end of the island of Martha's Vineyard. It is a peninsula surrounded on the North and East by Vineyard Sound and on the West by Vineyard Haven Harbor, and features the high, prominent bluffs that gave Oak Bluffs its name. A lighthouse, East Chop Light, stands at the north end of the chop on Telegraph Hill."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spexy Beast", "paragraph_text": "Spexy Beast is a stand-up comedy tour performed by British comedian Alan Carr. The tour was Carr's first to be performed in arena type venues, with extra dates being added in most territories due to popular demand."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Standing on the shoulders of giants", "paragraph_text": "The metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants (Latin: nanos gigantum humeris insidentes) expresses the meaning of ``discovering truth by building on previous discoveries ''. This concept has been traced to the 12th century, attributed to Bernard of Chartres. Its most familiar expression in English is by Isaac Newton in 1675:`` If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.''"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of most expensive films", "paragraph_text": "Due to the secretive nature of Hollywood accounting it is not clear which film is the most expensive film ever made. Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides officially holds the record with a budget of $378.5 million, while The Hobbit trilogy stands as the most expensive back - to - back film production with combined costs of $623 million after tax credits."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Fourcade", "paragraph_text": "Mount Fourcade () is a mountain standing southwest of Cape Anna and Anna Cove and east of Orne Harbour, on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was charted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, 1897\u201399, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1960 for the South African surveyor Henry Georges Fourcade, who designed the stereogoniometer and gave it practical application for plotting photogrammetric surveys in about 1900."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ford Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Ford Ranges () is a grouping of mountain ranges standing east of Sulzberger Ice Shelf and Block Bay in the northwest part of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. Discovered by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition on December 5, 1929, and named by Byrd for Edsel Ford of the Ford Motor Company, who helped finance the expedition."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mitsubishi eK", "paragraph_text": "The Mitsubishi eK is a kei car series from Mitsubishi Motors, based on the long-running Minica, and first introduced on October 11, 2001. According to the company, the \"\"eK\"\" name stands for \"excellent \"keijid\u014dsha\"\" or \"excellent minicar\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Coca-Cola", "paragraph_text": "On April 23, 1985, Coca - Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the formula of the drink with ``New Coke ''. Follow - up taste tests revealed most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi but Coca - Cola management was unprepared for the public's nostalgia for the old drink, leading to a backlash. The company gave in to protests and returned to a variation of the old formula using high fructose corn syrup instead of cane sugar as the main sweetener, under the name Coca - Cola Classic, on July 10, 1985."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "El Pulgar", "paragraph_text": "El Pulgar () is a precipitous granite monolith high standing north of Berg Peak in the northern Morozumi Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica. The feature was climbed by four members of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1967\u201368, who gave the name, \"el pulgar\" being Spanish for \"the thumb\". This monolith lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Donna McPhail", "paragraph_text": "McPhail is from London and was noted for her stand-up comedy in the 1990s, most prominently in her nomination for the Perrier Comedy Award in 1993."}], "question": "What does the abbreviated name of the company that gave the most stand for?"}
{"id": "2hop__77742_1981", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WWE Raw", "paragraph_text": "Raw originated from the Grand Ballroom at the Manhattan Center, a small New York City theater, and aired live each week. The combination of an intimate venue and live action proved to be a successful improvement. However, the weekly live schedule proved to be a financial drain on the WWF. From Spring 1993 up until Spring 1997, Raw would tape several week's worth of episodes after a live episode had aired. The WWF taped several weeks worth of Raw from the Mid-Hudson Civic Center in Poughkeepsie, New York in April 1993, and again in June and October (from 1984 -- 1986, the Civic Center was the home of another WWF TV show, Championship Wrestling). The first episode produced outside of New York was taped in Bushkill, Pennsylvania in November 1993 and Raw left the Manhattan Center permanently as the show would be taken on the road throughout the United States and had in smaller venues."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Time Warner Center", "paragraph_text": "The complex is also home to three entertainment areas. CNN's studios in the Time Warner Center, are one of the network's three primary broadcast sites (along with facilities in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles). Shows which originate from the New York facility include Anderson Cooper 360 \u00b0 and Erin Burnett OutFront. CNN's Jeanne Moos, known for her offbeat ``man on the street ''reporting, frequently accosts her interview subjects just outside the building. In 2005, Jazz at Lincoln Center announced a partnership with XM Satellite Radio which gave XM studio space at Frederick P. Rose Hall to broadcast both daily jazz programming and special events such as the Artist Confidential show featuring Carlos Santana. Anderson Cooper's daytime talk show, Anderson recorded in Jazz at Lincoln Center's The Allen Room for a year before moving elsewhere."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Biograph Studios", "paragraph_text": "Biograph Studios was an early film studio and laboratory complex, built in 1912 by the Biograph Company at 807 East 175th Street, in The Bronx, New York City, New York."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. New York City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers, according to the city's website. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Made Man (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Made Man is a 2006 third-person shooter video game developed by the UK company SilverBack Studios and published by Mastertronic and Aspyr for PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows. The game is set in the New York City underworld of organized crime in the Mafia. The storyline is written by crime author David Fisher with collaboration from former mafioso Salvatore \"Bill\" Bonanno."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "CNN World News", "paragraph_text": "CNN World News, a program that airs on CNN International and CNN International Asia Pacific. It is supplemented by CNN World News Asia and CNN World News Europe The show's traditional time run is 24-hours if it is followed by CNN World News Middle East The show's regular presenters include Errol Barnett. Its main role is to update viewers of the latest news in the world. It contains a weather update from the CNN World Weather Forecast News. CNN World News can usually air up to three times on weekends, and is known to be bringing the latest on a story."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year. The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at US$1.1 billion in 2006. New York City is home to some of the nation's\u2014and the world's\u2014most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m\u00b2), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m\u00b2) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue. According to Forbes, in 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Millionaire", "paragraph_text": "At the end of 2017, there were estimated to be just over 15 million US $millionaires or high - net - worth individual (HNWIs) in the world. The United States had the highest number of HNWIs (5,047,000) of any country, while New York City had the most HNWIs (393,500) among cities."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown is an American travel and food show on CNN which premiered on April 14, 2013. In the show, Anthony Bourdain travels the world uncovering lesser-known places and exploring their cultures and cuisine. The show won ten Primetime Emmy Awards out of 31 nominations, as well as a 2013 Peabody Award. The digital series Explore Parts Unknown, an editorial partnership with Roads & Kingdoms, won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series. Parts Unknown aired the last collection of episodes on CNN in the autumn of 2018. The series finale, titled \"Lower East Side\" \u2014 bringing Bourdain's culinary travelogue full circle back to Bourdain's hometown of New York \u2014 aired November 11, 2018."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Blood on the Tracks", "paragraph_text": "Blood on the Tracks is the 15th studio album by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on January 20, 1975 by Columbia Records. The album marked Dylan's return to Columbia Records after a two-album stint with Asylum Records. Dylan commenced recording the album in New York City in September 1974. In December, shortly before Columbia was due to release the record, Dylan abruptly re-recorded much of the material in a studio in Minneapolis. The final album contains five tracks from New York and five from Minneapolis."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jeffrey Peterson", "paragraph_text": "On June 24, 1999, Quepasa went public on the Nasdaq stock market. By the end of the day, Quepasa was worth $272 million. The young company founder was featured in live interviews on CNN and CNBC. At age 26, Peterson had seen his net worth rise by $36 million.A year later, Quepasa was named the most popular online destination for United States Hispanics, ahead of competitors Starmedia and Yahoo! Espanol."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "News Caf\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Prior to 9TV switching to CNN Philippines, \"News Caf\u00e9\" aired \"Best of News Caf\u00e9\" on March 12, 2015 as its final episode. \"News Caf\u00e9\" was replaced by \"Profiles\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sara Sidner", "paragraph_text": "Sara Sidner (born May 31, 1972) is an American journalist. She is a correspondent for CNN and CNN International based in Jerusalem starting August 2012, formerly in New Delhi. She currently works in CNN's Los Angeles bureau."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Worth of a Man", "paragraph_text": "The Worth of a Man is a 1912 American dramatic silent film directed by J. Farrell MacDonald. It was produced by the Independent Moving Pictures (IMP) Company of New York."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Len Turner", "paragraph_text": "Len Turner is a former news anchor and reporter who appeared regularly on American local television stations from 1990-2008. From 2006-2008, he was an anchor and a reporter for News 12 New Jersey, a 24-hour all news channel in the New York City metropolitan area. From 2005-2006, he was a reporter for WTXF, the Fox Broadcasting station in Philadelphia. In 2005, he received an Emmy Award for coverage of spot news from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. He also has appeared on the following U.S. television stations: KTVI, St. Louis, WPTV-TV West Palm Beach, Florida, WEAR-TV Pensacola, Florida and WUFT-TV Gainesville, Florida. His work has appeared on the following national networks: CNN, CNN Headline News, CNN.com, The Weather Channel, Fox News Channel, MSNBC. His work has appeared on local broadcast stations via these feed services: CNN Newsource, NBC NewsChannel, ABC NewsOne, and Fox News Edge."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Derek Jeter", "paragraph_text": "Derek Jeter Jeter as a player in 2008 at Camden Yards Shortstop Born: (1974 - 06 - 26) June 26, 1974 (age 43) Pequannock Township, New Jersey Batted: Right Threw: Right MLB debut May 29, 1995, for the New York Yankees Last MLB appearance September 28, 2014, for the New York Yankees MLB statistics Batting average. 310 Hits 3,465 Home runs 260 Runs batted in 1,311 Teams New York Yankees (1995 -- 2014) Career highlights and awards 14 \u00d7 All - Star (1998 -- 2002, 2004, 2006 -- 2012, 2014) 5 \u00d7 World Series champion (1996, 1998 -- 2000, 2009) World Series MVP (2000) AL Rookie of the Year (1996) 5 \u00d7 Gold Glove Award (2004 -- 2006, 2009 -- 2010) 5 \u00d7 Silver Slugger Award (2006 -- 2009, 2012) 2 \u00d7 AL Hank Aaron Award (2006, 2009) Roberto Clemente Award (2009) New York Yankees No. 2 retired New York Yankees captain (2003 -- 2014)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Somebody's Gotta Do It", "paragraph_text": "Somebody's Gotta Do It is a program that originally aired on CNN and now airs on TBN with host Mike Rowe. The show premiered on October 8, 2014. On May 13, 2016, Mike Rowe announced on his website MikeRowe.com that CNN and he had agreed to end production of the show. Rowe is currently looking for an alternative channel to air a new season of the show that would avoid preemption and interruption from political and news events."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Sweeter Side of Life", "paragraph_text": "\"The Sweeter Side of Life\" is set in New York City, New York and Flemington, New Jersey. Filming occurred in New York City and at Castel Film Studios in Bucharest, Romania."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Adam Worth", "paragraph_text": "Adam Worth was born into a poor Jewish family somewhere in Germany.  His original surname might have been \"Werth\".  When he was five years old, his family moved to the United States and settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Worth's father became a tailor. In 1854, Worth ran away from home and moved first to Boston and then, in 1860, to New York City. He worked as a clerk in a department store for one month."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "WCZX", "paragraph_text": "WCZX is a radio station licensed to Hyde Park, New York and serving the Mid-Hudson Valley of New York state. The station is owned by Townsquare Media and broadcasts on 97.7\u00a0MHz at 300 watts ERP from the Illinois Mountain master tower in Marlborough, New York with studios on Pendell Road in the Town of Poughkeepsie."}], "question": "In 2006, what was the value of the property in New York where the CNN studios are located?"}
{"id": "2hop__428460_577262", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "NetCologne", "paragraph_text": "NetCologne is a regional telecommunications, cable television and Internet service provider in the Cologne region of Germany. It operates its own copper, coaxial, FTTB and CDMA2000 networks. It serves 518.000 customers and is owned by the city of Cologne. The company has around 900 employees."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aitik", "paragraph_text": "The Aitik copper mine is owned by Boliden AB and situated outside the town of G\u00e4llivare in northern Sweden. It is one of Europe's largest open pit copper mines. Associated with the copper, some quantities of gold, silver are produced alongside the main production."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Strike Commando 2", "paragraph_text": "The film was released on August 17, 1988 in Italy as \"Trappola diabolica\" (\"The Diabolical Trap\"), then under the commonly known title \"Strike Commando 2\" in the rest of the world, including the United States. On October 1988 Video Statt distributed the film on VHS tapes in Germany. The German version of \"Strike Commando 2\", entitled \"Heroin Force\", met with heavy censorship; the torture scenes of the main protagonist as well as some of the scenes of his battle with his opponents were censored."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Small Soldiers", "paragraph_text": "Small Soldiers is a 1998 American science fiction war film, directed by Joe Dante and starring Kirsten Dunst and Gregory Smith, and the voices of Frank Langella and Tommy Lee Jones. It revolves around a conflict between two factions of sentient action figures, the Gorgonites and the Commando Elite. When an adolescent brings the Gorgonites to his home, he and those around him become targeted by the Commando Elite, who are programmed to eliminate the Gorgonites and their allies. Frank Langella and Tommy Lee Jones who co-star, are the voices of the leaders of the Gorgonites and the Commando Elite, respectively."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 2005, Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Copper Commando", "paragraph_text": "The Copper Commando was the official newspaper of the Victory Labor-Management Committees of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company (ACM) and its Union representatives of Butte, Anaconda, and Great Falls, Montana. Published bi-weekly from August 1942 to August 1945, the Copper Commando was established at the recommendation of, and with an editor appointed by, the U. S. War Production Department. The intended audience was workers and their families. as a means to encourage metals production during World War II. A tabloid pictorial newspaper, it reported news and events at the mines and plants with photographs and illustrations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Claude Piegts", "paragraph_text": "A salesman in Algiers, Claude Piegts belonged to the Commando Delta under the orders of Lieutenant Roger Degueldre during the Algerian War. He participated with Albert Dovecar in the assassination of Police Commissaire Roger Gavoury on 31 May, 1961. Piegts was found guilty of the crime and sentenced to death. He was executed by firing squad on 7 June 1962 at the Fort du Trou d'Enfer, along with Dovecar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Murray Brook Mine", "paragraph_text": "The Murray Brook Mine is a VMS deposit in the Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC) of northern New Brunswick, Canada owned by NovaGold Resources. The deposit was discovered in 1955 and contains the largest gossan zone in the BMC. From 1989 to 1992 the gossan zone was processed for gold and silver. In 1992 copper rich ore was crushed and tested for heap leaching."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Operation Collar (commando raid)", "paragraph_text": "Operation Collar was the codeword for the first commando raid, conducted by the British forces, during the Second World War. The location selected for the raid was the Pas-de-Calais department on the French coast. The British Commandos had not long been formed and were not yet trained, so the operation was given to No. 11 Independent Company under the command of Major Ronnie Tod."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ho Chi Minh trail", "paragraph_text": "H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh Trail Southeastern Laos Ho Chi Minh Trail, 1967 Type Logistical system Site information Controlled by National Liberation Front Site history Built 1959 -- 1975 In use 1959 -- 1975 Battles / wars Operation Barrel Roll Operation Steel Tiger Operation Tiger Hound Operation Commando Hunt Cambodian Incursion Operation Lam Son 719 Ho Chi Minh Campaign Operation Left Jab Operation Honorable Dragon Operation Diamond Arrow Project Copper Operation Phiboonpol Operation Sayasila Operation Bedrock Operation Thao La Operation Black Lion Garrison information Past commanders V\u00f5 B\u1ea9m Phan Tr\u1ecdng Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed3ng S\u1ef9 Nguy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf Thi\u1ec7n Garrison 5,000 -- 60,000"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Operation Ambassador", "paragraph_text": "Operation Ambassador was an operation carried out by British Commandos on 14\u201315 July 1940 within the context of the Second World War. It was the second raid by the newly formed British Commandos and was focused upon the German-occupied Channel island of Guernsey."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Navy", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish Infanter\u00eda de Marina was formed in 1537, making it the oldest, current marine force in the world. The British Royal Marines combine being both a ship - based force and also being specially trained in commando - style operations and tactics, operating in some cases separately from the rest of the Royal Navy. The Royal Marines also have their own special forces unit."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, or about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction). However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Blyavinsky mine", "paragraph_text": "The Blyavinsky mine is a large copper mine located in the south-west of Russia in Bashkortostan. Blyavinsky represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 139.3 illion tonnes of ore grading 2.5% copper."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yandera mine", "paragraph_text": "The Yandera mine is a large copper mine located in the east of Papua New Guinea in Madang Province. Yandera represents one of the largest copper reserve in Papua New Guinea and in the world having estimated reserves of 580 million tonnes of ore grading 0.41% copper, 0.01% molybdenum and 1.1 million oz of gold."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products; as such, they are important in the field of organic synthesis. Copper(I) acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling. Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide, especially in the presence of amine ligands."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anaconda Copper", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1881 when Marcus Daly bought a silver mine, the company expanded rapidly based on the discovery of huge copper deposits. Daly built a smelter in Anaconda to process copper mined in Butte. Daly sold his assets in 1899 to H H Rogers and William Rockefeller."}], "question": "Who founded Copper Commando's parent company?"}
{"id": "2hop__157717_7055", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Johan Kling", "paragraph_text": "Johan Kling (born Carl-David Johan Natt och Dag, 7 August 1962, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish film director, screenwriter, and novelist. His debut movie, \"Darling\" (2007), won the award for best Swedish film."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "As of 2018, NL players have won the award 27 times (including one award shared by two players), and American League (AL) players have won 30 times. Baltimore Orioles players have won the most awards for a single franchise (with six); players from the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants are tied for the most in the NL with five each. Five players have won the award twice: Willie Mays (1963, 1968), Steve Garvey (1974, 1978), Gary Carter (1981, 1984), Cal Ripken, Jr. (1991, 2001), and Mike Trout (2014, 2015). The award has been shared by multiple players once; Bill Madlock and Jon Matlack shared the award in 1975. Two players have won the award for a game in which their league lost: Brooks Robinson in 1966 and Carl Yastrzemski in 1970. One pair of awardees were father and son (Ken Griffey Sr. and Ken Griffey Jr.), and another were brothers (Roberto Alomar and Sandy Alomar, Jr.). Mike Trout of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim became the first player ever to win the MVP award in back - to - back years in the 86 - year history of the MLB All - Star Game when he accomplished the feat in both 2014 and 2015. Alex Bregman of the Houston Astros is the most recent MLB All - Star Game MVP, winning the award in 2018. Only six players have won the MVP award in the only All - Star Game in which they appeared; LaMarr Hoyt, Bo Jackson, J.D. Drew, Melky Cabrera, Eric Hosmer, and Alex Bregman."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Manjadikuru", "paragraph_text": "Manjadikuru (, ) is a Malayalam film (theatrical release: 2012) written and directed by Anjali Menon. A shorter video version of the film was premiered at the 2008 International Film Festival of Kerala, and won the FIPRESCI Award for best Malayalam film and Hassankutty award for Best Debutant Indian director. In 2009, it swept the awards at \"South Asian International Film Festival (SAIFF)\" at New York, winning five Grand Jury Awards - Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematographer and Best Emerging Talent."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dances with Wolves", "paragraph_text": "In addition to becoming the first Western film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture since 1931's \"Cimarron\", \"Dances with Wolves\" won a number of additional awards, making it one of the most honored films of 1990."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "In the early years, Universal had a \"clean picture\" policy. However, by April 1927, Carl Laemmle considered this to be a mistake as \"unclean pictures\" from other studios were generating more profit while Universal was losing money."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "In 1928, Laemmle, Sr. made his son, Carl, Jr. head of Universal Pictures as a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism\u2014at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl, Sr. being known around the studios as \"Uncle Carl.\" Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, \"Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle.\" Among these relatives was future Academy Award winning director/producer William Wyler."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Broken Oath", "paragraph_text": "The Broken Oath is a 1910 silent short film starring Florence Lawrence, directed by Harry Solter, and produced by Carl Laemmle. It was the first film to marquee the name of an actor, Lawrence, to promote a film."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Poseidon Adventure is a 1972 American disaster film directed by Ronald Neame, produced by Irwin Allen, and based on Paul Gallico's eponymous 1969 novel. It features an ensemble cast, including five Academy Award winners: Gene Hackman; Ernest Borgnine; Jack Albertson; Shelley Winters; and Red Buttons. Parts of the movie were filmed aboard the RMS Queen Mary. The plot centers on the fictional SS Poseidon, an aged luxury liner on her final voyage from New York City to Athens before being sent to the scrapyard. On New Year's Eve, she is overturned by a tsunami. Passengers and crew are trapped inside, and a rebellious preacher attempts to lead a small group of survivors to safety.It is in the vein of other all-star disaster films of the early-mid 1970s such as Airport (1970), Earthquake (1974), and The Towering Inferno (1974). By the end of 1974, it was regarded as a widely successful film. The film won two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Motion Picture Sound Editors Award. A sequel, Beyond the Poseidon Adventure (1979), also based on a novel by Gallico, was a critical and commercial failure."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of awards and nominations received by The West Wing", "paragraph_text": "The West Wing received 277 award nominations, winning 87 of them. This includes 95 Primetime Emmy Awards (with 26 wins), 20 Golden Globe Awards (2 wins), 20 Screen Actors Guild Awards (7 wins), 12 Television Critics Association Awards (5 wins), 12 Writers Guild of America Awards (2 wins), and 8 Directors Guild of America Awards (2 wins)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "La La Land", "paragraph_text": "La La Land received critical acclaim. Critics praised Chazelle's screenplay and direction, Gosling and Stone's performances, Justin Hurwitz's score, and the film's musical numbers. It won in every category for which it was nominated at the 74th Golden Globe Awards, with a record - breaking seven wins, and received 11 nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards, winning five. It received 14 nominations at the 89th Academy Awards, tying the record for most nominations with All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997), and won six Academy Awards for Best Director, Best Actress (Stone), Best Cinematography, Best Original Score, Best Original Song (``City of Stars ''), and Best Production Design."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Suso Cecchi d'Amico", "paragraph_text": "Suso Cecchi D'Amico (21 July 1914, Rome \u2013 31 July 2010, Rome) was an Italian screenwriter and actress. She won the 1980 David di Donatello Award for lifetime career. She worked with virtually all of the most celebrated post-war Italian film directors, and wrote or co-wrote many award winning films\u2014among them:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "False as Water", "paragraph_text": "False as Water () is a 1985 Swedish drama film directed by Hans Alfredson. Alfredson won the award for Best Director and Malin Ek won the award for Best Actress at the 21st Guldbagge Awards."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "70th Academy Awards", "paragraph_text": "The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards, Titanic tied with Ben - Hur for the most academy awards in Oscar history. It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenplay nomination since 1965's The Sound of Music. Best Actress winner Helen Hunt was the first performer to win an Oscar while concurrently starring in a television series; Jack Nicholson became the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars. Both won for their roles in As Good as it Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards. Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic, Best Actress nominee Kate Winslet and Best Supporting Actress nominee Gloria Stuart became the first pair of actress nominated for portraying the same character in the same film. At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Laura G\u00f3mez (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Laura G\u00f3mez is a Dominican actress, speaker, writer, and director. She belongs to SAG - AFTRA and lives in New York City. G\u00f3mez is best known for her portrayal of the character Blanca Flores, an astute and disheveled prison inmate in the award - winning Netflix series Orange Is The New Black. In the fall of 2012 she won the NYU Technisphere Award for her short film To Kill a Roach."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jack Cady", "paragraph_text": "Jack Cady (March 20, 1932 \u2013 January 14, 2004) was an American author. He is most known as an award winning fantasist and horror writer. In his career, he won the Nebula Award, the World Fantasy Award, and the Bram Stoker Award."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hafsia Herzi", "paragraph_text": "Hafsia Herzi (born 25 January 1987) is a French actress and film director of Algerian and Tunisian descent. She is best known for her debut role in the award-winning Franco-Tunisian feature \"The Secret of the Grain\" for which she won the award for most promising actress at the C\u00e9sar Awards 2008, and the Marcello Mastroianni award, for best emerging actor or actress at the 64th Venice International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jack L. Davis", "paragraph_text": "Jack L. Davis (born August 13, 1950) is Carl W. Blegen Professor of Greek Archaeology at the University of Cincinnati in Ohio and is a former Director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Laura G\u00f3mez (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Laura G\u00f3mez (born 1979) is a Dominican actress, speaker, writer, and director. She belongs to SAG - AFTRA and lives in New York City. G\u00f3mez is best known for her portrayal of the character Blanca Flores, an astute and disheveled prison inmate in the award - winning Netflix series Orange Is The New Black. In the fall of 2012 she won the NYU Technisphere Award for her short film To Kill a Roach."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Grip of the Yukon", "paragraph_text": "The Grip of the Yukon is a 1928 American silent action/adventure Western film directed by Ernst Laemmle, the nephew of Universal Pictures founder Carl Laemmle. The film starred Francis X. Bushman and Neil Hamilton, and is based on a story by William MacLeod Raine, \"The Yukon Trail, A Tale of the North\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane[a] and Jules Brulatour. One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution."}], "question": "What director who won the same award as Jack Albertson was a relative of Carl Laemmle?"}
{"id": "2hop__673791_120471", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Farrow (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "John Jacob Farrow (November 8, 1853 \u2013 December 31, 1914), also known as Jack, was an American Major League Baseball player who played catcher in two seasons in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, and one season in the majors, with the 1884 Brooklyn Atlantics. Farrow died in Perth Amboy, New Jersey at the age of 61, and is interred at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in East Orange, New Jersey."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Lines", "paragraph_text": "The Lines were a four-piece indie rock band from Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England who were signed to Amboy Road Records, although previously had released their debut single on Weekender Records in February 2008."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jersey Shore", "paragraph_text": "The Jersey Shore is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about 141 miles (227 km) of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties. Many New Jersey residents refer to it simply as ``The Shore '', as in to go or have done something`` down the shore''. While there is no defined border between North Jersey and South Jersey, the Raritan River, Manasquan River, or I - 195 are often mentioned as the border, and as such, most of the shore region is located in South Jersey."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "East Jersey", "paragraph_text": "The Province of East Jersey, along with the Province of West Jersey, between 1674 and 1702 in accordance with the Quintipartite Deed were two distinct political divisions of the Province of New Jersey, which became the U.S. state of New Jersey. The two provinces were amalgamated in 1702. East Jersey's capital was located at Perth Amboy. Determination of an exact location for a border between West Jersey and East Jersey was often a matter of dispute."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Crown Perth", "paragraph_text": "Crown Perth (formerly Burswood Island Casino, Burswood Island Complex and Burswood Entertainment Complex) is a resort and casino located in Burswood, Western Australia, near the Swan River. The resort consists of a casino, a convention centre with meeting rooms, theatre and two ballrooms along with 32 restaurants and bars, a nightclub and recreational facilities. It also features three hotels: the 405 - room Crown Metropol Perth, the 291 - room Crown Promenade Perth and the 500 - room luxury hotel Crown Towers Perth, which was opened in December 2016."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Great Southern Highway", "paragraph_text": "Great Southern Highway is a highway in the Southern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, starting from Great Eastern Highway at The Lakes, from Perth, and ending at Albany Highway near Cranbrook. It is the primary thoroughfare for this part of Western Australia and runs parallel with the Perth-Albany railway for its entire length. It is signed as State Route 120 from York to Cranbrook, and was first named in 1949, although it was built well before that time."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "East Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Although a number of the East Jersey proprietors in England were Quakers and the governor through most of the 1680s was the leading Quaker Robert Barclay, the Quaker influence on government was not significant. Even the immigration instigated by Barclay was oriented toward promoting Scottish influence more than Quaker influence. In 1682 Barclay and the other Scottish proprietors began the development of Perth Amboy as the capital of the province. In 1687 James II permitted ships to be cleared at Perth Amboy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Perth South, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "The Township of Perth South is a lower-tier municipality in southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in Perth County at the confluence of the River Thames and the Avon River. The Township was created on January 1, 1998 from the amalgamation of the former Township of Blanshard and the former Township of Downie. The land area of Perth South is 393.14 square kilometers. The population in 2016 was 3,810."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zanthus train collision", "paragraph_text": "The Zanthus train collision occurred at a crossing loop on the Trans-Australian Railway between Perth and Sydney on 18 August 1999. It is located east northeast of Perth and east of Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, on the Nullarbor Plain."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Steve Mizerak", "paragraph_text": "Mizerak, a lefty, began playing pool under the guidance of his father, who for many years had been the New Jersey State Champion. At the age of 13, he won the Perth Amboy City Championship and turned professional. The next year, he was refused entry into that event; they said he was too good. The 1960s saw a downturn for the so-called \"world pool tournaments\", and as they diminished, the era of the Johnston City Hustlers tournaments were growing. By this point in his life, Mizerak decided it would not be possible to earn a living playing and went on to attend Athens College in Athens, Alabama."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kinkora, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Kinkora is an unincorporated community in Mansfield Township, in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. This community used to be a rail terminal for the Kinkora branch and its junction with the Amboy Division of the railroad. The name \"Kinkora\" is of Native American origin, and the area was known as Quinkoringh."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Amboy Township, Lee County, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Amboy Township is one of twenty-two townships in Lee County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,108 and it contained 1,360 housing units."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth", "paragraph_text": "The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Australia covering the Greater Perth, Goldfields-Esperance, Peel and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for office. An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope, which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution. That law was replaced by 1799."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jacques Boucher de Cr\u00e8vec\u0153ur de Perthes", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Boucher de Cr\u00e8vec\u0153ur de Perthes (10 September 1788 \u2013 5 August 1868), sometimes referred to as Boucher de Perthes, was a French archaeologist and antiquary notable for his discovery, in about 1830, of flint tools in the gravels of the Somme valley."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "George Shenton", "paragraph_text": "Sir George Shenton (4 March 1842 \u2013 29 June 1909) was a prominent businessman in colonial Western Australia, the first Mayor of Perth, and a Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for over thirty years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frank Walker (Australian rules footballer)", "paragraph_text": "He was educated at Aquinas College in Salter Point, where he was mentored in football by Jerry Dolan. He was also playing club football for South Perth under East Perth great Mick Cronin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Morrow Robb", "paragraph_text": "The son of Samuel Robb and Margaret Morrow, he was born in Downie Township, Perth County. Robb was educated in Stratford and at the University of Toronto. He taught school for three years in Middlesex County. In 1909, Robb married Olive R. Kidd. He served on the school board for Blind River and was Medical Officer of Health for over 20 years."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1983 America's Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 1983 America's Cup was the occasion of the first winning challenge to the New York Yacht Club, which had successfully defended the cup over a period of 132 years. An Australian syndicate representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club fielded the Australia II, skippered by John Bertrand, against defender Liberty, skippered by Dennis Conner. Australia II won the match races to win the America's Cup, ending the longest winning streak in sporting history and ending U.S. domination of the racing series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bremer Bay, Western Australia", "paragraph_text": "Bremer Bay is a coastal town situated on the south coast of Western Australia in the Great Southern region between Albany and Esperance, at the mouth of the Bremer River. Bremer Bay is southeast of the state capital, Perth, and east of Albany. In 2016 the townsite had a population of 231. Over the 2018 Christmas and New Year holiday period the town's population reached almost 6,500."}], "question": "What year did the place Perth Amboy is capitol of end?"}
{"id": "2hop__431478_596666", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "It's What's Happenin'", "paragraph_text": "It's What's Happenin' (subtitled The Varitone Sound of Clark Terry) is an album by American jazz trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1967 for the Impulse! label. Remastered in 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Impulse! Records, it was reissued together with Terry's only other record for the label as a solo leader, \"The Happy Horns of Clark Terry\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jazz Contemporary", "paragraph_text": "Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label. The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "At the Village Vanguard", "paragraph_text": "At the Village Vanguard (subtitled You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart) is a live album by jazz drummer Paul Motian recorded at the Village Vanguard and originally released on the German JMT label. Recorded in 1995 it features performances by Motian with Bill Frisell and Joe Lovano. The album was rereleased on the Winter & Winter label in 2005."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Soundsigns", "paragraph_text": "Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm", "paragraph_text": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances with Ernie Henry recorded in 1957 and released on the Riverside label. This was Henry's last recording session."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Documentary", "paragraph_text": "The Documentary is the debut studio album by American rapper The Game. It was released on January 18, 2005, by Aftermath Entertainment, G-Unit Records and Interscope Records. The record serves as his major-label debut, preceded by his independently-released debut \"Untold Story\" in 2004. In 2001, while The Game was in hospital recovering from a shooting, he decided to pursue a career in music. He released the mixtape, \"You Know What It Is Vol. 1\" in 2002, which was later was discovered by Dr. Dre and led to him signing The Game to his label, Aftermath Entertainment. The album includes production from high-profile producers such as Dr. Dre, Kanye West, Scott Storch and Timbaland, among others, and guest appearances from 50 Cent, Eminem, Nate Dogg and Faith Evans, among others. This would be The Game's only album on Aftermath and G-Unit Records, as he left the label later in 2005 after a feud began between him and fellow G-Unit label-mate 50 Cent."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album)", "paragraph_text": "Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Groovin' with Golson", "paragraph_text": "Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "True Game", "paragraph_text": "True Game is the debut album by American rapper CJ Mac & producer Mad. It was released May 23, 1995 on Rap-A-Lot Records. The album was produced by CJ Mac & Mad and mixed and engineered by Mike Dean and James Hoover. It peaked at number 41 on the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "More Blues and the Abstract Truth", "paragraph_text": "More Blues and the Abstract Truth is an album by American jazz composer, conductor and arranger Oliver Nelson featuring performances recorded in 1964 for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Opus de Jazz", "paragraph_text": "Opus de Jazz (subtitled A Hi-Fi Recording for Flute, Vibes, Piano, Bass, Drums) is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1955 and released on the Savoy label."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thinking of Home", "paragraph_text": "Thinking of Home is an album by jazz saxophonist Hank Mobley recorded on July 31, 1970 but not released by the Blue Note label until 1980. It features performances by Mobley with Woody Shaw, Cedar Walton, Eddie Diehl, Mickey Bass, and Leroy Williams and was Mobley's final recordings for Blue Note, and his 26th album on the label."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tijuana Jazz", "paragraph_text": "Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label. The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Platinum Game", "paragraph_text": "Platinum Game is the second studio album by American rapper CJ Mac, released August 31, 1999 by Hoo-Bangin' Records and distributed by Priority Records. The album features production by Ant Banks, Battlecat, Crazy Toones and Johnny \"J\". It peaked at number 77 on the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at number 42 on the \"Billboard\" Top Heatseekers. The album features guest appearances by WC, Mack 10, Too Short, TQ, Finale and Fat Joe."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Foolin' Myself", "paragraph_text": "Foolin' Myself is an album of trio performances by the American jazz pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1988 and released on the Italian Soul Note label."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Waterfalls (album)", "paragraph_text": "Waterfalls is a live album by American saxophonist and composer John Klemmer featuring studio enhanced live performances recorded in Los Angeles for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Three for Shepp", "paragraph_text": "Three for Shepp is the debut album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arctic Moon", "paragraph_text": "Arctic Moon later became synonymous with labels such as Armada Music and Aly & Fila\u2019s Future Sound of Egypt Recordings internet radio show. He released singles \"True Romance\" and \"Adelaide\" on the latter label. The tracks peaked on download charts and gained large support from other DJs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Jazz Skyline", "paragraph_text": "The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Plenty, Plenty Soul", "paragraph_text": "Plenty, Plenty Soul is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1957 and released on the Atlantic label."}], "question": "What is the record label of True Game's performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__125736_139139", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "\u00c9tienne Jodelle", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9tienne Jodelle, seigneur de Limodin (1532 \u2013 July 1573), French dramatist and poet, was born in Paris of a noble family."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Palais Albert Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "The Palais Albert Rothschild was a palatial residence in Vienna, Austria. It was one of five Palais Rothschild in the city that were owned by members of the Rothschild banking family of Austria, a branch of the international Rothschild family. It was located at Heugasse 26 (today Prinz-Eugen-Stra\u00dfe 20-22), in the 4th (Wieden) district of Vienna. Commissioned by Baron Albert von Rothschild, it was designed and built by the French architect Gabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur between 1876 and 1884, and demolished in 1954."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Evelyn de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Son of Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887\u20131961) and Yvonne Lydia Louise Cahen d'Anvers (1899\u20131977), he was named after his uncle Evelyn Achille de Rothschild who was killed in action in World War I. Evelyn de Rothschild spent several of his boyhood years in the United States during World War II. He was a pupil at Harrow School and then studied history at Trinity College, University of Cambridge but dropped out before gaining a degree."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nathaniel Meyer von Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Nathaniel Meyer von Rothschild (26 October 1836 \u2013 16 June 1905) was a member of the Rothschild banking family of Austria, known as art collector and patron."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lionel de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "In 1836, Lionel de Rothschild married his first cousin Baroness Charlotte von Rothschild (1819\u20131884), the daughter of Baron Carl Mayer Rothschild of the Rothschild banking family of Naples. They had the following children:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rothschild family", "paragraph_text": "The second French branch was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812\u20131870). Born in London, he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777\u20131836). In 1850 Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris to work with his uncle James Mayer Rothschild. In 1853 Nathaniel acquired Ch\u00e2teau Brane Mouton, a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde d\u00e9partement.  Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate Ch\u00e2teau Mouton Rothschild, and it would become one of the best known labels in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer de Rothschild, acquired the neighbouring Ch\u00e2teau Lafite vineyard."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Philippine de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Philippine Mathilde Camille, Baroness de Rothschild (22 November 1933 \u2013 23 August 2014) was the owner of the French winery Ch\u00e2teau Mouton Rothschild. She acted under the stage name Philippine Pascale. She was the only daughter of the vintner Baron Philippe de Rothschild, a member of the Rothschild banking dynasty."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Philippine de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "When Philippine de Rothschild was ten years old, she witnessed the Gestapo arrest her mother, who later died at Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp, the only known member of the Rothschild family to die during World War II."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miriam Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Miriam Rothschild was born in 1908 in Ashton Wold, near Oundle in Northamptonshire, the daughter of Charles Rothschild of the Rothschild family of Jewish bankers and Rozsika Edle Rothschild (\"n\u00e9e\" von Wertheimstein), a Hungarian sportswoman, of Austrian Jewish descent. Her brother was Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild and one of her sisters (Kathleen Annie) Pannonica Rothschild (Baroness Nica de Koenigswarter) would later be a bebop jazz enthusiast and patroness of Thelonious Monk and Charlie Parker."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild, (31 October 1910 \u2013 20 March 1990) was a senior executive with Royal Dutch Shell and N M Rothschild & Sons, an advisor to the Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher governments of the UK, as well as a member of the prominent Rothschild family."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Spilosoma crossi", "paragraph_text": "Spilosoma crossi is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Rothschild in 1910. It is found in Nigeria and Gambia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild () was an Austrian baron from the famous Rothschild family. He was born in Vienna on 5 March 1882 and died of heart failure while swimming in Montego Bay, Jamaica on 15 January 1955."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild, (8 February 1868 \u2013 27 August 1937), was a British banker, politician, zoologist and scion of the Rothschild family. As a prominent Zionist leader, he was presented with the famous Balfour Declaration which pledged to a Jewish national home in Palestine. Rothschild was the President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews from 1925 to 1926."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nicole St\u00e9phane", "paragraph_text": "The elder of the two daughters of Baron James-Henri de Rothschild and his first wife, Claude Dupont, Nicole St\u00e9phane was a member of the Rothschild banking family of France. Her immediate family, however, also was deeply immersed in the arts. Her paternal grandfather, Baron Henri de Rothschild, was a playwright and theatrical producer who wrote under the names Charles des Fontaines and Andr\u00e9 Pascal and owned Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Antoine and Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Pigalle. Her first cousin Philippine de Rothschild was an actress with the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, using the name Philippine Pascal. And her father's brother, the vintner Philippe de Rothschild, wrote plays, owned theatres and produced films."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charles Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Nathaniel Charles Rothschild (9 May 1877 \u2013 12 October 1923), known as \"Charles\", was an English banker and entomologist and a member of the Rothschild family. He is remembered for The Rothschild List, a list he made in 1915 of 284 sites across Britain that he considered suitable for nature reserves."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ferdinand de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, how he was referred to in the UK, or Ferdinand James Anselm, Freiherr von Rothschild (17 December 1839 \u2013 17 December 1898) was a British banker, art collector and politician, who was a member of the prominent Rothschild family of bankers. He identified as a Liberal, later Liberal Unionist, MP who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1898. Ferdinand had a sister, Miss Alice, who like her brother was a keen horticulturalist and collector. She inherited Ferdinand's property, Waddesdon Manor, in 1898 after he died and likewise continued the tradition of using the house as a place to keep his impressive collections."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "James Mayer de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "James Mayer de Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild (15 May 1792 \u2013 15 November 1868), born Jakob Mayer Rothschild, was a German-French banker and the founder of the French branch of the Rothschild family."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Evelina de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Evelina de Rothschild was the daughter of Baron Lionel de Rothschild (1808\u20131879), the first openly unconverted Jew to sit in the British House of Commons. Her mother was Charlotte von Rothschild (1819\u20131884), a cousin from the Naples branch of the family."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Anthony Gustav de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (26 June 1887 \u2013 5 February 1961) was a British banker and member of the Rothschild family."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anselm Salomon von Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, baron (29 January 1803 \u2013 27 July 1874) was an Austrian banker, founder of the Creditanstalt, and a member of the Vienna branch of the Rothschild family."}], "question": "What noble family was the father of Evelyn de Rothschild part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__696193_401612", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "May the Bird of Paradise Fly up Your Nose", "paragraph_text": "``May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose ''is a 1965 novelty song performed by Little Jimmy Dickens. It was Dickens' most successful single on the U.S. country music chart. It spent two weeks at No. 1 that November, and stayed on the chart for a total of 18 weeks. On the overall Billboard Hot 100 the song peaked at No. 15."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chris Harrison", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Bryan Harrison (born July 26, 1971) is an American television and game show host, best known for his role as host of the ABC reality television dating show, The Bachelor since 2002, and its spin - offs The Bachelorette since 2003, Bachelor Pad from 2010 to 2012, Bachelor in Paradise since 2014, the first season of Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise in 2015, Bachelor Live in 2016, and The Bachelor Winter Games in 2018. He has also served as the host of the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? since 2015."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sahn", "paragraph_text": "In historic Persian garden design sahns were the location for private Paradise gardens. In traditional Persian architecture, the courtyard usually contained a howz or symmetrical pool, where wudu (Islamic ablutions) were performed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Joey Tribbiani", "paragraph_text": "Prior to Monica and Chandler's wedding, when the two admitted that they were having trouble finding someone to perform the ceremony, Joey volunteered for the role, subsequently getting himself ordained over the Internet to entitle him to perform the marriage. He has apparently retained this role until Season Ten, when he performed the ceremony for Phoebe and Mike's wedding, claiming that priests are allowed to ride the subway for free (Although he states that the Bible must be read very carefully to identify the passage that permits this)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Paradise Papers", "paragraph_text": "The documents were acquired by the German newspaper S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung, which had also obtained the Panama Papers in 2016. According to the BBC, the name ``Paradise Papers ''reflects`` the idyllic profiles of many of the offshore jurisdictions whose workings are unveiled'', so - called tax havens, or ``tax paradises ''."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Trouble in Paradise (1932 film)", "paragraph_text": "Trouble in Paradise is a 1932 American Pre-Code romantic comedy film directed by Ernst Lubitsch, starring Miriam Hopkins, Kay Francis, and Herbert Marshall and featuring Charles Ruggles and Edward Everett Horton. Based on the 1931 play \"The Honest Finder\" (\"A Becs\u00fcletes Megtal\u00e1l\u00f3\") by Hungarian playwright L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Alad\u00e1r, the film is about a gentleman thief and a lady pickpocket who join forces to con a beautiful woman who is the owner of a perfume company."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Do Wah Diddy Diddy", "paragraph_text": "``Do Wah Diddy Diddy ''Single by Manfred Mann from the album The Manfred Mann Album B - side`` What You Gonna Do?'' Released 10 July 1964 Format Vinyl record Recorded 11 June 1964 Genre R&B pop rock Length 2: 23 Label HMV POP 1320 (UK) Ascot (US) Capitol (Canada) Songwriter (s) Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich Producer (s) John Burgess Manfred Mann singles chronology ``Hubble Bubble (Toil and Trouble) ''(1964)`` Do Wah Diddy Diddy'' (1964) ``Sha La La ''(1964)`` Hubble Bubble (Toil and Trouble)'' (1964) ``Do Wah Diddy Diddy ''(1964)`` Sha La La'' (1964)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bachelor in Paradise (Australian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Bachelor in Paradise Australia is an Australian elimination - style reality competition television series which is an adaptation of the U.S. series of the same name. It is a spin - off of The Bachelor Australia and The Bachelorette Australia and features previous contestants who have been featured on those shows. Bachelor in Paradise Australia is hosted by Osher G\u00fcnsberg and was first premiered on Network Ten on 25 March 2018."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Trouble with the Truth (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"The Trouble with the Truth\" is a song written by Gary Nicholson, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless. It was released in April 1997 as the fifth and final single and title track from her album \"The Trouble with the Truth\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Atlantis Paradise Island", "paragraph_text": "Atlantis Paradise Island is an ocean - themed resort on Paradise Island in the Bahamas. It features a variety of accommodations built around Aquaventure, a 141 - acre waterscape, which includes fresh and saltwater lagoons, pools, marine habitats, and water slides and river rides."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paradise, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Paradise is an unincorporated community in Coles County, Illinois, United States. Paradise is located near the south shore of Lake Paradise, south-southwest of Mattoon."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bridge over Troubled Water (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Bridge over Troubled Water ''is a song by American music duo Simon & Garfunkel. Produced by the duo and Roy Halee, the song was released as the follow - up single to`` The Boxer'' in January 1970. The song is featured on their fifth studio album, Bridge over Troubled Water (1970). Composed by singer - songwriter Paul Simon, the song is performed on piano and carries the influence of gospel music. The original studio recording employs elements of Phil Spector's ``Wall of Sound ''technique using L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Baby Blood", "paragraph_text": "\"Baby Blood\" was directed by Alain Robak who found that the interest in films of the fantastique genre had increased in France, and desired to make a film in this style as he was a fan of b-movies. Despite a proposed low-budget film, Robak initially had trouble finding producers to back the film, but received help when he got associated with producer Ariel Zeitoun."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paradise and Hell", "paragraph_text": "Paradise and Hell is the left and right panels of a minor diptych by a follower of Hieronymus Bosch based on \"The Haywain Triptych\". The image is oil on panel and is 135 x 45\u00a0cm. It was painted c. 1510 and is now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. Paradise is depicted darker than in the Haywain, which possibly represents the darkness of original sin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "In for the Kill (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"In for the Kill\" is a song by English synth-pop duo La Roux from their eponymous debut studio album (2009). The song was released as the album's second single on 15 March 2009. It became the duo's breakthrough single, peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart. Dubstep producers Skream and Skrillex both made remixes of the track. In 2011, \"In for the Kill\" was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Trouble in Paradise (La Roux album)", "paragraph_text": "Trouble in Paradise is the second studio album by English singer Elly Jackson, known professionally as La Roux. It was released on 18 July 2014 by Polydor Records. La Roux originally consisted of Jackson and producer Ben Langmaid, who collaborated during the earlier stages of production. However, Jackson was left to complete the record in early 2014 after Langmaid departed from the group in early 2012. Consequently, she partnered with producer Ian Sherwin during the later stages of production. Their efforts resulted in a primarily new wave record, which Jackson described as being \"warmer\" and \"sexier\" than her debut studio album, \"La Roux\" (2009)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Two Tickets to Paradise", "paragraph_text": "``Two Tickets to Paradise ''Artwork for the German vinyl release Single by Eddie Money from the album Eddie Money B - side`` Do n't Worry'' Released June 1978 Format 7 ''single Recorded 1977 Genre Hard rock, power pop Length 4: 00 (Album Version) 3: 09 (Single Remix) Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Eddie Money Producer (s) Bruce Botnick Eddie Money singles chronology ``Baby Hold On'' (1978)`` Two Tickets to Paradise ''(1978) ``You've Really Got a Hold on Me'' (1979)`` Baby Hold On ''(1978) ``Two Tickets to Paradise'' (1978)`` You've Really Got a Hold on Me ''(1979)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Make Me Lose Control (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Make Me Lose Control\" is a 1988 \"Billboard\" Hot 100 #3 hit single (see 1988 in music) written and performed by the singer-songwriter Eric Carmen. It was co-written by Dean Pitchford. It is one of two major hits written by the duo, the other being the 1984 song \"Almost Paradise\" by Mike Reno and Ann Wilson."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Some Kind of Trouble", "paragraph_text": "Some Kind of Trouble is the third studio album by the British singer-songwriter James Blunt, released on 8 November 2010. On 6 December 2011, a deluxe version of the album was released, titled \"Some Kind of Trouble: Revisited\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Can't Nobody", "paragraph_text": "\"Can't Nobody\" is a song performed by American recording artist Kelly Rowland. Penned and produced by Rich Harrison for Rowland's solo debut album \"Simply Deep\" (2002), it incorporates elements of Trouble Funk's 1982 song \"Let's Get Small\", written by band members Robert \"Syke Dyke\" Reed and Tony Fisher."}], "question": "What is the genre of the Trouble in Paradise performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__49188_415809", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chahid Oulad El Hadj", "paragraph_text": "Chahid \"The Pitbull\" Oulad El Hadj (born 21 June 1988) is a Moroccan-Dutch welterweight kickboxer, fighting out of Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hot Rod Deluxe", "paragraph_text": "Hot Rod Deluxe is the second album released by Ruby Joe. This effort was produced by Billy Zoom (of X) and joined by the horn section of Royal Crown Revue, including Bill Ungerman, Mando Dorame, and Scotty Steen. Musically the album shifts from the rockabilly roots of the debut toward swing revival. This release is generally considered to be their better effort, more focused than their debut. The lyrics also shift in attitude from their first album; on Hot Rod Deluxe it became \"easier to see the biblical point\" that is being made. The liner notes also contain the direct references for each song."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Crusio (ice cream parlor)", "paragraph_text": "IJssalon Crusio is an ice cream parlor in the center of Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands. It was founded in 1915 and has received multiple awards. The parlor is open all year long."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Adventures in Voice Acting", "paragraph_text": "Adventures in Voice Acting is a 2008 documentary DVD produced by Bang Zoom! Entertainment, featuring interviews from actors and crew members on the craft of voice acting. It was initially released as a set of DVDs, and has since been adapted into workshops and classes around the U.S."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Manish Malhotra Show", "paragraph_text": "The Manish Malhotra Show is an Indian talk show hosted by fashion designer Manish Malhotra, which premiered in 2005 on zOOm channel. The series was later syndicated on TV Asia USA."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)", "paragraph_text": "``Boom Boom ''Single by John Lee Hooker from the album Burnin 'B - side`` Drug Store Woman'' Released May 1962 (1962 - 05) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded Chicago, late 1961 Genre Blues Length 2: 29 Label Vee - Jay Songwriter (s) John Lee Hooker"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "J\u00f6rg van Nieuwenhuijzen", "paragraph_text": "J\u00f6rg van Nieuwenhuijzen (born 22 August 1978 in Bergen op Zoom, North Brabant) is a retired Dutch football goalkeeper who played for the Dutch clubs RBC Roosendaal, Excelsior Rotterdam, Heracles Almelo, HSV Hoek and FC Lienden. He is the Co-Founder of Dutch Connections FC, a Toronto based soccer service provider who is affiliated with Feyenoord from Rotterdam. ek."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canon PowerShot SX520 HS", "paragraph_text": "The Canon PowerShot SX520 HS is a digital compact camera announced by Canon Inc. on July 29, 2014. The Point-and-shoot superzoom camera has a 16 megapixel sensor, 42x optical zoom, and full 1080p HD video capabilities. It replaced the SX 510 HS from previous year. The zoom was increased from 30x to 42x but unlike SX510 HS it does not support WiFi transfer for images and videos."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Skymningssagor", "paragraph_text": "Skymningssagor was a children's programming originally airing over SVT's SVT 1 between 24 October 1988-16 November 1998. Every episode includes a story-tale told usually told by silent pictures and narrator. Among the stories were the Sven Nordqvist books about Pettson and Findus. The intro and outro scenes showed a model-landscape with a town and a rural district at twilight, and a model train travelling across model railway tracks. The picture would them zoom in and out the location where the story was set. It was accompanied by a melody played on the piano."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)", "paragraph_text": "``Boom Boom ''is a song written by American blues singer / guitarist John Lee Hooker and recorded in 1961. Although a blues song, music critic Charles Shaar Murray calls it`` the greatest pop song he ever wrote''. ``Boom Boom ''was both an American R&B and pop chart success in 1962 as well as placing in the UK Singles Chart in 1992."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nikon Coolpix 4300", "paragraph_text": "The Nikon Coolpix 4300 is a digital camera that was made by Nikon. It was first released on October 1, 2002 and is no longer in production. At 4.0 effective megapixels, it is capable of delivering 2,272 x 1,704 pixel images. An included lens cap protects its Nikkor 3x optical Zoom lens, with a focal length of 8 to 24\u00a0mm (equivalent of a field of view in 38 to 114\u00a0mm lens), as well as an aperture of f/2.8\u20134.9 and shutter speed of 8\u20131/1,000 sec. It is capable of ISO equivalents of 100, 200, and 400."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Major Parkinson", "paragraph_text": "Major Parkinson was started in 2003 by Jon Ivar Kollbotn, Eivind Gammersvik, Andr\u00e9 Lund and Jan Are R\u00f8nhovde. In the same year, they won the Eggstock festival in Bergen, as well as the local band competition finals in Zoom."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Other Sport", "paragraph_text": "The Other Sport () is a 2013 SVT three-part documentary television series produced by Freedom From Choice and Sveriges Television zooming in on the conditions of women's football in Sweden since the first clubs got structurally organized in the mid-1960s until this very day through the early dominance of \u00d6xab\u00e4cks IF in the 1970s and 1980s, the importance of Ume\u00e5 IK in the 2000s, Sweden winning the first UEFA Women's Championship in 1984 and until 2013 when the UEFA Women's Euro 2013 was played in Sweden."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rump Shaker (song)", "paragraph_text": "The song opens with Teddy Riley chanting the chorus ``All I wan na do is zooma - zoom - zoom - zoom in a poom - poom. ''Subsequent verses are rapped by Aqil Davidson, Teddy Riley, and Markell Riley. Teddy Riley's verse is notable for being written by his young prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Pharrell Williams, later to achieve fame as a member of The Neptunes and a solo artist. It was rumored that Pharrell, along with fellow future - Neptune Chad Hugo, contributed additional production work, but producer Ty Fyffe stated in a 2011 interview that he and Teddy Riley alone produced the song and that Pharrell's only contribution was lyrical."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Henny Knoet", "paragraph_text": "Henny Knoet (born 3 May 1942 in Bergen op Zoom - Sprang-Capelle, 26 August 2013) was a Dutch designer. He is mainly recognized for his contributions for Efteling."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of The Flash characters", "paragraph_text": "Robbie Amell portrays Ronnie Raymond / Firestorm, an engineer at S.T.A.R. Labs and Caitlin Snow's fiance ', based on the DC Comics character of the same name who is half of the character Firestorm. He is thought to be dead in the particle accelerator explosion, saving the lives of his co-workers. He survived the accident, which merged him with Martin Stein and the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. transmutation matrix, transforming both of them into one pyrokinetic entity. Though Firestorm is Ronnie's body, it is Stein who remains in control for most of their existence, with Ronnie occasionally taking control for brief moments. They eventually learn to control their shared powers, including an ability to separate themselves at will. Like Caitlin, Cisco and Stein, Ronnie also becomes good friends with Barry Allen; he and Barry ultimately join forces with Oliver Queen to subdue the Reverse - Flash. Ronnie marries Caitlin, though he is presumed dead when he sacrifices himself to stop the singularity above Central City, giving a final goodbye to Caitlin. Amell also portrays the Earth - 2 version of the character, Ronnie Raymond / Deathstorm, who is Killer Frost's husband. He works for Zoom alongside Killer Frost and Reverb. Ronnie is killed by Zoom for harming the Flash."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Canon PowerShot SX60 HS", "paragraph_text": "The Canon PowerShot SX60 HS is a digital ultra-zoom bridge camera announced by Canon Inc. on September 15, 2014. It has one of the longest zoom ranges of any digital camera. It features a 65x optical zoom that covers the 35mm equivalent of 21-1365mm. It is the first Canon camera in this class that has an external microphone jack."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Femina Miss India 2015", "paragraph_text": "The 52nd edition of the Femina Miss India beauty pageant finale was held at Yash Raj Films Studios, Mumbai on March 28, 2015. The pageant was telecast on Colors TV and Zoom (TV channel). Twenty - one contestants competed during the pageant. Aditi Arya won the competition and was crowned Femina Miss India World 2015 by the previous year's winner Koyal Rana, while Aafreen Vaz and Vartika Singh were adjudged 1st and 2nd Runners Up respectively."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New jack swing", "paragraph_text": "New jack swing or swingbeat is a fusion genre spearheaded by Teddy Riley and Bernard Belle that was popular from the mid 1980s into the early 1990s. The style originated from Janet Jackson's third studio album, \"Control\" from 1986. Its influence, along with hip hop, seeped into pop culture and was the definitive sound of the inventive New York club scene. It fuses the rhythms, samples, and production techniques of hip hop and dance-pop with the urban contemporary sound of R&B. The new jack swing style developed as many previous music styles did, by combining elements of older styles with newer sensibilities. It used R&B style vocals sung over hip hop and dance-pop style influenced instrumentation. The sound of new jack swing comes from the hip hop \"swing\" beats created by drum machine, and hardware samplers, which were popular during the Golden Age of Hip Hop, with contemporary R&B style singing."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nikon Coolpix 5200", "paragraph_text": "The Nikon Coolpix 5200 is a digital camera manufactured and distributed by Nikon. It features 5.1 megapixels, and a 3x optical/4x digital zoom. It is part of the Nikon Coolpix line of cameras Technology."}], "question": "What genre does the person who sang \"Zoom zoom zoom and a boom boom\" belong to?"}
{"id": "2hop__38666_71564", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anglo-Corsican Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "However, Paoli eventually split from the revolutionary movement over the issue of the execution of King Louis XVI and threw in his lot with the royalist party.  Accused of treason by the French National Convention, he summoned a consulta (assembly) at Corte in 1793, with himself as president, at which Corsica's formal secession from France was declared. He requested the protection of the British government, then at war with revolutionary France, and suggested the Kingdom of Ireland as a model for an autonomous kingdom under the British monarch. For Britain it was an opportunity to secure a Mediterranean base."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Quantitative easing", "paragraph_text": "The US Federal Reserve belatedly implemented policies similar to the current quantitative easing during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Specifically, banks' excess reserves exceeded 6 percent in 1940, whereas they vanished during the entire postwar period until 2008. Despite this fact, many commentators called the scope of the Federal Reserve quantitative easing program after the 2008 crisis ``unprecedented ''."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Boulder Rock", "paragraph_text": "Boulder Rock () is a large rock lying along the west side of Adare Peninsula, immediately south of Ridley Beach, in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. The geographical feature was charted and named in 1911 by the Northern Party led by Victor Campbell of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910\u201313. The rock lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Milingimbi Airport", "paragraph_text": "Milingimbi Airport is an airport located east northeast of Milingimbi on Milingimbi Island, Northern Territory in Australia. The airport received funding for security upgrades in 2006."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chang Kia-ngau", "paragraph_text": "Chang Kia-ngau was a supporter of reform in China and started his public service career in 1910 as editor-in-chief of the \"Official Gazette\" published by the Ministry of Communications. In 1913 he started his banking career assistant manager of the Bank of China in Shanghai. He distinguished himself just a few years later in 1916 when he refused a request by Yuan Shikai to stop redeeming banknotes for silver. The move was meant to secure silver deposits for Yuan's use, but would have undermined confidence in the new currency, so Chang disregarded the order and was instrumental in the bank's separation from the Peking government's control. By 1923, the Bank of China was almost exclusively owned by private, Shanghai-based shareholders, and during the next decade, it became the largest bank, by far, in Republican China."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "The committees started work towards the end of 1604. King James I of England, on 22 July 1604, sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "War in Afghanistan (2001\u2013present)", "paragraph_text": "Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al - Qaeda; bin Laden had already been wanted by the U.S. since 1998. The Taliban declined to extradite him unless given evidence of his involvement in the September 11 attacks and also declined demands to extradite others on the same grounds. The U.S. dismissed the request for evidence as a delaying tactic, and on 7 October 2001 launched Operation Enduring Freedom with the United Kingdom. The two were later joined by other forces, including the Northern Alliance which had been fighting the Taliban in the ongoing civil war since 1996. In December 2001, the United Nations Security Council established the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), to assist the Afghan interim authorities with securing Kabul. At the Bonn Conference the same month, Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration, which after a 2002 loya jirga (grand assembly) in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration. In the popular elections of 2004, Karzai was elected president of the country, now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of Federal Open Market Committee actions", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Open Market Committee action known as Operation Twist (named for the twist dance craze of the time) began in 1961. The intent was to flatten the yield curve in order to promote capital inflows and strengthen the dollar. The Fed utilized open market operations to shorten the maturity of public debt in the open market. It performs the 'twist' by selling some of the short term debt (with three years or less to maturity) it purchased as part of the quantitative easing policy back into the market and using the money received from this to buy longer term government debt. Although this action was marginally successful in reducing the spread between long - term maturities and short - term maturities, Vincent Reinhart and others have suggested it did not continue for a sufficient period of time to be effective. Despite being considered a failure since a 1966 near - term analysis by Franco Modigliani and Richard Sutch, the action has subsequently been reexamined and in a 2011 paper economist Eric Swanson of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco has suggested that ``Operation Twist ''was more effective than originally thought. Swanson suggested similar action as an alternative to quantitative easing by central banks; the FOMC did in fact take an analogous action in 2011."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Not Enough Rope", "paragraph_text": "Not Enough Rope were a five piece folk-rock band that came from Perth, starting in 1994 before their break-up in 2001."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants. In January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian government's request and deployed troops into the region. They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored; in February 2008, however, the British government (having failed to find a private sector buyer) relented, and the bank was taken into public hands. Northern Rock's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dick Pointer", "paragraph_text": "Dick Pointer (before 1778 \u2013 1827) was an American frontier hero and an African slave. He is best known for his bravery in the defence of Fort Donnally, in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, from a Shawnee attack in 1778. During the attack he used a rifle to secure the front door against attackers. Some years later, Pointer spoke before the Virginia General Assembly, requesting his own freedom in consideration for his act of bravery; he was emancipated in 1801. He died in 1827."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory. The Hertza region was initially not requested by the USSR but was later occupied by force after the Romanians agreed to the initial Soviet demands. The subsequent waves of deportations began in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gertrude Rock", "paragraph_text": "Gertrude Rock () was the northern of two rocks called The Sisters, off the northern extremity of Cape Adare, Victoria Land, Antarctica. The Sisters as a group were named by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898\u20131900; the individual rocks were named by Victor Campbell, leader of the Northern Party of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910\u201313, at the suggestion of George Murray Levick, after Gertrude and Rose, two sisters mentioned in a favorite comic song of the time. By 2004 the islet had disappeared from the Ross Sea. This rock used to lie situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gongsan Dam", "paragraph_text": "Gongsan Dam is a dam in Jimyo-dong, Dong-gu, Daegu, South Korea. Built across the Donghwacheon stream flowing south from Palgongsan, the dam is responsible for securing the water supply for much of northern Daegu."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Northern Region, Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Northern Nigeria was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962 it acquired the territory of the British Northern Cameroons, which voted to become a province within Northern Nigeria."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Central African Republic", "paragraph_text": "Michel Djotodia took over as president and in May 2013 Central African Republic's Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Boziz\u00e9 was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide. The security situation did not improve during June\u2013August 2013 and there were reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) as well as human rights abuses and renewed fighting between S\u00e9l\u00e9ka and Boziz\u00e9 supporters."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Quantitative easing", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in March 2009, the Bank of England had purchased around \u00a3165 billion in assets as of September 2009 and around \u00a3175 billion in assets by the end of October 2009. At its meeting in November 2009, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) voted to increase total asset purchases to \u00a3200 billion. Most of the assets purchased have been UK government securities (gilts); the Bank has also purchased smaller quantities of high - quality private - sector assets. In December 2010, MPC member Adam Posen called for a \u00a350 billion expansion of the Bank's quantitative easing programme, while his colleague Andrew Sentance has called for an increase in interest rates due to inflation being above the target rate of 2%. In October 2011, the Bank of England announced that it would undertake another round of QE, creating an additional \u00a375 billion. In February 2012 it announced an additional \u00a350 billion. In July 2012 it announced another \u00a350 billion, bringing the total amount to \u00a3375 billion. The Bank has said that it will not buy more than 70% of any issue of government debt. This means that at least 30% of any issue of government debt will have to be purchased and held by institutions other than the Bank of England. In 2012 the Bank estimated that quantitative easing had benefited households differentially according to the assets they hold; richer households have more assets."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "McNamara fallacy", "paragraph_text": "The McNamara fallacy (also known as quantitative fallacy), named for Robert McNamara, the US secretary of defense from 1961 to 1968, involves making a decision based solely on quantitative observations (or metrics) and ignoring all others. The reason given is often that these other observations cannot be proven."}], "question": "When did the institution that Northern Rock requested security from start quantitative easing?"}
{"id": "2hop__141421_638535", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jeep Patriot", "paragraph_text": "2017 was the last year for the Patriot, but production was discontinued in December 2016 (with the remainder of the fleet marketed as ``2017 ''and sold until stock depletion). Both Patriot and first - generation Jeep Compass were replaced by second - generation thereof. However, in 2018, the Jeep Patriot is still available for the Canadian market."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jeep Grand Cherokee", "paragraph_text": "The new Grand Cherokee SRT8, which started production on July 16, 2011, is equipped with a 470 hp (350 kW; 480 PS) 6.4 L Hemi V8 engine. Jeep claims the new SRT8 gets 13 percent better fuel economy than its predecessor. To keep the gas mileage respectable, Jeep has employed a new active exhaust system that lets Chrysler's cylinder - deactivating Fuel Saver Technology operate over a wider rpm band. Chrysler claims that with the larger gas tank, the SUV can now travel up to 500 miles (800 km) on a single tank, while other sources estimate range to be 450 miles (720 km)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jeep Grand Cherokee", "paragraph_text": "Jeep Grand Cherokee Overview Manufacturer Chrysler Corporation (1993 - 1998) DaimlerChrysler (1999 - 2007) Chrysler LLC (2007 - 2009) Chrysler Group LLC (2009 - 2014) Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (2014 - present) Magna Steyr Production 1992 -- present Model years 1993 -- present Body and chassis Class Full - size SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front - engine, rear - wheel - drive or four - wheel drive 1993 - present Wheelbase 2,915 mm (114.8 in) Length 4,822 -- 4,846 mm (189.8 -- 190.8 in) Width 1,943 mm (76.5 in) Height 1,749 -- 1,781 mm (68.9 -- 70.1 in) Curb weight 4,996 -- 5,509 lb (2,266 -- 2,499 kg) Chronology Predecessor Jeep Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Grangemouth Dockyard Company", "paragraph_text": "The company continued to operate after the war, becoming part of Swan Hunter in 1967. The company ceased building ships in 1972, thereafter concentrating solely on ship repair. With the large scale nationalisation of British shipbuilding in the late 1970s Swan Hunter became part of British Shipbuilders, with the Grangemouth Dockyard Company as a subsidiary. The winding up of operations in the 1980s saw the re-emergence of the Grangemouth Dockyard Company as a private concern in 1984, but it was subsequently liquidated in 1987."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jeep", "paragraph_text": "Many explanations of the origin of the word jeep have proven difficult to verify. The most widely held theory is that the military designation GP (for Government Purposes or General Purpose) was slurred into the word Jeep in the same way that the contemporary HMMWV (for High-Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) has become known as the Humvee. Joe Frazer, Willys-Overland President from 1939 to 1944, claimed to have coined the word jeep by slurring the initials G.P.  There are no contemporaneous uses of \"GP\" before later attempts to create a \"backronym.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Beautiful Creatures (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Beautiful Creatures was signed by Little, Brown, and Company for a four - book series, the Caster Chronicles, with the follow - up books titled:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "My Son Jeep", "paragraph_text": "My Son Jeep is an American situation comedy originally broadcast on the NBC Radio and Television networks in 1953 (radio: January 25-June 14; television: July 4-September 22, with a \"sneak preview\" on June 3). Set in Grove Fall, USA, the program starred Martin Huston (later Bobby Alford) as Jeffrey \"Jeep\" Allison, a mischievous ten-year-old boy reminiscent of Dennis the Menace. Jeep was the younger of two children of Dr. Robert Allison, (Donald Cook and Paul McGrath on radio, Jeffrey Lynn on television), a widower and small-town doctor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "VM Motori", "paragraph_text": "In 1995, when OEM automotive sales accounted for 75% of income, a major deal with Chrysler saw agreements to supply engines for their Jeep Grand Cherokee and Voyager (2.5 - litre) models. VM Motori's 2.8 - litre common rail turbodiesel engine was chosen for the Jeep Liberty CRD (Cherokee in Europe). The 2005 and later Chrysler Grand Voyager and 2012 model year Chevrolet Colorado That sale in Thailand is also fitted with the VM 2.8 - litre (R428) engine."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jeep", "paragraph_text": "Jeep is a brand of American automobile and division of FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group, LLC), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Italian-American corporation Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Jeep has been a part of Chrysler since 1987, when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand, along with remaining assets, from its previous owner American Motors Corporation (AMC)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Marine Multi-purpose Vehicle", "paragraph_text": "The Marine Multi-purpose Vehicle or MMPV is a 4x4 utility vehicle built by the Philippine Marine Corps. Similar in concept and appearance to the HMMWV, it was created to replace the M151 jeeps in service, which were becoming difficult to maintain due to a lack of available spare parts."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer", "paragraph_text": "The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer is a BBC TV sketch show written by and starring double act Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer. Its first series appeared in 1993 following the duo's move to the BBC after parting company with Channel 4. The show developed and expanded upon the absurd, anarchic comedy that the pair had first explored on Channel 4's \"Vic Reeves Big Night Out\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Institute for Energy Technology", "paragraph_text": "IFE operates the only two existing nuclear reactors in Norway. Both are dedicated to research. The JEEP II reactor at Kjeller is used for basic research in physics and material science, as well as production of radiopharmaceuticals. The Halden Reactor is used for research in materials technology and nuclear fuel safety."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed \"International Business Machines\" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fiat S.p.A.", "paragraph_text": "Fiat S.p.A., or \"Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino\" (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin), was an Italian holding company whose original and core activities were in the automotive industry, and that was succeeded by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV (FCA). The Fiat Group contained many brands such as Ferrari, Maserati, Fiat, Alfa Romeo, the Chrysler Group, and many more. On 29 January 2014, it was announced that Fiat S.p.A. (the former owner of Fiat Group) was to be merged into a new Netherlands-based holding company Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV (FCA), taking place before the end of 2014. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles became the new owner of Fiat Group. On 1 August 2014, Fiat S.p.A. received necessary shareholder approval to proceed with the merger (which followed board approval). The merger became effective 12 October 2014."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Raymond Dronne", "paragraph_text": "Capitaine Raymond Dronne (8 March 1908, Mayet (France) - 5 September 1991, Paris), French civil servant and, following World War II, a politician. He was the first Allied officer to enter Paris as part of the liberation forces during World War II. A volunteer who joined the Free French Forces in Africa in 1940. Later, he was assigned as commanding officer of the 9e Compagnie, R\u00e9giment de Marche du Tchad (Ninth Company, Regiment of March of Chad), known as \"La Nueve\" as it was mainly composed of Spanish republicans. The 9th Company was a unit of the 3rd battalion RMT, part of the French 2nd Armored Division."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "West Texas Investors Club", "paragraph_text": "West Texas Investors Club is an American television docu-series which airs on CNBC. The series follows self-made millionaires Mike 'Rooster' McConaughey and Wayne 'Butch' Gilliam meeting entrepreneurs in Texas, offering them the chance to pitch their products and secure funding from Rooster and Butch. The eight part hour-long series was commissioned by CNBC in January 2015 and is produced by The Ebersol Lanigan Company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marconi Communications", "paragraph_text": "The part of GPT which evolved into Siemens Communications in 1998 would eventually become Siemens Enterprise Communications in 2008. The GEC acquired part of GPT in August 1998, which became Marconi Communications, which would be amalgamated into Ericsson when it acquired majority of Marconi Communications' parent company, Marconi Corporation plc, in 2005. The remainder of Marconi Corporation plc was renamed Telent plc. The chain of events is as follows:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jeep Wrangler", "paragraph_text": "The Jeep Wrangler is a series of compact and mid-size (Wrangler Unlimited and Wrangler 4 - door JL) four - wheel drive off - road vehicle models, manufactured by Jeep since 1986, and currently migrating from its third into its fourth generation. The Wrangler JL was unveiled in late 2017 and will be produced at Jeep's Toledo Complex."}], "question": "What company succeeded the company that Jeep is part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__23973_202096", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven was the location of one of Jim Morrison's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors. The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to \"Peace Frog\" which include the line \"...blood in the streets in the town of New Haven...\" This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert.[citation needed] This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors (1991), starring Val Kilmer as Morrison, with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor, and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock, and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway (the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut), and once served as the hideout of the \"Regicides\" (see: Regicides Trail). Most New Haveners refer to these men as \"The Three Judges\". East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the \"Great/Giant Steps\" which run up the rock's cliffside."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Schuylkill Haven is a borough in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, four miles (6\u00a0km) south of Pottsville and north-west of Philadelphia, in the United States. The borough's population was 5,548 as of the 2000 census. Schuylkill Haven is situated along the Schuylkill River for which it is named. Schuylkill Haven is a focal point of activity in southern Schuylkill County."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Oak Street Connector (Connecticut Route 34) intersects I-91 at exit 1, just south of the I-95/I-91 interchange, and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads. The Wilbur Cross Parkway (Connecticut Route 15) runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven, turning northwards as it nears the city and then running northwards parallel to I-91 through the outer rim of New Haven and Hamden, offering an alternative to the I-95/I-91 journey (restricted to non-commercial vehicles). Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state (officially designated as Heroes Tunnel), running through West Rock, home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "North Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "North Haven is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut on the outskirts of New Haven, Connecticut. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 24,093."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The city is drained by three rivers; the West, Mill, and Quinnipiac, named in order from west to east. The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor, while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor. Both harbors are embayments of Long Island Sound. In addition, several smaller streams flow through the city's neighborhoods, including Wintergreen Brook, the Beaver Ponds Outlet, Wilmot Brook, Belden Brook, and Prospect Creek. Not all of these small streams have continuous flow year-round."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "West River (Vermont)", "paragraph_text": "The West River is a tributary of the Connecticut River, about long, in southern Vermont in the United States. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as \"Wantastiquet\" and as \"Waters of the Lonely Way\". Its watershed covers 423 square miles; land use is about 90% forested and 3% agricultural, and the upper river supports wild native brook and wild brown trout, while Atlantic salmon occur in most of the river."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven has been depicted in a number of movies. Scenes in the film All About Eve (1950) are set at the Taft Hotel (now Taft Apartments) on the corner of College and Chapel streets, and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway \"tryouts\" is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon (1953). The city was fictionally portrayed in the Steven Spielberg movie Amistad (1997) concerning the events around the mutiny trial of that ship's rebelling captives. New Haven was also fictionalized in the movie The Skulls (2000), which focused on conspiracy theories surrounding the real-life Skull and Bones secret society which is located in New Haven."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The city has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the central business district and the Green, are the following neighborhoods: the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill, historic water-front City Point (or Oyster Point), and the harborside district of Long Wharf; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood, West River, Westville, Amity, and West Rock-Westhills; East Rock, Cedar Hill, Prospect Hill, and Newhallville in the northern side of town; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square, an Italian-American neighborhood; Fair Haven, an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River; and facing the eastern side of the harbor, The Annex and East Shore (or Morris Cove)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The New Haven area supports several medical facilities that are considered some of the best hospitals in the country. There are two major medical centers downtown: Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital has four pavilions, including the Yale \u2013 New Haven Children's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north, and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program. Smaller downtown health facilities are the Temple Medical Center located downtown on Temple Street, Connecticut Mental Health Center/ across Park Street from Y-NHH, and the Hill Health Center, which serves the working-class Hill neighborhood. A large Veterans Affairs hospital is located in neighboring West Haven. To the west in Milford is Milford Hospital, and to the north in Meriden is the MidState Medical Center."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "When John DeStefano, Jr., became mayor of New Haven in 1995, he outlined a plan to transform the city into a major cultural and arts center in the Northeast, which involved investments in programs and projects other than sports franchises. As nearby Bridgeport built new sports facilities, the brutalist New Haven Coliseum rapidly deteriorated. Believing the upkeep on the venue to be a drain of tax dollars, the DeStefano administration closed the Coliseum in 2002; it was demolished in 2007. New Haven's last professional sports team, the New Haven County Cutters, left in 2009. The DeStefano administration did, however, see the construction of the New Haven Athletic Center in 1998, a 94,000-square-foot (8,700 m2) indoor athletic facility with a seating capacity of over 3,000. The NHAC, built adjacent to Hillhouse High School, is used for New Haven public schools athletics, as well as large-scale area and state sporting events; it is the largest high school indoor sports complex in the state."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast\u2014which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City, and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts\u2014and Interstate 91, which leads northward to the interior of Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canadian border. I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial, or \"Q Bridge\", which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic. I-91, however, is relatively less congested, except at the intersection with I-95 during peak travel times."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, as in the French and Indian War. As the American Revolution approached, General David Wooster and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the government in Britain could be resolved short of rebellion. On 23 April 1775, which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day, the Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard, of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament. Under Captain Benedict Arnold, they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven has a history of professional sports franchises dating back to the 19th century and has been the home to professional baseball, basketball, football, hockey, and soccer teams\u2014including the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1973 to 1974, who played at the Yale Bowl. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams, which played at the New Haven Arena (built in 1926, demolished in 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972\u20132002), and Yale Field (1928\u2013present)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Another Earth", "paragraph_text": "\"Another Earth\" was filmed in and around New Haven, Connecticut, Mike Cahill's hometown \u2013 with some scenes taking place along the West Haven shoreline and at West Haven High School and Union Station \u2013 so that he could avail himself of the services of local friends and family and thus reduce expenses. His childhood home was used as Rhoda's home and his bedroom as Rhoda's room. The scene of the car collision was made possible through the help of a local police officer with whom Cahill was acquainted, who cordoned off part of a highway late one night. The scene in which Rhoda leaves the prison facility was filmed by having Marling walk into an actual prison posing as a yoga instructor and then exiting."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush, who was born when his father, former president George H. W. Bush, was living in New Haven while a student at Yale. In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of former presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, and Bill Clinton, as well as Secretary of State John Kerry. President Clinton met his wife, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, while the two were students at Yale Law School. Former vice presidents John C. Calhoun and Dick Cheney also studied in New Haven (although the latter did not graduate from Yale). Before the 2008 election, the last time there was not a person with ties to New Haven and Yale on either major party's ticket was 1968. James Hillhouse, a New Haven native, served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate in 1801."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "Hopkins School, a private school, was founded in 1660 and is the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States. New Haven is home to a number of other private schools as well as public magnet schools, including Metropolitan Business Academy, High School in the Community, Hill Regional Career High School, Co-op High School, New Haven Academy, ACES Educational Center for the Arts, the Foote School and the Sound School, all of which draw students from New Haven and suburban towns. New Haven is also home to two Achievement First charter schools, Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep, and to Common Ground, an environmental charter school."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In addition to the Jazz Festival (described above), New Haven serves as the home city of the annual International Festival of Arts and Ideas. New Haven's Saint Patrick's Day parade, which began in 1842, is New England's oldest St. Patty's Day parade and draws the largest crowds of any one-day spectator event in Connecticut. The St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival has taken place in the historic Wooster Square neighborhood every year since 1900. Other parishes in the city celebrate the Feast of Saint Anthony of Padua and a carnival in honor of St. Bernadette Soubirous. New Haven celebrates Powder House Day every April on the New Haven Green to commemorate the city's entrance into the Revolutionary War. The annual Wooster Square Cherry Blossom Festival commemorates the 1973 planting of 72 Yoshino Japanese Cherry Blossom trees by the New Haven Historic Commission in collaboration with the New Haven Parks Department and residents of the neighborhood. The Festival now draws well over 5,000 visitors. The Film Fest New Haven has been held annually since 1995."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven (local /nu\u02d0 \u02c8he\u026av\u0259n/, noo-HAY-v\u0259n), in the U.S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut, which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut (after Bridgeport), with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census. According to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741."}], "question": "Where is the mouth of the New Haven river that releases into West Haven Harbor?"}
{"id": "2hop__75603_801157", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Reach Out I'll Be There", "paragraph_text": "``Reach Out I'll Be There ''(also formatted as`` Reach Out (I'll Be There)'') is a song recorded by the Four Tops from their fourth studio album Reach Out (1966). Written and produced by Motown's main production team, Holland -- Dozier -- Holland, the song is one of the best known Motown tunes of the 1960s, and is today considered The Tops' signature song."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "I'll Be Around (The Spinners song)", "paragraph_text": "The lyrics of the song have the narrator (Spinners main lead singer Bobby Smith), pledging his devotion and love to a lover who has just left him for another while at the same time holding out hope that she will return to him (``There's always a chance, a tiny spark will remain / And sparks turn into flames / And love can burn once again... ''). So, in case she changes her mind, he'll be around."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer)", "paragraph_text": "Robert \"Bobby\" Smith (sometimes spelled Bobbie; April 10, 1936 \u2013 March 16, 2013) was an American R&B singer notable as the principal lead singer of the classic Motown/Philly group, The Spinners, (also known as the Detroit Spinners or the Motown Spinners), throughout its history. The group was formed circa 1954 at Ferndale High School in Ferndale, Michigan, just north of the Detroit border. The group had their first record deal when they signed with Tri-Phi Records in early 1961."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hermine Kittel", "paragraph_text": "Hermine Kittel (December 2, 1879 \u2013 April 7, 1948) was an Austrian contralto from Vienna. She studied singing with Amalie Materna in Vienna. She made her operatic debut in 1897 in Ljubljana. Kittle first sang under Gustav Mahler at the Vienna Hofoper (Vienna State Opera) and later premiered in a revision of \"Ariadne auf Naxos\". She sang at the Bayreuth Festival in 1902 and 1908, where she sang Erda in \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\". She also sang at the Salzburg Festival, where she often played Marcellina in \"The Marriage of Figaro\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Don't Say You Don't Remember", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Say You Do n't Remember ''Single by Beverly Bremers from the album I'll Make You Music B - side`` Get Smart Girl'' Released May 1971 Genre Pop Length 3: 13 Label Scepter Songwriter (s) Helen Miller, Estelle Levitt Beverly Bremers singles chronology ``You've Got Your Mind on Other Things ''(1968)`` Do n't Say You Do n't Remember'' (1971) ``When Michael Calls ''(1971)`` You've Got Your Mind on Other Things'' (1968) ``Do n't Say You Do n't Remember ''(1971)`` When Michael Calls'' (1971)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You", "paragraph_text": "\"Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You\" has appeared on Dylan compilation albums, including \"Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II\" and \"\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Reach Out I'll Be There", "paragraph_text": "\"Reach Out I'll Be There\" (also formatted as \"Reach Out (I'll Be There)\") is a song recorded by the Four Tops from their fourth studio album \"Reach Out\" (1967). Written and produced by Motown's main production team, Holland\u2013Dozier\u2013Holland, the song is one of the best known Motown tunes of the 1960s, and is today considered The Tops' signature song."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Call of the Blood", "paragraph_text": "The Call of the Blood (French:L'appel du sang) is a 1920 French silent drama film directed by Louis Mercanton and starring Ivor Novello, Phyllis Neilson-Terry and Charles Le Bargy. The film is most notable for giving a screen debut to the Welsh actor Novello, who went on to become a major star in the 1920s. It is based on a novel of the same title by Robert Hichens."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "I'll Never Find Another You", "paragraph_text": "``I'll Never Find Another You ''Single by The Seekers B - side`` Open Up Them Pearly Gates'' Released December 1964 Format 7 ''45rpm Recorded November 4 1964 at Abbey Road Studios London Length 2: 40 Label EMI Columbia DB 7431, Capitol Songwriter (s) Tom Springfield Producer (s) Tom Springfield The Seekers singles chronology ``I'll Never Find Another You'' (1964)`` String Module Error: Match not found ''(String Module Error: Match not found) ``I'll Never Find Another You''`` Chilly Winds ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I'll Be There for You (The Rembrandts song)", "paragraph_text": "``I'll Be There for You ''Single by The Rembrandts from the album L.P. Released May 1, 1995 Format 7``, CD single Recorded Genre Power pop, pop rock, alternative rock, jangle pop Length 3: 09 Label East West, Atlantic Songwriter (s) David Crane, Marta Kauffman, Michael Skloff, Allee Willis, Phil S\u014dlem, Danny Wilde Producer (s) Kevin Bright, David Crane, Marta Kauffman The Rembrandts singles chronology ``Waiting to Be Opened'' (1993)`` I'll Be There for You ''(1995) ``This House Is Not a Home'' (1995)`` Waiting to Be Opened ''(1993) ``I'll Be There for You'' (1995)`` This House Is Not a Home ''(1995)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "It's Your Bet", "paragraph_text": "It's Your Bet is an American game show which aired in syndication (mostly NBC owned-and-operated stations) from 1969 to 1973. The series was a revised version of the NBC game \"I'll Bet,\" which aired for six months in 1965. Both \"I'll Bet\" and \"It's Your Bet\" were produced by Ralph Andrews."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Forever's as Far as I'll Go", "paragraph_text": "\"Forever's as Far as I'll Go\" is a song written by Mike Reid, and recorded by American country music group Alabama. It was released in October 1990 as the third single from the album \"Pass It On Down\". \"Forever's as Far as I'll Go\" was Alabama's twenty-ninth number one country hit. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of twenty weeks on the country chart."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Louise \u00c9lisabeth d'Orl\u00e9ans", "paragraph_text": "Louise \u00c9lisabeth d'Orl\u00e9ans was one of the seven daughters of Philippe II, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, and his wife, Fran\u00e7oise Marie de Bourbon. Her mother was a legitimised daughter of Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. She was known as \u00c9lisabeth. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, \u00c9lisabeth was a \"princesse du sang\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "I'll Always Come Back", "paragraph_text": "\"I'll Always Come Back\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist K.T. Oslin. It was released in January 1988 as the fourth single from the album \"80's Ladies\". \"I'll Always Come Back\" was K.T. Oslin's second number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I'll Take Sweden", "paragraph_text": "I'll Take Sweden is a 1965 comedy film directed by Frederick de Cordova, and starring Bob Hope, Frankie Avalon, and Tuesday Weld."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sang Divar", "paragraph_text": "Sang Divar (, also Romanized as Sang D\u012bv\u0101r; also known as Sangetown, Sang\u012bf\u0101n, and Sangyufan) is a village in Hezarmasjed Rural District, in the Central District of Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 220, in 50 families."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I'll Never Let You Go", "paragraph_text": "I'll Never Let You Go (Little Darlin ') is a song by Jimmy Wakely, released by Elvis Presley on his debut album and as a single."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Klinik", "paragraph_text": "Klinik, (sometimes called The Klinik), is an industrial music band from Belgium, originally formed around 1982 by electro-synthpop practitioner Marc Verhaeghen, who is the only constant member."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The theme song, ``In the Heat of the Night, ''was recorded by Quincy Jones, and is usually paired with`` They Call Me Mr. Tibbs'' on albums. Bill Champlin of the band Chicago sang the opening theme song for the television series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Shadow of the Dragon", "paragraph_text": "Shadow of the Dragon is a 1993 book written by Sherry Garland. It chronicles Danny Vo and Nguyen Sang Le, two ethnic Vietnamese living in Houston; Danny is Americanized while Sang Le has difficulty adjusting to American culture and society."}], "question": "What group is the singer of Call Me and I'll Be Around part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__82011_54181", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Paul Rudd", "paragraph_text": "Paul Stephen Rudd (born April 6, 1969) is an American actor, comedian, writer, and producer. He studied theatre at the University of Kansas and the British American Drama Academy, before making his acting debut in 1992 with NBC's drama series Sisters. He is known for his starring roles in the film The Cider House Rules (1999), Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (1995), and the comedy films Clueless (1995), Wet Hot American Summer (2001), Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004), The 40 - Year - Old Virgin (2005), Knocked Up (2007), Role Models (2008), I Love You, Man (2009), Dinner for Schmucks (2010), Our Idiot Brother (2011), Wanderlust (2012), This Is 40 (2012), and Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (2013), and for playing the superhero Ant - Man in Marvel Studios' Ant - Man (2015) and Captain America: Civil War (2016)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Trail of the Pink Panther", "paragraph_text": "Trail of the Pink Panther is a 1982 comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and starring Peter Sellers. It was the seventh film in \"The Pink Panther\" series, the first film in the series following Sellers' death and also the last in which he appeared as Inspector Clouseau. Sellers died before production began; his performance consists only of deleted scenes from previous films."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films", "paragraph_text": "Captain America: Civil War (2016) is the first film in the franchise's Phase Three, and is followed by Doctor Strange (2016), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Spider - Man: Homecoming (2017), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Ant - Man and the Wasp (2018), with Captain Marvel (2019) and an untitled Avengers film (2019) still scheduled for the phase. Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films, which they continue to own, finance, and have final creative control over."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Divorcee (1919 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Divorcee is a 1919 American society drama starring Ethel Barrymore in her last silent film. The film is based on a 1908 play, \"Lady Frederick\" by young Somerset Maugham, which had starred Barrymore on Broadway. The play was already quite dated when this film was made, but the actress was always comfortable with this kind of soap-operish melodramatic material. Herbert Blach\u00e9 directed, and June Mathis wrote the scenario based on Maugham's play. The film was produced and distributed by the Metro Pictures company."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Paula Patton", "paragraph_text": "Paula Maxine Patton (born December 5, 1975) is an American actress. Patton made her feature film debut in the 2005 comedy \"Hitch\", and had starring roles in the films \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" (2006), \"Precious\" (2009), \"\" (2011), \"2 Guns\" (2013), and \"Warcraft\" (2016)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ant-Man (film)", "paragraph_text": "Additionally, John Slattery and Hayley Atwell reprise their roles as Howard Stark and Peggy Carter, respectively, from previous MCU media. Slattery stated that his involvement in Ant - Man was ``not that much more ''than his participation in Iron Man 2, while Atwell described her appearance as being`` more of a cameo''. Abby Ryder Fortson portrays Cassie, the daughter of Lang and Maggie; Gregg Turkington appears as Dale, the manager of a Baskin - Robbins store; and Martin Donovan plays Mitchell Carson, a former member of S.H.I.E.L.D. who works for Hydra and looks to purchase the Yellowjacket technology. YouTuber Anna Akana portrays a writer in Luis' story at the end of the film. Garrett Morris, who portrayed Ant - Man in a Saturday Night Live sketch, appears as a taxi driver. Ant - Man co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as a bartender. Chris Evans and Sebastian Stan make uncredited appearances during the post-credits scene as Steve Rogers / Captain America and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier, respectively. Hayley Lovitt makes a nonspeaking cameo as Janet van Dyne / Wasp. Tom Kenny provides the voice of a toy rabbit that Scott gives to Cassie."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lady Tetley's Decree", "paragraph_text": "Lady Tetley's Decree is a 1920 British silent drama film directed by Fred Paul and starring Marjorie Hume, Hamilton Stewart and Philip Hewland. Its plot follows a man whose political career is threatened due to a dispute with his wife. It was based on a play by Sybil Downing."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Grease (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Grease ''is a song written by Barry Gibb and performed by Frankie Valli.`` Grease'' is the title song for the 1978 musical motion picture Grease, which was based on the stage play of the same name. It sold over seven million copies worldwide and was featured twice on the film's soundtrack, as the first track and reprised as the final track."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dishonored Lady", "paragraph_text": "Dishonored Lady is a 1947 American film noir crime film directed by Robert Stevenson and starring Hedy Lamarr, Dennis O'Keefe, and John Loder. It is based on the 1930 play \"Dishonored Lady\" by Edward Sheldon and Margaret Ayer Barnes. The film is also known as Sins of Madeleine. Hedy Lamarr and John Loder were married when they made this film; they divorced before the year was out."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Annette Charles", "paragraph_text": "Annette Charles (born Annette Cardona; March 5, 1948 -- August 3, 2011) was an American actress best known for her role as Charlene ``Cha Cha ''DiGregorio in the 1978 feature film Grease. She made several appearances on television as well."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elaine Stritch", "paragraph_text": "Elaine Stritch (February 2, 1925 \u2013 July 17, 2014) was an American actress and singer, known for her work on Broadway. She made her professional stage debut in 1944 and appeared in numerous stage plays, musicals, feature films and television series. She was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1995."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pink String and Sealing Wax", "paragraph_text": "Pink String and Sealing Wax is a 1945 British drama film directed by Robert Hamer and starring Mervyn Johns, Googie Withers and Gordon Jackson. It is based on a play with the same name by Roland Pertwee. It was the first feature film Robert Hamer directed on his own."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Baby the Rain Must Fall", "paragraph_text": "Baby the Rain Must Fall is a 1965 American drama film starring Lee Remick and Steve McQueen, directed by Robert Mulligan. Dramatist Horton Foote, who wrote the screenplay, based it on his play \"The Traveling Lady.\" This is Glen Campbell's film debut, in an uncredited role."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Grease 2", "paragraph_text": "Michelle Pfeiffer as Stephanie Zinone, the leader of the Pink Ladies. With only a few television roles and small film appearances, the 23 - year - old Pfeiffer was an unknown actress when she attended the casting call audition for the role of Stephanie. Other better - known actresses up for the part included Lisa Hartman, Kristy McNichol, Andrea McArdle, and singer Pat Benatar. Pfeiffer was a wild card choice, but according to Birch, she won the part because she ``has a quirky quality you do n't expect. ''Despite the disappointing reception of the film, Pfeiffer's meteoric rise to the Hollywood A-list began the following year when she played Elvira Hancock in Scarface."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jos\u00e9phine Japy", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9phine Japy (born 12 July 1994) is a French actress. She made her debut in the 2005 film \"Grey Souls\", directed by Yves Angelo. In 2014, she played the lead role of Charlie in the film \"Respire\", which was presented in the International Critics' Week at the Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Ladies Man", "paragraph_text": "The Ladies Man is a 1961 American comedy film directed by and starring Jerry Lewis. It was released on June 28, 1961 by Paramount."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lee Deok-hwa", "paragraph_text": "Lee Deok-hwa studied theater and film at Dongguk University, and made his acting debut in 1972. He and his father, movie star Lee Ye-chun starred together in the 1975 horror film \"The Man with Two Faces\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Grease (film)", "paragraph_text": "In the summer of 1958, greaser Danny Zuko and sweet Australian girl Sandy Olsson meet at the beach and fall in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, whose family is returning to Australia, worries that they might never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is ``only the beginning. ''At the beginning of the new school year at Rydell High School (`` Grease''), Danny reunites with his fellow gang members, the T - Birds, of whom his best friend Kenickie, along with Doody, Sonny, and Putzie are members. Meanwhile, unbeknownst to Danny, Sandy arrives at school, with her family's plans having changed, with her new friend Frenchy, a member of the Pink Ladies. Other Pink Ladies Rizzo, Marty, and Jan also arrive, excited to be seniors, as does Patty Simcox, a high - achieving cheerleader."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ip Man (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Ip Man is a series of Hong Kong biographical martial arts films starting with Ip Man in 2008 and followed by two sequels -- Ip Man 2 (2010) and Ip Man 3 (2015). All three films are directed by Wilson Yip, written by Edmond Wong, produced by Raymond Wong and star Donnie Yen. Mandarin Films released the first two films in Hong Kong, which earned more than $37 million with a budget of around $24.6 million. The films are based on the life events of the Wing Chun master of the same name. Donnie Yen has mentioned each film has a unique theme, that the first Ip Man film was about ``Survival '', Ip Man 2 focuses on`` Making a Living and Adaptation'', while Ip Man 3 focuses on ``Life ''itself."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ant-Man and the Wasp", "paragraph_text": "Michelle Pfeiffer as Janet van Dyne: The original Wasp who is lost in the quantum realm. She is Pym's wife and Hope's mother. Pfeiffer was Reed's dream casting for the role since his time working on the first film, and he ensured that he received her input on the character. He noted that the character has spent 30 years in the quantum realm, so there is a question regarding how that has affected her. Producer Kevin Feige explained that the character ages over those 30 years even though time works differently in the quantum realm to avoid any ``sci - fi weirdness ''that could take away from the emotional reunions with Pym and Hope in the film. Hayley Lovitt stands in for a young Janet van Dyne, reprising her role from the first film; according to Reed, she had been cast in the first film, before Pfeiffer's involvement, due to her`` saucer - like, Michelle Pfeiffer eyes.''"}], "question": "Who does the actress who debuted as a pink lady in the film 'grease 2 play in ant man?"}
{"id": "2hop__25730_39043", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hong Kong Housing Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Hong Kong Housing Authority (HA; Chinese: \u9999\u6e2f\u623f\u5c4b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703) is the main provider of public housing in Hong Kong. It was established in 1973 under the Housing Ordinance and is an agency of the Government of Hong Kong. In the same year, the Resettlement Department and the Building Section of the Urban Services Department were merged to form the Housing Department, which acts as the Housing Authority's executive body."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480, and of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500\u2014a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor-Captain General as a direct representative of the King\u2014implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown, after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination. As a result, from 1480 to 1520 the Kingdom of Galicia contributed more than 10% of the total earnings of the Crown of Castille, including the Americas, well over its economic relevance. Like the rest of Spain, the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580, when the simultaneous wars with the Netherlands, France and England hampered Galicia's Atlantic commerce, which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Master of the View of Saint Gudula", "paragraph_text": "The Master of the View of Saint Gudula (active 1480 \u2013 1499), was an Early Netherlandish painter active in Brussels in the last quarter of the 15th century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Codex Arundel", "paragraph_text": "Codex Arundel, (British Library, Arundel, 263) is a bound collection of pages of notes written by Leonardo da Vinci and dating mostly from between 1480 and 1518. The codex contains a number of treatises on a variety of subjects, including mechanics and geometry. The name of the codex came from the Earl of Arundel, who acquired it in Spain in the 1630s. It forms part of the British Library Arundel Manuscripts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Habsheim", "paragraph_text": "Habsheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. It forms part of the Mulhouse Alsace Agglom\u00e9ration, the inter-communal local government body for the Mulhouse conurbation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federation of Australian Historical Societies", "paragraph_text": "The Federation of Australian Historical Societies (FAHS) is the peak body for historical societies throughout Australia. It has eight constituent members, one in each of the Australian states and internal self-governing territories. It lobbies governments on behalf of the sector and has formed alliances with other related bodies. It promotes uniform national standards through guides and other publications and fosters historical research, writing and education through fellowships and awards."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Flaxlanden", "paragraph_text": "Flaxlanden is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. It forms part of the Mulhouse Alsace Agglom\u00e9ration, the inter-communal local government body for the Mulhouse conurbation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hampshire Cricket Board", "paragraph_text": "The Hampshire Cricket Board (HCB) was formed in 1996 and is the governing body for all recreational cricket in the historic county of Hampshire. Following a restructuring in January 2010, the HCB now operates as a limited company."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Commission for Scheduled Castes", "paragraph_text": "The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as Chairman and other four Members. In 1990 the Commission for SCs and STs was renamed as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were formed as per 1987 and it was set up as a National Level Advisory Body to advise the Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city is governed by a mayor and a 9-member city council. In 2006, the city's form of government changed from a council\u2013manager government to a strong mayor government. The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city, however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program. As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sausheim", "paragraph_text": "Sausheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. It forms part of the Mulhouse Alsace Agglom\u00e9ration, the inter-communal local government body for the Mulhouse conurbation."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Glycogen", "paragraph_text": "Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals, fungi, and bacteria. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Board of Longitude", "paragraph_text": "The Commissioners for the Discovery of the Longitude at Sea, or more popularly Board of Longitude, was a British government body formed in 1714 to administer a scheme of prizes intended to encourage innovators to solve the problem of finding longitude at sea."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,[Note 3] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body. Whenever a first body exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force \u2212F on the first body. F and \u2212F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law, with F called the \"action\" and \u2212F the \"reaction\". The action and the reaction are simultaneous:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as \"Pradhan Mantri\", meaning \"prime minister\". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Battenheim", "paragraph_text": "Battenheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. It forms part of the Mulhouse Alsace Agglom\u00e9ration, the inter-communal local government body for the Mulhouse conurbation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Punishment of the Sons of Corah", "paragraph_text": "The Punishment of the Sons of Corah or Punishment of the Rebels is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli, executed in 1480\u20131482 in the Sistine Chapel, Rome."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Theda Ukena", "paragraph_text": "Theda Ukena (1432 in Oldersum \u2013 16 November 1494 in Greetsiel) was from 1466 to about 1480 regent of the County of East Frisia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Police", "paragraph_text": "As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835."}], "question": "What does the government body that was formed in 1480 mean?"}
{"id": "2hop__55167_776036", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sonia Karlsson", "paragraph_text": "Sonia Karlsson (born 1946) is a Swedish social democratic politician who has been a member of the Riksdag since 1988."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1912 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Roosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909, and Taft had won the 1908 Republican president nomination with Roosevelt's support. Displeased with Taft's actions as president, Roosevelt challenged Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention. After Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the Republican convention, Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid. With the support of William Jennings Bryan and other progressives, Wilson won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot. Meanwhile, the Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard - bearer, Eugene V. Debs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Hodgdon", "paragraph_text": "In 1846, he was elected to the Maine State Senate and served as Senate President in 1847. He was re-elected in 1848 but resigned after unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Democrat John W. Dana his party's nomination for governor. In 1849, Hodgdon was named Bank Commissioner and in 1853, he was offered the position of US consul in Rome by President Franklin Pierce, which he declined."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Barack Obama", "paragraph_text": "Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He represented the 13th district for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 until 2004 when he ran for the U.S. Senate. He received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after his campaign began and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton. He was elected over Republican John McCain and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cabinet of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the ``nuclear option ''during the 113th US Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by \u200b \u2044 supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1832 Democratic National Convention", "paragraph_text": "The 1832 Democratic National Convention was held from May 21 to May 23, 1832, in Baltimore, Maryland. This was the first national convention of the Democratic Party of the United States; it followed presidential nominating conventions held previously by the small minority Anti-Masonic Party (in September 1831) and the National Republican Party (in December 1831). The purpose of the convention was to choose a running mate for incumbent President Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, rather than the previous methods of using a caucus of Congressional representatives and senators. The delegates nominated former Secretary of State Martin Van Buren (of New York) for Vice President to replace and succeed the earlier incumbent John C. Calhoun of South Carolina (whom Jackson had fallen out with over the nullification controversy), and endorsed Jackson's reelection."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Roman Herzog", "paragraph_text": "Roman Herzog (5 April 1934 \u2013 10 January 2017) was a German politician, judge and legal scholar, who served as President of Germany from 1994 to 1999. A member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he was the first president to be elected after the reunification of Germany. He previously served as a judge of the Federal Constitutional Court, and he was the President of the court 1987\u20131994. Before his appointment as a judge he was a professor of law. He received the 1997 Charlemagne Prize."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1892 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "At the first Populist national convention in Omaha, Nebraska, in July 1892, James B. Weaver from Iowa was nominated for president on the first ballot, now lacking any serious opposition. While his nomination brought with him significant campaigning experience from over several decades, he also had a longer tract of history for which Republicans and Democrats could criticize him, and he also alienated many potential supporters in the South, having participated in Sherman's March to the Sea. James G. Field from Virginia was nominated for vice-president to try and rectify this problem while also attaining the regional balance often seen in Republican and Democratic tickets. I"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Order of the British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir or Dame as they do not receive the accolade (i.e., they are not dubbed \"knight\" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1848 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Despite Taylor's unclear political affiliations and beliefs, and the Whig opposition to the Mexican - American War, the 1848 Whig National Convention nominated the popular general over party stalwarts such as Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. For vice president, the Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore, a New York Whig known for his moderate views on slavery. Incumbent President James K. Polk, a Democrat, honored his promise not to seek re-election, leaving his party's nomination open. The 1848 Democratic National Convention rejected former President Martin Van Buren's bid for a second term, instead nominating Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan. Van Buren broke from his party to lead the ticket of the Free Soil Party, which opposed to the extension of slavery into the territories."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fast Car", "paragraph_text": "``Fast Car ''is a song by American singer - songwriter Tracy Chapman. It was released in April 1988 as the lead single from her self - titled debut album. Her appearance on the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute was the catalyst for the song's becoming a top 10 hit in the United States, peaking at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100, and a top 10 hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. Besides this`` Fast Car'' received two Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year, as well as a Video Music Award nomination for Best Female Video in 1989."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "National Union Party (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The National Union Party was the temporary name used by the Republican Party for the national ticket in the 1864 presidential election which was held during the Civil War. For the most part, state Republican parties did not change their name. The temporary name was used to attract War Democrats and border state, Unconditional Unionists and Unionist Party members who would not vote for the Republican Party. The party nominated incumbent President Abraham Lincoln and for Vice President Democrat Andrew Johnson, who were elected in an electoral landslide."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President. The convention and the press coverage it generated, however, cast a harsh light on Atlantic City, which by then was in the midst of a long period of economic decline. Many felt that the friendship between Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes led Atlantic City to host the Democratic Convention."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1988 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "United States presidential election, 1988 \u2190 1984 November 8, 1988 1992 \u2192 All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 50.2% 3.1 pp Nominee George H.W. Bush Michael Dukakis Party Republican Democratic Home state Texas Massachusetts Running mate Dan Quayle Lloyd Bentsen Electoral vote 426 111 States carried 40 10 + DC Popular vote 48,886,597 41,809,074 Percentage 53.4% 45.6% Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Bush / Quayle, blue denotes those won by Dukakis / Bentsen, light blue is the electoral vote for Bentsen / Dukakis by a West Virginia faithless elector. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. President before election Ronald Reagan Republican Elected President George H.W. Bush Republican"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first presidential candidate to choose his vice presidential candidate was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. The last not to name a vice presidential choice, leaving the matter up to the convention, was Democrat Adlai Stevenson in 1956. The convention chose Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver over Massachusetts Senator (and later president) John F. Kennedy. At the tumultuous 1972 Democratic convention, presidential nominee George McGovern selected Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate, but numerous other candidates were either nominated from the floor or received votes during the balloting. Eagleton nevertheless received a majority of the votes and the nomination, though he later resigned from the ticket, resulting in Sargent Shriver becoming McGovern's final running mate; both lost to the Nixon - Agnew ticket by a wide margin, carrying only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Former Presidents Act", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of the Treasury pays a taxable pension to the president. Former presidents receive a pension equal to the pay that the head of an executive department (Executive Level I) would be paid, as of 2017 $207,800 per year. The pension begins immediately after a president's departure from office. A former president's spouse may also be paid a lifetime annual pension of $20,000 if they relinquish any other statutory pension."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "George Stephanopoulos", "paragraph_text": "George Stephanopoulos Senior Advisor to the President In office June 7, 1993 -- December 10, 1996 President Bill Clinton Preceded by Bruce Lindsey Succeeded by Sidney Blumenthal White House Director of Communications In office January 20, 1993 -- June 7, 1993 President Bill Clinton Preceded by Margaret Tutwiler Succeeded by Mark Gearan Personal details George Robert Stephanopoulos (1961 - 02 - 10) February 10, 1961 (age 57) Fall River, Massachusetts, U.S. Political party Democratic Spouse (s) Alexandra Wentworth (m. 2001) Children Education Columbia University (BA) Balliol College, Oxford (MA) Website Official website"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Denzel Washington", "paragraph_text": "Year Nominated work Category Result 1988 Cry Freedom Best Supporting Actor Nominated 1990 Glory Best Supporting Actor Won 1993 Malcolm X Best Actor Nominated 2000 The Hurricane Best Actor Nominated 2002 Training Day Best Actor Won 2013 Flight Best Actor Nominated 2017 Fences Best Actor Nominated Best Picture Nominated"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kitty Dukakis", "paragraph_text": "Katharine Dickson Dukakis (born December 26, 1936), known as Kitty Dukakis, is an American author. She is the wife of former Massachusetts governor and U.S. presidential candidate Michael Dukakis."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1968 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Incumbent Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson had been the early front - runner for his party's nomination, but he announced his withdrawal from the race after anti-Vietnam War candidate Eugene McCarthy finished second in the New Hampshire primary. McCarthy, former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and Vice President Humphrey emerged as the three major candidates in the Democratic primaries until Kennedy was assassinated in June 1968. Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which saw numerous anti-war protests. Nixon entered the 1968 Republican primaries as the front - runner, and he defeated Nelson Rockefeller, Ronald Reagan, and other candidates at the 1968 Republican National Convention to win his party's nomination. Governor George Wallace of Alabama ran on the American Independent Party ticket, campaigning in favor of racial segregation."}], "question": "Who was married to the Democratic nominee for president in 1988?"}
{"id": "2hop__431748_32168", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Manchester United F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The club holds the record for most top - division titles (20) -- including a record 13 Premier League titles -- and FA Community Shields (21). It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968, and, as of 2017, is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup, in 2008. United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup, in 1999. The club's most recent trophy came in May 2017, with the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Modern United States Navy carrier air operations", "paragraph_text": "Modern United States Navy aircraft carrier air operations include the operation of fixed-wing and rotary aircraft on and around an aircraft carrier for performance of combat or noncombat missions. Modern United States Navy aircraft carrier flight operations are highly evolved, based on experiences dating back to 1922 with ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brown ministry", "paragraph_text": "Gordon Brown formed the Brown ministry after being invited by Queen Elizabeth II to begin a new government following the resignation of the previous Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, on 27 June 2007. He took office as Prime Minister, a title he would hold until his resignation on 11 May 2010. In his inaugural cabinet, Brown appointed the United Kingdom's first female Home Secretary, Jacqui Smith."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was cylindrical because Cooper thought it was the most efficient design. Later, Otis designed a special elevator for the building. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Enterprise Rent-A-Car", "paragraph_text": "Enterprise Rent-A-Car was established in St. Louis, Missouri in 1957 by Jack C. Taylor. Originally known as \"Executive Leasing Company,\" in 1969, Taylor renamed the company \"Enterprise\" after the aircraft carrier , on which he served during World War II. In 2009, Enterprise became a subsidiary of Enterprise Holdings, Inc., following the company's 2007 acquisition of Vanguard Automotive Group, the parent company of National Car Rental and Alamo Rent a Car."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United Aircraft", "paragraph_text": "The United Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer formed by the break-up of United Aircraft and Transport Corporation in 1934. In 1975, the company became the United Technologies Corporation."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Esther Epstein", "paragraph_text": "Esther Epstein (born May 10, 1954) is a United States chess player and systems manager, who has won the U.S. Women's Chess Champion in 1991 and 1997. She holds a Woman International Master title."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Michael Stroukoff", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stroukoff was a Russian-born aircraft designer, who served in the White Army before emigrating to the United States. After spending some time as an architect, he joined the Chase Aircraft Company and designed a number of transport aircraft for the United States Army Air Forces and the United States Air Force, later starting his own company to perform further aeronautical work."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thomas Cook Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Cook Airlines is part of the airline division of the Thomas Cook Group, which consists of three more sister airlines, all of which have a joint fleet management: Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia, German based Condor and Thomas Cook Airlines Balearics. The airline holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jet-2000", "paragraph_text": "Jet-2000 Business Jets, established in 1999, is an award-winning business aviation provider specialising in management for corporate and private aircraft in Russia and other countries of the post-Soviet area. The company holds a Russian Air Operator Certificate."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "GeminiJets", "paragraph_text": "GeminiJets is a diecast model airplane manufacturer based in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States founded in 1998 under the name of SkyJets. The product line is named GeminiJets, but ADI (Airliners Distributing Inc.) is the founding company holding the production licenses from airlines and aircraft manufacturers, including but not limited to Boeing, Airbus, McDonnell Douglas, and Embraer. ADI makes and markets aircraft in several different scales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bell P-63 Kingcobra", "paragraph_text": "The Bell P-63 Kingcobra is an American fighter aircraft developed by Bell Aircraft in World War II from the Bell P-39 Airacobra in an attempt to correct that aircraft's deficiencies. Although the P-63 was not accepted for combat use by the United States Army Air Forces, it was adopted by the Soviet Air Force."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of UEFA club competition winners", "paragraph_text": "Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles, with 22 followed by Milan's 17 titles. Spanish teams hold the record for the most wins in each of the three main UEFA club competitions: Real Madrid, with thirteen European Cup / UEFA Champions League titles; Sevilla, with five UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League titles; and Barcelona, with four Cup Winners' Cup titles. Milan share the most Super Cup wins (five) with Barcelona, and the most Intercontinental Cup wins (three) with Real Madrid. German clubs Hamburg, Schalke 04 and Stuttgart, and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (twice each)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Naval Aircraft Factory SBN", "paragraph_text": "The Naval Aircraft Factory SBN was a United States three-seat mid-wing monoplane scout bomber/torpedo aircraft designed by the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation and built under license by the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The landing gear was similar to that on the Brewster F2A Buffalo fighter aircraft. The SBN had non-folding wings with perforated flaps."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Delta Air Lines fleet", "paragraph_text": "As of 28 February 2018, the Delta Air Lines mainline fleet comprises 855 aircraft in service, making it one of the largest airline fleets in the world. Before merging with Northwest Airlines in 2009, Delta Air Lines operated an all - Boeing and McDonnell Douglas fleet; it incorporated Northwest's Airbus aircraft into its fleet following the merger and subsequently ordered further Airbus types. Delta is known for its policy of generally buying older generation or used aircraft and for continuing to fly aircraft for 20 - 30 years, much longer than most other major airlines. As such, it has one of the oldest fleets of any American airline, with an average fleet age of 17 years as of 2017. Fellow U.S. legacy carriers American Airlines and United Airlines have younger fleets; as of December 29, 2016, American had an average fleet age of 10.3 years, while United had an average fleet age of 14.1 years.."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kaman HH-43 Huskie", "paragraph_text": "The Kaman HH-43 Huskie was a helicopter with intermeshing rotors used by the United States Air Force, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps from the 1950s until the 1970s. It was primarily used for aircraft firefighting and rescue in the close vicinity of air bases, but was later used as a short range overland search and rescue aircraft during the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Willie Nelson (boxer)", "paragraph_text": "Willie Nelson (born April 20, 1987 in Cleveland, Ohio) is a professional boxer. He holds the NABF Intercontinental Super Welterweight title. On June 19, 2010 Willie knocked out title contender Jesse Feliciano."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Six Nations Championship", "paragraph_text": "England hold the record for outright wins of the Home Nations, Five Nations and Six Nations tournaments, with 28 titles, although Wales follow closely with 26 outright wins with the addition of 12 shared victories to England's 10. Since the Six Nations era started in 2000, only Italy and Scotland have failed to win the Six Nations title, although Scotland were the last outright winners of the Five Nations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260. Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark. Since the first Premier League season in 1992\u201393, 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title. Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005\u201306 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) \u2013 for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively. Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Flight recorder", "paragraph_text": "The United States' first CVR rules were passed in 1964, requiring all turbine and piston aircraft with four or more engines to have CVRs by March 1, 1967. As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the CVR recording duration is a minimum of two hours, following the NTSB recommendation that it should be increased from its previously - mandated 30 - minute duration. As of 2014, the United States requires flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders on aircraft that have 20 or more passenger seats, or those that have six or more passenger seats, are turbine - powered, and require two pilots."}], "question": "What distinction does the parent of the company that was formerly known as United Aircraft hold?"}
{"id": "2hop__133693_748186", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jim Kavourias", "paragraph_text": "James S. Kavourias (born October 4, 1979 in Brooklyn, Ohio, United States) is a former professional baseball outfielder. Kavourias played in the Florida Marlins minor league system from 2000 to 2004. He participated in the 2004 Olympics, as a member of Greece's baseball team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Green Bay Packers", "paragraph_text": "The Green Bay Packers is a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third - oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919, and is the only non-profit, community - owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Keith Kelly (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Keith Kelly (born 5 March 1983 in Port Royal) is a Jamaican football player who currently plays for Harbour View F.C in the Jamaican National Premier League. The midfielder is known for his dynamic dribbles and defence-splitting passes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sports in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture. Based on revenue, the four major professional sports leagues in the United States are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. Major League Soccer (MLS) is sometimes included in a ``top five ''of leagues of the country. All four enjoy wide - ranging domestic media coverage and are considered the preeminent leagues in their respective sports in the world, although American football does not have a substantial following in other nations. Three of those leagues have teams that represent Canadian cities, and all four are the most financially lucrative sports leagues of their sport. American football is the most popular sport in the United States followed by basketball, baseball, and soccer. Tennis, golf, wrestling, auto racing, arena football, field lacrosse, box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular sports in the country."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jorginho James", "paragraph_text": "Jorginho James (born 7 July 1994) is a Jamaican international footballer who plays for Rio Grande Valley FC Toros on loan from Harbour View F.C., as a midfielder."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Sainty, the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Forbes' list of the most valuable sports teams", "paragraph_text": "The world's most valuable sports teams, as ranked annually by the American magazine Forbes, include teams from association football, American football, baseball, and basketball. National Football League franchise Dallas Cowboys, valued at $4.2 billion, was named the world's most valuable sports team of 2017, becoming the first non-association football team to top Forbes' ranking since its inception in 2010. English club Manchester United (2010 -- 12) and Spanish club Real Madrid (2013 -- 15) have previously each been named the most valuable team three times."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea (5th title) (2016 -- 17) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992; 26 years ago (1992 - 02 - 20) Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City (3rd title) (2017 -- 18) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) Most appearances Gareth Barry (653) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer (260 goals) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Buffalo Bills", "paragraph_text": "In 1947 a contest was held to rename the Bisons, which was owned by James Breuil of the Frontier Oil Company. The winning entry suggested Bills, reflecting on the famous western frontiersman, Buffalo Bill Cody. Carrying the ``frontier ''theme further, the winning contestant offered the team was being supported by Frontier Oil and was`` opening a new frontier in sports in Western New York.'' When Buffalo joined the new American Football League in 1960, the name of the city's earlier pro football entry was adopted."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The club also owned and operated a professional basketball team, by the name of Everton Tigers, who compete in the elite British Basketball League. The team was launched in the summer of 2007 as part of the clubs' Community programme, and play their home games at the Greenbank Sports Academy. The team was an amalgam of the Toxteth Tigers community youth programme which started in 1968. The team quickly became one of the most successful in the league winning the BBL Cup in 2009 and the play-offs in 2010. However Everton withdrew funding before the 2010\u201311 season and the team was re launched as the Mersey Tigers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wes Schulmerich", "paragraph_text": "Edward Wesley Schulmerich (August 21, 1901 \u2013 June 26, 1985) was an American Major League Baseball player from the state of Oregon. A native of the state, he played baseball and football at what is now Oregon State University where he participated in three sports. On the football team, he played three positions and earned the nickname of Ironhorse and all-conference honors. In baseball, he was a right-handed outfielder and after leaving school started his professional career in the minor leagues. Schulmerich then became the first player from the school to make it to the Major Leagues, playing for three teams in the early 1930s. He is a member of the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Montreal Impact", "paragraph_text": "The Montreal Impact () is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal, Quebec. The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer (MLS). The team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league, being the league's third Canadian club, and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma has teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, hockey, and wrestling located in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas\u2013Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings. Oklahoma supports teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the AAA and AA levels (Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA Development League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League. Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ivy League", "paragraph_text": "The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism."}], "question": "In what league is Jorginho James' sports team?"}
{"id": "2hop__315680_599244", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Olive, Bradley County, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Mount Olive is an unincorporated community in Bradley County, Arkansas, United States. It is the location of (or is the nearest community to) Mt. Olive Rosenwald School, which is located on Bradley Rd. 45 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Standin' on the Corner Park", "paragraph_text": "Standin 'on the Corner Park (opened in 1999 in Winslow, Arizona). It is a public park, commemorating the song ``Take It Easy ''which was written by Jackson Browne and Glenn Frey, and, most famously, recorded by the Eagles. The song includes the verse`` Well, I'm a standing on a corner in Winslow, Arizona and such a fine sight to see. It's a girl, my Lord, in a flatbed Ford slowin' down to take a look at me.'' The park contains a two - story trompe - l'\u0153il mural by John Pugh, and a bronze statue by Ron Adamson of a life - sized man with a guitar who is standing on a corner with the guitar by his side. The park is surrounded by a wall of bricks, with windows to peer in to; each brick has a donor's name on it, and a story by each of the donors describing their fondness for Winslow, Arizona."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Ancrum Winslow", "paragraph_text": "John Ancrum Winslow (19 November 1811 \u2013 29 September 1873) was an officer in the United States Navy during the Mexican\u2013American War and the American Civil War. He was in command of the steam sloop of war during her historic 1864 action off Cherbourg, France with the Confederate sea raider ."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bradley High School (Arkansas)", "paragraph_text": "Bradley High School (BHS) is a comprehensive public junior/senior high school located in Bradley, Arkansas, United States. For the 2017-2018 school year, BHS serves more than 24 students in grades 7 through 12 and is supported by more than 15 educators on a full time equivalent basis. Bradley High is the smaller of two public high schools in Lafayette County and draws students from Bradley. It is one of three high schools of the Emerson-Taylor-Bradley School District."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Edward Winslow", "paragraph_text": "Edward Winslow (18 October 1595 -- 8 May 1655) was a Separatist who traveled on the Mayflower in 1620. He was one of several senior leaders on the ship and also later at Plymouth Colony. Both Edward Winslow and his brother, Gilbert Winslow signed the Mayflower Compact. In Plymouth he served in a number of governmental positions such as assistant governor, three times was governor and also was the colony's agent in London. In early 1621 he had been one of several key leaders on whom Governor Bradford depended after the death of John Carver. He was the author of several important pamphlets, including Good Newes from New England and co-wrote with William Bradford the historic Mourt's Relation, which ends with an account of the First Thanksgiving and the abundance of the New World. In 1655 he died of fever while on a British naval expedition in the Caribbean against the Spanish. He is the only Plymouth colonist with an extant portrait, and this can be seen at Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John Deere World Headquarters", "paragraph_text": "The John Deere World Headquarters is a complex of four buildings located on 1,400 acres (5.7\u00a0km\u00b2) of land at One John Deere Place, Moline, Illinois, United States. The complex serves as corporate headquarters for John Deere."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Corinth, Bradley County, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Corinth is an unincorporated community in Bradley County, Arkansas, United States. Corinth is located on Arkansas Highway 172, southeast of Warren."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wildwood Lake, Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Wildwood Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bradley County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,124 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Cleveland, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nunda, New York", "paragraph_text": "Nunda (pronounced \"none-day\") is a town in Livingston County, New York, United States. The population was 3,064 at the 2010 census. Nunda welcomes each visitor with signs stating, \"Welcome to Nunda, A Nice Place To Live.\" The name is derived from Nunda-wa-ono, the name given to it by a group of the Seneca Indian tribe that once lived in the hills and valleys along the Genesee river and Keshequa stream within the present-day Town of Nunda. In the Seneca language, \"Nunda\" relates to hills and a popular translation is \"Where the valley meets the hills\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John B. Winslow", "paragraph_text": "Winslow was born in Nunda, New York as the only son of Horatio G. Winslow and Emily Bradley Winslow. He was a direct descendant of Kenelm Winslow, brother of Edward Winslow, a \"Mayflower\" colonist and a governor of Plymouth Colony. He moved with his parents to Racine, Wisconsin in 1855. Winslow graduated from Racine College in 1871 and received his law degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1875. He married Agnes Clancy on January 19, 1881. He was elected a Wisconsin Circuit Court judge and in 1891 was appointed to the Wisconsin Supreme Court. From 1907 until his death, Winslow served as Chief Justice of the court."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "Which county contains the birth place of John Bradley Winslow?"}
{"id": "2hop__193_2388", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fever (Little Willie John song)", "paragraph_text": "It has been covered by numerous artists from various musical genres, most notably by Peggy Lee, whose rendition became the most widely known version of \"Fever\" and the singer's signature song. Lee's version contained rewritten lyrics different from the original and an altered music arrangement. It became a top-five hit on the music charts in the UK and Australia in addition to entering the top ten in the US and the Netherlands. \"Fever\" was nominated in three categories at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for I Am... Sasha Fierce, Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird", "paragraph_text": "The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee's \"rich use of language\" but writes that the central lesson is that \"courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style\". Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees, stating that the book \"still rouses fresh and horrified indignation\" as it examines morality, a topic that has recently become unfashionable. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with \"a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question\", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that \"one\u2019s moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled\" is eloquently discussed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ur Waist", "paragraph_text": "\"Ur Waist\" is a song by Nigerian singer Iyanya. It was officially released as the second single from his second studio album, \"Desire\" (2013). The song features vocals from Emma Nyra."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song in B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am... World Tour and 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US, and over 118 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified artist of the 2000s, with a total of 64 certifications. Her songs \"Crazy in Love\", \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", \"Halo\", and \"Irreplaceable\" are some of the best-selling singles of all time worldwide. In 2009, The Observer named her the Artist of the Decade and Billboard named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade. In 2010, Billboard named her in their \"Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years\" list at number 15. In 2012 VH1 ranked her third on their list of the \"100 Greatest Women in Music\". Beyonc\u00e9 was the first female artist to be honored with the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards. She has also received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards and the Billboard Millennium Award at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know \"everything that was being done in those ministries\", according to Shell's top executive in Nigeria. The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration. Documents released in 2009 (but not used in the court case) reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love, she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s, the media often used the term \"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the Oxford English Dictionary."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bilkisu Funtuwa", "paragraph_text": "Hajiya Bilkisu Salisu Ahmed Funtuwa is a Nigerian author. She writes novels in Hausa that focus on female Muslim protagonists. She is one of the best-known writers of what is known as \"Kano market literature\" or \"Littattafan Soyayya\" \u2014 \"books of love\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In an interview published by Vogue in April 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 was asked if she considers herself a feminist, to which she said, \"that word can be very extreme... But I guess I am a modern-day feminist. I do believe in equality\". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling \"We should all be feminists\", a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDxEuston conference in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B, but she also incorporates pop, soul and funk into her songs. 4 demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 90s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day. To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Heaven (Beyonc\u00e9 song)", "paragraph_text": "``Heaven ''is a song recorded by American singer Beyonc\u00e9 for her self - titled fifth studio album (2013). It was written and produced by the singer along with musician Boots who collaborated on the majority of the tracks on the album. Although speculation hinted the song to be inspired by the singer's miscarried child and recorded as a tribute, it was revealed that she drew inspiration from her mother Tina Knowles, losing her best friend.`` Heaven'' is a piano ballad with gospel and pop elements and emotional vocals which received comparisons to Beyonc\u00e9's 2008 song ``Halo ''. The personal lyrics describe the protagonist mourning the death of a beloved person by repeating a sentimental hook; many critics found its lyrics to be personal. Music critics provided positive reviews for the track, praising its placement on the album and Beyonc\u00e9's vocal performance."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "People Like Us (Aaron Tippin song)", "paragraph_text": "\"People Like Us\" is a song written by David Lee Murphy and Kim Tribble, and recorded by American country music artist Aaron Tippin. It was released in January 2001 as the second single and title track from the album \"People Like Us\". The song reached number 17 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ring the Alarm", "paragraph_text": "\"Ring the Alarm\" is a song recorded by American singer Beyonc\u00e9 for her second studio album, \"B'Day\" (2006). It was written by Knowles, Kasseem \"Swizz Beatz\" Dean and Sean Garrett. Columbia Records released \"Ring the Alarm\" as the second single from \"B'Day\" in the United States on October 17, 2006, while \"Irreplaceable\" (2006) was serviced as the album's second international and third US single. The song's development was motivated by Knowles' role in the Broadway musical adaptation \"Dreamgirls\" (2006). The cover art of \"Ring the Alarm\" proved controversial because Knowles used alligators during the photography session. PETA declared that Knowles' posing with a baby alligator was arguably abusive to an animal."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nigerian Television Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Nigerian Television Authority -- also known as NTA is a Nigerian government - owned and partly commercial broadcaster that was inaugurated in 1977. At inauguration it had a monopoly on television broadcasting in the country. The NTA runs the biggest television network in Nigeria with stations in several parts of Nigeria. Formerly known as Nigerian Television (NTV), the network began with a takeover of regional television stations in 1976 by the then Nigerian military authorities, and is widely viewed as the authentic voice of the Nigerian government. NTA's monopoly was broken in the 1990s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel, in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Joker (Steve Miller Band song)", "paragraph_text": "``The Joker ''is a song by the Steve Miller Band from their 1973 album The Joker. It is one of two Steve Miller Band songs that feature the nonce word`` pompatus''. The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 in early 1974."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)", "paragraph_text": "``Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In) ''is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury and, in 1968, a chart hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition. Said to reflect the LSD experience, the song was intended to be a warning about the dangers of using the drug. First recorded on October 10, 1967, by Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul as a single on Rice Records (Rice 5028 b / w`` Stagger Lee'') and produced by Norro Wilson, Jerry Lee Lewis covered the song on his album Soul My Way released November 1, 1967."}], "question": "Beyonce borrowed words in her song \"Flawless\" from this Nigerian author who compared Harper Lee to whom?"}
{"id": "2hop__144555_402114", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ahmad Abdel-Halim", "paragraph_text": "Ahmad Abdel-Halim Abdel-Salam Al-Zugheir () (born 14 September 1986) is a Jordanian footballer of Palestinian origin who plays for Al-Nasr of Oman and the Jordan national football team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tammam Salam", "paragraph_text": "Tammam Salam is a graduate of Broummana High School and Haigazian University in Beirut. He also holds an economics and management degree, which he received in England."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Indonesia lies between latitudes 11\u00b0S and 6\u00b0N, and longitudes 95\u00b0E and 141\u00b0E. It is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. According to the country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Indonesia has 17,504 islands (16,056 of which are registered at the UN), scattered over both sides of the equator, and with about 6,000 of them inhabited. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea). Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Calicut International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Calicut International Airport , also known as Karipur Airport, is an international airport serving the cities of Kozhikode and Malappuram in Kerala, India. The airport opened on 13 April 1988. It is located in Karipur, about from Kozhikode and from Malappuram. The airport serves as an operating base for Air India Express. It was the twelfth-busiest airport in India in terms of overall passenger traffic. It is the third-busiest airport in Kerala after Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram. It was given international airport status on 2 February 2006."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Al-Salam Mosque, Odessa", "paragraph_text": "The Al-Salam Mosque and Arabian Cultural Center are located in Odessa, Ukraine. The cultural center and mosque were opened in June 2001."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978); Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder. Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records. As such, Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943, although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life. He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Steven Weinberg", "paragraph_text": "Steven Weinberg was born in 1933 in New York City. His parents were Jewish immigrants. He graduated from Bronx High School of Science in 1950. He was in the same graduating class as Sheldon Glashow, whose own research, independent of Weinberg's, would result in their (and Abdus Salam) sharing the 1979 Nobel in Physics (see below)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alexey Chernyshyov", "paragraph_text": "Alexey Andreyevich Chernyshyov (; b.\u00a0March\u00a029, 1939) is the governor of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. He is a member of the Agrarian Party of Russia. He became the head of the oblast government in 1999. Chernyshyov is active in promoting Russia-Kazakhstan trade as Orenburg Oblast shares a long border with Kazakhstan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fairview, California", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. It borders on the city of Hayward and the census-designated place of Castro Valley. The population was 10,003 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple", "paragraph_text": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada, popularly known as Peruviruthy Malanada or Malanada is the only Duryodhana Temple in South India. It is located at Edakkad Ward (Kara) of Poruvazhy village in Kunnathoor Taluk of Kollam district (Kerala State), India. This place is the northern border of Kollam district which Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha districts share the boundaries. The temple is located equidistant from Adoor (M C Road) to the Northeast and Sasthamcottah to the Southeast. It is also reachable from Kayamkulam and Karunagappally on the NH 47 and Kottarakkara (via Puthoor or Enathu) on the MC road (approximately 25\u00a0km from each centre)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Salam Bappu", "paragraph_text": "Salam Bappu was born on 15 May 1977 at Palappetty, a village in Ponnani, Malappuram, Kerala to Bappu Haji and Ayishumma."}], "question": "Which city does Salam Bappu's birth place share border with?"}
{"id": "2hop__14035_14066", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "For the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leaders of Flanders, Boulogne and the Holy Roman Empire to apply pressure on Philip from Germany. In 1195 John successfully conducted a sudden attack and siege of \u00c9vreux castle, and subsequently managed the defences of Normandy against Philip. The following year, John seized the town of Gamaches and led a raiding party within 50 miles (80 km) of Paris, capturing the Bishop of Beauvais. In return for this service, Richard withdrew his malevolentia (ill-will) towards John, restored him to the county of Gloucestershire and made him again the Count of Mortain."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry", "paragraph_text": "John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harper's Ferry) was an effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown's plan would fail."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rebel (John Miles album)", "paragraph_text": "Rebel was the first solo album of John Miles. It was his most successful album to date with singles \"Highfly\" and \"Music\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "John treated the interdict as \"the equivalent of a papal declaration of war\". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized the lands of those clergy unwilling to conduct services, as well as those estates linked to Innocent himself; he arrested the illicit concubines that many clerics kept during the period, only releasing them after the payment of fines; he seized the lands of members of the church who had fled England, and he promised protection for those clergy willing to remain loyal to him. In many cases, individual institutions were able to negotiate terms for managing their own properties and keeping the produce of their estates. By 1209 the situation showed no signs of resolution, and Innocent threatened to excommunicate John if he did not acquiesce to Langton's appointment. When this threat failed, Innocent excommunicated the king in November 1209. Although theoretically a significant blow to John's legitimacy, this did not appear to greatly worry the king. Two of John's close allies, Emperor Otto IV and Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, had already suffered the same punishment themselves, and the significance of excommunication had been somewhat devalued. John simply tightened his existing measures and accrued significant sums from the income of vacant sees and abbeys: one 1213 estimate, for example, suggested the church had lost an estimated 100,000 marks (equivalent to \u00a366,666 at the time) to John. Official figures suggest that around 14% of annual income from the English church was being appropriated by John each year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playing for time until Pope Innocent III could send letters giving him explicit papal support. This was particularly important for John, as a way of pressuring the barons but also as a way of controlling Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the meantime, John began to recruit fresh mercenary forces from Poitou, although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that the king was escalating the conflict. John announced his intent to become a crusader, a move which gave him additional political protection under church law."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fortress of Amerikkka", "paragraph_text": "Fortress of Amerikkka is a 1989 action film directed by Eric Louzil and distributed by Troma Entertainment. The movie follows John Whitecloud, a criminal rebel who's out for revenge against a corrupt Sheriff and a militia run by a crazed General. It is often cited by Troma fans as one of the company's worst films."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such as William Marshal and Ranulf of Chester. The rebels lacked the engineering expertise or heavy equipment necessary to assault the network of royal castles that cut off the northern rebel barons from those in the south. John's strategy was to isolate the rebel barons in London, protect his own supply lines to his key source of mercenaries in Flanders, prevent the French from landing in the south-east, and then win the war through slow attrition. John put off dealing with the badly deteriorating situation in North Wales, where Llywelyn the Great was leading a rebellion against the 1211 settlement."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bundelkhand", "paragraph_text": "The widow of the Raja of Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi Bai, protested against the annexation because her adopted son was not recognised as the heir to his adoptive father, and because the slaughter of cattle was permitted in the Jhansi territory. The Revolt of 1857 found Jhansi ripe for rebellion. In June a few men of the 12th native infantry seized the fort containing the treasure and magazine, and massacred the European officers of the garrison. The Rani put herself at the head of the rebels, and they captured several of the neighbouring British districts and princely states allied to the British. She died bravely in battle in Gwalior in 1858. It was not till November 1858 that Jhansi was brought under British control."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Atlanta", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Atlanta was a battle of the Atlanta Campaign fought during the American Civil War on July 22, 1864, just southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Continuing their summer campaign to seize the important rail and supply center of Atlanta, Union forces commanded by William Tecumseh Sherman overwhelmed and defeated Confederate forces defending the city under John Bell Hood. Union Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson was killed during the battle. Despite the implication of finality in its name, the battle occurred midway through the campaign, and the city did not fall until September 2, 1864, after a Union siege and various attempts to seize railroads and supply lines leading to Atlanta. After taking the city, Sherman's troops headed south - southeastward toward Milledgeville, the state capital, and on to Savannah with the March to the Sea."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or \"Great Charter\". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on scutage and other feudal payments. A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John's future adherence to the charter, whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the king."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "England in the Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Richard spent his reign focused on protecting his possessions in France and fighting in the Third Crusade; his brother, John, inherited England in 1199 but lost Normandy and most of Aquitaine after several years of war with France. John fought successive, increasingly expensive, campaigns in a bid to regain these possessions. John's efforts to raise revenues, combined with his fractious relationships with many of the English barons, led to confrontation in 1215, an attempt to restore peace through the signing of the Magna Carta, and finally the outbreak of the First Barons' War. John died having fought the rebel barons and their French backers to a stalemate, and royal power was re-established by barons loyal to the young Henry III. England's power structures remained unstable and the outbreak of the Second Barons' War in 1264 resulted in the king's capture by Simon de Montfort. Henry's son, Edward, defeated the rebel factions between 1265 and 1267, restoring his father to power."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to La Rochelle. Shortly afterwards, Philip won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy. A peace agreement was signed in which John returned Anjou to Philip and paid the French king compensation; the truce was intended to last for six years. John arrived back in England in October."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1706)", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was a minor military action of the War of the Spanish Succession during which an English fleet of 13 ships under the command of Admiral John Jennings attempted unsuccessfully to seize the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Jennings previously relied on the English triumphs in the Iberian Peninsula demanding recognition for the sovereignty of Charles II of England over the Canary Islands, but their offers were rejected."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and refused to demobilise their forces or surrender London as agreed. Despite his promises to the contrary, John appealed to Innocent for help, observing that the charter compromised the pope's rights under the 1213 agreement that had appointed him John's feudal lord. Innocent obliged; he declared the charter \"not only shameful and demeaning, but illegal and unjust\" and excommunicated the rebel barons. The failure of the agreement led rapidly to the First Barons' War."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Patriot (American Revolution)", "paragraph_text": "Patriots (also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs) were those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation. Their rebellion was based on the political philosophy of republicanism, as expressed by spokesmen such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Thomas Paine. They were opposed by the Loyalists who instead supported continued British rule."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the ``East Indies ''(in present - day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, the sea-routes to Bordeaux needed to be secured following the loss of the land route to Aquitaine, and his remaining possessions in Aquitaine needed to be secured following the death of his mother, Eleanor, in April 1204. John's preferred plan was to use Poitou as a base of operations, advance up the Loire valley to threaten Paris, pin down the French forces and break Philip's internal lines of communication before landing a maritime force in the Duchy itself. Ideally, this plan would benefit from the opening of a second front on Philip's eastern frontiers with Flanders and Boulogne \u2013 effectively a re-creation of Richard's old strategy of applying pressure from Germany. All of this would require a great deal of money and soldiers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed \"Army of God\" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincoln and Exeter. John's efforts to appear moderate and conciliatory had been largely successful, but once the rebels held London they attracted a fresh wave of defectors from John's royalist faction. John instructed Langton to organise peace talks with the rebel barons."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to King's Lynn, probably to order further supplies from the continent.[nb 17] In King's Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son William and William Longesp\u00e9e, who both returned to John's faction."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "John's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen \"a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted\", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as \"one of the greatest [siege] operations in England up to that time\". Having regained the south-east John split his forces, sending William Longesp\u00e9e to retake the north side of London and East Anglia, whilst John himself headed north via Nottingham to attack the estates of the northern barons. Both operations were successful and the majority of the remaining rebels were pinned down in London. In January 1216 John marched against Alexander II of Scotland, who had allied himself with the rebel cause. John took back Alexander's possessions in northern England in a rapid campaign and pushed up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period."}], "question": "When did John retake the building that the rebels seized?"}
{"id": "2hop__143587_633257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "What a Diff'rence a Day Made", "paragraph_text": "``What a Diff'rence a Day Makes ''Single by Dinah Washington from the album What a Diff'rence a Day Makes! B - side`` Come On Home'' Released 1959 Recorded 1959 Genre Pop, vocal jazz Length 2: 31 Label Mercury Records Songwriter (s) Mar\u00eda Grever, Stanley Adams (English lyrics) Dinah Washington singles chronology ``Make Me a Present of You ''(1958)`` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes'' (1959) ``Unforgettable ''(1959)`` Make Me a Present of You'' (1958) ``What a Diff'rence a Day Makes ''(1959)`` Unforgettable'' (1959)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alisa Mizuki discography", "paragraph_text": "The discography of Japanese pop singer Alisa Mizuki consists of six studio albums, five compilation albums, twenty-seven singles, three video albums and twenty-eight music videos."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Three-Day Reign", "paragraph_text": "The Three-Day Reign (\uc0bc\uc77c\ucc9c\ud558 - \"Samil cheonha\") a.k.a. Three Days of Their Reign is a 1973 South Korean film directed by Shin Sang-ok. It was awarded Best Film at the Blue Dragon Film Awards ceremony. Actor Shin Young-kyun was also named Best Actor for his performance in the film."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Delhi Republic Day parade", "paragraph_text": "Delhi Republic Day parade A float representing the State of Maharashtra at the 2015 Republic Day Parade. Genre National patriotic parade Begins 26 January Ends 26 January Frequency Annual Location (s) New Delhi, India Inaugurated 1950 Most recent 2018 Previous event 26 January 2018 Next event 26 January 2019 Organised by Ministry of Defence Website republicday.nic.in"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Love Eterne", "paragraph_text": "The Love Eterne is a 1963 Hong Kong musical film of the Huangmei opera genre directed by Li Han Hsiang. An adaptation of the classic Chinese story \"Butterfly Lovers\", it tells of the doomed romance between the male Liang Shanbo (portrayed by actress Ivy Ling Po, who also sang the character's vocals) and the cross-dressed female Zhu Yingtai (Betty Loh Ti, with singing dubbed by Tsin Ting)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "I Sang Dixie", "paragraph_text": "\"I Sang Dixie\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dwight Yoakam. It was released in October 1988 as the second single from his album \"Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room\". In 1989, \"I Sang Dixie\" went to number one on the US Country chart."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)", "paragraph_text": "``Bad Day ''Single by Daniel Powter from the album Daniel Powter Released 2005 (2005) Format CD single digital download Recorded 2002 Genre Pop Length 3: 54 Label Warner Bros. Songwriter (s) Daniel Powter Producer (s) Mitchell Froom Jeff Dawson Daniel Powter singles chronology`` Bad Day'' (2005) ``Free Loop ''(2005)`` Bad Day'' (2005) ``Free Loop ''(2005)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Guru Randhawa", "paragraph_text": "Guru Randhawa is an Indian singer and songwriter from Punjab, India. Randhawa is known for his tracks like ``High Rated Gabru '',`` Patola'', ``Raat kamal hai ''and`` Lahore''. He sang in the 2017 Indian Premier League opening ceremony. He made his Bollywood singing debut in Hindi Medium. He also sang for the film Simran. He composed and sang for films like Hindi Medium, Tumhari Sulu, Dil Juunglee, Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety and Blackmail. He is related to singer Zora Randhawa."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico. ``Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Merritt Mountain Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "Merritt Mountain Music Festival was an outdoor music festival in Merritt, British Columbia, Canada. In 2005, the festival hosted a record breaking attendance of approximately 148,000 people throughout the 6 day event."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Woman on the Beach", "paragraph_text": "Woman on the Beach is the seventh feature film by South Korean director Hong Sang-soo, and was released in 2006."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Don't Break the Heart That Loves You", "paragraph_text": "\"Don't Break the Heart That Loves You\" is an American song written by Benny Davis and Murray Mencher (using the pseudonym Ted Murry). The song was a success for two artists in two different genres: Connie Francis in the pop field in 1962, and Margo Smith as a country version in 1978."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Don't Go Breaking My Heart", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''Single cover Single by Elton John and Kiki Dee B - side`` Snow Queen'' Released 21 June 1976 Recorded March 1976 Genre Pop Length 4: 28 Label Rocket (UK) MCA (US) Songwriter (s) Ann Orson (Elton John) Carte Blanche (Bernie Taupin) Producer (s) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology ``Love Song ''(1976)`` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart'' (1976) ``Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word ''(1976)`` Love Song'' (1976) ``Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''(1976)`` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word'' (1976) Kiki Dee singles chronology ``Once a Fool ''(1975) Once a Fool1975`` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart'' (1976) Do n't Go Breaking My Heart1976 ``First Thing in the Morning ''(1977) First Thing in the Morning1977 Music video`` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart'' on YouTube"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shadow of the Dragon", "paragraph_text": "Shadow of the Dragon is a 1993 book written by Sherry Garland. It chronicles Danny Vo and Nguyen Sang Le, two ethnic Vietnamese living in Houston; Danny is Americanized while Sang Le has difficulty adjusting to American culture and society."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Planet E Communications", "paragraph_text": "Planet E Communications is an independent electronic music recording label that started in 1991 in Detroit, Michigan. The label is the brainchild of DJ/Producer Carl Craig. Evolving from Craig\u2019s desire to have creative independence from the major label industry, Planet E would manage, in a short time, to become one of the most ground-breaking independent labels in the genre. When a number of independent techno camps entered a stage of dormancy, Planet E consistently released music that mutated the conventional arrangements of the genre. Planet E has gained its burgeoning success by persistently experimenting with sound, expanding the genre of electronic music beyond the commonplace landscape it has traveled."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Working time in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Working time in the United Kingdom is regulated in UK labour law in respect of holidays, daily breaks, night work and the maximum working day under the Working Time Regulations 1998. While the traditional mechanisms for ensuring a ``fair day's wage for a fair day's work ''is by collective agreement, since 1962 the UK created minimum statutory rights for every individual at work. The WTR 1998 follow the requirements of the Working Time Directive, which allowed an`` opt out'' from the maximum working week, set at 48 hours. Other reforms have included the 28 holiday minimum per year, 20 minute breaks for each six hours worked, and a maximum of 8 hours work on any given night."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Honey Don't", "paragraph_text": "Although John Lennon had previously sung the song live, Ringo Starr performed it for the album, his usual one lead vocal per album (although he sang two lead vocals on The Beatles double album and none on A Hard Day's Night, Magical Mystery Tour, and Let It Be). During the song, he makes self - referential remarks leading into George Harrison's guitar riffs, saying, ``Rock on George, one time for me! ''and then`` Rock on, George, for Ringo one time!'' The Monkees referenced the latter remark leading into the instrumental break of their song ``No Time ''from their 1967 album Headquarters."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sang Divar", "paragraph_text": "Sang Divar (, also Romanized as Sang D\u012bv\u0101r; also known as Sangetown, Sang\u012bf\u0101n, and Sangyufan) is a village in Hezarmasjed Rural District, in the Central District of Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 220, in 50 families."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George Strait", "paragraph_text": "By 2009, he broke Conway Twitty's previous record for the most number - one hits on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart when his 44 number one singles surpassed Twitty's 40. Counting all music charts, Strait has amassed a total of 60 number - one hits, breaking a record also previously set by Twitty, and giving him more number one songs than any other artist in any genre of music."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Break All Day!", "paragraph_text": "\"Break All Day!\" is the eighteenth single by Japanese recording artist Alisa Mizuki. It was released on May 10, 2000 as the first single from Mizuki's fourth compilation album \"\"."}], "question": "What is the genre of the Break All Day!? singer?"}
{"id": "2hop__158721_318300", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Group portrait of an unknown family or company", "paragraph_text": "Group portrait of an unknown family or company (1658\u20131660) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wilhelm Gumppenberg", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Gumppenberg was born in Munich on 17 July 1609 into the lower Bavarian nobility, he joined the Society of Jesus in 1625. He studied at Landsberg (1625\u20131633), then at Rome (1633\u20131640). Having completed his studies, Gumppenberg embarked on a career as preacher which took him successively to Ingolstadt (1640\u20131643), Regensburg (1643\u20131646), Fribourg in Switzerland (1646\u20131649), Freiburg im Brisgau (1649\u20131650), Trent (1650\u2013-1656), Augsburg (1656\u20131658), Dillingen (1658\u20131660) and Innsbruck (1660\u20131662). He was then sent to Rome as confessor to German-speaking pilgrims to St. Peter\u2019s (1662\u20131666). After his second stay in Rome, Gumppenberg returned to Bavaria. He died in Innsbruck on 8 May 1675."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (18 February 16099 December 1674) was an English statesman who served as Lord Chancellor to King Charles II from 1658, two years before the Restoration of the Monarchy, until 1667. He was loyal to the king, built up the royalist cause, and served as the chief minister after 1660. He was one of the most important historians of England, as author of the most influential contemporary history of the Civil War, \"The History of the Rebellion\" (1702). He was the maternal grandfather of two monarchs, Queen Mary II and Queen Anne."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Twilight Saga (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 2 was directed by Bill Condon, and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey, with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script. The book's plot was split into two films, the first of which was released on November 18, 2011. The second was released on November 16, 2012. The second part of Breaking Dawn saw the climax of Bella and Edward's relationship. Bella must learn, as a newly transformed vampire, to adapt both to immortality and to motherhood."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nicolaes Visscher II", "paragraph_text": "Nicolaes Visscher II (1649, Amsterdam \u2013 1702, Amsterdam) was a Dutch engraver, cartographer and publisher. He was the son of Nicolaes Visscher I and the grandson of Claes Janszoon Visscher. After his death, his wife, Elisabeth, continued the family tradition of mapmaking and publishing. The works, engraved plates, were then sold to Peter Schenk, who also reprinted them."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau", "paragraph_text": "John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (17 December 1596 \u2013 15 September 1660), was a German prince of the House of Ascania. He was ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau from 1618 to 1660."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh", "paragraph_text": "Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh (December 17, 1892 \u2013 September 6, 1945) was a monarchist during the late Nguy\u1ec5n Dynasty and supporter of adhering to traditional Vietnamese customs in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. He was born near Hanoi, Vietnam."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Waldburg-Waldburg", "paragraph_text": "Waldburg-Waldburg was a County ruled by the House of Waldburg, located in southeastern Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. Waldburg-Waldburg was a partition of Waldburg-Wolfegg-Zeil and was divided between the other two parts of Waldburg-Wolfegg-Zeil \u2014 Waldburg-Wolfegg and Waldburg-Zeil \u2014 in 1660."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "paragraph_text": "The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in the kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Scotland between 1639 and 1651. The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts; it included the abolition of the monarchy and the execution of the kingdoms' monarch, Charles I, by the English Parliament in 1649."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn \u2013 Part 2", "paragraph_text": "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 (commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn: Part 2) is a 2012 American romantic drama fantasy film directed by Bill Condon and based on the novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer. The second part of a two - part film forms the fifth and final installment in The Twilight Saga film series, and is the conclusion of the 2011 film Breaking Dawn: Part 1. All three main cast members, Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprise their roles, with Mackenzie Foy portraying Renesmee Cullen. Alongside Pattinson, Lautner, Stewart and Foy, the film also stars an ensemble cast including Billy Burke, Peter Facinelli, Elizabeth Reaser, Kellan Lutz, Nikki Reed, Jackson Rathbone, Ashley Greene, Michael Sheen, and Dakota Fanning."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Khana Ratsadon", "paragraph_text": "Khana Ratsadon (, ; meaning \"People's Party\") was a Siamese group of military and civil officers, and later a political party, which staged a bloodless coup against King Prajadhipok and transformed the country's absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy on 24 June 1932."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, after which Wales too gradually came under control of Anglo-Normans. The process was completed in the 13th century when the Principality of Wales became a client state of the English kingdom. Meanwhile, Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married them, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its greatest extent in 1921."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Juxon", "paragraph_text": "William Juxon (1582 \u2013 4 June 1663) was an English churchman, Bishop of London from 1633 to 1649 and Archbishop of Canterbury from 1660 until his death."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "First Communion", "paragraph_text": "First Communion is a ceremony in some Christian traditions during which a person first receives the Eucharist. It is most common in the Latin Church tradition of the Catholic Church, as well as in many parts of the Lutheran Church and Anglican Communion. In churches that celebrate First Communion, it typically occurs between the ages of seven and thirteen, often acting as a rite of passage."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of MPs not excluded from the English parliament in 1648", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs) in the Rump Parliament which was the final stage of the Long Parliament which began in the reign of King Charles I and continued into the Commonwealth."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WWRU", "paragraph_text": "AM 1660 launched on December 8, 1995 as WJDM, shortly after the Federal Communications Commission in the United States expanded the AM band to include new stations in the range of 1610 to 1700 kHz. It was the first such expanded band AM station in the U.S. and within two months of sign-on became the New York Radio AAHS children's network owned & operated affiliate on February 2, 1996. Until other stations were licensed on the frequency and adjacent channels in other parts of the country in subsequent years, WJDM could be heard at night throughout the eastern U.S. and Canada."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Dutch Courtyard", "paragraph_text": "A Dutch Courtyard (1658\u20131660) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the National Gallery of Art."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Commonwealth of England", "paragraph_text": "On 4 April 1660, in response to a secret message sent by Monck, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on 23 May. He entered London on 29 May, his birthday. To celebrate ``his Majesty's Return to his Parliament ''29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Absolute monarchy", "paragraph_text": "Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which one leader has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. These are often, but not always, hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state's authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature."}], "question": "What is a part of the first country to break tradition of monarchy in 1649 to 1660?"}
{"id": "2hop__21870_21880", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Geography of Hong Kong", "paragraph_text": "Hong Kong has a total area of , of which 3.16% is water. 60 islands are dispersed around Hong Kong, the largest of which by area is Lantau Island, located Southwest of the main peninsula. Lantau Island and the majority of the remaining islands are part of the New Territories, an area that also encompasses the hilly terrain north of Kowloon. Hong Kong Island is separated from Kowloon by Victoria Harbour, a natural landform harbour. The Kowloon Peninsula to the south of Boundary Street and the New Territories to the north of Hong Kong Island were added to Colonial Hong Kong in 1860 and 1898 respectively."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of extreme points of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island (167 \u00b0 57 'E) Excluding islands: Australian Antarctic Territory (160 \u00b0 00' E) Excluding islands and Australian Antarctic Territory: Cape Byron, New South Wales (153 \u00b0 38 'E)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bananal Island", "paragraph_text": "Bananal Island (, ) is a large river island formed from the bisection of the Araguaia River, in southwestern Tocantins, Brazil. The island is formed by a fork in a very flat section of the Araguaia River. Bananal Island is the second largest fluvial island in the world and the largest without an ocean coastline, at long and wide. Its total area is . The rivers within the island flow parallel to the Araguaia, and the Jaburu do Bananal is the longest river within a river."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Banggai Island", "paragraph_text": "Banggai Island is the second largest of the Banggai Islands, an archipelago located at the far eastern end of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The largest island is Peleng, smaller islands of the group are Bowokan, Labobo, Kebongan, Kotudan, Tropettenando, Timpau, Salue Besar, Salue Kecil, Masepe, and Bangkulu."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bernard Island", "paragraph_text": "Bernard Island is a rocky island 400\u00a0m long lying 500\u00a0m east of the Petrel Island in the G\u00e9ologie Archipelago of Antarctica. It was charted in 1951 by a French Antarctic Expedition and named by them for Claude Bernard, a noted French physiologist."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Burnt Pine", "paragraph_text": "Burnt Pine (Norfuk language \"Ban Pain\") is the largest town on Norfolk Island (in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia). It is the main commercial hub of the island, and travel from one side of the island to another generally involves passing through Burnt Pine as the island's sole thoroughfare runs through the town's centre."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Foyn Island", "paragraph_text": "Foyn Island, also known as Svend Foyn Island, is the second largest island in the Possession Islands, East Antarctica, lying south-west of Possession Island. An Ad\u00e9lie penguin rookery covers much of the island, which is often included in the itinerary of Antarctic cruises."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet. The sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Territory of Norfolk Island Teratri a 'Norf'k Ailen (Norfuk) Flag Coat of arms Motto: ``Inasmuch ''Anthem:`` God Save the Queen'' (official) ``Come ye Blessed ''Status External Territory Capital Kingston 29 \u00b0 02 \u2032 S 167 \u00b0 57 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 29.03 \u00b0 S 167.95 \u00b0 E \ufeff / - 29.03; 167.95 Largest city Burnt Pine Official languages English Norfuk Demonym Norfolk Islander Sovereign state Australia Government part of Australia Monarch Elizabeth II Administrator Eric Hutchinson Establishment Separation from Colony of Tasmania 1 November 1856 Transfer of Territory from UK to Australia 1 July 1914 Area Total 34.6 km (13.4 sq mi) Water (%) negligible Population 2016 census census 1,748 Density 61.9 / km (160.3 / sq mi) HDI (2008) 0.958 very high Currency Australian dollar (AUD) Time zone NFT (Norfolk Island Time) (UTC + 11: 00) Drives on the left Calling code 672 ISO 3166 code NF Internet TLD. nf"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lisle Snell", "paragraph_text": "Lisle Denis Snell is a Norfolk Island politician, who from 20 March 2013 until 17 June 2015 was the final Chief Minister of Norfolk Island. He also served as Minister for Tourism. Both offices were abolished, along with the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island in 2015 by the Government of Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cabbage Tree Island", "paragraph_text": "Cabbage Tree Island, also known as the John Gould Nature Reserve, is a protected nature reserve and uninhabited continental island lying off the mouth of Port Stephens on the coast of New South Wales, Australia. The reserve and island is named for the Cabbage-tree Palms in the two gullies on the island's western side which are the nesting site of Goulds petrel. It is the principal breeding site of the nominate subspecies of the threatened Gould's petrel and, with the nearby Boondelbah Island where there is also a small colony, has been classified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area. Both Cabbage Tree and Boondelbah Islands are gazetted nature reserves under the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act, so protecting the island's habitat from land uses incompatible with nature conservation. Access is only permitted for scientific and conservation purposes."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Call argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that New Zealand flax grew there. In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales. The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken due to Empress Catherine II of Russia's decision to restrict sales of hemp. Practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to \"be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament\". 68% out of 912 voters voted in favour. The Norfolk Island Chief Minister, Lisle Snell, said that \"the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "L\u00e5nge Erik", "paragraph_text": "L\u00e5nge Erik (\"Tall Erik\"), official name \u00d6lands norra udde, is a Swedish lighthouse built in 1845 and located on a little island, Stora Grundet (in B\u00f6da socken, Borgholm Municipality), in Grankullaviken bay at the north point of \u00d6land, the second largest island in Sweden. The island is connected to \u00d6land by a small bridge built in 1965."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits. However, by May 2013 agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare. An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government. A majority of Norfolk Islanders have objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say with 68% of voters against forced changes."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of the Australian mainland. Norfolk Island is the main island of the island group the territory encompasses and is located at 29\u00b002\u2032S 167\u00b057\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff29.033\u00b0S 167.950\u00b0E\ufeff / -29.033; 167.950. It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres (13.4 sq mi), with no large-scale internal bodies of water and 32 km (20 mi) of coastline. The island's highest point is Mount Bates (319 metres (1,047 feet) above sea level), located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Phillip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located at 29\u00b007\u2032S 167\u00b057\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff29.117\u00b0S 167.950\u00b0E\ufeff / -29.117; 167.950, seven kilometres (4.3 miles) south of the main island."}], "question": "What other types of petrels breed on the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?"}
{"id": "2hop__36707_36730", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos (\"whites\"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados (\"reds\"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande, which lasted until 1851."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Peasant with a Wheelbarrow", "paragraph_text": "Peasant with a Wheelbarrow is an oil painting by French artist Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Millet, located in the Indianapolis Museum of Art, which is in Indianapolis, Indiana. Begun in 1848 but not finished until Millet found a buyer in 1852, it depicts a peasant man pushing a wheelbarrow."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sri Sabaratnam", "paragraph_text": "Sundaram Sri Sabaratnam (; 28 August 1952 \u2013 6 May 1986) was a Sri Lankan Tamil rebel and leader of the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO), a separatist Tamil militant organisation in Sri Lanka."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Feliciano Ama", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 Feliciano Ama (1881 \u2013 January 28, 1932) was an indigenous peasant leader, a Pipil from Izalco in El Salvador, who participated and died in the 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Antipas Mbusa", "paragraph_text": "Antipas Mbusa Nyamwisi (born November 15, 1959 in North Kivu) is a politician and former rebel leader in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He leads the Forces for Renewal political party and was Minister of Decentralization and Urban and Regional Planning until September 2011 when he resigned to run for president. He was previously the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2007 to 2008."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stewart Patridge", "paragraph_text": "Stewart Patridge (born December 6, 1974) is a former American football quarterback best known as the leader of the University of Mississippi Rebels from 1995 to 1997. He won the 1997 Conerly Trophy as the best college football player in the state."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Emperor Yuan of Liang", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Yuan of Liang () (16 September 508 \u2013 27 January 555), personal name Xiao Yi (\u856d\u7e79), courtesy name Shicheng (\u4e16\u8aa0), nickname Qifu (\u4e03\u7b26), was an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty. After his father Emperor Wu and brother Emperor Jianwen were successively taken hostage and controlled by the rebel general Hou Jing, Xiao Yi was largely viewed as the \"de facto\" leader of Liang, and after defeating Hou in 552 declared himself emperor. In 554, after offending Yuwen Tai, the paramount general of rival Western Wei, Western Wei forces descended on and captured his capital Jiangling (\u6c5f\u9675, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), executing him and instead declaring his nephew Xiao Cha (Emperor Xuan) the Emperor of Liang."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes. Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns, but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm. These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies, some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy. Land settlement also varied greatly. Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants. Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside. There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems. Unlike in the late Roman period, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Red Brigades", "paragraph_text": "The Red Brigades were founded in August 1970 by Renato Curcio and Margherita (Mara) Cagol, who had met as students at the University of Trento and later married, and Alberto Franceschini. Franceschini's grandmother had been a leader of the peasant leagues, his father a worker and anti-fascist who had been deported to Auschwitz."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Erich Retzlaff", "paragraph_text": "Erich Retzlaff (born Reinfeld, Germany 1899, died Die\u00dfen am Ammersee, Bavaria, Germany, 1993) was a German photographer who focused primarily on portraits of workers, farmers, peasants and peasant costumes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Prince Johnson", "paragraph_text": "Prince Yormie Johnson (born 6 July 1952) is a Liberian politician and the current Senior Senator from Nimba County. A former rebel leader, Johnson played a prominent role in the First Liberian Civil War, in particular capturing, torturing, mutilating and executing President Samuel Doe, who had himself overthrown and murdered the previous president William R. Tolbert Jr."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sichuan", "paragraph_text": "In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606\u20131646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (\u5927\u897f\u738b\u671d). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large native population. As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring a massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Philippine\u2013American War (1899\u20131902) was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila. The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers (mostly from the National Guard) under General Elwell Otis. Defeated in the field and losing its capital in March 1899, the poorly armed and poorly led rebels broke into armed bands. The insurgency collapsed in March 1901 when the leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston and his Macabebe allies. Casualties included 1,037 Americans killed in action and 3,340 who died from disease; 20,000 rebels were killed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "N\u00f4ng V\u0103n V\u00e2n", "paragraph_text": "N\u00f4ng V\u0103n V\u00e2n (\u8fb2\u6587\u96f2, ?\u20131835) was the leader of a peasant revolt in Vietnam from 1833-1835. Although the revolt is often seen as N\u00f9ng tribal separatism, historian Nguy\u1ec5n Phan Quang argues that the revolt had national aspirations."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft. In 1910, Mexico was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to American towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The United States joined World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and other allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Scattered Crumbs", "paragraph_text": "Set in an Iraqi village during the Iran-Iraq war, \"Scattered Crumbs\" critiques a totalitarian dictatorship through the stories of an impoverished peasant family. A father, a fierce supporter of Saddam Hussein clashes with his artist son, who loves his homeland but finds himself literally unable to paint the Leader's portrait for his father's wall."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into \"Banners\", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu people. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, the Qing. In 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital Beijing. Rather than serve them, Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels and seized Beijing. The conquest of China proper was not completed until 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661\u20131722). The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia. While the early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their official title was Emperor they were known as khans to the Mongols and patronized Tibetan Buddhism, they governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government. They retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in international relations, and in places such as Taiwan, the Qing so-called internal foreign policy closely resembled colonial policy and control."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rebelle Records", "paragraph_text": "Rebelle Records AB is a record label founded by Bj\u00f6rn Afzelius in 1988. The name is a convergence of his two daughters' names \"Rebecca\" and \"Isabelle\". The company, which holds the rights to all of Afzelius music is now located in Snekkersten, Denmark."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed \"Army of God\" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincoln and Exeter. John's efforts to appear moderate and conciliatory had been largely successful, but once the rebels held London they attracted a fresh wave of defectors from John's royalist faction. John instructed Langton to organise peace talks with the rebel barons."}], "question": "Who was the peasant rebel leader?"}
{"id": "2hop__778762_230674", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Diyar-e-Dil", "paragraph_text": "\"Diyar-e-Dil\" features an ensemble cast with Abid Ali as Agha Jaan, Osman Khalid Butt and Maya Ali as his grandchildren, Meekal Zulfiqar, Ali Rehman Khan as his children and Sanam Saeed, Hareem Farooq as his daughters-in-law. It also stars Behroze Sabzwari, Tara Mahmood, Ahmad Zeb and Mariyam Nafees in recurring roles. It was created by Momina Duraid, and aired on Hum TV as part of a night programming all under Duraid's production company. It was written by Farhat Ishtiaq based on her novel of the same name and it is directed by Haseeb Hassan. The show is set in Skardo, Gilgit\u2013Baltistan and Lahore, Punjab. \"Diyar-e-Dil\" premiered in Pakistan, UK, USA and UAE on 17 March 2015, with prime slot on Tuesdays."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia's best known and most translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are T\u00f5nu \u00d5nnepalu and Andrus Kivir\u00e4hk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minister of Trade and Industry (South Africa)", "paragraph_text": "South Africa Minister of Trade and Industry List (show) 10 other official names: Minister van Handel en Nywerheid (Afrikaans) uNgqongqotjhe wezeRhwebo namaBubulo (Southern Ndebele) UMphathiswa lezoRhwebo noShishino (Xhosa) Indvuna Wezohwebo Nezimboni (Zulu) Indvuna Letekuhwebelana Netetimboni (Swati) Tona ya Bogwebi le Bohlagi\u0161i (Northern Sotho) Letona la Kgwebisano le Indasteri (Sotho) Tona la Kgwebisano le Madirelo (Tswana) Holobye wa Mbambadzo na N\u1e13owetshumo (Tsonga) Minisi\u1e71a ya Mabindzu na Vumaki (Venda) Flag of South Africa Incumbent Rob Davies since 11 May 2009 Department of Trade and Industry Style The Honourable Appointer Jacob Zuma Inaugural holder Frederick Robert Moore Formation 31 May 1910 Deputy Gratitude Magwanishe Website Department of Trade and Industry"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Phanagoria Island", "paragraph_text": "Phanagoria Island (, \u2018Ostrov Fanagoriya\u2019 \\'os-trov fa-na-'go-ri-ya\\) is the third largest island in the Zed group off the north coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The island is ice-free, extending with surface area . Separated from the neighbouring Esperanto Island and Lesidren Island by channels wide respectively. Situated northwest of Williams Point. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shake Ya Ass", "paragraph_text": "``Shake Ya Ass ''Single by Mystikal from the album Let's Get Ready B - side`` Shake It Fast'' Released July 18, 2000 (2000 - 07 - 18) Format Vinyl, CD Recorded Master Sound Studios (Virginia Beach, Virginia) Genre Hip hop Length 4: 20 Label Jive Songwriter (s) Michael Tyler, Pharrell Williams, Chad Hugo Producer (s) The Neptunes Mystikal singles chronology ``Live or Die ''(1999)`` Shake Ya Ass'' (2000) ``Danger (Been So Long) ''(2000)`` Live or Die'' (1999) ``Shake Ya Ass ''(2000)`` Danger (Been So Long)'' (2000)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Intuition Peak", "paragraph_text": "Intuition Peak (Vrah Intuitsiya \\'vr&h in-tu-'i-tsi-ya\\) is a sharp Antarctic peak of elevation 780\u00a0m in Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is surmounting Iskar Glacier to the east and Devnya Valley to the west. The peak was named in appreciation of the role of scientific intuition for the advancement of human knowledge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yana Point", "paragraph_text": "Yana Point (, \u2018Nos Yana\u2019 \\'nos 'ya-na\\) is the point forming the west side of the entrance to Bruix Cove in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The point separates the glacier termini of Huron Glacier to the northwest and Iskar Glacier to the southeast."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Life in a... Metro", "paragraph_text": "Track Name Lyrics Singer Band Metro Remixed by Alvida Amitabh Verma K.K. Alvida (Reprise) Amitabh Verma Fahruk Mahfuz Anam (James) Y Baatein Kuch Ankahein Si Sandeep Srivastava Adnan Sami Baatein Kuch Ankahein Si (Unplugged) Sandeep Srivastava Suhail Kaul Y Baatein Kuch Ankahein Si (Remix) Sandeep Srivastava Adnan Sami DJ A-Myth In Dino Sayeed Quadri Soham Chakraborty Y In Dino (Remix) Sayeed Quadri Soham Chakraborty Bunty Rajput Kar Salaam Sayeed Quadri Soham Chakraborty Pritam Chakraborty Suhail Kaul Y O Meri Jaan Sandeep Srivastava K.K. O Meri Jaan (Reprise) Sandeep Srivastava Suhail Kaul & K.K. Y Rishtey Sayeed Quadri Fahruk Mahfuz Anam (James) Y Rishtey (Remix) Sayeed Quadri Fahruk Mahfuz Anam (James) DJ Nikhil Chinappa DJ Naved"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo", "paragraph_text": "Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo (Urdu: \u0622\u062c \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u062f \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0648 \u200e; please do n't insist on leaving today) is a Nazm written by Pakistani poet Fayyaz Hashmi. The tune was composed by Sohail Rana, an eminent composer from Pakistan. It was popularlised by noted classical vocalists, Habib Wali Mohammad who also sang this song as a film playback singer in a Pakistani film Badal Aur Bijli (1973). Then the famous ghazal singer Farida Khanum also used to sing it in her television performances and in her live public concerts. It is sung in Raag Yaman Kalyan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gauhar Jaan", "paragraph_text": "Gauhar Jaan (born Angelina Yeoward, 26 June 1873 -- 17 January 1930) was an Indian singer and dancer from Calcutta. She was one of the first performers to record music on 78 rpm records in India, and released by Gramophone Company of India. Having recorded more than 600 records in more than ten languages between 1902 and 1920, Gauhar Jahan is credited with popularising Hindustani classical music such as thumri, dadra, kajri, tarana during the period."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jhootha Hi Sahi (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Jhootha Hi Sahi is the soundtrack to the 2010 Bollywood romantic comedy film of the same name, directed by Abbas Tyrewala starring John Abraham and Pakhi Tyrewala. The soundtrack, consisting of seven original tracks and two remix versions was composed by A. R. Rahman with lyrics penned by Abbas Tyrewala. The audio was officially released on 17 September by Sa Re Ga Ma at the Sa Re Ga Ma Pa competition. The album was very well received by the critics and was the chart topper for some weeks. The album has been praised by several reviewers as a newer genre in soundtracks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "University Library of the TU Berlin and UdK", "paragraph_text": "The University Library of the TU Berlin and UdK () is the central library of the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin) and the Berlin University of the Arts (UdK). It is located in the Fasanenstra\u00dfe, Berlin. The current directors of the UdK and TU libraries are Andrea Zeyns and J\u00fcrgen Christof, respectively."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Storgozia Nunatak", "paragraph_text": "Storgozia Nunatak (, \u2018Nunatak Storgozia\u2019 \\'nu-na-tak stor-'go-zi-ya\\) is the rocky hill rising to 300 m in eastern Desudava Glacier on Nordenskj\u00f6ld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro", "paragraph_text": "Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro (Devnagari: \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902, English: Just Let It Go, Friends) is a 1983 Hindi comedy film directed by Kundan Shah and produced by NFDC. It is a dark satire on the rampant corruption in Indian politics, bureaucracy, news media and business, and stars an ensemble cast including Naseeruddin Shah, Ravi Baswani, Om Puri, Pankaj Kapur, Satish Shah, Satish Kaushik, Bhakti Barve and Neena Gupta."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jaane Jigar", "paragraph_text": "Jaane Jigar is a 1998 Indian Bollywood film directed by Arshad Khan and produced by B.R. Sahni. The film stars Jackie Shroff and Mamta Kulkarni."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jacobsen Valley", "paragraph_text": "Jacobsen Valley (, \u2018Dolina Jacobsen\u2019 \\do-li-'na 'ya-kob-sen\\) is the shallow valley in Vinson Massif, Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, descending northwards from the summit of Antarctica Mount Vinson (4892 m). It is 3.5\u00a0km long and 1.2\u00a0km wide, and is bounded to the west by Branscomb Peak and Galicia Peak, and to the east by a minor ridge running between the east side of Mount Vinson to the south and Goodge Col to the north. Draining the valley is a glacier tributary to Branscomb Glacier, part of the classical route to the summit Mount Vinson."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Developer (s) Red Storm Entertainment Publisher (s) Red Storm Entertainment Designer (s) Brian Upton Composer (s) Bill Brown Series Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Platform (s) Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 64, PlayStation, Mac OS, Game Boy Color, Dreamcast, PlayStation Network Release August 21, 1998 (show) Windows NA: August 21, 1998 EU: October 1998 Nintendo 64 NA: November 17, 1999 EU: December 1999 PlayStation NA: November 23, 1999 EU: November 1999 Mac OS NA: December 8, 1999 Game Boy Color NA: April 3, 2000 EU: November 10, 2000 Dreamcast NA: May 9, 2000 EU: February 2, 2001 PlayStation Network PAL: June 5, 2008 NA: May 21, 2009 Genre (s) Tactical shooter Mode (s) Single - player, multiplayer"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na", "paragraph_text": "Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na (translation: \"Whether you know... or not\") is a 2008 Indian coming of age romantic comedy film, written and directed by Abbas Tyrewala. The film stars Imran Khan and Genelia D'Souza in pivotal roles. Produced by Mansoor Khan, Aamir Khan, it marks the directional debut of Abbas Tyrewala, the debut of Imran Khan (Aamir Khan's nephew) and Prateik Babbar as actors, and the re-appearance of D'Souza in Hindi cinema. Released on 4 July 2008, the film received positive reviews and was successful at the box office. The music is by A. R. Rahman."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jaan Pehechan Ho", "paragraph_text": "\"Jaan Pehechan Ho\" is a popular Indian rock & roll Bollywood song, sung by Mohammed Rafi, composed by duo Shankar Jaikishan, and with lyrics by Shailendra. It was produced for the 1965 Bollywood film \"Gumnaam\", directed by Raja Nawathe, produced by N.N. Sippy, and starring Manoj Kumar and Nanda. The song has been widely \"remediated\" in North American circulation. \"Jaan pehechan ho\" is a Hindi phrase roughly translated as \"Let's know each other.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Boyana Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Boyana Glacier (Lednik Boyana \\'led-nik bo-'ya-na\\) in Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands in Antarctica is situated southeast of Macy Glacier and west-southwest of Srebarna Glacier. It is bounded by Vazov Rock on the west, St. Naum Peak, Starosel Gate, Silistra Knoll and Kotel Gap on the north, and Christoff Cliff on the east. The glacier extends 3 km in east-west direction and 1.6 km in north-south direction, and flows southeastward into the Bransfield Strait between Vazov Point and Aytos Point."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na's screenwriter?"}
{"id": "2hop__252701_450157", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Glass ceiling", "paragraph_text": "The first person to use the phrase was Marilyn Loden, during a 1978 speech. The concept of the glass ceiling was later popularized at the National Press Club in July 1979. This was at a Conference of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press led by Katherine Lawrence of Hewlett - Packard. This was part of an ongoing discussion of a clash between written policy of promotion versus action opportunities for women at HP."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Packard Automotive Plant", "paragraph_text": "The Packard plant was opened in 1903 and at the time was considered the most modern automobile manufacturing facility in the world, with skilled craftsmen involved in over eighty trades. The factory complex closed in 1958, though other businesses operated on the premises or used it for storage until the late 1990s."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "HIKESHI", "paragraph_text": "HIKESHI is a protein important in lung and multicellular organismal development that, in humans, is encoded by the \"HIKESHI\" gene. HIKESHI is found on chromosome 11 in humans and chromosome 7 in mice. Similar sequences (orthologs) are found in most animal and fungal species. The mouse homolog, lethal gene on chromosome 7 Rinchik 6 protein is encoded by the \"l7Rn6\" gene. When the l7Rn6 protein is disrupted in mice, the mice display severe emphysema at birth as a result of disorganization of the Golgi apparatus and formation of aberrant vesicular structures within club cells."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Seven Places", "paragraph_text": "Seven Places was a Christian rock band founded in 2000. Seth Gilbert was the main songwriter and vocalist for Seven Places which was signed to BEC Recordings. The group amiably disbanded in 2005 to pursue other projects."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Packard Model G", "paragraph_text": "At that time the company was located in Warren, Ohio; owners were brothers James Ward Packard and William Doud Packard and investor George Lewis Weiss. Model G was a development of the former single-cylinder cars the company had built since 1899 of which the last, Model F, was offered alongside the Model G. Introduction was in late summer 1902. Only four cars were built."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Darwinius", "paragraph_text": "The genus \"Darwinius\" was named in commemoration of the bicentenary of the birth of Charles Darwin, and the species name \"masillae\" honors Messel where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hewlett-Packard", "paragraph_text": "Hewlett - Packard Company Last logo of Hewlett - Packard used from 2010 to 2015; now used by HP Inc. HP headquarters in Palo Alto, California, U.S. Former type Public Traded as NYSE: HPQ Industry Computer hardware Computer software IT services IT consulting Fate Renamed as HP Inc. Successor HP Inc. Hewlett Packard Enterprise Founded January 1, 1939; 79 years ago (1939 - 01 - 01) Founders William Redington Hewlett and David Packard Defunct November 1, 2015 (2015 - 11 - 01) (main company) (For Hewlett Packard Enterprise). Now operating as HP Inc. Headquarters Palo Alto, California, U.S. Area served Worldwide Products See list of HP products. Subsidiaries List of subsidiaries Website www.hp.com"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Packard Springs Township, Carroll County, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Packard Springs Township is one of twenty-one current townships in Carroll County, Arkansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its total population was 735."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William Doud Packard", "paragraph_text": "William Doud Packard (November 3, 1861 \u2013 November 11, 1923) was an American automobile manufacturer who founded the Packard Motor Car Company and Packard Electric Company with his brother James Ward Packard."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dakota Floeter", "paragraph_text": "Dakota Floeter is an American actor and rock musician, born August 2, 1994 in Los Angeles, California. In addition to Dakota's acting roles in television and film, he has played guitar in television commercials for Folgers (2000), Fender Guitars and Hewlett-Packard (2004), and on television's \"Austin City Limits\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Birth control in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Birth control advocacy organizations around the world also began to collaborate. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international family planning organization. In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council. Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about pollution, food shortages, and quality of life, leading to well - funded birth control campaigns around the world. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hewlett-Packard", "paragraph_text": "The Hewlett - Packard Company (commonly referred to as HP) or shortened to Hewlett - Packard (/ \u02c8hju\u02d0l\u026at \u02c8p\u00e6k\u0259rd / HEW - lit PAK - \u0259rd) was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. It developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components as well as software and related services to consumers, small - and medium - sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors."}], "question": "Where was the founder of Packard born?"}
{"id": "2hop__22180_175825", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ron Franklin", "paragraph_text": "Ron Franklin (born February 2, 1942) is an American sportscaster. He was employed by ESPN from 1987 to 2011. He was fired by ESPN on January 4, 2011, after making sexist comments to a colleague. Franklin brought a wrongful termination suit against his former employer, alleging breach of contract by ESPN. The parties settled out of court."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy in 1897. His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Die Zukunft", "paragraph_text": "Die Zukunft (\"\"The Future\"\") was a German social-democratic weekly (1892\u20131923) founded and edited by Maximilian Harden. It published allegations of homosexuality of Philip, Prince of Eulenburg, leading to the Harden\u2013Eulenburg affair in Wilhelmine Germany."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nicole Kidman", "paragraph_text": "In 2003, Kidman received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In addition to her 2003 Academy Award for Best Actress, Kidman has received Best Actress awards from the following critics' groups or award-granting organisations: the Hollywood Foreign Press (Golden Globes), the Australian Film Institute, Blockbuster Entertainment Awards, Empire Awards, Golden Satellite Awards, Hollywood Film Festival, London Critics Circle, Russian Guild of Film Critics, and the Southeastern Film Critics Association."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the future, Parliament passed the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 into law. Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act. However, some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans, giving rise to the 'Cash for Peerages' scandal."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "In the beginning of 1996, several human rights groups brought cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria, including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. In particular, Shell stood accused of collaborating in the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the Ogoni tribe of southern Nigeria, who were hanged in 1995 by Nigeria's then military rulers. The lawsuits were brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation. In 2009, Shell agreed to pay $15.5m in a legal settlement. Shell has not accepted any liability over the allegations against it."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Whip Hand", "paragraph_text": "Whip Hand is a crime novel by Dick Francis, the second novel in the Sid Halley series. The novel received the Gold Dagger Award for Best Novel of 1979, as well as the Edgar Award for Best Novel of 1980. \"Whip Hand\" is one of only two novels to have received both awards (the other being John le Carr\u00e9's \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\")."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9\u202f891\u202f497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini's government as a politician, and meddling in politics, but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican. In 1944, Luigi Maglione died, and Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as heads of the State Department. Montini's admiration was almost filial, when he described Pope Pius XII:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Leipzig War Crimes Trials", "paragraph_text": "The Leipzig War Crimes Trials were a series of trials held in 1921 to try alleged German war criminals of the First World War before the German \"Reichsgericht\" (Supreme Court) in Leipzig, as part of the penalties imposed on the German government under the Treaty of Versailles. Only twelve individuals were brought to trial (with mixed results), and the proceedings were widely regarded at the time as a failure. In the longer term, however, the trials have been seen as a significant step towards the introduction of a comprehensive system for the prosecution of violations of international law."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elevator Repair Service", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, the ensemble was awarded a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. ERS has also received numerous awards including an OBIE Award for Sustained Excellence; The Foundation for Contemporary Arts Theater Grant; the Theatre Communications Group\u2019s Peter Zeisler Memorial Award for Outstanding Achievement; Eliot Norton Awards for Outstanding Visiting Production, Outstanding Actor, and Outstanding Director; and a Lucille Lortel Award for Alternative Theatrical Experience and Best Director. Artistic Director John Collins received 2011 US Artists Donnelley and Guggenheim Fellowships. Individual ERS ensemble members have received OBIEs for Sustained Excellence in Performance, Lighting Design, and Sound Design."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality. Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation. It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte, in an interview published by the magazine Tempo, to accuse Montini of hypocrisy, and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor. According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday. Peyrefitte had previously published the accusation in two books, but the interview (previously published in a French gay magazine) brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18, Montini called the charges \"horrible and slanderous insinuations\" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Montini were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in \"a day of consolation\". In 1984 a New York Times correspondent repeated the allegations."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Equality Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Equality Alabama was formed by the 2002 merger of the Gay and Lesbian Alliance of Alabama and Equality Begins at Home of Central Alabama. The organization began to increase its activity prior to the 2005 referendum that banned same-sex marriage in the state. Representatives for the organization have stated that the additional visibility was in reaction to increasingly anti-gay legislation being brought forth in the state government. Proposed, but thus far not enacted, state legislation has included banning the adoption of children by LGBT people and prohibiting libraries from purchasing literature that portrays homosexuality as an acceptable lifestyle."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Applied Catalysis Award", "paragraph_text": "The Applied Catalysis Award is awarded by the Royal Society of Chemistry to individuals for \"creativity and excellence in novel approaches or use of catalysis in industry.\" The award was established in 2008. The winner of the award is chosen by the Industry & Technology Division Awards Committee, and receives \u00a32000, a medal and a certificate."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Les amiti\u00e9s particuli\u00e8res", "paragraph_text": "Les amiti\u00e9s particuli\u00e8res is a 1943 novel by French writer Roger Peyrefitte, probably his best-known work today, which won the \"Prix Renaudot\". Largely autobiographical, it deals with an intimate relationship between two boys at a Roman Catholic boarding school and how it is destroyed by a priest's will to protect them from homosexuality."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Crn\u010de (Bela Palanka)", "paragraph_text": "Crn\u010de is a village in the municipality of Bela Palanka, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 64 people. The village has a slight connection with big-serving tennis ace Ivo Karlovi\u0107 as his father came from a nearby farm. Ivo has often returned to the area however since a confrontation with local police over an alleged incident of exposure he has ceased such visits until such time as he receives an official apology and retraction of the allegation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series", "paragraph_text": "The Fellowship of the Ring received thirteen Academy Award nominations, winning in four categories. It also earned thirteen nominations at the 55th British Academy Film Awards, leading to wins in the categories for Best Film, Best Direction, Best Special Visual Effects, and the Orange Film of the Year Award. Other notable ceremonies where it received much recognition included the American Film Institute Awards, the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, the Empire Awards, the Golden Globes, the MTV Movie Awards, the Satellite Awards, and Saturn Awards. Various critics groups, such as those in Chicago and Phoenix, also awarded the film. In total, The Fellowship of the Ring received 98 awards out of 152 nominations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sexual orientation", "paragraph_text": "The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to. In a major study comparing sexual response in homosexual males and females, Masters and Johnson discuss the difficulty of assigning the Kinsey ratings to participants. Particularly, they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale. They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. When, there is a lot of heterosexual and homosexual experiences in one's history it becomes difficult for that individual to be fully objective in assessing the relative amount of each."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: \"Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories", "paragraph_text": "As of 2017, 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Six of these actors and actresses have received three or more acting Academy Awards: Katharine Hepburn (four Best Actress awards), Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day - Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day - Lewis are still living."}], "question": "What award did the person who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality receive?"}
{"id": "2hop__24443_89489", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsheng Life Insurance", "paragraph_text": "As of 2012, Minsheng Life employs over 40,000 employees and has established 23 provincial-level subsidiary companies, including Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hebei, Shandong, Fujian, Liaoning, Sichuan, Henan, Shanghai, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Hubei, Shanxi etc."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bandi Rajan Babu", "paragraph_text": "Bandi Rajan Babu was born at Korutla, in the Karimnagar district of Telangana. Starting his career as a lecturer at JNTU Fine Arts College, he went on to establish his own school and master the craft of 'pictorial photography'. He was a Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, an Associate of the Federation of International Photographic Art, France, and an Honorary Fellow of the AP State Akademi of Photography."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic \"M\" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company. Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wildest Wish to Fly", "paragraph_text": "The Wildest Wish to Fly is a solo album by Rupert Hine. It was originally released in 1983 on A&M Records and Island Records and re-released on CD in 2001 on VoicePrint. The album peaked at #31 on the Swedish album chart."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bury, Curtis and Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "Edward Bury established the works in 1826, under the name Edward Bury and Company. He employed James Kennedy as foreman; Kennedy later became a partner. About 1828, the firm moved to bigger premises in Love Lane, Liverpool, known as the Clarence Foundry."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Trude Fleischmann", "paragraph_text": "Trude Fleischmann (1895\u20131990) was an Austrian-born American photographer. After becoming a notable society photographer in Vienna in the 1920s, she re-established her business in New York in 1940."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Entity Registry", "paragraph_text": "The Central Coordinating Register for Legal Entities (Norwegian: Enhetsregisteret) is a Norwegian registry, established in 1995, that stores information about juristic persons (including self-employed people who have chosen to register, and governmental agencies). It is organized under N\u00e6rings- og handelsdepartementet."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Suetonius Grant Heatly", "paragraph_text": "Suetonius Grant Heatly (sometimes spelled as \"Heatley\") (1751\u20131793) was a judge employed by the British East India Company and, with John Sumner, established what is considered to be the first coal mine in India."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Latvian Railway History Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Latvian Railway History Museum is a railway museum in Riga, Latvia. It was established on August 30, 1994 and contains more than a thousand items, documents and photographs related to railway communications and signalling equipment, tools and instruments, uniforms and badges."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Plain Dealer", "paragraph_text": "The newspaper was established in 1842, less than 50 years after Moses Cleaveland landed on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in The Flats, and is currently owned by Advance Publications (Newhouse Newspapers). The Plain Dealer Publishing Company is under the direction of George Rodrigue (president). The paper employs over 700 people."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cheryl Hines", "paragraph_text": "Cheryl Ruth Hines (born September 21, 1965) is an American actress who played the role of Larry David's wife, Cheryl, on HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm, for which she was nominated for two Emmy Awards."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hawthorne, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Hawthorne is a town in Douglas County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,045 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Dobie, Hawthorne, Hillcrest, and Hines are located in the town."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National Child Labor Committee", "paragraph_text": "Edgar Gardner Murphy, an American clergyman and author, is credited with proposing the National Child Labor Committee following a conference between Murphy's Alabama Child Labor Committee, and the New York Child Labor Committee. The conference culminated on April 25, 1904 at a mass meeting held in Carnegie Hall, New York City. At the meeting, both men and women concerned with the plight of working children overwhelmingly supported the formation of the National Child Labor Committee, and Felix Adler was elected its first Chairman."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Tick (2016 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Peter Serafinowicz as The Tick Griffin Newman as Arthur Everest Valorie Curry as Dot Everest Brendan Hines as Superian Yara Martinez as Miss Lint Scott Speiser as Overkill Jackie Earle Haley as The Terror"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edward Hines Lumber Company", "paragraph_text": "Hines Supply (originally the Edward Hines Lumber Company), based in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, in the United States, is a business firm specializing in lumber, plywood, decking, doors, windows, trim, and other wood products. It also sells related services such as consultations and cost estimates for building projects. It has outlets in Alsip, Grayslake, Hampshire, Kirkland, Montgomery, St. Charles, Warrenville, Wheaton and Buffalo Grove."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I Could Use a Love Song", "paragraph_text": "The music video of the song was released on May 6, 2017, and starred Shelley Hennig and Garrett Hines as the couple."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Hines (boxer)", "paragraph_text": "John \"Johnny\" A. Hines (July 30, 1912 \u2013 December 11, 1966) was an American boxer who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tap (film)", "paragraph_text": "Tap is a 1989 dance drama film written and directed by Nick Castle and starring Gregory Hines and Sammy Davis Jr."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Gamekeeper (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Gamekeeper is a 1980 British drama film directed by Ken Loach. It is based on a novel of the same name by Barry Hines. It competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. As with Barry Hines's other scripts, most of the dialogue is in Yorkshire dialect."}], "question": "When was the employer of photographer Lewis Hine established?"}
{"id": "2hop__34162_9956", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ruth A. Parmelee", "paragraph_text": "Ruth Azneve Parmelee (3 April 1885\u00a0\u2013 15 December 1973) was a Christian missionary and a witness to the Armenian Genocide. She served as a nurse of the American Women's Hospitals Service to a local hospital in Kharpert. She was also instrumental in the founding in 1922 of the hospital of the American Women's Hospitals Service in Salonika, Greece."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Governments of Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage of legislation in various foreign countries condemning the persecution of the Armenians as genocide has often provoked diplomatic conflict. (See Recognition of the Armenian Genocide)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and successive Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence from the Russian empire, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Marseille Genocide Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The Marseille Memorial is a steel obelisk commemorating the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in Ottoman Empire during the Armenian Genocide in 1915. The monument was dedicated in 1973 in Marseille, France."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (\u054a\u0561\u0580\u057d\u056f\u0561\u0570\u0561\u0575), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (\u053c\u056b\u0562\u0561\u0576\u0561\u0576\u0561\u0570\u0561\u0575). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called \"kef\" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of Armenia", "paragraph_text": "In the early 20th century Armenians suffered in the genocide inflicted on them by the Ottoman government of Turkey, in which 1.5 million Armenians were killed and many more dispersed throughout the world via Syria and Lebanon. Armenia, from then on corresponding to much of Eastern Armenia, regained independence in 1918, with the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia, and in 1991, the Republic of Armenia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Reshid Akif Pasha", "paragraph_text": "Reshid Akif Pasha (; 1863 \u2013 15 April 1920), was an Ottoman statesman during the last decades of the Ottoman Empire. Throughout his career as a politician, Reshid Akif Pa\u015fa served as governor, minister of the interior, and in the Council of State. He is also noted for providing important testimony in the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the Armenian alphabet. This period of time is often viewed as the Golden Age of Armenian literature. Early Armenian literature was written by the \"father of Armenian history\", Moses of Chorene, who authored The History of Armenia. The book covers the time-frame from the formation of the Armenian people to the fifth century AD. The nineteenth century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time, during which Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period (Zartonki sherchan). The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the Hamidian massacres, when Armenians experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like Paruyr Sevak, Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of literature."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915\u201316). This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on the 24th May 1916. The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at \"more than a million\". The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Said Halim Pasha", "paragraph_text": "Said Halim Pasha (; ; ; 18 January 1865 \u2013 6 December 1921) was an Ottoman statesman of Tosk origin who served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1917. He was one of the perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide, and was later assassinated by Arshavir Shirakian as part of Operation Nemesis, a retribution campaign to kill perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Genocide", "paragraph_text": "In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found \"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,\" but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jesse B. Jackson", "paragraph_text": "Jesse Benjamin Jackson (November 19, 1871 \u2013 December 4, 1947) was a United States consul and an important eyewitness to the Armenian Genocide. He served as consul in Aleppo when the city was the junction of many important deportation routes. Jackson concluded that the policies towards the Armenians were \"without doubt a carefully planned scheme to thoroughly extinguish the Armenian race.\" He considered the \"wartime anti-Armenian measures\" to be a \"gigantic plundering scheme as well as a final blow to extinguish the race.\" By September 15, 1915, Jackson estimated that a million Armenians had been killed and deemed his own survival a \"miracle\". After the Armenian Genocide, Jackson led a relief effort and was credited with saving the lives of \"thousands of Armenians.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over \"the eastern question,\" Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms, he believed. If the Ottoman Empire had been a sick man, then:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jean-Michel Oughourlian", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Michel Oughourlian was born on 20 August 1940 in Beirut, Lebanon, to an Armenian father who fled the 1915-1922 genocide and a Colombian mother. He arrived in France at the age of ten."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jacques Sayabalian", "paragraph_text": "Jacques or Jack Sayabalian (Paylag) (; June 1880 \u2013 1915) was an Armenian writer and poet who was also an interpreter for the British Consul in Konya between 1904 and 1909, then vice-consul for a year and a half. He was also a member of the Armenian National Assembly representing his birthplace of Konya. After 1909, he became a journalist in Constantinople. During the Armenian Genocide, Sayabalian was deported to Ankara and then killed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Twelve Spies", "paragraph_text": "When ten of the twelve spies showed little faith in the doom and gloom report they gave about the land, they were slandering what they believed God had promised them. They did not believe that God could help them, and the people as a whole were persuaded that it was not possible to take the land. As a result, the entire nation was made to wander in the desert for 40 years, until almost the entire generation of men had died. Joshua and Caleb were the two spies who brought back a good report and believed that God would help them succeed. They were the only men from their generation permitted to go into the Promised Land after the time of wandering."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Armen Dorian", "paragraph_text": "Armen Dorian (; 28 January 1892 \u2013 1915) was a renowned Armenian poet, teacher, and editor who lived in the Ottoman Empire. He studied at the Sorbonne University in Paris, France. He wrote poetry in French and Armenian. In 1915, Dorian was arrested and killed during the Armenian Genocide at the age of 23."}], "question": "What did the person who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide believe?"}
{"id": "2hop__28963_697369", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Theory of Justice", "paragraph_text": "A Theory of Justice is a work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls, in which the author attempts to solve the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society) by utilising a variant of the familiar device of the social contract. The resultant theory is known as ``Justice as Fairness '', from which Rawls derives his two principles of justice. Together, they dictate that society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members, limited only by the notion that the liberty of any one member shall not infringe upon that of any other member. Secondly, inequalities either social or economic are only to be allowed if the worst off will be better off than they might be under an equal distribution. Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power, for instance public office."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Social penetration theory", "paragraph_text": "The social penetration theory (SPT) proposes that, as relationships develop, interpersonal communication moves from relatively shallow, non-intimate levels to deeper, more intimate ones. The theory was formulated by psychologists Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973 to understand relationship development between individuals. Altman and Taylor notes that relationships ``involve different levels of intimacy of exchange or degree of social penetration ''. The social penetration theory is known as an objective theory, meaning that the theory is based on data drawn from experiments, and not from conclusions based on individuals' specific experiences."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as \"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies\". One of the researchers, Neil Risch, noted: \"we looked at the correlation between genetic structure [based on microsatellite markers] versus self-description, we found 99.9% concordance between the two. We actually had a higher discordance rate between self-reported sex and markers on the X chromosome! So you could argue that sex is also a problematic category. And there are differences between sex and gender; self-identification may not be correlated with biology perfectly. And there is sexism.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Graffiti", "paragraph_text": "The Toad, in Steve's car, and John, in his yellow 1932 Ford Deuce Coup\u00e9 hot rod, cruise the strip of Modesto. Toad, who is normally socially inept with girls, successfully picks up a flirtatious, and somewhat rebellious, girl named Debbie. John inadvertently picks up Carol, an annoying 12 - year - old who seems fond of him. Another drag racer, the handsome and arrogant Bob Falfa, is searching out John in order to challenge him to a race."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955\u20131968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "A controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds. J. A. Hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as: \"It is desirable that the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed, as far as possible, by the races which can do this work best, i.e. by the races of highest 'social efficiency'\". Many others argued that imperialism is justified for several different reasons. Friedrich Ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive, imperialism was needed. Halford Mackinder felt that Great Britain needed to be one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific nature of \"Social Darwinism\" and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism. The rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears to have achieved its purpose, for example throughout Latin America \"whiteness\" is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento (whitening) are common."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. census race definitions says a \"black\" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as \"Black, African Am., or Negro\" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17\u201318% European."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Social exchange theory", "paragraph_text": "Social exchange theory goes back to Thibaut and Kelley (1959), Kelley and Thibaut (1978), Homans (1961) and Rusbult (1983). Sociologist George Homans published a work ``Social Behavior as Exchange ''. He defined social exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, and more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two persons. After Homans founded the theory, other theorists continued to write about it, particularly Peter M. Blau and Richard M. Emerson, who in addition to Homans are generally thought of as the major developers of the exchange perspective within sociology. Homans' work emphasized the individual behavior of actors in interaction with one another. Although there are various modes of exchange, Homans centered his studies on dyadic exchange. John Thibaut and Harold Kelley are recognized for focusing their studies within the theory on the psychological concepts, the dyad and small group. L\u00e9vi - Strauss is recognized for contributing to the emergence of this theoretical perspective from his work on anthropology focused on systems of generalized exchange, such as kinship systems and gift exchange."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Barry Hindess", "paragraph_text": "Barry Hindess (11 July 1939 \u2014 19 May 2018) was an Emeritus Professor in the School of Social Sciences at Australian National University. He was for many years an academic sociologist in the UK (mainly at the University of Liverpool) and has published widely on social and political theory, and on the history of political thought."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Psychological Inquiry", "paragraph_text": "The Psychological Inquiry (PI) is a quarterly psychology journal published by Taylor & Francis. It aims to be a forum for the discussion of theory and meta-theory, primarily in social psychology and personality. It aims to publish ideas and theories that are broad, provocative, and debatable, while discouraging purely empirical, applied, or review articles. Each issue typically includes a target article followed by peer commentaries and a response from the target author."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Marxism", "paragraph_text": "Marxism is a theory and method of working-class self-emancipation. As a theory, it relies on a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fletcher Challenge", "paragraph_text": "In 2000 the Canadian pulp and paper assets were sold to Norske Skog to form NorskeCanada. In 2001 Fletcher Challenge was split into three companies, Fletcher Challenge Forests (later renamed Tenon), Fletcher Building (incorporating Fletcher Construction), and Rubicon (New Zealand)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Polish Sociological Review", "paragraph_text": "The Polish Sociological Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Polish Sociological Association. It covers diverse areas of sociology, especially social theory, social structure, social change, culture and politics in global perspective. The journal publishes articles in English."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Social Text", "paragraph_text": "Social Text is an academic journal published by Duke University Press. Since its inception by an independent editorial collective in 1979, \"Social Text\" has addressed a wide range of social and cultural phenomena, covering questions of gender, sexuality, race, and the environment. Each issue covers subjects in the debates around feminism, Marxism, neoliberalism, postcolonialism, postmodernism, queer theory, and popular culture. The journal has since been run by different collectives over the years, mostly based at New York City universities. It has maintained an avowedly progressive political orientation and scholarship over these years, if also a less and less socialist or Marxist one. Since 1992, it is published by Duke University Press."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Journal of Human Genetics", "paragraph_text": "The American Journal of Human Genetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of human genetics. It was established in 1948 by the American Society of Human Genetics and covers all aspects of heredity in humans, including the application of genetics in medicine and public policy, as well as the related areas of molecular and cell biology. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 9.025. The journal is published by Cell Press an imprint of Elsevier."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cars 3", "paragraph_text": "Nathan Fillion as Sterling, a rich business car who runs the elite training facility Rust - eze Racing Center, who challenges McQueen's position as a racer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Porsche Challenge", "paragraph_text": "Porsche Challenge is a racing video game developed by SCEE Internal Development Team and published by Sony Computer Entertainment released for the PlayStation. The player and computer-controlled cars in the game consist of Porsche Boxsters."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word \"ethnicity\" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with \"race\", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely aware of how beliefs about race had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery, and genocide. This questioning gained momentum in the 1960s during the U.S. civil rights movement and the emergence of numerous anti-colonial movements worldwide. They thus came to believe that race itself is a social construct, a concept that was believed to correspond to an objective reality but which was believed in because of its social functions."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Abdelkebir Khatibi", "paragraph_text": "Abdelkebir Khatibi () (11 February 1938 \u2013 16 March 2009) was a Moroccan literary critic, novelist and playwright. Affected in his late twenties by the rebellious spirit of 1960s counterculture, he challenged in his writings the social and political norms upon which the countries of the Maghreb region were constructed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Political philosophy", "paragraph_text": "Communism remained an important focus especially during the 1950s and 1960s. Colonialism and racism were important issues that arose. In general, there was a marked trend towards a pragmatic approach to political issues, rather than a philosophical one. Much academic debate regarded one or both of two pragmatic topics: how (or whether) to apply utilitarianism to problems of political policy, or how (or whether) to apply economic models (such as rational choice theory) to political issues. The rise of feminism, LGBT social movements and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as African Americans and sexual minorities in the developed world has led to feminist, postcolonial, and multicultural thought becoming significant. This led to a challenge to the social contract by philosophers Charles W. Mills in his book The Racial Contract and Carole Patemen in her book The Sexual Contract that the social contract excluded persons of colour and women respectively."}], "question": "What is the publication where the challenge to race as a social construct was published an example of?"}
{"id": "2hop__836687_425879", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dilipkumar Gandhi", "paragraph_text": "Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi (born 9 May 1951) is an Indian politician and a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party. He is a current member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Green Party of Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "The Green Party of Tennessee is a state-level political party in Tennessee, and is a member of the Green Party of the United States. The party formed in 2001."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krishnarao Gulabrao Deshmukh", "paragraph_text": "Krisharao Gulabrao Deshmukh (born 8 March 1922) was a member of the 1st, 4th and 5th Lok Sabha of India from the Amravati constituency of Maharashtra and a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) political party."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Octavio Lepage", "paragraph_text": "Lepage was a member of the student movement of the political party Acci\u00f3n Democr\u00e1tica (AD) at the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), being designated in 1945 as Secretary in the Executive Committee of AD in Caracas. He graduated from UCV with a degree in law in 1947, and in 1948 he was elected as the deputy for Anzo\u00e1tegui to the National Congress. In November of that year, he was elected Secretary General of AD, but did not take the position due to the suppression of political parties following the overthrow of R\u00f3mulo Gallegos."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Parsuram Majhi", "paragraph_text": "Parsuram Majhi (born 1 December 1961) was a member of the 13th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Nowrangpur constituency of Odisha and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mailis Reps", "paragraph_text": "Mailis Reps (n\u00e9e Rand, born 13 January 1975 in Tallinn) is an Estonian politician, a member of the Estonian Centre Party. She served as the Minister of Education and Research from 2002 to 2003, 2005 to 2007 and since 2016."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vijay Kumar Khandelwal", "paragraph_text": "Vijay Kumar Khandelwal (22 April 1936 \u2013 12 November 2007) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Betul constituency of Madhya Pradesh and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Liberal Forum", "paragraph_text": "The Liberal Forum (German: Liberales Forum, LiF) was a liberal political party in Austria. The party was active from February 1993 to January 2014, when the party merged into NEOS \u2013 The New Austria. The party was a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Congress of the New Right", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of the New Right (, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland. The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR). The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015. The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chhatar Singh Darbar", "paragraph_text": "Chhatar Singh Darbar (born 8 January 1954) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Dhar constituency of Madhya Pradesh and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paul Vigouroux", "paragraph_text": "Paul Vigouroux (1919\u20131980), also known as Mathieu Laurier, was a French political activist and anti-communist. He was a member of the Jeunesses Patriotes, La Cagoule, and was secretary general of the Parti fran\u00e7ais national-collectiviste (PFNC), a political party that was one of the forerunners of the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Popular Front of Estonia", "paragraph_text": "The Popular Front of Estonia was a major force in the Estonian independence movement that led to the re-establishment of the Republic of Estonia as a country independent from the Soviet Union. It was similar to the Popular Front of Latvia and the S\u0105j\u016bdis movement in Lithuania and a number of Popular Fronts that were created almost simultaneously in many parts of the USSR. The Baltic States were in a unique category among the constituent parts of the USSR in that they had been European parliamentary democracies in the interbellum and had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The Popular Front of Estonia was founded in 1988 by Marju Lauristin and Edgar Savisaar. Savisaar initiated the founding in April 1988 in a live broadcast (\"M\u00f5tleme veel\") on Estonian TV, advocating support of Gorbachevian perestroika."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cork (city)", "paragraph_text": "While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The members are affiliated to the following political parties: Fine Gael (5 members), Fianna F\u00e1il (10 members), Sinn F\u00e9in (8 members), Anti-Austerity Alliance (3 members), Workers' Party (1 member), Independents (4 members). Certain councillors are co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dhirendra Agarwal", "paragraph_text": "Dhirendra Agarwal (born 2 August 1955) is a member of the 11th, 12th and 14th Lok Sabha of India . He represents the Chatra constituency of Jharkhand and currently is a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) political party. He had won Lok Sabha election in 11th Lok Sabha & 12th Lok Sabha as a member of Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bhanwar Singh Dangawas", "paragraph_text": "Bhanwar Singh Dangawas (7 June 1929 \u2013 2 July 2012) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Nagaur constituency of Rajasthan and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pirate Party (Belgium)", "paragraph_text": "The Pirate Party of Belgium (, ) is a political party in Belgium. Based on the model of the Swedish Pirate Party, it supports reform of copyright law, the abolition of patents, and respect for privacy. It was a founding member of Pirate Parties International."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "NFL Scouting Combine", "paragraph_text": "51 reps: Justin Ernest (1999) 49 reps: Stephen Paea (2011) 45 reps: Mike Kudla (2006), and Mitch Petrus (2010) Leif Larsen (2000) 44 reps: Brodrick Bunkley (2006), Jeff Owens (2010), and Dontari Poe (2012) 43 reps: Scott Young (2005) 42 reps: Isaac Sopoaga (2004), Tank Tyler (2007), Russell Bodine (2014) 41 reps: Igor Olshansky (2004), Terna Nande (2006), and David Molk (2012)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Charles Stetson Wheeler", "paragraph_text": "Charles Stetson Wheeler (December 12, 1863 \u2013 April 27, 1923) was an American attorney who served as a Regent of the University of California, and he was a member of the Committee of Fifty working to maintain order after the devastating fire following the earthquake of 1906 in San Francisco. Wheeler was active in Republican Party politics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chengara Surendran", "paragraph_text": "Chengara Surendran (born 31 January 1968) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Adoor constituency of Kerala and is a member of the Communist Party of India (CPI) political party."}], "question": "What followed the political party of Mailis Reps?"}
{"id": "2hop__90858_158495", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mary I of England", "paragraph_text": "Mary was born on 18 February 1516 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, England. She was the only child of King Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon to survive infancy. Her mother had suffered many miscarriages. Before Mary's birth, four previous pregnancies had resulted in a stillborn daughter and three short-lived or stillborn sons, including Henry, Duke of Cornwall.Mary was baptised into the Catholic faith at the Church of the Observant Friars in Greenwich three days after her birth. Her godparents included Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey; her great-aunt Catherine of York, Countess of Devon; and Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk. Henry VIII's cousin once removed, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, stood sponsor for Mary's confirmation, which was held immediately after the baptism. The following year, Mary became a godmother herself when she was named as one of the sponsors of her cousin Frances Brandon. In 1520, the Countess of Salisbury was appointed Mary's governess. Sir John Hussey, later Lord Hussey, was her chamberlain from 1530, and his wife, Lady Anne, daughter of George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent, was one of Mary's attendants."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elizabeth I of England", "paragraph_text": "These events led rapidly to Mary's defeat and imprisonment in Loch Leven Castle. The Scottish lords forced her to abdicate in favour of her son James VI, who had been born in June 1566. James was taken to Stirling Castle to be raised as a Protestant. Mary escaped from Loch Leven in 1568 but after another defeat fled across the border into England, where she had once been assured of support from Elizabeth. Elizabeth's first instinct was to restore her fellow monarch; but she and her council instead chose to play safe. Rather than risk returning Mary to Scotland with an English army or sending her to France and the Catholic enemies of England, they detained her in England, where she was imprisoned for the next nineteen years."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref. Mary I Bloody Mary 19 July 1553 -- 17 November 1558 (5 years, 122 days) 18 February 1516 Greenwich Palace Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon Philip II of Spain Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 No children 17 November 1558 St James's Palace Aged 42 Daughter of Henry VIII Third Succession Act (Jure uxoris) Philip 25 July 1554 -- 17 November 1558 (4 years, 116 days) 21 May 1527 Valladolid Son of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and Isabella of Portugal Mary I of England Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 No children 3 other marriages 7 children 13 September 1598 El Escorial Aged 71 Husband of Mary I Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain N / A"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Marguerite Norris", "paragraph_text": "Marguerite Norris became president of the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL after her father James E. Norris died in 1952. She remained the team president of the Red Wings from 1952 \u2013 1955. She was the first female chief executive in the history of the National Hockey League and was the first woman to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup, in both 1954 and 1955. The team finished first in all three seasons she was at the helm."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Coronation of the British monarch", "paragraph_text": "The Anglo-Saxon monarchs used various locations for their coronations, including Bath, Kingston upon Thames, London, and Winchester. The last Anglo-Saxon monarch, Harold II, was crowned at Westminster Abbey in 1066; the location was preserved for all future coronations. When London was under the control of rebels, Henry III was crowned at Gloucester in 1216; he later chose to have a second coronation at Westminster in 1220. Two hundred years later, Henry VI also had two coronations; as king of England in London in 1429, and as king of France in Paris in 1431."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Church of England", "paragraph_text": "The Church of England (C of E) is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury (currently Justin Welby) is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor. The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century, and to the 6th - century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Isabel Bassett Wasson", "paragraph_text": "Isabel Bassett Wasson (January 11, 1897 \u2013 February 21, 1994) was one of the first female petroleum geologists in the United States, the first female ranger at Yellowstone National Park, and also one of the first interpretive rangers (male or female) hired by the National Park Service."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Candy Cabs", "paragraph_text": "Candy Cabs is a comedy drama series shown on BBC One in April 2011. The plot revolvs around a group of friends who set up a female-only taxi company in a seaside town in Northern England. It was written by Johanne McAndrew and Elliott Hope and produced by Splash Media. The series was axed immediately after the first series aired."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign", "paragraph_text": "Queen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria. On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a sapphire jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Acts of Union 1707", "paragraph_text": "The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. By the two Acts, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland -- which at the time were separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarch -- were, in the words of the Treaty, ``United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain ''."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ashleigh Ball (field hockey)", "paragraph_text": "Ashleigh Julia Ball (born 25 March 1986 in Brighton) is a female field hockey player. She is an Olympic bronze medallist and a member of both the Women's Great Britain and England hockey teams."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Monarch butterfly migration", "paragraph_text": "Starting in September and October, eastern and northeastern populations migrate from southern Canada and the United States to overwintering sites in central Mexico where they arrive around November. They start the return trip in March, arriving around July. No individual butterfly completes the entire round trip; female monarchs lay eggs for the next generation during the northward migration and at least four generations are involved in the annual cycle."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa", "paragraph_text": "Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa () was the progenitor of the ruling Al Khalifa family of Bahrain and the first monarch or \"hakim\" of Bahrain. All of the Al Khalifa monarchs of Bahrain are descendants of Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa. He is commonly referred to as Ahmed al-Fateh (Ahmed the Conqueror) for conquering Bahrain."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Margaret Tudor", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Tudor (28 November 1489 \u2013 18 October 1541) was Queen of Scots from 1503 until 1513 by marriage to James IV of Scotland and then, after her husband died fighting the English, she became regent for their son James V of Scotland from 1513 until 1515. She was born at Westminster Palace as the eldest daughter of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and granddaughter of Margaret Beaufort, Edward IV of England and Queen Elizabeth Woodville. Margaret Tudor had several pregnancies, but most of her children died young or were stillborn. As queen dowager she married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Through her first and second marriages, respectively, Margaret was the grandmother of both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Mary's second husband, Lord Darnley. Margaret's marriage in 1503 to James IV linked the royal houses of England and Scotland, which a century later resulted in the Union of the Crowns. Upon his ascent to the English throne, Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, was the first person to be monarch of both Scotland and England."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mary Ellen Smith", "paragraph_text": "Mary Ellen Spear Smith (October 11, 1861 or 1863 \u2013 May 3, 1933) was a politician in British Columbia, Canada. She was the first female Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, and both the first female cabinet minister and the first female Speaker in the British Empire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Louise, Princess Royal", "paragraph_text": "Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife (Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar; 20 February 1867 \u2013 4 January 1931) was the third child and the eldest daughter of the British king Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark; she was a younger sister of George V. She was the eldest granddaughter of Christian IX of Denmark. In 1905, her father gave her the title of Princess Royal, which is usually bestowed on the eldest daughter of the British monarch if there is no living holder (e.g. the monarch's sister, designated in the previous reign)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "paragraph_text": "The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in the kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Scotland between 1639 and 1651. The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts; it included the abolition of the monarchy and the execution of the kingdoms' monarch, Charles I, by the English Parliament in 1649."}], "question": "Who was the father of the first female monarch of England?"}
{"id": "2hop__94499_645293", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "There are twelve gates in the wall oriented to the compass with three each on the east, north, south, and west sides. There is an angel at each gate, or gatehouse. These gates are each made of a single pearl, giving them the name of the ``pearly gates ''. The names of the twelve tribes of Israel are written on these gates."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Harvard Five", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Five was a group of architects that settled in New Canaan, Connecticut in the 1940s: John M. Johansen, Marcel Breuer, Landis Gores, Philip Johnson and Eliot Noyes. Marcel Breuer was an instructor at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, while Gores, Johansen, Johnson and Noyes were students there."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jan Bouman", "paragraph_text": "He designed its canals and squares along with Potsdam's Berlin Gate and town hall, the latter influenced by the Royal Palace of Amsterdam."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rancho Murieta, California", "paragraph_text": "Rancho Murieta is a census-designated place (CDP) and guard-gated community in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento\u2013Arden-Arcade\u2013Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 5,488 at the 2010 census, up from 4,193 at the 2000 census. It is located in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada range, about east of Sacramento."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2009 flu pandemic in Europe", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 flu pandemic in Europe was part of a pandemic involving a new strain of influenza, subtype H1N1. H1N1 is commonly called swine flu. The pandemic infected at least 125,550 people in Europe. There were 458 confirmed deaths in Turkey, 438 confirmed deaths in Russia, and 457 confirmed deaths in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate", "paragraph_text": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate is a 2011 \"wuxia\" film directed by Tsui Hark and starring Jet Li, Zhou Xun, Chen Kun, Li Yuchun, Gwei Lun-mei, Louis Fan and Mavis Fan. The film is a remake of \"Dragon Gate Inn\" (1966) and \"New Dragon Gate Inn\" (1992) but takes place three years after. Production started on 10 October 2010 and is filmed in 3-D. The film screened out of competition at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012. The film received seven nominations at the 2012 Asian Film Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Peter Strudel", "paragraph_text": "In 1726, however, a re-establishment took place through Jakob van Schuppen as \"K.k. Hofacademie of the painters, sculptor and architecture\", which still exists. Peter Strudel is considered as a founder of the oldest art academy of central Europe, the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. One year before the death of Strudel, the \"Strudelhof\" included a plague house, where those afflicted by the epidemic were treated and quarantined."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Batticaloa Gate", "paragraph_text": "Batticaloa Gate is monument, which was used as port to connect Puliyanthivu (island) with the mainland of Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. The place believed as landing site of Rev. William Ault, who was the first Methodist missionary to Batticaloa, in 1814. His statue can be seen closer to the Batticaloa Gate."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Queens Gate, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Queens Gate is a census-designated place (CDP) in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,464 at the 2010 census. The area was part of the Tyler Run-Queens Gate CDP at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Christian Quarter", "paragraph_text": "The Christian Quarter (, \"\u1e24\u0101rat al-Na\u1e63\u0101r\u0101\"; , \"Ha-Rova ha-Notsri\") is one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem, the other three being the Jewish Quarter, the Muslim Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. The Christian Quarter is situated in the northwestern corner of the Old City, extending from the New Gate in the north, along the western wall of the Old City as far as the Jaffa Gate, along the Jaffa Gate - Western Wall route in the south, bordering on the Jewish and Armenian Quarters, as far as the Damascus Gate in the east, where it borders on the Muslim Quarter. The Christian quarter contains about 40 Christian holy places. Among them is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of Christianity's holiest places. Most of its residents are Palestinian Christians, despite their dwindling numbers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Golden Gate Bridge Coordinates 37 \u00b0 49 \u2032 11 ''N 122 \u00b0 28 \u2032 43'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 37.81972 \u00b0 N 122.47861 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 37.81972; - 122.47861 Coordinates: 37 \u00b0 49 \u2032 11 ''N 122 \u00b0 28 \u2032 43'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 37.81972 \u00b0 N 122.47861 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 37.81972; - 122.47861 Carries 6 lanes of US 101 / SR 1 (see below), pedestrians and bicycles. Crosses Golden Gate Locale San Francisco, California and Marin County, California, U.S. Official name Golden Gate Bridge Maintained by Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District Characteristics Design Art Deco, Suspension, truss arch & truss causeways Material Steel Total length 8,981 ft (2,737.4 m), about 1.7 mi (2.7 km) Width 90 ft (27.4 m) Height 746 ft (227.4 m) Longest span 4,200 ft (1,280.2 m) Clearance above 14 ft (4.3 m) at toll gates, Trucks can not pass Clearance below 220 ft (67.1 m) at high tide History Architect Irving Morrow Engineering design by Joseph Strauss, and Charles Ellis Construction start January 5, 1933 (1933 - 01 - 05) Construction end April 19, 1937 (1937 - 04 - 20) Opened May 27, 1937; 81 years ago (1937 - 05 - 27) Statistics Daily traffic 110,000 Toll Cars (southbound only) $8.00 (Pay by plate), $7.00 (FasTrak), $5.00 (carpools during peak hours, FasTrak only) California Historical Landmark Designated June 18, 1987 Reference no. 974 San Francisco Designated Landmark Designated May 21, 1999 Reference no. 222 Golden Gate Bridge Bridges in the San Francisco Bay"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lake Waynoka, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Lake Waynoka is a census-designated place (CDP) and gated community in Brown County, Ohio, United States, located around a similarly named reservoir between Sardinia and Russellville. The population was 1,173 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "XOR gate", "paragraph_text": "An XOR gate circuit can be made from four NAND gates. In fact, both NAND and NOR gates are so - called ``universal gates ''and any logical function can be constructed from either NAND logic or NOR logic alone. If the four NAND gates are replaced by NOR gates, this results in an XNOR gate, which can be converted to an XOR gate by inverting the output or one of the inputs (e.g. with a fifth NOR gate). An alternative arrangement is of five NOR gates in a topology that emphasizes the construction of the function from (A + B) \u22c5 (\\ displaystyle (A + B)\\ cdot) (A _\u0304 + B _\u0304) (\\ displaystyle ((\\ overline (A)) + (\\ overline (B)))) (noting from de Morgan's Law that a NOR gate is, in effect, an inverted - input AND gate). Two possible configurations constructed from NAND gates and two possible configurations constructed from NOR gates are shown below."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gate of Europe", "paragraph_text": "The Gate of Europe towers were designed by the American architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee, built by Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas and commissioned by the Kuwait Investment Office (hence their initial name \"\"Torres KIO\"\" or \"KIO Towers\"). Leslie E. Robertson Associates, RLLP New York (LERA) provided structural engineering services. Each building is 115\u00a0m tall with an inclination of 15\u00b0, making them the first inclined skyscrapers in the world. They are located near the Chamart\u00edn railway station, on the sides of the \"Plaza de Castilla\" bus station, north from the \"Paseo de la Castellana\" and near the Cuatro Torres Business Area (CTBA)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Neptune (Italian band)", "paragraph_text": "Neptune is an Italian melodic death metal band from Verona, that was founded in 1999. Their influences are based upon melodic death metal acts such as; Hatesphere, In Flames, Soilwork, Dark Tranquillity, Disarmonia Mundi, At the Gates and The Haunted."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Triumphal Arch of Moscow", "paragraph_text": "The third and the oldest surviving Triumphal Arch in Moscow was built in 1829\u201334 on Tverskaya Gate Square to Joseph Bov\u00e9's designs in order to commemorate Russia's victory over Napoleon. It replaced an earlier wooden structure built by the veterans of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Helensburgh Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "Helensburgh Cemetery is a 19th-century burial ground on the Old Luss Road in Helensburgh, Argyll, Scotland. Together with its boundary walls, lodge, gatepiers and gates it is designated as a Category B listed building by Historic Scotland."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Johann Gottfried Eckard", "paragraph_text": "Eckard died, aged 74, in Paris. On his death the \"Mercure de France\" remarked that he was \u2018the most celebrated harpsichordist of Europe\u2019."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anghel Saligny", "paragraph_text": "Anghel Saligny (; 19 April 1854, \u0218erb\u0103ne\u0219ti, Moldavia \u2013 17 June 1925, Bucharest, Romania) was a Romanian engineer, most famous for designing the Fete\u015fti-Cernavod\u0103 railway bridge (1895) over the Danube, the longest bridge in Europe at that time. He also designed the storage facilities in Constan\u0163a seaport, one of the earliest examples of reinforced concrete architecture in Europe."}], "question": "Where did the designer of the Gate of Europe die?"}
{"id": "2hop__142763_293694", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "I've Got Love on My Mind", "paragraph_text": "``I've Got Love on My Mind ''is a 1977 R&B / Soul song originally recorded by American singer Natalie Cole. Released from her third album, Unpredictable, it spent five weeks at number one on the Hot Soul Singles chart and peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1977. It was certified Gold, selling over one million copies and has become one of her most successful and popular songs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marcia Griffiths & Friends", "paragraph_text": "Marcia Griffiths & Friends is a studio album by a Jamaican reggae female singer, Marcia Griffiths, released on October 30, 2012, under VP Records. No other female vocalist has charted hits in as wide a range of styles in the genre, and the album was released as a tribute to this great lady, Marcia Griffiths, a one of a kind of performer with a truly unique history in the music. Penthouse productions presents the album as two CD collection \"Marcia Griffiths & Friends\", with 38 duets recorded in collaboration with the label."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Excuse Me (I Think I've Got a Heartache)", "paragraph_text": "\"Excuse Me (I Think I've Got a Heartache)\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Buck Owens. The song peaked at number 2 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I've Got Friends", "paragraph_text": "\"I've Got Friends\" is a song by American indie rock band Manchester Orchestra. The song was released as the lead single from the band's second studio album \"Mean Everything to Nothing\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "I've Got Something to Say", "paragraph_text": "I've Got Something to Say is an album released by country musician David Allan Coe. It was released in 1980 on Columbia. Guy Clark, Bill Anderson, Dickey Betts (from The Allman Brothers Band), Kris Kristofferson, Larry Jon Wilson, and George Jones are all featured on this album."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Your Cheatin' Heart (film)", "paragraph_text": "Parker introduced Hamilton to Hank Williams' ex-wife Audrey. The two got along well and Audrey lobbied on Hamilton's behalf. Hamilton said, ``Audrey wanted the movie to happen, especially to make her son, Hank Williams Jr., a singing star the same way she had pushed Big Hank to stardom. ''The idea was that Williams Jr would dub the singing in the movie and release the soundtrack album under his name; Hamilton wanted to perform the songs himself --`` that was the key to the character'' -- but knew the only way he would get the part was to agree to be dubbed. With Audrey's support, Hamilton got the part, his signing being announced in November 1963."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "I've Got You Under My Skin", "paragraph_text": "``I've Got You Under My Skin ''is a song written by Cole Porter in 1936. It was introduced in the Eleanor Powell MGM musical Born to Dance, in which it was performed by Virginia Bruce. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song that year. It became a signature song for Frank Sinatra and, in 1966, became a top 10 hit for the Four Seasons. The song has been recorded by many leading pop artists and jazz musicians over the years."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Don't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone)", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone) ''is a power ballad written and performed by the glam metal band Cinderella, from their second album Long Cold Winter. Released in August 1988, it was their most successful single, peaking at number 12 on US Billboard Hot 100 in November 1988."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "I've Got a Winner in You", "paragraph_text": "\"I've Got a Winner in You\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Don Williams. It was released in February 1978 as the second single from the album \"Country Boy\". The song reached number 7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was written by Williams and Wayland Holyfield."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I've Been Expecting You", "paragraph_text": "I've Been Expecting You is the second studio album by English recording artist Robbie Williams. It was released on 26 October 1998 through Chrysalis Records. The album spawned five singles, including lead single \"Millennium\", which became Williams' first UK number-one hit."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I Got Ants in My Pants", "paragraph_text": "\"I Got Ants in My Pants (and I Want to Dance)\" is a funk song by James Brown. Recorded in 1971 and released as a two-part single in November 1972 or January 1973, it charted #4 R&B and #27 Pop. It did not receive an album release. A remixed version was included on the 1988 compilation album \"Motherlode\", Part 1 to \"Star Time\" and the whole cut again in ."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "All These Things That I've Done", "paragraph_text": "``All These Things That I've Done ''is a song by American rock band The Killers. The song was released as the third single from the band's debut studio album Hot Fuss (2004). It was written by frontman Brandon Flowers and features gospel choir The Sweet Inspirations. It was released as the third single in 2004 in the United Kingdom and as the fourth single in the United States, peaking at # 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 18 in the UK Singles Chart. The song features an extended refrain of`` I got soul, but I'm not a soldier''."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Serenade (Neil Diamond album)", "paragraph_text": "Neil Diamond's second album for Columbia Records, and his ninth studio album Serenade, was released in 1974. Three singles were lifted from the album: \"Longfellow Serenade\" (#5), \"I've Been This Way Before\" (#34) and \"The Last Picasso\". The album was also issued as a quadraphonic LP with some songs as alternate takes."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "I've Gotta Be Me", "paragraph_text": "``I've Gotta Be Me ''Single by Sammy Davis, Jr. from the album I've Gotta Be Me B - side`` Bein 'Natural Bein' Me'' Released 1968 Format 7 ''(45 rpm) Genre Traditional pop Length 2: 53 Label Reprise Songwriter (s) Walter Marks Producer (s) Jimmy Bowen"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mami Kawada discography", "paragraph_text": "The discography of Japanese singer Mami Kawada consists of four studio albums, one compilation albums, two video albums and sixteen singles. Kawada debuted as a singer as a part of the I've Sound anime and game soundtrack production group, beginning to release music for game and anime soundtracks from 2001. After signing with Geneon Entertainment, Kawada released her debut single \"Radiance\" in 2005, a split single also featuring fellow I've Sound musician Kotoko's \"Chi ni Kaeru (On the Earth)\". Kawada released her debut album \"Seed\" in 2006."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Just a Friend", "paragraph_text": "``Just a Friend ''is a song written, produced and performed by American hip hop artist Biz Markie. It was released in September 1989 as the lead single from his album, The Biz Never Sleeps. It is Markie's most successful single, reaching # 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1990."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I Got a Lot of Hurtin' Done Today/I've Got My Baby On My Mind", "paragraph_text": "I Got a Lot of Hurtin' Done Today/I've Got My Baby On My Mind is the twenty fifth studio album by American country music artist, Connie Smith. The album was released in January 1975 on Columbia Records and was produced by Ray Baker. The album spawned three singles between 1974 and 1975, which included two Top 20 hits."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Now Look", "paragraph_text": "Now Look is the second solo album by English musician Ronnie Wood, released in July 1975. In the United States, it peaked at number 118 on \"Billboard\"s top 200 albums listings, during a six-week chart run. Produced by Wood, Bobby Womack and Ian McLagan, the album also includes musical contributions from Keith Richards, Mick Taylor, Willie Weeks and Andy Newmark \u2013 all of whom had played on Wood's debut, \"I've Got My Own Album to Do\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "I've Got a Tiger By the Tail", "paragraph_text": "``I've Got a Tiger By the Tail ''is a song made famous by country music band Buck Owens and the Buckaroos. Released in December 1964, the song was one of Owens' signature songs and showcases of the Bakersfield sound in the genre."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Andy Hull", "paragraph_text": "John Andrew Hull (born November 7, 1986), better known as Andy Hull, is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter for the indie rock band Manchester Orchestra. He also has a side project, Right Away, Great Captain!, as well as being co-founder of a side project with his friend and folk musician Kevin Devine by the name of Bad Books. Hull is also co-president of Manchester Orchestra's label, Favorite Gentlemen."}], "question": "Who is a member of the band that released I've Got Friends?"}
{"id": "2hop__25047_25058", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a \"fifth element\" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment\u2014an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "During the 1990s, several research papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called the \"Mozart effect\": an observed temporary, small elevation of scores on certain tests as a result of listening to Mozart's works. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students' IQ by 8 to 9 points. This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by the New York Times music columnist Alex Ross: \"researchers... have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter.\" Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. One of the co-authors of the original studies of the Mozart effect commented \"I don't think it can hurt. I'm all for exposing children to wonderful cultural experiences. But I do think the money could be better spent on music education programs.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Draw-a-Person test", "paragraph_text": "Developed originally by Florence Goodenough in 1926, this test was first known as the Goodenough Draw - a-Man test. It is detailed in her book titled Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings. Dr. Dale B. Harris later revised and extended the test and it is now known as the Goodenough -- Harris Drawing Test. The revision and extension is detailed in his book Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity (1963). Psychologist Julian Jaynes, in his 1976 book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, wrote that the test is ``routinely administered as an indicator of schizophrenia, ''and that while not all schizophrenic patients have trouble drawing a person, when they do, it is very clear evidence of a disorder. Specific signs could include a patient's neglect to include`` obvious anatomical parts like hands and eyes,'' with ``blurred and unconnected lines, ''ambiguous sex and general distortion. There has been no validation of this test as indicative of schizophrenia. Chapman and Chapman (1968), in a classic study of illusory correlation, showed that the scoring manual, e.g., large eyes as indicative of paranoia, could be generated from the naive beliefs of undergraduates."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Draw-a-Person test", "paragraph_text": "Developed originally by Florence Goodenough in 1926, this test was first known as the Goodenough Draw - a-Man test. It is detailed in her book titled Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings. Dr. Dale B. Harris later revised and extended the test and it is now known as the Goodenough -- Harris Drawing Test. The revision and extension is detailed in his book Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity (1963). Psychologist Julian Jaynes, in his 1976 book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, wrote that the test is ``routinely administered as an indicator of schizophrenia, ''and that while not all schizophrenic patients have trouble drawing a person, when they do, it is very clear evidence of a disorder. Specific signs could include a patient's neglect to include`` obvious anatomical parts like hands and eyes,'' with ``blurred and unconnected lines, ''ambiguous sexuality and general distortion. There has been no validation of this test as indicative of schizophrenia. Chapman and Chapman (1968), in a classic study of illusory correlation, showed that the scoring manual, e.g., large eyes as indicative of paranoia, could be generated from the naive beliefs of undergraduates."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Modern synthesis (20th century)", "paragraph_text": "The modern synthesis was the early 20th - century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ralph de Toledano", "paragraph_text": "Ralph de Toledano (1916\u20132007) was a 20th-century American writer in the conservative movement in the United States throughout the second half of the 20th century. A friend of Richard Nixon, he was a journalist and editor of \"Newsweek\" and the \"National Review\", and the author of 26 books, including two novels and a book of poetry. Besides his political contributions, he also wrote about music, particularly jazz."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Antonios Keramopoulos", "paragraph_text": "Antonios Keramopoulos (; Vlasti, 1870 \u2013 Athens, 13 May 1960) was a Greek archaeologist. He conducted numerous excavations studying Mycenean and classical Greek antiquities during the early 20th century, including excavations at the Agora of Athens, the palace of Mycenae and at Thebes. He also wrote studies about later Greek history. Among other things, he became known as a proponent of the theory of an autochthonous Greek origin of the Vlachs in Greece."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rebel Without a Crew", "paragraph_text": "Rebel Without a Crew (subtitle: Or How a 23-Year-Old Filmmaker with $7,000 Became a Hollywood Player) is a 1995 non-fiction book by Robert Rodriguez. Presented in a diary format, \"Rebel\" details Rodriguez's beginnings as a young filmmaker, his stint at a medical testing facility to raise money for a feature film, the making of that film (\"El Mariachi\") for $7,000, and his subsequent experiences in Hollywood selling the film and going to film festivals promoting it."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Emotion", "paragraph_text": "An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. \"I'm crying because I'm sad,\" or \"I ran away because I was scared.\" The issue with the James\u2013Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gravity Probe A", "paragraph_text": "Gravity Probe A (GP-A) was a space-based experiment to test the equivalence principle, a feature of Einstein's theory of relativity. It was performed jointly by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The experiment sent a hydrogen maser, a highly accurate frequency standard, into space to measure with high precision the rate at which time passes in a weaker gravitational field. Masses cause distortions in spacetime, which leads to the effects of length contraction and time dilation, both predicted results of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Because of the bending of spacetime, an observer on Earth (in a lower gravitational potential) should measure a different rate at which time passes than an observer that is sufficiently high up in Earth's atmosphere (at higher gravitational potential). This effect is known as gravitational time dilation."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alps", "paragraph_text": "Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of \"folded\" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "George Lyman Kittredge", "paragraph_text": "George Lyman Kittredge (February 28, 1860 \u2013 July 23, 1941) was a professor of English literature at Harvard University. His scholarly edition of the works of William Shakespeare was influential in the early 20th century. He was also involved in American folklore studies and was instrumental in the formation and management of the Harvard University Press. One of his better-known books concerned witchcraft in England."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of \"man's place in the universe\". In the early 20th century, the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel in 1866. Mendel's laws provided the beginnings of the study of genetics, which became a major field of research for both scientific and industrial research. By 1953, James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins clarified the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms. In the late 20th century, the possibilities of genetic engineering became practical for the first time, and a massive international effort began in 1990 to map out an entire human genome (the Human Genome Project)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Experiments and Observations on Electricity", "paragraph_text": "Experiments and Observations on Electricity is a mid-eighteenth century book consisting of letters from Benjamin Franklin. These letters concerned Franklin's discoveries about the behavior of electricity based on experimentation and scientific studies. The book came in pamphlet form for the first three English editions. The last two editions were in a book volume with hard covers and a book spine. There were eleven European editions of the book: five English editions, three French editions, and a German, Italian and Latin edition. The publication was well received worldwide. It was considered America's most important scientific book of the eighteenth century."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Group (mathematics)", "paragraph_text": "The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Trait\u00e9 des substitutions et des \u00e9quations alg\u00e9briques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an \"abstract group\", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, \u00c9lie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lewis Terman", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Madison Terman (January 15, 1877 -- December 21, 1956) was an American psychologist and author. He was noted as a pioneer in educational psychology in the early 20th century at the Stanford Graduate School of Education. He is best known for his revision of the Stanford - Binet IQ test and for initiating the longitudinal study of children with high IQs called the Genetic Studies of Genius. He was a prominent eugenicist and was a member of the Human Betterment Foundation. He also served as president of the American Psychological Association. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Terman as the 72nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century, in a tie with G. Stanley Hall."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Emotion", "paragraph_text": "Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Memory", "paragraph_text": "However, memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context, even when learning occurs under stress. A separate study by cognitive psychologists Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task (i.e., in the same room), memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated. Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to the SECPT stress test or to a control group, were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards \u2013 a computerized version of the card game \"Concentration\" or \"Memory\". The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla, as odour is a strong cue for memory. Retention testing took place the following day, either in the same room with the vanilla scent again present, or in a different room without the fragrance. The memory performance of subjects who experienced stress during the object-location task decreased significantly when they were tested in an unfamiliar room without the vanilla scent (an incongruent context); however, the memory performance of stressed subjects showed no impairment when they were tested in the original room with the vanilla scent (a congruent context). All participants in the experiment, both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar."}], "question": "What did the pathologist who performed crucifixion experiments study in detail for his book?"}
{"id": "2hop__67493_154021", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive, in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage. German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the eastern front with the Soviets and the western front with the Allies. The British wanted Berlin, but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British backed down, but then wanted Eisenhower to move into Czechoslovakia for political reasons. Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow. The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon. The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very large-scale bloody battle, and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Leopard 2E", "paragraph_text": "The Leopardo 2E or Leopard 2A6E (\"E\" stands for \"Espa\u00f1a\", Spanish for Spain) is a variant of the German Leopard 2 main battle tank, tailored to the requirements of the Spanish army, which acquired it as part of an armament modernization program named \"Programa Coraza\", or Program Breastplate. The acquisition program for the Leopard\u00a02E began in 1994, five years after the cancellation of the Lince tank program that culminated in an agreement to transfer 108 Leopard 2A4s to the Spanish army in 1998 and started the local production of the Leopard 2E in December 2003. Despite postponement of production owing to the 2003 merger between Santa B\u00e1rbara Sistemas and General Dynamics, and continued fabrication issues between 2006 and 2007, 219 Leopard\u00a02Es have been delivered to the Spanish army."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "44M Tas Rohaml\u00f6veg", "paragraph_text": "The 44M Tas Rohaml\u00f6veg (Rohaml\u00f6veg meaning Assault Gun\") is a fake Hungarian tank destroyer design of World War II, based on the chassis of the 44M Tas heavy tank which was made up by mistake by the Hungarian historian P\u00e1l Korbuly. During his research in the 1980s on the 44M Tas heavy tank he found sources mentioning that components for two chassis of the 44M Tas were made and he jumped to the conclusion that the second hull was for a tank destroyer based on the hull of the 44M Tas design. Due to the very limited information on the 44M Tas project at the time this spread as fact fairly quickly. It was first later in the 2000s that more information was found which explained that the components made where for a second 44M Tas prototype and not for some tank destroyer variant. P\u00e1l Korbuly in his research seems to have hinted that there was there was at least some idea based around making a tank destroyer on the 44M Tas chassis but no surviving documentation of this exists and if the idea actually existed it most likely stayed just as an idea and never went anywhere."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Panzerj\u00e4ger I", "paragraph_text": "The \"Panzerj\u00e4ger\" I (English: Tank Hunter 1) was the first of the German tank destroyers to see service in the Second World War. It mounted a Czech \u0160koda cm PaK (t) anti-tank gun on a converted Panzer I \"Ausf. B\" chassis. It was intended to counter heavy French tanks like the Char B1 that were beyond the capabilities of the 3.7 cm PaK 36 anti-tank gun and served to extend the life of the obsolete Panzer I tank chassis. 202 Panzer I were converted to the Panzerj\u00e4ger I in 1940 and 1941. They were employed in the Battle of France, in the North Africa Campaign and on the Eastern Front."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "AMX", "paragraph_text": "Armored Vehicles produced by GIAT Industries of France (from Atelier de Construction d'Issy - Les - Moulineaux) AMX - 50, heavy tank AMX - 30, main battle tank AMX - 13, light tank AMX 10 RC, armored fighting vehicle AMX Leclerc, main battle tank"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of the Last Panzer", "paragraph_text": "Battle of the Last Panzer (, ,also known as The Last Panzer Battalion) is a 1969 Spanish-Italian war film directed by Jos\u00e9 Luis Merino and distributed in America by Troma Entertainment. The film looks through the eyes of the German offense during World War II, specifically a German tank crew who, after losing a battle, struggle to get home."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "PTRD-41", "paragraph_text": "The PTRD-41 (Shortened from Russian, \"ProtivoTankovoye Ruzhyo Degtyaryova\"; \"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0436\u044c\u0451 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0414\u0435\u0433\u0442\u044f\u0440\u0451\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1941 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\";\"Degtyaryov Anti-Tank Rifle\") was an anti-tank rifle produced and used from early 1941 by the Soviet Red Army during World War II. It was a single-shot weapon which fired a 14.5\u00d7114mm round. Although unable to penetrate the frontal armor of German tanks, it could penetrate the thinner sides of early-war German tanks as well as thinly armored self-propelled guns."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of the Bulge (disambiguation)", "paragraph_text": "In a subterranean lair, it is revealed the officer is Col. Martin Hessler (Shaw), a fictional Panzer tank commander loosely based on SS - Standartenf\u00fchrer Jochen Peiper. Hessler is briefed by his superior, Gen. Kohler (Werner Peters), on a new German attack, piercing west against the American lines. Kohler points out a clock with a 50 - hour countdown, which is the time allotted for the operation, beyond which Germany has no resources for full - scale attack. At the same time German soldiers disguised as American troops, led by Lt. Schumacher (Ty Hardin), are tasked with seizing vital bridges and sowing confusion behind the Allied lines."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "TR-85", "paragraph_text": "The TR-85 is a main battle tank designed for the armed forces of Romania. Based on the TR-77-580, the TR-85 tank was developed from 1978 to 1985 and produced from 1986 until 1990. A modernization program was initiated in March 1994 in order to upgrade the TR-85 tanks to NATO standards. The result was the TR-85M1 main battle tank, currently the most modern tank in service with the Romanian Land Forces. Although a further development of the T-55, the TR-85M1 uses a T-block powerpack (similar to the one used in the Leopard 1) based on a V8 German 830\u00a0hp diesel engine, an improved turret, a locally-designed \"Ciclop\" fire control system (with cross-wind sensor, laser rangefinder and night vision), new 100\u00a0mm BM-412 Sg APFSDS-T projectiles and a completely redesigned suspension with 6 road wheels on each side, protected by metal side skirts. Combat weight is 50 tons."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battleground (film)", "paragraph_text": "Battleground is a 1949 American war film that follows a company in the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division as they cope with the Siege of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. It stars Van Johnson, John Hodiak, Ricardo Montalban and George Murphy, and features James Whitmore. It was directed by William Wellman from a script by Robert Pirosh."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "M-95 Degman", "paragraph_text": "The M-95 \"Degman\" is a prototype Croatian main battle tank, developed by the \"\u0110uro \u0110akovi\u0107\" company. It is a modernization of the Yugoslav M-84 tank, which is, in turn, a variant of the Soviet T-72. The \u0110uro \u0110akovi\u0107 factory is best known for its principal role in the production of M-84 in the Yugoslav era."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tigerfibel", "paragraph_text": "The Tigerfibel and Pantherfibel were crew instruction manuals for the German tanks of World War II, the Panzer VI Tiger heavy tank and the Panzer V Panther medium tank."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "T-26", "paragraph_text": "The T-26 and BT were the main tanks of the Red Army's armoured forces during the interwar period. The T-26 was the most important tank of the Spanish Civil War and played a significant role during the Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938, as well as in the Winter War in 1939\u201340. Though nearly obsolete by the beginning of World War II, the T-26 was the most numerous tank in the Red Army's armoured force during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The T-26 fought the Germans and their allies during the Battle of Moscow in 1941\u201342, the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of the Caucasus in 1942\u20131943; some tank units of the Leningrad Front used their T-26s until 1944. Soviet T-26 light tanks last saw use in August 1945, during the defeat of the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Panzer 58", "paragraph_text": "The Mittlerer Panzer 1958 or Panzer 58 was a medium tank of Swiss design. Twelve tanks were produced and later converted to Panzer 61s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "RPG-16", "paragraph_text": "The RPG-16 is a handheld anti-tank grenade launcher for anti-tank warfare. It was developed in 1968 and adopted by the Soviet Army in 1970 for special operation teams and the Soviet airborne troops (VDV). These were deployed during the Soviet\u2013Afghan War in 1979-1989, and saw service in several battles in that theatre."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pareni Maya Jalaima", "paragraph_text": "Pareni Maya Jalaima, or Pare Ni Maya Jalaima (Nepali alternative transliteration) or Undone by Love (English-language title), is a 2004 movie filmed 80% in Hong Kong with the remaining footage shot in Nepal. It was nominated for best story, best screenplay, and best cinematography at the 2005 National Film Festival, and it won the best screenplay award for writer-director Prithvi Rana Magar. It is the most expensive film ever made in the history of Nepalese Cinema with a production cost of about 18 million rupees. It was shot on 35-millimeter film\u2014a rarity for Nepalese movies\u2014by Hong Kong cinematographer Gavin Liew. Because of a long and exhausting legal battle between the investors, the film's release was delayed for three years. By the time it hit theaters, the charm of the highly anticipated movie had vanished. Although people who watched the movie liked and appreciated it, it was not successful at the box office because of poor marketing and excessive use of the English language, which Nepalese audiences are not accustomed to. The movie only made around 30% of its investment. It grossed around 12 lakhs in Nepal and 10 lakhs internationally against its budget of 1 crore 18 lakhs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Council on Foreign Relations", "paragraph_text": "Council on Foreign Relations Abbreviation CFR Formation 1921; 96 years ago (1921) Type Public policy think tank Headquarters 58 East 68th Street Location New York City, New York, U.S. President Richard N. Haass Revenue (2015) $101,553,200 Expenses (2015) $69,931,200 Website www.cfr.org"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "First Battle of the Marne", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Marne (French: Premi\u00e8re bataille de la Marne, also known as the Miracle of the Marne, Le Miracle de la Marne) was a World War I battle fought from 6 -- 10 September 1914. It resulted in an Allied victory against the German armies in the west. The battle was the culmination of the German advance into France and pursuit of the Allied armies which followed the Battle of the Frontiers in August and had reached the eastern outskirts of Paris. A counter-attack by six French armies and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) along the Marne River forced the Imperial German Army to retreat north - west, leading to the First Battle of the Aisne and the Race to the Sea. The battle was a victory for the Allied Powers but led to four years of trench warfare stalemate on the Western Front."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tanks in World War I", "paragraph_text": "The first use of tanks on the battlefield was the use of British Mark I tanks at the Battle of Flers - Courcelette (part of the Battle of the Somme) on 15 September 1916, with mixed results; many broke down, but nearly a third succeeded in breaking through. Of the forty - nine tanks shipped to the Somme, only thirty - two were able to begin the first attack in which they were used and only nine made it across ``no man's land ''to the German lines. The tanks had been rushed into combat before the design was mature enough (against Churchill's and Ernest Swinton's wishes) and the number was small but their use gave important feedback on how to design newer tanks, the soundness of the concept, and their potential to affect the course of the war. On the other hand, the French Army was critical of the British employment of small numbers of tanks at this battle. They felt the British had sacrificed the secrecy of the weapon while employing it in numbers too small to be decisive. Considering that the British attack was part of an Anglo - French offensive while the Russians were also attacking at the same time, Haig felt justified in making a maximum effort, regardless of the limitations of the tank force."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of the Bulge", "paragraph_text": "The Germans officially referred to the offensive as Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein (``Operation Watch on the Rhine ''), while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive. The phrase`` Battle of the Bulge'' was coined by contemporary press to describe the bulge in German front lines on wartime news maps, and it became the most widely used name for the battle. The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy, with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness. Intercepted German communications indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies."}], "question": "What year was the model 58 version of the German tanks in the Battle of the Bulge movie made?"}
{"id": "2hop__125556_803713", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lin Liguo", "paragraph_text": "Lin Liguo (, 1945 - September 13, 1971) was the son of the Chinese Communist military leader Lin Biao and the person in charge of Project 571 Outline, a plotted coup against Mao Zedong."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Wonderful Wedding", "paragraph_text": "The Wonderful Wedding is a 2015 Taiwanese comedy film starring Chu Ke-liang, Ruby Lin, Li Dongxue, Kou Hsi-shun and Lin Mei-hsiu. A meet-the-parents-of-fiancee comedy, it pokes fun at the cultural and linguistic differences between Kaohsiung in southern Taiwan and Beijing in northern China."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lin Liguo", "paragraph_text": "Mao Zedong's government claims, that in 1970, under his father Lin Biao's direction, Lin Liguo made a plan known as Project 571 to assassinate Mao Zedong in Shanghai, but Mao was alerted to it and left Shanghai one day ahead of schedule and changed return route back to Beijing. The Lin family, including Lin Biao, Ye Qun, and Lin Liguo, attempted to flee after the coup failed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lin Dan career statistics", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of the main career statistics of professional badminton player, Lin Dan. To date, Lin has won fifty-seven singles titles, including three Super Series Premier titles, fourteen Super Series titles, and one Super Series Finals title. He is a two-time Olympic champion, five-time world champion and four-time Asian champion. Lin is currently ranked World No. 16 by the Badminton World Federation (BWF)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Young Offenders (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Alex Murphy as Conor MacSweeney Chris Walley as Jock O'Keeffe Hilary Rose as Mairead MacSweeney Dominic MacHale as Sergeant Healy P.J. Gallagher as Principal Barry Walsh Jennifer Barry as Siobhan Walsh Demi Isaac Oviawe as Linda Walsh Shane Casey as Billy Murphy Chris Kent as Conor's Dad Orla Fitzgerald as Orla Walsh Cora Fenton as Jock's Mum Michael Sands as Jock's Dad"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dad's Dead", "paragraph_text": "Dad's Dead is a seven-minute award winning film written and directed by Chris Shepherd, commissioned by animate!. It was first transmitted on Channel 4, in 2003. Mixing animation with live action, it deals with how memory works."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ye Qun", "paragraph_text": "Ye Qun (; 2 December 1917 \u2013 13 September 1971) was the wife of Lin Biao, the Vice-Chairman of China who controlled China's military power. She was mostly known for taking care of politics for her husband. Ye was a member of the 9th Politburo of the Communist Party of China. She died with Lin Biao and their son Lin Liguo in a plane crash over Mongolia on September 13, 1971. They also had a daughter, Lin Liheng (Doudou), who was not on the airplane."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Earl Pomerantz", "paragraph_text": "Earl Pomerantz (born February 4, 1945 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is best known for his work as a television script writer. Pomerantz created the network television series \"Major Dad\", \"Family Man\" and \"Best of the West\", and wrote scripts for such shows as \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\", \"The Bob Newhart Show\", \"Taxi\", \"Cheers\", \"Newhart\", \"The Cosby Show\" and \"Major Dad\". He has won two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Writers Guild of America Award, the Humanitas Prize and a CableACE Award."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wang Lin (badminton)", "paragraph_text": "Wang Lin (born March 30, 1989 in Hangzhou) is a badminton player from China. Wang Lin was crowned the world champion after winning the gold medal at the 2010 BWF World Championships held at Paris defeating fellow Chinese Wang Xin 21-11, 19-21, 21-13."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tam Lin (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Tam Lin is a 1991 contemporary fantasy novel by United States author Pamela Dean, who based it on the traditional Scottish border ballad \"Tam Lin\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad", "paragraph_text": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad was a reality sports TV show on NBC that premiered on February 18, 2008. The show was produced by Mark Burnett, producer of other shows like \"Survivor\", \"The Apprentice\", and \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\", and was hosted by actor Dan Cortese. Four teams of children and their fathers competed in each episode, with the winning team having the chance to win up to $50,000."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lin Bing-chao", "paragraph_text": "Lin represented his native country as a qualifier at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, where he was defeated in the first round by Canada's Andrew Sznajder."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lin Chih-chieh", "paragraph_text": "Lin Chih-chieh (; born 11 June 1982 in Hualien County, Taiwan) is a Taiwanese professional basketball player of Amis descent. During his career with the Taiwan Beer club of the Super Basketball League (SBL), Lin has won one Regular Season most valuable player (MVP) award, two back-to-back Championship Series MVP awards, and two scoring champion titles. Dubbed \"The Beast\" (\u91ce\u7378) by local media, Lin is renowned for his ability to boost his team's morale by making sensational plays and is among the most beloved basketball players in Taiwan."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Palazzo Grassi", "paragraph_text": "Palazzo Grassi (also known as the Palazzo Grassi-Stucky) is a building in the Venetian Classical style located on the Grand Canal of Venice (Italy), between the Palazzo Moro Lin and the campo San Samuele."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lin Family Mansion and Garden", "paragraph_text": "The Lin Ben Yuan Family Mansion and Garden () in Banqiao District, New Taipei City, Taiwan was a residence built by the Lin Ben Yuan Family. It is Taiwan's most complete surviving example of traditional Chinese garden architecture. The Lin Family Mansion and Garden \u2014 along with the Tainan Wu Garden, Hsinchu Beiguo Garden (\u65b0\u7af9\u5317\u90ed\u5712), and Wufeng Lin Family Mansion and Garden \u2014 are collectively known as the Four Great Gardens of Taiwan (\u53f0\u7063\u56db\u5927\u540d\u5712). This residence can be traced back to 1847, at the time a \"rent house\" for the Lin Ben Yuan family in the north. It was later expanded by the brothers and , becoming the residence of the Lin Ben Yuan family. Currently, the Lin Family Mansion and Garden is under the joint responsibility of the Executive Yuan Cultural Construction Committee, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Transportation and Communications Tourism Bureau, Taiwan Provincial Government, and the New Taipei City Government for protection and restoration work, who have additionally designated it as a Class-2 Historical Site."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dani Lins", "paragraph_text": "Danielle Rodrigues Lins, better known as Dani Lins (born January 5, 1985), is a volleyball player from Brazil, who plays as a setter. She represented her country at the FIVB World Grand Prix 2009 in Tokyo, Japan, where they won the gold medal. In 2012, she became an Olympic champion at the 2012 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "On Our Selection (1912 play)", "paragraph_text": "On Our Selection is a 1912 Australian play by Bert Bailey and Edmund Duggan based on the stories of Steele Rudd. Bailey played Dad Rudd in the original production."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cho-Liang Lin", "paragraph_text": "Cho-Liang Lin (Lin Cho-liang, , born January 29, 1960), born in Hsinchu, Taiwan, is an American violinist who is renowned for his appearances as a soloist with major orchestras. \"Musical America\" named him its \"Instrumentalist of the Year\" in 2000. He founded the Taipei International Music Festival in 1997, the largest classical music festival in the history of Taiwan, performing to an indoor audience of over 53,000."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Deng Pufang", "paragraph_text": "Deng Pufang was born to Deng Xiaoping and Zhuo Lin, his third wife, in Zuoquan, Jinzhong, Shanxi. He is considered a member of the Crown Prince Party."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lin En-yu", "paragraph_text": "Lin En-yu, (; born 25 March 1981 in Tainan, Taiwan), is a Taiwanese professional baseball pitcher. After serving in Chinese Taipei's National Training Team in 2003 and 2004, he was drafted by the Macoto Cobras of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Republic of China in early 2005 and stayed with the team until the end of 2006. He later played for Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of the Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan since 2007, under the introduction of former Cobras manager Kuo Tai-yuan and followed his teammate Lin Ying-Chieh. Lin throws a variety of different pitches and has a fastball speed up to 151\u00a0km/h (94\u00a0mph), and has been a frequent member of the Chinese Taipei national baseball team since 2003."}], "question": "Who was married to the father of Lin Liguo?"}
{"id": "2hop__418316_698559", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bruce Digby-Worsley", "paragraph_text": "Ernest Bruce Digby-Worsley was born on 6 February 1899 in Gloucester, England and died in 1980 in Hastings, England. At the time of his enlistment in 1914, he was a 15-year-old schoolboy living in the parental home at 25 Arthur Street in Gloucester. He falsified his age (and place of birth) to enlist in the local Territorial Force battalion, claiming that he was 19 years of age. In 1916, Digby-Worsley was evacuated from France to the Red Cross Hospital in Gloucester with a severe case of trench foot, after serving in Flanders for only two months. Digby-Worsley's mother then attempted to have him excused from further duty at the front on grounds of age. By this time, however, Digby-Worsley had already been appointed as a drill instructor, and the Middlesex Regiment clearly felt that his services were needed to train recruits at home, which he did until his transfer to the King's Own Scottish Borderers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bruce Threadgill", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Craig Threadgill (born May 7, 1956 in Nocona, Texas) was a quarterback for the National Football League, Canadian Football League, and the United States Football League. He played safety (and briefly in one game at quarterback) for the San Francisco 49ers in 1978 and was claimed off waivers by the New York Giants in 1979, but was released before the season began. He played quarterback for the Calgary Stampeders from 1979-1982 and the Houston Gamblers from 1984-1985."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Texas State Highway 175", "paragraph_text": "State Highway 175 or SH 175 is a state highway that runs from Montague to Nocona, Texas in Montague County, Texas."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Just the Facts and Pass the Bucket", "paragraph_text": "Just the Facts and Pass the Bucket is an album by Henry Threadgill released on the About Time label in 1983. The album features six of Threadgill's compositions performed by Threadgill with Craig Harris, Olu Dara, Fred Hopkins, Diedre Murray, Pheeroan akLaff and John Betsch."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bruce Crossing, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Crossing is an unincorporated community in Ontonagon County, Michigan, United States. Bruce Crossing is located in Stannard Township at the junction of US Highway 45 and M-28, south-southeast of Ontonagon. Bruce Crossing has a post office with ZIP code 49912."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}], "question": "What administrative territorial entity includes the place where Bruce Threadgill was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__25729_794403", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Age of Discovery", "paragraph_text": "Portugal's neighbouring fellow Iberian rival, Castile, had begun to establish its rule over the Canary Islands, located off the west African coast, in 1402, but then became distracted by internal Iberian politics and the repelling of Islamic invasion attempts and raids through most of the 15th century. Only late in the century, following the unification of the crowns of Castile and Aragon and the completion of the reconquista, did an emerging modern Spain become fully committed to the search for new trade routes overseas. The Crown of Aragon had been an important maritime potentate in the Mediterranean, controlling territories in eastern Spain, southwestern France, major islands like Sicily, Malta, and the Kingdom of Naples and Sardinia, with mainland possessions as far as Greece. In 1492 the joint rulers conquered the Moorish kingdom of Granada, which had been providing Castile with African goods through tribute, and decided to fund Christopher Columbus's expedition in the hope of bypassing Portugal's monopoly on west African sea routes, to reach ``the Indies ''(east and south Asia) by travelling west. Twice before, in 1485 and 1488, Columbus had presented the project to king John II of Portugal, who rejected it."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Goa", "paragraph_text": "The Portuguese set up a base in Goa to consolidate their control of the lucrative spice trade. Goods from all parts of the East were displayed in its bazaar, and separate streets were designated for the sale of different classes of goods: Bahrain pearls and coral, Chinese porcelain and silk, Portuguese velvet and piece - goods, and drugs and spices from the Malay Archipelago."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, the lack of an effective royal justice system in the Kingdom led to the social conflict known as the Guerras Irmandi\u00f1as ('Wars of the brotherhoods'), when leagues of peasants and burghers, with the support of a number of knights, noblemen, and under legal protection offered by the remote king, toppled many of the castles of the Kingdom and briefly drove the noblemen into Portugal and Castile. Soon after, in the late 15th century, in the dynastic conflict between Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja, part of the Galician aristocracy supported Joanna. After Isabella's victory, she initiated an administrative and political reform which the chronicler Jeronimo Zurita defined as \"doma del Reino de Galicia\": 'It was then when the taming of Galicia began, because not just the local lords and knights, but all the people of that nation were the ones against the others very bold and warlike'. These reforms, while establishing a local government and tribunal (the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia) and bringing the nobleman under submission, also brought most Galician monasteries and institutions under Castilian control, in what has been criticized as a process of centralisation. At the same time the kings began to call the Xunta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia, an assembly of deputies or representatives of the cities of the Kingdom, to ask for monetary and military contributions. This assembly soon developed into the voice and legal representation of the Kingdom, and the depositary of its will and laws."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vigo", "paragraph_text": "The city is governed by a mayor-council form of government. Following the May 24, 2015 municipal elections the mayor of Vigo is Abel Caballero of the Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG). The city council () is governed by the Socialists' Party of Galicia (17 councilors, to the People's Party of Galicia 7 and Marea de Vigo 3)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480, and of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500\u2014a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor-Captain General as a direct representative of the King\u2014implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown, after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination. As a result, from 1480 to 1520 the Kingdom of Galicia contributed more than 10% of the total earnings of the Crown of Castille, including the Americas, well over its economic relevance. Like the rest of Spain, the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580, when the simultaneous wars with the Netherlands, France and England hampered Galicia's Atlantic commerce, which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pe\u00f1a (surname)", "paragraph_text": "Pe\u00f1a or de la Pe\u00f1a is a Spanish habitation surname. The origin of the surname can be traced directly to the Middle Ages. The earliest public record of the surname dates to the 13th century in the Valley de Mena (Burgos) in the Kingdom of Castile. The origin of the last name is in present - day Galicia, Spain. The Pe\u00f1as lived, originally, near a cliff or rocky land. Records indicate that the name derives from the Spanish word pe\u00f1a meaning ``rock, ''`` crag'' or ``cliff. ''"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "\u00darsula Heinze", "paragraph_text": "\u00darsula Heinze de Lorenzo (born in Cologne, Germany on 18 June 1941]) is a writer and translator in Galician and German residing in Galicia. Her extensive literary works include poetry, novels, essays, short stories and children's literature. She moved from Germany to Galicia in 1968. She has worked for the Radio Galega Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Radio Televisi\u00f3n de Galicia and El Correo Gallego and is a former President of the PEN club of Galicia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)", "paragraph_text": "In the series, the Iron Throne is both a physical seat of office as well as a metonym for the monarchy of Westeros. Martin establishes in A Game of Thrones (1996) that after seizing control of six of the Seven Kingdoms, Targaryen ruler Aegon the Conqueror had made a throne for himself from the swords of his vanquished enemies, fused by dragonfire. Aegon had established King's Landing as the royal capital, and the Iron Throne itself sits in the Red Keep. Martin writes that according to legend, Aegon kept the blades sharp so that no ruler should ever sit comfortably. Centuries later, kings still cut themselves on the throne; and it is a common belief that such rulers are therefore unfit to rule."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137\u2013136 BC, but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus (29 BC \u2013 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be \u2013 sometimes forcibly \u2013 abandoned, and Gallaeci served frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and a new language; latin. The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps (castra) as Aquis Querquennis, Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti (Lugo), roads (viae) and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules, in Corunna, but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century of our era, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to a lesser degree of Romanization. In the 3rd century it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal, Asturias, and a large section of what today is known as Castile and Le\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ali II of Bornu", "paragraph_text": "Alhaji Ali (also Ali bin Umar) was Mai (ruler) of the Bornu Empire, in what is now the African states of Chad, Nigeria, and Niger, from 1639 to around 1680. Ali succeeded his father Umar in 1639 and had a relatively long reign. During the early years of his reign, the empire was threatened with incursions from its neighbors, the Tuareg in the north and the Kwararafa in the south. He was able to hold both forces at bay and finally defeated them in 1668. After his victory, he consolidated his kingdom, controlling the vital trans-Saharan trade routes, and rekindling Islamic teaching in the empire. He is remembered for his piety, constructing four mosques and making three Hajj pilgrimages to Mecca."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic", "paragraph_text": "The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936. It comprised Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. As they were separated from Russia by the Caucasus Mountains, they were known traditionally as the Transcaucasian Republics. Created ostensibly to consolidate the economic situation of the region, the TSFSR was also useful in consolidating Bolshevik control over the states. It was one of the four republics to sign the treaty establishing the Soviet Union in 1922."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando () is the name of a treaty agreed on top of the hill of Guisando near the Bulls of Guisando (located in El Tiemblo, \u00c1vila, Spain) on 18 September 1468, between Henry IV of Castile and his half-sister Isabella of Castile. In this treaty Isabella was granted the title of Princess of Asturias and therefore became heiress presumptive to the Crown of Castile."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pope John III of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "During his papacy the Muslim ruler in Damascus was Marwan I as after the death of Yazid, the son of Mu'\u00e2wiyah and his son Muawiya II, Marwan I took control of the East and of Egypt."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "Baronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longesp\u00e9e deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. After a successful campaign against Alfonso, John headed north again, taking the city of Angers. Philip moved south to meet John; the year's campaigning ended in stalemate and a two-year truce was made between the two rulers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "Galicia (English i/\u0261\u0259\u02c8l\u026asi\u0259/, /\u0261\u0259\u02c8l\u026a\u0283\u0259/; Galician: [\u0261a\u02c8li\u03b8ja] ( listen), [\u0127a\u02c8li\u03b8ja], or [\u0127a\u02c8lisja]; Spanish: [\u0261a\u02c8li\u03b8ja]; Galician and Portuguese: Galiza, [\u0261a\u02c8li\u03b8a] ( listen), [\u0127a\u02c8li\u03b8a] or [\u0127a\u02c8lisa]) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law. Located in the North-West of the Iberian Peninsula, it comprises the provinces of A Coru\u00f1a, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra, being bordered by Portugal to the south, the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and Le\u00f3n and Asturias to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the north. It had a population of 2,765,940 in 2013 and has a total area of 29,574 km2 (11,419 sq mi). Galicia has over 1,660 km (1,030 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands and islets, among them C\u00edes Islands, Ons, S\u00e1lvora, Cortegada, and\u2014the largest and most populated\u2014A Illa de Arousa."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rauma, Finland", "paragraph_text": "Rauma and the surrounding municipality of Rauman maalaiskunta (\"rural municipality of Rauma\") were consolidated in 1993, continued in 2007 with the consolidation of municipality of Kodisjoki. The municipality of Lappi was consolidated to Rauma in 2009."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Taifa of Arjona", "paragraph_text": "The Taifa of Arjona was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom of Al-Andalus that ruled from 1232 to 1244. It followed Almohad Caliphate control of the area, and was superseded by the Christian Kingdom of Castile rule."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Orodreth", "paragraph_text": "In the published version of \"The Silmarillion\", Orodreth () was an Elf of the First Age, the second son of Finarfin (with Finrod Felagund, Angrod, Aegnor, and Galadriel being his siblings), and a ruler of Nargothrond."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "The modern period of the kingdom of Galicia began with the murder or defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords, such as Pedro \u00c1lvarez de Sotomayor, called Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio, at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486. Isabella I of Castile, considered a usurper by many Galician nobles, eradicated all armed resistance and definitively established the royal power of the Castilian monarchy. Fearing a general revolt, the monarchs ordered the banishing of the rest of the great lords like Pedro de Bola\u00f1o, Diego de Andrade or Lope S\u00e1nchez de Moscoso, among others."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the Castilian ruler who consolidated control over Galicia?"}
{"id": "2hop__19595_211773", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "paragraph_text": "The film version was released in 1971, directed and produced by Norman Jewison, and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay. The casting of Chaim Topol over Zero Mostel for the role of Tevye caused controversy at first. The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics and became the highest - grossing film of 1971. Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director for Jewison, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey (as Motel; in the original Broadway production, Frey was the rabbi's son). It won three, including best score / adaptation for arranger - conductor John Williams."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Committees of correspondence", "paragraph_text": "The committees of correspondence were shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution. They coordinated responses to England and shared their plans; by 1773 they had emerged as shadow governments, superseding the colonial legislature and royal officials. The Maryland Committee of Correspondence was instrumental in setting up the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia. These served an important role in the Revolution, by disseminating the colonial interpretation of British actions between the colonies and to foreign governments. The committees of correspondence rallied opposition on common causes and established plans for collective action, and so the group of committees was the beginning of what later became a formal political union among the colonies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "An Unreasonable Man", "paragraph_text": "An Unreasonable Man is a 2006 documentary film that traces the life and career of political activist Ralph Nader, the founder of modern consumer protection in America and perennial presidential candidate. The film was created to defend Nader and restore his reputation after his controversial role in the 2000 U.S. presidential election."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jag \u00e5ngrar ingenting (song)", "paragraph_text": "Attention was brought to the song as Lena Philipsson performed it when hosting Melodifestivalen 2006, after causing controversies with jokes about participants."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Decolonization of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The Latin American wars of independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonies in the Americas. Haiti, a French slave colony, was the first to follow the United States; the Haitian Revolution lasted from 1791 to 1804, when they won their independence. The Peninsular War with France, which resulted from the Napoleonic occupation of Spain, caused Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain, stoking independence movements that culminated in the wars of independence, which lasted almost two decades. At the same time, the Portuguese monarchy relocated to Brazil during Portugal's French occupation. After the royal court returned to Lisbon, the prince regent, Pedro, remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil. Cuban independence was fought against Spain in two wars (Ten Years and Little War). Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the Spanish -- American War in 1898."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gaston, Marquis de Galliffet", "paragraph_text": "Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet, Prince de Martigues (Paris, 23 January 1830 \u2013 8 July 1909), was a French general, best known for having taken part in the repression of the 1871 Paris Commune. He was Minister of War in Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet at the turn of the century, which caused a controversy in the socialist movement, since independent socialist Alexandre Millerand also took part in the same government, and was thus side by side with the \"Fusilleur de la Commune\" (the \"Commune's executioner\")."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Crispus Attucks", "paragraph_text": "Crispus Attucks (c. 1723 -- March 5, 1770) was an American stevedore and whaler, widely regarded as the first person killed in the Boston massacre and thus the first American killed in the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Putnamville Correctional Facility", "paragraph_text": "In the mid-1980s, The Farm was transformed into a medium-security prison for felons. Putnamville was again at the center of controversy in the late 1990s regarding allegations of racism, violence and drug trafficking by a group of employees known as \"the Brotherhood\". This controversy led to new state laws regarding prison oversight in Indiana."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "French Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The French Revolution (French: R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise (\u0281ev\u0254lysj\u0254\u0303 f\u0281\u0251\u0303s\u025b\u02d0z)) was a period of far - reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799. It was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon who brought many of its principles to areas he conquered in Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Potato Factory", "paragraph_text": "The Potato Factory is a 1995 fictionalised historical novel by Bryce Courtenay, which was made into a television miniseries in Australia in 2000. The book is the first in a three-part series, followed by \"Tommo & Hawk\" and \"Solomon's Song\". \"The Potato Factory\" has been the subject of some controversy regarding its historical accuracy and its portrayal of Jewish characters."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Left- and right-hand traffic", "paragraph_text": "In France, traditionally foot traffic had kept right, while carriage traffic kept left. Following the French Revolution, all traffic kept right. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe. During the colonial period, RHT was introduced by the French in New France, French West Africa, the Maghreb, French Indochina, the West Indies, French Guiana and the R\u00e9union, among others."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792 -- 1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica (``British Peace ''), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815 -- 1914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the`` workshop of the world''. The British Empire expanded to include most of India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its own colonies, its dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his r\u00e9gime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "\u00c9ric Losfeld", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9ric Losfeld (Mouscron, 1922 - Paris, 1979) was a Belgian-born French publisher who had a reputation for publishing controversial material with his publishing imprint \u00c9ditions Le Terrain Vague."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Jean-Rabel", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Jean-Rabel consisted of two connected minor naval engagements of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Haitian Revolution. The first engagement saw an overwhelming British Royal Navy force consisting of two ships of the line attack and destroy a French Navy frigate in Moustique Inlet near the town of Jean-Rabel on the Northern coast of the French colony of Saint-Domingue (which later gained independence as Haiti). The second engagement took place four days later when a force of boats launched from a British frigate squadron attacked the town of Jean-Rabel itself, capturing a large number of merchant ships in the harbour that had been seized by French privateers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mozambican War of Independence", "paragraph_text": "From a military standpoint, the Portuguese regular army held the upper hand during the conflict against the independentist guerrilla forces. Nonetheless, Mozambique succeeded in achieving independence on June 25, 1975, after a civil resistance movement known as the Carnation Revolution backed by portions of the military in Portugal overthrew the military dictatorship, thus ending 470 years of Portuguese colonial rule in the East African region. According to historians of the Revolution, the military coup in Portugal was in part fuelled by protests concerning the conduct of Portuguese troops in their treatment of some local Mozambican populace. The role of the growing communist influence over the group of Portuguese military insurgents who led the Lisbon's military coup, and, on the other hand, the pressure of the international community over the direction of the Portuguese Colonial War in general, were main causes for the final outcome."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "French First Republic", "paragraph_text": "In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic (French: R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Influence of the French Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The French Revolution had a major impact on Europe and the New World. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history. In the short - term, France lost thousands of her countrymen in the form of \u00e9migr\u00e9s, or emigrants who wished to escape political tensions and save their lives. A number of individuals settled in the neighboring countries (chiefly Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and Prussia), however quite a few also went to the United States. The displacement of these Frenchmen led to a spread of French culture, policies regulating immigration, and a safe haven for Royalists and other counterrevolutionaries to outlast the violence of the French Revolution. The long - term impact on France was profound, shaping politics, society, religion and ideas, and polarizing politics for more than a century. The closer other countries were, the greater and deeper was the French impact, bringing liberalism and the end of many feudal or traditional laws and practices. However, there was also a conservative counter-reaction that defeated Napoleon, reinstalled the Bourbon kings, and in some ways reversed the new reforms."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Edward Rosewater", "paragraph_text": "Edward Rosewater, born Edward Rosenwasser, (January 21, 1841 \u2013 August 30, 1906) was a Republican Party politician and newspaper editor in Omaha, Nebraska. Rosewater had a reputation for being \"aggressive and controversial\", and was influential in the Nebraska state Republican Party."}], "question": "The revolution in which Napoleon's role caused controversy regarding his reputation was part of what?"}
{"id": "2hop__135179_834537", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid", "paragraph_text": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid (1665-1668) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Amsterdam Museum."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York", "paragraph_text": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York KG (born 17 August 1473), was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after Richard III became king in 1483."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Kissing Hand", "paragraph_text": "The Kissing Hand is an American children's picture book written by Audrey Penn and illustrated by Ruth E. Harper and Nancy M. Leak. It features a mother raccoon comforting a child raccoon by kissing its paw. First published by the Child Welfare League of America in 1993, it has been used ``to reassure children upset by separation anxiety. ''"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Psalter of Saint Louis", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Psalter of St. Louis (Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France MS Latin 10525) was made for Louis sometime between the death of his mother Blanche of Castile in 1253 and his death in 1270. Done in the elaborate Rayonnant style and richly gilded, the manuscript contains 78 miniatures of Old Testament scenes starting at the story of Cain and Abel and ending with the coronation of Saul, a calendar of feast days, prayers and the 150 psalms. The psalter is in excellent condition and considered a relic of Louis IX, who was canonized in 1297."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eva Ionesco", "paragraph_text": "Eva Ionesco (born 18 July 1965) is a French actress, film director and screenwriter. She is the daughter of Romanian-French photographer Irina Ionesco and came to international prominence as a child after being featured in her mother's works."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "La Tour-Blanche Anticline", "paragraph_text": "The La Tour-Blanche Anticline, also called Chapdeuil Anticline or Chapdeuil-La Tour-Blanche Anticline, is a tectonically caused, dome-like upwarp in the sedimentary succession of the northeastern Aquitaine Basin in France. The structure is oriented west-northwest-east-southeast."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Margaret of Artois", "paragraph_text": "Margaret of Artois (1285\u20131311) was the eldest child of Philip of Artois and his wife, Blanche of Brittany. She was a member of the House of Artois. She was married to Louis d'\u00c9vreux. By her marriage, Margaret was Countess consort of \u00c9vreux."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester", "paragraph_text": "Eleanor of England (also called Eleanor Plantagenet and Eleanor of Leicester) (1215 \u2013 13 April 1275) was the youngest child of John, King of England and Isabella of Angoul\u00eame."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alfred Bester", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Bester was born in Manhattan, New York City, on December 18, 1913. His father, James J. Bester, owned a shoe store and was a first-generation American whose parents were both Austrian. Alfred's mother, Belle (n\u00e9e Silverman), was born in Russia and spoke Yiddish as her first language before coming to America as a youth. Alfred was James and Belle's second and final child, and only son. (Their first child, Rita, was born in 1908.) Though his mother was born Jewish, she became a Christian Scientist, and Alfred himself was not raised within any religious traditions; he wrote that \"his home life was completely liberal and iconoclastic.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zadie Smith", "paragraph_text": "Smith was born Sadie Smith in Willesden in the north-west London borough of Brent to a Jamaican mother, Yvonne Bailey, and an English father, Harvey Smith. At the age of 14, she changed her name to Zadie.Smith's mother grew up in Jamaica, and emigrated to England in 1969. Smith's parents divorced when she was a teenager. She has a half-sister, a half-brother, and two younger brothers (one is the rapper and stand-up comedian Doc Brown, and the other is the rapper Luc Skyz). As a child, Smith was fond of tap dancing, and in her teenage years, she considered a career in musical theatre. While at university, Smith earned money as a jazz singer, and wanted to become a journalist. Despite earlier ambitions, literature emerged as her principal interest."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Welsh Bicknor", "paragraph_text": "Courtfield, the manor house of Welsh Bicknor was originally known as Greyfield or Greenfield, the name altered after King Henry V of England had lived there as a young child of eight, following the death of his mother Mary de Bohun, under the care of Lady Margaret Montacute, wife of Sir John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury long before his father, King Henry IV was to usurp the throne of King Richard II. An effigy of Lady Margaret Montacute can be seen in Welsh Bicknor church and her plain tomb is beside the altar in Goodrich church."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alyson Hannigan", "paragraph_text": "Hannigan was born in Washington, D.C., the only child of Emilie (Posner) Haas, a real estate agent, and Alan Hannigan, a Teamsters trucker. Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is Jewish."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Church of England", "paragraph_text": "The Church of England (C of E) is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury (currently Justin Welby) is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor. The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century, and to the 6th - century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Geoffrey Keynes", "paragraph_text": "Geoffrey Keynes was born on 25 March 1887 in Cambridge, England. His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at the University of Cambridge and his mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer. Geoffrey Keynes was the third child, after his older brother, the prominent economist John Maynard Keynes, and his sister Margaret, who married the Nobel Prize\u2013winning physiologist Archibald Hill."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Official Story", "paragraph_text": "The film deals with the story of an upper middle class couple who lives in Buenos Aires with an illegally adopted child. The mother comes to realize that her daughter may be the child of a desaparecido, a victim of the forced disappearances that occurred during Argentina's last military dictatorship (1976 - 1983), which was marred by widespread human rights violations and a genocide."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elizabeth Tailboys, 4th Baroness Tailboys of Kyme", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Tailboys, 4th Baroness Tailboys of Kyme () was the daughter of Elizabeth Blount and Gilbert Tailboys, 1st Baron Tailboys of Kyme, and the second wife of Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick. Through her mother she was a half-sister of Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, the only illegitimate child acknowledged by Henry VIII, King of England."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bridget of York", "paragraph_text": "Bridget of York (10 November 1480 \u2013 1517) was an English princess, the tenth child and seventh daughter of Edward IV of England and Queen Elizabeth Woodville."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Blanche of England", "paragraph_text": "Blanche of England, LG (spring 1392 \u2013 22 May 1409), also known as Blanche of Lancaster, was a member of the House of Lancaster, the daughter of King Henry IV of England by his first wife Mary de Bohun."}], "question": "Who was the sibling of Blanche of England?"}
{"id": "2hop__59884_70741", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "All by Myself", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 motion picture Bridget Jones's Diary featured a cover version performed by Jamie O'Neal showing actress Ren\u00e9e Zellweger singing to it in the famous pajamas scene. This track is also played over the other Bridget Jones's Films Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film) and Bridget Jones's Baby."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2009\u201310 Belgian Second Division", "paragraph_text": "The 2009\u201310 season of the Belgian Second Division (also known as EXQI League for sponsorship reasons) started on Wednesday 19 August and is the second tier football league in Belgium. The league was played by 19 teams, with 36 matchdays, so each team plays the 18 other teams twice. The season was divided into 2 periods. Each period winner qualifies for the Belgian Second Division Final Round."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ezra Nutter", "paragraph_text": "Ezra Nutter (21 November 1858 \u2014 17 November 1903) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Lancashire during the 1885 season. He was born in Colne and died in Nelson, Lancashire."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "13 Reasons Why", "paragraph_text": "In season one, seventeen year old Clay Jensen returns home from school one day to find a mysterious box on his porch. Inside he discovers seven cassette tapes recorded by Hannah Baker, his deceased classmate and unrequited love, who committed suicide two weeks earlier. On the tapes, Hannah unfolds an intensely emotional audio diary, detailing why she decided to end her life. It appears each person who receives this package of old - style tapes is fundamentally related to why she killed herself. Clay is not the first to receive the tapes, but there is implied detail as to how he should pass the tapes on after hearing them. There appears to be an order to distribution of the tapes, with an additional copy held by an overseer should the plan go awry. Each tape recording refers to a different person involved in Hannah's life contributing to a reason for her suicide. The tapes refer to both friends and enemies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Leslie Winston", "paragraph_text": "Leslie Winston (born 13 May 1956) is an American actress best known for playing Cindy, wife of Ben Walton, on the television series The Waltons from 1979 to 1981."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Annabeth Gish", "paragraph_text": "Annabeth Gish (born March 13, 1971) is an American actress. She has played roles in films Shag, Hiding Out, Mystic Pizza, SLC Punk!, The Last Supper and Double Jeopardy. On television, she played Special Agent Monica Reyes on The X-Files, Elizabeth Bartlet Westin on The West Wing, Diane Gould on Halt and Catch Fire, Eileen Caffee on Brotherhood, Charlotte Millwright on The Bridge and Sheriff Althea Jarry on the final season of Sons of Anarchy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Leo Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Major Alfred Charles Leopold (Leo) Bennett, MBE born at West Norwood in London on 31 December 1914, and died at Thames Ditton, Surrey, on 24 September 1971, was a first-class cricketer who played for Northamptonshire for three seasons after the Second World War."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kitty Wilde", "paragraph_text": "Kitty Wilde is a fictional character from the Fox musical comedy-drama series \"Glee\". The character is portrayed by actress Becca Tobin, and appeared for the first time during the first episode of the fourth season, \"The New Rachel\", first broadcast on September 13, 2012. Kitty was introduced as a bully and a member of the McKinley High cheerleader squad who slushies the newest members of the Glee club, Marley Rose and Wade \"Unique\" Adams, and serves as the new teen antagonist for the season. As the season progressed, she joins the glee club and becomes Marley's worst enemy, but, it is later shown that Kitty also has a soft side. Her harshness and cruelty seems to be greatly lessened during the fifth and sixth season, as she is seen becoming a better person, though she still acts rudely in general most of the time."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "13 Reasons Why", "paragraph_text": "Yorkey and Diana Son serve as showrunners on the series. The first season consists of thirteen episodes. The series is produced by July Moon Productions, Kicked to the Curb Productions, Anonymous Content and Paramount Television. Originally conceived as a film set to be released by Universal Pictures with Selena Gomez in the role of Hannah Baker, the adaptation was picked up as a television series by Netflix in late 2015. Gomez serves as an executive producer. The first season, and the special 13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons, were released worldwide on Netflix on March 31, 2017."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alice Pearce", "paragraph_text": "Alice Pearce (October 16, 1917 -- March 3, 1966) was an American actress. She was brought to Hollywood by Gene Kelly to reprise her Broadway performance in the film version of On the Town (1949). Pearce played comedic supporting roles in several films, before being cast as nosy neighbor Gladys Kravitz in the television sitcom Bewitched in 1964. She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series posthumously after the second season of the series. She died from ovarian cancer in 1966."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Annabeth Gish", "paragraph_text": "Annabeth Gish (born March 13, 1971) is an American actress. She has played roles in films Shag, Hiding Out, Mystic Pizza, SLC Punk!, The Last Supper and Double Jeopardy. On television, she played Special Agent Monica Reyes on The X-Files, Elizabeth Bartlet Westin on The West Wing, Eileen Caffee on Brotherhood, Charlotte Millwright on The Bridge and Sheriff Althea Jarry on the final season of Sons of Anarchy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Charmed", "paragraph_text": "Former Beverly Hills, 90210 actress Shannen Doherty was cast as the eldest sister Prue Halliwell, while her best friend and former Picket Fences actress Holly Marie Combs played the role of the middle sister Piper Halliwell. Lori Rom was originally cast as the youngest sister Phoebe Halliwell in the 28 - minute unaired pilot episode. However, Rom quit the series, and a new pilot was filmed with former Who's the Boss actress Alyssa Milano in the role of Phoebe. Doherty departed Charmed at the end of the third season and was replaced in the fourth season by film actress Rose McGowan, who played the long - lost younger half - sister Paige Matthews."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chen Xiaoxu", "paragraph_text": "Chen Xiaoxu (; October 29, 1965 \u2013 May 13, 2007), Buddhism Dharma name Miao Zhen () in the period of been a bhikkhuni, was a Chinese actress, famous for her role as Lin Daiyu in 1987 TV series \"Dream of the Red Chamber\". And since february 23, 2007, she became a bhikkhuni (Buddhist nun) in Baiguoxinglong Temple, Changchun (). She died of breast cancer on May 13, 2007."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Oval", "paragraph_text": "The Oval, known for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, in the London Borough of Lambeth, in south London. The Oval has been the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since it was opened in 1845. It was the first ground in England to host international Test cricket in September 1880. The final Test match of the English season is traditionally played there."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Aleksandar Srdi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Born in Trebi\u0161ov, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), he played in Serbian lower-league sides Radni\u010dki Beograd, BASK and PKB Padinska Skela before moving to Slovenian side Celje during the winter break of the 2012\u201313 season. He played with Celje in the Slovenian First League until the following winter-break of the 2013\u201314 season when he moved to Greece and played the rest of the season with Serres in the Greek Football League (second league). In summer 2014 he moved to Romania and joined S\u0103geata N\u0103vodari playing in the Liga II. During the winter break of the 2014\u201315 season he returned to Serbia and joined Ma\u010dva \u0160abac paying in Serbian second-tier."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2012\u201313 NHL season", "paragraph_text": "The 2012\u201313 NHL season was the 96th season of operation (95th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL). The regular season began on January 19, 2013 and ended on April 28, 2013, with the playoffs to follow until June."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2012\u201313 Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The 2012\u201313 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 21st season of the Premier League, the English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The fixture schedule was released on 18 June 2012. The season began on 18 August 2012 and ended on 19 May 2013."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Janet Hubert", "paragraph_text": "Janet Louise Hubert (born January 13, 1956) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for playing the role of the original Vivian Banks on the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air from its first season 1990 until the end of its third season in 1993. Hubert was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in 1991."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Katherine Langford", "paragraph_text": "Katherine Langford (born 29 April 1996) is an Australian actress. She is known for starring as Hannah Baker in the 2017 Netflix series 13 Reasons Why, based on the novel of the same name, for which she received a Golden Globe Award nomination. In 2018, she appeared as Vesna in the independent comedy / drama film The Misguided and as Leah Burke in the romantic comedy - drama film Love, Simon."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kate Walsh (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Kathleen Erin Walsh (born October 13, 1967) is an American actress and businesswoman. Her roles include Dr. Addison Montgomery on the ABC television dramas Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice, Rebecca Wright on the short - lived NBC sitcom Bad Judge, and Olivia Baker on the Netflix drama series 13 Reasons Why."}], "question": "Who is the actress who plays the character that died in the first season of 13 Reasons Why?"}
{"id": "2hop__141315_141316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "O'Reilly Auto Parts", "paragraph_text": "O'Reilly Auto Parts is an American auto parts retailer that provides automotive aftermarket parts, tools, supplies, equipment, and accessories in the United States serving both the professional service providers and do - it - yourself customers. Founded in 1957 by the O'Reilly family, the company operates more than 5,100 stores in 47 states."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "RCBC Plaza", "paragraph_text": "The RCBC Plaza was designed by international architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, LLP, in cooperation with local architectural firm W.V. Coscolluela & Associates. The structural design was provided by international engineering company Skilling Ward Magnusson Barkshire in cooperation with local engineering company R.S. Caparros Associates & Company. Project management services was provided by Bovis Lend Lease, while construction management works were provided by Pacific Orient Consultants & Management, Inc. The Main Contractor was ECW Joint Venture consisting of EEI Corporation (Philippines), Concrete Constructions (Australia) and Walter Bau (Germany). The superstructure construction works were self performed by ECW JV. EEI Corporation is also a part of the Yuchengco Group of Companies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Augustin Thompson", "paragraph_text": "Augustin Thompson (Union, Maine on November 25, 1835 \u2013 June 8, 1903) was a physician, businessman and philanthropist who created the Moxie soft drink and the company that manufactures it (now part of the Kirin Holdings Company of Tokyo, Japan)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ryan Aeronautical", "paragraph_text": "The Ryan Aeronautical Company was founded by T. Claude Ryan in San Diego, California in 1934. It became part of Teledyne in 1969, and of Northrop Grumman when the latter company purchased Teledyne in 1999. Ryan built several historically and technically significant aircraft, including four innovative V/STOL designs, but its most successful production aircraft was the Ryan Firebee line of unmanned drones used as target drones and unmanned air vehicles."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nevada Power Company", "paragraph_text": "Nevada Power Company was a Las Vegas - based company that produced, distributed, and sold electricity in the southern part of the state of Nevada. In 2005, it had over 700,000 electric customers in parts of three Nevada counties -- a service area of more than 4,000 square miles (10,000 km). In 1998, Nevada Power merged with Nevada's other major utility, Sierra Pacific Resources. It continued as a subsidiary of Sierra Pacific until 2005, when the company changed its name to NV Energy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "Initially, the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat, which was established as a trade transit point in 1608."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Thomas-Morse MB-3", "paragraph_text": "The Thomas-Morse MB-3 was an open-cockpit biplane fighter primarily manufactured by the Boeing Company for the U.S. Army Air Service in 1922. The MB-3A was the mainstay fighter for the Air Service between 1922 and 1925."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southern California Edison", "paragraph_text": "Southern California Edison (or SCE Corp), the largest subsidiary of Edison International, is the primary electricity supply company for much of Southern California, USA. It provides 14 million people with electricity across a service territory of approximately 50,000 square miles. However, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, San Diego Gas & Electric, Imperial Irrigation District, and some smaller municipal utilities serve substantial portions of the southern California territory. The northern part of the state is generally served by the Pacific Gas & Electric Company of San Francisco."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "De'Longhi", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded by the De' Longhi family in 1902 as a small industrial parts manufacturing workshop. The company incorporated in 1950. Historically a major producer of portable heaters and air conditioners, the company has expanded to include nearly every category of small domestic appliances in the food preparation and cooking, as well as household cleaning and ironing, segments. De'Longhi is especially well known for the Artista Series espresso machines, the De'Longhi gelato maker and the Pinguino portable air conditioner."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Skype Technologies", "paragraph_text": "Skype Technologies S.A.R.L (also known as Skype Software S.A.R.L, Skype Communications S.A.R.L, Skype Inc., and Skype Limited) is a telecommunications company headquartered in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg and Palo Alto, CA, United States, whose chief business is the manufacturing and marketing of the video chat and instant messaging computer software program Skype, and various Internet telephony services associated with it. Microsoft purchased the company in 2011, and it has since then operated as their wholly owned subsidiary; as of 2016, it is operating as part of Microsoft's Office Product Group. The company is a \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 responsabilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e\", or SARL, equivalent to an American limited liability company."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ask for More", "paragraph_text": "\"Ask for More\" is a song performed by Janet Jackson as part of an advertising campaign for soft drink company Pepsi in 1999."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "ITV London", "paragraph_text": "As part of a network-wide rebrand, ITV London was formed on 28 October 2002, as a unified on-screen brand for both of the Carlton and LWT franchises, running on weekdays and weekends respectively. It replaced the unique branding used by both franchisees with a unified service, offering the same service and news all week round. Legally, both franchises remained separate, but they are run by the same operating board and from the same facilities. Both licences are now held by ITV Broadcasting Ltd, but the original two companies still legally exist as Carlton Television Ltd and London Weekend Television Ltd. Each of these companies is, along with most other regional companies owned by ITV plc, listed on www.companieshouse.gov.uk as a \"Dormant company\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Path\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded as Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Path\u00e9 Fr\u00e8res (Path\u00e9 Brothers Company) in Paris, France on 28 September 1896, by the four brothers Charles, \u00c9mile, Th\u00e9ophile and Jacques Path\u00e9. During the first part of the 20th century, Path\u00e9 became the largest film equipment and production company in the world, as well as a major producer of phonograph records."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Grangemouth Dockyard Company", "paragraph_text": "The company continued to operate after the war, becoming part of Swan Hunter in 1967. The company ceased building ships in 1972, thereafter concentrating solely on ship repair. With the large scale nationalisation of British shipbuilding in the late 1970s Swan Hunter became part of British Shipbuilders, with the Grangemouth Dockyard Company as a subsidiary. The winding up of operations in the 1980s saw the re-emergence of the Grangemouth Dockyard Company as a private concern in 1984, but it was subsequently liquidated in 1987."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nabisco", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, Philip Morris Companies Inc. acquired Nabisco and merged it with Kraft Foods, one of the largest mergers in the food industry. In 2011, Kraft Foods announced it was splitting into a grocery company and a snack food company. Nabisco became part of the snack-food business, which took the name Mondel\u0113z International."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "KrasAir", "paragraph_text": "KrasAir or Krasnoyarsk Airlines () was a Russian airline with its head office on the grounds of Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport in Krasnoyarsk. It operated scheduled regional and international passenger services, freight transport, cargo handling and charter services from the main base is Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport, as part of AiRUnion alliance. In 2008 Krasair suffered a liquidity crisis, and after a string of operational shutdowns, administrative and strikes, the company ceased operations in October 2008."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Associated-Rediffusion", "paragraph_text": "Associated-Rediffusion, later Rediffusion London, was the British ITV franchise holder for London and parts of the surrounding counties, on weekdays between 1954 and 29 July 1968. It was the first ITA franchisee to go on air. The company arose from Rediffusion."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Austrian Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Austrian Airlines AG, sometimes shortened to Austrian, is the flag carrier of Austria and a subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group. The airline is headquartered on the grounds of Vienna International Airport in Schwechat where it also maintains its hub. It flies to six domestic and more than 120 international year-round and seasonal destinations in 55 countries as of July 2016, and is a member of the Star Alliance."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Austrian Air Services", "paragraph_text": "Austrian Air Services, officially licensed as \u00d6sterreichischer Inlands- und Regionalflugdienst GesmbH (German for \"Austrian Domestic and Regional Flight Service\"), was an airline headquartered in Austria, operating domestic and regional flights on behalf of Austrian Airlines."}], "question": "What is the company that Austrian Air Services is part of part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__658680_572233", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Christel Khalil", "paragraph_text": "Christel Khalil Christel Adnana Mina Khalil (1987 - 11 - 30) November 30, 1987 (age 30) Los Angeles, California Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Known for The Young and the Restless as Lily Winters (2002 -- present) Spouse (s) Stephen Hensley (m. 2008 -- 2011) Children"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Herta Haas", "paragraph_text": "Herta Haas (29 March 1914 \u2013 5 March 2010) was a Yugoslav Partisan during World War II and the second wife of Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Partisans and a future President of Yugoslavia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Terry McMillan", "paragraph_text": "Terry McMillan (1951 - 10 - 18) October 18, 1951 (age 66) Port Huron, Michigan Occupation Writer Nationality American Alma mater University of California, Berkeley Genre Fiction Notable works Waiting to Exhale How Stella Got Her Groove Back Disappearing Acts Spouse Jonathan Plummer (m. 1998; div. 2005)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "House of Flowers (mausoleum)", "paragraph_text": "House of Flowers (; ; ) is the resting place of Josip Broz Tito (1892\u20131980), the President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and his wife Jovanka Broz (1924\u20132013). It is located on the grounds of the Museum of Yugoslav History in Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ann Perkins", "paragraph_text": "Ann Perkins Parks and Recreation character First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Ann and Chris'' (regular) ``One Last Ride ''(guest appearance) Portrayed by Rashida Jones Information Occupation Nurse Health Department Public Relations Director of Pawnee, Indiana Spouse (s) Chris Traeger Children Oliver Perkins - Traeger Leslie Perkins - Traeger"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Enoch Arden law", "paragraph_text": "The Enoch Arden law is a legal precedent in the United States that grants a divorce or a legal exemption so that a person can remarry, if his or her spouse has been absent without explanation for a certain number of years, typically seven."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish", "paragraph_text": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish (16 February 1771 \u2013 26 November 1814), was the spouse of Thomas Stamford Raffles, vice governor of Java (1811\u20131816), from 1805 to 1814. A memorial monument was erected to her memory in the botanical garden of Buitenzorg (Bogor)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Donika Kastrioti", "paragraph_text": "Donika Kastrioti (n\u00e9e Andronika Arianiti-Muzaka) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg. She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, one of the greatest leaders in the Albanian war against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Villa Foscari", "paragraph_text": "Villa Foscari is a patrician villa in Mira, near Venice, northern Italy, designed by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio. It is also known as \"La Malcontenta\", a nickname which it received when the spouse of one of the Foscaris was locked up in the house because she allegedly didn't live up to her conjugal duty."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charlotte of Bourbon", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte of Bourbon (1546/1547 \u2013 5 May 1582) was a Princess consort of Orange as the third spouse of William the Silent, Prince of Orange, the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish. She was the fourth daughter of Louis, Duke of Montpensier and Jacqueline de Longwy, Countess of Bar-sur-Seine."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of 24 characters", "paragraph_text": "Teri Bauer 24 character Leslie Hope as Teri Bauer First appearance Day 1 -- Episode 1 Last appearance Day 1 -- Episode 24 Portrayed by Leslie Hope Days Information Spouse (s) Jack Bauer Children Kim Bauer"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa", "paragraph_text": "Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa (1497 \u2013 31 December 1536), also called \"Margareta Vasa\" and \"Margareta of Hoya\", was a Swedish noblewoman, sister of king Gustav I of Sweden. Between 1525 and 1534, she commanded Vyborg Castle on several occasions during the absence of her spouse."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the spouse of Herta Haas?"}
{"id": "2hop__383858_75260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Maurice White", "paragraph_text": "Maurice White (December 19, 1941 -- February 4, 2016) was an American singer - songwriter, musician, record producer, arranger, and bandleader. He was the founder of the band Earth, Wind & Fire. As well he served as the band's main songwriter and record producer, and was co-lead singer along with Philip Bailey."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Terry Fox", "paragraph_text": "On July 11, a crowd of 10,000 people met Fox in Toronto, where he was honoured in Nathan Phillips Square. As he ran to the square, he was joined on the road by many people, including National Hockey League star Darryl Sittler, who presented Fox with his 1980 All - Star Game jersey. The Cancer Society estimated it collected $100,000 in donations that day alone. As he continued through southern Ontario, he was met by Hockey Hall of Famer Bobby Orr who presented him with a cheque for $25,000. Fox considered meeting Orr the highlight of his journey."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Philippine Idol", "paragraph_text": "Philippine Idol is the first version of the Idol series in the Philippines, the 35th country in the world to air a local \"Idol\" adaptation and the sixth in Asia. The franchise was first awarded by FremantleMedia, 19 Entertainment and CKX, Inc. to ABC Development Corporation (ABC now The 5 Network) in 2006, then to GMA Network in 2008, then ABS-CBN in 2019. Just like the premise of original show \"Pop Idol\", \"Philippine Idol\" aims to find the best singer in the country who can be defined as the \"national\" singer. Local television personality Ryan Agoncillo hosted the program. Ryan Cayabyab (musical composer), Pilita Corrales (singer, known as Asia's Queen of Songs) and Francis Magalona (rapper and producer) were also judges of the show. Agoncillo, Corrales and Magalona auditioned to be part of the program, while Cayabyab was chosen by the program's producers. Meanwhile, actress Heart Evangelista hosted the daily updates program \"I \u2665 Philippine Idol: Exclusive\". Composer Mel Villena was the show's musical director."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of sustainability", "paragraph_text": "In 1987 the United Nation's World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission), in its report Our Common Future suggested that development was acceptable, but it must be sustainable development that would meet the needs of the poor while not increasing environmental problems. Humanity's demand on the planet has more than doubled over the past 45 years as a result of population growth and increasing individual consumption. In 1961 almost all countries in the world had more than enough capacity to meet their own demand; by 2005 the situation had changed radically with many countries able to meet their needs only by importing resources from other nations. A move toward sustainable living by increasing public awareness and adoption of recycling, and renewable energies emerged. The development of renewable sources of energy in the 1970s and '80s, primarily in wind turbines and photovoltaics and increased use of hydroelectricity, presented some of the first sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel and nuclear energy generation, the first large - scale solar and wind power plants appearing during the 1980s and' 90s. Also at this time many local and state governments in developed countries began to implement small - scale sustainability policies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Middle Intervale Meeting House and Common", "paragraph_text": "The Middle Intervale Meeting House and Common (Center Meeting House) is a historic church at 757 Intervale Road in Bethel, Maine. Built in 1816, this simple wood frame structure served as a meeting house for both religious and civic purposes, and has been little-altered since 1857, when it was given its present Greek Revival features. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "\u0160e\u0161uvis", "paragraph_text": "The \u0160e\u0161uvis is a river in western Lithuania and the main tributary of the J\u016bra River. \u0160e\u0161uvis begins northwest of Raseiniai and flows mostly in the southwest direction. Its main tributaries are the An\u010dia, \u0160altuona, Agluona, \u017dalp\u0117, and \u012ekojis rivers. There are almost no lakes in \u0160e\u0161uvis' basin therefore its water level is subject to great seasonal fluctuations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection. Thunderstorms caused by this activity are usually weak and can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives more than occasional thunder and small hail showers. The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h), an event that was not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and was widespread across the Pacific Northwest."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Love Guru", "paragraph_text": "Myers appeared in the seventh season finale of \"American Idol\" as Pitka, the \"spiritual director\" of that show. The finalists David Cook and David Archuleta got to visit the Paramount Pictures studio theatre to see \"The Love Guru\" a month prior to its release and then got to meet Myers dressed like Pitka and playing Sitar Hero."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WIGE", "paragraph_text": "WIGE Media is a German TV production company in Cologne, Germany. The main focus of WIGE lies in amateur football and motorsports, but also includes noteworthy projects in handball, basketball, volleyball, ice hockey and field hockey. The services provided by WIGE Media include Timekeeping, TV production and postproduction with both ENG and OB-facilities, a sports video archive as well as event services and marketing of television broadcast rights."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Into the Wind (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Into the Wind is a 2010 documentary film which chronicles the story of Terry Fox. At the age of 18, Fox was diagnosed with osteosarcoma. The cancer had taken over his right leg, which was then amputated six inches above the knee. However, three years later, Fox set out to raise funds for cancer research and raise awareness by running 30 miles a day from the Atlantic Ocean in Newfoundland to the Pacific Ocean in British Columbia, totaling over 4000 miles. The film was directed by the NBA star Steve Nash who grew up in Canada and followed Fox\u2019s run across the country as a kid in 1980, and narrated by Taylor Kitsch. Two thirds across Canada, Fox was once again diagnosed with cancer, which had spread to his lungs. Fox died at the age of 22, inspiring the Terry Fox Foundation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of wind power", "paragraph_text": "The first wind turbine used for the production of electricity was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Prof James Blyth of Anderson's College, Glasgow (the precursor of Strathclyde University). Blyth's 10 m high, cloth - sailed wind turbine was installed in the garden of his holiday cottage at Marykirk in Kincardineshire and was used to charge accumulators developed by the Frenchman Camille Alphonse Faure, to power the lighting in the cottage, thus making it the first house in the world to have its electricity supplied by wind power. Blyth offered the surplus electricity to the people of Marykirk for lighting the main street, however, they turned down the offer as they thought electricity was ``the work of the devil. ''Although he later built a wind turbine to supply emergency power to the local Lunatic Asylum, Infirmary and Dispensary of Montrose, the invention never really caught on as the technology was not considered to be economically viable."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2011 Clarkson Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2011 Clarkson Cup was contested at the Barrie Molson Centre in Barrie, Ontario, Canada. The four competing teams included three from the Canadian Women's Hockey League and one from the Western Women's Hockey League. All teams played each other in a round robin Thursday March 24 through Saturday March 26, with the top two teams meeting in the final Sunday March 27. In 2010 the tournament consisted of just two semi-finals and a final. A change to the format this year has made the tournament longer."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Philadelphia Yearly Meeting", "paragraph_text": "PYM is one of the oldest Yearly Meetings in the Religious Society of Friends. In 1827, it divided into two Meetings in the Hicksite/Orthodox schism, each Meeting claiming the title of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. In this period the two Meetings were known by the location of their respective meetinghouses (Race Street and Arch Street). In 1955, the schism was healed and the two Meetings reunited. The Yearly Meeting is a member of Friends General Conference, the main national organization of unprogrammed Quaker Meetings. The Yearly Meeting is also a member of the National Council of Churches."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Winding Gulf, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Winding Gulf is an unincorporated community in Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States. Winding Gulf is located on Winding Gulf south of Sophia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cape Denison", "paragraph_text": "Cape Denison is a rocky point at the head of Commonwealth Bay in Antarctica. It was discovered in 1912 by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911\u201314) under Douglas Mawson, who named it for Sir Hugh Denison of Sydney, a patron of the expedition. The cape was the site of the expedition's main base. Called by Mawson \"the windiest place on Earth\", the site experiences fierce katabatic winds."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Martin Winckler", "paragraph_text": "Martin Winckler (born Marc Zaffran; 22 February 1955, in French Algeria) is a French M.D. and short story, novel and essay writer. His main subjects are the French medical system, the healing relationship and contraception; he also wrote critical papers and books about TV serials (he is one of the first specialists of this subject in France)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols. Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose \"territory\" they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as \"meetings\" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established by the religion's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide. Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising five distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours, typically gathering mid-week (three meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Prior to 2009, congregations met three times each week; these meetings were condensed, with the intention that members dedicate an evening for \"family worship\". Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs (hymns) and brief prayers. Twice each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a \"circuit\" gather for a one-day assembly. Larger groups of congregations meet once a year for a three-day \"regional convention\", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the commemoration of the \"Lord's Evening Meal\", or \"Memorial of Christ's Death\" on the date of the Jewish Passover."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Visionary Heads", "paragraph_text": "The Visionary Heads is a series of black chalk and pencil drawings produced by William Blake after 1818 by request of John Varley, the watercolour artist and astrologer. The subjects of the sketches, many of whom are famous historical and mythical characters, appeared to Blake in visions during late night meetings with Varley, as if sitting for portraits. The drawings are contained in three sketchbooks and there are a number of loose leaves indicating the existence of a fourth sketchbook. Like most of Blake's other works, they have been subject to academic scrutiny and study."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Super Idol 2004", "paragraph_text": "\"Super Idol 2004\" is the debut single/EP by Stavros Konstantinou, the winner of \"Super Idol\", the Greek version of \"Pop Idol\". \"Super Idol\" runner up - Tamta duets on the song \u03a4\u03bf \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u039c\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc."}], "question": "Where did the main subject of the film Into the Wind meet his hockey idol?"}
{"id": "2hop__50303_700483", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anga", "paragraph_text": "In the Mahabharata, the Anga king Romapada was a friend of Kosala king Dasharatha. Kosala Princess Sh\u0101nt\u0101, elder to Raghava Rama, lived as the daughter of Romapada, since he was childless. Duryodhana established Karna as the ruler of Angas. It is believed that there were many Anga kings who ruled different parts of Anga kingdom, contemporary to Karna. Champapuri was the capital of Anga ruled by Karna. Magadha (south - west Bihar) king Jarasandha gifted another city called Malinipuri, to the Anga king Karna."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kagasht", "paragraph_text": "Kagasht is a village in Mangalwedha Taluka in Solapur District of Maharashtra State, in India. It is part of the Paschim Maharashtra region's Pune Division . It is located 60 kilometers west from Solapur."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "About that time the \"executionist movement\" (Polish: \"egzekucja praw\"--\"execution of the laws\") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrk\u00f3w they would force the magnates to return many leased crown lands to the king, and the king to create a standing army (wojsko kwarciane). One of the most famous members of this movement was Jan Zamoyski. After his death in 1605, the movement lost its political force."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battle of Aljubarrota", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Aljubarrota () was a battle fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile on 14 August 1385. Forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his general Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira, with the support of English allies, opposed the army of King John I of Castile with its Aragonese, Italian and French allies at S\u00e3o Jorge, between the towns of Leiria and Alcoba\u00e7a, in central Portugal. The result was a decisive victory for the Portuguese, ruling out Castilian ambitions to the Portuguese throne, ending the 1383\u201385 Crisis and assuring John as King of Portugal."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bofu", "paragraph_text": "Bofu (?\u2013771 CE) (), sometimes referred to as Bopan (\u4f2f\u76d8), was the son of Chinese Zhou dynasty monarch King You of Zhou and his concubine Bao Si. After Baosi entered the royal palace, King You deposed Queen Shen (\u7533\u540e) and her son Crown Prince Yijiu, replacing them with Baosi and Bofu. King You and Bofu were both killed in 771 CE by Quanrong nomads at Mount Li near Xi'an in present-day Shaanxi. Another source says that Bofu lived and contended for the throne with Queen Shen's son, King Ping of Zhou."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vikarna", "paragraph_text": "In the Hindu epic \"Mahabharata\", Vikarna () was third Kaurava, son of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari and a brother to the crown prince Duryodhana. Vikarna is universally referred to as the third-most reputable of Kauravas. Usually, he is also indicated as the third-oldest son, but in other sources, the \"third-strongest\" reputation remained and it is implied that Vikarna is just one of Gandhari's 99 children (after Duryodhana and Dussasana). Vikarna was the only Kaurava who questioned the humiliation of Draupadi, the wife of his cousin Pandavas, after they lost her in a game of dice to Duryodhana."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vinayak Raut", "paragraph_text": "Vinayak Raut () (born 15 March 1954) is a Shiv Sena politician from Vile Parle, Mumbai in the Maharashtra state of India. Raut represents Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg constituency in the 17th Lok Sabha. He was previously elected as a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Vile-Parle for 1999-2004 as a Shiv Sena candidate. He was also elected as a member of Maharashtra Legislative Council from Shiv Sena Party in 2012. He resigned on 27 May 2014 from the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. Raut was elected as MP for Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg constituency in the 2014 elections."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lot 66, Prince Edward Island", "paragraph_text": "Lot 66 is a township in Kings County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of St. George's Parish. Lot 66 was not distributed in the 1767 land lottery, but was reserved as demesne lands of the Crown."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Elavamkodu Desam", "paragraph_text": "Jathavedan is invited to Elavamkodu Desam, a princely state in pre-independent India, to treat the king's wife. He comes to know that Unikkoman, the wicked king of Elavamkodu Desam, rose to power in coup and killing the noble king Udayavarman. How Jathavedan raises an army to bring the crown back to its true owner form the crux of the story."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gaius Julius Agrippa", "paragraph_text": "Gaius Julius Agrippa (, about 72 \u2013 before 150) was a Cilician Prince and the first-born son of King Gaius Julius Alexander and Queen Julia Iotapa of Cetis. He had two younger siblings: a brother called Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus and a sister called Julia Iotapa."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and \"republics\" known as the Mahajanapadas\u2014Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (or Machcha), Shurasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja\u2014stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Prisoner of Zenda", "paragraph_text": "The Prisoner of Zenda (1894), by Anthony Hope, is an adventure novel in which the King of Ruritania is drugged on the eve of his coronation and thus is unable to attend the ceremony. Political forces within the realm are such that, in order for the king to retain the crown, his coronation must proceed. Fortuitously, an English gentleman on holiday in Ruritania who resembles the monarch is persuaded to act as his political decoy in an effort to save the unstable political situation of the interregnum."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chennai Super Kings", "paragraph_text": "Chennai Super Kings Personnel Captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni Coach Stephen Fleming Owner Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd Team information City Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Colours Founded 2008 Home ground M.A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai (Capacity: 50,000) Secondary home ground (s) Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune (Capacity: 37,406) History Indian Premier League wins 3 (2010, 2011, 2018) CLT20 wins 2 (2010, 2014) Official website: chennaisuperkings.com T20I kit Chennai Super Kings in 2018"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania, the Lithuanian Tribunal."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kurukshetra War", "paragraph_text": "Kurukshetra War c. 1700 watercolour from Mewar depicts the Pandava and Kaurava armies arrayed against each other. Date unknown, but lasted 18 days Location Kurukshetra, modern - day Haryana, India Result Victory for Pandavas and allies, fall of Kauravas Dhritarashtra abdicated the throne of Hastinapura and Yudhishthira succeeded him Yuyutsu was appointed as Yudhishthira's subordinate king in Indraprastha Various succession took place due to many kings and rulers' deaths in the war: Anga, Chedi, Gandhar, Kalinga, Kosala, Madra, Magadh, Matsya, Panchal, Sindhu, Virata Territorial changes Reunification of the Kuru states of Hastinapura and Indraprastha under the Pandavas Return of Panchal lands held by Drona to the original Panchala state Truce and status quo ante bellum in elsewhere Belligerents Territory-less Pandavas of the Kurus with the support of the Panchala tribe and others. Kauravas (Kuru tribe) with capital at Hastinapura and their allies Commanders and leaders Overlord Yudhishthira Commanders - in - chief Dhrishtadyumna (day 1 - 18) \u2020 Strategists Krishna Overlord Duryodhana \u2020 Commanders - in - chief Bhishma (day 1 - 10) \u2020 Drona (day 11 - 15) \u2020 Karna (day 16 - 17) \u2020 Shalya (day 18) \u2020 Ashwatthama (night raid) Strategists Shakuni \u2020 Strength 7 Akshauhinis 153,090 chariots and chariot - riders 153,090 elephants and elephant - riders 459,270 horses and horse - riders 765,450 infantry (total 1,530,900 soldiers) 11 Akshauhinis 240,570 chariots and chariot - riders 240,570 elephants and elephant - riders 721,710 horses and horse - riders 1,202,850 infantry (total 2,405,700 soldiers) Casualties and losses Almost total (1,530,900 soldiers) 8 named survivors: the five Pandavas Krishna Satyaki Yuyutsu Almost total (2,405,700 soldiers) 4 named survivors: Ashwatthama Sage Kripa Kritavarma Vrishakethu (son of Karna)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Upper and Lower Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC, but each maintained its own regalia: the hedjet or White Crown for Upper Egypt and the deshret or Red Crown for Lower Egypt. Thus, the pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Lands, and wore the pschent, a double crown, each half representing sovereignty of one of the kingdoms. Ancient Egyptian tradition credited Menes, now believed to be the same as Narmer, as the king who united Upper and Lower Egypt. On the Narmer Palette the king is depicted wearing the Red Crown in one scene and the White crown in another, and thereby showing his rule over both Lands."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Coronation of the British monarch", "paragraph_text": "The Anglo-Saxon monarchs used various locations for their coronations, including Bath, Kingston upon Thames, London, and Winchester. The last Anglo-Saxon monarch, Harold II, was crowned at Westminster Abbey in 1066; the location was preserved for all future coronations. When London was under the control of rebels, Henry III was crowned at Gloucester in 1216; he later chose to have a second coronation at Westminster in 1220. Two hundred years later, Henry VI also had two coronations; as king of England in London in 1429, and as king of France in Paris in 1431."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "\u017di\u010da", "paragraph_text": "\u017di\u010da was the seat of the Archbishop (1219\u20131253), and by tradition the coronational church of the Serbian kings, although a king could be crowned in any Serbian church, he was never considered a true king until he was anointed in \u017di\u010da. \u017di\u010da was declared a Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by Serbia. In 2008, \u017di\u010da celebrated 800 years of existence."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the individual who crowned karna as king of anga in the maharashtra?"}
{"id": "2hop__34597_26496", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a designated World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water (typically 30\u201340 ft or 9\u201312 m in depth), with virtually unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "HMS Hurworth (L28)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Hurworth\" was a Second World War Type II Hunt-class escort destroyer of the British Royal Navy. She spent most of her career in the Mediterranean. She was lost to a mine in the Aegean Sea in 1943."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Monte Hacho", "paragraph_text": "Monte Hacho is a low mountain that overlooks the Spanish city of Ceuta, on the north coast of Africa. Monte Hacho is positioned on the Mediterranean coast at the Strait of Gibraltar opposite Gibraltar, and along with the Rock of Gibraltar is claimed by some to be one of the Pillars of Hercules (the other candidate for the southern pillar being Jebel Musa). According to the legend Hercules pushed apart the two mountains and created a link between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Continental System", "paragraph_text": "The Continental System or Continental Blockade (known in French as Blocus continental) was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. As a response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree on 21 November 1806, which brought into effect a large - scale embargo against British trade. The embargo was effective intermittently. It ended on 11 April 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication. In terms of economic damage to Great Britain, the blockade was largely ineffective; however, British exportations to the continent saw a loss from 25% to 55% of their total value in between the years 1802 and 1806. As Napoleon realized that extensive trade was going through Spain and Russia, he invaded those two countries. His forces were tied down in Spain -- in which the Spanish War of Independence was occurring simultaneously -- and suffered severely in, and ultimately retreated from, Russia in 1812."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Skikda", "paragraph_text": "Skikda lies on the coast of the Gulf of Stora, part of the Mediterranean Sea. The landscape is hilly and forested, with high ridges on both the western and eastern sides of the city."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cunit", "paragraph_text": "Cunit is a coastal town on the Golden Coast (\"Costa Daurada\" in Catalan) in the Baix Pened\u00e8s region part of the province of Tarragona in Catalonia, Spain. It is on the northeast coast of Spain on the Mediterranean Sea."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Auguste L\u00e9opold Protet", "paragraph_text": "He was born at Saint-Servan, France, and at sixteen he was admitted into the naval school of Angoul\u00eame. When he was 38 he received the commission of captain in the royal navy. At this time the English and French governments combined their efforts to put an end to the slave trade on the African coast, and Protet was employed in that service. After cruising three years on the coast of Africa he was appointed governor of Senegal, where he remained from 1850 to 1855. He served during the war with China, and was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. He subsequently joined the expedition against the Taiping, who threatened an attack upon Shanghai, and he was killed during the engagement at Nan-Jao (\u5357\u6a4b)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Loire", "paragraph_text": "The human history of the Loire river valley begins with the Middle Palaeolithic period of 90\u201340 kya (thousand years ago), followed by modern humans (about 30 kya), succeeded by the Neolithic period (6,000 to 4,500\u00a0BC), all of the recent Stone Age in Europe. Then came the Gauls, the historical tribes in the Loire during the Iron Age period 1500 to 500\u00a0BC; they used the Loire as a major riverine trading route by 600\u00a0BC, establishing trade with the Greeks on the Mediterranean coast. Gallic rule ended in the valley in 56\u00a0BC when Julius Caesar conquered the adjacent provinces for Rome. Christianity was introduced into this valley from the 3rd century AD, as missionaries (many later recognized as saints), converted the pagans. In this period, settlers established vineyards and began producing wines."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Patara (Lycia)", "paragraph_text": "Patara (Lycian: \ud800\ude93\ud800\ude97\ud800\ude97\ud800\ude80\ud800\ude95\ud800\ude80 \"Pttara\"; ), later renamed Arsinoe (), was a flourishing maritime and commercial city on the south-west coast of Lycia on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey near the modern small town of Gelemi\u015f, in Antalya Province. It is the birthplace of St. Nicholas, who lived most of his life in the nearby town of Myra (Demre)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of the Mediterranean", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Mediterranean was the name given to the naval campaign fought in the Mediterranean Sea during World War II, from 10 June 1940 to 2 May 1945."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of the Sound", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of the Sound took place on 8 November 1658 (29 October O.S.) during the Second Northern War, near the Sound or \u00d8resund, just north of the Danish capital, Copenhagen. Sweden had invaded Denmark and an army under Charles X of Sweden had Copenhagen itself under siege. The Dutch fleet was sent to prevent Sweden from gaining control of both sides of the Sound and thereby controlling access to the Baltic Sea as well as of its trade."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "George Bass", "paragraph_text": "George Bass (; 30 January 1771 \u2013 after 5 February 1803) was a British naval surgeon and explorer of Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Francis Drake", "paragraph_text": "Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540 -- 28 January 1596) was an English sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer and explorer of the Elizabethan era. Drake carried out the second circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580, and was the first to complete the voyage as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation. With his incursion into the Pacific Ocean, he claimed what is now California for the English and inaugurated an era of conflict with the Spanish on the western coast of the Americas, an area that had previously been largely unexplored by western shipping."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary general, to reorganise and lead their army. He cut off the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy. The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one. For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically, and the Carthaginians sued for peace."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gustav Frederik Holm", "paragraph_text": "Gustav Frederik Holm (6 August 1849 \u2013 13 March 1940) was a Danish naval officer and Arctic explorer, born at Copenhagen."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel is served by two international airports, Ben Gurion International Airport, the country's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo, Ovda Airport in the south, as well as several small domestic airports. Ben Gurion, Israel's largest airport, handled over 12.1 million passengers in 2010. On the Mediterranean coast, Haifa Port is the country's oldest and largest port, while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea. In addition to these, the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea, and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Spartina maritima", "paragraph_text": "Spartina maritima, the small cordgrass, is a species of cordgrass native to the coasts of western and southern Europe and western Africa, from the Netherlands west across southern England to southern Ireland, and south along the Atlantic coast to Morocco and also on the Mediterranean Sea coasts. There is also a disjunct population on the Atlantic coasts of Namibia and South Africa."}], "question": "What coast did the people who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses explore for trade?"}
{"id": "2hop__28394_169184", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue. While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence. An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence. A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies. Indian sources claimed that In 2006, Al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government. India also claimed that Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan. While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense secretary Robert Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Time's Up (movement)", "paragraph_text": "In November 2017, the Alianza Nacional de Campesinas wrote a letter of solidarity to the Hollywood women involved in exposing the sexual abuse allegations against Harvey Weinstein. The letter, published in Time, described experiences of assault and harassment among female farmworkers. The letter stated that it was written on behalf of the approximately 700,000 female farmworkers in the United States.Partly in response, Time's Up was announced in The New York Times on January 1, 2018. The announcement cited the letter of support from the Alianza Nacional de Campesinas and the desire to support women, men, people of color, and the LGBT community who have less access to media platforms and funds to speak up about harassment. At its founding, the following initiatives were announced:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa. This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002. The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry. Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mary Anna Custis Lee", "paragraph_text": "Mary Anna Custis Lee was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis, George Washington's step-grandson and adopted son and founder of Arlington House, and Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, daughter of William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolph Fitzhugh. Her godmother, Mary Randolph, the first person recorded buried at Arlington, wrote an early book on housekeeping and cooking. Lee's birth year is usually given as 1808, but it appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother as 1807, and is also referred to in a letter her mother wrote in the autumn of 1807. She was born at Annefield in Clarke County, Virginia when her mother's coach stopped there during a journey. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Although the intensity of the bombing was not as great as prewar expectations so an equal comparison is impossible, no psychiatric crisis occurred because of the Blitz even during the period of greatest bombing of September 1940. An American witness wrote \"By every test and measure I am able to apply, these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit ... the British are stronger and in a better position than they were at its beginning\". People referred to raids as if they were weather, stating that a day was \"very blitzy\".:75,261 However, another American who visited Britain, the publisher Ralph Ingersoll, wrote soon after the Blitz eased on 15 September that:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Letters of Administration", "paragraph_text": "Letters of Administration are granted by a Surrogate Court or probate registry to appoint appropriate people to deal with a deceased person's estate where property will pass under Intestacy Rules or where there are no executors living (and willing and able to act) having been validly appointed under the deceased's will. Traditionally, letters of administration granted to a representative of a testate estate are called ``letters of administration with the will annexed ''or`` letters of administration cum testamento annexo'' or ``c.t.a. ''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Omar bin Laden", "paragraph_text": "Omar bin Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (, \"\u02bfUmar bin \u02beUs\u0101mah bin Mu\u1e25ammad bin \u02bfAwa\u1e0d bin L\u0101din\"; born March 1, 1982), better known as Omar bin Laden, is one of the sons of Osama bin Laden and his first wife and first cousin Najwa Ghanem (see Bin Laden family). He is the fourth-eldest son among 20 children of Osama bin Laden. Older reports have described Omar and his brother Abdallah bin Laden as nephews or cousins of Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sweet Nothing in My Ear", "paragraph_text": "Sweet Nothing in My Ear is a 2008 American made-for-television drama film directed by Joseph Sargent and is based on a 1998 play of the same name by Stephen Sachs, who also wrote the teleplay. It stars Jeff Daniels and Marlee Matlin as the parents of a Deaf child, played by Noah Valencia, who struggle with deciding to give their child an implant that will allow him to hear again. The film premiered on CBS as a \"Hallmark Hall of Fame\" presentation on April 20, 2008."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lucrezia Gonzaga", "paragraph_text": "Lucrezia Gonzaga di Gazzuolo (1522 \u2013 11 February 1576) was an Italian noblewoman known for her literary talents, and her association with Matteo Bandello. Bandello taught her mathematics, astronomy, rhetoric and logic, and wrote poetry in her honour, during his stay in Castel Goffredo at the court of Luigi Gonzaga. A volume of her letters was published in Venice in 1552, but some people believe Ortensio Lando was the author and not just the editor."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "RoboCop 2", "paragraph_text": "In his Chicago Sun Times review, Roger Ebert wrote, ``Cain's sidekicks include a violent, foul - mouthed young boy named Hob, who looks to be about 12 years old but kills people without remorse, swears like Eddie Murphy, and eventually takes over the drug business... The movie's screenplay is a confusion of half - baked and unfinished ideas... the use of that killer child is beneath contempt. ''"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The phrase ``separation between church & state ''is generally traced to a January 1, 1802 letter by Thomas Jefferson, addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut, and published in a Massachusetts newspaper. Jefferson wrote,"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey", "paragraph_text": "Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey (; 31 May 1711\u2013 7 March 1797) was a German churchman, educator, author, and journalist. The son of an immigrant French family, he preached, taught, and wrote in French. A founding member of the Berlin Academy, he wrote thousands of letters, popularized scientific and philosophical ideas, and also contributed to Diderot's \"Encyclop\u00e9die\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince. A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jules Barbier", "paragraph_text": "Paul Jules Barbier (8 March 182516 January 1901) was a French poet, writer and opera librettist who often wrote in collaboration with Michel Carr\u00e9. He was a noted Parisian bon vivant and man of letters."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Louis F. Burns", "paragraph_text": "Louis Francis Burns (January 2, 1920 \u2013 May 20, 2012) (Osage) was an American historian, author, and teacher, a leading expert on the history, mythology and culture of the Osage Nation. Burns wrote more than a dozen books and scholarly works on the Osage people. In 2002 he was inducted into the Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Catholic (term)", "paragraph_text": "The terms ``catholic '',`` catholicism'' and ``catholicity ''is closely related to the use of the term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of that term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. Exhorting Christians to remain closely united with their bishop, he wrote:`` Wherever the bishop shall appear, there let the multitude (of the people) also be; even as, wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church.''"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Henry H. Kendall", "paragraph_text": "Henry H. Kendall (1855 \u2013 February 29, 1943) was an American architect from Boston, Massachusetts. He wrote a letter to the U.S. Civil Service commission critiquing the low pay for government architects. Kendall was the senior partner in the firm Kendall, Taylor & Company. Several of his or the firm's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, for their architectural merit."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "National Insurance number", "paragraph_text": "People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit. At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies each child of their NI number."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "White House", "paragraph_text": "On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building. During Adams' second day in the house, he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail, containing a prayer for the house. Adams wrote:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rosarium Virginis Mariae", "paragraph_text": "Rosarium Virginis Mariae (\"Rosary of the Virgin Mary\") is an Apostolic Letter by Pope John Paul II, issued on October 16, 2002, which declared October 2002 to October 2003 the \"Year of the Rosary\". It was published by Pope John Paul II in 2002 at the beginning of the twenty-fifth year of his pontificate."}], "question": "Who is the child of the writer of Letter to American People in 2002?"}
{"id": "2hop__287962_31666", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Nine Nations of North America", "paragraph_text": "The Nine Nations of North America is a 1981 book by Joel Garreau, in which the author suggests that North America can be divided into nine nations, which have distinctive economic and cultural features. He also argues that conventional national and state borders are largely artificial and irrelevant, and that his \"nations\" provide a more accurate way of understanding the true nature of North American society. The work has been called \"a classic text on the current regionalization of North America\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "J. A. Baker", "paragraph_text": "The book recounts a single year from October to April (probably of 1962/3) from the author's ten-year obsession with the peregrines that wintered near his home in Chelmsford, Essex in eastern England. The writing is lyrically charged throughout, as the author's role of diligent observer gives way to a personal transformation, as Baker becomes, in the words of James Dickey on the book's jacket cover, \"a fusion of man and bird.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "National parks of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "There are currently thirteen national parks (Welsh: parciau cenedlaethol) in England and Wales. Each park is operated by its own national park authority, with two ``statutory purposes '':"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to Misrata, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city \u2013 including the Arab Nationalist Movement, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the Muslim Brotherhood \u2013 claiming he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dodge Dart", "paragraph_text": "The Dodge Dart is an automobile originally built by Dodge from 1958 to 1976 in North America, with production extended to later years in various other markets. The Dart nameplate was resurrected for a Fiat-derived compact car introduced in 2012."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "North Sydney Bears", "paragraph_text": "The North Sydney Bears are an Australian rugby league football club based in North Sydney, New South Wales. They compete in the New South Wales Cup, having exited the National Rugby League following the 1999 NRL season after 92 years of top - grade competition. The Bears are based on Sydney's Lower North Shore, and have played at North Sydney Oval since 1910. There is a bid supporting a resurrection of the club in the NRL as the Central Coast Bears, based in Gosford, New South Wales."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Tale of Two Cities", "paragraph_text": "Resurrection is a major theme in the novel. In Jarvis Lorry's thoughts of Dr. Manette, resurrection is first spotted as a theme. It is also the last theme: Carton's sacrifice. Dickens originally wanted to call the entire novel Recalled to Life. (This instead became the title of the first of the novel's three ``books ''.) Jerry is also part of the recurring theme: he himself is involved in death and resurrection in ways the reader does not yet know. The first piece of foreshadowing comes in his remark to himself:`` You'd be in a blazing bad way, if recalling to life was to come into fashion, Jerry!'' The black humour of this statement becomes obvious only much later on. Five years later, one cloudy and very dark night (in June 1780), Mr. Lorry reawakens the reader's interest in the mystery by telling Jerry it is ``Almost a night... to bring the dead out of their graves ''. Jerry responds firmly that he has never seen the night do that."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Black Hand Inn", "paragraph_text": "Black Hand Inn is the eighth studio album by German heavy metal band Running Wild, released on March 24, 1994 through Noise Records. It is a loose concept album about a resurrected man, against a backdrop of piracy, foreseeing Armageddon."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "East Clare Way", "paragraph_text": "The East Clare Way is a long-distance trail in County Clare, Ireland. It is a long circular route that begins and ends in Killaloe. It is typically completed in eight days. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by East & Mid Clare Way Limited and the East Clare Way Committee."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or \"system of things\", entered the \"last days\" in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably. They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with \"Babylon the Great\", or the \"harlot\", of Revelation 17, and believe that they will soon be destroyed by the United Nations, which they believe is represented in scripture by the scarlet-colored wild beast of Revelation chapter 17. This development will mark the beginning of the \"great tribulation\". Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's \"sheep\", or true followers, will be destroyed. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth, which will be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden. After Armageddon, most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during \"judgment day\" lasting for one thousand years. This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God. Then a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. Those who fail will be destroyed, along with Satan and his demons. The end result will be a fully tested, glorified human race."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Francesco al Prato Resurrection", "paragraph_text": "The San Francesco al Prato Resurrection is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Pietro Perugino, dating to c. 1499. It is housed in the Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term \"the cross of Christ\" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died \"at the right time\" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the \"power of the cross\" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "\u00c9vry Cathedral", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9vry Cathedral (; \"\u00c9vry Cathedral of the Resurrection\") is a Roman Catholic church located in the new town of \u00c9vry (Essonne), France. The cathedral was designed by Swiss architect Mario Botta. It opened in 1995, and was consecrated and dedicated to Saint Corbinian in 1996."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", "paragraph_text": "The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA received authority to regulate advertising of prescription drugs and to establish good manufacturing practices. The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective. An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective. A similarly comprehensive study of over-the-counter products began ten years later."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Robb Forman Dew", "paragraph_text": "Robb Forman Dew is an American author. She has described writing as \"a strange absorption about this alternate world and the way it mixes with your real life.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Civil Aviation Safety Authority (Papua New Guinea)", "paragraph_text": "The Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA PNG) is the civil aviation authority of Papua New Guinea. Its head office is in Six Mile, National Capital District, with a Boroko P.O. Box."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "On the Way of Resurrection", "paragraph_text": "On the Way of Resurrection (Arabic: \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0633\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b, Fi Sabil al Baath) is a political literature book written by Michel Aflaq, one of the founders of Ba'athism. It is a five-volume work that is one of the founding documents of Ba'athism that described the ideology."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pollution of the Ganges", "paragraph_text": "The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is the implementation wing of National Ganga Council which was set up in October 2016 under the River Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection and Management) Authorities order 2016. The order dissolved National Ganga River Basin Authority. The aim is to clean the Ganga and its tributaries in a comprehensive manner. Nitin Gadkari is the present Minister for Ministry for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Belvedere, Edmonton", "paragraph_text": "Belvedere is a residential neighbourhood in north east Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located on the west side of the Canadian National Railway right of way close to the Belvedere LRT station."}], "question": "What's the nationality of the author of On the Way of Resurrection?"}
{"id": "2hop__809621_61557", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "With or Without You", "paragraph_text": "\"With or Without You\" features sustained guitar parts played by guitarist the Edge with a prototype of the Infinite Guitar, along with vocals by lead singer Bono and a bassline by bassist Adam Clayton. The song originated from a demo recorded in late 1985 that the group continued to work on throughout \"The Joshua Tree\" sessions. Ostensibly a troubled love song, the track's lyrics were inspired by Bono's conflicting feelings about the lives he led as a musician and domestic man."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Aragon House", "paragraph_text": "Aragon House gets its name from having been the site of a dower house belonging to Queen Catherine of Aragon, the first of Henry VIII's six wives."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Joshua Tree", "paragraph_text": "The Joshua Tree is the fifth studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno, and was released on 9 March 1987 on Island Records. In contrast to the ambient experimentation of their 1984 release, The Unforgettable Fire, the band aimed for a harder - hitting sound within the limitation of conventional song structures on The Joshua Tree. The album is influenced by American and Irish roots music, and through sociopolitically conscious lyrics embellished with spiritual imagery, it contrasts the group's antipathy for the ``real America ''with their fascination with the`` mythical America''."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2.Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Naked Without You (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Naked Without You\" is a song by Taylor Dayne, released on August 24, 1999, the final single from her album of the same name."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in the potential marriage alliance, Henry II transferred the castles of Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau into John's name; as John was only five years old his father would continue to control them for practical purposes. Henry the Young King was unimpressed by this; although he had yet to be granted control of any castles in his new kingdom, these were effectively his future property and had been given away without consultation. Alais made the trip over the Alps and joined Henry II's court, but she died before marrying John, which left the prince once again without an inheritance."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Don't Ever Wipe Tears Without Gloves", "paragraph_text": "Don't Ever Wipe Tears Without Gloves () is a 2012 three-part Swedish TV drama about the impact of AIDS in Stockholm's gay community in the early 1980s. It is based on the Swedish novelist Jonas Gardell's trilogy with the same name, with each episode covering one of the three novels that are subtitled \"Love\", \"Disease\" and \"Death\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Griffon Bruxellois", "paragraph_text": "In the film As Good as It Gets (1997), as Verdell, played by six Brussels Griffons, named Timer, Sprout, Debbie, Billy, Parfait, and Jill the star"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "(Evening) Time to Get Away", "paragraph_text": "\"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" (sometimes referred to as simply \"Time to Get Away\") is part of a song from The Moody Blues 1967 album \"Days of Future Passed\", a concept album with each song representing a part of the day. It was unlisted on the original album, but has been listed on many later reissues. The composition was written by bassist John Lodge, and is one of two compositions written by Lodge for \"Days of Future Passed\", the other being \"Peak Hour.\" As the title suggests, the lyrics are about ending the work day and returning home. \"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" is part two of the track \"Forever Afternoon (Tuesday?)\", which also contains the Justin Hayward song \"Tuesday Afternoon.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mr. Bean's Holiday", "paragraph_text": "Back on the platform, Bean asks a man, Emil Duchevsky (Karel Roden), a Russian movie director, to use his camcorder to film his boarding the train, but spends so much time retaking the shot that the train starts to leave. Although Bean manages to get onto the train, the doors close before Emil can get on. Emil's son, Stepan (Max Baldry) is therefore left on board without his father."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Miami-Dade County, Florida", "paragraph_text": "On November 13, 1997, voters changed the name of the county from Dade to Miami - Dade to acknowledge the international name recognition of Miami. Voters were acting pursuant to home rule powers granted to Dade County, including the ability to change the name of the county without the consent of the Florida Legislature. The change in name also addressed a source of public dissatisfaction with the name ``Dade ''which was chosen to honor of Francis L. Dade, who had been killed in the Dade Massacre in the 1830s. The massacre did not occur in South Florida, but in the west central part of the state, in present - day Sumter County, near Bushnell. There is also a Dade City, which is closer to the site of the massacre."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Boeddhistische Omroep Stichting", "paragraph_text": "Boeddhistische Omroep Stichting (abbr. BOS: English: \"Buddhist Broadcasting Foundation\") was a special broadcaster on the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system, which was allowed to broadcast on radio and television because of their religious background. It was one of the \"2.42 broadcasters\" (named after the Article 2.42 of the \"Mediawet\", the Dutch media law, which allowed faith-based broadcasters to get airtime on radio and TV without having to have any members). The broadcaster was known for broadcasting from a Buddhist perspective."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The Republic of Ireland have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on three occasions, in 1990, 1994 and 2002. They have always advanced from the first round. Ireland has the record for getting furthest in the tournament without winning a match."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gallic Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Gallic Empire () or the Gallic Roman Empire are names used in modern historiography for a breakaway part of the Roman Empire that functioned \"de facto\" as a separate state from 260 to 274. It originated during the Crisis of the Third Century, when a series of Roman military leaders and aristocrats declared themselves emperors and took control of Gaul and adjacent provinces without attempting to conquer Italy or otherwise seize the central Roman administrative apparatus."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sans Bois Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Sans Bois Mountains are a small mountain range in southeastern Oklahoma and part of the larger Ouachita Mountains. It is a frontal belt of the Ouachita Mountains and is located in Haskell and Latimer counties, Oklahoma. \"Sans bois\" is a French term meaning \"without forest\" or \"without wood\" in English."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Blackjack", "paragraph_text": "Once all the players have completed their hands, it is the dealer's turn. The dealer hand will not be completed if all players have either busted or received Blackjacks. The dealer must hit until the cards total 17 or more points. (At most tables the dealer also hits on a ``soft ''17, i.e. a hand containing an ace and one or more other cards totaling six.) Players win by not busting and having a total higher than the dealer, or getting a blackjack without the dealer getting a blackjack. If the player and dealer have the same total (not counting blackjacks), this is called a`` push'', and the player typically does not win or lose money on that hand. Otherwise, the dealer wins."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canton of Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Z\u00fcrich ( ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of (as of ), it is the most populated canton in the country.. Its capital is the city of Z\u00fcrich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called \"Z\u00fcrit\u00fc\u00fctsch\", is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marnie (film)", "paragraph_text": "Margaret ``Marnie ''Edgar (Tippi Hedren) steals $10,000 from her employer's company safe and flees. She had used her charms on Sidney Strutt (Martin Gabel), a tax consultant, to get a clerical job without references. After changing her appearance and identity, she makes a quick trip to a horse stable in Virginia, where she keeps a horse named Forio, and then to Baltimore for a surprise visit to her mother, Bernice (Louise Latham). Though Bernice seems to care more for a young neighbor named Jessie than she does for her own daughter, Marnie gives her money."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Agronom\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Agronom\u00eda is a \"barrio\" or district in the centre part of Buenos Aires city, Argentina. It gets its name from the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Agronomy (\"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda\", in Spanish) based in the neighborhood. Its boundaries are Avenida San Mart\u00edn, Campana, Avenida Salvador Mar\u00eda del Carril, Avenida de los Constituyentes, and Avenida Chorroar\u00edn."}], "question": "Where does the album With or Without You is from get its name?"}
{"id": "2hop__19663_8104", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the \"Prussians\"), were conquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples. The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families, including amongst the Prussia's aristocracy known as the Junkers. Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin. Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends) populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Germany", "paragraph_text": "German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian and English. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the North Germanic languages, and the extinct East Germanic languages, to an even lesser extent. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "The answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls, maintained a strong system of education for males, heeded rabbinic leadership, and scorned the life-style of their neighbors; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Most Greeks are Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church. During the first centuries after Jesus Christ, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking. There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other Christian denominations like Greek Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims. About 2,000 Greeks are members of Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism congregations."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Klein bottle", "paragraph_text": "The Klein bottle was first described in 1882 by the German mathematician Felix Klein. It may have been originally named the \"Kleinsche Fl\u00e4che\" (\"Klein surface\") and then misinterpreted as \"Kleinsche Flasche\" (\"Klein bottle\"), which ultimately may have led to the adoption of this term in the German language as well."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was a great fief of medieval France, and under Richard I of Normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure. The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers founded the Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II after conquering southern Italy on the Saracens and Byzantines, and an expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the Crusader states of the Near East, where their prince Bohemond I founded the Principality of Antioch in the Levant, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, to Ireland, and to the coasts of north Africa and the Canary Islands."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "English language", "paragraph_text": "English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia (Angeln) peninsula in the Baltic Sea. It is closely related to the Frisian languages, but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as by Latin and Romance languages, especially French."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2\u20133% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as \"special request-writers\" (arzuh\u00e2lcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods (mahalles) with their own languages (e.g., Jews, Greeks, Armenians, etc.). In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants would often speak each other's language. In cosmopolitan cities, people often spoke their family languages; many of those who were not ethnic Turks spoke Turkish as a second language."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \"Norman\" culture in the north of France. The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'o\u00efl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the regional language that survives today."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jire\u010dek Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period \u2013 although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jews", "paragraph_text": "Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East, and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent. The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common genetic pool dating back 4,000 years, as a marker of their common ancestral origin. Despite their long-term separation and beside their shared genetic origin, Jews also maintained a common culture, tradition, and language."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: \"Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white\". This led to different treatment for \"black\" and \"half-caste\" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as \"white\" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Indonesian language", "paragraph_text": "Indonesian functions as a symbol of national identity and pride, and is a unifying language among the diverse Indonesian ethnic groups. It also serves as a vehicle of communication among the Indonesian provinces and different regional cultures in Indonesia. The language is used as the national official language, the language of education, communication, transaction and trade documentation, the development of national culture, science, technology, and mass media in Indonesia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is that of linguistic authority, a more sociolinguistic notion. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding some questions about their language. For instance, to learn the name of a new invention, or an obscure foreign species of plant, speakers of Bavarian German and East Franconian German might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject. By way of contrast, although Yiddish is classified by linguists as a language in the \"Middle High German\" group of languages, a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary to determine the word to use in such a case."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Following the defeat in World War I, influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. At the treaty of Versailles Germany was substantially reduced in size. Austria-Hungary was split up. Rump-Austria, which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves) adopted the name \"German-Austria\" (German: Deutsch\u00f6sterreich). The name German-Austria was forbidden by the victorious powers of World War I. Volga Germans living in the Soviet Union were interned in gulags or forcibly relocated during the Second World War."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jews", "paragraph_text": "Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community."}], "question": "What group of languages is the language that Jews adopted after assimilating to German culture a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__53567_67832", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nocturnal Animals", "paragraph_text": "Amy Adams as Susan Morrow, a rich art gallery owner living in Los Angeles Jake Gyllenhaal as Edward Sheffield, Susan's estranged ex-husband and novelist Armie Hammer as Hutton Morrow, Susan's second husband, who has been neglectful towards Susan Laura Linney as Anne Sutton, Susan's estranged mother Andrea Riseborough as Alessia Holt, Carlos' wife Michael Sheen as Carlos Holt, Alessia's homosexual husband India Menuez as Samantha Morrow, Susan's daughter Zawe Ashton as Alex Jena Malone as Sage Ross Kristin Bauer van Straten as Samantha Van Helsing"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Girl Who Played with Fire", "paragraph_text": "The Girl Who Played with Fire (Swedish: Flickan som lekte med elden) is the second novel in the best - selling Millennium series by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson. It was published posthumously in Swedish in 2006 and in English in January 2009."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shooting Star (Owl City song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Shooting Star\" is a song by American electronica project Owl City from his second extended play \"Shooting Star\". It was released as the lead single from the EP on May 15, 2012. The song has so far peaked at No.\u00a0176 on the UK Singles Chart and No.\u00a049 on the Japan Hot 100. It was used as one of two theme songs for the 2013 computer-animated film \"Escape from Planet Earth\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sally Struthers", "paragraph_text": "Sally Anne Struthers (born July 28, 1947) is an American actress, voice artist, spokeswoman and activist. She played the roles of Gloria Stivic, the daughter of Archie and Edith Bunker (played by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton) on All in the Family, for which she won two Emmy awards, and Babette on Gilmore Girls. She was the voice of Charlene Sinclair on the ABC sitcom Dinosaurs and Rebecca Cunningham on the Disney animated series TaleSpin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Hot Choc-late Soldiers", "paragraph_text": "The Hot Choc-late Soldiers, also stylized as \"The Hot Chocolate Soldiers\", is an American animated short film that was made by Walt Disney Productions for MGM's 1934 film \"Hollywood Party\", which released on June 1, 1934. It is prefaced in the film by a scene where Mickey Mouse appears at the party, performs a brief Durante impression, and then sits down at a piano, after which \"The Hot Choc-late Soldiers\" begins to play. Due to stipulations in the contract between Disney and Turner Entertainment the short was edited out of the film when it was screened on TNT, however Turner was able to negotiate the licenses so that the footage was included in a 1992 VHS release of \"Hollywood Party\" and for subsequent releases."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bond Girls Are Forever", "paragraph_text": "Bond Girls Are Forever is a 2002 James Bond documentary film hosted by actress Maryam d'Abo, who had played the role of Kara Milovy in the 15th James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\". It was accompanied by a 2003 book written by John Cork and d'Abo. The book is subtitled The Women of James Bond. Both the film and the book is a tribute to the elite club of women who have played the role of a Bond girl."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Ghost Whisperer characters", "paragraph_text": "Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)", "paragraph_text": "``Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) ''is the second single by American singer - actress Cher from her second album, The Sonny Side of Ch\u00e9r. Written by her then - husband Sonny Bono and released in 1966, the song reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a single week (behind`` (You're My) Soul and Inspiration'' by The Righteous Brothers), eventually becoming one of Cher's biggest - selling singles of the 1960s."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Maggie Peterson", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Peterson Mancuso (born January 10, 1941) is an American television actress. She is best known for playing Charlene Darling on The Andy Griffith Show. She also played the character of Doris in the episode ``A Girl for Goober ''(1968)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dan Hedaya", "paragraph_text": "Daniel G. Hedaya (born July 24, 1940) is an American character actor. He often plays sleazy villains or uptight, wisecracking individuals; four of his best - known roles are as Italian Mafia boss Tony Costello in Wise Guys, a cuckolded husband in the Coen brothers' crime thriller Blood Simple, Carla Tortelli's ex-husband Nick on the sitcom Cheers, and Tom Hanks's boss in Joe Versus the Volcano. He also played Mel Horowitz, the father of Cherilyn ``Cher ''Horowitz, played by Alicia Silverstone, in the film Clueless."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Toby Robins", "paragraph_text": "Robins starred in hundreds of radio and stage productions in Canada from the late 1940s through the 1960s, working with such performers as Jane Mallett, Barry Morse, John Drainie, Ruth Springford, and James Doohan among others. She appeared in a number of television and film roles beginning in the mid-1950s, and hosted the first-ever CBC Television series, \"The Big Revue\" in 1952. In Toronto she played in repertory with Lorne Greene, Mavor Moore, and Don Harron. At the Crest Theatre she played the leading parts in \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\", \"Dream Girl\" and many others."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Model Husband (1937 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Model Husband (German: Der Mustergatte) is a 1937 German comedy film directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner and starring Heinz R\u00fchmann, Leny Marenbach and Hans S\u00f6hnker. It is based on a 1915 American play \"Fair and Warmer\" by Avery Hopwood. The film was screened at the Venice Film Festival where it won an award. In the 1950s it was remade twice: a 1956 West German film \"The Model Husband\" and a 1959 Swiss \"The Model Husband\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hot Girl (The Office)", "paragraph_text": "In this episode, Michael (Steve Carell) allows an attractive salesperson (Amy Adams) to sell her purses in the office, catching the eye of almost every male in the office. Meanwhile, Pam (Jenna Fischer) and Jim (John Krasinski) use the situation to play yet another prank on Dwight (Rainn Wilson)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tokimeki Memorial 3: Yakusoku no Ano Basho de", "paragraph_text": "\"Tokimeki Memorial 3\", released in 2001 for the PlayStation 2, further pushed the technical limits for dating sims, being the first game to have fully 3-D animated cel-shaded girls. However, many fans were disappointed by the appearance of the girls, which although well-animated did not look as polished as 2D art, as well as by the simplified gameplay system. The game did not sell as well as expected, and as a result of this, unlike the previous two games in the series, Tokimeki Memorial 3 had no Drama games or spin-offs produced. It was the last new game in the original series until the announcement of \"Tokimeki Memorial 4\" in 2009."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sebastian Stan", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Stan (born August 13, 1982) is a Romanian American actor. On television, he has played Carter Baizen in Gossip Girl, Prince Jack Benjamin in Kings, Jefferson in Once Upon a Time, and T.J. Hammond in Political Animals. The latter earned him a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Man's Best Friend (1993 film)", "paragraph_text": "Judy Sanders (Robin Frates), an employee of a genetic research facility named EMAX, contacts television personality Lori Tanner (Ally Sheedy), planning to meet after work so she can show Lori the atrocities and animal cruelty that go on in EMAX's laboratories. As she proceeds back to work, an animal assailant attacks and kills her. Dr. Jarret (Lance Henriksen), a scientist performing vivisection and genetic altering and the owner of EMAX, comes in and shoots the animal with a sedative to stop the attack. Later, Lori arrives at EMAX. When Judy does not appear, she breaks into the laboratory and films the various animals that are being experimented on. She discovers a Tibetan Mastiff named Max who does not appear to have been experimented on and lets the dog out of his cage. Dr. Jarret discovers that there is an intruder in the laboratory and chases Lori out of the building, with Max following Lori into her car as she drives away. Jarret immediately goes to the police and complains that his dog has been stolen. Later that day, when Lori goes shopping, a mugger (Thomas Rosales, Jr.) steals her purse. Max chases the thief, brutally kills him, and brings Lori's purse back to her."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Girl Stroke Boy", "paragraph_text": "Girl Stroke Boy is a 1971 British comedy-drama film directed by Bob Kellett and starring Joan Greenwood, Michael Hordern and Clive Francis. It was based on the play \"Girl Friend\" by David Percival."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Treasure of San Teresa", "paragraph_text": "The Treasure of San Teresa is a 1959 British-West German thriller film directed by Alvin Rakoff and starring Eddie Constantine, Dawn Addams and Marius Goring. It was based on a play by Jeffrey Dell. The film is also known by the alternative titles \"Hot Money Girl\", \"Long Distance\", and \"Rhapsody in Blie\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Spring", "paragraph_text": "American Spring (known as Spring from 1971 to 1972) were a pop music duo formed in Los Angeles, composed of sisters Diane Rovell and Marilyn Wilson, who had earlier been members of girl group the Honeys. As with the Honeys, Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys (Marilyn's then-husband) played an integral role with American Spring, producing some of their recorded material."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pentatonix discography", "paragraph_text": "American a cappella group Pentatonix has released seven studio albums, five extended plays (EPs), eighteen singles and fifty music videos. The group won the third season of \"The Sing-Off\" in 2011, and subsequently received a recording contract with Sony. In June 2012, Pentatonix released their first extended play, \"PTX, Volume 1\" through Sony-owned independent record label Madison Gate Records. The EP debuted at number 14 on the US \"Billboard\" 200, selling 18,401 copies in its first week of sales. A Christmas EP, \"PTXmas\", was released in November 2012. It was re-released in November 2013 with one of its new tracks, \"Little Drummer Boy\", debuting at number 13 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and charting in other countries such as Austria, Canada and New Zealand. The EP became the sixth highest-selling Christmas album of 2013, selling over 168,000 copies. In November 2013, Pentatonix released their third EP, \"PTX, Vol. II\" which debuted at number 10 on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 31,000 copies in its first week of sales."}], "question": "In Nocturnal Animals, who plays the husband of the actress that plays the hot girl who sells purses?"}
{"id": "2hop__45333_79628", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Karen Gillan", "paragraph_text": "Karen Gillan (born 28 November 1987) is a Scottish actress, director, screenwriter and model. She played the role of Amy Pond, companion to the Eleventh Doctor, in the BBC One science fiction series Doctor Who (2010 -- 2013). She has received wide recognition for portraying Nebula in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and its untitled sequel (2019), and also played Ruby Roundhouse in the box - office hit Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)", "paragraph_text": "When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar, capital of the Nova Empire, Gamora ambushes him and steals it. A fight ensues, drawing in a pair of bounty hunters: the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket, and the tree - like humanoid Groot. Nova Corps officers capture the four, detaining them in the Kyln. A powerful inmate there, Drax, attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan, who killed his family. Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him, though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan, unwilling to let him use the orb's power. Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb, Quill, Rocket, Groot, and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill's ship, the Milano."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", "paragraph_text": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017 and was released in the United States on May 5, 2017, in 3D and IMAX 3D. It grossed $864 million worldwide, making it the sixth highest - grossing film of 2017, while also outgrossing its predecessor which had grossed $773 million. The film received generally positive reviews, particularly for its visuals, soundtrack and cast, though critics deemed it not as ``fresh ''as the original. A sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, is being developed, with Gunn returning to write and direct, and is scheduled to be released in 2020."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Gunn", "paragraph_text": "James Gunn (born August 5) is an American filmmaker, actor, novelist, and musician. He started his career as a screenwriter in the mid-1990s, writing the scripts for Tromeo and Juliet (1996), Scooby - Doo (2002) and its sequel, Scooby - Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004), and the 2004 version of Dawn of the Dead. He then started working as a director, starting with the horror - comedy film Slither (2006). He subsequently wrote and directed the web series James Gunn's PG Porn (2008 -- 2009), the superhero film Super (2010), and the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and its sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Karen Gillan", "paragraph_text": "Karen Gillan (born 28 November 1987) is a Scottish actress, director, and screenwriter from Inverness, Scotland. She played the role of Amy Pond, companion to the Eleventh Doctor, in the BBC One science fiction series Doctor Who (2010 -- 2013). In film, she portrayed Nebula in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), the upcoming Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and its untitled sequel (2019), and also played Ruby Roundhouse in the box - office hit Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zoe Saldana", "paragraph_text": "Zoe Saldana - Perego (born Zoe Yadira Salda\u00f1a Nazario, June 19, 1978), known professionally as Zoe Saldana or Zo\u00eb Saldana, is an American actress and dancer. Following her performances with the theater group Faces, Saldana made her screen debut in an episode of Law & Order (1999). Her film career began a year later with Center Stage (2000), where she played a struggling ballet dancer, followed by a role in Crossroads (2002). Saldana's breakthrough came in 2009 with the roles of Nyota Uhura in Star Trek and Neytiri in James Cameron's Avatar (2009). The latter film received widespread acclaim, and is the highest - grossing film of all time. Saldana continued her career with films such as Colombiana (2011), Out of the Furnace (2013), Star Trek Beyond (2016) and Live by Night (2016). Since 2014, she has portrayed Gamora in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, beginning with Guardians of the Galaxy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pom Klementieff", "paragraph_text": "Pom Klementieff (born 3 May 1986) is a French actress. She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup (2009), Sleepless Night (2011) and Hacker's Game (2015). She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pom Klementieff", "paragraph_text": "Pom Klementieff is a French actress. She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup (2009), Sleepless Night (2011) and Hacker's Game (2015). She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers: Infinity War (2018)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rocket Raccoon", "paragraph_text": "Rocket Raccoon appeared as a prominent member in the 2008 relaunch of the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy. The character has appeared in several media adaptations as a member of that team, including animated television series, toys, and video games. He appears in the live - action films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018), all set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In these appearances, Rocket Raccoon is voiced provided by Bradley Cooper, with motion capture provided by Sean Gunn."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Laura Haddock", "paragraph_text": "Laura Jane Haddock (born 21 August 1985) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying Kacie Carter in Honest, Lucrezia in Da Vinci's Demons, Meredith Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Alison in The Inbetweeners Movie and Viviane Wembly in Transformers: The Last Knight."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (1969 team)", "paragraph_text": "The original Guardians of the Galaxy are a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Guardians first appear in Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 (Jan. 1969)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)", "paragraph_text": "Guardians of the Galaxy (retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The film was directed by James Gunn, who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman, and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Lee Pace, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Djimon Hounsou, John C. Reilly, Glenn Close, and Benicio del Toro. In Guardians of the Galaxy, Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Drax the Destroyer", "paragraph_text": "Dave Bautista plays Drax in the live - action 2014 Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy. In the film, Drax is an alien whose wife and daughter were slaughtered by Ronan the Accuser, on the instructions of Thanos, for which Drax vows revenge. He first meets the other Guardians of the Galaxy in prison, including Gamora, whom he holds responsible for his family's deaths because she is a daughter of Thanos. She tells him that she was raised by Thanos only after he slaughtered her own family, and bears no loyalty to him, and the two join Peter Quill in escaping prison in order to confront Ronan, whom they eventually kill. A recurring gag throughout the film is Drax's inability to understand metaphors because Drax's species is, according to Rocket, completely literal. Bautista reprises his role as Drax in its 2017 sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, and has reprised the role in Avengers: Infinity War (2018)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wyatt Oleff", "paragraph_text": "Wyatt Jess Oleff (born July 13, 2003) is an American actor who played Stanley Uris in the 2017 supernatural horror film It, directed by Andy Muschietti and based on the 1986 horror novel of the same name by Stephen King. He also had a minor role in the Marvel Studios films Guardians of the Galaxy and Guardians of the Galaxy Volume 2, as the young Peter Quill; both films were directed by James Gunn."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", "paragraph_text": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017 and was released in the United States on May 5, 2017, in 3D and IMAX 3D. It has grossed $863 million worldwide, making it the fifth highest - grossing film of 2017, while also outgrossing its predecessor which had grossed $773 million. The film received generally positive reviews, particularly for its visuals, soundtrack and cast, though critics deemed it not as ``fresh ''as the original. A sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, is being developed, with Gunn returning to write and direct, and is scheduled to be released in 2020."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy. Featuring the songs present on Peter Quill's mixtape in the film, the album was released by Hollywood Records on July 29, 2014. A separate film score album, Guardians of the Galaxy (Original Score), composed by Tyler Bates, was also released by Hollywood Records on the same date, along with a deluxe version featuring both albums. The soundtrack album reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21, 2014. It was released in theaters on August 1, 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats. The film became a critical and commercial success, grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014, as well as the third highest - grossing film of 2014. The film garnered praise for its humor, action, soundtrack, visual effects, direction, musical score, and acting. A sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, was released on May 5, 2017, with a third film, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, scheduled to be released in 2020."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", "paragraph_text": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017 and was released in the United States on May 5, 2017, in 3D and IMAX 3D. It has grossed $862 million worldwide, making it the fourth highest - grossing film of 2017, while also outgrossing its predecessor which had grossed $773 million. The film received generally positive reviews, particularly for its visuals, soundtrack and cast, though critics deemed it not as ``fresh ''as the original. A sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, is being developed, with Gunn returning to write and direct."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vance Astro", "paragraph_text": "Astro first appeared in January 1969 as a founding member of the Guardians of the Galaxy in the partial reprint title Marvel Super-Heroes with issue # 18."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thanos", "paragraph_text": "Thanos is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by writer/artist Jim Starlin, first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (cover dated February 1973). Thanos is one of the most powerful villains in the Marvel Universe and has clashed with many heroes including the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, and the X-Men."}], "question": "Who played the villain in Guardians of the Galaxy?"}
{"id": "2hop__115550_693973", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stadion Pirota", "paragraph_text": "Stadion Pirota is a multi-use stadium in Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of NK Travnik. The has a capacity to hold 4,000 people."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Silvio Cavri\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Silvio Cavri\u0107 (born 10 July 1985 in Sisak) is a Croatian footballer who plays as a defender or defensive midfielder for Albanian Superliga club KF La\u00e7i. Cavri\u0107 spent most of his professional career under contract with Dinamo Zagreb who had loaned him to a number of clubs during his career, including NK Croatia Sesvete, NK Me\u0111imurje, HNK Segesta, NK Istra, and most recently, NK Inter Zapre\u0161i\u0107."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David Kiselak", "paragraph_text": "David Kiselak ( born 2 August 1988 in Slovenj Gradec) is a Slovenian football Defender who plays for NK Dravograd."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Teron Beal", "paragraph_text": "Teron Beal is an American singer/songwriter born in Tyler, Texas. He has also written songs for Michael Jackson, Jennifer Lopez, P!nk, Kelly Rowland, M\u00fda, Chrisette Michele, Robyn, Jaheim and others."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Slavko Lu\u0161tica", "paragraph_text": "Slavko Lu\u0161tica (11 January 1923 \u2013 14 July 1992) was a footballer who represented Yugoslavia at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He played club football in Yugoslavia with NK Osvit and Hajduk Split."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mari\u00e1n Tom\u010d\u00e1k", "paragraph_text": "He previously played with Inter Bratislava, MFK Ru\u017eomberok, FC Spartak Trnava and MFK Petr\u017ealka in the Slovak Superliga, and with NK Rudar Velenje in the Slovenian First League."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov", "paragraph_text": "Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov was a Chief Designer of the Soviet Design Bureau OKB-276 which deals with the development, manufacture and distribution of equipment, especially aircraft engines, turbines and gearboxes."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "\u017delimir Terke\u0161", "paragraph_text": "\u017delimir Terke\u0161 (born 8 January 1981) is a former Bosnian-Herzegovinian football striker last played for Zadar. He previously played for NK Zadar, NK Zagreb, HNK \u010capljina, H\u0160K Zrinjski Mostar, NK Inter Zapre\u0161i\u0107, Chongqing Lifan and Perak FA."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "NK Rudar Velenje", "paragraph_text": "Nogometni klub Rudar Velenje (), commonly referred to as NK Rudar Velenje or simply Rudar Velenje, is a Slovenian football club from Velenje, currently playing in the Slovenian PrvaLiga."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hrvoje \u0106usti\u0107", "paragraph_text": "\u0106usti\u0107 started his professional career with his youth club NK Zadar in 2000 and also spent two seasons playing for NK Zagreb between 2005 and 2007, before returning to Zadar in the summer of 2007 on a four-year contract."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "NKG2D", "paragraph_text": "NKG2D is a transmembrane protein belonging to the CD94/NKG2 family of C-type lectin-like receptors. NKG2D is encoded by \"KLRK1\" gene which is located in the NK-gene complex (NKC) situated on chromosome 6 in mice and chromosome 12 in humans. In mice, it is expressed by NK cells, NK1.1 T cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, activated CD8 \u03b1\u03b2 T cells and activated macrophages. In humans, it is expressed by NK cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and CD8 \u03b1\u03b2 T cells. NKG2D recognizes induced-self proteins from MIC and RAET1/ULBP families which appear on the surface of stressed, malignant transformed, and infected cells."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "NK Maribor", "paragraph_text": "Nogometni klub Maribor (English: Maribor Football Club), commonly referred to as NK Maribor or simply Maribor, is a professional football club based in Maribor, Slovenia, that competes in the Slovenian PrvaLiga, the top tier of Slovenian football. Nicknamed ``The Purples ''(Vijoli\u010dasti), the club was founded on 12 December 1960. They are regarded as a symbol of Slovenian football, particularly in their home region of Styria in northeastern Slovenia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Stojan Ple\u0161inac", "paragraph_text": "He played for Slovenian clubs NK Olimpija, ND Gorica, NK Ljubljana and NK Korotan and was Slovenian league top-scorer with Ljubljana in 1988/89. He later managed NK Ljubljana in Slovenian First League and even played some matches for the club, when it was expelled to Slovenian Fifth League in 2005/06 and 2006/07 seasons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "33 Combat Engineer Regiment", "paragraph_text": "33 Combat Engineer Regiment (33CER) is the Primary Reserve (Militia) unit of the Canadian Military Engineers in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is assigned to 33 Canadian Brigade Group, part of 4th Canadian Division."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sailing at the 1964 Summer Olympics \u2013 Finn", "paragraph_text": "The Finn was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1964 Summer Olympics program in Enoshima. Seven races were scheduled. 33 sailors, on 33 boats, from 33 nations competed."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "NK-33", "paragraph_text": "The NK-33 and NK-43 are rocket engines designed and built in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the Kuznetsov Design Bureau. The NK designation is derived from the initials of chief designer Nikolay Kuznetsov. The NK-33 was among the most powerful LOX/RP-1 rocket engines when it was built, with a high specific impulse and low structural mass. They were intended for the ill-fated Soviet N-1 moon rocket. The NK-33A rocket engine is now used on the first stage of the Soyuz-2-1v launch vehicle."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Igor Lozo", "paragraph_text": "Igor Lozo (born 2 March 1984) is a Croatian football player playing for NK Me\u0111imurje. He previously played for Chornomorets Odessa."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Immune system", "paragraph_text": "Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as \"missing self.\" This term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex) \u2013 a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells. They were named \"natural killer\" because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are \"missing self.\" For many years it was unclear how NK cells recognize tumor cells and infected cells. It is now known that the MHC makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the NK cells become activated through recognition of \"missing self\". Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens. Those MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR) which essentially put the brakes on NK cells."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Stadion Banja Ilid\u017ea (Grada\u010dac)", "paragraph_text": "Stadion Banja Ilid\u017ea is a football stadium in Grada\u010dac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the home stadium of NK Zvijezda Grada\u010dac of the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The stadium holds 5,000 spectators."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mate Dragi\u010devi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Mate Dragi\u010devi\u0107 (born 19 November 1979 in Makarska, Yugoslavia) is a Croatian football striker who currently plays for NK Konavljanin."}], "question": "The designing agency of NK-33 is an instance of what?"}
{"id": "2hop__124502_245902", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lincoln Lover", "paragraph_text": "\"Lincoln Lover\" is the fourth episode of the third season and the twenty-seventh overall episode of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It aired on Fox in the United States on November 5, 2006, and is written by Rick Wiener, Kenny Schwartz and Nahnatchka Khan and directed by Brent Woods."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Spy Dad", "paragraph_text": "The Spy Dad is a 2003 Hong Kong comedy film produced, written and directed by Wong Jing and starring Tony Leung as the titular protagonist, Jones Bon, an action film star with obvious homage to James Bond 007 films while with also references to martial arts films by Bruce Lee."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Anthony Sagar", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Sagar (19 June 1920 \u2013 24 January 1973) was an English character actor and a member of the National Theatre. He was prolific screen performer and appeared in many films (including seven of the \"Carry On\" series) and television series including the 1959 adaptation of \"The Moonstone\", \"Steptoe and Son\", \"The Avengers\" and \"Dad's Army\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dad Vail Regatta", "paragraph_text": "The Dad Vail Regatta is the largest regular intercollegiate rowing event in the United States, drawing over a hundred colleges and universities from North America. The regatta has been held annually on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, since 1953."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Miro Cerar", "paragraph_text": "Miroslav Cerar Jr. (, known as Miro Cerar ; born 25 August 1963) is a Slovenian lawyer and politician who served as the 8th Prime Minister of Slovenia from 18 September 2014 to 14 March 2018, when he announced his resignation, and served as the leader of a caretaker government which lasted until a new one was formed following the June parliamentary election. With a non-political background and as one who was relatively new to politics at the time of his appointment as Prime Minister, Cerar leads the centrist Modern Centre Party, formerly named eponymously the \"Party of Miro Cerar\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad", "paragraph_text": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad was a reality sports TV show on NBC that premiered on February 18, 2008. The show was produced by Mark Burnett, producer of other shows like \"Survivor\", \"The Apprentice\", and \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\", and was hosted by actor Dan Cortese. Four teams of children and their fathers competed in each episode, with the winning team having the chance to win up to $50,000."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of The Fairly OddParents characters", "paragraph_text": "Dad (voiced by Daran Norris) and Mom (Susanne Blakeslee) are Timmy's parents. They have the same voice actors as Timmy's fairy godparents. Their faces were unseen in early episodes, but became fully seen by the end of the first season. Their first names are never revealed. Mom is a real estate agent and home dealer; and Dad works as an employee of a pencil factory called Pencil Nexus and troop leader for Timmy's Squirrelly Scouts Troop, though both have had several other jobs, usually only for the duration of a single episode. Mom is shown to be a horrible gardener and cook, as anything she tries to grow dies and her meals usually come alive and try to attack her family. Dad is often shown hating the Dinklebergs, the next door neighbors, which can be compared to Homer Simpson's hatred for Ned Flanders in The Simpsons. The Dinklebergs actually play along with the belief that Mr. Turner thinks they are evil as a way of keeping him happy, even going as far to rent out an evil lair and giving Timmy a bike and cash in exchange for keeping the secret. Both are completely oblivious to the magic in their home, and despite their obvious love for Timmy, tend to be somewhat neglectful. They leave Timmy with Vicky, his babysitter, and are oblivious to obvious signs she is evil; even going as far as believing that the song ``Icky Vicky ''was about pumpkins. They often forget his birthday and punish him for situations that are beyond his control."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dad's Dead", "paragraph_text": "Dad's Dead is a seven-minute award winning film written and directed by Chris Shepherd, commissioned by animate!. It was first transmitted on Channel 4, in 2003. Mixing animation with live action, it deals with how memory works."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Da Flippity Flop", "paragraph_text": "\"Da Flippity Flop\" is the nineteenth episode and ninth season finale of \"American Dad!\", as well as the 152nd episode of the series. The episode aired in the United States on May 12, 2013, on Fox's Animation Domination lineup. It was written by series co-creator Matt Weitzman and directed by Rodney Clouden."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "The traditional buildings of Tuvalu used plants and trees from the native broadleaf forest, including timber from: Pouka, (Hernandia peltata); Ngia or Ingia bush, (Pemphis acidula); Miro, (Thespesia populnea); Tonga, (Rhizophora mucronata); Fau or Fo fafini, or woman's fibre tree (Hibiscus tiliaceus). and fibre from: coconut; Ferra, native fig (Ficus aspem); Fala, screw pine or Pandanus. The buildings were constructed without nails and were lashed and tied together with a plaited sennit rope that was handmade from dried coconut fibre."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Young Offenders (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Alex Murphy as Conor MacSweeney Chris Walley as Jock O'Keeffe Hilary Rose as Mairead MacSweeney Dominic MacHale as Sergeant Healy P.J. Gallagher as Principal Barry Walsh Jennifer Barry as Siobhan Walsh Demi Isaac Oviawe as Linda Walsh Shane Casey as Billy Murphy Chris Kent as Conor's Dad Orla Fitzgerald as Orla Walsh Cora Fenton as Jock's Mum Michael Sands as Jock's Dad"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of 7th Heaven characters", "paragraph_text": "Martin Brewer (2003 -- 2007) (Tyler Hoechlin) is the only son of the Marine, Bill Brewer. His mother died when he was young and, until he was 16, he lived with his Aunt Betsy, when his dad was deployed. During his sophomore year in high school, the Brewers moved to Glenoak."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Star Tattooed", "paragraph_text": "Star Tattooed is an indie vocal house music project by popular Bulgarian award winning songwriter and producer Miro Gechev and Dary Oreshkova featured on many compilation CDs released in Europe, Russia, and Israel, including the likes of David Guetta, Bob Sinclar, Fedde Le Grand, Pakito and Benny Benassi. The project started in the summer of 2005 for a pilot project for Miro's label and recording studio 2AM. The pilot, a song called \"\"Make Me High\"\" featuring vocals of Ava, became licensed by Airplay Records/Universal Music - France, reaching number 30 of the official single sales charts of France. It remained in the French Top 100 Single Sales for 11 weeks. \"\"Make Me High\"\" was also awarded the viewers choice for 'best hit' on the 9th annual music awards of Bulgarian music TV channel MMTV. The song entered in the annual Top 100 of Evropa Plus radio (Russia). The videoclip of \"Make Me High\" is directed by Valeri Milev. Single remixed by Enzo Mori & Stephan Clark."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Replacing Dad", "paragraph_text": "Replacing Dad is a 1999 American television film directed by Joyce Chopra. Based on a Shelley Fraser Mickle novel, the film stars Mary McDonnell, William Russ, Jack Coleman and (a then-unknown) Shailene Woodley in her film debut."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Daily at Dawn", "paragraph_text": "Daily at Dawn was an Australian sitcom that screened in 1981 on the Seven Network. The series was written and produced by Gary Reilly and Tony Sattler, the team behind other popular Australian comedy series such as \"Kingswood Country\", \"Hey Dad..!\" and \"The Naked Vicar Show\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "I Cross My Heart", "paragraph_text": "``I Cross My Heart ''Single by George Strait from the album Pure Country B - side`` You're Right, I'm Wrong'' Released September 28, 1992 Recorded April 16, 1992 Genre Country Length 3: 30 Label MCA Nashville 54478 Songwriter (s) Steve Dorff, Eric Kaz Producer (s) Tony Brown George Strait singles chronology ``So Much Like My Dad ''(1992)`` I Cross My Heart'' (1992) ``Heartland ''(1993)`` So Much Like My Dad'' (1992) ``I Cross My Heart ''(1992)`` Heartland'' (1993)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "On Our Selection (1912 play)", "paragraph_text": "On Our Selection is a 1912 Australian play by Bert Bailey and Edmund Duggan based on the stories of Steele Rudd. Bailey played Dad Rudd in the original production."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Miroslav Cerar", "paragraph_text": "Miroslav Cerar (, born 28 October 1939) was a Yugoslav gymnast and lawyer who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics. He also won three world and nine European championships."}], "question": "What was Miro Cerar's father a participant in?"}
{"id": "2hop__730572_31087", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Galileu", "paragraph_text": "Galileu is a science magazine in Brazil, which was founded in 1991. The magazine is owned by Editora Globo. \"Galileu\" was first called \"Globo Ci\u00eancia\" (in English \"Globo Science\"). The current magazine is named after Galileo Galilei, or \" Galileu Galilei\", in Portuguese. It is a competitor of \"Superinteressante\", another science and technology magazine. In 1998, \"Globo Ci\u00eancia\" published its 86th edition and, from then on, changed its name to \"Galileu\". The first issue's topics centered on robots."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Milky Way", "paragraph_text": "The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System. The descriptive ``milky ''is derived from the appearance from Earth of the galaxy -- a band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that can not be individually distinguished by the naked eye. The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea, from the Greek \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 (galax\u00edas k\u00fdklos,`` milky circle''). From Earth, the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk - shaped structure is viewed from within. Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe. Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Die Oliver Pocher Show", "paragraph_text": "Die Oliver Pocher Show was a late-night show with Oliver Pocher shown by Sat.1 in Germany on Fridays. The show is a mix of late-night comedy and personality. Each broadcast begins with stand-up comedy. There are generally two celebrity guests. During the first season, Pocher's father Gerard frequently appeared on the show as a sidekick."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Empiricism", "paragraph_text": "The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei (ca. 1520\u20131591), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments, and to volume of air in wind instruments; and secondly to composition, by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna (Florence, 1581). The Italian word he used for \"experiment\" was esperienza. It is known that he was the essential pedagogical influence upon the young Galileo, his eldest son (cf. Coelho, ed. Music and Science in the Age of Galileo Galilei), arguably one of the most influential empiricists in history. Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of 'Pythagoras' hammers' (the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded \"experience and demonstration\" as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vincenzo Gamba", "paragraph_text": "Vincenzo or Vincenzio Gamba (1606\u20131649), later Vincenzo Galilei (1619), was the illegitimate son of Galileo Galilei (1564\u20131642) and his mistress Marina Gamba (1570\u20131612). Vincenzo was legitimated by his father in 1619. Like his grandfather Vincenzo Galilei, the younger Vincenzo became a lutenist."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "BeiDou", "paragraph_text": "In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest \u20ac230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's \"BeiDou\" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the \"Galileo Joint Undertaking\" (GJU) and the \"National Remote Sensing Centre of China\" (NRSCC). Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China\u2019s involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU. However, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Time", "paragraph_text": "The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (1292\u20131336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Esther Gronenborn", "paragraph_text": "Esther Gronenborn (born 1968 in Oldenburg) is a German film director and screenwriter. Films she wrote and directed include \"Alaska.de\", \"Adil geht\" and a segment of \"99euro-films\". She has also been a director of the TV series \"Galileo Mystery\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "BeiDou", "paragraph_text": "Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Quentin Roosevelt", "paragraph_text": "Quentin Roosevelt (November 19, 1897 \u2013 July 14, 1918) was the youngest son of President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. Family and friends agreed that Quentin had many of his father's positive qualities and few of the negative ones. Inspired by his father and siblings, he joined the United States Army Air Service where he became a pursuit pilot during World War I. Extremely popular with his fellow pilots and known for being daring, he was killed in aerial combat over France on Bastille Day (July 14), 1918. As of 2019, he is the only child of a US President to die in combat."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "400 Years of the Telescope", "paragraph_text": "400 Years of the Telescope: A Journey of Science, Technology and Thought is a 2009 American documentary film that was created to coincide with the International Year of Astronomy in 2009. Directed by Kris Koenig, it chronicles the history of the telescope from the time of Galileo and features interviews with leading astrophysicists and cosmologists from around the world, who explain concepts ranging from Galileo's first use of the telescope to view the moons of Jupiter, to the latest discoveries in space, including new ideas about life on other planets and dark energy, a mysterious vacuum energy that is accelerating the expansion of the universe."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "International Year of Astronomy", "paragraph_text": "The International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009) was a year-long celebration of astronomy that took place in 2009 to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the first recorded astronomical observations with a telescope by Galileo Galilei and the publication of Johannes Kepler's \"Astronomia nova\" in the 17th century. The Year was declared by the 62nd General Assembly of the United Nations. A global scheme, laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), was also endorsed by UNESCO, the UN body responsible for educational, scientific, and cultural matters."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Manabu Yukawa", "paragraph_text": "Manabu Yukawa is a fictional character from Keigo Higashino's \"Galileo\" series, very popular in Japan. Yukawa is a genius but eccentric physicist. He is often approached by his old schoolmate, who is currently a detective, to solve seemingly supernatural and impossible cases."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Moons of Jupiter", "paragraph_text": "There are 69 known moons of Jupiter. This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System. The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 65 known moons and the rings together comprising just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Woman in the Advocate's Gown", "paragraph_text": "The Woman in the Advocate's Gown (German: Die Frau im Talar) is a 1929 Norwegian-German silent drama film directed by Adolf Trotz and starring Aud Egede-Nissen, Paul Richter and Fritz Kortner. A female lawyer commits suicide after discovering the forgery case she is prosecuting had been committed by her own father."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment", "paragraph_text": "In 1589 -- 92, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (then professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa) is said to have dropped two spheres of different masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass, according to a biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani, composed in 1654 and published in 1717."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Heliocentrism", "paragraph_text": "It was not until the 16th century that a geometric mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented, by the Renaissance mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus, leading to the Copernican Revolution. In the following century, Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits, and Galileo Galilei presented supporting observations made using a telescope."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Michelagnolo Galilei", "paragraph_text": "Michelagnolo Galilei (sometimes spelled Michelangelo; 18 December 1575\u00a0\u2013 3 January 1631) was an Italian composer and lutenist of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras, active mainly in Bavaria and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was the son of music theorist and lutenist Vincenzo Galilei, and the younger brother of the scientist Galileo Galilei."}], "question": "When did Galileo Galilei's father die?"}
{"id": "2hop__11652_11621", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "paragraph_text": "A musical setting for ``The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag ''was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase`` under God'' was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "In Love with a DJ", "paragraph_text": "\"In Love with a DJ\" (also known as \"Turn It Up\") is a 2010 song by the singer CeCe Peniston and producer Ron Carroll, primarily known in the house music circuit."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was previously involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial and post-punk record store Wax Trax! Records as an important connection between the ever-changing underground sounds of Chicago. As most proto-house DJs were primarily stuck to playing their conventional ensemble of dance records, Frankie Knuckles and Ron Hardy, two influential pioneers of house music, were known for their out-of-bounds behavior. The former, credited as \"the Godfather of House,\" worked primarily with early disco music with a hint of new and different music (whether it was post-punk or post-disco) but still enjoying a variety of music, while the latter produced unconventional DIY mixtapes which he later played straight-on in the music club Muzic Box, boiling with raw energy. Marshall Jefferson, who would later appear with the Chicago house classic \"Move Your Body (The House-Music Anthem),\" (originally released on Chicago-based Trax Records) got involved in house music after hearing Ron Hardy's music in Muzic Box."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nothing Compares 2 U", "paragraph_text": "``Nothing Compares 2 U ''is a song written and composed by Prince for one of his side projects, The Family, for the eponymous album The Family. It was later made famous by Irish recording artist Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor, whose arrangement was released as the second single from her second studio album, I Do Not Want What I Have n't Got. This version, which O'Connor co-produced with Nellee Hooper, became a worldwide hit in 1990. Its music video, which has been described as iconic, was shot and received heavy rotation on MTV. Its lyrics explore feelings of longing from an abandoned lover's point of view."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single \"Vogue\" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "Club play from pioneering Chicago DJs such as Hardy and Lil Louis, local dance music record shops such as Importes, State Street Records, Loop Records, Gramaphone Records and the popular Hot Mix 5 shows on radio station WBMX-FM helped popularize house music in Chicago. Later, visiting DJs & producers from Detroit fell into the genre. Trax Records and DJ International Records, Chicago labels with wider distribution, helped popularize house music inside and outside of Chicago. One 1986 house tune called \"Move Your Body\" by Marshall Jefferson, taken from the appropriately titled \"The House Music Anthem\" EP, became a big hit in Chicago and eventually worldwide. By 1986, UK labels were releasing house music by Chicago acts, and by 1987 house tracks by Chicago DJs and producers were appearing on and topping the UK music chart. By this time, house music released by Chicago-based labels was considered a must-play in clubs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ben Folds Presents: University A Cappella!", "paragraph_text": "Ben Folds Presents: University A Cappella! is an album produced by Ben Folds featuring collegiate a cappella music groups from the United States. Folds became interested in a cappella music after hearing his song \"Brick\" performed by an Ohio University group."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kirkegaard Associates", "paragraph_text": "Kirkegaard Associates is an American acoustics design firm based in Chicago, Illinois, with an office in Denver, Colorado. The company is headed by President/Owner Joseph W A Myers and employs 12 professionals in architecture, acoustics, music recording, mechanical and audio engineering, musical and theatrical performance. The company has been involved in the design of theatres, concert halls, opera houses, educational institutions, worship spaces, recording and broadcast studios, and other acoustically sensitive environments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society. The music appealed to those who didn't fit into mainstream American society and was especially celebrated by many black males. Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like \"church for people who have fallen from grace\" The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to \"old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin'\". Deep house was similar to many of the messages of freedom for the black community."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hammer (album)", "paragraph_text": "Hammer is the third album by Afrob released in February 2005 by Four Music. It is produced by many famous producers like Needlz, Jaz-O and Waajeed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I've Got a Tiger By the Tail", "paragraph_text": "``I've Got a Tiger By the Tail ''is a song made famous by country music band Buck Owens and the Buckaroos. Released in December 1964, the song was one of Owens' signature songs and showcases of the Bakersfield sound in the genre."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "The term \"house music\" is said to have originated from a Chicago club called The Warehouse, which existed from 1977 to 1983. Clubbers to The Warehouse were primarily black and gay, who came to dance to music played by the club's resident DJ Frankie Knuckles, whom fans refer to as the \"godfather of house\". After the Warehouse closed in 1983, the crowds went to Knuckles' new club, The Power Plant. In the Channel 4 documentary Pump Up The Volume, Knuckles remarks that the first time he heard the term \"house music\" was upon seeing \"we play house music\" on a sign in the window of a bar on Chicago's South Side. One of the people in the car with him joked, \"you know, that's the kind of music you play down at the Warehouse!\", and then everybody laughed. South-Side Chicago DJ Leonard \"Remix\" Roy, in self-published statements, claims he put such a sign in a tavern window because it was where he played music that one might find in one's home; in his case, it referred to his mother's soul & disco records, which he worked into his sets. Farley Jackmaster Funk was quoted as saying \"In 1982, I was DJing at a club called The Playground and there was this kid named Leonard 'Remix' Roy who was a DJ at a rival club called The Rink. He came over to my club one night, and into the DJ booth and said to me, 'I've got the gimmick that's gonna take all the people out of your club and into mine \u2013 it's called House music.' Now, where he got that name from or what made him think of it I don't know, so the answer lies with him.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "I Got the Hoss", "paragraph_text": "\"I Got the Hoss\" is a song written by Gerald House, and recorded by American country music artist Mel Tillis. It was released in August 1977 as the first single from the album \"Love's Troubled Waters\". The song reached #3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Joe Smooth", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Lorenzo Jr. Welbon (born May 9, 1964), known by the stage name Joe Smooth, is an American house music producer and DJ who gained international acclaim during the late 1980s and early 1990s. By the new millennium he held the reputation of working with acts like Destiny's Child, Ludacris, New Order, Whitney Houston, and many others across genres. He is often credited as essential to the creation of house music as a genre and became an influence to major groups like Daft Punk, who often remixed Smooth's music during early live shows."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "House of Harmony and Vengeance", "paragraph_text": "House of Harmony and Vengeance is a Hong Kong costume-comedy television drama produced by TVB under executive producer Nelson Cheung. The drama centers on a group of musicians and dancers from the Imperial Music Bureau during the prosperous Tang Dynasty of China."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "Towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s, producers such as Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain and DJ Falcon began producing a new sound out of Paris's house scene. Together, they laid the groundwork for what would be known as the French house movement. By combining the harder-edged-yet-soulful philosophy of Chicago house with the melodies of obscure funk, state-of-the-art production techniques and the sound of analog synthesizers, they began to create the standards that would shape all house music."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10, 2005 to be \"House Unity Day\" in Chicago, in celebration of the \"21st anniversary of house music\" (actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records, an independent Chicago-based house label). The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of house music and that the music's original creators \"were inspired by the love of their city, with the dream that someday their music would spread a message of peace and unity throughout the world\". DJs such as Frankie Knuckles, Marshall Jefferson, Paul Johnson and Mickey Oliver celebrated the proclamation at the Summer Dance Series, an event organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cecilia Ferrazzi", "paragraph_text": "Cecilia Ferrazzi (1609 \u2013 17 January 1684) was a Counter-Reformation Catholic mystic whose life was extensively involved with the establishment and maintenance of women's houses of refuge in seventeenth century Italy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rabbit in the Moon", "paragraph_text": "Rabbit in the Moon is an American electronic music group. Their style draws from psychedelic trance, house music and breakbeat, along with other diverse influences."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Until One", "paragraph_text": "Until One is the debut album by Swedish house music supergroup Swedish House Mafia. It was released on 22 October 2010."}], "question": "A famous house producer got involved in the genre after hearing whose music?"}
{"id": "2hop__89456_756695", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Capital punishment in Texas", "paragraph_text": "Texas changed its execution laws in 1923, requiring the executions be carried out on the electric chair and that they take place at the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville (also known as Huntsville Unit). From 1928 until 1965, this was also home to the state's male death row. The first executions on the electric chair were on February 8, 1924, when Charles Reynolds, Ewell Morris, George Washington, Mack Matthews, and Melvin Johnson had their death sentences carried out. The five executions were the most carried out on a single day in the state. The state would conduct multiple executions on a single day on several other occasions, the last being on August 9, 2000. Since then, the state has not executed more than one person on a single day, though there is no law prohibiting it. A total of 361 people were electrocuted in Texas, with the last being Joseph Johnson on July 30, 1964."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Roland Arnall", "paragraph_text": "Roland E. Arnall (March 29, 1939 \u2013 March 17, 2008) was an American businessman and diplomat. As the owner of ACC Capital Holdings, he became a billionaire with Ameriquest Mortgage. He was co-founder of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, and from 2006 until shortly before his death he was the United States Ambassador to the Netherlands."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Anandi Gopal Joshi", "paragraph_text": "Anandibai died of tuberculosis early the next year on 26 February 1887 before turning 22. Years proceeding her death, she was fatigued and felt constant weakness. Medicine was sent to her from America but there were no results so she kept studying medicine until her death. Her death was mourned throughout India. Her ashes were sent to Theodicia Carpenter, who placed them in her family cemetery at the Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery in Poughkeepsie, New York. The inscription states that Anandi Joshi was a Hindu Brahmin girl, the first Indian woman to receive education abroad and to obtain a medical degree."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Martha Stewart", "paragraph_text": "On October 19, 1999, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia went public on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol MSO. The initial public offering was set at $18 per share, and rallied to $38 by the end of trading, making Stewart a billionaire on paper and the first female, self-made billionaire in the U.S. The stock price slowly went down to $16 per share by February 2002. Stewart was then and continues to be the majority shareholder, commanding 96% control of voting power in the company."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Malverne Park Oaks, New York", "paragraph_text": "Malverne Park Oaks is a census-designated place (CDP) in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 505. The CDP was first created for the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979\u20131987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of \"possible innocence\" or \"disproportionality.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The World's Billionaires", "paragraph_text": "On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes' list of the world's billionaires, for the fourth year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world. The number of billionaires increased 13% to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally. This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five. The U.S. continues to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 565. China has 319 (not including Hong Kong or Macau), Germany has 114, and India has the fourth most with 101; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Casements", "paragraph_text": "The Casements is a mansion in Ormond Beach, Florida, U.S., famous for being the winter residence of American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller. It is currently owned by the city of Ormond Beach and is used as a cultural center and park. It is located on a barrier island within the city limits, overlooking the Halifax River, which is now part of the Florida Intracoastal Waterway."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miami Marine Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Miami Marine Stadium is a marine stadium on Virginia Key, Miami, Florida, United States. The facility, built and completed in 1963 on land donated to the City of Miami from the Matheson family, is the first stadium purpose-built for powerboat racing in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Billionaire", "paragraph_text": "The Billionaire, also known as Top Secret: Wai Roon Pan Lan (, ), is a Thai biographical film produced by Nadao Bangkok and released by GMM Tai Hub. It was directed by Songyos Sugmakanan, and stars Pachara Chirathivat, Somboonsuk Niyomsiri (aka Piak Poster) and Walanlak Kumsuwan. \"The Billionaire\" tells the story of Itthipat Kulapongvanich and how he, at the age of nineteen, dropped out from university to launch a packaged fried seaweed business that is now Taokaenoi Food & Marketing and became one of Thailand's youngest (baht) billionaires. The film was released on 20 October 2011 in Thailand, where it grossed 38,796,264 baht."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Satan's Circus", "paragraph_text": "Satan's Circus is the fourth studio album by Death in Vegas, released on 11 October 2004 on Drone Records in the United Kingdom and on 24 May 2005 on Sanctuary Records in the United States. Contrary to previous releases, this album features no guest vocalists. This album is the first release through Death in Vegas's own label, Drone Records. It peaked at #79 on the French Albums Chart."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1886 United States House of Representatives elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The World's Billionaires", "paragraph_text": "The World's Billionaires List of the world's billionaires, ranked in order of net worth The net worth of the world's billionaires increased from less than $1 trillion in 2000 to over $7 trillion in 2015. Publication details Publisher Whale Media Investments Forbes family Publication Forbes First published March 1987 Latest publication March 6, 2018 Current list details (2018) Wealthiest Jeff Bezos Net worth (1st) US $112 billion Number of billionaires 2,208 Total list net worth value US $9.1 trillion Average net worth US $4.1 billion Number of women 256 Number of people aged 40 years or less 63 New members to the list 259 Forbes: The World's Billionaires website"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "First Methodist Church of Oviedo", "paragraph_text": "The First Methodist Church of Oviedo, also known as the First United Methodist Church of Oviedo, is a historic church in Oviedo, Florida, United States. It is located at 263 King Street. On July 18, 2007, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Billionaire", "paragraph_text": "A billionaire, in countries that use the short scale number naming system, is a person with a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000, i.e. a thousand million) units of a given currency, usually major currencies such as the United States dollar, the euro or the pound sterling. The American business magazine Forbes produces a complete global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an Internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed U.S. dollar billionaire in 1916. As of 2017, there are over 2,000 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over US $7.6 trillion. According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight richest billionaires own as much combined wealth as ``half the human race ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Surfeit of Lampreys", "paragraph_text": "Surfeit of Lampreys is a detective novel by Ngaio Marsh; it is the tenth novel to feature Roderick Alleyn, and was first published in 1941. The plot concerns the murder of a British peer, a theme to which Marsh would return; the novel was published as \"Death of a Peer\" in the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frank Du Moulin", "paragraph_text": "Frank Du Moulin (born 1850, date of death unknown) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Capital punishment in Texas", "paragraph_text": "Texas changed its execution laws in 1923, requiring the executions be carried out on the electric chair and that they take place at the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville (also known as Huntsville Unit). From 1928 until 1965, this was also home to the state's male death row. The first executions on the electric chair were on February 8, 1924, when Charles Reynolds, Ewell Morris, George Washington, Mack Matthews, and Melvin Johnson had their death sentences carried out. The five executions were the most carried out on a single day in the state. The state would conduct multiple executions on a single day on several other occasions, the last being on September 5, 1951. Since then, the state has not executed more than one person on a single day, though there is no law prohibiting it. A total of 361 people were electrocuted in Texas, with the last being Joseph Johnson on July 30, 1964."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Attorney General", "paragraph_text": "The United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 503, concerned with legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government. Also in cases of the federal death penalty, the power to seek the death penalty rests with the Attorney General."}], "question": "Where did the first U.S. billionaire die?"}
{"id": "2hop__810894_124422", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Harry Neal Baum", "paragraph_text": "Harry Neal Baum (December 18, 1889 \u2013 June 7, 1967) was an American author and the third son of L. Frank Baum. His father dedicated his 1902 novel \"The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus\" to him."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Enchantress of Florence", "paragraph_text": "The Enchantress of Florence is the ninth novel by Salman Rushdie, published in 2008. According to Rushdie this is his \"most researched book\" which required \"years and years of reading\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mortada Al-Qazwini", "paragraph_text": "Ayatollah Sayed Mortada Al-Qazwini (born 1931) is a Muslim religious authority who resides in Karbala, Iraq. His struggle to defend his faith led him from his hometown of Karbala to exile in Kuwait, Iran, the United States, and finally back to Karbala where he led daily prayers at the shrine of Imam Hussein, the grandson of Islamic prophet Mohammad. He leads the prayer of salat Maghrib and Ishaa in the holy shrine of imam Hussein."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Tragedy of Arthur", "paragraph_text": "The Tragedy of Arthur is a 2011 novel by the American author Arthur Phillips. The narrative concerns the publication of a recently discovered Arthurian play attributed to William Shakespeare, which the main narrator, \"Arthur Phillips\", believes to be a forgery produced by his father. It was published by Random House."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Violet Trefusis", "paragraph_text": "Violet Trefusis (\"n\u00e9e\" Keppel; 6 June 1894 \u2013 29 February 1972) was an English socialite and author. She is chiefly remembered for her lengthy affair with the poet Vita Sackville-West, which the two women continued after their respective marriages. This was featured in novels by both parties, in Virginia Woolf's novel \"\", and in many letters and memoirs of the period, roughly 1912\u20131922. She was also the inspiration for Lady Montdore in Nancy Mitford's \"Love in a Cold Climate\" and Muriel in Harold Acton's \"The Soul's Gymnasium\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Dream Life of Balso Snell", "paragraph_text": "The Dream Life of Balso Snell is a 1931 novel by American author Nathanael West. West's first novel, it presents a young man's immature and cynical search for meaning in a series of dreamlike encounters inside the entrails of the Trojan Horse."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Mystery of Cloomber", "paragraph_text": "The Mystery of Cloomber is a novel by the British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It is narrated by John Fothergill West, a Scot who has moved with his family from Edinburgh to Wigtownshire to care for the estate of his father's half brother, William Farintosh. It was first published in 1888 in the Pall Mall Gazette."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shame (Rushdie novel)", "paragraph_text": "Shame is Salman Rushdie's third novel, published in 1983. This book was written out of a desire to approach the problem of \"artificial\" (other-made) country divisions, their residents' complicity, and the problems of post-colonialism, when Pakistan was created to separate the Muslims from the Hindus, when England gave up control of \"India\"..."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Caucasia (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Caucasia (1998) is the first novel written by American author, Danzy Senna. \"Caucasia\" is the coming-of-age story of Birdie Lee and her sister Cole, two multiracial girls with a white mother and black father as parents. The novel is set in Boston, Massachusetts during the turbulent mid-1970s."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Arrivals", "paragraph_text": "The Arrivals is a 2013 Weird West novel by American author Melissa Marr. It is her second adult novel, following her 2011 novel \"Graveminder\". It was first published on July 2, 2013 through William Morrow and follows a group of people that must find a way to survive in strange new surroundings."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Daniel Pipes", "paragraph_text": "The son of Irene (n\u00e9e Roth) and Richard Pipes, Daniel Pipes was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1949. His parents had each fled German-occupied Poland with their families, and they met in the United States. His father, Richard Pipes, was a historian at Harvard University, specializing in Russia, and Daniel Pipes grew up primarily in the Cambridge, Massachusetts area."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yann Queff\u00e9lec", "paragraph_text": "Yann Queff\u00e9lec (born September 4, 1949 in Paris) is a French author who won the Prix Goncourt in 1985 for his novel \"Les Noces barbares\", translated into English as \"The Wedding\". He is the former husband of the late pianist Brigitte Engerer, and the brother of musician Anne Queff\u00e9lec. Their father was the writer Henri Queff\u00e9lec."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tinkers (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Tinkers (2009) is the first novel by American author, Paul Harding. The novel tells the stories of George Washington Crosby, an elderly clock repairman, and of his father, Howard. On his deathbed, George remembers his father, who was a tinker selling household goods from a donkey-drawn cart and who struggled with epilepsy. The novel was published by Bellevue Literary Press, a sister organization of the Bellevue Literary Review."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Salman Rushdie", "paragraph_text": "Rushdie has been married four times. He was married to his first wife Clarissa Luard from 1976 to 1987 and fathered a son, Zafar (born 1979). He left her in the mid-'80s for the Australian writer Robyn Davidson, to whom he was introduced by their mutual friend Bruce Chatwin. His second wife was the American novelist Marianne Wiggins; they were married in 1988 and divorced in 1993. His third wife, from 1997 to 2004, was Elizabeth West; they have a son, Milan (born 1997). In 2004, he married the Indian American Padma Lakshmi, an actress, model, and host of the American reality-television show Top Chef. The marriage ended on 2 July 2007."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wu Cheng'en", "paragraph_text": "Wu Cheng'en (, c. 1500\u20131582 or 1505\u20131580), courtesy name Ruzhong (), was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty, and is considered by many to be the author of \"Journey to the West\", one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1989 Iranian presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The Iranian presidential election of 1989 took place on July 28, 1989, after the death of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the selection of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the previous President of Iran, as the new Supreme Leader of Iran. Out of the seventy-nine candidates registered to run, only two were approved by the Council of Guardians, which resulted in a very predictable win by Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, the previous Speaker of Majlis."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West", "paragraph_text": "The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West is a book written by historian Daniel Pipes, published in 1990. It focuses on events surrounding \"The Satanic Verses\". The afterword was written by Koenraad Elst."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "NW (novel)", "paragraph_text": "NW is a 2012 novel by British author Zadie Smith. It takes its title from the NW postcode area in North-West London, the setting of the novel. The novel is experimental and follows four different characters living in London, shifting between first and third person, stream-of-consciousness, screenplay-style dialogue and other narrative techniques in an attempt to reflect the polyphonic nature of contemporary urban life. It was nominated for the 2013 Women's Prize for Fiction."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Trotta (film)", "paragraph_text": "Trotta is a 1971 West German film directed by Johannes Schaaf. It is based on the 1938 novel \"Die Kapuzinergruft\" (\"The Emperor's Tomb\") by Austrian author Joseph Roth. It was chosen as West Germany's official submission to the 45th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, but did not manage to receive a nomination. It was also entered into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival."}], "question": "Who is the father of the author of The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West?"}
{"id": "2hop__466952_125074", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mary Jane Croft", "paragraph_text": "Mary Jane Croft (February 15, 1916 -- August 24, 1999) was an American actress best known for her roles as Betty Ramsey on I Love Lucy, Ms. Daisy Enright on the radio and television versions of Our Miss Brooks, Mary Jane Lewis on The Lucy Show and Here's Lucy, and Clara Randolph on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lucy Jefferson Lewis", "paragraph_text": "Lucy Jefferson Lewis, n\u00e9e Lucy Jefferson (October 10, 1752 \u2013 1811) was a younger sister of United States President Thomas Jefferson and the wife of Charles Lilburn Lewis."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lucy Goes to the Hospital", "paragraph_text": "\"Lucy Goes to the Hospital\" is an episode of the 1950s American television show \"I Love Lucy\" in which the title character, Lucy Ricardo, gives birth to her son, \"Little Ricky,\" after a \"predictably chaotic\" sequence of events. Twelve hours before the broadcast, the actress who played Lucy Ricardo, Lucille Ball, had given birth to Desi Arnaz, Jr. by cesarean section. The episode had actually been filmed on November 14, 1952."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lucy van Dael", "paragraph_text": "Lucy van Dael (born in 1946) is a Dutch baroque violinist and member of the faculty of the Amsterdam Conservatory. Her principal violin studies were at the Royal Conservatory in The Hague."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Major Dad", "paragraph_text": "Major Dad is an American sitcom created by Richard C. Okie and John G. Stephens, developed by Earl Pomerantz, that originally ran from 1989 to 1993 on CBS, starring Gerald McRaney as Major John D. MacGillis and Shanna Reed as his wife Polly. The cast also includes Beverly Archer, Matt Mulhern, Jon Cypher, Marisa Ryan, Nicole Dubuc, and Chelsea Hertford."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Desire Street (film)", "paragraph_text": "Desire Street, also known as La Calle Del Deseo or Calle Deseo, is a 2011 Spanish, Chinese, and U.S. co-production drama film, written and directed by Roberto F. Canuto and Xu Xiaoxi. Headed by actress Alexandra Smothers, the film features an ensemble cast also starring Alejandra Walker, Ellen Clifford, Javier Lopez, Kjord Davis, and Jesus Guevara. Revolving around an eccentric and dysfunctional Mexican immigrant family living in Los Angeles, California, the film is divided into three parts, each one with a story reflecting a family member (mother Carmen, daughter Bess and son Andrea) and the relationship that they establish with a new neighbor, a prostitute (Lucy Bell)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Anthony Sagar", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Sagar (19 June 1920 \u2013 24 January 1973) was an English character actor and a member of the National Theatre. He was prolific screen performer and appeared in many films (including seven of the \"Carry On\" series) and television series including the 1959 adaptation of \"The Moonstone\", \"Steptoe and Son\", \"The Avengers\" and \"Dad's Army\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Whitrow was cast to play Mr Bennet, Elizabeth's distinguished but financially imprudent and occasionally indulgent gentry father. BAFTA - nominated Alison Steadman was cast to play the parvenu Mrs Bennet, Elizabeth's mortifyingly affected social climbing mother. Steadman was offered the role without auditions or screen tests. Elizabeth's four sisters, whose ages ranged between 15 and 22, were cast to look dissimilar from each other. Susannah Harker portrayed Elizabeth's beautiful older sister Jane, who desires to only see good in others. Lucy Briers, Polly Maberly, and Julia Sawalha played Elizabeth's younger sisters -- the plain Mary, the good - natured but flighty and susceptible Kitty, and frivolous and headstrong Lydia. Being 10 years older than 15 - year - old Lydia, Julia Sawalha, of Absolutely Fabulous fame, had enough acting experience to get the role without screen tests. Joanna David and Tim Wylton appeared as the Gardiners, Elizabeth's maternal aunt and uncle. David Bamber played the unctuous clergyman, Mr Collins, a cousin of Mr Bennet. Lucy Scott portrayed Elizabeth's best friend and Mr Collins's wife, Charlotte Lucas, and David Bark - Jones portrayed Lt. Denny."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "50 First Dates", "paragraph_text": "Despite Sue's warning, Henry invites Lucy to have breakfast with him. Eventually she does, but it ends poorly when Henry unintentionally hurts Lucy's feelings. He follows her home to apologize where Marlin and Doug instruct Henry to leave Lucy alone. Henry begins concocting ways to run into Lucy on the following days, such as pretending to have car trouble, creating a fake road block, or by having Ula beat him up. Eventually, Marlin and Doug figure this out due to Lucy singing The Beach Boys' ``Would n't It Be Nice ''on the days when she meets Henry."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rae Wilson", "paragraph_text": "Rae Wilson is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Alice Barlow. She appeared in the series from 5 October 2009 until 13 September 2011. Actress Helen Russell-Clark\u00a0\u2013 who went on to play Jem Costello\u00a0\u2013 originally auditioned for the role, but the part was awarded to Barlow. Producer Lucy Allan said Barlow was her favourite addition to the cast during 2009."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lucy Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "Kennedy grew up in Sandycove, Dublin, the middle child of three girls. Her father is John Kennedy who would later feature alongside his daughter as her pianist on \"The Lucy Kennedy Show\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Livin' with Lucy", "paragraph_text": "Livin' with Lucy is an Irish television programme presented by Lucy Kennedy. First aired on 14 April 2008, the premise of the show is that Kennedy spends a weekend living with a different celebrity each episode, analysing their daily lives and interviewing them in their own homes all the while with cameras filming in the background. The show aired originally on RT\u00c9 Two on Monday nights at 21:30. The programme has proven controversial, with Kennedy being stalked by paparazzi and some of the celebrities airing slanderous views."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sharon Davies", "paragraph_text": "Sharon Davies is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Jessica Muschamp. She made her first appearance on 29 July 1988. Sharon is the younger sister of Bronwyn Davies (Rachel Friend). During her time in \"Neighbours\", Sharon's storylines included setting fire to the coffee shop, a love triangle with Lucy Robinson (Sasha Close) and Nick Page (Mark Stevens), pushing Lucy into a swimming pool and developing an eating disorder. The character was written out in 1990 as part of a cast exodus and she made her final appearance on 7 June 1990."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Blagsnarst, a Love Story", "paragraph_text": "Critical reception for ``Blagsnarst, a Love Story ''was mostly positive. Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club gave this episode an A - stating:`` The episode features Kim Kardashian, a move that should feel like shameless stunt - casting, except she's on hand to play a furry pink alien; this is in keeping with American Dad's admirable habit of reeling in impressive guest voices and casting them in unrecognizable roles. The episode features Roger and Stan at their most casually sociopathic, yet both find just enough hidden emotional depth for the episode to not feel completely mean - spirited.''"}], "question": "Who is the dad of a cast member from Livin' with Lucy?"}
{"id": "2hop__725705_57748", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ballplay, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Ballplay is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. Its population was 1,580 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hollis Crossroads, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Hollis Crossroads is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Cleburne County, Alabama, United States. Its population was 608 as of the 2010 census. Hollis Crossroads is located along U.S. Route 431 between Anniston and Wedowee and Alabama State Route 9 between Lineville to Heflin; Routes 431 and 9 intersect here. The Pleasant Grove Elementary School is located here."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Billy Jackson (American football)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Thurman Jackson (born September 13, 1959 in Phenix City, Alabama) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League for the Kansas City Chiefs. He played college football at the University of Alabama."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cahaba Heights, Vestavia Hills", "paragraph_text": "Cahaba Heights is a neighborhood of Vestavia Hills, a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. Before annexation in 2002, it was a census-designated place (CDP) in 1990 and 2000; the population was 5,203 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Millerville, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Millerville is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Clay County, Alabama, United States. Its population was 278 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chunchula, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Chunchula is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 210. It has a post office with the 36521 ZIP code. The community has one site listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage, the Chunchula School."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Movico, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Movico is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. Its population was 305 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Langston, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Langston is a town in Jackson County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Chattanooga-Cleveland-Dalton, TN-GA-AL Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the population of the town was 270, up from 254. Langston initially incorporated in 1899. At some point after 1920, it disincorporated and did not reincorporate again until 1980 (after the census was taken that year, since it did not appear on it). Its peak population was in 1920, when it had a population of 500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Whitesboro, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Whitesboro is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. Its population was 2,138 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gulfcrest, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Gulfcrest is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. Its population was 161 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Coker, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Coker is a town in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, United States. It incorporated in 1999. At the 2010 census the population was 979. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hatton, Lawrence County, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Hatton is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Lawrence County, Alabama, United States. Its population was 261 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Jacksons: An American Dream", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs - Joseph Jackson Angela Bassett - Katherine Jackson Holly Robinson Peete - Diana Ross Margaret Avery - Martha Scruse Billy Dee Williams - Berry Gordy Vanessa Williams - Suzanne de Passe Wylie Draper - Michael Jackson Abolade David Olatunde - Michael Jackson (baby) Alex Burrall - Michael Jackson (ages 6 -- 8) Jason Weaver - Michael Jackson (ages 9 -- 14) Colin Steele - Jermaine Jackson Jermaine Jackson II - Jermaine Jackson (ages 10 -- 17) Terrence Howard - Jackie Jackson Bumper Robinson - Jackie Jackson (ages 12 -- 16) Monica Calhoun - Rebbie Jackson Ebonie Smith - La Toya Jackson Kelli Martin - La Toya Jackson (ages 8 -- 10) Angel Vargas - Tito Jackson Shakiem Jamar Evans - Tito Jackson (ages 11 -- 15) Maya Nicole Johnson - Janet Jackson Monica Allison - Hazel Gordy Robert Redcross - Randy Jackson Nicolas Phillips - Randy Jackson (age 7 - 9) Marcus Maurice - Marlon Jackson Floyd Myers, Jr. - Marlon Jackson (age 7 - 9) Jacen Wilkerson - Marlon Jackson (ages 10 -- 15)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Phenix City, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Phenix City is a city in Lee and Russell counties in the State of Alabama, and the county seat of Russell County. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 32,822."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Princeton, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Princeton is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Alabama, United States. Princeton is located on Alabama State Route 65 in the upper Paint Rock Valley. Skyline lies just over miles to the east atop the Cumberland Plateau, and the Alabama-Tennessee state line passes several miles to the north. Princeton has a post office with ZIP code 35766."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Malcolm, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Malcolm is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Washington County, Alabama, United States. Its population was 187 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Choccolocco, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Choccolocco is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 2,804. It was founded in 1832."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Concord, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Concord is a census-designated place in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 1,837, up from 1,809 in 2000. It is northwest from the Birmingham suburb of Hueytown."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Deer Park, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Deer Park is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Washington County, Alabama, United States. Although a ghost town by 1966 it had a population of 188 at the 2010 census. Deer Park is south-southwest of Chatom. Deer Park has a post office with ZIP code 36529."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bellefonte, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Bellefonte is a ghost town in Jackson County, Alabama, United States, near the site of the Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station. It is located roughly two miles southeast of Hollywood, Alabama."}], "question": "What is the population of the Billy Jackson's birthplace?"}
{"id": "2hop__94682_688891", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Culpable (film)", "paragraph_text": "Culpable is a 1960 Argentine crime drama directed and starring Hugo del Carril. The film was based on a play by Eduardo Borr\u00e1s. The film starred Mario Soffici and Silvia Legrand."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "If You Knew Susie (film)", "paragraph_text": "If You Knew Susie is a 1948 American comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas and written by Warren Wilson, Oscar Brodney, Bud Pearson and Lester A. White. The film was produced by, and starred, Eddie Cantor in his final starring role in a feature film. The film also stars Joan Davis, Allyn Joslyn, Charles Dingle and Bobby Driscoll. The film was released on February 7, 1948, by RKO Pictures."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jim Varney", "paragraph_text": "Jim Varney Varney in the film The Expert (1995) James Albert Varney Jr. (1949 - 06 - 15) June 15, 1949 Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. February 10, 2000 (2000 - 02 - 10) (aged 50) White House, Tennessee, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Occupation Actor, comedian, writer Years active 1976 -- 2000 Known for Ernest P. Worrell in the Ernest film series Slinky Dog from the Toy Story franchise Spouse (s) Jacqueline Drew (m. 1977; div. 1983) Jane Varney (m. 1988; div. 1991)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Star Trek films and television series", "paragraph_text": "Paramount originally began work on a Star Trek feature film in 1975 after lobbying by the creator of the franchise, Gene Roddenberry. The studio scrapped the project two years later in favor of creating a television series, Star Trek: Phase II, with the original cast. However, following the huge success of Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind in 1977, Paramount changed its mind again, halting production on the television series and adapting its pilot episode into a Star Trek feature film, Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979). Five more Star Trek feature films featuring the entire original cast followed. The cast of the 1987 -- 1994 Star Trek spin - off series Star Trek: The Next Generation starred in a further four films. Upon the release of Star Trek: Nemesis on December 13, 2002, the film had grossed $67 million, a meager amount compared to the box office of previous installments. Due to the film's poor reception and box office disappointment, the series was put on a hiatus until the franchise was rebooted with a new film, directed by J.J. Abrams and released on May 8, 2009, simply titled Star Trek, serving as a reboot to the franchise with a new cast portraying younger versions of the original series' characters. A sequel to Star Trek (2009), Star Trek Into Darkness, was released in theaters on May 16, 2013. A third film, Star Trek Beyond, was released on July 22, 2016, on the franchise's 50th anniversary."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anjada Gandu", "paragraph_text": "Anjada Gandu (; ) is an Indian Kannada feature film released in 1988, starring Ravichandran and Kushboo in the lead roles. Renuka Sharma directed this film. The film is a remake of Tamil original \"Thambikku Entha Ooru\" (1984) which starred Rajinikanth and Madhavi. The film is best remembered for its successful soundtrack scored by Hamsalekha."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "D' Anothers", "paragraph_text": "D' Anothers is a 2005 comedy-horror film starring Vhong Navarro and Toni Gonzaga released under Star Cinema, ABS-CBN Film Productions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Plumbers Don't Wear Ties", "paragraph_text": "Plumbers Don't Wear Ties is an adult-oriented \"romantic comedy\" graphic adventure game/dating sim developed and published by Kirin Entertainment for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer. Although the game did have a PC version, it had very limited distribution and was published by United Pixtures itself. The game stars Edward J. Foster and Jeanne Basone as John and Jane, two people who are being pressured by their respective parents to go out and find a spouse. The player's task is to get John and Jane together."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Star Boarder (1919 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Star Boarder is a 1919 American silent comedy short written and directed by and starring Larry Semon. The film also stars Lucille Carlisle, and features Norma Shearer (in her film debut) in an uncredited role as a beauty pageant contestant."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lucky Stars Go Places", "paragraph_text": "Lucky Stars Go Places (), also known as \"The Luckiest Stars\", is a 1986 Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Eric Tsang. It is the fourth film in the \"Lucky Stars\" series. It was an attempt to combine the original Lucky Stars troupe with the similar action comedy ensemble from the \"Aces Go Places\" series."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Murai Maman", "paragraph_text": "Murai Maman is a 1995 Tamil language comedy film directed by newcomer Sundar C.. The film features Jayaram and Kushboo in lead roles. The film had musical score by Vidyasagar and was released on 19 May 1995."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Return of the Lucky Stars", "paragraph_text": "Return of the Lucky Stars (Alternative: \"Lucky Stars Triad Society\") is a 1989 Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Stanley Fung. It is the fifth film out of the \"Lucky Stars\" series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pavappettaval", "paragraph_text": "Pavappettaval is a 1967 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by P. A. Thomas. The film stars Sathyan, Kamaladevi, Sukumari and Adoor Bhasi. The film had musical score by B. A. Chidambaranath. It is an adaptation of the Tollywood movie \"Devatha\", starring Nagiah and Kumari."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Anton Yelchin", "paragraph_text": "Anton Viktorovich Yelchin (March 11, 1989 -- June 19, 2016) was an American television and film actor. He was best known as Pavel Chekov in three Star Trek films: the first film, Star Trek (2009); the first sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness (2013); and the posthumously released Star Trek Beyond (2016). He was also known for his work in independent cinema."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Beauty Shop", "paragraph_text": "Beauty Shop is a 2005 American comedy film directed by Bille Woodruff. The film serves as a spin-off of the \"Barbershop\" film franchise, and stars Queen Latifah as Gina, a character first introduced in the 2004 film \"\". This film also stars Alicia Silverstone, Andie MacDowell, Mena Suvari, Kevin Bacon and Djimon Hounsou."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Games Gamblers Play", "paragraph_text": "Games Gamblers Play () is a 1974 Hong Kong comedy film directed by and starring Michael Hui, with action direction by Sammo Hung. The film also co-stars Sam Hui, who also served as one of the film's music composers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Secret of the Storm Country", "paragraph_text": "The Secret of the Storm Country was a 1917 American silent drama film directed by Charles Miller and starring Norma Talmadge (whose company also produced the film). The film is described as not a direct sequel but a \"continuation\" of the 1914 film \"Tess of the Storm Country\", starring Mary Pickford. The film is now considered lost."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Attack Force (film)", "paragraph_text": "Attack Force is a 2006 American action film directed by Michael Keusch, and also written and produced by Steven Seagal, who also starred in the film. The film co-stars Lisa Lovbrand and David Kennedy. The film was released on direct-to-DVD in the United States on December 5, 2006."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thambikku Entha Ooru", "paragraph_text": "Thambikku Entha Ooru () is a 1984 Indian Tamil language film directed by Rajasekhar, starring Rajinikanth, Madhavi, Sulakshana, Sathyaraj and Senthamarai. The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The film was later remade in Kannada as \"Anjada Gandu\" (1988)."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the star of the film Anjada Gandu?"}
{"id": "2hop__14041_623907", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shinty", "paragraph_text": "Shinty () is a team game played with sticks and a ball. Shinty is now played mainly in the Scottish Highlands, and amongst Highland migrants to the big cities of Scotland, but it was formerly more widespread in Scotland, and was even played for a considerable time in northern England and other areas in the world where Scottish Highlanders migrated."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Field hockey at the 1908 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "At the 1908 Summer Olympics, a field hockey tournament was contested for the first time. Six teams entered the tournament. These included England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Germany and France. England won the gold medal. Ireland won the silver and Scotland and Wales were awarded bronze medals. All the medals were subsequently credited to Great Britain."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Association football", "paragraph_text": "The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships. Malcolm submitted, paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage, beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Steve Jones (footballer, born 1976)", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Graham \"Steve\" Jones (born 25 October 1976) is a Northern Irish footballer who plays for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Nantwich Town. He has been capped 29 times by Northern Ireland and played for 18 clubs in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1921 Five Nations Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1921 Five Nations Championship was the seventh series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the thirty-fourth series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 15 January and 9 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to King's Lynn, probably to order further supplies from the continent.[nb 17] In King's Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son William and William Longesp\u00e9e, who both returned to John's faction."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Prescription charges", "paragraph_text": "In the English NHS charges are made for prescription drugs, and the majority of adults (though not a majority of patients) are required to pay them. Charges were abolished in NHS Wales in 2007, Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland in 2010 and by NHS Scotland in 2011. In 2010 / 11, in England, \u00a3450m was raised through prescription charges, some 0.5% of the total NHS budget."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Acts of Union 1707", "paragraph_text": "The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. By the two Acts, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland -- which at the time were separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarch -- were, in the words of the Treaty, ``United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain ''."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Union Jack", "paragraph_text": "The origins of the earlier flag of Great Britain date back to 1606. James VI of Scotland had inherited the English and Irish thrones in 1603 as James I, thereby uniting the crowns of England, Scotland, and Ireland in a personal union, although the three kingdoms remained separate states. On 12 April 1606, a new flag to represent this regal union between England and Scotland was specified in a royal decree, according to which the flag of England (a red cross on a white background, known as St George's Cross), and the flag of Scotland (a white saltire on a blue background, known as the Saltire or St Andrew's Cross), would be joined together, forming the flag of England and Scotland for maritime purposes. King James also began to refer to a ``Kingdom of Great Britaine '', although the union remained a personal one."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Scotsport", "paragraph_text": "Scotsport is a Scottish sports television programme, broadcast on STV in northern and central Scotland between 1957 and 2008, as well as on ITV Border in southern Scotland."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minor (law)", "paragraph_text": "In England and Wales and in Northern Ireland a minor is a person under the age of 18; this is also true for Scotland. The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland is 10; and 12 in Scotland, formerly 8, which was the lowest age in Europe."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Andrew Murray (Scottish soldier)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Andrew Murray (1298\u20131338), also known as Sir Andrew Moray, or Sir Andrew de Moray, was a Scottish military and political leader who supported David II of Scotland against Edward Balliol and King Edward III of England during the so-called Second War of Scottish Independence. He held the lordships of Avoch and Petty in north Scotland, and Bothwell in west-central Scotland. In 1326 he married Christina Bruce, a sister of King Robert I of Scotland. Murray was twice chosen as Guardian of Scotland, first in 1332, and again from 1335 on his return to Scotland after his release from captivity in England. He held the guardianship until his death in 1338."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Henry Mowat", "paragraph_text": "Henry Mowat (1734\u20131798) was an officer of the Royal Navy commanding ships in northern New England during the American Revolutionary War. He was the son of Captain Patrick Mowat of the post ship HMS \"Dolphin\". He was born in Scotland and went to sea at the age of 18."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dervorguilla of Galloway", "paragraph_text": "Dervorguilla of Galloway (c. 1210 \u2013 28 January 1290) was a 'lady of substance' in 13th century Scotland, the wife from 1223 of John, 5th Baron de Balliol, and mother of John I, a future king of Scotland."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Abbot of Balmerino", "paragraph_text": "The Abbot of Balmerino (later Commendator of Balmerino) was the head of the Cistercian monastic community and lands of Balmerino Abbey, Fife, founded in 1227 x 1229 by monks from Melrose Abbey with the patronage of Ermengarde de Beaumont and King Alexander II of Scotland. The following are a list of abbots and commendators."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1913 Five Nations Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1913 Five Nations Championship was the fourth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the thirty-first series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 1 January and 24 March. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Comprehensive school", "paragraph_text": "Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ombudsman", "paragraph_text": "The Local Government Ombudsman (formally the Commission for Local Government Administration -- there are two Commissioners) for England and Wales was created in 1973, and a similar office for Scotland in 1974; since then, a variety of other public and private sector - specific ombudsmen have been created, along with the Northern Ireland Ombudsman."}], "question": "Who was the mother of the person who invaded northern England?"}
{"id": "2hop__38318_680411", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pokhran-II", "paragraph_text": "In 1980, the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981. Requests for additional nuclear tests were continued to be denied by the government when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship, though the nuclear program continued to advance. Initiation towards hydrogen bomb began as well as the launch of the missile programme began under Late president Dr. Abdul Kalam, who was then an aerospace engineer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bacteria", "paragraph_text": "Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archaea that consume hydrogen. The bacteria in this association are unable to consume the organic acids as this reaction produces hydrogen that accumulates in their surroundings. Only the intimate association with the hydrogen-consuming Archaea keeps the hydrogen concentration low enough to allow the bacteria to grow."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb, with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive \"witch-hunts\" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann is credited with the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction, providing the deliberately humorous acronym, MAD. (Other humorous acronyms coined by von Neumann include his computer, the Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer\u2014or MANIAC). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons, and they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen) is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is \u2212286 kJ/mol:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Luis D\u00edez del Corral", "paragraph_text": "Luis D\u00edez del Corral y Pedruzo (5 July 1911, in Logro\u00f1o \u2013 7 April 1998, in Madrid) was a Spanish jurist, writer and political scientist. He was legal counsel and a deputy in the Spanish Cortes from 1943\u201349, during the first legislative sessions of the Franco Period and was the chief of the \"Section for Corporate and Social Management\" of the Institute for Political Studies (now the Center for Political and Constitutional Studies)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Along with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Vulcain", "paragraph_text": "The main contractor for the Vulcain engines is Snecma Moteurs (France), which also provides the liquid hydrogen turbopump. The liquid oxygen turbopump is the responsibility of Avio (Italy), and the gas turbines that power the turbopumps and the nozzle are developed by GKN (Formerly Volvo) (Sweden)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Counseling Association", "paragraph_text": "The nonprofit organization serves more than 55,000 members from various practice settings, including mental health counseling, marriage and family counseling, addictions and substance use disorder counseling, school counseling, rehabilitation counseling, and career and employment counseling. Counseling professors and students are also represented."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing, although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes. He told the OKL in 1939 that ruthless employment of the Luftwaffe against the heart of the British will to resist could and would follow when the moment was right; however, he quickly developed a lively scepticism toward strategic bombing, confirmed by the results of the Blitz. He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe's inability to damage industries sufficiently, saying, \"The munitions industry cannot be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanislaw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. His algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, and also noted that when it went awry it did so obviously, unlike methods which could be subtly incorrect. \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Save the ADI Site Party", "paragraph_text": "The Save the ADI Site Party was a minor Australian political party that was registered with the AEC on 4 October 2001. The party fielded several candidates in both the 2001 and the 2004 federal elections. Its main platform was the protection of bushland in western Sydney owned by Australian Defence Industries (well known locally as \"the ADI site\"). It directed preferences to the Australian Greens, but to the Liberal Party ahead of the Labor Party, owing to the significant part a number of Penrith City Labor councillors had played in the proposed development. The party was voluntarily deregistered on 26 August 2005."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Frank Oppenheimer", "paragraph_text": "A younger brother of renowned physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Frank Oppenheimer conducted research on aspects of nuclear physics during the time of the Manhattan Project, and made contributions to uranium enrichment. After the war, Oppenheimer's earlier involvement with the American Communist Party placed him under scrutiny, and he resigned from his physics position at the University of Minnesota. Oppenheimer was a target of McCarthyism and was blacklisted from finding any physics teaching position in the United States until 1957, when he was allowed to teach science at a high school in Colorado. This rehabilitation allowed him to gain a position at the University of Colorado teaching physics. In 1969, Oppenheimer founded the Exploratorium in San Francisco, and he served as its first director until his death in 1985."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "NeighborWorks America", "paragraph_text": "The Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, doing business as NeighborWorks America, is a congressionally chartered nonprofit organization that supports community development in the United States and Puerto Rico. The organization provides grants and technical assistance to more than 240 community development organizations. NeighborWorks America provides training for housing and community development professionals through its national training institutes. Since 2007, NeighborWorks America has administered the Congressionally created National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling Program."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Flip's Twisted World", "paragraph_text": "Flip's Twisted World is a platforming video game published by Majesco Entertainment and developed by Frozen North Productions for the Wii. The game was released on October 19, 2010 to the USA market, but has been delayed in Canada."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of nuclear weapons", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945, two fission bombs were dropped on Japan, standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat. The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project, and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as ``hydrogen bombs ''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy."}], "question": "Who's the sibling of the AEC scientist who counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?"}
{"id": "2hop__13739_15947", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Our Lady of the Rosary", "paragraph_text": "The Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary, formerly known as Our Lady of Victory and Feast of the Holy Rosary, is a feast day of the Roman Catholic Church, celebrated on 7 October, the anniversary of the decisive victory of the combined fleet of the Holy League of 1571 over the Ottoman navy at the Battle of Lepanto."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Saint Patrick's Day", "paragraph_text": "Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland), the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general. Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, c\u00e9il\u00eds, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks. Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Judas Cyriacus", "paragraph_text": "\"'Judas Cyriacus (Cyriacus of Ancona, Cyriacus of Jerusalem, Quiriacus, Quiricus, Kyriakos)\"; , ), d. ca. AD 360, is the patron saint of Ancona, Italy. His feast day is celebrated in the Catholic Church on May 4."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Reginald Pole", "paragraph_text": "Reginald Pole (12 March 1500 -- 17 November 1558) was an English cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, holding the office from 1556 to 1558, during the Counter Reformation."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth", "paragraph_text": "The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Australia covering the Greater Perth, Goldfields-Esperance, Peel and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe. Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time, for the sake of convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession. According to Bishop Hilarion (Alfeyev) the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Assumption Cathedral, Bangkok", "paragraph_text": "The Assumption Cathedral () is the principal Roman Catholic church of Thailand, located within the grounds of Assumption College (Thailand) at 23 Oriental Avenue, New Road, in the Bang Rak district of Bangkok. It is the main church of the Archdiocese of Bangkok. It was visited by Pope John Paul II during his trip to Thailand in 1984."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "Nonetheless, within a few years of his death, Gregory of Nazianzus called him the \"Pillar of the Church\". His writings were well regarded by all Church fathers who followed, in both the West and the East, who noted their rich devotion to the Word-become-man, great pastoral concern, and profound interest in monasticism. Athanasius is counted as one of the four great Eastern Doctors of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he is labeled the \"Father of Orthodoxy\". Some Protestants label him \"Father of the Canon\". Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint, whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity, 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches. He is venerated by the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutherans, and the Anglican Communion."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bacarra Church", "paragraph_text": "Bacarra Church is a Roman Catholic church located in the municipality of Bacarra, Ilocos Norte, Philippines under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Laoag. The church was founded by the Augustinians, who dedicated it to St. Andrew."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dedication of Saints Peter and Paul", "paragraph_text": "The Dedication of the Basilicas of the Apostles Peter and Paul is a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church, which is celebrated on 18 November."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by or with good works, and a belief in the Bible alone (rather than with Catholic tradition) as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals (sola scriptura). The \"Five solae\" summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "State church of the Roman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Nicene Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD, when Emperor Theodosius I made it the Empire's sole authorized religion. The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Catholic Church each claim to be the historical continuation of this church in its original form, but do not identify with it in the caesaropapist form that it took later. Unlike Constantine I, who with the Edict of Milan of 313 AD had established tolerance for Christianity without placing it above other religions and whose involvement in matters of the Christian faith extended to convoking councils of bishops who were to determine doctrine and to presiding at their meetings, but not to determining doctrine himself, Theodosius established a single Christian doctrine (specified as that professed by Pope Damasus I of Rome and Pope Peter II of Alexandria) as the Empire's official religion."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Daniel Q. Brown", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Quilter Brown was an American Old Roman Catholic bishop. He was a Roman Catholic layman who left the Catholic Church in the late 1960s because he was dissatisfied with the reforms of the Second Vatican Council. Brown was consecrated a bishop in 1969 by North American Old Roman Catholic Church bishop Hubert A. Rogers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tumauini Church", "paragraph_text": "The San Matias Parish Church (Spanish: \"Iglesia Parroquial de San Mat\u00edas\"), commonly known as Tumauini Church, is a Roman Catholic church in the municipality of Tumauini, Isabela, Philippines, within the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ilagan. It became a separate parish independent from Cabagan under the advocacy of Saint Matthias in 1751."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Assumption of Mary", "paragraph_text": "The Catholic Church teaches as dogma that the Virgin Mary ``having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory ''. This doctrine was dogmatically defined by Pope Pius XII on 1 November 1950, in the apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus by exercising papal infallibility. While the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church believe in the Dormition of the Theotokos, which is the same as the Assumption, whether Mary had a physical death has not been dogmatically defined."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters, namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent. Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Esztergom Basilica", "paragraph_text": "The Primatial Basilica of the Blessed Virgin Mary Assumed Into Heaven and St Adalbert (), also known as the Esztergom Basilica (), is an ecclesiastic basilica in Esztergom, Hungary, the mother church of the Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest, and the seat of the Catholic Church in Hungary. It is dedicated to the Saint Mary of the Assumption and Saint Adalbert."}], "question": "What day is he celebrated in the the church that holds the doctrine of Assumption to be true, other than the Roman Catholic Church?"}
{"id": "2hop__28024_198151", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Francesco Severi", "paragraph_text": "Severi was born in Arezzo, Italy. He is famous for his contributions to algebraic geometry and the theory of functions of several complex variables. He became the effective leader of the Italian school of algebraic geometry. Together with Federigo Enriques, he won the \"Bordin prize\" from the French Academy of Sciences."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Compact disc", "paragraph_text": "Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to \"stamp\" one CD is usually two to three seconds."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Serre's multiplicity conjectures", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, Serre's multiplicity conjectures, named after Jean-Pierre Serre, are certain purely algebraic problems, in commutative algebra, motivated by the needs of algebraic geometry. Since Andr\u00e9 Weil's initial definition of intersection numbers, around 1949, there had been a question of how to provide a more flexible and computable theory."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hopf algebra", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, a Hopf algebra, named after Heinz Hopf, is a structure that is simultaneously an (unital associative) algebra and a (counital coassociative) coalgebra, with these structures' compatibility making it a bialgebra, and that moreover is equipped with an antiautomorphism satisfying a certain property. The representation theory of a Hopf algebra is particularly nice, since the existence of compatible comultiplication, counit, and antipode allows for the construction of tensor products of representations, trivial representations, and dual representations."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Macroeconomics", "paragraph_text": "Macroeconomics, at least in its modern form, began with the publication of John Maynard Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. When the Great Depression struck, classical economists had difficulty explaining how goods could go unsold and workers could be left unemployed. In classical theory, prices and wages would drop until the market cleared, and all goods and labor were sold. Keynes offered a new theory of economics that explained why markets might not clear, which would evolve (later in the 20th century) into a group of macroeconomic schools of thought known as Keynesian economics -- also called Keynesianism or Keynesian theory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Adams operation", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, an Adams operation, denoted \u03c8 for natural numbers \"k\", is a cohomology operation in topological K-theory, or any allied operation in algebraic K-theory or other types of algebraic construction, defined on a pattern introduced by Frank Adams. The basic idea is to implement some fundamental identities in symmetric function theory, at the level of vector bundles or other representing object in more abstract theories."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Group (mathematics)", "paragraph_text": "The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Trait\u00e9 des substitutions et des \u00e9quations alg\u00e9briques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an \"abstract group\", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, \u00c9lie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oscar Goldman (mathematician)", "paragraph_text": "Oscar Goldman (1925 \u2013 17 December 1986, Bryn Mawr) was an American mathematician, who worked on algebra and its applications to number theory."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Walter Ledermann", "paragraph_text": "Walter Ledermann FRSE (18 March 1911 Berlin, Germany \u2013 22 May 2009 London, England) was a German and British mathematician who worked on matrix theory, group theory, homological algebra, number theory, statistics, and stochastic processes. He was elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1944."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Group (mathematics)", "paragraph_text": "for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions. An advanced generalization of this idea, adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry, is the \u00e9tale fundamental group."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David R. Morrison (mathematician)", "paragraph_text": "David Robert Morrison (born July 29, 1955, in Oakland, California) is an American mathematician and theoretical physicist. He works on string theory and algebraic geometry, especially its relations to theoretical physics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Richard Swan", "paragraph_text": "Richard Gordon Swan (; born 1933) is an American mathematician who is known for the Serre\u2013Swan theorem relating the geometric notion of vector bundles to the algebraic concept of projective modules, and for the Swan representation, an \"l\"-adic projective representation of a Galois group. His work has mainly been in the area of algebraic K-theory."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Vladimir Popov (mathematician)", "paragraph_text": "Vladimir Leonidovich Popov (; born 3 September 1946) is a Russian mathematician working in the invariant theory and the theory of transformation groups. He is a member of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics and a professor of the National Research University \u2013 Higher School of Economics. In 1986, he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians (Berkeley, USA), and in 2008\u20132010 he was a core member of the panel for Section 2, \"Algebra\" of the Program Committee for the 2010 International Congress of Mathematicians (Hyderabad, India)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tibor Szele", "paragraph_text": "Tibor Szele (Debrecen, 21 June 1918 \u2013 Szeged, 5 April 1955) Hungarian mathematician, working in combinatorics and abstract algebra. After graduating at the Debrecen University, he became a researcher at the Szeged University in 1946, then he went back at the Debrecen University in 1948 where he became full professor in 1952. He worked especially in the theory of Abelian groups and ring theory. He generalized Haj\u00f3s's theorem. He founded the Hungarian school of algebra. Tibor Szele received the Kossuth Prize in 1952."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Group (mathematics)", "paragraph_text": "Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian, a statement which does not generalize to order p3, as the non-abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows. Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups, but there is no classification of all finite groups.q[\u203a] An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups.r[\u203a] A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.s[\u203a] The Jordan\u2013H\u00f6lder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups. Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures, a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group\u2014the \"monster group\"\u2014and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oscar Goldman (mathematician)", "paragraph_text": "Oscar Goldman received his Ph.D in 1948 under Claude Chevalley at Princeton University. He was chair of the Mathematics Department at Brandeis University from 1952 to 1960. As chair of the department his immediate successor was Maurice Auslander."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jonathan Rosenberg (mathematician)", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Micah Rosenberg (born December 30, 1951 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American mathematician, working in algebraic topology, operator algebras, K-theory and representation theory, with applications to string theory (especially dualities) in physics."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tim Cochran", "paragraph_text": "Thomas \"Tim\" Daniel Cochran (April 7, 1955 \u2013 December 16, 2014) was a professor of Mathematics at Rice University specializing in topology, especially low-dimensional topology, the theory of knots and links and associated algebra."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lang's theorem", "paragraph_text": "In algebraic geometry, Lang's theorem, introduced by Serge Lang, states: if \"G\" is a connected smooth algebraic group over a finite field formula_1, then, writing formula_2 for the Frobenius, the morphism of varieties"}], "question": "Who was the employer of the person who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups?"}
{"id": "2hop__107577_454611", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Portrait of Philip IV in Armour", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Philip IV in Armour is a portrait of Philip IV of Spain by Vel\u00e1zquez now in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. It is one of the artist's most realistic portraits of Philip IV and was one of the first he produced after being made painter to the king in 1623. Its style corresponds to the artist's beginnings in Seville and shows its subject in a sculptural style like a portrait bust, with abrupt colour contrasts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Je t'aime moi non plus (film)", "paragraph_text": "Je t'aime moi non plus (English title: I Love You, I Don't) is a 1976 feature film written, directed, and musically scored by Serge Gainsbourg, starring Jane Birkin, Hugues Quester and Joe Dallesandro, and featuring a cameo by G\u00e9rard Depardieu."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mark Feldstein", "paragraph_text": "Around 1970, after ten years as a painter, he turned to photography. He later joined the Hunter College faculty as a photography professor, teaching along with Roy DeCarava."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Antoine de Roquelaure", "paragraph_text": "Antoine de Roquelaure (\"Ant\u00f2ni de R\u00f2calaura\" in Occitan), lord of Roquelaure, Gaudoux, Sainte-Christie, Mirepoix, Montbert, Baron of Lavardens and Biran (1544 \u2013 Lectoure, 1625) was an important sixteenth-century French statesman and close collaborator of Henry IV. He was made marshal of France in 1614 by Louis XIII."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Norman conquest of southern Italy", "paragraph_text": "In 1024, Norman mercenaries under Ranulf Drengot were in the service of Guaimar III when he and Pandulf IV besieged Pandulf V in Capua. In 1026, after an 18-month siege, Capua surrendered and Pandulf IV was reinstated as prince. During the next few years Ranulf would attach himself to Pandulf, but in 1029 he joined Sergius IV of Naples (whom Pandulf expelled from Naples in 1027, probably with Ranulf's assistance)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Je t'aime No. IV", "paragraph_text": "Je t'aime No. IV is a part of Robert Motherwell\u2019s \"Je t'aime\" series, dating from 1955-1957. The medium for the painting is oil and charcoal on canvas, and the dimensions are 70 1/8 inches by 100 inches. It is an example of Abstract Expressionism, which is a style originated in the 1940s and 1950s in New York in which the artist expresses themselves through unidentifiable forms and through spontaneous acts of creating art."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mary Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Mary Woodville, Countess of Pembroke (c. 1456\u20131481) was a sister of Edward IV's Queen consort, Elizabeth Woodville, and of Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers. She later became the first wife of William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, by whom she had one daughter."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sistine Chapel ceiling", "paragraph_text": "The Sistine Chapel ceiling (), painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. The ceiling is that of the Sistine Chapel, the large papal chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV, for whom the chapel is named. It was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II. The chapel is the location for papal conclaves and many other important services."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "February 15, 1839", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Falardeau said that Telefilm Canada approved Michel Brault's 1999 movie \"Quand je serai parti... vous vivrez encore\" as an excuse to initially deny funds for \"15 f\u00e9vrier 1839\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Je veux donner ma voix", "paragraph_text": "\"Je veux donner ma voix\" (\"I Want to Give My Voice\") was the French entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999, performed in French by Nayah."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kollaps", "paragraph_text": "Kollaps was the first official LP by Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten, released in 1981 on German label ZickZack as #ZZ 65. The songs are a mixture of rough punk tunes and industrial noises. The industrial noises were obtained from self-made music machines, electronics, and found objects such as metal plates. The album was reissued in 2002 with \"Stahldubversions\", originally released in 1982. Blixa Bargeld, N.U. Unruh and F.M. Einheit appear on the album. \"Jet'M\" is a cover of the Serge Gainsbourg song \"Je t'aime... moi non plus\". The track 15 of many CD versions of the album is a live version of \"Negativ Nein\", recorded on 26 June 1987 at the Tempodrom in Berlin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ainsi soit je... (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Ainsi soit je...\" (English: \"So Be I...\") is a 1988 song recorded by the French artist Myl\u00e8ne Farmer. The song was released as a single twice: as the second single from her second studio album \"Ainsi soit je...\" on 4 April 1988, and as the second single in a live version from her second live album \"Live \u00e0 Bercy\" on 20 August 1997. Both versions achieved a relative success on the charts, failing twice to reach the top ten in France."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jean de Monluc", "paragraph_text": "Bishop Jean de Monluc left a natural son, Jean de Montluc de Balagny (d. 1603), seigneur de Balagny, who was at first a zealous member of the League, but later made his submission to Henry IV, and received from him the principality of Cambrai and, in 1594, the \"baton\" of a marshal of France."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Looking for Her", "paragraph_text": "Looking for Her (or Je vous souhaite d'\u00eatre follement aim\u00e9e) is a 2015 French drama film directed by Ounie Lecomte."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of Yale University further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital. Other large employers include St. Raphael Hospital, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Southern Connecticut State University, Assa Abloy Manufacturing, the Knights of Columbus headquarters, Higher One, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Covidien and United Illuminating. Yale and Yale-New Haven are also among the largest employers in the state, and provide more $100,000+-salaried positions than any other employer in Connecticut.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Le\u00efla Bekhti", "paragraph_text": "Le\u00efla Bekhti (born 6 March 1984) is a French film and television actress of Algerian descent. She is best known for her roles in \"Tout ce qui brille\" (2007) and, in 2006, \"Paris, je t'aime\" and \"Sheitan\"."}], "question": "Who employed the artist of The Je t'aime No. IV?"}
{"id": "2hop__15332_816323", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Katharine Macmillan, Viscountess Macmillan of Ovenden", "paragraph_text": "On 22 August 1942, she married Conservative politician Maurice Macmillan, making her the daughter-in-law of fellow Conservative politician Harold Macmillan, who would serve as prime minister from 1957 to 1963."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1967 in Australia", "paragraph_text": "1967 in Australia Monarchy Elizabeth II Governor - General Lord Casey Prime minister Harold Holt, then John McEwen Population 11,912,253 Australian of the Year The Seekers Elections VIC, Referendum, Half - Senate"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the United Kingdom government. The Prime Minister (informally abbreviated to PM) and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers, most of whom are government department heads) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The Office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current holder of the office, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "T\u00f6gs-Ochiryn Namnans\u00fcren", "paragraph_text": "T\u00f6gs-Ochiryn Namnans\u00fcren (; ; ; 1878 \u2013 April 1919), full title \"Sain Noyon Khan Namnans\u00fcren\" (, Good noyon khan Namnans\u00fcren), was a powerful hereditary prince and prominent early 20th-century Mongolian independence leader. He served as the first prime minister of Autonomous Mongolia in the government of the Bogd Khan from 1912 until 1915, when the office of prime minister was abolished. He was then appointed minister of the army."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Governor of the Bank of England", "paragraph_text": "The 120th and current Governor is the Canadian Mark Carney, appointed in 2013. He is the first non-Briton to be appointed to the post, but made a commitment to the Prime Minister to take up British citizenship."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eugen Bejinariu", "paragraph_text": "Bejinariu was appointed as interim prime minister at the request of resigning prime minister, Adrian N\u0103stase, and confirmed by the new president Traian B\u0103sescu to hold the office until a new prime minister was named. Bejinariu was the minister of government coordination in N\u0103stase's cabinet, joining the government after a long stint as chairman of Romania's State Protocol Department (RAPPS). He was replaced as prime minister on December 28, 2004 by C\u0103lin Popescu-T\u0103riceanu."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Estanislau da Silva", "paragraph_text": "After Timor Leste achieved independence in 2002, Da Silva was appointed as the country's first Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. On 10 July 2006, he was sworn in as the First Deputy Prime Minister of Timor Leste. He was sworn in as the acting Prime Minister on 19 May 2007 to replace Jos\u00e9 Ramos-Horta who had been elected President of the young nation. He left office when Xanana Gusm\u00e3o was sworn in as Prime Minister on 8 August 2007, following the June 2007 parliamentary election."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ahmet Uzun", "paragraph_text": "Ahmet Uzun is the Minister of Finance in the Government of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a non-recognized state. He was appointed to this portfolio in the TRNC Government of Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer on April 28, 2005."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being \"out of touch\". Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments. Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice that she followed. The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister. In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minister of Home Affairs (India)", "paragraph_text": "Minister of Home Affairs Emblem of India Incumbent Rajnath Singh Ministry of Home Affairs Style The Honourable Member of Union Cabinet National Security Council Reports to The Prime Minister Seat North Block, Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi Appointer President on the advice of the Prime Minister Term length No fixed term Aryan Singh, Akash Singh Formation 15 August 1947"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Prime Minister of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645 Standard of the Prime Minister of Pakistan Incumbent Nasirul Mulk (caretaker) since 1 June 2018 Style His Excellency (diplomatic) Mr. Prime Minister (informal) Honourable Prime Minister (formal) Member of Cabinet Common Interests Council National Assembly Reports to President Residence Prime Minister House Seat Islamabad Appointer ECP: by a Convention that is held in the National Assembly, based on appointee's ability to command confidence among the majority of the members. Term length 5 years. Inaugural holder Liaquat Ali Khan (1947 -- 1951) Formation 14 August 1947; 70 years ago (1947 - 08 - 14) Website www.pmo.gov.pk/"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II. Matt Smith as Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister. Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother (season 1) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David Lia Williams as Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister (season 2) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret (season 2)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Prime Minister of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control over all matters of internal and foreign policy. The last holder of this position was Nawaz Sharif who was recently disqualified by the Supreme Court. He was replaced by interim Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi. The Prime Minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and therefore is usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The Constitution of Pakistan vests the executive powers in the Prime Minister, who is responsible for appointing the Cabinet as well as running the executive branch, taking and authorising executive decisions, appointments and recommendations that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Somalia", "paragraph_text": "On 10 September 2012, parliament elected Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the new President of Somalia. President Mohamud later appointed Abdi Farah Shirdon as the new Prime Minister on 6 October 2012, who was succeeded in office by Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed on 21 December 2013. On 17 December 2014, former Premier Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke was reappointed Prime Minister."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brown ministry", "paragraph_text": "Gordon Brown formed the Brown ministry after being invited by Queen Elizabeth II to begin a new government following the resignation of the previous Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, on 27 June 2007. He took office as Prime Minister, a title he would hold until his resignation on 11 May 2010. In his inaugural cabinet, Brown appointed the United Kingdom's first female Home Secretary, Jacqui Smith."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "George III of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became Prime Minister for the second time, but died within months. The King then appointed Lord Shelburne to replace him. Charles James Fox, however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of the Duke of Portland. In 1783, the House of Commons forced Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the Fox\u2013North Coalition. The Duke of Portland became Prime Minister, with Fox and Lord North, as Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary respectively."}], "question": "Who is the child of Elizabeth's appointed prime minister?"}
{"id": "2hop__21378_591618", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Godney", "paragraph_text": "Godney is a village and civil parish near Glastonbury on the River Sheppey on the Somerset Levels in the Mendip district of Somerset, England."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dr Johnson's House", "paragraph_text": "Dr Johnson's House is a writer's house museum in London in the former home of the 18th-century English writer and lexicographer Samuel Johnson. The house is a Grade I listed building."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Podocopida", "paragraph_text": "The Podocopida are an order of ostracods in the subclass Podocopa. It is divided into five suborders \u2013 Bairdiocopina, Cypridocopina, Cytherocopina, Darwinulocopina, and Sigilliocopina. It is the most diverse of the four orders of ostracods, and also has a rich fossil record."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame", "paragraph_text": "Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke, along with ``the museum's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '', created an unordered list of`` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll''. The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum, and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995. It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s. The Beatles with seven songs was the most represented on the 500 -- song list. The oldest song on the list is ``Wabash Cannonball '', written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff. Since then, however, an additional 155 songs have been added, and the list is now simply referred to as`` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll''. The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley's ``Crazy ''and My Chemical Romance's`` Welcome to the Black Parade'', both released in 2006. The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 660 -- song list, with eight songs each."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Somerset Victoria County History", "paragraph_text": "The Somerset Victoria County History is an encyclopaedic history of the county of Somerset in England, forming part of the overall Victoria County History of England founded in 1899 in honour of Queen Victoria. With ten volumes published in the series A History of the County of Somerset, the Somerset VCH is among the most substantial of the Victoria County Histories."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "457 visa", "paragraph_text": "In Australia, the 457 visa was the most common visa for Australian or overseas employers to sponsor skilled overseas workers to work temporarily in Australia. It has been abolished since 18 March 2018 by Turnbull government and replaced by another visa category. The full title of this subclass of visa was Temporary Business (Long Stay) and was introduced soon after John Howard became Prime Minister in 1996. The title of the visa was changed to Temporary Work (Skilled) (Subclass 457) visa on 24 November 2012. Applications were processed by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP). On 18 April 2017, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that the 457 visas will be replaced with two new visa categories."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fashion Museum, Bath", "paragraph_text": "The Fashion Museum (known before 2007 as the Museum of Costume) is housed in the Assembly Rooms in Bath, Somerset, England."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cycadidae", "paragraph_text": "Cycadidae is a subclass of Equisetopsida in the sense used by Mark W. Chase and James L. Reveal in their 2009 article \"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III.\" This subclass comprises the cycads, which include the two families Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Marathon County Historical Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Marathon County Historical Museum is museum located in Wausau, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located in the Cyrus Carpenter Yawkey House, a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The house is a significant example of Classical Revival architecture."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hegesippus (chronicler)", "paragraph_text": "It is probable that Eusebius borrowed his list of the early bishops of Jerusalem from Hegesippus. With great ingenuity J.B. Lightfoot, in \"Clement of Rome\" (London, 1890), found traces of a list of popes in Epiphanius of Cyprus, (\"Haer.\", xxvii, 6) that may also derive from Hegesippus, where that fourth-century writer carelessly says: \"Marcellina came to us lately and destroyed many, in the days of Anicetus, Bishop of Rome\", and then refers to \"the above catalogue\", though he has given none. He is clearly quoting a writer who was at Rome in the time of Anicetus and made a list of popes A list which has some curious agreements with Epiphanius in that it extends only to Anicetus, is found in the poem of Pseudo-Tertullian against Marcion; apparently Epiphanius has mistaken Marcion for \"Marcellina\". The same list is at the base of the earlier part of the Liberian Catalogue, doubtless taken from Hippolytus. Correspondences among the lists of St. Irenaeus, Africanus, and Eusebius cannot be assumed to have come from the lost list of Hegesippus, as only Eusebius mentions his name."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Portrait of Bishop Bernardo de' Rossi", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Bishop Bernardo de' Rossi is a painting by the Italian High Renaissance painter Lorenzo Lotto, dating to 1505. It is housed in the National Museum of Capodimonte of Naples, southern Italy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oshkosh Public Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Oshkosh Public Museum is museum located in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States. It is housed in the Edgar and Mary Jewell Sawyer House, which is part of the Algoma Boulevard Historic District, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Somerset", "paragraph_text": "The county has several museums; those at Bath include the American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths. Other visitor attractions which reflect the cultural heritage of the county include: Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare, King John's Hunting Lodge in Axbridge, Blake Museum Bridgwater, Radstock Museum, Museum of Somerset in Taunton, the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury, and Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Woodman Institute Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Woodman Institute Museum is located at 182 Central Avenue in Dover, New Hampshire, United States. It is a museum dedicated to history, science and the arts. It was created in 1915 with a bequest of $100,000 from philanthropist Annie Woodman to encourage her city's education in those three fields. The institute opened on July 26, 1916. Under the name of \"Woodman Institute\", the museum was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "USS Monongahela (AO-42)", "paragraph_text": "The second USS \"Monongahela\" (AO-42) was a (\"Mattaponi\" subclass) in the United States Navy which saw service during World War II and the Korean War. She was the second U.S. Navy ship named for the Monongahela River in West Virginia and Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tidying Up", "paragraph_text": "Tidying Up is an oil painting by American artist Isabel Bishop. It is currently in the permanent collection at the Indianapolis Museum of Art."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bishop of Taunton", "paragraph_text": "The Bishop of Taunton is an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells, in the Province of Canterbury, England. The title was first created under the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534 and takes its name after Taunton, the county town of Somerset."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James Priddy", "paragraph_text": "James Priddy (3 December 1909 \u2013 12 July 1994) played first-class cricket for Somerset between 1933 and 1939. He was born at Chard, Somerset and died at Weston-super-Mare, also in Somerset."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Northeast Somerset, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Northeast Somerset is an unorganized territory in Somerset County, Maine, United States. The population was 354 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Walton Castle", "paragraph_text": "Walton Castle is a 17th Century, Grade II listed castle set upon a hill in Clevedon, North Somerset, England, on the site of an earlier Iron Age hill fort."}], "question": "List of Bishops of the county town having the Museum of Somerset is a subclass of what?"}
{"id": "2hop__826612_149048", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Michael H. Cardozo", "paragraph_text": "Michael Hart Cardozo IV (September 15, 1910 \u2013 October 20, 1996) was an American lawyer and professor who held government positions over more than a sixty-year career."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Michael Bzdel", "paragraph_text": "In 1984 Bzdel was elected Provincial Superior of the Yorkton, Saskatchewan, Canada Province of the Redemptorist Order, a position he held until his elevation to the episcopate in 1992."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Neilson Poe", "paragraph_text": "Judge Neilson Poe (August 11, 1809 - January 4, 1884) was an American judge for the City of Baltimore's orphan's court, (today referred to as a probate court). He was initially appointed to the court by Maryland Governor John Lee Carroll in 1878 and elected to the position in November 1879. He held on to the position until 1883."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William F. Edwards", "paragraph_text": "William F. Edwards (April 26, 1906 \u2013 13 August 1989) was a prominent businessman and educator who held the Driggs Chair of Finance at Brigham Young University (BYU) among many other notable positions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Walt Kyle", "paragraph_text": "Walt Kyle (born June 11, 1956) is an American ice hockey coach. He is the former head coach of the Northern Michigan Wildcats, a position he held from June 2002 to March 2017."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C.D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jane Jimmy Chigiyal", "paragraph_text": "Chigiyal served as a longtime member of the FSM Department of Foreign Affairs. She held the position of Deputy Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs prior to her confirmation as Micronesia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Giovanniccia Candiano", "paragraph_text": "Giovanniccia Candiano, also called Giuliana, was Dogaressa of Venice by her marriage to the Doge Pietro IV Candiano (r. 959\u2013976) and mother of future doge Vitale Candiano."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pietro III Candiano", "paragraph_text": "Pietro III Candiano was the Doge of Venice from 942 until 959. He was the son of Pietro II Candiano."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Witold Rowicki", "paragraph_text": "Witold Rowicki (true surname \"Ka\u0142ka\", 26 February 1914 in Taganrog \u2013 1 October 1989 in Warsaw) was a Polish conductor. He held principal conducting positions with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra and the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jay Gogue", "paragraph_text": "George Jay Gogue (born 1947) is an American educator and current President of Auburn University, a position he held from 2007 until his retirement in July 2017 and again in 2019."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Podgorica", "paragraph_text": "Since October 2014, position of the mayor is held by DPS official, Slavoljub Stijepovi\u0107, replacing Podgorica mayor od 14 years, Miomir Mugo\u0161a."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Stanis\u0142aw Bielecki", "paragraph_text": "Stanis\u0142aw Bielecki (born 9 November 1946 in Sandomierz) is a Polish chemist who specialises in technical biochemistry, biotechnology and enzymology, since 2008 he has held the position of the Rector of Lodz University of Technology."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stanley King", "paragraph_text": "Stanley King (May 11, 1883 \u2013 April 28, 1951) was the eleventh president of Amherst College. He held that position from 1932 to 1946."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Norman Grant (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Norman Grant is a member of the Senate of Jamaica. He is also the president of the Jamaican Agricultural Society, a position which he held up until 2009 and again after 2012."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Caetano N'Tchama", "paragraph_text": "Caetano N'Tchama (born 1955) is a Guinea-Bissau politician and former Prime Minister. He held that position from 19 February 2000 to 19 March 2001 and is a member of the Social Renewal Party (PRS)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ion Dic Dicescu", "paragraph_text": "Ion Dic-Dicescu (born Ion Dicescu; ; May 1893 \u2013 January 4, 1938) was a Romanian socialist journalist and officer and later Bolshevik activist who held command positions in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. After the war, he held research positions in the economical domain at several Soviet universities and research institutes, before being executed on accusations of espionage during the Great Purge."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lai Yee Hing", "paragraph_text": "Lai Yee Hing () is a Singaporean organic chemistry professor based in the National University of Singapore. He was the principal of NUS High School of Mathematics and Science and held this position from July 2004 to 30 August 2007."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pietro IV Candiano", "paragraph_text": "Pietro IV Candiano (died 976) was the twenty-second (traditional) or twentieth (historical) Doge of Venice from 959 to his death. He was the eldest son of Pietro III Candiano, with whom he co-reigned and whom he was elected to succeed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)", "paragraph_text": "The position is currently held by Andrew Scheer, leader of the Conservative Party, having been elected by the Conservative caucus on May 27, 2017."}], "question": "Which position was held by the spouse of Giovanniccia Candiano?"}
{"id": "2hop__26350_32645", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit (/d\u1d7b\u02c8tr\u0254\u026at/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States\u2013Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Candylion", "paragraph_text": "Candylion is the second solo album by Welsh musician and Super Furry Animals front-man Gruff Rhys. It was released on 8 January 2007 through Rough Trade Records (in the UK) and Team Love (in the US) and peaked at number fifty on the UK Albums Chart. The album includes the singles \"Candylion\" and Gyrru Gyrru Gyrru\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor; finding out \"everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe - their movements, their capabilities, and their intentions.\" This task fell to the 228 overseas personnel covering Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Regardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the Germans succeed. Liverpool and its port became an important destination for convoys heading through the Western Approaches from North America, bringing supplies and materials. The considerable rail network distributed to the rest of the country. Operations against Liverpool in the Liverpool Blitz were successful. Air attacks sank 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping, with another 111,601 long tons (113,392 t) damaged. Minister of Home Security Herbert Morrison was also worried morale was breaking, noting the defeatism expressed by civilians. Other sources point to half of the port's 144 berths rendered unusable, while cargo unloading capability was reduced by 75%. Roads and railways were blocked and ships could not leave harbour. On 8 May 1941, 57 ships were destroyed, sunk or damaged amounting to 80,000 long tons (81,000 t). Around 66,000 houses were destroyed, 77,000 people made homeless, and 1,900 people killed and 1,450 seriously hurt on one night. Operations against London up until May 1941 could also have a severe impact on morale. The populace of the port of Hull became 'trekkers', people who underwent a mass exodus from cities before, during, and after attacks. However, the attacks failed to knock out or damage railways, or port facilities for long, even in the Port of London, a target of many attacks. The Port of London in particular was an important target, bringing in one-third of overseas trade."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Corpus Christi, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The Port of Corpus Christi, which is the fifth - largest U.S. port and deepest inshore port on the Gulf of Mexico, handles mostly oil and agricultural products. Much of the local economy is driven by tourism and the oil and petrochemicals industry. In 2005, the port was ranked as the 47th - largest in the world by cargo tonnage."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened to Levant Company, and soon known also as The Turkey Company, in 1581. In 1582, the ship The Great Susan transported the first ambassador, William Harebone, to the Ottoman Porte (government of the Ottoman Empire) at Constantinople. Compared to Anatolia, Levant also means \"land of the rising sun,\" but where Anatolia always only meant the projection of land currently occupied by the Republic of Turkey, Levant meant anywhere in the domain ruled by the Ottoman Porte. The East India Company (short for a much longer formal name) was chartered in 1600 for trade to the East Indies."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Economic effects of Brexit", "paragraph_text": "Most economists, including the UK Treasury, argue that being in the EU has a strong positive effect on trade and as a result the UK's trade would be worse off if it left the EU. Surveys of leading economists show overwhelming agreement that Brexit will likely reduce the UK's real per - capita income level. A 2017 survey of existing academic literature found ``the research literature displays a broad consensus that in the long run Brexit will make the United Kingdom poorer because it will create new barriers to trade, foreign direct investment, and immigration. However, there is substantial uncertainty over how large the effect will be, with plausible estimates of the cost ranging between 1 and 10 percent of the UK's income per capita. ''These estimates differ depending on whether the UK stays in the European Single Market (for instance, by joining the EEA), makes a free trade agreement with the EU, or reverts to the trade rules that govern relations between all World Trade Organization members. Prior to the referendum, the UK treasury estimated that leaving the EU would be bad for the UK's trade."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Economy of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The nation's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well - developed infrastructure, and high productivity. It has the second - highest total - estimated value of natural resources, valued at $45 trillion in 2016. Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations, and in 2010, they had the fourth - highest median household income, down from second - highest in 2007. The United States has held the world's largest national economy (not including colonial empires) since at least the 1890s. It is the world's third - largest producer of oil and natural gas. In 2016, it was the world's largest trading nation as well as its second - largest manufacturer, representing a fifth of the global manufacturing output. The U.S. also has both the largest economy and the largest industrial sector, at 2005 prices according to the UNCTAD. The U.S. not only has the largest internal market for goods, but also dominates the trade in services. U.S. total trade amounted to $4.92 trillion in 2016. Of the world's 500 largest companies, 134 are headquartered in the US."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Port of Tangshan", "paragraph_text": "The Port of Tangshan (\u5510\u5c71\u6e2f) is an artificial deep-water international seaport on the coast of Tangshan Municipality, Hebei, in Northern China. It is the 9th largest port in China and is composed of three separate port areas: Jingtang, Caofeidian and Fennan, administered separately but considered to be the same port for statistical purposes. The Port of Tangshan is one of the fastest growing ports in the world and is counted among the ten largest ports of China."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000\u2014slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Overseas France", "paragraph_text": "Almost all inhabited French administrative divisions outside Europe are classified as either overseas regions or overseas collectivites; these statuses are very different from one another from a legal and administrative standpoint. Overseas regions have exactly the same status as mainland France's regions. The French constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, tax laws, etc.) apply to French overseas regions the same as in mainland France, but can be adapted as needed to suit the region's particular needs. In the French overseas regions, laws can not be adapted whereas the overseas collectivities are empowered to make their own laws, except in certain areas (such as defense, international relations, trade and currency, and judicial and administrative law). The overseas collectivities are governed by local elected assemblies and by the French Parliament and French government, with a cabinet member, the Minister of Overseas France, in charge of issues related to the overseas territories. (New Caledonia is neither an overseas region nor an overseas collectivity; it has a sui generis status, in keeping with the Noum\u00e9a Accord.)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States, the PortMiami. It is the largest cruise ship port in the world. The port is often called the \"Cruise Capital of the World\" and the \"Cargo Gateway of the Americas\". It has retained its status as the number one cruise/passenger port in the world for well over a decade accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major cruise lines. In 2007, the port served 3,787,410 passengers. Additionally, the port is one of the nation's busiest cargo ports, importing 7.8 million tons of cargo in 2007. Among North American ports, it ranks second only to the Port of South Louisiana in New Orleans in terms of cargo tonnage imported/exported from Latin America. The port is on 518 acres (2 km2) and has 7 passenger terminals. China is the port's number one import country, and Honduras is the number one export country. Miami has the world's largest amount of cruise line headquarters, home to: Carnival Cruise Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, and Royal Caribbean International. In 2014, the Port of Miami Tunnel was completed and will serve the PortMiami."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of the largest six in the country (based on market capitalisation) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank and Telstra), as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Christian Aid", "paragraph_text": "Christian Aid's essential belief is summed up in the statement ``We believe in life before death '', often used alongside the Christian Aid logo. Christian Aid states it works where the need is greatest, regardless of religion, nationality or race. One of its other messages is`` Poverty Over'', represented by the word ``Over ''highlighted within the word`` Poverty''. It works with 570 local partner organisations in 45 countries around the world to help the world's poorest communities. It is a major member of the Stop Climate Chaos, The Fairtrade Foundation and Trade Justice Movement campaigns. Christian Aid's headquarters are in London and it has regional teams across the UK and Ireland. Christian Aid also organises the UK's largest door - to - door collection, Christian Aid Week, which takes place in May each year."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sainsbury's", "paragraph_text": "J Sainsbury plc, trading as Sainsbury's, is the second largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, with a 16.9% share of the supermarket sector in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1869, by John James Sainsbury with a shop in Drury Lane, London, the company became the largest grocery retailer in 1922, was an early adopter of self - service retailing in the United Kingdom, and had its heyday during the 1980s. In 1995, Tesco overtook Sainsbury's to become the market leader, and Asda became the second largest in 2003, demoting Sainsbury's to third place for most of the subsequent period until January 2014, when Sainsbury's regained second place."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa", "paragraph_text": "The National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa (NUMSA) is the biggest single trade union in South Africa with more than 338,000 members, and prior to its expulsion on 8 November 2014, the largest affiliate of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), the country's largest trade union federation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector. The BBC is a significant employer, while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many national newspapers are edited in London. London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around \u00a364.2 billion. The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Southampton has always been a port, and the docks have long been a major employer in the city. In particular, it is a port for cruise ships; its heyday was the first half of the 20th century, and in particular the inter-war years, when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK. Today it remains home to luxury cruise ships, as well as being the largest freight port on the Channel coast and fourth largest UK port by tonnage, with several container terminals. Unlike some other ports, such as Liverpool, London, and Bristol, where industry and docks have largely moved out of the city centres leaving room for redevelopment, Southampton retains much of its inner-city industry. Despite the still active and expanding docklands to the west of the city centre, further enhanced with the opening of a fourth cruise terminal in 2009, parts of the eastern docks have been redeveloped; the Ocean Village development, which included a local marina and small entertainment complex, is a good example. Southampton is home to the headquarters of both the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the Department for Transport in addition to cruise operator Carnival UK."}], "question": "How much of the overseas trade was taken on by the second largest port in the UK?"}
{"id": "2hop__124429_193172", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Albert Way", "paragraph_text": "Albert Way was educated at home and at Trinity College, Cambridge. One of his Trinity contemporaries was Charles Darwin, whom Way encouraged to continue his insect collecting. Way graduated BA in 1829, and MA in 1834. In his early life, he travelled in Europe and Palestine with his father. Following his father's death in 1840, Way was able to live off his private income."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Malcolm Shabazz", "paragraph_text": "Malcolm Shabazz was born in Paris on October 8, 1984. His father, L. A. Bouasba, was an Algerian Muslim whom Qubilah Shabazz met there. According to Malcolm, he never met his father. Other sources say Malcolm knew his father, but they had little contact with one another."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk", "paragraph_text": "Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, 6th Earl of Suffolk, (c. 147130 April 1513), Duke of Suffolk, was a son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and his wife Elizabeth of York."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Johann Hauler", "paragraph_text": "Johann Hauler (9 October 1829 \u2013 9 August 1888) was an Austrian educator and classical philologist born in Oberrimsingen, a district of Breisach, Germany. He was the father of Edmund Hauler (1859\u20131941), a professor of classical philology at the University of Vienna."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Einhard", "paragraph_text": "The most famous of Einhard's works is his biography of Charlemagne, the Vita Karoli Magni, ``The Life of Charlemagne ''(c. 817 -- 836), which provides much direct information about Charlemagne's life and character, written sometime between 817 and 830. In composing this he relied heavily upon the Royal Frankish Annals. Einhard's literary model was the classical work of the Roman historian Suetonius, the Lives of the Caesars, though it is important to stress that the work is very much Einhard's own, that is to say he adapts the models and sources for his own purposes. His work was written as a praise of Charlemagne, whom he regarded as a foster - father (nutritor) and to whom he was a debtor`` in life and death''. The work thus contains an understandable degree of bias, Einhard taking care to exculpate Charlemagne in some matters, not mention others, and to gloss over certain issues which would be of embarrassment to Charlemagne, such as the morality of his daughters; by contrast, other issues are curiously not glossed over, like his concubines."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent", "paragraph_text": "Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (5 August 130119 March 1330) was the sixth son of Edward I of England, and a younger half-brother of Edward II. Edward I had intended to make substantial grants of land to Edmund, but when the king died in 1307, Edward II failed to follow through on his father's intentions, much due to his favouritism towards Piers Gaveston. Edmund still remained loyal to his brother, and in 1321 he was created Earl of Kent. He played an important part in Edward's administration, acting both as diplomat and military commander, and in 1321\u201322 helped suppress a rebellion against the King."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "King Lear", "paragraph_text": "Oswald appears, still looking for Edmund. On Regan's orders, he tries to kill Gloucester but is killed by Edgar. In Oswald's pocket, Edgar finds Goneril's letter, in which she encourages Edmund to kill her husband and take her as his wife. Kent and Cordelia take charge of Lear, whose madness quickly passes. Regan, Goneril, Albany, and Edmund meet with their forces. Albany insists that they fight the French invaders but not harm Lear or Cordelia. The two sisters lust for Edmund, who has made promises to both. He considers the dilemma and plots the deaths of Albany, Lear, and Cordelia. Edgar gives Goneril's letter to Albany. The armies meet in battle, the British defeat the French, and Lear and Cordelia are captured. Edmund sends Lear and Cordelia off with secret-joint orders from him (representing Regan and her forces) and Goneril (representing the forces of her estranged husband, Albany) for the execution of Cordelia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Justice League (film)", "paragraph_text": "Ciar\u00e1n Hinds as the voice of Steppenwolf: An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth. The character is described as ``old, tired ''and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid. Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls. After the release of the film, Hinds was reportedly unhappy with the final cut of the film, which trimmed down the backstory and characterization of Steppenwolf."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jane Leslie Conly", "paragraph_text": "Jane Leslie Conly (born 1948) is an American author, the daughter of author Robert C. O'Brien. She started her literary work by finishing the manuscript for her father's \"Z for Zachariah\" in 1974 after his death."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Edmund I", "paragraph_text": "On 26 May 946, Edmund was murdered by Leofa, an exiled thief, while attending St Augustine's Day Mass in Pucklechurch (South Gloucestershire). John of Worcester and William of Malmesbury add some lively detail by suggesting that Edmund had been feasting with his nobles, when he spotted Leofa in the crowd. He attacked the intruder in person, but in the event, Leofa killed him. Leofa was killed on the spot by those present. A recent article re-examines Edmund's death and dismisses the later chronicle accounts as fiction. It suggests the king was the victim of a political assassination.Edmund's sister Eadgyth, the wife of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, died earlier the same year, as Flodoard's Annales for 946 report.Edmund was succeeded as king by his brother Eadred, king from 946 until 955. Edmund's sons later ruled England as:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thomas S. Hinde", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Spottswood Hinde (April 19, 1785 \u2013 February 9, 1846) was an American newspaper editor, opponent of slavery, author, historian, real estate investor, Methodist minister and a founder of the city of Mount Carmel, Illinois. Members of the Hinde family were prominent in Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and Illinois. His sons Charles T. Hinde became a shipping magnate and Edmund C. Hinde an adventurer. He was the father-in-law of judge Charles H. Constable."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rosalie Loveling", "paragraph_text": "Rosalie Loveling was born in Nevele, Belgium, and was the older sister of Virginie Loveling, also an author, with whom she co-wrote part of her oeuvre. After the death of their father Herman Loveling, the family moved to Ghent where the sisters moved in circles of French-speaking, mainly anti-clerical intelligentsia before eventually returning to Nevele."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Edmund C. Hinde", "paragraph_text": "Edmund C. Hinde was the son of Thomas S. Hinde and he was born in Urbana, Champaign County, Ohio on April 6, 1830."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Childebert I", "paragraph_text": "Childebert I (c. 496 \u2013 13 December 558) was a Frankish King of the Merovingian dynasty, as third of the four sons of Clovis I who shared the kingdom of the Franks upon their father's death in 511. He was one of the sons of Saint Clotilda, born at Reims. He reigned as King of Paris from 511 to 558 and Orl\u00e9ans from 524 to 558."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Journey 2: The Mysterious Island", "paragraph_text": "Vanessa Hudgens as Kailani Laguatan Gabato's daughter whom Sean falls in love with and who is part of the father - daughter tour guide team."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hind Laroussi", "paragraph_text": "Hind Laroussi Tahiri was born on 3 December 1984 in Gouda, Netherlands. She has a Moroccan father and a Dutch mother."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Susan Banks", "paragraph_text": "Kristen's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan's identical sister, Penelope Kent. Fearing she'll be charged with murder, Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan's boyfriend, Edmund Crumb (Adam Caine). In the meantime, ``Susan ''and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen's murder. Edmund admits to Kristen's`` murder'' and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan's other sibling, Penelope Kent. To get revenge against Kristen, Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Father and Son (book)", "paragraph_text": "Father and Son (1907) is a memoir by poet and critic Edmund Gosse, which he subtitled \"a study of two temperaments.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pieter de Keyser", "paragraph_text": "Pieter de Keyser was born and died in Amsterdam. He was commissioned by his father to oversee the construction of the Huis Bartolotti house on the Herengracht canal in Amsterdam in c. 1617. After his father's death in 1621, he succeeded him as Amsterdam's master mason (\"stadssteenhouwer\") and oversaw the completion of the Westerkerk and Noorderkerk churches as well as the Huis met de Hoofden house on Keizersgracht canal. In addition, he finished two other uncompleted projects of his father's: a mausoleum for William the Silent in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft as well as a statue of Erasmus in Rotterdam."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jeanne de B\u00e9thune, Viscountess of Meaux", "paragraph_text": "Jeanne de B\u00e9thune, Viscountess of Meaux, Countess of Ligny (c.1397- late 1450), was a French noblewoman, the suo jure Viscountess of Meaux, having inherited the title upon her father's death in 1408. Her father was Robert VIII de B\u00e9thune, Viscount of Meaux. Jeanne married twice; firstly to Robert of Bar, and secondly John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny who held Joan of Arc prisoner following her capture by the Burgundians in May 1430. Jeanne was one of the three women who cared for Joan during her imprisonment."}], "question": "What is the place of death of Edmund C. Hinde's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__87274_44052", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kit Harington", "paragraph_text": "Since 2011, Harington has risen to prominence playing the role of Jon Snow in the HBO television series Game of Thrones, which garnered him a nomination for the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award. In 2017, Harington became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned \u00a32 million per episode of Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Natalia Tena", "paragraph_text": "Natalia Gastiain Tena (born 1 November 1984) is an English actress and musician. She played Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter film series, and the wildling Osha in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson", "paragraph_text": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson (Icelandic pronunciation: \u200b (\u02c8haf\u03b8our \u02c8ju\u02d0li\u028fs \u02c8pj\u0153s\u02d0\u0254n); born November 26, 1988) is an Icelandic professional strongman, actor, and former professional basketball player. He plays Ser Gregor ``The Mountain ''Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season initially focuses on the family of nobleman Eddard Stark, who is asked to become chief advisor to his king and longtime friend, Robert Baratheon. Ned must find out who killed the previous Hand of the King, Jon Arryn, while trying to protect his family from their rivals the Lannisters. He uncovers the dark secrets about the Lannisters that his predecessor died trying to expose. Meanwhile, in Essos, the exiled Viserys Targaryen, son of the former king, believes he still has the rightful claim to the throne."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Game of Thrones", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R.R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering either in 2018 or 2019."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Game of Thrones", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R.R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering in 2019."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gemma Whelan", "paragraph_text": "Gemma Elizabeth Whelan (born 23 April 1981) is an English actress and comedian, known for playing Yara Greyjoy in the HBO fantasy - drama series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 1) Region 1 DVD artwork Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 17 (2011 - 04 - 17) -- June 19, 2011 (2011 - 06 - 19) Season chronology Next \u2192 Season 2 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tom Wlaschiha", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Wlaschiha is a German actor and voice actor. Internationally, he is known for his roles as Jaqen H'ghar in the second, fifth and sixth seasons of the TV series Game of Thrones, as well as Sebastian Berger in the TV series Crossing Lines."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Game of Thrones title sequence", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones title sequence Game of Thrones title screen as of 2011 Directed by Angus Wall Music by Ramin Djawadi Production company Rock Paper Scissors / Elastic Distributed by HBO Running time 90 seconds Box office Music video Video on Vimeo"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)", "paragraph_text": "In the series, the Iron Throne is both a physical seat of office as well as a metonym for the monarchy of Westeros. Martin establishes in A Game of Thrones (1996) that after seizing control of six of the Seven Kingdoms, Targaryen ruler Aegon the Conqueror had made a throne for himself from the swords of his vanquished enemies, fused by dragonfire. Aegon had established King's Landing as the royal capital, and the Iron Throne itself sits in the Red Keep. Martin writes that according to legend, Aegon kept the blades sharp so that no ruler should ever sit comfortably. Centuries later, kings still cut themselves on the throne; and it is a common belief that such rulers are therefore unfit to rule."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mark Addy", "paragraph_text": "Mark Ian Addy (born 14 January 1964) is an English actor. He is known for portraying Detective Constable Gary Boyle in the British sitcom The Thin Blue Line, Dave in the film The Full Monty, Bill Miller in the American sitcom Still Standing, King Robert Baratheon in the HBO medieval fantasy series Game of Thrones, Fred Flintstone in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, and Hercules in the British fantasy drama series Atlantis."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 7) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 (2017 - 07 - 16) -- August 27, 2017 (2017 - 08 - 27) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "David Bradley", "paragraph_text": "David John Bradley (born 17 April 1942) is an English actor. He is best known for playing Argus Filch in the Harry Potter film series, Walder Frey in the HBO series Game of Thrones and Abraham Setrakian in The Strain, although he is also an established stage actor with a career that includes a Laurence Olivier Award for his role in a production of King Lear."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wally Highsmith", "paragraph_text": "Highsmith started his career with the Denver Broncos of the AFL, playing 23 games in 2 seasons. He next played with the Montreal Alouettes for 2 years and 22 games, winning the Grey Cup championship in 1970. He then headed to the Houston Oilers of the NFL for a 1-year and 9 -game stay. 1973 saw him back in Montreal, playing only 1 game. The Memphis Southmen of the new WFL called, and he played 2 seasons with them. He finished his career back in the CFL with the Toronto Argonauts, playing 21 games over 2 years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lord Snow", "paragraph_text": "\"Lord Snow\" is the third episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\". It first aired on May 1, 2011. It was written by the show creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by series regular Brian Kirk, his directorial debut for the series."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gemma Whelan", "paragraph_text": "Gemma Elizabeth Whelan (born 23 April 1981) is an English actor and comedian, known for playing Yara Greyjoy in the HBO fantasy - drama series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tyrion Lannister", "paragraph_text": "Tyrion Lannister A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Peter Dinklage as Tyrion on Game of Thrones First appearance Novel: A Game of Thrones (1996) Television: ``Winter Is Coming ''(2011) Video game:`` Iron From Ice'' (2014) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Peter Dinklage (Game of Thrones) Voiced by Peter Dinklage (video game) Information Aliases The Imp The Halfman Yollo Hugor Hill Gender Male Title Hand of the King Master of Coin Lord of Casterly Rock (claimant) Hand of the Queen (TV series) Family House Lannister Spouse (s) Tysha (annulled) Sansa Stark (unconsummated) Significant other (s) Shae Relatives Tywin Lannister (father) Joanna Lannister (mother) Cersei Lannister (sister) Jaime Lannister (brother) Joffrey Baratheon (nephew) Myrcella Baratheon (niece) Tommen Baratheon (nephew) Kevan Lannister (uncle) Lancel Lannister (cousin) Kingdom The Westerlands The Crownlands"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Game of Thrones", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R.R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season in 2018 or 2019."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ian Hanmore", "paragraph_text": "Ian Hanmore is a Scottish actor known for his role as the warlock Pyat Pree in the second season of the HBO series Game of Thrones."}], "question": "Who played the king in season 1 of Game of Thrones?"}
{"id": "2hop__212881_187106", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mike Smith (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Smith (born August 27, 1972) is a Canadian actor, comedian and musician born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, and raised in Thorburn. He is best known for his portrayal of Bubbles and co-writer of the cult classic television program, films and stage production \"Trailer Park Boys\". He was also the guitarist for the Canadian rock band Sandbox. Smith earned a degree in English from St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. For a short time in 2006, he was engaged to actress Nichole Hiltz."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Secretariat (film)", "paragraph_text": "Secretariat is a 2010 American biographical sports drama film produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures, written by Mike Rich and Sheldon Turner with music by Nick Glennie-Smith and directed by Randall Wallace. The film chronicles the life of Thoroughbred race horse Secretariat, winner of the Triple Crown in 1973. Diane Lane portrays Secretariat's owner, Penny Chenery, and John Malkovich plays his trainer, Lucien Laurin. Filming took place on location in Louisville and Lexington, Kentucky, and around Lafayette, Louisiana and Carencro, Louisiana."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Milio's Sandwiches", "paragraph_text": "Milio's Sandwiches (formerly Big Mike's Super Subs) is a United States restaurant chain that mainly sells submarine sandwiches. The chain was founded in Madison, Wisconsin by Mike Liautaud. in 1989. The company has 35 locations throughout Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa The company headquarters are located in Middleton, Wisconsin. Milio's was First Place in Madison Magazine's Best of Madison 2017 for Best Sandwich Spot and has been recognized for its community involvement."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2016 Minnesota Vikings season", "paragraph_text": "2016 Minnesota Vikings season Head coach Mike Zimmer (games 1 -- 12, 14 -- 16) Mike Priefer (interim, game 13) General manager Rick Spielman Owner Zygi Wilf Home field U.S. Bank Stadium Results Record 8 -- 8 Division place 3rd NFC North Playoff finish Did not qualify Pro Bowlers 6 (show) OLB Anthony Barr DE Everson Griffen DT Linval Joseph RS Cordarrelle Patterson CB Xavier Rhodes FS Harrison Smith AP All - Pros KR Cordarrelle Patterson (1st team) Uniform \u2190 2015 Vikings seasons 2017 \u2192"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Buck Meadows, California", "paragraph_text": "Buck Meadows (formerly, Hamilton's and Hamilton's Station) is a census-designated place in Mariposa County, California. It is located east-northeast of Smith Peak, at an elevation of 3015 feet (919 m). The population was 31 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Primal Rock Rebellion", "paragraph_text": "Primal Rock Rebellion are a heavy metal band from London, United Kingdom, consisting of Adrian Smith (Iron Maiden) and Mikee Goodman (SikTh). The band's debut album, \"Awoken Broken\", was released on 27 February 2012, with one song, \"I See Lights\", released as a free download on the project's official website on 2 January. On 26 January 2012, the music video for \"No Place Like Home\" was released on the band's website along with the announcement that it will be the album's first single."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Games pitched", "paragraph_text": "Pitchers with 1,000 games pitched Player Appearances Years Orosco, Jesse Jesse Orosco 1,252 1979 -- 2003 Stanton, Mike Mike Stanton 1,178 1989 -- 2007 Franco, John John Franco 1,119 1984 -- 2005 Rivera, Mariano Mariano Rivera 1,115 1995 -- 2013 Eckersley, Dennis Dennis Eckersley 1,071 1975 -- 1998 Wilhelm, Hoyt Hoyt Wilhelm 1,070 1952 -- 1972 Plesac, Dan Dan Plesac 1,064 1986 -- 2003 Timlin, Mike Mike Timlin 1,058 1991 -- 2008 Tekulve, Kent Kent Tekulve 1,050 1974 -- 1989 Hawkins, LaTroy LaTroy Hawkins 1,042 1995 -- 2015 Hoffman, Trevor Trevor Hoffman 1,035 1993 -- 2010 Mesa, Jos\u00e9 Jos\u00e9 Mesa 1,022 1987 -- 2007 Smith, Lee Lee Smith 1,022 1980 -- 1997 Hern\u00e1ndez, Roberto Roberto Hern\u00e1ndez 1,010 1991 -- 2007 Jackson, Mike Mike Jackson 1,005 1986 -- 2004 Gossage, Goose Goose Gossage 1,002 1972 -- 1994"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Plymouth, Pictou County, Nova Scotia", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth is a small Canadian rural community in Pictou County, Nova Scotia located approximately 3 km south of the town of New Glasgow. It stretches along Route 348 situated on the east bank of the East River of Pictou, opposite the town of Stellarton."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Smith Island, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Smith Island is an island on the Chesapeake Bay, on the border of Maryland and Virginia territorial waters in the United States."}], "question": "What county holds the place where Mike Smith was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__773383_161878", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Whale and Dolphin Conservation", "paragraph_text": "WDC is a founding partner of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS, also known as the Bonn Convention), which is part of the United Nations Environment Programme. The organization also develops regional protection agreements and conventions and closely cooperates with the orca (killer whale) research station OrcaLab in British Columbia, Canada."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "CDC SCOPE", "paragraph_text": "SCOPE, an acronym for Supervisory Control Of Program Execution, was the name used by the Control Data Corporation for a number of operating system projects in the 1960s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Edmund Lesser", "paragraph_text": "He studied medicine at the universities of Berlin, Bonn and Strasbourg, earning his medical doctorate in 1876. Later he became an assistant to Oskar Simon (1845\u20131892) at the dermatological clinic in Breslau, and in 1882 received his habilitation at the University of Leipzig. In 1892 he was an associate professor at the University of Bonn, and several years later was appointed chief physician of the syphilitic department at the Berlin-Charit\u00e9 (1896). The following year he became head of the dermatological and syphilitic dispensary at the University of Berlin."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gustav Heinrich von Bongard", "paragraph_text": "August Gustav Heinrich von Bongard (12 September 1786, Bonn \u2013 1839) was a German botanist, who worked at Saint Petersburg, Russia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bundesrechnungshof (SWB)", "paragraph_text": "Bundesrechnungshof/Ausw\u00e4rtiges Amt is a station on the Bonn Stadtbahn in Bonn, Germany. The Bonn Stadt-Bahn lines that go through this station are: 16, 63, 66, 67 and 68."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bernhard Korte", "paragraph_text": "Bernhard H. Korte (born November 3, 1938 in Bottrop, Germany) is a German mathematician and computer scientist, a professor at the University of Bonn, and an expert in combinatorial optimization."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "\"The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\" and before that as the \"Islamic State of Iraq\", (and called the acronym Daesh by its many detractors), is a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. In 2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March 2015[update], it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in Iraq and Syria, and has nominal control over small areas of Libya, Nigeria and Afghanistan. (While a self-described state, it lacks international recognition.) The group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world, including North Africa and South Asia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Juridicum (SWB)", "paragraph_text": "Juridicum is a stop on the Bonn Stadtbahn in Bonn, Germany. Stadtbahn lines passing through this station are: 16, 63, 66, 67 and 68."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Universit\u00e4t-Markt (SWB)", "paragraph_text": "Universit\u00e4t - Markt is a stop on the Bonn Stadtbahn in Bonn, Germany. It is located directly beneath the Hofgarten and runs parallel to the main building of the University of Bonn."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "MC Zwieback", "paragraph_text": "Andr\u00e9 Fuchs, better known as Onkel Zwieback (born 19 May 1981 in Bonn), is a German rapper, songwriter, and record producer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Johannes Vahlen", "paragraph_text": "Johannes Vahlen (27 September 1830 in Bonn \u2013 30 November 1911 in Berlin) was a German classical philologist. He was the father of mathematician Theodor Vahlen (1869-1945)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jonga", "paragraph_text": "The Jonga was a Nissan designed vehicle used by the Indian Army. Jonga was an acronym for Jabalpur Ordnance aNd Guncarriage Assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Franz Philip Kaulen", "paragraph_text": "Franz Philip Kaulen (born 20 March 1827, at D\u00fcsseldorf; died at Bonn, 11 July 1907) was a German Catholic scriptural scholar."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Karl Joseph Hieronymus Windischmann", "paragraph_text": "Karl Joseph Hieronymus Windischmann (25 August 1775, in Mainz \u2013 23 April 1839, in Bonn) was a German philosopher and anthropologist."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United Nations Environment Programme", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), a programme of the United Nations, coordinates the organization's environmental activities and assists developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. It was founded by Maurice Strong, its first director, as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference) in June 1972 and has overall responsibility for environmental problems among United Nations agencies; however, international talks on specialized issues, such as addressing climate change or combating desertification, are overseen by other UN organizations, like the Bonn-based Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. UNEP's activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, environmental governance and green economy. It has played a significant role in developing international environmental conventions, promoting environmental science and information and illustrating the way those can be implemented in conjunction with policy, working on the development and implementation of policy with national governments, regional institutions in conjunction with environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs). UNEP has also been active in funding and implementing environment related development projects."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Biodiversity", "paragraph_text": "Jared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex", "paragraph_text": "Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex is a 2008 book by Mary Roach. It follows the winding history of science and its exploration of human sexuality, going back as far as Aristotle and finally ending with recent discoveries about the origination and anatomy of the female orgasm. Throughout, Mary Roach provides a humorous and often very personal view\u2014both as a participant and observer\u2014of humans, scientists, animals, and sex machines. Of the book's numerous accounts, Roach discusses artificial insemination of sows in Denmark, the notorious history of sex machines, as well as much discussion and commentary on Kinsey's notorious attic sex experiments. Her footnotes provide additional humor; as in a sentence which includes several DSM diagnoses listed as acronyms she adds \"And from HAFD (hyperactive acronym formation disorder)\". In the book, Mary Roach describes a session in which she and her husband Ed volunteer to have sex while being recorded by a groundbreaking 4D ultrasound in the interests of science. During the experiment, a doctor looks on, making suggestions, and finally telling Ed that he \"may ejaculate now.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bonn International Center for Conversion", "paragraph_text": "The Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), established in 1994, is a research institute located in Bonn, Germany. While the focus of BICC's work initially centered on the conversion of military facilities and equipment to civilian uses (hence its name), the institute's research has expanded to other areas of peace and development, including peacebuilding and small arms and light weapons."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hamm (Sieg)", "paragraph_text": "Hamm is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Sieg, approx. 10\u00a0km north-east of Altenkirchen, and 40\u00a0km east of Bonn."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ernst Bickel", "paragraph_text": "Ernst Johann Friedrich Bickel (26 November 1876, in Wiesbaden \u2013 10 April 1961, in Bonn) was a German classical philologist."}], "question": "What is the acronym of the program Bonn Conventio is part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__4962_4991", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)", "paragraph_text": "Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in India. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dunedin East", "paragraph_text": "Dunedin East was a parliamentary electorate in the city of Dunedin in the Otago region of New Zealand from 1881 to 1890."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)", "paragraph_text": "Saran Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 40 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Bihar state in eastern India. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of delimitation of parliamenatary constituencies based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002. Before delimitation, it was Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "(Evening) Time to Get Away", "paragraph_text": "\"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" (sometimes referred to as simply \"Time to Get Away\") is part of a song from The Moody Blues 1967 album \"Days of Future Passed\", a concept album with each song representing a part of the day. It was unlisted on the original album, but has been listed on many later reissues. The composition was written by bassist John Lodge, and is one of two compositions written by Lodge for \"Days of Future Passed\", the other being \"Peak Hour.\" As the title suggests, the lyrics are about ending the work day and returning home. \"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" is part two of the track \"Forever Afternoon (Tuesday?)\", which also contains the Justin Hayward song \"Tuesday Afternoon.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Balmoral Ridge, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Balmoral Ridge is a locality in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It is north of Brisbane on the Blackall Range in the Sunshine Coast hinterland."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour \"fast\"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "The Armenians collective has, at times, constituted a Christian \"island\" in a mostly Muslim region. There is, however, a minority of ethnic Armenian Muslims, known as Hamshenis but many Armenians view them as a separate race, while the history of the Jews in Armenia dates back 2,000 years. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had close ties to European Crusader States. Later on, the deteriorating situation in the region led the bishops of Armenia to elect a Catholicos in Etchmiadzin, the original seat of the Catholicosate. In 1441, a new Catholicos was elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi, while Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia. Therefore, since 1441, there have been two Catholicosates in the Armenian Church with equal rights and privileges, and with their respective jurisdictions. The primacy of honor of the Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin has always been recognized by the Catholicosate of Cilicia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Shrawasti (Lok Sabha constituency)", "paragraph_text": "Shrawasti Lok Sabha constituency () is one of the 80 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Florida's nickname is the \"Sunshine State\", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn. A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eumundi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Eumundi railway station is located on the North Coast line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the town of Eumundi in the Sunshine Coast Region."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "\u0158\u00ed\u010dany", "paragraph_text": "\u0158\u00ed\u010dany (; ) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. On the southern edge of Prague urban area. It has around 16,000 inhabitants. It is located 20\u00a0km from the center of Prague and it takes about half an hour to get to the Prague Main railway station by train. The town is part of the Prague metropolitan area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Black Mountain, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Black Mountain is a small rural residential locality in Queensland, Australia. It is within the local government area of Shire of Noosa (between 2008 and 2013 it was within Sunshine Coast Region)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic. The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967\u20131974. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and 2008. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights. Women's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution."}], "question": "How many hours of sunshine does the region where the European Parliamentary constituency containing Plymouth get each year?"}
{"id": "2hop__43964_75523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Edward III of England", "paragraph_text": "Edward III (13 November 1312 -- 21 June 1377) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 25 January 1327 until his death; he is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II. Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. His long reign of 50 years was the second longest in medieval England and saw vital developments in legislation and government -- in particular the evolution of the English parliament -- as well as the ravages of the Black Death."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Catholic Church in England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "The English Church was brought back under papal authority in 1553 and doctrinal and liturgical conformity at the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary I. The restoration of papal authority was celebrated by the majority of the nation and enforced by the Marian persecutions against Protestants. Her harshness was a success but at the cost of alienating a fairly large section of English society which had been moving away from some traditional Catholic devotional practices. The English it seems were quite caught up with the reforming movement on the Continent. At the time they were neither Calvinist nor Lutheran, but certainly leaning toward Protestantism (and by the late 16th century, were certainly Protestant)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Edward II (play)", "paragraph_text": "Edward II is a Renaissance or Early Modern period play written by Christopher Marlowe. It is one of the earliest English history plays. The full title of the first publication is The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained \"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \"family monarchy\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Top of the Lake", "paragraph_text": "Campion returned as co-writer and co-director. Gerard Lee returned as co-writer. The original co-director, Garth Davis, was replaced by Ariel Kleiman due to scheduling conflicts. Philippa Campbell returned as producer. Actress Nicole Kidman joined the cast for China Girl, which is the second time she has worked with Campion. Kidman ``plays an Australian mother, Julia, whose story dovetails with that of Detective Robin Griffin '', played by Elisabeth Moss. Christie, a fan of Campion's The Piano, joined the cast after sending a letter through a mutual friend."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "French First Republic", "paragraph_text": "In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic (French: R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein", "paragraph_text": "Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein (in German: \"Karl Aloys von und zu Liechtenstein\") (born 16 September 1878 at Frauenthal; died 20 June 1955 at Frauenthal) was Imperial and Royal Cavalry Master (\"Rittmeister\") until the end of the monarchy of Austria-Hungary and from 13 December 1918 to 15 September 1920 temporarily Prime Minister (\"Landesverweser\") of the Principality of Liechtenstein."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u202c) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 BCE and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rugby union", "paragraph_text": "During the match, players may be replaced (for injury) or substituted (for tactical reasons). A player who has been replaced may not rejoin play unless he was temporarily replaced to have bleeding controlled; a player who has been substituted may return temporarily, to replace a player who has a blood injury or has suffered a concussion, or permanently, if he is replacing a front - row forward. In international matches, eight replacements are allowed; in domestic or cross-border tournaments, at the discretion of the responsible national union (s), the number of replacements may be nominated to a maximum of eight, of whom three must be sufficiently trained and experienced to provide cover for the three front row positions."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Iliana Fox", "paragraph_text": "Iliana Fox (born Iliana Jan Fox Gaitan on 3 January 1977 in Leeds, England) is a Mexican actress and voice actress."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, after which Wales too gradually came under control of Anglo-Normans. The process was completed in the 13th century when the Principality of Wales became a client state of the English kingdom. Meanwhile, Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married them, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its greatest extent in 1921."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of WWE Champions", "paragraph_text": "The championship is generally contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition. Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name, while others use their real name. The first champion was Buddy Rogers, who won the championship in 1963. The champion with the single longest reign is Bruno Sammartino with a reign of 2,803 days, while the record for longest combined reign is also held by Sammartino at 4,040. The current champion is AJ Styles, who is in his second reign. He won the championship by defeating Jinder Mahal on SmackDown in Manchester, England on November 7, 2017."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Sussex", "paragraph_text": "Under Henry VIII, the church in England withdrew from Rome. Mary I returned England to Catholicism and in Sussex 41 Protestants were burned to death. Under Elizabeth intolerance continued on a lesser scale as many Catholics in Sussex lost their lives at this time. In Elizabeth's reign, Sussex was open to the older Protestant forms practised in the Weald as well as the newer Protestant forms coming from Continental Europe; combined with a significant Catholic presence, Sussex was in many ways out of step with the rest of southern England. Sussex escaped most of the ravages of the Civil War with two sieges and one battle. As the Industrial Revolution took hold, the Wealden iron industry collapsed. The growth of the seaside resorts in the 18th century was especially significant in Sussex. At the Battle of the Boar's Head Sussex men played a significant role in the World War One, which ended when the terms of Germany's Armistice were agreed at Danny House. In World War Two the county was a base for the Dieppe Raid and D - Day landings. In 1974, the Lord - Lieutenant of Sussex was replaced with one each for East and West Sussex, which became separate ceremonial counties. In the 21st century a county day and a county flag were created for Sussex and a National Park was established for the South Downs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Adelaide Kane", "paragraph_text": "Adelaide Kane (born 9 August 1990) is an Australian actress. She gained recognition for her roles as Lolly Allen in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, Cora Hale in the third season of MTV's Teen Wolf, Tenaya 7 in ``Power Rangers RPM ''Mary, Queen of Scots in the CW period drama series Reign and Drizella in the ABC series Once Upon a Time."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Michele Dotrice", "paragraph_text": "Michele Dotrice (born 27 September 1948) is an English actress, best known for her portrayal of Betty Spencer, the long - suffering wife of Frank Spencer, played by Michael Crawford, in the BBC sitcom Some Mothers Do 'Ave' Em, which ran from 1973 to 1978, and returned in 2016 for a special."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "George VI", "paragraph_text": "The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as \"the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Reign of Assassins", "paragraph_text": "Reign of Assassins is a 2010 \"wuxia\" film directed by Su Chao-pin and co-directed by John Woo. The film is shot in China and set during the Ming Dynasty. The film stars Michelle Yeoh, who plays an assassin who tries to return to a normal life after being counseled by a monk. After saving her husband and herself from robbers, she attracts the attention of her former assassin gang."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Monarchy of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of Canada is at the core of both Canada's federal structure and Westminster - style of parliamentary and constitutional democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive (Queen - in - Council), legislative (Queen - in - Parliament), and judicial (Queen - on - the - Bench) branches within both federal and provincial jurisdictions. The sovereign is the personification of the Canadian state and is Queen of Canada as a matter of constitutional law. The current Canadian monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth's eldest son, Prince Charles, is heir apparent."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hundred Years' War", "paragraph_text": "When the war ended, England was bereft of its Continental possessions, leaving it with only Calais on the continent. The war destroyed the English dream of a joint monarchy and led to the rejection in England of all things French, but the French language in England, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest, left many vestiges in English vocabulary. English became the official language in 1362 and French was no longer used for teaching from 1385."}], "question": "Who plays the queen under whom England temporarily returned to Catholicism in Reign?"}
{"id": "2hop__258642_149329", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "\u00c7orum massacre", "paragraph_text": "The \u00c7orum pogrom or \u00c7orum massacres occurred in the province of \u00c7orum in Turkey between May and July 1980. Extremist Sunni Muslims, who were part of a \"nationalist youth\" campaign, targeted the Alevi Turkish minority and killed more than half a hundred of them. More than 200 were injured. Another target was the social-liberal Republican People's Party (CHP). Many victims were young people and women."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "William Alfred Young", "paragraph_text": "William Alfred Young (4 April 1863 \u2013 1 July 1911) served as President of the Council, and Magistrate of the British Overseas Territory of Pitcairn Island three times, between 1897 and 1908. Young was the son of Simon Young and the younger brother of Benjamin Stanley Young, both had held the office before him. Young married Mercy Amelia Lawrence Young, the daughter of Moses Young who had held the office of Magistrate multiple times."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Sand Child", "paragraph_text": "The Sand Child (l'Enfant de sable) is a 1985 novel by Moroccan author Tahar Ben Jelloun. First published in France, the novel's message expresses on multiple levels ideas about the post-colonial condition of Morocco while also emphasising themes relating to the construction of individual identities. It can also be seen as a critique of \"traditional\" Islamic and Moroccan morals, with specific reference to the position of women. There are strong elements of magical realism in the novel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lok Adalat", "paragraph_text": "((The first lok adalat was held at = GUJARAT in 1982) Lok Aats (people's courts) settle dispute through conciliation and compromise. Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 First time held in chennai in 1986 Accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Agnes Giberne", "paragraph_text": "Agnes Giberne (19 November 1845 in Belgaum, India \u2013 20 August 1939 in Eastbourne, England) was a prolific British author who wrote fiction with moral or religious themes for children and also books on astronomy for young people."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James D. Gordon III", "paragraph_text": "James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "William F. Edwards", "paragraph_text": "William F. Edwards (April 26, 1906 \u2013 13 August 1989) was a prominent businessman and educator who held the Driggs Chair of Finance at Brigham Young University (BYU) among many other notable positions."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minor Morals for Young People", "paragraph_text": "Minor Morals for Young People is a work of Children's literature by John Bowring, published in three parts from 1834 to 1839. The work was illustrated with engravings by George Cruikshank and William Heath."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ausente (film)", "paragraph_text": "Ausente (English translation and title \"Absent\") is a 2011 Spanish-language drama film directed by Argentine director Marco Berger. The film tackles the notion of sexual abuse of students, but director Marco Berger flips the dynamic. In this film, a young man wants to lure his teacher into a sexual relationship, rather than the other way round (i.e. where an older individual in a position of authority or trust becomes infatuated with a minor and lures the minor into a sexual relationship)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Michael Murphy (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Michael George Murphy (born May 5, 1938) is an American film, television and stage actor. He often plays unethical or morally ambiguous characters in positions of authority, including politicians, executives and lawyers. He is also known for his frequent collaborations with director Robert Altman, having appeared in twelve films, TV series and miniseries directed by Altman from 1963 to 2004, including the title role in the miniseries \"Tanner '88\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "A People's History of the United States", "paragraph_text": "A People's History of the United States is a 1980 non-fiction book by American historian and political scientist Howard Zinn. In the book, Zinn seeks to present an alternate interpretation of the history of the United States. According to the author, American history is to a large extent the exploitation of the majority by an elite minority."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bal Patil", "paragraph_text": "Bal Patil (Marathi: \u092c\u093e\u0933 \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0940\u0932; 1932\u20132011) was a Jain scholar, journalist, social activist and Jain minority status advocate from Mumbai, Maharashtra. He was appointed as a member of State Minority Commission by the Govt. of Maharashtra from 2001 to 2004. He was the Secretary-General of All India Jain Minority Forum, New Delhi\u2014a position he held till his death\u2014and was an ardent advocate of minority status for Jainism. The Jain minority cause gained prominence when he petitioned the Supreme Court of India for the recognition of Jain religious minority status on par with other Indian minorities as per the two recommendations by the National Minorities Commission. He was also the first non-medical President of the National Society for the Prevention of Heart Disease & Rehabilitation, Mumbai. He has also authored many books on Jainism and presented several papers at various seminars and conferences."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bradley D. Harris", "paragraph_text": "Bradley D. Harris (born 1956) is a professor of recreational management with special assignments connected to the Nonprofit Management Minor at Brigham Young University (BYU) who previously worked for 22 years as a professional scouter. He also is the author of the book \"Trails of Testimony: Bringing Young Men to Christ\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Women's suffrage", "paragraph_text": "Women's political status without the vote was promoted by the National Council of Women of Canada from 1894 to 1918. It promoted a vision of ``transcendent citizenship ''for women. The ballot was not needed, for citizenship was to be exercised through personal influence and moral suasion, through the election of men with strong moral character, and through raising public - spirited sons. The National Council position was integrated into its nation - building program that sought to uphold Canada as a White settler nation. While the women's suffrage movement was important for extending the political rights of White women, it was also authorized through race - based arguments that linked White women's enfranchisement to the need to protect the nation from`` racial degeneration.''"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Isa Bowman", "paragraph_text": "Isa Bowman (1874\u20131958) was an actress, a close friend of Lewis Carroll and author of a memoir about his life, \"The Story of Lewis Carroll, Told for Young People by the Real Alice in Wonderland\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. The current senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Land of Green Plums", "paragraph_text": "The Land of Green Plums () is a novel by Herta M\u00fcller, published in 1994 by Rowohlt Verlag. Perhaps M\u00fcller's best-known work, the story portrays four young people living in a totalitarian police state in Communist Romania, ending with their emigration to Germany. The narrator is an unidentified young woman belonging to the ethnic German minority. M\u00fcller said the novel was written \"in memory of my Romanian friends who were killed under the Ceau\u015fescu regime\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Betrayal of Bindy Mackenzie", "paragraph_text": "The Betrayal of Bindy Mackenzie, (also The Murder of Bindy MacKenzie in the US and Becoming Bindy MacKenzie in the UK) is a 2006 novel for young adults by Jaclyn Moriarty. It is the third of a series set in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, where the author grew up. The story focuses on a minor character from Moriarty's second young adult novel, \"Finding Cassie Crazy\". The story is told through letters, memos and transcripts, similar to the structure of other novels by the author."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Catalan language", "paragraph_text": "Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acad\u00e8mia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Bowring", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Bowring, KCB (Chinese translated name: \u5bf6\u5be7, \u5bf6\u9748 (for Putonghua speakers) or \u5305\u4ee4 (for Cantonese)) (Thai: \u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e22\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e01\u0e39\u0e25\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08 \u0e2a\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e34\u0e15\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e28) (17 October 1792 \u2013 23 November 1872) was an English political economist, traveller, writer, literary translator, polyglot, and the fourth Governor of Hong Kong."}], "question": "What position did the author of Minor Morals for Young People hold?"}
{"id": "2hop__705712_452428", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Stilley Carpenter", "paragraph_text": "John Stilley Carpenter (11 February 1849 at Centreville, Delaware \u2013 3 January 1925 at Kanab, Utah) was a pioneer settler of Utah and fifth bishop of the LDS Church in Glendale, Utah (Kanab Stake) in Kane County, Utah."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Robert Wadlow", "paragraph_text": "Robert Pershing Wadlow (February 22, 1918 -- July 15, 1940), also known as the Alton Giant and the Giant of Illinois, was an American who became famous as the tallest person ever in human recorded history for whom there is irrefutable evidence. The Alton and Illinois monikers reflect the fact that he was born and raised in Alton, Illinois."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sandasar", "paragraph_text": "Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Robert Wadlow", "paragraph_text": "Robert Pershing Wadlow (February 22, 1918 -- July 15, 1940), also known as the Alton Giant and the Giant of Illinois, was an American who became famous as the tallest person ever in human recorded history for whom there is irrefutable evidence. The Alton and Illinois monikers reflect that he was born and raised in Alton, Illinois."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hotel Stratford", "paragraph_text": "The Hotel Stratford is a historic hotel located at 229 Market St. in Alton, Illinois. The hotel, originally known as the Illini Hotel, opened in 1909. St. Louis architectural firm Barnett, Haynes & Barnett designed the hotel in the Classical Revival style. The five-story brick building features brick quoins, limestone bands and window sills, terra cotta ornamentation, and a cantilevered cornice. The hotel opened a rooftop garden in 1910 and a reception room in 1912, and it became one of many hotels which drew conventions to Alton; a contemporary newspaper account described the building as part of the \"greatest improvement in property in the city of Alton\". In 1925, new owner E. J. Lockyer renamed the hotel to its current name. The hotel is the only hotel built in Alton before 1950 that is still in operation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Darial, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 23' 35N 73\u00b0 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bann Na Mohra", "paragraph_text": "Bann Na Mohra is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 27' 50N 73\u00b0 22' 10E with an altitude of 562 metres (1847 feet)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mian Haji Sahib", "paragraph_text": "Mian Haji Sahib is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 22' 50N 73\u00b0 20' 40E with an altitude of 479 metres (1574 feet)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Illinois State Capitol", "paragraph_text": "In 1820, with the completion of the new, or ``second '', capitol, Vandalia became the capital of the state. The structure burned soon thereafter and a third capitol quickly rose in 1824 at a cost of $15,000. Soon after its construction, many citizens began to advocate relocating the capitol to a location nearer the center of the state. A bill was introduced in 1833 for a statewide vote to determine a new location from a list of several choices including Alton, Jacksonville, Peoria, Springfield, Vandalia, and the state's actual geographic center. While Alton was the victor, the legislature determined the margin too small to be conclusive, and ignored the vote. In 1836, a young lawyer named Abraham Lincoln, along with colleagues of his of the legal profession, advocated moving the capital to Springfield. That summer the Vandalia capitol building was demolished by local citizens and replaced with the fourth capitol (built at a cost of $16,000) in an effort to keep the capital in Vandalia. Although the new brick structure was extravagant, the General Assembly ignored the gesture and voted to relocate the capital to Springfield on February 25, 1837."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alton, Utah", "paragraph_text": "Alton is a town in Kane County, Utah, United States. The population was 119 at the 2010 census, a decrease from the 2000 figure of 134."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county where Alton is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__46608_392648", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Victor Gialanella", "paragraph_text": "Victor Gialanella (born October 29, 1949) is an American television soap opera writer. Besides his work in daytime, he wrote the Broadway play \"Frankenstein\" in 1981, and served as a story editor for \"Wavelength\" in 1997."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Frankenstein", "paragraph_text": "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (or simply, Frankenstein for short), is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley (1797 - 1851) that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a grotesque but sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition of the novel was published anonymously in London in 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared on the second edition, published in France in 1823."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Father of Frankenstein", "paragraph_text": "Father of Frankenstein is a 1995 novel by Christopher Bram which speculates on the last days of the life of film director James Whale. Whale directed such groundbreaking works as the 1931 \"Frankenstein\" and 1933's \"The Invisible Man\" and was a pioneer in the horror film genre."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bride of Frankenstein", "paragraph_text": "Bride of Frankenstein (advertised as The Bride of Frankenstein) is a 1935 American science - fiction horror film, the first sequel to Universal Pictures' 1931 hit Frankenstein. It is considered one of the few sequels to a great film that is even better than the original film on which it is based. As with the first film, Bride of Frankenstein was directed by James Whale and stars Boris Karloff as The Monster. The sequel features Elsa Lanchester in the dual role of Mary Shelley and the Monster's mate at the end of the film. Colin Clive reprises his role as Henry Frankenstein, and Ernest Thesiger plays the role of Doctor Septimus Pretorius."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Father of the Bride (1950 film)", "paragraph_text": "Father of the Bride is a 1950 American comedy film directed by Vincente Minnelli, about a man trying to cope with preparations for his daughter's upcoming wedding. The movie stars Spencer Tracy in the titular role, Joan Bennett, Elizabeth Taylor, Don Taylor, Billie Burke, and Leo G. Carroll. It was adapted by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett from the novel by Edward Streeter. Father of the Bride was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Picture and Best Writing, Screenplay."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "By the Bog of Cats", "paragraph_text": "By the Bog of Cats is a play by Marina Carr. By the Bog of Cats premiered at Dublin's Abbey Theatre in October 1998. A 2004 revival of the play in London's West End starred Hollywood actress Holly Hunter in the role of protagonist Hester Swane. The play takes place in the Midlands Region of Ireland in an unspecified time in the modern era. It is loosely based on the Greek myth Medea. In this myth, the sorceress Medea marries the hero Jason and has two children with him. When Jason leaves her for another woman, Medea kills their children, Jason's new bride, and the bride's father. By the Bog of Cats contains many mystical and mythical elements, including ghosts, magic, and curses. It includes themes of motherhood, betrayal / abandonment, and ethnic prejudice."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Playing House (2006 film)", "paragraph_text": "Playing House is a 2006 television film that was originally shown on CTV in Canada. It was produced by Blueprint Entertainment. The movie is based on the book of the same name by Patricia Pearson."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ay Lav Yu", "paragraph_text": "Ay Lav Yu is a 2010 Turkish comedy film, written and directed by Sermiyan Midyat, about a young man who having completed his education returns to his home village along with his American bride-to-be. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on , laid claim to various firsts for Turkish cinema including; first movie to feature Turkish, Kurdish, Syriac and English dialogue; first movie to show the blend of different religions in East Turkey; and first comedy with an international ensemble to look at the 9/11 attacks."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Corpse Vanishes", "paragraph_text": "The Corpse Vanishes is a 1942 American mystery and horror film starring Bela Lugosi, directed by Wallace Fox, and written by Harvey Gates. Lugosi portrays a mad scientist who injects his aging wife (played by Elizabeth Russell) with fluids from virginal young brides in order to preserve her beauty. Luana Walters as a journalist and Tristram Coffin as a small town doctor investigate and solve the disappearances of the brides."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "December Bride", "paragraph_text": "December Bride is an American sitcom that aired on the CBS television network from 1954 to 1959, adapted from the original CBS radio network series of the same name that aired from June 1952 through September 1953."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Private Life of Henry VIII", "paragraph_text": "The Private Life of Henry VIII is a 1933 British film which was directed and co-produced by Alexander Korda and starring Charles Laughton, Robert Donat, Merle Oberon and Elsa Lanchester. The film focuses on the marriages of King Henry VIII of England. It was written by Lajos B\u00edr\u00f3 and Arthur Wimperis for London Film Productions, Korda's production company. The film was a major international success, establishing Korda as a leading filmmaker and Laughton as a box office star."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hindu wedding", "paragraph_text": "Saptapadi -- is the most important ritual. It is called the seven step ritual, where each step corresponds to a vow groom makes to bride, and a vow the bride makes to groom. The vows are pronounced in Sanskrit in long form, or short quicker form, sometimes also in the language of the groom and bride. In many weddings, Saptapadi is performed near a fire; and after each of the seven oaths to each other, the groom and bride perform the ritual of agnipradakshinam -- walk around the fire, with the end of their garments tied together. The groom usually leads the bride in the walk. The fire is a form of yajna -- a Vedic ritual where fire is the divine witness (to the marriage). After Saptapadi, the couple are considered husband and wife."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lesley Joseph", "paragraph_text": "Lesley Diana Joseph (born 14 October 1945) is an English actress and broadcaster, known for playing Dorien Green in the television sitcom Birds of a Feather from 1989 to 1998, and again since 2014. Other television credits include Absurd Person Singular (1985) and Night and Day (2001 -- 03). Her stage roles include UK touring productions of Thoroughly Modern Millie (2005), Calendar Girls (2011) and Annie (2015). In 2018, she was nominated for the Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical, for the original West End production of Young Frankenstein."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Raampur Ka Lakshman", "paragraph_text": "Raampur Ka Lakshman is a 1972 Indian Hindi movie directed by Manmohan Desai. The film was remade in 1978 in Tamil, titled as \"Mangudi Minor\", where Rajinikanth essayed the similar role played by Shatrughan Sinha in the Hindi original."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Please, Not Now!", "paragraph_text": "Please, Not Now! (original French title La Bride sur le cou, is a French comedy film released in 1961, directed by Roger Vadim and starring his former wife, Brigitte Bardot."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chris Sarandon", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Sarandon Jr. (/ s\u0259\u02c8r\u00e6nd\u0259n /; born July 24, 1942) is an American actor. He is known best for playing Prince Humperdinck in the movie The Princess Bride, the vampire Jerry Dandrige in Fright Night, Detective Mike Norris in Child's Play (1988), and for providing the speaking voice of Jack Skellington in The Nightmare Before Christmas. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Leon Shermer in Dog Day Afternoon."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Frankenstein Chronicles", "paragraph_text": "Episode Title Directed by Written by Original airdate Viewers (millions) ``Prodigal Son ''Alex Gabassi Michael Robert Johnson 1 November 2017 (2017 - 11 - 01) TBA`` Not John Marlott'' Alex Gabassi Paul Tomalin 8 November 2017 (2017 - 11 - 08) TBA ``Seeing the Dead ''Alex Gabassi Noel Farragher and Paul Tomalin 15 November 2017 (2017 - 11 - 15) TBA`` Little Boy Lost'' Alex Gabassi Colin Carberry, Glenn Patterson and Michael Robert Johnson 22 November 2017 (2017 - 11 - 22) TBA 5 ``The Marriage of Heaven and Hell ''Alex Gabassi Paul Tomalin 29 November 2017 (2017 - 11 - 29) TBA 6`` Bride of Frankenstein'' Alex Gabassi Michael Robert Johnson 6 December 2017 (2017 - 12 - 06) TBA"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "His Jazz Bride", "paragraph_text": "His Jazz Bride is a 1926 American silent drama film released by Warner Brothers Pictures. The movie starred Marie Prevost and Matt Moore."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Rocky Horror Show", "paragraph_text": "The Rocky Horror Show is a musical with music, lyrics and book by Richard O'Brien. A humorous tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the late 1940s through to the early 1970s, the musical tells the story of a newly engaged couple getting caught in a storm and coming to the home of a mad transvestite scientist, Dr Frank - N - Furter, unveiling his new creation, a sort of Frankenstein - style monster in the form of an artificially made, fully grown, physically perfect muscle man named Rocky Horror, complete ``with blond hair and a tan ''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bride of the Gorilla", "paragraph_text": "Bride of the Gorilla is a 1951 horror B-movie film directed by Curt Siodmak and starring Raymond Burr, Lon Chaney Jr., Barbara Payton and Tom Conway."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the person who played the bride of Frankenstein in the original movie?"}
{"id": "2hop__51062_6085", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "631 Philippina", "paragraph_text": "631 Philippina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer August Kopff on March 21, 1907."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "902 Probitas", "paragraph_text": "902 Probitas is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered by an Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa in Vienna on 3 September 1918."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "665 Sabine", "paragraph_text": "665 Sabine is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Wilhelm Lorenz on July 22, 1908."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "897 Lysistrata", "paragraph_text": "897 Lysistrata is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on August 3, 1918."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "660 Crescentia", "paragraph_text": "660 Crescentia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf on January 8, 1908."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "529 Preziosa", "paragraph_text": "Preziosa (minor planet designation: 529 Preziosa) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 20 March 1904 from Heidelberg."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "756 Lilliana", "paragraph_text": "756 Lilliana is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf on April 26, 1908, from Taunton, Massachusetts. It rotates around its axis of rotation every 9.3 hours."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "On leaving the University of Oxford, in 1676, Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long (24 ft) aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. The site of this telescope is near Saint Mathew's Church in Hutt's Gate, in the Longwood district. The 680-metre (2,230 ft) high hill there is named for him and is called Halley's Mount."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "819 Barnardiana", "paragraph_text": "819 Barnardiana is a minor planet orbiting the Sun, discovered on March 3, 1916 by the German astronomer Max Wolf in Heidelberg."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "661 Cloelia", "paragraph_text": "661 Cloelia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf on February 22, 1908."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System", "paragraph_text": "Edmond Halley realised in 1705 that repeated sightings of a comet were recording the same object, returning regularly once every 75 -- 76 years. This was the first evidence that anything other than the planets orbited the Sun. Around this time (1704), the term ``Solar System ''first appeared in English."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "604 Tekmessa", "paragraph_text": "Tekmessa (minor planet designation: 604 Tekmessa) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf on February 16, 1906."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "879 Ricarda", "paragraph_text": "879 Ricarda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on July 22, 1917."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "550 Senta", "paragraph_text": "Senta (minor planet designation: 550 Senta) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on November 16, 1904, from Heidelberg."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "669 Kypria", "paragraph_text": "669 Kypria is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer August Kopff on August 20, 1908."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "568 Cheruskia", "paragraph_text": "Cheruskia (minor planet designation: 568 Cheruskia) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Paul G\u00f6tz on 26 July 1905 from Heidelberg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "575 Renate", "paragraph_text": "Renate (minor planet designation: 575 Renate) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun which was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on September 19, 1905."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "408 Fama", "paragraph_text": "Fama (minor planet designation: 408 Fama) is a typical main belt asteroid in orbit around the Sun. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 13 October 1895 in Heidelberg."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "554 Peraga", "paragraph_text": "Peraga (minor planet designation: 554 Peraga) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Paul G\u00f6tz on January 8, 1905, from Heidelberg."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "694 Ekard", "paragraph_text": "694 Ekard is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf on November 7, 1909."}], "question": "What university did the scientist who discovered the planets orbit around the sun attend?"}
{"id": "2hop__95807_843458", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Abel Jacquin", "paragraph_text": "Abel Jacquin (1893\u20131968) was a French actor who appeared in more than thirty films between 1930 and 1956. Jacquin co-directed the 1933 comedy film \"Les deux 'Monsieur' de Madame\". He was also noted for his narration of the 1933 documentary \"Land Without Bread\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bahama Passage", "paragraph_text": "Bahama Passage is a 1941 American drama film directed by Edward H. Griffith, starring Madeleine Carroll and Sterling Hayden. The film was primarily shot on Salt Cay, Turks Islands in Technicolor."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Two on a Guillotine", "paragraph_text": "Two on a Guillotine is a 1965 American horror film produced and directed by William Conrad and starring Connie Stevens. The screenplay by John Kneubuhl and Henry Slesar is based on a story by Slesar."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "An Elastic Affair", "paragraph_text": "An Elastic Affair (1930) is a 10-minute short comedy film directed by Alfred Hitchcock which features the two winners\u2014Cyril Butcher (1909-1988) as \"the Boy\" and Aileen Despard (1908-1981) as \"the Girl\"\u2014of a film acting scholarship sponsored by British film magazine \"Film Weekly\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bob Hope filmography", "paragraph_text": "This is a selection of films and television appearances by British-American comedian and actor Bob Hope. Although Hope began his career in 1919 with a brief stint as a boxer, Hope began his acting career in 1925 in various vaudeville acts and stage performances, before making his film debut in 1934 in the film short \"Going Spanish\", 4 years later his feature debut would come in The Big Broadcast of 1938. Hope would continue to act, in addition to stand-up comedy USO performances for American military personnel that where stationed overseas, his last feature role would be Spies Like Us appearing as himself in a cameo in 1985, although his final starring role was the comedy Cancel My Reservation in 1972. He would retire in 1997."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Madame X (1966 film)", "paragraph_text": "Madame X is a 1966 American drama film directed by David Lowell Rich and starring Lana Turner. It is based on the 1908 play \"Madame X\" by French playwright Alexandre Bisson."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Madame de La Pommeraye's Intrigues", "paragraph_text": "Madame de La Pommeraye's Intrigues (German: Die Intrigen der Madame de La Pommeraye) is a 1922 German silent film directed by Fritz Wendhausen and starring Olga Gsowskaja, Margarete Schlegel and Grete Berger. The film was produced by Russo Film, a short-lived company backed by Decla-Bioscop which aimed to adapt literary works for the screen. The film was released shortly after Decla-Bioscop had been absorbed into the larger UFA group. It was based on a story by Denis Diderot. It premiered at the Tauentzienpalast on 20 January 1922."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sir or Madam", "paragraph_text": "Sir or Madam (German: Ossi hat die Hosen an) is a 1928 British-German silent comedy film directed by Carl Boese and starring Margot Armand, Percy Marmont and Ossi Oswalda. It was based on the 1923 novel \"Sir or Madame\" by Berta Ruck and shot at Elstree Studios near London. The film was a co-production between Germany and Britain, with separate versions released in the countries. In Britain it was not released until February 1930."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "French Leave (1930 film)", "paragraph_text": "French Leave is a 1930 British comedy film directed by Jack Raymond and starring Madeleine Carroll, Sydney Howard and Arthur Chesney. It was made at Elstree Studios. It is based on a play by Reginald Berkeley, a \"light comedy in three acts\", set during the First World War. It was remade in 1937 by Norman Lee."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Morwenna Banks", "paragraph_text": "Tamsin Morwenna Banks (born 20 September 1961) is a British comedy actress, writer and producer known for her roles as Mummy Pig, Madame Gazelle, and Dr Hamster in the children's series Peppa Pig."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Madame Guillotine", "paragraph_text": "Madame Guillotine is a 1931 British historical romance film directed by Reginald Fogwell and starring Madeleine Carroll, Brian Aherne and Henry Hewitt."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Homesdale", "paragraph_text": "Homesdale is a 1971 Australian film directed by Peter Weir. \"Homesdale\" is a black comedy about visitors at a guest-house acting out their violent private fantasies and games under the control of the house staff."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bujang Lapok Kembali Daa", "paragraph_text": "Bujang Lapok Kembali Daa, or \"The Return of the Three Bachelors\" is a 1986 Malaysia comedy film directed, written and acted in by Aziz Sattar.In this film, P. Ramlee's son, Nasir (1953-2008) took over his late father's place in the trio."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Call Me Madam (film)", "paragraph_text": "Call Me Madam is a 1953 American Technicolor musical film directed by Walter Lang, with songs by Irving Berlin, based on the stage musical of the same name."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I'm an Elephant, Madame", "paragraph_text": "I'm an Elephant, Madame () is a 1969 German drama film directed by Peter Zadek. It was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear award."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Trial of Madame X", "paragraph_text": "The Trial of Madame X is a 1948 British drama film directed by Paul England and starring England and Mara Russell-Tavernan. It is based on the 1908 play \"Madame X\" by the French playwright Alexandre Bisson (1848-1912)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Madame l'archiduc", "paragraph_text": "Madame l\u2019archiduc is an op\u00e9ra bouffe, or operetta in three acts, by Jacques Offenbach, with a French libretto by Albert Millaud first performed at the Bouffes-Parisiens (Salle Choiseul) in Paris in 1874."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Valentine Tessier", "paragraph_text": "Valentine Tessier (1892\u20131981) was a French actress who appeared in around thirty films during her career. She played the title role in Jean Renoir's 1934 film version of \"Madame Bovary\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Madam Satan", "paragraph_text": "\"Madam Satan\" has been called one of the oddest films DeMille made and certainly one of the oddest MGM made during its \"golden age\". Thematically, this marked an attempt by DeMille to return to the boudoir comedies genre that had brought him financial success about 10 years earlier."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Personal Services", "paragraph_text": "Personal Services is a 1987 British comedy film directed by Terry Jones and written by David Leland. It is the story of the rise of a madam of a suburban brothel which caters to older men. The story is inspired by the real experiences of Cynthia Payne, the legendary \"House of Cyn\" madam."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the actress that has acted in the comedy film Madame Guillotine?"}
{"id": "2hop__39066_158296", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Karl Leonhard Reinhold", "paragraph_text": "Karl Leonhard Reinhold (26 October 1757 \u2013 10 April 1823) was an Austrian philosopher who helped to popularise the work of Immanuel Kant in the late 18th century. His \"elementary philosophy\" (\"Elementarphilosophie\") also influenced German idealism, notably Johann Gottlieb Fichte, as a critical system grounded in a fundamental first principle."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A London Life", "paragraph_text": "A London Life is a novella by Henry James, first published in \"Scribner's Magazine\" in 1888. The plot revolves around a crumbling marriage and its impact on many other people, especially Laura Wing, the sister of the soon-to-be-divorced wife. Laura is a classic Jamesian \"central consciousness,\" whose reflections and emotions color the presentation of the storyline and the other characters. The tale is notable for its straightforward, even hard-edged approach to sexuality and divorce. This might reflect the influence of French naturalism on James during the 1880s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of 'British Empiricism', a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid, and 'Scottish Philosophy', sometimes referred to as the 'Scottish School of Common Sense'. The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume; while Dugald Stewart, Thomas Reid and William Hamilton were major exponents of the Scottish \"common sense\" school. Two Britons are also notable for a theory of moral philosophy utilitarianism, first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was \"Let none unversed in geometry enter here\", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Peel, Netherlands", "paragraph_text": "De Peel is a region in the southeast of the Netherlands that straddles the border between the provinces of North Brabant and Limburg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "One of the common definitions for \"Islamic philosophy\" is \"the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture.\" Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980\u20131037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook The Canon of Medicine was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote The Book of Healing, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Coolup, Western Australia", "paragraph_text": "Coolup is a small town in the Peel region of Western Australia. The town is situated just off the South Western Highway and close to the Murray River. Coolup is home to the proposed new multimillion-dollar Murray Region Equestrian Centre, whose construction is in the initial stages of development."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Political philosophy", "paragraph_text": "Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization, grouped by Plato into four categories: timocracy, tyranny, democracy and oligarchy. One of the first, extremely important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's Republic, which was followed by Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and Politics. Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, including the Roman statesman Cicero."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mavro Orbini", "paragraph_text": "Mavro Orbini (1563\u20131614) was a Ragusan chronicler, notable for his work \"The Realm of the Slavs\" (1601) which influenced Slavic ideology and historiography in the later centuries."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gualtiero Piccinini", "paragraph_text": "Gualtiero Piccinini (born 1970) is an Italian\u2013American philosopher notable for his work on the nature of mind and computation as well as on how to integrate psychology and neuroscience. He is Professor in the Philosophy Department and the Center for Neurodynamics at the University of Missouri, St. Louis, United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Police", "paragraph_text": "Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Night and Sleep", "paragraph_text": "Night and Sleep is an 1878 painting by Evelyn De Morgan, an English painter whose works were influenced by the style of the Pre-Raphaelite movement."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi) concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Peel (Royal Navy officer)", "paragraph_text": "Captain Sir William Peel VC KCB (2 November 1824 \u2013 27 April 1858) was a British naval officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the third son of the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel. Like his father, he was educated at Harrow School."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. For example, Hayek's discussion in The Road to Serfdom (1944) about truth, falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sara Grant", "paragraph_text": "Sr Sara Grant came as a missionary to India in 1956, to head the newly formed Department of Philosophy at Sophia College (University of Mumbai), Mumbai run by Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, here she taught for many years. Under the influence and guidance of Fr Richard De Smet, SJ, she studied Sanskrit and did a doctorate in the University of Bombay on the concept of relation in Adi Sankaracarya, (ca. 700 C.E.), the authoritative Hindu exponent of the doctrine of non-duality (Advaita). Here she also became close friends with Swami Abhishiktananda, a French Benedictine monk, whose biography she later published in 1998, as \"Swami Abhishiktananda: The man and his message\". In the coming years, she drew upon philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, to embarked upon a path of reconciling Indian and Christian philosophy. Her work with Sankara, and focus on the understanding of Advaita Vedanta, culminated in the drawing parallels with Christian doctrines."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Christine Korsgaard", "paragraph_text": "Christine Marion Korsgaard, (; born April 9, 1952) is an American philosopher and Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University whose main scholarly interests are in moral philosophy and its history; the relation of issues in moral philosophy to issues in metaphysics, the philosophy of mind, and the theory of personal identity; the theory of personal relationships; and in normativity in general."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Don Marquis (philosopher)", "paragraph_text": "Don Marquis (born 1935) is an American philosopher whose main academic interests are in ethics and medical ethics. Marquis is currently Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Kansas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "When C\u00e9loron's expedition arrived at Logstown, the Native Americans in the area informed C\u00e9loron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. C\u00e9loron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as \"Old Briton\". C\u00e9loron threatened \"Old Briton\" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British. \"Old Briton\" ignored the warning. Disappointed, C\u00e9loron returned to Montreal in November 1749."}], "question": "Who else is a notable Briton besides the philosopher influencing Peel?"}
{"id": "2hop__173503_355354", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Crawling Sky", "paragraph_text": "Crawling Sky is a graphic novel adapted from a short story by Joe R. Lansdale by his son Keith Lansdale. It follows the further adventures of the Reverend Jedidiah Mercer. In this story he ventures into a decrepit unnamed town in East Texas. He soon learns the entire town is possessed by an evil entity. The Reverend soon meets"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Trumann, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Trumann is a city in Poinsett County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 7,243 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Jonesboro, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joe Morolong Local Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Joe Morolong Local Municipality (formerly Moshaweng Local Municipality) is an administrative area in the John Taolo Gaetsewe District of the Northern Cape in South Africa."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Joe Hollimon", "paragraph_text": "Joe Hollimon (born November 5, 1952 in Trumann, Arkansas) is a former defensive back for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League from 1976-1985. He won six Grey Cups while a member of the Eskimos. He was a three-time Western Conference All-Star Corner Back (1976, 78, 82) and was a CFL All-Star in 1978."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "What is the county of the birthplace of Joe Hollimon?"}
{"id": "2hop__89244_845412", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Robert Koenig (filmmaker)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Koenig (born July 9, 1975 in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, USA) is an American film director, producer, writer and editor. Koenig directed the documentary film \"\", which won the 2008 Artivist Award for Child Advocacy and produced \"Coexist\", which was nominated for Best Documentary Film by the African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) in 2011."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Imposter (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Imposter is the second full-length album by American singer-songwriter Kevin Max and was released on October 11, 2005 on Northern Records. The title and overall themes of the album draw inspiration from the writings of theologian (and friend of Max's) Brennan Manning, particularly Manning's books \"Ragamuffin Gospel\" and \"Abba's Child\". The title track, according to Max, concerns \"the fight between the flesh and the spirit.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Manhattan Melodrama", "paragraph_text": "Manhattan Melodrama is a 1934 American pre-Code crime film, produced by MGM, directed by W. S. Van Dyke, and starring Clark Gable, William Powell, and Myrna Loy. The movie also provided one of the earliest roles for Mickey Rooney, who played Gable's character as a child. The film is based on a story by Arthur Caesar, who won the Academy Award for Best Original Story. It was also the first of Myrna Loy and William Powell's fourteen screen pairings."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.", "paragraph_text": "The case reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1948; their verdict went against the movie studios, forcing all of them to divest themselves of their movie theater chains. This, coupled with the advent of television and the attendant drop in movie ticket sales, brought about a severe slump in the movie business, a slump that would not be reversed until 1972, with the release of The Godfather, the first modern blockbuster."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wednesday Addams", "paragraph_text": "In Addams' cartoons, which first appeared in The New Yorker, Wednesday and other members of the family had no names. When the characters were adapted to the 1964 television series, Charles Addams gave her the name ``Wednesday '', based on the well - known nursery rhyme line,`` Wednesday's child is full of woe''. She is the sister of Pugsley Addams (and, in the movie Addams Family Values, also the sister of Pubert Addams), and she is the only daughter of Gomez and Morticia Addams."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hatching Pete", "paragraph_text": "Hatching Pete is a 2009 Disney Channel Original Movie which first aired on April 24, 2009 on Disney Channel UK and later Disney Channel and Family. It was released on DVD in America on May 12, 2009 together with \"Dadnapped\". It is the first Disney Channel Original Movie to air in the UK first. It first aired in America on April 24, 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alyvia Alyn Lind", "paragraph_text": "Alyvia Alyn Lind is an American child actress. She is best known for roles of Faith Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless since 2011, and young 9 - year - old Dolly Parton in the made - for - television movies Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors and Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spider-Man (2002 film)", "paragraph_text": "Norman, upon learning Oscorp's board members plan to sell the company, assassinates them at the World Unity Fair. Jameson quickly dubs the mysterious killer the Green Goblin. The Goblin offers Parker a place at his side, but Parker refuses. They fight, and Parker is wounded. At Thanksgiving dinner, May invites Mary Jane, Harry, and Norman. During the dinner, Norman sees the wound, and realizes Parker's identity. Shortly after he leaves, the Green Goblin attacks, and hospitalizes May."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sethupathi IPS", "paragraph_text": "Sethupathi IPS is a 1994 Tamil action comedy thriller film starring Vijayakanth, Meena, and Nambiar. The movie deals the story of a police officer who fights against terrorism. The movie was shot in 180 days and entirely in Chennai. It is one of the superhits of Vijayakanth's during 1990s. It was dubbed in Telugu as \"Raghupathi IPS\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ultimate Fighting Championship", "paragraph_text": "UFC matches vary in maximum length, depending on whether the match is for a Championship title, or is a fight card's ``main event ''fight. In all fights, each round can be no longer than five minutes. Championship fights last for a maximum of five rounds. Beginning with UFC 138 on November 5, 2011, non-championship`` main event'' fights (i.e. the final fight on the card) will also last for a maximum of five rounds. Non-main event bouts last for a maximum of three rounds. UFC on FX: Alves vs. Kampmann featured the organization's first two flyweight fights as part of its first flyweight tournament, which consists of bouts that, in the event of a draw, go to a fourth ``sudden victory ''round held to determine the winner, who advances. There is a one - minute rest period between rounds."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "On the Good Ship Lollipop", "paragraph_text": "``On the Good Ship Lollipop ''was the signature song of child actress Shirley Temple. Temple first sang it in the 1934 movie Bright Eyes. The song was composed by Richard A. Whiting and the lyrics were supplied by Sidney Clare."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Finding John Christmas", "paragraph_text": "Finding John Christmas is a 2003 television movie that first aired on CBS. The film is a sequel to the 2001 television movie \"A Town Without Christmas\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Death of Evil", "paragraph_text": "Death of Evil is a 2009 direct-to-video supernatural horror film, written, directed by and starring Damian Chapa. The film revolves around a Native American man who must fight off an evil plot by his pregnant wife's family line to corrupt his unborn child. It was released in the United States in September 2009, and in the Netherlands in October 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Mendenhall", "paragraph_text": "David Mendenhall (born June 13, 1971) is an American actor and former child actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles in the films Space Raiders, Over the Top, The Transformers: The Movie and They Still Call Me Bruce."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fresno, California", "paragraph_text": "In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno\", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at the First Couple's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, Obsessed. She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife who learns of a woman's obsessive behavior over her husband. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than Cadillac Records\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Susan Olsen", "paragraph_text": "Susan Marie Olsen (born August 14, 1961) is an American former child actress, animal welfare advocate, artist, and former radio host. Olsen is known for her role as Cindy Brady, the youngest Brady child in the sitcom The Brady Bunch for the full run of the show, from 1969 to 1974. In 1995 she had a minor role in the Brady bunch Movie as a reporter."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Normie Osborn", "paragraph_text": "Normie Osborn is the grandson of Norman Osborn and the son of Harry Osborn, the first and second Green Goblin, respectively."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aurora Teagarden", "paragraph_text": "The first film, based on the second book A Bone To Pick, premiered on April 4, 2015, on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel. The second film, based on the first book Real Murders, premiered on July 26, 2015, on the same channel. A third film is based on the third book Three Bedrooms, One Corpse and premiered on June 12, 2016, on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel. The fourth film: The Julius House premiered on October 16, 2016, on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel. The fifth movie in the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries, ``Dead Over Heels: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery, ''premiered Sunday, March 19, 2017."}], "question": "Who is the child of the villain Spiderman fights in the first movie?"}
{"id": "2hop__10648_37668", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction.\" The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Albigensian Crusade", "paragraph_text": "The Albigensian Crusade or the Cathar Crusade (1209\u20131229; , ) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, in southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on a political flavour, resulting in not only a significant reduction in the number of practising Cathars, but also a realignment of the County of Toulouse in Languedoc, bringing it into the sphere of the French crown and diminishing the distinct regional culture and high level of influence of the Counts of Barcelona."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arnaud Amalric", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Amalric (Latin: Arnoldus Amalricus; died 1225) was a Cistercian abbot who played a prominent role in the Albigensian Crusade. He is remembered for purportedly advising a soldier who was worried about killing orthodox Catholics instead of just heretic Cathars, prior to the sack of B\u00e9ziers, to simply kill everyone, as God would sort it all out later."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Force Heretic: Refugee", "paragraph_text": "Force Heretic: Refugee (also released as Force Heretic II: Refugee) is the second novel in a three-part story by Sean Williams and Shane Dix, the other two being Remnant (I), and Reunion (III). Published and released in 2003, it is the sixteenth installment of the New Jedi Order series set in the \"Star Wars\" galaxy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the 13th century mendicant orders\u2014the Franciscans and the Dominicans\u2014who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries, but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy. Others joined the Cathars, another heretical movement condemned by the papacy. In 1209, a crusade was preached against the Cathars, the Albigensian Crusade, which in combination with the medieval Inquisition, eliminated them."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elisha ben Abuyah", "paragraph_text": "Elisha ben Abuyah () (spelled variously, including Elisha ben Avuya) was a rabbi and Jewish religious authority born in Jerusalem sometime before 70 CE. After he adopted a worldview considered heretical by his fellow \"Tannaim\" and betrayed his people, the rabbis of the Talmud refrained from relating teachings in his name and referred to him as the \"Other One\" (, ). In the writings of the gaonim this name appears as \"Achor\" (\"backwards\"), because Elisha was considered to have \"turned backwards\" by embracing heresy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil\". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various \"ecclesiastical authorities\"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was\" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "In his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being \"blasphemous\" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Immaculate Conception", "paragraph_text": "On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477, in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary, without using the word \"Immaculate\", he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave, and he used the word \"immaculate\" of Mary, but applied instead the adjective \"miraculous\" to her conception. On 4 September 1483, referring to the feast as that of \"the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin\", he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the \"glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin\" and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that \"the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin\", since, he said, \"up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See.\" This decree was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Arnaud Amalric", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Amaury (Latin: Arnoldus Amalricus; died 1225) was a Cistercian abbot who played a prominent role in the Albigensian Crusade. He is remembered for purportedly advising a soldier who was worried about killing Catholics instead of just heretic Cathars, prior to the sack of B\u00e9ziers, to simply kill everyone, as God would sort it all out later."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285\u20131314) and the Hospitallers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Astronauts & Heretics", "paragraph_text": "Astronauts & Heretics, released in 1992, was the fourth studio album by Thomas Dolby. It was Dolby's last studio album until 2011's \"A Map Of The Floating City\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "A Map of the Floating City", "paragraph_text": "A Map of the Floating City is the fifth studio album by English musician Thomas Dolby, released on 24\u00a0October 2011. It is his first full-length studio album since 1992's \"Astronauts & Heretics\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Linda Blair", "paragraph_text": "Linda Denise Blair (born January 22, 1959) is an American actress. Blair is best known for her role as the possessed child, Regan, in the film The Exorcist (1973), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe. She reprised her role in Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Marriage in the Catholic Church", "paragraph_text": "With the development of sacramental theology, marriage was included in the select seven to which the term ``sacrament ''was applied. Explicit classification of marriage in this way came in reaction to the contrary teaching of Catharism that marriage and procreation are evil: the first official declaration that marriage is a sacrament was made at the 1184 Council of Verona as part of a condemnation of the Cathars. In 1208, Pope Innocent III required members of another religious movement, that of the Waldensians, to recognize that marriage is a sacrament as a condition for being received back into the Catholic Church. In 1254, Catholics accused Waldensians of condemning the sacrament of marriage,`` saying that married persons sin mortally if they come together without the hope of offspring''. The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 had already stated in response to the teaching of the Cathars: ``For not only virgins and the continent but also married persons find favour with God by right faith and good actions and deserve to attain to eternal blessedness. ''Marriage was also included in the list of the seven sacraments at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 as part of the profession of faith required of Michael VIII Palaiologos. The sacraments of marriage and holy orders were distinguished as sacraments that aim at the`` increase of the Church'' from the other five sacraments, which are intended for the spiritual perfection of individuals. The Council of Florence in 1439 again recognised marriage as a sacrament."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony \u2013 or Occam's razor \u2013 whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided."}], "question": "In what year was the religious group condemned as heretics along with the Cathars and Humiliati labeled as heretics?"}
{"id": "2hop__679893_124865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1964", "paragraph_text": "The Netherlands was represented by Anneke Gr\u00f6nloh, with the song '\"Jij bent mijn leven\", at the 1964 Eurovision Song Contest, which took place on 21 March in Copenhagen. Gr\u00f6nloh was selected internally by broadcaster NTS and the song was chosen at the national final on 24 February."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\" This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Maher al-Assad", "paragraph_text": "Maher al-Assad was born on 8 December 1967, the youngest child of Anisa Makhlouf and Hafez al-Assad. He was just two years old when his father became President of Syria. Like the other children in the al-Assad family, he was raised out of the public spotlight and trained in Syria."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "An-Nasir Dawud", "paragraph_text": "An-Nasir Dawud was the son of Al-Mu'azzam, the Ayyubid Sultan of Damascus from 1218 to 1227. On his father's death, An-Nasir succeeded, but soon faced opposition from his uncle, Al-Kamil of Egypt, who made war on him, conquering Jerusalem and Nablus. An-Nasir appealed for help to his other uncle, Al-Ashraf, ruler of Harran. Al-Ashraf, however, betrayed his nephew, coming to an agreement with Al-Kamil to divide An-Nasir's lands between them - Al-Ashraf would take Damascus and the north, while Al-Kamil took control of Palestine."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai", "paragraph_text": "Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai forms an important link between his father, Qusai ibn Kilab (c. 400\u2013480), the great-great-grandfather of Shaiba ibn Hashim (Abdul-Mutallib) and his own sons, since he is the progenitor of the Banu Abd-al-dar."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zubarah", "paragraph_text": "Zubarah (), also referred to as Al Zubarah or Az Zubarah, is a ruined and ancient fort located on the north western coast of the Qatar peninsula in the Al Shamal municipality, about 105\u00a0km from the Qatari capital of Doha. It was founded by Shaikh Muhammed bin Khalifa, the founder father of Al Khalifa royal family of Bahrain, the main and principal Utub tribe in the first half of the eighteenth century. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Musa al-Kadhim", "paragraph_text": "M\u016bs\u00e1 ibn Ja\u2018far al-K\u0101zim (), also called Ab\u016bl-Hasan, Ab\u016b Abd Allah, Ab\u016b Ibr\u0101h\u012bm, and al-K\u0101zim (the one who controls his anger), was the seventh Shiite Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. He is regarded by Sunnis as a renowned scholar, and was a contemporary of the Abbasid caliphs Al-Mansur, Al-Hadi, Al-Mahdi and Harun al-Rashid. He was imprisoned several times; finally dying in Baghdad in the Sindi ibn Shahak prison. Ali al-Ridha, the eighth Im\u0101m, and Fatemah Masume were among his children."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Barbara Dex", "paragraph_text": "Barbara Dex is one of three children of Marcel Deckx, a Belgian singer better known by his stage name Marc Dex. Her brother Tom Deckx has played bass guitar in the musical groups Tush and Nuts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Abdallah al-Ghalib", "paragraph_text": "Abdallah al-Ghalib Billah (1517 \u2013 22 January 1574, reigned 1557\u201374) was the second Saadian sultan of Morocco. He succeeded his father Mohammed ash-Sheikh as Sultan of Morocco."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Net als toen", "paragraph_text": "\"Net als toen\" (\"Just like then\") was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 performed in Dutch by Corry Brokken representing the Netherlands. It received 31 points, placing it first in a field of ten."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the \"Arab notion of glory\", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to \"Glory of the Arabs\"\u2014a rare name in Egypt."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chen Peisi", "paragraph_text": "Chen's father Chen Qiang named him Chen Peisi after Pest, when he performed \"The White-Haired Girl\" in Budapest, Hungary in 1951. The pronunciation of \"Budapest\" in Mandarin Chinese is \"\". Chen's father named his elder brother Chen Buda ()."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pope John III of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "Marwan I made his sons governors over all the provinces. He appointed his son Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan governor of Egypt and his eldest son Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan as governor of Damascus, who later became the successor to his father."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Al Capone Does My Shirts", "paragraph_text": "Al Capone Does My Shirts is a historical fiction novel for young adults by author Gennifer Choldenko. In this story, Moose Flanagan and his family move from Santa Monica to Alcatraz Island. The move was caused by the father's new job positions as an electrician and as a guard in the well known Alcatraz prison. The book was named as a Newbery Honor selection and in 2007 it received the California Young Reader Medal. It has two sequels, Al Capone Shines My Shoes and Al Capone Does My Homework."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Iemand als jij", "paragraph_text": "\"Iemand als jij\" (\"Someone like you\") was the Belgian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993, performed in Dutch by Barbara Dex."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Ibn Ab\u012b Bakr Ibn Ayyub Ibn Sa'd Ibn Har\u012bz Ibn Makk\u012b Zayn al-D\u012bn al-Zur'\u012b (), al-Dimashqi (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a), with kunya of Abu Abdullah (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647), called Shams al-D\u012bn ( \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646). He is usually known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, after his father Abu Bakr Ibn Sa'd al-Zur'\u012b who was the superintendent (\"qayyim\") of the Jawziyyah Madrasah, the Hanbali law college in Damascus."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Days of Sadat", "paragraph_text": "Ayyam El Sadat (, English: \"The Days of Sadat\") is a 2001 Egyptian biographical film about President of Egypt Anwar Al Sadat. The movie starred several prominent actors, with Ahmad Zaki as the Egyptian president. It is considered to be one of Zaki's greatest performances, capturing intimate details about the president in great accuracy. One notable characteristic of Sadat was his speech pattern, which Ahmad Zaki captured strongly in his performance."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jij bent zo", "paragraph_text": "\"Jij bent zo\" is a single by Dutch singer Jeroen van der Boom, released in 2007. It is a Dutch-language cover of the song \"Silencio\" by Spanish singer David Bisbal."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ribal al-Assad", "paragraph_text": "Ribal al-Assad was born in Damascus, the 13th of 16 siblings. He is the son of Rifaat al-Assad and his third wife Line Al-Khayer, sister in law of the late Saudi king Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, and is thus a member of the al-Assad family. His father, Rifaat al-Assad, a younger brother of the late President Hafez Al-Assad, was a powerful security chief and commander of the Defense Companies, who was responsible for the 1982 Hama massacre. After attempting a coup d'\u00e9tat, he and his family went into exile in France, then the UK. Ribal, at the age of 9, and his family then moved to Paris, where he continued to live until the age of 16. At the age of 16, Ribal al-Assad began High School in New York and Houston, before attending university in Boston."}], "question": "Who is the Iemand als jij performer's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__87505_16220", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chelsea, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Chelsea is a city in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Birmingham metropolitan area. Chelsea was incorporated on March 1, 1996, with a population of 906. At the 2000 census the population was 2,949. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the 2010 population for Chelsea was 10,183. Its seasonal campsite for visitors is Hargis Retreat which began in 1984. Chelsea is widely considered the fastest growing city in Shelby County, which is the fastest growing county in the state of Alabama."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "West Coast of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As of the 2010 Census, the estimated population of the Census Bureau's Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million (56.9 million if Nevada and Arizona are included) -- about 15.3% (18.2% with Nevada and Arizona) of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven (local /nu\u02d0 \u02c8he\u026av\u0259n/, noo-HAY-v\u0259n), in the U.S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut, which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut (after Bridgeport), with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census. According to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arlington, Texas", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's estimate, the city had a population of 396,394 in 2017, making it the second-largest city in the county (after Fort Worth) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area. Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas, and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States incarceration rate", "paragraph_text": "In October 2013, the incarceration rate of the United States of America was the highest in the world, at 716 per 100,000 of the national population. While the United States represents about 4.4 percent of the world's population, it houses around 22 percent of the world's prisoners. Corrections (which includes prisons, jails, probation, and parole) cost around $74 billion in 2007 according to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hypoluxo, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Hypoluxo is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,015 at the 2000 census. As of 2004, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 2,599."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jersey City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Jersey City is the second-most - populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the county's largest city. As of 2016, the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that Jersey City's population was 264,152, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, an increase of about 6.7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 77th - largest in the nation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "ZIP Code", "paragraph_text": "There are over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center - point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code is that PO Boxes are excluded, since only populated areas are included in the Census data. The Census Bureau provides many statistical data sets for ZIP Codes, but does not keep up - to - date datasets of all ZCTAs. Complete datasets providing a similar approximate geographic extent are commercially available."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 17.037 square miles (44.125 km2), including 10.747 square miles (27.835 km2) of land and 6.290 square miles (16.290 km2) of water (36.92%)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anna Maria, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Anna Maria is a city in Manatee County, Florida, United States. The population was 1,814 at the 2000 census. According to the 2005 U.S. Census Bureau's estimates, the city grew slightly to 1,867. The city occupies the northern part of Anna Maria Island and is one of three municipalities on the island. The others are Holmes Beach in the center and Bradenton Beach in the south."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Providence Village, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Providence Village is a new town in Denton County, Texas, United States. Composed largely of a master-planned community, it includes approximately 1,700 homes and 5,750 people. At the time of the 2010 census, the town had not yet incorporated, and was instead listed by the U.S. Census Bureau as the \"Providence\" census-designated place, with a population of 4,786."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Scandia Valley Township, Morrison County, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Scandia Valley Township is a township in Morrison County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,074 at the 2000 census. According to the U. S. Census Bureau it was merged with Rail Prairie Township on 31 December 2002. The larger township reported a population of 1,191 inhabitants in the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Race and ethnicity in the United States", "paragraph_text": "As of July 2016, White Americans are the racial majority. African Americans are the largest racial minority, amounting to an estimated 12.7% of the population. Hispanic and Latino Americans amount to an estimated 17.8% of the total U.S. population, making up the largest ethnic minority. The White, non-Hispanic or Latino population make up 61.3% of the nation's total, with the total White population (including White Hispanics and Latinos) being 76.9%."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Riverside, California", "paragraph_text": "Riverside is the 59th largest city in the United States, 12th largest city in California, and the largest city in California's Inland Empire metro area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 81.4 square miles (210.8 km), of which 81.1 square miles (210 km) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km) (0.37%) is water. The elevation of downtown Riverside is 860 feet (260 m). Hills within the city limits include Mount Rubidoux, a city landmark and tourist attraction. Riverside is surrounded by small and large mountains, some of which get a dusting of winter snow. Many residents also enjoy the many beaches of southern California. Riverside is about a 47 - mile drive to the Pacific Ocean and is close to Orange county and Los Angeles county."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Cr\u00e9ole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause\u2014regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Census", "paragraph_text": "The United States Census is a decennial census mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution, which states: ``Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States... according to their respective Numbers... The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years. ''The United States Census Bureau (officially the Bureau of the Census, as defined in Title 13 U.S.C. \u00a7 11) is responsible for the United States Census."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "U.S. and World Population Clock", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. and World Population Clock presents the United States Census Bureau's continuously active approximations of both the population of the United States and the world's total population. The population totals are based on the latest census information and national population estimates, which are used in the algorithms that run the two clocks."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gramling, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Gramling is a census-designated place located in Spartanburg County in the U.S. state of South Carolina. According to the 2010 United States Census, the population was 86."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indian Americans", "paragraph_text": "Indian Americans or Indo - Americans are Americans whose ancestry belongs to any of the many ethnic groups of the Republic of India. Indian Americans comprising 3,456,447 alone and 4,121,994 including mixed race Indian Americans are the country's third - largest Asian group alone or in combination with other races after Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, according to 2016 American Community Survey data. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians (or Native Americans, or Amerindians)."}], "question": "Who were increasingly included as the largest minority group in the united states according to the u.s. census bureau in the 20th century?"}
{"id": "2hop__863222_604635", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "KOLL", "paragraph_text": "KOLL (106.3 FM, \"La Zeta\") is a radio station licensed in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas, area. KOLL airs Regional Mexican music format. The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located near Pettus."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "KPBD", "paragraph_text": "KPBD (89.3 FM) is a defunct American non-commercial educational radio station that was licensed to serve the community of Big Spring, the county seat of Howard County, Texas. The station's broadcast license was held by Paulino Bernal Evangelism. The station began broadcasting in June 2005 and went dark in May 2009 which led to the cancellation of the station's broadcast license in June 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WNDE", "paragraph_text": "WNDE (1260 AM) is a Sports formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Indianapolis, Indiana, serving the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The station, which began broadcasting in 1924, is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. The WNDE broadcast license is held by Capstar TX LLC."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "WKDM", "paragraph_text": "WKDM 1380 is a United States ethnic brokered radio station licensed to New York City. The station is owned by Multicultural Broadcasting and airs programming in Mandarin Chinese, 24 hours a day from Monday to Friday. On the weekends, it broadcasts in Mexican Spanish for a Mexican audience. Its transmitting facility is located in Carlstadt, New Jersey."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WRGV", "paragraph_text": "WRGV (107.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and the broadcast license is held by Clear Channel Broadcasting Licenses, Inc. WRGV broadcasts an urban contemporary music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area. Its studios are located located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WRNX", "paragraph_text": "WRNX (100.9 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts. The station is owned by iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by CC Licenses, LLC."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WAXY (AM)", "paragraph_text": "WAXY (790 AM, \"The Ticket\") is a radio station licensed in South Miami, Florida broadcasting on 790 kHz with a sports talk format. The station is owned by Entercom. Its studios are located near Hard Rock Stadium in northern Dade County and its transmitter is in Everglades National Park."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WKHK", "paragraph_text": "WKHK is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights, Virginia, serving Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia. WKHK is owned and operated by SummitMedia. The station's studios and offices are located west of Richmond proper in unincorporated Chesterfield County, and its transmitter is located in Bensley, Virginia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "CJXY-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJXY-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 107.9 FM and serving the Hamilton, Ontario market, licensed to the nearby city of Burlington. The station broadcasts an active rock format as \"Y108\". CJXY's studios are located on Main Street West (next to Highway 403) in Hamilton, while its transmitter is located atop the Niagara Escarpment near Burlington."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KFRU", "paragraph_text": "KFRU (1400 AM) is a radio station located in Columbia, Missouri, broadcasting with 1\u00a0kW of power. Its programming format consists primarily of news, talk and sports. The station is licensed to Cumulus Media."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WHOS", "paragraph_text": "WHOS (800 AM, \"The Big Talker\") is a radio station licensed to serve Decatur, Alabama, United States. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and the broadcast license is held by Capstar TX Limited Partnership. WHOS is one of five stations in the Huntsville, Alabama, market owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.. The station is also simulcast on WBHP at 1230 AM in Huntsville, a 106.5 FM broadcast translator in Huntsville, and on WQRV-HD2 (HD Radio). Its studios are located in Madison, Alabama and its transmitter is located in West Decatur, Alabama."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WJYM", "paragraph_text": "WJYM is an American radio station licensed to broadcast from Bowling Green, Ohio. Its studios and transmitter are located in Lime City near Perrysburg, and the station serves the Toledo metropolitan area."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "South Miami, Florida", "paragraph_text": "South Miami is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States, in the Miami metropolitan area. The population was 10,741 at the 2000 census and as of 2017, according to the U.S. Census Bureau was 12,281."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "KAPE", "paragraph_text": "KAPE (1550 AM, \"Cape Radio 1550\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WRMN", "paragraph_text": "WRMN (1410 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Elgin, Illinois. The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "WRLS-FM", "paragraph_text": "WRLS-FM (92.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States. The station's broadcast license is held by Vacationland Broadcasting, Inc."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WHRZ-LP", "paragraph_text": "WHRZ-LP (104.1 FM) also known as The Z, is a non-commercial low-power FM radio station located in Spartanburg, South Carolina. The station is licensed by the FCC to broadcast with an ERP of 47 watts (.047\u00a0kW)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "KFGY", "paragraph_text": "KFGY is a commercial radio station licensed to Healdsburg, California, broadcasting to the Santa Rosa, California area on 92.9 FM. Its programming is also broadcast on translator K300AO at 107.9\u00a0MHz, licensed to Santa Rosa."}], "question": "The licensed broadcasting territory of WAXY is located in what county?"}
{"id": "2hop__75712_67523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Flying Spaghetti Monster", "paragraph_text": "Flying Spaghetti Monster Pastafarianism Touched by His Noodly Appendage, a parody of Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam, is an iconic image of the Flying Spaghetti Monster by Arne Niklas Jansson. Major cult center venganza.org Symbol Texts The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster Festivals ``Holiday ''"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games", "paragraph_text": "Team USA beat Canada at the 2018 games in Pyeongchang in a shootout to win their first gold medal in 20 years."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of French Open men's singles champions", "paragraph_text": "Rafael Nadal has won the most French Open titles, with ten, and also holds the record for the most consecutive wins in the Open Era, with five from 2010 to 2014. Max Decugis won the most titles before the Open era, with eight. Michael Chang became the youngest player to win the French Open when he took the title in 1989 at 17 years, 3 months and 20 days. In contrast, Andr\u00e9 Vacherot is the oldest champion, having won in 1901 at 40 years old. In the Open era, this record belongs to Andr\u00e9s Gimeno, who was 34 years and 9 months old when he won in 1972. French players have won the most French Open men's singles titles, with 38 victories, followed by Spanish (18) and Australian players (11). The current champion is Rafael Nadal who beat Stan Wawrinka in the 2017 final to win his tenth French Open title."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Gold Glove Award winners at shortstop", "paragraph_text": "Ozzie Smith, known as ``the Wizard of Oz '', has won the most Gold Glove Awards at shortstop; he captured 13 awards in his 19 seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals. Omar Vizquel is second among shortstops with 11 wins; he won two with the San Francisco Giants in the National League after winning nine with the Seattle Mariners and the Cleveland Indians in the American League. Luis Aparicio won nine times at shortstop for the third - highest total, followed by Mark Belanger with eight wins. Dave Concepci\u00f3n and Derek Jeter have won five awards; four - time winners at shortstop include Tony Fern\u00e1ndez and Alan Trammell. Hall of Famers who have won Gold Glove Awards at shortstop include Smith, Aparicio, Ernie Banks, Robin Yount, Barry Larkin and Cal Ripken, Jr., whose 2,632 consecutive games played earned him his`` Iron Man'' nickname."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2015 Wimbledon Championships", "paragraph_text": "Serena Williams won her sixth Wimbledon and 21st major title, defeating first - time finalist Garbi\u00f1e Muguruza in the final, 6 -- 4, 6 -- 4. She also achieved her second non-calendar year Grand Slam after winning the 2014 US Open, 2015 Australian Open and 2015 French Open. With this win, Williams also became the oldest woman to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open Era at 33 years and 289 days old by 26 days, beating Martina Navratilova, who won the 1990 Wimbledon Championships at 33 years and 263 days old."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oryx Douala", "paragraph_text": "Oryx Club de Douala is a football club from Douala, Cameroon, that achieved most of its success in the 1960s.It won the inaugural African Cup of Champions Clubs in 1964 beating Stade Malien on a score of 2\u20131 in the final, and so becoming the first club outfit from Cameroon to win the title. They have also won five league titles and the Cameroon Cup three times, most of which came in the 1960s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kumar Mahadevan", "paragraph_text": "Kumar Mahadevan (born 23 November 1959) is an Indian chef, restaurateur and media personality, based in Australia. He is often referred in Sydney's dining circles as the \"Guru of Indian cuisine\". He is recognised for introducing authentic Indian cuisine to the Australian public with his restaurant, \"Abhi's\" in 1990. Following the success of \"Abhi's\" he opened his second restaurant \"Aki's\" at Sydney's prestigious dining precinct 'The Finger Wharf Woolloomooloo'. \"Aki's\" carried the accolades for Chef Kumar, being the only Indian restaurant to win the coveted 'Chef Hat' award for consecutive years since 2011 till present."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beat Bobby Flay", "paragraph_text": "No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest (s) Ingredient (s) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 186 ``Red Hot ''April 19, 2018 (2018 - 04 - 19) Katie Lee, Giada De Laurentiis Red Kidney bean Ashbell McElveen, John Cox Dale Talde, Ivy Stark, Lazarus Lynch Pancake Bobby Flay 187`` Worldly Ways'' April 26, 2018 (2018 - 04 - 26) Sunny Anderson, Andrew Zimmern Manchego Jared Forman, Fabio Viviani Frank Prisinzano, Lidia Bastianich, Marco Canora Spaghetti with meatballs Fabio Viviani 188 ``Sticky Situation ''May 3, 2018 (2018 - 05 - 03) Michael Symon, Marcela Valladolid Peanut butter Clarice Lam, Avery Ruzicka Jen King, Zac Young, Tracy Obolsky S'more Bobby Flay 189`` Sprung a Leek'' May 10, 2018 (2018 - 05 - 10) Damaris Phillips, Amanda Freitag Leek Shota Nakajima, Jamie Gwen Drew Nieporent, Sara Gore, Charles Parker Tempura Shota Nakajima 190 5 ``Stealing the Spotlight ''May 17, 2018 (2018 - 05 - 17) Ina Garten, Laura Benanti Dates Paulette Goto, Ed Schoenfeld Mary Sue Milliken, Michael Solomonov, Lucinda Scala Quinn Chicken marsala Bobby Flay 191 6`` Grill Me'' May 24, 2018 (2018 - 05 - 24) Katie Lee, Mekhi Phifer Korean - Style Short ribs Lisa Dahl, Nathan Gresham Timothy Walker, Sasha Miranda, Brian Duffy Beef Slider Bobby Flay"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jonnie Boer", "paragraph_text": "Jonnie Boer (born January 9, 1965 in Giethoorn) is a Dutch Michelin star winning head chef and co-owner of the restaurant De Librije in Zwolle, Netherlands."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lee Anne Wong", "paragraph_text": "Lee Anne Wong is an American chef, and in 2006 was one of the last four contestants on the first season of Bravo's reality show, \"Top Chef\". She was the culinary producer for the next four seasons of \"Top Chef\", where her duties included sourcing and styling the ingredients for the various challenges, as well as determining the budget, equipment restrictions and time limits. She also blogged about the show for Bravo, and hosted the webcast \"Top Recipe: The Wong Way to Cook\", in which she demonstrated how to prepare various winning dishes invented by the program contestants."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Davis Cup champions", "paragraph_text": "The United States are the most successful nation in the history of the competition, with 32 victories. Australia are second with 28 and Great Britain are third with 10. Teams from Europe have won the competition the most with 42 victories, followed by North America with 32 and Oceania with 28. Argentina are the current champions, they beat Croatia 3 -- 2 in the final in 2016."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Take Shelter", "paragraph_text": "\"Take Shelter\" premiered in January 2011 at the Sundance Film Festival, and Sony Pictures Classics acquired rights to distribute the film in North America, Latin America, Australia, and New Zealand. The film also screened in May 2011 at the Cannes Film Festival, where it won the 50th Critics' Week Grand Prix. It also received the Fipresci award from the International Federation of Film Critics, sharing it with \"Le Havre\" and \"The Minister\". In September 2011, \"Take Shelter\" was shown at the 37th Deauville American Film Festival, where it beat 13 other contenders to win the festival's grand prize. Later in September, \"Take Shelter\" was shown at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival and at the 7th Zurich Film Festival, where it was awarded as the best International Feature Film."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Craig Monk", "paragraph_text": "Craig Monk born in Stratford, New Zealand) is a competitive sailor who won a Bronze medal in the Finn Class at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. Monk also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta after narrowly beating future America's Cup skipper Dean Barker for selection to the New Zealand team. He finished 13th."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1983 America's Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 1983 America's Cup was the occasion of the first winning challenge to the New York Yacht Club, which had successfully defended the cup over a period of 132 years. An Australian syndicate representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club fielded the Australia II, skippered by John Bertrand, against defender Liberty, skippered by Dennis Conner. Australia II won the match races to win the America's Cup, ending the longest winning streak in sporting history and ending U.S. domination of the racing series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mirik meatball", "paragraph_text": "Mirik meatballs (Mirik k\u00f6fte) is a Turkish recipe of meatballs from Sivas province, eastern Central Anatolia Region, Turkey. This is one of the traditional dishes of Sivas. The ingredients are bulgur, onion, eggs, salt, flour, yoghurt, butter, garlic, and red pepper."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of UEFA Super Cup matches", "paragraph_text": "Milan and Barcelona share the record for the most victories, each having won the competition five times since its inception. Two of Milan's wins were achieved in consecutive years (1989 and 1990), which makes them the only team to have retained the UEFA Super Cup. Barcelona have the most appearances (nine) and also the most runner - up finishes (four). Spanish teams have won the competition the most times, with thirteen wins, ahead of the nine wins by Italian teams. The current holders are Real Madrid, who beat 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League winners Manchester United 2 -- 1 in the 2017 edition."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Paran\u00e1 Clube", "paragraph_text": "In 1992, the club won the Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie B, gaining the right to compete in the following year's S\u00e9rie A. After 8 years, Paran\u00e1 Clube won another national championship. In 2000, Paran\u00e1 beat AD S\u00e3o Caetano to win the Yellow Module of the Jo\u00e3o Havelange Cup. This cup replaced the Campeonato Brasileiro (all levels), which had been suspended for one year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1998 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The tournament was won by host country France, who beat defending champions Brazil 3 -- 0 in the final. France won their first title, becoming the seventh nation to win a World Cup, and the sixth (after Uruguay, Italy, England, West Germany and Argentina) to win the tournament on home soil. Croatia, Jamaica, Japan and South Africa made their first appearances in the finals."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Iron Chef America", "paragraph_text": "Iron Chef Seasons Specialty Win Loss Draw Total Win% Flay, Bobby Bobby Flay BOM, 1 -- Southwestern 43 16 61. 721 Forgione, Marc Marc Forgione 9 -- Modern American 7 7 0 14. 500 Garces, Jose Jose Garces 8 -- Latin Fusion 16 7 0 23. 696 Guarnaschelli, Alexandra Alexandra Guarnaschelli 11 -- Modern American 0 7. 571 Morimoto, Masaharu Masaharu Morimoto BOM, 1 -- Japanese 26 17 44. 602 Symon, Michael Michael Symon 5 -- Mediterranean 34 7 42. 821 Zakarian, Geoffrey Geoffrey Zakarian 10 -- Modern American 9 5 0 14. 643"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 P\u013cavi\u0146\u0161", "paragraph_text": "After the 2008 Olympics, he began playing together with J\u0101nis \u0160m\u0113di\u0146\u0161. At the 2010 European Beach Volleyball Championships, P\u013cavi\u0146\u0161 and \u0160m\u0113di\u0146\u0161 won the bronze medal. They followed this up by winning the bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. They lost to Rego and Cerutti of Brazil in the semi-final but beat Nummerdor and Schuil of the Netherlands in the bronze medal match."}], "question": "Who beat the chef with the most wins on Iron Chef America for Spaghetti and Meatballs?"}
{"id": "2hop__304243_84000", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tom Owen (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas William Stevenson Rowbotham (born 8 April 1949), also known as Tom Owen, is a British actor best known for playing Tom Simmonite on the longest - running British sitcom Last of the Summer Wine. He is the son of Bill Owen, who played William ``Compo ''Simmonite (the father of Tom Simmonite) on the show."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Michael Aldridge", "paragraph_text": "Michael William ffolliott Aldridge (9 September 1920 -- 10 January 1994) was an English actor. He was known for playing Seymour in the television series Last of the Summer Wine from 1986 to 1990 and he had a long career as a character actor on stage and screen dating back to the 1930s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Sallis", "paragraph_text": "Peter John Sallis, OBE (1 February 1921 -- 2 June 2017) was an English actor, known for his work on British television. He was the voice of Wallace in the Academy Award - honored Wallace and Gromit films and played Norman ``Cleggy ''Clegg in Last of the Summer Wine from its 1973 inception until its final episode in 2010, making him the only actor to appear in all 295 episodes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Last of the Summer Wine", "paragraph_text": "Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke and originally broadcast by the BBC from 1973 to 2010. It premiered as an episode of \"Comedy Playhouse\" on 4 January 1973, and the first series of episodes followed on 12 November 1973. From 1983 to 2010, Alan J. W. Bell produced and directed all episodes of the show. The BBC confirmed on 2 June 2010 that \"Last of the Summer Wine\" would no longer be produced and the 31st series would be its last. Subsequently, the final episode was broadcast on 29 August 2010. Since its original release, all 295 episodes, comprising thirty-one series \u2014 including the pilot and all films and specials \u2014 have been released on DVD. Repeats of the show are broadcast in the UK on Gold, Yesterday, and Drama. It is also seen in more than twenty-five countries, including various PBS stations in the United States and on VisionTV in Canada. \"Last of the Summer Wine\" is the longest-running comedy programme in Britain and the longest-running sitcom in the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hermitage AOC", "paragraph_text": "Hermitage is a French wine \"Appellation d'Origine Contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (AOC) in the northern Rh\u00f4ne wine region of France south of Lyon. It produces mostly red wine from the Syrah grape; however, small quantities of white wine are also produced from Roussane and Marsanne grapes. The hill is seen by some as the spiritual home of the Syrah grape variety."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Four Seasons Wines", "paragraph_text": "Four Seasons Wines Limited is an Indian winery which was established in 2006,based in Bangalore, India. It produces wines from grapes grown around Sahyadri valley in Maharashtra.It is a subsidiary of United Spirits Limited (USL) of the UB Group. Four Seasons Wines Limited manufactures and markets wines in India. It provides red, white, and rose wines. Four Seasons Wines markets its wines under the two brand names Zinzi and Four Seasons."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gordon Wharmby", "paragraph_text": "Wharmby made his debut in Last of the Summer Wine in 1982, as Wesley Pegden, the boilersuit wearing, tinkering mechanic and would be inventor. He appeared as a regular cast member for 16 series between 1985 and 2002. Thora Hird played his nagging wife Edie."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Schallstadt", "paragraph_text": "Schallstadt is a town in the district of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in Germany. It is known for its wine production and celebrates an annual wine festival in late summer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Red Red Wine", "paragraph_text": "``Red Red Wine ''is a song originally written, performed, and recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967. It is included on Neil's second studio album, Just for You. The lyrics are sung from the perspective of a person who finds that drinking red wine is the only way to forget his woes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "De sista ljuva \u00e5ren", "paragraph_text": "\"De sista ljuva \u00e5ren\", Swedish: \"The last sweet years\", lyrics and music by Jan Christer Eriksson, is a song that Swedish dansband Lasse Stefanz and Swedish singer Christina Lindberg recorded in a duet. It was originally on Lasse Stefanz 1988 album \"Livets ljusa sida\". The unrhymed lyrics sentimentally describe the love between an ageing couple:\" Let the last sweet years be the best in our life\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Trevor Bannister", "paragraph_text": "Trevor Gordon Bannister (14 August 1934 -- 14 April 2011) was an English actor best known for having played the womanising junior salesman Mr. Lucas in the sitcom Are You Being Served? from 1972 to 1979, and for his role as Toby Mulberry Smith in the long - running sitcom Last of the Summer Wine, from 2003 until it ended its run in 2010."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Robert Lawrence Balzer", "paragraph_text": "Robert Lawrence Balzer (June 25, 1912 \u2013 December 2, 2011) has been called the first serious wine journalist in the United States. He was born in Des Moines, Iowa. At the age of 24, he was put in charge of the wine department of his family\u2019s grocery/gourmet market in Los Angeles, California. Because he knew nothing about wine, he quickly educated himself on the subject. Balzer soon championed quality California wines and stocked his shelves with the best American wines available. He promoted wine in his customer newsletter and was asked by Will Rogers, Jr. to write a regular wine column in his local newspaper in 1937."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Matchgirls", "paragraph_text": "The Matchgirls is a musical by Bill Owen and Tony Russell about the London matchgirls strike of 1888. It premiered at the Globe Theatre, London, on 1 March 1966, directed and choreographed by Gillian Lynne."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Joe Gladwin", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Gladwin (22 January 1906 -- 11 March 1987) was an English actor, best known in his roles as myopic Stan Hardman in Nearest and Dearest from 1968 - 73, and Wally Batty in the world's longest - running sitcom, Last of the Summer Wine (1975, 1976 - 87)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bill Owen (actor)", "paragraph_text": "William John Owen Rowbotham, MBE (14 March 1914 -- 12 July 1999), known professionally as Bill Owen, was an English actor and songwriter. He was the father of actor Tom Owen. He is best known for portraying Compo Simmonite in the Yorkshire based BBC comedy series Last of the Summer Wine for 27 years. He died in July 1999, his last appearance on - screen being shown in April 2000."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Grape", "paragraph_text": "The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer", "paragraph_text": "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1998 American slasher film and sequel to the 1997 film \"I Know What You Did Last Summer.\" Directed by Danny Cannon, the film was written by Trey Callaway and features characters originally created in Lois Duncan's 1973 novel \"I Know What You Did Last Summer.\" Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze Jr. and Muse Watson reprise their roles, with Brandy, Mekhi Phifer, Jennifer Esposito, Matthew Settle and Jack Black joining the cast. \"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer\" continues after the events of the first film. Callaway's script was published in an edited \"young adult\" format, leaving in all descriptions of violence but omitting the harsher language. Filming took place in Mexico and California. \"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer\" was released to negative reviews, but was a box office success, grossing $84 million worldwide against a $24 million budget. It is the second installment of \"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" series and was followed by \"I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer\" in 2006."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gordon Wharmby", "paragraph_text": "Gordon Wharmby (6 November 1933 -- 18 May 2002) was a British television actor. He was best known for the role of Wesley Pegden on Last of the Summer Wine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sarah Thomas (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Sarah Jane Thomas (born 5 June 1952) is a British actress, born in London, probably best known for her television appearances as Enid Simmons in Worzel Gummidge (1980), and as Glenda Wilkinson in Last of the Summer Wine (1986 -- 2010). Thomas also made a brief cameo appearance in the fifth episode of the original Blackadder series (1983), 'the Witchsmeller Pursuivant', as a peasant girl who dies of the Black Death in the pre-credit sequence. She also appeared in a Christmas episode of Heartbeat (December 29, 1996), called 'Charity Begins at Home.'"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Templar Salvation", "paragraph_text": "The Templar Salvation is a 2010 novel by Raymond Khoury, and sequel to his debut work \"The Last Templar\". The novel features the characters of FBI agent Sean Rielly and archaeologist Tess Chaykin who were also the main characters in The Last Templar."}], "question": "Who is the character played by the lyricist of The Matchgirls in Last of the Summer Wine?"}
{"id": "2hop__70023_199674", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jesse Addison Udall", "paragraph_text": "Jesse Addison Udall (June 24, 1893 \u2013 April 18, 1980) was a member of the Udall political family who served as chief justice of the Arizona Supreme Court."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "William Paine Lord", "paragraph_text": "William Paine Lord (July 20, 1838February 17, 1911), was a Republican politician who served as the ninth Governor of Oregon from 1895 to 1899. The Delaware native previously served as the 27th associate justice of the Oregon Supreme Court, including three times as the Chief Justice of that court. After serving as governor he was appointed as an ambassador to Argentina in South America and later helped to codify Oregon's laws."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "R. Banumathi", "paragraph_text": "R. Banumathi (born 20 July 1955) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. She is from Tamil Nadu and the sixth woman to be a Judge of the Indian Supreme Court. Earlier, she had served as the Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court and judge at Madras High Court."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: P\u00f5hiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 persons have served as chief justice. The first was John Jay (1789 -- 1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Four -- Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme Court of India", "paragraph_text": "Supreme court judges retire at the age of 65. However, there have been suggestions from the judges of the Supreme Court of India to provide for a fixed term for the judges including the Chief Justice of India."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "William Howard Taft", "paragraph_text": "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 -- March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909 -- 1913) and the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921 -- 1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for re-election by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third - party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position in which he served until a month before his death."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Laura Denvir Stith", "paragraph_text": "Laura Denvir Stith (born October 30, 1953) has been a judge on the Supreme Court of Missouri since 2001. She was elected by her fellow Supreme Court justices to serve a two-year term as Chief Justice, from July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2009, becoming the second woman to serve as Missouri's highest-ranking jurist."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jasti Chelameswar", "paragraph_text": "Jasti Chelameswar (born 23 June 1953) was a judge of the Supreme Court of India. He retired on 22 June 2018 as the second most senior Supreme court judge. Earlier, he was the Chief Justice of the High Court of Kerala and Gauhati High Court. He was also one of the 4 judges who held a controversial press conference against the Chief Justice of India, Dipak Misra."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kansas Supreme Court", "paragraph_text": "The Kansas Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the state of Kansas. Composed of seven justices, led by Chief Justice Lawton Nuss, the court supervises the legal profession, administers the judicial branch, and serves as the state court of last resort in the appeals process."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sverre Grette", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Kristiania. In 1920 he was hired as an assistant secretary (\"byr\u00e5sjef\") in the Norwegian Ministry of Justice. He became an acting Supreme Court Justice in 1930, and permanent judge in 1936. From 1952 to 1958 he served as its 14th Chief Justice. From 1945 to 1958 he also chaired the Directorate for Enemy Property (Norway)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Robert A. Taft Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The memorial is located north of the Capitol, on Constitution Avenue between New Jersey Avenue and First Street, N.W. Designed by architect Douglas W. Orr, the memorial consists of a Tennessee marble tower and a bronze statue of Senator Taft sculpted by Wheeler Williams. The shaft of the tower measures high, deep, and wide. Above the statue is inscribed, \"This Memorial to Robert A. Taft, presented by the people to the Congress of the United States, stands as a tribute to the honesty, indomitable courage, and high principles of free government symbolized by his life.\" The base of the memorial measures 55 by and stands approximately high. Jets of water flow into a basin that rings the base."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lyman Duff", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lyman Poore Duff, (7 January 1865 \u2013 26 April 1955) was the eighth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. He was the longest serving justice of the Supreme Court of Canada."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Marshall", "paragraph_text": "John Marshall (September 24, 1755 -- July 6, 1835) was an American politician. He was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States (1801 -- 1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say he made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801 and, at the age of 45, became the last of the chief justices to be born in Colonial America."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bart Magunda Katureebe", "paragraph_text": "Bart Magunda Katureebe is a Ugandan judge and the Chief Justice of Uganda. He was appointed to that position on 5 March 2015. Before that, he was a justice of the Supreme Court of Uganda."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. As such, he is head of the United States federal court system, which functions as the judicial branch of the nation's federal government. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight have the title Associate Justice."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thomas Ruffin", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Ruffin (1787\u20131870) was an American jurist and Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1829 to 1852 and again from 1858 to 1859. He was Chief Justice of that Court from 1833 to 1852."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Supreme Court of India", "paragraph_text": "As per the Constitution, as held by the court in the Three Judges' Cases -- (1982, 1993, 1998), a judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the President of India on the recommendation of the collegium -- a closed group of the Chief Justice of India, the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee. This has resulted in a Memorandum of Procedure being followed, for the appointments."}], "question": "Who is the child of the person who became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after serving as president?"}
{"id": "2hop__608932_77202", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Maggie Horton", "paragraph_text": "Maggie's most well-known relationship was her longtime marriage to original series character Mickey Horton. The characters met during Rogers' first episode in 1973, when Maggie cared for him while living on a farm. Following a series of experiences together, the pair grew extremely close, and their bond became central to both characters until Mickey's death in 2010. For her work as Maggie, Rogers won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1979. The character has been described as a \"legend\" and a television icon. In 2011, Rogers celebrated 38 years on \"Days\", with only two minor interruption. In August 2013, she celebrated 40 years on the soap, becoming its longest-running character."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Laura Horton", "paragraph_text": "Laura Horton Jaime Lyn Bauer as Laura Horton Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Floy Dean (1966) Susan Flannery (1966 -- 75) Susan Oliver (1975 -- 76) Rosemary Forsyth (1976 -- 80) Jaime Lyn Bauer (1993 -- 2018) Duration 1966 -- 80 1993 -- 99 2003 2013 2016 2018 First appearance June 30, 1966 Last appearance May 30, 2018 Created by Peggy Phillips Introduced by Ted Corday (1966) Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1993) Classification Former; guest Profile Other names Laura Spencer Monica (at the Meadows) Occupation Psychiatrist Residence Presumably Africa Susan Flannery as Laura Horton (pictured with MacDonald Carey as Tom Horton) show Family Family Horton Parents James Spencer Carrie Spencer Spouse Mickey Horton (1967 -- 74) Bill Horton (1975 -- 93) Children Mike Horton Jennifer Horton Grandchildren Jeremy Horton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mickey Horton", "paragraph_text": "Mickey died from a heart attack while packing to go on a cruise with Maggie on January 8, 2010. Maggie found Mickey's body and came downstairs in shock. Hope came while Maggie was still in shock and noticed something was wrong, she went up stairs to check and called 911. The paramedic removed Mickey's body from the house. On January 14, 2010, the Hortons celebrated Mickey's life with a memorial service that brought together the entire family. His life and the love of his life, Maggie, were celebrated. His daughter, Melissa, returned to comfort her mother during this difficult time. In June, Mickey's mother, Alice Horton, died of natural causes. Maggie and Julie celebrated Alice's relationship with her son, Mickey."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bryan Dattilo", "paragraph_text": "Bryan Ronald Dattilo (born July 29, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lucas Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maggie Q", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Denise Quigley (born May 22, 1979), professionally known as Maggie Q, is an American actress and model. She is known for starring in the action films Mission: Impossible III and Live Free or Die Hard and played the title role of The CW's action - thriller series Nikita, airing from 2010 to 2013. In 2014, she portrayed Tori Wu in the film adaptation of Veronica Roth's novel Divergent, a role she reprised in its sequels, Insurgent and Allegiant. She currently stars in the role of FBI Agent Hannah Wells in the ABC political drama Designated Survivor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Melissa Reeves", "paragraph_text": "Melissa Reeves (n\u00e9e Brennan, born March 14, 1967) is an American actress, known for playing Jennifer Horton, a role she originated in 1985 on the NBC series Days of Our Lives (1985 -- 1995, 2000 -- 2006, 2010 -)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tears of the Sun", "paragraph_text": "Willis produced \"Tears of the Sun\" through Cheyenne Enterprises, his production company, and took the title from an early sub\u2013title for \"Live Free or Die Hard\", the fourth film in the \"Die Hard\" series. He filmed the sequel on the condition that he could use its sub-title for his SEALs war film. The cast of \"Tears of the Sun\" includes actual African refugees living in the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "We Bought a Zoo", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Elizabeth Jones as Rosie Mee, Ben's 7 - year - old daughter, who is very curious about all of the animals in the zoo and thinks living at a zoo is a grand adventure."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bryan Dattilo", "paragraph_text": "Bryan Ronald Dattilo (born July 29, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lucas Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tara Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance ``Pilot ''(2008) Last appearance`` A Mother's Work'' (2014) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname (s) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse (s) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Suzanne Rogers", "paragraph_text": "Suzanne Rogers (born Suzanne Cecelia Crumpler; July 9, 1943) is an American actress with film and television credits. Her stage name was inspired by Ginger Rogers, whom she cites as a personal inspiration for joining the entertainment industry. Rogers got her start as a dancer / performer at New York City's Radio City Music Hall, but she is perhaps best known for playing Maggie Horton, a role she originated and has played since 1973 on the NBC dramatic serial Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Horton, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Horton is a township in eastern Ontario, Canada, at the confluence of the Bonnechere River and the Ottawa River in Renfrew County. The Town of Renfrew was originally part of Horton Township."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maggie Horton", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Horton Days of our Lives character Portrayed by Suzanne Rogers Duration 1973 -- First appearance August 20, 1973 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by Betty Corday Classification Present; regular Profile Other names Margaret Simmons Maggie Horton Maggie Kiriakis Occupation Restaurant owner Day spa owner Investor Hospital volunteer Residence Salem, Illinois (show) Family Father Elmer Simmons Mother Dorothy Simmons Spouse Mickey Horton (1974 -- 84, 1986 -- 2010) Victor Kiriakis (2011 --) Sons Daniel Jonas Daughters Summer Townsend Sarah Horton Adoptive daughters Melissa Horton Janice Barnes (foster) Stepsons Bo Brady Philip Kiriakis Grandsons Nathan Horton (adoptive) Parker Jonas Granddaughters Melanie Jonas Holly Lane"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Days of Our Lives", "paragraph_text": "Due to the series' success, it was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21, 1975. The series focuses on its core families, the Hortons and the Bradys. Several other families have been added to the cast, and many of them still appear on the show. Frances Reid, the matriarch of the series' Horton family remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3, 2010. Her last appearance however was in December 2007.  Suzanne Rogers celebrated 40 years on Days of Our Lives in 2013, appearing on the show more or less since her first appearance in 1973. Susan Seaforth Hayes is the only cast member to appear on Days of Our Lives in all six decades it has been on air.Days of Our Lives aired its 10,000th episode on February 21, 2005, and its 12,000th episode aired on January 11, 2013. The soap was given the title of most daring drama in the seventies due to covering topics other soaps would not dare to do. The show's executive producer is Ken Corday, and co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Albert Alarr. In 2019, NBC renewed the serial through September 2020. Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States.The show has been parodied by SCTV (as \"The Days of the Week\") and the television sitcom Friends, with some cast members making crossover appearances on the show, including Kristian Alfonso, Roark Critchlow, Matthew Ashford, Kyle Lowder, and Alison Sweeney. The show has had high-profile fans such as actress Julia Roberts and Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Melissa Reeves", "paragraph_text": "Melissa Reeves (n\u00e9e Brennan, born March 14, 1967) is an American actress, known for playing Jennifer Horton on - off since 1985 on the NBC series Days of Our Lives (1985 -- 1995, 2000 -- 2006, 2010 -)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mary Jackson (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Mary Jackson (November 22, 1910 - December 10, 2005) was an American character actress whose nearly fifty-year career began in 1950 and was spent almost entirely on television. She is best known for the role of the lovelorn Emily Baldwin in \"The Waltons\" and was the original choice to play Alice Horton in the daytime soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\". She in fact played the part in the unaired pilot although the role was subsequently taken by Frances Reid."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of 24 characters", "paragraph_text": "Teri Bauer 24 character Leslie Hope as Teri Bauer First appearance Day 1 -- Episode 1 Last appearance Day 1 -- Episode 24 Portrayed by Leslie Hope Days Information Spouse (s) Jack Bauer Children Kim Bauer"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Home and Away characters (2017)", "paragraph_text": "Ben and Maggie learn that Ziggy has been dating Brody in secret and they disapprove of the relationship. Ziggy leaves the house and Ben tells her not to come back. He apologises to her the next day, but does not accept her relationship with Brody, so Ziggy refuses to come home. Brody later breaks up with her. Ben begins making surf boards to sell at the pier. Ben finds Coco convulsing in the garden and he and Maggie learn she has bulimia. Ziggy later leaves home. Days later, Ben sees her with Brody, who is attempting to bring her home, and punches him in the face. Olivia Fraser Richards (Raechelle Banno) tells Sergeant Phillip McCarthy (Nicholas Cassim) and Ben is arrested. McCarthy and Kat Chapman (Pia Miller) learns he has a criminal record for assaulting his brother. Ben insults Kat, which leads to him being charged. Maggie secures a loan to get him out on bail. Maggie's mother, Diana (Sarah Chadwick) came to Summer Bay to visit the family and Diana told Ben and Maggie that she is the one who bailed Ben out of jail."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Maggie Friedman", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Friedman is an American screenwriter and producer. She was the showrunner and executive producer of the Lifetime television fantasy-drama series \"Witches of East End\". She also developed and produced the short-lived ABC series \"Eastwick\" in 2009."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lucas Horton", "paragraph_text": "Lucas Horton Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Bryan Dattilo Duration 1993 -- 2010 2012 -- First appearance April 15, 1993 (1993 - 04 - 15) Created by Sheri Anderson and James E. Reilly Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1993) Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng (2012) Classification Present; recurring (departing) Profile Other names Lucas Roberts Lucas Desmond Horton Occupation Executive for Countess Wilhelmina Cosmetics Former Executive for Mad World Cosmetics Former Executive at Countess Wilhelmina Cosmetics Former Hearth and Home executive Former Executive at Titan Former Undercover agent for the Feds Formerly worked at Titan Formerly worked for Tony DiMera Former Executive at Titan Publishing Residence Horton Square Apartments Apartment No33 Salem, Illinois show Family Family Horton Roberts Father Bill Horton Mother Kate Roberts Stepfather Victor Kiriakis (1993 -- 94) Roman Brady (2003 -- 05) Stefano DiMera (2009 -- 12) Andr\u00e9 DiMera (2017 -- 18) Stepmother Laura Horton (1993) Half - brothers Mike Horton Austin Reed Rex Brady Philip Kiriakis Half - sisters Jennifer Horton Billie Reed Cassie Brady Spouse Nicole Walker (1999 -- 2002) Carrie Brady (2006) Sami Brady (2007) Chloe Lane (2009) Children Will Horton Allie Horton Granddaughters Arianna Horton Grandparents Tom Horton Alice Horton Uncles Tom Horton, Jr. Mickey Horton Aunts Addie Horton Marie Horton Nephews Jeremy Horton JJ Deveraux Tyler Kiriakis Noah Reed Nieces Abigail Deveraux Chelsea Brady ``Baby Bonnie ''Lockhart First cousins Sandy Horton Jessica Blake Steven Olson Julie Williams Hope Brady Melissa Horton (adoptive) Sarah Horton (legal) Janice Barnes (foster)"}], "question": "When did Maggie Horton's spouse die on Days of our lives?"}
{"id": "2hop__445590_113065", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Portrait of Isabel Rawsthorne Standing in a Street in Soho", "paragraph_text": "Portrait of Isabel Rawsthorne Standing in a Street in Soho is a 1967 oil on canvas painting by the British figurative artist Francis Bacon, housed in the Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. Described by art critic John Russell as one of Bacon's finest works, it depicts Isabel Rawsthorne, the painter, designer and occasional model for artists such as Andr\u00e9 Derain, Alberto Giacometti and Picasso."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Louis Fran\u00e7ois Antoine Arbogast", "paragraph_text": "Louis Fran\u00e7ois Antoine Arbogast (4 October 1759 \u2013 8 April 1803) was a French mathematician. He was born at Mutzig in Alsace and died at Strasbourg, where he was professor. He wrote on series and the derivatives known by his name: he was the first writer to separate the symbols of operation from those of quantity, introducing systematically the operator notation \"DF\" for the derivative of the function \"F\". In 1800, he published a calculus treatise where the first known statement of what is currently known as Fa\u00e0 di Bruno's formula appears, 55 years before the first published paper of Francesco Fa\u00e0 di Bruno on that topic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Desde Andaluc\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Desde Andaluc\u00eda (English: From Andalusia) is a studio album by Spanish singer Isabel Pantoja released in 1988. The album became a success on the Latin Pop Albums charts. The album received a Lo Nuestro award for Pop Album of the Year."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cao Ang", "paragraph_text": "Cao Ang was the first son of Cao Cao and his concubine Lady Liu (\u5289\u592b\u4eba). Lady Liu also bore Cao Cao another son, Cao Shuo (\u66f9\u9460), and a daughter, Princess Qinghe (\u6e05\u6cb3\u516c\u4e3b). However, as Lady Liu died early, Cao Ang was raised by Cao Cao's first official spouse, Lady Ding (\u4e01\u592b\u4eba), who treated Cao Ang as though he was her real son."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Isabel Mart\u00ednez de Per\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Mar\u00eda Estela Mart\u00ednez Cartas de Per\u00f3n (born February 4, 1931), better known as Isabel Mart\u00ednez de Per\u00f3n () or Isabel Per\u00f3n, served as the 42nd President of Argentina from 1974 to 1976. She was the third wife of President Juan Per\u00f3n. During her husband's third term as president from 1973 to 1974, Isabel served as both vice president and First Lady. Following her husband's death in office in 1974, Isabel served as president of Argentina from 1 July 1974 to 24 March 1976, at which time the military took over the government and placed her under house arrest for five years, before exiling her to Spain in 1981. She holds the distinction of having been the first woman to have had the title of \"President\", as opposed to a queen or prime minister."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Isabelle De Fun\u00e8s", "paragraph_text": "Isabelle Christine In\u00e8s L\u00e9onore Girard (born July 27, 1944), better known by the name Isabelle De Fun\u00e8s, is a French actress, singer, model and photographer. She is best known for her portrayal of Guido Crepax's comic book character Valentina in the erotic thriller, \"Baba Yaga\" (1973)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Isabel Roberts House", "paragraph_text": "Isabel Roberts House is a classic 1908 Prairie House from the studio of Frank Lloyd Wright located at 603 Edgewood Place in River Forest, Illinois It was built for Isabel Roberts and her widowed mother, Mary Roberts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arthur Meighen", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Meighen (; 16 June 1874 \u2013 5 August 1960) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the ninth prime minister of Canada, in office from July 1920 to December 1921 and again from June to September 1926. He led the Conservative Party from 1920 to 1926 and from 1941 to 1942."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guillaume-Andr\u00e9 Fauteux", "paragraph_text": "From October 1, 1921 to December 28, 1921, he was the Solicitor General of Canada. From August 23, 1926 to September 24, 1926, during Arthur Meighen's short lived second term, he was the Solicitor General of Canada."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Isabel Meighen", "paragraph_text": "Jessie Isabel Meighen (n\u00e9e Cox; April 18, 1882 \u2013 September 6, 1985) was the wife of Arthur Meighen, the ninth Prime Minister of Canada."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dis Ain't What U Want", "paragraph_text": "Dis Ain't What U Want is single from American rapper Lil Durk. This is the only single from \"Signed to the Streets\" mixtape. The official remix features French Montana, Rick Ross and Meek Mill."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Meet the Fockers", "paragraph_text": "Meanwhile, Pam informs Greg that she's pregnant, and the two decide to keep it secret from Jack. Jack again becomes suspicious of Greg's character when they are introduced to the Fockers' housekeeper, Isabel Villalobos (Alanna Ubach), with whom Bernie reveals Greg had a sexual affair fifteen years before. Jack later takes the RV to Isabel's 15 - year - old son, Jorge (Ray Santiago), to fix the toilet, but is disturbed by Jorge's striking resemblance to Greg, and the fact that Jorge never met his father, and jumps to the conclusion that he might be Greg's son with Isabel. Meanwhile, Roz, Bernie and Dina realize Pam is pregnant, but promise not to tell Jack. Growing envious of Bernie and Roz's active sex life, Dina consults Roz on sex tips in order to seduce Jack, but none of them works."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The French Line", "paragraph_text": "The French Line is a 1953 American musical film starring Jane Russell made by RKO Radio Pictures, directed by Lloyd Bacon and produced by Edmund Grainger, with Howard Hughes as executive producer. The screenplay was by Mary Loos and Richard Sale, based on a story by Matty Kemp and Isabel Dawn. It was filmed in three strip technicolor and Dual strip polarized 3D during what many consider 3-D film's \"golden era\" of 1952-1954."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Portrait of Do\u00f1a Isabel de Porcel", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Do\u00f1a Isabel de Porcel is an oil-on-canvas painting by Spanish painter Francisco Goya around 1805. The portrait depicts Isabel Lobo Velasco de Porcel, who was born at Ronda around 1780 and was the second wife of Antonio Porcel. Isabel's husband was 25 years older than she; they met when she was 20 years old. Antonio Porcel was a liberal and associate of Manuel Godoy, Prince of Peace, who was a friend of Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, who in turn brought him in contact with Goya, who lived nearby; the painting is said to have been a gift from the artist in return for hospitality. A Goya portrait of Antonio Porcel, though much larger and so not a matching piece, was lost in a fire when the Jockey Club in Buenos Aires was destroyed in a riot in 1953."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Christel Khalil", "paragraph_text": "Christel Khalil Christel Adnana Mina Khalil (1987 - 11 - 30) November 30, 1987 (age 30) Los Angeles, California Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Known for The Young and the Restless as Lily Winters (2002 -- present) Spouse (s) Stephen Hensley (m. 2008 -- 2011) Children"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Enoch Arden law", "paragraph_text": "The Enoch Arden law is a legal precedent in the United States that grants a divorce or a legal exemption so that a person can remarry, if his or her spouse has been absent without explanation for a certain number of years, typically seven."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tidying Up", "paragraph_text": "Tidying Up is an oil painting by American artist Isabel Bishop. It is currently in the permanent collection at the Indianapolis Museum of Art."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Leonor Cort\u00e9s Moctezuma", "paragraph_text": "Do\u00f1a Leonor Cort\u00e9s Moctezuma (born c. 1528 \u2013 died before 1594) was the out of wedlock daughter of Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s, conquistador of Mexico, and Do\u00f1a Isabel Moctezuma the eldest daughter of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II. She was acknowledged by her father and married Juan de Tolosa, one of the discoverers of the silver mines in Zacatecas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as \"a scriptural divorce\". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms \"absolute endangerment of spirituality\" are considered grounds for legal separation."}], "question": "On what date did Isabel Meighen become a widow?"}
{"id": "2hop__26841_30091", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some \"disturbances during campaigning,\" including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as \"calm and organized\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Patriotic Party (Guatemala)", "paragraph_text": "At the legislative elections held on 9 November 2003, the party was part of the Grand National Alliance which won 24.3% of the vote and 47 out of 158 Congressional seats. The presidential candidate of the alliance, \u00d3scar Berger Perdomo, won 34.3% at the presidential elections of the same day. He won 54.1% at the second round and was elected president."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "Barcelona won the treble in the 2014\u20132015 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice. On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years. On 30 May, the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou. On 6 June, Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League final with a 3\u20131 win against Juventus, which completed the treble, the club's second in 6 years. Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Su\u00e1rez and Neymar, dubbed MSN, scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2005 United Kingdom general election", "paragraph_text": "The 2005 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 5 May 2005 to elect 646 members to the House of Commons. The Labour Party led by Tony Blair won their third consecutive victory, with Blair becoming the first Labour leader since Harold Wilson to form three majority governments. However, their majority now stood at 66 seats compared to the 160 - seat majority it had previously held. As of 2018, it remains the last general election victory for the Labour Party."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "In 1919, following the Treaty of Versailles, the city was restituted to France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's \"Fourteen Points\" without a referendum. The date of the assignment was retroactively established on Armistice Day. It is doubtful whether a referendum in Strasbourg would have ended in France's favour since the political parties striving for an autonomous Alsace or a connection to France accounted only for a small proportion of votes in the last Reichstag as well as in the local elections. The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871. The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag; those elected were called \"les d\u00e9put\u00e9s protestataires\", and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890, they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France. At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery, the clear winners were the Social Democrats; the city was the administrative capital of the region, was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans. This could explain the difference between the rural vote and the one in Strasbourg. After the war, many Germans left Strasbourg and went back to Germany; some of them were denounced by the locals or expelled by the newly appointed authorities. The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hipercor bombing", "paragraph_text": "The Hipercor bombing was a car bomb attack by the Basque terrorist organisation ETA. It took place on 19 June 1987 at the Hipercor shopping centre on Avinguda Meridiana, Barcelona, Spain. The bombing killed 21 people and injured 45, the deadliest terrorist attack in ETA's history. Controversy surrounded the timing of telephone warnings made before the attack and the authorities' response to them."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "I Wonder Who's Killing Her Now?", "paragraph_text": "I Wonder Who's Killing Her Now? (original USA theatrical name Kill My Wife, Please) is a 1975 black comedy movie directed by Steven Hilliard Stern, and starring Bob Dishy and Joanna Barnes. Originally Peter Sellers was to be cast as the lead but he had another heart attack and insurance couldn't be got on him so Dishy was his replacement at the last moment. It was directed by Steven Hilliard Stern, from a screenplay by Mickey Rose."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "paragraph_text": "Ninety minutes after it began, the attack was over. Two thousand and eight sailors were killed, and 710 others wounded; 218 soldiers and airmen (who were part of the Army until the independent U.S. Air Force was formed in 1947) were killed and 364 wounded; 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded. In total, 2,403 Americans died and 1,178 were wounded. Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground, including five battleships. All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were non-combatants, given the fact there was no state of war when the attack occurred."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wladislaw Taczanowski", "paragraph_text": "Wladislaw (von) Taczanowski (12 August 1825 \u2013 13 March 1893) was an elected member of the German Reichstag in Berlin from March 1871 to January 1877 as a representative of the Polenpartei (\"Polish Party\"). A nobleman and member of the Taczanowski magnate dynasty, he is regarded as one of the influential Prussian-Polish politicians active during the early phase of the German Empire."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Kill", "paragraph_text": "``The Kill ''Single by Thirty Seconds to Mars from the album A Beautiful Lie Released January 24, 2006 (2006 - 01 - 24) Format Compact Disc, digital download Genre Alternative rock, post-hardcore Length 3: 47 Label Immortal Virgin Songwriter (s) Jared Leto Producer (s) Josh Abraham Thirty Seconds to Mars Thirty Seconds to Mars singles chronology`` Attack'' (2005) ``The Kill ''(2006)`` From Yesterday'' (2006) ``Attack ''(2005)`` The Kill'' (2006) ``From Yesterday ''(2006)`` The Kill (Rebirth)'' Artwork for the UK version of the single. Audio sample file help Music video ``The Kill ''on YouTube"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bone Tomahawk", "paragraph_text": "At the valley, the three men are injured by a volley of arrows. After killing two attackers, Hunt and Chicory retreat, leaving Brooder, who is seriously injured and demands to be left behind. Brooder kills one attacker before being killed himself. The attackers capture Hunt and Chicory, and imprison them in their cave. The men find Samantha, and an injured Nick, imprisoned in a nearby cage. They inform Hunt that the tribesmen have already killed and eaten Purvis. They witness Nick removed from his cell, stripped, brutally scalped, and bisected alive, then consumed. Samantha estimates the number of hostile cannibals to be around twelve (reduced to nine earlier by Hunt's posse)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008. In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 23 September 1946, an 8,000-strong railroad worker strike began in Pusan. Civil disorder spread throughout the country in what became known as the Autumn uprising. On 1 October 1946, Korean police killed three students in the Daegu Uprising; protesters counter-attacked, killing 38 policemen. On 3 October, some 10,000 people attacked the Yeongcheon police station, killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more; elsewhere, some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials were killed. The USAMGIK declared martial law."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2002 Mahane Yehuda Market bombing", "paragraph_text": "The 2002 Mahane Yehuda Market Bombing was a suicide bombings which occurred on 12 April 2002 at a bus stop located at the entrance to the Mahane Yehuda Market which is Jerusalem's main fruit and vegetable market. The site of the attack was chosen in order to cause maximum number of casualties. 6 people were killed in the attack and 104 were injured. The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "East Prussia", "paragraph_text": "Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928. He led the district from 1932. This period was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. In 1932 the local paramilitary SA had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats in K\u00f6nigsberg, the Otto-Braun-House. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed; the executive editor of the Social Democrat \"K\u00f6nigsberger Volkszeitung\", Otto Wyrgatsch, and the German People's Party politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the Reichsbanner were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of L\u00f6tzen, Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "August 2012 Sinai attack", "paragraph_text": "The August 2012 Sinai attack occurred on 5 August 2012, when armed men ambushed an Egyptian military base in the Sinai Peninsula, killing 16 soldiers and stealing two armored cars, which they used to infiltrate into Israel. The attackers broke through the Kerem Shalom border crossing to Israel, where one of the vehicles exploded. They then engaged in a firefight with soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces, during which six of the attackers were killed. No Israelis were injured."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing was a suicide bombing which occurred on May 18, 2001 in the HaSharon Mall in Netanya, Israel. Six people were killed in the attack."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hung parliament", "paragraph_text": "Both the election of January 1910, and that of December 1910 produced a hung parliament with an almost identical number of seats won by the governing Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. This was due both to the constitutional crisis and to the rise of the Labour Party. The elections of 1929 resulted in the last hung parliament for many years; in the meantime, Labour had replaced the Liberals as one of the two dominating parties."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "Despite being a persistent critic of some of the government's policies, the paper supported Labour in both subsequent elections the party won. For the 2005 general election, The Sun backed Blair and Labour for a third consecutive election win and vowed to give him \"one last chance\" to fulfil his promises, despite berating him for several weaknesses including a failure to control immigration. However, it did speak of its hope that the Conservatives (led by Michael Howard) would one day be fit for a return to government. This election (Blair had declared it would be his last as prime minister) resulted in Labour's third successive win but with a much reduced majority."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nicola Boem", "paragraph_text": "Nicola Boem (born 27 September 1989) is an Italian racing cyclist, who last competed for . He competed in the 2014 Giro d'Italia. He won Stage 10 of the 2015 Giro d'Italia in solo fashion after attacking his breakaway companions."}], "question": "Who was killed in the attack of the winner of the last election at Reichstag?"}
{"id": "2hop__95413_372678", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shockproof", "paragraph_text": "Shockproof is a 1949 American film noir directed by Douglas Sirk and starring Cornel Wilde and Patricia Knight. Wilde and Knight were husband and wife during filming. They divorced in 1951."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James Parrott", "paragraph_text": "James Parrott (August 2, 1897 \u2013 May 10, 1939) was an American actor and film director; and the younger brother of film comedian Charley Chase."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Magnus Fiennes", "paragraph_text": "Magnus Fiennes was born in Suffolk, England in 1965, a son of photographer Mark Fiennes and novelist Jennifer Lash. He married Maya Docik in 1995, and they have two daughters. One of six siblings, he is brother to actors Ralph Fiennes and Joseph Fiennes, and film makers Sophie Fiennes and Martha Fiennes. Another brother, Jacob, is a conservationist. His foster brother, Michael Emery, is an archaeologist."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bickford Shmeckler's Cool Ideas", "paragraph_text": "Bickford Shmeckler's Cool Ideas is a 2006 film written and directed by Scott Lew, starring Patrick Fugit and Olivia Wilde."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "D' Anothers", "paragraph_text": "D' Anothers is a 2005 comedy-horror film starring Vhong Navarro and Toni Gonzaga released under Star Cinema, ABS-CBN Film Productions."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Passion (1954 film)", "paragraph_text": "Passion is a 1954 American Western film directed by Allan Dwan and written by Howard Estabrook, Beatrice A. Dresher and Joseph Lejtes. The film stars Cornel Wilde, Yvonne De Carlo, Raymond Burr, Lon Chaney Jr., Rodolfo Acosta and John Qualen. The film was released on October 6, 1954, by RKO Pictures."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "M'Liss (1918 film)", "paragraph_text": "M'Liss is a 1918 American silent film directed by Marshall Neilan, written by Frances Marion and based on a Bret Harte story. The film was made previously in 1915 and was remade again in 1922 as \"The Girl Who Ran Wild\", starring Gladys Walton. Another same-titled remake was released in 1936, starring Anne Shirley."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The White Rose of the Wilds", "paragraph_text": "The White Rose of the Wilds is a 1911 American short silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Blanche Sweet."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jungle Goddess", "paragraph_text": "Jungle Goddess is a 1948 American action/adventure crime film starring George Reeves, Ralph Byrd, and Wanda McKay. Directed by Lewis D. Collins, the film was based on an idea by producer William Stephens."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sharks' Treasure", "paragraph_text": "Sharks' Treasure is a 1975 American adventure film written, produced and directed by Cornel Wilde and starring Cornel Wilde and Yaphet Kotto."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Her Wild Oat", "paragraph_text": "Her Wild Oat (1927) is a silent comedy film made by First National Pictures, directed by Marshall Neilan, and starring Colleen Moore. The screenplay was written by Gerald C. Duffy, based on a story by Howard Irving Young."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Days of Being Wild", "paragraph_text": "Days of Being Wild is a 1990 Hong Kong drama film directed by Wong Kar-wai. The film stars some of the best-known actors and actresses in Hong Kong, including Leslie Cheung, Andy Lau, Maggie Cheung, Carina Lau, Jacky Cheung and Tony Leung Chiu-wai. \"Days of Being Wild\" also marks the first collaboration between Wong and cinematographer Christopher Doyle, with whom he has since made six more films."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Another Wild Idea", "paragraph_text": "Another Wild Idea is a 1934 American Pre-Code short comedy science fiction film starring Charley Chase, who was also the film's director. This short comedy movie focuses on a Ray Gun which releases all of a persons inhibitions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sheriff of Wichita", "paragraph_text": "Sheriff of Wichita is a 1949 American Western film directed by R. G. Springsteen and written by Robert Creighton Williams. The film stars Allan Lane, Eddy Waller, Roy Barcroft, Lyn Wilde, Clayton Moore and Gene Roth. The film was released on January 22, 1949, by Republic Pictures."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Welcome Danger", "paragraph_text": "Welcome Danger is a 1929 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Clyde Bruckman and starring Harold Lloyd. A sound version and silent version were filmed. Ted Wilde began work on the silent version, but became ill and was replaced by Bruckman."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Wild and the Willing", "paragraph_text": "The Wild and the Willing is a 1962 British romantic drama film directed by Ralph Thomas and starring Virginia Maskell, Paul Rogers and Samantha Eggar. It is the film debut of Ian McShane and John Hurt. It depicts a group of students at university."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fix (film)", "paragraph_text": "Fix is a 2008 feature film directed by Tao Ruspoli starring Shawn Andrews, Olivia Wilde, Megalyn Echikunwoke, Tao Ruspoli, Dedee Pfeiffer and Andrew Fiscella."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Wild World of Batwoman", "paragraph_text": "The Wild World of Batwoman is a 1966 American science fiction superhero film produced, written, directed and edited by Jerry Warren. The film stars Katherine Victor as Batwoman, George Andre as Professor G. Octavius Neon, and Steve Brodie as Jim Flanagan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kirka", "paragraph_text": "Several Babitzin siblings are established musicians in their own right. In 1978, Kirka released a duet album with sister Anna; the next year, another sister Marija (\"Muska\") joined in."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Maytime in Mayfair", "paragraph_text": "Maytime in Mayfair is a 1949 British musical comedy film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Anna Neagle, Michael Wilding, Nicholas Phipps, and Tom Walls. It was a follow up to \"Spring in Park Lane\"."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the star from Another Wild Idea?"}
{"id": "2hop__156763_156246", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kaltenbach (D\u00fcrnach)", "paragraph_text": "Kaltenbach is a river of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. It is a right tributary of the D\u00fcrnach and belongs to the Danube river system. It is long and rises about east of Ringschnait. Most of the river flows through forest, and then flows into the D\u00fcrnach south-west of Wennedach."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bylong River", "paragraph_text": "Bylong River rises in the central tablelands of the Capertee Valley, within Wollemi National Park, on the north-western slopes of the Great Dividing Range, below Goat Mountain, and flows generally north-east, joined by seven tributaries, including the Growee River, before reaching its confluence with the Goulburn River, north of the village of Bylong. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Broad River (Jamaica)", "paragraph_text": "The Broad River is a river in Jamaica. It flows into the Black River at the Great Morass in St. Elizabeth."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Range Creek", "paragraph_text": "Range Creek, rising in the Book Cliffs in Emery County, Utah, is a high tributary of the Colorado River. It flows into the Green River, a major tributary of the Colorado. The creek flows year around."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kunwak River", "paragraph_text": "The Kunwak River is a river of Nunavut, Canada. It flows northeast out of Tulemalu Lake and enters Tebesjuak Lake, Mallery Lake and Princess Mary Lake before turning southeast and flowing into Thirty Mile Lake on the Kazan River."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Rafael River", "paragraph_text": "The San Rafael River is a tributary of the Green River, approximately long, in east central Utah, United States. The river flows across a sparsely populated arid region of the Colorado Plateau, and is known for the isolated, scenic gorge through which it flows."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Des Moines River", "paragraph_text": "The Des Moines River () is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the upper Midwestern United States that is approximately long from its farther headwaters. The largest river flowing across the state of Iowa, it rises in southern Minnesota and flows across Iowa from northwest to southeast, passing from the glaciated plains into the unglaciated hills near the capital city of Des Moines, named after the river, in the center of the state. The river continues to flow at a southeastern direction away from Des Moines, later flowing directly into the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Big Salmon River (New Brunswick)", "paragraph_text": "The Big Salmon River is a small river in southern New Brunswick, Canada, that flows south into the Bay of Fundy. The river has its source to the southwest of Sussex, New Brunswick. The river flows into the Bay of Fundy near St. Martins, New Brunswick, and serves as the endpoint of the Fundy Trail."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Naryn River", "paragraph_text": "The Naryn River (, , ) rises in the Tian Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia, flowing west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan. Here it merges with the Kara Darya River (near Namangan) to form the Syr Darya. It is long (together with Chong-Naryn River) and has an annual flow of ."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cians", "paragraph_text": "The Cians is a mountain river that flows through the Alpes-Maritimes department of southeastern France. Its source is in the mountains north of Beuil, and it flows into the Var in Tou\u00ebt-sur-Var."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gojeb River", "paragraph_text": "The Gojeb River is eastward-flowing tributary of the Omo River in Ethiopia. It rises in the mountains of Guma, flowing in almost a direct line its confluence with the Omo at"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Moa River", "paragraph_text": "The Moa River (Makona River) is a river in west Africa. It arises in the highlands of Guinea and flows southwest, forming parts of the Guinea\u2013Liberia and the Guinea \u2013 Sierra Leone borders. It flows into the Southern Province of Sierra Leone. Yenga, Tiwai Island and Sulima are located on the Moa."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tavo (river)", "paragraph_text": "The Tavo is a river in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its source is in the Gran Sasso d'Italia mountain range in the province of L'Aquila near the border with the province of Pescara. After crossing the border, the river loops northward and then eastward near Penne. It then flows south and then northeast and flows near Loreto Aprutino and Pianella. The river continues flowing northeast near Cappelle sul Tavo before joining the Fino and together they become the Saline."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Growee River", "paragraph_text": "Growee River rises on the northern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, below Hefrons Hole, northeast of Rylstone and flows generally northwest then north northeast, then north by west then northeast, joined by three minor tributaries before reaching its confluence with the Bylong River near Bylong. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hargrave River (Manitoba)", "paragraph_text": "The Hargrave River is a river in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in Northern Manitoba, Canada. It flows in a southeasterly direction from its source at Hargrave Lake to Hill Lake on the Minago River which flows into Cross Lake on the Nelson River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Apies River", "paragraph_text": "The Apies River is a river that flows through the city of Pretoria, South Africa. Its source is located just south of the city (south of Erasmus Park) and it flows northward until it drains into the Pienaars River."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Svete (river)", "paragraph_text": "The \u0160v\u0117t\u0117 River (, ) flows through the \u0160iauliai and Joni\u0161kis districts in the northern part of Lithuania, and the southern part of Latvia. The source of the \u0160v\u0117t\u0117 is near Tulominai, about 16\u00a0km southeast of Kur\u0161\u0117nai, and the river flows north passing by \u017dagar\u0117, near the Latvian border. It is a tributary of the Lielupe, joining it 8\u00a0km to the northwest of Jelgava. The Lielupe ultimately flows into the Baltic Sea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "River Swilly", "paragraph_text": "The River Swilly rises near \"Glendore\", a mountain in County Donegal, and flows for around through Letterkenny before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean at Lough Swilly."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ganges", "paragraph_text": "The Ganges (/ \u02c8\u0261\u00e6nd\u0292i\u02d0z / GAN - jeez), also known as Ganga (Hindustani: (\u02c8\u0261\u0259\u014b\u0261a\u02d0)), is a trans - boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India. After entering West Bengal, it divides into two rivers: the Hooghly River and the Padma River. The Hooghly, or Adi Ganga, flows through several districts of West Bengal and into the Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island. The other, the Padma, also flows into and through Bangladesh, and also empties into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges is the third largest river in the world by discharge."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bear River (Sustut River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "The Bear River is a river in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest into the Sustut River, which flows southwest into the upper Skeena River."}], "question": "Into what river does the river that the Growee River flows into flow?"}
{"id": "2hop__496368_114364", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pope Gregory X", "paragraph_text": "Pope Gregory X (; \u00a0\u2013 10 January 1276), born Teobaldo Visconti, was Pope from 1 September 1271 to his death in 1276 and was a member of the Secular Franciscan Order. He was elected at the conclusion of a papal election that ran from 1268 to 1271, the longest papal election in the history of the Catholic Church."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sistine Chapel ceiling", "paragraph_text": "The Sistine Chapel ceiling (), painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. The ceiling is that of the Sistine Chapel, the large papal chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV, for whom the chapel is named. It was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II. The chapel is the location for papal conclaves and many other important services."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pope Adeodatus I", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Rome, the son of a subdeacon. He served as a priest for 40 years before his election and was the first priest to be elected pope since John II in 533. Adeodatus represents the second wave of anti-Gregorian challenge to the papacy, the first being that of Sabinian.  He reversed the practice of his predecessor Boniface IV of filling the papal administrative ranks with monks by recalling the clergy to such positions and by ordaining some 14 priests, the first ordinations in Rome since Pope Gregory.According to tradition, he was the first pope to use lead seals (bullae) on papal documents, which in time came to be called \"papal bulls\". One bulla dating from his reign is still preserved, the obverse of which represents the Good Shepherd in the midst of His sheep, with the letters Alpha and Omega underneath, while the reverse bears the inscription: Deusdedit Pap\u00e6.In August 618, an earthquake struck Rome, and later an outbreak of leprosy, during which Adeodatus led the effort to care for the poor and sick. He died 8 November 618. There was a vacancy of one year, one month, and 16 days before his successor was consecrated.His feast occurs 8 November. He is also a saint in the Orthodox Church as one of the pre-Schism \"Orthodox Popes of Rome\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mary de Cervellione", "paragraph_text": "Saint Mary de Cervellione (de Cervello; Mary of Cervellon) (1230 at Barcelona \u2013 19 September 1290) was a Catalan superior of a Third Order of Mercedarians. She is a Catholic saint; her following, which began immediately after her death, was approved by Pope Innocent XII in 1692."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1179 in Italy", "paragraph_text": "By agreement reached at the Peace of Venice in 1177 the bitter conflict between Alexander III and Emperor Frederick I was brought to an end. When Pope Hadrian IV died in 1159, the divided cardinals elected two popes: Roland of Siena, who took the name of Alexander III, and Octavian of Rome who, though nominated by fewer cardinals, was supported by Frederick and assumed the name of Pope Victor IV. Frederick, wishing to remove all that stood in the way of his authority in Italy, declared war upon the Italian states and especially the Church which was enjoying great authority. A serious schism arose out of this conflict, and after Victor IV's death in 1164, two further antipopes were nominated in opposition to Alexander III: Paschal III (1164\u20131168) and Callistus III (1168\u20131178). Eventually, at the Peace of Venice, when Alexander gained victory, he promised Frederick that he would summon an ecumenical council."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "He was known affectionately as \"Good Pope John\". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared \"Blessed\" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Atlas Slave", "paragraph_text": "The Atlas Slave is a 2.77m high marble statue by Michelangelo, dated to 1525\u20131530. It is one of the 'Prisoners', the series of unfinished sculptures for the tomb of Pope Julius II. It is now held in the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole", "paragraph_text": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole, is an epistolary novel by Sue Townsend. It is the second in Adrian Mole series. It focuses on the worries and regrets of a teenage aspiring intellectual and, like its predecessor, takes the form of a diary. The story takes place from 1982 to mid-1983. Notable events in this volume are the breakup and later reconciliation of Adrian and Pandora, Adrian's attempt to run away from home and subsequent breakdown, the birth of his sister Rosie Mole, and Adrian's general worry about his O levels and nuclear war."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gian Giacomo Medici", "paragraph_text": "Gian Giacomo Medici was the brother of Giovanni Angelo Medici, who was later to be elected Pope as Pius IV. They were scions of an impoverished though patrician family of Milan not connected with the Medici of Florence, in spite of the Medici heraldic \"palle\" appearing in the contemporary engraving (\"illustration\"): thus the nickname \"Il Medeghino\", the \"little Medici\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hierarchy of the Catholic Church", "paragraph_text": "Cardinals are princes of the Church appointed by the Pope. He generally chooses bishops who head departments of the Roman Curia or important episcopal sees throughout the world. As a whole, the cardinals compose a College of Cardinals which advises the Pope, and those cardinals under the age of 80 at the death or resignation of a Pope elect his successor. Their heraldic achievement is surmounted by the red galero and tassels as a form of martyred position in the Church."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Georgian era", "paragraph_text": "The Georgian era is a period in British history from 1714 to , named after the Hanoverian kings George I, George II, George III and George IV. The sub-period that is the Regency era is defined by the regency of George IV as Prince of Wales during the illness of his father George III. The definition of the Georgian era is often extended to include the relatively short reign of William IV, which ended with his death in 1837."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fra Angelico", "paragraph_text": "In 1445 Pope Eugene IV summoned him to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's, later demolished by Pope Paul III. Vasari claims that at this time Fra Angelico was offered the Archbishopric of Florence by Pope Nicholas V, and that he refused it, recommending another friar for the position. The story seems possible and even likely. However, if Vasari's date is correct, then the pope must have been Eugene IV and not Nicholas, who was elected Pope only on 6 March 1447. Moreover, the archbishop in 1446\u20131459 was the Dominican Antoninus of Florence (Antonio Pierozzi), canonized by Pope Adrian VI in 1523. In 1447 Fra Angelico was in Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, executing works for the Cathedral. Among his other pupils were Zanobi Strozzi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pascalina Lehnert", "paragraph_text": "Madre (Mother) Pascalina Lehnert (25 August 1894, Ebersberg, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire\u00a0\u2013 13 November 1983, Vienna, Austria), born Josefina Lehnert, was a German Roman Catholic nun who served as Pope Pius XII's housekeeper and secretary from his period as Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria in 1917 until his death as pope in 1958. She managed the papal charity office for Pius XII from 1944 until the pontiff's death in 1958. She was a Sister of the Holy Cross, Menzingen order."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pope Alexander III", "paragraph_text": "Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 \u2013 30 August 1181), born Roland of Siena, was pope from 7 September 1159 to his death in 1181."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Baldwin of Avesnes", "paragraph_text": "Baldwin of Avesnes (September 1219 in Oizy \u2013 10 April 1295 in Avesnes) was a son of Bouchard IV of Avesnes and his wife, Margaret II of Flanders. His parents' marriage was later declared illegal, because his father had already received minor orders. Baldwin was later declared legitimate by the pope, at the instigation of King Louis IX of France. In 1246, Baldwin received Beaumont as an apanage."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Miguel da Silva", "paragraph_text": "Educated at the University of Paris, Silva was appointed by King Manuel I of Portugal as ambassador to Rome in 1514. He served on that post during the reigns of popes Leo X, Adrian VI and Clement VII. Both pope Leo X and Clement VII wanted to make him Cardinal, but were opposed by the Portuguese Crown. He was recalled to Lisbon in 1525 where he served as member of the Royal Council. Clement VII made him Bishop of Viseu in 1526 and Pope Paul III finally elevated him to cardinal in 1539, albeit \"in pectore\". Falling out of favour with King John III of Portugal, D. Miguel da Silva run away to Rome in 1540, where he was warmly welcomed to the Curia by Paul III. His statute as a Cardinal was revealed in 1541 and John III of Portugal promptly condemned him of treason and revoked his Portuguese nationality. He served as papal legate to Venice, Ancona and Bologne and was made Bishop of Massa Marittima."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pope Sixtus I", "paragraph_text": "Pope Sixtus I (42 \u2013 124, 125, 126 or 128), a Roman of Greek descent, was the Bishop of Rome from c. 115 to his death c. 124. He succeeded Pope Alexander I and was in turn succeeded by Pope Telesphorus. His feast is celebrated on 6 April."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Avignon Papacy", "paragraph_text": "Following the strife between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII and the death of his successor Benedict XI after eight months in office, a deadlocked conclave elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1305. Clement declined to move to Rome, remaining in France, and in 1309, he moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. The absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the ``Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy ''. A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon; all were French, and they increasingly fell under the influence of the French Crown. On September 13, 1376, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome (arriving on January 17, 1377), ending the Avignon Papacy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sistine Chapel", "paragraph_text": "The Sistine Chapel (/ \u02ccs\u026asti\u02d0n \u02c8t\u0283\u00e6p\u0259l /; Latin: Sacellum Sixtinum; Italian: Cappella Sistina (kap\u02c8p\u025blla si\u02c8sti\u02d0na)) is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope, in Vatican City. Originally known as the Cappella Magna, the chapel takes its name from Pope Sixtus IV, who restored it between 1477 and 1480. Since that time, the chapel has served as a place of both religious and functionary papal activity. Today it is the site of the Papal conclave, the process by which a new pope is selected. The fame of the Sistine Chapel lies mainly in the frescos that decorate the interior, and most particularly the Sistine Chapel ceiling and The Last Judgment by Michelangelo."}], "question": "When did Adrian IV's successor die?"}
{"id": "2hop__118511_449482", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hansel and Gretel", "paragraph_text": "``Hansel and Gretel ''(/ \u02c8h\u00e6ns\u0259l, \u02c8h\u025bn -... \u02c8\u0261r\u025bt\u0259l /; also known as Hansel and Grettel, Hansel and Grethel, or Little Brother and Little Sister; German: H\u00e4nsel und Gretel (H\u00e4nsel und Grethel) (\u02c8h\u025bnzl\u0329 \u0294\u028ant \u02c8\u0261\u0281e\u02d0tl\u0329)) is a well - known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister kidnapped by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake, confectionery, candy, and many more delicious treats that are imaginable. The two children escape with their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera H\u00e4nsel und Gretel (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck. Under the Aarne -- Thompson classification system,`` Hansel and Gretel'' is classified under Class 327."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Schwarz und wei\u00df wie Tage und N\u00e4chte", "paragraph_text": "Schwarz und wei\u00df wie Tage und N\u00e4chte (Black and White Like Day and Night) is a West German film from 1978 directed by Wolfgang Petersen and starring Bruno Ganz."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Das M\u00e4dchen und der Staatsanwalt", "paragraph_text": "Das M\u00e4dchen und der Staatsanwalt (\"The Girl and the Prosecutor\") is a 1962 German drama film directed by J\u00fcrgen Goslar and starring Wolfgang Preiss, G\u00f6tz George and Elke Sommer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ludwig August Mellin", "paragraph_text": "Count Ludwig August Mellin (23 January 1754 in Tuhala, Governorate of Reval \u2013 12 March 1835 in Riga, Governorate of Livonia) was a Baltic German politician, cartographer, writer and publicist. He is best known for creating the first professional atlas visualizing Livonia (area now divided between Estonia and Latvia), the \"Atlas von Liefland, oder von den beyden Gouvernementern u. Herzogth\u00fcmern Lief- und Ehstland, und der Provinz Oesel\" in 1798."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "MS UND Adriyatik", "paragraph_text": "The MS \"UND Adriyatik\" is a RO-RO freighter owned by the Turkish company U.N Ro-Ro \u0130\u015fletmeleri A.\u015e. It went into service on 1 September 2001, after being built in the Flensburger Schiffbau Gesellschaft (FSG) shipyard in Flensburg, Germany. It was used for transporting goods between Pendik (Istanbul), Turkey and Trieste, Italy. \"UND Adriyatik\" caught fire on 6 February 2008 off the coast of Istria, Croatia, just outside Croatian territorial waters."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hilbert's seventh problem", "paragraph_text": "Hilbert's seventh problem is one of David Hilbert's list of open mathematical problems posed in 1900. It concerns the irrationality and transcendence of certain numbers (\"Irrationalit\u00e4t und Transzendenz bestimmter Zahlen\")."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Theo Kl\u00f6ckner", "paragraph_text": "Theo Kl\u00f6ckner (born 29 September 1934) is a former German international footballer who played as a forward for VfB Speldorf, Schwarz-Wei\u00df Essen and Werder Bremen."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Cossack and the Nightingale", "paragraph_text": "The Cossack and the Nightingale (German: Der Kosak und die Nachtigall) is a 1935 Austrian romantic thriller film directed by Phil Jutzi and starring Jarmila Novotna, Iv\u00e1n Petrovich and Gerda Maurus. The film's art direction was by Julius von Borsody."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv", "paragraph_text": "AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv (German for \"AStA Economical and Social Statistics Archive\") is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics published quarterly by Springer Science+Business Media."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Memorial Stadium (University of North Dakota)", "paragraph_text": "Memorial Stadium is the home of the University of North Dakota (UND) Track and Field teams. It is located on the campus of UND in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The stadium holds 10,000 people and opened in 1927. Memorial Stadium was home of the UND football from 1927 until 2001. Today, the football team plays in the nearby Alerus Center; however, the team continues to utilize Memorial Stadium for team offices, training, and practices."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Radio SRF 1", "paragraph_text": "Radio SRF 1 is a Swiss radio channel, one of six operated by Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF), with its headquarters in Z\u00fcrich."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Biblioth\u00e8que nationale suisse, the Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der K\u00fcnste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst and the Hochschule der K\u00fcnste Bern, Musikbibliothek. There was a combined total (as of 2008[update]) of 10,308,336 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 2,627,973 items were loaned out."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Freddy and the Melody of the Night", "paragraph_text": "Freddy and the Melody of the Night (German:Freddy und die Melodie der Nacht) is a 1960 West German musical film directed by Wolfgang Schleif and starring Freddy Quinn, Heidi Br\u00fchl and Peter Carsten."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Abgehauen", "paragraph_text": "Abgehauen is a 1998 German television documentary directed by Frank Beyer and based on the autobiographical book of the same name by Manfred Krug. (\"Abgehauen. Ein Mitschnitt und ein Tagebuch.\" D\u00fcsseldorf: ECON 1996). Frank Beyer won an Adolf Grimme Award for his work on the film."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wie vor Jahr und Tag", "paragraph_text": "Wie vor Jahr und Tag is the sixth album by the German singer-songwriter Reinhard Mey. It was also published in Dutch in 1975. All songs (except Susann) have been written by Mey."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kubinke the Barber", "paragraph_text": "Kubinke the Barber (German: Kubinke, der Barbier, und die drei Dienstm\u00e4dchen) is a 1926 German silent comedy film directed by Carl Boese and starring Werner Fuetterer, Erika Gl\u00e4ssner and K\u00e4the Haack."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ein Herz und eine Seele", "paragraph_text": "Ein Herz und eine Seele (literally \"One Heart and One Soul\" i.e. \"hand in glove\") is a German cult sitcom based on the British sitcom \"Till Death Us Do Part\" by Johnny Speight. The show premiered on 15 January 1973 and lasted for about twenty episodes, airing its last on 4 November 1974. In 1976 the show had a short-lived revival with another four episodes. \"Ein Herz und eine Seele\" was written by Wolfgang Menge."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Das Boot", "paragraph_text": "Das Boot (, German: \"The Boat\") is a 1981 German submarine film written and directed by Wolfgang Petersen, produced by G\u00fcnter Rohrbach, and starring J\u00fcrgen Prochnow, Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer, and Klaus Wennemann. It has been exhibited both as a theatrical release and as a TV miniseries (1985), in several different home video versions of various running times, and in a director's cut version supervised by Petersen in 1997."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hans-Christian Huf", "paragraph_text": "Huf studied German studies, history and politics in Munich, Germany and Bordeaux in France. Since 1984 he's an employee of the public-service German television channel ZDF. Since 1987 he's part of the editorial staff from the ZDF-editorial \"Geschichte und Gesellschaft\" (history and society) and \"Kultur und Gesellschaft\" (culture and society). He produced many historical television programmes and wrote tie-in books to it. A few of these books were translated into forty languages."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1958\u201359 DFB-Pokal", "paragraph_text": "The 1958\u201359 DFB-Pokal was the 16th season of the annual German football cup competition. It began on 3 October 1959 and ended on 27 December 1959. Four teams competed in the tournament of two rounds. In the final Schwarz-Wei\u00df Essen defeated Borussia Neunkirchen 5 \u2013 2."}], "question": "What's the Schwarz und wei\u00df wie Tage und N\u00e4chte's director's notable work?"}
{"id": "2hop__322528_10673", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Palais Garnier", "paragraph_text": "The Palais Garnier (pronounced [pal\u025b \u0261a\u0281nje] French  ) is a 1,979-seat opera house, which was built from 1861 to 1875 for the Paris Opera. It was called the Salle des Capucines, because of its location on the Boulevard des Capucines in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, but soon became known as the Palais Garnier, in recognition of its opulence and its architect, Charles Garnier. The theatre is also often referred to as the Op\u00e9ra Garnier (pronounced [\u0254pe\u0281a \u0261a\u0281nje] French  ) and historically was known as the Op\u00e9ra de Paris or simply the Op\u00e9ra, as it was the primary home of the Paris Opera and its associated Paris Opera Ballet until 1989, when the Op\u00e9ra Bastille opened at the Place de la Bastille. The Paris Opera now uses the Palais Garnier mainly for ballet."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mounts Palay-Palay\u2013Mataas-na-Gulod Protected Landscape", "paragraph_text": "The Mounts Palay-Palay\u2013Mataas-na-Gulod Protected Landscape is a protected area encompassing the Palay-Palay Mountain Range in southwestern Luzon island near Manila in the Philippines. It was established on 26 October 1976 as a national park and game refuge and bird sanctuary covering an initial area of . In 2007, the national park was designated as a protected landscape area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System through Proclamation No. 1315 signed by President Gloria Arroyo. The park is the last remaining lowland rainforest in the province of Cavite and is well known for Mount Pico de Loro, a popular destination for mountaineers and hikers from Metro Manila."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Petit Palais", "paragraph_text": "In 1894 a competition was held for the 1900 Exhibition area. The Palais de l'Industrie from the 1855 World\u2019s Fair was considered unfitting and was to be replaced by something new for the 1900 Exhibition. Architects had the option to do what they pleased (alter, destroy, or keep) with the Palais de l\u2019Industrie. In the end, Charles Girault won the competition and built the Petit Palais as one of the buildings that replaced the Palais de l\u2019Industrie. The construction of the Petit Palais began on October 10, 1897 and was completed in April 1900. The total cost of the Petit Palais at the time of the construction was 400,000 pounds."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305\u201378, also called the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three rival popes, each supported by several states. Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414, and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417\u201331) as pope."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Place Saint-Lambert", "paragraph_text": "The Place Saint-Lambert is a square in the centre of Li\u00e8ge, Belgium. Until 1794, it was the site of St. Lambert's Cathedral. Remains of the foundations of the cathedral have been conserved, and are on display at the Arch\u00e9oforum, under the square. The largest public building on the square is the former Prince-Bishops' Palace, which now houses the \"Palais de justice\" (courthouse) and the \"Palais provincial\", i.e. the government building of the province of Li\u00e8ge. There is a large bus station in the lower part of the square, which serves as the local transport hub for the city. On 13 December 2011, a murder\u2013suicide attack took place in the square, in which 6 people were killed and 125 were injured."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "paragraph_text": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its 3rd session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did n't vote."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Venus of Brassempouy", "paragraph_text": "Brassempouy is a small village in the \"d\u00e9partement\" of Landes in southwest France. Two caves near the village, 100 metres from each other, were among the first Paleolithic sites to be explored in France. They are known as the \"Galerie des Hy\u00e8nes\" (Gallery of the Hyenas) and the \"Grotte du Pape\" (the \"Pope's Cave\"). The Venus of Brassempouy was discovered in the Pope's Cave in 1894, accompanied by at least eight other human figures. These may be an example of unfinished work, as if the artist or artists carved several figurines at the same time."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Roundhead", "paragraph_text": "Roundhead remained in use to describe those with republican tendencies up until the Exclusion Crisis of 1678\u20131681; the term was then superseded by \"Whig\", initially another term with pejorative connotations. Likewise during the Exclusion Bill crisis, the term \"Cavalier\" was replaced with \"Tory\", an Irish term introduced by their opponents, and also initially a pejorative term."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jean-Henri Pape", "paragraph_text": "The work of this skilled maker was rewarded by favourable reports of his instruments from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019encouragement pour l\u2019industrie nationale on 19 September 1832 and from l'Acad\u00e9mie des beaux-arts de l'institut de France in 1833, and he earned a gold medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1834, as well as a medal of the Legion of Honor in 1839. Skilled in every aspect of mechanics, Pape invented a machine used to saw wood or ivory in spirals, and exhibited its results in 1827. One of his pianos was veneered with sheets of ivory nine feet long and two feet wide. A small pamphlet commemorated his contributions to the instrument (\"Notice sur les inventions et perfectionnements apportes par H. Pape dans la fabrication des pianos\", Paris: Loquin: 11 pages with three lithographic plates)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Palais Garnier", "paragraph_text": "The Palais Garnier ( French ) is a 1,979-seat opera house, which was built from 1861 to 1875 for the Paris Opera. It was called the Salle des Capucines, because of its location on the Boulevard des Capucines in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, but soon became known as the Palais Garnier, in recognition of its opulence and its architect, Charles Garnier. The theatre is also often referred to as the Op\u00e9ra Garnier ( French ) and historically was known as the Op\u00e9ra de Paris or simply the Op\u00e9ra, as it was the primary home of the Paris Opera and its associated Paris Opera Ballet until 1989, when the Op\u00e9ra Bastille opened at the Place de la Bastille. The Paris Opera now uses the Palais Garnier mainly for ballet."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Flavien Michelini", "paragraph_text": "Flavien Michelini (born 20 July 1986 in Rillieux-la-Pape, France) is a French midfielder who plays for Bangkok in the Thai Division 1 League."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen tablecloths, a large wine list and well-trained waiters; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand V\u00e9four in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period. The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Caf\u00e9 de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Caf\u00e9 Anglais, Maison Dor\u00e9e and the Caf\u00e9 Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens; they were immortalised in the novels of Balzac and \u00c9mile Zola. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle Epoque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Palais des papes of Sorgues", "paragraph_text": "The Palais des papes of Sorgues is the first papal residence built by Avignon Papacy to XIVth siecle. Its construction was ordered by John XXII and preceded in 18 years to the Palais des papes. This luxurious residence had served as a model for the construction of residences of cardinals in Avignon. It remains today as ruins, because the palace was dismantled during the French Revolution by the builders that the town of Sorgues had sold."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "India Hair", "paragraph_text": "India Hair (born 1987) is a French actress. She was born in Saumur to an American father and an English mother. Her film credits include \"Camille Rewinds\", \"Jacky in Women's Kingdom\", \"Br\u00e8ves de comptoir\" and \"High Society\". She has also appeared in the television series \"Boulevard du Palais\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Christiane Ziegler", "paragraph_text": "Christiane Ziegler (born May 3, 1942 in L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue), is a French Egyptologist, curator, director emeritus of the Department of Egyptian Antiquities of the Louvre Museum and editorial director of the archaeological mission from the Louvre Museum at Saqqara, Egypt."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pape Naa Pranam", "paragraph_text": "Pape Naa Pranam is a 2000 Telugu film starring J. D. Chakravarthy. The film was dubbed into Hindi as Aaj Ka Baadshah."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pape Latyr N'Diaye (footballer, born 1985)", "paragraph_text": "Pape Latyr N'Diaye (born April 4, 1985) is a Senegalese football who player currently plays for Persidafon Dafonsoro in the Indonesia Super League."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Genevi\u00e8ve Fauconnier", "paragraph_text": "Genevi\u00e8ve Fauconnier (Barbezieux, 3 January 1886 \u2013 Saint-Palais-de-N\u00e9grignac, 11 December 1969) was a French novelist who lived in the south of the Charente \"d\u00e9partement\", (France). She was one of the most sensitive members of the so-called Groupe de Barbezieux. She won the Prix Femina in 1933 with her novel \"\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Les Deux Plateaux", "paragraph_text": "Les Deux Plateaux, more commonly known as the Colonnes de Buren, is a highly controversial art installation created by the French artist Daniel Buren in 1985\u20131986. It is located in the inner courtyard (Cour d'Honneur) of the Palais Royal in Paris, France."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cannes Film Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Cannes Festival (/ k\u00e6n /; French: Festival de Cannes), named until 2002 as the International Film Festival (Festival international du film) and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation - only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congr\u00e8s."}], "question": "What is another term for the group that owns Palais des papes of Sorgues?"}
{"id": "2hop__5085_5018", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australian Submarine Rescue Vehicle Remora", "paragraph_text": "Australian Submarine Rescue Vehicle \"Remora\" (ASRV \"Remora\") was a submarine rescue vehicle used by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) between 1995 and 2006. The name comes from the remora, a small fish that can attach itself to larger marine life, and has the backronym \"Really Excellent Method Of Rescuing Aussies\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mural with Blue Brushstroke", "paragraph_text": "Mural with Blue Brushstroke is a 1986 mural painting by Roy Lichtenstein that is located in the atrium of the Equitable Tower (now known as the AXA Center) in New York City. The mural was the subject of the book \"Roy Lichtenstein: Mural With Blue Brushstroke\". The mural includes highlights of Lichtenstein's earlier works."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aberdeen Lifeboat Station", "paragraph_text": "Aberdeen Lifeboat Station is a Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) marine-rescue facility in Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom. Aberdeen was one of the first lifeboat stations to be established in Scotland, it was founded in 1802."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Flanders Marine Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Flanders Marine Institute (Dutch: Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, VLIZ) provides a focal point for marine scientific research in Flanders, northern Belgium."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lowry Bluff", "paragraph_text": "Lowry Bluff () is a bluff, high, forming the eastern extremity of Nash Ridge of the Eisenhower Range, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1955\u201363, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for George Lowry, a biologist at McMurdo Station, 1965\u201366 season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pondville Correctional Center", "paragraph_text": "The Pondville Correctional Center is a minimum security/pre-release Massachusetts state prison. It is located 36 miles southwest of Boston, Massachusetts in the town of Norfolk, Massachusetts. Because this is a minimum security facility, there are no walls or fences to keep prisoners in. Security is maintained by inmate counts and strict accountability procedures. Many inmates housed at this facility work in landscaping at other facilities such as the Massachusetts Correctional Institution \u2013 Cedar Junction and the Bay State Correctional Center. Each minimum security inmate is required to hold a job paying between $1 and $4 a day. Many inmates work in various communities in Massachusetts and some even assist the Department of Recreation and Conservation with a variety of tasks and projects. In addition, all inmates at this facility are subject to random drug testing and treatment sanctions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Broward Correctional Institution", "paragraph_text": "The Broward Correctional Institution (BCI) was a correctional facility located in the former Country Estates CDP and in Southwest Ranches, Florida, operated by the Florida Department of Corrections. The Region IV Correctional Facility Office is located on the grounds of Broward Correctional Institution in the former Country Estates CDP. The prison was in proximity to Pembroke Pines. It was located along Sheridan Street, near U.S. Route 27."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bonn International Center for Conversion", "paragraph_text": "The Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), established in 1994, is a research institute located in Bonn, Germany. While the focus of BICC's work initially centered on the conversion of military facilities and equipment to civilian uses (hence its name), the institute's research has expanded to other areas of peace and development, including peacebuilding and small arms and light weapons."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Skidaway Institute of Oceanography", "paragraph_text": "The Skidaway Institute of Oceanography (SkIO) is an internationally renowned marine science research institute located on the northern end of Skidaway Island near Savannah, Georgia, USA. Founded in 1968, it is now a research unit of the University of Georgia. It does not grant degrees, but its faculty serve as adjuncts to universities, and as mentors and advisors for visiting students and interns. SkIO faculty also frequently collaborate with marine scientists of other institutes both nationally and internationally. In 2012, it was announced that SkIO would be put under the management of the University of Georgia as part of an effort to streamline the University System of Georgia, the realignment with the University of Georgia being completed in July 2013."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Miami Marine Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Miami Marine Stadium is a marine stadium on Virginia Key, Miami, Florida, United States. The facility, built and completed in 1963 on land donated to the City of Miami from the Matheson family, is the first stadium purpose-built for powerboat racing in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Vani Vilas Women and Children Hospital is a government run hospital in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is attached to the Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Children's Grand Park, Seoul", "paragraph_text": "Children's Grand Park is a park complex in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea. Facilities at Children's Grand Park include hills and hiking trails, Zoo, garden, and an amusement park. Situated in Seoul City\u2019s Gwangjin-gu, Children\u2019s Grand Park is a leisure facility for families, offering a botanical garden, amusement facilities, and diverse performance events. Opened on a Korean holiday called Children\u2019s Day in 1973, the park is full of attractions that appeal to youngsters: Marine Animal House that exhibits seals and polar bears, a Small Animal Village, and even a Parrot Village. Nearly 62% of the park's total area of about 530,000 sq. meters consists of trees and grass and various facilities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Meindert Fennema", "paragraph_text": "Meindert Fennema (born Leeuwarden, 21 May 1946) is a Dutch political scientist and Emeritus Professor of political science, who was attached to the Department of Political Science and the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies of the University of Amsterdam, where he held the chair on Political Theory of Ethnic Relations."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. Since 1992 the Music of the Night has been performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nha Trang Oceanography Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Nha Trang Oceanography Institute or Institute of Oceanography in Nha Trang is an oceanography institute located at 1 Cau Da St., next to Cau Da Wharf, about 6km from the center of Nha Trang, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a Province, Vietnam. Established in 1923, it was one of the first centers for scientific research in Vietnam and is an important location for tropical oceanographic research. Since the establishment, the center has published approximately 1,100 scientific studies comprising 62.6% about marine biodiversity, 11.6% about marine physics, 7.6% about ecology and environment; 5.4% about marine geology, and 4.4% about marine chemistry and biochemistry"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ramona M. Valdez", "paragraph_text": "Ramona M. Valdez (June 26, 1984June 23, 2005) was a Dominican-born United States Marine who was killed in the Iraq War. She was posthumously honored by the U.S. Marine Corps when the II MEF Communications Training Center was dedicated as the Valdez Training Facility."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arthur Rullion Rattray", "paragraph_text": "Rear Admiral Sir Arthur Rullion Rattray (1891 \u2013 10 August 1966) was a British naval officer who served in the Royal Indian Marine, and also on attachment to the Royal Flying Corps during World War I. He later rose to senior rank in the Royal Indian Navy during World War II."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Karin Lochte", "paragraph_text": "Lochte was born in Hanover. She received her PhD in Marine Biology at the University College of North Wales in 1984. After her PhD, she worked on deep sea microbiology at the Institut f\u00fcr Meereskunde, University of Kiel. Earlier in her career, Lochte was a professor of Biological Oceanography at the Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences at the Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel where she led a research unit that focused on chemical cycles in the sea. She lectured biological oceanography at the University of Rostock and Kiel from 1995 to 2000 and subsequently the at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnem\u00fcnde until 2007. She was also the project coordinator for the Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor (ADEPD), a European Union funded marine research project from 1998 to 2000. Her involvement in polar research began in 2007, when she started work at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tin Cup", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Costner as Roy ``Tin Cup ''McAvoy Rene Russo as Dr. Molly Griswold Don Johnson as David Simms Cheech Marin as Romeo Posar Rex Linn as Dewey Linda Hart as Doreen"}], "question": "What marine facility is attached to the institution which Roy Lowry work for?"}
{"id": "2hop__455808_282902", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Henflingen", "paragraph_text": "Henflingen is a former commune in the Haut-Rhin department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Illtal."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Coquimbito", "paragraph_text": "Coquimbito is a rural district in the Maip\u00fa Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina. It is located in the southeast of the metropolitan area of Mendoza (the provincial capital), and is administratively part of the municipality of Maip\u00fa. The name refers to the Chilean port city of Coquimbo."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sal\u00e8ve", "paragraph_text": "The Sal\u00e8ve is a mountain of the French Prealps located in the departement of Haute-Savoie (France). It is also called the \"Balcony of Geneva\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Samoa", "paragraph_text": "From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918\u20131919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Haute-Banio (department)", "paragraph_text": "Haute-Banio is a department of Nyanga Province in south-western Gabon. It is the most southernly department in Gabon and borders the Republic of the Congo. The capital lies at Ndindi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Canton of Wormhout", "paragraph_text": "Canton of Wormhout is an administrative division, located in Nord \"d\u00e9partement\" and Hauts-de-France \"r\u00e9gion\" in France. All communes of the canton of Wormhout are part of the arrondissement of Dunkirk."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Domangbeu", "paragraph_text": "Domangbeu is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Zoukougbeu Department in Haut-Sassandra Region, Sassandra-Marahou\u00e9 District."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arrondissement of Gap", "paragraph_text": "The arrondissement of Gap is an arrondissement of France in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur region. It has 126 communes."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Naman\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Naman\u00e9 is a town in west-central Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Issia Department in Haut-Sassandra Region, Sassandra-Marahou\u00e9 District."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Aside from the 20th century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes and Paris heliport, Paris' administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. The Seine d\u00e9partement had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to govern as a unique entity. This problem was 'resolved' when its parent \"District de la r\u00e9gion parisienne\" (Paris region) was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three departments surrounding it. The Paris region was renamed \"\u00cele-de-France\" in 1977, but the \"Paris region\" name is still commonly used today. Paris was reunited with its suburbs on January 1, 2016 when the M\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris came into existence."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arrondissement of Thonon-les-Bains", "paragraph_text": "The arrondissement of Thonon-les-Bains is an arrondissement of France in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes region. It has 68 communes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bussi\u00e8re-Boffy", "paragraph_text": "Bussi\u00e8re-Boffy () is a former commune in the Haute-Vienne department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Val-d'Issoire."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hauts-Forts", "paragraph_text": "The Hauts-Forts (2,466 m) is a mountain of the Chablais Alps, located east of Morzine in the French department of Haute-Savoie, within one kilometre of the Swiss border."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cantons of the Hautes-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es department", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of the 17 cantons of the Hautes-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es department, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Francis Hillmeyer", "paragraph_text": "Francis Hillmeyer (born September 9, 1946 in Mulhouse, Haut-Rhin) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Haut-Rhin department, and is a member of the New Centre."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arrondissement of Castellane", "paragraph_text": "The arrondissement of Castellane is an arrondissement of France in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur region. Since the January 2017 reorganization of the arrondissements of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, it has 41 communes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tchibanga", "paragraph_text": "Tchibanga is a city in the Nyanga Province of southern Gabon, situated on the Nyanga River. It has an estimated population of 24,000 (2008). The town lies on the N6 road and is home to Tchibanga Airport and a market. It lies near the Ivela Falls."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "First Army Division East", "paragraph_text": "First Army Division East was established by Department of the Army Permanent Order 156-7 to provide training and readiness oversight and mobilization operations for an area of responsibility spanning 27 states and territories east of the Mississippi River. First Army Division East is responsible for mobilizing, training, readiness oversight and deploying the United States' Reserve and National Guard Soldiers, and selected Sailors and Airmen along with members of multiple interagency and governmental entities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alain Chatillon", "paragraph_text": "Alain Chatillon (born 15 March 1943 in Revel, Haute-Garonne) is a member of the Senate of France. He represents the Haute-Garonne department and is a member of the Radical Party."}], "question": "What river was the province in which Haute-Banio Department is located named for?"}
{"id": "2hop__32907_32807", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Age of consent reform in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "In 1275, the first age of consent was set in England, at age 12 (Westminster 1 statute). In 1875, the Offences Against the Person Act raised the age to 13 in Great Britain and Ireland, and ten years later the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 raised it to 16. In 1917, a bill raising the age of consent in Great Britain and Ireland from 16 to 17 was defeated by only one vote."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)", "paragraph_text": "Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (LdSH [RC]) is a regular armoured regiment of the Canadian Army. Currently based in Edmonton, Alberta, the regiment is part of 3rd Canadian Division's 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group. Members of the regiment are commonly called \"Strathconas\" or \"Strats\" as a short form. It was one of the last regiments in the British Empire to be created and raised by a private individual, Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ode to Joy", "paragraph_text": "``Ode to Joy ''(German:`` An die Freude'' (an di\u02d0 \u02c8f\u0281\u0254\u028fd\u0259), first line: ``Freude, sch\u00f6ner G\u00f6tterfunken '') is an ode written in the summer of 1785 by German poet, playwright, and historian Friedrich Schiller and published the following year in Thalia. A slightly revised version appeared in 1808, changing two lines of the first and omitting the last stanza."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD. This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roman art", "paragraph_text": "While Greek sculptors traditionally illustrated military exploits through the use of mythological allegory, the Romans used a more documentary style. Roman reliefs of battle scenes, like those on the Column of Trajan, were created for the glorification of Roman might, but also provide first - hand representation of military costumes and military equipment. Trajan's column records the various Dacian wars conducted by Trajan in what is modern day Romania. It is the foremost example of Roman historical relief and one of the great artistic treasures of the ancient world. This unprecedented achievement, over 650 foot of spiraling length, presents not just realistically rendered individuals (over 2,500 of them), but landscapes, animals, ships, and other elements in a continuous visual history -- in effect an ancient precursor of a documentary movie. It survived destruction when it was adapted as a base for Christian sculpture. During the Christian era after 300 AD, the decoration of door panels and sarcophagi continued but full - sized sculpture died out and did not appear to be an important element in early churches."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Map and the Territory", "paragraph_text": "\"The Map and the Territory\" is Michel Houellebecq's fifth novel. It was published five years after his prior novel, \"The Possibility of an Island\". \"The Map and the Territory\" was among the most eagerly awaited and discussed novels of the 2010 literary season in France. The first printing was for copies, as announced by the publisher. An English translation by Gavin Bowd was published in January 2012."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor", "paragraph_text": "The Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor (1917\u20131921) was a relief organization established during World War I in response to the genocide of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire. The committee was also known as simply the \"Greek Relief Committee\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Herbert (Family Guy)", "paragraph_text": "John Herbert Family Guy character First appearance ``To Love and Die in Dixie ''Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Mike Henry Information Full name John Herbert Gender Male Occupation U.S Army Air force pilot in World War II Nationality American"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Welfare", "paragraph_text": "AFDC (originally called Aid to Dependent Children) was created during the Great Depression to alleviate the burden of poverty for families with children and allow widowed mothers to maintain their households. The New Deal employment program such as the Works Progress Administration primarily served men. Prior to the New Deal, anti-poverty programs were primarily operated by private charities or state or local governments; however, these programs were overwhelmed by the depth of need during the Depression. The United States has no national program of cash assistance for non-disabled poor individuals who are not raising children."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tabula Rogeriana", "paragraph_text": "The Nuzhat al-musht\u0101q fi'khtir\u0101q al-\u0101f\u0101q (, lit. \"the book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands\"), most often known as the Tabula Rogeriana (lit. \"The Book of Roger\" in Latin), is a description of the world and world map created by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154. Al-Idrisi worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the map for fifteen years at the court of the Norman King Roger II of Sicily, who commissioned the work around 1138."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)", "paragraph_text": "Battle of the Centaurs is a relief by Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo, created around 1492. It was the last work Michelangelo created while under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici, who died shortly after its completion. Inspired by a classical relief created by Bertoldo di Giovanni, the marble sculpture depicts the mythic battle between the Lapiths and the Centaurs. A popular subject of art in ancient Greece, the story was suggested to Michelangelo by the classical scholar and poet Poliziano. The sculpture is exhibited in the Casa Buonarroti in Florence, Italy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Geology", "paragraph_text": "The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Royal Dublin Fusiliers", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Dublin Fusiliers was an Irish infantry Regiment of the British Army created in 1881, one of eight Irish regiments raised and garrisoned in Ireland, with its home depot in Naas. The Regiment was created by the amalgamation of two British Army regiments in India, the Royal Bombay Fusiliers and Royal Madras Fusiliers, with Dublin and Kildare militia units as part of the Childers Reforms that created larger regiments and linked them with \"Regimental Districts\". Both regular battalions of the Regiment fought in the Second Boer War. In the First World War, a further six battalions were raised and the regiment saw action on the Western Front, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. In the course of the war three Victoria Cross were awarded."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Eastern Han, also known as the Later Han, formally began on 5 August 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han. During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30. The Tr\u01b0ng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40. Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan (d. AD 49) in a campaign from AD 42\u201343. Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu, who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi (\u6bd4), a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu (\u84b2\u5974), submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50. This created two rival Xiongnu states: the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi, an ally of Han, and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu, an enemy of Han."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: \"Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white\". This led to different treatment for \"black\" and \"half-caste\" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as \"white\" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Social work", "paragraph_text": "The practice and profession of social work has a relatively modern and scientific origin, and is generally considered to have developed out of three strands. The first was individual casework, a strategy pioneered by the Charity Organization Society in the mid-19th century, which was founded by Helen Bosanquet and Octavia Hill in London, England. Most historians identify COS as the pioneering organization of the social theory that led to the emergence of social work as a professional occupation. COS had its main focus on individual casework. The second was social administration, which included various forms of poverty relief -- 'relief of paupers'. Statewide poverty relief could be said to have its roots in the English Poor Laws of the 17th century, but was first systematized through the efforts of the Charity Organization Society. The third consisted of social action -- rather than engaging in the resolution of immediate individual requirements, the emphasis was placed on political action working through the community and the group to improve their social conditions and thereby alleviate poverty. This approach was developed originally by the Settlement House Movement."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Women's bowls in Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first women's bowls match played in Australia took place in Stawell, Victoria in October 1881. The first women's only bowls club was not created for another seventeen years, when the Rainsford Bowls Club was created on 16 December 1898 at the home of J. Rainsford Needham, who lived in Glenferrie, Victoria. The first women's bowls association was created in September 1907. The association was called the Victorian Ladies' Bowling Association, and was created by six Melbourne, Victoria based clubs. It was the first women's bowling association created the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Breathitt", "paragraph_text": "John Breathitt (September 9, 1786 \u2013 February 21, 1834) was the 11th Governor of Kentucky. He was the first Democrat to hold this office and was the second Kentucky governor to die in office. Shortly after his death, Breathitt County, Kentucky was created and named in his honor."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mass in G major, K. 49", "paragraph_text": "Mozart wrote the Mass in G major at the age of 12. It was however neither his first setting of a part of the mass ordinary \u2014 two years earlier he had already composed a Kyrie (K. 33) \u2014, nor was it his largest composition with a religious theme up to date: his sacred musical play \"Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots\" had been premiered in the previous year."}], "question": "When did the first person to create a raised relief map die?"}
{"id": "2hop__156243_2253", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gatehampton Railway Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Gatehampton Railway Bridge is a railway bridge carrying the Great Western Main Line over the River Thames in Lower Basildon, Berkshire, England. It takes the line between the stations at Goring and Streatley and Pangbourne, and crosses the Thames on the reach between Whitchurch Lock and Goring Lock."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dartford Crossing", "paragraph_text": "The Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing, commonly known as the Dartford Crossing and until 1991 the Dartford Tunnel, is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, carrying the A282 road between Dartford in Kent in the south and Thurrock in Essex in the north. It consists of two bored tunnels and the cable-stayed Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. The only fixed road crossing of the Thames east of Greater London, it is the busiest estuarial crossing in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of over 130,000 vehicles. It opened in stages: the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980 and the bridge in 1991. The crossing, although not officially designated a motorway, is considered part of the M25 motorway's route, using the tunnels northbound and bridge southbound. Described as one of the most important road crossings in Britain, it suffers from heavy traffic and congestion."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Queensboro Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Queensboro Bridge, also known as the 59th Street Bridge \u2013 because its Manhattan end is located between 59th and 60th Streets \u2013 and officially titled the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge, is a cantilever bridge over the East River in New York City that was completed in 1909. It connects the neighborhood of Long Island City in the borough of Queens with the neighborhood of Upper East Side in Manhattan, passing over Roosevelt Island."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dhanushkodi Tirtham", "paragraph_text": "Dhanushkodi Tirtham is one of the Tirthas in the island of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India. This is located beside the ghost town of Dhanushkodi at the easternmost tip of Rameswaram Island. Rama used his bow's (Dhanush) end (Kodi) to break the bridge - Adam's Bridge (hence the name). This bridge was used for his army to cross over to Lanka for the victorious war against Ravana."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Luis Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The San Luis Bridge, also known as State Bridge or Bridge over Culebra Creek, is a historic open spandrel arch bridge that crosses Culebra Creek in San Luis, Colorado. It was built in 1911 as a road bridge, but now serves pedestrian traffic. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sewickley Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Sewickley Bridge is a steel continuous truss bridge spanning the Ohio River between Sewickley and Moon Township, Pennsylvania, carrying State Route 4025 and the Orange Belt. It was built by American Bridge Company and opened on October 21, 1981. Its center span is long and the side spans are each long. The bridge deck contains two vehicle lanes and a pedestrian sidewalk. It crosses above the river. The bridge is owned by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Okanagan Lake Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Okanagan Lake Bridge (also known as the Kelowna Floating Bridge) was a three-lane, long floating bridge in British Columbia, Canada. It crossed Okanagan Lake, connecting the Westside area to Kelowna on the lake's eastern side. Taller boats such as sailboats were able to pass under the lift span which was located at the east end of the bridge. Completed in 1958, the bridge was the first of its kind in Canada. The bridge was partially funded through tolls, which were collected from its opening until April 1, 1963."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Carroll Lee Cropper Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Carroll Lee Cropper Bridge is a continuous steel arch-shaped truss bridge over the Ohio River between Indiana and Kentucky. Built in 1977, the four-lane arched truss span provides a western Ohio River crossing for the Interstate 275 beltway around the Cincinnati area. The section of Interstate 275 on the Cropper bridge is the only Interstate highway in the Cincinnati, Ohio area that goes between Indiana and Kentucky. The bridge is the only highway bridge crossing for west of the Cincinnati downtown area. The Markland Locks and Dam, which carries Indiana State Road 101 and Kentucky Route 1039, is south and west of the Cropper Bridge."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bissell Bridge (Connecticut)", "paragraph_text": "The Captain John Bissell Memorial Bridge carries I-291 over the Connecticut River, connecting the towns of Windsor, Connecticut and South Windsor, Connecticut. There is a pedestrian crossing on the bridge on the westbound, upstream side."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dufferin Street bridges", "paragraph_text": "The Dufferin Street bridges are two inter-connected vehicular bridges in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The bridges carry Dufferin Street over a railway corridor and the Gardiner Expressway to Exhibition Place. The bridges closed to vehicular traffic in 2013. Temporary structures, namely Bailey bridges over the railway tracks, will be built in 2013-2014 to allow a resumption of traffic in early 2014. Beginning in 2016 the bridges will be completely rebuilt to allow more tracks to cross underneath and create a single span to the CNE grounds. As of March 2019 the spans over the Gardiner Expressway remain in place and the bailey bridges replacing the older outer pedestrian bridges of the northern span with the inner vehicular steel plate box girder bridge still in place."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National Route 25 (Argentina)", "paragraph_text": "National Route 25 is a 534-kilometer-long paved highway that runs through the center of Chubut Province, Argentina. It extends from the juncture with National Route 40 in Tecka to the bridge on the Chubut River in the city of Rawson. The highway crosses the Patagonian Steppe, joining sparsely populated areas."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "EJE Bridge over Shell Creek", "paragraph_text": "The EJE Bridge over Shell Creek is a Warren pony truss bridge located near Shell, Wyoming, which carries Big Horn County Road CN9-57 across Shell Creek. The bridge was built in 1920 by the Midland Bridge Company, the only firm to bid for the bridge contract. At long, it is the longest known example of a Warren pony truss bridge in Wyoming."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ducharme Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ducharme Bridge (French: \"Pont Ducharme\") is a covered bridge with a lattice truss structure, which crosses the Bostonnais River in the center of La Bostonnais, Quebec. The bridge was built in 1946 and it is long. It was classified as a historic monument in 2006, because it was a late example of an elaborated town bridge, a truss developed by the Departement of colonization of Quebec at the turn of the 20th century. It was named after Romulus Ducharme, MLA of Laviolette in 1936-1939 and 1944-1966."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lejonstr\u00f6msbron", "paragraph_text": "Lejonstr\u00f6msbron is a wooden bridge in Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden, crossing Skellefte River between the boroughs Sunnan\u00e5 and Pr\u00e4stbordet, near the parish church for Skellefte\u00e5 landsf\u00f6rsamling. The bridge was completed in 1737 and is the oldest wooden bridge in Sweden. With its 207.5 meters Lejonstr\u00f6msbron was for a long time Sweden's longest wooden bridge, until a 230-meter long wooden bridge was built in Gimon\u00e4s in Ume\u00e5 in 2006."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cincinnati Southern Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Cincinnati Southern Bridge, officially the Cincinnati Southern Railroad Swinging Truss Bridge, is a swing bridge that carries the Norfolk Southern Railway over the Ohio River between Cincinnati, Ohio and Ludlow, Kentucky in the United States. The bridge is composed of four through truss spans: a main span on the northern side of the bridge, a currently unused swing span on the southern side, and two additional spans over the main shipping channels in the center of the bridge. The bridge crosses the Ohio River just downstream from downtown Cincinnati, and can be seen clearly from the lower level of the nearby Brent Spence Bridge."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John T. Loughran Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The John T. Loughran Bridge carries U.S. Route\u00a09W (US\u00a09W) over Rondout Creek between Kingston and Port Ewen, New York, United States. It also crosses over Ferry Street on the Kingston side. It is located just downriver from the historic Kingston-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge, which carried 9W until the Loughran Bridge was constructed. It is just upriver from where the Rondout empties into the Hudson River."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Julien Dubuque Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Julien Dubuque Bridge crosses the Mississippi River. It joins the cities of Dubuque, Iowa, and East Dubuque, Illinois. The bridge is part of U.S. Route 20 route. It is one of two automobile bridges over the Mississippi in the area (the Dubuque\u2013Wisconsin Bridge three miles (5\u00a0km) north links Dubuque with Wisconsin), and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities. One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country, containing years of discarded toxins, an estimated 30 million US gallons (110,000 m3) of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewer system, and other accumulation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Top Gear controversies", "paragraph_text": "The Top Gear presenters go across Burma and Thailand in lorries with the goal of building a bridge over the river Kwai. After building a bridge over the Kok River, Clarkson is quoted as saying ``That is a proud moment, but there's a slope on it. ''as a native crosses the bridge, 'slope' being a pejorative for Asians."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pulaski Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Pulaski Bridge in New York City connects Long Island City in Queens to Greenpoint in Brooklyn over Newtown Creek. It was named after Polish military commander and American Revolutionary War fighter Kazimierz Pu\u0142aski (Casimir Pulaski) because of the large Polish-American population in Greenpoint. It connects 11th Street in Queens to McGuinness Boulevard (formerly Oakland Street) in Brooklyn."}], "question": "How many kilometers long is the body of water that the Pulaski Bridge crosses over?"}
{"id": "2hop__280354_535234", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Coleman, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Coleman is a city in and the county seat of Coleman County, Texas, in the United States. The population was 4,709 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Carobeth Laird", "paragraph_text": "Carobeth Tucker was born in Coleman, Texas. She discovered her facility for languages during a trip to Mexico during the summer of 1909. After giving birth to her first daughter, Elisabeth, at age seventeen, in 1915, she enrolled in the San Diego Normal School, where she took a course in linguistics that was taught by John P. Harrington, an extremely productive and eccentric linguist and ethnographer. Harrington was impressed by Tucker's facility with languages, and they were married in the following year. They had one daughter, Awona."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that \"they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}], "question": "What administrative territorial entity does Carobeth Laird's birth place located?"}
{"id": "2hop__11657_11655", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The 7th Guest", "paragraph_text": "\"The 7th Guest\" was the brainchild of game designer/graphic artist Rob Landeros, and a Virgin MasterTronics programmer, Graeme Devine. When Landeros and Devine presented their idea for the game to Martin Alper, CEO of Virgin Games , they were promptly \"fired\" so that with Virgin's help they could start their own company, Trilobyte, dedicated solely to the development of this game. They originally intended to create the movements through the mansion using video. 3D graphics and animation were introduced to the title early in '91 when Robert Stein III joined the team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "Derrick May a.k.a. \"MAYDAY\" and Thomas Barnett released \"Nude Photo\" in 1987 on May's label \"Transmat Records\", which helped kickstart the Detroit techno music scene and was put in heavy rotation on Chicago's Hot Mix 5 Radio DJ mix show and in many Chicago clubs.[citation needed] A year later, Transmat released what was to become one of techno and house music's classic anthems \u2013 the seminal track \"Strings of Life\". Transmat Records went on to have many more successful releases[citation needed] such as 1988's \"Wiggin\". As well, Derrick May had successful[citation needed] releases on Kool Kat Records and many remixes for a host of underground and mainstream recording artist."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Good Life (Inner City song)", "paragraph_text": "``Good Life ''is a song by American electronic music group Inner City, featuring vocals by Paris Grey. The song was written and produced by Kevin Saunderson. It is often remembered for being played at dance clubs and on the radio."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "National University of San Juan", "paragraph_text": "The National University of San Juan (in Castilian, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, UNSJ) is a public university in Argentina. Its seat is located in the city of San Juan, capital of the province of the same name, in the Cuyo region. It was founded in 1973, based on several local institutions and a faculty of the National University of Cuyo."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bat Masterson (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Bat Masterson is an American Western television series which showed a fictionalized account of the life of real - life marshal / gambler / dandy Bat Masterson. The title character was played by Gene Barry and the half - hour black - and - white shows ran on NBC from 1958 to 1961. The series was produced by Ziv Television Productions. Bat is a nickname for Masterson's first name, Bartholemew."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Akir", "paragraph_text": "Akir is an American hip hop recording artist, producer, songwriter activist and, teaching artist known for his complex lyrics and social-political content. His name is an acronym for \"Always Keep It Real\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Francisco", "paragraph_text": "In Portuguese, people named Francisco are commonly nicknamed \"Chico\" (\"sh\u00edco\"). This is also a less-common nickname for Francisco in Spanish too."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9 (; ; 18 March 1842 \u2013 9 September 1898), whose real name was \u00c9tienne Mallarm\u00e9, was a French poet and critic. He was a major French symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "MC Tali", "paragraph_text": "MC Tali, real name Natalia Sheppard (n\u00e9e Scott), is a New Zealand drum and bass artist, best known for her 2004 hit \"Lyric on My Lip\", which reached #39 in the UK Singles Chart. Tali has also worked with prominent artists, such as former Mercury Music Prize nominee Roni Size."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Juan Camilo Novoa", "paragraph_text": "Juan Camilo Novoa Aguinaga (born October 5, 1981 in Santa F\u00e9, Antioquia) is a boxer from Colombia, best known for winning the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games at junior middleweight vs Juan Ubaldo. He is nicknamed \"La Boa\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mission San Juan Capistrano", "paragraph_text": "Mission San Juan Capistrano Mission San Juan Capistrano Location in California Mission San Juan Capistrano (the US) Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location 26801 Ortega Hwy. San Juan Capistrano, California 92675 Coordinates 33 \u00b0 30 \u2032 10 ''N 117 \u00b0 39 \u2032 46'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 33.50278 \u00b0 N 117.66278 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 33.50278; - 117.66278 Coordinates: 33 \u00b0 30 \u2032 10 ''N 117 \u00b0 39 \u2032 46'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 33.50278 \u00b0 N 117.66278 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 33.50278; - 117.66278 Name as founded La Misi\u00f3n de San Juan Capistrano de Sajavit English translation The Mission of Saint John Capistrano of Sajavit Patron Saint John of Capestrano Nickname (s) ``Jewel of the Missions ''`` Mission of the Swallow'' ``Mission of the Tragedies ''Founding date October 30, 1775 (1st) November 1, 1776 (2nd) it was the 4th mission. Founding priest (s) Ferm\u00edn Lasu\u00e9n (1st) Father Presidente Jun\u00edpero Serra and Greg\u00f3rio Am\u00farrio (2nd) Founding Order Seventh Military district First Native tribe (s) Spanish name (s) Acjachemen Juane\u00f1o Native place name (s) Quan\u00eds Savit, Sajavit Baptisms 4,340 Confirmations 1,182 Marriages 1,153 Burials 3,126 Neophyte population 900 Secularized 1833 Returned to the Church 1865 Governing body Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange Current use Chapel / Museum U.S. National Register of Historic Places Designated September 3, 1971 Reference no. 71000170 California Historical Landmark Reference no. # 200 Website http://www.missionsjc.com"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Susan Atkins (civil servant)", "paragraph_text": "Susan Atkins graduated from Birmingham University with an LLB in Law in 1973. Atkins trained as a solicitor in local government. She was a law academic for 12 years, specialising in anti-discrimination law. She joined the civil service in 1989."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the music was being developed to create a more sophisticated sound,[citation needed] moving beyond just drum loops and short samples. In Chicago, Marshall Jefferson had formed the house group Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from \"intensity\"). New York\u2013based performers such as Mateo & Matos and Blaze had slickly produced disco house tracks. In Detroit a proto-techno music sound began to emerge with the recordings of Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Christopher Atkins", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Atkins (born Christopher Atkins Bomann; February 21, 1961) is an American actor, who became famous in his debut role with co-star Brooke Shields in the 1980 film The Blue Lagoon."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chet, Floyd & Boots", "paragraph_text": "Chet, Floyd & Boots is a studio album by American guitarist Chet Atkins, pianist Floyd Cramer and saxophone player Boots Randolph. Boots had a novelty hit with \"Yakety Sax\" which Chet covered, playing the saxophone lead on guitar, as \"Yakety Axe\" - which also became a hit. Cramer was a regular session musician at the Nashville studios, playing with a multitude of artists including Elvis Presley and Brenda Lee, helping to define the \"Nashville Sound\" that Atkins had also helped develop. The trio briefly toured together."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "What-a-Mess", "paragraph_text": "What-a-Mess is a series of children's books written by British comedy writer Frank Muir and illustrated by Joseph Wright. The title character is a dishevelled (hence his nickname), accident-prone Afghan Hound puppy, whose real name is Prince Amir of Kinjan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lapham Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The Lapham Memorial is a public artwork by American artist Albert H. Atkins, located near the entrance to Lapham Hall, on the University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee campus. It is in memory of Increase A. Lapham, a 19th-century scientist famous for prompting the creation of the National Weather Service and recording the antiquities of Wisconsin, among other accomplishments."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "Detroit techno is an offshoot of Chicago house music. It was developed starting in the late 80s, one of the earliest hits being \"Big Fun\" by Inner City. Detroit techno developed as the legendary disc jockey The Electrifying Mojo conducted his own radio program at this time, influencing the fusion of eclectic sounds into the signature Detroit techno sound. This sound, also influenced by European electronica (Kraftwerk, Art of Noise), Japanese synthpop (Yellow Magic Orchestra), early B-boy Hip-Hop (Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force) and Italo disco (Doctor's Cat, Ris, Klein M.B.O.), was further pioneered by Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson, the \"godfathers\" of Detroit Techno.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A Country Star Is Born", "paragraph_text": "A Country Star Is Born is the debut studio album by American country music artist, Jessi Colter. The album was released April 1970 off of RCA Victor, and was produced by Chet Atkins and Waylon Jennings."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bonnie Devine", "paragraph_text": "Bonnie Devine is an Anishinaabe/Ojibwa installation artist, performance artist, sculptor, curator, and writer from Serpent River First Nation, who lives and works in Toronto, Ontario. She is currently an Associate Professor at OCAD University and the Founding Chair of its Indigenous Visual Cultural Program."}], "question": "What was the nickname of Juan Atkins, David Saunderson, and the artists called Mayday?"}
{"id": "2hop__331172_557065", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Meslila", "paragraph_text": "Meslila is a settlement in the commune of Ouled Khoudir, in Ouled Khoudir District, B\u00e9char Province, Algeria. The settlement is surrounded by the dunes of the Grand Erg Occidental."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Giannetto De Rossi", "paragraph_text": "Giannetto De Rossi (born 1942) is an Italian make up artist who has worked on films such as \"Emanuelle in America\", \"Zombie 2\" and \"Dune\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Silver Lake State Park (Michigan)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake State Park is a public recreation area covering 2,936 acres (1,188 ha) bordering Lake Michigan and Silver Lake near Mears in Oceana County, Michigan. The state park is composed of mature forest land and over 2,000 acres (810 ha) of sand dunes. The park is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide and 3 miles (4.8 km) long and is divided into three segments: The northern area is an all - terrain vehicle dunes area where private motorized vehicle may be driven, the middle of the park is a non-vehicle area (the Walking Dunes), and the southernmost section is leased to a private operator. The park grounds include the Little Sable Point Light on Lake Michigan and one mile of shoreline on 690 - acre (280 ha) Silver Lake."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Asilomar State Beach", "paragraph_text": "Asilomar State Beach is a state park unit of California, USA, providing public access to rocky coast and dune habitat on the Monterey Peninsula. The property includes the Asilomar Conference Grounds, a conference center built by the YWCA in 1913 that is now a National Historic Landmark. The site is located in Pacific Grove and offers overnight lodging and views of the forest, surf and sand."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gardens & Villa", "paragraph_text": "Gardens & Villa is an American indie rock band from Santa Barbara, California, formed in 2008. The band consists of members Chris Lynch (guitar, flute, vocals), Adam Rasmussen (synthesizer), Shane McKillop (bass guitar), Levi Hayden (drums) and Dustin Ineman (keyboards). The band have released three albums and toured internationally."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dunes (album)", "paragraph_text": "Dunes is the second studio album by American rock band Gardens & Villa. Produced by Tim Goldsworthy it was released on 4 February 2014 on Secretly Canadian."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Duung wetland", "paragraph_text": "The DuWoong wetland is a coastal sand dune in South Korea. The DuWoong wetland is located in the south of the Sinduri coastal sand dune at Sinduri beach, Wonbukmeon, Taean, South Chungcheong Do. Its coastal length is 3.4\u00a0km and its width is 500\u00a0m, which is relatively wide. The Sinduri coastal sand dune was formed by sands carried to the coast many years ago."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wensicia", "paragraph_text": "As established in the appendix of \"Dune\" (1965), Wensicia is the third daughter of the 81st Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV and Anirul, a Bene Gesserit of Hidden Rank. Her oldest sister is the Princess Irulan; her three other siblings are sisters Chalice, Josifa and Rugi. Wensicia accompanies her father into exile on Salusa Secundus after he is deposed by Paul Atreides in \"Dune\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dune Landscape near Haarlem", "paragraph_text": "Dune Landscape near Haarlem, also known as The Bush and The Thicket near Haarlem, is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Jacob van Ruisdael. It is in the collection of the Louvre in Paris."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve", "paragraph_text": "Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve is a national park that conserves an area of large sand dunes up to 750 feet (229 m) tall on the eastern edge of the San Luis Valley, and an adjacent national preserve located in the Sangre de Cristo Range, in south - central Colorado, United States. The park was originally designated Great Sand Dunes National Monument on March 17, 1932 by President Herbert Hoover. The original boundaries protected an area of 35,528 acres (55.5 sq mi; 143.8 km). A boundary change and redesignation as a national park and preserve was authorized on November 22, 2000 and then established by an act of Congress on September 24, 2004. The park encompasses 107,342 acres (167.7 sq mi; 434.4 km) while the preserve protects an additional 41,686 acres (65.1 sq mi; 168.7 km) for a total of 149,028 acres (232.9 sq mi; 603.1 km). The recreational visitor total was 486,935 in 2017, about 25% more than the 388,308 visitors of 2016."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sendai River", "paragraph_text": "The is a river in eastern Tottori Prefecture, Japan. The Sendai is in length and has a drainage area of . The source of the river is in the Ch\u016bgoku Mountains. The Sendai flows north through Tottori Prefecture into the Sea of Japan. Under the Rivers Act of 1964 it is designated a Class 1 River, and is managed by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. About 200,000 people live along the course of the river. The Sendai River provides sediment to form the Tottori Sand Dunes, the largest dune system in Japan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "WLAV-FM", "paragraph_text": "WLAV-FM (96.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It is the dominant classic rock-formatted radio station in the market and is generally a top ten performer in the Grand Rapids ratings."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North Island (Houtman Abrolhos)", "paragraph_text": "North Island is the northernmost island in the Houtman Abrolhos, a coral reef archipelago in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mid West Western Australia. Located about 14\u00a0km (9\u00a0mi) from the nearest island group, it is one of the largest islands in the Houtman Abrolhos, and one of the few to support dune systems. It has relatively diverse flora dominated by chenopod shrubs and fauna that includes the introduced tammar wallaby, around seven species of reptile, and about 15 resident bird species."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mother Ann (rock formation)", "paragraph_text": "Mother Ann is a rock formation located near the Eastern Point Lighthouse in Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States. When viewed at the correct angle, the formation appears to be the silhouette of a reclining Puritan woman. It is also believed locally that the formation represents the royal mother of King Charles I, Anne of Denmark, after whom Cape Ann is named."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "On February 6, 2016, one day before her performance at the Super Bowl, Beyonc\u00e9 released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called \"Formation\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bloemendaal aan Zee", "paragraph_text": "Bloemendaal aan Zee is a seaside resort and neighbourhood in the municipality Bloemendaal, in North Holland province, the Netherlands. It is between the beaches of IJmuiden to the north and Zandvoort to the south and surrounded by the dunes of the Zuid-Kennemerland National Park."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Olympia Undae", "paragraph_text": "Olympia Undae is a vast dune field in the north polar region of the planet Mars. It consists of a broad \"sand sea\" or erg that partly rings the north polar plateau (Planum Boreum) from about 120\u00b0 to 240\u00b0E longitude and 78\u00b0 to 83\u00b0N latitude. Stretching about across and covering an area of 470,000\u00a0km, Olympia Undae is the largest continuous dune field on Mars. It is similar in size to the Rub' Al Khali in the Arabian Peninsula, the largest active erg on Earth."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wensicia", "paragraph_text": "Princess Wensicia is a fictional character and member of House Corrino from the \"Dune\" universe created by Frank Herbert. She was introduced in Herbert's 1976 novel \"Children of Dune\" and appeared decades later in the 2008 novel \"Paul of Dune\" by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dubai", "paragraph_text": "Dubai lies directly within the Arabian Desert. However, the topography of Dubai is significantly different from that of the southern portion of the UAE in that much of Dubai's landscape is highlighted by sandy desert patterns, while gravel deserts dominate much of the southern region of the country. The sand consists mostly of crushed shell and coral and is fine, clean and white. East of the city, the salt - crusted coastal plains, known as sabkha, give way to a north - south running line of dunes. Farther east, the dunes grow larger and are tinged red with iron oxide."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nakatajima Sand Dunes", "paragraph_text": "The Nakatajima Sand Dunes are a popular spot for locals to view the New Year's first sun rise. From May 3 till May 5, the dunes are the location for the Hamamatsu Festival, which involves flying of traditional Japanese kites."}], "question": "In what city is the formation that the performer of Dunes is named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__132900_119814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Paint It Black", "paragraph_text": "The song plays during the end credits of the films Full Metal Jacket and The Devil's Advocate. In TV, it was used as the opening theme song to the series Tour of Duty and for the end credits to part five of The Vietnam War documentary series. It was featured in the Call of Duty: Black Ops III and The Mummy trailers. The Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball use the song as part of their ``Black Out ''promotions. An orchestral arrangement of the song has been used in multiple episodes of the TV series Westworld. R&B singer Ciara would later cover the song for the soundtrack of the 2015 film The Last Witch Hunter."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bleak Seasons", "paragraph_text": "Bleak Seasons is the sixth novel in Glen Cook's ongoing series, The Black Company. The series combines elements of epic fantasy and dark fantasy as it follows an elite mercenary unit, The Black Company, through roughly forty years of its approximately four hundred-year history."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of That '70s Show characters", "paragraph_text": "In the final episode, Eric returns to Point Place for the New Year and he and Donna kiss. It is presumed that they end up together again at the end of the series and the end of the 1970s."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Water Sleeps", "paragraph_text": "Water Sleeps is the eighth novel in Glen Cook's ongoing series, The Black Company. The series combines elements of epic fantasy and dark fantasy as it follows an elite mercenary unit, The Black Company, through roughly forty years of its approximately four hundred year history."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "GeForce 10 series", "paragraph_text": "GeForce 10 series The GTX 1070 Founders Edition reference card. Release date May 27th, 2016 Codename GP10x Architecture Pascal Models GeForce GTX Series Transistors and fabrication process 1.8 B 14 nm (GP108) 3.3 B 14 nm (GP107) 4.4 B 16 nm (GP106) 7.2 B 16 nm (GP104) 12B 16 nm (GP102) 15.3 B 16 nm (GP100) Cards Entry - level GeForce GT 1030 Mid-range GeForce GTX 1050 GeForce GTX 1050 Ti GeForce GTX 1060 High - end GeForce GTX 1070 GeForce GTX 1070 Ti GeForce GTX 1080 Enthusiast GeForce GTX 1080 Ti Nvidia Titan X Nvidia Titan Xp API support Direct3D Direct3D 12.0 (feature level 12_1) OpenCL OpenCL 1.2 OpenGL OpenGL 4.6 Vulkan Vulkan 1.1 SPIR - V 1.3 History Predecessor GeForce 900 series Successor GeForce 20 series"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "GeForce 10 series", "paragraph_text": "GeForce GTX 10 series The GTX 1070 Founders Edition reference card. Release date May 2016 Codename GP10x Architecture Pascal Models GeForce GTX Series Transistors and fabrication process 1.8 B 14 nm (GP108) 3.3 B 14 nm (GP107) 4.4 B 16 nm (GP106) 7.2 B 16 nm (GP104) 12B 16 nm (GP102) Cards Entry - level GeForce GT 1030 Mid-range GeForce GTX 1050 GeForce GTX 1050 Ti GeForce GTX 1060 High - end GeForce GTX 1070 GeForce GTX 1080 Enthusiast GeForce GTX 1080 Ti NVIDIA TITAN X NVIDIA TITAN Xp API support Direct3D Direct3D 12.0 (feature level 12_1) OpenCL OpenCL 1.2 OpenGL OpenGL 4.6 Vulkan Vulkan 1.0 SPIR - V History Predecessor GeForce 900 series"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Unbeliever", "paragraph_text": "The Unbeliever is a 1918 American silent propaganda film made towards the end of World War I. It was directed by Alan Crosland for the Edison Company towards its last days as a functioning film-making company. It stars Raymond McKee and Marguerite Courtot, who married a few years later, and Eric von Stroheim."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harley-Davidson Super Glide", "paragraph_text": "The Harley - Davidson Super Glide was a motorcycle model made by the Harley - Davidson Motor Company. Reputed to be the first factory custom motorcycle, it originated Harley's FX series of motorcycles by mating Sportster components, most notably the front end, with the chassis of their larger big twin motorcycles. Super Glide models from 1991 to 2017 were based on the Dyna Glide chassis which offers a wider variety of front ends and trim levels, and for a time filled the intermediate niche between the smallest and largest Harley models; the Dyna platform has since been discontinued for the 2018 model year in favor of the new Softail frame, with some models from the Dyna nameplate being carried over to the Softail line."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sinclair Sovereign", "paragraph_text": "The Sinclair Sovereign was a high-end calculator introduced by Clive Sinclair's company Sinclair Radionics in 1976. It was an attempt to escape from the unprofitable low end of the market, and one of the last calculators Sinclair produced. Made with a case of pressed steel that a variety of finishes, it cost between and at a time when other calculators could be purchased for under . A number of factors meant that the Sovereign was not a commercial success, including the cost, high import levies on components, competition from cheaper calculators manufactured abroad, and the development of more power-efficient designs using liquid-crystal displays. Though it came with a five-year guarantee, issues such as short battery life limited its usefulness. The company moved on to producing computers soon afterwards."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shadow Games (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Shadow Games is the fourth novel in Glen Cook's ongoing series, The Black Company. The series combines elements of epic fantasy and dark fantasy as it follows an elite mercenary unit, The Black Company, through roughly forty years of its approximately four hundred-year history."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Levi Strauss & Co.", "paragraph_text": "In 2002, the company closed its Valencia Street plant in San Francisco, which had opened the same year of the city's April 1906 earthquake. By the end of 2003, the closure of Levi's last U.S. factory in San Antonio ended 150 years of jeans made in the USA. Production of a few higher - end, more expensive styles of jeans resumed in the US several years later."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Northern Electric", "paragraph_text": "The assets of the board were transferred to Northern Electric plc in March 1990, and the company was privatised in December of the same year. At the end of 1996 the company was acquired by American corporation, CalEnergy, which formed a subsidiary, CE Electric to manage Northern Electric."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bagpuss", "paragraph_text": "Bagpuss is a British children's television series, made by Peter Firmin and Oliver Postgate through their company Smallfilms. The series of 13 episodes was first broadcast from 12 February 1974 to 7 May 1974. The title character was \"a saggy, old cloth cat, baggy, and a bit loose at the seams\". Although only 13 episodes were made, it remains fondly remembered, and was frequently repeated in the UK for 13 years. In 1999 \"Bagpuss\" topped a BBC poll for the UK's favourite children's TV programme."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marussia B-Series", "paragraph_text": "The Marussia B-Series was a series of sports cars built by Russian automaker Marussia Motors (pronounced ma-rus-ya). The series consists of the B1 and the B2; the cars are very similar technically, but are very different in design. The two vehicles had the same engines, layout, features, suspension, brakes. Priced at over 4,000,000 ruble (from 120,000 \u20ac to 185,000 \u20ac), they were the first Russian sports cars ever built. It featured a full carbon fiber car with aluminium chassis. About 3500 units were built."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "If This World Were Mine", "paragraph_text": "Fifteen years after the original recording, Luther Vandross and Cheryl Lynn re-recorded it for her album Instant Love and made the song a R&B top five smash peaking at number four in 1982 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "ALCO Century 415", "paragraph_text": "The ALCO Century 415 was a road switcher diesel-electric locomotive of B-B wheel arrangement produced by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) as part of their Century Series of locomotives."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Little Tough Guys in Society", "paragraph_text": "Little Tough Guys in Society is a 1938 Universal Studios film that starred several of the \"Dead End Kids\". It was the second film that Universal made in their series and the first of three that they made without any of the original \"Dead End Kids\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Malcolm in the Middle", "paragraph_text": "Malcolm in the Middle is an American television sitcom created by Linwood Boomer for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was first broadcast on January 9, 2000, and ended its six-year run on May 14, 2006, after seven seasons and 151 episodes. The series received critical acclaim and won a Peabody Award, seven Emmy Awards, one Grammy Award, and seven Golden Globe nominations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marussia Motors", "paragraph_text": "In April 2014, the Marussia Motors company was disbanded, with staff leaving to join a government-run technical institute. The Marussia F1 team continued unaffected as a British entity, independent of the Russian car company. However, on 7 November 2014 the administrator announced that the F1 team had ceased trading."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "In 1945, the British entrepreneur J. Arthur Rank, hoping to expand his American presence, bought into a four-way merger with Universal, the independent company International Pictures, and producer Kenneth Young. The new combine, United World Pictures, was a failure and was dissolved within one year. Rank and International remained interested in Universal, however, culminating in the studio's reorganization as Universal-International. William Goetz, a founder of International, was made head of production at the renamed Universal-International Pictures Inc., which also served as an import-export subsidiary, and copyright holder for the production arm's films. Goetz, a son-in-law of Louis B. Mayer decided to bring \"prestige\" to the new company. He stopped the studio's low-budget production of B movies, serials and curtailed Universal's horror and \"Arabian Nights\" cycles. Distribution and copyright control remained under the name of Universal Pictures Company Inc."}], "question": "Which year did the manufacturer of Marussia B-Series end?"}
{"id": "2hop__586678_428102", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ceres, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Ceres is an unincorporated community in Bland County, Virginia, United States. Ceres is located on State Route 42 west-southwest of Bland. Ceres has a post office with ZIP code 24318."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ceres Nunataks", "paragraph_text": "The Ceres Nunataks () are a group of three nunataks located immediately east of the base of Shostakovich Peninsula in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica. They were mapped by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery supplied by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Ceres, one of the asteroids lying between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ceres Koekedouw Dam", "paragraph_text": "Ceres Koekedouw Dam is a rockfill type dam on the Koekedouw River, near Ceres, Western Cape, South Africa. Its primary purpose is for irrigation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New River, Holston and Western Railroad", "paragraph_text": "It extended from Narrows on the New River in Giles County to Suiter in Bland County. The railroad followed the course of Wolf Creek or its tributaries for its entire length. The total distance between Narrows and Suiter is approximately 43 miles."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county that contains Ceres?"}
{"id": "2hop__124986_125157", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sons of Liberty (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "Ben Barnes as Samuel ``Sam ''Adams Marton Csokas as General Thomas Gage Ryan Eggold as Dr. Joseph Warren Michael Raymond - James as Paul Revere Rafe Spall as John Hancock Henry Thomas as John Adams Jason O'Mara as George Washington Dean Norris as Benjamin Franklin Emily Berrington as Margaret Kemble Gage Sean Gilder as Thomas Hutchinson Kevin J. Ryan as John Pitcairn Shane Taylor as Captain Thomas Preston Jimmy Akingbola as Peter Salem"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eug\u00e8ne Auguste Ernest Havet", "paragraph_text": "Eug\u00e8ne Auguste Ernest Havet (April 11, 1813 \u2013 December 21, 1889), French scholar, was born in Paris. He was the father of Pierre Antoine Louis Havet and Julien Havet."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saint Joseph", "paragraph_text": "Joseph (Hebrew: \u05d9\u05d5\u05b9\u05e1\u05b5\u05e3 \u200e, translit. Yosef; Greek: \u1f38\u03c9\u03c3\u03ae\u03c6, translit. Ios\u00e9ph) is a figure in the Gospels who was married to Mary, Jesus' mother, and, in the Christian tradition, was Jesus's legal father. Joseph is venerated as Saint Joseph in the Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, Lutheranism, and Methodism. Some differing views are due to theological interpretations versus historical views."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Joseph Lister Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The Joseph Lister Memorial is a memorial to Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister by the sculptor Thomas Brock, situated in Portland Place in Marylebone, London. The memorial is positioned in the centre of the road opposite numbers 71 to 81 and is Grade II listed. It is close to Lister's home at 12 Park Crescent."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "I Live with Me Dad", "paragraph_text": "I Live with Me Dad is a 1985 TV movie, produced by Crawfords Australia. The film is about six-year-old Crispy who lives with his destitute father Sid (Hehir). Based on a true story, it follows the street adventures of a father and son and his unconventional upbringing. A heart warming film that explores the extraordinary bond between a father and his son, amidst the pressures and emotions of those who would separate them."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Thomas-Pierre-Joseph Taschereau", "paragraph_text": "Thomas-Pierre-Joseph Taschereau was born in Quebec April 19, 1775, a son of Gabriel-Elz\u00e9ar Taschereau, the patriarch of this important family, and his first wife, Marie-Louise-\u00c9lizabeth Bazin. He studied at the Petit S\u00e9minaire of Quebec from 1784 to 1792."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tucker & Dale vs. Evil", "paragraph_text": "Tyler Labine as Dale Dobson Alan Tudyk as Tucker McGee Katrina Bowden as Allison Jesse Moss as Chad Chelan Simmons as Chloe Philip Granger as Sheriff Brandon Jay McLaren as Jason Christie Laing as Naomi Travis Nelson as Chuck Alex Arsenault as Todd Adam Beauchesne as Mitch Joseph Allan Sutherland as Mike Karen Reigh as Cheryl Tye Evans as Chad's Dad Weezer as Jangers the Dog"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jacques Pierre Brissot", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Pierre Brissot (15 January 1754 \u2013 31 October 1793), who assumed the name of de Warville (an English version of \"d'Ouarville\", a hamlet in the village of L\u00e8ves where his father owned property), was a leading member of the Girondins during the French Revolution and founder of the abolitionist Society of the Friends of the Blacks. Some sources give his name as Jean Pierre Brissot."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Auguste Bravard", "paragraph_text": "(Pierre Joseph) Auguste Bravard (18 June 1803 \u2013 28 March 1861) was a French mining engineer turned palaeontologist. He hunted fossils in the Vaucluse, Allier and his native Puy de D\u00f4me."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dominique-Amable Coutl\u00e9e", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Saint-Joseph-de-Soulanges, Lower Canada, the son of Louis-Pierre Coutl\u00e9e and Marie-Rose Watier. Coutl\u00e9e was mayor of Saint-Joseph-de-Soulanges from 1864 to 1871 and lieutenant-colonel in the militia for Soulanges County. In 1844, he married Marie-Henriette Chenier. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1861 and again in 1871. He died in Montreal at the age of 59."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Louis-Pierre Baltard", "paragraph_text": "Louis-Pierre Baltard (9 July 1764 \u2013 22 January 1846) was a French architect, and engraver and father of Victor Baltard."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gabriel-Elz\u00e9ar Taschereau", "paragraph_text": "Gabriel-Elz\u00e9ar Taschereau was born at Quebec City, the son of Thomas-Jacques Taschereau. At the age of 14, he aided in the defence of the town against the British attack in 1759. He later became a member of the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council of Lower Canada, as well as a seigneur and a judge. Taschereau inherited the seigneury of Sainte-Marie-de-la-Nouvelle-Beauce from his father and acquired the seigneuries of Jolliet and Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce and a part of Lini\u00e8re, Mingan and Anticosti Island."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pierre Roche", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Roche (Paris, 2 August 1855 - Paris, 18 January 1922), pseudonym of Pierre Henry Ferdinand Massignon, was a French sculptor, painter, ceramist and medallist. He was the father to Louis Massignon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Charles Granval", "paragraph_text": "Charles Granval (December 21, 1882 \u2013 July 28, 1943) was a French stage and film actor. He was Jean-Pierre Granval's father."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad", "paragraph_text": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad was a reality sports TV show on NBC that premiered on February 18, 2008. The show was produced by Mark Burnett, producer of other shows like \"Survivor\", \"The Apprentice\", and \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\", and was hosted by actor Dan Cortese. Four teams of children and their fathers competed in each episode, with the winning team having the chance to win up to $50,000."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eliza Lee", "paragraph_text": "Eliza (Buckminster) Lee (1792\u20131864) was an American author, the daughter of Joseph Buckminster. She was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire; was well educated by her father and brother, Joseph Stevens Buckminster; married a Thomas Lee of Boston; became a writer; and was unusually felicitous in her descriptions of New England life. She wrote, notably: \"Sketches of New England Life\" (1837); \"Naomi, or Boston Two Hundred Years Ago\" (1848); and memoirs of her father and brother (1849). She translated from the German, wrote a life of Jean Paul (1842), and published an historical novel, \"Parthenia, the Last Days of Paganism\" (1858)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ticky Holgado", "paragraph_text": "Ticky Holgado (24 June 1944 in Toulouse \u2013 22 January 2004 in Paris), pseudonym of Joseph Holgado, was a French actor and a frequent collaborator with Jean-Pierre Jeunet."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jacques Dumoulin", "paragraph_text": "Born in Quebec City, Quebec, the son of Philippe-Benjamin Dumoulin and Marie-Louise Taschereau, Dumoulin was the member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for Montmorency from 1939 to 1948."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Monk Boudreaux", "paragraph_text": "Monk Boudreaux (born Joseph Pierre Boudreaux; 1941 in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States) is the Big Chief of the Golden Eagles, a Mardi Gras Indian tribe. He is widely known for his long-time collaboration with Big Chief Bo Dollis in The Wild Magnolias."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sister Christian", "paragraph_text": "In an episode of Parks and Recreation from 2014, Yo La Tengo dressed as Indiana basketball coach Bob Knight and performed ``Sister Christian ''as the 'Bobby Knight Rangers'. The song appears multiple times in American Dad!, and most famously in the climatic drug deal scene from Paul Thomas Anderson's Boogie Nights. The song is briefly featured in the 2009 film Friday the 13th."}], "question": "Who fathered Thomas-Pierre-Joseph Taschereau's dad?"}
{"id": "2hop__13272_692859", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Animal (Muppet)", "paragraph_text": "Animal's bushy eyebrows and hair, outrageous behavior, and wild drumming style can be associated with classical hard - partying rock drummers, such as The Who's Keith Moon, Led Zeppelin's John Bonham and Cream's Ginger Baker, with whom Animal shares his pink hair, skirt chasing, and violent outbursts. The original Animal sketches point to one Grammy Award - winning drummer named Steve Mitchell, a friend of Jim Henson's. Animal is a savant, versatile session drummer, to back Muppet tunes, capable even of finishing a slow song, if the singer is nice lady. He can match both Buddy Rich and Harry Belafonte in drum - offs on The Muppet Show, and on Questlove on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in 2011. He shows a talent for jazz in a television advert for the Renault Clio car with French footballer Thierry Henry."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hard rock", "paragraph_text": "The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of Bon Scott, the lead singer of AC/DC, and John Bonham, drummer with Led Zeppelin. Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album Back in Black (1980) with their new lead singer, Brian Johnson. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world. Black Sabbath had split with original singer Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 and replaced him with Ronnie James Dio, formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with Heaven and Hell (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career with Blizzard of Ozz (1980), featuring American guitarist Randy Rhoads. Some bands, such as Queen, moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others, including Rush with Moving Pictures (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound. The creation of thrash metal, which mixed heavy metal with elements of hardcore punk from about 1982, particularly by Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer, helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound. Kiss moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for their Lick It Up album, and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release, Animalize, both of which marked a return to commercial success. Pat Benatar was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, with three successive Top 5 albums between 1980 and 1982."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "(Evening) Time to Get Away", "paragraph_text": "\"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" (sometimes referred to as simply \"Time to Get Away\") is part of a song from The Moody Blues 1967 album \"Days of Future Passed\", a concept album with each song representing a part of the day. It was unlisted on the original album, but has been listed on many later reissues. The composition was written by bassist John Lodge, and is one of two compositions written by Lodge for \"Days of Future Passed\", the other being \"Peak Hour.\" As the title suggests, the lyrics are about ending the work day and returning home. \"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" is part two of the track \"Forever Afternoon (Tuesday?)\", which also contains the Justin Hayward song \"Tuesday Afternoon.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "With his third album, Graduation (2007), West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape. The musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing European Britpop and Euro-disco, American alternative and indie-rock, and his native Chicago house. Towards this end, West retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy, gothic synthesizers, distorted synth-chords, rave stabs, house beats, electro-disco rhythms, and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio-effects. In addition, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Celebration Day (film)", "paragraph_text": "Celebration Day is a concert film by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, recorded at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert on 10 December 2007, in London's O Arena. The film was given a limited theatrical run starting on 17 October 2012, and was released on several home audio and video formats on 19 November 2012. The performance, the film, and album releases have been widely praised."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Cowsill", "paragraph_text": "John Cowsill (born March 2, 1956 in Newport, Rhode Island) is an American musician, best known for his work as a singer and drummer with his siblings' band, The Cowsills. He is currently a drummer and vocalist for The Beach Boys touring band, which features original Beach Boy Mike Love and long time member Bruce Johnston. He has also played keyboards for the \"Beach Boys Band\", and according to the band's website, he does Al Jardine's and the late Carl Wilson's vocal parts. He also has performed and recorded with Jan and Dean."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Peaky Blinders (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Helen McCrory as Polly (Elizabeth) Gray, n\u00e9e Shelby: The aunt of Tommy and his siblings, and treasurer of the Peaky Blinders. She led the organisation when Tommy, Arthur, and John were fighting in World War I. Polly's two children, Anna and Michael, were taken away from her as infants. In series 2, Polly reunites with her son but learns her daughter had died."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "De Passe Jones Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "de Passe Jones Entertainment (dJE) is an American entertainment content provider led by Suzanne de Passe and Madison Jones that sources, develops, acquires, and produces a variety of television, motion picture, theater, new media, and print content."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hard rock", "paragraph_text": "By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, In Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often \"darker and more menacing\", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pictures at Eleven", "paragraph_text": "Pictures at Eleven is the debut solo album by former Led Zeppelin singer Robert Plant, released in 1982. Genesis drummer Phil Collins played drums for six of the album's eight songs. Ex-Rainbow drummer Cozy Powell handled drums on \"Slow Dancer\" and \"Like I've Never Been Gone.\" The title is an often-heard phrase in U.S. television news that would follow a brief announcement of a story of interest to be shown later during a station's 11 p.m. news program. \"Pictures at Eleven\" is the only one of Plant's solo albums to appear on Led Zeppelin's record label Swan Song. By the time of Plant's next release, 1983's \"The Principle of Moments\", Swan Song had ceased to function and Plant had started his own label titled Es Paranza, which would also be distributed by Atlantic Records. Rhino Entertainment released a remastered edition of the album, with bonus tracks, on 20 March 2007."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "What Is and What Should Never Be", "paragraph_text": "\"What Is and What Should Never Be\" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second track on \"Led Zeppelin II\" (1969)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s, such as the Beatles, the Kinks, Cream, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, the Who, Black Sabbath, Slade, Deep Purple, David Bowie, Genesis and Yes, in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Aretha Franklin. May referred to the Beatles as being \"our bible in the way they used the studio and they painted pictures and this wonderful instinctive use of harmonies.\" At their outset in the early 1970s, Queen's music has been characterised as \"Led Zeppelin meets Yes\" due to its combination of \"acoustic/electric guitar extremes and fantasy-inspired multi-part song epics\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Deborah Bonham", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Bonham (born 7 February 1962) is an English rock and blues vocalist and the sister of John Bonham, the late drummer for the band Led Zeppelin. Born in Redditch, Worcestershire, England, she lived with her father in The Old Hyde farm, Cutnall Green, Worcestershire (the location where John Bonham's fantasy sequence was filmed for \"The Song Remains the Same\"). While living there, she started playing and recording music with her nephew Jason Bonham who has played drums on her two most recent studio releases."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Wanton Song", "paragraph_text": "\"The Wanton Song\" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin from their sixth studio album, 1975's \"Physical Graffiti\". It was developed from a jam session during rehearsals."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Whistle Pass", "paragraph_text": "Whistle Pass () is a snow pass at about 1,050\u00a0m at the head of Sullivan Glacier in north Alexander Island, Antarctica. The pass trends in a NE-SW direction and provides access to and from the upper part of Hampton Glacier. So named by British Antarctic Survey in 1977, because the pass falls away steeply to the southwest between high cliffs, so that the descent by sledge is fast and exhilarating as suggested by the name."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "It's Not Unusual (Dread Zeppelin album)", "paragraph_text": "It's Not Unusual is the third album by the musical group Dread Zeppelin, released by I.R.S. Records in 1992. The album presents a shift from reggae-tinged Led Zeppelin covers to disco music cover songs from the 1970s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Greta Van Fleet", "paragraph_text": "Greta Van Fleet is an American rock band from Frankenmuth, Michigan, formed in 2012. It consists of vocalist Josh Kiszka, guitarist Jake Kiszka, bassist Sam Kiszka, and drummer Danny Wagner. They were signed to Lava Records in March 2017 and a month later the band released their debut studio EP, Black Smoke Rising. Their debut single, ``Highway Tune '', topped the Billboard US Mainstream Rock and Active Rock charts in September 2017 for four weeks in a row. A second EP From the Fires, containing the four songs from Black Smoke Rising and four new songs, was released on November 10, 2017, alongside a second single,`` Safari Song''. The band's heavy rock sound is influenced by the work of Led Zeppelin and many other rock and blues acts, with lead vocalist Josh Kiszka having a voice that has been compared to Robert Plant's ``husky howl. ''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, the band left for a world tour with each member in Zandra Rhodes-created costumes and accompanied with banks of lights and effects. They toured the US as headliners, and played in Canada for the first time. In September, after an acromonious split with Trident, the band negotiated themselves out of their Trident Studios contract and searched for new management. One of the options they considered was an offer from Led Zeppelin's manager, Peter Grant. Grant wanted them to sign with Led Zeppelin's own production company, Swan Song Records. The band found the contract unacceptable and instead contacted Elton John's manager, John Reid, who accepted the position."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Black Mountain Side", "paragraph_text": "\"Black Mountain Side\" is an instrumental by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was recorded at Olympic Studios, London in October 1968 and is included on the group's 1969 debut album \"Led Zeppelin\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Battle of Evermore", "paragraph_text": "``The Battle of Evermore ''is a folk duet sung by Robert Plant and Sandy Denny, featured on Led Zeppelin's untitled 1971 album, commonly known as Led Zeppelin IV. The song's instrumentation features acoustic guitar and mandolin playing."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the Led Zeppelin drummer who passed away?"}
{"id": "2hop__74474_677982", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Justice Party (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Justice Party USA is a political party in the United States. It was organized in November 2011 by a group of political activists including former mayor of Salt Lake City Rocky Anderson as an alternative to what he saw as a duopoly of the two major political parties. One of the major goals of the Justice Party is removing corporate influence and other concentrated wealth from politics."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "KP Sharma Oli", "paragraph_text": "Oli began his political career in 1966 in opposition to the party-less Panchayat System in place at the time. He joined the Communist Party of Nepal in February 1970.  He became involved in subversive politics and was arrested for the first time in 1970. A year later he became a district committee member of the party and soon the chief of the Jhapa Movement Organizing Committee in 1972. Oli was imprisoned for 14 consecutive years from 1973 to 1987. After his release from prison in 1987, he became a central committee member of UML  in-charge of the  Lumbini Zone until 1990."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Politics of Japan", "paragraph_text": "Several political parties exist in Japan, however, the politics of Japan have primarily been dominated by the LDP since 1955, with the DPJ playing an important role as opposition several times. LDP was a ruling party during decades since 1955. Despite of existence of multiple parties, other parties were completely ignored. Most of the prime ministers were elected from inner factions of LDP."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Perry Expedition", "paragraph_text": "The Perry Expedition was a diplomatic and military expedition to Bakumatsu period Japan, involving two separate trips by warships of the United States Navy, which took place during 1853 -- 54. The goals of this expedition included exploration, surveying, and the establishment of diplomatic relations and negotiation of trade agreements with various nations of the region; opening contact with the government of Japan was considered a top priority of the expedition, and was one of the key reasons for its inception. The expedition was commanded by Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, under orders from American President Millard Fillmore. Perry's primary goal was to force an end to Japan's 220 - year - old policy of isolation and to open Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of gunboat diplomacy if necessary. The Perry Expedition led directly to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the western ``Great Powers '', and eventually to the collapse of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and the Meiji Restoration. Following the expedition, Japan's burgeoning trade routes with the world led to the cultural trend of Japonism, in which aspects of Japanese culture influenced art in Europe and America."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jim Singleton", "paragraph_text": "James Milton Singleton (born 1931 in Hazlehurst, Mississippi), a prime mover in the New Orleans political organization BOLD (Black Organization for Leadership Development), serves on the nine-member Louisiana Gaming Commission, having been nominated for the position by Xavier University of Louisiana president Norman Francis and appointed by Governor Bobby Jindal."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "P\u00e4r Granstedt", "paragraph_text": "P\u00e4r Granstedt (born 1945) is a Swedish politician and former member of the Parliament of Sweden for the Centre Party from 1973 to 1994. He is a founding member of AWEPA, Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa. He has served the organization since the foundation as member of the Executive and Council, Vice President and Treasurer and was elected its Secretary General in December 2006. He is currently a member of the AWEPA Governing Council."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eugene V. Debs", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 -- October 20, 1926) was an American democratic socialist political activist and trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best - known socialists living in the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Independence Association of Puerto Rico", "paragraph_text": "The Independence Association of Puerto Rico (Asociaci\u00f3n Independentista) was a political organization whose members favored Puerto Rican independence and which played an important role in the formation of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Chamber of Commerce Japan", "paragraph_text": "The American Chamber of Commerce Japan (ACCJ) is a non-profit business organization consisting mainly of executives from American companies. Currently, the ACCJ has members that represent over 1,000 companies with offices located in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka. Working closely with the governments of the United States and Japan, business organizations and others, the ACCJ actively promotes activities that help achieve its mission of further developing commerce between the United States and Japan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Farmers Independence Council of America", "paragraph_text": "The Farmers Independence Council of America was an American political organization formed in the 1930s to oppose President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's effort to reform American agriculture through the Agricultural Adjustment Act during the Great Depression. Originally considered a nonpartisan organization, testimony in front of the United States Senate Lobby Investigation Committee revealed the council had close ties with the American Liberty League and Republican Party."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Isidoro Malmierca Peoli", "paragraph_text": "Born in Havana, he became involved in Cuba's turbulent left-wing politics as a young man, joining the tiny Popular Socialist Party, the Moscow-line predecessor of the Communist Party, during the years of right-wing regimes that preceded the 1959 revolution. The PSP had only a few thousand members, but was well-organized and had strong links with the urban unions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Li Yuanchao", "paragraph_text": "Li Yuanchao (born 20 November 1950) is a Chinese politician. He was the Vice President of the People's Republic of China from 2013 to 2018 and the Honorary President of the Red Cross Society of China. He was a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China and head of its Organization Department between 2007 and 2012. From 2002 to 2007, Li served as the Communist Party of China Secretary of Jiangsu, the top leader of an area of significant economic development. Between 2007 and 2017, he held a seat for two terms on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. Once considered a rising political star, Li gradually faded from the political scene."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1856 United States presidential election in California", "paragraph_text": "In the 1856 United States presidential election, California voted for the Democratic nominee, former Secretary of State James Buchanan, over the American Party nominee, former Whig President Millard Fillmore, and the Republican nominee, former U.S. Senator and Military Governor of California John C. Fr\u00e9mont."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1997 Moscow Memorandum", "paragraph_text": "It was signed in Moscow on 8 May 1997, by Moldovan President Petru Lucinschi and Transnistrian President Igor Smirnov, with the mediation of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Niels Helveg Petersen on behalf of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Mission in Moldova."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "J. Chitharanjan", "paragraph_text": "J. Chitharanjan (22 October 1927 \u2013 13 June 2008) was an Indian labor leader, politician, a leader of the Communist Party of India (CPI). He was the president of CPI's Trade Union wing AITUC, a Minister in the state and was a member of the Rajya Sabha."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib\u2013Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), Hizb ut-Tahrir, Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union (blue). Organized in Italy in 1945, the International Communist Party, since 1974 headquartered in Florence has sections in six countries.[citation needed] Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens. The Universal Party, The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London. Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Organization of Chinese Americans", "paragraph_text": "OCA - Asian Pacific American Advocates (previously known as the Organization of Chinese Americans) is a non-profit organization founded in 1973, whose stated mission is to advance the social, political, and economic well-being of Asian Pacific Americans (APAs) in the United States."}], "question": "Which political party was the president who organized the trade missions to Japan affiliated?"}
{"id": "2hop__82190_70187", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gemma Whelan", "paragraph_text": "Gemma Elizabeth Whelan (born 23 April 1981) is an English actor and comedian, known for playing Yara Greyjoy in the HBO fantasy - drama series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Game of Thrones title sequence", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones title sequence Game of Thrones title screen as of 2011 Directed by Angus Wall Music by Ramin Djawadi Production company Rock Paper Scissors / Elastic Distributed by HBO Running time 90 seconds Box office Music video Video on Vimeo"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gethin Anthony", "paragraph_text": "Gethin David L. Anthony (born 9 October 1983) is an English television and film actor best known for his role as Renly Baratheon in Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jack Gleeson", "paragraph_text": "Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992) is an Irish former actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)", "paragraph_text": "In the series, the Iron Throne is both a physical seat of office as well as a metonym for the monarchy of Westeros. Martin establishes in A Game of Thrones (1996) that after seizing control of six of the Seven Kingdoms, Targaryen ruler Aegon the Conqueror had made a throne for himself from the swords of his vanquished enemies, fused by dragonfire. Aegon had established King's Landing as the royal capital, and the Iron Throne itself sits in the Red Keep. Martin writes that according to legend, Aegon kept the blades sharp so that no ruler should ever sit comfortably. Centuries later, kings still cut themselves on the throne; and it is a common belief that such rulers are therefore unfit to rule."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 1) Region 1 DVD artwork Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 17 (2011 - 04 - 17) -- June 19, 2011 (2011 - 06 - 19) Season chronology Next \u2192 Season 2 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jack Gleeson", "paragraph_text": "Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992) is an Irish actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ian Hanmore", "paragraph_text": "Ian Hanmore is a Scottish actor known for his role as the warlock Pyat Pree in the second season of the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 7) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 (2017 - 07 - 16) -- August 27, 2017 (2017 - 08 - 27) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Game of Thrones", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R.R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering either in 2018 or 2019."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tyrion Lannister", "paragraph_text": "Tyrion Lannister A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Peter Dinklage as Tyrion on Game of Thrones First appearance Novel: A Game of Thrones (1996) Television: ``Winter Is Coming ''(2011) Video game:`` Iron From Ice'' (2014) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Peter Dinklage (Game of Thrones) Voiced by Peter Dinklage (video game) Information Aliases The Imp The Halfman Yollo Hugor Hill Gender Male Title Hand of the King Master of Coin Lord of Casterly Rock (claimant) Hand of the Queen (TV series) Family House Lannister Spouse (s) Tysha (annulled) Sansa Stark (unconsummated) Significant other (s) Shae Relatives Tywin Lannister (father) Joanna Lannister (mother) Cersei Lannister (sister) Jaime Lannister (brother) Joffrey Baratheon (nephew) Myrcella Baratheon (niece) Tommen Baratheon (nephew) Kevan Lannister (uncle) Lancel Lannister (cousin) Kingdom The Westerlands The Crownlands"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Miltos Yerolemou", "paragraph_text": "Miltos Yerolemou is an English actor best known for his role as Syrio Forel in the HBO fantasy TV series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson", "paragraph_text": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson (Icelandic pronunciation: \u200b (\u02c8haf\u03b8our \u02c8ju\u02d0li\u028fs \u02c8pj\u0153s\u02d0\u0254n); born November 26, 1988) is an Icelandic professional strongman, actor, and former professional basketball player. He plays Ser Gregor ``The Mountain ''Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kit Harington", "paragraph_text": "Since 2011, Harington has risen to prominence playing the role of Jon Snow in the HBO television series Game of Thrones, which garnered him a nomination for the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award. In 2017, Harington became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned \u00a32 million per episode of Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Daenerys Targaryen", "paragraph_text": "Daenerys Targaryen A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen in the television adaptation Game of Thrones First appearance Novel: A Game of Thrones (1996) Television: ``Winter Is Coming ''(2011) Video game:`` The Sword in the Darkness'' (2015) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Emilia Clarke (Game of Thrones) Voiced by Emilia Clarke (video game) Information Aliases Daenerys Stormborn Dany Khaleesi Mhysa The Silver Queen Silver Lady Dragonmother The Dragon Queen The Queen Across the Water Gender Female Title Queen of the Andals, the Rhoynar and the First Men (claimant) Protector of the Realm (claimant) Queen of Meereen Khaleesi of the Great Grass Sea Mother of Dragons The Unburnt Breaker of Chains Lady of Dragonstone Family House Targaryen Spouse (s) Drogo Hizdahr zo Loraq Significant other (s) Daario Naharis Jon Snow (TV series) Children Rhaego (stillborn) Relatives Aerys II Targaryen (father) Rhaella Targaryen (mother) Rhaegar Targaryen (brother) Viserys Targaryen (brother) Rhaenys Targaryen (niece) Aegon Targaryen (nephew) Jon Snow (nephew; TV series) Kingdom The Crownlands"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jon Snow (character)", "paragraph_text": "In A Game of Thrones, Jon Snow is introduced as the 14 - year - old bastard son of Eddard ``Ned ''Stark, Lord of Winterfell, and half - brother to Robb, Sansa, Arya, Bran and Rickon. Jon is described as having strong Stark features with a lean build, long face, dark brown hair and grey eyes. Jon has the surname`` Snow'' (customarily used for illegitimate children in the North) and is resented by Ned's wife Catelyn, who views him as a constant reminder of Ned's infidelity. Jon is the same age as Robb and enjoys a warm relationship with his siblings, particularly the tomboy Arya (who resembles Jon and like him does not feel like she fits in). Ned treats Jon as much like his other children as propriety and his honor will allow. Still, as somewhat of an outsider, Jon has learned to be independent and to fend for himself when necessary. Jon idolizes his father, but is wounded by Ned's refusal to tell him about his mother. At the beginning of the story, Jon adopts the albino direwolf that he names Ghost. He later finds that at times he can ``inhabit ''the wolf and share its experiences."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Natalia Tena", "paragraph_text": "Natalia Gastiain Tena (born 1 November 1984) is an English actress and musician. She played Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter film series, and the wildling Osha in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jorah Mormont", "paragraph_text": "Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Jorah is the only son of Jeor Mormont, the honorable lord commander of the Nights Watch of the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jack Gleeson", "paragraph_text": "Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992) is a retired Irish actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alfie Allen", "paragraph_text": "Alfie Allen (born 12 September 1986) is an English actor. He is best known for portraying Theon Greyjoy in the HBO series Game of Thrones since 2011."}], "question": "Who plays the bastard son in Game of Thrones?"}
{"id": "2hop__640872_596110", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "T. Henry Howlett", "paragraph_text": "T. Henry Howlett was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives from Gregory, Michigan who was one of six members of the state House killed in the Kerns Hotel fire in Lansing on December 11, 1934. Also killed were representatives Charles D. Parker, Vern Voorhees, John W. Goodwine, Don E. Sias, and D. Knox Hanna, along with state senator John Leidlein. The men were in Lansing for a special session of the Michigan legislature."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mars 6", "paragraph_text": "Mars 6 was launched by a Proton-K carrier rocket with a Blok D upper stage, flying from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/23. The launch occurred at 17:45:48 UTC on 5 August 1973, with the first three stages placing the spacecraft and upper stage into a low Earth parking orbit before the Blok D fired to propel Mars 6 into heliocentric orbit bound for Mars. The spacecraft performed a course correction on 13 August 1973."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Shockey", "paragraph_text": "Peter Shockey is an American filmmaker and screenwriter. He has received a New York City Film Festival award for his television film \"Life After Life\" (1992). In addition, both he and his works have appeared on talk shows and television shows such as Oprah and the 700 Club. Peter co-wrote the book \"Journey of Light\" with Stowe D. Shockey and its focus is to implement her experience as an abused child in order to help others. Peter and Stowe both live in Nashville, Tennessee."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Guy Lef\u00e8vre de la Boderie", "paragraph_text": "Guy Lef\u00e8vre de la Boderie (b. near Falaise, Calvados in Normandy, 9 August 1541; d. in 1598 in the house in which he was born) was a French Orientalist, Bible scholar and poet."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Van Cleve Opera House", "paragraph_text": "The Van Cleve Opera House was an opera house located in Hartford City, Indiana in the United States. It opened in 1882. As of 1884 it was claimed to be able to seat 700 people, but in 1902 it was seating 450 patrons. The opera house featured minstrel works, including around 1902, when \"Mr. Mikado\" by Frank Dumont was performed. The opera house also hosted academic lectures."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rel Dowdell", "paragraph_text": "Rel Dowdell is an American screenwriter, film director, film producer, and English/screenwriting educator. Born and raised in Philadelphia, he received his Bachelor's degree in English with Magna Cum Laude honors from Fisk University and a master's degree in Film and Screenwriting with highest distinction from Boston University."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Anthony Veiller", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Veiller (23 June 1903 \u2013 27 June 1965) was an American screenwriter and film producer. The son of the screenwriter Bayard Veiller and the English actress Margaret Wycherly, Anthony Veiller wrote for 41 films between 1934 and 1964."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pam Faris", "paragraph_text": "Pam Faris is a former Democratic member of the Michigan House of Representatives and a former employee with the Genessee Circuit Court system. She is the wife of former Lieutenant Governor John D. Cherry."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Joseph D. Bernard House", "paragraph_text": "The Joseph D. Bernard House (also known as the Bernard-Bertrand House) is a historic house located in Rayne, Louisiana in the United States. The house is the former home of the first mayor of the city of Rayne, Joseph Bernard. As one of the oldest homes in Rayne. Today, the house serves as the Rayne Cultural Center."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David Duchovny (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"David Duchovny\" is a song recorded by Bree Sharp about the titular actor. It was the first single from Sharp's debut album, \"A Cheap and Evil Girl\". After Trauma Records heard a demo of the song, they signed her to a record deal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "G\u00e9rard Girouard", "paragraph_text": "G\u00e9rard Girouard (born March 27, 1933 in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec - d. May 22, 2017) was a member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a lawyer and professor of law by career."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "House of D", "paragraph_text": "House of D is 2004 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by David Duchovny as his directorial debut in film. The film stars Duchovny, Anton Yelchin, T\u00e9a Leoni, Erykah Badu, Frank Langella, Zelda Williams, and Robin Williams. It was screened at the 2004 Tribeca Film Festival."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms, while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years. The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only five members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: John Bullock Clark (D - MO), John William Reid (D - MO) and Henry Cornelius Burnett (D - KY). Michael Myers (D - PA) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, and James Traficant (D - OH) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption. The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and Fran\u00e7ois Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remained religious in character, and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin, a new demand developed for saints' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages. This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement, most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "James D. Brosnahan", "paragraph_text": "James D. Brosnahan (born 1963) is a former Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 36th District from 1997 to 2010. The district includes all or parts of Oak Lawn, Evergreen Park, Chicago Ridge, Hometown, Palos Hills, and Chicago's 18th, 19th, and 21st wards. He retired from the House and was replaced in March 2010 by Michael J. Carberry."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jacques Audiard", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Audiard (; born 30 April 1952) is a French film director and screenwriter. He is the son of Michel Audiard, also a film director and screenwriter."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fatma Begum", "paragraph_text": "Fatma Begum was an Indian actress, director, and screenwriter. She is often considered the first female film director of Indian cinema. Within four years, she went on to write, produce and direct many films. She launched her own production house, Fatma Films, and directed Bulbul-e-Paristan in 1926. She lived from 1892-1983 and was mother to three children."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Charles Poindexter", "paragraph_text": "Charles D. Poindexter (born February 27, 1942) is an American politician. He has been a Republican member of the Virginia House of Delegates since 2008, representing the 9th district, made up of Patrick County plus parts of Franklin and Henry Counties."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pierre Bost", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Bost (5 September 1901, Lasalle, Gard \u2013 6 December 1975, Paris) was a French screenwriter, novelist, and journalist. Primarily a novelist until the 1940s, he was known mainly as a screenwriter after 1945, often collaborating with Jean Aurenche."}], "question": "Who is the performer of the song that is named after the screenwriter of House of D?"}
{"id": "2hop__133288_119819", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Peterson (company)", "paragraph_text": "Peterson AS is an industrial corporation based in Moss, Norway. Until 2006 it was known as M. Peterson & S\u00f8n."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "BFW M.29", "paragraph_text": "The BFW M.29 was a single-engine two-seat low-wing aircraft, designed by Willy Messerschmitt for the 1932 \"Circuit of Europe\" races."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nimet Karaku\u015f", "paragraph_text": "Nimet Karaku\u015f, (born January 23, 1993 in Korkuteli, Antalya Province, Turkey) is a Turkish female sprinter competing in the 100 m and 200 m events."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mountain (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Mountain is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba, Canada. It was created for the 1879 provincial election, and was abolished shortly before the 1958 election."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "BFW M.19", "paragraph_text": "The BFW M.19, sometimes known as the Messerschmitt M 19, was the first in a line of German low-wing single-engine sports planes, designed by Willy Messerschmitt while he worked for Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997", "paragraph_text": "The Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997 (Act No. 33 of 1997) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that abolished judicial corporal punishment. It followed the Constitutional Court's 1995 decision in the case of S v Williams and Others that caning of juveniles was unconstitutional. Although the ruling in S v Williams was limited to the corporal punishment of males under the age of 21, Justice Langa mentioned in dicta that there was a consensus that corporal punishment of adults was also unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Transport in Chennai", "paragraph_text": "The first motor bus service in the city was organised by the Madras Tramway Corporation between 1925 and 1928. Most motor bus service providers in the city were nationalised as per the 1939 Motor Vehicles Act. The Pallavan Transport Corporation was created on 1 January 1972 to serve Madras city. It had a fleet of 1029 buses. In 1994, Pallavan Transport Corporation was bifurcated into Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation Limited for northern Madras and Pallavan Transport Corporation Limited for southern Madras. The two were reunited in 2001 to form the Metropolitan Transport Corporation. The bus service, currently, plies about 4,000 buses on 622 routes, moves an estimated 5.038 million passengers each day."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of 18 December 1908. The municipality's first mayor (1909\u20131911) was Daniel Mu\u00f1oz. Municipalities were abolished by the Uruguayan Constitution of 1918, effectively restored during the 1933 military coup of Gabriel Terra, and formally restored by the 1934 Constitution. The 1952 Constitution again decided to abolish the municipalities; it came into effect in February 1955. Municipalities were replaced by departmental councils, which consisted of a collegiate executive board with 7 members from Montevideo and 5 from the interior region. However, municipalities were revived under the 1967 Constitution and have operated continuously since that time."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Smolensk Governorate", "paragraph_text": "On , 1713, Smolensk Governorate was abolished and its territory was divided between Moscow and Riga Governorates. Smolensk Province was created as a result. The governorate was re-established in 1726, and Smolensk Province was re-incorporated into the Governorate. In 1775, it was included, along with parts of Moscow and Belgorod Governorates, into Smolensk Viceroyalty. The governorate was again restored in 1796."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lordship of Frisia", "paragraph_text": "When the Batavian Republic was created in 1795, the Lordship of Frisia was abolished as a relic of the Ancien R\u00e9gime."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "BFW M.31", "paragraph_text": "The BFW M.31, sometimes known as the Messerschmitt M.27, was a radial-engined German two-seat sports plane from 1932, with a low, cantilever wing, open cockpits and fixed undercarriage. Only one was built."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "BFW M.20", "paragraph_text": "The BFW M.20 (also known as the Messerschmitt M.20 after the designer's surname) was a German single-engine, high-wing monoplane ten-seat passenger transport aircraft, developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Deutsche Luft Hansa used it throughout the 1930s on a variety of routes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fallon, California", "paragraph_text": "Fallon is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It is located north of Tomales, at an elevation of 75 feet (23 m)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Parliament of Northern Ireland", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the Home Rule legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which sat from 7 June 1921 to 30 March 1972, when it was suspended with the introduction of Direct Rule. It was abolished under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Messerschmitt", "paragraph_text": "On 6 June 1968, Messerschmitt AG merged with the small civil engineering and civil aviation firm B\u00f6lkow, becoming Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow. The following May, the firm acquired Hamburger Flugzeugbau (HFB). The company then changed its name to Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm (MBB). In 1989 MBB was taken over by DASA. DASA later operated as \"EADS Germany\", which is now Airbus."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William M. Appleton", "paragraph_text": "William M. Appleton (August 23, 1920 \u2013 October 6, 2001) was a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mareno Michels", "paragraph_text": "Mareno Michels (born 23 October 1984, in Dordrecht) is a darts player from the Netherlands. He competes in Professional Darts Corporation events."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "BFW M.23", "paragraph_text": "The BFW M.23, sometimes known as the Messerschmitt M 23, was a 1920s two-seat sporting aircraft designed by Willy Messerschmitt, and produced by \"Bayerische Flugzeugwerke\" (BFW). Examples won several prestigious races in 1929 and 1930."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) is a state corporation of Pakistan working under Ministry of Industries and Production. It was established in 1952. PIDC was created to set up industries in such fields where large capital was required and was difficult for the private sector and to set up industries in such backward areas to creating employment opportunities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harley-Davidson", "paragraph_text": "In 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street (later Juneau Avenue), at the current location of Harley-Davidson's corporate headquarters. The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft \u00d7 60 ft (12 m \u00d7 18 m) single-story wooden structure. The company produced about 50 motorcycles that year."}], "question": "When was the corporation that created the BFW M.23 abolished?"}
{"id": "2hop__10135_577072", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office", "paragraph_text": "The Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office (M&SCO) is an organization within the United States Department of Defense that provides modeling and simulation technology. When it was created by Congress in 2006, it was named the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO). In late 2007, the DMSO was renamed the Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office (M&SCO)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali", "paragraph_text": "Lalith Athulathmudali, the former Cabinet Minister of Trade, National Security, Agriculture, Education and Deputy Minister of Defence of Sri Lanka was killed at 8:10\u00a0p.m. Sri Lanka Time (2.10 p.m. UTC) on 23 April 1993 in Kirulapana. Athulathmudali was fatally shot while addressing a gathering, approximately 4 weeks ahead of the Provincial Council elections for the Western Province, May 1993."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dmitri Solsky", "paragraph_text": "Count Dmitri Martynovich Solski (1833\u20131910) was an Imperial Russian Politician. He served in the position of Imperial State Controller (An Imperial Minister equivalent) in 1878\u20131889. After leaving that post he was appointed to the Imperial State Council. He served as Chairman of the Imperial State Council in 1905\u20131906. He was created a Count in 1902."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Eugen Bejinariu", "paragraph_text": "Bejinariu was appointed as interim prime minister at the request of resigning prime minister, Adrian N\u0103stase, and confirmed by the new president Traian B\u0103sescu to hold the office until a new prime minister was named. Bejinariu was the minister of government coordination in N\u0103stase's cabinet, joining the government after a long stint as chairman of Romania's State Protocol Department (RAPPS). He was replaced as prime minister on December 28, 2004 by C\u0103lin Popescu-T\u0103riceanu."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "HMS Liverpool (D92)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Liverpool\" was a Type 42 destroyer of the Royal Navy. She was built by Cammell Laird in Birkenhead and launched on 25 September 1980 by Lady Strathcona, wife of Euan Howard, the then Minister of State for Defence. \"Liverpool\" was the last Type 42 Batch 2 in service."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fidelia Njeze", "paragraph_text": "Fidelia Akuabata Njeze (born 8 June 1964) is the current Nigerian Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Njeze was previously appointed Nigerian minister of Aviation on 6 April 2010, when Acting President Goodluck Jonathan announced his new cabinet. Before that appointment, she served as Minister of State for Agriculture and Water Resources and also Minister of State for Defence in the cabinet of late President Umaru Yar'Adua."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lajos Czinege", "paragraph_text": "Lajos Czinege (1924\u20131998) was a Hungarian military officer and politician, who served as Minister of Defence from 1960 to 1984."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chief of Naval Staff (Nigeria)", "paragraph_text": "The Chief of Naval Staff is the highest ranking military officer of the Nigerian Navy. The position is often occupied by the most senior commissioned officer appointed by the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria. The Chief of Naval Staff reports to the Chief of Defence Staff, who also reports to the Defence Minister. The Statutory duty of the Officer is to formulate and execute policies towards the highest attainment of National Security and operational competence of the Nigerian Navy. The current Chief of Naval Staff is Ibok Ekwe Ibas who was appointed on July 13, 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to succeeded Usman Oyibe Jibrin."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thammarak Isarangkura na Ayudhaya", "paragraph_text": "General Thammarak Isarangkura na Ayudhaya () is a former Thai military officer, member of parliament, co-founder of the Thai Rak Thai Party, and former defence minister. He was forced into hiding in the 2006 Thailand coup and his whereabouts was unknown."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arthur Rupert Dickey", "paragraph_text": "Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia, the son of Robert Barry Dickey, he was a lawyer before being elected to the House of Commons of Canada in an 1888 by-election in the riding of Cumberland after Charles Tupper was named High Commissioner for Canada in the United Kingdom. A Conservative, he was re-elected in 1891 and 1896. He was Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, Minister of Militia and Defence, and Secretary of State of Canada."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "During the 1920s and 1930s, British civil servants and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during World War I, concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three Services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom\u2014the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force. The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by David Lloyd George's coalition government in 1921; but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-Service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence. Lord Chatfield held the post until the fall of Neville Chamberlain's government in 1940; his success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments and his limited political influence."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Armed Forces' 115,349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council, is in command of the Canadian Forces. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. On the Armed Forces Council sit the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minister for Defence (Ireland)", "paragraph_text": "The Minister for Defence (Irish: An tAire Cosanta) is the senior minister at the Department of Defence in the Government of Ireland. The current Minister for Defence is Leo Varadkar, TD."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Aurelian Ridsdale", "paragraph_text": "He was the eldest son of Edward Lucas Ridsdale of Rottingdean, Sussex and the brother of Lucy Ridsdale, who married Stanley Baldwin."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Aerospace Defence Forces Branch, \"short\": ASDFB ( was a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for aerospace defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was established on the 1 December 2011 and replaced the Russian Space Forces. The ASDFB was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Colonel General Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012. On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander. Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English, it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as \"air and space\" instead."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "British Hong Kong", "paragraph_text": "The handover ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in Wan Chai on the night of 30 June 1997. The principal British guest was Charles, Prince of Wales who read a farewell speech on behalf of the Queen. The newly appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, the British Foreign Minister, Robin Cook, the departing Hong Kong governor, Chris Patten, Chief of the Defence Staff, Charles Guthrie, Chief of the Defence Staff of the United Kingdom also attended."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Grigorios Spandidakis", "paragraph_text": "Grigorios Spandidakis (, 1909\u20131996) was a Greek Army officer who rose to the rank of Lieutenant General and the post of Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff in 1965\u20131967. From this position, he was instrumental in the military preparations that resulted in the coup d'\u00e9tat of 21 April 1967 and the establishment of the Regime of the Colonels. He served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for National Defence in the first government of the new regime, but was dismissed after supporting the failed counter-coup attempt launched by King Constantine II on 13 December 1967. After the fall of the regime, he was tried and convicted to life imprisonment for his role in it. He secured an early release on health grounds and died in 1996."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kai-Uwe von Hassel", "paragraph_text": "Kai-Uwe von Hassel (21 April 1913 \u2013 8 May 1997) was a German politician from Schleswig-Holstein associated with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He served as Minister President of Schleswig-Holstein from 1954 to 1963, as Federal Minister of Defence from 1963 to 1966, and as Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees and War Victims from 1966 to 1969. From 1969 to 1972 he was the 4th President of the Bundestag."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arvydas Pocius", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant General Arvydas Pocius (born 14 May 1957) is a former Chief of Defence of Lithuania. During his military career, Pocius has held various positions, including Chief of Staff of Voluntary Service of National Defence, and Commander of the Lithuanian Land Force. Pocius was Lithuanian champion of freestyle wrestling in junior, youth and adult groups."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the man who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defense?"}
{"id": "2hop__598383_124972", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale", "paragraph_text": "William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale (died 16 July 1212), was the second but eldest surviving son of Robert de Brus, 2nd Lord of Annandale."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richard Maitland", "paragraph_text": "Sir Richard Maitland of Lethington and Thirlstane (1496 \u2013 1 August 1586) was a Senator of the College of Justice, an Ordinary Lord of Session from 1561 until 1584, and notable Scottish poet. He was served heir to his father, Sir William Maitland of Lethington, East Lothian, and Thirlestane, Berwickshire, on 15 October 1515, his father being one of the casualties at the Battle of Flodden. He held the political office of Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and was also the Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, from 1563 to 1567, and was succeeded in this post by his son Sir John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Robert de Brus, 2nd Lord of Annandale", "paragraph_text": "Robert III de Brus (fl. 12th century, died ca. 1191) was the oldest son of Robert de Brus, 2nd Lord of Annandale."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale", "paragraph_text": "His elder brother, Robert III de Brus, predeceased their father, never holding the lordship of Annandale. William de Brus thus succeeded his father when the latter died in 1194."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William I of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "William I of Geneva ( \u2013 25 July 1195) was Count of Geneva from 1178 to 1195, in succession to his father, Count Amadeus I of Geneva. William's mother was Amadeus' wife, Matilda de Cuiseaux."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "William de Longchamp", "paragraph_text": "William de Longchamp (died 1197) was a medieval Lord Chancellor, Chief Justiciar, and Bishop of Ely in England. Born to a humble family in Normandy, he owed his advancement to royal favour. Although contemporary writers accused Longchamp's father of being the son of a peasant, he held land as a knight. Longchamp first served Henry II's illegitimate son Geoffrey, but quickly transferred to the service of Richard I, Henry's heir. When Richard became king in 1189, Longchamp paid \u00a33,000 for the office of Chancellor, and was soon named to the see, or bishopric, of Ely and appointed legate by the pope."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall (1666 \u2013 10 April 1706) was an Irish nobleman and soldier. Having succeeded his father as third Earl of Donegall in 1678, he refused to attend the Irish Parliament called by James II in May 1689, but later sat in the Parliament called by William III in October 1692."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bill Doak", "paragraph_text": "Doak was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Bertha Shattenbrand Doak and William E. Doak, a civil engineer. Both sides of Doak's family originated from Germany. He had one sibling, a younger sister. Doak's father pressured him to become a mining engineer, but Doak began playing semipro baseball in 1909. He was in the minor leagues by the next year, and made it to the major leagues by 1912."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hans Jacob Hess", "paragraph_text": "John Jacob Hess was born in Wald, Zurich, Switzerland on May 17, 1584 to Hans Heinrich Hess, a bailiff, (1534\u20131587) and Adelheid Kuntz (1546\u20131585). He had eight older full siblings: Margaretha, Christian, Matheus, Hans, Elsy, Margaretha, Heinrich, and Dorothea; five older half-siblings from his father's first two marriages: Adelheid, Barbara, Veronica, Catharina and Anna; and one younger half-brother, Hans, from his father's fourth marriage."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Carl Strong", "paragraph_text": "Carl Strong (born January 21, 1958 in Annandale, Virginia) is a former U.S. soccer midfielder who spent seven seasons in the North American Soccer League."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Craigiehall", "paragraph_text": "Craigiehall was designed by Sir William Bruce, with input from James Smith, and completed in 1699 for the Earl of Annandale, who had recently acquired the Craigie estate through marriage. It is a good surviving example of one of Bruce's smaller houses, and set a pattern for such villas in the Edinburgh area for the 18th century."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen", "paragraph_text": "George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen (19 June 1722 \u2013 13 August 1801), styled Lord Haddo until 1745, was a Scottish peer."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thomas de Brus", "paragraph_text": "Sir Thomas de Brus (c. 1284 \u2013 9 February 1307) was a younger brother and supporter of King Robert I of Scotland, in the struggle against the English conquest. He was captured by the MacDoualls at Loch Ryan, Galloway, Scotland and later executed by the English."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ko\u0142acze", "paragraph_text": "Ko\u0142acze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stary Brus, within W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Stary Brus, south-west of W\u0142odawa, and north-east of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Harold Owen", "paragraph_text": "(William) Harold Owen (5 September 1897 - 26 November 1971) was the younger brother and biographer of the English poet and soldier, Wilfred Owen. He was born at the home of his paternal grandparents in Canon Street, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, where his parents and older siblings then lodged before his father moved on promotion to a station master's post at Birkenhead in 1898."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Irn-Bru", "paragraph_text": "Barr's trademark application for the brand name Irn - Bru dates from July 1946 when the drink was still off sale because of wartime regulations. The firm first commercialised their drink using this new name in 1948 once government SDI consolidation of the soft drinks industry had ended. The name change followed the introduction of new labelling restrictions which cracked down on spurious health claims and introduced minimum standards for drinks claiming to contain minerals such as iron. However, according to Robert Barr OBE (chairman 1947 -- 1978), there was also a commercial rationale behind the unusual spelling. ``Iron Brew ''had come to be understood as a generic product category in the UK, whereas adopting the name`` Irn - Bru'' allowed the firm to have a legally protected brand identity that would enable the firm to benefit from the popularity of their wartime ``Adventures of Ba - Bru ''comic strip advertising. (The`` Iron Brew'' name has continued to be used for many versions of the drink sold by rival manufacturers.)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charles Schomberg, Marquess of Harwich", "paragraph_text": "He was the only son of Meinhardt Schomberg and his second wife Raugravine Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine and Marie Luise von Degenfeld. His father entered the service of William III of England and was created Duke of Leinster and Earl of Bangor in 1691, before succeeding as 3rd Duke of Schomberg and Marquess of Harwich in 1693."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic \"architect earl\", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sir William Maule", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Maule was the eldest son of Sir Peter Maule and Christina de Valognes, Baron and Baroness of Panmure and Benvie. William succeeded as Baron in 1254 on his father's death. He was married to Ethana de Vallibus, daughter of John Vaux, Lord of Dirleton, and left one son, Henry Maule, who succeeded him as Baron."}], "question": "What is the name of the William de Brus' father?"}
{"id": "2hop__742673_128058", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field, located on the city's North Side. The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago; the other, the Chicago White Sox, is a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The Cubs, first known as the White Stockings, was a founding member of the NL in 1876, becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Centro Social Deportivo Barber", "paragraph_text": "Sport Voetbal Centro Social Deportivo Barber is a Cura\u00e7ao football team located in WestPunt municipality Barber, and playing in the Cura\u00e7ao League First Division."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rugby League Tri-Nations", "paragraph_text": "The Rugby League Tri-Nations (known as the Gillette Tri-Nations for sponsorship reasons) was a rugby league tournament involving the top three teams in the sport: Australia, Great Britain and New Zealand and is the predecessor of today's Rugby League Four Nations."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Craig Wylie", "paragraph_text": "Craig Wylie (born 10 February 1984) is a New Zealand soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Waitakere United."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Green Bay Packers", "paragraph_text": "The Green Bay Packers is a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third - oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919, and is the only non-profit, community - owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992; 26 years ago (1992 - 02 - 20) Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City (3rd title) (2017 -- 18) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) Most appearances Gareth Barry (653) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer (260 goals) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Waitakere United", "paragraph_text": "Waitakere United was formed as a special franchise club in 2004 to play in the New Zealand Football Championship (NZFC), New Zealand's top domestic football competition. The team represents 12 member clubs from Mt Albert to the Kaipara."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League. The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas. The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006. North Carolina is also home to Charlotte Hounds of the Major League Lacrosse."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Montreal Impact", "paragraph_text": "The Montreal Impact () is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal, Quebec. The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer (MLS). The team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league, being the league's third Canadian club, and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canadian Football League", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Football League (CFL; French: Ligue canadienne de football, LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football. Its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions: the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Women's soccer in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first organized women's soccer league in the United States was the Craig Club Girls Soccer League, which consisted of four teams in St. Louis, Missouri, playing 15 - game seasons in 1950 and 1951."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Sainty, the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wes Schulmerich", "paragraph_text": "Edward Wesley Schulmerich (August 21, 1901 \u2013 June 26, 1985) was an American Major League Baseball player from the state of Oregon. A native of the state, he played baseball and football at what is now Oregon State University where he participated in three sports. On the football team, he played three positions and earned the nickname of Ironhorse and all-conference honors. In baseball, he was a right-handed outfielder and after leaving school started his professional career in the minor leagues. Schulmerich then became the first player from the school to make it to the Major Leagues, playing for three teams in the early 1930s. He is a member of the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kalamazoo Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Kalamazoo Kingdom were an American soccer team, founded in 1996. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2006, when the team left the league and the franchise was terminated."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sports in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture. Based on revenue, the four major professional sports leagues in the United States are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. Major League Soccer (MLS) is sometimes included in a ``top five ''of leagues of the country. All four enjoy wide - ranging domestic media coverage and are considered the preeminent leagues in their respective sports in the world, although American football does not have a substantial following in other nations. Three of those leagues have teams that represent Canadian cities, and all four are the most financially lucrative sports leagues of their sport. American football is the most popular sport in the United States followed by basketball, baseball, and soccer. Tennis, golf, wrestling, auto racing, arena football, field lacrosse, box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular sports in the country."}], "question": "In what league was the team with Craig Wylie?"}
{"id": "2hop__294117_120110", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vijay Kumar Khandelwal", "paragraph_text": "Vijay Kumar Khandelwal (22 April 1936 \u2013 12 November 2007) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Betul constituency of Madhya Pradesh and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Carreras", "paragraph_text": "Born in Barcelona, he made his debut on the operatic stage at 11 as Trujam\u00e1n in Manuel de Falla's \"El retablo de Maese Pedro\" and went on to a career that encompassed over 60 roles, performed in the world's leading opera houses and in numerous recordings. He gained fame with a wider audience as one of the Three Tenors along with Pl\u00e1cido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti in a series of mass concerts that began in 1990 and continued until 2003. Carreras is also known for his humanitarian work as the president of the Jos\u00e9 Carreras International Leukaemia Foundation (\"La Fundaci\u00f3 Internacional Josep Carreras per a la Lluita contra la Leuc\u00e8mia\"), which he established following his own recovery from the disease in 1988."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Party for the Netherlands", "paragraph_text": "Party for the Netherlands () (PVN) is a Dutch right-wing Fortuynist political party founded in August 2006 by Hilbrand Nawijn, a member of the Dutch House of Representatives."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chengara Surendran", "paragraph_text": "Chengara Surendran (born 31 January 1968) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Adoor constituency of Kerala and is a member of the Communist Party of India (CPI) political party."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Narc\u00eds Vinyoles", "paragraph_text": "Narc\u00eds Vinyoles, also Narciso Vi\u00f1oles (between 1442 and 1447 \u2013 1517) was a poet, lawyer and politician from Valencia, Spain. He was twice appointed to the post of Justicia Civil, the supreme judge in civil cases, and in 1495, King Ferdinand II recommended him for Justicia Criminal. He was married to Brianda de Sant\u00e1ngel, niece of the banker Luis de Sant\u00e1ngel who financed the voyage of Christopher Columbus."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "\u00d6zal family", "paragraph_text": "The \u00d6zal family is a political family in Turkey, the most prominent member being Turgut \u00d6zal, the 8th President (1989\u20131993) and Prime Minister of Turkey (1983\u20131989). The family has been active in Turkish politics since the 1970s. \u00d6zal was a popular political figure in Turkey and founded the Motherland Party in 1983, which won the general elections of the same year. After his death in 1993, his son Ahmet \u00d6zal succeeded him as the \"de facto\" patriarch of the family."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dilipkumar Gandhi", "paragraph_text": "Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi (born 9 May 1951) is an Indian politician and a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party. He is a current member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Parsuram Majhi", "paragraph_text": "Parsuram Majhi (born 1 December 1961) was a member of the 13th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Nowrangpur constituency of Odisha and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Liberal Forum", "paragraph_text": "The Liberal Forum (German: Liberales Forum, LiF) was a liberal political party in Austria. The party was active from February 1993 to January 2014, when the party merged into NEOS \u2013 The New Austria. The party was a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paul Vigouroux", "paragraph_text": "Paul Vigouroux (1919\u20131980), also known as Mathieu Laurier, was a French political activist and anti-communist. He was a member of the Jeunesses Patriotes, La Cagoule, and was secretary general of the Parti fran\u00e7ais national-collectiviste (PFNC), a political party that was one of the forerunners of the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Regionalist League of Catalonia", "paragraph_text": "Regionalist League of Catalonia (, ; 1901\u20131936) was a right wing political party of Catalonia, Spain. It had a Catalanist, conservative, and monarchic ideology. Notable members of the party were Enric Prat de la Riba, Francesc Camb\u00f3, Agust\u00ed Riera i Pau, Joan Ventosa and Ramon d'Abadal i Calder\u00f3."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Evolutionist Party", "paragraph_text": "The Republican Evolutionist Party (, PRE), commonly known as the Evolutionist Party, was a political party in Portugal led by Ant\u00f3nio Jos\u00e9 de Almeida."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Green Party of Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "The Green Party of Tennessee is a state-level political party in Tennessee, and is a member of the Green Party of the United States. The party formed in 2001."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "UNO-96 Alliance", "paragraph_text": "UNO-96 Alliance (), was a center-right Nicaraguan political party founded in 1996 by Alfredo C\u00e9sar Aguirre, member of the National Opposition Union and campaign advisor to former president Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. The UNO-96 alliance obtained a seat in the National Assembly in the 1996 Nicaraguan general elections."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pirate Party (Belgium)", "paragraph_text": "The Pirate Party of Belgium (, ) is a political party in Belgium. Based on the model of the Swedish Pirate Party, it supports reform of copyright law, the abolition of patents, and respect for privacy. It was a founding member of Pirate Parties International."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bhanwar Singh Dangawas", "paragraph_text": "Bhanwar Singh Dangawas (7 June 1929 \u2013 2 July 2012) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Nagaur constituency of Rajasthan and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Narc\u00eds de Carreras", "paragraph_text": "Politically close to the Catalan Regionalist League in his youth (he was personal secretary of Francesc Camb\u00f3), he chaired FC Barcelona between 1968 and 1969 (he coined the phrase \"Bar\u00e7a is more than a club\", which would later be adopted as motto, \"mes que un club\") and became president of La Caixa in 1972, after the death of Miquel Mateu i Pla. In 1987, he was replaced by Juan Antonio Samaranch to run the savings bank."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dominican Party", "paragraph_text": "The Dominican Party (, PD) was the \"de facto\" only political party in the Dominican Republic during the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, who ruled the country from 1930 to 1961. Its symbol was a palm tree."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Patrick Brown (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Brown MPP Leader of the Opposition in Ontario Incumbent Assumed office September 14, 2015 Preceded by Jim Wilson Leader of the Ontario PC Party Incumbent Assumed office May 9, 2015 Preceded by Jim Wilson (interim) Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament for Simcoe North Incumbent Assumed office September 3, 2015 Preceded by Garfield Dunlop Member of the Canadian Parliament for Barrie In office January 23, 2006 -- May 13, 2015 Preceded by Aileen Carroll Succeeded by Riding Abolished Personal details Patrick Walter Brown (1978 - 05 - 26) May 26, 1978 (age 39) Toronto, Ontario Political party Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Other political affiliations Conservative Party of Canada Relations Joe Tascona (uncle) Residence Barrie, Ontario Education St. Michael's College School Alma mater University of Windsor (LL. B.) University of Toronto (B.A.) Profession Lawyer"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Suresh Ganapat Wagmare", "paragraph_text": "Wagmare Suresh Ganapat (born 15 September 1961) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Wardha constituency of Maharashtra and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}], "question": "When was the political party that Narc\u00eds de Carreras was a member of abolished?"}
{"id": "2hop__96767_285091", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Munich Digitization Center", "paragraph_text": "Munich Digitization Center (German \"Das M\u00fcnchener Digitalisierungszentrum\" (MDZ)) is an institution dedicated to digitalization, Online publication and the long-term archival preservation of the holdings of the Bavarian State Library and other cultural heritage institutions. It was founded in 1997 under the leadership of Mark Brantl. It operates as a unit of the Bavarian State Library."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Flag of England", "paragraph_text": "In 1188 Henry II of England and Philip II of France agreed to go on a crusade, and that Henry would use a white cross and Philip a red cross. 13th - century authorities are unanimous on the point that the English king adopted the white cross, and the French king the red one (and not vice versa as suggested by later use). It is not clear at what point the English exchanged the white cross for the red - on - white one."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Constance of Wroc\u0142aw", "paragraph_text": "Constance of Wroc\u0142aw was born in 1227, the second child of Henry II the Pious and his wife Anna of Bohemia, the daughter of Ottokar I of Bohemia and Constance of Hungary. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Constance of Hungary."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dugazon family", "paragraph_text": "The Dugazon family (after their stage name) or the Gourgaud family was a famous acting dynasty in 18th century France. It was founded by Pierre-Antoine Gourgaud (1706-1774), whose children included the actors Fran\u00e7oise-Rose Gourgaud (1743-1804) and Jean-Henri Gourgaud (1746-1809). It also includes members of the family by marriage, such as Jean-Henri's wife Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre (1755-1821), a mezzo-soprano opera singer who used the stage name Madame Dugazon after her marriage. Via Fran\u00e7oise-Rose's marriage to Angiolo Vestris, it also became linked to the Vestris family."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Toul", "paragraph_text": "In 612, King Theudebert II of Austrasia was defeated by King Theuderic II of Burgundy near Toul. By the Treaty of Meerssen of 870, Toul became part of East Francia, the later Holy Roman Empire. During the High Middle Ages, it became a Free Imperial City. Toul was annexed to France by King Henry II in 1552; this was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. It then was a part of the French province of the Three Bishoprics."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Purcell Snowfield", "paragraph_text": "Purcell Snowfield () is a snowfield, 15 nautical miles (28\u00a0km) wide, lying between the east portion of the Colbert Mountains and the west side of the Douglas Range in the central part of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The feature was mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947\u201348, by Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1960. The snowfield was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Henry Purcell (1659\u20131695), English composer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Lagado", "paragraph_text": "Mount Lagado () is a mountain rising to about on the south side of Leppard Glacier, west of Target Hill, on Oscar II Coast, Graham Land, Antarctica. In association with names from Jonathan Swift's \"Gulliver's Travels\" grouped in this area, it was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1988 after Lagado, the capital of the flying island of Laputa."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Herbert (Family Guy)", "paragraph_text": "John Herbert Family Guy character First appearance ``To Love and Die in Dixie ''Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Mike Henry Information Full name John Herbert Gender Male Occupation U.S Army Air force pilot in World War II Nationality American"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shlohmo", "paragraph_text": "Henry Laufer, better known by his stage name Shlohmo, is an American electronic musician from Los Angeles, California. He is a founding member of the Los Angeles electronic music collection WeDidIt."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bucu", "paragraph_text": "Bucu or Buku is a hill island surrounded by the Trave and Wakenitz Rivers in L\u00fcbeck, Germany. It is also the name of a medieval Slavic castle, now ruined, on the island. Count Adolf II of Holstein founded L\u00fcbeck on the island in 1143. The \"Burgkloster\", or fortified monastery, of L\u00fcbeck is located atop the ruins of Bucu. \"Bucu\" is also the name of a hill."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Place Ville Marie", "paragraph_text": "Place Ville Marie was one of the first built projects of Henry N. Cobb, a founding partner of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. His design was controversial from the start, given its proximity to many Montreal landmarks and the vast changes it would bring to the downtown core."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sebastiano Montelupi", "paragraph_text": "Sebastiano Montelupi (, name occasionally Polonized as \"Wilczog\u00f3rski\", 1516 \u2013 18 August 1600), was an Italian-born merchant and banker in Krak\u00f3w, Poland, and Postmaster General of the Polish royal postal service under Sigismund II Augustus, Henry III of Poland, Anna Jagiellon, Stephen B\u00e1thory and Sigismund III Vasa."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Beatrice of Brabant", "paragraph_text": "Beatrice of Brabant (1225 \u2013 11 November 1288), was a Landgravine consort of Th\u00fcringia and a Countess consort of Flanders, married to Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, and later to William II, Count of Flanders. She was the daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant, and Marie of Hohenstaufen. She had no children."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in the potential marriage alliance, Henry II transferred the castles of Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau into John's name; as John was only five years old his father would continue to control them for practical purposes. Henry the Young King was unimpressed by this; although he had yet to be granted control of any castles in his new kingdom, these were effectively his future property and had been given away without consultation. Alais made the trip over the Alps and joined Henry II's court, but she died before marrying John, which left the prince once again without an inheritance."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Battle of the Spurs", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Spurs or Battle of Guinegate took place on 16 August 1513. It formed a part of the War of the League of Cambrai, during the ongoing Italian Wars. Henry VIII and Maximilian I were besieging the town of Th\u00e9rouanne in Artois (now Pas-de-Calais). Henry's camp was at Guinegate, now called Enguinegatte. A large body of French heavy cavalry under Jacques de La Palice was covering an attempt by light cavalry to bring supplies to the besieged garrison. English and Imperial troops surprised and routed this force. The battle was characterised by the precipitate flight and extensive pursuit of the French; the name of the battle derives from the French spurring their horses to effect their escape. During the pursuit a number of notable French leaders and knights were captured. After the fall of Th\u00e9rouanne, Henry VIII besieged and took Tournai."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Massacre at Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Massacre at Paris is an Elizabethan play by the English dramatist Christopher Marlowe (1593) and a Restoration drama by Nathaniel Lee (1689), the latter chiefly remembered for a song by Henry Purcell. Both concern the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, which took place in Paris in 1572, and the part played by the Duc de Guise in those events."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pericopes of Henry II", "paragraph_text": "The Pericopes of Henry II (; Munich, Bavarian State Library, Clm 4452) is a luxurious medieval illuminated manuscript made for Henry II, the last Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor, made 1002 \u2013 1012 AD. The manuscript, which is lavishly illuminated, is a product of the Liuthar circle of illuminators, who were working in the Benedictine Abbey of Reichenau, which housed a scriptorium and artists' workshop that has a claim to having been the largest and artistically most influential in Europe during the late 10th and early 11th centuries. An unrivalled series of liturgical manuscripts was produced at Reichenau under the highest patronage of Ottonian society. (Other centers include scriptoria at Lorsch, Trier and Regensburg.)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gevgelija Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Gevgelija (Macedonian: \u041e\u043f\u0448\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0458\u0430, \"Op\u0161tina Gevgelija\") is a municipality in southern part of the Republic of North Macedonia. \"Gevgelija\" is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Gevgelija Municipality is part of the Southeastern Statistical Region."}], "question": "What institution is part of library with the Pericopes of Henry II manuscript?"}
{"id": "2hop__753545_124694", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fairchild 22", "paragraph_text": "The Fairchild 22 Model C7 was an American two-seat touring or training monoplane designed and built by the Kreider-Reisner division of the Fairchild Aircraft Corporation at Hagerstown, Maryland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Michael Varah", "paragraph_text": "Varah was eldest of triplet boys born in the vicarage of Holy Trinity, Blackburn to Dr Chad Varah and his wife Susan. His father was the local Anglican vicar, who founded the Samaritans (charity) in 1953. His mother was world president of the Mothers' Union in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1962 Avensa Fairchild F-27 accident", "paragraph_text": "The 1962 Avensa Fairchild F-27 accident occurred on 25 February 1962 when a Fairchild F-27 twin-engined turboprop airliner registered \"YV-C-EVH\" of Avensa crashed into San Juan mountain on Venezuelas Margarita Island in the Caribbean Sea. All 20 passengers and three crew were killed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Man Nobody Knows", "paragraph_text": "The Man Nobody Knows (1925) is the second book by the American author and advertising executive Bruce Fairchild Barton. In it, Barton presents Jesus as ``(t) he Founder of Modern Business, ''in an effort to make the Christian story accessible to businessmen of the time."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fairchild Recording Equipment Corporation", "paragraph_text": "Fairchild Recording Equipment Corporation was founded by Sherman Fairchild in 1931 in Whitestone, NY. Fairchild started the company to augment his interests in photography and image projection."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Father's Day (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Father's Day was founded in Spokane, Washington at the YMCA in 1910 by Sonora Smart Dodd, who was born in Arkansas. Its first celebration was in the Spokane YMCA on June 19, 1910. Her father, the Civil War veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there. After hearing a sermon about Jarvis' Mother's Day at Central Methodist Episcopal Church in 1909, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday honoring them. Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday of June."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Maritime Central Airways", "paragraph_text": "Maritime Central Airways was a predecessor of Eastern Provincial Airways and was founded by Prince Edward Island native Carl Burke and Josiah Anderson in 1941 out of Moncton, New Brunswick and provided standard passenger, cargo, and charter flights throughout the Maritimes and Newfoundland and Labrador - at the time not yet part of Canada. This early fleet consisted of a Boeing 247 and a Fairchild 24."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Teddy Bear Song", "paragraph_text": "\"The Teddy Bear Song\" is a 1973 single written by Don Earl and Nick Nixon, and made famous by country music vocalist Barbara Fairchild. Released in December 1972, the song was Fairchild's only No. 1 song on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart in March 1973. The song also became a modest pop hit, peaking at No. 32 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in June 1973."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Willem Usselincx", "paragraph_text": "Willem Usselincx (1567, Antwerp\u20131647) was a Flemish Dutch merchant, investor and diplomat who was instrumental in drawing both Dutch and Swedish attention to the importance of the New World. Usselincx was the founding father of the Dutch West India Company."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wien Consolidated Airlines Flight 55", "paragraph_text": "Wien Consolidated Airlines Flight 55 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight in Alaska that crashed into Pedro Bay on 2 December 1968, killing all 39 on board. The Fairchild F-27B aircraft was operated by Wien Consolidated Airlines and was en route to Dillingham from Anchorage, with three intermediate stops. The NTSB investigation revealed that the aircraft suffered a structural failure after encountering \"severe-to-extreme\" air turbulence. The accident was the second-worst accident involving a Fairchild F-27 at the time, and currently the third-worst accident involving the aircraft."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Red Brigades", "paragraph_text": "The Red Brigades were founded in August 1970 by Renato Curcio and Margherita (Mara) Cagol, who had met as students at the University of Trento and later married, and Alberto Franceschini. Franceschini's grandmother had been a leader of the peasant leagues, his father a worker and anti-fascist who had been deported to Auschwitz."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "James Ware (ophthalmologist)", "paragraph_text": "James Ware, M.D., F.R.S. (1756\u20131815) was an English eye surgeon, and Fellow of the Royal Society, who practiced in London during the Georgian era. He is considered one of the founding fathers of modern ophthalmology in Britain."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WAXX", "paragraph_text": "WAXX (104.5 FM) is a radio station in the Eau Claire area of Wisconsin, with its studio/offices located in Altoona, Wisconsin. Its transmitter is located in Fairchild, Wisconsin, sharing the tower with"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Transistor", "paragraph_text": "Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like \"MPF\" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts of other naming schemes, for example a PN2222A is a (possibly Fairchild Semiconductor) 2N2222A in a plastic case (but a PN108 is a plastic version of a BC108, not a 2N108, while the PN100 is unrelated to other xx100 devices)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sherman Fairchild", "paragraph_text": "Born in Oneonta, New York, Sherman Fairchild was the only child of George Winthrop Fairchild (1854\u20131924) and Josephine Mills Sherman (1859\u20131924). His father was a Republican Congressman as well as a co-founder and the first Chairman of IBM. His mother was the daughter of William Sherman, of Davenport, Iowa."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lucia Fairchild Fuller", "paragraph_text": "Lucia Fairchild Fuller (6 December 1872 \u2013 20 May 1924) was an American painter. She was known for her miniatures."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Helen Vlachos", "paragraph_text": "Helen Vlachos was the daughter, and only child, of Georgios Vlachos, who founded \"Kathimerini\", one of Greece's premier newspapers, in 1919. She worked as a journalist in her father's newspaper and covered the Berlin Olympics in 1936. During World War II, her father refused to cooperate with the Nazi occupation government and closed down \"Kathimerini\". During the war she worked as a nurse."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thomas Jones (missionary)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Jones (1810 \u2013 16 September 1849) was a Welsh Christian missionary, who worked among the Khasi people of Meghalaya and Assam in India and of Bangladesh. He recorded the Khasi language in Roman script, and the inscription on his gravestone calls him \"The founding father of the Khasi alphabets and literature\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of The Mortal Instruments characters", "paragraph_text": "Clary Fray The Mortal Instruments character Shadowhunters character Clary, as portrayed by Katherine McNamara in the TV series. First appearance Novels: City of Bones (2007) Film: The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones (2013) Television: ``The Mortal Cup ''(1.01) Last appearance Novels: Lord of Shadows (2017) Created by Cassandra Clare Portrayed by Lily Collins (film) Katherine McNamara (television) Information Full name Clarissa Adele Fairchild - Morgenstern Nickname (s) Clary Mary Morgenstern Biscuit Species Shadowhunter Gender Female Occupation Co-head of the New York Institute (novels) Family General: Valentine Morgenstern (father) Jocelyn Fray \u2020 (mother) Jonathan Morgenstern \u2020 (brother) Luke Garroway (stepfather) Significant other (s) Jace Harondale (boyfriend) Simon Lewis (ex-boyfriend) Relatives Only in print: Valentina Graymark (illusionary sister) Seraphina Morgenstern (paternal grandmother) Granville Fairchild II (maternal grandfather) Adele Fairchild (maternal grandmother) (1991 - 08 - 21) August 21, 1991 (age 26) Manhattan, New York, U.S. Residence The New York Institute Park Slope, Brooklyn (former) Abilities Art Use of heavenly weapons Nephilim physiology Runic magic Angelic blood empowerment The Sight"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "James Madison", "paragraph_text": "James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751 -- June 28, 1836) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the ``Father of the Constitution ''for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights."}], "question": "Who was the father of the Fairchild's founder?"}
{"id": "2hop__149966_598824", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd", "paragraph_text": "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd is a work of detective fiction by British writer Agatha Christie, first published in June 1926 in the United Kingdom by William Collins, Sons and in the United States by Dodd, Mead and Company on 19 June 1926. It is the third novel to feature Hercule Poirot as the lead detective."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Michelangelo Pistoletto", "paragraph_text": "Michelangelo Pistoletto (born 23 June 1933 in Biella) is an Italian painter, action and object artist, and art theorist. Pistoletto is acknowledged as one of the main representatives of the Italian Arte Povera. His work mainly deals with the subject matter of reflection and the unification of art and everyday life in terms of a Gesamtkunstwerk."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Window on Main Street", "paragraph_text": "Window on Main Street is an American half-hour comedy-drama television series starring Robert Young, which aired on CBS during the 1961-1962 season. Created by Roswell Rogers, \"Window on Main Street\" was produced by its star, Robert Young."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lethal Weapon (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "For its first two seasons, Lethal Weapon starred Damon Wayans as Roger Murtaugh and Clayne Crawford as Martin Riggs, mismatched detective partners who were also the main characters in the film series, originally played by Danny Glover and Mel Gibson. The series includes other characters directly or loosely inspired by characters from the films, including Leo Getz (played by Thomas Lennon) -- a close friend of Riggs and Murtaugh."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Octopussy", "paragraph_text": "Octopussy is a 1983 British spy film, the thirteenth in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the sixth to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lethal Weapon (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "Lethal Weapon is an American buddy cop action comedy media franchise created by Shane Black. It focuses on two Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) detectives, Martin Riggs and Roger Murtaugh. The franchise originally consisted of a series of four films released from 1987 and 1998, and later a television series which aired from 2016 to 2019. All four films in the series were directed by Richard Donner and also share many of the same core cast members, while the television series recast the main roles with younger actors instead. Though the original film was not explicitly a comedy, despite a fair amount of comic relief, the sequels and television series are significantly more comedic in nature."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tanja Baki\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Her best-selling music-related non-fiction work, \u201cVoodoo Child: A Story About Jimi Hendrix\u201d (\u201cVoodoo Child: Pri\u010da o Jimiju Hendrixu\u201d, 2013), revealing her collaboration with Jimi Hendrix's former London-based girlfriend Kathy Etchingham and his sound engineer Roger Mayer (engineer) was deemed a huge success in Montenegro."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "David Treuer", "paragraph_text": "David Treuer (born 1970) (Ojibwe) is an American writer, critic and academic. As of 2019, he had published seven books; his work published in 2006 was noted as among the best of the year by several major publications. He published a book of essays in 2006 on Native American fiction that stirred controversy by criticizing major writers of the tradition and concluding, \"Native American fiction does not exist.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)", "paragraph_text": "Ben Weston, also known as Ben Rogers, is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network, currently portrayed by Robert Scott Wilson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Antoine Bello", "paragraph_text": "Antoine Bello (born 25 March 1970) is a French-American author born in Boston, Massachusetts, whose works have been widely translated. His novels touch on multiple subjects, such as the relation between reality and fiction, human cognition and journalism. He writes in French, his native tongue. He has been living in the greater New York Area since 2002."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Last Defender of Camelot (2002 book)", "paragraph_text": "The Last Defender of Camelot is a collection of short stories written by science fiction writer Roger Zelazny. It was published by Ibooks, Inc in 2002 and has an identical title to an earlier collection."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "And the Big Men Fly", "paragraph_text": "And the Big Men Fly is an Australia-based play by Alan Hopgood, written in 1963. Its primary subject is about the fictional Australian rules football team, the Crows."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Roger Murtaugh", "paragraph_text": "Roger Murtaugh is a fictional character in the \"Lethal Weapon\" film series. Murtaugh was originally played by Danny Glover in all four films from 1987 to 1998, and later by Damon Wayans in the Fox television series from 2016 to 2019."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Visionary Heads", "paragraph_text": "The Visionary Heads is a series of black chalk and pencil drawings produced by William Blake after 1818 by request of John Varley, the watercolour artist and astrologer. The subjects of the sketches, many of whom are famous historical and mythical characters, appeared to Blake in visions during late night meetings with Varley, as if sitting for portraits. The drawings are contained in three sketchbooks and there are a number of loose leaves indicating the existence of a fourth sketchbook. Like most of Blake's other works, they have been subject to academic scrutiny and study."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Abigail and Roger", "paragraph_text": "Abigail and Roger was a British sitcom that aired on the BBC Television Service in 1956. It was written by Kelvin Sheldon. The programme saw Julie Webb and David Drummond play Abigail and Roger, an engaged couple living in London bedsits. The series is thought to no longer exist."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Roger Caillois", "paragraph_text": "Roger Caillois (; 3 March 1913 \u2013 21 December 1978) was a French intellectual whose idiosyncratic work brought together literary criticism, sociology, and philosophy by focusing on diverse subjects such as games, play as well as the sacred. He was also instrumental in introducing Latin American authors such as Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda, Miguel \u00c1ngel Asturias to the French public. After his death, the French Literary award Prix Roger Caillois was named after him in 1991."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Open Inventor", "paragraph_text": "Open Inventor, originally IRIS Inventor, is a C++ object oriented retained mode 3D graphics toolkit designed by SGI to provide a higher layer of programming for OpenGL. Its main goals are better programmer convenience and efficiency. Open Inventor exists as both proprietary software and free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Randolph Rogers", "paragraph_text": "Randolph Rogers (July 6, 1825 in Waterloo, New York \u2013 January 15, 1892 in Rome, Italy) was an American Neoclassical sculptor. An expatriate who lived most of his life in Italy, his works ranged from popular subjects to major commissions, including the Columbus Doors at the U.S. Capitol and American Civil War monuments."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George Allan England", "paragraph_text": "George Allan England (9 February 1877 - 26 June 1936) was an American writer and explorer, best known for his speculative and science fiction. He attended Harvard University and later in life unsuccessfully ran for Governor of Maine. England was a socialist and many of his works have socialist themes."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sadko (opera)", "paragraph_text": "Sadko (, the name of the main character) is an opera in seven scenes by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The libretto was written by the composer, with assistance from Vladimir Belsky, Vladimir Stasov, and others. Rimsky-Korsakov was first inspired by the bylina of Sadko in 1867, when he completed a tone poem on the subject, his Op. 5. After finishing his second revision of this work in 1891, he decided to turn it into a dramatic work."}], "question": "The film series, featuring Roger Murtaugh, is about detectives from where?"}
{"id": "2hop__1029_33075", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Google Play", "paragraph_text": "Applications are available through Google Play either free of charge or at a cost. They can be downloaded directly on an Android device through the Play Store mobile app or by deploying the application to a device from the Google Play website. Applications exploiting hardware capabilities of a device can be targeted to users of devices with specific hardware components, such as a motion sensor (for motion - dependent games) or a front - facing camera (for online video calling). The Google Play store had over 82 billion app downloads in 2016 and has reached over 2.7 million apps published in 2017. It has been the subject of multiple issues concerning security, in which malicious software has been approved and uploaded to the store and downloaded by users, with varying degrees of severity."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Online shopping", "paragraph_text": "Online stores typically enable shoppers to use \"search\" features to find specific models, brands or items. Online customers must have access to the Internet and a valid method of payment in order to complete a transaction, such as a credit card, an Interac-enabled debit card, or a service such as PayPal. For physical products (e.g., paperback books or clothes), the e-tailer ships the products to the customer; for digital products, such as digital audio files of songs or software, the e-tailer typically sends the file to the customer over the Internet. The largest of these online retailing corporations are Alibaba, Amazon.com, and eBay."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cats Don't Dance", "paragraph_text": "Cats Don't Dance is a 1997 American animated musical comedy film distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures under their Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label, and the only fully animated feature produced by Turner Feature Animation. This studio was merged during the post-production of \"Cats Don't Dance\" into Warner Bros. Animation after the merger of Time Warner with Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. Turner Feature Animation had also produced the animated portions of Turner's \"The Pagemaster\" (1994)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "IPod", "paragraph_text": "In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled, Cubis 2, Mahjong, Mini Golf, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, Vortex, Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma. Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "GAMA-GO", "paragraph_text": "GAMAGO products are available in 3000+ stores internationally. Products are also available online through the company's website and in their flagship store in San Francisco's SOMA neighborhood (closed 2015)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "IPod", "paragraph_text": "In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "IPod", "paragraph_text": "iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kindle single", "paragraph_text": "A Kindle single is a type of e-book which is published through Amazon's Kindle Store. It is specifically intended as a format for novella-length nonfiction literature or long-form journalism. The name \"single\" comes from musical singles which are shorter in length than an extended play record."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "IPod", "paragraph_text": "Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Over It (EP)", "paragraph_text": "Over It is an EP by American punk rock band Face to Face, released in 1994 on Victory Music, a subsidiary of a major label, not the similarly named Chicago-based Victory Records. It contains remixes of songs released on 1992's \"Don't Turn Away\" as well as original material. The EP also features the first appearance of Chad Yaro on accompanying rhythm guitar, thus 'filling out' the sound, according to front man Trever Keith. By request of the band, the EP is no longer in print."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Je t'aime moi non plus (film)", "paragraph_text": "Je t'aime moi non plus (English title: I Love You, I Don't) is a 1976 feature film written, directed, and musically scored by Serge Gainsbourg, starring Jane Birkin, Hugues Quester and Joe Dallesandro, and featuring a cameo by G\u00e9rard Depardieu."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Super Mario Party", "paragraph_text": "Super Mario Party features online multiplayer for the first time in the Mario Party series. While Party Mode's board games are restricted to offline play, players are able to play the game's 80 minigames with other players either locally or online independent of the board games in the game's ``Online Mariothon ''mode. In the Online Mariothon mode, players compete in five randomly - selected minigames aiming to get the highest score. It also features leader boards and a ranking system, as well as rewards that the players can receive for playing the mode."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "IPod", "paragraph_text": "The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "IPod", "paragraph_text": "iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Top Darts", "paragraph_text": "Top Darts is a darts video game developed by British studio Devil's Details for the PlayStation 3. It was released on the PlayStation Store on 21 December 2010. The game features a large selection of traditional darts games as well as an assortment of unique challenges and multiplayer games. It currently does not support online play. The game features four different locations, each with its own themed dart board. Players can also upload photos from their PS3 XMB as backgrounds for their own dart boards, and create their own avatar using the PlayStation Eye to insert their picture."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Don't Let It Get You", "paragraph_text": "Don't Let It Get You is a film made in New Zealand and Sydney, Australia in 1966. It is notable for the period it was made in as well as the popular musical acts that featured in it."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Compact disc", "paragraph_text": "The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "IPod", "paragraph_text": "Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "IPod Touch", "paragraph_text": "Successive updates to iOS since the initial release in 2007 have released additional features. iPhone OS 2.0, released on July 11, 2008, introduced the App Store, which allowed third - party applications for the first time. iPhone OS 3.0, released on June 17, 2009, added features such as cut, copy, and paste, data tethering and push notification support. iOS 4.0, released on June 21, 2010, introduced iBooks, FaceTime, and multitasking. It dropped support for the first generation iPod Touch."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Apple Inc.", "paragraph_text": "Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. The company's hardware products include the iPhone smartphone, the iPad tablet computer, the Mac personal computer, the iPod portable media player, the Apple Watch smartwatch, the Apple TV digital media player, and the HomePod smart speaker. Apple's consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the iTunes media player, the Safari web browser, and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, and iCloud."}], "question": "What does the feature that doesn't let an iPod can play music from other online stores stand for?"}
{"id": "2hop__142189_740551", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Streams of Expression", "paragraph_text": "Streams of Expression is the 20th studio album by American jazz musician Joe Lovano to be released on the Blue Note label. It was released in 2006 and features a five-part \"Streams of Expression Suite,\" three-part \"Birth of the Cool Suite,\" and three other shorter works. The \"Birth of the Cool Suite\" was conducted by Gunther Schuller and utilizes melodic themes inspired by Miles Davis' work from his 1948 and 1950 nonet. The album also features George Garzone, Ralph Lalama, Gary Smulyan, and Tim Hagans."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Underpass (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Underpass\" is a song by UK artist John Foxx, and was released as a single in January 1980. It was the artist's first solo single release after leaving the band Ultravox and the first single release from the \"Metamatic\" album, which was released shortly after."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Birth of the Dragon", "paragraph_text": "Birth of the Dragon is a 2016 martial arts action film directed by George Nolfi and written by Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele. The film stars Philip Ng, Xia Yu, and Billy Magnussen. The film is a fictional account on the supposedly true story revolving around the young martial artist Bruce Lee, who challenged kung fu master Wong Jack Man in 1965 in San Francisco. Principal photography began on November 17, 2015, in Vancouver. It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released on August 25, 2017, by Blumhouse Tilt and WWE Studios."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Groovemasters", "paragraph_text": "Groovemasters is an album by guitarists Preston Reed and Laurence Juber, released in 1999. It is sometimes referred to as \"Groovemasters, Vol. 1\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "What's in Our Heart", "paragraph_text": "What's in Our Heart is an album by American country music artists George Jones and Melba Montgomery released in 1963 on United Artists Records."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Preston Reed", "paragraph_text": "Preston Reed (born April 13, 1955, Armonk, New York) is an American fingerstyle guitarist. He is noted for a two-handed playing style and compositional approach that integrates the percussive potential of the guitar body."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "We Were in Love", "paragraph_text": "\"We Were in Love\" is a song written by Chuck Cannon and Allen Shamblin, and performed by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in June 1997 as the first single from his album \"Dream Walkin'\". It peaked at number 2 in both the United States and Canada. The song was originally intended for country artist Faith Hill (who placed it on hold for a short period while recording her 1998 album, \"Faith\"), as reported by Keith on \"After MidNite with Blair Garner."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Scourge of the Light", "paragraph_text": "The Scourge of the Light is the ninth studio album by American power metal band Jag Panzer. It was released on February 28, 2011 through Steamhammer Records. Two weeks after its release, The Scourge of the Light placed at No. 117 on the Billboard New Artist Chart, making the album Jag Panzer's most successful to date."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I Wish Tonight Would Never End", "paragraph_text": "I Wish Tonight Would Never End is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1963 on the United Artists record label."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tha Blue Carpet Treatment", "paragraph_text": "Tha Blue Carpet Treatment is the eighth studio album by West Coast hip hop recording artist Snoop Dogg. It was released on November 21, 2006, by Doggystyle Records and Geffen Records. Recording sessions took place from November 2005 to September 2006 in several recording studios and artists such as Dr. Dre, The Neptunes, DJ Battlecat, DJ Pooh, Timbaland, Danja, Mark Batson, Terrace Martin, and Mr. Porter appear on the album, among others."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chocolate Factory", "paragraph_text": "Chocolate Factory is the fifth solo album by American recording artist R. Kelly, released on February 18, 2003 by Jive Records. Recording sessions took place mainly at Rockland Studios and Chicago Recording Company in Chicago, Illinois, and the album was primarily written, arranged, and produced by R. Kelly. \"Chocolate Factory\" was conceived by Kelly amid controversy over his sex scandal at the time."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Restful Place", "paragraph_text": "Restful Place is a public artwork by Ho-Chunk artist Truman Lowe, located at Indianapolis Art Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. \"Restful Place\" was installed as part of the Center's ARTSPARK initiative."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Underneath the Pine", "paragraph_text": "Underneath the Pine is the second album from the artist Toro y Moi, released on February 22, 2011 on Carpark Records. The album was given the \"Best New Music\" designation by \"Pitchfork\" and they placed the album at number 48 on its list of the \"Top 50 albums of 2011\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Love & War MasterPeace", "paragraph_text": "The Love & War MasterPeace is the third studio album by American recording artist Raheem DeVaughn, released on March 2, 2010 through Jive Records. It was also released as a deluxe edition with an additional disc of bonus material. Recording sessions for the album took place during 2008 to 2009 and production was handled primarily by Kenny \"Dope\" Gonzalez."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ray of Light", "paragraph_text": "Ray of Light is the seventh studio album by American recording artist Madonna, released on February 22, 1998 by Maverick Records. After giving birth to her first child, Madonna started working on the album with producers Babyface and Patrick Leonard. Following failed sessions with them, Madonna pursued a new musical direction with English producer William Orbit. The recording process was the longest of Madonna's career and experienced problems with Orbit's hardware arrangement, which would break down, and recording would have to be delayed until they could be repaired."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Simba", "paragraph_text": "Released in theaters in 1994, \"The Lion King\" marks Simba's first appearance. All the animals in the Pride Lands gather at the foot of Pride Rock to commemorate the birth of Simba, who will eventually succeed to the throne and take his father Mufasa's place as king. Furious by the fact that he is no longer next in line, Simba's jealous uncle Scar refuses to attend the ceremony. While Simba grows into a rambunctious lion cub who frequently boasts about the fact that he will someday rule over the Pride Lands, Scar secretly plots against him."}], "question": "Where was the artist who released Groovemasters born?"}
{"id": "2hop__514246_64076", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yucca, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Yucca is an unincorporated community in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. Located along Interstate 40, it lies southwest of Kingman, just east of the southern section of the Black Mountains and west of the Hualapai and McCracken Mountains in the Sacramento Valley. Yucca has a ZIP Code of 86438; in 2000, the population of the 86438 ZCTA was 282. Students in Yucca attend schools in the Kingman Unified School District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)", "paragraph_text": "USS Enterprise (NCC - 1701) is a fictional starship in the fictional Star Trek universe that serves as both the main setting of the original Star Trek television series, as well as the primary transportation method for the show's characters. The Enterprise has been depicted in four network television series, six feature films, many books, and much fan - created media. The original Star Trek series (1966 -- 1969) features a voice - over by Enterprise captain, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), which describes the mission of the Enterprise as ``to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no man has gone before ''."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Navajo County, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Navajo County is located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Arizona.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 107,449. The county seat is Holbrook.Navajo County comprises the Show Low, Arizona Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tucson Estates, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Tucson Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 9,755 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nutrioso, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Nutrioso is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Apache County, Arizona, United States. Nutrioso is located on U.S. Route 180 and U.S. Route 191 south-southeast of Eagar. Nutrioso has a post office with ZIP code 85932. As of the 2010 census, the population was 26."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Set Enterprises", "paragraph_text": "Set Enterprises, Inc. is a game publishing company based in Fountain Hills, Arizona, USA. Two of its games have won in the annual Mind Games competition of American Mensa."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Jose, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "San Jose is a census-designated place in Graham County, Arizona, United States. Its population was 506 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kanab, Utah", "paragraph_text": "Kanab ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Kane County, Utah, United States. It is located on Kanab Creek just north of the Arizona state line. This area was first settled in 1864, and the town was founded in 1870 when ten Latter-Day Saint families moved into the area. The population was 4,312 at the 2010 census and an estimated 4,687 in 2017."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Agriculture in Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Agriculture in Nigeria is a branch of the economy in Nigeria, providing employment for about 30% of the population as of 2010. The sector is being transformed by commercialization at the small, medium and large-scale enterprise levels."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bill Hall Trail", "paragraph_text": "The Bill Hall Trail is a hiking trail in Grand Canyon National Park, located in the U.S. state of Arizona."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Grand Canyon Village, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Grand Canyon Village is a census-designated place (CDP) located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, in Coconino County, Arizona, in the United States. Its population was 2,004 at the 2010 Census. Located in Grand Canyon National Park, it is wholly focused on accommodating tourists visiting the canyon. Its origins trace back to the railroad completed from Williams, Arizona, to the canyon's South Rim by the Santa Fe Railroad in 1901. Many of the structures in use today date from that period. The village contains numerous landmark buildings, and its historic core is a National Historic Landmark District, designated for its outstanding implementation of town design."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Santa Cruz, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Santa Cruz (O'odham: Hia-t-ab) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinal County, Arizona, United States, located in the Gila River Indian Community. The population was 37 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Leisure World, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Leisure World Arizona is a gated, resort style adult community located in Mesa, Arizona. The community is located about one mile north of U.S. Route 60 on Power Road. The community is bounded by Southern Avenue, Broadway and Power Roads and the Roosevelt Water Conservation District Canal on the west. The Superstition Mountains to the east serve as a backdrop to Leisure World Arizona. It is near three major freeway systems."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fountain Hills, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Fountain Hills is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. Known for its impressive fountain, once the tallest in the world, it borders on the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Salt River Pima - Maricopa Indian Community, and Scottsdale, Arizona. The population is 22,489, as of the 2010 census. Between the 1990 and 2000 censuses it was the eighth - fastest - growing place among cities and towns in Arizona."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southwestern United States", "paragraph_text": "Rank City State Population Metro Population Phoenix Arizona 7006144563200000000 \u2660 1,445,632 7006419288700000000 \u2660 4,192,887 El Paso Texas 7005649133000000000 \u2660 649,133 7005804123000000000 \u2660 804,123 Las Vegas Nevada 7005583736000000000 \u2660 583,736 7006195126900000000 \u2660 1,951,269 Albuquerque New Mexico 7005558000000000000 \u2660 558,000 7005887077000000000 \u2660 887,077 5 Tucson Arizona 7005520116000000000 \u2660 520,116 7005980263000000000 \u2660 980,263 6 Mesa Arizona 7005439041000000000 \u2660 439,041 7006419288700000000 \u2660 4,192,887 7 Henderson Nevada 7005257729000000000 \u2660 257,729 7006195126900000000 \u2660 1,951,269 8 Chandler Arizona 7005236123000000000 \u2660 236,123 7006419288700000000 \u2660 4,192,887 9 Glendale Arizona 7005226721000000000 \u2660 226,721 7006419288700000000 \u2660 4,192,887 10 Scottsdale Arizona 7005217385000000000 \u2660 217,385 7006419288700000000 \u2660 4,192,887"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "West Coast of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As of the 2010 Census, the estimated population of the Census Bureau's Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million (56.9 million if Nevada and Arizona are included) -- about 15.3% (18.2% with Nevada and Arizona) of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Puerto Pe\u00f1asco", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Pe\u00f1asco is a resort town located in Puerto Pe\u00f1asco Municipality in the northwest of the Mexican state of Sonora, from the border with the U.S. state of Arizona. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 62,177 inhabitants. It is located on the northern shores of the Sea of Cortez on the small strip of land that joins the Baja California Peninsula with the rest of Mexico. The area is part of the Altar Desert, one of the driest and hottest areas of the larger Sonoran Desert."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spring Valley, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Spring Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. The population was 1,019 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dale Enterprise, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Dale Enterprise is an unincorporated community in Rockingham County, Virginia, United States. The name dates to 1872, when it was time to name the village's post office. The place was previously known as Millersville, after the Miller family who ran an early store there. After the Civil War, Mr. J. W. Minnick started a new mercantile \u201centerprise\u201d at the crossroads of Silver Lake Road and Route 33. Minnick\u2019s store was located near a \u201cdale,\u201d so the chosen name became Dale Enterprise."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "La Paz Valley, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "La Paz Valley is a census-designated place in La Paz County, Arizona, United States. Its population was 699 as of the 2010 census."}], "question": "What is the population of the town where Set Enterprises is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__48304_39663", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by the Central Asian Turks. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century, but declined in the late 14th century when several powerful Hindu states such as the Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom Kingdom, as well as Rajput dynasties and states, such as Mewar dynasty, emerged. The 15th century saw the emergence of Sikhism. In the 16th century, Mughals came from Central Asia and gradually covered most of India. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of the Hydaspes", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in what is now the Punjab province of Pakistan. The battle resulted in a complete Greek victory and the annexation of the Punjab, which lay beyond the far easternmost confines of the already absorbed Persian empire, into the Macedonian Empire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to British India. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. In Jhelum 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ranjit Singh", "paragraph_text": "Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780 -- 1839), was the leader of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century. He survived smallpox in infancy but lost sight in his left eye. He fought his first battle alongside his father at age 10. After his father died, he fought several wars to expel the Afghans in his teenage years, and was proclaimed as the ``Maharaja of Punjab ''at age 21. His empire grew in the Punjab region under his leadership through 1839."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Guru Granth Sahib", "paragraph_text": "The entire Guru Granth Sahib is written in the Gurmukhi script, which was standardized by Guru Angad Dev in the 16th century. According to Sikh tradition and the Mahman Prakash, an early Sikh manuscript, Guru Angad Dev had taught and spread the Gurmukhi script at the suggestion of Guru Nanak Dev which has invented the Gurmukhi script. The word Gurmukh\u012b translates to ``from the mouth of the guru ''. It descended from the La\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101 scripts and was used from the outset for compiling Sikh scriptures. The Sikhs assign a high degree of sanctity to the Gurmukh\u012b script. It is the official script for writing Punjabi in the Indian State of Punjab."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Naranjan Singh Bhalla", "paragraph_text": "Naranjan Singh Bhalla popularly known as Bhalla Sahib (died 1996) was a 20th-century Sikh leader from Jammu and Kashmir, the northernmost state of India."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hinduism[citation needed] , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab.[citation needed] Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed] In the 11th century, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital[citation needed] of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780\u20131839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Himachal Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. For example, they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists constitute 1.15% are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet. The Muslims constitute slightly 2.18% of the population of Himachal Pradesh."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mughal emperors", "paragraph_text": "In the next decades, the Afghans, Sikhs, and Marathas battled against each other and the Mughals, only to prove the fragmented state of the empire. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline, and ultimately had to seek the protection of outside powers. In 1784, the Marathas under Mahadji Scindia won acknowledgement as the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until after the Second Anglo - Maratha War. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. After a crushed rebellion which he nominally led in 1857 - 58, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British government, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire, marking the start of the British Raj."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Akhter Husain", "paragraph_text": "Akhter Husain was born on 1st August 1902 at Burhanpur (Central Province India) and received his early education from Hakimia High School, Burhanpur before proceeding to MAO College at Aligarh (which later became Aligarh Muslim University), graduating later from Allahbad University. He was selected for the prestigious Indian Civil Service in 1924 and completed his education and training at St. John's College, Cambridge, England. Upon return from England, he was posted to serve in the province of Punjab in 1926. He served in various administrative positions in different districts of the province, before being appointed as Under Secretary in the Government of India in 1930. He returned to Provincial administration in 1936. Akhter Husain received a British government award of Order of the British Empire (OBE) on 1 January 1944 for his groundbreaking work of settlement in the district of Gurgaon in Punjab in 1943. He was appointed Chief Secretary in the undivided Punjab in 1946, a position he occupied during the partition of British India."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Parthian Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Parthian Empire (; 247\u00a0BC \u2013 224\u00a0AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire (), was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran. Its latter name comes from Arsaces I of Parthia who, as leader of the Parni tribe, founded it in the mid-3rd century BC when he conquered the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, modern-day Turkmenistan and north-western Afghanistan. Then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, in rebellion against the Seleucid Empire; Mithridates I of Parthia (r.\u00a0c.\u00a0171\u2013138\u00a0BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to western Afghanistan and north-western Pakistan. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han dynasty of China, became a center of trade and commerce."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Memsahab", "paragraph_text": "Memsahab is based on the cruel incidents post the 1984 riots between a section of Congress party activists and the Sikhs in Delhi and other parts of North India.. Ensuing these riots, the Sikhs were targeted by the Congress party activists and several Sikh families were ruined."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Raja Swar Khan", "paragraph_text": "Raja Swar Khan (died 1980), of Chajana Murree, was a notable Mangral Rajput and a headmaster of a Pakistani school as well as the leading personality of his area. He remained a teacher during the British rule over India and also served after independence, but retired in 1968. Khan was an active worker in the independence movement of Pakistan, who met with Quai-i-Azam and Sikh leader Master Tara Singh."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Delhi", "paragraph_text": "During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi. The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858. It was made a district province of the Punjab. In 1911, it was announced that the capital of British held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi. The name ``New Delhi ''was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi, also known as Lutyens' Delhi, was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947. During the partition of India, thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi, while many Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues (as of 2013), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Takht Sri Damdama Sahib", "paragraph_text": "The Takht Sri Darbar Sahib Damdama Sahib, one of the five Takhts or Seat of Temporal Authority of Sikhism, Takht Sri Damdama Sahib is in Bathinda in Punjab, India and is the place where Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, prepared the full version of the Sikh scriptures called Sri Guru Granth Sahib in 1705. The other four Takhts are the Akal Takht, Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib, Takht Sri Patna Sahib and Takht Sri Huzur or hazur Sahib."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years ago. The main site in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilisation. The Vedic civilisation flourished along the length of the Indus River. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Achaemenids, Macedonians, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas, and Hindu Shahi. It also comprised the Gujar empire for a period of time, otherwise known as the Gurjara-Pratihara empire. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Travancore", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Travancore () (Thiruvithamkoor) was an Indian kingdom from 1729 until 1949. It was ruled by the Travancore Royal Family (Venad Swaroopam) from Padmanabhapuram, and Kollam and later Thiruvananthapuram. At its zenith, the kingdom covered most of modern-day central and southern Kerala with the Thachudaya Kaimal's enclave of Irinjalakuda Koodalmanikkam temple in the neighbouring Kingdom of Cochin, as well as the district of Kanyakumari, now in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The official flag of the state was red with a dextrally-coiled silver conch shell (\"Turbinella pyrum\") at its center. In the early 19th century, the kingdom became a princely state of the British Empire. The Travancore Government took many progressive steps on the socio-economic front and during the reign of Maharajah Sri Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, Travancore became the second most prosperous princely state in British India, with reputed achievements in education, political administration, public work and social reforms."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bole So Nihal", "paragraph_text": "Bole So Nihal... Sat Sri Akal is the Sikh slogan or jaikara (lit. shout of victory, triumph or exultation) which means one will be blessed eternally who says that God is the ultimate truth. Besides being a popular mode of expressing ebullient religious fervour or a mood of joy and celebration, it is an integral part of Sikh liturgy and is shouted at the end of ardas, Sikh prayer and said in sangat or holy congregation. The jaikara expresses the Sikh belief that all victory (jaya or jai) belongs to God, Waheguru, a belief that is also expressed in the Sikh salutation ``Waheguru ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru ji ki Fateh ''(`` Khalsa is of God and to God belongs the victory'', or ``Hail the Guru's Khalsa! Hail the Guru's victory! '')"}], "question": "When did the leader of the Sikh Empire who became Maharajah of Punjab die?"}
{"id": "2hop__145641_467948", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "La Joute", "paragraph_text": "La Joute (\"the joust\") (1969) is a public sculptural installation by Quebec artist Jean-Paul Riopelle, a member of the Automatiste movement. It is currently located in Place Jean-Paul-Riopelle in the Quartier international de Montr\u00e9al."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Campora", "paragraph_text": "Campora is a town and \"comune\" in the province of Salerno, Campania (southern Italy). It is located in the territory of Cilento and as of 2009 its population was of 810."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jakar", "paragraph_text": "Jakar is located in Bumthang (Choekhor) Valley within Chhoekhor Gewog in central Bumthang. Administratively, however, Jakar is a separate thromde (municipality) inside the gewog. The administrative office for the Choekhor Gewog is located in the northern suburbs of Jakar. Just north of Jakar lies Wangchuck Centennial Park, a protected area of Bhutan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jean Schramme", "paragraph_text": "Jean \"Black Jack\" Schramme (March 25, 1929, Bruges, Belgium \u2013 December 14, 1988, Rondon\u00f3polis, Brazil) was a Belgian mercenary and planter. He managed a vast estate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo until 1967."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve", "paragraph_text": "Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve is a protected area in the Northern Territory of Australia located in the locality of Ghan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rondon\u00f3polis", "paragraph_text": "Rondon\u00f3polis (formerly known as Rio Vermelho (Red River)) is the third-largest municipality in Mato Grosso. It is located around from Cuiab\u00e1, the capital of the state. The city is named for military officer and explorer C\u00e2ndido Rondon."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Caucasus Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Caucasus Governorate (, \"Kavkazskaya guberniya\") was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1802 until 1822. Its seat was located in Georgiyevsk. The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire. In 1822, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the administrative center in Stavropol."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Konrad Schramm", "paragraph_text": "Konrad Schramm was born in Germany in 1822. He was a proletarian revolutionary and as a result joined the Communist League. Following the suppression of the uprisings of 1848 and 1849, Schramm refugeed to London, England in 1849. He became a manager of the \"Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Politisch-\u00f6konomische Revue\". Schramm was also a friend and an associate of both Karl Marx and Frederick Engels."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sjernar\u00f8y", "paragraph_text": "Sjernar\u00f8y is a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The island municipality existed from 1868 until its dissolution in 1965. The municipality was located in the Boknafjorden in the present-day municipality of Finn\u00f8y. The administrative centre of the municipality was located on the island of Kyrkj\u00f8y, where the Sjernar\u00f8y Church is located."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}], "question": "In which state did Jean Schramme die?"}
{"id": "2hop__437226_466880", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Apollonian and Dionysian", "paragraph_text": "Although the use of the concepts of the Apollonian and Dionysian is linked to Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, the terms were used before him in German culture. The poet H\u00f6lderlin spoke of them, while Winckelmann talked of Bacchus, the god of wine. Rudolf Steiner as well treated in depth of the Apollonian and Dionysian (called ``Apollinisches und Dionysisches ''in German) and placed them in the general history and spiritual evolution of mankind."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Census of Quirinius", "paragraph_text": "The Census of Quirinius was a census of Judea taken by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria, upon the imposition of direct Roman rule in 6 CE. The Gospel of Luke uses it as the narrative means to establish the birth of Jesus (), but places it within the reign of Herod the Great, who died 9 years earlier. No satisfactory explanation of the contradiction seems possible, and most scholars think that the author of the gospel made an error."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Preterm birth", "paragraph_text": "Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks' gestational age. These babies are known as preemies or premies. Symptoms of preterm labor include uterine contractions which occur more often than every ten minutes or the leaking of fluid from the vagina. Premature infants are at greater risk for cerebral palsy, delays in development, hearing problems and sight problems. These risks are greater the earlier a baby is born."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sagrada Fam\u00edlia", "paragraph_text": "Constructed between 1894 and 1930, the Nativity fa\u00e7ade was the first fa\u00e7ade to be completed. Dedicated to the birth of Jesus, it is decorated with scenes reminiscent of elements of life. Characteristic of Gaud\u00ed's naturalistic style, the sculptures are ornately arranged and decorated with scenes and images from nature, each a symbol in its own manner. For instance, the three porticos are separated by two large columns, and at the base of each lies a turtle or a tortoise (one to represent the land and the other the sea; each are symbols of time as something set in stone and unchangeable). In contrast to the figures of turtles and their symbolism, two chameleons can be found at either side of the fa\u00e7ade, and are symbolic of change."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Khentii Province", "paragraph_text": "Khentii () is one of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia, located in the east of the country. Its capital is Chinggis City. The aimag is named after the Khentii Mountains. It is best known as the birthplace and likely final resting place of Tem\u00fcjin, otherwise known as Genghis Khan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bishindeegiin Urantungalag", "paragraph_text": "Bishindeegiin Urantungalag (; 24 February 1977 in Khentii Province) is a Mongolian archer. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the women's individual event, but eliminated in the round of 16 by Lee Sung-Jin. She competed in the individual recurve event and the team recurve event at the 2015 World Archery Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Wonder Years", "paragraph_text": "The Time Life DVD releases include approximately 96% of the original music soundtrack (including the opening theme song, ``With a Little Help From My Friends '', as originally sung by Joe Cocker). There were altogether some 15 exceptions, in most instances featuring generic studio replacement music in place of the original song, while on a couple of occasions the original soundtrack song was replaced with another version of the same tune. None of the necessary music replacements resulted in footage from the episodes being removed."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Steven Gerrard", "paragraph_text": "Steven Gerrard MBE Gerrard lining up for England at UEFA Euro 2012 Full name Steven George Gerrard Date of birth (1980 - 05 - 30) 30 May 1980 (age 37) Place of birth Whiston, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1989 -- 1998 Liverpool Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1998 -- 2015 Liverpool 504 (120) 2015 -- 2016 LA Galaxy 34 (5) Total 538 (125) National team 1999 -- 2000 England U21 (1) 2000 -- 2014 England 114 (21) Teams managed 2017 -- Liverpool U18s * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Brazil at the 2006 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The Brazilian team played until the quarter - finals, where they were defeated by France, finishing the tournament in the fifth place -- for the third time in history (1954 and 1986 were the previous instances)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties\u2014being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}], "question": "Bishindeegiin Urantungalag's birthplace is an instance of what?"}
{"id": "2hop__69802_133934", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders", "paragraph_text": "Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL. Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932, the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles, who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins. He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career. Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton's long - standing total in 2002."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of NCAA major college football yearly rushing leaders", "paragraph_text": "Since 1937, the single - season rushing record has been broken eight times, by Rudy Mobley in 1942 (1,281 yards), Fred Wendt in 1948 (1,570 yards), O.J. Simpson in 1968 (1,880 yards), Ed Marinaro in 1971 (1,881 yards), Ricky Bell in 1975 (1,957 yards), Tony Dorsett in 1976 (2,150 yards), Marcus Allen in 1981 (2,427 yards), and Barry Sanders in 1988 (2,628 yards)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "LaDainian Tomlinson", "paragraph_text": "LaDainian Tomlinson Tomlinson in 2017 No. 21 Position: Running back Born: (1979 - 06 - 23) June 23, 1979 (age 38) Rosebud, Texas Height: 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) Weight: 215 lb (98 kg) Career information High school: Waco (TX) University College: TCU NFL Draft: 2001 / Round: 1 / Pick: 5 Career history San Diego Chargers (2001 -- 2009) New York Jets (2010 -- 2011) Career highlights and awards 5 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (2002, 2004 -- 2007) 3 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro (2004, 2006, 2007) 3 \u00d7 Second - team All - Pro (2002, 2003, 2005) NFL Most Valuable Player (2006) NFL Offensive Player of the Year (2006) Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year (2006) 2 \u00d7 NFL rushing yards leader (2006, 2007) 3 \u00d7 NFL rushing touchdowns leader (2004, 2006, 2007) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team Los Angeles Chargers No. 21 retired Los Angeles Chargers Hall of Fame Doak Walker Award (2001) Consensus All - American (2000) 2 \u00d7 First - team All - WAC (1999, 2000) 2 \u00d7 WAC Offensive Player of The Year (1999, 2000) TCU Horned Frogs No. 5 retired NFL records 28 rushing touchdowns, season (2006) 31 touchdowns from scrimmage, season (2006) 18 consecutive games with a touchdown (tied) Career NFL statistics Rushing yards: 13,684 Yards per carry: 4.3 Rushing touchdowns: 145 Receptions: 624 Receiving yards: 4,772 Receiving touchdowns: 17 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of National Football League rushing champions", "paragraph_text": "The player with the most rushing titles is Jim Brown, who was the rushing champion eight times over his career. Eric Dickerson, Emmitt Smith, O.J. Simpson, Steve Van Buren, and Barry Sanders are tied for the second-most rushing titles, each having won four times. Jim Brown also holds the record for the most consecutive rushing titles with five, having led the league in rushing each year from 1957 to 1961. Steve Van Buren, Emmitt Smith, and Earl Campbell each recorded three consecutive rushing titles. The Cleveland Browns have recorded the most rushing titles with eleven; the Chicago Bears rank second, with six rushing titles. The most recent rushing champion is Dallas' Ezekiel Elliott, who led the league with 1,631 yards rushing over the 2016 season."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Matt Prater", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Phillip Prater (born August 10, 1984) is an American football placekicker for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Central Florida, and was originally signed by the Lions as an undrafted free agent in 2006. Prater holds the NFL record for kicking the longest field goal (64 yards), which he set on December 8, 2013, as a member of the Denver Broncos in a game against the Tennessee Titans in the first half as time expired. He also holds the Detroit Lions franchise record for longest field goal (59 yards), which he set on January 3, 2016. He was cut by the Denver Broncos after completing a suspension for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy. With the Lions in the 2016 and 2017 seasons, Prater set the NFL records for consecutive field goal conversions of 50 + yards (14 field goals) and 55 + yards (seven field goals)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tony Dorsett", "paragraph_text": "Tony Dorsett Dorsett in 2009 No. 33 Position: Running back Born: (1954 - 04 - 07) April 7, 1954 (age 64) Rochester, Pennsylvania Height: 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) Weight: 192 lb (87 kg) Career information High school: Aliquippa (PA) Hopewell College: Pittsburgh NFL Draft: 1977 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2 Career history Dallas Cowboys (1977 -- 1987) Denver Broncos (1988) Career highlights and awards Super Bowl champion (XII) 4 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (1978, 1981 -- 1983) First - team All - Pro (1981) 2 \u00d7 Second - team All - Pro (1982, 1983) NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year (1977) NFL record 99 - yard rushing play Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor National champion (1976) Heisman Trophy (1976) Maxwell Award (1976) Walter Camp Award (1976) 3 \u00d7 First - team All - American (1973, 1975, 1976) Pittsburgh Panthers No. 33 retired Career NFL statistics Rushing yards: 12,739 Yards per carry: 4.3 Rushing touchdowns: 77 Receptions: 398 Receiving yards: 3,554 Receiving touchdowns: 13 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jamie Morris", "paragraph_text": "James Walter Morris (born June 6, 1965) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and a record-setting running back in college for the University of Michigan Wolverines. While attending Michigan, he broke the school's all-time records for rushing yards in a season and in a career and for all-purpose yards in a career. His career rushing total was once third in Big Ten Conference history. He continues to hold the career receptions record for Michigan running backs. He also still holds the all-time NFL record for most rushing attempts in a game with 45."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of the Dallas Cowboys", "paragraph_text": "The Cowboys moved from the Cotton Bowl to Texas Stadium in week six of the 1971 season. Although the first game in their new home was a 44 -- 21 victory over New England, Dallas stumbled out of the gate by going 4 -- 3 in the first half of the season, including losses to the mediocre New Orleans Saints and Chicago Bears. Landry named Staubach as the permanent starting quarterback to start the second half of the season, and Dallas was off and running. The Cowboys won their last seven regular season games before dispatching of the Minnesota Vikings and San Francisco 49ers in the playoffs to return to the Super Bowl. In Super Bowl VI, behind an MVP performance from Staubach and a then Super Bowl record 252 yards rushing, the Cowboys crushed the upstart Miami Dolphins, 24 - 3, to finally bury the ``Next Year's Champions ''stigma. That game remains the only Super Bowl to date where one of the teams involved did not score a touchdown. The Cowboys rushed for 252 yards, while holding the Dolphins, who went 17 - 0 in 1972, to 185 total yards."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Walter Payton", "paragraph_text": "Walter Jerry Payton (July 25, 1954 -- November 1, 1999) was an American football running back who played for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) for thirteen seasons. Payton was known around the NFL as ``Sweetness ''. A nine - time Pro Bowl selectee, Payton is remembered as a prolific rusher, once holding records for career rushing yards, touchdowns, carries, yards from scrimmage, all - purpose yards, and many other categories. He was also versatile, and retired with the most receptions by a non-receiver, and had eight career touchdown passes. He was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996. Hall of Fame NFL player and coach Mike Ditka described Payton as the greatest football player he had ever seen -- but even greater as a human being."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Touchback", "paragraph_text": "In standard outdoor American football, the team awarded the touchback receives possession of the ball at its own 25 - yard line in college football, and the 25 yard - line for professional football, on kickoffs and free kicks after a safety as of the 2012 season. In arena football, and other indoor football games, a touchback results in the team awarded the touchback receiving the football at its own 3 - yard line. This can result from any of the above events except for punting, which is not a part of arena football. (In arena football, a kicked ball usually bounces back into play off of the rebound nets, but the above can still occur when the ball lands in the slack nets behind the goalposts after a kickoff, passes under the rebound nets and out of play, or in the event of fumbles and interceptions.)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Barry Sanders", "paragraph_text": "Barry Sanders (born July 16, 1968) is a former American football running back. He played professionally for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). A Pro Bowl invitee in each of his ten NFL seasons and two-time NFL Offensive Player of the Year, Sanders led the league in rushing yards four times and established himself as one of the most elusive runners in pro football with his quickness and agility. In 2007, he was ranked by NFL Network's \"NFL Top 10\" series as the most elusive runner in NFL history, and also topped its list of greatest players never to play in a Super Bowl. He is often regarded as one of the greatest running backs in NFL history."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Garvie Craw", "paragraph_text": "Craw played college football for the University of Michigan from 1967 to 1969. In October 1969, he scored four touchdowns in a 57-0 victory over Illinois. In Michigan's 1969 upset victory over an Ohio State team that \"Sports Illustrated\" called \"The Team of the Century,\" he scored two touchdowns and rushed for 56 yards. Craw later recalled, \"I remember moving the ball that first series and thinking: 'Damn we're just cutting through those guys,' and thinking, early on: 'We're going to beat these guys.'\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chris Kramer", "paragraph_text": "Chris Kramer played varsity basketball, baseball, and football at Huntington North High School in Huntington, Indiana. Averaging 19.1 points, four assists, and three steals a game playing for coach Eric Foister, he led the Vikings to an 18\u20133 record as a Senior. He was selected as a member of the 2006 Indiana All-Star Team, along with current NBA players Greg Oden and Mike Conley, Jr.. In football, he had a career total of 1,336 passing yards and 997 rushing yards at quarterback."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eric Blount", "paragraph_text": "A North Carolina Tar Heel in college, Blount was drafted by and played two seasons with the Phoenix Cardinals. He primarily returned kicks in the NFL. In 1994, he signed with the Edmonton Eskimos and rushed for 1091 yards that season. After two more years with the Esks he starred with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 1998, being named an all-star; he led the league in total yards (3816, 2nd best in CFL history), punt return yards (1051), kickoff return yards (1695, a CFL record at the time), rushed for 599 yards, and added 339 more yards on 45 caught passes. He also played 4 regular season games with the Toronto Argonauts and 3 regular season games with the Montreal Alouettes, both in 1999."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kansas City Chiefs", "paragraph_text": "In the Wild Card round the Chiefs lost a tight game to the Tennessee Titans 22 - 21, allowing Derrick Henry to rush for 156 yards. That ended another disappointing season for the Chiefs, and extended their NFL record for most consecutive home playoff losses to six."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of NCAA major college football yearly rushing leaders", "paragraph_text": "The record for highest rushing yards per carry in a season was set in 1939 by Jackie Robinson of UCLA with an average of 12.2 yards per carry, a record that stands to this day."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Super Bowl XXXVII", "paragraph_text": "Still, even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay's head coach. In 2002, the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained (5,222). Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl, completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards, 22 touchdowns, and only 6 interceptions. Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown, and caught 59 passes for 477 yards. Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and 5 touchdowns, and also had 35 receptions for 242 yards and 2 touchdowns. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 76 receptions for 1,088 yards and 5 touchdowns, while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 61 receptions for 670 yards and 6 touchdowns."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tom Sherman (American football)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Joseph Sherman (born December 5, 1945) was an American football quarterback for the American Football League's Cincinnati Bengals (1968), Boston Patriots (1968\u201369), and Buffalo Bills (1969). In two seasons in the AFL, he played in 19 games and completed 92 of 228 passes for 1,219 Yards, 13 touchdowns and 16 interceptions. He also had 58 rushing attempts for 468 yards and 1 touchdown."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2016 College Football Playoff National Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 13 -- 1 Alabama Crimson Tide won the game, holding off the undefeated Clemson Tigers 45 -- 40 in the fourth quarter. Accompanied by a talented receiving corps, Clemson's Heisman Finalist quarterback Deshaun Watson had a historic performance, setting the record for most total yards in national championship game history, with 478 yards (405 passing / 73 rushing) against the nation's third - ranked defense in Alabama, breaking the record previously set by Vince Young in the 2006 Rose Bowl. Following the game, the AP Poll also named Alabama as its top team of the season, giving Alabama their fourth title in seven seasons. Both Clemson and Alabama finished the season 14 -- 1."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Adam Thielen", "paragraph_text": "Adam John Thielen (born August 22, 1990) is an American football wide receiver for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Minnesota State University, Mankato and signed with the Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2013. Thielen holds several NFL records, including eight straight games over 100+ yards receiving, and 74 receptions in the first half of a season."}], "question": "What NFL team did the college record holder for rushing yards in a season play for?"}
{"id": "2hop__17591_17596", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Plaza de Andaluc\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Plaza de Andaluc\u00eda is a plaza in Algeciras, Spain. It is located close to the historic centre of the city, just south of the Kursaal, and adjacent to two major roads, the Cadiz-Malaga Road and Avenida de Blas Infante. In 2007 it was remodeled to house a shopping mall, business offices and subterranean car park. The Metropolitan Transportation Consortium Gibraltar, regulator of public transport in the county, and municipal television station Onda Algeciras are based in the Plaza de Andaluc\u00eda."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bossley Park", "paragraph_text": "Bossley Park is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Bossley Park is located 36 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Fairfield and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. The majority of the suburb's inhabitants are of Chaldo-Assyrian descent."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "My Future Self 'n' Me", "paragraph_text": "\"My Future Self 'n' Me\" is episode 95 of the Comedy Central series \"South Park\". It originally aired on December 4, 2002 and is rated TV-MA in the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Middle Fork South Platte River", "paragraph_text": "The Middle Fork South Platte River is a tributary of the South Platte River, approximately long, located in central Colorado in the United States. The river provides part of the drainage of South Park, the intermontane grassland basin located between the Front Range and the Mosquito Range in the Rocky Mountains southwest of Denver."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Central do Brasil", "paragraph_text": "Central do Brasil () is a major train station in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. It is the last stop of Rio's railway network, as well as a hub for connection with the city subway and a bus station. Central do Brasil was also a preeminent stop in the interstate Central do Brasil railroad, which did link Rio de Janeiro with S\u00e3o Paulo and Minas Gerais, though the railroad is now deactivated. The station is located in downtown Rio de Janeiro, along the Avenida Presidente Vargas and across from the Campo de Santana park."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yankee Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), and is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies, replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24 - acre (9.7 ha) former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8 - acre (3.2 ha) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pinnacles National Park", "paragraph_text": "Pinnacles National Park is an American national park protecting a mountainous area located east of the Salinas Valley in Central California, about east of Soledad and southeast of San Jose. The park's namesakes are the eroded leftovers of the western half of an extinct volcano that has moved from its original location on the San Andreas Fault, embedded in a portion of the California Pacific Coast Ranges. Pinnacles is managed by the National Park Service and the majority of the park is protected as wilderness."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Black Banksia Falls", "paragraph_text": "The Black Banksia Falls is a waterfall that is located within the Kanangra-Boyd National Park in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chandler State Wayside", "paragraph_text": "Chandler State Wayside (also known as Chandler State Park) is a state park in south-central Oregon in the United States. It is named in honor of Solomon and Hattie Chandler, who donated the land for the park. The park covers of pine forest along a creek. The park provides restrooms and other basic facilities to accommodate the traveling public. Chandler State Wayside is administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Donaldson Center Airport", "paragraph_text": "Donaldson Center Airport is a public airport six miles (10\u00a0km) south of the central business district of Greenville, a city in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States. It located at the Donaldson Center Industrial Air Park and is owned by the City and County of Greenville."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "Parque Batlle (formerly: Parque de los Aliados, translation: \"Park of the Allies\") is a major public central park, located south of Avenida Italia and north of Avenue Rivera. Along with Parque Prado and Parque Rod\u00f3 it is one of three large parks that dominate Montevideo. The park and surrounding area constitute one of the 62 neighbourhoods (barrios) of the city. The barrio of Parque Batlle is one of seven coastal barrios, the others being Buceo, Carrasco, Malvin, Pocitos, Punta Carretas, and Punta Gorda. The current barrio of Parque Battle includes four former districts: Belgrano, Italiano, Villa Dolores and Batlle Park itself and borders the neighbourhoods of La Blanqueada, Tres Cruces, Pocitos and Buceo. It has a high population density and most of its households are of medium-high- or high-income. Villa Dolores, a subdistrict of Parque Batlle, took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell y Rius and of Do\u00f1a Dolores Pereira de Rossel. On their grounds, they started a private collection of animals that became a zoological garden and was passed to the city in 1919; in 1955 the Planetarium of Montevideo was built within its premises."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spirit of Commerce", "paragraph_text": "Spirit of Commerce is a public artwork by German artist Gustav Haug located in Jackson Park, which is on the south side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. This zinc sculpture is tall and sits on a red granite pedestal near the park's lagoon. It is the oldest public sculpture in Milwaukee."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hagerstown City Park", "paragraph_text": "Hagerstown City Park is a public urban park just southwest of the central business district of Hagerstown, Maryland, United States. The park is located at the junction of Virginia Avenue, Key Street, Walnut Street, Prospect Street, and Memorial Boulevard."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fat Butt and Pancake Head", "paragraph_text": "\"Fat Butt and Pancake Head\" is the fifth episode of the seventh season and the 101st overall episode of the Comedy Central series \"South Park\". It was originally broadcast on April 16, 2003."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "The Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo is a skyscraper in the city of Santa Cruz on the Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, located on Avenida Tres de Mayo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Snowy River", "paragraph_text": "The Snowy River is a major river in south-eastern Australia. It originates on the slopes of Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest mainland peak, draining the eastern slopes of the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales, before flowing through the Alpine National Park and the Snowy River National Park in Victoria and emptying into Bass Strait."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Major Boobage", "paragraph_text": "\"Major Boobage\" is the third episode in season 12 of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 170th episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on March 26, 2008. The episode was co-written by series creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone; it was the first \"South Park\" episode since 2000 not solely written by Parker, ending a streak of 120 consecutive straight solo episodes. The previous episode co-written by Stone was \"The Tooth Fairy's Tats 2000\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1975\u201376 Coppa Italia", "paragraph_text": "The 1975\u201376 Coppa Italia was the 29th season of Coppa Italia, the major Italian domestic association football cup. The competition was won by Napoli, who defeated Verona in a one-legged final played at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state. There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne, many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities. There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of Stonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, south east of the central business district. The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "Parque Batlle is named in honour of Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915. The park was originally proposed by an Act of March 1907, which also projected wide boulevards and avenues. French landscape architect, Carlos Thays, began the plantings in 1911. In 1918, the park was named Parque de los Aliados, following the victory of the Allies of World War I. On 5 May 1930, after significant expansion, it was again renamed as Parque Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, in memory of the prominent politician and president, who had died in 1929. The park was designated a National Historic Monument Park in 1975. As of 2010[update], the park covers an area of 60 hectares (150 acres) and is considered the \"lung\" of the Montevideo city due to the large variety of trees planted here."}], "question": "The major public central park located south of Avenida Italia was originally proposed by what?"}
{"id": "2hop__12387_39500", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of \"separation of church and state\", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified. These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers. Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts, and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence, which references the idea of a \"Creator\" and \"Nature's God\", though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a \"Creator\" or \"Nature's God.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jean-Louis Lafosse", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Louis Lafosse (15 March 1941 \u2013 13 June 1981) was a French racing driver. He was most closely associated with the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, in which he finished second in 1975 and 1976."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Foxhall P. Keene", "paragraph_text": "Foxhall Parker Keene (December 18, 1867 \u2013 September 25, 1941) was an American thoroughbred race horse owner and breeder, a world and Olympic gold medallist in polo and an amateur tennis player. He was rated the best all-around polo player in the United States for eight consecutive years, a golfer who competed in the U.S. Open, and a pioneer racecar driver who vied for the Gordon Bennett Cup. In addition to his substantial involvement in flat racing, he was also a founding member of the National Steeplechase Association."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census", "paragraph_text": "Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, \"Some other race\" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled \"Ancestry\" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans, Turkish Americans, Armenian Americans, Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the \"Some other race\" category."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mikkelin Kampparit", "paragraph_text": "Mikkelin Kampparit is a bandy club in Mikkeli, Finland. The team colours are black and white. The club was founded in 1972, the same year as when Finland's Bandy Association separated from the Finnish Football Association."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "On September 21, 1953, Thomas Watson, Jr., the company's president at the time, sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South, he could be clear that IBM would not build \"separate-but-equal\" workplaces. In 1984, IBM added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination policy. The company stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people its competitors would turn down."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Freedom of religion in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, freedom of religion is a constitutionally protected right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. Freedom of religion is also closely associated with separation of church and state, a concept advocated by Colonial founders such as Dr. John Clarke, Roger Williams, William Penn and later founding fathers such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Asthma", "paragraph_text": "Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4, SPINK5, LTC4S, IL4R and ADAM33, among others. Many of these genes are related to the immune system or modulating inflammation. Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies, results have not been consistent among all populations tested. In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone; more continue to be found."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Anthropology", "paragraph_text": "Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to \"check only one.\" While some surveys offer an \"other\" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census", "paragraph_text": "Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are \"Hispanic or Latino\" and \"Not Hispanic or Latino\". However, the practice of separating \"race\" and \"ethnicity\" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as \"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies\". One of the researchers, Neil Risch, noted: \"we looked at the correlation between genetic structure [based on microsatellite markers] versus self-description, we found 99.9% concordance between the two. We actually had a higher discordance rate between self-reported sex and markers on the X chromosome! So you could argue that sex is also a problematic category. And there are differences between sex and gender; self-identification may not be correlated with biology perfectly. And there is sexism.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Denise Uyehara", "paragraph_text": "Denise Uyehara is an American performance artist and writer. She is the author of two full-length plays, \"Hobbies\" and \"Hiro\". Uyehara is a fellow of the Asian Cultural Council. She is the founding member of the performance group Sacred Naked Nature Girls, a group of four women of different ethnicities and sexual orientation, who use their bodies as a means to construct identities and inspire dialogue. Uyehara\u2019s art examines and explores immigration, race, sexuality, and gender. Her work is internationally recognized. and has been featured in exhibitions in Los Angeles, Helsinki, London, Tokyo, and Vancouver."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rosalind E. Krauss", "paragraph_text": "Rosalind Epstein Krauss (born November 30, 1941) is an American art critic, art theorist and a professor at Columbia University in New York City. Krauss is known for her scholarship in 20th-century painting, sculpture and photography. As a critic and theorist she has published steadily since 1965 in \"Artforum,\" \"Art International\" and \"Art in America\". She was associate editor of \"Artforum\" from 1971 to 1974 and has been editor of \"October\", a journal of contemporary arts criticism and theory that she co-founded in 1976."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sulkavan Suursoudut", "paragraph_text": "Sulkavan Suursoudut is Finland's biggest rowing race, held every July in Sulkava, Southern Savonia, Eastern Finland. It is organised by a Sulkava Association. In 2013 the 46th race was held."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Peggy Pascoe", "paragraph_text": "Peggy Ann Pascoe (October 18, 1954 \u2013 July 23, 2010) was an American historian. She was the Beekman Professor of Northwest and Pacific History and Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Oregon. She was a member of the University of Oregon History Department from 1996 until her death on July 23, 2010. Prior to her work at UO, Pascoe worked as an assistant professor and then associate professor at the University of Utah, where she taught courses on women\u2019s history, race, and sexuality. Pascoe\u2019s work centers on the history of race, gender, and sexuality, with a particular investment in law and the U.S. West. Together with George Lipsitz, Earl Lewis, George Sanchez, and Dana Takagi, Pascoe edited the influential American Crossroads book series in Ethnic Studies, published by the University of California Press. Pascoe held this position for fifteen years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jay M. Robbins", "paragraph_text": "Jay M. Robbins (born December 2, 1945, in Pasadena, California) is an American trainer in thoroughbred horse racing based in California. He is the son of veterinarian Dr. Jack Robbins, President and founding Director of Oak Tree Racing Association."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sam Richards (sociologist)", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Martell \"Sam\" Richards (born September 3, 1960) is a sociologist working at the Pennsylvania State University. His work focuses on race and ethnicity."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic). The U.S. Census considers the Bronx to be the most diverse area in the country. There is an 89.7 percent chance that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different race or ethnicity."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alexandre Mercereau", "paragraph_text": "Alexandre Mercereau (Paris, 22 October 1884 \u2013 1945) was a French symbolist poet and critic associated with Unanimism and the Abbaye de Cr\u00e9teil. He founded the Villa M\u00e9dicis Libre, which helped impoverished artists and operated as charitable reformatory for delinquent teenagers. Mercereau's work inspired the revolutionary artistic movement of the early 20th century known as Cubism."}], "question": "When was the association that criticized the separation of race and ethnicity in the US census founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__543012_462217", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ask for More", "paragraph_text": "\"Ask for More\" is a song performed by Janet Jackson as part of an advertising campaign for soft drink company Pepsi in 1999."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Let It Be", "paragraph_text": "The master take was recorded on 31 January 1969, as part of the ``Apple studio performance ''for the project. McCartney played Bl\u00fcthner piano, Lennon played six - string electric bass (replaced by McCartney's own bass part on the final version at the behest of George Martin), George Harrison and Ringo Starr assumed their conventional roles, on guitar and drums respectively, and Billy Preston contributed on organ. This was one of two performances of`` Let It Be'' that day. The first version, designated take 27 - A, would serve as the basis for all officially released versions of the song. The other version, take 27 - B, was performed as part of the ``live studio performance '', along with`` Two of Us'' and ``The Long and Winding Road ''. This performance, in which Lennon and Harrison harmonised with McCartney's lead vocal and Harrison contributed a subdued guitar solo, can be seen in the film Let It Be."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)", "paragraph_text": "Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64, is his last large orchestral work. It forms an important part of the violin repertoire and is one of the most popular and most frequently performed violin concertos in history. A typical performance lasts just under half an hour."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Scott Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "Scott Kennedy (July 7, 1965 \u2013 March 14, 2013) was an American comic, who appeared on Comedy Central. Openly gay, he co-founded the Gay Comedy Jam. For many years, he performed many times a year for U.S. troops serving in Iraq and Afghanistan, both through the USO and as part of his own comedy troupe."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jack Duarte", "paragraph_text": "Robert Jack Duarte Wallace (born April 7, 1986 in Mexico City, Distrito Federal) is a Mexican actor and singer. He is known for his acting performance in the Mexican telenovela \"Rebelde\" as \"Tomas Goycolea\"\" and as a member of the Mexican-Argentine pop band, \"Eme 15\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zap Mama", "paragraph_text": "Zap Mama is the music act of Belgian artist Marie Daulne. Zap Mama sings polyphonic and Afro-Pop music; a harmonic music with a mixture of infused African vocal techniques, Urban, Hip-Hop with emphasis on voice. The worldwide success of Zap Mama, and an ensemble of female polyphonic singers, inspired influences in American Hip Hop, Nu-Soul, Jazz and elements of Pop. The evolving musical compositions created a diverse band of singers and musicians for Zap Mama."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Toyota Racing Development", "paragraph_text": "Toyota Racing Development (also known by its abbreviation TRD) is the in - house tuning shop for all Toyota, Lexus and formerly Scion cars. TRD is responsible both for improving street cars for more performance and supporting Toyota's racing interests around the world. TRD produces various tuning products and accessories, including performance suspension components, superchargers, and wheels. TRD parts are available through Toyota dealers, and are also available as accessories on brand - new Toyotas and Scions. Performance parts for Lexus vehicles are now labeled as F - Sport and performance Lexus models are labeled F to distinguish Lexus's F division from TRD."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "7 (Zap Mama album)", "paragraph_text": "\"Seven\", or \"7\" is the fourth album by Zap Mama, released in 1997 on Luaka Bop Records, a sub-label of Virgin, started by David Byrne of Talking Heads."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hold On (To My Love)", "paragraph_text": "\"Hold On (To My Love)\" is a song written by Robin Gibb and Blue Weaver and performed by American soul singer Jimmy Ruffin, released in 1980 on his album \"Sunrise\". It reached #10 in the US, #29 R&B and #7 in the UK."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marihn", "paragraph_text": "Marihn is a village and a former municipality in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 7 June 2009, it is part of the town Penzlin."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Boulet Brothers' Dragula", "paragraph_text": "Episode Title Original Airdate Main Challenge Extermination Challenge Cenobites October 31, 2017 Design an outfit inspired by their own drag style and the Cenobites Competing with one another to see who can be pierced by the most body modification needles, with the contestant who received the fewest piercings receiving extermination Ghost Town Ghouls November 7, 2017 Design an outfit based on the ghosts of the Old West Close - quarters paintball Duel Shock Rock and Metal November 14, 2017 Present a look inspired by punk rock and heavy metal and perform on the stage as a band Who can get the worst tattoo on their body Sci - Fi Babes November 21, 2017 Create an alien look and give birth to a baby based on that look Consume a three course meal based on the most alien food 5 Scream Queens November 28, 2017 Create a ``scream queen / pretty ''look and act in a horror movie Answer questions with a polygraph machine hooked on their bodies 6 Gothic Brides December 5, 2017 Create a gothic bride, prepare a lip sync performance of Switchblade Symphony's song`` Gutter Glitter'' and costumize a fan Submerge their feet in a bucket full of ice for half an hour 7 Welcome to Wasteland (Part 1) December 12, 2017 Take part in a photoshoot in the desert near 100 \u00b0 F temperatures N / A 8 Welcome to Wasteland (Part 2) December 19, 2017 Perform as a group at Wasteland Weekend with a theme for the performance Fight in the Wasteland Weekend Thunderdome 9 The Last Supper January 9, 2018 Reunion N / A 10 Finale January 16, 2018 Interpret and design three outfits with the principals of DRAGULA: Glamour, Filth and Horror. N / A"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sunrisers Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "Performance summary in Indian Premier League Year Round Position GP NR Win% 2013 Playoffs 4th 17 10 7 0 0 58.82 2014 League stage 6th 14 6 8 0 0 42.86 2015 League stage 6th 14 7 7 0 0 50.00 2016 Champions 1st 17 11 6 0 0 64.70 2017 Playoffs 4th 15 8 6 0 57.14 2018 Runners - up 2nd 17 10 7 0 0 58.82 Total 1 title 94 52 41 0 55.31"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brandshagen", "paragraph_text": "Brandshagen is a village and a former municipality in the Vorpommern-R\u00fcgen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 7 June 2009, it is part of the Sundhagen municipality."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Infruset", "paragraph_text": "On October 28, 2012, the first public performance of \"Infruset\" was celebrated as cinema event with broadcasts in cinemas and theaters in Sweden, Germany and Switzerland. The premiere consisted of two parts \u2013 a biography of Gustaf Fr\u00f6ding and interviews with band members, and the live performance of the new songs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "V for Vendetta: Music from the Motion Picture", "paragraph_text": "No. Title Length 1. ``Remember Remember ''6: 42 2.`` Cry Me a River'' (Written by Arthur Hamilton. Performed by Julie London.) 2: 48 3. ``... Governments Should Be Afraid of Their People... ''3: 11 4.`` Evey's Story'' 2: 48 5. ``Lust at the Abbey ''3: 17 6.`` The Red Diary'' 7: 33 7. ``Valerie ''8: 48 8.`` Evey Reborn'' 3: 50 9. ``I Found a Reason ''(Written by Lou Reed. Performed by Cat Power.) 2: 02 10.`` England Prevails'' 5: 45 11. ``The Dominoes Fall ''5: 28 12.`` Bird Gerhl'' (Written by Antony Hegarty. Performed by Antony and the Johnsons.) 3: 17 13. ``Knives and Bullets (And Cannons Too) ''(Written by Dario Marianelli and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.) 7: 33 Total length: 63: 00"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eddie Bracken", "paragraph_text": "Edward Vincent Bracken (February 7, 1915 -- November 14, 2002) was an American actor. Bracken became a Hollywood comedy legend with lead performances in the films Hail the Conquering Hero and The Miracle of Morgan's Creek both in 1944, and both have been preserved by the National Film Registry. During this era, he also had success on Broadway, with performances in plays like Too Many Girls (1941)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Loren Hightower", "paragraph_text": "Loren (Tex) Hightower (December 2, 1927 \u2013 November 7, 2017) was an American dancer who split his performing career between ballet and musical theatre. He was no relation to ballerina Rosella Hightower."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Matthew 7:7\u20138", "paragraph_text": "Matthew 7: 7 -- 8 are the seventh and eighth verses of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. These verses begin an important metaphor generally believed to be about prayer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Prisannewitz", "paragraph_text": "Prisannewitz is a village and a former municipality in the district of Rostock, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 7 June 2009, it is part of the municipality Dummerstorf."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Edwin Finckel", "paragraph_text": "Edwin A. Finckel (23 December 1917 \u2013 7 May 2001) was an American jazz performer and arranger and a composer of songs and classical music."}], "question": "What is the name of the singer who performed the album \"7\"?"}
{"id": "2hop__95338_786758", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mozart (com\u00e9die musicale)", "paragraph_text": "Mozart is a com\u00e9die musicale in three acts with music by Reynaldo Hahn and words by Sacha Guitry, a pastiche of the composer's early works to fit beside arias written for Yvonne Printemps (playing the title role as a breeches role). The story concerns the fictional adventures of Mozart on a visit to the French capital."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Glorified G", "paragraph_text": "\"Glorified G\" is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam. The song is the fourth track on the band's second studio album, \"Vs.\" (1993). Although credited to all members of Pearl Jam, it features lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music primarily written by guitarists Stone Gossard and Mike McCready. Despite the lack of a commercial single release, the song managed to reach number 39 on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Twist and Shout", "paragraph_text": "The Top Notes included singers Howard ``Howie ''Guyton (also known as Guy Howard), a cousin of Dave`` Baby'' Cortez; and Derek Martin, also known as Derek Ray. Guyton provided the lead vocals on ``Twist and Shout ''. Guyton, Martin and Cortez had previously all been members of vocal groups the Pearls (also known as the Five Pearls) in their home city of Detroit, and then of the Sheiks in New York; and Guyton and Martin later recorded as members of Jimmy Ricks & the Raves. Derek Martin later recorded a succession of singles, mostly on the Roulette label, in the 1960s and early 1970s, including a version of Otis Blackwell's`` Daddy Rollin 'Stone'', before moving to live in France where he has continued to perform. Guyton later sang in a touring version of the Platters, and died of a heart attack in 1977, aged 39, while touring in Argentina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elisha Pearl", "paragraph_text": "Elisha Pearl (March 7, 1819 \u2013 November 20, 1896) was an American farmer from Lisbon, Wisconsin who served one term as a Free Soil Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Waukesha County, Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pearls of the Crown", "paragraph_text": "The Pearls of the Crown () is a 1937 French comedy film of historically-based fiction by Sacha Guitry who plays four roles in it (many of the other performers play multiple roles, as well). Guitry's Jean Martin investigates the history of seven pearls, four of which end up on the crown of England, while the other three initially go missing."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Succession to the British throne", "paragraph_text": "Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, gender (for people born before October 2011), legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in ``communion with the Church of England ''. Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters", "paragraph_text": "William ``Bill ''Turner, Sr. Pirates of the Caribbean character Portrayed by Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd Appearance (s) The Curse of the Black Pearl (mentioned only) Dead Man's Chest At World's End Information Gender Male Occupation The Flying Dutchman crew member, formerly crew member of the Black Pearl Family Will Turner (son) Elizabeth Swann (daughter - in - law) Henry Turner (grandson) Mrs. Turner (wife) Weaponry Cutlass, Knife"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kung Fu Panda", "paragraph_text": "David Cross as Master Crane, a red - crowned crane and another member of the Furious Five; he is pragmatic and has a dry sense of humor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pearl Jam", "paragraph_text": "Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Seattle, Washington. The band's current lineup comprises founding members Eddie Vedder (lead vocals), Mike McCready (lead guitar), Stone Gossard (rhythm guitar) and Jeff Ament (bass), and longtime drummer Matt Cameron. Keyboardist Boom Gaspar has also been a session/touring member with the band since 2002. Drummers Jack Irons, Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain and Dave Abbruzzese are former members of the band."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "22 Jacks", "paragraph_text": "22 Jacks is an American punk rock supergroup, consisting of members of Wax, The Breeders, The Adolescents and Royal Crown Revue. They were active from 1995 to 2001, and again from 2007 on."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "USS Arizona Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The USS Arizona Memorial, at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, marks the resting place of 1,102 of the 1,177 sailors and Marines killed on USS Arizona (BB - 39) during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and commemorates the events of that day. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the island of O\u02bbahu led to the United States' direct involvement in World War II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Deng Pufang", "paragraph_text": "Deng Pufang was born to Deng Xiaoping and Zhuo Lin, his third wife, in Zuoquan, Jinzhong, Shanxi. He is considered a member of the Crown Prince Party."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "227 (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Also cast in 227 was Sandra Clark (Jack\u00e9e Harry), Mary's young neighbor who constantly bickered back and forth with her about their respective views on life. Although their relationship was antagonistic at first, Mary and Sandra became good friends as time went on. Also living in the building was Pearl Shay (Helen Martin), a feisty - but - kind - hearted busybody neighbor who was known for snooping and had a sharp sense of humor. Pearl had a grandson named Calvin Dobbs (Curtis Baldwin), whom Brenda had a crush on and would finally date later in the series' run."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}], "question": "Who married the cast member from Pearls of the Crown?"}
{"id": "2hop__141426_554517", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance", "paragraph_text": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance is located in New York City and is the headquarters to the Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance and the Martha Graham Dance Company, which is the oldest continually performing dance company in the world. The School is focused on teaching Graham's technique; some of its faculty were trained by Graham herself."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great Wolf Resorts", "paragraph_text": "Black Wolf Lodge was founded in 1997 by brothers Jack and Andrew ``Turk ''Waterman, the original owners of Noah's Ark water park in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. Black Wolf Lodge was purchased by The Great Lakes Company in 1999. Later that year, founders Marc Vaccaro and Bruce Neviaser changed the name to Great Wolf Lodge and the company headquarters were established in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2001, the company built a second location in Sandusky, Ohio, and named it Great Bear Lodge. When a third location opened in 2003, the decision was made to place all future parks under the Great Wolf Lodge banner. The name of the Ohio location was changed to Great Wolf Lodge in 2004. The chain has since added twelve additional locations and has one in development."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lake Express", "paragraph_text": "Lake Express High-Speed Ferry is an American company that operates a seasonal ferry service across Lake Michigan between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Muskegon, Michigan. The Lake Express Milwaukee terminal and the company headquarters are located near the Port of Milwaukee. Their ferry travels a distance of 80 miles, in two and a half hours, across Lake Michigan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "We Buy Any Car", "paragraph_text": "We Buy Any Car Limited Type Limited company Industry Automotive industry Headquarters Manchester, United Kingdom Number of locations 210 + branches (2015) Revenue \u00a3557m (2014) Owner BCA Market Place PLC Number of employees 386 (2015) Parent BCA Website www.webuyanycar.com"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "We Buy Any Car", "paragraph_text": "We Buy Any Car Limited Type Limited company Industry Automotive industry Headquarters Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom Number of locations 210 + branches (2015) Revenue \u00a3557m (2014) Owner BCA Market Place PLC Number of employees 386 (2015) Parent BCA Website www.webuyanycar.com"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "El Pollo Loco", "paragraph_text": "El Pollo Loco, Inc. is a restaurant chain based in the United States, specializing in Mexican - style grilled chicken. Restaurant service consists of: dine - in, take - out, with some locations offering drive through options. The company is headquartered in Costa Mesa, California and operates over 400 (as of March 2014) company - owned and franchised restaurants in the Southwestern United States. ``El Pollo Loco ''is Spanish for`` The Crazy Chicken''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Amblin Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg, and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981. The company's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California. The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jamnagar district", "paragraph_text": "Jamnagar District is a district of India located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Kutch in the state of Gujarat. Its headquarters are located in the eponymous city of Jamnagar. It hosts the production facilities of several large Indian companies such as Reliance and Essar. Among its attractions are several palaces, a Marine National Park and a Bird Sanctuary, known as Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Graub\u00fcndner Kantonalbank", "paragraph_text": "The Graubundner Kantonalbank (known as Banca Cantonal Grigione in Italian) is a Swiss cantonal bank which is part of the 24 cantonal banks serving Switzerland's 26 cantons. The headquarters are located in Chur, and there are 67 branches around Graub\u00fcnden."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service", "paragraph_text": "The Service Headquarters is located in Hertford whilst the Training and Development Centre and Fire Control Centre are located in Stevenage. It is administered by a Fire Authority which is an internal part of Hertfordshire County Council. The Chief Fire Officer is Darryl Keen, assisted by Deputy Chief Fire Officer Chris Bigland."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guitar Center", "paragraph_text": "Guitar Center is an American music retailer chain. It is the largest company of its kind in the United States, with 269 locations. Its headquarters is in Westlake Village, California."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Verizon Communications", "paragraph_text": "As part of a rebranding of the Baby Bells in the mid-1990s, all of Bell Atlantic's operating companies assumed the holding company's name. In 1997, Bell Atlantic expanded into New York and the New England states by merging with fellow Baby Bell NYNEX. Although Bell Atlantic was the surviving company name, the merged company moved its headquarters from Philadelphia to NYNEX's old headquarters in New York City. In 2000, Bell Atlantic acquired GTE, which operated telecommunications companies across most of the rest of the country that was not already in Bell Atlantic's footprint. Bell Atlantic, the surviving entity, changed its name to \"Verizon\", a portmanteau of \"\" (Latin for \"truth\") and \"horizon\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "KAvZ", "paragraph_text": "KAvZ is a subsidiary of Russian Buses which is a subsidiary of GAZ Group. Starting in 2015, the GAZ Group has introduced a single brand for all its bus manufacturing subsidiaries, and newly manufactured vehicles now feature the deer badge of the GAZ company."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Southern Nevada", "paragraph_text": "A major part of Southern Nevada's economy is based on tourism, including gambling. The primary drivers of the Las Vegas economy have been the confluence of tourism, gaming, and conventions which in turn feed the retail and dining industries. The city serves as world headquarters for the world's two largest Fortune 500 gaming companies, Harrah's Entertainment and MGM Mirage."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ssangnim-dong", "paragraph_text": "The headquarters of South Korean food company CJ Cheil Jedang is located in the CJ Cheiljedang Building near the Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft", "paragraph_text": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (often abbreviated HDW) is a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Kiel. It is part of the ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) group, owned by ThyssenKrupp. The Howaldtswerke shipyard was founded in Kiel in 1838 and merged with Hamburg-based Deutsche Werft to form Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in 1968. The company's shipyard was formerly used by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft until the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "BorsodChem", "paragraph_text": "Wanhua-BorsodChem \u2013 as the European member of the Wanhua Group \u2013 is a leading chemical raw material manufacturing company headquartered in Kazincbarcika, Hungary. The company specialized for isocyanates (MDI, TDI), PVC and chlor-alkali (vinyl) businesses. The main production site is located in Kazincbarcika, Hungary but the production is also supported by other European production capacities located in Ostrava, the Czech Republic and K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale, Poland. Several branch offices are available in Hungary, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Italy and Poland."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aerotech Consumer Aerospace", "paragraph_text": "The company's headquarters are located in Cedar City, Utah and its products are sold mainly through US and international dealers. They specialize in APCP mid and high power rocket motors, as well as supplying rocket kits designed around their motors."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Milio's Sandwiches", "paragraph_text": "Milio's Sandwiches (formerly Big Mike's Super Subs) is a United States restaurant chain that mainly sells submarine sandwiches. The chain was founded in Madison, Wisconsin by Mike Liautaud. in 1989. The company has 35 locations throughout Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa The company headquarters are located in Middleton, Wisconsin. Milio's was First Place in Madison Magazine's Best of Madison 2017 for Best Sandwich Spot and has been recognized for its community involvement."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "GAZ Group", "paragraph_text": "GAZ Group () is a Russian automotive conglomerate headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. It comprises 18 manufacturing facilities in eight regions of Russia, as well as sales and service organizations."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the Company that KAvZ is part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__28660_213505", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Clarks River National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "Clarks River National Wildlife Refuge is a bottomland hardwood forest located in western Kentucky near Benton. The refuge lies along the East Fork of the Clarks River and is seasonal home to over 200 different species of migratory birds. The bottom lands are dominated with overcup oaks, bald cypress, and tupelo-gum, and the slightly higher, better drained areas are covered with willow oak, swamp chestnut oak, red oak, sweet gum, sycamore, ash and elm."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tamarindo Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "The Tamarindo Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife refuge of Costa Rica, part of the Tempisque Conservation Area, protects the estuary and river mouth of the Matapalo River near the Las Baulas National Marine Park."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Stone Lakes National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "The Stone Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, located south of Sacramento, California, lies within the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta, the destination of thousands of migrating waterfowl, shorebirds, and other water birds. The refuge was established in 1994."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Upper Harker Lake", "paragraph_text": "Upper Harker Lake is a shallow glacial lake located in Kidder County, North Dakota, United States. It is south-southeast of the town of Dawson, North Dakota, and east of the state capital, Bismarck. The lake is entirely surrounded by the wetlands and marshes of the Slade National Wildlife Refuge, and public access is limited."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the world's largest wildlife refuge, comprising 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Endangered Species Act of 1973", "paragraph_text": "It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System. Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species. The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge Complex", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge Complex is a National Wildlife Refuge complex in the state of California, comprising seven separate wildlife refuges in and around San Francisco Bay. They are administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The complex is also responsible for the Common Murre Restoration Project, designed to protect seabird life on the California central cost, including the Common Murre. The project hopes to establish a colony of murres at Devil's Slide Rock near Pacifica."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Black Canyon Petroglyphs", "paragraph_text": "The Black Canyon Petroglyphs is an area of prehistoric petroglyphs in Lincoln County, Nevada that is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Located in the Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge, they are accessible to the public."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Las Vegas Range", "paragraph_text": "The Las Vegas Range is an arid mountain range in Clark County, Nevada. The range is located in the southeast of the Desert National Wildlife Refuge."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "McNary National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "McNary National Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife preserve, one of the national wildlife refuges operated by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Extending along the east bank of the Columbia River in southeastern Washington, from the confluence of the Snake River to the mouth of the Walla Walla River, and downstream into Oregon, McNary NWR is located in rural Burbank, but very close to the rapid development of the Tri-Cities (Kennewick, Pasco and Richland). In fact, the refuge meets the definition of an \"urban refuge.\" Few areas in North America support waterfowl populations in the extraordinary numbers found here. Visitors enjoy spectacular concentrations of Canada geese, mallards, and other waterfowl. More than half the mallards in the Pacific Flyway overwinter at some time in this portion of the Columbia River Basin."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "The Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is a wildlife conservation area along the coast of Texas (USA), west of the town of High Island, Texas. It borders East Bay, part of the Galveston Bay complex, behind Bolivar Peninsula at the Gulf of Mexico."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gerber Dam", "paragraph_text": "The dam was completed in 1925 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation as part of the Klamath Project. It provides irrigation storage but no hydroelectric power, and it reduces flow into the downstream Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge in California. The dam has a height of 84 feet and is 460 feet long at the crest."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dakota Lake National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "Dakota Lake National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge in North Dakota. It is managed under Kulm Wetland Management District."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lake George National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "Lake George National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge in Kidder County, North Dakota. It a privately owned property on Lake George (also known as Salt Lake) near Streeter, North Dakota, with refuge easement rights for flooding, and is one of six easement refuges managed under Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge. It is closed to hunting."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mashpee National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "The Mashpee National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge in the state of Massachusetts. Established in 1995, it is administered by the Eastern Massachusetts National Wildlife Complex. The refuge has a surface area of ."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "St. Catherine Creek National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "St. Catherine Creek National Wildlife Refuge was established in January 1990 to preserve, improve and create habitat for waterfowl. Intensive management programs on the refuge provide excellent winter habitat and resting areas for waterfowl in the Lower Mississippi River Valley."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge of the United States located in Kansas. It was established in 1954 for the conservation and management of wildlife resources, particularly migratory birds. The Kirwin Dam was built in the early 1950s near Kirwin, Kansas, and the reservoir created in the process provides water to the refuge."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR or Arctic Refuge) is a national wildlife refuge in northeastern Alaska, United States. It consists of in the Alaska North Slope region. It is the largest national wildlife refuge in the country, slightly larger than the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge is administered from offices in Fairbanks. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is the biggest and the wildest land publicly owned by the United States. ANWR includes a large variety of species of plants and animals, such as polar bears, caribou, wolves, eagles, and migratory birds, which rely on the refuge."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Shoe Island (Lake Michigan)", "paragraph_text": "Shoe Island is a small island or islet in the Beaver Island archipelago in Lake Michigan. It is about in size and located in eastern St. James Township, Charlevoix County, Michigan. It became part of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge in 1943, and was designated as part of the Michigan Islands Wilderness Area in 1970."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge located in southern Colorado. The refuge is located in the San Luis Valley south of the town of Monte Vista, Colorado in southeastern Rio Grande County, Colorado, in the watershed of the Rio Grande. It was established in 1953 by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission to provide a habitat for wildlife, particularly waterfowl, in the San Luis Valley."}], "question": "What is the world's largest wildlife refuge an instance of?"}
{"id": "2hop__290061_88733", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Raj Rajaratnam/Galleon Group, Anil Kumar, and Rajat Gupta insider trading cases", "paragraph_text": "The Raj Rajaratnam/Galleon Group, Anil Kumar, and Rajat Gupta insider trading cases are parallel and related civil and criminal actions by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the United States Department of Justice against three friends and business partners: Galleon hedge fund founder-owner Raj Rajaratnam and former McKinsey & Company senior executives Anil Kumar and Rajat Gupta. In these proceedings, the men were confronted with insider trading charges: Rajaratnam was convicted, Kumar pleaded guilty and testified as key witness in the criminal trials of Rajaratnam and Gupta, and Gupta was convicted in Federal district court in Manhattan in June 2012."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Non-cooperation movement", "paragraph_text": "The non-cooperation movement was withdrawn because of the Chauri Chaura incident. Although he had stopped the national revolt single - handedly, on March 10, 1922, Gandhi was arrested. On March 18, 1922, he was imprisoned for six years for publishing seditious materials. This led to suppression of the movement and was followed by the arrest of other leaders."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Manik Prabhu Temple", "paragraph_text": "Manik Prabhu Temple is a mandir in Mominpet, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was built by Kotra Janaiah Gupta in 1861."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499\u20131501)", "paragraph_text": "The Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499\u20131501) was a series of uprisings by the Muslim population of the Kingdom of Granada, Crown of Castile (formerly, the Emirate of Granada) against their Catholic rulers. They began in 1499 in the city of Granada in response to mass forced conversion of the Muslim population to the Catholic faith, which were perceived as violations of the 1491 Treaty of Granada. The uprising in the city quickly died down, but it was followed by more serious revolts in the nearby mountainous area of the Alpujarras. The Catholic forces, on some occasions led personally by King Ferdinand, succeeded in suppressing the revolts and inflicted severe punishment on the Muslim population."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Theriso revolt", "paragraph_text": "The Theriso revolt () was an insurrection that broke out in March 1905 against the government of Crete, then an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty. The revolt was led by the Cretan politician Eleftherios Venizelos, and is named after his mother's native village, Theriso, the focal point of the revolt."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Serafin Olarte", "paragraph_text": "Serafin Olarte (died 1821) was a Totonac chief and general who led a revolt against Spanish rule during the Mexican War of Independence in (then province) Veracruz."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Siege of Arrah", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Arrah (27 July -- 3 August 1857) took place during the Indian Mutiny (also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857). It was the eight - day defence of a fortified outbuilding, occupied by a combination of 18 civilians and 50 members of the Bengal Military Police Battalion, against 2,500 -- 3,000 mutinying Bengal Native Infantry sepoys from three regiments and an estimated 8,000 men from irregular forces commanded by Kunwar Singh, the local zamindar or chieftain."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Coinage of India", "paragraph_text": "The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Ta\u00ednos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Ta\u00ednos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population. Increasing punishment of the Ta\u00ednos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes, eventually led to the last great Ta\u00edno rebellion."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cust\u00f3dio Jos\u00e9 de Melo", "paragraph_text": "Almirante Cust\u00f3dio Jos\u00e9 de Melo (9 June 1840 in Salvador \u2013 15 March 1902 in Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian naval officer and politician. He led the Brazilian fleet in two naval revolts in 1891 and 1893-4."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of Aqaba", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Aqaba (6 July 1917) was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan). The attacking forces of the Arab Revolt, led by Auda ibu Tayi and advised by T. E. Lawrence (\"Lawrence of Arabia\"), were victorious over the Ottoman defenders."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Beverly Toon House", "paragraph_text": "The Beverly Toon House is a property in Franklin, Tennessee, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It has also been known as Riverside. It dates from c.1857."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dinesh Gupta", "paragraph_text": "Dinesh Chandra Gupta ( \"Dinesh Ch\u00f4ndro Gupto\") or Dinesh Gupta (6 December 1911 \u2013 7 July 1931) was a Bengali revolutionary who fought against British colonial rule."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Roshan Kumari", "paragraph_text": "Roshan Kumari was born on the Christmas Eve (year of birth uncertain) at Ambala in the north Indian state of Haryana (erstwhile Punjab) to Choudhury Fakir Mohammed, a noted Tabla player and Zohrabai Ambalewali, renowned classical and playback singer. She learnt the basics of Kathak from K. S. Moray and continued her studies at Maharaj Bindaddin School of Kathak, Mumbai under Sunder Prasad. Later, she also trained under Ghulam Hussain Khan and Hanuman Prasad and learnt Bharat Natyam from Govindraj Pillai and Mahalingam Pilai."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Monday Mornings", "paragraph_text": "Monday Mornings is an American medical drama television series that ran on TNT from February 4 to April 8, 2013 and aired Mondays after \"Dallas\". It is based on a novel of the same name by Sanjay Gupta. In May 2012, TNT placed a ten-episode order for the series."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ishwari Prasad Gupta", "paragraph_text": "Ishwari Prasad Gupta (born 5 February 1931, Arrah Died 12 December 2018 Delhi) was a 1958 batch IAS. He had been the Joint Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Chief Secretary to the Government of Tripura and Lt Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "paragraph_text": "Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut, the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over. Speaking in the House of Commons in July 1857, Benjamin Disraeli labelled it a 'national revolt' while Lord Palmerston, the Prime Minister, tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a 'mere military mutiny'. Reflecting this debate, an early historian of the rebellion, Charles Ball, used the word mutiny in his title, but labelled it a 'struggle for liberty and independence as a people' in the text. Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not, although it is popularly considered to be one in India. Arguments against include:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "William Lewis Herndon", "paragraph_text": "Commander William Lewis Herndon (25 October 1813 \u2013 12 September 1857) was one of the United States Navy's outstanding explorers and seamen. In 1851 he led a United States expedition to the Valley of the Amazon, and prepared a report published in 1854 and distributed widely as \"Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers \u2013 Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina. For these reasons, historian Dr.Barnett remarked:"}], "question": "Who led the revolt of 1857 in Ishwari Prasad Gupta's birthplace?"}
{"id": "2hop__156864_452731", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canadian white bread", "paragraph_text": "Canadian white bread is a style of bread produced or sold by several companies\u2014including Pepperidge Farm, Trader Joes, and J.J. Nissen\u2014that has a heartier texture than the white bread typically found throughout the United States. J.J. Nissen also offers other Canadian-style breads. The term \"Canadian white bread\" is not used in Canada; as is the case with the term \"Canadian bacon\", Canadian white is referred to as \"white bread\" in Canada and is called \"Canadian white bread\" only when it is exported."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Americano (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Americano\" is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga, taken from her second studio album, \"Born This Way\" (2011). The song was written and produced by Gaga with DJ White Shadow and Fernando Garibay. \"Americano\" was influenced by the events surrounding the repeal of the controversial California Proposition 8\u2014a ballot proposition that defined marriage as a union between opposite-sex couples, thereby prohibiting and invalidating same-sex marriage throughout the state\u2014as well as the growing struggles of Mexican immigrants. It combines mariachi, house, and techno genres with elements from Latin music. Lyrically, the song talks about a lesbian themed romantic relationship."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)", "paragraph_text": "A variety of artists have recorded the song, including: Rufus Thomas, Mae West, Shadows of Knight, CCS, Dr. Feelgood, Tony Joe White, Disco Tex and the Sex - O - Lettes, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Big Head Todd and the Monsters (whose version was chosen in 2014 as the theme song for NCIS: New Orleans, and is played at Carolina Panthers home games when a touchdown is scored) and the Oak Ridge Boys. ``Boom Boom ''was the first studio recording by Eric Clapton, who recorded it as a demo with the Yardbirds in 1963, and which was released as a single in the Netherlands and Germany in 1966. ZZ Top later used similar lines (`` how - how - how - how'') to those found in ``Boom Boom '', on`` La Grange''."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Clyde De Vinna", "paragraph_text": "Clyde De Vinna (born July 13, 1890 in Sedalia, Missouri, died July 26, 1953 in Los Angeles, California) was an American film and television cinematographer and director of photography. He won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for \"White Shadows in the South Seas\" presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1930 at its 2nd Academy Awards show."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Adam Herz", "paragraph_text": "Adam Herz (born September 10, 1972) is an American screenwriter and producer. He founded the production company Terra Firma Films in 2003 with a first-look deal at Universal Studios."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bald eagle", "paragraph_text": "The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, from Greek hali ``sea '', ai\u0113tos`` eagle'', leuco ``white '', cephalos`` head'') is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white - tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Its range includes most of Canada and Alaska, all of the contiguous United States, and northern Mexico. It is found near large bodies of open water with an abundant food supply and old - growth trees for nesting."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "During the war years Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer Walter Wanger and his partner, director Fritz Lang, lending the studio some amount of prestige productions. Universal's core audience base was still found in the neighborhood movie theaters, and the studio continued to please the public with low- to medium-budget films. Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries (1942\u201346), teenage musicals with Gloria Jean, Donald O'Connor, and Peggy Ryan (1942\u201343), and screen adaptations of radio's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney, Jr. (1943\u201345). Alfred Hitchcock was also borrowed for two films from Selznick International Pictures: Saboteur (1942) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yolanda (film)", "paragraph_text": "Yolanda is a 1924 silent film historical film drama produced by William Randolph Hearst (through his Cosmopolitan Productions) and starring Marion Davies. Robert G. Vignola directed as he had \"Enchantment\" (1921) and several other Davies costume films. The film is extant at Cinematheque de Belgique and the Museum of Modern Art and a trailer survives at the Library of Congress. The film began production as a Metro-Goldwyn film, with the company becoming Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in May 1924."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lake Lacha", "paragraph_text": "Lake Lacha () is a freshwater lake, located in the south of Kargopolsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia, south of the town of Kargopol. It is the largest lake in Arkhangelsk Oblast, with a surface area of and a basin area of . Lake Lacha is the source of the Onega River, one of the major waterways of the White Sea basin."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "South African rand", "paragraph_text": "The rand takes its name from the Witwatersrand (\"white waters' ridge\" in English), the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Varzuga River", "paragraph_text": "Varzuga River () is a river in the south of the Kola Peninsula in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is 254\u00a0km in length. The area of its basin is 9,840\u00a0km\u00b2. The Varzuga River flows into the White Sea. It freezes up in October and stays under the ice until May."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet", "paragraph_text": "Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet is a shooter puzzle video game developed by Shadow Planet Productions (Fuelcell Games/Gagne International) and published by Microsoft Studios for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. A self-published DRM-free version with soundtrack included was featured in the Humble Indie Bundle 13."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Royal Mail Steam Packet Company", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company was a British shipping company founded in London in 1839 by a Scot, James MacQueen. The line's motto was \"Per Mare Ubique\" (everywhere by sea). After good and bad times it became the largest shipping group in the world in 1927 when it took over the White Star Line."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mount Doublehead", "paragraph_text": "Mount Doublehead is a twin-peaked mountain in eastern New Hampshire, United States. It is located in the town of Jackson, Carroll County, in the eastern White Mountains. \"North Doublehead\" has an elevation of 3,053\u00a0feet (930.5\u00a0m) above sea level, while \"South Doublehead\" has an elevation of 2,939\u00a0ft (895.8\u00a0m)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "White Shadows in the South Seas", "paragraph_text": "White Shadows in the South Seas is a 1928 American silent film adventure romance directed by W.S. Van Dyke and starring Monte Blue and Raquel Torres. It was produced by Cosmopolitan Productions in association with MGM and distributed by MGM. Loosely based on the travel book of the same name by Frederick O'Brien, it is known for being the first MGM film to be released with a pre-recorded soundtrack, and also the first time Leo the Lion (MGM) roars in the introduction. Clyde De Vinna won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dope (Lady Gaga song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Dope\" is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga for her third studio album, \"Artpop\" (2013). It was released on November 4, 2013, by Interscope Records as the second promotional single from the record, following \"Venus\". It was written by Gaga, Paul \"DJ White Shadow\" Blair, Dino Zisis, and Nick Monson and produced by Gaga and Rick Rubin. Following her hip surgery and cancellation of the Born This Way Ball tour, Gaga became addicted to drugs, which helped her get relief from the pain of surgery and also to cope with her sabbatical. \"Dope\" was written about this addiction and evolved from a song she had previously composed for her fans, about her confessions. It was added to \"Artpop\" because Gaga felt the album needed something more autobiographical."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lost and Found on a South Sea Island", "paragraph_text": "Lost and Found on a South Sea Island is a 1923 drama film directed by Raoul Walsh and produced by Samuel Goldwyn. The American movie was filmed on location in Tahiti and includes a nude scene involving a young woman bathing."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Monitor lizard", "paragraph_text": "The various species cover a vast area, occurring through Africa, the Indian subcontinent, to China, the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, south to Southeast Asia to Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, and islands of the Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea. The West Nile monitor is now found in South Florida and in Singapore."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "White Flags of Winter Chimneys", "paragraph_text": "White Flags of Winter Chimneys is a 2008 album by Wendy & Lisa. It is their fifth studio album and was released on December 9, 2008. The album was written, played, and produced all by Wendy Melvoin and Lisa Coleman."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Great Detective", "paragraph_text": "\"The Great Detective\" was inspired by the exploits of John Wilson Murray, Canada's first government-appointed detective, set in the latter part of the Victorian era. The leading character, Inspector Alistair Cameron, was a fictional counterpart of Murray. Inspector Cameron was ably assisted by his friend, forensic scientist Dr. Chisholm. A taped series, \"The Great Detective\" was produced on location at Rockwood, Kleinburg and Shadow Lake in Ontario, as well as Victoria, areas of downtown Toronto and CBC's television Studio 7."}], "question": "Who founded the studio that produced White Shadows in the South Seas?"}
{"id": "2hop__398459_121903", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out", "paragraph_text": "``Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out ''is a blues standard written by Jimmy Cox in 1923. Its lyric, told from the point of view of a one - time millionaire during the Prohibition era, reflects on the fleeting nature of material wealth and the friendships that come and go with it. As a vaudeville - style blues, it was popularized by Bessie Smith, the preeminent female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. Since her 1929 recording, it has been interpreted by numerous musicians in a variety of styles."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Into the Blue (1950 film)", "paragraph_text": "Into the Blue is a 1950 British Comedy film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Michael Wilding, Odile Versois and Jack Hulbert. It is also known as Man in the Dinghy. In the film, a couple hire a yacht for what they hope will be a relaxing cruise to Norway, but instead become involved with smugglers and end up going up the River Seine to Paris."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Luke Kennard (basketball)", "paragraph_text": "Luke Douglas Kennard (born June 24, 1996) is an American basketball player for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I'd Rather Go Blind", "paragraph_text": "``I'd Rather Go Blind ''is a blues song written by Ellington Jordan and co-credited to Billy Foster. It was first recorded by Etta James in 1967, released in 1968, and has subsequently become regarded as a blues and soul classic."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "DaVaris Daniels", "paragraph_text": "DaVaris Daniels (born December 18, 1992) is an American football wide receiver for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at Notre Dame. After going undrafted in the 2015 NFL Draft, Daniels signed with the Minnesota Vikings."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gary Kinder (author)", "paragraph_text": "Gary Kinder is an American writer. He authored the true crime classic, \"\" (1980); \"Light Years: An Investigation into the Extraterrestrial Experiences of Eduard Meier\" (1987); and \"The New York Times\" Best Seller, \"Ship of Gold in the Deep Blue Sea\" (1998)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Presbyterian Baseball Complex", "paragraph_text": "The Presbyterian College Baseball Complex is a baseball venue on the campus of Presbyterian College in Clinton, South Carolina, USA. It is home to the Presbyterian College Blue Hose of the Division I Big South Conference. Also known as the Blue Hose Baseball Complex and The Plex, the field is located on East Maple Street on the college's campus. The facility was built in the late 1980s."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Go Big or Go Home (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Go Big or Go Home ''is a song recorded by American pop rock band American Authors as the first single from their second studio album, What We Live For. The song was released on May 18, 2015."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Loring Danforth", "paragraph_text": "Loring M. Danforth is a professor of anthropology and epistemology, and an author working at Bates College in the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A Blues for Shindig", "paragraph_text": "A Blues for Shindig is a gritty crime novel based in 1950s Soho and written by Mo Foster. Foster has said that parts of the novel are autobiographical, as this London-born author spent her early teens in the streets of edgy Soho. Foster was addicted to heroin and ran in beatnik circles, rubbing elbows with William S. Burroughs and Colin MacInnes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mo Foster", "paragraph_text": "Foster studied physics and mathematics at the University of Sussex in the mid-1960s. During his student days he played both drums and bass in a wide variety of bands including the US Jazz Trio and The Baskervilles. Once he left university, a short spell as a laboratory research assistant convinced him that a career in music was preferable to a career as a scientist. During mid-1968 Foster, along with friends Lynton Naiff, Mike Jopp, Grant Serpell and Linda Hoyle, formed the progressive jazz/rock group Affinity, which was managed by the late Ronnie Scott. At the time they released one eponymously named album, though in the last few years archived tapes were discovered which enabled a further four Affinity related albums to be released."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Johnny's in the Basement", "paragraph_text": "Johnny's in the Basement is a children's novel by the author Louis Sachar, the author of the National Book Award and Newbery Medal winning novel, \"Holes\". This book was published in 1981, by Knopf. It is Sachar's second book (\"Sideways Stories from Wayside School\" was his first, in 1979). The book's title is a reference to the song \"Subterranean Homesick Blues\" by Bob Dylan, which begins with the line \"Johnny's in the basement mixing up the medicine.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Porterhouse Blue", "paragraph_text": "Porterhouse Blue is a novel written by Tom Sharpe, first published in 1974. A satirical look at Cambridge life and the struggle between tradition and reform, \"Porterhouse Blue\" tells the story of Skullion, the Head Porter of Porterhouse, a fictional college of Cambridge University."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nothing But Blue Skies", "paragraph_text": "Nothing But Blue Skies is a humorous fantasy novel by English author Tom Holt. It was first published in the UK by Orbit Books in 2001."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kate Fischer", "paragraph_text": "Kate Fischer was born on 30 November 1973 in Adelaide, South Australia, the daughter of future Australian politician Pru Goward and university lecturer Alastair Fischer. She is the eldest of three daughters. She attended the Canberra Girls' Grammar School before going to Narrabundah College."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Louise Andrews Kent", "paragraph_text": "Louise Andrews Kent (May 25, 1886\u00a0\u2013 August 6, 1969) was an American author. She was born in Brookline, Massachusetts in 1886 and graduated from Simmons College School of Library Science in 1909, where she was president of her senior class and editor of the college paper. She became a newspaper columnist and author of children's books, cookbooks. She wrote a newspaper column, \"Theresa\u2019s Tea Table\", in the Boston Traveller under the pen name of \"Theresa Tempest\" and later authored a series of cookbooks as \"Mrs. Appleyard\". Kent, also as \"Mrs. Appleyard\", wrote a quarterly feature on food for Vermont Life magazine for many years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bryant Turner Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Bryant Turner Jr. (born November 25, 1987) is a retired Canadian football defensive lineman free agent of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He made his professional debut with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 2011. He played college football at UAB."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as tied for 66th for national universities in the United States. A 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study of where the nation's top high school students choose to enroll ranked BYU No. 21 in its peer-reviewed study. The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for college in 2007, and its library is consistently ranked in the nation's top ten \u2014 No. 1 in 2004 and No. 4 in 2007. BYU is also ranked No. 19 in the U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup, and No. 12 in lowest student-incurred debt. Due in part to the school's emphasis on undergraduate research, in rankings for 2008-2009, BYU was ranked No. 10 nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs, No. 1 nationally for students who go on to dental school, No. 6 nationally for students who go on to law school, and No. 10 nationally for students who go on to medical school. BYU is designated as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.]] Forbes Magazine ranked it as the No. 1 \"Top University to Work For in 2014\" and as the best college in Utah."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muddy Waters discography", "paragraph_text": "Muddy Waters was an American blues artist widely considered to be one of the most important figures in post\u2013World War II Chicago blues. He popularized several early Delta blues songs, such as \"Rollin' and Tumblin'\", Walkin' Blues\", and \"Baby, Please Don't Go\", and recorded songs that went on to become blues standards, including \"Hoochie Coochie Man\", \"Mannish Boy\", and \"Got My Mojo Working\". During his recording career from 1941 to 1981, he recorded primarily for two record companies, Aristocrat/Chess and Blue Sky; they issued 62 singles and 13 studio albums (as with most postwar blues musicians, his recordings were released as two-song singles until the 1960s, when the focus shifted to long-playing albums)."}], "question": "What college did the author of A Blues for Shindig go to?"}
{"id": "2hop__77541_61468", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Commonwealth of the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "The Commonwealth of the Philippines (; ) was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government, a United States territorial government, and was established by the Tydings\u2013McDuffie Act. The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the country's full achievement of independence."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Colonization Society", "paragraph_text": "The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, commonly known as the American Colonization Society (ACS), was a group established in 1816 by Robert Finley of New Jersey which supported the migration of free African Americans to the continent of Africa. The society in 1821 -- 22 helped to found a colony on the Pepper Coast of West Africa, as a place for free - born or manumitted American blacks. The ACS met with immediate and continuing objections from such African - Americans as James Forten and David Walker, who wished to remain in the land of their birth, saw colonization as a racist strategy for protecting slavery and purging the U.S. of its black citizens, and preferred to fight for equal rights at home. Colonizers were also met with resistance and attacks from those already living in and around the areas being colonized. There was some religious support and missionary efforts were part of the colonization. Disease was a major problem and took a deadly toll."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Third Whitlam Ministry", "paragraph_text": "The Third Whitlam Ministry was the fiftieth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 12 June 1974 to 11 November 1975. It was dismissed in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly", "paragraph_text": "The Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly is a quarterly law review covering constitutional law edited by students of the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. While most articles focus on issues arising under the United States Constitution, the journal also covers topics concerning state and foreign constitutions. It was established in 1973."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Section 41 of the Constitution of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Section 41 of the Australian Constitution is a provision of the Constitution of Australia which states that \"no adult person who has or acquires a right to vote at elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of a State shall, while the right continues, be prevented by any law of the Commonwealth from voting at elections for either House of the Parliament of the Commonwealth.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Krak\u00f3w and Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596. In the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs. Several private independent districts were established, the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which were ruled by their own laws. Three times between 1655\u20131658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the Swedish, Brandenburgian and Transylvanian forces."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Constitution of Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Additionally, Liberia was governed by two constitutions during the rule by the American Colonization Society under the Commonwealth of Liberia:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The constitution for independent Swaziland was promulgated by Britain in November 1963 under the terms of which legislative and executive councils were established. This development was opposed by the Swazi National Council (liqoqo). Despite such opposition, elections took place and the first Legislative Council of Swaziland was constituted on 9 September 1964. Changes to the original constitution proposed by the Legislative Council were accepted by Britain and a new constitution providing for a House of Assembly and Senate was drawn up. Elections under this constitution were held in 1967."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of Puerto Rico", "paragraph_text": "In 1898, during the Spanish -- American War, Puerto Rico was invaded and subsequently became a possession of the United States. The first years of the 20th century were marked by the struggle to obtain greater democratic rights from the United States. The Foraker Act of 1900, which established a civil government, and the Jones Act of 1917, which made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens, paved the way for the drafting of Puerto Rico's Constitution and its approval by Congress and Puerto Rican voters in 1952. However, the political status of Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth controlled by the United States, remains an anomaly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, due to it having clauses incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Second Liberian Civil War", "paragraph_text": "Second Liberian Civil War Part of the Liberian Civil Wars Liberian government soldiers fighting in the Old Bridge in Monrovia. Date 21 April 1999 -- 18 August 2003 (4 years, 3 months and 4 weeks) Location Liberia Result LURD / MODEL victory Charles Taylor exiled to Nigeria Transitional Government of Liberia installed Accra Peace Agreement signed United Nations Mission in Liberia deployed Belligerents Liberian government Armed Forces of Liberia ATU SOD SSS NPFL militias RUF Rebel groups: LURD MODEL Supported by: Sierra Leone Guinea United Kingdom United States Commanders and leaders Charles Taylor Benjamin Yeaten Chucky Taylor Sam Bockarie Sekou Conneh Thomas Nimely Casualties and losses 150,000 -- 300,000 people killed"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world, with US$16 billion in investment since 2006. Following the inauguration of the Sirleaf administration in 2006, Liberia signed several multibillion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinational corporations, including BHP Billiton, ArcelorMittal, and Sime Darby. Especially palm oil companies like Sime Darby (Malaysia) and Golden Veroleum (USA) are being accused by critics of the destruction of livelihoods and the displacement of local communities, enabled through government concessions. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company has operated the world's largest rubber plantation in Liberia since 1926."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Amendments to the Constitution of Canada", "paragraph_text": "Other Commonwealth countries had taken over the authority for constitutional amendment after the Statute of Westminster 1931, but at the time, Canada decided to allow the Parliament of the United Kingdom to ``temporarily ''retain the power. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over the authority to amend its own constitution, achieving full sovereignty."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Canada", "paragraph_text": "In 1981, the Canadian House of Commons and Senate passed a resolution requesting that the British Parliament enact a package of constitutional amendments which would end the last powers of the British Parliament to legislate for Canada and would create an entirely Canadian process for constitutional amendments. The resolution set out the text of the proposed Canada Act, which also included the text of the Constitution Act, 1982. The British Parliament duly passed the Canada Act 1982, the Queen granting Royal Assent on March 29, 1982, 115 years to the day since Queen Victoria granted Royal Assent to the Constitution Act, 1867. On April 17, 1982, the Queen signed the Proclamation on the grounds of Parliament Hill in Ottawa bringing the Constitution Act, 1982 into force, thus patriating the Constitution of Canada. Previously, the main portions of the constitution had existed only as an act passed of the British parliament, though under the terms of the Statute of Westminster, it could not be altered without Canadian consent. Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country, with the Queen's role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "paragraph_text": "The National Assembly is the lower house and main legislative political body of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was established by the 2006 constitution."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States", "paragraph_text": "The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. Article One protects the right to the \"great writ\" of habeas corpus. The Constitution has been amended 27 times; the first ten amendments, which make up the Bill of Rights, and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Voting rights in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Eligibility to vote in the United States is established both through the federal constitution and by state law. Several constitutional amendments (the 15th, 19th, and 26th specifically) require that voting rights can not be abridged on account of race, color, previous condition of servitude, sex, or age for those above 18; the constitution as originally written did not establish any such rights during 1787 -- 1870. In the absence of a specific federal law or constitutional provision, each state is given considerable discretion to establish qualifications for suffrage and candidacy within its own respective jurisdiction; in addition, states and lower level jurisdictions establish election systems, such as at - large or single member district elections for county councils or school boards."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Puerto Rico", "paragraph_text": "On February 4, 1952, the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth, meaning a ``politically organized community ''or`` state'', which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system. Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term ``Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ''in its constitution, as a translation into English of the term to`` Estado Libre Asociado'' (ELA)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Madison", "paragraph_text": "James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751 -- June 28, 1836) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the ``Father of the Constitution ''for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia grants legislative powers to the Australian (Commonwealth) Parliament only when subject to the constitution. When the six Australian colonies joined together in Federation in 1901, they became the original States and ceded some of their powers to the new Commonwealth Parliament. There are 39 subsections to section 51, each of which describes a ``head of power ''under which the Parliament has the power to make laws."}], "question": "In 1817, who established the society that wrote the constitution of the commonwealth of liberia?"}
{"id": "2hop__108504_324065", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Henry Swift (photographer)", "paragraph_text": "In the early 1920s he met photographer Edward Weston by chance in Carmel, California and began making photographs as a hobby. He was earning a living as a stockbroker, a career he continued throughout his life. In 1932 he became a founding member of Group f/64 along with Weston, Ansel Adams, Imogen Cunningham and several others. Later that year he showed nine prints (the same number as Weston) in the landmark Group f/64 show at the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco. While participating in the group, he was also able to collect many of the other photographers prints because of earnings as a stockbroker. Cunningham recalls that Swift bought all of the prints from the first show, which, if he paid the listed price for each photo, would have cost him a grand total of $845 for 80 prints."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Curtis Bill Pepper", "paragraph_text": "Curtis Bill Pepper (August 30, 1917 \u2013 April 4, 2014) was an American journalist and author. Pepper was \"Newsweek\"s Mediterranean bureau chief in Rome from 1957 to 1969. He also worked for Edward R. Murrow at the Rome bureau of CBS, and covered the Vatican for United Press. Of his seven books, the last work, \"Leonardo\", was a biographical novel of Leonardo da Vinci. It was conceived in the years following his studies of the Italian Renaissance at the University of Florence."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States Department of War", "paragraph_text": "The United States Department of War, also called the War Department (and occasionally War Office in the early years), was the United States Cabinet department originally responsible for the operation and maintenance of the United States Army, also bearing responsibility for naval affairs until the establishment of the Navy Department in 1798, and for most land - based air forces until the creation of the Department of the Air Force on September 18, 1947."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pepper No. 30", "paragraph_text": "Pepper No. 30 is one of the best-known photographs taken by Edward Weston. It depicts a solitary green pepper in rich black-and-white tones, with strong illumination from above."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's uneven bars", "paragraph_text": "These are the results of the women's uneven bars competition, one of six events for female competitors in artistic gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The qualification and final rounds took place on July 30, August 1 and 5 at UCLA\u2019s Pauley Pavilion."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's artistic team all-around", "paragraph_text": "These are the results of the women's team all-around competition, one of six events for female competitors in artistic gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The compulsory and optional rounds took place on July 30 and August 1 at UCLA\u2019s Pauley Pavilion."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Carl Ray", "paragraph_text": "Carl Ray (January 10, 1943 \u2013 September 26, 1978) was a First Nations artist who was active on the Canadian art scene from 1969 until his death in 1978. Considered primarily a Woodlands Style artist, he also painted European style wildlife and landscapes. He was a founding member of the Indian Group of Seven. He began painting when he was 30 years old."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ministry of Finance (Egypt)", "paragraph_text": "The Ministry of Finance of Egypt is part of the Cabinet of Egypt. It is responsible for increasing the rate of economic growth and job creation, thus contributing to raising the standard of living of the individual and society as a whole. The current minister is Amr El-Garhy. It is located in Ministry of Finance Towers, Nasr City."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Urnebes", "paragraph_text": "Urnebes (, , meaning \"disorder, mess\") is a type of salad characteristic of Serbian cuisine prominent in the city of Ni\u0161 and southern Serbia. It is made of cheese and hot chili peppers, with salt and other spices. In Southern Serbia, it is made with chopped peppers, while ground dry peppers (\"aleva\") are used elsewhere, giving it a red color. Depending on the type and amount of peppers, urnebes can range from mild to very hot. Usually, it is served as a side dish with barbecue. Sometimes garlic is used."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pepper Dennis", "paragraph_text": "The series stars Rebecca Romijn as Pepper Dennis, a television reporter for an evening news broadcast at the fictional television station WEiE (specifically with a small i) in Chicago. The series also starred Rider Strong as Chick, Pepper's cameraman and unrequited crush, Brooke Burns as Pepper's sheltered and somewhat flaky sister Kathy Dinkle, Lindsay Price as Kimmy Kim, Pepper's closest friend and WEiE's makeup artist and Josh Hopkins as Charlie Babcock, the station's news anchor. One of the focal points of the show was the love-hate relationship between Pepper and Charlie."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Henry Scott Holland", "paragraph_text": "While at St Paul's Cathedral Holland delivered a sermon in May 1910 following the death of King Edward VII, titled Death the King of Terrors, in which he explores the natural but seemingly contradictory responses to death: the fear of the unexplained and the belief in continuity. It is from his discussion of the latter that perhaps his best - known writing, Death is nothing at all, is drawn:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Salt and pepper", "paragraph_text": "The pairing of salt and pepper as table accessories dates to seventeenth - century French cuisine, which considered pepper (distinct from herbs such as fines herbes) the only spice that did not overpower the true taste of food. They are typically found in a set of salt and pepper shakers, often a matched set. Salt and pepper are typically maintained in separate shakers on the table, but may be mixed in the kitchen. Some food writers, like Sara Dickerman, have argued that in modern cookery, a new spice could be used in place of black pepper."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Scoville scale", "paragraph_text": "Scoville heat units Peppers 0.6 to 3.2 million Carolina Reaper, Pepper X, Dragon's Breath, Naga Morich 350.000 to 600.000 Red Savina pepper 100,000 to 350.000 Habanero, Scotch Bonnet 10,000 to 100,000 Malagueta pepper, Cayenne pepper 1,000 to 10,000 Guajillo pepper, Jalape\u00f1o 100 to 1,000 Banana pepper, Cubanelle 0 - 100 Bell pepper"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton", "paragraph_text": "Str8 Off Tha Streetz Of Muthaphukkin Compton is the second and final studio album by American hip hop recording artist Eazy-E. It was released posthumously by Ruthless Records and Relativity Records on January 30, 1996, ten months after Eazy-E's death from AIDS in March 1995. The album spawned the single, \"Just tah Let U Know\". The album is certified platinum."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Blair's Sauces and Snacks", "paragraph_text": "Mega Death Sauce - A habanero sauce with cayenne, white vinegar, ancho chilies, chipotles, natural pepper flavor, molasses, guava nectar, ginger, salt, and spices. 550,000 Scoville units."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "How Death Came to Earth", "paragraph_text": "How Death Came to Earth is a 14-minute cutout animation film by Ishu Patel produced in 1971 by the National Film Board of Canada. The film deals with an Indian myth of creation, and is notable for its trippy visual style."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Compound Junior", "paragraph_text": "Compound Junior is a public art work by artist Beverly Pepper located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The stainless steel sculpture is an abstract bent line. The form's ends are pressed to the ground horizontally and its middle is jutting upward vertically; it is installed on the lawn."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stanley Road", "paragraph_text": "The album's cover collage was created by the artist Peter Blake, designer of The Beatles' Sgt Pepper's album artwork (album package design for Weller was supervised by his long - term associate Simon Halfon)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Salt N' Pepper", "paragraph_text": "Salt N' Pepper is a 2011 Indian Malayalam romantic comedy film directed by Aashiq Abu and produced for Lucsam Creations. The film stars Lal, Asif Ali, Shweta Menon and Mythili in the lead roles while Baburaj and Vijayaraghavan play supporting roles. Cinematography is by Shyju Kahild, whose debut was \"Traffic\" (2011). The screenplay was written by Syam Pushkaran and Dileesh Nair."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Schmidt Artist Lofts", "paragraph_text": "The Schmidt Artist Lofts, located in the West Seventh neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, was originally built to brew beer for Schmidt Brewery. The Schmidt Brewery was vacant for 11 years until a massive community and developer effort resulted in a plan for a revitalization of the brewery's historic building into the creation of the Schmidt Artist Lofts in 2013."}], "question": "Where did the person who created Pepper No. 30 die?"}
{"id": "2hop__22142_691985", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Governor-General of India", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the British administration, Governors-General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge (Rashtrapati Niwas) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat, and the government of India moved with them. The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Engelberg Codex", "paragraph_text": "The Engelberg Codex is a music manuscript from the Benedictine abbey of Engelberg, Canton of Obwalden, Switzerland. One of the most important late-medieval liturgical manuscripts from Switzerland, the codex was compiled over an extended period of time and by several different scribes, as can be assessed from variations in colours of ink, types of script, note shapes and rubrics. In many instances the copying of the text preceded that of the music, though some scribes would alternate between individual syllables or words and the corresponding phrases of music. The Engelberg Codex contains early examples of German sacred song, an Easter drama, tropes, sequences and motets."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "For decades, the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English, to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. It was completely unsuccessful, and retreated from that policy in 1948. Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island was already home to nearly a million people at the time of the U.S. takeover, all of those spoke Spanish, and the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9\u202f891\u202f497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini's government as a politician, and meddling in politics, but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican. In 1944, Luigi Maglione died, and Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as heads of the State Department. Montini's admiration was almost filial, when he described Pope Pius XII:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "As a Cardinal, Montini journeyed to Africa (1962), where he visited Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After his journey, John XXIII gave him a private audience on his trip which lasted for several hours. In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. While a cardinal, he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cardinal (Catholic Church)", "paragraph_text": "Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. From Pius XI, whom he viewed with awe, he adopted the view, that learning is a life long process, and that history was the magister vitae teacher of life His immediate supervisor in the Vatican was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939, anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years, was a good omen for Montini, whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. He met the pope every morning until 1954 and thus developed a rather close relationship:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Diana Walter", "paragraph_text": "Diana Walter is a fictional character in the Lights Out series. She is uncredited in the 2013 film and portrayed by Alicia Vela - Bailey in the 2016 film. She serves as the antagonist of the films. She is a vengeful ghost - like entity that attacks people in the dark."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy in 1897. His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "In which canton is the place Montini used as a retreat as a cardinal?"}
{"id": "2hop__25313_215111", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sunday Night Baseball", "paragraph_text": "Sunday Night Baseball is an exclusive weekly telecast of a Major League Baseball game that airs Sunday nights at 7:00 p.m. EDT on ESPN during the regular season (the official name is \"ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball Presented by Taco Bell\")."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Joey Faye's Frolics", "paragraph_text": "Joey Faye's Frolics is an American comedy/variety show that aired on CBS Wednesday night from 9:30 to 10:00 pm Eastern time for two weeks from April 5, 1950 to April 12, 1950."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway", "paragraph_text": "Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway (referred to simply as Saturday Night Takeaway or SNT) is a British television variety show, presented by Ant & Dec, both of whom also act as the show's executive producers, and broadcast on ITV since its premiere on 8 June 2002. Its format is heavily influenced by previous Saturday night light entertainment shows, most notably Noel's House Party and Do n't Forget Your Toothbrush, while individual items often pay homage to Saturday night TV of the past, such as Opportunity Knocks. The show is notable for a quiz show in which a random member of the studio audience can win prizes based on television adverts, and for a competition in each series between the two presenters. An official Saturday Night Takeaway iOS app for iPod, iPhone and iPad was released on 15 February 2013. In the 2017 season, after Anthony McPartlin was arrested for drink driving, the show was presented by Declan Donnelly, Stephen Mulhern and Scarlett Moffatt."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "The TCM Vault Collection consists of several different DVD collections of rare classic films that have been licensed, remastered and released by Turner Classic Movies (through corporate sister Warner Home Video). These boxed set releases are of films by notable actors, directors or studios that were previously unreleased on DVD or VHS. The sets often include bonus discs including documentaries and shorts from the TCM library. The initial batch of DVDs are printed in limited quantities and subsequent batches are made-on-demand (MOD)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a \"double sabbath\" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath. Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of \"three days and three nights\" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a \"day and night\" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours (8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time) are presented by film historian Robert Osborne (who has been with the network since its 1994 launch, except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011, when guest hosts presented each night's films) on Sunday through Wednesday evenings \u2013 with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends \u2013 and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays, and the \"Silent Sunday Nights\" and \"TCM Imports\" blocks on Sundays."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wednesday's Luck", "paragraph_text": "Wednesday's Luck is a 1936 British crime film directed by George Pearson and starring Wilson Coleman, Susan Bligh, Patrick Barr and Moore Marriott."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. In April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event \u2013 now held annually \u2013 at the Grauman's Chinese Theater and the Grauman's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival celebrates Hollywood and its movies, and features celebrity appearances, special events, and screenings of around 50 classic movies including several newly restored by the Film Foundation, an organization devoted to preserving Hollywood's classic film legacy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Roy Tuckman", "paragraph_text": "Roy of Hollywood (real name Roy Tuckman) has produced, engineered and hosted the \"Something's Happening\" show on Pacifica Radio station KPFK-FM in Los Angeles since 1977. His show runs from 12 midnight to 6:00\u00a0a.m., Monday night/Tuesday mornings through Thursday night/Friday mornings. Monday is \"environment/anything goes\" night. Tuesday is \"health/alternative medicine\" night, mainly featuring Gary Null. Wednesday is politics night. Thursday is \"spirituality/mysticism\" night, often featuring Alan Watts, Jack Gariss, Colin Wilson, and J. Krishnamurti."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Historically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library \u2013 which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films released before May 1986). However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. (which now controls the Turner Entertainment library and its own later films), and occasionally shows more recent films. Turner Classic Movies is a dedicated film channel and is available in United States, United Kingdom, France (TCM Cin\u00e9ma), Spain (TCM Espa\u00f1a), Nordic countries, Middle East and Africa."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Charles in Charge", "paragraph_text": "The series premiered on CBS on October 3, 1984, and aired initially on Wednesday nights at 8 PM paired with another new sitcom, \"Dreams\". Facing off against two hits in ABC's \"The Fall Guy\" and NBC's \"Highway to Heaven\", neither show performed well and \"Charles in Charge\" was moved to Saturday nights after the cancellation of \"Dreams\". CBS eventually decided to cancel the series after it made no improvement in the ratings after its move to Saturday, and \"Charles in Charge\" aired its final episode on April 3, 1985, in its original time slot."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Coke Time with Eddie Fisher", "paragraph_text": "Coke Time with Eddie Fisher is an American musical variety television series starring singer Eddie Fisher which was broadcast by NBC on Wednesday nights in early prime time from 1953 to 1957. The program was aired from 7:30 to 7:45\u00a0p.m. Eastern Time on Wednesdays and Fridays, and was not seen during the summer months. (A radio edition, recorded from previous TV soundtracks, was also heard on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 7:45 P.M. Eastern Time over the Mutual Broadcasting System from 1953 through 1955)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jonathan Sutherland", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Sutherland (born 1977) is a Scottish television and radio presenter and producer, currently the main presenter of BBC Scotland's Sunday night \"Sportscene\" on BBC One Scotland. He also occasionally hosts the \"Sportscene\" results show on Saturday afternoons and presents the sports segment for \"Reporting Scotland\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Troublesome Night 15", "paragraph_text": "Troublesome Night 15 is a 2002 Hong Kong horror comedy film produced by Nam Yin and directed by Jamie Luk. It is the 15th of the 19 films in the \"Troublesome Night\" film series."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Turner Classic Movies essentially operates as a commercial-free service, with the only advertisements on the network being shown between features \u2013 which advertise TCM products, network promotions for upcoming special programs and the original trailers for films that are scheduled to be broadcast on TCM (particularly those that will air during the primetime hours), and featurettes about classic film actors and actresses. In addition to this, extended breaks between features are filled with theatrically released movie trailers and classic short subjects \u2013 from series such as The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay, Pete Smith Specialties, and Robert Benchley \u2013 under the banner name TCM Extras (formerly One Reel Wonders). In 2007, some of the short films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCM's website. Partly to allow these interstitials, Turner Classic Movies schedules its feature films either at the top of the hour or at :15, :30 or :45 minutes past the hour, instead of in timeslots of varying five-minute increments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible \u2013 widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella, also gave TCM access to Warner Bros.' library of films released after 1949 (which itself includes other acquired entities such as the Lorimar, Saul Zaentz and National General Pictures libraries); incidentally, TCM had already been running select Warner Bros. film titles through a licensing agreement with the studio that was signed prior to the launch of the channel. In March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Robert Osborne", "paragraph_text": "Robert Jolin Osborne (; May 3, 1932 \u2013 March 6, 2017) was an American actor, film historian, television presenter, and author, best known for more than twenty years as the primary host of the cable channel Turner Classic Movies (TCM). Prior to TCM, Osborne had been a host on The Movie Channel, and, earlier, a columnist for \"The Hollywood Reporter\". Osborne also wrote the official history of the Academy Awards, originally published in 1988, and most recently revised in 2013."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "At the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. The network originally served as a competitor to AMC \u2013 which at the time was known as \"American Movie Classics\" and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM, as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut, uncolorized, and commercial-free format. AMC had broadened its film content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002 and abandoned its commercial-free format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption."}], "question": "What is the employer of the person who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights?"}
{"id": "2hop__4250_19684", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pyrgiotissa", "paragraph_text": "Pyrgiotissa was a province of Heraklion Prefecture, Crete, Greece. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal unit Tympaki. It was abolished in 2006."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, attempted to unite all the people they claimed were \"Germans\" (Volksdeutsche) into one realm, including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe, many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands. This idea was initially welcomed by many ethnic Germans in Sudetenland, Austria, Poland, Danzig and western Lithuania, particularly the Germans from Klaipeda (Memel). The Swiss resisted the idea. They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fort Yamhill", "paragraph_text": "Fort Yamhill was an American military fortification in what became the state of Oregon. Built in 1856 in the Oregon Territory, it remained an active post until 1866. The Army outpost was used to provide a presence next to the Grand Ronde Agency Coastal Reservation. Several officers stationed at the United States Army post prior to the American Civil War would later serve as generals in that war."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Colorado", "paragraph_text": "The United States Congress passed an enabling act on March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the Territory of Colorado to become a state. On August 1, 1876 (28 days after the Centennial of the United States), U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting the state of Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker ``Centennial State ''. The borders of the new state coincided with the borders established for the Colorado Territory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Territorial evolution of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Regarding internal borders, while territories could shift wildly in size, once established a state has commonly remained within its borders, barring small changes due to river shifts. Only four states - Maine, Kentucky, Vermont, and West Virginia - have been created from land claimed by another state; all of the others were created from territories or directly from acquisitions. The last state of the contiguous United States, commonly called the ``lower 48, ''was admitted in 1912; the fiftieth and most recent state was admitted in 1959."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bueng Kan Province", "paragraph_text": "The province is in the northeastern corner of Thailand. It borders, from the south clockwise, Nakhon Phanom, Sakon Nakhon, and Nong Khai Province. To the north and east it borders Bolikhamsai Province of Laos, with the Mekong River forming the boundary."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Netherlands New Guinea", "paragraph_text": "Netherlands New Guinea () refers to the Papua region of Indonesia while it was an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. Until 1949 it was a part of the Dutch East Indies. It was commonly known as Dutch New Guinea. It contained what are now Indonesia's two easternmost provinces, Papua and West Papua, which were administered as a single province prior to 2003 under the name \"Irian Jaya\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fairview, California", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. It borders on the city of Hayward and the census-designated place of Castro Valley. The population was 10,003 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dutch Republic", "paragraph_text": "After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Territorial evolution of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Regarding internal borders, while territories could shift wildly in size, once established a state has commonly remained within its borders, barring small changes due to river shifts. Only four states -- Maine, Kentucky, Vermont, and West Virginia -- have been created from land claimed by another state; all of the others were created from territories or directly from acquisitions. The last state of the contiguous United States, commonly called the ``lower 48, ''was admitted in 1912; the fiftieth and most recent state was admitted in 1959."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "LSWR D15 class", "paragraph_text": "The LSWR D15 class 4-4-0 was the last steam locomotive design by Dugald Drummond for the London and South Western Railway in 1912. By 1912, Dugald Drummond had built several classes of unsuccessful 4-6-0 express passenger locomotives. The result of these failures was that when he designed what was to be his last class in 1911, a new 4-4-0 design emerged from Eastleigh Works in February 1912, with what was to be the first of his D15 class."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "East Nusa Tenggara", "paragraph_text": "Located in the east of Lesser Sunda Islands, East Nusa Tenggara faces the Indian Ocean in the south and Flores Sea in the north. The province is bordered by other provinces, West Nusa Tenggara in the west. In the east, the province is bordered by East Timor and southern part of Maluku."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Confederate Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Confederate Arizona, commonly referred to as Arizona Territory, and officially the Territory of Arizona, was a territory claimed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border. The Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863."}], "question": "When was the event that was before several border territories were designated to the United Provinces?"}
{"id": "2hop__72650_64592", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zombies (2018 film)", "paragraph_text": "Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly, playing zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison who meet and fall in love, and who must lead their respective groups to coexist with each other."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Return to Halloweentown", "paragraph_text": "Return to Halloweentown (also known as Halloweentown IV: Witch U.) is a Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on October 20, 2006. It is the fourth and final installment in the \"Halloweentown\" series. In this sequel, Marnie Piper (Sara Paxton) and her brother, Dylan Piper (Joey Zimmerman), go to Witch University to attend college in Halloweentown. While at college, dark forces try to control her magic. This is the only \"Halloweentown\" film to not feature Kimberly J. Brown as Marnie Piper, who played the role in the previous three films. In addition, Emily Roeske did not reprise her role as Sophie Piper. This film also makes the \"Halloweentown\" series one of the first Disney Channel Original Movies to produce a fourth installment. The premiere scored 7.5 million viewers. The DVD was released on August 28, 2007."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Descendants 2", "paragraph_text": "Descendants 2 is a Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on July 21, 2017 on Disney Channel, and was simulcast on Disney - owned networks ABC, Disney XD, Freeform, Lifetime and Lifetime Movies. It is the sequel to the 2015 film Descendants. The film stars Dove Cameron, Cameron Boyce, Sofia Carson, Booboo Stewart, Mitchell Hope and China Anne McClain."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Disney Family Album", "paragraph_text": "Disney Family Album is a half hour documentary series on the Disney Channel that aired during the 1980s. It was narrated by Buddy Ebsen. The series looked at the artists and performers that help create Disney's movies and parks."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Going to the Mat", "paragraph_text": "Going to the Mat is a 2004 Disney Channel Original Movie. It debuted on Disney Channel on March 19, 2004."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zombies (2018 film)", "paragraph_text": "Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Movie Surfers", "paragraph_text": "Movie Surfers is a Disney Channel mini that appears in commercial form where teenagers go behind the scenes of Walt Disney related films. It was about teenagers communicating with each other via webcams and getting info about upcoming Disney theatrical movies. Now it also appears after a Disney Channel movie or series ends."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sallah", "paragraph_text": "Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Abbey Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Abbey Stadium is a football stadium in Cambridge, England. It has been the home ground of Cambridge United F.C. since 1932, and currently has a maximum capacity of 8,127 spectators. Cambridge Regional College F.C., Cambridge United's feeder club, played their home games at The Abbey from 2006 until their dissolution in 2014."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit", "paragraph_text": "In 2003, Buena Vista Games pitched a concept for an Oswald - themed video game to Disney President and COO Bob Iger, who then became committed to bringing Oswald back to Disney. In 2006, nearly 80 years after the Disney studio broke away from Universal, The Walt Disney Company managed to acquire the intellectual property of Oswald and the catalog of Disney - produced Oswald films (with NBCUniversal effectively trading Oswald for the services of Al Michaels as play - by - play announcer on NBC Sunday Night Football)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred as Ellie O'Brien in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas!", "paragraph_text": "Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas! (also known as Good Luck Charlie: The Road Trip Movie in the United Kingdom and Ireland) is a 2011 Christmas film based on the Disney Channel Original Series \"Good Luck Charlie\". The film was directed by Arlene Sanford and written by Geoff Rodkey, and stars Bridgit Mendler, Leigh-Allyn Baker, Bradley Steven Perry, Mia Talerico, Eric Allan Kramer, and Jason Dolley as the Duncan family. The Disney Channel Original Movie follows the Duncan family on their road trip to Amy Duncan's parents' house for Christmas. It premiered on December 2, 2011 on Disney Channel ten years after Disney Channel's last Christmas-themed original movie, \"'Twas the Night\" in 2001."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Downton Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Parts of series 4 were filmed at The Historic Dockyard Chatham, Kent -- The Tarred Yarn Store was used in episode one as a workhouse where Mrs Hughes (Phyllis Logan) visits Mr Grigg (Nicky Henson) and in episode two, streets at The Historic Dockyard Chatham were used for the scenes where Lady Rose MacClare (Lily James) is at the market with James Kent (Ed Speleers) watching her. The production had previously filmed in Kent for series 1 where the opening sequence of a train going through the countryside was filmed at the Kent & East Sussex Railway."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dadnapped", "paragraph_text": "Dadnapped is a Disney Channel Original Movie which premiered February 16, 2009. Starring actors from Disney Channel Original Series, the movie had 4.6 million viewers for its premiere. Although the story centers on a hostage situation, the kidnappers are inept and the film \"practically oozes kid-pleasing content\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Peter Pan (2003 film)", "paragraph_text": "Peter Pan is a 2003 fantasy adventure film released by Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures, and Revolution Studios. It was the first authorised and faithful film or television adaptation of J.M. Barrie's play \"Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up\" in half a century, after Disney's animated version in 1953. P. J. Hogan directed a screenplay co-written with Michael Goldenberg which is based on the play and novel by J. M. Barrie. Jason Isaacs plays the dual roles of Captain Hook and George Darling, Olivia Williams plays Mrs. Darling, while Jeremy Sumpter plays Peter Pan, Rachel Hurd-Wood plays Wendy Darling, and Ludivine Sagnier plays Tinker Bell. Lynn Redgrave plays a supporting role as Aunt Millicent, a new character created for the film."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cinderella (2015 Disney film)", "paragraph_text": "Cinderella is a 2015 American romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh, with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz. The film is based on the eponymous folk tale and inspired in part by Walt Disney's 1950 animated film of the same name. The film stars Lily James as the titular character with Richard Madden, Cate Blanchett, Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd, Holliday Grainger, Derek Jacobi, and Helena Bonham Carter. It is produced by David Barron, Simon Kinberg, and Allison Shearmur for Walt Disney Pictures."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chris Pine", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Whitelaw Pine (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor. He is known for playing James T. Kirk in the Star Trek reboot film series (2009 -- 2016), Will Colson in Unstoppable (2010), Cinderella's Prince in Into the Woods (2014), Toby Howard in Hell or High Water (2016) and Steve Trevor in Wonder Woman (2017)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tyler James Williams", "paragraph_text": "Tyler James Williams (born October 9, 1992) is an American actor, hip hop recording artist, martial artist, musician, music video director, film director and graphic designer. He is most recognizable for having played the title character of the Chris Rock - inspired sitcom Everybody Hates Chris, and songwriter Cyrus DeBarge in the Disney Channel movie Let It Shine. He has also had a supporting role as Noah on AMC's The Walking Dead, and on Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Luck Luck Ki Baat", "paragraph_text": "Luck Luck Ki Baat is an Indian Television film on Disney Channel India. It a remake of the Disney Channel original movie The Luck of The Irish."}], "question": "Who did the actress who played Cinderella in the new Disney movie play in Downton Abbey?"}
{"id": "2hop__687799_124768", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Artists Under the Big Top: Perplexed", "paragraph_text": "Artists in the Big Top: Perplexed () is a 1968 West German film written and directed by Alexander Kluge. The film is made in a collage style, featuring newsreels and quotations from philosophers alongside the story of a failing circus whose owner, Leni (Hannelore Hoger), must decide whether her dream of a new kind of circus is too optimistic. The film is a symbolic representation of Kluge's own frustrations in trying to help stimulate the New German Cinema movement."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Rawlings", "paragraph_text": "John Rawlings (1912-1970) was a Cond\u00e9 Nast Publications fashion photographer from the 1930s through the 1960s. Rawlings left a significant body of work, including 200 Vogue magazine and Glamour magazine covers to his credit and 30,000 photos in archive, maintained by curator Kohle Yohannan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Barnabas Collins", "paragraph_text": "Barnabas Collins Jonathan Frid as Barnabas Collins. Dark Shadows character Portrayed by Jonathan Frid (1967 -- 1971, 2010) Ben Cross (1991) Alec Newman (2004) Johnny Depp (2012) First appearance April 18, 1967 Last appearance May 11, 2012 Profile Species Vampire show Family Parents Naomi Collins (mother) Joshua Collins (father) Siblings Sarah Collins (sister) Spouse Angelique Bouchard Aunts and uncles Abigail Collins (aunt) Laura Stockbridge Collins (aunt) Jeremiah Collins (uncle) First cousins Millicent Collins Daniel Collins"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Helmut Kohl", "paragraph_text": "Helmut Kohl was born on 3 April 1930 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein (then in Bavaria, now in Rhineland-Palatinate). He was the third child of Hans Kohl (6 January 1887 \u2013 20 October 1975), an imperial army veteran and civil servant, and his wife, C\u00e4cilie (n\u00e9e Schnur; 17 November 1891 \u2013 2 August 1979)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jaime Pedro Kohl", "paragraph_text": "Ordained to the priesthood on 2 September 1984, Kohl was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Os\u00f3rio, Brazil on 15 November 2006."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Esther", "paragraph_text": "Esther Queen of Persia Queen Esther (1879) by Edwin Long Queen of Persia Reign c. 479 -- c. 465 BC Coronation c. 479 Predecessor Vashti Hadassah c. 492 BC Achaemenid Empire Burial Hamadan, Iran Spouse King Xerxes I of Persia House Persia Father Abihail (biological), Mordecai (adoptive) Religion Judaism"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Honour thy father and thy mother", "paragraph_text": "``Honour thy father and thy mother ''is one of the Ten Commandments in the Hebrew Bible. The commandment is generally regarded in Protestant and Jewish sources as the fifth in both the list in Exodus 20: 1 -- 21, and in Deuteronomy (Dvarim) 5: 1 -- 23. Catholics count this as the fourth."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Source (1/3)", "paragraph_text": "Source is a public artwork by US artist Tony Smith, located in the Cleveland Museum of Art Donna and Stewart Kohl Sculpture Garden, which is in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The sculpture is fabricated from steel and painted black. It is constructed from two separate pieces that are bolted together."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Frederick Winslow Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Winslow Taylor Taylor circa 1900 March 20, 1856 (1856 - 03 - 20) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. March 21, 1915 (1915 - 03 - 21) (aged 59) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Cause of death Pneumonia Resting place West Laurel Hill Cemetery Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, U.S. Nationality American Education Phillips Exeter Academy Alma mater Stevens Institute of Technology (BS) Occupation Efficiency expert Management consultant Known for ``Father ''of the Scientific management & Efficiency Movement, Father of Industrial Engineering Home town Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Spouse (s) Louise M. Spooner Children Kempton, Robert and Elizabeth (all adopted orphans) Parent (s) Franklin Taylor Emily Annette Winslow Awards Elliott Cresson Medal (1902)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Catherine Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Jagiellon was born in Krak\u00f3w as the youngest daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his wife Bona Sforza of Milan. Catherine became the spouse of King John III of Sweden and mother of the future Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. After the death of her father in 1548, she and her sisters Anna and Sophia moved to Masovia with their mother. After their mother's departure to Italy in 1558, they lived there alone. The sisters were not close to their brother Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Catherine could reportedly speak Italian and Latin, and was described as more attractive than Anna, and most marriage suggestions were directed toward her."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Helmut Kohl", "paragraph_text": "Strau\u00df took the discord as a starting point to evaluate chances of expanding the CSU on the federal level, such as having separate electoral lists in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Hamburg, and Bremen. He hoped to draw away right-wing voters from the FDP towards the CSU and went as far as having private meetings with industrialists in North Rhine-Westphalia. These attempts led to discomfort within the membership base of the CDU and hampered both parties' chances in the upcoming elections. Kohl himself remained silent during these tensions, which some interpreted as a lack of leadership, while others such as future president Karl Carstens praised him for seeking a consensus at the centre of the party. In the 1976 federal election, the CDU/CSU coalition performed very well, winning 48.6% of the vote. They were kept out of government by the center-left cabinet formed by the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Free Democratic Party, led by Social Democrat Helmut Schmidt. Kohl then retired as minister-president of Rhineland-Palatinate to become the leader of the CDU/CSU in the Bundestag. He was succeeded by Bernhard Vogel."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dynacraft BSC", "paragraph_text": "Dynacraft BSC, Inc. is a United States-based distributor of bicycles, scooters, battery-operated ride-ons, and electric ride-ons. Dynacraft is based in American Canyon, California and has its distribution center located there as well. Dynacraft bikes are sold through major chains such as Walmart, Toys\"R\"Us, Kohl's, Fred Meyer, Canadian Tire, Academy Sports + Outdoor, Exchange Army & Air Force Exchange and through online outlets such as Amazon."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Helmut Kohl", "paragraph_text": "On 27 June 1960, Kohl married Hannelore Renner, after he had already asked for her hand in marriage in 1953, delaying the ceremony until he was financially stable. Both had known each other since 1948, when they met in a dancing class. They had two sons, Walter Kohl (born 1963) and Peter Kohl (born 1965). Hannelore Kohl had studied languages and spoke fluent French and English; during her husband's political career, she was an important adviser to him, especially on world affairs. She was a steadfast advocate of German reunification even before it seemed feasible, and of NATO and Germany's alliance with the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Foreign relations of France", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, a Socialist, emphasized European unity and the preservation of France's special relationships with its former colonies in the face of ``Anglo - Saxon influence. ''A part of the enacted policies was formulated in the Socialist Party's 110 Propositions for France, the electoral program for the 1981 presidential election. He had a warm and effective relationship with the conservative German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. They promoted French - German bilateralism in Europe And strengthened military cooperation between the two countries."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hannelore Kohl", "paragraph_text": "Hannelore Kohl (7 March 1933 \u2013 5 July 2001) was the first wife of German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. She met him for the first time at a prom in Ludwigshafen, Germany in 1948, when she was 15 years old, and they became engaged in 1953. They were married from 1960 until her death in 2001, including during his entire political career. They were the parents of Walter Kohl and Peter Kohl."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marshall Eriksen", "paragraph_text": "Marshall Eriksen How I Met Your Mother character Jason Segel in 2011 First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Last Forever'' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Jason Segel Information Gender Male Occupation Lawyer (2005 -- 2018), Judge (2018 --) Family Marvin Eriksen (father, deceased) Judy Eriksen (mother) Spouse (s) Lily Aldrin (2007 -- present) Children Marvin Waitforit Eriksen Daisy Eriksen Unnamed Third Child Nationality American"}], "question": "Who is listed as the father of Hannelore Kohl's spouse?"}
{"id": "2hop__354965_39406", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing", "paragraph_text": "The NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences \"to recognize authors whose reviews have synthesized extensive and difficult material, rendering a significant service to science and influencing the course of scientific thought.\" It has been awarded annually in specific fields since 1979."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "All the Weyrs of Pern", "paragraph_text": "All the Weyrs of Pern is a science fiction novel by the American-Irish author Anne McCaffrey. Published in 1991, it was the eleventh book published in the \"Dragonriders of Pern\" series."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Packet switching", "paragraph_text": "The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET, due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Airedale Terrier", "paragraph_text": "Airedale Terriers in UK, USA, and Canadian surveys had a median lifespan of about 11.5 years, which is similar to other breeds of their size."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Antonije Isakovi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Antonije Isakovi\u0107 (6 November 1923 in Ra\u010da \u2013 13 January 2002) was a Serbian writer and member of Serbian Academy of Science and Arts. He won NIN Prize in 1982 for his novel Tren 2. He was one of authors of Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Isakovi\u0107 was one of the 50 members of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts who signed the petition against Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 in October 1999."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paris Universitas", "paragraph_text": "Paris Universitas was an alliance of six institutions of higher education in Paris, France, that existed from 2005 to 2010. Paris Universitas offered a wide range of disciplines, from medicine to the humanities, engineering, law, management and the social sciences. The institution expected to rank between 1 and 3 in Europe for number of publications, although rankings were not released due to the short lifespan of the institution. In 2006, Paris Universitas was ranked first among European universities and 4th in the world for the largest volume of English-language publications."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sergei Leonov", "paragraph_text": "Sergei Alexandrovich Leonov \u2014 Russian journalists, senior editor and an important author of \u00abComputerra\u00bb weekly. He is the author of numerous articles about IT and modern science."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dragonflight", "paragraph_text": "Dragonflight is a science fiction novel by the American-Irish author Anne McCaffrey. It is the first book in the \"Dragonriders of Pern\" series. \"Dragonflight\" was first published by Ballantine Books in July 1968. It is a fix-up of novellas, including two which made McCaffrey the first woman writer to win a Hugo and Nebula Award."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Woman in Science", "paragraph_text": "Woman in Science is a book written by H. J. Mozans (a pseudonym for John Augustine Zahm) in 1913. It is an account of women who have contributed to the sciences, up to the time when it was published."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Asima Chatterjee", "paragraph_text": "Asima Chatterjee (23 September 1917 \u2013 22 November 2006) was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jean de La Hire", "paragraph_text": "Jean de La Hire (pseudonym of the Comte Adolphe d'Espie) was a prolific French author of numerous popular adventure, science fiction and romance novels."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Robert J. Richards", "paragraph_text": "Robert J. Richards (born 1942) is an author and the Morris Fishbein Distinguished Service Professor of the History of Science and Medicine at the University of Chicago. He has written or edited seven books about the history of science as well as dozens of articles."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Olive San Louie Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Olive San Louie Anderson ( Lexington, Ohio, 1852\u20131886) was an American woman author and member of the first class of women students who entered the University of Michigan when it became coeducational in 1871. The university had admitted Madelon Stockwell (1845\u20131924), its first female student, in January 1870. In fall 1871, the university admitted thirty-three more women, two in law, eighteen in medicine, and thirteen in the Department of Science, Literature, and the Arts. Anderson was one of the thirteen."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Diana of the Crossways", "paragraph_text": "Diana of the Crossways is a novel by George Meredith which was published in 1885. It is an account of an intelligent and forceful woman trapped in a miserable marriage and was prompted by Meredith's friendship with society beauty and author Caroline Norton."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851\u20131921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Woman on the Edge of Time", "paragraph_text": "Woman on the Edge of Time (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976) is a novel by Marge Piercy. It is considered a classic of utopian \"speculative\" science fiction as well as a feminist classic."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Wishful Drinking", "paragraph_text": "Wishful Drinking is an autobiographical humor book by American actress and author Carrie Fisher, published by Simon & Schuster in 2008. Fisher's book was based on her one-woman stage show, which she developed with writer/director Joshua Ravetch."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arthur Kroker", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Kroker (born 1945 in Red Rock, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian author, editor, educator and researcher of political science, technology and culture."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Aleksandar Deroko", "paragraph_text": "Aleksandar Deroko (; September 4, 1894 \u2013 November 30, 1988) was a Serbian architect, artist, and author. He was a professor of the Belgrade University and a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kong Island", "paragraph_text": "Kong Island (original Italian title: \"Eva, la Venere selvaggia\"; translated as Eve, the Wild Woman) is a 1968 jungle adventure film (with a science fiction element) directed by Roberto Mauri (billed as Robert Morris). The film was promoted in the U.S. as King of Kong Island."}], "question": "What was the lifespan of the Woman in Science writer?"}
{"id": "2hop__37960_37961", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947\u201349 and 1953\u201355, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965, Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash, and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. Since 1995, the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and he or she may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, \"seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855.\" With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of \"minority leader.\" The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not \"nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Party leaders and whips of the United States House of Representatives, also known as floor leaders, are elected by their respective parties in a closed - door caucus by secret ballot. With the Republicans holding a majority of seats and the Democrats holding a minority, the current leaders are: Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, Majority Whip Steve Scalise, Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, and Minority Whip Steny Hoyer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Goodees", "paragraph_text": "The Goodees (Kay Evans, Sandra Jackson and Judy Williams) were an American pop music girl group who enjoyed brief popularity in the late 1960s. Formed in Memphis, Tennessee, the group is best known for the minor hit \"Condition Red\", a teen melodrama that bore a striking resemblance to the Shangri-Las hit \"Leader of the Pack\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Morgan Carroll", "paragraph_text": "Morgan Lenore Carroll (born November 24, 1971) is an American politician from Colorado and is currently the Chairwoman of the Colorado Democratic Party. A Democrat, Carroll represented Colorado House District 36 in the city of Aurora from 2004 to 2008, and she represented the state's 29th Senate district from 2009 to 2017. Carroll served as President of the Colorado State Senate from 2013 to 2014 and as minority leader in 2015. Carroll stepped down as minority leader in July 2015 to unsuccessfully run against incumbent Republican Mike Coffman for Colorado's 6th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives. In addition to her legislative work, Carroll works for the law firm of Bachus & Schanker."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress. If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Luis Petcoff Naidenoff", "paragraph_text": "Luis Carlos Petcoff Naidenoff (born July 13, 1967) is an Argentine Radical Civic Union politician. He sits in the Argentine Senate representing Formosa Province and is the current minority leader."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, \"there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873,\" indicating that the \"nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership.\" Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. \"It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance.\" This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Irving Ives", "paragraph_text": "Irving McNeil Ives (January 24, 1896 \u2013 February 24, 1962) was an American politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a United States Senator from New York from 1947 to 1959. He was previously a member of the New York State Assembly for sixteen years, serving as Minority Leader (1935), Speaker (1936), and Majority Leader (1937\u20131946). A liberal Republican, he was known as a specialist in labor and civil rights legislation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "United States Senate 115th United States Congress Seal of the U.S. Senate Flag of the U.S. Senate Type Type Upper house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3, 2017 (2017 - 01 - 03) Leadership President of the Senate Mike Pence (R) Since January 20, 2017 President pro tempore Orrin Hatch (R) Since January 6, 2015 Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R) Since January 3, 2015 Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D) Since January 3, 2017 Majority Whip John Cornyn (R) Since January 3, 2015 Minority Whip Dick Durbin (D) Since January 3, 2015 Structure Seats 100 Political groups Majority (51) Republican (51) Minority (49) Democratic (47) Independents (2) caucusing with the Democrats Length of term 6 years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states. Last election November 8, 2016 (34 seats) Next election November 6, 2018 (33 seats) Meeting place Senate chamber United States Capitol Washington, D.C., United States Website senate.gov Constitution United States Constitution"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Charlie Webster (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Charles 'Charlie' M. Webster is an American politician from Maine. Webster, a Republican from Farmington, served 14 years in the Maine Legislature, including four in the Maine House of Representatives (1980\u20131984) and ten in the Maine Senate (1984\u20131994). In the Senate, Webster served one term (1986\u20131988) as Assistant Minority Leader and two terms (1988\u20131992) as Minority Leader."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this \"job description\": \"He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources\u2014beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative\u2014to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "As of December 2014, the annual salary of each Representative is $174,000. The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more: $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders). A cost - of - living - adjustment (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however, the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years. Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3, 2017 (2017 - 01 - 03) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan (R) Since October 29, 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R) Since August 1, 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D) Since January 3, 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise (R) Since August 1, 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer (D) Since January 3, 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority (240) Republican (240) Minority (194) Democratic (194) Vacant (1) Length of term Two years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post in most states; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states Last election November 8, 2016 Next election November 6, 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions, varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington, D.C., United States Website www.house.gov"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3, 2017 (2017 - 01 - 03) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan (R) Since October 29, 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R) Since August 1, 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D) Since January 3, 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise (R) Since August 1, 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer (D) Since January 3, 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority (238) Republican (238) Minority (193) Democratic (193) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Length of term Two years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post in most states; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states Last election November 8, 2016 Next election November 6, 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions, varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington, D.C., United States Website www.house.gov"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States congressional delegations from California", "paragraph_text": "List of members of the Californian United States House delegation, their terms in office, district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has 53 members, with 39 Democrats and 14 Republicans, including both the Republican majority leader, Kevin McCarthy, and the Democratic minority leader, Nancy Pelosi."}], "question": "What congress did the current Minority Leader assumer their position?"}
{"id": "2hop__31599_808289", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gas", "paragraph_text": "Brownian motion is the mathematical model used to describe the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid. The gas particle animation, using pink and green particles, illustrates how this behavior results in the spreading out of gases (entropy). These events are also described by particle theory."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein", "paragraph_text": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, \u03b1-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q25)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Muslim scientists contributed to advances in the sciences. They placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from circa 1000, in his Book of Optics. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Some have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the \"first scientist.\" al-Khwarzimi's invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced decagonal quasicrystal geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as \"put-ons\". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Atomic number", "paragraph_text": "All consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932. An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons. After 1932, therefore, an element's atomic number Z was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Roentgenium", "paragraph_text": "Roentgenium was first synthesized by an international team led by Sigurd Hofmann at the Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany, on December 8, 1994. The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of nickel-64 and detected three nuclei of the isotope roentgenium-272:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Laser Blast", "paragraph_text": "Laser Blast is a single-player video game developed and published by Activision in March 1981 for the Atari VCS console (renamed to Atari 2600 in 1982). Designed by David Crane, one of Activision's co-founders, \"Laser Blast\" places players in control of flying saucers attacking land targets."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word \"weak\" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nuclear fuel", "paragraph_text": "Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable of nuclear fission, such as uranium - 235 or plutonium - 239. When the unstable nuclei of these atoms are hit by a slow - moving neutron, they split, creating two daughter nuclei and two or three more neutrons. These neutrons then go on to split more nuclei. This creates a self - sustaining chain reaction that is controlled in a nuclear reactor, or uncontrolled in a nuclear weapon."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alpha decay", "paragraph_text": "Alpha decay or \u03b1 - decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into an atom with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two. An alpha particle is identical to the nucleus of a helium - 4 atom, which consists of two protons and two neutrons. It has a charge of + 2e and a mass of 4u. For example, uranium - 238 decays to form thorium - 234. Alpha particles have a charge + 2, but as a nuclear equation describes a nuclear reaction without considering the electrons -- a convention that does not imply that the nuclei necessarily occur in neutral atoms -- the charge is not usually shown."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Triple-alpha process", "paragraph_text": "Helium accumulates in the core of stars as a result of the proton -- proton chain reaction and the carbon -- nitrogen -- oxygen cycle. Further nuclear fusion reactions of helium with hydrogen or another alpha particle produce lithium - 5 and beryllium - 8 respectively. Both products are highly unstable and decay, almost instantly, back into smaller nuclei, unless a third alpha particle fuses with a beryllium before that time to produce a stable carbon - 12 nucleus."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Stellar rotation", "paragraph_text": "A neutron star is a highly dense remnant of a star that is primarily composed of neutrons\u2014a particle that is found in most atomic nuclei and has no net electrical charge. The mass of a neutron star is in the range of 1.2 to 2.1 times the mass of the Sun. As a result of the collapse, a newly formed neutron star can have a very rapid rate of rotation; on the order of a hundred rotations per second."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rutherford Hotel", "paragraph_text": "The Rutherford Hotel (named after Sir Ernest Rutherford) is a luxury accommodation hotel in Nelson, New Zealand It is the biggest hotel in Nelson, and the city's tallest building. It is part of the chain company Heritage Hotels, which have hotels based in many locations around New Zealand."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2013 Jalpaiguri bombing", "paragraph_text": "On 26 December 2013, a bomb blast took place in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal that killed five persons and injured five others. Militants of Kamtapur Liberation Organization are suspected to be behind the bombing."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Electron", "paragraph_text": "The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e \u2212 or \u03b2 \u2212, with a negative elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron has a mass that is approximately 1 / 1836 that of the proton. Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half - integer value, expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, \u0127. As it is a fermion, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle. Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibit properties of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a longer De Broglie wavelength for a given energy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alpha Phi Alpha", "paragraph_text": "Robert Ogle had seen an article in the Chicago Defender magazine about a Negro fraternity at Ohio State University called Pi Gamma Omicron, of which the university had no knowledge. Pi Gamma Omicron inspired Ogle to try to transform the literary society into a fraternity. There was disagreement about the group's purpose: some wanted a social and literary club where everyone could participate; others wanted a traditional fraternal organization. Poindexter felt the group should serve the cultural and social needs of the black community and not be an elite secret society. The society decided to work to provide a literary, study, social, and support group for all minority students who encountered social and academic racial prejudice. On October 23, 1906, George Kelley proposed that the organization be officially known by the Greek letters Alpha Phi Alpha, and Robert Ogle proposed the colors black and old gold. Poindexter became the first President of Alpha Phi Alpha; under his leadership, the first banquet, initiation procedures, and policies were introduced."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pierre Auger Observatory", "paragraph_text": "The Pierre Auger Observatory is an international cosmic ray observatory in Argentina designed to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic rays: sub-atomic particles traveling nearly at the speed of light and each with energies beyond 10\u00a0eV. In Earth's atmosphere such particles interact with air nuclei and produce various other particles. These effect particles (called an \"air shower\") can be detected and measured. But since these high energy particles have an estimated arrival rate of just 1\u00a0per\u00a0km per\u00a0century, the Auger Observatory has created a detection area of \u2014the size of Rhode Island, or Luxembourg\u2014in order to record a large number of these events. It is located in the western Mendoza Province, Argentina, near the Andes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of nuclear weapons", "paragraph_text": "In January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany and it quickly became unsafe for Jewish scientists to remain in the country. Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd fled to London where he proposed, and in 1934 patented, the idea of a nuclear chain reaction via neutrons. The patent also introduced the term critical mass to describe the minimum amount of material required to sustain the chain reaction and its potential to cause an explosion. (British patent 630,726.) He subsequently assigned the patent to the British Admiralty so that it could be covered by the Official Secrets Act. In a very real sense, Szil\u00e1rd was the father of the atomic bomb academically. Also in 1934, Ir\u00e8ne and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Joliot - Curie discovered that artificial radioactivity could be induced in stable elements by bombarding them with alpha particles; Enrico Fermi reported similar results when bombarding uranium with neutrons."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Atomic nucleus", "paragraph_text": "The nucleus was discovered in 1911, as a result of Ernest Rutherford's efforts to test Thomson's ``plum pudding model ''of the atom. The electron had already been discovered earlier by J.J. Thomson himself. Knowing that atoms are electrically neutral, Thomson postulated that there must be a positive charge as well. In his plum pudding model, Thomson suggested that an atom consisted of negative electrons randomly scattered within a sphere of positive charge. Ernest Rutherford later devised an experiment with his research partner Hans Geiger and with help of Ernest Marsden, that involved the deflection of alpha particles (helium nuclei) directed at a thin sheet of metal foil. He reasoned that if Thomson's model were correct, the positively charged alpha particles would easily pass through the foil with very little deviation in their paths, as the foil should act as electrically neutral if the negative and positive charges are so intimately mixed as to make it appear neutral. To his surprise, many of the particles were deflected at very large angles. Because the mass of an alpha particle is about 8000 times that of an electron, it became apparent that a very strong force must be present if it could deflect the massive and fast moving alpha particles. He realized that the plum pudding model could not be accurate and that the deflections of the alpha particles could only be explained if the positive and negative charges were separated from each other and that the mass of the atom was a concentrated point of positive charge. This justified the idea of a nuclear atom with a dense center of positive charge and mass."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fabiola Gianotti", "paragraph_text": "Gianotti found her passion for scientific research after reading a biography on scientist, Marie Curie. Previously, she had studied the humanities, focusing on music and philosophy. Gianotti received a PhD in experimental particle physics from the University of Milan in 1989."}], "question": "What is the birth place of the scientist having experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?"}
{"id": "2hop__832052_828810", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sharon Osbourne", "paragraph_text": "After the success of \"The Osbournes\" and \"The X Factor\", hosting her own chat shows and securing advertising contracts, Osbourne was ranked as the 25th richest woman in Britain on the 2009 \"Sunday Times Rich List\". As of 2008, Osbourne and her husband were ranked as the 724th richest people in Britain with an estimated joint wealth of \u00a3110\u00a0million. Sharon Osbourne is credited with reviving her husband's heavy metal career by founding the summer Ozzfest tour. She is one of five co-hosts of the daytime series \"The Talk\". Osbourne is one of the original hosts from its launch in October 2010. In September 2014, it was announced that Osbourne would become an occasional panellist on the British lunchtime television programme \"Loose Women\" as part of the show's relaunch. On both shows, Osbourne and co-hosts/panellists discuss topical issues, ranging from daily politics and current affairs, to celebrity gossip."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jack Osbourne", "paragraph_text": "Jack Joseph Osbourne (born 8 November 1985) is an English media personality with dual American and British citizenship. As the son of heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne, he starred on MTV's reality series \"The Osbournes\" (2002\u201305), along with his father, mother Sharon, and sister Kelly. Osbourne has since pursued a career as a fitness and travel reporter, presenting shows such as \"\" (2005\u201309) and BBC's \"Saving Planet Earth\" (2007). He was diagnosed with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis in 2012. In 2016, he and his father Ozzy travelled the world in the History Channel reality series \"Ozzy & Jack's World Detour\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Over the Mountain", "paragraph_text": "\"Over the Mountain\" is the opening track of heavy metal musician Ozzy Osbourne's album \"Diary of a Madman\". The song debuted at number 42 on the \"Billboard\" Top Tracks chart and reached number 38. The song was written by Osbourne, Bob Daisley, Lee Kerslake and Randy Rhoads. The song was later included on the Ozzy Osbourne compilation albums, \"The Ozzman Cometh\" on 11 November 1997, \"The Essential Ozzy Osbourne\" on 11 February 2003 and \"Prince of Darkness\" on 22 March 2005. Fozzy did a cover of the song with Butch Walker on vocals and guitar."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Casablanca (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dooley Wilson as Sam. He was one of the few American - born members of the cast. A drummer, he had to fake playing the piano. Even after shooting had been completed, producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs. He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott, Lena Horne, or Ella Fitzgerald."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ozzy & Jack's World Detour", "paragraph_text": "Ozzy & Jack's World Detour is an American reality television series starring Ozzy Osbourne and his son Jack Osbourne. The 10 - episode series premiered on July 24, 2016, on History. A second season of 10 episodes began airing on A&E on November 8, 2017. On January 23, 2018, Jack revealed on his official Instagram page that the series had been picked up for a third season. The eight - episode third season premiered on A&E on June 13, 2018, with Jack's sister Kelly Osbourne joining the cast."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Ghost Whisperer characters", "paragraph_text": "Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ozzy Osbourne", "paragraph_text": "John Michael \"Ozzy\" Osbourne (born 3 December 1948) is an English singer, songwriter, actor and reality television star who rose to prominence during the 1970s as the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath, during which he adopted the nickname \"The Prince of Darkness\". Osbourne was fired from the band in 1979 due to alcohol and drug problems, but went on to have a successful solo career, releasing eleven studio albums, the first seven of which were all awarded multi-platinum certifications in the United States. Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions. He rejoined the band in 1997 and recorded the group\u2019s final studio album 13 (2013) before they embarked on a farewell tour which culminated in a final performance in their home city Birmingham, England in February 2017. His longevity and success have earned him the informal title of \"Godfather of Heavy Metal\".Osbourne's total album sales from his years in Black Sabbath, combined with his solo work, is over 100 million. As a member of Black Sabbath, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as a solo artist and as a member of the band. Possessing a distinctive singing voice, Osbourne, as a native of Birmingham, is known for his strong Brummie accent \u2013 he has a star on the Birmingham Walk of Stars in his hometown as well as the Hollywood Walk of Fame. At the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards, he received the Global Icon Award. In 2015 Osbourne received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sharon Osbourne", "paragraph_text": "Sharon Rachel Osbourne (' Levy\"'; born 9 October 1952) is an English media personality, businesswoman, television host, talent competition judge, music manager, live promoter, and author. She is the wife of heavy metal singer-songwriter Ozzy Osbourne and first came into public prominence after appearing on \"The Osbournes\", a reality television show that followed her family's daily life. Osbourne later became a talent show judge on television shows such as the British and original version of \"The X Factor\", from 2004 to 2007, returning in 2013, and again from 2016 to 2017. She also was a judge on \"America's Got Talent\" from 2007 until 2012."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins", "paragraph_text": "The live - action cast features Robbie Amell as Fred, Kate Melton as Daphne, Hayley Kiyoko as Velma and Nick Palatas as Shaggy. Scooby - Doo was created using computer - generated imagery and his voice is provided by Frank Welker, who also was a cast member of the animated series, Scooby - Doo, Where Are You! and The Scooby - Doo Show, providing the voice of Fred."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cult of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Cult of Chucky is a 2017 American supernatural psychological slasher film written and directed by Don Mancini. The seventh installment of the franchise, following the 2013 film Curse of Chucky, it stars Brad Dourif as Chucky, with a supporting cast of Fiona Dourif, Alex Vincent, Jennifer Tilly and Summer H. Howell -- all of whom are returning cast members from the previous six installments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Camilla Luddington", "paragraph_text": "Luddington has worked mainly in the United States. In February 2011, the Daily Mail described her as ``on the path to fame and fortune after being cast as Catherine Middleton in William & Kate: The Movie, a TV movie about the relationship between Prince William and Catherine`` Kate ''Middleton. Luddington joined the cast of the Showtime comedy - drama series Californication for its fifth season, playing a nanny. She also joined the cast of season five of the HBO vampire drama True Blood, as Claudette Crane, a faerie. In July 2012, Luddington joined the cast of Grey's Anatomy as Dr. Jo Wilson in a recurring role. In June 2013 it was announced that she would be a series regular from season ten onward. In October 2012, Camilla appeared on a Halloween special of E!'s popular fashion programme, Fashion Police, alongside a panel of Joan Rivers, Kelly Osbourne, George Kotsiopoulos and Kris Jenner."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The seventh series of the show began on 20 June 2017. This series was filmed on location on the island of Bali in Indonesia. The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017. The cast members for the series were confirmed on 23 May 2017 which include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna, Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie, as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay. Marty and Josh had previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the cast member from The Osbournes?"}
{"id": "2hop__535229_48533", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alphonse Bertillon", "paragraph_text": "Alphonse Bertillon (French: (b\u025b\u0281tij\u0254\u0303); 24 April 1853 -- 13 February 1914) was a French police officer and biometrics researcher who applied the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement creating an identification system based on physical measurements. Anthropometry was the first scientific system used by police to identify criminals. Before that time, criminals could only be identified by name or photograph. The method was eventually supplanted by fingerprinting."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "DNA profiling", "paragraph_text": "In 1986, Richard Buckland was exonerated, despite having admitted to the rape and murder of a teenager near Leicester, the city where DNA profiling was first developed. This was the first use of DNA fingerprinting in a criminal investigation, and the first to prove a suspect's innocence. The following year Colin Pitchfork was identified as the perpetrator of the same murder, in addition to another, using the same techniques that had cleared Buckland."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Extensible Authentication Protocol", "paragraph_text": "The Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) method was developed by Cisco Systems prior to the IEEE ratification of the 802.11 i security standard. Cisco distributed the protocol through the CCX (Cisco Certified Extensions) as part of getting 802.1 X and dynamic WEP adoption into the industry in the absence of a standard. There is no native support for LEAP in any Windows operating system, but it is widely supported by third party client software most commonly included with WLAN (wireless LAN) devices. LEAP support for Microsoft Windows 7 and Microsoft Windows Vista can be added by downloading a client add in from Cisco that provides support for both LEAP and EAP - FAST. Due to the wide adoption of LEAP in the networking industry many other WLAN vendors claim support for LEAP."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Henry Classification System", "paragraph_text": "Influenced by Galton's Finger Prints, the men corresponded regularly in 1894; and in January 1896, Sir Henry ordered the Bengali Police to collect prisoners' fingerprints in addition to their anthropometric measurements. Expanding on Galton's classification system, Sir Henry developed the Henry Classification System between the years 1896 and 1925. He was primarily assisted by Azizul Haque who developed a mathematical formula to supplement Henry's idea of sorting in 1024 pigeon holes based on fingerprint patterns, and Hem Chandra Bose, another Henry's assistant also helped refine the system, and both, on the recommendation of Henry received recognition years later by the British Government for their contribution. The Henry Classification System was to find worldwide acceptance in 1899. In 1897 a commission was established to compare Anthropometry to the Henry Classification System. As the results were overwhelmingly in favor of fingerprints, fingerprinting was introduced to British India by the Governor General, and in 1900, replaced Anthropometry. Also in 1900, Henry was sent to Natal, South Africa to assist in the reorganization of the local police force and establish a fingerprint bureau. His efforts in South Africa were highly successful; and in 1901 Sir Henry returned to Britain and was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard, head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). In the same year, the first UK fingerprint bureau was established at Scotland Yard. (Harling 1996) (Met) (Early)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dry Bones Dance", "paragraph_text": "Dry Bones Dance is an album by Mark Heard, released in 1990, the first to be released on his own Fingerprint Records."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fingerprint", "paragraph_text": "Jan Evangelista Purkyn\u011b or Purkinje (1787 -- 1869), a Czech physiologist and professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau, published a thesis in 1823 discussing 9 fingerprint patterns, but he did not mention any possibility of using fingerprints to identify people. In 1840, following the murder of Lord William Russell, a provincial doctor, Robert Blake Overton, wrote to Scotland Yard suggesting checking for fingerprints but the suggestion, though followed up, did not lead to their routine use by the police for another 50 years. Some years later, the German anatomist Georg von Meissner (1829 -- 1905) studied friction ridges, and five years after this, in 1858, Sir William James Herschel initiated fingerprinting in India. In 1877 at Hooghly (near Calcutta) he instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds to prevent the then - rampant repudiation of signatures and he registered government pensioners' fingerprints to prevent the collection of money by relatives after a pensioner's death. Herschel also fingerprinted prisoners upon sentencing to prevent various frauds that were attempted in order to avoid serving a prison sentence."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "(Evening) Time to Get Away", "paragraph_text": "\"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" (sometimes referred to as simply \"Time to Get Away\") is part of a song from The Moody Blues 1967 album \"Days of Future Passed\", a concept album with each song representing a part of the day. It was unlisted on the original album, but has been listed on many later reissues. The composition was written by bassist John Lodge, and is one of two compositions written by Lodge for \"Days of Future Passed\", the other being \"Peak Hour.\" As the title suggests, the lyrics are about ending the work day and returning home. \"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" is part two of the track \"Forever Afternoon (Tuesday?)\", which also contains the Justin Hayward song \"Tuesday Afternoon.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "SO11", "paragraph_text": "SO11 or Specialist Operations - Intelligence is a defunct branch of Scotland Yard. The unit was tasked with gathering intelligence for the police."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Renewable energy commercialization", "paragraph_text": "Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: \"A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support,\" and added that \"cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue.\" As of 2011[update], there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ArjoHuntleigh", "paragraph_text": "ArjoHuntleigh, it was part of the Getinge Group was established in early 2007 through the merger of ARJO and Huntleigh Technology."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gossip Girl", "paragraph_text": "The third season focuses on Blair, Dan and Vanessa getting into New York University along with movie star Olivia Burke (Hilary Duff), whom Dan starts dating; Nate getting into Columbia University; Serena taking a year off from school; Jenny becoming Queen Bee at Constance; and Chuck running Bass Industries, along with now adoptive mother Lily van der Woodsen. The first couple of episodes feature part of the summer vacation, respectively the week before the start of University classes and school. The role of ``Gossip Girl ''is slightly decreased throughout the season."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Loyola-ICAM College of Engineering and Technology", "paragraph_text": "The Loyola-ICAM College of Engineering and Technology (LICET) is an engineering and technology school in Chennai, India. It is approved by AICTE and affiliated with the Anna University, Chennai. It is a Christian Minority college, founded in 2010 by the Jesuits as part of the Chennai Jesuit Mission's efforts to empower the Dalits, the poor and the marginalized."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation \"Institute of Technology\" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two \"Institutes of Science and Technology\": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Touch ID", "paragraph_text": "The first mobile phone with a fingerprint scanner was the Toshiba G500 and G900 in 2007. In 2012, Apple acquired AuthenTec, a company focused on fingerprint reading and identification management software, for $356 million. The acquisition led commentators to expect a fingerprint reading feature. Following leaks and speculation in early September, the iPhone 5S was unveiled on September 10, 2013, was the first phone on a major US carrier since the Atrix to feature the technology. Apple's Vice President of Marketing, Phil Schiller, announced the feature at Apple's iPhone media event and spent several minutes (the major portion of the conference) discussing the feature."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fingerprint", "paragraph_text": "Although ancient peoples probably did not realize that fingerprints could uniquely identify individuals, references from the age of the Babylonian king Hammurabi (reigned 1792 - 1750 BCE) indicate that law officials would take the fingerprints of people who had been arrested. During China's Qin Dynasty, records have shown that officials took hand prints, foot prints as well as finger prints as evidence from a crime scene. In China, around 300 CE, handprints were used as evidence in a trial for theft. By 650, the Chinese historian Kia Kung - Yen remarked that fingerprints could be used as a means of authentication. In his Jami al - Tawarikh (Universal History), the Persian physician Rashid - al - Din Hamadani (also known as ``Rashideddin '', 1247 -- 1318) refers to the Chinese practice of identifying people via their fingerprints, commenting:`` Experience shows that no two individuals have fingers exactly alike.'' In Persia at this time, government documents may have been authenticated with thumbprints."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Communication", "paragraph_text": "The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of James Bond villains", "paragraph_text": "SPECTRE -- SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion, first appeared in the novel Thunderball and replaced SMERSH as Bond's nemesis in the films. The independent terrorist organisation is headed by Ernst Stavro Blofeld. In the 2015 film, Spectre, 007 digs deep into the organisation and tries to get payback for his beloved M (Judi Dench); he discovers the organisation is headed by his adopted brother Franz Oberhauser, now calling himself Blofeld, and that its entire purpose was to personally persecute Bond himself."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Sigma Protocol", "paragraph_text": "The Sigma Protocol is the last novel written completely by Robert Ludlum, and was published posthumously. It is the story of the son of a Holocaust survivor who gets entangled in an international conspiracy by industrialists and financiers to take advantage of wartime technology."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "National Space Research and Development Agency", "paragraph_text": "Five satellites have been launched by the Nigerian government into outer space. Early plans to launch a national satellite in 1976 were not executed. The NigeriaSat - 1 was the first Nigerian satellite and built by a United Kingdom - based satellite technology company, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) under the Nigerian government sponsorship for $30 million. The satellite was launched by Kosmos - 3M rocket from Russian Plesetsk spaceport on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat - 1 was part of the world - wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System. The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat - 1 were: to give early warning signals of environmental disaster; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria; to assist in demographic planning; to establish the relationship between vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "DNA", "paragraph_text": "Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds. Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called exonucleases, while endonucleases cut within strands. The most frequently used nucleases in molecular biology are the restriction endonucleases, which cut DNA at specific sequences. For instance, the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6-base sequence 5\u2032-GATATC-3\u2032 and makes a cut at the horizontal line. In nature, these enzymes protect bacteria against phage infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell, acting as part of the restriction modification system. In technology, these sequence-specific nucleases are used in molecular cloning and DNA fingerprinting."}], "question": "When did the force containing SO11 start using fingerprint technology?"}
{"id": "2hop__17203_695309", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "First Rudd Ministry", "paragraph_text": "The First Rudd Ministry (Labor) was the 65th ministry of the Government of Australia, and was led by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. It succeeded the Fourth Howard Ministry upon its swearing in by Governor-General Major-General Michael Jeffery on 3 December 2007 after the 2007 election, and was replaced by the First Gillard Ministry on 24 June 2010 when the deputy leader, Julia Gillard, became prime minister."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Annie McEwen", "paragraph_text": "Dame Anne Mills McEwen DBE (1900 \u2013 10 February 1967), known as Annie McEwen, was an Australian social activist, and the wife of John McEwen (who after her death became Prime Minister of Australia). She was active in the Country Party and devoted her life to working for the public good."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbors. The following year, Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel, and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The PLO also recognized Israel's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism. In 1994, the Israel\u2013Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel. Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements and checkpoints, and the deterioration of economic conditions. Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks. Finally, while leaving a peace rally in November 1995, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Prime Minister of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The current, and 23rd, Prime Minister of Canada is the Liberal Party's Justin Trudeau, who was appointed on November 4, 2015, by Governor General David Johnston, following the general election that took place that year."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eugen Bejinariu", "paragraph_text": "Bejinariu was appointed as interim prime minister at the request of resigning prime minister, Adrian N\u0103stase, and confirmed by the new president Traian B\u0103sescu to hold the office until a new prime minister was named. Bejinariu was the minister of government coordination in N\u0103stase's cabinet, joining the government after a long stint as chairman of Romania's State Protocol Department (RAPPS). He was replaced as prime minister on December 28, 2004 by C\u0103lin Popescu-T\u0103riceanu."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Prime Minister of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Following a contempt of court case, the Supreme Court permanently disqualified Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gillani. Originally, the PPP nomination was Makhdoom Shahbuddin, but he was forced to withdraw after the ANF issued non-bailable arrest warrants against him. Raja Pervaiz Ashraf became the Prime Minister and remained in office until 2013. The general election held in 2013 saw the PML (N) almost achieve a supermajority. Following this, Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time after a fourteen - year absence, in a democratic transition. In 2017, Sharif was forced to step down as the prime minister following corruption charges against him."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "First Dudley Senanayake cabinet", "paragraph_text": "The First Dudley Senanayake cabinet was the central government of Ceylon led by Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake between 1952 and 1953. It was formed in March 1952 after the death of Senanayake's predecessor D. S. Senanayake and it ended in October 1953 with Senanayake's resignation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as \"Pradhan Mantri\", meaning \"prime minister\". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Suhailah Noah", "paragraph_text": "Suhaila Noah was born on 24 October 1931, in Muar, Johor, British Malaya. Her father, Mohamad Noah Omar, became the first Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat (1959\u20131964). Suhaila Noah's sister, Rahah Noah, is the widow of 2nd Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein, and the mother of 6th Prime Minister Najib Razak."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yitzhak Rabin Center", "paragraph_text": "The Yitzhak Rabin Center is a library and research center in Tel Aviv, Israel, built in memory of assassinated Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Prime Minister of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control over all matters of internal and foreign policy. The last holder of this position was Nawaz Sharif who was recently disqualified by the Supreme Court. He was replaced by interim Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi. The Prime Minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and therefore is usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The Constitution of Pakistan vests the executive powers in the Prime Minister, who is responsible for appointing the Cabinet as well as running the executive branch, taking and authorising executive decisions, appointments and recommendations that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Britain's Everyday Heroes", "paragraph_text": "Britain's Everyday Heroes is a book by former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown about thirty-three ordinary people whose willing commitment to a cause or a community has informed and inspired Brown. It was published by Mainstream Publishing on 24 July 2007, less than a month after Brown became Prime Minister."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "\u00c9douard Balladur", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9douard Balladur (; born 2 May 1929) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France under Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand from 29 March 1993 to 10 May 1995. He unsuccessfully ran for president in the 1995 French presidential election, coming in third place. At age , Balladur is currently the oldest living former French Prime Minister."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Second Rudd Ministry", "paragraph_text": "The Second Rudd Ministry (Labor) was the 68th ministry of the Australian government, led by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. It succeeded the second Gillard ministry after a leadership spill within the Australian Labor Party that took place on 26 June 2013. Three members of the ministry were sworn in by Governor-General Quentin Bryce on 27 June 2013. These were Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister; Anthony Albanese, Deputy Prime Minister; and Chris Bowen, Treasurer. The remainder of the ministry were sworn in on 1 July 2013."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frank Forde", "paragraph_text": "Francis Michael Forde (18 July 1890 -- 28 January 1983) was an Australian politician who served as Prime Minister of Australia from 6 to 13 July 1945. He held office after the death of John Curtin, and is the shortest - serving prime minister in Australia's history."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Juma Akukweti", "paragraph_text": "Juma Jamaldin Akukweti (September 20, 1947 \u2013 January 4, 2007) was a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania. He represented Tunduru District in parliament from 1990 until his death, as a member of CCM. On December 28, 2005, he also became the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs in the Prime Minister's Office."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George III of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became Prime Minister for the second time, but died within months. The King then appointed Lord Shelburne to replace him. Charles James Fox, however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of the Duke of Portland. In 1783, the House of Commons forced Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the Fox\u2013North Coalition. The Duke of Portland became Prime Minister, with Fox and Lord North, as Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary respectively."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "India\u2013Palestine relations", "paragraph_text": "Prime Minister Narendra Modi, became the first Prime Minister of India to visit Palestine in 2018. The visit was called ``Grand Affair ''and historic for India to reaffirm its ties."}], "question": "Where did the 1992 prime minister die?"}
{"id": "2hop__19438_23099", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes\u2014although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars\u2014considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the \u00c5land war."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport", "paragraph_text": "Admiral Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport, KB (2 December 17262 May 1814) was an officer of the British Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars, and the brother of Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "paragraph_text": "Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the ``Southern Resource Area ''(the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally) had begun very early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, then commanding Japan's Combined Fleet. He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff only after much contention with Naval Headquarters, including a threat to resign his command. Full - scale planning was underway by early spring 1941, primarily by Rear Admiral Ry\u016bnosuke Kusaka, with assistance from Captain Minoru Genda and Yamamoto's Deputy Chief of Staff, Captain Kameto Kuroshima. The planners studied the 1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto intensively."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Trafalgar", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August\u2013December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803\u20131815)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "HMS Santa Dorothea (1798)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Santa Dorothea\" was a Royal Navy 34-gun fifth rate. This frigate had previously served in the Spanish Navy under the name \"Santa Dorotea\". Built in Spain in 1775, she served during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars until being captured while sailing as part of a squadron off Cartagena. Taken into British service, she spent the rest of the French Revolutionary and most of the Napoleonic Wars under the white ensign, until being broken up in 1814."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Battle of Trafalgar", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August -- December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1796 -- 1815)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James Wilkes Maurice", "paragraph_text": "Vice-Admiral James Wilkes Maurice (10 February 1775 \u2013 4 September 1857) was an officer of the Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Unlike his contemporaries who won fame commanding ships, Maurice gained accolades for his command of a number of island fortresses."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Diego Garcia", "paragraph_text": "Diego Garcia is an atoll just south of the equator in the central Indian Ocean, and the largest of 60 small islands comprising the Chagos Archipelago. It was settled by the French in the 1790s and was transferred to British rule after the Napoleonic Wars. It was one of the ``Dependencies ''of the British Colony of Mauritius until it was detached for inclusion in the newly created British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) in 1965."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to C\u00e1diz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "After the setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube in strength, with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians. Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men. In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Neither side made much progress on 5 July, but the 6th produced a definitive outcome. Both sides launched major assaults on their flanks. Austrian attacks against the French left wing looked dangerous initially, but they were all beaten back. Meanwhile, a steady French attack against the Austrian left wing eventually compromised the entire position for Charles. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. Austrian losses were very heavy, reaching well over 40,000 casualties. The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "HMS Eurydice (1781)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Eurydice\" was a 24-gun \"Porcupine\"-class post ship of the Royal Navy built in 1781 and broken up in 1834. During her long career she saw service in the American War of Independence, the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. She captured a number of enemy privateers and served in the East and West Indies, the Mediterranean and British and American waters."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Fort Bull", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Fort Bull was a French attack on the British-held Fort Bull on 27 March 1756, early in the French and Indian War. The fort was built to defend a portion of the waterway connecting Albany, New York to Lake Ontario via the Mohawk River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris, while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain, Poland, several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies. The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever, and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and \"Glorious\" surge of Republicanism."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Siege of Genoa (1800)", "paragraph_text": "During the Siege of Genoa (6 April \u2013 4 June 1800) the Austrians besieged and captured Genoa. However, this was a pyrrhic victory as the smaller French force at Genoa under Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na had diverted enough Austrian troops to enable Napoleon to win the Battle of Marengo and defeat the Austrians."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its 50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy. It was discovered that Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports, including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery, which with a range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m), had double the range of French naval guns. The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion of northern Germany impossible."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "James Mangles (Royal Navy officer)", "paragraph_text": "James Mangles FRS, FRGS (1786 \u2013 18 November 1867) was an officer of the Royal Navy, naturalist, horticulturalist and writer. He served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, rising to the rank of captain. In the post-war period, with his brothers Robert and George, who shared his interests in horticulture, botany and plant collection, James was actively involved in the botanical, horticultural and commercial life of early colonial Western Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "The PLP, the party in government when the decision to join CARICOM was made, has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants. (The prominent roles of West Indians among Bermuda's black politicians and labour activists predated party politics in Bermuda, as exemplified by Dr. E. F. Gordon). The late PLP leader, Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans (who co-founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976), were prominent members of this group. They have emphasised Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies. Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Edward Hawker", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hawker (7 November 1782\u00a0\u2013 8 June 1860) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of St. Lucia", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of St. Lucia or the Battle of the Cul de Sac was a naval battle fought off the island of St. Lucia in the West Indies during the American Revolutionary War on 15 December 1778, between the British Royal Navy and the French Navy."}], "question": "Why are some Bermudians against the emphasis of cultural connections with the islands that Napoleon planned the French Navy to attack to divert the British?"}
{"id": "2hop__133871_202240", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gustavo Endres", "paragraph_text": "Gustavo Endres (born August 23, 1975 in Passo Fundo, Brazil) is a retired Brazilian volleyball player, a member of Brazil men's national volleyball team in 1997-2008, Olympic Champion Athens 2004, silver medalist of the Olympic Games from Beijing 2008, World Champion (2002, 2006), multimedalist of the World League, South American Championship, World Cup and the Grand Champions Cup. Endres added best blocker in World Championship 2002 and 2008 Olympic Games."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Canadian Football League", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Football League (CFL; French: Ligue canadienne de football, LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football. Its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions: the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kalamazoo Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Kalamazoo Kingdom were an American soccer team, founded in 1996. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2006, when the team left the league and the franchise was terminated."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Centro Social Deportivo Barber", "paragraph_text": "Sport Voetbal Centro Social Deportivo Barber is a Cura\u00e7ao football team located in WestPunt municipality Barber, and playing in the Cura\u00e7ao League First Division."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea (5th title) (2016 -- 17) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gustavo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez", "paragraph_text": "Gustavo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez (born July 30, 1979 in Tucuman, Argentina) is an Argentine association football Forward currently playing for Juventud Antoniana."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Sainty, the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992; 26 years ago (1992 - 02 - 20) Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City (3rd title) (2017 -- 18) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) Most appearances Gareth Barry (653) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer (260 goals) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sports in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture. Based on revenue, the four major professional sports leagues in the United States are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. Major League Soccer (MLS) is sometimes included in a ``top five ''of leagues of the country. All four enjoy wide - ranging domestic media coverage and are considered the preeminent leagues in their respective sports in the world, although American football does not have a substantial following in other nations. Three of those leagues have teams that represent Canadian cities, and all four are the most financially lucrative sports leagues of their sport. American football is the most popular sport in the United States followed by basketball, baseball, and soccer. Tennis, golf, wrestling, auto racing, arena football, field lacrosse, box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular sports in the country."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League. The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas. The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006. North Carolina is also home to Charlotte Hounds of the Major League Lacrosse."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Julio Marchant", "paragraph_text": "Julio Javier Marchant (born 11 January 1980 in Santiago del Estero) is an Argentine footballer of Spanish ancestry who plays for Torneo Argentino A club Juventud Antoniana."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field, located on the city's North Side. The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago; the other, the Chicago White Sox, is a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The Cubs, first known as the White Stockings, was a founding member of the NL in 1876, becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rugby League Tri-Nations", "paragraph_text": "The Rugby League Tri-Nations (known as the Gillette Tri-Nations for sponsorship reasons) was a rugby league tournament involving the top three teams in the sport: Australia, Great Britain and New Zealand and is the predecessor of today's Rugby League Four Nations."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wes Schulmerich", "paragraph_text": "Edward Wesley Schulmerich (August 21, 1901 \u2013 June 26, 1985) was an American Major League Baseball player from the state of Oregon. A native of the state, he played baseball and football at what is now Oregon State University where he participated in three sports. On the football team, he played three positions and earned the nickname of Ironhorse and all-conference honors. In baseball, he was a right-handed outfielder and after leaving school started his professional career in the minor leagues. Schulmerich then became the first player from the school to make it to the Major Leagues, playing for three teams in the early 1930s. He is a member of the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame."}], "question": "What league does Gustavo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez's team play in?"}
{"id": "2hop__18744_18728", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Goodbye Emmanuelle", "paragraph_text": "Goodbye Emmanuelle (aka Emmanuelle 3) is a 1977 French softcore erotica movie directed by Fran\u00e7ois Leterrier, and starring Sylvia Kristel. The music score is by Serge Gainsbourg. In this sequel, Emmanuelle and Jean move to the Seychelles, where she leaves him."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ratha Sapthami", "paragraph_text": "Ratha Sapthami (\u0cb0\u0ca5\u0cb8\u0caa\u0ccd\u0ca4\u0cae\u0cbf) is a 1986 Indian-Kannada romantic musical film directed by M. S. Rajashekar and produced by S. A. Govindaraj. It stars Shivarajkumar in his second venture after \"Anand\". Debutant actress Asha Rani and playwright Parvathavani star in the lead roles. The musical score was composed by Upendra Kumar, while the lyrics, screenplay and dialogues were written by Chi. Udaya Shankar. P. Vasu was co-writer of this movie. The story is based on a Kannada novel of the same name by Vidyullatha Sasanoor."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sethupathi IPS", "paragraph_text": "Sethupathi IPS is a 1994 Tamil action comedy thriller film starring Vijayakanth, Meena, and Nambiar. The movie deals the story of a police officer who fights against terrorism. The movie was shot in 180 days and entirely in Chennai. It is one of the superhits of Vijayakanth's during 1990s. It was dubbed in Telugu as \"Raghupathi IPS\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nalla", "paragraph_text": "Nalla is a 2004 Kannada romance-drama film directed by V. Nagendra Prasad featuring Sudeep and Sangeetha in the lead roles. The film features background score and soundtrack composed by Venkat Narayan and lyrics by V. Nagendra Prasad. The film released on 12 November 2004. This movie was dubbed in Hindi as \"Aur Ek Diljala\" This is a remake of 1982 Tamil movie \"Moondram Pirai\" which itself was loosely based on \"City Lights\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ramin Djawadi", "paragraph_text": "Ramin Djawadi (/ r\u0252\u02c8mi\u02d0n \u02c8d\u0292\u0251\u02d0v\u0259di /, Persian: \u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u200e; born July 19, 1974) is a German - Iranian composer. Djawadi is best known for his score for HBO's acclaimed television series Game of Thrones. He is also known for his works on movies such as Clash of the Titans, Pacific Rim, Warcraft and the Grammy - nominated score for the 2008 Marvel film Iron Man, and television series including Prison Break, Person of Interest, and Westworld."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kshana Kshanam", "paragraph_text": "Kshana Kshanam (English: \"Moment to Moment\") is a 1991 Indian road movie written and directed by Ram Gopal Varma. The Telugu language neo-noir film Starred Venkatesh, Sridevi and Paresh Rawal in the lead roles. The sound track and background score composed by M. M. Keeravani received rave reviews. The Comedy thriller film is one of the highest rated Telugu films on the Internet Movie Database. The narrative by Ram Gopal Varma, and the cinematography by S. Gopala Reddy, received positive reviews. It was dubbed in Tamil as \"Ennamo Nadakkudhu\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03a6\u03c4\u03ce\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf, Madalena, \u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03a4\u03bf \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b3\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Achanum Makanum", "paragraph_text": "Achanum Makanum is a 1956 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Vimal Kumar. The film stars Prem Nazir and Kumari Thankam in the lead roles. The film had musical score by V. Dakshinamoorthy. It is the first movie of actor Jagathy Sreekumar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ramin Djawadi", "paragraph_text": "Ramin Djawadi (/ r\u0252\u02c8mi\u02d0n \u02c8d\u0292\u0251\u02d0v\u0259di /, Persian: \u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u200e \u200e; born July 19, 1974) is an Iranian - German composer. Djawadi is best known for his score for HBO's popular television series Game of Thrones. He is also known for his works on movies such as Clash of the Titans, Pacific Rim, Warcraft and the Grammy - nominated score for the 2008 Marvel film Iron Man, and television series including Prison Break, Person of Interest, and Westworld."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "David Tamkin", "paragraph_text": "David Tamkin (28 August 1906 \u2013 21 June 1975) was an American composer of Jewish descent, born in Chernihiv, Ukraine. He devoted much of his professional career as an arranger, composer [uncredited] and orchestrator of film scores for Hollywood movies. He worked on more than 50 films between 1939 and 1970. His opera \"The Dybbuk\" premiered at New York City Opera in October, 1951."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Snoopy", "paragraph_text": "Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \"Peanuts\" movies and television specials, like \"The Peanuts Movie\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dharma Chakkaram", "paragraph_text": "Dharma Chakkaram () is a 1997 Tamil action drama film, directed by K. S. Ravikumar, starring Vijayakanth, Rambha, Deepti Bhatnagar in lead roles. The film, produced by Lakshmi Movie Makers and had musical score by Deva, and was released on 14 January 1997."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shamitabh", "paragraph_text": "The movie received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Srijana Mitra Das of Times of India gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated, \"Shamitabh has a doubly dramatic act - but less emotion\". Indian Express gave the movie 2 stars. Rajeev Masand of IBNLIVe gave the movie 2.5 stars stating \"The promising film comes undone by the curse of the second half\". The Guardian gave average reviews describing the movie \"Amitabh Bachchan in affectionate but incoherent satire\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pavappettaval", "paragraph_text": "Pavappettaval is a 1967 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by P. A. Thomas. The film stars Sathyan, Kamaladevi, Sukumari and Adoor Bhasi. The film had musical score by B. A. Chidambaranath. It is an adaptation of the Tollywood movie \"Devatha\", starring Nagiah and Kumari."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Clan of the Cave Bear (film)", "paragraph_text": "It was filmed in the Regional District of Okanagan - Similkameen, a precursor to the many Hollywood productions that would film in Canada soon after (see Hollywood North and Cinema of Canada). The score was composed by Alan Silvestri. The movie is one of Bart the Bear's earliest roles. The muskox hunt was filmed just outside Hughenden, Alberta."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mata (2006 film)", "paragraph_text": "Mata () is a 2006 Kannada cult black comedy film written and directed by debutant director Guruprasad. It has an ensemble cast starring Navarasa Nayaka Jaggesh, Vaijanath Biradar, Mandya Ramesh and others. The director himself had a cameo in the movie. Mata is a black comedy. The movie primarily revolves around the events that occur within a contemporary matha/mutts, which are revered as one of the most sacred institutions in India. The movie beautifully depicts that enlightenment is only possible if emotions like anger, lust, desire, etc. are overcome. With this movie, Guruprasad rose to fame in the industry."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kikujiro", "paragraph_text": "Kikujiro () is a 1999 Japanese film starring, written, and directed by Takeshi Kitano. Its score was composed by Joe Hisaishi. The film was entered into the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. This movie was remade in Tamil as \"Nandalala\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Johnny, You're Wanted", "paragraph_text": "Johnny, You're Wanted is a 1956 British crime B-movie, directed by Vernon Sewell and starring John Slater. The film features famous strongwoman Joan Rhodes performing her stage act."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "In the 20th century, Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence. At the same time, composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music, which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America, Eternity and a Day, Chariots of Fire, Blade Runner, among others. Greek American composers known for their film scores include Yanni and Basil Poledouris. Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros and others."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Holy Innocents (film)", "paragraph_text": "Los santos or The Holy Innocents is a Spanish drama film directed by Mario Camus, based on famous Miguel Delibes' novel of the same title. The movie stars Alfredo Landa and Francisco Rabal, who both won the Best Actor Award at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival."}], "question": "Who starred in the movie that is known as one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?"}
{"id": "2hop__767470_323541", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (\u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf, Genik\u03cc Lykei\u03cc) and technical\u2013vocational educational schools (\u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \"TEE\"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (\u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \"IEK\") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades", "paragraph_text": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades, also referred to as PSAT, is a government institution of technical vocation education and training higher learning located in Alvear Street, Lingayen, Pangasinan, Philippines. PSAT is duly registered by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. All PSAT programs are accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Education in the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). DepEd is responsible for the K -- 12 basic education; it exercises full and exclusive control over public schools and nominal regulation over private schools, and it also enforces the national curriculum that has been put in place since 2013. CHED and TESDA, on the other hand, are responsible for higher education; CHED regulates the academically - oriented universities and colleges while TESDA oversees the development of technical and vocational education institutions and programs in the country."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Model Secondary School for the Deaf", "paragraph_text": "The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89 - 694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "Hopkins School, a private school, was founded in 1660 and is the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States. New Haven is home to a number of other private schools as well as public magnet schools, including Metropolitan Business Academy, High School in the Community, Hill Regional Career High School, Co-op High School, New Haven Academy, ACES Educational Center for the Arts, the Foote School and the Sound School, all of which draw students from New Haven and suburban towns. New Haven is also home to two Achievement First charter schools, Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep, and to Common Ground, an environmental charter school."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Laurel Springs School", "paragraph_text": "Laurel Springs School is a WASC-accredited K\u201312 distance learning school in Ojai, California, United States. Laurel Springs School offers personalized resources, customizable curricula, individualized teacher services, college advising and other services to families attending public and private school who are looking for another option; distance learning and home education students; students pursuing acting or sports careers; families living abroad; home school families; private and public schools and tutoring centers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Peter Lewis Allen", "paragraph_text": "Peter Lewis Allen (born 1957) is a scholar, author, educator, and executive. He earned a B.A. in classics and English from Haverford College, a Ph.D. in comparative literature from the University of Chicago and an M.B.A. from the Wharton School."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Comprehensive school", "paragraph_text": "In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kate Bronfenbrenner", "paragraph_text": "Kate Bronfenbrenner (March 23, 1954) is the Director of Labor Education Research at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. She is a leading authority on successful strategies in labor union organizing, and on the effects of outsourcing and offshoring on workers and worker rights."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Home School (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Home School is a novel by Charles Webb that is the sequel to \"The Graduate\". It was published by Random House in the United Kingdom in 2007."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School and the London Business School. London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, Central School of Ballet, LAMDA, London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, RADA, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, the Royal College of Music and Trinity Laban."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Douglas J. Eboch", "paragraph_text": "Douglas J. Eboch (born December 10, 1967) is an American screenwriter, author and educator, best known for the 2002 comedy \"Sweet Home Alabama\", starring Reese Witherspoon, Josh Lucas, Patrick Dempsey and Candice Bergen."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "College of William & Mary School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The College of William & Mary School of Education is a program offered at both undergraduate and graduate levels of study at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It accounts for one-third of all master\u2019s degrees and over one-half of all doctoral degrees at The College. Professional education programs are accredited by the Virginia Department of Education, and the School of Education itself is accredited by NCATE. The School of Education was ranked among the top 50 nationally in a survey of doctoral degree granting schools of education by U.S. News & World Report's Best Graduate Schools Guide 2007 edition. It also utilizes its own library, the School of Education Library."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Arusha School", "paragraph_text": "Arusha School is a government school located in Arusha, Tanzania. Originally the school was opened in 1934 as a private co-educational school for European children, but in 1972 it was taken over by the government. The school educates students from Nursery to Primary 7. It is both a boarding school and day school."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Harvard Graduate School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States. It was founded in 1920, when it was the first school to establish the Ed.D. degree."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "France", "paragraph_text": "Nowadays, the schooling system in France is centralised, and is composed of three stages, primary education, secondary education, and higher education. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranked France's education as about the OECD average in 2015. Primary and secondary education are predominantly public, run by the Ministry of National Education. In France, education is compulsory from six to sixteen years old, and the public school is secular and free. While training and remuneration of teachers and the curriculum are the responsibility of the state centrally, the management of primary and secondary schools is overseen by local authorities. Primary education comprises two phases, nursery school (\u00e9cole maternelle) and elementary school (\u00e9cole \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire). Nursery school aims to stimulate the minds of very young children and promote their socialisation and development of a basic grasp of language and number. Around the age of six, children transfer to elementary school, whose primary objectives are learning about writing, arithmetic and citizenship. Secondary education also consists of two phases. The first is delivered through colleges (coll\u00e8ge) and leads to the national certificate (Dipl\u00f4me national du brevet). The second is offered in high schools (lyc\u00e9e) and finishes in national exams leading to a baccalaureate (baccalaur\u00e9at, available in professional, technical or general flavours) or certificate of professional competence (certificat d'aptitude professionelle)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Graduate (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Graduate is a 1963 novella by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. It tells the story of Benjamin Braddock, who, while pondering his future after his graduation, has an affair with the older Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father's business partner."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons. There are both public and private schools, including many private international schools. The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons, but most cantons provide a free \"children's school\" starting at four or five years old. Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages, although recently (2000) English was introduced first in a few cantons."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ronne Hartfield", "paragraph_text": "Ronne Hartfield (born Ronola Rone in 1936) is an author, essayist, international museum consultant, and former senior executive at The Art Institute of Chicago and Executive Director of Urban Gateways: The Center for Arts in Education. She has been a co-chair of the Harvard University Arts Education Council and a Senior Research Associate at Harvard University's Center for the Study of World Religions, and at Claremont Graduate University School of Religion. In 2004, Ms. Hartfield published \"Another Way Home: The Tangled Roots of Race in One Chicago Family\" to critical acclaim. Ronne Hartfield has served on the board of directors at the American Writers Museum, the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Taliesin, Scottsdale, AZ, the Rhode Island School of Design, and the Institute for the Advanced Study of Religion at the University of Chicago. She is an internationally recognized expert in arts education and multicultural education. Ronne is married to Robert Hartfield, a mathematician at the University of Chicago, with whom she has four daughters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Education in the United States", "paragraph_text": "By state law, education is compulsory over an age range starting between five and eight and ending somewhere between ages sixteen and eighteen, depending on the state. This requirement can be satisfied in public schools, state - certified private schools, or an approved home school program. In most schools, compulsory education is divided into three levels: elementary school, middle or junior high school, and high school. Children are usually divided by age groups into grades, ranging from kindergarten (5 -- 6 year olds) and first grade for the youngest children, up to twelfth grade (17 -- 18 years old) as the final year of high school."}], "question": "Where was the author of Home School educated at?"}
{"id": "2hop__128448_767640", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sunset Valley, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Sunset Valley is a city in Travis County, Texas, United States. The population was 749 at the 2010 census. It is surrounded on all sides by the city of Austin."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shire of Taringa", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Taringa is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in western Brisbane. Its administrative centre was Taringa (now a suburb of City of Brisbane). It existed from 1890 to 1925."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "KVLR", "paragraph_text": "KVLR is a contemporary Christian radio station licensed to Sunset Valley, Texas. The station broadcasts at 92.5 MHz, on the FM dial and is under ownership of Educational Media Foundation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}], "question": "KVLR is in what county?"}
{"id": "2hop__23928_24111", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Karun Treasure", "paragraph_text": "Karun Treasure is the name given to a collection of 363 valuable Lydian artifacts dating from the 7th century BC and originating from U\u015fak Province in western Turkey, which were the subject of a legal battle between Turkey and New York Metropolitan Museum of Art between 1987\u20131993 and which were returned to Turkey in 1993 after the Museum admitted it had known the objects were stolen when they had purchased them. The collection is alternatively known as the \"Lydian Hoard\". The items are exhibited in the U\u015fak Museum of Archaeology."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven has a variety of museums, many of them associated with Yale. The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library features an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible. There is also the Connecticut Children's Museum; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization's world headquarters; the Peabody Museum of Natural History; the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments; the Eli Whitney Museum (across the town line in Hamden, Connecticut, on Whitney Avenue); the Yale Center for British Art, which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K., and the Yale University Art Gallery, the nation's oldest college art museum.[citation needed] New Haven is also home to the New Haven Museum and Historical Society on Whitney Avenue, which has a library of many primary source treasures dating from Colonial times to the present."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (in Spanish, the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza (pronounced [mu\u02c8se.o \u02c8tisem bo\u027ene\u02c8misa]), named after its founder), or simply the Thyssen, is an art museum in Madrid, Spain, located near the Prado Museum on one of city's main boulevards. It is known as part of the \"Golden Triangle of Art\", which also includes the Prado and the Reina Sofia national galleries. The Thyssen-Bornemisza fills the historical gaps in its counterparts' collections: in the Prado's case this includes Italian primitives and works from the English, Dutch and German schools, while in the case of the Reina Sofia it concerns Impressionists, Expressionists, and European and American paintings from the 20th century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yonesaka Line", "paragraph_text": "The is a railway line in Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). It connects Yonezawa Station in Yamagata Prefecture to Sakamachi Station in Niigata Prefecture. At Yonezawa, connections to the Yamagata Shinkansen and \u014cu Main Line can be made; while the Uetsu Main Line connects at Sakamachi Station. The line takes its name from the first kanji of and ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "High Falls Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The High Falls Historic District corresponds roughly to the downtown section of the hamlet of that name in Marbletown, New York, United States. It is a area around the intersection of state highway NY 213, Main Street, Mohonk Road (Ulster County Route 6A0 and Bruceville Road just south of Rondout Creek."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shandy Hall (Ohio)", "paragraph_text": "Shandy Hall is the name of a homestead museum located in Harpersfield, Ohio, owned and maintained by the Western Reserve Historical Society."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yale University", "paragraph_text": "Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire\u2014the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner\u2014and nature preserves including Horse Island."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Benninghofen House", "paragraph_text": "The Benninghofen House is a historic residence in Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1860s, this house has been named a historic site for its high-quality architecture. Once the home of prominent Hamilton residents, it has been converted into a museum."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mbalabala", "paragraph_text": "Mbalabala (Balla Balla until 1982) is a village on the main Beitbridge-Bulawayo road (at the junction with the Filabusi Road) in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe. Situated approximately 41 miles (66\u00a0km) south-east of the city of Bulawayo. The name is derived from the Ndebele name for the greater kudu (scientific name: Tragelaphus strepsiceros). It was originally rendered \"Balla Balla\" by Europeans, which was altered to its present name in 1982 by the Zimbabwean government in order to coincide closer with the local pronunciation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Oak Street Connector (Connecticut Route 34) intersects I-91 at exit 1, just south of the I-95/I-91 interchange, and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads. The Wilbur Cross Parkway (Connecticut Route 15) runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven, turning northwards as it nears the city and then running northwards parallel to I-91 through the outer rim of New Haven and Hamden, offering an alternative to the I-95/I-91 journey (restricted to non-commercial vehicles). Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state (officially designated as Heroes Tunnel), running through West Rock, home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "K\u00f6lnischer Kunstverein", "paragraph_text": "The K\u00f6lnischer Kunstverein is an art museum in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia state, Germany. It is named after the historical art society of the same name."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue. The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, however its Museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959, opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shore Line Trolley Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Shore Line Trolley Museum, located in East Haven, Connecticut, is the oldest operating trolley museum in the United States. It was founded to preserve the heritage of the trolley car. The museum includes exhibits on trolley history in the visitors' center and offers rides on restored trolleys along its track. The ride includes a tour of the museum's historic trolley collection."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Milford Haven Museum", "paragraph_text": "Milford Haven Museum is a maritime and heritage museum in Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire. Opened in 1991, it has a heavy focus on the maritime history of the town, with exhibitions which explore the fishing and oil industries in the area. The collection also contains information relating to the railway industry in the area, Milford at war, the shipbuilding industry and the Liquefied Natural Gas process. Summer 2013 saw the arrival of a rare Bronze Age wooden trough, discovered locally at St Botolphs in 2006."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Turner Turnpike", "paragraph_text": "The Turner Turnpike is a toll road in central Oklahoma, connecting its two largest cities, Oklahoma City and Tulsa. Authorized by the Oklahoma Legislature in 1947 and opened in May 1953, it is the oldest of the state's ten turnpikes. The route is signed as Interstate 44 for its entire length, but was constructed prior to its designation as such. The Turner Turnpike was named after Governor Roy J. Turner, who pushed for efforts to build this toll road to connect the state's two largest cities."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lennox Gardens", "paragraph_text": "Lennox Gardens, a park in Canberra, Australia, lying on the south side of Lake Burley Griffin, close to Commonwealth Avenue Bridge and Albert Hall in the suburb of Yarralumla. Before the construction of Lake Burley Griffin a road ran through the present garden, this road being one of two main crossing points across the Molonglo River. The name of the road was \"Lennox Crossing\" from which the present garden takes its name. The northern segment of the road is still present on Acton peninsula. The garden was officially named in 1963. Lennox Crossing was named after David Lennox, an early bridge builder in NSW and Victoria."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Farmington Canal Trail is a rail trail that will eventually run continuously from downtown New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts. The scenic trail follows the path of the historic New Haven and Northampton Company and the Farmington Canal. Currently, there is a continuous 14-mile (23 km) stretch of the trail from downtown, through Hamden and into Cheshire, making bicycle commuting between New Haven and those suburbs possible. The trail is part of the East Coast Greenway, a proposed 3,000-mile (4,800 km) bike path that would link every major city on the East Coast from Florida to Maine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney, a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden town line. That area is still known as Whitneyville, and the main road through both towns is known as Whitney Avenue. The factory is now the Eli Whitney Museum, which has a particular emphasis on activities for children and exhibits pertaining to the A. C. Gilbert Company. His factory, along with that of Simeon North, and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors, contributed to making early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as \"The Arsenal of America\". It was in Whitney's gun-manufacturing plant that Samuel Colt invented the automatic revolver in 1836. The Farmington Canal, created in the early 19th century, was a short-lived transporter of goods into the interior regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and ran from New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Landesmuseum W\u00fcrttemberg", "paragraph_text": "The museum's main location is the Old Castle in Stuttgart. The nearby granary and the cellar of the New Castle also contain parts of the collections as well as Waldenbuch Castle outside of Stuttgart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Queen Mary Psalter", "paragraph_text": "The Queen Mary Psalter (British Library, Royal MS 2 B.vii) is a fourteenth-century English psalter named after Mary I of England, who gained possession of it in 1553. The psalter is noted for its beauty and the lavishness of its illustration, and has been called \"one of the most extensively illustrated psalters ever produced in Western Europe\" and \"one of the choicest treasures of the magnificent collection of illuminated MSS. in the British Museum\"."}], "question": "What is the museum on the street connecting New Haven to Hamden that contains a variety of historical treasure?"}
{"id": "2hop__41002_41005", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", "paragraph_text": "The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured the landmark Twin Towers, which opened on April 4, 1973 and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers -- the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m) -- were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex was located in New York City's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m) of office space."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Greene County Courthouse (Iowa)", "paragraph_text": "The Greene County Courthouse, located in Jefferson, Iowa, United States, was built in 1918. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. In 2011, it was included as a contributing property in the Jefferson Square Commercial Historic District. The courthouse is the third structure to house court functions and county administration. The courthouse features the Mahany Tower, a 120 feet bell tower."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "9/11: The Twin Towers", "paragraph_text": "9/11: The Twin Towers (also billed as Inside the Twin Towers) is a television special documentary film which uses re-enactments and computer-generated imagery to re-create a minute-by-minute account of what happened inside the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City during the September 11 attacks. In the United States it premiered on the Discovery Channel on 3 September 2006, narrated by Harry Pritchett. In the United Kingdom it premiered on BBC One on 7 September 2006, narrated by Terence Stamp."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pomfret Street Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Pomfret Street Historic District is a historic district roughly along Pomfret Street (Route 169), from Bradley Road to Woodstock Road in Pomfret, Connecticut, United States. The district represents the core of the village of Pomfret Center."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Construction of the World Trade Center", "paragraph_text": "Construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower began in August 1968, and the South Tower in 1969. Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 and into the South Tower in January 1972. Four other low - level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the early 1970s, and the complex was mostly complete by 1973. A seventh building, 7 World Trade Center, was opened in 1987."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bloomington Central Business District", "paragraph_text": "The Bloomington Central Business District is a historic district in downtown Bloomington, Illinois. The district includes roughly twelve square blocks of the city and encompasses 140 buildings, 118 of which are contributing buildings to the district's historic character. The 1901 McLean County Courthouse, the center of government of McLean County, is the focal point of the district. The other buildings in the district were built between 1842 and 1942 and are primarily commercial. The Miller-Davis Law Buildings, two of the oldest buildings in the district, were built in 1843 and represent the early period of Bloomington's development. Bloomington's commercial core grew rapidly during the 1850s and 1860s after two railroads opened in the city; while the 1854 Gridley Bank is the only surviving pre-1857 building from this period, several more remain from the later part of the boom. The city continued to grow, and its business district continued to expand, from 1860 until 1900; however, a fire destroyed much of its downtown in 1900. Several buildings in the district date from the rebuilding period of the early 1900s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Diamond Head Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Diamond Head Theatre is a cultural institution in the United States. Calling itself the \"Broadway of the Pacific\", it is located on the slopes of Diamond Head in Honolulu, Hawaii. Opened in 1915, it is Hawaii's oldest performing arts center."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded, but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries, notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the \"Trimountain\", after which Tremont Street is named), and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay. Downtown and its immediate surroundings consists largely of low-rise (often Federal style and Greek Revival) masonry buildings, interspersed with modern highrises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston. Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings\u2014the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center. Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon, the color of which forecasts the weather. Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly impacted by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (known unofficially as the \"Big Dig\"), which allowed for the removal of the unsightly elevated Central Artery and the incorporation of new green spaces and open areas."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fresno, California", "paragraph_text": "This vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation needed] After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time showed second and third run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978,[citation needed] at Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress. Also in the Tower District is Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fresno, California", "paragraph_text": "The popular neighborhood known as the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre, which is included on the National List of Historic Places. The theater was built in 1939 and is at Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District. (The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower, which is actually in another nearby area). The Tower District neighborhood is just north of downtown Fresno proper, and one-half mile south of Fresno City College. Although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior, the early commercial establishments of the Tower District began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after World War II. The character of small local businesses largely remains today. To some extent, the businesses of the Tower District were developed due to the proximity of the original Fresno Normal School, (later renamed California State University at Fresno). In 1916 the college moved to what is now the site of Fresno City College one-half mile north of the Tower District."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", "paragraph_text": "The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured the landmark twin towers, which opened on April 4, 1973, and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the ``Twin Towers ''-- the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m) -- were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. All were built between 1975 and 1985, with a cost of $400 million ($2,300,000,000 in 2014 dollars). The complex was located in New York City's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m) of office space."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Orpheum Theatre (San Francisco)", "paragraph_text": "The SHN Orpheum Theatre, originally the Pantages Theatre, is located at 1192 Market at Hyde, Grove and 8th Streets in the Civic Center district of San Francisco, California. The theatre first opened in 1926 as one of the many designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca for theater - circuit owner Alexander Pantages. The interior features a vaulted ceiling, while the facade was patterned after a 12th - century French cathedral. The Orpheum seats 2,203 patrons. In 1998, after a previous renovation in the 1970s, a $20 million renovation was completed to make the Orpheum more suitable for Broadway shows. The theatre is a locally designated San Francisco landmark as determined by the San Francisco Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fresno, California", "paragraph_text": "The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue, and all within a few hundred feet of each other. Since renewal, the Tower District has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses. Today, the Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's local punk/goth/deathrock and heavy metal community.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Charlemont Village Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Charlemont Village Historic District is a historic district on Massachusetts Route 2 between South Street and Harmony Lane, encompassing much of the village center of Charlemont, Massachusetts. The district's properties represent the growth of the village center from its rural origin through a period of 19th century industrialization, including 18th and 19th century farmsteads, Greek Revival buildings of the mid 19th century, and later 19th century Victorian architectural styles. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "30 St Mary Axe", "paragraph_text": "30 St Mary Axe (informally known as the Gherkin and previously as the Swiss Re Building) is a commercial skyscraper in London's primary financial district, the City of London. It was completed in December 2003 and opened in April 2004. With 41 stories it is 180 metres (591 ft) tall and stands on the former sites of the Baltic Exchange and Chamber of Shipping, which were extensively damaged in 1992 by the explosion of a bomb placed by the Provisional IRA in St Mary Axe, the street from which the tower takes its name."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sanbornton Square Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Sanbornton Square Historic District encompasses the historic center of Sanbornton, New Hampshire. The town, granted in 1748 and incorporated in 1777, is the mother town of Franklin and Tilton, and was one of the first to be established by the Masonian proprietors. Unlike towns settled earlier, no specific plan was made for a town center, with the result that Sanbornton Square arose organically as the principal site of civic and religious life in the town. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", "paragraph_text": "When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building after a 40 - year reign. The North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall and featured a telecommunications antenna or mast that was added at the top of the roof in 1978 and stood 362 feet (110 m) tall. With the 362 - foot (110 m) - tall antenna / mast, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m). Chicago's Sears Tower, finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop. Throughout their existence, the WTC towers had more floors (at 110) than any other building. This number was not surpassed until the advent of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010. Each tower had a total mass of around 500,000 tons."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Archwood Avenue Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Archwood Avenue Historic District is a historic residential district in the Brooklyn Centre neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Composed of houses constructed around the turn of the twentieth century, it has been one of the neighborhood's most important streets since it was established, and it was designated a historic district in 1987."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New Cordell Courthouse Square Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The New Cordell Courthouse Square Historic District is a district comprising the historic commercial center of New Cordell, Washita County, Oklahoma. The district grew around the Washita County Courthouse site, which was planned in 1897 when the townsite was laid out. The commercial buildings surrounding the courthouse were mainly built from 1900 to 1925; some newer buildings, including several on First Street, are also part of the district. 80 buildings are included in the district, of which 52 are considered contributing buildings to the district's historic character. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 7, 1999."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ware Center Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Ware Center Historic District encompasses the historic early center of Ware, Massachusetts. Centered at the junction of Massachusetts Route 9 with Greenwich Plains Road, it is a linear district extending about along Route 9 in either direction. Most of the structures in the district were built between 1760 and 1860, although there are some 20th century intrusions. The area was the center of town civic and commercial activity until the 1820s, when villages serving industry became more important. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986."}], "question": "During which period did the historic theatre around which the Tower District is centered reopen?"}
{"id": "2hop__57417_306008", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Patrick McEnroe", "paragraph_text": "Patrick John McEnroe (born July 1, 1966) is a former professional tennis player and the former captain of the United States Davis Cup team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Art Larsen", "paragraph_text": "Arthur David \"Art\" or \"Tappy\" Larsen (April 17, 1925 \u2013 December 7, 2012) was an American No. 1 male tennis player best remembered for his victory at the U.S. Championships in 1950 and for his eccentricities. He won the \"Times\" national sports award for the outstanding tennis player of 1950. Larsen was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1969."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Roger Federer", "paragraph_text": "Federer has won a record eight Wimbledon titles, a joint - record six Australian Open titles, a record five consecutive US Open titles, and one French Open title. He is one of eight men to have captured a career Grand Slam. Federer has reached a record 30 men's singles Grand Slam finals, including 10 in a row from the 2005 Wimbledon Championships to the 2007 US Open. He reached the semifinals at 23 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments, from the 2004 Wimbledon Championships through to the 2010 Australian Open. Federer has also won a record six ATP Finals, 27 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 titles, and a record 20 ATP World Tour 500 titles. Given these achievements, many players and analysts consider Federer the greatest tennis player of all time."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mihaela Steff", "paragraph_text": "Mihaela Steff is a former female table tennis player from Romania. From 1998 to 2005, she has won two medals in singles, doubles, and team events in the World Table Tennis Championships, in the Table Tennis World Cup, and in the Table Tennis European Championships."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2012 Wimbledon Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 2012 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in England. It was the 126th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 25 June to 8 July 2012. It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior Tour and the NEC Tour. The championships were organised by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and the International Tennis Federation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Algeria at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980 Summer Olympics Algeria participated for the first time in a team sport, competing in both football and handball. Their first medal came at the 1984 Summer Olympics, where Mustapha Moussa won bronze in boxing."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions", "paragraph_text": "Player Open Era Amateur Era All - time Years Roger Federer (SUI) 8 0 8 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017 William Renshaw (BRI) 0 7 7 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889 Pete Sampras (USA) 7 0 7 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Laurence Doherty (BRI) 0 5 5 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 Bj\u00f6rn Borg (SWE) 5 0 5 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 Reginald Doherty (BRI) 0 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900 Anthony Wilding (NZL) 0 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913 Rod Laver (AUS) 1961, 1962, 1968, 1969 Novak Djokovic (SRB) 0 2011, 2014, 2015, 2018 Wilfred Baddeley (BRI) 0 1891, 1892, 1895 Arthur Gore (BRI) 0 1901, 1908, 1909 Bill Tilden (USA) 0 1920, 1921, 1930 Fred Perry (GBR) 0 1934, 1935, 1936 John Newcombe (AUS) 1967, 1970, 1971 John McEnroe (USA) 0 1981, 1983, 1984 Boris Becker (GER) 0 1985, 1986, 1989 John Hartley (BRI) 0 1879, 1880 Joshua Pim (BRI) 0 1893, 1894 Norman Brookes (AUS) 0 1907, 1914 Gerald Patterson (AUS) 0 1919, 1922 Jean Borotra (FRA) 0 1924, 1926 Ren\u00e9 Lacoste (FRA) 0 1925, 1928 Henri Cochet (FRA) 0 1927, 1929 Don Budge (USA) 0 1937, 1938 Lew Hoad (AUS) 0 1956, 1957 Roy Emerson (AUS) 0 1964, 1965 Jimmy Connors (USA) 0 1974, 1982 Stefan Edberg (SWE) 0 1988, 1990 Rafael Nadal (ESP) 0 2008, 2010 Andy Murray (GBR) 0 2013, 2016"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1994 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Women's Singles", "paragraph_text": "Conchita Mart\u00ednez defeated Martina Navratilova in the final, 6 -- 4, 3 -- 6, 6 -- 3 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1994 Wimbledon Championships. It was Mart\u00ednez 'first and only Grand Slam title, and Navratilova's last appearance in a Grand Slam final. Navratilova became the oldest player to reach a Grand Slam final, at 37 years, 8 months and 14 days old. It was also Navratilova's 12th appearance in the Wimbledon singles final, an Open Era record."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ma Lin (table tennis)", "paragraph_text": "He learned to play table tennis at the age of five and became a member of the provincial team in 1990. In 1994, he joined the Chinese national team. Ma Lin is the only male player ever to win Olympic gold in Singles, Doubles and Team. Additionally, he holds a professional era record of 5 major titles (4 World Cups and 1 Olympic Gold), having won more World Cups than any other male table tennis player in history.Since retiring in December 2013, Ma Lin has been serving as the head coach of the Guangdong provincial table tennis team."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2017 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Men's Singles", "paragraph_text": "Roger Federer achieved his record eighth Wimbledon and 19th Grand Slam men's singles title, defeating Marin \u010cili\u0107 in the final, 6 -- 3, 6 -- 1, 6 -- 4. Federer thus became the only male player to win the Wimbledon singles title eight times, as well as only the second man in the Open era, after Bj\u00f6rn Borg in 1976, to win Wimbledon without losing a set. This was Federer's 70th appearance at a Grand Slam, tying the record for male players and a record - breaking 11th men's singles final at the same Grand Slam tournament. In addition, by virtue of his third - round win over Mischa Zverev, Federer won his 317th Grand Slam singles match, surpassing Serena Williams' record of 316 match wins and giving him the all - time record for the most Grand Slam singles wins by any player, male or female. The tournament marked the fifth time that Nadal and Federer won the French Open and Wimbledon respectively in the same year."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chan Hao-ching", "paragraph_text": "Chan Hao-ching (; ; born September 19, 1993), also known as Angel Chan, is a professional tennis player representing Taiwan (Chinese Taipei). She is primarily a doubles specialist, having won 17 WTA, 2 WTA Challengers and 6 ITF titles in that discipline. Chan reached the final of the mixed-doubles competition at Wimbledon with Max Mirnyi in 2014, her first Grand Slam final. She reached two more in 2017, the Wimbledon women's doubles with Monica Niculescu, and the US Open mixed doubles with Michael Venus."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mashiska Washington", "paragraph_text": "Mashiska Washington (born December 19, 1974) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. He is the younger brother of 1996 Wimbledon runner-up MaliVai Washington."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "Four people have won the award more than once: tennis player Andy Murray is the only person to have won the first place award three times (in addition to the Young Sports Personality and Team awards), while boxer Henry Cooper and Formula One drivers Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill have each won twice. Snooker player Steve Davis has finished in the top three a record five times. Jessica Ennis - Hill holds the record for most podiums without a win; having finished four times in the top three, after failing the make the shortlist for the 2016 award, having announced her retirement from athletics beforehand, Ennis - Hill is statistically the most successful sportsperson never to have won the award."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Benjamin Balleret", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Balleret (born 15 January 1983 in Monte Carlo, Monaco) is a professional tennis player from Monaco. His father, Bernard Balleret, is also a professional tennis player in the past. Balleret is a member of the Monaco Davis Cup team."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Walter Avarelli", "paragraph_text": "Walter Avarelli (3 June 1912 \u2013 1987) was an Italian bridge player, a member of the famous Blue Team, with whom he won nine Bermuda Bowls and three World Team Olympiads from 1956 to 1972."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2011 Wimbledon Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 2011 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in England. It was the 125th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 20 June to 3 July 2011. It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior Tour and the NEC Tour. The championships were organised by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and the International Tennis Federation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "1999 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Men's Singles", "paragraph_text": "Pete Sampras successfully defended his title, defeating Andre Agassi in the final, 6\u20133, 6\u20134, 7\u20135 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. With this win, his sixth at Wimbledon, Sampras broke Bj\u00f6rn Borg's then open era record of five Wimbledon titles, and equalled Roy Emerson's then record of twelve Grand Slam titles. Sampras' victory over Agassi in the final is often cited as one of the greatest performances in a Wimbledon final. However, despite his victory, Sampras lost his No. 1 ranking when the ATP rankings were updated a day later to Agassi, who in addition to his run to the Wimbledon Final, had recently won the 1999 French Open."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tennis on CBS", "paragraph_text": "Tennis on CBS is the branding used for broadcasts of professional tennis tournaments that were produced by CBS Sports, the sports division of the CBS television network in the United States. At the time the network's broadcast agreements with the United States Tennis Association (USTA) ended in 2014, CBS held the broadcast rights to the U.S. Open, the U.S. Open Series and the Sony Ericsson Open. From 1980 to 1982, CBS also televised the French Open (sandwiched in-between stints at NBC)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Buzz Schneider", "paragraph_text": "William Conrad \"Buzz\" Schneider (born September 14, 1954, in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, and raised in Babbitt, Minnesota) is an American former ice hockey player best remembered for his role on the US Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. He was also a member of the US Olympic hockey team at the 1976 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1980 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Men's singles final", "paragraph_text": "The 1980 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 1980 Wimbledon Championships. In the final, Bj\u00f6rn Borg defeated John McEnroe 1 -- 6, 7 -- 5, 6 -- 3, 6 -- 7, 8 -- 6 to win the match. It was regarded at the time as the greatest match ever played. It would be another 28 years before the 2008 Wimbledon men's singles final between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal would rival the match as the greatest ever played."}], "question": "The US tennis player who won Wimbledon 3 times in 1980s is a member of what sports team?"}
{"id": "2hop__134710_838472", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Apollo Creed", "paragraph_text": "In the seventh installment, it has been revealed that Creed had an affair sometime before his death, and from that, Adonis Johnson Creed was born. After his biological mother's death in the late '90s, Apollo's widow, Mary Anne (Phylicia Rashad), adopts him. At a young age, not only does he possess the boxing skills of his father, but also his fiery temper. Years later, presumed to be a well - educated young man, Adonis (Michael B. Jordan) leaves his job to pursue a full - time career in boxing. He first seeks tutelage from Duke's son, ``Lil' Duke ''(Wood Harris), who runs the Delphi Boxing Academy. Duke refuses to work with Adonis to ensure his safety. Adonis, to his mother's dismay, moves to Philadelphia to seek out Rocky. While meeting up at Adrian's, Rocky is surprised when Adonis mentions a third fight between him and Apollo that happened behind closed doors, presenting himself to be Apollo's son. Rocky compliments his father's boxing ability and reveals that Apollo won their third match."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Louis Aragon", "paragraph_text": "Louis Aragon was born in Paris. He was raised by his mother and maternal grandmother, believing them to be his sister and foster mother, respectively. His biological father, , a former senator for Forcalquier, was married and thirty years older than Aragon's mother, whom he seduced when she was seventeen. Aragon's mother passed Andrieux off to her son as his godfather. Aragon was only told the truth at the age of 19, as he was leaving to serve in the First World War, from which neither he nor his parents believed he would return. Andrieux's refusal or inability to recognize his son would influence Aragon's poetry later on."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (20 October 1509 \u2013 14 July 1510) was the second son of James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor, and had he outlived his father, he would have been King of Scotland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Joachim", "paragraph_text": "Joachim (/ \u02c8d\u0292o\u028a\u0259k\u026am /; ``he whom Yahweh has set up '', Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05b9\u05d9\u05b8\u05e7\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u202c Y\u0259h\u00f4y\u0101q\u00eem, Greek \u1f38\u03c9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc I\u014d\u0101ke\u00edm) was the husband of Saint Anne and the father of Mary, the mother of Jesus, according to the Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican traditions. The story of Joachim and Anne first appears in the apocryphal Gospel of James. Joachim and Anne are not mentioned in the Bible. His feast day is 26 July."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Elaine Hammerstein", "paragraph_text": "Elaine Hammerstein was the daughter of opera producer Arthur Hammerstein and the granddaughter of Oscar Hammerstein I. Her father once remarked he was more interested in his daughter's career than in his own. Hammerstein was Arthur's daughter by his first marriage, to Jean Allison Hammerstein. When the couple divorced, the mother did not ask for permanent custody of Elaine but instead requested that her daughter be allowed to choose for herself when she reached the age of maturity."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Snow White and the Huntsman", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Stewart as Snow White Raffey Cassidy as young Snow White Chris Hemsworth as Eric the Huntsman Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Snow White's evil stepmother Izzy Meikle - Small as young Ravenna Sam Claflin as William, son of Duke Hammond Xavier Atkins as young William Sam Spruell as Finn, Ravenna's brother and enforcer Elliot Reeve as young Finn Vincent Regan as Duke Hammond, William's father Lily Cole as Greta, a young girl who befriends Snow White Noah Huntley as King Magnus, Snow White's father Liberty Ross as Queen Eleanor, Snow White's mother Chris Obi as the voice of Mirror Man, the physical form of the Magic Mirror Rachael Stirling as Anna Hattie Gotobed as Lily Greg Hicks as Black Knight General Peter Ferdinando as Black Knight Anastasia Hille as Ravenna's Mother"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ahmet Zappa", "paragraph_text": "Ahmet Zappa was born in Los Angeles, California, the third of four children born to musician Frank Zappa and businesswoman Gail Zappa (n\u00e9e Sloatman). His father was of Italian (Sicilian), Greek, Arab, and French descent, and his mother was of French, Irish, and mostly Danish ancestry. He is said to be named after music executive Ahmet Erteg\u00fcn, whom his father greatly admired. This is contradicted by Neil Slaven in \"Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story Of Frank Zappa\", who notes:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross (30 April 1514, Stirling Castle\u201318 December 1515, Stirling Castle) was the fourth and last son of King James IV of Scotland and his queen Margaret Tudor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Barney Stinson", "paragraph_text": "Barney has three half - siblings: James (played by Wayne Brady), from his mother's side, a gay African American who is married to a man, with whom he has an adopted son and daughter (as revealed in the season seven episode ``The Rebound Girl ''); Carly (played by Ashley Benson), a university student from his father's side with whom Ted has a one - night stand in`` Ring Up!'', and Jerome Jr. (JJ), from his father's side, who is 11. He also has a female cousin named Leslie, with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub, as seen in the episode ``Okay Awesome ''."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paul Chomnycky", "paragraph_text": "Paul Chomnycky was born in Vancouver, Canada, the son of a Ukrainian-immigrant father and Canadian-born mother (both of whom died in 1996) and graduated from the University of British Columbia with a bachelor's degree in Commerce in 1980. After working as an accountant for two years, he entered the novitate of the Order of St. Basil the Great, working in the Basilian monastery in New York."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "King Arthur: Legend of the Sword", "paragraph_text": "Poppy Delevingne as Igraine, Arthur's mother and Uther's wife: she is killed by Vortigern in the beginning of the film."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles (before 1596 \u2013 15 December 1619) was the son and heir apparent of Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond (1559 \u2013 1632/3) (whom he predeceased) and Helen Butler. He resided at Thurles Castle, Thurles, County Tipperary. He was the father of the noted Anglo-Irish statesman and Royalist commander James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Robert Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell, FRSA (30 October 1913 \u2013 9 December 1962) was the son of Lieutenant-General Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, and Olave St. Clair Soames. He was also the nephew of Agnes Baden-Powell, Baden Baden-Powell, and Warington Baden-Powell, and the grandson of the Rev. Baden Powell. Peter was named Arthur after his mother's brother, Robert after his father, and Peter after Peter Pan, a character in a play by James Barrie, of whom Peter's father, the first Lord Baden-Powell, was a great fan. Likewise, Peter Baden-Powell named his daughter Wendy after another character in the play."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Edward VIII", "paragraph_text": "Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park, on the outskirts of London during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. He was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary). His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the eldest daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck (Francis and Mary Adelaide). At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind his grandfather and father."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jack McFarland", "paragraph_text": "In season three, Jack undertakes a search for his biological father, which ends when he discovers that his father died several years back. Jack does, however, meet Elliot (Michael Angarano), his own biological son, whom he fathered by depositing at a sperm bank as a teenager so that he could buy a leather jacket. He later discovers that the boy's mother Bonnie (Rosie O'Donnell) is a lesbian; she was a nurse at the sperm bank who stole Jack's deposit and was inseminated with it."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arthur Balfour", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Balfour was born at Whittingehame House, East Lothian, Scotland, the eldest son of James Maitland Balfour (1820\u20131856) and Lady Blanche Gascoyne-Cecil (1825\u20131872). His father was a Scottish MP, as was his grandfather James; his mother, a member of the Cecil family descended from Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, was the daughter of the 2nd Marquess of Salisbury and a sister to the 3rd Marquess, the future Prime Minister. His godfather was the Duke of Wellington, after whom he was named. He was the eldest son, third of eight children, and had four brothers and three sisters. Arthur Balfour was educated at Grange Preparatory School at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire (1859\u20131861), and Eton College (1861\u20131866), where he studied with the influential master, William Johnson Cory. He then went up to the University of Cambridge, where he read moral sciences at Trinity College (1866\u20131869), graduating with a second-class honours degree. His younger brother was the Cambridge embryologist Francis Maitland Balfour (1851\u20131882)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhang Yaoling", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Yaoling was the oldest son of his father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie) and therefore was designated his heir apparent. When Zhang Chonghua died in 353, he succeeded Zhang Chonghua as the ruler of Former Liang (with the title Duke of Xiping), but actual power was in the hands of his uncle, Zhang Zuo the Marquess of Changning. In early 354, Zhang Zuo, who had carried on an affair with Zhang Chonghua's mother Princess Dowager Ma, gained her support to take over as ruler, and Zhang Yaoling was demoted to the title of Marquess of Liangning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Stewart, Earl of Buchan", "paragraph_text": "John Stewart, Earl of Buchan (c. 1381 \u2013 17 August 1424) was a Scottish nobleman and soldier who fought alongside Scotland's French allies during the Hundred Years War. In 1419 he was sent to France by his father the Duke of Albany, Regent of Scotland, with an army of 6,000 men. Stewart led the combined Franco-Scottish army at the Battle of Baug\u00e9 on 21 March 1421, where he comprehensively defeated the English forces, proving that the English could at last be beaten."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Duke Xian of Jin", "paragraph_text": "Duke Xian of Jin (, died 651 BC), ancestral name Ji (\u59ec), given name Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8), was the nineteenth ruler of the State of Jin. He was also the ninth ruler of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period and the second duke of Jin. When his father, Duke Wu of Jin, died in 677 BC, Guizhu ascended the throne of Jin and became Duke Xian of Jin. He reigned for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (\u66f2\u6c83) to Jiang (\u7d73). He was named after a Rongdi tribe (\u620e\u72c4\u65cf) leader Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8) whom his father, Duke Wu of Jin, captured alive."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kingdom of England", "paragraph_text": "The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown. Edward III (reigned 1327\u20131377) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government\u2014in particular the evolution of the English parliament. From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France, but after the Hundred Years' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455, the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent, except for Calais. After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses, the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper, achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542. Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation, and his daughter Elizabeth I (reigned 1558\u20131603) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World."}], "question": "Who is Arthur Stewart's mother's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__151413_272786", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Greek mythology", "paragraph_text": "According to Classical - era mythology, after the overthrow of the Titans, the new pantheon of gods and goddesses was confirmed. Among the principal Greek gods were the Olympians, residing on Mount Olympus under the eye of Zeus. (The limitation of their number to twelve seems to have been a comparatively modern idea.) Besides the Olympians, the Greeks worshipped various gods of the countryside, the satyr - god Pan, Nymphs (spirits of rivers), Naiads (who dwelled in springs), Dryads (who were spirits of the trees), Nereids (who inhabited the sea), river gods, Satyrs, and others. In addition, there were the dark powers of the underworld, such as the Erinyes (or Furies), said to pursue those guilty of crimes against blood - relatives. In order to honor the Ancient Greek pantheon, poets composed the Homeric Hymns (a group of thirty - three songs). Gregory Nagy regards ``the larger Homeric Hymns as simple preludes (compared with Theogony), each of which invokes one god ''."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton. Neptune's innermost four moons\u2014Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea\u2014orbit close enough to be within Neptune's rings. The next-farthest out, Larissa, was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs, but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989, Larissa was found to have caused it. Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004. A new moon and the smallest yet, S/2004 N 1, was found in 2013. Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, Neptune's moons have been named after lesser sea gods."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Greek underworld", "paragraph_text": "In mythology, the Greek underworld is an otherworld where souls go after death. The original Greek idea of afterlife is that, at the moment of death, the soul is separated from the corpse, taking on the shape of the former person, and is transported to the entrance of the Underworld. The Underworld itself -- sometimes known as the realm of Hades -- is described as being either at the outer bounds of the ocean or beneath the depths or ends of the earth. It is considered the dark counterpart to the brightness of Mount Olympus with the kingdom of the dead corresponding to the kingdom of the gods. Hades is a realm invisible to the living, made solely for the dead."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Abbey in the Oakwood", "paragraph_text": "The Abbey in the Oakwood () is an oil painting by Caspar David Friedrich. It was painted between 1809 and 1810 in Dresden and was first shown together with the painting \"The Monk by the Sea\" in the Prussian Academy of Arts exhibition of 1810. On Friedrich's request \"The Abbey in the Oakwood\" was hung beneath \"The Monk by the Sea\". This painting is one of over two dozen of Friedrich's works that include cemeteries or graves."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The God Beneath the Sea", "paragraph_text": "The God Beneath the Sea is a children's novel based on Greek mythology, written by Leon Garfield and Edward Blishen, illustrated by Charles Keeping, and published by Longman in 1970. It was awarded the annual Carnegie Medal (Garfield & Blishen) and commended for the companion Greenaway Medal (Keeping) by the British Library Association. Pantheon Books published a U.S. edition with illustrations by Zevi Blum in 1971."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Longman", "paragraph_text": "Longman, also known as Pearson Longman, is a publishing company founded in London, England, in 1724 and is owned by Pearson PLC."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Channel Tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The Channel Tunnel (French: Le tunnel sous la Manche; also nicknamed Chunnel) is a 50.45 - kilometre (31.35 mi) rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with Coquelles, Pas - de-Calais, near Calais in northern France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 m (250 ft) deep below the sea bed, and 115 m (380 ft) below sea level. At 37.9 kilometres (23.5 mi), the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world, although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan is both longer overall at 53.85 kilometres (33.46 mi) and deeper at 240 metres (790 ft) below sea level. The speed limit for trains in the tunnel is 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Conversations with God", "paragraph_text": "Conversations with God (CwG) is a sequence of books written by Neale Donald Walsch. It was written as a dialogue in which Walsch asks questions and God answers. The first book of the \"Conversations with God\" series, \"Conversations with God, Book 1: An Uncommon Dialogue\", was published in 1995 and became a publishing phenomenon, staying on \"The New York Times Best Sellers List\" for 137 weeks. The succeeding volumes in the nine book series also appeared prominently on the List."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Seas Beneath", "paragraph_text": "Seas Beneath is a 1931 American Pre-Code action film directed by John Ford and starring George O'Brien and Marion Lessing."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mayo GAA", "paragraph_text": "Mayo's unofficial supporters club is Mayo Club '51. Their crest is based on the current GAA crest, with the famous mountain Croagh Patrick in green and the sea beneath it in red, signifying the county's coastline. The name of the club commemorates the year that the Mayo senior footballers last won the Sam Maguire Cup, a year which is synonymous with Mayo football."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Book of Exodus", "paragraph_text": "There is no unanimous agreement among scholars on the structure of Exodus. One strong possibility is that it is a diptych (i.e., divided into two parts), with the division between parts 1 and 2 at the crossing of the Red Sea or at the beginning of the theophany (appearance of God) in chapter 19. On this plan, the first part tells of God's rescue of his people from Egypt and their journey under his care to Sinai (chapters 1 -- 19) and the second tells of the covenant between them (chapters 20 -- 40)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Macheret Trench", "paragraph_text": "Macheret Trench (, \u2018Padina Macheret\u2019 \\pa-'di-na ma-che-'ret\\) is the narrow, elongated subglacial valley reaching a maximum depth of 120 m below sea level beneath upper Perunika Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. From its deepest section at 62\u00b036'38.0\"S by 60\u00b015'55.0\"W, situated north of Rezen Knoll, the feature extends below sea level 3.8 km in southeast direction to near W\u00f6rner Gap."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Restored Church of God", "paragraph_text": "RCG's founder and leader is David C. Pack (born 1948). As Pastor General of the Restored Church of God, David C. Pack oversees the operations of the church. He attended Ambassador College and entered WCG's ministry in 1971. Following the 1995 schism in WCG, Pack became a minister in the Global Church of God, but was fired on May 3, 1999, and established his own church. Since then, he has established over 50 congregations, authored more than 20 books, written hundreds of booklets and articles, and appeared on The History Channel. The church attendance is claimed to be in the thousands, but no reliable numbers have been published."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Conversations with God", "paragraph_text": "Conversations with God (CwG) is a sequence of books written by Neale Donald Walsch. It was written as a dialogue in which Walsch asks questions and God answers. The first book of the Conversations with God series, Conversations with God, Book 1: An Uncommon Dialogue, was published in 1995 and became a publishing phenomenon, staying on the New York Times Best - Sellers List for 137 weeks. The succeeding volumes in the nine book series also appeared prominently on the List."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Economy of God", "paragraph_text": "The Economy of God, first published in 1968, is one of Witness Lee's principal works and is a compilation of messages he gave in the summer of 1964 in Los Angeles. These messages build on one of Watchman Nee's classics, \"The Spiritual Man\", which reveals that man is composed of three parts-spirit, soul, and body. \"The Economy of God\" shows how this understanding of the parts of man tie into the central revelation of the Bible, which is God's economy, God's plan to carry out His heart's desire of imparting Himself into man for His full expression. A mass-distribution edition of this book was published in 2004."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "To a God Unknown", "paragraph_text": "To a God Unknown is a novel by John Steinbeck, first published in 1933. The book was Steinbeck's third novel (after \"Cup of Gold\" and \"The Pastures of Heaven\"). Steinbeck found \"To a God Unknown\" extremely difficult to write; taking him roughly five years to complete, the novel proved more time-consuming than either \"East of Eden\" or \"The Grapes of Wrath\", Steinbeck's longest novels."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "So God Made a Farmer", "paragraph_text": "``So God Made a Farmer ''was a speech given by radio broadcaster Paul Harvey at the 1978 Future Farmers of America convention. The speech was first published in 1986 in Harvey's syndicated column. The speech borrowed a few phrases from a 1975 article written by Harvey in the Gadsden Times, which was itself inspired by parts of a 1940 definition of a dirt farmer published in The Farmer - Stockman. The 1940 article was copied verbatim by Tex Smith in a letter to the editor in the Ellensburg Daily Record in 1949. The speech was given as an extension of the Genesis creation narrative referring to God's actions on the 8th day of creation. Harvey described the characteristics of a farmer in each phrase, ending them with the recurring`` So God Made a Farmer''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "All Creatures of Our God and King", "paragraph_text": "``All Creatures of Our God and King ''is an English Christian Easter hymn by William Henry Draper, based on a poem by St Francis of Assisi. It was first published in a hymn book in 1919."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging \u2013 it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, \"[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance."}], "question": "Who owns the publisher of \"The God Beneath the Sea\"?"}
{"id": "2hop__153660_434447", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Claudine Chomat", "paragraph_text": "Chomat was born at Saint-Etienne (Loire), her father having died a few months earlier, while on active service in the First World War. She committed herself to the French Communist Party in 1934 and helped found the Union of Young Girls in France (l'Union des Jeunes Filles de France) in 1936, with Danielle Casanova, Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier, and Jeannette Vermeersch. In 1937, she married Victor Michaut, a communist leader; the marriage lasted ten years."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Venerd\u00ec 12", "paragraph_text": "Venerd\u00ec 12 (Friday 12) is a comic strip series created by Italian author Leo Ortolani first published in 1996 as a series of the comic magazine L'isola che non c'\u00e8 and continued on the \"Rat-Man Collection\", where it was also completed."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Danielson", "paragraph_text": "Peter Danielson is the pen name used by the authors of a series of 19 books published by Bantam Books between 1984 and 1995. The series, called \"Children of the Lion\", is loosely based on Old Testament Biblical events."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Scorpia Rising", "paragraph_text": "Scorpia Rising is the ninth novel in the \"Alex Rider\" series, written by British author Anthony Horowitz. It was published on 31 March 2011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mahmoud Salem", "paragraph_text": "Mahmoud Salem (; 1931 - 24 February 2013) was an eminent Egyptian author who was known for children books and mystery series."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "NAMA Mia!", "paragraph_text": "NAMA Mia! is a 2011 novel by Irish journalist and author Paul Howard and the eleventh in the Ross O'Carroll-Kelly series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Shelbourne Ultimatum", "paragraph_text": "The Shelbourne Ultimatum is a 2012 novel by Irish journalist and author Paul Howard and the twelfth in the Ross O'Carroll-Kelly series."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ellen Steiber", "paragraph_text": "Ellen Steiber is an American novelist and author of books for young readers, including some based on single episodes of \"The X-Files\" and \"Full House\" series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Michel Vaillant", "paragraph_text": "Michel Vaillant is a French comics series created in 1957 by French cartoonist Jean Graton and published originally by Le Lombard. Later, Graton published the albums by himself when he founded Graton \u00e9diteur in 1982. Michel Vaillant is the main character of the eponymous series, a French racing car driver who competes mainly in Formula One."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Andrew E. Svenson", "paragraph_text": "Andrew E. Svenson (May 8, 1910 \u2013 August 21, 1975) was an American children's author, publisher, and partner in the Stratemeyer Syndicate. Under a variety of pseudonyms, many shared with other authors, Svenson authored or coauthored more than 70 books for children, including books for the \"Hardy Boys\", \"Bobbsey Twins\", \"Tom Swift\", and \"Honey Bunch\" series. He wrote the series \"The Happy Hollisters\" using the pseudonym Jerry West and \"The Tolliver Family\" as Alan Stone."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Oh My God Delusion", "paragraph_text": "The Oh My God Delusion is a 2010 novel by Irish journalist and author Paul Howard, and the tenth in the Ross O'Carroll-Kelly series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bone Chillers", "paragraph_text": "Bone Chillers is a series of children's horror fiction novels and a TV show created and authored by Betsy Haynes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Hollow Man (Harris novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollow Man (2011) is a novel by British author Oliver Harris, the first of a series featuring detective Nick Belsey."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Whispers Under Ground", "paragraph_text": "Whispers Under Ground is the third novel in the Rivers of London series by English author Ben Aaronovitch, published 2012 by Gollancz."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jean Alexandre Vaillant", "paragraph_text": "Jean Alexandre Vaillant (1804 - 21 March 1886) was a French and Romanian teacher, political activist, historian, linguist and translator, who was noted for his activities in Wallachia and his support for the 1848 Wallachian Revolution. A Romantic nationalist and Freemason, he was an associate of the liberal faction in both Wallachia and Moldavia, as well as a collaborator of Ion Heliade R\u0103dulescu, Ion C\u00e2mpineanu, Mitic\u0103 Filipescu, and Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Should Have Got Off at Sydney Parade", "paragraph_text": "Should Have Got Off at Sydney Parade is a 2007 novel by Irish journalist and author Paul Howard, and the sixth in the Ross O'Carroll-Kelly series."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dirk Benedict", "paragraph_text": "Dirk Benedict (born Dirk Niewoehner on March 1, 1945) is an American movie, television and stage actor and author. He is best known for playing the characters Lieutenant Templeton ``Faceman ''Peck in The A-Team television series and Lieutenant Starbuck in the original Battlestar Galactica film and television series. He is the author of Confessions of a Kamikaze Cowboy and And Then We Went Fishing."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pam Belluck", "paragraph_text": "Pam Belluck, an American journalist and author, is a health and science writer for \"The New York Times\" and author of the acclaimed nonfiction book \"Island Practice,\" which is in development for a television series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vaillante", "paragraph_text": "Vaillante is a fictional French company of which most of the activity is related to automobile. Vaillante is featured in the French comic book series \"Michel Vaillant\". Vaillante was founded by Henri Vaillant."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Kings of Clonmel", "paragraph_text": "The Kings of Clonmel is the eighth novel in the \"Ranger's Apprentice\" series by Australian author John Flanagan. It was released in Australia on 4 November 2008."}], "question": "Who is the author of the series that include Vaillante?"}
{"id": "2hop__67501_125588", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bernard Weiner", "paragraph_text": "Bernard Weiner (born 1935) is an American social psychologist known for developing a form of attribution theory which seeks to explain the emotional and motivational entailments of academic success and failure. His contributions include linking attribution theory, the psychology of motivation, and emotion."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marxism", "paragraph_text": "Marxism is a theory and method of working-class self-emancipation. As a theory, it relies on a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rupert Moser", "paragraph_text": "Rupert Moser (born 2 June 1944 in Horn, Thurgau canton, Switzerland) is professor emeritus for social anthropology and African studies at the University of Bern. He conducted research on the paternal Ngoni (WaNgnoni) and the matrilineal Mwera in southern Tanzania. He did further work on the genesis of Swahili, migration and religious movements."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Histoires naturelles", "paragraph_text": "Histoires naturelles (\"Natural Histories\") is a song cycle by Maurice Ravel, composed in 1906. It sets five poems by Jules Renard to music for voice and piano. Ravel's pupil Manuel Rosenthal created a version for voice and orchestra. The cycle is dedicated to the mezzo-soprano Jane Bathori, who gave the first performance, accompanied by the composer, on 12 January 1907."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hagar", "paragraph_text": "Hagar (/ he\u026a\u02c8\u0261\u0251\u02d0r / hay - GAR; Hebrew: \u05d4\u05b8\u05d2\u05b8\u05e8, Modern Hagar, Tiberian H\u0101g\u0101r, of uncertain origin Arabic: \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u200e \u200e H\u0101jar; Latin: Agar) is a biblical person in the Book of Genesis. She was an Egyptian handmaid of Sarai (Sarah), who gave her to Abraham to bear a child. The product of the union was Abraham's firstborn, Ishmael, the progenitor of the Ishmaelites. Various commentators have connected her to the Hagrites, perhaps as their eponymous ancestor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Analytical Marxism", "paragraph_text": "Analytical Marxism is an approach to Marxist theory that was prominent amongst English-speaking philosophers and social scientists during the 1980s. It was mainly associated with the September Group of academics, so called because of their biennial September meetings to discuss common interests. Self-described as \"Non-Bullshit Marxism\",[1] the group was characterized, in the words of David Miller, by \"clear and rigorous thinking about questions that are usually blanketed by ideological fog.\"[2] Members of this school seek to apply the techniques of analytic philosophy, along with tools of modern social science such as rational choice theory to the elucidation of the theories of Karl Marx and his successors."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "George C. Homans", "paragraph_text": "George Casper Homans (August 11, 1910 -- May 29, 1989) was an American Sociologist, founder of behavioral sociology and the Social Exchange Theory."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sima Qian", "paragraph_text": "Sima Qian was born at Xiayang in Zuopingyi (around present-day Hancheng, Shaanxi Province) around 145, though some sources give his birth year as around 135. Around 136, his father, Sima Tan, received an appointment to the relatively low-ranking position of \"grand historian\" (\"t\u00e0ish\u01d0\" , alt. \"grand scribe\" or \"grand astrologer\"). The grand historian's primary duty was to formulate the yearly calendar, identifying which days were ritually auspicious or inauspicious, and present it to the emperor prior to New Year's Day. Besides these duties, the grand historian was also to travel with the emperor for important rituals and to record the daily events both at the court and within the country. By his account, by the age of ten Sima was able to \"read the old writings\" and was considered to be a promising scholar. Sima grew up in a Confucian environment, and Sima always regarded his historical work as an act of Confucian filial piety to his father."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dirac hole theory", "paragraph_text": "Dirac hole theory is a theory in quantum mechanics, named after English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac. The theory poses that the continuum of negative energy states, that are solutions to the Dirac equation, are filled with electrons, and the vacancies in this continuum (holes) are manifested as positrons with energy and momentum that are the negative of those of the state. The discovery of the positron in 1929 gave a considerable support to the Dirac hole theory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Social penetration theory", "paragraph_text": "The social penetration theory (SPT) proposes that, as relationships develop, interpersonal communication moves from relatively shallow, non-intimate levels to deeper, more intimate ones. The theory was formulated by psychologists Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973 to understand relationship development between individuals. Altman and Taylor notes that relationships ``involve different levels of intimacy of exchange or degree of social penetration ''. The social penetration theory is known as an objective theory, meaning that the theory is based on data drawn from experiments, and not from conclusions based on individuals' specific experiences."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Social cycle theory", "paragraph_text": "Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new, unique direction (s), sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history are generally repeating themselves in cycles. Such a theory does not necessarily imply that there can not be any social progress. In the early theory of Sima Qian and the more recent theories of long - term (``secular '') political - demographic cycles as well as in the Varnic theory of P.R. Sarkar an explicit accounting is made of social progress."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Intelligence", "paragraph_text": "Reuven Feuerstein The theory of Structural Cognitive Modifiability describes intelligence as ``the unique propensity of human beings to change or modify the structure of their cognitive functioning to adapt to the changing demands of a life situation ''."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "McMillan (surname)", "paragraph_text": "MacMillan, Macmillan, McMillen or McMillan are variants of a Scottish surname. The origin of the name is said to derive from the origin of the Scottish Clan MacMillan. The progenitor of the Clan was said to be Airbertach, Hebridean prince of the old royal house of Moray. Airbertach had a son named Cormac, who was a Bishop, and Cormac's own son Gilchrist or, in Gaelic, Gille Chriosd, the progenitor of the Clann an Mhaoil, was a religious man like his father; and it was because of this that he wore the tonsure which gave him the nickname Maolan or Gillemaol. As a Columban priest, his head would have been shaved over the front of his head in the style of Saint John the Evangelist, rather than at the vertex of head (the dominant style in The Church of Rome). This distinctive tonsure is described in Gaelic as' Mhaoillan '. The name MacMillan thus literally means, ``son of the tonsure ''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Orano Cycle", "paragraph_text": "Orano Cycle, formerly COGEMA (\"Compagnie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des mati\u00e8res nucl\u00e9aires\") and Areva NC, is a French nuclear company. It is the main subsidiary of Orano S.A. The company was created in 1976 from the production division of the French government's CEA (English: \"Atomic Energy Commission\"). It is an industrial group active in all stages of the uranium fuel cycle, including uranium mining, conversion, enrichment, spent fuel reprocessing, and recycling. In 2001, COGEMA was merged with Framatome and CEA Industrie to form the larger group Areva; the subsidiary's name was changed to \"Areva NC\" in March 2006. In 2018, it changed its name to Orano Cycle to reflect the restructuring of Areva."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gerald F. Davis", "paragraph_text": "Gerald Fredrick (Jerry) Davis (born 1961) is an American sociologist, and Professor of Sociology at the University of Michigan, known for his work on corporate networks, social movements and organization theory."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Barry Hindess", "paragraph_text": "Barry Hindess (11 July 1939 \u2014 19 May 2018) was an Emeritus Professor in the School of Social Sciences at Australian National University. He was for many years an academic sociologist in the UK (mainly at the University of Liverpool) and has published widely on social and political theory, and on the history of political thought."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Polish Sociological Review", "paragraph_text": "The Polish Sociological Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Polish Sociological Association. It covers diverse areas of sociology, especially social theory, social structure, social change, culture and politics in global perspective. The journal publishes articles in English."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jean-Pierre Eckmann", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Pierre Eckmann (born 27 January 1944) is a mathematical physicist in the department of theoretical physics at the University of Geneva and a pioneer of chaos theory and social network analysis."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Glue (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Glue is a 2001 novel by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh. \"Glue\" tells the stories of four Scottish boys over four decades, through the use of different perspectives and different voices. It addresses sex, drugs, violence, and other social issues in Scotland, mapping \"the furious energies of working-class masculinity in the late 20th century, using a compulsive mixture of Lothians dialect, libertarian socialist theory, and an irresistible black humour.\" The title refers not to solvent abuse, but the metaphorical glue holding the four friends together through changing times."}], "question": "Who is the father of the person who gave the cycle theory of social change?"}
{"id": "2hop__609679_820100", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mars Attacks!", "paragraph_text": "Jack Nicholson as President James Dale, the President of the United States. Nicholson also portrays Art Land, a developer in Las Vegas."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fred Nicholson", "paragraph_text": "Fred Nicholson (September 1, 1894 in Honey Grove, Texas \u2013 January 23, 1972 in Kilgore, Texas), was a Major League Baseball player who played outfielder from -. He would play for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Braves, and Detroit Tigers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Honey Grove, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Honey Grove is a city in Fannin County, Texas, United States. Honey Grove bills itself as \"The Sweetest Town in Texas\". The population was 1,668 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "A Safe Place", "paragraph_text": "A Safe Place is a 1971 film written and directed by Henry Jaglom and starring Tuesday Weld, Orson Welles, and Jack Nicholson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "13 Hours by Air", "paragraph_text": "13 Hours by Air (also known as 20 Hours by Air) is a 1936 drama film made by Paramount Pictures and directed by Mitchell Leisen. The film stars Fred MacMurray and Joan Bennett. The screenplay was written by Kenyon Nicholson and Bogart Rogers, based on story \"Wild Wings\" by Bogart Rogers and Frank Mitchell Dazey. \"13 Hours by Air\" was also the forerunner of the disaster film, a genre featuring a complex, heavily character-driven ensemble cast film, exploring the personal dramas and interactions that develop among the passengers and crew as they deal with a deadly onboard emergency."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}], "question": "What county contains the place where Fred Nicholson was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__33388_148257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": ".al", "paragraph_text": ".al is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Albania. It is administered by the Electronic and Postal Communications Authority of Albania (AKEP)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Valbona Selimllari", "paragraph_text": "In 1999 Valbona represented Albania in Mrs Globe which was held in Riga, Latvia and she was crowned as Mrs Globe of 1999 among all other girls representing their countries worldwide."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rita Marko", "paragraph_text": "Rita Marko (17 February 1920 \u2013 15 June 2018) was an Albanian political figure who served in a number of positions in Albania during its socialist period."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gregg Groothuis", "paragraph_text": "Gregg Groothuis (born May 1, 1970) is an American professional wrestler, known by his stage name Jack Bull, who competed in North American independent promotions including Impact Zone Wrestling, the National Wrestling Alliance and Ultimate Pro Wrestling as well as Japanese promotions HUSTLE, New Japan Pro Wrestling and Pro Wrestling ZERO1."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "I Said a Prayer", "paragraph_text": "\"I Said a Prayer\" is a song written by Leslie Satcher, and recorded by American country music artist Pam Tillis. It was released in May 1998 as the first single from the album \"Every Time\". The song reached #12 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alex Wesby", "paragraph_text": "Alex Wesby (born July 5, 1980) is an American professional basketball player from Philadelphia. He has played as a professional player in multiple countries in Europe."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "Albania has often been called the 51st state for its perceived strongly pro-American positions, mainly because of the United States' policies towards it. In reference to President George W. Bush's 2007 European tour, Edi Rama, Tirana's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists, said: \"Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe, maybe even in the world ... Nowhere else can you find such respect and hospitality for the President of the United States. Even in Michigan, he wouldn't be as welcome.\" At the time of ex-Secretary of State James Baker's visit in 1992, there was even a move to hold a referendum declaring the country as the 51st American state. In addition to Albania, Kosovo which is predominately Albanian is seen as a 51st state due to the heavily presence and influence of the United States. The US has had troops and the largest base outside US territory, Camp Bondsteel in the territory since 1999."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Maker Said Take Her", "paragraph_text": "\"The Maker Said Take Her\" is a song written by Ronnie Rogers and Mark Wright, and recorded by American country music group Alabama. It was released in June 1996 as the fifth and final single from their album \"In Pictures\". It peaked at number 4 on the United States \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, and at number 13 on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Florjon Mima", "paragraph_text": "Florjon Prokop Mima is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gogo Nushi", "paragraph_text": "Gogo Nushi (February 15, 1913 \u2013 December 4, 1970) was an Albanian political figure who served in a number of positions in Albania during its socialist period."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Natural Albania", "paragraph_text": "Natural Albania () is a nationalist political party in Albania created in 2010 by Ko\u00e7o Danaj. The main objective of the party is to propose a pacific solution to establish Greater Albania. The idea of unification, has roots in the events of the Treaty of London in 1913, when roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40% of the population were left outside the new country's borders,"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Frank Leskaj", "paragraph_text": "Frank Constantine Lescas ( also known as Frank Leskaj), (born April 16, 1971 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American swimmer who swam for Albania at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona by swimming in the 50m Freestyle, 100m Freestyle, and the 100m Breaststroke. Frank was the first Albanian swimmer to compete in the Olympics as well as the first Albanian-American to represent Albania."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "R.C. Pro-Am", "paragraph_text": "R.C. Pro-Am is a racing video game developed by Rare. It was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) by Nintendo for North America in March 1988, and then in Europe on April 15 of the same year. Presented in an overhead isometric perspective, a single player races a radio-controlled car around a series of tracks. The objective of each track is to qualify for the next race by placing in the top three racers. Players collect items to improve performance, and they must avoid a variety of hazards such as rain puddles and oil slicks. It is an example of a racing game which features vehicular combat, in which racers can use missiles and bombs to temporarily disable opposing vehicles. Originally titled \"Pro Am Racing\", \"R.C. Pro-Am\" was also ported to the Sega Genesis in 1992 as \"Championship Pro-Am\", an enhanced remake with enhanced graphics and additional features. \"R.C. Pro-Am\" was followed by two sequels: \"Super R.C. Pro-Am\" in 1991, and \"R.C. Pro-Am II\" in 1992."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Edi Rama", "paragraph_text": "Edvin Rama (born 4 July 1964) is an Albanian politician, artist, writer and former basketball player, who is serving as the 33rd Prime Minister of Albania and the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2013 and January 2019, respectively."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "David Meade", "paragraph_text": "David Meade (born June 22, 1976) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Kentucky House of Representatives representing District 80 since January 8, 2013. His legislative district includes Lincoln County and part of Pulaski County. Meade serves as Speaker Pro-Tempore of the Kentucky House of Representatives, a constitutional office and the second-highest position in the 100-member legislative chamber."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Geography of Sweden", "paragraph_text": "Sweden is a country in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It borders Norway to the west; Finland to the northeast; and the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia to the south and east. At , Sweden is the 55th largest country in the world. It is the fifth largest in Europe and the largest in Northern Europe."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Shk\u00eblqim Cani", "paragraph_text": "Prof. Dr. Shk\u00eblqim Cani (born 6 May 1956) was Governor of the Bank of Albania, which is the Central Bank of Albania, from August 1997 to October 2004, when Ardian Fullani took over the position. He is also the Minister of Finance-designate in the Rama Government of Prime Minister-designate Edi Rama."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Human Development Index", "paragraph_text": "A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent \"high development\". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the \"medium development\" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia."}], "question": "What is the position held by the person who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe?"}
{"id": "2hop__56758_587808", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vincent Moscato", "paragraph_text": "Thierry Vincent Moscato, known as Vincent Moscato (born Paris, 28 July 1965) is a former French rugby union player as well as radio talk host and actor."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Antoni Ramallets", "paragraph_text": "Antoni Ramallets Sim\u00f3n (1 July 1924 \u2013 30 July 2013) was a Spanish footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and also a manager."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "I Am Number Four (film)", "paragraph_text": "In March 2010, Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film, Number Four. It was later confirmed that the 21 - year - old British actor would play the lead. Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri, Number Four's guardian and mentor, but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film The A-Team. Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant. Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film, Commander, the Mogadorian who leads the hunt for the Loriens on Earth."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Baby Bob", "paragraph_text": "Baby Bob is an American sitcom that premiered on CBS as a midseason replacement in March 2002, and aired two seasons through June 2003. The Baby Bob character had previously been on television since February 2000, appearing in commercials for FreeInternet.com. While actual infants played Bob, the effect to make him look like he was talking was achieved through computer editing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Billy Cross", "paragraph_text": "Billy Cross (born in Manhattan, New York on July 15, 1946) is an American guitarist, singer and producer who has lived in Denmark since 1980. He has been part of the Danish bands Delta Cross Band, Cross-Schack-Ostermann and Everybody's Talking."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Deepwater Horizon (film)", "paragraph_text": "On August 19, 2014, casting began, with actor Mark Wahlberg added in the lead role of the film. Wahlberg plays Mike Williams, a real - life electronics technician on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. On March 18, 2015, Gina Rodriguez was set to play a woman named Andrea Fleytas, who was on the bridge on board the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the blowout, and frantically tried to contact the Coast Guard. On April 10, 2015, Deadline reported that Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Caleb Holloway. Kurt Russell joined the film on the same day O'Brien was in talks. Soon after, John Malkovich was confirmed cast, as a BP representative who fatally underestimates the dangers of working on the rig. Kate Hudson was announced as a cast member in May, 2015, and playing the wife of Wahlberg's character; her role will be her first on - screen pairing with Russell, her stepfather, although they shared no dialogue in the film."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nadir Nabiyev", "paragraph_text": "Nadir Nabiyev (, born on 18 July 1980 in Tovuz, Azerbaijan) is a retired Azerbaijani football player who played striker for the Azerbaijan national team and who last played for Azerbaijan Premier League club Turan Tovuz."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Look Who's Talking Too", "paragraph_text": "Look Who's Talking Too is a 1990 American romantic comedy film and a sequel to director Amy Heckerling's 1989 comedy Look Who's Talking. The film stars the original cast members John Travolta and Kirstie Alley as James and Mollie Ubriacco, the parents of Mikey (voiced by Bruce Willis), a toddler coping with the newest addition to the family, baby Julie (voiced by Roseanne Barr). In addition to this, he is having trouble using a potty, and the unorthodox advice he gets from his playmate, Eddie (voiced by Damon Wayans), does n't make his problem any better."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Odd Trio", "paragraph_text": "The Odd Trio is a solo album released in 2000 by guitar virtuoso Michael Schenker. Schenker himself talks about this album on his website: \"This album came about in 2000 when I had the urge to record an album playing all instruments. I thought of it as a fun thing to do and decided to disguise myself as different musicians, inventing characters. It was quite an experience, engineering, producing and recording all instruments by myself in my own studio. Even my brother Rudolf did not recognized me as 'Kathy the drummer' and asked, who is this nice looking chick? Amazingly, this album became a favourite to many of my fans\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Capital Talk", "paragraph_text": "Capital Talk is a flagship Geo News program which is a one-hour debate on current events hosted by Hamid Mir. Capital Talk looks at the challenges, issues and concerns facing Pakistan on a daily basis. The format includes a panelist who participate in a dialogue."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Look Back in Anger (1980 film)", "paragraph_text": "Look Back in Anger is a 1980 British film starring Malcolm McDowell, Lisa Banes and Fran Brill, and directed by Lindsay Anderson and David Hugh Jones. The film is based on John Osborne's play \"Look Back in Anger\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lady Gangster", "paragraph_text": "Lady Gangster is a 1942 Warner Bros. B picture film noir directed by Robert Florey, credited as \"Florian Roberts\". It is based on the play \"Gangstress, or Women in Prison\" by Dorothy Mackaye, who had spent ten months of a one-to-three-years sentence in San Quentin State Prison. \"Lady Gangster\" is a remake of the pre-Code film, \"Ladies They Talk About\" (1933). Jackie Gleason plays a supporting role."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Look for a Star", "paragraph_text": "Look for a Star () is a 2009 Hong Kong romantic comedy film that was produced and directed by Andrew Lau. Inspired by the relationship between Stanley Ho and his fourth wife, Angela Leong, the film stars Andy Lau as a billionaire, who falls in love with a feisty casino dealer played by Shu Qi. \"Look for a Star\" was shot at the MGM Grand in Macau, and was released in Hong Kong on 26 January 2009."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sarah & Duck", "paragraph_text": "Name Voice cast About Sarah Tasha Lawrence She is a very kind, polite and somewhat eccentric seven - year - old girl. She is best friends with Duck. She plays the tuba, likes sea cows (manatees), and drinks ``lemon water ''. Duck N / A He is Sarah's quacky, flappy best friend. Duck wants to be a penguin and has a toy robot. He turns two years old in series 1. Narrator Roger Allam He talks to Sarah & Duck, asks them questions and gives them suggestions. There is a possibility that the Narrator is Sarah's father, given the reference made in 'Old Toys'. Scarf Lady Lesley Nicol She is a forgetful old lady who loves knitting. She lives in a house full of woollen items. She has a talking knitting bag and a pet donkey. Bag Andy Nyman He is Scarf Lady's knitting bag. He corrects Scarf Lady when she gets confused. Donkey N / A He is Scarf Lady's pet. He looks sad but is n't really."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Look Who's Talking", "paragraph_text": "Look Who's Talking is a 1989 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Amy Heckerling, and stars John Travolta and Kirstie Alley. Bruce Willis plays the voice of Mollie's son, Mikey. The film features George Segal as Albert, the illegitimate father of Mikey."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pat Scanlan", "paragraph_text": "Patrick John Scanlan (7 July 1878 \u2013 16 July 1938) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bill Blacklock", "paragraph_text": "William Arthur Blacklock (17 July 1883 \u2013 8 July 1942) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)", "paragraph_text": "White Queen Alice character Alice and the White Queen. Art by John Tenniel (1865) First appearance Through the Looking - Glass Created by Lewis Carroll Portrayed by Anne Hathaway (Alice in Wonderland, Alice Through the Looking Glass) Emma Rigby (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland) Information Species Human Gender Female Occupation Queen Spouse (s) White King Children Lily (a pawn) Nationality Looking - Glass Land"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eldon, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Roseanne Barr and Tom Arnold, who was born in nearby Ottumwa, operated Roseanne and Tom's Big Food Diner in Eldon from 1993 to 1995."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hardball with Chris Matthews", "paragraph_text": "Hardball with Chris Matthews is an American television talk show on MSNBC, broadcast weekdays at 7 PM ET hosted by Chris Matthews. The program was originally broadcast on the now-defunct America's Talking (as \"Politics with Chris Matthews\") and then later, on CNBC. The current title was derived from a book Matthews wrote in 1988, \"Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told by One Who Knows the Game\"."}], "question": "Who married the actress of Julie from Look Who's Talking Too?"}
{"id": "2hop__183663_488609", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir (\"Truths of Exegesis\") which is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis. From the 11th century onwards several other works appear, including commentaries by Qushayri (d. 1074), Daylami (d. 1193), Shirazi (d. 1209) and Suhrawardi (d. 1234). These works include material from Sulami's books plus the author's contributions. Many works are written in Persian such as the works of Maybudi (d. 1135) kash al-asrar (\"the unveiling of the secrets\"). Rumi (d. 1273) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book Mathnawi. Rumi makes heavy use of the Quran in his poetry, a feature that is sometimes omitted in translations of Rumi's work. A large number of Quranic passages can be found in Mathnawi, which some consider a kind of Sufi interpretation of the Quran. Rumi's book is not exceptional for containing citations from and elaboration on the Quran, however, Rumi does mention Quran more frequently. Simnani (d. 1336) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran. He reconciled notions of God's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam. Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ruh al-Bayan (the Spirit of Elucidation) is a voluminous exegesis. Written in Arabic, it combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably Ibn Arabi and Ghazali), all woven together in Hafiz, a Persian poetry form."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan", "paragraph_text": "The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan (sometimes abbreviated as The Amazing Chan Clan) is a 30-minute Saturday morning animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, animated by Eric Porter Studios in Australia and broadcast on CBS from September 9, 1972 to December 30, 1972, with reruns continuing through the summer of 1973 and in syndication from 1976 to 1982. It premiered shortly after what would have been Charlie Chan creator Earl Derr Biggers' 88th birthday. The voice of Mr. Chan, Keye Luke, is to date the only actor of Chinese ancestry to play the title character in any screen adaptation. Previously, Luke had portrayed \"Number One Son\" Lee Chan, opposite Warner Oland, Sidney Toler and Roland Winters in the long-running Charlie Chan film series of the 1930s and 1940s by 20th Century Fox and later, Monogram Pictures."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Charlie Chan in Honolulu", "paragraph_text": "Charlie Chan in Honolulu is a 1939 American film directed by H. Bruce Humberstone, starring Sidney Toler as the fictional Chinese-American detective Charlie Chan. The film is the first appearance of both Toler as Chan and Victor Sen Yung as \"number two son\" Jimmy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gordon Chan", "paragraph_text": "Gordon Chan Kar-Seung (), born in 1960, is a Hong Kong film director, writer and producer. His most notable works include \"Beast Cops\", \"Fist of Legend\", \"Painted Skin\", \"2000 AD\" and \"\". In 2011 he announced and launched the productions for \"Mural\", \"Four Detectives/Four Marshals\", and \"Painted Skin 2\". Though for Painted Skin 2 he dropped out as the director and the director's seat was given to Wuershan. His 1996 film \"First Option\" was entered into the 20th Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Asima Chatterjee", "paragraph_text": "Asima Chatterjee (23 September 1917 \u2013 22 November 2006) was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Channing High School", "paragraph_text": "Channing High School or Channing School is a public high school located in Channing, Texas (USA) and is classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Channing Independent School District located in southeastern Hartley County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Little Big Soldier", "paragraph_text": "\"Little Big Soldier\" was a joint production of China's Polybona Films and Hong Kong's JCE Movies Limited, a company set up by Jackie Chan in 2003. The film is notable for having been in production for over 20 years. Chan had wanted to perform in and write a comedic film that took place in a historical background since the 1980s, when Hong Kong action cinema was rising in prominence."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Golden Eye", "paragraph_text": "The Golden Eye is a 1948 American film directed by William Beaudine and starring Roland Winters in his fourth appearance as Charlie Chan. The film is also known as Charlie Chan in Texas (Belgian English title) and Charlie Chan in the Golden Eye (American poster title)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wong Chan Tong", "paragraph_text": "Wong Chan Tong (Francis Wong Chan Tong) is a civil servant in Macau and the current Director under the Secretariat for Transport and Public Works (Macau) and works for Lau Si Io. He was former head of the Industry, Construction and External Trade Statistics Department of the Macau Statistics and Census Services."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Glenda Goss", "paragraph_text": "Glenda Goss is an American author and music historian whose special interests are music and culture, early modernism, critical editing, and European-American points of cultural contact. Her most notable work has revolved around the life and works of the Finnish composer, Jean Sibelius."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lois Mai Chan", "paragraph_text": "Lois Mai Chan (Chinese: \u9ea5\u9e9f\u5c4f, July 30, 1934 \u2013 August 20, 2014) was an American librarian, author, and professor at the University of Kentucky School of Library and Information Science until 2011. Her publications on cataloging, library classification, and subject indexing were recognized with various awards."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Charlie Chan in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "Charlie Chan in Shanghai is the ninth Charlie Chan film produced by Fox with the title character played by Warner Oland."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "James Redfield", "paragraph_text": "James Redfield is an American author, lecturer, screenwriter and film producer. He is notable for his novel \"The Celestine Prophecy\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ye Htoon", "paragraph_text": "Ye Htoon, (; ) also known as Roland Chan Htoon , (1937 \u2013 7 May 2010) was a prominent Burmese lawyer, sometime-jailed political dissident, and a successful entrepreneur, and one of the notables of the now-extinct Scouting movement in Burma."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jan Hendrik van den Berg", "paragraph_text": "Jan Hendrik van den Berg (June 11, 1914 \u2013 September 22, 2012) was a Dutch psychiatrist notable for his work in phenomenological psychotherapy (cf. phenomenology) and metabletics, or \"psychology of historical change.\" He is the author of numerous articles and books, including \"A different existence\" and \"The changing nature of man\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Priscilla Chan", "paragraph_text": "Chan married Zuckerberg on May 19, 2012, the day after Facebook's stock market launch.On July 31, 2015, Zuckerberg announced that he and Chan were expecting a baby girl. He said he felt confident that the risk of miscarrying was low so far into the pregnancy, after Chan had already had three miscarriages. Chan and Zuckerberg announced the birth of their daughter Maxima Chan Zuckerberg on December 1, 2015. On August 28, 2017, Chan gave birth to their second daughter, whom they named August."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Channings (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Channings is an 1862 novel by the British writer Ellen Wood. A man takes responsibility for a theft he believes his brother has committed. His brother is really innocent of the crime, and the real culprit is later caught."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "East Lynne", "paragraph_text": "East Lynne is an English sensation novel of 1861 by Ellen Wood. A Victorian best-seller, it is remembered chiefly for its elaborate and implausible plot, centring on infidelity and double identities. There have been numerous stage and film adaptations."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ch\u00e2n M\u00e2y Port", "paragraph_text": "Chan May Port is located in the south-east corner of Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean\u2013Hu\u1ebf Province, Vietnam. It is operated by the Management Board of Chan May-Lang Co Economics Zone. Ownership of the Chan May Port may be assumed by the Vinashin Group in early 2008."}], "question": "What is a notable work of the author of The Channings?"}
{"id": "2hop__2520_748650", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Down and Out (Cam'ron song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Down and Out\" is a song by American rapper Cam'ron, released as the fifth and final single from his fourth studio album \"Purple Haze\" (2004). It features guest appearances from singer Syleena Johnson and fellow rapper Kanye West. A common misconception is Kanye West produced this song, however the song was produced by Brian \"All Day\" Miller."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "This Is How We Do It", "paragraph_text": "``This Is How We Do It ''is the debut single by American singer Montell Jordan. It was released by Def Jam Recordings on February 6, 1995 as the lead single from his debut album of the same name. The single was Def Jam's first R&B release."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "I Love You Came Too Late", "paragraph_text": "\"I Love You Came Too Late\" is the second single from Joey McIntyre's debut album, Stay the Same. It was the follow-up to his most successful single, Stay the Same."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kids See Ghosts", "paragraph_text": "Kids See Ghosts (stylized as KIDS SEE GHOSTS) is an American hip hop supergroup - duo composed of musicians Kanye West and Kid Cudi. The duo released their eponymous debut album, Kids See Ghosts, on June 8, 2018, through GOOD Music."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "For America", "paragraph_text": "\"For America\" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Jackson Browne from his 1986 album \"Lives in the Balance\". Released as the first single from the album, it reached #30 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, spending 12 weeks on that chart after debuting at #72, and peaked at #3 on the Mainstream Rock chart. It was also released as a single in the United Kingdom, as an EP in Germany, and as a promotional issue in Spain and Japan. A Statue of Liberty-shaped vinyl picture disc single was also released by Asylum in 1986, manufactured in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Written in the Stars (Tinie Tempah song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Written in the Stars\" is a song by English rapper Tinie Tempah featuring American singer Eric Turner. Unlike his two prior breakthrough singles which were produced by Labrinth, the track instead features production by iSHi. It was released in September 2010 through Parlophone, digitally on the iTunes Store. It serves as the third official single from his debut album \"Disc-Overy\". The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Tinie Tempah's second number-one single in the United Kingdom. The song was released as Tempah's debut U.S. single, and has peaked at No. 12 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The track also marks Tinie's first top 10 hit on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Top 40."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lauren Daigle", "paragraph_text": "``You Say ''was released on July 13, 2018, as the lead single for second studio album Look Up Child. The song was released to Christian radio on July 9. The album was also available for pre order. It was released on September 7, 2018, via Centricity Music. It is her first studio album in three years and serves as a follow - up to her debut studio album, How Can It Be (2015). It became her third Hot Christian Songs No. 1 and charted on the mainstream Hot 100 at No. 53.`` Still Rolling Stones'' was released on August 10, 2018, as the first promotional single."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Inhale (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Inhale\" is a song by American rock band Stone Sour, featured on their 2002 debut album \"Stone Sour\". Released as the third single by the band in July 2003, the song charted at number 18 on the American \"Billboard\" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, while reaching number 63 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 2004 ceremony, losing out to Metallica's \"St. Anger\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The College Dropout Video Anthology", "paragraph_text": "West has said on many occasions that he feels the imagery of his music videos are very important to him and an integral part to his art. He contributed to the direction of the videos for \"All Falls Down\" and three versions of \"Jesus Walks\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charlie Puth", "paragraph_text": "On April 21, 2017, Puth released the lead single, ``Attention '', from his upcoming second album, Voicenotes, which is set to be released in May 2018. The singer has stated the album departs lyrically from his debut by avoiding the direction of`` love ballads''. The second single off of Voicenotes, ``How Long '', was released on October 5, 2017."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Actions & Motives", "paragraph_text": "Actions & Motives is the third single by American alternative rock band 10 Years. It was released on their fourth studio album, and second major label release, Division. This song was not a mainstream success for the band, charted at No. 36 on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "En Ac\u00fastico", "paragraph_text": "En Ac\u00fastico is the first live album by Spanish singer-songwriter Pablo Albor\u00e1n. Following by success of his first self-named studio album, \"Pablo Albor\u00e1n\", he released this album on November 15, 2011. It included acoustic versions of most of the tracks in his debut album, as well as two new songs (\"Te He Echado De Menos\" and \"No Te Olvidar\u00e9\") and four bonus tracks. The song \"Perd\u00f3name\" (\"Forgive Me\") was re-recorded featuring Portuguese singer Carminho, and was released as the first single of the album, peaking at number one on the Spanish singles chart on November 13, 2011, thus helping \"En Ac\u00fastico\" to debut also at number one on the albums chart one week later, on November 20, 2011, and to top the Portuguese Albums Chart in January 2012."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "The College Dropout was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004, shooting to number two on the Billboard 200 as his debut single, \"Through the Wire\" peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks. \"Slow Jamz\", his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became an even bigger success: it became the three musicians' first number one hit. The College Dropout received near-universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics, was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications, and has consistently been ranked among the great hip-hop works and debut albums by artists. \"Jesus Walks\", the album's fourth single, perhaps exposed West to a wider audience; the song's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity. The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio. The College Dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received). During this period, West also founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend. At the time, the focal point of West's production style was the use of sped-up vocal samples from soul records. However, partly because of the acclaim of The College Dropout, such sampling had been much copied by others; with that overuse, and also because West felt he had become too dependent on the technique, he decided to find a new sound."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Winning (Russ Ballard song)", "paragraph_text": "``Winning ''is a pop rock single originally written and recorded by Russ Ballard on his 1976 album of the same name. It was subsequently recorded by Latin rock band Santana for the 1981 album, Zebop!. The lead vocal on the Santana version was performed by Alex Ligertwood. It was the sixth track on the album and was released as the third single (backed with`` Brightest Star'') and as a promotional music video. The Santana version reached number 2 on the Mainstream Rock Charts and number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Santana's ninth most successful song. ``Winning ''was also recorded by Rock / R&B singer Nona Hendryx (formerly of Labelle) for her 1977 debut solo album."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A Hard Act to Follow", "paragraph_text": "A Hard Act to Follow is an extended play by American country music singer Keith Whitley. It was released in October 1984 via RCA Records. The album includes the singles \"Turn Me to Love\" and \"A Hard Act to Follow\" and which respectively reached numbers 59 and 76 on the U.S. country singles charts. Al Campbell of Allmusic gave the album two stars out of five, saying that it did not \"match up with the tremendous success\" of his later albums for RCA."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Piece of My Heart", "paragraph_text": "``Piece of My Heart ''is a romantic love song written by Jerry Ragovoy and Bert Berns and originally recorded by Erma Franklin in 1967. The song came to greater mainstream attention when Big Brother and the Holding Company (featuring Janis Joplin on lead vocals) covered the song in 1968 and had a much bigger hit with it. The song has since been remade by several singers, including Dusty Springfield on her 1968 album Dusty... Definitely, Bryan Ferry on his solo debut album These Foolish Things in 1973 and hit versions by Faith Hill in 1994 and by Melissa Etheridge in 2005."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tender Is the Night (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Tender Is the Night\" is a song by Jackson Browne released in 1983 as the second single from his album \"Lawyers in Love\". The song peaked at number 25 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, spending 17 weeks on that chart after debuting at number 79, number 18 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, and number 24 on the US Adult Contemporary. It was also released as a single in Germany and the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anger Rising", "paragraph_text": "\"Anger Rising\" is a song by American hard rock musician Jerry Cantrell. It was the lead single from his 2002 solo album, \"Degradation Trip\". Cantrell's fourth single overall, the track made its radio debut in early April 2002. The single spent 18 weeks on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and peaked at No. 10."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Consequence (rapper)", "paragraph_text": "Dexter Raymond Mills Jr. (born April 17, 1977), better known by his stage name Consequence, is an American hip hop recording artist from Queens, New York City, New York. Consequence debuted in 1996, appearing several times on A Tribe Called Quest's fourth album \"Beats, Rhymes, and Life\", as he is the cousin of member Q-Tip. In March 2007, he released his debut album \"Don't Quit Your Day Job!\", under Columbia Records and Kanye West's GOOD Music. Consequence left GOOD Music in 2011, on bad terms, after being signed with the label since 2005. He and West later reconciled, despite Consequence speaking ill of West. Consequence subsequently launched his own record label, Band Camp Records, following his departure from GOOD Music."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chaos and Bright Lights", "paragraph_text": "Chaos and Bright Lights is the first studio album by Australian country band The McClymonts released in Australia on 10 November 2007 (see 2007 in music) by Universal Records. The band co-wrote most of the songs on the album with help from many writers including the album's producer Adam Anders. The singles released from the album gave the band little success on the charts with \"Save Yourself\" peaking in the Australian ARIA Singles Chart top hundred and \"My Life Again\" debuting in the top twenty on the CMC top thirty."}], "question": "What song followed the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?"}
{"id": "2hop__156659_787160", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Barra Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant", "paragraph_text": "The Barra Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant is a dam and hydroelectric power plant on the Pelotas River near Celso Ramos on the border of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The power station has a 708 MW capacity and is supplied with water by a concrete face rock-fill embankment dam, the second tallest dam in Brazil. It is owned and operated by Energ\u00e9tica Barra Grande SA (BAESA) and produces a 30% equivalent of the demand in Santa Catarina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rio (2011 film)", "paragraph_text": "Rio is a 2011 American 3D computer - animated adventure - comedy film produced by Blue Sky Studios and directed by Carlos Saldanha. The title refers to the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, where the film is set. The film features the voices of Jesse Eisenberg, Anne Hathaway, Jemaine Clement, Leslie Mann, George Lopez, and Jamie Foxx. It tells the story of Blu (Eisenberg), a male Spix's macaw who is taken to Rio de Janeiro to mate with a free - spirited female Spix's macaw, Jewel (Hathaway). The two eventually fall in love, and together they have to escape from being smuggled by Nigel (Clement), a cockatoo. The theme song, ``Telling the World ''was performed by Taio Cruz."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pilbara Iron", "paragraph_text": "Pilbara Iron is a wholly owned subsidiary of the multinational Rio Tinto Group, that manages assets for Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Rio Tinto, and Robe River Iron Associates, an unincorporated joint venture between Rio (53% and operator since 2000) and three Japanese steel companies Mitsui Iron Ore Development P/L (33%), Nippon Steel Australia P/L (10.5%) and Sumitomo Metal Australia P/L (3.5%)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rio 2", "paragraph_text": "Rio 2 is a 2014 American 3D computer-animated musical comedy film produced by Blue Sky Studios and directed by Carlos Saldanha. It is the sequel to the 2011 computer-animated film \"Rio\" and the studio's first film to have a sequel outside of their existing \"Ice Age\" franchise. The title refers to the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, where the first film was set and \"Rio 2\" begins, though most of its plot occurs in the Amazon rainforest. Featuring the returning voices of Jesse Eisenberg, Anne Hathaway, will.i.am, Jamie Foxx, George Lopez, Tracy Morgan, Jemaine Clement, Leslie Mann, Rodrigo Santoro, and Jake T. Austin, with new members including Bruno Mars, Andy Garcia, Rita Moreno, Rachel Crow, Kristin Chenoweth, Amandla Stenberg, Pierce Gagnon, and Miguel Ferrer. The film was released internationally on March 20, 2014, and on April 11, 2014, in American theaters. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $500 million worldwide."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Caja del Rio", "paragraph_text": "Caja del Rio (Spanish: \"box of the river\") is a dissected plateau, of volcanic origin, which covers approximately 84,000 acres of land in northern Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. The region is also known as the Caja, Caja del Rio Plateau, and Cerros del Rio. The center of the area is approximately 15 miles (23\u00a0km) west of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Most of the Caja is owned by the United States Forest Service and managed by the Santa Fe National Forest. Access is through New Mexico Highway 599, Santa Fe County Road 62, and Forest Service Road 24."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Per\u00e1cio", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 Per\u00e1cio Berjun, also known as Per\u00e1cio (2 November 1917 in Nova Lima \u2013 10 March 1977 in Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian footballer who played as a striker."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Peanuts Movie", "paragraph_text": "The Peanuts Movie (known in some countries as Snoopy and Charlie Brown: A Peanuts Movie) is a 2015 American computer-animated comedy film based on Charles M. Schulz's comic strip \"Peanuts\", produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the fifth full-length \"Peanuts\" film, and the first in 35 years. The film is directed by Steve Martino from a screenplay by Craig and Bryan Schulz (Schulz's son and grandson, respectively), and Cornelius Uliano, and stars the voices of Noah Schnapp as Charlie Brown and, via archival recordings, Bill Melendez as Snoopy and Woodstock. The film sees Charlie Brown trying to improve his odds with the Little Red-Haired Girl, while Snoopy writes a book about the World War I Flying Ace as he imagines himself as a legend trying to save his love interest and fellow pilot Fifi from the Red Baron and his army."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Allroy Saves", "paragraph_text": "Allroy Saves is the third studio album by the American punk rock band All, released in 1990 through Cruz Records. It was the first album that the band members recorded, mixed, and produced entirely on their own. A music video, the band's first, was released for the song \"Simple Things\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Brian Fechino", "paragraph_text": "Brian Fechino is an American guitarist most known for being a member of the Pat McGee Band; for his own instrumental music, being a studio musician and for being a music producer."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rendezvous in Rio", "paragraph_text": "Rendezvous in Rio is a jazz vocal album by Michael Franks, released in 2006 with Koch Records. It was Franks' sixteenth studio album."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chica Virtual", "paragraph_text": "\"Chica Virtual\" () is a 2007 single by reggaeton singer Arc\u00e1ngel, released in February 2007 by Universal Music Group. It was produced by executive producer DJ Nelson, and appears on the compilation album \"Flow la Discoteka 2\", as well as Arc\u00e1ngel's second studio album \"El Fen\u00f3meno\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Universal owned the rights to the \"Oswald the Lucky Rabbit\" character, although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald, and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run. After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property, Mintz produced the films with his own group of animators. Instead, Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first \"sync\" sound animated short, Steamboat Willie. This moment effectively launched Walt Disney Studios' foothold, while Universal became a minor player in film animation. Universal subsequently severed its link to Mintz and formed its own in-house animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons headed by Walter Lantz."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Luiz Henrique da Silva Alves", "paragraph_text": "Luiz Henrique da Silva Alves or simply Luiz Henrique (born 2 July 1981 in Rio de Janeiro), is a Brazilian striker. He currently plays for Bangu."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "BBC Television", "paragraph_text": "BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927. It produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip", "paragraph_text": "The series takes place behind the scenes of a live sketch comedy show (also called \"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip\" or \"Studio 60\") on the fictional television network NBS (National Broadcasting System), whose format is similar to that of NBC's \"Saturday Night Live\". National Broadcasting System is owned by the TMG Corporation. The show-within-a-show is run by executive producers Matt Albie (Matthew Perry) and Danny Tripp (Bradley Whitford). Matt serves as the head writer and Danny produces the show."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dan Jinks", "paragraph_text": "Dan Jinks is an American film and television producer. In February 2010, Jinks launched his own film and television production company, the Dan Jinks Company. In July 2011, he signed an overall deal with CBS Television Studios."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rio Grande class K-28", "paragraph_text": "The K-28 is a class of ten 3 ft 0 in (914 mm) narrow gauge 2-8-2, steam locomotives, built in 1923 by the Schenectady Locomotive Works of the American Locomotive Company for the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. They were the first new narrow gauge locomotives ordered by the railroad since 1903. They initially comprised class E-4-148-S, but were reclassified K-28 in 1924 when the railroad reorganized into the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "989 Studios", "paragraph_text": "989 Studios was a division of Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA) that developed games for the PlayStation consoles and Windows personal computers. Their games include \"EverQuest\", \"Twisted Metal III\", \"Twisted Metal 4\", \"Syphon Filter\", \"Syphon Filter 2\", \"Jet Moto 3\", \"Bust a Groove\", and others. It now exists as the 989 Sports brand owned by SCEA that produces sports games."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Born to Sing: No Plan B", "paragraph_text": "Born to Sing: No Plan B is the 34th studio album recorded by Northern Irish singer/songwriter Van Morrison. It was released on 2 October 2012 on Blue Note Records. Produced by Van Morrison, it marked his first studio album of original songs since 2008's \"Keep It Simple\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rio All-Suite Hotel and Casino", "paragraph_text": "Rio Las Vegas is a hotel and casino near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States. It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation. The Rio was the first all suite resort in the Las Vegas area. It was named after the city of Rio de Janeiro and is influenced by Brazilian culture. It is the host casino for the World Series of Poker."}], "question": "Who owns the studio that produced Rio 2?"}
{"id": "2hop__64811_468147", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bank of America", "paragraph_text": "Its acquisition of investment bank Merrill Lynch in 2008 solidified it as a ``Bulge Bracket bank '', becoming a major player in the investment banking market. As of December 31, 2017, it had US $1.081 trillion in assets under management (AUM). As of December 31, 2016, the company held 10.73% of all bank deposits in the United States. It is one of the Big Four banks in the United States, along with Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo -- its main competitors. Bank of America operates -- but does not necessarily maintain retail branches -- in all 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia and more than 40 other countries. It has a retail banking footprint that serves approximately 46 million consumer and small business relationships at 4,600 banking centers and 15,900 automated teller machines (ATMs)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Banking in India", "paragraph_text": "A second dose of nationalisation of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalisation was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalisation, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalised banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. Until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Balthazar P. Melick", "paragraph_text": "Balthazar P. Melick (also known as Baltus) (October 26, 1770 \u2013 November 20, 1835), an American merchant and banker, was the founder of Chemical Bank in 1823. Melick served as the first president of Chemical from 1823-1831."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alfred Gibbs", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Gibbs (April 22, 1823 \u2013 December 26, 1868) was a career officer in the United States Army (Regular Army) who served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Henry Upshur", "paragraph_text": "John Henry Upshur (5 December 1823 \u2013 30 May 1917) was an admiral in the United States Navy who served during the Mexican\u2013American War and the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gold standard", "paragraph_text": "The 1819 Act for the Resumption of Cash Payments set 1823 as the date for resumption of convertibility, which was reached by 1821. Throughout the 1820s, small notes were issued by regional banks. This was restricted in 1826, while the Bank of England was allowed to set up regional branches. In 1833 however, Bank of England notes were made legal tender and redemption by other banks was discouraged. In 1844, the Bank Charter Act established that Bank of England notes were fully backed by gold and they became the legal standard. According to the strict interpretation of the gold standard, this 1844 act marked the establishment of a full gold standard for British money."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Balian of Beirut", "paragraph_text": "Balian of Beirut (died 1247) was the Lord of Beirut, the second of his family, from 1236, and a son of the famous \"Old Lord\" John of Ibelin, by his second wife Melisende of Arsuf. From his father he assumed the leadership of the nobility in the War of the Lombards, fought against the agents of the Emperor Frederick II."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "paragraph_text": "Kunwar Singh, the 80 - year - old Rajput Zamindar of Jagdispur, whose estate was in the process of being sequestrated by the Revenue Board, instigated and assumed the leadership of revolt in Bihar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The White Man's Burden", "paragraph_text": "``The White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands ''(1899), by Rudyard Kipling, is a poem about the Philippine -- American War (1899 -- 1902), in which he invites the United States to assume colonial control of that country."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Francis Asbury Roe", "paragraph_text": "Francis Asbury Roe (October 4, 1823 \u2013 December 28, 1901) was an admiral in the United States Navy who served during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "James Biddle", "paragraph_text": "James Biddle (February 18, 1783 \u2013 October 1, 1848), of the Biddle family, brother of financier Nicholas Biddle and nephew of Captain Nicholas Biddle, was an American commodore. His flagship was USS \"Columbus\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Salisbury steak", "paragraph_text": "The term ``Salisbury steak ''has been in use in the United States since 1897. The dish is named after an American physician, James H. Salisbury (1823 -- 1905). The dish is popular in the United States, where it is traditionally served with gravy and mashed potatoes or pasta."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Second Bank of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Second Bank of the United States, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank in the United States during its 20-year charter from February 1816 to January 1836. The bank's formal name, according to section 9 of its charter as passed by Congress, was \"The President, Directors, and Company, of the Bank of the United States.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "USS Watts (DD-567)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Watts\" (DD-567) was a \"Fletcher\"-class destroyer of the United States Navy. It was named for Captain John Watts (\"ca.\"1778\u20131823), who fought French privateers during the Quasi-War with France."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joseph McIlvaine", "paragraph_text": "Joseph McIlvaine (October 2, 1769August 19, 1826) was a United States Senator from New Jersey from 1823 until his death. He served as the Mayor of Burlington, New Jersey."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bank of America Home Loans", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Home Loans is the mortgage unit of Bank of America. In 2008, Bank of America purchased the failing Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion. In 2006, Countrywide financed 20% of all mortgages in the United States, at a value of about 3.5% of United States GDP, a proportion greater than any other single mortgage lender."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Second Bank of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Resigning in January 1819, Jones was replaced by Langdon Cheves who continued the contraction in credit in an effort to stop inflation and stabilize the bank, even as the economy began to correct. The central bank's reaction to the crisis -- a clumsy expansion, then a sharp contraction of credit -- indicated its weakness, not its strength. The effects were catastrophic, resulting in a protracted recession with mass unemployment and a sharp drop in property values that persisted until 1822. The financial crisis raised doubts among the American public as to the efficacy of paper money, and in whose interests a national system of finance operated. Upon this widespread disaffection the anti-bank Jacksonian Democrats would mobilize opposition to the BUS in the 1830s. The national bank was in general disrepute among most Americans when Nicholas Biddle, the third and last president of the bank, was appointed by President James Monroe in 1823."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Juan Mar\u00eda Bordaberry", "paragraph_text": "Bordaberry was born in 1928 in Montevideo, Uruguay's capital. Juan Mar\u00eda Bordaberry's father was Domingo Bordaberry, who served in the Senate and in Ruralist leadership, and he was the heir to one of the largest ranches in the country. Initially, Juan Mar\u00eda Bordaberry belonged to the National Party, popularly known as the , and was elected to the Senate on the Blanco ticket. In 1964, however, he assumed the leadership of Liga Nacional de Accion Ruralista (Spanish for \"National Rural Action League\"), and in 1969 joined the Colorado Party."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California\u2013based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leadership", "paragraph_text": "The Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leadership is a United States Navy award established in 1980 by United States Secretary of the Navy Edward Hidalgo to honor the inspirational leadership of James Stockdale, a Medal of Honor recipient in the Vietnam War, who exhibited exemplary leadership while a prisoner of war in North Vietnam for nearly eight years. The award were first made in 1981."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the person who assumed leadership of the second bank of the United States in 1823?"}
{"id": "2hop__810533_122949", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jehan Gordon-Booth", "paragraph_text": "Gordon-Booth was born and raised in Peoria County, Illinois, where she attended Limestone High School in Bartonville, and attended Parkland College and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Amotz Zahavi", "paragraph_text": "Amotz Zahavi () (August 14, 1928 \u2013 May 12, 2017) was an Israeli evolutionary biologist, a Professor in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, and one of the founders of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel. His main work concerned the evolution of signals, particularly those signals that are indicative of fitness, and their selection for \"honesty\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jerry O'Connell", "paragraph_text": "Jerry O'Connell O'Connell in June 2013 Jeremiah O'Connell (1974 - 02 - 17) February 17, 1974 (age 44) Manhattan, New York City, U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actor, director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse (s) Rebecca Romijn (m. 2007) Children Relatives Charlie O'Connell (brother)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Freeman A. Hrabowski III", "paragraph_text": "Freeman A. Hrabowski III Hrabowski at 2012 Time 100 Gala President of University of Maryland, Baltimore County Incumbent Assumed office Preceded by Michael Hooker Personal details Freeman Alphonsa Hrabowski III (1950 - 08 - 13) August 13, 1950 (age 67) Birmingham, Alabama, U.S. Spouse (s) Jacqueline Coleman Hrabowski Education Hampton Institute (B.A., '69) University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign (M.A.,' 71, Ph. D., '75) Profession Mathematician University president Website president.umbc.edu"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Avishag Zahavi", "paragraph_text": "A lifelong naturalist, Avishag Kadman met Amotz Zahavi at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem during their studies in the field of biology and married him in 1954. Since then, besides following her own field of research, she has collaborated with Amotz in the study of the babblers and in the development of his ideas, often serving as the \"devil's advocate\". Her research interests are basic and applied aspects of the effects of light on plant development (photoperiodism, phytochrome, photomorphogenesis)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tara Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance ``Pilot ''(2008) Last appearance`` A Mother's Work'' (2014) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname (s) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse (s) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Loyce W. Turner", "paragraph_text": "Turner attended Auburn University and the University of Georgia. He served in the United States Army from 1951 to 1953 and was later a farmer and banker. He also worked as veterinarian from 1948 to 1976."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ellis Clarke", "paragraph_text": "Clarke attended Saint Mary's College, winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938. Ellis Clarke attended University College London of the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port of Spain in 1941, taking up private practice there."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ewan Dow", "paragraph_text": "He was educated at Kirkcaldy and Beath High Schools and attended the University of Aberdeen though left prior to graduating."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jason Hu", "paragraph_text": "Hu attended, then known as Big Tiger. He had relatively low friends, but that didn't matter. All that Jason Hu cared about was success. After graduating from Taichung Municipal First High School, then known as Chu-jen (\u5c45\u4ec1, Hanyu Pinyin: Juren) High School, Jason Hu attended National Chengchi University where he studied in the Diplomatic Studies Department, graduating in 1970. He attended the University of South Carolina from 1971\u201373 and pursued a master's degree in international studies but had to withdraw due to his father's ailing health. He later studied in the United Kingdom, first to the University of Southampton, where he studied International Relations, then to Balliol College, University of Oxford, where he received his PhD in International Relations in 1984."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Terry McMillan", "paragraph_text": "Terry McMillan (1951 - 10 - 18) October 18, 1951 (age 66) Port Huron, Michigan Occupation Writer Nationality American Alma mater University of California, Berkeley Genre Fiction Notable works Waiting to Exhale How Stella Got Her Groove Back Disappearing Acts Spouse Jonathan Plummer (m. 1998; div. 2005)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Glenn Chadbourne", "paragraph_text": "Glenn Chadbourne attended Lincoln Academy before continuing his education at The Portland School of Art. He also attended the University of Maine at Augusta, as well as the University of Southern Maine."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Perry Belmont", "paragraph_text": "He attended Everest Military Academy in Hamden, Connecticut; and graduated from Harvard College in 1872; attended the law school in the University of Berlin; and graduated from the Columbia Law School in 1876. He was admitted to the bar that same year."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lawrence L. Lamade", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence L. Lamade attended the Landon School, followed by Princeton University, receiving his B.A. in 1969. He then served as an officer in the United States Navy from 1969 to 1972. Upon leaving the Navy, he attended the Georgetown University Law Center and received a J.D. in 1975."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Terry Wooden", "paragraph_text": "Wooden played college football at Syracuse University and is currently a scout for the New Orleans Saints. Attended Farmington High School in Connecticut."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Randy Glover", "paragraph_text": "Glover was born in Sanford, North Carolina. He attended the University of Tennessee. He turned professional and joined the PGA Tour in 1962."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bob Keppel", "paragraph_text": "Robert Griffin \"Bobby\" Keppel (born June 11, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He attended De Smet Jesuit High School in Creve Coeur, Missouri and attended the University of Notre Dame for a few offseasons."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peter L\u00f6scher", "paragraph_text": "Peter L\u00f6scher graduated from Gymnasium Villach/Austria in 1978 and got a master's degree at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. Later he attended but did not obtain a degree from an MBA program at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and attended the six-week Advanced Management Program (AMP) at Harvard Business School. In 2007 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from Michigan State University."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Robert Lee Vann", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Ahoskie, North Carolina, the son of Lucy Peoples and an unknown father. He graduated as valedictorian of Waters Training School in Winton, North Carolina, in 1901, and attended Wayland Academy and Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia, from 1901 to 1903. He then attended Western University of Pennsylvania, (now the University of Pittsburgh) and graduated from its law school in 1909. He passed the bar examination in 1909 and married Jessie Matthews from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on February 17, 1919."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gavar State University", "paragraph_text": "Gavar State University (GSU) (Armenian: \u0533\u0561\u057e\u0561\u057c\u056b \u054a\u0565\u057f\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u0540\u0561\u0574\u0561\u056c\u057d\u0561\u0580\u0561\u0576) is a university in Gavar, Gegharkunik Province, Armenia. Founded on 5 May 1993, it is the largest university in the Gegharkunik Province with 4 faculties. The University provides degrees in Philology, Natural Sciences, Humanities and Economics. Currently, more than 2,400 students are attending the university."}], "question": "What university did Avishag Zahavi's spouse attend?"}
{"id": "2hop__154202_134804", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lu Kai", "paragraph_text": "Lu Kai (198 \u2013 December 269 or January 270), courtesy name Jingfeng, was an official and military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the influential Lu clan of the Wu region towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Lu Kai started his career around the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period as a county chief and later a military officer under Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Eastern Wu. During the reign of Sun Liang, he participated in some battles against bandits and Eastern Wu's rival state Cao Wei, and was promoted to the rank of General. Throughout the reign of Sun Xiu and early reign of Sun Hao, Lu Kai continued to hold military commands until September or October 266, when Sun Hao appointed him and Wan Yu as the Left and Right Imperial Chancellors of Eastern Wu respectively. Well known for being outspoken and candid, Lu Kai strongly objected to Sun Hao's decision to move the imperial capital from Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) to Wuchang (present-day Ezhou, Hubei) in 265, attempted to dissuade Sun Hao from going to war with the Jin dynasty that replaced the Cao Wei state in 266, and spoke up against Sun Hao's cruel and extravagant ways on numerous occasions. Although Sun Hao deeply resented Lu Kai for openly defying him, he tolerated Lu Kai because Lu Kai held an important office and also because he did not want to antagonise the Lu clan. After Lu Kai's death, Sun Hao sent his family away to a distant commandery in the south."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "596 Scheila", "paragraph_text": "orbiting the Sun. It was discovered on 21 February 1906 by August Kopff from Heidelberg. Kopff named the asteroid after a female English student with whom he was acquainted."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Amba (Mahabharata)", "paragraph_text": "Amba was the eldest daughter of the king of Kashi. She had two younger sisters Ambika and Ambalika. Amba is a commonly used word in Sanskrit meaning mother, also with Vedic linkage as the mother of the Vedas."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lady Sun", "paragraph_text": "Lady Sun was the only daughter of Sun Jian and Lady Wu. She had four brothers who were also born to Lady Wu \u2013 Sun Ce, Sun Quan, Sun Yi and Sun Kuang. Her personal name was not recorded in history."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "paragraph_text": "In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the 'Mad King' Aerys II Targaryen. In reality, his biological father is his mother's twin brother, Jaime Lannister. He has a younger sister, Myrcella, and a younger brother, Tommen, both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei's incestuous relationship. Their sole biological grandparents, Tywin and Joanna Lannister, were also first cousins."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Gavin & Stacey characters", "paragraph_text": "Ruth ``Rudi ''Smith (Sheridan Smith) - Smithy's (James Corden) sister, also likes to be called`` Smithy'' in an attempt to imitate her brother, with whom she often fights."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eleanor Greatorex", "paragraph_text": "Eleanor Greatorex was born in 1854 in New York City. Her mother was Eliza Pratt Greatorex and her sister, Kathleen Greatorex."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chronology of European exploration of Asia", "paragraph_text": "A Roman diplomat or merchant lands in northern Vietnam and visits Nanjing, China and the court of Sun Quan, ruler of Eastern Wu"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Blythe Danner", "paragraph_text": "Danner is the sister of Harry Danner and the widow of Bruce Paltrow. She is the mother of actress Gwyneth Paltrow and director Jake Paltrow."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marie-Ren\u00e9e Roudaut", "paragraph_text": "Marie-Ren\u00e9e Roudaut (3 March 1847 - 18 October 1930) was a Catholic missionary nun. With the name Mother Marie-Salom\u00e9 she was the first Superior General of the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa (White Sisters)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Julie Eckerman", "paragraph_text": "She was born to the writer Catharina Ahlgren and Bengt Edvard Eckerman, cavalry master of the Royal Scanian Husars, and the sister of Charlotte Eckerman. Her parents separated in 1768 because of her father's adultery and after he had refused to acknowledge her youngest brother. At least she and her sister was brought up with their mother. They were given a fine education and was tutored in the French language. However, the home was poor, and Eckerman later describe that her childhood, though cultivated, was miserable as far as the economy was concerned. Both Julie and her sister Charlotte were active as courtesans or high class prostitutes from an early age. Among her clients were a certain M\u00fcller, secretary at the German legation in Stockholm, whom she reportedly used as a spy with the Russian ambassador, Andrey Razumovsky."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Louis Aragon", "paragraph_text": "Louis Aragon was born in Paris. He was raised by his mother and maternal grandmother, believing them to be his sister and foster mother, respectively. His biological father, , a former senator for Forcalquier, was married and thirty years older than Aragon's mother, whom he seduced when she was seventeen. Aragon's mother passed Andrieux off to her son as his godfather. Aragon was only told the truth at the age of 19, as he was leaving to serve in the First World War, from which neither he nor his parents believed he would return. Andrieux's refusal or inability to recognize his son would influence Aragon's poetry later on."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chiang Hsiao-wen", "paragraph_text": "Chiang Hsiao-wen (; also known as Alan Chiang; 14 December 1935 \u2013 14 April 1989) was the eldest son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one younger sister, Hsiao-chang, and two younger brothers, Hsiao-wu and Hsiao-yung. He had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bu Zhi", "paragraph_text": "Bu Zhi (died June or July 247), courtesy name Zishan, was an official and military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a scholar of humble background, he became a subordinate of the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty and gradually rose through the ranks. Between 210 and 220, he served as the governor of the remote and restive Jiao Province in southern China. During the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling of 221\u2013222, he quelled local uprisings in Sun Quan's territories in southern Jing Province and maintained peace in the area. After Sun Quan became emperor in 229, Bu Zhi oversaw the Wu armed forces guarding the Wu\u2013Shu border at Xiling (present-day Yichang, Hubei) for about 20 years. During this time, he also gave advice to Sun Quan's first heir apparent, Sun Deng, and spoke up for officials affected by L\u00fc Yi's abuses of power. In 246, he became the fourth Imperial Chancellor of Wu, but died in office in the following year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eastern Wu", "paragraph_text": "Wu (222\u2013280), commonly known as Dong Wu (Eastern Wu) or Sun Wu, was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280). It previously existed from 220\u2013222 as a vassal kingdom nominally under Cao Wei, its rival state, but declared independence from Wei and became a sovereign state in 222. It became an empire in 229 after its founding ruler, Sun Quan, declared himself emperor. Its name was derived from the place it was based in \u2014 the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta) region, which was also historically known as \"Wu\". It was referred to as \"Dong Wu\" (\"Eastern Wu\") or \"Sun Wu\" by historians to distinguish it from other Chinese historical states with similar names which were also located in that region, such as the Wu state in the Spring and Autumn period and the Wuyue kingdom in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was called \"Eastern Wu\" because it occupied most of eastern China in the Three Kingdoms period, and \"Sun Wu\" because the family name of its rulers was \"Sun\". During its existence, Wu's capital was at Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), but at times it was also at Wuchang (; present-day Ezhou, Hubei)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Hangover", "paragraph_text": "The rest of the Garners are portrayed by Sondra Currie as Linda, Tracy's and Alan's mother; and Sasha Barrese as Tracy, Doug's bride and Alan's sister."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sun Jiao", "paragraph_text": "Sun Jiao was the third son of Sun Jing, a younger brother of Sun Quan's father Sun Jian. Along with the rest of his family, Sun Jiao first served as a military general under Sun Ce (Sun Jian's eldest son and successor) and then under Sun Quan (Sun Ce's younger brother and successor). After the Battle of Ruxu in 213, his leadership skills were highly praised by all with whom he served."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sarah", "paragraph_text": "Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sun Quan", "paragraph_text": "Immediately after Cao Cao withdrew, Sun Quan took over the northern half of Jing Province. Liu Bei marched south and took over the southern half. The Sun-Liu alliance was further cemented by a marriage of Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun, to Liu Bei. Zhou Yu was suspicious of Liu Bei's intentions, however, and suggested to Sun Quan that Liu be seized and put under house arrest (albeit be very well-treated) and his forces be merged into Sun's; Sun Quan, believing that Liu Bei's forces would rebel if he did that, declined. Sun Quan did agree to Zhou Yu's plans to consider attacking Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu (who controlled the modern southern Shaanxi) to try to take over their territories, but after Zhou Yu died in 210, the plans were abandoned. However, Sun Quan was able to persuade the warlords in present-day Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam to submit to him, and they became part of his domain. He then yielded parts of northern Jing Province to Liu Bei as well, agreeing with Liu that the south was insufficient to supply his troops. At the same time, Sun Quan appointed his subordinate Bu Zhi as the Inspector () of Jiao Province to replace Lai Gong. Shi Xie led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi's governorship. Sun Quan took over the entire Jiao Province."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lilies of the Field (1963 film)", "paragraph_text": "To pass the evenings, Smith (whom the nuns call ``Schmidt '') helps the sisters improve their rudimentary English (only Mother Maria speaks the language well enough to converse with him) and joins them in singing. They share their different musical traditions with one another: their Catholic chants and his Baptist hymns. He teaches them to join him in the call - and - response song`` Amen'' by Jester Hairston (dubbed by Hairston in the film)."}], "question": "Who is the mother of Sun Quan's sister?"}
{"id": "2hop__66182_119851", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Spanish colonization of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492 -- 1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850 -- 1950)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers. These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The Mayflower Compact was a social contract."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Plymouth Colony", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691 at a location that had previously been surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony and developed as the town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Canada", "paragraph_text": "There are reports of contact made before the 1492 voyages of Christopher Columbus and the age of discovery between First Nations, Inuit and those from other continents. The Norse, who had settled Greenland and Iceland, arrived around the year 1000 and built a small settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip of Newfoundland (carbon dating estimate 990 -- 1050 CE) L'Anse aux Meadows is also notable for its connection with the attempted colony of Vinland established by Leif Erikson around the same period or, more broadly, with Norse exploration of the Americas."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Plymouth Colony", "paragraph_text": "The Mayflower anchored at Provincetown Harbor on November 11, 1620. The Pilgrims did not have a patent to settle this area; thus, some passengers began to question their right to land, complaining that there was no legal authority to establish a colony. In response to this, a group of colonists drafted and ratified the first governing document of the colony, the Mayflower Compact, while still aboard the ship as it lay off - shore. The intent of the compact was to establish a means of governing the colony, though it did little more than confirm that the colony would be governed like any English town. It did, however, serve the purpose of relieving the concerns of many of the settlers. This social contract was written and signed by 41 Separatist men. It was modeled on the church covenants that Congregationalists used to form new congregations. It made clear that the colony should be governed by ``just and equal laws, ''and those who signed it promised to keep these laws."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Thomas Story", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Story (1670?\u20131742) was an English Quaker convert and friend of William Penn, whose writings were very influential to Quakers. In 1698, he visited colonial America, lectured to Quakers there, and held positions in the Pennsylvania colony."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slavery in the British and French Caribbean", "paragraph_text": "William Wilberforce's Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the slave trade in the British Empire. It was not until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 that the institution finally was abolished, but on a gradual basis. Since slave owners in the various colonies (not only the Caribbean) were losing their unpaid labourers, the government set aside \u00a320 million for compensation but it did not offer the former slaves reparations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Colonial history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European settlements from the start of colonization in the early 16th century until their incorporation into the United States of America. In the late 16th century, England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands launched major colonization programs in eastern North America. Small early attempts sometimes disappeared, such as the English Lost Colony of Roanoke. Everywhere, the death rate was very high among the first arrivals. Nevertheless, successful colonies were established within several decades."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pilgrim von Puchheim", "paragraph_text": "Pilgrim von Puchheim ( \u2013 5 April 1396) was Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg (as Pilgrim II) from 1365 until his death. From 1393 onwards, he also was administrator of the Berchtesgaden Provostry. Pilgrim is known as a patron of literature and music with a \"magnificent court\". The Monk of Salzburg lived there for a time, if indeed they are not one and the same person."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial years, and some wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines. Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English \"royalty\" and the Roman Catholic Church, practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America\u2014a status it held until about 1830."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "French colonization of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century, and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. France founded colonies in much of eastern North America, on a number of Caribbean islands, and in South America. Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish, sugar, and furs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British America", "paragraph_text": "English America (later British America) refers to the English territories in North America (including Bermuda), Central America, the Caribbean, and Guyana from 1607 to 1783. Formally, the British colonies in North America were known as British America and the British West Indies until 1776, when the Thirteen Colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard declared their independence and formed the United States of America. After that, the term British North America was used to describe the remainder of Britain's continental North American possessions. That term was first used informally in 1783, but it was uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "British colonization of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The British were among the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Greenland", "paragraph_text": "Greenland (/ \u02c8\u0261ri\u02d0nl\u0259nd /; Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaat, pronounced (kala\u02d0\u026cit nuna\u02d0t); Danish: Gr\u00f8nland, pronounced (\u02c8\u0261\u0281\u0276n\u02cclan\u02c0)) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe (specifically Norway and Denmark, the colonial powers, as well as the nearby island of Iceland) for more than a millennium. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century, gradually settling across the island."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "England's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck there of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown, thereby founding the Colony of Virginia. The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland, but was largely unsuccessful. In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous trans-Atlantic voyage: Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics (1634), Rhode Island (1636) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut (1639) for Congregationalists. The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York. This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in exchange for Suriname. In 1681, the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", "paragraph_text": "The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present - day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. The Pilgrims' leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist separatist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 17th - century Holland in the Netherlands. They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. They were also concerned that they might lose their English cultural identity if they remained in the Netherlands, so they arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America. The colony was established in 1621 and became the second successful English settlement in North America (after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607). The Pilgrims' story became a central theme of the history and culture of the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peregrine White", "paragraph_text": "Peregrine White (c. November 20, 1620 -- July 20, 1704) was the first baby boy born on the Mayflower in the harbor of Massachusetts, the second baby born on the Mayflower's historic voyage, and the first known English child born to the Pilgrims in America. His parents, William White and his pregnant wife Susanna, with their son Resolved White and two servants, came on the Pilgrim ship Mayflower in 1620. Peregrine White was born while the Mayflower lay at anchor in the harbor at Cape Cod. In later life he became a person of note in Plymouth Colony, active in both military and government affairs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Colony of Vancouver Island", "paragraph_text": "The Colony of Vancouver Island, officially known as the Island of Vancouver and its Dependencies, was a Crown colony of British North America from 1849 to 1866, after which it was united with the mainland to form the Colony of British Columbia. The united colony joined Canadian Confederation, thus becoming part of Canada, in 1871. The colony comprised Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands of the Strait of Georgia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sitakunda massacre", "paragraph_text": "Sitakunda massacre () refers to the massacre of Hindu pilgrims on 15 February 1950. The Hindu pilgrims from all over East Bengal, Tripura and Assam were on their way to Sitakunda on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri at the Chandranath temple. The pilgrims were attacked by the Ansars and armed Muslim mobs and massacred at the Sitakunda railway station."}], "question": "When was the colony settled by the pilgrims in the Americas abolished?"}
{"id": "2hop__222812_707256", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ledyard Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ledyard Bridge crosses the Connecticut River to connect Hanover, New Hampshire to Norwich, Vermont. It is the third bridge at this crossing to bear the name of the adventurer John Ledyard."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "West River Drive Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The West River Drive Bridge is a steel girder bridge built in 1966 over the Schuylkill River on West River Drive (since renamed Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation owns and maintains the bridge. The western end of this bridge is upstream from the western end of the Spring Garden Street Bridge, but the eastern end of this bridge is downstream from the eastern end of the Spring Garden Street Bridge."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wami Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Wami Bridge is a bridge in Tanzania that crosses the Wami River. It lies on the A14 highway between Chalinze and Segera junctions."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hartford Bridge, Cheshire", "paragraph_text": "The Hartford Bridge, or Blue Bridge, is a single-span road bridge crossing the River Weaver at Hartford, Cheshire in England. The bridge is located on the A556 as part of the Northwich bypass."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pope Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Pope Street Bridge is a stone bridge carrying Pope Street over the Napa River in St. Helena, California. Built by R. H. Pithie in 1894, the bridge is the oldest stone bridge in Napa County. The triple arch bridge is long and wide and cost $14,500 to build. The stone used to build the bridge came from a local quarry on Monticello Road near Mount George Grade. The bridge was designed for horse-drawn vehicles but has withstood automobile traffic; it also survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake without damage."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Needham Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Needham Street Bridge is a historic bridge at Needham Street over the Charles River connecting Needham and Newton, Massachusetts. The bridge was built in 1875, when Needham Street was laid out, connecting Newton Centre, Newton Highlands, and Needham center. It was designed and built by Hiram Blaisdell and William Wheeler, then in the early stages of a successful civil engineering career. The bridge is one of the finest surviving stone arch bridges in the Boston area. The bridge is distinctive among those that do survive as not having been widened."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Temple Street, Singapore", "paragraph_text": "Temple Street (Chinese: \u767b\u5a46\u8857) is a one-way street in Chinatown within the Outram Planning Area in Singapore. The road links New Bridge Road to South Bridge Road, and is intersected by Trengganu Street."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Princes Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Princes Bridge, originally Prince's Bridge, is a bridge in central Melbourne, Australia that spans the Yarra River. It is built on the site of one of the oldest river crossings in Australia. The bridge connects Swanston Street on the north bank of the Yarra River to St Kilda Road on the south bank, and carries road, tram and pedestrian traffic. The present bridge was built in 1888 and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cedar Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Cedar Street Bridge carries Illinois Route 8 and Illinois Route 116 over the Illinois River. The bridge is a steel arch design that rises approximately 70 to above the surface of the river. The name of the bridge comes from the original name of its street on the Peoria side of the river; the street itself is now called MacArthur Highway, while the bridge is still referred to as Cedar Street."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Pablo Bay", "paragraph_text": "The bay receives the waters of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, via Suisun Bay and the Carquinez Strait on its northeast end, and it connects to the Pacific Ocean via the San Francisco Bay on its southern end. The bay is heavily silted from the contributions of the two rivers, which themselves drain most of the Central Valley of California. San Pablo Bay also receives the waters of Sonoma Creek through the Napa Sonoma Marsh, San Rafael Creek, and the Petaluma River directly, and the Napa River which flows into the Carquinez Strait via the Mare Island Strait near its entrance into the bay. All tributaries except for Sonoma Creek are commercially navigable and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lane Bane Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Lane Bane Bridge is a truss bridge that carries vehicular traffic across the Monongahela River between Brownsville, Pennsylvania and West Brownsville, Pennsylvania. The high level bridge was constructed in 1960 and was originally designed to be part of the Mon-Fayette Expressway. A freeway segment stretches from the west bank of the bridge, and a final exit is contained directly on the eastern shore. The structure is designed not only to provide a river crossing without having to enter the associated deep valley, but it also carries vehicles high above the main streets of West Brownsville."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John T. Loughran Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The John T. Loughran Bridge carries U.S. Route\u00a09W (US\u00a09W) over Rondout Creek between Kingston and Port Ewen, New York, United States. It also crosses over Ferry Street on the Kingston side. It is located just downriver from the historic Kingston-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge, which carried 9W until the Loughran Bridge was constructed. It is just upriver from where the Rondout empties into the Hudson River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shad Thames", "paragraph_text": "The street Shad Thames has Tower Bridge at its west end, and runs along the south side of the River Thames, set back behind a row of converted warehouses; it then takes a 90-degree turn south along St Saviour's Dock. The street is partly cobbled. The nearest stations are Tower Hill, Tower Gateway (both requiring one to cross the river to access them), Bermondsey and London Bridge."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge is a railway bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and the Millennium Bridge."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southwark Street", "paragraph_text": "Southwark Street is a major street in Bankside in the London Borough of Southwark, in London England, just south of the River Thames. It runs between Blackfriars Road to the west and Borough High Street to the east. It also connects the access routes for London Bridge, Southwark Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge. At the eastern end to the north is Borough Market."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Petroleum Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Petroleum Street Bridge is a girder bridge connecting the North Side and South Side neighborhoods of Oil City, Pennsylvania and crosses the Allegheny River. The bridge sits just downstream from the confluence of Oil Creek and the Allegheny River. The 1995 structure carries two lanes of U.S. Route 62 and was built during a decade of major refurbishments of Upper Allegheny crossings. Previously, a 1910 truss bridge stood on the site; this structure replaced an earlier wooden bridge."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marquette\u2013Joliet Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Marquette\u2013Joliet Bridge is a bridge crossing the Mississippi River, connecting Marquette, Iowa and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Local residents refer to the bridge as the Prairie Bridge or the Marquette Bridge; both terms are used equally."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "South Tenth Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "South Tenth Street Bridge, most often called the Tenth Street Bridge, but officially dubbed the Philip Murray Bridge, is a suspension bridge spanning the Monongahela River in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The bridge was renamed on Labor Day 2007 for Philip Murray, the first president of the United Steelworkers of America."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dufferin Street bridges", "paragraph_text": "The Dufferin Street bridges are two inter-connected vehicular bridges in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The bridges carry Dufferin Street over a railway corridor and the Gardiner Expressway to Exhibition Place. The bridges closed to vehicular traffic in 2013. Temporary structures, namely Bailey bridges over the railway tracks, will be built in 2013-2014 to allow a resumption of traffic in early 2014. Beginning in 2016 the bridges will be completely rebuilt to allow more tracks to cross underneath and create a single span to the CNE grounds. As of March 2019 the spans over the Gardiner Expressway remain in place and the bailey bridges replacing the older outer pedestrian bridges of the northern span with the inner vehicular steel plate box girder bridge still in place."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beach Boulevard (Hamilton, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Beach Boulevard is a Lower city street in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, east of the Hamilton Harbour on a thin piece of land that crosses over Lake Ontario and stretches from where Woodward Avenue becomes Eastport Drive in the south to near the Lift Bridge in the north at Eastport Drive (again). It runs parallel with the QEW and the Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway Bridge."}], "question": "Pope Street Bridge crosses a river that debouches in to what waterway?"}
{"id": "2hop__121257_25530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Robinson College, Cambridge", "paragraph_text": "Robinson College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. Founded in 1977, Robinson is one of the newest Oxbridge colleges and is unique in having been intended, from its inception, for both undergraduate and graduate students of both sexes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ana Castillo", "paragraph_text": "Castillo was born in Chicago in 1953, the daughter of Raymond and Rachel Rocha Castillo. Her mother was Mexican Indian and her father was born in 1933, in Chicago. She attended Jones Commercial High School and Chicago City College before completing her BS in art, with a minor in secondary education, at Northeastern Illinois University. Ana Castillo received her MA in Latin American Studies from the University of Chicago in 1979, after teaching ethnic studies at Santa Rosa Junior College and serving as writer-in-residence for the Illinois Arts Council. She has also taught at Malcolm X Junior College and later on in her life at Sonoma State College. Instead of a traditional dissertation, she submitted the essays later collected in her 1994 work \"Massacre of the Dreamers\". Castillo, who has written more than 15 books and numerous articles, is widely regarded as a key thinker and a pioneer in the field of Chicana literature. She has said, \"Twenty-five years after I started writing, I feel I still have a message to share.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Private school", "paragraph_text": "In many parts of the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States schools desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\", local families organized a wave of private \"Christian academies\". In much of the U.S. South, many white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students (see List of private schools in Mississippi). The academic content of the academies was usually College Preparatory. Since the 1970s, many of these \"segregation academies\" have shut down, although some continue to operate.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "The University of the Republic is the country's largest and most important university, with a student body of 81,774, according to the census of 2007. It was founded on 18 July 1849 in Montevideo, where most of its buildings and facilities are still located. Its current Rector is Dr. Rodrigo Arocena. The university houses 14 faculties (departments) and various institutes and schools. Many eminent Uruguayans have graduated from this university, including Carlos Vaz Ferreira, Jos\u00e9 Luis Massera, Gabriel Paternain, Mario Wschebor, Roman Fresnedo Siri, Carlos Ott and Eladio Dieste"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Philip Burton Moon", "paragraph_text": "Philip Burton Moon was born in 1907, attended Leyton Sixth Form College, and in 1925 entered Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He became a research student in the Cavendish Laboratory under Ernest Rutherford. From 1928 to 1931 he worked with Mark Oliphant on the collision of atoms with solids. Rutherford called him \"Oliphant's satellite\" and that influence remained with him for decades."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nuraliza Osman", "paragraph_text": "Nuraliza Osman grew up in Singapore and was a top student and scholar at the [Methodist Girls School] where she won many accolades and excelled academically. She then attended Victoria Junior College where she studied pre-medicine classes and French. Her studies in French took her to France where she studied briefly prior to attending university. She is described by her peers as a funny, lovely, independent and determined person who was well-loved. At Methodist Girls School and Victoria Junior College, she was known for her frank, honest and tomboyish image. Many were surprised at how feminine she became for the Miss Universe competition."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for Hyde Park, which profoundly affected both the neighborhood's architecture and street plan. During this period the university, like Shimer College and 10 others, adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college; in addition, students enrolled at Shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the University of Chicago after their second year, having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a \"10+2+3\" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions. Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with a higher secondary facility. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "William Coperthwaite", "paragraph_text": "William Coperthwaite attended Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, where he majored in art history. His extra-curricular activities included track and pole vaulting, and he served as vice-president of the Outing Club. He later enrolled in the innovative Putney Graduate School of Teacher Education (Antioch University New England) Master's degree program and in 1972 was awarded a Ph.D in education from Harvard University. Coperthwaite's Harvard research examined the process of instructing groups of students on yurt construction. His dissertation was on native Alaskan culture. One of the many yurts he built leading student groups (in 1976 on the new campus of World College West in Marin County, California) became the subject of a student-composed song; \"Yurt Fever\". Its final verse concluded with \"...a person can stray all over the place, but a Yurt is always a round\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WMBR", "paragraph_text": "WMBR is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's student-run college radio station, licensed to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and broadcasting on 88.1 FM. It is all-volunteer and funded by listener donations and MIT funds. Both students and community members can apply for positions, and like many college radio stations, WMBR offers diverse programming ranging from talk shows to music including RnB to electronic music."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mona Lisa Smile", "paragraph_text": "In 1953, Katherine Ann Watson (Julia Roberts), a 30 - year - old graduate student in the department of Art History at UCLA, takes a position teaching ``History of Art ''at Wellesley College, a conservative women's private liberal arts college in Massachusetts. At her first class, Katherine discovers that her students have already memorized the entire textbook and syllabus, so she uses the classes to introduce them to Modern Art and encourages discussion about topics such as what makes good art. Katherine comes to know her students and seeks to inspire them to achieve more than marriage to eligible young men."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores. Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education. An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "The main campus in Provo, Utah, United States sits on approximately 560 acres (2.3 km2) nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 295 buildings. The buildings feature a wide variety of architectural styles, each building being built in the style of its time. The grass, trees, and flower beds on BYU's campus are impeccably maintained. Furthermore, views of the Wasatch Mountains, (including Mount Timpanogos) can be seen from the campus. BYU's Harold B. Lee Library (also known as \"HBLL\"), which The Princeton Review ranked as the No. 1 \"Great College Library\" in 2004, has approximately 8\u00bd million items in its collections, contains 98 miles (158 km) of shelving, and can seat 4,600 people. The Spencer W. Kimball Tower, shortened to SWKT and pronounced Swicket by many students, is home to several of the university's departments and programs and is the tallest building in Provo, Utah. Furthermore, BYU's Marriott Center, used as a basketball arena, can seat over 22,000 and is one of the largest on-campus arenas in the nation. Interestingly absent on the campus of this church owned university is a campus chapel. Notwithstanding, each Sunday LDS Church services for students are conducted on campus, but due to the large number of students attending these services, nearly all of the buildings and possible meeting spaces on campus are utilized (in addition, many students attend services off campus in LDS chapels in the surrounding communities)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as \"white\", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dominican Order", "paragraph_text": "Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers. Several institutions, besides those already mentioned, played important parts. Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem, open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics, which publishes the Revue Biblique. The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg, confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890, is flourishing, and has about 250 students. The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier, opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences. In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste, founded by P\u00e8re Thomas Coconnier (d. 1908), and the Analecta Ordinis Pr\u00e6dicatorum (1893). Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara (d. 1893) and Zephirin Gonz\u00e1lez (d. 1894), two esteemed philosophers; Alberto Guillelmotti (d. 1893), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history (d. 1905).[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "1954 Guatemalan general election", "paragraph_text": "Constituent Assembly elections were held alongside a plebiscite on the presidency of Carlos Castillo Armas in Guatemala on 10 October 1954. A reported 99.92% of voters voted in favour of Armas' presidency, whilst the National Anti-Communist Front won 57 of the 65 seats in the Assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music \"Franz Liszt\" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule f\u00fcr Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students). Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Carlos Castillo Peraza", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Castillo Peraza was a lawyer in the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, was a collaborator and contributor of many newspapers of the country and began as journalist in \"El Diario de Yucat\u00e1n\". From 1967 he became a member of the PAN and occupied an ample variety of positions in his local and national structure. During their management as National President of the PAN, their nearer collaborators were Jesus Galv\u00e1n Mu\u00f1oz, ex-president Felipe Calder\u00f3n, Enrique Caballero and Luis Correa Mena."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5. There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%, and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, specialist colleges, and w\u0101nanga, in addition to private training establishments. In the adult population 14.2% have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4% have no formal qualification. The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science."}], "question": "How many students attend the alma mater of Carlos Castillo Peraza?"}
{"id": "2hop__568034_592018", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Carola of Vasa", "paragraph_text": "Carola of Vasa (Karoline Frederikke Franziska Stephanie Amalia Cecilia; 5 August 1833 at Sch\u00f6nbrunn \u2013 15 December 1907 at Dresden) was a titular princess of Sweden, and the queen consort of Saxony. She was the last Queen of Saxony."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Manuel Dur\u00e1n y Bas", "paragraph_text": "Manuel Dur\u00e1n y Bas (29 November 1823, Barcelona \u2013 10 February 1907, Barcelona) was one of the leading Spanish jurists of his generation and served as Spanish Minister of Justice in 1899."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lucky Star (Johnson & H\u00e4ggkvist song)", "paragraph_text": "Lucky Star is a song by Swedish singers Carola H\u00e4ggkvist & Andreas Johnson. It was released for download on 15 January 2008 in Sweden. It reached #13 on the Swedish Singles Chart"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David Arroyo", "paragraph_text": "David Arroyo Dur\u00e1n (born 7 January 1980 in Talavera de la Reina, Toledo) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer, riding on the UCI Continental Team ."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Carola Dur\u00e1n", "paragraph_text": "Carlina Dur\u00e1n Baldera (born January 17, 1987 in Concepci\u00f3n de La Vega) is a Dominican model who won the national crown of Miss Dominican Republic 2012, initially giving her the right to compete in Miss Universe 2012 representing her country in December 2012. After representing her home province of La Vega in the 2012 Miss Dominican Republic, Carola was crowned by Miss Dominican Republic 2011 Dalia Fernandez. She later got dethroned for admitting she had been married in 2009."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pueblo Viejo National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Archaeological and Historical National Park of Pueblo Viejo, La Vega (also known as the National Park of Concepci\u00f3n de la Vega), in the La Vega Province of the Dominican Republic, includes the old city of Concepci\u00f3n de la Vega, and the Pueblo Viejo gold mine."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Guillermo Dur\u00e1n", "paragraph_text": "Guillermo Dur\u00e1n (; born 6 June 1988) is an Argentine tennis player playing on the ATP Challenger Tour. On 2 April 2012, he reached his highest ATP singles ranking of 385. His highest ATP doubles ranking of 48 was achieved on 23 May 2016."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}], "question": "In what province was Carola Duran born?"}
{"id": "2hop__25388_22006", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anton\u00edn Rezek", "paragraph_text": "Anton\u00edn Rezek (13 January 1853 in Jind\u0159ich\u016fv Hradec \u2013 4 February 1909 in Prague) was a renowned Czech political historian, specialized in political and religious history of the 16th to 18th century."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Political parties in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Political parties in the United States are mostly dominated by a two - party system. However, the United States Constitution has always been silent on the issue of political parties; at the time it was signed in 1787, there were no parties in the nation. Indeed, no nation in the world had voter - based political parties."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace industry at the time. Although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry, this is contentious. The only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire. The implication that the style of lace known as 'Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot influence, being a \"combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground\", is fallacious: what is now known as Mechlin lace did not develop until first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century, when it was widely copied throughout Europe."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Edmund Burke", "paragraph_text": "Burke knew that many members of the Whig Party did not share Fox's views and he wanted to provoke them into condemning the French Revolution. Burke wrote that he wanted to represent the whole Whig party \"as tolerating, and by a toleration, countenancing those proceedings\" so that he could \"stimulate them to a public declaration of what every one of their acquaintance privately knows to be...their sentiments\". Therefore, on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them, as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island", "paragraph_text": "The Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island () is a proscribed political organization in Equatorial Guinea. It has its roots in the pre-independence Uni\u00f3n Bubi, which sought independence from the mainland half of Spanish Guinea. It is supported by the Bubi ethnic group, which dominates Bioko island (home of the national capital)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Edmund Burke", "paragraph_text": "Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it. On 1 November he finally published the Reflections and it was an immediate best-seller. Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator, Pierre-Ga\u00ebton Dupont, wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold. The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "Because of its limited land area, Bermuda has had difficulty with over-population. In the first two centuries of settlement, it relied on steady human emigration to keep the population manageable.[citation needed] Before the American Revolution more than ten thousand Bermudians (over half of the total population through the years) gradually emigrated, primarily to the Southern United States. As Great Britain displaced Spain as the dominant European imperial power, it opened up more land for colonial development. A steady trickle of outward migration continued. With seafaring the only real industry in the early decades, by the end of the 18th century, at least a third of the island's manpower was at sea at any one time."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Edmund Burke", "paragraph_text": "In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded \"some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade\". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Justice Party (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Justice Party USA is a political party in the United States. It was organized in November 2011 by a group of political activists including former mayor of Salt Lake City Rocky Anderson as an alternative to what he saw as a duopoly of the two major political parties. One of the major goals of the Justice Party is removing corporate influence and other concentrated wealth from politics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "An influx of interstate and overseas migrants, particularly Irish, German and Chinese, saw the development of slums including a temporary \"tent city\" established on the southern banks of the Yarra. Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851, which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World. In the aftermath of the Eureka Stockade, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including changes to working conditions across local industries including mining, agriculture and manufacturing. The nationalities involved in the Eureka revolt and Burke and Wills expedition gave an indication of immigration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or \"Cavalier\") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721\u20131742; his prot\u00e9g\u00e9 was Henry Pelham (1743\u20131754)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Anglo-Irish big house", "paragraph_text": "The term big house () refers to the country houses, mansions, or estate houses of the historical landed class in Ireland, which is itself known as the Anglo-Irish class. The houses formed the symbolic focal point of the Anglo-Irish political dominance of Ireland from the late 16th century, and many were destroyed or attacked during the Irish revolutionary period."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'\u00e9tat in past. The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks, seeking to abolish the state of Israel. Radical Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and groups such as the Taliban, entirely reject democracy, often declaring as kuffar those Muslims who support it (see takfirism), as well as calling for violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "When they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct \"Grenvillite\", \"Bedfordite\", \"Rockinghamite\", and \"Chathamite\" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as \"Whigs\". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as \"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed\". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the party was centred around a set of core principles and remained out of power as a united opposition to government."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of \"The city of palaces\" given by Alexander Von Humboldt."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Age of Enlightenment", "paragraph_text": "The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in French: le Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res, lit. '``the Century of Lights '''; and in German: Aufkl\u00e4rung,`` Enlightenment'') was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, ``The Century of Philosophy ''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ralph Inman", "paragraph_text": "Ralph Inman (1713\u20131788) was a merchant in 18th-century Boston, Massachusetts, with a residence in Cambridge. During the American Revolution he supported the British."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Politics of Japan", "paragraph_text": "Several political parties exist in Japan, however, the politics of Japan have primarily been dominated by the LDP since 1955, with the DPJ playing an important role as opposition several times. LDP was a ruling party during decades since 1955. Despite of existence of multiple parties, other parties were completely ignored. Most of the prime ministers were elected from inner factions of LDP."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Political parties in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Political parties in the United States are mostly dominated by a two - party system. However, the United States Constitution has always been silent on the issue of political parties; at the time it was signed in 1787, there were no parties in the nation. Indeed, no nation in the world had voter - based political parties. The need to win popular support in a republic led to the American invention of voter - based political parties in the 1790s. Americans were especially innovative in devising new campaign techniques that linked public opinion with public policy through the party."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament."}], "question": "Burke attacked members of the dominant political party for the first half of the 18th century, for supporting what?"}
{"id": "2hop__151676_744629", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off). ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation. The Columbia Phonograph Company had international subsidiaries and affiliates such as the Columbia Graphophone Company in the United Kingdom, but they were sold off prior to CBS acquiring American Columbia. RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label with Okeh its subsidiary label while deemphasizing ARC's other labels. This allowed ARC's leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to former owner Warner Bros. which sold the labels to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward which was reissued on the Columbia label as well as the Vocalion label material from the same time period which was reissued on the Okeh label. Wallerstein, who was promoted at the end of 1947 from president to chairman of the record company, restored Columbia's status as a leading record company and spearheaded the successful introduction of the long playing (LP) record before he retired as Columbia's chairman in 1951. James Conkling then became head of Columbia Records. Also in 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name and began a UK distribution deal with Philips Records, whereas Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Genius Sings the Blues", "paragraph_text": "The Genius Sings the Blues is an album by Ray Charles, released in October 1961 on Atlantic Records. The album was his last release for Atlantic, compiling twelve blues songs from various sessions during his tenure for the label. The album showcases Charles's stylistic development with a combination of piano blues, jazz, and southern R&B. The photo for the album cover was taken by renowned photographer Lee Friedlander. \"The Genius Sings the Blues\" was reissued in 2003 by Rhino Entertainment with liner notes by Billy Taylor."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sleaszy Rider Records", "paragraph_text": "Sleaszy Rider Records is an independent record label which was founded in 1999 by Tolis G. Palantzas. The head office of the label is located in Greece. The label is mainly distributed in Europe by Sony Music/EMI. The label also distributes releases in Greece from numerous labels, including Roadrunner Records, SPV, and Pagan Records."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "DeSoto Records", "paragraph_text": "DeSoto Records is an American record label based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1989, it is run by Bill Barbot and Kim Coletta, both formerly of the band Jawbox. It was first founded by members of the band Edsel to release their first single, \"My Manacles\". Jawbox next used the name DeSoto for their first EP. It has released over 40 records, 7\" singles, CDs, and LP vinyl records. It is distributed by Fontana Distribution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Face of a Fighter", "paragraph_text": "Face of a Fighter is an album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was recorded in 1961 but released in 1978 when Nelson founded his own label company, Lone Star Records."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Return of Don Patterson", "paragraph_text": "The Return of Don Patterson (also released as The Genius of the B-3) is an album by organist Don Patterson recorded in 1972 and released on the Muse label."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Baudelaire Label", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 2004 by Evan Newman, who had left his post as Head of A&R/Media Relations at V2 Records Canada, The Baudelaire Label was named Best Toronto Record Label in Now Magazine in 2006. In 2007, The Baudelaire Label merged with Outside Music and Newman went to head both the Outside Music Label as well as Outside Music Management which represents Jill Barber, Sunparlour Players, The Hylozoists, and Matthew Barber."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its main international distributor Philips Records with the goal of CBS starting its own global record company. Philips' acquisition of Mercury Records in the US in 1961 paved the way for this. CBS only had the rights to the Columbia name in North America; therefore the international arm founded in 1961 and launched in 1962 utilized the \"CBS Records\" name only, with Philips Records distributing the label in Europe. CBS's Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nothing Records", "paragraph_text": "Nothing Records was an American record label specializing in industrial rock and electronic music, founded by John Malm Jr. and Trent Reznor in 1992. It is considered an example of a vanity label, where an artist is able to run a label with some degree of independence from within a larger parent company, in this case being Interscope Records."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Carl Jefferson", "paragraph_text": "Carl Jefferson (December 10, 1919 \u2013 March 29, 1995) was an American jazz record producer, and was the founder of the Concord Records label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Genius Loves Company", "paragraph_text": "Genius Loves Company is the final studio album by rhythm and blues and soul musician Ray Charles, posthumously released August 31, 2004, on Concord Records. Recording sessions for the album took place between June 2003 and March 2004. The album consists of rhythm and blues, soul, country, blues, jazz and pop standards performed by Charles and several guest musicians, such as Natalie Cole, Elton John, James Taylor, Norah Jones, B.B. King, Gladys Knight, Diana Krall, Van Morrison, Willie Nelson and Bonnie Raitt. \"Genius Loves Company\" was the last album recorded and completed by Charles before his death in June 2004."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Love Sign", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Sign\" is a song by American musician Prince, from the \"1-800-NEW-FUNK\" compilation album released by his independent record label NPG Records in 1994."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cargo Records (UK)", "paragraph_text": "Cargo Records is a record label based in London, England, which distributes musical recordings in the United Kingdom and Europe. The company currently distributes records in a wide variety of genres, both as a label in its own right and as a distributor for other independent record labels."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rebelle Records", "paragraph_text": "Rebelle Records AB is a record label founded by Bj\u00f6rn Afzelius in 1988. The name is a convergence of his two daughters' names \"Rebecca\" and \"Isabelle\". The company, which holds the rights to all of Afzelius music is now located in Snekkersten, Denmark."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Visions of Love", "paragraph_text": "Visions of Love is the last album of duo Robin and Linda Williams on the Sugar Hill Records label, released in 2002. They would move to Red House Records for their next release."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jupiter and Semele", "paragraph_text": "Of this work, Moreau himself wrote, \"Semele, penetrated by the divine effluence, regenerated and purified by this consecration, dies struck by lightning and with her dies the genius of terrestrial love, the genius with the goat hooves\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Asian Man Records", "paragraph_text": "Asian Man Records is a DIY record label run by Mike Park in Monte Sereno, California. Park started a record label and began releasing music in 1989 under the name Dill Records, with the Asian Man label established May 1996."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "EmArcy Records", "paragraph_text": "EmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by Mercury Records, and today a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group. The name is a phonetic spelling of \"MRC\", the initials for Mercury Record Company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ace Fu Records", "paragraph_text": "Ace Fu Records is an independent record label founded in 1998 by Eric Speck. It is located in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The label went on indefinite hiatus in 2007."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Equator Records (Canada)", "paragraph_text": "Equator Records is an independent record label established in 2006 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The music label was founded by Matt Drouin and Fuzz de Grandpre. Equator has released three albums, Islands' \"Return to the Sea\", The Lovely Feathers' \"Hind Hind Legs\" and Teitur's second release, \"Stay Under the Stars\". There is no connection between this label and the Equator Records of Nairobi, Kenya."}], "question": "Who founded the record label that Genius Loves Company was released on?"}
{"id": "2hop__37073_16748", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out, which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic. In June 1848, Paris workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and raised red flags. The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising, the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker's movements in Europe."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "253 Mathilde", "paragraph_text": "Mathilde (; minor planet designation: 253 Mathilde) is an asteroid in the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers in diameter, that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory on 12 November 1885. It has a relatively elliptical orbit that requires more than four years to circle the Sun. This tumbling asteroid has an unusually slow rate of rotation, requiring 17.4 days to complete a 360\u00b0 revolution about its axis. It is a primitive C-type asteroid, which means the surface has a high proportion of carbon; giving it a dark surface that reflects only 4% of the light that falls on it.Mathilde was visited by the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft during June 1997, on its way to asteroid 433 Eros. During the flyby, the spacecraft imaged a hemisphere of the asteroid, revealing many large craters that had gouged out depressions in the surface. It was the first carbonaceous asteroid to be explored and, until 21 Lutetia was visited in 2010, was the largest asteroid to be visited by a spacecraft."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cigar", "paragraph_text": "In Seven Years' War it is believed Israel Putnam brought back a cache of Havana cigars, making cigar smoking popular in the US after the American Revolution. He also brought Cuban tobacco seeds which he planted in the Hartford area of New England. This reportedly resulted in the development of the renowned Connecticut Wrapper."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Storming of the Bastille", "paragraph_text": "The Storming of the Bastille (French: Prise de la Bastille (p\u0281iz d\u0259 la bastij)) occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789. The medieval fortress, armory, and political prison in Paris known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the centre of Paris. The prison contained just seven inmates at the time of its storming, but was seen by the revolutionaries as a symbol of the monarchy's abuses of power; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "French First Republic", "paragraph_text": "In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic (French: R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alsace", "paragraph_text": "The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the d\u00e9partements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song \"La Marseillaise\" (as Marching song for the Army of the Rhine), which later became the anthem of France. \"La Marseillaise\" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, Kl\u00e9ber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vend\u00e9e and Westermann, who also fought in the Vend\u00e9e."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "French colonial empire", "paragraph_text": "In the middle of the 18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and Britain, which ultimately resulted in the destruction of most of the first French colonial empire and the near-complete expulsion of France from the Americas. These wars were the War of the Austrian Succession (1740\u20131748), the Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763), the American Revolution (1765\u20131783), the French Revolutionary Wars (1793\u20131802) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803\u20131815). It may even be seen further back in time to the first of the French and Indian Wars. This cyclic conflict is sometimes known as the Second Hundred Years' War."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Coronation of the British monarch", "paragraph_text": "The Anglo-Saxon monarchs used various locations for their coronations, including Bath, Kingston upon Thames, London, and Winchester. The last Anglo-Saxon monarch, Harold II, was crowned at Westminster Abbey in 1066; the location was preserved for all future coronations. When London was under the control of rebels, Henry III was crowned at Gloucester in 1216; he later chose to have a second coronation at Westminster in 1220. Two hundred years later, Henry VI also had two coronations; as king of England in London in 1429, and as king of France in Paris in 1431."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Edmund Burke", "paragraph_text": "Initially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: \"England gazing with astonishment at a French struggle for Liberty and not knowing whether to blame or to applaud! The thing indeed, though I thought I saw something like it in progress for several years, has still something in it paradoxical and Mysterious. The spirit it is impossible not to admire; but the old Parisian ferocity has broken out in a shocking manner\". The events of 5\u20136 October 1789, when a crowd of Parisian women marched on Versailles to compel King Louis XVI to return to Paris, turned Burke against it. In a letter to his son, Richard Burke, dated 10 October he said: \"This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France\u2014where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it\u2014where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable\". On 4 November Charles-Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke replied that any critical language of it by him should be taken \"as no more than the expression of doubt\" but he added: \"You may have subverted Monarchy, but not recover'd freedom\". In the same month he described France as \"a country undone\". Burke's first public condemnation of the Revolution occurred on the debate in Parliament on the army estimates on 9 February 1790, provoked by praise of the Revolution by Pitt and Fox:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was finally unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government. However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church. In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Decolonization of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The Latin American wars of independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonies in the Americas. Haiti, a French slave colony, was the first to follow the United States; the Haitian Revolution lasted from 1791 to 1804, when they won their independence. The Peninsular War with France, which resulted from the Napoleonic occupation of Spain, caused Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain, stoking independence movements that culminated in the wars of independence, which lasted almost two decades. At the same time, the Portuguese monarchy relocated to Brazil during Portugal's French occupation. After the royal court returned to Lisbon, the prince regent, Pedro, remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil. Cuban independence was fought against Spain in two wars (Ten Years and Little War). Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the Spanish -- American War in 1898."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Glorious Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Revolution permanently ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England. For British Catholics its effects were disastrous both socially and politically: Catholics were denied the right to vote and sit in the Westminster Parliament for over a century; they were also denied commissions in the army, and the monarch was forbidden to be Catholic or to marry a Catholic, this latter prohibition remaining in force until 2015. The Revolution led to limited tolerance for Nonconformist Protestants, although it would be some time before they had full political rights. It has been argued, mainly by Whig historians, that James's overthrow began modern English parliamentary democracy: the Bill of Rights 1689 has become one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain and never since has the monarch held absolute power."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of British monarchy records", "paragraph_text": "The longest - lived British monarch and ruler is Queen Elizabeth II, the current monarch, who is aged 7004334780000000000 \u2660 91 years, 240 days."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gastroenteritis", "paragraph_text": "Gastroenteritis is associated with many colloquial names, including \"Montezuma's revenge\", \"Delhi belly\", \"la turista\", and \"back door sprint\", among others. It has played a role in many military campaigns and is believed to be the origin of the term \"no guts no glory\".Gastroenteritis is the main reason for 3.7 million visits to physicians a year in the United States and 3 million visits in France. In the United States gastroenteritis as a whole is believed to result in costs of US$23 billion per year with that due to rotavirus alone resulting in estimated costs of US$1 billion a year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "18th century", "paragraph_text": "The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions. Philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror (1793 -- 1794) under Maximilien Robespierre. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution. The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe's military improvements during the Seven Years' War (1756 -- 1763), causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Abolition of monarchy", "paragraph_text": "The ancient monarchy of China ceased to exist in 1912 after the revolution of Sun Yat - sen overthrew Emperor Puyi. General Yuan Shikai, then provisional president, unsuccessfully tried to make himself a monarch in 1915."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain. She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at ch\u00e2teau d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French one since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign. Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England. At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped. Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances. Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism."}], "question": "In what year did the monarch who fell during the French Revolution visit England?"}
{"id": "2hop__8611_8614", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sidbury Hill, Wiltshire", "paragraph_text": "Sidbury Hill, or Sidbury Camp, is the site of an Iron Age bivallate hillfort located in Wiltshire. The site is sub-triangular in shape, and approximately 17 acres in area, and is constructed on the site of a neolithic settlement. The hill offers excellent defensive slopes on all sides, which have been supplemented by the double ditch and rampart earthworks. The settlement and hillfort were partially excavated in the 19th century and the 1950s. There were finds of pottery and other artefacts. A straight, well defined ditch extends from the main entrance on the northwest side. This earthwork is one element in an extensive system of boundaries founded on and around Sidbury Hill. The southern section is straight and well preserved. A neolithic settlement site was discovered during the excavation in the 1950s, being of a section of the south-east rampart of the hill fort. A number of flint flakes and tools were recovered."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bishop of Dunwich", "paragraph_text": "The Bishop of Dunwich is an episcopal title which was first used by an Anglo-Saxons bishop between the 7th and 9th centuries and is currently used by the suffragan bishop of the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. The title takes its name after Dunwich in the English county of Suffolk, which has now largely been lost to the sea."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brimpton", "paragraph_text": "Brimpton is a mostly rural village and civil parish in West Berkshire, England. The village occupies a few square miles of land between the Kennet and Avon Canal, a long tributary the Enborne which is used as part of the Hampshire boundary and the winding slopes of an escarpment in the far south-east, beyond the Enborne which is almost contiguous with the larger settlement of Baughurst a wood-buffered part of Tadley post town. This high common field contains five round barrows from the period of the Heptarchy in Anglo Saxon England."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Icehouse Bottom", "paragraph_text": "Icehouse Bottom is a prehistoric Native American site in Monroe County, Tennessee, located on the Little Tennessee River in the southeastern United States. Native Americans were using the site as a semi-permanent hunting camp as early as 7500 BC, making it one of the oldest-known habitation areas in what is now the state of Tennessee. Analysis of the site's Woodland period (1000 BC - 1000 AD) artifacts shows evidence of an extensive trade network that reached to indigenous peoples in Georgia, North Carolina, and Ohio. This was later an area of known Cherokee settlements, the historic people encountered by Anglo-European settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named \"Melbourne\" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Burning Land", "paragraph_text": "The Burning Land is the fifth historical novel in The Saxon Stories by Bernard Cornwell, published in 2009. The story is set in the 9th-century Anglo-Saxon kingdoms Wessex, Northumbria and Mercia. The first half of Season 3 of the \"The Last Kingdom (TV series))\" is based on this novel."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections, a synthetic language. Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use, but those that survived, to be sure, are basic elements of Modern English vocabulary."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Glass", "paragraph_text": "Glass was used extensively during the Middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was also used in jewelry. From the 10th-century onwards, glass was employed in stained glass windows of churches and cathedrals, with famous examples at Chartres Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint Denis. By the 14th-century, architects were designing buildings with walls of stained glass such as Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, (1203\u20131248) and the East end of Gloucester Cathedral. Stained glass had a major revival with Gothic Revival architecture in the 19th-century. With the Renaissance, and a change in architectural style, the use of large stained glass windows became less prevalent. The use of domestic stained glass increased until most substantial houses had glass windows. These were initially small panes leaded together, but with the changes in technology, glass could be manufactured relatively cheaply in increasingly larger sheets. This led to larger window panes, and, in the 20th-century, to much larger windows in ordinary domestic and commercial buildings."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Br\u00f3dno (9th/10th century) and Jazd\u00f3w (12th/13th century). After Jazd\u00f3w was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of P\u0142ock, Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia, established this settlement, the modern-day Warsaw, in about 1300. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the official capital of Masovian Duchy in 1413. 14th-century Warsaw's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Londinium", "paragraph_text": "Londinium was a settlement established on the current site of the City of London around \u00a043. Its bridge over the River Thames turned the city into a road nexus and major port, serving as a major commercial centre in Roman Britain until its abandonment during the 5th century."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eidum", "paragraph_text": "According to historic tradition the settlement of Eidum was destroyed several times by storm tides and then rebuilt again. The All Saints Day Flood of 1436 probably wreaked so much damage and so many casualties in the village of Eidum that survivors left it and founded a new settlement about 2\u00a0kilometres further east. Their choice alighted on the higher geest ridge in the area of Tinnum. This settlement was called \"S\u00fcdhedig\"; from it arose the present day village of Westerland. The later name \"Westerland\" is supposed to have derived from an old Tinnum field name, on which this new settlement stood. The land was west of the village, hence \"Wester-land\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anglo-Saxon architecture", "paragraph_text": "Anglo-Saxon architecture was a period in the history of architecture in England, and parts of Wales, from the mid-5th century until the Norman Conquest of 1066. Anglo-Saxon secular buildings in Britain were generally simple, constructed mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. No universally accepted example survives above ground."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fuller Brooch", "paragraph_text": "The Fuller Brooch is an Anglo-Saxon silver and niello brooch dated to the late 9th century, which is now in the British Museum, where it is normally on display in Room 41. The elegance of the engraved decoration depicting the Five Senses, highlighted by being filled with niello, makes it one of the most highly regarded pieces of Anglo-Saxon art."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "First Battle of Alton", "paragraph_text": "The First Battle of Alton was a skirmish in 1001 between the English and the Vikings. According to the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" it took place at somewhere called, in Old English, \"\u00c6thelingadene\". Traditionally, the site was believed to have been what is now Alton, Hampshire. However, it is thought more likely to have been in the East and West Dean area of modern-day West Sussex."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "The Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Mary's area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun and then Hampton. Archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is one of the oldest settlements in North America, with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that. It is not, however, the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada, having been preceded by the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids, founded in 1610, and the Bristol's Hope colony at Harbour Grace, founded in 1618. In fact, although English fishermen had begun setting up seasonal camps in Newfoundland in the 16th Century, they were expressly forbidden by the British government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast, hence the town of St. John's was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s at the earliest. Other permanent English settlements in the Americas that predate St. John's include: St. George's, Bermuda (1612) and Jamestown, Virginia (1607)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of English", "paragraph_text": "English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo - Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo - Saxon settlers from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands, displacing the Celtic languages that previously predominated."}], "question": "In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of the first Anglo-Saxon settlement?"}
{"id": "2hop__596900_641527", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John P. Bigelow", "paragraph_text": "John Prescott Bigelow (August 25, 1797 \u2013 July 4, 1872) was an American politician, who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, Secretary of State of Massachusetts, and most prominently as the twelfth mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from 1849 to 1851. Bigelow was born in Groton, Massachusetts, in Middlesex County."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Henry Bryant (naturalist)", "paragraph_text": "Henry Bryant (May 12, 1820 \u2013 February 2, 1867) was an American physician and naturalist. He was the grandfather of Henry Bryant Bigelow."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Siding Spring Survey", "paragraph_text": "The Siding Spring Survey (SSS) was a near-Earth object search program that used the 0.5 metres Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, New South Wales, Australia. It was the southern hemisphere counterpart of the Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) located in the Santa Catalina Mountains on Mount Bigelow, near Tucson, Arizona, USA. The survey was the only professional search for dangerous asteroids being made in the Southern Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Robert", "paragraph_text": "Born in New York, NY in 1928, Robert moved to Grand-M\u00e8re, Quebec in May 1937. He received his BSc from Laval University in 1952 and his MSc from the University of Toronto in 1953. He began employment with the Meteorological Service of Canada as a weather forecaster, then in 1959 shifted his interest to research in atmospheric models for short and medium-range numerical weather prediction."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Scoutmaster", "paragraph_text": "The Scoutmaster is a 1956 painting by American illustrator Norman Rockwell. It was originally created by Rockwell for the 1956 Brown & Bigelow Boy Scout Calendar. Since then, it has become one of the most collected images that Rockwell created for the Boy Scouts of America."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of Yale University further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital. Other large employers include St. Raphael Hospital, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Southern Connecticut State University, Assa Abloy Manufacturing, the Knights of Columbus headquarters, Higher One, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Covidien and United Illuminating. Yale and Yale-New Haven are also among the largest employers in the state, and provide more $100,000+-salaried positions than any other employer in Connecticut.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mathura", "paragraph_text": "Mathura Refinery located in the city is one of the biggest oil refineries of Asia with 8.0 MMTPA refining capacity. This oil refinery of the Indian Oil Corporation is a highly technologically advanced oil refinery and provides local employment opportunities."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elliot Bigelow", "paragraph_text": "Elliott Allardice Bigelow (October 13, 1897 \u2013 August 13, 1933) was a right fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Boston Red Sox. Bigelow batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Tarpon Springs, Florida."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cork (city)", "paragraph_text": "Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hardin Bigelow", "paragraph_text": "Hardin Bigelow (1809 in Michigan Territory \u2013 November 27, 1850 in San Francisco, California) was the first elected mayor of the city of Sacramento, California, which was known then as \"Sacramento City.\" Bigelow's efforts to construct Sacramento's first levees won him enough support to become mayor in Sacramento's first mayoral elections in February 1850. Bigelow served seven months, from April to November, before succumbing to cholera; while he was mayor, Sacramento averted disaster in a potentially devastating flood, but fell victim to a series of April fires, a riot, and a cholera epidemic."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bigelow Aerospace", "paragraph_text": "Bigelow Aerospace is an American space technology startup company based in North Las Vegas, Nevada, that manufactures and develops expandable space station modules. Bigelow Aerospace was founded by Robert Bigelow in 1998 and is funded in large part by the profit Bigelow gained through his ownership of the hotel chain, Budget Suites of America."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bigelow Aerospace", "paragraph_text": "By 2013, Bigelow had invested US$250 million in the company. Bigelow has stated on multiple occasions that he is prepared to fund Bigelow Aerospace with about US$500 million through 2015 in order to achieve launch of full-scale hardware."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hobart B. Bigelow", "paragraph_text": "Hobart Baldwin Bigelow (May 16, 1834 \u2013 October 12, 1891) was an American politician and the 50th Governor of Connecticut."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Deere World Headquarters", "paragraph_text": "The John Deere World Headquarters is a complex of four buildings located on 1,400 acres (5.7\u00a0km\u00b2) of land at One John Deere Place, Moline, Illinois, United States. The complex serves as corporate headquarters for John Deere."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Other Fortune 500 companies, while not headquartered in the area, do have a major presence. These include SunTrust Bank (based in Atlanta), Capital One Financial Corporation (officially based in McLean, Virginia, but founded in Richmond with its operations center and most employees in the Richmond area), and the medical and pharmaceutical giant McKesson (based in San Francisco). Capital One and Altria company's Philip Morris USA are two of the largest private Richmond-area employers. DuPont maintains a production facility in South Richmond known as the Spruance Plant. UPS Freight, the less-than-truckload division of UPS and formerly known as Overnite Transportation, has its corporate headquarters in Richmond."}], "question": "Where is Robert Bigelow's employer headquartered"}
{"id": "2hop__36798_87821", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "French colonial empire", "paragraph_text": "The French colonial empire began to fall during the Second World War, when various parts were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in Syria, Lebanon, and Madagascar, the United States and Britain in Morocco and Algeria, and Germany and Italy in Tunisia). However, control was gradually reestablished by Charles de Gaulle. The French Union, included in the Constitution of 1946, nominally replaced the former colonial empire, but officials in Paris remained in full control. The colonies were given local assemblies with only limited local power and budgets. There emerged a group of elites, known as evolu\u00e9s, who were natives of the overseas territories but lived in metropolitan France."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The Sino-French War began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A French invasion of Taiwan was halted and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the Battle of Bang Bo. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the Treaty of Tientsin (1885) and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Acre (state)", "paragraph_text": "In 1899, Brazilian settlers from Acre created an independent state in the region called the Republic of Acre. Bolivians tried to gain control of the area, but Brazilians revolted and there were border confrontations, generating the episode which became known as the Acre War. On November 17, 1903, with the signing over and sale in the Treaty of Petr\u00f3polis, Brazil received final possession of the region. Acre was then integrated into Brazil as a territory divided into three departments. The territory passed under Brazilian sovereignty in exchange for the payment of two million pounds sterling, land taken from Mato Grosso and in accordance with the construction of the Madeira-Mamor\u00e9 railway."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 \u2013 March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a \"greater confusion of purpose\", yet led to a war noted for its \"notoriously incompetent international butchery.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "French Indochina", "paragraph_text": "On 20 July 1954, the Geneva Conference produced the Geneva Agreements between North Vietnam and France. Provisions included supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina, granting it independence from France, declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs, and delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw. The Agreements mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Second Italian War of Independence", "paragraph_text": "Second Italian War of Independence Part of the wars of Italian Unification Napoleon III at the Battle of Solferino, by Jean - Louis - Ernest Meissonier Oil on canvas, 1863 Date 29 April -- 11 July 1859 Location Lombardy - Venetia Result Allied victory Armistice of Villafranca (12 July 1859) Territorial changes Sardinia annexed Lombardy from Austria France gains Savoy and Nice from Sardinia Belligerents French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Supported by: United Provinces of Central Italy Austrian Empire Commanders and leaders Napoleon III Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppe Garibaldi Franz Josef I Ferenc Gyulay Strength French: 170,000 infantry 2,000 cavalry 312 guns Sardinian: 70,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 90 guns Austrian: 220,000 infantry 22,000 cavalry 824 guns"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondich\u00e9ry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondich\u00e9ry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of Central America", "paragraph_text": "Central America is composed of seven independent nations: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. After the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, most of the inhabitants of Central America shared a similar history. The exception was the Western Caribbean Zone, which included the Caribbean coast and encompassed both semi-independent indigenous polities, runaway slave communities, and settlers, especially British settlers who would eventually form British Honduras (the modern - day nation of Belize), a sparsely populated area that was inhabited by the British through the Treaty of Madrid from Spain. When Spain failed to regain control over British Honduras, the British continued to inhabit the country, and eventually colonized it. When Guatemala gained its independence, they assumed inheritance of British Honduras from Spain. British Honduras had been a British settlement, not a Colony (the treaty between Spain and The United Kingdom prohibited British Colonies in the territory) for several years. After many years of controversy, a treaty was signed between Guatemala and the United Kingdom in which the Guatemalan President of the time recognized the original territory (granted by the kingdom of Spain to the British Crown) of Belize. Within this treaty, was also an agreement that a cart road be built from Guatemala City through British Honduras to the Caribbean Sea. Since the cart road was never built, Guatemala declared the treaty null and void. British Honduras for the British and Belize for the Spaniards and Guatemalans gained its independence from Great Britain in 1981 and adopted the name ``Belize ''. Guatemala still disputes the Belizean Territory."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Barth\u00e9lemy Boganda", "paragraph_text": "Barth\u00e9lemy Boganda (4 April 1910 \u2013 29 March 1959) was the leading nationalist politician of what is now the Central African Republic. Boganda was active prior to his country's independence, during the period when the area, part of French Equatorial Africa, was administered by France under the name of Oubangui-Chari. He served as the first Prime Minister of the Central African Republic autonomous territory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "Colombia, France, and later the United States controlled the territory surrounding the canal during construction. The US continued to control the canal and surrounding Panama Canal Zone until the 1977 Torrijos -- Carter Treaties provided for handover to Panama. After a period of joint American -- Panamanian control, in 1999, the canal was taken over by the Panamanian government and is now managed and operated by the government - owned Panama Canal Authority."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Baol", "paragraph_text": "The French conquest of Baol began in 1859. Most of Baol was conquered by the French in 1874, however complete control of the former kingdom was not gained by France until 1895. It was one of many campaigns of Governor Louis Faidherbe who oversaw the conquest of Cayor in 1886."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive, but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive, but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. Although Austria failed to retrieve the territory of Silesia from Prussia (its original goal) its military prowess was also noted by the other powers. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers avenged their defeat in 1778 when the American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "France", "paragraph_text": "France (French: (f\u0281\u0251\u0303s)), officially the French Republic (French: R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise (\u0281epyblik f\u0281\u0251\u0303s\u025bz)), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The country's 18 integral regions (five of which are situated overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres (248,573 sq mi) and a total population of 67.15 million (as of October 2017). France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mali", "paragraph_text": "In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, which Tuareg rebels took control of by April and declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March and later fighting between Tuareg and Islamist rebels. In response to Islamist territorial gains, the French military launched Op\u00e9ration Serval in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ua Huka", "paragraph_text": "Ua Huka is one of the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. It is situated in the northern group of the archipelago, approximately to the east of Nuku Hiva, at ."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "France\u2013Saint Lucia Delimitation Agreement", "paragraph_text": "The France \u2013 Saint Lucia Agreement on Delimitation is a 1981 treaty between France and Saint Lucia which delimits the maritime boundary between Saint Lucia and the French territory of Martinique."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mali", "paragraph_text": "Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. During its golden age, there was a flourishing of mathematics, astronomy, literature, and art. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire covered an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of Africa. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state."}], "question": "When did the territory that France controlled gain independence from the French?"}
{"id": "2hop__146059_696645", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anne of Ostfriesland", "paragraph_text": "Anne of Ostfriesland (Aurich, June 26, 1562 \u2013 Neuhaus upon Elbe, April 21, 1621) was the eldest daughter of Edzard II, Count of East Frisia and his wife, Katarina Vasa, daughter of Gustav I of Sweden."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Haneburg", "paragraph_text": "Haneburg is a castle with two wings of Leer in East Frisia, Germany. It is one of the few buildings remaining of the Renaissance time in north-west Germany, which was much affected by the Netherlands. The castle was built by the chieftain of Leer, Hayo Unken, in the middle of the 15th century."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wessels", "paragraph_text": "Wessels is a Dutch and Low German patronymic surname. \"Wessel\" used to be a common nickname for Werner in the Eastern Netherlands and in East Frisia. People with this surname include:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Stickhausen Castle", "paragraph_text": "Stickhausen Castle is located on the western edge of the village Stickhausen, a district of the East Frisian municipality Detern in the Landkreis of Leer in Lower Saxony."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "First Army Division East", "paragraph_text": "First Army Division East was established by Department of the Army Permanent Order 156-7 to provide training and readiness oversight and mobilization operations for an area of responsibility spanning 27 states and territories east of the Mississippi River. First Army Division East is responsible for mobilizing, training, readiness oversight and deploying the United States' Reserve and National Guard Soldiers, and selected Sailors and Airmen along with members of multiple interagency and governmental entities."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Johan II of East Frisia", "paragraph_text": "Count Johan II of East Frisia (29 September 1538, Aurich \u2013 29 September 1591, Stickhausen Castle) was a member of the House of Cirksena and from 1561 until his death in 1591 co-regent of the county of East Frisia. He ruled jointly with his brother Edzard II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Leybucht", "paragraph_text": "The Leybucht is the second largest bay in East Frisia in northwest Germany after the Dollart. The Jade Bight is larger than both, but belongs historically to Oldenburg."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "\u015awiecie County", "paragraph_text": "\u015awiecie County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is \u015awiecie, which lies north of Toru\u0144 and north-east of Bydgoszcz. The only other town in the county is Nowe, lying north-east of \u015awiecie."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sabina Catharina of East Frisia", "paragraph_text": "Sabina Catharina of East Frisia (11 August 1582, Esens \u2013 31 May 1618) was a Countess of Rietberg in what is now Germany."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Theda Ukena", "paragraph_text": "Theda Ukena (1432 in Oldersum \u2013 16 November 1494 in Greetsiel) was from 1466 to about 1480 regent of the County of East Frisia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pewsum", "paragraph_text": "Pewsum is a village in the municipality of Krummh\u00f6rn (Aurich district) in western East Frisia. Pewsum is both the administrative seat as well as the trade and craft centre for the municipality. The number of inhabitants is 3,352 (as at: 31 December 2006) and the village lies at a height of ."}], "question": "In which city is the castle where Johan II of East Frisia died?"}
{"id": "2hop__132478_733910", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Aero Continente Dominicana", "paragraph_text": "Aero Continente Dominicana was short-lived airline based in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, operating out of Las Am\u00e9ricas International Airport on behalf of Aero Continente from Peru, its parent company."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Curtiss H-1640", "paragraph_text": "The Curtiss H-1640 Chieftain was an unusual American 12-cylinder radial aero engine designed and built by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company in the mid-1920s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Brass Company", "paragraph_text": "The American Brass Company was an American brass manufacturing company based in Connecticut and active from 1893 to 1960. The company's predecessors were the Wolcottville Brass Company and the Ansonia Brass and Battery Company. It was the first large brass manufacturing firm in the United States, and for much of its existence was the largest brass manufacturer in the country. It was purchased by the Anaconda Copper Company in 1922, and merged into Anaconda's other brass manufacturing concerns (losing its identity and name in the process) in 1960."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aero A.12", "paragraph_text": "The Aero A.12 was a Czechoslovakian biplane light bomber and military reconnaissance aircraft manufactured in small numbers shortly after World War I. Although reminiscent of the Hansa-Brandenburg-designed aircraft that Aero was building during the war under licence as the Ae.10, the A.12 was the company's own design. It is perhaps most significant as the direct descendant of the highly successful A.11 and its various derivatives. An example of the type is preserved at the Leteck\u00e9 Muzeum in Kbely."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dyson (company)", "paragraph_text": "Dyson developed 5,127 prototype designs between 1979 and 1984. The first prototype vacuum cleaner, a red and blue machine, brought Dyson little success, as he struggled to find a licensee for his machine in the UK and America. Manufacturing companies like Hoover did not want to license the design, probably because the vacuum bag market was worth $500 m so Dyson was a threat to their profits."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jebsen Group", "paragraph_text": "Jebsen & Co () is a marketing, distribution and manufacturing company based and headquartered in Lee Garden Two(), Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. It is the agent for a range of businesses throughout East Asia, including luxury products, beverages, electronic consumer goods, and industrial equipment. It serves as the main distributor of Porsche, Dyson, Casio and Raymond Weil in the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong. Since 1906, the company has owned the brand Blue Girl beer, which commands leading market share in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ludwig Lohner", "paragraph_text": "Ludwig Lohner (15 July 1858\u00a0\u2013 14 July 1925) ran his family's company as it became one of the first manufacturers of cars and airplanes in Austria-Hungary."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gorham Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "The Gorham Manufacturing Company is one of the largest American manufacturers of sterling and silverplate and a foundry for bronze sculpture."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hyundai Aero", "paragraph_text": "The Hyundai Aero (hangul:\ud604\ub300 \uc5d0\uc5b4\ub85c) was a full-sized single-decker coach built by the Hyundai Motor Company. It was primarily used as an intercity bus."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Poly Implant Proth\u00e8se", "paragraph_text": "Poly Implant Proth\u00e8se (PIP) was a French company founded in 1991 that produced silicone gel breast implants. The company was preemptively liquidated in 2010 following the revelation that they had been illegally manufacturing and selling breast implants made from cheaper industrial-grade silicone since 2001 (instead of the mandated medical-grade silicone they had previously used). The hundreds of thousands of unapproved implants sold globally by PIP from 2001 to 2010 were found to have a 500% higher risk of rupturing or leaking than approved models, as well as being implicated in several deaths due to systemic toxicity and several cases of induced breast cancer. The scandal, which produced fears of a massive health disaster, prompted a full recall of the company's implants by the French health ministry in 2010, by which time the company was already defunct."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aero Commander 500 family", "paragraph_text": "The Aero Commander 500 family is a series of light-twin piston-engined and turboprop aircraft originally built by the Aero Design and Engineering Company in the late 1940s, renamed the Aero Commander company in 1950, and a division of Rockwell International from 1965. The initial production version was the 200-mph, seven-seat Aero Commander 520. An improved version, the 500S, manufactured after 1967, is known as the Shrike Commander. Larger variants are known by numerous model names and designations, ranging up to the 330-mph, 11-seat Model 695B/Jetprop 1000B turboprop."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "AN/APQ-120", "paragraph_text": "The AN/APQ-120 was an aircraft fire control radar (FCR) manufactured by Westinghouse for the McDonnell Douglas F-4E Phantom II. AN/APQ-120 has a long line of lineage, with its origin traced all the way back to Aero-13 FCR developed by the same company in the early 1950s. A total of half a dozen FCRs were tested and evaluated on the first 18 F-4s built, but they were soon replaced by later radars produced in great numbers, including AN/APQ-120."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Phelon & Moore", "paragraph_text": "Phelon & Moore manufactured motorcycles in Cleckheaton, Yorkshire, England from 1904 to 1967 particularly those under the Panther marque. They became identified with one particular design of motorcycle which had a large sloping 40-degree single-cylinder engine as a stressed member of the frame. This design spanned the entire history of the company, starting with a 500\u00a0cc model and ending with a 645\u00a0cc model."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Volvo Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Volvo Museum is in Gothenburg, Sweden. It covers the development of Sweden's leading vehicle manufacturer Volvo, from the first \u00d6V 4 to the current cars, trucks, buses and other products. The museum also has displays of Volvo Aero and Volvo Penta products, and many other exhibits, including the joint desk of Assar Gabrielsson and Gustaf Larson from the pioneering years of the company."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed \"International Business Machines\" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rocketdyne", "paragraph_text": "The Rocketdyne Division was founded by North American Aviation (NAA) in 1955, and was later part of Rockwell International (1967-1996) and Boeing (1996-2005). In 2005, the Rocketdyne Division was sold to United Technologies Corporation, becoming Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne as part of Pratt & Whitney. In 2013, Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne was sold to GenCorp, which merged it with Aerojet to form Aerojet Rocketdyne."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mossberg 500", "paragraph_text": "Mossberg 500 is a series of pump action shotguns manufactured by O.F. Mossberg & Sons. The 500 series comprises widely varying models of hammerless repeaters, all of which share the same basic receiver and action, but differ in bore size, barrel length, choke options, magazine capacity, stock and forearm materials. Model numbers included in the 500 series are the 500, 505, 510, 535, and 590."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hyundai Aero City", "paragraph_text": "The Hyundai Aero City (hangul:\ud604\ub300 \uc5d0\uc5b4\ub85c\uc2dc\ud2f0) is a heavy-duty single-decker bus built by Hyundai Motor Company and primarily used as a city bus and a intercity bus as either a complete bus or a bus chassis. It is distinguishable by a front 'Aero City' badge, but the common Hyundai badge is usually on the rear. The model's principal competitors is the Daewoo BS/BM bus series, but it also competed against the now-discontinued Kia AM bus series (originally Asia AM)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "IKCO Dena", "paragraph_text": "IKCO Dena is a family car manufactured by Iran Khodro (IKCO) auto company; it was unveiled in April 2011, but mass-production only began in 2015. Its price range will be between USD$12,000 and USD$13,000, depending on the specific model and accessories. Dena will replace the IKCO Samand in non-domestic markets after the manufacturer starts mass production."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gotthard Sachsenberg", "paragraph_text": "Gotthard Sachsenberg (6 December 1891 \u2013 23 August 1961) was a German World War I fighter ace with 31 victories who went on to command the world's first naval air wing. In later life, he founded the airline \"Deutscher Aero Lloyd\", became an anti-Nazi member of the German parliament, and also became a pioneering designer of hydrofoils."}], "question": "What was the predecessor of the company that manufactures the Aero Commander 500 family?"}
{"id": "2hop__613158_748281", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Spiritism", "paragraph_text": "Spiritism (also called Kardecism) is a spiritualistic philosophy and religious movement started in the 19th century by the French educator Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail, who, under the pen name Allan Kardec, wrote books on \"the nature, origin, and destiny of spirits, and their relation with the corporeal world\". Spiritists refer to Kardec as the religion's codifier."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kirk Wong", "paragraph_text": "Kirk Wong (\u9ec3\u5fd7\u5f37; born March 28, 1949) is a Hong Kong film director and actor. Wong is perhaps best known for directing the 1998 action comedy film \"The Big Hit\". Wong's other films like \"Health Warning\", \"Crime Story\" and \"Organized Crime & Triad Bureau\" had been developing a following among fans of Action film."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David T. Wong", "paragraph_text": "Wong was named Alumnus of the Year by Seattle Pacific University in 1998. He was given the Prince Mahidol Award in Medicine in 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Happy Ghost", "paragraph_text": "Happy Ghost (also known as The Happy Ghost) is a 1984 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Clifton Ko. Produced and written by Raymond Wong, the film stars Wong and May Lo."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "My Blueberry Nights", "paragraph_text": "My Blueberry Nights is a 2007 American romantic drama film directed by Wong Kar-wai, his first feature in English. The screenplay by Wong and Lawrence Block is based on a short Chinese-language film written and directed by Wong. This film was the debut of jazz singer Grammy-winner Norah Jones as an actress, and also starred Jude Law, David Strathairn, Rachel Weisz, Natalie Portman, and Benjamin Kanes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Seattle Pacific University", "paragraph_text": "Seattle Pacific University (SPU) is a private Christian university in Seattle, Washington. It was founded in 1891 in conjunction with the Oregon and Washington Conference of the Free Methodist Church as the Seattle Seminary. It became the Seattle Seminary and College in 1913, adopting the name Seattle Pacific College in 1915, and took its present moniker in 1977. Seattle Pacific University is a member of the Christian College Consortium."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Joseph T. McCullen Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Joseph T. McCullen Jr. was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was educated at Villanova University. McCullen spent several years in the United States armed forces, as Infantry Lieutenant and Navy Petty Officer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime \"to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals,\" or \"to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches\" this theory in any school or university that received public funds. The court's opinion, written by Justice Abe Fortas, ruled that the Arkansas law violated \"the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The overriding fact is that Arkansas' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine; that is, with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group.\" The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion, and that \"[T]he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "C. W. W. Kannangara", "paragraph_text": "As Minister of Education Kannagara was placed in charge of implementing the recommendations. Among the reforms he introduced, which came into operation on 1 October 1945, were to make education free of charge for all students, to ensure that every student was provided with instruction in the religion of his / her parents, to prevent teachers from been exploited by managers of schools by having their wages paid directly by the government and to make adequate provisions for adult education in the country."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ronne Hartfield", "paragraph_text": "Ronne Hartfield (born Ronola Rone in 1936) is an author, essayist, international museum consultant, and former senior executive at The Art Institute of Chicago and Executive Director of Urban Gateways: The Center for Arts in Education. She has been a co-chair of the Harvard University Arts Education Council and a Senior Research Associate at Harvard University's Center for the Study of World Religions, and at Claremont Graduate University School of Religion. In 2004, Ms. Hartfield published \"Another Way Home: The Tangled Roots of Race in One Chicago Family\" to critical acclaim. Ronne Hartfield has served on the board of directors at the American Writers Museum, the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Taliesin, Scottsdale, AZ, the Rhode Island School of Design, and the Institute for the Advanced Study of Religion at the University of Chicago. She is an internationally recognized expert in arts education and multicultural education. Ronne is married to Robert Hartfield, a mathematician at the University of Chicago, with whom she has four daughters."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yao-Tzu Li", "paragraph_text": "Yao-Tzu Li or Y. T. Li (; February 1, 1914, Beijing \u2013 August 14, 2011) was an American engineer, physicist (specialized in hydrodynamics), inventor, educator, entrepreneur, and the Professor Emeritus in Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Men Suddenly in Love", "paragraph_text": "Men Suddenly in Love is a 2011 Hong Kong romantic comedy film produced by, written by and directed by Wong Jing. Film stars Eric Tsang, Chapman To, Jim Chim, Wong Jing and Tat Dik."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chester David Hartranft", "paragraph_text": "Chester David Hartranft (15 October 1839 in Frederick Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania \u2013 30 December 1914) was a United States educator."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wizards of Waverly Place", "paragraph_text": "Wizards of Waverly Place is an American fantasy teen sitcom which ran from October 12, 2007 to January 6, 2012 on Disney Channel. The series was created by Todd J. Greenwald, and stars Selena Gomez, David Henrie and Jake T. Austin as three wizard siblings with magical abilities competing to win sole custody of the family powers. Further main cast includes Jennifer Stone, Maria Canals Barrera, and David DeLuise."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David T. Friendly", "paragraph_text": "David T. Friendly (born May 1, 1956) is an American film producer best known for co-producing the 2006 film \"Little Miss Sunshine\", for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Delete My Love", "paragraph_text": "Delete My Love (Chinese: Delete\u611b\u4eba) is a 2014 Hong Kong romantic comedy film directed and written by Patrick Kong and starring Wong Cho-lam, Ivana Wong and Michael Hui."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "House of Fury", "paragraph_text": "House of Fury () is a 2005 Hong Kong martial arts comedy film written and directed by Stephen Fung, who also co-stars in the film, and executive produced by Jackie Chan. The film stars Anthony Wong, Michael Wong and Gillian Chung. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 24 March 2005. \"House of Fury\" features a collaboration between Anthony Wong and Michael Wong, reuniting them for the first time since 1998's \"Beast Cops\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Edmund Beale Sargant", "paragraph_text": "Edmund Beale Sargant (1855\u20131938) was a colonial administrator in the British Empire, particularly notable for his policy of introducing English in the South African educational system in the first years of the twentieth century, as Director of Education for the Transvaal and Orange River Colony under Alfred Milner, and in the aftermath of the war. \"The Sargant Repor\"t (1905) was important for the future of education in the Transvaal."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Clyde Evans", "paragraph_text": "Clyde Evans (born January 14, 1938) is a former Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives, who represented the 87th District from 2003 to 2010. Term limited in 2010, he ran for the Ohio Senate, but lost the primary election to David T. Daniels."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gagak Item", "paragraph_text": "Gagak Item (; Vernacular Malay for \"Black Raven\", also known by the Dutch title De Zwarte Raaf) is a 1939 bandit film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) directed by Joshua and Othniel Wong for Tan's Film. Starring Rd Mochtar, Roekiah, and Eddy T. Effendi, it follows a masked man known only as \"Gagak Item\" (\"Black Raven\"). The black-and-white film, which featured the cast and crew from the 1937 hit \"Terang Boelan\" (\"Full Moon\"), was a commercial success and received positive reviews upon release. It is likely lost."}], "question": "Which religion is the university where David T. Wong was educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__145178_393423", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Max Kolonko", "paragraph_text": "Max Kolonko (born Mariusz Max Kolonko in 1965, Lubliniec, Poland) is a Polish-American producer, writer, author, broadcast journalist and a U.S. correspondent for a number of television news organizations (TVP, TVN, Panorama)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology", "paragraph_text": "The Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (German: \"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr ethnologische Forschung\") is located in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was founded in 1999, and moved into new buildings 2001. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Herby Stare railway station", "paragraph_text": "Herby Stare is a Polish rail junction, located north of the Upper Silesian Industrial Area, along the major Cz\u0119stochowa - Lubliniec line, in the Lubliniec County of the Silesian Voivodeship. Less than 2 kilometres northeast lies its twin station Herby Nowe, located along the Polish Coal Trunk-Line line. Both stations are connected with each other by a line built in 1926."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mutz Greenbaum", "paragraph_text": "Mutz Greenbaum (3 February 1896 \u2013 5 July 1968), sometimes credited as Max Greene or Max Greenbaum, was a Berlin, Germany-born film cinematographer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yasuhiro Kido", "paragraph_text": "Yasuhiro Kido (; born December 25, 1982) is a Japanese welterweight kickboxer competing in K-1 MAX. He is 2008 K-1 World MAX Japan tournament champion."}], "question": "What administrative territorial entity does Max Kolonko's birth place located?"}
{"id": "2hop__89428_47247", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Angels from the Realms of Glory", "paragraph_text": "``Angels from the Realms of Glory ''is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery. It was first printed in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816, though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection The Christian Psalmist and in the Religious Tract Society's The Christmas Box or New Year's Gift."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Elf on the Shelf", "paragraph_text": "The Elf on the Shelf: A Christmas Tradition is a 2005 children's picture book, written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell, and illustrated by Co\u00eb Steinwart. The book tells a Christmas - themed story, written in rhyme, that explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and who is nice. It describes elves visiting children between Thanksgiving and Christmas Eve, after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season. The Elf on the Shelf comes in a keepsake box that features a hardbound picture book and a small soft toy in the form of a pixie scout elf."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "A Christmas Carol (1938 film)", "paragraph_text": "A Christmas Carol is a 1938 American film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella of the same name, starring Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who learns the error of his ways on Christmas Eve after visitations by three spirits."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "In dulci jubilo", "paragraph_text": "In dulci jubilo (Latin for \"In sweet rejoicing\") is a traditional Christmas carol. In its original setting, the carol is a macaronic text of German and Latin dating from the Middle Ages. Subsequent translations into English, such as J.M. Neale's arrangement \"Good Christian Men, Rejoice\" have increased its popularity, and Robert Pearsall's 1837 macaronic translation is a mainstay of the Christmas Nine Lessons and Carols repertoire. J.S. Bach's chorale prelude based on the tune (BWV 729) is also a traditional postlude for Christmas services."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Away in a Manger", "paragraph_text": "\"Away in a Manger\" is a Christmas carol first published in the late nineteenth century and used widely throughout the English-speaking world. In Britain, it is one of the most popular carols; a 1996 Gallup Poll ranked it joint second. Although it was long claimed to be the work of German religious reformer Martin Luther, the carol is now thought to be wholly American in origin."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bob Cratchit", "paragraph_text": "Bob Cratchit is a fictional character in the Charles Dickens novel A Christmas Carol. The abused, underpaid clerk of Ebenezer Scrooge (and possibly Jacob Marley, when he was still alive), Cratchit has come to symbolize poor working conditions, especially long working hours."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christmas Cupid", "paragraph_text": "Christmas Cupid is a television film starring Christina Milian, Ashley Benson and Chad Michael Murray and directed by Gil Junger. It was premiered on ABC Family on December 12, 2010, as part of their 25\u00a0Days of Christmas programming block. It was filmed under the name Ex-Mas Carol."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Man Who Invented Christmas is a 2017 biographical drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne based on the book of the same name by Les Standiford. It stars Dan Stevens, Christopher Plummer, and Jonathan Pryce. The plot follows Charles Dickens (Stevens) at the time when he wrote A Christmas Carol, and how Dickens' fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge (Plummer) was influenced by his real - life father, John Dickens (Pryce)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Go Tell It on the Mountain (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Go Tell It on the Mountain ''is an African - American spiritual song, compiled by John Wesley Work, Jr., dating back to at least 1865, that has been sung and recorded by many gospel and secular performers. It is considered a Christmas carol because its original lyrics celebrate the Nativity of Jesus:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Christmas at Water's Edge", "paragraph_text": "Christmas at Water's Edge is a contemporary variation of \"A Christmas Carol\", directed by Lee Davis, starring Keshia Knight Pulliam, Tom Bosley and Pooch Hall. It was shown in theaters in 2004 and released on DVD in 2007."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mugworth", "paragraph_text": "Mugworth is an upcoming hand-drawn animated film directed by animator Marc Fernandez Garcia and starring actors Bill Moseley, John Waters and Darren Smith. It features different Christmas related stories and a wrap around segment that parodies Charles Dickens classic A Christmas Carol. It can be defined as an anthology film. The tournage of film was in Caldes de Montbui (Barcelona), Spain."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Frank Sinatra Christmas Collection", "paragraph_text": "The Frank Sinatra Christmas Collection is a 2004 Christmas album from Frank Sinatra. The selection of tracks on the album spans Sinatra's career from 1957 to 1991 and includes four previously unavailable tracks\u2014two previously unissued on CD and two previously unissued in any format\u2014the latter the last Christmas carol Sinatra recorded."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Christmas in the Heart", "paragraph_text": "Christmas in the Heart is the 34th studio album and first Christmas album by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on October 13, 2009 by Columbia Records. The album comprises a collection of hymns, carols, and popular Christmas songs. All Dylan's royalties from the sale of this album benefited the charities Feeding America in the USA, Crisis in the UK, and the World Food Programme."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A Christmas Carol (2009 film)", "paragraph_text": "Jim Carrey as: Ebenezer Scrooge, a stingy, selfish old man, whose sheer miserly nature leads him to despise Christmas and all things which engender happiness. Ghost of Christmas Past, the first of the three spirits that haunt Scrooge in order to prompt him to repent. He is depicted as an androgynous man with a flickering flame for a head and a body like a candle, with a soft and aloof Irish accent. Ghost of Christmas Present, the second of the three spirits. He is depicted as a towering man with red hair, a full beard, and a green ermine robe. He is a jolly figure prone to hearty laughter, talking with a Northern English accent. Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, the third of the three spirits. It is depicted as a shadowy Grim Reaper cast across the ground or a wall (usually in place of Scrooge's own shadow) and occasionally emerges into three dimensions to point at something or to chase Scrooge in a large, shadow - like horse - drawn hearse, pulled by stampeding horses. Due to its face resembling a black skull, the spirit is implied by some to be that of Death."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I Pray on Christmas", "paragraph_text": "\"I Pray on Christmas\" is a Christmas carol with music and lyrics by Harry Connick Jr. First released in 1993 on his multi platinum album \"When My Heart Finds Christmas\". Connick has also released the song on his \"Christmas Special\" VHS in 1994, and again on his DVD \"Harry for the Holidays\" (2003) as a bonus track featuring Connick and Kim Burrell."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "What Child Is This?", "paragraph_text": "``What Child Is This? ''is a Christmas carol whose lyrics were written by William Chatterton Dix, in 1865. At the time of composing the carol, Dix worked as an insurance company manager and had been struck by a severe illness. While recovering, he underwent a spiritual renewal that led him to write several hymns, including lyrics to this carol that was subsequently set to the tune of`` Greensleeves'', a traditional English folk song. Although it was written in Great Britain, the carol is more popular in the United States than in its country of origin today."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joy to the World", "paragraph_text": "``Joy to the World ''is a popular Christmas carol with words by Isaac Watts. As of the late 20th century,`` Joy to the World'' was the most - published Christmas hymn in North America."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Christmas Carol", "paragraph_text": "A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost - Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843; the first edition was illustrated by John Leech. A Christmas Carol tells the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an old miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come. After their visits Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A Christmas Carol", "paragraph_text": "The story begins on a cold and bleak Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge, an old miser, hates Christmas and refuses an invitation to Christmas dinner from his nephew Fred. He turns away two men who seek a donation from him in order to provide food and heating for the poor, and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Christmas Carol", "paragraph_text": "A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. \"A Christmas Carol\" recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come. After their visits, Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man."}], "question": "Who is the character who worked for scrooge in a Christmas Carol?"}
{"id": "2hop__55810_49138", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid", "paragraph_text": "Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid is the debut studio album by the American rock band Collective Soul. It was originally released on an indie label in Atlanta called Rising Storm Records in 1993. The track \"Shine\" gained the band attention thanks to college radio. They later signed on with Atlantic Records and the album was released on CD in 1994 under the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "God Save the Queen/Under Heavy Manners", "paragraph_text": "God Save the Queen/Under Heavy Manners is the second solo album by Robert Fripp, released on the Polydor Records label in 1980 (US catalogue no. PD-1-6266)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "All Time Low", "paragraph_text": "In mid-February 2017, the band announced a new song to be premiered on BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Nick Grimshaw, called ``Dirty Laundry ''. The music video was directed by Pat Tracy, who had also directed the music video for`` Missing You''. This was the first release after changing record labels from Hopeless Records to Fueled by Ramen. Both songs are singles from their album, Last Young Renegade, which was released on June 2, 2017. The band also released their cover of ``Longview ''by Green Day for the documentary`` Green Day: The Early Years''."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Love Sign", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Sign\" is a song by American musician Prince, from the \"1-800-NEW-FUNK\" compilation album released by his independent record label NPG Records in 1994."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "N2O Records", "paragraph_text": "N2O Records (Nitrous Oxide Entertainment) was founded in 1997 with the first DJ compilation \"Home Invasion Vol. 1\" CD/LP of Los Angeles DJ's that produce harder sounding electronic, drum and bass, breakbeat and hardcore techno. The label has managed to re-invent itself from a jungle/drum and bass/turntablism focused label into a rock and remix label."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ed Sheeran", "paragraph_text": "In March 2015, Sheeran revealed he was setting up a record label, Gingerbread Man Records, which is a deal with Warner Music Group. The label was launched in August 2015 alongside its accompanying YouTube channel. Jamie Lawson, the label's first signee, met Sheeran while they were both in London's folk circuit. Lawson released his self - titled debut album on 9 October 2015, which has earned him a number one in the UK Albums Chart. Sheeran signed his second artist, Foy Vance, in November 2015."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Call (Mal Waldron album)", "paragraph_text": "The Call is an album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron recorded in 1971 and released on the JAPO label. The album was the first release on the short-lived European jazz label. It is Waldron's only album as a bandleader to feature him playing the electric piano."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "These Are the Vistas", "paragraph_text": "These Are the Vistas was the second studio album released by the jazz trio The Bad Plus, and the band's first album for a major label (Columbia Records). The album was the listening public's first widespread opportunity to hear the band, which Jim Fusilli of the \"Wall Street Journal\" called a \"jazz power trio with a rock-and-roll heart.\" The album features several cover songs: Nirvanas \"Smells Like Teen Spirit,\" Blondies \"Heart of Glass,\" and Aphex Twins \"Flim\". In November 2009, NPR's \"All Songs Considered\" selected the album as one of the 50 \"most important\" recordings of the decade."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of most-streamed songs on Spotify", "paragraph_text": "This list of most - streamed songs on Spotify contains the top 100 songs with the most streams of all time, as derived from Spotify charts. As of May 2018, 12 songs have exceeded 1 billion streams, with Ed Sheeran's ``Shape of You ''ranked in the top position."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Def Jam Recordings", "paragraph_text": "Def Jam Recordings is an American record label focused predominantly on hip hop, pop , and urban music, owned by Universal Music Group. In the UK, the label takes on the name Def Jam UK and is operated through Virgin EMI Records, while in Japan, it is known as Def Jam Japan, operating through Universal Music Japan. The label distributes releases of various record labels, including Kanye West's GOOD Music, and Listen Up Forever Records, headed by producer, Ronny J. Current artists include Justin Bieber, Logic, Big Sean, Kanye West, Nas, 2 Chainz, Teyana Taylor, YG, Dave East, Jeezy, Jeremih, Q-Tip, Valee, Pusha T, Vince Staples, Fabolous, Desiigner and Jhen\u00e9 Aiko."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hux Records", "paragraph_text": "Hux Records is a British record label based in England, which was launched in 1998. They specialise in releasing old material, especially in unreleased BBC recordings such as John Peel Sessions and BBC Radio 1 concerts. Hux has gained a reputation as an excellent independent record label, offering an eclectic selection of classic archive recordings. Hux has also re-released recordings by such artists as Malcolm Morley's Sam Apple Pie and Help Yourself; and Man's debut album, which was recorded in 1976 but not released latterly (the master tapes were lost and only discovered recently)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KPFT", "paragraph_text": "KPFT is a listener-sponsored community radio station in Houston, Texas, which began broadcasting March 1, 1970 as the fourth station in the Pacifica radio family. Larry Lee brought the idea to Pacifica to establish listener-supported radio in Houston as an alternative to mainstream broadcasting. The station airs a variety of music and Progressive news, talk and call-in programs. Prominent persons who have been regulars on KPFT include science educator David F. Duncan and humorist John Henry Faulk."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Soleilmoon Recordings", "paragraph_text": "Soleilmoon Recordings is an American record label that began in 1987 as a cassette label, operating from the back of a record shop called the Ooze in Portland, Oregon, US."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "DFA Records", "paragraph_text": "DFA Records is an American independent record label founded in 2001 by Mo' Wax co-founder Tim Goldsworthy, musician James Murphy, and manager Jonathan Galkin. They previously had a production team called The DFA, consisting of Goldsworthy and Murphy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Signals, Calls, and Marches", "paragraph_text": "Signals, Calls, and Marches is an EP and the debut release by American post-punk band Mission of Burma. It was released in 1981 by record label Ace of Hearts."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Home for the Holidays (song)", "paragraph_text": "``(There's No Place Like) Home for the Holidays ''Single by Perry Como A-side`` Silk Stockings'' Released 1954 (1954) Format 78 rpm and 45 rpm singles Recorded November 16, 1954 Genre Easy listening, pop Label RCA Songwriter (s) Al Stillman (lyrics), Robert Allen (music)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Singing Drums", "paragraph_text": "Singing Drums is an album by percussionist Pierre Favre recorded in 1984 and released on the ECM label. \"Modern Drummer\" called the pieces on the album \"a bunch of hypnotic, surprisingly melodic pieces for four rhythmatists.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "This Is Somewhere", "paragraph_text": "This Is Somewhere is the second studio album, and the first on a major record label, by Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, released in August 2007 by Hollywood Records. The album debuted at #119 on the Billboard Top 200 the week of August 25, 2007 and at #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Chart."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Greatest Hits (Andy Williams album)", "paragraph_text": "Greatest Hits is a live album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was digitally recorded live in concert at the Andy Williams Moon River Theater in Branson, Missouri and released by the LaserLight division of Delta Music Inc. in 1994. It includes performances of songs that he had previously recorded during his time with the Cadence and Columbia labels as well as one he had never recorded before -- \"L-O-V-E\", which Nat King Cole took to number 81 pop and number 17 Easy Listening in \"Billboard\" magazine in 1964."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Now That's What I Call Music (original UK album)", "paragraph_text": "Now That's What I Call Music Compilation album by various artists Released 28 November 1983 Length 1: 55: 00 Label Virgin / EMI Series chronology Now That's What I Call Music (1983) Now That's What I Call Music II (1984)"}], "question": "What is the record label for the singer rated as the $1 most listened to on Spotify?"}
{"id": "2hop__164341_269952", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "International Children's Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "The International Children's Peace Prize is awarded annually to a child who has made a significant contribution to advocating children's rights and improving the situation of vulnerable children such as orphans, child labourers and children with HIV / AIDS."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Don't Wanna Fall in Love", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''Single by Jane Child from the album Jane Child Released February 10, 1990 (USA) April 11, 1990 (UK) Format CD single Recorded 1988 - 1989 Genre R&B, synthpop, new jack swing Length 4: 07 Label Warner Bros. Songwriter (s) Jane Child Producer (s) Jane Child Jane Child singles chronology`` Welcome to the Real World'' (1990) ``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''(1990)`` Welcome to the Real World (reissue)'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World ''(1990)`` Do n't Wanna Fall in Love'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World (reissue) ''(1990)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "One-child policy", "paragraph_text": "The one - child policy, a part of the family planning policy, was a population planning policy of China. It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016. The policy was only enforced on Han Chinese and allowed exceptions for many groups, including ethnic minorities. In 2007, 36% of China's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction, with an additional 53% being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl. Provincial governments imposed fines for violations, and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Miracle Child", "paragraph_text": "The Miracle Child (French: L'enfant du miracle) is a 1932 French science fiction film based on a play of the same name by Robert Charvay and Paul Gavault. The plot of the film centers around a widow named Blanche Montel who endeavours to find a man with whom to produce a child so that she can pretend that the child was her late husband's and so inherit a fortune. In a scene which has been cited as particularly humorous, a few characters interrupt a Spiritualist s\u00e9ance and are subsequently believed to be ghosts. Ginette Leclerc's minor role in \"The Miracle Child\" was one of her first acting roles in a long and successful career."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5\u201314 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5\u201317 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "One-child policy", "paragraph_text": "The one - child policy, a part of the family planning policy, was a population planning policy of China. It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out in 2015. The policy allowed exceptions for many groups, including ethnic minorities. In 2007, 36% of China's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction, with an additional 53% being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl. Provincial governments imposed fines for violations, and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States. This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work. Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miang kham", "paragraph_text": "Miang kham (or \"mieng kham\", \"miang kam\", \"miang kum\"; , ) is a traditional Southeast Asian snack from Thailand and Laos ( ). It was introduced to the Siamese court of King Rama V by Princess Dara Rasmi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "National Insurance number", "paragraph_text": "People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit. At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies each child of their NI number."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Toddler", "paragraph_text": "A toddler is a child 12 to 36 months old. The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. The word is derived from ``to toddle '', which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this age."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nila Kaalam", "paragraph_text": "Nila Kaalam (Tamil) (2001) is a straight-to-TV Tamil film directed by Gandhi Krishna. The film was also released at film festivals and child artiste, Udayaraj went on to win National Film Award for Best Child Artist."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kham-Oun I", "paragraph_text": "Queen Kham-Oun I (15 July 1885 \u2013 5 June 1915), was queen consort of Laos from 1904 to 1915 by marriage to king Sisavang Vong. She was the mother of Sisavang Vatthana. She died at the Royal Palace, Luang Prabang."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Children's Act, 2005", "paragraph_text": "The Children's Act, 2005 (Act No. 38 of 2005) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that consolidates and reforms the law on matters related to children. It deals with topics including the age of majority, paternity, custody, child support, guardianship, parenting plans, children's courts, circumcision, day care, child protection, foster care, group homes, adoption, surrogacy, child abduction, and trafficking of children."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Soulivong Savang", "paragraph_text": "Crown Prince Soulivong Savang (; born May 8, 1963), grandson of the last King of Laos Savang Vatthana, is the pretender to the Lao throne. Laos was a monarchy until 1975, when the communist Pathet Lao seized control of the nation, causing Savang Vatthana to abdicate his throne. Soulivong Savang lives in exile in Paris."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Child labour in India", "paragraph_text": "As per the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016 (``CLPR Act ''), a`` Child'' is defined as any person below the age of 14 and the CLPR Act prohibits employment of a Child in any employment including as a domestic help. It is a cognizable criminal offence to employ a Child for any work. Children between age of 14 and 18 are defined as ``Adolescent ''and the law allows Adolescent to be employed except in the listed hazardous occupation and processes which include mining, inflammable substance and explosives related work and any other hazardous process as per the Factories Act, 1948. In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 120,000 children in India were in a hazardous job. Notably, the Constitution of India prohibits child labour in hazardous industries (but not in non-hazardous industries) as a Fundamental Right under Article 24. UNICEF estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-Saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labourers. The International Labour Organisation estimates that agriculture, at 60 percent, is the largest employer of child labour in the world, while the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates 70% of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities. Outside of agriculture, child labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Blood Stain Child", "paragraph_text": "Blood Stain Child (stylised as BLOOD STAIN CHILD) is a Japanese heavy metal band from the city of Osaka. The band's musical style combines melodic death metal with electronic and trance. The band formed under the name \"Visionquest\" (stylised as \"VISIONQUEST\") in 1999, but changed their name to Blood Stain Child in 2000."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour."}], "question": "Who was the child of the child of Kham-Oun I?"}
{"id": "2hop__16933_696072", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Norman Grosvenor", "paragraph_text": "A member of the Grosvenor family headed by the Duke of Westminster, Grosvenor was a younger son of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Baron Ebury, third son of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster. Robert Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Ebury, was his elder brother. He was returned to parliament at an unopposed by-election in December 1869 as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Chester, succeeding his cousin Earl Grosvenor, who had succeeded to the peerage. He did not stand again at the 1874 general election."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers", "paragraph_text": "William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers (21 December 1468 \u2013 14 April 1524), also known as William Conyers of Hornby, was an English baron and aristocrat."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Joseph Jackson Lister", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Jackson Lister, FRS (11 January 1786 \u2013 24 October 1869) was an amateur British opticist and physicist and the father of Joseph Lister."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Robert Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell, FRSA (30 October 1913 \u2013 9 December 1962) was the son of Lieutenant-General Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, and Olave St. Clair Soames. He was also the nephew of Agnes Baden-Powell, Baden Baden-Powell, and Warington Baden-Powell, and the grandson of the Rev. Baden Powell. Peter was named Arthur after his mother's brother, Robert after his father, and Peter after Peter Pan, a character in a play by James Barrie, of whom Peter's father, the first Lord Baden-Powell, was a great fan. Likewise, Peter Baden-Powell named his daughter Wendy after another character in the play."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lord Shaughnessy High School", "paragraph_text": "Lord Shaughnessy High School (named for Thomas Shaughnessy, 1st Baron Shaughnessy) is a high school located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Joseph Lister Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The Joseph Lister Memorial is a memorial to Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister by the sculptor Thomas Brock, situated in Portland Place in Marylebone, London. The memorial is positioned in the centre of the road opposite numbers 71 to 81 and is Grade II listed. It is close to Lister's home at 12 Park Crescent."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley", "paragraph_text": "Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley (Chartley, Staffordshire, 25 March 1309 \u2013 28 August 1350), was the son of John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley and Hawise de Muscegros, a daughter of Robert de Muscegros."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel", "paragraph_text": "He married Elizabeth le Despenser, daughter of Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (Despenser), by Elizabeth Burghersh, daughter and heiress of Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh. They had:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Edward VIII", "paragraph_text": "Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park, on the outskirts of London during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. He was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary). His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the eldest daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck (Francis and Mary Adelaide). At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind his grandfather and father."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Trevor Stamp, 3rd Baron Stamp", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp. He succeeded his brother and father as Baron Stamp when they were killed during the war by German bombing. He was a member of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords but later became a cross-bencher."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford", "paragraph_text": "Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford (7 January 1535 \u2013 18 October 1603) was the second surviving son of Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford and Ursula Pole, the younger brother of Henry Stafford, 2nd Baron Stafford. He served in Parliament for Stafford and succeeded his brother to the barony in 1566."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan", "paragraph_text": "Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan, KG (born before 1319, died 17 August 1390) was an English military commander and Admiral."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II. Matt Smith as Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister. Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother (season 1) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David Lia Williams as Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister (season 2) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret (season 2)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton", "paragraph_text": "William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton, 1st Earl of Essex and 1st Baron Parr, KG (14 August 151328 October 1571) was the son of Sir Thomas Parr and his wife, Maud Green, daughter of Sir Thomas Green, of Broughton and Greens Norton. William Parr was brother of the Queen consort, Catherine Parr, the sixth and final wife of Henry VIII, and of Anne Parr."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, 7th Baron Ferrers of Groby, (145520 September 1501) was an English nobleman, courtier and the eldest son of Elizabeth Woodville and her first husband Sir John Grey of Groby. Her second marriage to King Edward IV made her Queen of England, thus elevating Grey's status at court and in the realm as the stepson of the King. Through his mother's assiduous endeavours, he made two materially advantageous marriages to wealthy heiresses, the King's niece Anne Holland and Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington. By the latter he had 14 children."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Painter's Honeymoon", "paragraph_text": "The Painter's Honeymoon is a painting by Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton, produced and currently housed at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The King's Speech", "paragraph_text": "Colin Firth as King George VI Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue Helena Bonham Carter as Queen Elizabeth Guy Pearce as King Edward VIII Timothy Spall as Winston Churchill Derek Jacobi as Cosmo Gordon Lang Jennifer Ehle as Myrtle Logue Michael Gambon as King George V Freya Wilson as Princess Elizabeth Ramona Marquez as Princess Margaret Patrick Ryecart as Clive Wigram, 1st Baron Wigram Simon Chandler as Bertrand Dawson, 1st Viscount Dawson of Penn Claire Bloom as Queen Mary Orlando Wells as Prince George, Duke of Kent Eve Best as Wallis Simpson Anthony Andrews as Stanley Baldwin"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin", "paragraph_text": "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 1824 \u2013 17 December 1907) was an Irish-Scottish (of Ulster Scots heritage) mathematical physicist and engineer who was born in Belfast in 1824. At the University of Glasgow he did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and did much to unify the emerging discipline of physics in its modern form. He worked closely with mathematics professor Hugh Blackburn in his work. He also had a career as an electric telegraph engineer and inventor, which propelled him into the public eye and ensured his wealth, fame and honour. For his work on the transatlantic telegraph project he was knighted in 1866 by Queen Victoria, becoming Sir William Thomson. He had extensive maritime interests and was most noted for his work on the mariner's compass, which previously had limited reliability."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke, (born Prince Alexander of Battenberg; 23 November 1886 \u2013 23 February 1960) was a British Royal Navy officer, a member of the Hessian princely Battenberg family and a grandson of Queen Victoria."}], "question": "Who is the father of the 1st Baron Lister lancing and treating the abscess on Queen Victoria's arm?"}
{"id": "2hop__31671_181996", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue. Notable locations include East River Ferry, LaptopMD headquarters, Mercy College Manhattan Campus, and Jacob K. Javits Convention Center."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ramananda College", "paragraph_text": "Ramananda College is an institution of higher education situated at Bishnupur, Bankura district, in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the only co-educational degree college at the headquarters of Bishnupur subdivision."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi, before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams. British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mich Dulce", "paragraph_text": "She graduated from the Poveda Learning Center in Quezon City (now St. Pedro Poveda College), and attended the Ateneo de Manila University where she earned a college degree in Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Management and Communications Track. She worked with professional designers like Jessica Ogden, Marjan Pejoski and Cecile Zamora. After college she attended a series of short Courses at the London College of Fashion and Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design both in London."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game", "paragraph_text": "First College Football Game New Jersey at Rutgers New Jersey Tigers Rutgers Queensmen (0 -- 0) (0 -- 0) 6 Total New Jersey Rutgers 6 6 Date November 6, 1869 Season 1869 Location New Brunswick, New Jersey Attendance 100"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zena Tsarfin", "paragraph_text": "Zena Tsarfin graduated with dual degrees in journalism and political science from Brooklyn College. While attending college, she entered the publishing industry at 19 as an intern for the magazine \"High Times\". She later returned to \"High Times\", serving as the magazine's managing editor until 2001 and then again from March 2006 to January 2007. From 2014\u20132016, Tsarfin was\"High Times\"' director of digital media."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the Bab al-Azizia barracks, a six-mile long fortified compound located two miles from the center of Tripoli. His home and office at Azizia was a bunker designed by West German engineers, while the rest of his family lived in a large two-story building. Within the compound were also two tennis courts, a soccer field, several gardens, camels, and a Bedouin tent in which he entertained guests. In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders. Gaddafi allegedly worked for years with Swiss banks to launder international banking transactions. In November 2011, The Sunday Times identified property worth \u00a31 billion in the UK that Gaddafi allegedly owned. Gaddafi had an Airbus A340 private jet, which he bought from Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal of Saudi Arabia for $120 million in 2003. Operated by Tripoli-based Afriqiyah Airways and decorated externally in their colours, it had various luxuries including a jacuzzi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dallas County Community College District", "paragraph_text": "The Dallas County Community College District (DCCCD) is a network of seven community colleges in Dallas County, Texas (USA). It is headquartered at 1601 S. Lamar St. in Dallas. The Colleges of the DCCCD serve more than 70,000 students annually in academic, continuing education and adult education programs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: / \u02c8b\u028ck\u026a\u014b\u0259m \u02c8p\u00e6l\u026as /) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James Patrick Kelly", "paragraph_text": "Kelly made his first fiction sale in 1975. He graduated \"magna cum laude\" from the University of Notre Dame in 1972, with a B.A. in English Literature. After graduating from college, he worked as a full-time proposal writer until 1977. He attended the Clarion Workshop twice - once in 1974 and again in 1976."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents. Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joseph Montgomery", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Montgomery attended the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and graduated in 1755. After a brief time as a school master, he began the study of theology. In 1760 he earned an A.M. degree from the College of Philadelphia (now part of the University of Pennsylvania) and began a ministerial career, serving at several churches in Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Karen Guthrie", "paragraph_text": "Karen Guthrie attended the Edinburgh College of Art from 1987 to 1991, receiving a BA in Printmaking. She attended the Royal College of Art in London from 1991 to 1993, receiving a MA in Printmaking."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dimbangombe College of Wildlife, Agriculture and Conservation Management", "paragraph_text": "Dimbangombe College of Wildlife, Agriculture and Conservation Management is an accredited college by Zimbabwe\u2019s Ministry of Education located just outside Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe. It is situated on a property. Which is mainly used for research and training. It was established by Allan Savory's Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) in 1998 and is based at Dimbangombe ranch, near Victoria Falls which is the headquarters of ACHM."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ellis Clarke", "paragraph_text": "Clarke attended Saint Mary's College, winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938. Ellis Clarke attended University College London of the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port of Spain in 1941, taking up private practice there."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "University of Libya", "paragraph_text": "The University of Libya () was a public university based in Tripoli and Benghazi, Libya. The university was established in 1955 and disestablished in 1973, when its colleges were split into two new universities: the University of Tripoli (later Al Fateh University) in Tripoli, and the University of Benghazi (later Garyounis University) in Benghazi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jehan Gordon-Booth", "paragraph_text": "Gordon-Booth was born and raised in Peoria County, Illinois, where she attended Limestone High School in Bartonville, and attended Parkland College and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the college Gaddafi attended for a time?"}
{"id": "2hop__82315_81181", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ryosuke Hirata", "paragraph_text": "Ryosuke Hirata (\u5e73\u7530 \u826f\u4ecb, born March 23, 1988 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Chunichi Dragons in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He has played for the Dragons since 2006."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kang Yong", "paragraph_text": "Kang Yong (Hangul: \uac15\uc6a9; Hanja: \u5eb7\u752c; born January 14, 1979) is a South Korean football player who since 2008 has played for Chunnam Dragons. He formerly played for Pohang Steelers and Gwangju Sangmu Bulsajo."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Kelamis", "paragraph_text": "Peter Kelamis (born December 11, 1967) is an Australian - born Canadian actor, voice actor and comedian. He is arguably best known for playing Dr. Adam Brody in Stargate Universe, Goku in Ocean's English dubs of the animated series Dragon Ball Z, and Rolf from Ed, Edd n Eddy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ian Herron", "paragraph_text": "Herron played for the St. George Dragons, Balmain Tigers and Parramatta Eels in Australia and Gateshead Thunder and Hull F.C. in the Super League. His position of choice was on the , and he also played at . Herron played in two Grand Final teams for the St. George Dragons in 1992 and 1993, and was a prolific goal-kicker."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gareth Widdop", "paragraph_text": "Gareth Widdop (born 12 March 1989) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a or and is the captain of the St. George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL. Widdop is an England international and World All Stars representative. Widdop previously played for the Melbourne Storm between 2010 and 2013, with whom he won the 2012 NRL Premiership. Widdop will play for the Dragons for the 2019 season before joining Warrington Wolves on a 2-year contract from the 2020 season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World", "paragraph_text": "How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World is scheduled for a March 1, 2019 release in the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "DeathKeep", "paragraph_text": "DeathKeep is a 1995 video game based on the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" fantasy role-playing game. It was released for the 3DO console, and later converted to the PC. The game is a sequel to \"\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Renaud Guigue", "paragraph_text": "Renaud Guigue (born 14 August 1979 in France) is a professional rugby league footballer who previously played for the Catalans Dragons in the Super League competition."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World", "paragraph_text": "How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World is scheduled to be released on March 1, 2019 in the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aaron Gorrell", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Gorrell (born 31 March 1981 in Wollongong, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s for the Brisbane Broncos of the NRL. He had previously played for the St George Illawarra Dragons before a spell with the Catalans Dragons of the Super League. His usual position was at ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Atsushi Fujii", "paragraph_text": "Atsushi Fujii (\u85e4\u4e95\u6df3\u5fd7, born May 20, 1981 in Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture) is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Chunichi Dragons in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He has played for the Dragons since 2006."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Monte Cook", "paragraph_text": "Monte Cook is an American professional table-top role-playing game designer and writer, best known for his work on \"Dungeons & Dragons\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "McCallum (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Dr Iain McCallum was the original lead character, played by Scottish actor John Hannah. McCallum is a forensic pathologist working in the morgue of St. Patrick's Hospital in London's East End, who travels by Triumph Motorcycle, is generally charming and solves murders. The character has romantic involvements with two of the other principal characters, Joanna Sparks (played by Suzanna Hamilton), and later Dr. Angela Moloney (played by Zara Turner). The last episode did not include McCallum and Angela as the story stated that they had taken jobs in America. They were replaced by Dr. Dan Gallagher (Nathaniel Parker) and Dr. Charley Fielding (Eva Pope)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon (2010) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), with a third feature film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, set for a 2019 release. The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell. The franchise also consists of four short films: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014). A television series following the events of the first film, Dragons: Riders of Berk, began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012. Its second season was renamed Dragons: Defenders of Berk. Set several years later, and as a more immediate prequel to the second film, a new television series, titled Dragons: Race to the Edge, aired on Netflix in June 2015. The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016. A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017, a fifth season in August 2017, and a sixth and final season on February 16, 2018."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dragon Ball", "paragraph_text": "Dragon Ball (Japanese: \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb, Hepburn: Doragon B\u014dru) is a Japanese media franchise created by Akira Toriyama in 1984. The initial manga, written and illustrated by Toriyama, was serialized in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump from 1984 to 1995, with the 519 individual chapters collected into 42 tank\u014dbon volumes by its publisher Shueisha. Dragon Ball was initially inspired by the classical Chinese novel Journey to the West. The series follows the adventures of the protagonist, Son Goku, from his childhood through adulthood as he trains in martial arts and explores the world in search of the seven orbs known as the Dragon Balls, which summon a wish - granting dragon when gathered. Along his journey, Goku makes several friends and battles a wide variety of villains, many of whom also seek the Dragon Balls."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tenth Doctor", "paragraph_text": "The Doctor The Tenth Doctor Doctor Who character David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor First regular appearance ``The Christmas Invasion ''(2005) Last regular appearance The End of Time (2009 -- 10) Portrayed by David Tennant Preceded by Christopher Eccleston Succeeded by Matt Smith Information Tenure 18 June 2005 -- 1 January 2010 No of series 3 + Specials (2008 -- 2010) Appearances 36 stories (47 episodes) Companions Rose Tyler Mickey Smith Donna Noble Martha Jones Jack Harkness Astrid Peth Sarah Jane Smith Jackson Lake Rosita Farisi Christina de Souza Adelaide Brooke Wilfred Mott Chronology Series Series 2 (2006) Series 3 (2007) Series 4 (2008) Specials (2008 -- 2010) Previous version Ninth Doctor Next version Eleventh Doctor"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Twenty Vicodin", "paragraph_text": "\"Twenty Vicodin\" is the eighth season premiere episode of the American television medical drama series \"House\" and the 156th overall episode of the series. It aired on Fox on October 3, 2011. The episode introduces a new regular cast member to the series, Odette Annable, who plays Dr. Jessica Adams. Jaleel White, who played Steve Urkel on the ABC show \"Family Matters\", makes a guest appearance in the episode. In the episode, the storyline picks up eleven months after the season seventh finale with House in prison."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Jay Baruchel as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III, the awkward son of Stoick the Vast. Gerard Butler as Stoick the Vast, the chieftain of Berk and Hiccup's father. Craig Ferguson as Gobber the Belch, Berk's blacksmith, a close friend of Stoick's and teacher of the tribe's young dragon - training recruits. America Ferrera as Astrid Hofferson, Hiccup's fellow student in dragon training and his crush. Christopher Mintz - Plasse as Fishlegs Ingerman, an enthusiastic youth knowledgeable in dragon lore which he often relates in role - playing game style. Jonah Hill as Snotlout Jorgenson, one of Hiccup's dragon - training classmates. Snotlout is brash, overconfident, and fairly unintelligent, but reliable. T.J. Miller and Kristen Wiig as Tuffnut and Ruffnut Thorston, a pair of quarrelsome twins. David Tennant as Spitelout, Snotlout's father."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jay Baruchel", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Adam Saunders Baruchel (/ \u02c8b\u00e6ru\u02d0\u0283\u025bl /; born April 9, 1982) is a Canadian actor and screenwriter. He played Josh Greenberg in the FXX comedy television series Man Seeking Woman and played the lead character in Judd Apatow's comedy series, Undeclared. He is known for his voice role as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise, and for his roles in comedy movies such as Knocked Up, Tropic Thunder, Fanboys, She's Out of My League, Goon, This Is the End and The Sorcerer's Apprentice."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jay Baruchel", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Adam Saunders Baruchel (/ \u02c8b\u00e6ru\u02d0\u0283\u025bl /; born April 9, 1982) is a Canadian actor, comedian, and screenwriter. He played Josh Greenberg in the FXX comedy television series Man Seeking Woman and played the lead character in Judd Apatow's comedy series, Undeclared. He is known for his voice role as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise, and for his roles in comedy movies such as Knocked Up, Tropic Thunder, Fanboys, She's Out of My League, Goon, This Is the End and The Sorcerer's Apprentice."}], "question": "how many episodes did the actor who plays spitelout play dr who?"}
{"id": "2hop__364595_159475", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cape Zumberge", "paragraph_text": "Cape Zumberge is a steep rock cape on the west side of the Ronne Ice Shelf, marking the southwest end of the Orville Coast of Palmer Land on the continent of Antarctica. The name \"Zumberge Nunatak\" was given by the US-IGY party from Ellsworth Station, 1957\u201358, to a rock feature reported to lie 30 miles (48\u00a0km) north of the westernmost traverse station occupied by the party. The cape described, though somewhat farther north, is apparently the only rock feature lying in that direction. It is named for James Zumberge, American glaciologist who has made studies of the Ross Ice Shelf."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kerr Inlet", "paragraph_text": "Kerr Inlet () is an ice-filled inlet, wide, located at the west side of Cape Kerr in the northern part of Barne Inlet, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in association with Cape Kerr."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lacus Excellentiae", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Excellentiae (Latin for \"Lake of Excellence\") is a relatively small, irregular lunar mare in the southern latitudes of the Moon, amidst the rugged terrain to the south of the larger Mare Humorum. The most prominent feature within the diameter of this basin is the small crater Clausius."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nughu", "paragraph_text": "Nughu is an island in the Solomon Islands; it is located in Guadalcanal Province. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is some 12 metres."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arecibo Catena", "paragraph_text": "Arecibo Catena (Arecibo Vallis until March 2013) is a catena on Mercury. It is located at latitude 27.5 S, longitude 28.4 W, in the hilly and chaotic terrain antipodal to Caloris Basin. It is named after Arecibo Observatory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cape Bathurst", "paragraph_text": "Cape Bathurst (Inuit: \"Awaq\") is a cape and a peninsula located on the northern coast of the Northwest Territories in Canada. Cape Bathurst is the northernmost point of mainland Northwest Territories and one of the few peninsulas in mainland North America protruding above the 70th parallel north. The first European to see the area was John Richardson, who also named it, in 1826. Some coast areas of Cape Bathurst are being eroded at a rate of a year."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cape Fourcroy Light", "paragraph_text": "Cape Fourcroy Light is an active lighthouse located on Cape Fourcroy, on the southwestern tip of Bathurst Island, Northern Territory, Australia. The lighthouse marks the beginning of the route from the Timor Sea to Darwin."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Dergach", "paragraph_text": "Mount Dergach () is a flat-topped, ice-covered mountain located just west of Ob' Bay and south of Lunik Point, in the Bowers Mountains, a major mountain range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The topographical feature was photographed from the air by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946\u201347. Surveyed by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1958 it was named after meteorologist A.P. Dergach, a member of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1959\u201361, who perished in a fire at Mirnyy Station on August 3, 1960. The mountain lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Heap Big Chief", "paragraph_text": "Heap Big Chief is a 1919 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd. Previously thought to be a lost film, a print was located at the Cinema Museum in London in 2018, and the recovered film was first shown to audiences on the second day of the Silent Laughter Weekend on 28 April 2019."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cape Liddon", "paragraph_text": "Cape Liddon is an uninhabited headland on Devon Island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located on the southwestern coast of the island at Radstock Bay."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Jamroga", "paragraph_text": "Mount Jamroga () is a mountain, high, located east of Mount Gow in the rugged heights between Carryer Glacier and Sledgers Glacier, in the Bowers Mountains of Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201364, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Commander John J. Jamroga, a photographic officer with the U.S. Naval Support Force in 1967 and 1968. The topographical feature lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cape Granat", "paragraph_text": "Cape Granat () is a cape in the western part of the Thala Hills, northeast of Campbell Glacier, on the coast of Enderby Land, Antarctica. Molodezhnaya Station is just south of the cape. This feature was mapped and called \"Mys Granat\" (Cape Garnet) by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1961\u201362."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Palus Epidemiarum", "paragraph_text": "Palus Epidemiarum (Latin for \"Marsh of Epidemics\") is a small lunar mare in the southwestern part of the Moon's near side. It lies to the southwest of Mare Nubium, and southeast of Mare Humorum. This feature forms a rough band of lava-flooded terrain that runs generally west\u2013east, with a northward extension near the western end."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Devon Island", "paragraph_text": "Devon Island (Inuit: Tatlurutit) is an island in Canada and the largest uninhabited island on Earth. It is located in Baffin Bay, Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is one of the larger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the second-largest of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canada's sixth-largest island, and the 27th-largest island in the world. It comprises 55,247 km2 (21,331 sq mi) (slightly smaller than Croatia) of Precambrian gneiss and Paleozoic siltstones and shales. The highest point is the Devon Ice Cap at 1,920 m (6,300 ft) which is part of the Arctic Cordillera. Devon Island contains several small mountain ranges, such as the Treuter Mountains, Haddington Range and the Cunningham Mountains. The notable similarity of its surface to that of Mars has attracted interest from scientists."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Edixon", "paragraph_text": "Mount Edixon () is a mountain, high, located southeast of Bowers Peak in the Lanterman Range, Bowers Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The topographical feature was so named by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1963\u201364, for Lieutenant Commander James R. Edixon, a pilot with U.S. Navy Squadron VX-6, who, with considerable willingness and skill, was responsible for the expedition's air support. The mountain lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Davis Ice Piedmont", "paragraph_text": "Davis Ice Piedmont () is an ice piedmont about long and wide, located along the north side of Missen Ridge on the north coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The name \"Cape Davis\", after John E. Davis, Second Master of the \"Terror\", was given to a cape in the immediate area by Captain James C. Ross in 1841. Since no significant cape exists here, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names and the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee have reapplied the name \"Davis\" to this ice piedmont. The geographical feature lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geographical feature", "paragraph_text": "Geographical features are man - made or naturally - created features of the Earth. Natural geographical features consist of landforms and ecosystems. For example, terrain types, physical factors of the environment) are natural geographical features. Conversely, human settlements or other engineered forms are considered types of artificial geographical features."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Supernova (2005 film)", "paragraph_text": "Supernova is a 2005 television film directed by John Harrison and featuring an ensemble cast led by Luke Perry and Peter Fonda. It originally aired on the Hallmark Channel.  The film is a disaster film and has a large number of special effects. It was filmed on location in Cape Town, South Africa and Sydney, Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Big Creek Canyon", "paragraph_text": "Big Creek Canyon is a canyon on the Chilcotin River, located around the confluence of Big Creek in the Chilcotin District of British Columbia, Canada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Camp Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Camp Ridge () is a prominent ridge surmounted by Mount Hayton in the southeast part of the East Quartzite Range, Concord Mountains, Victoria Land, Antarctica. The geographical feature was so named by the Northern Party of the New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition, 1962\u201363, after Camp IV which was established at this location. The ridge lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}], "question": "How big is the island where Cape Liddon is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__39595_69701", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alopi Devi Mandir", "paragraph_text": "Alopi Devi Mandir is a temple situated in Alopibagh in Allahabad in state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is near to the holy Sangam, or confluence, where the rivers Ganges, Yamuna and the legendary Sarasvati meet. Kumbh Mela is near to this place."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lamoille, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Lamoille (also spelled La Moille) is an unincorporated community in Richmond Township, Winona County, Minnesota, United States. Big Trout Creek and the Mississippi River meet at Lamoille."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Camp Mataponi", "paragraph_text": "Camp Mataponi (formerly known as Highland Nature Camps) is an all-girls sleepaway camp in Naples, Maine, United States for girls approximately 7 to 15 years old. Founded in 1910 by Eugene Lehman, the camp is situated on Sebago Lake and accounts for over 5,000 feet of lakefront property. Camp Mataponi has grown to accommodate about 330 campers. Originally, the camp was called Highland Nature Camps. In the 1940s, it was renamed to Camp Mataponi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arnstadt Hauptbahnhof", "paragraph_text": "Arnstadt Hauptbahnhof or Arnstadt Central Station is a railway station in the town of Arnstadt in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the meeting point of the Erfurt-Schweinfurt, Arnstadt\u2013Saalfeld and Arnstadt-Ichtershausen lines."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chester Heights Camp Meeting Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Chester Heights Camp Meeting Historic District is a historic Methodist camp meeting and national historic district located at Chester Heights, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 101 contributing buildings. The buildings are in a vernacular camp meeting style of architecture, with notable examples of the Gothic Revival and Queen Anne styles. Public buildings include the contributing Tabernacle (1878), Dining Hall (1900), Youth Tabernacle (1909, and dormitory. Most of the contributing buildings are cottages, built starting in 1876 and until about 1920."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Brinnon, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Brinnon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson County, Washington, United States. The population was 797 at the 2010 census. The community is named for Elwell P. Brinnon, who in 1860 took a donation land claim at the mouth of the Dosewallips River. Camp Parsons, founded in 1919 and the oldest Boy Scout camp west of the Mississippi River, sits just outside the north end of the CDP."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Howard Mitcham", "paragraph_text": "James Howard Mitcham (1917 in Winona, Mississippi \u2013 August 22, 1996 in Hyannis, Massachusetts) was an American artist, poet, and cook best known for his books on Louisiana's Creole and Cajun cuisines and that of New England, with an emphasis on seafood."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Heisman Trophy", "paragraph_text": "The award was created by the Downtown Athletic Club in 1935 to recognize ``the most valuable college football player east of the Mississippi. ''After the death in October 1936 of the Club's athletic director, John Heisman, the award was named in his honor and broadened to include players west of the Mississippi. Heisman had been active in college athletics as a football player; a head football, basketball, and baseball coach; and an athletic director. It is the oldest of several overall awards in college football, including the Maxwell Award, Walter Camp Award, and the AP Player of the Year. The Heisman and the AP Player of the Year honor the most outstanding player, while the Maxwell and the Walter Camp award recognizes the best player, and the Archie Griffin Award recognizes the most valuable player. The most recent winner of the Heisman Trophy is University of Oklahoma quarterback Baker Mayfield."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Camp Lacupolis, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Camp Lacupolis is an unincorporated community in Pepin Township, Wabasha County, Minnesota, United States, along the Mississippi River and Lake Pepin."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Big Level, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Big Level is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Mississippi, United States. The community is situated approximately 6 miles (9.6 kilometers) east-southeast of Wiggins. It is part of the Gulfport\u2013Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fountain, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Fountain is an unincorporated community in the historic Moredock Precinct of Monroe County, Illinois, United States, located just off Bluff Road in the American Bottoms, situated next to the levees lining Fountain Creek as it makes its way west toward the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Parent Trap (1961 film)", "paragraph_text": "Identical twins Susan Evers and Sharon McKendrick (Hayley Mills) meet at Miss Inch's Summer Camp for Girls, unaware that they are sisters. Their identical appearance initially creates rivalry, and they pull pranks on each other, which leads to the camp dance being crashed by their mischief. As punishment, they must live together in the isolated ``Serendipity ''cabin (and eat together at an`` isolation table'') for the remainder of their time at summer camp. After finding out that they both come from single parent homes, they soon realize they are twin sisters and that their parents, Mitch (Brian Keith) and Maggie (Maureen O'Hara), divorced shortly after their birth, with each parent having custody of one of them. The twins, each eager to meet the parent she never knew, switch places. They drill each other on the other's behavior and lives, and Susan cuts Sharon's hair into the same style as hers. While Susan is in Boston, Massachusetts masquerading as Sharon, Sharon goes to Carmel, California pretending to be Susan."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mountain Grove Campground", "paragraph_text": "The Mountain Grove Campground was a campground, active between 1872 and 1901, that formed part of the 19th- to early 20th-century camp meeting movement, where camping was combined with worshiping and listening to preachers. These meetings were often held by Protestants, in this case, Methodists. Mountain Grove Campground was a site and resort on the Danville, Hazleton and Wilkes-Barre Railroad in Black Creek Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It existed for approximately 30 years and was run by the Mountain Grove Camp Meeting Association. A businessman named G.M. Shoop was the original owner of the campground's land. Many prominent citizens of the surrounding area were in the association. During the campground's operation between 1872 and 1901, it was renovated and expanded several times. While the camp meetings that were held there were intended for Methodists, non-Methodists occasionally attended them."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Penitentiary, Lompoc", "paragraph_text": "The United States Penitentiary, Lompoc (USP Lompoc) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in California. It is part of the Lompoc Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Lompoc) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has a satellite prison camp for minimum-security male inmates. It was formerly a military disciplinary barracks on Camp Cooke."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thomas Cook & Son", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Cook & Son, originally simply Thomas Cook, was a company founded by Thomas Cook, a cabinet-maker, in 1841 to carry temperance supporters by railway between the cities of Leicester, Nottingham, Derby and Birmingham. It was succeeded by Thomas Cook AG after being sold to a German company in 2001, but since 2007 the descendant company is Thomas Cook Group plc."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Remember the Titans", "paragraph_text": "The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives, but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt. On August 15, 1971, the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College, where their training camp takes place. As their days of training camp progress, black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts, including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell. But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone, which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery, and a motivational speech, the team achieves racial harmony and success. After returning from football camp, Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game, he will be dismissed. Subsequently, the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice, before slowly gaining support from the community. Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism, following a game where he intentionally missed a block which consequently led to the near - season - ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry ``Rev ''Harris."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Missouri River", "paragraph_text": "The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles (3,767 km) before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Camp Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Camp Ridge () is a prominent ridge surmounted by Mount Hayton in the southeast part of the East Quartzite Range, Concord Mountains, Victoria Land, Antarctica. The geographical feature was so named by the Northern Party of the New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition, 1962\u201363, after Camp IV which was established at this location. The ridge lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Love Guru", "paragraph_text": "Myers appeared in the seventh season finale of \"American Idol\" as Pitka, the \"spiritual director\" of that show. The finalists David Cook and David Archuleta got to visit the Paramount Pictures studio theatre to see \"The Love Guru\" a month prior to its release and then got to meet Myers dressed like Pitka and playing Sitar Hero."}], "question": "Where does Mississippi meet with the location where Camp Cooke was situated?"}
{"id": "2hop__81547_85183", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Power of Now", "paragraph_text": "The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment is a book by Eckhart Tolle. The book is intended to be a guide for day-to-day living and stresses the importance of living in the present moment and avoiding thoughts of the past or future."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Roman Brady", "paragraph_text": "Roman Brady is a fictional character from the long running NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. The role was originated in 1981 by Wayne Northrop who played the role until 1984, was filled by Drake Hogestyn from 1986 -- 1991, again by Northrop from 1991 -- 1994, and is currently being portrayed by series veteran Josh Taylor, who stepped into the role in 1997."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of the verified oldest people", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of the 100 verified oldest people. The oldest verified person on record is French woman Jeanne Calment (1875 -- 1997), who lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days. There are seven verified living supercentenarians on this list, the oldest of whom is Japanese woman Nabi Tajima, aged 7004428720000000000 \u2660 117 years, 138 days."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Brandon Walker", "paragraph_text": "Brandon Walker is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives. He was played by Matt Cede\u00f1o from 1999 to 2003 and again in 2004 and 2005. He is Nicole and Taylor Walker's half - brother. His mother Fay Walker had an affair with Commander Abe Carver while she was married to Paul Mendez."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "My Sister's Keeper (film)", "paragraph_text": "During the hearing, Jesse reveals that Anna is actually acting under Kate's instruction; Kate, not wanting to live any longer, had persuaded Anna to refuse to donate her kidney. Anna had wanted to give Kate her kidney and had been upset at Kate's decision. Sara is finally forced to acknowledge what Kate has been trying to tell her all this time: she is ready to die. Later that day, Kate dies sleeping, with her mother by her side. After her death, Campbell states that Anna has won the case. The family moves on with their lives. Sara, who gave up practicing law to look after Kate, returns to work, Brian retires from firefighting and counsels troubled youths, and Jesse receives an arts scholarship in New York. Anna reveals that every year on Kate's birthday they go to Montana, which was her ``most favorite place in the world ''. She concludes that she was not born merely to save her sister, she was born because she had a sister, and that their relationship continues even in death."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eric Brady", "paragraph_text": "Eric Brady is a fictional character from the NBC Daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives, portrayed by Greg Vaughan from 2012 until his exit in 2016. Vaughan reprised the role in January 2017, following a discussion between him and executives at Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Live at Montreux 2004", "paragraph_text": "Live at Montreux 2004 is a live video released by American rock band Korn, recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival in July 5, 2004. It was released on May 13, 2008 in the US, and one day earlier in the UK. It was also released on Blu-ray on July 1, 2008, and the day before in the United Kingdom. It has a 75-minute runtime. This video was made prior to the departure of former guitarist Brian \"Head\" Welch and drummer David Silveria."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of British monarchy records", "paragraph_text": "The longest - lived British monarch and ruler is Queen Elizabeth II, the current monarch, who is aged 7004334780000000000 \u2660 91 years, 240 days."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Vivian Alamain", "paragraph_text": "Vivian Alamain is a fictional character from the American NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives, played by Louise Sorel."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Willie and Family Live", "paragraph_text": "Willie and Family Live is a live album by country music artist Willie Nelson. It was released in 1978 as a double-LP. It was recorded live at Harrah's in Lake Tahoe, Nevada in April 1978. Emmylou Harris provides backup vocals on \"Will the Circle be Unbroken\", \"Uncloudy Day\" and \"Amazing Grace\"; Johnny Paycheck provides backup vocals on \"Amazing Grace\" and \"Take this Job and Shove It\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paul Telfer (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Paul Telfer (born 30 October 1979) is a Scottish actor, who has lived and worked in both his native United Kingdom and the United States. He portrayed the role of Xander Kiriakis on the NBC's soap opera drama series Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Auspicious wedding dates", "paragraph_text": "Lucky days of the week to get married, according to an old popular poem are: ``Monday for wealth / Tuesday for health / Wednesday the best day of all; ''"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Susan Seaforth Hayes", "paragraph_text": "Susan Seaforth Hayes (born Susan Seabold on July 11, 1943 in Oakland, California) is an American dramatic actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Julie Williams on the NBC drama Days of Our Lives, and her intermittent portrayal of Joanna Manning on the CBS daytime drama The Young and the Restless. She began playing the role of Julie Olsen Williams on Days of Our Lives in 1968, and is the only actor to appear on the show for all six decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s) in which it has been on the air. Seaforth Hayes still regularly appears on Days as Julie Olsen Williams."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anna DiMera", "paragraph_text": "Anna DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives. She is the ex-wife of Roman Brady, and the biological mother of Carrie Brady. Created by head writers Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson, Anna is portrayed by Leann Hunley. Anna is known for being a member of the powerful, upper class, DiMera family. She was married to Count Antony DiMera until his death in 2009. Hunley initially portrayed Anna from 1982 -- 86. After a twenty - one year absence, Hunley reprised the role of Anna beginning on June 20, 2007, and remained on contract with the show until April 2, 2009. She most recently reprised the role again in early - December 2009 on a recurring basis, after taking a leave of absence from the show and ultimately leaving once more on June 15, 2010. In July 2016, it was reported that Hunley was to again reprise the role of Anna in the upcoming new year, with her return date set for January 9, 2017. Hunley departed on February 16, 2017. In December 2017, it was announced that Hunley would return to the role, beginning January 5, 2018. For her work as Anna, Hunley received a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in 1986."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia, including \u00cele Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island)). Fewer lived in New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Daniel Pilon", "paragraph_text": "Pilon was born in Montreal, Quebec. In addition to \"Dallas\", he has appeared in daytime soap operas such as \"Ryan's Hope\", \"Guiding Light\" and \"Days of Our Lives\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of the verified oldest people", "paragraph_text": "Violet Brown 000000001900 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 1900 Living 7004429230000000000 \u2660 117 years, 189 days Jamaica"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paul Telfer (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Paul Telfer (born 30 October 1979) in Paisley is a Scottish actor, who has lived and worked in both his native United Kingdom and the United States. He portrayed the role of Xander Kiriakis on the NBC's soap opera drama series Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Big Dennis Rivera", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Rivera is an American radio personality. He hosts the \u201cMid- Day Show\u201d live on WQHT Hot 97, weekdays from 10 am to 3pm."}], "question": "Who is the actor of the character that Anna marries on Days of Our Lives?"}
{"id": "2hop__144841_314442", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Coquimbito", "paragraph_text": "Coquimbito is a rural district in the Maip\u00fa Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina. It is located in the southeast of the metropolitan area of Mendoza (the provincial capital), and is administratively part of the municipality of Maip\u00fa. The name refers to the Chilean port city of Coquimbo."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Armando Madonna", "paragraph_text": "Armando Madonna (born 5 July 1963 in Alzano Lombardo, Province of Bergamo) is an Italian football manager and former player. He is the current manager of Inter \"Primavera\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gallaratese", "paragraph_text": "Gallaratese is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city. It is located about 7\u00a0km north-west of the city centre. It borders on the \"comune\" of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Razgrad Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Razgrad Municipality () is a municipality (\"obshtina\") in Razgrad Province, Northeastern Bulgaria, located in the Ludogorie geographical region part of the Danubian Plain. It is named after its administrative centre - the city of Razgrad which is also the capital of the province."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Agnese Landini", "paragraph_text": "Agnese Landini (; born 11 November 1976) is an Italian teacher, wife of former Prime Minister of Italy Matteo Renzi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles", "paragraph_text": "The 1940s would prove a tumultuous and ultimately triumphant decade for the young club. In 1940, the team moved from Philadelphia Municipal Stadium to Shibe Park. Lud Wray's half - interest in the team was purchased by Art Rooney, who had just sold the Pittsburgh Steelers to Alexis Thompson. Soon thereafter, Bell / Rooney and Thompson swapped franchises, but not teams. Bell / Rooney's entire Eagles' corporate organization, including most of the players, moved to Pittsburgh (The Steelers' corporate name remained ``Philadelphia Football Club, Inc. ''until 1945) and Thompson's Steelers moved to Philadelphia, leaving only the team nicknames in their original cities. Since NFL franchises are territorial rights distinct from individual corporate entities, the NFL does not consider this a franchise move and considers the current Philadelphia Eagles as a single unbroken entity from 1933. (1)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Matteo Carrara", "paragraph_text": "Matteo Carrara (born 25 March 1979 in Alzano Lombardo) is an Italian former racing cyclist, who rode as a professional between 2001 and 2012."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of San Matteo", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of San Matteo took place in the late summer of 1918 on the Punta San Matteo (3,678 m) during World War I. It was regarded as the highest battle in history until it was surpassed in 1999 by the Kargil Conflict at 5,600 m."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The territory is currently made up of six local councils, comprising the City of Abuja and five Local Government Areas, namely:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "What administrative territorial entity does the city where Matteo Carrara was born located?"}
{"id": "2hop__703164_433387", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Snake Creek, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Snake Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Mayes County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 298 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bann Na Mohra", "paragraph_text": "Bann Na Mohra is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 27' 50N 73\u00b0 22' 10E with an altitude of 562 metres (1847 feet)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mian Haji Sahib", "paragraph_text": "Mian Haji Sahib is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 22' 50N 73\u00b0 20' 40E with an altitude of 479 metres (1574 feet)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pryor Creek, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Pryor Creek or Pryor is a city in and county seat of Mayes County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 8,659 at the 2000 census, compared to 9,539 in the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum (30 acres) is an arboretum and garden located at 10 Ridley Drive, Wallingford, Pennsylvania, United States, along Ridley Creek. It is open daily. Since May 2016 it has been administrated by Widener University."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pine, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Pine is an unincorporated community in Baker County, Oregon, United States. It lies along Oregon Route 86 about southeast of the city of Halfway, and beside Pine Creek, a tributary of the Snake River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Snake Creek (Susquehanna River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "Snake Creek joins the Susquehanna at Corbettsville, New York. There is a much smaller stream known as Little Snake Creek, which joins the Susquehanna north of (downstream of) Snake Creek."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Darial, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 23' 35N 73\u00b0 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Krasnyi Mak", "paragraph_text": "Krasny Mak (; ; ) is a selo in Bakhchysarai Raion of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. It is located in the Crimean Mountains, southerly of Bakhchysarai. The village stretches along the Bystryanka creek, a tributary of the river Belbek. Population:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county where Snake Creek is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__167228_124471", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Atlas Maior", "paragraph_text": "The Atlas Maior is the final version of Joan Blaeu's atlas, published in Amsterdam between 1662 and 1672, in Latin (11 volumes), French (12 volumes), Dutch (9 volumes), German (10 volumes) and Spanish (10 volumes), containing 594 maps and around 3,000 pages of text. It was the largest and most expensive book published in the seventeenth century. Earlier, much smaller versions, titled \"Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive, Atlas Novus\", were published from 1634 onwards. Like Abraham Ortelius's \"Theatrum Orbis Terrarum\" (1570), the \"Atlas Maior\" is widely considered a masterpiece of the Golden Age of Dutch/Netherlandish cartography (approximately 1570s\u20131670s)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Albert Way", "paragraph_text": "Albert Way was educated at home and at Trinity College, Cambridge. One of his Trinity contemporaries was Charles Darwin, whom Way encouraged to continue his insect collecting. Way graduated BA in 1829, and MA in 1834. In his early life, he travelled in Europe and Palestine with his father. Following his father's death in 1840, Way was able to live off his private income."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Malcolm Shabazz", "paragraph_text": "Malcolm Shabazz was born in Paris on October 8, 1984. His father, L. A. Bouasba, was an Algerian Muslim whom Qubilah Shabazz met there. According to Malcolm, he never met his father. Other sources say Malcolm knew his father, but they had little contact with one another."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Santo Est\u00eav\u00e3o (Lisbon)", "paragraph_text": "Santo Est\u00eav\u00e3o (English: \"Saint Stephen\") is a former parish (\"freguesia\") in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. At the administrative reorganization of Lisbon on 8 December 2012 it became part of the parish Santa Maria Maior."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "USA-5", "paragraph_text": "USA-5 was launched at 21:41 UTC on 8 September 1984, atop an Atlas E/F carrier rocket with an SGS-2 upper stage. The Atlas used had the serial number 14E, and was originally built as an Atlas E. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 3W at Vandenberg Air Force Base, and placed USA-5 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-27 apogee motor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Barney Stinson", "paragraph_text": "Barney has three half - siblings: James (played by Wayne Brady), from his mother's side, a gay African American who is married to a man, with whom he has an adopted son and daughter (as revealed in the season seven episode ``The Rebound Girl ''); Carly (played by Ashley Benson), a university student from his father's side with whom Ted has a one - night stand in`` Ring Up!'', and Jerome Jr. (JJ), from his father's side, who is 11. He also has a female cousin named Leslie, with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub, as seen in the episode ``Okay Awesome ''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Peckett and Sons railway locomotives", "paragraph_text": "List of Peckett and Sons railway locomotives, plus those from Fox Walker, both built at the Atlas Engine Works, Bristol."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Joan Blaeu", "paragraph_text": "Joan Blaeu (, 23 September 1596 \u2013 21 December 1673) was a Dutch cartographer born in Alkmaar, the son of cartographer Willem Blaeu."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Journey 2: The Mysterious Island", "paragraph_text": "Vanessa Hudgens as Kailani Laguatan Gabato's daughter whom Sean falls in love with and who is part of the father - daughter tour guide team."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Atlas Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Atlas Mountains (Arabic: \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u200e \u200e, jib\u0101l al - \u02bea\u1e6dlas; Berber: \u2d49\u2d37\u2d53\u2d54\u2d30\u2d54 \u2d4f \u2d61\u2d30\u2d5f\u2d4d\u2d30\u2d59, idurar n wa\u1e6dlas) are a mountain range in the Maghreb. It stretches around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) through Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The range's highest peak is Toubkal, with an elevation of 4,167 metres (13,671 ft) in southwestern Morocco. It separates the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines from the Sahara Desert. The Atlas mountains are primarily inhabited by Berber populations. The terms for 'mountain' in some Berber languages are adrar and adras, which are believed to be cognates of the toponym Atlas."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Navstar 7", "paragraph_text": "Navstar 7 was launched at 01:10 UTC on 19 December 1981, atop an Atlas E/F carrier rocket with an SGS-1 upper stage. The Atlas used had the serial number 76E, and was originally built as an Atlas E. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 3E at Vandenberg Air Force Base."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ludwig August Mellin", "paragraph_text": "Count Ludwig August Mellin (23 January 1754 in Tuhala, Governorate of Reval \u2013 12 March 1835 in Riga, Governorate of Livonia) was a Baltic German politician, cartographer, writer and publicist. He is best known for creating the first professional atlas visualizing Livonia (area now divided between Estonia and Latvia), the \"Atlas von Liefland, oder von den beyden Gouvernementern u. Herzogth\u00fcmern Lief- und Ehstland, und der Provinz Oesel\" in 1798."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nico van der Laan", "paragraph_text": "Nico van der Laan (17 April 1908 \u2013 18 September 1986) was a Dutch architect, as were his father Leo van der Laan and his brothers Jan and Hans, with whom he was closely associated."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Atlas (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Atlas is a prominent lunar impact crater that is located in the northeast part of the Moon, to the southeast of Mare Frigoris. Just to the west is the slightly smaller but still prominent crater Hercules. Northeast of Atlas is the large Endymion."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Maior Arcana: The Words That Turn Flesh into Light", "paragraph_text": "Maior Arcana: The Words That Turn Flesh into Light is a compilation album by the Polish symphonic black metal band Lux Occulta. It is actually a compilation of four new tracks, dubbed the \"Maior Arcana\" EP, which comprise the first four tracks of the disc, and the band's 1995 demo \"The Forgotten Arts\", which comprises the final five tracks of the disc. As such, the compilation is often labeled as an EP, despite being in fact longer than the band's previous release, \"Dionysos\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Atlas (film)", "paragraph_text": "Atlas is a 1961 action-adventure Peplum film directed by Roger Corman, filmed in Greece. Corman's regular screenwriter Charles B. Griffith wanted to title the film Atlas, the Guided Muscle based on the first American intercontinental ballistic missile the SM-65 Atlas."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Socorro (Lisbon)", "paragraph_text": "Socorro (English: \"Succour\") is a former parish (\"freguesia\") in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. The local area is also designated as Martim Moniz. At the administrative reorganization of Lisbon on 8 December 2012 it became part of the parish Santa Maria Maior."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charles Didelot", "paragraph_text": "Charles-Louis Didelot (28 March 1767, Stockholm - 7 November 1837, Kiev) was a French dancer, the creator of the ballet shoes and choreographer. The son of Charles Didelot, the dance master of the King of Sweden, he studied dance with his father, who was an instructor in dance at the Swedish Opera, and debuted as dancer in the theatre of Bollhuset in Stockholm 1786."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marvel Comics", "paragraph_text": "Atlas, rather than innovate, took a proven route of following popular trends in television and movies\u2014Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time\u2014and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line. Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer the Happy Ghost (\u00e0 la Casper the Friendly Ghost) and Homer Hooper (\u00e0 la Archie Andrews). Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett), and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.). Atlas did not achieve any breakout hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply, and at a passable quality."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Family Guy (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of the animated comedy series Family Guy aired on Fox from January 31 to May 16, 1999, and consisted of seven episodes. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family -- father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, son Stewie and their anthropomorphic dog Brian, all of whom reside in their hometown of Quahog. The show features the voices of series creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Seth Green, and Lacey Chabert in the roles of the Griffin family. The executive producers for the first season were David Zuckerman and MacFarlane."}], "question": "Who is the father of Atlas Maior's creator?"}
{"id": "2hop__647212_57901", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Marie-Octobre", "paragraph_text": "Marie-Octobre is a 1959 French film directed by Julien Duvivier, based on the eponymous novel by Jacques Robert. It is also known as \"Secret Meeting\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eilean Donan", "paragraph_text": "Eilean Donan (Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Donnain) is a small tidal island where three sea lochs meet, Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh, in the western Highlands of Scotland. A picturesque castle that frequently appears in photographs, film and television dominates the island, which lies about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the village of Dornie. Since the castle's restoration in the early 20th century, a footbridge has connected the island to the mainland."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Santa Clara Island", "paragraph_text": "Santa Clara Island () is a tiny, uninhabited island in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Robinson Crusoe Island in a group of islands known as the Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Islands. The island is of volcanic origin and is approximately long and wide. The island group is politically part of the South American country Chile, and is administratively assigned to the Region of Valpara\u00edso."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rhode Island House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The Rhode Island House of Representatives is the lower house of the Rhode Island General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Rhode Island, the upper house being the Rhode Island Senate. It is composed of 75 members, elected to two year terms from 75 districts of equal population. The Rhode Island General Assembly does not have term limits. The House meets at the Rhode Island State Capitol in Providence."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "Politically, the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, with the US providing defense, subsidies, and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS. With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy, as well as some fishing and agriculture; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands' gross domestic product. The country uses the United States dollar as its currency."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cape Whitson", "paragraph_text": "Cape Whitson, is a headland on the south coast of Laurie Island, the easternmost and second largest of the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. It lies about 9\u00a0km south-east of Argentina\u2019s Orcadas Base."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mamaroneck River", "paragraph_text": "The Mamaroneck River is a freshwater stream located in Southern Westchester County, New York. The river forms in White Plains and Harrison and flows south through Mamaroneck Town and Village, where it empties into Mamaroneck Harbor and Long Island Sound. The name of the river comes from a local native American word meaning, \"where the fresh water meets the salt water.\" The river flows into Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Friday (Robinson Crusoe)", "paragraph_text": "Friday is one of the main characters of Daniel Defoe's 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe names the man, with whom he can not at first communicate, Friday because they first meet on that day. The character is the source of the expression ``Man Friday '', used to describe a male personal assistant or servant, especially one who is particularly competent or loyal. Current usage also includes`` Girl Friday''."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hurd Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "Hurd Peninsula lies between South Bay and False Bay on the south coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The Spanish Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base and the Bulgarian St. Kliment Ohridski Base are situated on its west coast."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mariholm", "paragraph_text": "Mariholm is the highest and easternmost island in a small group which lies south of Moe Island in the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica. It was named on a chart based upon a running survey of the South Orkney Islands by Captain Petter Sorlle in 1912\u201313."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "La rencontre", "paragraph_text": "The painting is traditionally interpreted as Courbet greeted by his patron Alfred Bruyas, his servant Calas, and his dog while traveling to Montpellier. The composition is based on the Wandering Jew. \"The Meeting\" was exhibited in Paris at the 1855 Exhibition Universelle, where critics ridiculed it as \"Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet\". Bruyas did not exhibit \"The Meeting\" until he donated it to the Mus\u00e9e Fabre in Montpellier in 1868."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall, where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music, singing and dancing. Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders \u2013 the traditional decision making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means \"traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island\". Aganu means traditional customs and culture."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English. Philosophus Autodidactus, continuing the thoughts of philosophers such as Aristotle from earlier ages, inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tagata Pasifika", "paragraph_text": "Tagata Pasifika is an English language New Zealand programme which screens on TVNZ's TV ONE and on M\u0101ori Television. This programme is made to specifically meet the niche market of New Zealand's Pacific Islander population."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Champions: North Meets South", "paragraph_text": "The Champions: North Meets South is a collaborative album between New York-based DJ, DJ Kay Slay, and Atlanta-based DJ, Greg Street. The album was released on August 22, 2006 through Koch Records."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Crusoe (film)", "paragraph_text": "Crusoe is a 1988 British drama film directed by Caleb Deschanel. It is a variation on the story told in the novel \"Robinson Crusoe\", written by author Daniel Defoe. The film stars Aidan Quinn as Crusoe."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "West Greenwich Baptist Church and Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "West Greenwich Baptist Church and Cemetery (also known as the Plain Meeting House) is a historic church meeting house at Plain Meeting House and Liberty Hill Roads in West Greenwich Center, Rhode Island. It is the oldest building of this type in the western edge of Rhode Island."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain", "paragraph_text": "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain is an account of his travels by English author Daniel Defoe, first published in three volumes between 1724 and 1727. Other than \"Robinson Crusoe\", \"Tour\" was Defoe's most popular and financially successful work during the eighteenth century. Pat Rogers notes that in Defoe\u2019s use of the \u201cliterary vehicle (the \u2018tour\u2019 or \u2018circuit\u2019) that could straddle the literal and the imaginative,\u201d \u201cNothing...anticipated Defoe\u2019s Tour\u201d. Thanks in part to his extensive travels and colourful background as a soldier, businessman, and spy, Defoe had \u201chit on the best blend of objective fact and personal commentary\u201d in his descriptions of locations and trips around Britain."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Virgin Islands Creole", "paragraph_text": "Virgin Islands Creole, or Virgin Islands Creole English, is an English - based creole consisting of several varieties spoken in the Virgin Islands and the nearby SSS islands of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius, where it is known as Saban English, Saint Martin English, and Statian English, respectively."}], "question": "Who did the person on whom Crusoe is based meet on the island?"}
{"id": "2hop__116536_466011", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sabina Guzzanti", "paragraph_text": "Sabina Guzzanti (born 25 July 1963) is an Italian satirist, actress, writer and producer whose work is devoted to examining social and political life in Italy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lindenstra\u00dfe", "paragraph_text": "The creator of \"Lindenstra\u00dfe\" is Hans W. Gei\u00dfend\u00f6rfer, whose company \"Gei\u00dfend\u00f6rfer Film- und Fernsehproduktion GmbH\" (GFF - \"Gei\u00dfend\u00f6rfer film and TV productions\") still produces the series today. In the beginning, Gei\u00dfend\u00f6rfer also directed the series. It is set in Munich, but filmed at the WDR studios in Cologne-Bocklem\u00fcnd, where an entire outdoor street mock-up of the eponymous Lindenstra\u00dfe was built. An actual street named 'Lindenstra\u00dfe' exists in Munich's Harlaching district, but it has nothing to do with the series' fictional street."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Man They Could Not Hang (1934 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Man They Could Not Hang is a 1934 Australian film directed by Raymond Longford about the life of John Babbacombe Lee, whose story had been filmed previously in 1912 and 1921."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Belle of the Yukon", "paragraph_text": "Belle of the Yukon is a 1944 American film produced and directed by William A. Seiter, and starring Randolph Scott, Gypsy Rose Lee, and Dinah Shore. Based on a story by Houston Branch and set in the days of the great Canadian Gold Rush, the film is about a \"reformed\" con artist-turned-dance hall owner whose girlfriend, played by Gypsy Rose Lee, tries to keep him on the straight and narrow."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mr. Fraud", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Fraud is a 2014 Indian Malayalam-language action heist film written and directed by B. Unnikrishnan and starring Mohanlal, Dev Gill, Vijay Babu, Miya, Manjari Phadnis and Pallavi Purohit. The film was produced by A. V. Anoop under the banner A. V. A Productions. The story is about a conman whose task is to plunder the treasure from a royal household."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Benjamin Biolay", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Biolay (; 20 January 1973) is a French singer, songwriter, musician, actor and record producer. He is the brother of singer Coralie Cl\u00e9ment, whose two albums he wrote and produced, and the ex-husband of Chiara Mastroianni, the daughter of Catherine Deneuve and Marcello Mastroianni."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Welcome to The Captain", "paragraph_text": "Welcome to The Captain (previously known as The Captain) is an American sitcom created, executive produced and directed by John Hamburg. Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen also serve as executive producers. The show is about a young writer (Fran Kranz) whose life changes when he moves into a legendary old Hollywood apartment building."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nurse Marjorie", "paragraph_text": "Nurse Marjorie is a 1920 American silent film drama produced and distributed by Realart Pictures, directed by William Desmond Taylor, and starring Mary Miles Minter. It is based on a 1906 play, \"Nurse Marjorie\", by Israel Zangwill. The scenario is by Julia Crawford Ivers whose son James Van Trees was the cinematographer. On the Broadway stage Minter's part was played by Eleanor Robson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Secret of the Storm Country", "paragraph_text": "The Secret of the Storm Country was a 1917 American silent drama film directed by Charles Miller and starring Norma Talmadge (whose company also produced the film). The film is described as not a direct sequel but a \"continuation\" of the 1914 film \"Tess of the Storm Country\", starring Mary Pickford. The film is now considered lost."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Twinkletoes", "paragraph_text": "Twinkletoes is a 1926 American silent romantic drama film directed by Charles Brabin and starring Colleen Moore. The film, as with most of Moore's vehicles at this time, was produced by her husband John McCormick with the couple distributing through Moore's resident studio First National. This film is one of Moore's surviving films from the late silent era and is available on DVD."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Glory of Yolanda", "paragraph_text": "The Glory of Yolanda is a lost 1917 silent film romantic drama directed by Marguerite Bertsch and starring Anita Stewart. It was produced by the Vitagraph Company of America and distributed by V-L-S-E, a releasing company whose name is composed of the initials of Vitagraph, Lubin, Selig and Essanay."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "While New York Sleeps", "paragraph_text": "While New York Sleeps is a 1920 American crime drama film produced by Fox Film Corporation and directed by Charles Brabin, who was the husband of actress Theda Bara. The film tells three distinct episodic stories using the same actors, Estelle Taylor and Marc McDermott. Long thought to be a lost film like many other Fox Film productions from this period, a copy of this movie is now in the collection of the UCLA Film and Television Archive."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Caretakers", "paragraph_text": "The screenplay was adapted by Henry F. Greenberg from a story by Hall Bartlett and Jerry Paris based on the 1959 novel \"The Caretakers\" by Dariel Telfer. The film was produced and directed by Bartlett, co-produced by Paris and distributed by United Artists. \"The Caretakers\" is reminiscent of a 20th Century Fox film set in a similar hospital, \"The Snake Pit\" (1948). The on-screen text in opening credits states: \"Dedicated to the caretakers whose research and sacrifice discover truth. For Beba, Alice, Paul, Cathy, Laurie, Pearl, Margaret, Warren, Arthur\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cartesian product", "paragraph_text": "The Cartesian product is named after Ren\u00e9 Descartes, whose formulation of analytic geometry gave rise to the concept, which is further generalized in terms of direct product."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jos\u00e9 and Pilar", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 and Pilar () is a Portuguese documentary directed by Miguel Gon\u00e7alves Mendes following the last years of the Nobel Prize winner Jos\u00e9 Saramago, chiefly through his relationship with his resolute wife, Pilar del R\u00edo. Highly praised by the critics and the audience, the film seems to have accomplished to show the tenderness, the genuine integrity and the deeply concerned humanity behind such controversial figure and his spouse. It gathers sequences from Madrid to Helsinki to Rio de Janeiro and covers Jose and Pilar's life in Lanzarote, their trips around the world (presenting Jos\u00e9's books, signing autographs, making speeches) and their most simple, transient and quotidian moments, as for during the period Jos\u00e9 writes his \"The Elephant's Journey\". The film was produced by Miguel Mendes' JumpCut (Portugal), Fernando Meirelles's O2 and Pedro Almod\u00f3var's El Deseo."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Notorious (1946 film)", "paragraph_text": "Notorious is a 1946 American spy film noir directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, and Claude Rains as three people whose lives become intimately entangled during an espionage operation. It was shot in late 1945 and early 1946, and was released by RKO Radio Pictures in August 1946."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Salt N' Pepper", "paragraph_text": "Salt N' Pepper is a 2011 Indian Malayalam romantic comedy film directed by Aashiq Abu and produced for Lucsam Creations. The film stars Lal, Asif Ali, Shweta Menon and Mythili in the lead roles while Baburaj and Vijayaraghavan play supporting roles. Cinematography is by Shyju Kahild, whose debut was \"Traffic\" (2011). The screenplay was written by Syam Pushkaran and Dileesh Nair."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sof\u00eda Vergara", "paragraph_text": "Sof\u00eda Vergara Vergara at the 2015 PaleyFest for Modern Family Sof\u00eda Margarita Vergara Vergara (1972 - 07 - 10) July 10, 1972 (age 46) Barranquilla, Colombia Residence Miami, Florida, U.S. Citizenship Colombian American Occupation Actress model television host producer Years active 1995 -- present Spouse (s) Joe Gonzalez (m. 1991; div. 1993) Joe Manganiello (m. 2015) Children Website www.sofiavergara.com"}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the person who directed the production of Twinkletoes?"}
{"id": "2hop__144103_335876", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Renato Corsi", "paragraph_text": "Renato Corsi (born January 24, 1963 in Manhattan, New York, United States) is a retired American-Argentine footballer. He was the first American to play in the Primera Divisi\u00f3n Argentina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "East Cleveland, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "East Cleveland is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, and is the first suburb of Cleveland. The population was 17,843 at the 2010 census. East Cleveland is bounded by the city of Cleveland to its north, west, and a small section of its southwestern edge, and by Cleveland Heights to the east and the majority of its southern limits."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Other Dances", "paragraph_text": "Other Dances is a ballet made by New York City Ballet balletmaster Jerome Robbins on Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov to the music of Chopin:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hazelton, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "Hazelton is a city in Jerome County, Idaho, United States. The population was 753 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Twin Falls, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jerome Corsi", "paragraph_text": "Jerome Corsi was born in East Cleveland, Ohio to Alice, \"n\u00e9e\" Hanlon, and Louis E. Corsi, a Democratic Party activist and a leader of the United Transportation Union. He graduated from St. Ignatius High School in 1964, and graduated from Case Western Reserve University in 1968. He received a PhD in political science from Harvard University in 1972."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dances at a Gathering", "paragraph_text": "Dances at a Gathering is a ballet made by New York City Ballet ballet master Jerome Robbins to the music of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "Which administrative territorial entity is the city that Jerome Corsi born located?"}
{"id": "2hop__162098_53797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Emoji Movie", "paragraph_text": "The Emoji Movie was released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 24, 2017, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Emoji Movie", "paragraph_text": "Produced by Sony Pictures Animation, and distributed by Columbia Pictures, The Emoji Movie premiered on July 23, 2017 at the Regency Village Theatre, was theatrically released in the United States on July 28, 2017 and has grossed over $199 million worldwide. It received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics, many of whom compared it unfavorably to The Lego Movie, Inside Out and Wreck - It Ralph."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "In the Name of the People (2000 film)", "paragraph_text": "In the Name of the People is an American television movie drama. It was released in 2000 by CBS Productions and Jaffe/Braunstein Films. The movie was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was based on the play by Tim Boland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pok\u00e9mon the Movie: I Choose You!", "paragraph_text": "Pok\u00e9mon the Movie: I Choose You!, known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie: I Choose You! (\u5287\u5834\u7248\u30dd\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30ad\u30df\u306b\u304d\u3081\u305f!, Gekij\u014d - ban Poketto Monsut\u0101 Kimi ni kimeta!) is a 2017 Japanese anime adventure film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama, written by Shoji Yonemura, and produced by OLM. Released as the twentieth Pok\u00e9mon movie and the first film in the Sun and Moon series, it acts as a loose retelling of the original Indigo League saga of the show, released to commemorate the anime's twentieth anniversary. It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6, 2017 and was released in Japan on July 15, 2017. Fathom Events released the film as a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5, 2017."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Miss, Please Be Patient", "paragraph_text": "Miss, Please Be Patient is a 1981 South Korean romantic comedy action film starring Kim Tai-chung and Jeong Yun-hui. The movie is also known as Super Lady Hopper as an alternate title. The movie is apparently Kim Tai-chung's rarest movie appearance in South Korea. It was directed by Lee Hyung Pyo and released domestically in 1981, but the international release was cancelled."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dance Academy", "paragraph_text": "A film sequel to the television series, Dance Academy: The Movie, was released by StudioCanal in Australian cinemas on 6 April 2017."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gold (1932 film)", "paragraph_text": "Gold is a 1932 American Pre-Code Western film directed by Otto Brower. An early sound B western, the film starred Jack Hoxie in the second of his six sound westerns, featuring Hooper Atchley as the villain Kramer. The film also marked the last screen appearance of silent movie actress Alice Day."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Justice League (film)", "paragraph_text": "Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) and is the follow - up to 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. The film is directed by Zack Snyder, with a screenplay by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, from a story by Terrio and Snyder, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, Ray Fisher, Amy Adams, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J.K. Simmons. In Justice League, the superhero team, consisting of Batman (Affleck), Wonder Woman (Gadot), Flash (Miller), Aquaman (Momoa), and Cyborg (Fisher) forms to honor the memory of Superman (Cavill) and to save Earth from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf (Ciar\u00e1n Hinds) and his army of Parademons."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pok\u00e9mon the Movie: I Choose You!", "paragraph_text": "Pok\u00e9mon the Movie: I Choose You!, known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie: I Choose You! (\u5287\u5834\u7248\u30dd\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30ad\u30df\u306b\u304d\u3081\u305f!, Gekij\u014d - ban Poketto Monsut\u0101 Kimi ni kimeta!) is a 2017 Japanese anime adventure film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama, written by Shoji Yonemura, and produced by OLM. Released as the twentieth Pok\u00e9mon movie and the first film in the Sun and Moon series, it acts as a loose retelling of the original Indigo League saga of the show, released to commemorate the anime's twentieth anniversary. It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6, 2017 and was released in Japan on July 15, 2017. Fathom Events will release the film as a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5, 2017."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Movie Surfers", "paragraph_text": "Movie Surfers is a Disney Channel mini that appears in commercial form where teenagers go behind the scenes of Walt Disney related films. It was about teenagers communicating with each other via webcams and getting info about upcoming Disney theatrical movies. Now it also appears after a Disney Channel movie or series ends."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bob Elkins", "paragraph_text": "Bob Elkins (born 1932) is an American character actor who has appeared in movies, plays and television productions. He is sometimes credited as Robert Elkins."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Galadriel", "paragraph_text": "In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit prequel trilogy, Galadriel is played by Cate Blanchett. In the movies, other than possessing the Ring Nenya, Galadriel displays an ability to communicate with others telepathically and to assume a radiant and terrifying appearance."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jason Momoa", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Jason Namakaeha Momoa (born August 1, 1979) is an American actor. He played Aquaman in the DC Extended Universe, beginning with the 2016 superhero film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, and in the 2017 ensemble Justice League and his 2018 solo film Aquaman. In Baywatch Hawaii, he portrayed Lifeguard Jason Ioane. On television, he played Ronon Dex on the military science fiction television series Stargate Atlantis (2004\u20132009), Khal Drogo in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones (2011\u20132019), and Declan Harp in the CBC series Frontier (2016\u2013present)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jason Momoa", "paragraph_text": "In March 2014, Momoa joined the dark comedy/thriller indie Sugar Mountain alongside Cary Elwes and Haley Webb; its principal photography was done in Alaska. He also starred as Phillip Kopus, a Ramapough Mountain Indian, on the SundanceTV drama series The Red Road (2014\u20132015).In June 2014, Momoa was reported to have been cast in the role of Aquaman. He first played the role in a cameo in the superhero film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, marking Aquaman's live action theatrical debut. Momoa played the character in a leading role in the 2017 ensemble film Justice League. He then starred in the Aquaman solo film, which released in late 2018. He also reprised this role in The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part.In 2014, Momoa portrayed Connor in the Canadian horror action film Wolves, and starred in the sci-fi horror movie Debug; it was written and directed by Momoa's former Stargate Atlantis co-star, British-born Canadian actor David Hewlett. In February 2015, it was announced that he would portray a cannibal in the drama thriller film The Bad Batch. In 2015, Momoa was cast in the Canadian action film Braven, which was released on February 2, 2018."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Danny Trejo", "paragraph_text": "Danny Trejo (/ \u02c8tr\u025bho\u028a /; Spanish: (\u02c8trexo); born May 16, 1944) is an American actor who has appeared in numerous Hollywood films, often as villains and antiheroes. His films include Heat (1995), Con Air (1997), and Desperado (1995), the latter with frequent collaborator Robert Rodriguez. Trejo is perhaps most recognized as the character Machete, originally developed by Rodriguez for the Spy Kids series of movies and later expanded into Trejo's own series of films aimed at a more adult audience. He has appeared in TV shows such as Breaking Bad, The X-Files, and Sons of Anarchy. He also appeared in the spoof movie Delta Farce as the killer Carlos Santana who in the movie keeps getting mistaken for the musician."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Lego Movie (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "The Lego Movie franchise is a computer - animated adventure - comedy film series based on Lego construction toys. The franchise started with the 2014 film with the same name, which was directed and written by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. The film quickly expanded into a franchise, including two spin - off films, The Lego Batman Movie and The Lego Ninjago Movie, both with 2017 release dates; a sequel and a third spin - off, The Billion Brick Race, scheduled for release in 2019."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Aurora Teagarden", "paragraph_text": "The first film, based on the second book A Bone To Pick, premiered on April 4, 2015, on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel. The second film, based on the first book Real Murders, premiered on July 26, 2015, on the same channel. A third film is based on the third book Three Bedrooms, One Corpse and premiered on June 12, 2016, on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel. The fourth film: The Julius House premiered on October 16, 2016, on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel. The fifth movie in the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries, ``Dead Over Heels: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery, ''premiered Sunday, March 19, 2017."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "White Heat", "paragraph_text": "On June 4, 2003, the American Film Institute named Cody Jarrett in its list of the best heroes and villains of the past 100 years. Furthermore, in June 2005, ``Made it, Ma! Top of the World! ''was voted 18th in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes; while, in June 2008, White Heat was voted 4th in AFI's 10 Top 10 list of gangster movies. The film was nominated for inclusion into three other lists by the American Film Institute."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray, DVD and Digital HD on June 6, 2017. The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart, with all other titles in the top 20, collectively, selling only 40% as many units as Beauty and the Beast. The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release. The movie became available on Netflix on September 19, 2017."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mystery Woman", "paragraph_text": "Mystery Woman is the name of a series of 11 made-for-television mystery films released by the Hallmark Channel between 2003 and 2007, and now appearing regularly on the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries. While on the Hallmark Channel, it was broadcast in rotation with the movie series \"McBride\", \"Murder 101\", and \"Jane Doe\", under the umbrella title \"\"."}], "question": "The plays the villain in the 2017 movie containing Aquaman?"}
{"id": "2hop__24786_629487", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "An 1855 paper on the \"introduction\" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1\u20132 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a \"sketch\" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species. His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mammillaria mammillaris", "paragraph_text": "Mammillaria mammilllaris, common name Woolly Nipple Cactus, is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is the type species of the genus \"Mammillaria\". It has been described by Carolus Linnaeus as \"Cactus mammillaris\" in 1753. The specific epithet \"mammillaris\" comes from the Latin \"mammilla\", meaning \"nipple\", with reference to the characteristic tubercles."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Bungalow", "paragraph_text": "American Bungalow is a quarterly special interest magazine whose stated purpose is \u201cpreserving and restoring the modest American 20th Century home, the bungalow, and the rich lifestyle it affords.\u201d Since its introduction in 1990, the publication has been a major spur to the revitalization of interest in bungalow homes and their connection to the original and contemporary Arts and Crafts movement. The magazine and its advertisers are a popular resource for bungalow owners and architects."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Herschel the Younger", "paragraph_text": "Colonel John Herschel (29 October 1837 \u2013 31 May 1921) was an English military engineer, surveyor and astronomer. He was the son of Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet, and grandson of William Herschel."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Phelsuma", "paragraph_text": "Phelsuma is a large genus of mostly small lizards in the family Gekkonidae. Species in the genus \"Phelsuma\" are commonly referred to as day geckos."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Binomial nomenclature", "paragraph_text": "Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just ``binomial ''), a binomen, binominal name or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus Homo and within this genus to the species Homo sapiens. The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book Pinax theatri botanici (English, Illustrated exposition of plants) many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "LaserDisc", "paragraph_text": "LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply \"DiscoVision\") in North America in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System, Reflective Optical Videodisc, Laser Optical Videodisc, and Disco-Vision (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as \"Video Long Play\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species \"would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process\":"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Letters from a Father to His Daughter", "paragraph_text": "Letters from a Father to His Daughter is a collection of 30 letters written by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1928 to his daughter Indira Gandhi when she was 10 years old. The letters were education pieces on the subjects of natural and human history. At the time of the letter's writing, Nehru was in Allahabad, while Indira was in Mussoorie. While original letters written by Nehru were in English, they were translated into Hindi by the Hindi novelist Munshi Premchand under the name Pita Ke Patra Putri Ke Naam."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Biodiversity", "paragraph_text": "Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoose). In other cases, such as oil palms in Indonesia and Malaysia, the introduction produces substantial economic benefits, but the benefits are accompanied by costly unintended consequences."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Theory of Evolution", "paragraph_text": "The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith, originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of \"The Origin of Species\" the following year. It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject, intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area. It has been highly successful, considered by many as the definitive publication of its type. The original version was updated several times, and a \"Canto\" edition, with a foreword by Richard Dawkins, and newly written introduction by the author, was published in 1996."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Predation", "paragraph_text": "Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant. Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem. Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem. For example, grazers of a grassland may prevent a single dominant species from taking over."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Demeterops", "paragraph_text": "Demeterops is a genus of trilobites in the order Phacopida, that existed during the lower Ordovician in what is now the United States. It was described by Pribyl and Vanek in 1985, and the type species is \"Demeterops loella\", which was originally described as a dubious species in the genus \"Pilekia\" by Demeter, in 1973. The new generic name honours the species' original author. The type locality was the Fillmore Formation in Utah."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Biodiversity", "paragraph_text": "Biodiversity, a contraction of \"biological diversity,\" generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Felice Bauer", "paragraph_text": "Felice Bauer (18 November 1887\u00a0\u2013 15 October 1960) was a fianc\u00e9e of Franz Kafka, whose letters to her were published as \"Letters to Felice\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin", "paragraph_text": "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin is a book published in 1887 edited by Francis Darwin about his father Charles Darwin. It contains a selection of 87 letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin, an autobiographical chapter written by Charles Darwin for his family, and an essay by Thomas Huxley \"On the reception of the 'Origin of Species'\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Vicki Vann", "paragraph_text": "Victoria \"Vicki\" Vann (born Victoria Araceli Denise Vann Turnbough, July 14, 1980) is an American country music artist, model and actress. Her father was born in Mississippi and was one of the original founding members of the Grammy Award Winning Gospel Group, Mighty Clouds of Joy. Her mother, whose family origin is of Native American and German descent worked as a print model for print ads as well as television. Vicki Vann is often referred to as the Cinderella of country music and was chosen to appear as a featured artist in a Country Music Television documentary called \"Waiting in the Wings.\" The documentary focuses on the ongoing struggles of the African American music artists in the country music industry."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: Socrates, Pythagoras, and \"the wise king\" of the Jews. Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the \"king of the Jews\" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the possible ambiguity in the reference."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Letters to Ottla", "paragraph_text": "Letters to Ottla and the Family is a book collecting Franz Kafka's letters to his sister Ottla (Ottilie Davidov\u00e1, n\u00e9e Kafka), as well as some letters to his parents Julie and Hermann Kafka. These letters were composed between 1909 and 1924; though Ottla was murdered in the Holocaust, the letters were preserved by her husband and children. Originally published in German in 1974, the letters were translated into English by Richard and Clara Winston and published by Schocken Books in 1982. The English edition also includes photographs of Kafka and Ottla, as well as several images of postcards, letters, and drawings Kafka had sent his sister."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Greek alphabet", "paragraph_text": "In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega. Like Latin and Cyrillic, Greek originally had only a single form of each letter; it developed the letter case distinction between uppercase and lowercase forms in parallel with Latin during the modern era."}], "question": "Who is the father of the person whose letter is referred to in the introduction of On the Origin of Species?"}
{"id": "2hop__15035_627140", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Serbian Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Serbian Empire ( / , ) is a historiographical term for the empire in the Balkan peninsula that emerged from the medieval Serbian Kingdom. It was established in 1346 by King Stefan Du\u0161an, known as \"the Mighty\", who significantly expanded the state. Under Du\u0161an's rule Serbia was the major power in the Balkans, and a multi-lingual empire that stretched from the Danube to the Gulf of Corinth, with its capital in Skopje. He also promoted the Serbian Archbishopric to the Serbian Patriarchate. His son and successor, Uro\u0161 the Weak, lost most of the territory conquered by Du\u0161an, hence his epithet. The Serbian Empire effectively ended with the death of Uro\u0161 V in 1371 and the break-up of the Serbian state. Some successors of Stefan V claimed the title of Emperor in parts of Serbia until 1402, but the territory in Greece was never recovered."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the \"Latins\" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule. The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahr (\"between the seas/rivers,\" i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri (\"Sea land\" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). With its capital at Debarwa, the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, such as other parts of Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India and Southeast Asia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zafar, Yemen", "paragraph_text": "\u1e92af\u0101r or Dhafar () \"\" (museum: UTM: 435700E, 1571160 N zone 38P, 14\u00b012'N, 44\u00b024'E, deviating slightly from Google Earth) is an ancient Himyarite site situated in Yemen, some 130\u00a0km south-south-east of today's capital, Sana'a, and c. southeast of Yarim. Given mention in several ancient texts, there is little doubt about the pronunciation of the name. Despite the opinion of local patriots in Oman, this site in the Yemen is far older than its namesake there. It lies in the Yemenite highlands at some 2800 m. Zafar was the capital of the Himyarites (110 BCE - 525 CE), which at its peak ruled most of the Arabian Peninsula. The Himyar are not a tribe, but rather a tribal confederacy. For 250 years the confederacy and its allies combined territory extended past Riyadh to the north and the Euphrates to the north-east. Zafar was the Himyarite capital in Southern Arabia prior to the Aksumite conquest."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Taifa of Carmona", "paragraph_text": "The Taifa of Carmona was a medieval Berber taifa kingdom. It existed for two distinct periods: first from 1013 to 1066 when it was conquered by the Taifa of Seville, and secondly from around 1143 to 1150 when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate. The taifa was established and ruled by the Zenata Berber Birzalid dynasty."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Al Hajar Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Al Hajar Mountains (Arabic: \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u200e, stone mountains) in northeastern Oman and also the eastern United Arab Emirates are the highest mountain range in the eastern Arabian peninsula. They separate the low coastal plain of Oman from the high desert plateau, and lie 50 -- 100 km inland from the Gulf of Oman coast."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Point of order", "paragraph_text": "In Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR), a point of order may be raised if the rules appear to have been broken. This may interrupt a speaker during debate, or anything else if the breach of the rules warrants it. The point is resolved before business continues."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arabian Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Arabian Sea is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the northeast and east by the Indian Peninsula on the west by Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula, on the north by Pakistan and Iran and on the South by the Maldives. Historically the sea has been known by other names including the Erythraean Sea and the Persian Sea. Its total area is 3,862,000 km (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 metres (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden is in the southwest, connecting the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab - el - Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Riyadh", "paragraph_text": "Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al - Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to Kuwait with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son Abdul Aziz retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover ``most of the Arabian Peninsula. ''He named his kingdom as Saudi Arabia in September 1932 with Riyadh as the capital. King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the Saud rule in 1744. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later. More immediate to the time, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine (which was later divided into two regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gulf of Aqaba", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Aqaba (Arabic: \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629\u200e, Khalij al-Aqabah) or Gulf of Eilat (Hebrew: \u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea, Mifrats Eilat) is a large gulf at the northern tip of the Red Sea, east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian mainland. Its coastline is divided between four countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Delhi", "paragraph_text": "The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history, and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. Much of Delhi's ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history. Extensive coverage of Delhi's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century. Since then, Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms, making Delhi one of the longest serving Capitals and one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. It is considered to be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way. The core of Delhi's tangible heritage is Hindu, Islamic (spanning over seven centuries of Islamic rule over the city) with expansive British - era architecture in Lutyens' Delhi dating to the British rule in India."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shostakovich Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "Shostakovich Peninsula is an ice-covered peninsula lying north of Stravinsky Inlet and extending into Bach Ice Shelf in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica. The peninsula was first mapped by Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery of Antarctica supplied by U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (1906-1975). Shostakovich Peninsula is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kingdom of Aksum", "paragraph_text": "Aksum is mentioned in the 1st - century AD Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. It states that the ruler of Aksum in the 1st century AD was Zoskales, who, besides ruling the kingdom, likewise controlled land near the Red Sea: Adulis (near Massawa) and lands through the highlands of present - day Eritrea. He is also said to have been familiar with Greek literature."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Due to Somalia's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula, many Somali men also wear the jellabiya (jellabiyad or qamiis in Somali), a long white garment common in the Arab world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Middle East", "paragraph_text": "Traditionally included within the Middle East are Iran (Persia), Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt. In modern - day - country terms they are these:"}], "question": "What is the capitol of the kingdom conquered by Aksum in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?"}
{"id": "2hop__13182_78025", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "North Pyongan Province", "paragraph_text": "North Pyongan Province (Phy\u014fnganbukto; Korean pronunciation: [p\u02b0j\u028c\u014b.an.buk\u031a.t\u0348o], also spelled North P'y\u014fngan), written before 1925 in English as Yeng Byen) is a western province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former P'y\u014fng'an Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Sin\u016diju. In 2002, Sin\u016diju Special Administrative Region\u2014near the city of Sinuiju\u2014was established as a separately governed Special Administrative Region."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: \ud55c\uad6d\uc804\uc7c1; Hanja: \u97d3\u570b\u6230\u722d; RR: Hanguk Jeonjaeng, ``Korean War ''; in North Korean Chos\u014fn'g\u016dl: \uc870\uad6d\ud574\ubc29\uc804\uc7c1; Hancha: \u7956\u570b\u89e3\u653e\u6230\u722d; MR: Choguk haebang ch\u01d2njaeng,`` Fatherland: Liberation War''; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, came to the aid of South Korea. China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States in the Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In response to North Korea's invasion into South Korea the United Nations convened to formulate a response. The U.N. demanded North Korea's immediate withdrawal and, when this was not met, United States Army General Douglas MacArthur was appointed supreme commander of U.N. forces. To halt the rapid progress of North Korean forces into the south Task Force Smith was deployed to the Korean front from Japan. Task Force Smith consisted of U.S. Army officers and regiments of the Army's 24th Infantry Division that were stationed in Japan as occupational forces. Unfortunately the 24th were under trained, poorly supplied, and outnumbered. The 24th offered very little resistance against the North Korean advance. American and South Korean troops were pushed south and in late July 1950 Task Force Smith was overrun in the city of Taejon. Troops from the Army's 25th Infantry Division were deployed to Taejon to establish a new line and pullout the decimated 24th I.D. This addition of combat troops did not stop the North Korean advance and both American and South Korean troops were pushed further south."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 18 September, Stalin dispatched General H. M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. As the overall commander of Chinese forces, Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Inchon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: \ud55c\uad6d\uc804\uc7c1, Hanja: \u97d3\u570b\u6230\u722d, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, \"Korean War\"; in North Korean Chosungul: \uc870\uad6d\ud574\ubc29\uc804\uc7c1, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, \"Fatherland Liberation War\"; 25 June 1950 \u2013 27 July 1953)[a] was started when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with United States as the principal force, came to aid of South Korea. China, along with assistance from Soviet Union, came to aid of North Korea. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On Saturday, 24 June 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea. Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act, paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler's aggressions in the 1930s, with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War. However, President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kim dynasty (North Korea)", "paragraph_text": "The Kim dynasty, referred to in North Korea as the Mount Paektu Bloodline, is a three - generation lineage of North Korean leadership descended from the country's first leader, Kim Il - sung, in 1948. Kim came to rule the North after the end of Japanese control in 1945 split the region. He began the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the entire peninsula. Kim developed a cult of personality closely tied to their state philosophy of Juche, which was later passed on to his successors: his son Kim Jong - il and grandson Kim Jong - un."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "North Korea", "paragraph_text": "North Korea (Korean: ; MR: \"Chos\u014fn\" or literally ; MR: \"Pukchos\u014fn\"), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or DPR Korea; Korean: , \"Chos\u014fn Minjuju\u016di Inmin Konghwaguk\"), is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, with Pyongyang the capital and the largest city in the country. To the north and northwest, the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok (known as the Yalu in Chinese) and Tumen rivers and to the south it is bordered by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating the two. Nevertheless, North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Korean Armistice Agreement", "paragraph_text": "The Korean Armistice Agreement is the armistice which serves to ensure a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr. representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korean General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The armistice was signed on July 27, 1953, and was designed to ``insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved. ''No`` final peaceful settlement'' has been achieved. The signed armistice established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (de facto a new border between the two nations), put into force a cease - fire, and finalized repatriation of prisoners of war. The Demilitarized Zone runs not far from the 38th parallel, which separated North and South Korea before the Korean War."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Geography of South Korea", "paragraph_text": "South Korea is located in East Asia, on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula jutting out from the far east of the Asian land mass. The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea, lying to the north with 238 kilometres (148 mi) of border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 2,413 kilometres (1,499 mi) of coast line along three seas. To the west is the Yellow Sea, to the south is the East China Sea, and to the east is Ulleung - do and Liancourt Rocks in the (East Sea). Geographically, South Korea's land mass is approximately 100,032 square kilometres (38,623 sq mi). 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi) of South Korea are occupied by water. The approximate coordinates are 37 \u00b0 North, 127 \u00b0 30 East."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group. These generals completed the plans for the attack by May. The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea. The North Koreans would then launch a \"counterattack\" that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army. The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants, capturing the rest of South Korea, including the ports."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Suwon Airfield", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Suwon Airfield was the first aerial battle of the Korean War occurring on June 27, 1950 over Kimpo Airfield and Suwon Airfield. The battle, between aircraft of the United States and North Korea, ended in a victory for the US Air Force after nine of its aircraft successfully shot down seven North Korean People's Air Force aircraft. It was the first direct engagement of the Air Battle of South Korea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the People's Republic of China", "paragraph_text": "The history of the People's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1, 1949, when, after a near complete victory by the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the Chinese Civil War, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) from atop Tiananmen. The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with China, but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China, preceded by the Republic of China (ROC) and thousands of years of imperial dynasties."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union (also a UN member nation) and the People's Republic of China (which later also gained UN membership). The principal combatants were North and South Korea. Principal allies of South Korea included the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, although many other nations sent troops under the aegis of the United Nations. Allies of North Korea included the People's Republic of China, which supplied military forces, and the Soviet Union, which supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots, as well as arms, for the Chinese and North Korean troops."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "War Memorial of Korea", "paragraph_text": "The War Memorial of Korea is located in Yongsan-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It opened in 1994 on the former site of the army headquarters to exhibit and memorialize the military history of Korea. It was built for the purpose of preventing war through lessons from the Korean War and for the hoped for peaceful reunification of North and South Korea. The memorial building has six indoor exhibition rooms and an outdoor exhibition centre displaying war memorabilia and military equipment from China,South Korea and United States.."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of Korea", "paragraph_text": "After the end of WWII in 1945, the Allies divided the country into a northern area, protected by the Soviets, and a southern area protected primarily by the United States. In 1948, when the powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government, this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea. The peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel: the ``Republic of Korea ''was created in the south, with the backing of the US and Western Europe, and the`` Democratic People's Republic of Korea'' in the north, with the backing of the Soviets and the communist People's Republic of China. The new premier of North Korea, Kim il - Sung launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. After immense material and human destruction, the conflict ended with a cease - fire in 1953. The two nations officially remain at war because a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: \ud55c\uad6d\uc804\uc7c1; Hanja: \u97d3\u570b\u6230\u722d; RR: Hanguk Jeonjaeng, ``Korean War ''; in North Korean Chos\u014fn'g\u016dl: \uc870\uad6d\ud574\ubc29\uc804\uc7c1; Hancha: \u7956\u570b\u89e3\u653e\u6230\u722d; MR: Choguk haebang ch\u01d2njaeng,`` Fatherland Liberation War''; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, came to the aid of South Korea. China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States in the Korean War", "paragraph_text": "At the conclusion of World War II the Allied nations began the process of disarmament of Axis controlled regions. Japan occupied Korea at this time and had been in control since 1910. In 1945, the decision was made to have American Marines forces oversee Japanese surrender and disarmament south of the 38th parallel and the Soviet Union would facilitate the change of power to the north. At the time there was no political motivation and seemed to be a logical and convenient plan of action. The original agreement and intent was to create a unified and independent Korea out of the post Japanese occupation era. Instead each side of the 38th parallel established its own government under the influence of the occupational country; the United States in South Korea and the Soviet Union in North Korea. Both new Korean governments discredited the other and claimed to be the only legitimate political system. Tensions between the North and South escalated and each side began to petition foreign powers for resources and support. South Korea wanted weapons and supplies from Truman and the United States government while North Korea sought help from Stalin and the Soviet Union. The United States was still war weary from the disruptive World War II campaign and refused South Korea's request for weapons and troops. North Korea convinced the Soviet Union to supply them with the weapons and support they requested. This decision coincided with the United States withdrawing the last remaining combat troops from South Korea. North Korea saw its opportunity and attacked South Korean forces at the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950 and thus initiating the Korean War."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "Korea was ruled by Imperial Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Imperial Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, and liberated Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments. Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces -- supported by the Soviet Union and China -- moved into the south on 25 June 1950. On 27 June, the United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion. Twenty - one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel."}], "question": "When was the country that supplied troops to North Korea during the Korean War formed?"}
{"id": "2hop__94471_286806", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Herbert Mohring", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Mohring (1928 \u2013 June 4, 2012) was a transportation economist who taught at the University of Minnesota from 1961\u20131994. He received his Ph.D. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959, which a thesis on the life insurance industry supervised by Robert Solow."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deborah Halpern", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Halpern (born 1957 in Melbourne) is a sculptor, mosaic artist and ceramic artist working in Victoria Australia, notable for her prominent and popular works of public art."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Solow Building", "paragraph_text": "The Solow Building, located at 9 West 57th Street, is a Manhattan skyscraper built in 1974 and designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. It is located just west of Fifth Avenue between 57th and 58th Street, next to the Bergdorf Goodman department store and the Plaza Hotel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cork (city)", "paragraph_text": "Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods. The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. Mary's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808. Its distinctive tower was added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Antonio Cagnoni", "paragraph_text": "Antonio Cagnoni (8 February 1828 \u2013 30 April 1896) was an Italian composer. Primarily known for his twenty operas, his work is characterized by his use of leitmotifs and moderately dissonant harmonies. In addition to writing music for the stage, he composed a modest amount of sacred music, most notably a \"Requiem\" in 1888. He also contributed the third movement, \"Quid sum miser\", to the \"Messa per Rossini\", a collaborative work created by thirteen composers to honor Gioacchino Rossini."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cyrillus Johansson", "paragraph_text": "Although productive as an architect already during the 1910s, he became renowned through his design for the main storage building for the liquor company Vin & Sprit, built 1920-24. This building effectively established Cyrillus Johansson as one of the most influential architects in Sweden during the 1920s, and he became one of the most prolific representatives of the so-called Nordic Classicism-movement. Other notable works from this period include the Museum of V\u00e4rmland in Karlstad, a large office complex in central Stockholm () and two large villas in Diplomatstaden in Stockholm."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Deene", "paragraph_text": "Deene is a small village and civil parish near Deenethorpe and Bulwick in East Northamptonshire. It has a village hall, and notable buildings include the redundant St Peter's Church, and the manor of Deene Park."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Javier Pulido", "paragraph_text": "Javier Pulido is a Spanish comic book artist working primarily for the American market. His notable works include \"Human Target\", \"\", \"She-Hulk\" and \"The Amazing Spider-Man\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gay Street Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Gay Street Historic District is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a notable example of a late-19th and early-20th century commercial corridor in a developing urban area. It includes a high concentration of small-scale commercial buildings or light manufacturing enterprise structures. It contains buildings displaying Victorian Eclectic, Beaux Arts, Italianate, and Romanesque elements, including two full-front, cast-iron buildings."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nick Cullather", "paragraph_text": "Nick Cullather is an American historian and professor of history at Indiana University. His research interests include US diplomatic history and intelligence, and he is notable especially for his studies of the role of the CIA in nation building in Latin America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lever House", "paragraph_text": "Lever House is a glass-box skyscraper at 390 Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Built in the International Style according to the design principles of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the building was designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Completed in 1952, it was the second curtain wall skyscraper in New York City after the United Nations Secretariat Building. The building features a courtyard and public space."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chester Heights Camp Meeting Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Chester Heights Camp Meeting Historic District is a historic Methodist camp meeting and national historic district located at Chester Heights, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 101 contributing buildings. The buildings are in a vernacular camp meeting style of architecture, with notable examples of the Gothic Revival and Queen Anne styles. Public buildings include the contributing Tabernacle (1878), Dining Hall (1900), Youth Tabernacle (1909, and dormitory. Most of the contributing buildings are cottages, built starting in 1876 and until about 1920."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Corrigan Tower", "paragraph_text": "After developer Leo Corrigan purchased the Tower Petroleum Building in 1942, Corrigan Tower was designed by architect Wyatt C. Hedrick as a addition to the adjoining building. The new building was connected on floors 4-14, creating a two-building complex with of general office space. Construction began in 1951 and the building opened in 1952."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alfred Rappaport (economist)", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Rappaport (born 1932) is an American economist. He was a professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University and is best known for developing the idea of shareholder value, in his book \"Creating Shareholder Value\" (1986, revised 1997). His other works include \"Saving Capitalism from Short-Termism: How to Build Long-Term Value and Take Back Our Financial Future\" (2011) and \"Ten Ways to Create Shareholder Value\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Barbara Weil", "paragraph_text": "Barbara Weil, (1933 in Chicago, Illinois \u2013 19 January 2018 in Port de Andratx, Mallorca) was an artist from the United States, who showed relationships between painting, sculpture, contemporary architecture and the human being in unusual ways in her work. In collaboration with Daniel Libeskind, she created the architecturally significant \"Studio Weil\" in Majorca. The building contains work and exhibition spaces of the artist."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Georges Poujouly", "paragraph_text": "Georges Poujouly (20 January 1940 in Garches, Hauts-de-Seine \u2013 28 October 2000 in Villejuif, Val-de-Marne) was a French actor who gained international acclaim as a child for his performance in the award-winning film \"Forbidden Games\". In the 1950s, he appeared in a number of other high-profile films, notably \"Les Diaboliques\", \"And God Created Woman\" and \"Ascenseur pour l'\u00e9chafaud\". His later career was spent mainly in television, where he specialised in voiceover work."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William Randolph Barbee", "paragraph_text": "William Randolph Barbee (January 17, 1818 \u2013 June 16, 1868) was an American sculptor recognized for creating idealized, sentimental classical figures. Barbee's most notable works were the marble sculptures entitled \"Coquette\" and \"Fisher Girl.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Upperville Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Upperville Historic District is a national historic district located at Upperville, Fauquier County, Virginia. It encompasses 75 contributing buildings in the rural village of Upperville. The district includes residential, commercial, and institutional buildings that mostly date to the first half of the 19th century. Notable buildings include the Joseph Carr houses (1796, 1810), the Doctor Smith House (1830s), the United Methodist Church (1833), the Upperville library (1826), and the Baptist Church (1889)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of that in has come in 2013 and 2014. Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. The number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.[when?] Among the most notable redevelopment projects are the Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel; the David Broderick Tower; and the David Whitney Building. Meanwhile, work is underway or set to begin on the historic, vacant Wurlitzer Building and Strathmore Hotel.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Qian Chunqi", "paragraph_text": "He was most notable for being one of the main translators into Chinese of the works of the German writer Friedrich Nietzsche."}], "question": "What is the notable work by the person that created Solow Building?"}
{"id": "2hop__23331_119730", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, \"the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Abolition of monarchy", "paragraph_text": "The ancient monarchy of China ceased to exist in 1912 after the revolution of Sun Yat - sen overthrew Emperor Puyi. General Yuan Shikai, then provisional president, unsuccessfully tried to make himself a monarch in 1915."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Principality of Minsk", "paragraph_text": "In 1413, when the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland signed the Union of Horod\u0142o, the Principality of Minsk ceased to exist and the city became the center of the newly created Minsk Voivodeship."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of Germany (1945\u20131990)", "paragraph_text": "The intended governing body of Germany was called the Allied Control Council. The commanders - in - chief exercised supreme authority in their respective zones and acted in concert on questions affecting the whole country. Berlin, which lay in the Soviet (eastern) sector, was also divided into four sectors with the Western sectors later becoming West Berlin and the Soviet sector becoming East Berlin, capital of East Germany."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of heads of government of Russia", "paragraph_text": "After the fall of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin, as the President of the Russian Federation, was automatically appointed as the Head of Government of the Russian Federation in the first two years of his mandate. The latter body took the previous name ``Council of Ministers '', the chairman of which became Viktor Chernomyrdin from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, replacing acting chairman Yegor Gaidar. According to the new constitution ratified on 25 December 1993, those two entities were separated. Since then, the head of that office takes the formal title`` Chairmen of the Government'' or colloquially ``Prime Minister ''(the only actual prime minister was Valentin Pavlov). Chernomyrdin resumed chairing the government, followed up by non-partisans and acting office holders. On 8 May 2008, Vladimir Putin took the office for a second term, now as a member of United Russia. Dmitry Medvedev has been the Chairman of the Government since 8 May 2012."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "After the Baltic states were forced to accept treaties, Stalin turned his sights on Finland, confident that Finnish capitulation could be attained without great effort. The Soviets demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus, the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki, which Finland rejected. The Soviets staged the shelling of Mainila and used it as a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. The Red Army attacked in November 1939. Simultaneously, Stalin set up a puppet government in the Finnish Democratic Republic.[clarification needed] The leader of the Leningrad Military District Andrei Zhdanov commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich, entitled \"Suite on Finnish Themes\" to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki. After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months while inflicting stiff losses on Soviet forces, the Soviets settled for an interim peace. Finland ceded southeastern areas of Karelia (10% of Finnish territory), which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes. Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000, although Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, ``the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Faisceau", "paragraph_text": "The \"Faisceau\" ceased to exist in 1928. Valois himself, whose politics were becoming more left-wing, was excluded from the party, the remains of which founded the \"Parti Fasciste R\u00e9volutionnaire\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Upper Peninsula of Michigan", "paragraph_text": "The people of Michigan approved a constitution in May 1835 and elected state officials in late autumn 1835. Although the state government was not yet recognized by the United States Congress, the territorial government effectively ceased to exist. A constitutional convention of the state legislature refused a compromise to accept the full Upper Peninsula in exchange for ceding the Toledo Strip to Ohio. A second convention, hastily convened by Governor Stevens Thomson Mason, consisting primarily of Mason supporters, agreed in December 1836 to accept the U.P. in exchange for the Toledo Strip."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Universal Abit", "paragraph_text": "Universal Abit later announced that it would close on 31 December 2008, and officially cease to exist on 1 January 2009."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry County Library", "paragraph_text": "The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry County Library, Ontario, Canada, was established in 1971, the SD&G County Library grew from the merger of seven existing libraries located in a number of small rural communities of Eastern Ontario, Canada: Lancaster, Ingleside, Newington (ceased 1998), Morrisburg, Chesterville, Winchester and South Mountain. Added in the same year were branches in Maxville and Alexandria, followed by Long Sault (1972); Crysler (1973); Moose Creek (ceased 2004), Avonmore, St. Andrews (ceased 2016), Williamstown (1975); Brinston (1976\u20131998); Finch (1978) and Dalkeith (1978-2016); Williamsburg (1979); Morewood (1986-2016); Glen Robertson (1988\u20131998); Lancaster Township (1992\u20132001); and Iroquois (1998)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lemonade Joe", "paragraph_text": "\"Lemonade Joe\" was released in Czechoslovakia on 16 October 1964. In the same year, the film was widely released in other Soviet bloc countries (including Cuba, where it became the first Western shown on screen since the Cuban government's 1961 ban on Hollywood Westerns). In Czechoslovakia, it was the best-selling film of the 1960s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Korea", "paragraph_text": "After the end of WWII in 1945, the Allies divided the country into a northern area, protected by the Soviets, and a southern area protected primarily by the United States. In 1948, when the powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government, this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea. The peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel: the ``Republic of Korea ''was created in the south, with the backing of the US and Western Europe, and the`` Democratic People's Republic of Korea'' in the north, with the backing of the Soviets and the communist People's Republic of China. The new premier of North Korea, Kim il - Sung launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. After immense material and human destruction, the conflict ended with a cease - fire in 1953. The two nations officially remain at war because a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Finnish Democratic Republic", "paragraph_text": "On 12 March 1940, the Finnish Democratic Republic was merged with the Karelian ASSR within the RSFSR to form the Karelo-Finnish SSR, a Soviet republic in its own right, after Finland had ceded the areas to the Soviet Union in the Moscow Peace Treaty."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "Following the Welles Declaration of July 23, 1940, the annexation of Latvia into the Soviet Union (USSR) on 5 August 1940 was not recognized as legitimate by the United States, the European Community, and recognition of it as the nominal fifteenth constituent republic of the USSR was withheld for five decades. Its territory was subsequently conquered by Nazi Germany in June -- July 1941, before being retaken by the Soviets in 1944 -- 1945. Nevertheless, Latvia continued to exist as a de jure independent country with a number of countries continued to recognize Latvian diplomats and consuls who still functioned in the name of their former governments."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United Kingdom and the United Nations", "paragraph_text": "The concept of the United Nations as an international organisation to replace the ineffective League of Nations was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the U.S., the U.K., the Soviet Union and China at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944. Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major Power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944. After months of planning, the UN Conference on International Organization opened in San Francisco in April 1945 attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organisations involved in drafting the United Nations Charter. The heads of the delegations of the sponsoring countries took turns as chairman of the plenary meetings beginning with Anthony Eden of Britain. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council -- the U.S., the U.K., France, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China -- and by a majority of the other 46 signatories."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)", "paragraph_text": "Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency was a former Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency in Karnataka state in southern India. With the implementation of the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, it ceased to exist."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991."}], "question": "In which year did the country where the Soviets took over and setup a fake government cease to exist?"}
{"id": "2hop__323269_171397", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of districts in India", "paragraph_text": "A district (zil\u0101) is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. In some cases districts are further subdivided into sub-divisions, and in others directly into tehsils or talukas. As of 2018 there are a total of 712 districts, up from the 640 in the 2011 Census of India and the 593 recorded in the 2001 Census of India."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yunhe District", "paragraph_text": "Yunhe District () is a district of Cangzhou, Hebei, China. Its name means \"Grand Canal District\", referring to the Grand Canal of China that passes through it."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Port of Huanghua", "paragraph_text": "The Port of Huanghua, also known as the Port of Cangzhou Huanghua is an artificial deep-water international seaport on the coast of Huanghua, Cangzhou Prefecture, Hebei, People's Republic of China. It is located on the south side of the Bohai Bay, 90\u00a0km from Cangzhou city. Huanghua port is one of the largest and fastest growing ports in North China,with a throughput of 171.03 million tons of total cargo in 2013, an increase of 35.42% year on year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "Which city is in the same prefecture as the Yunhe district?"}
{"id": "2hop__661997_51852", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jules Dubois", "paragraph_text": "Jules Dubois (31 March 1910, New York City - 15 August 1966, Bogot\u00e1) was a Latin America correspondent for the \"Chicago Tribune\" (1947\u20131966) and chairman of the Inter-American Press Association's press freedom committee, which he helped to organize in 1951. On his unexpected death of a heart attack in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia, in August 1966, he was described as \"the world's most widely known and most decorated reporter of Latin American affairs\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jules-Martial Regnault de Pr\u00e9maray", "paragraph_text": "Jules-Martial Regnault de Pr\u00e9maray (11 June 1819 in Pont-d'Armes Loire-Atlantique \u2013 11 June 1868) was a French author. He was literary editor (and then, from 1848, chief editor) of \"la Patrie\". He published several poems, dramas and vaudevilles."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Caroline Dubois", "paragraph_text": "Caroline Dubois (born 1960) is a French poet who lives and works in Paris. Her writing is close to dialogue and she often collaborates with other artists in readings or performances."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dubois (surname)", "paragraph_text": "Dubois (also spelled DuBois or Du Bois, from the French \"of the woods/forest\") is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Daniel Dubois", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Dubois (born 5 February 1952) is a French politician and a member of the Senate of France. He represents the Somme department and is a member of the Union for French Democracy Party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cass Township, Dubois County, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Cass Township is one of twelve townships in Dubois County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 2,115 and it contained 873 housing units."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jasper, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Jasper is a city in, and the county seat of Dubois County, Indiana, United States, located along the Patoka River. The population was 15,038 at the 2010 census making it the 48th largest city in Indiana. On November 4, 2007, Dubois County returned to the Eastern Time Zone, after having moved to the Central Time Zone the previous year. Land use in the area is primarily agricultural."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics", "paragraph_text": "Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics is a triannual academic journal that was established in 2011 and published by Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Foundation for Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. The editors-in-chief are James M. DuBois (Washington University School of Medicine) and Ana S. Iltis (Wake Forest University). The journal provides a forum for exploring current issues in bioethics through the publication and analysis of personal stories, qualitative and mixed-methods research articles, and case studies."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Henri Antoine Jules-Bois", "paragraph_text": "Henri Antoine Jules-Bois (or simply Jules Bois; 29 September 1868, Marseille \u2013 2 July 1943, New York), was a French writer with an interest in the occult."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Industrial and Labor Relations Review", "paragraph_text": "Industrial and Labor Relations Review (ILR Review) is a publication of the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. It is an interdisciplinary journal publishing original research on all aspects of industrial relations. The editors are Rosemary Batt and Lawrence M. Kahn (Cornell University). The target audience is composed of academics and practitioners in labor and employment relations."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jules Guesde", "paragraph_text": "Jules Bazile, known as Jules Guesde (; 11 November 1845 \u2013 28 July 1922) was a French socialist journalist and politician."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tim DuBois", "paragraph_text": "Tim DuBois (born May 4, 1948 in Southwest City, Missouri) is a Nashville, Tennessee-based music executive. He attended Oklahoma State University and received a B.A. and M.A. in Accounting and in 2016 he was awarded an honorary PHD in Accounting. He then entered into the music business and has taken part in multiple aspects of the industry including songwriting, record labels, management, and production. DuBois has been recognized for numerous honors and awards for his contributions to the music industry."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chicago Tribune", "paragraph_text": "Chicago Tribune Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner (s) tronc, Inc. Founder (s) James Kelly, John E. Wheeler and Joseph K.C. Forrest Publisher Bruce Dold Editor Bruce Dold Associate editor Colin McMahon Managing editors Peter Kendall Director of Interactive Bill Adee (VP for Digital Development and Operations, Tribune Media Group) Opinion editor R. Bruce Dold Sports editor Joe Knowles Founded June 10, 1847; 171 years ago (1847 - 06 - 10) Political alignment Conservatism Language English Headquarters Tribune Tower 435 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 USA Country United States Circulation 448,930 daily 331,190 Saturday 853,324 Sunday ISSN 1085 - 6706 OCLC number 60639020 Website ChicagoTribune.com Media of the United States List of newspapers"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Pagan Lady", "paragraph_text": "The Pagan Lady is a 1931 American pre-Code drama film directed by John Francis Dillon and starring Evelyn Brent. It is based on the Broadway play \"Pagan Lady\" (1930) written by William DuBois."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Palazzo Corner Spinelli", "paragraph_text": "The Palazzo Corner Spinelli is a palace in Venice, northern Italy, located on the Grand Canal, in the sestiere of San Marco. It stands across the canal from the Palazzo Querini Dubois."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "La Navarraise", "paragraph_text": "La Navarraise is an opera in two acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Jules Claretie and Henri Cain, based on Claretie's short story \"La Cigarette\". It was first performed at Covent Garden in London on 20 June 1894, with Emma Calv\u00e9 in the title role."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hall Township, Dubois County, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Hall Township is one of twelve townships in Dubois County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,281 and it contained 489 housing units."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Charles D. Coryell", "paragraph_text": "Charles DuBois Coryell (February 21, 1912 \u2013 January 7, 1971) was an American chemist who was one of the discoverers of the element promethium."}], "question": "Who is the editor of the newspaper employing Jules Dubois?"}
{"id": "2hop__158742_149331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1878 Open Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1878 Open Championship was the 18th Open Championship, held 4 October at Prestwick Golf Club in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Jamie Anderson won the Championship for the second successive year, by two strokes from runner-up Bob Kirk."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Cornyn", "paragraph_text": "John Cornyn III (born February 2, 1952) is an American politician and attorney serving as the senior United States Senator for Texas since 2002. He was the Republican Senate Majority Whip for the 114th and 115th Congresses. Cornyn also previously served as Chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee from 2007 to 2011."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Goalkeeper (association football)", "paragraph_text": "Iker Casillas holds both the record for fewest goals conceded in a European Championship (1) and the record for longest unbeaten run at a European Championship, beating the previous record held by Dino Zoff. He also holds the records for most international clean sheets (74) by a male goalkeeper beating the previous record held by Edwin van der Sar (72). Buffon holds the record for most minutes without conceding a goal in European Championship Qualifying matches, going 644 minutes without conceding a goal."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2014 United States Senate elections", "paragraph_text": "The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" (Latin: \"I accept nothing new except by common consent\"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the nobility's political position. Basically, this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm. This date commonly marks the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run \"Commonwealth\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ron Kirk", "paragraph_text": "Born in Austin, Texas, Kirk is a graduate of Austin's John H. Reagan High School, Austin College, and the University of Texas School of Law. From 1994 to 1995, Kirk worked as the Secretary of State of Texas, until he was elected as the Mayor of Dallas, where he served from 1995 to 2002 and was the first African-American to hold either of those positions. He ran for the United States Senate in 2002, but was defeated by Republican opponent John Cornyn. After his defeat, Kirk worked as a partner at the Houston-based law firm Vinson & Elkins and worked as a lobbyist for Energy Future Holdings and Merrill Lynch.Kirk was nominated by President Barack Obama to serve as U.S. Trade Representative and on March 18, 2009, and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in a 92\u20135 confirmation vote. On January 22, 2013, Kirk announced that he would be stepping down as U.S. Trade Rep."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "\u00c9tienne Pinte", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9tienne Pinte (born 19 March 1939) is a French politician. He held the position D\u00e9put\u00e9-maire of Versailles, meaning that he was separately elected as both the Mayor of the city and as a Deputy in the National Assembly (Assembl\u00e9e nationale), but decided not to run again for Mayor in the 2008 election. He represents the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party. He is a member of the Cultural Affairs Commission in the National Assembly. He is a law graduate."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "There are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body. The \"combs\" beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a Mexican wave. From each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows, and in some species runs all the way along the comb rows. This forms a mechanical system for transmitting the beat rhythm from the combs to the balancers, via water disturbances created by the cilia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2014 United States Senate election in Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "The 2014 United States Senate election in Minnesota was held on November 4, 2014, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Minnesota, concurrently with the election of the Governor of Minnesota, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John T. Davies", "paragraph_text": "Davies served as a sports editor for KSTP-TV, and later earned a law degree from the University of Minnesota, eventually working as a professor at William Mitchell College of Law. Davies was first elected to the Minnesota Senate in 1959, and served until 1983. While in office, he served as chair of the judiciary committee, and as President of the Senate during his last term. In 1990, Davies was appointed to the Minnesota Court of Appeals by Gov. Rudy Perpich, a position he held until he retired in 2000."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "De Wayne Stebbins", "paragraph_text": "De Wayne Stebbins (April 5, 1835 \u2013 June 12, 1901) was an American politician. He was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate, representing Wisconsin's 1st Senate District. Before serving in the State Senate, he previously held an office in the State Assembly. He was a member of the Republican Party of Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1968 Democratic National Convention", "paragraph_text": "The convention was held during a year of violence, political turbulence, and civil unrest, particularly riots in more than 100 cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4. The convention also followed the assassination of Democratic presidential hopeful Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, on June 5. Both Kennedy and Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running for the Democratic Nomination at the time."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup was the eighth edition of the Women's Rugby World Cup and was held in Ireland in August 2017, with New Zealand becoming champions by beating England 41 - 32 in the final, held on 26 August. Matches were held in Dublin and Belfast. The pool stages were held at University College Dublin with the semi finals and finals held at Queen's University and Kingspan Stadium in Belfast."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2004 Japanese Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2004 Japanese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 10 October 2004 at the Suzuka Circuit. All the running on Saturday was cancelled due to Typhoon Ma-on, meaning that both the qualifying sessions were run on Sunday morning. The grid was shaken up due to rain, Ralf Schumacher and Mark Webber taking fortunate grid positions due to being allotted early running in the session."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Floyd M. Riddick", "paragraph_text": "After moving to Washington, D.C., he first worked as a statistical analyst for the FERA, and then for the Resettlement Administration. He then continued his congressional research interests, as an instructor of political science at American University from 1936 to 1939. He then received a position as an editor of the \"Congressional Daily\" for Congressional Intelligence, Inc., from 1939 to 1943. From 1943 to 1947, he edited the \"Legislative Daily\" for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. He was then invited to establish a \"Daily Digest,\" in the Congressional Record. From 1947 to 1951, he was Senate editor of \"Daily Digest\", a synopsis of Congressional events which continues as a handy guide to the daily \"Record\". He then joined the office of the parliamentarian, where he worked for 24 years. His work has appeared in the \"American Political Science Review\" and \"Western Political Quarterly\". From 1951 to 1964, Riddick served as the Assistant Senate Parliamentarian. Floyd M. Riddick succeeded Charles Watkins as the Senate Parliamentarian in 1964, and held that position until 1974. As parliamentarian emeritus, he remained as a consultant to the United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. Floyd M. Riddick died in Santa Fe, New Mexico at age 91, on January 25, 2000."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2018 United States Senate election in Texas", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 United States Senate election in Texas will be held on November 6, 2018, along with other elections to the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives in additional states. Democratic candidate Beto O'Rourke is running against Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Ted Cruz, who is running for re-election to a second term. The primary for both parties were held on March 6, 2018, making it the first primary of the 2018 season. As Cruz and O'Rourke both won majorities in their primaries, they did not participate in the May 22 runoff primary that was held for some nominations in Texas."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Great Western Iron and Steel Company", "paragraph_text": "The Great Western Iron and Steel Company was a company founded in the 1890s in Kirkland, Washington by the city's namesake Peter Kirk to build an integrated smelter and steel mill to refine local ore into steel for rails and other purposes. If the enterprise had proceeded as Kirk and other investors envisioned, it would have held a \"practical monopoly of the entire Pacific Coast\" steel production. But instead, the company went bankrupt in the Panic of 1893, and the mostly-completed mill never produced any steel. A scholar in 1962 called it \"the last major effort of private capital to erect an integrated iron and steel mill on the West Coast\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1994 European Women's Handball Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1994 EHF European Women's Handball Championship was held in Germany from 17\u201325 September. It was won by Denmark after beating Germany 27\u201323 in the final match."}], "question": "What was the position of the person who beat Kirk in his Senate run?"}
{"id": "2hop__23768_83009", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger. Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003. Affirmative action policies were developed in order to correct decades of discrimination stemming from the Reconstruction Era by granting disadvantaged minorities opportunities. Many believe that the diversity of current American society suggests that affirmative action policies succeeded and are no longer required. Opponents of affirmative action argue that these policies are outdated and lead to reverse discrimination which entails favoring one group over another based upon racial preference rather than achievement."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Temple of Hercules Victor", "paragraph_text": "Dating from the later 2nd century BC, and perhaps erected by L. Mummius Achaicus, conqueror of the Achaeans and destroyer of Corinth, the temple is 14.8 m in diameter and consists of a circular cella within a concentric ring of twenty Corinthian columns 10.66 m tall, resting on a tuff foundation. These elements supported an architrave and roof, which have disappeared. The original wall of the cella, built of travertine and marble blocks, and nineteen of the originally twenty columns remain but the current tile roof was added later. Palladio's published reconstruction suggested a dome, though this was apparently erroneous. The temple is the earliest surviving marble building in Rome."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Temple of Athena Nike", "paragraph_text": "The Temple of Athena Nike was finished around 420 BC, during the Peace of Nicias. It is a tetrastyle (four column) Ionic structure with a colonnaded portico at both front and rear facades (amphiprostyle), designed by the architect Kallikrates. The columns along the east and west fronts were monolithic columns. The temple ran 8 metres (27 ft) long by 5.5 metres (18.5 ft) wide and 7 metres (23 ft) tall. The total height from the stylobate to the acme of the pediment while the temple remained intact was a modest 7 metres (23 ft). The ratio of height to diameter of the columns is 7: 1, the slender proportions creating an elegance and refinement not encountered in the normal 9: 1 or 10: 1 of Ionic buildings. Constructed from white Pentelic marble, it was built in stages as war - starved funding allowed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lincoln Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic Greek temple and features Yule marble from Colorado. The structure measures 189.7 by 118.5 feet (57.8 by 36.1 m) and is 99 feet (30 m) tall. It is surrounded by a peristyle of 36 fluted Doric columns, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns in - antis at the entrance behind the colonnade. The columns stand 44 feet (13 m) tall with a base diameter of 7.5 feet (2.3 m). Each column is built from 12 drums including the capital. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the building's interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of Ancient Greek architecture."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms. The architect entirely dispensed with the round arch in favour of the pointed arch and with cylindrical columns in favour of piers composed of clusters of shafts which lead into the mouldings of the arches. The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230. The character of the building is entirely Gothic. Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Biodiversity", "paragraph_text": "A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent\u2014that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. \"If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single species.\" At present, the most threatened ecosystems are found in fresh water, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, which was confirmed by the \"Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment\", organised by the biodiversity platform, and the French Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement (MNHNP)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saint Louis Science Center", "paragraph_text": "The Saint Louis Science Center, founded as a planetarium in 1963, is a collection of buildings including a science museum and planetarium in St. Louis, Missouri, on the southeastern corner of Forest Park. With over 750 exhibits in a complex of over , it is among the largest of its type in the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jemdet Nasr", "paragraph_text": "Jemdet Nasr () is a tell or settlement mound in Babil Governorate (Iraq) that is best known as the eponymous type site for the Jemdet Nasr period (3100\u20132900 BC). The site was first excavated in 1926 by Stephen Langdon, who found proto-cuneiform clay tablets in a large mudbrick building thought to be the ancient administrative centre of the site."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Reservation against Cancellation", "paragraph_text": "A Reservation Against Cancellation (RAC) is a type of ticket that can be sold for travel on the Indian Railways. Although it ensures certainty of travel, it does not guarantee a berth. A berth will be allocated to the person who reserves an RAC ticket if passengers who already have a confirmed ticket do not turn up before the train departure or get their confirmed ticket cancelled. A berth is split into 2 seats for 2 RAC ticket holders. If there's any last minute cancellations, or if any quota allocations remain unsold, or if any confirmed ticket holders are given a free upgrade (more later), an RAC ticket holder is given the empty berth, the other RAC ticket holder can then convert the 2 seats into a berth."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferentially to appearance, not heredity, and appearance is a poor indication of ancestry, because only a few genes are responsible for someone's skin color and traits: a person who is considered white may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered black, and the reverse can be also true about European ancestry. The complexity of racial classifications in Brazil reflects the extent of miscegenation in Brazilian society, a society that remains highly, but not strictly, stratified along color lines. These socioeconomic factors are also significant to the limits of racial lines, because a minority of pardos, or brown people, are likely to start declaring themselves white or black if socially upward, and being seen as relatively \"whiter\" as their perceived social status increases (much as in other regions of Latin America)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hohberger Building", "paragraph_text": "The Hohberger Building is an historic building located in the East Village of Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The building was built in 1895 and is one of the few remaining examples of a cast-iron column structure in the city. A dry goods store named Dockstader & Co. was the first retail establishment to occupy the building (1899\u20131915). The building stood empty for several years until it was renovated in 1999. The ground level of the building remains retail space and the upper floors are occupied by offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hutchinson House (Tampa, Florida)", "paragraph_text": "The Hutchinson House is a historic home completed in 1908 in Tampa, Florida, United States. It is a three-story brick building in the Second Empire architecture. The building includes a high mansard roof and large porch with tall Corinthian columns."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented minorities were to only be upheld if necessary and promoted a compelling governmental purpose. (See Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.) There is no clear guidance about when government action is not \"compelling\", and such rulings are rare."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3", "paragraph_text": "Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3 is a form of hyper IgM syndrome characterized by mutations of the \"CD40\" gene. In this type, Immature B cells cannot receive signal 2 from helper T cells which is necessary to mature into mature B cells."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Column of Phocas", "paragraph_text": "The Column of Phocas () is a Roman monumental column in the Roman Forum of Rome, Italy. Erected in front of the Rostra and dedicated or rededicated in honour of the Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas on August 1, 608, it was the last addition made to the \"Forum Romanum\". The fluted Corinthian column stands 13.6\u00a0m (44\u00a0ft) tall on its cubical white marble socle. On stylistic grounds, the column seems to have been made in the 2nd century for an unknown structure, and then recycled for the present monument. Likewise, the socle was recycled from its original use supporting a statue dedicated to Diocletian; the former inscription was chiselled away to provide a space for the later text."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hull classification symbol (Canada)", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Canadian Navy uses hull classification symbols to identify the types of its ships, which are similar to the United States Navy's Hull classification symbol system. The Royal Navy and some European and Commonwealth navies (19 in total) use a somewhat analogous system of Pennant numbers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit remains one of the most racially segregated cities in the United States. From the 1940s to the 1970s a second wave of Blacks moved to Detroit to escape Jim Crow laws in the south and find jobs. However, they soon found themselves excluded from white areas of the city\u2014through violence, laws, and economic discrimination (e.g., redlining). White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and exploding bombs. The pattern of segregation was later magnified by white migration to the suburbs. One of the implications of racial segregation, which correlates with class segregation, may be overall worse health for some populations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sumer", "paragraph_text": "The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Supreme Court Building", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court Building is built in the Neoclassical style. The public fa\u00e7ade is made of marble quarried from Vermont, and that of the non-public - facing courtyards, Georgia marble. Most of the interior spaces are lined with Alabama marble, except for the Courtroom itself, which is lined with Spanish ivory vein marble. For the Courtroom's 24 columns, ``Gilbert felt that only the ivory buff and golden marble from the Montarrenti quarries near Siena, Italy ''would suffice. To this end, in May 1933, he petitioned the Italian Premier, Benito Mussolini,`` to ask his assistance in guaranteeing that the Siena quarries sent nothing inferior to the official sample marble.''"}], "question": "What type of column is found in the building of the institution that confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if necessary?"}
{"id": "2hop__833798_836191", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Great Adventuress", "paragraph_text": "The Great Adventuress (German: Die gro\u00dfe Abenteuerin) is a 1928 German silent comedy film directed by Robert Wiene and starring Lili Damita, Georg Alexander and Fred Solm. Much of the film's funding came from Britain. Location shooting took place in Paris, Calais and London. The film's plot was criticised by reviews for lacking clarity."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Ghost Whisperer characters", "paragraph_text": "Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brittany Petros", "paragraph_text": "Brittany Petros (born September 9, 1974) is an American actress, producer, and television personality. She first rose to fame as a cast member on the first season of the reality-television competition \"Big Brother\" (2000), and has since gone on to appear as an actress in various roles. She has also done extensive work in production and casting roles."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "National Commission for Scheduled Castes", "paragraph_text": "The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as Chairman and other four Members. In 1990 the Commission for SCs and STs was renamed as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were formed as per 1987 and it was set up as a National Level Advisory Body to advise the Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)", "paragraph_text": "In November 2014, development was underway, and Armie Hammer joined the cast. By April 2015, Aja Naomi King and Gabrielle Union joined the cast. In subsequent months, Penelope Ann Miller, Jackie Earle Haley, and Mark Boone Junior also joined. Filming took place in Georgia in May 2015 and lasted 27 days. Parker used the a cappella choir from Wiley College on the soundtrack. Parker had previously been part of a cast that portrayed historical figures from Wiley, in The Great Debaters."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The seventh series of the show began on 20 June 2017. This series was filmed on location on the island of Bali in Indonesia. The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017. The cast members for the series were confirmed on 23 May 2017 which include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna, Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie, as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay. Marty and Josh had previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sean Flynn (photojournalist)", "paragraph_text": "Flynn was the only child of Australian-American actor Errol Flynn and his first wife, French-American actress Lili Damita. After studying briefly at Duke University, he embarked on an acting career. He retired by the mid-1960s to become a freelance photojournalist under contract to \"Time\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "It's a Great, Great World", "paragraph_text": "It's a Great, Great World () is a Singapore film directed by Kelvin Tong. It is set in the Great World Amusement Park and was released in Singapore cinemas on 27 January 2011. The film features an ensemble cast of local singers, established MediaCorp artistes, a number of celebrities from Hong Kong and Taiwan and \"getai\" group \"Babes in the City\". A noted feature of the film is the heavy use of common Chinese dialects and many actors had dialogues in dialects they were not familiar with."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Autumn Hurlbert", "paragraph_text": "Autumn Hurlbert (born in Great Falls, Montana) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. Hurlbert is best known as the runner-up on the reality competition series \"\". After taping the competition, Hurlbert served as a member of the Broadway cast in \"\" until its closing on Oct 19, 2008. She also understudied the parts of Elle and Margot on Broadway. Ultimately, Hurlbert did headline as Elle Woods in an October 2012 version of the production, directed by Denis Jones in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bristol (UK Parliament constituency)", "paragraph_text": "Bristol was a two-member constituency, used to elect members to the House of Commons in the Parliaments of England (to 1707), Great Britain (1707\u20131800) and the United Kingdom (from 1801). The constituency existed until Bristol was divided into single member constituencies in 1885."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Duncan Hallas", "paragraph_text": "Duncan Hallas (23 December 1925 \u2013 19 September 2002), was a prominent member of the Trotskyist movement and a leading member of the Socialist Workers Party in Great Britain."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Maria Luisa of Savoy", "paragraph_text": "Maria Luisa of Savoy (Maria Luisa Gabriella; 17 September 1688 \u2013 14 February 1714) was a queen consort of Spain by marriage to Philip V of Spain. She acted as Regent of Spain during the absence of her spouse from 1702 until 1703, and had great influence over him as his adviser, while she was herself in turn influenced by the Princesse des Ursins."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Allt f\u00f6r Sverige", "paragraph_text": "Allt f\u00f6r Sverige (literally \"Everything for Sweden\", marketed in the United States as \"The Great Swedish Adventure\") is a Swedish Emmy-award-winning reality show based on the original Norwegian format \"The Great Norway Adventure\", also called \"Alt for Norge\". The first season of \"Allt f\u00f6r Sverige\" was shown on Sveriges Television SVT1 from 30 October 2011 to 18 December 2011. The series is about Swedish Americans who return to their Swedish roots. The program provides the participants more information about their ancestral families by visiting some locations their ancestors lived. The cast members learn about the country's culture, customs, food, and quirks. As the episodes in the season progress, cast members leave the show after losing challenges and therefore find out less about their ancestry. Each season's winner gets a family reunion with their current relatives who stayed behind in Sweden."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "An Innocent Adventuress", "paragraph_text": "An Innocent Adventuress is a lost 1919 American silent comedy film directed by Robert G. Vignola and written by Clara Genevieve Kennedy. The film stars Vivian Martin, Lloyd Hughes, Edythe Chapman, Gertrude Norman, Jane Wolfe, and Tom Bates. The film was released on June 8, 1919, by Paramount Pictures."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the actress who played in The Great Adventuress?"}
{"id": "2hop__96337_701177", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Peter Pan", "paragraph_text": "Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A free-spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood having adventures on the mythical island of Neverland as the leader of the Lost Boys, interacting with fairies, pirates, mermaids, Native Americans, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside Neverland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Balloon Kid", "paragraph_text": "Balloon Kid is a flying platform game developed by Pax Softnica and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy on October 5, 1990 in North America and on January 31, 1991 in Europe. It is the sequel to \"Balloon Fight\". It was never released in Japan for the original Game Boy; however, two years after its original release, a licensed Family Computer port titled was reprogrammed and released by Sanrio's subsidiary Character Soft exclusively in Japan on March 27, 1992. A Game Boy Color edition with a few new features titled was released in Japan on July 31, 2000."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Angela Martin", "paragraph_text": "Angela Martin The Office character Angela Kinsey as Angela Martin. First appearance ``Pilot ''(2005) Last appearance`` Finale'' (2013) Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Angela Kinsey Information Occupation Senior Accountant, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton Family Rachael Martin (sister, Rachael Harris) Spouse (s) Dwight Schrute (2008, 2014 --) Robert Lipton (2011 -- 13) Children Philip Nationality American"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Scarecrow (Oz)", "paragraph_text": "The Scarecrow Oz character Illustration by W.W. Denslow from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Ray Bolger Voiced by Paul Scheer (Once Upon a Time) Information Aliases Socrates Strawman Chang Wang Woe Fiyero Tigelaar Species Scarecrow Gender Male Occupation Ruler of Oz Tin Woodman's treasurer Corn farmer Title His Majesty the Scarecrow Royal Treasurer Emperor of the Silver Islands Spouse (s) Tsing Tsing (in his former incarnation) Children 3 sons 15 grandsons (from his former incarnation)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Negan", "paragraph_text": "Negan The Walking Dead character Negan in the comics (left), and as portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan (right) in the television series First appearance Comic: ``Issue # 100 ''(2012) Television:`` Last Day on Earth'' (2016) Video game: Tekken 7 (2018) Created by Robert Kirkman Charlie Adlard Portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan Information Occupation Saviors Leader Spouse (s) Lucille Significant other (s) Sherry Amber several unnamed wives"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Peter Pan", "paragraph_text": "Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J.M. Barrie. A free - spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never - ending childhood having adventures on the mythical island of Neverland as the leader of the Lost Boys, interacting with fairies, pirates, mermaids, Native Americans, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside Neverland."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pig-Pen", "paragraph_text": "``Pig - Pen ''is a character in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. He is a young boy who is, except on very rare occasions, very dirty."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life", "paragraph_text": "The book is written with the assumption that Doc Savage was a real person. Kenneth Robeson, the author of the Doc Savage novels, is portrayed as writing fictionalized memoirs of the real Savage's life. Farmer examines the psychological make up of Doc and his associates, based on close readings of the 181 novels. In an appendix, \"The Fabulous Family Tree of Doc Savage\", Farmer links Savage to dozens of other fictional characters as a member of the Wold Newton family."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)", "paragraph_text": "White Queen Alice character Alice and the White Queen. Art by John Tenniel (1865) First appearance Through the Looking - Glass Created by Lewis Carroll Portrayed by Anne Hathaway (Alice in Wonderland, Alice Through the Looking Glass) Emma Rigby (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland) Information Species Human Gender Female Occupation Queen Spouse (s) White King Children Lily (a pawn) Nationality Looking - Glass Land"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ann Perkins", "paragraph_text": "Ann Perkins Parks and Recreation character First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Ann and Chris'' (regular) ``One Last Ride ''(guest appearance) Portrayed by Rashida Jones Information Occupation Nurse Health Department Public Relations Director of Pawnee, Indiana Spouse (s) Chris Traeger Children Oliver Perkins - Traeger Leslie Perkins - Traeger"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of 24 characters", "paragraph_text": "Teri Bauer 24 character Leslie Hope as Teri Bauer First appearance Day 1 -- Episode 1 Last appearance Day 1 -- Episode 24 Portrayed by Leslie Hope Days Information Spouse (s) Jack Bauer Children Kim Bauer"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Willy/Milly", "paragraph_text": "Something Special (also known as Willy/Milly and I Was a Teenage Boy) is a 1986 comedic fantasy film directed by Paul Schneider, based upon a story by the same name by Alan H. Friedman. The film follows the title character of Milly Niceman, a young tomboy who is unhappy with the traditional expectations for her gender and longs to become a boy so she can act however she wants. Initially released as \"I Was a Teenage Boy\" in 1986, the film was later re-titled to \"Something Special\" for a 1987 limited theatrical release and for a VHS release."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Angels' Alley", "paragraph_text": "\"Angels' Alley\" is the only Bowery Boys films in which Gabriel Dell is given a different character name. Louie (Bernard Gorcey) is absent from the film. However, Louie's Sweet Shop is mentioned by 'Sach' at least once in the film."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Astro Boy: Omega Factor", "paragraph_text": "Astro Boy: Omega Factor is a beat 'em up video game developed by Treasure and Hitmaker, and published by Sega (THQ in Europe). The game was released for the Game Boy Advance on December 18, 2003 in Japan; August 18, 2004 in North America; and February 18, 2005 in Europe. The game is based on Osamu Tezuka's manga and anime franchise \"Astro Boy\". However, it also features characters and plotlines from the artist's entire canon of work."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Beth Greene", "paragraph_text": "Beth Greene is a fictional character from the American horror drama television series The Walking Dead, created by season two showrunner Glen Mazzara, and portrayed by Emily Kinney. She is the daughter of veterinarian and farmer Hershel Greene and the younger half - sister of Maggie. The character has no specific counterpart in the comic book series on which the show is based."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "On the Way Home", "paragraph_text": "On the Way Home is the diary of an American farm wife, Laura Ingalls Wilder, during her 1894 migration with husband Almanzo Wilder and seven-year-old daughter Rose from De Smet, South Dakota, to Mansfield, Missouri, where they settled permanently."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Farmer Boy", "paragraph_text": "The novel is based on the childhood of Wilder's husband, Almanzo Wilder, who grew up in the 1860s near the town of Malone, New York. It covers roughly one year of his life, beginning just before his ninth birthday and describes a full year of farming. It describes in detail the endless chores involved in running the Wilder family farm, all without powered vehicles or electricity. Young as he is, he rises before 5am every day to milk cows and feed stock. In the growing season, he plants and tends crops; in winter, he hauls logs, helps fill the ice house, trains a team of young oxen, and sometimes\u2014when his father can spare him\u2014goes to school. The novel includes stories of his brother, Royal, and sisters, Eliza Jane and Alice."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Iron Giant", "paragraph_text": "Eli Marienthal as Hogarth Hughes, an intelligent, energetic and curious 9 - year - old boy with an active imagination. Marienthal's performances were videotaped and given to animators to work with, which helped develop expressions and acting for the character."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Evan Adermann", "paragraph_text": "Adermann was born in Kingaroy, Queensland, son of Charles Adermann, and was educated at Brisbane Boys' College. He did not complete a medical degree at the University of Queensland and instead became a dairy farmer in Kingaroy. He then completed a Bachelor of Commerce by external study at University of Queensland and worked as a public accountant. He married Joan Hovard in 1951 and they had three sons and two daughters. He was a councillor of Kingaroy Shire from 1958 to 1967."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3", "paragraph_text": "Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 is a platform game developed by Nintendo for the Game Boy in 1994. It is the first video game to feature Wario as both a playable character and the main character, as well as the first appearance of Captain Syrup and her Brown Sugar Pirates, recurring villains in the \"Wario Land\" series."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of a character contained in The Farmer Boy?"}
{"id": "2hop__118758_727053", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Where the Fast Lane Ends", "paragraph_text": "Where the Fast Lane Ends is the 12th country studio album by the American country music group The Oak Ridge Boys, released via MCA Records in 1987. The album features the singles \"This Crazy Love\" and \"It Takes a Little Rain (To Make Love Grow)\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)", "paragraph_text": "``I Love to Love ''Single by Tina Charles from the album I Love to Love B - side`` Disco Fever'' Released 1976, 1986 (remix) Format 7 ''single Recorded Genre Disco, pop Length 3: 02 Label CBS Songwriter (s) Jack Robinson, James Bolden Producer (s) Biddu Tina Charles singles chronology ``You Set My Heart on Fire'' (1975)`` I Love to Love ''(1976) ``Love Me Like a Lover'' (1976)`` You Set My Heart on Fire ''(1975) ``I Love to Love'' (1976)`` Love Me Like a Lover ''(1976) Tina Charles singles chronology ``Boogie 'Round the Clock'' String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found`` I Love to Love ''(1986) I Love to Love1986 ``Dance Little Lady'' (1987) Dance Little Lady1987"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "My Little Loves", "paragraph_text": "My Little Loves ( from a poem by Arthur Rimbaud) is a French drama film written and directed by Jean Eustache, his second and last feature. It was released in 1974 and stars Martin Loeb as an adolescent boy shunted from a tranquil lifestyle at his grandmother's rural abode to his mother's cramped apartment in the city. Ingrid Caven plays the boy's mother. The film was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Columbus Symphony Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The Columbus Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1951 as the Columbus Little Symphony, following the demise of the city's previous professional symphony, the Columbus Philharmonic Orchestra. The first music director of the orchestra was the flutist and conductor Claude Monteux. In its first year, the Columbus Little Symphony presented a series of 5 concerts with 28 musicians. Its first full season of concerts took place at Central High School (now COSI Columbus) in 1952. In 1955, the Columbus Little Symphony officially became the Columbus Symphony Orchestra. From its founding until 1961, the Symphony was unique in that it was governed exclusively by women, veterans of the Women's Association of the Columbus Philharmonic."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning", "paragraph_text": "The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (also known as The Little Mermaid III) is a 2008 animated fantasy feature film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and DisneyToon Studios, and the direct - to - video prequel to Disney's 1989 film The Little Mermaid. Directed by Peggy Holmes, the film's story is set before the events of the 1989 film and the 2000 sequel, where all music has been banned from the underwater kingdom of Atlantica by King Triton, and his youngest daughter Ariel attempts to challenge this law. The film features the voices of Jodi Benson, Samuel E. Wright, Sally Field, and Jim Cummings. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on August 26, 2008. The animated by Toon City Animation, Inc., Manila, Philippines to Walt Disney Animation Australia by 2008, unit director Pieter Lommerse, workbook supervisor Stephen Lumley, clean - up director David Hardy, inbetween director Miles Jenkinson, effects director Marvin Petilla, supervising color stylist Jenny North and Aaron Stannard. The film contradicts certain events of the television series, implying that it is an independent installment of Disney's The Little Mermaid franchise."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning", "paragraph_text": "The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (also known as The Little Mermaid III) is a 2008 American direct - to - video animated fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and DisneyToon Studios, and a prequel to Disney's 1989 animated film The Little Mermaid. Directed by Peggy Holmes, the film's story is set before the events of the original film, when Ariel is still young, and where all music has been banned from the underwater kingdom of Atlantica by King Triton, and Ariel attempts to challenge this law. The film features the voices of Jodi Benson, Samuel E. Wright, Sally Field, and Jim Cummings. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on August 26, 2008. Animation production of the film was by Toon City Animation, Inc., Manila, Philippines, supervising clean - up character lead animators May Laxamana, Alain Tagpuno, Buddy Maderazo, Adelfo Manao, Walt Disney Animation (Japan), Inc., as Walt Disney Animation Australia by 2008, unit director Pieter Lommerse, workbook supervisor Stephen Lumley, clean - up director David Hardy, inbetween director Miles Jenkinson, effects director Marvin Petilla, supervising color stylist Jenny North and Aaron Stannard. The film contradicts certain events of the television series, implying that it is an independent installment of Disney's The Little Mermaid franchise. It is the last animated feature from Disney Animation Australia before it was closed down."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Aamar Bhuvan", "paragraph_text": "Aamar Bhuvan is a 2002 Bengali film directed by Mrinal Sen. The film depicts a place of India where people live peacefully and love each other despite the hatred and violence that scars the rest of the nation. For this film director Mrinal Sen won best director's award in Cairo Film Festival in 2002."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1966 Little League World Series", "paragraph_text": "The 1966 Little League World Series took place between August 22 and August 27 in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Westbury American Little League of Houston, Texas defeated American Little League of West New York, New Jersey in the championship game of the 20th Little League World Series."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Polly Ann", "paragraph_text": "Polly Ann (also known as The Little Reformer) is a lost 1917 silent comedy-drama film produced and distributed by the Triangle Film Corporation. It was directed by Charles Miller and stars Bessie Love."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1964 Little League World Series", "paragraph_text": "The 1964 Little League World Series took place between August 25 and August 29 in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Mid-Island Little League of Staten Island, New York, defeated Obispado Little League of Monterrey, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico, in the championship game of the 18th Little League World Series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kleine Freiheit", "paragraph_text": "Kleine Freiheit (international title: \"A Little Bit of Freedom\") is a 2003 film by Kurdish director Y\u00fcksel Yavuz about the friendship (and later relationship) between two teenage boys who are illegal immigrants in Germany."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Little Ones", "paragraph_text": "The Little Ones is a 1965 British family comedy film directed by British director Jim O'Connolly starring Carl Gonzales and Kim Smith. Dudley Foster stars as"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A Good Heart", "paragraph_text": "``A Good Heart ''Single by Feargal Sharkey from the album Feargal Sharkey B - side`` Anger Is Holy'' Released September 1985 (UK) February 1986 (US) Format 7 ``, 12 ''Recorded 1985 Length 4: 39 Label Virgin Songwriter (s) Maria McKee Producer (s) David A. Stewart Feargal Sharkey singles chronology`` Loving You'' (1985) ``A Good Heart ''(1985)`` You Little Thief'' (1985) ``Loving You ''(1985)`` A Good Heart'' (1985) ``You Little Thief ''(1985) Audio sample file help"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dino Dvornik", "paragraph_text": "A son of renowned Croatian actor Boris Dvornik and Dijana Dvornik (n\u00e9e \"Tomi\u0107\"), Miljenko \"Dino\" Dvornik was born in Split, SFR Yugoslavia. He and his elder brother, Dean, would play alongside their father in mainstream 1970s movies and TV shows in Yugoslavia. These included \"Na\u0161e malo misto\" (\"Our Little Place\"), \"Mater\" (\"Mother\") (1976), \"Hajdu\u010dka vremena\" (\"Daredevil's Time\") (1977), \"Priko sinjeg mora\" (\"Over the Great Sea\") (1979) as well as the TV show \"Ljubav je hleb s devet kora\" (\"Love Is a Bread with Nine Crusts\") (1990) and what was to be his final appearance, \"Ta divna splitska no\u0107\" (\"A Wonderful Night in Split\") (2004) by director Arsen A. Ostoji\u0107, a movie which achieved many honors at various film festivals."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Azure Moon", "paragraph_text": "The song \"Azure Moon\" is Every Little Thing's 29th single released by the Avex Trax label. \"Azure Moon\" was a ballad single that also included a special acoustic version of their 2003 single \"Soraai\" for Every Little Thing's concert \"Every Little Thing X'mas Acoustic Live at Uragami Tenshudou: Ai no Uta\", which took place at Nagasaki on December 11, 2005. The single peaked in 12th place on its first week at the charts and sold 17,212 copies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Little Lili", "paragraph_text": "Little Lili () is a 2003 French film by French director Claude Miller. The film stars Ludivine Sagnier, Bernard Giraudeau, Nicole Garcia, Julie Depardieu and Jean-Pierre Marielle."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lucy Goes to the Hospital", "paragraph_text": "\"Lucy Goes to the Hospital\" is an episode of the 1950s American television show \"I Love Lucy\" in which the title character, Lucy Ricardo, gives birth to her son, \"Little Ricky,\" after a \"predictably chaotic\" sequence of events. Twelve hours before the broadcast, the actress who played Lucy Ricardo, Lucille Ball, had given birth to Desi Arnaz, Jr. by cesarean section. The episode had actually been filmed on November 14, 1952."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jean-Marie Larrieu", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Marie Larrieu (born 8 April 1965) is a French film director and screenwriter. He has directed eleven films since 1987. His film \"To Paint or Make Love\" was entered into the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. He is the brother of film director Arnaud Larrieu."}], "question": "What is the place of birth of the \"My Little Loves\" director?"}
{"id": "2hop__115542_664987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Svartsoppa", "paragraph_text": "Svartsoppa (\"Black soup\") is a soup consumed traditionally and mostly in the province of Sk\u00e5ne in Southern Sweden. The main ingredient is goose blood (or sometimes pig blood). It is often eaten before the goose dish at the \"M\u00e5rtens g\u00e5s\" or \"M\u00e5rten g\u00e5s\" dinner on the 10 November, the eve of Saint Martin (11 November), a surviving remnant of the Roman Catholic feast dedicated to Martin of Tours. Goose is traditionally eaten at this feast over large parts of Europe, with associations to the folklore surrounding Saint Martin."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bradley Cooper", "paragraph_text": "Cooper was born on January 5, 1975, in Philadelphia, and grew up in the nearby communities of Jenkintown and Rydal. His mother, Gloria (n\u00e9e Campano), worked for the local NBC affiliate. His father, Charles Cooper, worked as a stockbroker for Merrill Lynch. Cooper's father was of Irish descent, while his mother is of Italian ancestry (from Abruzzo and Naples). He has an older sister, Holly, and was raised as a Roman Catholic. He had cholesteatoma in his ear soon after his birth, and punctured his eardrum when he started diving at an early age."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "El gran juego de la oca", "paragraph_text": "El gran juego de la oca (The Great Game of the Goose) was a TV game show produced in Madrid, Spain from 1993 through 1995 and again in 1998 as \"El nuevo juego de la oca\" (\"The New Game of the Goose\"). It was a weekly show airing in a block of several hours on the Spanish channel Antena 3, and later Telecinco. The show was created by television producer Jocelyn Hattab, and first premiered in Italy as \"Il Grande Gioco Dell'Oca\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "My Friend the King", "paragraph_text": "My Friend the King is a 1932 British comedy film, directed by Michael Powell and starring Jerry Verno. The film was a follow-up to \"Two Crowded Hours\", Powell's unexpectedly popular directorial debut of the previous year, with comedian Verno reprising his role as a chirpy Cockney taxi driver who gets mixed up in shady doings. This film however was less well-received, with Powell recalling it as \"a complete failure\", also noting that he worked on six films during 1932 and that \"they couldn't all be good...and they weren't\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tara Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance ``Pilot ''(2008) Last appearance`` A Mother's Work'' (2014) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname (s) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse (s) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kate Hudson", "paragraph_text": "Hudson was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Academy Award-winning actress Goldie Hawn and Bill Hudson, an actor, comedian, and musician. Her parents divorced when she was 18 months old and she and her older brother, actor Oliver Hudson, were raised in Snowmass, Colorado, and Pacific Palisades, California, by her mother and her mother's longtime boyfriend, actor Kurt Russell. Hudson's ancestry is Italian (from her paternal grandmother), Hungarian-Jewish (from her maternal grandmother), and the remainder a mix of English and some German. Hudson was raised Jewish, and like her mother, she practices Buddhism.Hudson has stated that her biological father \"doesn't know me from a hole in the wall\", and she considers Russell her father. Hudson has described her mother as \"the woman that I've learned the most from, and who I look up to, who has conducted her life in a way that I can look up to\". She has four half-siblings: Emily and Zachary Hudson, from her biological father's later marriage to actress Cindy Williams; Lalania Hudson, from his relationship with another woman; and Wyatt Russell, from her mother's relationship with Kurt Russell."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ken Williams (game developer)", "paragraph_text": "Ken Williams (born October 30, 1954) is an American retired game programmer who co-founded On-Line Systems together with his wife Roberta Williams. On-Line Systems eventually became Sierra On-Line and was ultimately renamed Sierra Entertainment. The couple were leading figures in the development of graphical adventure games. At its height, Sierra employed nearly 1,000 people prior to its acquisition in 1996."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mixed-Up Mother Goose", "paragraph_text": "Roberta Williams' Mixed-Up Mother Goose is a computer game first released by Sierra On-Line in 1987. It is, in essence, an edutainment title, directed specifically at young gamers, as well as an adventure game. It was the first multimedia game released on CD-ROM. A second game in the series, \"Mixed-Up Fairy Tales\", was released in 1991."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Orinoco goose", "paragraph_text": "The Orinoco goose (\"Neochen jubata\") is a member of the duck, goose and swan family Anatidae. It is in the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae, and placed in the genus \"Neochen\". Three fossil relatives have been described from Pleistocene sites: \"Neochen pugil\" from Brazil, \"Neochen debilis\" from Argentina and \"Neochen barbadiana\" from Barbados."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Melchior d'Hondecoeter", "paragraph_text": "Melchior d'Hondecoeter (; 1636 \u2013 3 April 1695), Dutch animalier painter, was born in Utrecht and died in Amsterdam. After the start of his career, he painted virtually exclusively bird subjects, usually exotic or game, in park-like landscapes. Hondecoeter\u2019s paintings featured geese (brent goose, Egyptian goose and red-breasted goose), fieldfares, partridges, pigeons, ducks, northern cardinal, magpies and peacocks, but also African grey crowned cranes, Asian sarus cranes, Indonesian yellow-crested cockatoos, an Indonesian purple-naped lory and grey-headed lovebirds from Madagascar."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saving Face (2004 film)", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelmina (``Wil ''), a successful young Chinese American surgeon, lives in New York City. Forced by her mother Gao to come to the typical gathering at Planet China amongst family friends, Wil is closeted to her mother and the rest of the older adults. Her mother has plans to set her up with a son of a friend. Wil is drawn to Vivian, the daughter of one of the Chinese mothers who recently got a divorce. They run into each other at the hospital where Wil works, only to discover that Vivian's father is Wil's boss. Vivian and her father have a tense relationship since Vivian is currently pursuing her love of modern dance instead of the more respectable ballet."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Poultry", "paragraph_text": "The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago, and a different wild species, the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later, is known as a Chinese goose. The two hybridise with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak, a noticeable feature of the Chinese goose, is present to a varying extent in these hybrids. The hybrids are fertile and have resulted in several of the modern breeds. Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Villa Foscari", "paragraph_text": "Villa Foscari is a patrician villa in Mira, near Venice, northern Italy, designed by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio. It is also known as \"La Malcontenta\", a nickname which it received when the spouse of one of the Foscaris was locked up in the house because she allegedly didn't live up to her conjugal duty."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Catherine Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Jagiellon was born in Krak\u00f3w as the youngest daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his wife Bona Sforza of Milan. Catherine became the spouse of King John III of Sweden and mother of the future Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. After the death of her father in 1548, she and her sisters Anna and Sophia moved to Masovia with their mother. After their mother's departure to Italy in 1558, they lived there alone. The sisters were not close to their brother Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Catherine could reportedly speak Italian and Latin, and was described as more attractive than Anna, and most marriage suggestions were directed toward her."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Raymond Carver", "paragraph_text": "Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice (n\u00e9e Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kris McCray", "paragraph_text": "Kris Eric Johannes McCray (born September 24, 1981) is an American mixed martial artist. He was the runner-up of \"\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "60x60", "paragraph_text": "60x60 was designed to showcase the diversity of the contemporary music and has succeeded in presenting thousands of composers in hundreds of performances around the world since 2003. The 60x60 project puts out a call for submissions for recorded media 60 seconds or less in length (also known as signature works.) 60 one-minute works are selected from the submissions. The 60 works are then ordered to create a one-hour music mix. The 60x60 mix is then synchronized with an analog clock where the beginning of each new minute brings the beginning of a new musical work by a different artist. The 60x60 mix is then presented in several venues throughout the world. Later in the performance season, 60x60 collaborates with artists of different disciplines to create multimedia performances with dance, video, and/or fine arts."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mother Goose and Grimm (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Mother Goose and Grimm, also known as Grimmy for the second season, is an American animated television series that premiered September 14, 1991, on CBS. The show features the characters of Mike Peters's comic strip \"Mother Goose and Grimm\". The Saturday morning cartoon was produced by Bob Curtis, and written by Mark Evanier."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Grumman G-21 Goose", "paragraph_text": "The Grumman G-21 Goose is an amphibious flying boat designed by Grumman to serve as an eight-seat \"commuter\" aircraft for businessmen in the Long Island area. The Goose was Grumman's first monoplane to fly, its first twin-engined aircraft, and its first aircraft to enter commercial airline service. During World War II, the Goose became an effective transport for the US military (including the United States Coast Guard), as well as serving with many other air forces. During hostilities, the Goose took on an increasing number of combat and training roles."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Annie Laurie (1927 film)", "paragraph_text": "This was the third film of Lillian Gish at MGM, and its poor box office returns marked a decline in the star's career. On a down note Gish stated that her mother became ill during the production of this film and that \"...she only showed up for work\" as opposed to putting her all into the film. John Wayne makes an early film appearance as a crowd extra."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the person who worked on Mixed-Up Mother Goose"}
{"id": "2hop__43487_161846", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "National Institute of Ayurveda", "paragraph_text": "The National Institute of Ayurveda (NIA) is the apex institute for training and research in Ayurveda in India, established in 1976 at Jaipur, by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. The institute is one of the eight national institutes established across the nation, for training and research in \"Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy education\", by Department of AYUSH, Government of India, and the lone institute of Ayurveda under the AYUSH."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Four Girls in White", "paragraph_text": "Four Girls in White is a 1939 drama film directed by S. Sylvan Simon, starring Florence Rice and Una Merkel. It follows the mostly comical exploits of four nursing students enrolled in a three-year training course."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "Following their basic and advanced training at the individual-level, soldiers may choose to continue their training and apply for an \"additional skill identifier\" (ASI). The ASI allows the army to take a wide ranging MOS and focus it into a more specific MOS. For example, a combat medic, whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency treatment, may receive ASI training to become a cardiovascular specialist, a dialysis specialist, or even a licensed practical nurse. For commissioned officers, ASI training includes pre-commissioning training either at USMA, or via ROTC, or by completing OCS. After commissioning, officers undergo branch specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course, (formerly called Officer Basic Course), which varies in time and location according their future assignments. Further career development is available through the Army Correspondence Course Program."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "While You Were Sleeping (film)", "paragraph_text": "Lucy Eleanor Moderatz (Sandra Bullock) is a lonely fare token collector for the Chicago Transit Authority, stationed at the Randolph / Wabash station. She has a secret crush on a handsome commuter named Peter Callaghan (Peter Gallagher), although they are complete strangers. On Christmas Day, she rescues him from the oncoming Chicago ``L ''train after a group of muggers push him onto the tracks. He falls into a coma, and she accompanies him to the hospital, where a nurse overhears her musing aloud,`` I was going to marry him.'' Misinterpreting her, the nurse tells his family that she is his fianc\u00e9e."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anna Jansson", "paragraph_text": "Anna Maria Angelika Jansson (born 13 February 1958) is a Swedish crime writer and nurse from Visby, Gotland. She started her career as a surgeon nurse, but soon went over to the lung clinic due to her frequent fainting from seeing blood."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "High-definition television", "paragraph_text": "DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV, DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Railway electrification system", "paragraph_text": "Besides increased efficiency of power plants, there was an increase in efficiency (between 1950 and 1973) of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10,000 gross tonne-km (of both passenger and freight trains) or a 43% drop. Since energy-intensity is the inverse of energy-efficiency it drops as efficiency goes up. But most of this 43% decrease in energy-intensity also benefited diesel traction. The conversion of wheel bearings from plain to roller, increase of train weight, converting single track lines to double track (or partially double track), and the elimination of obsolete 2-axle freight cars increased the energy-efficiency of all types of traction: electric, diesel, and steam. However, there remained a 12\u201315% reduction of energy-intensity that only benefited electric traction (and not diesel). This was due to improvements in locomotives, more widespread use of regenerative braking (which in 1989 recycled 2.65% of the electric energy used for traction,) remote control of substations, better handling of the locomotive by the locomotive crew, and improvements in automation. Thus the overall efficiency of electric traction as compared to diesel more than doubled between 1950 and the mid-1970s in the Soviet Union. But after 1974 (thru 1980) there was no improvement in energy-intensity (wh/tonne-km) in part due to increasing speeds of passenger and freight trains."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently, aided by the spread of the horse collar, which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen. Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture, factors that aided the implementation of the three-field system."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Florence Nightingale", "paragraph_text": "Florence Nightingale,  (; 12 May 1820 \u2013 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rae Anstee", "paragraph_text": "Dorothy Rae Anstee AM DStJ (born 15 August 1932) was Director of Nursing at the Austin Hospital, Melbourne from 1977 to 1995."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Leitner system", "paragraph_text": "The Leitner system is a widely used method of efficiently using flashcards that was proposed by the German science journalist Sebastian Leitner in the 1970s. It is a simple implementation of the principle of spaced repetition, where cards are reviewed at increasing intervals."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Young Nurses", "paragraph_text": "The Young Nurses is a 1973 film directed by Clint Kimbrough. It was the fourth in the popular \"nurses\" cycle for New World Pictures, starting with \"The Student Nurses\" (1970)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Laura Scudder", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1881, in Philadelphia, as Laura Clough, she was a nursing student in Trenton, N.J., then worked as a nurse, before moving to Ukiah, in Northern California, having married Charles Scudder on July 4, 1908. She opened a restaurant across from the Mendocino County Courthouse, where lawyers encouraged her to study law."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Airbus", "paragraph_text": "Building on its success, Airbus launched the A320, particularly notable for being the first commercial jet to use a fly-by-wire control system. The A320 has been, and continues to be, a great commercial success. The A318 and A319 are shorter derivatives with some of the latter under construction for the corporate business jet market as Airbus Corporate Jets. A stretched version is known as the A321. The A320 family's primary competitor is the Boeing 737 family.The longer-range widebody products\u2014 the twin-jet A330 and the four-engine A340\u2014 have efficient wings, enhanced by winglets. The Airbus A340-500 has an operating range of 16,700 kilometres (9,000 nmi), the second longest range of any commercial jet after the Boeing 777-200LR (range of 17,446 km or 9,420 nautical miles).All Airbus aircraft developed since then have cockpit systems similar to the A320, making it easier to train crew. Production of the four-engine A340 was ended in 2011 due to lack of sales compared to its twin-engine counterparts, such as the Boeing 777.Airbus is studying a replacement for the A320 series, tentatively dubbed NSR, for \"New Short-Range aircraft\". Those studies indicated a maximum fuel efficiency gain of 9\u201310% for the NSR. Airbus however opted to enhance the existing A320 design using new winglets and working on aerodynamical improvements. This \"A320 Enhanced\" should have a fuel efficiency improvement of around 4\u20135%, shifting the launch of an A320 replacement to 2017\u20132018."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Julie Payette", "paragraph_text": "Payette was selected by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) as one of four astronauts from a field of 5,330 applicants in June 1992. After undergoing basic training in Canada, she worked as a technical advisor for the Mobile Servicing System, an advanced robotics system and Canada's contribution to the International Space Station. In 1993, Payette established the Human-Computer Interaction Group at the Canadian Astronaut Program and served as a technical specialist on the NATO International Research Study Group on speech processing."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Salaria Kea", "paragraph_text": "Salaria Kea O'Reilly (born 13 July 1917 in Milledgeville, Georgia \u2013 died 18 May 1990 in Akron, Ohio) was an American nurse and desegregation activist who volunteered in both the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War. During the Spanish Civil War she was the only African American nurse working in the Abraham Lincoln Battalion."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of medicine", "paragraph_text": "The Nightingale model was widely copied. Linda Richards (1841 -- 1930) studied in London and became the first professionally trained American nurse. She established nursing training programs in the United States and Japan, and created the first system for keeping individual medical records for hospitalized patients. The Russian Orthodox Church sponsored seven orders of nursing sisters in the late 19th century. They ran hospitals, clinics, almshouses, pharmacies, and shelters as well as training schools for nurses. In the Soviet era (1917 -- 1991), with the aristocratic sponsors gone, nursing became a low - prestige occupation based in poorly maintained hospitals."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of nursing", "paragraph_text": "The Crimean War was a significant development in nursing history when English nurse Florence Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing with the principles summarised in the book Notes on Nursing. A fund was set up in 1855 by members of the public to raise money for Florence Nightingale and her nurses' work In 1856, \u00a344,039 (equivalent to roughly over \u00a32 million today) was pooled and with this Nightingale decided to use the money to lay the foundations for a training school at St Thomas' Hospital. In 1860, the training for the first batch of nurses began; upon graduation from the school, these nurses used to be called 'Nightingales'."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "High-definition television", "paragraph_text": "Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem. A new standard had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC."}], "question": "When was the person who established an efficient system to train nurses born?"}
{"id": "2hop__142409_317384", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "You Dropped a Bomb on Me", "paragraph_text": "``You Dropped a Bomb on Me ''is an electrofunk song performed by The Gap Band, released in 1982 on producer Lonnie Simmons' label, Total Experience Records. It reached # 2 on the Billboard R&B charts, # 39 on the dance charts and # 31 on the Billboard Hot 100. In addition to the single release, the song was featured on the band's 1982 album IV."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Calamari Tuesday", "paragraph_text": "Calamari Tuesday is the debut studio album by Feed Me, one of the projects of British record producer Jon Gooch. The album was released on 14 October 2013 as the first release on Gooch's own label Sotto Voce. It entered the UK Dance Albums Chart at number 14 and the UK Albums Chart at number 144."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thinking of Home", "paragraph_text": "Thinking of Home is an album by jazz saxophonist Hank Mobley recorded on July 31, 1970 but not released by the Blue Note label until 1980. It features performances by Mobley with Woody Shaw, Cedar Walton, Eddie Diehl, Mickey Bass, and Leroy Williams and was Mobley's final recordings for Blue Note, and his 26th album on the label."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "For Someone I Love", "paragraph_text": "For Someone I Love is an album by vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring big band performances arranged by Melba Liston recorded in 1963 and released on the Riverside label."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Plenty, Plenty Soul", "paragraph_text": "Plenty, Plenty Soul is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1957 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "El Trilogy", "paragraph_text": "El Trilogy is the 17th album by trumpeter Dave Douglas. It was released on the BMG label in 2001 and features music commissioned to accompany performances by the Trisha Brown Dance Company performed by Douglas, Greg Cohen, Mark Feldman, Guy Klucevsek, Gregory Tardy and Susie Ibarra."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Foolin' Myself", "paragraph_text": "Foolin' Myself is an album of trio performances by the American jazz pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1988 and released on the Italian Soul Note label."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Groovin' with Golson", "paragraph_text": "Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Benny Golson's New York Scene", "paragraph_text": "Benny Golson's New York Scene is the debut album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in late 1957 and originally released on the Contemporary label."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Main Attraction (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm", "paragraph_text": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances with Ernie Henry recorded in 1957 and released on the Riverside label. This was Henry's last recording session."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Jazz Skyline", "paragraph_text": "The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "At the Village Vanguard", "paragraph_text": "At the Village Vanguard (subtitled You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart) is a live album by jazz drummer Paul Motian recorded at the Village Vanguard and originally released on the German JMT label. Recorded in 1995 it features performances by Motian with Bill Frisell and Joe Lovano. The album was rereleased on the Winter & Winter label in 2005."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Something Personal", "paragraph_text": "Something Personal is an album by American jazz pianist Jack Wilson featuring performances recorded and released on the Blue Note label in 1967."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sit Down and Talk to Me", "paragraph_text": "Sit Down and Talk to Me is a 1980 album by American R&B singer Lou Rawls, released on the Philadelphia International Records label. All of PIR's major production names contributed to the album, resulting in a diverse set of tracks from dance to urban blues. Although \"Sit Down and Talk to Me\" did not produce any major hit singles, its commercial performance was adequate, peaking at #19 R&B and #81 pop."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Live at the Lighthouse (Elvin Jones album)", "paragraph_text": "Live at the Lighthouse is a live album by jazz drummer Elvin Jones featuring performances recorded in 1972 at the Lighthouse Caf\u00e9 in California, and released on the Blue Note label. The album was originally released as a double LP and subsequently released on two CDs with additional material."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Motivation (Moti Special album)", "paragraph_text": "Motivation is the first studio album of Moti Special, released in 1985 by Teldec label. The band members were: Danish guitarist Nils Tuxen, Romanian keyboardist Michael Cretu, bassist and vocalist Manfred \"Thissy\" Thiers, and drummer Reinhard \"Dickie\" Tarrach. The album reached # 20 in the Germany charts."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album)", "paragraph_text": "Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jazz Contemporary", "paragraph_text": "Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label. The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dancing for Victory", "paragraph_text": "Dancing for Victory is the second studio album of Moti Special, released in 1990 by Polydor. The band members were: the keyboardist and vocalist Frank \u00c5dahl, guitarist Nils Tuxen, bassist Anders Mossberg, and drummer Reinhard \"Dickie\" Tarrach."}], "question": "What record label does the artist who released Dancing for Victory belong to?"}
{"id": "2hop__724841_13913", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 (68 sq mi) to 650 km2 (250 sq mi). Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 in the 2001 census to 6,809,970 in the 2011 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,:2 making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city. As of 2011[update], the population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi). At the same 2011 census, the Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334, making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country. The population of the Hyderabad urban agglomeration has since been estimated by electoral officials to be 9.1 million as of early 2013 but is expected to exceed 10 million by the end of the year. There are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens\u2014a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. Among children aged 0\u20136 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls\u2014a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 82.96% (male 85.96%; female 79.79%), higher than the national average of 74.04%. The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "At the 2010 United States Census, there were 39,558 people, 15,504 households, and 8,558 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,680.8 per square mile (1,421.2/km2). There were 20,013 housing units at an average density of 1,862.2 per square mile (719.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 26.65% (10,543) White, 38.29% (15,148) Black or African American, 0.61% (242) Native American, 15.55% (6,153) Asian, 0.05% (18) Pacific Islander, 14.03% (5,549) from other races, and 4.82% (1,905) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 30.45% (12,044) of the population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elk Point, South Dakota", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 1,963 people, 770 households, and 505 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,443.4 inhabitants per square mile (557.3/km2). There were 830 housing units at an average density of 610.3 per square mile (235.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.0% White, 0.3% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Demographics of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "In June 2016, New Zealand has an estimated population of 4,693,000, up from the 4,027,947 recorded in the 2006 census. The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010. In M\u0101ori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8. In 2010 the age - standardised mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 (down from 4.8 in 2000) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births. The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2014 - 16 was 83.4 years for females, and 79.9 years for males. Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline. In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent. (The number of people aged 65 and over increased by 22 percent between the 2006 and 2013 censuses.) During early migration in 1858, New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females, but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women, females came to outnumber males in 1971. As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female, with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years and older range."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Demographics of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Demographics of New Zealand Population pyramid taken from the 2013 census Population 4,793,700 Density 17.9 / km (46.4 / sq mi) Growth rate 2.1% Birth rate 12.65 per 1000 pop. Death rate 6.64 per 1000 pop. Life expectancy male 79.9 years female 83.4 years Fertility rate 1.87 births per woman Infant mortality rate 3.58 per 1000 live births Net migration rate 14.72 per 1000 pop. Age structure 0 -- 14 years 19.6% 15 -- 64 years 65.5% 65 and over 14.9% Sex ratio Total 0.97 males / female Under 15 1.05 males / female 15 -- 64 years 0.97 males / female 65 and over 0.87 males / female Nationality Nationality New Zealander Major ethnic European 74.0% Minor ethnic M\u0101ori 14.9% Asian 11.8% Pacific peoples 7.4% Language Official English 96.1% M\u0101ori 3.7% New Zealand Sign Language 0.5%"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way \"pets\" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "The needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon. The first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation. The mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18% higher than in the previous five years (19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per year). Although deforestation has declined significantly in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had the highest population density with 12,400 people per km2. Surrounding inner city suburbs experienced an increase in population density between 2012 and 2013; Carlton (9,000 people per km2) and Fitzroy (7,900)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over ten thousand people per square kilometre, ranking among the ten most densely populated areas of the EU."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fontanelle, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 672 people, 304 households, and 164 families residing in the city. The population density was 700.0 inhabitants per square mile (270.3/km2). There were 336 housing units at an average density of 350.0 per square mile (135.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.7% White, 0.1% from other races, and 0.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2012 Australian Goldfields Open", "paragraph_text": "The 2012 Australian Goldfields Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 9\u201315 July 2012 at the Bendigo Stadium in Bendigo, Australia. It was the second ranking event of the 2012/2013 season."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Panora, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 1,124 people, 460 households, and 286 families residing in the city. The population density was 624.4 inhabitants per square mile (241.1/km2). There were 522 housing units at an average density of 290.0 per square mile (112.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.5% White, 0.2% African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Castle Rock, Washington", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 2,130 people, 833 households, and 562 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,597.3 people per square mile (618.3/km2). There were 890 housing units at an average density of 667.4 per square mile (258.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.19% White, 0.23% African American, 2.02% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.38% Pacific Islander, 1.64% from other races, and 2.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.33% of the population. 18.7% were of American, 18.3% German, 12.9% English, 6.9% Irish and 6.1% Norwegian ancestry. 96.5% spoke English, and 3.0% Spanish as their first language."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Francis Birtles", "paragraph_text": "Francis Edwin Birtles (7 November 1881 in Fitzroy, Victoria \u2013 1 July 1941 in Croydon, New South Wales) was an Australian adventurer, photographer, cyclist, and filmmaker, who set many long-distance cycling and driving records, including becoming in 1927 the first man to drive a car from England to Australia. Birtles had set a speed record driving from Darwin to Melbourne the previous year."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy. According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 50% of women in Guinea Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation. In 2010, Guinea Bissau had the 7th highest maternal mortality rate in the world."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Santa Mar\u00eda Chiquimula", "paragraph_text": "Santa Mar\u00eda Chiquimula is a municipality in the Totonicap\u00e1n department of Guatemala. Located in the western highlands of Guatemala at an altitude of 2130 meters. The municipality has a territory of 211 km2 and a population of around 48,525 people in 2012. The Mayan K\u2019iche\u2019 language is spoken among the indigenous people here, but Spanish is also widely spoken. The main products of the region are corn and black beans."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Onamia, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 878 people, 349 households, and 167 families residing in the city. The population density was 914.6 inhabitants per square mile (353.1/km2). There were 398 housing units at an average density of 414.6 per square mile (160.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.0% White, 2.3% African American, 9.9% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of districts of Nepal", "paragraph_text": "# Provinces Districts Area (KM2) Population (2011) Density (people / KM2) Comparable state Province No. 1 14 25,905 KM2 4,534,943 175 Burundi Province No. 2 8 9,661 KM2 5,404,145 559 Cyprus Province No. 3 13 20,300 KM2 5,529,452 272 Slovenia Province No. 4 11 21,504 KM2 2,413,907 112 El Salvador 5 Province No. 5 12 22,288 KM2 4,891,025 219 El Salvador 6 Province No. 6 10 27,984 KM2 1,168,515 41 Equatorial Guinea 7 Province No. 7 9 19,539 KM2 2,552,517 130 New Caledonia Nepal 77 147,181"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum", "paragraph_text": "Mohammad Morsi was removed from power during the 30 June Revolution. The timetable established by interim president Adly Mansour envisioned a rapid transition, which initially entailed amending the suspended 2012 constitution.The process of amending the 2012 constitution began with a committee of 10 legal experts. The draft amendments by the committee of 10 made many notable changes to the text of the 2012 constitution. The committee of 10 completed their work on 20 August 2013.The second phase of the process included amendments by a committee of 50; those 50 people were announced on 1 September 2013. Amr Moussa was chosen as the chairman of the committee of 50 on 8 September 2013. The draft constitution was given to President Mansour on 3 December 2013."}], "question": "What was the per km2 population density in 2013 of the birthplace of Francis Birtles?"}
{"id": "2hop__456017_125162", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Patience Stone (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film was selected as the Afghan entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards, although it was not nominated. Golshifteh Farahani was nominated for the Most Promising Actress award at the 39th C\u00e9sar Awards."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "National Commission for Scheduled Castes", "paragraph_text": "The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as Chairman and other four Members. In 1990 the Commission for SCs and STs was renamed as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were formed as per 1987 and it was set up as a National Level Advisory Body to advise the Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Thinker", "paragraph_text": "The Thinker () is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin, usually placed on a stone pedestal. The work shows a nude male figure of heroic size sitting on a rock with his chin resting on one hand as though deep in thought, often used as an image to represent philosophy. There are about 28 full-sized castings, in which the figure is about 186 cm high, though not all were made during Rodin's lifetime and under his supervision. There are various other versions, as well, several in plaster, and studies and posthumous castings exist in a range of sizes. Rodin first conceived the figure as part of his work \"The Gates of Hell\" commissioned in 1880, but the first of the familiar monumental bronze castings did not appear until 1904."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Golshifteh Farahani", "paragraph_text": "Farahani was born on 10 July 1983 in Tehran, the daughter of Behzad Farahani, a theatre director and actor, and Fahimeh Rahim Nia. Her sister is actress Shaghayegh Farahani. Golshifteh began studying music and piano at age five, and later entered a music school in Tehran. At 14 she was cast as the lead in Dariush Mehrjui's \"The Pear Tree\", a role for which she won the Crystal Roc for Best Actress from the International Section of the 16th Fajr International Film Festival in Tehran."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Austin Scaggs", "paragraph_text": "Austin Scaggs is an American music critic and a contributing editor for \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. He's also written for \"Men's Journal\". His father is musician Boz Scaggs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Melting Stones", "paragraph_text": "Melting Stones, a fantasy novel by young adult author Tamora Pierce, was released by Full Cast Audio as an audiobook original in October 2007, and was released in print form by Scholastic in the summer of 2008."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National American Woman Suffrage Association", "paragraph_text": "Elections were held at the convention's opening. Stanton received 131 votes for president, Anthony received 90, and 2 votes were cast for other candidates. Anthony was elected vice president at large with 213 votes, with 9 votes for other candidates. Stone was unanimously elected chair of the executive committee."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Patience Stone", "paragraph_text": "The Patience Stone () is a 2008 novel by the French-Afghan writer Atiq Rahimi. It is also known as Stone of Patience. It received the Prix Goncourt."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Casting the Stones", "paragraph_text": "Casting the Stones is the eighth studio album released by American power metal band Jag Panzer, released in 2004. It shares musical similarities with the band's last album, Mechanized Warfare. This is the last album to feature Chris Broderick on guitar."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Bugle Sounds", "paragraph_text": "The Bugle Sounds is a 1942 World War II movie starring Wallace Beery as a cavalry sergeant resistant to replacing horses with tanks. The supporting cast includes Marjorie Main, Lewis Stone, George Bancroft, Donna Reed, and Chill Wills, and the film was directed by S. Sylvan Simon."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eye of Agamotto", "paragraph_text": "The Eye of Agamotto appeared in Doctor Strange (2016). The Eye has the ability to manipulate probabilities and time, as it contains the Time Stone, which is one of the Infinity Stones. The Eye reappears in Strange's possession during Thor: Ragnarok (2017) when Thor seeks the whereabouts of his father. The Eye once again appears in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), in which it is targeted by Thanos, who is collecting the Infinity Stones. After arriving and fighting against Thanos on Titan, Thanos manages to snatch and crush the eye, revealing it as a fake as the Time Stone is not present in it. Strange ultimately surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos in exchange for sparing Tony Stark's life."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Patience Abbe", "paragraph_text": "The daughter of James Abbe, a photographer, and Polly Shorrock, a Ziegfeld girl, Patience Abbe was born in Paris to globetrotting parents."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aggregate Industries", "paragraph_text": "Aggregate Industries, a member of LafargeHolcim, is a company based in the United Kingdom with headquarters at Bardon Hill, Coalville, Leicestershire. Aggregate Industries manufactures and supplies a range of heavy building materials, primarily aggregates such as stone, asphalt and concrete, to the construction industry and other business sectors. Aggregate Industries also manufactures and imports cement, and provides a range of aggregate-associated goods and services, these include the manufacture of masonry and reconstructed stone items for construction industry and domestic applications, the manufacture of pre-cast concrete items, the supply of ready mixed concrete, design and project management consulting, and resurfacing contracting services."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Love Brewster", "paragraph_text": "Elder Love Brewster (born c. 1611) was an early American settler, the son of Elder William Brewster and his wife, Mary Brewster. He traveled with his father, mother and brother, Wrestling, on the \"Mayflower\" reaching what became the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620. Brewster had two sisters, Patience and Fear, and two brothers, Jonathan and Wrestling, along with an unnamed sister who died young. He was a founder of the town of Bridgewater, Plymouth County, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}], "question": "Who is the father of the cast member from The Patience Stone?"}
{"id": "2hop__69410_35346", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "P&O Portsmouth", "paragraph_text": "P&O Portsmouth was the name for P&O European Ferries' Portsmouth operations from 1999 to 2002 when it was merged with the Dover Operations to become P&O Ferries."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "P&O Irish Sea", "paragraph_text": "P&O Irish Sea was the trading name of P&O Ferries in the Irish Sea from 1998 to 2010, when it was merged back into and rebranded P&O Ferries."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HLA-B", "paragraph_text": "The HLA-B gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 6 at cytoband 21.3, from base pair 31,353,871 to 31,357,211"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Phonological development", "paragraph_text": "Infants as young as 1 month perceive some speech sounds as speech categories (they display categorical perception of speech). For example, the sounds / b / and / p / differ in the amount of breathiness that follows the opening of the lips. Using a computer generated continuum in breathiness between / b / and / p /, Eimas et al. (1971) showed that English - learning infants paid more attention to differences near the boundary between / b / and / p / than to equal - sized differences within the / b / - category or within the / p / - category. Their measure, monitoring infant sucking - rate, became a major experimental method for studying infant speech perception."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "P&O Cruises", "paragraph_text": "Ship Class Built Entered service for P&O Gross Tonnage Flag Notes Image Oriana 1995 1995 -- present 02 69,153 GT Bermuda Currently the oldest vessel sailing in P&O Cruises, Refitted in 2011 and 2016 Aurora 2000 2000 -- present 03 76,152 GT Bermuda Refitted in 2014. Oceana Sun - class 2000 2002 -- present 04 77,499 GT Bermuda Originally Ocean Princess for Princess Cruises, Refitted in 2012. Adonia R Class 2011 - 2016, 2017 - present 30,277 GT Bermuda Built as the last of eight R class ships for Renaissance Cruises. Sailed as Fathom Adonia from 2016 to 2017, will leave the P&O Cruises fleet in 2018. Arcadia Vista - class 2005 2005 -- present 05 84,342 GT (post 2013 refit) Bermuda Originally Intended for Holland America Line; was transferred to Cunard Line; Originally ordered as Queen Victoria for Cunard Line; transferred to P&O during construction. Refitted in 2008. Ventura Grand - class 2008 2008 -- present 07 116,017 GT Bermuda The second - largest cruise ship to enter service with P&O Cruises. Refitted in 2013. Azura Grand - class 2010 -- present 06 115,000 GT Bermuda Has a modified stern. Refitted in 2015. Britannia Royal class 2015 2015 -- present 141,000 GT UK Currently the largest cruise ship to be built for the UK market and for P&O."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Khandavideko Mamsavideko", "paragraph_text": "Khandavideko Mamsavideko (Kannada: \u0c96\u0c82\u0ca1\u0cb5\u0cbf\u0ca6\u0cc6\u0c95\u0ccb \u0cae\u0cbe\u0c82\u0cb8\u0cb5\u0cbf\u0ca6\u0cc6\u0c95\u0ccb) is a 1979 Indian Kannada film, directed by P. Lankesh and produced by Prabhakar Reddy, P. Lankesh, B. S. Somasundar and K. S. L. Swamy (Ravi). The film stars Roopa, Jayamala, Suresh Heblikar and Kantharaj in lead roles. The film had musical score by Rajeev Tharanath."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tommy Tucker's Tooth", "paragraph_text": "Tommy Tucker's Tooth is an animated short film by Walt Disney at his short-lived Laugh-O-Grams studio in Kansas City from 1922. The format was black and white, and without sound."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Limit of a function", "paragraph_text": "respectively. If these limits exist at p and are equal there, then this can be referred to as the limit of f (x) at p. If the one - sided limits exist at p, but are unequal, there is no limit at p (the limit at p does not exist). If either one - sided limit does not exist at p, the limit at p does not exist."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (circa 325\u2013320 BC) have survived. In the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanik\u0113 n\u0113sos, \"the British Island\", and Prettanoi, \"the Britons\". Strabo used \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (Brettanike), and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, used \u03b1\u1f31 \u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 (the Prettanic Isles) to refer to the islands. Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the \u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af (Priteni or Pretani). The shift from the \"P\" of Pretannia to the \"B\" of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "P&O European Ferries", "paragraph_text": "P&O European Ferries (formerly Townsend Thoresen), a division of P&O Ferries, was a ferry company which operated in the English Channel from 1987 after the \"Herald of Free Enterprise\" disaster, when \"Townsend Thoresen\" was renamed \"P&O European Ferries\", until 1999 when the Portsmouth Operations became P&O Portsmouth and the Dover Operations were merged with Stena Line AB to make P&O Stena Line."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aahat", "paragraph_text": "Aahat (English: \"An approaching sound\") is an Indian thriller/horror television anthology series created by B. P. Singh for Sony Entertainment Television. The series premiered on 12 October 1995. The episodes of first, second and fifth seasons were half-hourly, while episodes of third, fourth and sixth seasons were one-hourly. Om Puri, Mandira Bedi, Tom Alter, Ashutosh Rana, Shivaji Satham, Virendra Saxena have starred in the show. Canadian actor, Remi Kaler also worked in the series in 1999 and 2000. The sixth season premiered on Wednesday, 18 February 2015, starring Shakti Anand and ended on 4 August 2015."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Other Side (Woodson book)", "paragraph_text": "The Other Side is a children's picture book written by Jacqueline Woodson and illustrated by E. B. Lewis, published in 2001 by G. P. Putnam's Sons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hansen's problem", "paragraph_text": "Hansen's problem is a problem in planar surveying, named after the astronomer Peter Andreas Hansen (1795\u20131874), who worked on the geodetic survey of Denmark. There are two known points \"A\" and \"B\", and two unknown points \"P\" and \"P\". From \"P\" and \"P\" an observer measures the angles made by the lines of sight to each of the other three points. The problem is to find the positions of \"P\" and \"P\". See figure; the angles measured are\u00a0(\"\u03b1\",\u00a0\"\u03b2\",\u00a0\"\u03b1\",\u00a0\"\u03b2\")."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alex Candelario", "paragraph_text": "Alex Canderlario (born February 26, 1975) is an American cyclist. He is a member of the team Optum p/b Kelly Benefit Strategies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ponmana Selvan", "paragraph_text": "Ponmana Selvan is a 1989 Tamil drama film, directed by P. Vasu. The film features Vijayakanth, Shobana, Vidhyashree, Gemini Ganesan and B. Saroja Devi in the lead roles."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Douglas Williams (sound engineer)", "paragraph_text": "Douglas O. Williams (July 29, 1917 \u2013 January 31, 1993) was an American sound engineer. He won an Academy Award for Best Sound and was nominated for three more in the same category."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aspirated consonant", "paragraph_text": "Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p p\u02b0 b b\u02b1/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p p\u02b0 b/."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay on Puget Sound)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "P-800 Oniks", "paragraph_text": "The P-800 Oniks (; ), also known in export markets as Yakhont (; ), is a Soviet / Russian supersonic anti-ship cruise missile developed by NPO Mashinostroyeniya as a ramjet version of P-80 Zubr. Its GRAU designation is 3M55, the air launched Kh-61 variant also exists. The missile has the NATO reporting codename SS-N-26 \"Strobile\". Development officially started in 1983, and in the 1990s the anti-ship missile was tested on the Project 1234.7 ship. In 2002 the missile passed the whole range of trials and was commissioned. It is reportedly a replacement of the P-270 Moskit, but possibly also of the P-700 Granit. The P-800 was used as the basis for the joint Russian-Indian supersonic missile BrahMos."}], "question": "When did the \"P\" sound of Pretannia change to the \"B\" sound of the name of the biggest p and o ship?"}
{"id": "2hop__460275_302948", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pennsylvania Route 254", "paragraph_text": "Pennsylvania Route 254 (PA 254) is a state highway located in Northumberland, Montour, and Columbia counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 405 in Milton. The eastern terminus is at PA 487 near Benton."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Lebanon, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "New Lebanon is a borough in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 205 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pa Maretu Ariki", "paragraph_text": "Pa Maretu Ariki (1848 \u2013 1906) was a sovereign of the Cook Islands. He was the \"ariki\" of the \"Pa\" dynasty, one of the two chiefdoms of the \"Takitumu\" tribe on the island of Rarotonga."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pennsylvania Route 128", "paragraph_text": "Pennsylvania Route 128 (PA 128) is a state highway located in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 356 in Freeport. The northern terminus is at PA 66 in Ford City."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Panasuyo", "paragraph_text": "He sings on \"Tango del Pecado\" by Calle 13, which also features Gustavo Santaolalla and his group Bajofondo. Panasuyo also produced \"La Era de la Copiaera\" on the same album."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pa' Bailar", "paragraph_text": "\"Pa' Bailar\" is an instrumental neotango song by Bajofondo, and the lead single from their second studio album \"Mar Dulce\". This song features Japanese bandoneonist Ry\u014dta Komatsu. The song is used as the theme of the Brazilian telenovela \"A Favorita\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Martinsburg, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Martinsburg is a borough in the Morrisons Cove section of Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,958 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Altoona, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "PA-8000", "paragraph_text": "The PA-8000 (PCX-U), code-named \"Onyx\", is a microprocessor developed and fabricated by Hewlett-Packard (HP) that implemented the PA-RISC 2.0 instruction set architecture (ISA). It was a completely new design with no circuitry derived from previous PA-RISC microprocessors. The PA-8000 was introduced on 2 November 1995 when shipments began to members of the Precision RISC Organization (PRO). It was used exclusively by PRO members and was not sold on the merchant market. All follow-on PA-8x00 processors (PA-8200 to PA-8900, described further below) are based on the basic PA-8000 processor core."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pa Daet Subdistrict", "paragraph_text": "Pa Daet () is a village and \"tambon\" (subdistrict) of Pa Daet District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a total population of 6504 people. The \"tambon\" contains 12 villages."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pennsylvania Route 436", "paragraph_text": "Pennsylvania Route 436 (PA 436) is a state highway located in Jefferson county in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at US 119 near Punxsutawney. The northern terminus is at PA 36 in Punxsutawney. PA 436 was assigned in the 1928 numbering of roads in Pennsylvania and not paved until 1932. The road's other lone major intersection on PA 436 is for Jefferson SR 3012. The route is highly elevated for most of its length, reaching as high as ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pennsylvania Route 143", "paragraph_text": "Pennsylvania Route 143 (PA 143) is a state highway in Pennsylvania. It runs from PA 662 in Richmond Township, Berks County northeast to PA 309 near New Tripoli in Lehigh County. The route passes through rural areas, intersecting Interstate 78 (I-78)/U.S. Route 22 (US 22) in Lenhartsville, PA 737 near Kempton, and PA 863 in Lynnport. What is now PA 143 north of Lenhartsville was originally designated Legislative Route 285 in 1911. PA 143 was designated to in 1928 to run from PA 43 in Lenhartsville to PA 29 near New Tripoli. The route was extended slightly east through New Tripoli by 1940 following a realignment of PA 29. PA 143 was extended south to PA 662 in 1962."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pennsylvania Route 320", "paragraph_text": "Pennsylvania Route 320 (PA 320) is a north\u2013south state highway in southeastern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the long route is at PA 291 in Chester. The northern terminus is at PA 23 in Swedeland. The route passes through suburban areas in Delaware and Montgomery counties to the west of Philadelphia, serving Swarthmore, Springfield, Broomall, Villanova, and Gulph Mills. PA 320 intersects many important highways including U.S. Route 13 (US 13) and Interstate 95 (I-95) in Chester, US 1 in Springfield, US 30 in Villanova, and I-76 in Gulph Mills. PA 320 runs parallel to I-476 (Blue Route) for much of its length and crosses it four times. Even though there are no direct interchanges between I-476 and PA 320, several roads that intersect PA 320 provide access to I-476."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hubbard, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Hubbard is a city in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. It is formed from part of Hubbard Township, which was formed from the Connecticut Western Reserve. The population was 7,874 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pas de deux", "paragraph_text": "The ballets of the late 19th Century -- particularly of those of Marius Petipa -- introduced the concept of the grand pas de deux, which often served as the climax of a scene or an entire performance. This involved a consistent format of entr\u00e9e and adagio by a pair of leading male and female dancers, followed by virtuosic solos (first by the male and then the female) and a finale. During the 20th century, the grand pas de deux became more integrated with the story of the ballet, with increasingly acrobatic content."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canton of Vitry-en-Artois", "paragraph_text": "The Canton of Vitry-en-Artois is a former canton situated in the department of the Pas-de-Calais and in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gardnertown, New York", "paragraph_text": "Gardnertown is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 4,373 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Poughkeepsie\u2013Newburgh\u2013Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York\u2013Newark\u2013Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pastra Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Pastra Glacier (, \u2018Lednik Pastra\u2019 \\'led-nik 'pa-stra\\) is a 4.8 km long and 2 km wide glacier in the central part of Trinity Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Draining northwards to flow into Milburn Bay."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Heidelberg Township, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Heidelberg Township is a township in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,069 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Lebanon, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "West Farmington, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "West Farmington is a village in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States, along the Grand River. The population was 499 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yankee Lake, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Yankee Lake is a village in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The population was 79 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}], "question": "Who is part of the the group that recorded 'Pa' Bailar'?"}
{"id": "2hop__157040_236288", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ray Dolby", "paragraph_text": "Ray Milton Dolby (; January 18, 1933\u00a0\u2013 September 12, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor of the noise reduction system known as Dolby NR. He helped develop the video tape recorder while at Ampex and was the founder of Dolby Laboratories."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dagmar Dolby", "paragraph_text": "Dagmar Dolby is the widow of the surround sound pioneer Ray Dolby, who died in 2013. According to \"Forbes\", she has a net worth of $4.1 billion in January 2018."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nordstrom Sisters", "paragraph_text": "Dagmar Nordstrom (1903 \u2013 1976) the younger of the two sisters was a composer, arranger and the pianist of the duo. She wrote the music of \"Remembering You\", a fox trot popular in the 1940s and released on records."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019 film)", "paragraph_text": "Godzilla: King of the Monsters is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 31, 2019, in 2D, 3D, Dolby Cinema and IMAX."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dagmar Neubauer", "paragraph_text": "Dagmar Neubauer ( R\u00fcbsam, born 3 June 1962 in Suhl) is a retired German sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bonds of Honor", "paragraph_text": "Bonds of Honor is a 1919 American silent film directed by William Worthington. Sessue Hayakawa's Haworth Pictures Corporation produced the film and he himself played the leading roles along with his wife Tsuru Aoki. Marin Sais, Dagmar Godowsky, Herschel Mayall, Toyo Fujita and M. Foshida also appeared in the film."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Astronauts & Heretics", "paragraph_text": "Astronauts & Heretics, released in 1992, was the fourth studio album by Thomas Dolby. It was Dolby's last studio album until 2011's \"A Map Of The Floating City\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "LaserDisc", "paragraph_text": "In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal. By the late 1990s with LaserDisc players and disc sales declining due to DVD's growing popularity the AV receiver manufacturers removed the demodulator circuit. Although DVD players were capable of playing Dolby Digital tracks, the signal out of DVD player were not in a modulated form and not compatible with the inputs designed for LaserDisc AC-3. Outboard demodulators were available for a period that convert the AC-3 signal to standard Dolby Digital signal that was compatible with the standard Dolby Digital/PCM inputs on capable AV receivers. Another type marketed by Onkyo and others converted the RF AC-3 signal to 6-channel analog audio."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Martin Cooper (inventor)", "paragraph_text": "Martin Cooper Martin Cooper in 2010 (1928 - 12 - 26) December 26, 1928 (age 89) Chicago, Illinois, United States Residence Del Mar, California, United States Nationality American Education Illinois Institute of Technology (B.S.E.E.; M.S.E.E.) Occupation Inventor Entrepreneur Executive Employer Motorola Founder & CEO of ArrayComm Co-Founder & Chairman of Dyna LLC Known for Inventing handheld cellular mobile phone making world's first handheld cellular mobile phone call. Spouse (s) Arlene Harris (m. 1991) Awards Marconi Prize (2013) Website www.dynallc.com"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dagmar Metzger", "paragraph_text": "Dagmar Metzger (born 10 December 1958 in Berlin) is a German lawyer and politician, and a former member of the Parliament of Hesse for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Satya Nadella", "paragraph_text": "Satya Nadella Satya Nadella in 2017 Bukkapuram Nadella Satyanarayana (1967 - 08 - 19) 19 August 1967 (age 50) Hyderabad, Telangana, India Citizenship United States Alma mater Manipal Institute of Technology (B.E. - Electrical Engineering) University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee (M.S.) University of Chicago (MBA) Occupation CEO of Microsoft Corp (2014 -- present) Employer Microsoft (1992 -- present) Salary $84.3 million (2018) Net worth $1.34 billion (January 2018) Board member of Starbucks Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Spouse (s) Anupama Priya Nadella (m. 1992) Children Website Satya Nadella - Microsoft.com"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "D\u00eda a D\u00eda con Raymond y Dagmar", "paragraph_text": "D\u00eda a D\u00eda con Raymond y Dagmar is a variety program at 2:00 pm on WKAQ-TV Telemundo Puerto Rico with Raymond Arrieta and Dagmar."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ready Money (film)", "paragraph_text": "Ready Money is a 1914 American comedy silent film directed by Oscar Apfel and written by James Montgomery. The film stars Edward Abeles, Monroe Salisbury, Jode Mullally, Jane Darwell, Bessie Barriscale and Florence Dagmar. The film was released on November 5, 1914, by Paramount Pictures."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}], "question": "Who was the employer of Dagmar Dolby's spouse?"}
{"id": "2hop__802071_120325", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Back to the Future", "paragraph_text": "When the film was released on VHS in 1986, Universal added a ``To be continued... ''graphic at the end to increase awareness of production on Part II. This caption is omitted on the film's DVD release in 2002 and on subsequent Blu - ray and DVD releases."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Anno Domini", "paragraph_text": "This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor, but was not widely used until after 800."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia's an annualized unemployment rate was 7.8% in 2014, down from 10.0%the previous year. This is higher than the national average of 6.2%. Similarly, the rate of new jobs added to the city's economy lagged behind the national job growth. In 2014, about 8,800 jobs were added to the city's economy. Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services. Declines were seen in the city's manufacturing and government sectors."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Air Department", "paragraph_text": "Originally, British naval aviation came under the authority of the Commander-in-Chief, The Nore. In February 1915, the RNAS was placed under the command of the Director of the Air Department (Captain Murray Sueter), although disciplinary powers over RNAS personnel were not granted to the Director. In July 1915 a further reorganization occurred when the post of Director of the Air Department was abolished and replaced with that of the Director of the Air Service (Rear-Admiral Charles Vaughan-Lee)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Goods and services tax (Canada)", "paragraph_text": "The Goods and Services Tax (GST) (French: taxe sur les produits et services, TPS) is a multi-level value added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991, by then - Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and his finance minister Michael Wilson. The GST replaced a hidden 13.5% manufacturers' sales tax (MST); Mulroney claimed the GST was implemented because the MST was hindering the manufacturing sector's ability to export competitively. The introduction of the GST was very controversial. The GST rate is 5%, effective January 1, 2008."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wind power by country", "paragraph_text": "Since 2010 more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven by the continuing boom in China and India. At the end of 2015, China had 145 GW of wind power installed. In 2015, China installed close to half of the world's added wind power capacity."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mahindra Tractors", "paragraph_text": "Mahindra Tractors is an international farm equipment manufacturer of Mahindra & Mahindra. In 2010, Mahindra became the world's highest - selling tractor brand by volume. Mahindra's largest consumer base is in India, China, North America, and a growing market in Australia. The company is the largest manufacturer in India and has the capacity to build 150,000 tractors a year."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Romulus Augustulus", "paragraph_text": "Romulus Augustus (Latin: Romulus Augustus; born c. AD 460 -- died after AD 476, and was apparently still alive as late as 507) was a Roman emperor and alleged usurper who ruled the Western Roman Empire from 31 October AD 475 until 4 September AD 476. His deposition by Odoacer traditionally marks the end of the Roman Empire in the West, the fall of ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Western Europe."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "AD Navyplane", "paragraph_text": "The AD Navyplane was designed by the British Admiralty's Air Department as a reconnaissance aircraft for use during World War I. Performance of the prototype was so disappointing that plans to produce it were cancelled almost immediately."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Livilla", "paragraph_text": "In the same year, Livilla married her cousin Drusus Julius Caesar (Drusus the Younger), the son of Tiberius. When Tiberius succeeded Augustus as Emperor in AD 14, Livilla again was the wife of a potential successor. Drusus and Livilla had three children, a daughter named Julia Livia in around AD 7 and twin brothers in AD 19: Germanicus Gemellus who died in 23, and Tiberius Gemellus who survived infancy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fiscal year", "paragraph_text": "In Australia, a fiscal year is commonly called a ``financial year ''(FY) and starts on 1 July and ends on the next 30 June. Financial years are designated by the calendar year of the second half of the period. For example, financial year 2017 is the 12 - month period ending on 30 June 2017 and can be referred to as FY2016 / 17. It is used for official purposes, by individual taxpayers and by the overwhelming majority of business enterprises. Business enterprises may opt to use a financial year that ends at the end of a week (e.g., 52 or 53 weeks in length, and therefore is not exactly one calendar year in length), or opt for its financial year to end on a date that matches the reporting cycle of its foreign parent. All entities within the one group must use the same financial year."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "February 29", "paragraph_text": "February 29, also known as leap day or leap year day, is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4, such as 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, and 2024. A leap day is added in various solar calendars (calendars based on the Earth's revolution around the Sun), including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world. Lunisolar calendars (whose months are based on the phases of the Moon) instead add a leap or intercalary month."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90\u2013c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Little Mikey", "paragraph_text": "Little Mikey was a fictional boy played by John Gilchrist in an American television commercial promoting Quaker Oats' breakfast cereal Life. The ad was created by art director Bob Gage, who also directed the commercial. and copywriter Edyth Vaughn ``Edie ''Stevenson of the Doyle Dane Bernbach agency, It first aired in 1972. The popular ad campaign featuring Mikey remained in regular rotation for more than 12 years and ended up as one of the longest continuously running commercial campaigns ever aired."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Toilet paper", "paragraph_text": "The use of paper for hygiene has been recorded in China in the 6th century AD, with specifically manufactured toilet paper being mass - produced in the 14th century. Modern commercial toilet paper originated in the 19th century, with a patent for roll - based dispensers being made in 1883."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182\u2013252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161\u2013223 AD) dominating the west. Cao Cao died in March 220 AD. By December his son Cao Pi (187\u2013226 AD) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei. This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tower Hill State Park", "paragraph_text": "Tower Hill State Park is a state park of Wisconsin, United States, which contains the reconstructed Helena Shot Tower. The original shot tower was completed in 1832 and manufactured lead shot until 1860. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The park abuts the Wisconsin River and is bordered by state-owned land comprising the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tibetan calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Tibetan calendar () is a lunisolar calendar, that is, the Tibetan year is composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months, each beginning and ending with a new moon. A thirteenth month is added every two or three years, so that an average Tibetan year is equal to the solar year."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "APC Talha", "paragraph_text": "Talha is an armoured personnel carrier (APC) designed and manufactured in Pakistan by APC Factory of Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT). The vehicle is based on the M113-A2-Mk.1 APC. The Pakistan Army plans to deploy 2,000 Talha APCs by year 2010. TALHA is an all terrain, amphibious infantry support vehicle with 12.7\u00a0mm machine gun as its main armament. Adequate crew compartment space provides excellent crew comfort. Survivability is enhanced through use of external fuel tanks. Various forms of bolt-on armour can be added to increase armour protection of the vehicle."}], "question": "What year did the department that manufactured the AD Navyplane end?"}
{"id": "2hop__161363_153563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Client List (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Client List is an American television drama series based on the 2010 television film of the same name, which aired on the Lifetime network. The series stars Jennifer Love Hewitt, who starred in the film, though she plays a different character in a premise that is slightly different from the film. The series premiered on Sunday, April 8, 2012."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Goodbye, Sarah Jane Smith", "paragraph_text": "Goodbye, Sarah Jane Smith is a two-part story of \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\" which was broadcast on CBBC on 15 and 16 November 2010. It is the sixth and final story of the fourth series and is also the last to feature the robot dog K9."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jane Mancini", "paragraph_text": "Jane Andrews (previously Mancini, McBride and again Mancini), played by Josie Bissett, is a fictional character from the 1990s prime time soap opera \"Melrose Place\" and the 2009 series of the same name."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Leela (Futurama)", "paragraph_text": "Leela, full name Turanga Leela, is a fictional character from the animated television series Futurama. Leela is spaceship captain, pilot, and head of all aviation services on board the Planet Express Ship. Throughout the series, she has an on - again, off - again relationship with Philip J. Fry, the central character in the series and becomes the mother to Kif's Offspring. The character, voiced by Katey Sagal, is named after the Turangal\u00eela - Symphonie by Olivier Messiaen. She is one of the few characters in the cast to routinely display competence and the ability to command, and routinely saves the rest of the cast from disaster, but suffers extreme self - doubt because she has only one eye and grew up as a bullied orphan. She first believes herself an alien but later is revealed to be the least - mutated sewer mutant in the history of 31st - century Earth. Her family (particularly her parents' accent and ``outcast ''status) parodies aspects of pollution and undesirability associated with industrial New Jersey when compared with New York City. Interestingly, she had a race horse named after her by Eventmasters Racing back in 2016."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Michael Scott (The Office)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Gary Scott is a fictional character on NBC's The Office, portrayed by Steve Carell and based on David Brent from the British version of the program. Michael is the central character of the series, serving as the Regional Manager of the Scranton branch of a paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin Inc. from seasons 1 through 7. However, he leaves Dunder Mifflin temporarily to form the Michael Scott Paper Company with Pam and Ryan toward the end of the 5th season and shares a co-managerial position with Jim Halpert during a 6th season arc from ``The Meeting ''to`` The Manager and the Salesman''. In the end of the 7th season, he proposes to HR representative Holly Flax and moves to Colorado to take care of her aging parents, leaving the manager position to Deangelo Vickers in ``Goodbye, Michael '', to Andy Bernard in season 8 after Vickers becomes brain dead, and ultimately to Dwight Schrute in season 9."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "King Ezekiel", "paragraph_text": "King Ezekiel is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and the television series of the same name, where he is portrayed by Khary Payton."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dale Horvath", "paragraph_text": "Dale Horvath is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Jeffrey DeMunn in the American television series of the same name. The character's death in the latter half of the second season of the show marks a significant departure from the comics, where Dale survived much longer. In both media, he is shown to be the group's primary moral center."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Donna Culver Krebbs", "paragraph_text": "Donna Culver Krebbs (maiden name McCullum) is a fictional character in the popular American television series \"Dallas\", played by Susan Howard from 1979 to 1987."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Negan", "paragraph_text": "Negan is a fictional character in the comic book series The Walking Dead and in the television series of the same name. He is the leader of a group of roughly 500 survivors in The Sanctuary, called the Saviors, a group that trades with others. In the comics, the character's appearance is based on Henry Rollins, as confirmed by Charlie Adlard; Robert Kirkman worked in his excessive use of profanity, derived from other people he knew. Jeffrey Dean Morgan portrays Negan in the television series of the same name and first appeared in the series' sixth season finale."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hububb", "paragraph_text": "Hububb is a Children's Television program broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom, it was named after Les Bubb who also played the title character with the same name. The show ran from 1997 until 2001. Five series of the show were made."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen", "paragraph_text": "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen is a television film that served as the 256th and final episode of the American television series M * A * S * H. Closing out the series' 11th season, the 2 hour episode first aired on CBS on February 28, 1983, ending the series' original run. The episode was written by a large number of collaborators, including series star Alan Alda, who also directed."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cruel Intentions 3", "paragraph_text": "Cruel Intentions 3 is a 2004 American teen drama film directed by Scott Ziehl and released direct-to-video in 2004. Despite its name, the film has almost no relation to the previous films in the series, except for the shared themes and the lead character in this film, Cassidy Merteuil, who is a cousin of one of the characters from the first film, Kathryn Merteuil."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jerry Gergich", "paragraph_text": "Jerry Gergich is a character in the TV series Parks and Recreation, portrayed by Jim O'Heir. From season 1 to season 6 he is referred to as Jerry (even suggesting his mother called him ``Gerald ''), for which reason the character is usually referred to by this name in external media; for most of season 6 he is called Larry; from the end of season 6 through much of season 7 he is called Terry; and only near the end of the series is his true name restored: Garry."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Addio, addio", "paragraph_text": "\"Addio, addio\" (English translation: \"Goodbye, Goodbye\") was the Italian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1962, performed in Italian by Claudio Villa."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "S1ngles", "paragraph_text": "From October 2007 until February 2008 the series were named as S1ngles 2\u00bd, since the stories of the second season didn't come to a close yet. In February 2008 the first episode of the S1ngles 3 chapter introduced new characters and storylines."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Negan", "paragraph_text": "Negan is a fictional character in the comic book series The Walking Dead and in the television series of the same name. He is the leader of a group of roughly 500 survivors in the Sanctuary, called the Saviors, a group that enslaves other survivor communities, and forces them to pay tribute to him. In the comics, the character's appearance is based on Henry Rollins, as confirmed by Charlie Adlard; Robert Kirkman worked in his excessive use of profanity, derived from other people he knew. Jeffrey Dean Morgan portrays Negan in the television series of the same name and first appeared in the series' sixth season finale."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elisabeth Sladen", "paragraph_text": "In 1973, Doctor Who actress Katy Manning, who was playing the Third Doctor's assistant Jo Grant opposite Jon Pertwee, was leaving the series; Z-Cars producer Ron Craddock gave Sladen an enthusiastic recommendation to Doctor Who producer Barry Letts. Sladen arrived at the audition not knowing it was for the new companion role, and was amazed at Letts's thoroughness. She was introduced to Pertwee, whom she found intimidating at the time. As she chatted with Letts and Pertwee, each time she turned to look at one of them the other would signal a thumbs-up. The role of Sarah Jane Smith was originally given to comic actress April Walker, but allegedly during rehearsals for debut story The Time Warrior, doubts over the pairing of Walker and Pertwee surfaced and the part was re-cast to Sladen.She stayed on Doctor Who for three-and-a-half seasons, alongside Pertwee as the Third Doctor and Tom Baker as the Fourth. She returned to the character of Sarah Jane Smith on several later occasions. In 1981, new Doctor Who producer John Nathan-Turner asked her to return to the series to ease the transition between Tom Baker and new Doctor Peter Davison. She declined but accepted his second offer of doing a pilot for a spin-off series called K-9 and Company, co-starring K-9, the robot dog from Doctor Who. However, the pilot was not picked up for a series. Two years later Sladen appeared in the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors.She reprised the role in the 1993 Children in Need special Dimensions in Time, and in the 1995 independently produced video Downtime alongside former co-star Nicholas Courtney as Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart and Deborah Watling as Victoria Waterfield. This was her last on-screen appearance as Sarah Jane Smith for some time."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Negan", "paragraph_text": "Negan is a fictional character in the comic book series The Walking Dead and in the television series of the same name. He is the leader of a group of roughly 1,000 survivors in the Sanctuary, called the Saviors, a group that oppresses other survivor communities and forces them to pay tribute to him. In the comics, the character's appearance is based on Henry Rollins, as confirmed by Charlie Adlard; Robert Kirkman worked in his excessive use of profanity, derived from other people he knew. Jeffrey Dean Morgan portrays Negan in the television series of the same name and first appeared in the series' sixth season finale."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Felix Leiter", "paragraph_text": "Felix Leiter is a fictional character created by Ian Fleming in the James Bond series. The character is an operative for the CIA and Bond's friend. After losing a leg and his hand to a shark attack, Leiter joined the Pinkerton Detective Agency. The name ``Felix ''comes from the middle name of Fleming's friend Ivar Bryce, while the name`` Leiter'' was the surname of Fleming's friend Marion Oates Leiter Charles, then wife of Thomas Leiter."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Secret Seven", "paragraph_text": "The names Secret Seven and Famous Five had already been used by author Charles Hamilton, under the pen - name Frank Richards, in his long - running series of stories featuring Billy Bunter and Greyfriars School. The Secret Seven was the name of a secret society that featured in a series of eleven stories published in The Magnet magazine in 1934; the term ``Famous Five ''dates from 1910 and is applied to a group of the leading characters."}], "question": "What series is Goodbye followed by the character's name from?"}
{"id": "2hop__236331_271156", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nick Fallon", "paragraph_text": "Nick Fallon Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Blake Berris Duration 2006 -- 09, 2012 -- 14 First appearance November 7, 2006 Last appearance May 12, 2014 Created by Hogan Sheffer Meg Kelly Introduced by Ken Corday Stephen Wyman Classification Former, regular Profile Occupation Researcher for Mad World Cosmetics (2014) Freelance consultant for Mad World Cosmetics (2014) Associate for Mad World Cosmetics (2013) Dishwasher at the Brady Pub (2012) Associate Professor at Salem University Salem Hospital Lab Technician Worker for the Horton Foundation at Salem University Hospital show Family Family Horton Parents Joshua Fallon Jessica Blake Spouse Cassandra Arvin (2007) Gabi Hernandez (2013) Grandparents John Talbot Sunny Chisholm Alex Marshall Marie Horton Aunts and uncles Tod Chandler"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ann Perkins", "paragraph_text": "Ann Perkins Parks and Recreation character First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Ann and Chris'' (regular) ``One Last Ride ''(guest appearance) Portrayed by Rashida Jones Information Occupation Nurse Health Department Public Relations Director of Pawnee, Indiana Spouse (s) Chris Traeger Children Oliver Perkins - Traeger Leslie Perkins - Traeger"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Web browser", "paragraph_text": "The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Being in the World", "paragraph_text": "Being in the World is a 2010 documentary film directed by Tao Ruspoli. The film is based on Martin Heidegger's philosophy and is inspired by Hubert Dreyfus. It features a number of prominent philosophers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Don Draper", "paragraph_text": "Don Draper Mad Men character Jon Hamm as Don Draper First appearance ``Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ''(1.01) Last appearance`` Person to Person'' (7.14) Created by Matthew Weiner Portrayed by Jon Hamm Brandon Killham (Young Dick Whitman) Information Full name Donald Francis Draper Nickname (s) Don, Dick Aliases Richard Whitman (birth name) Occupation Senior Partner and Creative Director, Sterling Cooper & Partners (season 6 -- present; End of Season 7 Part 1 for Creative Director) Founding Partner, Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (seasons 4 -- 6) Creative Director, Sterling Cooper (seasons 1 -- 3) Family Archibald Whitman Evangeline Abigail Whitman (stepmother) Uncle Mac (stepfather) Spouse (s) Megan Calvet (1965 -- 1970) Betty Hofstadt (1953 -- 1964) Anna M. Draper (widow of real Don Draper, div. 1953) Children Sally Beth Draper (daughter) Robert ``Bobby ''Draper (son) Eugene Scott Draper (son) Relatives Adam Whitman (half brother)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fix (film)", "paragraph_text": "Fix is a 2008 feature film directed by Tao Ruspoli starring Shawn Andrews, Olivia Wilde, Megalyn Echikunwoke, Tao Ruspoli, Dedee Pfeiffer and Andrew Fiscella."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beatrix Ruf", "paragraph_text": "Beatrix Ruf (born 1960, Singen, Germany) is a German art curator who held the position of director of the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam between November 2014 and October 2017. Formerly she was director of the Kunsthalle Zurich. She is associate editor for JRP-Ringier, works with the LUMA Foundation and is the artistic director of the Ringier Collection. In 2012, she was listed in the top ten of the most influential people in the art world by \"ArtReview\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Konrad Becker", "paragraph_text": "Konrad Becker (born January 9, 1959 in Vienna) is a hypermedia researcher and interdisciplinary content developer, director of the Institute for New Culture Technologies-t0 and initiator of Public Netbase and  World-Information.Org."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of show business families", "paragraph_text": "Actress / director / singer Phylicia Rash\u0101d is the older sister of performer Debbie Allen, who is married to former NBA basketball player, Norm Nixon. Phylicia Rash\u0101d is the former spouse of both Victor Willis, former lead singer of the group Village People, and former NFL football player turned sportscaster, Ahmad Rash\u0101d. Phylicia and Ahmad Rash\u0101d are the parents of actress Condola Rash\u0101d."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Madison James", "paragraph_text": "Madison James Days of our Lives character Portrayed by Sarah Joy Brown Duration 2011 -- 12 First appearance October 4, 2011 (2011 - 10 - 04) Last appearance August 15, 2012 (2012 - 08 - 15) Created by Marlene Clark Poulter and Darrell Ray Thomas, Jr. Introduced by Ken Corday, Noel Maxam and Greg Meng Classification Former, regular Profile Other names Madison McEntyre Occupation CEO of Mad World Cosmetics Residence Deceased show Family Siblings Becky (sister) Spouse Ian McAllister"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Galina Volchek", "paragraph_text": "Galina Volchek is a daughter of the cameraman and director Boris Volchek. After finishing the Moscow Art Theatre School (1955, Karev course) she co-founded the Sovremennik Theatre, together with Igor Kvasha, Oleg Tabakov, Oleg Yefremov and Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev. Since 1972 she has been the chief director of the theater, and since 1989 its artistic director. Volchek has directed over thirty productions. Among them are Russian and world classics, works of contemporary domestic and foreign authors."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jerry O'Connell", "paragraph_text": "Jerry O'Connell O'Connell in June 2013 Jeremiah O'Connell (1974 - 02 - 17) February 17, 1974 (age 44) Manhattan, New York City, U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actor, director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse (s) Rebecca Romijn (m. 2007) Children Relatives Charlie O'Connell (brother)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "George Stephanopoulos", "paragraph_text": "George Stephanopoulos Senior Advisor to the President In office June 7, 1993 -- December 10, 1996 President Bill Clinton Preceded by Bruce Lindsey Succeeded by Sidney Blumenthal White House Director of Communications In office January 20, 1993 -- June 7, 1993 President Bill Clinton Preceded by Margaret Tutwiler Succeeded by Mark Gearan Personal details George Robert Stephanopoulos (1961 - 02 - 10) February 10, 1961 (age 57) Fall River, Massachusetts, U.S. Political party Democratic Spouse (s) Alexandra Wentworth (m. 2001) Children Education Columbia University (BA) Balliol College, Oxford (MA) Website Official website"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Patrick Sookhdeo", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Sookhdeo (born 20 March 1947) is the director of the Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity and was for 22 years International Director of the Barnabas Fund. Sookhdeo is an outspoken spokesman for persecuted Christian minorities around the world. He has made many media appearances in Great Britain and is an advocate for human rights and freedom of religion."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Care of Footpath", "paragraph_text": "C/o Footpath (or Care of Footpath) is the first film produced by the Kiran Movie Makers of Bangalore, India. It was directed by the world's youngest film director, Guinness Record Holder Kishan Shrikanth."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "World Bank", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Bank is the president of the entire World Bank Group. The president, currently Jim Yong Kim, is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Boards of Directors and for overall management of the Bank. Traditionally, the President of the Bank has always been a US citizen nominated by the United States, the largest shareholder in the bank (the managing director of the International Monetary Fund having always been a European). The nominee is subject to confirmation by the Board of Executive Directors, to serve for a five - year, renewable term. While most World Bank presidents have had banking experience, some have not."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World (2015). Directed by J.A. Bayona, it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series, as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy. Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers, with Trevorrow and the original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg as executive producers."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the director of Being in the World?"}
{"id": "2hop__155851_646519", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pietro Longhi", "paragraph_text": "Pietro Longhi was born in Venice in the parish of Saint Maria, first child of the silversmith Alessandro Falca and his wife, Antonia. He adopted the Longhi last name when he began to paint. He was initially taught by the Veronese painter Antonio Balestra, who then recommended the young painter to apprentice with the Bolognese Giuseppe Maria Crespi, who was highly regarded in his day for both religious and genre painting and was influenced by the work of Dutch painters. Longhi returned to Venice before 1732. He was married in 1732 to Caterina Maria Rizzi, by whom he had eleven children (only three of which reached the age of maturity)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Infanta Mar\u00eda Teresa of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (; 12 November 1882 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain \u2013 23 September 1912 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain) was the second eldest child and daughter of Alfonso XII of Spain and his second wife Maria Christina of Austria. Maria Teresa was an Infanta of Spain and a member of the House of Bourbon by birth."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pope Clement XIV", "paragraph_text": "Ganganelli was born in Santarcangelo di Romagna in 1705 as the second child of Lorenzo Ganganelli and Angela Serafina Maria Mazza. He received the sacrament of baptism on 2 November 1705."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Archduchess Maria Annunciata of Austria", "paragraph_text": "Archduchess Maria Annunciata of Austria (13 July 1876 \u2013 8 April 1961) was a daughter of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria and his third wife, Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal. She was Princess-Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter of the Castle of Prague (1894\u20131918)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte.[note 2]"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gabriela von Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Gabriela von Habsburg was born in Luxembourg, the fourth child of Otto von Habsburg, the erstwhile crown prince of Austria, and his wife, Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. She was baptised with the names \"Gabriela Maria Charlotte Felicitas Elisabeth Antonia\". According to her birth certificate, her last name is \"of Austria-Hungary\" (\"von \u00d6sterreich-Ungarn\")."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Egyptian pound", "paragraph_text": "In 1834, a khedival decree was issued, adopting an Egyptian currency based on a bimetallic standard (gold and silver) on the basis of the Maria Theresa thaler, a popular trade coin in the region. The Egyptian pound, known as the geneih, was introduced, replacing the Egyptian piastre (ersh) as the chief unit of currency. The piastre continued to circulate as \u200b1\u2044100 of a pound, with the piastre subdivided into 40 para. In 1885, the para ceased to be issued, and the piastre was divided into tenths (\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0634  'oshr el-ersh). These tenths were renamed milliemes (malleem) in 1916."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Campestre do Menino Deus", "paragraph_text": "Campestre do Menino Deus (\"Campestral of Child God\") is a bairro in the District of Sede in the municipality of Santa Maria, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is located in north Santa Maria."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Maria Leonora Teresa", "paragraph_text": "Maria Leonora Teresa is a 2014 Filipino horror-suspense drama film directed by Wenn V. Deramas, starring Iza Calzado, Zanjoe Marudo and Jodi Sta. Maria. The film was named after the Guy and Pip's doll of the same name."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maria Theresa Kemble", "paragraph_text": "Maria Theresa Kemble (1774\u20131838), n\u00e9e Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Du Camp, was an Austrian-born English actress, singer, dancer and comic playwright on the stage. She was the wife of actor Charles Kemble."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Josef von Smola (1764\u20131820)", "paragraph_text": "Josef Freiherr von Smola (12 June 1764 in Teplice \u2013 29 November 1820 in Vienna) was a (commissioned) officer and holder of the Knight's and Commander's Crosses of the Order of Maria Theresa."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Mitchell Kemble", "paragraph_text": "John Mitchell Kemble (2 April 1807 \u2013 26 March 1857), English scholar and historian, was the eldest son of Charles Kemble the actor and Maria Theresa Kemble. He is notable for his major contribution to the history of the Anglo-Saxons and philology of the Old English language."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anna Claypoole Peale", "paragraph_text": "Anna Claypoole Peale was born on March 6, 1791, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to James Peale (1749\u20131831) and Mary Chambers Claypoole Peale (1753\u20131829). Anna was the fourth of six children, and the third daughter. Her siblings were: Jane Ramsay (1785\u20131834), Maria (1787\u20131866), James Jr. (1789\u20131876), Margaretta Angelica (1795\u20131882), Sarah Miriam (Sally) (1800\u20131885) and Eleanor. Anna was the only child to carry the Claypoole name, and used it throughout her career."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Margareta von Ascheberg", "paragraph_text": "Margareta von Ascheberg was the youngest child of Field Marshal Rutger von Ascheberg and Magdalena Eleonora Busseck. On 26 January 1691, she married colonel count Kjell Christopher Barnekow (d. 1700) in Malm\u00f6. As was the custom of the Swedish nobility as that time, she kept her name after marriage and style herself \u00bbGrevinnan Ascheberg\u00bb (Countess Ascheberg). The couple had four children. She accompanied her spouse on his military commissions: she gave birth to their youngest sons during the Bombardment of Brussels in 1695."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Maria Luisa of Savoy", "paragraph_text": "Maria Luisa of Savoy (Maria Luisa Gabriella; 17 September 1688 \u2013 14 February 1714) was a queen consort of Spain by marriage to Philip V of Spain. She acted as Regent of Spain during the absence of her spouse from 1702 until 1703, and had great influence over him as his adviser, while she was herself in turn influenced by the Princesse des Ursins."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Emily Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Emily Bront\u00eb was born on 30 July 1818 to Maria Branwell and an Irish father, Patrick Bront\u00eb. The family was living on Market Street in the village of Thornton on the outskirts of Bradford, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Northern England. Emily's older siblings included, eldest to youngest, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte and Branwell, making Emily the Bront\u00eb's fifth child. In 1820, Emily's younger sister Anne, the last Bront\u00eb child, was born. Shortly thereafter, the family moved eight miles away to Haworth, where Patrick was employed as perpetual curate In Haworth, the children would have opportunities to develop their literary talents."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gottlieb Muffat", "paragraph_text": "Gottlieb Muffat (April 1690 \u2013 9 December 1770), son of Georg Muffat, served as \"Hofscholar\" under Johann Fux in Vienna from 1711 and was appointed to the position of third court organist at the \"Hofkapelle\" in 1717. He acquired additional duties over time including the instruction of members of the Imperial family, among them the future Empress Maria Theresa. He was promoted to second organist in 1729 and first organist upon the accession of Maria Theresa to the throne in 1741. He retired from official duties at the court in 1763."}], "question": "Who is the child of Maria Theresa Kemble's spouse?"}
{"id": "2hop__32173_209867", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stevens-Duryea", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded after a falling-out between J. Frank Duryea and his brother Charles in 1898 over the affairs of the Duryea Motor Wagon Company. In 1900 Frank went on to form Hampden Automobile and Launch Company (Springfield) where he developed a new automobile and looked for a manufacturer to produce it. J. Stevens Arms and Tool Company, who were about to enter the developing car business, entered into a partnership with Frank and took over the factory of steam car and bicycle maker Overman (car company) (sharing the premises for several months)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Frank Fremont-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Frank Fremont-Smith (1895\u20131974) was an American administrator, executive with the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, president of British General Rees's World Federation of Mental Health, known together with Lawrence K. Frank as motivators of the Macy conferences, and as promoter for interdisciplinary conferences as platforms for advancing knowledge."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Milio's Sandwiches", "paragraph_text": "Milio's Sandwiches (formerly Big Mike's Super Subs) is a United States restaurant chain that mainly sells submarine sandwiches. The chain was founded in Madison, Wisconsin by Mike Liautaud. in 1989. The company has 35 locations throughout Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa The company headquarters are located in Middleton, Wisconsin. Milio's was First Place in Madison Magazine's Best of Madison 2017 for Best Sandwich Spot and has been recognized for its community involvement."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Incomplete Enchanter", "paragraph_text": "The Incomplete Enchanter is a collection of two fantasy novellas by American writers L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, the first volume in their Harold Shea series. The pieces were originally published in the magazine \"Unknown\" in the issues for May and August 1940. The collection was first published in hardcover by Henry Holt and Company in 1941 and in paperback by Pyramid Books in 1960."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Charles A. Sprague", "paragraph_text": "Charles Arthur Sprague (November 12, 1887 \u2013 March 13, 1969) was the 22nd Governor of the US state of Oregon from 1939 to 1943. He was also the editor and publisher of the Oregon Statesman from 1929 to 1969. Sprague High School in Salem, Oregon is named after him."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Metalogix Software", "paragraph_text": "Metalogix Software is an independent software vendor, founded in 2001 in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is now a private company (Metalogix International GmbH) with a headquarters in Washington, D.C. Metalogix develops, sells and provides support for content infrastructure software for Microsoft SharePoint, Microsoft Exchange and Cloud computing platforms. In 2001, Metalogix became the first company to develop a content migration solution for Microsoft."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pizza Hut", "paragraph_text": "Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney. The company is known for its Italian - American cuisine menu including pizza and pasta, as well as side dishes and desserts. Pizza Hut has over 16,000 locations worldwide as of 2015, and is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc., one of the world's largest restaurant companies."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Amblin Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg, and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981. The company's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California. The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Phalanx Biotech Group", "paragraph_text": "Phalanx Biotech Group was founded in 2002 as a result of collaboration between Taiwan's Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) and several private companies and research institutes. It is a manufacturer of DNA microarrays and a provider of gene expression profiling and microRNA profiling services based in Hsinchu, Taiwan, San Diego, California, Shanghai, China, and in Beijing, China. The company sells its DNA microarrays and service platform under the registered trademark name OneArray."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Frederick Sprague", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Sprague was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate during the 1849 and 1850 sessions. He was a Democrat."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany. The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 electric elevators were installed before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a single shaft."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Frank H. Richards", "paragraph_text": "Frank H. Richards (March 21, 1858 \u2013 November 13, 1937) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington State Senate from 1891 to 1895. He was named to the Senate when Morris McCarty was unseated by that same body."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "OshKosh B'gosh", "paragraph_text": "OshKosh B'Gosh is an American children's apparel company founded in Oshkosh, Wisconsin in 1895. It is a subsidiary of Carter's."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "OnForce Solar", "paragraph_text": "OnForce Solar is an American company that sells and installs solar energy packages for commercial customers. It was founded in 2007."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Flat World Knowledge", "paragraph_text": "FlatWorld is a publisher of college-level textbooks and educational supplements founded in 2007 as Flat World Knowledge by Eric Frank and Jeff Shelstad. It was acquired at the end of 2016 by Alastair Adam and John Eielson and its company headquarters was moved from Washington, DC to Boston, MA. The company originally offered every textbook published free using online delivery under the open content paradigm, but in November 2012, the company announced that it will no longer offer a free version citing financial concerns as the reason for the change."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Promod", "paragraph_text": "Promod was created in France in 1975 as a family boutique with their self-designed clothes for women. The company rapidly expanded and now sells their clothing in 50 countries and since 1999 also online. They can be found in their own shops, or in concessions inside larger retail shops. Gross sales exceed 1 billion Euros per year."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "NetJets", "paragraph_text": "NetJets Inc., a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, is an American company that sells part ownership or shares (called fractional ownership) of private business jets. NetJets was founded in 1964 as Executive Jet Aviation. It was the first private business jet charter and aircraft management company in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elisha Otis", "paragraph_text": "Elisha Graves Otis (August 3, 1811 \u2013 April 8, 1861) was an American industrialist, founder of the Otis Elevator Company, and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Biohazardous", "paragraph_text": "Biohazardous is a 2001 American horror film written and directed by Michael J. Hein. It stars Sprague Grayden as a teenager who discovers that a local research company has been creating zombies."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "During 1889, Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies: Edison Lamp Company, a lamp manufacturer in East Newark, New Jersey; Edison Machine Works, a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady, New York; Bergmann & Company, a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures, sockets, and other electric lighting devices; and Edison Electric Light Company, the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison's lighting experiments. In 1889, Drexel, Morgan & Co., a company founded by J.P. Morgan and Anthony J. Drexel, financed Edison's research and helped merge those companies under one corporation to form Edison General Electric Company which was incorporated in New York on April 24, 1889. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year."}], "question": "Who founded the company to whom Frank Sprague sold his company in 1895?"}
{"id": "2hop__136706_75282", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of Disney's Sleeping Beauty characters", "paragraph_text": "Prince Phillip is Aurora's true love, voiced by Bill Shirley. Phillip is based on the prince from the original French fairy tale that appears a hundred years after the princess is put to sleep by Maleficent's curse, having heard the story of the sleeping princess, and entered the castle. He trembled upon seeing the princess's beauty and fell on his knees before her. He kissed her, then she woke up, and then everyone lived happily ever after. Unlike The Prince from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Prince Charming from Cinderella, Phillip was the first prince in Disney theatrical animated features to be given a proper name and a full character."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deafula", "paragraph_text": "Deafula is a 1975 horror movie done completely in American Sign Language. A voice over is provided for those who do not understand sign language. The movie starred Peter Wechsberg, who also serves as director and writer, under the pseudonym Peter Wolf."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "\u018fbilyataq", "paragraph_text": "\u018fbilyataq is a village on the Caspian Sea and a municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 563."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Prince Caspian", "paragraph_text": "Prince Caspian (originally published as Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia) is a high fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1951. It was the second published of seven novels in \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" (1950\u20131956), and Lewis had finished writing it in 1949, before the first book was out. It is volume four in recent editions of the series, sequenced according to the internal chronology of the books. Like the others, it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes and her work has been retained in many later editions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", "paragraph_text": "On 10 March 1949 Roger Lancelyn Green dined with Lewis at Magdalen College. After the meal Lewis read two chapters from his new children's story to Green. Lewis asked Green's opinion of the tale and Green said that he thought it was good. The manuscript of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949. Lucy Barfield received it by the end of May. When on 16 October 1950 Geoffrey Bles in London published the first edition, three new ``chronicles '', Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy, had also been completed."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of The Chronicles of Narnia (film series) cast members", "paragraph_text": "Character Film The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair 2005 2008 TBA Lucy Pevensie Georgie Henley Rachel Henley (older) Georgie Henley TBA Edmund Pevensie Skandar Keynes Mark Wells (older) Skandar Keynes Peter Pevensie William Moseley Noah Huntley (older) William Moseley Susan Pevensie Anna Popplewell Sophie Winkleman (older) Anna Popplewell Aslan Liam Neeson (voice) Jadis the White Witch Tilda Swinton Mr. Tumnus James McAvoy Mr. Beaver Ray Winstone (voice) Mrs. Beaver Dawn French (voice) Digory Kirke Jim Broadbent Ginarrbrik Kiran Shah Father Christmas James Cosmo Oreius Patrick Kake Maugrim Michael Madsen (voice) General Otmin Shane Rangi King Caspian X Ben Barnes Reepicheep Eddie Izzard (voice) Simon Pegg (voice) Trumpkin Peter Dinklage Trufflehunter Ken Stott (voice) Glenstorm Cornell S John Bulgy Bear David Walliams (voice) Nikabrik Warwick Davis Miraz Sergio Castellitto Doctor Cornelius Vincent Grass Glozelle Pierfrancesco Favino Prunaprismia Alicia Borrachero Sopespian Dami\u00e1n Alc\u00e1zar Scythley Simon Andreu Donnon Predrag Bjelac Eustace Scrubb Will Poulter Tavros Shane Rangi Jemain Tamati Caprius Ryan Ettridge Randy Morgan Evans Nausus Steven Rooke Drinian Gary Sweet Queen Lilliandil Laura Brent Lady of the Green Kirtle"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Steven Zirnkilton", "paragraph_text": "Steven M. Zirnkilton (born Stephen Morgan Zirnkilton; August 18, 1958) is an American voice - over actor and former politician from Maine. Zirnkilton is known for providing the opening narration of all US shows in the Law & Order franchise. He received the job after he was originally hired by series creator Dick Wolf for a small part on Law & Order."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James Avery", "paragraph_text": "James LaRue Avery (November 27, 1945 -- December 31, 2013) was an American actor, comedian, voice over artist and poet. A prolific television actor, he is best remembered for his portrayal of patriarch Philip Banks in the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air. His voice acting work was mostly in animated series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hans (Frozen)", "paragraph_text": "Prince Hans of the Southern Isles is a fictional character from Walt Disney Animation Studios' 53rd animated film, Frozen. Hans is voiced by Santino Fontana in the film, and later portrayed by Tyler Jacob Moore in the live action television series Once Upon a Time."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Thor (Marvel Comics) enemies", "paragraph_text": "The Fenris Wolf appears in Thor: Tales of Asgard, voiced by Brian Drummond. Fenris is seen as a patron at a bar. The Fenris Wolf appears in the film Thor: Ragnarok. This iteration of the character is female. She is the loyal pet of Hela, and is resurrected alongside Hela's army to aid Hela in ruling Asgard. During the film's climax, Fenris battles the Hulk and gets tossed off the side of Asgard into the void below."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Prince (musician)", "paragraph_text": "Prior to the disbanding of The Revolution, Prince was working on two separate projects, The Revolution album Dream Factory and a solo effort, Camille. Unlike the three previous band albums, Dream Factory included input from the band members and featured songs with lead vocals by Wendy & Lisa. The Camille project saw Prince create a new androgynous persona primarily singing in a sped - up, female - sounding voice. With the dismissal of The Revolution, Prince consolidated material from both shelved albums, along with some new songs, into a three - LP album to be titled Crystal Ball. Warner Bros. forced Prince to trim the triple album to a double album, and Sign o 'the Times was released on March 31, 1987."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cary Wolfe", "paragraph_text": "Cary Wolfe (born 1959) currently teaches English at Rice University. He has written on a range of topics, from American poetry to bioethics. He has been a significant voice in recent debates in Animal Studies and advocates a version of the posthumanist position. He is series editor for Minnesota Press's Posthumanities Series. He was born and grew up in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maugrim", "paragraph_text": "Maugrim appears in the 1988 BBC production on The Chronicles of Narnia, portrayed by Canadian actor Martin Stone. He assumes the form of a humanoid wolf - like creature when speaking or fighting, and an actual wolf when standing guard at the Witch's castle, traveling, or mortally wounded. As in the book, he is killed by Peter after appearing at the Stone Table, where he has been sent on the White Witch's orders after Edmund informs her than his siblings and Aslan have reached Narnia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Second Confession", "paragraph_text": "The Second Confession is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by the Viking Press in 1949. The story was also collected in other omnibus volumes, including \"Triple Zeck\" (Viking 1974). This is the second of three Nero Wolfe novels that involve crime boss Arnold Zeck \u2013 Wolfe's Moriarty. In this novel he telephones Wolfe to warn him off an investigation and retaliates when Wolfe refuses to cooperate. Though the crime is solved, the ending is left open."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of novels by C.S. Lewis. From the seven books, there have been three film adaptations so far -- The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010) -- which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "James Avery", "paragraph_text": "James LaRue Avery (November 27, 1945 -- December 31, 2013) was an American actor and poet. A prolific television actor, he is best remembered for his portrayal of patriarch ``Uncle Phil ''Banks in the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air. His voice acting work was mostly in animated series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Great Wolf Resorts", "paragraph_text": "Black Wolf Lodge was founded in 1997 by brothers Jack and Andrew ``Turk ''Waterman, the original owners of Noah's Ark water park in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. Black Wolf Lodge was purchased by The Great Lakes Company in 1999. Later that year, founders Marc Vaccaro and Bruce Neviaser changed the name to Great Wolf Lodge and the company headquarters were established in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2001, the company built a second location in Sandusky, Ohio, and named it Great Bear Lodge. When a third location opened in 2003, the decision was made to place all future parks under the Great Wolf Lodge banner. The name of the Ohio location was changed to Great Wolf Lodge in 2004. The chain has since added twelve additional locations and has one in development."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", "paragraph_text": "Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period, it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont (who was also credited in the English version as well as in the French version), and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau. Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast (voice of Robby Benson), a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance, and Belle (voice of Paige O'Hara), a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle. To become a prince again, Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return to avoid remaining a monster forever. The film also features the voices of Richard White, Jerry Orbach, David Ogden Stiers, and Angela Lansbury."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Caspian Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Volga River, the largest in Europe, drains 20% of the European land area and is the source of 80% of the Caspian's inflow. Its lower reaches are heavily developed with numerous unregulated releases of chemical and biological pollutants. The UN Environment Programme warns that the Caspian \"suffers from an enormous burden of pollution from oil extraction and refining, offshore oil fields, radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants and huge volumes of untreated sewage and industrial waste introduced mainly by the Volga River\".The magnitude of fossil fuel extraction and transport activity in the Caspian also poses a risk to the environment. The island of Vulf off Baku, for example, has suffered ecological damage as a result of the petrochemical industry; this has significantly decreased the number of species of marine birds in the area. Existing and planned oil and gas pipelines under the sea further increase the potential threat to the environment."}], "question": "Who is the voice of the wolf in the movie of the book where Prince Caspian is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__32867_120643", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wudai Huiyao", "paragraph_text": "Wudai Huiyao (\u4e94\u4ee3\u6703\u8981, \"Institutions of the Five Dynasties Period\") is a Chinese historiography book on the Five Dynasties period (roughly 907\u2013960) of ancient China, written by the Song Dynasty chancellor Wang Pu (922\u2013982), who had personally served the last 2 of the 5 dynasties, namely the Later Han and the Later Zhou."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tang dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire (Chinese: \u5510\u671d) was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty, and the Tang capital at Chang'an (present - day Xi'an) was the most populous city in the world."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin. In the beginning of the Han, Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins. This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager L\u00fc Zhi (d. 180 BC), who abolished private minting. In 182 BC, L\u00fc Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins. This caused widespread inflation that was not reduced until 175 BC when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2.6 g (0.09 oz) in weight."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Xin dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Xin dynasty (; ) was a Chinese dynasty (termed so despite having only one monarch) which lasted from 9 to 23 CE. It is often considered an interregnum period of the Han dynasty, dividing it into the Western Han and the Eastern Han."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Han Zhao and Former Zhao", "paragraph_text": "The Han Zhao (; 304\u2013329), or Former Zhao, or Northern Han (\u5317\u6f22), was a Southern Xiongnu state during Sixteen Kingdoms period coeval with the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420). In the Chinese historiography it was given two conditional state titles, the Han state (\u6f22, pinyin H\u00e0n) for the state proclaimed in 304 by Liu Yuan, and the Former Zhao state (\u524d\u8d99, pinyin Qi\u00e1nzh\u00e0o) for the state proclaimed in 319 by Liu Yao. The reference to them as separate states should be considered clearly erroneous, given that when Liu Yao changed the name of the state from Han to Zhao in 319, he treated the state as having been continuous from the time that Liu Yuan founded it in 304; instead, he de-established royal lineage to the Han Dynasty and claimed ancestry directly from Yu the Great of the Xia Dynasty."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hokkien", "paragraph_text": "The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618\u2013907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Da Chu", "paragraph_text": "Da Chu was a short-lived Chinese dynasty in 1127 ruled by Zhang Bangchang (1081\u20131127), a puppet emperor enthroned with the support of the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234). The dynasty was abolished scarcely a month after its formation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christian Gobrecht", "paragraph_text": "Christian Gobrecht (December 23, 1785 \u2013 July 23, 1844) was the third Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1840 until his death in 1844. He was responsible for designing the famous \"Seated Liberty\" designs, which were in turn the direct inspiration for the design of the Trade Dollar. He also designed the Gobrecht Dollar, which was struck in small quantities from 1836 to 1838 and later inspired the Flying Eagle cent. He also designed the obverse sides for the Liberty head (aka Coronet Head) Quarter Eagle, Half Eagle, and Eagle gold coins, as well as the \"braided hair\" type Half cent and Large cent coins."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0n ch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221\u2013207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the \"Han people\" and the Chinese script is referred to as \"Han characters\". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9\u201323 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC \u2013 9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25\u2013220 AD)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Archaeological discovery shows that \"Nanjing Man\" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (\u51b6\u57ce) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (\u8d8a\u57ce) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (\u91d1\u9675\u9091) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (\u79e3\u9675) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Later Qin", "paragraph_text": "The Later Qin (; 384\u2013417), also known as Yao Qin (), was a state of Qiang ethnicity of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin dynasty (265\u2013420) in China. The Later Qin is entirely distinct from the Qin dynasty, the Former Qin and the Western Qin."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "paragraph_text": "The story \u2013 part historical, part legend, and part mythical \u2013 romanticises and dramatises the lives of feudal lords and their retainers, who tried to replace the dwindling Han dynasty or restore it. While the novel follows hundreds of characters, the focus is mainly on the three power blocs that emerged from the remnants of the Han dynasty, and would eventually form the three states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The novel deals with the plots, personal and military battles, intrigues, and struggles of these states to achieve dominance for almost 100 years."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: \u897f\u6c49; traditional Chinese: \u897f\u6f22; pinyin: X\u012b H\u00e0n) or Former Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: \u524d\u6c49; traditional Chinese: \u524d\u6f22; pinyin: Qi\u00e1nh\u00e0n) (206 BC \u2013 9 AD). During this period the capital was at Chang'an (modern Xi'an). From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang. The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: \u4e1c\u6c49; traditional Chinese: \u6771\u6f22; pinyin: D\u014dng H\u00e0n) or the Later Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: \u540e\u6c49; traditional Chinese: \u5f8c\u6f22; pinyin: H\u00f2u H\u00e0n) (25\u2013220 AD)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The \u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. S\u0101tav\u0101hanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They are known for their patronage of Hinduism and Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) to Amaravati. The S\u0101tav\u0101hanas were one of the first Indian states to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India. They had to compete with the Shunga Empire and then the Kanva dynasty of Magadha to establish their rule. Later, they played a crucial role to protect a huge part of India against foreign invaders like the Sakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas. In particular their struggles with the Western Kshatrapas went on for a long time. The notable rulers of the Satavahana Dynasty Gautamiputra Satakarni and Sri Yajna S\u0101takarni were able to defeat the foreign invaders like the Western Kshatrapas and to stop their expansion. In the 3rd century CE the empire was split into smaller states."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Liu Piguang", "paragraph_text": "Liu Piguang (; died 154 BC) was the ninth son of Liu Fei and grandson of Emperor Gaozu of Han. When Liu Ze, Prince of Qi, died without an heir in 165 BC, Emperor Wen of Han divided the Qi territory in the land among the living sons of Liu Fei. In 164, Piguang was named Prince of Jinan and received part of the former Qi land. In 154 BC, he joined the Rebellion of the Seven States initiated by Liu Pi, Prince of Wu. Piguang was defeated and killed in battle with generals Dou Ying and Zhou Yafu. His land was returned to Han and his title was abolished."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Han Lue", "paragraph_text": "Han's death is seen again in Furious 7 through archival footage from The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift and Fast & Furious 6, occurring the same time a bomb package delivered to Dominic's house goes off. Han's death was the reason Dominic appeared in Tokyo at the end of Tokyo Drift - to retrieve his body back to Los Angeles for burial. After racing with Sean Boswell, Dominic receives several of Han's personal items, including a photo of Gisele. The crew attended Han's funeral in Los Angeles a few days later, with Dominic spying Han's killer Deckard Shaw watching from a distance, and giving chase, leading to their confrontation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Conqueror's Story", "paragraph_text": "The Conqueror's Story is a Hong Kong television series based on the events in the Chu\u2013Han Contention, an interregnum between the fall of the Qin dynasty and the founding of the Han dynasty in Chinese history. It was first broadcast in 2004 in Hong Kong on TVB Jade."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lostwithiel (UK Parliament constituency)", "paragraph_text": "Lostwithiel was a rotten borough in Cornwall which returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons in the English and later British Parliament from 1304 to 1832, when it was abolished by the Great Reform Act."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King", "paragraph_text": "The Museum of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum of the Nanyue King ( Cantonese: Sai Hon Nam Yuet Wong Mou Bok Mat Gun) houses the 2,000-year-old tomb of the Nanyue King Zhao Mo in Guangzhou. Zhao Mo ruled from 137 BC to 122 BC, and his tomb was discovered in downtown Guangzhou in 1983. The museum, which opened in 1988, showcases the tomb and its complete trove of artifacts. It was named a Major National Historical Site in 1996 and is renowned for its rare assemblage of funerary artifacts representing the diffusion of cultures throughout the Lingnan region during the Han dynasty."}], "question": "When was the Later period of the dynasty that the Han received their coin type from, abolished?"}
{"id": "2hop__125072_133856", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Forbes' list of the most valuable sports teams", "paragraph_text": "The world's most valuable sports teams, as ranked annually by the American magazine Forbes, include teams from association football, American football, baseball, and basketball. National Football League franchise Dallas Cowboys, valued at $4.2 billion, was named the world's most valuable sports team of 2017, becoming the first non-association football team to top Forbes' ranking since its inception in 2010. English club Manchester United (2010 -- 12) and Spanish club Real Madrid (2013 -- 15) have previously each been named the most valuable team three times."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Luca Zuffi", "paragraph_text": "Luca Zuffi is the son of Dario Zuffi. Born in Winterthur, he started playing football at FC Oberwil, as his father was playing for FC Basel at that time. In the summer of 1998 Dario Zuffi transferred back to his home club and the family moved home to Winterthur. Therefore, Luca continued his youth football with FC Winterthur. During the 2006\u201307 Challenge League season he played his debut in their first team. In the following season became a regular player, scoring four goals in 18 appearances."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Antoinette Lucas", "paragraph_text": "Antoinette Lucas (born October 27, 1968 in Crozier, Virginia) is a former field hockey midfielder from the United States, who was a member of the US women's team that finished fifth at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She attended Northwestern University, where she played for the Wildcats."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Charlotte 49ers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A founding member of Conference USA (C-USA), Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. Previously, Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket. A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is Ano, which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter. Ano is a localised version of volleyball, in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground. Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stefan Liv", "paragraph_text": "Stefan Liv was a member of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) when he died, along with the rest of the team in the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash. He was a member of several Swedish national teams, including the 2006 Olympic championship team. A street in J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, named \"Stefan Livs gata\" (English: \"Stefan Liv's street\"), was named in his honor on 2 August 2013."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "M. Suryanarayan", "paragraph_text": "M. Suryanarayan (1930 -- 2010) was an Indian first - class cricketer who was born on February 1, 1930 during Madras presidency. M. Suryanarayan is the first son of M. Baliah Naidu and the Grandson of Buchi Babu Naidu who is also known as the 'Father of South Indian Cricket' the doyen of Madras Cricket. He was also a member of the First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamilnadu in 1954 - 1955, which the Madras team won against Holkar. He was a right - handed batsman and a right - arm medium bowler. The Hindu describing his Cricket, once said: ``His batting resembles very closely that of his father - dashing and carefree - and his cover - drive, a joy to watch, has amazing impetus... ''And it added that he had`` enriched Madras sport as his father had''. His only younger brother M.M Kumar represented in the Ranji Trophy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Joseph Cogels", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Hubert Cogels (14 January 1894 \u2013 26 July 1978) was a Belgian sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Belgian team in the team clay pigeons competition."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dario Zuffi", "paragraph_text": "Dario Zuffi first became famous when he played on BSC Young Boys. From an early point in his career with BSC Young Boys, Zuffi showed tremendous skill and helped the team to win the Swiss Football Championship, personally scoring 15 goals that season. As a result of this performance, Zuffi received the 'Rookie of the Year' award during the 1985\u201386 season. In the 1988\u201389 season, Dario Zuffi was second on the Top Scorers list with 19 goals, tied with Kubilay T\u00fcrky\u0131lmaz. In the 1990\u201391 season, Zuffi topped the Top Scorers list with a grand total of 17 goals."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (France)", "paragraph_text": "The Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (\"Ministre de la Jeunesse et des Sports\", alternatively translated \"Minister of Youth and Sports\") is, in the Government of France, the cabinet member in charge of national and public sport associations, youth affairs, public sports centers and national stadia (like the Stade de France). The position has changed names a number of times since its creation and has occasionally been eliminated or regrouped with the Minister of National Education."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as \"The Big House\". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2014 Beijing ePrix", "paragraph_text": "The 2014 Beijing ePrix, formally the 2014 FIA Formula E Evergrande Spring Beijing ePrix, was a Formula E motor race that was held on 13 September 2014 at the Beijing Olympic Green Circuit in Beijing, China. It was the first Championship race of the single-seater, electrically powered racing car series' inaugural season. The race was won by Lucas di Grassi for the Audi Sport ABT team, ahead of Franck Montagny and Sam Bird."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gianluca", "paragraph_text": "Gianluca is an Italian masculine given name. Its English translation is \"John Luke\" and it is often a shorter form of \"Giovanni Luca\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bennigsen Beavers", "paragraph_text": "The Bennigsen Beavers were established in 1993 as a department of FC Bennigsen, and became an independent sporting team on January 1, 2004. The club fielded 7 teams for the 2005 season, including three men's teams, a women's team, a junior team, a youth team and a student team. As of mid-2005, the Beavers claimed a total of 97 Members."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Keith-Lucas", "paragraph_text": "David Keith-Lucas was one of the sons of Alys Hubbard Lucas and Keith Lucas, who invented the first aeronautical compass. After the death of Keith Lucas in 1916, his wife Alys changed the family name, and, as Alys Keith-Lucas, edited a short book giving his background together with reminiscences of him and a list of his publications. David Keith-Lucas was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he read engineering."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Los Angeles Angels", "paragraph_text": "The team's founder, entertainer Gene Autry, owned the franchise for its first 36 years. During Autry's ownership, the team made the playoffs three times, but never won the pennant. The team has gone through several name changes in their history, first changing their name to the California Angels on September 2, 1965, with a month still left in the season, in recognition of their upcoming move to the newly constructed Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim at the start of the 1966 season. When The Walt Disney Company took control of the team in 1997, it extensively renovated Anaheim Stadium, which was then renamed Edison International Field of Anaheim. The City of Anaheim contributed $30 million to the $118 million renovation with a renegotiated lease providing that the names of both the stadium and team contain the word ``Anaheim ''. The team was renamed the Anaheim Angels and became a subsidiary of Disney Sports, Inc. (later renamed Anaheim Sports, Inc.). Under Disney's ownership and the leadership of manager Mike Scioscia, the Angels won their first pennant and World Series championship in 2002."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rob De Luca", "paragraph_text": "Rob De Luca is an American bassist, vocalist, songwriter and producer. De Luca is best known for playing in UFO and as a founding member of Spread Eagle. He has also toured with Sebastian Bach, OF EARTH and Helmet."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Schnitzer Motorsport", "paragraph_text": "Schnitzer Motorsport is a motorsport team based in Freilassing near Munich, Germany. From the early days of its establishment, the team has operated an automobile racing squad for BMW, and has remarkable results in touring car and sports car racing scenes. The team often runs the cars for BMW under the name of \"BMW Motorsport\"."}], "question": "What sports team was the father of Luca Zuffi a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__143596_722353", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Godzilla Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Godzilla Entertainment was an American record label founded and owned by rapper Yukmouth of the popular 1990s rap group The Luniz, and operated by both Yukmouth and Kat Gaynor (who also acts as Yukmouth and The Regime's manager). The name comes from Yukmouth's popular 2003 album, Godzilla. It was initially created to serve as an independent record distribution company for official mixtapes released on Smoke-A-Lot Records. The first few releases through Godzilla was the heavily popular \"All Out War\" mixtape series which were done as a joint venture with the Cali Untouchable DJ's and Rapbay.com. The initial logo featured an edited version of the Aston Martin logo which was later replaced by a more independent logo which features the Smoke-A-Lot Records dragon logo encircled by the words \"\"Godzilla Ent.\"\". In May 2007 Yukmouth closed down the label and merged all of its duties with the parent Smoke-A-Lot Records after pressure from the copyright owners of the name \"Godzilla\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Britain's Got Talent", "paragraph_text": "Britain's Got Talent (often abbreviated to BGT) is a televised British talent show competition, broadcast on ITV. It is part of the global Got Talent franchise created by Simon Cowell, and is produced by both Thames (formerly Talkback Thames) and Syco Entertainment production, with its distribution handled by FremantleMedia. Since its premiere in June 2007, each series has been aired in late Spring / early Summer, and hosted by Ant & Dec. To accompany each series since it first began, a sister show is run on ITV2 entitled Britain's Got More Talent presented by Stephen Mulhern. Initially planned for 2005 before the first series of America's Got Talent, a dispute between Paul O'Grady, the originally conceived host of the programme, and the broadcaster, led to production being suspended until 2007."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight", "paragraph_text": "Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight is a rhythm game developed and published by Atlus for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. Forming part of the Persona series -- itself part of the larger Megami Tensei franchise -- the game features the central cast of the 2016 role - playing video game Persona 5. Gameplay focuses on characters from Persona 5 taking part in rhythm - based gameplay set to original and remixed music from Persona 5. It released in Japan in May 2018, and will be released worldwide in December 2018."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker", "paragraph_text": "The book was written by Foster and based upon Lucas's original screenplay for the first Star Wars film. On how he got the job, Foster said, ``My agent got a call from Lucas's lawyer of the time, Tom Pollock (now one of the most powerful men in Hollywood). Someone had read a book of mine, Icerigger, knew that I had already done novelizations, and thought I might be the writer to do the novelization of Lucas' new film. I already knew his work through THX 1138 and American Graffiti. I accepted the offer to meet with George, and did so at Industrial Light and Magic, then in a small warehouse in Van Nuys, California (part of greater Los Angeles, and conveniently near my family home). We hit it off well, I got the assignment (for two books), and that's how it happened. ''"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight", "paragraph_text": "Persona 5: Dancing Star Night is a rhythm game developed and published by Atlus for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, which released in Japan on May 24, 2018. Forming part of the Persona series -- itself part of the larger Megami Tensei franchise -- the game features the central cast of the 2016 role - playing video game Persona 5. Gameplay focuses on characters from Persona 5 taking part in rhythm - based gameplay set to original and remixed music from Persona 5."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Isaac Garc\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Isaac Garc\u00eda (born April 5, 1968) is a retired male long-distance runner from Mexico, who specialized in the marathon. He set his personal best (2:10:54) in the classic distance on April 25, 1995 when he got the third place in Rotterdam."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hermine Kittel", "paragraph_text": "Hermine Kittel (December 2, 1879 \u2013 April 7, 1948) was an Austrian contralto from Vienna. She studied singing with Amalie Materna in Vienna. She made her operatic debut in 1897 in Ljubljana. Kittle first sang under Gustav Mahler at the Vienna Hofoper (Vienna State Opera) and later premiered in a revision of \"Ariadne auf Naxos\". She sang at the Bayreuth Festival in 1902 and 1908, where she sang Erda in \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\". She also sang at the Salzburg Festival, where she often played Marcellina in \"The Marriage of Figaro\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Woman on the Beach", "paragraph_text": "Woman on the Beach is the seventh feature film by South Korean director Hong Sang-soo, and was released in 2006."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "I Got Ants in My Pants", "paragraph_text": "\"I Got Ants in My Pants (and I Want to Dance)\" is a funk song by James Brown. Recorded in 1971 and released as a two-part single in November 1972 or January 1973, it charted #4 R&B and #27 Pop. It did not receive an album release. A remixed version was included on the 1988 compilation album \"Motherlode\", Part 1 to \"Star Time\" and the whole cut again in ."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Got Game Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Got Game Entertainment, LLC was an American developer and publisher of videogames, based in Weston, Connecticut. Got Game chiefly published adventure games, with ARMA II being the most notable exception. In January 2011, founder Howard Horowitz reorganized Got Game into a new company called WHA Entertainment, Inc."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shadow of the Dragon", "paragraph_text": "Shadow of the Dragon is a 1993 book written by Sherry Garland. It chronicles Danny Vo and Nguyen Sang Le, two ethnic Vietnamese living in Houston; Danny is Americanized while Sang Le has difficulty adjusting to American culture and society."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Your Cheatin' Heart (film)", "paragraph_text": "Parker introduced Hamilton to Hank Williams' ex-wife Audrey. The two got along well and Audrey lobbied on Hamilton's behalf. Hamilton said, ``Audrey wanted the movie to happen, especially to make her son, Hank Williams Jr., a singing star the same way she had pushed Big Hank to stardom. ''The idea was that Williams Jr would dub the singing in the movie and release the soundtrack album under his name; Hamilton wanted to perform the songs himself --`` that was the key to the character'' -- but knew the only way he would get the part was to agree to be dubbed. With Audrey's support, Hamilton got the part, his signing being announced in November 1963."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lisa Jane Persky", "paragraph_text": "Lisa Jane Persky (born May 5, 1955) is an American actress, journalist, author, artist, and photographer. She is best known for her supporting roles in the films \"The Great Santini\" (1979) and \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (1986), and her work in the late 1970s as a writer and photojournalist for \"New York Rocker\" magazine."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Us the Duo", "paragraph_text": "On June 5, 2018, they auditioned for America's Got Talent, where they advanced to the next rounds and got eliminated at the semifinals."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "My Baby's Got Good Timing", "paragraph_text": "\"My Baby's Got Good Timing\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dan Seals. It was released in October 1984 as the second single from his album \"San Antone\". It peaked at #2, thus becoming his first top 5 hit. The song was written by Seals and Bob McDill."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Comfortably Numb", "paragraph_text": "After leaving Pink Floyd, Waters first performed ``Comfortably Numb ''at the 1990 concert staging of The Wall -- Live in Berlin on 21 July 1990. The event's purpose was to commemorate the fall of the Berlin Wall. Roger Waters sang lead, Van Morrison sang Gilmour's vocal parts backed by Rick Danko and Levon Helm of The Band, with guitar solos by Rick Di Fonzo and Snowy White, and backup by the Rundfunk Orchestra & Choir. This version was used in the Academy Award - winning 2006 film The Departed, directed by Martin Scorsese. It is also heard in the TV show episode of The Sopranos, titled`` Kennedy and Heidi'', when Christopher Moltisanti plays The Departed soundtrack on his car stereo before a serious accident. Van Morrison's 2007 compilation album, Van Morrison at the Movies -- Soundtrack Hits includes this version."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I Got 5 on It", "paragraph_text": "\"I Got 5 on It\" is a song by American hip hop duo Luniz. It was released in May 1995 as the lead single from their debut album, \"Operation Stackola\". It features vocal contributions from R&B singer Michael Marshall. The song reached number 2 in Germany, number 3 in the United Kingdom and number 8 in the United States. The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 31, 1995 and sold one million copies domestically."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sang Divar", "paragraph_text": "Sang Divar (, also Romanized as Sang D\u012bv\u0101r; also known as Sangetown, Sang\u012bf\u0101n, and Sangyufan) is a village in Hezarmasjed Rural District, in the Central District of Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 220, in 50 families."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Will Ahern", "paragraph_text": "Will Ahern (October 9, 1896 - May 16, 1983), was a vaudeville entertainer at the beginning of the 20th century. He is best known for being part of a comedy duo with his wife, Gladys Reese Ahern. Ahern told jokes and performed rope tricks while his wife, using a Mexican accent, sang and danced."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I Sang Dixie", "paragraph_text": "\"I Sang Dixie\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dwight Yoakam. It was released in October 1988 as the second single from his album \"Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room\". In 1989, \"I Sang Dixie\" went to number one on the US Country chart."}], "question": "Who was part of the duo that sang 'I Got 5 on It'?"}
{"id": "2hop__428604_308731", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "E Township, Maine", "paragraph_text": "E is an unincorporated township located in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. It is part of the Central Aroostook Unorganized Territory and borders the towns of Blaine to the east and Westfield to the north. As of the 1990 census, when it was still organized as a plantation, E\u00a0Plantation had 64\u00a0residents. However, in 1990 its residents decided to disorganize the community and give up control to the state in an effort to reduce taxes. K\u201312 education for the community is provided by Maine School Administrative District 42, which also serves neighboring Blaine and Mars Hill. However, because E\u00a0Plantation withdrew from the school district following its disorganization, its students are tuitioned."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maple Bluff, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Maple Bluff is a village in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,313 at the 2010 census. A suburb of Madison, it is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wisconsin Governor's Mansion", "paragraph_text": "The Executive Residence, known better as the Governor's Mansion, is located at 99 Cambridge Road in the Village of Maple Bluff, Wisconsin, on the eastern shore of Lake Mendota. It is currently the official residence of Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}], "question": "In what county is the Wisconsin Executive Residence located?"}
{"id": "2hop__97007_85040", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bharat Ratna", "paragraph_text": "The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were politician C. Rajagopalachari, philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and scientist C.V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 45 individuals, including 12 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them. Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on India - born citizens, the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen, Mother Teresa, and to two non-Indians, Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African President Nelson Mandela. On 24 December 2014, the Indian government announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya (posthumously) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Seeing Voices", "paragraph_text": "Seeing Voices: A Journey Into the World of the Deaf is a 1989 book by neurologist Oliver Sacks. The book covers a variety of topics in Deaf studies, including sign language, the neurology of deafness, the history of the treatment of Deaf Americans, and linguistic and social challenges facing the Deaf community. It also contains an eyewitness account of the March 1988 Deaf President Now student protest at Gallaudet University, the only liberal arts college for deaf and hard of hearing in the world. \"Seeing Voices\" was Sacks' fifth book."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Titanic (1997 film)", "paragraph_text": "Titanic won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well as three Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. The film's soundtrack became the best-selling primarily orchestral soundtrack of all time, and became a worldwide success, spending sixteen weeks at number-one in the United States, and was certified diamond for over eleven million copies sold in the United States alone. The soundtrack also became the best-selling album of 1998 in the U.S. \"My Heart Will Go On\" won the Grammy Awards for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television. The film also won Best Male Performance for Leonardo DiCaprio and Best Movie at the MTV Movie Awards, Best Film at the People's Choice Awards, and Favorite Movie at the 1998 Kids' Choice Awards. It won various awards outside the United States, including the Awards of the Japanese Academy as the Best Foreign Film of the Year. Titanic eventually won nearly ninety awards and had an additional forty-seven nominations from various award-giving bodies around the world. Additionally, the book about the making of the film was at the top of The New York Times' bestseller list for several weeks, \"the first time that such a tie-in book had achieved this status\".Since its release, Titanic has appeared on the American Film Institute's award-winning 100 Years... series. So far, it has ranked on the following six lists:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Laurent Clerc Award", "paragraph_text": "The Laurent Clerc Award is an annual honor bestowed by Gallaudet University's Alumni Association to recognize a deaf person for \"his or her outstanding contributions to society,\" and specifically to honor their achievements in the interest of deaf people. It is named for Laurent Clerc (1785-1869). It has been given to notable scientists and inventors, such as deaf scientist Robert Weitbrecht, to honor his contributions in developing the teleprinter and an acoustic coupler for the early computer modem. It is given by Gallaudet University's Alumni Association through its Laurent Clerc Cultural Fund."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Berwick Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Berwick Prize and Senior Berwick Prize are two prizes of the London Mathematical Society awarded in alternating years in memory of William Edward Hodgson Berwick, a previous Vice-President of the LMS. Berwick left some money to be given to the society to establish two prizes. His widow Daisy May Berwick gave the society the money and the society established the prizes, with the first Senior Berwick Prize being presented in 1946 and the first Junior Berwick Prize the following year. The prizes are awarded \"in recognition of an outstanding piece of mathematical research ... published by the Society\" in the eight years before the year of the award."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Something's Gotta Give (Johnny Mercer song)", "paragraph_text": "``Something's Gotta Give ''is a popular song with words and music by Johnny Mercer in 1954. It was published in 1955. It was written for and first performed by Fred Astaire in the 1955 musical film Daddy Long Legs, and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 as Best Original Song, losing to Love is a Many Splendored Thing."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Model Secondary School for the Deaf", "paragraph_text": "The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89 - 694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tu ne tueras point", "paragraph_text": "Tu ne tueras point (Thou Shalt Not Kill), also known as L'objecteur, is a 1961 French feature film directed by Claude Autant-Lara, written by Jean Aurenche and Pierre Bost, and starring Laurent Terzieff and Horst Frank. Actress Suzanne Flon won the Best Actress award at the 1961 Venice Film Festival for her role in the film."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album", "paragraph_text": "The Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album was awarded from 2000 to 2003. In its first year the award was titled Best Salsa Performance. In 2004 this award was combined with the award for Best Merengue Album as the Grammy Award for Best Salsa/Merengue Album."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Deaf President Now", "paragraph_text": "Gallaudet students, backed by a number of alumni, staff, and faculty, shut down the campus. Protesters barricaded gates, burned effigies, and gave interviews to the press demanding four specific concessions from the Board. The protest ended on March 13, 1988, after all four demands were met including the appointment of I. King Jordan, a deaf person, as university president."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Orders, decorations, and medals of India", "paragraph_text": "The Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the country, was instituted in the year 1954. Any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender is eligible for this award. It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. On conferment of the award, the recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science", "paragraph_text": "The Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award is one of the four Lasker Awards given by the Lasker Foundation for medical research in the United States. The first award was given in 1994; it is not awarded every year. In 2008, the award was renamed the Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science in honor of Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Le Concert", "paragraph_text": "Le Concert is a 2009 French comedy-drama film by Radu Mih\u0103ileanu, starring Aleksei Guskov, M\u00e9lanie Laurent and Miou-Miou. It won the Best Original Score and Best Sound awards at C\u00e9sar Awards 2010. It was also nominated for two Magritte Awards in the category of Best Film in Coproduction and Best Editing for Ludo Troch in 2011, and Best Foreign Film at the 68th Golden Globe Awards."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "British Fantasy Award", "paragraph_text": "The British Fantasy Awards are awarded annually by the British Fantasy Society (BFS), first in 1976. Prior to that they were known as The August Derleth Fantasy Awards (see August Derleth Award). First awarded in 1972 (The Knight of Swords by Michael Moorcock) only for novels, the number of award categories increased and in 1976 the BFS renamed them collectively the British Fantasy Awards. The current award categories are Best Fantasy Novel (the Robert Holdstock Award), Best Horror Novel (the August Derleth Award), Best Novella, Best Short Story, Best Independent Press, Best Artist, Best Anthology, Best Collection, Best Comic/Graphic Novel, Best Non-Fiction, and Best Newcomer (the Sydney J. Bounds Award), while the Karl Edward Wagner Award for \"important contribution to the genre or the Society\" is given at the discretion of the BFS committee. The membership of the BFS vote to determine the shortlists of the awards, the winners being decided by juries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hero of Ukraine", "paragraph_text": "Hero of Ukraine (HOU) (, \"Heroy Ukrayiny\") is the highest national title that can be conferred upon an individual citizen by the President of Ukraine. The title was created in 1998 by President Leonid Kuchma and as of 27 June 2019 the total number of awards is 453. The title is granted to two different order recipients, a civilian Order of State and a military Order of Gold Star. The first foreigner awarded the award was Belarusian Mikhail Zhyzneuski in June 2017."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer", "paragraph_text": "National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer National award for contributions to Indian Cinema Awarded for Best Male Playback Singer for feature film for a year Sponsored by Directorate of Film Festivals Formerly called Best Playback Singer of the Year (1967) Reward (s) Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) \u20b950,000 (US $780) First awarded 1967 Last awarded 2016 Most recent winner Sundarayyar Highlights Total awarded 52 First winner Mahendra Kapoor"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bharat Ratna", "paragraph_text": "There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990. Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour. In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday. As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Royal Institute of British Architects", "paragraph_text": "RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year, the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work, and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than \u00a3500,000. The RIBA also awards the President's Medals for student work, which are regarded as the most prestigious awards in architectural education, and the RIBA President's Awards for Research. The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Juno Award", "paragraph_text": "The Juno Awards are named in honour of Pierre Juneau, the first president of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) and former president of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pinki Virani", "paragraph_text": "Pinki Virani (born 30 January 1959) is an Indian writer, journalist, human-rights activist and author who has won critical acclaim for her books \"Once was Bombay\", \"Aruna's Story\", \"Bitter Chocolate: Child Sexual Abuse in India\" (which won the National Award), and \"Deaf Heaven\". Her fifth book is called \"Politics of the Womb -- The Perils of Ivf, Surrogacy & Modified Babies\"."}], "question": "When was the first deaf president of the institution that gives out the Laurent Clerc Award?"}
{"id": "2hop__797420_847204", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "National Commission for Scheduled Castes", "paragraph_text": "The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as Chairman and other four Members. In 1990 the Commission for SCs and STs was renamed as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were formed as per 1987 and it was set up as a National Level Advisory Body to advise the Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brawl in Cell Block 99", "paragraph_text": "Principal photography began on August 15, 2016, in New York City. On August 17, 2016, Jennifer Carpenter joined the cast of the film. Principal photography wrapped on October 17, 2016."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Satya Nadella", "paragraph_text": "Satya Nadella Satya Nadella in 2017 Bukkapuram Nadella Satyanarayana (1967 - 08 - 19) 19 August 1967 (age 50) Hyderabad, Telangana, India Citizenship United States Alma mater Manipal Institute of Technology (B.E. - Electrical Engineering) University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee (M.S.) University of Chicago (MBA) Occupation CEO of Microsoft Corp (2014 -- present) Employer Microsoft (1992 -- present) Salary $84.3 million (2018) Net worth $1.34 billion (January 2018) Board member of Starbucks Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Spouse (s) Anupama Priya Nadella (m. 1992) Children Website Satya Nadella - Microsoft.com"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel", "paragraph_text": "The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel is a 2015 comedy-drama film directed by John Madden and written by Ol Parker. It is the sequel to the 2011 sleeper hit film \"The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel\" and features an ensemble cast consisting of stars Judi Dench, Bill Nighy, Penelope Wilton, Tina Desai, Lillete Dubey, Maggie Smith, Celia Imrie, Rajesh Tailang, Ronald Pickup, David Strathairn, Tamsin Greig, Dev Patel and Richard Gere."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Marigolds in August (film)", "paragraph_text": "Marigolds in August is a 1980 South African drama film directed by Ross Devenish, based on the play of the same name by Athol Fugard. It was entered into the 30th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Berlin Bear Anniversary Prize."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Charles Lamy", "paragraph_text": "Charles Lamy (28 August 1857 \u2013 15 June 1940) was a French actor. He was often cast to play aristocratic characters."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 8)", "paragraph_text": "The eighth series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme is expected to begin on 20 March 2018. The series was confirmed in August 2017. The cast members for this series were confirmed on 20 February 2018, and includes Geordie Shore star Marnie Simpson as well as The X Factor contestant, and Stereo Kicks and Union J singer Casey Johnson."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thomas Lennon", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Patrick Lennon (born August 9, 1970) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director best known as a cast member on MTV's The State, for his role as Lieutenant Jim Dangle on the Comedy Central series Reno 911! and as Felix Unger on the CBS series The Odd Couple. He is the writing partner of Robert Ben Garant."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Livia Millhagen", "paragraph_text": "Millhagen was born in Stockholm and studied at Malm\u00f6 Theatre Academy 1995\u201399. In 1997 she appeared at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in August Strindberg's \"Fadren\", directed by Staffan Valdemar Holm, and she is a regular cast member at that theatre."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 9)", "paragraph_text": "The ninth series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme began on 15 August 2018, The series was confirmed at the end of the eighth series final episode in May 2018. The cast members for this series were confirmed on 23 July 2018, and features former Made in Chelsea cast member Daisy Robins, as well as The Valleys star Natalee Harris. The series was filmed in Tulum, Mexico at the luxury villa Playaakun. This series it was revealed that the exes would have more power than ever before, as the ``Tablet of Terror ''continued to throw twists at them."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A Dog's Purpose (film)", "paragraph_text": "In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel. On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallstr\u00f6m would direct the film. On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast. On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film. On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play the dog's inner voice. He was eventually replaced by Josh Gad. Principal photography began on August 17, 2015."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Exodus: Gods and Kings", "paragraph_text": "On March 15, 2013, Deadline.com reported Scott wanted Christian Bale to star in the film; in August he confirmed the role to be Moses himself. On the same day, Joel Edgerton joined the cast to play Ramses and production was set to begin in September. The studio announced the casting calls in Spain's Almer\u00eda and Pechina for 3,000 to 4,000 extras and with another 1,000 to 2,000 extras on the island of Fuerteventura. On August 27, Aaron Paul joined the film to play Joshua. Sigourney Weaver, Ben Kingsley and John Turturro were then still in talks about joining the cast."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lisa Fugard", "paragraph_text": "Lisa Fugard was born in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, the only child of playwright Athol Fugard and novelist Sheila Meiring Fugard."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}], "question": "Who's the spouse of the cast member of Marigolds in August?"}
{"id": "2hop__79724_453545", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "BeIN Sports", "paragraph_text": "beIN Sports ( ) is a global network of sports channels owned and operated by beIN Media Group. Its Chairman is Nasser Al-Khelaifi, and its CEO is Yousef Al-Obaidly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2017\u201318 NBA season", "paragraph_text": "2017 -- 18 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 17, 2017 -- April 11, 2018 April 14 -- May 28, 2018 (Playoffs) May 31 -- June 17, 2018 (Finals) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner (s) ABC, TNT, ESPN, NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Markelle Fultz Picked by Philadelphia 76ers Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons \u2190 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 \u2192"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of La Liga broadcasters", "paragraph_text": "Country Language Broadcasters Argentina Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Bolivia Spanish ESPN, Tigo Sports Brazil Portuguese ESPN, Fox Premium Canada English, Spanish beIN Sports Caribbean English SportsMax, ESPN Chile Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Colombia Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Costa Rica Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Cuba Spanish Tele Rebelde Dominican Republic Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro El Salvador Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Guatemala Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Honduras Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Mexico Spanish Sky Sports, TDN Nicaragua Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Panama Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Paraguay Spanish ESPN, Tigo Sports Peru Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Puerto Rico English, Spanish beIN Sports United States English, Spanish beIN Sports Uruguay Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Venezuela Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fakhar-e-Alam", "paragraph_text": "Fakhar-e-Alam (Punjabi, Urdu: \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645) (born 19 January 1976 in Lahore), is a PakistanI national award winning film actor, TV host, VJ and singer, popular for introducing the bhangra-rap fusion genre of music in Pakistan. Though he is still considered a pioneer of bhangra-rap music culture in Pakistan, now he is much more popular for hosting TV shows and appearing in military/governmental sponsored music shows. He has also served as the chairman of \"Sindh Board of Film Censors\" from 2013 to 2016. In 2018, he became the first Pakistani to circumnavigate the globe solo in what he called Mission Parwaaz."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "The seventh season of the reality television series Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta will premiered on VH1 on March 19, 2018. The show was primarily filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. It is executively produced by Mona Scott - Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, David DiGangi, Lashan Browning and Donna Edge - Rachell for Eastern TV, and Nina L. Diaz, Liz Fine and Vivian Gomez for VH1."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2017\u201318 NBA season", "paragraph_text": "2017 -- 18 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 17, 2017 -- April 11, 2018 April 14 -- May 28, 2018 (Playoffs) May 31 -- June 17, 2018 (Finals) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner (s) ABC, TNT, ESPN, NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Markelle Fultz Picked by Philadelphia 76ers Regular season Top seed Houston Rockets Top scorer James Harden (Houston) Playoffs Finals NBA seasons \u2190 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 \u2192"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of La Liga hat-tricks", "paragraph_text": "Below is the list of players that have scored a hat - trick in a La Liga match since the league's creation, in 1929. Since its creation, more than 100 players have scored at least a hat - trick. Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 32 La Liga hat - tricks, making him the player with the most hat - tricks in La Liga history. He is followed by Lionel Messi, with 28."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Upside-Down Magic", "paragraph_text": "Upside Down Magic is a Scholastic book series by Sarah Mlynowski, Lauren Myracle, and Emily Jenkins. It has been optioned to Disney Channel for development as a TV show. There are four books in the series: Upside - Down Magic, Sticks & Stones, Showing Off, and Dragon Overnight (forthcoming in 2018)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of La Liga hat-tricks", "paragraph_text": "Below is the list of players that have scored a hat - trick in a La Liga match since the league's creation, in 1929. Since its creation, more than 100 players have scored at least a hat - trick. Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 34 La Liga hat - tricks, making him the player with the most hat - tricks in La Liga history. He is followed by Lionel Messi, with 28."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "El gran juego de la oca", "paragraph_text": "El gran juego de la oca (The Great Game of the Goose) was a TV game show produced in Madrid, Spain from 1993 through 1995 and again in 1998 as \"El nuevo juego de la oca\" (\"The New Game of the Goose\"). It was a weekly show airing in a block of several hours on the Spanish channel Antena 3, and later Telecinco. The show was created by television producer Jocelyn Hattab, and first premiered in Italy as \"Il Grande Gioco Dell'Oca\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "The seventh season of the reality television series Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta premiered on VH1 on March 19, 2018. The show was primarily filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. It is executively produced by Mona Scott - Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, David DiGangi, Lashan Browning and Donna Edge - Rachell for Eastern TV, and Nina L. Diaz, Liz Fine and Vivian Gomez for VH1."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Escape to Margaritaville", "paragraph_text": "Following try out performances in La Jolla, Chicago, Houston, and New Orleans, the show premiered on Broadway in February 2018."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ex on the Beach (American TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Ex on the Beach Genre Reality game show Presented by Romeo Miller Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 Production Location (s) Hilo, Hawaii Release Original network MTV Original release April 19, 2018 (2018 - 04 - 19) -- present Chronology Related shows Are You the One? The Bachelor The Bachelorette Bad Girls Club Big Brother The Challenge Vanderpump Rules External links Website"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Show Us Your Wits", "paragraph_text": "Show Us Your Wits is a Playboy TV adult game show based out of the Las Vegas Palomino Strip Club and hosted by Daphnee Duplaix."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ferdinand Dau\u010d\u00edk", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Dau\u010d\u00edk (also known as Fernando Daucik; 30 May 1910 \u2013 14 November 1986) was a Slovak football player and manager. Dau\u010d\u00edk was the manager of several La Liga clubs, most notably Barcelona, Atl\u00e9tico Bilbao, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid and Real Zaragoza. During his career, he managed La Liga clubs in 488 matches, won three La Liga titles and won the Copa del General\u00edsimo on five occasions and won three La Liga/Copa doubles. He died in Alcal\u00e1 de Henares."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lionel Messi", "paragraph_text": "Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League Copa del Rey Champions League Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Barcelona C 2003 -- 04 Tercera Divisi\u00f3n 10 5 -- -- -- 10 5 Barcelona B 2003 -- 04 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B 5 0 -- -- -- 5 0 2004 -- 05 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B 17 6 -- -- -- 17 6 Total 22 6 -- -- -- 22 6 Barcelona 2004 -- 05 La Liga 7 0 0 -- 9 2005 -- 06 La Liga 17 6 6 0 0 25 8 2006 -- 07 La Liga 26 14 5 0 36 17 2007 -- 08 La Liga 28 10 0 9 6 -- 40 16 2008 -- 09 La Liga 31 23 8 6 12 9 -- 51 38 2009 -- 10 La Liga 35 34 11 8 53 47 2010 -- 11 La Liga 33 31 7 7 13 12 55 53 2011 -- 12 La Liga 37 50 7 11 14 5 6 60 73 2012 -- 13 La Liga 32 46 5 11 8 50 60 2013 -- 14 La Liga 31 28 6 5 7 8 0 46 41 2014 -- 15 La Liga 38 43 6 5 13 10 -- 57 58 2015 -- 16 La Liga 33 26 5 5 7 6 49 41 2016 -- 17 La Liga 34 37 7 5 9 11 52 54 2017 -- 18 La Liga 32 29 5 10 6 49 39 Total 414 378 67 47 125 100 26 21 632 546 Career total 446 389 67 47 125 100 26 21 664 557"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "El Cl\u00e1sico", "paragraph_text": "El Cl\u00e1sico Team kits -- Real Madrid in white, Barcelona in blue and red Locale Spain Teams Barcelona Real Madrid Latest meeting Barcelona 5 -- 1 Real Madrid La Liga (28 October 2018) Next meeting Real Madrid v. Barcelona La Liga (3 March 2019) Stadiums Camp Nou (Barcelona) Santiago Bernab\u00e9u (Real Madrid) Statistics Meetings total Competitive matches: 238 Exhibition matches: 34 Total matches: 272 Most wins Competitive matches: Real Madrid (95) Exhibition matches: Barcelona (20) Total matches: Barcelona (113) Most player appearances Manolo Sanch\u00eds (43) Top scorer Lionel Messi (26) Largest victory Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey (19 June 1943)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "La Liga", "paragraph_text": "La Liga Organising body Liga de F\u00fatbol Profesional Founded 1929 Country Spain Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 (from 1997 -- 98) Level on pyramid Relegation to Segunda Divisi\u00f3n Domestic cup (s) Copa del Rey Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Real Madrid (33rd title) Most championships Real Madrid (33 titles) TV partners List of broadcasters Website www.laliga.es/en 2017 -- 18 La Liga"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rod, Jane and Freddy", "paragraph_text": "Rod, Jane and Freddy were a singing trio who appeared in children's programming on the British TV channel ITV in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. They starred both in the long-running series \"Rainbow\" and their own 15-minute show, The Rod, Jane and Freddy Show. The trio have also made guest appearances in other children's TV shows including \"The Sooty Show\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fernando Mor\u00e1n (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "He amassed La Liga totals of 140 games and six goals over the course of eight seasons, almost exclusively at the service of Racing de Santander. In a 19-year senior career he added 342/42 in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n, in representation of nine teams."}], "question": "Who owns the network showing La Liga 2018/19 on TV?"}
{"id": "2hop__30597_30529", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bay Glen, Houston", "paragraph_text": "Bay Glen is a neighborhood located within the master-planned community of Clear Lake City in Houston, Texas. The neighborhood was developed in the mid-1980s and borders the neighborhoods of Bay Knoll, Bay Pointe, Bay Oaks, Northfork and Oak Brook West. Bay Glen, along with Bay Knoll, is a member of the Pineloch Community Association."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of the Miami Marlins", "paragraph_text": "The Miami Marlins are a Major League Baseball team that currently plays in the city of Miami. Founded in 1991 as the Florida Marlins, the Marlins began play in 1993 in the suburb of Miami Gardens, and moved to the city in 2012, becoming the Miami Marlins at that time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elyria-Swansea, Denver", "paragraph_text": "Elyria-Swansea is a neighborhood of Denver, Colorado. It is located in East Denver, on the northeast side of the city. In 2007, the neighborhood had 7,218 residents and 1,787 households. The racial makeup of the neighborhood in 2000 was, 9.9% non-Hispanic white, 5.31% African American, 83.02% Hispanic or Latino, 0.7% Native American, and 0.31% Asian."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Odessa City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Odessa City Hall is the city hall of Odessa, Ukraine, located at the junction of Primorskiy Boulevard, Chaikovskogo Lane and Pushkinska Street. It occupies a Neoclassical building, built to a design by Francesco Boffo and Gregorio Toricelli in 1828-34."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hollins\u2013Roundhouse Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Hollins\u2013Roundhouse Historic District (also known as B-5144) is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a primarily residential area characterized by 19th century rowhouses. The neighborhood is historically significant due to its association with the development of rail transportation in Maryland. Additional historical significance comes from the neighborhood's association with ethnic immigration to Baltimore. During the 1840s and 1850s the area was a center of settlement for Baltimore's German and Irish communities, many of whom immigrated to the United States to work in the rail industry. Later, from the 1880s to the 1920s, the neighborhood became established as the center of Baltimore's Lithuanian immigrant community. Because of the large Lithuanian population in the area north of Hollins Street, the area became known as Little Lithuania. A few remnants of the neighborhood's Lithuanian heritage still remain, such as Lithuanian Hall located on Hollins Street."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame", "paragraph_text": "The Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame, located in Muskogee, Oklahoma, honors Oklahoma musicians for their lifetime achievements in music. The induction ceremony and concert are held each year in Muskogee. Since its establishment in 1997, the Hall of Fame has inducted more than 37 individuals or groups, produced more than 7 concerts, and renovated in part the facility that will educate Oklahomans for generations about those innovators and industry icons from Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2004, Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States, making it the third poorest city in the USA, behind only Detroit, Michigan (ranked #1) and El Paso, Texas (ranked #2). Miami is also one of the very few cities where its local government went bankrupt, in 2001. However, since that time, Miami has experienced a revival: in 2008, Miami was ranked as \"America's Cleanest City\" according to Forbes for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. In a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States (of four U.S. cities included in the survey) and the world's fifth-richest city, in terms of purchasing power."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Isle of Normandy", "paragraph_text": "Isle of Normandy or Normandy Island or Normandy Isles or Normandy Isle is a neighborhood of North Beach in the city of Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is located along the eastern shore of Biscayne Bay."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Astoria City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Astoria City Hall is the current city hall for the town of Astoria, Oregon, United States. Built in 1923 to house a bank, the building became the city hall in 1939, and it has remained Astoria's seat of government for more than 75 years."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers", "paragraph_text": "The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers, located at 120 West 46th Street in the Times Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was established in the 1970s in lower Manhattan as an all-girls annex to Murry Bergtraum High School. Its original goal was to offer young women a business education, then not readily available to female students, however it is now co-ed. The school was renamed in honor of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in 1995, a year after her death. It is a part of the New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "The government of the City of Miami (proper) uses the mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners which are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers conferred upon the city in the city charter. The mayor is elected at large and appoints a city manager. The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Tom\u00e1s Regalado and 5 City commissioners which oversee the five districts in the City. The commission's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall, which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove ."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak's Atlantic Coast services, running two lines, the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star, both terminating in New York City. The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami Central Station will move all Amtrak operations from its current out-of-the-way location to a centralized location with Metrorail, MIA Mover, Tri-Rail, Miami International Airport, and the Miami Intermodal Center all within the same station closer to Downtown. The station was expected to be completed by 2012, but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014, again pushed back to early 2015."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eastern Shores (North Miami Beach)", "paragraph_text": "Eastern Shores is a neighborhood within the city of North Miami Beach in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is located about north of Miami, just south of the city of Aventura."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Omaha City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Omaha City Hall is located at 1819 Farnam Street in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. It is the seat of government for the City of Omaha."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bayshore (Miami Beach)", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore is a neighborhood of Mid-Beach in the city of Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is located in the center portion of the main island that the city occupies. Originally built around Carl Fisher's Bayshore Golf and Country Club, with a course designed by H.C. Tippet which opened in 1923, the area is roughly bound by the Collins Canal to the south, 41st Street to the north, Indian Creek to the east, and Biscayne Bay to the west. The neighborhood is characterized largely by single family homes and municipal uses (Miami Beach Golf Club, Miami Beach High School, Scott Rakow Youth Center)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "James Hall Transport Museum", "paragraph_text": "James Hall Transport Museum is located in Johannesburg South Africa.It is largest transport museum in Africa.It is a museum that aims to preserve and promote the history of over 400 years of transport in South Africa in particular and Africa in general. It was established in 1964 by Jimmie Hall."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha\u2212World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami \"America's Cleanest City\", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the \"Capital of Latin America\", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami's City Hall in Dinner Key, the Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, many nightclubs, bars, restaurants and bohemian shops, and as such, is very popular with local college students. It is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads, and a heavy tree canopy. Coconut Grove has many parks and gardens such as Villa Vizcaya, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, and is the home of the Coconut Grove Convention Center and numerous historic homes and estates."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Capitol", "paragraph_text": "Prior to establishing the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia (Independence Hall and Congress Hall), New York City (Federal Hall), and a number of other locations (York, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland; and Nassau Hall in Princeton, New Jersey). In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Roads", "paragraph_text": "The Roads is a neighborhood of Miami in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is a triangular area located south of SW 11th Street, between SW 12th Avenue and SW 15th Road, just west of Brickell."}], "question": "In which year was the neighborhood of Miami City Hall established?"}
{"id": "2hop__30565_30627", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Upper Brooklyn", "paragraph_text": "Upper Brooklyn or Brooklyn Heights is a neighborhood on South Hill in Minot, North Dakota. The neighborhood consists of the sections of the Brooklyn Addition that are not part of Downtown Minot. The High Third neighborhood, the Lower Brooklyn neighborhood and the area around the Minot Municipal Auditorium, which were part of the Brooklyn Addition, are considered part of the downtown area. Upper Brooklyn is bordered by downtown and the BNSF railroad tracks to the north, Minot High School's Magic City Campus to the west, Eleventh Avenue SW to the south and South Broadway and Lower Brooklyn to the east. The neighborhood is approximately 0.46 square kilometers. The neighborhood is home to the Scandinavian Heritage Park and Jim Hill Middle School."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hollywood Heights, Dallas", "paragraph_text": "Hollywood Heights is a neighborhood in east Dallas, Texas (USA). The neighborhood lies to the northwest of SH 78 (East Grand Avenue) and the Tennison Park Golf Course. It is a part of a special conservation district to protect the neighborhood's historic homes along with its sister subdivision, Santa Monica."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College, anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and the University District."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is also an important industry in Miami. Along with finance and business, the beaches, conventions, festivals and events draw over 38 million visitors annually into the city, from across the country and around the world, spending $17.1 billion. The Art Deco District in South Beach, is reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for its nightclubs, beaches, historical buildings, and shopping. Annual events such as the Sony Ericsson Open, Art Basel, Winter Music Conference, South Beach Wine & Food Festival, and Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami attract millions to the metropolis every year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dallas", "paragraph_text": "South Dallas, a distinct neighborhood southeast of Downtown, lays claim to the Cedars, an eclectic artist hotbed, and Fair Park, home of the annual State Fair of Texas, held in late September and through mid-October. Southwest of Downtown lies Oak Cliff, a hilly area that has undergone gentrification in recent years, in neighborhoods such as the Bishop Arts District. Oak Cliff was a township founded in the mid-1800s and annexed in 1903 by the city of Dallas. Today, most of the area's northern residents are Hispanic. The ghost town of La Reunion once occupied the northern tip of Oak Cliff. South Oak Cliff has a population that is a mixture of African American, Hispanic, and Native American."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Raleigh, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Downtown area is home to historic neighborhoods and buildings such as the Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel built in the early 20th century, the restored City Market, the Fayetteville Street downtown business district, which includes the PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center buildings, as well as the North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina State Capitol, Peace College, the Raleigh City Museum, Raleigh Convention Center, Shaw University, and St. Augustine's College. The neighborhoods in Old Raleigh include Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills, Coley Forest, Five Points, Budleigh, Glenwood-Brooklyn, Hayes Barton Historic District, Moore Square, Mordecai, Rosengarten Park, Belvidere Park, Woodcrest, and Historic Oakwood. In the 2000s, an effort by the Downtown Raleigh Alliance was made to separate this area of the city into five smaller districts: Fayetteville Street, Moore Square, Glenwood South, Warehouse (Raleigh), and Capital District (Raleigh). Some of the names have become common place among locals such as the Warehouse, Fayetteville Street, and Glenwood South Districts."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canton, Baltimore", "paragraph_text": "Canton is a historic waterfront neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The neighborhood is along Baltimore's outer harbor in the southeastern section of the city, roughly two miles east of Baltimore's downtown district and next to or near the neighborhoods of Patterson Park, Fell's Point, Highlandtown, and Brewers Hill."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Barrio San Antonio", "paragraph_text": "Barrio San Antonio is a historic barrio located adjacent to and east of downtown Tucson, Arizona, United States. The barrio is named after San Antonio, or Anthony of Padua, the Portuguese saint. The neighborhood is a federal empowerment zone and is home to multiple downtown Tucson elementary schools and businesses."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean. The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway connect Downtown with South Beach. The Julia Tuttle Causeway connects Midtown and Miami Beach. The 79th Street Causeway connects the Upper East Side with North Beach. The northernmost causeway, the Broad Causeway, is the smallest of Miami's six causeways, and connects North Miami with Bal Harbour."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Toronto Coach Terminal", "paragraph_text": "The Toronto Coach Terminal is the central bus station for inter-city services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 610 Bay Street, in the city's Downtown. The terminal is owned by Toronto Coach Terminal Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). The TTC managed the station directly until July 8, 2012, when it was leased out in its entirety to bus lines Coach Canada and Greyhound Canada for $1.2 million annually. Opened in 1931 as the Gray Coach Terminal, the Art Deco style terminal was home base for Gray Coach, an interurban bus service then owned by the TTC. It replaced an earlier open air terminal, Gray Line Terminal."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The area between Belvidere Street, Interstate 195, Interstate 95, and the river, which includes Virginia Commonwealth University, is socioeconomically and architecturally diverse. North of Broad Street, the Carver and Newtowne West neighborhoods are demographically similar to neighboring Jackson Ward, with Carver experiencing some gentrification due to its proximity to VCU. The affluent area between the Boulevard, Main Street, Broad Street, and VCU, known as the Fan, is home to Monument Avenue, an outstanding collection of Victorian architecture, and many students. West of the Boulevard is the Museum District, the location of the Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. South of the Downtown Expressway are Byrd Park, Maymont, Hollywood Cemetery, the predominantly black working class Randolph neighborhood, and white working class Oregon Hill. Cary Street between Interstate 195 and the Boulevard is a popular commercial area called Carytown."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Iona Island (British Columbia)", "paragraph_text": "Iona Island in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada was formerly an island, but is now a peninsula physically connected to Sea Island via a causeway and Ferguson Road. Iona is home to a primary sewage treatment plant (located in the middle), an animal refuge and a park (Iona Beach Regional Park)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The city has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the central business district and the Green, are the following neighborhoods: the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill, historic water-front City Point (or Oyster Point), and the harborside district of Long Wharf; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood, West River, Westville, Amity, and West Rock-Westhills; East Rock, Cedar Hill, Prospect Hill, and Newhallville in the northern side of town; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square, an Italian-American neighborhood; Fair Haven, an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River; and facing the eastern side of the harbor, The Annex and East Shore (or Morris Cove)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoac\u00e1n and San \u00c1ngel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century. Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets. Santa Mar\u00eda la Ribera and San Rafael are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent Porfiriato architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, downtown Tucson underwent a revitalization effort by city planners and the business community. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that has been stalled in planning for more than ten years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot and \"Locomotive #1673\", built in 1900. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District. Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, which is set just northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the UPRR tracks."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harsimus", "paragraph_text": "Harsimus (also known as Harsimus Cove) is a neighborhood within Downtown Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The neighborhood stretches from the Harsimus Stem Embankment (the Sixth Street Embankment) on the north to Christopher Columbus Drive on the south between Coles Street and Grove Street or more broadly, to Marin Boulevard. It borders the neighborhoods of Hamilton Park to the north, Van Vorst Park to the south, the Village to the west, and the Powerhouse Arts District to the east. Newark Avenue has traditionally been its \"main street\". The name is from the Lenape, used by the Hackensack Indians who inhabited the region and could be translated as \"Crow\u2019s Marsh\". From many years, the neighborhood was part of the \"Horseshoe\", a political delineation created by its position between the converging rail lines and political gerrymandering."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami's City Hall in Dinner Key, the Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, many nightclubs, bars, restaurants and bohemian shops, and as such, is very popular with local college students. It is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads, and a heavy tree canopy. Coconut Grove has many parks and gardens such as Villa Vizcaya, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, and is the home of the Coconut Grove Convention Center and numerous historic homes and estates."}], "question": "What causeway connects downtown and the neighborhood home to the Art Deco district?"}
{"id": "2hop__570575_609526", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Aloha Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Aloha Stadium is a stadium located in Halawa, Hawaii, a western suburb of Honolulu (though with a Honolulu address). It is the largest stadium in the state of Hawaii. Aloha Stadium is home to the University of Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team (Mountain West Conference, NCAA Division I FBS)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles", "paragraph_text": "The 1940s would prove a tumultuous and ultimately triumphant decade for the young club. In 1940, the team moved from Philadelphia Municipal Stadium to Shibe Park. Lud Wray's half - interest in the team was purchased by Art Rooney, who had just sold the Pittsburgh Steelers to Alexis Thompson. Soon thereafter, Bell / Rooney and Thompson swapped franchises, but not teams. Bell / Rooney's entire Eagles' corporate organization, including most of the players, moved to Pittsburgh (The Steelers' corporate name remained ``Philadelphia Football Club, Inc. ''until 1945) and Thompson's Steelers moved to Philadelphia, leaving only the team nicknames in their original cities. Since NFL franchises are territorial rights distinct from individual corporate entities, the NFL does not consider this a franchise move and considers the current Philadelphia Eagles as a single unbroken entity from 1933. (1)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Halawa, Hawaii", "paragraph_text": "Halawa is a census-designated place (CDP) in the \u2018Ewa District of Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States. Halawa Stream branches into two valleys: North and South Halawa; North Halawa is the larger stream and fluvial feature. Their confluence is within the H-3/H-201 highways exchange. Most of Halawa Valley is undeveloped. As of the 2010 Census, the CDP had a population of 14,014."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}], "question": "What county is the Aloha Stadium located?"}
{"id": "2hop__42426_349498", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Henri-Louis Gagnon", "paragraph_text": "Born in Lambton, Quebec, the son of Louis Gagnon and Sobronie B\u00e9langer, Gagnon was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for Frontenac in 1931. A Liberal, he was defeated in 1935. He was mayor of Lambton in 1935 and 1936. He was re-elected in 1939 and defeated in 1944."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Paul-Henri Spence", "paragraph_text": "He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in a 1952 by-election in Roberval's federal constituency to become only the third Progressive Conservative MP from Quebec to sit in the 21st Canadian Parliament. He only sat in Parliament for a year before he lost his seat in the 1953 general election with Liberal Georges Villeneuve defeating him by just over 200 votes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jerzy Rybicki", "paragraph_text": "Jerzy Rybicki (born 6 June 1953 in Warsaw) is a retired boxer from Poland, who represented his country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, Canada. There he won the gold medal in the light middleweight division (\u2013 71\u00a0kg), after having defeated Yugoslavia's Tadija Ka\u010dar in the final."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Claude DeBellefeuille", "paragraph_text": "Born in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec, she was first elected in the 2006 federal election. She defeated Alain Boire in the nomination race in the riding and went on to win the general election. DeBellefeuille was re-elected in 2008 and defeated in 2011 and 2015. Prior to being elected, DeBellefeuille was a social worker."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757, a difficult winter, and the allegedly corrupt machinations of Fran\u00e7ois Bigot, the intendant of the territory. His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates. A massive outbreak of smallpox among western tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758. While many parties to the conflict blamed others (the Indians blamed the French for bringing \"bad medicine\" as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry), the disease was probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle. Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg, while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Quebec House", "paragraph_text": "Quebec House is the birthplace of General James Wolfe on what is now known as Quebec Square in Westerham, Kent. The brick home is located in a residential neighbourhood surrounded by historic homes and more modern 20th Century housing. The house was originally built in the 16th century but was extensively rebuilt in the 18th and 20th centuries."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "La Joute", "paragraph_text": "La Joute (\"the joust\") (1969) is a public sculptural installation by Quebec artist Jean-Paul Riopelle, a member of the Automatiste movement. It is currently located in Place Jean-Paul-Riopelle in the Quartier international de Montr\u00e9al."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Home Township, Montcalm County, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Home Township is a civil township of Montcalm County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the township population was 2,708."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759, when they finally captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec (in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760 when, despite losing outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte-Foy, the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Comfort and Indifference", "paragraph_text": "Comfort and Indifference () is a 1982 documentary film by Denys Arcand, offering an analysis of the 1980 Quebec referendum, in which \"sovereignty-association\" was defeated as a first step to eventual secession from Canada. The film takes the position that the referendum result was a failure of courage and that the Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois were numbed by prosperity and the explicitly Machiavellian manipulations of federalist leaders."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Books of Samuel", "paragraph_text": "Samuel begins with the prophet Samuel's birth and God's call to him as a boy. The story of the Ark of the Covenant that follows tells of Israel's oppression by the Philistines, which brought about Samuel's anointing of Saul as Israel's first king. But Saul proved unworthy and God's choice turned to David, who defeated Israel's enemies and brought the Ark to Jerusalem. God then promised David and his successors an everlasting dynasty."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pierre G\u00e9linas", "paragraph_text": "He was defeated as a Conservative candidate in Richelieu electoral district for the House of Commons of Canada in the first Canadian federal election in 1867. He was elected as a Conservative to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in an 1869 by-election in Richelieu, but did not run for re-election in 1871."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1995 Quebec referendum", "paragraph_text": "Voting took place on October 30, 1995, and featured the largest voter turnout in Quebec's history (93.52%). The ``No ''option carried by 54,288 votes (50.58%). Parizeau, who announced his pending resignation as Quebec premier the following day, would later state that he would have quickly proceeded with a unilateral declaration of independence had the result been affirmative and negotiations failed or been refused, the latter of which was later revealed as the federal position in the event of a`` Yes'' victory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Albert William Atwater", "paragraph_text": "Born in Montreal, the son of Albert William Atwater and Julia Eliza Brush, Atwater was educated at the Montreal High School and McGill University. He was called to the Quebec Bar in 1881 and was created a Queen's Counsel in 1889. A lawyer, he was a member of the Montreal City Council for Saint-Antoine from February to May 1896. He was elected with opposition to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in an 1896 by-election for the riding of Montr\u00e9al division no. 4. A Conservative, he was re-elected in 1897. From 1896 to 1897, he was the Treasurer of the Province of Quebec. He was defeated in 1900."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Letellier, Manitoba", "paragraph_text": "Letellier is a small Francophone community in the Rural Municipality of Montcalm, Manitoba, Canada. It is located at the junction of Highway 75 and Provincial Road 201, approximately 15 kilometres north of the Canada\u2013United States border."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sainte-Ir\u00e8ne, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Sainte-Ir\u00e8ne is a parish municipality in Quebec, Canada. It is where the Quebec French version of \"King of the Hill\" takes place."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rufat Riskiyev", "paragraph_text": "Rufat Asadovich Riskiyev () (born October 2, 1949 in Akkurgan, Uzbek SSR) is a retired boxer, who represented the USSR at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There he won the silver medal in the middleweight division (\u2013 75\u00a0kg). In the final he was defeated by United States-boxer Michael Spinks, after the referee stopped the contest in the third round."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ace Rusevski", "paragraph_text": "Ace Rusevski (born November 30, 1956, in Kumanovo) is a retired Macedonian boxer, who represented Yugoslavia at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There he won the bronze medal in the lightweight division (\u2013 60\u00a0kg) after being defeated in the semifinals by eventual gold medalist Howard Davis Jr. of the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Irena Szyd\u0142owska", "paragraph_text": "She competed for Poland in the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich, Germany in the individual event where she finished in second place. She also finished twentieth four years later in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zec Pabok", "paragraph_text": "The name Zec Pabok was formalized on December 12, 1997, to the Bank of place names in the Commission de toponymie du Qu\u00e9bec (Geographical Names Board of Quebec)."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the person who defeated Montcalm at Quebec?"}
{"id": "2hop__125026_502373", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Emperor penguin", "paragraph_text": "After laying, the mother's nutritional reserves are exhausted and she very carefully transfers the egg to the male, before immediately returning to the sea for two months to feed. The transfer of the egg can be awkward and difficult, and many couples drop the egg in the process. When this happens, the chick inside is quickly lost, as the egg can not withstand the freezing temperatures on the icy ground. The male spends the dark winter incubating the egg in his brood pouch, balancing it on the tops of his feet, for 64 consecutive days until hatching. The emperor penguin is the only species where this behaviour is observed; in all other penguin species both parents take shifts incubating. By the time the egg hatches, the male will have fasted for around 115 days since arriving at the colony. To survive the cold and winds of up to 200 km / h (120 mph), the males huddle together, taking turns in the middle of the huddle. They have also been observed with their backs to the wind to conserve body heat. In the four months of travel, courtship, and incubation, the male may lose as much as 20 kg (44 lb), from a total mass of 38 to 18 kg (84 to 40 lb)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "David Goodhart", "paragraph_text": "Goodhart is one of seven children born to Valerie Forbes Winant (the niece of John Gilbert Winant) and Conservative MP Sir Philip Goodhart. He is a great-great-grandson of Mayer Lehman, co-founder of Lehman Brothers. He was educated at Eton College, and the University of York, where he gained a degree in history and politics. He has written of being an \"old Etonian Marxist\" in his late teens and early 20s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Burden of Truth (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Alex Carter as David Hanley, Joanna's father and a partner at the law firm she worked for at the start of the series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oleanna (film)", "paragraph_text": "Oleanna is a 1994 drama film written and directed by David Mamet based on his play and starring William H. Macy and Debra Eisenstadt. The film was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alone (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref. David McIntyre 50 Male Kentwood, Michigan United States Winner - 66 days Larry Roberts 44 Male Rush City, Minnesota United States 64 days Jose Martinez Amoedo 45 Male Santa Pola, Valencia Spain 59 days Nicole Apelian 45 Female Portland, Oregon United States 57 days Justin Vititoe 35 Male Augusta, Georgia United States 35 days Randy Champagne 28 Male Flagstaff, Arizona & Boulder, Utah United States 21 days Mike Lowe 55 Male Lewis, Colorado United States 21 days Tracy Wilson 44 Female Aiken, South Carolina United States 8 days Mary Kate Green 36 Female Homer, Alaska United States 7 days (medically evacuated) Desmond White 37 Male Coolidge, Arizona United States ~ 5 hours"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Extreme Championship Wrestling", "paragraph_text": "ECW had its origins in 1989 under the banner Tri-State Wrestling Alliance owned by Joel Goodhart. ECW would, in fact, continue to use the former Tri-State Heavyweight championship belt to represent its own Championship, although the ECW title was not considered a continuation of that title. In 1992, Goodhart sold his share of the company to his partner, Tod Gordon, who in return renamed the promotion Eastern Championship Wrestling. When Eastern Championship Wrestling was founded, it was a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). At the time, ``Hot Stuff ''Eddie Gilbert was the lead booker of Eastern Championship Wrestling. Gilbert, after a falling out with Tod Gordon, was replaced in September 1993 by Paul Heyman. Heyman, known on television as Paul E. Dangerously, had just left World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and was looking for a new challenge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kate Sissons", "paragraph_text": "Kate Sissons (born 1980) is a British RADA-trained actress. Her father is former BBC newsreader Peter Sissons and her mother, Sylvia, is a teacher. Both her parents are from Liverpool."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dead Boyz Don't Scream", "paragraph_text": "Dead Boyz Don't Scream is a 2006 homoerotic slasher film starring Monique Parent with male models familiar from \"Playgirl\" magazine."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Douglas Fairbairn", "paragraph_text": "Born Douglas Behl in Elmira, New York, to Jean Melissa \"Missy\" (n\u00e9e Fairbairn) and Martin E. Behl. His father was born in Westphalen, Germany, and came to America as a toddler. His mother was born in Huntsville, Ontario, Canada. His parents moved around a lot, married in Cleveland, Ohio in 1918, they lived in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. His parents got a divorce when he was a child and he never saw his father again. (His father moved back to New York City and later died in Santa Barbara, California in 1967.) His mother later remarried, to Wesley Hibbard Bunce, and they moved to Coconut Grove, Florida in 1938. After going by Douglas Bunce for a time, although not officially, he legally changed his last name to his mother's maiden name in 1955."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lars and the Real Girl", "paragraph_text": "Lars Lindstrom lives a secluded life in a small Wisconsin town. It is gradually revealed that his mother died when he was born, causing his grief - stricken father to be a distant parent to Lars and his older brother, Gus. Gus left town as soon as he could support himself, returning only to inherit his half of the household when the father died."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tuanku Imam Bonjol", "paragraph_text": "Tuanku Imam Bonjol was born in Bonjol, Pasaman, West Sumatra. His family came from Sungai Rimbang, Suliki, Limapuluh Koto. His parents name were Bayanuddin (father) and Hamatun (mother). He was immersed in Islamic studies as he grew up, studying first from his father and later under various other Muslim theologians."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Philip Goodhart", "paragraph_text": "Sir Philip Carter Goodhart (3 November 1925 \u2013 5 July 2015) was a British Conservative politician, the son of Arthur Lehman Goodhart."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Donkey", "paragraph_text": "A male donkey or ass is called a jack, a female a jenny or jennet; a young donkey is a foal. Jack donkeys are often used to mate with female horses to produce mules; the biological ``reciprocal ''of a mule, from a stallion and jenny as its parents instead, is called a hinny."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Caucasia (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Caucasia (1998) is the first novel written by American author, Danzy Senna. \"Caucasia\" is the coming-of-age story of Birdie Lee and her sister Cole, two multiracial girls with a white mother and black father as parents. The novel is set in Boston, Massachusetts during the turbulent mid-1970s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Natalie Horler", "paragraph_text": "Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to British parents who had moved to Germany in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her 2 siblings. Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney movies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Parent Trap (1961 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Parent Trap is a 1961 Walt Disney Technicolor film. It stars Hayley Mills (in a dual role), Maureen O'Hara and Brian Keith in a story about teenage twins on a quest to reunite their divorced parents. The screenplay by the film's director David Swift was based upon the 1949 book Lottie and Lisa (German: Das Doppelte Lottchen) by Erich K\u00e4stner. The Parent Trap was nominated for two Academy Awards, was broadcast on television, saw three television sequels, was remade in 1998 with Lindsay Lohan, and has been released on digital stereo LaserDisc format in 1986 as well as VHS and DVD in 2000. The original film was Mills' second of six films for Disney."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Penny Kinsella", "paragraph_text": "Penny Kinsella (born 14 August 1963) is a former New Zealand cricketer. Her father is former cricket umpire David Kinsella."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Man with a Plan (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "An old - school father encounters the modern challenges of parenting three school - aged children, marriage and running a general contracting business with his brother after his supportive wife returns to work. He also has to deal with his overbearing parents. The series is set in suburban Pittsburgh."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Last Song", "paragraph_text": "At seventeen, Veronica ``Ronnie ''Miller (Miley Cyrus) remains as rebellious as she was the day her parents divorced and her father moved to North Carolina three years prior. Once a classical piano child prodigy under the tutelage of her father, Steve Miller (Greg Kinnear), Ronnie now ignores the instrument and has not spoken with her father since he left. While Juilliard School has been interested in her since she was young, Ronnie refuses to attend."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Louis, Duke of Burgundy", "paragraph_text": "Louis, Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France (16 August 1682 \u2013 18 February 1712) was the eldest son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and father of Louis XV, and briefly heir-apparent to the throne from his father's death in April 1711 to his own death 10 months later. Until he became the official Dauphin of France upon his father's death in 1711, he was known as Le Petit Dauphin to distinguish him from his father, who was known as \"le Grand Dauphin\". His legitimate male progeny died out in 1883."}], "question": "Who was the grandfather of David Goodhart?"}
{"id": "2hop__4103_26389", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music \"Franz Liszt\" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule f\u00fcr Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students). Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Andrew Kalotay", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Kalotay (born 1941) is a Hungarian-born finance professor, Wall Street quant and chess master. He is best known as an authority on fixed income valuation and institutional debt management. He is currently the President of Andrew Kalotay Associates, and an adjunct professor at Polytechnic Institute of New York University."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level\u2014Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)\u2014for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Peter Pershan", "paragraph_text": "Peter Pershan earned his B.S. at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1956 and his Ph.D. in Physics at Harvard University in 1960 for nuclear magnetic resonance under the supervision of Nicolaas Bloembergen. After a short postdoctoral appointment with Bloembergen he was appointed an assistant professor at Harvard University, where he is now a Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science, at both Physics Department and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Instituto Piaget", "paragraph_text": "Instituto Piaget is a Portuguese private institution of higher education. It provides both university and polytechnic higher education in a number of fields. Instituto Piaget was named after the Swiss philosopher and developmental psychologist Jean Piaget."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system, including Brunel University, City University London, Imperial College London, Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, University of East London, University of West London and University of Westminster, (with over 34,000 students, the largest unitary university in London), London South Bank University, Middlesex University, University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe), University of East London, the University of West London and the University of Westminster. In addition there are three international universities in London \u2013 Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Erich E. Kunhardt", "paragraph_text": "Erich E. Kunhardt Grullon (May 31, 1949 \u2013 August 4, 2014) was a Dominican American physicist who was Professor of applied physics at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University and a special advisor to the Institute's President."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Al Kabir Polytechnic", "paragraph_text": "Al-Kabir Polytechnic is one of the first private technical institute of Jharkhand, India established on 1990 (then Bihar). It is recognised by State Board of technical Education, Jharkhand and Approved by AICTE Government of India. The institute is run by Kabir Welfare Trust. It offers three years diploma engineering in various branches, Such as"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National FFA Organization", "paragraph_text": "National FFA Organization is an American 501 (c) (3) youth organization, specifically a career and technical student organization, based on middle and high school classes that promote and support agricultural education. It was founded in 1925 at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, by agriculture teachers, Henry C. Groseclose, Walter Newman, Edmund Magill and Harry Sanders as Future Farmers of Virginia. In 1928, it became a nationwide organization known as Future Farmers of America. In 1988 the name was changed to the National FFA Organization, now commonly referred to as FFA, to recognize that the organization is for those with diverse interests in the food, fiber and natural resource industries, encompassing science, business and technology in addition to production agriculture. Today FFA is among the largest youth organization in the United States, with 649,355 members in 7,859 chapters throughout all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. FFA is the largest of the career and technical student organizations in U.S. schools."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bobelle Sconiers Harrell", "paragraph_text": "She was born in Fort Walton Beach, and was the first female student admitted to the School of Pharmacy at what is today Auburn University, and was then Alabama Polytechnic Institute. She graduated in 1944 at the top of her class with Phi Kappa Phi and Cardinal Key honors. She later became one of the first women licensed to practice pharmacy in Florida. She was also licensed to practice pharmacy in Alabama."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970\u20131992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of \u00a3186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington celebrating the encouragement of the arts, industry, and science. Albert insisted the Great Exhibition surplus should be used as a home for culture and education for everyone. His commitment was to find practical solutions to today's social challenges. Prince Albert's vision built the Victoria and Albert Museum, Science Museum, Natural History Museum, Geological Museum, Royal College of Science, Royal College of Art, Royal School of Mines, Royal School of Music, Royal College of Organists, Royal School of Needlework, Royal Geographical Society, Institute of Recorded Sound, Royal Horticultural Gardens, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. Royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Natalya Varley", "paragraph_text": "In October 1967 the first Soviet horror movie, \"Viy\" (after Nikolay Gogol's novella of the same name) was premiered. Here Varley provided another striking performance, now as Pannochka, a murdered witch, rising off her coffin to torment and finally kill a hapless seminary student (played by Leonid Kuravlyov), who had inadvertently brought about her death. Several other films of the late 1960s featured Natalya Varley, who has by now left the Moscow Circus to become a Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute student. Among them were \"Seven Brides of Corporal Zbruyev\" and \"The Twelve Chairs\", the latter again by Gaidai."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Srinivasa Subbaraya Polytechnic College", "paragraph_text": "Srinivasa Subbaraya Polytechnic College (SSPT) is a government polytechnic institution located in Puthur, Sirkali taluk, Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5. There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%, and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, specialist colleges, and w\u0101nanga, in addition to private training establishments. In the adult population 14.2% have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4% have no formal qualification. The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Phil Agcaoili", "paragraph_text": "Phil Agcaoili graduated from Columbia High School in East Greenbush, New York in 1989, studied aerospace engineering at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia, received a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York in 1993, and attended Georgia State University in Atlanta, Georgia for an MBA in computer information systems. He was inducted into the Mechanical Engineering Honor Society Pi Tau Sigma in 1991 at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and was inducted into the East Greenbush Education Foundation Hall of Fame in 2011."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Polytechnic", "paragraph_text": "Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Polytechnic is a polytechnic college in located in the city of Kolkata, West Bengal of India(beside the campus of Jadavpur University). It is affiliated to the West Bengal State Council of Technical Education (WBSCTE), approved by All India Council For Technical Education (AICTE) and provides Diploma level technical education to its students."}], "question": "What is the student population of the university once known as the Royal Polytechnic Institution?"}
{"id": "2hop__55650_96936", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Charles A. Kraus", "paragraph_text": "He was awarded several medals from the American Chemical Society, including the Priestley Medal in 1950. He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1938, the Navy Distinguished Public Service Award in 1948, and the Willard Gibbs Award in 1935."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text \"with appreciation\" or \"with personal and official gratitude\" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials \"D.D.E.\" or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mario Stoppani", "paragraph_text": "\"Sergente\" Mario Stoppani (24 May 1895 \u2013 20 September 1959) was a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories. His valor earned him two Silver awards of the Medal for Military Valor and the Russian Cross of St. George during the World War I."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Field hockey at the 1908 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "At the 1908 Summer Olympics, a field hockey tournament was contested for the first time. Six teams entered the tournament. These included England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Germany and France. England won the gold medal. Ireland won the silver and Scotland and Wales were awarded bronze medals. All the medals were subsequently credited to Great Britain."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Luigi Olivi", "paragraph_text": "Tenente Luigi Olivi was an Italian World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories. He won two awards of the Silver Medal for Military Valor and was killed in action."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander George Elliott, stated to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in the original medal citation signed by Zumwalt. The engagement was documented in an after-action report, a press release written on March 1, 1969, and a historical summary dated March 17, 1969."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shewhart Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Shewhart Medal, named in honour of Walter A. Shewhart, is awarded annually by the American Society for Quality for \"...outstanding technical leadership in the field of modern quality control, especially through the development to its theory, principles, and techniques.\" The first medal was awarded in 1948."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1958 Syerston Avro Vulcan crash", "paragraph_text": "The 1958 Syerston Avro Vulcan crash was a military aviation accident that occurred in England on 20 September 1958 during an air show at RAF Syerston, Nottinghamshire when a prototype Avro Vulcan bomber crashed. All four crew on board and three people on the ground were killed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Price Wetherill Medal", "paragraph_text": "The John Price Wetherill Medal was an award of the Franklin Institute. It was established with a bequest given by the family of John Price Wetherill (1844\u20131906) on April 3, 1917. On June 10, 1925, the Board of Managers voted to create a silver medal, to be awarded for \"discovery or invention in the physical sciences\" or \"new and important combinations of principles or methods already known\". The legend on the first medal read: \"for discovery, invention, or development in the physical sciences\". The John Price Wetherill Medal was last awarded in 1997. As of 1998 all of the endowed medals previously awarded by the Franklin Institute were reorganized as the Benjamin Franklin Medals."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Charles Goodyear Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Goodyear Medal is the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society, Rubber Division. Established in 1941, the award is named after Charles Goodyear, the discoverer of vulcanization, and consists of a gold medal, a framed certificate and prize money. The medal honors individuals for \"outstanding invention, innovation, or development which has resulted in a significant change or contribution to the nature of the rubber industry\". Awardees give a lecture at an ACS Rubber Division meeting, and publish a review of their work in the society's scientific journal \"Rubber Chemistry and Technology\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science. Notable company inventions or developments include the automated teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system, dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), copper wiring in semiconductors, the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, and Watson artificial intelligence."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Charles Goodyear", "paragraph_text": "Charles Goodyear (December 29, 1800 -- July 1, 1860) was an American self - taught chemist and manufacturing engineer who developed vulcanized rubber, for which he received patent number 3633 from the United States Patent Office on June 15, 1844."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jackson-Gwilt Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Jackson-Gwilt Medal is an award that has been issued by the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) since 1897. The original criteria were for the invention, improvement, or development of astronomical instrumentation or techniques; for achievement in observational astronomy; or for achievement in research into the history of astronomy. From 2017 onwards, the history of astronomy category has been removed and transferred to a new award, the Agnes Mary Clerke Medal."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Donn W. Parson", "paragraph_text": "Donn W. Parson (Ph.D, University of Minnesota, 1964) is a Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Kansas and the former Director of Forensics at the University of Kansas from 1964 to 1988, during which period he led KU to three national championships. Parson has had a significant influence on the development American intercollegiate debate.Dr. Parson is widely credited with revolutionizing the process of learning debate."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lord Lewis Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Lord Lewis Prize is awarded by the Royal Society of Chemistry for distinctive and distinguished chemical or scientific achievements together with significant contributions to the development of science policy. The recipient receives a medal, a certificate and a prize of \u00a35,000."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Howard N. Potts Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Howard N. Potts Medal was one of The Franklin Institute Awards for science and engineering award presented by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named for Howard N. Potts. The awards program started in 1824. The first Howard N. Potts Medal was awarded in 1911. After 1991, the Franklin Institute merged many of their historical awards into the Benjamin Franklin Medal."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Java (programming language)", "paragraph_text": "The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Sun Microsystems in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy during the 2010's. The class library contains features such as:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Peter Mitchell Grant", "paragraph_text": "Professor Peter Mitchell Grant OBE, FREng, FRSE, FIEE, FIEEE, FHEA, Eurasip Fellow (born 20 June 1944) is Senior Honorary Professorial Fellow, former Regius Professor of Engineering and Head of School of Engineering and Electronics at the University of Edinburgh. In 2004 he was awarded the 82nd Faraday Medal by the Institute of Electrical Engineers for his 'outstanding contributions to signal processing'."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ciuperceni, Gorj", "paragraph_text": "Ciuperceni is a commune in Gorj County, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Boboie\u0219ti, Ciuperceni, Pe\u0219teana-Vulcan, Priporu, Str\u00e2mba-Vulcan, V\u00e2rtopu and Zorzila."}], "question": "Who gives out the medal named after the individual who developed vulcanization?"}
{"id": "2hop__25074_174393", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or jurisprudence constante, for both itself and all lower courts."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gauhati High Court", "paragraph_text": "Gauhati High Court High Court Building Established 5 April 1948 Country India Location Principal Seat: Guwahati, Assam Circuit Benches: Kohima, Aizawl & Itanagar Composition method Presidential with confirmation of Chief Justice of India and Governor of respective state. Authorized by Constitution of India Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of India Judge term length mandatory retirement by age of 62 No. of positions 24 (17 + 7) Website www.ghconline.gov.in Chief Justice Currently Ajit Singh Since 5 March 2016"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sindh High Court", "paragraph_text": "Sindh High Court \u0633\u0646\u062f\u06be \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06c1 Established 1906 Country Pakistan Location Principal Seat: Karachi, Sindh Circuit Benches: Hyderabad, Sukkur & Larkana Composition method Presidential with confirmation of Chief Justice of Pakistan and Governor of Sindh. Authorized by Constitution of Pakistan Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of Pakistan Judge term length Till 62 years of age No. of positions 40 Website www.sindhhighcourt.gov.pk Chief Justice Currently Justice Ahmed Ali M. Sheikh Since 14 - 12 - 2015"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bank of Montreal v Innovation Credit Union", "paragraph_text": "Bank of Montreal v Innovation Credit Union is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada that deals with the priority of unregistered security interests of a creditor against a security interest created later by a chartered bank under the \"Bank Act\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Supreme Court of California", "paragraph_text": "Supreme Court of California Seal of the Supreme Court of California Established 1849 Country United States Location San Francisco (Headquarters) Sacramento Los Angeles Authorized by California Constitution Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of the United States Judge term length 12 years No. of positions 7 Website Official website Chief Justice Currently Tani Cantil - Sakauye Since January 3, 2011 Lead position ends January 2, 2023"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Biographical Directory of Federal Judges", "paragraph_text": "These include justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and judges of United States courts of appeals, district courts, and the now-obsolete circuit courts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Judiciary of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the ``Full Court ''of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serves one county. The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts: a Court of Impeachment and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court's focus is on cases that raise points of law of general public importance. As with the former Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, appeals from many fields of law are likely to be selected for hearing, including commercial disputes, family matters, judicial review claims against public authorities and issues under the Human Rights Act 1998. The Supreme Court also hears some criminal appeals, but not from Scotland, as there is no general right of appeal from the High Court of Justiciary, Scotland's highest criminal court, other than with respect to devolution issues."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Courts of England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the House of Lords. The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters, a role previously held by the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished. This court hears appeals of decisions made by courts of appeal from the provinces and territories and appeals of decisions made by the Federal Court of Appeal. The court's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories. The title \"Supreme\" can be confusing because, for example, The Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal", "paragraph_text": "In December 2001 Judge William H. Yohn, Jr. of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania affirmed Abu-Jamal's conviction but quashed his original punishment and ordered resentencing. Both Abu-Jamal and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appealed. On March 27, 2008, a three-judge panel in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit issued its opinion upholding the decision of the District Court. In April 2009, the case was declined by the United States Supreme Court, allowing the July 1982 conviction to stand."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Middlesex Guildhall", "paragraph_text": "The Middlesex Guildhall is the home of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. It stands on the south-west corner of Parliament Square in London."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common-law and civil-law. In some cases such as capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the President of the Republic for clemency petitions. However, when there is 2/3 majority in the parliament in favour of president (as with present), the supreme court and its judges' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution, if the president wants. Therefore, in such situations, Civil law empowerment vanishes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving lay people. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader. The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed. The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 \"virtuous and learned\" clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms. As with the presidential and parliamentary elections, the Guardian Council determines candidates' eligibility. The Assembly elects the Supreme Leader and has the constitutional authority to remove the Supreme Leader from power at any time. It has not challenged any of the Supreme Leader's decisions."}], "question": "What is the headquarters location of the body where Canadian Supreme Court decisions were appealed before 1949?"}
{"id": "2hop__194713_791914", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eldora, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Eldora is a city in Hardin County, Iowa, United States. The population was 2,732 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Hardin County."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thomas DeBaggio", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Davis DeBaggio (January 5, 1942, Eldora, Iowa \u2013 February 21, 2011, Annandale, Virginia) was an American author, herb grower, and advocate for research into Alzheimer's disease."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}], "question": "In which county was Thomas DeBaggio born?"}
{"id": "2hop__37830_354424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Amalia Mesa-Bains", "paragraph_text": "In 1989 she received the San Francisco Mission Cultural Center's Award of Honor, Association of American Cultures' Artist Award and the Chicana Foundation of Northern California's Distinguished Working Women Award in 1990, INTAR-Hispanic Arts Center's Golden Palm Award in 1991, and the MacArthur Fellowship award in 1992."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rude Boy (Rihanna song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Rude Boy\" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna, taken from her fourth studio album, Rated R (2009). It was released as the album's fourth overall and third international single on February 19, 2010, through Def Jam. Rihanna co-wrote the song with StarGate, Ester Dean, Makeba Riddick, and Rob Swire, with Swire also co-producing it with StarGate. \"Rude Boy\" is an up-tempo dancehall and R&B song which incorporates elements of  raggamuffin. The song received mixed to positive reviews from critics; some have call it is the highlight of the album, but others criticized Rihanna's \"monotone\" and \"icy\" vocal performance."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories", "paragraph_text": "As of 2017, 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Six of these actors and actresses have received three or more acting Academy Awards: Katharine Hepburn (four Best Actress awards), Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day - Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day - Lewis are still living."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Super Nada", "paragraph_text": "The film features the musician Jair Rodrigues in its cast. For his participation in the film, Jair Rodrigues received the Special Award at the Festival do Rio. The actor Marat Descartes was also praised for his work in the role of Guto, the protagonist, having received the best actor award at the Festival de Gramado."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Mandarins", "paragraph_text": "The Mandarins () is a 1954 roman \u00e0 clef by Simone de Beauvoir, for which she won the Prix Goncourt, awarded to the best and most imaginative prose work of the year, in 1954. \"The Mandarins\" was first published in English in 1956 (in a translation by Leonard M. Friedman)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird", "paragraph_text": "During the years immediately following the novel's publication, Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her, granting interviews, visiting schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since the, she declined talking with reporters about the book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: \"Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. Mockingbird still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Antunes Sobrinho", "paragraph_text": "After a visit to Bras\u00edlia, the French writer Simone de Beauvoir complained that all of its superquadras exuded \"the same air of elegant monotony,\" and other observers have equated the city's large open lawns, plazas, and fields to wastelands. As the city has matured, some of these have gained adornments, and many have been improved by landscaping, giving some observers a sense of \"humanized\" spaciousness. Although not fully accomplished, the \"Bras\u00edlia utopia\" has produced a city of relatively high quality of life, in which the citizens live in forested areas with sporting and leisure structure (the superquadras) flanked by small commercial areas, bookstores and cafes; the city is famous for its cuisine and efficiency of transit."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories", "paragraph_text": "As of 2018, 41 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards. Five have won three Academy Awards: Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day - Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day - Lewis are still living."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elevator Repair Service", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, the ensemble was awarded a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. ERS has also received numerous awards including an OBIE Award for Sustained Excellence; The Foundation for Contemporary Arts Theater Grant; the Theatre Communications Group\u2019s Peter Zeisler Memorial Award for Outstanding Achievement; Eliot Norton Awards for Outstanding Visiting Production, Outstanding Actor, and Outstanding Director; and a Lucille Lortel Award for Alternative Theatrical Experience and Best Director. Artistic Director John Collins received 2011 US Artists Donnelley and Guggenheim Fellowships. Individual ERS ensemble members have received OBIEs for Sustained Excellence in Performance, Lighting Design, and Sound Design."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "293 Brasilia", "paragraph_text": "Brasilia (minor planet designation: 293 Brasilia) is a large Main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 20 May 1890 in Nice. It is the namesake of the Brasilia family, a smaller asteroid family of X-type asteroids in the outer main-belt. However, \"Brasilia\" is a suspected interloper in its own family."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Whip Hand", "paragraph_text": "Whip Hand is a crime novel by Dick Francis, the second novel in the Sid Halley series. The novel received the Gold Dagger Award for Best Novel of 1979, as well as the Edgar Award for Best Novel of 1980. \"Whip Hand\" is one of only two novels to have received both awards (the other being John le Carr\u00e9's \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\")."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Impressionist", "paragraph_text": "The Impressionist is Hari Kunzru's debut novel, first published in 2002. Kunzru received the Betty Trask Award and the Somerset Maugham Award for the book's publication."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ancillary Sword", "paragraph_text": "Ancillary Sword is a science fiction novel by the American writer Ann Leckie, published in October 2014. It is the second novel in Leckie's \"Imperial Radch\" space opera trilogy, which began with \"Ancillary Justice\" (2013) and ended with \"Ancillary Mercy\" (2015). The novel was generally well received by critics, received the BSFA Award for Best Novel and the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, and was nominated for the Nebula and Hugo awards."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Order of the British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: \"Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war \u2013 for killing people\u2026 We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more.\" Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests. Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics claim that the civil service and judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn", "paragraph_text": "Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career. Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken - word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work. She was five - times nominated for an Academy Award, and was awarded the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, post-humously, for her humanitarian work. She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and was the recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990. She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and received a Special Tony Award in 1968."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series", "paragraph_text": "The Fellowship of the Ring received thirteen Academy Award nominations, winning in four categories. It also earned thirteen nominations at the 55th British Academy Film Awards, leading to wins in the categories for Best Film, Best Direction, Best Special Visual Effects, and the Orange Film of the Year Award. Other notable ceremonies where it received much recognition included the American Film Institute Awards, the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, the Empire Awards, the Golden Globes, the MTV Movie Awards, the Satellite Awards, and Saturn Awards. Various critics groups, such as those in Chicago and Phoenix, also awarded the film. In total, The Fellowship of the Ring received 98 awards out of 152 nominations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spearman's rank correlation coefficient", "paragraph_text": "The Spearman correlation between two variables is equal to the Pearson correlation between the rank values of those two variables; while Pearson's correlation assesses linear relationships, Spearman's correlation assesses monotonic relationships (whether linear or not). If there are no repeated data values, a perfect Spearman correlation of + 1 or \u2212 1 occurs when each of the variables is a perfect monotone function of the other."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nicole Kidman", "paragraph_text": "In 2003, Kidman received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In addition to her 2003 Academy Award for Best Actress, Kidman has received Best Actress awards from the following critics' groups or award-granting organisations: the Hollywood Foreign Press (Golden Globes), the Australian Film Institute, Blockbuster Entertainment Awards, Empire Awards, Golden Satellite Awards, Hollywood Film Festival, London Critics Circle, Russian Guild of Film Critics, and the Southeastern Film Critics Association."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Driver's license", "paragraph_text": "Karl Benz, inventor of the modern automobile, had to receive written permission from the Grand Ducal authorities to operate his car on public roads in 1888 after residents complained about the noise and smell of his Motorwagen. Up until the start of the 20th century, European authorities issued licenses to drive motor vehicles similarly ad hoc, if at all."}], "question": "What award was received by the person who complained that Brasilia was monotonous?"}
{"id": "2hop__94982_63665", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bonnie Wright", "paragraph_text": "Bonnie Francesca Wright (born 17 February 1991) is a British actress, film director and model. She is best known for playing the role of Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter film series, based on the Harry Potter novel series by British author J.K. Rowling."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Albus Dumbledore", "paragraph_text": "Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining Harry Potter films. Jude Law will portray Dumbledore in Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Richard Harris", "paragraph_text": "Richard St John Harris (1 October 1930 -- 25 October 2002) was an Irish actor and singer. He appeared on stage and in many films, appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot and the subsequent 1981 revival of the show. He played an aristocrat and prisoner in A Man Called Horse (1970), a gunfighter in Clint Eastwood's Western film Unforgiven (1992), Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Gladiator (2000), and Albus Dumbledore in the first two Harry Potter films: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002). Harris had a number one hit in Australia and Canada and a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webb's song ``MacArthur Park ''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Harry Potter", "paragraph_text": "After extensive casting, filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself, with production ending in July 2001. Philosopher's Stone was released on 14 November 2001. Just three days after the film's release, production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, also directed by Columbus, began. Filming was completed in summer 2002, with the film being released on 15 November 2002. Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter, doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "She'll Be Wearing Pink Pyjamas", "paragraph_text": "She'll Be Wearing Pink Pyjamas is a 1985 British comedy film directed by John Goldschmidt and starring Julie Walters, Anthony Higgins and Alyson Spiro. It deals with the experiences of eight women from diverse backgrounds on an all-female survival course in the Lake District. It was released on DVD in the UK in 2007."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dumbledore's Army", "paragraph_text": "Dumbledore's Army (or D.A. for short) is a fictional student organisation in J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" series that is founded by the main characters, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, to stand up against the regime of Hogwarts High Inquisitor Dolores Umbridge, as well as to learn practical Defence Against the Dark Arts. It was founded in the fifth book, \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gordon Wharmby", "paragraph_text": "Wharmby made his debut in Last of the Summer Wine in 1982, as Wesley Pegden, the boilersuit wearing, tinkering mechanic and would be inventor. He appeared as a regular cast member for 16 series between 1985 and 2002. Thora Hird played his nagging wife Edie."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Christian Coulson", "paragraph_text": "Christian Peter Coulson (born 3 October 1978) is an English actor best known for playing the 16 - year old Tom Marvolo Riddle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Martin Bayfield", "paragraph_text": "Since retirement, Bayfield has worked as a journalist, an after - dinner speaker, and has appeared in all of the Harry Potter films playing the half - giant Hagrid, as Robbie Coltrane's body and stunt double. (He also appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as a young Rubeus Hagrid). Continuing the acting theme, he also played a cyclops in Jonathan Liebesman's Wrath of the Titans, the sequel to 2010 movie Clash of the Titans. Bayfield also played ``Rugby Player 1 ''in an episode of the BBC One series New Tricks (first shown on 1 September 2008)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David Thewlis", "paragraph_text": "David Thewlis (born David Wheeler; born 20 March 1963) is an English actor, director, screenwriter, and author. He first rose to promience for playing Johnny Fletched in the film Naked (1993), for which he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor. His most commercially successful roles to date have been of Remus Lupin in the Harry Potter film series and Ares in Wonder Woman (2017). Other notable film appearances include Dragonheart (1996), Seven Years in Tibet (1997), Kingdom of Heaven (2005), The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (2008), War Horse (2011), The Theory of Everything (2014) and Anomalisa (2015)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J.K. Rowling. It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage on his eleventh birthday, when he receives a letter of acceptance to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardy. Harry makes close friends and a few enemies during his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Julie Walters", "paragraph_text": "Walters first came to international prominence in 1983, for playing the title role in Educating Rita. It was a role she had created on the West End stage and it earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. It also won her a BAFTA and a Golden Globe. She received a second Academy Award nomination, this time for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in the 2000 film Billy Elliot, which also won her a BAFTA. Her other film roles include Personal Services (1987), Prick Up Your Ears (1987), Buster (1988), Stepping Out (1991), Calendar Girls (2003), Mamma Mia! (2008) and Brave (2012). She played Molly Weasley in seven of the eight Harry Potter films (2001 -- 2011). On stage, she won an Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dumbledore's Army", "paragraph_text": "When Cho's friend Marietta Edgecombe betrays the group to Umbridge (Cho herself while under the influence of the truth potion Veritaserum in the film), Marietta is cursed with pimples on her face as a result of Hermione's casting a spell on the D.A. membership list. Later on, to prevent Harry's expulsion and the incrimination of other members, Dumbledore claims responsibility for organising the group, then escapes when Ministry officials attempt to arrest him. Though the D.A. stops meeting following these events, three members -- Ginny, Neville and Luna -- join Harry, Ron and Hermione in the battle in the Department of Mysteries towards the end of the fifth book. In Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, Neville and Luna are distraught due to the fact that the D.A. no longer exists. When Hogwarts is invaded by Death Eaters, they are among the members who join the Order of the Phoenix in the ensuing battle."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lord Voldemort", "paragraph_text": "Lord Voldemort (, in the films; born Tom Marvolo Riddle) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in J. K. Rowling's series of \"Harry Potter\" novels. Voldemort first appeared in \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series, except the third, \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\", where he is only mentioned."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Harry Potter (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter is a British - American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J.K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 (2011). A spin - off prequel series will consist of five films, starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016). The Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J.K. Rowling's Wizarding World."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", "paragraph_text": "Fantastic Beasts purports to be a reproduction of a textbook owned by Harry Potter and written by magizoologist Newt Scamander, a character in the fictional Harry Potter series. In the series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Tales of Beedle the Bard", "paragraph_text": "The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a book of children's stories by British author J.K. Rowling. There is a storybook of the same name mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the last book of the Harry Potter series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Harry Potter cast members", "paragraph_text": "Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J.K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in all the films. When they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Complementing them on screen are such actors as Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Richard Griffiths, Richard Harris, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Miriam Margolyes, Helen McCrory, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Maggie Smith, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, David Thewlis, Emma Thompson, and Julie Walters, among others. Thirteen actors have appeared as the same character in all eight films of the series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series. The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997, with an initial print - run of 500 copies in hardback, 300 of which were distributed to libraries. By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 - to 11 - year - olds category of the Nestl\u00e9 Smarties Book Prize. The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the longest novel in the Harry Potter series, was released 21 June 2003. After the publishing of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, the seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US."}], "question": "Who in Harry Potter is played by a cast member of She'll Be Wearing Pink Pyjamas?"}
{"id": "2hop__40988_591096", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Khan Arnabah", "paragraph_text": "Khan Arnabah (, also spelt \"Khan Arnabeh\") is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Quneitra Governorate (Golan Heights), in the portion of the province still under Syrian control. The town is located just outside the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone. Nearby localities include Sa'sa' to the northeast, Quneitra to the southwest, Jubata al-Khashab to the northwest, as well as the Circassian villages of Beer Ajam and Bariqa to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Khan Arnabah had a population of 7,375 in the 2004 census. The town is also the administrative centre of the Khan Arnabah \"nahiyah\", which is made up of 19 towns having a combined population of 42,980."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Madera, California", "paragraph_text": "Madera is a city in California and the county seat of Madera County. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population was 61,416, up from 43,207 in 2000."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "\u015awiecie County", "paragraph_text": "\u015awiecie County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is \u015awiecie, which lies north of Toru\u0144 and north-east of Bydgoszcz. The only other town in the county is Nowe, lying north-east of \u015awiecie."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fresno, California", "paragraph_text": "In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno\", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}], "question": "In which county was Bill Aiken's hometown located?"}
{"id": "2hop__80606_65999", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jon Snow (character)", "paragraph_text": "In a 2015 interview Benioff said, ``The problem with Jon is, he's not a cautious man. It's the problem with him, and also the reason we love him. He is a hero, but heroes are inherently incautious. ''Weiss added,`` At the end of the day, Jon is his father's son, he's a person who's honorable to a fault and does the right thing even when the right thing is extremely dangerous to him personally.'' In the June 2015 season 5 finale ``Mother's Mercy '', Jon is stabbed to death by Alliser Thorne and several men of the Night's Watch after being labeled a traitor. With Martin's 2011 novel A Dance with Dragons vague on Jon's fate, Harington confirmed the character's death in an interview with Entertainment Weekly, saying`` I've been told I'm dead. I'm dead. I'm not coming back next season.'' He added, ``I loved how they brought (the orphan boy) Olly in to be the person who kills me. I love how the storyline with Thorne was wrapped up. ''Benioff also said of the episode:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Daenerys Targaryen", "paragraph_text": "Daenerys Targaryen A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen in the television adaptation Game of Thrones First appearance Novel: A Game of Thrones (1996) Television: ``Winter Is Coming ''(2011) Video game:`` The Sword in the Darkness'' (2015) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Emilia Clarke (Game of Thrones) Voiced by Emilia Clarke (video game) Information Aliases Daenerys Stormborn Dany Khaleesi Mhysa The Silver Queen Silver Lady Dragonmother The Dragon Queen The Queen Across the Water Gender Female Title Queen of the Andals, the Rhoynar and the First Men (claimant) Protector of the Realm (claimant) Queen of Meereen Khaleesi of the Great Grass Sea Mother of Dragons The Unburnt Breaker of Chains Lady of Dragonstone Family House Targaryen Spouse (s) Drogo Hizdahr zo Loraq Significant other (s) Daario Naharis Jon Snow (TV series) Children Rhaego (stillborn) Relatives Aerys II Targaryen (father) Rhaella Targaryen (mother) Rhaegar Targaryen (brother) Viserys Targaryen (brother) Rhaenys Targaryen (niece) Aegon Targaryen (nephew) Jon Snow (nephew; TV series) Kingdom The Crownlands"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 1) Region 1 DVD artwork Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 17 (2011 - 04 - 17) -- June 19, 2011 (2011 - 06 - 19) Season chronology Next \u2192 Season 2 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Miltos Yerolemou", "paragraph_text": "Miltos Yerolemou is an English actor best known for his role as Syrio Forel in the HBO fantasy TV series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lord Snow", "paragraph_text": "\"Lord Snow\" is the third episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\". It first aired on May 1, 2011. It was written by the show creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by series regular Brian Kirk, his directorial debut for the series."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gethin Anthony", "paragraph_text": "Gethin David L. Anthony (born 9 October 1983) is an English television and film actor best known for his role as Renly Baratheon in Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ian Hanmore", "paragraph_text": "Ian Hanmore is a Scottish actor known for his role as the warlock Pyat Pree in the second season of the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Richard Brake", "paragraph_text": "Richard Colin Brake (born November 30, 1964) is a Welsh - American actor, known for portraying Joe Chill in Batman Begins (2005), Doom - Head in 31 (2016), and the Night King in Game of Thrones in the fourth and fifth season."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Kingsroad", "paragraph_text": "\"The Kingsroad\" is the second episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", first aired on April\u00a024,\u00a02011. It was written by the show creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Tim Van Patten."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jon Snow (character)", "paragraph_text": "Jon Snow is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, in which he is portrayed by English actor Kit Harington. In the novels, he is a prominent point of view character. He is one of the most popular characters in the series, and The New York Times cites him as one of the author's finest creations. Jon is a main character in the TV series, and his storyline in the season 5 finale generated a strong reaction among viewers. Speculation about the character's parentage has also been a popular topic of discussion among fans of both the books and the TV series."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Game of Thrones", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R.R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering either in 2018 or 2019."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Game of Thrones title sequence", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones title sequence Game of Thrones title screen as of 2011 Directed by Angus Wall Music by Ramin Djawadi Production company Rock Paper Scissors / Elastic Distributed by HBO Running time 90 seconds Box office Music video Video on Vimeo"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer. On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister. On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season. On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season. On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King. The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017. The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours. The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017. The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Natalia Tena", "paragraph_text": "Natalia Gastiain Tena (born 1 November 1984) is an English actress and musician. She played Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter film series, and the wildling Osha in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Rains of Castamere", "paragraph_text": "\"The Rains of Castamere\" is the ninth and penultimate episode of the third season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 29th episode of the series. The episode was written by executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by David Nutter. It aired on ."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tyrion Lannister", "paragraph_text": "Tyrion Lannister A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Peter Dinklage as Tyrion on Game of Thrones First appearance Novel: A Game of Thrones (1996) Television: ``Winter Is Coming ''(2011) Video game:`` Iron From Ice'' (2014) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Peter Dinklage (Game of Thrones) Voiced by Peter Dinklage (video game) Information Aliases The Imp The Halfman Yollo Hugor Hill Gender Male Title Hand of the King Master of Coin Lord of Casterly Rock (claimant) Hand of the Queen (TV series) Family House Lannister Spouse (s) Tysha (annulled) Sansa Stark (unconsummated) Significant other (s) Shae Relatives Tywin Lannister (father) Joanna Lannister (mother) Cersei Lannister (sister) Jaime Lannister (brother) Joffrey Baratheon (nephew) Myrcella Baratheon (niece) Tommen Baratheon (nephew) Kevan Lannister (uncle) Lancel Lannister (cousin) Kingdom The Westerlands The Crownlands"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 7) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 (2017 - 07 - 16) -- August 27, 2017 (2017 - 08 - 27) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Game of Thrones", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R.R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering in 2019."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Game of Thrones", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R.R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season in 2018 or 2019."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "HBO ordered the fifth season on April 8, 2014, together with the sixth season, which began filming in July 2014. The season was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia and Spain."}], "question": "When was the season of Game of Thrones where Jon Snow dies filmed?"}
{"id": "2hop__594266_614213", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saddell Castle", "paragraph_text": "Saddell Castle is a historic 16th-century castle on the shore of the Kilbrannan Sound near Saddell, Kintyre, Argyll and Bute, Scotland of significant importance. The Castle originally served as a bastion of the MacDonald family for several centuries and continues to be visited by MacDonald diaspora from around the world who return to West Scotland. The tower house was built near the site that housed the remains of the ancient hero Somerled, the progenitor of the MacDonald clan. Several MacDonald Lords have resided at Saddell over the centuries, once giving refuge to Robert the Bruce for more than a year during Scottish War of Independence."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Coll MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Coll MacDonald was a son of James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg and Agnes Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll. Upon mistakenly hearing that his brother, Ranald MacDonald of Smerby, had been killed at Duart Castle under orders of Sir Lachlan Mor Maclean, he executed 86 of Maclean's kinsfolk and servants at Mullintrae. Coll died at Eilean Mor, Knapdale. The rumour had been deliberately started by Allan Maclean, a magnate among the Macleans, who had hoped the rumour would cause Lachlan's death, which would have enabled him to increase his own influence."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Monarch of the Glen (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Actor Character Series Recurring No. of Episodes (/ 64) Richard Briers Hector MacDonald Series 1 -- 3 Series 7 28 Susan Hampshire Molly MacDonald Series 1 -- 7 59 Alastair Mackenzie Archie MacDonald Series 1 -- 5 43 Lorraine Pilkington Katrina Finlay Series 1 -- 2 Series 3 - 4 18 Alexander Morton Golly Mackenzie Series 1 -- 7 64 Dawn Steele Lexie MacDonald Series 1 -- 6 51 Hamish Clark Duncan McKay Series 1 -- 6 Series 7 53 Julian Fellowes Lord Kilwillie Series 3 -- 4 Series 1 -- 2, 5, 7 24 Alexandra Gilbreath Stella Moon Series 3 9 Rebecca Lacey Irene Stuart Series 4 8 Lloyd Owen Paul Bowman - MacDonald Series 5 -- 7 Series 4 28 Simone Lahbib Isobel Anderson Series 6 10 Martin Compston Ewan Brodie Series 6 -- 7 Series 5 20 Rae Hendrie Jess Mackenzie Series 5 -- 7 Series 3 25 Tom Baker Donald MacDonald Series 6 -- 7 12 Kirsty Mitchell Iona McLean Series 7 6"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Long Lavender Look", "paragraph_text": "The Long Lavender Look (1970) is the twelfth novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald. After the preceding book, \"Dress Her in Indigo\", which was largely set in Mexico, \"The Long Lavender Look\" not only returns to McGee's usual haunt of Florida, but is almost entirely set in one tiny town deep in the rural part of the state."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William A. Glasner House", "paragraph_text": "The William A. Glasner House, is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Prairie School home that was constructed in Glencoe, Illinois, United States, in 1905. Glasner led his sister, Emma Pettit, to Wright to design the Pettit Memorial Chapel as a memorial to her deceased husband, Dr. William H. Pettit."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Out of the Everywhere", "paragraph_text": "Out of the Everywhere is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It is the twenty-first of a series of books collecting essays from \"The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction\". It was first published by Doubleday & Company in May 1990. The title may be found in George Macdonald's poem \"Baby\" which begins with the lines:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alexander Carragh MacDonald of Glenarm", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Carragh MacDonald of Glenarm was a son of James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg and Agnes Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll. Alexander, obtained possession of the barony of Glenarm. He was killed"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "MacDonald Spur", "paragraph_text": "MacDonald Spur () is a long, low ridge extending eastward from Ballance Peak in the Allan Hills of Oates Land in Antarctica. It was reconnoitered by the New Zealand Antarctic Research Program Allan Hills Expedition (1964), and named for Ivan MacDonald, a field assistant with the expedition."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minnesota State Highway 261", "paragraph_text": "Minnesota State Highway 261 (MN 261) was a highway in McLeod County, Minnesota. It ran from Winsted to U.S. Highway 212 east of Glencoe. It was turned back to McLeod County maintenance in 1996, becoming County State-aid Highway 1."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "W. Ross Macdonald School", "paragraph_text": "The W. Ross Macdonald School was founded in March 1872 in Brantford, Ontario, Canada. Its first principal was Ezekiel Stone Wiggins."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "This Man in Paris", "paragraph_text": "This Man in Paris is a 1939 British comedy mystery film directed by David MacDonald and starring Barry K. Barnes, Valerie Hobson and Alastair Sim."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Glencoe, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Glencoe is an unincorporated community in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. Glencoe was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Macdonald Bluffs", "paragraph_text": "The Macdonald Bluffs () are prominent east-facing bluffs between Argosy Glacier and Argo Glacier in the Miller Range of Antarctica, descending to Marsh Glacier. The feature was mapped by the New Zealand Southern Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956\u201358) and named for W.J.P. Macdonald, an International Geophysical Year scientist at Scott Base in 1957."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Annabelle's Affairs", "paragraph_text": "Annabelle's Affairs is a 1931 American pre-Code romantic comedy film directed by Alfred L. Werker and starring Victor McLaglen, Jeanette MacDonald and Roland Young. The film is based on the play \"Good Gracious Annabelle\" by Clare Kummer. It is the only one of MacDonald's films to be considered lost. It was well received by critics, but did not perform well at the box office."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Yengo", "paragraph_text": "Mount Yengo is a mountain that is located in the Lower Hunter region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The mountain is part of the Calore Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, and is situated within the Yengo National Park, approximately east of the Macdonald River and east by south of ."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The White Rosette", "paragraph_text": "The White Rosette is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by Donald MacDonald starring Eugenie Forde, Helen Rosson, and Richard La Reno."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "MacDonald of Glencoe", "paragraph_text": "The MacDonalds of Glencoe also known as Clann Iain Abrach, was a Highland Scottish clan and a branch of the larger Clan Donald."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Deflation (film)", "paragraph_text": "Deflation is a 2001 micro-budget short film, written and directed by Roger Ashton-Griffiths. It stars Del Synnott, features Keira Knightley, who also worked as part of the crew, and Sharman Macdonald, her mother, who co-edited the film."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alasdair M\u00f3r", "paragraph_text": "Alasdair M\u00f3r mac Domhnaill was a younger son of Domhnall mac Raghnaill\u2014the eponymous ancestor of Clan Donald. He first appears on record in 1253, when it is recorded as witnessing a charter by his brother, Aonghus M\u00f3r, to Paisley Abbey. According to the 19th century Clan Donald historians Angus and Archibald Macdonald, Alasdair M\u00f3r must have been a prominent man as he is the only recorded brother of Aonghus M\u00f3r. He is recorded in the Annals of Connacht, in the year 1299, as being a man noted for being a \"generous and bounteous man\". In that year he was slain in a conflict with Alasdair of Argyll and the MacDougalls. He is said to have had at least five sons: D\u00f2mhnall, G\u00f2raidh, Donnchadh, Eoin and Eachann. Alasdair M\u00f2r was succeeded in the representation of his clan by D\u00f2mhnall. Today he is considered to be the eponymous ancestor of Clan MacAlister."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Worth of a Man", "paragraph_text": "The Worth of a Man is a 1912 American dramatic silent film directed by J. Farrell MacDonald. It was produced by the Independent Moving Pictures (IMP) Company of New York."}], "question": "Who founded the clan MacDonald of Glencoe was part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__49531_268119", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tracking number", "paragraph_text": "A UPS tracking number, for domestic packages within the United States, will usually start with ``1Z ''followed by a 6 character shipper number (numbers and letters), a 2 digit service level indicator, and finally 8 digits identifying the package, for a total of 18 characters."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "One and Three Chairs", "paragraph_text": "One and Three Chairs, 1965, is a work by Joseph Kosuth. An example of conceptual art, the piece consists of a chair, a photograph of the chair, and an enlarged dictionary definition of the word \"chair\". The photograph depicts the chair as it is actually installed in the room, and thus the work changes each time it is installed in a new venue."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ministry of Employment and Labor", "paragraph_text": "South Korea's Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL, \uace0\uc6a9\ub178\ub3d9\ubd80) is a cabinet-level ministry overseeing labor affairs. Its predecessor agency, the Division of Labor, was established under the direction of the Minister of Social Affairs (\uc0ac\ud68c\ubd80\uc7a5\uad00) on 11 November 1948. It was upgraded to a cabinet ministry on 8 April 1981."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Rat Catchers", "paragraph_text": "\"The Rat Catchers\" is an organisation based at Whitehall in Central London but officially didn't exist, being denied at the highest level as they worked with the greatest secrecy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Global Alliance in Management Education", "paragraph_text": "The first CEMS Social Partners joined the organisation in December 2010. These are the first in a series of non-profits and NGOs that contribute to the alliance in a way identical to Corporate Partners (selection and admission of students, governance, curriculum delivery, proposal of internships and employment opportunities). This new initiative is part of a major sustainability drive from within CEMS. In the same vein, CEMS has also signed the PRME (Principles for Responsible Management Education) declaration."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Edgar Schein", "paragraph_text": "Edgar Henry Schein (born March 5, 1928), a former professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management, has made a notable mark on the field of organizational development in many areas, including career development, group process consultation, and organizational culture. He is the son of former University of Chicago professor Marcel Schein."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "National Youth Service Corps", "paragraph_text": "Nigerian Graduates are ineligible for employment in governmental establishments (and few private establishments) till they have completed the mandatory one year service. Graduates who are exempted from the service include those above the age of thirty (30) and those with physical disability, therefore completing the service year entitles one to employment. During the service year, Corps members have the opportunity of learning of the cultures of other people, an opportunity many Nigerians never get in their lifetime. The program has also helped in creating entry - level jobs for many Nigerian youth. An NYSC forum dedicated to the NYSC members was built to bridge the gap amongst members serving across Nigeria and also an avenue for corpers to share job information and career resources as well as getting loans from the National Directorate Of Employment."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "IDS Executive Compensation Review", "paragraph_text": "IDS Executive Compensation Review is published by Incomes Data Services, an independent research organisation providing information and analysis on pay, conditions, pensions, employment law and HR policy practice in the UK and Europe."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Laurinburg\u2013Maxton Airport", "paragraph_text": "Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Laurinburg\u2013Maxton Airport is assigned MEB by the FAA and MXE by the IATA (which assigned MEB to Essendon Airport in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia). The airport's ICAO identifier is KMEB."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007\u201308 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over \u00a360,000 in prize money."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Child labour in India", "paragraph_text": "As per the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016 (``CLPR Act ''), a`` Child'' is defined as any person below the age of 14 and the CLPR Act prohibits employment of a Child in any employment including as a domestic help. It is a cognizable criminal offence to employ a Child for any work. Children between age of 14 and 18 are defined as ``Adolescent ''and the law allows Adolescent to be employed except in the listed hazardous occupation and processes which include mining, inflammable substance and explosives related work and any other hazardous process as per the Factories Act, 1948. In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 120,000 children in India were in a hazardous job. Notably, the Constitution of India prohibits child labour in hazardous industries (but not in non-hazardous industries) as a Fundamental Right under Article 24. UNICEF estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-Saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labourers. The International Labour Organisation estimates that agriculture, at 60 percent, is the largest employer of child labour in the world, while the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates 70% of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities. Outside of agriculture, child labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Renewable energy commercialization", "paragraph_text": "United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that \"renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity\". In October 2011, he \"announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Erich Jahn", "paragraph_text": "Erich Jahn (born 23 July 1907, date of death unknown) was a leader of the Hitler Youth in Berlin. He was born in Berlin and as a teenager became a member of the Berlin youth organisation 'Bismarck Bund'. He later became involved in the Hitler Youth, playing a significant role in the organisation at both a local and a national level. He became a member of the Nazi Party in 1929. He was a close associate of \"Reichsjugendf\u00fchrer\" Baldur von Schirach."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Organizational behavior", "paragraph_text": "Organizational culture reflects the values and behaviors that are commonly observed in an organization. Investigators who pursue this line of research assume that organizations can be characterized by cultural dimensions such as beliefs, values, rituals, symbols, and so forth. Researchers have developed models for understanding an organization's culture or developed typologies of organizational culture. Edgar Schein developed a model for understanding organizational culture. He identified three levels of organizational culture: (a) artifacts and behaviors, (b) espoused values, and (c) shared basic assumptions. Specific cultures have been related to organizational performance and effectiveness."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "AACTA International Award for Best Film", "paragraph_text": "The AACTA Award for Best International Film is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), a non-profit organisation whose aim is to \"identify, award, promote and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television.\" The award is presented at the annual AACTA International Awards, which hand out accolades for achievements in feature films regardless of where the film was made. From 1992\u20132004, a similar award was presented by the Australian Film Institute (AFI), the Academy's parent organisation. It was known as the AFI Award for Best Foreign Film, and was handed out at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards (known as the AFI Awards)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Protectionist Party", "paragraph_text": "The Protectionist Party was an Australian political party, formally organised from 1887 until 1909, with policies centred on protectionism. It advocated protective tariffs, arguing it would allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most prominent leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime ministers of Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cork (city)", "paragraph_text": "Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Agriculture in Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Agriculture in Nigeria is a branch of the economy in Nigeria, providing employment for about 30% of the population as of 2010. The sector is being transformed by commercialization at the small, medium and large-scale enterprise levels."}], "question": "Who employed the person who identified three levels of conceptualization and organisation?"}
{"id": "2hop__157188_155975", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kunwak River", "paragraph_text": "The Kunwak River is a river of Nunavut, Canada. It flows northeast out of Tulemalu Lake and enters Tebesjuak Lake, Mallery Lake and Princess Mary Lake before turning southeast and flowing into Thirty Mile Lake on the Kazan River."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Metsimotlhabe River", "paragraph_text": "The Metsimotlhabe River is the largest river in the Kweneng District of Botswana, draining the area that lies to the south of Molepolole into the Notwane River, in turn a tributary of the Limpopo River."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Utva River (Perm Krai)", "paragraph_text": "Utva () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Veslyana River, which in turn is a tributary of the Kama River. The river is long, and its drainage basin covers . The source of the river is in the extreme southwest of the Gaynsky District of Perm Krai, near the border with Kirov Oblast and the Komi Republic. The main tributaries are the Chugrum River (right) and the Yuzhnaya Anva River (left)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Johnstone River", "paragraph_text": "The Johnstone River, comprising the North Johnstone River and the South Johnstone River, is a river system located in Far North and North Queensland, Australia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "Victoria contains many topographically, geologically and climatically diverse areas, ranging from the wet, temperate climate of Gippsland in the southeast to the snow-covered Victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft). There are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest. There is an extensive series of river systems in Victoria. Most notable is the Murray River system. Other rivers include: Ovens River, Goulburn River, Patterson River, King River, Campaspe River, Loddon River, Wimmera River, Elgin River, Barwon River, Thomson River, Snowy River, Latrobe River, Yarra River, Maribyrnong River, Mitta River, Hopkins River, Merri River and Kiewa River. The state symbols include the pink heath (state flower), Leadbeater's possum (state animal) and the helmeted honeyeater (state bird)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dalcheon", "paragraph_text": "Dalcheon is a river of South Korea. It is a river of the Han River system. A tributary of the Namhan River, it is one of the few Namhan tributaries that are navigable year round."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shamokin Creek", "paragraph_text": "Shamokin Creek (also known as Great Shamokin Creek or Middle Branch Shamokin Creek) is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Mount Carmel, Mount Carmel Township, Coal Township, Shamokin, Ralpho Township, Shamokin Township, Snydertown, Upper Augusta Township, and Sunbury. The watershed of the creek has an area of . It experiences significant impacts by abandoned mine drainage and many abandoned mine drainage discharges are in its watershed. Various other impairments also affect parts of the creek's watershed. Shamokin Creek is in the Appalachian Mountains section of the Ridge and Valley physiographic province. Rock formations consisting of sandstone, shale, and anthracite deposits occur in the watershed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Seal River (Manitoba)", "paragraph_text": "The Seal River is a river in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It travels from Shethanei Lake to the Hudson Bay. The river was nominated for the Canadian Heritage Rivers System in 1987 and was officially listed in 1992."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Cristobal River", "paragraph_text": "The San Cristobal River () commonly known as Matang Tubig River is a river system in the cities of Calamba and Cabuyao, Laguna, Philippines. The river forms as Calamba's northern boundary with Cabuyao. The river is one of 21 major tributaries of Laguna de Bay."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shad Thames", "paragraph_text": "The street Shad Thames has Tower Bridge at its west end, and runs along the south side of the River Thames, set back behind a row of converted warehouses; it then takes a 90-degree turn south along St Saviour's Dock. The street is partly cobbled. The nearest stations are Tower Hill, Tower Gateway (both requiring one to cross the river to access them), Bermondsey and London Bridge."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pawnee River", "paragraph_text": "The Pawnee River is a river in southwestern Kansas in the United States, about long. It is a tributary of the Arkansas River, which in turn is a branch of the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chiwawa River", "paragraph_text": "The Chiwawa River is a tributary of the Wenatchee River, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is completely contained within Chelan County."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Camaipi River do Vila Nova River", "paragraph_text": "Camaipi River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River system."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Woodrow Wilson Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge (also known as the Woodrow Wilson Bridge or the Wilson Bridge) is a bascule bridge that spans the Potomac River between the independent city of Alexandria, Virginia, and Oxon Hill in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The bridge is one of only a handful of drawbridges in the U.S. Interstate Highway System. It contained the only portion of the Interstate system owned and operated by the federal government until it was turned over to the Virginia and Maryland departments of transportation upon project completion."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pia\u00e7aca River", "paragraph_text": "Pia\u00e7aca River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River basin."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Summit Lake (Rainy River District)", "paragraph_text": "Summit Lake is a lake in Rainy River District, Ontario, Canada. It is about long and wide, and lies at an elevation of about southeast of the community of Nestor Falls. The lake is in the Nelson River system in the Hudson Bay drainage basin. There are no primary inflows, and the primary outflow, on the west side of the lake, is an unnamed creek west to Kishkutena Lake on the Sabaskong River, which flows into Lake of the Woods, and then via the Winnipeg River and Nelson River into Hudson Bay. The Height of Land portage runs from the north tip of the lake to Kishkutena Lake."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Deoksancheon", "paragraph_text": "Deoksancheon is a river of South Korea. It is a tributary of the Hongcheon River in the Han River system. The river is located in a high altitude area. There are alluvium deposits along the lower end of the stream."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kasai River", "paragraph_text": "The Kasai River (called Cassai in Angola) is a tributary (left side) of the Congo River, located in Central Africa. The river begins in central Angola and flows to the east until it reaches the border between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where it turns north and serves as the border until it flows into the DRC. From Ilebo, between the confluences with Lulua river and Sankuru river, the Kasai river turns to a westerly direction. The lower stretch of the river from the confluence with Fimi river, is known as the Kwa(h) River, before it joins the Congo at Kwamouth northeast of Kinshasa. The Kasai basin consists mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, which provide an agricultural land in a region noted for its infertile, sandy soil. It is a tributary of Congo river and diamonds are found in this river. Around 60% of diamonds in Belgium go from Kasai river for cutting and shaping."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Indian River (New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "The Indian River is a long river located in western New Hampshire in the United States. The river is a tributary of the Mascoma River, which in turn flows to the Connecticut River and ultimately Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bennys Run", "paragraph_text": "Bennys Run (also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run) is a tributary of Shamokin Creek in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Shamokin Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream."}], "question": "Which river system contains the creek Bennys Run turns into?"}
{"id": "2hop__91817_58618", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Casa Verona's Mosque", "paragraph_text": "Casa Verona's Mosque is a mosque in the Muthialpet area of Georgetown in Chennai, India. It is one of the oldest mosques in the city and was constructed by Casa Verona, a \"dubash\" of the British East India Company."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "HDFC Bank", "paragraph_text": "As of June 30, 2017, the bank's distribution network was at 4,715 branches and 12,260 ATMs across 2,657 cities and towns. The bank also installed 4.30 Lacs POS terminals and issued 235.7 Lacs debit cards and 85.4 Lacs credit card in FY 2017."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "CASA ratio", "paragraph_text": "CASA ratio of select Indian banks Bank CASA Ratio Date HDFC Bank 52% 2017 Yes Bank 22.5% September 2014 Axis Bank 40% September 2014 Kotak Mahindra Bank 31% September 2014 ICICI Bank 43.7% September 2014 IndusInd Bank 34.12% March 2015"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Deutsche Bank", "paragraph_text": "After Adolf Hitler came to power, instituting the Third Reich, Deutsche Bank dismissed its three Jewish board members in 1933. In subsequent years, Deutsche Bank took part in the aryanization of Jewish-owned businesses; according to its own historians, the bank was involved in 363 such confiscations by November 1938. During the war, Deutsche Bank incorporated other banks that fell into German hands during the occupation of Eastern Europe. Deutsche Bank provided banking facilities for the Gestapo and loaned the funds used to build the Auschwitz camp and the nearby IG Farben facilities.During World War II, Deutsche Bank became responsible for managing the Bohemian Union Bank in Prague, with branches in the Protectorate and in Slovakia, the Bankverein in Yugoslavia (which has now been divided into two financial corporations, one in Serbia and one in Croatia), the Albert de Barry Bank in Amsterdam, the National Bank of Greece in Athens, the Creditanstalt-Bankverein in Austria and Hungary, the Deutsch-Bulgarische Kreditbank in Bulgaria, and Banca Comercial\u0103 Rom\u00e2n\u0103 (The Romanian Commercial Bank) in Bucharest. It also maintained a branch in Istanbul, Turkey."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Regional Rural Bank", "paragraph_text": "Regional Rural Banks were established under the provisions of an Ordinance passed in September 1975 and the RRB Act 1976 to provide sufficient banking and credit facility for agriculture and other rural sectors. These were set up on the recommendations of The M. Narasimham Working Group during the tenure of Indira Gandhi's government with a view to include rural areas into economic mainstream since that time about 70% of the Indian Population was of Rural Orientation. The development process of RRBs started on 2 October 1975 with the forming of the first RRB, the Prathama Bank with authorised capital of Rs. 5 crore at its starting. Also on 2 October 1976 five regional rural banks were set up with a total authorised capital Rs. 100 crore ($10 Million) which later augmented to 500 crore ($50 million). The Regional Rural Banks were owned by the Central Government, the State Government and the Sponsor Bank (there were five commercial banks, Punjab National Bank, State Bank of India, Syndicate Bank, United Bank of India and UCO Bank, which sponsored the regional rural banks) who held shares in the ratios as follows Central Government -- 50%, State Government -- 15% and Sponsor Banks -- 35%. Earlier, Reserve Bank of India had laid down ceilings on the rate of interest to be charged by these RRBs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "State Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "The bank descends from the Bank of Calcutta, founded in 1806, via the Imperial Bank of India, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent. The Bank of Madras merged into the other two ``presidency banks ''in British India, the Bank of Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay, to form the Imperial Bank of India, which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955. The Government of India took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with Reserve Bank of India (India's central bank) taking a 60% stake, renaming it the State Bank of India. In 2008, the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "ICICI Bank", "paragraph_text": "ICICI Bank, stands for Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, is an Indian multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, with its registered office in Vadodara. In 2017, it is the third largest bank in India in terms of assets and third in term of market capitalisation. It offers a wide range of banking products and financial services for corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels and specialised subsidiaries in the areas of investment banking, life, non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management. The bank has a vast network of 4,850 branches and 14,404 ATMs in India, and has a presence in 19 countries including India."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Public sector banks in India", "paragraph_text": "The Central Government entered the banking business with the nationalization of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955. A 60% stake was taken by the Reserve Bank of India and the new bank was named as the State Bank of India. The seven other state banks became the subsidiaries of the new bank in 1959 when the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959 was passed under the Nehru government."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "State Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational, public sector banking and financial services company. It is a government - owned corporation headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The company is ranked 217th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2017. It is the largest bank in India with a 23% market share in assets, besides a share of one - fourth of the total loan and deposits market."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below \"well capitalized\" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to \"adequately capitalized\" (8\u201310% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "IndusInd Bank", "paragraph_text": "As on June 30, 2016, IndusInd Bank has 1,004 branches, and 1885 ATMs spread across 625 geographical locations of the country. It also has representative offices in London, Dubai and Abu Dhabi... Mumbai has the maximum number of bank branches followed by New Delhi and Chennai. The bank has also proposed to double the branches count to 1200 by March 2017."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Deutsche Bank", "paragraph_text": "The second half of the 1890s saw the beginning of a new period of expansion at Deutsche Bank. The bank formed alliances with large regional banks, giving itself an entr\u00e9e into Germany's main industrial regions. Joint ventures were symptomatic of the concentration then under way in the German banking industry. For Deutsche Bank, domestic branches of its own were still something of a rarity at the time; the Frankfurt branch dated from 1886 and the Munich branch from 1892, while further branches were established in Dresden and Leipzig in 1901."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development", "paragraph_text": "National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an apex development financial institution in India, headquartered at Mumbai with branches all over India. The Bank has been entrusted with ``matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas in India ''. NABARD is active in developing financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Casa Botines", "paragraph_text": "The Casa Botines (built 1891-1892) is a Modernist building in Le\u00f3n, Spain designed by Antoni Gaud\u00ed. It was adapted to serve as the headquarters of Caja Espa\u00f1a, a local savings bank."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "State Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "State Bank of India State Bank Bhavan at Nariman Point in Mumbai Type Public Traded as NSE: SBIN BSE: 500112 LSE: SBID BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent Industry Banking, financial services Founded 2 June 1806, Bank of Calcutta 27 January 1921, Imperial Bank of India 1 July 1955, State Bank of India 2 June 1956, nationalization Headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Area served Worldwide Key people Rajnish Kumar (Chairman) Products Consumer banking, corporate banking, finance and insurance, investment banking, mortgage loans, private banking, private equity, savings, securities, asset management, wealth management, credit cards Revenue \u20b9298,640.45 crore (US $47 billion) (2017) Operating income \u20b950,847.90 crore (US $7.9 billion) (2017) Profit \u20b910,484.10 crore (US $1.6 billion) (2017) Total assets \u20b92,705,966.30 crore (US $420 billion) (2017) Total equity \u20b9144,274.65 crore (US $22 billion) (2016) Owner Government of India (61.23%) Number of employees 209,567 (2017) Capital ratio 13.12% (2016) Website sbi.co.in Footnotes / references"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Colonial India", "paragraph_text": "Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India (1505 -- 1961) Casa da \u00cdndia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India (1612 -- 1947) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "South Asia", "paragraph_text": "India is the largest & fastest growing economy in the region (US $2.180 trillion) and makes up almost 82% of the South Asian economy; it is the world's 7th largest in nominal terms and 3rd largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates (US $8.020 trillion). India is the only member of powerful G - 20 major economies and BRICS from the region. It is the fastest growing major economy in the world and one of the world's fastest registering a growth of 7.3% in FY 2014 -- 15. Pakistan has the next largest economy ($250 billion) and the 5th highest GDP per capita in the region, followed by Bangladesh and then by Sri Lanka which has the 2nd highest per capita and is the 4th largest economy in the region. According to a World Bank report in 2015, driven by a strong expansion in India, coupled with favorable oil prices, from the last quarter of 2014 South Asia become the fastest - growing region in the world"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Banking in India", "paragraph_text": "In 1960, the State Banks of India was given control of eight state - associated banks under the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959. These are now called its associate banks. In 1969 the Indian government nationalised 14 major private banks, one of the big bank was Bank of India. In 1980, 6 more private banks were nationalised. These nationalised banks are the majority of lenders in the Indian economy. They dominate the banking sector because of their large size and widespread networks."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Madurai district", "paragraph_text": "The Madurai district is the ninth largest in population of the 32 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu in southeastern India. The city of Madurai serves as the district headquarters. It houses the world-famous Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwarar temple and is situated on the banks of the river Vaigai and the oldest Islamic mosque in Madurai The Kazimar Big Mosque situated in the banks of Kiruthumal river. Thiruparankundram is one of the major tourist place in the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,038,252 with a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males. Aside from the city of Madurai, the larger towns are Melur, vadipatti, Peraiyur, Thirumangalam and Usilampatti. It is an important hub for various film shootings."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indian Financial System Code", "paragraph_text": "The Indian Financial System Code (IFS Code or IFSC) is an alphanumeric code that facilitates electronic funds transfer in India. A code uniquely identifies each bank branch participating in the two main Payment and settlement systems in India: the Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) and the National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) systems."}], "question": "How many branches of the bank with the highest casa ratio in India are all over the world?"}
{"id": "2hop__502768_131933", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Novaya Ladoga", "paragraph_text": "Novaya Ladoga () is a town in Volkhovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the point where the Volkhov River flows into Lake Ladoga, east of St.\u00a0Petersburg. Population:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sea of Sardinia", "paragraph_text": "The Sea of Sardinia is a body of water in the Mediterranean Sea between the Spanish archipelago of Balearic Islands and the Italian island of Sardinia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Secchi disk", "paragraph_text": "The Secchi disk, as created in 1865 by Angelo Secchi, is a plain white, circular disk in diameter used to measure water transparency or turbidity in bodies of water. The disc is mounted on a pole or line, and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure of the transparency of the water. This measure is known as the Secchi depth and is related to water turbidity. Since its invention, the disk has also been used in a modified, smaller diameter, black and white design to measure freshwater transparency."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Organic Lake", "paragraph_text": "Organic Lake is a lake in the Vestfold Hills in eastern Antarctica. It was formed 6,000 years ago when sea levels were higher; it is isolated, rather shallow (7.5m), meromictic, a few hundred meters in diameter and has extremely salty water. It has the highest recorded concentration of dimethyl sulfide in any natural body of water."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lake Lorraine, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Lake Lorraine is a census-designated place (CDP) in Okaloosa County, Florida, United States. The population was 7,106 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Fort Walton Beach\u2013Crestview\u2013Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area. It carries a Shalimar postal address and zip code. Lake Lorraine was originally a fresh-water body, but at some point in the 1990s the narrow sandbar that separated it from the Choctawhatchee Bay was breached and the former drainage channel to the tip of Black's Point became blocked by silt."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Potamogeton amplifolius", "paragraph_text": "Potamogeton amplifolius, commonly known as largeleaf pondweed or broad-leaved pondweed, is an aquatic plant of North America. It grows in water bodies such as lakes, ponds, and rivers, often in deep water."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lake Helena", "paragraph_text": "Lake Helena is a body of water along Prickly Pear Creek in the Helena Valley of Lewis and Clark County in southwestern Montana. It is in size and is above sea level."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dead Horse Bay", "paragraph_text": "Dead Horse Bay is a small water body off Barren Island, between the Gerritsen Inlet and Rockaway Inlet in the New York City borough of Brooklyn."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Plankton", "paragraph_text": "Plankton (singular plankter) are the diverse collection of organisms that live in the water column of large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Walker Pond", "paragraph_text": "Walker Pond is a body of water in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, situated off Route 49 on the way to Wells State Park."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Uldis \u0122\u0113rmanis", "paragraph_text": "Uldis \u0122\u0113rmanis (4 October 1915 \u2013 19 December 1997) was a Latvian historian, writer and publicist born in Novaya Ladoga, Russian Empire. His father was J\u0101nis \u0122ermanis, and his family returned to the newly independent Latvia in 1919."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Girl", "paragraph_text": "Girls typically have a female reproductive system. Some intersex children with ambiguous genitals and some transgender children, originally assigned male at birth, may also be classified or self-identify as girls.Girls' bodies undergo gradual changes during puberty. Puberty is the process of physical changes by which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones, muscle, blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sexual organs. Physical growth\u2014height and weight\u2014accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when the child has developed an adult body. Until the maturation of their reproductive capabilities, the pre-pubertal, physical differences between boys and girls are the genitalia. Puberty is a process that usually takes place between 10 and 16 years, but these ages differ from girl to girl. The major landmark of girls' puberty is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between 12 and 13."}], "question": "What is the body of water near the place of birth for Uldis Germanis?"}
{"id": "2hop__237330_701825", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Glen Rose, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Glen Rose is a city in and the county seat of Somervell County, Texas, United States. As of the 2012 census estimate, the city population was 2,502."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Barnard's Mill", "paragraph_text": "Barnard's Mill is located in Glen Rose, Texas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 9, 1982."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "In which county is Barnard's Mill located?"}
{"id": "2hop__16539_35154", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ibn Sirin", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Ibn Sirin () (born in Basra) was a Muslim mystic and interpreter of dreams who lived in the 8th century. He was a contemporary of Anas ibn Malik."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah (\"faithful\") should be governed, and the role of the imam. These two main differences stem from the understanding of which hadith are to interpret the Quran. Sunnis believe the true political successor of the Prophet in Sunnah is based on \u064dShura (consultation) at the Saqifah which selected Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favourite wife, 'A'ishah, to lead the Islamic community while the religious succession ceased to exist on account of finality of Prophethood. Shia on the other hand believe that the true political as well as religious successor is Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "According to the Sunni scholar Ibn \u02bbAs\u0101kir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn \u02bbAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by Muhammad's wives, such as Khadijah, a successful businesswoman. According to a hadith attributed to Muhammad, he praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shams ad-Din ibn Muhammad", "paragraph_text": "Shams ad-Din ibn Muhammad () (reigned 1472\u20131487) was a Somali Sultan of the Sultanate of Adal and a son of Muhammad ibn Badlay."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led to an increase in the number of readings during the 10th century. The 10th-century Muslim scholar from Baghdad, Ibn Muj\u0101hid, is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran. He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th-century readers from the cities of Mecca, Medina, Kufa, Basra and Damascus. Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose seven readers, rather than six or ten, but this may be related to a prophetic tradition (Muhammad's saying) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven \"ahruf\" (meaning seven letters or modes). Today, the most popular readings are those transmitted by \u1e24af\u1e63 (d.796) and Warsh (d. 812) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid's reciters, Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud (Kufa, d. 745) and Nafi\u2018 al-Madani (Medina, d. 785), respectively. The influential standard Quran of Cairo (1924) uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on \u02bbAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn \u2018Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ayyash ibn Abi Rabiah", "paragraph_text": "Ayyash ibn Abi Rabiah was one of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's companions who converted into Islam before immigration. He was also a half brother of Abu Jahl as they shared the same mother, and his paternal cousin."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: \"To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla.\" This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713;[citation needed] as well as Ibn Maajah, 121;[citation needed] etc. The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Lord and Master' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Lord and Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as the Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhamamd's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for the Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Ibn Ab\u012b Bakr Ibn Ayyub Ibn Sa'd Ibn Har\u012bz Ibn Makk\u012b Zayn al-D\u012bn al-Zur'\u012b (), al-Dimashqi (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a), with kunya of Abu Abdullah (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647), called Shams al-D\u012bn ( \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646). He is usually known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, after his father Abu Bakr Ibn Sa'd al-Zur'\u012b who was the superintendent (\"qayyim\") of the Jawziyyah Madrasah, the Hanbali law college in Damascus."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi", "paragraph_text": "Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi or, in full Mu\u1e25ammad b. \u02bfAbdall\u0101h, Ibn al-\u02bfArab\u012b al-Ma\u02bf\u0101fir\u012b, al-I\u0161b\u012bl\u012b, Ab\u016b Bakr ( born in Sevilla in 1076 and died in Fez in 1148) was a judge and scholar of Maliki law from al-Andalus. Like Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad Ibn al-Arabi was forced to migrate to Morocco during the reign of the Almoravids. It is reported that he was a student of Al-Ghazali for some time. He was a master of Maliki Jurisprudence. His father was a student of Ibn Hazm although Ibn al-Arabi considered him to be deviated. He also contributed to the spread of Ash'ari theology in Spain. A detailed biography about him was written by his contemporary Qadi Ayyad, the famous Malikite scholar and judge from Ceuta.(died 1149)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa", "paragraph_text": "Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa () was the progenitor of the ruling Al Khalifa family of Bahrain and the first monarch or \"hakim\" of Bahrain. All of the Al Khalifa monarchs of Bahrain are descendants of Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa. He is commonly referred to as Ahmed al-Fateh (Ahmed the Conqueror) for conquering Bahrain."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Medina", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca. In the spring of 624, Muhammad received word from his intelligence sources that a trade caravan, commanded by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Chieftain of the Meccan Quraysh, and guarded by thirty to forty men, was travelling from Syria back to Mecca. Muhammad gathered an army of 313 men, the largest army the Muslims had put in the field yet. However, many early Muslim sources, including the Quran, indicate that no serious fighting was expected, and the future Caliph Uthman ibn Affan stayed behind to care for his sick wife."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hegira", "paragraph_text": "The Hejira (Arabic: \u0647\u0650\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629 \u200e) is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed by him to Medina, in the year 622. In June 622, after being warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to Yathrib, 320 km (200 mi) north of Mecca, along with his companion Abu Bakr. Yathrib was soon renamed Mad\u012bnat an - Nab\u012b (Arabic: \u0645\u064e\u0640\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0646\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0646\u0651\u0640\u0628\u064a \u200e, literally ``City of the Prophet ''), but an - Nab\u012b was soon dropped, so its name is`` Medina'', meaning ``the city ''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Most historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661\u201380) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644\u2013656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Uthman's first cousin, as his top advisor, which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad, as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman also appointed as governor of Kufa his half-brother, Walid ibn Uqba, who was accused by Hashmites of leading prayer while under the influence of alcohol. Uthman also consolidated Muawiyah's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area and appointed his foster brother Abdullah ibn Saad as the Governor of Egypt. However, since Uthman never named an heir, he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ali", "paragraph_text": "Ali had four children with Fatimah: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali, born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin), and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was Ali's son from another wife from the Bani Hanifa tribe of central Arabia named Khawlah bint Ja'far, whom Ali had married after Fatimah's death."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word \"Hashimiyya\" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of Fakhkh", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Fakhkh () on 11 June 786 CE was fought between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate, under Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far, one of the sons of Caliph al-Mansur, and the supporters of a pro-Alid rebellion in Mecca under Husayn ibn Ali, a grandson of Hasan ibn Ali, also known as Sahib al Fakh. The Abbasid army easily crushed the Alid rebellion at the \"wadi\" of Fakhkh near Mecca, and Husayn was executed along with many other members of the Alid house. One of the Alids, Idris ibn Abdallah, fled the battlefield to the Maghreb, and established there the Idrisid dynasty."}], "question": "Who was the person who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?"}
{"id": "2hop__66900_723276", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sri Lanka Matha", "paragraph_text": "There are differing accounts as to the origin of the Sri Lanka Matha. The most widely held view is that Sri Lankan composer Ananda Samarakoon wrote the music and lyrics to the song inspired / influenced by Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. A minority suggest that Tagore wrote the anthem in full. Some have suggested that Tagore wrote the music whilst Samarakoon wrote the lyrics. Samarakoon had been a pupil of Tagore at Visva - Bharati University, Santiniketan. After returning to Ceylon Samarakoon taught music at Mahinda College, Galle. The song, which was then known as Namo Namo Mata, was first sung by students at Mahinda College. After it was sung by the choir from Musaeus College, Colombo at a public event it became hugely popular in Ceylon and was widely played on radio."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sidney Lippman", "paragraph_text": "Sidney Lippman, also called Sid, was a native of Minneapolis and graduated from the University of Minnesota. During World War II he was a merchant seaman. He moved to Manhattan and studied musical composition for a year at the Juilliard School."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "On Receiving News of the War", "paragraph_text": "On Receiving News of the War is a poem by Isaac Rosenberg which he wrote after hearing of the outbreak of World War I while in Cape Town, South Africa. Unusually, it takes an anti-war stance in contrast to much of the initial patriotic poetry produced during the early months of the war."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hannah Davis (filmmaker)", "paragraph_text": "Hannah Davis is the daughter of actress Jean Boht and film composer Carl Davis. She is a writer, director, and actress, who has two feature-length films under her production company, Mansion Pictures called \"Mothers & Daughters\" and \"The Understudy\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The World at War", "paragraph_text": "The World at War (1973 -- 74) is a 26 - episode British television documentary series chronicling the events of the Second World War. At the time of its completion in 1973, it was, at a cost of \u00a3900,000, the most expensive factual series ever made. It was produced by Jeremy Isaacs, narrated by Laurence Olivier and included music composed by Carl Davis. The book The World at War written by Mark Arnold - Forster to accompany the TV series was released in 1973."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Donika Kastrioti", "paragraph_text": "Donika Kastrioti (n\u00e9e Andronika Arianiti-Muzaka) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg. She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, one of the greatest leaders in the Albanian war against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Paul Alverdes", "paragraph_text": "The son of an officer and member of the German Youth Movement, he volunteered for duty in World War I and received a severe injury to the throat. After 1922 he was a freelance author in Munich, and from 1934 to 1944, along with Karl Benno von Mechow, he edited and published the journal \"Das innere Reich.\" Alverdes's work was influenced by the youth movement and by the World War I front experience, whose purifying and \"transforming\" power he praised. Nonetheless, he was only moderately popular with National Socialists because he lacked an \"activist-dynamic attitude\". After 1945 he mainly wrote stories for children."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Guerillas in Pink Lace", "paragraph_text": "Guerillas in Pink Lace is a 1964 Philippine Techniscope comedy set during the invasion of the Philippines during World War II. The film starred George Montgomery who also produced, directed and co-wrote the screenplay as well as featuring his own father in a role as a Priest."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Stanislav Krakov", "paragraph_text": "After the First World War, from 1919 to 1931, he published prose in almost all newspapers and magazines in Serbia. He wrote novels: \"Kroz buru\" (1921), \"Krila\" (1922), travel guide \"Kroz ju\u017enu Srbiju\" (1926), memoirs \"Na\u0161e poslednje pobede\" (1928), a book of short stories \"Crveni pjero\". When it comes to historical-fiction works, he wrote \"Plamen \u010detni\u0161tva\" (1930), \"Prestolonaslednik Petar\" (1933) and \"General Milan Nedi\u0107\" (1963-1968). \"\u017divot \u010doveka na Balkanu\" (\"Life of the Man from the Balkans\") was his autobiography. Stanislav Krakov was a director of the film \"Za \u010dast otad\u017ebine i po\u017ear na Balkanu\", which premiered on 25 March 1930, and also \"Golgota Srbije\" (The Calvary of Serbia) in 1931, which is still regarded as the best Serbian documentary film account of World War I ever. He was editor of \"Politika\" and \"Vreme\", and CEO of Radio Belgrade (1940-1941). During the Second World War he supported his uncle, General Milan Nedi\u0107, and the rest of his life he spent in exile. He died in Switzerland."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Peter B. Germano", "paragraph_text": "Peter B. Germano (New Bedford, Massachusetts, May 17, 1913 - Wildwood, California, September 20, 1983) was an American author of short stories, novels, and television scripts. He began his career with short stories. He wrote articles documenting the Marines in World War II as a combat correspondent. He wrote novels, most of which were westerns, but also wrote science fiction. And, as television became ever-present in American culture, Peter wrote numerous television scripts for western, science-fiction, drama, and cartoon series."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Star Spangled Rhythm", "paragraph_text": "Star Spangled Rhythm is a 1942 American all-star cast musical film made by Paramount Pictures during World War II as a morale booster. Many of the Hollywood studios produced such films during the war, generally musicals, frequently with flimsy storylines, and with the specific intent of entertaining the troops overseas and civilians back home and to encourage fundraising \u2013 as well as to show the studios' patriotism. This film was also the first released by Paramount to be shown for 8 weeks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sylvia Salvesen", "paragraph_text": "Sylvia Salvesen (25 January 1890 \u2013 1973) was a member of the high society in Norway, and a resistance pioneer during World War II. She was arrested and sent to the Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp in Germany. She witnessed at the Hamburg Ravensbr\u00fcck Trials in 1946, and wrote a memoir book documenting her wartime experiences."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)", "paragraph_text": "There is some debate as to whether the four concertos were written to accompany four sonnets or vice versa. Though it is not known who wrote these sonnets, there is a theory that Vivaldi wrote them himself, given that each sonnet is broken down into three sections, neatly corresponding to a movement in the concerto. Whoever wrote the sonnets, The Four Seasons may be classified as program music, instrumental music that intends to evoke something extra-musical and an art form which Vivaldi was determined to prove sophisticated enough to be taken seriously."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Theodore Steinmetz", "paragraph_text": "Theodore \"Steinie\" Steinmetz (December 22, 1880 \u2013 October 7, 1951) was an American musician, composer, and conductor from Marshfield, Wisconsin. During World War I, he was a member of the 32nd division Wisconsin infantry and wrote a march for the division that celebrates the combined brigades from Wisconsin and Michigan and their achievements in France for the Allied forces."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Merch Bradt Stewart", "paragraph_text": "Merch Bradt Stewart (June 24, 1875 \u2013 July 3, 1934), often called M. B. Stewart was a writer, educator, and career United States Army officer who became superintendent of the United States Military Academy. Stewart authored several U.S. Army manuals, penned a popular narrative of his considerable experiences as second lieutenant in the Spanish\u2013American War, and in the years preceding World War I wrote essays informing the public on issues of physical and military education."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rosy Wertheim", "paragraph_text": "In 1937, just prior to the start of World War II, she returned to Amsterdam. During the German Occupation, Wertheim gave secret concerts in a cellar where she played music by banned Jewish composers. After September 1942, she went into hiding to escape the Jewish deportations. After the war, Rosy Wertheim taught at the Music School in Laren, but contracted a serious illness and died May 27, 1949, in Laren, the Netherlands."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Carl Sigman wrote the words and music for the theme song which was sung by Dick James. The song is still fondly remembered:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elza Ibrahimova", "paragraph_text": "She also composed romances, Sonatas and Quartets. The composer's works \"Ey v\u0259t\u0259n\" (sung by Rashid Behbudov) described Azerbaijan all over the world. She wrote music to the hundreds of poems of Azerbaijan poets and tens of poetic examples in Russian."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Adrian Carton de Wiart", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant General Sir Adrian Paul Ghislain Carton de Wiart VC, KBE, CB, CMG, DSO (5 May 1880 -- 5 June 1963) was a British Army officer born of Belgian and Irish parents, and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest military decoration awarded for valour ``in the face of the enemy ''in various Commonwealth countries. He served in the Boer War, First World War, and Second World War; was shot in the face, head, stomach, ankle, leg, hip, and ear; survived two plane crashes; tunnelled out of a prisoner - of - war camp; and tore off his own fingers when a doctor refused to amputate them. Describing his experiences in the First World War, he wrote,`` Frankly I had enjoyed the war.''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "June Brown", "paragraph_text": "June Brown MBE Brown at the 2009 BAFTA Awards June Muriel Brown (1927 - 02 - 16) 16 February 1927 (age 90) Needham Market, Suffolk, England Years active 1952 -- present Known for Dot Cotton in EastEnders (1985 -- 1993, 1997 --) Spouse (s) John Garley (m. 1950; d. 1957) Robert Arnold (m. 1958; d. 2003) Children 6 Military career Allegiance United Kingdom Service / branch Royal Navy Years of service 1944 -- 1945 Unit Women's Royal Naval Service Battles / wars Second World War"}], "question": "who's the spouse of the writer of the music for the world at war?"}
{"id": "2hop__109172_197538", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bullets Over Summer", "paragraph_text": "Bullets Over Summer is a 1999 Hong Kong action film directed by Wilson Yip and starring Francis Ng and Louis Koo. For their performances in the film, Ng and Law Lan were awarded Best Actor and Best Actress respectively at the 6th Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards while Law was also awarded Best Actress at the 19th Hong Kong Film Awards and Best Supporting Actress at the 5th Golden Bauhinia Awards."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Francisco", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco was founded on June 29, 1776, when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de As\u00eds a few miles away, all named for St. Francis of Assisi. The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city - county in 1856. After three - quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama - Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a major port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. It then became the birthplace of the United Nations in 1945. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, along with the rise of the ``hippie ''counterculture, the Sexual Revolution, the Peace Movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lionel Messi", "paragraph_text": "An Argentine international, Messi is his country's all - time leading goalscorer. At youth level, he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe, and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. His style of play as a diminutive, left - footed dribbler drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona, who declared the teenager his successor. After making his senior debut in August 2005, Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup during the 2006 edition, and reached the final of the 2007 Copa Am\u00e9rica, where he was named young player of the tournament. As the squad's captain from August 2011, he led Argentina to three consecutive finals: the 2014 World Cup, for which he won the Golden Ball, and the 2015 and 2016 Copas Am\u00e9rica. After announcing his international retirement in 2016, he reversed his decision and led his country to qualification for the 2018 World Cup."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Civil rights movement", "paragraph_text": "The civil rights movement (also known as the African - American civil rights movement, American civil rights movement and other terms) was a decades - long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held. With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, the movement resulted in the largest legislative impacts after the direct actions and grassroots protests organized from the mid-1950s until 1968. Encompassing strategies, various groups, and organized social movements to accomplish the goals of ending legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States, the movement, using major nonviolent campaigns, eventually secured new recognition in federal law and federal protection of all Americans."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arthur Streeton", "paragraph_text": "Sir Arthur Ernest Streeton (8 April 1867 \u2013 1 September 1943) was an Australian landscape painter and leading member of the Heidelberg School, also known as Australian Impressionism."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Memoirs of a Geisha", "paragraph_text": "After the Japanese edition of the novel was published, Arthur Golden was sued for breach of contract and defamation of character by Mineko Iwasaki, a retired geisha he had interviewed for background information while writing the novel. The plaintiff asserted that Golden had agreed to protect her anonymity if she told him about her life as a geisha, due to the traditional code of silence about their clients. However, Golden listed Iwasaki as a source in his acknowledgments for the novel, causing her to face a serious backlash, to the point of death threats. In his defense, Arthur Golden countered that he had tapes of his conversations with Iwasaki. Eventually, in 2003, Golden's publisher settled with Iwasaki out of court for an undisclosed sum of money."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oscar De La Hoya", "paragraph_text": "Oscar De La Hoya (/ de\u026al\u0259\u02c8h\u0254\u026a. \u0259 /; born February 4, 1973) is a former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2008. He holds dual American and Mexican citizenship. Nicknamed ``The Golden Boy, ''De La Hoya represented the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning a gold medal in the lightweight division shortly after graduating from James A. Garfield High School."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eaglemont, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Eaglemont is an established suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 10\u00a0km north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Banyule. At the 2016 Census, Eaglemont had a population of 3,873."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tycho van Meer", "paragraph_text": "Tycho van Meer (born 30 September 1974 in Eindhoven) is a former field hockey striker from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. There he won the golden medal with the Dutch national team. A former player of HGC, Oranje Zwart and Amsterdam, he earned a total number of 90 caps, scoring seventeen goals for the Dutch during the late 1990s."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aigars Apinis", "paragraph_text": "Aigars Apinis (9 June 1973 in Aizkraukle) is a Latvian athlete. He participates in F52 class which means he has limited finger movement and no trunk or leg function. He started to practice in 1998, but already at the 2000 Summer Paralympics he won two bronze medals \u2013 in discus throw and shot put. At the 2004 Summer Paralympics he became the Olympic champion in discus throw and was 4th in shot put."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Golden Chicken 2", "paragraph_text": "Golden Chicken 2 (\u91d1\u96de2 \"gam1 gai1\") is a 2003 Hong Kong film directed by Samson Chiu. It is a sequel to the 2002 \"Golden Chicken\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Nondenominational churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stephen Mowlam", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Mowlam OAM (born 22 December 1976 in Victoria) is a field hockey goalkeeper from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the golden medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens by beating title holders The Netherlands in the final."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alan Hobkirk", "paragraph_text": "Alan Hobkirk (born November 7, 1952) is a former field hockey player from Canada, who participated at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. There the striker finished tenth with the Men's National Team. Hobkirk participated in four Pan American Games between 1971 and 1983, winning a full collection of medals: one golden (1983 in Caracas), two silver (1975 in Mexico, 1979 in San Juan) and one bronze (1971 in Cali)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Golden City, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Golden City is a city in Golden City Township, Barton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 765 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bhoodan movement", "paragraph_text": "The Bhoodan Movement or $6 - Land Gift Movement, was a voluntary land reform movement in India, started by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village in Telangana which is now known as Bhoodan Pochampally."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Golden Summer, Eaglemont", "paragraph_text": "Golden Summer, Eaglemont is an 1889 landscape painting by Australian artist Arthur Streeton. Painted \"en plein air\" at the height of a summer drought, it is an idyllic depiction of sunlit, undulating plains that stretch from Eaglemont\u2014an \"artists' camp\" established by Streeton the previous year in rural Heidelberg\u2014to the distant blue Dandenong Ranges, outside Melbourne. Naturalistic yet poetic, and a conscious effort by the 21-year-old Streeton to create his grandest work yet, it is a prime example of the artist's distinctive, high-keyed blue and gold palette, what he considered \"nature's scheme of colour in Australia\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dalit Buddhist movement", "paragraph_text": "The Dalit Buddhist movement (also known as Neo-Buddhist movement) is a socio - political movement by Dalits in India started by B.R. Ambedkar. It radically re-interpreted Buddhism and created a new school of Buddhism called Navayana. The movement has sought to be a socially and politically engaged form of Buddhism."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Maider Teller\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Maider Teller\u00eda Go\u00f1i (born July 14, 1973 in San Sebasti\u00e1n) is a former field hockey player from Spain. She was a member of the Women's National Team that surprisingly won the golden medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics on home soil (Barcelona)."}], "question": "What was the movement of the creator of Golden Summer, Eaglemont?"}
{"id": "2hop__706900_110385", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Maureen Payne", "paragraph_text": "Maureen Payne (date of birth unknown, died 1997, South Africa) was a South Africa Test cricketer. She captained the side for their second series, played against New Zealand in 1971\u201372. She appeared in five Tests for South Africa, claiming eight wickets."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tom Frager", "paragraph_text": "Tom Frager (born 1 July 1977 in Dakar, Senegal) is a French songwriter and performer in the group Gwayav' and is ten times a surfer winner in Guadeloupe. He is primarily known for his French hit \"Lady Melody\", which was number-one for four weeks."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jane Froman", "paragraph_text": "Froman was known for her contralto vocals. There are three biographies about Froman, the first two written by Ilene Stone: \"One Little Candle: Remembering Jane Froman\" and \"Jane Froman, Missouri's First Lady of Song\". In addition, a newer, in-depth biography, \"Say It With Music \u2013 The Life and Legacy of Jane Froman\", by Barbara Seuling, was published on November 10, 2007, to coincide with the centennial of Froman's birth."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lady, Play Your Mandolin!", "paragraph_text": "Lady, Play Your Mandolin! is the first Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon, directed by Rudolf Ising of Harman and Ising. It was originally released in August 1931."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William Shakespeare", "paragraph_text": "William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth remains unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which can be traced to a mistake made by an 18th-century scholar, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on the same date in 1616. He was the third of eight children, and the eldest surviving son."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shirley Abicair", "paragraph_text": "Shirley Abicair was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Some sources show her year of birth as 1935, but a contemporary account shows she was 23 or 24 on arrival in Britain and, as she had completed tertiary studies in Australia, the earlier date seems more likely. She was the only daughter of a Wing Commander in the RAAF."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jesse Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 -- July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spexy Beast", "paragraph_text": "Spexy Beast is a stand-up comedy tour performed by British comedian Alan Carr. The tour was Carr's first to be performed in arena type venues, with extra dates being added in most territories due to popular demand."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Perez Hilton Superfan", "paragraph_text": "Perez Hilton Superfan is a television series in the United Kingdom. The programme, broadcast on ITV2, features the American celebrity blogger Perez Hilton gaining an intimate insight into the lives of four international singers/performers - Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Kelly Rowland and Enrique Iglesias."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Switched at Birth characters", "paragraph_text": "Played by Anthony Natale, Cameron Bledsoe is the father of Emmett Bledsoe. He is the ex-husband of Melody Bledsoe. Unlike Melody, he takes a carefree approach to parenting his son, while causes problems between him and his ex-wife, as she believes that he is not a good influence on Emmett. Emmett moves in with him in due to Melody's disapproval of Bay. After his divorce Cameron dated a younger woman named Olivia. Concern for Emmett's wellbeing is raised by Bay after the discovery of Olivia's bongs around the house and her use of marijuana. He subsequently breaks up with Olivia. Later on, he marries a woman named Debbie. They are expecting their first child."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "Madonna was criticized for her performance of \"Like a Virgin\" at the first 1984 MTV Video Music Awards (VMA). She appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake, wearing a wedding dress and white gloves. The performance is noted by MTV as an iconic moment in VMA history. In later years, Madonna commented that she was terrified of the performance. The next hit was \"Material Girl\" promoted by her video, a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. While filming this video, Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn. They married on her birthday in 1985. Like a Virgin was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold more than 25 million copies worldwide. In February 1984, according to the film director Sir Richard Attenborough, Madonna auditioned at the Royale Theatre on Broadway for a dance role in his movie version of A Chorus Line using her birth-name of Ciccone, but he rejected her."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Luck Be a Lady", "paragraph_text": "``Luck Be a Lady ''is a song written by Frank Loesser in 1950 and first performed by Robert Alda. The song was featured in the musical Guys and Dolls."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chow Hound", "paragraph_text": "Chow Hound is a Looney Tunes (reissued as a Blue Ribbon Merrie Melodies in 1959) animated short directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. Released June 16, 1951, the voices are performed by Mel Blanc, Bea Benaderet and John T. Smith."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Giuseppe Demachi", "paragraph_text": "Giuseppe Demachi (9 June 1732 \u2013 1791 or after) was a composer born in Alessandria, Italy. He served as a leading violinist in the city of his birth and later in the city of Geneva with the Concerto di Ginevra of the Societ\u00e9 de Musique. He also served in the employ of one Count Sannazzaro in the 1760s and 1770s at Casale Monferrato. Not much is known about his life or death. Other than the records of his birth in 1732, his next known appearance in history is in 1763 when he was listed as playing in Alessandria's orchestra. After 1777 he again falls into obscurity until his last verifiable appearance during some concerts in London in 1791. The date of his death is not known, but is believed to have been shortly after his performances in London."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Freddy and the Melody of the Night", "paragraph_text": "Freddy and the Melody of the Night (German:Freddy und die Melodie der Nacht) is a 1960 West German musical film directed by Wolfgang Schleif and starring Freddy Quinn, Heidi Br\u00fchl and Peter Carsten."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lady Melody (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Lady Melody\" is a 2009 song recorded by French singer-songwriter Tom Frager with his group Gwayav'. It is his debut single from his 2008 album \"Better Days\". The promotional CD was sent to the radio in the first days of August and was much aired on radio, becoming a summer hit, then was released physically in early September 2009."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Name Birth Marriage Their children Their grandchildren Date Spouse Charles, Prince of Wales 14 November 1948 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince George of Cambridge Princess Charlotte of Cambridge Prince Henry of Wales None 9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles None Anne, Princess Royal 15 August 1950 14 November 1973 Divorced 28 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips Savannah Phillips Isla Phillips Zara Tindall Mia Tindall 12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None Prince Andrew, Duke of York 19 February 1960 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice of York None Princess Eugenie of York None Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex 10 March 1964 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys - Jones Lady Louise Windsor None James, Viscount Severn None"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Clara Morris", "paragraph_text": "Clara Morris (March 17, 1849 \u2013 November 20, 1925) (her birth date is sometimes given as 1846/48) was an American actress."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\""}], "question": "When was the performer of Lady Melody born?"}
{"id": "2hop__142234_498376", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Live in Texas (Vince Bell album)", "paragraph_text": "Live in Texas is the third album by Vince Bell. It was released in October 2001 on the singer-songwriter's own label, \"vincebell.com\". As the title suggests, the album was recorded live at a Texas Nights North house concert in Dallas, Texas, on May 11, 2001. Bell offered no apology for his DIY effort (his first after \"Texas Plates\", which had been issued on Paladin Records/Warner Bros.), saying upon the album's release about the burgeoning opportunities offered by CD-Rs: \"If you've got something to say, or you play it just like you talk it, there's no better way for an author of music/lyric to keep the art form alive. You shouldn't have to ask permission of any record label to put your foot in it. After a treasured saying, 'If you are led by authority, you are led by a halter.'\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gossip Candy", "paragraph_text": "Gossip Candy is an extended play by Japanese recording artist and songwriter Kumi Koda. It was released on July 7, 2010, by Koda's record label, Rhythm Zone. Koda's fifth extended play, \"Gossip Candy\" consists of five recordings; \"Lollipop, Inside Fishbowl, Outside Fishbowl, For You,\" and a cover of \"Got to Be Real\", originally performed by Cheryl Lynn. It was released in three different formats: Digital EP, CD and CD+DVD. The CD only version was re-released as the \"Dream Music Park\" edition with a bonus baseball cap. The \"Dream Music Park\" concert was later released on the CD+2DVD edition of \"Dejavu."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "You Take My Heart Away", "paragraph_text": "You Take My Heart Away is the 22nd studio album from Shirley Bassey, released in 1977 on the United Artists Records label. The album peaked at #34 in the UK album chart."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "You (Being My Body Whole)", "paragraph_text": "You (Being My Body Whole) is an album released by Von Hemmling, the Elephant 6 band led by Jim McIntyre. It was released in 2008 on the Fox Pop record label and released only on cassette."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Beautiful, Unlike You and I", "paragraph_text": "Beautiful, Unlike You and I is an EP by Vancouver punk rock band SNFU. It was recorded in 1993 while the band was recording demo material for their \"Something Green and Leafy This Way Comes\" album. It was released on the Hom Wreckerds Music label."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "If You See Him/If You See Her", "paragraph_text": "``If You See Him / If You See Her ''is a song written by Terry McBride, Jennifer Kimball and Tommy Lee James, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire, along with the duo Brooks & Dunn. It served as the title track to each artist's respective 1998 albums (If You See Him for Reba, and If You See Her for Brooks & Dunn), both released on June 2 of that year. The song was concurrently promoted and distributed by both artists' labels: MCA Nashville and Arista Nashville, then the respective labels for McEntire and Brooks & Dunn. It is the only single to feature both Kix Brooks & Ronnie Dunn on vocals."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ornament Records", "paragraph_text": "Ornament Records is a German record label set up in 1972 by Siegfried A. \"Ziggy\" Christmann. It initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring Germany. Soon the label started releasing jazz and German (especially Moselle Franconian) folk music as well."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "If Not for You (album)", "paragraph_text": "If Not for You is the debut studio album by British-Australian singer-songwriter Olivia Newton-John, released in November 1971 by Festival Records. The album was released on the Pye International label in the UK as \"Olivia Newton-John\", with a slightly different cover. As a covers album, \"If Not for You\" features mostly songs previously recorded from contemporary artists of the 1960s and early 1970s. She made several performances to promote \"If Not for You\" and her follow-up album, \"Olivia\", including an international tour with British singer Cliff Richard. It was her first album released by Festival Records, which would release all her albums in Australia until its dissolution in 2005. It also has Newton-John's first works with her long-time musical partner, John Farrar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "In a Gospel Way", "paragraph_text": "In a Gospel Way is an album by American country music artist George Jones, released in 1974 on the Epic Records label."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I'm Spinning", "paragraph_text": "\"I'm Spinning\" is a Doo Wop song recorded by the Del-Vikings on the Fee Bee Records label in 1957 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as an A side for the single \"I'm Spinning\"/\"You Say You Love Me,\" written by Pat DiCesare. It was soon released on Dot Records for national distribution, and later released by Mercury Records when Kripp Johnson rejoined the Del-Vikings in 1958. Over the years the song has been included on many Del Vikings greatest hits albums and Doo Wop compilation albums on various labels. The most recent release was in 2009."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Where Grass Won't Grow", "paragraph_text": "Where Grass Won't Grow is an album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1969 (see 1969 in country music) on the Musicor Records label."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jeff Wood (singer)", "paragraph_text": "Jeffrey Scott Wood (born May 10, 1968) is an American country music artist. Wood was signed to a publishing contract in 1994, writing songs for other country artists, including \"Cowboy Love\", a Top 5 hit for John Michael Montgomery in 1996. He signed to a recording contract with Liberty Records later that year, but did not release anything while on the label. His debut album, \"Between the Earth and the Stars\", was released in 1997 on Imprint Records. This album produced three chart singles for Wood on the Hot Country Songs charts that year, including the No.\u00a044-peaking \"You Just Get One\". Although he did not chart again after 1997, Wood continued to write songs for other artists into the 2000s, including Neal McCoy and Phil Vassar, and independently released a second album in 2008."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Until I Met You", "paragraph_text": "\"Until I Met You\" is a song recorded by American country music artist, Judy Rodman. It was released in May 1986 as the fourth single from the album \"Judy\". The single was Rodman's fourth-issued single and her only song to reach #1 on the Billboard Country chart."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Judy (Judy Rodman album)", "paragraph_text": "Judy is the debut studio album of American country music artist, Judy Rodman released under MTM Records in 1986. The album contained five singles that were released between 1985 and 1986, including the Number One \"Until I Met You.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ed Sheeran", "paragraph_text": "In March 2015, Sheeran revealed he was setting up a record label, Gingerbread Man Records, which is a deal with Warner Music Group. The label was launched in August 2015 alongside its accompanying YouTube channel. Jamie Lawson, the label's first signee, met Sheeran while they were both in London's folk circuit. Lawson released his self - titled debut album on 9 October 2015, which has earned him a number one in the UK Albums Chart. Sheeran signed his second artist, Foy Vance, in November 2015."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eddie Cochran On The Air", "paragraph_text": "On the Air is a posthumously released album by Eddie Cochran, who died in 1960. The album was released in the United Kingdom on the United Artists record label (catalog number UAS-29380) in September 1972. In the United States, it was released in 1987, on the EMI America label (catalog number SQ-17245) with the same track listing."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "At the Village Vanguard", "paragraph_text": "At the Village Vanguard (subtitled You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart) is a live album by jazz drummer Paul Motian recorded at the Village Vanguard and originally released on the German JMT label. Recorded in 1995 it features performances by Motian with Bill Frisell and Joe Lovano. The album was rereleased on the Winter & Winter label in 2005."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "When You Can Fly", "paragraph_text": "When You Can Fly is the second studio album by Canadian country music artist Victoria Banks and her first album with record label distribution, which earned Banks a 2010 Canadian Indie Award nomination and six nominations at the 2009 Canadian Country Music Awards including Album of the Year, Single of the Year (\"The Wheel\"), Songwriter of the Year (\"The Wheel\"), Female Artist of the Year and Rising Star. The album was self-produced by Banks, also earning her a nomination for Producer of the Year. It was released on April 14, 2009 by On Ramp Records/EMI Canada. The album's first single \"The Wheel,\" earned a 2010 Canadian Radio Music Award nomination. Subsequent singles included \"When You Can Fly,\" \"Kiss Me, \"This Old Halo\" and \"Don't Leave the Leavin'.\" Music videos for \"The Wheel\" and \"When You Can Fly\" received airplay on CMT Canada."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "I Wish Tonight Would Never End", "paragraph_text": "I Wish Tonight Would Never End is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1963 on the United Artists record label."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Can You Celebrate?", "paragraph_text": "\"Can You Celebrate?\" is Namie Amuro's seventh solo single under the Avex Trax label. Released on February 19, 1997, \"Can You Celebrate\" is the best-selling single by a solo female artist in Japanese music history, with sales of 2,296,200 copies."}], "question": "What is the record label of the artist who released Until I Met You?"}
{"id": "2hop__26727_26797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. The Northwestern University School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. As the university increased in wealth and distinction, and enrollments grew, these professional schools were integrated with the undergraduate college in Evanston; the result was a modern research university combining professional, graduate, and undergraduate programs, which gave equal weight to teaching and research. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Russell Sage College", "paragraph_text": "Russell Sage College (often Russell Sage or RSC) is a women's college located in Troy, New York, approximately north of New York City in the Capital District. It is one of the three colleges that make up The Sage Colleges. It enrolls approximately 750 undergraduates, plus 150 graduate and doctoral students studying through both Russell Sage and the Sage Graduate School."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Clemson University", "paragraph_text": "Clemson University / \u02c8kl\u025bms\u0259n / is an American public, coeducational, land - grant and sea - grant research university in Clemson, South Carolina. Clemson is the second largest university in South Carolina. As of 2016, Clemson University enrolled a total of 18,599 undergraduate students for the fall semester and 4,807 graduate students and the student / faculty ratio is 16: 1."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "In the 2007\u20132008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278 degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 \u2013 June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,597 students in fall 2014; an additional 3,371 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for a total enrollment of 26,968 students across the three campuses. The university overall employed 2,663 faculty members in fall 2012."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "L. Londell McMillan", "paragraph_text": "He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School in 1983 and received his undergraduate degree from Cornell University, where he was a Quill and Dagger member, honors graduate, and Academic All-American mentioned football player. After his time at Cornell, McMillan pursued a law career at the New York University School of Law."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Carlson School of Management", "paragraph_text": "The Curtis L. Carlson School of Management is a business school at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. The Carlson School offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degrees, as well as an executive education program. The Carlson School also offers dual degrees with the colleges and schools of public affairs, law, medicine, and public health."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arizona State University", "paragraph_text": "ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. It had approximately 72,000 students enrolled in fall 2016, including nearly 59,000 undergraduate and more than 13,000 graduate students. ASU's charter, approved by the board of regents in 2014, is based on the ``New American University ''model created by ASU President Crow. It defines ASU as`` a comprehensive public research university, measured not by whom it excludes, but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed; advancing research and discovery of public value; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic, social, cultural and overall health of the communities it serves.''"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The largest of the university's 24 campuses, University Park is almost entirely within the boundaries of State College borough, a site chosen because it is near the geographic center of the state. With an undergraduate acceptance rate of 23 percent, it is the most selective campus in the Penn State system, due primarily to the fact that students select University Park as their first - choice campus at a far greater rate than the university's other undergraduate campuses. During the fall 2016 semester, 41,359 undergraduate students and 8,955 graduate students were enrolled at University Park. Of those, 46.3 percent were female and 40.5 percent were not Pennsylvania residents."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review, the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for both its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "In the fall of 2014, among the six undergraduate schools, 40.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 21.3% in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 14.3% in the School of Communication, 11.7% in the Medill School of Journalism, 5.7% in the Bienen School of Music, and 6.4% in the School of Education and Social Policy. The five most commonly awarded undergraduate degrees are in economics, journalism, communication studies, psychology, and political science. While professional students are affiliated with their respective schools, the School of Professional Studies offers master's and bachelor's degree, and certificate programs tailored to the professional studies. With 2,446 students enrolled in science, engineering, and health fields, the largest graduate programs by enrollment include chemistry, integrated biology, material sciences, electrical and computer engineering, neuroscience, and economics. The Kellogg School of Management's MBA, the School of Law's JD, and the Feinberg School of Medicine's MD are the three largest professional degree programs by enrollment."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions. Furthermore, each of the three schools has its own programs of graduate study. As of the Fall 2013 semester, there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med. The Medical Center also offers four year instruction at the Wichita campus, and features a medical school campus in Salina, Kansas that is devoted to rural health care."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an \"arts and sciences focus\". Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration. Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World. Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Loyola University Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Comprising eleven colleges and schools, Loyola offers over 80 undergraduate and 140 graduate / professional programs and enrolls approximately 16,000 students. Loyola has six campuses across the Chicago metropolitan area, as well as a campus in Rome and guest programs in Beijing and Ho Chi Minh City. The flagship Lake Shore Campus is along the scenic shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods of Chicago, eight miles north of the Loop."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Livingston College", "paragraph_text": "From 1969 to 2007 Livingston College was one of the residential colleges that comprised Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey's undergraduate liberal arts programs. It was located on Livingston Campus (originally Kilmer) in Piscataway, New Jersey. In the Fall of 2007 the New Brunswick-area liberal arts undergraduate colleges, including Livingston College merged into one School of Arts and Sciences of Rutgers University."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates. National correspondents, reporters and columnists such as The New York Times's Elisabeth Bumiller, David Barstow, Dean Murphy, and Vincent Laforet, USA Today's Gary Levin, Susan Page and Christine Brennan, NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell, CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld, CNN correspondent Nicole Lapin and former CNN and current Al Jazeera America anchor Joie Chen, and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols, Michael Wilbon, Mike Greenberg, Steve Weissman, J. A. Adande, and Kevin Blackistone. The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B.S. and M.S. from Medill. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards  and 4 Edward R. Murrow Awards."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's Booth School of Business maintains campuses in Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs. In fall 2010, the University of Chicago also opened a center in Beijing, near Renmin University's campus in Haidian District. The most recent additions are a center in New Delhi, India, which opened in 2014, and a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2015."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology", "paragraph_text": "Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as BMIT, Jaipur, is a private research college located in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. BMIT is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education and affiliated with the Rajasthan Technical University. It enrolls approximately 3,125 undergraduate and 241 graduate students from India and around the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Siddhartha Medical College", "paragraph_text": "Siddhartha Medical College is a medical school in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is one of the reputed medical schools providing undergraduate and graduate medical education in AP. Its address is Siddhartha Medical College, Gunadala, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh 520008 India."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Joe Micon", "paragraph_text": "Micon was born in Niagara Falls, New York in 1958, and graduated from LaSalle Sr. High School, Niagara Falls, NY in 1976."}], "question": "Which CBS correspondent graduated from the school 11.7% of undergraduates enrolled in in the fall of 2014?"}
{"id": "2hop__64932_737688", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eielson Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Eielson Air Force Base (AFB) (IATA: EIL, ICAO: PAEI, FAA LID: EIL) is a United States Air Force base located approximately 26 miles (42 km) southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska and just southeast of Moose Creek, Alaska. It was established in 1943 as Mile 26 Satellite Field and taken off deployment in 2007. It has been a Superfund site since 1989."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Warbelow's Air Ventures", "paragraph_text": "Warbelow's Air Ventures is an American regional airline based in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. It operates domestic scheduled passenger, charter, and tour services as well as flight tours, mostly throughout Interior Alaska. Its base is Fairbanks International Airport. It is affiliated with Sukapak, Inc."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aerospace Museum of California", "paragraph_text": "The Aerospace Museum of California is an aviation museum located in North Highlands, California on the grounds of the former McClellan Air Force Base. It features displays of authentic military and civilian aircraft as well as space vehicle replicas. It preserves the history and mission of this former base as well as those of neighboring bases like Beale (active) and Mather (closed) Air Force Bases. McClellan Air Force Base closed in 2001 and became McClellan Airfield, a civil aviation airport."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Northway Junction, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Northway Junction is a census-designated place (CDP) in Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 54 at the 2010 census, down from 72 in 2000."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "95th Air Base Wing", "paragraph_text": "The 95th Air Base Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit that was last assigned to the Air Force Flight Test Center of Air Force Materiel Command at Edwards Air Force Base, California, where it was inactivated on 13 July 2012."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base (Andrews AFB, AAFB) is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Antonio Bautista", "paragraph_text": "Antonio Bautista graduated from The University of the Philippines in Los Ba\u00f1os in 1957 with a degree in Agriculture. He signed up for the Philippine Air Force Flying School in Fernando Air Base, Lipa, Batangas, graduating in 1958, and was sent to the 5th Fighter Wing stationed at Basa Air Base, Floridablanca, Pampanga. His first assignment was with the 8th Fighter Squadron, Nicknamed \"Scorpions\", flying piston driven North American F-51 Mustangs. At about the same time, the Philippine Air Force was in the process of transitioning to Jets, so in 1959, in preparation for jet training, he was sent to Kadena Air Force Base in Okinawa, Japan, for Altitude Physiological Training. In 1961 to 1962, he took the U.S. Air Force's Jet Qualification Course at Randolph Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. In 1962, he continued his training at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, for aerial gunnery and combat training."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is served by two primary airports, Will Rogers World Airport and the much smaller Wiley Post Airport (incidentally, the two honorees died in the same plane crash in Alaska) Will Rogers World Airport is the state's busiest commercial airport, with over 3.6 million passengers annually. Tinker Air Force Base, in southeast Oklahoma City, is the largest military air depot in the nation; a major maintenance and deployment facility for the Navy and the Air Force, and the second largest military institution in the state (after Fort Sill in Lawton)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "416th Flight Test Squadron", "paragraph_text": "The 416th Flight Test Squadron is a United States Air Force squadron. It is assigned to the 412th Operations Group, Air Force Materiel Command, stationed at Edwards Air Force Base, California."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "18th Aggressor Squadron", "paragraph_text": "The 18th Aggressor Squadron is a subordinate unit of the 354th Fighter Wing based at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska, and flies the Block 30 General Dynamics F-16C/D aircraft."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lance Mackey", "paragraph_text": "Lance Mackey (born June 2, 1970) is an American dog musher and dog sled racer from Fairbanks, Alaska, who is a four-time winner of the 1,000-mile Yukon Quest and four-time winner of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on \"Public Safety Officers\" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Little Rock Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Little Rock Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force base located approximately northeast of Little Rock, Arkansas."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "84th Combat Sustainment Wing", "paragraph_text": "The 84th Combat Sustainment Wing (CSW) is a wing of the United States Air Force based at Hill Air Force Base, Utah."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Trondheim Synagogue", "paragraph_text": "The Trondheim Synagogue () in Trondheim, Norway is the second-northernmost synagogue in the world (after the synagogue in Fairbanks, Alaska). The present synagogue has served the Jewish community since its inauguration on October 13, 1925. It was built to replace the first synagogue in Trondheim, the St J\u00f8rgensveita Synagogue which was opened in 1899."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Air Force Armament Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Air Force Armament Museum, adjacent to Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, is the only facility in the U.S. dedicated to the display of Air Force armament. Founded in 1975, it was originally located in a converted gymnasium on the northeastern edge of the Eglin main base, adjacent to Valparaiso, Florida."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chatanika, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Chatanika is a small unincorporated community located in the Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States, north-northeast of the city of Fairbanks. The community runs along an approximately stretch of the Steese Highway, the majority of which sees the highway paralleled by the Chatanika River. The community consists of sparsely scattered residential subdivisions, several roadside businesses, a boat launch where the Steese Highway crosses the Chatanika River, relics of past gold mining operations in the area and the Poker Flat Research Range operated by the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks."}], "question": "What fighter wing occupies the air force base located in Fairbanks, Alaska?"}
{"id": "2hop__505989_155908", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ango River", "paragraph_text": "Ango River () is a tributary of the Omolon River in Russia's Magadan Oblast in northeast Siberia. It is Omolons right tributary and flows into it from its mouth. The total length of the Ango is ."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Indian River (New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "The Indian River is a long river located in western New Hampshire in the United States. The river is a tributary of the Mascoma River, which in turn flows to the Connecticut River and ultimately Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "W\u00f6rbke", "paragraph_text": "W\u00f6rbke is a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The W\u00f6rbke is approximately 4\u00a0km long, a right tributary of the Werre in the Lippe district in Ostwestfalen-Lippe. The source of the river has an elevation of 260 metres and the mouth an elevation of 148 metres."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Warm Springs River", "paragraph_text": "The Warm Springs River is a tributary of the Deschutes River in north-central Oregon in the United States. It flows generally southeast along the east side of the Cascade Range. The watershed is approximately between Mount Jefferson and Timothy Lake, and the northwestern and southwestern boundaries of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation coincide with the watershed. The headwaters are less than from the Wasco County\u2013Clackamas County boundary (which follows the Cascade crest). The river flows generally eastward, with occasional diagonals southeast or northeast. It joins the Deschutes River at river mile 83.7 (134.7\u00a0km upstream from the mouth of the Deschutes)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Athabasca River", "paragraph_text": "The Athabasca River travels before draining into the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca south of Fort Chipewyan. From there, its waters flow north as Rivi\u00e8re des Rochers, then joining the Peace River to form the Slave River that empties into Great Slave Lake and discharges through the Mackenzie River system into the Arctic Ocean. The cumulative drainage area is ."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Teton River (Idaho)", "paragraph_text": "The Teton River is an tributary of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River in southeastern Idaho in the United States. It drains through the Teton Valley along the west side of the Teton Range along the Idaho-Wyoming border at the eastern end of the Snake River Plain. Its location along the western flank of the Tetons provides the river with more rainfall than many other rivers of the region."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Snake River", "paragraph_text": "The Snake River is a major river of the greater Pacific Northwest in the United States. At 1,078 miles (1,735 km) long, it is the largest tributary of the Columbia River, the largest North American river that empties into the Pacific Ocean. Rising in western Wyoming, the river flows through the Snake River Plain of southern Idaho, then through the rugged Hells Canyon area via northeastern Oregon and the rolling Palouse Hills, to reach its mouth near the Washington Tri-Cities area, where it enters the Columbia. Its drainage basin encompasses parts of six U.S. states, and its average discharge is over 54,000 cubic feet per second (1,500 m / s)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Snake Indian River", "paragraph_text": "The Snake Indian River is a large tributary of the Athabasca River, exiting entirely within Jasper National Park. The Snake Indian forms at Snake Indian Pass, south of Monte Christo Mountain and Snake Indian Mountain, north of Calumet Peak. The river travels in a general northwest direction before turning sharply south. The river plummets over the massive Snake Indian Falls before joining the Athabasca River downstream of Jasper Lake, near the east gate of Jasper National Park."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Loimijoki", "paragraph_text": "The river Loimijoki is a river in Finland and the longest tributary of the river Kokem\u00e4enjoki. The river originates at the lake Pyh\u00e4j\u00e4rvi in Tammela and joins the river Kokem\u00e4enjoki in Huittinen. There is a difference in elevation between the source and the mouth of the river, which is long. The river drains a catchment area of . The river has several dams at Forssa, Jokioinen and Loimaa."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Snake River (St. Croix River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "The Snake River with its tributaries drains a 1,009 square miles (2,610 km) area of Aitkin, Kanabec, Mille Lacs and Pine counties. After initially flowing southward from its headwaters in southern Aitkin County, the Snake flows through Kanabec County, turning eastward near Mora, Minnesota, following a minor fault line. It drains into the St. Croix River 13 miles (21 km) east of Pine City, Minnesota."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Visherka River", "paragraph_text": "Visherka River () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kolva River. It is long, and its drainage basin covers . It flows out of lake Chusovskoe in the north of the Cherdynsky District near its border with the Komi Republic. Its mouth is upstream of the uninhabited village of Bogatyryovo, from the mouth of the Kolva River. Its most significant tributaries are:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Moruya River", "paragraph_text": "The headwaters of the Deua River rise south of Braidwood and flow to the village of Kiora where the Deua River forms its confluence with the Moruya River. The Moruya River flows generally east, joined by two minor tributaries, past the town of Moruya, before reaching its mouth of the Tasman Sea at Moruya Heads. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pine, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Pine is an unincorporated community in Baker County, Oregon, United States. It lies along Oregon Route 86 about southeast of the city of Halfway, and beside Pine Creek, a tributary of the Snake River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rufiji River", "paragraph_text": "The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania. The river is formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers. It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) long, with its source in southwestern Tanzania and its mouth on the Indian Ocean at a point between Mafia Island called Mafia Channel. Its principal tributary is the Great Ruaha River. It is navigable for about 100 kilometres (62 mi)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pim River", "paragraph_text": "Pim is a river in the Khanty\u2013Mansi Autonomous Okrug in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Ob. It is long, with a drainage basin of . The average discharge from its mouth is . The river is frozen over from the end of November until May."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Molunkus Stream", "paragraph_text": "Molunkus Stream is a tributary of the Mattawamkeag River in Maine. From the confluence of the stream's East Branch and West Branch () in Sherman, the river runs southeast to its mouth on the Mattawamkeag in Kingman."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tomaga River", "paragraph_text": "Tomaga River rises about northeast of Mogo Hill and flows generally southwest and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at Mossy Point. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "D\u00e4n T\u00e0g\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The D\u00e4n T\u00e0g\u00e9 (\"Person River\", formerly the Indian River) is a river in Yukon Territory, Canada. It is in the Yukon River drainage basin, begins at the uppermost of the Loon Lakes, and is a right tributary of the Teslin River."}], "question": "A tributary of what lake is the river that is fed by the Snake Indian River?"}
{"id": "2hop__135308_785754", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid", "paragraph_text": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid (1665-1668) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Amsterdam Museum."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Little House on the Prairie characters", "paragraph_text": "Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Charles Ingalls 1 -- 9 161 Michael Landon Farmer; husband and father Caroline Ingalls 1 -- 8 172 Karen Grassle Wife and mother Laura Ingalls Wilder 1 -- 9 190 Melissa Gilbert Daughter; later Almanzo's wife and Rose's mother; nicknamed ``Half - pint ''by Charles and`` Beth'' by Almanzo Mary Ingalls 1 -- 8 133 Melissa Sue Anderson Oldest child Carrie Ingalls 1 -- 8 164 Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush Daughter, youngest child at the beginning of the series Charles Ingalls Jr. Unknown Son, died as an infant Grace Ingalls 5 -- 8 60 Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh Youngest child Albert (Quinn) Ingalls 5 -- 9 89 Matthew Labyorteaux Adopted son James (Cooper) Ingalls 7 -- 8 21 Jason Bateman Son, adopted after first parents were killed in a wagon accident Cassandra (Cooper) Ingalls 7 -- 8 21 Missy Francis Daughter, adopted after first parents were killed in a wagon accident Rose Wilder 8 -- 9 17 Jennifer and Michele Steffin Granddaughter, daughter of Laura and Almanzo"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Argenteuil Basin with a Single Sailboat", "paragraph_text": "Argenteuil Basin with a Single Sailboat is an oil on canvas autumn scene of the basin at Argenteuil, painted by French Impressionist artist Claude Monet in 1874."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Michel Monet", "paragraph_text": "Michel Monet (17 March 1878 \u2013 3 February 1966) was the second son of Claude Monet and Camille Doncieux Monet."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Suzanne Farrington", "paragraph_text": "Suzanne Farrington (n\u00e9e Holman; 12 October 1933 \u2013 1 March 2015) was a British actress. She was the only child of Vivien Leigh and her first husband, Herbert Leigh Holman. Upon her mother's death, Farrington was bequeathed her mother's papers, including her letters, photographs, contracts and diaries."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Camille Doncieux", "paragraph_text": "Camille Doncieux (15 January 1847 \u2013 5 September 1879) was the first wife of French painter Claude Monet. She was the subject of a number of paintings by Monet, as well as Pierre-Auguste Renoir and \u00c9douard Manet. She was a mother to two sons with Monet."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Kissing Hand", "paragraph_text": "The Kissing Hand is an American children's picture book written by Audrey Penn and illustrated by Ruth E. Harper and Nancy M. Leak. It features a mother raccoon comforting a child raccoon by kissing its paw. First published by the Child Welfare League of America in 1993, it has been used ``to reassure children upset by separation anxiety. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jean Monet (son of Claude Monet)", "paragraph_text": "Jean Monet (August 8, 1867 \u2013 February 10, 1914) was the eldest son of French Impressionist artist Claude Monet and Camille Doncieux Monet and the brother of Michel Monet. He was the subject of several paintings by his father and married his step-sister, Blanche Hosched\u00e9."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Suzanne Hosched\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Suzanne Hosched\u00e9 (c. 1864\u2013February 6, 1899) was the eldest daughter of Alice Hosched\u00e9 and Ernest Hosched\u00e9, the stepdaughter and favorite model of French impressionist painter Claude Monet, and wife of American impressionist painter Theodore Earl Butler. Suzanne is known as \"The Woman with a Parasol\" in Monet's painting of 1886."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Full House and Fuller House characters", "paragraph_text": "Stephanie Judith Tanner (portrayed by Jodie Sweetin) is the witty, sarcastic middle child of Danny and Pam, the younger sister of D.J., and the older sister of Michelle. Her mother died when she was five years old. Her catchphrases during the early seasons of the series include ``how rude!, ''`` well, pin a rose on your nose!'' and ``hot dog ''. She eventually evolved into something of a tomboy in seasons four and five. Stephanie has a habit of spying on D.J.'s life by reading her diary and eavesdropping on her telephone calls (having been caught in the act several times), and is generally the most athletic and nosiest of the Tanner girls. Her best friends in school are Gia Mahan and Mickey, whom she meets in season seven (the former is the only one who appears through to season eight). Of the three sisters, Stephanie has dealt with the toughest issues, such as peer pressure into smoking (in season seven's`` Fast Friends''), ``make - out ''parties (in season eight's`` Making Out is Hard to Do''), joyriding (in season eight's ``Stephanie's Wild Ride ''), and uncovering a classmate's child abuse (in season six's`` Silence is Not Golden''), as well as the death of her mother when she was only five. In her early years, she is very sentimental about Mr. Bear, a stuffed animal that her mother gave to her after Michelle was born (this was the focal point of the season two episode ``Goodbye Mr. Bear ''). She and Jesse are the most abrasive when it comes to how they feel about Kimmy Gibbler."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Boating on the River Epte", "paragraph_text": "Boating on the River Epte (also known as The Canoe on the Epte) is an 1890 oil painting by French impressionist artist Claude Monet. It is currently housed at the S\u00e3o Paulo Museum of Art."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Springtime (painting)", "paragraph_text": "Springtime is an 1872 painting by Claude Monet. It depicts his first wife, Camille Doncieux, seated serenely beneath a canopy of lilacs. The painting is presently held by the Walters Art Museum."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "L'Enfant a la tasse", "paragraph_text": "L'Enfant a la tasse or L'Enfant a la tasse, portrait de Jean Monet is an oil painting by Impressionist Claude Monet created in 1868. The painting \u2013 which features Monet's son Jean sitting next to a white and blue striped cup \u2013 is Monet's third painting to feature his son."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jean-Michel Oughourlian", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Michel Oughourlian was born on 20 August 1940 in Beirut, Lebanon, to an Armenian father who fled the 1915-1922 genocide and a Colombian mother. He arrived in France at the age of ten."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Shelby Corcoran", "paragraph_text": "Shelby Corcoran is a recurring fictional character from the Fox musical comedy-drama series \"Glee\". Portrayed by actress Idina Menzel, Shelby was introduced in the fourteenth episode of the show as the coach of Vocal Adrenaline, a rival show choir to New Directions, the show's primary musical group. Fans had lobbied for Menzel to be cast as Rachel Berry's (Lea Michele) biological mother, due to the strong physical resemblance between Menzel and Michele. After it is revealed that Shelby is, in fact, Rachel's biological mother, Shelby discloses that she had signed a contract that stated that she could not seek out her daughter until she was eighteen. She tells Rachel that instead of trying to act like mother and daughter, they should just be grateful that they have met, and maintain their distance."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alyson Hannigan", "paragraph_text": "Hannigan was born in Washington, D.C., the only child of Emilie (Posner) Haas, a real estate agent, and Alan Hannigan, a Teamsters trucker. Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is Jewish."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Water Lilies (Monet series)", "paragraph_text": "Water Lilies (or Nymph\u00e9as, French: (n\u025b\u0303. fe. a)) is a series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet (1840 -- 1926). The paintings depict his flower garden at his home in Giverny, and were the main focus of his artistic production during the last thirty years of his life. Many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stormy Sea in \u00c9tretat", "paragraph_text": "The Stormy Sea in \u00c9tretat is an 1883 painting by one of the founders of French Impressionism, Claude Monet. The painting is now preserved at the Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Lyon."}], "question": "Who is the other child of the mother of Michel Monet?"}
{"id": "2hop__44847_547621", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Louis-Ferdinand C\u00e9line", "paragraph_text": "Louis-Ferdinand C\u00e9line () was the pen name of Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches (; 27 May 1894 \u2013 1 July 1961), a French novelist, pamphleteer and physician. He developed a new style of writing that modernized French literature. His most famous work is the 1932 novel \"Journey to the End of the Night\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase \"Tuva or Bust\" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Florence Eldridge", "paragraph_text": "Florence Eldridge (born Florence McKechnie, September 5, 1901, in Brooklyn, New York - August 1, 1988, in Long Beach, California) was an American actress. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in Play in 1957 for her performance in \"Long Day's Journey into Night\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Neverwinter Nights 2: Mysteries of Westgate", "paragraph_text": "Neverwinter Nights 2: Mysteries of Westgate (NWN2:MoW) is an expansion pack for the role-playing video game \"Neverwinter Nights 2\". It was developed by Ossian Studios and published by Atari on April 29, 2009. The player creates a character and controls it, along with a group of three pre-designed companions, journeying through the game world. The gameplay is very similar to that of the base game. \"Mysteries of Westgate\" also includes new monsters, music, and other tools, which can be used by players to create their own \"Neverwinter Nights 2\" levels."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Journey to Le Mans", "paragraph_text": "\"Journey to Le Mans\" was released in a limited number of cinemas across the United Kingdom for one night only, which included a Q&A with cast and crew. The DVD was released 14 November by Kaleidoscope Home Entertainment, while a director's cut of the documentary was broadcast on the ITV4 television channel on 4 December 2014."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Louis Rutten", "paragraph_text": "Louis Rutten studied geology at Utrecht University. His supervisor was C.E.A. Wichmann. Rutten wrote his thesis in 1909 on a paleontological subject. Shortly after, he married Johanna Catharina Pekelharing, who accompanied and assisted him on his journeys overseas."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "In 2013 tourism within the state from local citizens accounted for 39.9% of tourists, the second highest originating location for tourists to Tennessee is the state of Georgia, accounting for 8.4% of tourists.:17 Forty-four percent of stays in the state were \"day trips\", 25% stayed one night, 15% stayed two nights, and 11% stayed 4 or more nights. The average stay was 2.16 nights, compared to 2.03 nights for the US as a whole.:40 The average person spent $118 per day: 29% on transportation, 24% on food, 17% on accommodation, and 28% on shopping and entertainment.:44"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Let's Don't Call It a Night", "paragraph_text": "\"Let's Don't Call It a Night\" is a debut song co-written and recorded by American country music singer and \"American Idol\" season 9 finalist Casey James. It was released in August 2011 as the first single from James' self-titled album, released by BNA Records in March 2012. James wrote this song with Terry McBride and Brice Long."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Long Day's Journey into Night", "paragraph_text": "Long Day's Journey into Night is a drama play in four acts written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill in 1941 -- 42 but first published in 1956. The play is widely considered to be his magnum opus and one of the finest American plays of the 20th century. It premiered in Sweden in February 1956 and then opened on Broadway in November 1956, winning the Tony Award for Best Play."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ella O'Neill", "paragraph_text": "Mary Ellen Quinlan; known as Ella O'Neill (August 13, 1857 \u2013 February 28, 1922) was the mother of playwright Eugene O'Neill and wife of actor James O'Neill. She was the inspiration for many of Eugene O'Neill's stories."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Johan Nieuhof", "paragraph_text": "Johan Nieuhof (22 July 1618 in Uelsen \u2013 8 October 1672 in Madagascar) was a Dutch traveler who wrote about his journeys to Brazil, China and India. The most famous of these was a trip of 2,400\u00a0km from Canton to Peking in 1655-1657, which enabled him to become an authoritative Western writer on China. He wrote An embassy from the East-India Company containing the written account of this journey."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Journey into the Night", "paragraph_text": "Journey into the Night () is a 1921 silent German drama film directed by F. W. Murnau. Prints of the film still survive, thus making it the earliest surviving F. W. Murnau film as of 2013."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime organisations of the armies. Each Prussian Corps was based within a Kreis (literally \"circle\") around the chief city in an area. Reservists rarely lived more than a day's travel from their regiment's depot. By contrast, French regiments generally served far from their depots, which in turn were not in the areas of France from which their soldiers were drawn. Reservists often faced several days' journey to report to their depots, and then another long journey to join their regiments. Large numbers of reservists choked railway stations, vainly seeking rations and orders."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Nights", "paragraph_text": "``The Nights ''is a song by Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii. It features uncredited vocals by Nicholas Furlong, who co-wrote the song with Jordan Suecof, Gabriel Benjamin, and John Feldmann. On 1 December 2014, it was released as a digital download by PRMD Music and Universal Island on Avicii's The Days / Nights EP, then on 11 January 2015 in the United Kingdom. The song peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Dance Chart. On 23 January 2015, Avicii released`` The Nights (Avicii by Avicii)'', his own remix of the song. The song appears on the UK version of Avicii's second studio album Stories (2015)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "You're So Good to Me", "paragraph_text": "\"You're So Good to Me\" is a song by American rock band The Beach Boys. It was originally released on June 5, 1965 by Capitol Records, on the album \"Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)\". The track was later included as the B-side of the group's single \"Sloop John B\", which was released on March 21, 1966. \"MOJO\" later wrote that the song was the closest the group had come to northern soul. Wilson wrote in 1990 that the track was \"spearheaded by a guitar sent through a Leslie organ speaker. It gave it an eerie effect.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Journey Through the Night", "paragraph_text": "Journey Through the Night (orig. Dutch: \"Reis door de nacht\") is a novel, originally in four volumes (1951\u20131958), by Dutch author Anne de Vries centering on the impact of the Second World War in the Netherlands on a Christian family. It was translated by Harry der Nederlanden in 1960."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jeff Martin (writer)", "paragraph_text": "Jeff Summerlin Martin is an American television producer and writer. He originally wrote for \"The Simpsons\" during the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons, and eventually returned over 20 years later to write again for seasons 27 and 28. He attended Harvard University, where he wrote for \"The Harvard Lampoon\", as have many other \"Simpsons\" writers. He left along with most of the original staff in 1993, and has since written for several TV shows, including \"Listen Up!\", \"Baby Blues\" and \"Homeboys in Outer Space\". He also wrote for \"Late Night with David Letterman\" during the 1980s, and occasionally appeared on the show as Flunky the late-night viewer mail clown, a depressed clown who smoked cigarettes and sometimes talked about his infected tattoos. Martin won four Emmys during his time at \"Late Night\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Feed the Birds", "paragraph_text": "In the book, Mary Poppins accompanies the children, on the way to tea with their father, to give money to the bird woman to feed the birds. In the movie, on the way to the bank, their father discourages the children from feeding the birds, while Mary Poppins, who had sung the song to the children the previous night, was on her day off. Academy Award winner Jane Darwell played the Bird Woman, her last screen appearance."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alexey Maresyev", "paragraph_text": "Despite being badly injured, Alexey managed to return to the Soviet-controlled territory. During his 18-day-long journey his injuries deteriorated so badly that both of his legs had to be amputated below the knee. Desperate to return to his fighter pilot service, he subjected himself to nearly a year of exercise to master the control of his prosthetic devices, and succeeded at that, returning to flying in June 1943."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eliza Lee", "paragraph_text": "Eliza (Buckminster) Lee (1792\u20131864) was an American author, the daughter of Joseph Buckminster. She was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire; was well educated by her father and brother, Joseph Stevens Buckminster; married a Thomas Lee of Boston; became a writer; and was unusually felicitous in her descriptions of New England life. She wrote, notably: \"Sketches of New England Life\" (1837); \"Naomi, or Boston Two Hundred Years Ago\" (1848); and memoirs of her father and brother (1849). She translated from the German, wrote a life of Jean Paul (1842), and published an historical novel, \"Parthenia, the Last Days of Paganism\" (1858)."}], "question": "Who's the father of the author who wrote long day's journey into night?"}
{"id": "2hop__369850_1205", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre, marking the group's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's Diamonds Are Forever,[N 2] and tying Craig's series of films together with an overarching storyline. Several recurring James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of L\u00e9a Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Corey Stoll", "paragraph_text": "Corey Daniel Stoll (born March 14, 1976) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Dr. Ephraim Goodweather on the American television horror / suspense series The Strain on the FX network, as well as Congressman Peter Russo in House of Cards, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination in 2013. He was a regular cast member on the NBC drama series Law & Order: LA (2010 -- 2011), and portrayed the villain Darren Cross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant - Man (2015). Other notable roles include a 2004 Off - Broadway performance of Intimate Apparel, portraying Ernest Hemingway in the 2011 romantic comedy film Midnight in Paris and bulldog prosecutor Fred Wyshak in Black Mass."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi", "paragraph_text": "On January 14, 2015, John Krasinski was cast in the film, to play one of the lead roles, a former US Navy SEAL. On February 3, Pablo Schreiber also signed on to star in the film, playing Kris \"Tanto\" Paronto, one of the six-man security team. On February 6, James Badge Dale was set to star, as the leader of the security team. Max Martini was cast as another member of the security team on February 17, 2015. David Denman signed on to star in the film on March 3, 2015, playing Boon, an elite sniper. On March 5, 2015, THR reported that Dominic Fumusa also signed on, to play John \"Tig\" Tiegen, one of the members of the security team, who is also a former Marine with weapons expertise. Freddie Stroma was added to the cast on March 17, 2015 to play the role of an undercover CIA officer in Libya. On May 7, 2015, Toby Stephens was set to play Glen \"Bub\" Doherty, another of the security team members."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Legally Blonde: The Musical \u2013 The Search for Elle Woods", "paragraph_text": "The winner of the show, Bailey Hanks, in addition to being cast in the role, was given the opportunity to record her own single of the musical's first - act closer, ``So Much Better ''. The show concluded on July 21, 2008. Autumn Hurlbert was the runner up. She served as Hanks' understudy and performed in the ensemble of the show (replacing Becky Gulsvig who left to join the tour). Bundy's last performance in the musical was on July 20, 2008. Hanks began performances on July 23, 2008 and remained with the show until it closed on October 19, 2008."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cristina Yang", "paragraph_text": "Oh originally auditioned for the role of Miranda Bailey, although Chandra Wilson was ultimately cast in the part. Oh has received generally positive reviews for her portrayal, with Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considering her friendship with Meredith to be ``the secret core of Grey's ''. Oh has also garnered numerous awards and nominations for her role as Yang, including Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award wins in 2006. She was additionally nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series each year, from 2005 to 2009. Characterizing the character, ABC noted her competitiveness, ambition, and intelligence as her main traits, while her aggressive, and tactless attitude was highlighted as her main weakness. In May 2012, E! Online reported that Oh had signed on for two more years, along with her fellow cast members. Oh left the show after season 10, and her character Cristina Yang was written out of the storyline as a main cast member."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beauty and the Beast (musical)", "paragraph_text": "Actor Terrence Mann was cast as the Beast. Mann had previously performed as Javert in Les Mis\u00e9rables, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. For his final audition for Disney management, Mann performed for a large audience comprising Disney executives and secretaries in a theatre located on 42nd Street, which he felt was in stark contrast to the usual method of auditioning for six to eight people in a dark theatre. Actor Gary Beach was cast as Lumiere. Beach had seen Beauty and the Beast premiere at the El Capitan Theatre, prior to which he had watched a stage rendition of the film, and thoroughly enjoyed both. Beach was particularly drawn to Jerry Orbach's rendition of ``Be Our Guest ''in his role as Lumiere, thinking,`` Now why ca n't I get a part like that''. Two years later, Beach received a call from casting director Jay Binder inviting him to play Lumiere during their workshop of Beauty and the Beast, but kept turning down the offer due to having prior commitments to an upcoming show starring comedian Carol Burnett. It was only at Burnett's insistence that Beach finally accepted. Amidst a cast of relatively obscure actors, Tom Bosley, famous for his roles on the television series Happy Days and Murder, She Wrote, became the show's most recognizable performer when he was cast as Belle's father Maurice."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Beauty School Dropout", "paragraph_text": "Alan Paul, later a member of The Manhattan Transfer, originated the role on Broadway. It is not uncommon for the role of the Teen Angel to be held as a dual role by one of the other characters in the cast during stage adaptations (in Paul's case, he also appeared as bandleader Johnny Casino). It was recorded by Frankie Avalon (who, like Fabian, was a client of Bob Marcucci's during his heyday) for the 1978 film adaptation of Grease, a role he reprised on stage through the 1990s and early 2000s. The Wild Angels recorded an earlier version for Decca Records in 1972."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Ennis (actor)", "paragraph_text": "John Ennis (born May 6, 1964) is an American actor and comedian. Ennis is currently a cast member on Netflix's \"W/ Bob & David\" and previously on HBO's \"Mr. Show with Bob and David\". Other roles include \"\", \"Zodiac\", and the reboot of \"Twin Peaks\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thomas Lennon", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Patrick Lennon (born August 9, 1970) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director best known as a cast member on MTV's The State, for his role as Lieutenant Jim Dangle on the Comedy Central series Reno 911! and as Felix Unger on the CBS series The Odd Couple. He is the writing partner of Robert Ben Garant."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mal\u00e8na", "paragraph_text": "Mal\u00e8na is a 2000 romantic comedy-drama film starring Monica Bellucci and . It was directed and written by Giuseppe Tornatore from a story by Luciano Vincenzoni. It won the Grand Prix at the 2001 Cabourg Film Festival."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed with the film's release that he is Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Dave Bautista was cast as Mr. Hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports. After casting B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe, a relative newcomer, as S\u00e9v\u00e9rine in Skyfall, Mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann, ultimately casting L\u00e9a Seydoux in the role. Monica Bellucci joined the cast as Lucia Sciarra, becoming, at the age of fifty, the oldest actress to be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to Quantum of Solace, before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in Spectre."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brittany Petros", "paragraph_text": "Brittany Petros (born September 9, 1974) is an American actress, producer, and television personality. She first rose to fame as a cast member on the first season of the reality-television competition \"Big Brother\" (2000), and has since gone on to appear as an actress in various roles. She has also done extensive work in production and casting roles."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Leslie Carrara-Rudolph", "paragraph_text": "Leslie Carrara - Rudolph is known for performing the fairy Abby Cadabby on the PBS Kids show Sesame Street, for which she was nominated for a 2009 Emmy Award for best performer in a children's series. She is also known for her puppeteer role as Ginger on Playhouse Disney's Johnny and the Sprites. She performed the muppet Jesse for Sesame Street's military outreach project Touch, Listen, and Connect, which starred Katie Couric. Carrara - Rudolph plays various characters on Sesame Street throughout the season. She got her start on ABC's Muppets Tonight as Spamela Hamderson. Other puppeteering credits include Edi the Zebra on the Learning Channel's Animal Jam and the evil blonde vampire puppet in the movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Carrara - Rudolph is one of the founding members of the Henson improv group Puppet Up!, which was later renamed Stuffed and Unstrung. She was part of the improv cast for its debut at the Aspen Comedy Festival. She toured with them to the Australian comedy festival and was a cast member for the off - Broadway show at the Union Square Theater. She also played the main role of Blue, the female blue puppy in Nick Jr.'s Blue's Room."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Edelweiss (song)", "paragraph_text": "Theodore Bikel, who originated the role of Captain von Trapp on Broadway, performed ``Edelweiss ''(as a duet with Mary Martin) on the original cast album, and included it in his album, In My Own Lifetime - 12 Musical Theater Classics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Short Order", "paragraph_text": "Following is the list of the cast members for the short drama about the food and culinary culture of the chefs. Short Order was filmed mostly on sets in (Studio Bendestorf bei Hamburg, Bendestorf, Lower Saxony, Germany), and most of the songs were performed by Emma de Caunes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Monica Bellucci", "paragraph_text": "Monica Anna Maria Bellucci (Italian pronunciation: [\u02c8m\u0254\u02d0nika bel\u02c8lutt\u0283i], born 30 September 1964) is an Italian actress and model. Bellucci began her career as a fashion model, modeling for the likes of Dolce & Gabbana and Dior, before making a transition to Italian films and later Hollywood films and French films. She is often considered among the most beautiful women in the world.She is perhaps best known to American audiences for her role as Persephone in the 2003 science-fiction films The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. She also played a Bride of Dracula in Francis Ford Coppola's gothic romance film Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992) and Mal\u00e8na Scordia in the Italian-language romantic drama Mal\u00e8na (2000), and was in the controversial Gaspar No\u00e9 arthouse horror film Irr\u00e9versible (2002), and Mel Gibson's biblical drama The Passion of the Christ (2004), in which she portrayed Mary Magdalene. She later played a Bond girl in the 2015 James Bond film Spectre."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nadine Velazquez", "paragraph_text": "Nadine E. Velazquez (born November 20, 1978) is an American actress and model known for her roles as Catalina Aruca on My Name Is Earl and Sofia Ruxin on The League. She has also appeared in films such as War and Flight, and is a cast member on the TV series Major Crimes."}], "question": "What role is performed by the cast member of Malena?"}
{"id": "2hop__146289_251389", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yves Meyer", "paragraph_text": "Born in Paris, Yves Meyer studied at the Lyc\u00e9e Carnot in Tunis; he won the French General Student Competition (Concours G\u00e9n\u00e9ral) in Mathematics, and was placed first in the entrance examination for the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure in 1957. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1966, under the supervision of Jean-Pierre Kahane. Meyer is of Sephardic Jewish descent. His brother is the Mexican historian Jean Meyer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hessisch Oldendorf", "paragraph_text": "Hessisch Oldendorf is a town in the Hamelin-Pyrmont district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Weser, approx. 10\u00a0km northwest of Hamelin. The adjective \"Hessisch\" is used since 1905, to distinguish it from other towns named Oldendorf. Hessisch Oldendorf was part of Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel from 1640 until 1932."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alfred Meyer", "paragraph_text": "Gustav Alfred Julius Meyer (5 October 1891 in G\u00f6ttingen \u2013 11 April 1945 in Hessisch Oldendorf) was a Nazi official. He joined the Nazi party in 1928 and was the Gauleiter of North Westphalia from 1930 to 1945 and the \"Reichsstatthalter\" in Lippe and Schaumburg-Lippe from 1933 to 1945."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)", "paragraph_text": "In the 1985 film Clue, Tim Curry states he is quoting Sir Alfred Lloyd Tennyson when he says ``Ours is not to question why, ours is to do and die. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Docks of Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Docks of Hamburg or The Carmen of St. Pauli (German: Die Carmen von St. Pauli) is a 1928 German silent drama film directed by Erich Waschneck and starring Jenny Jugo, Willy Fritsch and Fritz Rasp. It was made by UFA at their Babelsberg Studio with location shooting in Hamburg. Art direction was by Alfred Junge. The film was released in the United States in 1930."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Meyer Hills", "paragraph_text": "The Meyer Hills () are a small group of hills which includes Beaudoin Peak, located between the Enterprise Hills and the head of Constellation Inlet, in the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. They were named by the University of Minnesota Ellsworth Mountains Party of 1962\u201363 for Harvey J. Meyer, a geologist with that party."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Edward Pennell Brooks", "paragraph_text": "Prior to his tenure, the Sloan School was known as the MIT Department of Business and Engineering Administration. A 1950 gift from MIT alumnus and GM Chairman Alfred P. Sloan turned the department into the School of Industrial Management, which opened its doors in 1952 with Brooks as its first dean. In 1964 the School was renamed the Alfred P. Sloan School of Management in its founder's honor."}], "question": "In what district is the town where Alfred Meyer died?"}
{"id": "2hop__707624_156714", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mammoth, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Mammoth is an unincorporated community in Ozark County, Missouri, United States. Mammoth is located along Missouri Route T south-southeast of Gainesville. Mammoth is situated on the confluence of the Possum Walk Creek flowing into Lick Creek. The mouth of Little Creek is located northwest of Mammoth on Lick Creek."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Brush Creek (Sonoma County, California)", "paragraph_text": "Brush Creek or Rincon Creek is a tributary of Santa Rosa Creek in Sonoma County, California. Brush Creek rises in the southern slopes of the Mayacamas Mountains within Sonoma County. The lower reach of the creek is a suburban medium density residential area in the city of Santa Rosa, and that reach of Brush Creek has been restored during the 1990s under a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant to promote steelhead migration and spawning. Further restoration and incorporation into citywide park planning is currently underway as of 2006. The location of the confluence with Santa Rosa Creek is particularly noteworthy, since it was a locus of prehistoric life as a village of the Pomo people and a scenic geologic feature of massive flat boulder outcrops within the stream channel."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minnehaha Creek", "paragraph_text": "Minnehaha Creek is a 22-mile-long (35\u00a0km) tributary of the Mississippi River that flows east from Gray's Bay Dam on Lake Minnetonka through the suburban cities of Minnetonka, Hopkins, Saint Louis Park, and Edina, and the city of Minneapolis. The creek flows over Minnehaha Falls in Minnehaha Park near its mouth at the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shickshinny Creek", "paragraph_text": "Shickshinny Creek (historically known as Shickohinna) is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in the Wyoming Valley in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Ross Township, Union Township, and Shickshinny. Its watershed has an area of and its tributaries include Culver Creek, Reyburn Creek, and Little Shickshinny Creek. The creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A sawmill and a gristmill were built on the creek in 1802 and 1804, respectively. Several bridges have also been constructed over it. The creek was historically polluted by culm near its mouth, but agriculture was the main industry in the watershed in the early 1900s. It was historically used as a water supply."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Range Creek", "paragraph_text": "Range Creek, rising in the Book Cliffs in Emery County, Utah, is a high tributary of the Colorado River. It flows into the Green River, a major tributary of the Colorado. The creek flows year around."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sogndalsfjorden", "paragraph_text": "Sogndalsfjorden is a fjord in Sogndal Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The long fjord begins at the mouth of the river Ar\u00f8yelvi, which flows out of the lake Hafslovatnet. It then flows to the southwest before emptying into the large Sognefjorden at its mouth between the villages of Nornes and Fimreite."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Still Fork", "paragraph_text": "Still Fork is a tributary of the Sandy Creek, long, in eastern Ohio in the United States. Via the Sandy Creek, Tuscarawas, Muskingum and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of in Carroll County, Ohio. The source is at and the mouth is at ., with an average gradient of only 0.2%. From its source in eastern Carroll County the creek flows northwest through Fox, Washington, Augusta, and Brown Townships before reaching its mouth in Minerva, Ohio. The Ohi-Rail Corporation (OHIC) and Arbor road are situated in the creeks valley over most of its length."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Santa Rosa Creek", "paragraph_text": "Santa Rosa Creek is a 22-mile-long (35\u00a0km) stream in Sonoma County, California, which rises on Hood Mountain and discharges to the Laguna de Santa Rosa by way of the Santa Rosa Flood Control Channel. This article covers both the creek and the channel."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yarriambiack Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Yarriambiack Creek, an inland intermittent watercourse of the Wimmera catchment, is located in the Wimmera region of the Australian state of Victoria. Rising on the northern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, the Yarriambiack Creek flows generally north and drains into Lake Coorong, one of a series of ephemeral lakes, northeast of ."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Murrah River", "paragraph_text": "Formed by the confluence of the Mumbulla Creek and Dry River, approximately southeast by south of Quaama, the Murrah River flows generally east, before flowing into Murrah Lagoon and reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean north of Murrah Beach. The length of the course of the river varies between and ."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of tributaries of Catawissa Creek", "paragraph_text": "Catawissa Creek is a long creek flowing into the Susquehanna River with 26 named tributaries, of which 19 are direct tributaries. The creek flows through Luzerne, Schuylkill, and Columbia counties in Pennsylvania. The two shortest tributaries are approximately long, while the longest is about in length. The tributaries include seventeen runs, six creeks, and three hollows (unnamed streams named after named valleys that they flow through). By length, the five largest tributaries of Catawissa Creek are Little Catawissa Creek, Tomhicken Creek, Scotch Run, Beaver Run, and Messers Run. By watershed area, the five largest tributaries are Tomhicken Creek, Little Catawissa Creek, Beaver Run, Scotch Run, and Messers Run."}], "question": "What does the watercourse that has Brush Creek as its mouth flow into?"}
{"id": "2hop__37673_13796", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dexter King", "paragraph_text": "Dexter Scott King (born January 30, 1961) is the second son of civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King. He is the brother of Martin Luther King III, Bernice King, and Yolanda King."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elisabeth Luther", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Luther () was the first daughter and second child born to German priest and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and his wife, Katharina von Bora. She did not survive infancy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Magdalena Luther", "paragraph_text": "Magdalena Luther (4 May 152920 September 1542) was the third child and second daughter of German priest and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and his wife, Katharina von Bora. She died at the age of thirteen, unmarried."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government. The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Matthew 7:7\u20138", "paragraph_text": "Matthew 7: 7 -- 8 are the seventh and eighth verses of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. These verses begin an important metaphor generally believed to be about prayer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestantism. The Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Everything's Jake", "paragraph_text": "Everything's Jake is a 2000 drama film distributed by Warner Bros. The movie marks the feature writing and directorial debut of Matthew Miele, along with his producing/writing partner, Chris Fetchko. Aside from the film title referring to the main character, it is also a slang expression from the Roaring Twenties in the United States, meaning \"everything is good order\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Winds of Winter", "paragraph_text": "On January 10, 2017, Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released ``this year '', referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he had believed the same thing would occur the previous year. He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22, 2017, being`` still months away'' from finishing the book. He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. He would later write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Campbellite", "paragraph_text": "Campbellite is a mildly pejorative term referring to adherents of certain religious groups that have historic roots in the Restoration Movement, among whose most prominent 19th-century leaders were Thomas and Alexander Campbell. Members of these groups generally consider the term \"Campbellite\" inappropriate, saying that they are followers of Jesus, not Campbell. They draw parallels with Martin Luther's protest of the name \"Lutherans\" and the Anabaptists' protest of the name given to them by their enemies. With specific reference to the early Restoration Movement, \"[t]he terms Campbellism and Campbellites were universally rejected by those to whom they were applied.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "The statement that Joseph \"knew her not till she brought forth her first born son\" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. \"Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety.\" Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the \"Papists\" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Winds of Winter", "paragraph_text": "On January 10, 2017, Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released ``this year '', referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year. He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22, 2017, being`` still months away'' from finishing the book. He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Original sin", "paragraph_text": "The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics. Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine, seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle (Romans 5: 12 -- 21 and 1 Corinthians 15: 22) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51: 5. Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. Augustine's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, who equated original sin with concupiscence (or ``hurtful desire ''), affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom. The Jansenist movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Matthew 4:4", "paragraph_text": "Matthew 4: 4 is the fourth verse of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Jesus, who has been fasting in the desert, has just been encouraged by Satan to make bread from stones to relieve his hunger, in this verse he rejects this idea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "In his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being \"blasphemous\" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483\u20131546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were now conducted in the vernacular instead of in Latin, previously used. During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control. In the 1560s two voivodeships of present-day southern Estonia, Dorpat Voivodeship (Tartu region) and Parnawa Voivodeship (P\u00e4rnu region), became the autonomous Duchy of Livonia within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under joint control of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy. In 1629, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of Estonia in the north and Livonia in southern Estonia and northern Latvia. This division persisted until the early twentieth century."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-K\u00f6then", "paragraph_text": "Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-K\u00f6then (16 October 1458 \u2013 24 March 1526, in Merseburg), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-K\u00f6then. A Roman Catholic Bishop of Merseburg, he remained until his death a staunch opponent of Martin Luther."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X\u2019s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German."}], "question": "Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prophecy of the person who Martin Luther wrote about after the 95 Theses?"}
{"id": "2hop__547790_124419", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Grete Wiesenthal", "paragraph_text": "Grete Wiesenthal (December 9, 1885, Vienna - June 22, 1970, Vienna) was a member of the corps de ballet of the Hofoper in Vienna. Gustav Mahler was responsible for giving her the role of 'Fenella' in \"La Muette de Portici\" in 1907. This caused a great scandal and eventually led to Mahler's resignation, as in doing so, he had undermined the ballet master, Hassreiter."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Peter Slowik", "paragraph_text": "Solo performances throughout US, at 6 International Viola Congresses and on NPR. Former principal violist of the American Sinfonietta, Concertante di Chicago, and the Smithsonian Chamber Orchestra. Discography on Deutsche Grammophon and other labels."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Orchestra Hall (Detroit)", "paragraph_text": "Orchestra Hall is an elaborate concert hall in the United States, located at 3711 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. The hall is renowned for its superior acoustic properties and serves as the home of the internationally known Detroit Symphony Orchestra (DSO), the fourth oldest orchestra in the United States. With the creation of an adjoining auditorium for jazz and chamber music in 2003, Orchestra Hall became part of the Max M. and Marjorie S. Fisher Music Center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rudolf Baumgartner", "paragraph_text": "Rudolf Baumgartner (14 September 1917 in Zurich, Switzerland \u2013 22 March 2002 in Siena, Italy) was a Swiss conductor and violinist. In 1956 he founded the Lucerne Festival Strings chamber orchestra together with Wolfgang Schneiderhan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "INSEAD", "paragraph_text": "INSEAD was founded in 1957 by venture capitalist Georges Doriot (the \"father of venture capitalism\") along with Claude Janssen and Olivier Giscard d'Estaing. Original seed money was provided by the Paris Chamber of Commerce. The school was originally based in the Ch\u00e2teau de Fontainebleau, before moving to its current Europe campus in 1967."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Little Orchestra Society", "paragraph_text": "The Little Orchestra Society is an American orchestra based at 330 West 42nd Street, 12th Floor, in New York City. It was founded in 1947 by Thomas Scherman, who served as its conductor until his death in 1979. From 1979 to 2011 the Orchestra was led by Dino Anagnost. Its membership has ranged between 45 and 60 musicians. The orchestra's name is borrowed from The Little Orchestra of London, which was formed by Felix Mendelssohn during the Bach Revival. In 2013, the Orchestra named James Judd its new Music Director."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New Trinity Baroque", "paragraph_text": "New Trinity Baroque is an ensemble and orchestra with an associated chamber choir, specialised in baroque music played on period instruments. It was founded in 1998 in London but is now based in Atlanta, United States. It is led by harpsichordist and conductor Predrag Gosta."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Claudio Abbado", "paragraph_text": "Born in Milan, Italy on June 26, 1933, Claudio Abbado was the son of violinist and composer conductor Michelangelo Abbado, and the brother of the musician Marcello Abbado (born 1926). His father, a professional violinist and a professor at the Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory, was his first piano teacher. His mother also was an adept pianist. Marcello Abbado later became a concert pianist and teacher at the Rossini Conservatory in Pesaro. His sister also exhibited talent in music, but did not pursue a musical career after her marriage. His other brother later became a successful architect."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Keith Pascoe", "paragraph_text": "Keith Pascoe (born 1959) is a musician and conductor from Liverpool, England, best known for his work with musical ensembles such as the Chamber Orchestra of Europe, the London Philharmonic, and the RT\u00c9 Vanbrugh String Quartet."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Camerata Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Camerata Chicago is a Chicago-based chamber orchestra founded by conductor Drostan Hall which had its debut in 2003. The orchestra performs a wide array of classical and romantic works as well as newly commissioned pieces."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Peter Kurau", "paragraph_text": "W. Peter Kurau is the Professor of Horn and Chamber Music at the Eastman School of Music as well as the Principal Horn of the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra. He currently resides in Honeoye Falls with his wife, soprano singer Pamela Kurau."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "London Chamber Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The London Chamber Orchestra (LCO) is the longest established professional chamber orchestra in the United Kingdom. Based in London, LCO has a residency at Cadogan Hall in Sloane Square and regularly tours Asia, the UK, Europe and the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brussels Jazz Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "Brussels Jazz Orchestra is a Belgian jazz orchestra with big band line up founded in 1993 by saxophonist and composer Frank Vagan\u00e9e, Serge Plume, Marc Godfroid and Bo van der Werf. Since 1999 the orchestra is supported by the Flemish government."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Misha Rachlevsky", "paragraph_text": "Conductor Misha Rachlevsky was born in Moscow, he began his musical education at the early age of five with violin lessons, he studied at the Moscow Conservatory and the Gnessin Russian Academy of Music in Moscow. In 1973 he left the Soviet Union, working in Israel, South Africa and in Canada. In 1976 he settled in the United States. Later he founded the New American Chamber Orchestra (NACO). In 1989 Rachlevsky moved to Spain and later back to Moscow, where he created Chamber Orchestra Kremlin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Terence Weil", "paragraph_text": "Terence Weil (9 December 1921 in London \u2013 25 February 1995 in Figueras) was a British cellist, principal cellist of the English Chamber Orchestra, a founding member of the Melos Ensemble, a leading chamber musician and an influential teacher at the Royal Northern College of Music. He is most known for correcting mispronunciations of his last name, which is commonly mispronounced as \"wheel.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "The family of instruments used, especially in orchestras, grew. A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear. Brass instruments took on larger roles, as the introduction of rotary valves made it possible for them to play a wider range of notes. The size of the orchestra (typically around 40 in the Classical era) grew to be over 100. Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8, for example, has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mark Engebretson", "paragraph_text": "Mark Engebretson, DM, Northwestern University (born 1964, California) is a saxophonist and composer. He has written music for orchestra, wind ensemble, chorus and chamber formations. His music often combines computer music and live performance."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Modesto Symphony Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The Modesto Symphony Orchestra (MSO) is an American orchestra based in Modesto, California. Founded in 1931, the MSO plays its concerts at the Gallo Center."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Markand Thakar", "paragraph_text": "Markand Thakar (born 1955, New York City) is an American conductor. He is music director of BCO (Baltimore Chamber Orchestra) and serves on the conducting faculty of the Peabody Conservatory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mahler Chamber Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The Mahler Chamber Orchestra is a professional touring chamber orchestra founded by Claudio Abbado and former members of the Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra in 1997."}], "question": "Who is the father of Mahler Chamber Orchestra's founder?"}
{"id": "2hop__135944_220284", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Leila Lassouani", "paragraph_text": "Leila Fran\u00e7oise Lassouani (born July 29, 1977 in France) is a female weightlifter from Algeria. In 2006, she was named the best Algerian Sportsperson along with swimmer Salim Iles by the Algerian Press."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hendron, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Hendron is a census-designated place (CDP) in McCracken County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 4,687 at the 2010 census, an increase from 4,239 in 2000. It is part of the Paducah, KY-IL Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saber Eid", "paragraph_text": "Saber Eid Ali Omar (born 1 May 1959) is an Egyptian football midfielder who played for Egypt in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Ghazl El Mahalla."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tevin Coleman", "paragraph_text": "Tevin Coleman Coleman in 2015 No. 26 -- Atlanta Falcons Position: Running back Date of birth: (1993 - 04 - 16) April 16, 1993 (age 24) Place of birth: Oak Forest, Illinois Height: 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Weight: 210 lb (95 kg) Career information High school: Oak Forest (IL) College: Indiana NFL Draft: 2015 / Round: 3 / Pick: 73 Career history Atlanta Falcons (2015 -- present) Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards Unanimous All - American (2014) First - team All - Big Ten (2014) Career NFL statistics as of Week 8, 2017 Rushing yards: 1,223 Rushing average: 4.7 Rushing touchdowns: 10 Receptions: 48 Receiving yards: 614 Receiving touchdowns: 4 Player stats at NFL.com"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren", "paragraph_text": "Named after the British racing driver of the same name, the SLR Stirling Moss is a limited edition (75 vehicles) of the series, which uses a speedster styling that does not include roof or windscreen. The design is inspired by the 300 SLR race car, and the exterior was designed by Korean designer Yoon Il - hun, the interior by Dutch designer Sarkis Benliyan. It was to be the last series of the McLaren SLR built under the partnership between Mercedes - Benz and McLaren, until McLaren announced their own final edition of the SLR in late 2010."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Aeroflot Flight 2230", "paragraph_text": "Aeroflot Flight 2230 was a Soviet domestic passenger flight from Yekaterinburg (then Sverdlovsk) to Tashkent. On 16 November 1967, the Ilyushin Il-18 aircraft serving the flight crashed after takeoff, killing all 107 people aboard (including twelve children). At the time it was the deadliest aviation accident in the Russian SFSR and the worst accident involving the Il-18."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eid al-Adha", "paragraph_text": "Eid al - Adha is the latter of the two Eid holidays, the former being Eid al - Fitr. The word ``Eid ''appears once in Al - Ma'ida, the fifth sura of the Quran, with the meaning`` solemn festival''."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vidar Martinsen", "paragraph_text": "Vidar Martinsen (born 11 March 1982 in R\u00e5de) is a Norwegian footballer currently playing for R\u00e5de IL after eight seasons in the Norwegian Fredrikstad."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense (lubaan) or incense (cuunsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Buhez Sante Barba", "paragraph_text": "Buhez Sante Barba (\"The Life of Saint Barbara\") is a mystery play in Middle Breton verse on the life and miracles of the martyr saint Barbara, daughter of King Dioscurus of Nicomedia. It first appeared in print in 1557."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eid il-Burbara", "paragraph_text": "Eid il-Burbara or Saint Barbara's Day (), is a holiday annually celebrated on December 4 (Gregorian calendar), December 17 (Julian calendar), among Middle Eastern Christians in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Turkey (Hatay Province). Its celebration shares many elements with Halloween, though coming from a much earlier tradition, and unrelated to the feast of the dead. Traditionally, adults and children wearing disguise go around houses in the villages dancing and singing the story of Saint Barbara; and in each house, they are offered food specially prepared for that feast (and sometimes money). It is celebrated in honour of the Christian Saint and Martyr Saint Barbara. The general belief among Lebanese Christians is that Saint Barbara disguised herself as many different characters to elude the Romans who were persecuting her."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Beriev A-40", "paragraph_text": "The Beriev A-40 \"Albatros\" (NATO reporting name: Mermaid) is a Soviet/Russian jet engine amphibious aircraft designed by the Beriev Aircraft Company for the anti-submarine warfare role. Intended as a replacement for the Beriev Be-12 amphibian and the land-based Ilyushin Il-38, the project was suspended after only one prototype had been manufactured, with second 70% completed, due to the breakup of the Soviet Union. The project was later revived and an order has been placed by the Russian Navy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Priscilla Chan", "paragraph_text": "Chan married Zuckerberg on May 19, 2012, the day after Facebook's stock market launch.On July 31, 2015, Zuckerberg announced that he and Chan were expecting a baby girl. He said he felt confident that the risk of miscarrying was low so far into the pregnancy, after Chan had already had three miscarriages. Chan and Zuckerberg announced the birth of their daughter Maxima Chan Zuckerberg on December 1, 2015. On August 28, 2017, Chan gave birth to their second daughter, whom they named August."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vincent Adriaenssen", "paragraph_text": "Vincent Adriaenssen (name variations: Vincent Adriaensz, Vincent Adriani, Vincenz Leckerbetien, Vincent Leckerbeetjen, nicknames: le Manchole, Il Manciola, Il Manciolla en Il Mozzo di Anversa) (1595\u20131675) was a Flemish Baroque painter who spent an important part of his career in Paris and Rome where he was especially renowned for his landscapes with battles and hunting scenes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Il Polo Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Il Polo Glacier () is a small glacier draining northward between Polar Times Glacier and Polarforschung Glacier into the Publications Ice Shelf, Antarctica. It was delineated in 1952 by John H. Roscoe from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946\u201347, and was named by Roscoe for \"Il Polo\", a polar journal published by the Istituto Geografico, Forl\u00ec, Italy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Woodlawn-Oakdale, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Farley (formerly Woodlawn-Oakdale) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McCracken County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 4,701 at the 2010 census, a decline from 4,937 in 2000. It is part of the Paducah, KY-IL Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kim Il-sung Square", "paragraph_text": "Kim Il-sung Square is a large city square in the Central District of Pyongyang, North Korea, and is named after the country's founding leader, Kim Il-sung. The square was constructed in 1954 according to a master plan for reconstructing the capital after the destruction of the Korean War. It was opened in August 1954. The square is located on the foot of the Namsan Hill, west bank of the Taedong River, directly opposite the \"Juche\" Tower on the other side of the river. It is the 37th largest square in the world, having an area of about 75,000 square metres (807,293 square feet) which can accommodate a rally of more than 100,000 people. The square has a great cultural significance, as it is a common gathering place for rallies, dances and military parades and is often featured in media concerning North Korea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\"."}], "question": "The saint remembered on Eid il-Burbara was born where?"}
{"id": "2hop__156049_354791", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ishikari River", "paragraph_text": "It originates from Mount Ishikari in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group and flows through Asahikawa and Sapporo. Major tributaries of the river include the Ch\u016bbetsu, Ury\u016b, Sorachi and Toyohira rivers. Until 40,000 years ago, it flowed into the Pacific Ocean near Tomakomai. Lava from the volcanic Shikotsu mountains dammed the river and moved its mouth to the Ishikari Bay."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Visherka River", "paragraph_text": "Visherka River () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kolva River. It is long, and its drainage basin covers . It flows out of lake Chusovskoe in the north of the Cherdynsky District near its border with the Komi Republic. Its mouth is upstream of the uninhabited village of Bogatyryovo, from the mouth of the Kolva River. Its most significant tributaries are:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Powlett River", "paragraph_text": "The Powlett River rises on the southern slopes of the Strzelecki Ranges, near Ellerside, north of , and flows generally west, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth within Bass Strait, west of , within the Shire of Bass Coast. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ango River", "paragraph_text": "Ango River () is a tributary of the Omolon River in Russia's Magadan Oblast in northeast Siberia. It is Omolons right tributary and flows into it from its mouth. The total length of the Ango is ."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Moruya River", "paragraph_text": "The headwaters of the Deua River rise south of Braidwood and flow to the village of Kiora where the Deua River forms its confluence with the Moruya River. The Moruya River flows generally east, joined by two minor tributaries, past the town of Moruya, before reaching its mouth of the Tasman Sea at Moruya Heads. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Klehini River", "paragraph_text": "The Klehini River is about long from its source in British Columbia to its mouth at the Chilkat River, of which it is the largest tributary. The Klehini River is renowned for its salmon runs, its biannual congregation of bald eagles\u2014the second largest in the Haines area after the Chilkat River's Council Grounds\u2014and for the Klehini Falls. The Klehini also delineates the northern boundary of the Chilkat Range."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pim River", "paragraph_text": "Pim is a river in the Khanty\u2013Mansi Autonomous Okrug in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Ob. It is long, with a drainage basin of . The average discharge from its mouth is . The river is frozen over from the end of November until May."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kuloy River (White Sea)", "paragraph_text": "The Kuloy () is a river in Pinezhsky and Mezensky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. Its mouth is located in the Mezen Bay of the White Sea. It is long, and the area of its basin . The principal tributaries of the Kuloy are the Kyolda (left), the Nemnyuga (right), and the Soyana (left). In the upper course, the Kuloy is known as the Sotka River; the total length of the Sotka and the Kuloy is ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nouvelle, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Nouvelle is a municipality in eastern Quebec, Canada, on the south shore of the Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula at the mouth of the Nouvelle River, where the Restigouche River widens into Chaleur Bay. It is the seat of the Avignon Regional County Municipality."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Patap\u00e9dia River", "paragraph_text": "The Patap\u00e9dia River (French: \"Rivi\u00e8re Patap\u00e9dia\") is a tributary of the Restigouche River in Northwest New Brunswick and Southeast Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tomaga River", "paragraph_text": "Tomaga River rises about northeast of Mogo Hill and flows generally southwest and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at Mossy Point. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Verde River", "paragraph_text": "The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "W\u00f6rbke", "paragraph_text": "W\u00f6rbke is a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The W\u00f6rbke is approximately 4\u00a0km long, a right tributary of the Werre in the Lippe district in Ostwestfalen-Lippe. The source of the river has an elevation of 260 metres and the mouth an elevation of 148 metres."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rufiji River", "paragraph_text": "The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania. The river is formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers. It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) long, with its source in southwestern Tanzania and its mouth on the Indian Ocean at a point between Mafia Island called Mafia Channel. Its principal tributary is the Great Ruaha River. It is navigable for about 100 kilometres (62 mi)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Loimijoki", "paragraph_text": "The river Loimijoki is a river in Finland and the longest tributary of the river Kokem\u00e4enjoki. The river originates at the lake Pyh\u00e4j\u00e4rvi in Tammela and joins the river Kokem\u00e4enjoki in Huittinen. There is a difference in elevation between the source and the mouth of the river, which is long. The river drains a catchment area of . The river has several dams at Forssa, Jokioinen and Loimaa."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Willamette River", "paragraph_text": "The Willamette River ( ) is a major tributary of the Columbia River, accounting for 12 to 15\u00a0percent of the Columbia's flow. The Willamette's main stem is long, lying entirely in northwestern Oregon in the United States. Flowing northward between the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range, the river and its tributaries form the Willamette Valley, a basin that contains two-thirds of Oregon's population, including the state capital, Salem, and the state's largest city, Portland, which surrounds the Willamette's mouth at the Columbia."}], "question": "What is the mouth of the river of which Patapedia River is a tributary?"}
{"id": "2hop__95160_464934", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Rainbow Fairies", "paragraph_text": "The Rainbow Fairies are a series of fairies that organize the color in Fairyland, in the fictional children's books Rainbow Magic by Daisy Meadows."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rendon, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Rendon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. The population was 12,552 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Since You Been Gone", "paragraph_text": "Rainbow's cover version, released in 1979 with Graham Bonnet on lead vocals, was a Top 10 single in the United Kingdom and was named the 82nd best hard rock song of all time by VH1. Rainbow's version was used in a 2009 T - Mobile advertisement filmed at Liverpool Street station in London, England."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zapata Ranch, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Zapata Ranch is a census-designated place (CDP) in Willacy County, Texas, United States. The population was 108 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wesley Brethren Church", "paragraph_text": "Wesley Brethren Church is an historic church in Wesley, Texas, United States. The church was built in 1866. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1966 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Montague, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Montague ( ) is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Montague County, Texas, United States. It is the county seat of Montague County and had an estimated population of 400 in 2000, according to the Handbook of Texas. Its population was 304 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rosita, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Rosita, formerly known as Rosita South, is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maverick County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,704 as of the 2010 census. The Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas is located within the community."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Color Me a Rainbow", "paragraph_text": "Color Me a Rainbow was a Christian children's show that first aired in 1987 on the American Christian Television System (ACTS), which was a precursor to today's Hallmark Channel. The show was produced by Shepherd & Associates in Lincoln, Nebraska. Linda King was the creator of the show and did the voices for the puppets."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rainbow Six (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Rainbow Six is a techno-thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and released on August 3, 1998. It is the second book to primarily focus on John Clark, one of the recurring characters in the Jack Ryan universe, after \"Without Remorse\" (1993). \"Rainbow Six\" also features his son-in-law Domingo \"Ding\" Chavez, and explores the adventures of a multinational counter-terrorism unit that they formed, codenamed as \"Rainbow\". The title refers to Clark's title as commander of Rainbow. The book debuted at number one on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list, and has since been adapted into a series of video games."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cantu Addition, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Cantu Addition is a census-designated place (CDP) in Brooks County, Texas, United States. The population was 188 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Roy Rogers (guitarist)", "paragraph_text": "Roy Rogers (born July 28, 1950, Redding, California, United States) is an American blues rock slide guitarist and record producer. He was named after the singing cowboy. Rogers plays a variety of guitar styles related to the Delta blues, but is most often recognized for his virtuoso slide work."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Glasses", "paragraph_text": "Robert Grosseteste's treatise De iride (``On the Rainbow ''), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to`` read the smallest letters at incredible distances''. A few years later in 1262, Roger Bacon is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses. The development of the first eyeglasses took place in Northern Italy in the second half of the 13th century."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Quemado, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Quemado is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maverick County, Texas, United States. The population was 230 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tradewinds, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Tradewinds is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Patricio County, Texas, United States. The population was 180 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Rainbow Landscape", "paragraph_text": "The Rainbow Landscape or Landscape with Rainbow is a c.1636 landscape painting by Peter Paul Rubens, now in the Wallace Collection in London."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tulsita, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Tulsita is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bee County, Texas, United States. The population was 14 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rainbow Over Texas", "paragraph_text": "Rainbow Over Texas is a film from 1946 in which Roy Rogers plays himself as a famous cowboy-singer returning to Texas. Directed by Frank McDonald from a story by Max Brand, it co-stars George \"Gabby\" Hayes and Dale Evans."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Uvalde Estates, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Uvalde Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Uvalde County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,171 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Doyle, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Doyle is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Patricio County, Texas, United States. The population was 254 at the 2010 census."}], "question": "Where was the actor from Rainbow Over Texas born?"}
{"id": "2hop__159966_126760", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2016, the prize has been awarded to 203 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced ``in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction ''(original Swedish:`` den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framst\u00e5ende verket i en idealisk riktning''). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. It will not be awarded in 2018, but two names will be awarded in 2019."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, van' t Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charles J. Pedersen", "paragraph_text": "Charles John Pedersen (October 3, 1904 \u2013 October 26, 1989) was an American organic chemist best known for describing methods of synthesizing crown ethers during his entire 42-year career as a chemist for the Jackson Laboratory at DuPont Company in Wilmington, Delaware. Often associated with Reed McNeil Izatt, Pedersen also shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 with Donald J. Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn. He is the only Nobel Prize laureate born in Korea other than Peace Prize laureate Kim Dae-jung."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates", "paragraph_text": "The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) ``to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. ''It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway. The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three - time recipient) rather than an individual."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nobel Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount. As of 2013, the prize was worth 10 million SEK (about US $1.5 million). Since 1990, the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt", "paragraph_text": "Leavitt's discovery of a way to accurately measure distances on an inter-galactic scale, paved the way for modern astronomy's understanding of the structure and scale of the universe.  The accomplishments of Edwin Hubble, the American astronomer who established that the universe is expanding, also were made possible by Leavitt's groundbreaking research. Hubble often said that Leavitt deserved the Nobel Prize for her work. Mathematician G\u00f6sta Mittag-Leffler, a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, tried to nominate her for that prize in 1924, only to learn that she had died of cancer three years earlier. (The Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously.)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Heinrich-B\u00f6ll-Preis", "paragraph_text": "The Heinrich-B\u00f6ll-Preis is a literary prize of Germany, awarded by the City of Cologne in memory of Nobel Prize winner Heinrich B\u00f6ll."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nobel Prize", "paragraph_text": "Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events. The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies' are held at the Stockholm Concert Hall, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at Stockholm City Hall. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905 -- 1946), at the auditorium of the University of Oslo (1947 -- 1989), and at Oslo City Hall (1990 -- present)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nobel Foundation", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Foundation () is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nobel Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created. This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the Institute's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but this is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Frederick Sanger", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Sanger OM CH CBE FAA (/ \u02c8s\u00e6\u014b\u0259r /; 13 August 1918 -- 19 November 2013) was a British biochemist who twice won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, one of only two people to have done so in the same category (the other is John Bardeen in physics), the fourth person over all with two Nobel Prizes, and the third person over all with two Nobel Prizes in the sciences. In 1958, he was awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry ``for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin ''. In 1980, Walter Gilbert and Sanger shared half of the chemistry prize`` for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids''. The other half was awarded to Paul Berg ``for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Angus Deaton", "paragraph_text": "In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2016 Nobel Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos ``for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50 - year - long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people. ''The conflict is the longest running war, and last remaining guerrilla struggle, in the Americas. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually to those who have`` done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses''. The announcement was made on 7 October at a press conference at the Nobel Peace Center, and the formal award ceremony took place on 10 December at the Oslo City Hall."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nobel Prize", "paragraph_text": "The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, which has been commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, economics and activism for peace."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nobel Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "As of 2016, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize."}], "question": "In what year was the body administering the Nobel Prize founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__422182_25375", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Inez Hogan", "paragraph_text": "Inez Hogan (5 August 1895-February 1973) was an American author and illustrator of children's books, particularly animal stories. She was born in Washington, D.C. and attended the Cape Cod School of Art. She lived in Provincetown and New York City."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bhavartha Ratnakara", "paragraph_text": "Bhavartha Ratnakara was formerly a little-known Sanskrit treatise on the predictive part of Hindu astrology which is believed to have been written by Ramanuja, it had for a very long time remained confined mainly to the southern parts of India. It was in the year 1900 that Raman Publications, Bangalore, published this text along with its translation into English and comments by Bangalore Venkata Raman, the 10th Edition of which translation was published in 1992 followed by another edition in 1997."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Go Big or Go Home (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Go Big or Go Home ''is a song recorded by American pop rock band American Authors as the first single from their second studio album, What We Live For. The song was released on May 18, 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jenny Sampirisi", "paragraph_text": "Jenny Sampirisi is a Canadian poet, novelist, editor, and university instructor, living in Toronto. She is the author of the novel \"is/was\" (Insomniac Press) and experimental poetry narrative \"Croak\" (Coach House Books)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kirsten Thorup", "paragraph_text": "Kirsten Thorup, a Danish author, was born in Funen, Denmark, in 1942 and now lives in Copenhagen. She is the author of three poetry collections, a volume of short stories, and three novels including \"Baby\" which has been translated into English. She has also written for films, television, and radio. Her novel, \"Den lange sommer\", was published in Denmark in 1979."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hailey Abbott", "paragraph_text": "Hailey Abbott is an American author of teenage romance novels. She grew up in southern California where she split her time between creative writing and the beach. She now lives in New York City."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hindu philosophy", "paragraph_text": "Ramanuja (c. 1037\u20131137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita or qualified non-dualism. Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahman as an eternal oneness, but also as the source of all creation, which was omnipresent and actively involved in existence. To them the sense of subject-object perception was illusory and a sign of ignorance. However, the individual's sense of self was not a complete illusion since it was derived from the universal beingness that is Brahman. Ramanuja saw Vishnu as a personification of Brahman."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "M. Keaton", "paragraph_text": "M. Keaton is an American fiction author who writes for a variety of genres, ranging from science fiction to historical fantasy. He is also the Bard in Residence for the NWA Renaissance Faire. He currently lives in Arkansas."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sarah Stewart (author)", "paragraph_text": "Sarah Stewart (born 1939) is an American author of children's books. She is married to David Small and lives in a manor house in Mendon, Michigan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pierre Joffroy", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Joffroy (born 1929 in Lorraine, France) is a French author, dramaturge and journalist who wrote for \"Paris Match\", \"Lib\u00e9ration\" and \"L'Express\". At present he lives in Paris."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cerridwen Fallingstar", "paragraph_text": "Cerridwen Fallingstar (born Cheri Lesh, November 15, 1952), is an American Wiccan Priestess, Shamanic Witch, and author. Since the late 1970s she has written, taught, and lectured about magic, ritual, and metaphysics, and is considered a leading authority on pagan Witchcraft. She is also the author of three historical novels, which she refers to as \"posthumous autobiographies\" \u2014 memories from previous lives."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "David Hoenigman", "paragraph_text": "David Hoenigman (born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio) is an author of experimental literature and avant-garde literature. He has lived in Tokyo, Japan since 1998. He is the organizer of Tokyo's bimonthly \"Paint Your Teeth\", a celebration of experimental music, literature and dance."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Emil Haraszti", "paragraph_text": "Emil Haraszti (1885 - 1958) was a Hungarian born French music critic and author. He was a director of the National Conservatory of Music in Budapest and was a scholar at the University of Budapest but lived much of his life in France and publishing in French."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pamela Duncan Edwards", "paragraph_text": "Pamela Duncan Edwards is a British born children's author who now lives in the US. She has published over forty picture books for children, both in America and Britain."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Simone Waisbard", "paragraph_text": "Simone Waisbard was a French explorer who spent years in South and Central America, studying remnants of the many ancient civilizations and tribes that have lived there. She is the author of two books: \"Tiahuanaco\" and \"Les Pistes de Nazca\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The TV series takes place in the fictional island of Birdwell Island, where Clifford lives. The name is inspired by Norman Bridwell, the author of the books, but is spelled different. It is in Vermont."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elodie Lawton", "paragraph_text": "Elodie Lawton Mijatovi\u0107 (also spelled Mijatovics and Mijatovich; 1825 \u2013 13 December 1908) was a British author who lived in Boston in the 1850s, where she was an advocate of the abolitionist movement."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Trenton Lee Stewart", "paragraph_text": "Trenton Lee Stewart (born 1970) is an American author best known for the Mysterious Benedict Society series. Stewart is a graduate of Hendrix College and the Iowa Writers' Workshop. He lives in Little Rock, Arkansas."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Atima Srivastava", "paragraph_text": "Atima Srivastava (born 1961 in Mumbai, India) is an author and director who lives in London. She has written short stories, authored two books, and has done multiple film directing and editing projects. Srivastava has won several awards for her work in film and literature. She also teaches and designs creative writing programs in universities throughout Europe."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Howard Buten", "paragraph_text": "Howard Buten (born 1950, Detroit, Michigan) is an American author living in France. He is also a psychologist, a clown, and a violin player. He is the author of five novels, the first of which, entitled \"When I Was Five I Killed Myself\", was published in 1981 and turned into a film under its French title \"Quand j'avais cinq ans je m'ai tu\u00e9\" in 1994."}], "question": "When did the author of Bhavartha Ratnakara live?"}
{"id": "2hop__145753_767396", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jakar", "paragraph_text": "Jakar is located in Bumthang (Choekhor) Valley within Chhoekhor Gewog in central Bumthang. Administratively, however, Jakar is a separate thromde (municipality) inside the gewog. The administrative office for the Choekhor Gewog is located in the northern suburbs of Jakar. Just north of Jakar lies Wangchuck Centennial Park, a protected area of Bhutan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Caucasus Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Caucasus Governorate (, \"Kavkazskaya guberniya\") was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1802 until 1822. Its seat was located in Georgiyevsk. The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire. In 1822, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the administrative center in Stavropol."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pegangsaan, Menteng", "paragraph_text": "Pegangsaan is an administrative village in the Menteng district of Indonesia. It has a postal code of 10320. This administrative village is also known as the location of the house where the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kokand", "paragraph_text": "Kokand (, \"\u049a\u045e\u049b\u043e\u043d\", \u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646; ; ; Chagatai: \u062e\u0648\u0642\u0646\u062f, \"Xuqand\"; ) is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. The population of Kokand on was approximately 187,477. The city lies southeast of Tashkent, west of Andijan, and west of Fergana. It is nicknamed \"City of Winds\", or sometimes \"Town of the Boar\". Kokand's name derives from the well-known tribal family group of \"Kokan\" who belong to the Kongrat tribe of Uzbeks."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sjernar\u00f8y", "paragraph_text": "Sjernar\u00f8y is a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The island municipality existed from 1868 until its dissolution in 1965. The municipality was located in the Boknafjorden in the present-day municipality of Finn\u00f8y. The administrative centre of the municipality was located on the island of Kyrkj\u00f8y, where the Sjernar\u00f8y Church is located."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Campora", "paragraph_text": "Campora is a town and \"comune\" in the province of Salerno, Campania (southern Italy). It is located in the territory of Cilento and as of 2009 its population was of 810."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nodira", "paragraph_text": "Nodira was the wife of Muhammad Umar Khan who ruled the Khanate of Kokand from c. 1810 until his death in 1822. Following her husband's death, Nodira became the de facto ruler of Kokand due to her son Muhammad Ali Khan being only a teenager when he was crowned Khan; she continued to serve as a regent and advisor to him throughout his reign."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}], "question": "In what region is the place where Nodira died?"}
{"id": "2hop__128354_725524", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "KCIX", "paragraph_text": "KCIX (105.9 FM) is a commercial radio station located in Garden City, Idaho, broadcasting to the Boise, Idaho, area. KCIX airs a hot adult contemporary music format."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Garden City, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Garden City is a city in and the county seat of Finney County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 26,658. The city is home to Garden City Community College and the Lee Richardson Zoo, the largest zoological park in western Kansas."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Shire of Taringa", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Taringa is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in western Brisbane. Its administrative centre was Taringa (now a suburb of City of Brisbane). It existed from 1890 to 1925."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}], "question": "What administrative territorial entity contains the city where KCIX is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__159486_162525", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hannibal (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Hannibal is an American psychological horror\u2013thriller television series developed by Bryan Fuller for NBC. The series is based on characters and elements appearing in Thomas Harris' novels \"Red Dragon\", \"Hannibal\" and \"Hannibal Rising\" with focus on the relationship between FBI special investigator Will Graham (Hugh Dancy) and Dr. Hannibal Lecter (Mads Mikkelsen), a forensic psychiatrist destined to become Graham's most cunning enemy and at the same time, the only person who can understand him."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Via Agrippa", "paragraph_text": "Via Agrippa, is any stretch of the network of Roman roads in Gaul that was built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, to whom Octavian entrusted the reorganization of the Gauls. In all, the Romans built of roads in Gaul."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "France", "paragraph_text": "The concept of Gaul emerged at that time; it corresponds to the territories of Celtic settlement ranging between the Rhine, the Atlantic Ocean, the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean. The borders of modern France are roughly the same as those of ancient Gaul, which was inhabited by Celtic Gauls. Gaul was then a prosperous country, of which the southernmost part was heavily subject to Greek and Roman cultural and economic influences."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gaspard Ulliel", "paragraph_text": "Gaspard Ulliel (; born 25 November 1984) is a French actor and model. He is best known for portraying serial killer Hannibal Lecter in \"Hannibal Rising\" (2007) and fashion mogul Yves Saint Laurent in the biopic \"Saint Laurent\" (2014), and for being the face of the Chanel men's fragrance, Bleu de Chanel."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Red Dragon (2002 film)", "paragraph_text": "Red Dragon is a 2002 horror film based on the novel of the same title by Thomas Harris. Anthony Hopkins stars as psychiatrist and serial killer Dr. Hannibal Lecter. It is a prequel to The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and Hannibal (2001). The novel was originally adapted into the film Manhunter (1986)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Military leadership in the American Civil War", "paragraph_text": "Jefferson Davis was named provisional president on February 9, 1861, and assumed similar commander - in - chief responsibilities as would Lincoln; on November 6, 1861 Davis was elected President of the Confederate States of America under the Confederate Constitution. Alexander H. Stephens was appointed as Vice President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, and later assumed identical vice presidential responsibilities as Hannibal Hamlin did. Several men served the Confederacy as Secretary of War, including Leroy Pope Walker, Judah P. Benjamin, George W. Randolph, James Seddon, and John C. Breckinridge. Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In 376, the Ostrogoths, fleeing from the Huns, received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364\u2013378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Ostrogoths began to raid and plunder.[D] Valens, attempting to put down the disorder, was killed fighting the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378. As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north, internal divisions within the empire, especially within the Christian Church, caused problems. In 400, the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and, although briefly forced back from Italy, in 410 sacked the city of Rome. In 406 the Alans, Vandals, and Suevi crossed into Gaul; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern-day Spain. The Migration Period began, where various people, initially largely Germanic peoples, moved across Europe. The Franks, Alemanni, and the Burgundians all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes settled in Britain. In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire; their king Attila (r. 434\u2013453) led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447, Gaul in 451, and Italy in 452. The Hunnic threat remained until Attila's death in 453, when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart. These invasions by the tribes completely changed the political and demographic nature of what had been the Western Roman Empire."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of Cissa", "paragraph_text": "While Hannibal was marching through Gaul, Scipio had landed with his army at the allied Greek city of Massilia. He then sent a cavalry patrol north, up the eastern bank of the Rhone River, which clashed with a similar force of Numidian light cavalry and, after a hard fought skirmish, drove off the Carthaginians. Scipio marched north from his base, while Hannibal marched east towards the Alps. Arriving at the deserted Carthaginian camp, Scipio learned that Hannibal was three day's march away and decided to send his forces to Iberia under the command of his elder brother Gnaeus, who had been consul in 221 BC, while he himself returned to Northern Italy to organize the defences against Hannibal."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Men of the Fighting Lady", "paragraph_text": "Men of the Fighting Lady (also known as \"Panther Squadron\") is a 1954 Korean War drama film starring Van Johnson, Walter Pidgeon, Keenan Wynn, and directed by Andrew Marton. The screenplay was written by U.S. Navy Commander Harry A. Burns, who had written a \"Saturday Evening Post\" article, \"The Case of the Blinded Pilot\", an account of a U.S. Navy pilot in the Korean War, who saves a blinded Navy pilot by talking him down to a successful landing. \"Men of the Fighting Lady\" was also inspired by another \"Saturday Evening Post\" article, \"The Forgotten Heroes of Korea\" by James A. Michener. The original music score was composed by Mikl\u00f3s R\u00f3zsa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hannibal Day", "paragraph_text": "Hannibal Day served as an officer in the regular army before and during the American Civil War, briefly commanding a brigade in the Army of the Potomac."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of Paju", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Paju () was fought in Paju, near Valga, Estonia, on 31 January 1919 during the Estonian War of Independence. After heavy fighting, the Tartu-Valga group of the Estonian Army pushed the Red Latvian Riflemen out of the Paju Manor. It was the fiercest battle in the early period of war. Estonian commander Julius Kuperjanov fell in the fighting."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Peleliu", "paragraph_text": "One particularly bloody battle on Bloody Nose came when the 1st Battalion, 1st Marines\u2014under the command of Major Raymond Davis\u2014attacked Hill 100. Over six days of fighting, the battalion suffered 71% casualties. Captain Everett Pope and his company penetrated deep into the ridges, leading his remaining 90 men to seize what he thought was Hill 100. It took a day's fighting to reach what he thought was the crest of the hill, which was in fact another ridge occupied by more Japanese defenders."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Last Seen in Massilia", "paragraph_text": "Last Seen in Massilia is a historical novel by American author Steven Saylor, first published by St. Martin's Press in 2000. It is the eighth book in his Roma Sub Rosa series of mystery stories set in the final decades of the Roman Republic. The main character is the Roman sleuth Gordianus the Finder."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John \"Hannibal\" Smith", "paragraph_text": "Colonel John ``Hannibal ''Smith, played by George Peppard, is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action - adventure television series The A-Team. The producers originally had James Coburn in mind to play the part of Hannibal, but it eventually ended up going to Peppard."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Medina", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca. In the spring of 624, Muhammad received word from his intelligence sources that a trade caravan, commanded by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Chieftain of the Meccan Quraysh, and guarded by thirty to forty men, was travelling from Syria back to Mecca. Muhammad gathered an army of 313 men, the largest army the Muslims had put in the field yet. However, many early Muslim sources, including the Quran, indicate that no serious fighting was expected, and the future Caliph Uthman ibn Affan stayed behind to care for his sick wife."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hannibal (Leckie novel)", "paragraph_text": "Hannibal is a 1995 historical novel by Scottish writer Ross Leckie. The book relates the exploits of Hannibal's invasion of Rome beginning in 218 BC, narrated by the Carthaginian general in his retirement. It was the first of the \"Carthage\" trilogy, covering the Punic Wars. The novel received mixed reviews, mainly due to the extreme violence occasionally described in the narrative."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Scipio Africanus", "paragraph_text": "In 211 BC, both Scipio's father, Publius Scipio, and uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, were killed at the Battle of the Upper Baetis in Spain against Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca. At the election of a new proconsul for the command of the new army which the Romans resolved to send to Hispania, Scipio was the only man brave enough to ask for this position, no other candidates wanting the responsibility, considering it a death sentence. In spite of his youth (25 years), his noble demeanour and enthusiastic language had made so great an impression that he was unanimously elected. In the year of Scipio's arrival (211 BC), all of Hispania south of the Ebro river was under Carthaginian control. Hannibal's brothers Hasdrubal and Mago, and Hasdrubal Gisco were the generals of the Carthaginian forces in Hispania, and Rome was aided by the inability of these three figures to act in concert. The Carthaginians were also preoccupied with revolts in Africa."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charles Coleman (British Army officer)", "paragraph_text": "During the Second World War, Coleman commanded the 4th Battalion, Welch Regiment from 1941 to 1944 and took over as acting commander of the 160th Infantry Brigade, his battalion's parent formation, in late 1943, before Brigadier Lashmer Whistler arrived in January 1944 to take command, with Coleman returning to commanding the 4th Welch. In June 1944 Coleman succeeded Whistler in command of the brigade, leading it throughout the campaign in North-West Europe from Normandy very nearly to the borders of Denmark by way of Falaise, Antwerp, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Wessem, the Ardennes, the Reichswald, the Rhine, the Weser, and Hamburg. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1945 and the Dutch Knight 4th Class of the Military Order of William in 1947. As his brigade major wrote after his death, the respect the men of the brigade had for him \"probably gave him as much pleasure and satisfaction as any of his later achievements\". Certainly he wrote very warmly of the achievements of the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division, of which his brigade formed a part, in his preface to the history of its part in the Second World War, published in 1955, and as its author makes clear, he made a considerable contribution to this account."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle. After his term as consul in 59 BC, he was appointed to a five-year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul (part of current northern Italy), Transalpine Gaul (current southern France) and Illyria (part of the modern Balkans). Not content with an idle governorship, Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul (modern France and Belgium), which would give him the dramatic military success he sought. When two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars, fought between 58 BC and 49 BC."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Human sacrifice", "paragraph_text": "In ancient Rome, human sacrifice was infrequent but documented. Roman authors often contrast their own behavior with that of people who would commit the heinous act of human sacrifice. These authors make it clear that such practices were from a much more uncivilized time in the past, far removed. It is thought that many ritualistic celebrations and dedications to gods used to involve human sacrifice, but have now been replaced with symbolic offerings. Dionysius of Halicarnassus says that the ritual of the Argei, in which straw figures were tossed into the Tiber river, may have been a substitute for an original offering of elderly men. Cicero claims that puppets thrown from the Pons Suplicius by the Vestal Virgins in a processional ceremony were substitutes for the past sacrifice of old men. After the Roman defeat at Cannae, two Gauls and two Greeks in male - female couples were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber used for the purpose at least once before. In Livy's description of these sacrifices, he distances the practice from Roman tradition and asserts that the past human sacrifices evident in the same location were ``wholly alien to the Roman spirit. ''The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BCE, preparatory to an invasion of Gaul. They buried both the Greeks and the two Gauls alive as a plea to the Gods to save Rome from destruction at the hands of Hannibal. When the Romans conquered the Celts in Gaul, they tortured the people by cutting off their hands and feet and leaving them to die. The Romans justified their actions by also accusing the Celts of practicing human sacrifice."}], "question": "When did the commander of men fighting in Massilia while Hannibal was in Gaul arrive?"}
{"id": "2hop__161339_436196", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Red Deer River", "paragraph_text": "The Red Deer River is a river in Alberta and a small portion of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is a major tributary of the South Saskatchewan River and is part of the larger Saskatchewan-Nelson system that empties into Hudson Bay."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Swift River (Teslin Lake)", "paragraph_text": "The Swift River is a river that begins in Yukon Territory and flows southwest into British Columbia to its mouth at the east side of Teslin Lake on the Teslin River system. The river drains the uppermost portion of the Cassiar Mountains and in its lower reaches traverses the Nisutlin Plateau, which lies along the east side of Teslin Lake north of the mouth of the Jennings River, which is to the south of the Swift."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Still Fork", "paragraph_text": "Still Fork is a tributary of the Sandy Creek, long, in eastern Ohio in the United States. Via the Sandy Creek, Tuscarawas, Muskingum and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of in Carroll County, Ohio. The source is at and the mouth is at ., with an average gradient of only 0.2%. From its source in eastern Carroll County the creek flows northwest through Fox, Washington, Augusta, and Brown Townships before reaching its mouth in Minerva, Ohio. The Ohi-Rail Corporation (OHIC) and Arbor road are situated in the creeks valley over most of its length."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Visherka River", "paragraph_text": "Visherka River () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kolva River. It is long, and its drainage basin covers . It flows out of lake Chusovskoe in the north of the Cherdynsky District near its border with the Komi Republic. Its mouth is upstream of the uninhabited village of Bogatyryovo, from the mouth of the Kolva River. Its most significant tributaries are:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Arado River", "paragraph_text": "Arado (plow) River in the north of Portugal. The river's source is the Ger\u00eas Mountain, and the mouth cascades into the Fafi\u00e3o river, (41\u00b042'10.88\"N; 8\u00b0 6'33.50\"W), Fafi\u00e3o place, Cabril village, Montalegre municipality. From Arado cascate (41\u00b043'25.53\"N; 8\u00b0 7'46.98\"W) till the mouth, runs ."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Prosaurolophus", "paragraph_text": "Well-known paleontologist Barnum Brown recovered a duckbill skull in 1915 for the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH 5836) from the Red Deer River of Alberta, near Steveville. He described the specimen in 1916 as a new genus, Prosaurolophus. Brown's choice of name comes from a comparison to the genus Saurolophus, which he had described in 1912. Saurolophus had a similar but longer and more spike-like head crest. The skull had a damaged muzzle and was inadvertently reconstructed too long, but better remains were soon found that showed the true shape; one is a nearly complete skeleton and skull, described by William Parks in 1924. Twenty to twenty-five individuals are known for this species, including seven skulls with at least some of the rest of the skeleton.The second species, P. blackfeetensis, is based on a specimen in the Museum of the Rockies (MOR 454), which was described by another notable paleontologist, Jack Horner. This specimen, and the remains of three or four other individuals, were found in Glacier County, Montana. In this case, the fossils were found in a bonebed of Prosaurolophus remains, which indicates that the animals lived together for at least some time. The bonebed is interpreted as reflecting a group of animals that congregated near a water source during a drought.Horner differentiated the two species by details of the crest. He interpreted P. blackfeetensis as having a steeper, taller face than P. maximus, with the crest migrating backward toward the eyes during growth. More recent studies have regarded the differences as insufficient to support two species."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Cleveland Browns seasons", "paragraph_text": "Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble, in which, while on a potentially game - winning drive, the Browns' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3 - yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock. The Broncos recovered the ball, allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety, and won the game, 38 -- 33."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}], "question": "What is the mouth of the watercourse of the river in which Brown recovered the duckbill skull?"}
{"id": "2hop__80358_789084", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sara Delano Roosevelt Memorial House", "paragraph_text": "The house was used by Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt from its completion in 1908 to her death in 1941, and intermittently by Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt from construction to their sale of the house to Hunter College in 1943. After his mother's death in 1941, President Roosevelt and his wife placed the house up for sale and a non-profit consortium was organized to purchase the house on behalf of Hunter College."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Southampton was named \"fittest city in the UK\" in 2006 by Men's Fitness magazine. The results were based on the incidence of heart disease, the amount of junk food and alcohol consumed, and the level of gym membership. In 2007, it had slipped one place behind London, but was still ranked first when it came to the parks and green spaces available for exercise and the amount of television watched by Sotonians was the lowest in the country. Speedway racing took place at Banister Court Stadium in the pre-war era. It returned in the 1940s after WW2 and the Saints operated until the stadium closed down at the end of 1963. A training track operated in the 1950s in the Hamble area."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Naissa Mosque", "paragraph_text": "Naissa Mosque is a mosque in Qardaha, along the Syrian coast. It was built in 1989 by architect Abdul Rahman Naassan, and funded by the mother of former president Hafez al-Assad, Naissa Assad\u2014after whom the mosque was named. The state funeral of Hafez al-Assad was observed at the mosque."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Prince of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Ofra Haza as Yocheved, the mother of Miriam and Aaron and birth mother of Moses. She also sang her character's number, ``Deliver Us '', in seventeen other languages for the film's dubbing)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Amba (Mahabharata)", "paragraph_text": "Amba was the eldest daughter of the king of Kashi. She had two younger sisters Ambika and Ambalika. Amba is a commonly used word in Sanskrit meaning mother, also with Vedic linkage as the mother of the Vedas."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "David Profumo", "paragraph_text": "Profumo was born in London, the son of former British government minister John Profumo and his wife, actress Valerie Hobson. The Profumo family is of Italian origin. David Profumo would have succeeded his father as 6th Baron Profumo in the nobility of the Kingdom of Sardinia, if the nobility of Italy had not been legally abolished after WW2. Like his father, he does not use this title."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Margaret Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is the daughter of Beatrix Hamburg and David A. Hamburg, both physicians. Her mother was the first self-identified African-American woman to be accepted at Vassar College and to earn a degree from the Yale University School of Medicine. Her father is President Emeritus of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and also served as the president of the AAAS in 1984."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Carol Semple", "paragraph_text": "Semple was born in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. She is from a prominent golfing family; her father served as president of the United States Golf Association (USGA) in 1974 and 1975. Her mother played competitive golf and served on various USGA committees for many years. At age 16, Carol Semple won her first tournament by defeating her mother in the finals of the Western Pennsylvania Women's Championship."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pregnancy over age 50", "paragraph_text": "The oldest mother to date to conceive, was 71 years, and the youngest mother, 5 years old. According to statistics from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, in the UK more than 20 babies are born to women over age 50 per year through in - vitro fertilization with the use of donor oocytes (eggs)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Edward J. Sponga", "paragraph_text": "Edward J. Sponga (February 12, 1918 \u2013 May 3, 2000) was a former Jesuit priest in the Society of Jesus. Sponga served as the 16th President of the University of Scranton from 1963 until 1965. Sponga made headlines when he left the priesthood in July 1968 in order to marry Mary Ellen Barrett, a divorced mother of three."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Secretary of Transportation", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Foxx was the 17th US Secretary of Transportation from 2013 - 2017, when Donald Trump was elected President. Elaine Chao, who served as Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush, was nominated by President - elect Donald Trump on November 29, 2016. On January 31, 2017 the Senate confirmed her appointment by a vote of 93 - 6."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "White House", "paragraph_text": "The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term White House is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers, as in ``The White House announced that... ''."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dione (mythology)", "paragraph_text": "Dione (; \"Dios\" \"She-Zeus\" or \"dios\" \"divine one\") is the name of four women in ancient Greek mythology, and one in the Phoenician religion described in the \"Sanchuniathon\". \"Dione\" is translated as \"Goddess\", and given the same etymological derivation as the names \"Zeus\", \"Diana\", et al. Very little information exists about these nymphs or goddesses, although at least one is described as beautiful and is sometimes associated with water or the sea. Perhaps this same one was worshiped as a mother goddess who presided over the oracle at Dodona, Greece and was called the mother of Aphrodite."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yuk Young-soo", "paragraph_text": "Yuk Young-soo ( November 29, 1925 \u2013 August 15, 1974) was the wife of the 3rd South Korean president Park Chung-hee and the mother of the 11th South Korean president Park Geun-hye. She was killed in 1974 during an attempted assassination of her husband, Park Chung-hee."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Michael Varah", "paragraph_text": "Varah was eldest of triplet boys born in the vicarage of Holy Trinity, Blackburn to Dr Chad Varah and his wife Susan. His father was the local Anglican vicar, who founded the Samaritans (charity) in 1953. His mother was world president of the Mothers' Union in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "World War II", "paragraph_text": "World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "paragraph_text": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (/ \u02c8ro\u028az\u0259v\u0259lt /, his own pronunciation, or / \u02c8ro\u028az\u0259v\u025blt /; January 30, 1882 -- April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and World War II. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, realigning American politics into the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. He is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n Bauz\u00e0", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n Bauz\u00e0 D\u00edaz (born November 16, 1970) is a Spanish politician and the president of the Autonomous Community of the Balearic Islands from 2011 to 2015. Born to a Majorcan father and a mother native to Madrid, he is licensed as a pharmacist by the Complutense University of Madrid. He owns his own pharmacy in his hometown of Marratx\u00ed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Another Mother for Peace", "paragraph_text": "Los Angeles artist Lorraine Art Schneider donated the use of a striking illustration for the Mother's Day peace cards -- a sunflower on yellow background amid the slogan ``War is not healthy for children and other living things. ''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "World War II", "paragraph_text": "World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the first use of nuclear weapons in history."}], "question": "Who was the mother of the US president during WWII?"}
{"id": "2hop__95923_860408", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Tuner", "paragraph_text": "The Tuner (, \"Nastroyshchik\") is a 2004 Ukraine/Russia mix film of art house grotesque and a sting comedy. At the heart of Kira Muratova\u2019s film is her characteristic and enduring love of predation\u2014predation for its own sake. The film offers a complex assessment of the human subject, civilization, and the creative act. It premiered at the Venice Film Festival in September 2004."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Secret of Roan Inish", "paragraph_text": "The Secret of Roan Inish is a 1994 American/Irish independent film of Irish magical realism written and directed by John Sayles. It is based on the novel \"Secret of the Ron Mor Skerry\", by Rosalie K. Fry."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Ireland", "paragraph_text": "The 1614 overthrow of the Catholic majority in the Irish Parliament was realised principally through the creation of numerous new boroughs which were dominated by the new settlers. By the end of the seventeenth century, recusants (adherents to the older religion were now termed), representing some 85% of Ireland's population, were then banned from the Irish Parliament. Protestant domination of Ireland was confirmed after two periods of war between Catholics and Protestants in 1641 - 52 and 1689 - 91. Political power thereafter rested entirely in the hands of a Protestant Ascendancy minority, while Catholics and members of dissenting Protestant denominations suffered severe political and economic privations under the Penal Laws. The Irish Parliament was abolished from 1 January 1801 in the wake of the republican United Irishmen Rebellion and Ireland became an integral part of a new United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the provisions of the Acts of Union 1800. Although promised a repeal of the Test Act, Catholics were not granted full rights until Catholic Emancipation was attained throughout the new UK in 1829. This was followed by the first Irish Reform Act 1832, a principal condition of which was the removal of the poorer Irish freeholders from the franchise."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bridget Boland", "paragraph_text": "Bridget Boland was the daughter of the Irish politician John Pius Boland and Eileen Querin Boland n\u00e9e Moloney. Born in London, Bridget Boland was educated at the Convent of the Sacred Heart, Roehampton and at Oxford University, where she studied philosophy, politics, and economics, graduating B.A. in 1935. In 1937 she became a film writer. From 1941 to 1946 she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service, producing plays for the troops to boost morale from 1943 to 1946."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gaspard Manesse", "paragraph_text": "Gaspard Manesse (born March 25, 1975) is a French actor, composer and musician. He is best known for his starring role as Julien Quentin in the film \"Au revoir, les enfants\" (1987). He acted in and composed the music for the film \"Comme il vient\". Gaspard is a composer and musician - he tours throughout the heart of France playing the trumpet with a group called \"Surnatural Orchestra\" from the Ile-de-France."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "8.5 Hours", "paragraph_text": "The film went on a limited Irish cinema release in January 2010 and was released on DVD throughout Ireland in November 2010. It was released on DVD and VOD in North America by the American distributor Breaking Glass Pictures in March 2011. The film was the first feature produced by the Irish production company Instigator Films."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Terry McMillan", "paragraph_text": "Terry McMillan (1951 - 10 - 18) October 18, 1951 (age 66) Port Huron, Michigan Occupation Writer Nationality American Alma mater University of California, Berkeley Genre Fiction Notable works Waiting to Exhale How Stella Got Her Groove Back Disappearing Acts Spouse Jonathan Plummer (m. 1998; div. 2005)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. At the start of the 19th century, Parliament was further enlarged by Acts of Union ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland that abolished the latter and added 100 Irish MPs and 32 Lords to the former to create the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 formally amended the name to the ``Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '', five years after the secession of the Irish Free State."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Irish Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Irish Hearts is a 1934 British drama film directed by  Brian Desmond Hurst and starring Lester Matthews, Nancy Burne and Molly Lamont. It was made at Cricklewood Studios, as a quota quickie. It was also known by the alternative title Norah O'Neale. It was based on Johnson Abrahams's novel \"Night Nurse\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bradycardia", "paragraph_text": "Cardiac causes include acute or chronic ischemic heart disease, vascular heart disease, valvular heart disease, or degenerative primary electrical disease. Ultimately, the causes act by three mechanisms: depressed automaticity of the heart, conduction block, or escape pacemakers and rhythms."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yu Ming Is Ainm Dom", "paragraph_text": "Yu Ming Is Ainm Dom (English: \"My Name Is Yu Ming\") is a 2003 Irish short film. Filmed largely in the Irish language, it tells the tale of a Chinese man who has learned to speak Irish but cannot be understood when he comes to visit largely Anglophone Ireland. It was directed by Daniel O'Hara and runs 13 minutes long."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Naked Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Naked Hearts () is a 1966 French drama film directed by \u00c9douard Luntz. It was entered into the 16th Berlin International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Irish for Luck", "paragraph_text": "Irish for Luck is a 1936 British comedy film directed by Arthur B. Woods and starring Athene Seyler, Margaret Lockwood and Patric Knowles. It was also known as Meet the Duchess. It was adapted from a novel by L.A.G. Strong. In the film, an impoverished Irish Duchess tries to survive on her small income."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "paragraph_text": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, which resulted in Ireland seceding from the Union and forming the Irish Free State in 1922. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the ``United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Police", "paragraph_text": "Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anglo Irish Bank", "paragraph_text": "A Transfer Order was made by the High Court in Dublin under the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 transferring the assets and liabilities of Irish Nationwide Building Society (\u201cINBS\u201d) to Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Limited (\u201cAnglo\u201d or the \u201cBank\u201d) on 1 July 2011. This achieves the legal merger of the INBS business into Anglo consistent with directions provided to both entities by the Minister for Finance, in consultation with the European Commission."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Man at Six", "paragraph_text": "The Man at Six is a 1931 British mystery film directed by Harry Hughes and starring Anne Grey, Lester Matthews and Gerald Rawlinson."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "In 1919, the frustrations caused by delays to Irish home rule led members of Sinn F\u00e9in, a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats at Westminster in the 1918 British general election, to establish an Irish assembly in Dublin, at which Irish independence was declared. The Irish Republican Army simultaneously began a guerrilla war against the British administration. The Anglo-Irish War ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, creating the Irish Free State, a Dominion within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown. Northern Ireland, consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Act of Parliament", "paragraph_text": "Acts of Parliament, also called primary legislation, are statutes passed by a parliament (legislature). Act of the Oireachtas is an equivalent term used in the Republic of Ireland where the legislature is commonly known by its Irish name, Oireachtas. It is also comparable to an Act of Congress in the United States."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the actor in the film Irish Hearts?"}
{"id": "2hop__3988_651483", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Congolese Party of Labour", "paragraph_text": "The Congolese Party of Labour (, PCT), founded in 1969 by Marien Ngouabi, is the ruling political party of the Republic of the Congo. It was originally a Marxist-Leninist pro-Soviet vanguard party, which founded the People's Republic of the Congo, but moved towards a moderate left-wing stance in the early 1990s. Denis Sassou Nguesso is President of the PCT Central Committee, and Pierre Ngolo is the PCT's Secretary-General."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Teodoro Buontempo", "paragraph_text": "Born in Carunchio, Chieti, graduated in accounting, Buontempo started the first political experiences in Ortona, then, in 1968, he moved to Rome where he founded one of the first free Italian radios, \"Radio Alternativa\", whose headquarters in Via Sommacampagna became the focus of dozens of initiatives by the young members of the MSI-DN party. Member of the Central Committee of the MSI-DN from the 70s, in 1981 he was elected city councilor of Rome, and promptly re-elected until 1997. He was also member of the Italian parliament from 1992 al 2006, at first with MSI-DN, later with Alleanza Nazionale. In 2007 he came out from the party due to disagreements with the secretary Gianfranco Fini and joined the movement La Destra in which he had the role of president until his death. From 2010 until his death he was also assessor to the House of the Lazio Regional government under the Renata Polverini presidency."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eugene V. Debs", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 -- October 20, 1926) was an American democratic socialist political activist and trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best - known socialists living in the United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. The Republic of the Congo was established on the 28th of November 1958 but gained independence from France in 1960. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has ruled for 35 of the past 40 years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Green Party of Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "The Green Party of Tennessee is a state-level political party in Tennessee, and is a member of the Green Party of the United States. The party formed in 2001."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jeanne Dambendzet", "paragraph_text": "Jeanne Dambendzet (born 1 August 1943) is a Congolese politician. She served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville from 1989 to 1991 and again from 1997 to 2009. Since 2009 she has been the First Vice-President of the Economic and Social Council, a state institution. She is a member of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT) and has been National Executive Secretary of the Women's Organization of Congo, the PCT's women's organization, since 2013."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib\u2013Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In his sophomore year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union, and a year later he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield, who was himself a former President of the Political Union. His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and the New Frontier program. He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society, and traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "KP Sharma Oli", "paragraph_text": "Oli began his political career in 1966 in opposition to the party-less Panchayat System in place at the time. He joined the Communist Party of Nepal in February 1970.  He became involved in subversive politics and was arrested for the first time in 1970. A year later he became a district committee member of the party and soon the chief of the Jhapa Movement Organizing Committee in 1972. Oli was imprisoned for 14 consecutive years from 1973 to 1987. After his release from prison in 1987, he became a central committee member of UML  in-charge of the  Lumbini Zone until 1990."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ar-Namys", "paragraph_text": "Ar-Namys (, meaning \"Dignity\") is a political party in Kyrgyzstan founded on July 9, 1999 by former Prime Minister Felix Kulov. The party quickly became the nation's leading opposition party but was barred from the 2000 parliamentary elections. However, since the party was barred its members formed a bloc with the Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan. With Kulov serving time for criminal charges, the party's members worked over the next years to both clear his name and establish a broad opposition coalition."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Olivier Kamitatu Etsu", "paragraph_text": "Olivier Kamitatu Etsu (born 17 April 1964 in Brussels) politician of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and former Planning Minister in the government of Augustin Matata Ponyo Mapon and the leader of the Alliance for the Renewal of Congo (ARC) political party. Kamitatu is the President of the Africa Liberal Network."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vinzent Porombka", "paragraph_text": "Vinzent Porombka (2 January 1910 \u2013 28 November 1975) was a German Communist political activist who became a party official, a member of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, and an active participant in resistance to Naziism. In his later years he became a party functionary in the German Democratic Republic."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chengara Surendran", "paragraph_text": "Chengara Surendran (born 31 January 1968) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Adoor constituency of Kerala and is a member of the Communist Party of India (CPI) political party."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Antipas Mbusa", "paragraph_text": "Antipas Mbusa Nyamwisi (born November 15, 1959 in North Kivu) is a politician and former rebel leader in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He leads the Forces for Renewal political party and was Minister of Decentralization and Urban and Regional Planning until September 2011 when he resigned to run for president. He was previously the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2007 to 2008."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gerhard Rohner", "paragraph_text": "Gerhard Rohner (born Nieder-Heiduk 23 May 1895: died Bonn 7 March 1971) was a politician in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, which later became the German Democratic Republic. He became a leading member of the moderately right-wing CDU (party) which was not the party favored by the Soviet administrators and the new Moscow trained political establishment. After sustained violent attacks from the new country's ruling SED (party) he abandoned his political career and, in February 1952, fled the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pierre Trudeau", "paragraph_text": "Trudeau rose to prominence as a lawyer, intellectual, and activist in Quebec politics. In the 1960s he entered federal politics by joining the Liberal Party of Canada. He was appointed as Lester B. Pearson's Parliamentary Secretary and later became his Minister of Justice. Trudeau became a media sensation, inspiring \"Trudeaumania\", and took charge of the Liberals in 1968. From the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, his personality dominated the political scene to an extent never before seen in Canadian political life. Despite his personal motto, \"Reason before passion\", his personality and political career aroused polarizing reactions throughout Canada."}], "question": "What political party does the 1968 president of the Congo belong to?"}
{"id": "2hop__56920_445215", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Colley Nixon", "paragraph_text": "John Colley Nixon (baptised as John Coley Nixon on 18 August 1755 \u2013 1818) was an English merchant and amateur artist."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nixon Airport", "paragraph_text": "Nixon Airport, , is located adjacent to Nixon, Ontario, Canada in Norfolk County just half a mile south of the old Nixon Public School property. The airport serves farmers by spraying chemicals to local fields. Private airplanes by wealthy local residents are stored here with the permission of the operator."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s. The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, \"Detroit techno\". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past. Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as \"Movement\", occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza. In the early years (2000-2002), this was a landmark event, boasting over a million estimated attendees annually, coming from all over the world to celebrate Techno music in the city of its birth."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Superbeast", "paragraph_text": "\"Superbeast\" is a promotional single off Rob Zombie's solo debut, \"Hellbilly Deluxe\". The song was co-written by Charlie Clouser, formerly of Nine Inch Nails. It also appears on Rob Zombie's \"Past, Present & Future\", the greatest hits album \"The Best of Rob Zombie\", and two remixes are contained on \"American Made Music to Strip By\". The track appeared in the horror film \"Valentine\" in 2001 and the action/horror film \"End of Days\" in 1999. The song was played in the background of the trailer of \"Godzilla 2000: Millennium\". The \"Girl on a Motorcycle\" remix of the song was frequently used in commercials for ECW T-shirts and future events. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1999. On January 4, 2008, the song \"Superbeast\" was used to introduce the \"Abyss vs. Manabu Nakanishi\" match at Wrestle Kingdom II in Tokyo, Japan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Philosophy of space and time", "paragraph_text": "One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: \"[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past\" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "DeLorean time machine", "paragraph_text": "The DeLorean time machine is a fictional automobile - based time travel device featured in the Back to the Future franchise. In the feature film series, Dr. Emmett Brown builds a time machine based on a DeLorean DMC - 12 car, to gain insights into history and the future. Instead, he ends up using it to travel over 130 years of Hill Valley history (from 1885 to 2015) with Marty McFly to change the past for the better and to undo the negative effects of time travel. One of the cars used in filming is on display at Universal Studios Hollywood and the official Back to the Future DeLorean can be viewed at the Petersen Automotive Museum."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Theme from New York, New York", "paragraph_text": "``Theme from New York, New York ''Single by Frank Sinatra from the album Trilogy: Past Present Future B - side`` That's What God Looks Like to Me'' Released April 1980 Format 7 ''single Recorded 1979 Genre Jazz Length 3: 26 Label Reprise Songwriter (s) Fred Ebb, John Kander Producer (s) Sonny Burke Frank Sinatra singles chronology ``Night and Day'' (1977)`` Theme from New York, New York ''(1980) ``You and Me (We Wanted It All)'' (1980)`` Night and Day ''(1977) ``Theme from New York, New York'' (1980)`` You and Me (We Wanted It All) ''(1980)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Time", "paragraph_text": "According to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the human propensity for caring and being concerned, which causes \"being ahead of oneself\" when thinking of a pending occurrence. Therefore, this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to exist in the present. The present becomes an experience, which is qualitative instead of quantitative. Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time, or temporal existence, is broken or transcended. We are not stuck in sequential time. We are able to remember the past and project into the future\u2014we have a kind of random access to our representation of temporal existence; we can, in our thoughts, step out of (ecstasis) sequential time."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Time", "paragraph_text": "Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., plans, schedules, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (cam timer), documentaries (Seconds From Disaster), law (choice of law), computer simulation (discrete event simulation), and electric power transmission (sequence of events recorder). A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Philosophy of space and time", "paragraph_text": "The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process. Secondly, our experience of time, at the macroscopic level, is not time-reversal invariant. Glasses can fall and break, but shards of glass cannot reassemble and fly up onto tables. We have memories of the past, and none of the future. We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lily (Once Upon a Time)", "paragraph_text": "When Emma Swan discovers that a former friend from her past, Lily, is Maleficent's long lost daughter, she embarks on a quest to find her and bring her back to Storybrooke in order to reunite her with Maleficent, and Regina teams up with her in an effort to warn Robin Hood about Zelena, but the two are about to face what awaits them outside Storybrooke. Inside Storybrooke, Gold finds himself dealing with Belle, and back in Emma's past, her friendship with Lily after she is placed in a foster home could threaten their future."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Philosophy of space and time", "paragraph_text": "The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two \"temporal series\". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "X-Men: Days of Future Past", "paragraph_text": "Additionally, Famke Janssen and James Marsden reprise their roles as Jean Grey and Scott Summers / Cyclops respectively in cameo appearances. Lucas Till reprises his role as Alex Summers / Havok. Evan Jonigkeit portrays Mortimer Toynbee / Toad. Gregg Lowe portrays Eric Gitter / Ink. X-Men comic - book writers Len Wein and Chris Claremont appear as United States congressmen. Michael Lerner plays Senator Brickman. Mark Camacho portrays U.S. President Richard Nixon. Singer cameos as a man with a small film camera as Magneto walks away after Mystique's escape in Paris. In a post-credits scene, Brendan Pedder portrays the ancient mutant, En Sabah Nur."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Secret Honor", "paragraph_text": "Secret Honor is a 1984 film written by Donald Freed and Arnold M. Stone (based on their play), directed by Robert Altman and starring Philip Baker Hall as former president Richard M. Nixon, a fictional account attempting to gain insight into Nixon's personality, life, attitudes and behavior. It was filmed at the University of Michigan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eternal Echoes", "paragraph_text": "Eternal Echoes is the name of John Barry's final solo album. It was his follow-up recording to \"The Beyondness of Things\", an original solo album of independent material not connected to any film. The composer described the 11 pieces of \"Eternal Echoes\" as comprising \"an album of sounds, of places and of objects that have always existed and always will exist. They are without beginning or end. They are infinite in our past and future.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jesse Camacho", "paragraph_text": "The son of actors Mark Camacho and Pauline Little, Camacho was born May 29, 1991 in Montreal, Quebec. He began acting in childhood, with his early credits including the television series \"Creepschool\" and \"Fries with That?\" and the films \"Hatley High\" and \"12 and Holding\". His other credits have included roles in the television series \"Mother Up!\", \"St. Urbain's Horseman\" and \"Death Comes to Town\", and the films \"The Trotsky\" and \"Rapture-Palooza\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Back to the Future characters", "paragraph_text": "The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin - off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A Future Lived in Past Tense", "paragraph_text": "A Future Lived in Past Tense is the second and final studio album by Seattle band Juno, released in 2001 on DeSoto Records."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "Eton's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called \"Fourth of June\", a celebration of the birthday of King George III, Eton's greatest patron. This day is celebrated with the Procession of Boats, in which the top rowing crews from the top four years row past in vintage wooden rowing boats. Similar to the Queen's Official Birthday, the \"Fourth of June\" is no longer celebrated on 4 June, but on the Wednesday before the first weekend of June. Eton also observes St. Andrew's Day, on which the Eton wall game is played.[citation needed]"}], "question": "Where was the actor portraying Nixon in \"Days of Future Past\" born"}
{"id": "2hop__61397_703338", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Quentin Roosevelt", "paragraph_text": "Quentin Roosevelt (November 19, 1897 \u2013 July 14, 1918) was the youngest son of President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. Family and friends agreed that Quentin had many of his father's positive qualities and few of the negative ones. Inspired by his father and siblings, he joined the United States Army Air Service where he became a pursuit pilot during World War I. Extremely popular with his fellow pilots and known for being daring, he was killed in aerial combat over France on Bastille Day (July 14), 1918. As of 2019, he is the only child of a US President to die in combat."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kirka", "paragraph_text": "Several Babitzin siblings are established musicians in their own right. In 1978, Kirka released a duet album with sister Anna; the next year, another sister Marija (\"Muska\") joined in."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Canadian Bill of Rights", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Bill of Rights (French: D\u00e9claration canadienne des droits) is a federal statute and bill of rights enacted by Parliament of Canada on August 10, 1960. It provides Canadians with certain quasi-constitutional rights at Canadian federal law in relation to other federal statutes. It was the earliest expression of human rights law at the federal level in Canada, though an Implied Bill of Rights had already been recognized in the Canadian Common Law. The Canadian Bill of Rights remains in effect but its widely acknowledged ineffectiveness arises in large part to its character as a federal statute only -- although as to Canadian federal law, the Bill of Rights has subsequently acquired through judicial interpretation a quasi-constitutional status through the paramountcy doctrine. These legal and constitutional limitations were a significant reason that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was established as an unambiguously - constitutional - level Bill of Rights for all Canadians, governing the application of both federal and provincial law in Canada, with the patriation of the Constitution of Canada in 1982. Since patriation, its usefulness at federal law in Canada is mostly limited to issues pertaining to the enjoyment of property, as set forth in its section 1 (a) -- a slightly - broader ``life, liberty, and security of the person ''right than is recognized in Section Seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tom Owen (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas William Stevenson Rowbotham (born 8 April 1949), also known as Tom Owen, is a British actor best known for playing Tom Simmonite on the longest - running British sitcom Last of the Summer Wine. He is the son of Bill Owen, who played William ``Compo ''Simmonite (the father of Tom Simmonite) on the show."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Incorporation of the Bill of Rights", "paragraph_text": "Incorporation, in United States law, is the doctrine by which portions of the Bill of Rights have been made applicable to the states. When the Bill of Rights was first ratified, courts held that its protections only extended to the actions of the federal government and that the Bill of Rights did not place limitations on the authority of state and local governments. However, in the post-Civil War era, beginning in 1897 with Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago, various portions of the Bill of Rights have been held to be applicable to state and local governments by incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Natalie Horler", "paragraph_text": "Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to British parents who had moved to Germany in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her 2 siblings. Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney movies."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United States Bill of Rights", "paragraph_text": "The Bill of Rights in the United States is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the often bitter 1787 -- 88 debate over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and written to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights, along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta (1215). In practice, the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kate Kellaway", "paragraph_text": "The daughter of the Australians Bill and Deborah Kellaway, she is the older sister of the journalist Lucy Kellaway. Both siblings were educated at the Camden School for Girls, where their mother was a teacher, and at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where Kate Kellaway read English."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bill of Rights 1689", "paragraph_text": "The Bill of Rights, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights. It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the right of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Henry William Stiegel", "paragraph_text": "Stiegel was the eldest of six children born to John Frederick and Dorothea Elizabeth Stiegel in the Free Imperial City of Cologne. He immigrated to British North America in 1750 with his mother and younger brother, Anthony (his father and other siblings had died). The Stiegels sailed on a ship known as the \"Nancy\", and arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 31, 1750."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Second Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals, while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices. State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right, per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hans Jacob Hess", "paragraph_text": "John Jacob Hess was born in Wald, Zurich, Switzerland on May 17, 1584 to Hans Heinrich Hess, a bailiff, (1534\u20131587) and Adelheid Kuntz (1546\u20131585). He had eight older full siblings: Margaretha, Christian, Matheus, Hans, Elsy, Margaretha, Heinrich, and Dorothea; five older half-siblings from his father's first two marriages: Adelheid, Barbara, Veronica, Catharina and Anna; and one younger half-brother, Hans, from his father's fourth marriage."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Ninth Amendment (Amendment IX) to the United States Constitution addresses rights, retained by the people, that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. It is part of the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Bill of Rights", "paragraph_text": "United States Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights Created September 25, 1789 Ratified December 15, 1791 Location National Archives Author (s) James Madison"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd", "paragraph_text": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd was born in Stockholm, Sweden, to Swedish actor Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd and his first wife, My, a physician. He has five siblings: Alexander, Sam, Bill, Eija and Valter, and two half-brothers Ossian and Kolbj\u00f6rn from his father's second wife, Megan Everett. Alexander, Bill, and Valter are also actors. His godfather is Swedish actor Peter Stormare."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spencer family (The Bold and the Beautiful)", "paragraph_text": "William ``Liam ''Spencer III (Scott Clifton) Son of Bill Spencer Jr. and his college girlfriend Kelly Hopkins. Raised by his mother and stepfather without knowing his father until his mother died and he discovered, with the help of Hope Logan, that Bill was his father. He is married to Steffy Forrester. Wyatt Spencer (Darin Brooks) Son of Bill Spencer Jr. and Quinn Fuller. Former executive of Quinn Artisan Jewelers, and currently works at Spencer Publications. Raised by his mother, and thought his father was dead until he met Hope Logan, who helped uncover that Bill was his father. Wyatt has become known for having many similar traits with his father. Caroline Spencer (Linsey Godfrey) Daughter of Karen Spencer, named after Karen's twin sister. New York City socialite and fashion designer at Forrester Creations. She is the head of the Caroline Spencer Cancer Foundation. She is the mother of Douglas Forrester. William Logan`` Will'' Spencer IV Son of Bill Spencer Jr. and Katie Logan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George Mason", "paragraph_text": "George Mason (sometimes referred to as George Mason IV; December 11, 1725 (O.S. November 30, 1725) -- October 7, 1792) was a Virginia planter and politician, and a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, one of three delegates, together with fellow Virginian Edmund Randolph and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, who refused to sign the constitution. His writings have exercised a significant influence on political thought and events, including substantial portions of the Fairfax Resolves of 1774, the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, and his Objections to this Constitution of Government (1787) in opposition to ratification of the constitution. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, which Mason principally authored, served as a basis for the United States Bill of Rights, of which he has been deemed the father."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hollin Hall (Virginia)", "paragraph_text": "George Mason also helped Thomson Mason have a house constructed. Thomson and his wife, Sarah McCarty Chichester, celebrated Christmas, 1788 in the new house. However, as late as 1792 George Mason wrote Thomson about difficulties procuring lumber for the Hollin Hall front porch. Fire destroyed the house in 1824, four years after Thomson's death."}], "question": "Who was the sibling of the person known as the father of the Bill of Rights?"}
{"id": "2hop__26490_88329", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Quantztown, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Quantztown is an unincorporated community located in the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada, near McCowan Road and 16th Avenue. It is named for German settler Melchior Quantz (1751-1827), who arrived in 1794 after serving with the British Army."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gupta family", "paragraph_text": "The family migrated from the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh to South Africa in 1993, shortly before the country's first democratic elections, to establish Sahara Computers. The family is based at the Sahara Estate in Saxonwold, Johannesburg, a compound comprising at least four mansions and Dubai, United Arab Emirates."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "The central Sahara is hyperarid, with sparse vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis, where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid region, there are many subdivisions of the great desert: Tanezrouft, the T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These extremely arid areas often receive no rain for years."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Victoriaville", "paragraph_text": "The Victoriaville area was known to the native Abenaki peoples as Arthabaska or \"Awabaska\", meaning \"place of bulrushes and reeds\". The area was first claimed in 1802 by a fur trader named John Gregory; the first settlers began arriving several decades later, beginning around 1825. Early colonists from the banks of the Saint Lawrence River arrived slowly, blazing trails as they went; the first provincial road would be built in 1844. The parish of Saint-Christophe d'Arthabaska was established in 1851, an event that many see as marking the town's true foundation. In 1854 a train station was erected to serve the Grand Trunk Railway line from Richmond to L\u00e9vis, uniting the region with Montreal and Quebec City. The municipality of Victoriaville itself was created on May 8, 1861, named to honour Queen Victoria, the reigning monarch at the time. Victoriaville became a full-fledged town in 1890, having reached a population of 1,000."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Easter Island", "paragraph_text": "The Austronesian Polynesians, who first settled the island, are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west. These settlers brought bananas, taro, sugarcane, and paper mulberry, as well as chickens and Polynesian rats. The island at one time supported a relatively advanced and complex civilization."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ancient Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization. Nomadic modern human hunter - gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the river region."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yond\u00f3", "paragraph_text": "Yond\u00f3 is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. The first settlers arrived around 10,000 BC; archaeological site. The town was founded in 1941 for lodge the, at that time, discovered Casabe oilfield's workers. The town became a municipality in 1979. It is a Magdalena river port, across a river from Barrancabermeja, where Colombia's oldest and largest oil refinery is located."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, Jobaria and Ouranosaurus, have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE, after shifts in the Earth's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation. However, this theory has recently been called into dispute, when samples taken from several 7 million year old sand deposits led scientists to reconsider the timeline for desertification."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Trans-Saharan trade", "paragraph_text": "The Sahara once had a very different environment. In Libya and Algeria, from at least 7000 BC, there was pastoralism, the hearding of sheep, goats, large settlements, and pottery. Cattle were introduced to the Central Sahara (Ahaggar) from 4000 to 3500 BC. Remarkable rock paintings (dated 3500 to 2500 BC), in places which are currently very dry, portray vegetation, and animal presence rather different from modern expectations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Jonas Bronck (c.\u20091600\u201343) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Sm\u00e5land, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivisions of the great desert such as the Tanezrouft, the T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity, and some years can pass without any rainfall."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James Baldwin (Los Angeles)", "paragraph_text": "James Baldwin was an early settler and blacksmith in Los Angeles, California, arriving some time after 1858. He was a member of the Los Angeles Common Council, the governing body of that city, in 1859\u201360."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tristan da Cunha", "paragraph_text": "The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "The Sahara (UK: / s\u0259\u02c8h\u0251\u02d0r\u0259 /, / s\u0259\u02c8h\u00e6r\u0259 /; Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u200e, a\u1e63 - \u1e63a\u1e25r\u0101\u02bc al - kubr\u00e1, 'the Great Desert') is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi) is comparable to the area of China or the United States. The name 'Sahara' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for ``desert '', \u1e63a\u1e25ra (\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627 / \u02c8s\u0295a\u0127ra /)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Francisco, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Francisco is a town in Center Township, Gibson County, Indiana, United States. The population was 469 at the 2010 census. It was founded in 1851. Local tradition says the town was named for its first settler, a Spanish laborer working on the Wabash and Erie Canal who built a shack in the area. It is part of the Evansville, Indiana, Metropolitan Area."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of the potato", "paragraph_text": "The first potatoes to arrive in North America from Europe were sent to Gov. Francis Wyatt of Virginia at Jamestown by Nathaniel Butler. There were two large cedar boxes that were filled with different vegetables, among them were potatoes. The very first potatoes grown in North America were planted in Derry New Hampshire in the year 1719. Idaho did n't begin growing potatoes until 1836."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lew Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Campbell (1831\u20131910) was a pioneer rancher in the Kamloops area of western Canada. Campbell and James Todd were the first settlers in what is now Barnhartvale, British Columbia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sahara with Michael Palin", "paragraph_text": "Sahara with Michael Palin is a four-part BBC television series presented by British comedian and travel presenter Michael Palin, and first broadcast in 2002. In it, Palin travelled around the Sahara in Northern - and Western Africa, meeting people and visiting places. The journey route included the following countries and territories: Gibraltar, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Libya, Tunisia and Algeria."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Briar Creek (Susquehanna River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "Briar Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is in length. The stream has a watershed area of 33.0 square miles. It flows through Briar Creek Township and the borough of Briar Creek. The area near the creek was originally inhabited by the Lenni Lenape and the Shawanese. European settlers arrived in the 1770s."}], "question": "When did the first settlers arrive in the area of the Sahara full of vegetation?"}
{"id": "2hop__562358_606152", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mi\u0119tkie-Kolonia", "paragraph_text": "Mi\u0119tkie-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mircze, within Hrubiesz\u00f3w County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Szaniec Landscape Park", "paragraph_text": "The Park lies within \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Voivodeship: in Busko County (Gmina Busko-Zdr\u00f3j, Gmina Solec-Zdr\u00f3j, Gmina Stopnica), Kielce County (Gmina Chmielnik) and Pi\u0144cz\u00f3w County (Gmina Pi\u0144cz\u00f3w, Gmina Kije)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ogrodno", "paragraph_text": "Ogrodno () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Po\u0142czyn-Zdr\u00f3j, within \u015awidwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Po\u0142czyn-Zdr\u00f3j, east of \u015awidwin, and east of the regional capital Szczecin."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina Solec-Zdr\u00f3j", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Solec-Zdr\u00f3j is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Busko County, \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Solec-Zdr\u00f3j, which lies approximately south-east of Busko-Zdr\u00f3j and south of the regional capital Kielce."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina Pacan\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pacan\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Busko County, \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Pacan\u00f3w, which lies approximately east of Busko-Zdr\u00f3j and south-east of the regional capital Kielce."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mirsk", "paragraph_text": "Mirsk () is a town in Lw\u00f3wek \u015al\u0105ski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Mirsk, close to the Czech border."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "\u015awiackie", "paragraph_text": "\u015awiackie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sejny, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gmina L\u0105dek-Zdr\u00f3j", "paragraph_text": "Gmina L\u0105dek-Zdr\u00f3j is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in K\u0142odzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of L\u0105dek-Zdr\u00f3j, which lies approximately south-east of K\u0142odzko, and south of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Drawsko Landscape Park", "paragraph_text": "The Park lies within West Pomeranian Voivodeship: in Drawsko County (Gmina Czaplinek, Gmina Ostrowice, Gmina Z\u0142ocieniec), Szczecinek County (Gmina Barwice, Gmina Borne Sulinowo) and \u015awidwin County (Gmina Po\u0142czyn-Zdr\u00f3j)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina Gocza\u0142kowice-Zdr\u00f3j", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gocza\u0142kowice-Zdr\u00f3j is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pszczyna County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Gocza\u0142kowice-Zdr\u00f3j, which lies approximately south-east of Pszczyna and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "What place shares a border with the administrative territorial entity that contains Gmina Solec-Zdroj?"}
{"id": "2hop__54958_72298", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "On the Waterfront", "paragraph_text": "On the Waterfront is a 1954 American crime drama film directed by Elia Kazan and written by Budd Schulberg. It stars Marlon Brando and features Karl Malden, Lee J. Cobb, Rod Steiger, Pat Henning, and, in her film debut, Eva Marie Saint. The soundtrack score was composed by Leonard Bernstein. The film was suggested by ``Crime on the Waterfront ''by Malcolm Johnson, a series of articles published in November -- December 1948 in the New York Sun which won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, but the screenplay by Budd Schulberg is directly based on his own original story. The film focuses on union violence and corruption amongst longshoremen while detailing widespread corruption, extortion, and racketeering on the waterfronts of Hoboken, New Jersey."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Her Great Match", "paragraph_text": "Her Great Match is a silent 1915 drama film starring Gail Kane and based on the Broadway play by Clyde Fitch. In the 1905 play the star was stage beauty Maxine Elliott. This film was directed by Frenchman Ren\u00e9 Plaissetty and released through the Metro Pictures studios then just newly formed. This movie survives and is preserved at George Eastman House Motion Picture Collection."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Waterfront Park (Seattle)", "paragraph_text": "Waterfront Park is a public park on the Central Waterfront, Downtown, Seattle, Washington, USA. Designed by the Bumgardner Partnership and consultants, it was constructed on the site of the former Schwabacher Wharf (Pier 58)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bamberg Apocalypse", "paragraph_text": "The Bamberg Apocalypse (Bamberg State Library, Msc.Bibl.140) is an 11th-century richly illuminated manuscript containing the Book of Revelation and a Gospel Lectionary."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Corus Quay", "paragraph_text": "Corus Quay, originally named First Waterfront Place, is an eight-storey commercial office tower located on a waterfront site in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The building is the first major development planned for the East Bayfront district, and completed construction at the foot of Jarvis Street. Corus Quay is Corus Entertainment's new Toronto headquarters, consolidating its 10 locations and 1,200 employees into one site. The building was being developed by the Toronto Economic Development Corporation (TEDCO), a city agency. Funding for the project came from TEDCO's equity, city loans and a million contribution from the city contributed via Waterfront Toronto."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rapture-Palooza", "paragraph_text": "Rapture-Palooza (also known as Ecstasy) is a 2013 American supernatural comedy film written by Chris Matheson and directed by Paul Middleditch. The film stars Anna Kendrick and John Francis Daley as a young couple who battle their way through a religious apocalypse on a mission to defeat \"The Beast\" (Craig Robinson). The film also stars Ken Jeong, Rob Corddry, Thomas Lennon, Tyler Labine, Paul Scheer, Calum Worthy, John Michael Higgins, and Ana Gasteyer."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Caught in the Rain", "paragraph_text": "Caught in the Rain is a 1914 American comedy silent film starring Charlie Chaplin. This film was the first of many movies in which Chaplin both directed and played the lead. The short film was produced by Mack Sennett for Keystone Studios with a running time of 16 minutes."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Klown", "paragraph_text": "Klown (Danish: Klovn - The Movie) is a 2010 Danish comedy film directed by Mikkel N\u00f8rgaard, and written by and starring Frank Hvam and Casper Christensen. It was developed from the successful Danish television series of the same name, in which Hvam and Christensen play fictionalized versions of themselves."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Shamitabh", "paragraph_text": "The movie received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Srijana Mitra Das of Times of India gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated, \"Shamitabh has a doubly dramatic act - but less emotion\". Indian Express gave the movie 2 stars. Rajeev Masand of IBNLIVe gave the movie 2.5 stars stating \"The promising film comes undone by the curse of the second half\". The Guardian gave average reviews describing the movie \"Amitabh Bachchan in affectionate but incoherent satire\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "One Girl's Confession", "paragraph_text": "One Girl's Confession is a 1953 low-budget film noir released by Columbia Pictures. The movie stars Cleo Moore and was written, produced, and directed by Hugo Haas who also plays a supporting part in the film."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Janice Meredith", "paragraph_text": "Janice Meredith, also known as \"The Beautiful Rebel\", is a silent film starring Marion Davies, released in 1924 and based on the book and play of the same name written by Paul Leicester Ford and Edward Everett Rose. The play opened at the end of 1900 and was the first starring vehicle for stage actress Mary Mannering. The movie follows the actions of Janice Meredith, who helps George Washington and Paul Revere during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kabzaa", "paragraph_text": "Kabzaa is a 1988 Bollywood action-drama film starring Raj Babbar, Sanjay Dutt and Paresh Rawal. This movie is hugely inspired by the 1954 American Classic \"On the Waterfront\" starring Marlon Brando. Scripted by legendary scriptwriter Salim Khan and directed by prominent Indian film director Mahesh Bhatt the film was well liked by critics but only fairing average at the box office. Over the years it has garnered a cult following. Bhatts again used the same theme in their 1998 film \"Ghulam\" starring Aamir Khan and directed by Vikram Bhatt."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "X-Men: Apocalypse", "paragraph_text": "Oscar Isaac as En Sabah Nur / Apocalypse: Born in ancient times, and presumably the world's first mutant, he has a variety of destructive superhuman abilities, including telekinesis, cyberpathy, teleportation, and the ability to augment other mutants' abilities. Isaac described Apocalypse as the ``creative - slash - destructive force of the Earth. ''He added,`` When things start to go awry, or when things seem like they're not moving towards evolution, (Apocalypse) destroys those civilizations.'' Isaac had to go through extensive makeup and prosthetics applications, and wore high - heeled boots to appear taller and a 40 - pound suit. The full costume was uncomfortable, particularly in the humid environment of the outdoor scenes, which forced Isaac to go to a cooling tent between takes. Apocalypse's previous old - form (seen at the beginning of the film) was played by Berdj Garabedian, a 70 - year - old Canadian real estate agent in his first credited film role."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Apocalypse Now", "paragraph_text": "Marlon Brando as Colonel Walter E. Kurtz, a highly decorated U.S. Army Special Forces officer with the 5th Special Forces Group who goes rogue. He runs his own military unit out of Cambodia and is feared as much by the US military as by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sick Abed", "paragraph_text": "Sick Abed is a 1920 silent comedy film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures/Artcraft, an affiliate of Paramount. It was directed by Sam Wood and stars matinee idol Wallace Reid. It is based on a 1918 Broadway stage play \"Sick-a-bed\" by Ethel Watts Mumford starring Mary Boland. \"The spelling of the movie varies from the spelling of the play\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mark Lenard", "paragraph_text": "Mark Lenard (October 15, 1924 -- November 22, 1996) was an American actor, primarily in television. His most famous roles were with the science fiction Star Trek franchise, in which he portrayed two separate characters with the most popular being Spock's father, Sarek in both the original and animated series. He also played a Klingon in Star Trek The Motion Picture and then later played Sarek in three of the six movies featuring the original cast and finally in Star Trek: The Next Generation in two episodes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Last Reality Show", "paragraph_text": "The Last Reality Show () is a Swedish TV series that aired on TV 6 in Sweden the spring of 2012. The show portrays a zombie apocalypse as seen through the eyes of the cast and crew of a reality show. The title of the series refers to the name of said reality show being produced which is to bring forth the ultimate Swedish reality star (reality show stars of Swedish reality shows play themselves) as well that the fact that almost every episode features the death of one of the reality stars. The show featured 8 episodes. The series was created and produced by Tord Danielsson, directed by Oskar Mellander and photographed by Anders Jacobsson of Evil Ed fame."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fred Gwynne", "paragraph_text": "Fred Gwynne's performance as Jud Crandall in Pet Sematary was based on author Stephen King himself, who is only an inch shorter than the actor, and uses a similarly thick Maine dialect. Gwynne also had roles in the movies Simon, On the Waterfront, So Fine, Disorganized Crime, The Cotton Club, Captains Courageous, The Secret of My Success, Water, Ironweed, Fatal Attraction and The Boy Who Could Fly. Despite his misgiving about having been typecast, he also agreed to reprise the role of Herman Munster for the 1981 TV reunion movie The Munsters' Revenge. Gwynne played Judge Chamberlain Haller in his last film, the 1992 comedy My Cousin Vinny. As a Yale Law School - educated judge in the film, he used a Southern accent in his verbal sparring with Joe Pesci's character, Vincent ``Vinny ''Gambini."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "On the Waterfront", "paragraph_text": "Mob - connected union boss Johnny Friendly (Lee J. Cobb) gloats about his iron - fisted control of the waterfront. The police and the Waterfront Crime Commission know that Friendly is behind a number of murders, but witnesses play ``D and D ''(`` deaf and dumb''), accepting their subservient position rather than risking the danger and shame of informing."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Galate Samsara", "paragraph_text": "Galate Samsara () is a 1977 Indian Kannada language comedy film directed by C. V. Rajendran and produced by C. Jayaram. It stars Dr.Vishnuvardhan, Rajinikanth and Manjula in the lead roles. It also stars Dwarakish, Dr. K S Ashwath, Balakrishna and Vajramuni in supporting roles. The movie is a remake of Tamil movie \"Veettuku Veedu\", which itself is based on the play \"Thikku Theriyatha Veettil\"."}], "question": "In Apocalypse Now, what role was played by the actor who was the star of On the Waterfront?"}
{"id": "2hop__739310_125771", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Atlantis Paradise Island", "paragraph_text": "Atlantis Paradise Island is an ocean - themed resort on Paradise Island in the Bahamas. It features a variety of accommodations built around Aquaventure, a 141 - acre waterscape, which includes fresh and saltwater lagoons, pools, marine habitats, and water slides and river rides."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power, while some believe that India remains a middle power."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Earl Pomerantz", "paragraph_text": "Earl Pomerantz (born February 4, 1945 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is best known for his work as a television script writer. Pomerantz created the network television series \"Major Dad\", \"Family Man\" and \"Best of the West\", and wrote scripts for such shows as \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\", \"The Bob Newhart Show\", \"Taxi\", \"Cheers\", \"Newhart\", \"The Cosby Show\" and \"Major Dad\". He has won two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Writers Guild of America Award, the Humanitas Prize and a CableACE Award."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Of Paradise and Power", "paragraph_text": "Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order is an essay by Robert Kagan which attempts to explicate the differing approaches that the United States and the nations of Europe take towards the conduct of foreign policy. Kagan argues that the two have different philosophical outlooks on the use of power, which are the natural consequence of the United States' possession of power and the Europeans' lack of it."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chris Harrison", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Bryan Harrison (born July 26, 1971) is an American television and game show host, best known for his role as host of the ABC reality television dating show, The Bachelor since 2002, and its spin - offs The Bachelorette since 2003, Bachelor Pad from 2010 to 2012, Bachelor in Paradise since 2014, the first season of Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise in 2015, Bachelor Live in 2016, and The Bachelor Winter Games in 2018. He has also served as the host of the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? since 2015."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Two Tickets to Paradise", "paragraph_text": "``Two Tickets to Paradise ''Artwork for the German vinyl release Single by Eddie Money from the album Eddie Money B - side`` Do n't Worry'' Released June 1978 Format 7 ''single Recorded 1977 Genre Hard rock, power pop Length 4: 00 (Album Version) 3: 09 (Single Remix) Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Eddie Money Producer (s) Bruce Botnick Eddie Money singles chronology ``Baby Hold On'' (1978)`` Two Tickets to Paradise ''(1978) ``You've Really Got a Hold on Me'' (1979)`` Baby Hold On ''(1978) ``Two Tickets to Paradise'' (1978)`` You've Really Got a Hold on Me ''(1979)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad", "paragraph_text": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad was a reality sports TV show on NBC that premiered on February 18, 2008. The show was produced by Mark Burnett, producer of other shows like \"Survivor\", \"The Apprentice\", and \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\", and was hosted by actor Dan Cortese. Four teams of children and their fathers competed in each episode, with the winning team having the chance to win up to $50,000."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) -- Spanish: Autoridad de Energ\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica (AEE) -- is an electric power company and the government - owned corporation of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation, power distribution, and power transmission on the island. PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, making it a government monopoly. The authority is ruled by a board of directors appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. Since 2014, PREPA is subject to the Puerto Rico Energy Commission, another government agency whose board of directors is also appointed by the governor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "President of India", "paragraph_text": "Although the Article 53 of the Constitution of India states that the president can exercise his powers directly or by subordinate authority, with few exceptions, all of the executive powers vested in the president are, in practice, exercised by the prime minister (a subordinate authority) with the help of the Council of Ministers. The president is bound by the constitution to act on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet as long as the advice is not violating the constitution."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bachelor in Paradise (Australian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Bachelor in Paradise Australia is an Australian elimination - style reality competition television series which is an adaptation of the U.S. series of the same name. It is a spin - off of The Bachelor Australia and The Bachelorette Australia and features previous contestants who have been featured on those shows. Bachelor in Paradise Australia is hosted by Osher G\u00fcnsberg and was first premiered on Network Ten on 25 March 2018."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "On Our Selection (1912 play)", "paragraph_text": "On Our Selection is a 1912 Australian play by Bert Bailey and Edmund Duggan based on the stories of Steele Rudd. Bailey played Dad Rudd in the original production."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Forever Eden", "paragraph_text": "Forever Eden is a Fox reality show that shared many similarities with FOX's 2003 summer television show \"Paradise Hotel\", including the show's producers. Unlike \"Paradise Hotel\", the contestants could live in a resort not for weeks or months, but for years. It was hosted by Ruth England. In the end, contestants Shawna and Wallace won a combined total of $260,000. Brooke and Adam were runners-up."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Paradise (John Prine song)", "paragraph_text": "``Paradise ''is a song written by John Prine for his father, and recorded for his 1971 debut album, John Prine. Prine also re-recorded the song for his 1986 album, German Afternoons. The song is about the devastating impact of strip mining for coal, whereby the top layers of soil are blasted off with dynamite to reach the coal seam below. The song is also about what happened to the area around the Green River in Kentucky because of the strip mining. The song references the Peabody Coal Company, and a town called Paradise in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky where Tennessee Valley Authority now operates a coal - fired power plant. The area has suffered serious economic downturn because of the decline of coal mining."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Robert Kagan", "paragraph_text": "Robert Kagan was born in Athens, Greece. His father, historian Donald Kagan, who is Sterling Professor of Classics and History at Yale University and a specialist in the history of the Peloponnesian War, is of Lithuanian Jewish descent. His brother, Frederick, is a military historian and author. Kagan has a BA in history (1980) from Yale, where in 1979 he had been Editor in Chief of the \"Yale Political Monthly\", a periodical that he is credited with reviving. He later earned an MPP from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government and a PhD in American history from American University in Washington, D.C."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ya-Sin", "paragraph_text": "It has been proposed that Y\u0101\u02be - S\u012bn is the ``heart of the Quran ''. The meaning of`` the heart'' has been the basis of much scholarly discussion. The eloquence of this surah is traditionally regarded as representative of the miraculous nature of the Qur'an. It presents the essential themes of the Qur'an, such as the sovereignty of God, the unlimited power of God as exemplified by His creations, Paradise, the ultimate punishment of nonbelievers, resurrection, the struggle of believers against polytheists and nonbelievers, and the reassurance that the believers are on the right path, among others. Y\u0101 S\u012bn presents the message of the Qur'an in an efficient and powerful manner, with its quick and rhythmic verses. This surah asserts that Muhammad was not a poet, rather he was the greatest and the last messenger of Allah to come."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Paradise Papers", "paragraph_text": "The documents were acquired by the German newspaper S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung, which had also obtained the Panama Papers in 2016. According to the BBC, the name ``Paradise Papers ''reflects`` the idyllic profiles of many of the offshore jurisdictions whose workings are unveiled'', so - called tax havens, or ``tax paradises ''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Paradise, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Paradise is an unincorporated community in Coles County, Illinois, United States. Paradise is located near the south shore of Lake Paradise, south-southwest of Mattoon."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tara Bray Smith", "paragraph_text": "Tara Bray Smith (born September 1970) is an American author. She has produced the books \"West of Then: A Mother, a Daughter, and a Journey Past Paradise\" (2004) and \"Betwixt\" (2007)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Independent agencies of the United States government", "paragraph_text": "Established through separate statutes passed by the Congress, each respective statutory grant of authority defines the goals the agency must work towards, as well as what substantive areas, if any, over which it may have the power of rulemaking. These agency rules (or regulations), when in force, have the power of federal law."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Paradise and Hell", "paragraph_text": "Paradise and Hell is the left and right panels of a minor diptych by a follower of Hieronymus Bosch based on \"The Haywain Triptych\". The image is oil on panel and is 135 x 45\u00a0cm. It was painted c. 1510 and is now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. Paradise is depicted darker than in the Haywain, which possibly represents the darkness of original sin."}], "question": "Who was the father of the author who wrote Of Paradise and Power?"}
{"id": "2hop__51442_170561", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Johnny Hamp's Kentucky Serenaders", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Hamp's Kentucky Serenaders was a US jazz and dance band, active from the late 1910s through the 1920s. The group was known simply as The Serenaders until Johnny Hamp became the band leader. Johnny Hamp was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and should not be confused with British television producer Johnnie Hamp. According to some sources, he became the leader by chance when the band was performing at the Hershey Ballroom in Hershey, Pennsylvania. The band leader at the time had an argument with the players and walked out. Hamp, who never played a musical instrument in spite of being a jazz fan and had no experience as a conductor (in addition, he only sang whenever the chorus was performed by a vocal ensemble or the whole band), volunteered to lead them for the rest of the evening and they accepted. After the performance, the band asked him to stay on as leader. The \"Kentucky\" in the name appears to be related to the band's use of \"My Old Kentucky Home\" as a theme song, rather than any connection to the U.S. state of Kentucky."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Walk the Line", "paragraph_text": "Walk the Line is a 2005 American biographical drama film directed by James Mangold. The screenplay, written by Mangold and Gill Dennis, is based on two autobiographies authored by singer - songwriter Johnny Cash -- Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words and Cash: The Autobiography. The film follows Cash's early life, his romance with June Carter, and his ascent to the country music scene. It stars Joaquin Phoenix as Cash, Reese Witherspoon as Carter, Ginnifer Goodwin as Vivian Liberto, and Robert Patrick as Cash's father."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hymns by Johnny Cash", "paragraph_text": "Hymns by Johnny Cash was the fifth album and first gospel album of Johnny Cash. The album was produced in 1958 and was then officially released in 1959. An alternate version of the song \"It was Jesus\" was an added bonus track after the album was re-issued in 2002. Cash said he left Sun Records because Sam Phillips wouldn't let him record the gospel songs he'd grown up with. Columbia promised him to release an occasional gospel album; this was a success for him to record. The album was Cash\u2019s first and most popular gospel album, and is an example of traditional hymns set to country gospel music. The album was recorded simultaneously with \"The Fabulous Johnny Cash\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Johnny Cash", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Cash was born on February 26, 1932, in Kingsland, Arkansas, to Carrie Cloveree (n\u00e9e Rivers) and Ray Cash. He was the fourth of seven children, who were in birth order: Roy, Margaret Louise, Jack, J. R., Reba, Joanne, and Tommy (who also became a successful country artist). He was primarily of English and Scottish descent. As an adult he traced his surname to 11th-century Fife, after meeting with the then-laird of Falkland, Major Michael Crichton-Stuart. Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the name of his family.At birth, Cash was named J. R. Cash. When he enlisted in the United States Air Force, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name, so he changed it to John R. Cash. In 1955, when signing with Sun Records, he started using the name Johnny Cash.In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony established to give poor families the opportunity to work land that they may later own. From the age of five, Cash worked in cotton fields with his family, singing with them as they worked. The Cash farm in Dyess experienced a flood, which led Cash later to write the song \"Five Feet High and Rising\". His family's economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression inspired many of his songs, especially those about other people facing similar difficulties. Consequently, Cash had sympathy for the poor and working class throughout his life."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Johnny Cash and His Woman", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Cash and His Woman is an album by American country singer Johnny Cash and features his wife, June Carter Cash. It was released on Columbia Records in 1973. It is Johnny Cash's 46th album and it peaked at No. 32 on the country album charts."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Happiness Is You", "paragraph_text": "Happiness Is You is the 24th album by country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1966 (see 1966 in music). It contains, among others, \"Guess Things Happen That Way\", a re-recording of one of Cash's earliest Sun songs. The record reached No. 10 on the Country charts. The LP was originally to be titled \"That's What You Get For Lovin' Me\", taking its title from the Gordon Lightfoot tune included in the album, and promo copies and some early commercial pressings show this title on the label."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Last Gunfighter Ballad", "paragraph_text": "The Last Gunfighter Ballad is the 55th album by American country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1977. Highlights include the title track, \"Far Side Banks of Jordan\" and \"That Silver Haired Daddy of Mine\", the latter of which features Cash's brother Tommy Cash. The title track was the album's only single, reaching #38 on the country charts; it tells the tale of an aging gunslinger who finds himself unable to deal with the modern way of life."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pocahontas (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Pocahontas\" is a song written by Neil Young that was first released on his 1979 album \"Rust Never Sleeps\". It has also been covered by Johnny Cash, Everclear, Emily Loizeau, Crash Vegas, Gillian Welch and Ian McNabb."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "I'm Still Here (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "I'm Still Here is a 2010 American mockumentary comedy-drama film directed by Casey Affleck, and written by Affleck and Joaquin Phoenix. The film purports to follow the life of Phoenix from the announcement of his retirement from acting through his transition into a career as a hip hop artist. Throughout the filming period, Phoenix remained in character for public appearances, giving many the impression that he was genuinely pursuing a new career."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Adventures of Johnny Cash", "paragraph_text": "The Adventures of Johnny Cash is the 68th album by American country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1982 (see 1982 in music). \"Georgia on a Fast Train\" and \"We Must Believe in Magic\" were both released as singles with minor chart success: \"Georgia on a Fast Train\" got as high as #55 C&W while the latter peaked at a lowly #84 C&W."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rock Island Line (album)", "paragraph_text": "Rock Island Line is an album by Johnny Cash on vinyl format, later released on CD, with a few train and fun songs included of which some were from different albums before."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sings the Ballads of the True West", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Cash Sings the Ballads of the True West is a conceptual double album and the 22nd overall album released by country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1965 (see 1965 in music). Covering twenty individual songs, the album, as its title suggests, contains various ballads and other songs on topics related to the history of the American Old West. This includes Carl Perkins' \"The Ballad of Boot Hill\", \"Streets of Laredo\", and the sole single from the album, \"Mr. Garfield\", describing the shock of the population after the assassination of President James Garfield. One of the songs, \"25 Minutes to Go\", would later be performed at Folsom Prison and appear on Cash's famous \"At Folsom Prison\" recording in 1968, while the melody of \"Streets of Laredo\" would be recycled for the song \"The Walls of a Prison\" featured on Cash's album \"From Sea to Shining Sea\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "As this season's winner, Jinkx Monsoon walked away with the title of ``America's Next Drag Superstar ''along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics, a one - of - a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel, a headlining spot on Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100 000. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel. The theme song playing during the runway every episode is`` I Bring the Beat'', while the song playing during the credits is ``The Beginning '', both songs are from RuPaul's album Glamazon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash", "paragraph_text": "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash is the 33rd album by American country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1970 (see 1970 in music). \"If I Were a Carpenter\", a famous duet with Cash's wife, June Carter Cash, earned the couple a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1971 (see Grammy Awards of 1971); the song also reached No. 2 on the Country charts. This album also includes \"To Beat the Devil\", the first Kris Kristofferson song covered by Cash; the two would later collaborate numerous times, most famously on \"Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down\". \"See Ruby Fall\" and \"Blistered\" were also released as singles, and the album itself reached No. 1 on the country charts and No. 6 on the pop charts. It was certified Gold on 1/29/1970 by the R.I.A.A. The album has been released on CD (Sony Music, Original Album Classics, along with \"The Johnny Cash Show\" and \"Man In Black\") and it has been made available on official download sites. This album is not to be confused with a best-of cd that has the same name."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Guess Things Happen That Way", "paragraph_text": "\"Guess Things Happen That Way\" is a 1958 cross over single by Johnny Cash, which was written by Jack Clement. The single was Johnny Cash's fourth number one on the country chart spending eight weeks at number one and a total of twenty-four weeks on the chart."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Labtec", "paragraph_text": "In late 2001 Logitech bought Labtec for approximately 125 million USD in cash, stock and debt in order to expand its line of audio products for personal computers and other devices."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Folk Singer", "paragraph_text": "\"The Folk Singer\" is a folk song, written by Charles E. Daniels and American musician Johnny Cash and first recorded by Cash in 1968. It is also known as \"Folk Singer\" or, less often, \"The Singer\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Boy Named Sue", "paragraph_text": "``A Boy Named Sue ''is a song written by Shel Silverstein, made popular by Johnny Cash. He recorded the song live at California's San Quentin State Prison at a concert on February 24, 1969. Cash also performed the song (with comical variations on the original performance) in December 1969 at Madison Square Garden. The song became Cash's biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and his only top ten single there, spending three weeks at No. 2 in 1969, held out of the top spot by`` Honky Tonk Women'' by The Rolling Stones. The track also topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts that same year and was certified Gold on August 14, 1969, by the RIAA."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "I Would Like to See You Again", "paragraph_text": "I Would Like to See You Again is the 57th album by American country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1978. The title track peaked at #12 on the singles chart, while \"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang\" reached #2; the album itself peaked at #23. The album features a pair of duets with Waylon Jennings, one of which was the \"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang\" single; it was one of Cash's first collaborations with Jennings, and the two recorded songs together throughout the 1980s, including a separate album entitled \"Heroes\". Cash and Jennings would also work together as The Highwaymen with Willie Nelson and Kris Kristofferson."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "78th Academy Awards", "paragraph_text": "Philip Seymour Hoffman -- Capote as Truman Capote Terrence Howard -- Hustle & Flow as DJay Heath Ledger -- Brokeback Mountain as Ennis Del Mar Joaquin Phoenix -- Walk the Line as Johnny Cash David Strathairn -- Good Night, and Good Luck as Edward R. Murrow"}], "question": "Whose sibling plays Johnny Cash in I Walk the Line?"}
{"id": "2hop__29988_689284", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "RealThings", "paragraph_text": "IBM RealThings is a software interface design methodology proposed by IBM in 1998. Instead of using traditional computer-based elements, RealThings proposes that images of physical real-life objects are used instead. This was aimed to be more \u201cnatural and intuitive, allowing users to focus more on their tasks and less on computer artefacts.\u201d"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Monthly Weather Review", "paragraph_text": "The Monthly Weather Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society. It covers research related to analysis and prediction of observed and modeled circulations of the atmosphere, including technique development, data assimilation, model validation, and relevant case studies. This includes papers on numerical techniques and data assimilation techniques that apply to the atmosphere and/or ocean environment. The editor-in-chief is David M. Schultz (University of Manchester)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "On October 28, 2015, IBM announced its acquisition of digital assets from The Weather Company\u2014a holding company of Bain Capital, The Blackstone Group and NBCUniversal which owns The Weather Channel, including its weather data platforms (such as Weather Services International), websites (Weather.com and Weather Underground) and mobile apps. The acquisition seeks to use Watson for weather analytics and predictions. The acquisition does not include The Weather Channel itself, which will enter into a long-term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its data. The sale closed on January 29, 2016"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Microcomputer", "paragraph_text": "In 1979, the launch of the VisiCalc spreadsheet (initially for the Apple II) first turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool. After the 1981 release by IBM of its IBM PC, the term personal computer became generally used for microcomputers compatible with the IBM PC architecture (PC compatible)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Advances in Atmospheric Sciences", "paragraph_text": "Advances in Atmospheric Sciences is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal co-published by Springer Science+Business Media and Science Press. It covers research on the dynamics, physics and chemistry of the atmosphere and oceans, including weather systems, numerical weather prediction, climate dynamics and variability, and satellite meteorology. It was established in 1984. The editors-in-chief are D. L\u00fc, H. Wang (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and M. Xue (University of Oklahoma. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.338."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis. Popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis. For example, an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006, and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions. According to The Guardian, Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession, while The New York Times labelled him \"Dr. Doom\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F) along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical (Cfa), respectively, according to K\u00f6ppen-Geiger classification."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Diego Molano Vega", "paragraph_text": "Through consistent public policy, the \"Plan Vive Digital\" counts already impressive achievements; for instance, bringing high speed Internet full coverage to all municipalities in Colombia including the poorest and furthest, making the biggest contribution in Colombia\u2019s history to the use of technology in educational institutions as a valuable tool for improving the educational processes, giving an unprecedented boost to the local software, hardware and services industries and making the greatest historic improvements in digital literacy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court. In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe, a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Monohybrid cross", "paragraph_text": "Generally, the monohybrid cross is used to determine the dominance relationship between two alleles. The cross begins with the parental (P) generation. One parent is homozygous for one allele, and the other parent is homozygous for the other allele. The offspring make up the first filial (F1) generation. Every member of the F1 generation is heterozygous and the phenotype of the F1 generation expresses the dominant trait. Crossing two members of the F1 generation produces the second filial (F2) generation. Probability theory predicts that three quarters of the F2 generation will have the dominant allele's phenotype. And the remaining quarter of the F2s will have the recessive allele's phenotype. This predicted 3: 1 phenotypic ratio assumes Mendelian inheritance."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Antenna (radio)", "paragraph_text": "For instance, if a transmitter delivers 100 W into an antenna having an efficiency of 80%, then the antenna will radiate 80 W as radio waves and produce 20 W of heat. In order to radiate 100 W of power, one would need to use a transmitter capable of supplying 125 W to the antenna. Note that antenna efficiency is a separate issue from impedance matching, which may also reduce the amount of power radiated using a given transmitter. If an SWR meter reads 150 W of incident power and 50 W of reflected power, that means that 100 W have actually been absorbed by the antenna (ignoring transmission line losses). How much of that power has actually been radiated cannot be directly determined through electrical measurements at (or before) the antenna terminals, but would require (for instance) careful measurement of field strength. Fortunately the loss resistance of antenna conductors such as aluminum rods can be calculated and the efficiency of an antenna using such materials predicted."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "FAM214A", "paragraph_text": "The \"FAM214A\" gene is located on the negative DNA strand (see Sense (molecular biology)) of chromosome 15 between position 52,873,514 and 53,002,014; thus making the gene 97,303 base pairs (bp) long. \"FAM214A\" has been previously labeled with two other aliases, known as KIAA1370 and FLJ10980. The \"FAM214A\" gene is predicted to contain 12 exons which comprise the final 4231 bp mRNA transcript after transcription has occurred. It is this mRNA product that is then translated into the final FAM214A protein with the help of the promoter sequence and transcription factors. The promoter for the FAM214A mRNA sequence was predicted and analyzed by the El Dorado program on Genomatix. This promoter is 601 base pairs long and spans a portion of the 5' UTR."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Robert Maillart", "paragraph_text": "Robert Maillart was born in 6 February 1872 in Bern, Switzerland. He attended the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and studied structural engineering at Zurich ETH from 1890 to 1894, lectures by Wilhelm Ritter on graphical statics forming part of the curriculum. Maillart did not excel in academic theories, but understood the necessity to make assumptions and visualize when analyzing a structure. A traditional method prior to the 1900s was to use shapes that could be analyzed easily using mathematics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Antenna (radio)", "paragraph_text": "Current circulating in one antenna generally induces a voltage across the feedpoint of nearby antennas or antenna elements. The mathematics presented below are useful in analyzing the electrical behaviour of antenna arrays, where the properties of the individual array elements (such as half wave dipoles) are already known. If those elements were widely separated and driven in a certain amplitude and phase, then each would act independently as that element is known to. However, because of the mutual interaction between their electric and magnetic fields due to proximity, the currents in each element are not simply a function of the applied voltage (according to its driving point impedance), but depend on the currents in the other nearby elements. Note that this now is a near field phenomenon which could not be properly accounted for using the Friis transmission equation for instance."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Big Five personality traits", "paragraph_text": "In addition, emerging methodologies challenged this point of view during the 1980s. Instead of trying to predict single instances of behavior, which was unreliable, researchers found that they could predict patterns of behavior by aggregating large numbers of observations. As a result, correlations between personality and behavior increased substantially, and it was clear that ``personality ''did in fact exist. Personality and social psychologists now generally agree that both personal and situational variables are needed to account for human behavior. Trait theories became justified, and there was a resurgence of interest in this area. In the 1980s, Lewis Goldberg started his own lexical project, emphasizing five broad factors once again. He later coined the term`` Big Five'' as a label for the factors."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998. The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. IBM has also released code under different open source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation), the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "IBM Personal Computer", "paragraph_text": "The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dr. Watson (debugger)", "paragraph_text": "The information obtained and logged by Dr. Watson is the information needed by technical support personnel to diagnose a program error for a computer running Windows. A text file (usually codice_4) is created whenever an error is detected, and can be delivered to support personnel by the method they prefer. A crash dump file can also be created, which is a binary file that a programmer can load into a debugger. Dr. Watson can be made to generate more exacting information for debugging purposes if the appropriate \"symbol files\" are installed and the symbol search path (environment variable) is set."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Robert", "paragraph_text": "Born in New York, NY in 1928, Robert moved to Grand-M\u00e8re, Quebec in May 1937. He received his BSc from Laval University in 1952 and his MSc from the University of Toronto in 1953. He began employment with the Meteorological Service of Canada as a weather forecaster, then in 1959 shifted his interest to research in atmospheric models for short and medium-range numerical weather prediction."}], "question": "The program used by IBM to analyze weather and make predictions is also an instance of what?"}
{"id": "2hop__81743_541762", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Glycogen", "paragraph_text": "Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals, fungi, and bacteria. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Qarah\u0259s\u0259nli, Nakhchivan", "paragraph_text": "Qarah\u0259s\u0259nli (also, Karagasanli and Kara-Gasanlu) is a village and municipality in the Sharur Rayon of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located 10\u00a0km away from the district center, on the bank of the Arpachay River. Its population is busy with grain-growing, vegetable-growing, farming, foddering and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, cultural house, library and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 737."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of As the World Turns characters", "paragraph_text": "Emma Snyder As the World Turns character Portrayed by Kathleen Widdoes First appearance July 1985 Last appearance June 29, 2010 Profile Occupation Farmer Residence The Snyder Farm RR # 2, Box 600 Luther's Corners, IL 61324 (show) Family Spouse Harvey Snyder Sons Seth Snyder Caleb Snyder Holden Snyder Daughters Ellie Snyder Meg Snyder Adoptive daughters Iva Snyder Grandchildren Lily Walsh (adoptive) Rose D'Angelo (adoptive) MJ Dixon (adoptive) Abigail Williams Noel Snyder (adoptive) Aaron Snyder Luke Snyder (adoptive) Faith Snyder Natalie Snyder Ethan Snyder"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Family farm", "paragraph_text": "Small family farms are defined as those with annual gross cash farm income (GCFI) of less than $350,000; in 2011, these accounted for 89.71 percent of all US farms. Because low net farm incomes tend to predominate on such farms, most farm families on small family farms are extremely dependent on off - farm income. Small family farms in which the principal operator was mostly employed off - farm accounted for 41.87 percent of all farms and 14.6 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income was $788. Retirement family farms were small farms accounting for 16.29 percent of all farms and 6.5 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income was $5,002."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Stuart Henry (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Stuart Irwin Henry (born 21 June 1946), is a former Australian politician, who was elected to the House of Representatives as member for the Division of Hasluck, Western Australia for the Liberal Party of Australia at the 2004 federal election. He was a small business proprietor and farm manager before entering politics."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Agriculture in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, there were 3.2 million farmers, ranchers and other agricultural managers and an estimated 757,900 agricultural workers were legally employed in the US. Animal breeders accounted for 11,500 of those workers with the rest categorized as miscellaneous agricultural workers. The median pay was $9.12 per hour or $18,970 per year. In 2009, about 519,000 people under age 20 worked on farms owned by their family. In addition to the youth who lived on family farms, an additional 230,000 youth were employed in agriculture. In 2004, women made up approximately 24% of farmers; that year, there were 580,000 women employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Anne Grimdalen", "paragraph_text": "Anne Grimdalen (1 November 1899 \u2013 3 October 1961) was a Norwegian sculptor. She was born on the mountain farm Grimdalen in Skafs\u00e5, Telemark, and later also lived and worked in the so-called \"Kunstnerdalen\" in Asker. She worked mainly with granite, and also bronze. She is represented at the National Gallery of Norway, and was one of the main contributors to the decorations of Oslo City Hall."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yuxar\u0131 Yayci", "paragraph_text": "Yuxar\u0131 Yayci (also, Yuxar\u0131 Yayc\u0131, Yuxar\u0131 Y\u0259yci, Yaydzhi, and Yukhary-Yaydzhi) is a village and municipality in the Sharur Rayon of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located 20\u00a0km in the north-east from the district center, on the bank of the Arpachay River, on the slope of the Daralayaz ridge. Its population is busy with farming and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, cultural house and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 927."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park", "paragraph_text": "The St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park is one of Florida's oldest continuously running attractions, having opened on May 20, 1893. Not only does it have 24 species of crocodilians, but also a variety of other reptiles, mammals and birds, as well as exhibits, animal performances and educational demonstrations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mason Spencer", "paragraph_text": "Leonard Mason Spencer (June 11, 1892 \u2013 June 12, 1962) was a lawyer and planter from Tallulah, Louisiana, who was from 1924 to 1936 a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for Madison Parish, located alongside the rich farming delta of the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ray Snowball", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Snowball (born 10 March 1932) is an English former amateur footballer who played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for Darlington. He is better known for his achievements while playing for Crook Town, with whom he won three FA Amateur Cups, in 1959, 1962 and 1964."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Compost", "paragraph_text": "On many farms, the basic composting ingredients are animal manure generated on the farm and bedding. Straw and sawdust are common bedding materials. Non-traditional bedding materials are also used, including newspaper and chopped cardboard. The amount of manure composted on a livestock farm is often determined by cleaning schedules, land availability, and weather conditions. Each type of manure has its own physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Cattle and horse manures, when mixed with bedding, possess good qualities for composting. Swine manure, which is very wet and usually not mixed with bedding material, must be mixed with straw or similar raw materials. Poultry manure also must be blended with carbonaceous materials - those low in nitrogen preferred, such as sawdust or straw."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "G\u00f6yn\u00fck, Azerbaijan", "paragraph_text": "G\u00f6yn\u00fck (also, K\u00f6yn\u00fck, G\u00ebynyuk, and Keynik) is a village and municipality in the Babek District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located 24 km in the north-west from the district center, on the mountainous area. Its population is busy with farming and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, club and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 213. Until 6 January 2015, it belonged to the neighbouring Julfa District."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Evelyn Reed", "paragraph_text": "In January 1940, she traveled to Mexico to see the exiled Russian Revolutionary Leon Trotsky and his wife Natalia Sedova. There, at the house of Trotsky in Coyoac\u00e1n, Reed met the American Trotskyist leader James P. Cannon, leader of the Socialist Workers Party (United States). Reed joined in the same year, and remained a leading party member until her death."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Henry Andrus", "paragraph_text": "Henry Andrus (November 4, 1844 \u2013 February 2, 1935) was an American politician from Illinois. Born and raised in Winnebago County, Illinois, Andrus spent his whole life in the county. He originally helped on his family's farm, then started his own. The success of the farm led to his election to the county board of supervisors. In 1896, he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, then continued to the Illinois Senate. He served in the upper house from 1900 to 1904, then again from 1908 to 1916."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jabez Bunting Snowball", "paragraph_text": "Jabez Bunting Snowball (24 September 1837 \u2013 24 February 1907) was a businessman, the 11th Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, Canada, and politician from the Town of Chatham, New Brunswick. He operated a number of businesses in the eastern part of the province and was one of its most prominent citizens."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "La Ferme de Mon P\u00e8re", "paragraph_text": "La Ferme de Mon P\u00e8re (French for \"My Father's Farm\") was a restaurant in Meg\u00e8ve, France, owned by the French chef Marc Veyrat. It was famous for being one of two restaurants, both owned by Veyrat, to receive a perfect score (20/20) from the French food guidebook Gault Millau. No restaurant had earned a perfect score of 20 before because the authors of Gault Millau had thought perfection was impossible to achieve. It combined an inn with the restaurant, both operating under the same name in a reconstructed farmhouse. The restaurant also had a three-star rating from the Michelin Guide. One of the most unusual aspects of the design of the restaurant was the presence of farm animals inside the building and visible from the dining area. During your meal you could look through interior windows placed in the walls and at least one window in the floor and watch bucolic scenes from a barn including cows, chickens and other creatures. The animals were insulated aromatically from the dining area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Snowball (Animal Farm)", "paragraph_text": "Snowball is a character in George Orwell's Animal Farm. He is largely based on Leon Trotsky and describes how he led the opposition against Joseph Stalin (Napoleon), though he also includes elements of Vladimir Lenin. He is shown as a pink pig on the movie poster for the 1999 film Animal Farm, and is voiced by Kelsey Grammer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lauri Heikkil\u00e4", "paragraph_text": "Lauri Heikkil\u00e4 (born 24 June 1957 in Rym\u00e4ttyl\u00e4) is a Finnish politician, representing the Finns Party. He was elected to Finnish Parliament in 2011. He is a lecturer of micro electronics in the university of Turku, but also keeps farming."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Runirgod District", "paragraph_text": "Runirgod District is a district in the southeastern Middle Shabelle (Shabeellaha Dhexe) region of Somalia. The district, just about 240KM from Mogadishu, is the most eastern town of the region bordering with Ceeldhere of Galgaduud region on the East, Adale on the Southwest, Aadan yabaal on the West and the Indian Ocean on the South. Its economy is largely based on animal husbandry and farming."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the leader represented by Snowball in Animal Farm?"}
{"id": "2hop__47478_33003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Schneeberg Railway (cog railway)", "paragraph_text": "The Schneeberg Railway () is one of three rack railways in Austria still operating, and runs from the small town of Puchberg am Schneeberg in Lower Austria up to a plateau beneath the Schneeberg summit. At , the Schneeberg is the highest mountain in Lower Austria. The other two working cog railways in Austria are the Schafberg Railway (opened in 1893) and the Achensee Railway (opened in 1889)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Balsam Mountains, and Black Mountains. The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m) the highest point east of the Mississippi River. Although agriculture still remains important, tourism has become a dominant industry in the mountains. Growing Christmas trees has recently become an important industry as well. Because of the higher altitude, the climate in the mountains often differs markedly from that of the rest of the state. Winter in western North Carolina typically features high snowfall and subfreezing temperatures more akin to those of a midwestern state than of a southern state."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bridger Mountains (Wyoming)", "paragraph_text": "The Bridger Mountains are a short subrange of the Rocky Mountains, approximately long, in central Wyoming in the United States. The range forms a bridge between the Owl Creek Mountains to the west and the southern end of the Bighorn Mountains to the east. The Wind River passes through the gap between the range and the Owl Creek Mountains. Bridger Creek passes through the gap between the range and the Bighorns. The highest point in the range is Copper Mountain at ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mount Elbert", "paragraph_text": "Mount Elbert is the highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the highest point in the U.S. state of Colorado and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin. The ultra-prominent fourteener is the highest peak in the Sawatch Range and the second-highest summit in the contiguous United States after Mount Whitney. Mount Elbert is located in San Isabel National Forest, southwest (bearing 223\u00b0) of the City of Leadville in Lake County, Colorado."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Augustine Volcano", "paragraph_text": "Augustine Volcano Highest point Elevation 4,134 ft (1,260 m) Prominence 1,260 metres (4,130 ft) Listing List of volcanoes in the United States Coordinates 59 \u00b0 21 \u2032 48 ''N 153 \u00b0 26 \u2032 00'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 59.36333 \u00b0 N 153.43333 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 59.36333; - 153.43333 Coordinates: 59 \u00b0 21 \u2032 48 ''N 153 \u00b0 26 \u2032 00'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 59.36333 \u00b0 N 153.43333 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 59.36333; - 153.43333 Geography Augustine Volcano Cook Inlet, Alaska, U.S. Topo map USGS Iliamna B - 2 Geology Age of rock more than 40,000 years Mountain type Lava domes Volcanic arc Aleutian Arc Last eruption 2005 to 2006"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada. The Cascades consist of largely intermittent, volcanic mountains, many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape. The Sierra Nevada, further south, is a high, rugged, and dense mountain range. It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states, Mount Whitney (14,505 ft or 4,421 m) It is located at the boundary between California's Inyo and Tulare counties, just 84.6 mi or 136.2 km west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft or 85 m below sea level."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Blauberge", "paragraph_text": "The Blauberge (\"Blue Mountains\") or Blauberg are a mountain range in the Bavarian Prealps on the border between the states of Bavaria in Germany and Tyrol in Austria. Its highest summit is the \"Halserspitze\", or \"Halserspitz\" at ."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mogollon Baldy", "paragraph_text": "Mogollon Baldy is one of the tallest mountains in the Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico in the United States. It is about tall. It is in the Gila National Forest and the Gila Wilderness. The summit marks the boundary between the Wilderness Ranger District and the Glenwood Ranger District."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "M\u00f6nkh Saridag", "paragraph_text": "M\u00f6nkh Saridag (also spelled as Munku-Sardyk; Mongolian: \u041c\u04e9\u043d\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0434\u0430\u0433, \"lit. \"eternal aiguille\"\") is the highest mountain in the Sayan Mountains of Asia. It is tall and is on the international border between Mongolia and Russia. It is also the highest mountain in Buryatia and the highest mountain in Mongolia's Kh\u00f6vsg\u00f6l Province. On the southern side, the tree line is at 2000 meters, on the northern side at 2200 meters."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gridley Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Gridley Mountain, , is the third highest elevation in the state of Connecticut. The mountain, part of the Taconic Range, has no official trail and is located on private property. The Mount Washington Road passes the mountain from the west."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a \"slightly lower hazard for tall buildings\" in New York City than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lines\u00f8ya", "paragraph_text": "Lines\u00f8ya is an island in the municipality of \u00c5fjord in Tr\u00f8ndelag county, Norway. It lies about off the coast of the mainland of \u00c5fjord, and southwest of the island of Stokk\u00f8ya. The island also lies about north of the smaller island of Lauv\u00f8ya. The highest point on Lines\u00f8ya is the tall mountain Linesfjellet."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bear Mountain (Siskiyou County, California)", "paragraph_text": "Bear Mountain is a mountain located in the Siskiyou Mountains of Northern California in the United States. The summit, located in Siskiyou County, is at an elevation of . The highest point in Del Norte County is located just west of the summit at about 6400+ feet (1951+ meters). The mountain is in the Siskiyou Wilderness and straddles the county boundary, which also separates the Six Rivers and Klamath national forests."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Klawasi group", "paragraph_text": "The Klawasi group is a cluster of three large mud volcanoes on the western flank of Mount Drum, a Pleistocene stratovolcano in the Wrangell Mountains of east-central Alaska in the United States. The cluster includes the Upper Klawasi, the Lower Klawasi and the Shrub."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Idarkopf", "paragraph_text": "The Idarkopf near Stipshausen in the Hunsr\u00fcck is a mountain, , within the Idar Forest in the German counties of Birkenfeld and Bernkastel-Wittlich. It is one of the highest mountains in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mount Wilbye", "paragraph_text": "Mount Wilbye () is the highest peak (about ) of the Lassus Mountains in the north part of Alexander Island, Antarctica. It is situated 10.24 km north by west of Mount Devol. The mountain was first mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947\u201348, by Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after John Wilbye (1574\u20131638), English madrigal composer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reisalpe", "paragraph_text": "The Reisalpe (1,399 m) is the highest mountain in the Gutenstein Alps and lies between Lilienfeld, Hohenberg and Kleinzell in Lower Austria. It is a popular destination, both for hikers in summer and also for ski mountaineering and snowshoe walks in winter, and is classed as relatively safe from avalanches."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Troy Peak", "paragraph_text": "Troy Peak is the highest mountain in the Grant Range in northeastern Nye County, Nevada, United States. It is the thirty-sixth highest mountain in Nevada. Troy Peak also ranks as the third-most topographically prominent peak in Nye County and the fourteenth-most prominent peak in the state. The summit is located southwest of the city of Ely, within the Grant Range Wilderness of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Whitney", "paragraph_text": "Mount Whitney is not only the highest point in California but also the highest summit in the contiguous United States and the Sierra Nevada, with an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 m).. It is on the boundary between California's Inyo and Tulare counties, 84.6 miles (136.2 km) west - northwest of the lowest point in North America at Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 282 ft (86 m) below sea level. The west slope of the mountain is in Sequoia National Park and the summit is the southern terminus of the John Muir Trail which runs 211.9 mi (341.0 km) from Happy Isles in Yosemite Valley. The east slope is in the Inyo National Forest in Inyo County."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry\u2013led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s\u2014many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines\u2014culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, 15th tallest building in the United States, and the 85th tallest skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 17th tallest in the United States and the 95th tallest in the world. In 2007, downtown Houston had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m\u00b2) of office space."}], "question": "How tall is the highest mountain in the lower 48 United States?"}
{"id": "2hop__74024_54867", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Red Mountain (Glacier County, Montana)", "paragraph_text": "Red Mountain () is located in the Lewis Range, Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. Red Mountain is north of Rising Wolf Mountain."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mount Jackson (Montana)", "paragraph_text": "Mount Jackson (10,052 feet (3,064 m)) is located in the Lewis Range, Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. Mount Jackson is the fourth tallest mountain in Glacier National Park and it is situated on the Continental Divide. Both the mountain and its namesake Jackson Glacier are easily seen from the Going - to - the - Sun Road. On the southern flanks of Mount Jackson is Harrison Glacier, the largest remaining glacier in the park. Route Descriptions can be found on Summitpost or in ``A Climbers Guide to Glacier National Park."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Songnisan National Park", "paragraph_text": "Songnisan National Park (, sometimes spelled \"Sokrisan\") is located in the center of the Sobaek Mountains range, on the border between the provinces of Chungcheongbuk-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. The area comprises the valleys of Hwayang, Seonyu, and Ssanggok and the mountain Songnisan, which has given the park its name. It was designated as the country's 6th national park in 1970. The park's most popular attraction is one of Korea's largest temples, the Buddhist temple Beopjusa, initially constructed in 653."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mummy Range", "paragraph_text": "The Mummy Range (elevation approximately 13,000\u00a0ft) is a mountain range in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado in the United States. The range is a short subrange of the Front Range located in southwestern Larimer County northwest of the town of Estes Park. It is located largely within Rocky Mountain National Park, extending north from Trail Ridge Road approximately 15 miles (24\u00a0km)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "White Cloud Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The White Cloud Mountains are part of the Rocky Mountains of the western United States, located in central Idaho, southeast of Stanley in Custer County. The range is located within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area (SNRA) and partially within the Cecil D. Andrus\u2013White Clouds Wilderness."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Yengo", "paragraph_text": "Mount Yengo is a mountain that is located in the Lower Hunter region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The mountain is part of the Calore Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, and is situated within the Yengo National Park, approximately east of the Macdonald River and east by south of ."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bylong River", "paragraph_text": "Bylong River rises in the central tablelands of the Capertee Valley, within Wollemi National Park, on the north-western slopes of the Great Dividing Range, below Goat Mountain, and flows generally north-east, joined by seven tributaries, including the Growee River, before reaching its confluence with the Goulburn River, north of the village of Bylong. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zelengora", "paragraph_text": "Zelengora is a mountain range in the Sutjeska National Park of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has a highest altitude of ."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bald Mountain (Idaho)", "paragraph_text": "Bald Mountain Bald Mountain from Sun Valley Lake Bald Mountain Location of Bald Mountain, near Ketchum, Idaho Location Ketchum & Sun Valley Blaine County, Idaho United States Nearest city Twin Falls - 80 mi. (130 km) Boise - 150 mi. (240 km) Salt Lake - 330 mi. (530 km) Coordinates 43 \u00b0 39 \u2032 18 ''N 114 \u00b0 24 \u2032 33'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 43.65500 \u00b0 N 114.40917 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 43.65500; - 114.40917 Coordinates: 43 \u00b0 39 \u2032 18 ''N 114 \u00b0 24 \u2032 33'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 43.65500 \u00b0 N 114.40917 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 43.65500; - 114.40917 Vertical 3400 ft - (1036 m) Top elevation 9150 ft - (2789 m) Base elevation 5750 ft - (1753 m) River Run Skiable area 2054 acres - (8.3 km2) Runs 75 - 36% easiest - 42% more difficult - 22% most difficult Lift system 14 - 1 gondola (8 person) - 7 hi - speed quads - 3 triples - 2 doubles - 1 surface Snowfall 220 in. - (560 cm) Snowmaking 645 acres - (2.6 km2) Night skiing none Website Sun Valley.com"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "South Fork Salmon River", "paragraph_text": "The South Fork Salmon River is an tributary of the Salmon River in Idaho and Valley Counties in central Idaho. The river drains a rugged, lightly populated wilderness watershed in the Salmon River Mountains. It is the second-largest tributary of the Salmon River, after the Middle Fork."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rocky Mountain National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Rocky Mountain National Park Act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson on January 26, 1915, establishing the park boundaries and protecting the area for future generations. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the main automobile route, Trail Ridge Road, in the 1930s. In 1976, UNESCO designated the park as one of the first World Biosphere Reserves. In 2017, more than 4.4 million recreational visitors entered the park. The park is one of the most visited in the National Park System, ranking as the third most visited national park in 2015."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sun Valley, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "The first destination winter resort in the U.S. was developed by W. Averell Harriman, the chairman of the Union Pacific Railroad, primarily to increase ridership on U.P. passenger trains in the West. The success of the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, spurred an increase in participation in winter sports (and alpine skiing in particular). A lifelong skier, Harriman determined that America would embrace a destination mountain resort, similar to those he enjoyed in the Swiss Alps, such as St. Moritz and Davos. During the winter of 1935 -- 36, Harriman enlisted the services of an Austrian count, Felix Schaffgotsch, to travel across the western U.S. to locate an ideal site for a winter resort. The Count toured Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Yosemite, the San Bernardino Mountains, Zion, Rocky Mountain National Park, the Wasatch Mountains, Pocatello, Jackson Hole, and Grand Targhee areas. Late in his trip and on the verge of abandoning his search for an ideal location for a mountain resort development, he backtracked toward the Ketchum area in central Idaho. A U.P. employee in Boise had casually mentioned that the rail spur to Ketchum cost the company more money for snow removal than any other branch line and the Count went to explore."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well, as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier. West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys, such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the Pacific Coast Ranges. Much of the Pacific Northwest coast is inhabited by some of the densest vegetation outside of the Tropics, and also the tallest trees in the world (the Redwoods)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pinnacles National Park", "paragraph_text": "Pinnacles National Park is an American national park protecting a mountainous area located east of the Salinas Valley in Central California, about east of Soledad and southeast of San Jose. The park's namesakes are the eroded leftovers of the western half of an extinct volcano that has moved from its original location on the San Andreas Fault, embedded in a portion of the California Pacific Coast Ranges. Pinnacles is managed by the National Park Service and the majority of the park is protected as wilderness."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Kosciuszko", "paragraph_text": "Mount Kosciuszko is mainland Australia's highest mountain, at 2,228 metres (7,310\u00a0ft) above sea level. It is located on the Main Range of the Snowy Mountains in Kosciuszko National Park, part of the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves, in New South Wales, Australia, and is located west of Crackenback and close to Jindabyne."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nikanassin Range", "paragraph_text": "The Nikanassin Range s a group of mountain ranges in the Canadian Rockies on the eastern edge of Jasper National Park in Alberta, Canada. It is developed south-east of the Fiddle Range, and one of the front ranges. \"Nikanassin\" means \"first range\" in Cree."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "White Mountains (California)", "paragraph_text": "The White Mountains of California and Nevada are a triangular fault-block mountain range facing the Sierra Nevada across the upper Owens Valley. They extend for approximately as a greatly elevated plateau about wide on the south, narrowing to a point at the north, with elevations generally increasing south to north. The range's broad southern end is near the community of Big Pine, where Westgard Pass and Deep Springs Valley separate it from the Inyo Mountains. The narrow northern end is at Montgomery Pass, where U.S. Route 6 crosses. The Fish Lake Valley lies east of the range; the southeast part of the mountains are separated from the Silver Peak Range by block faulting across the Furnace Creek Fault Zone, forming a feeder valley to Fish Lake Valley. The range lies within the eastern section of the Inyo National Forest."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bannock Pass", "paragraph_text": "Bannock Pass is a high mountain pass in the Beaverhead Mountains, part of the Bitterroot Range in the Rocky Mountains. The pass lies on the Montana-Idaho border on the Continental Divide, at an elevation of above sea level."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "West Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The West Mountains are a mountain range in the U.S. state of Idaho, spanning part of Boise and Payette national forests."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sun Valley, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Sun Valley is an address locality in the state of New South Wales, Australia in the City of Blue Mountains. The area known as Sun Valley lies between Warrimoo and Valley Heights in the lower mountains and has a wealth of historical and geological significance."}], "question": "When did the mountain range that extends into Sun Valley, Idaho, become a national park?"}
{"id": "2hop__154126_124862", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Rose for Emily", "paragraph_text": "The story opens with a brief first - person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family has fallen on hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily's father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, and takes her by surprise. She refused to give up his corpse, and the townspeople wrote it off as her grieving process."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters", "paragraph_text": "(2nd) Cousin Amanda Wiccan: Amanda (played by Melissa Joan Hart's real life sister Emily Hart) appeared several times throughout the series. She appears three times in Seasons 1 - 6, but appeared most often in Season 7."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alyson Hannigan", "paragraph_text": "Hannigan was born in Washington, D.C., the only child of Emilie (Posner) Haas, a real estate agent, and Alan Hannigan, a Teamsters trucker. Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is Jewish."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Emily Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Emily Bront\u00eb's \"Wuthering Heights\" was first published in London in 1847 by Thomas Cautley Newby, appearing as the first two volumes of a three-volume set that included Anne Bront\u00eb's \"Agnes Grey\". The authors were printed as being Ellis and Acton Bell; Emily's real name did not appear until 1850, when it was printed on the title page of an edited commercial edition. The novel's innovative structure somewhat puzzled critics."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Swarg", "paragraph_text": "Living in a luxurious mansion named Swarg, this is the story of Mr. Kumar or Sahabji (Rajesh Khanna) a rich businessman and landowner. His family consists of his wife (Madhavi (actress)), sister Jyoti (Juhi Chawla), two brothers, Vicky (Raja Bundela) and Ravi (Dilip Dhawan), and a sister-in-law (Neena Gupta). He also has a loyal servant, Krishna (Govinda), who considers the former akin to a father."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Big Sick", "paragraph_text": "Kumail Nanjiani as Kumail Zoe Kazan as Emily Gardner (based on Emily V. Gordon), Beth and Terry's daughter Holly Hunter as Beth Gardner, Emily's mother and Terry's wife Ray Romano as Terry Gardner, Emily's father and Beth's husband Bo Burnham as CJ Zenobia Shroff as Sharmeen Anupam Kher as Azmat Adeel Akhtar as Naveed Aidy Bryant as Mary Rebecca Naomi Jones as Jessie Kurt Braunohler as Chris Shenaz Treasury as Fatima David Alan Grier as Andy Dodd Vella Lovell as Khadija Linda Emond as Dr. Cunningham"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Charlotte Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Gaskell's biography The Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb was published in 1857. It was an important step for a leading female novelist to write a biography of another, and Gaskell's approach was unusual in that, rather than analysing her subject's achievements, she concentrated on private details of Bront\u00eb's life, emphasising those aspects that countered the accusations of ``coarseness ''that had been levelled at her writing. The biography is frank in places, but omits details of Bront\u00eb's love for H\u00e9ger, a married man, as being too much of an affront to contemporary morals and a likely source of distress to Bront\u00eb's father, widower, and friends. Mrs Gaskell also provided doubtful and inaccurate information about Patrick Bront\u00eb, claiming that he did not allow his children to eat meat. This is refuted by one of Emily Bront\u00eb's diary papers, in which she describes preparing meat and potatoes for dinner at the parsonage. It has been argued that Gaskell's approach transferred the focus of attention away from the 'difficult' novels, not just Bront\u00eb's, but all the sisters', and began a process of sanctification of their private lives."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Charlotte Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte Bront\u00eb was born on 21 April 1816 in Market Street Thornton, west of Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the third of the six children of Maria (n\u00e9e Branwell) and Patrick Bront\u00eb (formerly surnamed Brunty), an Irish Anglican clergyman. In 1820 her family moved a few miles to the village of Haworth, where her father had been appointed perpetual curate of St Michael and All Angels Church. Maria died of cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five daughters, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Emily and Anne, and a son, Branwell, to be taken care of by her sister, Elizabeth Branwell."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Catherine Linton", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Linton (also known as ``Young Catherine ''or Cathy Linton and later as Catherine Heathcliff then as Catherine Earnshaw) is a character in Emily Bront\u00eb's novel Wuthering Heights. She is the daughter of Edgar Linton and Cathy Earnshaw, and, despite Heathcliff's attempts at exacting revenge on her for the indiscretions of her family, she eventually marries her true love, Hareton Earnshaw, re-establishing long - lost equilibrium in the story."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Branwell Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Branwell Bront\u00eb was the fourth of six children and the only son of Patrick Bront\u00eb (1777\u20131861) and his wife, Maria Branwell Bront\u00eb (1783\u20131821). He was born in Thornton, near Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, and moved with his family to Haworth when his father was appointed to the perpetual curacy in 1821."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Prison Break characters", "paragraph_text": "Rita Morgan (played by Heather McComb) is Gretchen's sister. She is introduced in ``Blow Out ''. Although she is taking care of Emily (Regan Licciardello), it is revealed that Gretchen is Emily's biological mother. Rita and Emily are later taken hostage by T - Bag and Self, and Rita is the catalyst of T - Bag's decision to seek redemption when she convinces him not to kill Ralph Becker."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Rose for Emily", "paragraph_text": "The story opens with a brief first - person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family falls into hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily's father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, which takes her by surprise. She refuses to give up his corpse, and the townspeople write it off as her grieving process. The townspeople pity Emily not only after her father's death, but also during his life when he would n't let Emily marry."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Charlotte Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Between 1831 and 1832, Bront\u00eb continued her education at Roe Head in Mirfield, where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor. In 1833 she wrote a novella, The Green Dwarf, using the name Wellesley. Around about 1833, her stories shifted from tales of the supernatural to more realistic stories. She returned to Roe Head as a teacher from 1835 to 1838. Unhappy and lonely as a teacher at Roe Head, Bront\u00eb took out her sorrows in poetry, writing a series of melancholic poems. In \"We wove a Web in Childhood\" written in December 1835, Bront\u00eb drew a sharp contrast between her miserable life as a teacher and the vivid imaginary worlds she and her siblings had created. In another poem \"Morning was its freshness still\" written at the same time, Bront\u00eb wrote \"Tis bitter sometimes to recall/Illusions once deemed fair\". Many of her poems concerned the imaginary world of Angria, often concerning Byronic heroes, and in December 1836 she wrote to the Poet Laureate Robert Southey asking him for encouragement of her career as a poet. Southey replied, famously, that \"Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life, and it ought not to be. The more she is engaged in her proper duties, the less leisure will she have for it even as an accomplishment and a recreation.\" This advice she respected but did not heed."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Emily Shore", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Emily Shore was born in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk on Christmas Day, 1819 to Thomas Shore and his wife, Margaret Ann (n\u00e9e Twopenny). She was the eldest of 5 children: having two younger sisters, Arabella (b.1822); Louisa (b.1824), and brothers, Richard (b.1821), and Mackworth (b.1825). She kept a journal from the age of eleven until her death from consumption at the age of nineteen. Her diary is less a diary and more a journal, as she herself called it: recording her thoughts on a wide range of subjects. Margaret \u2013 who went by the name of Emily \u2013 was credited with educating her two younger sisters, Arabella and Louisa Catherine Shore."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anne Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "The daughter of Patrick Bront\u00eb, a poor Irish clergyman in the Church of England, Anne Bront\u00eb lived most of her life with her family at the parish of Haworth on the Yorkshire moors. She also attended a boarding school in Mirfield between 1836 and 1837. At 19 she left Haworth and worked as a governess between 1839 and 1845. After leaving her teaching position, she fulfilled her literary ambitions. She published a volume of poetry with her sisters (\"Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell\", 1846) and two novels. \"Agnes Grey\", based upon her experiences as a governess, was published in 1847. Her second and last novel, \"The Tenant of Wildfell Hall\", which is considered to be one of the first sustained feminist novels, appeared in 1848. Like her poems, both her novels were first published under the masculine pen name of Acton Bell. Anne's life was cut short when she died of what is now suspected to be pulmonary tuberculosis at the age of 29."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hocus Pocus (1993 film)", "paragraph_text": "Omri Katz as Max Dennison, a teenager originally from Los Angeles, California who moves to Salem, Massachusetts with his family. Thora Birch as Dani Dennison, Max's 8 - year - old younger sister and an enthusiastic trick - or - treater Vinessa Shaw as Allison, Max's love interest and native Salem resident Sean Murray as Thackery Binx; originally a teenager from 1693, he follows Emily into the woods, where he fails to prevent her death at the hands of the Sanderson sisters. The witches transform him into an immortal cat, voiced by Jason Marsden. Doug Jones as Billy Butcherson; Winifred's lover and a zombie Charles Rocket as Dave Dennison, Max and Dani's father Stephanie Faracy as Jenny Dennison, Max and Dani's mother"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Emily Bront\u00eb's Wuthering Heights", "paragraph_text": "Emily Bront\u00eb's Wuthering Heights is a 1992 feature film adaptation of Emily Bront\u00eb's 1847 novel \"Wuthering Heights\" directed by Peter Kosminsky. This was Ralph Fiennes's film debut."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Emily Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Emily Bront\u00eb was born on 30 July 1818 to Maria Branwell and an Irish father, Patrick Bront\u00eb. The family was living on Market Street in the village of Thornton on the outskirts of Bradford, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Northern England. Emily's older siblings included, eldest to youngest, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte and Branwell, making Emily the Bront\u00eb's fifth child. In 1820, Emily's younger sister Anne, the last Bront\u00eb child, was born. Shortly thereafter, the family moved eight miles away to Haworth, where Patrick was employed as perpetual curate In Haworth, the children would have opportunities to develop their literary talents."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wuthering Heights (2009 TV serial)", "paragraph_text": "Wuthering Heights is a two - part ITV television series adaptation of the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Bront\u00eb. The episodes were adapted for the screen by Peter Bowker and directed by Coky Giedroyc. The programme stars Tom Hardy and Charlotte Riley in the roles of the famous lovers Heathcliff and Catherine or 'Cathy' Earnshaw."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hareton Earnshaw", "paragraph_text": "Hareton Earnshaw is a character in Emily Bront\u00eb's novel \"Wuthering Heights\". He is the son of Hindley Earnshaw and Hindley's wife, Frances. At the end of the novel, he makes plans to wed Catherine Linton, with whom he falls in love."}], "question": "Who is Emily Bronte's sister's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__636933_189698", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wallace Langham", "paragraph_text": "James Wallace Langham II (born March 11, 1965) is an American actor. He played the role of David Hodges in the American crime drama television series \"\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hartman Bache", "paragraph_text": "Hartman Bache was the youngest son of journalist Benjamin Franklin Bache (who died a week after his birth) and the great grandson of Benjamin Franklin. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1818. Despite his low class rank (19th out of 23), he was immediately commissioned as a Captain in the Corps of Topographical Engineers. In 1829 he married Maria del Carmen Meade, the daughter of merchant Richard W. Meade and sister of Civil War general George Meade."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Franklin Langham", "paragraph_text": "Langham was born in Thomson, Georgia. He played golf at the University of Georgia from 1989 to 1991 and was named an All-American in 1991. He played on the 1991 Walker Cup team."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Franklin District", "paragraph_text": "Franklin District was a New Zealand territorial authority that lay between the Auckland metropolitan area and the Waikato Plains. As a formal territory it was abolished on 31 October 2010 and divided between Auckland Council in the Auckland Region (39.82 percent by land area) to the north and Waikato and Hauraki districts in the Waikato Region (60.18 percent) to the south and east. The Auckland portion is now part of the Franklin ward, which also includes rural parts of the former Manukau City."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Franklin Park, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Franklin Park is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Franklin Township, in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 13,295. Route 27 (historically known as Old Road/King's Highway and once part of the Lincoln Highway system) bisects the village and serves as the dividing line between the two counties. The adjacent sections of South Brunswick and North Brunswick, Middlesex County on the east side of Route 27 are also known as Franklin Park, but are not included within the CDP's boundaries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Franklin Mountains (Northwest Territories)", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Mountains of the Northwest Territories are a range of low peaks that stretch along the east bank of the Mackenzie River from 64 to 66 degrees of latitude."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Maine", "paragraph_text": "This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Maine, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Kentucky, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federal Emergency Relief Administration", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created in 1933. FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thomson, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Thomson (originally called Slashes) is a city in McDuffie County, Georgia, United States. The population was 6,778 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of McDuffie County. Thomson's nickname is \"The Camellia City of the South\", in honor of the thousands of camellia plants throughout the city. Thomson was founded in 1837 as a depot on the Georgia Railroad. It was renamed in 1853 for railroad official John Edgar Thomson and incorporated February 15, 1854 as a town and in 1870 as a city. It is part of the Augusta \u2013 Richmond County Metropolitan Statistical Area."}], "question": "In which county was Franklin Langham born?"}
{"id": "2hop__754750_687999", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port, but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arado River", "paragraph_text": "Arado (plow) River in the north of Portugal. The river's source is the Ger\u00eas Mountain, and the mouth cascades into the Fafi\u00e3o river, (41\u00b042'10.88\"N; 8\u00b0 6'33.50\"W), Fafi\u00e3o place, Cabril village, Montalegre municipality. From Arado cascate (41\u00b043'25.53\"N; 8\u00b0 7'46.98\"W) till the mouth, runs ."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Visherka River", "paragraph_text": "Visherka River () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kolva River. It is long, and its drainage basin covers . It flows out of lake Chusovskoe in the north of the Cherdynsky District near its border with the Komi Republic. Its mouth is upstream of the uninhabited village of Bogatyryovo, from the mouth of the Kolva River. Its most significant tributaries are:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "River Gowan, Cumbria", "paragraph_text": "The River Gowan is a short river in Cumbria, running easterly through the village of Ings before joining the River Kent at Staveley."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Swift River (Teslin Lake)", "paragraph_text": "The Swift River is a river that begins in Yukon Territory and flows southwest into British Columbia to its mouth at the east side of Teslin Lake on the Teslin River system. The river drains the uppermost portion of the Cassiar Mountains and in its lower reaches traverses the Nisutlin Plateau, which lies along the east side of Teslin Lake north of the mouth of the Jennings River, which is to the south of the Swift."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "River Keer", "paragraph_text": "The river rises on Docker Moor near the village of Whittington and follows a westerly course, passing the villages of Capernwray, Borwick and Warton, as well as Pine Lake, before reaching Carnforth, after which the river runs through salt marshes before pouring into the Kent estuary and Morecambe Bay."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}], "question": "What is the mouth of the watercourse that serves as the mouth of River Gowan?"}
{"id": "2hop__128964_613685", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "KLAK", "paragraph_text": "KLAK (97.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Tom Bean, Texas; mainly serving the North Texas/Southern Oklahoma region (popularly known as Texoma). The station broadcasts a Hot Adult Contemporary format with select Classic Hits content."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi", "paragraph_text": "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (, , , ), formerly known as Akkerman (see naming section below), is a city and port situated on the right bank of the Dniester Liman (on the Dniester estuary leading to the Black Sea) in Odessa Oblast of southwestern Ukraine, in the historical region of Bessarabia. Administratively, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is incorporated as a town of oblast significance. It also serves as the administrative center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion, one of twenty-six districts of Odessa Oblast, though it is not a part of the district. It is a location of a big freight seaport. Population:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tom Bean, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Tom Bean is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,045 at the 2010 census, up from 941 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jenin", "paragraph_text": "Jenin (; Arabic: \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u200e \u01e6in\u012bn) is a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank. It serves as the administrative center of the Jenin Governorate and is a major center for the surrounding towns. In 2007 the city had a population of 39,004. Jenin is under the administration of the Palestinian Authority."}], "question": "In which county is the town that KLAK serves?"}
{"id": "2hop__2504_313739", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Who Is She 2 U", "paragraph_text": "\"Who Is She 2 U\" is a song by American recording artist Brandy Norwood from her fourth studio album, \"Afrodisiac\" (2004). It was written by Candice Nelson, Walter Millsap III and Timbaland, and produced by the latter two. Built around a sample from Leon Ware's 1977 song \"Instant Love\", as written by Ware and Jacqueline Hilliard, the song was released as the album's second and final North American single on July 27, 2004, and as its third single throughout Australia and Europe by March 21, 2005."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jeff Wood (singer)", "paragraph_text": "Jeffrey Scott Wood (born May 10, 1968) is an American country music artist. Wood was signed to a publishing contract in 1994, writing songs for other country artists, including \"Cowboy Love\", a Top 5 hit for John Michael Montgomery in 1996. He signed to a recording contract with Liberty Records later that year, but did not release anything while on the label. His debut album, \"Between the Earth and the Stars\", was released in 1997 on Imprint Records. This album produced three chart singles for Wood on the Hot Country Songs charts that year, including the No.\u00a044-peaking \"You Just Get One\". Although he did not chart again after 1997, Wood continued to write songs for other artists into the 2000s, including Neal McCoy and Phil Vassar, and independently released a second album in 2008."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Move Right Out", "paragraph_text": "\"Move Right Out\" is a pop\u2013soul song performed by English singer Rick Astley and written by Astley and Rob Fisher. It was produced by Gary Stevenson and Astley. The song was recorded for Astley's third album, \"Free\", his first album without Stock Aitken Waterman companion. It is the second single from the album."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I Follow Rivers", "paragraph_text": "\"I Follow Rivers\" is a song by Swedish recording artist Lykke Li from her second studio album, \"Wounded Rhymes\" (2011). Produced by Bj\u00f6rn Yttling of Peter Bjorn and John, it was released on 21January 2011 as the album's second single. The track premiered exclusively on SPIN.com on 10January 2011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Forever and a Day (Kelly Rowland song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Forever and a Day\" is a song by American recording artist Kelly Rowland. Written by Rowland, Andre Merritt, Samual Watters, and Jonas Jeberg, the uptempo Europop song is the second international single (fourth overall) taken from her third studio album, \"Here I Am\" (2011). It was produced and record by Jeberg at his personal recording studios in Copenhagen, Denmark."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Def Jam Recordings", "paragraph_text": "Def Jam Recordings is an American record label focused predominantly on hip hop, pop , and urban music, owned by Universal Music Group. In the UK, the label takes on the name Def Jam UK and is operated through Virgin EMI Records, while in Japan, it is known as Def Jam Japan, operating through Universal Music Japan. The label distributes releases of various record labels, including Kanye West's GOOD Music, and Listen Up Forever Records, headed by producer, Ronny J. Current artists include Justin Bieber, Logic, Big Sean, Kanye West, Nas, 2 Chainz, Teyana Taylor, YG, Dave East, Jeezy, Jeremih, Q-Tip, Valee, Pusha T, Vince Staples, Fabolous, Desiigner and Jhen\u00e9 Aiko."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "I Don't Deserve You", "paragraph_text": "\"I Don't Deserve You\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Lloyd Banks, released as the second single from his third album \"H.F.M. 2 (The Hunger for More 2)\" (2010). The song features American R&B singer Jeremih and was produced by J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League. The song was released as a digital download on June 7, 2011 to iTunes and to radio on January 6, 2011."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Every Little Thing U Do", "paragraph_text": "``Every Little Thing U Do ''is a song by American R&B artist Christopher Williams recorded for his second album Changes (1992). The song was released as the album's third single in March 1993."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Giving Myself", "paragraph_text": "\"Giving Myself\" is a song recorded by American recording artist Jennifer Hudson. It was written and produced by singer-songwriter Robin Thicke, along with his frequent co-producer Pro Jay, for her eponymous debut album, released in 2008. An eleventh hour replacement for Timbaland-produced \"Pocketbook\", the pop\u2013soul ballad was selected as the album's third and final single and sent to US radios on June 2, 2009. Upon release, it charted at number 84 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song)", "paragraph_text": "``Wake Me When It's Over ''is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. After being signed as a recording artist to Liberty Records in 1961, the song was recorded during his second session with the label in September 1961 at Radio Recorders. Selected as the A-side of one of the promotional singles, the song failed to chart."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Life Is Full of Possibilities", "paragraph_text": "Life Is Full of Possibilities is the third studio album by American electronic music producer Dntel, released on October 30, 2001 on the Plug Research record label. A two-disc deluxe edition of the album was released in 2011, which featured four additional songs not included on the initial release along with remixed versions of other songs from the album."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Some Days Are Better", "paragraph_text": "\"Some Days Are Better\" is a song recorded by Canadian country music artist Charlie Major. It was released in 1998 as the second single from his third studio album, \"Everything's Alright\". It peaked at number 4 on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in March 1998."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Coming Days", "paragraph_text": "Coming Days, released in 1995 on Chiswick Records, was the third album released by Irish artist Ron Kavana, the second credited to \"Alias Ron Kavana\". Versions of two songs - \"Johnny\" and \"Irish Ways\" were previously released on the LILT album \"For The Children\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shotgun Rider", "paragraph_text": "\"Shotgun Rider\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Tim McGraw. It was released on September 8, 2014 as the third single from his second studio album for Big Machine Records, \"Sundown Heaven Town\". The song was written by Marv Green, Hillary Lindsey, and Troy Verges."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kiss You Tonight", "paragraph_text": "``Kiss You Tonight ''is a song recorded by American country music artist David Nail. It was released as the second single from Nail's third studio album I'm a Fire. The song was written by David Cook, Jay Knowles, and Trent Summar, and was released on March 3, 2014 in advance of the album release."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ill Na Na", "paragraph_text": "Ill Na Na is the debut studio album by American rapper Foxy Brown, released on November 19, 1996 by Def Jam Recordings. It was reissued on September 29, 1997 in the United Kingdom with an addition of the song \"Big Bad Mamma\". Brown began working on the album after being discovered by the production team Trackmasters and appearing on a number of singles by other artists, such as LL Cool J, Case and Jay Z. The immediate success of the singles led to a bidding war at the beginning of 1996, and in March, Def Jam Recordings won and signed the then 17-year-old rapper to the label. Mostly produced by Trackmasters, \"Ill Na Na\" features guest appearances from Blackstreet, Havoc, Method Man, Kid Capri and Jay Z. Lyrically, the album mainly focuses on themes of fashion, sex and mafia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Late Registration", "paragraph_text": "Late Registration is the second studio album by American rapper and producer Kanye West. It was released on August 30, 2005, by Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Records."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "22 (Lily Allen song)", "paragraph_text": "\"22\" is a song by British recording artist Lily Allen from her second studio album, \"It's Not Me, It's You\". Written by Allen and Greg Kurstin, the song was released as the fourth international single of the album, but the third in the United Kingdom, after it was decided not to promote \"Fuck You\" there. It was released to the music market on 24 August 2009 by Regal Recordings, though a different version called \"22 (Vingt Deux)\" was released in France."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "West spent much of the late-1990s producing records for a number of well-known artists and music groups. The third song on Foxy Brown's second studio album Chyna Doll was produced by West. Her second effort subsequently became the very first hip-hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the U.S. Billboard 200 chart in its first week of release. West produced three of the tracks on Harlem World's first and only album The Movement alongside Jermaine Dupri and the production duo Trackmasters. His songs featured rappers Nas, Drag-On, and R&B singer Carl Thomas. The ninth track from World Party, the last Goodie Mob album to feature the rap group's four founding members prior to their break-up, was co-produced by West with his manager Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. At the close of the millennium, West ended up producing six songs for Tell 'Em Why U Madd, an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album Life After Death. West's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Big Blue Note", "paragraph_text": "\"Big Blue Note\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in September 2005 as the third and final single from Keith's album \"Honkytonk University\". It peaked at number 5 on the United States country charts. Partway through the single's release, DreamWorks Records closed its country division, so Keith promoted the album via his own label, Show Dog Nashville. Keith wrote the song with Scotty Emerick."}], "question": "What is the record label of the recording artist whose third song off their second album had Kanye as a producer?"}
{"id": "2hop__38985_472740", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stanley Prince", "paragraph_text": "Stanley Terence Prince (24 January 1927 \u2013 20 October 2005) was an English footballer who represented Great Britain at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Prince played as an amateur for Walthamstow Avenue."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Idealism", "paragraph_text": "Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimate mental reality or \"Absolute\". Leibniz' form of idealism, known as Panpsychism, views \"monads\" as the true atoms of the universe and as entities having perception. The monads are \"substantial forms of being\",elemental, individual, subject to their own laws, non-interacting, each reflecting the entire universe. Monads are centers of force, which is substance while space, matter and motion are phenomenal and their form and existence is dependent on the simple and immaterial monads. There is a pre-established harmony established by God, the central monad, between the world in the minds of the monads and the external world of objects. Leibniz's cosmology embraced traditional Christian Theism. The English psychologist and philosopher James Ward inspired by Leibniz had also defended a form of pluralistic idealism. According to Ward the universe is composed of \"psychic monads\" of different levels, interacting for mutual self- betterment."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Idealism", "paragraph_text": "The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object (Descartes' cogito ergo sum) purely from \"the spontaneity of thought\". Kant focused on ideas drawn from British philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley and Hume but distinguished his transcendental or critical idealism from previous varieties;"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Humanism", "paragraph_text": "The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue. The line from a drama of Terence, Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (or with nil for nihil), meaning \"I am a human being, I think nothing human alien to me\", known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine, gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude. The statement, in a play modeled or borrowed from a (now lost) Greek comedy by Menander, may have originated in a lighthearted vein \u2013 as a comic rationale for an old man's meddling \u2013 but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning, by Cicero and Saint Augustine, to name a few, and most notably by Seneca. Richard Bauman writes:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Terence Weil", "paragraph_text": "Terence Weil (9 December 1921 in London \u2013 25 February 1995 in Figueras) was a British cellist, principal cellist of the English Chamber Orchestra, a founding member of the Melos Ensemble, a leading chamber musician and an influential teacher at the Royal Northern College of Music. He is most known for correcting mispronunciations of his last name, which is commonly mispronounced as \"wheel.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "They Can't Hang Me", "paragraph_text": "They Can't Hang Me is a 1955 British drama film directed by Val Guest and starring Terence Morgan, Yolande Donlan and Anthony Oliver. It was based on a novel by Leonard Mosley."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saint Augustine in His Study (Botticelli, Ognissanti)", "paragraph_text": "Saint Augustine in His Study is a painting of Augustine of Hippo executed in 1480 by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli. It is in the church of Ognissanti in Florence."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "International Journal of Cross Cultural Management", "paragraph_text": "The International Journal of Cross Cultural Management is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of cross-cultural management. The editor-in-chief is Terence Jackson (Middlesex University). The journal was established in 2001 and is published by Sage Publications."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ideal Woman Sought", "paragraph_text": "Ideal Woman Sought (German: Ideale Frau gesucht) is a 1952 Austrian musical film directed by Franz Antel and starring Inge Egger, Jeanette Schultze and Waltraut Haas."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Humanism", "paragraph_text": "The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Age of Enlightenment", "paragraph_text": "As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London. He gained considerable fame there with performances of his operas and oratorios. The music of Haydn and Mozart, with their Viennese Classical styles, are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Song for Marion", "paragraph_text": "Song for Marion (released in the United States as Unfinished Song) is a 2012 British-German comedy-drama film written and directed by Paul Andrew Williams and starring Terence Stamp, Gemma Arterton, Christopher Eccleston and Vanessa Redgrave."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Will Theakston", "paragraph_text": "William Theakston (born 4 October 1984) is an English actor who appeared in the first Harry Potter film. He played the role of the Slytherin Quidditch Seeker Terence Higgs. He attended Latymer Upper School."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Idealism", "paragraph_text": "Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as \"the assertion that we can never be certain whether all of our putative outer experience is not mere imagining\". He claimed that, according to idealism, \"the reality of external objects does not admit of strict proof. On the contrary, however, the reality of the object of our internal sense (of myself and state) is clear immediately through consciousness.\"  However, not all idealists restrict the real or the knowable to our immediate subjective experience. Objective idealists make claims about a transempirical world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to the mental. Thus Plato and Gottfried Leibniz affirm an objective and knowable reality transcending our subjective awareness\u2014a rejection of epistemological idealism\u2014but propose that this reality is grounded in ideal entities, a form of metaphysical idealism. Nor do all metaphysical idealists agree on the nature of the ideal; for Plato, the fundamental entities were non-mental abstract forms, while for Leibniz they were proto-mental and concrete monads."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Engels helped develop communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notably Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, T\u00f6nnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Windows 10 version history", "paragraph_text": "Overview Version Code name Marketing name Release date Support until Latest build SAC Home Pro SAC Ent Edu LTSC Mobile PC Mobile 1507 Threshold 1 N / A July 29, 2015 May 9, 2017 May 9, 2017 October 14, 2025 N / A Older version, yet still supported: 10240 N / A 1511 Threshold 2 November Update November 10, 2015 October 10, 2017 April 10, 2018 N / A January 9, 2018 Old version, no longer supported: 10586 Old version, no longer supported: 10586 1607 Redstone 1 Anniversary Update August 2, 2016 April 10, 2018 October 9, 2018 October 13, 2026 October 9, 2018 Older version, yet still supported: 14393 Older version, yet still supported: 14393 1703 Redstone 2 Creators Update April 5, 2017 October 9, 2018 April 9, 2019 N / A July 11, 2019 Older version, yet still supported: 15063 Older version, yet still supported: 15063 1709 Redstone 3 Fall Creators Update October 17, 2017 April 9, 2019 October 8, 2019 N / A December 10, 2019 Older version, yet still supported: 16299 Current stable version: 15254 1803 Redstone 4 April 2018 Update April 30, 2018 November 12, 2019 November 12, 2019 N / A N / A Current stable version: 17134 N / A 1809 Redstone 5 TBA Late 2018 TBA TBA TBA N / A Latest preview version of a future release: 17692 N / A Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Age of Enlightenment", "paragraph_text": "These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson called for a \"wall of separation between church and state\" at the federal level. He previously had supported successful efforts to disestablish the Church of England in Virginia, and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Jefferson's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "In his book \"Ideals of the Samurai\" translator William Scott Wilson states: \"The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity.\" Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Shadow of the Past", "paragraph_text": "Shadow of the Past is a 1950 British crime film directed by Mario Zampi and starring Joyce Howard, Terence Morgan and Michael Medwin. The screenplay involves a man who catches sight of a woman believed by everyone to be dead."}], "question": "Who created the painting of the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?"}
{"id": "2hop__520770_87798", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gertrude \u2013 The Cry", "paragraph_text": "Gertrude \u2013 The Cry is a play by British playwright Howard Barker. The play had its world premiere in 2002, directed by the author, in the great hall of Elsinore Castle, Denmark as part of the annual international Hamlet Festival. Its original production featured actors Tom Burke, Sean O'Callaghan, Jason Morell, Justin Avoth, Emma Gersch, Jane Bertish and Victoria Wicks."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deadly Secret", "paragraph_text": "Deadly Secret is a Hong Kong \"wuxia\" television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel \"A Deadly Secret\". The series was first broadcast on TVB in Hong Kong in 1989."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dirk Benedict", "paragraph_text": "Dirk Benedict (born Dirk Niewoehner on March 1, 1945) is an American movie, television and stage actor and author. He is best known for playing the characters Lieutenant Templeton ``Faceman ''Peck in The A-Team television series and Lieutenant Starbuck in the original Battlestar Galactica film and television series. He is the author of Confessions of a Kamikaze Cowboy and And Then We Went Fishing."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Carl Viggo Meincke", "paragraph_text": "Fritz Carl Viggo Meincke (8 March 1902 \u2013 27 September 1959) was a Danish composer, revue author, theater manager and actor."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nathan Fillion", "paragraph_text": "Nathan Christopher Fillion (/ \u02c8f\u026alj\u0259n /; born March 27, 1971) is a Canadian - American actor and voice actor best known for his role as Richard Castle on the ABC series Castle, as well as his earlier portrayal of the lead role of Captain Malcolm Reynolds in the television series Firefly and its feature film continuation, Serenity."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "In the Heat of the Sun", "paragraph_text": "In the Heat of the Sun is a 1994 Chinese film directed and written by Jiang Wen. This was Jiang Wen's first foray into directing after years as a leading man. The film is based loosely on author Wang Shuo's novel \"Wild Beast\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes", "paragraph_text": "The Seven Deadly Sins is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki. The series debuted on MBS and other Japan News Network stations on October 5, 2014. The series follows Elizabeth, the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones, who is in search of the Seven Deadly Sins, a group of former Holy Knights who were disbanded after the kingdom was overthrown. She enlists the help of Meliodas and Hawk, the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins and his talking pet pig, to assemble the remaining members of the Seven Deadly Sins and take back the kingdom from the Holy Knights. The show's first opening theme song is ``Netsuj\u014d no Spectrum ''(\u71b1\u60c5\u306e\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30e9\u30e0, Netsuj\u014d no Supekutoramu,`` Spectrum of Passion'') performed by Ikimono - gakari for the first twelve episodes and the second opening theme is ``Seven Deadly Sins ''performed by Man with a Mission, while the first ending theme titled`` 7 - Seven'' is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo, the second ending theme from episode thirteen onwards is ``Season ''the major label debut of Alisa Takigawa. A second season of the anime series was confirmed on September 27, 2015, to air in January 13, 2018."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Stephen Fry's Incomplete and Utter History of Classical Music", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Fry's Incomplete and Utter History of Classical Music is a book ghostwritten by Tim Lihoreau for author, actor, comedian and director Stephen Fry."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Demond Wilson", "paragraph_text": "Grady Demond Wilson (born October 13, 1946) is an American actor, author, and pastor. He played the role of Lamont Sanford, the son of Fred Sanford (played by Redd Foxx) in the 1970s NBC sitcom \"Sanford and Son\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Deadly Heat", "paragraph_text": "Deadly Heat is the fifth novel in Richard Castle's series about NYPD homicide detective Nikki Heat and journalist Jameson Rook. It was released on September 17, 2013. The novel is published by Hyperion Books in collaboration with ABC. ABC produces the TV series \"Castle\" where the main character, Richard Castle, to whom the book is credited, shadows NYPD Detective Kate Beckett."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kelly Moore (writer)", "paragraph_text": "Kelly Moore is an American author and former attorney. Her 1988 book \"Deadly Medicine\", which focused on the crimes and trial of serial killer Genene Jones, was a New York Times bestseller for seven weeks. \"Amber House\", the first installment in her young adult fiction series, co-written with her daughters Tucker Reed and Larkin Reed, was published by Scholastic's Arthur A. Levine Books imprint on October 1, 2012."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mournful Unconcern", "paragraph_text": "Mournful Unconcern (, translit.\u00a0\"Skorbnoye beschuvstviye\") is the third produced film by Alexander Sokurov, completed in 1983, but the fourth released one, as it was banned by Soviet authorities until perestroika in 1987. The film, set during World War I, is inspired by Bernard Shaw's play \"Heartbreak House\". Professional actors (Zamansky, Osipenko, Sokolova and others) were used alongside amateur actors, like in most early Sokurov films, and many of the trademarks of his cinematographic style were already apparent."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "David Rasche", "paragraph_text": "David Rasche (born August 7, 1944) is an American theater, film and television actor who is best known for his portrayal of the title character in the 1980s satirical police sitcom \"Sledge Hammer!\" Since then he has often played characters in positions of authority, in both serious and comical turns."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Paul Newman", "paragraph_text": "Year Category Film Result Lost to 1958 Best Actor Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Nominated David Niven For Separate Tables 1961 Best Actor The Hustler Nominated Maximilian Schell For Judgment at Nuremberg 1963 Best Actor Hud Nominated Sidney Poitier For Lilies of the Field 1967 Best Actor Cool Hand Luke Nominated Rod Steiger For In the Heat of the Night 1968 Best Picture Rachel, Rachel Nominated John Woolf For Oliver! 1981 Best Actor Absence of Malice Nominated Henry Fonda For On Golden Pond 1982 Best Actor The Verdict Nominated Ben Kingsley For Gandhi 1986 Best Actor The Color of Money Won N / A Honorary Awards N / A Won N / A 1994 Best Actor Nobody's Fool Nominated Tom Hanks For Forrest Gump 2002 Best Supporting Actor Road to Perdition Nominated Chris Cooper For Adaptation"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "G\u00e9rald Laroche", "paragraph_text": "G\u00e9rald Laroche (born 1964) is a French actor born in Paris, France. He is an actor and composer known for his roles in Mal\u00e9fique (2002), The Last Deadly Mission (2008) and Love Crime (2010)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William Hurt", "paragraph_text": "William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature Altered States, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations of Kathleen Turner, in the neo-noir Body Heat (1981). He played another leading role, as Arkady Renko, in Gorky Park (1983)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "\u00c5ke Hodell", "paragraph_text": "\u00c5ke Hodell (April 30, 1919 \u2013 July 29, 2000, Stockholm, Sweden) was a Swedish fighter pilot, poet, author, text-sound composer, and artist. He was the son of author Bj\u00f6rn Hodell and brother of actor Ulla Hodell."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Scott Haffner", "paragraph_text": "Scott Haffner (born February 2, 1966) is a retired American professional basketball player who graduated from Noblesville High School, Indiana and was selected by the Miami Heat in the 2nd round (45th overall) of the 1989 NBA Draft. Haffner, a 6'3\" (1.90 m) and 180\u00a0lb (81\u00bd kg) point guard, played two years in the NBA, for the Heat during the 1989-90 season and for the Charlotte Hornets during the 1990-91 season. His best year as a pro came during his rookie year as a member of the Heat, appearing in 43 games (starting 6) and averaging 4.6 ppg. Haffner played collegiately at the University of Illinois and the University of Evansville."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gurrumul", "paragraph_text": "Gurrumul is the debut album for Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu. It is performed in a mixture of both Yolngu and English. It reached number three on the ARIA charts, won ARIA awards for Best World Music Album and Best Independent Release and won a Deadly for Album of the Year. The track \"Gurrumul History (I Was Born Blind)\" also won a Deadly for Single of the Year."}], "question": "Who played the author of Deadly Heat?"}
{"id": "2hop__41486_19954", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Department store", "paragraph_text": "Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the main shopping street in the Midwest, State Street in Chicago. Upscale shoppers came by train from throughout the region, patronizing nearby hotels. It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy's nameplate on 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's Served as a model for other departments stores in that it had exceptional customer service. Field's also brought with it the now famous Frango mints brand that became so closely identified with Marshall Field's and Chicago from the now defunct Frederick & Nelson Department store. Marshall Field's also had the firsts, among many innovations by Marshall Field's. Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \"book signing.\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the \"theme\" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting \"under the clock\" on State Street."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "William Nicholas Selig", "paragraph_text": "William Nicholas Selig (March 14, 1864 \u2013 July 15, 1948) was a pioneer of the American motion picture industry. In 1896 he created one of the first film production companies, Selig Polyscope Company of Chicago. By 1908, he established one of the first major studios in Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Joan Shorenstein", "paragraph_text": "In 1985 Joan Shorenstein died of breast cancer and the following year, her parents donated $5 million to Harvard University to establish what is now known as the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy. It is currently run by the former Senior Vice President and Deputy Publisher of the \"Los Angeles Times,\" Nicco Mele."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. served as president from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. Cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university, which continue today and are vital to the university's governance and development"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "KBLG", "paragraph_text": "In February 2013, KBLG signed a multi-year agreement with Grizzly Sports Properties to broadcast all University of Montana football and men\u2019s basketball games to Billings listeners."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "NORC at the University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "NORC at the University of Chicago is one of the largest independent social research organizations in the United States. Established in 1941 as the National Opinion Research Center, its corporate headquarters is located in downtown Chicago, with offices in several other locations throughout the United States. Organized as an independent corporation, more than half its board comes from faculty and administration of the university, it also jointly staffs some university academic research centers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Scratchie Records", "paragraph_text": "Initially, Scratchie was based in Chicago and had distribution through Mercury Records, but a year of legal wrangling ended the pact after Universal merged with Mercury's parent company, Polygram. Scratchie then signed a deal with New Line and moved to New York City."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gordon Pickard", "paragraph_text": "Pickard emigrated from England as a child. Since 1967, he has been forming companies which now make up South Australia's largest housing and land development group. Recently the Pickard Foundation has been established to manage the large amount of donations to charities."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bijou Video", "paragraph_text": "Established in 1969 by Steven Toushin, Bijou Video is a company specializing in the production of gay pornographic films, based in Chicago, Illinois, United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Metropolis Coffee Company", "paragraph_text": "Metropolis Coffee Company is a coffee roasting company, wholesaler and retailer with locations at 1039 W. Granville Avenue and 3057 N. Rockwell Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. The company supplies coffee to hundreds of cafes and restaurants throughout the US, Canada, and Korea. In 2005, they were named by \"Newcity\" as the best place in Chicago to buy coffee beans and noted for their donation of $2 to Oxfam for Tsunami for each pound of beans purchased. Metropolis is also a back-to-back winner of the Good Food Awards, and winner of Roast Magazine's Roaster of the Year - A national roasting competition."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Social Service Review", "paragraph_text": "Social Service Review is an academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press which covers social welfare policy and practice and its effects. It was established in 1927 and the editor-in-chief is Mark E. Courtney (University of Chicago)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hopson Development", "paragraph_text": "Hopson Development Holdings Limited or Hopson Development (), established in Guangzhou, China in 1992, is one of the five largest real estate private company in Guangdong Province. (The others are Country Garden, Evergrande Real Estate Group, R&F Properties and Agile Property.) It focuses on property developments, including residential property, commercial property, hotel and tourist property, and property management business, in major Mainland cities such as Guangzhou, Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eddie Long", "paragraph_text": "Long was born in Huntersville, North Carolina, on May 12, 1953, the son of the Rev. Floyd M. Long, Jr. and Hattie Long. He attended North Carolina Central University in Durham, North Carolina, where he received a bachelor's degree in Business Administration in 1977. In 2008, Long donated $1 million to the university to establish a professorship in his name, saying \"I am making (the donation) from my own personal income,\" which comes from various real estate ventures and also as royalties from his books. Long then worked as a factory sales representative for the Ford Motor Corporation, but was fired after he submitted expense reports that included personal telephone calls."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In 1929, the university's fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. Hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics, instituted the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum known as the Common Core, and organized the university's graduate work into its current[when?] four divisions. In 1933, Hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the University of Chicago and Northwestern University into a single university. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals (now called the University of Chicago Medical Center) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students. Also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The College, various graduate programs, interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools. Beyond the arts and sciences, Chicago is also well known for its professional schools, which include the Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, the Law School, the School of Social Service Administration, the Harris School of Public Policy Studies, the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies and the Divinity School. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the College and around 15,000 students overall."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational, secular institution in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field. While the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B. Cobb who provided the funds for the campus' first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Field's pledge of $100,000. Other early benefactors included businessmen Charles L. Hutchinson (trustee, treasurer and donor of Hutchinson Commons), Martin A. Ryerson (president of the board of trustees and donor of the Ryerson Physical Laboratory) Adolphus Clay Bartlett and Leon Mandel, who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall, and George C. Walker of the Walker Museum, a relative of Cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William Veeder", "paragraph_text": "William Veeder completed his undergraduate studies at Notre Dame, and then spent two years at the University of Iowa Writers\u2019 Workshop, where he earned his Master of Fine Arts. Veeder received his Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1969, and joined the faculty at the University of Chicago that same year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chicago Board of Trade Building", "paragraph_text": "The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois. It stands at 141 W. Jackson Boulevard at the foot of the LaSalle Street canyon, in the Loop community area. Built in 1930 and first designated a Chicago Landmark on May 4, 1977, the building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2, 1978. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 16, 1978. Originally built for the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), it is now the primary trading venue for the derivatives exchange, the CME Group, formed in 2007 by the merger of the CBOT and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In 2012, the CME Group sold the CBOT Building to a consortium of real estate investors, including GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "From the mid-2000s, the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects. In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students. The institute will cost around $200 million and occupy the buildings of the Chicago Theological Seminary. During the same year, investor David G. Booth donated $300 million to the university's Booth School of Business, which is the largest gift in the university's history and the largest gift ever to any business school. In 2009, planning or construction on several new buildings, half of which cost $100 million or more, was underway. Since 2011, major construction projects have included the Jules and Gwen Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, a ten-story medical research center, and further additions to the medical campus of the University of Chicago Medical Center. In 2014 the University launched the public phase of a $4.5 billion fundraising campaign. In September 2015, the University received $100 million from The Pearson Family Foundation to establish The Pearson Institute for the Study and Resolution of Global Conflicts and The Pearson Global Forum at the Harris School of Public Policy Studies."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Journal of Political Economy", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Political Economy is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press. It covers both theoretical and empirical economics. It was established in 1892 by James Laurence Laughlin. In January 2020, the journal will move to a monthly publication schedule."}], "question": "In what year was the establishment of the company that donated property to the University of Chicago?"}
{"id": "2hop__142790_249028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kirka", "paragraph_text": "Several Babitzin siblings are established musicians in their own right. In 1978, Kirka released a duet album with sister Anna; the next year, another sister Marija (\"Muska\") joined in."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hang in Long Enough", "paragraph_text": "\"Hang in Long Enough\" is a single performed by Phil Collins and released in 1990 from the album \"...But Seriously\". It was the sixth and last single from the album. The song was a moderate hit, reaching the #23 spot on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and #34 on the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Amours des feintes", "paragraph_text": "Amours des feintes is an album by Jane Birkin. The album was released in 1990 and was the last original album of songs written by Serge Gainsbourg."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Last Album", "paragraph_text": "The Last Album was the last studio album Albert Ayler recorded before his death in 1970. The album was released posthumously (hence the title) in 1971 on Impulse! Records. The album consists of outtakes from the sessions for \"Music Is the Healing Force of the Universe\". The album was recorded August 26-29, 1969 at Plaza Sound Studios in New York City."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1100 Bel Air Place", "paragraph_text": "1100 Bel Air Place is an album of love songs performed by Julio Iglesias, and released by Columbia Records in 1984. It was the first of Iglesias' albums to be performed largely in English, and it is generally considered his breakthrough album in English speaking markets."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm", "paragraph_text": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances with Ernie Henry recorded in 1957 and released on the Riverside label. This was Henry's last recording session."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lady in Satin", "paragraph_text": "Lady in Satin is an album by jazz singer Billie Holiday released in 1958 on Columbia Records, catalogue CL 1157 in mono and CS 8048 in stereo. It is the penultimate album completed by the singer and last released in her lifetime (her final album, \"Last Recording\", being recorded in March 1959 and released just after her death). The original album was produced by Irving Townsend, and engineered by Fred Plaut."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Monologue of Love", "paragraph_text": "Monologue of Love, sometimes called Monologue about Love is the studio album by Soviet singer Sofia Rotaru, released in 1987 by Melodiya. The long play album was simultaneously released for the Soviet and international market. The album includes songs performed in Russian with new rock style arrangements by leading Soviet pop and rock bands: Vesyolye Rebyata, Forum, Chervona Ruta. This album is a soundtrack album to the movie Monologue of Love released in 1986."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Only Four You", "paragraph_text": "Only Four You is a 1985 album by the American vocal girl group Mary Jane Girls. Released on February 14, 1985, this is the second and last studio album released by the group. As with their debut album, \"Mary Jane Girls\", the album was produced and written by Rick James."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sleepwalking (Gerry Rafferty album)", "paragraph_text": "Sleepwalking is the fifth studio album by Gerry Rafferty, released in 1982. It is the follow-up to the 1980 album \"Snakes and Ladders\". It would be Rafferty's last album for Liberty/United Artists, and his last for six years."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I Am (Elisa Fiorillo album)", "paragraph_text": "I Am is the second album from American singer Elisa Fiorillo, and her last album release aiming at the mainstream chart, released in 1990."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sweet and Sentimental", "paragraph_text": "Sweet and Sentimental is the debut studio album by American country artist, Jan Howard. The album was released by Capitol Records in August 1962 and was produced by Ken Nelson. The record would be Howard's only studio album for the Capitol label and would be her last album release until 1966."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "That's All There Is", "paragraph_text": "That's All There Is a punk rock album by Eerie Von. Von wrote, performed, recorded and produced the album by himself. It was released in 2006 by the label Ghastly Records. \"That's All There Is\" was Von's fourth album since he left the metal band Danzig. The album was recorded in Eerie Von's home studio and marked a diversion from the gothic rock of his previous solo albums. It is the only album to be released under the Spidercider project."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lines, Vines and Trying Times", "paragraph_text": "Lines, Vines and Trying Times is the fourth studio album by the Jonas Brothers. It was released June 16, 2009 in the US. The album received mixed reviews from critics and fans. In its first week, the album sold 247,000 copies, debuting at #1 on the \"Billboard\" 200. It was their third and last album released under Hollywood Records, and their last before a hiatus, which lasted from October 2013 to March 2019."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eho Sta Matia Ourano", "paragraph_text": "Eho Sta Matia Ourano is an album by popular Greek artist Katy Garbi. It was released on 23 April 2005 by Sony BMG Greece and went Gold in Greece and Cyprus. Christos Dantis composed all the songs and also performs a duet in the song \"Spaciba Baby\". Katy Garbi promoted 3 of her songs on ANT1 show \"Fame Story 3\" before album's release. She performed the lead single \"Akouse Agori Mou\" on Mad Video Music Awards 2005 too. The track list contains laika and pop songs. \"Eho Sta Matia Ourano\" is Katy's last collaboration with her producer Giannis Doulamis, who was the producer of all her albums since her debut album \"Prova\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Casting the Stones", "paragraph_text": "Casting the Stones is the eighth studio album released by American power metal band Jag Panzer, released in 2004. It shares musical similarities with the band's last album, Mechanized Warfare. This is the last album to feature Chris Broderick on guitar."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nolan Sisters (album)", "paragraph_text": "Nolan Sisters is the self-titled 1979 album by the Irish sibling pop group The Nolan Sisters. It was their first album to be released on Epic Records, and contained a mixture of original material (composed for the group by Ben Findon, Mike Myers, and Robert Puzey) and covers of popular songs. The singles \"Spirit Body and Soul\" and \"I'm In the Mood for Dancing\" were released from the album, the latter becoming the group's best-known song, peaking at No.3 in the UK, while the former was also a top 40 hit. The release of that single also marked a group name change to The Nolans."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lonely Side of the City", "paragraph_text": "Lonely Side of the City is the fourth and final studio album by the 1960s soul and pop group The American Breed, released in the fall of 1968. For their last album, the group decided to move more towards a soft rock approach. However, the group had all but fallen out of favor with the music public, and the album failed miserably. \"Walls\" was the only single released from the album, and, after releasing several more non-album singles, including the last official American Breed single, \"Can't Make It Without You\" (1970), the group officially disbanded, and later reorganized as soul/funk band Rufus."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Don't Call Me Mama Anymore", "paragraph_text": "Don't Call Me Mama Anymore is a live album recorded by Cass Elliot. It was the third album she released for RCA Records and the last album released before her death."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Donald Ayler", "paragraph_text": "Donald Ayler (October 5, 1942 \u2013 October 21, 2007) was a jazz trumpeter and younger brother to saxophonist Albert Ayler."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the performer who released The Last Album?"}
{"id": "2hop__61487_161869", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of European stock exchanges", "paragraph_text": "The London Stock Exchange is the only global stock exchange in Europe, it is located in the City of London in the United Kingdom. As of December 2014, the Exchange had a market capitalization of US $6.06 trillion (short scale), making it the third - largest stock exchange in the world by this measurement (the largest in Europe, ahead of Euronext). The Exchange was founded in 1801 and its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London. The Exchange is part of the London Stock Exchange Group."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Walter Galpin Alcock", "paragraph_text": "Sir Walter Galpin Alcock (29 December 186111 September 1947) was an English organist and composer. He held a number of important posts as an organist, playing at the coronations of three monarchs. He was also professor of organ at the Royal College of Music, London."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Goldsmiths' Company Assay Office", "paragraph_text": "The Goldsmiths\u2019 Company Assay Office in London (also known as Assay Office London or the London Assay Office) is the oldest assay office in the United Kingdom. The company has provided hallmarking services since The Goldsmiths Company was founded in the 14th century. The company received its royal charter in 1327 and ranks 5th in order of precedence of the 12 Great Livery Companies of the City of London."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gresham's law", "paragraph_text": "accepted by law as having similar face value, the more valuable commodity will gradually disappear from circulation.The law was named in 1860 by Henry Dunning Macleod, after Sir Thomas Gresham (1519\u20131579), who was an English financier during the Tudor dynasty. However, the concept itself had been previously expressed by others, including by Aristophanes in his play The Frogs, which dates from around the end of the 5th century BC, in the 14th century by Nicole Oresme c.\u20091350, in his treatise On the Origin, Nature, Law, and Alterations of Money, and by jurist and historian Al-Maqrizi (1364\u20131442) in the Mamluk Empire; and in 1519 by Nicolaus Copernicus in a treatise called Monetae cudendae ratio For this reason, it is occasionally known as the Gresham\u2013Copernicus law."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anthony Jackson (soldier)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Anthony Jackson (1599\u20131666) was an English lawyer, soldier, and knight in the seventeenth century. A cavalier during the English Civil War, he was knighted by Charles II, participated in the Battle of Worcester, and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for over a decade."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sir or Madam", "paragraph_text": "Sir or Madam (German: Ossi hat die Hosen an) is a 1928 British-German silent comedy film directed by Carl Boese and starring Margot Armand, Percy Marmont and Ossi Oswalda. It was based on the 1923 novel \"Sir or Madame\" by Berta Ruck and shot at Elstree Studios near London. The film was a co-production between Germany and Britain, with separate versions released in the countries. In Britain it was not released until February 1930."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gresham Palace", "paragraph_text": "The site was once occupied by N\u00e1k\u00f3 House, a neo-classical palace built in 1827. In 1880, the London-based Gresham Life Assurance Company bought the property, at a time when it was illegal for insurance companies in Great Britain to invest money in stocks, but rental income was an acceptable and legal investment. The company later decided to build its foreign headquarters on the site, and decided that they needed a grander setting for them. They commissioned local architects Zsigmond Quittner and Jozsef Vago to design the new structure, and in 1904, they began construction of the Gresham Palace, which was completed in 1906 and opened in 1907. It was named after the 16th-century English financier Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Royal Exchange in London."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Capital of the Netherlands", "paragraph_text": "Although the proper legal status of Amsterdam as capital of the Netherlands is of recent date, the city has been uniformly recognised as capital ever since 1814. This is partly because it is a Royal City, used not only for the inauguration of kings, but also for royal weddings (note though that royal burials take place in Delft), and also because of its dominant position in Dutch history. From the end of the 16th century the city grew rapidly to become the largest and most powerful city in the Netherlands and the main centre of trade, commerce, finance and culture."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Friedrichstadt (Dresden)", "paragraph_text": "Friedrichstadt is a neighborhood in central Dresden, Germany. A factory district in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it is known as the home of the founders of the artistic association known as Die Br\u00fccke."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Flagmen of Lowestoft", "paragraph_text": "The Flagmen of Lowestoft are a collection of thirteen paintings by Sir Peter Lely, painted in the mid-1660s. They were originally part of the Royal Collections, though most were given to Greenwich Hospital in the nineteenth century, and are now in the National Maritime Museum in London. The paintings are of prominent naval officers, most of them of flag rank, who had fought at the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665. Lely at the time was Principal Painter to King Charles II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bernard Keen", "paragraph_text": "Sir Bernard Augustus Keen FRS (5 September 1890 \u2013 5 August 1981) was a British soil scientist and Fellow of University College London. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1935."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Old English literature", "paragraph_text": "There were considerable losses of manuscripts as a result of the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century. Scholarly study of the language began when the manuscripts were collected by scholars and antiquarians such as Matthew Parker, Laurence Nowell and Sir Robert Bruce Cotton."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, where as, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from NYSE on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Skaila Kanga", "paragraph_text": "Skaila Kanga (born in India) is a harpist and is Head of Harp Studies at the Royal Academy of Music, London, England. After winning a Junior Exhibition to the Royal Academy of Music for piano, she switched to harp studies at age 17. She studied with Tina Bonifacio, Sir Thomas Beecham's harpist in the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Exchange Alley", "paragraph_text": "Exchange Alley or Change Alley is a narrow alleyway connecting shops and coffeehouses in an old neighbourhood of the City of London. It served as a convenient shortcut from the Royal Exchange on Cornhill to the Post Office on Lombard Street and remains as one of a number of alleys linking the two streets. Shops once located in Exchange Alley included ship chandlers, makers of navigation instruments such as telescopes, and goldsmiths from Lombardy in Italy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, coming relatively late to trade in the Indies. Before them the Portuguese Estado da \u00cdndia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595, which amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company (VOC), which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 (meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned, but could be traded on a stock exchange). Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "Within the City of Westminster in London the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements. London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre since the late 20th century. The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre and the Royal Albert Hall as well as touring the country."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Suriyothai", "paragraph_text": "Suriyothai (, ) or was a royal queen consort during the 16th century Ayutthaya period of Siam (now Thailand). She is famous for having given up her life in the defense of her husband, King Maha Chakkraphat, in a battle during the Burmese\u2013Siamese War (1548\u201349)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Royal Exchange, London", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Exchange in London was founded in the 16th century by the merchant Thomas Gresham on the suggestion of his factor Richard Clough to act as a centre of commerce for the City of London. The site was provided by the City of London Corporation and the Worshipful Company of Mercers, who still jointly own the freehold. It is trapezoidal in shape and is flanked by Cornhill and Threadneedle Street, which converge at Bank junction in the heart of the City. The building's original design was inspired by a bourse Gresham had seen in Antwerp and was Britain's first specialist commercial building."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, coming relatively late to trade in the Indies. Before them the Portuguese Estado da India had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595, which amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company (VOC), which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 (meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned, but could be traded on a stock exchange). Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established."}], "question": "When did the founder of London's Royal Exchange in the 16th Century die?"}
{"id": "2hop__173634_732396", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dawn of Magic", "paragraph_text": "Dawn of Magic is an action role-playing computer game developed by Russian studio SkyFallen Entertainment and released by Deep Silver in April, 2007. \"Dawn of Magic\" was published by Atari in North America on October 16, 2007. \"Dawn of Magic\" is an upgraded version of the Russian language SkyFallen game \"Blood Magic\", published by 1C Company on December 16, 2005."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Unpleasant World of Penn & Teller", "paragraph_text": "The Unpleasant World of Penn & Teller was a British magic show presented by Penn & Teller in 1994 on Channel 4. The show featured segments deconstructing magic tricks, while performing some of their signature comedy magic stunts, essentially introducing the pair to a British audience. The first or middle segments would always feature a British celebrity like Stephen Fry or John Cleese. Another running gag that ended each episode was one where the pair would promise the audience that they never did any camera tricks for their magic, with the gag being that, at that moment, a camera trick would be done to the TV audience."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ralph W. Hull", "paragraph_text": "Ralph W. Hull (July 5, 1883 \u2013 May 20, 1943) was born in Crooksville, Ohio and grew up to be an American magician (specialty card magic) and magic author who invented a number of commercial effects, including the Mirage Deck (1934), and the Mental Photography Deck / Nudist Deck (1934)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Margot Anand", "paragraph_text": "Margot Anand (born July 27, 1944) is a French author, teacher, seminar leader and public speaker. She has written numerous books including \"The Art of Sexual Ecstasy\"; \"The Art of Everyday Ecstasy\"; and \"The Art of Sexual Magic\". Her mother was Protestant, and her father was Russian Orthodox and she was raised in Orthodox religion."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Burley, Idaho micropolitan area", "paragraph_text": "The Burley Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in the Magic Valley region of Idaho, anchored by the city of Burley. It is commonly referred to locally as the \"Mini-Cassia\" area, an amalgam of Minidoka and Cassia Counties."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1993 NBA draft", "paragraph_text": "Despite having the lowest odds, the Orlando Magic surprisingly won the first pick in the 1993 NBA Draft Lottery. It was the second year in a row the Magic won the draft lottery. The Magic drafted Chris Webber with the number one overall pick, but only minutes later, executed a blockbuster trade. The Magic traded Webber to the Golden State Warriors for their first round pick (# 3 overall) Penny Hardaway and three of Golden State's future first - round draft selections."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2009 NBA Finals", "paragraph_text": "Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday, June 4 Los Angeles Lakers 100 -- 75 (1 -- 0) Orlando Magic Game 2 Sunday, June 7 Los Angeles Lakers 101 -- 96 (2 -- 0) Orlando Magic Game 3 Tuesday, June 9 Orlando Magic 108 -- 104 (2 -- 1) Los Angeles Lakers Game 4 Thursday, June 11 Orlando Magic 91 -- 99 (3 -- 1) Los Angeles Lakers Game 5 Sunday, June 14 Orlando Magic 86 -- 99 (4 -- 1) Los Angeles Lakers"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City Subway", "paragraph_text": "The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency of the state - run Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the world's oldest public transit systems, one of the world's most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day on every day of the year."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter", "paragraph_text": "The fictional universe of British author J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series of fantasy novels comprises two distinct societies: the Wizarding World and the Muggle world. In the novels, the Muggle world is the world inhabited by the non-magical majority, with which the Wizarding world exists coextensively, albeit mostly remaining hidden from the non-magical humans. The plot of the series is set in 1990s Britain, but in a veiled and separate shadow society wherein magic is commonly used and practised, and those who can use it live in self - enforced seclusion, hiding their abilities from the rest of the world. The term ``Wizarding World ''refers to the global wizard community that lives hidden in parallel with the Muggle world; the different terms refer to different communities within the same area rather than separate planets or worlds. Any new works taking place in this universe are released under the`` J.K. Rowling's Wizarding World'' brand."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Epcot", "paragraph_text": "The park's name, EPCOT, is an acronym for Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow, a utopian city of the future planned by Walt Disney, often interchanging ``city ''and`` community.'' In Walt Disney's words: ``EPCOT will take its cue from the new ideas and new technologies that are now emerging from the creative centers of American industry. It will be a community of tomorrow that will never be completed but will always be introducing and testing, and demonstrating new materials and new systems. And EPCOT will always be a showcase to the world of the ingenuity and imagination of American free enterprise. ''His original vision was for a model community which would have been home to twenty thousand residents and a test bed for city planning as well as organization. It was to have been built in the shape of a circle with businesses and commercial areas at its center with community buildings, schools, and recreational complexes around it while residential neighborhoods would line the perimeter. This radial plan concept is strongly influenced by British planner Ebenezer Howard and his Garden Cities of To - morrow. Transportation would have been provided by monorails and PeopleMovers (like that in Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland). Automobile traffic would be kept underground, leaving pedestrians safe above ground. The original model of EPCOT can still be seen by passengers riding the Tomorrowland Transit Authority attraction in the Magic Kingdom park; when the PeopleMover enters the showhouse for Stitch's Great Escape!, the remaining portion of the model is visible on the left (when facing forward) behind glass. Walt Disney was not able to obtain funding and permission to start work on his Florida property until he agreed to first build Magic Kingdom. He died nearly five years before Magic Kingdom opened."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cerridwen Fallingstar", "paragraph_text": "Cerridwen Fallingstar (born Cheri Lesh, November 15, 1952), is an American Wiccan Priestess, Shamanic Witch, and author. Since the late 1970s she has written, taught, and lectured about magic, ritual, and metaphysics, and is considered a leading authority on pagan Witchcraft. She is also the author of three historical novels, which she refers to as \"posthumous autobiographies\" \u2014 memories from previous lives."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Candace Cameron Bure", "paragraph_text": "Candace Cameron Bure Cameron Bure in March 2018 Candace Helaine Cameron (1976 - 04 - 06) April 6, 1976 (age 42) Panorama City, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Occupation Actress, producer, author, talk show panelist Years active 1982 -- present Known for The character D.J. Tanner on Full House and Fuller House Spouse (s) Valeri Bure (m. 1996) Children Relatives Kirk Cameron (brother) Website candacecameronbure.net"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hubert Bland", "paragraph_text": "Hubert Bland (3 January 1855 \u2013 14 April 1914) was the husband of Edith Nesbit and was known for being an infamous libertine, a journalist, an early English socialist, and one of the founders of the Fabian Society."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Piper Kerman", "paragraph_text": "Piper Kerman Kerman at the University of Missouri in 2014 Piper Eressea Kerman (1969 - 09 - 28) September 28, 1969 (age 49) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Alma mater Smith College Occupation Writer, author, memoirist Notable work Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison Spouse (s) Larry Smith (m. 2006) Website piperkerman.com www.thepipebomb.com"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Mathematics of Magic: The Enchanter Stories of L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt", "paragraph_text": "The Mathematics of Magic: The Enchanter Stories of L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt is an omnibus collection of seven fantasy stories by American science fiction and fantasy authors L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, gathering material previously published in three volumes as \"The Incomplete Enchanter\" (1941), \"The Castle of Iron\" (1950), and \"Wall of Serpents\" (1960) together with additional material from \"The Enchanter Reborn\" (1992) and \"The Exotic Enchanter\" (1995). It represents an expansion of the earlier omnibuses \"The Compleat Enchanter\", which contained only the material in the first two volumes, and \"The Complete Compleat Enchanter\", which contained only the material in the first three volumes. The expanded version also differs from the previous omnibuses in its selection of supplementary material. \"The Mathematics of Magic\" is the first edition of the authors' Harold Shea series to include every one of their contributions to it in one volume. Contributions to the series of other authors from the collections of the 1990s are omitted."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Magic Land of Allakazam", "paragraph_text": "The Magic Land of Allakazam was the name of a series of network television shows featuring American magician Mark Wilson. It ran from 1960 to 1964 and is credited with establishing the credibility of magic as a television entertainment."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Philadelphia's Magic Gardens", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia's Magic Gardens is a non-profit organization, folk art environment, and gallery space on South Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. To date, it is the largest work created by mosaic artist Isaiah Zagar. The Magic Gardens spans three city lots, and includes indoor galleries and a large outdoor labyrinth. The mosaics are made up of everything from kitchen tiles to bike wheels, Latin-American art to china plates. The space is open for public view, from 11:00-6:00 Wednesday through Monday and closed on Tuesdays."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Magic City (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Magic City is a children's book by Edith Nesbit, first published in 1910. It initially appeared as a serial in \"The Strand Magazine\", with illustrations by Spencer Pryse."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Sand Child", "paragraph_text": "The Sand Child (l'Enfant de sable) is a 1985 novel by Moroccan author Tahar Ben Jelloun. First published in France, the novel's message expresses on multiple levels ideas about the post-colonial condition of Morocco while also emphasising themes relating to the construction of individual identities. It can also be seen as a critique of \"traditional\" Islamic and Moroccan morals, with specific reference to the position of women. There are strong elements of magical realism in the novel."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harlan Tarbell", "paragraph_text": "Harlan Eugene Tarbell (February 23, 1890 \u2013 June 16, 1960) was an American stage magician and illustrator of the early 20th century. He was the author of the well-known \"Tarbell Course in Magic\"."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of The Magic City's author?"}
{"id": "2hop__125661_711752", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Deng Xiaoping", "paragraph_text": "Between 1927 and 1929, Deng lived in Shanghai, where he helped organize protests that would be harshly persecuted by the Kuomintang authorities. The death of many Communist militants in those years led to a decrease in the number of members of the Communist Party, which enabled Deng to quickly move up the ranks. During this stage in Shanghai, Deng married a woman he met in Moscow, Zhang Xiyuan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zhang Xuanjing", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Xuanjing was born in 350, during the reign of his father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie). His mother was likely Zhang Chonghua's concubine Lady Guo (as he honored her as princess dowager in 363, which he would have had little reason to do if she were not his mother). He had an older brother, Zhang Yaoling, who was his father's heir apparent."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Old Cinderella", "paragraph_text": "The Old Cinderella (Chinese: \u8131\u8f68\u65f6\u4ee3) is a 2014 Chinese romantic comedy film directed by Wu Bai and starring Zhang Jingchu, Pan Yueming and Kenji Wu. A large portion of the film was shot in Israel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78\u2013139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Qiao Guanhua", "paragraph_text": "Qiao Guanhua married with diplomat Gong Peng in 1943. The two had a son, Qiao Zonghuai, who served as vice-minister of Foreign Affairs. Their daughter, Qiao Songdu, graduated from Tianjin Medical University. In 2008, she finished the book Qiao Guanhua and Gong Peng--my father and my mother ). In 1970, Gong Peng died of a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1973, Qiao Guanhua married Zhang Hanzhi, adopted daughter of the revolutionary journalist Zhang Shizhao and English interpreter for Chairman Mao himself, after she divorced Hong Junyan. Hung Huang is Qiao Guanhua's stepdaughter. Qiao Guanhua died of cancer in 1983."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhang Zhiqiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Zhiqiang (, born 15 December 1978 in Zibo, Shandong) is a Chinese Rugby union player who plays at the fly-half position."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zhang Peijun", "paragraph_text": "Zhang won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics, where she competed in two matches as a member of the Chinese women's handball team. She is currently a pharmaceutical engineering student at University of Florida."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zhang Xueliang", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsueh-liang (later, Peter H. L. Chang) (3 June 1901 \u2013 15 October 2001), nicknamed the \"Young Marshal\" (\u5c11\u5e25), was the effective ruler of Northeast China and much of northern China after the assassination of his father, Zhang Zuolin (the \"Old Marshal\"), by the Japanese on 4 June 1928. He was an instigator of the 1936 Xi'an Incident, in which Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of China's ruling party, was arrested in order to force him to enter into a truce with the insurgent Chinese Communist Party and form a united front against Japan, which had occupied Manchuria. As a result, he spent over 50 years under house arrest, first in mainland China and then in Taiwan. He is regarded by the Chinese Communist Party as a patriotic hero for his role in the Xi'an Incident."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beast Stalker", "paragraph_text": "Beast Stalker () is a 2008 Hong Kong action thriller film written, produced and directed by Dante Lam. The film stars Nicholas Tse, Nick Cheung, Zhang Jingchu and Liu Kai-chi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guo Songling", "paragraph_text": "Rising from obscure origins, Guo Songling enlisted in Zhang Zuolin's Fengtian clique as a division commander in 1920. After nearly five years of service, he served with distinction as commander of the Fengtian 6th Brigade. However, his personality caused problems: during the Second Zhili-Fengtian War a personal grievance over a friend's removal from command caused him to retreat and nearly cost his army the war. A sense that he was being under-appreciated, along with gradual encouragement by Guominjun rival Feng Yuxiang to help put Zhang's more liberal son on the Manchurian throne, led to his mutiny in mid-1925."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Princess Pei", "paragraph_text": "Princess Pei (\u88f4\u738b\u540e, personal name unknown) (died 354) was the wife of the Chinese state Former Liang's ruler Zhang Chonghua. Very little is known about her, including when Zhang Chonghua made her his princess. After Zhang Chonghua's death in 353, Zhang Chonghua's brother Zhang Zuo served as regent, and in early 354, he formally took over the role of ruler, with the approval of the mother of Zhang Chonghua, Princess Dowager Ma (who was said to have had an affair with him). He then, for reasons unknown, executed Princess Pei."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zhi-Li Zhang", "paragraph_text": "\"Zhi-Li Zhang\" has been selected by the University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Computer Science as the 2014 recipient of the Outstanding Achievement and Advocacy (OAA) Award for Outstanding Achievement in Research."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court that an earthquake had just occurred in the northwest, a message came soon afterwards that an earthquake had indeed struck 400 km (248 mi) to 500 km (310 mi) northwest of Luoyang (in what is now modern Gansu). Zhang called his device the 'instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth' (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea), so-named because he and others thought that earthquakes were most likely caused by the enormous compression of trapped air. See Zhang's seismometer for further details."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhang Chenlong", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Chenlong (; ; born 27 April 1993) is a Chinese football player who currently plays for Guangzhou R&F in the Chinese Super League."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zhang Yalin", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Yalin started his football career in the 2000 Chinese league season for Dalian Shide F.C. and would quickly establish himself within the team that won the league title. From then on he would become a vital member of the team and by 2003 he was selected to the China national under-23 football team but was injured in training, which ruled him out from any tournament. By 2006 in his personal life he married Jia Nini (\u8d3e\u59ae\u59ae), a Chinese model and actress. They named their daughter, who was born 12 July 2007, Zhang Shijia (\u5f20\u8bd7\u4f3d)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhang Yaoling", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Yaoling was the oldest son of his father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie) and therefore was designated his heir apparent. When Zhang Chonghua died in 353, he succeeded Zhang Chonghua as the ruler of Former Liang (with the title Duke of Xiping), but actual power was in the hands of his uncle, Zhang Zuo the Marquess of Changning. In early 354, Zhang Zuo, who had carried on an affair with Zhang Chonghua's mother Princess Dowager Ma, gained her support to take over as ruler, and Zhang Yaoling was demoted to the title of Marquess of Liangning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Big Parade (1986 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Big Parade () is a 1986 Chinese film directed by Chen Kaige. It is the story of a tough drill sergeant and his raw recruits, and was photographed by Zhang Yimou."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Prot\u00e9g\u00e9 (film)", "paragraph_text": "Prot\u00e9g\u00e9 is a 2007 Hong Kong-Singaporean co-produced crime drama film written and directed by Derek Yee, starring Andy Lau, Daniel Wu, Louis Koo, Zhang Jingchu and Anita Yuen."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jakob Rem", "paragraph_text": "Jakob Rem (June 1546 - 12 October 1618) was an Austrian member of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic evangelical organization, and an early member of the Congregation of Marian Fathers. He introduced the phrase \"Mater admirablis\" into the litany."}], "question": "What faction was Zhang Xueliang's father a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__124491_145375", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mao Zemin", "paragraph_text": "Mao Zemin (\u6bdb\u6cfd\u6c11; April 3, 1896 \u2013 September 27, 1943), also using Zhou Bin (\u5468\u5f6c) as his alias, was born in Xiangtan, Hunan province. He was the head of the state bank of the Chinese Soviet Republic in Ruijin and also the Minister of National Economic Department. He was a younger brother of Mao Zedong, and joined the Communist Party of China early on. During World War II, he was sent to Xinjiang by the Party central committee in 1938. He and Chen Tanqiu were arrested by the warlord Sheng Shicai while at \u00dcr\u00fcmqi, Xinjiang. Zemin was executed on September 27, 1943."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In April 1950, Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if they became needed. Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the Americans. Kim met with Mao in May 1950. Mao was concerned that the Americans would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion. China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. At that time, the Chinese were in the process of demobilizing half of the PLA's 5.6 million soldiers. However, Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border. Once Mao's commitment was secured, preparations for war accelerated."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cultural Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve Chinese Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known outside China simply as Maoism) as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked Mao's return to a position of power after the failures of his Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and negatively affected both the economy and society of the country to a significant degree. An estimated 500,000 to 2,000,000 people were killed.The movement was launched in May 1966, after Mao alleged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. To eliminate his rivals within the Communist Party of China (CPC), Mao insisted that revisionists be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread armed clashes between conservative and radical factions in all walks of life, as a result of Mao's open call for \"all-round civil war\" against the conservatives in the communist party establishment. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period, Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became \"The East Is Red\", and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a \"red sun\". During the Cultural Revolution in China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New London Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "New London Township is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,631 at the 2010 census. It was the birthplace of U.S. Founding Father Thomas McKean."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse", "paragraph_text": "The Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse, also known as the Thoreau Farm or the Henry David Thoreau Birthplace, is a historic house at 341 Virginia Road in Concord, Massachusetts, United States. It is significant as the birthplace of writer Henry David Thoreau. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It currently serves as a museum and is open to the public."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of the People's Republic of China", "paragraph_text": "Following the Chinese Civil War and the victory of Mao Zedong's Communist forces over the Kuomintang forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek, who fled to Taiwan, Mao declared the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao's first goal was a total overhaul of the land ownership system, and extensive land reforms. China's old system of landlord ownership of farmland and tenant peasants was replaced with a distribution system in favor of poor / landless peasants which significantly reduced economic inequality. In Zhangzhuangcun, in the more thoroughly reformed north of the country, most ``landlords ''and`` rich peasants'' had lost all their land and often their lives or had fled. All formerly landless workers had received land, which eliminated this category altogether. As a result, ``middling peasants, ''who now accounted for 90 percent of the village population, owned 90.8 percent of the land, as close to perfect equality as one could possibly hope for. Mao laid heavy theoretical emphasis on class struggle, and in 1953 began various campaigns to persecute former landlords and merchants, including the execution of more powerful landlords. Drug trafficking in the country as well as foreign investment were largely wiped out."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mao Yuanxin", "paragraph_text": "Born on 14 February 1941 in Dihua (now Urumqi), Mao Yuanxin is the son of Mao Zemin, a younger brother of Mao Zedong. Mao Zemin had joined the Communist Party in 1922 and was executed by a warlord in 1943. Sheng Shicai, governor of Xinjiang, had been aligned to the Chinese Communist Party and had at first welcomed Mao Zemin, but switched allegiance after Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Mao Yuanxin's mother was also arrested, and Yuanxin was born in jail. After Mao Yuanxin's mother remarried, he was brought up as part of his uncle's family."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Geng Jimao", "paragraph_text": "Geng Jimao or Keng Chi-mao (; died 1671) was a Chinese prince and military leader, inheriting the title of \"Jingnan Prince\" (Jingnan wang [\u9756\u5357\u738b] meaning \"Prince who pacifies the South\") from his father Geng Zhongming, along with his lands, and passing it on, in his turn to his son Geng Jingzhong."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mao Yushi", "paragraph_text": "Mao Yushi (; born 14 January 1929 in Nanjing, Jiangsu) is a Chinese economist. Mao graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1950 and was labeled a 'rightist' in 1958. In 1986 Mao was a visiting scholar at Harvard University and in 1990 Mao was a senior lecturer at Queensland University."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Charles Ives House", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Ives House, also known as Charles Ives Birthplace, is located on Mountainville Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame structure built in 1780 and expanded on since. Over the course of the 19th century it was the residence of several generations of Iveses, a family important in the city's history. In 1874 it was the birthplace of Charles Ives, who became an internationally recognized composer in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the People's Republic of China", "paragraph_text": "Following the Chinese Civil War and the victory of Mao Zedong's Communist forces over the Kuomintang forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek, who fled to Taiwan, Mao declared the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao's first goal was a total overhaul of the land ownership system, and extensive land reforms. China's old system of gentry landlord ownership of farmland and tenant peasants was replaced with a distribution system in favor of poor / landless peasants which significantly reduced economic inequality. Over a million landlords were executed. In Zhangzhuangcun, in the more thoroughly reformed north of the country, most ``landlords ''and`` rich peasants'' had lost all their land and often their lives or had fled. All formerly landless workers had received land, which eliminated this category altogether. As a result, ``middling peasants, ''who now accounted for 90 percent of the village population, owned 90.8 percent of the land. Mao laid heavy theoretical emphasis on class struggle, and in 1953 began various campaigns to persecute former landlords and merchants, including the execution of more powerful landlords. Drug trafficking in the country as well as foreign investment were largely wiped out."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chautauqua County, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Chautauqua County (county code CQ) is a county located in Southeast Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 3,669. Its county seat and most populous city is Sedan. Chautauqua County is named for Chautauqua County, New York, the birthplace of Edward Jaquins, a Kansas politician who was instrumental in getting the county established."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Diexi, Mao County", "paragraph_text": "Diexi (Chinese: \u53e0\u6eaa; Pinyin: Di\u00e9x\u012b) is a town in Mao County, Ngawa Prefecture, Sichuan, China. As of 2000, it has a population of 2,697."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mao Xinyuan", "paragraph_text": "Mao Xinyuan (; born July 2, 1971) is a retired male race walker from PR China. He competed for his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tyre, Lebanon", "paragraph_text": "Tyre is an ancient Phoenician city and the legendary birthplace of Europa and Dido (Elissa). Today it is the fourth largest city in Lebanon after Beirut, Tripoli and Sidon. and houses one of the nation's major ports. Tourism is a major industry. The city has a number of ancient sites, including its Roman Hippodrome which was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1979."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mao Anqing", "paragraph_text": "Mao Anqing () (23 November 1924 \u2013 23 March 2007) was the last known surviving son of Mao Zedong, chairman of the People's republic of China. He was the second son of Mao and his wife, Yang Kaihui. He suffered from a mental illness, possibly schizophrenia. He worked as a translator and never became active in politics."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Patara (Lycia)", "paragraph_text": "Patara (Lycian: \ud800\ude93\ud800\ude97\ud800\ude97\ud800\ude80\ud800\ude95\ud800\ude80 \"Pttara\"; ), later renamed Arsinoe (), was a flourishing maritime and commercial city on the south-west coast of Lycia on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey near the modern small town of Gelemi\u015f, in Antalya Province. It is the birthplace of St. Nicholas, who lived most of his life in the nearby town of Myra (Demre)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lin Liguo", "paragraph_text": "Mao Zedong's government claims, that in 1970, under his father Lin Biao's direction, Lin Liguo made a plan known as Project 571 to assassinate Mao Zedong in Shanghai, but Mao was alerted to it and left Shanghai one day ahead of schedule and changed return route back to Beijing. The Lin family, including Lin Biao, Ye Qun, and Lin Liguo, attempted to flee after the coup failed."}], "question": "Where was Mao Yuanxin's father born?"}
{"id": "2hop__122607_14495", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Llu\u00eds Dalmau, Peris Gon\u00e7al and Dami\u00e0 Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausi\u00e0s March, Roi\u00e7 de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausi\u00e0s March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General (\"studium generale\", place of general studies)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Millicent Mackenzie", "paragraph_text": "Millicent Hughes Mackenzie (1863 in Bristol \u2013 10 December 1942 in Brockweir) was a British professor of education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, the first female professor in Wales and the first appointed to a fully chartered university in the United Kingdom. She wrote on the philosophy of education, founded the Cardiff Suffragette branch, became the only woman Parliamentary Candidate in Wales for 1918, and was a key initiator of Steiner-Waldorf education in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jose Domingo Medrano", "paragraph_text": "Jose Domingo Medrano (born August 4, 1920 in El Salvador) graduated from the National University in San Salvador and was a famous doctor in El Salvador from 1961-1986. He was a member of the Salvadorean Drug Administration and patented over 10 medical products. After an accident which burned most of his body, he left his fortune to the San Miguel and Rosales Hospital Burn Centers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Stanley Plumly", "paragraph_text": "Plumly grew up in Ohio and Virginia and was educated at Wilmington College in Ohio and at Ohio University. He taught for a number of years at Ohio University, where he helped found the Ohio Review. He taught the writing program at the University of Maryland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Instituto Piaget", "paragraph_text": "Instituto Piaget is a Portuguese private institution of higher education. It provides both university and polytechnic higher education in a number of fields. Instituto Piaget was named after the Swiss philosopher and developmental psychologist Jean Piaget."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Osm\u00edn Aguirre y Salinas", "paragraph_text": "Osm\u00edn Aguirre y Salinas (December 25, 1889 \u2013 July 17, 1977) was President of El Salvador, from 21 October 1944 to 1 March 1945. A Colonel in the Salvadoran Army, Aguirre led two successful coups against the Salvadoran government: once in 1931 (installing General Maximiliano Hern\u00e1ndez Mart\u00ednez in power) and again in 1944 (installing himself in power). He left the power in 1945, with the assurance that his successor in the next election would be Salvador Castaneda Castro. He was later assassinated near his home in San Salvador at the age of 87."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications", "paragraph_text": "The Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications (NWC) is a division of the Mathematics Department in the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences devoted to research and education in pure and applied harmonic analysis. The center, named after acclaimed scientist Norbert Wiener was founded in 2004 and is based out of the Mathematics Building on the University of Maryland, College Park campus. It is supported by the University of Maryland, the National Science Foundation, and local industries with which it interacts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Salvador Casa\u00f1as y Pag\u00e9s", "paragraph_text": "Salvador Casa\u00f1as y Pag\u00e9s was born in Barcelona, and studied at the seminary in Barcelona and the University of Valencia, from where he obtained his licentiate in theology in 1857. He was ordained to the priesthood on 18 December 1858, and then did pastoral work in Barcelona for several years. He later became a professor and the rector of its seminary, and was made canon administrator of its cathedral chapter."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "El Perro y el Gato", "paragraph_text": "El Perro y el Gato is a Spanish language animated educational television series airing on HBO since 2004. The program features both Spanish and English dialogue."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia", "paragraph_text": "\"1 Decembrie 1918\" University, Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into the national higher education system, which functions based on the Romanian Constitution, the Law of Education, the University Charter and its own regulations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "West Visayas State University", "paragraph_text": "West Visayas State University (informally referred to as West or WVSU) is a public normal research university (a university system) located in Western Visayas region of the Philippines with its main campus in La Paz, Iloilo City. It was established formally in 1924 as Iloilo Normal School under the Philippine normal school system during the American colonial period in the Philippines under the tutelage of the Thomasites, but it dates back its founding 22 years later when the university's College of Education was founded in 1902. It later became West Visayas State College in 1965 and became a university and changed its name to West Visayas State University in 1986."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Agronom\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Agronom\u00eda is a \"barrio\" or district in the centre part of Buenos Aires city, Argentina. It gets its name from the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Agronomy (\"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda\", in Spanish) based in the neighborhood. Its boundaries are Avenida San Mart\u00edn, Campana, Avenida Salvador Mar\u00eda del Carril, Avenida de los Constituyentes, and Avenida Chorroar\u00edn."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Donetsk State University of Management", "paragraph_text": "Donetsk State University of Management () is a Ukrainian University founded in 1992 as the Donetsk State Academy of Management (with 31 graduates) and was awarded the status of University in 2004 by the Ukrainian Ministry of Education and Science."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The second largest higher-education institution is the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), which includes among many other relevant centers the Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), the National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH), the Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Aut\u00f3nomo de M\u00e9xico (ITAM), the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (3 campuses), the Universidad Panamericana (UP), the Universidad La Salle, the Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), the Universidad An\u00e1huac, Simon Bolivar University (USB), the Alliant International University, the Universidad Iberoamericana, El Colegio de M\u00e9xico (Colmex), Escuela Libre de Derecho and the Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia Econ\u00f3mica, (CIDE). In addition, the prestigious University of California maintains a campus known as \"Casa de California\" in the city. The Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de M\u00e9xico is also in Mexico City."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Estadio 23 de Agosto", "paragraph_text": "Estadio 23 de Agosto, also known as the Estadio La Tacita de Plata, is a multi-use stadium in San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina. It is currently used primarily for football matches and is the home stadium of Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy. It is named after the day of the 1812 Jujuy Exodus. The stadium holds 23,200 people and was built in 1973."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vistula University", "paragraph_text": "Vistula University (VU) (\"Akademia Finans\u00f3w i Biznesu Vistula\") was founded in 1996 and is one of the first private universities of Poland. Vistula University (Vu) is supervised by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of The Republic of Poland and accredited by the State Accreditation Committee. The university offers programs in English and Polish in several fields."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mary Sally Matiella", "paragraph_text": "She earned a Regents' Scholarship into the University of Arizona, receiving a B.A. in 1973 and an M.B.A. in 1976. In 2013, she was named the University of Arizona, College of Education Alum of the year."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "William Curphey", "paragraph_text": "Curphey was born in Glasgow, Scotland to Mr. and Mrs. William Salvador Curphey, who at the time of his death were residing at 87 Canfield Gardens, Hampstead, Middlesex, England; the elder William Curphey was a civil servant. The younger William Curphey was educated at Glasgow Academy, at University College School, Hampstead, and at King's College London. He belonged to the Officers' Training Corps at London University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harvard Graduate School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States. It was founded in 1920, when it was the first school to establish the Ed.D. degree."}], "question": "When was the university that Salvador Casa\u00f1as y Pag\u00e9s attended founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__451060_650099", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Indonesia lies between latitudes 11\u00b0S and 6\u00b0N, and longitudes 95\u00b0E and 141\u00b0E. It is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. According to the country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Indonesia has 17,504 islands (16,056 of which are registered at the UN), scattered over both sides of the equator, and with about 6,000 of them inhabited. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea). Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia (i/n\u0259\u02c8m\u026abi\u0259/, /n\u00e6\u02c8-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German:  Republik Namibia (help\u00b7info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibi\u00eb) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mingaladon Township", "paragraph_text": "Mingaladon Township ( ) is located in the northernmost part of Yangon, Myanmar. The township comprises 31 wards, and shares borders with Hmawbi Township in the north, North Okkalapa Township in the east, Insein Township and Shwepyitha Township in the west, and Mayangon Township in the south. Mingaladon is still relatively undeveloped and lacks basic municipal services."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ngara District", "paragraph_text": "Ngara District is one of the eight districts of the Kagera Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by Karagwe District, to the east by Biharamulo District, to the south by the Kigoma Region, to the northeast by Muleba District and to the west by the countries of Rwanda and Burundi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "\u017barki Wielkie", "paragraph_text": "\u017barki Wielkie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzebiel, within \u017bary County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately south-west of Trzebiel, west of \u017bary, and south-west of Zielona G\u00f3ra."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Matheson Fire", "paragraph_text": "The great Matheson Fire was a deadly forest fire that passed through the region surrounding the communities of Black River-Matheson and Iroquois Falls, Ontario, Canada, on July 29, 1916."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Blanche, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Blanche is an unincorporated place and railway point in geographic Selwyn Township in the Unorganized North Part of Cochrane District in northeastern Ontario, Canada."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "\u0110\u1ee9c Hu\u1ec7 District", "paragraph_text": "\u0110\u1ee9c Hu\u1ec7 is a rural district of Long An Province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. It has a western border with Cambodia; a southwest border with Th\u1ea1nh H\u00f3a District; an eastern border with \u0110\u1ee9c H\u00f2a District; and a south and southeast border with Th\u1ee7 Th\u1eeba District and B\u1ebfn L\u1ee9c District."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Unorganized South West Cochrane District", "paragraph_text": "Unorganized South West Cochrane District is an unorganized area in the Canadian province of Ontario, encompassing the small portion of the Cochrane District, between Black River-Matheson and Timmins, which is not part of either municipality."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Melilas, Belait", "paragraph_text": "Melilas is a mukim in the Belait District of Brunei. It is located in the southernmost point of the Belait District, bordering Mukim Sukang to the north and Sarawak (Malaysia) to the east, south and west."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bocholt, Germany", "paragraph_text": "Bocholt is a city in the north-west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, part of the district Borken. It is situated 4\u00a0km south of the border with the Netherlands. Suderwick is part of Bocholt and is situated at the border annex to Dinxperlo."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bledsoe, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Bledsoe is an unincorporated community in western Cochran County, Texas, located near the New Mexico border. It is about 68 miles west of Lubbock, Texas. As of the 1990 US Census, the town had a population of 125."}], "question": "What town borders the township that shares a border with the Unorganized South West Cochrane District?"}
{"id": "2hop__142928_173884", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anne Feeney", "paragraph_text": "Since 1991, Feeney has toured North America and the world to perform and participate in political and labor rallies and events. Her first recording, Look to the Left, was released in 1992. Since then she has released several more albums, including ``Union Maid, ''`` If I Ca n't Dance,'' ``Have you Been to Jail for Justice? '', Dump the Bosses Off Your Back. and, most recently`` Enchanted Way'' (2010). Feeney and her daughter Amy Berlin performed Feeney's song ``Ai n't I a Woman ''at the`` March for Women's Lives'' in Washington, DC, on April 25, 2004."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "10 on Broadway", "paragraph_text": "10 on Broadway is the fourth studio album of Broadway standards from Dennis DeYoung. It was released in 1994 by Atlantic Records. The idea for the album came in connection with DeYoung's performance as Pontius Pilate in \"Jesus Christ Superstar\" as part of the 1992 national tour of the production."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lovers Prayers", "paragraph_text": "Lovers Prayers is the seventh and most recent studio album by American indie rock band Ida, released in 2008 on Tiger Style Records. It has been reviewed by Allmusic, Pitchfork, Magnet Magazine, and PopMatters. Band members Mitchell and Littleton performed songs from the album on the NPR newsmagazine show The Bryant Park Project."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I'll Be Your Lover, Too", "paragraph_text": "\"I'll Be Your Lover, Too\" is a song written by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison. It appears on the album \"His Band and the Street Choir\", released in 1970."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "No Tell Lover", "paragraph_text": "\"No Tell Lover\" is a song written by Peter Cetera, Lee Loughnane, and Danny Seraphine for the group Chicago and recorded for their album \"Hot Streets\" (1978), with Cetera and Donnie Dacus singing lead vocals. The second single released from that album, it reached No. 14 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and No. 5 on the adult contemporary chart."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "With Luv'", "paragraph_text": "With Luv' is the first album by the Dutch girl group Luv', released in August 1978 by Phonogram/Philips Records. It includes the hit singles \"My Man\" (the trio's first record), \"U.O.Me\" (Luv's breakthrough in Benelux) and the million-seller \"You're the Greatest Lover (a #1 song in a large part of Continental Europe). A German pressing of this album features Trojan Horse\", a successful European chart topper. In 2006, this LP was reissued in digitally remastered form by Universal Music Netherlands as part of the \"Completely in Luv'\" box set."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Royalty", "paragraph_text": "The Royalty is an American indie rock band formed in 2005. Based in El Paso, Texas, the group has released two studio albums and one EP. Victory Records signed the band after the release of their self-titled album. They released their full-length album \"Lovers\" in May 2012."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Gift (John Zorn album)", "paragraph_text": "The Gift is an album by John Zorn released in 2001 on the Tzadik label as the third volume of his Music Romance Series and described as an album \"for lovers only\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "If You Feel the Funk", "paragraph_text": "\"If You Feel the Funk\" was the debut single from artist La Toya Jackson. It was released in 1980 on Polydor Records, and comes from Jackson's self-titled debut album (1980). It was released in three versions, with \"Are You Ready?\", \"Lovely Is She\" and \"Night Time Lover\" on the B-side (all three were album tracks; \"Night Time Lover\" was later released as a single)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lovelight", "paragraph_text": "\"Lovelight\" is a pop song written and originally performed by Lewis Taylor for his 2003 album \"Stoned, Part I\". In 2006, the song was covered by British singer Robbie Williams. It was produced by Mark Ronson, and was released as the second single from Williams' seventh solo album, \"Rudebox\", in the fourth quarter of 2006."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lovers (Mickey Newbury album)", "paragraph_text": "Lovers is the 1975 album by singer-songwriter Mickey Newbury. The album is noted for the inclusion of the epic trilogy \"Apples Dipped In Candy\" and the title track. It was his final release on Elektra Records. Chet Atkins played guitar on \"Apples Dipped in Candy\" and Bergen White arranged the strings on the album."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Heavy Traffic (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Heavy Traffic OST is the soundtrack to Ralph Bakshi's 1973 film \"Heavy Traffic\". The film's score was performed by Ed Bogas and Ray Shanklin. The soundtrack album was released on Fantasy Records in 1973. The album was released on compact disc in 1996 as part of a compilation that featured both the soundtracks to \"Fritz the Cat\" and \"Heavy Traffic\" on the same disc."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Caralee McElroy", "paragraph_text": "Caralee McElroy (born December 27, 1983) is a Brooklyn-based multi-instrumentalist who has played in the bands Xiu Xiu, XXL, and Cold Cave."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Etta James Sings for Lovers", "paragraph_text": "Etta James Sings for Lovers is the fourth studio album by American Blues artist, Etta James. The album was released on Argo Records in 1962 and was produced by Phil and Leonard Chess. The arrangements were by Al Poskonka and Riley Hampton."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Women as Lovers", "paragraph_text": "Women as Lovers is the sixth studio album by American avant-garde band Xiu Xiu. It was released on January 29, 2008, by Kill Rock Stars, and shares its title with the Martin Chalmers translation of Elfriede Jelinek's 1975 novel \"Die Liebhaberinnen\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lonely Women Make Good Lovers", "paragraph_text": "\"Lonely Women Make Good Lovers\" is a song written by Freddy Weller and Spooner Oldham, and first recorded by Bob Luman. Luman's version was the second single from his 1972 album of the same name. In September 1972, his version of the song debuted on the Hot Country Singles (now Hot Country Songs) charts, spending nineteen weeks on it and peaking at number 4."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gooden's Corner", "paragraph_text": "Gooden's Corner is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1961 and released on the Japanese Blue Note label in 1980. The tracks were also released in 1997 as part of \"The Complete Quartets with Sonny Clark\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Art of Life Live", "paragraph_text": "Art of Life Live is an X Japan live album released on March 18, 1998. It is composed solely of one song, \"Art of Life\". Mostly recorded on December 31, 1993 (the piano solo part is from the night before) at the Tokyo Dome. The album reached number 20 on the Oricon chart. This same performance was released on DVD and VHS, as \"Art of Life 1993.12.31 Tokyo Dome\", five years later."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Killer (Alice Cooper album)", "paragraph_text": "Killer is the fourth studio album by the Alice Cooper band, released in November 1971. The album reached number 21 on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart, and the two singles \"Under My Wheels\" and \"Be My Lover\" made the Billboard Hot 100 chart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "First Light (Freddie Hubbard album)", "paragraph_text": "First Light is an album by jazz trumpeter Freddie Hubbard. Recorded in 1971, it features string arrangements by Don Sebesky. It was his third album released on Creed Taylor's CTI label and features performances by Hubbard, Herbie Hancock, Eric Gale, George Benson, Ron Carter, Jack DeJohnette, Airto Moreira and Richard Wyands. The album is part of a loose trilogy including his two previous records at the time, \"Red Clay\" and \"Straight Life\". \"First Light\" won a 1972 Grammy Award for \"Best Jazz Performance by a Group\""}], "question": "The band releasing the album Women as Lovers has which multi-instrumentalist?"}
{"id": "2hop__89369_293059", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Department of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "The Department of Homeland Security was established on November 25, 2002, by the Homeland Security Act of 2002. It was intended to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to ``homeland security ''into a single Cabinet agency. The following 22 agencies were incorporated into the new department:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mohammad al-Shaar", "paragraph_text": "Shaar joined the armed forces in 1971 and held a number of security positions, including chief of the military security in Tartous, the chief of the military security in Aleppo, and the commander and chief of the Syrian military police. He was the commander of the military police prior to being appointed minister of interior.He was appointed interior minister in April 2011, replacing Said Mohammad Sammour."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Order of the Sword & Shield", "paragraph_text": "The Order of the Sword & Shield was established in 2010 at St. Johns University by Professor Jeffrey Grossmann. The organization was created to be the first national honor society dedicated exclusively to homeland security, intelligence, emergency management and all protective security disciplines."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Secretary of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "No. Portrait Name State of Residence Took office Left office President Tom Ridge Pennsylvania January 24, 2003 February 1, 2005 George W. Bush -- James Loy Pennsylvania February 1, 2005 February 15, 2005 Michael Chertoff New Jersey February 15, 2005 January 21, 2009 Janet Napolitano Arizona January 21, 2009 September 6, 2013 Barack Obama -- Rand Beers District of Columbia September 6, 2013 December 16, 2013 Jeh Johnson New Jersey December 23, 2013 January 20, 2017 5 John F. Kelly Massachusetts January 20, 2017 July 31, 2017 Donald Trump -- Elaine Duke Ohio July 31, 2017 December 6, 2017 6 Kirstjen Nielsen Florida December 6, 2017 Incumbent"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kevin S. Huffman", "paragraph_text": "Kevin S. Huffman (born September 22, 1970) is an American lawyer and education administrator who was the Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Education. He was appointed to the position by Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam and served from April 2011 to January 2015. Prior to his work at the Tennessee Department of Education, Huffman held a senior management position in Teach for America and had worked as an attorney specializing in education."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States Department of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Nebraska Avenue Complex, DHS headquarters Agency overview Formed November 25, 2002; 15 years ago (2002 - 11 - 25) Jurisdiction United States Headquarters Nebraska Avenue Complex, Washington, D.C., U.S. 38 \u00b0 56 \u2032 17 ''N 77 \u00b0 4 \u2032 56'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.93806 \u00b0 N 77.08222 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.93806; - 77.08222 Employees 229,000 (2017) Annual budget $40.6 billion (2017) Agency executives Kirstjen Nielsen, Secretary Elaine Duke, Deputy Secretary Child agencies United States Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Transportation Security Administration United States Coast Guard National Protection and Programs Directorate United States Secret Service Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Management Directorate Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Office of General Counsel Office of Health Affairs Office of Intelligence & Analysis Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Operations Coordination Office of Partnership & Engagement Office of Policy Office of Public Affairs Office of the Inspector General Privacy Office Science & Technology Directorate Website www.dhs.gov ``The DHS March ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "On 25 November 2002, the Homeland Security Act was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush, designating the Coast Guard to be placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The transfer of administrative control from the U.S. Department of Transportation to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was completed the following year, on 1 March 2003."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Menahem Shemuel Halevy", "paragraph_text": "Halevy served the Jewish Congregation of Hamadan, first in Iran and later in Jerusalem, as a Rabbi, a Judge and an educator. While in Hamadan, he held the position of a teacher in the Alliance Isra\u00e9lite Universelle, and later as its principal. Moreover, he was the Jewish congregation\u2019s civil leader and representative to the Municipality of Hamadan. As the spiritual shepherd of his people, he insisted on teaching everyone the Hebrew language, the respect of the Torah and the love of the homeland, Zion. Being a gifted writer, he published poetry books, essays and historical books, both in Hebrew and Persian, of the Jews of Iran in general and of Hamadan in particular."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Albin Zollinger", "paragraph_text": "Born in Z\u00fcrich, Albin Zollinger was the son of a precision mechanic and grew up in R\u00fcti, Z\u00fcrich and Argentina, where his parents unsuccessfully tried to establish a secure existence for the family. He attended the teacher\u2019s seminar in K\u00fcsnacht and eventually, after a series of job changes, got a permanent position in Oerlikon, which he held until his death. His first novel was published in 1921."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bruce M. Lawlor", "paragraph_text": "Major General (Retired) Bruce M. Lawlor (born January 24, 1948) is a retired United States Army officer. He is prominent as the first commander of Joint Task Force-Civil Support. In addition, he was one of five White House staff members who wrote the plan to create the Department of Homeland Security, and he was the first DHS Chief of Staff."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cabinet of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five level pay plan known as the Executive Schedule, which is codified in Title 5 of the United States Code. 21 positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level I pay are listed in 5 U.S.C. \u00a7 5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in 5 U.S.C. \u00a7 5313. As of January 2016, the Level I annual pay was set at $205,700."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Confederate States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Secretary of State was the head of the Confederate States State Department from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. There were three people who served the position in this time. The department crumbled with the Confederate States of America in May 1865, marking the end of the war."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tom Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Joseph Ridge (born August 26, 1945) is an American politician and author who served as the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security from 2001 to 2003, and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2003 to 2005. Prior to this, Ridge was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 and the 43rd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "George G. Ritchie", "paragraph_text": "Dr. George G. Ritchie, M.D. (25 September 1923 \u2013 29 October 2007) held positions as president of the Richmond Academy of General Practice; chairman of the Department of Psychiatry of Towers Hospital; and founder and president of the Universal Youth Corps, Inc. for almost 20 years. In 1967 he entered private psychiatry practice in Charlottesville, Virginia, and in 1983 moved to Anniston, Alabama, to serve as head of the Department of Psychiatry at the Northeast Alabama Regional Medical Center. He returned to Richmond in 1986 to continue in private practice until retirement in 1992."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security, and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE-HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative man power as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Secretary of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of Homeland Security of the United States Seal of the Department of Homeland Security Flag of the Secretary of Homeland Security Incumbent Kirstjen Nielsen since December 6, 2017 United States Department of Homeland Security Style Madam Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 6 U.S.C. \u00a7 112 Formation January 24, 2003 (14 years ago) (2003 - 01 - 24) First holder Tom Ridge Succession Eighteenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Salary Executive Schedule, level 1 Website www.dhs.gov"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Presidency of George Washington", "paragraph_text": "The new Constitution empowered the president to appoint executive department heads with the consent of the Senate. Three departments had existed under the Articles of Confederation: the Department of War, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Finance Office. The Department of War was retained, while the latter two departments became the Department of State and the Department of the Treasury, respectively. The leaders of these three departments constituted the initial positions in Washington's cabinet. In September 1789, Congress established the position of Attorney General to serve as the chief legal adviser to the president. Though the Attorney General did not oversee a department (the United States Department of Justice would be established in 1870), the position nonetheless became a part of the cabinet. Edmund Randolph became the first Attorney General, while Henry Knox retained his position as head of the Department of War and Thomas Jefferson served as the first Secretary of State. For the key post of Secretary of the Treasury, which would oversee economic policy, Washington chose Alexander Hamilton, after his first choice, Robert Morris, declined. Morris had recommended Hamilton instead, writing ``But, my dear general, you will be no loser by my declining the secrataryship of the Treasury, for I can recommend a far cleverer fellow than I am for your minister of finance in the person of your aide - de-camp, Colonel Hamilton. ''Washington's initial cabinet consisted of one individual from New England (Knox), one individual from the mid-Atlantic (Hamilton), and two Southerners (Jefferson and Randolph)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Secretary of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "The current Secretary of Homeland Security is Kirstjen Nielsen following the appointment of the then - incumbent secretary, John F. Kelly, to the post of White House Chief of Staff by President Donald Trump. It was announced on October 12, 2017, that Kirstjen Nielsen was nominated as Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security by President Donald Trump. She was confirmed by the Senate on December 5, 2017."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "National Incident Management System", "paragraph_text": "The National Incident Management System (NIMS) is a standardized approach to incident management developed by the United States Department of Homeland Security. The program was established in March 2004, in response to Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 5, issued by President George W. Bush. It is intended to facilitate coordination between all responders (including all levels of government with public, private, and nongovernmental organizations). The system has been revised once, in December 2008. The core training currently includes two courses: (1) IS - 700 NIMS, which provides a basic introduction to NIMS, and (2) ICS - 100, which includes history, details, and features, along with an introduction to the Incident Command System. Approximately 24 additional courses are available on selected topics."}], "question": "What was the position of the first head of the Department of Homeland Security?"}
{"id": "2hop__35582_35592", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cassandra Jean", "paragraph_text": "Cassandra Jean Whitehead (born October 5, 1985), also known as Cassandra Jean Amell, is an American actress, model, and beauty pageant queen from Houston, Texas. Jean attended Texas A&M University\u2013Corpus Christi."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Clarence W. W. Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Clarence William Whitehead Mayhew (March 1, 1906 \u2013 February 13, 1994) was an American architect best known as a designer of contemporary residential structures in the San Francisco Bay Area. Recognition came to him with a home designed in 1937 for the Manor family in Orinda, California; one which was included as an example of modern architecture's effect on the contemporary ranch house in California in several post-war published compilations of residential works."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as \"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\" are problematic. These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\")."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dean Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Dean Whitehead (born 12 January 1982) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder and occasionally at right-back."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts \u2013 Henry Nelson Wieman \u2013 to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jeffery D. Long", "paragraph_text": "Jeffery D. Long is Professor of Religion and Asian Studies at Elizabethtown College, in Pennsylvania, USA. He is associated with the Vedanta Society, D\u0100NAM (the Dharma Academy of North America) and the Hindu American Foundation. A major theme of Long's work is religious pluralism, a topic he approaches from a perspective informed by the process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead and which he refers to as a \"Hindu process theology.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Schwartzkopff torpedo", "paragraph_text": "The Schwartzkopff torpedo was a torpedo manufactured in the late 19th century by the German firm \"Eisengie\u00dferei und Maschinen-Fabrik von L. Schwartzkopff\", later known as Berliner Maschinenbau, based on the Whitehead design. Unlike the Whitehead torpedo, which was manufactured out of steel, the Schwartzkopff was made out of bronze, enhancing corrosion resistance."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called \"inert ideas\" \u2013 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that \"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Graham Higman", "paragraph_text": "Higman was born in Louth, Lincolnshire and attended Sutton High School, Plymouth, winning a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. In 1939 he co-founded The Invariant Society, the student mathematics society, and earned his DPhil from the University of Oxford in 1941. His thesis, \"The units of group-rings\", was written under the direction of J. H. C. Whitehead."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The FBI Story", "paragraph_text": "The FBI Story is a 1959 American drama film starring James Stewart, and produced and directed by Mervyn LeRoy. The screenplay by Richard L. Breen and John Twist is based on a book by Don Whitehead."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861.  His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather.  Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schools, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man.  Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.Whitehead was educated at Sherborne School, Dorset, one of the best public schools in the country. His childhood was described as over-protected, but when at school he excelled in sports and mathematics and was head prefect of his class.In 1880, Whitehead began attending Trinity College, Cambridge, and studied mathematics. His academic advisor was Edward Routh. He earned his BA from Trinity in 1884, and graduated as fourth wrangler."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy \u2013 the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that \"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.\" French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works \u2013 particularly Process and Reality \u2013 are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ennis Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Ennis Clement Whitehead (3 September 1895 \u2013 12 October 1964) was an early United States Army aviator and a United States Army Air Forces general during World War II. Whitehead joined the U. S. Army after the United States entered World War I in 1917. He trained as an aviator and served in France, where he was posted to the 3d Aviation Instruction Center and became a qualified test pilot. After the war, Whitehead returned to school at the University of Kansas. After he graduated, he was commissioned as a first lieutenant in 1920."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy in order to create an \"ecological civilization.\" To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Senior Whitehead Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Senior Whitehead Prize of the London Mathematical Society (LMS) is now awarded in odd numbered years in memory of John Henry Constantine Whitehead, president of the LMS between 1953 and 1955. The Prize is awarded to mathematicians normally resident in the United Kingdom on 1 January of the relevant year. Selection criteria include work in, influence on or service to mathematics, or recognition of lecturing gifts in the field of mathematics. Previous recipients of top LMS prizes or medals are ineligible for nomination."}], "question": "How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating the book known as one of the most important works known in mathematical logics?"}
{"id": "2hop__6969_676678", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Concrete Roman", "paragraph_text": "Concrete Roman is a slab serif typeface designed by Donald Knuth using his METAFONT program. It was intended to accompany the Euler mathematical font which it partners in Knuth's book \"Concrete Mathematics\". It has a darker appearance than its more famous sibling, Computer Modern. Some favour it for use on the computer screen because of this, as the thinner strokes of Computer Modern can make it hard to read at low resolutions."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Anna Claypoole Peale", "paragraph_text": "Anna Claypoole Peale was born on March 6, 1791, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to James Peale (1749\u20131831) and Mary Chambers Claypoole Peale (1753\u20131829). Anna was the fourth of six children, and the third daughter. Her siblings were: Jane Ramsay (1785\u20131834), Maria (1787\u20131866), James Jr. (1789\u20131876), Margaretta Angelica (1795\u20131882), Sarah Miriam (Sally) (1800\u20131885) and Eleanor. Anna was the only child to carry the Claypoole name, and used it throughout her career."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Emerald Wand of Oz", "paragraph_text": "The Emerald Wand of Oz is a 2005 book by Sherwood Smith and is a continuation of the Oz series that was started by L. Frank Baum in 1900 and continued by his many successors. The book is illustrated by William Stout and published by Harper Collins."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sherman Park", "paragraph_text": "It was designed by renowned landscape architects John Charles Olmsted and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., and celebrated Chicago architect Daniel Burnham. It opened in 1905."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "All versions of the SNES are predominantly gray, although the exact shade may differ. The original North American version, designed by Nintendo of America industrial designer Lance Barr (who previously redesigned the Famicom to become the NES), has a boxy design with purple sliding switches and a dark gray eject lever. The loading bay surface is curved, both to invite interaction and to prevent food or drinks from being placed on the console and spilling as had happened with the flat surfaced NES. The Japanese and European versions are more rounded, with darker gray accents and buttons. The North American SNS-101 model and the Japanese Super Famicom Jr. (the SHVC-101 model), all designed by Barr, are both smaller with a rounded contour; however, the SNS-101 buttons are purple where the Super Famicom Jr. buttons are gray. The European and American versions of the SNES controllers have much longer cables compared to the Japanese Super Famicom controllers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Titanic (1997 film)", "paragraph_text": "On the night of the sinking the diamond changes hands a few times between Rose and Jack, resulting in Jack being framed of its theft by Rose's fianc\u00e9 Cal. As the ship starts to list dramatically it becomes quite clear that the unsinkable Titanic will indeed sink. With this in mind Rose's fianc\u00e9, Cal, returns to the suite and empties the safe placing the precious gem in his overcoat. Later on Cal puts this same coat on Rose as she enters a lifeboat, forgetting about the diamond in its pocket. It is not thoroughly stated whether or not Rose (Gloria Stuart) tells Brock Lovett about Cal emptying his safe along with the diamond, it is assumed she does n't as Lovett does n't have any follow up questions. At the end of the film, Rose walks alone to the stern of the salvage ship and opens her hands revealing both the necklace and Rose's identity as Rose Dewitt Bukater. While examining the necklace, Rose has a flashback to 1912 on her arrival in New York and discovers the necklace in the overcoat. Returning to the present, Rose, with a smile, drops the necklace from her hand into the water presumably above the Titanic wreck site."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Emerald Germs of Ireland", "paragraph_text": "Emerald Germs of Ireland (2001) is a black comedy novel by Irish writer Patrick McCabe. Each chapter is begun with an Irish folk song."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dieter Hallervorden", "paragraph_text": "Dieter Hallervorden's mother was a physician's assistant and his father a graduate engineer employed by German aircraft maker Junkers. His siblings are called Renate and Margot. Dieter Hallervorden has two children (Dieter Hallervorden Jr. and Nathalie Hallervorden) from his marriage to Rotraud Schindler, a daughter (Laura) from another relationship, and a son (Johannes) from his current wife Elena Blume."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo. Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island; in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rustico-Emerald", "paragraph_text": "Rustico-Emerald is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was formerly known as Park Corner-Oyster Bed."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Emeralds (band)", "paragraph_text": "Emeralds was an American electronic music trio founded in 2006 by members John Elliott, Steve Hauschildt and Mark McGuire. The band was based in Cleveland, Ohio and Portland, Oregon, United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Vincent de Pio", "paragraph_text": "Vincent de Pio (December 20, 1979 \u2013 present) is a Filipino artist who graduated from the University of the Philippines School of Fine Arts majoring in Painting. He is the fourth child of the renowned artist and professor, Gig de Pio, and his siblings are Simkin, Gig Jr., Domino, and Julian de Pio. He was raised earlier on in his life already exposed to different art techniques and styles, learning about anatomy and how to draw. Inspired by Expressionism, he subjects of his work range from landscapes to portraits to more figurative works."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Barney Stinson", "paragraph_text": "Barney has three half - siblings: James (played by Wayne Brady), from his mother's side, a gay African American who is married to a man, with whom he has an adopted son and daughter (as revealed in the season seven episode ``The Rebound Girl ''); Carly (played by Ashley Benson), a university student from his father's side with whom Ted has a one - night stand in`` Ring Up!'', and Jerome Jr. (JJ), from his father's side, who is 11. He also has a female cousin named Leslie, with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub, as seen in the episode ``Okay Awesome ''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Madison James", "paragraph_text": "Madison James Days of our Lives character Portrayed by Sarah Joy Brown Duration 2011 -- 12 First appearance October 4, 2011 (2011 - 10 - 04) Last appearance August 15, 2012 (2012 - 08 - 15) Created by Marlene Clark Poulter and Darrell Ray Thomas, Jr. Introduced by Ken Corday, Noel Maxam and Greg Meng Classification Former, regular Profile Other names Madison McEntyre Occupation CEO of Mad World Cosmetics Residence Deceased show Family Siblings Becky (sister) Spouse Ian McAllister"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Today I Hang", "paragraph_text": "Today I Hang is a 1942 American film directed by Oliver Drake and produced and released by Producers Releasing Corporation. The plot concerns a man who is framed for the murder of a wealthy importer and the theft of a valuable necklace. The victim's widow doesn't believe he is guilty and sets out to prove his innocence."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Scotts LawnService", "paragraph_text": "Scotts LawnService was founded in 1998, with the acquisition of Emerald Green Lawn Care. It was a division of the Scotts Miracle-Gro Company, and provided lawn, tree, and shrub care and pest control."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Emerald Lake (Idaho)", "paragraph_text": "Emerald Lake is an alpine lake in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located in the White Cloud Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. While no trails lead to the lake, it can be accessed from Sawtooth National Forest trail 047."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sheldon Cooper", "paragraph_text": "Sheldon contrasts strongly with his family, who are neither scientists nor intellectuals. His father George died before the start of The Big Bang Theory, when Sheldon was 14, while his mother Mary is a devout born - again Christian and loving parent. Sheldon has two siblings: a twin sister, Missy, who is a tall, attractive brunette as an adult; and an older brother, George Jr., seen thus far only on Young Sheldon. Both Missy and George Jr. beat up Sheldon during their childhoods, and their mother describes them to be ``dumb as soup ''. Sheldon is very fond of his maternal grandmother, whom he calls`` Meemaw'' and who calls him ``Moon Pie ''. He called his grandfather, who died when Sheldon was five, Pop Pop. Sheldon was also very close to his grandfather, stating once that his grandfather is the only relative he had who encouraged him to become involved in science."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Necklace", "paragraph_text": "``The Necklace ''or`` The Diamond Necklace'' (French: La Parure) is an 1884 short story by French writer Guy de Maupassant. It is known for its twist ending, which was a hallmark of de Maupassant's style. The story was first published on 17 February 1884 in the French newspaper Le Gaulois."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the Emerald necklace designer?"}
{"id": "2hop__740433_141414", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft", "paragraph_text": "Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft ('Alb Valley Transport Company', AVG) is a company owned by the city of Karlsruhe that operates rail and bus services in the Karlsruhe area, southwest Germany."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "South African Bank Note Company", "paragraph_text": "The South African Bank Note Company (SABN) is a South African security printing company responsible for the printing of the South African Rand. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the South African Reserve Bank."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of railway stations in Umbria", "paragraph_text": "This is the list of the railway stations in Umbria owned by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, a branch of the Italian state company Ferrovie dello Stato."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Garden State Life Insurance Company", "paragraph_text": "Garden State Life Insurance Company is a small direct life insurance company located in League City, Texas. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Galveston, Texas based American National Insurance Company."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmobile", "paragraph_text": "Gmobile is a Vietnamese mobile network operator. The brand Gmobile is owned by GTel Mobile and is the successor of Beeline Vietnam. GTel in turn is owned by Global Telecommunications Corporation, a state-owned joint-stock company under the Ministry of Public Security."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Suin Line", "paragraph_text": "The original route, abandoned in 1995, was one of the few narrow-gauge railways in South Korea. Opened by the privately owned Chosen Gyeongdong Railway in 1937, it connected Suwon to Namincheon via Ansan and Siheung; in 1942, it was taken over by another private railway, the Chosen Railway (the largest of colonial Korea's privately owned railway companies). The Chosen Railway owned the line until the nationalisation of all railways in Korea after 1945. However, since December 28, 2004, the Suin Line is being reconstructed with standard gauge and double tracking as an integral part of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway network and is opening in three phases."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "First Air", "paragraph_text": "First Air is wholly owned by the Inuit people of Quebec through the Makivik Corporation, which purchased the company in 1990."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Skype Technologies", "paragraph_text": "Skype Technologies S.A.R.L (also known as Skype Software S.A.R.L, Skype Communications S.A.R.L, Skype Inc., and Skype Limited) is a telecommunications company headquartered in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg and Palo Alto, CA, United States, whose chief business is the manufacturing and marketing of the video chat and instant messaging computer software program Skype, and various Internet telephony services associated with it. Microsoft purchased the company in 2011, and it has since then operated as their wholly owned subsidiary; as of 2016, it is operating as part of Microsoft's Office Product Group. The company is a \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 responsabilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e\", or SARL, equivalent to an American limited liability company."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ITV London", "paragraph_text": "As part of a network-wide rebrand, ITV London was formed on 28 October 2002, as a unified on-screen brand for both of the Carlton and LWT franchises, running on weekdays and weekends respectively. It replaced the unique branding used by both franchisees with a unified service, offering the same service and news all week round. Legally, both franchises remained separate, but they are run by the same operating board and from the same facilities. Both licences are now held by ITV Broadcasting Ltd, but the original two companies still legally exist as Carlton Television Ltd and London Weekend Television Ltd. Each of these companies is, along with most other regional companies owned by ITV plc, listed on www.companieshouse.gov.uk as a \"Dormant company\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group", "paragraph_text": "Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group, commonly abbreviated as VNPT, is a telecommunications company, owned by the Vietnamese Government, and the national post office of Vietnam. According to a list of UNDP in 2007, it is the second-largest company in Vietnam, just after the Vietnam Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development. It owns Vinaphone, one of the three largest mobile network operators in Vietnam."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canadian Vickers", "paragraph_text": "Canadian Vickers Limited was an aircraft and shipbuilding company that operated in Canada during the early part of the 20th century until 1944. A subsidiary of the UK parent, it built its own aircraft designs as well as others under licence. Canadair absorbed the Canadian Vickers Ltd. aircraft operations in November 1944."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Westmont Hospitality Group", "paragraph_text": "Westmont Hospitality Group is a company nominally based in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada which owns and manages hotels. It was founded by the Mangalji family. It is one of the biggest hospitality management companies. It currently is managed by Majid Mangalji. The total revenue for this company is $700 million."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "The next year Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own. The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Advantage Business Media", "paragraph_text": "Advantage Business Marketing (ABM) is a private, American digital marketing and information services company owned by the venture capital firm Owner Resource Group. The company was founded in 2006 and is based in Rockaway, New Jersey (United States)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hutchison Whampoa", "paragraph_text": "In January 2015, Li Ka Shing confirmed plans for Cheung Kong Holdings to purchase the remaining shares in Hutchison Whampoa that it did not already own, and merge the two companies as CK Hutchison Holdings. The merger is part of a larger reorganisation of Li's businesses, which will involve the spin-off of property assets into Cheung Kong Property. The new holding company has been incorporated in the Cayman Islands, rather than Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Flintco", "paragraph_text": "Flintco, LLC is a United States construction company based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It specializes in commercial and institutional construction. In 2010, DiversityBusiness.com listed Flintco as the top Native American-owned company. Prior to 2013, Flintco was owned by a Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma family. In January 2013, Flintco was acquired by Alberici Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri, which said that Flintco would continue to operate on an independent basis."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Vidiator", "paragraph_text": "Vidiator was a fully owned subsidiary of Hutchison Whampoa, founded by Connie Wong in 2002 to provide 3G video products to the Hutchison 3 group. The company's last president and CEO was Tae Sung Park who joined in 2009. Vidiator had offices in Hong Kong (headquarters), Seattle and London."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gemco", "paragraph_text": "Gemco was an American chain of membership department stores that was owned by San Leandro-based Lucky Stores, a California supermarket company which eventually became part of Albertsons. Gemco operated from 1959 until closing in late 1986. A number of the west coast stores were sold to Target which fueled their entry into California. Gemco had a version called Memco, also owned by Lucky Stores, that operated stores in the Chicago, Illinois, and Washington, D.C., areas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft", "paragraph_text": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (often abbreviated HDW) is a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Kiel. It is part of the ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) group, owned by ThyssenKrupp. The Howaldtswerke shipyard was founded in Kiel in 1838 and merged with Hamburg-based Deutsche Werft to form Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in 1968. The company's shipyard was formerly used by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft until the end of World War II."}], "question": "What company is the owner of 3 a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__18916_18935", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues. Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600\u20131834; and of some of the Company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Permanent Settlement", "paragraph_text": "The Permanent Settlement, also known as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land, with far - reaching consequences for both agricultural methods and productivity in the entire British Empire and the political realities of the Indian countryside. It was concluded in 1793 by the Company administration headed by Charles, Earl Cornwallis, also known as Lord Cornwallis. It formed one part of a larger body of legislation enacted, known as the Cornwallis Code. The Cornwallis Code of 1793 divided the East India Company's service personnel into three branches: revenue, judicial, and commercial. Revenues were collected by zamindars, native Indians who were treated as the landowners. This division created an Indian landed class that supported British authority."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Industrial Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were British. By the mid-18th century Britain controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "By 1803, at the height of its rule in India, the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army, with Indian revenues of \u00a313,464,561, and expenses of \u00a314,017,473. The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions. Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858, when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Treaty of Allahabad", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 12 August 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Robert, Lord Clive, of the East India Company, as a result of the Battle of Buxar of 22 October 1764. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of British rule in India. Based on the terms of the agreement, Alam granted the East India Company Diwani rights, or the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of Bengal - Bihar - Orissa. Thus East India Company got appointed as the imperial tax collector for the Eastern province (Bengal - Bihar - Orissa). These rights allowed the Company to collect revenue directly from the people of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. In return, the Company paid an annual tribute of twenty - six lakhs of rupees (equal to 260,000 pounds sterling) while securing for Shah Alam II the districts of Kora and Allahabad. The tribute money paid to the emperor was for the maintenance of the Emperor's court in Allahabad. The accord also dictated that Shah Alam be restored to the province of Varanasi as long as he continued to pay certain amount of revenue to the Company. Awadh was returned to Shuja - ud - Daulah, but Allahabad and Kora were taken from him. The Nawab of Awadh also had to pay fifty - three lakhs of rupees as war indemnity to the East India Company."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "India Board", "paragraph_text": "The Right Honourable Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India (commonly known as the India Board or the Board of Control) was an arm of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for managing the Government's interest in British India and the East India Company between 1784 and 1858. By virtue of the East India Company Act 1784, Privy Counsellors, not exceeding six in number, were appointed by commission issued under the Great Seal of Great Britain to be \"Commissioners for the Affairs of India\". The Commissioners were to include a Secretary of State and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. At least three of the Commissioners were to form the Board, which exercised powers under the Act. The Board was supported by the Secretary to the Board of Control."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India Company (Compagnie fran\u00e7aise des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of Plassey and Buxar, in which the British defeated the Bengali powers, left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control, controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies, much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "paragraph_text": "After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels very quickly reached Delhi, whose 81 - year - old Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah Zafar, they declared the Emperor of Hindustan. Soon, the rebels had also captured large tracts of the North - Western Provinces and Awadh (Oudh). The East India Company's response came rapidly as well. With help from reinforcements, Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857, and Delhi by the end of September. However, it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi, Lucknow, and especially the Awadh countryside. Other regions of Company controlled India -- Bengal province, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency -- remained largely calm. In the Punjab, the Sikh princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support. The large princely states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana, did not join the rebellion, serving the British, in the Governor - General Lord Canning's words, as ``breakwaters in a storm. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "paragraph_text": "After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels very quickly reached Delhi and declared its 81 - year - old Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah Zafar, as Emperor of Hindustan. Soon, they also captured large tracts of the North - Western Provinces and Awadh (Oudh). The East India Company's response came rapidly as well. With help from reinforcements, Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857 and Delhi by the end of September. Even so, it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi, Lucknow, and especially the Awadh countryside. Other regions of Company - controlled India -- the Bengal Presidency, the Bombay Presidency and the Madras Presidency -- remained largely calm. In the Punjab, the Sikhs crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support. The large princely states (Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir), as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana, did not join the rebellion, serving the British, in the words of Governor - General Lord Canning, as ``breakwaters in a storm. ''"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Colonial India", "paragraph_text": "Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India (1505 -- 1961) Casa da \u00cdndia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India (1612 -- 1947) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such as the Portuguese who already had set up trading posts in India. In 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It recruited largely Indian troops, and trained them along European lines. The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad", "paragraph_text": "In 1765, Robert Clive, of the British East India Company, became the first British Governor of Bengal. He secured in perpetuity for the Company the Diwani (revenue and civil justice) of the then Bengal subah from the then Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II and thus the system of Dual Government was established and the Bengal Presidency was formed. In 1772 the Dual Government system was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, when the Nizamat (military power and criminal justice) of the Nawab was also taken away from them, they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company. After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended and the British Crown took over the territories which were under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1858, which marked the beginning of the British Raj. These territories, including the territory of the Nawab Nazims came under the direct rule of the British Crown and British Raj was established in India. Thus, the Nawab Nizams remained just the titular heads of their territory, which was now ruled by the British Crown, and they had no political or any other kind of control over the territory. The last Nawab of Bengal, Mansoor Ali Khan abdicated on 1 November 1880 in favour of his eldest son."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the ``East Indies ''(in present - day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Industrial Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and many of the technological innovations were British; however, the British also used knowledge of technologies from India, China and other parts of Europe. By the mid-18th century Britain controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and political influence over the Indian subcontinent by the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dutch Republic", "paragraph_text": "The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland."}], "question": "What Lord helped the East india company through his politics, take control over all of india?"}
{"id": "2hop__4360_4314", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canadian Health Network", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Health Network (CHN) was established in 1999 as a national, bilingual health promotion service operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and major health organizations across Canada. It was an on-line collaborative service and includes health information providers such as national and provincial/territorial non-profit organizations, as well as universities, hospitals, libraries and community organizations."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Avicenna", "paragraph_text": "In March 2008, it was announced that Avicenna's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated \"Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Patient", "paragraph_text": "A patient is any recipient of health care services. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, psychologist, dentist, veterinarian, or other health care provider."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "The Community Tool Box is a public service of the University maintained by the Work Group for Community Health and Development. It is a free, online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development, and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kathleen Falk", "paragraph_text": "Kathleen Falk (born June 26, 1951) is an American attorney, politician, and policymaker from Wisconsin who served as Dane County Executive from 1997 until 2011. In 2013, she was appointed Regional Director of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Region Five."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gerald Koocher", "paragraph_text": "Gerald Koocher earned an undergraduate degree in psychology from Boston University in 1968. He completed a master's degree (1970) and Ph.D. (1972) in clinical psychology from the University of Missouri. He worked full-time at Boston's Children's Hospital from 1971 to 2001, ultimately serving as chief of psychology. While at Boston Children's, he was an associate professor at Harvard Medical School. In June 2001 he became a professor and dean of the School of Nursing and Health Sciences at Simmons College in Boston. He later served as associate provost at Simmons, while continuing part-time service at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He began serving as dean of the College of Science and Health at DePaul University on July 1, 2013. In September, 2018 he began serving as Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs at Quincy College. https://www.patriotledger.com/news/20180717/quincy-college-hires-first-ever-provost"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Care Quality Commission", "paragraph_text": "The Care Quality Commission (CQC) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health of the United Kingdom. It was established in 2009 to regulate and inspect health and social care services in England."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Maged N. Kamel Boulos", "paragraph_text": "Maged N. Kamel Boulos is a British health informatician, scientist and Professor of Digital Health Systems currently based at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, having worked before that at the Alexander Graham Bell Centre of Digital Health, University of the Highlands and Islands, at the University of Plymouth, at the University of Bath and at City University London. He is particularly known for his research into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications in health and healthcare, which received wide news media coverage. He is credited with coining the phrases 'online consumer geoinformatics services' and 'wikification of GIS by the masses' in 2005, when neogeography and virtual globes were still very new."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United States Department of Health and Human Services", "paragraph_text": "The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in 1979, when its education functions were transferred to the newly created United States Department of Education under the Department of Education Organization Act. HHS was left in charge of the Social Security Administration, agencies constituting the Public Health Service, and Family Support Administration."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Department of Health and Human Services", "paragraph_text": "United States Department of Health and Human Services Seal of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Flag of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Hubert H. Humphrey Building, Department Headquarters Department overview Formed April 11, 1953; 64 years ago (1953 - 04 - 11) (as Department of Health, Education, and Welfare) May 4, 1980 (1980 - 05 - 04) (as United States Department of Health and Human Services) Preceding agencies Federal Security Agency United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Hubert H. Humphrey Building Washington, D.C., U.S. Employees 79,540 (2015) Department executives Alex Azar, Secretary Eric Hargan, Deputy Secretary Website www.hhs.gov"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Allan Macy Butler", "paragraph_text": "Allan Macy Butler (1894\u20131986) was Chief of the Children\u2019s Medical Services at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. A pioneer in health services, Butler sought to change the structure of the American \u2018fee-for-service\u2019 system of health care to one based on government-paid medical care for the elderly and low-income people."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector. Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cultural safety", "paragraph_text": "Cultural safety can be defined as the effective nursing practice of a person or family from another culture that is determined by that person or family (from Nursing Council of New Zealand, Guidelines for Cultural Safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and M\u0101ori Health in Nursing Education and Practice, 2011, p. 7). Its origins are in nursing education and a culture can range anywhere from age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, or even disabilities. An unsafe cultural practice is an action that demeans the cultural identity of a particular person or family. Cultural safety also has four different principles. The first one aims to improve health status and well - being of New Zealanders because the concept originated in New Zealand; on the other hand, the second one improves the delivery of health services. The third one focuses on the differences among the people who are being treated and accepting those differences. The fourth principle focuses on understanding the power of health services and how health care impacts individuals and families."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jessie Bicknell", "paragraph_text": "Jessie Bicknell (27 March 1871\u201313 October 1956) was a New Zealand civilian and military nurse, and a health administrator. She served in World War I and was made an Associate of the Royal Red Cross for her service."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Public Health Service", "paragraph_text": "The Public Health Service Act of 1944 structured the United States Public Health Service (PHS), founded in 1798, as the primary division of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW; which was established in 1953), which later became the United States Department of Health and Human Services in 1979 -- 1980 (when the Education agencies were separated into their own U.S. Department of Education). The Office of the Surgeon General was created in 1871. The PHS comprises all Agency Divisions of Health and Human Services and the Commissioned Corps. The Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH) oversees the PHS and the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Barwon Health", "paragraph_text": "Barwon Health is a health care provider in Australia, with services ranging from hospital, rehabilitation, elderly care, community health centres and mental health services. Founded in 1998, Barwon Health is among the largest comprehensive regional health services in Australia and also one of the largest regional employers in that country. Its facilities include University Hospital, Geelong (formerly Geelong Hospital), the McKellar Centre, and five community service centres in Victoria, located in Corio, Belmont, Newcomb, Torquay, and Anglesea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Santa Cruz das Flores (parish)", "paragraph_text": "Santa Cruz das Flores is a civil parish in the municipality of Santa Cruz das Flores, Azores, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 1,725, in an area of 39.68\u00a0km\u00b2. It is the largest population center in the Western Group of the Portuguese Azores, concentrating all governmental and judicial services of the island. In addition, it is the site of the only secondary school, the civil airport, and the centers of health and commerce."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marilyn Tavenner", "paragraph_text": "Marilyn Barbour Tavenner (born May 31, 1951) is the former Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. She became Acting Administrator following the resignation of Dr. Donald M. Berwick in December 2011, after serving as the agency's Principal Deputy Administrator. Prior to her original appointment to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, she served as Secretary of Health and Human Resources in the Cabinet of Virginia Governor Tim Kaine from 2006 to 2010. From 1981 to 2005, she was employed by Hospital Corporation of America, beginning as a nurse at Richmond, Virginia-based Johnston-Willis Hospital eventually becoming Chief Executive Officer of the hospital in 1993. In 2001, she became President of HCA's Central Atlantic Division, and was later appointed Group President of Outpatient Services before resigning from HCA in 2005. She earned B.S. in nursing and M.H.A. degrees from Virginia Commonwealth University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\";[citation needed] The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013."}], "question": "What was the new name of the military organization served by The Health Services Group?"}
{"id": "2hop__606840_227495", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Apparition of Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach", "paragraph_text": "\"Apparition of Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach\" is part of the Ella Gallup Sumner and Mary Catlin Sumner Collection of the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art in Hartford, Connecticut."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sumner, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Sumner is a city in Chariton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 102 at the 2010 census. It was named in honor of U.S. Senator Charles Sumner."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bann Na Mohra", "paragraph_text": "Bann Na Mohra is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 27' 50N 73\u00b0 22' 10E with an altitude of 562 metres (1847 feet)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Darial, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 23' 35N 73\u00b0 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hoyos", "paragraph_text": "Hoyos is a municipality located in the province of C\u00e1ceres, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 988 inhabitants. It is the administrative capital of the Sierra de Gata."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mian Haji Sahib", "paragraph_text": "Mian Haji Sahib is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 22' 50N 73\u00b0 20' 40E with an altitude of 479 metres (1574 feet)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Belconnen Remand Centre", "paragraph_text": "Belconnen Remand Centre, or BRC, was an Australian remand custody facility located in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The centre opened in 1976 and closed in 2009. At times, it held a small number of illegal immigrants."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sandasar", "paragraph_text": "Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Keytesville, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Keytesville is a small town in, and county seat of, Chariton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 471 as of the 2010 census. Keytesville is the hometown of two notable American generals, Maxwell D. Taylor and Sterling Price."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county where Sumner is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__85334_339894", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Marvel Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Marvel Entertainment, LLC (formerly Marvel Enterprises and Toy Biz, Inc., and marketed and stylized as MARVEL) is an American entertainment company founded in June 1998 and based in New York City, formed by the merger of Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and ToyBiz. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, and is mainly known for its Marvel Comics, Marvel Animation, and Marvel Television units. Marvel Studios, formerly under the Marvel umbrella, became a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios, where it develops and produces a shared universe of films that shares continuity with some of the shows produced by the television unit."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "OshKosh B'gosh", "paragraph_text": "OshKosh B'Gosh is an American children's apparel company founded in Oshkosh, Wisconsin in 1895. It is a subsidiary of Carter's."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "KAvZ", "paragraph_text": "KAvZ is a subsidiary of Russian Buses which is a subsidiary of GAZ Group. Starting in 2015, the GAZ Group has introduced a single brand for all its bus manufacturing subsidiaries, and newly manufactured vehicles now feature the deer badge of the GAZ company."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "North British and Mercantile Insurance", "paragraph_text": "The North British and Mercantile Insurance Company was a British-based company founded in 1809 in Edinburgh and absorbed as a subsidiary of the Commercial Union in 1959. The company was also known as the North British Insurance Company, North British Fire Office and North British Fire Insurance Company."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "LELO", "paragraph_text": "LELO (LELOi AB) is a Swedish intimate lifestyle company that designs, develops and manufactures upmarket sex toys, BDSM accessories, and massage products. Sold in over 50 international markets, LELO is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden with other offices in Shanghai, San Jose, and Melbourne. LELO is the recipient of more than 30 industry awards within the adult industry, and is the first-ever sex toy design brand to be awarded a Cannes Lions for Product Design as well the Red Dot Design Award for 2 consecutive years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Norev", "paragraph_text": "According to the official website, Norev was founded by the V\u00e9ron brothers, in the suburb of Villeurbanne, near Lyon, France, in 1946 (Rixon 2005, p.\u00a054). \"Norev\" is the family name spelled backwards. In 1953, after the first plastics toy fair in Oyonnax, Joseph V\u00e9ron started using the new plastic 'Rhodialite' for a series of toys (Ralston 2008, p. 25). The company's first product was a small tin service garage with several plastic cars in about 1/87 scale. Other products at the company's start were toy watches, miniature sewing machines, a doll's feeding set and other plastic toys for infants (Ralston 2008, p. 25)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Waltham Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "Waltham Manufacturing Company (WMC) was a manufacturer of bicycles, motorcycles, motorized tricycles and quadricycles, buckboards, and automobiles in Waltham, Massachusetts. It sold products under the brand names Orient, Waltham, and Waltham-Orient. The company was founded in 1893, moving to self-propelled vehicles after 1898."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Radio Flyer", "paragraph_text": "Radio Flyer is an American toy company best known for their popular red toy wagon. Radio Flyer also produces scooters, tricycles, bicycles, horses, and ride - ons. The company was founded in 1917 and is based in Chicago, Illinois."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ben & Jerry's", "paragraph_text": "Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc, trading and commonly known as Ben & Jerry's, is an American company that manufactures ice cream, frozen yogurt, and sorbet. It was founded in 1978 in Burlington, Vermont, and operates globally as a subsidiary of the Anglo - Dutch conglomerate Unilever. Its headquarters is in South Burlington, Vermont with its main factory in Waterbury, Vermont."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marvel Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Marvel Entertainment, LLC (formerly Marvel Enterprises and Toy Biz, Inc., and marketed and stylized as MARVEL) is an American entertainment company founded in June 1998 and based in New York City, formed by the merger of Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and ToyBiz. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, and is mainly known for its Marvel Comics, Marvel Animation, and Marvel Television units. Marvel Studios, formerly under the \"Marvel\" umbrella, became a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios, where it develops and produces a shared universe of films that shares continuity with some of the shows produced by the television unit."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "In 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies, which, ultimately, transformed into one enterprise known as SME. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed \"International Business Machines\" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Iron Grip Barbell Company", "paragraph_text": "The Iron Grip Barbell Company is a manufacturer of commercial free weight equipment based in Santa Ana, California. Founded in 1993, its website claims it is the only company that still manufactures a complete line of equipment in the United States. Iron Grip holds many patents, and is internationally known."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Lego Group", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded on 10 August 1932 by Ole Kirk Christiansen. The word \"lego\" is derived from the Danish words \"leg godt\", meaning \"play well\". In the first half of 2015, The Lego Group became the world's largest toy company by revenue, with sales amounting to US$2.1\u00a0billion, surpassing Mattel, which had US$1.9\u00a0billion in sales. On 11 August 2017, Lego announced that Niels B. Christiansen would become the new CEO, effective 1 October of the same year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zoomlion", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1992 as Changsha Hi-tech Development Area Zoomlion Construction Mechanical Industry Company, one of its first products were concrete pumps. The company grew out of a subsidiary founded in 1956 in Beijing, as part of the first Ministry of Machinery Industry, Ministry of Construction, Central Enterprise Work Committee."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ensign Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "Ensign Manufacturing Company, founded as Ensign Car Works in 1872, was a railroad car manufacturing company based in Huntington, West Virginia. In the 1880s and 1890s Ensign's production of wood freight cars made the company one of the three largest sawmill operators in Cabell County. In 1899, Ensign and twelve other companies were merged to form American Car and Foundry Company."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "PTT Global Chemical", "paragraph_text": "PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (GC) is a subsidiary of PTT Public Company Limited. It was founded on 19 October 2011 through the amalgamation of PTT Chemical Public Company Limited and PTT Aromatics and Refining Public Company Limited to be the chemical flagship of PTT Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Lego Group", "paragraph_text": "The first Lego store in India was opened in Chennai, Tamil Nadu in March 2014 by Funskool, under licence from the Lego Group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Emerson USA", "paragraph_text": "Emerson USA Inc. is a California based flag manufacturer. Founded in 2003, the company is one of San Francisco's only textile manufacturers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fidget spinner", "paragraph_text": "Fidget spinners became popular toys in April 2017, although similar devices had been invented as early as 1993. The popularity of the toy among children and teenagers has led some schools to ban use of the spinners in class for being a distraction, while other schools have allowed the toy to be used discreetly."}], "question": "Who founded the entity popular toy manufacturing company funskool is a subsidiary of?"}
{"id": "2hop__16951_124096", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Flag of Bulgaria", "paragraph_text": "The flag of Bulgaria (, , \"zname na B\u01celgariya\") is a tricolour consisting of three equal-sized horizontal bands of (from top to bottom) white, green, and red. The flag was first adopted after the 1877\u20131878 Russo-Turkish War, when Bulgaria gained independence. The national flag at times was charged with the state emblem, especially during the communist era. The current flag was re-established with the 1991 Constitution of Bulgaria and was confirmed in a 1998 law."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. The Ottoman Navy Foundation was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eset\u00e7e", "paragraph_text": "Eset\u00e7e is a belde (town) in \u0130psala district of Edirne Province, Turkey. At Eset\u00e7e is east of Greece border. Distance to \u0130psala is and to Edirne is The population of Eset\u00e7e was 2184 as of 2013. Eset\u00e7e was founded after the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) by Turks and Pomaks from Plevna (Presently in Bulgaria) who escaped from the Russians."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904 -- 05 Russo - Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905 after negotiations lasting from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations, and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Occupation of Gori", "paragraph_text": "The Occupation of Gori was the military occupation of Gori and its surrounding areas by Russian military forces, which started on 13 August 2008 as part of the Russo-Georgian War, and ended with the withdrawal of Russian units from the city on 22 August 2008."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slava Cerchez\u0103", "paragraph_text": "Slava Cerchez\u0103 () is a commune in Tulcea County, Romania. Its name means the Cherkess (Circassian) Slava, in reference to the ethnic group that inhabited the village before the Russo-Turkish War (1877\u20131878). Besides the titular village, the commune also includes \"Slava Rus\u0103\" (, \"Russian Slava\")."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. \"If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power\", she wrote, \"we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY.\" Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \"It is not in our custom to annexe countries\", she said, \"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\" To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister. When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by \"fast falling tears\", and erected a memorial tablet \"placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u20131718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and \"Little Walachia\" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian\u2013Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman Empire (/\u02c8\u0252t\u0259m\u0259n/; Ottoman Turkish: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0654 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u06cc\u0651\u0647\u200e Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osm\u00e2niyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu or Osmanl\u0131 Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Peter Lacy", "paragraph_text": "When the Russo-Swedish War broke out in 1741, the government of Anna Leopoldovna appointed him Commander-in-Chief as the most experienced among Russian generals. Lacy quickly struck against Finland and won his last brilliant victory at Lappeenranta (August 1741). Lacy's force, however, was poorly supplied and he was forced to withdraw to St Petersburg. The following year he rallied his forces and proceeded to capture Hamina, Porvoo and H\u00e4meenlinna, by August encircling more than 17,000 Swedes near Helsinki and effectively bringing the hostilities to an end."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Peace of Westphalia", "paragraph_text": "The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westf\u00e4lischer Friede) was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabr\u00fcck and M\u00fcnster, effectively ending the European wars of religion. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618 -- 1648) in the Holy Roman Empire between the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies on one side and the Protestant powers (Sweden, Denmark, Dutch, and Holy Roman principalities) and their Catholic (France) Anti-Habsburg allies on the other. The treaties also ended the Eighty Years' War (1568 -- 1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognising the independence of the Dutch Republic."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The war to end war", "paragraph_text": "During August 1914, immediately after the outbreak of the war, British author and social commentator H.G. Wells published a number of articles in London newspapers that subsequently appeared as a book entitled The War That Will End War. Wells blamed the Central Powers for the coming of the war and argued that only the defeat of German militarism could bring about an end to war. Wells used the shorter form of the phrase, ``the war to end war '', in In the Fourth Year (1918), in which he noted that the phrase had`` got into circulation'' in the second half of 1914. In fact, it had become one of the most common catchphrases of the First World War."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Congress of Berlin", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of Berlin (13 June \u2013 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of six great powers of the time (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan peninsula following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u201378 and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano, signed three months earlier between Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Treaty of Jassy", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Jassy, signed at Jassy (\"Ia\u0219i\") in Moldavia (presently in Romania), was a pact between the Russian and Ottoman Empires ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787\u201392 and confirming Russia's increasing dominance in the Black Sea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Great Depression in the United States", "paragraph_text": "By the end of 1941, before American entry into the war, defense spending and military mobilization had started one of the greatest booms in American history thus ending the last traces of unemployment."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919\u20131922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914-1922), a period during which, according to various sources, Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Suleiman the Magnificent (1520\u20131566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman\u2013Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of G\u00fcns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768\u201374). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "White Tower of Thessaloniki", "paragraph_text": "The tower, which once guarded the eastern end of the city's sea walls, was for many years attributed to Venice, to which the Byzantines ceded Thessaloniki in 1423. It is now known that the tower was constructed by the Ottomans sometime after the army of Sultan Murad II captured Thessaloniki in 1430. Until 1912, an inscription in Ottoman Turkish verse above the door dated the structure to AH 942 (1535 -- 1536)."}], "question": "On what date was the conclusion of the Congress that ended the Russo-Turkish War?"}
{"id": "2hop__668420_416374", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Anderson Lodge", "paragraph_text": "The John Anderson Lodge is an historic site in Ormond Beach, Florida, United States, built for Ormond Beach promoter John Anderson (1853\u20131911). It is located at 71 Orchard Lane. On September 6, 1989, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rabat", "paragraph_text": "The French invaded Morocco in 1912 and established a protectorate. The French administrator of Morocco, General Hubert Lyautey, decided to relocate the country's capital from Fez to Rabat. Among other factors, rebellious citizens had made Fez an unstable place. Sultan Moulay Youssef followed the decision of the French and moved his residence to Rabat. In 1913, Gen. Lyautey hired Henri Prost who designed the Ville Nouvelle (Rabat's modern quarter) as an administrative sector. When Morocco achieved independence in 1955, Mohammed V, the then King of Morocco, chose to have the capital remain at Rabat."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ringgold County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Ringgold County Courthouse in Mount Ayr, Iowa, United States, was built in 1927. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jean Antoine Joseph Fauchet", "paragraph_text": "Jean Antoine Joseph Fauchet (1761 Saint-Quentin - 1834 Paris) was a French diplomat, and French ambassador to the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Val Quentin", "paragraph_text": "Val Quentin is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the southern shore of Lac Ste. Anne."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Anderson Island (Washington)", "paragraph_text": "Anderson Island is the southernmost island in Puget Sound and a census - designated place of Pierce County, Washington, United States. It is accessible by boat or a 20 - minute ferry ride from Steilacoom. Anderson Island lies just south of McNeil Island. To the northwest Key Peninsula lies across Drayton Passage. The south basin of Puget Sound separates the island from the mainland to the southeast, while to the southwest the Nisqually Reach of Puget Sound separates the island from the mainland."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kentucky Home", "paragraph_text": "The Kentucky Home (also known as the Anderson Hotel) was a historic home in Miami, Florida. It was located at 1221 and 1227 Northeast 1st Avenue. On January 4, 1989, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, but then it was demolished."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sleen", "paragraph_text": "Sleen is a village in Drenthe, Netherlands of about 2500 people. Sleen has been inhabited for centuries. Much ancient history can be found in the area, particularly in the forests (which are planted, though). At birth and during the Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581\u20131795)). Sleen became the capital of one of the six \u201cdingspels\u201d (administrative areas) of Drenthe. When Drenthe was recognised as a province, Sleen became a municipality capital, before it merged into the municipality of Coevorden."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cargo 360", "paragraph_text": "On July 30, 2007 Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired Southern Air and merged the two airlines into one, giving birth to Southern Air Holdings, Inc. Consequently, Cargo 360 was absorbed into Southern Air in January 2008 and ceased operating under its own colors."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rudy Carlier", "paragraph_text": "Rudy Carlier (born 19 January 1986 in Saint-Quentin, Aisne) is a French footballer who plays for SC Schiltigheim as a forward."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Quentin V. Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Anderson was born in Ringgold County, Iowa. He attended the American Institute of Business and is a farmer. He served in the Iowa State Senate from 1969 to 1973, and House of Representatives from 1963 to 1967 and 1973 to 1975, as a Republican."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Terrahawks", "paragraph_text": "Gerry Anderson & Christopher Burr's Terrahawks, usually referred to simply as Terrahawks, is a 1980s British science fiction television series produced by Anderson Burr Pictures and created by the production team of Gerry Anderson and Christopher Burr. The show was Anderson's first in over a decade to use puppets for its characters, and also his last. Anderson's previous puppet-laden TV series included \"Thunderbirds\" and \"Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aric Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Aric Anderson (born April 9, 1965) a former linebacker in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. In 1988\u20131992 Aric Anderson played Arena football; two years for Pittsburgh Gladiators, one year for Detroit Drive, and two years for Albany Firebirds. Anderson played collegiate ball for Millikin University and played professionally for one season in the NFL. Anderson was an assistant coach for the Dallas Arena Football team (Vigilantes) for the 2010 season. He also played for the Miami Dolphins. Aric Anderson is married to Lynnette Anderson. Aric has four children, Courtney, Cristen, Brooke, and Rylee. Anderson now lives in Texas."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy and Governor - General of India Lord Irwin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Andersonville, Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Andersonville is an unincorporated community in Anderson County, Tennessee. Beginning with the 2010 census, it is treated as a census-designated place (CDP). The CDP had a population of 472 in 2010."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States existed until March 1, 2005, when the U.S. Supreme Court banned it in Roper v. Simmons."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Esio Trot", "paragraph_text": "Esio Trot is a children's novel written by British author Roald Dahl and illustrated by Quentin Blake. Published in 1990, it was the last of Dahl's books to be published in his lifetime."}], "question": "What is the capital of the birthplace of Quentin V. Anderson?"}
{"id": "2hop__124988_824510", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yongzheng Emperor", "paragraph_text": "The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 \u2013 8 October 1735), born Yinzhen, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1722 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, the Yongzheng Emperor's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, the Yongzheng Emperor used military force to preserve the dynasty's position. His reign was known for being despotic, efficient, and vigorous."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sima Yu", "paragraph_text": "Sima Yu's father Sima Zhong was developmentally disabled, and before he, then crown prince, was to marry his wife Jia Nanfeng, his father Emperor Wu gave him one of his own concubines, Consort Xie Jiu (\u8b1d\u7396), so that Consort Xie could teach him how to have sexual relations. While Crown Princess Jia bore the crown prince four daughters, Sima Yu was his only son."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mikael Imru", "paragraph_text": "Born in Addis Ababa, Mikael Imru was the only son of \"Leul Ras\" Imru Haile Selassie and \"Woizero\" Tsige Mariam; he had seven sisters. His father, \"Leul Ras\" Imru Haile Selassie was among the more senior princes of the Imperial Dynasty of Ethiopia, and a close confidante of emperor Haile Selassie, a close relative with whom he had grown up. (\"Lij\" Mikael's paternal grandmother was the Emperor's first cousin.) \"Lij\" Mikael Imru was thus born into the highest levels of Ethiopian society, and was a member of the extended Imperial Dynasty. Both \"Lij\" Mikael and his father were known to have very strong socialist leanings, particularly in regard to land tenure and wealth distribution issues."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lothair I", "paragraph_text": "Lothair I or Lothar I (Dutch and Medieval Latin: \"Lotharius\", German: \"Lothar\", French: \"Lothaire\", Italian: \"Lotario\") (795 \u2013 29 September 855) was the Holy Roman Emperor (817\u2013855, co-ruling with his father until 840), and the governor of Bavaria (815\u2013817), King of Italy (818\u2013855) and Middle Francia (840\u2013855)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398\u20131402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384\u20131415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads,"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Emperor Yuan of Liang", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Yuan of Liang () (16 September 508 \u2013 27 January 555), personal name Xiao Yi (\u856d\u7e79), courtesy name Shicheng (\u4e16\u8aa0), nickname Qifu (\u4e03\u7b26), was an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty. After his father Emperor Wu and brother Emperor Jianwen were successively taken hostage and controlled by the rebel general Hou Jing, Xiao Yi was largely viewed as the \"de facto\" leader of Liang, and after defeating Hou in 552 declared himself emperor. In 554, after offending Yuwen Tai, the paramount general of rival Western Wei, Western Wei forces descended on and captured his capital Jiangling (\u6c5f\u9675, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), executing him and instead declaring his nephew Xiao Cha (Emperor Xuan) the Emperor of Liang."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh", "paragraph_text": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh (1780\u20131801), also known as Prince C\u1ea3nh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigneau de B\u00e9haine to sign an alliance between France and Vietnam. Although Prince C\u1ea3nh was the legitimate heir to the throne, he died before his father, and none of his descendants ascended the throne after his half-brother Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea3m was chosen by Gia Long."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tongzhi Emperor", "paragraph_text": "The only surviving son of the Xianfeng Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi, the Tongzhi Emperor attempted political reform in the period of the Tongzhi Restoration. His first regnal name was Qixiang (\u797a\u7965; Manchu: \"Feng\u0161engge sabingga\"), but this name was later abandoned by Cixi in favour of \"Tongzhi\", a contraction of the classical phrase \"tong gui yu zhi\" (), which means \"restoring order together\". An alternate interpretation reads it as \"mother and son co-emperors\" (), which fits the state of affairs, as the empress dowager wielded real power and ruled behind the scenes. The traditional Chinese political phrase \"attending audiences behind a curtain\" () was coined to describe Cixi's rule through her son."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Balian of Beirut", "paragraph_text": "Balian of Beirut (died 1247) was the Lord of Beirut, the second of his family, from 1236, and a son of the famous \"Old Lord\" John of Ibelin, by his second wife Melisende of Arsuf. From his father he assumed the leadership of the nobility in the War of the Lombards, fought against the agents of the Emperor Frederick II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Byzantine civil war of 1373\u20131379", "paragraph_text": "The Byzantine civil war of 1373\u20131379 was a military conflict fought in the Byzantine Empire between Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and his son, Andronikos IV Palaiologos, also growing into an Ottoman civil war as well, when Savc\u0131 Bey, the son of Ottoman Emperor Murad I joined Andronikos in a joint rebellion against their fathers. It began when Andronikos sought to overthrow his father in 1373. Although he failed, with Genoese aid, Andronikos was eventually able to overthrow and imprison John V in 1376. In 1379 however, John V escaped, and with Ottoman help, regained his throne. The civil war further weakened the declining Byzantine Empire, which had already suffered several devastating civil wars earlier in the century. The major beneficiary of the war were the Ottomans, whose vassals the Byzantines had effectively become."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Leonor Cort\u00e9s Moctezuma", "paragraph_text": "Do\u00f1a Leonor Cort\u00e9s Moctezuma (born c. 1528 \u2013 died before 1594) was the out of wedlock daughter of Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s, conquistador of Mexico, and Do\u00f1a Isabel Moctezuma the eldest daughter of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II. She was acknowledged by her father and married Juan de Tolosa, one of the discoverers of the silver mines in Zacatecas."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Xiao Zixian", "paragraph_text": "Xiao Zixian's grandfather was Xiao Daocheng (Emperor Gao of Southern Qi), and his father was Emperor Gao's second son Xiao Ni the Prince of Yuzhang."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Andronikos V Palaiologos", "paragraph_text": "Andronikos V Palaiologos was the only known son of Emperor John VII Palaiologos and Irene Gattilusio, daughter of Francesco II Gattilusio. At the time of his birth John VII was Regent of the Byzantine Empire for his uncle Manuel II Palaiologos. At an unknown date, probably after his father settled in Thessalonica, Andronikos V was proclaimed nominal co-emperor, probably by 1403/1404. He predeceased his father, dying probably in 1407 and with that ended the furthest line of descent of Byzantine (co-)emperors possible from his dynasty's founder, Michael VIII."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Louis the Stammerer", "paragraph_text": "Louis II, known as Louis the Stammerer (; 1 November 846 \u2013 10 April 879), was the King of Aquitaine and later the King of West Francia. He was the eldest son of emperor Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orl\u00e9ans. Louis the Stammerer was physically weak and outlived his father by only two years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Prince Gong", "paragraph_text": "At a young age, Yixin was already noted for his brilliance and was once considered by his father the Daoguang Emperor as a potential heir. However, his older half-brother Yizhu eventually inherited the throne as the Xianfeng Emperor. During the Second Opium War in 1860, Prince Gong negotiated with the British, French and Russians, signing the Convention of Beijing on behalf of the Qing Empire. Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor, Prince Gong launched the Xinyou Coup in 1861 with the aid of the Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi and seized power from a group of eight regents appointed by the Xianfeng Emperor on his deathbed to assist his young son and successor, the Tongzhi Emperor. After the coup, he served as Prince-Regent from 1861\u201365 and presided over the reforms implemented during the Tongzhi Restoration (1860\u201374). Despite his demotions in 1865 and 1874 for alleged corruption and disrespect towards the Emperor, Prince Gong continued to lead the Grand Council and remain a highly influential figure in the Qing government. The final decades of Prince Gong's career, under the reign of his nephew the Guangxu Emperor, were marred by his conflict with conservative elements in the Qing imperial court \u2013 particularly his former ally Cixi \u2013 and ended with his death in relative disgrace."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John VII Palaiologos", "paragraph_text": "John VII Palaiologos was the son of Emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos and Keratsa of Bulgaria, a daughter of Emperor Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria and Theodora of Wallachia. He should not be confused with his cousin John VIII Palaiologos, the son of his uncle Manuel II, who succeeded his father."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Tzelepes Komnenos", "paragraph_text": "John Komnenos (), later surnamed Tzelepes (\u03a4\u03b6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2, \"Tzelep\u0113s\"), was the son of the \"sebastokrator\" Isaac Komnenos and grandson of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos. As a young man he followed his father during his exile and wanderings across Asia Minor and the Levant, when for a short time he was married to a daughter of Leo I, ruler of Armenian Cilicia. After the reconciliation between his father and his uncle, Emperor John II Komnenos, in 1138, he returned to the Byzantine court, but defected in the next year to the Danishmendid Turks during a siege of Neocaesarea. From there he moved to the court of the Sultan of Rum, one of whose daughters he married. According to later, and likely invented, tradition, the Ottoman dynasty hailed from one of his offspring."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of The Emperor's New Groove characters", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Kuzco First appearance The Emperor's New Groove (2000) Created by Mark Dindal Roger Allers (original character from Kingdom of the Sun) Voiced by David Spade (Movies and Video Games in Movie Stock) J.P. Manoux (Video Games, TV Show and Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom) James Arnold Taylor (Occasionally) Occupation Emperor of the Incas Family Unnamed father (lost at sea) Significant other (s) Malina (girlfriend)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hadrian", "paragraph_text": "Hadrian (; ; 24 January 76 \u2013 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus in Italica, Hispania Baetica, into a Hispano-Italic family that settled in Spain from the Italian city of Atri in Picenum. His father was of senatorial rank and was a first cousin of Emperor Trajan. He married Trajan's grand-niece Vibia Sabina early in his career, before Trajan became emperor and possibly at the behest of Trajan's wife Pompeia Plotina. Plotina and Trajan's close friend and adviser Lucius Licinius Sura were well disposed towards Hadrian. When Trajan died, his widow claimed that he had nominated Hadrian as emperor immediately before his death."}], "question": "Who is the grandfather of Tongzhi Emperor?"}
{"id": "2hop__134578_128098", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Al Michaels (American football)", "paragraph_text": "After attending Ohio State University, he joined the Akron Pros of the National Football League, and played a total of 14 games for the team in the 1923 and 1924 seasons, earning first-team All-Pro honors in 1923. In 1925, he played for the Cleveland Bulldogs, appearing in all 14 of the team's contests. The following year, Michaels joined the Cleveland Panthers of the new American Football League and appeared in all five games the team played before folding."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Major League Baseball wild card", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the wild - card teams are the two teams in each of the two leagues (American and National) that have qualified for the postseason despite failing to win their division. Both teams in each league possess the two best winning percentages in their respective league after the three division winners. The wild card was first instituted in MLB in 1994, with one wild - card team per league advancing to the Division Series in the postseason to face a division winner. In 2012, the system was modified to add a second wild - card team per league and pit each league's wild - card teams against each other in a play - in game -- the MLB wild - card game -- the winner of which would then advance to the Division Series and play the team with the best record. This system ensures that the team with the second - best record in each league, after the three division winners and the team with the first - best record in the league that is a non-division winner, will also get a postseason berth, even if it is n't a division champion."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lansing Lugnuts", "paragraph_text": "The Lansing Lugnuts are a Class-A minor league baseball team, affiliated with the Toronto Blue Jays, that plays in the Midwest League."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2017 Pro Kabaddi League season", "paragraph_text": "The 12 teams are divided into two zones of six each. Each team plays a total of 22 matches in the league stage:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Montreal Impact", "paragraph_text": "The Montreal Impact () is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal, Quebec. The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer (MLS). The team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league, being the league's third Canadian club, and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Hannover 96 (nickname Die Roten or 'The Reds') is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division. Home games are played at the HDI-Arena, which hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 World Cups and the Euro 1988. Their reserve team Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league. Their home games were played in the traditional Eilenriedestadium till they moved to the HDI Arena due to DFL directives. Arminia Hannover is another very traditional soccer team in Hanover that has played in the first league for years and plays now in the Niedersachsen-West Liga (Lower Saxony League West). Home matches are played in the Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadium."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mateusz Ostaszewski", "paragraph_text": "Mateusz Ostaszewski (born 27 March 1998) is a Polish footballer who plays as an Attacking Midfielder on loan at Rozw\u00f3j Katowice from Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term \"Sunday League Football\". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ojciec Mateusz", "paragraph_text": "Ojciec Mateusz is a Polish version of the Italian detective series Don Matteo broadcast in Italy by Rai Uno and also in Poland by TVP1, TV Puls, Religia.tv and AXN Crime."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Colorado Rapids Women", "paragraph_text": "Colorado Rapids Women is an American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 1996. The team is a member of the womens premier soccer league and plays in the Central Conference's Mountain Region. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League, the second highest tier of women\u2019s soccer in the United States and Canada. The team played in the Western Conference against the Colorado Rush, LA Strikers, Pali Blues, Santa Clarita Blue Heat, Seattle Sounders Women, and Bay Area Breeze."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elyria Athletics", "paragraph_text": "The Elyria Athletics were an American football team based in Elyria, Ohio. They played in the Ohio League until 1919, and then became an independent team. The team won the 1912 Ohio League championship, with an upset win over Peggy Parratt's Akron Indians."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2009\u201310 Belgian Second Division", "paragraph_text": "The 2009\u201310 season of the Belgian Second Division (also known as EXQI League for sponsorship reasons) started on Wednesday 19 August and is the second tier football league in Belgium. The league was played by 19 teams, with 36 matchdays, so each team plays the 18 other teams twice. The season was divided into 2 periods. Each period winner qualifies for the Belgian Second Division Final Round."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cemaes Bay F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Cemaes Bay Football Club () is a football team playing in the Anglesey League (part of the Welsh football league system). Between 1995 and 1998 the club played in the League of Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Baseball in Japan", "paragraph_text": "The first Japanese professional league was formed in 1936, and by 1950 had grown big enough to divide into two leagues, known as Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). (It is called Puro Yaky\u016b (\u30d7\u30ed\u91ce\u7403), which simply is a translation of professional baseball.) The Central League included the established teams, and the Pacific League was made up of new teams and players. The Pacific League uses the designated hitter style of play. The pro baseball season is eight months long with games beginning in April. Teams play 144 games (as compared to the 162 games of the American major league teams), followed by a playoff system, culminating in a championship held in October, known as the Japan Series."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mateusz Kowalski", "paragraph_text": "Mateusz Kowalski (born 30 September 1986 in Krak\u00f3w) is a Polish footballer who plays as a defender for Polonia Bytom."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mississauga Power", "paragraph_text": "The Mississauga Power were a Canadian professional basketball team based in Mississauga, Ontario, that competed in the National Basketball League of Canada (NBL). Established in as the Oshawa Power, they played in the Central Division. The Oshawa team began play in the inaugural NBL Canada season, along with the London Lightning, Moncton Miracles, and Summerside Storm and three Premier Basketball League (PBL) teams."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New York Power", "paragraph_text": "The New York Power was an American professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), the first professional soccer league for women in the United States. The team played at Mitchel Athletic Complex in Uniondale, New York. The team played from 2001 to 2003 when the league ceased operations."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok", "paragraph_text": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok () is a Polish football club based in Bia\u0142ystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa, the top level of Polish football. The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Bia\u0142ystok. Jagiellonia play their home games at Bia\u0142ystok City Stadium."}], "question": "The team Mateusz Ostaszewski plays for is part of what league?"}
{"id": "2hop__297183_111844", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Le\u00efla Ben Ali", "paragraph_text": "Le\u00efla Ben Ali was the president of the Arab Women Organization and chair of the Basma Association, a charitable organization working to secure employment for the disabled. In July 2010, Mrs. Ben Ali founded SAIDA to improve care for cancer patients in Tunisia. During the Tunisian revolution in 2010\u201311, she fled with her husband and three children into exile in Saudi Arabia. During her time as First Lady of Tunisia, she is believed to have enriched herself and her family through gross corruption and embezzlement of state money to finance a lavish lifestyle, factors which contributed to the protests against the regime of Ben Ali at the end of 2010. She is currently wanted by Interpol on behest of the Tunisian judiciary for high treason and money laundering."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ibn Abidin", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Amin Ibn Abidin (1198\u20131252 AH / 1783\u20131836 AD) also known as Imam Ibn Abidin ash-shami was a prominent Islamic scholar and Jurist who lived in the city of Damascus in Syria during the Ottoman era. He was the authority of the fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) of the Hanafi madhhab (school of law). He was a state employee with the title of Amin al-fatwa. This meant that he was the mufti that people would go to when they had legal questions in Damascus. He composed over 50 works consisting of a major fatwa (legal statement) collection, many treatises, poems, and several commentaries on the works of others."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Le\u00efla Ben Ali", "paragraph_text": "Le\u00efla Ben Ali (, n\u00e9e Trabelssi; born 24 October 1956) is the wife of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, who was President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011. She married Ben Ali in 1992."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aaron Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Detroit is an American musician, zine writer and music journalist. He was first recognized as a zine writer during his mid-teens in 1992."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aga Khan IV", "paragraph_text": "Born Prince Karim Aga Khan, the Aga Khan IV is the eldest son of Prince Aly Khan (1911\u20131960), and his first wife, the Hon. Princess Tajuddawlah Aly Khan, formerly the Hon. Joan Yarde-Buller (1908\u20131997), the eldest daughter of British peer 3rd Baron Churston."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yossi Ben Hanan", "paragraph_text": "Aluf (res.) Yossi Ben Hanan () was born in Jerusalem, Israel, in 1945. His father, Michael Ben Hanan served as one of the top commanders, (Haganah) in Jerusalem."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tunisia", "paragraph_text": "In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC; these immigrants founded Carthage. A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years, introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater. After several attempts starting in 647, the Muslims conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, followed by the Ottoman Empire between 1534 and 1574. The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881. Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, followed by parliamentary elections. The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014. As a result, Tunisia is the only country in North Africa classified as \"Free\" by the Freedom House organization."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christopher Forgues", "paragraph_text": "He holds a B.F.A. from the Massachusetts College of Art and Design. C.F. was influenced in the 2000s by the Fort Thunder art collective in Providence, Rhode Island and did some worked with them. C.F. collaborated with Ben Jones on a zine project called \"Paper Radio\". Art in America magazine named Forgues one of the, \"most important cartoonists of their generation\" for his work with Paper Radio."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tunku Zain Al-'Abidin", "paragraph_text": "Tunku Zain Al-'Abidin ibni Tuanku Muhriz (born 6 July 1982), more popularly known as Tunku 'Abidin Muhriz, is the second son of the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia, Tuanku Muhriz ibni Almarhum Tuanku Munawir. He is the Founding President of the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS), Malaysia and is a trustee of Yayasan Chow Kit along with Yayasan Munarah."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thanasis Lightbridge", "paragraph_text": "Thanasis Lightbridge was born in Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1978. He is a Greek keyboard player/composer best known as the founder of electronica art metal band Dol Ammad and independent record label Electronicartmetal Records. He is also in the band Dol Theeta and currently resides in Thessaloniki, Greece where he maintains a recording studio named \"Cosmos\". The e-zine Lords of Metal describes Lightbridge as the \"Luke Skywalker of metal.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ali Nuhi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Ali Nuhi\u0107 (born 18 August 1978) is a German-born Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer who plays as a striker for German club SVN Zweibr\u00fccken."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Place Beyond the Pines", "paragraph_text": "The Place Beyond the Pines is a 2012 American crime drama film directed by Derek Cianfrance and written by Cianfrance, Ben Coccio, and Darius Marder. It stars Ryan Gosling, Bradley Cooper, Eva Mendes, Emory Cohen and Dane DeHaan, with Ben Mendelsohn, Rose Byrne, Mahershala Ali, Bruce Greenwood, Harris Yulin, and Ray Liotta in supporting roles. The film reunites Cianfrance and Gosling, who worked together on 2010s Blue Valentine. The film was scored by Mike Patton and also featured previously written music by Estonian composer Arvo P\u00e4rt. The title is the English meaning of the city of Schenectady, New York, which is derived loosely from a Mohawk word for ``place beyond the pine plains. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saber Eid", "paragraph_text": "Saber Eid Ali Omar (born 1 May 1959) is an Egyptian football midfielder who played for Egypt in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Ghazl El Mahalla."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventative measures, reducing food prices, purging the army leadership of potential defectors and releasing several Islamist prisoners. They proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogenous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30%."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ahmed Belbachir Haskouri", "paragraph_text": "Ahmed Belbachir Haskouri (1908\u20131962) was a prominent member of the royal court of Morocco during the protectorate period. His name was also transliterated as Si Hamed Ben Baxir Escuri or Escurri, Sidi Ahmed Bel Bashir Haskouri, Ahmer Ben Bazir Hasqouri, Ahamad Benbachir Scouri, Sid Ahmed Ben El Bachil Scuri, and Ahmad Ben Bachir El Hascori."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ali", "paragraph_text": "Ali had four children with Fatimah: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali, born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin), and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was Ali's son from another wife from the Bani Hanifa tribe of central Arabia named Khawlah bint Ja'far, whom Ali had married after Fatimah's death."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Naweeha", "paragraph_text": "Naweeha () is the third studio album for the Egyptian singer Mohamed Hamaki. The album contains 10 songs, and he co-operates again with the songwriter Ayman Bahgat Amar, Ammir Ta'eimah and Mohamed A'ttef, and others in the music industry such as the composers Mohamed Yehya, Ramy Gamal, Mohamed El Nadi and Tamer Aly and the arrangers Tooma and Tamim."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jibrell Ali Salad", "paragraph_text": "President Jibrell Ali Salaad was born 1939 in Laasqoray in Sanaag region of Somalia. His full name is Jibrell Ali Salaad Aadan Garaad Awl. He is a member of the Warsangeli Royal family, one of the oldest royal dynasties in Somalia which dates back to the 13th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Khalilah Ali", "paragraph_text": "Khalilah Camacho Ali (born Belinda Boyd in 1950) is an actress, also known for being the former wife of boxer Muhammad Ali."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tengku Muhammad Ismail", "paragraph_text": "Tengku Muhammad Ismail was born on 1 March 1998 as the second child and first son of Tengku Mizan Zainal Abidin, the \"Yang di-Pertuan Muda\" (Crown Prince) of Terengganu, and Sultanah Nur Zahirah. His father became the Sultan of Terengganu shortly after his birth, after which his mother became known as Permaisuri Nur Zahirah."}], "question": "When was the spouse of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali born?"}
{"id": "2hop__133337_547083", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wasp Man", "paragraph_text": "Wasp Man is an animated series featured on SBS TV Australia. It follows the adventures of the title character, Wasp Man, though apart from the appearance of this character, very little is constant throughout the series. The series is known for its artistic style which is usually a parody of popular animations. The series has used a website for its marketing mocking Flash animations."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Deere World Headquarters", "paragraph_text": "The John Deere World Headquarters is a complex of four buildings located on 1,400 acres (5.7\u00a0km\u00b2) of land at One John Deere Place, Moline, Illinois, United States. The complex serves as corporate headquarters for John Deere."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Huntington Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Huntington Stadium (formerly Ryedale Stadium) is the former stadium of English rugby league teams York Wasps, and York City Knights."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ant-Man and the Wasp", "paragraph_text": "Evangeline Lilly as Hope van Dyne / Wasp: The daughter of Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne, who is handed down a similar suit and the Wasp mantle from her mother. The writers were excited to properly introduce the character as the Wasp, showing her ``power set, how she fights, and what are the injustices that matter to her ''. Lilly felt the character has`` incredible satisfaction'' in becoming the Wasp, ``something that she has been waiting for her whole life, which is essentially an affirmation from her father ''. Her relationship with Lang is more complicated than in the first film, and includes anger towards his actions during Civil War. Madeleine McGraw portrays a young Hope van Dyne."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "BorsodChem", "paragraph_text": "Wanhua-BorsodChem \u2013 as the European member of the Wanhua Group \u2013 is a leading chemical raw material manufacturing company headquartered in Kazincbarcika, Hungary. The company specialized for isocyanates (MDI, TDI), PVC and chlor-alkali (vinyl) businesses. The main production site is located in Kazincbarcika, Hungary but the production is also supported by other European production capacities located in Ostrava, the Czech Republic and K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale, Poland. Several branch offices are available in Hungary, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Italy and Poland."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "KCC Corporation", "paragraph_text": "KCC Corporation (renamed from Kumkang Korea Chemicals Co., Ltd. on February 25, 2005) is a Korean chemical and auto parts manufacturer, headquartered in Seoul, South Korea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Suunto", "paragraph_text": "Suunto Oy is a Finnish company that manufactures and markets sports watches, dive computers, compasses and precision instruments. Headquartered in Vantaa, Finland, Suunto employs more than 300 people worldwide, and its products are sold in over 100 countries. Although globally active, the headquarters is placed next to the factory, in which most of the work stages are still handcrafted. Suunto is a subsidiary of Amer Sports Corporation with sister brands Wilson, Atomic, Sports Tracker, Salomon, Precor, Arc'teryx and Mavic."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Prysmian Group", "paragraph_text": "The Prysmian Group is an Italian multinational corporation headquartered in Milan that manufactures electric power transmission and telecommunications cables and systems. It is the largest manufacturer of cables in the world measured by revenues."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WASP-44", "paragraph_text": "WASP-44 is a G-type star in constellation Cetus that has the Jupiter-size planet WASP-44b in orbit. The star is slightly less massive and slightly smaller than the Sun; it is also slightly cooler, but is more metal-rich. The star was observed by SuperWASP, an organization in search of planets, starting in 2009; manual follow-up observations used WASP-44's spectrum and measurements of its radial velocity led to the discovery of the transiting planet WASP-44b. The planet and its star were presented along with WASP-45b and WASP-46b on May 17, 2011 by a team of scientists testing the idea that Hot Jupiters tend to have circular orbits, an assumption that is made when the orbital eccentricity of such planets are not well-constrained."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ABC Wasp", "paragraph_text": "The ABC Wasp was an experimental 170\u00a0hp (127\u00a0kW) seven-cylinder radial engine designed by the noted British engineer Granville Bradshaw, and primarily built by ABC Motors Limited. Twelve experimental ABC Wasp engines were delivered to Guy Motors on 19 April 1918."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anagyrus", "paragraph_text": "Anagyrus is a large genus of parasitic wasps from the family Encyrtidae. \"Anagyrus\" is distributed throughout the world. A subgenus of \"Anagyrus\" is known as \"Nesoanagyrus\" (Beardsley 1969)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Boiron", "paragraph_text": "Boiron () is a manufacturer of homeopathic products, headquartered in France and with an operating presence in 59 countries worldwide. It is the largest manufacturer of homeopathic products in the world. In 2004, it employed a workforce of 2,779 and had a turnover of \u20ac 313 million. It is currently a member of the CAC Small 90 stock index."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gruma", "paragraph_text": "Gruma, S.A.B. de C.V., known as Gruma, is a Mexican multinational corn flour (masa) and tortilla manufacturing company headquartered in San Pedro, near Monterrey, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico. It is the largest corn flour and tortilla manufacturer in the world. Its brand names include Mission Foods (Misi\u00f3n in Mexico), Maseca, and Guerrero."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Aggregate Industries", "paragraph_text": "Aggregate Industries, a member of LafargeHolcim, is a company based in the United Kingdom with headquarters at Bardon Hill, Coalville, Leicestershire. Aggregate Industries manufactures and supplies a range of heavy building materials, primarily aggregates such as stone, asphalt and concrete, to the construction industry and other business sectors. Aggregate Industries also manufactures and imports cement, and provides a range of aggregate-associated goods and services, these include the manufacture of masonry and reconstructed stone items for construction industry and domestic applications, the manufacture of pre-cast concrete items, the supply of ready mixed concrete, design and project management consulting, and resurfacing contracting services."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cannondale Bicycle Corporation", "paragraph_text": "The Cannondale Bicycle Corporation is an American division of Canadian conglomerate Dorel Industries that supplies bicycles. It is headquartered in Wilton, Connecticut with manufacturing and assembly facilities in China."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Transcend Information", "paragraph_text": "Chung-Won Shu founded Transcend Information, Inc. in 1988, with its headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan. Its first products were: \"JetMate\" laser printer driver, for producing Chinese characters, and \"KeyPro\" software protection system. Today, Transcend has become a brand of digital storage, multimedia, and embedded solutions with 14 offices worldwide. Adding to the main corporate headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan, Transcend opened overseas offices in Los Angeles (1990), Hamburg (1992), Rotterdam (1996), Tokyo (1997), Hong Kong (2000), Shanghai (2001), Beijing (2005), Shenzhen (2005), London (2005), Maryland (2005), Seoul (2008), Miami (2011) and Silicon Valley (2013). The manufacturing plants are located in Taipei and Shanghai. Transcend also opened 5 retail stores located across Taiwan. In 2000, Transcend moves into e-commerce by offering online direct B2C sales of Transcend-brand products in Taiwan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Vestergaard Frandsen", "paragraph_text": "Vestergaard is a company headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland that manufactures public health tools for people in developing countries. Founded as Vestergaard Frandsen in 1957 as a uniform maker, the company evolved into a social enterprise making products for humanitarian aid in the 1990s. It is now best known for inventing the LifeStraw water filter and the PermaNet mosquito net."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WASP-12", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, the extrasolar planet WASP-12b was discovered orbiting WASP-12 by the transit method. Its high carbon-to-oxygen ratio indicates that rocky planets that might have formed in the star system; it may be a carbon planet."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "ABC Motors", "paragraph_text": "ABC Motors Limited (All British (Engine) Company) of Hersham, Surrey, England was a manufacturer of cars, aircraft, motor scooters, and engines for road and air. Established by Ronald Charteris in Hersham, Surrey in 1912, its chief designer was the young and talented Granville Bradshaw. It was absorbed into Vickers in 1951 and the factory finally closed in the 1970s. Some of the premises survive today as part of the Hersham Trading Estate and are occupied by Ian Allan Publishing."}], "question": "What is the headquarters location of the manufacturer of the ABC Wasp?"}
{"id": "2hop__145388_368170", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dead Horse Bay", "paragraph_text": "Dead Horse Bay is a small water body off Barren Island, between the Gerritsen Inlet and Rockaway Inlet in the New York City borough of Brooklyn."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area (\"Hyderabad city\") and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sea of Sardinia", "paragraph_text": "The Sea of Sardinia is a body of water in the Mediterranean Sea between the Spanish archipelago of Balearic Islands and the Italian island of Sardinia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Walker Pond", "paragraph_text": "Walker Pond is a body of water in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, situated off Route 49 on the way to Wells State Park."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charles Ives House", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Ives House, also known as Charles Ives Birthplace, is located on Mountainville Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame structure built in 1780 and expanded on since. Over the course of the 19th century it was the residence of several generations of Iveses, a family important in the city's history. In 1874 it was the birthplace of Charles Ives, who became an internationally recognized composer in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nodar Mammadov", "paragraph_text": "Nodar Mammadov (; born 3 June 1988 in Kaspi, Georgia) is an Azerbaijani football defender who plays for Shuvalan FK."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kaspi", "paragraph_text": "Kaspi () is a town in central Georgia on the Mtkvari River. It is a center of Kaspi district, one of the four districts in Shida Kartli region. Founded in the early Middle Ages, the town turned into possession of the Amilakhvari noble family in the 15th century. Kaspi officially acquired a town's status in 1959 and, , had the population of 13,423."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Potamogeton amplifolius", "paragraph_text": "Potamogeton amplifolius, commonly known as largeleaf pondweed or broad-leaved pondweed, is an aquatic plant of North America. It grows in water bodies such as lakes, ponds, and rivers, often in deep water."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chautauqua County, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Chautauqua County (county code CQ) is a county located in Southeast Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 3,669. Its county seat and most populous city is Sedan. Chautauqua County is named for Chautauqua County, New York, the birthplace of Edward Jaquins, a Kansas politician who was instrumental in getting the county established."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Water cribs in Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The water cribs in Chicago are structures built to house and protect offshore water intakes used to supply the City of Chicago with drinking water from Lake Michigan. Water is collected and transported through tunnels located close to 200 feet beneath the lake, varying in shape from circular to oval, and ranging in diameter from 10 to 20 feet. The tunnels lead from the cribs to one of two water purification plants located onshore, the Jardine Water Purification Plant (the world's largest) and the Eugene Sawyer Water Purification Plant, where the water is then treated before being pumped to all parts of the city as well as 118 suburbs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "McKamie Farmhouse", "paragraph_text": "The McKamie Farmhouse was a farmhouse located in Waxhaws, North Carolina, and is one of two disputed birthplaces of Andrew Jackson, the other being in South Carolina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of bridges of Pittsburgh", "paragraph_text": "A 2006 study determined that Pittsburgh has 446 bridges, and with its proximity to three major rivers and countless hills and ravines, Pittsburgh is known as ``The City of Bridges ''. The city of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County are the largest owners of great bridges in the country, in proper proportion to their size, with the possible exception of the City of New York, which is built on an island and surrounded by large bodies of water."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yagub Mammadov (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Yaqub Javad oglu Mammadov (; born 3 March 1941, \u018fliismay\u0131ll\u0131, Gadabay Rayon, Azerbaijan), also spelled as Yagub Mammadov (Azerbaijani: \"Yaqub M\u0259mm\u0259dov / J\u0430\u0433\u0443\u0431 \u041c\u04d9\u043c\u043c\u04d9\u0434\u043e\u0432\"), was the Acting President of Azerbaijan from 6 March to 14 May and from 18 to 19 May 1992. Mammadov is currently an opposition politician, professor and scientist."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", "paragraph_text": "What's Eating Gilbert Grape was shot in Texas, in various towns and cities; Austin and Pflugerville were primary locations, as well as Manor, where the water tower featured in the film was located."}], "question": "What body of water is next to the place where Nodar Mammadov was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__819757_136028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Civil Rights Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The names included in the memorial belong to those who were killed between 1954 and 1968. Those dates were chosen because in 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in schools was unlawful and 1968 is the year of the assassination of Martin Luther King. The monument was created by Maya Lin, who is best known for creating the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. The Civil Rights Memorial was dedicated in 1989."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Paul E. Klopsteg", "paragraph_text": "Paul Ernest Klopsteg (May 30, 1889 \u2013 April 28, 1991) was an American physicist. The asteroid 3520 Klopsteg was named after him and the yearly Klopsteg Memorial Award was founded in his memory."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Veterans Memorial Soccer Complex", "paragraph_text": "Hoops Family Field at Veterans Memorial Soccer Complex is a 1,006-capacity soccer-specific stadium in Huntington, West Virginia where it is the home of Marshall University's men and women soccer teams. It was built on the former site of the Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse, which was demolished in order to build the stadium. An inaugural double-header took place on August 23, 2013. The men's team held a scrimmage against Marshall alumni from past years resulting in a 2\u20130 victory. The women's team faced the Campbell University Fighting Camels and won 3\u20130."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tulsa Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Tulsa Revolution was a professional indoor soccer team from Tulsa, Oklahoma, which began play in the Professional Arena Soccer League with the 2013\u201314 season then segued to the Major Arena Soccer League for the 2014\u201315 season. The team was co-owned by Adam Mellor and Shannon Clark."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Riemann sphere", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, the Riemann sphere, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a model of the extended complex plane, the complex plane plus a point at infinity. This extended plane represents the extended complex numbers, that is, the complex numbers plus a value \u221e for infinity. With the Riemann model, the point \"\u221e\" is near to very large numbers, just as the point \"0\" is near to very small numbers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Unidad Deportiva Acapulco", "paragraph_text": "Unidad Deportiva Acapulco (\"English:Acapulco Sports Complex\") is a sports complex composed of a 13,000-seat soccer and track and field stadium and a baseball stadium which can seat thousands. The soccer/track stadium, which originally seated 8,600, is currently home to the Guerreros Acapulco soccer team of the Mexican Segunda Divisi\u00f3n Profesional, which began play in 2009. The baseball stadium is currently used for amateur and semi-pro baseball, and skateboarding."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gate City FC", "paragraph_text": "Gate City FC was an American soccer club based in Greensboro, North Carolina fielding a first team along with a reserve and alumni/veteran team in other league play. Gate City FC was established in May 2013 and played one season (2014) in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Mid-Atlantic Conference in 2014. The club was owned by local businessman Justin Cox."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Above and Below", "paragraph_text": "Above and Below is an installation by American artist Maya Lin, the designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. It is on display at and owned by the Indianapolis Museum of Art located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The artwork was inspired by underground water systems in Indiana."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Albert Einstein Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The Albert Einstein Memorial is a monumental bronze statue depicting Albert Einstein seated with manuscript papers in hand by sculptor Robert Berks. It is located in central Washington, D.C., United States, in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences at 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W., near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pure Jerry: Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium, San Rafael, California, February 28, 1986", "paragraph_text": "Pure Jerry: Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium, San Rafael, California, February 28, 1986 is a live album by Jerry Garcia and John Kahn. As the title suggests, it was recorded at the Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium in San Rafael, California, on February 28, 1986. It contains the entire concert from that date, on one CD. The eighth and penultimate entry in the \"Pure Jerry\" series of archival concert albums, it was released on March 25, 2009."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aggie Soccer Field", "paragraph_text": "Aggie Soccer Field was the result of volunteer efforts dating back to the mid-1980s, the same as the Dobbins Baseball Complex which is the home to UC Davis Aggies baseball."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "One World Trade Center", "paragraph_text": "The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high - rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street, as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild following the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "On April 22, 1971, Kerry appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with thousands of other veterans in which he and other Vietnam War veterans threw their medals and service ribbons over a fence erected at the front steps of the United States Capitol building to dramatize their opposition to the war. Jack Smith, a Marine, read a statement explaining why the veterans were returning their military awards to the government. For more than two hours, almost 1000 angry veterans tossed their medals, ribbons, hats, jackets, and military papers over the fence. Each veteran gave his or her name, hometown, branch of service and a statement. Kerry threw some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw. As Kerry threw his decorations over the fence, his statement was: \"I'm not doing this for any violent reasons, but for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Memorial Day", "paragraph_text": "The preferred name for the holiday gradually changed from ``Decoration Day ''to`` Memorial Day,'' which was first used in 1882. Memorial Day did not become the more common name until after World War II, and was not declared the official name by Federal law until 1967. On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three - day weekend. The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971. After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress' change of date within a few years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York Power", "paragraph_text": "The New York Power was an American professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), the first professional soccer league for women in the United States. The team played at Mitchel Athletic Complex in Uniondale, New York. The team played from 2001 to 2003 when the league ceased operations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marshall University", "paragraph_text": "Marshall University is a public research university in Huntington, West Virginia. It was founded in 1837 and is named after John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peavey Memorial Library", "paragraph_text": "Peavey Memorial Library is an historic public library in downtown Eastport, Maine, United States. Built in 1893, it was named for Albert Peavey, an Eastport resident whose son, Frank Peavey, left Eastport and eventually owned a major grain company in Minnesota in the late 1800s. Frank Peavey left money to Eastport for the establishment of the Peavey Memorial Library in his father's honor."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nestor Morales Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Nestor Morales Stadium is a baseball stadium in Humacao, Puerto Rico. The stadium, located at the Osvaldo Gil Bosch sports complex, is also used for soccer by the Grises de Humacao double A baseball team and the Tornados de Humacao who play in the Puerto Rico Soccer League."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Linda and Terry Fuller Track", "paragraph_text": "Terry and Linda Fuller Track & Field Complex is a multi-use stadium in Lubbock, Texas on the campus of Texas Tech University where it serves as home to Red Raider track and field. Formerly, it was also the home of the women's soccer team before they moved to the John Walker Soccer Complex. The stadium seats 3,500."}], "question": "Who is the owner of Veterans Memorial Soccer Complex named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__55261_59761", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Taylor King", "paragraph_text": "Taylor King (born May 30, 1988) is an American retired professional basketball player. King played for the Villanova University Wildcats, where he played the forward position. King attended Mater Dei High School of Santa Ana, where he enjoyed a successful high school basketball career, posting the third highest career point total in California high school history."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wojciech Rybicki", "paragraph_text": "Wojciech Rybicki was born in 1942 in Tomasz\u00f3w Lubelski. He comes from Sanok. In 1959 he graduated from high school in Sanok and piano class at the State Primary Music School. During high school he performed as a pianist in a jazz band. He graduated from the Faculty of Chemistry at the Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University in Lublin (1966). He also completed postgraduate studies at Warsaw University of Technology (1988). While studying at MCSU he continued his musical education in piano at the Music High School in Lublin."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bob Greacen", "paragraph_text": "He grew up in Merchantville, New Jersey, where he played high school basketball for Merchantville High School and helped lead Merchantville to the NJSIAA Group II state championship in 1965."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Deloraine High School", "paragraph_text": "Deloraine High School is a co-educational public high school in Deloraine, Tasmania, Australia. The School has recently had a major redevelopment costing about two million dollars and it upgraded the main core classrooms, the music classroom and the two science labs.The School was founded on the first of January 1952."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "KDPS", "paragraph_text": "KDPS is a radio station in Des Moines, Iowa. The station is owned by Des Moines Public Schools. The school district programs the station during daytime hours with a variety of rock music styles and staffs it with high school students who are learning radio. Most evenings and on weekends, KDPS is programmed by Grand View University with alternative rock music on weeknights and children's music on weekends, however every Friday is called Hip Hop Friday, as they play hip hop the entire day."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Troy High School (New York)", "paragraph_text": "Troy High School is a public high school located in Troy, Rensselaer County, New York, U.S.A., and is the only high school operated by the Enlarged City School District of Troy, NY. The Troy Flying Horses are 2 time, back to back NYS Class AA State Champions for the years 2017-2018."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Humberview Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Humberview Secondary School (formerly The Humberview School, or Humberview Senior Public School) is a high school in Bolton, Caledon, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the four secondary schools in Caledon, the others being Robert F. Hall Catholic Secondary School in Caledon East, Ontario, St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in Bolton, Ontario, and Mayfield Secondary School. The year 2003 was a double cohort year for the school."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "William Aberhart High School", "paragraph_text": "William Aberhart High School is a public senior high school in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, which teaches grades 10, 11, and 12. It is operated by the Calgary Board of Education. It is a comprehensive English and French Immersion school of 1500 students. William Aberhart High School is located at 3009 Morley Trail NW. The school contains 54 classrooms, two gymnasia, a fitness centre, a multi-media library resource centre, and specialized areas for music, drama, and art. It also plays host to a debate union."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Al Bolton", "paragraph_text": "Another uncle, James W. Bolton, was also a banker and school board member. Cousins James C. Bolton and Robert H. Bolton, sons of James W. Bolton, continued the family banking and civic heritage. Al Bolton graduated in June 1942 from Bolton High School in Alexandria's Garden District. The school is named for his uncle James, who was an 18-year president of the Rapides Parish School Board."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "High School Musical", "paragraph_text": "High School Musical is a 2006 American musical television film and the first installment in the High School Musical trilogy directed by Kenny Ortega. It was filmed in 2005 in Salt Lake City. Upon its release on January 20, 2006, it became the most successful film that Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) ever produced, with a television sequel, High School Musical 2, released in 2007 and the feature film, High School Musical 3: Senior Year, released theatrically in October 2008. It is the first and only DCOM to have a theatrical sequel. The film's soundtrack was the best - selling album in the United States, reaching number 1 on the American charts for 2006."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Whitmer High School", "paragraph_text": "Whitmer High School is a public high school in Toledo, Ohio, United States, named for John Wallace Whitmer, an educator who helped organize high school classes for the area. It is the only high school in the Washington Local School District in Lucas County, Ohio, serving the northwest section of Toledo up to the Michigan state line. It is the largest high school in the Toledo area. Whitmer offers 200 courses including honors and AP classes, 16 career training programs, 22 varsity sports, and more than 50 extracurricular activities. Students regularly receive district, state, and national accolades in art, music, and career training competitions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Andrea Brachfeld", "paragraph_text": "Brachfeld is a graduate of The High School of Music and Art and the Manhattan School of Music. She studied with Hubert Laws, Jimmy Heath, George Coleman, and Mike Longo."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jean Swain", "paragraph_text": "Jean Adair Swain (August 12, 1923 \u2013 July 17, 2000) was born in New York City and grew up in Port Washington, Long Island, where she graduated from high school at age 16. Her musical talents included playing the cello in orchestras and chamber music groups, arranging, composing, and teaching. She was also an accomplished pianist."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of High School Musical characters", "paragraph_text": "Troy Bolton High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Zac Efron First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3: Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Caddy / Waiter Assistant Golf Instructor (show) Family Parents Jack Bolton (father) Lucille Bolton (mother)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kaycee Stroh", "paragraph_text": "Kaycee Stroh (born May 29, 1984) is an American actress, singer and dancer, best known for her role as Martha Cox in the hit Disney Channel Original Movies, High School Musical (2006), High School Musical 2 (2007), and High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008). She was a contestant in the VH1 reality show Celebrity Fit Club."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zac Efron", "paragraph_text": "Efron's career reached a turning point with the teen musical television film High School Musical (2006), which premiered on the Disney Channel in January 2006. The film, which has been described as a modern adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, saw Efron playing the male lead Troy Bolton, a high school basketball player who feels conflicted when he finds himself interested in participating in the school musical with Gabriella Montez (Vanessa Hudgens), a girl from the scholastic decathlon team. The film, which also starred Ashley Tisdale, Lucas Grabeel, Corbin Bleu, and Monique Coleman in pivotal roles, became a major success and helped Efron gain recognition among teenage audiences. The film's soundtrack was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA, making it one of the best - selling albums of the year in the United States. Efron's singing talents were disputed when it was revealed that his voice had been blended with Drew Seeley's on the soundtrack, but Efron clarified that the songs (written for a tenor) were written before he was cast and therefore did not suit his more baritone vocal range. In his subsequent musical films, Efron did his own singing."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount View High School (Maine)", "paragraph_text": "Mount View High School is a public high school located in Thorndike, Maine, United States. The school is a part of Maine School Administrative District 3, and serves students from the towns of Brooks, Freedom, Jackson, Knox, Liberty, Monroe, Montville, Thorndike, Troy, Unity and Waldo."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "High School Musical 3: Senior Year", "paragraph_text": "High School Musical 3: Senior Year is a 2008 American musical film and is the third installment in the High School Musical trilogy. Produced and released on October 24, 2008, by Walt Disney Pictures, the film is a sequel to Disney Channel Original Movie 2006 television film High School Musical. It was the only film in the series to be released theatrically. Kenny Ortega returned as director and choreographer, as did all six primary actors."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Edgar Brown Memorial Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Edgar Brown Memorial Stadium is the home stadium for the Chiawana High School Riverhawks and Pasco High School Bulldogs of Pasco, Washington. The school's football, soccer and track-and-field teams play their home games at \"Edgar Brown\", as it is commonly called."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "M\u00e5ns Zelmerl\u00f6w", "paragraph_text": "Born in Lund, M\u00e5ns Zelmerl\u00f6w is the son of Birgitta Sahl\u00e9n, a professor at Lund University, and surgeon Sven-Olof Zelmerl\u00f6w. Zelmerl\u00f6w studied music in high school in Lund and was part of a school choir project. In 2002, he played one of the brothers in the musical \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\" at Slagthuset in Malm\u00f6."}], "question": "Who did the person playing Troy Bolton in high school musical play?"}
{"id": "2hop__77773_27218", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of the rupee", "paragraph_text": "Sher Shah Suri, during his five - year rule from 1540 to 1545, set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed the Rupiya. The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include the Bank of Hindostan (1770 -- 1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773 -- 75, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784 -- 91)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Indian numbering system", "paragraph_text": "The Indian numbering system is used in the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) and in Burma. The terms lakh or lac (100,000 or 1, 00,000 in the Indian system) and crore (10,000,000 or 1, 00, 00,000 in the Indian system) are used in Indian English to express large numbers. For example, in India 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees, written as \u20b91, 50,000 or INR 1, 50,000, while 30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees becomes 3 crore rupees, written as \u20b93, 00, 00,000 with commas at the thousand, lakh, and crore levels, and 1,000,000,000 (one billion) rupees (one hundred crore rupees or one arab \u0905\u0930\u092c) is written \u20b91, 00, 00, 00,000. While there are specific terms for numbers larger than 1 crore, these are not commonly used, and most practitioners are not familiar with these. In common parlance, the thousand, lakh, crore terminology repeats for larger numbers. Thus 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion) becomes 1 lakh crore, and is written as 10, 00, 00, 00, 00,000."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Satyameva Jayate", "paragraph_text": "``Satyameva Jayate ''(Sanskrit: \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0947\u0935 \u091c\u092f\u0924\u0947 satyam - eva jayate; lit.`` Truth alone triumphs.'') is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture Mundaka Upanishad. Following the independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India in 26 January 1950. It is inscribed in script at the base of the national emblem. The emblem and the words ``Satyameva Jayate ''are inscribed on one side of all Indian currency. The emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka which was erected around 250 BCE at Sarnath, near Varanasi in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is inscribed on all currency notes and national documents."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jama Masjid, Delhi", "paragraph_text": "It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1644 and 1656 at a cost of 1 million rupees, and was inaugurated by an imam from Bukhara, present - day Uzbekistan. The mosque was completed in 1656 AD with three great gates, four towers and two 40 m high minarets constructed of strips of red sandstone and white marble. The courtyard can accommodate more than 25,000 persons. There are three domes on the terrace which are surrounded by the two minarets. On the floor, a total of 899 black borders are marked for worshippers. The architectural plan of Badshahi Masjid, built by Shah Jahan's son Aurangzeb at Lahore, Pakistan, is similar to the Jama Masjid, Delhi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chile", "paragraph_text": "The Central Bank of Chile in Santiago serves as the central bank for the country. The Chilean currency is the Chilean peso (CLP). Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations, leading Latin American nations in human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the World Bank as a ``high - income economy ''."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Egyptian pound", "paragraph_text": "In 1834, a khedival decree was issued, adopting an Egyptian currency based on a bimetallic standard (gold and silver) on the basis of the Maria Theresa thaler, a popular trade coin in the region. The Egyptian pound, known as the geneih, was introduced, replacing the Egyptian piastre (ersh) as the chief unit of currency. The piastre continued to circulate as \u200b1\u2044100 of a pound, with the piastre subdivided into 40 para. In 1885, the para ceased to be issued, and the piastre was divided into tenths (\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0634  'oshr el-ersh). These tenths were renamed milliemes (malleem) in 1916."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "According to the latest International Monetary Fund estimates, its per capita GDP (adjusted for purchasing power) at $30,769 is just above the average of the European Union.[citation needed] Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates. Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Development Loan Fund", "paragraph_text": "The Development Loan Fund (DLF) was the lending arm of the United States International Cooperation Administration. It was established in 1957 as part of a revision of the Mutual Security Act. Its main purpose was extending loans to foreign nations, mostly for capital projects, repayable in the local currency of the borrower. In 1961, it merged into the United States Agency for International Development."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Masala bonds", "paragraph_text": "Masala bonds are bonds issued outside India but denominated in Indian Rupees, rather than the local currency. Masala is an Indian word and it means spices. The term was used by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to evoke the culture and cuisine of India. Unlike dollar bonds, where the borrower takes the currency risk, masala bond makes the investors bear the risk. The first Masala bond was issued by the World Bank - backed IFC in November 2014 when it raised 1,000 crore bond to fund infrastructure projects in India. Later in August 2015 International Financial Cooperation for the first time issued green masala bonds and raised Rupees 3.15 Billion to be used for private sector investments that address climate change in India."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "National Stock Exchange of India", "paragraph_text": "National Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Location of National Stock Exchange in India Type Stock exchange Location Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Coordinates 19 \u00b0 3 \u2032 37 ''N 72 \u00b0 51 \u2032 35'' E \ufeff / \ufeff 19.06028 \u00b0 N 72.85972 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 19.06028; 72.85972 Founded Owner National Stock Exchange of India Limited Key people Vikram Limaye, MD & CEO Currency Indian rupee (\u20b9) No. of listings 1,696 Market cap US $1.41 trillion (March 2016) Volume US $442 billion (June 2014) Indices NIFTY 50 NIFTY NEXT 50 NIFTY 500 Website www.nseindia.com"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "On August 15, 1971, the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to \"float\" (rise and fall according to market demand). Shortly thereafter, Britain followed, floating the pound sterling. The other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies. Anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before. The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies. Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased. In September 1971, OPEC issued a joint communiqu\u00e9 stating that, from then on, they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation", "paragraph_text": "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (show) Bengali: \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3 \u098f\u09b6\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be Dari: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u06cc Dzongkha: \u0f04 \u0f63\u0fb7\u0f7c \u0f68\u0f7a\u0f66\u0f72\u0f68 \u0f0b \u0f62\u0f7a \u0f0b \u0f42\u0f72\u0f68\u0f7c\u0f53\u0f63 \u0f0b \u0f45\u0f7c\u0f68\u0f7c\u0f54\u0f7a\u0f62\u0f4f\u0f72\u0f68\u0f7c\u0f53 \u0f0b \u0f40\u0f7c \u0f0b \u0f58\u0f72 \u0f0b \u0f4f\u0f72 \u0f0d Hindi: \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 Maldivian: \u078b\u07ac\u0786\u07aa\u0782\u07aa \u0787\u07ad\u079d\u07a8\u0794\u07a7\u078e\u07ac \u0790\u07a6\u0783\u07a6\u0799\u07a6\u0787\u07b0\u078b\u07a9 \u0787\u07ac\u0787\u07b0\u0784\u07a7\u0783\u07aa\u078d\u07aa\u0789\u07aa\u078e\u07ac \u0796\u07a6\u0789\u07a8\u0787\u07b0\u0794\u07a7 Nepali: \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0919\u094d\u0917\u0920\u0928 Pashto: \u062f \u0633\u0648\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cd \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 Sinhalese: \u0daf\u0d9a\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 \u0d86\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dd3\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dcf \u0dc3\u0d82\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dba Tamil: \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 Urdu: \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u202c Logo Member states Observer states Headquarters Kathmandu Official languages English Demonym South Asian Member states 8 members (show) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka 9 observers (show) Australia China EU Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Leaders Secretary - General Amjad B. Hussain Establishment 8 December 1985 Area Total 5,099,611 km (1,968,971 sq mi) (7th) Water (%) 6.8 Population 2015 estimate 1,713,870,000 (1st) Density 336.1 / km (870.5 / sq mi) GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate Total US $11.64 trillion (3rd) GDP (nominal) 2017 estimate Total US $3.31 trillion (5th) Currency 8 currencies (show) Afghani (AFN) Taka (\u09f3) (BDT) Ngultrum (BTN) Rupee (\u20b9) (INR) Rufiyaa (MVR) Rupee (\u0930\u0941.) (NPR) Rupee (PKR) Rupee (LKR) Time zone (UTC + 4: 30 to + 6) Calling code 8 codes (show) + 880 + 91 + 92 + 93 + 94 + 960 + 975 + 977 Internet TLD. asia Website www.saarc-sec.org"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Masala bonds", "paragraph_text": "Masala bonds are bonds issued outside India but denominated in Indian Rupees, rather than the local currency. Masala is an indian word and it means spices. The term was used by IFC to evoke the culture and cuisine of India. Unlike dollar bonds, where the borrower takes the currency risk, masala bond makes the investors bear the risk. The first Masala bond was issued by the World Bank backed International Finance Corporation in November 2014 when it raised 1,000 crore bond to fund infrastructure projects in India. Later in August 2015 International Financial Cooperation for the first time issued green masala bonds and raised Rupees 3.15 Billion to be used for private sector investments that address climate change in India."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation", "paragraph_text": "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (show) Bengali: \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3 \u098f\u09b6\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be Dari: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u06cc Dzongkha: \u0f04 \u0f63\u0fb7\u0f7c \u0f68\u0f7a\u0f66\u0f72\u0f68 \u0f0b \u0f62\u0f7a \u0f0b \u0f42\u0f72\u0f68\u0f7c\u0f53\u0f63 \u0f0b \u0f45\u0f7c\u0f68\u0f7c\u0f54\u0f7a\u0f62\u0f4f\u0f72\u0f68\u0f7c\u0f53 \u0f0b \u0f40\u0f7c \u0f0b \u0f58\u0f72 \u0f0b \u0f4f\u0f72 \u0f0d Hindi: \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 Maldivian: \u078b\u07ac\u0786\u07aa\u0782\u07aa \u0787\u07ad\u079d\u07a8\u0794\u07a7\u078e\u07ac \u0790\u07a6\u0783\u07a6\u0799\u07a6\u0787\u07b0\u078b\u07a9 \u0787\u07ac\u0787\u07b0\u0784\u07a7\u0783\u07aa\u078d\u07aa\u0789\u07aa\u078e\u07ac \u0796\u07a6\u0789\u07a8\u0787\u07b0\u0794\u07a7 Nepali: \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0919\u094d\u0917\u0920\u0928 Pashto: \u062f \u0633\u0648\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cd \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 Sinhalese: \u0daf\u0d9a\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 \u0d86\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dd3\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dcf \u0dc3\u0d82\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dba Tamil: \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 Urdu: \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u202c Logo Member states Observer states Headquarters Kathmandu Official languages English Demonym South Asian Member states 8 members (show) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka 9 observers (show) Australia China EU Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Leaders Secretary - General Amjad B. Hussain Establishment 8 December 1985 Area Total 5,099,611 km (1,968,971 sq mi) (7th) Water (%) 6.8 Population 2015 estimate 1,713,870,000 (1st) Density 336.1 / km (870.5 / sq mi) GDP (PPP) 2015 estimate Total US $9.9 trillion (3rd) GDP (nominal) 2015 estimate Total US $2.9 trillion (5th) Currency 8 currencies (show) Afghani (AFN) Taka (\u09f3) (BDT) Ngultrum (BTN) Rupee (\u20b9) (INR) Rufiyaa (MVR) Rupee (\u0930\u0941.) (NPR) Rupee (PKR) Rupee (LKR) Time zone (UTC + 4: 30 to + 6) Calling code 8 codes (show) + 880 + 91 + 92 + 93 + 94 + 960 + 975 + 977 Internet TLD. asia Website www.saarc-sec.org"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jama Masjid, Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan built the Jama Masjid between 1644 and 1656. It was constructed by more than 5000 workers. It was originally called Masjid-i-Jahan Numa, meaning 'mosque commanding view of the world'. The construction was done under the supervision of Saadullah Khan, wazir (or prime minister) during Shah Jahan's reign. The cost of the construction at the time was one million Rupees. Shah Jahan also built the Taj Mahal, at Agra and the Red Fort in New Delhi, which stands opposite the Jama Masjid."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Euro", "paragraph_text": "The name ``euro ''was officially adopted in Madrid on 16 December 1995. Belgian Esperantist Germain Pirlot, a former teacher of French and history is credited with naming the new currency by sending a letter to then President of the European Commission, Jacques Santer, suggesting the name`` euro'' on 4 August 1995."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lakh", "paragraph_text": "In Indian English, the word is used both as an attributive and non-attributive noun, and with either a marked (``- s '') or unmarked plural, as in:`` 1 lakh people'' or ``1 lakh of people '';`` 200 lakh rupees''; ``5 lakh of rupees '';`` rupees 10 lakhs''; or ``5 lakhs of rupees ''. In the abbreviated form, usage such as`` \u20b9\u200d5L'' (for ``rupees 5 lakhs '') is common. In this system of numeration 100 lakh is called one crore and is equal to 10 million."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Coins of the Indian rupee", "paragraph_text": "After Indian independence, British Indian coins were in use as a frozen currency until India became a republic in 1950. The first rupee coins of the Republic of India were minted in 1950. These included 1 / 2 rupee, 1 / 4 rupee, 2 anna, 1 anna, 1 / 2 anna & 1 pice coins, and are referred to as the anna series or pre-decimal coinage. Under the anna series, one rupee was divided into 16 annas or 64 pice, with each anna equal to 4 pice."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Coins of the Indian rupee", "paragraph_text": "Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paisa, was introduced in 1988 and in 1992, a new rupee coin was minted. This coin was smaller and lighter than the older rupee and was also made of stainless steel. In 1992, a 5 rupee Cupronickel coin was introduced. In 2005, 10 rupee coin was minted for the first time. The higher denomination coins were introduced due to increasing demand for change and increasing cost of printing 2, 5 and 10 rupee banknotes."}], "question": "What nationality was the developer of the currency the Mughals adopted the rupee from?"}
{"id": "2hop__175731_350262", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Felipe Argel", "paragraph_text": "Felipe Andr\u00e9s Argel Ojeda (born April 18, 1990 in Puerto Varas, Chile) is a Chilean footballer currently playing for Deportes Puerto Montt."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sporting Plaza de Argel", "paragraph_text": "Sporting Plaza de Argel, also known formerly as H\u00e9rcules CF Femenino, is a Spanish women's football club from Alicante currently playing in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n's Group 4."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alerce, Chile", "paragraph_text": "Alerce is a Chilean town in the communes of Puerto Montt and Puerto Varas in Llanquihue Province, Los Lagos Region."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Felipe Neri", "paragraph_text": "Felipe Neri (sometimes known as Felipe Neri Jim\u00e9nez, born August 23, 1884 - died January, 1914) was a soldier and general in the Mexican Revolution."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Queen Letizia of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano (Spanish pronunciation: (le\u02c8ti\u03b8ja); born 15 September 1972) is the Queen of Spain as the wife of King Felipe VI, who ascended on 19 June 2014 on the abdication of his father Juan Carlos I. Before her marriage to Felipe, Letizia was a journalist and news anchor. Letizia and Felipe have two daughters, Leonor, Princess of Asturias, who is now the heir presumptive, and Infanta Sof\u00eda."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rod Santiago's The Sisters", "paragraph_text": "Rod Santiago's The Sisters is the first TV adaptation of the classic Pinoy comic series written by Rod Santiago, which is the third dramaserye aired in Philippines by TV5 and starred by Nadine Samonte along with Leandro Mu\u00f1oz and is directed by Joyce Bernal and Argel Joseph. The show marks Samonte's first project in TV5."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Felipe Quintero", "paragraph_text": "Felipe de Jes\u00fas Quintero Monsivais (born July 29, 1979 in Monterrey), known as Felipe Quintero, is a Mexican soccer player currently playing for Atlanta Silverbacks in the North American Soccer League."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}], "question": "What province contains the birthplace of Felipe Argel?"}
{"id": "2hop__688823_49507", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Prestige (film)", "paragraph_text": "Christian Bale as Alfred Borden (The Professor) / Fallon, a working class magician. Christian Bale expressed interest in playing the part and was cast after Jackman. Although Nolan had previously cast Bale as Batman in Batman Begins, he did not consider Bale for the part of Borden until Bale contacted him about the script. Nolan said that Bale was ``exactly right ''for the part of Borden and that it was`` unthinkable'' for anyone else to play the part. Nolan described Bale as an actor ``terrific to work with ''who`` takes what he does very, very seriously''. Nolan suggested that the actors should not read the original novel, but Bale ignored his advice."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Big Ben", "paragraph_text": "Along with the Great Bell, the belfry houses four quarter bells which play the Westminster Quarters on the quarter hours. The four quarter bells sound G\u266f, F\u266f, E, and B. They were cast by John Warner & Sons at their Crescent Foundry in 1857 (G\u266f, F\u266f and B) and 1858 (E). The Foundry was in Jewin Crescent, in what is now known as The Barbican, in the City of London. The bells are sounded by hammers pulled by cables coming from the link room\u2014a low-ceiling space between the clock room and the belfry\u2014where mechanisms translate the movement of the quarter train into the sounding of the individual bells."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1998 European Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's hammer throw", "paragraph_text": "These are the official results of the Men's hammer throw event at the 1998 European Championships in Budapest, Hungary. Thirty-six athletes took part. The qualification mark was set at 77.00 metres."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)", "paragraph_text": "In November 2014, development was underway, and Armie Hammer joined the cast. By April 2015, Aja Naomi King and Gabrielle Union joined the cast. In subsequent months, Penelope Ann Miller, Jackie Earle Haley, and Mark Boone Junior also joined. Filming took place in Georgia in May 2015 and lasted 27 days. Parker used the a cappella choir from Wiley College on the soundtrack. Parker had previously been part of a cast that portrayed historical figures from Wiley, in The Great Debaters."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Casablanca (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dooley Wilson as Sam. He was one of the few American - born members of the cast. A drummer, he had to fake playing the piano. Even after shooting had been completed, producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs. He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott, Lena Horne, or Ella Fitzgerald."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sarah & Duck", "paragraph_text": "Name Voice cast About Sarah Tasha Lawrence She is a very kind, polite and somewhat eccentric seven - year - old girl. She is best friends with Duck. She plays the tuba, likes sea cows (manatees), and drinks ``lemon water ''. Duck N / A He is Sarah's quacky, flappy best friend. Duck wants to be a penguin and has a toy robot. He turns two years old in series 1. Narrator Roger Allam He talks to Sarah & Duck, asks them questions and gives them suggestions. There is a possibility that the Narrator is Sarah's father, given the reference made in 'Old Toys'. Scarf Lady Lesley Nicol She is a forgetful old lady who loves knitting. She lives in a house full of woollen items. She has a talking knitting bag and a pet donkey. Bag Andy Nyman He is Scarf Lady's knitting bag. He corrects Scarf Lady when she gets confused. Donkey N / A He is Scarf Lady's pet. He looks sad but is n't really."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Prison Break characters", "paragraph_text": "Rita Morgan (played by Heather McComb) is Gretchen's sister. She is introduced in ``Blow Out ''. Although she is taking care of Emily (Regan Licciardello), it is revealed that Gretchen is Emily's biological mother. Rita and Emily are later taken hostage by T - Bag and Self, and Rita is the catalyst of T - Bag's decision to seek redemption when she convinces him not to kill Ralph Becker."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "National Lampoon's Bag Boy", "paragraph_text": "National Lampoon's Bag Boy is a 2007 comedy film directed by Mort Nathan, starring Dennis Farina, Paul Campbell and Marika Dominczyk. The plot involves a teenager who enters the competitive world of grocery store bagging."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "A Bag of Hammers", "paragraph_text": "A Bag of Hammers is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Brian Crano and written by Crano and Jake Sandvig, who co-stars in the film with Jason Ritter. The soundtrack was written and performed by British folk musician Johnny Flynn."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Carry On Admiral", "paragraph_text": "Carry on Admiral (released in the United States as The Ship Was Loaded) is a 1957 British comedy film directed by Val Guest and featuring David Tomlinson and Ronald Shiner; Joan Sims, who later became prominent in the \"Carry On\" series, has a small part. It predates and was not part of the \"Carry On\" series, and does not share any regular cast members beyond Sims, though it is similar in tone and style to the earliest films in the series. Joan Hickson also made an appearance in this film and a few films in the Carry On series. It was based on the 1947 stage play \"Off the Record\", written by Ian Hay."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Demons of the Mind", "paragraph_text": "Demons of the Mind is a 1972 British horror film, directed by Peter Sykes and produced Anglo-EMI, Frank Godwin Productions and Hammer Film Productions. It was written by Christopher Wicking, based on a story by Frank Godwin. It was released on 5 November 1972. The cast includes Gillian Hills (playing a role originally intended for Marianne Faithfull), Robert Hardy, Patrick Magee, Michael Hordern and Shane Briant."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jay Johnston", "paragraph_text": "Jay Johnston (born October 22, 1968) is an American actor and comedian best known for his work as a writer and cast member on the HBO sketch comedy series \"Mr. Show\" and for playing the role of Officer Jay McPherson on \"The Sarah Silverman Program\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi", "paragraph_text": "On January 14, 2015, John Krasinski was cast in the film, to play one of the lead roles, a former US Navy SEAL. On February 3, Pablo Schreiber also signed on to star in the film, playing Kris \"Tanto\" Paronto, one of the six-man security team. On February 6, James Badge Dale was set to star, as the leader of the security team. Max Martini was cast as another member of the security team on February 17, 2015. David Denman signed on to star in the film on March 3, 2015, playing Boon, an elite sniper. On March 5, 2015, THR reported that Dominic Fumusa also signed on, to play John \"Tig\" Tiegen, one of the members of the security team, who is also a former Marine with weapons expertise. Freddie Stroma was added to the cast on March 17, 2015 to play the role of an undercover CIA officer in Libya. On May 7, 2015, Toby Stephens was set to play Glen \"Bub\" Doherty, another of the security team members."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Ghost Whisperer characters", "paragraph_text": "Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Burgstra\u00dfe (Hamburg U-Bahn station)", "paragraph_text": "Burgstra\u00dfe is a metro station located at Hammer Landstra\u00dfe in Hamm, Hamburg, Germany. Hamm is part of the borough of Hamburg-Mitte. The underground station is served by Hamburg U-Bahn lines U2 and U4."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Center for Medical Progress", "paragraph_text": "The Center for Medical Progress (CMP) is an anti-abortion organization founded by David Daleiden in 2013. The CMP is best known for producing undercover recordings that prompted a controversy over Planned Parenthood in 2015; CMP established a fake company to pose as buyers of fetal tissue and secretly recording Planned Parenthood officials during meetings."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jason Ritter", "paragraph_text": "Jason Morgan Ritter (born February 17, 1980) is an American actor, and a son of actress Nancy Morgan and actor John Ritter. He is known for his roles as Kevin Girardi in the television series Joan of Arcadia, Ethan Haas in The Class, Sean Walker in the NBC series The Event and as the voice of Dipper Pines in Gravity Falls. He also played the recurring role of Mark Cyr in the NBC television series Parenthood, for which he received an Emmy Award nomination. As of 2017, he stars in the TV comedy series Kevin (Probably) Saves the World."}], "question": "What part did a cast member from A Bag of Hammers play in Parenthood?"}
{"id": "2hop__8906_503351", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Ko\u010da Popovi\u0107) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as civilian government. The Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) convened in Biha\u0107 on 26\u201327 November 1942 and in Jajce on 29 November 1943. In the two sessions, the resistance representatives established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In Jajce, a 67-member \"presidency\" was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation (five communist members) as a de facto provisional government. Tito was named President of the National Committee of Liberation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United Nations General Assembly", "paragraph_text": "All 193 members states of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly. Further, the United Nations General Assembly may grant observer status to an international organization, entity or non-member state, which entitles the entity to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sembawang Group Representation Constituency", "paragraph_text": "Sembawang Group Representation Constituency (; ; ) is a five-member Group Representation Constituency (GRC) located in the northern area of Singapore. The GRC consists of Sembawang, Woodlands, Admiralty, Canberra and Gambas. It also encompasses a section of Singapore's northern territorial waters in the Straits of Johor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "La Branza, California", "paragraph_text": "La Branza is a former settlement in Merced County, California. It was located on the Southern Pacific Railroad southwest of Le Grand, at an elevation of 220 feet (67 m). La Branza still appeared on USGS maps as of 1919."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha", "paragraph_text": "The maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India is 552 members made up of up to 530 members representing people of the states of India and up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories on the basis of their population and 2 Anglo - Indians are nominated by President."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Museum of the National Struggle for Liberation", "paragraph_text": "The Museum of the National Struggle for Liberation is a history museum located in the town of Jajce, in the Central Bosnia Canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008. In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Graub\u00fcndner Kantonalbank", "paragraph_text": "The Graubundner Kantonalbank (known as Banca Cantonal Grigione in Italian) is a Swiss cantonal bank which is part of the 24 cantonal banks serving Switzerland's 26 cantons. The headquarters are located in Chur, and there are 67 branches around Graub\u00fcnden."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gandakha", "paragraph_text": "Gandakha is a town of Jafarabad District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan Pakistan. It is located at 28\u00b01'0N 67\u00b051'0E with an altitude of 40 metres (134 feet)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Holt, Australian Capital Territory", "paragraph_text": "Holt (postcode: 2615) is a suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra, located within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. It was gazetted on 2 July 1970 and was named after Harold Holt, Prime Minister of Australia 1966-67. Streets are named after sportsmen and sportswomen."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federal Reserve", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers. It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board (FRB). Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, located in cities throughout the nation, regulate and oversee privately owned commercial banks. Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in, and can elect some of the board members of, the Federal Reserve Bank of their region. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets monetary policy. It consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents, though only five bank presidents vote at a time (the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one - year voting terms). There are also various advisory councils. Thus, the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components. It has a structure unique among central banks, and is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury, an entity outside of the central bank, prints the currency used."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Portalrubio de Guadamejud", "paragraph_text": "Portalrubio de Guadamejud is a municipality located in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 67 inhabitants."}], "question": "What canton holds the city where the 67-member \"presidency\" was located?"}
{"id": "2hop__9734_9795", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father\u2019s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons. Although surnames in mainland Greece are static today, dynamic and changing patronymic usage survives in middle names where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name (this usage having been passed on to the Russians). In Cyprus, by contrast, surnames follow the ancient tradition of being given according to the father\u2019s name. Finally, in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "8th and 9th Streets run parallel to each other, beginning at Avenue D, interrupted by Tompkins Square Park at Avenue B, resuming at Avenue A and continuing to Sixth Avenue. West 8th Street is an important local shopping street. 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Mark's Place, but it is counted in the length below."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zeil", "paragraph_text": "The Zeil () is a street in the city centre of Frankfurt, Germany. The name, which dates back to the 14th century, is derived from the German word \"Zeile\" \"row\" and originally referred to a row of houses on the eastern end of the north side; the name was not extended to the entire street until later."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Khunyang Chhish", "paragraph_text": "Khunyang Chhish or Kunyang Chhish ()is the second-highest mountain in the Hispar Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram mountains of Pakistan. Alternate variations of the name include Kunyang Kish and Khiangyang Kish, among others. Its height, also sometimes given as , is ranked 21st in the world and 8th in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of stone-paste ceramics, originating from 9th century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included Fustat (from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and Tabriz (from 1470 to 1550)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami's road system is based along the numerical \"Miami Grid\" where Flagler Street forms the east-west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north-south meridian. The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy's (formerly the Burdine's headquarters). The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that, for example, all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have \"NW\" in their address. Because its point of origin is in Downtown, which is close to the coast, therefore, the \"NW\" and \"SW\" quadrants are much larger than the \"SE\" and \"NE\" quadrants. Many roads, especially major ones, are also named (e.g., Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), although, with exceptions, the number is in more common usage among locals."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lia van Schie", "paragraph_text": "Lia van Schie (born 8 July 1970) is a retired speed skater from the Netherlands who was active between 1989 and 1995. She competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in the 1500, 3000 and 5000 m and finished in 16th, 9th and 8th place, respectively. She won a bronze medal at the World All-Round Speed Skating Championships for Women in 1991."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Amazing Race 28", "paragraph_text": "Team Relationship Position (by leg) Roadblocks \u2282 3 \u22d1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dana & Matt Engaged Dancers 1st 4th 4th 3rd 3rd 4th 4th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st Dana 7, Matt 7 Sheri & Cole Mother / Son 9th 8th 6th 7th 7th 7th 5th 6th 3rd 4th 3rd 2nd Sheri 7, Cole 7 Tyler & Korey Best Friends 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 6th 6th 3rd 1st 1st \u2283 1st 3rd Tyler 7, Korey 7 Burnie & Ashley Dating Gamers 6th 3rd 3rd 4th 6th 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd \u22d1 4th Burnie 6, Ashley 6 Brodie & Kurt Professional Frisbee Players 5th 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 1st \u03b5 5th 5th \u2282 Brodie 5, Kurt 6 Zach & Rachel Newlyweds 3rd 6th 9th 5th 5th 3rd 1st 4th 6th Zach 6, Rachel 4 Scott & Blair Father / Daughter 11th 9th 8th 8th 4th 5th 7th Scott 4, Blair 3 Erin & Joslyn Best Friends 10th 5th 7th 6th 8th Erin 3, Joslyn 2 Brittany & Jessica Instagram Models 7th 7th 5th 9th Brittany 1, Jessica 3 Darius & Cameron Brothers 4th 10th 10th Darius 2, Cameron 1 Marty & Hagan Mother / Daughter 8th 11th Marty 1, Hagan 1"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Avenue D (Manhattan)", "paragraph_text": "Avenue D is the easternmost named avenue in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, east of Avenue C and west of the FDR Drive. It runs between East 13th and Houston Streets, and continues south of Houston Street as Columbia Street until Delancey Street and Abraham Kazan Street until its end at Grand Street. Avenues A, B, C and D are the origin of the name of the section of the East Village neighborhood through which they run, Alphabet City."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aleksandrs Golubovs", "paragraph_text": "Aleksandrs Golubovs (1959 \u2013 19 May 2010) was a Latvian politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party of Latvia and a deputy of the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th Saeima (Latvian Parliament). He began his last term in parliament on November 7, 2006. Golubovs died on 19 May 2010, during an official visit to Belarus."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "W 122nd Street runs six blocks (3,280 feet (1,000 m)) west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park. This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue (Sixth Avenue), Seventh Avenue, Frederick Douglass Boulevard (Eighth Avenue), and Manhattan Avenue."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Catalan language", "paragraph_text": "By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guy Sparrow (cricketer)", "paragraph_text": "Sparrow was born in Aston, Warwickshire, the son of Walter Sparrow and his wife Emma Gertrude Ratcliff. His father was assistant surgeon to the 9th Warwickshire Rifle Volunteer Corps. Sparrow took part in the Second Boer War as a Private in the 8th Coy, 4th Bn. Imperial Yeomanry."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament 2012 Final Four logo Season 2011 -- 12 Teams 68 Finals site Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans, Louisiana Champions Kentucky Wildcats (8th title, 11th title game, 15th Final Four) Runner - up Kansas Jayhawks (9th title game, 14th Final Four) Semifinalists Louisville Cardinals (vacated) (9th Final Four) Ohio State Buckeyes (11th Final Four) Winning coach John Calipari (1st title) MOP Anthony Davis (Kentucky) NCAA Division I Men's Tournaments ``2011 2013 ''"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Skin Wars", "paragraph_text": "Contestant Outcome Alan Anderson, 38 10th Sean Avram, 39 9th Angela Roberts, 22 8th Mythica Von Griffyn, 43 7th Felle Kelsaw, 41 6th Lawrence ``Gear ''Duran, 35 5th Nicole Hays, 29 4th Dutch Bihary, 41 3rd Shannon Holt, 38 Runner - Up Natalie Fletcher, 28 Winner"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alservorstadt", "paragraph_text": "Alservorstadt was an independent municipality until 1850 and is since then divided between Josefstadt and Alsergrund, the 8th and 9th districts of Vienna, respectively."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The majority of Paris' salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements. Paris' financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district. Paris' department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ 10 percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade. Fourteen percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals. Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either in administration or education. The majority of Paris' healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements. Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La D\u00e9fense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600, and the north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chubu Centrair International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Centrair is classified as a first class airport and is the main international gateway for the Chubu (\"central\") region of Japan. The name is an abbreviation of Central Japan International Airport, an alternate translation used in the English name of the airport's operating company, . 10.2 million people used the airport in 2015, ranking 8th busiest in the nation, and 208,000 tons of cargo was moved in 2015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Amazing Race 30", "paragraph_text": "Team Relationship Team Name Position (by leg) Roadblocks 2 + 4 + 5 \u22d0 6 \u22d1 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cody & Jessica Dating Reality Stars Team Big Brother 2nd 1st 5th 2nd 6th 6th \u2283 5th 5th \u2282 4th 2nd 2nd 1st Cody 6, Jessica 3 Henry & Evan Dating Debaters Team Yale 3rd 8th 1st 6th 4th 3rd 3rd 4th \u22d0 3rd 4th 1st 2nd Henry 4, Evan 5 Kristi & Jen Professional Skiers Team Extreme 1st 3rd 3rd 3rd 2nd 1st 5th 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 3rd Kristi 5, Jen 4 Alex & Conor IndyCar Drivers Team IndyCar 5th 5th 2nd 1st 5th 4th 1st 3rd \u22d1 1st 1st 4th Alex 4, Conor 4 Lucas & Brittany Dating \u2192 Engaged Lifeguards Team Ocean Rescue 7th 6th 8th 8th 1st 5th 1st 1st \u2283 5th Lucas 3, Brittany 3 Eric & Daniel Twins The Firefighters 8th 9th 7th 7th 3rd 2nd 3rd 6th Eric 3, Daniel 3 Trevor & Chris Dating Violinists Team Well Strung 4th 4th 4th 5th 7th 7th \u2282 Trevor 3, Chris 3 Joey & Tim Competitive Eaters Team Chomp 6th 7th 6th 4th 8th Joey 2, Tim 3 Cedric & Shawn Former NBA Players Team Slam Dunk 9th 2nd 9th 9th \u2212 Cedric 2, Shawn 2 April & Sarah Goat Yoga Moms Team Goat Yoga 10th 10th \u2212 April 0, Sarah 2 Dessie & Kayla Models The Ring Girls 11th Dessie 1, Kayla 0"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thomas Erskine, 9th Earl of Kellie", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Erskine, 9th Earl of Kellie (about 1746 \u2013 6 February 1828) was a Scottish merchant, landowner and politician who for many years lived in the Swedish port city of Gothenburg. He returned to Scotland in 1799 when he inherited an earldom from his nephew Charles Erskine, 8th Earl Kellie, and thus, became the 9th Earl of Kellie."}], "question": "What is an alternative name for the street where 8th and 9th streets end?"}
{"id": "2hop__126290_409803", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Song and Dance Man", "paragraph_text": "Song and Dance Man is a children's picture book written by Karen Ackerman and illustrated by Stephen Gammell. Published in 1988, the book is about a grandfather who tells his grandchildren about his adventures on the stage. Gammell won the 1989 Caldecott Medal for his illustrations, pencil drawings using full colors."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ray Johnson", "paragraph_text": "Born in Detroit, Michigan, on October 16, 1927, Ray Johnson grew up in a working-class neighborhood and attended Cass Technical High School where he was enrolled in the advertising art program. He took weekly classes at the Detroit Art Institute and spent a summer drawing at Ox-Bow School in Saugatuck, Michigan, affiliated with the Art Institute of Chicago."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Carte Bleue", "paragraph_text": "Carte Bleue () was a major debit card payment system operating in France. Unlike Visa Electron or Maestro debit cards, Carte Bleue allowed transactions without requiring authorization from the cardholder's bank. In many situations, the card worked like a credit card but without fees for the cardholder. The system has now been integrated into a wider scheme called CB or \"carte bancaire\" (\"banking card\"). All Carte Bleue cards were part of CB, but not all CB cards were Carte Bleue."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Napoleon Solo", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon Solo is a fictional character from the 1960s TV spy series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. The series format was notable for pairing the American Solo, played by Robert Vaughn, and the Russian Illya Kuryakin, played by David McCallum, as two spies who work together for an international espionage organisation at the height of the Cold War."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Garth Williams", "paragraph_text": "Garth Montgomery Williams (April 16, 1912 \u2013 May 8, 1996) was a well known American illustrator for children's book/literature from the 20th century. Williams is most notable for his illustrations in classic American children's books such as \"Charlotte's Web\". William's was inspired by his parents who were both artists of some kind as well. William's attended the Westminster School of Art and the Royal Academy in London where he received his training for articular crafts and drawing. He later had received the Prix de Rome which is a high-honor French scholarship for art students, and will allow those to live and study in the Italian capital of Rome free of expenses. He eventually moved back to his birth city in New York in October 1941 to continue his works and partnering with E.B. White. Many of the books he illustrated have become classics of American children's literature. A notable exception are the illustrations he created for an adult audience in 'A Room for the Night' by Pauline Leader, Vanguard Press, 1946."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gerald Scarfe", "paragraph_text": "Gerald Anthony Scarfe, CBE, RDI (born 1 June 1936) is an English cartoonist and illustrator. He has worked as editorial cartoonist for The Sunday Times and illustrator for The New Yorker."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Man Push Cart", "paragraph_text": "Man Push Cart is a 2005 American independent film by Ramin Bahrani that tells the story of a former Pakistani rock star who sells coffee and bagels from his pushcart on the streets of Manhattan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Florence Howell Barkley", "paragraph_text": "Florence Howell Barkley (1880-1954) was an American landscape painter and illustrator best known for depictions of seascapes in oil and watercolor and illustrations in many popular newspapers in pen and ink. During this time, she was one of few women who was able to receive formal training in the arts. Although her most well known work was created in 1912 and exhibited in 1913, her career was disrupted by World War I, and thereafter consisted mostly of freelance illustration work."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elizabeth Fearne Bonsall", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Fearne Bonsall (September 12, 1861 \u2013 September 25, 1956) was an American painter and illustrator. She illustrated \"The Book of Cats\" (1903), \"The Book of Dogs\", \"The Pied Piper of Hamelin\" (1927), and other books. She created illustrations for Henry Christopher McCook's \"American Spiders and their Spinningwork\". McCook credits her for making most of the illustrations for the volume. Bonsall also created illustrations for magazines. She won several awards for her works between 1885 and 1897."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost", "paragraph_text": "William Blake illustrated \"Paradise Lost\" more often than any other work by John Milton, and illustrated Milton's work more often than that of any other writer. The illustrations demonstrate his critical engagement with the text, specifically his efforts to redeem the \"errors\" he perceived in his predecessor's work."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ox-Cart Man", "paragraph_text": "Ox-Cart Man is a 1979 book written by Donald Hall and illustrated by Barbara Cooney. It won the 1980 Caldecott Medal. The book tells of the life and work of an early 19th-century farming family in New Hampshire. The father uses an ox-cart to take their goods to market in Portsmouth, where they make the money to buy the things they need for the next year. Even the ox and cart are sold."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alfred Waud", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Rudolph Waud (w\u014dd) (October 2, 1828 \u2013 April 6, 1891) was an American artist and illustrator, born in London, England. He is most notable for the sketches he made as an artist correspondent during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dario Bellezza", "paragraph_text": "Dario Bellezza was born in Rome on 5 September 1944. After his studies at a \"liceo classico\" in his native city, from which he graduated in 1962, he worked for several Italian literary and poetry magazines: \"Paragone\", \"Carte segrete\", \"Bimestre\", \"Periferia\", and \"Il Policordo\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jon Robert Cart", "paragraph_text": "Jon Robert Cart (born January 31, 1964) is an American operatic tenor and flutist. Renowned for his colorful and singing tone, he has served as principal flutist of the Montclair Orchestra, and as flutist/piccoloist with the Grammy-nominated Landsdowne Symphony, Terre Haute Symphony, Roxborough Orchestra, and the Georgetown Symphony. He has toured England, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and China, and has worked under such notable conductors as Leonard Bernstein, Raymond Leppard, and David Zinman."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jan Hendrik van den Berg", "paragraph_text": "Jan Hendrik van den Berg (June 11, 1914 \u2013 September 22, 2012) was a Dutch psychiatrist notable for his work in phenomenological psychotherapy (cf. phenomenology) and metabletics, or \"psychology of historical change.\" He is the author of numerous articles and books, including \"A different existence\" and \"The changing nature of man\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Satanic Satanist", "paragraph_text": "The Satanic Satanist is the fourth full-length album by Alaskan experimental rock band Portugal. The Man. The album's artwork is a combination of photographs and watercolor illustrations by lead singer John Gourley."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Peter and the Piskies", "paragraph_text": "Peter and the Piskies: Cornish Folk and Fairy Tales is a 1958 anthology of 34 fairy tales from Cornwall that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders and illustrated by Raymond Briggs. It was the first in a long series of such anthologies by Manning-Sanders."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Miss Rumphius", "paragraph_text": "Miss Rumphius is a picture book for children written and illustrated by Barbara Cooney and first published by Viking Books in 1982. It features the life story of fictional Miss Alice Rumphius, a woman who sought a way to make the world more beautiful and found it in planting lupines in the wild. Miss Rumphius was inspired by the real life \"Lupine Lady,\" Hilda Hamlin, who spread lupine seeds along the Maine coast, as well as Cooney's own experiences traveling the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Henry, an American Legend", "paragraph_text": "John Henry, an American Legend is a 1965 children's picture book by American author and illustrator Ezra Jack Keats In this book, it shows that John Henry, a hard working miner tries to beat the steam drill. He used a 20-pound hammer against a steam drill. Whoever won would get 100 dollars and new clothes. In the end John Henry won the competition, but he also broke inside. He puts his hammer on top of his chest and dies in honor. \"A man ain't nothin' but a man\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harriet Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Harriet Morgan (1830 \u2013 16 August 1907) n\u00e9e Scott was one of 19th century Australia\u2019s most prominent natural history illustrators and, along with her sister Helena Scott, was possibly one of the first professional female illustrators in Australia. The sisters were also highly skilled amateur naturalists and collectors, rare accomplishments for women of their time. They were most notable for their magnificent drawings of moths and butterflies for the publication of the first volume of their father Alexander Walker Scott\u2019s work \"Australian Lepidoptera and Their Transformations\"."}], "question": "What book was written by the illustrator of Ox-Cart Man?"}
{"id": "2hop__157647_852236", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia (i/n\u0259\u02c8m\u026abi\u0259/, /n\u00e6\u02c8-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German:  Republik Namibia (help\u00b7info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibi\u00eb) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "David Wayne Hooks Memorial Airport", "paragraph_text": "On June 27, 2007, The Texas State Legislature approved Tomball's request to annex Hooks Airport even though the airport does not border the Tomball city limits. Since the airport is in the city of Houston's extraterritorial jurisdiction, the city of Tomball must get permission from Houston to annex the airport. As of summer of 2010, the annex still has not been finalized."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the annual host of the Big 12 Baseball Tournament, the World Cup of Softball, and the annual NCAA Women's College World Series. The city has held the 2005 NCAA Men's Basketball First and Second round and hosted the Big 12 Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments in 2007 and 2009. The major universities in the area \u2013 University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City University, and Oklahoma State University \u2013 often schedule major basketball games and other sporting events at Chesapeake Energy Arena and Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark, although most home games are played at their campus stadiums."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Summer Olympic Games", "paragraph_text": "Eighteen countries have hosted the Summer Olympics. The United States has hosted four Summer Olympics (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, and will also host in 2028), more than any other nation, while Great Britain and France have hosted (or will host) three Summer Olympics, all in London (1908, 1948, 2012), and all in Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024), respectively. Two cities have hosted (or will host) two Summer Olympics: Athens (1896, 2004), and Tokyo (1964, 2020). Tokyo is the first city outside of the Western world to host the Summer Olympics multiple times. It will also become the largest city ever to host this version of the Olympic Games."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "The rugby union team The Rock is the Eastern Canadian entry in the Americas Rugby Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56\u20137 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2014 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee (SOOC). Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007, during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City. It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee (IOC) presidency of Thomas Bach."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mzymta River", "paragraph_text": "Mzymta (, , lit. 'the place (-\u04ad\u0430) of the river \u041c\u04e1\u044b\u043c\", , \"Mezmytha\"; Ubykh for \"frantic\") is a river in Western Caucasus, Russia, flowing through Mostovsky District and the city of Sochi (Adlersky City District) of Krasnodar Krai, Russia. Mzymta is the largest river in Russia emptying into the Black Sea. It is long with a watershed of . All the venues of the 2014 Winter Olympics were in the Mzymta Valley."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 2004\u20132006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as Aphrodite in Cyprus' exclusive economic zone (EEZ), about 175 kilometres (109 miles) south of Limassol at 33\u00b05\u203240\u2033N and 32\u00b059\u20320\u2033E. However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013. Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007. Cyprus and Israel demarcated their maritime border in 2010, and in August 2011, the US-based firm Noble Energy entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Indonesia lies between latitudes 11\u00b0S and 6\u00b0N, and longitudes 95\u00b0E and 141\u00b0E. It is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. According to the country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Indonesia has 17,504 islands (16,056 of which are registered at the UN), scattered over both sides of the equator, and with about 6,000 of them inhabited. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea). Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kon Tum Province", "paragraph_text": "Kon Tum Province lies in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam and shares borders with Laos and Cambodia. It has an area of 9,934 square km and a population of approximately 530,000. The economy is primarily agricultural."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2007 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 2007 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Duisburg, Germany on August 9\u201312, 2007 for the record-tying fourth time. The German city had hosted the championships previously in 1979, 1987, and 1995. It tied Duisburg with Belgrade, Serbia (then Yugoslavia) who hosted in 1971, 1975, 1978, and 1982."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Youth Olympic Games", "paragraph_text": "The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) is an international multi-sport event organized by the International Olympic Committee. The games are held every four years in staggered summer and winter events consistent with the current Olympic Games format, though in reverse order with Winter Games held in leap years instead of Summer Games. The first summer version was held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010 while the first winter version was held in Innsbruck, Austria from 13 to 22 January 2012. The age limitation of the athletes is 14 to 18. The idea of such an event was introduced by Johann Rosenzopf from Austria in 1998. On 6 July 2007, International Olympic Committee (IOC) members at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City approved the creation of a youth version of the Olympic Games, with the intention of sharing the costs of hosting the event between the IOC and the host city, whereas the traveling costs of athletes and coaches were to be paid by the IOC. These Games will also feature cultural exchange programs and opportunities for participants to meet Olympic athletes."}], "question": "What district shares a border with the Olympics host city in 2007?"}
{"id": "2hop__51470_439495", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Foresters", "paragraph_text": "The Foresters or, Robin Hood and Maid Marian is a play written by Alfred Tennyson and first produced with success in New York in 1892. A set of incidental music in nine movements was composed for the play by Arthur Sullivan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marian Zazeela", "paragraph_text": "Born to Russian-Jewish parents and raised in the Bronx, Marian Zazeela was educated at the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts and at Bennington College where she studied with Paul Feeley, Eugene C. Goossen and Tony Smith. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in painting in 1960."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kim Man-il", "paragraph_text": "Kim Man-il (; 1944\u20131947/1948) was the second son and child of North Korean leader Kim Il-sung and his first wife, Kim Jong-suk."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jane Manning", "paragraph_text": "Jane Marian Manning OBE (born 20 September 1938) is an English concert and opera soprano, writer on music, and Visiting Professor at the Royal College of Music. She has been described by one critic as \"the irrepressible, incomparable, unstoppable Ms. Manning\u00a0\u2013 life and soul of British contemporary music\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of Shake It Up characters", "paragraph_text": "Ms. Burke, portrayed by Tyra Banks, the school librarian at John Hugens High School, she is obsessed with romance and has a huge crush on Mr. Zigfield. (Appeared in Parent Trap it Up and My Fair Librarian it Up)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Marian Gilman", "paragraph_text": "Marian Ulman Gilman (July 2, 1914 \u2013 June 23, 1996), also known by her married name Marian Sharpe, was an American competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. As a 14-year-old, Gilman placed fourth in the event final of the women's 100-meter backstroke with a time of 1:24.2."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mary Greig Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Mary Greig Campbell (17 November 1907 \u2013 22 April 1989) was a New Zealand librarian and quaker who played an active role in supporting conscientious objectors during World War II and in relief and reconstruction efforts, particularly in China, after the war."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Youth on Parole", "paragraph_text": "Youth on Parole is a 1937 American drama film directed by Phil Rosen and starring Marian Marsh and Gordon Oliver."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Debbie Turner", "paragraph_text": "Debbie Turner (born September 5, 1956) is an American actress and former child star who played the role of Marta von Trapp in the film The Sound of Music."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Till There Was You", "paragraph_text": "``Till There Was You ''is a song written by Meredith Willson for his musical play The Music Man (1957), and which also appeared in the 1962 movie version. It is sung by librarian Marian Paroo (Barbara Cook on Broadway, Shirley Jones in the film) to`` Professor'' Harold Hill (portrayed in the film by Robert Preston) toward the end of Act Two."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David Ferriero", "paragraph_text": "David Sean Ferriero (; born December 31, 1945) is a librarian, library administrator, and the 10th Archivist of the United States. He was Director of the New York Public Library, and before that, the University Librarian and Vice Provost for Library Affairs at Duke University. Prior to his Duke position, he worked for 31 years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology library. Ferriero is the first librarian to serve as Archivist of the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Stories from the English and Scottish Ballads", "paragraph_text": "Stories from the English and Scottish Ballads is a 1968 anthology of 15 ballads that have been collected and retold in prose or fairy tale form by Ruth Manning-Sanders, for easier reading. It is one in a long series of anthologies by Manning-Sanders. Most, if not all, of the tales within are prose versions of the historically famous Child Ballads. In a lengthy introduction, Manning-Sanders writes:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Music Man (1962 film)", "paragraph_text": "With help from his associate Marcellus Washburn (Buddy Hackett), Hill deliberately incites mass concern among the parents of River City that their young boys are being seduced into a world of sin and vice by the new pool table in town (``Ya Got Trouble ''). He convinces them that a boys' marching band is the only way to keep the boys of the town out of trouble, and begins collecting their money (`` 76 Trombones''). Hill anticipates that Marian (Shirley Jones), the town's librarian and piano instructor, will attempt to discredit him, so he sets out to seduce her into silence. Also in opposition to Hill is the town's Mayor Shinn (Paul Ford), the owner of the billiard parlor where the new pool table has been installed, who orders the school board (portrayed by the barbershop quartet, The Buffalo Bills) to obtain Hill's credentials. When they attempt to do so, Hill avoids their questions by teaching them to sing as a barbershop quartet via ``sustained talking. ''They are thereafter easily tricked by Hill into breaking into song whenever they ask for his credentials (`` Sincere'', ``Pick - a-Little, Talk - a-Little / Goodnight Ladies '', and`` Lida Rose'')."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Partridge Family", "paragraph_text": "The Partridge Family is an American musical sitcom starring Shirley Jones and featuring David Cassidy. Jones plays a widowed mother, and Cassidy plays the oldest of her five children who embark on a music career. It ran from September 25, 1970, until March 23, 1974, on the ABC network as part of a Friday-night lineup, and had subsequent runs in syndication. The family was loosely based on the real-life musical family the Cowsills, a popular band in the late 1960s and early 1970s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Linda Eastman", "paragraph_text": "Linda Anne Eastman (July 17, 1867 \u2013 April 5, 1963) was an American librarian. She was selected by the American Library Association (ALA) as one of the 100 most important librarians of the 20th century."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wilhelm Brambach", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Brambach (17 December 1841 \u2013 26 February 1932) was a German classical scholar, music historian, and librarian. He was the son of organ builder Franz Jacob Brachmann and the brother of composer and choral conductor Caspar Joseph Brambach. He studied classical philology with Friedrich Ritschl and musicology with Heinrich Breidenstein at the University of Bonn. He worked as a librarian at Bonn University from 1862\u20131866, after which he was appointed Chief Librarian at the University Library Freiburg in 1866, a position he held for the next 38 years. He also con-currently served as a full professor of philology at the University of Freiburg from 1868 until his retirement in 1904."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William Andrew Moffett", "paragraph_text": "William Andrew Moffett (January 25, 1933 \u2013 February 20, 1995) was a historian and librarian who was named \"100 of the Most Important Leaders We Had in the 20th Century\" by \"American Libraries\" in 1999. He is primarily known for aiding in the capture of a prolific library thief, Stephen Blumberg, and, more famously, opening access of the Dead Sea Scrolls for scholarly use, both of which news stories made the front page of the \"New York Times\". Moffett was also known for being a highly influential academic librarian director at Oberlin College, the 6th Librarian at the Huntington Library and for being named Academic/Research Librarian of the Year in 1993 by the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anastasius Bibliothecarius", "paragraph_text": "Anastasius Bibliothecarius or Anastasius the Librarian (c. 810\u00a0\u2013 c. 878) was \"bibliothecarius\" (literally \"librarian\") and chief archivist of the Church of Rome and also briefly an Antipope."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Florence Ward Stiles", "paragraph_text": "Florence Ward Stiles (1897\u20131981) was an American architect and librarian who in 1939 was appointed the first advisor to women students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She was awarded an architecture degree as a member of MIT's class of 1923. After graduating, she joined the all-woman firm of Howe, Manning & Almy, Inc. Her career included working at the firm of Stone & Webster. Later she established a private practice with a focus on small dwellings and remodeling historic houses. In 1931 she became the librarian at MIT's Rotch Library of Architecture and Planning. She joined the American Institute of Architects in 1943. In 1948 she resigned her position as Rotch librarian to resume her private architectural practice."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Blood Stain Child", "paragraph_text": "Blood Stain Child (stylised as BLOOD STAIN CHILD) is a Japanese heavy metal band from the city of Osaka. The band's musical style combines melodic death metal with electronic and trance. The band formed under the name \"Visionquest\" (stylised as \"VISIONQUEST\") in 1999, but changed their name to Blood Stain Child in 2000."}], "question": "Who is the child of the actress who played Marian the Librarian in The Music Man?"}
{"id": "2hop__30359_809146", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Walter Bradford Cannon", "paragraph_text": "Walter Bradford Cannon (October 19, 1871 \u2013 October 1, 1945) was an American physiologist, professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology at Harvard Medical School. He coined the term fight or flight response, and he expanded on Claude Bernard's concept of homeostasis. He popularized his theories in his book \"The Wisdom of the Body\", first published in 1932. A \"Review of General Psychology\" survey, published in 2002, ranked Cannon as the 81st most cited scholar of the 20th century in technical psychology journals, introductory psychology textbooks, and survey responses."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ben Sliney", "paragraph_text": "Benedict Leo \"Ben\" Sliney (born October 12, 1945) is a former United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Operations Manager. His first day in this position was September 11, 2001, and he was responsible for ordering a National Ground Stop across United States airspace in response to the terrorist attacks of 9/11."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and \"The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization\" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned \"with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society\". Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kopi luwak", "paragraph_text": "Kopi luwak (Indonesian pronunciation: (\u02c8kopi \u02c8lu. a\u0294)), or civet coffee, is coffee that includes part - digested coffee cherries eaten and defecated by the Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ellen McLaughlin", "paragraph_text": "Grants and awards include: Great American Play Contest, Susan Smith Blackburn Prize, the NEA, the Writer's Award from the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund, the Berilla Kerr Award for playwrighting, and the NEA/TCG Theatre Residency Grant."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Fall of the House of Usher", "paragraph_text": "The House of Usher, itself doubly referring both to the actual structure and the family, plays a significant role in the story. It is the first ``character ''that the narrator introduces to the reader, presented with a humanized description: its windows are described as`` eye - like'' twice in the first paragraph. The fissure that develops in its side is symbolic of the decay of the Usher family and the house ``dies ''along with the two Usher siblings. This connection was emphasized in Roderick's poem`` The Haunted Palace'' which seems to be a direct reference to the house that foreshadows doom."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Great Escape (book)", "paragraph_text": "The book covers the planning, execution and aftermath of what became known as The Great Escape. Other escape attempts (such as the Wooden Horse) are mentioned as well as the postwar hunt for the Gestapo agents who murdered fifty of the escapees on Hitler's direct order. The book was published in 1950. Brickhill, a journalist before and after the war, had previously written the story four different ways, initially as a BBC talk, then as newspaper and Reader's Digest articles, and in the 1946 book Escape to Danger which he co-wrote with Conrad Norton. By the time of the 1950 book, Brickhill had eliminated some of the less heroic aspects of the story, including the fact that a large proportion of the compound's population had no interest in the escape."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird", "paragraph_text": "Despite her editors' warnings that the book might not sell well, it quickly became a sensation, bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles, in her hometown of Monroeville, and throughout Alabama. The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader's Digest Condensed Books."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Digesting Duck", "paragraph_text": "The Canard Dig\u00e9rateur, or Digesting Duck, was an automaton in the form of a duck, created by Jacques de Vaucanson and unveiled on 30 May 1739 in France. The mechanical duck appeared to have the ability to eat kernels of grain, and to metabolize and defecate them. While the duck did not actually have the ability to do this\u2014the food was collected in one inner container, and the pre-stored feces were \"produced\" from a second, so that no actual digestion took place\u2014Vaucanson hoped that a truly digesting automaton could one day be designed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Trams in Kingston upon Hull", "paragraph_text": "In 1936 the construction of a trolleybus system was authorised; with the exception the Hedon Road route which was replaced by a motorbus service the remaining tram routes were replaced by trolleybus operation between 1936 and 1945. The final tram ran on 30 June 1945; the journey celebrated by the tram being illuminated by 800 lights, accompanied by local grandees and with several tens of thousands of local people along the path."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ancestors in the Attic", "paragraph_text": "Ancestors in the Attic is a Canadian television program about genealogy presented by Reader's Digest Canada and shown on History Television in Canada. It was hosted by Jeff Douglas with professional genealogist Paul J. McGrath until his death on 23 October 2008 while filming in Edinburgh, Scotland. The program is produced by Primitive Entertainment and debuted October 18, 2006."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Black Bear Road (album)", "paragraph_text": "Black Bear Road is an album by country musician C. W. McCall, released on MGM Records in 1975 (see 1975 in music). It is largely considered the album which gave him the most significant boost of his career, almost entirely due to the hit novelty song, \"Convoy\", that hit the number one spot on both Billboard's Country charts and its Pop charts. The song itself was largely responsible for starting a nationwide citizens' band radio craze. The song \"Black Bear Road\" in turn popularized the now-infamous road itself, along with its \"You don't HAVE to be crazy to drive this road - but it helps\" sign."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Luis Oca\u00f1a", "paragraph_text": "Jes\u00fas Luis Oca\u00f1a Pern\u00eda (; 9 June 1945\u00a0\u2013 19 May 1994) was a Spanish road bicycle racer who won the 1973 Tour de France and the 1970 Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. For example, Hayek's discussion in The Road to Serfdom (1944) about truth, falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jim Gordon (politician)", "paragraph_text": "He is Sudbury's longest-serving mayor, having served a total of 17 years. In 2000, the Canadian edition of \"Reader's Digest\" named him one of the three most influential and innovative mayors in Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Liberator (magazine)", "paragraph_text": "The Liberator was a monthly socialist magazine established by Max Eastman and his sister Crystal Eastman in 1918 to continue the work of \"The Masses,\" which was shut down by the wartime mailing regulations of the U.S. government. Intensely political, the magazine included copious quantities of art, poetry, and fiction along with political reporting and commentary. The publication was an organ of the Communist Party of America (CPA) from late 1922 and was merged with two other publications to form \"The Workers Monthly\" in 1924."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Immune system", "paragraph_text": "The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by the immune system. Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier, for example, by using a type II secretion system. Alternatively, using a type III secretion system, they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell, providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host. These proteins are often used to shut down host defenses."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the \"road to servitude.\" It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it \"that unobtainable book,\" also due in part to wartime paper rationing. When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Walk East on Beacon", "paragraph_text": "Walk East on Beacon is a 1952 American drama film directed by Alfred L. Werker and starring George Murphy, Finlay Currie, and Virginia Gilmore. It was released by Columbia Pictures. The screenplay was inspired by a May 1952 \"Reader's Digest\" article by J. Edgar Hoover entitled \"The Crime of the Century: The Case of the A-Bomb Spies.\" The article covers the case against Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for treason."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the man responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?"}
{"id": "2hop__86048_75876", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Boromir", "paragraph_text": "Boromir is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He appears in the first two volumes of \"The Lord of the Rings\" (\"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and \"The Two Towers\"), and is mentioned in the last volume, \"The Return of the King\". He was the heir of Denethor II (the 26th Ruling Steward of Gondor) and the elder brother of Faramir. In the course of the story Boromir joined the Fellowship of the Ring."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Galadriel", "paragraph_text": "Galadriel (IPA: (\u0261a\u02c8ladri. \u025bl)) is a fictional character created by J.R.R. Tolkien, appearing in his Middle - earth legendarium. She appears in The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, and Unfinished Tales."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle - earth. In disguise as Annatar, or ``Lord of Gifts '', he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power. He then forged the One Ring himself in the fires of Mount Doom."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Frodo Baggins", "paragraph_text": "Frodo Baggins is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, and the main protagonist of The Lord of the Rings. Frodo is a hobbit of the Shire who inherits the One Ring from his cousin (referred to as his uncle) Bilbo Baggins and undertakes the quest to destroy it in the fires of Mount Doom. He is also mentioned in Tolkien's posthumously published works, The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "In 1957, The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award. Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s. The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 ``Big Read ''survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the`` Nation's best - loved book''. In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite ``book of the millennium ''. The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "David Wenham", "paragraph_text": "David Wenham (born 21 September 1965) is an Australian actor who has appeared in movies, television series and theatre productions. He is known in Hollywood for his roles as Faramir in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Carl in Van Helsing, Dilios in 300 and its sequel 300: Rise of an Empire, Neil Fletcher in Australia, Al Parker in Top of the Lake, and Lieutenant John Scarfield in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is also known in his native Australia for his role as Diver Dan in SeaChange."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "\u00c9owyn", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9owyn is a fictional character in Tolkien's legendarium who appears in his most famous work, \"The Lord of the Rings\". She is a noblewoman of Rohan who is described as a shieldmaiden."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String is a 2003 American made for cable erotic film written and directed by Terry M. West. It is based on the novel \"The Lord of the Rings\" by J. R. R. Tolkien."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "D\u00e9agol", "paragraph_text": "D\u00e9agol is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. His story is related in \"The Fellowship of the Ring\", the first of three volumes comprising Tolkien's most famous novel, \"The Lord of the Rings\", in the chapter \"The Shadow of the Past\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Isildur", "paragraph_text": "Isildur is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He appears in the author's books \"The Lord of the Rings\", \"The Silmarillion\", and \"Unfinished Tales\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Aragorn", "paragraph_text": "Aragorn II, son of Arathorn is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He is one of the main protagonists of \"The Lord of the Rings\". Aragorn was a Ranger of the North, first introduced with the name Strider at Bree, as the Hobbits continued to call him throughout \"The Lord of the Rings\". He was eventually revealed to be the heir of Isildur and rightful claimant to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor. He was also a confidant of Gandalf and an integral part of the quest to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Barahir", "paragraph_text": "Barahir fought at the Dagor Bragollach, in which the armies of the enemy Morgoth defeated the Elves and Men of the northern realms of Beleriand, including Barahir's land Ladros. His elder brother and Lord of the House Bregolas was slain together with the majority of warriors, but Barahir was battling further westward nigh the Pass of Sirion. There he saved the Elven-lord Finrod Felagund, but with great loss. Finrod swore an oath of friendship to Barahir and his kin, and as a token for this he gave Barahir a ring which became known as the \"Ring of Barahir\", and was handed down the family line."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "\u00c9owyn", "paragraph_text": "After the demise of Sauron, \u00c9owyn and Faramir married and settled in Ithilien, of which Faramir was made the ruling Prince by King Elessar, the name with which Aragorn ascended the throne of the Reunited Kingdom. Faramir and \u00c9owyn had at least one son, Elboron, and their grandson was Barahir, who wrote The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen in the Fourth Age."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "\u00c9omer", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9omer is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He appears in \"The Two Towers\" and \"The Return of the King\", the second and third volumes of Tolkien's fantasy novel \"The Lord of the Rings\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Galadriel", "paragraph_text": "In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit prequel trilogy, Galadriel is played by Cate Blanchett. In the movies, other than possessing the Ring Nenya, Galadriel displays an ability to communicate with others telepathically and to assume a radiant and terrifying appearance."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thranduil", "paragraph_text": "Thranduil is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He is a supporting character in \"The Hobbit\", where he is referred to as the Elvenking, and he figures briefly in \"The Lord of the Rings\", \"The Silmarillion\", and \"Unfinished Tales\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor and musician. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold."}], "question": "Who plays the character which Eowyn marries in Lord of the Rings?"}
{"id": "2hop__653767_121371", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Terry Wooden", "paragraph_text": "Wooden played college football at Syracuse University and is currently a scout for the New Orleans Saints. Attended Farmington High School in Connecticut."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Hawk Is Dying", "paragraph_text": "The Hawk Is Dying is a 2006 film based on the book by Harry Crews. It was accepted to the 2006 Director's Fortnight Competition at the Cannes Film Festival. It premiered at Cinema Village in New York City on March 30, 2007."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ellis Clarke", "paragraph_text": "Clarke attended Saint Mary's College, winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938. Ellis Clarke attended University College London of the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port of Spain in 1941, taking up private practice there."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Henry Michell Wagner", "paragraph_text": "Henry Michell Wagner went to Eton College in 1805, attained King's Scholar status in 1808 and left for King's College, Cambridge in 1812, where he read Classics. From 1815 until 1824 he was a fellow of the college. He attended his graduation ceremony in July 1819."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tom Topor", "paragraph_text": "Tom Topor (born 1938) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and novelist. Topor was born in Vienna, Austria, and was brought to London in 1939, where he remained until he came to New York City in 1949. He earned his bachelor's degree at Brooklyn College in 1961."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1955 NBA draft", "paragraph_text": "The 1955 NBA draft was the ninth annual draft of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The draft was held on April 13, 1955, before the 1955\u201356 season. In this draft, eight remaining NBA teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players. In each round, the teams select in reverse order of their win\u2013loss record in the previous season. The Milwaukee Hawks participated in the draft, but relocated to St. Louis, Missouri, and became the St. Louis Hawks prior to the start of the season. The draft consisted of 15 rounds comprising 96 players selected."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Marc Blucas", "paragraph_text": "Marcus Paul ``Marc ''Blucas (born January 11, 1972) is an American actor, known for playing Riley Finn in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Matthew Donnelly in Necessary Roughness and recently, abolitionist John Hawkes in Underground. Prior to his acting career, he was known for playing college basketball with the Wake Forest Demon Deacons."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Perry Belmont", "paragraph_text": "He attended Everest Military Academy in Hamden, Connecticut; and graduated from Harvard College in 1872; attended the law school in the University of Berlin; and graduated from the Columbia Law School in 1876. He was admitted to the bar that same year."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Karen Guthrie", "paragraph_text": "Karen Guthrie attended the Edinburgh College of Art from 1987 to 1991, receiving a BA in Printmaking. She attended the Royal College of Art in London from 1991 to 1993, receiving a MA in Printmaking."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Sea That Thinks", "paragraph_text": "The Sea That Thinks (Dutch: \"De zee die denkt\") is a 2000 Dutch experimental film directed by Gert de Graaff. The film makes heavily use of optical illusions to tell a \"story within a story\" revolving around a screenwriter writing a script called \"The Sea That Thinks\". The script details what is happening around him and eventually begins to affect what happens around him."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ron Davis (basketball)", "paragraph_text": "Ronald Howard \"Ron\" Davis (born May 1, 1954) is a retired professional basketball small forward who spent three seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Atlanta Hawks (1976\u201377) and the San Diego Clippers (1980\u201382). He attended Washington State University and was drafted during the fifth round of the 1976 NBA draft by the Hawks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jerian Grant", "paragraph_text": "Holdyn Jerian Grant (born October 9, 1992) is an American professional basketball player who is currently a free agent. He played college basketball with the University of Notre Dame and was considered one of the top college players in the nation for the 2014\u201315 season. After being selected with the 19th overall pick by the Washington Wizards in the 2015 NBA draft, his rights were sent to the Atlanta Hawks and then moved again to the New York Knicks on draft night."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Solomon Jones (basketball)", "paragraph_text": "Solomon Jones III (born July 16, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. He is 6'10\" and weighs 235\u00a0lb, playing the power forward and center positions. He played his college basketball at Daytona State College for two seasons (2002\u20132004) and then at the University of South Florida for another two seasons (2004\u20132006). He was then selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the 33rd overall pick in the 2006 NBA draft."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Harry Crews", "paragraph_text": "The University of Georgia acquired Harry Crews's papers in August 2006. The archive includes manuscripts and typescripts of his fiction, correspondence, and notes made by Crews while on assignment. Guides to his collections are available at http://hmfa.libs.uga.edu/hmfa/search?keyword=&title=&creator=crews&year=&year-max=&smode=advanced."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mich Dulce", "paragraph_text": "She graduated from the Poveda Learning Center in Quezon City (now St. Pedro Poveda College), and attended the Ateneo de Manila University where she earned a college degree in Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Management and Communications Track. She worked with professional designers like Jessica Ogden, Marjan Pejoski and Cecile Zamora. After college she attended a series of short Courses at the London College of Fashion and Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design both in London."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dining rights", "paragraph_text": "Dining rights, in the United Kingdom, are the right to use the dining facilities offered to the members (and possibly their guests, when accompanied by a member) of certain organisations such as universities, clubs, colleges and bodies such as the House of Lords, and the Hawks' Club."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Brian Wybourne", "paragraph_text": "Born in Morrinsville in 1935, Wybourne attended Canterbury University College, graduating with an MSc with second-class honours in 1958 and a PhD in 1960."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Greg Aim", "paragraph_text": "Aim was born in Wellington, and attended Nelson College from 1946 to 1947, and Otago Boys' High School from 1948 to 1951."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David Morrissey", "paragraph_text": "David Mark Morrissey (born 21 June 1964) is an English actor, director, producer and screenwriter. At the age of 18, he was cast in the television series One Summer (1983). After making One Summer, Morrissey attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, then acted with the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre for four years."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Drew Carter", "paragraph_text": "Drew Carter Attended Ohio State University. Carter's college career was marred by several injuries to his knees and ankles. He produced 41 catches for 632 yards and one touchdown during his college career."}], "question": "What college did the screenwriter of The Hawk is Dying attend?"}
{"id": "2hop__36299_36302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia conducts a census every ten years. After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011. The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be. This is called the de facto method. For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas. These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Norman Topping", "paragraph_text": "Norman Topping (1908 \u2013 18 November 1997) was the President of the University of Southern California between 1958 and 1970. He succeeded Fred D. Fagg, Jr., and was succeeded by John R. Hubbard. He was chancellor between 1971 and 1980. He became emeritus chancellor in 1980."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "International Paralympic Committee", "paragraph_text": "The International Paralympic Committee has had three presidents to date. Its founding president, who presided it from 1989 to 2001, was the Canadian Robert Steadward, who had previously founded the Canadian Sports Fund for the Physically Disabled. He was succeeded in 2001 by Philip Craven, a British Paralympian and former President of the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation, who served as President until 2017. Craven was succeeded by Brazil's Andrew Parsons, IPC Vice President from 2013 to 2017 and a former President of the Brazilian Paralympic Committee."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Michelle McLean", "paragraph_text": "Michelle McLean (born 31 July 1972 in Windhoek) is a Namibian actress, writer, model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universe in 1992. She was 19 years old when she represented Namibia and became the first (and so far only) woman from Namibia to win the crown. McLean was only the second woman after Ronel Liebenberg to represent Namibia as an independent country."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Botswana", "paragraph_text": "The presidency passed to the sitting Vice-President, Quett Masire, who was elected in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. Masire retired from office in 1998. He was succeeded by Festus Mogae, who was elected in his own right in 1999 and re-elected in 2004. The presidency passed in 2008 to Ian Khama (son of the first President), who had been serving as Mogae's Vice-President since resigning his position in 1998 as Commander of the Botswana Defence Force to take up this civilian role."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Funky President (People It's Bad)", "paragraph_text": "\"Funky President (People It's Bad)\" is a funk song by James Brown. Released as a single in 1974, it charted #4 R&B. It also appeared on the album \"Reality\". According to Brown the \"funky president\" of the song's title was meant to refer to U.S. President Gerald Ford, who had succeeded Richard Nixon in the White House shortly before it was recorded."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the Swapo Party has won every election since independence. The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "George Stephanopoulos", "paragraph_text": "George Stephanopoulos Senior Advisor to the President In office June 7, 1993 -- December 10, 1996 President Bill Clinton Preceded by Bruce Lindsey Succeeded by Sidney Blumenthal White House Director of Communications In office January 20, 1993 -- June 7, 1993 President Bill Clinton Preceded by Margaret Tutwiler Succeeded by Mark Gearan Personal details George Robert Stephanopoulos (1961 - 02 - 10) February 10, 1961 (age 57) Fall River, Massachusetts, U.S. Political party Democratic Spouse (s) Alexandra Wentworth (m. 2001) Children Education Columbia University (BA) Balliol College, Oxford (MA) Website Official website"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jonker Afrikaner", "paragraph_text": "Jonker Afrikaner ( 1785, \"Roode Zand\" near Tulbagh, South Africa \u2013 18 August 1861, Okahandja, South West Africa) was the fourth Captain of the Orlam in South West Africa, succeeding his father, Jager Afrikaner, in 1823. Soon after becoming \"Kaptein\", he left his father\u2019s settlement at Blydeverwacht with three brothers and some 300 followers and relocated to the area that is today central Namibia. From 1825 onwards he and his council played a dominant political role in Damaraland and Namaland, creating a \"de facto\" state."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Meat Corporation of Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Meat Corporation of Namibia, locally known as MeatCo, is a meat processing company headquartered in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. It is the largest exporter of prime beef in Namibia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois C. Antoine Simon", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois C. Antoine Simon (a.k.a. Antoine Simon) (1843\u20131923) was President of Haiti from 6 December 1908 to 3 August 1911. He led a rebellion against Pierre Nord Alexis and succeeded him as president."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cathy Woolard", "paragraph_text": "Cathy Woolard (born May 10, 1957) is an American politician who most recently ran for Mayor of Atlanta in 2017. She served on the Atlanta City Council for District 6 from November 1998 to 2002, and served as President of the Council from 2002 to 2004, being succeeded by Lisa Borders. When she began her term in 1997, she was the first openly gay elected official in Georgia history, and she was the first woman to be President of the Council."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "PayPal", "paragraph_text": "In 2013, PayPal acquired IronPearl, a Palo Alto startup offering engagement software, and Braintree, a Chicago-based payment gateway, to further product development and mobile services. In June 2014 David Marcus announced he was leaving his role as PayPal President; Marcus joined PayPal in August 2011 after its acquisition of Zong, of which he was the founder and CEO. David Marcus succeeded Scott Thompson as president, who left the role to join Yahoo. PayPal announced that Marcus would be succeeded by Dan Schulman, who previously served as CEO of Virgin Mobile and Executive vice president of American Express."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget (1810\u20131880) succeeded Sylvain Salnave as President of Haiti in 1869. Coming into power by coup, Saget was the first Haitian president to serve out his term of office (1869\u20131874) and retire voluntarily, although his retirement led to a renewal of the political turmoil between blacks and the country's mulatto elites. He died in 1880."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The Namibian Constitution adopted in February 1990 incorporated protection for human rights, compensation for state expropriations of private property, an independent judiciary and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990. Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. Walvis Bay was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of Apartheid in South Africa.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kre\u0161imir Zubak", "paragraph_text": "After Mate Boban left the position of president of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, Zubak succeeded him. Under Zubak the Croatian Defence Council and ARBIH established peaceful relations and Washington agreement was signed. He later served as the inaugural president of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was a member of the presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He later founded the New Croatian Initiative."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mike Pompeo", "paragraph_text": "President Trump announced on March 13, 2018, that he would nominate Pompeo to serve as secretary of state, succeeding Rex Tillerson, who stepped down on March 31, 2018."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States presidential line of succession", "paragraph_text": "The line of succession follows the order of Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the eligible heads of federal executive departments who form the president's Cabinet. The Presidential Succession Act refers specifically to officers beyond the vice president acting as president rather than becoming president when filling a vacancy. The Cabinet currently has 15 members, of which the Secretary of State is first in line; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department (or the department of which their department is the successor) was created. Those heads of department who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession. Since 1789, the vice president has succeeded to the presidency intra-term on nine occasions, eight times due to the incumbent's death, and once due to resignation. No one lower in the line of succession has yet been called upon to act as president."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informant\u00e9 owned by TrustCo, the weekly Windhoek Observer, the weekly Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times. Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine[citation needed] and Prime FOCUS. Sister Namibia Magazine stands out as the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia, while Namibia Sport is the only national sport magazine. Furthermore, the print market is complemented with party publications, student newspapers and PR publications."}], "question": "Who succeeded the first President of Namibia?"}
{"id": "2hop__698643_716085", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Leo Villa", "paragraph_text": "Leopoldo Alfonso \"Leo\" Villa (30 November 1899 \u2013 18 January 1979) was the long-serving mechanic of Sir Malcolm Campbell and Donald Campbell. He was born in London, of Italian and Scottish parents."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Soleil Moon Frye", "paragraph_text": "Soleil Moon Frye (/ so\u028a\u02c8le\u026a /; born August 6, 1976) is an American actress, director and screenwriter. She began her career as a child actor at the age of two. When she was seven years old, Frye won the role of Penelope ``Punky ''Brewster in the sitcom Punky Brewster. The series, which debuted on NBC in September 1984, earned consistently low ratings but the Punky character was a hit with young children. After NBC canceled the series, it was picked up for the syndication market where it aired for an additional two seasons ending in 1988."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Richard Vetere", "paragraph_text": "Richard Vetere (born January 15, 1952 in New York City) is an American playwright, screenwriter, television writer, poet and actor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Philippe Clair", "paragraph_text": "Philippe Clair (born 14 September 1930) is a French actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and popular humorist. Along with fellow French directors Max P\u00e9cas and Richard Balducci, his name is synonymous with the golden age of camp and low comedy in French cinema."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Richard L. Bare", "paragraph_text": "Richard Leland Bare (August 12, 1913 \u2013 March 28, 2015) was an American director, producer, and screenwriter of television shows and short films."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Peter Shockey", "paragraph_text": "Peter Shockey is an American filmmaker and screenwriter. He has received a New York City Film Festival award for his television film \"Life After Life\" (1992). In addition, both he and his works have appeared on talk shows and television shows such as Oprah and the 700 Club. Peter co-wrote the book \"Journey of Light\" with Stowe D. Shockey and its focus is to implement her experience as an abused child in order to help others. Peter and Stowe both live in Nashville, Tennessee."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York", "paragraph_text": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York KG (born 17 August 1473), was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after Richard III became king in 1483."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "On the Good Ship Lollipop", "paragraph_text": "``On the Good Ship Lollipop ''was the signature song of child actress Shirley Temple. Temple first sang it in the 1934 movie Bright Eyes. The song was composed by Richard A. Whiting and the lyrics were supplied by Sidney Clare."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jacques Audiard", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Audiard (; born 30 April 1952) is a French film director and screenwriter. He is the son of Michel Audiard, also a film director and screenwriter."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Christophe de Ponfilly", "paragraph_text": "Christophe de Ponfilly (1951\u20132006) was a French journalist, film director, cinematographer, and screenwriter. He was married to Florence Dauchez and had a child with her. He committed suicide in 2006, leaving behind numerous works - films and books detailed ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Richard L. Jenkins", "paragraph_text": "Richard Leos Jenkins (3 June 1903 \u2013 30 December 1991) was an American psychiatrist known for his work in child psychiatry and juvenile delinquency."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Richard Dormer", "paragraph_text": "Richard Dormer (born 11 November 1969) is an actor, playwright and screenwriter from Northern Ireland. He is best known for his role as Beric Dondarrion in HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rel Dowdell", "paragraph_text": "Rel Dowdell is an American screenwriter, film director, film producer, and English/screenwriting educator. Born and raised in Philadelphia, he received his Bachelor's degree in English with Magna Cum Laude honors from Fisk University and a master's degree in Film and Screenwriting with highest distinction from Boston University."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales", "paragraph_text": "Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall, 1st Earl of Salisbury (December 14739 April 1484), was the heir apparent of King Richard III of England and his wife, Anne Neville. He was Richard's only legitimate child and died aged ten."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bu Wancang", "paragraph_text": "Bu Wancang (1903\u20131974), also known by his English name Richard Poh, was a prolific Chinese film director and screenwriter active between the 1920s and the 1960s. He was born in Anhui."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "What Richard Did", "paragraph_text": "What Richard Did is a 2012 Irish film directed by Lenny Abrahamson and written by Malcolm Campbell. The film is loosely based on Kevin Power's \"Bad Day in Blackrock\", a fictionalised novel inspired by the real-life death of Brian Murphy in 2000. It won the best Irish film of the year award at the 10th Irish Film & Television Awards and was the most commercially successful Irish film of 2012."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elizabeth of York", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth of York was born at the Palace of Westminster as the eldest child of King Edward IV and his wife, Elizabeth Woodville. Her christening was celebrated at Westminster Abbey, sponsored by her grandmothers, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Duchess of Bedford, and Cecily Neville, Duchess of York. Her third sponsor was her cousin Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Australia (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "Australia is a 2008 epic romantic historical drama film directed by Baz Luhrmann and starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman. The screenplay was written by Luhrmann and screenwriter Stuart Beattie, with Ronald Harwood and Richard Flanagan. The film is a character story, set between 1939 and 1942 against a dramatised backdrop of events across northern Australia at the time, such as the bombing of Darwin during World War II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richard Berry (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Richard Berry (born Richard \u00c9lie Benguigui, 31 July 1950) is a French actor, film director and screenwriter. He has appeared in more than 100 films since 1972. He starred in \"The Violin Player\", which was entered into the 1994 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eva Ionesco", "paragraph_text": "Eva Ionesco (born 18 July 1965) is a French actress, film director and screenwriter. She is the daughter of Romanian-French photographer Irina Ionesco and came to international prominence as a child after being featured in her mother's works."}], "question": "Who is the child of the screenwriter of What Richard Did?"}
{"id": "2hop__51243_452077", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eva Tanguay", "paragraph_text": "Eva Tanguay (August 1, 1878 \u2013 January 11, 1947) was a Canadian singer and entertainer who billed herself as \"the girl who made vaudeville famous\". She was known as \"The Queen of Vaudeville\" during the height of her popularity from the early 1900s until the early 1920s. Tanguay also appeared in films, and was the first performer to achieve national mass-media celebrity, with publicists and newspapers covering her tours from coast-to-coast, out-earning the likes of contemporaries Enrico Caruso and Harry Houdini at one time, and being described by Edward Bernays, \"the father of public relations\", as \"our first symbol of emergence from the Victorian age.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bad 25 (film)", "paragraph_text": "Bad 25 is a 2012 documentary film about the 25th anniversary of Michael Jackson's 1987 album \"Bad\". The film was directed by Spike Lee who previously directed Jackson in the music video for \"They Don't Care About Us\", as well as directing the posthumous music video for the song \"This Is It\". A 25th anniversary edition reissue of the \"Bad\" album was also released on September 18, 2012 sharing the same name as the film."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ann Hampton Callaway", "paragraph_text": "Ann Hampton Callaway (born May 30, 1958) is a jazz singer, songwriter, and actress. She wrote and sang the theme song for the TV series The Nanny."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I Don't Give A", "paragraph_text": "\"I Don't Give A\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Madonna for her twelfth studio album \"MDNA\" (2012). The song features rap vocals by American recording artist Nicki Minaj. It was written and produced by Madonna and Martin Solveig, with additional songwriting by Minaj and Julien Jabre. \"I Don't Give A\" is a pop song, with electronic and hip hop syncopated beats."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gumbo Millennium", "paragraph_text": "Gumbo Millennium is the second album from 24-7 Spyz. Like the band's previous effort \"Harder Than You\", the album contains elements of several genres. The band tackles the Exxon Valdez scandal and environmental neglect on the soulful \"Valdez 27 Million?\" and explores jazz improvisation with \"Dude U Knew.\" Jimi Hazel raps on the Anthony Johnson-penned track \"Don't Push Me,\" one of two songs on the album about racism. The other, simply titled \"Racism,\" is an aggressive rocker whose thought provoking lyrics are unintelligible due to the speed of the lyrics (although they are printed in full on the CD). \"Don't Break My Heart!\" was released as a single."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Giannis Poulopoulos", "paragraph_text": "Poulopoulos sang regularly in a music hall in Plaka. He recorded four or five 45rpm disks for Columbia Records, which are now difficult to find as he soon agreed to record for Lyra, for whom he recorded three songs by Mikis Theodorakis. In 1965 he was the first performer of four songs written by Manos Lo\u00efzos. Around the same time he also had a successful hit with \"Mi mu thymonis matia mou\" (Don't be angry with me, my love) composed by Stavros Koujioumtzis."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Petticoat Junction", "paragraph_text": "Curt Massey sang the Petticoat Junction theme song. The song was composed by Massey and Paul Henning. Flatt and Scruggs recorded a version of the song ``Petticoat Junction ''."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "I Don't Blame You", "paragraph_text": "\"I Don't Blame You\" is a song by the American singer-songwriter, Cat Power, also known as Chan Marshall. It is the first song on her sixth album, \"You Are Free\", released in February 2003."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "On the Good Ship Lollipop", "paragraph_text": "``On the Good Ship Lollipop ''was the signature song of child actress Shirley Temple. Temple first sang it in the 1934 movie Bright Eyes. The song was composed by Richard A. Whiting and the lyrics were supplied by Sidney Clare."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I Sang Dixie", "paragraph_text": "\"I Sang Dixie\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dwight Yoakam. It was released in October 1988 as the second single from his album \"Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room\". In 1989, \"I Sang Dixie\" went to number one on the US Country chart."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I Don't Care (Eva Tanguay song)", "paragraph_text": "``I Do n't Care ''is a 1905 song, words by Jean Lenox, music by Harry O. Sutton, originally performed by Eva Tanguay, becoming her most famous song. It was published by Jerome H. Remick & Co., New York, performed in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1909 and recorded by Eva Tanguay in 1922. It was also recorded by Judy Garland, Mitzi Gaynor and Eydie Gorme among others, sometimes with additional lyrics.`` I DON'T CARE'' (1905) Words by Jean Lenox"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Don't Cheat in Our Hometown", "paragraph_text": "\"Don't Cheat in Our Hometown\" is a song written by Ray Pennington and Roy E. Marcum, and recorded by American country music artist Ricky Skaggs. It was released in November 1983 as the first single and title track from the album \"Don't Cheat in Our Hometown\". The song was Ricky Skaggs' sixth number one country hit. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The theme song, ``In the Heat of the Night, ''was recorded by Quincy Jones, and is usually paired with`` They Call Me Mr. Tibbs'' on albums. Bill Champlin of the band Chicago sang the opening theme song for the television series."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Don't Take Your Guns to Town", "paragraph_text": "\"Don't Take Your Guns to Town\" is a 1958 single by Johnny Cash. The single was his fifth release to reach the number one position on the country chart, where it stayed for six weeks. \"Don't Take Your Guns to Town\" was also a crossover hit peaking at number thirty-two on the pop chart. The song is also included in the live album \"\". The song was covered by U2 as the B-side of their 2001 single \"Elevation\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Portrait (Lynda Carter album)", "paragraph_text": "Portrait is the first album by the American actress Lynda Carter. It was released in 1978 on vinyl LP, 8-track and cassette as well as a limited edition picture LP. Carter co-wrote three of the songs: \"Want to Get Beside You,\" \"Fantasy Man\" and \"Toto (Don't It Feel Like Paradise)\". The album also included the cover songs \"She's Always a Woman\" by Billy Joel and \"Just One Look\" by Doris Troy. Promotional singles were released for \"All Night Song\" and \"Toto (Don't It Feel Like Paradise).\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Billy Joel", "paragraph_text": "On December 11, 2008, Joel recorded his own rendition of \"Christmas in Fallujah\" during a concert at Acer Arena in Sydney and released it as a live single in Australia only. It is the only official release of Joel performing \"Christmas in Fallujah\", as Cass Dillon sang on the 2007 studio recording and the handful of times the song was played live in 2007. Joel sang the song throughout his December 2008 tour of Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Baby Don't You Do It", "paragraph_text": "\"Baby Don't You Do It\" is a 1964 single by American singer Marvin Gaye. Released on the Tamla label, this song discusses a man who is at a standstill with his girlfriend, who he feels is neglecting his love stating \"Don't break my heart/...I've tried to do my best\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Don't Break the Heart That Loves You", "paragraph_text": "\"Don't Break the Heart That Loves You\" is an American song written by Benny Davis and Murray Mencher (using the pseudonym Ted Murry). The song was a success for two artists in two different genres: Connie Francis in the pop field in 1962, and Margo Smith as a country version in 1978."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "You Don't Know What You've Got", "paragraph_text": "\"You Don't Know What You've Got (Until You Lose It)\" is a 1961 single by Ral Donner. It was his biggest hit, peaking at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. and at #25 on the UK charts. The song also appears on the Donner's 1961 album \"Takin' Care of Business\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch", "paragraph_text": "Jim Carrey sang this song in the 2000 live action film adaptation, Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas, as the Grinch himself."}], "question": "What is the genre of the I Don't Care singer?"}
{"id": "2hop__58601_47540", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty, and \u2013 though it significantly altered the existing treaties \u2013 it did not completely replace them."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Human Rights Act 1993", "paragraph_text": "The Human Rights Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of New Zealand which deals with discrimination. It was a consolidation and amendment of the Race Relations Act 1971 and the Human Rights Commission Act 1977. It came into force on 1 February 1994. The Act governs the work of the New Zealand Human Rights Commission."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Indian Independence Act 1947", "paragraph_text": "The Indian Independence Act 1947 (1947 c. 30 (10 & 11. Geo. 6.)) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan. The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947, and Pakistan came into being on 14 August and India came into being on 15 August."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "President of India", "paragraph_text": "Although the Article 53 of the Constitution of India states that the president can exercise his powers directly or by subordinate authority, with few exceptions, all of the executive powers vested in the president are, in practice, exercised by the prime minister (a subordinate authority) with the help of the Council of Ministers. The president is bound by the constitution to act on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet as long as the advice is not violating the constitution."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Absolute monarchy", "paragraph_text": "Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which one leader has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. These are often, but not always, hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state's authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of 18 December 1908. The municipality's first mayor (1909\u20131911) was Daniel Mu\u00f1oz. Municipalities were abolished by the Uruguayan Constitution of 1918, effectively restored during the 1933 military coup of Gabriel Terra, and formally restored by the 1934 Constitution. The 1952 Constitution again decided to abolish the municipalities; it came into effect in February 1955. Municipalities were replaced by departmental councils, which consisted of a collegiate executive board with 7 members from Montevideo and 5 from the interior region. However, municipalities were revived under the 1967 Constitution and have operated continuously since that time."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Stephanie Berman-Eisenberg", "paragraph_text": "She serves on the City of Miami Beach Affordable Housing Committee, Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce Affordable Housing Committee, and the JPMorgan Chase Community Advisory Committee. In 2011, \"The Miami Herald\" named her as one of South Florida's \"20 most influential leaders under the age of 40.\" In 2017, she was selected for \"The Miami Herald's\" CEO Roundtable."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Health Care Act of 2017", "paragraph_text": "On May 4, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted to pass the American Health Care Act by a narrow margin of 217 -- 213, sending the bill to the Senate for deliberation. It was passed as a budget reconciliation bill that is part of the 2017 federal budget process; if this status is upheld by the Senate Parliamentarian, then no Senate filibuster will be permitted and passage of the bill in the Senate will require only a simple majority of votes. It would repeal the parts of the Affordable Care Act within the scope of the federal budget, including provisions contained within the Internal Revenue Code such as the ``individual mandates ''(in IRC \u00a7 205), employer mandates (in IRC \u00a7 206) and various taxes (IRC \u00a7 201 et. seq.), and also modifications to the federal Medicaid program (in Sections 111 - 116 and 121)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Amendments to the Constitution of Canada", "paragraph_text": "Other Commonwealth countries had taken over the authority for constitutional amendment after the Statute of Westminster 1931, but at the time, Canada decided to allow the Parliament of the United Kingdom to ``temporarily ''retain the power. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over the authority to amend its own constitution, achieving full sovereignty."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of Canada", "paragraph_text": "In 1981, the Canadian House of Commons and Senate passed a resolution requesting that the British Parliament enact a package of constitutional amendments which would end the last powers of the British Parliament to legislate for Canada and would create an entirely Canadian process for constitutional amendments. The resolution set out the text of the proposed Canada Act, which also included the text of the Constitution Act, 1982. The British Parliament duly passed the Canada Act 1982, the Queen granting Royal Assent on March 29, 1982, 115 years to the day since Queen Victoria granted Royal Assent to the Constitution Act, 1867. On April 17, 1982, the Queen signed the Proclamation on the grounds of Parliament Hill in Ottawa bringing the Constitution Act, 1982 into force, thus patriating the Constitution of Canada. Previously, the main portions of the constitution had existed only as an act passed of the British parliament, though under the terms of the Statute of Westminster, it could not be altered without Canadian consent. Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country, with the Queen's role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Immigration Act of 1882", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Act of 1882 was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on August 3, 1882. It imposed a head tax on noncitizens of the United States who came to American ports and restricted certain classes of people from immigrating to America, including criminals, the insane, or ``any person unable to take care of him or herself. ''The act created what is recognized as the first federal immigration bureaucracy and laid the foundation for more regulations on immigration, such as the Immigration Act of 1891."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Affordable Health Care for America Act", "paragraph_text": "The Affordable Health Care for America Act (or HR 3962) was a bill that was crafted by the United States House of Representatives in October 29th of 2009. It never became law as originally drafted. At the encouragement of the Obama administration, the 111th Congress devoted much of its time to enacting reform of the United States' health care system. Known as the ``House bill '', HR 3962 was the House of Representatives' chief legislative proposal during the health reform debate."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution. The charter called for universal health care, affordable housing, vocational schools, greater women's rights and a family planning program, as well as widening the Suez Canal."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn", "paragraph_text": "Lizzy Greene as Dawn, the oldest of the quadruplets. Although she's always seen bothering her brothers, she does care about them deeply. There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Judicial review in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Two landmark decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court served to confirm the inferred constitutional authority for judicial review in the United States: In 1796, Hylton v. United States was the first case decided by the Supreme Court involving a direct challenge to the constitutionality of an act of Congress, the Carriage Act of 1794 which imposed a ``carriage tax ''. The Court engaged in the process of judicial review by examining the plaintiff's claim that the carriage tax was unconstitutional. After review, the Supreme Court decided the Carriage Act was constitutional. In 1803, Marbury v. Madison was the first Supreme Court case where the Court asserted its authority for judicial review to strike down a law as unconstitutional. At the end of his opinion in this decision, Chief Justice John Marshall maintained that the Supreme Court's responsibility to overturn unconstitutional legislation was a necessary consequence of their sworn oath of office to uphold the Constitution as instructed in Article Six of the Constitution."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Healthcare in Canada", "paragraph_text": "Healthcare in Canada is delivered through thirteen provincial and territorial systems of publicly funded health care, informally called Medicare. It is guided by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution. The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives, and is simultaneously the House's presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates nor vote."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Constitution of Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Constitution of Nepal 2015 (Nepali Name: \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b noel wbnn\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0968\u0966\u096d\u0968) is the present governing Constitution of Nepal. Nepal is governed according to the Constitution which came into effect on Sept 20, 2015, replacing the Interim Constitution of 2007. The constitution of Nepal is divided into: 35 parts, 308 Articles and 9 Schedules."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "British North America Acts", "paragraph_text": "Canada dates its history as a country to the British North America Act, 1867, which came into effect on July 1, 1867. However, Canada was not established as fully independent, since the United Kingdom retained legislative control over Canada and full control over Canadian foreign policy. Canada did not have any foreign embassies until its first one was established in Washington, D.C., in 1931. Until 1949, changes to the British North America Acts could be made only by the British parliament. The British North America (No. 2) Act, 1949, gave the Parliament of Canada the power to make limited constitutional amendments, but full Canadian control over the constitution was not achieved until the passage of the Canada Act 1982. This long delay was in large part due to the inability to agree upon a procedure for making constitutional amendments that was acceptable to all of the provinces, in particular the Province of Quebec."}], "question": "Who is the constitutional leader of the body which came up with the Affordable Care Act?"}
{"id": "2hop__67361_460887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Flag of Mars", "paragraph_text": "The design of the flag was originally conceived by NASA planetary scientist Pascal Lee during the 1998 Haughton-Mars Project arctic expedition to Devon Island, Canada. In addition to symbolizing liberty as a tricolour flag, the design evokes a vision of the \"future history\" of Mars in which the planet is transformed from red, to green, and then blue like the Earth. The red bar, which lies closest to the mast, symbolizes Mars as it is today. The green and blue symbolize stages in the possible terraforming of Mars, should humanity ever have the ability and will to undertake such a task; the ethics of terraforming remaining a matter of debate. Kim Stanley Robinson's popular science-fiction trilogy Red Mars, Green Mars, and Blue Mars also provided inspiration for the flag. Beyond any human-induced terraforming, the color sequence also depicts the environmental change Mars might experience on astronomical timescales as the Sun evolves into a red giant and Mars becomes warmer. In the Pantone Color Matching System (PCMS), the red is the \"Red Clay\" (18-1454), the green is the \"Mint Green\" (17-6333), and the blue is the \"Imperial Blue\" (19-4245)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bob & Rose", "paragraph_text": "Bob & Rose is a British television drama, originally screened in six one-hour episodes on the ITV network in the UK in Autumn 2001. It was produced by the independent Red Production Company, and was that company\u2019s first prime-time drama for the ITV network."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were \"revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past.\" The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention - Hitler wrote: \"the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster\" because \"in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement.\" The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers. Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "Major League Baseball is especially well known for red teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings are the oldest professional baseball team, dating back to 1869. The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves, but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox. During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with communism, the modern Cincinnati team was known as the \"Redlegs\" and the term was used on baseball cards. After the red scare faded, the team was known as the \"Reds\" again. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim are also known for their color red, as are the St. Louis Cardinals, Arizona Diamondbacks, and the Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman'", "paragraph_text": "\"Rosa\" 'Ingrid Bergman' (syn. 'POUlman') is a red hybrid tea rose, bred by the Danish rose growers Pernille and Mogens Olesen and introduced by their company Poulsen Roser in 1984. It is a cross between the red hybrid tea 'Precious Platinum' (Dickson 1974) and an unnamed seedling. It was named in honor of the Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman (1915\u20131982)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Visions of Love", "paragraph_text": "Visions of Love is the last album of duo Robin and Linda Williams on the Sugar Hill Records label, released in 2002. They would move to Red House Records for their next release."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen. She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters: the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts. Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger. Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen. The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture. It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband, the King. The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating that, ``The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant. ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. \"A certain blue penetrates your soul\", he wrote. \"A certain red affects your blood pressure.\" He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, \"My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jean Armour", "paragraph_text": "Jean Armour (25 February 1765 \u2013 26 March 1834), also known as the \"Belle of Mauchline\", was the wife of the poet Robert Burns. She inspired many of his poems and bore him nine children, three of whom survived into adulthood."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A Red, Red Rose", "paragraph_text": "``A Red, Red Rose ''is a 1794 song in Scots by Robert Burns based on traditional sources. The song is also referred to by the title`` Oh, My Love is Like a Red, Red Rose'', ``My Love is Like a Red, Red Rose ''or`` Red, Red Rose'' and is often published as a poem."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case. The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work. As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball. The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of the Cincinnati Reds", "paragraph_text": "The Cincinnati Reds are a Major League Baseball team. Originally named the Cincinnati Red Stockings, the name was shortened to the Cincinnati Reds in the 1890s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "paragraph_text": "\"Mama's Little Girl\" is a song by Paul McCartney that was taped in March 1972 during the \"Red Rose Speedway\" recording sessions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Green", "paragraph_text": "The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Like Red on a Rose (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Like Red on a Rose\" is a song written by Robert Lee Castleman and Melanie Castleman, and recorded by American country music singer Alan Jackson. It was released in July 2006 as the first single and title track from Jackson's album \"Like Red on a Rose\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Red Bull", "paragraph_text": "Red Bull is sold in a tall and slim blue - silver can. Originally only available in a single nondescript flavor and regular or sugar - free formulas, a line of ``color editions ''with artificial fruit flavors were added to the line beginning in 2013. The Red Bull company slogan is`` Red Bull gives you wings''. Rather than following a traditional approach to mass marketing, Red Bull has generated awareness and created a 'brand myth' through proprietary extreme sport event series such as Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series, Red Bull Air Race, Red Bull Crashed Ice and stand - out stunts such as the Stratos space diving project."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Juan Manuel Su\u00e1rez Del Toro Rivero", "paragraph_text": "Juan Manuel Su\u00e1rez Del Toro Rivero, from Spain, is the current President of the Spanish Red Cross and is a former President of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption", "paragraph_text": "In 1948, in Maine, Andy Dufresne, a banker, is tried and convicted for the double murder of his wife and her lover, despite his claims of innocence. He is sent to Shawshank State Penitentiary to serve a double life sentence. There, he meets Red, a prisoner who smuggles items from the outside world. Andy, who had been an amateur geologist before being imprisoned, asks Red to get him a rock hammer for shaping rocks he collects from the exercise yard into small sculptures. One of the next items he orders from Red, is a large poster of Rita Hayworth. Over the ensuing years, Andy regularly requests more posters from Red, including pin - ups of Marilyn Monroe and Raquel Welch. When asked, Andy tells Red that he likes to imagine he can step through the pictures and be with the actresses."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pack (canine)", "paragraph_text": "Pack is a social group of conspecific canids. Not all species of canids form packs; for example, small canids like the red fox do not. Pack size and social behaviour within packs varies across species."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the writer of My love is like a red, red rose?"}
{"id": "2hop__128579_551770", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rock Island, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Rock Island is a city in and the county seat of Rock Island County, Illinois, United States. The original Rock Island, from which the city name is derived, is the largest island on the Mississippi River. It is now called Arsenal Island. The population was 39,018 at the 2010 census. Located on the Mississippi River, it is one of the Quad Cities, along with neighboring Moline, East Moline, and the Iowa cities of Davenport and Bettendorf. The Quad Cities has a population of about 380,000. The city is home to Rock Island Arsenal, the largest government-owned weapons manufacturing arsenal in the US, which employs 6,000 people."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shire of Taringa", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Taringa is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in western Brisbane. Its administrative centre was Taringa (now a suburb of City of Brisbane). It existed from 1890 to 1925."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WLKU", "paragraph_text": "WLKU is a radio station licensed to Rock Island, Illinois, with a Christian contemporary format. The station's frequency is 98.9\u00a0MHz, and broadcasts at an effective radiated power of 39,000 watts, from a transmitter located near Orion, Illinois. WLKU is owned by the Educational Media Foundation and is affiliated with the K-Love network."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "In which county is WLKU located?"}
{"id": "2hop__44951_274647", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Land of Hope and Glory", "paragraph_text": "``Land of Hope and Glory ''is a British patriotic song, with music by Edward Elgar and lyrics by A.C. Benson, written in 1902."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hope Set High", "paragraph_text": "\"Hope Set High\" is a 1991 single by American Christian music and pop music singer Amy Grant. It was released as the second single from the \"Heart In Motion\" album, and the first from the album released to Christian radio."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Best Years of Our Lives", "paragraph_text": "The Best Years of Our Lives (aka Glory for Me and Home Again) is a 1946 American drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Dana Andrews, Teresa Wright, Virginia Mayo, and Harold Russell. The film is about three United States servicemen readjusting to civilian life after coming home from World War II. Samuel Goldwyn was inspired to produce a film about veterans after reading an August 7, 1944, article in Time about the difficulties experienced by men returning to civilian life. Goldwyn hired former war correspondent MacKinlay Kantor to write a screenplay. His work was first published as a novella, Glory for Me, which Kantor wrote in blank verse. Robert E. Sherwood then adapted the novella as a screenplay."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Power and the Glory", "paragraph_text": "\"Power and the Glory\" (sometimes titled \"The Power and the Glory\") is an American patriotic song by Phil Ochs, a U.S. protest singer from the 1960s known for being a harsh critic of the American military and industrial establishment. Originally released on his 1964 debut album, \"All the News That's Fit to Sing,\" \"Power and the Glory\" is said to have contributed to Ochs' profound impact."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the \"Arab notion of glory\", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to \"Glory of the Arabs\"\u2014a rare name in Egypt."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)", "paragraph_text": "There is some debate as to whether the four concertos were written to accompany four sonnets or vice versa. Though it is not known who wrote these sonnets, there is a theory that Vivaldi wrote them himself, given that each sonnet is broken down into three sections, neatly corresponding to a movement in the concerto. Whoever wrote the sonnets, The Four Seasons may be classified as program music, instrumental music that intends to evoke something extra-musical and an art form which Vivaldi was determined to prove sophisticated enough to be taken seriously."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Path of Hope", "paragraph_text": "Path of Hope () is a 1950 Italian language drama film directed by Pietro Germi that belongs to the Italian neorealism film movement. It is based on Nino Di Maria's novel \"Cuori negli abissi\". Federico Fellini co-wrote the script."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "David Haas", "paragraph_text": "David Robert Haas (born 1957 in Bridgeport, Michigan), is an American author and composer of contemporary Catholic liturgical music. His best known songs include \"Glory to God\u201d, \"Blest Are They\", \"You Are Mine\", \"We Are Called\", \"We Have Been Told\", \"Now We Remain\", \"The Name of God\" and \"Song of the Body of Christ\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of 24 characters", "paragraph_text": "Teri Bauer 24 character Leslie Hope as Teri Bauer First appearance Day 1 -- Episode 1 Last appearance Day 1 -- Episode 24 Portrayed by Leslie Hope Days Information Spouse (s) Jack Bauer Children Kim Bauer"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Susan Flowers", "paragraph_text": "\"Susan Flowers\" is a single by Canadian country music artist Dick Damron. Released in 1977, it was the second single from his album \"A Thousand Songs of Glory\". The song reached number one on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada in August 1977."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tumbleweeds (1925 film)", "paragraph_text": "Tumbleweeds is a 1925 American Western film starring and produced by William S. Hart. It depicts the Cherokee Strip land rush of 1893. The film is said to have influenced the Oscar-winning 1931 Western \"Cimarron\", which also depicts the land rush. The 1939 Astor Pictures' re-release of \"Tumbleweeds\" includes an 8-minute introduction by the then 75-year-old Hart as he talks about his career and the \"glories of the old west.\" \"Tumbleweeds\" was Hart's last movie."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Love alone will stay", "paragraph_text": "\"Love alone will stay\" is a poem by Caroline Alice Elgar, set to music for voice and piano by her husband, the English composer Edward Elgar, in 1897."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "If I Were a Rich Man (song)", "paragraph_text": "``If I Were a Rich Man ''is a show tune from the 1964 musical Fiddler on the Roof. It was written by Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock. The song is performed by Tevye, the main character in the musical, and reflects his dreams of glory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre", "paragraph_text": "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre is an American anthology series, sponsored by Chrysler Corporation, which ran on NBC from 1963 through 1967. The show was hosted by Bob Hope, but it had a variety of formats, including musical, dramatic, and comedy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Francesco Suriano", "paragraph_text": "Francesco Suriano (1445-after 1481) was an Italian friar of the Franciscan order, who wrote a guide for travel to the Holy Land."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aboriginal Shire of Hope Vale", "paragraph_text": "The Aboriginal Shire of Hope Vale is a local government area in Far North Queensland, Queensland, Australia, north of the town of Cooktown. The majority of the Shire consists of Deed of Grant land that is held for the benefit of Aboriginal people particularly concerned with the land and their ancestors and descendants."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Greater Glory", "paragraph_text": "The Greater Glory is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by Curt Rehfeld. The film starred Conway Tearle and Boris Karloff. \"The Greater Glory\" is sometimes listed as \"The Viennese Medley\", the title of Edith O'Shaughnessy's novel of which the film is based. It is now considered lost."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A. G. Street", "paragraph_text": "Arthur George Street (7 April 1892 \u2013 21 July 1966), who wrote under the name of A. G. Street, was an English farmer, writer and broadcaster. His books were published by the literary publishing house of Faber and Faber. His best-known book was \"Farmer's Glory\", describing his time in Canada and how he returned to Wiltshire."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Best Years of Our Lives", "paragraph_text": "The Best Years of Our Lives (aka Glory for Me and Home Again) is a 1946 American drama film directed by William Wyler, and starring Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Dana Andrews, Teresa Wright, Virginia Mayo, and Harold Russell. The film is about three United States servicemen re-adjusting to civilian life after coming home from World War II. Samuel Goldwyn was inspired to produce a film about veterans after reading an August 7, 1944, article in \"Time\" about the difficulties experienced by men returning to civilian life. Goldwyn hired former war correspondent MacKinlay Kantor to write a screenplay. His work was first published as a novella, \"Glory for Me\", which Kantor wrote in blank verse. Robert E. Sherwood then adapted the novella as a screenplay."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lena Mukhina", "paragraph_text": "Lena Mukhina also \"Lena Muchina\" (, \"Yelena Vladimirovna Mukhina\"; 21 November 1924 in Ufa \u2013 5 August 1991 in Moscow) was a Russian woman, who wrote her experiences as teenage schoolgirl during the Siege of Leningrad in her diary, pouring out her hopes and fears."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the songwriter for Land of Hope and Glory?"}
{"id": "2hop__555763_124884", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dimitar Zograf", "paragraph_text": "Born in Samokov to the family of Hristo Dimitrov, the founder of the Samokov iconographic school, Dimitar was the elder brother of the better-known painter Zahari Zograf. Dimitar was taught iconography by his father in his workshop and by his father's death in 1819 he was already an accomplished painter, taking the leadership of his father's workshop and often working for the same monasteries and architects as his father."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chen Peisi", "paragraph_text": "Chen's father Chen Qiang named him Chen Peisi after Pest, when he performed \"The White-Haired Girl\" in Budapest, Hungary in 1951. The pronunciation of \"Budapest\" in Mandarin Chinese is \"\". Chen's father named his elder brother Chen Buda ()."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Louis Dubrau", "paragraph_text": "The daughter of Catherine Desmedt, a native of Belgium, and She was born in Brussels. Her father, a native of the Lorraine region of France, committed suicide when she was two years old. She was educated at the Sorbonne and the Coll\u00e8ge de France in Paris. She published her first poem in 1934 in the literary magazine \"Le Thyrse\" under the name Louis Dubrau. She wrote under a masculine name to avoid any bias of the critics towards women; Dubrau was the name of her father's mother. In 1935, she married Fernand Janson."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Radam\u00e9s Gnattali", "paragraph_text": "Radam\u00e9s Gnattali was born in Porto Alegre (the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil) on 27 January 1906. His parents were both musicians who had emigrated from Italy at the end of the 19th century. His mother, Ad\u00e9lia Fossati, was a pianist and music teacher. His father, Alessandro Gnattali, had been a carpenter in Italy, but after arriving in Brazil applied his passion for music to creating a new career for himself as a successful bassoonist and conductor (as a union leader with strong anarchist sympathies he also went on to organize a strike of the musicians' union in 1921). The couple had five children, three of whom, including Radam\u00e9s, were named after characters from Verdi operas (the others being \"Aida\" and \"Ernani\")."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Leonhard Seppala", "paragraph_text": "Leonhard Seppala was born in the village of Skibotn in Storfjord municipality, Troms county, Norway. He was the oldest-born child of father Isak Isaksson Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 (of Swedish descent) and Anne Henriksdatter (of Finnish Norwegian Kven descent). His father's family name is of Finnish origin. When Seppala was two years old, his family moved within Troms county to nearby Skjerv\u00f8y municipality on the island of Skjerv\u00f8ya. While in Skjerv\u00f8y, his father worked as a blacksmith and fisherman, building up a relatively large estate. Seppala initially followed in his father's footsteps as both a blacksmith and a fisherman. However, he emigrated to Alaska during the Nome gold rush of the 1900s. His friend Jafet Lindeberg had returned from Alaska and convinced Seppala to come to work for his mining company in Nome."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Carlos, Duke of Madrid", "paragraph_text": "\"Don\" Carlos, Duke of Madrid (Spanish: \"Carlos Mar\u00eda de los Dolores Juan Isidro Jos\u00e9 Francisco Quirico Antonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael\"; 30 March 1848 \u2013 18 July 1909) was the senior member of the House of Bourbon from 1887 until his death. He was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos VII from 1868 (his father's Spanish abdication), and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France under the name Charles XI after the death of his father in 1887."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of The Mortal Instruments characters", "paragraph_text": "Jace Wayland / Morgenstern / Lightwood / Herondale is a Shadowhunter living at the New York Institute with his adopted family. Jace's legal name changes throughout the series, from Jace Wayland (when his father is thought to be Michael Wayland), to Jonathan Morgenstern (Valentine's son), to Jace Lightwood for the family that has taken him in, to Jace Herondale (when his true father is revealed to be Stephen Herondale). His mother was the young Celin\u00e9 Herondale, a member of Valentine's inner circle with Stephen Herondale, his father."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Desta Damtew", "paragraph_text": "Born at the village of Maskan (in the contemporary Gurage Zone), Desta Damtew was the second son of \"Fitawrari\" Damtew Ketena. His older brother was Abebe Damtew. In 1896, \"Fitawrari\" Damtew Ketena was killed at the Battle of Adwa. As boys, \"Lij\" Desta Damtew and his brother \"Lij\" Abebe Damtew served at the Imperial Palace in Addis Ababa as pages to Emperor Menelik II and Empress Taitu Bitul. Desta Damtew went on to serve in the Dowager Empress Taitu's household at the Palace on Mt. Entoto after the death of Menelik II."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "All About My Father", "paragraph_text": "All About My Father () is a 2002 Norwegian biographical documentary film written and directed by Even Benestad. \"All About My Father\" is a personal documentary about the director's father, the famous sexologist and transvestite Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, who lives in the southern Norwegian city of Grimstad."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ARA Almirante Brown (C-1)", "paragraph_text": "Almirante Brown was a heavy cruiser in service with the Argentine Navy during the Second World war. The ship was named in honour of Admiral Guillermo Brown, the Father of the Argentine Navy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father\u2019s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons. Although surnames in mainland Greece are static today, dynamic and changing patronymic usage survives in middle names where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name (this usage having been passed on to the Russians). In Cyprus, by contrast, surnames follow the ancient tradition of being given according to the father\u2019s name. Finally, in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aida Desta", "paragraph_text": "Princess Aida Desta (8 April 1927 \u2013 15 January 2013) (Baptismal name Bisrate Gabriel), was the eldest granddaughter of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, eldest child and daughter of \"Ras\" Desta Damtew and Princess Tenagnework. She was the wife of \"Leul Ras\" Mangasha Seyum, Prince of Tigray, son of Seyum Mangasha, and great-grandson of Emperor Yohannes IV. Her godmother was Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Confederation", "paragraph_text": "Mount Confederation is a mountain located north of Gong Lake in the Athabasca River Valley of Jasper National Park, Canada. The mountain was named in 1927 by Alfred J. Ostheimer after the Fathers of Confederation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Coat of many colors", "paragraph_text": "In the Hebrew Bible, the coat of many colors (Hebrew: \u05db\u05b0\u05bc\u05ea\u05b9\u05e0\u05b6\u05ea \u05e4\u05b7\u05bc\u05e1\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9\u05dd \u200e \u200e \u200e k\u0259\u1e6f\u014dne\u1e6f pass\u00eem) is the name for the garment that Joseph owned, which was given to him by his father, Jacob."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Henry Britton", "paragraph_text": "Britton was the second son of Alexander and Lydia Britton, born in Derby, England, where his father was engaged in tuition, was also a contributor to the press, and had some repute as a public lecturer. Henry Britton emigrated to Australia with his family in November 1854, and reached Melbourne in February 1855. He at once proceeded to Castlemaine, Victoria, where his father established a newspaper called \"The Miners' Right\", subsequently named \"The Castlemaine Advertiser\". He learned the business of a journalist in his father's office."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tuanku Imam Bonjol", "paragraph_text": "Tuanku Imam Bonjol was born in Bonjol, Pasaman, West Sumatra. His family came from Sungai Rimbang, Suliki, Limapuluh Koto. His parents name were Bayanuddin (father) and Hamatun (mother). He was immersed in Islamic studies as he grew up, studying first from his father and later under various other Muslim theologians."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters", "paragraph_text": "Aida (portrayed by Mallory Jansen) is a Life Model Decoy, an android body based on Radcliffe's former lover and partner Agnes Kitsworth (also portrayed by Jansen) into which he transferred his artificial intelligence AIDA (voiced by Amanda Rea). After the Darkhold shows Radcliffe the secret to eternal life, Radcliffe programs Aida to go rogue in an attempt to steal the book from S.H.I.E.L.D. She is ultimately beheaded in battle against S.H.I.E.L.D., and Radcliffe builds a new model of the android. Aida later kills Kitsworth, so her consciousness can reside in the Framework reality. Aida enters the Framework where she takes up the name ``Ophelia ''and is also known as Madame Hydra, the leader of Hydra. She also has a relationship with Leo Fitz in his alias of The Doctor. Agnes also resides in the Framework, living with Radcliffe's consciousness on Ogygia before she is deleted by The Doctor. With the help of Project Looking Glass, Aida succeeds in making her organic body, and once again goes by Ophelia. Ophelia also gains the Inhuman abilities of teleportation, electric charge manipulation, and a healing factor. She is later killed by Phil Coulson possessed by Ghost Rider."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Marty Haggard", "paragraph_text": "Marty Haggard was born June 18, 1958, in Bakersfield, California. He was named after Marty Robbins. At the time that Marty Haggard was born, his father, Merle Haggard, was serving time in San Quentin State Prison. Marty Haggard was raised by his grandmother in a railroad boxcar, but by the time the younger Haggard was 12, he had moved in with his father."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Daniel Dunklin", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Dunklin (January 14, 1790 \u2013 August 25, 1844) was the fifth Governor of Missouri, serving from 1832 to 1836. He also served as the state's third Lieutenant Governor. Dunklin is considered the \"Father of Public Schools\" in Missouri. Dunklin was also the father-in-law of Missouri Lieutenant Governor Franklin Cannon. Dunklin County, in the Missouri bootheel, is named so in his honor."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Michael Gerald Ford", "paragraph_text": "Michael Gerald Ford (born March 14, 1950) is the oldest of four children of U.S. President Gerald R. Ford and Betty Ford. Prior to his birth, Ford's mother wanted to name him after his father. However, Ford's father had always disliked being called \"Junior\" and he refused to \"inflict the nickname on any son.\" The Fords settled on his name as a compromise."}], "question": "What is the name of Aida Desta's grandfather?"}
{"id": "2hop__30454_30466", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac (31 May 1597 \u2013 18 February 1654) was a French author, best known for his epistolary essays, which were widely circulated and read in his day. He was one of the founding members of Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "University", "paragraph_text": "Many scholars (including Makdisi) have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Middle East (during the Crusades). Other scholars see this argument as overstated. Lowe and Yasuhara have recently drawn on the well-documented influences of scholarship from the Islamic world on the universities of Western Europe to call for a reconsideration of the development of higher education, turning away from a concern with local institutional structures to a broader consideration within a global context."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Carlos Mendo", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Mendo (26 June 1933 \u2013 23 August 2010) was a Spanish journalist. In 1972, Mendo co-founded \"El Pa\u00eds\", Spain's most widely circulated daily newspaper."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wilhelm Wundt", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 -- 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from philosophy and biology, was the first person ever to call himself a psychologist. He is widely regarded as the ``father of experimental psychology. ''In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig. This marked psychology as an independent field of study. By creating this laboratory he was able to establish psychology as a separate science from other topics. He also formed the first academic journal for psychological research, Philosophische Studien (from 1881 to 1902), set up to publish the Institute's research."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the \"religious sciences\", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and the \"secular sciences\", such as logic, mathematics and philosophy. Some madaris further extended their curriculum to history, politics, ethics, music, metaphysics, medicine, astronomy and chemistry. The curriculum of a madrasah was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madaris were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the 9th century University of al-Qarawiyyin, the 10th century al-Azhar University (the most famous), the 11th century Ni\u1e93\u0101m\u012byah, as well as 75 madaris in Cairo, 51 in Damascus and up to 44 in Aleppo between 1155 and 1260. Many more were also established in the Andalusian cities of C\u00f3rdoba, Seville, Toledo, Granada (Madrasah of Granada), Murcia, Almer\u00eda, Valencia and C\u00e1diz during the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Taran Noah Smith", "paragraph_text": "Taran Noah Smith (born April 8, 1984) is an American former actor widely known for his role as Marcus ``Mark ''Jason Taylor, the youngest son on one of the longest running and most widely viewed sitcoms of the '90s, Home Improvement."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bloods", "paragraph_text": "The Bloods, also known as Original Blood Family (OBF), are a primarily African-American street gang founded in Los Angeles, California. The gang is widely known for its rivalry with the Crips. They are identified by the red color worn by their members and by particular gang symbols, including distinctive hand signs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Ibn Ab\u012b Bakr Ibn Ayyub Ibn Sa'd Ibn Har\u012bz Ibn Makk\u012b Zayn al-D\u012bn al-Zur'\u012b (), al-Dimashqi (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a), with kunya of Abu Abdullah (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647), called Shams al-D\u012bn ( \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646). He is usually known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, after his father Abu Bakr Ibn Sa'd al-Zur'\u012b who was the superintendent (\"qayyim\") of the Jawziyyah Madrasah, the Hanbali law college in Damascus."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Isma\u02bb\u012bl\u012b Sh\u012b\u02bb\u012b Fatimid dynasty as a j\u0101mi\u02bbah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after \"an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses\", and to test the student's \"ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose.\" \u2018Abd al-La\u1e6d\u012bf al-Baghd\u0101d\u012b also delivered lectures on Islamic medicine at al-Azhar, while Maimonides delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of Saladin. Another early j\u0101mi\u02bbah was the Ni\u1e93\u0101m\u012byah of Baghd\u0101d (founded 1091), which has been called the \"largest university of the Medieval world.\" Mustansiriya University, established by the \u02bbAbb\u0101sid caliph al-Mustan\u1e63ir in 1233, in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the natural sciences."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mussig", "paragraph_text": "Mussig is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. Successive known names carried by the village were: Moussich, Mosich (1370) and Musich (1453) before becoming Musselburgh. The etymological origin is probably to be found in the existence of wetlands and swamps are conducive to the formation of foam. Until the 19th century was practiced widely growing flax and hemp, woven at home or delivered to the weavers in the valley of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, this is still in the early twentieth century."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Maml\u016bk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Maml\u016bk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madaris thus allowed them to maintain status. Madaris built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan \u1e24asan in Cairo."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Agent Orange", "paragraph_text": "Agent Orange is an herbicide and defoliant chemical, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides. It is widely known for its use by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It is a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides, 2, 4, 5 - T and 2, 4 - D. In addition to its damaging environmental effects, traces of dioxin found in the mixture have caused major health problems for many individuals who were exposed."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero tolerance policy. Ailaa and thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermented millet or barley) and rakshi are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "Western commentators post-9/11 often perceive madaris as places of radical revivalism with a connotation of anti-Americanism and radical extremism, frequently associated in the Western press with Wahhabi attitudes toward non-Muslims. In Arabic the word madrasa simply means \"school\" and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, radical or otherwise. Madaris have varied curricula, and are not all religious. Some madaris in India, for example, have a secularised identity. Although early madaris were founded primarily to gain \"knowledge of God\" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the Ottoman Empire, \"Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic.\" This is similar to the Western world, in which universities began as institutions of the Catholic church."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Michael J. Cullen", "paragraph_text": "Michael J. Cullen (1884\u20131936) was an American entrepreneur and salesman of Irish descent, perhaps best known as the founder of the King Kullen grocery store chain, widely considered to be the first supermarket founded in America. He is recognized by the Smithsonian Institution as the inventor of the modern supermarket."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Ogburn", "paragraph_text": "Although not widely known in Australia, John Ogburn received acclaim and admiration from art critics such as Clement Greenberg who wrote, \"I gathered that he wasn\u2019t widely accepted in Australia \u2013 because he wasn\u2019t 'new' enough, 'far out' enough. You Australians may be as benighted as we Americans are.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sultan Ahmed Mosque", "paragraph_text": "The Sultan Ahmed Mosque or Sultan Ahmet Mosque (Turkish: Sultan Ahmet Camii) is a historic mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. A popular tourist site, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque continues to function as a mosque today; men still kneel in prayer on the mosque's lush red carpet after the call to prayer. The Blue Mosque, as it is popularly known, was constructed between 1609 and 1616 during the rule of Ahmed I. Its K\u00fclliye contains Ahmed's tomb, a madrasah and a hospice. Hand - painted blue tiles adorn the mosque's interior walls, and at night the mosque is bathed in blue as lights frame the mosque's five main domes, six minarets and eight secondary domes. It sits next to the Hagia Sophia, another popular tourist site."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Duesenberg Guitars", "paragraph_text": "Duesenberg is a brand for electric string instruments founded in 1986 and located in Hannover, Germany. Duesenberg is part of G\u00f6ldo Music GmbH and is widely known for their classic and distinctive Art Deco designs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vendini", "paragraph_text": "Vendini, founded in 2001, is a company headquartered in San Francisco that offers tools for ticketing, marketing, fundraising, logistics and more for the performing arts, live music, music festival and live event spaces. The company works with a wide variety of venues across North America."}], "question": "When was the most widely known madrasah founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__157074_263780", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Huang Shih-hsu", "paragraph_text": "Huang Shih-hsu (; born 30 November 1975 in Pingtung, Taiwan, old name: Huang Shih-chun and Huang Pei-yi) is a Taiwanese weightlifter representing Chinese Taipei. She participated at the 2010 Asian Games in the 69 kg event finishing 5th. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the -69 kg event, finishing in 7th place. At the same event in the 2014 Asian Games, she claimed third place."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marshall Eriksen", "paragraph_text": "Marshall Eriksen How I Met Your Mother character Jason Segel in 2011 First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Last Forever'' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Jason Segel Information Gender Male Occupation Lawyer (2005 -- 2018), Judge (2018 --) Family Marvin Eriksen (father, deceased) Judy Eriksen (mother) Spouse (s) Lily Aldrin (2007 -- present) Children Marvin Waitforit Eriksen Daisy Eriksen Unnamed Third Child Nationality American"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fresh Off the Boat", "paragraph_text": "Rachel Cannon as Deidre Sanderson Stacey Scowley as Carol - Joan Colleen Ryan as Amanda Kimberly Crandall as Lisa Arden Myrin as Ashley Alexander David Goldman as Principal Charlie Hunter Maria Bamford as Principal Thomas Susan Park as Connie Chen, Jessica's sister C.S. Lee as Steve Chen, Jessica's brother - in - law Ken Jeong as Gene Huang, Louis' younger brother Eddie Huang as adult Eddie Huang (voice only), the narrator of the show for season one only"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Women Who Flirt", "paragraph_text": "Women Who Flirt () is a 2014 Chinese-Hong Kong romantic comedy film directed by Pang Ho-cheung and starring Zhou Xun, Huang Xiaoming, Xie Yilin and Sonia Sui. The film was released on November 28, 2014."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Margareta von Ascheberg", "paragraph_text": "Margareta von Ascheberg was the youngest child of Field Marshal Rutger von Ascheberg and Magdalena Eleonora Busseck. On 26 January 1691, she married colonel count Kjell Christopher Barnekow (d. 1700) in Malm\u00f6. As was the custom of the Swedish nobility as that time, she kept her name after marriage and style herself \u00bbGrevinnan Ascheberg\u00bb (Countess Ascheberg). The couple had four children. She accompanied her spouse on his military commissions: she gave birth to their youngest sons during the Bombardment of Brussels in 1695."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Blood Stain Child", "paragraph_text": "Blood Stain Child (stylised as BLOOD STAIN CHILD) is a Japanese heavy metal band from the city of Osaka. The band's musical style combines melodic death metal with electronic and trance. The band formed under the name \"Visionquest\" (stylised as \"VISIONQUEST\") in 1999, but changed their name to Blood Stain Child in 2000."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lady Huang", "paragraph_text": "Lady Huang, also known in fiction and folklore as Huang Yueying, was the wife of Zhuge Liang, the chancellor and regent of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was a woman renowned for her intelligence in astronomy, geography, military strategy and engineering. She has helped the Shu kingdom countless times. Her name was not recorded in history; \"Huang Yueying\" is simply a fictional name."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beautiful Trio", "paragraph_text": "Beautiful Trio (\u5927\u5973\u4eba\u00b7\u5c0f\u5973\u4eba) is a Chinese language drama broadcast on Singapore's largest television network, MediaCorp TV Channel 8. The show was filmed in 2003 but broadcast in 2004. It stars Huang Biren , Ivy Lee , Stella Huang & Zhang Yaodong as the casts of the series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Consort Yujiul\u00fc", "paragraph_text": "Consort Yujiul\u00fc (\u90c1\u4e45\u95ad\u6912\u623f, personal name unknown) (died 452), formally Empress Gong (\u606d\u7687\u540e, literally \"the respectful empress\"), was a consort of Tuoba Huang (Crown Prince Jingmu), a crown prince of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei. She was the mother of Emperor Wencheng."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shaolin Plot", "paragraph_text": "Shaolin Plot () is a 1977 Hong Kong film directed by Huang Feng and featuring Sammo Hung in his first starring role and as action director. Huang had been Hung's mentor."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Joys of Life", "paragraph_text": "Joys of Life () is a Singaporean Chinese drama which was telecasted on Singapore's free-to-air channel, MediaCorp Channel 8. It stars Chew Chor Meng, Alien Huang, Rui En, Chen Liping, Zheng Geping, Chloe Wang, Kate Pang, Andie Chen, Huang Wenyong, Lin Meijiao and Zhang Yao Dong as the casts of the series. The series was repeated at 2am on Sundays."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Miracle Child", "paragraph_text": "The Miracle Child (French: L'enfant du miracle) is a 1932 French science fiction film based on a play of the same name by Robert Charvay and Paul Gavault. The plot of the film centers around a widow named Blanche Montel who endeavours to find a man with whom to produce a child so that she can pretend that the child was her late husband's and so inherit a fortune. In a scene which has been cited as particularly humorous, a few characters interrupt a Spiritualist s\u00e9ance and are subsequently believed to be ghosts. Ginette Leclerc's minor role in \"The Miracle Child\" was one of her first acting roles in a long and successful career."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ishmael", "paragraph_text": "Cognates of Hebrew Yishma'el existed in various ancient Semitic cultures, including early Babylonian and Min\u00e6an. It is a theophoric name translated literally as ``God (El) has hearkened '', suggesting that`` a child so named was regarded as the fulfillment of a divine promise''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Andrew Huang (musician)", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Huang is a Canadian musician, video producer, and YouTube personality. He is best known for his Song Challenge video series, which invites viewers to dare him in feats of musicianship, as well as viral hits such as Pink Fluffy Unicorns Dancing on Rainbows, 99 Red Balloons - played with red balloons, and Alphabetical 26 - Genre Song. Huang has released over 50 albums of original music, either through DFTBA Records or independently, under his own name as well as the pseudonyms Songs To Wear Pants To, Your Heart, Girl, Spokesman, The Cloud, Ghostface Kilobyte, and VS."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Babes in the Wood murders (Pine Grove Furnace)", "paragraph_text": "The Babes in the Wood Murders is a name that was used in the media to refer to a child murder case in which the bodies of three girls were found in Pennsylvania woodland."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Crimson Charm", "paragraph_text": "The Crimson Charm is a 1971 Hong Kong \"wuxia\" film directed by Huang Feng and produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zhuge Shang", "paragraph_text": "In 263, Deng Ai, a general from Shu's rival state Cao Wei, led an army to attack Shu and showed up in Fu (\u6daa; in present-day Mianyang, Sichuan) after taking a shortcut from Yinping (\u9670\u5e73; present-day Wen County, Longnan, Gansu). Zhuge Zhan led the Shu forces to Fu to resist the enemy but retreated to Mianzhu (\u7ddc\u7af9) when he heard that the Shu vanguard had been defeated. Deng Ai sent a messenger to ask Zhuge Zhan to surrender, but Zhuge refused and executed the messenger. In the ensuing battle at Mianzhu, the Shu forces were defeated and both Zhuge Zhan and Zhuge Shang were killed in action. Before joining his father in battle, Zhuge Shang sighed, \"My father and I received grace from the State. Our failure to eliminate Huang Hao earlier on resulted in our State being stuck in this disastrous situation now. What can we do with our lives?\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Huang (surname)", "paragraph_text": "Huang or Hwang or Hoang Chinese character representing Huang Romanization Hu\u00e1ng (Mandarin) Hwang (Korean) Hu\u1ef3nh or Ho\u00e0ng (Vietnamese) Oey or Ung (Hokkien and Teochew) Uy (Hokkien: Philippines) Ooi or H\u00fbin (Hakka) Waan (Shanghainese) Wong (Cantonese) Wee (Hainanese) OENG or EUNG (Cambodia) Language (s) Chinese Origin Region of origin China Meaning Huang Kingdom or Yellow"}], "question": "Who was the child of Huang Yueying's spouse?"}
{"id": "2hop__49389_315986", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Army Inventions Board", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Army Inventions Board, otherwise known as the Army Inventions Directorate, was a government body of the Commonwealth of Australia, set up in 1942 to handle the thousands of inventions submitted by the public. These inventions numbered some 27,000; a mere 127 of which were eventually accepted by the Army as being of notable value or suitable for military purposes. The best known invention accepted by the Army Inventions Board was the Australian-designed Owen Gun, a machine carbine which took a few years to get off the ground."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Paco Boublard", "paragraph_text": "Paco Boublard (born 20 February 1981) is French actor and photographer. He is known for his roles in various TV series and for his role in the film \"\" (Look at Me) by , which won three awards. Alongside his acting, he made a career as a journalist and photographer."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Italian X Rays", "paragraph_text": "Italian X Rays is the thirteenth studio album by American rock band Steve Miller Band. The album was released in November 1984, by Capitol Records. \"Who Do You Love?\" and \"Out of the Night\" were songs co-written by Steve Miller and Tim Davis. Tim Davis had been a co-founder of the Steve Miller Band and had been a drummer, singer and songwriter with the band during its first five albums, released between 1968 and 1970. As of 1984, Davis was suffering from the effects of diabetes, and died four years later."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "X-ray", "paragraph_text": "X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3 \u00d7 10 Hz to 3 \u00d7 10 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning R\u00f6ntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen, who usually is credited as its discoverer, and who named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation. Spelling of X-ray (s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray (s), xray (s), and X ray (s)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lawrence W. Butler", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence W. Butler (July 30, 1908 \u2013 October 19, 1988) was an American special effects artist, best known as the inventor of the bluescreening process. He won an Academy Award for Best Special Effects and was nominated for three more in the same category."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series", "paragraph_text": "The Fellowship of the Ring received thirteen Academy Award nominations, winning in four categories. It also earned thirteen nominations at the 55th British Academy Film Awards, leading to wins in the categories for Best Film, Best Direction, Best Special Visual Effects, and the Orange Film of the Year Award. Other notable ceremonies where it received much recognition included the American Film Institute Awards, the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, the Empire Awards, the Golden Globes, the MTV Movie Awards, the Satellite Awards, and Saturn Awards. Various critics groups, such as those in Chicago and Phoenix, also awarded the film. In total, The Fellowship of the Ring received 98 awards out of 152 nominations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Susan Dalian", "paragraph_text": "Susan Patterson Dalian (born September 15, 1968) is an American actress who is primarily known among anime fans as the voice of Haku in the first season of \"Naruto\", and its related video games. She received a nomination for Best Actress at the American Anime Awards in 2007. She voices Storm in \"Wolverine and the X-Men\" and \"\". Dalian graduated from Baltimore School for the Arts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen (; ; 27 March 1845\u00a0\u2013 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or R\u00f6ntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gamma Apodis", "paragraph_text": "Gamma Apodis (\u03b3 Aps, \u03b3 Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. From parallax measurements, the distance to this star can be estimated as . It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.86. A stellar classification of G9\u00a0III identifies it as a giant star in the later stages of its evolution. It is an active X-ray source with a luminosity of , making it one of the 100 strongest stellar X-ray sources within 50 parsecs of the Sun."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Film speed", "paragraph_text": "Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the film will be developed to the same density. This rule is called reciprocity. The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds. In practice, reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second. However, this relationship breaks down outside these limits, a phenomenon known as reciprocity failure."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "David Liittschwager", "paragraph_text": "David Liittschwager is an American freelance photographer and author of three books. Liittschwager was born in 1961 and was an assistant photographer of Richard Avedon from 1983 to 1986. and Later on, he became a freelance photographer for such magazines as \"Audubon\", \"National Geographic\" and \"Scientific American\" among others. In 2002 he was a producer of a film called \"Skulls and X-Ray Ichthyology: The Structure of Fishes\" which he made for the California Academy of Sciences and six years later became a co-author of a book called \"Edible Schoolyard\" which was authored by Alice Waters. In 2011 he was asked by David Brower Center in Berkeley, California to commission Third Annual Art Exhibition and in 2012 University of Chicago Press published his book called \"One Cubic Foot\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rudolf-Diesel-Medaille", "paragraph_text": "The Rudolf-Diesel-Medaille is an award by the German Institute for Inventions (, D.I.E.) in memory of Rudolf Diesel for inventions and the entrepreneurial and economical implications accounting to the laureate. Since 1953 the award has been presented yearly until 1969 and then irregularly every two or three years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Robert Cameron (photographer)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Cameron (April 21, 1911 \u2013 November 10, 2009) was a famed American photographer and author of numerous books featuring aerial photographs of numerous cities throughout the globe. He also invented a fad diet known as the Drinking Man's Diet."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Snow White and the Huntsman", "paragraph_text": "The cast includes Kristen Stewart as Snow White, Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Chris Hemsworth as Eric, the huntsman, Sam Claflin as William, Snow White's childhood friend, and Bob Hoskins as the dwarf seer in his final film appearances. The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards. It was a success at the box office, earning $396.6 million worldwide against a $170 million budget. Although critics praised the production design, visual effects, Theron and Hemsworth's performances, musical score, and action sequences; Stewart and Claflin's performances received mixed reviews, and the screenplay was heavily criticized."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chandra X-ray Observatory", "paragraph_text": "The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), previously known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), is a Flagship - class space observatory launched on STS - 93 by NASA on July 23, 1999. Chandra is sensitive to X-ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X-ray telescope, enabled by the high angular resolution of its mirrors. Since the Earth's atmosphere absorbs the vast majority of X-rays, they are not detectable from Earth - based telescopes; therefore space - based telescopes are required to make these observations. Chandra is an Earth satellite in a 64 - hour orbit, and its mission is ongoing as of 2018."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Jennifer Lawrence", "paragraph_text": "From 2013 -- 15, she received several awards and nominations for her performances in the other three films in The Hunger Games series, including the MTV Best Female Performance Award for Catching Fire, and three Critics Choice nominations for each films. The role of Katniss Everdeen made Guinness World Records to recognise Lawrence as the highest - grossing action heroine of all time. Her reprisal of Mystique in X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014) earned her two People's Choice Awards for Favorite Actress and Favorite Action Movie Actress. In 2015, she starred as the eponymous inventor in the biopic Joy, which won her third Golden Globe Award in the Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical category and another Academy Award for Best Actress nomination, making her the youngest person to receive four Oscar nominations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Iridium", "paragraph_text": "While other metals can be used for coating objects for SEM use, Iridium is the preferred coating when samples will be studied with a wide variety of imaging parameters.Iridium has been used in the radioisotope thermoelectric generators of unmanned spacecraft such as the Voyager, Viking, Pioneer, Cassini, Galileo, and New Horizons. Iridium was chosen to encapsulate the plutonium-238 fuel in the generator because it can withstand the operating temperatures of up to 2000 \u00b0C and for its great strength.Another use concerns X-ray optics, especially X-ray telescopes. The mirrors of the Chandra X-ray Observatory are coated with a layer of iridium 60 nm thick. Iridium proved to be the best choice for reflecting X-rays after nickel, gold, and platinum were also tested. The iridium layer, which had to be smooth to within a few atoms, was applied by depositing iridium vapor under high vacuum on a base layer of chromium.Iridium is used in particle physics for the production of antiprotons, a form of antimatter. Antiprotons are made by shooting a high-intensity proton beam at a conversion target, which needs to be made from a very high density material. Although tungsten may be used instead, iridium has the advantage of better stability under the shock waves induced by the temperature rise due to the incident beam."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Price Wetherill Medal", "paragraph_text": "The John Price Wetherill Medal was an award of the Franklin Institute. It was established with a bequest given by the family of John Price Wetherill (1844\u20131906) on April 3, 1917. On June 10, 1925, the Board of Managers voted to create a silver medal, to be awarded for \"discovery or invention in the physical sciences\" or \"new and important combinations of principles or methods already known\". The legend on the first medal read: \"for discovery, invention, or development in the physical sciences\". The John Price Wetherill Medal was last awarded in 1997. As of 1998 all of the endowed medals previously awarded by the Franklin Institute were reorganized as the Benjamin Franklin Medals."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "CT scan", "paragraph_text": "The history of X-ray computed tomography goes back to at least 1917 with the mathematical theory of the Radon transform. In October 1963, Oldendorf received a U.S. patent for a ``radiant energy apparatus for investigating selected areas of interior objects obscured by dense material ''. The first commercially viable CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in 1967."}], "question": "What award did the inventor of x-rays receive?"}
{"id": "2hop__196077_149289", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Boy Scouts of America", "paragraph_text": "The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is one of the largest Scouting organizations in the United States of America and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with more than 2.4 million youth participants and nearly one million adult volunteers. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, more than 110 million Americans have been participants in BSA programs at some time. The BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Exhibition game", "paragraph_text": "Various auto racing organizations hold exhibition events; these events usually award no championship points to participants, but they do offer prize money to participants. The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season. Both events carry a hefty purse of over USD $1,000,000. NASCAR has also held exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fredrick McKissack", "paragraph_text": "The seven books below, marked with a double asterix, were written by Fredrick and Patricia McKissack and are among the 10 works by Fredrick McKissack most widely held in WorldCat participating libraries. (Three are among her 10 most widely held works.)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010", "paragraph_text": "Sweden participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, held in Oslo, Norway, sending their 50th entry to the contest since their debut in 1958."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Iran at the 1966 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "Iran participated in the 1966 Asian Games held in the capital city of Bangkok, and ranked 6th with 6 gold medals on this occasion of the Asiad."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brachytherapy", "paragraph_text": "Imaging techniques, such as x-ray, fluoroscopy and ultrasound are typically used to help guide the placement of the applicators to their correct positions and to further refine the treatment plan. CAT scans and MRI can also be used. Once the applicators are inserted, they are held in place against the skin using sutures or adhesive tape to prevent them from moving. Once the applicators are confirmed as being in the correct position, further imaging can be performed to guide detailed treatment planning."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Genaro V\u00e1zquez Rojas", "paragraph_text": "Genaro V\u00e1zquez Rojas studied law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico () (UNAM), however did not finish. At age 24 he co-founded the Guerreran Civic Community (CCG), while teaching at schools in the slums of the Federal District. The following year in 1958 V\u00e1zquez Rojas participated in the Revolutionary Teacher's Movement (MRM) during the strike and seizure of the Secretariat of Public Education. V\u00e1zquez Rojas would eventually be fired from his teachers position and go on to represent coffee, copra, and palm workers before the Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization (DAAC)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wang Kunlun", "paragraph_text": "Wang Kunlun (1902\u20131985), birth name Wang Ruyu, was a Chinese politician who held high-profile positions, at different times, in both the Nationalist and Communist parties. Born 1902 in Baoding, Hebei province to a wealthy household, he participated in the May Fourth Movement while studying at Peking University and became involved with Chinese revolutionaries, at one point meeting in person with Dr. Sun Yat-sen. He joined the Nationalist party as a left-leaning member and served as Chief Secretary of the Political Department of the Headquarters of the National Revolutionary Army during the Northern Expedition, but became disillusioned with Chiang Kai-shek's leadership after Chiang initiated a major crackdown against Communists in April 1927. He subsequently joined the Communist Party in secret and used his political positions within the Nationalist government to aid the Communists. He was among a group of members of the Kuomintang who broke away to form the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang in 1948. He would serve various government positions after the Communist victory, including vice-mayor of Beijing and vice-chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Corrective Movement (Syria)", "paragraph_text": "The Corrective Movement ( \"al-\u1e24araka at-Ta\u1e63'\u1e25\u012b\u1e25iya\"), also referred to as the Corrective Revolution or Glorious Corrective Movement, was a political movement in Syria, initiated by a coup d'\u00e9tat, led by General Hafez al-Assad on 13 November 1970. Al-Assad's program of reform, considered revolutionary in Syria, aimed to sustain and improve the \"nationalist socialist line\" of the state and the Ba'ath party. Al-Assad would rule Syria until his death in 2000, after which he was succeeded by his son Bashar al-Assad."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Max Morise", "paragraph_text": "Max Morise (1900-1973) was a French artist, writer and actor, associated with the Surrealist movement in Paris from 1924 to 1929. He was friends with Robert Desnos and Roger Vitrac before they joined the Surrealist movement. He contributed articles to \"La Revolution Surrealiste\" and took part in a series of round table discussions held by the group, regarding the nature of sex. He also participated in several Surrealist games, most famously the \"exquisite corpse\". Andr\u00e9 Breton quotes Morise twice in the first \"Surrealist Manifesto\"; after saying \"We do not have any talent\", Breton provides a quote by Vitrac and Paul \u00c9luard, then says \"Ask Max Morise\" and provides this quote:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pattom A. Thanu Pillai", "paragraph_text": "Pattom Thanu Pillai (15 July 188527 July 1970) was a participant in the Indian independence movement who later served as the Chief Minister of Kerala from 22 February 1960 to 25 September 1962. He was known as the 'Bhishmacharya' of Kerala politics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tajikistan at the 2006 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "Tajikistan participated at the 2006 Asian Games held in Doha from December 1 to December 15, 2006. Tajikistan ranked 24th with 2 gold medals in this edition of the Asiad."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hafez al-Assad", "paragraph_text": "Hafez al-Assad ( \"\", , ; 6 October 1930\u00a0\u2013 10 June 2000) was a Syrian politician who served as President of Syria from 1971 to 2000. He was also Prime Minister from 1970 to 1971, as well as Regional Secretary of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and Secretary General of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party from 1970 to 2000."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "P. R. Francis", "paragraph_text": "He has organised workers of tile factories, plantation units, headload workers etc. in Thrissur and Ollur through Indian National Trade Union Congress. He has also participated in Quit India Movement."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jeopardy!", "paragraph_text": "The Jeopardy! round begins when the returning champion selects a clue, which may be from any position on the game board. The clue is revealed and read aloud by the host, after which any contestant may ring - in using a hand - held signaling device. The first contestant to ring - in successfully is prompted to provide a response to the clue, phrased in the form of a question. For example, if a contestant were to select ``Presidents for $200 '', the resulting clue could be`` This' Father of Our Country 'did n't really chop down a cherry tree'', to which the correct response would be ``Who is / was George Washington? ''(Contestants are free to phrase the response in the form of any question; the traditional phrasing of`` who is / are'' for people or ``what is / are ''for things or words is almost always used.) If the contestant responds correctly, the clue's dollar value is added to the contestant's score, and they may select a new clue from the board. An incorrect response, or a failure to respond within five seconds, deducts the clue's value from the contestant's score and allows the other contestants the opportunity to ring - in and respond. If no contestant both rings - in and responds correctly, the host gives the correct response; the`` last correct questioner'' chooses the next clue."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Broward Correctional Institution", "paragraph_text": "The Broward Correctional Institution (BCI) was a correctional facility located in the former Country Estates CDP and in Southwest Ranches, Florida, operated by the Florida Department of Corrections. The Region IV Correctional Facility Office is located on the grounds of Broward Correctional Institution in the former Country Estates CDP. The prison was in proximity to Pembroke Pines. It was located along Sheridan Street, near U.S. Route 27."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ralph-Johan Back", "paragraph_text": "Back originated the refinement calculus, an important approach to the formal development of programs using stepwise refinement, in his 1978 PhD thesis at the University of Helsinki, \"On the Correctness of Refinement Steps in Program Development\". He has undertaken much subsequent research in this area. He has held positions at CWI Amsterdam, the Academy of Finland and the University of Tampere."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "\u00c9tienne Pinte", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9tienne Pinte (born 19 March 1939) is a French politician. He held the position D\u00e9put\u00e9-maire of Versailles, meaning that he was separately elected as both the Mayor of the city and as a Deputy in the National Assembly (Assembl\u00e9e nationale), but decided not to run again for Mayor in the 2008 election. He represents the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party. He is a member of the Cultural Affairs Commission in the National Assembly. He is a law graduate."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "EuroMillions", "paragraph_text": "EuroMillions is a transnational lottery requiring 7 correct numbers to win the jackpot. It was launched on 7 February 2004 by France's Fran\u00e7aise des Jeux, Spain's Loter\u00edas y Apuestas del Estado and the United Kingdom's Camelot. The first draw was held on Friday 13 February 2004 in Paris. Initially, only the UK, France and Spain participated, with the Austrian, Belgian, Irish, Luxembourgish, Portuguese and Swiss lotteries joining for the 8 October 2004 drawing."}], "question": "What was the position of the Corrective Movement participant?"}
{"id": "2hop__161655_161937", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "National Football League Draft", "paragraph_text": "The National Football League Draft, also called the Player Selection Meeting, is an annual event in which the National Football League (NFL) teams select eligible college football players. It serves as the league's most common source of player recruitment. The basic design of the draft is that each team is given a position in the drafting order in reverse order relative to its record in the previous year, which means that the last place team is positioned first. From this position, the team can either select a player or trade their position to another team for other draft positions, a player or players, or any combination thereof. The round is complete when each team has either selected a player or traded its draft position. Certain aspects of the draft, including team positioning and the number of rounds in the draft, have seen revisions since its first creation in 1936, but the fundamental methodology has remained the same. Currently the draft consists of seven rounds. The original rationale in creating the draft was to increase the competitive parity between the teams as the worst team would, ideally, have chosen the best player available."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Roy Campanella Award", "paragraph_text": "The Roy Campanella Award is given annually to the Los Angeles Dodgers player who best exemplifies the spirit and leadership of the late Hall of Fame Brooklyn Dodger catcher, Roy Campanella. The award is voted on by all Los Angeles Dodgers uniformed personnel, players, and coaches. The award has been given out since 2006."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brad Stine (tennis coach)", "paragraph_text": "Brad Stine (born 1958) is an American tennis coach from Fresno, California. He is best known for coaching former no.1 ATP player Jim Courier, although he coached many other famous players."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Real Sociedad", "paragraph_text": "In appreciation of the value of the supporters to the club\u00a0\u2013 in the words of club president Jokin Aperribay, \"The fans are the soul, the nourishment and the reason for Real Sociedad\"\u00a0\u2013 the players each wore the name of a randomly selected club member on their shirt for the match against Sevilla in December 2012."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Germany women's national football team", "paragraph_text": "In 1955, the DFB decided to forbid women's football in all its clubs in West Germany. In its explanation, the DFB cited that \"this combative sport is fundamentally foreign to the nature of women\" and that \"body and soul would inevitably suffer damage\". Further, the \"display of the body violates etiquette and decency\". In spite of this ban, more than 150 unofficial international matches were played in the 1950s and 1960s. On 30 October 1970, the ban on women's football was lifted at the DFB annual convention.Other football associations had already formed official women's national teams in the 1970s, the DFB long remained uninvolved in women's football. In 1981, DFB official Horst R. Schmidt was invited to send a team to the unofficial women's football world championship. Schmidt accepted the invitation but hid the fact that West Germany had no women's national team at the time. To avoid humiliation, the DFB sent the German club champions Bergisch Gladbach 09, who went on to win the tournament. Seeing a need, the DFB established the women's national team in 1982. DFB president Hermann Neuberger appointed Gero Bisanz, an instructor at the Cologne Sports College, to set up the team."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Germany national football team", "paragraph_text": "At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the Breslau Elf (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8\u20130 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wroc\u0142aw, Poland).After Austria became part of Germany in the Anschluss of March 1938, that country's national team \u2013 one of Europe's best sides at the time due to professionalism \u2013 was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. Nazi politicians ordered five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, and First Vienna FC, to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity for political reasons. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June, this \"united\" German team managed only a 1\u20131 draw against Switzerland and then lost the replay 2\u20134 in front of a hostile crowd in Paris, France. That early exit stands as Germany's worst World Cup result, and one of just two occasions the team failed to progress the group stage (the next would not occur until the 2018 tournament)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hakk\u0131 Yeten", "paragraph_text": "Hakk\u0131 Yeten, (3 December 1910 \u2013 16 April 1989) was a Turkish football player and president of the \u0130stanbul-based football club Be\u015fikta\u015f J.K., which he also coached."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "A Football Life", "paragraph_text": "A Football Life is a documentary series of 111 episodes, developed by NFL Films and aired on NFL Network that documents the lives of select National Football League players, coaches, owners, and teams. Friends, teammates, family members and other players and coaches associated with the subjects are interviewed."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar", "paragraph_text": "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr.; April 16, 1947) is an American retired professional basketball player who played 20 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Milwaukee Bucks and the Los Angeles Lakers. During his career as a center, Abdul-Jabbar was a record six-time NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP), a record 19-time NBA All-Star, a 15-time All-NBA selection, and an 11-time NBA All-Defensive Team member. A member of six NBA championship teams as a player and two more as an assistant coach, Abdul-Jabbar twice was voted NBA Finals MVP. In 1996, he was honored as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. NBA coach Pat Riley and players Isiah Thomas and Julius Erving have called him the greatest basketball player of all time."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Giancarlo Primo", "paragraph_text": "Giancarlo Primo (November 4, 1924, Rome \u2013 December 27, 2005, Civita Castellana, Italy) was an Italian professional basketball player and coach. He was a coach of the FIBA European Selection team in 1974, 1975, and 1976. In 2001, he was awarded the FIBA Order of Merit. In 2007, he was enshrined into the FIBA Hall of Fame, and in 2008, he was inducted into the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1949 BAA draft", "paragraph_text": "The 1949 BAA draft was the third annual draft of the Basketball Association of America (BAA), which later became the National Basketball Association (NBA). The draft was held on March 21, 1949, before the 1949\u201350 season. In this draft, eleven remaining BAA teams along with the Indianapolis Olympians who joined the BAA, took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players. The draft consisted of 8 rounds and a regional selection period, with 75 players selected. This was the final BAA Draft before the league was renamed the NBA in August 1949. The 75 players selected matched the same number of players selected in the 1989 draft; both drafts have the least number of picks selected prior to 1989 (when the NBA draft was reduced to two rounds ever since)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "AFL Coaches Association awards", "paragraph_text": "The AFL Coaches Association awards are a group of awards which have been presented annually since 2003, mainly to players and coaches in the Australian Football League (AFL), voted for by all AFL coaches."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Teruzakura Hiroyuki", "paragraph_text": "Teruzakura Hiroyuki (born 5 December 1947 as Hiroyuki Ozaki) is a former sumo wrestler from Minoo, Osaka, Japan. He made his professional debut in May 1964, and reached the top division in July 1970. He fought for five tournaments in the top division and his highest rank was \"maegashira\" 7. He retired in January 1976 and became an elder in the Japan Sumo Association under the name Urakaze, working as a coach at Isegahama stable, Kiriyama stable and Asahiyama stable until reaching the mandatory retirement age of 65 in December 2012. The Urakaze name is now held by former maegashira Shikishima."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate (the Vice President) is absent. In practice, neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore -- customarily the most senior (longest - serving) Senator in the majority party -- actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party. Since the Vice President may be of a different party than the majority and is not a member subject to discipline, the rules of procedure of the Senate give the presiding officer very little power and none beyond the presiding role. For these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on bills."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cazzie Russell", "paragraph_text": "Cazzie Lee Russell (born June 7, 1944) is an American former professional basketball player and coach. An NBA All-Star, he was selected by the New York Knicks with the first overall pick of the 1966 NBA draft. He won an NBA championship with the Knicks in 1970."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "NBA Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1955 -- 56 season to the best performing player of the regular season. The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy, which is named in honor of the first commissioner (then president) of the NBA, who served from 1946 until 1963. Until the 1979 -- 80 season, the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players. Since the 1980 -- 81 season, the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada, each of whom casts a vote for first to fifth place selections. Each first - place vote is worth 10 points; each second - place vote is worth seven; each third - place vote is worth five, fourth - place is worth three and fifth - place is worth one. Starting from 2010, one ballot was cast by fans through online voting. The player with the highest point total wins the award. As of June 2017, the current holder of the award is Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ilir Selmani", "paragraph_text": "Ilir Selmani (born 9 January 1978) is a Kosovar basketball coach and former player. He is the head coach of KB Trep\u00e7a of the Kosovo Super League since 2016 and an assistant coach to the Kosovo men's national basketball team. In 2015 he was hired as the head coach of the Kosovo men's U-20 team."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Presiding Officer of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution also provides for appointment of one of the elected Senators to serve as President pro tempore. This Senator presides when the vice president was absent from the body. The President pro tempore is selected by the body specifically for the role of presiding in the absence of (as the meaning of pro tempore, literally ``for the time being '') the actual presiding officer. By tradition, the title of President pro tempore has come to be given more - or-less automatically to the most senior senator of the majority party. In actual practice in the modern Senate, the President pro tempore also does not often serve in the role (though it is his or her constitutional right to do so), instead, as governed by the aforementioned Rule I, he or she frequently designates a junior senator to perform the function."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hans J\u00e4cker", "paragraph_text": "After retiring as a player, J\u00e4cker worked as a youth coach at Eintracht Braunschweig and for a time managed Regionalliga Nord side Leu Braunschweig. From 1980 to 1983 he also served as the president of Eintracht Braunschweig."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Substitute (association football)", "paragraph_text": "The origin of football substitutes goes back to at least the early 1860s as part of English public school football games. The original use of the term ``substitute ''in football was to describe the replacement of players who failed to turn up for matches. For example, in 1863, a match reports states:`` The Charterhouse eleven played a match in cloisters against some old Carthusians but in consequence of the non-appearance of some of those who were expected it was necessary to provide three substitutes. The substitution of absent players happened as early as the 1850s, for example from Eton College where the term ``emergencies'' is used. Numerous references to players acting as a`` substitute ''occur in matches in the mid-1860s where it is not indicated whether these were replacements of absent players or of players injured during the match."}], "question": "Who is the president of the body that selected players in the absence of a stable coach?"}
{"id": "2hop__37445_815305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lisa Richette", "paragraph_text": "Lisa Aversa Richette (September 11, 1928 \u2013 October 26, 2007) was an American lawyer and judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia County. A lifelong Philadelphian, she was appointed to the bench in 1971. Noted for her outspokenness, she was a social activist, particularly in the areas of homelessness, child welfare, and juvenile justice."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Horror Story: Cult", "paragraph_text": "Ally (Sarah Paulson) and Ivy Mayfair - Richards (Alison Pill) are a married couple with a son named Oz (Cooper Dodson) who live in the fictitious city of Brookfield Heights, Michigan. Ally suffers from several phobias including coulrophobia, haemophobia, and trypophobia which intensify after Donald Trump wins the 2016 election. She often speaks with her psychiatrist, Dr. Rudy Vincent (Cheyenne Jackson), whose estranged and manipulative brother Kai Anderson (Evan Peters) forms a cult of individuals fed up with the political climate of the United States. Kai utilizes the fear inflicted upon the community by the cult's violent actions, notably those toward Ally and her family, to strengthen his campaign for a seat on city council. Cult members include Kai's sister Winter (Billie Lourd), newscast reporter Beverly Hope (Adina Porter), married couple Harrison (Billy Eichner) and Meadow Wilton (Leslie Grossman), detective Jack Samuels (Colton Haynes), Trump - supporter Gary Longstreet (Chaz Bono) and Ivy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century, after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians. When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, he took steps toward the dissolution of the order. His successor Theodosius I extinguished Vesta's sacred fire and vacated her temple."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vampire's Kiss", "paragraph_text": "Vampire's Kiss is a 1989 American black comedy film directed by Robert Bierman, written by Joseph Minion, and starring Nicolas Cage, Mar\u00eda Conchita Alonso, Jennifer Beals and Elizabeth Ashley. The film tells the story of a mentally ill literary agent whose condition turns even worse when he believes he was bitten by a vampire. It was a box office failure but went on to become a cult film."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her office, a Vestal was emancipated from her father's authority. In archaic Roman society, these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man, instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Horror Story: Cult", "paragraph_text": "Ally (Sarah Paulson) and Ivy Mayfair - Richards (Alison Pill) are a married couple with a son, named Oz (Cooper Dodson), who live in the fictitious city of Brookfield Heights, Michigan. Ally suffers from several phobias including coulrophobia, haemophobia, and trypophobia, which intensify after Donald Trump wins the 2016 election. She often speaks with her psychiatrist, Dr. Rudy Vincent Anderson (Cheyenne Jackson), whose estranged and manipulative brother Kai Anderson (Evan Peters) forms a cult of individuals fed up with the political climate of the United States. Kai utilizes the fear inflicted upon the community by the cult's violent actions, notably those toward Ally and her family, to strengthen his campaign for a seat on the City Council. Cult members include Kai's sister Winter (Billie Lourd), newscast reporter Beverly Hope (Adina Porter), married couple Harrison (Billy Eichner) and Meadow Wilton (Leslie Grossman), detective Jack Samuels (Colton Haynes), Trump - supporter Gary Longstreet (Chaz Bono), Ivy and Ally."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festival of Vestalia, they participated directly in the rites of Parilia, Parentalia and Fordicidia. Indirectly, they played a role in every official sacrifice; among their duties was the preparation of the mola salsa, the salted flour that was sprinkled on every sacrificial victim as part of its immolation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to have been responsible for at least some of the household shrines (lararia) and their deities. Household cults had state counterparts. In Vergil's Aeneid, Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the lares and penates from Troy, along with the Palladium which was later installed in the temple of Vesta."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Peter Ostrum", "paragraph_text": "Peter Gardner Ostrum (/ \u02c8pi\u02d0t\u0259r \u02c8o\u028astr\u0259m /; born November 1957) is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lexa Ros\u00e9an", "paragraph_text": "Lexa Ros\u00e9an (born May 1958), is an American Wiccan high priestess and an initiated neo-Gardnerian Minoan witch, dancer and writer."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Perrette Pradier", "paragraph_text": "Perrette Pradier (17 April 1938\u00a0\u2013 16 January 2013) was a French actress. She is best known for her work as a voice actress which earned her the nickname of \"Queen\" or \"High Priestess\" of dubbing."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, some cult practices were reserved for women only. The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely. Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias. A host of deities, however, are associated with motherhood. Juno, Diana, Lucina, and specialized divine attendants presided over the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "They Live on the Sun", "paragraph_text": "They Live on the Sun is an album by Cloud Cult, inspired in large part by the 2002 death of songwriter Craig Minowa's son Kaidin, whose voice is sampled on the songs \"I'm Not Gone\" and \"Took You for Granted\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tiberius", "paragraph_text": "Born to Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla in a Claudian family, he was given the personal name Tiberius Claudius Nero. His mother divorced Nero and married Octavian\u2014later to ascend to Emperor as Augustus\u2014who officially became his stepfather. Tiberius would later marry Augustus' daughter (from his marriage to Scribonia), Julia the Elder, and even later be adopted by Augustus. Through the adoption, he officially became a Julian, assuming the name Tiberius Julius Caesar. The emperors after Tiberius would continue this blended dynasty of both families for the following thirty years; historians have named it the Julio-Claudian dynasty. His relationship to the other emperors of this dynasty was as follows: he was the stepson of Augustus, grand-uncle of Caligula, paternal uncle of Claudius, and great-grand uncle of Nero. Tiberius' 22-and-a-half-year reign would be the longest after that of Augustus until that of Antoninus Pius, who surpassed his reign by a few months."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Katherine Hagedorn", "paragraph_text": "Katherine Johanna Hagedorn (October 16, 1961 \u2013 November 12, 2013) was an ethnomusicologist, born in Summit, New Jersey to a white family, who became a traditional Cuban drummer and Santeria priestess."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Peggy Nadramia", "paragraph_text": "Peggy Nadramia (born Margaret Nadramia) is an American magazine editor and administrator in the Church of Satan, of which she is the current High Priestess, and in which she is known as Magistra Nadramia, as well as the wife of current church head Peter H. Gilmore."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yochlol", "paragraph_text": "Yochlols are fictional demonic creatures in the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" roleplaying game. These lesser tanar'ri are handmaidens of Lolth, the drow goddess of Spiders, dwelling amongst the outer planes and being regularly summoned by the Queen of Spiders' priestesses to witness sacrifices in the name of their dark goddess, Lolth. The summoning process tests the very fiber of the high priestesses' dedication. Establishing a mental connection to its summoners, yochlol scour their thoughts and memories to find proof of their loyalty to Lolth. It proves to be a rather unpleasant experience for all who are present, but the yochlols' connection to Lolth also proves to be fairly useful when a family feels they have obtained something to please her."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yal\u00e7\u0131n Granit", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Istanbul on September 17, 1932. Yal\u00e7\u0131n Granit, whose father died when he was a child, entered Dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fafaka High School, an institution for orphans only, in the sixth grade. He played football in the school team, though he was directed to playing basketball."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vestal Goodman", "paragraph_text": "Vestal Goodman died at the age 74 of complications from influenza while on Christmas vacation in Florida with her family. She died in the ambulance on the way to the hospital in Celebration, Florida. Her son Rick said it was very appropriate for her death that it would happen in a place called Celebration."}], "question": "Who is the child of the person to whose cult the vestals were appointed as priestesses?"}
{"id": "2hop__160192_386457", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Friends (season 8)", "paragraph_text": "Ross and Rachel arrive at the hospital. Judy Geller gives Ross her mother's engagement ring to propose to Rachel with. Monica and Chandler decide to have a baby. After forty - seven hours of labor, Rachel has her and Ross's baby, Emma as ``River Of Tears ''by Eric Clapton plays in the background. Joey finds Ross's engagement ring. Rachel thinks he's proposing and says`` Okay''. Monica and Chandler try for a baby in the hospital."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Equivalents", "paragraph_text": "Equivalents is a series of photographs of clouds taken by Alfred Stieglitz from 1925 to 1934. They are generally recognized as the first photographs intended to free the subject matter from literal interpretation, and, as such, are some of the first completely abstract photographic works of art."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sunbaker", "paragraph_text": "Sunbaker is a 1937 black-and-white photograph by Australian modernist photographer Max Dupain, depicting the head and shoulders of a man lying on a beach, taken from a low angle. The iconic photograph has been described as \"quintessentially Australian\", a \"sort of icon of the Australian way of life\". and \"arguably the most widely recognised of all Australian photographs.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Doon Arbus", "paragraph_text": "Doon Arbus (born April 3, 1945) is an American writer and journalist. She is the daughter of actor Allan Arbus and photographer Diane Arbus. Her sister, Amy Arbus, is a photojournalist. Doon was 26 when her mother committed suicide, and now manages her mother's estate."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Department store", "paragraph_text": "Department stores today have sections that sell the following: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods, do it yourself, paint, and hardware and additionally select other lines of products such as food, books, jewelry, electronics, stationery, photographic equipment, baby products, and products for pets. Customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a retail chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under heavy pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "King cake", "paragraph_text": "The cake often has a small plastic baby (to represent the Baby Jesus) inside or underneath; and the person who gets the piece of cake with the trinket has various privileges and obligations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dirty Dancing", "paragraph_text": "In the summer of 1963, 17 - year - old Frances ``Baby ''Houseman is vacationing with her family at Kellerman's, a resort in the Catskill Mountains. Baby, the younger of two daughters, plans to study economics in underdeveloped countries and enter the Peace Corps. Her father, Jake, is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman, the resort proprietor. Baby develops a crush on the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle, and meets his cousin, Billy. The staff holds secret after - hours parties in their quarters, and Baby is surprised by their`` dirty dancing''. Intrigued, Baby receives a brief, impromptu dance lesson from Johnny."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Toys \"R\" Us", "paragraph_text": "Babies ``R ''Us operates as a specialty baby products retailer and has grown to approximately 260 locations in the United States. The stores offers an assortment of products for newborns, infants, and toddlers."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Preterm birth", "paragraph_text": "Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks' gestational age. These babies are known as preemies or premies. Symptoms of preterm labor include uterine contractions which occur more often than every ten minutes or the leaking of fluid from the vagina. Premature infants are at greater risk for cerebral palsy, delays in development, hearing problems and sight problems. These risks are greater the earlier a baby is born."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dirty Dancing", "paragraph_text": "After Baby discovers that Johnny's dance partner, Penny Johnson (Cynthia Rhodes), is pregnant by Robbie Gould (Max Cantor), a womanizing waiter who is also dating and cheating on Baby's older sister, Lisa (Jane Brucker) and several other female guests, she borrows money from her father to pay for an illegal abortion for Penny. Jake agrees to give the money to Baby even though she says she ca n't tell him what it's for. Penny eventually accepts the money, but says there is another issue. Johnny and Penny perform a weekly dance at the Sheldrake, another nearby resort. Penny will miss her performance if she goes for the abortion, and they will forfeit their salary for the season. Billy suggests that Baby fill in for her. Johnny scoffs at this, which overcomes Baby's initial resistance. Billy and Penny insist that Johnny can teach anyone to dance. Johnny begins to teach Baby the mambo, and the two spend several awkward practice sessions together. Baby gradually begins to improve, and a romantic attraction grows between them."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Donald Trounson", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Donald Trounson OAM (30 September 1905 \u2013 29 January 2009) was a British diplomat and amateur photographer who settled in Australia in his retirement to become a bird photographer and the founder of the National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dirty Dancing", "paragraph_text": "In the summer of 1963, 17 - year - old Frances ``Baby ''Houseman (Jennifer Grey) is vacationing with her affluent family at Kellerman's, a resort in the Catskill Mountains. Baby is the younger of two daughters, and plans to attend Mount Holyoke College to study economics in underdeveloped countries and then enter the Peace Corps. Her father, Jake (Jerry Orbach), is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman (Jack Weston), the resort proprietor. Baby is befriended by Max's grandson Neil (Lonny Price). Baby develops a crush on the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle (Patrick Swayze). Johnny is the leader of the resort's working - class entertainment staff. Baby encounters Johnny's cousin Billy on a walk through the resort grounds, and helps him carry watermelons to the staff quarters. The staff hold secret after - hours parties in their quarters, and Baby is surprised by the`` dirty dancing'' they engage in. Intrigued, Baby receives a brief, impromptu dance lesson from Johnny."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Boss Baby", "paragraph_text": "Alec Baldwin as Theodore Templeton / Boss Baby, a baby with the mind of an adult Miles Bakshi as Timothy ``Tim ''Templeton Boss Baby's 7 - year - old brother Tobey Maguire as an adult Tim, the narrator Steve Buscemi as Francis E. Francis, the CEO of Puppy Co and the former CEO of BabyCorp and Boss Baby's arch - nemesis Jimmy Kimmel as Ted Templeton, Janice's husband and Tim's father Lisa Kudrow as Janice Templeton, Ted's wife and Tim's mother Conrad Vernon as Eugene Francis, Francis E. Francis' brother and minion James McGrath as Wizzie, Tim's Gandalf-esque alarm clock David Soren as Jimbo Nina Zoe Bakshi as Tim's Daughter, Girl, Little Girl Tom McGrath as TV Chef Walt Dohrn as Photographer James Ryan as Story Bear Eric Bell Jr. as Triplets ViviAnn Yee as Staci Edie Mirman as The Big Boss Baby, Boss Baby's big boss James McGrath and James Izzo as Elvis impersonators"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hans Hildenbrand", "paragraph_text": "Hans Hildenbrand (1870\u20131957) was a German photographer who was famous for taking color photographs during World War I. His French counterpart is considered Jules Gervais-Courtellemont. Hildenbrand was a photographer for National Geographic after the war."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anna Atkins", "paragraph_text": "Anna Atkins (n\u00e9e Children; 16 March 1799 \u2013 9 June 1871) was an English botanist and photographer. She is often considered the first person to publish a book illustrated with photographic images. Some sources claim that she was the first woman to create a photograph."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anderson Cooper", "paragraph_text": "Cooper's media experience began early. As a baby, he was photographed by Diane Arbus for Harper's Bazaar.  At the age of three, Cooper was a guest on The Tonight Show on September 17, 1970, appearing with his mother. At the age of nine, he appeared on To Tell the Truth as an impostor.  From age 10 to 13, Cooper modeled with Ford Models for Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein and Macy's.Cooper's father suffered a series of heart attacks while undergoing open-heart surgery, and died January 5, 1978, at the age of 50. Cooper considers his father's book Families to be \"sort of a guide on...how he would have wanted me to live my life and the choices he would have wanted me to make. And so I feel very connected to him.\"Cooper's older brother, Carter Vanderbilt Cooper, died by suicide on July 22, 1988, at age 23, by jumping from the 14th-floor terrace of Vanderbilt's New York City penthouse apartment. Gloria Vanderbilt later wrote about her son's death in the book A Mother's Story, in which she expressed her belief that the suicide was caused by a psychotic episode induced by an allergy to the anti-asthma prescription drug salbutamol. Anderson cites Carter's suicide for sparking his interest in journalism."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baby Driver", "paragraph_text": "Fleeing Atlanta, Baby and Debora run into a police roadblock. Debora prepares to ram it, but Baby stops her and surrenders, telling her she does not belong in the world of crime. At Baby's trial, Joseph, Debora, and several people Baby saved during the robberies testify in his defense. Baby is sentenced to 25 years in prison with a parole hearing after five years. He receives postcards from Debora, who promises to wait for him. Baby is released and finds Debora waiting, and they kiss."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Baby Can I Hold You", "paragraph_text": "``Baby Can I Hold You ''Single by Tracy Chapman from the album Tracy Chapman B - side`` Across The Lines'' ``If Not Now... ''`` Mountains O 'Things'' (Live) Released October 1, 1988 Genre Folk Length 3: 14 Label Elektra / Asylum Records Songwriter (s) Tracy Chapman Producer (s) David Kershenbaum Tracy Chapman singles chronology ``Talkin' 'bout a Revolution ''(1988)`` Baby Can I Hold You'' (1988) ``Crossroads ''(1989)`` Talkin' 'bout a Revolution'' (1988) ``Baby Can I Hold You ''(1988)`` Crossroads'' (1989) ``Wedding Song ''(2000) Wedding Song2000`` Baby Can I Hold You'' (2001) (Re-release) Baby Can I Hold You2001 ``You're the One ''(2002) You're the One2002"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Baby Buggy Bunny", "paragraph_text": "Baby Buggy Bunny is a \"Merrie Melodies\" animated short directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese, released in 1954. The story is about a dwarf gangster named \"Babyface\" Finster (based on gangster Baby Face Nelson) who, after a clever bank robbery, loses his ill-gotten gains down Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole, forcing him to don the disguise of an orphan baby to get it back."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the photographer of the baby?"}
{"id": "2hop__49851_465220", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pliska Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Pliska Ridge (Vrah Pliska \\'vr&h 'pli-ska\\) is a three-peaked ridge rising to 667 m in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Its central and highest summit, \"Pliska Peak\", is located 2.48\u00a0km east-northeast of Willan Nunatak (449 m), 1.81\u00a0km southeast of Burdick Peak (773 m, summit of Burdick Ridge), 3.53\u00a0km south-southwest of Mount Bowles, 3.68\u00a0km west-southwest of Kuzman Knoll, and 3.61\u00a0km northwest of Mount Friesland. The feature is 1.6\u00a0km long and 500 m wide, its axis trending due east-west, with precipitous southern slopes. It is ice-covered except for segments of its easternmost peak (646 m) and is bounded to the northwest by Orpheus Gate, to the north by the head of Perunika Glacier, to the east by Nesebar Gap, and to the south and west by the head of Huntress Glacier, the latter flowing 6\u00a0km southwestwards into False Bay."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Albrecht Penck Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Albrecht Penck Glacier () is a glacier between the Fry Glacier and the Evans Piedmont Glacier, draining northeast toward Tripp Bay on the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was first charted by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907\u201309) which named this feature for Albrecht Penck, the Director of the Institute of Oceanography and of the Geographical Institute in Berlin."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kilroy Bluff", "paragraph_text": "Kilroy Bluff () is an ice-covered bluff, high, on the west side of Nursery Glacier at the junction with Jorda Glacier in the Churchill Mountains of Antarctica. The east face of the feature is indented by twin cirques that resemble eyes. Under certain light conditions the appearance of the bluff is reminiscent of the ubiquitous graffiti of World War II: a caricature of a head peering over a wall and the message \"Kilroy was here\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Regia", "paragraph_text": "The Regia was a two-part structure in Ancient Rome lying along the Sacra Via at the edge of the Roman Forum that originally served as the residence or one of the main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as the office of the Pontifex Maximus, the highest religious official of Rome. It occupied a triangular patch of terrain between the Temple of Vesta, the Temple of Divus Julius and Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Only the foundations of Republican/Imperial Regia remain. Like the Curia it was destroyed and rebuilt several times, as far back as the Roman monarchy. Studies have found multiple layers of similar buildings with more regular features, prompting the theory that this \"Republican Regia\" was to have a different use."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gobba di Rollin", "paragraph_text": "Gobba di Rollin is notable as having the highest ski lift in Europe on its top, since it is the highest point of the ski area \"Matterhorn Glacier Paradise\" on the Theodul Glacier, between Zermatt and Breuil-Cervinia. It is connected to both the Klein Matterhorn and Testa Grigia by ski lifts. The shortest access is from the Klein Matterhorn station (3,820 m), less than two kilometres away, from where it can be easily reached by a piste on the glacier. The summit had even been reached via the Theodul Pass by 4x4 vehicles."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Stephenson", "paragraph_text": "Mount Stephenson a mountain in Antarctica. It is located within the central portion of the Douglas Range, standing at the heads of Toynbee Glacier and Sedgwick Glacier 8 miles west of George VI Sound, near the east coast of Alexander Island within the British Antarctic Territory. At an elevation of , Mount Stephenson is the highest mountain in the Douglas Range and the highest point on Alexander Island. Mount Egbert ranks second, standing at 2,895 m and lies south-southeast of Mount Stephenson."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geographical feature", "paragraph_text": "Geographical features are man - made or naturally - created features of the Earth. Natural geographical features consist of landforms and ecosystems. For example, terrain types, physical factors of the environment) are natural geographical features. Conversely, human settlements or other engineered forms are considered types of artificial geographical features."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Auriga Nunataks", "paragraph_text": "The Auriga Nunataks () are a small group of nunataks in Palmer Land, Antarctica, located east of Wade Point at the head of Bertram Glacier. The highest of these rises to a sharp peak and is visible for a great distance. They were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the constellation of Auriga."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Khumbu Glacier", "paragraph_text": "The Khumbu Glacier is located in the Khumbu region of northeastern Nepal between Mount Everest and the Lhotse - Nuptse ridge. With elevations of 4,900 m (16,100 ft) at its terminus to 7,600 m (24,900 ft) at its source, it is the world's highest glacier. The Khumbu Glacier is followed for the final part of the trail to one of the Everest Base Camps. The start of the glacier is in the Western Cwm near Everest. The glacier has a large icefall, the Khumbu Icefall, at the west end of the lower Western Cwm. This icefall is the first major obstacle -- and among the more dangerous -- on the standard south col route to the Everest summit. It is also the largest Glacier of Nepal."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dughla", "paragraph_text": "Dughla is a glacial lake, small hamlet and mountain pass in Solukhumbu District in the Himalayas of Nepal, to the south of Khumbu Glacier. The settlement, consisting of several huts, is located at an elevation of 4620 metres (15,160 ft), making it one of the highest settlements in the world, but likely not permanently inhabited all year around as it is essentially a collection of huts catering to hikers. Gokyo to the northwest is a little higher in elevation than Dughla. The village lies in an elevated position above and to the northeast of the lake, obscured from views of the lake by a rocky precipice. The village is best viewed on Google Earth at ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Chown", "paragraph_text": "Mount Chown is Alberta's 36th highest peak. It is named after the Reverend Samuel Dwight Chown. It is located in the northwest corner of Jasper National Park on the border with the Willmore Wilderness Park. It lies between two glaciers the Chown Glacier and the Resthaven Glacier."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Store Bukkeholstinden", "paragraph_text": "Store Bukkeholstinden is a mountain in Lom, Oppland, Norway. It is the highest among the mountains called Bukkeholstindane, and lies on a ridge between the glacier Bukkeholsbreen in the north, and the valley Tverrbytnede in the south."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wildwind Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Wildwind Glacier is a substantial mountain glacier in Antarctica, 3\u00a0nautical miles (6\u00a0km) wide, which flows southward into Alatna Valley, draining both the Staten Island Heights and Mount Razorback areas, in the Convoy Range, Victoria Land. So named by a 1989-90 New Zealand Antarctic Research Program (NZARP) field party because strong and persistent winds in this vicinity have cut major flutings through the ice-cliffed terminus of the glacier. The estimate terrain elevation above sea level is 1034 metres."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Margaritifer Terra", "paragraph_text": "Margaritifer Terra is an ancient, heavily cratered region of Mars. It is centered just south of the Martian equator at and covers 2600\u00a0km at its widest extent. The area reveals \"chaos terrain\", outflow channels, and alluvial plains that are indicative of massive flooding. Wind erosion patterns are also in evidence. A region within the terra shows some of the highest valley network densities on the planet. Ares Vallis is another notable feature, where the flood and flow patterns are in evidence; it was the landing site of the Soviet \"Mars 6\" lander and NASA's \"Mars Pathfinder\". It is also one of several proposed landing sites for the Mars 2020 Rover."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ebbe Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Ebbe Glacier () is a tributary glacier about long, draining northwest from the Homerun Range and the Robinson Heights, and then west-northwest between the Everett Range and the Anare Mountains into Lillie Glacier, Victoria Land, Antarctica. This feature saddles with Tucker Glacier, the latter draining southeast to the Ross Sea. The glacier lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. Robertson Glacier is a tributary glacier to Ebbe Glacier."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Masherbrum", "paragraph_text": "Masherbrum (Urdu: \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u200e; formerly known as K1) is located in the Ghanche District, Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan. At 7,821 metres (25,659 ft) it is the 22nd highest mountain in the world and the 9th highest in Pakistan. It was the first mapped peak in the Karakoram mountain range, hence the designation \"K1\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Deuteronilus Mensae", "paragraph_text": "Deuteronilus Mensae is a region on Mars 937\u00a0km across and centered at . It covers 344\u00b0\u2013325\u00b0 West and 40\u00b0\u201348\u00b0 North. Deuteronilus region lies just to the north of Arabia Terra and is included in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle. It is along the dichotomy boundary, that is between the old, heavily cratered southern highlands and the low plains of the northern hemisphere. The region contains flat-topped knobby terrain that may have been formed by glaciers at some time in the past. Deuteronilus Mensae is to the immediate west of Protonilus Mensae and Ismeniae Fossae. Glaciers persist in the region in modern times, with at least one glacier estimated to have formed as recently as 100,000 to 10,000 years ago. Recent evidence from the radar on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has shown that parts of Deuteronilus Mensae do indeed contain ice."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Banff National Park", "paragraph_text": "Banff National Park is Canada's oldest national park and was established in 1885. Located in the Rocky Mountains, 110 -- 180 kilometres (68 -- 112 mi) west of Calgary in the province of Alberta, Banff encompasses 6,641 square kilometres (2,564 sq mi) of mountainous terrain, with numerous glaciers and ice fields, dense coniferous forest, and alpine landscapes. The Icefields Parkway extends from Lake Louise, connecting to Jasper National Park in the north. Provincial forests and Yoho National Park are neighbours to the west, while Kootenay National Park is located to the south and Kananaskis Country to the southeast. The main commercial centre of the park is the town of Banff, in the Bow River valley."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Itatiba", "paragraph_text": "Itatiba is a municipality in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil, approximately 80\u00a0km from the State Capital. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 113,284 (2015 est.) in an area of 322.28\u00a0km\u00b2. The average elevation is 750 m. The place's name comes from the Tupi Guarani language, and means \"Many Rocks\". The city is known as the \"Princess of the Hill\" due to its rugged terrain. According to the Federation of Industries of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Itatiba is the third city with the highest quality of life in Brazil, presenting a FIRJAN Municipal Development Index of 0.9276. It is considered to be the town with the 3rd highest levels of oxygen in the air in the whole world. It used to be the furniture capital of Brazil."}], "question": "What mountain range has the highest glacier in the world?"}
{"id": "2hop__802628_154965", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Borz", "paragraph_text": "Production of the first model started in 1992 at the \"Krasniy Molot\" plant in Grozny. Only a few hundred Borzes were crafted at the \"Krasniy Molot\" plant, because production at this plant was stopped by the First Chechen War, and moved into underground workshops."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Warlord Era", "paragraph_text": "The Warlord Era (, 19161928) was a period in the history of the Republic of China when control of the country was divided among former military cliques of the Beiyang Army and other regional factions, which were spread across the mainland regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gansu, Yunnan, and Xinjiang."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shanxi clique", "paragraph_text": "Though a close associate of Duan Qirui, Shanxi's military governor, Yan Xishan, did not join Duan's Anhui clique. He kept his province neutral from the various civil wars the nation was facing, although he would fight troops from other cliques if they encroached the provincial boundaries. In 1927, faced with the overwhelming forces of the National Revolutionary Army, the Fengtian clique issued an ultimatum to Yan to join their side. Yan joined the NRA instead and drove Fengtian armies from Beijing. As a reward, the Kuomintang allowed the Shanxi clique to expand all the way to the sea at Hebei, Shandong. Displeased with the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek, the Shanxi clique together with several other cliques launched the Central Plains War but was defeated. The clique was significantly weakened by the Japanese invasion which occupied most of their base province. After the war, Yan was unable to defend his province which fell to the Communists in 1949."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "California", "paragraph_text": "What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence, but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War. The western portion of Alta California then was organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large - scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "13th Street is in three parts. The first is a dead end from Avenue C. The second starts at a dead end, just before Avenue B, and runs to Greenwich Avenue, and the third part is from Eighth Avenue to Tenth Avenue."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Danuta Dmowska", "paragraph_text": "Dmowska started fencing when she was ten years old. At first, she fought with foil but at the age of twelve she started training with \u00e9p\u00e9e. From 1997 to 2001, Danuta Dmowska attended the XLV Lyceum in Warsaw, Poland."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war material through the Lend - Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers. The U.S. economic sanctions on Japan, as part of the effort to deter Japanese military aggression in Asia and the Pacific, was a major cause of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "3rd Battalion (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The 3rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Originally raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force for service during World War I, the battalion formed part of the 1st Brigade, attached to the 1st Division. It was formed shortly after the war broke out and was among the first Australian units to be sent overseas, arriving in Egypt in December 1914. In April 1915 the battalion participated in the Landing at Anzac Cove, coming ashore in the second and third waves. In December 1915 the 3rd Battalion was evacuated from the Gallipoli peninsula and withdrawn to Egypt again, where it took part in the defence of the Suez Canal before being sent to France to fight on the Western Front in March 1916. For the next two and a half years the unit would serve in the trenches in France and Belgium and would take part in many of the major battles fought during that time. In May 1919, following the end of the war, the battalion was disbanded and its personnel repatriated back to Australia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "California", "paragraph_text": "What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War. The western portion of Alta California then was organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large - scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "Starting on April 30, 1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria - Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted it in 1918."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "First Zhili\u2013Fengtian War", "paragraph_text": "The First Zhili\u2013Fengtian War (First Chihli-Fengtien War; ) was a 1922 conflict in the Republic of China's Warlord Era between the Zhili and Fengtian cliques for control of Beijing. The war led to the defeat of the Fengtian clique and the fall of its leader, Zhang Zuolin, from the coalition Zhili-Fengtian government in Beijing. Wu Peifu was credited as the strategist behind Zhili's victory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cabu", "paragraph_text": "Cabu started out studying art at the \u00c9cole Estienne in Paris and his drawings were first published by 1954 in a local newspaper. The Algerian War forced him to be conscripted in the army for over two years, where his talent was used in the army magazine \"Bled\" and in \"Paris Match\". His time in the army caused him to become a strident anti-militarist and adopt a slightly anarchistic view of society."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Governor of Texas", "paragraph_text": "The state's first constitution in 1845 established the office of governor, to serve for two years, but no more than four years out of every six (essentially a limit of no more than two consecutive terms). The 1861 secessionist constitution set the term start date at the first Monday in the November following the election. The 1866 constitution, adopted just after the American Civil War, increased terms to 4 years, but no more than 8 years out of every 12, and moved the start date to the first Thursday after the organization of the legislature, or ``as soon thereafter as practicable ''. The Reconstruction constitution of 1869 removed the limit on terms, Texas remains one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term limit. The present constitution of 1876 shortened terms back to two years, but a 1972 amendment increased it again to four years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two - thirds of the year. The 2007 U.S. change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy - consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change -- to provide extra daylight on October 31."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2017 New Year Honours", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 New Year Honours are appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Honours were awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January and were announced on 30 December 2016."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Richard Sandford", "paragraph_text": "Richard Sandford attended Clifton College whence he joined the Royal Navy. At 26 years old, he was a Lieutenant commanding a submarine, HMS C3 in the Royal Navy during the First World War when he took part in the Zeebrugge Raid and won the Victoria Cross. The citation read:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "8th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 8th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both World War I and World War II before being disbanded and reactivated in the 1960s, finally being disbanded in 2006. It was formed before the First World War as part of the 3rd Division. As part of that division it spent the entire war on the Western Front from 1914 to 1918 in the First World War. The brigade was also active during the Second World War."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wolf's Lair", "paragraph_text": "Wolf's Lair (German: \"Wolfsschanze\"; Polish: \"Wilczy Szaniec\") was Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front military headquarters in World War II. The complex, which became one of several \"F\u00fchrerhauptquartiere\" (F\u00fchrer Headquarters) in various parts of Eastern Europe, was built for the start of Operation \"Barbarossa\" \u2013 the invasion of the Soviet Union \u2013 in 1941. It was constructed by Organisation Todt."}], "question": "What year did the period when First Zhili\u2013Fengtian War happened start?"}
{"id": "2hop__57714_62375", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of The Walking Dead episodes", "paragraph_text": "In October 2016, the series was renewed for a 16 - episode eighth season, which premiered on October 22, 2017. As of November 5, 2017, 102 episodes of The Walking Dead have aired."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tom Payne (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Payne (born 21 December 1982) is an English actor. He is best known for appearing on AMC's The Walking Dead as Paul ``Jesus ''Rovia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Walking Dead (comic book)", "paragraph_text": "Title ISBN Release Date Collected Material The Walking Dead: Compendium One 1 - 60706 - 076 - 0 May 6, 2009 Collects # 1 -- 48 The Walking Dead: Compendium Two 1 - 60706 - 596 - 7 October 3, 2012 Collects # 49 -- 96 The Walking Dead: Compendium Three 1 - 63215 - 456 - 0 October 13, 2015 Collects # 97 -- 144"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mercedes Mason", "paragraph_text": "Mercedes Mason (; formerly Mas\u00f6hn, born 1983) is a Swedish-American actress known for playing the role of Zondra in the American television series \"Chuck\" and the role of Isabel Zambada in the American procedural drama \"The Finder\". She starred in the 2011 American horror film \"\". She played Louise Leonard in the 2012\u201313 American supernatural drama \"666 Park Avenue\" and Talia Del Campo in \"\". She was a regular on AMC's television series \"Fear the Walking Dead\" from 2015 to 2017."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Walking Dead: A New Frontier", "paragraph_text": "The Walking Dead: A New Frontier (also known as The Walking Dead: Season Three) is an episodic graphic adventure game based on Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead comic book series developed by Telltale Games. It is Telltale's third season of its The Walking Dead series, with the first two episodes released on December 20, 2016, and a retail season pass disc edition planned for release on February 7, 2017. The game employs the same narrative structure as the past seasons, where player choice in one episode will have a permanent impact on future story elements. The player choices recorded in save files from the first two seasons and the additional episode ``400 Days ''carry over into the third season. Clementine (voiced by Melissa Hutchison), who was the player's companion during the first season and the player - character in season two returns as a player - character along with another player - character, Javier`` Javi'' Garcia (voiced by Jeff Schine)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lori Grimes", "paragraph_text": "Lori Grimes is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies in the American television series of the same name in the show's first three seasons. Created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Tony Moore, the character made her debut in The Walking Dead # 2 in 2003. In both forms of media, she is the wife of protagonist Rick Grimes and mother of Carl, and serves as the emotional core of the group. The character escaped the zombie apocalypse with Carl and Rick's partner Shane Walsh, and, believing her husband to be dead, started a relationship with Shane."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Glenn Rhee", "paragraph_text": "In both forms of media, Glenn is a young pizza delivery boy from Atlanta (although in the television series it's stated that he's originally from Yeun's home state, Michigan) who is separated from his family after the zombie outbreak and joins a group of survivors led by Rick Grimes. Glenn is known for being quick thinking and resourceful, which makes him the group's primary supply runner. As the group begins to move around the region looking for sanctuary, Glenn meets Maggie Greene and they fall in love. Their relationship is tested in numerous ways throughout the course of the series as their humanity is challenged in the face of numerous threats, including hostile survivors the group comes into contact with. They eventually marry and have a child, although he is killed by Negan before the child is born."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Walking Dead: A New Frontier", "paragraph_text": "The Walking Dead: A New Frontier (also known as The Walking Dead: Season Three) is an episodic graphic adventure game based on Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead comic book series developed by Telltale Games. It is Telltale's third season of its The Walking Dead series, with the first two episodes released on December 20, 2016, and a retail season pass disc edition released on February 7, 2017. The game employs the same narrative structure as the past seasons, where player choice in one episode will have a permanent impact on future story elements. The player choices recorded in save files from the first two seasons and the additional episode ``400 Days ''carry over into the third season. Clementine (voiced by Melissa Hutchison), who was the player's companion during the first season and the player - character in season two returns as a player - character along with another player - character, Javier`` Javi'' Garcia (voiced by Jeff Schine)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dead Man's Walk", "paragraph_text": "Dead Man's Walk is a 1995 novel by American writer Larry McMurtry. It is the third book published in the \"Lonesome Dove\" series but the first installment in terms of chronology. McMurtry wrote a fourth segment to the \"Lonesome Dove\" chronicle, \"Comanche Moon\", which describes the events of the central characters' lives between \"Dead Man's Walk\" and \"Lonesome Dove\". The second novel in the \"Lonesome Dove\" series was the 1993 sequel to the original, called \"Streets of Laredo\". \"Dead Man\u2019s Walk\" was later adapted into a three-part miniseries of the same name, which aired in May, 1996."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paul \"Jesus\" Monroe", "paragraph_text": "Jesus appears in the video game by Telltale Games' The Walking Dead: Season Three, which is set in the comic book universe. He displays many of the same characteristics, having escaped from ties and knowing martial arts. His attire closely resembles what he has worn in the television series, while his physical appearance matches his comic book counterpart. He is voiced by actor Brandon Keener."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dale Horvath", "paragraph_text": "Dale Horvath is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Jeffrey DeMunn in the American television series of the same name. The character's death in the latter half of the second season of the show marks a significant departure from the comics, where Dale survived much longer. In both media, he is shown to be the group's primary moral center."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "King Ezekiel", "paragraph_text": "King Ezekiel is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and the television series of the same name, where he is portrayed by Khary Payton."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jeffrey Dean Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Jeffrey Dean Morgan (born April 22, 1966) is an American actor. He is known for playing John Winchester on Supernatural, Denny Duquette on the medical drama Grey's Anatomy, The Comedian in the 2009 superhero film Watchmen, Jason Crouse on The Good Wife, and Negan on The Walking Dead."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hallow's Victim", "paragraph_text": "Hallow's Victim is the second studio album by the American doom metal band Saint Vitus. It was released in 1985 by SST Records. This album was the last to feature original singer Scott Reagers until their seventh album, \"Die Healing\" (1995). Reagers also appears on \"The Walking Dead\" EP that was released the same year. It remained the only Saint Vitus album not to be officially released on CD until SST officially released the album on CD in combination with \"The Walking Dead\" in 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lauren Cohan", "paragraph_text": "Lauren Cohan (born January 7, 1982) is an English - American actress and model. She is known for her role as Maggie Greene on the horror drama series The Walking Dead (2011 -- present)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alycia Debnam-Carey", "paragraph_text": "Alycia Jasmin Debnam - Carey (born 20 July 1993) is an Australian actress. She is known for her roles as Commander Lexa on The CW science fiction television series The 100 and Alicia Clark on the AMC horror drama television series Fear the Walking Dead."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andrew Lincoln", "paragraph_text": "Andrew James Clutterbuck (born 14 September 1973), better known by his stage name Andrew Lincoln, is an English actor. He is most recognised for his portrayal of Rick Grimes, the lead character in the AMC post-apocalyptic horror television series -- based on the eponymous comic book series of the same name -- The Walking Dead. His first major role was in the BBC drama This Life, followed by roles such as Simon Casey in the Channel 4 sitcom Teachers and Mark in the Christmas - themed romantic comedy film Love Actually (2003)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Walking Dead (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Walking Dead premiered in the United States on October 31, 2010, exclusively shown on cable television channel AMC and internationally on Fox International Channels. As a result of very favorable Nielsen ratings that rank the show unprecedentedly high for a cable series, AMC has renewed the series each year. Beginning with its third season, The Walking Dead attracts the most 18 - to 49 - year - old viewers of any cable or broadcast television series. Its eighth season will debut on October 22, 2017. The series has been well received by critics and nominated for several awards, including the Writers Guild of America Award for New Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama. An AMC companion series, Fear the Walking Dead, debuted on August 23, 2015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Beth Greene", "paragraph_text": "Beth Greene is a fictional character from the American horror drama television series The Walking Dead, created by season two showrunner Glen Mazzara, and portrayed by Emily Kinney. She is the daughter of veterinarian and farmer Hershel Greene and the younger half - sister of Maggie. The character has no specific counterpart in the comic book series on which the show is based."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The third season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror - drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017 and consisted of 16 episodes. The season is split into two eight - episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017. The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead."}], "question": "Who plays the role of the character who killed Glenn in The Walking Dead comics?"}
{"id": "2hop__27736_19248", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Quickline", "paragraph_text": "Quickline (also known as Signature Service) is a bus rapid transit service owned and operated by the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO). The Quickline service began on June 1, 2009 with the 402 route (also called the QL2 route), that parallels the 2-Bellaire regular service route, which is the most heavily used bus route that METRO facilitates. Both routes run along Bellaire Boulevard."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005. A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River. Ten-minute headway passenger service began July 25, 2014. The streetcar utilizes Sun Tran's card payment and transfer system, connecting with the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Albany Options School", "paragraph_text": "Albany Options School is a public alternative school in Albany, Oregon, United States. It provides alternative education for students who are working below or above state benchmark standards. These opportunities include transitional programs, credit-recovery programs, higher-education courses and education through contracted services. Albany Options School is an accredited alternative school serving middle school, high school and GED students."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bowmanville GO Station", "paragraph_text": "Bowmanville GO Station is a planned GO Transit train station to be built by Metrolinx in the community of Bowmanville, Ontario. It will be the terminus station of GO Transit's approved expansion of train service on the Lakeshore East line, and will become a transit hub for Durham Region Transit and GO Transit. Approximately 770 parking spaces will be provided on the south side of the station. A bus loop and a ``Kiss and Ride ''area will be included. The station is expected to open in 2024."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Calgary Transit", "paragraph_text": "Calgary Transit is the public transit service which is owned and operated by the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In 2018, an estimated 105.3 million passengers boarded approximately 1,155 Calgary Transit vehicles."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Z\u00fcm", "paragraph_text": "Z\u00fcm (pronounced Zoom, IPA: /zu\u02d0m/) is a bus rapid transit system for the suburban city of Brampton, Ontario, Canada, northwest of Toronto owned and operated by Brampton Transit. The first phase calls for three corridors operating in mixed traffic, similar to York Region Transit's (YRT) Viva network. There are connections to the City of Mississauga, York Region, and the City of Toronto, with the first corridor having started service in fall 2010. Phase 1 became fully operational by fall 2012. A key aspect of the Z\u00fcm plan is increased service on supporting local corridors. Unlike other, similar, services and partly due to Brampton's geographic position farther from Toronto than other suburbs such as Mississauga or Vaughan, many Z\u00fcm corridors will overlap significantly with other agencies' services, requiring more complex, co-operative planning between neighbouring cities. During the planning of this bus rapid transit system, Z\u00fcm was called Acceleride."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Peter Buxtun", "paragraph_text": "Peter Buxtun (sometimes referred to as Peter Buxton; born 1937 in Prague) is a former employee of the United States Public Health Service who became known as the whistleblower responsible for ending the Tuskegee syphilis experiment."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Public Transport Council", "paragraph_text": "The Public Transport Council (Abbreviation: PTC; Chinese: \u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a, Pinyin: \"G\u014dngg\u00f2ng Ji\u0101ot\u014dng L\u01d0sh\u00echu\u00ec\"; Malay: \"Majlis Pengangkutan Awam\") is an independent regulatory statutory board under the Ministry of Transport of Singapore, established on 14 August 1987 by the Public Transport Council Act of 1987. PTC regulates the public bus and rapid transit network in areas such as fares and service standards."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City Subway", "paragraph_text": "The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency of the state - run Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the world's oldest public transit systems, one of the world's most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day on every day of the year."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Transportation in Markham, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "The city of Markham in Ontario, Canada, offers a complex transportation infrastructure. These include airports, highways, public transit, regional roads, municipality-funded roads, and train services."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "BBC Television", "paragraph_text": "The BBC also introduced Ceefax, the first teletext service, starting in 1974. This service allows BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX has not made a full transition to digital television, instead being replaced by the new interactive BBCi service."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "University of Massachusetts Transportation Services", "paragraph_text": "University of Massachusetts Transportation Services, abbreviated to UMass Transit Services or UMass Transit, is a department within the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst) that provides mass transit services to the UMass Amherst campus and other members of the Five Colleges Consortium in eastern Hampshire County, as well as outlying towns. Similar to other large campus transportation systems, such as UGA Campus Transit in Georgia and Unitrans in California, UMass Transit buses are driven by students attending UMass Amherst."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Poste Vaticane", "paragraph_text": "Poste Vaticane is an organization responsible for postal service in Vatican City. The organization is part of the Post and Telegraphy Service."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force \u2013 the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The city's first bus rapid transit line, the Metrob\u00fas, began operation in June 2005, along Avenida Insurgentes. Line 2 opened in December 2008, serving Eje 4 Sur, line 3 opened in February 2011, serving Eje 1 Poniente, and line 4 opened in April 2012 connecting the airport with San L\u00e1zaro and Buenavista Station at Insurgentes. As the microbuses were removed from its route, it was hoped that the Metrob\u00fas could reduce pollution and decrease transit time for passengers. In June 2013, Mexico City's mayor announced two more lines to come: Line 5 serving Eje 3 Oriente and Line 6 serving Eje 5 Norte. As of June 2013, 367 Metrob\u00fas buses transported 850,000 passengers daily."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Strait Area Transit", "paragraph_text": "Strait Area Transit is a provider of public transportation based in Inverness County and Richmond County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Established in 2008, it operates not as a government-sponsored agency, but rather as a non-profit cooperative charity. The organization offers daily fixed route, and Dial-A-Ride services in the South-Central Inverness County, Richmond County area."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bringing Them Home", "paragraph_text": "The inquiry was established by the federal Attorney - General, Michael Lavarch, on 11 May 1995, in response to efforts made by key Indigenous agencies and communities concerned that the general public's ignorance of the history of forcible removal was hindering the recognition of the needs of its victims and their families and the provision of services. The 680 - page report was tabled in Federal Parliament on 26 May 1997."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%. In 2006, voters in King County passed proposition 2 (Transit Now) which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five bus rapid transit lines called RapidRide. After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link Light Rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service. A light rail line from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service on December 19, 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington is scheduled to open in 2016; and further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Des Moines to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2023. Former mayor Michael McGinn has supported building light rail from downtown to Ballard and West Seattle."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region. Metrobus has a total of 19 routes, 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073. Destinations include the Avalon Mall, The Village Shopping Centre, Memorial University, Academy Canada, the College of the North Atlantic, the Marine Institute, the Confederation Building, downtown, Stavanger Drive Business Park, Kelsey Drive, Goulds, Kilbride, Shea Heights, the four hospitals in the city as well as other important areas in St. John's and Mount Pearl."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture."}], "question": "When did the company responsible for public transit in the region begin services?"}
{"id": "2hop__258432_632462", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pol-e Dokhtar County", "paragraph_text": "Pol-e Dokhtar County () is a county in Lorestan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Pol-e Dokhtar. At the 2006 census, its population was 74,537, in 16,278 families. The county is subdivided into two districts: the Central District and Mamulan District. The county has two cities: Pol-e Dokhtar and Mamulan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Raleigh, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Old Bog Road", "paragraph_text": "``The Old Bog Road ''is an Irish song written as a poem by Teresa Brayton, from Kilbrook, County Kildare, and set to music by Madeline King O'Farrelly. The road in question is located near the author's residence, in a townland called`` Ferrans'' (alternative spelling ``Ferns '')."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Joseph Cogels", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Hubert Cogels (14 January 1894 \u2013 26 July 1978) was a Belgian sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Belgian team in the team clay pigeons competition."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as \"The Big House\". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "FC Andorra Futsal", "paragraph_text": "Futbol Club Andorra Futsal, was a futsal team based in Andorra la Vella (Andorra), sports section of FC Andorra, established in 1986 and played in the Spanish futsal league system."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ferran Pol", "paragraph_text": "Ferran Pol (born 28 February 1983) is an Andorran international footballer who plays club football for FC Andorra, as a goalkeeper."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mike Galanos", "paragraph_text": "Mike Galanos (born November 7, 1964) is an American news anchor for HLN, currently appearing as part of the team on \"Morning Express with Robin Meade\". Based in CNN's world headquarters in Atlanta, Galanos joined the network in May 2002. He graduated \"summa cum laude\" from San Francisco State University. Galanos was the local sports anchor on KTVN-TV in Reno, Nevada from 1991 to 1994 with Ric Renner as the weekend anchor, and was well known for his excellent knowledge of sports in northern Nevada."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Suunto", "paragraph_text": "Suunto Oy is a Finnish company that manufactures and markets sports watches, dive computers, compasses and precision instruments. Headquartered in Vantaa, Finland, Suunto employs more than 300 people worldwide, and its products are sold in over 100 countries. Although globally active, the headquarters is placed next to the factory, in which most of the work stages are still handcrafted. Suunto is a subsidiary of Amer Sports Corporation with sister brands Wilson, Atomic, Sports Tracker, Salomon, Precor, Arc'teryx and Mavic."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National Hockey League", "paragraph_text": "National Hockey League (NHL) Ligue nationale de hockey (French) Upcoming season or competition: 2018 -- 19 NHL season Sport Ice hockey Founded November 26, 1917 (100 years ago) (1917 - 11 - 26), Montreal, Quebec, Canada Inaugural season 1917 -- 18 Commissioner Gary Bettman No. of teams 31 Countries Canada (7 teams) United States (24 teams) Headquarters New York City, New York, United States Continent North America Most recent champion (s) Washington Capitals (1st title) Most titles Montreal Canadiens (25 titles) TV partner (s) Canada Sportsnet TVA Sports United States NBC / NBCSN NHL Network Univision Official website NHL.com"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Swiss are fans of football and the national team is nicknamed the 'Nati'. The headquarters of the sport's governing body, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), is located in Z\u00fcrich. Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup, and was the joint host, with Austria, of the Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation's professional club league. For the Brasil 2014 World Cup finals tournament, the country's German-speaking cantons will be closely monitored by local police forces to prevent celebrations beyond one hour after matches end. Europe's highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland and is named the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Harati High School", "paragraph_text": "Harati High School is located in Esfahan, Iran. The school is regarded as a well-known landmark. It is located on Kamal Esmaeel Avenue (or Boulevard) between the Khadjoo and the 33 pol bridges."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bennigsen Beavers", "paragraph_text": "The Bennigsen Beavers were established in 1993 as a department of FC Bennigsen, and became an independent sporting team on January 1, 2004. The club fielded 7 teams for the 2005 season, including three men's teams, a women's team, a junior team, a youth team and a student team. As of mid-2005, the Beavers claimed a total of 97 Members."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Centro Social Deportivo Barber", "paragraph_text": "Sport Voetbal Centro Social Deportivo Barber is a Cura\u00e7ao football team located in WestPunt municipality Barber, and playing in the Cura\u00e7ao League First Division."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canadian Football League", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Football League (CFL; French: Ligue canadienne de football, LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football. Its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions: the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Charlotte 49ers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A founding member of Conference USA (C-USA), Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. Previously, Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New England Patriots", "paragraph_text": "The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region. The Patriots compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is located 21 miles (34 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles (32 km) northeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium."}], "question": "Where are the headquarters of the sports team that employs Ferran Pol?"}
{"id": "2hop__93002_318105", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shyril O'Steen", "paragraph_text": "Shyril O'Steen (born October 5, 1960, in Seattle, Washington) is an American former competitive rower and Olympic gold medalist. She was a member of the American women's eights team that won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gustaf Boivie", "paragraph_text": "Gustaf Carl Fredrik Boivie (27 November 1864 \u2013 12 January 1951) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He won the gold medal in the team 25 m small-bore rifle competition. He also participated in the following events:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Franz B\u00f6ckli", "paragraph_text": "Franz B\u00f6ckli (March 15, 1858 \u2013 February 14, 1937) was a Swiss sports shooter who competed in the early 20th century. He participated in Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris and a gold medal with the Military rifle team for Switzerland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Juliet Haslam", "paragraph_text": "Juliet Haslam OAM (born 31 May 1969 in Adelaide, South Australia) is a former field hockey defender and midfielder from Australia, who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1992, for her native country. She was a member of the Australia women's national field hockey team, best known as the \"Hockeyroos\", that won the gold medals at the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics. As well as being a dual Olympic Gold Medallist, she won a Commonwealth Games Gold Medal, two World Cup Gold Medals, five Champions Trophy Gold Medals and was named in the Australian Women\u2019s \u2018Team of the Century\u2019."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Derek Jeter", "paragraph_text": "Derek Jeter Jeter as a player in 2008 at Camden Yards Shortstop Born: (1974 - 06 - 26) June 26, 1974 (age 43) Pequannock Township, New Jersey Batted: Right Threw: Right MLB debut May 29, 1995, for the New York Yankees Last MLB appearance September 28, 2014, for the New York Yankees MLB statistics Batting average. 310 Hits 3,465 Home runs 260 Runs batted in 1,311 Teams New York Yankees (1995 -- 2014) Career highlights and awards 14 \u00d7 All - Star (1998 -- 2002, 2004, 2006 -- 2012, 2014) 5 \u00d7 World Series champion (1996, 1998 -- 2000, 2009) World Series MVP (2000) AL Rookie of the Year (1996) 5 \u00d7 Gold Glove Award (2004 -- 2006, 2009 -- 2010) 5 \u00d7 Silver Slugger Award (2006 -- 2009, 2012) 2 \u00d7 AL Hank Aaron Award (2006, 2009) Roberto Clemente Award (2009) New York Yankees No. 2 retired New York Yankees captain (2003 -- 2014)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gurbux Singh", "paragraph_text": "Gurbux (\"Gurbaksh\") Singh (born February 11, 1936) is a former field hockey player from India who was a member of the India national field hockey team that won the gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He was the Joint Captain at the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games where India won Bronze Medal and the Coach to the Indian team at the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games. For his outstanding contribution to the country in the field of sports, Gurbux was given the Arjuna Award in the year 1966."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bo\u017eo Vuleti\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Bo\u017eo Vuleti\u0107 (born 1 July 1958) won an Olympic gold medal as a member of the Yugoslav water polo team at the 1984 Olympics."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2018 Commonwealth Games", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018, were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, between 4 and 15 April 2018. It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Baseball glove", "paragraph_text": "For many years it was customary for fielders to leave their gloves on the field when their team went in to bat. This practice was prohibited by the major leagues in 1954."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Carlos Lezcano", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Manuel Lezcano (born September 30, 1955), is a former professional baseball player who played outfielder in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1980 to 1981 for the Chicago Cubs. His cousin, Sixto Lezcano, was also a Major League outfielder and was a recipient of a Rawlings Gold Glove Award in 1979 while a member of the Milwaukee Brewers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ozzie Smith", "paragraph_text": "Osborne Earl Smith (born December 26, 1954) is an American former baseball shortstop who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres and St. Louis Cardinals from 1978 to 1996. Nicknamed \"The Wizard\" for his defensive brilliance, Smith set major league records for career assists (8,375) and double plays (1,590) by a shortstop (the latter since broken by Omar Vizquel), as well as the National League (NL) record with 2,511 career games at the position; Smith won the NL Gold Glove Award for play at shortstop for 13 consecutive seasons (1980\u201392). A 15-time All-Star, he accumulated 2,460 hits and 580 stolen bases during his career, and won the NL Silver Slugger Award as the best-hitting shortstop in 1987. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2002. He was also elected to the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 2014."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cindy Brown (basketball)", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Louise \"Cindy\" Brown (born March 16, 1965) is a retired American women's basketball player, at the college, Olympic and professional levels. Brown was a member of the USA Basketball team which went on to win a gold medal at the Pan American Games in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1987, and the gold medal at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. She was also a member of the gold medal winning team for the USA at the 1985 World University Games, and the 1986 World Championship team."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bennigsen Beavers", "paragraph_text": "The Bennigsen Beavers were established in 1993 as a department of FC Bennigsen, and became an independent sporting team on January 1, 2004. The club fielded 7 teams for the 2005 season, including three men's teams, a women's team, a junior team, a youth team and a student team. As of mid-2005, the Beavers claimed a total of 97 Members."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oh Kyo-moon", "paragraph_text": "He won a team silver medal and an individual bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Oh also was a member of Korea's gold medal men's archery team at the 2000 Summer Olympics. In the men's individual competition he finished sixth."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Gold Glove Award winners at shortstop", "paragraph_text": "Ozzie Smith, known as ``the Wizard of Oz '', has won the most Gold Glove Awards at shortstop; he captured 13 awards in his 19 seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals. Omar Vizquel is second among shortstops with 11 wins; he won two with the San Francisco Giants in the National League after winning nine with the Seattle Mariners and the Cleveland Indians in the American League. Luis Aparicio won nine times at shortstop for the third - highest total, followed by Mark Belanger with eight wins. Dave Concepci\u00f3n and Derek Jeter have won five awards; four - time winners at shortstop include Tony Fern\u00e1ndez and Alan Trammell. Hall of Famers who have won Gold Glove Awards at shortstop include Smith, Aparicio, Ernie Banks, Robin Yount, Barry Larkin and Cal Ripken, Jr., whose 2,632 consecutive games played earned him his`` Iron Man'' nickname."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Joseph Cogels", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Hubert Cogels (14 January 1894 \u2013 26 July 1978) was a Belgian sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Belgian team in the team clay pigeons competition."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kym Tollenaere", "paragraph_text": "Kym Tollenaere (born Queensland, Australia) is an Australian softball catcher who lives in Queensland, whom she represents in national competitions. She has represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national softball team. She made the training squad but ultimately did not represent Australia at the 2004 Summer Olympics. As a member of the national team, she earned a gold medal at the 2005 Canada Cup, a silver at the 2005 Pacific Rim tournament and a bronze medal at the 2005 World Cup. She is trying to secure a sport on the squad that will compete at the 2012 ISF XIII Women's World Championships. She has played softball professionally in Japan."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rawlings Gold Glove Award", "paragraph_text": "The most Gold Gloves ever won by one player is 18 by pitcher Greg Maddux. He won 13 consecutive awards from 1990 to 2002, all in the National League. Brooks Robinson has the most wins as a third baseman, with 16 Gold Gloves, and is tied for the second - highest total overall with pitcher Jim Kaat, who won his 16 awards consecutively. Iv\u00e1n Rodr\u00edguez has won the most Gold Gloves as a catcher, with 13 career awards in the American League. Ozzie Smith has 13 wins at shortstop; he and Rodr\u00edguez are tied for the fourth - highest total among all winners. Among outfielders, Roberto Clemente and Willie Mays, who played primarily right field and center field, respectively, are tied for the lead with 12 Gold Gloves. Keith Hernandez, the leader at first base, has won 11 times, and Roberto Alomar leads second basemen with 10 wins. Other players with 10 or more wins include shortstop Omar Vizquel (11), catcher Johnny Bench (10), third baseman Mike Schmidt (10), and outfielders Ken Griffey Jr., Ichiro Suzuki, Andruw Jones, and Al Kaline (10 each)."}], "question": "What sports team did the shortstop with the most Gold Gloves belong to?"}
{"id": "2hop__4709_32597", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jennifer Rush (1984 album)", "paragraph_text": "Jennifer Rush is the debut album by American singer Jennifer Rush. It became a big-seller across Europe, hitting the top ten in many countries, including Germany, where it remained on the charts for over 100 weeks. The album features the song \"The Power of Love\" which when released as a single, reached number one in several countries around the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Linjeflyg Flight 618", "paragraph_text": "Linjeflyg Flight 618 was a crash of a Vickers 838 Viscount during approach to Stockholm Bromma Airport at 09:05 on 15 January 1977. All twenty-two people on board the aircraft perished when it hit ground at K\u00e4lvesta in Stockholm, Sweden. The domestic service from Malm\u00f6 via Kristianstad, V\u00e4xj\u00f6 and J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping was operated by Skyline on behalf of Linjeflyg as part of the latter's domestic scheduled services. The accident was caused by atmospheric icing on the horizontal stabilizer. Low power on two of the engines had caused reduced function of the ice protection system, causing a buildup of ice. The icing caused the loss of pitch control and the aircraft entered a steep dive. Among the deceased was table tennis player Hans Als\u00e9r."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Imaginum", "paragraph_text": "It features the voices of Eugenio Derbez and Ilse. The film took a total of 18 months to develop, in contrast to other animated films, which take up to 40 months to develop."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nuclear chain reaction", "paragraph_text": "k = 1 (criticality): Every fission causes an average of one more fission, leading to a fission (and power) level that is constant. Nuclear power plants operate with k = 1 unless the power level is being increased or decreased."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "T-28", "paragraph_text": "The Soviets had 411 T-28 tanks when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. A large majority of these were lost during the first two months of the invasion, many of them abandoned after mechanical breakdown. Some T-28s took part in the 1941 winter defence of Leningrad and Moscow, but after late 1941, they were rare in Red Army service; a few were operated by enemy forces."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hurricane Sandy", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected 24 states, including the entire eastern seaboard from Florida to Maine and west across the Appalachian Mountains to Michigan and Wisconsin, with particularly severe damage in New Jersey and New York. Its storm surge hit New York City on October 29, flooding streets, tunnels and subway lines and cutting power in and around the city. Damage in the United States amounted to $71.4 billion (2013 USD). In Canada, two were killed in Ontario and an estimated $100 million (2012 CAD) in damage was caused throughout Ontario and Quebec."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The People's Debate with Vincent Browne", "paragraph_text": "The People's Debate with Vincent Browne was a topical debate TV3 television programme in Ireland. Presented by Vincent Browne, the two-hour-long broadcast occurred before a studio audience where audience members participated on the chosen subject(s). Initially airing on the first Wednesday of every month at 10\u00a0pm, in the months ahead of the 2016 general election it took to airing more regularly as it undertook a tour of all D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann constituencies."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "The American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that \"as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined. The damage to military targets much less\", and stated that he had seen numerous examples of untouched targets surrounded by buildings destroyed by errant bombs. For example, in two months of bombing, Battersea Power Station, perhaps the largest single target in London, had only received one minor hit (\"a nick\"). No bridge over the Thames had been hit, and the docks were still functioning despite great damage. An airfield was hit 56 times but the runways were never damaged and the field was never out of operation, despite German pilots' familiarity with it from prewar commercial flights. Ingersoll wrote that the difference between the failure of the German campaign against military targets versus its success in continental Europe was the RAF retaining control of the air.:79\u201380,174"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Vladimir Sviridov", "paragraph_text": "Vladimir Sviridov (born 10 May 1990) is a Paralympian athlete from Russia competing mainly in category F36 long jump and shot put. In 2013 he took the gold in the shot put at the IPC Athletics World Championships equaling his own world record which he set two months earlier in Emmeloord."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Northeast blackout of 2003", "paragraph_text": "The Northeast blackout of 2003 was a widespread power outage throughout parts of the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and the Canadian province of Ontario on Thursday, August 14, 2003, just after 4: 10 p.m. EDT."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Moura Photovoltaic Power Station", "paragraph_text": "The Moura Photovoltaic Power Station (also known as Amareleja Photovoltaic Power Station) is a large photovoltaic power station in Amareleja, in the municipality of Moura, Portugal. It is one of the largest power stations of its kind, and is built in one of the sunniest regions in Europe. Its construction involved two stages: stage 1 was completed in 2008 after 13 months, and stage 2 was completed in 2010. The entire project topped a total cost of \u20ac250 million."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens", "paragraph_text": "The ash fall created some temporary major problems with transportation, sewage disposal, and water treatment systems. Visibility was greatly decreased during the ash fall, closing many highways and roads. Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane was closed for a week and a half. Air travel was disrupted for between a few days and two weeks, as several airports in eastern Washington shut down because of ash accumulation and poor visibility. Over a thousand commercial flights were cancelled following airport closures. Fine-grained, gritty ash caused substantial problems for internal-combustion engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment. The ash contaminated oil systems and clogged air filters, and scratched moving surfaces. Fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers, which in turn caused power blackouts."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gilgel Gibe II Power Station", "paragraph_text": "The Gilgel Gibe II Power Station is a hydroelectric power station on the Omo River in Ethiopia. It is located about east of Jimma in Oromia Region. The power station receives water from a tunnel entrance on the Gilgel Gibe River. It has an installed capacity of 420 MW and was inaugurated on January 14, 2010. Almost two weeks after inauguration, a portion of the head race tunnel collapsed causing the station to shut down. Repairs were completed on December 26, 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that \"A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nuit de folie", "paragraph_text": "\"Nuit de folie\" ( \"Craziness night\") is a 1988 popular song recorded by French pop duet D\u00e9but de Soir\u00e9e. It was their debut single from their album \"Jardins d'enfants\" and was released in June 1988. In France, it became the summer hit of the year, topping the chart for over two months. It was re-released in 2000 in a remixed version, but it did not reach success."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tejo Power Station (history)", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after beginning the construction work, World War I broke out, causing delays in established deadlines and problems receiving the two turbo-alternators ordered from Germany, which remained detained until the end of the conflict. Nonetheless, in 1916 the first two low pressure boilers were installed (which in the project were assigned numbers 5 and 6) in order to supply the generators from the original power station."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1.22.03.Acoustic", "paragraph_text": "1.22.03.Acoustic, so named for the date it was recorded live at the Hit Factory, New York, is a live EP by Californian band Maroon 5. It contains acoustic versions of many of the songs on their international hit album, \"Songs About Jane\", as well as two cover songs (The Beatles' \"If I Fell\" and AC/DC's \"Highway to Hell\")."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "BBC Television", "paragraph_text": "BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system."}], "question": "How many hits did the cause of the power outage take in two months?"}
{"id": "2hop__152196_11670", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shadow of the Colossus", "paragraph_text": "Shadow of the Colossus, released in Japan as \"Wander and the Colossus\", is an action-adventure game developed by SCE Japan Studio and Team Ico, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. The game was released in North America and Japan in October 2005 and PAL regions in February 2006. It was directed by Fumito Ueda and developed at SCEI's International Production Studio 1, also known as Team Ico; the same development team responsible for the cult hit \"Ico\", to which the game is considered a spiritual successor."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "This Christmas (Patti LaBelle album)", "paragraph_text": "This Christmas is the first holiday album released by singer Patti LaBelle on the MCA label. The album included original compositions such as \"Twas Love\", which LaBelle shot a video for, and \"Nothing Could Be Better\", which was sung live by LaBelle during an appearance on the show, \"A Different World\", where she played Kadeem Hardison's mother. The album was released while LaBelle was working on a follow-up to her last pop album, \"Be Yourself\". This would be LaBelle's only Christmas-related studio album until the release of \"Miss Patti's Christmas\" nearly 20 years later."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Silent Spring", "paragraph_text": "The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency by the Nixon Administration in 1970 addressed another concern that Carson had written about. Until then, the USDA was responsible both for regulating pesticides and promoting the concerns of the agriculture industry; Carson saw this as a conflict of interest, since the agency was not responsible for effects on wildlife or other environmental concerns beyond farm policy. Fifteen years after its creation, one journalist described the EPA as ``the extended shadow of Silent Spring ''. Much of the agency's early work, such as enforcement of the 1972 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, was directly related to Carson's work. Contrary to the position of the pesticide industry, the DDT phase - out action taken by the EPA (led by William Ruckelshaus) implied that there was no way to adequately regulate DDT use. Ruckelshaus' conclusion was that DDT could not be used safely. History professor Gary Kroll wrote,`` Rachel Carson's Silent Spring played a large role in articulating ecology as a 'subversive subject' -- as a perspective that cuts against the grain of materialism, scientism, and the technologically engineered control of nature.''"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Playing in the Shadows", "paragraph_text": "Playing in the Shadows is the third album by British recording artist Example, released on 4 September 2011 through Ministry of Sound. Example confirmed that much like the previous album, there would be no collaborations, besides that of producers (including frequent collaborator Skream). During an interview, Example said the album remains dance oriented, although he would make a gradual move into electronic and dubstep genres."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "One of the early anthemic tunes, \"Promised Land\" by Joe Smooth, was covered and charted within a week by the Style Council. Europeans embraced house, and began booking legendary American house DJs to play at the big clubs, such as Ministry of Sound, whose resident, Justin Berkmann brought in Larry Levan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Filigree & Shadow", "paragraph_text": "Filigree & Shadow is the second album released by 4AD collective This Mortal Coil, an umbrella title for a loose grouping of guest musicians and vocalists brought together by label boss Ivo Watts-Russell. The supergroup consists primarily of artists attached to the 4AD label, of which Watts-Russell was the co-founder and (at the time) the owner and director. The album was released in September 1986, and entered the UK Independent Music chart on 11 October 1986 and peaked at #2, spending 16 weeks on the chart in total."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Emotion", "paragraph_text": "Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Accident Compensation Corporation", "paragraph_text": "The Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) (M\u0101ori: Te Kaporeihana \u0100whina Hunga Whara) is a New Zealand Crown entity responsible for administering the country's universal no - fault accidental injury scheme. The scheme provides financial compensation and support to citizens, residents, and temporary visitors who have suffered personal injuries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Call (Mal Waldron album)", "paragraph_text": "The Call is an album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron recorded in 1971 and released on the JAPO label. The album was the first release on the short-lived European jazz label. It is Waldron's only album as a bandleader to feature him playing the electric piano."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "At\u0131l Kuto\u011flu", "paragraph_text": "At\u0131l Kuto\u011flu (born 1968 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish fashion designer residing in Vienna. Kuto\u011flu launched his clothing label in 1992 which uses Turkish influences and culture and presents them in a modern way. He is known for dressing celebrities and artists from all over the world."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Hattie Morahan as Agathe, an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who, in reality, is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince. Morahan also narrates the prologue. Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet", "paragraph_text": "Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet is a shooter puzzle video game developed by Shadow Planet Productions (Fuelcell Games/Gagne International) and published by Microsoft Studios for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. A self-published DRM-free version with soundtrack included was featured in the Humble Indie Bundle 13."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cheap at Half the Price", "paragraph_text": "\"Cheap at Half the Price\" was the third of a series of three solo albums Frith made for The Residents's record label Ralph Records, the first being \"Gravity\" (1980), an avant-garde \"dance\" record that drew on rhythm and dance from folk music across the world, and the second being \"Speechless\" (1981), a mixture of folk music, free improvisation, avant-rock and noise. He had recorded with The Residents in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and appeared on several of their albums. Both \"Gravity\" and \"Speechless\" were well received by critics."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Extended Play (Cabaret Voltaire EP)", "paragraph_text": "Extended Play is an extended play and the debut release by English industrial band Cabaret Voltaire. It was released in November 1978, through record label Rough Trade."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Michael Stroka", "paragraph_text": "Michael George Stroka (May 9, 1938 in Passaic, New Jersey \u2013 April 14, 1997) was an American actor on soap operas including ABC-TV's \"Dark Shadows\", in which he played Aristede, Bruno Hess, and Laszlo Ferrari from 1969 to 1970. In addition, he made a cameo appearance as a pallbearer in MGM's \"House of Dark Shadows\" (1970), the first of two feature films based on the series. He also appeared in 1965 on \"Combat!\" in two episodes, \"Heritage\" in season 3 and in \"9 Place Vendee\" in season 4."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Shadow of Leaves", "paragraph_text": "Shadow of Leaves is the 36th release by avant-folk/blues singer/songwriter Jandek, released by his own Corwood Industries label (#0774). It is his first release of four released in 2004, and the second album to feature his voice accompanied by solo fretless electric bass, though the lyrics are darker and more personal than the last album."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Broken Shadows", "paragraph_text": "Broken Shadows is an album by the American jazz saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman recorded in 1971, at the same sessions that produced \"Science Fiction\", but not released on the Columbia label until 1982."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "INFP", "paragraph_text": "Later personality researchers (notably Linda V. Berens) added four additional functions to the descending hierarchy, the so-called \"shadow\" functions to which the individual is not naturally inclined but which can emerge when the person is under stress. The shadow processes \"operate more on the boundaries of our awareness\u2026We usually experience these processes in a negative way, yet when we are open to them, they can be quite positive.\" For INFP, these shadow functions are (in order):"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Shadow of the Cloak", "paragraph_text": "Shadow of the Cloak was a spy drama live television series broadcast on the now-defunct DuMont Television Network. Helmut Dantine played secret agent Peter House. John Gay wrote some of the 36 episodes."}], "question": "Who was the president of the label responsible for Playing in the Shadows?"}
{"id": "2hop__116616_781205", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of House characters", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Rowan Chase (Patrick Bauchau) is Dr. Robert Chase's estranged Czech - Australian father and an acclaimed rheumatologist. He left his alcoholic wife and teenage son, and some unspecified time later, remarried. He is seen in one episode, 1.13 (``Cursed ''). In episode 2.08 (`` The Mistake''), the character was revealed to have died of lung cancer, without ever saying goodbye to his son, and in 2.22 (``Forever ''), House concludes from the fact that Robert Chase worked at the neonatal department during his vacation to earn some extra money that he was left out of his father's will. Chase confirms this in later episodes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lucia Chase", "paragraph_text": "Lucia Chase (24 March 1897 in Waterbury, Connecticut \u2013 9 January 1986 in New York City, United States) was an American dancer, actress, ballet director and also the co-founder of the American Ballet Theatre."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Crook & Chase", "paragraph_text": "Crook & Chase is an American television talk show hosted by Lorianne Crook and Charlie Chase, focusing primarily but not exclusively on country music."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chasing News", "paragraph_text": "Chasing News with Bill Spadea (formerly Chasing New Jersey and Chasing News) is a news and talk show program broadcast by WWOR-TV, a MyNetworkTV O&O based in Secaucus, New Jersey and serving New York City, and sister to Fox flagship station WNYW-TV. The program airs nightly at 11 PM on WWOR and is rerun on WNYW and its sister station, WTXF-TV."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Crazy like a Fox (1926 film)", "paragraph_text": "Crazy like a Fox is a 1926 American short film starring Charley Chase. The two-reel silent comedy stars Chase as a young man who feigns insanity in order to get out of an arranged marriage, only to find out that his sweetheart is the girl he has been arranged to marry. Chase would remake the film as \"The Wrong Miss Wright\" (1937) in the sound era during his tenure at Columbia Pictures."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "4 Clowns", "paragraph_text": "4 Clowns is a 1970 documentary compilation film written and directed by Robert Youngson that studies the golden age of comedy through a compilation of rare silent film footage of the works of Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Charley Chase and Buster Keaton. It was the last feature film project of producer, director, and writer Robert Youngson."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Steve Chase", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Steve Chase is the director of the Advocacy for Social Justice and Sustainability program in the department of Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England. He is an activist, organizer, Quaker, lecturer, and editor."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Losing Chase", "paragraph_text": "Losing Chase is a 1996 American television film directed by Kevin Bacon in his directorial debut. It stars Helen Mirren, Kyra Sedgwick and Beau Bridges. It debuted at the 1996 Sundance Film Festival. The film was created for Showtime where it appeared on August 18 though it was later given a limited theatrical release in December following its positive reception. The film is set on the island Martha's Vineyard. It was nominated for three awards at the 54th Golden Globe Awards."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chase Bank", "paragraph_text": "JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., doing business as Chase Bank, is a national bank that constitutes the consumer and commercial banking subsidiary of the U.S. multinational banking and financial services holding company, JPMorgan Chase. The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J.P. Morgan & Co. in 2000. Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company in 1955. The bank has been headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004. The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard", "paragraph_text": "The Ship of the Dead is the third book in the 'Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard' series and was released on October 3, 2017."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Falls Township, Chase County, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Falls Township is a township in Chase County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,163."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wonsevu, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Wonsevu is an unincorporated community in southwest Chase County, Kansas, United States. It is located at the intersection of Cedar Creek Rd and E Rd, which is north of the Chase-Butler county line and east of the Chase-Marion county line in the Flint Hills."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Chase (British game show)", "paragraph_text": "The Chase Genre Quiz show Created by Danny Carvalho Pete Faherty Chris Gepp Elliot Johnson Matt Pritchard Amanda Wilson Directed by Ian Hamilton Stuart McDonald Creative director (s) Michael Kelpie Presented by Bradley Walsh Starring Mark Labbett Shaun Wallace Anne Hegerty (2010 --) Paul Sinha (2011 --) Jenny Ryan (2015 --) Theme music composer Paul Farrer Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of series 12 No. of episodes 1,205 (as of 9 January 2018) Production Executive producer (s) Martin Scott Michael Kelpie Location (s) Granada Studios (2009) The London Studios (2010 -- 13) Teddington Studios (2013 -- 14) Elstree Studios (2014 --) Running time 60 minutes (inc. adverts) Production company (s) ITV Studios (2009 -- 13) Potato (2013 --) Distributor ITV Studios Release Original network ITV Picture format 16: 9 (HDTV) 1080i Original release 29 June 2009 (2009 - 06 - 29) -- present Chronology Related shows The Chase (U.S.) The Chase Australia External links Website"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Bacon Brothers", "paragraph_text": "The Bacon Brothers is the American musical duo of Michael Bacon and Kevin Bacon. Although they have played music together since they were boys, the brothers have only been a working band since 1995. Having heard the brother's music, a childhood friend approached them about doing a one night only gig in their hometown of Philadelphia at the Theatre of Living Arts under the moniker The Bacon Brothers. Since then, the band has gone on to release seven studio albums, appear on numerous radio, television, and web programs, and on many tours throughout North America and Europe. The brother's first studio release in 1997 was entitled \"Forosoco\", derived from what the brothers describe their genere to be as a mix of folk, rock, soul, and country."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chase, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Chase is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,082 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Chase and South Chase are located in the town. The unincorporated community of Krakow is also located partially in the town."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "St Ives Chase, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "St Ives Chase is a bushland suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. St Ives Chase is 18\u00a0kilometres north-west of the Sydney Central Business District in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. St Ives is a more developed adjacent suburb and St Ives Chase covers the area approximately north of Toolang Road and west of Collins Road. The neighbouring suburb of North Turramurra is separated by a section of the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. It is a separate suburb from St Ives, which lies to its south."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "USS Samuel Chase (APA-26)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Samuel Chase\" (APA-26), launched as SS \"African Meteor\", was an \"Arthur Middleton\" class attack transport manned by the United States Coast Guard during World War II. She was named after Samuel Chase, a signatory to the Declaration of Independence."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pamela Moran", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the first seasons, Pamela struggles with the constant absences of Chase due to his commitments to Delta Force and the secrecy of his deployments. This comes to a high when she asks him to quit Delta Force because he always prioritizes his career over their family. Since he refuses, they divorce in the fourth season. This causes her to move away from the post and she returns to her original occupation as a police officer to provide for her children. At the end of the fourth season, Chase announces to Pamela that he is ready to quit Delta Force and tells her that he wants to be with her again. Also she receives a job offer as detective in Atlanta. In the beginning of the fifth season, Pamela is really struggling to make a decision, her partner invites her on a date and later kisses her. Pamela rekindles her relationship with Chase later in the fifth season and they later remarry in the Hump Bar. At the end of the season, Chase receives a job offer in California which promises a better pay than his and Pamela's current salaries combined. Chase accepts the offer and moves there alone so that the children can finish their school year in Charleston. However, after their house gets damaged by a hurricane and because the children miss Chase, she decides to go to California."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rebecca Wright", "paragraph_text": "Rebecca Wright (5 December 1945, Springfield, Ohio \u2013 29 January 2006, Chevy Chase, Maryland) was an American ballerina, teacher, choreographer and ballet school director."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of Losing Chase's director?"}
{"id": "2hop__330772_569436", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Empire Interactive", "paragraph_text": "Empire Interactive was a British video game developer and publisher based in London. Founded in 1987 by Ian Higgins and Simon Jeffrey, it was acquired by Silverstar Holdings in 2006 and went out of business in 2009."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Harvard Graduate School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States. It was founded in 1920, when it was the first school to establish the Ed.D. degree."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jock Young", "paragraph_text": "Jock Young was educated at the London School of Economics. His PhD was an ethnography of drug use in Notting Hill, West London, out of which he developed the concept of moral panic. The research was published as \"The Drugtakers\". He was a founding member of the National Deviancy Conferences and a group of critical criminologists in which milieu he wrote the groundbreaking, \"The New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance\" in 1973, with Ian Taylor and Paul Walton and \"The Manufacture of News\" (with Stan Cohen)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Once Bitten, Twice Shy", "paragraph_text": "``Once Bitten, Twice Shy ''Single by Ian Hunter from the album Ian Hunter B - side`` 3,000 Miles from Here'' Released 4 April 1975 Format 7 ''Recorded January -- March 1975 at AIR Studios, London Genre Rock Length 3: 52 Label Columbia Records / Sony Music Entertainment Songwriter (s) Ian Hunter Producer (s) Ian Hunter, Mick Ronson Ian Hunter singles chronology ``Once Bitten, Twice Shy'' (1975)`` Who Do You Love? ''(1975) ``Once Bitten, Twice Shy'' (1975)`` Who Do You Love? ''(1975)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Workers' Education Bureau of America", "paragraph_text": "Workers' Education Bureau of America (1921\u20131951) was an organization established to assist labor colleges and other worker training centers involved in the American labor movement. The Workers Education Bureau of America was an important development in labor education in the 1920s. Founded in 1921, it served as an informational clearinghouse for labor education organizing forums around the country and assisting local programs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shark Island Productions", "paragraph_text": "Formed in 2001 by AFI Award-winning producer and director Ian Darling, Shark Island Productions creates extensive education, outreach and community engagement campaigns with its films."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur\u2019anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia\u2019s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage \u2018Self\u2019 and \u2018System\u2019: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Your Love (The Outfield song)", "paragraph_text": "``Your Love ''is a song by the English rock band the Outfield, taken from their debut album Play Deep (1985). The song was penned by the band's guitarist John Spinks."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Terraria", "paragraph_text": "It was announced that version 1.3, the game's third major content update, would be the last on which Spinks would work personally, and that the developers Yorai Omer and Skiphs would take over programming, and Whitney ``Cenx ''Baird, would take over as lead designer. Version 1.3 was released on June 30, 2015, adding even more items, events, enemies, bosses, and gameplay features. During July 2016, Cenx announced that 1.3 for the mobile platforms would be coming in 2017."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "William H. Spinks", "paragraph_text": "William Hooey Spinks (July 23, 1873 \u2013 May 25, 1949) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1932, as a member of the Conservative Party."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Franklin Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Porto Editora", "paragraph_text": "the leading educational publisher in Portugal in the areas of educational books, dictionaries and multimedia products, both off-line and on-line. Porto Editora was founded in 1944 in Porto by a group of teachers within different areas of education."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brothers of Christian Instruction", "paragraph_text": "The Brothers of Christian Instruction (, F.I.C.P.), commonly known as the La Mennais Brothers, is a Catholic educational organization founded in 1819 by Gabriel Deshayes and Jean-Marie de la Mennais for the instruction of youth. Their aim remains that of their Founder: \"to educate the young and to make Jesus Christ better known and better loved\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rufat Riskiyev", "paragraph_text": "Rufat Asadovich Riskiyev () (born October 2, 1949 in Akkurgan, Uzbek SSR) is a retired boxer, who represented the USSR at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There he won the silver medal in the middleweight division (\u2013 75\u00a0kg). In the final he was defeated by United States-boxer Michael Spinks, after the referee stopped the contest in the third round."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australian Ballet School", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Ballet School was founded in 1964 as the primary training facility for The Australian Ballet by Dame Margaret Scott. It is part of the Australian Ballet Centre, which is located in the Melbourne Arts Precinct, Southbank in Melbourne, Victoria. It is a member of the Australian Roundtable for Arts Training Excellence."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ian Brownlie", "paragraph_text": "Sir Ian Brownlie (19 September 1932, Liverpool \u2013 3 January 2010, Cairo) was a British practising barrister, specialising in international law. After an education at Hertford College, Oxford, he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn in 1958 and was a tenant at Blackstone Chambers from 1983 until his death on 3 January 2010. He was a member of the Communist Party until the Soviet Union's invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia", "paragraph_text": "\"1 Decembrie 1918\" University, Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into the national higher education system, which functions based on the Romanian Constitution, the Law of Education, the University Charter and its own regulations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ian Spink", "paragraph_text": "Born in Melbourne, he trained at the Australian Ballet School. After graduating in 1968, he danced and choreographed for The Australian Ballet, Australian Dance Theatre and the Dance Company of New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Early Childhood Education Act", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1965 by Jule sugarman, Head start was one of the first programs initiated as a result of the Early Childhood Education Act. Its goal is to enhance the social and cognitive development of children offering services in the area of education, health, social and nutrition."}], "question": "Who founded Ian Spink's school?"}
{"id": "2hop__232596_121330", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bryant Turner Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Bryant Turner Jr. (born November 25, 1987) is a retired Canadian football defensive lineman free agent of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He made his professional debut with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 2011. He played college football at UAB."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Leonard Huxley (physicist)", "paragraph_text": "Huxley was born in London, the eldest son of George Hamborough and Lilian Huxley. He was a second-cousin once removed of Thomas Huxley. His family migrated from England to Australia in 1905 when he was three, and settled in Tasmania, where Huxley showed great academic and sporting promise while attending The Hutchins School. He won a Rhodes Scholarship to New College, Oxford while in his second year at the University of Tasmania and obtained a D.Phil from Oxford in 1928. On 5 October 1929 he married Ella Mary Child 'Molly' Copeland who was reading history at Somerville College."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dollar General", "paragraph_text": "In October 1939, James and Cal opened J.L. Turner and Son with an initial investment of $5,000 each. The switch to retailing resulted in annual sales above $2 million by the early 1950s. By the mid-1950s Turner had 35 department stores in Kentucky and Tennessee. In 1955 Cal Turner developed his idea of a retail store selling goods for a dollar, based on the Dollar Days promotions held at other department stores, by converting Turner's Department Store in Springfield, Kentucky into the first Dollar General Store. In 1964 J.L. Turner died leaving his son Cal Turner to succeed him."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lilian Turner", "paragraph_text": "Lilian Turner (21 August 1867 \u2013 25 August 1956), born Lilian Wattnall Burwell, was the elder sister of Ethel Turner and the daughter of Bennett George and Sarah Jane Burwell. Bennett George Burwell died when Lilian was still a young child, and her mother married a widower, Henry Turner, a year later. Both Lilian and Ethel would later take their step-father's name for their professional writing careers. Sarah and Henry had a daughter, Jeannie Rose (born 1873), but Henry died suddenly in 1878. The following year, Sarah took her three daughters to Australia, where she met and married Charles Cope in Sydney."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Honeybus", "paragraph_text": "Honeybus were a 1960s pop group formed in April 1967, in London. They are best known for their 1968 UK Top 10 hit single, ``I Ca n't Let Maggie Go '', written by Pete Dello who also composed their previous single`` (Do I Figure) In Your Life'', later recorded by Dave Berry, Ian Matthews, Joe Cocker, Dave Stewart, Paul Carrack, Samantha Jones, Dana and Pierce Turner."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lilian Helen Alexander", "paragraph_text": "Lilian Helen Alexander (15 March 1861 \u2013 18 October 1934) was an Australian surgeon and one of the first women to study medicine at the University of Melbourne."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Curse (1924 film)", "paragraph_text": "The film marked the screen debut of Lilian Harvey who would go on to become one of the top stars at the German box office during the late Weimar and early Nazi eras. Harvey was in Vienna at the time because she was appearing in a stage revue show,"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Turner, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Turner is a neighborhood within Kansas City, Kansas, United States. It was formerly an unincorporated community of Wyandotte County, similar to Piper, Kansas. Turner has its own school district, Turner USD #202."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ethel Turner", "paragraph_text": "Ethel Turner was educated at Paddington, New South Wales Public School and Sydney Girls High School\u2014she was one of the school's original thirty-seven pupils."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT \u2013 along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release (the rest of the library went to Turner Home Entertainment)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Here and Now (Ike Turner album)", "paragraph_text": "Here and Now is a studio album released by Ike Turner & The Kings of Rhythm in 2001 by IKON Records. It is Turner's first solo album since 1972 while he was still a member of a musical duo with Tina Turner. The album was produced by Ike Turner, mastered by Scott Hull and engineered by Ike Turner, Lucha Phillips, Benjamin Wright, Lamont Dozier, Leonard Jackson, Bill Dashell and William Brown."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "I'll Go Crazy (Andy Griggs song)", "paragraph_text": "\"I'll Go Crazy\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Andy Griggs. It was released in July 1999 as the second single from the album \"You Won't Ever Be Lonely\". The song reached number 10 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Griggs wrote this song with Zack Turner and Lonnie Wilson."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lilian Gladys Tompkins", "paragraph_text": "Lilian Gladys Tompkins (1893\u20131984) was a notable New Zealand nurse and prisoner of war. She was born in Halcombe, Manawatu/Horowhenua, New Zealand in 1893."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jill Bauman", "paragraph_text": "Jill Bauman is an American artist. She has been nominated for the World Fantasy Award five times and nominated for the Chesley Award several times. Her art has been exhibited at the Delaware Art Museum, the Moore College of Art, Art Students League of New York, the NY Illustrators Society & and the Science Fiction Museum of Seattle. Jill Bauman has created hundreds of book covers for horror, mystery, fantasy, science fiction, and best selling books including 23 of the \"Cat Who\u2026\" books by Lilian Jackson Braun during the 1980s and 1990s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters", "paragraph_text": "William ``Bill ''Turner, Sr. Pirates of the Caribbean character Portrayed by Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd Appearance (s) The Curse of the Black Pearl (mentioned only) Dead Man's Chest At World's End Information Gender Male Occupation The Flying Dutchman crew member, formerly crew member of the Black Pearl Family Will Turner (son) Elizabeth Swann (daughter - in - law) Henry Turner (grandson) Mrs. Turner (wife) Weaponry Cutlass, Knife"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tom and Jerry", "paragraph_text": "In 1986, MGM was purchased by WTBS founder Ted Turner. Turner sold the company a short while later, but retained MGM's pre-1986 film library, thus Tom and Jerry became the property of Turner Entertainment Co. (where the rights stand today via Warner Bros.), and have in subsequent years appeared on Turner - run stations, such as TBS, TNT, Cartoon Network, The WB, Boomerang, and Turner Classic Movies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joe Bramley", "paragraph_text": "Born in Hong Kong to parents Geoff Bramley and Janet Brice, Bramley has two siblings: older brother Nick Bramley and younger brother Richie Bramley. He has lived in Wellington (where he attended Scots College) and in Auckland (where he attended Auckland Grammar School), as well as in Melbourne, Australia (with the band Betchadupa). he lives in London."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Waldo Maguire", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ulster as Benjamin Waldo Maguire, he attended Portadown College and Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied philosophy and mathematics. After graduating in 1942 from Trinity he was recruited to work at Bletchley Park as a codebreaker. There he met the woman who would become his wife, Lilian Martin. They were married until her death in 1998 and had four sons."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Barry Turner (American football)", "paragraph_text": "Barry Turner (born January 7, 1987) is a former American football defensive end. He was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played college football at Nebraska."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mister T (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Mister T is an animated series that aired on NBC on Saturday morning from 1983 to 1986. A total of 30 episodes were produced during all three seasons, with the thirteen episodes for Season 1, eleven for Season 2, and six episodes for the third and final season. The series was produced by Ruby-Spears Enterprises. Reruns were later seen on the USA Cartoon Express in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and more recently as part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim late-night programming block and sibling network, Boomerang that airs classic cartoons from the Hanna-Barbera, pre-1991 Ruby-Spears, Turner and classic Warner animated libraries."}], "question": "What college did Lilian Turner's sibling attend?"}
{"id": "2hop__15428_91184", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters. 100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000. In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360. Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions. Dell also had an option for 138,000 square feet (12,800 m2) of space in Las Cimas 3. After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex. In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured. By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock. It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2), for about a seven-year period after 2003. By that year roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of that space was absorbed by new subtenants."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "The combined business is expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell. Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a \"ton of sense\" for Dell, it's a \"nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies\" for EMC. Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but \"does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not.\" The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would \"blow up the current IT chess board\", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration. The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63\u201364bn rather than the $67bn originally reported."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation, which at the time did business as PC's Limited, while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family. In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the Turbo PC, which sold for $795. PC's Limited advertised its systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options. The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of operation."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2014 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP. Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas \u2013 behind AT&T \u2013 and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs and newspapers. Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors. In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19.2% market share. This also cut profit-margins by more than half, from 8.7 to 4.3 percent. To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell's reputation for poor customer service, since 2002, which was exacerbated as it moved call centres offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure, came under increasing scrutiny on the Web. The original Dell model was known for high customer satisfaction when PCs sold for thousands but by the 2000s, the company could not justify that level of service when computers in the same lineup sold for hundreds. Rollins responded by shifting Dick Hunter from head of manufacturing to head of customer service. Hunter, who noted that Dell's DNA of cost-cutting \"got in the way,\" aimed to reduce call transfer times and have call center representatives resolve inquiries in one call. By 2006, Dell had spent $100 million in just a few months to improve on this, and rolled out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly. In July 2006, the company started its Direct2Dell blog, and then in February 2007, Michael Dell launched IdeaStorm.com, asking customers for advice including selling Linux computers and reducing the promotional \"bloatware\" on PCs. These initiatives did manage to cut the negative blog posts from 49% to 22%, as well as reduce the \"Dell Hell\" prominent on Internet search engines."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006. On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its \"Recycling Works\" award for efforts to promote producer responsibility. On July 19, 2007, Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009. The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds (nearly 40,000 tons) of IT equipment from customers in 2006, a 93-percent increase over 2005; and 12.4% of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Quiet Dell, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Quiet Dell is an unincorporated community in Harrison County, West Virginia, USA. Quiet Dell is located at the junction of Interstate 79 and West Virginia Route 20 southeast of Clarksburg."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hazel Dell South, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Hazel Dell South was the name of a census-designated place (CDP) in Clark County, Washington, United States. The population was 6,605 at the 2000 census. For the 2010 census the U.S. Census Bureau combined this area with Hazel Dell North to form a single CDP called \"Hazel Dell\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In May 2008, Dell reached an agreement with office supply chain, Officeworks (part of Coles Group), to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range. These models have slightly different model numbers, but almost replicate the ones available from the Dell Store. Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology (another part of Coles Group) in November of the same year. In addition, Dell expanded its retail distributions in Australia through an agreement with discount electrical retailer, The Good Guys, known for \"Slashing Prices\". Dell agreed to distribute a variety of makes of both desktops and notebooks, including Studio and XPS systems in late 2008. Dell and Dick Smith Electronics (owned by Woolworths Limited) reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 (1 year since Officeworks \u2014 owned by Coles Group \u2014 reached a deal). The retailer has agreed to distribute a variety of Inspiron and Studio notebooks, with minimal Studio desktops from the Dell range. As of 2009[update], Dell continues to run and operate its various kiosks in 18 shopping centres throughout Australia. On March 31, 2010 Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dell Inspiron", "paragraph_text": "Dell Inspiron Dell Inspiron Logo Developer Dell Technologies Type Laptop / Notebook Desktop Computer Release date Mid 1990s CPU AMD APU, Intel Atom, Intel Celeron, Intel Pentium, Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Intel Core i7 Graphics Intel HD Graphics, ATI / AMD Radeon, NVIDIA GeForce Related articles Dell Vostro, Dell Latitude, Dell XPS Website Dell Inspiron"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "USB", "paragraph_text": "On Dell and Toshiba laptops, the port is marked with the standard USB symbol with an added lightning bolt icon on the right side. Dell calls this feature PowerShare, while Toshiba calls it USB Sleep-and-Charge. On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops, sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with a non-standard symbol (the letters USB over a drawing of a battery); the feature is simply called Power-off USB. On some laptops such as Dell and Apple MacBook models, it is possible to plug a device in, close the laptop (putting it into sleep mode) and have the device continue to charge.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell\u2019s founder and CEO Michael Dell to \u2018drop the toxics\u2019 and claiming that Dell\u2019s aspiration to be \u2018the greenest technology company on the planet\u2019 was \u2018hypocritical\u2019. Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year. It is listed in Greenpeace\u2019s Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are. In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5.1 from 4.9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In March 2013, the Blackstone Group and Carl Icahn expressed interest in purchasing Dell. In April 2013, Blackstone withdrew their offer, citing deteriorating business. Other private equity firms such as KKR & Co. and TPG Capital declined to submit alternative bids for Dell, citing the uncertain market for personal computers and competitive pressures, so the \"wide-open bidding war\" never materialized. Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an \u201cexit strategy\u201d to profit from its investment, which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again, and one warned \u201cBut even if you can get a $25bn enterprise value for Dell, it will take years to get out.\u201d"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In late 2006[update], Dell lost its lead in the PC-business to Hewlett-Packard. Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did. Dell's 3.6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period. The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, when Gartner estimated that Dell PC shipments declined 8.9% (versus HP's 23.9% growth). As a result, at the end of 2006 Dell's overall PC market-share stood at 13.9% (versus HP's 17.4%)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Adam Dell", "paragraph_text": "Adam R. Dell (born January 14, 1970) is an American venture capitalist and is the brother of Michael Dell, the founder of computer manufacturing company Dell Inc."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin, Texas. In 1989 Dell occupied 127,000 square feet (11,800 m2) in the Arboretum complex. In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters. In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled \"Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design.\" Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters. In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum. The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room. Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock. Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In the 1990s, Dell switched from using primarily ATX motherboards and PSU to using boards and power supplies with mechanically identical but differently wired connectors. This meant customers wishing to upgrade their hardware would have to replace parts with scarce Dell-compatible parts instead of commonly available parts. While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003, Dell continues to remain secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals (such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs)."}], "question": "When did the 15 5000 version of the computer model Dell asked Officeworks to carry come out?"}
{"id": "2hop__694934_49071", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David Borden", "paragraph_text": "David Borden was educated at the Eastman School of Music and Harvard University. At Harvard he studied with Leon Kirchner and Randall Thompson, and at Eastman with Bernard Rogers and Howard Hanson. He was also a Fulbright student in Berlin Germany, where he studied at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik ."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an \"arts and sciences focus\". Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration. Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World. Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Raphael Tuck", "paragraph_text": "Born in Cricklewood, London in 1910, Tuck was the son of David Lionel Tuck and a great-grandson of Raphael Tuck, founder of Raphael Tuck & Sons, an art publishing company which became a leading publisher of postcards. He was educated at St Paul's School and at the universities of London, Cambridge and Harvard. A political scientist and lawyer, he was constitutional advisor to the Premier of Manitoba and worked in special research at the Department of Labour in Ottawa, both in Canada. He became a barrister, called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1951. He was Professor of Law at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada and Professor of Political Science at McGill University, Montreal, Canada and at Tulane University, New Orleans, United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Harvard Extension School", "paragraph_text": "Undergraduate degree programs are based upon the curriculum for Harvard College students and are the academic equivalent of the College's AB degree; degree requirements include expository writing, quantitative reasoning, foreign language, moral reasoning, writing - intensive classes, and courses in the student's area of concentration. The expository writing class is known as a ``gatekeeper course ''as it will typically`` determine whether (students) are prepared for the intensive and demanding curriculum.''"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mind, Brain, and Education", "paragraph_text": "Mind, Brain, and Education is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell. It was established in 2007 as the official journal of the International Mind, Brain, and Education Society by Kurt W. Fischer (Harvard Graduate School of Education) and David B. Daniel, managing editor. The interdisciplinary journal covers biological and behavioral issues relevant to the broad field of education. The current editor-in-chief is Pat Levitt (University of Southern California). According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.63, ranking it 87th out of 238 journals in the category \"Education & Educational Research\" and 50th out of 73 journals in the category \"Psychology, Developmental\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ronne Hartfield", "paragraph_text": "Ronne Hartfield (born Ronola Rone in 1936) is an author, essayist, international museum consultant, and former senior executive at The Art Institute of Chicago and Executive Director of Urban Gateways: The Center for Arts in Education. She has been a co-chair of the Harvard University Arts Education Council and a Senior Research Associate at Harvard University's Center for the Study of World Religions, and at Claremont Graduate University School of Religion. In 2004, Ms. Hartfield published \"Another Way Home: The Tangled Roots of Race in One Chicago Family\" to critical acclaim. Ronne Hartfield has served on the board of directors at the American Writers Museum, the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Taliesin, Scottsdale, AZ, the Rhode Island School of Design, and the Institute for the Advanced Study of Religion at the University of Chicago. She is an internationally recognized expert in arts education and multicultural education. Ronne is married to Robert Hartfield, a mathematician at the University of Chicago, with whom she has four daughters."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Luis L\u00f3pez de Mesa", "paragraph_text": "Luis L\u00f3pez de Mesa G\u00f3mez (October 12, 1884 - October 18, 1967) was Colombian medical doctor, and Harvard psychiatrist, Dean of the National University of Colombia, and Minister of National Education, and Foreign Affairs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tyler Moselle", "paragraph_text": "Tyler S. Moselle is a former Acting Executive Director and research associate of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He was educated at Brigham Young University, where he received a bachelor's degree in Middle Eastern and African history, and Harvard, where he received a master's in politics. His master's thesis \"Natural Evil in Politics\", has been referenced in a 2010 philosophy symposium in Colombia. and was published by the Carr Center in 2007."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Daugman", "paragraph_text": "The son of \u00e9migr\u00e9s Josef Petros Daugmanis from Latvia and Runa Inge Olsson from Sweden, John Daugman was educated in America, receiving an A.B. degree and a Ph.D. degree (1983) from Harvard University."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tom Alberg", "paragraph_text": "Tom Alberg was educated at Harvard University, where he received a BA in International Affairs in 1962. He then studied at Columbia Law School, where he received a JD degree."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Case Against Brooklyn", "paragraph_text": "The Case Against Brooklyn is a 1958 film noir crime film directed by Paul Wendkos. It stars Darren McGavin and Margaret Hayes. It was based on a \"True Magazine\" article \"I Broke the Brooklyn Graft Scandal\" by crime reporter Ed Reid. It featured depictions of American police corruption though no police officer in uniform is shown to be corrupt."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paul Ridker", "paragraph_text": "Paul M. Ridker is a medical researcher and the Eugene Braunwald Professor of Medicine at Harvard University. He is also on staff at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, known for his work on inflammation and its role in heart disease. He also directs the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention at the Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and is on faculty at the Harvard Medical School and the Harvard T.C. Chan School of Public Health."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Paul Reid (writer)", "paragraph_text": "Reid worked in manufacturing before earning a bachelor's degree from Harvard Extension School at Harvard University in 1990 and beginning a career in journalism."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anthony Alofsin", "paragraph_text": "Educated at Memphis Academy of Art and Phillips Academy, Andover, he received from Harvard College and the Harvard Graduate School of Design, respectively, a Bachelor Arts (1971) and Master of Architecture (1981). From Columbia University, he obtained a Ph.D. in Art History and Archaeology (1987)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Harvard Graduate School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States. It was founded in 1920, when it was the first school to establish the Ed.D. degree."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Michael Shinagel", "paragraph_text": "Michael Shinagel was the dean of the Division of Continuing Education and University Extension at Harvard University, and the longest serving dean in Harvard's history."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A Delicate Balance (film)", "paragraph_text": "A Delicate Balance is a 1973 American-Canadian-British drama film directed by Tony Richardson, and starring Katharine Hepburn, Paul Scofield, Lee Remick, Kate Reid, Joseph Cotten, and Betsy Blair. The screenplay by Edward Albee is based on his 1966 Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Andrew Li", "paragraph_text": "Born in Hong Kong, Andrew Li received his early education at St. Paul's Co-educational College, and then at Repton School in Derbyshire, England. He earned an MA and LLM from the University of Cambridge."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Women remained segregated at Radcliffe, though more and more took Harvard classes. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools, which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college, also became more diverse in the post-World War II period."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans' \"participation in the Divine Nature\" and the possibility of understanding \"intellectual existences\". Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the \"divine plan\" in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype for his evidence. This dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of Common Sense Realism derived from Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart, whose works were part of the Harvard curriculum at the time. The popularity of Agassiz's efforts to \"soar with Plato\" probably also derived from other writings to which Harvard students were exposed, including Platonic treatises by Ralph Cudworth, John Norrisand, in a Romantic vein, Samuel Coleridge. The library records at Harvard reveal that the writings of Plato and his early modern and Romantic followers were almost as regularly read during the 19th century as those of the \"official philosophy\" of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school."}], "question": "Is the degree awarded by the school where Paul Reid was educated the same as the one awarded at Harvard?"}
{"id": "2hop__125856_767437", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "DumbLand", "paragraph_text": "Dumbland is a series of eight crudely animated shorts written, directed and voiced by director David Lynch in 2002. The shorts were originally released on the Internet through Lynch's website , and were released as a DVD in 2005. The total running time of all eight shorts combined is approximately a half-hour."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of 24 characters", "paragraph_text": "Teri Bauer 24 character Leslie Hope as Teri Bauer First appearance Day 1 -- Episode 1 Last appearance Day 1 -- Episode 24 Portrayed by Leslie Hope Days Information Spouse (s) Jack Bauer Children Kim Bauer"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Catherine Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Jagiellon was born in Krak\u00f3w as the youngest daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his wife Bona Sforza of Milan. Catherine became the spouse of King John III of Sweden and mother of the future Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. After the death of her father in 1548, she and her sisters Anna and Sophia moved to Masovia with their mother. After their mother's departure to Italy in 1558, they lived there alone. The sisters were not close to their brother Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Catherine could reportedly speak Italian and Latin, and was described as more attractive than Anna, and most marriage suggestions were directed toward her."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Enoch Arden law", "paragraph_text": "The Enoch Arden law is a legal precedent in the United States that grants a divorce or a legal exemption so that a person can remarry, if his or her spouse has been absent without explanation for a certain number of years, typically seven."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Terry McMillan", "paragraph_text": "Terry McMillan (1951 - 10 - 18) October 18, 1951 (age 66) Port Huron, Michigan Occupation Writer Nationality American Alma mater University of California, Berkeley Genre Fiction Notable works Waiting to Exhale How Stella Got Her Groove Back Disappearing Acts Spouse Jonathan Plummer (m. 1998; div. 2005)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Donika Kastrioti", "paragraph_text": "Donika Kastrioti (n\u00e9e Andronika Arianiti-Muzaka) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg. She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, one of the greatest leaders in the Albanian war against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Charlotte of Bourbon", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte of Bourbon (1546/1547 \u2013 5 May 1582) was a Princess consort of Orange as the third spouse of William the Silent, Prince of Orange, the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish. She was the fourth daughter of Louis, Duke of Montpensier and Jacqueline de Longwy, Countess of Bar-sur-Seine."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Christel Khalil", "paragraph_text": "Christel Khalil Christel Adnana Mina Khalil (1987 - 11 - 30) November 30, 1987 (age 30) Los Angeles, California Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Known for The Young and the Restless as Lily Winters (2002 -- present) Spouse (s) Stephen Hensley (m. 2008 -- 2011) Children"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ann Perkins", "paragraph_text": "Ann Perkins Parks and Recreation character First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Ann and Chris'' (regular) ``One Last Ride ''(guest appearance) Portrayed by Rashida Jones Information Occupation Nurse Health Department Public Relations Director of Pawnee, Indiana Spouse (s) Chris Traeger Children Oliver Perkins - Traeger Leslie Perkins - Traeger"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa", "paragraph_text": "Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa (1497 \u2013 31 December 1536), also called \"Margareta Vasa\" and \"Margareta of Hoya\", was a Swedish noblewoman, sister of king Gustav I of Sweden. Between 1525 and 1534, she commanded Vyborg Castle on several occasions during the absence of her spouse."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John E. Roach", "paragraph_text": "John and Mary Sweeney co-wrote the screenplay for \u201cThe Straight Story,\u201d a motion picture directed by David Lynch. \u201cThe Straight Story\u201d premiered at Cannes and was released in October 1999 by Walt Disney Pictures. The screenplay was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award, and the film\u2019s Richard Farnsworth received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. \u201cLike Hemingway\u2019s dialogue,\u201d wrote Roger Ebert, \u201cthe screenplay by John Roach and Mary Sweeney finds poetry and truth in the exact choice of the right everyday words.\u201d"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Villa Foscari", "paragraph_text": "Villa Foscari is a patrician villa in Mira, near Venice, northern Italy, designed by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio. It is also known as \"La Malcontenta\", a nickname which it received when the spouse of one of the Foscaris was locked up in the house because she allegedly didn't live up to her conjugal duty."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish", "paragraph_text": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish (16 February 1771 \u2013 26 November 1814), was the spouse of Thomas Stamford Raffles, vice governor of Java (1811\u20131816), from 1805 to 1814. A memorial monument was erected to her memory in the botanical garden of Buitenzorg (Bogor)."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the DumbLand director?"}
{"id": "2hop__150751_641715", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Brain Pathology", "paragraph_text": "Brain Pathology is the medical journal of the International Society of Neuropathology, published for them by John Wiley & Sons."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Journal of Antibiotics", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Antibiotics is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Nature Publishing Group for the Japan Antibiotics Research Association"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The New England Journal of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is among the most prestigious peer-reviewed medical journals as well as the oldest continuously published one."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Clinical Journal of Pain", "paragraph_text": "The Clinical Journal of Pain is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. It was established in 1985 and covers research on all aspects of pain management. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 2.703, ranking it 8th out of 29 journals in the category \"Anesthesiology\" and 75th out of 191 journals in the category \"Clinical Neurology\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Journal of Hypertension", "paragraph_text": "Journal of Hypertension is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins first launched in 1982. It is the official journal of the International Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Hypertension. The journal is published monthly and includes primary papers, reviews, special reports, and letters."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "University of Jordan", "paragraph_text": "The University of Jordan (), often abbreviated UJ, is a state-supported university located in Amman, Jordan. Founded in 1962, it is the largest and oldest institution of higher education in Jordan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cases Journal", "paragraph_text": "Cases Journal was an open access, peer-reviewed medical journal publishing any case reports from any area of healthcare that were understandable, ethical, authentic, and included all information essential to its interpretation. The journal had no publication criteria based on the interest level of the case. The editor in chief of \"Cases Journal\" was Richard Smith. Articles that were published in \"Cases Journal\" are indexed in PubMed and archived in PubMed Central."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Annals of Oncology", "paragraph_text": "The Annals of Oncology is a peer-reviewed medical journal of oncology, published by Oxford University Press. It is the official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. The editor-in-chief is Professor Fabrice Andr\u00e9 (Villejuif, France). Previous editors were Jean-Charles Soria, Jan Vermorken, David J. Kerr and Franco Cavalli."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cancer Causes & Control", "paragraph_text": "Cancer Causes & Control is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Springer Science+Business Media, covering research on the epidemiology, causes, and control of cancer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Acta Ophthalmologica", "paragraph_text": "Acta Ophthalmologica is a peer-reviewed medical journal of ophthalmology established in 1923. The journal is edited by Einar Stef\u00e1nsson (University of Iceland) and is published 8 times per year by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. It is the official journal of the Nordic Ophthalmological Societies and of the European Association for Vision and Eye Research. Supplement issues, as well special issues for doctoral theses, are published along with the main journal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic", "paragraph_text": "The Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic was a weekly American medical journal published from 1878 to 1916, as a merger of earlier journals founded in 1842 and 1871."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Journal of Transplantation", "paragraph_text": "The American Journal of Transplantation is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Society of Transplant Surgeons and the American Society of Transplantation. It covers research on all aspects of organ transplantation. Each issue offers continuing medical education in the form of its \"Images in Transplantation\" feature, a case-based approach."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Circulation Research", "paragraph_text": "Circulation Research is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. It is the official journal of the American Heart Association and its Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences. The journal covers research on all aspects of the cardiovascular system."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jordan Medical Journal", "paragraph_text": "The Jordan Medical Journal is a peer-reviewed medical journal that is published by the University of Jordan Deanship of Scientific Research and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Jordan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "British Journal of Anaesthesia", "paragraph_text": "The British Journal of Anaesthesia (BJA) is a monthly peer-reviewed international medical journal published by Elsevier (previously published by Oxford University Press until 2018) on behalf of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (and its Faculty of Pain Medicine); the College of Anaesthesiologists of Ireland; and the Hong Kong College of Anaesthesiologists, for all of which it serves as their official journal. The journal covers all aspects of anaesthesia, perioperative medicine, intensive care medicine and pain management. The current editor-in-chief is Hugh C. Hemmings (Weill Cornell Medical College)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Journal of Clinical Oncology", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Clinical Oncology is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 3 times a month by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. It covers research on all aspects of clinical oncology. All articles older than one year are freely available online. The journal was established in 1983 and the editor-in-chief is Stephen A. Cannistra (Harvard Medical School)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Annals of Internal Medicine", "paragraph_text": "Annals of Internal Medicine is an academic medical journal published by the American College of Physicians (ACP). It is one of the most widely cited and influential specialty medical journals in the world. \"Annals\" publishes content relevant to the field of internal medicine and related sub-specialties. \"Annals\"' mission is to promote excellence in medicine, enable physicians and other health care professionals to be well-informed members of the medical community and society, advance standards in the conduct and reporting of medical research, and contribute to improving the health of people worldwide. To achieve this mission, the journal publishes a wide variety of original research, review articles, practice guidelines, and commentary relevant to clinical practice, health care delivery, public health, health care policy, medical education, ethics, and research methodology. In addition, the journal publishes personal narratives that convey the feeling and the art of medicine. Selected articles in the journal are open access; these include patient oriented content and Clinical Guidelines (and related reviews)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Journal of Internal Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Internal Medicine is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of internal medicine. It was established in 1863 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Association for the Publication of the Journal of Internal Medicine. The editor-in-chief is Ulf de Faire (Karolinska Institutet)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Clinical Leukemia", "paragraph_text": "Clinical Leukemia was a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal that was published by CIG Media Group from 2006 until 2009. The journal covered research on the detection, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of leukemia. The editor-in-chief was Jorge Cortes."}], "question": "In which city is the university which publishes Jordan Medical Journal?"}
{"id": "2hop__5928_431539", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Salt 'n' Shake", "paragraph_text": "According to the packet, Salt 'n' Shake was created by Frank Smith and was first sold in pubs in Cricklewood, London in the 1920s. Because the salt cellars he provided were being stolen by pub visitors, Smith began to sell the packets with a small blue sachet of salt, the tradition of which continues to this day. The brand is at present owned by Walkers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Helfaer Field", "paragraph_text": "Helfaer Field, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is a Little League baseball field located next to Miller Park, home of the Milwaukee Brewers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Wenlock Arms", "paragraph_text": "The Wenlock Arms is a public house in Islington, London, which began trading in 1787. The pub is located halfway between Old Street and Angel, just off the City Road and the City Road Basin and Wenlock Basin on the Regent's Canal. The pub has won awards for the quality and range of its cask ales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Edward Greene (MP)", "paragraph_text": "Greene was the son of Benjamin Greene, a West Indies proprietor, who established the Greene King brewery in Bury St Edmunds in 1799. Greene was educated at the Grammar School at Bury St Edmunds and in 1836 took over the management of the brewery company from his father. He expanded and diversified the company significantly, doubling the brewery workforce to fifty and increasing output to 40,000 barrels a year by 1870. Greene introduced unprecedented benefits for his workforce including a pension scheme and new standards of housing for his workers. He was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for Suffolk and a master of the Suffolk Fox Hounds."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cranberry", "paragraph_text": "Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium. In Britain, cranberry may refer to the native species Vaccinium oxycoccos, while in North America, cranberry may refer to Vaccinium macrocarpon. Vaccinium oxycoccos is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while Vaccinium macrocarpon is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile. In some methods of classification, Oxycoccus is regarded as a genus in its own right. They can be found in acidic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon\u20132:30 pm and 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery\u2014in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Royal Oak Hotel", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Oak Hotel is a pub located in Balmain, a suburb in the inner west region of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The pub has historical links with the union movement and is one of a number of buildings which formed an integral part of the shipbuilding and industrial history of the local area."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chas & Dave", "paragraph_text": "In 1983, Chas & Dave presented their own variety show, made by LWT and broadcast on ITV, which was set in an East End pub."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jason Rogers (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "Jason Douglas Rogers (born March 13, 1988) is an American professional baseball first baseman for the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He previously played for the Milwaukee Brewers and Pittsburgh Pirates in Major League Baseball."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bill Wegman", "paragraph_text": "After graduating from Oak Hills High School, Wegman was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 5th round of the 1981 amateur draft, where he played throughout his entire eleven-year career, ending October 1, 1995. Wegman won a career-high 15 games in 1991, with a 2.84 earned run average. He earned a peak salary of USD$2,375,000 a year from 1992 to 1995. In 1983, Wegman won the Ray Scarborough Award as the Brewers' Minor League Player of the Year."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sherlock Holmes", "paragraph_text": "For the 1951 Festival of Britain, Holmes's living room was reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition, with a collection of original material. After the festival, items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes (a London pub) and the Conan Doyle collection housed in Lucens, Switzerland by the author's son, Adrian. Both exhibitions, each with a Baker Street sitting-room reconstruction, are open to the public."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A gastropub concentrates on quality food. The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though has occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "NORC at the University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "NORC at the University of Chicago is one of the largest independent social research organizations in the United States. Established in 1941 as the National Opinion Research Center, its corporate headquarters is located in downtown Chicago, with offices in several other locations throughout the United States. Organized as an independent corporation, more than half its board comes from faculty and administration of the university, it also jointly staffs some university academic research centers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A pub /p\u028cb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Inverness Airport", "paragraph_text": "Inverness Airport () is an international airport situated at Dalcross, north-east of the city of Inverness, Scotland. It is owned by Highlands and Islands Airports Limited (HIAL). The airport is the main gateway for travellers to the north of Scotland with a range of scheduled services throughout the United Kingdom, and limited scheduled service to Continental Europe. Limited charter and freight flights operate throughout the UK and Europe. Around 900,000 passengers passed through the airport in 2018. The airport is also headquarters to Dalcross Handling which now operates across Scotland."}], "question": "Where is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain headquartered?"}
{"id": "2hop__12855_12846", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Thereza Imanishi-Kari", "paragraph_text": "A native of Brazil, Thereza Imanishi-Kari earned a BS degree in biology from the University of Sao Paulo near her home town of Indaiatuba, Brazil. Subsequently she studied at Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan, and the University of Helsinki in Finland, which awarded her a PhD in the field of immunogenetics."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "In the Night Garden...", "paragraph_text": "The series was announced in 000000002006 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2006, and twenty episodes were first broadcast in 000000002007 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 2007. Two series were made, with 100 episodes in all. The BBC confirmed in 2010 that it would not be commissioning another series. The show's budget was \u00a314.5 million."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tr\u00eas Irm\u00e3os Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Tr\u00eas Irm\u00e3os Dam is an embankment dam with gravity sections on the Tiet\u00ea River in Pereira Barreto of S\u00e3o Paulo state in Brazil. The dam is about upstream of the river's confluence with the Paran\u00e1 River. It supports the largest hydroelectric power station on the river with an installed capacity of . The dam was completed in 1991 and the five Francis turbine-generators were commissioned between November 1993 and January 1999. It is owned and operated by Companhia Energ\u00e9tica de S\u00e3o Paulo (CESP). The dam also provides for navigation with two ship locks."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "SAO Krajina", "paragraph_text": "The Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina ( / \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0438\u043d\u0430) or SAO Krajina (\u0421\u0410\u041e \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0438\u043d\u0430) was a self-proclaimed Serbian autonomous region (oblast) within modern-day Croatia (then Yugoslavia). The territory consisted of majority-Serbian municipalities of the Republic of Croatia that declared autonomy in October 1990. It was formed as the Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina ( / \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u041a\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0438\u043d\u0430) or SAO Kninska Krajina (\u0421\u0410\u041e \u041a\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0438\u043d\u0430), but, upon inclusion of additional Serb-populated areas, changed its name simply to SAO Krajina. In 1991 the SAO Krajina declared itself the Republic of Serbian Krajina, and subsequently included the other two Serbian SAOs in Croatia, the SAO Western Slavonia and the SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Another Saturday Night", "paragraph_text": "``Another Saturday Night ''Single by Sam Cooke from the album Ai n't That Good News B - side`` Love Will Find a Way'' Released April 2, 1963 Format 7 - inch single Recorded February 28, 1963 Studio RCA, Hollywood, California Genre R&B, Soul Length 2: 42 Label RCA Victor Songwriter (s) Sam Cooke Producer (s) Hugo & Luigi Sam Cooke singles chronology ``Bring It On Home to Me ''(1963)`` Another Saturday Night'' (1963) ``(Ai n't That) Good News ''(1964)`` Bring It On Home to Me'' (1963) ``Another Saturday Night ''(1963)`` (Ai n't That) Good News'' (1964)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nepal Law Commission", "paragraph_text": "The Nepal Law Commission (NLC) was first constituted by an executive decision in 1953, immediately after the down of multiparty democracy. The second, third, fourth and fifth Commissions were constituted in 1960, 1963, 1972 and 1979 respectively. All those Commissions were temporary in nature. The NLC was given permanent status only in 1984. After the restoration of multiparty democracy in 1990, the NLC was restructured with the mandate commensurate with the changed context. It was again restructured in 2003 with timely changes in its mandate and composition. Now, the Commission is a statutory body under the Nepal Law Commission Act, 2007, which was promulgated on 14 January 2007. It is to note that until then it used to be constituted by the executive decision."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vange Leonel", "paragraph_text": "Vange Leonel was born in S\u00e3o Paulo in 1963; great-granddaughter of General Ataliba Leonel, who fought in the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution, and cousin of former Tit\u00e3s member Nando Reis, her first musical ventures were with the post-punk band Nau (Portuguese for \"carrack\"), which was founded in 1985. Nau released an eponymous album by CBS in 1987, and also took part in the compilation \"N\u00e3o S\u00e3o Paulo, Vol. 2\", released by Baratos Afins; however, it would disband in 1989, after plans for a second studio album fell through, and Vange followed with a solo career."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Paulo Roberto Curtis Costa", "paragraph_text": "Paulo Roberto Curtis Costa (born 27 January 1963 in Viam\u00e3o, Brazil) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a defender for clubs in Brazil and Paraguay."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cemit\u00e9rio da Consola\u00e7\u00e3o", "paragraph_text": "Cemit\u00e9rio da Consola\u00e7\u00e3o is a cemetery in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Located along the north side of Rua da Consola\u00e7\u00e3o in the district of Consola\u00e7\u00e3o, it was founded on 15 August 1858, with the name of Cemit\u00e9rio Municipal, being the city's first public graveyard."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "HMS Norfolk (F230)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Norfolk was a British Type 23 frigate, the sixth in the Royal Navy to use this name, laid down in 1985 by Yarrow Shipbuilders. She was launched on the Clyde by Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon in July 1987 and named for the Dukedom of Norfolk. She was commissioned on 1 June 1990. \"Norfolk\" was the 'first of class', as well as being the first of a new generation of 'lean manned' ships. She was commissioned into the Chilean Navy in 2006 as Almirante Cochrane\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Carapicu\u00edba", "paragraph_text": "Carapicu\u00edba () is a municipality in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of S\u00e3o Paulo. The population is 392,294 (2015 est.) in an area of . It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super \u00c9tendard, Dassault Rafale M and E\u20112C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13\u20113 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "MediaMonks", "paragraph_text": "MediaMonks is a creative digital production company producing websites, games, and films, often to serve the needs of advertising agencies. The company's head office is based in Hilversum, the Netherlands. MediaMonks was founded in 2001 by Wesley ter Haar, Gin Roberscheuten and Terrence Koeman and is managed by Victor Knaap, who joined the company in 2003. The company has international offices in London, Los Angeles, New York, Singapore, Shanghai, Stockholm, Dubai, Sao Paulo and Mexico City. The studio has won a number awards in its field, which Wesley ter Haar claims is not in advertising but creative digital production."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marcos Falopa", "paragraph_text": "Marcos Antonio Falopa, commonly known as Marcos Falopa (born 2 April 1949), is a Brazilian football manager. Falopa, who played for Palmeiras and Sao Caetano, is a qualified adviser and coaching instructor accredited by FIFA. Having graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Sports & Physical Education, Falopa also earned a Master's degree in Football from the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, and a UEFA Pro Coaching License (A). He has more than 35 years of experience in football."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Juno Award", "paragraph_text": "The Juno Awards are named in honour of Pierre Juneau, the first president of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) and former president of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Embodiment of Evil", "paragraph_text": "During the \"Paulinia Film Festival\", held July 5\u201312, 2008 in Paulinia, Sao Paulo, Brazil, \"Embodiment of Evil\" won 7 of 15 categories for fictional films. Marins was presented the Critics Choice award for best film. Other awards were best photography (Jos\u00e9 Roberto Eliezer), best film editing (Paulo Sacramento), best sound editing (Ricardo Reis), best soundtrack"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "One CATOBAR carrier: S\u00e3o Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. S\u00e3o Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005\u20132010, S\u00e3o Paulo underwent extensive modernization. At the end of 2010, sea trials began, and as of 2011[update] S\u00e3o Paulo had been evaluated by the CIASA (Inspection Commission and Training Advisory). She was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013, but suffered another major fire in 2012."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gregori Warchavchik", "paragraph_text": "Warchavchik arrived in Brazil in 1923. He married Mina Klabin in 1927, daughter of a prominent industrialist in S\u00e3o Paulo, and became a naturalized Brazilian. His house in S\u00e3o Paulo, Casa da Rua Santa Cruz, built between 1927 and 1928, is considered the first modernist residence in Brazil. He designed the Lasar Segall Museum in S\u00e3o Paulo that opened in 1967. In 1930 he and Lucio Costa established a joint architecture studio in Rio de Janeiro, and one of the designers in the studio between 1932 and 1936 was the then young architectural student, Oscar Niemeyer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paulo Morgado", "paragraph_text": "Paulo Jos\u00e9 Ferreira Morgado (born 10 October 1963 Leiria, Portugal) is a Portuguese manager and writer. He has been living in Madrid (Spain) since 2014, year where he became CEO of Capgemini in Spain. He is currently Executive Vice-President of Capgemini Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "USS Severn (1867)", "paragraph_text": "The first USS \"Severn\" was a wooden screw sloop of war in commission in the United States Navy from 1869 to 1871. She was named for Severn River in Maryland."}], "question": "What is another name for the first group that commissioned the Sao Paolo in 1963?"}
{"id": "2hop__847166_120176", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Banking in India", "paragraph_text": "A second dose of nationalisation of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalisation was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalisation, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalised banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. Until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Republic of Ireland", "paragraph_text": "The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo - Irish Treaty. It had the status of dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted, in which the state was named ``Ireland ''and effectively became a republic, with an elected non-executive president as head of state. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948. Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union, in 1973. The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the twentieth century, but during the 1980s and 1990s the British and Irish governments worked with the Northern Ireland parties towards a resolution to`` the Troubles''. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the Irish government and Northern Ireland Executive have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North - South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Agricultural Development Bank of Zimbabwe", "paragraph_text": "Agricultural Development Bank of Zimbabwe was established as a commercial bank in 1999, according to the website of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Before that it was known as Agricultural Finance Corporation, which was formerly known as Land and Agricultural Bank, an institution that was established in 1925. In 2003, Agribank transformed into an agricultural development bank, with emphasis on making agricultural loans, but it kept its commercial bank license and function."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battle of Cravant", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Cravant was fought on 31 July 1423, during the Hundred Years' War between English and French forces at the village of Cravant in Burgundy, at a bridge and ford on the banks of the river Yonne, a left-bank tributary of the Seine, southeast of Auxerre. The battle ended in a victory for the English and their Burgundian allies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States budget process", "paragraph_text": "There is no obligation for either or both houses of Congress to pass a budget resolution. There may not be a resolution every year; if none is established, the previous year's resolution remains in force. For example, the Senate has not passed a budget resolution for FY2011, FY2012, or FY2013, and passed the FY2014 budget resolution on March 23, 2013, 23 days before the April 15 deadline set by the No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013. This was the first budget resolution passed by the Senate since a FY2010 budget passed on April 29, 2009. The House and Senate may propose a budget independently of the President's budget. For example, for the 2014 budget process, the House prepared its budget proposal on March 21 and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23, while the President's budget was not submitted until April 10."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "MP3", "paragraph_text": "Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be handled partially by the \"aliasing compensation\" stage; however, that creates excess energy to be coded in the frequency domain, thereby decreasing coding efficiency.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "State Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational, public sector banking and financial services company. It is a government - owned corporation headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The company is ranked 217th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2017. It is the largest bank in India with a 23% market share in assets, besides a share of one - fourth of the total loan and deposits market."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Reserve Bank of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Unlike the United States Federal Reserve, the Reserve Bank does not have elements of private ownership; according to its website, ``The Reserve Bank does not have shareholders. It is 100% 'owned' by the New Zealand Government, with any extra revenue that the Reserve Bank makes going back into the Crown accounts. The Central Bank is not a government department, but is a body corporate whose finances are included in the Crown accounts. ''"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "ICICI Bank", "paragraph_text": "ICICI Bank, stands for Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, is an Indian multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, with its registered office in Vadodara. In 2017, it is the third largest bank in India in terms of assets and third in term of market capitalisation. It offers a wide range of banking products and financial services for corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels and specialised subsidiaries in the areas of investment banking, life, non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management. The bank has a vast network of 4,850 branches and 14,404 ATMs in India, and has a presence in 19 countries including India."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a United States government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in US banks. The FDIC was created by the 1933 Banking Act during the Great Depression (June 16, 1933) to restore trust in the American banking system; more than one - third of banks failed in the years before the FDIC's creation, and bank runs were common. The insurance limit was initially US $2,500 per ownership category. Since the passage of the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in 2011, the FDIC insures deposits in member banks up to US $250,000 per ownership category."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Deutsche Bank", "paragraph_text": "After Adolf Hitler came to power, instituting the Third Reich, Deutsche Bank dismissed its three Jewish board members in 1933. In subsequent years, Deutsche Bank took part in the aryanization of Jewish-owned businesses; according to its own historians, the bank was involved in 363 such confiscations by November 1938. During the war, Deutsche Bank incorporated other banks that fell into German hands during the occupation of Eastern Europe. Deutsche Bank provided banking facilities for the Gestapo and loaned the funds used to build the Auschwitz camp and the nearby IG Farben facilities.During World War II, Deutsche Bank became responsible for managing the Bohemian Union Bank in Prague, with branches in the Protectorate and in Slovakia, the Bankverein in Yugoslavia (which has now been divided into two financial corporations, one in Serbia and one in Croatia), the Albert de Barry Bank in Amsterdam, the National Bank of Greece in Athens, the Creditanstalt-Bankverein in Austria and Hungary, the Deutsch-Bulgarische Kreditbank in Bulgaria, and Banca Comercial\u0103 Rom\u00e2n\u0103 (The Romanian Commercial Bank) in Bucharest. It also maintained a branch in Istanbul, Turkey."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 987", "paragraph_text": "United Nations Security Council resolution 987, adopted unanimously on 19 April 1995, after reaffirming all resolutions on the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, in particular Resolution 982 (1994), the Council called for measures to ensure the safety, security and freedom of movement of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina following attacks on it."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation", "paragraph_text": "Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) is a subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India. It was established on 15 July 1978 under Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961 for the purpose of providing insurance of deposits and guaranteeing of credit facilities. DICGC insures all bank deposits, such as saving, fixed, current, Recurring_deposit for up to the limit of Rs. 100,000 of each deposits in a bank."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chase Bank", "paragraph_text": "JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., doing business as Chase Bank, is a national bank that constitutes the consumer and commercial banking subsidiary of the U.S. multinational banking and financial services holding company, JPMorgan Chase. The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J.P. Morgan & Co. in 2000. Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company in 1955. The bank has been headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004. The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anglo Irish Bank", "paragraph_text": "A Transfer Order was made by the High Court in Dublin under the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 transferring the assets and liabilities of Irish Nationwide Building Society (\u201cINBS\u201d) to Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Limited (\u201cAnglo\u201d or the \u201cBank\u201d) on 1 July 2011. This achieves the legal merger of the INBS business into Anglo consistent with directions provided to both entities by the Minister for Finance, in consultation with the European Commission."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Irish Bank Resolution Corporation", "paragraph_text": "The Irish Bank Resolution Corporation (IBRC) was the name given to the entity formed in 2011 by the court-mandated merger of the state-owned banking institutions Anglo Irish Bank and Irish Nationwide Building Society."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bank of America Home Loans", "paragraph_text": "On January 11, 2008, Bank of America announced that it planned to purchase Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion in stock. On June 5, 2008, Bank of America Corporation announced it had received approval from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to purchase Countrywide Financial Corporation. Then, on June 25, 2008, Countrywide announced it had received the approval of 69% of its shareholders to the planned merger with Bank of America. On July 1, 2008, Bank of America Corporation completed its purchase of Countrywide Financial Corporation. In 1997, Countrywide had spun off Countrywide Mortgage Investment as an independent company called IndyMac Bank. Federal regulators seized IndyMac on July 11, 2008, after a week - long bank run."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Banca Comercial\u0103 Rom\u00e2n\u0103", "paragraph_text": "Banca Comercial\u0103 Rom\u00e2n\u0103 (BCR) (SWIFT code: RNCBROBU), a member of Erste Group, is the most important financial group in Romania, including operations of universal bank (retail, corporate & investment banking, treasury and capital markets), as well as specialized companies on the leasing market, assets management, private pensions, housing banks and banking services through mobile phone. BCR is No. 1 bank in Romania on the assets value (over EUR 16 billion), No. 1 Bank by number of clients and No. 1 bank by savings and financing segments."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants\u2014Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics\u2014prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Crude (2009 film)", "paragraph_text": "Crude is a 2009 American documentary film directed and produced by Joe Berlinger. It follows a two-year portion of an ongoing class action lawsuit against the Chevron Corporation in Ecuador."}], "question": "What year was the end of the successor to Irish Bank Resolution Corporation?"}
{"id": "2hop__153382_605140", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Challenge (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Challenge (originally known as Road Rules: All Stars, followed by Real World / Road Rules Challenge) is a reality game show on MTV that is spun off from the network's two reality shows, Real World and Road Rules. It features alumni from these two shows, in addition to first - time cast members called 'Fresh Meat', alumni from Are You the One?, and relatives of these cast members called 'Bloodlines', competing against one another for a cash prize. The Challenge is currently hosted by T.J. Lavin. The series premiered on June 1, 1998. The title of the show was originally Road Rules: All Stars before it was renamed Real World / Road Rules Challenge by the show's 2nd season, then later abridged to simply The Challenge by the show's 19th season. The series initially used no hosts but instead a former cast member who had been kicked off his or her season, providing assignments as ``Mr. ''or`` Ms. Big'' (David ``Puck ''Rainey, David Edwards, and Gladys Sanabria served this role). Later on, however, the series began using hosts: Eric Nies and Mark Long co-hosted a season, and Jonny Moseley and Dave Mirra hosted various seasons before T.J. Lavin became the show's regular host by the 11th season."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 8)", "paragraph_text": "The eighth series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme is expected to begin on 20 March 2018. The series was confirmed in August 2017. The cast members for this series were confirmed on 20 February 2018, and includes Geordie Shore star Marnie Simpson as well as The X Factor contestant, and Stereo Kicks and Union J singer Casey Johnson."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "13 Reasons Why", "paragraph_text": "The series has received largely positive reviews from critics and audiences, who have praised its subject matter and casting, particularly the two leads, Dylan Minnette and Katherine Langford. It has attracted controversy from some, including mental health professionals, over the series' graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape, along with other mature content. In May 2017, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season, scheduled to premiere in 2018."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "TV 101", "paragraph_text": "TV 101 is an American drama series that aired on CBS from 1988 until 1989. The series stars Sam Robards, Brynn Thayer, Leon Russom and Andrew Cassese. Other notable cast members include Stacey Dash, Teri Polo, Alex D\u00e9sert and Matt LeBlanc. The music for this show was created and produced by Todd Rundgren."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fagel Attraction", "paragraph_text": "\"Fagel Attraction\" is the twenty-third episode of the fourth season of the American television series \"Will & Grace\". It was written by Jenji Kohan and directed by series producer James Burrows. The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in the United States on April 25, 2002. Michael Douglas, Molly Shannon, and Barry Livingston guest starred in \"Fagel Attraction\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Allt f\u00f6r Sverige", "paragraph_text": "Allt f\u00f6r Sverige (literally \"Everything for Sweden\", marketed in the United States as \"The Great Swedish Adventure\") is a Swedish Emmy-award-winning reality show based on the original Norwegian format \"The Great Norway Adventure\", also called \"Alt for Norge\". The first season of \"Allt f\u00f6r Sverige\" was shown on Sveriges Television SVT1 from 30 October 2011 to 18 December 2011. The series is about Swedish Americans who return to their Swedish roots. The program provides the participants more information about their ancestral families by visiting some locations their ancestors lived. The cast members learn about the country's culture, customs, food, and quirks. As the episodes in the season progress, cast members leave the show after losing challenges and therefore find out less about their ancestry. Each season's winner gets a family reunion with their current relatives who stayed behind in Sweden."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Thomas Lennon", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Patrick Lennon (born August 9, 1970) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director best known as a cast member on MTV's The State, for his role as Lieutenant Jim Dangle on the Comedy Central series Reno 911! and as Felix Unger on the CBS series The Odd Couple. He is the writing partner of Robert Ben Garant."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 8)", "paragraph_text": "The eighth series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme was confirmed in August 2017 after it was reported that Geordie Shore cast member Marnie Simpson had joined the show. With this it was announced that filming for the series had already begun."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gutur Gu", "paragraph_text": "Gutur Gu is a silent comedy broadcast on the Indian satellite television channel SAB TV, produced by B. P. Singh and directed by Prabal Barua. It is also India's first silent comedy series. Its cast include, Sheetal Maulik and Sunil Grover along with Nayan Bhatt, Bhavana Balsavar, Jaidutt Vyas and KK Goswami. The show's cast members do not speak on screen."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth series of the show began on 19 January 2016. This series was filmed in Portugal. The official cast list was revealed on 15 December 2015 and includes four girls: Helen Briggs, Nancy - May Turner, Naomi Hedman and Olivia Walsh, as well as four boys: Joe Delaney, Lewis Good, Youssef Hassane and Geordie Shore star Scotty T. Megan McKenna and Magaluf Weekender cast member Jordan Davies would be returning to the series as exes, having previously appeared during the previous series. Olivia later returned to the beach for the fifth series, while Kieran Lee went onto appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother, but was evicted during the final week."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Gossip Game", "paragraph_text": "The Gossip Game is an American reality television series on VH1 that debuted on April 1, 2013, and chronicles the lives of seven media personalities who cover the urban entertainment market and reside in New York City. Cast member Vivian Billings confirmed via her blog in June 2013 that the series will not be returning for a second season."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait", "paragraph_text": "Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (1922\u20132005) was an Indian politician, former Member of parliament, Lok Sabha and founding leader of Indian National League He belongs to Cutchi Memon. He was fondly called \"Mehboob -e -Millath\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dawn Wells", "paragraph_text": "Dawn Elberta Wells (born October 18, 1938) is an American actress who is best known for her role as Mary Ann Summers on the CBS sitcom Gilligan's Island. She and Tina Louise are the last surviving regular cast members from that series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 9)", "paragraph_text": "The ninth series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme began on 15 August 2018, The series was confirmed at the end of the eighth series final episode in May 2018. The cast members for this series were confirmed on 23 July 2018, and features former Made in Chelsea cast member Daisy Robins, as well as The Valleys star Natalee Harris. The series was filmed in Tulum, Mexico at the luxury villa Playaakun. This series it was revealed that the exes would have more power than ever before, as the ``Tablet of Terror ''continued to throw twists at them."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jay Johnston", "paragraph_text": "Jay Johnston (born October 22, 1968) is an American actor and comedian best known for his work as a writer and cast member on the HBO sketch comedy series \"Mr. Show\" and for playing the role of Officer Jay McPherson on \"The Sarah Silverman Program\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 7)", "paragraph_text": "The seventh series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme is expected to begin on 20 June 2017 on MTV. The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017. The group of cast for this series include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna, Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie, as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay. Star of series five David Hawley also featured in this series. Marty and Josh had also previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins", "paragraph_text": "The live - action cast features Robbie Amell as Fred, Kate Melton as Daphne, Hayley Kiyoko as Velma and Nick Palatas as Shaggy. Scooby - Doo was created using computer - generated imagery and his voice is provided by Frank Welker, who also was a cast member of the animated series, Scooby - Doo, Where Are You! and The Scooby - Doo Show, providing the voice of Fred."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Will Truman", "paragraph_text": "William Truman is a fictional character on the American sitcom \"Will & Grace\", portrayed by Eric McCormack. He is a lawyer who lives in the Upper West Side of New York City with his best friend, Grace Adler (Debra Messing). The series also portrays his relationship with the two other main characters, Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) and Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Can't Pay? We'll Take It Away!", "paragraph_text": "The first series introduces five initial cast members: Paul Bohill, Steve Pinner, Mike Allonby, Terry Jones, and Steve Wood. The day after the broadcast of the first programme, Allonby died aged 47 at his home in Wales. Both Jones and Wood subsequently only appeared in the first series, with Bohill and Pinner (High Court Solutions) the only two cast members who went on to appear in series two. The first three episodes became the most watched programme on the channel that week, with episodes four and five placing at second and third, respectively."}], "question": "Who is a cast member of the series that Fagel Attraction belongs to?"}
{"id": "2hop__473374_70390", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Quadrophenia (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film stars Phil Daniels as Jimmy, a young 1960s London-based Mod who escapes from his dead-end job as a mailroom boy by dancing, partying, taking amphetamines, riding his scooter and brawling with the motorcycle-riding Rockers. After he and his friends participate in a huge brawl with the Rockers at the seaside town of Brighton, he is arrested and his life starts to spiral out of control; he loses his girlfriend (Leslie Ash) and discovers that his idol, the popular mod nicknamed \"Ace Face\" (Sting) is actually a bell boy at a hotel."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kevin Wicks", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Wicks is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Phil Daniels. Kevin made his first appearance on 17 February 2006 when he was introduced onto the show alongside his two children Carly (Kellie Shirley) and Deano (Matt Di Angelo), and is introduced as the nephew of long running character of Pat Butcher (Pam St. Clement). Kevin, a wheeler dealer, is described as caring, sensitive and a cheeky chappy. It was announced on 18 August 2007 that Daniels had decided not to renew his contract, and on - screen Kevin was killed off in a car crash in an episode broadcast on 1 January 2008."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gino Esposito", "paragraph_text": "Gino Esposito is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Shane McNamara. The character made his first appearance during the episode broadcast on 11 August 2000. The character was originally played by Claude Stevens. McNamara was cast in the role when the character was reintroduced in 2001. Gino owned a hair salon called A Good Hair Day, which employed both Lyn Scully (Janet Andrewartha) and Janelle Timmins (Nell Feeney). Script producer Luke Devenish called Gino \"a [gay] stereotype\" and a comedic character, similar to Mr. Humphries from British sitcom \"Are You Being Served?\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Heavenly Days", "paragraph_text": "Heavenly Days is a 1944 film starring Fibber McGee and Molly. It was the third and final feature film to feature the popular radio characters; unlike the two previous entries, none of the radio show's supporting cast members appeared in this film."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Casablanca (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dooley Wilson as Sam. He was one of the few American - born members of the cast. A drummer, he had to fake playing the piano. Even after shooting had been completed, producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs. He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott, Lena Horne, or Ella Fitzgerald."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Ghost Whisperer characters", "paragraph_text": "Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Charles Lamy", "paragraph_text": "Charles Lamy (28 August 1857 \u2013 15 June 1940) was a French actor. He was often cast to play aristocratic characters."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jason Morgan (General Hospital)", "paragraph_text": "Jason Morgan is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. Created by Thom Racina and Leah Laiman, he is most notably played by Daytime Emmy Award - winning actor Steve Burton, who joined the cast in 1991 and vacated the role in 2012. Jason was born offscreen in September 1981 and the character made his onscreen debut in November 1981 as the son of Dr. Alan Quartermaine (Stuart Damon) and his mistress, Susan Moore (Gail Ramsey), later adopted by Alan's wife Dr. Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson). As one of the longest - running characters on the show, the role was played by various child actors from 1982 to 1986. In 2014, actor Billy Miller was cast in the role."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Callum Kane", "paragraph_text": "Callum Kane is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Laurie Duncan. The character and Duncan's casting was announced on 25 August 2011. Callum was introduced to the show along with five other regular characters. He made his first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 6 September 2011. While appearing in the sixth series of \"Hollyoaks Later\" in October 2013, Callum was killed off. His exit came as part of a \"cast cull\", which coincided with the show's 18th anniversary. Duncan's departure from the show was kept secret to ensure viewers would be surprised. The actor later admitted that he cried when he learned that he was leaving."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Archie Carpenter", "paragraph_text": "Archie Carpenter is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Stephen Beard. The character first appeared on-screen on 3 November 2008 until his exit on 28 May 2010. He was introduced as the younger brother of then established Zoe Carpenter (Zo\u00eb Lister), when he moved into the college halls of residence. In March 2010, series producer Paul Marquess axed the character as part of his cast cull and major revamp of the series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Deepwater Horizon (film)", "paragraph_text": "On August 19, 2014, casting began, with actor Mark Wahlberg added in the lead role of the film. Wahlberg plays Mike Williams, a real - life electronics technician on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. On March 18, 2015, Gina Rodriguez was set to play a woman named Andrea Fleytas, who was on the bridge on board the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the blowout, and frantically tried to contact the Coast Guard. On April 10, 2015, Deadline reported that Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Caleb Holloway. Kurt Russell joined the film on the same day O'Brien was in talks. Soon after, John Malkovich was confirmed cast, as a BP representative who fatally underestimates the dangers of working on the rig. Kate Hudson was announced as a cast member in May, 2015, and playing the wife of Wahlberg's character; her role will be her first on - screen pairing with Russell, her stepfather, although they shared no dialogue in the film."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cristina Yang", "paragraph_text": "Oh originally auditioned for the role of Miranda Bailey, although Chandra Wilson was ultimately cast in the part. Oh has received generally positive reviews for her portrayal, with Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considering her friendship with Meredith to be ``the secret core of Grey's ''. Oh has also garnered numerous awards and nominations for her role as Yang, including Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award wins in 2006. She was additionally nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series each year, from 2005 to 2009. Characterizing the character, ABC noted her competitiveness, ambition, and intelligence as her main traits, while her aggressive, and tactless attitude was highlighted as her main weakness. In May 2012, E! Online reported that Oh had signed on for two more years, along with her fellow cast members. Oh left the show after season 10, and her character Cristina Yang was written out of the storyline as a main cast member."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Patrick Bergin", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Connolly Bergin (born 4 February 1951) is an Irish actor perhaps best known for his leading role opposite Julia Roberts in Sleeping with the Enemy (1991) and for playing the villainous Aidan Maguire in the BBC soap EastEnders (2017 -- present)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "EastEnders", "paragraph_text": "EastEnders Genre Soap opera Created by Julia Smith Tony Holland Written by Various Directed by Various Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer Simon May Leslie Osborne Opening theme EastEnders theme tune Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of episodes 5,721 (as of 8 June 2018) Production Executive producer (s) Various (currently John Yorke; Executive Consultant) Producer (s) Various (Sharon Batten) Location (s) BBC Elstree Centre Camera setup Video, multiple - camera setup Running time 30 minutes (with occasional longer / shorter episodes) Production company (s) BBC Studios Release Original network BBC One BBC One HD (2010 --) Picture format 576i 4: 3 (1985 -- 1999) 576i 16: 9 DTV (1999 -- 2010) 1080i 16: 9 HDTV (2010 --) Audio format Stereo Original release 19 February 1985 (1985 - 02 - 19) -- present Chronology Related shows Het Oude Noorden (1993) EastEnders Revealed (1998 -- 2012) EastEnders: E20 (2010 -- 2011) Kat & Alfie: Redwater (2017) Various spin - offs External links Website"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Imogen Willis", "paragraph_text": "Imogen Willis is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Ariel Kaplan. The actress was cast in the role after a quick process, in which she auditioned once and attended a screen test. She began filming her first scenes in early February 2013. Kaplan's character and her family were created and introduced to \"Neighbours\", as part of an ongoing overhaul of the show's cast and renewed focus on family units within the show. She made her first screen appearance during \"Episode 6646\", which was broadcast on 20 May 2013."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi", "paragraph_text": "On January 14, 2015, John Krasinski was cast in the film, to play one of the lead roles, a former US Navy SEAL. On February 3, Pablo Schreiber also signed on to star in the film, playing Kris \"Tanto\" Paronto, one of the six-man security team. On February 6, James Badge Dale was set to star, as the leader of the security team. Max Martini was cast as another member of the security team on February 17, 2015. David Denman signed on to star in the film on March 3, 2015, playing Boon, an elite sniper. On March 5, 2015, THR reported that Dominic Fumusa also signed on, to play John \"Tig\" Tiegen, one of the members of the security team, who is also a former Marine with weapons expertise. Freddie Stroma was added to the cast on March 17, 2015 to play the role of an undercover CIA officer in Libya. On May 7, 2015, Toby Stephens was set to play Glen \"Bub\" Doherty, another of the security team members."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jake Dean", "paragraph_text": "Jake Dean is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Kevin Sacre. Sacre portrayed the character between 2002 and 2008, before making a return on 5 October 2009. In March 2010, Sacre was axed from the series by Paul Marquess during his major revamp and cast cull. Jake made his last appearance on 6 August 2010."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Andreas (film)", "paragraph_text": "On October 14, 2013, Dwayne Johnson closed a deal to star in the film, playing the role of a helicopter pilot searching for his daughter after an earthquake. On February 4, 2014, Alexandra Daddario joined the cast. On March 12, 2014, Carla Gugino joined the cast, reuniting with Dwayne Johnson, with whom she starred in Race to Witch Mountain and Faster. On March 14, 2014, Game of Thrones actor Art Parkinson joined the film's cast. On April 1, 2014, Archie Panjabi joined the earthquake film. On April 5, 2014, Todd Williams also joined the film, to play Marcus Crowlings, an old Army friend of Johnson's character. On April 15, 2014, Colton Haynes was added to the cast of the film. On April 29, Ioan Gruffudd joined the cast of the film. Gruffudd played Daniel Reddick, a wealthy real estate developer who is dating Johnson's character's estranged wife. On May 28, Will Yun Lee joined the cast to play Dr. Kim Park, the co-director of the Caltech Seismology Lab in the film. On June 11, Australian singer and actress Kylie Minogue joined the film to play Gruffudd's sister."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vincent Hubbard", "paragraph_text": "Vincent Hubbard is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Richard Blackwood. He was first introduced by executive producer Dominic Treadwell - Collins during the show's 30th anniversary celebrations, and was later revealed to be the husband of Kim Fox (Tameka Empson). He made his first appearance live on 17 February 2015 during the show's 5015th episode, and returned on two separate occasions on 19 February, one of which was in a flashback episode in which he gives Ronnie Mitchell (Samantha Womack) a gun. During these appearances, he is only credited as ``Vincent ''. He returned as a regular character on 21 April 2015."}], "question": "What character did the cast member of Quadrophenia play in Eastenders?"}
{"id": "2hop__26027_543340", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dominic Tomasi", "paragraph_text": "Dominic Tomasi (February 11, 1928 - December 1, 1986) was an American football player who played guard for the University of Michigan Wolverines. He was a four-year starter and was selected as both the captain and Most Valuable Player of the National Champion 1948 Michigan Wolverines football team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Solomon Meredith", "paragraph_text": "Solomon Meredith (May 29, 1810 \u2013 October 2, 1875) was a prominent Indiana farmer, politician, and lawman who became a controversial Union Army general in the American Civil War. One of the commanders of the Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac, Meredith led the brigade in the Battle of Gettysburg. Although he never fully recovered from the wounds he received that day, he became a prize winning farmer and cattleman at home and hosted veterans of his unit."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade", "paragraph_text": "The 134th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Territorial Force, part of the British Army. It was formed in the First World War as a duplicate of the Hampshire Brigade and was originally formed as the 2nd/1st Hampshire Brigade in 1914\u20131915 before later being renamed as the 134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade. It was sent overseas to India in December 1914 to relieve Regular Army units for service in France. The brigade remained there for the rest of the war, supplying drafts of replacements to the British units fighting in the Middle East and later complete battalions. By September 1917 the last of its battalions had departed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Forester Brigade", "paragraph_text": "The Forester Brigade (known as the Midland Brigade until 1958) was an administrative formation of the British Army from 1948 to 1964. The Brigade administered the regular infantry regiments of the English Midlands."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "First New Jersey Brigade", "paragraph_text": "The First New Jersey Brigade (also called the First Jersey Brigade and Kearny's New Jersey Brigade) is the common name for an American Civil War brigade of New Jersey infantry regiments in the Union Army of the Potomac. Its official designation through most of its service was as the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, VI Corps."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 129th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that served during both the First and Second World Wars. In both wars the brigade was part of 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "31st Indian Armoured Division", "paragraph_text": "The 31st Indian Armoured Division was an armoured division of the Indian Army during World War II, formed in 1940, originally as the 1st Indian Armoured Division; it consisted of units of the British Army and the British Indian Army. When it was raised, it consisted of two Armoured Brigades (the 1st and 2nd Indian Armoured Brigades) and one Motor Brigade (the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Custer Monument (West Point)", "paragraph_text": "Custer Monument is a monument at the United States Military Academy Cemetery, in honor of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer who was killed along with his immediate command at the Battle of the Little Bighorn on 25 June 1876. Congress approved of a statue, to be made from 20 condemned bronze cannons, and for $10,000, of which $6,000 had been subscribed by citizens of New York. The monument was originally located near the academy's headquarters building near the site of present-day Taylor Hall along Thayer Road. Unveiled in 1879, the pedestal had a bronze statue of Custer wielding a saber and a pistol. Custer's widow and many officers did not approve of this likeness and after only five years, the statue was removed and sent to New York City where Stanford White was supposed to remove the bust, to be displayed in the library. However, after White's murder, its whereabouts have since been lost. The pedestal was moved to Custer's grave site in the West Point Cemetery during the construction of Taylor Hall around 1910. In 1965, a stone obelisk was placed atop the pedestal."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "X-Men Origins: Wolverine", "paragraph_text": "X-Men Origins: Wolverine is a 2009 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics fictional character Wolverine. It is the fourth installment of the \"X-Men\" film series and the first spin-off of its standalone Wolverine trilogy. The film was directed by Gavin Hood, written by David Benioff and Skip Woods, and produced by and stars Hugh Jackman. It co-stars Liev Schreiber, Danny Huston, Dominic Monaghan, will.i.am and Ryan Reynolds. The film is a prequel / spin-off focusing on the violent past of the mutant Wolverine and his relationship with his half-brother Victor Creed. The plot details Wolverine's childhood as James Howlett (Troye Sivan), his early encounters with Major William Stryker, his time with Team X and the bonding of Wolverine's skeleton with the indestructible metal adamantium during the Weapon X program."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying \"Thank God for Michigan!\" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the \"Wolverines\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William S. Tilton", "paragraph_text": "William Stowell Tilton (February 1, 1828 \u2013 March 23, 1889) was an American businessman and soldier who led a regiment, and occasionally a brigade, in the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. He and his men were heavily engaged in the Battle of Gettysburg, where Tilton's performance created controversy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Michigan\u2013Ohio State football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Michigan won the 2011 meeting, 40 -- 34, which was the first between two first - year coaches since the 1929 match - up of Harry Kipke and Sam Willaman. The Wolverines were led by junior quarterback Denard Robinson who accounted for 337 total yards rushing and passing, and five touchdowns."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "21st Army Tank Brigade", "paragraph_text": "The 21st Army Tank Brigade was an armoured brigade formation of the British Army active during World War II. The brigade served with the British First Army and the British Eighth Army during the fighting in Tunisia and Italy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 146th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force (Territorial Army from 1920) with the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The brigade saw active service during both World War I and World War II, and during the early part of the Cold War. The brigade was active from 1908 until 1967 when it was finally disbanded."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of Nooitgedacht", "paragraph_text": "In the Battle of Nooitgedacht on 13 December 1900, Boer commandos led by Generals Koos de la Rey and Christiaan Beyers combined to deal a defeat to a British brigade under the command of Major General R. A. P. Clements during the Second Boer War."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sidney Burbank", "paragraph_text": "Sidney Burbank (October 1807 \u2013 December 7, 1882) served as an officer in the regular army before and during the American Civil War. For a time he led a brigade in the Army of the Potomac."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Operation Red Dawn", "paragraph_text": "Operation Red Dawn was an American military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that led to the capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. The operation was named after the 1984 film \"Red Dawn\". The mission was assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Raymond Odierno and led by Col. James Hickey of the 4th Infantry Division, with joint operations Task Force 121\u2014an elite and covert joint special operations team."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "113th Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 113th Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army active in both World War I and World War II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "X-Men Origins: Wolverine", "paragraph_text": "X-Men Origins: Wolverine is a 2009 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics fictional character Wolverine, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the fourth installment of the X-Men film series and the first spin - off of its standalone Wolverine trilogy. The film was directed by Gavin Hood, written by David Benioff and Skip Woods, and produced by and starring Hugh Jackman. It co-stars Liev Schreiber, Danny Huston, Dominic Monaghan, and Ryan Reynolds. The film is a prequel / spin - off focusing on the violent past of the mutant Wolverine and his relationship with his half - brother Victor Creed. The plot details Wolverine's childhood as James Howlett (Troye Sivan), his early encounters with Major William Stryker, his time with Team X, and the bonding of Wolverine's skeleton with the indestructible metal adamantium during the Weapon X program."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1st Infantry Brigade (Estonia)", "paragraph_text": "The 1st Infantry Brigade () is an infantry brigade of the Estonian Land Forces. It is the primary military unit in Northern Estonia. The brigade headquarters is based at Tapa."}], "question": "Where was the leader of Wolverine Brigade educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__6836_6794", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Munbilla, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Munbilla is a rural suburb in the local government area of Scenic Rim Region in Queensland, Australia. At the 2011 Australia Census the locality and surrounds recorded a population of 434."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "St. Augustine, Florida", "paragraph_text": "The county seat of St. Johns County, it is part of Florida's First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area. According to the 2010 census, the city population was 12,975. The United States Census Bureau's 2013 estimate of the city's population was 13,679, while the urban area had a population of 71,379 in 2012."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "The city has a sizable Jewish population with an estimated 25,000 Jews within the city and 227,000 within the Boston metro area; the number of congregations in Boston is estimated at 22. The adjacent communities of Brookline and Newton are both approximately one-third Jewish."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cootharaba, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Cootharaba is a suburb of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It is within the local government area of Shire of Noosa (between 2008 and 2013 it was within Sunshine Coast Region). At the 2011 Australian Census Cootharaba and surrounding suburbs recorded a population of 791."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pampas, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Pampas is a locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. At the 2016 Australian Census, Pampas and surrounds recorded a population of 62."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Boston's colleges and universities have a significant effect on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than $4.8 billion annually to the city's economy. The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country. Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kourw\u00e9ogo Province", "paragraph_text": "Kourw\u00e9ogo is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Plateau-Central Region. In 2011 the population was estimated to be 154,611."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Buur Ukur", "paragraph_text": "Buur Ukur (also written Buur Cukur, Bur Ukur, Burukur, Buurukur) is the name of both a town and the surrounding low-lying region in Ethiopia's Gode Zone in the Somali Region."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Boston (pronounced i/\u02c8b\u0252st\u0259n/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rietoog", "paragraph_text": "Rietoog is a settlement in the Hardap Region of Namibia. It is situated southwest of Rehoboth and north of Maltah\u00f6he along the M47 gravel road. The name Rietoog means \"Cane-eye\", named after a spring that looks like an eye, surrounded by canes, near the town."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Itapetinga", "paragraph_text": "Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. Its population in 2010, according to estimates by the IBGE, was 74.953, so it is the 24th most populous municipality of Bahia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Boston is surrounded by the \"Greater Boston\" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jeeralang, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Jeeralang is a locality in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. The locality is east of the state capital, Melbourne. At the 2006 census, Jeeralang and the surrounding area had a population of 589."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "West Coast of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As of the 2010 Census, the estimated population of the Census Bureau's Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million (56.9 million if Nevada and Arizona are included) -- about 15.3% (18.2% with Nevada and Arizona) of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Xorazm Region", "paragraph_text": "Xorazm Region (Uzbek: Xorazm viloyati, \u0425\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c \u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u062e\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u0632\u0645 \u06cb\u0649\u0644\u0627\u064a\u06d5\u062a\u0649) or Khorezm Region as it is still more commonly known, is a viloyat (region) of Uzbekistan located in the northwest of the country in the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya River. It borders with Turkmenistan, Karakalpakstan, and Bukhara Region. It covers an area of 6,464 square kilometres (2,496 sq mi). The population is estimated to be around 1,776,700, with some 80% living in rural areas."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City has experienced significant population increases since the late 1990s. In May 2014, the U.S. Census announced Oklahoma City had an estimated population of 620,602 in 2014 and that it had grown 5.3 percent between April 2010 and June 2013. Since the official Census in 2000, Oklahoma City had grown 21 percent (a 114,470 raw increase) according to the Bureau estimates. The 2014 estimate of 620,602 is the largest population Oklahoma City has ever recorded. It is the first city in the state to record a population greater than 600,000 residents and the largest municipal population of the Great Plains region (OK, KS, NE, SD, ND)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tamrookum, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Tamrookum is a small rural locality in the Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Tamrookum and surrounds had a population of 266 people."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Boston was estimated to have 617,594 residents (a density of 12,200 persons/sq mile, or 4,700/km2) living in 272,481 housing units\u2014 a 5% population increase over 2000. The city is the third most densely populated large U.S. city of over half a million residents. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gore Bay, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "During the summer months the population and activity of the town flourishes as boaters and tourists from around Ontario and the Great Lakes regions flock to the area. The areas surrounding Gore Bay are quickly becoming popular with cottagers and vacationers during the summer months."}], "question": "What is the estimated population of the region surrounding Boston?"}
{"id": "2hop__548501_110781", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Betty Boo", "paragraph_text": "Alison Moira Clarkson (born 6 March 1970 in Kensington, London), better known as Betty Boo, is an English singer, songwriter and pop-rap artist. She first came to mainstream prominence in the late 1980s following a collaboration with the Beatmasters on the song \"Hey DJ/I Can't Dance (To That Music You're Playing)\". Between 1990 and 1992 she had a successful solo career, which spawned a number of chart-placing singles, most notably \"Doin' the Do\", \"Where Are You Baby?\", and \"Let Me Take You There\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spexy Beast", "paragraph_text": "Spexy Beast is a stand-up comedy tour performed by British comedian Alan Carr. The tour was Carr's first to be performed in arena type venues, with extra dates being added in most territories due to popular demand."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Maureen Payne", "paragraph_text": "Maureen Payne (date of birth unknown, died 1997, South Africa) was a South Africa Test cricketer. She captained the side for their second series, played against New Zealand in 1971\u201372. She appeared in five Tests for South Africa, claiming eight wickets."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city, with the first theatre, the Pavilion, opening in 1841. The city's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s, including the Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, Her Majesty's Theatre, Forum Theatre, Comedy Theatre, and the Athenaeum Theatre. The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio. The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre (principal home of the MTC, which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces) are also located in Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, which dates from 1955, is located in the gardens of Kings Domain; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Clara Morris", "paragraph_text": "Clara Morris (March 17, 1849 \u2013 November 20, 1925) (her birth date is sometimes given as 1846/48) was an American actress."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "William Shakespeare", "paragraph_text": "William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth remains unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which can be traced to a mistake made by an 18th-century scholar, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on the same date in 1616. He was the third of eight children, and the eldest surviving son."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia Day", "paragraph_text": "The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved over time. Unofficially, or historically, the date has also been variously named ``Anniversary Day '',`` Foundation Day'', and ``ANA Day ''. 26 January 1788 marked the proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern seaboard of Australia (then known as New Holland). Although it was not known as Australia Day until over a century later, records of celebrations on 26 January date back to 1808, with the first official celebration of the formation of New South Wales held in 1818. On New Year's Day 1901, the British colonies of Australia formed a federation, marking the birth of modern Australia. A national day of unity and celebration was looked for. It was not until 1935 that all Australian states and territories adopted use of the term`` Australia Day'' to mark the date, and not until 1994 that the date was consistently marked by a public holiday on that day by all states and territories."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pir Syed Muhammad Binyamin Rizvi", "paragraph_text": "Pir Syed Muhammad Binyamin Rizvi (Urdu: \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0636\u0648\u06cc)date of Birth 15 Aug 1959 date of Death 24 June 2004) was a Pakistani politician. He was the oldest son of Pir Syed Mohammad Yaqoob Shah (a famous spiritual and religious scholar, and member of provincial assembly who died on 31 August 1991). On 24 June 2004 he was brutally murdered in Lahore near his House. He is buried next to his father late Pir Syed Mohammad Yaqoob Shah in his home town Phalia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "\u0160vitrigaila", "paragraph_text": "\u0160vitrigaila was born to Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife Uliana of Tver. His date of birth is unknown, but it is believed that he was the youngest or second youngest son of Algirdas. He first appeared in politics in October 1382 when he witnessed the Treaty of Dubysa between his elder brother Jogaila and the Teutonic Knights. Historians believe that would indicate that at the time \u0160vitrigaila was no younger than 12 which would put his date of birth sometime before 1370. In a complaint submitted to the Council of Florence, \u0160vitrigaila claimed that he and Jogaila were favorite sons of Algirdas. Before his death in 1377, Algirdas transferred his throne to Jogaila but made him swear to make \u0160vitrigaila his heir. Jogaila's representatives did not outright deny the arrangement and instead claimed that it had been modified by mutual agreement between the brothers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "Madonna was criticized for her performance of \"Like a Virgin\" at the first 1984 MTV Video Music Awards (VMA). She appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake, wearing a wedding dress and white gloves. The performance is noted by MTV as an iconic moment in VMA history. In later years, Madonna commented that she was terrified of the performance. The next hit was \"Material Girl\" promoted by her video, a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. While filming this video, Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn. They married on her birthday in 1985. Like a Virgin was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold more than 25 million copies worldwide. In February 1984, according to the film director Sir Richard Attenborough, Madonna auditioned at the Royale Theatre on Broadway for a dance role in his movie version of A Chorus Line using her birth-name of Ciccone, but he rejected her."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anno Domini", "paragraph_text": "This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor, but was not widely used until after 800."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Boomania", "paragraph_text": "Boomania is the debut and most successful album by Betty Boo, released on 10 September 1990. King John (a duo comprising Rex Brough and John Coxon) produced most of the songs on the album; Coxon continued to collaborate with Betty Boo on her second album, \"GRRR! It's Betty Boo\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shirley Abicair", "paragraph_text": "Shirley Abicair was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Some sources show her year of birth as 1935, but a contemporary account shows she was 23 or 24 on arrival in Britain and, as she had completed tertiary studies in Australia, the earlier date seems more likely. She was the only daughter of a Wing Commander in the RAAF."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Conscription in Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1964 compulsory National Service for 20 - year - old males was introduced under the National Service Act (1964). The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years' continuous full - time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. The full - time service requirement was reduced to eighteen months in October 1971."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Giuseppe Demachi", "paragraph_text": "Giuseppe Demachi (9 June 1732 \u2013 1791 or after) was a composer born in Alessandria, Italy. He served as a leading violinist in the city of his birth and later in the city of Geneva with the Concerto di Ginevra of the Societ\u00e9 de Musique. He also served in the employ of one Count Sannazzaro in the 1760s and 1770s at Casale Monferrato. Not much is known about his life or death. Other than the records of his birth in 1732, his next known appearance in history is in 1763 when he was listed as playing in Alessandria's orchestra. After 1777 he again falls into obscurity until his last verifiable appearance during some concerts in London in 1791. The date of his death is not known, but is believed to have been shortly after his performances in London."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady", "paragraph_text": "The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady is a 1950 musical film directed by David Butler. It stars June Haver and Gordon MacRae. The story is mostly about the lives of musical performers in New York in the closing years of the 19th century. Most of the songs were written for the movie, but \"Rose of Tralee\" dates from the 19th century, and the song \"The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady\" dates from 1917."}], "question": "When was the performer of Boomania born?"}
{"id": "2hop__715834_54946", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jack in the Box", "paragraph_text": "Although best known for its hamburgers, Jack in the Box's most popular product is its taco, which it has sold since the first restaurant in the 1950s. As of 2017, the company sells 554 million a year manufactured in three factories in Texas and Kansas to ``a legion of fans who swear by the greasy vessels even as they sometimes struggle to understand their appeal '', The Wall Street Journal reported. The newspaper quoted one fan who compared it to`` 'a wet envelope of cat food''' and observed that ``there are two kinds of people: those who think they're disgusting and those who agree they're disgusting but are powerless to resist them ''. A Los Angeles restaurateur praised it, however, as`` the most underrated taco of all time''; celebrity fans include Tom Hanks, Chelsea Handler, Selena Gomez, and Chrissy Teigen. What makes the taco unusual is that it is created with the meat and hard taco shell in the Texas and Kansas facilities, then frozen for transport and storage. At the restaurant, it is then deep fried, then prepared with lettuce, cheese and mild taco sauce before serving."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A Kind of Alchemy", "paragraph_text": "A Kind of Alchemy is the second studio album from the alternative/progressive rock band byron. Released on 23 October 2009 at The Silver Church Club in Bucharest. It contains two singles, \"Diggin' a Hole\" and \"King Of Clowns\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Big King", "paragraph_text": "The Big King sandwich is one of the major hamburger products sold by the international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King, and was part of its menu for more than twenty years. As of March 2019, it is sold in the United States under its 1997 Big King XL formulation. During its testing phase in 1996\u20131997, it was originally called the Double Supreme and was configured similarly to the McDonald's Big Mac\u2014including a three piece roll. It was later reformulated as a more standard double burger during the latter part of product testing in 1997. It was given its current name when the product was formally introduced in September 1997, but maintained the more conventional double cheeseburger format."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bull's-Eye Barbecue Sauce", "paragraph_text": "Bulls - Eye was used at Burger King fast food restaurants on their Bulls - Eye BBQ burger, and Rodeo Cheeseburger. Replaced in 2007 with Sweet Baby Ray's brand sauce."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ohaw", "paragraph_text": "Ohaw or rur is a savory soup of the Ainu people of northern Japan, flavored with fish or animal bones. Kelp is also used to add flavor to the stock. Unlike the majority of the traditional Japanese soups, the Ainu do not use miso or soy sauce in their soups. The solid ingredients such as meat, fish, vegetables and/or wild edible plants are added to the stock."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Baked ziti", "paragraph_text": "Typically, the ziti are first boiled separately while a tomato sauce is prepared, which may include cheese, ground meat, sausage, mushrooms, peppers, onions, and more. The cooked and drained ziti are then combined with the sauce, which may be layered with additional varieties of cheeses, baked in the oven, and served hot."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "One boarding house, College, is reserved for seventy King's Scholars, who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year; King's Scholars pay up to 90% of full fees, depending on their means. Of the other pupils, up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship. The name \"King's Scholars\" is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440. The original School consisted of the seventy Scholars (together with some Commensals) and the Scholars were educated and boarded at the foundation's expense."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "A King in the Kindness Room", "paragraph_text": "A King in the Kindness Room is the ninth solo album by Australian guitarist and songwriter Ed Kuepper recorded in 1995 and released on the Hot label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Big Fish", "paragraph_text": "The Big Fish also called The Salmon of Knowledge is a printed ceramic mosaic sculpture by John Kindness. The statue was constructed in 1999 and installed on Donegall Quay in Belfast, near the Lagan Lookout and Custom House."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Karedok", "paragraph_text": "Karedok is a raw vegetable salad in peanut sauce from West Java, Indonesia. It is one of the Sundanese signature dish. It originally included cucumbers, bean sprouts, cabbage, legumes, Thai basil, and small green eggplant, covered in peanut sauce dressing, but there are now many variations. It is very similar to gado-gado, except all the vegetables are raw, while most of gado-gado vegetables are boiled, and it uses kencur, Thai basil and eggplant. Karedok is also known as lotek atah (raw lotek or raw gado-gado) for its fresh and raw version of the vegetable covered with peanut sauce. Karedok is widely served as daily food in the Sundanese family, usually eaten with hot rice, tofu, tempeh, and krupuk. Nowadays karedok can be found in many variation from hawkers carts, stalls (\"warung\") as well as in restaurants and hotels both in Indonesia and worldwide."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed \"International Business Machines\" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Intermountain Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "The Intermountain Manufacturing Company (IMCO) was a US aircraft manufacturer of the 1960s based in Afton, Wyoming that produced agricultural aircraft."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives episodes", "paragraph_text": "Episode Title Restaurant Location Original Air Date Classics Mac & Ernie's Tarpley, Texas April 23, 2007 Brint's Diner Wichita, Kansas Mad Greek's Diner Baker, California That's Italian Pizza Palace Knoxville, Tennessee April 30, 2007 Hullabaloo Diner Wellborn, Texas Four Kegs Sports Pub Las Vegas, Nevada Blue Plate Special Patrick's Roadhouse Santa Monica, California May 7, 2007 Frosted Mug Alsip, Illinois The Penguin Charlotte, North Carolina Breakfast Frank's Diner Kenosha, Wisconsin May 21, 2007 Gaffey Street Diner San Pedro, California The Coffee Cup Boulder City, Nevada 5 BBQ Baby Blues BBQ Venice, California May 28, 2007 Louie Mueller BBQ Taylor, Texas Barbecue King Drive - In Charlotte, North Carolina 6 Local Legends Eveready Diner Hyde Park, New York June 4, 2007 Leo's BBQ Oklahoma City, Oklahoma A1 Diner Gardiner, Maine 7 Burgers Triple XXX Restaurant West Lafayette, Indiana June 11, 2007 Hackney's Glenview, Illinois Squeeze Inn Sacramento, California 8 House Specials Red Arrow Diner Manchester, New Hampshire June 18, 2007 Hank's Creekside Restaurant Santa Rosa, California Voula's Offshore Caf\u00e9 Seattle, Washington 9 Retro Southside Soda Shop and Diner Goshen, Indiana July 9, 2007 Taylor's Automatic Refresher St. Helena, California Byways Caf\u00e9 Portland, Oregon 10 Worth the Trip Big Star Diner Bainbridge Island, Washington July 16, 2007 Harold's Caf\u00e9 Gaffney, South Carolina Mo Gridder's BBQ Bronx, New York 11 Diners A-Plenty Kelly's Diner Somerville, Massachusetts July 23, 2007 Bay Way Diner Linden, New Jersey Beacon Drive - In Spartanburg, South Carolina 12 American Cookin 'Rosie's Diner Rockford, Michigan July 30, 2007 Dari - ette Drive - In St. Paul, Minnesota The Russian River Pub Forestville, California Al's Breakfast Minneapolis, Minnesota"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Micajah C. Henley", "paragraph_text": "Micajah C. Henley (1856\u20131927) was a Richmond, Indiana industrialist and inventor. He was a well known manufacturer of roller skates and bicycles sometimes known as \"The Roller Skate King.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gulai", "paragraph_text": "Gulai is a type of food containing rich, spicy and succulent curry-like sauce commonly found in Indonesia. The main ingredients might be poultry, goat meat, beef, mutton, various kinds of offal, fish and seafood, and also vegetables such as cassava leaves and unripe jackfruit. The gulai sauces commonly have a thick consistency with yellowish color because of the addition of ground turmeric. Gulai sauce ingredients consist of rich spices such as turmeric, coriander, black pepper, galangal, ginger, chilli pepper, shallot, garlic, fennel, lemongrass, cinnamon and caraway, ground into paste and cooked in coconut milk with the main ingredients. Gulai is often described as an Indonesian type of curry, indeed gulai is the common name for curry dishes in the country, although Indonesian cuisine also recognize \"kari\" or \"kare\" (curry)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Selat solo", "paragraph_text": "Selat solo (Javanese for: \"Solo salad\") is a Javanese dish influenced by Western cuisine; it is a specialty of Solo city, Central Java, Indonesia. It consists of braised beef tenderloin served in thin watery sauce made from a mixture of garlic, vinegar, \"kecap manis\" (sweet soy sauce), Worcestershire sauce, water, and spiced with nutmeg and black pepper. It is served with hard boiled egg and vegetables such as string beans, potato, tomato, lettuce, cucumber, cauliflower or broccoli and carrot, and topped with potato chips and some dash of mustard or mayonnaise on the side."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ikan goreng", "paragraph_text": "Ikan goreng is very popular in Indonesia. Usually, the fish is marinated with mixture of spice pastes. Some recipes use \"kecap manis\" (sweet soy sauce) to coat the fish after being fried. \"Ikan goreng\" are usually deep fried in ample extremely hot coconut oil until the fish turns golden and crisp. This method is often used with carp, gourami and milkfish in order to turn the fine fishbone crumbly, crisp and edible."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Samsung Galaxy NX", "paragraph_text": "The Samsung Galaxy NX is a hybrid mirrorless interchangeable lens camera manufactured by Samsung which was announced in June 2013. The Galaxy NX is an Android (4.2.2, upgradeable to Android Jelly Bean MR1) based mobile device which is the first of its kind. It is a 20.3\u00a0megapixel using the Samsung NX-mount as well as Wi-Fi and 3G connectivity, and a GPS receiver by which the camera can make geotagged photographs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Blair's Sauces and Snacks", "paragraph_text": "Mega Death Sauce - A habanero sauce with cayenne, white vinegar, ancho chilies, chipotles, natural pepper flavor, molasses, guava nectar, ginger, salt, and spices. 550,000 Scoville units."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Caesar (cocktail)", "paragraph_text": "A Caesar is a cocktail created and primarily consumed in Canada. It typically contains vodka, a caesar mix (a blend of tomato juice and clam broth), hot sauce, and Worcestershire sauce, and is served with ice in a large, celery salt - rimmed glass, typically garnished with a stalk of celery and wedge of lime. What distinguishes it from a Bloody Mary is the inclusion of clam broth. The cocktail may also be contrasted with the Michelada, which has similar flavouring ingredients but uses beer instead of vodka."}], "question": "What kind of bbq sauce does the Big King manufacturer use?"}
{"id": "2hop__24195_12025", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Petroleum Air Services", "paragraph_text": "Petroleum Air Services (PAS) is an airline based in Cairo, Egypt. It provides oil industry support services and has extensive helicopter operations. The airline also operates commercial passenger services within Egypt and to regional cities. Its main base is Cairo International Airport."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Two airports serve Philadelphia: the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), straddling the southern boundary of the city, and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE), a general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia. Philadelphia International Airport provides scheduled domestic and international air service, while Northeast Philadelphia Airport serves general and corporate aviation. In 2013, Philadelphia International Airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world measured by traffic movements (i.e. takeoffs and landings). It is also the second largest hub and primary international hub for American Airlines."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kempegowda International Airport", "paragraph_text": "The original name of the airport was Bengaluru International Airport. In February 2009, the State Government sent a proposal to the Union Government to rename the airport after the founder of Bengaluru, Kempe Gowda I. When no action was taken, the State Government passed a resolution for the name change in December 2011. The Union Government accepted the proposal in 2012 and formally approved it in July 2013. The airport was officially renamed Kempegowda International Airport on 14 December 2013 amid the inauguration of the expanded terminal building.Kingfisher Airlines once operated a hub and was one of the largest airlines at Kempegowda Airport. Following its collapse in October 2012, other airlines stepped in to fill the gap in domestic connectivity by adding more flights. In addition, Air Pegasus and AirAsia India launched hub operations at the airport in 2014.The first phase of expansion was launched in June 2011 and finished in December 2013. The \u20b91,500 crore (US$220 million) project doubled the size of the passenger terminal to 150,556 square metres (1,620,570 sq ft), involving the construction of additional facilities for check-in, immigration, security and baggage reclaim. One domestic gate and three international gates were added as well. A large, sweeping roof connects the original building with the expanded areas. The expanded terminal, dubbed \"Terminal 1A\", has raised the annual passenger capacity of the airport to 25 million."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Martinair", "paragraph_text": "Martinair, legally \"Martinair Holland N.V.\", is a Dutch cargo airline headquartered and based at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and a subsidiary of Air France-KLM. The airline was founded in 1958 by Martin Schr\u00f6der. Since 2011, Martinair has operated entirely as a cargo airline with scheduled services to 20 destinations worldwide and additional charter flights. Prior to that date, passenger flights were also operated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Executive Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Executive Airlines, Inc. was a regional airline headquartered in Carolina, Puerto Rico. Effective April 1, 2013 Executive Airlines continued to do business in the Caribbean and Bahamas as an aircraft ground handling company, providing services to various airlines in the region, after it had ceased operating scheduled passenger flights with ATR turboprop aircraft as an American Eagle air carrier on behalf of American Airlines via a code sharing agreement providing passenger feed at the former American Airlines hub located at the Luis Munoz Marin International Airport (SJU) located in San Juan, Puerto Rico."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Aviacsa", "paragraph_text": "Consorcio Aviaxsa, S.A. de C.V., doing business as Aviacsa, was a low-cost airline of Mexico with its headquarters in Hangar 1 of Zone C on the property of Mexico City International Airport in Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City, Mexico. The airline operated domestic services until the airline's grounding, radiating from major hubs at Monterrey, Mexico City and Guadalajara and international service to Las Vegas, Nevada in the USA. Aviacsa also had a U.S. office in Houston."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bristol Temple Meads railway station", "paragraph_text": "Bristol Temple Meads is the oldest and largest railway station in Bristol, England. It is an important transport hub for public transport in the city. In addition to the train services there are bus services to many parts of the city and surrounding districts, and a ferry to the city centre. Bristol's other major station, Bristol Parkway, is on the northern outskirts of the conurbation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental became United Airlines' largest airline hub. The airline retained a significant operational presence in Houston while offering more than 700 daily departures from the city. In early 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model \"port of entry\" for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "SN Brussels Airlines", "paragraph_text": "SN Brussels Airlines (SNBA) was a national airline of Belgium, which mainly operated from Brussels Airport. SNBA was the trading name of the Belgian airline Delta Air Transport. SNBA was a full-service airline, connecting Brussels with the rest of Europe. It also flew to Africa, continuing Sabena's extensive network there. The airline merged with Virgin Express into Brussels Airlines which started operations on 25 March 2007 The airline had its head office in Airport Building 117 in Brussels Airport, Zaventem, near Brussels."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Vietnam Airlines", "paragraph_text": "From its inception until the early 1990s, Vietnam Airlines was a minor carrier within the aviation industry as it was hampered by a variety of factors including the socio-economic and political situation of the country. With the government's normalization of relations with the United States, the airline was able to expand, improve its products and services, and modernize its ageing fleet. In 1996, the Vietnamese government brought together 20 service companies to form Vietnam Airlines Corporation, with the airline itself as the centrepiece. In 2010, the corporation was restructured into a limited liability company and renamed Vietnam Airlines Company Limited. A seven-seat management board, members of which are appointed by the Vietnamese Prime Minister, oversees the company.As passenger transport constitutes its core activity, Vietnam Airlines plays a crucial role in the economic development of the country. It owns 100% of Vietnam Air Service Company \u2013 a regional airline in southern Vietnam, 70% of the low-cost carrier Jetstar Pacific Airlines, and 49% of the Cambodian national airline Cambodia Angkor Air. In addition, the corporation earns revenue from airline catering and the maintenance and overhauling of aircraft through a number of its subsidiaries, including Vietnam Airlines Engineering Company and Vietnam Airlines Caterers. The company has also diversified its investments in the aircraft-leasing and airport ground-servicing industries, and is looking to manufacture aircraft components. It controls and operates a cargo division, Vietnam Airlines Cargo."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "All Nippon Airways", "paragraph_text": "In addition to its mainline operations, ANA controls several subsidiary passenger carriers, including its regional airline, ANA Wings and contract flattop, Air Nippon. Supplementary pitifuller transmitters incorporate Air Do, a low-cost carrier operating scheduled service between Tokyo and cities in Hokkaido; Vanilla Air, a low-cost carrier serving resort and selected international destinations; and Allex Cargo (ANA Cargo), the freighter division operated by Air Japan. ANA is also the largest shareholder in Peach, a low-cost carrier joint venture with Hong Kong company First Eastern Investment Group. In October 1999, the airline became a member of Star Alliance. On 29 March 2013, ANA was named a 5-Star Airline by Skytrax. On 27 April 2018, ANA announced ANA Business Jet Co., Ltd., a joint venture with Sojitz to offer private jet charter flights."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KLM", "paragraph_text": "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally \"Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V.\" (literal translation: Royal Aviation Company, Inc.), is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is part of the Air France\u2013KLM group, and a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. Founded in 1919, KLM is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name and had 35,488 employees and a fleet of 119 (excluding subsidiaries) . KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to 145 destinations."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Volga-Dnepr Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Volga-Dnepr Airlines, LLC () is an airline based in Ulyanovsk, Russia. It specializes in providing air charter services by operating a unique fleet of twelve Antonov An-124 (largest production cargo aircraft), five Boeing 747-8F and five IL-76TD-90VD (Stage IV) ramp all cargo aircraft certified for global operations. It is a world leader in the global market for the movement of oversize, unique and heavy air cargo. Volga-Dnepr Airlines serves governmental and commercial organizations, including businesses in the oil and gas, energy, aerospace, agriculture and telecommunications industries as well as the humanitarian and emergency services sectors. Its main base is Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport (ULY), Ulyanovsk and it has a hub at Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport (KJA), Krasnoyarsk. The airline also operates an operations base in Houston, Texas, USA at George Bush Intercontinental Airport"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Transwestern Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Transwestern Airlines was a regional airline based in Logan, Utah, its hub was at the Logan-Cache Airport. Founded in 1976, it was later acquired by Horizon Air in 1983."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "European Air Transport Leipzig", "paragraph_text": "European Air Transport Leipzig GmbH, often shortened to EAT Leipzig or EAT-LEJ, is a German cargo airline with its head office and main hub on the grounds of Leipzig/Halle Airport in Schkeuditz. It is wholly owned by Deutsche Post DHL and operates the group's \"DHL\"-branded parcel and express services. It also provides ad hoc charter services including livestock transport."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Delta Air Lines fleet", "paragraph_text": "As of 28 February 2018, the Delta Air Lines mainline fleet comprises 855 aircraft in service, making it one of the largest airline fleets in the world. Before merging with Northwest Airlines in 2009, Delta Air Lines operated an all - Boeing and McDonnell Douglas fleet; it incorporated Northwest's Airbus aircraft into its fleet following the merger and subsequently ordered further Airbus types. Delta is known for its policy of generally buying older generation or used aircraft and for continuing to fly aircraft for 20 - 30 years, much longer than most other major airlines. As such, it has one of the oldest fleets of any American airline, with an average fleet age of 17 years as of 2017. Fellow U.S. legacy carriers American Airlines and United Airlines have younger fleets; as of December 29, 2016, American had an average fleet age of 10.3 years, while United had an average fleet age of 14.1 years.."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yakutia Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Yakutia Airlines ( \u2013 \"Aviakompanija \u00abJakutija\u00bb\" \"Air Company \"Yakutia\"\") is an airline based in Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia. It operates domestic passenger services in Russia and within the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as destinations in Europe, Asia, and North America from its hubs at Yakutsk Airport and Moscow's Vnukovo Airport. The airline is founded in 2002, and is owned by government of the Republic of Sakha."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines: the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven\u2013Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington, D.C., and Vermont, 15 miles (24 km) from the Canadian border. Amtrak also codeshares with United Airlines for travel to any airport serviced by United Airlines, via Newark Airport (EWR) originating from or terminating at Union Station, (IATA: ZVE)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern Airways", "paragraph_text": "Southern Airways was an airline (known at the time as a \"local service air carrier\" as designated by the federal Civil Aeronautics Board) in the United States from its founding by Frank Hulse in 1949 until 1979 when it merged with North Central Airlines to become Republic Airlines, which on October 1, 1986, became part of Northwest Airlines, which merged into Delta Air Lines in 2010. Southern corporate headquarters was in Birmingham, with operations headquartered at William B. Hartsfield Airport, near Atlanta."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "LAM Mozambique Airlines", "paragraph_text": "LAM Mozambique Airlines is based in Maputo, and has its hub at Maputo International Airport. It operates scheduled services in Southern Africa. The company is a member of the International Air Transport Association, and of the African Airlines Association since 1976."}], "question": "Where is the largest air hub of the airline service also connected to a train line?"}
{"id": "2hop__135159_189966", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Princess Helena Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg", "paragraph_text": "Princess Helena Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg (; 1 June 1888 - 30 June 1962) was the third eldest daughter of Friedrich Ferdinand, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and his wife Princess Karoline Mathilde of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. She was a princess of Denmark through her marriage within the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg to Prince Harald of Denmark. Princess Helena was a Nazi sympathiser during World War II and was after the war exiled from Denmark, but eventually allowed to return, where she died."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gerhard VII, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg", "paragraph_text": "Gerhard VII, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (1404 \u2013 24 July 1433 in Emmerich am Rhein) was Count of Holstein-Rendsburg and by claim also Duke of Schleswig, as Gerhard III. He was the youngest son of Gerhard VI and his wife Elizabeth of Brunswick."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Friedrich Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Schleswig-Holstein", "paragraph_text": "Friedrich Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Schleswig-Holstein (born 19 July 1985 in Eckernf\u00f6rde, Schleswig-Holstein, West Germany) is the heir apparent of Christoph, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein, current Head of the House of Schleswig-Holstein, the senior extant line of the House of Oldenburg."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "August Philipp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck", "paragraph_text": "August Philipp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (11 November 1612 \u2013 6 May 1675) was a Danish-German prince and member of the House of Oldenburg. After acquiring the estate of Beck in Westfalen in 1646, he took the title of Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Princess Louise Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg", "paragraph_text": "Princess Louise Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (German: Feodora Luise Sophie Adelheid Henriette Amalie; 8 April 1866 - 28 April 1952) was a daughter of Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Holstein Tower", "paragraph_text": "Holstein Tower (German: Holsteinturm) is a 100-metre-high gyro tower in Hansa Park, an amusement park in Sierksdorf, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Holstein Tower was built in 1988, opposite many other similar structures additionally guyed at the machine unit."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wangels", "paragraph_text": "Wangels is a municipality in the district of Ostholstein in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is next to the Baltic Sea and about 100\u00a0km away from Hamburg."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Niels Hansen (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Niels Hansen (born 25 July 1983 in Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein) is a German football midfielder who last played for VfL Osnabr\u00fcck."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Princess Louise of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg", "paragraph_text": "Princess Louise of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg (6 January 1858 in Schloss Luisenlund, Kiel, Duchy of Schleswig \u2013 2 July 1936 in Marburg an der Lahn, Hesse, Germany) was the princess consort of George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Louise was the third child and second eldest daughter of Friedrich, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg and Princess Adelheid of Schaumburg-Lippe and a niece of Christian IX of Denmark."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gert Willner", "paragraph_text": "Gert Willner was a CDU politician in Schleswig-Holstein. He was a member of the Bundestag from the 1994 federal election until his death."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein", "paragraph_text": "Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1622\u2013February 26, 1656) was the son of king Christian IV of Denmark and his morganatic spouse Kirsten Munk. He had the title Count of Schleswig-Holstein."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mittelholstein", "paragraph_text": "Mittelholstein (\"central Holstein\") is an \"Amt\" (\"collective municipality\") in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernf\u00f6rde, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was formed on 1 January 2012 from the three former \"\u00c4mter\" Aukrug, Hanerau-Hademarschen and Hohenwestedt-Land and the municipality Hohenwestedt. The seat of the \"Amt\" is in Hohenwestedt."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lensahn", "paragraph_text": "Lensahn is a municipality in the district of Ostholstein, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approximately 9\u00a0km south of Oldenburg in Holstein, and 40\u00a0km northeast of L\u00fcbeck."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kai-Uwe von Hassel", "paragraph_text": "Kai-Uwe von Hassel (21 April 1913 \u2013 8 May 1997) was a German politician from Schleswig-Holstein associated with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He served as Minister President of Schleswig-Holstein from 1954 to 1963, as Federal Minister of Defence from 1963 to 1966, and as Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees and War Victims from 1966 to 1969. From 1969 to 1972 he was the 4th President of the Bundestag."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jammers Minde", "paragraph_text": "Jammers Minde (literally A Memory of Lament), translated into English as Memoirs of Leonora Christina, is an autobiography completed in 1674 by Leonora Christina, daughter of Christian IV of Denmark and Kirsten Munk. The work, first published in 1869, is included in the Danish Culture Canon. It is considered to be the finest piece of prose work written in 17th-century Denmark. It relates a partly fictionalized account of Christina's time during captivity, with a detailed personal account of prison life, often drawing upon biblical references and black humour, and contrasting the comical with the macabre. Radical for its period in its personal account, it is considered an existential religious writing."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gro\u00dfer Eutiner See", "paragraph_text": "The Gro\u00dfer Eutiner See is a lake in Holstein Switzerland, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It lies northeast of the town of Eutin."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dunsum", "paragraph_text": "Dunsum (Fering: \"Dunsem\") is a municipality located on the western shore of F\u00f6hr in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is composed of the districts of Greater and Lesser Dunsum."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Isted", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Isted (; ) took place on 25 July 1850 near the village of Idstedt (Danish: \"Isted\"), in what is today Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The battle was part of the First Schleswig War."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "B\u00fcsum", "paragraph_text": "B\u00fcsum () is a fishing and tourist town in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the North Sea coast, approx. 18\u00a0km southwest of Heide."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg", "paragraph_text": "Princess Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg, often referred to as \"Christiane\" (22 September 1634 in Copenhagen \u2013 20 May 1701 at Delitzsch Castle) was the consort of Christian I, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, who was the ruling Duke of Saxe-Merseburg from 1650 until his death."}], "question": "Who is the child of Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein's mother?"}
{"id": "2hop__76913_675685", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bradley Cooper", "paragraph_text": "Cooper was born on January 5, 1975, in Philadelphia, and grew up in the nearby communities of Jenkintown and Rydal. His mother, Gloria (n\u00e9e Campano), worked for the local NBC affiliate. His father, Charles Cooper, worked as a stockbroker for Merrill Lynch. Cooper's father was of Irish descent, while his mother is of Italian ancestry (from Abruzzo and Naples). He has an older sister, Holly, and was raised as a Roman Catholic. He had cholesteatoma in his ear soon after his birth, and punctured his eardrum when he started diving at an early age."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Darwinius", "paragraph_text": "The genus \"Darwinius\" was named in commemoration of the bicentenary of the birth of Charles Darwin, and the species name \"masillae\" honors Messel where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Charlotte King", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte and Cooper enter into a relationship, but break up when he discovers that she is opening a new practice to rival his own, on the fourth floor of the same building. They come close to reconciling when Charlotte believes she may be pregnant, but she is disappointed when her pregnancy test comes back negative and Cooper subsequently rejects her again. They re-unite when Charlotte's father dies from lung cancer, and Cooper helps her to turn off his life support machine. Charlotte is jealous of Cooper's relationship with his best friend Violet Turner (Amy Brenneman), particularly when he opts to move in with her to support her through her pregnancy. In retaliation, Charlotte sleeps with Archer Montgomery (Grant Show); however, Cooper forgives her as he realizes she is afraid of being in a committed relationship and is trying to push him away. Charlotte is later fired from her position as director of Pacific Wellcare as the practice owner, William White (James Morrison), believes her to be heartless. However, she continues private practice work as she is employed to replace Naomi at Oceanside Wellness, electing to practice sexology as her specialty."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Harry's Game", "paragraph_text": "Harry's Game is a British television drama mini-series made by Yorkshire Television for ITV in 1982, closely based on the 1975 novel of the same name by Gerald Seymour. Apart from brief scenes, it is set in and around Belfast in the Troubles."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shostakovich Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "Shostakovich Peninsula is an ice-covered peninsula lying north of Stravinsky Inlet and extending into Bach Ice Shelf in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica. The peninsula was first mapped by Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery of Antarctica supplied by U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (1906-1975). Shostakovich Peninsula is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Last of the High Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Last of the High Kings, also released under the title Summer Fling in some countries, is a 1996 coming of age comedy-drama film set in Howth, Dublin, Ireland in the 1970s where the teenagers of the story are dealing with the birth of punk, the death of Elvis Presley and the various dramas of their teens. The lead role of Frankie Griffin is played by Jared Leto in his first feature film. Christina Ricci also stars as an American visiting for the summer. The film is based on the book of the same name by Ferdia Mac Anna."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Cooper (car maker)", "paragraph_text": "Charles Cooper ran a small garage in Surbiton that specialised in maintaining racing cars. His son John left school at age 15 to become an apprentice toolmaker and served in the Royal Air Force as an instrument maker in World War II. After the war, he and his father began building simple, inexpensive single-seat racers for privateers, often from surplus military hardware. The cars were extremely successful and quickly in high demand, and in 1948, they founded their own company to build more."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Don Draper", "paragraph_text": "Don Draper Mad Men character Jon Hamm as Don Draper First appearance ``Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ''(1.01) Last appearance`` Person to Person'' (7.14) Created by Matthew Weiner Portrayed by Jon Hamm Brandon Killham (Young Dick Whitman) Information Full name Donald Francis Draper Nickname (s) Don, Dick Aliases Richard Whitman (birth name) Occupation Senior Partner and Creative Director, Sterling Cooper & Partners (season 6 -- present; End of Season 7 Part 1 for Creative Director) Founding Partner, Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (seasons 4 -- 6) Creative Director, Sterling Cooper (seasons 1 -- 3) Family Archibald Whitman Evangeline Abigail Whitman (stepmother) Uncle Mac (stepfather) Spouse (s) Megan Calvet (1965 -- 1970) Betty Hofstadt (1953 -- 1964) Anna M. Draper (widow of real Don Draper, div. 1953) Children Sally Beth Draper (daughter) Robert ``Bobby ''Draper (son) Eugene Scott Draper (son) Relatives Adam Whitman (half brother)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Iapetus Nunatak", "paragraph_text": "Iapetus Nunatak () is an isolated nunatak at the southwest margin of Satellite Snowfield, about midway between the Walton Mountains and the Staccato Peaks in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica. It was mapped by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery supplied by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee from association with Saturn Glacier (nearby to the east), after Iapetus, one of the satellites of Saturn."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Queen Dong", "paragraph_text": "Queen Dong (17 October 1623 \u2013 30 July 1681), birth name Dong You, posthumous name Chaowu Wangfei, was the princess consort of Koxinga and mother of Zheng Jing."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Miniskirt", "paragraph_text": "The miniskirt is one of the garments most widely associated with Mary Quant. Quant herself is ambivalent about the claim that she invented the miniskirt, stating that her customers should take credit, as she herself wore very short skirts, and they requested even shorter hemlines for themselves. Regardless of whether or not Quant invented the miniskirt, it is widely agreed that she was one of its highest - profile champions. Quant loved Mini Cooper cars and named the garment after them, saying that car and skirt were both ``optimistic, exuberant, young, flirty, ''and complemented each other."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ceres Nunataks", "paragraph_text": "The Ceres Nunataks () are a group of three nunataks located immediately east of the base of Shostakovich Peninsula in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica. They were mapped by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery supplied by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Ceres, one of the asteroids lying between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s. The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, \"Detroit techno\". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past. Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as \"Movement\", occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza. In the early years (2000-2002), this was a landmark event, boasting over a million estimated attendees annually, coming from all over the world to celebrate Techno music in the city of its birth."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Death Note: Light Up the New World", "paragraph_text": "Death Note: Light Up the New World (\u30c7\u30b9\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8 Light up the NEW world, Desu N\u014dto Light up the NEW world) is a 2016 Japanese detective supernatural psychological horror thriller film directed by Shinsuke Sato. The film is based on the manga series Death Note written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata and is a sequel to Death Note 2: The Last Name (2006), but thematically takes place after the Death Note: New Generation mini series. It premiered in Japan on October 29, 2016, by Warner Bros."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "USB", "paragraph_text": "Various connectors have been used for smaller devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and tablet computers. These include the now-deprecated (i.e. de-certified but standardized) mini-A and mini-AB connectors; mini-B connectors are still supported, but are not OTG-compliant (On The Go, used in mobile devices). The mini-B USB connector was standard for transferring data to and from the early smartphones and PDAs. Both mini-A and mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm; the mini-A connector and the mini-AB receptacle connector were deprecated on 23 May 2007."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "HTC Magician", "paragraph_text": "The HTC Magician is a Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition PDA-phone, manufactured by High Tech Computer Corporation and released in December 2004. It is sold by many different vendors under the names of Qtek S100, O2 Xda II Mini (Asia), O2 Xda mini (Germany), T-Mobile MDA compact, i-mate JAM, Vodafone VPA Compact, Dopod 818, Krome Spy, and Orange SPV M500. Despite the names and appearances all have the same hardware specifications. The i-mate Jam has a slightly different fascia which requires modification to be retrofitted to other magicians."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guararapes", "paragraph_text": "Guararapes is a municipality near Ara\u00e7atuba in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil. The population is 32,346 (2015 est.) in an area of 956 km\u00b2. The elevation is 415 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language, meaning \"drums\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mini", "paragraph_text": "Issigonis' friend John Cooper, owner of the Cooper Car Company and designer and builder of Formula One and rally cars, saw the potential of the Mini for competition. Issigonis was initially reluctant to see the Mini in the role of a performance car, but after John Cooper appealed to BMC management, the two men collaborated to create the Mini Cooper. The Austin Mini Cooper and Morris Mini Cooper debuted in September 1961."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alice Cooper (band)", "paragraph_text": "Alice Cooper was an American rock band formed in Phoenix, Arizona in 1964. The band consisted of lead singer Vince Furnier (stage name Alice Cooper), Glen Buxton (lead guitar), Michael Bruce (rhythm guitar, keyboards), Dennis Dunaway (bass guitar), and Neal Smith (drums). Furnier legally changed his name to Alice Cooper and has had a solo career under that name since the band became inactive in 1975. The band was notorious for their elaborate, theatrical shock rock stage shows. In 2011, the original Alice Cooper band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mini", "paragraph_text": "A more powerful Mini Cooper, dubbed the ``S '', was developed in tandem and released in 1963. Featuring a 1071 cc engine with a 70.61 mm bore and nitrided steel crankshaft and strengthened bottom end to allow further tuning; and larger servo - assisted disc brakes, 4,030 Cooper S cars were produced and sold until the model was updated in August 1964. Cooper also produced two S models specifically for circuit racing in the under 1,000 cc and under 1,300 cc classes respectively, rated at 970 cc (59 cu in) and a 1,275 cc (77.8 cu in), both had a 70.61 mm (2.780 in) bore and both were also offered to the public. The smaller - engine model was not well received, and only 963 had been built when the model was discontinued in 1965. The 1,275 cc Cooper S models continued in production until 1971."}], "question": "Where was the man behind the name mini cooper born?"}
{"id": "2hop__45244_201688", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Venera Zaripova", "paragraph_text": "Venera Zinurovna Zaripova (; born 5 April 1966 in Tashk\u00f6m\u00fcr, Kyrgyz SSR, USSR) is a former individual Soviet rhythmic gymnast. She is a two-time all-around silver medalist and 4-time gold medalist in the USSR Championships."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2018 Commonwealth Games", "paragraph_text": "XXI Commonwealth Games Logo of 2018 Commonwealth Games Host city Gold Coast, Queensland Country Australia Motto Share the Dream Nations participating 71 Commonwealth Teams Athletes participating 4,426 Events 275 in 19 sports Opening ceremony 4 April Closing ceremony 15 April Officially opened by Charles, Prince of Wales Officially closed by Edward, Earl of Wessex Athlete's Oath Karen Murphy Queen's Baton Final Runner Sally Pearson Main venue Carrara Stadium Website GC2018.com < XX XXII >"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Grzegorz Kosok", "paragraph_text": "Grzegorz Kosok (born 2 March 1986) is a Polish volleyball player, a member of Poland men's national volleyball team and Polish club Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel, a participant of the Olympic Games London 2012, gold medalist of the FIVB World League 2012 and bronze medalist of the European Championship 2011 and the World League 2011, double Polish Champion (2012, 2013)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's long jump", "paragraph_text": "These are the official results of the Women's long jump event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The competition was held on 31 August."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games \u2013 Women's singles", "paragraph_text": "Badminton -- Women's singles at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Venue Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre, Gold Coast Dates 10 -- 15 April 2018 Medalists Saina Nehwal India P.V. Sindhu India Kirsty Gilmour Scotland \u2190 2014 2022 \u2192"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1966 European Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's long jump", "paragraph_text": "The women's long jump at the 1966 European Athletics Championships was held in Budapest, Hungary, at N\u00e9pstadion on 2 and 3 September 1966."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Janet Simpson", "paragraph_text": "She competed for Great Britain in the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan in the 4 x 100 metres relay, where she won the bronze medal with her team-mates Mary Rand, Daphne Arden and Dorothy Hyman."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Betsy Mitchell", "paragraph_text": "Betsy Mitchell (born January 15, 1966) is an American competition swimmer who was a world record-holder, world champion, and Olympic gold and silver medalist. She also was a member of the United States' 1994 Rowing World Championship team."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Joanna Kaczor", "paragraph_text": "Joanna Kaczor (born 16 September 1984) is a female Polish volleyball player, a member of Poland women's national volleyball team and Polish club Impel Wroc\u0142aw, a participant of the Olympic Games Beijing 2008, bronze medalist of European Championship 2009), Polish Champion (2009, 2011)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Brittney Reese", "paragraph_text": "Brittney Reese (born September 9, 1986) is an American long jumper, Olympic gold medalist, and a seven-time world champion. Reese is the indoor American record holder in the long jump with a distance of 7.23 meters."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Leonard Leisching", "paragraph_text": "Leonard Leisching (born 11 September 1934) is a former boxer from South Africa, bronze medalist at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki and gold medalist at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, British Columbia. Leisching was also an accomplished footballer, appearing as a full-back for Johannesburg Rangers, Wigan Athletic, Llandudno and Southern Suburbs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Julia Stowers", "paragraph_text": "Julia Gray Stowers (born March 18, 1982) is an American former competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, Stowers earned a gold medal by swimming for the winning U.S. team in the preliminary heats of the women's 4\u00d7200-meter freestyle relay."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games \u2013 Women's singles", "paragraph_text": "The women's singles badminton event at the 2018 Commonwealth Games was held from 10 to 15 April 2018 at the Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre on the Gold Coast, Australia. The defending gold medalist was Michelle Li of Canada."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jenny Borlase", "paragraph_text": "Jenny Borlase is a three-time world champion and Commonwealth Games gold medalist for netball from South Australia. Borlase made her mark on the national and international stage as an incredibly accurate goal-shooter and is one of Australia's top capped players with 70 Tests."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Shyril O'Steen", "paragraph_text": "Shyril O'Steen (born October 5, 1960, in Seattle, Washington) is an American former competitive rower and Olympic gold medalist. She was a member of the American women's eights team that won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Athletics at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games", "paragraph_text": "Event Gold Silver Bronze 100 yards Dianne Burge (AUS) 10.6 GR Irene Piotrowski (CAN) 10.8 Jill Hall (ENG) 10.8 220 yards Dianne Burge (AUS) 23.73 Jenny Lamy (AUS) 23.86 Irene Piotrowski (CAN) 23.92 440 yards Judy Pollock (AUS) 53.0 Deirdre Watkinson (ENG) 54.1 Una Morris (JAM) 54.2 880 yards Abby Hoffman (CAN) 2: 04.3 Judy Pollock (AUS) 2: 04.5 Anne Smith (ENG) 2: 05.0 80 metres hurdles Pam Kilborn (AUS) 10.9 Carmen Smith (JAM) 11.0 Jenny Wingerson (CAN) 11.0 High jump Michele Brown (AUS) 1.73 m Dorothy Shirley (ENG) 1.70 m Robyn Woodhouse (AUS) 1.70 m Long jump Mary Rand (ENG) 6.36 m Sheila Parkin (ENG) 6.30 m Violet Odogwu (NGA) 6.15 m Shot put Val Young (NZL) 16.50 m Mary Peters (NIR) 16.29 m Nancy McCredie (CAN) 15.34 m Discus throw Val Young (NZL) 49.78 m Jean Roberts (AUS) 49.20 m Carol Martin (CAN) 48.70 m Javelin throw Margaret Parker (AUS) 51.38 m Anna Bocson (AUS) 47.80 m Jay Dahlgren (CAN) 47.68 m 4 \u00d7 110 yards relay Australia (AUS) Dianne Burge Jennifer Lamy Joyce Bennett Pamela Ryan 45.3 GR England (ENG) Daphne Slater Janet Simpson Jill Hall Maureen Tranter 45.6 Jamaica (JAM) Adlin Mair - Clarke Carmen Smith Una Morris Vilma Charlton 45.6"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fanie du Plessis", "paragraph_text": "Stephanus (\"Fanie\") Johannes du Plessis (23 February 1930, Lichtenburg, North West \u2013 13 August 2001, Pretoria, Gauteng) was a discus thrower and shot putter, who represented South Africa at two Summer Olympics in 1956 and 1960. He was twice gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games (in 1954 and 1958, then known as the British Empire and Commonwealth Games) in the men's discus throw event."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mary Lines", "paragraph_text": "Mary Lines (later \"Smith\", 3 December 1893 \u2013 December 1978) was a British athlete. She competed in the long jump and 60 m \u2013 800 m running events at the 1921 Women's Olympiad, 1922 Women's Olympiad and the 1922 Women's World Games and won nine gold, two silver and one bronze medals. In 1924 she participated at the 1924 Women's Olympiad and won the gold medal in the 100 yards running and the long jump. In 1922 she participated at the Women's Olympiad in Paris and won the gold medal in the 4\u00d7110 yds relay (with Lines as first runner, Nora Callebout, Daisy Leach and Gwendoline Porter) setting a new world record. In 1923 she participated in the first WAAA Championships becoming british champion both in running 100 yards, 440 yards and hurdling as well as in the long jump."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Commonwealth Games", "paragraph_text": "The Commonwealth Games are an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and has taken place every four years since then. The Commonwealth Games were known as the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966, and British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974. It is the world's first multi-sport event which inducted equal number of women's and men's medal events and was implemented recently in the 2018 Commonwealth Games."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Iran at the 1966 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "Iran participated in the 1966 Asian Games held in the capital city of Bangkok, and ranked 6th with 6 gold medals on this occasion of the Asiad."}], "question": "The 1966 commonwealth women's long jump gold medalist earlier teamed with Janet Simpson at what event?"}
{"id": "2hop__157747_219362", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ternary computer", "paragraph_text": "With the advent of mass-produced binary components for computers, ternary computers have diminished in significance. However, Donald Knuth argues that they will be brought back into development in the future to take advantage of ternary logic's elegance and efficiency. One possible way this could happen is by combining an optical computer with the ternary logic system. A ternary computer using fiber optics could use dark as 0 and two orthogonal polarizations of light as 1 and \u22121. IBM also reports infrequently on ternary computing topics (in its papers), but it is not actively engaged in it.The Josephson junction has been proposed as a balanced ternary memory cell, using circulating superconducting currents, either clockwise, counterclockwise, or off.  \"The advantages of the proposed memory circuit are capability of high speed computation, low power consumption and very simple construction with fewer elements due to the ternary operation.\"In 2009, a quantum computer was proposed which uses a quantum ternary state, a qutrit, rather than the typical qubit. When the number of basic states of quantum element is d, it is called qudit."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Louis Hartz", "paragraph_text": "Louis Hartz (April 8, 1919 \u2013 January 20, 1986) was an American political scientist and influential liberal proponent of the idea of American exceptionalism."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "AMS Euler", "paragraph_text": "AMS Euler is an upright cursive typeface, commissioned by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) and designed and created by Hermann Zapf with the assistance of Donald Knuth and his Stanford graduate students. It tries to emulate a mathematician's style of handwriting mathematical entities on a blackboard, which is upright rather than italic. It blends very well with other typefaces made by Hermann Zapf, such as Palatino, Aldus and Melior, but very badly with the default TeX font Computer Modern. All the alphabets were implemented with the computer-assisted design system Metafont developed by Knuth. Zapf designed and drew the Euler alphabets in 1980\u201381 and provided critique and advice of digital proofs in 1983 and later. The typeface family is copyright by American Mathematical Society, 1983. Euler Metafont development was done by Stanford computer science and/or digital typography students; first Scott Kim, then Carol Twombly and Daniel Mills, and finally David Siegel, all assisted by John Hobby. Siegel finished the Metafont Euler digitization project as his M.S. thesis in 1985."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Materialism", "paragraph_text": "In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saul Gorn", "paragraph_text": "Saul Gorn (10 November 1912 \u2013 22 February 1992) was an American pioneer in computer and information science who was a member of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania for more than 30 years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fritz Schachermeyr", "paragraph_text": "Schachermeyr was a proponent of scientific racism during the Third Reich, advocating a \"racial-biological view of world history\" or \"biology of history\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "USS Mariano G. Vallejo (SSBN-658)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Mariano G. Vallejo\" (SSBN-658), was a fleet ballistic missile submarine, was named for Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo (1807\u20131890), a key proponent of California statehood. The boat's service extended from 1966 until 1995."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Hub (band)", "paragraph_text": "The Hub is an American \"computer network music\" ensemble formed in 1986 consisting of John Bischoff, Tim Perkis, Chris Brown, Scot Gresham-Lancaster, Mark Trayle and Phil Stone. \"The Hub was the first live computer music band whose members were all composers, as well as designers and builders of their own hardware and software.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Revel", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Revel (born Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Ricard; 19 January 192430 April 2006) was a French journalist, philosopher, and a member of the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise from June 1998 onwards. A socialist in his youth, Revel later became a prominent European proponent of classical liberalism and free market economics."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gilles Aillaud", "paragraph_text": "Gilles Aillaud (1928 in Paris \u2013 24 March 2005 in Paris) was an internationally known French painter, set decorator, and scenographer; as well, he was one of the main proponents of the \"Nouvelle Figuration\" and \"Figuration Narrative\" schools of art."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "William H. Oldendorf", "paragraph_text": "William Henry Oldendorf (March 27, 1925 \u2013 December 14, 1992) was an American neurologist, physician, researcher, medical pioneer, founding member of the American Society for Neuroimaging (ASN), and originator of the technique of computed tomography."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist)", "paragraph_text": "Kateryna Lohvynivna Yushchenko (, , December 8, 1919, Chigirin - died August 15, 2001) was a Ukrainian computer and information research scientist, corresponding member of USSR Academy of Sciences (1976), and member of The International Academy of Computer Science. She developed one of the world's first high-level languages with indirect address in programming, called the Address programming language. Over the period of her academic career, Yushchenko supervised 45 Ph.D students. Further professional achievements include Yushchenko being awarded two USSR State Prizes, The USSR Council of Ministers Prize, The Academician Glushkov Prize, and The Order of Princess Olga. Yushchenko was the first woman in the USSR to become a Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in programming."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "TRS-80 MC-10", "paragraph_text": "The TRS-80 MC-10 microcomputer is a lesser-known member of the TRS-80 line of home computers, produced by Tandy Corporation in the early 1980s and sold through their RadioShack chain of electronics stores. It was apparently designed as a low-cost alternative to Tandy's own TRS-80 Color Computer to compete with entry-level machines that had previously dominated the market, such as the Commodore VIC-20 and Sinclair ZX81."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Leopoldo Pollack", "paragraph_text": "Leopoldo Pollack (1751 \u2013 13 March 1806) was an Austrian-born Italian architect who was active in Milan where he became one of the leading proponents of Neoclassical architecture."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jim Horning", "paragraph_text": "Jim Horning received a PhD in computer science from Stanford University in 1969 for a thesis entitled \"A Study of Grammatical Inference\". He was a founding member, and later chairman, of the Computer Systems Research Group at the University of Toronto, Canada, from 1969 until 1977. He was then a Research Fellow at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) from 1977 until 1984 and a founding member and senior consultant at DEC Systems Research Center (DEC/SRC) from 1984 until 1996. He was founder and director of STAR Lab from 1997 until 2001 at InterTrust Technologies Corp."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Blairism", "paragraph_text": "In British politics, the term Blairism refers to the political ideology of the former leader of the Labour Party and Prime Minister Tony Blair. It entered the \"New Penguin English Dictionary\" in 2000. Proponents of Blairism are referred to as Blairites."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Carl Frederik Stanley", "paragraph_text": "Carl Frederik Stanley (c. 1738 \u2013 9 March 1813) was an English-Danish sculptor, a leading proponent of early Neo-Classicism in Denmark."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Karel Purkyn\u011b", "paragraph_text": "Karel Purkyn\u011b (15 March 1834, Wroc\u0142aw \u2013 5 April 1868, Prague) was a painter in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was one of the most prominent proponents of realism in Czech art in the second half of the 19th century."}], "question": "What society is the proponent of ternary computers a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__11590_11530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "MP3", "paragraph_text": "Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "MP3", "paragraph_text": "ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ludborough railway station", "paragraph_text": "Ludborough is a heritage railway station in Ludborough, Lincolnshire, England, which is the base of the Lincolnshire Wolds Railway. The station, which was previously part of the East Lincolnshire Railway, closed in 1961 to passengers and 1964 to freight, but was taken over by the preservation society in 1984. The first trains from the station to , to the north, ran in August 2009, the first for 47 years. There are proposals to extend the line further in both directions towards and Louth."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "AGM-179 JAGM", "paragraph_text": "In June 2007 the US Defense Department released a draft request for proposals (RFP) launching a competition for the Joint Air to Ground Missile (JAGM) program. In 2008, Raytheon and Boeing teamed up on a $125 million contract, and Lockheed Martin received a $122 million technology development contract for the Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) system. The 27-month contracts from the U.S. Army's Aviation and Missile Command is for a competitive risk-reduction phase."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Otto Hahn Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Otto Hahn Prize is awarded biennially jointly by the Society of German Chemists (), the German Physical Society () and the city of Frankfurt am Main for outstanding achievement in the field of chemistry, physics or applied engineering science. It was established in 2005 by the merger of the previous Otto Hahn Prize for Chemistry and Physics and the Otto Hahn Prize of the City of Frankfurt am Main."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "In April 2014, it was announced that GE was in talks to acquire the global power division of French engineering group Alstom for a figure of around $13 billion. A rival joint bid was submitted in June 2014 by Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) with Siemens seeking to acquire Alstom's gas turbine business for \u20ac3.9 billion, and MHI proposing a joint venture in steam turbines, plus a \u20ac3.1 billion cash investment. In June 2014 a formal offer From GE worth $17 billion was agreed by the Alstom board. Part of the transaction involved the French government taking a 20% stake in Alstom to help secure France's energy and transport interests, and French jobs. A rival offer from Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was rejected. The acquisition was expected to be completed in 2015."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Call Me Madam (film)", "paragraph_text": "Call Me Madam is a 1953 American Technicolor musical film directed by Walter Lang, with songs by Irving Berlin, based on the stage musical of the same name."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "InfraRecorder", "paragraph_text": "Since 0.46, InfraRecorder is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License 3 and is free software. In November 2007, CNET rated InfraRecorder the best free alternative to commercial DVD burning software."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Vostok 5", "paragraph_text": "Vostok 5 (, \"Orient 5\" or \"East 5\") was a joint mission of the Soviet space program together with Vostok 6; as with the previous pair of Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 the two Vostok spacecraft came close to one another in orbit and established a radio link."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "M\u00e5ns Zelmerl\u00f6w", "paragraph_text": "Born in Lund, M\u00e5ns Zelmerl\u00f6w is the son of Birgitta Sahl\u00e9n, a professor at Lund University, and surgeon Sven-Olof Zelmerl\u00f6w. Zelmerl\u00f6w studied music in high school in Lund and was part of a school choir project. In 2002, he played one of the brothers in the musical \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\" at Slagthuset in Malm\u00f6."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Callisto (moon)", "paragraph_text": "Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects. EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "King Haakon VII Sea", "paragraph_text": "King Haakon VII Sea () is a proposed name for part of the Southern Ocean on the coast of East Antarctica."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy), the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, the Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society (UK). The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated \"we support the [TAR's] conclusion that it is at least 90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise, with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 \u00b0C above 1990 levels by 2100\". The TAR has also been endorsed by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and European Geosciences Union (refer to \"Endorsements of the IPCC\")."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fraunhofer lines", "paragraph_text": "In physics and optics, the Fraunhofer lines are a set of spectral absorption lines named after the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787\u20131826). The lines were originally observed as dark features (absorption lines) in the optical spectrum of the Sun."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Temporomandibular joint", "paragraph_text": "The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are the two joints connecting the jawbone to the skull. It is a bilateral synovial articulation between the temporal bone of the skull above and the mandible below; it is from these bones that its name is derived. This joint is unique in that it is a bilateral joint that functions as one unit. Since the TMJ is connected to the mandible, the right and left joints must function together and therefore are not independent of each other."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "IEEE Joseph F. Keithley Award in Instrumentation and Measurement", "paragraph_text": "The IEEE Joseph F. Keithley Award in Instrumentation and Measurement is a Technical Field Award of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) that was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2001 and first awarded in 2004. It is named in honor of Joseph F. Keithley, the founder of Keithley Instruments, and it replaced the previous IEEE Morris E. Leeds Award, which was named in honor of Morris E. Leeds, an inventor of electrical measuring devices and controls. The award is presented annually for outstanding contributions in electrical measurements, and is sponsored by Keithley Instruments and the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "As Universal's main product had always been low-budget film, it was one of the last major studios to have a contract with Technicolor. The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights (1942), starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez. The following year, Technicolor was also used in Universal's remake of their 1925 horror melodrama, Phantom of the Opera with Claude Rains and Nelson Eddy. With the success of their first two pictures, a regular schedule of high-budget, Technicolor films followed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Energy level", "paragraph_text": "The first evidence of quantization in atoms was the observation of spectral lines in light from the sun in the early 1800s by Joseph von Fraunhofer and William Hyde Wollaston. The notion of energy levels was proposed in 1913 by Danish physicist Niels Bohr in the Bohr theory of the atom. The modern quantum mechanical theory giving an explanation of these energy levels in terms of the Schr\u00f6dinger equation was advanced by Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger and Werner Heisenberg in 1926."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Furnerius (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Furnerius is a large lunar impact crater located in the southeast part of the Moon, in the area close to the southeastern limb of the nearside or visible Moon. Because of its location, the crater appears oval in shape due to foreshortening but is actually nearly circular. Notable nearby craters include Stevinus to the northwest and Fraunhofer to the south-southwest. Farther to the northwest is the crater Snellius and the Vallis Snellius crater valley."}], "question": "Other than the company Technicolor used to be known as, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?"}
{"id": "2hop__355503_157229", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sturgeon River (Alberta)", "paragraph_text": "The Sturgeon River is a 260 km long river located in central Alberta, Canada. It is a major tributary of the North Saskatchewan River. The stream crosses Sturgeon County, which was named for this river."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Palometa River", "paragraph_text": "The Palometa River (Spanish, Riacho Palometa, or variant name R\u00edo Palometa) is a river of Chaco Province, Argentina. It is a tributary of the Paran\u00e1 Min\u00ed River."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cariboo River", "paragraph_text": "The Cariboo River is a tributary of the Quesnel River, one of the main tributaries of the Fraser River, in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It flows through the Cariboo region of the British Columbia Interior, southeast of Prince George. Above Cariboo Lake it was formerly known as the Swamp River. The name was adopted, and replaced the former names, in 1936 in association with Cariboo Lake."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mistake Creek, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Mistake Creek is a locality in Isaac Region, Queensland, Australia. It has a primary school, which describes itself as \"the only school for at least 70 kilometres\", and there are other local organisations including Mistake Creek Progress Association and the Mistake Creek Playgroup. The school opened in 24 January 1983. In 2013 the school had 11 students. The district takes its name from Mistake Creek, a tributary of the Belyando River, which was so named after Jerimiah Rolfe, an early local settler, believed his station to be on that river but later discovered it was on a tributary, which he named Mistake Creek."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Painter Run", "paragraph_text": "Painter Run (also known as Painter's Run) is a tributary of West Branch Fishing Creek in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Davidson Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . It has one named tributary, which is known as Oxhorn Run and one unnamed tributary. Painter Run is slightly acidic, with pH values ranging from 5.99 to 6.88. The stream is in a narrow valley with several ridges nearby. Sandstone of the Pocono Formation occurs near it. At least two bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its unnamed tributary is considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rapidcreekite", "paragraph_text": "Rapidcreekite was first encountered in 1983 in a tributary of Rapid Creek unofficially known as Crosscut Creek at in northern Yukon. The mineral was named \"rapidcreekite\" for the general area in which it was found. The mineral and name were approved by the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (IMA1984-035). Rapidcreekite was described in 1986 in the journal \"Canadian Mineralogist\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ashelman Run", "paragraph_text": "Ashelman Run is a tributary of Coles Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Sugarloaf Township. The stream's watershed has an area of . The stream is designated as a Coldwater Fishery. It is named after Daniel Ashelman, who lived in the area in the early 1800s. Glacial till and other geological features can be found in the vicinity of the stream. It has one unnamed tributary and there are two lakes in the watershed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "English River (Iowa)", "paragraph_text": "The English River is a tributary of the Iowa River in southeastern Iowa in the United States. The main stem of the river is long. Including its longest headwaters tributary, the North English River, the total length increases to . Via the Iowa River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. The Deep River is a minor tributary of the English River. The towns of North English, South English and Deep River are named for the English and Deep rivers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Caniapiscau River", "paragraph_text": "The Caniapiscau River () is a tributary of the Koksoak River in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada. In Cree the name of the river means \"rocky point\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Big Sioux River", "paragraph_text": "The Big Sioux River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 419 miles (674\u00a0km) long, in eastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa in the United States. The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on \"Big Sioux River\" as the stream's name in 1931. The river was named after the Lakota people (Sioux Indians)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hume Dam", "paragraph_text": "Hume Dam, formerly the Hume Weir, is a major dam across the Murray River downstream of its junction with the Mitta River in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. The dam's purpose includes flood mitigation, hydro-power, irrigation, water supply and conservation. The impounded reservoir is called Lake Hume, formerly the Hume Reservoir. It is a gated concrete gravity dam with four earth embankments and twenty-nine vertical undershot gated concrete overflow spillways."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "Victoria contains many topographically, geologically and climatically diverse areas, ranging from the wet, temperate climate of Gippsland in the southeast to the snow-covered Victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft). There are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest. There is an extensive series of river systems in Victoria. Most notable is the Murray River system. Other rivers include: Ovens River, Goulburn River, Patterson River, King River, Campaspe River, Loddon River, Wimmera River, Elgin River, Barwon River, Thomson River, Snowy River, Latrobe River, Yarra River, Maribyrnong River, Mitta River, Hopkins River, Merri River and Kiewa River. The state symbols include the pink heath (state flower), Leadbeater's possum (state animal) and the helmeted honeyeater (state bird)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mill Creek (Loyalsock Creek tributary)", "paragraph_text": "Mill Creek is the name of four different tributaries of Loyalsock Creek in Lycoming and Sullivan counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. There are two more streams named \"Mill Creek\" in the Loyalsock Creek drainage basin and one named \"Mill Run\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mitta Mitta River", "paragraph_text": "Mitta Mitta River, a perennial river and a direct tributary of the Murray River within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the alpine district of Victoria, Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jensen Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Jensen Glacier () is a tributary glacier, about long, flowing north between the Supporters Range and Lhasa Nunatak into Snakeskin Glacier, in Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Kenard H. Jensen, a United States Antarctic Research Program meteorologist at South Pole Station in 1963."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Messers Run", "paragraph_text": "Messers Run is a tributary of Catawissa Creek in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Kline Township and East Union Township. The only named tributary of the stream is Negro Hollow, but it has two unnamed tributaries. The creek has some alkalinity, but is slightly acidic. The main rock formations in the watershed of it are the Mauch Chunk Formation and the Pottsville Formation. The main soils in the watershed are the Leck Kill soil and the Hazleton soil."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of tributaries of Catawissa Creek", "paragraph_text": "Catawissa Creek is a long creek flowing into the Susquehanna River with 26 named tributaries, of which 19 are direct tributaries. The creek flows through Luzerne, Schuylkill, and Columbia counties in Pennsylvania. The two shortest tributaries are approximately long, while the longest is about in length. The tributaries include seventeen runs, six creeks, and three hollows (unnamed streams named after named valleys that they flow through). By length, the five largest tributaries of Catawissa Creek are Little Catawissa Creek, Tomhicken Creek, Scotch Run, Beaver Run, and Messers Run. By watershed area, the five largest tributaries are Tomhicken Creek, Little Catawissa Creek, Beaver Run, Scotch Run, and Messers Run."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wing River (Leaf River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "The Wing River is a tributary of the Leaf River in west-central Minnesota in the United States. Via the Leaf and Crow Wing rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. Wing River Township is named for the river."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mitta Mitta, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Mitta Mitta is a small town in the Australian state of Victoria in the Mitta Mitta Valley. It stands on the Omeo Highway and is 415\u00a0km from Melbourne, and is located on the Mitta Mitta River not far from Dartmouth Dam. At the 2006 census, Mitta Mitta and the surrounding area had a population of 151. The permanent town population is 39."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Murr (river)", "paragraph_text": "The is a river in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany, right tributary of the Neckar. The river gave its name to a small town on its banks, Murr, and to the Rems-Murr-Kreis district, which was also named after the river Rems, which runs roughly parallel to the south of the Murr."}], "question": "What is fed by the what Mitta Mitta is named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__61700_364444", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sweet William (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Sweet William is a 1975 novel written by Beryl Bainbridge, it was made into a 1980 film of the same name (starring Jenny Agutter and Sam Waterston) for which Bainbridge wrote the screenplay."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "This Land Is Your Land", "paragraph_text": "``This Land Is Your Land ''is one of the United States' most famous folk songs. Its lyrics were written by American folk singer Woody Guthrie in 1940, based on an existing melody, a Carter Family tune called`` When the World's on Fire'', in critical response to Irving Berlin's ``God Bless America. ''When Guthrie was tired of hearing Kate Smith sing`` God Bless America'' on the radio in the late 1930s, he sarcastically wrote ``God Blessed America for Me ''before renaming it`` This Land Is Your Land.''"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "International Children's Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "The International Children's Peace Prize is awarded annually to a child who has made a significant contribution to advocating children's rights and improving the situation of vulnerable children such as orphans, child labourers and children with HIV / AIDS."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Neil Patrick Harris", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1989, Harris played the title role of a child prodigy doctor in Doogie Howser, M.D., for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe. After the show's four - season run ended in 1993, Harris played a number of guest roles on television series, including Murder She Wrote. From 1999 to 2000, he starred with Tony Shalhoub in the NBC sitcom Stark Raving Mad, which lasted 22 episodes. He has played lead roles in a number of made - for - television features including Snowbound: The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story in 1994, My \u00c1ntonia in 1995, The Christmas Wish in 1998, Joan of Arc in 1999, The Wedding Dress in 2001, and The Christmas Blessing in 2005."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "National Insurance number", "paragraph_text": "People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit. At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies each child of their NI number."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "RoboCop 2", "paragraph_text": "In his Chicago Sun Times review, Roger Ebert wrote, ``Cain's sidekicks include a violent, foul - mouthed young boy named Hob, who looks to be about 12 years old but kills people without remorse, swears like Eddie Murphy, and eventually takes over the drug business... The movie's screenplay is a confusion of half - baked and unfinished ideas... the use of that killer child is beneath contempt. ''"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Emily Bissell", "paragraph_text": "Born in Wilmington, Delaware, she made a name for herself at a young age as the founder of that city's first public kindergarten and for her efforts to introduce child labor laws in that state. In 1883, she founded an organization, now known as the West End Neighborhood House that originally provided social services to Wilmington's immigrant Irish and German families. Bissell wrote under the pseudonym Priscilla Leonard."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Emmi Pikler", "paragraph_text": "Pikler's third teacher was her own husband, a mathematician and educator through whose experiences she was confirmed in its development physiological considerations. They decided together, at the birth of her first child, to allow the child freedom of movement and to await her development patiently. At first they lived in Trieste and later in Budapest. In 1935 Pikler qualified as a pediatrician in Hungary. Their goal was to promote the healthy development of the child. From the experience with her daughter, she knew that a child must not be stimulated to movement and to games and that every detail in dealing with the child and their environment is important. Pikler wrote and gave lectures about the care and upbringing of infants and young children. She published her first book for parents in 1940 and it went through several editions in Hungary and other countries. The ten years that she worked as a family doctor were difficult for them not only because the family was Jewish, but also because her husband was in prison for political reasons from 1936 to 1945. With the help of the parents of the children she cared for, she and her family survived the persecution of Jews during World War II."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sweet Nothing in My Ear", "paragraph_text": "Sweet Nothing in My Ear is a 2008 American made-for-television drama film directed by Joseph Sargent and is based on a 1998 play of the same name by Stephen Sachs, who also wrote the teleplay. It stars Jeff Daniels and Marlee Matlin as the parents of a Deaf child, played by Noah Valencia, who struggle with deciding to give their child an implant that will allow him to hear again. The film premiered on CBS as a \"Hallmark Hall of Fame\" presentation on April 20, 2008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gordon Pickard", "paragraph_text": "Pickard emigrated from England as a child. Since 1967, he has been forming companies which now make up South Australia's largest housing and land development group. Recently the Pickard Foundation has been established to manage the large amount of donations to charities."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jeremy Maguire", "paragraph_text": "Jeremy Maguire (born August 10, 2011) is an American child actor. He is most known for playing Joe Pritchett on the sitcom Modern Family from 2015 to present. In 2017, Maguire made his film debut in the drama film I'm Not Here."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Heinrich Brauns", "paragraph_text": "Heinrich Brauns was born on 3 January 1868 at Cologne in what was then the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the only child of Johann Brauns (1838-1919), a tailor and his wife Anna Catharina (1838-1901), n\u00e9e Creveld. He attended the \"Apostelgymnasium\" at Cologne where he made his \"Abitur\" in 1886."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alfred Bester", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Bester was born in Manhattan, New York City, on December 18, 1913. His father, James J. Bester, owned a shoe store and was a first-generation American whose parents were both Austrian. Alfred's mother, Belle (n\u00e9e Silverman), was born in Russia and spoke Yiddish as her first language before coming to America as a youth. Alfred was James and Belle's second and final child, and only son. (Their first child, Rita, was born in 1908.) Though his mother was born Jewish, she became a Christian Scientist, and Alfred himself was not raised within any religious traditions; he wrote that \"his home life was completely liberal and iconoclastic.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Francesco Suriano", "paragraph_text": "Francesco Suriano (1445-after 1481) was an Italian friar of the Franciscan order, who wrote a guide for travel to the Holy Land."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to $T10,000. The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu. From the Court of Appeal there is a right of appeal to Her Majesty in Council, i.e., the Privy Council in London."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bertha Runkle", "paragraph_text": "Bertha Runkle (1879\u20131958) was an American novelist and playwright born in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. From a literary family, she wrote five novels. Her first and best known, \"The Helmet of Navarre\", was made into a Broadway play."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Range Rover Sport", "paragraph_text": "The Land Rover Range Rover Sport is a British luxury mid-size SUV made by Land Rover. The first generation (codename: L320) started production in 2004, and was replaced by the second generation Sport (codename: L494) in 2013."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Folkways: A Vision Shared", "paragraph_text": "Produced by Harold Leventhal, Guthrie's long-time business manager and folk music and theatrical impresario, the album received widespread critical acclaim and included performances by Guthrie's son, Arlo Guthrie, and many other luminaries: Bob Dylan, Fishbone, Emmylou Harris, Little Richard, John Mellencamp, Willie Nelson, Pete Seeger, Bruce Springsteen, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Little Red School House Chorus (Sarah St. Onge, director), Taj Mahal, U2, and Brian Wilson."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gregoire Boonzaier", "paragraph_text": "Gregoire Boonzaier was the fifth child of political cartoonist Dani\u00ebl Cornelis Boonzaier and his cousin Maria Elizabeth Boonzaier. Early on Gregoire made the acquaintance of the artists Pieter Wenning, Nita Spilhaus, Moses Kottler and Anton van Wouw, all of whom were close family friends."}], "question": "Who was the child of the songwriter of This Land is Made for You and Me?"}
{"id": "2hop__129657_311542", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of districts in India", "paragraph_text": "A district (zil\u0101) is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. In some cases districts are further subdivided into sub-divisions, and in others directly into tehsils or talukas. As of 2018 there are a total of 712 districts, up from the 640 in the 2011 Census of India and the 593 recorded in the 2001 Census of India."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tashtagolsky District", "paragraph_text": "Tashtagolsky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Tashtagolsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Tashtagol (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,545 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Central Library (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "The Central Library is the main library of the Kansas City Public Library system, which is located in the Library District of Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It is situated at 14 West 10th Street, at the corner of West 10th Street and Baltimore Avenue, across Baltimore Avenue from the Kansas City Club and up from the New York Life Building. It contains the administration of Kansas City's library system."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Khabarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Khabarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It consists of two unconnected segments separated by the territory of Amursky District, which are located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Khabarovsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Slavyansky District", "paragraph_text": "Slavyansky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Slavyansky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Slavyansk-na-Kubani (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ulchsky District", "paragraph_text": "Ulchsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the east of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Bogorodskoye. Population: The population of Bogorodskoye accounts for 20.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Serengeti District", "paragraph_text": "Serengeti District is one of the seven districts of Mara Region of Tanzania. Its administrative centre is the town of Mugumu. It is home to part of the world-famous Serengeti National Park and contains one of the western gates to the park."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chakkittapara", "paragraph_text": "Chakkittapara is a panchayat as well as a town in the Kozhikode district of Kerala state, India. Chakkittapara borders Wayanad district to the east. Administratively, Chakkittapara comes under the Perambra block panchayat and Koyilandy Taluk, containing 15 wards and destinations like Kulathuvayal, Peruvannamuzhi, Chempanoda, Poozhithode, Muthukadu, Koovapoyil, Narinada, Chempra, and Pannikkottoor."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Khanty-Mansiysky District", "paragraph_text": "Khanty-Mansiysky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the nine in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located in the center of the autonomous okrug. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Khanty-Mansiysk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a019,362."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Buzuluksky District", "paragraph_text": "Buzuluksky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-five in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Buzuluk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 31,071 (2010 Census);"}], "question": "Which district is in the same state as Ulchsky District?"}
{"id": "2hop__116251_407607", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of the Last Panzer", "paragraph_text": "Battle of the Last Panzer (, ,also known as The Last Panzer Battalion) is a 1969 Spanish-Italian war film directed by Jos\u00e9 Luis Merino and distributed in America by Troma Entertainment. The film looks through the eyes of the German offense during World War II, specifically a German tank crew who, after losing a battle, struggle to get home."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Last Warrior (2000 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Last Warrior (also known as The Last Patrol) is a 2000 American action film directed by Sheldon Lettich, and starring Dolph Lundgren, Sherri Alexander, Joe Michael Burke, Rebecca Cross and Brook Susan Parker. The film was released on direct-to-video in the United States on August 21, 2001."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "That Certain Something", "paragraph_text": "That Certain Something is a 1941 Australian musical film directed by Clarence G. Badger and starring Megan Edwards and Thelma Grigg. The plot concerns an American film director who decides to make a musical in Australia. It was the last film directed by Badger, a noted silent era director."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Unbeliever", "paragraph_text": "The Unbeliever is a 1918 American silent propaganda film made towards the end of World War I. It was directed by Alan Crosland for the Edison Company towards its last days as a functioning film-making company. It stars Raymond McKee and Marguerite Courtot, who married a few years later, and Eric von Stroheim."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Canne mozze", "paragraph_text": "Canne mozze (\"\"Sawed-off Shotgun\"\") is a 1977 Italian crime-thriller film written and directed by Mario Imperoli. It was the last film directed by Imperoli, who died in December 1977."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Husband and Lovers", "paragraph_text": "La villa del venerd\u00ec (internationally released as Husband and Lovers) is a 1991 Italian erotic-drama film directed by Mauro Bolognini. The film is a transposition of the novel with the same name written by Alberto Moravia. It is the last film directed by Bolognini."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Last Coupon", "paragraph_text": "The Last Coupon is a 1932 British comedy film directed by Frank Launder and starring Leslie Fuller, Mary Jerrold and Molly Lamont. It was based on a play by Ernest Bryan and was a success at the box office."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "His Lordship's Last Will", "paragraph_text": "His Lordship's Last Will ( and also known as \"His Grace's Last Testament\") is a 1919 Swedish silent drama film directed by Victor Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thanthu Vitten Ennai", "paragraph_text": "Thanthu Vitten Ennai is a 1991 film starring Vikram and Rohini in the lead roles. This was the last film directed by C. V. Sridhar."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jos\u00e9 and Pilar", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 and Pilar () is a Portuguese documentary directed by Miguel Gon\u00e7alves Mendes following the last years of the Nobel Prize winner Jos\u00e9 Saramago, chiefly through his relationship with his resolute wife, Pilar del R\u00edo. Highly praised by the critics and the audience, the film seems to have accomplished to show the tenderness, the genuine integrity and the deeply concerned humanity behind such controversial figure and his spouse. It gathers sequences from Madrid to Helsinki to Rio de Janeiro and covers Jose and Pilar's life in Lanzarote, their trips around the world (presenting Jos\u00e9's books, signing autographs, making speeches) and their most simple, transient and quotidian moments, as for during the period Jos\u00e9 writes his \"The Elephant's Journey\". The film was produced by Miguel Mendes' JumpCut (Portugal), Fernando Meirelles's O2 and Pedro Almod\u00f3var's El Deseo."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alexander the Last", "paragraph_text": "Alexander the Last is a 2009 American drama film directed by Joe Swanberg. The film is a drama about a married actress and her sister."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Bridal Path (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Bridal Path is a 1959 British comedy film directed by Frank Launder and starring Bill Travers, George Cole and Bernadette O'Farrell. It is based on the 1952 novel of the same name by Nigel Tranter. A young man on a remote Scottish island travels to the mainland in search of a wife. Although another Highland story, the film failed to match the success of Launder and Gilliat's earlier \"Geordie\" (1955)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Welcome Wagon", "paragraph_text": "Welcome Wagon is a business in the United States and Canada that contacts new homeowners after relocation, providing them with coupons and advertisements from local businesses. The company's full name is Welcome Wagon International, Inc."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kadaicha", "paragraph_text": "Kadaicha (also known as Stones of Death) is a 1988 Australian horror film directed by James Bogle who called it \"just very commercial stuff\". It was the last of four low-budget films made by producers Tom Broadbridge and David Hannay for the video market. It was shot in Sydney."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Desqueyroux (2012 film)", "paragraph_text": "Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Desqueyroux is a 2012 French drama film directed by Claude Miller. It is an adaptation of the Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac novel of the same name, first published in 1927. The last work of Claude Miller, who died in April 2012, this film closed the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, where it was screened out of competition."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "In the Last Stride", "paragraph_text": "In the Last Stride is a 1916 Australian silent film directed by Martyn Keith based on a popular action novel by Arthur Wright. The film's star, Dave Smith, was a champion heavyweight boxer who had fought Les Darcy. There was also an appearance from boxer Les O'Donnell."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Adventurer (1917 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Adventurer is an American short comedy film made in 1917 written and directed by Charlie Chaplin, and is the last of the twelve films made under contract for the Mutual Film Corporation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Betrayal (1929 film)", "paragraph_text": "Betrayal is a 1929 American silent drama film produced for Famous Players-Lasky and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is the last silent film directed by Lewis Milestone, the last silent performance by Gary Cooper, the last silent performance by Germany's Emil Jannings, and the only onscreen pairing of Cooper and Jannings. It is considered a lost film."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fifi Martingale", "paragraph_text": "Fifi Martingale is a 2001 French film directed by Jacques Rozier. The film is about a theater company attempting to put on a new play. It was Jean Lefebvre's last film."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the director of The Last Coupon?"}
{"id": "2hop__4163_78126", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Emmet McHardy", "paragraph_text": "Emmet Charles McHardy (27 June 1904 \u2013 17 May 1933) was a New Zealand Catholic missionary. He was born in Pihama, Taranaki, New Zealand, on 27 June 1904. He served as a missionary in the North Solomon Islands on the island of Bougainville."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "New Zealand (M\u0101ori: Aotearoa [a\u0254\u02c8t\u025ba\u027e\u0254a]) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses\u2014the North Island (Te Ika-a-M\u0101ui), and the South Island (Te Waipounamu)\u2014and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Odense County", "paragraph_text": "Odense County () is a former province in Denmark, located on the northern half of the island of Funen in central Denmark. Odense County was established in 1806 and abolished in 1970 when it merged with Svendborg County forming the new Funen County."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Samoa", "paragraph_text": "From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918\u20131919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "During his voyage, Cook also visited New Zealand, first discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642, and claimed the North and South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively. Initially, interaction between the indigenous M\u0101ori population and Europeans was limited to the trading of goods. European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North. In 1839, the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand. On 6 February 1840, Captain William Hobson and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi. This treaty is considered by many to be New Zealand's founding document, but differing interpretations of the Maori and English versions of the text have meant that it continues to be a source of dispute."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Europeans in Oceania", "paragraph_text": "European exploration and settlement of Oceania began in the 16th century, starting with Portuguese settling the Moluccas and Spanish (Castilian) landings and shipwrecks in the Marianas Islands, east of the Philippines, followed by the Portuguese landing and settling temporarily (due to the monsoons) in the Tanimbar or the Aru Islands and in some of the Caroline Islands and Papua New Guinea, and several Spanish landings in the Caroline Islands and New Guinea. Subsequent rivalry between European colonial powers, trade opportunities and Christian missions drove further European exploration and eventual settlement. After the 17th century Dutch landings in New Zealand and Australia, but not settling these lands, the British became the dominant colonial power in the region, establishing settler colonies in what would become Australia and New Zealand, both of which now have majority European - descended populations. New Caledonia (Caldoche), Hawaii, French Polynesia, Norfolk Island, Easter Island and Guam also have significant European populations. Europeans remain a primary ethnic group in much of Oceania, both numerically and economically."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5. There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%, and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, specialist colleges, and w\u0101nanga, in addition to private training establishments. In the adult population 14.2% have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4% have no formal qualification. The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mararoa River", "paragraph_text": "The Mararoa River is one of the braided rivers of the Southland Region of the South Island of New Zealand."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Monte de Fral\u00e3es", "paragraph_text": "Monte de Fral\u00e3es is a former civil parish, located in the municipality of Barcelos, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Viatodos, Grimancelos, Minhot\u00e3es e Monte de Fral\u00e3es. The population in 2011 was 408, in an area of 1.58\u00a0km\u00b2."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Zealand dollar", "paragraph_text": "The New Zealand dollar (sign: $; code: NZD) (M\u0101ori: T\u0101ra o Aotearoa) is the currency and legal tender of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, the Ross Dependency, Tokelau, and a British territory, the Pitcairn Islands. Within New Zealand, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with ``NZ $''sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies. In the context of currency trading, it is often informally called the`` Kiwi'', since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New Zealand dollar", "paragraph_text": "New Zealand dollar New Zealand dollar (English) T\u0101ra o Aotearoa (M\u0101ori) $5 banknote obverse $1 coin reverse ISO 4217 Code NZD Number 554 Exponent Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $cent Nickname kiwi Banknotes $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 Coins 10 \u00a2, 20 \u00a2, 50 \u00a2, $1, $2 Demographics Official user (s) New Zealand 5 territories (show) Cook Islands (New Zealand), alongside Cook Islands dollar Niue (New Zealand) Pitcairn Islands (UK) Ross Dependency (New Zealand) Tokelau (New Zealand) Unofficial user (s) Tonga Fiji Zimbabwe Issuance Central bank Reserve Bank of New Zealand Website www.rbnz.govt.nz Printer Note Printing Australia (provides base polymer note material) Website www.noteprinting.com Valuation Inflation 0.2% (New Zealand only) Source Reserve Bank of New Zealand, November 2016 Pegged by Cook Islands dollar, Niue dollar and Pitcairn Islands dollar (all at par)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Milson, New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Milson is a suburb of Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand. The suburb is located to the north of the city, beyond the North Island Main Trunk Rail."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tagata Pasifika", "paragraph_text": "Tagata Pasifika is an English language New Zealand programme which screens on TVNZ's TV ONE and on M\u0101ori Television. This programme is made to specifically meet the niche market of New Zealand's Pacific Islander population."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hunting", "paragraph_text": "New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Westport Rugby Football Club", "paragraph_text": "Westport RFC is a New Zealand rugby union team based in the South Island of New Zealand. The club should not be confused with the Westport Rugby Club of Ireland."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "North Island", "paragraph_text": "The North Island or Te Ika - a-M\u0101ui (M\u0101ori) is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The island's area is 113,729 square kilometres (43,911 sq mi), making it the world's 14th - largest island. It has a population of 3,596,200 (June 2016)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island (i/\u02c8n\u0254\u02d0rf\u0259k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd/; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Burnt Pine", "paragraph_text": "Burnt Pine (Norfuk language \"Ban Pain\") is the largest town on Norfolk Island (in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia). It is the main commercial hub of the island, and travel from one side of the island to another generally involves passing through Burnt Pine as the island's sole thoroughfare runs through the town's centre."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Zealand dollar", "paragraph_text": "The New Zealand dollar (sign: $; code: NZD, also abbreviated NZ $) (M\u0101ori: T\u0101ra o Aotearoa) is the official currency and legal tender of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, the Ross Dependency, Tokelau, and a British territory, the Pitcairn Islands. Within New Zealand, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with ``NZ $''sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies. In the context of currency trading, it is often informally called the`` Kiwi'' or ``Kiwi dollar '', since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi."}], "question": "What is the population of the New Zealand island were Waiarapa Polytechnic was located before it merged with UCOL?"}
{"id": "2hop__85489_736061", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Scariest Places on Earth", "paragraph_text": "Scariest Places on Earth is an American paranormal reality television series that originally aired from October 23, 2000, to October 29, 2006, on Fox Family, and later ABC Family. The show was hosted by Linda Blair, with narration by Zelda Rubinstein. The show featured reported cases of the paranormal by detailing the location's history, and then sending an ordinary family to visit the location in a reality TV-style vigil."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "This Earth of Mankind", "paragraph_text": "The central character and the narrator of \"This Earth of Mankind\" is a Javanese boy, Minke, who is fortunate to attend an elite Dutch school because he is a descendant of Javanese royalty. Minke faces a complex and dangerous world when he meets Nyai Ontosoroh, a concubine of a Dutch man. Minke's life becomes more dangerous when he falls in love with Annelies, the beautiful Indo daughter of Nyai Ontosoroh. In \"This Earth of Mankind\", Pramoedya portrayed the unjust life of the Indonesian people during the Dutch colonization period when social status was governed by the amount of European blood running through their veins. Pramoedya characterized Minke as an outspoken person, who refuses this hierarchical society by becoming a writer instead of a speech-maker, which bears a resemblance to Pramoedya's life who was jailed for two years after carrying anti-Dutch documents and then became a writer."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Schiehallion experiment", "paragraph_text": "Consider the force diagram to the right, in which the deflection has been greatly exaggerated. The analysis has been simplified by considering the attraction on only one side of the mountain. A plumb-bob of mass m is situated a distance d from P, the centre of mass of a mountain of mass MM and density \u03c1M. It is deflected through a small angle \u03b8 due to its attraction F towards P and its weight W directed towards the Earth. The vector sum of W and F results in a tension T in the pendulum string. The Earth has a mass ME, radius rE and a density \u03c1E."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yuri Gagarin", "paragraph_text": "Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: \u042e\u0301\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0301\u0440\u0438\u043d, IPA: (\u02c8j\u0289rj\u026aj \u0250lj\u026a\u02c8ksjej\u026avj\u026at\u0255 \u0261\u0250\u02c8\u0261arj\u026an); 9 March 1934 -- 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)", "paragraph_text": "Max Anderson (Jean - Michel Par\u00e9) is being pursued by a Tyrannosaurus until a fissure vent opens in the ground. When he tries to jump across, he calls out his brother's name before falling into the vent. Ten years later, Max's 13 - year - old son, Sean Anderson (Josh Hutcherson), visit Max's brother, volcanologist Trevor Anderson (Brendan Fraser). In a box of items that belonged to Max is a book, Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne. Notes written by Max are found inside the book."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "R Doradus", "paragraph_text": "R Doradus (HD 29712 or P Doradus) is the name of a red giant Mira variable star in the far-southern constellation Dorado, although visually it appears more closely associated with the constellation Reticulum. Its distance from Earth is . Having a uniform disk diameter of arcsec, it is currently believed to be the extrasolar star with the largest apparent size as viewed from Earth. The estimated diameter of R Doradus is 515\u00a0\u00b1 70 million km (3.46 AU) or times the diameter of the Sun. If placed at the centre of the Solar System, the orbit of Mars and most of the main asteroid belt would be contained within the star."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Journey to the Center of the Earth", "paragraph_text": "Journey to the Center of the Earth (French: Voyage au centre de la Terre, also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne. The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth. He, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Sn\u00e6fellsj\u00f6kull, encountering many adventures, including prehistoric animals and natural hazards, before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy, at the Stromboli volcano."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lou Reizner", "paragraph_text": "Lou Reizner (born Chicago 1934, died London 26 June 1977) was a record producer, A&R executive and head of Mercury Records European operations. As a producer, he is perhaps best known for Rod Stewart's first two solo albums, for the orchestral version of The Who's rock opera Tommy, and Rick Wakeman's \"Journey to the Centre of the Earth\". As an A&R executive, he signed Van der Graaf Generator and arranged a US deal for David Bowie. He had one child, Claudia Collingbourne."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Journey to the Centre of the Earth (album)", "paragraph_text": "Journey to the Centre of the Earth is the second solo album from the English keyboardist Rick Wakeman, released on 3 May 1974 by A&M Records. The album is a live recording of his second of two concerts on 18 January 1974 at the Royal Festival Hall in London. With its concept based on Jules Verne's science fiction novel of the same name, the album tells the story of Professor Lidenbrok, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans, who follow a passage to the Earth's centre originally discovered by Arne Saknussemm, an Icelandic alchemist. Wakeman performs with the London Symphony Orchestra, the English Chamber Choir, and a group of hand - picked musicians for his rock band, which later became the English Rock Ensemble. Actor David Hemmings narrates the story."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Negan", "paragraph_text": "Negan The Walking Dead character Negan in the comics (left), and as portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan (right) in the television series First appearance Comic: ``Issue # 100 ''(2012) Television:`` Last Day on Earth'' (2016) Video game: Tekken 7 (2018) Created by Robert Kirkman Charlie Adlard Portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan Information Occupation Saviors Leader Spouse (s) Lucille Significant other (s) Sherry Amber several unnamed wives"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paradiso (Dante)", "paragraph_text": "Paradiso (pronounced (para\u02c8di\u02d0zo); Italian for ``Paradise ''or`` Heaven'') is the third and final part of Dante's Divine Comedy, following the Inferno and the Purgatorio. It is an allegory telling of Dante's journey through Heaven, guided by Beatrice, who symbolises theology. In the poem, Paradise is depicted as a series of concentric spheres surrounding the Earth, consisting of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Fixed Stars, the Primum Mobile and finally, the Empyrean. It was written in the early 14th century. Allegorically, the poem represents the soul's ascent to God."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Inside Mecca", "paragraph_text": "Inside Mecca is a 2003 National Geographic documentary film by Anisa Mehdi that offers an intimate documentation of the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Aside from providing insight regarding the universal principles of Islam, this production emphasizes the historical significance of Mecca to both the Muslim and non-Muslim population. Often constituting a journey of epic proportions, it follows several pilgrims throughout their trip, and highlight their physical and mental preparation, the strain induced by the journey itself, and the spiritual ecstasy experienced upon arrival. The film is narrated by American voice actor Keith David."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Orbit of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in approximately 27.323 days (a sidereal month). Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycentre (common center of mass), which lies about 4,600 km (2,900 mi) from Earth's center (about 3 / 4 of the radius of Earth). On average, the distance to the Moon is about 385,000 km (239,000 mi) from Earth's centre, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii. With a mean orbital velocity of 1.022 km / s (2,290 mph), the Moon appears to move relative to the stars each hour by an amount roughly equal to its angular diameter, or by about half a degree. The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the plane of the ecliptic, and not to Earth's equatorial plane. The plane of the lunar orbit is inclined to the ecliptic by about 5 \u00b0, whereas the Moon's equatorial plane is inclined by only 1.5 \u00b0 to the ecliptic."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chuck Perkins", "paragraph_text": "Chuck Perkins (born Charles Perkins; August 25, 1965) is an American spoken word poet, orator, narrator, and activist who infuses the rhythms and vernacular from the Crescent City into his musical spoken word pieces. The New Orleans \"Times-Picayune\" says that he \"recites poetry like a prize fighter...always going for a knock out.\" He has performed internationally at London's prestigious South Bank Centre with Amiri Baraka, as well as in Paris, Toulouse, Manchester, Liverpool, Cambridge, and Amsterdam."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fragment of Fear", "paragraph_text": "Fragment of Fear is a 1970 British thriller film, adapted from the book \"A Fragment of Fear\" by John Bingham, starring David Hemmings, Gayle Hunnicutt, Wilfrid Hyde-White, Roland Culver, Flora Robson and Arthur Lowe. The wild British jazz score composed by Johnny Harris was later used by Levi's to soundtrack their European Kung Fu TV advertising campaign in the late nineties."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "I Am (2010 American documentary film)", "paragraph_text": "I Am is a 2010 American documentary film written, directed, and narrated by Tom Shadyac. The film asks the question: \"What is wrong with the world, and what can we do about it?\", and explores Shadyac's personal journey after a bicycle accident in 2007 which led him to the answers \"the nature of humanity\", \"the world's ever-growing addiction to materialism\", and \"human connections\" Shot with Shadyac and a team of four, the film contrasts sharply with the director's most notable comedic works."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Late, Great Planet Earth", "paragraph_text": "The Late, Great Planet Earth is a best-selling 1970 book by Hal Lindsey with Carole C. Carlson, and first published by Zondervan. The book was first featured on a prime time television special featuring Hal Lindsey in 1974 to 1975 with an audience of 17,000,000 and produced by Alan Hauge of GMT Productions. Years later, it was adapted by Rolf Forsberg and Robert Amram during 1976 into a film narrated by Orson Welles and released by Pacific International Enterprises. It was originally ghost-written by Carlson, whom later printings credited as co-author. Lindsey and Carlson later published several sequels, including \"Satan Is Alive and Well on Planet Earth\" and \"The 1980s: Countdown to Armageddon\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "This Earth of Mankind", "paragraph_text": "This Earth of Mankind is the first book in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's epic quartet called \"Buru Quartet\", first published by Hasta Mitra in 1980. The story is set at the end of the Dutch colonial rule and was written while Pramoedya was imprisoned on the political island prison of Buru in eastern Indonesia. The story was first narrated verbally to Pramoedya's fellow prisoners in 1973 because he did not get permission to write. The story spread through all the inmates until 1975 when Pramoedya was finally granted permission to write the detailed story."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Winged Migration", "paragraph_text": "Winged Migration (, also known as The Travelling Birds in some UK releases, or The Travelling Birds: An Adventure in Flight in Australia) is a 2001 documentary film directed by Jacques Cluzaud, Michel Debats and Jacques Perrin, who was also one of the writers and narrators, showcasing the immense journeys routinely made by birds during their migrations."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indian Antarctic Program", "paragraph_text": "The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica. The program gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983, superseded by the Maitri base from 1990. The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers. Under the program, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the narrator of Journey to the Centre of the Earth?"}
{"id": "2hop__47981_787694", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "But Hanover is not only one of the most important Exhibition Cities in the world, it is also one of the German capitals for marksmen. The Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover is the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world and takes place once a year (late June to early July) (2014 - July 4th to the 13th). It consists of more than 260 rides and inns, five large beer tents and a big entertainment programme. The highlight of this fun fair is the 12 kilometres (7 mi) long Parade of the Marksmen with more than 12.000 participants from all over the world, among them around 5.000 marksmen, 128 bands and more than 70 wagons, carriages and big festival vehicles. It is the longest procession in Europe. Around 2 million people visit this fun fair every year. The landmark of this Fun Fair is the biggest transportable Ferris Wheel in the world (60 m or 197 ft high). The origins of this fun fair is located in the year 1529."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of the World Wide Web", "paragraph_text": "In keeping with its birth at CERN and the first page opened, early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily university - based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. By January 1993 there were fifty Web servers across the world. In April 1993 CERN made the World Wide Web available on a royalty - free basis. By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online. Two of the earliest webcomics started on the World Wide Web in 1993: Doctor Fun and NetBoy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Girls Want to Go to a Nightclub", "paragraph_text": "\"The Girls Want to Go to a Nightclub\" is the second filmed episode of \"I Love Lucy\" but the first one aired. Originally, \"Lucy Thinks Ricky Is Trying to Murder Her\" was supposed to have been aired instead, as it was the first one filmed, but numerous production problems kept Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz and others, who had a stake in the success of the program, from airing it until the problems had been fixed. Instead, it was determined that \"The Girls Want to Go to the Nightclub\" was a better product to introduce the American public to their program. It debuted on CBS on Monday, October 15, 1951 at 9:00 pm."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I Want You to Want Me", "paragraph_text": "``I Want You to Want Me ''Epic 50435 Single by Cheap Trick from the album In Color B - side`` Oh Boy (Instrumental Version)'' Released September 1977 (1977 - 09) Format 7 - inch single Recorded Kendun Recorders, Los Angeles, 1977 Genre Power pop Length 3: 07 Label Epic Songwriter (s) Rick Nielsen Producer (s) Tom Werman Cheap Trick singles chronology ``Oh, Candy ''(1977)`` I Want You to Want Me'' (1977) ``Southern Girls ''(1977)`` Oh, Candy'' (1977) ``I Want You to Want Me ''(1977)`` Southern Girls'' (1977)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Color Purple", "paragraph_text": "Celie is a poor, uneducated, 14 - year - old girl living in the American South in the early 1900s. She writes letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats her harshly and rapes her continuously. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once, a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she called Adam. Alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth. Celie has a second child, a girl she called Olivia whom Alphonso also abducts. Celie's ailing mother dies after cursing Celie on her deathbed."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Scarlett Montanaro", "paragraph_text": "Scarlett Montanaro (born in Leigh-on-Sea, United Kingdom), known professionally as Baybe!, is a British-based singer / actress. She is best known for her hit records in the 1990s including \"Sexy Sugar Hut me\", \"New Age fun with a Vintage Feel\" \"Cider, no Crack\", \"All that she wants is another Baby\" and \"S'Mo from Essex\". She is more recently known as one of Amy Childs best friends in 'The Only Way is Essex.'"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mujhse Dosti Karoge!", "paragraph_text": "Raj's father (Kiran Kumar) decides to move to England with his family to take up a new job. Before leaving, Raj makes Tina promise to write to him via e-mail. Tina, a fun-loving and popular girl, soon becomes occupied with other things, so Pooja writes to Raj with Tina's name to help Tina keep her promise. Raj and Pooja have many things in common, and their e-mails bring them close to each other. A decade and a half later, Raj returns to India for a short vacation. By now, he's in love with the girl he has been writing to and believes he can recognize her at first sight."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Lampoon's Vacation", "paragraph_text": "Chicago food chemist Clark Griswold, wanting to spend more time with his wife Ellen and children Rusty and Audrey, decides to lead the family on a cross-country expedition from the Chicago suburbs to the southern California amusement park Walley World, billed as ``America's Favorite Family Fun Park. ''Ellen wants to fly, but Clark insists on driving, so he can bond with his family. He has ordered a new car in preparation for the trip, but the dealer claims that it will not be ready for six weeks. Clark is forced to accept a Wagon Queen Family Truckster, an ugly, out - sized station wagon, as the car he brought to trade in has already been hauled away and crushed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fun, Fun, Fun", "paragraph_text": "\"Fun, Fun, Fun\" is a song written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love for American rock band the Beach Boys. It was released in 1964 as a single backed with \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love\", both later appearing on the band's album \"Shut Down Volume 2\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Girls Just Want to Have Fun", "paragraph_text": "``Girls Just Want to Have Fun ''Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album She's So Unusual B - side`` Right Track Wrong Train'' Released September 6, 1983 (1983 - 09 - 06) Format 7 - inch 12 - inch CD Recorded June 1983 Studio Record Plant, New York City, New York Genre Dance - pop Length 3: 58 Label Portrait Songwriter (s) Robert Hazard Producer (s) Rick Chertoff William Wittman Cyndi Lauper singles chronology ``Girls Just Want to Have Fun ''(1983)`` Time After Time'' (1984) Music video ``Girls Just Want to Have Fun ''on YouTube Audio sample file help"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Phineas and Ferb characters", "paragraph_text": "Linda Flynn - Fletcher (voiced by Caroline Rhea) is the mother of Phineas and Candace and stepmother of Ferb. Unaware of the large - scale projects that Phineas and Ferb create on a daily basis, Candace often drags her away from other interests in an attempt to get the boys in trouble. Each creation is somehow destroyed or eliminated moments before ``Mom ''arrives, leaving Candace dumbfounded and Linda reluctant to believe Candace. Linda was also a one - hit wonder known as`` Lindana'' with her song, ``I'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun ''. That fact possibly makes her, as a singer, a parody of Cyndi Lauper, because of Lauper's hit Girls Just Want to Have Fun, and because both of them were famous singers in the 1980s (Linda fictionally). Her single is used as elevator music throughout the series. Her surname is not consistent throughout the series; in at least one episode, Candace refers to her as`` Linda Flynn''. She is based on Dan Povenmire's sister, also named Linda. She also used to date Dr. Doofenshmirtz during their mid-teens and that she was the one who inspired him to take over the Tri-State Area as a starting point for worldwide domination when he sarcastically stated that he would rule the world."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "After Lourdes's birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah, introduced to her by actress Sandra Bernhard. Her seventh studio album, Ray of Light, (1998) reflected this change in her perception and image. She collaborated with electronica producer William Orbit and wanted to create a sound that could blend dance music with pop and British rock. American music critic Ann Powers explained that what Madonna searched for with Orbit \"was a kind of a lushness that she wanted for this record. Techno and rave were happening in the 90s and had a lot of different forms. There was very experimental, more hard stuff like Aphex Twin. There was party stuff like Fatboy Slim. That's not what Madonna wanted for this. She wanted something more like a singer-songwriter, really. And William Orbit provided her with that.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hotel Transylvania: The Series", "paragraph_text": "Mavis (voiced by Bryn McAuley) is Dracula's 114 - year - old daughter who wants to have fun with her friends. Wendy Blob (voiced by Evany Rosen) is a blob that is the daughter of Blobby and one of Mavis' friends. Hank N Stein (voiced by Gage Munroe) is the son of Frank and Eunice and one of Mavis' friends. Pedro (voiced by Joseph Motiki) is a fat mummy who resembles Murray and one of Mavis' friends. Aunt Lydia (voiced by Dan Chameroy) is Dracula's older sister who pushes more order and tradition at the Hotel when Mavis and her friends want to have fun. Diana is Aunt Lydia's pet chicken. Dracula (voiced by David Berni) is Mavis' dad and is away on ``official vampire business ''at the Vampire Council."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Foo Fighters (album)", "paragraph_text": "Foo Fighters is the eponymous debut studio album by American rock band of the same name, released on July 4, 1995 by Roswell and Capitol Records. Dave Grohl wrote and recorded the entire album himself, apart from a guest guitar spot by Greg Dulli, with the assistance of producer Barrett Jones at Robert Lang Studios in Seattle, Washington, in 1994. He claimed that he recorded the album just for fun, describing it as a cathartic experience to recover from the death of Nirvana bandmate Kurt Cobain."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lige der hvor hjertet sl\u00e5r", "paragraph_text": "The song was performed thirteenth on the night, following Portugal's Dulce Pontes with \"Lusitana paix\u00e3o\" and preceding Norway's Just 4 Fun with \"Mrs. Thompson\". At the close of voting, it had received 8 points, placing 19th in a field of 22."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Priscilla Chan", "paragraph_text": "Chan married Zuckerberg on May 19, 2012, the day after Facebook's stock market launch.On July 31, 2015, Zuckerberg announced that he and Chan were expecting a baby girl. He said he felt confident that the risk of miscarrying was low so far into the pregnancy, after Chan had already had three miscarriages. Chan and Zuckerberg announced the birth of their daughter Maxima Chan Zuckerberg on December 1, 2015. On August 28, 2017, Chan gave birth to their second daughter, whom they named August."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jackson Avery", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the eighth season, April and Jackson's friendship evolved into an intimate relationship: ``I thought they were going to be able to walk the line of staying on the friendship side of things. What they have is kind of really unique and organic in the world of Grey's Anatomy -- two genders in a completely platonic, wholesome, pleasant and productive relationship / friendship. Who is to say that has to end? ''In the ninth season, Jackson started a relationship with intern Stephanie Edward. Williams gave his insight:`` That's a relationship that is fun, light, and no strings attached. She's sweet. She's funny. They are n't bogged down by these big notions of each other. Jackson later declares his love for April at her wedding to EMT Matthew. They get married and have a child together, but he dies shortly after birth. They are now divorced, but April is newly pregnant. In the present, April has just given birth to a baby girl, and it seems to have made them closer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bailee Madison", "paragraph_text": "In 2011, Madison had a recurring role in the Disney Channel Original Series Wizards Of Waverly Place as Maxine, the girl form of Max Russo. She also appeared in Just Go with It, alongside Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston, as Maggie Murphy, a young girl who wants to become an actress. Madison can be seen in the drama film, An Invisible Sign as the younger version of Jessica Alba's character Mona Gray. She starred in her first leading role in the horror film, Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark, alongside Katie Holmes and Guy Pearce where she portrayed Sally Hurst, a lonely withdrawn child who is sent to live with her father and his new girlfriend."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Robert Hazard (Rhode Island)", "paragraph_text": "Hazard lived at Point Judith, at the southern extreme of South Kingstown, on land that he inherited from his father."}], "question": "Where was the writer of Girls Just Want to Have Fun born?"}
{"id": "2hop__656337_144486", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Day of the Dead", "paragraph_text": "Day of the Dead (Spanish: D\u00eda de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Holiday (Dilana song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Holiday\" is an original song written by Dilana, about how her life has changed after appearing on . On February 20, it was released with \"Ring of Fire\" as a B-side track, exclusively on digital download websites such as iTunes and MySpace (through Snocap), where fans can also listen to the full version for free. It is the first single from her U.S. debut album, Inside Out, which was released on November 17, 2009."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jesse Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 -- July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bank holiday", "paragraph_text": "In 1903, the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act added 17 March, Saint Patrick's Day, as a bank holiday for Ireland only. New Year's Day did not become a bank holiday in England until 1 January 1974."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "It's a Small World", "paragraph_text": "Since 1997, Disneyland has featured ``It's a Small World holiday ''during the end - of - the - year Christmas and holiday season. The attraction is closed in late October to receive temporary holiday decorations inside and outside, and reopens in early November before the start of the busy holiday tourist season. Almost one million lights are included during the holidays. The overlay has proved very popular and at one point during its run needed the use of Fastpass machines (which have since been removed). The attraction is the same boat voyage through many regions of the world, though the main theme song is not played in full. Instead, the children sing`` Jingle Bells'' and a bridge of ``Deck the Halls ''in addition to the main theme. The holiday overlay has since been implemented at Tokyo Disneyland with similar decorations."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Home for the Holidays (song)", "paragraph_text": "``(There's No Place Like) Home for the Holidays ''Single by Perry Como A-side`` Silk Stockings'' Released 1954 (1954) Format 78 rpm and 45 rpm singles Recorded November 16, 1954 Genre Easy listening, pop Label RCA Songwriter (s) Al Stillman (lyrics), Robert Allen (music)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Qingming Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Qingming Festival has been observed by the Chinese for over 2500 years. It became a public holiday in mainland China in 2008. In Taiwan, the public holiday was in the past observed on 5 April to honor the death of Chiang Kai-shek on that day in 1975, but with Chiang's popularity waning, this convention is not being observed. A similar holiday is observed in the Ryukyu Islands, called Sh\u012bm\u012b in the local language."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Roman Holiday (band)", "paragraph_text": "Roman Holiday is an alternative rock band from Seattle, Washington, United States. Formed in September 2008, the band comprises Shane Lance (lead vocals, guitar), Emerson Shotwell (drums, percussion), Daniel Collins (lead guitar, backing vocals), and Nick Howard (bass guitar, backing vocals). The Tacoma, Washington newspaper, the \"Weekly Volcano\", noted \"having been birthed in a recording studio means their sound was born running, and it really shows. They are the most radio-ready band in Tacoma, and to say that you should hurry and see them before they get big is no exaggeration.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Day of the Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Day of the Dead (Spanish: D\u00eda de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Martin Luther King Jr. Day", "paragraph_text": "King was the chief spokesperson for nonviolent activism in the Civil Rights Movement, which successfully protested racial discrimination in federal and state law. The campaign for a federal holiday in King's honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, and it was first observed three years later. At first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "On 5 January 2010, the Lord President of the Council and Business Secretary Lord Mandelson announced that an extra bank holiday would take place on 5 June 2012. Moving the Spring Bank Holiday (the last Monday in May) to 4 June resulted in a four - day holiday in honour of the Diamond Jubilee. As national holidays are a devolved matter, Scotland's first minister confirmed that the bank holiday would be held on 5 June in Scotland. Some economists later theorised that the holiday could reduce the country's gross domestic product by 0.5% in the second quarter of the year, though this would be partially offset by increased sales for the hospitality and merchandise sectors."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland", "paragraph_text": "These are the public holidays observed in Ireland. Public holidays in Ireland (as in other countries) may commemorate a special day or other event, such as Saint Patrick's Day or Christmas Day. On public holidays (sometimes also referred to as bank holidays - a colloquialism), most businesses and schools close. Other services, for example, public transport, still operate but often with reduced schedules."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Family Day (Canada)", "paragraph_text": "The holiday was first celebrated in 1990. Alberta was the only province to have a statutory holiday in February until Saskatchewan began observing it in 2007."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Billie Holiday (album)", "paragraph_text": "Billie Holiday ( MG C-161) is the third 10 inch LP album of original material by jazz singer Billie Holiday, released on Clef Records in 1954 (her final album would also be given the same title, prior to being changed to \"Last Recording\" instead). The recordings took place in 1952 and 1954. Holiday never entered the recording studio in 1953."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dilana", "paragraph_text": "Dilana Jansen van Vuuren was born in Johannesburg, South Africa on 10 August 1972. Her surname changed to Smith when she was about two years old, when her mother married her stepfather, and he adopted her. Dilana used singing as an escape from an unpleasant home scene, participating in school choir competitions and festivals, as well as church choir and fondue parties."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Happy Birthday (Stevie Wonder song)", "paragraph_text": "``Happy Birthday ''is a 1981 single written, produced, and performed by Stevie Wonder for the Motown label. Wonder, a social activist, was one of the main figures in the campaign to have the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. become a national holiday, and created this single to make the cause known. Besides being released as a single, the song also appears on Wonder's album Hotter Than July."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Snow Day/Holiday Road", "paragraph_text": "Snow Day/Holiday Road is a holiday single with two tracks taken from Matt Pond PA's \"Winter Songs EP\". It was also released in 2005."}], "question": "where was the performer of Holiday born?"}
{"id": "2hop__522850_125228", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Father of the Nation", "paragraph_text": "In postcolonial Africa, \"father of the nation\" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity. On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title \"Father of Nations\" for his establishment of \"people's democracies\" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.The title \"Father of the Nation\" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be \"father of the nation\". The BNP government removed this in 2004, to the protests of the oppostition Awami League, led by Rahman's daughter Sheikh Hasina. A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka \"father of the nation\" barely failed in September 2007."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chen Peisi", "paragraph_text": "Chen's father Chen Qiang named him Chen Peisi after Pest, when he performed \"The White-Haired Girl\" in Budapest, Hungary in 1951. The pronunciation of \"Budapest\" in Mandarin Chinese is \"\". Chen's father named his elder brother Chen Buda ()."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WSNI", "paragraph_text": "WSNI (97.7 FM, \"Sunny 97.7\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Keene, New Hampshire. The station is owned by Monadnock Radio Group, a division of Saga Communications, and the broadcast license is held by Saga Communications of New England, LLC. WSNI airs an adult contemporary music format."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Stenkil", "paragraph_text": "The \"Hervarar saga\" (13th century) describes Stenkil as the son of Ragnvald the Old and Astrid Njalsdotter, the daughter of Njal Finnsson from H\u00e5logaland in Norway and a cognatic descendant of Harald Fairhair. Later historians have identified the father of Stenkil Ragnvald Ulfsson who was the earl of Staraja Ladoga and the grandson of the legendary Viking Skoglar Toste. But this presumed family-connection is not supported by any other sources and must therefore be regarded as very uncertain. The Icelandic sagas mention a wife and two sons to Ragnvald Ulfsson but none are identical with Stenkil and his mother Astrid. The contemporary chronicler Adam of Bremen says Stenkil was the nephew (\"nepos\") or stepson (\"privignus\") of the former King Emund the Old, while the \"Hervarar saga\" asserts that he was related to the previous dynasty by marriage to Emund's daughter."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Godsmack", "paragraph_text": "In 2002, Erna was asked to write and perform a song for the soundtrack to The Scorpion King. The motion picture was the third in the Mummy saga, and was a spin-off prequel of the Mummy series. The song Godsmack wrote and performed was titled \"I Stand Alone\" and the song became the number 1 single at Rock Radio and the most played Active Rock song in 2002 for 14 weeks straight. It was also used in the game Prince of Persia: Warrior Within."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes", "paragraph_text": "Name Date Discs Episodes of dragon ball z Sagas Season One February 6, 2007 6 1 -- 39 Vegeta Saga Season Two May 22, 2007 6 40 -- 74 Namek / Captain Ginyu Saga Season Three September 18, 2007 6 75 -- 107 Frieza Saga Season Four February 19, 2008 6 108 -- 139 Garlic Jr. / Trunks / Androids Saga Season Five May 27, 2008 6 140 -- 165 Imperfect Cell / Perfect Cell Saga Season Six September 16, 2008 6 166 -- 194 Cell Games Saga Season Seven November 11, 2008 6 195 -- 219 Great Saiyaman / World Tournament Saga Season Eight February 10, 2009 6 220 -- 253 Babidi / Majin Buu Saga Season Nine May 19, 2009 6 254 -- 291 Fusion / Kid Buu Saga"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Vampire Prince", "paragraph_text": "The Vampire Prince is the sixth book in \"The Saga of Darren Shan\" by Darren Shan(his real name, Darren O'Shaughnessy). It is also the third and final book of the \"Vampire Rites\" trilogy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Freeglader", "paragraph_text": "Freeglader is a children's fantasy novel by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell, first published in 2004. It is the seventh volume of \"The Edge Chronicles\" and the third of the \"Rook Saga\" trilogy; within the stories' own chronology it is the ninth novel, following the \"Quint Saga\" and \"Twig Saga\" trilogies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yannick Noah", "paragraph_text": "Born in Sedan, in the north of France in 1960, Yannick Noah is the son of a Cameroonian footballer, Zacharie Noah, and his French wife Marie-Claire. After a sports injury in 1963, Noah's father returned to Africa with his family. He was living in Cameroon when he made his debut in tennis and was discovered at age 11 by Arthur Ashe and Charlie Pasarell. He soon showed an amazing talent that eventually brought him to the French Tennis Federation's training center in Nice in 1971."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Last of the Sky Pirates", "paragraph_text": "The Last of the Sky Pirates is a children's fantasy novel by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell, first published in 2002. It is the fifth volume of \"The Edge Chronicles\" and the first of the \"Rook Saga\" trilogy; within the stories' own chronology it is the seventh novel, following the \"Quint Saga\" and \"Twig Saga\" trilogies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jonker Afrikaner", "paragraph_text": "Jonker Afrikaner ( 1785, \"Roode Zand\" near Tulbagh, South Africa \u2013 18 August 1861, Okahandja, South West Africa) was the fourth Captain of the Orlam in South West Africa, succeeding his father, Jager Afrikaner, in 1823. Soon after becoming \"Kaptein\", he left his father\u2019s settlement at Blydeverwacht with three brothers and some 300 followers and relocated to the area that is today central Namibia. From 1825 onwards he and his council played a dominant political role in Damaraland and Namaland, creating a \"de facto\" state."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Dragon Ball episodes", "paragraph_text": "Name Date Discs Episodes Sagas Season One September 15, 2009 5 1 - 31 Emperor Pilaf / Tournament Saga Season Two November 10, 2009 5 32 - 61 Red Ribbon Army / General Blue Saga Season Three February 2, 2010 5 62 - 92 Commander Red / Fortuneteller Baba Saga Season Four May 4, 2010 5 93 - 122 Tien Shinhan / King Piccolo Saga Season Five July 27, 2010 5 123 - 153 Piccolo Jr. Saga"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gil Birmingham", "paragraph_text": "Gil Birmingham (born July 13, 1953) is an American actor of Comanche ancestry, best known for his portrayal of Billy Black in The Twilight Saga film series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saga Africa", "paragraph_text": "\"Saga Africa\" (subtitled \"Ambiance Secousse\" in smaller letters on the single cover) is a song recorded by the former professional tennis player Yannick Noah, released in 1991 as the first single from his debut album, \"Black & What\". The song is also available on the singer's album entitled \"Live\", released in 2002."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jean-Christophe Mitterrand", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Christophe Mitterrand (born 19 December 1946) is the son of former French president Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand. He was an advisor to his father on African affairs from 1986 to 1992, and earned the nickname \"Papamadit\" (which translates as \"Papa-told-me\") in Africa."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Beyond the Deepwoods", "paragraph_text": "Beyond the Deepwoods is a children's fantasy novel by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell, first published in 1998. It is the first volume of \"The Edge Chronicles\" and of the \"Twig Saga\" trilogy; within the stories' own chronology it is the fourth novel, following the \"Quint Saga\" trilogy that was published later."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Umgababa", "paragraph_text": "Umgababa is a rural community area with a large market place for tourists in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It forms part of eThekwini. The Umgababa River (originally \"Umkababa\", which means \"my father's wife\") enters the ocean at Umgababa. Its origin is at an elevation of 51 meters above sea level."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Winter Knights", "paragraph_text": "The Winter Knights is a children's fantasy novel by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell, first published in 2005. It is the eighth volume of \"The Edge Chronicles\" and the second of the \"Quint Saga\" trilogy; within the stories' own chronology it is the second novel, preceding the \"Twig Saga\" and \"Rook Saga\" trilogies that were published earlier."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Clash of the Sky Galleons", "paragraph_text": "Clash of the Sky Galleons is a children's fantasy novel by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell, first published in 2006. It is the ninth volume of \"The Edge Chronicles\" and the third of the \"Quint Saga\" trilogy; within the stories' own chronology it is the third novel, preceding the \"Twig Saga\" and \"Rook Saga\" trilogies that were published earlier."}], "question": "Who was the father of Saga Africa's performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__135170_79535", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jongens", "paragraph_text": "Jongens (English title: \"Boys\") is a 2014 coming of age drama film produced in the Netherlands. It was directed by Mischa Kamp and features Gijs Blom, Ko Zandvliet and Stijn Taverne. The film was released on 9 February 2014."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alien: Covenant", "paragraph_text": "Other credited parts include Lorelei King as the voice of the Covenant's computer ``Mother ''; King was a colleague of Helen Horton, the voice of the Nostromo's`` Mother'' in 1979's Alien. Goran D. Kleut is credited in two roles, as both a neomorph and a xenomorph, while Andrew Crawford is credited as a neomorph."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Butterfly Lifts the Cat Up", "paragraph_text": "The Butterfly Lifts the Cat Up or De Vlinder Tilt de kat op is a 1994 Dutch film directed by Willeke van Ammelrooy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vi\u00e9tia Zangrandi", "paragraph_text": "The actress was in the cast of the Brazilian version of Desperate Housewives, in partnership with the Disney with the RedeTV!; her role was Elisa Fernandes, perfect mother and desperate housewife. In the original version, the role was Bree Van de Kamp, played by Marcia Cross."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Adriaen van de Velde", "paragraph_text": "Adriaen van de Velde (bapt. 30 November 1636, Amsterdambur. 21 January 1672, Amsterdam), was a Dutch animal and landscape painter, son of Willem van de Velde the Elder and brother of Willem van de Velde the Younger, the marine painter."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bree Van de Kamp", "paragraph_text": "In order to defend herself, Bree asks Bob Hunter for legal advice, but he tells her she needs a crime lawyer. He recommends lawyer Trip Weston, whom he calls a ``shark ''. Bree goes to trial but does not tell Trip all the truth, and is about to go to prison until Mrs. McCluskey confesses the murder of Alejandro herself, after Bree and the girls agree to take care of her during her last days of life. Bree is acquitted of all charges. In the end, Bree ends up getting married to Trip and moving to Louisville, Kentucky where she joins a club for conservative women. Later she is encouraged by Trip to run for the city council, then the following November she is elected to the Kentucky Legislature."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Karl Sigmund", "paragraph_text": "Karl Sigmund (b. July 26, 1945 in Gars am Kamp, Lower Austria) is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Vienna and one of the pioneers of evolutionary game theory."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jan van de Velde the Elder", "paragraph_text": "Jan van de Velde the Elder (1568, Antwerp \u2013 1623, Haarlem), was a Dutch calligrapher, writing teacher, and engraver. He was the father of the engraver Jan van de Velde."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hup Holland Hup", "paragraph_text": "Hup Hup is a Dutch football song. It was written in 1950 by KRO employee Jan de Cler and Dico van de Meer."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "See the Sea", "paragraph_text": "See the Sea (original title: Regarde la mer) is a 1997 French film written and directed by Fran\u00e7ois Ozon and starring Sasha Hails as a young British mother living in a small seaside village in France who takes in a malevolent homeless drifter (played by Marina de Van) while her husband is away on business."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pieter de Marees", "paragraph_text": "Pieter de Marees was a Dutch trader and explorer who is notable for writing an extensive report about his trip to the Gold Coast in 1602. This \"Beschrijvinghe ende historische verhael van het Gout Koninckrijck van Gunea anders de Gout-custe de Mina genaemt, liggende in het deel van Africa\" was the first thorough description of this part of Africa in the Dutch language, and greatly increased interest in this region in the Dutch Republic. It was translated into German, English, and Latin, and remained the most important document on the Gold Coast until it was surpassed by Willem Bosman's \"Nauwkeurige beschrijving van de Guinese Goud- Tand- en Slavekust\" (1703)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jan van de Velde", "paragraph_text": "Jan van de Velde the younger (1593 \u2013 ca. 1 November 1641) was a Dutch Golden Age painter and engraver of animal, landscape and still-life subjects. He was the son of Jan van de Velde the Elder and the father of the still life painter Jan Jansz van de Velde."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom", "paragraph_text": "Idris Elba as Nelson Mandela Atandwa Kani as Nelson Mandela (16 - 23) Siza Pini as Nelson Mandela (7 - 9) Naomie Harris as Winnie Madikizela Tony Kgoroge as Walter Sisulu S'Thandiwe Kgoroge as Albertina Sisulu Riaad Moosa as Ahmed Kathrada Zolani Mkiva as Raymond Mhlaba Simo Mogwaza as Andrew Mlangeni Tshallo Sputla Chokwe as Oliver Tambo Fana Mokoena as Govan Mbeki James Cunningham as George Bizos Thapelo Mokoena as Elias Motsoaledi Jamie Bartlett as James Gregory Deon Lotz as Kobie Coetzee Terry Pheto as Evelyn Mase Sello Maake as Albert Lutuli Gys de Villiers as F.W. de Klerk Zenzo Ngqobe as Patrick Lekota Carl Beukes as Niel Barnard A.J. van der Merwe as Fanie van der Merwe Nomfusi Gotyana as Miriam Makeba Andre Jacobs as Bram Fischer Louis van Niekerk as Quartus de Wet Adam Neill as Percy Yutar Lindiwe Matshikiza as Zindzi Mandela (28 - 32) Refilwe Charles as Zindzi Mandela (8 - 12) Semuhle Shangasi as Zenani Mandela (28 - 32) Khumbuzile Maphumulo as Zenani Mandela (8 - 12) John Herbert as Arthur Goldreich"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Totally Blonde", "paragraph_text": "Totally Blonde is a 2001 comedy film written and directed by Andrew Van Slee and starring Krista Allen, Maeve Quinlan and Michael Bubl\u00e9. The musical soundtrack was released as the album \"Totally Bubl\u00e9\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Victor Ido", "paragraph_text": "Victor Ido (8 February 1869 in Surabaya \u2013 20 May 1948 in The Hague) is the main alias of the Indo (Eurasian) Dutch language writer and journalist Hans van de Wall. Born in Surabaya, Dutch East Indies (colonial Indonesia) from a Dutch father and Indo (Eurasian) mother. Ido was the Art Editor of P.A.Daum's Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad and later the Chief Editor of newspaper \"Batavia's Handelsblad\" as well as an accomplished musician (organist)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Andrew Van de Kamp", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Van de Kamp is a fictional character in the ABC television series \"Desperate Housewives\" played by Shawn Pyfrom, and is the son of one of the title characters, Bree Van de Kamp, and her first husband Rex Van de Kamp."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ik hou van jou", "paragraph_text": "\"Ik hou van jou\" (\"I love you\") was the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1984, performed in Dutch by Maribelle and written by Peter van Asten and Richard de Bois."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Karl Mayer", "paragraph_text": "Karl Mayer is a fictional character portrayed by Richard Burgi and created by television producer and screenwriter Marc Cherry for the ABC television series \"Desperate Housewives\". He was the ex-husband of housewife Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher) and father of Julie Mayer (Andrea Bowen), as well as a successful practitioner of family law. The character was also romantically involved in the series with two of other housewives: Edie Britt (Nicollette Sheridan) and Bree Van De Kamp (Marcia Cross), both of whom he was engaged to. Karl died in Season 6, Episode 11 after injuries sustained when a plane crashed into Wisteria Lane during the Christmas Festival."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mary Poppins (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dick Van Dyke also portrays Mr. Dawes Sr., the old director of the bank where Mr. Banks works. During the film's end titles, ``Navckid Keyd '', an anagram of Dick Van Dyke, is first credited as playing the role before the letters unscramble to reveal Van Dyke's name."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gabrielle Solis", "paragraph_text": "Gabrielle Solis (n\u00e9e M\u00e1rquez, formerly Lang) was born in Las Colinas, Texas. Her family is originally from Guadalajara, Mexico. Born on December 8, 1975, she has a brother and a sister. Her father died of cancer when she was five years old. From that point on, her mother, Luc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez (Mar\u00eda Conchita Alonso), married Alejandro Perez (Tony Plana) who sexually abused Gabrielle throughout her teenage years. According to Gabrielle, her mother overlooked the matter, and a nun at her school refused to believe her claims of having been raped. When she was fifteen, Gabrielle ran away to New York City to pursue a career in modeling. Gabrielle achieved significant success but earned a reputation for being difficult. As her career began to fade, she married wealthy businessman Carlos Solis (Ricardo Antonio Chavira), who proposed after only three dates. They then relocated to Wisteria Lane in the fictional suburb of Fairview, Eagle State, where Gabrielle befriended Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher), Lynette Scavo (Felicity Huffman), Bree Van de Kamp (Marcia Cross), and Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong)."}], "question": "Who does Andrew Van de Kamp's mother end up with?"}
{"id": "2hop__21240_684341", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Liquid News", "paragraph_text": "Liquid News is a daily round up of entertainment news for BBC Three (and before that BBC Choice) running from 30 May 2000 to 1 April 2004. The show was also broadcast weekly on BBC One and internationally on BBC Prime and BBC America."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "paragraph_text": "The BBC National Orchestra of Wales (BBC NOW) () is a Welsh symphony orchestra and one of the BBC's five professional radio orchestras. The BBC NOW is the only professional symphony orchestra organisation in Wales, occupying a dual role as both a broadcasting orchestra and national orchestra."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Child labour in India", "paragraph_text": "Companies including Gap, Primark, Monsanto have been criticised for child labour in their products. The companies claim they have strict policies against selling products made by underage children, but there are many links in a supply chain making it difficult to oversee them all. In 2011, after three years of Primark's effort, BBC acknowledged that its award-winning investigative journalism report of Indian child labour use by Primark was a fake. The BBC apologised to Primark, to Indian suppliers and all its viewers. Another company that has come under much scrutiny was Nike. Nike was under pressure to speak up about alleged sweatshops that harbored children that the company was exploiting to make their sneakers. Since then Nike has come out with a separate web page that specifically points out where they get their products from and where their products are manufactured."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Daily Politics", "paragraph_text": "\"Daily Politics\" was broadcast live at noon on weekdays on BBC Two when the House of Commons is sitting, lasting 60 minutes on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays. On Wednesdays the programme was extended to 90 minutes from 11.30am and included live coverage and analysis of Prime Minister's Questions. Each show was repeated on BBC Parliament at midnight on the same day, and was available on BBC iPlayer for seven days. During party conference season, an additional programme covering the Party Leaders' speeches aired in the afternoons, and a highlights programme titled \"Today at Conference\" aired after \"Newsnight\" on BBC Two. During the 2010 general election, BBC Two ran nine, 45-minute \"Daily Politics\" election debates. These programmes were presented by Andrew Neil and a specialist BBC correspondent."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "20th Century Battlefields", "paragraph_text": "20th Century Battlefields is a BBC documentary television series hosted by television and radio personality Peter Snow, and his son Dan Snow."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bruce Belfrage", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Belfrage (30 October 1900 \u2013 August 1974) was an English actor and BBC radio newsreader. He was casting director at the BBC between 1936 and 1939, and founded the BBC Repertory Company in 1939."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "BBC African Footballer of the Year", "paragraph_text": "BBC African Footballer of the Year Presented by BBC World Service First awarded 1992 Currently held by Mohamed Salah Television / radio coverage Network BBC"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ali Abbasi", "paragraph_text": "Ali Abbasi (Urdu: ) (August 1961 \u2013 30 July 2004) was a Pakistani-born Scottish television presenter, born in Karachi. He moved from Pakistan to Glasgow, in 1963, with his parents as a child and joined BBC Scotland as a travel presenter in the 1980s. He went on to publish numerous books and became a champion for the Gaelic language, appearing in the Gaelic children's series \"D\u00e8 a-nis?\" and the comedy series \"Air ais air an Ran Dan (\"Back on the Ran Dan\")\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alan Johnston", "paragraph_text": "Alan Graham Johnston (born 17 May 1962) is a British journalist working for the BBC. He has been the BBC's correspondent in Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, the Gaza Strip and Italy. He is based in London."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Molly Line", "paragraph_text": "Molly Line is a news correspondent for Fox News Channel. Molly Line joined Fox News Channel as a Boston-based correspondent in January 2006."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "BBC London News", "paragraph_text": "\"BBC London News\" is broadcast seven days a week on BBC One in London and the surrounding areas, with three-minute updates during \"BBC Breakfast\" and 15-minute bulletins after the \"BBC News at One\" and the \"BBC News at Ten\". The flagship programme airs between 6.30pm and 7pm each weekday evening and is usually presented by Riz Lateef. Weekend bulletins are broadcast on Saturday and Sunday evenings. Lateef became the main presenter of the flagship programme in March 2006, when she replaced Emily Maitlis who left to join the BBC News Channel and BBC Two's \"Newsnight\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Still Game", "paragraph_text": "Series Airdates Channel Series 1 6 September 2002 -- 18 October 2002 BBC One Scotland Series 2 28 March 2003 -- 23 May 2003 BBC One Scotland Series 3 7 May 2004 -- 11 June 2004 BBC One Scotland Series 4 22 July 2005 -- 26 August 2005 BBC Two 2005 Christmas Special 28 December 2005 BBC One Series 5 19 June 2006 -- 24 July 2006 BBC Two 2006 Hogmanay Special 31 December 2006 BBC One Scotland Series 6 12 July 2007 -- 23 August 2007 BBC Two 2007 Christmas Special 23 December 2007 BBC One Scotland 2007 Hogmanay Special 31 December 2007 BBC One Scotland 2014 Live at the Hydro 7 November 2014 BBC One Scotland Still Game: The Story So Far 31 December 2014 BBC One Scotland Series 7 7 October 2016 -- 11 November 2016 BBC One Series 8 8 March 2018 -- 12 April 2018 BBC One & BBC Two Wales Series 9 Late 2018 BBC One"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tim Franks", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Henry \"Tim\" Franks (born 14 May 1968) is a British journalist and radio presenter who presents \"Newshour\", the flagship news and current affairs programme on BBC World Service radio. He also, from time to time, presents \"Hardtalk\" on BBC World News, and documentaries across BBC TV and radio. He was previously an award-winning foreign correspondent for the BBC."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hebrew calendar", "paragraph_text": "Yom Rishon -- \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \u202c (abbreviated \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0 \u05f3 \u202c), meaning ``first day ''(corresponds to Sunday) (starting at preceding sunset of Saturday) Yom Sheni -- \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u202c (abbr. \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d1 \u05f3 \u202c) meaning`` second day'' (corresponds to Monday) Yom Shlishi -- \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9 \u202c (abbr. \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d2 \u05f3 \u202c) meaning ``third day ''(corresponds to Tuesday) Yom Revi\u02bbi -- \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d9 \u202c (abbr. \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d3 \u05f3 \u202c) meaning`` fourth day'' (corresponds to Wednesday) Yom Chamishi -- \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d7\u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9 \u202c (abbr. \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4 \u05f3 \u202c) = ``fifth day ''(corresponds to Thursday) Yom Shishi -- \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05e9\u05d9 \u202c (abbr. \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d5 \u05f3 \u202c) meaning`` sixth day'' (corresponds to Friday) Yom Shabbat -- \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05ea \u202c (abbr. \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9 \u05f3 \u202c), or more usually, simply Shabbat -- \u05e9\u05d1\u05ea \u202c meaning ``rest day ''(corresponds to Saturday)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "BBC Nine O'Clock News", "paragraph_text": "The BBC Nine O'Clock News was the flagship BBC News programme. It was launched on 14 September 1970 and ran until 13 October 2000, when it was controversially replaced by the \"BBC Ten O'Clock News\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edward Cullen", "paragraph_text": "Edward Cullen (n\u00e9 Edward Anthony Masen, Jr.) is a fictional character in Stephenie Meyer's \"Twilight\" series. He is featured in the books \"Twilight\", \"New Moon\", \"Eclipse\" and \"Breaking Dawn\", and their corresponding film adaptations, and the as yet unfinished novel \"Midnight Sun\"\u2014a re-telling of the events of \"Twilight\" from Edward's perspective. Edward is a telepathic vampire who, over the course of the series, falls in love with, marries, and has a child with Bella Swan, a human teenager who later chooses to become a vampire as well. In the \"Twilight\" film series, Edward is played by actor Robert Pattinson."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reporters (TV programme)", "paragraph_text": "Reporters is a weekly analytical programme shown on BBC News, during BBC Breakfast on BBC One and BBC World News."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Protecting Our Children", "paragraph_text": "Protecting Our Children is a British documentary television series about social workers in the child protection department in Bristol. Lesley Sharp narrates the series, which was shown on BBC Two from 30 January - 13 February 2012."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack, The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties, The Sun gave its response. \"There are traitors in our midst\", wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May, accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian, plus the BBC's defence correspondent Peter Snow, of \"treason\" for aspects of their coverage."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ian Whybrow", "paragraph_text": "Ian Whybrow (born 3 May 1941) is a prolific writer of children's books since his first was published in 1989. He has written over 100 books for children, has been translated into 27 languages and is published in 28 countries. When interviewed on BBC Radio Oxford on 24 March 2009 he stated that he had written 110 books. His books are known for their humour and child-friendliness and range from picture books to novels, short stories and poetry."}], "question": "Who is the son of the BBC's defence correspondent?"}
{"id": "2hop__271612_16330", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "Speculation that the Ashkenazi arose from Khazar stock surfaced in the later 19th century and has met with mixed fortunes in the scholarly literature. In late 2012 Eran Elhaik, a research associate studying genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, argued for Khazar descent in his paper The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses. A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA found no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA, as would be predicted by the Khazar hypothesis."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "C9orf64", "paragraph_text": "C9orf64 (Chromosome 9 open reading frame 64) is a gene located on chromosome 9, that in humans encodes the protein queuosine salvage protein. The function and biological process of the queuosine salvage protein is not well understood by the scientific community, but some evidence from orthologs indicates it may be involved in tRNA processing. The most common mRNA contains 4 coding exons, and it has 2 additional alternatively spliced exons. C9orf64 has been found in 5 different splice variants."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries. In comparison with data available from other relevant populations in the region, Jews were found to be more closely related to groups in the north of the Fertile Crescent. The authors also report on Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes, which are very frequent in Central and Eastern Europeans (54%\u201360%) at elevated frequency (12.7%) in Ashkenazi Jews. They hypothesized that the differences among Ashkenazim Jews could reflect low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation. A later 2005 study by Nebel et al., found a similar level of 11.5% of male Ashkenazim belonging to R1a1a (M17+), the dominant Y-chromosome haplogroup in Central and Eastern Europeans."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, and that European \"admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome\" with this reference point. Assuming this reference point the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as \"matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations\". On the Bray et al. tree, Ashkenazi Jews were found to be a genetically more divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, Basques, Italians, Sardinians and Tuscans. The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives, which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset, of their assumed geographical source population. Bray et al. therefore postulate that these results reflect not the population antiquity but a history of mixing between genetically distinct populations in Europe. However, it's possible that the relaxation of marriage prescription in the ancestors of Ashkenazim that drove their heterozygosity up, while the maintenance of the FBD rule in native Middle Easterners have been keeping their heterozygosity values in check. Ashkenazim distinctiveness as found in the Bray et al. study, therefore, may come from their ethnic endogamy (ethnic inbreeding), which allowed them to \"mine\" their ancestral gene pool in the context of relative reproductive isolation from European neighbors, and not from clan endogamy (clan inbreeding). Consequently, their higher diversity compared to Middle Easterners stems from the latter's marriage practices, not necessarily from the former's admixture with Europeans."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "C16orf42", "paragraph_text": "C16orf42, or chromosome 16 open reading frame 42, is a hypothetical human protein found on chromosome 16. Its protein is 312 amino acids long. and its cDNA has 1214 base pairs"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator", "paragraph_text": "\u0394F508 (Delta - F508, full name CFTR\u0394F508 or F508del - CFTR; rs113993960) is a specific mutation within the gene for a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The mutation is a deletion of three nucleotides spanning positions 507 and 508 of the CFTR gene on chromosome 7, which ultimately results in the loss of a single codon for the amino acid phenylalanine (F). A person with the CFTR\u0394F508 mutation will produce an abnormal CFTR protein that lacks this phenylalanine residue and which can not fold properly. This protein does not escape the endoplasmic reticulum for further processing. Having two copies of this mutation (one inherited from each parent) is by far the most common cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), responsible for nearly two - thirds of cases worldwide."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. \"Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region\", the authors concluded."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "People of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35\u201336% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews (mainly east European Ashkenazim). The roots of this conflict, which still exists to a much smaller extent in present-day Israeli society, are chiefly attributed to the concept of the \"melting pot\". That is to say, all Jewish immigrants who arrived in Israel were strongly encouraged to \"melt down\" their own particular exilic identities within the general social \"pot\" in order to become Israeli."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "GLRX5", "paragraph_text": "Glutaredoxin 5, also known as GLRX5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the \"GLRX5\" gene located on chromosome 14. This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein, which is evolutionarily conserved. It is involved in the biogenesis of iron- sulfur clusters, which are required for normal iron homeostasis. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal recessive pyridoxine-refractory sideroblastic anemia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dugesia", "paragraph_text": "Dugesia (pronounced, d(y)\u00fc\u02c8j\u0113zh(\u0113)\u0259) is a genus of dugesiid triclads that contains some common representatives of the class Turbellaria. These common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia, and Australia. \"Dugesia\" is best known to non-specialists because of its regeneration capacities."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Portugees-Isra\u00eblitisch Kerkgenootschap", "paragraph_text": "The Portugees-Isra\u00eblitisch Kerkgenootschap (PIK) (Portuguese Israelite Religious Community) is the community for Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands. Sephardic Jews have been living in the Netherlands since the 16th century with the forced relocation of Spanish but above all Portuguese Jews from their home countries due to the Inquisition. Nowadays some 270 families are connected to the PIK, also sometimes called PIG, which stands for Portugees-Isra\u00eblitische Gemeente (Portuguese Israelite Congregation)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "Efforts to identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis began in the 1990s. Currently, there are three types of genetic origin testing, autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA). Autosomal DNA is a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry, Y-DNA shows a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line, mtDNA shows any person's lineage only along the strict-maternal line. Genome-wide association studies have also been employed to yield findings relevant to genetic origins."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort \u2013 that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "CCR5", "paragraph_text": "In humans, the \"CCR5\" gene that encodes the CCR5 protein is located on the short (p) arm at position 21 on chromosome 3. Certain populations have inherited the \"Delta 32\" mutation, resulting in the genetic deletion of a portion of the CCR5 gene. Homozygous carriers of this mutation are resistant to M-tropic strains of HIV-1 infection."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with \"relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim,\" and a total admixture estimate \"very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%.\" This supported the finding that \"Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors.\" \"Past research found that 50\u201380 percent of DNA from the Ashkenazi Y chromosome, which is used to trace the male lineage, originated in the Near East,\" Richards said."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "SOD2", "paragraph_text": "Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), also known as manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the \"SOD2\" gene on chromosome 6. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a mitochondrial protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. This protein binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), premature aging, sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Meiosis", "paragraph_text": "Because the number of chromosomes is halved during meiosis, gametes can fuse (i.e. fertilization) to form a diploid zygote that contains two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Thus, alternating cycles of meiosis and fertilization enable sexual reproduction, with successive generations maintaining the same number of chromosomes. For example, diploid human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes including 1 pair of sex chromosomes (46 total), half of maternal origin and half of paternal origin. Meiosis produces haploid gametes (ova or sperm) that contain one set of 23 chromosomes. When two gametes (an egg and a sperm) fuse, the resulting zygote is once again diploid, with the mother and father each contributing 23 chromosomes. This same pattern, but not the same number of chromosomes, occurs in all organisms that utilize meiosis."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "HOTAIR", "paragraph_text": "HOTAIR (for HOX transcript antisense RNA) is a human gene located on chromosome 12. It is the first example of an RNA expressed on one chromosome that has been found to influence transcription on another chromosome."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "MSH6", "paragraph_text": "In the human genome, hMSH6 is located on chromosome 2. It contains the Walker-A/B adenine nucleotide binding motif, which is the most highly conserved sequence found in all MutS homologs. As with other MutS homologs, hMSH6 has an intrinsic ATPase activity. It functions exclusively when bound to hMSH2 as a heterodimer, although hMSH2 itself can function as a homomultimer or as a heterodimer with hMSH3."}], "question": "It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi Jews, as well as the Jews who represented the religion of Portugees-Isra\u00eblitisch Kerkgenootschap, contained chromosomes uncommon in what people?"}
{"id": "2hop__59961_492329", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters", "paragraph_text": "Captain Edward Teague, played by Keith Richards, is Jack's father. He is the former pirate lord of Madagascar and is now the keeper of the Pirate Code. He appears in At World's End, On Stranger Tides and Dead Men Tell No Tales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Crimson Pirate", "paragraph_text": "\"The Crimson Pirate\" is set late in the 18th century, on the fictional Caribbean islands of San Pero and Cobra, where a rebellion on Cobra is underway by the mysterious \"El Libre\". Pirate Captain Vallo captures the King's ship carrying His Majesty's envoy. Baron Gruda plans on crushing the rebellion on Cobra and toward that end makes Vallo a surprising offer. If accepted, it would make a sizeable profit for the Captain and his buccaneer crew."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Legion of the Lost", "paragraph_text": "Legion of the Lost is a autobiographical novel by American writer Jaime Salazar. It was published in the United States by Berkley Books, an imprint of Penguin Group, on August 2, 2005. The novel is based on Salazar's own experiences as an American in the French Foreign Legion. In 2016, Salazar released the revised and expanded edition of the book through Thistle Publishing UK."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Joshamee Gibbs", "paragraph_text": "Joshamee Gibbs Pirates of the Caribbean character Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest Portrayed by Kevin McNally Steven Blum (voice) Appearance (s) Pirates of the Caribbean (film series) Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (video game) Pirates of the Caribbean Online Information Gender Male Occupation First Mate Formerly: Boatswain in the British Royal Navy Ship (s) served on Black Pearl HMS Dauntless HMS Interceptor Hai Peng HMS Providence Weaponry Pistol and Cutlass"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)", "paragraph_text": "Pirates of the Caribbean is a dark ride at Disneyland, the Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Park in Paris. The original version at Disneyland, which opened in 1967, was the last attraction whose construction was overseen by Walt Disney; he died three months before it opened. The ride, which tells the story of a band of pirates and their troubles and exploits, was replicated at the Magic Kingdom in 1973, at Tokyo Disneyland in 1983, and at Disneyland Paris in 1992. Each of the initial four versions of the ride has a different fa\u00e7ade but a similar ride experience. A reimagined version of the ride, Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure, opened at the Shanghai Disneyland Park in 2016."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ty Arbour", "paragraph_text": "Arbour was born in Waubaushene, Ontario. The elder brother of Jack Arbour, Ty began his career out west following his service during World War I. He would go on to play for the Pittsburgh Pirates and captain the Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL before finishing his career in the minors."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jonathan Linsley", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Linsley (born 17 January 1956) is an English actor who made his professional debut in 1980. He appeared on television in Last of the Summer Wine as ``Crusher ''Milburn (1984 -- 87), and his film roles include Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, as Ogilvey aboard the ship Flying Dutchman (2006 -- 07)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales", "paragraph_text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (released outside the US as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film. It is the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides (2011). The film is directed by Joachim R\u00f8nning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson, with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer. Johnny Depp, Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow, Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa, respectively, while Javier Bardem, Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario join the cast as Armando Salazar, Henry Turner and Carina Smyth. The film also features the returns of Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley as Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann, following their absence from the previous film."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Matilde Mu\u00f1oz Sampedro", "paragraph_text": "Born in Madrid, she was the grandmother of Carlos Bardem, M\u00f3nica Bardem and Javier Bardem. She was the mother of Juan Antonio Bardem and actress Pilar Bardem. Her husband was actor Rafael Bardem. Matilde Mu\u00f1oz Sampedro died in Madrid in 1969, aged 69."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters", "paragraph_text": "Captain Armando Salazar is an undead pirate hunter who commands the ghost ship the Silent Mary. He appears in the fifth film, Dead Men Tell No Tales and is portrayed by Javier Bardem."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Film U.S. release date Director (s) Screenwriter (s) Story by Producer (s) Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9, 2003 (2003 - 07 - 09) Gore Verbinski Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, Stuart Beattie & Jay Wolpert Jerry Bruckheimer Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest July 7, 2006 (2006 - 07 - 07) Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End May 25, 2007 (2007 - 05 - 25) Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides May 20, 2011 (2011 - 05 - 20) Rob Marshall Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales May 26, 2017 (2017 - 05 - 26) Joachim R\u00f8nning & Espen Sandberg Jeff Nathanson Jeff Nathanson & Terry Rossio"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kevin McNally", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Robert McNally (born 27 April 1956) is an English actor who has worked in theatre and radio as well as in film and television. He is best known for portraying Joshamee Gibbs in Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean film series."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl soundtrack is the official soundtrack album from the eponymous film. The album was released on July 22 2003, by Walt Disney Records, and contains selections of music from the film score. The music of the film and this album are credited to composer Klaus Badelt and producer Hans Zimmer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some \u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000 worth of treasure."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd", "paragraph_text": "Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd is a 1952 film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, along with Charles Laughton, who reprised his role as the infamous pirate from the 1945 film \"Captain Kidd\". It was the second film in SuperCinecolor, a three-color version of the two-color process Cinecolor."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Piracy in the Caribbean", "paragraph_text": "The era of piracy in the Caribbean began in the 1500s and phased out in the 1830s after the navies of the nations of Western Europe and North America with colonies in the Caribbean began combating pirates. The period during which pirates were most successful was from the 1660s to 1730s. Piracy flourished in the Caribbean because of the existence of pirate seaports such as Port Royal in Jamaica, Tortuga in Haiti, and Nassau in the Bahamas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "David Bailie", "paragraph_text": "David Bailie (born 4 December 1937) is an English actor, known for his performances on stage, television and film. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for both the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he was an associate artist. On TV he played ``Dask ''in the 1977 Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death, and also appeared in Blake's 7. On film, he played the mute pirate Cotton in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. Bailie is also a professional photographer, specialising in portrait photography. He has a studio in West Kensington, London."}], "question": "Who is the brother of actor playing captain salazar in \"pirates of the caribean\"?"}
{"id": "2hop__135170_62707", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gooische Vrouwen", "paragraph_text": "Gooische Vrouwen is a Dutch comedy-drama series, created by Linda de Mol for her brother John de Mol's TV network Tien in 2005, along the lines of Desperate Housewives or Sex and the City. However, after the show's second season, Tien went bankrupt and Gooische Vrouwen was transferred to RTL 4, where it ran for three more seasons until its finale in 2009. After its 42-episode run the show was followed by a theatrically released feature film (also called Gooische Vrouwen) in 2011. The show chronicles the everyday lives of four female friends living in het Gooi (the Dutch equivalent of Beverly Hills)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jan van de Velde", "paragraph_text": "Jan van de Velde the younger (1593 \u2013 ca. 1 November 1641) was a Dutch Golden Age painter and engraver of animal, landscape and still-life subjects. He was the son of Jan van de Velde the Elder and the father of the still life painter Jan Jansz van de Velde."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mackenzie Smith", "paragraph_text": "Mackenzie Brooke Smith (born February 6, 2001) is an American adolescent actress, most notable for her recurring role on \"\" as , the daughter of Catherine Weaver. She also appeared in the holiday motion picture \"Four Christmases,\" alongside Reese Witherspoon and Vince Vaughn. Smith can also be seen guest starring in television series like \"'Til Death\", \"Pushing Daisies\", \"Desperate Housewives\" and \"The Middle\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vi\u00e9tia Zangrandi", "paragraph_text": "The actress was in the cast of the Brazilian version of Desperate Housewives, in partnership with the Disney with the RedeTV!; her role was Elisa Fernandes, perfect mother and desperate housewife. In the original version, the role was Bree Van de Kamp, played by Marcia Cross."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "De Sensatie van de Toekomst", "paragraph_text": "De Sensatie van de Toekomst (1931) is a Dutch film directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki and Jack Salvatori, released by Paramount Pictures, and based on the play \"Television\" by Howard Irving Young (1893-1952)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ted van de Pavert", "paragraph_text": "Ted van de Pavert (born 6 January 1992) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for De Graafschap in the Eredivisie. He formerly played for PEC Zwolle and NEC."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Adriaen van de Velde", "paragraph_text": "Adriaen van de Velde (bapt. 30 November 1636, Amsterdambur. 21 January 1672, Amsterdam), was a Dutch animal and landscape painter, son of Willem van de Velde the Elder and brother of Willem van de Velde the Younger, the marine painter."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Desperate Housewives", "paragraph_text": "Desperate Housewives is an American mystery comedy-drama television series created by Marc Cherry and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions. It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC from October 3, 2004 until May 13, 2012. Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner. Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily, George W. Perkins, John Pardee, Joey Murphy, David Grossman, and Larry Shaw."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Andrew Van de Kamp", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Van de Kamp is a fictional character in the ABC television series \"Desperate Housewives\" played by Shawn Pyfrom, and is the son of one of the title characters, Bree Van de Kamp, and her first husband Rex Van de Kamp."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ben Lemon", "paragraph_text": "Ben Lemon (born May 21, 1955) is an American actor. He has worked in film and television since 1989. His most notable role may be in the \"\" episode \"Violations\" as \"Jev\". His other TV appearances include, \"90210\" (2013), \"House M.D.\" (2011), \"Desperate Housewives\" (2010), and \"The Practice\" (1997) among others."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gabrielle Solis", "paragraph_text": "Gabrielle Solis (n\u00e9e M\u00e1rquez, formerly Lang) was born in Las Colinas, Texas. Her family is originally from Guadalajara, Mexico. Born on December 8, 1975, she has a brother and a sister. Her father died of cancer when she was five years old. From that point on, her mother, Luc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez (Mar\u00eda Conchita Alonso), married Alejandro Perez (Tony Plana) who sexually abused Gabrielle throughout her teenage years. According to Gabrielle, her mother overlooked the matter, and a nun at her school refused to believe her claims of having been raped. When she was fifteen, Gabrielle ran away to New York City to pursue a career in modeling. Gabrielle achieved significant success but earned a reputation for being difficult. As her career began to fade, she married wealthy businessman Carlos Solis (Ricardo Antonio Chavira), who proposed after only three dates. They then relocated to Wisteria Lane in the fictional suburb of Fairview, Eagle State, where Gabrielle befriended Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher), Lynette Scavo (Felicity Huffman), Bree Van de Kamp (Marcia Cross), and Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mike Gomez", "paragraph_text": "Mike Gomez (born April 18, 1951) is an American actor. Best known for his performances in such cult classics as \"The Big Lebowski\" and \"\", Gomez has costarred in numerous films including \"Heartbreak Ridge\" and \"Milagro Beanfield War\", \"Zoot Suit\", \"The Border\" and \"El Norte\", to name a few. His TV credits include \"Bones\", \"The Shield\", \"Desperate Housewives\", and a series regular role as 'Capt. Gallardo' on the NBC series, \"Hunter\", among others. On stage, Gomez' numerous theater credits include \"Zoot Suit\" at the Winter Garden on Broadway and the Pre-Broadway run of \"Selena\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek", "paragraph_text": "Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek (Amsterdam, August 28, 1833 \u2013 27 June 1916, The Hague) was a successful Dutch diplomat in Japan. From July 1863, he held the post of Consul General and Political Agent in Japan. De Graeff became a Diplomat, Generalconsul and Dutch minister in Japan. He was the most important representative of the Dutch government and played a major part in the many negotiations between Japan and various Western countries. De Graeff van Polsbroek was advisor to Emperor Meiji and laid the foundation stone for a modern western (European) diplomacy in Japan.He played also a major part in the many negotiations between various Western countries and Japan. He represented Denmark, Sweden and Norway in Japan and temporally Prussia and Switzerland."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Karl Mayer", "paragraph_text": "Karl Mayer is a fictional character portrayed by Richard Burgi and created by television producer and screenwriter Marc Cherry for the ABC television series \"Desperate Housewives\". He was the ex-husband of housewife Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher) and father of Julie Mayer (Andrea Bowen), as well as a successful practitioner of family law. The character was also romantically involved in the series with two of other housewives: Edie Britt (Nicollette Sheridan) and Bree Van De Kamp (Marcia Cross), both of whom he was engaged to. Karl died in Season 6, Episode 11 after injuries sustained when a plane crashed into Wisteria Lane during the Christmas Festival."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wendy Benson", "paragraph_text": "Wendy Benson-Landes (born July 8, 1971) is an American actress seen in many television shows. She played the role of Julie Harris in the 2001 biographical television movie \"James Dean\". She guest starred in many television series, including \"Murder, She Wrote\", \"The X-Files\", \"Charmed\", \"JAG\", \"Ugly Betty\", \"According to Jim\", \"Ghost Whisperer\", \"\", \"Desperate Housewives\" and \"Mad Men\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "See the Sea", "paragraph_text": "See the Sea (original title: Regarde la mer) is a 1997 French film written and directed by Fran\u00e7ois Ozon and starring Sasha Hails as a young British mother living in a small seaside village in France who takes in a malevolent homeless drifter (played by Marina de Van) while her husband is away on business."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jan van de Velde the Elder", "paragraph_text": "Jan van de Velde the Elder (1568, Antwerp \u2013 1623, Haarlem), was a Dutch calligrapher, writing teacher, and engraver. He was the father of the engraver Jan van de Velde."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Totally Blonde", "paragraph_text": "Totally Blonde is a 2001 comedy film written and directed by Andrew Van Slee and starring Krista Allen, Maeve Quinlan and Michael Bubl\u00e9. The musical soundtrack was released as the album \"Totally Bubl\u00e9\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bree Van de Kamp", "paragraph_text": "Bree Weston (n\u00e9e Mason, previously Van de Kamp and Hodge) is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. She is played by actress Marcia Cross, who has received multiple awards and nominations for her portrayal, including an Emmy Award nomination, three Golden Globe Award nominations, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. Cross' portrayal of Bree has been widely praised by critics and fans."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}], "question": "Who played Andrew Van de Kamp's mother in Desperate Housewives?"}
{"id": "2hop__95066_300970", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Karen Sillas", "paragraph_text": "The daughter of a Greek father and a Swedish mother, Sillas was born in Brooklyn and graduated from the Acting Conservatory of the State University of New York at Purchase (SUNY Purchase)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Supergirl characters", "paragraph_text": "Alura Zor - El (portrayed by Laura Benanti in season one and two, Erica Durance in season three) -- Kara's biological mother who is the twin sister of Astra In - Ze. Alura's guidance (both in flashbacks, and as a Kryptonian Artificial Intelligence which acts as Kara's holographic virtual ``mother '', whose advice Kara can access in the present day) proves invaluable in Kara's journey. Due to a fail - safe that Zor - El built around Argo City to protect it from Krypton's explosion, Alura is still alive and is part of Argo City's High Council."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pandari Bai", "paragraph_text": "Pandari Bai (8 September 1928 \u2013 29 January 2003) was a prominent actress of South Indian languages films, mostly in Kannada language during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. She is considered Kannada cinema's first successful heroine. She has the distinction of having acted as both heroine and mother to stalwarts such as Rajkumar, MGR and Sivaji Ganesan. She was the heroine in Rajkumar's debut movie \"Bedara Kannappa\" and also Sivaji's debut movie \"Parasakthi\". She has acted in over 1,000 films in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Hindi."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Big Reunion", "paragraph_text": "When asked why they chose to join the comeback gig, Blue said: \"Phil Mount, \"The Big Reunion\"s producer, has always been a long time supporter of the band, giving us our first TV break, he really wanted us to be surprise special guests announced halfway through the series and to perform on the Hammersmith Apollo show. This sounded like a lot of fun, giving us the perfect chance to perform together again in the UK for our fans and reconnect with the other acts, many of whom friends of ours and started out around the same time as us. For us the 'Big Reunion' is a great chance for all of us bands to come together for one BIG party on Tuesday night!\" Reaction to Blue joining \"The Big Reunion\" was initially negative among the other groups, as well as fans of the show, due to the fact that, unlike them, Blue were not reuniting, having already been back together since 2011 and represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rocawear", "paragraph_text": "Rocawear is an American clothing retailer based in New York. It was created in 1999 by Roc-A-Fella Records co-founders Damon \"Dame\" Dash and Shawn \"JAY-Z\" Carter, and has had annual sales of $700 million. Rocawear expanded through licensing to sell clothes for children and juniors; socks and sandals; leather, suede, and fur outerwear; handbags and belts; lounge wear; big and tall; headwear; jewelry; and sunglasses; as well as co-branded product with Pro-Keds, State Property, and Team Roc."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Maria Louisa Bustill", "paragraph_text": "Maria Louisa Bustill Robeson (November 8, 1853 \u2013 January 20, 1904) was a Quaker schoolteacher; the wife of the Reverend William Drew Robeson of Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church in Princeton, New Jersey and the mother of Paul Robeson and his siblings."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Pretty Little Liars characters", "paragraph_text": "Jessica DiLaurentis (n\u00e9e Drake) (Anne Marie DeLuise, later Andrea Parker) (seasons 1 -- 2, 4 -- present) is Alison, and Jason's mother and Charlotte's adoptive mother, who spearheaded a charity fashion show in Alison's memory. Jessica DiLaurentis had an affair with Peter Hastings which produced Jason. She returns in Season 4, and it is revealed that she was the one that buried Alison in order to protect the identity of the person who hit her with the rock. She is also thought to be one of Big ``A's ''minions, due to the fact that she is protecting them. In the season four finale, she is killed by an unknown person and buried by`` A''. In the season five finale, it is revealed that Mrs. DiLaurentis is actually the mother to Big ``A '', who is named Charles. In season six, it is revealed that Big`` A'' is CeCe Drake, who was born as Charles but allowed by Jessica to transition into Charlotte, despite Kenneth's disapproval. She lied to Kenneth, claiming that Charles died. In the finale, it is revealed that Jessica has a twin sister, named Mary Drake, who was actually Charlotte's biological mother. The DiLaurentis family adopted Charlotte. It is eventually revealed that Mary is the one who killed her."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Big Fella", "paragraph_text": "Big Fella is a 1937 British musical drama film directed by J. Elder Wills and starring Paul Robeson, Elisabeth Welch and Roy Emerton. It is loosely based on the novel \"Banjo\" by Harlem Renaissance writer Claude McKay."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Uncle Drew", "paragraph_text": "Kyrie Irving as Uncle Drew, a streetball legend. Lil Rel Howery as Dax Winslow, a streetball team manager. Ashton Tyler as Young Dax Shaquille O'Neal as Big Fella, Uncle Drew's former teammate who now runs a martial arts dojo. Chris Webber as Preacher, Uncle Drew's former teammate who is now a church minister. Reggie Miller as Wilbur ``Lights ''Wallace, Uncle Drew's former teammate who is legally blind. Nate Robinson as Boots, Uncle Drew's former teammate who has selective mutism and appears to be a paraplegic. Lisa Leslie as Betty Lou, Preacher's wife. Erica Ash as Maya, Boots' granddaughter and Dax's love interest. J.B. Smoove as Angelo, a Harlem resident who remembers Uncle Drew. Mike Epps as Louis, a Harlem resident who is Angelo's friend. Tiffany Haddish as Jess, Dax's materialistic ex-girlfriend and Mookie's girlfriend. Nick Kroll as Mookie Bass, Dax's longtime rival. Aaron Gordon as Casper Jones, a streetball player Mookie steals from Dax."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "In My Lifetime, Vol. 1", "paragraph_text": "In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 is the second studio album by American rapper Jay-Z, released on November 4, 1997, via Roc-A-Fella and Def Jam. The album debuted at #3 on the US Billboard 200 chart and was certified Platinum by the RIAA. The album sold over 138,000 copies in its first week."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Angelina Jolie", "paragraph_text": "After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who had abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. Her mother raised her Catholic, but did not require her to go to church. As a child, she often watched films with her mother and it was this, rather than her father's successful career, that inspired her interest in acting, though at age five she had a bit part in Voight's Lookin' to Get Out (1982). When Jolie was six years old, Bertrand and her live-in partner, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. Jolie then decided she wanted to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Weyburn-Big Muddy", "paragraph_text": "Weyburn-Big Muddy is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. Located in southeastern Saskatchewan, the constituency was created through the \"Representation Act, 1994\" (Saskatchewan) by combining most of the Weyburn district with part of Bengough-Milestone. The \"Weyburn\" riding was once represented by former CCF Premier, and federal NDP leader, Tommy Douglas."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "99 Problems", "paragraph_text": "``99 Problems ''Single by Jay - Z from the album The Black Album Released April 27, 2004 Format 12'' single Recorded July 2003 Studio The Mansion Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Akademie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research Los Angeles, California Genre Rap rock Length 3: 54 Label Roc - A-Fella Def Jam Songwriter (s) Jay - Z Norman Landsberg Felix Pappalardi Billy Squier John Ventura Leslie Weinstein Tracy Marrow Bernard Freeman Producer (s) Rick Rubin Jay - Z singles chronology`` Dirt off Your Shoulder ''(2004) ``99 Problems'' (2004)`` Big Chips ''(2004) ``Dirt off Your Shoulder'' (2004)`` 99 Problems ''(2004) ``Big Chips'' (2004) Audio sample file help"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Daphne Heard", "paragraph_text": "Delia Phyllis Daphne Heard (1 August 1904 \u2013 22 June 1983) was an English actress and acting teacher. She was born in Plymouth, Devon. She was perhaps best known in latter years as Richard's elderly mother Mrs Polouvicka in \"To the Manor Born\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Come Home with Me", "paragraph_text": "Come Home with Me is the third studio album by Harlem rapper Cam'ron, it is also his debut on Roc-A-Fella Records. The album was released on May 14, 2002, by Roc-A-Fella Records, Diplomat Records and Def Jam Recordings. It served as an introduction of the Cam'ron-fronted rap group, The Diplomats, to the general public. There are featured guest appearances from The Diplomats, DJ Kay Slay, Daz Dillinger, Tiffany, Jay-Z, McGruff, Memphis Bleek, and Beanie Sigel. To date, it is his most commercially successful album, it peaked at number 2 on the \"Billboard\" 200 with first-week sales of 226,000 copies and eventually sold over one million copies in the United States, being certified Platinum by the RIAA."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Paula Strasberg", "paragraph_text": "Paula Strasberg (March 8, 1909 \u2013 April 29, 1966) was a former stage actress who became actor and teacher Lee Strasberg's second wife and mother of actors John and Susan Strasberg, as well as Marilyn Monroe's acting coach and confidante."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Late Registration", "paragraph_text": "Late Registration is the second studio album by American rapper and producer Kanye West. It was released on August 30, 2005, by Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Records."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Circus", "paragraph_text": "The earliest involvement of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures in a menagerie. Going as far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment. The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. Isaac A. Van Amburgh entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history. Mabel Stark was a famous female tiger - tamer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper, claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost, and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lin Shaye", "paragraph_text": "Shaye was born in Detroit, Michigan, the daughter of Dorothy (n\u00e9e Katz), a homemaker, and Max Mendle Shaye, a painter and supermarket owner. Her brother is film executive Robert Shaye. Her family is Jewish; her mother was born in Russia, and her paternal grandparents were from Romania. Shaye studied acting at the University of Michigan before she moved to New York to appear in Off Broadway productions. In 1977, she moved to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career."}], "question": "Whose son acted in Big Fella?"}
{"id": "2hop__782017_114697", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "All by Myself", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 motion picture Bridget Jones's Diary featured a cover version performed by Jamie O'Neal showing actress Ren\u00e9e Zellweger singing to it in the famous pajamas scene. This track is also played over the other Bridget Jones's Films Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film) and Bridget Jones's Baby."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The English Cat", "paragraph_text": "The English Cat (in German, Die englische Katze) is an opera in two acts by Hans Werner Henze to an English libretto by Edward Bond, based on ' (\"The heartbreak of an English cat\") by Honor\u00e9 de Balzac. The opera was first performed in a German translation by the Stuttgart Opera at the Schlosstheater Schwetzingen at the Schwetzingen Festival on 2 June 1983. The French premiere was at the Op\u00e9ra-Comique, Paris in 1984. The first performance using the original English text was at Santa Fe on 13 July 1985. The UK premiere was at the Leith Theatre, Edinburgh, on 19 August 1987. A revised version was performed at Montepulciano in 1990 and this was given in London in 1991."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kelly at Midnight", "paragraph_text": "Kelly at Midnight is an album by jazz pianist Wynton Kelly released on the Vee-Jay label featuring performances by Kelly with Paul Chambers, and Philly Joe Jones recorded in 1960."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Live at the Lighthouse (Elvin Jones album)", "paragraph_text": "Live at the Lighthouse is a live album by jazz drummer Elvin Jones featuring performances recorded in 1972 at the Lighthouse Caf\u00e9 in California, and released on the Blue Note label. The album was originally released as a double LP and subsequently released on two CDs with additional material."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alun Ashworth-Jones", "paragraph_text": "Alun Ashworth-Jones is the full name of the noted British folk/blues/rock songwriter, guitarist and singer Al Jones, and is also the title of his first album, which this article addresses. He had previously made an E.P. as part of the trio Anderson, Jones, Jackson. The album was originally issued by Parlophone in 1969 and has been re-released in CD format by Mooncrest Records in 2001, with additional, previously unreleased tracks."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ice People", "paragraph_text": "Ice People is a documentary film directed by Anne Aghion about the research of Allan Ashworth and Adam Lewis in Antarctica. Produced by Dry Valleys Productions, this 2008 film portrays the scientists discovering fossils from 13.9 million years ago. The film premiered at the San Francisco International Film Festival in April 2008 and was screened at the Jerusalem Film Festival in July 2008. This film aired on Sundance Channel in 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Franz Betz", "paragraph_text": "Franz Betz (19 March 1835 \u2013 11 August 1900) was a German bass-baritone opera singer who sang at the Berlin State Opera from 1859 to 1897. He was particularly known for his performances in operas by Richard Wagner and created the role of Hans Sachs in \"Die Meistersinger von N\u00fcrnberg\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chow Hound", "paragraph_text": "Chow Hound is a Looney Tunes (reissued as a Blue Ribbon Merrie Melodies in 1959) animated short directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. Released June 16, 1951, the voices are performed by Mel Blanc, Bea Benaderet and John T. Smith."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Caesar Must Die", "paragraph_text": "Caesar Must Die () is a 2012 Italian drama film directed by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani. The film competed at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Golden Bear. The film is set in Rebibbia Prison (suburb of Rome), and follows convicts in their rehearsals ahead of a prison performance of \"Julius Caesar\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Beth Clement", "paragraph_text": "Beth Clement is a fictional character from British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Sin\u00e9ad Moynihan. Beth first appeared as a student at Hollyoaks Community College, studying for a nursing degree and was later involved in an accidental incest storyline with her half-brother, Rhys Ashworth (Andrew Moss). Beth died in a car accident on 18 April 2008."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Call Me the Breeze", "paragraph_text": "``Call Me the Breeze ''Song by JJ Cale from the album Naturally Released 1972 Recorded 1970 Genre Blues rock Length 2: 37 Label Mercury Songwriter (s) JJ Cale Producer (s) Audie Ashworth"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sleepy Hollow (film)", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Depp as Ichabod Crane Christina Ricci as Katrina Van Tassel Christopher Walken and Ray Park as the Headless Horseman Marc Pickering as Young Masbath Casper Van Dien as Brom Van Brunt Michael Gambon as Baltus Van Tassel Miranda Richardson as Lady Mary Van Tassel and her sister Jeffrey Jones as Reverend Steenwyck Richard Griffiths as Magistrate Samuel Philipse Ian McDiarmid as Dr. Thomas Lancaster Michael Gough as Notary James Hardenbrook Christopher Lee as the Burgomaster Claire Skinner as Beth Killian, the Midwife Steven Waddington as Killian, Beth's husband Alun Armstrong as the High Constable Martin Landau as Peter Van Garrett Peter Guinness as Lord Crane, Ichabod's father Lisa Marie as Lady Crane, Ichabod's mother Jessica Oyelowo as Sarah Michael Feast as Spotty Man Jamie Foreman as Thuggish Constable Sean Cronin as Prisoner"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Al Jones", "paragraph_text": "Alun Ashworth-Jones (31 October 1945 \u2013 1 June 2008), known as Al Jones, was an influential English folk and blues songwriter, guitarist and singer, noted for his distinctive and original folk-rock guitar style and his often darkly humorous lyrics."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John McNeil (musician)", "paragraph_text": "John McNeil (born March 23, 1948) is an American jazz trumpeter. He has performed with artists including Billy Hart, Rufus Reid, Horace Silver, Gerry Mulligan, and The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jack Ashworth", "paragraph_text": "Jack Ashworth (born 3 July 1995) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a or for St Helens in the Super League."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Casiotone for the Painfully Alone", "paragraph_text": "Casiotone for the Painfully Alone (CFTPA) was the musical solo-project of musician Owen Ashworth (born April 22, 1977) of Redwood City, California."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bobby Jones Gospel", "paragraph_text": "Bobby Jones Gospel (sometimes called \"The Bobby Jones Gospel Hour\") was a program on Black Entertainment Television hosted by Dr. Bobby Jones airing Sunday mornings at 9:00E/8:00C. The series premiered on Sunday, January 27, 1980, two days after the network's January 25 launch. \"Bobby Jones Gospel\" features performances by famed Gospel artists, as well as new and up and coming gospel artists. , the series is BET's longest running. On April 27, 2015 it was announced the show would be coming to an end after 35 years. The finale aired July 31, 2016."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A Sharp Intake of Breath", "paragraph_text": "A Sharp Intake of Breath is a British sitcom starring David Jason, Jacqueline Clarke, Richard Wilson and Alun Armstrong which ran from 1977 to 1981. It was made for the ITV network by ATV and recorded at their Elstree Studios. The opening titles featured cartoons by Mel Calman."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jennifer Jones", "paragraph_text": "Jennifer Jones (born Phylis Lee Isley; March 2, 1919 -- December 17, 2009), also known as Jennifer Jones Simon, was an American actress during Hollywood's golden years. Jones, who won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Song of Bernadette (1943), was also Academy Award - nominated for her performances in four other films. She was married three times, most notably to film producer David O. Selznick."}], "question": "When did the performer of Alun Ashworth Jones die?"}
{"id": "2hop__844438_125187", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David Kaonohiokala Bray", "paragraph_text": "David Kaonohiokala Bray was born 05 Mar 1889 in Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, to Missionary David Howard Hitchcock (1832\u20131899) and Hana Bray (-1889). Hana died when he was six months old so David had no full siblings, but there were five half siblings from his father's previous marriage to Almeda Eliza Widger (1828\u20131895): noted American painter D. Howard Hitchcock (1861 \u2013 1943), Ella Marian Hitchcock (1858 \u2013 1950), Cora Etta Hitchcock (1859 \u2013 1951), Almeda Eliza Hitchcock (1863 \u2013 1895), and Charles Henry Wetmore Hitchcock (1868 \u2013 1940)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Li Kening", "paragraph_text": "It is not known where or when Li Kening was born, but it is known that he was Li Keyong's youngest brother and therefore would have been born after 856, when Li Keyong was born. Their father was the ethnic Shatuo general Li Guochang, whose name was originally Zhuye Chixin but was later bestowed the Tang Dynasty imperial clan name of Li and a new name of Guochang, but because Li Kening's birth year is unknown, it is not known whether he would have been born with the name of Li or Zhuye. He was said to be kind and filially pious, and (despite his eventual fate) described to be the most virtuous among Li Keyong's brothers and cousins."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Li Na", "paragraph_text": "Li Na was born on 26 February 1982 in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Her mother is Li Yanping (\u674e\u8c54\u840d); her father, Li Shengpeng (\u674e\u76db\u9d6c), was a professional badminton player and later worked as a sales rep for an Wuhan-based company. He died from a rare cardiovascular disease when Li was fourteen. Her mother didn't tell Li Na that her father had died for many weeks, thinking it would affect her game."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Natalie Horler", "paragraph_text": "Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to British parents who had moved to Germany in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her 2 siblings. Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney movies."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Heinrich Lossow", "paragraph_text": "Heinrich Lossow's father was Arnold Hermann Lossow, a Bremen sculptor. His father moved to Munich in 1820 to study under Ernst Mayer. In Munich, Arnold Hermann Lossow married and had three children: Carl Lossow in 1835, Friedrich Lossow in 1837, and Heinrich Lossow in 1843. The three boys had an affinity for art; Carl became a historical painter, while Friedrich became a wildlife painter. Heinrich would outlive all of his siblings."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd", "paragraph_text": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd was born in Stockholm, Sweden, to Swedish actor Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd and his first wife, My, a physician. He has five siblings: Alexander, Sam, Bill, Eija and Valter, and two half-brothers Ossian and Kolbj\u00f6rn from his father's second wife, Megan Everett. Alexander, Bill, and Valter are also actors. His godfather is Swedish actor Peter Stormare."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The New Legend of Shaolin", "paragraph_text": "The New Legend of Shaolin (; released in the United Kingdom as Legend of the Red Dragon) is a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Wong Jing and Corey Yuen, and produced by Jet Li, who also starred in the lead role. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 3 March 1994. This film showcases Hung Hei-kwun's exploits as a rebel against the Qing government. This is one of two films in which Li and Miu Tse play a father-son duo, the other being \"My Father Is a Hero.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bill Doak", "paragraph_text": "Doak was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Bertha Shattenbrand Doak and William E. Doak, a civil engineer. Both sides of Doak's family originated from Germany. He had one sibling, a younger sister. Doak's father pressured him to become a mining engineer, but Doak began playing semipro baseball in 1909. He was in the minor leagues by the next year, and made it to the major leagues by 1912."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Father's Day", "paragraph_text": "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. In Catholic Europe, it has been celebrated on March 19 (St. Joseph's Day) since the Middle Ages. This celebration was brought by the Spanish and Portuguese to Latin America, where March 19 is often still used for it, though many countries in Europe and the Americas have adopted the U.S. date, which is the third Sunday of June (falling June 18 in 2017). It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March, April and June. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Mother's Day, Siblings Day and Grandparents Day."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wensicia", "paragraph_text": "As established in the appendix of \"Dune\" (1965), Wensicia is the third daughter of the 81st Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV and Anirul, a Bene Gesserit of Hidden Rank. Her oldest sister is the Princess Irulan; her three other siblings are sisters Chalice, Josifa and Rugi. Wensicia accompanies her father into exile on Salusa Secundus after he is deposed by Paul Atreides in \"Dune\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lies My Father Told Me (1960 film)", "paragraph_text": "Lies My Father Told Me is a 1960 film directed by Don Chaffey. It stars Harry Brogan and Betsy Blair."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dieter Hallervorden", "paragraph_text": "Dieter Hallervorden's mother was a physician's assistant and his father a graduate engineer employed by German aircraft maker Junkers. His siblings are called Renate and Margot. Dieter Hallervorden has two children (Dieter Hallervorden Jr. and Nathalie Hallervorden) from his marriage to Rotraud Schindler, a daughter (Laura) from another relationship, and a son (Johannes) from his current wife Elena Blume."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Li Kening", "paragraph_text": "Li Kening (\u674e\u514b\u5be7) (died March 25, 908) was a younger brother of the late Chinese Tang Dynasty warlord Li Keyong the Prince of Jin. After Li Keyong's death, Li Kening initially served as a key advisor to Li Keyong's son and successor Li Cunxu, but soon was persuaded by his wife Lady Meng to try to take over from Li Cunxu. His plot was discovered, and Li Cunxu put him to death."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Harold Owen", "paragraph_text": "(William) Harold Owen (5 September 1897 - 26 November 1971) was the younger brother and biographer of the English poet and soldier, Wilfred Owen. He was born at the home of his paternal grandparents in Canon Street, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, where his parents and older siblings then lodged before his father moved on promotion to a station master's post at Birkenhead in 1898."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hans Jacob Hess", "paragraph_text": "John Jacob Hess was born in Wald, Zurich, Switzerland on May 17, 1584 to Hans Heinrich Hess, a bailiff, (1534\u20131587) and Adelheid Kuntz (1546\u20131585). He had eight older full siblings: Margaretha, Christian, Matheus, Hans, Elsy, Margaretha, Heinrich, and Dorothea; five older half-siblings from his father's first two marriages: Adelheid, Barbara, Veronica, Catharina and Anna; and one younger half-brother, Hans, from his father's fourth marriage."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Shi Jingtang", "paragraph_text": "The region that Li Keyong ruled subsequently became the state of Jin after Tang's fall in 907 (as Li Keyong carried the Tang-bestowed title of Prince of Jin), and after Li Keyong's death in 908, Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin, in rivalry with Tang's main successor state Later Liang. Li Cunxu subsequently made his adoptive brother (Li Keyong's adoptive son) Li Siyuan, a major general, the prefect of Dai Prefecture (\u4ee3\u5dde, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). While Li Siyuan served as the prefect of Dai, he became impressed with Shi Jingtang and gave his Empress Li to Shi in marriage. Shi subsequently served under Li Siyuan in campaigns, becoming one of the two prominent officers under Li Siyuan (along with Li Siyuan's adoptive son Li Congke) due to his battlefield accomplishments. (Despite the familial relationship between Shi and Li Congke and their serving together under Li Siyuan, the two did not like each other and had a rivalry, although not overtly.)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Father's Day", "paragraph_text": "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. In Catholic Europe, it has been celebrated on March 19 (St. Joseph's Day) since the Middle Ages. This celebration was brought by the Spanish and Portuguese to Latin America, where March 19 is often still used for it, though many countries in Europe and the Americas have adopted the U.S. date, which is the third Sunday of June. It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March, April and June. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Mother's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dweezil Zappa", "paragraph_text": "Dweezil Zappa was born in Los Angeles, California to Frank Zappa and Gail Zappa. He is the second of four siblings: his older sister, Moon, younger sister Diva and younger brother Ahmet, and is the cousin of actress Lala Sloatman. Zappa's father was of Sicilian, Greek, Arab, and French descent, and his mother was of French, Irish and mostly Danish ancestry."}], "question": "Who fathered Li Keyong's sibling?"}
{"id": "2hop__4588_165871", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elmbrook Farm", "paragraph_text": "Elmbrook Farm is a historic farm complex located at Schodack in Rensselaer County, New York. The farmhouse itself was built about 1830 and modified about twenty years later to include Greek Revival architecture. The complex also includes a barn (ca. 1790), a shop / office (ca. 1800), a milk shed, a corn crib, a cinder block garage, and a small family burial plot."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "The Palacio Taranco is located in front of the Plaza Zabala, in the heart of Ciudad Vieja. It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo's first theatre (of 1793), during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture. The palace was designed by French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n who also designed the Petit Palais and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It passed to the city from the heirs of the Tarancos in 1943, along with its precious collection of Uruguayan furniture and draperies and was deemed by the city as an ideal place for a museum; in 1972 it became the Museum of Decorative Arts of Montevideo and in 1975 it became a National Heritage Site. The Decorative Arts Museum has an important collection of European paintings and decorative arts, ancient Greek and Roman art and Islamic ceramics of the 10th\u201318th century from the area of present-day Iran. The palace is often used as a meeting place by the Uruguayan government."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Architecture", "paragraph_text": "One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Behr (paint)", "paragraph_text": "Behr Paint Company (stylized as BEHR) is a supplier of architectural paint and exterior wood care products to the United States and Canadian do-it-yourself markets. BEHR manufactures interior house paints, exterior house paints, decorative finishes, primers, stains and surface preparation products sold exclusively at The Home Depot."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Portland Building", "paragraph_text": "The distinctive look of Michael Graves' Portland Building, with its use of a variety of surface materials and colors, small windows, and inclusion of prominent decorative flourishes, was in stark contrast to the architectural style most commonly used for large office buildings at the time, and made the building an icon of postmodern architecture. It is the first major postmodern tall office building, opening before Philip Johnson's AT&T Building, and its design has been described as a rejection of the Modernist principles established in the early 20th century. Graves' design was selected in a large design competition, with Johnson as one of the three members of the selection committee. Graves was added into the competition after Johnson threw out the entry from architect Gunnar Birkerts for having not been Postmodern enough. Birkerts went on to design the Detroit Institute of Arts South Wing, which was re-clad by Graves in 2007."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard (; ; 10 August 1924 \u2013 21 April 1998) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist. His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as epistemology and communication, the human body, modern art and postmodern art, literature and critical theory, music, film, time and memory, space, the city and landscape, the sublime, and the relation between aesthetics and politics. He is best known for his articulation of postmodernism after the late 1970s and the analysis of the impact of postmodernity on the human condition. He was a director of the International College of Philosophy which was founded by Jacques Derrida, Fran\u00e7ois Ch\u00e2telet, Jean-Pierre Faye and Dominique Lecourt."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Anton Rosen", "paragraph_text": "Anton Rosen (13 September 1859 \u2013 2 July 1928) was a Danish architect, furniture designer, decorative artist and professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. In his architecture, he combined a free Historicist style with inspiration from contemporary English architecture and details influenced by Jugendstil."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alfred Village Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Alfred in Allegany County, New York, in the United States. The district consists of and includes 133 properties (154 contributing elements). Structures in the district date from about 1818 to the 1930s and include a variety of popular American architectural styles. The district is predominantly residential with occasional examples of commercial, religious, and civic architecture. The most striking feature of the district is the wealth and quality of terra cotta as a building material and for decorative detail."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Architecture", "paragraph_text": "Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis\u2014the apex\u2014of art, craft, and technology."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Denise Scott Brown", "paragraph_text": "Denise Scott Brown (n\u00e9e Lakofski; born October 3, 1931) is an American architect, planner, writer, educator, and principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates in Philadelphia. Scott Brown and her husband and partner, Robert Venturi, are regarded as among the most influential architects of the twentieth century, both through their architecture and planning, and theoretical writing and teaching."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The World and Other Places", "paragraph_text": "The World and Other Places is a collection of short stories by Jeanette Winterson O.B.E in the style of postmodernism."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Architecture", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a \"decorated shed\" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist \"ducks\" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of Sagrajas", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Sagrajas (23 October 1086), also called Zalaca or Zallaqa (), was a battle between the Almoravid army led by the Almoravid king Yusuf ibn Tashfin and an army led by the Castilian King Alfonso VI. The battleground was later called \"az-Zallaqah\" (in English \"slippery ground\") because the warriors were slipping all over the ground due to the tremendous amount of blood shed that day, which gave rise to its name in Arabic."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Valda Setterfield", "paragraph_text": "Valda Setterfield (born September 17, 1934) is a British postmodern dancer and actress, noted for her work as a soloist with the Merce Cunningham Dance Company and for her performances in works by her husband, postmodern choreographer and director David Gordon. She has been described as his muse. Their son, playwright and actor Ain Gordon, has worked with Setterfield on a number of projects as well."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "David Markson", "paragraph_text": "David Merrill Markson (December 20, 1927 \u2013 c. June 4, 2010) was an American novelist. He was the author of several postmodern novels, including \"Springer's Progress\", \"Wittgenstein's Mistress\", and \"Reader's Block\". His final book, \"The Last Novel\", published in 2007, was called \"a real tour de force\" by \"The New York Times\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Baseboard", "paragraph_text": "In architecture, a baseboard (also called skirting board, skirting, mopboard, floor molding, or base molding) is usually wooden or vinyl board covering the lowest part of an interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor. It covers the uneven edge of flooring next to the wall; protects the wall from kicks, abrasion, and furniture; and can serve as a decorative molding."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Valeriy Igoshev", "paragraph_text": "In 1990, Valeriy Igoshev graduated from one of the oldest Russian schools for the industrial, monumental and decorative art and design, the Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry as a specialist in the Metal Art. He earned a PhD in 1994 from MVHPU S.G. Stroganov, specialty: state code 17.00.05 - arts, crafts and architecture and became Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in 2008: MGHPU S.G. Stroganov (specialty: state code 17.00.04 - fine, decorative and applied arts and architecture). Since 1978, he has been a researcher at the State Research Institute of the Art Restorations."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the person calling postmodern architecture a decorated shed?"}
{"id": "2hop__124755_157562", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marshall Eriksen", "paragraph_text": "Marshall Eriksen How I Met Your Mother character Jason Segel in 2011 First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Last Forever'' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Jason Segel Information Gender Male Occupation Lawyer (2005 -- 2018), Judge (2018 --) Family Marvin Eriksen (father, deceased) Judy Eriksen (mother) Spouse (s) Lily Aldrin (2007 -- present) Children Marvin Waitforit Eriksen Daisy Eriksen Unnamed Third Child Nationality American"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Finarfin", "paragraph_text": "Finarfin was the third son and youngest child of Finw\u00eb. Finarfin's mother was Finw\u00eb's second wife Indis. F\u00ebanor was his half-brother and Fingolfin his full brother. His sisters were Findis and Irim\u00eb. He married E\u00e4rwen, princess of the Teleri. He had four children: Finrod Felagund, Angrod, Aegnor and Galadriel. Orodreth appears as one of Finarfin's sons in the published \"Silmarillion\"; in Tolkien's later writings however he clearly is Angrod's son. Christopher Tolkien used an older version of the genealogy in the \"Silmarillion\", but later described this as a mistake. Finarfin was said to be the fairest and wisest of Finw\u00eb's sons. Like all of Finw\u00eb's sons, Finarfin founded his own house. Uniquely among the Noldor he and his descendants all had golden hair inherited from his mother, so his house was sometimes called \"The Golden House of Finarfin\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Negan", "paragraph_text": "Negan The Walking Dead character Negan in the comics (left), and as portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan (right) in the television series First appearance Comic: ``Issue # 100 ''(2012) Television:`` Last Day on Earth'' (2016) Video game: Tekken 7 (2018) Created by Robert Kirkman Charlie Adlard Portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan Information Occupation Saviors Leader Spouse (s) Lucille Significant other (s) Sherry Amber several unnamed wives"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Orodreth", "paragraph_text": "In the published version of \"The Silmarillion\", Orodreth () was an Elf of the First Age, the second son of Finarfin (with Finrod Felagund, Angrod, Aegnor, and Galadriel being his siblings), and a ruler of Nargothrond."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Taylor Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Armstrong Armstrong at the 2012 GQ Men of the Year Awards Shana Lynette Hughes (1971 - 06 - 10) June 10, 1971 (age 46) Independence, Kansas, United States Residence Beverly Hills, California, United States Other names Shana Taylor, Shana Ford, Taylor Ford Occupation Television personality, philanthropist Years active 2010 -- present Known for The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Spouse (s) Russell Armstrong (2005 -- 2011; his death) John Bluher (2014 -- present) Children"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Christel Khalil", "paragraph_text": "Christel Khalil Christel Adnana Mina Khalil (1987 - 11 - 30) November 30, 1987 (age 30) Los Angeles, California Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Known for The Young and the Restless as Lily Winters (2002 -- present) Spouse (s) Stephen Hensley (m. 2008 -- 2011) Children"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tyrion Lannister", "paragraph_text": "Tyrion Lannister A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Peter Dinklage as Tyrion on Game of Thrones First appearance Novel: A Game of Thrones (1996) Television: ``Winter Is Coming ''(2011) Video game:`` Iron From Ice'' (2014) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Peter Dinklage (Game of Thrones) Voiced by Peter Dinklage (video game) Information Aliases The Imp The Halfman Yollo Hugor Hill Gender Male Title Hand of the King Master of Coin Lord of Casterly Rock (claimant) Hand of the Queen (TV series) Family House Lannister Spouse (s) Tysha (annulled) Sansa Stark (unconsummated) Significant other (s) Shae Relatives Tywin Lannister (father) Joanna Lannister (mother) Cersei Lannister (sister) Jaime Lannister (brother) Joffrey Baratheon (nephew) Myrcella Baratheon (niece) Tommen Baratheon (nephew) Kevan Lannister (uncle) Lancel Lannister (cousin) Kingdom The Westerlands The Crownlands"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tara Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance ``Pilot ''(2008) Last appearance`` A Mother's Work'' (2014) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname (s) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse (s) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arizona Robbins", "paragraph_text": "Arizona Robbins Grey's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins First appearance ``Wish You Were Here ''(5.11) January 8, 2009 (as recurring cast)`` Good Mourning'' (6.01) September 24, 2009 (as series regular) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Jessica Capshaw Information Occupation Attending pediatric surgeon and fetal surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Attending Pediatric Surgeon Chief of Fetal Surgery Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Chief of Pediatric Surgery (former) M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Daniel Robbins (father) Barbera Robbins (mother) Timothy Robbins (brother, deceased) Spouse (s) Callie Torres (divorced) Significant other (s) Lauren Boswell Leah Murphy Eliza Minnick Carina DeLuca Children Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of 24 characters", "paragraph_text": "Teri Bauer 24 character Leslie Hope as Teri Bauer First appearance Day 1 -- Episode 1 Last appearance Day 1 -- Episode 24 Portrayed by Leslie Hope Days Information Spouse (s) Jack Bauer Children Kim Bauer"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Adriana Caselotti", "paragraph_text": "Adriana Caselotti Caselotti in 1937 (1916 - 05 - 06) May 6, 1916 Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S. January 18, 1997 (1997 - 01 - 18) (aged 80) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Cause of death Respiratory failure from lung cancer Resting place Ashes scattered at Newport Beach, California Nationality American Occupation Actress, voice actress, singer Years active 1932 -- 1997 Notable work Original voice of Princess Snow White in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) Spouse (s) Robert Chard (m. 1945 --?; divorced) Norval Mitchell (m. 1952; his death 1972) Dr. Joseph Dana Costigan (m. 1972; his death 1982) Florian St. Pierre (m. 1989 --?; divorced) Parent (s) Guido Caselotti (father) Maria Orefice (mother) Relatives Louise Caselotti (older sister) Awards Disney Legend (1994)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Frederick Winslow Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Winslow Taylor Taylor circa 1900 March 20, 1856 (1856 - 03 - 20) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. March 21, 1915 (1915 - 03 - 21) (aged 59) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Cause of death Pneumonia Resting place West Laurel Hill Cemetery Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, U.S. Nationality American Education Phillips Exeter Academy Alma mater Stevens Institute of Technology (BS) Occupation Efficiency expert Management consultant Known for ``Father ''of the Scientific management & Efficiency Movement, Father of Industrial Engineering Home town Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Spouse (s) Louise M. Spooner Children Kempton, Robert and Elizabeth (all adopted orphans) Parent (s) Franklin Taylor Emily Annette Winslow Awards Elliott Cresson Medal (1902)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Esther", "paragraph_text": "Esther Queen of Persia Queen Esther (1879) by Edwin Long Queen of Persia Reign c. 479 -- c. 465 BC Coronation c. 479 Predecessor Vashti Hadassah c. 492 BC Achaemenid Empire Burial Hamadan, Iran Spouse King Xerxes I of Persia House Persia Father Abihail (biological), Mordecai (adoptive) Religion Judaism"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lou Grant", "paragraph_text": "Lou Grant Ed Asner as Lou Grant First appearance ``Love Is All Around ''(MTM Show) Last appearance`` Charlie'' (Lou Grant) (officially) KSTP - TV's ads (unofficially) Created by James L. Brooks and Allan Burns Portrayed by Ed Asner Information Gender Male Occupation City editor of The Los Angeles Tribune newspaper Former News director at WJM - TV Station Former Reporter Former Copy boy Family John Simpson Grant (father) Ellen Hammersmith Grant (mother) Spouse (s) Edie Grant (divorced) Children Ruth (daughter) Jane (daughter) Sarah (daughter) Relatives Amy (granddaughter) Abby (granddaughter) Eric (grandson) Matthew (grandson) Allen Stevens (nephew) Bill Phelps (son - in - law) (By 1979, he had begun referring to one of his daughters as ``Ellen '', and she had a young son named Nick.)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father\u2019s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons. Although surnames in mainland Greece are static today, dynamic and changing patronymic usage survives in middle names where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name (this usage having been passed on to the Russians). In Cyprus, by contrast, surnames follow the ancient tradition of being given according to the father\u2019s name. Finally, in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Finw\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Finw\u00eb () (Y.T. \u22651050\u2013Y.T. 1495), sometimes surnamed Nold\u00f3ran, is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He was the first High King of the Elven Noldor to lead his people on the journey from Middle-earth to Valinor in the blessed realm of Aman. He was a great friend of Elu Thingol, the King of Doriath. The story of Finw\u00eb and M\u00edriel, his first wife, has been described as an important element of Tolkien's mythology. \"The Silmarillion\", prepared by Christopher Tolkien from his father's unpublished writings, only briefly mentions the tale, although sources suggest that Tolkien had intended to incorporate a fuller version."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ann Perkins", "paragraph_text": "Ann Perkins Parks and Recreation character First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Ann and Chris'' (regular) ``One Last Ride ''(guest appearance) Portrayed by Rashida Jones Information Occupation Nurse Health Department Public Relations Director of Pawnee, Indiana Spouse (s) Chris Traeger Children Oliver Perkins - Traeger Leslie Perkins - Traeger"}], "question": "Who is the spouse of Finarfin's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__155442_427510", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ishikari River", "paragraph_text": "It originates from Mount Ishikari in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group and flows through Asahikawa and Sapporo. Major tributaries of the river include the Ch\u016bbetsu, Ury\u016b, Sorachi and Toyohira rivers. Until 40,000 years ago, it flowed into the Pacific Ocean near Tomakomai. Lava from the volcanic Shikotsu mountains dammed the river and moved its mouth to the Ishikari Bay."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Murrah River", "paragraph_text": "Formed by the confluence of the Mumbulla Creek and Dry River, approximately southeast by south of Quaama, the Murrah River flows generally east, before flowing into Murrah Lagoon and reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean north of Murrah Beach. The length of the course of the river varies between and ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yarriambiack Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Yarriambiack Creek, an inland intermittent watercourse of the Wimmera catchment, is located in the Wimmera region of the Australian state of Victoria. Rising on the northern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, the Yarriambiack Creek flows generally north and drains into Lake Coorong, one of a series of ephemeral lakes, northeast of ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of tributaries of Catawissa Creek", "paragraph_text": "Catawissa Creek is a long creek flowing into the Susquehanna River with 26 named tributaries, of which 19 are direct tributaries. The creek flows through Luzerne, Schuylkill, and Columbia counties in Pennsylvania. The two shortest tributaries are approximately long, while the longest is about in length. The tributaries include seventeen runs, six creeks, and three hollows (unnamed streams named after named valleys that they flow through). By length, the five largest tributaries of Catawissa Creek are Little Catawissa Creek, Tomhicken Creek, Scotch Run, Beaver Run, and Messers Run. By watershed area, the five largest tributaries are Tomhicken Creek, Little Catawissa Creek, Beaver Run, Scotch Run, and Messers Run."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fisher, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Fisher is an unincorporated community in rural Lincoln County, Oregon, United States. Fisher lies along Five Rivers Road, south of its intersection with Oregon Route 34. It is slightly north of the Lincoln\u2013Lane county line in the Siuslaw National Forest. A stream called \"Five Rivers\" flows west through Fisher, about by water from the stream's mouth on the Alsea River. Route 34 runs along the Alsea River between Alsea and Waldport."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minnehaha Creek", "paragraph_text": "Minnehaha Creek is a 22-mile-long (35\u00a0km) tributary of the Mississippi River that flows east from Gray's Bay Dam on Lake Minnetonka through the suburban cities of Minnetonka, Hopkins, Saint Louis Park, and Edina, and the city of Minneapolis. The creek flows over Minnehaha Falls in Minnehaha Park near its mouth at the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Anglesea River", "paragraph_text": "The Anglesea River rises in the Otway Ranges east of and flows generally east by south before reaching its mouth and emptying into Bass Strait near the town of the same name."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Twomile Run", "paragraph_text": "Twomile Run is a tributary of Kettle Creek in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is long. Tributaries of the stream include Huling Branch and Middle Branch Twomile Run. The stream flows through Leidy Township and Noyes Township. The stream's watershed has an area of approximately 9 square miles. Coal is mined in the watershed. Most of the acid mine drainage in Kettle Creek comes from Twomile Run."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Little Muncy Creek", "paragraph_text": "Little Muncy Creek has its source in Davidson Township in Sullivan County, then flows south in Jordan Township in Lycoming County. It then flows west into Franklin Township and the village of Lairdsville, running parallel to Pennsylvania Route 118 here. Further west it enters Moreland Township and passes the village of Opp, before entering Muncy Creek Township, where it flows into Muncy Creek just west of the village of Clarkstown. Other streams feeding Little Muncy Creek include Marsh Run, Beaver Run, Laurel Run, Big Run, German Run, and Little Indian Run."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pambula River", "paragraph_text": "Pambula River rises in timbered highlands near the locality of Lochiel and flows generally east, flowing through Pambula Lake, before reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean near the locality of Pambula Beach. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Verde River", "paragraph_text": "The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Visherka River", "paragraph_text": "Visherka River () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kolva River. It is long, and its drainage basin covers . It flows out of lake Chusovskoe in the north of the Cherdynsky District near its border with the Komi Republic. Its mouth is upstream of the uninhabited village of Bogatyryovo, from the mouth of the Kolva River. Its most significant tributaries are:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ango River", "paragraph_text": "Ango River () is a tributary of the Omolon River in Russia's Magadan Oblast in northeast Siberia. It is Omolons right tributary and flows into it from its mouth. The total length of the Ango is ."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sogndalsfjorden", "paragraph_text": "Sogndalsfjorden is a fjord in Sogndal Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The long fjord begins at the mouth of the river Ar\u00f8yelvi, which flows out of the lake Hafslovatnet. It then flows to the southwest before emptying into the large Sognefjorden at its mouth between the villages of Nornes and Fimreite."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kettle Creek (Pennsylvania)", "paragraph_text": "Kettle Creek is a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River running through Tioga, Potter, and Clinton counties, in Pennsylvania. It is slightly less than long. Although many streams in the Kettle Creek watershed are considered \"Class A Wild Trout streams\" by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, the lower reaches of the stream experience acid mine drainage. The upper reaches of the creek are considered to be very high-quality."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yukon River", "paragraph_text": "The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The river's source is in British Columbia, Canada, from which it flows through the Canadian Yukon Territory (itself named after the river). The lower half of the river lies in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta. The average flow is 6,430 m/s (227,000\u00a0ft/s). The total drainage area is 832,700\u00a0km (321,500\u00a0mi), of which 323,800\u00a0km (126,300\u00a0mi) is in Canada. The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Swift River (Teslin Lake)", "paragraph_text": "The Swift River is a river that begins in Yukon Territory and flows southwest into British Columbia to its mouth at the east side of Teslin Lake on the Teslin River system. The river drains the uppermost portion of the Cassiar Mountains and in its lower reaches traverses the Nisutlin Plateau, which lies along the east side of Teslin Lake north of the mouth of the Jennings River, which is to the south of the Swift."}], "question": "For what watercourse does the creek into which Twomile Run flows serve as the mouth?"}
{"id": "2hop__15713_529084", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hindu philosophy", "paragraph_text": "In Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six \u0101stika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of \"personal god\", unlike Samkhya. The epistemology of the Yoga school, like the S\u0101mkhya school, relies on three of six pr\u0101ma\u1e47as as the means of gaining reliable knowledge: pratyak\u1e63a (perception), anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference) and \u015babda (\u0101ptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lennart \u00c5qvist", "paragraph_text": "Lennart \u00c5qvist (born 1932 in Sweden) is a Swedish logician. He was a founding member of the editorial board of the Journal of Philosophical Logic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hume's whitethroat", "paragraph_text": "Hume's whitethroat \"Sylvia althaea\" is a species of typical warbler. Until recently, it was considered conspecific with the lesser whitethroat; today these are seen as members of a superspecies which also includes the desert whitethroat. The present species together with the aridland desert whitethroat(s) seems to form an Asian lineage in the superspecies."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Malaysian Amateur Radio Transmitters' Society", "paragraph_text": "The Malaysian Amateur Radio Transmitters' Society (MARTS) is a non-profit organisation for amateur radio enthusiasts in Malaysia. MARTS was founded in 1952 and became a National Society ever since. The organisation's primary mission is to popularise and promote amateur radio in Malaysia. One membership benefit of the organisation is a QSL bureau for members who regularly make communications with amateur radio operators in other countries. MARTS is the member society representing Malaysia in the International Amateur Radio Union."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hume Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Hume Historic District is a national historic district located at Hume, Fauquier County, Virginia. It encompasses 59 contributing buildings in the rural village of Hume. The majority of the buildings in the district are vernacular in nature and are late-19th- to early- 20th-century frame dwellings of the side-passage and I-house form. It also contains three commercial buildings, a church, two schools, and a former tavern. Notable buildings include Barbee's Tavern (c. 1787), \"The Dell,\" the parsonage for Leeds Church (c. 1855), former Captain Marshall's Store (c. 1860), the African-American Hume School (c. 1906), the former Hume Methodist Church (c. 1900), and the Hume Baptist Church (1921)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Israel Eldad", "paragraph_text": "Israel Eldad () (11 November 1910 \u2013 22 January 1996), was an Israeli Revisionist Zionist philosopher and member of the pre-state underground group Lehi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hume Dam", "paragraph_text": "Hume Dam, formerly the Hume Weir, is a major dam across the Murray River downstream of its junction with the Mitta River in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. The dam's purpose includes flood mitigation, hydro-power, irrigation, water supply and conservation. The impounded reservoir is called Lake Hume, formerly the Hume Reservoir. It is a gated concrete gravity dam with four earth embankments and twenty-nine vertical undershot gated concrete overflow spillways."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Age of Enlightenment", "paragraph_text": "In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. While the Philosophes of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries, and many were members of the nobility, their ideas played an important part in undermining the legitimacy of the Old Regime and shaping the French Revolution."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Is\u2013ought problem", "paragraph_text": "The is\u2013ought problem, as articulated by the Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume (1711\u201376), states that many writers make claims about what \"ought\" to be, based on statements about what \"is\". Hume found that there seems to be a significant difference between positive statements (about what is) and prescriptive or normative statements (about what ought to be), and that it is not obvious how one can coherently move from descriptive statements to prescriptive ones. The is\u2013ought problem is also known as Hume's law, Hume's guillotine or fact\u2013value gap."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "William J. Hume", "paragraph_text": "William J. Hume was born to Jaquelin H. Hume, the co-founder of Basic American Foods, the world's largest supplier of dried potato and bean products, and Caroline Howard Hume, a philanthropist. He has a brother, George H. Hume, and two sisters, Patricia Highberg and Carol Tolan. He graduated from Yale College in 1961."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dugald Stewart", "paragraph_text": "Dugald Stewart (; 22 November 175311 June 1828) was a Scottish philosopher and mathematician. He is best known for popularizing the Scottish Enlightenment and his lectures at the University of Edinburgh were widely disseminated by his many influential students. In 1783 he was a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In most contemporary documents he is referred to as Prof Dougal Stewart."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Empiricism", "paragraph_text": "The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711\u20131776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, \"Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities\u2014by \u2018proofs\u2019 meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition.\" And,"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Karl Leonhard Reinhold", "paragraph_text": "Karl Leonhard Reinhold (26 October 1757 \u2013 10 April 1823) was an Austrian philosopher who helped to popularise the work of Immanuel Kant in the late 18th century. His \"elementary philosophy\" (\"Elementarphilosophie\") also influenced German idealism, notably Johann Gottlieb Fichte, as a critical system grounded in a fundamental first principle."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Desert whitethroat", "paragraph_text": "The desert whitethroat (\"Sylvia minula\") is a typical warbler. Until recently, it was considered conspecific with the lesser whitethroat; today these are seen as members of a superspecies. The desert whitethroat together with Hume's whitethroat form an Asian lineage in the superspecies, which have diverged into species adapted to drier lowlands and moister mountain habitats respectively."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Age of Enlightenment", "paragraph_text": "Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement, and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison (and thus the U.S. Constitution) and as popularised by Dugald Stewart, would be the basis of classical liberalism."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz, a pioneer in evolutionary thought; Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle's concept of place (topos); Al-Biruni, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, founder of Illuminationist philosophy; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic; and Ibn Khaldun, a pioneer in the philosophy of history."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Idealism", "paragraph_text": "The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object (Descartes' cogito ergo sum) purely from \"the spontaneity of thought\". Kant focused on ideas drawn from British philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley and Hume but distinguished his transcendental or critical idealism from previous varieties;"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America", "paragraph_text": "The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America is a Pulitzer Prize-winning 2001 book by Louis Menand, an American writer and legal scholar, which won the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for History. The book recounts the lives and intellectual work of the handful of thinkers primarily responsible for the philosophical concept of pragmatism, a principal feature of American philosophical achievement: William James, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Charles Sanders Peirce, and John Dewey. Pragmatism proved to be very influential on modern thought, for example, in spurring movements in modern legal thought such as legal realism."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Determinism", "paragraph_text": "In the philosophical schools of India, the concept of precise and continual effect of laws of Karma on the existence of all sentient beings is analogous to western deterministic concept. Karma is the concept of ``action ''or`` deed'' in Indian religions. It is understood as that which causes the entire cycle of cause and effect (i.e., the cycle called sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) originating in ancient India and treated in Hindu, Jain, and Sikh. Karma is considered predetermined and deterministic in the universe, and in combination with the decisions (free will) of living beings, accumulates to determine futuristic situations that the living being encounters. See Karma in Hinduism."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Simon Blackburn", "paragraph_text": "Simon Blackburn (born 12 July 1944) is an English academic philosopher known for his work in metaethics, where he defends quasi-realism, and in the philosophy of language; more recently, he has gained a large general audience from his efforts to popularise philosophy."}], "question": "What society was the man who popularized Hume's philosophical concepts a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__75547_357487", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz (reigned 1861\u20131876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gallipoli campaign", "paragraph_text": "The Gallipoli campaign, also known as the Dardanelles campaign, the Battle of Gallipoli or the Battle of \u00c7anakkale (), was a campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu in modern Turkey), from 17 February 1915 to 9 January 1916. The Entente powers, Britain, France and the Russian Empire, sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, by taking control of the straits that provided a supply route to Russia. The Allies' attack on Ottoman forts at the entrance of the Dardanelles in February 1915 failed and was followed by an amphibious landing on the Gallipoli peninsula in April 1915 to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (Istanbul)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908\u20131922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire\u2019s citizens to modernize the state\u2019s institutions, rejuvenate its strength, and enable it to hold its own against outside powers. Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place. Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. Young Turks movement members once underground (named committee, group, etc.) established (declared) their parties. Among them \u201cCommittee of Union and Progress,\u201d and \u201cFreedom and Accord Party\u201d were major parties. On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties which included; Poale Zion, Al-Fatat, and Armenian national movement organized under Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The last of Ottoman censuses was performed with the 1914 census. Ottoman military reforms resulted with the Ottoman Modern Army which engaged with Italo-Turkish War (1911), Balkan Wars (1912\u20131913), and continuous unrest (Counter coup followed by restoration and Saviors followed by Raid on Porte) in the Empire up to World War I."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman Empire (/\u02c8\u0252t\u0259m\u0259n/; Ottoman Turkish: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0654 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u06cc\u0651\u0647\u200e Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osm\u00e2niyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu or Osmanl\u0131 Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853\u20131856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I, leading to the emergence of the new state of Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states, thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Abdul Hamid I", "paragraph_text": "Abd\u00fclhamid I, Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I (, \"`Abd\u00fc\u2019l-\u1e24am\u012bd-i evvel\"; ; 20 March 1725 \u2013 7 April 1789) was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over the Ottoman Empire from 1773 to 1789."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fall of Constantinople", "paragraph_text": "The Fall of Constantinople (Greek: \u1f0d\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, Hal\u014dsis t\u0113s K\u014dnstantinoupole\u014ds; Turkish: \u0130stanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53 - day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Parliament of Northern Ireland", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the Home Rule legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which sat from 7 June 1921 to 30 March 1972, when it was suspended with the introduction of Direct Rule. It was abolished under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Abdul Hamid II", "paragraph_text": "Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Turkish: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u200e, `Abd\u00fc'l - \u1e24am\u012bd - i s\u00e2n\u00ee; Turkish: \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamit; 21 September 1842 -- 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a period of decline. He ruled from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed shortly after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, on 27 April 1909. In accordance with an agreement made with the republican Young Ottomans, he promulgated the first Ottoman constitution of 1876 on 23 December 1876, which was a sign of progressive thinking that marked his early rule. Later, however, he noticed Western influence on Ottoman affairs and citing disagreements with Parliament, suspended both the short - lived constitution and Parliament in 1878 and accomplished highly effective power and control."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco Polo once used. When Vasco da Gama bypassed Ottoman controlled routes and established direct trade links with India in 1498, and Christopher Columbus first journeyed to the Bahamas in 1492, the Ottoman Empire was at its zenith."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sarkis Diranian", "paragraph_text": "Sarkis Diranian (; 1854 in Constantinople, now Istanbul, Ottoman Empire - 1938 in Paris, France ) was an Armenian orientalist painter. Originally from the Ottoman Empire, he was established for many years in Paris."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal, the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers, on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan a Sultanate and British protectorate."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Xhelal Bey Zogu", "paragraph_text": "Prince Xhelal Bey Zogu (14 May 1881 in Castle Burgajet, Ottoman Empire \u2013 26 February 1944 in Turkey) was a son of Xhemal Pasha Zogu ( 1860\u20131911) and Melek Zogu (1860\u20131884). As Xhemal's eldest son, Zogu was expected to be selected over his half-brother Zog of Albania to lead the family and to inherit his hereditary responsibilities as Governor of Mati; however, for unknown reasons, he was passed over. Prince Xhelal's \"Bey\" title derives from the Turkish title applied to leaders or rulers during the Ottoman Empire with variations including Beyg, Begum, Bygjymi."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Po\u017earevac was the peace treaty signed in Po\u017earevac (, ), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Austria of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice on the other."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Zenta", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Zenta or Battle of Senta, fought on 11 September 1697 just south of Zenta (Serbian: Senta; then part of the Ottoman Empire; today in Serbia), on the east side of the Tisa river, was a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683\u20131699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history. In a surprise attack, Habsburg Imperial forces routed the Ottoman army which was crossing the river. At the cost of a few hundred losses, the Habsburg forces inflicted thousands of casualties on the Ottomans, dispersed the remainder and captured the Ottoman treasure. As an immediate consequence, the Ottoman Empire lost control over Banat, while in the long run, the Habsburg victory at Zenta was the last decisive step that forced the Ottoman Empire into the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), ending the Ottoman control of large parts of Central Europe."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ahmet Tevfik Pasha", "paragraph_text": "He held the office three times, the first in 1909 under Abdul Hamid II, and from 1918 to 1919 and from 1920 to 1922 under Mehmed VI during the Allied occupation of Constantinople. In addition to his premiership, Ahmet Tevfik was also a diplomat, a member of the Ottoman Senate, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs."}], "question": "Who succeeded the leader who shut down parliament and suspended the constitution in the Ottoman Empire?"}
{"id": "2hop__328717_78126", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New Zealand census", "paragraph_text": "The New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings (M\u0101ori: Te Tatauranga o ng\u0101 T\u0101ngata Huri Noa i Aotearoa me \u014d r\u0101tou Whare Noho) is a national population and housing census conducted by government department Statistics New Zealand every five years. There have been thirty - three censuses since 1851. In addition to providing detailed information about national demographics, the results of the census play an important part in the calculation of resource allocation to local service providers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Findlay Range", "paragraph_text": "The Findlay Range () is a mountain range lying parallel to and west of the Lyttelton Range, extending between Grigg Peak and Sorensen Peak in the Admiralty Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica. This topographical feature was so named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Robert H. Findlay, a geologist with the New Zealand Antarctic Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, leader of a New Zealand Antarctic Research Program geological party to this area, 1981\u201382. These mountains lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Auckland Region Women's Corrections Facility", "paragraph_text": "Auckland Region Women's Corrections Facility (ARWCF) is a women's prison in the Wiri suburb of Manukau City, Auckland, New Zealand. It opened in 2006 and is the first purpose-built women's prison in New Zealand; there are two older women's prisons. About 6 per cent of the New Zealand prisoner population is female."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps", "paragraph_text": "The Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps (RNZAMC) is a corps of the New Zealand Army, the land branch of the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF). The Medical Corps provides for the medical needs of soldiers, such as diagnosing and treating diseases and injuries. Medical personnel are part of almost all Army exercises and operations, and personnel work in conjunction with personnel from the Royal New Zealand Dental Corps and the Royal New Zealand Nursing Corps."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tagata Pasifika", "paragraph_text": "Tagata Pasifika is an English language New Zealand programme which screens on TVNZ's TV ONE and on M\u0101ori Television. This programme is made to specifically meet the niche market of New Zealand's Pacific Islander population."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mountaineer Range", "paragraph_text": "Mountaineer Range is the range of mountains lying between the Mariner and Aviator Glaciers in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The seaward parts of the range were first viewed by Ross in 1841, and subsequently by several British and later American expeditions. The precise mapping of its overall features was accomplished from U.S. Navy air photographs and surveys by New Zealand and American parties in the 1950s and 1960s. Named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1958\u201359, in keeping with the backgrounds of members of the 1957\u201358 and 1958\u201359 field parties who made a reconnaissance of the area, and also in association with the names \"Aviator\" and \"Mariner\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Central Masson Range", "paragraph_text": "The Central Masson Range () is the central segment of the three parts of the Masson Range, Antarctica. It rises to and extends in a north-south direction. The Masson Range was discovered and named by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929\u201331, under Douglas Mawson. This central range was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936\u201337, and named \"Mekammen\" (the middle comb or crest). The approved name, suggested by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia in 1960, more clearly identifies the feature as a part of Masson Range."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Millen Range", "paragraph_text": "The Millen Range () is a prominent northwest\u2013southeast trending mountain range, located west of the Cartographers Range in the Victory Mountains of Antarctica. Peaks in the range include Inferno, O'Donnell, Omega, Le Couteur, Head, Cirque, Gless, Turret and Crosscut, and Mount Aorangi. It was named by the New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition (NZFMCAE) of 1962\u201363, for John M. Millen, leader of the expedition."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mount McCallum", "paragraph_text": "Mount McCallum () is a peak rising to about immediately northwest of the Mount Marwick, in the Explorers Range of the Bowers Mountains in Antarctica. Following a proposal by M.G. Laird, leader of a New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme geological party to the area, 1981\u201382, the mountain was named after New Zealand scientist and mountaineer G. McCallum, who worked in Antarctica in the 1963\u201364 season, and who perished in an avalanche on Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand, in 1981."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Victoria River (New Zealand)", "paragraph_text": "The Victoria River is a river of the Northland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows generally northwest from the Maungataniwha Range, reaching the Awanui River to the east of Kaitaia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alamein Range", "paragraph_text": "Alamein Range () is a mountain range lying west of Canham Glacier, in the Freyberg Mountains of Antarctica. Named in association with Lord Bernard Freyberg and the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force by the Northern Party of New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1963-64. The mountain range is situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jotunheim Valley", "paragraph_text": "Jotunheim Valley () is a high, mainly ice-free valley to the east of Wolak Peak and Utgard Peak in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. Saint Pauls Mountain stands at the head of the valley. The feature was named in 1982 by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee from a proposal by G.G.C. Claridge, a soil scientist with the DSIR, New Zealand. It is one of several names in the Asgard Range from Norse mythology, Jotunheim being the home of the giants."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North Island", "paragraph_text": "The North Island or Te Ika - a-M\u0101ui (M\u0101ori) is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The island's area is 113,729 square kilometres (43,911 sq mi), making it the world's 14th - largest island. It has a population of 3,596,200 (June 2016)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Highway Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Highway Ridge () is a ridge extending eastward from Shark Fin Glacier to Foster Glacier in the Royal Society Range, Antarctica. It was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board in 1994 following work in the area by a New Zealand Geological Survey field party, 1977\u201378. The name alludes to the excellent access that the ridge provides from the lower part of Foster Glacier to Shark Fin Glacier."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Aorangi Range", "paragraph_text": "The Aorangi Range (also known as the Haurangi Range) is a mountain range on the North Island of New Zealand. It is located in the Wairarapa region, extending more than 20 kilometres (12 miles) north from Cape Palliser, and is the southernmost mountain range on the island. The greater portion of these mountains are covered in native forest which is protected and set aside for public recreational use as part of the Aorangi Forest Park."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Field N\u00e9v\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Field N\u00e9v\u00e9 () is a large n\u00e9v\u00e9 between the Homerun Range and the Findlay Range in the Admiralty Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The feature lies between the upper reaches of Ebbe Glacier, which flows northwest, and Tucker Glacier, which flows southeast. It was named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Bradley Field, a geologist with the New Zealand Geological Survey, and a member of a New Zealand Antarctic Research Program geological party to northern Victoria Land, 1981\u201382. This glaciological feature lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Fyfe", "paragraph_text": "Mount Fyfe is a mountain, high, standing north of the Quest Cliffs in the Geologists Range, Antarctica. It was seen by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1961\u201362) and named for H.E. Fyfe, chief geologist of the New Zealand Geological Survey."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mansergh Snowfield", "paragraph_text": "Mansergh Snowfield () is a snowfield in Antarctica feeding the central portion of Starshot Glacier, separating the Surveyors Range and Holyoake Range. It was seen by the Holyoake, Cobham and Queen Elizabeth Ranges party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1964\u201365) and named for G. Mansergh, a geologist with the party."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Moraine Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Moraine Ridge () is a small ridge in the northeastern part of the Cartographers Range, descending to the southwest flank of Tucker Glacier just south of the junction with Pearl Harbor Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was so named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition of 1957\u201358."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Longstaff Peaks", "paragraph_text": "The Longstaff Peaks () are a series of high peaks standing just west of Davidson Glacier in the north-central part of the Holland Range in Antarctica. They were discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901\u201304), and named \"Mount Longstaff\" for Llewellyn Wood Longstaff, a principal contributor to the expedition. The descriptive term was amended by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee."}], "question": "What is the population of the place that the Aorangi Range is a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__36833_36760", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: \u7fa9\u7687\u5e1d), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu \"prince of the blood\" (Chinese: \u89aa\u738b) was so honored. Two months into Shunzhi's personal rule, Dorgon was not only stripped of his titles, but his corpse was disinterred and mutilated.[b] to atone for multiple \"crimes\", one of which was persecuting to death Shunzhi\u2019s agnate eldest brother, Hooge. More importantly, Dorgon's symbolic fall from grace also signaled a political purge of his family and associates at court, thus reverting power back to the person of the emperor. After a promising start, Shunzhi's reign was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of twenty-four from smallpox. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606\u20131645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612\u20131678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely \"strengthened administration of Tibet.\" However, Kolma\u0161 states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644\u20131661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the \"Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "Kat\u014d Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592\u20131598). In a handbook he addressed to \"all samurai, regardless of rank\" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to \"...grasp the long and the short swords and to die\". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: \"If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egon Egemann", "paragraph_text": "Egon Egemann (born Egon Lackner; 1963 in Graz) studied classical violin and Jazz at Graz Music Academy in Austria. He settled in Switzerland following studies in Boston, USA and founded the Egon Family Orchestra. By the end of 1989 he had decided to follow a solo career and in 1990 was selected to represent Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1990 with the song \"Musik klingt in die Welt hinaus\". It was placed eleventh out of 22 entries at the contest, held in Zagreb."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Trotta (film)", "paragraph_text": "Trotta is a 1971 West German film directed by Johannes Schaaf. It is based on the 1938 novel \"Die Kapuzinergruft\" (\"The Emperor's Tomb\") by Austrian author Joseph Roth. It was chosen as West Germany's official submission to the 45th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, but did not manage to receive a nomination. It was also entered into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Qianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history. Nevertheless, Qianlong used Literary Inquisition to silence opposition. The accusation of individuals began with the emperor's own interpretation of the true meaning of the corresponding words. If the emperor decided these were derogatory or cynical towards the dynasty, persecution would begin. Literary inquisition began with isolated cases at the time of Shunzhi and Kangxi, but became a pattern under Qianlong's rule, during which there were 53 cases of literary persecution."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Ratification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace, and in an act of revenge for the arrest of several Englishmen, burnt it to the ground. Prince Gong, a younger half-brother of the emperor, who had been left as his brother's proxy in the capital, was forced to sign the Convention of Beijing. Meanwhile, the humiliated emperor died the following year at Rehe."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Equestrian Portrait of Charles V", "paragraph_text": "Equestrian Portrait of Charles V (also Emperor Charles V on Horseback or Charles V at M\u00fchlberg) is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Titian. Created between April and September 1548 while Titian was at the imperial court of Augsburg, it is a tribute to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, following his victory in the April 1547 Battle of M\u00fchlberg against the Protestant armies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the \"High Qing\", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of power during the regency, the Shunzhi Emperor, on his deathbed, hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers \u2014 Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi \u2014 were chosen for their long service, but also to counteract each other's influences. Most important, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However, as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi, the most junior of the four, achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him into an escalating conflict with the young emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi \u2014 a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Caesar Must Die", "paragraph_text": "Caesar Must Die () is a 2012 Italian drama film directed by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani. The film competed at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Golden Bear. The film is set in Rebibbia Prison (suburb of Rome), and follows convicts in their rehearsals ahead of a prison performance of \"Julius Caesar\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title \"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma\" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of \"King\" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shi Shi", "paragraph_text": "Shi Shi (; 339\u2013349) was briefly (for 33 days) the emperor of the Jie/Chinese Hun state Later Zhao following his father Shi Hu's death in 349. In the Chinese annals he is sometimes referred to by his title after removal as an Emperor, Prince of Qiao (\u8b59\u738b)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "There was also another government institution called Imperial Household Department which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, the Kangxi Emperor. The department's original purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the imperial family and the activities of the inner palace (in which tasks it largely replaced eunuchs), but it also played an important role in Qing relations with Tibet and Mongolia, engaged in trading activities (jade, ginseng, salt, furs, etc.), managed textile factories in the Jiangnan region, and even published books. Relations with the Salt Superintendents and salt merchants, such as those at Yangzhou, were particularly lucrative, especially since they were direct, and did not go through absorptive layers of bureaucracy. The department was manned by booi,[o] or \"bondservants,\" from the Upper Three Banners. By the 19th century, it managed the activities of at least 56 subagencies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (\u96cd\u89aa\u738b), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's brother Yingzhen (Kangxi's 14th son) is the real successor of Kangxi Emperor, the reason why Yingzhen failed to sit on the throne is because Yongzheng and his confidant Keduo Long tampered the content of Kangxi's testament at the night when Kangxi passed away), a charge for which there is little evidence. In fact, his father had trusted him with delicate political issues and discussed state policy with him. When Yongzheng came to power at the age of 45, he felt a sense of urgency about the problems which had accumulated in his father's later years and did not need instruction in how to exercise power. In the words of one recent historian, he was \"severe, suspicious, and jealous, but extremely capable and resourceful,\" and in the words of another, turned out to be an \"early modern state-maker of the first order.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ode to Joy", "paragraph_text": "``Ode to Joy ''(German:`` An die Freude'' (an di\u02d0 \u02c8f\u0281\u0254\u028fd\u0259), first line: ``Freude, sch\u00f6ner G\u00f6tterfunken '') is an ode written in the summer of 1785 by German poet, playwright, and historian Friedrich Schiller and published the following year in Thalia. A slightly revised version appeared in 1808, changing two lines of the first and omitting the last stanza."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Prince Gong", "paragraph_text": "At a young age, Yixin was already noted for his brilliance and was once considered by his father the Daoguang Emperor as a potential heir. However, his older half-brother Yizhu eventually inherited the throne as the Xianfeng Emperor. During the Second Opium War in 1860, Prince Gong negotiated with the British, French and Russians, signing the Convention of Beijing on behalf of the Qing Empire. Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor, Prince Gong launched the Xinyou Coup in 1861 with the aid of the Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi and seized power from a group of eight regents appointed by the Xianfeng Emperor on his deathbed to assist his young son and successor, the Tongzhi Emperor. After the coup, he served as Prince-Regent from 1861\u201365 and presided over the reforms implemented during the Tongzhi Restoration (1860\u201374). Despite his demotions in 1865 and 1874 for alleged corruption and disrespect towards the Emperor, Prince Gong continued to lead the Grand Council and remain a highly influential figure in the Qing government. The final decades of Prince Gong's career, under the reign of his nephew the Guangxu Emperor, were marred by his conflict with conservative elements in the Qing imperial court \u2013 particularly his former ally Cixi \u2013 and ended with his death in relative disgrace."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Orcs Must Die! 2", "paragraph_text": "Orcs Must Die! 2 is a trap based action-tower defense video game that Robot Entertainment developed as the follow-up to the original \"Orcs Must Die!\", with Microsoft Game Studios publishing the sequel for Microsoft Windows on July 30, 2012 in the United States. On April 2, 2012, Microsoft announced the development of \"Orcs Must Die! 2\" at the Penny Arcade Expo in Boston (PAX East), with their emphasis on co-operative gameplay as the principal addition over the original."}], "question": "When did the emperor following Shunzhi die?"}
{"id": "2hop__126399_188927", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kim Deitch", "paragraph_text": "The son of illustrator and animator Gene Deitch, Kim Deitch has sometimes worked with his brothers Simon Deitch and Seth Deitch."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Homer Price", "paragraph_text": "Homer Price is the title character of a pair of children's books written by Robert McCloskey. \"Homer Price\" was published in 1943, and \"Centerburg Tales\" in 1951."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Flora Graeca", "paragraph_text": "Flora Graeca was a publication of the plants of Greece in the late 18th century, resulting from a survey by John Sibthorp and Ferdinand Bauer. The botanical descriptions and illustrations were to become highly valued by the English audience; the finely crafted and illustrated work was of both scientific and horticultural interest."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Frederick T. Melges", "paragraph_text": "Frederick T. Melges (2 December 1935 \u2013 29 July 1988) was an American psychiatrist and professor of psychiatry at Stanford University School of Medicine, notable for his interest in time and for his pioneering work on the role of distortions of time in various psychiatric disorders."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Wonder City of Oz", "paragraph_text": "The Wonder City of Oz (1940) is the thirty-fourth in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the first written and illustrated solely by John R. Neill."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Time of Wonder", "paragraph_text": "Time of Wonder is a 1957 children's book written and illustrated by Robert McCloskey that won the Caldecott Medal in 1958. The book tells the story of a family's summer on a Maine island overlooking Penobscot Bay, filled with bright images and simple alliteration. Rain, gulls, a foggy morning, the excitement of sailing, the quiet of the night, and the sudden terror of a hurricane are all expressed in this book. This was McCloskey's second Caldecott, the first being \"Make Way for Ducklings\" in 1942."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Polar Express", "paragraph_text": "The Polar Express is a children's book written and illustrated by Chris Van Allsburg and published by Houghton Mifflin in 1985. The book is now widely considered to be a classic Christmas story for young children although the point has been challenged. It was praised for its detailed illustrations and calm, relaxing storyline. For the work Van Allsburg won the annual Caldecott Medal for illustration of an American children's picture book in 1986, his second."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Scarecrow (Oz)", "paragraph_text": "The Scarecrow Oz character Illustration by W.W. Denslow from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Ray Bolger Voiced by Paul Scheer (Once Upon a Time) Information Aliases Socrates Strawman Chang Wang Woe Fiyero Tigelaar Species Scarecrow Gender Male Occupation Ruler of Oz Tin Woodman's treasurer Corn farmer Title His Majesty the Scarecrow Royal Treasurer Emperor of the Silver Islands Spouse (s) Tsing Tsing (in his former incarnation) Children 3 sons 15 grandsons (from his former incarnation)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harriet Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Harriet Morgan (1830 \u2013 16 August 1907) n\u00e9e Scott was one of 19th century Australia\u2019s most prominent natural history illustrators and, along with her sister Helena Scott, was possibly one of the first professional female illustrators in Australia. The sisters were also highly skilled amateur naturalists and collectors, rare accomplishments for women of their time. They were most notable for their magnificent drawings of moths and butterflies for the publication of the first volume of their father Alexander Walker Scott\u2019s work \"Australian Lepidoptera and Their Transformations\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paradox in Oz", "paragraph_text": "\"Paradox in Oz\" was published by Hungry Tiger Press, with illustrations by Eric Shanower. It was playwright Einhorn's first novel and first Oz book. (His second in both categories, \"The Living House of Oz\", would appear in 2005.) The publication of \"Paradox in Oz\" was timed to coincide with the centennial of the original Oz book, \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (as was also true of Gina Wickwar's \"The Hidden Prince of Oz\" and Dave Hardenbrook's \"The Unknown Witches of Oz\"). Einhorn's novel was warmly received and widely praised upon its initial publication, as were Shanower's illustrations; a review in \"Asimov's Science Fiction\" called it a \"gorgeous book.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elizabeth Fearne Bonsall", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Fearne Bonsall (September 12, 1861 \u2013 September 25, 1956) was an American painter and illustrator. She illustrated \"The Book of Cats\" (1903), \"The Book of Dogs\", \"The Pied Piper of Hamelin\" (1927), and other books. She created illustrations for Henry Christopher McCook's \"American Spiders and their Spinningwork\". McCook credits her for making most of the illustrations for the volume. Bonsall also created illustrations for magazines. She won several awards for her works between 1885 and 1897."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nathan Watts", "paragraph_text": "Nathan Lamar Watts, born 1954 in Detroit, Michigan is an American session bass guitar player, best known for his work with Stevie Wonder from the 1970s to the present. He has served as Stevie Wonder's musical director since 1994."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost", "paragraph_text": "William Blake illustrated \"Paradise Lost\" more often than any other work by John Milton, and illustrated Milton's work more often than that of any other writer. The illustrations demonstrate his critical engagement with the text, specifically his efforts to redeem the \"errors\" he perceived in his predecessor's work."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea", "paragraph_text": "The novel was originally serialized from March 1869 through June 1870 in Pierre-Jules Hetzel's periodical, the . The deluxe illustrated edition, published by Hetzel in November 1871, included 111 illustrations by Alphonse de Neuville and \u00c9douard Riou. The book was highly acclaimed when it was released and remains so; it is regarded as one of the premiere adventure novels and one of Verne's greatest works, along with \"Around the World in Eighty Days\" and \"Journey to the Center of the Earth\". The description of Nemo's ship, the \"Nautilus\", was considered ahead of its time, as it accurately describes features on submarines, which at the time were very primitive vessels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Garth Williams", "paragraph_text": "Garth Montgomery Williams (April 16, 1912 \u2013 May 8, 1996) was a well known American illustrator for children's book/literature from the 20th century. Williams is most notable for his illustrations in classic American children's books such as \"Charlotte's Web\". William's was inspired by his parents who were both artists of some kind as well. William's attended the Westminster School of Art and the Royal Academy in London where he received his training for articular crafts and drawing. He later had received the Prix de Rome which is a high-honor French scholarship for art students, and will allow those to live and study in the Italian capital of Rome free of expenses. He eventually moved back to his birth city in New York in October 1941 to continue his works and partnering with E.B. White. Many of the books he illustrated have become classics of American children's literature. A notable exception are the illustrations he created for an adult audience in 'A Room for the Night' by Pauline Leader, Vanguard Press, 1946."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gerald Scarfe", "paragraph_text": "Gerald Anthony Scarfe, CBE, RDI (born 1 June 1936) is an English cartoonist and illustrator. He has worked as editorial cartoonist for The Sunday Times and illustrator for The New Yorker."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Florence Howell Barkley", "paragraph_text": "Florence Howell Barkley (1880-1954) was an American landscape painter and illustrator best known for depictions of seascapes in oil and watercolor and illustrations in many popular newspapers in pen and ink. During this time, she was one of few women who was able to receive formal training in the arts. Although her most well known work was created in 1912 and exhibited in 1913, her career was disrupted by World War I, and thereafter consisted mostly of freelance illustration work."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz", "paragraph_text": "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz is the fourth book set in the Land of Oz written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by John R. Neill. It was published on June 18, 1908 and reunites Dorothy with the humbug Wizard from \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900). This is one of only two of the original fourteen Oz books (the other being \"The Emerald City of Oz\" (1910), to be illustrated with watercolor paintings."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", "paragraph_text": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (/ \u0252z /) is an American children's novel written by author L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W.W. Denslow, originally published by the George M. Hill Company in Chicago on May 17, 1900. It has since been reprinted on numerous occasions, most often under the title The Wizard of Oz, which is the title of the popular 1902 Broadway musical adaptation as well as the iconic 1939 musical film adaptation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Joke's Over", "paragraph_text": "The Joke's Over: Bruised Memories\u2014Gonzo, Hunter S. Thompson, and Me is a book written and illustrated by Ralph Steadman chronicling the odd and very often dangerous times when he met and worked with his friend Hunter S. Thompson. It contains some illustrations by Steadman created at the time of the events and some photos taken by Steadman or Thompson."}], "question": "What character is the illustrator of Time of Wonder known for?"}
{"id": "2hop__84388_826247", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Willard Varnell Oliver", "paragraph_text": "Willard Varnell Oliver (May 2, 1921 \u2013 October 14, 2009) was an American veteran of the United States Marine Corps and a member of the Navajo Code Talkers during World War II. Oliver was part of a unit of Navajos who worked to confuse Japanese forces in the Pacific during World War II through the transmission of messages in the Navajo language. His younger brother, Lloyd Oliver, was also a member of the Navajo Code Talkers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alastair Burnet", "paragraph_text": "Sir James William Alexander Burnet (12 July 192820 July 2012), known as Alastair Burnet, was a British journalist and broadcaster, best known for his work in news and current affairs programmes, including a long career with ITN as chief presenter of the flagship \"News at Ten\" for eighteen years; Sir Robin Day described Burnet as \"the booster rocket that put ITN into orbit\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nancy (Oliver Twist)", "paragraph_text": "Nancy is a fictional character in the novel \"Oliver Twist\" and its numerous adaptations for theatre, television and films. She is a member of Fagin's gang and the lover, and eventual victim, of Bill Sikes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tancredi Pasero", "paragraph_text": "Tancredi Pasero (11 January 1893 in Turin \u2013 17 February 1983 in Milan) was an Italian bass who enjoyed a long and distinguished singing career in his native country and abroad."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Oliver Twist (character)", "paragraph_text": "Based in the 1820s, the orphan, young Oliver is born in a parish workhouse in an unnamed town. His unmarried mother dies during labour. Old Sally, who was present at the birth, takes from the dying woman a locket and ring. Mr Bumble, the Beadle, names the boy Oliver Twist. Oliver is sent to an orphanage, run by Mrs. Mann, until he is nine years old, when he is returned to the workhouse."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shibani Kashyap", "paragraph_text": "Shibani Kashyap is an India singer, who is actively working in Bollywood film industry. She has Judged a reality singing show named \"Bathroom Singer\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oliver Edmunds Glenn", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Edmunds Glenn (October 3, 1878 \u2013 ?) was a mathematician at the University of Pennsylvania who worked on finite groups and invariant theory."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "His Royal Slyness", "paragraph_text": "His Royal Slyness is a 1920 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd. It was remade in 1927 as \"Long Fliv the King\" which featured Oliver Hardy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oliver Castle", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Castle was a medieval tower house, located in the upper Tweed Valley in the Scottish Borders. The site of the hillfort known as Oliver Castle is to the north of the village of Tweedsmuir, although the site of the tower house is less certain. Mentioned in a document of c.1200, it was originally part of the line of peel towers along the Tweed Valley. It was replaced in the seventeenth century by a house, which was itself replaced in the late 18th century by the present Oliver House. For most of its existence the property has been owned by members of the Tweedie family."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oliver Herring", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Herring (born 1964 in Heidelberg, Germany) is an experimental artist based in Brooklyn, New York. His works include knitting Mylar, participatory performances, styrofoam photo sculptures and video."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Phonograph record", "paragraph_text": "Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, which recorded at Gennett Records in 1923, remembered that at first Oliver and his young second trumpet, Louis Armstrong, stood next to each other and Oliver's horn could not be heard. \"They put Louis about fifteen feet over in the corner, looking all sad.\" For fading instrumental parts in and out while recording, some performers were placed on a moveable platform, which could draw the performer(s) nearer or further away as required.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Odd Squad", "paragraph_text": "Agent Olive (Dalila Bela, season 1): Referred to as a longtime employee of the Odd Squad, Olive began season 1 of the series adapting to working with and training her new partner, Otto. Olive is usually calm, brisk, and serious. She has a morbid fear of pies, which she acquired after saving her organization's building from a pie - related disaster instigated by her previous partner, a very gifted agent named Todd who was fired from the organization for misconduct and went on to pursue villainy. In the season 1 finale, Olive departs the series along with her partner, Otto, to run a different Odd Squad precinct as Ms. O."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort\u2014singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment\u2014a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: \"Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel.\" This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his \"weasel\" to get some more. The meaning of the \"weasel\" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Children's Ward", "paragraph_text": "Children's Ward (retitled The Ward from 1995 to 1998) is a British children's television drama series produced by Granada Television and broadcast on the ITV network as part of its \"Children's ITV\" strand on weekday afternoons. The programme was set \u2013 as the title suggests \u2013 in Ward B1, the children's ward of the fictitious South Park Hospital (known as Sparky's), and told the stories of the young patients and the staff present there. Aimed at older children and teenagers, \"Children's Ward\" was a long-lived series for a children's drama, starting life in 1988 as a contribution to the \"Dramarama\" anthology strand, \"Blackbird Singing In The Dead of Night\", then first broadcast as a series 1989 and running from then until 2000."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Poker After Dark", "paragraph_text": "Poker After Dark is an hour-long poker television program on NBC. The show made its debut on January 1, 2007, and was canceled on December 3, 2011, following the \"Black Friday\" criminal case, which involved major sponsor Full Tilt Poker as one of the defendants. For its first two seasons, both of which originally aired in 2007, the show was presented by Shana Hiatt. The host for season 3 was Marianela Pereyra, and Leeann Tweeden took over starting with season 4. All seasons have contained voice-over commentary by Oliver \"Ali\" Nejad."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Big Electric Chair", "paragraph_text": "Created in 1967, the Stockholm Big Electric Chair is part of a series of works by Andy Warhol depicting an electric chair. Death by electrocution was a controversial subject in New York City, where the artist lived and worked, especially after the last two executions at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in 1963. Warhol obtained a photograph of the empty execution chamber, which became the basis for this series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "As Long as He Needs Me", "paragraph_text": "``As Long as He Needs Me ''is a torch song sung by the character of Nancy in the 1960 musical Oliver! and written by Lionel Bart. Georgia Brown, who was the first actress to play Nancy, introduced the song. It is a love ballad expressing Nancy's love for her criminal boyfriend Bill Sikes despite his mistreatment of her. In the film adaptation of the musical, it was sung by Shani Wallis."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oliver Stewart", "paragraph_text": "Major Oliver Stewart MC AFC was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories. Post war, he had a long and distinguished career as a writer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of United States presidential vetoes", "paragraph_text": "September 23, 2016: Vetoed S. 2040, Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act. Overridden by Senate, 97 -- 1 (66 votes needed). Overridden by House, 348 -- 77, 1 present (284 votes needed). Enacted as Pub. L. 114 -- 222 over the President's veto."}], "question": "In what work is the character who sings As Long as He Needs Me in Oliver?"}
{"id": "2hop__70367_810649", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lilo & Stitch", "paragraph_text": "On Kaua \u02bbi, a young woman named Nani has been struggling to take care of her rambunctious younger sister, Lilo. A social worker named Cobra Bubbles expresses increasing concern that Nani has not been able to take adequate care of Lilo. Seeking a change, Nani decides to let Lilo adopt a dog and they go to the animal shelter, where Lilo immediately takes a keen interest in Experiment 626, who is impersonating a dog, in order to escape. Nani is confused and disgusted by 626 and questions Lilo's decision. Lilo names 626 ``Stitch ''and shows him around the island."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Juni, juli, augusti", "paragraph_text": "\"Juni, juli, augusti\" is a single by Swedish pop group Gyllene Tider, released on September 16, 1996. The single peaked at No. 37 on the Swedish singles chart. On November 9, 1996, an attempt was made to take the song to the Svensktoppen chart, but failed. However, the song did reach the Swedish Tracks list."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "You Don't Know What You've Got", "paragraph_text": "\"You Don't Know What You've Got (Until You Lose It)\" is a 1961 single by Ral Donner. It was his biggest hit, peaking at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. and at #25 on the UK charts. The song also appears on the Donner's 1961 album \"Takin' Care of Business\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatiana", "paragraph_text": "Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatiana (), also translated as Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatjana, is a 1994 Finnish/German film directed, produced and co-written by Aki Kaurism\u00e4ki. The film tells the story of two shy and unaccomplished middle-aged men who run away from their mothers' homes and drive aimlessly on the back roads of Finland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Robbie Bachman", "paragraph_text": "Robin Peter Kendall \"Robbie\" Bachman (born February 18, 1953, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) is a drummer and the youngest brother of Canadian guitarist, singer and songwriter Randy Bachman. He was the original drummer for both the Brave Belt and Bachman\u2013Turner Overdrive bands. He is sometimes credited as \"Robin\" or \"Rob\" on the liner notes of Brave Belt and BTO albums."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "One (Harry Nilsson song)", "paragraph_text": "``One ''is a song written by Harry Nilsson and made famous by Three Dog Night whose recording reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1969 and number four in Canada. The song is known for its opening line`` One is the loneliest number that you'll ever do''. Nilsson wrote the song after calling someone and getting a busy signal. He stayed on the line listening to the ``beep, beep, beep, beep... ''tone, writing the song. The busy signal became the opening notes of the song."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole", "paragraph_text": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole, is an epistolary novel by Sue Townsend. It is the second in Adrian Mole series. It focuses on the worries and regrets of a teenage aspiring intellectual and, like its predecessor, takes the form of a diary. The story takes place from 1982 to mid-1983. Notable events in this volume are the breakup and later reconciliation of Adrian and Pandora, Adrian's attempt to run away from home and subsequent breakdown, the birth of his sister Rosie Mole, and Adrian's general worry about his O levels and nuclear war."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Yellowjacket", "paragraph_text": "Yellowjackets are social hunters living in colonies containing workers, queens, and males (drones). Colonies are annual with only inseminated queens overwintering. Fertilized queens are found in protected places such as in hollow logs, in stumps, under bark, in leaf litter, in soil cavities, and man - made structures. Queens emerge during the warm days of late spring or early summer, select a nest site, and build a small paper nest in which they lay eggs. After eggs hatch from the 30 to 50 brood cells, the queen feeds the young larvae for about 18 to 20 days. Larvae pupate, then emerge later as small, infertile females called workers. Workers in the colony take over caring for the larvae, feeding them with chewed up meat or fruit. By midsummer, the first adult workers emerge and assume the tasks of nest expansion, foraging for food, care of the queen and larvae, and colony defense."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Center for Business and Economic Research", "paragraph_text": "The Ball State University Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER), formerly the Bureau of Business Research, is an economic policy and forecasting research center housed within the Miller College of Business at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, USA. CBER research encompasses health care, public finance, regional economics, transportation, and energy sector studies. In addition to research, CBER serves as the forecasting element in the Muncie area \u2013 hosting five state and federal economic forecasting roundtables."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nicholas Bussmann", "paragraph_text": "He is a founder of the Love Song Competition which takes place every year in Berlin. Nicholas Bussmann has collaborated with Toshimaru Nakamura (Alles 3) and Martin Brandlmayr (Kapital band 1) amongst others."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "In Moderation", "paragraph_text": "In Moderation is the second studio album by 8stops7 and the major label debut for the band. Four songs on this album were re-released and had been included on the band's debut album, \"Birth of a Cynic\". Their initial release on \"Birth of a Cynic\" fell below expectations with only 2,000 albums being produced and no songs from it being issued as a single."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Takin' Care of Business (song)", "paragraph_text": "Randy Bachman had developed what would later become ``Takin 'Care of Business ''while still a member of The Guess Who. His original idea was to write about a recording technician who worked on The Guess Who's recordings. This particular technician would take the 8: 15 train to get to work, inspiring the lyrics`` take the 8: 15 into the city.''"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn", "paragraph_text": "Dicky (Mace Coronel) is the third oldest and easy - going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance. He always takes the easy way out."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "His New Profession", "paragraph_text": "His New Profession is a 1914 American comedy silent film made at the Keystone Studios and starring Charlie Chaplin. The film involves Chaplin taking care of a man in a wheelchair. It is also known as \"The Good for Nothing\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "I Wanna Take Care of You", "paragraph_text": "\"I Wanna Take Care of You\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Billy Dean. It was released in March 1993 as the second single from Dean's album \"Fire in the Dark\". The song reached number 22 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and number 9 on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks. It was written by Dean and J.K. Jones."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Take Me Home Tonight (song)", "paragraph_text": "By the mid-1980s, Eddie Money had reached a low - point in his recording career after several years of drug abuse. Columbia Records still wanted to keep Money on its roster, but restricted his creative control regarding his output. Record producer Richie Zito brought Money the song ``Take Me Home Tonight '', and Money would recall:`` I did n't care for the demo (but) it did have a good catch line. When I heard (a snippet of) 'Be My Baby' in it I said: 'Why ca n't we get Ronnie Spector to sing it?' (and was told) 'That's impossible.''' Money invited his friend Martha Davis, lead vocalist of the Motels, to sing the lines from ``Be My Baby ''on`` Take Me Home Tonight'': Davis encouraged him to try to recruit Spector herself and Money was eventually able to speak on the phone to Spector at her home in northern California: Money - ``I could hear clinking and clanking in the background... She said: 'I'm doing the dishes, and I got ta change the kids' bedding. I'm not really in the business anymore, Eddie. Phil Spector and all that, it was a nightmare '... I said' Ronnie, I got this song that's truly amazing and it's a tribute to you. It would be so great if you... did it with me. '''The success of`` Take Me Home Tonight'' encouraged Spector to resume her singing career. In 1987 Money would say of ``Take Me Home Tonight '':`` I did n't like the song, but... it helped Ronnie out and it helped me get some of my other material on the album across, so now I'm happy I did it.''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2018 Illinois gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election takes place as part of the 2018 Illinois general election and elects the Governor of Illinois. The Democratic and Republican general primary elections will take place on March 20, 2018, and the general election will take place on November 6, 2018."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Road to Zanzibar", "paragraph_text": "Road to Zanzibar is a 1941 Paramount Pictures semi-musical comedy film starring Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Dorothy Lamour, and marked the second of seven picture in the popular \"\"Road to \u2026\"\" series made by the trio. It takes place in the Sultanate of Zanzibar."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Takin' Care of Business (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Takin 'Care of Business ''is a song written by Randy Bachman and first recorded by Canadian rock group Bachman -- Turner Overdrive (BTO) for their 1973 album Bachman -- Turner Overdrive II."}], "question": "Where was the songwriter of Taking Care of Business born?"}
{"id": "2hop__36749_36760", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yongzheng Emperor", "paragraph_text": "The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 \u2013 8 October 1735), born Yinzhen, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1722 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, the Yongzheng Emperor's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, the Yongzheng Emperor used military force to preserve the dynasty's position. His reign was known for being despotic, efficient, and vigorous."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Da Chu", "paragraph_text": "Da Chu was a short-lived Chinese dynasty in 1127 ruled by Zhang Bangchang (1081\u20131127), a puppet emperor enthroned with the support of the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234). The dynasty was abolished scarcely a month after its formation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Francisco\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge, known locally as the Bay Bridge or the Emperor Norton Bridge (after San Francisco personage Emperor Norton who originally advocated the bridge's construction), is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California. As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland, it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day on its two decks. It has one of the longest spans in the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "House of Luxembourg", "paragraph_text": "The House of Luxembourg (; ) was a late medieval European royal family, whose members between 1308 and 1437 ruled as King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors as well as Kings of Bohemia (\"\u010ce\u0161t\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, K\u00f6nig von B\u00f6hmen\") and Hungary. Their rule over the Holy Roman Empire was twice interrupted by the rival House of Wittelsbach."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. Palermo was the preferred city of the Emperor Frederick II. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Holy Roman rule. After an interval of Angevin rule (1266\u20131282), Sicily came under control of the Aragon and Barcelona dynasties. By 1330, Palermo's population had declined to 51,000. From 1479 until 1713 Palermo was ruled by the Kingdom of Spain, and again between 1717 and 1718. Palermo was also under Savoy control between 1713 and 1717 and 1718\u20131720 as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht. It was also ruled by Austria between 1720 and 1734."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Emperor Go-Kameyama", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Go-Kameyama (\u5f8c\u4e80\u5c71\u5929\u7687, Go-Kameyama Tenn\u014d) (c. 1347 \u2013 May 10, 1424) was the 99th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 1383 to October 21, 1392, becoming the last Emperor of the Southern Court.  His personal name was Hironari (\u7199\u6210)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mandate of Heaven", "paragraph_text": "It was said that the peasant group of the Ming dynasty were the real selectors which allowed for the Mandate of Heaven to be claimed by the ruler. As a prospective candidate to the Mandate, they could please the peasantry group in order to win favor amongst the dynasty. It was solely politics from beginning to end and an attempt from the emperor to maintain a favorable act towards Heaven. Many emperors within the Qing dynasty looked immensely within themselves trying to come to terms with their ruling if natural disasters occurred within their time. This was interpreted as a warning of Heaven's displeased wrath towards an emperors ruling, such that the Mandate under their rule was unstable. Furthermore, Qing emperors would take their advisors feedback very seriously when pertaining to ruling and take it upon themselves to reflect on their current decisions of the dynastic overview in hopes that it favors Heaven. Towards the end of the Qing dynasty, as the Peoples Republic of China began to become established, there was no more Mandate to be claimed as it became a ritual of the past. Especially since there was no formal statement or writing of the Mandate of Heaven."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Constantine VI", "paragraph_text": "Constantine VI (, \"K\u014dnstantinos VI\"; 771 \u2013 before 805) was Byzantine Emperor from 780 to 797. The only child of Emperor Leo IV, Constantine was named co-emperor with him at the age of five in 776 and succeeded him as sole Emperor in 780, aged nine. His mother Irene exercised control over him as regent until 790, assisted by her chief minister Staurakios and eventually only the Byzantine emperor ruled without motherhood."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Harsha", "paragraph_text": "Harsha (c. 590\u2013647 CE), also known as Harshavardhana, was an Indian emperor who ruled North India from 606 to 647 CE. He was a member of the Vardhana dynasty; and was the son of Prabhakarvardhana who defeated the Alchon Huna invaders, and the younger brother of Rajyavardhana, a king of Thanesar, present-day Haryana. At the height of Harsha's power, his Empire covered much of North and Northwestern India, extended East till Kamarupa, and South until Narmada River; and eventually made Kannauj (in present Uttar Pradesh state) his capital, and ruled till 647 CE. Harsha was halted by the south Indian Emperor Pulakeshin II of the Chalukya dynasty, when Harsha tried to expand his Empire into the southern peninsula of India."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the \"High Qing\", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of power during the regency, the Shunzhi Emperor, on his deathbed, hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers \u2014 Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi \u2014 were chosen for their long service, but also to counteract each other's influences. Most important, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However, as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi, the most junior of the four, achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him into an escalating conflict with the young emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi \u2014 a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Li Conghou", "paragraph_text": "Li Conghou (\u674e\u5f9e\u539a) (914\u2013934), formally Emperor Min of Later Tang (\u5f8c\u5510\u9594\u5e1d), nickname Pusanu (\u83e9\u85a9\u5974, \"slave of a Bodhisattva\"), was an emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Tang, ruling between 933 and 934. He was overthrown by his adopted brother Li Congke."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Trotta (film)", "paragraph_text": "Trotta is a 1971 West German film directed by Johannes Schaaf. It is based on the 1938 novel \"Die Kapuzinergruft\" (\"The Emperor's Tomb\") by Austrian author Joseph Roth. It was chosen as West Germany's official submission to the 45th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, but did not manage to receive a nomination. It was also entered into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (\u96cd\u89aa\u738b), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's brother Yingzhen (Kangxi's 14th son) is the real successor of Kangxi Emperor, the reason why Yingzhen failed to sit on the throne is because Yongzheng and his confidant Keduo Long tampered the content of Kangxi's testament at the night when Kangxi passed away), a charge for which there is little evidence. In fact, his father had trusted him with delicate political issues and discussed state policy with him. When Yongzheng came to power at the age of 45, he felt a sense of urgency about the problems which had accumulated in his father's later years and did not need instruction in how to exercise power. In the words of one recent historian, he was \"severe, suspicious, and jealous, but extremely capable and resourceful,\" and in the words of another, turned out to be an \"early modern state-maker of the first order.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Theodore I Palaiologos", "paragraph_text": "The Morea had remained in the hands of Manuel Kantakouzenos, a younger son of Emperor John VI, even after the latter's abdication in 1354. Manuel died in 1380 and was succeeded by his older brother, the former co-emperor Matthew Kantakouzenos, who died or retired in 1383. By this time Theodore was appointed to rule the Morea (in 1382), but Matthew was briefly succeeded by his son perhaps Demetrios I Kantakouzenos. Theodore I Palaiologos arrived in the Morea in 1383 and successfully took possession of the province."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Majorian", "paragraph_text": "The first problems Majorian had to handle were the consolidation of his rule over Italy and the recovery of Gaul, since this province had rebelled after the deposition of the Gallo-Roman emperor Avitus. The recovery of the lost provinces of Hispania and Africa was a project that Majorian had to leave for later."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "Following the elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982. At this point Sobhuza II had ruled Swaziland for 61 years, making him the longest ruling monarch in history. A regency followed his death, with Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe being head of state until 1984 when she was removed by Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala. Mswati III, the son of Ntfombi, was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and Ingwenyama of Swaziland."}], "question": "When did the longest-ruling emperor die?"}
{"id": "2hop__198789_43868", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Emil Wiesel", "paragraph_text": "Em\u00edl W\u00edesel (1 March 1866, Saint-Petersburg \u2013 2 May 1943, Leningrad) \u2013 a painter, museum curator and a board member of the Imperial Academy of Arts, Russia (since 1914), organizer of international art exhibitions, councilor of Hermitage and Russian museum and Legion of Honor holder. During soviet times he was an expert in Russian and Western fine arts and sculpture in the Glavnauka (central administrative board of science, science-artistic and museum institutions) museum department."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Luis Mandoki", "paragraph_text": "Luis Mandoki studied Fine Arts in Mexico and at the San Francisco Art Institute, the London College of Printing, and the London International Film School. While attending this last institution he directed his first short film \"Silent Music\" which won an award at the International Amateur Film Festival of Cannes Film Festival in 1976."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Palace of Fine Arts", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina District of San Francisco, California, is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama - Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art presented there. One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition, it is still situated on its original site. It was rebuilt in 1965, and renovation of the lagoon, walkways, and a seismic retrofit were completed in early 2009."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Grace Krilanovich", "paragraph_text": "Grace Krilanovich moved to the Los Angeles area from Santa Cruz, California in 2003. She attended San Francisco State University for her undergraduate studies, where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in American Studies. She then went on to receive a Master of Fine Arts in Writing at the California Institute of the Arts, where she graduated in 2005. She currently works at \"The Los Angeles Times\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "De Young Museum", "paragraph_text": "The de Young, a fine arts museum located in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, is one of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco along with the Legion of Honor. The de Young is named for its founder, early San Francisco newspaperman M.H. de Young. Since June 1, 2016 Max Hollein serves as the Director and CEO of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, overseeing the de Young and Legion of Honor museums."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts", "paragraph_text": "Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts is the major art museum of HCM City, Vietnam, and second in the country only to the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts in Hanoi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zorah on the Terrace", "paragraph_text": "Zorah on the Terrace (1912), oil on canvas, is a painting by Henri Matisse in the collection of The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, Russia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Museo de M\u00e1laga", "paragraph_text": "The Museo de M\u00e1laga is a museum in M\u00e1laga, Andalusia, Spain. Formed in 1973, it brought together the former Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes (\"Provincial Museum of Fine Arts\"), born in 1913, and Museo Arqueol\u00f3gico Provincial (\"Provincial Archeological Museum\"), born in 1947. As of 2010, the museum remains institutionally divided into two \"sections\" corresponding to the older museums. There are slightly over 2,000 pieces in the Fine Arts collection and over 15,000 in the Archeology collection. The museum opened to the public in December 2016, becoming the biggest museum in Andalusia and the 5th in Spain."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Painter's Honeymoon", "paragraph_text": "The Painter's Honeymoon is a painting by Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton, produced and currently housed at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum", "paragraph_text": "In 1977, the name of the museum was changed to Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum to honour Irene and Peter Ludwig, art collectors who donated a significant part of their collection of art (medieval to modern) to the museum that year, after having given permanent loans from 1957 on."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Adolph B. Spreckels", "paragraph_text": "Adolph Bernard Spreckels (January 5, 1857 \u2013 June 28, 1924) was a California businessman who ran Spreckels Sugar Company and who donated the California Palace of the Legion of Honor art museum to the city of San Francisco in 1924. His wife Alma was called the \"great grandmother of San Francisco\". His 55-room mansion, built in 1913 in Pacific Heights, is the current home of novelist Danielle Steel."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Evening Mood", "paragraph_text": "Evening Mood (Humeur Nocturne) is an 1882 painting by William-Adolphe Bouguereau, now in the collection of the Havana's Museum of Fine Arts, in Cuba."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Betty Merken", "paragraph_text": "Her work can be found in several galleries and in numerous private and public collections in the United States, Asia, and Europe, and in the permanent collections of several major museums, including the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (The de Young Museum and the California Palace of the Legion of Honor), the UCLA Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, and the Portland Art Museum in Portland, Oregon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Several of the city's large general museums are located near the Boulevard. On Boulevard proper are the Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, lending their name to what is sometimes called the Museum District. Nearby on Broad Street is the Science Museum of Virginia, housed in the neoclassical former 1919 Broad Street Union Station. Immediately adjacent is the Children's Museum of Richmond, and two blocks away, the Virginia Center for Architecture. Within the downtown are the Library of Virginia and the Valentine Richmond History Center. Elsewhere are the Virginia Holocaust Museum and the Old Dominion Railway Museum."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shaw Center for the Arts", "paragraph_text": "The Shaw Center for the Arts is a 125,000 square foot (12,000 m\u00b2) performing art venue, fine arts museum, and education center located at 100 Lafayette Street in downtown Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It opened in 2005. The Center includes the LSU Museum of Art, the LSU School of Art Glassell Gallery, the 325-seat Manship Theatre, classrooms, a rooftop sushi restaurant, and a park. Among other collections, the museum includes the largest assemblage of Newcomb Pottery in the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Industrial Light & Magic", "paragraph_text": "ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired ILM as part of its purchase of Lucasfilm."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Audrey Jones Beck", "paragraph_text": "Audrey Jones Beck (March 27, 1924 \u2013 August 22, 2003) was a philanthropist active in Houston, whose name was given to a building in the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston. She donated her personal collection, which included impressionist and post-impressionist paintings, to the museum."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fresno Metropolitan Museum of Art and Science", "paragraph_text": "The Fresno Metropolitan Museum of Art and Science was a Smithsonian Institution Affiliate and American Alliance of Museums accredited museum located in downtown Fresno, California, in the San Joaquin Valley. The Museum was established in 1984 and was one of the largest museums between San Francisco and Los Angeles. \"The Met\" was housed in the historic 1922 Fresno Bee Building."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts", "paragraph_text": "The San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts is an art museum serving 14 counties located in San Angelo, Texas. The museum features a growing permanent collection and is home to traveling exhibitions. In addition, it features a research library, an education wing, a rooftop sculpture collection, and community meeting space."}], "question": "Who is the museum which is part of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__92058_779863", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cheek to Cheek (album)", "paragraph_text": "Cheek to Cheek is a collaborative album by American singers Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga. It was released on September 19, 2014, by Interscope Records and Columbia Records. In 2011, Bennett and Gaga first met at the Robin Hood Foundation gala in New York City. After these two later recorded a rendition of ``The Lady Is a Tramp '', they began discussing plans for working on a jazz project. Cheek to Cheek consists of jazz standards by popular jazz composers such as George Gershwin, Cole Porter, Jerome Kern, and Irving Berlin. The album was inspired by Bennett and Gaga's desire to introduce the songs to a younger generation, since they believed that these tracks had universal appeal."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Floorwalker", "paragraph_text": "The Floorwalker is a 1916 American silent comedy film, Charlie Chaplin's first Mutual Film Corporation film. The film stars Chaplin, in his traditional Tramp persona, as a customer who creates chaos in a department store and becomes inadvertently entangled in the nefarious scheme of the store manager, played by Eric Campbell, and the store's floorwalker, played by Lloyd Bacon, to embezzle money from the establishment."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pal Joey (film)", "paragraph_text": "Pal Joey is a 1957 American Technicolor musical film, loosely adapted from the musical play of the same name, and starring Rita Hayworth, Frank Sinatra, and Kim Novak. Jo Ann Greer sang for Hayworth, as she had done previously in \"Affair in Trinidad\" and \"Miss Sadie Thompson\". Kim Novak's singing voice was dubbed by Trudy Stevens. George Sidney directed, with the choreography managed by Hermes Pan. Nelson Riddle handled the musical arrangements for the Rodgers and Hart standards \"The Lady is a Tramp\", \"I Didn't Know What Time It Was,\" \"I Could Write a Book\" and \"There's A Small Hotel.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "7 (Prince song)", "paragraph_text": "\"7\" is a song by Prince and The New Power Generation, from the 1992 \"Love Symbol Album\". It was released in late 1992 as the third single from the album, and became the most successful in the United States. It features a sample of the 1967 Otis Redding and Carla Thomas duet, \"Tramp\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "City Lights", "paragraph_text": "City Lights is a 1931 American pre-Code silent romantic comedy film written, produced, directed by, and starring Charlie Chaplin. The story follows the misadventures of Chaplin's Tramp as he falls in love with a blind girl (Virginia Cherrill) and develops a turbulent friendship with an alcoholic millionaire (Harry Myers)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "More to Life Than This", "paragraph_text": "More to Life Than This is the third solo album by former White Lion and Freak of Nature lead singer, Mike Tramp, released on March 17, 2003."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Freak of Nature (band)", "paragraph_text": "Freak of Nature was an American hard rock band, formed in 1992 by former White Lion lead singer Mike Tramp. The band was formed after White Lion broke up and the follow up was significantly darker and harder than White Lion. The band released three albums and then disbanded in 1996. Following Freak of Nature, Mike Tramp released several solo albums and also reformed White Lion with a new line up."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure", "paragraph_text": "Jeff Bennett as Tramp, a mutt and the father of Scamp, Annette, Collette, and Danielle. Tramp has become accustomed to living in a home during his time as a pet. He is portrayed as a loving, but firm and concerned father, and also has an important role in this film. Nevertheless, he still has a few ``street smarts ''to fall back on, due to his near - old age. Bennett also voices Jock and Trusty, a Scottish terrier and a bloodhound who are the neighbors and friends of Lady and Tramp and join Scamp's family in a search to find him; and the Dogcatcher, who, in a style reminiscent of Don Knotts's portrayal of Barney Fife on The Andy Griffith Show, chases after the Junkyard Dogs, determined to capture them."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lady and the Tramp", "paragraph_text": "Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22, 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution. The 15th Disney animated feature film, it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process. Based on Happy Dan, The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene, Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined, upper - middle - class family, and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp. When the two dogs meet, they embark on many romantic adventures and fall in love. A direct - to - video sequel, Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure, was released in 2001."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wilkie (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Wilkie was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, centered on the town of Wilkie, Saskatchewan. Created as \"Tramping Lake\" before the 3rd Saskatchewan general election in 1912, this constituency was renamed \"Wilkie\" in 1917."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cao Ang", "paragraph_text": "Cao Ang was the first son of Cao Cao and his concubine Lady Liu (\u5289\u592b\u4eba). Lady Liu also bore Cao Cao another son, Cao Shuo (\u66f9\u9460), and a daughter, Princess Qinghe (\u6e05\u6cb3\u516c\u4e3b). However, as Lady Liu died early, Cao Ang was raised by Cao Cao's first official spouse, Lady Ding (\u4e01\u592b\u4eba), who treated Cao Ang as though he was her real son."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Technomyrmex", "paragraph_text": "Technomyrmex is a genus of ants in the subfamily Dolichoderinae. With 98 species, it is one of the largest and most diverse ant genera in the Dolichoderinae. The genus distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical zones with most species occurring in the Oriental-Malesian and Afrotropical regions. One species, \"Technomyrmex albipes\" is a tramp ant now widespread throughout the tropics due to human activities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "It's a Good Day", "paragraph_text": "\"It's a Good Day\" is a popular song written by Peggy Lee and Dave Barbour and published in 1946. Peggy Lee's recording reached the Billboard charts in January, 1947 peaking at No. 16."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Poughkeepsie, Tramps and Thieves", "paragraph_text": "\"Poughkeepsie, Tramps and Thieves\" is the eleventh episode of the third season of the American mystery television series \"Veronica Mars\", and the fifty-fifth episode overall. Written by executive producer Diane Ruggiero and directed by John T. Kretchmer, the episode premiered on The CW on January 30, 2007. The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars (Kristen Bell) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gopher (Winnie-the-Pooh)", "paragraph_text": "Gopher is a fictional grey anthropomorphic gopher, character who first appeared in the 1966 Disney animated film Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree, introducing himself as Samuel J. Gopher. He has a habit of whistling out his sibilant consonants, one of various traits he has in common with the beaver in Lady and the Tramp, by whom he may have been inspired. While he never made appearances in any episodes of Welcome to Pooh Corner, Gopher was fleshed out a bit further in the television series The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. He is portrayed as generally hard - working, especially in his tunnels (which he inevitably falls into at least once). He does not appear in the original books Winnie the Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner by A.A. Milne until 1966 (a fact that is regularly pointed out in Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree, when he breaks the fourth wall by saying he's ``not in the book, y'know '', also trying to say that he would not be in a phone book). Gopher's voice was originally done by Howard Morris, who retired from the role and was replaced by Michael Gough."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure", "paragraph_text": "Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure (also known as Lady and the Tramp 2) is a 2001 American direct - to - video animated romantic musical comedy - drama film produced by Disney Television Animation in Australia, and the sequel to the 1955 animated Disney film Lady and the Tramp. It was released on February 27, 2001, 46 years after its predecessor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "His Musical Career", "paragraph_text": "His Musical Career (also known as Musical Tramp) is a 1914 American comedy silent film made by Keystone Studios starring Charlie Chaplin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charlie, Last Name Wilson", "paragraph_text": "Charlie, Last Name Wilson is the third studio album by American singer Charlie Wilson; it was released on August 23, 2005, by Jive Records. The album includes production from several R&B hitmakers including R. Kelly, will.i.am, Justin Timberlake, KayGee & Terence \"Tramp-Baby\" Abney, The Underdogs and The Platinum Brothers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lady and the Tramp", "paragraph_text": "Peggy Lee as Darling, the motherly human figure and Jim Dear's wife. Lee also voiced Si and Am, Aunt's Sarah's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never - ending trouble; and Peg, a stray female Pekingese whom Lady meets at the pound (along with the other dog inmates she was put in a cage with). The names of Si and Am are a play on the country of Siam and the idea of ``Siamese twins '', the terminology of the time for conjoined twins. It is implied that Peg had a relationship with Tramp in the past, through the lyrics of the song she sings (He's a Tramp). Peg was formerly from the`` Dog and Pony Follies'' (dog and pony show); either the show ended or she was left behind. Peg has a Brooklyn Accent."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Royal Tramp II", "paragraph_text": "Royal Tramp II is a 1992 Hong Kong film based on Louis Cha's novel \"The Deer and the Cauldron\". The film is a sequel to \"Royal Tramp\", which was released earlier in the same year."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the singer of He's a Tramp in Lady and the Tramp?"}
{"id": "2hop__820843_26299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force \u2013 the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Texas", "paragraph_text": "Texas has 254 counties -- the most nationwide. Each county runs on Commissioners' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners (one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county. County government runs similar to a ``weak ''mayor - council system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Police", "paragraph_text": "This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "California Insurance Commissioner", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the passage of Proposition 103 in 1988, the elected office of the California Insurance Commissioner was created in 1991. Previously, the position was held by a person appointed by the Governor. The Insurance Commissioner oversees the Department of Insurance. Democrat Dave Jones won the November 2, 2010 election for California Insurance Commissioner."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Will Estes", "paragraph_text": "William ``Will ''Estes (born October 21, 1978) is an American actor known for his role on CBS police drama Blue Bloods as Jamison`` Jamie'' Reagan, a New York Police Department officer and the younger son of the police commissioner, played by Tom Selleck. Previously, he starred as J.J. Pryor, on the NBC drama American Dreams."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chief Election Commissioner of India", "paragraph_text": "Chief Election Commissioner of India Incumbent Achal Kumar Jyoti since 6 July 2017 Election Commission of India Nominator Government of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age (whichever is earlier) Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India Salary \u20b990,000 (US $1,400) per month Website Election Commission of India"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Police", "paragraph_text": "The word \"police\" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were \"disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression\" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word \"police\" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Deputy Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis", "paragraph_text": "The Deputy Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, commonly referred to simply as the Deputy Commissioner, is the second-in-command of London's Metropolitan Police Service. The rank is senior to Assistant Commissioner, but junior by one rank to Commissioner. The Deputy Commissioner's salary from 1 September 2010 is \u00a3214,722, making them the second highest paid British police officer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Venkanna H. Naik", "paragraph_text": "Barrister Venkanna H. Naik (1879\u20131929) from Gonehalli village was a Commissioner of Bijapur District, India, and a Deputy Commissioner of Dharwar District. He instigated several new plans to help sects of Bijapur district who were economically and socially backward."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis", "paragraph_text": "The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis is the head of London's Metropolitan Police Service. The post is currently held by Cressida Dick, who assumed office on 10 April 2017."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Karnataka Police", "paragraph_text": "There are five Commissionarates. The Commissioner of Police, Bangalore City has the rank of Additional Director General of Police, and the commissioners in Hubballi - Dharwad, Mysuru and Mangaluru have the rank of Inspector General of Police while the Belagavi commissioner has the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police. Six Inspectors General of Police are in charge of ranges, with several Inspectors General of Police in charge of specific functions. Each Range comprises three to six districts, and each district is headed by a Superintendent of Police."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Boston Police Strike", "paragraph_text": "In the Boston Police Strike, Boston police officers went on strike on September 9, 1919. They sought recognition for their trade union and improvements in wages and working conditions. Police Commissioner Edwin Upton Curtis denied that police officers had any right to form a union, much less one affiliated with a larger organization like the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Attempts at reconciliation between the Commissioner and the police officers, particularly on the part of Boston's Mayor Andrew James Peters, failed."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Los Angeles Police Department", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), officially the City of Los Angeles Police Department, is the Los Angeles police department. With 9,843 officers and 2,773 civilian staff, it is the third - largest municipal police department in the United States, after the New York City Police Department and the Chicago Police Department. The department serves an area of 498 square miles (1,290 km) and a population of 4,030,904 people."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Edmund Henderson", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edmund Yeamans Walcott Henderson KCB (19 April 1821 \u2013 8 December 1896) was an officer in the British Army who was Comptroller-General of Convicts in Western Australia from 1850 to 1863, Home Office Surveyor-General of Prisons from 1863 to 1869, and Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, head of the London Metropolitan Police, from 1869 to 1886."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Abbotsford Police Department", "paragraph_text": "The Abbotsford Police Department is the police force for the City of Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada. The force was established in 1955 as the Matsqui Police Department and was renamed the Abbotsford Police Department when Matsqui and Abbotsford amalgamated in 1995 to become the City of Abbotsford. The mission of the Abbotsford Police Department is to make Abbotsford the safest city in British Columbia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wayne Unser", "paragraph_text": "Chief Wayne Unser is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy, played by Dayton Callie. He was the Chief of the fictional Charming, California Police Department and was also a known associate of SAMCRO. Chief Unser sees SAMCRO as a benefit to the town, because the Sons aim to keep drugs and violence out of Charming and protect the population from threats even less desirable than the club (such as ruthless developer Jacob Hale, Jr.). Unser plans to retire, surrendering his post to Deputy Chief David Hale, but is forced to resume his duties when Hale is killed in a hit and run / drive - by at the beginning of season 3."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rhinelander Waldo", "paragraph_text": "Rhinelander Waldo (May 24, 1877 \u2013 August 13, 1927) was appointed the seventh New York City Fire Commissioner by Mayor William Jay Gaynor on January 13, 1910. He resigned on May 23, 1911, less than two months after the deadly Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire to accept an appointment as the eighth New York City Police Commissioner. On December 31, 1913, he was dismissed by the outgoing acting mayor, Ardolph Kline. Among other achievements in office, Waldo contributed to the motorization of both departments."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peter Thomas Drennan", "paragraph_text": "Peter Thomas Drennan (born 1957) is the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security. Prior to this appointment of 28 June 2014 by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon , Mr. Drennan served as the Deputy Commissioner for National Security with the Australian Federal Police. "}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Chief Election Commissioner of India", "paragraph_text": "Chief Election Commissioner of India Incumbent Om Prakash Rawat since 23 January 2018 Election Commission of India Nominator Government of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age (whichever is earlier) Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India Salary \u20b9250,000 (US $3,600) per month Website Election Commission of India"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Baaghi 2", "paragraph_text": "Tiger Shroff as Major Ranveer Pratap Singh a.k.a Ronnie Disha Patani as Neha Salgaonkar Manoj Bajpayee as Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) Ajay Shergill Randeep Hooda as Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) Loha Singh Dhull (LSD) Darshan Kumar as Shekhar Salgaonkar Deepak Dobriyal as Usman Langda Shaurya Bhardwaj as Colonel Ranjit Singh Walia Prateik Babbar as Sunny Salgaonkar Jacqueline Fernandez as Mohini (item number ``Ek Do Teen '') Arravya Sharma as Rhea Salgaonkar"}], "question": "What department runs the service having Deputy Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis?"}
{"id": "2hop__708956_85099", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Monument to the Unknown Hero", "paragraph_text": "The Monument to the Unknown Hero ( / Spomenik Neznanom junaku) is a World War I memorial located atop Mount Avala, south-east of Belgrade, Serbia, and designed by the sculptor Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107. Memorial was built in 1934-1938 on the place where an unknown Serbian World War I soldier was buried. It is similar to many other tombs of the unknown soldier built by the allies after the war. The \u017drnov fortress was previously located on the same place."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Public-key cryptography", "paragraph_text": "In a public key signature system, a person can combine a message with a private key to create a short digital signature on the message. Anyone with the corresponding public key can combine a message, a putative digital signature on it, and the known public key to verify whether the signature was valid, i.e. made by the owner of the corresponding private key. Changing the message, even replacing a single letter, will cause verification to fail. In a secure signature system, it is computationally infeasible for anyone who does not know the private key to deduce it from the public key or any number of signatures, or to find a valid signature on any message for which a signature has not hitherto been seen. Thus the authenticity of a message can be demonstrated by the signature, provided the owner of the private key keeps the private key secret."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John C. Sharp House", "paragraph_text": "The John C. Sharp House, located off Utah 36 in Vernon, Utah, is an Italianate house that was built in 1888."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Signing of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17, 1787, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention, representing 12 states (all but Rhode Island, which declined to send delegates), endorsed the Constitution created during the four - month - long convention. In addition to signatures, this endorsement, the Constitution's eschatocol, included a brief declaration that the delegates' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document. Included are, a statement pronouncing the document's adoption by the states present, a formulaic dating of its adoption, along with the signatures of those endorsing it. Additionally, the convention's secretary, William Jackson, signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures. He also made a few secretarial notes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Medallion signature guarantee", "paragraph_text": "A medallion signature guarantee is a binding warranty, issued by an agent of the authorized guarantor institution, that: (a) the signature was genuine; (b) the signer was an appropriate person to endorse, and (c) the signer had legal capacity to sign. A medallion signature guarantee is not equivalent to an American Notarial act. One American Notarial act, called an acknowledgment, is a formal declaration made before an authorized public officer (i.e., notary public, judge, or justice). It is made by a person executing an instrument who states it was his ``free act and deed ''. The three essential components of an acknowledgment are: (a) the personal appearance before an authorized public officer; (b) positive identification; (c) the actual acknowledgment of signing. Unlike medallion signature guarantees, the person executing many legal documents does not have to sign his name in the physical presence of the issuing officer (i.e., notary public, judge, or justice)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fort de Leveau", "paragraph_text": "The Fort de Leveau, also known as Fort Schouller, is located in the commune of Feignies, France. It is part of the fortifications of Maubeuge, located to the northwest of the city, overlooking the railroad to Mons. The S\u00e9r\u00e9 de Rivi\u00e8res system fort was built 1882-1884, one of six forts built at the time. It is maintained as a museum by the town of Feignies."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Signature at MGM Grand", "paragraph_text": "In October 2004, The Residences celebrated its ground - breaking, making it the first high - rise condo - hotel project overlooking the strip to begin construction. Other ventures of this type have begun since in Las Vegas, with many of them failing to obtain necessary financing and / or support. On May 12, 2006, the first tower opened for occupancy. The successful opening of The Signature at MGM Grand appears to be aided by its connection to the resources and amenities of The MGM Grand Hotel & Casino."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "K\u00e0", "paragraph_text": "K\u00e0 is a show by Cirque du Soleil at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada. \"K\u00e0\" describes the story as \"the coming of age of a young man and a young woman through their encounters with love, conflict and the duality of \"K\u00e0\", the fire that can unite or separate, destroy or illuminate.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "St Stanislaus Church, \u017belech\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Saint Stanislaus Church, \u017belech\u00f3w, Poland was built in 1741. It is located outside of the town, in the fields. Before building this baroque church, a chapel was located there. It is the oldes preserved building in \u017belech\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bristol Commercial Vehicles", "paragraph_text": "Bristol Commercial Vehicles was a vehicle manufacturer located in Bristol, England. Most production was of buses but trucks and railbus chassis were also built."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Malabo Government Building", "paragraph_text": "The Malabo Government Building is the residence of Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, the President of Equatorial Guinea. It is located in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. It was built in 1965."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Torre El Pedregal", "paragraph_text": "Torre El Pedregal is the tallest building in El Salvador by Mexican architect Ricardo Legorreta, located in Antiguo Cuscatlan. It was built by Grupo Roble. It is"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking", "paragraph_text": "The Shah Jahan Mosque (also known as Woking Mosque) in Oriental Road, Woking, England, is the first purpose - built mosque in the United Kingdom. Built in 1889, it is located 30 miles (50 km) southwest of London. It is a Grade I listed building."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pointcheval\u2013Stern signature algorithm", "paragraph_text": "In cryptography, the Pointcheval\u2013Stern signature algorithm is a digital signature scheme based on the closely related ElGamal signature scheme. It changes the ElGamal scheme slightly to produce an algorithm which has been proven secure in a strong sense against adaptive chosen-message attacks, assuming the discrete logarithm problem is intractable in a strong sense."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Colosseum", "paragraph_text": "Colosseum Location Regio IV Templum Pacis (``Temple of Peace '') Built in 70 -- 80 AD Built by / for Vespasian, Titus Type of structure Amphitheatre Related List of ancient monuments in Rome The Colosseum"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gpg4win", "paragraph_text": "Gpg4win is an email and file encryption package for most versions of Microsoft Windows, which uses GnuPG public-key cryptography for data encryption and digital signatures."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Columbia Mall (Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "The Columbia Mall is a shopping mall located in Columbia, Missouri, United States. It was built in 1985 and is the largest mall in its area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "GGH signature scheme", "paragraph_text": "The Goldreich-Goldwasser-Halevi (GGH) signature scheme is a digital signature scheme proposed in 1995 and published in 1997, based on solving the closest vector problem (CVP) in a lattice. The signer demonstrates knowledge of a good basis for the lattice by using it to solve CVP on a point representing the message; the verifier uses a bad basis for the same lattice to verify that the signature under consideration is actually a lattice point and is sufficiently close to the message point."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Hancock", "paragraph_text": "John Hancock (January 23, 1737 (O.S. January 12, 1736) -- October 8, 1793) was an American merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term John Hancock has become a synonym in the United States for one's signature."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Waiting for a Star to Fall", "paragraph_text": "``Waiting for a Star to Fall ''is a song released by the pop duo Boy Meets Girl in 1988. It was a worldwide hit and became their signature song."}], "question": "When was The Signature at the complex where K\u00e0 is performed built?"}
{"id": "2hop__92788_13566", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ram\u00f3n Alegre", "paragraph_text": "Ram\u00f3n Alegre Biosca (born 14 May 1981 in Barcelona, Catalonia) is a field hockey defender from Spain. He finished in fourth position with the Men's National Team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arnoldo Iguar\u00e1n", "paragraph_text": "Arnoldo Alberto Iguar\u00e1n Z\u00fa\u00f1iga (born 18 January 1957), also known as El Guajiro, is a former Colombian footballer who played as a forward. He earned 68 caps for the Colombia national team between 1979 and 1993, playing at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and two Copa Am\u00e9rica tournaments. With 25 international goals, he was the nation's sole top scorer of all time until Radamel Falcao tied him in 2015."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "While varieties of football had been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. Real Madrid C.F. and FC Barcelona are two of the most successful football clubs in the world. The country's national football team won the UEFA European Football Championship in 1964, 2008 and 2012 and the FIFA World Cup in 2010, and is the first team to ever win three back-to-back major international tournaments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Irina Kuhnt", "paragraph_text": "She was a member of the Women's National Team that won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. She also competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics. In total, she has represented Germany in 147 matches."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president. The elections were held on 13 June, where he got 61.35% (57,088 votes, a record) of total votes. Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for \u20ac40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for \u20ac19 million. In November 2010, Barcelona defeated their main rival, Real Madrid 5\u20130 in El Cl\u00e1sico. In the 2010\u201311 season, Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy, their third title in succession, finishing with 96 points. In April 2011, the club reached the Copa del Rey final, losing 1\u20130 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla in Valencia. In May, Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3\u20131 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup. In August 2011, La Masia graduate Cesc F\u00e0bregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid. The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73, matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "In the final, Spain, the European champions, defeated the Netherlands (third - time losing finalists) 1 -- 0 after extra time, with Andr\u00e9s Iniesta's goal in the 116th minute giving Spain their first world title. Spain became the eighth nation to win the tournament and the first European nation to win a World Cup hosted outside its home continent: all previous World Cups held outside Europe had been won by South American nations. As a result of their win, Spain represented the World in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. Host nation South Africa, 2006 champions Italy and 2006 runners - up France were all eliminated in the first round of the tournament. It was the first time that the hosts had been eliminated in the first round. New Zealand, with their three draws, were the only undefeated team in the tournament, but they were also eliminated in the first round."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Spain national football team records and statistics", "paragraph_text": "# Player Career Goals Caps Average David Villa 2005 -- 59 98 0.608 Ra\u00fal 1996 -- 2006 44 102 0.431 Fernando Torres 2003 -- 2014 38 110 0.345 David Silva 2006 -- 35 117 0.299 5 Fernando Hierro 1989 -- 2002 29 89 0.326 6 Fernando Morientes 1998 -- 2007 27 47 0.574 7 Emilio Butrague\u00f1o 1984 -- 1992 26 69 0.377 8 Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano 1957 -- 1961 23 31 0.742 9 Julio Salinas 1986 -- 1996 22 56 0.411 10 M\u00edchel 1985 -- 1992 21 66 0.318"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "El Cl\u00e1sico", "paragraph_text": "El Cl\u00e1sico Team kits -- Real Madrid in white, Barcelona in blue and red Locale Spain Teams Barcelona Real Madrid Latest meeting Barcelona 5 -- 1 Real Madrid La Liga (28 October 2018) Next meeting Real Madrid v. Barcelona La Liga (3 March 2019) Stadiums Camp Nou (Barcelona) Santiago Bernab\u00e9u (Real Madrid) Statistics Meetings total Competitive matches: 238 Exhibition matches: 34 Total matches: 272 Most wins Competitive matches: Real Madrid (95) Exhibition matches: Barcelona (20) Total matches: Barcelona (113) Most player appearances Manolo Sanch\u00eds (43) Top scorer Lionel Messi (26) Largest victory Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey (19 June 1943)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ernesto Rodr\u00edguez", "paragraph_text": "Ernesto Hern\u00e1n Rodr\u00edguez G\u00f3mez (born January 15, 1969 in Cordoba, Argentina) is a volleyball player who represented Spain at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. There he finished ninth place with the Men's National Team. He also competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "Despite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006\u201307 season without trophies. A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players, including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi. There was open feuding as Eto'o publicly criticized coach Frank Rijkaard and Ronaldinho. Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form. In La Liga, Barcelona were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions. Barcelona advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, winning the first leg against Getafe 5\u20132, with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona's goal of the century, but then lost the second leg 4\u20130. They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional. In the Champions League, Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chan Siu Ki", "paragraph_text": "Chan Siu Ki (, born 14 July 1985 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong professional footballer who plays as a striker for Hong Kong Premier League club Pegasus. He is the all-time top scorer for the Hong Kong national football team with 37 goals. As he is capable of playing with either foot, he is sometimes tactically deployed as a winger on either flank."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josep Pic\u00f3", "paragraph_text": "Josep Pic\u00f3 Llad\u00f3 (born April 12, 1964 in Sabadell, Catalonia) is a former water polo player from Spain, who was a member of the national team that won the silver medal near his home town, at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi", "paragraph_text": "Messi has scored 21 goals in FIFA World Cup qualifiers, making him the all - time top scorer of the qualification in CONMEBOL, along with his Barcelona teammate Luis Su\u00e1rez. He has scored eight goals in Copa Am\u00e9rica, leading his team to the final of the tournament in 2007, 2015, and 2016, each time finishing as a runner - up. At the 2015 tournament, he allegedly rejected the Best Player award and the trophy was omitted from the ceremony. He has scored six times in the FIFA World Cup tournaments, once in 2006, four times in 2014, when he guided his team to the final and was awarded the Golden Ball, and once in the 2018 World Cup finals. The remainder of Messi's goals, 30, have come in friendlies."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maica Garc\u00eda Godoy", "paragraph_text": "Mar\u00eda del Carmen \"Maica\" Garc\u00eda Godoy born in Barcelona, Spain is a Spanish female water polo player, playing at the centre forward position. She is part of the Spain women's national water polo team. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she won a silver medal competing for the Spain women's national water polo team in the women's event. She is tall. She plays for the Spanish club CN Sabadell."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia 31\u20130 American Samoa", "paragraph_text": "On 11 April 2001, the Australian and American Samoa national association football teams played each other in a qualifying match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. The match was played at the International Sports Stadium in Coffs Harbour, Australia. Australia set a world record for the largest victory in an international football match, winning the game 31 -- 0. Australia's Archie Thompson also broke the record for most goals scored by a player in an international match by scoring 13 goals. David Zdrilic, the scorer of eight goals in the match, achieved the second highest number of goals in an international match since World War I."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Simone Thomaschinski", "paragraph_text": "She was a member of the Women's National Team that won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. A player from hockey club RTHC Bayer Leverkusen, she competed in two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1992."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jean Mathonet", "paragraph_text": "Jean Mathonet (6 October 1925, B\u00e9verc\u00e9, Malmedy \u2013 22 October 2004, Malmedy) was a Belgian football player who finished top scorer of the Belgian First Division with 26 goals in 1956 while playing for Standard Li\u00e8ge. He played 13 times with the Belgian national team between 1952 and 1958. Mathonet made his international debut on Christmas 1952 in a 0\u20131 friendly win against France."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "El Cl\u00e1sico", "paragraph_text": "El Cl\u00e1sico Team kits Locale Spain Teams Barcelona Real Madrid Latest meeting Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Barcelona Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a (16 August 2017) Next meeting Real Madrid v Barcelona La Liga (23 December 2017) Stadiums Camp Nou (Barcelona) Santiago Bernab\u00e9u (Real Madrid) Statistics Meetings total Competitive matches: 235 Exhibition matches: 34 Total matches: 269 Most wins Competitive matches: Real Madrid (95) Exhibition matches: Barcelona (20) Total matches: Barcelona (111) Most player appearances Manolo Sanch\u00eds (43) Top scorer Lionel Messi (25) Largest victory Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey (19 June 1943)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of La Liga top scorers", "paragraph_text": "La Liga's all - time top goalscorer is Barcelona's Lionel Messi, who also holds the record for most goals scored in a season with 50 goals in 2011 - 12. Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all - time top scorer until 2014, was top scorer in six seasons between 1945 and 1953. Four other players -- Lionel Messi, Real Madrid's Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano, Quini of Sporting de Gij\u00f3n and Barcelona, and Hugo S\u00e1nchez of Atl\u00e9tico Madrid and Real Madrid -- each finished as top scorer in five seasons."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lionel Messi", "paragraph_text": "Lionel Messi Messi with Barcelona in December 2016 Full name Lionel Andr\u00e9s Messi Cuccittini Date of birth (1987 - 06 - 24) 24 June 1987 (age 30) Place of birth Rosario, Argentina Height 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Barcelona Number 10 Youth career 1994 -- 2000 Newell's Old Boys 2001 -- 2004 Barcelona Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2003 -- 2004 Barcelona C 10 (5) 2004 -- 2005 Barcelona B 22 (6) 2004 -- Barcelona 414 (378) National team 2004 -- 2005 Argentina U20 18 (14) 2008 Argentina U23 5 (2) 2005 -- Argentina 123 (61) Honours (show) Representing Argentina Olympic Games 2008 Beijing FIFA World Cup 2014 Brazil Copa Am\u00e9rica 2007 Venezuela 2015 Chile 2016 United States South American U-20 Championship 2005 Colombia FIFA U-20 World Cup 2005 Netherlands * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 17 April 2018 \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 11 November 2017"}], "question": "How much did Barcelona pay to sign the all time highest goal scorer for Spain's national team?"}
{"id": "2hop__212683_12022", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gene", "paragraph_text": "The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bcl-2", "paragraph_text": "Cancer can be seen as a disturbance in the homeostatic balance between cell growth and cell death. Over-expression of anti-apoptotic genes, and under-expression of pro-apoptotic genes, can result in the lack of cell death that is characteristic of cancer. An example can be seen in lymphomas. The over-expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in lymphocytes alone does not cause cancer. But simultaneous over-expression of Bcl-2 and the proto-oncogene myc may produce aggressive B-cell malignancies including lymphoma. In follicular lymphoma, a chromosomal translocation commonly occurs between the fourteenth and the eighteenth chromosomes \u2014 t(14;18) \u2014 which places the Bcl-2 gene from chromosome 18 next to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus on chromosome 14. This fusion gene is deregulated, leading to the transcription of excessively high levels of Bcl-2. This decreases the propensity of these cells for apoptosis."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Santa Monica, California", "paragraph_text": "Douglas's business grew astronomically with the onset of World War II, employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943. To defend against air attack set designers from the Warner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield. The RAND Corporation began as a project of the Douglas Company in 1945, and spun off into an independent think tank on May 14, 1948. RAND eventually acquired a 15-acre (61,000 m\u00b2) campus centrally located between the Civic Center and the pier entrance."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "ULBP2", "paragraph_text": "UL16 binding protein 2 (ULBP2) is a cell surface glycoprotein encoded by \"ULBP2\" gene located on the chromosome 6. ULBP2 is related to MHC class I molecules, but its gene maps outside the MHC locus. The domain structure of ULBP2 differs significantly from those of conventional MHC class I molecules. It does not contain the \u03b13 domain and the transmembrane segment. ULBP2 is thus composed of only the \u03b11\u03b12 domain which is linked to the cell membrane by the GPI anchor. It functions as a stress-induced ligand for NKG2D receptor."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "ULBP3", "paragraph_text": "UL16 binding protein 3 (ULBP3) is a cell surface glycoprotein encoded by \"ULBP3\" gene located on the chromosome 6. ULBP3 is related to MHC class I molecules, but its gene maps outside the MHC locus. The domain structure of ULBP3 differs significantly from those of conventional MHC class I molecules. It does not contain the \u03b13 domain and the transmembrane segment. ULBP3 is thus composed of only the \u03b11\u03b12 domain which is linked to the cell membrane by the GPI anchor. It functions as a stress-induced ligand for NKG2D receptor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "ULBP1", "paragraph_text": "UL16 binding protein 1 (ULBP1) is a cell surface glycoprotein encoded by \"ULBP1\" gene located on the chromosome 6. ULBP1 is related to MHC class I molecules, but its gene maps outside the MHC locus. The domain structure of ULBP1 differs significantly from those of conventional MHC class I molecules. It does not contain the \u03b13 domain and the transmembrane segment. ULBP1 is thus composed of only the \u03b11\u03b12 domain which is linked to the cell membrane by the GPI anchor. It functions as a stress-induced ligand for NKG2D receptor. ULBP1 is, for example, upregulated during HCMV infection. Binding of HCMV-encoded UL16 glycoprotein to ULBP1 interferes with cell surface localization of ULBP1; this represents another mechanism by which HCMV-infected cells might escape the immune system."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "JAG1", "paragraph_text": "Jagged1 (\"JAG1\") is one of five cell surface proteins (ligands) that interact with 4 receptors in the mammalian Notch signaling pathway. The Notch Signaling Pathway is a highly conserved pathway that functions to establish and regulate cell fate decisions in many organ systems. Once the JAG1-NOTCH (receptor-ligand) interactions take place, a cascade of proteolytic cleavages is triggered resulting in activation of the transcription for downstream target genes. Located on human chromosome 20, the \"JAG1\" gene is expressed in multiple organ systems in the body and causes the autosomal dominant disorder Alagille syndrome (ALGS) resulting from loss of function mutations within the gene. \"JAG1\" has also been designated as CD339 (cluster of differentiation 339)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Galectin-3", "paragraph_text": "Galectin-3 is encoded by a single gene, LGALS3, located on chromosome 14, locus q21\u2013q22. Galectin-3 is expressed in the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell surface, and extracellular space."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Center for Cell and Gene Therapy", "paragraph_text": "The Center for Cell and Gene Therapy is a translational research institute within Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, all of which are located in the Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas. The Center's mission is to develop novel therapies for a range of diseases through collaboration between basic research laboratories and clinical departments. The Center was founded by Dr. Malcolm K. Brenner in 1998 and includes six major parts. The current director is Dr. Helen E. Heslop, physician-scientist who specializes in translational research."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cell cycle", "paragraph_text": "Two key classes of regulatory molecules, cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases (CDKs), determine a cell's progress through the cell cycle. Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these central molecules. Many of the genes encoding cyclins and CDKs are conserved among all eukaryotes, but in general more complex organisms have more elaborate cell cycle control systems that incorporate more individual components. Many of the relevant genes were first identified by studying yeast, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae; genetic nomenclature in yeast dubs many of these genes cdc (for ``cell division cycle '') followed by an identifying number, e.g. cdc25 or cdc20."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "PCNT", "paragraph_text": "Pericentrin (kendrin), also known as PCNT and pericentrin-B (PCNTB), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the \"PCNT\" gene on chromosome 21. This protein localizes to the centrosome and recruits proteins to the pericentriolar matrix (PCM) to ensure proper centrosome and mitotic spindle formation, and thus, uninterrupted cell cycle progression. This gene is implicated in many diseases and disorders, including congenital disorders such as microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII) and Seckel syndrome."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korea Computer Center", "paragraph_text": "The Korea Computer Center (KCC) is the North Korean government information technology research center. It was founded on October 24, 1990. KCC, which administers the .kp country code top-level domain, employs more than 1,000 people."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3", "paragraph_text": "Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3 is a form of hyper IgM syndrome characterized by mutations of the \"CD40\" gene. In this type, Immature B cells cannot receive signal 2 from helper T cells which is necessary to mature into mature B cells."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "NKG2D", "paragraph_text": "NKG2D is a transmembrane protein belonging to the CD94/NKG2 family of C-type lectin-like receptors. NKG2D is encoded by \"KLRK1\" gene which is located in the NK-gene complex (NKC) situated on chromosome 6 in mice and chromosome 12 in humans. In mice, it is expressed by NK cells, NK1.1 T cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, activated CD8 \u03b1\u03b2 T cells and activated macrophages. In humans, it is expressed by NK cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and CD8 \u03b1\u03b2 T cells. NKG2D recognizes induced-self proteins from MIC and RAET1/ULBP families which appear on the surface of stressed, malignant transformed, and infected cells."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Genetics", "paragraph_text": "The genome of a given organism contains thousands of genes, but not all these genes need to be active at any given moment. A gene is expressed when it is being transcribed into mRNA and there exist many cellular methods of controlling the expression of genes such that proteins are produced only when needed by the cell. Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that bind to DNA, either promoting or inhibiting the transcription of a gene. Within the genome of Escherichia coli bacteria, for example, there exists a series of genes necessary for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. However, when tryptophan is already available to the cell, these genes for tryptophan synthesis are no longer needed. The presence of tryptophan directly affects the activity of the genes\u2014tryptophan molecules bind to the tryptophan repressor (a transcription factor), changing the repressor's structure such that the repressor binds to the genes. The tryptophan repressor blocks the transcription and expression of the genes, thereby creating negative feedback regulation of the tryptophan synthesis process."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Genome", "paragraph_text": "Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "The University of Oklahoma has several institutions of higher learning in the city and metropolitan area, with OU Medicine and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center campuses located east of downtown in the Oklahoma Health Center district, and the main campus located to the south in the suburb of Norman. The OU Medicine hosting the state's only Level-One trauma center. OU Health Sciences Center is one of the nation's largest independent medical centers, employing more than 12,000 people. OU is one of only four major universities in the nation to operate six medical schools.[clarification needed]"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Circadian rhythm", "paragraph_text": "A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila \"period\" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "VE-cadherin", "paragraph_text": "VE-cadherin is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily and the gene is located in a six-cadherin cluster in a region on the long arm of chromosome 16 that is involved in loss of heterozygosity events in breast and prostate cancer. The encoded protein is a calcium-dependent cell\u2013cell adhesion glycoprotein composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Functioning as a classic cadherin by imparting to cells the ability to adhere in a homophilic manner, the protein may play an important role in endothelial cell biology through control of the cohesion and organization of the intercellular junctions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "Houston is the seat of the internationally renowned Texas Medical Center, which contains the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions. All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well-being. Employing more than 73,600 people, institutions at the medical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions, two medical schools, four nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and virtually all health-related careers. It is where one of the first\u2014and still the largest\u2014air emergency service, Life Flight, was created, and a very successful inter-institutional transplant program was developed. More heart surgeries are performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world."}], "question": "How many people are employed in the location of the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy?"}
{"id": "2hop__464519_94300", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bray Park, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Bray Park is a suburb of Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It is a part of Brisbane metropolitan area. In the , Bray Park had a population of 10,246 people."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wollaton Hall", "paragraph_text": "Wollaton Hall was built between 1580 and 1588 for Sir Francis Willoughby and is believed to be designed by the Elizabethan architect, Robert Smythson, who had by then completed Longleat, and was to go on to design Hardwick Hall. The general plan of Wollaton is comparable to these, and was widely adopted for other houses, but the exuberant decoration of Wollaton is distinctive, and it is possible that Willoughby played some part in creating it. The style is an advanced Elizabethan with early Jacobean elements."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wollaton Hall", "paragraph_text": "Wollaton Hall is an Elizabethan country house of the 1580s standing on a small but prominent hill in Wollaton Park, Nottingham, England. The house is now Nottingham Natural History Museum, with Nottingham Industrial Museum in the outbuildings. The surrounding parkland has a herd of deer, and is regularly used for large-scale outdoor events such as rock concerts, sporting events and festivals."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Parachute Jump", "paragraph_text": "It was originally built for the 1939 New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park, Queens, and moved to its current site, then part of the Steeplechase Park amusement park, in 1941. It is the only portion of Steeplechase Park still standing today. The ride ceased operations in 1964, when the park shut down for good."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Todagin South Slope Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Todagin South Slope Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the west side of Todagin Creek to the east of Kinaskan Lake in the Stikine Country, to the south of the community of Dease Lake. Created in 2001, it contains c. 3557 ha."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Game Park", "paragraph_text": "Game Park was a South Korean company that was founded in 1996 and went bankrupt in March 2007. It is responsible for creating the GP32 and the never-released XGP. GamePark Holdings was founded by former employees of Game Park in 2005."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Juan de Fuca Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Juan de Fuca Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The park was created in 1996 by combining the former China Beach Provincial Park, Loss Creek Park, Parkinson Creek Park and Botanical Beach Park and the trail connecting them into one park."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Codville Lagoon Marine Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Codville Lagoon Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the southwest end of King Island. The park was created in 1965 because it is a significant site to the Heiltsuk People. This park, which is approximately 755 ha. in area, has an unmaintained trail to Sagar Lake which has a red sand beach. Created in 1992, it was expanded in 1995 by the incorporation of the former Sugar Lake Provincial Park."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Grant Park, Atlanta", "paragraph_text": "Grant Park was established in 1883 when Lemuel P. Grant, a successful engineer and businessman, gave the city of Atlanta 100 acres (40 ha) in the newly developed ``suburb ''where he lived. In 1890, the city acquired another 44 acres (18 ha) for the park and appointed its first park commissioner, Sidney Root. In 1903, the Olmsted Brothers (sons of Frederick Law Olmsted) were hired to create a plan for the park. The original park included a lake, named Lake Abana, to handle storm - water runoff."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Little Qualicum Falls Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Little Qualicum Falls Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, on central Vancouver Island, that encompasses the entire southern shore of Cameron Lake. Little Qualicum Falls Provincial Park was originally established as a park in 1940 to protect the old growth Douglas-fir forest. Swimming, fishing, campgrounds and day-use areas are available within the park, as well as sail boarding due to a wind funnel created by the surrounding mountains, Mount Wesley to the north and Mount Arrowsmith to the south. The park maintains 6\u00a0km of walking trails within its perimeter."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bessemer Park", "paragraph_text": "Bessemer Park is a public park in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Created in 1904, it was named for Henry Bessemer, the inventor of the eponymous steelmaking process. The name is appropriate, since Chicago's most productive steel mill, the U.S. Steel Southworks, was located just a mile away."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yankari National Park", "paragraph_text": "Yankari National Park is a large wildlife park located in the south - central part of Bauchi State, in northeastern Nigeria. It covers an area of about 2,244 square kilometres (866 sq mi) and is home to several natural warm water springs, as well as a wide variety of flora and fauna. Its location in the heartland of the West African savanna makes it a unique way for tourists and holidaymakers to watch wildlife in its natural habitat. Yankari was originally created as a game reserve in 1956, but later designated Nigeria's biggest national park in 1991. It is the most popular destination for tourists in Nigeria and, as such, plays a crucial role in the development and promotion of tourism and ecotourism in Nigeria. It is also one of the most popular eco-destinations in West Africa."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Katavi National Park", "paragraph_text": "Katavi National Park is a Tanzanian national park created in 1974 and is located in Katavi Region, Tanzania. It is a very remote park that is less frequently visited than other Tanzanian national parks. The park is approximately in area, which makes it the third largest national park in Tanzania. The park encompasses the Katuma River and the seasonal Lake Katavi and Lake Chada floodplains."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Menominee River State Park and Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "Menominee River State Park and Recreation Area is a state park unit of Wisconsin, United States, in development along the Menominee River. It was created in 2010 in conjunction with the Menominee River State Recreation Area on the Michigan side of the border river. The Wisconsin park is located in the towns of Niagara, Pembine, and Beecher in Marinette County in northeast Wisconsin. The park comprises an undeveloped northern unit and a southern portion with primitive hiking trails and canoe/walk-in campsites."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Arrowhead Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Arrowhead Provincial Park is located north of Huntsville, Ontario, Canada, and is part of the Ontario Parks system. A portion of the shoreline of Glacial Lake Algonquin is visible in the park."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mare aux Hippopotames", "paragraph_text": "The Mare aux Hippopotames (Lake of Hippopotamuses) is a lake and national park in Burkina Faso, created in 1937 and designated in 1977 as the only UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in the nation. The park was created around a freshwater lake and includes surrounding pools and marches in the flood plain of the Black Volta River, and surrounding forests. The park is home to about 100 hippos; about 1000 eco-tourists visit each year. It is located about north of Bobo-Dioulasso, and is itself about in size."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Centrifuge Brain Project", "paragraph_text": "The Centrifuge Brain Project is a 2011 German short mockumentary fantasy film written and directed by Till Nowak. The film incorporates computer-generated imagery to create seven real-seeming fictional amusement park rides used in a faux documentary film about the construction of physics-defying rides intended for use in research efforts to improve human cognitive function. Nowak was inspired to create the project when visiting an amusement park in 2008."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Parkdale (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Parkdale was a Canadian federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 1979. It included the community of Parkdale in the western part of Toronto, Ontario. It was created in 1914 from Toronto West, and continued to exist until 1976 when most of it was merged into Parkdale\u2014High Park with some sections into Trinity."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Olympic National Park", "paragraph_text": "U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt originally created Mount Olympus National Monument on 2 March 1909. It was designated a national park by President Franklin Roosevelt on June 29, 1938. In 1976, Olympic National Park was designated by UNESCO as an International Biosphere Reserve, and in 1981 as a World Heritage Site. In 1988, Congress designated 95 percent of the park as the Olympic Wilderness."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park located near the downtown. The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park. Today the park contains a public swimming pool, playground, a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas. Bannerman Park plays host to many festivals and sporting events, most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John's Peace-a-chord. The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race."}], "question": "Who created part of Wollaton Park?"}
{"id": "2hop__81048_253236", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hap Hadley", "paragraph_text": "Alvan Cordell \"Hap\" Hadley (March 16, 1895, Findlay, Illinois \u2013 August 4, 1976, Los Angeles, California) was an American artist specializing in pen and ink representations of popular subjects. He created posters for various films, including Buster Keaton's \"The General\" (1926) and Charlie Chaplin's \"The Circus\" (1928), as well as promotional posters for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus and billboards for Roy Rogers. A movie poster of \"The General\" was sold by Christie's East on December 5, 1994, for $46,000."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mr. Moto's Gamble", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Moto's Gamble is the third film in the Mr. Moto series starring Peter Lorre as the title character. It is best remembered for originating as a movie in the Charlie Chan series and being changed to a Mr Moto entry at the last minute."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas!", "paragraph_text": "Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas! (also known as Good Luck Charlie: The Road Trip Movie in the United Kingdom and Ireland) is a 2011 Christmas film based on the Disney Channel Original Series \"Good Luck Charlie\". The film was directed by Arlene Sanford and written by Geoff Rodkey, and stars Bridgit Mendler, Leigh-Allyn Baker, Bradley Steven Perry, Mia Talerico, Eric Allan Kramer, and Jason Dolley as the Duncan family. The Disney Channel Original Movie follows the Duncan family on their road trip to Amy Duncan's parents' house for Christmas. It premiered on December 2, 2011 on Disney Channel ten years after Disney Channel's last Christmas-themed original movie, \"'Twas the Night\" in 2001."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Los Angeles Plays Itself", "paragraph_text": "Los Angeles Plays Itself is a video essay by Thom Andersen, finished in 2003, exploring the way Los Angeles has been presented in movies. Consisting almost entirely of clips from other films with narration, the film was not initially released commercially. The film was only seen in screenings presented by Andersen, occasional presentations at American Cinematheque and copies distributed via filesharing and other person-to-person methods. In 2014, it was announced that the film would finally be released officially by Cinema Guild."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Bosley (Charlie's Angels)", "paragraph_text": "The character of John Bosley also appeared - played by Bill Murray - in the 2000 Charlie's Angels film. In the sequel, Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, comedian Bernie Mac plays John Bosley's brother Jimmy Bosley. In the 2011 television reboot, John Bosley is portrayed by Ram\u00f3n Rodr\u00edguez."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Joe Gordon (musician)", "paragraph_text": "His first professional gigs were in Boston in 1947; he played with Georgie Auld, Charlie Mariano, Lionel Hampton, Charlie Parker (1953\u201355 intermittently), Art Blakey (1954), and Don Redman."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Bosley (Charlie's Angels)", "paragraph_text": "John Bosley is a fictional character in the 1976 - 1981 television series Charlie's Angels. He was portrayed by David Doyle."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "A Woman (1915 film)", "paragraph_text": "A Woman was Charlie Chaplin's ninth film for Essanay Films. It was made in Los Angeles at the Majestic Studio and released in 1915."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Snoopy", "paragraph_text": "Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the \"Peanuts\" movies and television specials, like \"The Peanuts Movie\". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Charlie's Angels", "paragraph_text": "Actor Character Seasons Years 5 Kate Jackson Sabrina Duncan Main 1976 -- 1979 Farrah Fawcett Jill Munroe Main Guest 1976 -- 1977 Jaclyn Smith Kelly Garrett Main 1976 -- 1981 Cheryl Ladd Kris Munroe Main 1977 -- 1981 Shelley Hack Tiffany Welles Main 1979 -- 1980 Tanya Roberts Julie Rogers Main 1980 -- 1981 David Doyle John Bosley Main 1976 -- 1981 John Forsythe (voice) Charles ``Charlie ''Townsend Main 1976 -- 1981"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "True Romance (Charli XCX album)", "paragraph_text": "True Romance is the debut studio album by English singer Charli XCX. It was released on 12 April 2013 by Asylum and Atlantic Records. Originally scheduled for release in April 2012, the album's release was delayed for a full year and had been in the making since early 2010 when Charli met with producer Ariel Rechtshaid in Los Angeles. To promote the album's release, Charli embarked on a three-date UK promotional tour in April 2013."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Charlie Day", "paragraph_text": "Charles Peckham Day (born February 9, 1976) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer, comedian, and musician. He is best known for playing Charlie Kelly on It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. On film, he is known for his role as Dale in the films Horrible Bosses (2011) and its 2014 sequel, as well as for his roles in Monsters University (2013), Pacific Rim (2013), The Lego Movie (2014), and Fist Fight (2017)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred as Ellie O'Brien in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Caught in the Rain", "paragraph_text": "Caught in the Rain is a 1914 American comedy silent film starring Charlie Chaplin. This film was the first of many movies in which Chaplin both directed and played the lead. The short film was produced by Mack Sennett for Keystone Studios with a running time of 16 minutes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Good Sports", "paragraph_text": "Good Sports is an American sitcom that aired on the CBS network in 1991, starring Farrah Fawcett and Ryan O'Neal. It was Fawcett's only scripted TV series after \"Charlie's Angels\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sarah Gilman", "paragraph_text": "Sarah Gilman was born on January 18, 1996 and resides in Los Angeles. Her first acting jobs were in theatre. She played main roles in musicals like Narnia, You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown and Alice. In 2011, she made her film debut in the short movie Hold for Laughs. She played the lead role as Margaret, a 13 - year - old girl who is bullied at a Catholic school. She later guest starred in the TV series Up All Night and Marvin Marvin. Since 2012 she has had a recurring role as Cammy, Eve's best friend in the sitcom Last Man Standing. On June 18, 2013 it was announced that Gilman would play a main role as Delia Delfano in the Disney Channel sitcom I Did n't Do It. The show ended on October 16, 2015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Amita Ramanujan", "paragraph_text": "In the season 5 finale, ``Angels and Devils '', Charlie proposes to Amita at the end of the episode after she had been kidnapped at gunpoint in front of him by the leader of a cult. After Don and the rest of team get her home safely, Charlie proposes to her saying that he has learned this past year (5th season) that life turns on a dime and he does n't want the things that matter (Amita) to disappear because he waited to see what could happen. Her response is not heard as the episode ends, but it is implied in the first episode of season 6, Charlie and Amita announce to Alan and Don, Charlie's father and brother, that they have decided to get married. Amita and Charlie attempt to find a wedding date that fits them and their families' schedules, finally accepting Alan's suggestion of using his and Margaret's anniversary date as Amita and Charlie's wedding date."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Charlie's Angels", "paragraph_text": "Charlie's Angels is an American crime drama television series that aired on ABC from September 22, 1976 to June 24, 1981, producing five seasons and 110 episodes. The series was created by Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts and was produced by Aaron Spelling. It follows the crime - fighting adventures of three women working in a private detective agency in Los Angeles, California, and originally starred Kate Jackson, Farrah Fawcett (billed as Farrah Fawcett - Majors), and Jaclyn Smith in the leading roles and John Forsythe providing the voice of their boss, the unseen Charlie Townsend, who directed the ``Angels ''crime - fighting operations over a speakerphone. There were a few casting changes, after the departure of Fawcett and Jackson, came the additions of Cheryl Ladd, Shelley Hack, and Tanya Roberts."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the actor of Bosley from the Charlie's Angels movie?"}
{"id": "2hop__523893_22813", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vera Andreeva", "paragraph_text": "Andreeva qualified for the Russian squad, along with her teammate and top medal contender Irina Kalentieva, in the women's cross-country race at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing by receiving one of the nation's two available berths based on her top-ten performance from the UCI Mountain Biking World Rankings. With two laps left to complete the race, Andreeva suffered a heat-related fatigue under Beijing's hot and humid weather, and instead decided to pull off from the course, finishing only in twenty-third place."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Iberian Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The Iberian Peninsula / a\u026a \u02c8b\u026a\u0259ri\u0259n p\u0259\u02c8n\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 /, also known as Iberia / a\u026a \u02c8b\u026a\u0259ri\u0259 /, is located in the southwest corner of Europe. The peninsula is principally divided between Portugal and Spain, comprising most of their territory. It also includes Andorra, and a small part of France along the peninsula's northeastern edge, as well as Gibraltar on its south coast, a small peninsula that forms an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. With an area of approximately 582,000 km (225,000 sq mi), it is the second largest European peninsula, after the Scandinavian."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cumberland Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "Cumberland Peninsula is a peninsula in the southeastern part of Baffin Island in Nunavut, Canada. It is located between 64\u00b056' and 67\u00b057' north latitude, and 61\u00b056' to 68\u00b0 west longitude. The Arctic Circle crosses the peninsula, with the Labrador Sea to the southeast, and the Davis Strait to the east, which lies between the peninsula and Greenland. The Cumberland Sound lies to the southwest, separating the Cumberland Peninsula from the Hall Peninsula, which is also part of Baffin Island."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arnold, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Arnold is a suburb of Annapolis and a census-designated place (CDP) in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. The population was 23,106 at the 2010 census. Neighborhoods straddle College Parkway and Maryland Route 2 (Ritchie Highway). Arnold is located on the scenic Broadneck peninsula. The ZIP code is 21012."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yao Bin", "paragraph_text": "In the closed society of mid-20th century China, Luan and Yao had only photographs from which to learn their moves. They had a terrible experience at the 1980 World Championships in Dortmund, West Germany; Yao has said he remembers people in the audience laughing at their inferior skating (among those people was Irina Rodnina, who later recalled the skating was indeed very funny). They finished 15th, in last place. They competed at the World Championships twice more in 1981 and 1982, finishing last both times. They also placed 15th at the 1984 Winter Olympics. After these embarrassing experiences, Yao was determined to create a team of world-class figure skaters."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wollaston Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The Wollaston Peninsula (previously, Wollaston Land) is a west-pointing peninsula located on southwestern Victoria Island, Canada. It is bordered by Prince Albert Sound to the north, Amundsen Gulf to the west and Dolphin and Union Strait to the south. Most of the peninsula lies in Nunavut's Kitikmeot Region but a smaller portion lies within the Northwest Territories's Inuvik Region. The peninsula is long, and between wide. Its westernmost point is Cape Baring."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Romsdalshalv\u00f8ya", "paragraph_text": "Romsdalshalv\u00f8ya, sometimes translated as the Romsdal Peninsula, is a peninsula located in the Romsdal district of M\u00f8re og Romsdal county in Norway. The peninsula encompasses the western Norwegian municipalities of Molde, Gjemnes, Fr\u00e6na, Eide, and the northern part of Nesset."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Igor Yaroshenko", "paragraph_text": "Igor Yaroshenko (born 11 April 1967) is a Ukrainian former competitive ice dancer who competed for the Soviet Union before its dissolution and for Ukraine afterward. With Irina Romanova, he is the 1996 European bronze medalist. They placed seventh at the 1994 Winter Olympics and ninth at the 1998 Winter Olympics. Their highest placement at the World Figure Skating Championships was fourth, in 1994. They were coached by Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponosov."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chignik Lagoon, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Chignik Lagoon (Alutiiq: \"Nanwarnaq\") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 78."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "An-Nekhel Fortress", "paragraph_text": "The Fortress of an-Nekhel is a Ksar (castle) located in the Nekhel Municipality of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. It holds a strategic location at the exact center of the peninsula. Excavations at the site have revealed remains dating from Ancient Egypt. It has historically been an important stop and staging ground for Muslim pilgrims undertaking the Hajj or Umra, holy Muslim pilgrimages."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Key Center, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Key Center is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pierce County, Washington, United States. The population was 3,692 at the 2010 census. In 2016, the population grew to 3,810. The community is located on Key Peninsula."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Irina Ektova", "paragraph_text": "Irina Ektova (n\u00e9e Litvinenko; born 8 January 1987 in Petropavlovsk) is a Kazakhstani triple jumper. She is married to Yevgeniy Ektov."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eva Ionesco", "paragraph_text": "Eva Ionesco (born 18 July 1965) is a French actress, film director and screenwriter. She is the daughter of Romanian-French photographer Irina Ionesco and came to international prominence as a child after being featured in her mother's works."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Shostakovich Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "Shostakovich Peninsula is an ice-covered peninsula lying north of Stravinsky Inlet and extending into Bach Ice Shelf in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica. The peninsula was first mapped by Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery of Antarctica supplied by U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (1906-1975). Shostakovich Peninsula is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Irina Kuhnt", "paragraph_text": "Irina Volkert n\u00e9e Kuhnt (born January 18, 1968 in Bad Harzburg, Lower Saxony) is a former field hockey player from Germany."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Iberian Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The Iberian Peninsula / a\u026a \u02c8b\u026a\u0259ri\u0259n p\u0259\u02c8n\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 /, also known as Iberia / a\u026a \u02c8b\u026a\u0259ri\u0259 /, is located in the southwest corner of Europe. The peninsula is principally divided between Portugal and Spain, comprising most of their territory. It also includes Andorra, the disputed Catalan Republic, and a small part of France along the peninsula's northeastern edge, as well as Gibraltar on its south coast, a small peninsula that forms an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. With an area of approximately 582,000 km (225,000 sq mi), it is the second largest European peninsula, after the Scandinavian."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Salamatof, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Salamatof is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States. The population was 980 at the 2010 census, up from 954 in 2000. Salamatof is the location for the former Wildwood Air Force Station, which operated from 1965 to 1972 (from 1951 to 1965, it was an Army Station). Today, it is the Wildwood Correctional Complex."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Leonid Lytvynenko", "paragraph_text": "Leonid Lytvynenko (, , \"Leonid Dmitriyevich Litvinenko;\" born 28 January 1949 in Smila, Ukraine) is a Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the Decathlon. He trained at Burevestnik in Kiev."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region."}], "question": "On what peninsula is Irina Litvinenko Ektova's birthplace located?"}
{"id": "2hop__134748_395929", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chhatar Singh Darbar", "paragraph_text": "Chhatar Singh Darbar (born 8 January 1954) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Dhar constituency of Madhya Pradesh and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Parsuram Majhi", "paragraph_text": "Parsuram Majhi (born 1 December 1961) was a member of the 13th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Nowrangpur constituency of Odisha and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Emilie Stoesen Christensen", "paragraph_text": "Emilie Stoesen Christensen (born 1986 in Oslo, Norway) is a Norwegian Jazz singer and actor, the daughter of Jazz drummer Jon Christensen (b. 1943) and actress Ellen Horn (b. Stoesen in 1951), and half sister of Theater director Kjersti Horn (b. 1977). She has lately been gaining recognition for her work with a number of Norwegian bands, including the \u00abOslo JazzNonett\u00bb, and made her record debut with Jon Balke's Batagraf album \"Say And Play\" (2011) at ECM Records."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Congress of the New Right", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of the New Right (, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland. The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR). The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015. The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Paul Vigouroux", "paragraph_text": "Paul Vigouroux (1919\u20131980), also known as Mathieu Laurier, was a French political activist and anti-communist. He was a member of the Jeunesses Patriotes, La Cagoule, and was secretary general of the Parti fran\u00e7ais national-collectiviste (PFNC), a political party that was one of the forerunners of the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Big Sick", "paragraph_text": "Kumail Nanjiani as Kumail Zoe Kazan as Emily Gardner (based on Emily V. Gordon), Beth and Terry's daughter Holly Hunter as Beth Gardner, Emily's mother and Terry's wife Ray Romano as Terry Gardner, Emily's father and Beth's husband Bo Burnham as CJ Zenobia Shroff as Sharmeen Anupam Kher as Azmat Adeel Akhtar as Naveed Aidy Bryant as Mary Rebecca Naomi Jones as Jessie Kurt Braunohler as Chris Shenaz Treasury as Fatima David Alan Grier as Andy Dodd Vella Lovell as Khadija Linda Emond as Dr. Cunningham"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pirate Party (Belgium)", "paragraph_text": "The Pirate Party of Belgium (, ) is a political party in Belgium. Based on the model of the Swedish Pirate Party, it supports reform of copyright law, the abolition of patents, and respect for privacy. It was a founding member of Pirate Parties International."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vijay Kumar Khandelwal", "paragraph_text": "Vijay Kumar Khandelwal (22 April 1936 \u2013 12 November 2007) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Betul constituency of Madhya Pradesh and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Suresh Ganapat Wagmare", "paragraph_text": "Wagmare Suresh Ganapat (born 15 September 1961) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Wardha constituency of Maharashtra and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Make It or Break It characters", "paragraph_text": "Chloe Kmetko (played by Susan Ward) is Emily and Brian's mother. A flighty free spirit, Chloe became pregnant with Emily as a teenager and has struggled with fulfilling the role of a responsible mother ever since. While fiercely devoted to her daughter, and occasionally capable of moments of great insight, Chloe has always struggled to make ends meet and to take care of her special needs son and her enormously talented, but emotionally unstable, daughter. Chloe initially has an unsteady job at a beauty salon and then gets a job at a strip club as a bartender. For a while she dates Steve Tanner, who she had met anonymously online. While the two seem genuinely attracted to each other, they eventually break up as Emily is uncomfortable with Steve's monetary support of her family and Lauren worries that Chloe is trying to replace her mother. When Emily becomes pregnant, Chloe warns her about the difficulties of being a teenage mother and counsels Emily to have an abortion so that she can follow her dreams. She is tearful when Emily runs off to Las Vegas after deciding to have the baby and makes her final appearance closing off the family's account with The Rock. While leaving, she wishes the best for her daughter and describes life as a mom as a ``hard, but beautiful life ''."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Liberal Forum", "paragraph_text": "The Liberal Forum (German: Liberales Forum, LiF) was a liberal political party in Austria. The party was active from February 1993 to January 2014, when the party merged into NEOS \u2013 The New Austria. The party was a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Party for the Netherlands", "paragraph_text": "Party for the Netherlands () (PVN) is a Dutch right-wing Fortuynist political party founded in August 2006 by Hilbrand Nawijn, a member of the Dutch House of Representatives."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chengara Surendran", "paragraph_text": "Chengara Surendran (born 31 January 1968) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Adoor constituency of Kerala and is a member of the Communist Party of India (CPI) political party."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Krishnarao Gulabrao Deshmukh", "paragraph_text": "Krisharao Gulabrao Deshmukh (born 8 March 1922) was a member of the 1st, 4th and 5th Lok Sabha of India from the Amravati constituency of Maharashtra and a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) political party."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dhirendra Agarwal", "paragraph_text": "Dhirendra Agarwal (born 2 August 1955) is a member of the 11th, 12th and 14th Lok Sabha of India . He represents the Chatra constituency of Jharkhand and currently is a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) political party. He had won Lok Sabha election in 11th Lok Sabha & 12th Lok Sabha as a member of Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Prison Break characters", "paragraph_text": "Rita Morgan (played by Heather McComb) is Gretchen's sister. She is introduced in ``Blow Out ''. Although she is taking care of Emily (Regan Licciardello), it is revealed that Gretchen is Emily's biological mother. Rita and Emily are later taken hostage by T - Bag and Self, and Rita is the catalyst of T - Bag's decision to seek redemption when she convinces him not to kill Ralph Becker."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Green Party of Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "The Green Party of Tennessee is a state-level political party in Tennessee, and is a member of the Green Party of the United States. The party formed in 2001."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kjersti Horn", "paragraph_text": "Kjersti Horn (born 30 June 1977) is a Norwegian theater director and storyboard artist, the daughter of scenographer Per Kristian Horn (born 1941) and the actor, theater director and politician for the Norwegian Labour Party (AP), Ellen Horn (b. Stoesen in 1951), partner with Sound designer and composer Erik Hedin (born 1974, two children), and half sister of Jazz singer and actor Emilie Stoesen Christensen (born 1986). She was born with the bone disease \"spondylo-epyphyfyseal-dysplasi\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cowell Island", "paragraph_text": "Cowell Island is a small island, partly contained by the Flatnes Ice Tongue, on the Ingrid Christensen Coast of Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. It lies west-south-west of Hovde Island and Amanda Bay. It was first mapped from aerial photographs by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936\u201337, and first visited by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) survey party led by M.J. Corry in February 1969. It was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for W.D. Cowell, a cook at Mawson Station in 1969 and a member of the ANARE Prince Charles Mountains survey party in the same year."}], "question": "Which political party does Emilie Stoesen Christensen's mother belong to?"}
{"id": "2hop__128410_833430", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fort Bridger, Wyoming", "paragraph_text": "Fort Bridger is a census-designated place (CDP) in Uinta County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 345 at the 2010 census. The town takes its name from the eponymous Fort Bridger established in 1842."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shire of Taringa", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Taringa is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in western Brisbane. Its administrative centre was Taringa (now a suburb of City of Brisbane). It existed from 1890 to 1925."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "KNYN", "paragraph_text": "KNYN is an American FM radio station broadcasting on 99.1\u00a0MHz FM and is licensed to Fort Bridger, Wyoming. The station carries a country music format."}], "question": "Where in Wyoming is the town with KNYN?"}
{"id": "2hop__35675_209083", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vestergaard Frandsen", "paragraph_text": "Vestergaard is a company headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland that manufactures public health tools for people in developing countries. Founded as Vestergaard Frandsen in 1957 as a uniform maker, the company evolved into a social enterprise making products for humanitarian aid in the 1990s. It is now best known for inventing the LifeStraw water filter and the PermaNet mosquito net."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Milio's Sandwiches", "paragraph_text": "Milio's Sandwiches (formerly Big Mike's Super Subs) is a United States restaurant chain that mainly sells submarine sandwiches. The chain was founded in Madison, Wisconsin by Mike Liautaud. in 1989. The company has 35 locations throughout Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa The company headquarters are located in Middleton, Wisconsin. Milio's was First Place in Madison Magazine's Best of Madison 2017 for Best Sandwich Spot and has been recognized for its community involvement."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "North Rajupalem", "paragraph_text": "North Rajupalem is a major village in Kodavalur mandal, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India. North Rajupalem (NRP) is developed industrially, agriculturally. It is one of the major educational hubs in Kodavlur mandal. It is located 12\u00a0km from district headquarters Nellore."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Great Wolf Resorts", "paragraph_text": "Black Wolf Lodge was founded in 1997 by brothers Jack and Andrew ``Turk ''Waterman, the original owners of Noah's Ark water park in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. Black Wolf Lodge was purchased by The Great Lakes Company in 1999. Later that year, founders Marc Vaccaro and Bruce Neviaser changed the name to Great Wolf Lodge and the company headquarters were established in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2001, the company built a second location in Sandusky, Ohio, and named it Great Bear Lodge. When a third location opened in 2003, the decision was made to place all future parks under the Great Wolf Lodge banner. The name of the Ohio location was changed to Great Wolf Lodge in 2004. The chain has since added twelve additional locations and has one in development."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service", "paragraph_text": "The Service Headquarters is located in Hertford whilst the Training and Development Centre and Fire Control Centre are located in Stevenage. It is administered by a Fire Authority which is an internal part of Hertfordshire County Council. The Chief Fire Officer is Darryl Keen, assisted by Deputy Chief Fire Officer Chris Bigland."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "AirLaunch", "paragraph_text": "AirLaunch is an aerospace design and development company headquartered in Kirkland, Washington. They had hoped to provide launch services for launching payloads into orbits around the Earth. This was to be realized through a method called air launch where a rocket is carried to high altitude by an aircraft and then released for launch. The rocket engine is then ignited to launch the rocket (with its payload) into a low Earth orbit (LEO)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lake Express", "paragraph_text": "Lake Express High-Speed Ferry is an American company that operates a seasonal ferry service across Lake Michigan between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Muskegon, Michigan. The Lake Express Milwaukee terminal and the company headquarters are located near the Port of Milwaukee. Their ferry travels a distance of 80 miles, in two and a half hours, across Lake Michigan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance", "paragraph_text": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance is located in New York City and is the headquarters to the Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance and the Martha Graham Dance Company, which is the oldest continually performing dance company in the world. The School is focused on teaching Graham's technique; some of its faculty were trained by Graham herself."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Metalogix Software", "paragraph_text": "Metalogix Software is an independent software vendor, founded in 2001 in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is now a private company (Metalogix International GmbH) with a headquarters in Washington, D.C. Metalogix develops, sells and provides support for content infrastructure software for Microsoft SharePoint, Microsoft Exchange and Cloud computing platforms. In 2001, Metalogix became the first company to develop a content migration solution for Microsoft."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aerotech Consumer Aerospace", "paragraph_text": "The company's headquarters are located in Cedar City, Utah and its products are sold mainly through US and international dealers. They specialize in APCP mid and high power rocket motors, as well as supplying rocket kits designed around their motors."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hewlett-Packard", "paragraph_text": "The Hewlett - Packard Company (commonly referred to as HP) or shortened to Hewlett - Packard (/ \u02c8hju\u02d0l\u026at \u02c8p\u00e6k\u0259rd / HEW - lit PAK - \u0259rd) was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. It developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components as well as software and related services to consumers, small - and medium - sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guitar Center", "paragraph_text": "Guitar Center is an American music retailer chain. It is the largest company of its kind in the United States, with 269 locations. Its headquarters is in Westlake Village, California."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Amblin Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg, and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981. The company's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California. The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Intrall", "paragraph_text": "Intrall, or International Truck Alliance, is a Russo-British automotive company with headquarters in London, England, and manufacturing in Poland. At the end of 2003, the company acquired from Intrall Treasury factory of Daewoo Motor Poland in Lublin, then operating from January 2004 to 2007 years, called Intrall Poland. Under the new production in 2005, FSC Lublin and Honker models were produced under the \"Intrall\" brand. In 2006 the company acquired the rights to produce models of trucks of the Czech brand Praga. A brand-new commercial van/truck was developed called the \"Intrall Lubo\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Antibiotic", "paragraph_text": "The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "IG Farben Building", "paragraph_text": "The building's original design in the modernist New Objectivity style was the subject of a competition which was eventually won by the architect Hans Poelzig. On its completion, the complex was the largest office building in Europe and remained so until the 1950s. The IG Farben Building's six square wings retain a modern, spare elegance, despite its mammoth size. It is also notable for its paternoster elevators."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WANdisco", "paragraph_text": "WANdisco, plc., dually headquartered in Sheffield, England and San Ramon, California in the US, is a public software company specialized in the area of distributed computing. It has development offices in San Ramon, California; Sheffield, England; and Belfast, Northern Ireland. WANdisco is a corporate contributor to Hadoop, Subversion and other open source projects."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ssangnim-dong", "paragraph_text": "The headquarters of South Korean food company CJ Cheil Jedang is located in the CJ Cheiljedang Building near the Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jamnagar district", "paragraph_text": "Jamnagar District is a district of India located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Kutch in the state of Gujarat. Its headquarters are located in the eponymous city of Jamnagar. It hosts the production facilities of several large Indian companies such as Reliance and Essar. Among its attractions are several palaces, a Marine National Park and a Bird Sanctuary, known as Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the company that developed Prontosil?"}
{"id": "2hop__142853_707367", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "MEN (band)", "paragraph_text": "JD Samson & MEN is a Brooklyn-based band and art/performance collective that focuses on the energy of live performance and the radical potential of dance music. MEN speaks to issues such as trans awareness, wartime economies, sexual compromise, and demanding liberties through lyrical content and an exciting stage show."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ministry of Higher Education (Egypt)", "paragraph_text": "The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is one of the governmental bodies of Egypt and part of the cabinet."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Pigskin Palooka", "paragraph_text": "The Pigskin Palooka is a 1937 \"Our Gang\" short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas. It was the 159th \"Our Gang\" short (160th episode, 70th talking short, and 71st talking episode) that was released."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Let It Be", "paragraph_text": "The master take was recorded on 31 January 1969, as part of the ``Apple studio performance ''for the project. McCartney played Bl\u00fcthner piano, Lennon played six - string electric bass (replaced by McCartney's own bass part on the final version at the behest of George Martin), George Harrison and Ringo Starr assumed their conventional roles, on guitar and drums respectively, and Billy Preston contributed on organ. This was one of two performances of`` Let It Be'' that day. The first version, designated take 27 - A, would serve as the basis for all officially released versions of the song. The other version, take 27 - B, was performed as part of the ``live studio performance '', along with`` Two of Us'' and ``The Long and Winding Road ''. This performance, in which Lennon and Harrison harmonised with McCartney's lead vocal and Harrison contributed a subdued guitar solo, can be seen in the film Let It Be."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Boulet Brothers' Dragula", "paragraph_text": "Episode Title Original Airdate Main Challenge Extermination Challenge Cenobites October 31, 2017 Design an outfit inspired by their own drag style and the Cenobites Competing with one another to see who can be pierced by the most body modification needles, with the contestant who received the fewest piercings receiving extermination Ghost Town Ghouls November 7, 2017 Design an outfit based on the ghosts of the Old West Close - quarters paintball Duel Shock Rock and Metal November 14, 2017 Present a look inspired by punk rock and heavy metal and perform on the stage as a band Who can get the worst tattoo on their body Sci - Fi Babes November 21, 2017 Create an alien look and give birth to a baby based on that look Consume a three course meal based on the most alien food 5 Scream Queens November 28, 2017 Create a ``scream queen / pretty ''look and act in a horror movie Answer questions with a polygraph machine hooked on their bodies 6 Gothic Brides December 5, 2017 Create a gothic bride, prepare a lip sync performance of Switchblade Symphony's song`` Gutter Glitter'' and costumize a fan Submerge their feet in a bucket full of ice for half an hour 7 Welcome to Wasteland (Part 1) December 12, 2017 Take part in a photoshoot in the desert near 100 \u00b0 F temperatures N / A 8 Welcome to Wasteland (Part 2) December 19, 2017 Perform as a group at Wasteland Weekend with a theme for the performance Fight in the Wasteland Weekend Thunderdome 9 The Last Supper January 9, 2018 Reunion N / A 10 Finale January 16, 2018 Interpret and design three outfits with the principals of DRAGULA: Glamour, Filth and Horror. N / A"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sit Down and Talk to Me", "paragraph_text": "Sit Down and Talk to Me is a 1980 album by American R&B singer Lou Rawls, released on the Philadelphia International Records label. All of PIR's major production names contributed to the album, resulting in a diverse set of tracks from dance to urban blues. Although \"Sit Down and Talk to Me\" did not produce any major hit singles, its commercial performance was adequate, peaking at #19 R&B and #81 pop."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Night 'n' Gales", "paragraph_text": "Night 'n' Gales is a 1937 \"Our Gang\" short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas. It was the 156th \"Our Gang\" short (157th episode, 68th talking short, and 69th talking episode that was released."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Body Talk Pt. 1", "paragraph_text": "Body Talk Pt. 1 is the fifth studio album by Swedish recording artist Robyn, released on 14 June 2010 by Konichiwa Records. It is the first part of the \"Body Talk\" series, which consists of three mini-albums. The only single from the album, \"Dancing on My Own\", was released on 1 June. Robyn promoted the album with the All Hearts Tour she co-headlined with Kelis. \"Body Talk Pt. 1\" reached number one in Sweden and number four in Denmark and Norway. In the US it peaked at number three on \"Billboard\"s Dance/Electronic Albums chart."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Talk to Me (Kiss song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Talk to Me\" is a song by American hard rock band Kiss, released in 1980 on their eighth studio album \"Unmasked\". The song, never released as a single in the US, was released as a single worldwide on November 1, 1980. The song broke the top 40 in several countries, reaching the highest position in Switzerland, at #10. \"Talk to Me\" was played only when Ace Frehley was a member of the band."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sidewalks Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Sidewalks Entertainment (1988\u2013present) is a weekly American television series that is a combination of a talk show, magazine show and variety show featuring celebrity interviews, music, artistic and novelty acts, and rising performers. The 30-minute program is primarily produced in the San Francisco Bay Area with segments from other parts of the country, including Los Angeles and New York."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Body Talk Pt. 2", "paragraph_text": "Body Talk Pt. 2 is the sixth studio album by Swedish recording artist Robyn. It was released on 6 September 2010, by Konichiwa Records. The album is the second part of the \"Body Talk\" trilogy, which consists of three mini-albums, all released during 2010. Robyn started working on songs for the album when \"Body Talk Pt. 1\" (2010) was still in development, and she collaborated with Klas \u00c5hlund, Kleerup, Savage Skulls, Diplo, Snoop Dogg and Niggaracci. Musically, the songs on \"Body Talk Pt. 2\" are upbeat and a mixture between electro, house, hip hop and disco."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Talk About Body", "paragraph_text": "Talk About Body is the debut album from Brooklyn electropop band MEN. It was released on February 1, 2011 on IAMSOUND Records in the US, and Sony/Columbia in Europe. It received a favorable average score of 64 on \"Metacritic."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Women They Talk About", "paragraph_text": "Women They Talk About is a 1928 American comedy drama film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Irene Rich and Audrey Ferris. It was a part-talkie Vitaphone film with talking, music, and sound effects sequences and produced and distributed by Warner Bros. It is considered to be a lost film."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "We Don't Talk Anymore (Charlie Puth song)", "paragraph_text": "``We Do n't Talk Anymore ''is a song produced and performed by American singer Charlie Puth from his debut studio album Nine Track Mind (2016). It contains guest vocals from Selena Gomez. Jacob Kasher co-wrote the track with the artists. The song was released on May 24, 2016, as the third and final single from the album. Musically, it is a pop song with tropical - inspired production."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Still Life (Talking)", "paragraph_text": "Still Life (Talking) is an album by the Pat Metheny Group that was released in 1987 on Geffen Records. It won the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Fusion Performance and was certified gold by the RIAA on July 2, 1992."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Body Pressure", "paragraph_text": "Body Pressure is a 1974 performance piece by American artist Bruce Nauman. The performer is instructed to press their body against a wall in various positions; Nauman says that it \"may become a very erotic exercise\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WMMW", "paragraph_text": "WMMW (1470 AM) is a radio station licensed to Meriden, Connecticut. broadcasting a talk radio format. WMMW is part of a three station simulcast, along with 610 WSNG, Torrington and the home base, 1360 WDRC (AM), Hartford. The three stations use the slogan \"The Talk of Connecticut\" featuring a local morning show and syndicated programs the rest of the day, including Michael Savage. The station is owned by Red Wolf Broadcasting and features programming from Fox News Radio, Talk Radio Network and Westwood One. The station provides a blend of issue-oriented talk, news and information."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Roamin' Holiday", "paragraph_text": "Roamin' Holiday is a 1937 \"Our Gang\" short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas. It was the 155th \"Our Gang\" short released (156th episode, 67th talking short, and 68th talking episode)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody)", "paragraph_text": "The song is featured in Stop Making Sense (1984), a concert film featuring Talking Heads and directed by Jonathan Demme. Throughout the Stop Making Sense version, Byrne and his bandmates perform by a standard lamp, while close - up images of various body parts are projected onto a screen behind them. As revealed on the commentary to the film, the body parts belong to Byrne and his girlfriend (later wife) Adelle Lutz who was also known as Bonnie. When the song reaches a bridge, the musicians step back and Byrne dances with the lamp, a reference to Fred Astaire's similar dance with a coat - rack in the film Royal Wedding. During the song, Weymouth is seen playing a rare Fender Swinger electric guitar, instead of her usual bass."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Annelid", "paragraph_text": "Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it. The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted."}], "question": "Who is a member of the Talk About Body performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__31723_15081", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed \"man-made\" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. That year, Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Allied war crimes during World War II", "paragraph_text": "the Tungchow Mutiny of August 1937; Chinese soldiers recruited by Japan mutinied and switched sides in T\u014dngzh\u014du, Beijing, before attacking Japanese civilians, killing 280 and raping many women."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federation of Arab Republics", "paragraph_text": "The Federation of Arab Republics ( \"\") was an attempt by Muammar Gaddafi to merge Libya, Egypt and Syria in order to create a United Arab state. Although approved by a referendum in each country on 1 September 1971, the three countries disagreed on the specific terms of the merger. The federation lasted from 1 January 1972 to 19 November 1977."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents. Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Beach volleyball", "paragraph_text": "Switching sides: Unlike in indoor volleyball, beach volleyball teams switch ends of the court every seven points (every five points on a deciding set). This ensures that neither team has an advantage due to environmental factors such as wind and sun glare."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Only a few towns in western Libya\u2014such as Bani Walid, Sebha and Sirte\u2014remained Gaddafist strongholds. Retreating to Sirte after Tripoli's fall, Gaddafi announced his willingness to negotiate for a handover to a transitional government, a suggestion rejected by the NTC. Surrounding himself with bodyguards, he continually moved residences to escape NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an. On 20 October, Gaddafi broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy, hoping to take refuge in the Jarref Valley. At around 8.30am, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53. The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while defence minister Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr was killed."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2013 French Open \u2013 Men's Singles", "paragraph_text": "Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal were placed in the same half of the draw at a Grand Slam tournament for the first time since the 2010 French Open. In their semifinal, they played a notably long match which lasted 4:37 hours and was dubbed one of the greatest matches ever to have been played and the best clay court match ever. Nadal eventually came through 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 6\u20131, 6\u20137, 9\u20137."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Take It to the Limit (Eagles song)", "paragraph_text": "``Take It to the Limit ''is unique in the canon of the band's singles, being the sole A-side on which Randy Meisner sang lead, as well as the first A-side Eagles single on which neither Henley nor Frey sang lead. It was also the last Eagles single to feature founding member Bernie Leadon before he was replaced by guitarist Joe Walsh. The single version of the song is 3: 48 in length, almost a minute shorter than the album version.`` Take It to the Limit'' is one of few Eagles' tracks written in waltz time. (Other notable waltzes performed by the Eagles are ``Hollywood Waltz ''; the Meisner / Henley / Frey waltz`` Saturday Night'' (co-written with Leadon) from the 1973 Desperado album; Frey's ``Most of Us are Sad ''from their self - titled debut album; Frey / Henley / JD Souther's hard - rocking`` Teenage Jail'' from 1979's ``The Long Run ''album; and Walsh's`` Pretty Maids All in a Row'' on the 1976 album Hotel California.)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hundred Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession to the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) waged an armed struggle for independence. The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991, when the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), a successor of the ELF, defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian Capital Addis Ababa."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stephen Decatur Carpenter", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Decatur Carpenter (May 21, 1818\u00a0\u2013 December 31, 1862) was a United States military officer from Maine. He served from 1840 to his death on the last day of 1862, through four major conflicts and one minor conflict."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Switched at Birth (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "On October 21, 2015, Freeform announced that it has picked up a fifth season of its hit original drama series Switched at Birth. The fifth season premiered on January 31, 2017. On March 11, 2016, it was confirmed that the ten - episode fifth season would be the last."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled \"terrorists\" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the Bab al-Azizia barracks, a six-mile long fortified compound located two miles from the center of Tripoli. His home and office at Azizia was a bunker designed by West German engineers, while the rest of his family lived in a large two-story building. Within the compound were also two tennis courts, a soccer field, several gardens, camels, and a Bedouin tent in which he entertained guests. In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders. Gaddafi allegedly worked for years with Swiss banks to launder international banking transactions. In November 2011, The Sunday Times identified property worth \u00a31 billion in the UK that Gaddafi allegedly owned. Gaddafi had an Airbus A340 private jet, which he bought from Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal of Saudi Arabia for $120 million in 2003. Operated by Tripoli-based Afriqiyah Airways and decorated externally in their colours, it had various luxuries including a jacuzzi."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The French and Indian War (1754\u20131763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna (\"civil war\"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Transfer switch", "paragraph_text": "A transfer switch is an electrical switch that switches a load between two sources. Some transfer switches are manual, in that an operator effects the transfer by throwing a switch, while others are automatic and trigger when they sense one of the sources has lost or gained power."}], "question": "How long did the conflict in which Gaddafi notably switched sides last?"}
{"id": "2hop__133096_731844", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saturday Night Slam Masters", "paragraph_text": "Saturday Night Slam Masters, known in Japan as , is a 1993 pro wrestling arcade game released for the CP System by Capcom. The game features character designs by manga artist Tetsuo Hara, famous for \"Fist of the North Star\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Madsen M-50", "paragraph_text": "The Madsen M-50 or M/50 is a submachine gun introduced in 1950. It was produced by the Danish company Dansk Industri Syndikat of Copenhagen, Denmark. The company was otherwise known as \"Madsen\" after its founder Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Crown Prosecution Service", "paragraph_text": "The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) is the principal public prosecuting agency for conducting criminal prosecutions in England and Wales. It is headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ella Spira", "paragraph_text": "Ella Spira is a composer based in London, United Kingdom. Spira co-founded the Production Company 'Sisters Grimm', alongside former Royal Ballet ballerina Pietra Mello-Pittman. Spira writes and composes music for ballet and film, and also works as an arranger making dance remixes for popular UK artists. She was born in Gloucester, and was mentored by film composer David Arnold."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gordon Eubanks", "paragraph_text": "Gordon Eubanks (born November 7, 1946) is an American microcomputer industry pioneer who worked with Gary Kildall in the early days of Digital Research (DRI)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo with Portugal in June 2017 Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 33) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 290 (309) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 149 (81) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23: 30, 18 April 2018 (UTC) \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 50, 26 March 2018 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 32) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 277 (289) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 147 (79) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15: 00, 23 December 2017 (UTC). \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 40, 10 October 2017 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Williams F107", "paragraph_text": "The Williams F107 (company designation WR19) is a small turbofan engine made by Williams International. The F107 was designed to propel cruise missiles. It has been used as the powerplant for the AGM-86 ALCM, and BGM-109 Tomahawk, as well as the experimental Williams X-Jet flying platform."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "R. Talsorian Games", "paragraph_text": "The success of the small-press published game \"Mekton\" convinced Mike Pondsmith that he could make a business out of game design, thus he founded R. Talsorian Games in 1985, then put out a second edition of \"Mekton\" (1986) through the new company. The company's second game was \"Teenagers from Outer Space\" (1987). \"Mekton II\" (1987) \u2013 the third edition of \"Mekton\" \u2013 revealed for the first time the company's full-fledged Interlock System. Pondsmith's next game, \"Cyberpunk 2013\" (1988), was R. Talsorian's second Interlock design."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "GeminiJets", "paragraph_text": "GeminiJets is a diecast model airplane manufacturer based in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States founded in 1998 under the name of SkyJets. The product line is named GeminiJets, but ADI (Airliners Distributing Inc.) is the founding company holding the production licenses from airlines and aircraft manufacturers, including but not limited to Boeing, Airbus, McDonnell Douglas, and Embraer. ADI makes and markets aircraft in several different scales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both public companies. In 2006 the CP carried 133 million passengers and 9,750,000 t (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jeep Grand Cherokee", "paragraph_text": "Years Engine Displacement Power Torque Notes 1993 -- 1995 4.0 L Straight - 6 242 CID 190 hp (142 kW) 225 lb \u22c5 ft (305 N \u22c5 m) 1996 -- 1998 4.0 L Straight - 6 242 CID 185 hp (138 kW) 220 lb \u22c5 ft (298 N \u22c5 m) new emission standards introduced 1993 -- 1994 5.2 L V8 318 CID 220 hp (164 kW) 285 lb \u22c5 ft (386 N \u22c5 m) 1995 -- 1998 5.2 L V8 318 CID 220 hp (164 kW) 300 lb \u22c5 ft (407 N \u22c5 m) 1995 -- 1998 2.5 L TURBO DIESEL VM Motori / Detroit Diesel 115 hp (86 kW) 221 lb \u22c5 ft (300 N \u22c5 m) Not Available in North America 1998 5.9 L V8 360 CID 245 hp (183 kW) 345 lb \u22c5 ft (468 N \u22c5 m)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Knight's Armament Company LMG", "paragraph_text": "The Knight's Armament Company Light Assault Machine Gun (LAMG) is a light machine gun system developed by Eugene Stoner and manufactured by Knight's Armament Company (KAC). It was previously known as the Knight's Armament Company LMG as well as the KAC Stoner 99 LMG which was used to differentiate it from the earlier ArmaLite Stoner 63 LMG and ARES Stoner 86 LMG it is derived from."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vestergaard Frandsen", "paragraph_text": "Vestergaard is a company headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland that manufactures public health tools for people in developing countries. Founded as Vestergaard Frandsen in 1957 as a uniform maker, the company evolved into a social enterprise making products for humanitarian aid in the 1990s. It is now best known for inventing the LifeStraw water filter and the PermaNet mosquito net."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ashok Leyland", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1948, it is the second largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in India, fourth largest manufacturer of buses in the world and 10th largest manufacturer of trucks globally. Operating nine plants, Ashok Leyland also makes spare parts and engines for industrial and marine applications. It sold approximately 140,000 vehicles (M&HCV + LCV) in FY 2016. It is the second largest commercial vehicle company in India in the medium and heavy commercial vehicle (M&HCV) segment, with a market share of 32.1% (FY 2016). With passenger transportation options ranging from 10 seaters to 74 seaters (M&HCV = LCV), Ashok Leyland is a market leader in the bus segment. In the trucks segment Ashok Leyland primarily concentrates on the 16 to 25-ton range. However, Ashok Leyland has a presence in the entire truck range, from 7.5 to 49 tons."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "World of Coca-Cola", "paragraph_text": "The World of Coca - Cola is a museum, located in Atlanta, Georgia, showcasing the history of The Coca - Cola Company. The 20 - acre (81,000 m) complex opened to the public on May 24, 2007, relocating from and replacing the original exhibit, which was founded in 1990 in Underground Atlanta. There are various similar World of Coca - Cola stores in locations such as Las Vegas and Disney Springs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cellius", "paragraph_text": "Cellius (\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e\u30bb\u30ea\u30a6\u30b9 \"Kabushiki-Gaisha Seriusu\"), located in Shibuya, Tokyo, was a computer game developer founded in 2007 as a venture between Sony and Bandai Namco Holdings. The aim of the company is to \"help take share from Microsoft Corp. and Nintendo Co.\" Sony hopes that the company will make up for the losses it made during quarter two of its financial year. 'Father of the PlayStation' Ken Kutaragi was announced as CEO."}], "question": "The company that produced CP/M-86 was founded by whom?"}
{"id": "2hop__26405_814837", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Greer Spring", "paragraph_text": "Greer Spring is a first magnitude spring located in the southeast portion of the Ozark Plateau, in Oregon County in south-central Missouri within the boundaries of the Mark Twain National Forest. The spring is the second largest spring in the Ozarks, with an average discharge of of water per second. Greer Spring was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1980."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance", "paragraph_text": "\"Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance\" is a song written by Red West and Richard Mainegra. It was recorded by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap for their 1970 album, \"Gary Puckett & The Union Gap's Greatest Hits\". The song reached #41 on The Billboard Hot 100 in 1970 and #16 on the Adult Contemporary chart."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2013 Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny stampede", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny stampede occurred as crowds departed a New Year's Eve fireworks display in the early hours of 1 January 2013 near the F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny Stadium in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. It resulted in 61 deaths and over 200 injuries, mostly women and children. This was the second time in four years that a fatal stampede occurred at the stadium."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "El Santuario de Chimayo", "paragraph_text": "El Santuario de Chimay\u00f3 is a Roman Catholic church in Chimay\u00f3, New Mexico, United States. (\"Santuario\" is Spanish for \"sanctuary\".) This shrine, a National Historic Landmark, is famous for the story of its founding and as a contemporary pilgrimage site. It receives almost 300,000 visitors per year and has been called \"no doubt the most important Catholic pilgrimage center in the United States.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "London Eye Pier", "paragraph_text": "The London Eye Pier (or Waterloo Millennium Pier) is directly in front of the London Eye Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in Central London, England."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam. The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer, formerly the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon; however, since 1932, a freshwater lake. The discharge of the Rhine is divided among three branches: the River Waal (6/9 of total discharge), the River Nederrijn \u2013 Lek (2/9 of total discharge) and the River IJssel (1/9 of total discharge). This discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709, by river engineering works, including the digging of the Pannerdens canal and since the 20th century, with the help of weirs in the Nederrijn river."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Saatchi Gallery", "paragraph_text": "The Saatchi Gallery is a London gallery for contemporary art, opened by Charles Saatchi in 1985 in order to exhibit his collection to the public. It has occupied different premises, first in North London, then the South Bank by the River Thames, and finally in Chelsea, its current location. Saatchi's collection\u2014and hence the gallery's shows\u2014has had distinct phases, starting with US artists and minimalism, moving to the Damien Hirst-led Young British Artists, followed by shows purely of painting, and then returning to contemporary art from America in \"USA Today\" at the Royal Academy in London. A 2008 exhibition of contemporary Chinese art formed the inaugural exhibition in the new venue for the gallery at the Duke of York's HQ."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korey Rowe", "paragraph_text": "Korey Rowe is a producer of \"Loose Change 9/11: An American Coup\", a film by Dylan Avery. Rowe was born in Oneonta, New York and currently lives in Long Beach, California is a former US soldier who served six months in Kandahar, Afghanistan and one year in Kuwait and Iraq. Rowe enlisted in the army was discharged in June 2005, then joining the production of \"Loose Change\". On July 23, 2007, he was arrested at his home in Oneonta, New York, based on a military warrant charging him with felony desertion. Two days later he was returned to his unit at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, although he states that he received an honorable discharge and returned to uniform of his own accord, and that he is attempting to expunge his name completely from the system. Rowe would later post scans of his certificate of honorable discharge from the U.S. Army on his blog."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tyson Ritter", "paragraph_text": "Ritter and actress Elena Satine were engaged in April 2013 and married on New Year's Eve that year. He has been best friends with bandmate Nick Wheeler ever since they met in high school."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Times Square Ball", "paragraph_text": "The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City's Times Square. Located on the roof of One Times Square, the ball is a prominent part of a New Year's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop, where the ball descends 141 feet (43 m) in 60 seconds down a specially designed flagpole, beginning at 11: 59: 00 p.m. ET, and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year. In recent years, the festivities have been preceded by live entertainment, including performances by musicians."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, fireworks display at the London Eye, the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival is held during the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Eve of St. Agnes", "paragraph_text": "The Eve of St. Agnes is a Romantic narrative poem of 42 Spenserian stanzas set in the Middle Ages. It was written by John Keats in 1819 and published in 1820. The poem was considered by many of Keats' contemporaries and the succeeding Victorians to be one of his finest and was influential in 19th century literature."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Femina Miss India", "paragraph_text": "Reita Faria was the first Miss India ever to win any international beauty pageant. She was crowned Miss World 1966 in London, United Kingdom. She was the winner of Eve's Weekly Miss India contest. The same year Femina Miss India winner Yasmin Daji represented India at Miss Universe 1966 and was crowned 3rd Runner Up at the event. She was the first ever Femina Miss India Winner to get placed at any international beauty pageant."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "London Stone", "paragraph_text": "London Stone is a historic landmark housed at 111 Cannon Street in the City of London. It is an irregular block of oolitic limestone measuring 53 \u00d7 43 \u00d7 30\u00a0cm (21 \u00d7 17 \u00d7 12\"), the remnant of a once much larger object that had stood for many centuries on the south side of the street."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bush Tower", "paragraph_text": "The New York firm of Helmle and Corbett (also designers of Bush House in London and the George Washington Masonic National Memorial (1922\u20131932) in Alexandria, Virginia)\u2014and specifically, architect Harvey Wiley Corbett\u2014gave Bush Tower a Neo-Gothic appearance, in some ways similar in style to New York's landmark Woolworth Building, a skyscraper that had been completed just three years earlier."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Over Sea, Under Stone", "paragraph_text": "Over Sea, Under Stone is a contemporary fantasy novel written for children by the English author Susan Cooper, first published in London by Jonathan Cape in 1965. Cooper wrote four sequels about ten years later, making it the first volume in a series usually called \"The Dark is Rising\" (1965 to 1977)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Millennium celebrations", "paragraph_text": "The Millennium celebrations were a worldwide, coordinated series of events celebrating New Year's Eve in 1999 -- 2000, marking the end of the second millennium and beginning of the new, third millennium. This also marks the ending of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Many countries held official festivities in the weeks and months leading up to the millennium, such as those organised in the USA by the White House Millennium Council, and most major cities produced firework displays at midnight. Equally, many private venues, cultural and religious centres held events and a diverse range of memorabilia was created -- such as souvenir postage stamps."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve", "paragraph_text": "New Year's Rockin 'Eve is primarily broadcast from Times Square in New York City, providing coverage of the New Year's Eve festivities held there, culminating with the long - running ball drop leading to midnight and the New Year. The special also features pre-recorded segments featuring performances by popular musicians; since the 2017 -- 18 edition, these concert segments (branded since the 2014 - 15 edition as the ``Billboard Hollywood Party '') have been presented from a studio in Los Angeles by Ciara. Since the 2016 -- 17 edition, Lucy Hale has hosted additional coverage and performances from New Orleans."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Angels from the Realms of Glory", "paragraph_text": "``Angels from the Realms of Glory ''is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery. It was first printed in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816, though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection The Christian Psalmist and in the Religious Tract Society's The Christmas Box or New Year's Gift."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School and the London Business School. London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, Central School of Ballet, LAMDA, London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, RADA, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, the Royal College of Music and Trinity Laban."}], "question": "What type of apparatus is the place fireworks are discharged on New Year's Eve in London?"}
{"id": "2hop__25627_861292", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Riesel High School", "paragraph_text": "Riesel High School is a public high school located in Riesel, Texas (USA) and classified as a 2A school by the UIL. It is part of the Riesel Independent School District located in southeastern McLennan County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lazbuddie High School", "paragraph_text": "Lazbuddie High School or Lazbuddie School is a public high school located in Lazbuddie, Texas (USA) and is classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Lazbuddie Independent School District located in southeastern Parmer County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "Eton College has links with some private schools in India today, maintained from the days of the British Raj, such as The Doon School and Mayo College. Eton College is also a member of the G20 Schools Group, a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world, including Turkey's Robert College, the United States' Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy, Australia's Scotch College, Melbourne Grammar School and Launceston Church Grammar School, Singapore's Raffles Institution, and Switzerland's International School of Geneva. Eton has recently fostered[when?] a relationship with the Roxbury Latin School, a traditional all-boys private school in Boston, USA. Former Eton headmaster and provost Sir Eric Anderson shares a close friendship with Roxbury Latin Headmaster emeritus F. Washington Jarvis; Anderson has visited Roxbury Latin on numerous occasions, while Jarvis briefly taught theology at Eton after retiring from his headmaster post at Roxbury Latin. The headmasters' close friendship spawned the Hennessy Scholarship, an annual prize established in 2005 and awarded to a graduating RL senior for a year of study at Eton. Hennessy Scholars generally reside in Wotton house."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Hawtrey", "paragraph_text": "He was born at Eton College, where his father, the Reverend John Hawtrey, was master of the lower school. His younger brother was the actor, Sir Charles Hawtrey."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Crawford High School (Texas)", "paragraph_text": "Crawford High School is a 2A high school located in Crawford, Texas (USA). It is part of the Crawford Independent School District located in northwestern McLennan County. In 2011, the school was rated \"Recognized\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Red Lake Senior High School", "paragraph_text": "Red Lake Senior High School is a public state-funded high school in unincorporated Red Lake, in Beltrami County, northern Minnesota, USA. The high school is located on the Red Lake Indian Reservation on which members of the Red Lake Band of Chippewa (Ojibwe) Indians live, and has over 300 students. The school's mascots are the \"Ogichidaag\" and \"Ogichidaakwag\" (warriors and lady warriors). The school also hosts its own radio station, Ka-MOD (94.1 FM). The school is a part of Red Lake School District (Independent School District #38)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Abbott High School", "paragraph_text": "Abbott High School is a public high school located in Abbott, Texas (USA) and classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Abbott Independent School District located in southern Hill County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "International School of Belgrade", "paragraph_text": "The International School of Belgrade is an independent, co-educational, international school in Belgrade, Serbia, located in the neighborhood of Senjak. In 2005 ISB joined the IB school system."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Andrews Independent School District", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Independent School District is a school district headquartered in Andrews, Texas, United States. Andrews ISD, which serves all of the city of Andrews and all of Andrews County, is served by the Educational Service Center Region 18."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Channing High School", "paragraph_text": "Channing High School or Channing School is a public high school located in Channing, Texas (USA) and is classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Channing Independent School District located in southeastern Hartley County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Motley County High School", "paragraph_text": "Motley County High School or Motley County School is a 1A public high school located in Matador, Texas (USA). It is part of the Motley County Independent School District located in central Motley County. In 2011, the school was rated \"Recognized\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Burnet High School (Texas)", "paragraph_text": "Burnet High School is a public high school located in Burnet, Texas (USA) and classified as a 4A school by the UIL. It is part of the Burnet Consolidated Independent School District located in central Burnet County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "Figures obtained by The Daily Telegraph had revealed that, in 2010, 37 applicants from Eton were accepted by Oxford whilst state schools had difficulty obtaining entry even for pupils with the country's most impressive exam results. According to The Economist, Oxford and Cambridge admit more Etonians each year than applicants from the whole country who qualify for free school meals. In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and 'indefensible' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine 'outreach events' at Eton in 2010, although he admitted that it had, in fact, held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school, Wellington College."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "In the run-up to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, Eton's purpose-built Dorney Lake, a permanent, eight-lane, 2,200 metre course (about 1.4 miles) in a 400-acre park, officially known throughout the Games as Eton Dorney, provided training facilities for Olympic and Paralympic competitors, and during the Games, hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Rowing competitions as well as the Olympic Canoe Sprint event, attracting over 400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day), and voted the best 2012 Olympic venue by spectators. Access to the 400-acre parkland around the Lake is provided to members of the public, free of charge, almost all the year round."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Aspermont High School", "paragraph_text": "Aspermont High School is a public high school located in Aspermont, Texas (USA) and classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Aspermont Independent School District located in central Stonewall County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wellington College, Berkshire", "paragraph_text": "Wellington College is a British co-educational day and boarding public school near the village of Crowthorne, Berkshire, England. Wellington is a registered charity and currently educates roughly 1,100 pupils, between the ages of 13 and 18, per annum. It was built as a national monument to the first Duke of Wellington (1769\u20131852), in honour of whom the College is named. Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone in 1856 and inaugurated the School's public opening on 29 January 1859."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "In 2005, the Office of Fair Trading found fifty independent schools, including Eton, to have breached the Competition Act by \"regularly and systematically\" exchanging information about planned increases in school fees, which was collated and distributed among the schools by the bursar at Sevenoaks School. Following the investigation by the OFT, each school was required to pay around \u00a370,000, totalling around \u00a33.5 million, significantly less than the maximum possible fine. In addition, the schools together agreed to contribute another \u00a33m to a new charitable educational fund. The incident raised concerns over whether the charitable status of independent schools such as Eton should be reconsidered, and perhaps revoked. However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, \"They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gin\u00e1sio Teixeirinha", "paragraph_text": "Gin\u00e1sio Teixeirinha is an indoor sporting arena located in Passo Fundo, Brazil. The capacity of the arena is 10,000 spectators. It hosts indoor sporting events such as basketball and volleyball, and also hosts concerts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Canton High School (Texas)", "paragraph_text": "Canton High School is a public high school located in Canton, Texas (USA). It is part of the Canton Independent School District located in central Van Zandt County and classified as a 4A school by the UIL. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "Numerous plays are put on every year at Eton College; there is one main theatre, called the Farrer (seating 400) and 2 Studio theatres, called the Caccia Studio and Empty Space (seating 90 and 80 respectively). There are about 8 or 9 house productions each year, around 3 or 4 \"independent\" plays (not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians) and three school plays, one specifically for boys in the first two years, and two open to all years. The School Plays have such good reputations that they are normally fully booked every night. Productions also take place in varying locations around the School, varying from the sports fields to more historic buildings such as Upper School and College Chapel."}], "question": "Where is the independent school that had more outreach events than Eton?"}
{"id": "2hop__132895_716256", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Long Cecil", "paragraph_text": "Long Cecil is a single cannon, designed by George Labram, an American citizen, and built in the workshops of the De Beers mining company in Kimberley for use by the British during the Siege of Kimberley in the Second Boer War."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Walking Back", "paragraph_text": "Walking Back is a 1928 American silent drama film directed by Rupert Julian and an uncredited Cecil B. DeMille. Prints of the film exist."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cecil Garriott", "paragraph_text": "Virgil Cecil Garriott (August 15, 1916 \u2013 February 20, 1990) was an American professional baseball player during the middle of the 20th century. An outfielder during his long career in minor league baseball, Garriott made six appearances as a pinch hitter at the Major League level for the Chicago Cubs in 1946."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Broken in the Wars", "paragraph_text": "Broken in the Wars is a 1919 British silent drama film directed by Cecil Hepworth and starring Henry Edwards, Chrissie White and Alma Taylor. The Pensions Minister John Hodge appeared in the film to promote the King's Fund, which supported recently demobalised ex-servicemen. A cobbler returning from the First World War is persuaded by his aristocratic former employer and the Pensions Minister to receive a grant that will enable him to open his own shop. It was made by Hepworth Pictures."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Road to Yesterday", "paragraph_text": "The Road to Yesterday is a 1925 American silent film directed by Cecil B. DeMille. Prints of the film reportedly survive at George Eastman House and in private collections. The film is significant because it was Cecil B. DeMille's first release from his new production company, DeMille Pictures Corporation. It was also upcoming actor William Boyd's first starring role. In DeMille's next picture, The Volga Boatman, which was a tremendous success, he cast Boyd as the solo leading man."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rod, Jane and Freddy", "paragraph_text": "Rod, Jane and Freddy were a singing trio who appeared in children's programming on the British TV channel ITV in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. They starred both in the long-running series \"Rainbow\" and their own 15-minute show, The Rod, Jane and Freddy Show. The trio have also made guest appearances in other children's TV shows including \"The Sooty Show\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic blends of official, unofficial, local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion. In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chimmie Fadden Out West", "paragraph_text": "Chimmie Fadden Out West is a 1915 American comedy-Western film directed by Cecil B. DeMille. It was made as a sequel to \"Chimmie Fadden\". Once lost, a print is now held in the George Eastman House Motion Picture Collection."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Tinted Venus", "paragraph_text": "The Tinted Venus is a 1921 British silent fantasy film directed by Cecil Hepworth and starring Alma Taylor, George Dewhurst and Maud Cressall."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cecil Creal", "paragraph_text": "Cecil O. Creal (19 December 1899 \u2013 20 November 1986) was mayor of Ann Arbor, in the U.S. state of Michigan, from 1959 to 1965."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mist in the Valley", "paragraph_text": "Mist in the Valley is a 1923 British silent crime film directed by Cecil Hepworth and starring Alma Taylor, G.H. Mulcaster and James Carew. It was based on a novel by Dorin Craig."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Hayseeds", "paragraph_text": "The Hayseeds is a 1933 Australian musical comedy from Beaumont Smith. It centres on the rural family, the Hayseeds, about whom Smith had previously made six silent films, starting with \"Our Friends, the Hayseeds\" (1917). He retired from directing in 1925 but decided to revive the series in the wake of the box office success of \"On Our Selection\" (1932). It was the first starring role in a movie for stage actor Cecil Kellaway."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Golden Pavement", "paragraph_text": "The Golden Pavement is a 1915 British silent drama film directed by Cecil M. Hepworth and starring Alma Taylor, Stewart Rome and Lionelle Howard."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "I Vow to Thee, My Country", "paragraph_text": "``I Vow to Thee, My Country ''is a British patriotic hymn, created in 1921, when a poem by Sir Cecil Spring Rice was set to music by Gustav Holst."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cec Purves", "paragraph_text": "Cecil John Harry \"Cec\" Purves (born October 18, 1933) is a politician in Alberta, Canada, who served as mayor of Edmonton."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fair Exchange (film)", "paragraph_text": "Fair Exchange is a 1936 British comedy film directed by Ralph Ince and starring Patric Knowles, Raymond Lovell and Cecil Humphreys. It was made at Teddington Studios as a quota quickie by the British subsidiary of Warner Brothers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Ten Commandments Original theatrical release poster Directed by Cecil B. DeMille Produced by Cecil B. DeMille Screenplay by Aeneas MacKenzie Jesse L. Lasky Jr. Jack Gariss Fredric M. Frank Based on Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson Pillar of Fire by J.H. Ingraham On Eagle's Wings by A.E. Southon Book of Exodus Starring Charlton Heston Yul Brynner Anne Baxter Edward G. Robinson Yvonne De Carlo Debra Paget John Derek Narrated by Cecil B. DeMille Music by Elmer Bernstein Cinematography Loyal Griggs Edited by Anne Bauchens Production company Cecil B DeMille production Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 5, 1956 (1956 - 10 - 05) (US) Running time 220 minutes (with intermission) Country United States Language English Budget $13 million Box office $122.7 million (initial release)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kimberley, Northern Cape", "paragraph_text": "Kimberley is the capital and largest city of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. It is located approximately 110 km east of the confluence of the Vaal and Orange Rivers. The city has considerable historical significance due to its diamond mining past and the siege during the Second Boer War. British businessmen Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato made their fortunes in Kimberley, and the roots of the De Beers company can also be traced to the early days of the mining town."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ernest Oppenheimer", "paragraph_text": "Sir Ernest Oppenheimer (22 May 1880 \u2013 25 November 1957) was a diamond and gold mining entrepreneur, financier and philanthropist, who controlled De Beers and founded the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Murder in Three Acts", "paragraph_text": "Murder in Three Acts is a 1986 British-American made-for-television mystery film produced by Warner Bros. Television, featuring Peter Ustinov as Agatha Christie's Belgian detective Hercule Poirot. Directed by Gary Nelson, it co-starred Jonathan Cecil as Hastings, Tony Curtis, and Emma Samms."}], "question": "What company owns the company that made Long Cecil?"}
{"id": "2hop__5669_24841", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Boston is sometimes called a \"city of neighborhoods\" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "On August 23, after the failure of GKChP, in the presence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia. On November 6, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the RSFSR."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Compact disc", "paragraph_text": "In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vladimir Kotelnikov", "paragraph_text": "Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov (Russian \"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\", scientific transliteration \"Vladimir Alexandrovi\u010d Kotelnikov\", 6 September 1908 in Kazan \u2013 11 February 2005 in Moscow) was an information theory and radar astronomy pioneer from the Soviet Union. He was elected a member of the Russian Academy of Science, in the Department of Technical Science (radio technology) in 1953. From 30 July 1973 to 25 March 1980 Kotelnikov served as Chairman of the RSFSR Supreme Council."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "A New Refutation of Time", "paragraph_text": "\"A New Refutation of Time\" () is an essay by Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges (written between 1944 and 1946) in which he argues that the negations of idealism may be extended to time. It consists of a prologue and two articles: the first one was written in 1944 and appeared in number 115 of the review \"Sur\"; the second, written in 1946, is a rework of the first. Borges comments that he did not combine the two texts into one, as the reading of two analogous texts might facilitate the comprehension of an indocile subject."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "14th government of Turkey", "paragraph_text": "The 14th government of Turkey (9 March 1943 \u2013 7 August 1946) was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called \"second Saraco\u011flu government\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Th\u00e9odore", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Th\u00e9odore (5 December 1946 \u2013 18 May 2015) was a French businessman, President, Chairman and CEO of Euronext N.V., deputy CEO and Head of Strategy of NYSE Euronext Inc. for Euronext N.V and chairman of its Managing Board."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN). At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23, 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eugen Bejinariu", "paragraph_text": "Bejinariu was appointed as interim prime minister at the request of resigning prime minister, Adrian N\u0103stase, and confirmed by the new president Traian B\u0103sescu to hold the office until a new prime minister was named. Bejinariu was the minister of government coordination in N\u0103stase's cabinet, joining the government after a long stint as chairman of Romania's State Protocol Department (RAPPS). He was replaced as prime minister on December 28, 2004 by C\u0103lin Popescu-T\u0103riceanu."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thomas Fingar", "paragraph_text": "Charles Thomas Fingar, born January 11, 1946, is a professor at Stanford University. In 1986 Fingar left Stanford to join the State Department. In 2005, he moved to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence as the Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Analysis and concurrently served as the Chairman of the National Intelligence Council until December 2008. In January 2009, he rejoined Stanford University as a Payne Distinguished Lecturer in the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917\u20131946), Council of Ministers (1946\u20131978) and Council of Ministers\u2013Government (1978\u20131991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as \"Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR\" and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title \"President\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Council of Economic Advisers", "paragraph_text": "Council of Economic Advisers Agency overview Formed 1946; 72 years ago (1946) Preceding agencies Office of Price Administration (World War II) Council on Wage and Price Stability (Carter era) Headquarters Eisenhower Executive Office Building Employees About 35 Agency executive Kevin Hassett, Chairman Parent agency Executive Office of the President of the United States Website Council of Economic Advisers"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Russell Cornell Leffingwell", "paragraph_text": "Russell Cornell Leffingwell (1878\u20131960) was an American banker who led the Council on Foreign Relations from 1944 until 1953. From 1944 to 1946, he served as president of the Council, and from 1946 to 1953, he served as the organization's first chairman. He was also a trustee of Carnegie Corporation from 1923 to 1959. His banking career, which focused on international lending, started when he joined J.P. Morgan in 1923, and he retired as chairman of the company in 1950."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of heads of government of Russia", "paragraph_text": "After the fall of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin, as the President of the Russian Federation, was automatically appointed as the Head of Government of the Russian Federation in the first two years of his mandate. The latter body took the previous name ``Council of Ministers '', the chairman of which became Viktor Chernomyrdin from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, replacing acting chairman Yegor Gaidar. According to the new constitution ratified on 25 December 1993, those two entities were separated. Since then, the head of that office takes the formal title`` Chairmen of the Government'' or colloquially ``Prime Minister ''(the only actual prime minister was Valentin Pavlov). Chernomyrdin resumed chairing the government, followed up by non-partisans and acting office holders. On 8 May 2008, Vladimir Putin took the office for a second term, now as a member of United Russia. Dmitry Medvedev has been the Chairman of the Government since 8 May 2012."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "15th government of Turkey", "paragraph_text": "The 15th government of Turkey (7 August 1946 \u2013 10 September 1947) was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called \"the Peker government\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oshodi-Isolo", "paragraph_text": "Oshodi - Isolo is a Local Government Area (LGA) within Lagos State. It was formed by the second republic Governor of Lagos State, Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande, also known as' Baba Kekere 'and the first Executive Chairman of the Local Government was late Sir Isaac Ademolu Banjoko. The LGA is part of the Ikeja Division of Lagos State, Nigeria. At the 2006 Census it had a population of 621,509 people, and an area of 45 square kilometers. Hon. Idris Bolaji Muse Ariyoh, has been re-elected for a second term into office July 25th 2017, as the Executive Chairman."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Impeachment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Impeachment in the United States is the process by which the lower house of a legislature brings charges against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed, analogous to the bringing of an indictment by a grand jury. At the federal level, this is done by the House of Representatives. Most impeachments have concerned alleged crimes committed while in office, though there have been a few cases in which officials have been impeached and subsequently convicted for prior crimes. The impeached official remains in office until a trial is held. That trial, and their removal from office if convicted, is separate from the act of impeachment itself. Analogous to a trial before a judge and jury, these proceedings are (where the legislature is bicameral) conducted by upper house of the legislature, which at the federal level is the Senate."}], "question": "What is an analogous office to the chairman of the organization that the RSFSR government was named in 1946?"}
{"id": "2hop__108979_238335", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mike Begovich", "paragraph_text": "Michael Joseph \"Mike\" Begovich (born September 11, 1974) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lance Miller on MyNetworkTV telenovela, Fashion House."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jan Kip", "paragraph_text": "Johannes \"Jan\" Kip (1652/53, Amsterdam \u2013 1722, Westminster) was a Dutch draftsman, engraver and print dealer. Together with Leonard Knyff, he made a speciality of engraved views of English country houses."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Willem Witsen", "paragraph_text": "Willem Witsen (13 August 1860, Amsterdam - 13 April 1923, Amsterdam) was a Dutch painter and photographer associated with the Amsterdam Impressionism movement."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hip hop", "paragraph_text": "Hip hop, or hip - hop, is a subculture and art movement developed in the Bronx in New York City during the late 1970s. The origins of the word are often disputed. It is also argued as to whether hip hop started in the South or West Bronx. While the term hip hop is often used to refer exclusively to hip hop music (also called rap), hip hop is characterized by nine elements, of which only four elements are considered essential to understand hip - hop musically. The main elements of hip - hop consist of four main pillars. Afrika Bambaataa of the hip hop collective Zulu Nation outlined the pillars of hip hop culture, coining the terms: ``rapping ''(also called MCing or emceeing), a rhythmic vocal rhyming style (orality); DJing (and turntablism), which is making music with record players and DJ mixers (aural / sound and music creation); b - boying / b - girling / breakdancing (movement / dance); and graffiti art. Other elements of hip hop subculture and arts movements beyond the main four are: hip hop culture and historical knowledge of the movement (intellectual / philosophical); beatboxing, a percussive vocal style; street entrepreneurship; hip hop language; and hip hop fashion and style, among others. The fifth element is commonly considered either street knowledge, hip hop fashion or beatboxing however it is often debated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Isaac Isra\u00ebls", "paragraph_text": "Isaac Lazarus Isra\u00ebls (3 February 1865 \u2013 7 October 1934) was a Dutch painter associated with the Amsterdam Impressionism movement."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pieter de Keyser", "paragraph_text": "Pieter de Keyser was born and died in Amsterdam. He was commissioned by his father to oversee the construction of the Huis Bartolotti house on the Herengracht canal in Amsterdam in c. 1617. After his father's death in 1621, he succeeded him as Amsterdam's master mason (\"stadssteenhouwer\") and oversaw the completion of the Westerkerk and Noorderkerk churches as well as the Huis met de Hoofden house on Keizersgracht canal. In addition, he finished two other uncompleted projects of his father's: a mausoleum for William the Silent in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft as well as a statue of Erasmus in Rotterdam."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nina Ricci (brand)", "paragraph_text": "Nina Ricci is a fashion house founded by Maria \"Nina\" Ricci and her son Robert in Paris in 1932, and owned by the Spanish beauty and fashion group Puig since 1998."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fashion Museum, Bath", "paragraph_text": "The Fashion Museum (known before 2007 as the Museum of Costume) is housed in the Assembly Rooms in Bath, Somerset, England."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Spinks House", "paragraph_text": "Designed and built as a permanent home for retired judge William Ward Spinks, who had recently moved to Southern California from Victoria, Canada, the three-story (plus basement) Spinks House is a classic example of a California bungalow built during America's Arts and Crafts movement. Though a far simpler version of such a house than its more grandiose, up-the-street neighbor, the Blacker House, its style shows influence from traditional Japanese aesthetics and a certain California spaciousness born of available land and a permissive climate. The Arts and Crafts Movement in American Craftsman style architecture was focused on the use of natural materials, attention to detail, aesthetics, and craftsmanship. The Spinks House is unique in that it is among a small handful of Greene & Greene houses with its entire original property intact. With re-development in Pasadena, the Spinks house's initial interior and exterior design integrity may be comprised if sold again."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "DKNY", "paragraph_text": "DKNY is a New York-based fashion house specializing in fashion goods for men and women, founded in 1984 by Donna Karan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Michel de Klerk", "paragraph_text": "Michel de Klerk (24 November 1884, Amsterdam \u2013 24 November 1923, Amsterdam) was a Dutch architect. Born to a Jewish family, he was one of the founding architects of the movement Amsterdam School (Expressionist architecture). Early in his career he worked for other architects, including Eduard Cuypers. For a while, he also employed the Indonesian-born Liem Bwan Tjie, who would later become his country's pioneering proponent of the Amsterdam School and modern architecture. Of his many outstanding designs, very few have actually been built. One of his finest completed buildings is 'Het Schip' (The Ship) in the Amsterdam district of Spaarndammerbuurt."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Orthodox Judaism", "paragraph_text": "Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda \"Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz\" for a more extensive listing.]"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minny Pops", "paragraph_text": "Minny Pops is an Amsterdam-based new wave/electronic/art punk band, associated with the Ultra post-punk movement in the Netherlands and the Factory Records label in the UK."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Smooth as Satin", "paragraph_text": "Smooth as Satin is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by Ralph Ince and starring Evelyn Brent. The film is considered to be lost. It was remade in 1930, entitled \"Alias French Gertie\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Willem Bastiaan Tholen", "paragraph_text": "Willem Bastiaan Tholen( Amsterdam, 13 February 1860 \u2013 The Hague, 5 December 1931) was a Dutch painter, draftsman and printmaker with some connections to members of the Hague School and later associated with the Amsterdam Impressionism movement."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Carlinville Chapter House", "paragraph_text": "The Carlinville Chapter House is a historic building located at 111 S. Charles St. in Carlinville, Illinois. The building was constructed between 1909 and 1910 as a meetinghouse for Carlinville's chapter of the American Woman's League. The American Woman's League was a political and social organization founded by magazine publisher Edward Gardner Lewis in 1908. The organization was created to promote feminist causes, particularly the women's suffrage movement; Lewis also intended for the organization to promote and sell his women's magazines. Lewis commissioned the St. Louis architectural firm of Helfensteller, Hirsch & Watson to design five classes of buildings which the League would use as meetinghouses. The Carlinville Chapter House is an example of a Class I building, which was designed for clubs with 30 to 60 members. The building was designed in the Prairie School style and cost $1,200. After the club disbanded, the building was converted to a private home."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I'm Dysfunctional, You're Dysfunctional", "paragraph_text": "I'm Dysfunctional, You're Dysfunctional: The Recovery Movement and Other Self-Help Fashions is a non-fiction book about the self-help industry, written by Wendy Kaminer. The book was first published in a hardcover format in 1992 by Addison-Wesley, and again in a paperback format in 1993, by Vintage Books."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Plan Zuid", "paragraph_text": "The Plan Zuid (\"South Plan\") is an urban development plan of Amsterdam South in the city of Amsterdam, Netherlands, designed by architect Hendrik Petrus Berlage. Berlage was responsible for the urban concept (1915) and the architects of the Amsterdam School (partly expressionist architects) designed the implementation of the plan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "House of Style", "paragraph_text": "House of Style is an MTV show that premiered in May 1989, focusing on America's growing fascination with the \"supermodel\" craze. The show focused on fashion, lives of models, the modeling industry, and topics such as eating disorders."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ippy and Gertie Posing at Fashion House Hirsch, Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "Ippy and Gertie Posing at Fashion House Hirsch, Amsterdam is a \"circa\" 1916 oil on canvas painting by the Dutch artist Isaac Isra\u00ebls. It depicts the twin sisters Helena (1895-1964) and Geertruida Wehmann (1895-1975), models at the Amsterdam fashion house in the whose professional names were Ippy and Gertie respectively."}], "question": "What movement is associated with the developer of Ippy and Gertie Posing at Fashion House Hirsch, Amsterdam?"}
{"id": "2hop__47947_684321", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Reuleaux triangle", "paragraph_text": "They are named after Franz Reuleaux, a 19th-century German engineer who pioneered the study of machines for translating one type of motion into another, and who used Reuleaux triangles in his designs. However, these shapes were known before his time, for instance by the designers of Gothic church windows, by Leonardo da Vinci, who used it for a map projection, and by Leonhard Euler in his study of constant-width shapes. Other applications of the Reuleaux triangle include giving the shape to guitar picks, pencils, and drill bits for drilling square holes, as well as in graphic design in the shapes of some signs and corporate logos."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2018\u201319 FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "Round Clubs remaining Clubs involved Winners from previous round New entries this round Leagues entering at this round First Round Proper 124 80 32 48 EFL League One EFL League Two Second Round Proper 84 40 40 none none Third Round Proper 64 64 20 44 Premier League EFL Championship Fourth Round Proper 32 32 32 none none Fifth Round Proper 16 16 16 none none Quarter - finals 8 8 8 none none Semi-finals none none Final none none"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zeta Doradus", "paragraph_text": "Zeta Doradus A is a bright, high proper motion star with a spectral type of F7V, meaning that it is a main sequence star that is hotter and brighter than the Sun. With an apparent magnitude of 4.82, it is approximately the eight brightest star in the constellation of Dorado."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Proper motion", "paragraph_text": "Proper motion was suspected by early astronomers (according to Macrobius, AD 400) but a proof was not provided until 1718 by Edmund Halley, who noticed that Sirius, Arcturus and Aldebaran were over half a degree away from the positions charted by the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus roughly 1850 years earlier."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Academy Award for Best Actor", "paragraph_text": "Academy Award for Best Actor Awarded for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) First awarded 1929 (for performance in films released during the 1927 / 1928 film season) Currently held by Casey Affleck Manchester by the Sea (2016) Website oscars.org"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gliese 687", "paragraph_text": "Gliese 687, or GJ 687 \"(Gliese\u2013Jahrei\u00df 687)\" is a red dwarf in the constellation Draco. This is one of the closest stars to the Sun and lies at an approximate distance of less than 15 light years. Even though it is close by, it has a magnitude of about 9, so it can only be seen through a moderately sized telescope. Gliese 687 has a high proper motion, advancing 1.304 arcseconds per year across the sky. It has a net relative velocity of about 39\u00a0km/s. It is known to have a Neptune-mass planet.. In old books and articles it is refeered as Argelander Oeltzen 17415."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "481 Emita", "paragraph_text": "Emita (minor planet designation: 481 Emita) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by the Italian astronomer Luigi Carnera on February 12, 1902. The meaning of the asteroid's proper name remains unknown."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "9 Ceti", "paragraph_text": "9 Ceti is the Flamsteed designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.39, which is below the limit that can be seen with the naked eye by a typical observer. (According to the Bortle scale, it is possible for some observers to see it from dark rural skies.) Based upon measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, this star is around 68\u00a0light years away from the Sun. There is a magnitude 12.57 optical companion at an angular separation of 214\u00a0arc seconds along a position angle of 294\u00b0 (as of 1999), although the pair are not physically associated as they have different proper motions."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C.D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "9767 Midsomer Norton", "paragraph_text": "9767 Midsomer Norton (1992 EB1) is an outer main-belt asteroid discovered on March 10, 1992, by Duncan Steel at Siding Spring. It is one of very few asteroids located in the 2 : 1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Necessary and Proper Clause", "paragraph_text": "The Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the elastic clause, is a clause in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution that is as follows:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hollywood", "paragraph_text": "By 1912, major motion - picture companies had set up production near or in Los Angeles. In the early 1900s, most motion picture patents were held by Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company in New Jersey, and filmmakers were often sued to stop their productions. To escape this, filmmakers began moving out west, where Edison's patents could not be enforced. Also, the weather was ideal and there was quick access to various settings. Los Angeles became the capital of the film industry."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sound film", "paragraph_text": "A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound - on - disc systems, and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate. Innovations in sound - on - film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yongzheng Emperor", "paragraph_text": "The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 \u2013 8 October 1735), born Yinzhen, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1722 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, the Yongzheng Emperor's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, the Yongzheng Emperor used military force to preserve the dynasty's position. His reign was known for being despotic, efficient, and vigorous."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C.D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016. j"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Airport", "paragraph_text": "The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bohr model", "paragraph_text": "In 1925, a new kind of mechanics was proposed, quantum mechanics, in which Bohr's model of electrons traveling in quantized orbits was extended into a more accurate model of electron motion. The new theory was proposed by Werner Heisenberg. Another form of the same theory, wave mechanics, was discovered by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger independently, and by different reasoning. Schr\u00f6dinger employed de Broglie's matter waves, but sought wave solutions of a three - dimensional wave equation describing electrons that were constrained to move about the nucleus of a hydrogen - like atom, by being trapped by the potential of the positive nuclear charge."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James Bradley", "paragraph_text": "James Bradley (1693\u20131762) was an English astronomer and priest who served as Astronomer Royal from 1742. He is best known for two fundamental discoveries in astronomy, the aberration of light (1725\u20131728), and the nutation of the Earth's axis (1728\u20131748). These discoveries were called \"the most brilliant and useful of the century\" by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, historian of astronomy, mathematical astronomer and director of the Paris Observatory, in his history of astronomy in the 18th century (1821), because \"It is to these two discoveries by Bradley that we owe the exactness of modern astronomy.\u00a0... This double service assures to their discoverer the most distinguished place (after Hipparchus and Kepler) above the greatest astronomers of all ages and all countries.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kapteyn's Star", "paragraph_text": "Attention was first drawn to what is now known as Kapteyn's Star by the Dutch astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn in 1898. Under the name CPD-44 612 it was included in the \"Cape photographic Durchmusterung for the equinox 1875 (\u221238 to \u221252)\" by David Gill and Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn in 1897. This catalogue was based on Gill's observations from the Cape Observatory in 1885\u20131889 and was created in collaboration with Kapteyn. While he was reviewing star charts and photographic plates, Kapteyn noted that a star, previously catalogued in 1873 by B.A. Gould as C.Z. V 243, seemed to be missing. However, R.T.A. Innes found an uncatalogued star about 15 arc seconds away from the absent star's position. It became clear that the star had a very high proper motion of more than 8 arc seconds per year and had moved significantly. Later, CPD-44 612 came to be referred to as Kapteyn's Star although equal credit should be accorded to Robert Innes. At the time of its discovery it had the highest proper motion of any star known, dethroning Groombridge 1830. In 1916, Barnard's Star was found to have an even larger proper motion. In 2014, two super-Earth planet candidates in orbit around the star were announced."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "HD 40979", "paragraph_text": "HD 40979 is a yellow-white dwarf star about 108 light-years away in the constellation of Auriga. The star is a member of a multiple system: it has a companion HD 40979B which shares its proper motion and is located at a projected distance of 6400 AU from the primary. HD 40979B itself has a companion (designated HD 40979C) at a projected distance of 129 AU from star B, making the system a triple."}], "question": "What position was held by the individual who discovered the first known instance of proper motion?"}
{"id": "2hop__156607_442864", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Orange River", "paragraph_text": "The earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river Gariep '. An early Dutch name for the river was Groote Rivier meaning ``Great River ''. The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the Dutch East India Company garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779. Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange. A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color its tributary, the Vaal River (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey). Since the end of apartheid, the name`` Gariep'' has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name ``Orange ''has greater international recognition. In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Columbia River", "paragraph_text": "The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. The fourth-largest river in the United States by volume, the Columbia has the greatest flow of any North American river entering the Pacific."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chechidla Range", "paragraph_text": "The Chechidla Range is a mountain range in northernwestern British Columbia, Canada, located about west of Dease Lake and 125\u2013150\u00a0km south-southeast of Atlin. It has an area of 3236\u00a0km and lies roughly in between the Whiting and Sutlahine Rivers on the west and northwest and the Samotua and Sheslay on the east. It is a subrange of the Boundary Ranges which in turn form part of the Coast Mountains of the Pacific Cordillera mountain system. The Whiting River has its source in the range. The range's name is an approximation of a phrase in the Tahltan language meaning \"mountains of small rocks\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "Permanently settled for over 2,000 years, Z\u00fcrich was founded by the Romans, who, in 15 BC, called it \"\". However, early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ago. During the Middle Ages, Z\u00fcrich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and, in 1519, became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Utva River (Perm Krai)", "paragraph_text": "Utva () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Veslyana River, which in turn is a tributary of the Kama River. The river is long, and its drainage basin covers . The source of the river is in the extreme southwest of the Gaynsky District of Perm Krai, near the border with Kirov Oblast and the Komi Republic. The main tributaries are the Chugrum River (right) and the Yuzhnaya Anva River (left)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kunwak River", "paragraph_text": "The Kunwak River is a river of Nunavut, Canada. It flows northeast out of Tulemalu Lake and enters Tebesjuak Lake, Mallery Lake and Princess Mary Lake before turning southeast and flowing into Thirty Mile Lake on the Kazan River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ducharme Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ducharme Bridge (French: \"Pont Ducharme\") is a covered bridge with a lattice truss structure, which crosses the Bostonnais River in the center of La Bostonnais, Quebec. The bridge was built in 1946 and it is long. It was classified as a historic monument in 2006, because it was a late example of an elaborated town bridge, a truss developed by the Departement of colonization of Quebec at the turn of the 20th century. It was named after Romulus Ducharme, MLA of Laviolette in 1936-1939 and 1944-1966."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Camaipi River do Vila Nova River", "paragraph_text": "Camaipi River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River system."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ohio", "paragraph_text": "The state takes its name from the Ohio River, whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word  ohi\u02d0yo', meaning \"good river\", \"great river\" or \"large creek\". Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the Northwest Ordinance. Ohio is historically known as the \"Buckeye State\" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as \"Buckeyes\".Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier, to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union, to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transmogrifying to a more information and service based economy in the 21st."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Linth", "paragraph_text": "The Linth (pronounced \"lint\") is a Swiss river that rises near the village of Linthal in the mountains of the canton of Glarus, and eventually flows into the Obersee section of Lake Zurich. It is about in length."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kasai River", "paragraph_text": "The Kasai River (called Cassai in Angola) is a tributary (left side) of the Congo River, located in Central Africa. The river begins in central Angola and flows to the east until it reaches the border between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where it turns north and serves as the border until it flows into the DRC. From Ilebo, between the confluences with Lulua river and Sankuru river, the Kasai river turns to a westerly direction. The lower stretch of the river from the confluence with Fimi river, is known as the Kwa(h) River, before it joins the Congo at Kwamouth northeast of Kinshasa. The Kasai basin consists mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, which provide an agricultural land in a region noted for its infertile, sandy soil. It is a tributary of Congo river and diamonds are found in this river. Around 60% of diamonds in Belgium go from Kasai river for cutting and shaping."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pia\u00e7aca River", "paragraph_text": "Pia\u00e7aca River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River basin."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pawnee River", "paragraph_text": "The Pawnee River is a river in southwestern Kansas in the United States, about long. It is a tributary of the Arkansas River, which in turn is a branch of the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Metsimotlhabe River", "paragraph_text": "The Metsimotlhabe River is the largest river in the Kweneng District of Botswana, draining the area that lies to the south of Molepolole into the Notwane River, in turn a tributary of the Limpopo River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "10th Street (40\u00b044\u203203\u2033N 74\u00b000\u203211\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.7342580\u00b0N 74.0029670\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.7342580; -74.0029670) begins at the FDR Drive and Avenue C. West of Sixth Avenue, it turns southward about 40 degrees to join the Greenwich Village street grid and continue to West Street on the Hudson River. Because West 4th Street turns northward at Sixth Avenue, it intersects 10th, 11th and 12th and 13th Streets in the West Village. The M8 bus operates on 10th Street in both directions between Avenue D and Avenue A, and eastbound between West Street and Sixth Avenue. 10th Street has an eastbound bike lane from West Street to the East River. In 2009, the two-way section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed, but it still has no dedicated bike lane. West 10th Street was previously named Amos Street for Richard Amos. The end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison, New York City's first prison and the United States' second."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ngunguru River", "paragraph_text": "The Ngunguru River is a river of the Northland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It initially flows southwest before turning east to flow into a long, wide estuary which empties into Ngunguru Bay to the northwest of Whangarei. The town of Ngunguru sits on the estuary's north bank at its opening to the bay."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Indian River (New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "The Indian River is a long river located in western New Hampshire in the United States. The river is a tributary of the Mascoma River, which in turn flows to the Connecticut River and ultimately Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Montes Archimedes", "paragraph_text": "Montes Archimedes is a mountain range on the Moon. It is named after the nearby crater Archimedes, which in turn is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mangalam River", "paragraph_text": "Mangalam River is the main tributary of the river Gayathripuzha, which in turn is a tributary of Bharathapuzha, the second longest river in Kerala, India. It is around 30\u00a0km long in length, with its source from Nelliyampathi forests, and passing through Vadakkencherry, Kannambra, Puthucode, Padur, etc. and joining Gayathripuzha at Plazhi in the border of Thrissur and Palakkad districts."}], "question": "What is the lake that the river Linth turns into named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__119421_122862", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Human Development Index", "paragraph_text": "The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose \"to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies\". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wayback Machine", "paragraph_text": "In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that \"The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Game Park", "paragraph_text": "Game Park was a South Korean company that was founded in 1996 and went bankrupt in March 2007. It is responsible for creating the GP32 and the never-released XGP. GamePark Holdings was founded by former employees of Game Park in 2005."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Combined DNA Index System", "paragraph_text": "The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is the United States national DNA database created and maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. CODIS consists of three levels of information; Local DNA Index Systems (LDIS) where DNA profiles originate, State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) which allows for laboratories within states to share information, and the National DNA Index System (NDIS) which allows states to compare DNA information with one another."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "IWG plc", "paragraph_text": "IWG plc, formerly Regus, is a multinational corporation that provides serviced offices, virtual offices, meeting rooms, and videoconferencing to clients on a contract basis. Founded in Brussels, Belgium in 1989, the business is incorporated in Saint Helier, Jersey. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Nietzsche Studies", "paragraph_text": "New Nietzsche Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to scholarly examination of Friedrich Nietzsche's thought and edited by Babette Babich and David B. Allison. Established in 1996, it is the journal of the Nietzsche Society. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the International Philosophical Bibliography, Philosopher's Index, Philosophy Research Index, and PhilPapers. \"New Nietzsche Studies\" is produced at Fordham University and all issues are available online from the Philosophy Documentation Center."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lois Mai Chan", "paragraph_text": "Lois Mai Chan (Chinese: \u9ea5\u9e9f\u5c4f, July 30, 1934 \u2013 August 20, 2014) was an American librarian, author, and professor at the University of Kentucky School of Library and Information Science until 2011. Her publications on cataloging, library classification, and subject indexing were recognized with various awards."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Randy Conrads", "paragraph_text": "Randy Conrads attended Oregon State University, graduating in 1972 with a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering. Before founding Classmates Online, Inc. Conrads worked for Boeing for twenty one years. Classmates.com became a very popular website and Conrads received many honors including eBusiness Report's 2001 Entrepreneur of the Year. After he left Classmates Online, Inc. Conrads went on to co-found RedWeek.com. He continues to work for this company."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Coming of the Padres", "paragraph_text": "The Coming of the Padres is a 1914 American silent short film Western film directed by Lorimer Johnston. The film stars Sydney Ayres, Perry Banks, Louise Lester, Jacques Jaccard, Jack Richardson, Vivian Rich, and Harry Van Meter."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Indexed language", "paragraph_text": "Indexed languages are a class of formal languages discovered by Alfred Aho; they are described by indexed grammars and can be recognized by nested stack automata."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tversky index", "paragraph_text": "The Tversky index, named after Amos Tversky, is an asymmetric similarity measure on sets that compares a variant to a prototype. The Tversky index can be seen as a generalization of Dice's coefficient and Tanimoto coefficient (aka Jaccard index)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The SAIS Review of International Affairs", "paragraph_text": "\"SAIS Review\" is published and distributed biannually by the Johns Hopkins University Press and is available online through Project MUSE. Articles appearing in \"SAIS Review\" are indexed in the Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS), International Political Science Abstracts, and International in Print Bulletin. The full text of \"SAIS Review\" articles is also available in the electronic versions of the Social Sciences Index."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Paul Jaccard", "paragraph_text": "Paul Jaccard (18 November 1868 in Sainte-Croix \u2013 9 May 1944 in Zurich) was a professor of botany and plant physiology at the ETH Zurich. He studied at the University of Lausanne and ETH Zurich (PhD 1894). He continued studies in Paris with Gaston Bonnier."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John Darsee", "paragraph_text": "John Darsee obtained his undergraduate education at the University of Notre Dame, then went to medical school at Indiana University, where he received a degree in 1974."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Maria Wasiak", "paragraph_text": "Maria Wasiak was born in Radom and lived and studied there until matriculating at the University of Warsaw where she studied law. In 1990 her application to become a legal counsellor (solicitor) was approved. In 1994 Wasiak became a founding member of the Democratic Union, from which she later went on to head the regional branch of the Freedom Union party. She stayed in her position as leader of the party's regional branch until 1997. Wasiak is a graduate of the Pozna\u0144 University of Economics's business school."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Economic inequality", "paragraph_text": "In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of \"Health and Social Problems\" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems \"more common in countries with bigger income inequalities\", and more common among states in the US with larger income inequalities. Other studies have confirmed this relationship. The UNICEF index of \"child well-being in rich countries\", studying 40 indicators in 22 countries, correlates with greater equality but not per capita income."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australian Family Physician", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Family Physician is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. It was established in 1956 as the \"Annals of General Practice\", obtaining its current name in 1971. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed and the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.759."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jaccard index", "paragraph_text": "The Jaccard index, also known as Intersection over Union and the Jaccard similarity coefficient (originally given the French name \"coefficient de communaut\u00e9\" by Paul Jaccard), is a statistic used for gauging the similarity and diversity of sample sets. The Jaccard coefficient measures similarity between finite sample sets, and is defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the sample sets:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tibor Szele", "paragraph_text": "Tibor Szele (Debrecen, 21 June 1918 \u2013 Szeged, 5 April 1955) Hungarian mathematician, working in combinatorics and abstract algebra. After graduating at the Debrecen University, he became a researcher at the Szeged University in 1946, then he went back at the Debrecen University in 1948 where he became full professor in 1952. He worked especially in the theory of Abelian groups and ring theory. He generalized Haj\u00f3s's theorem. He founded the Hungarian school of algebra. Tibor Szele received the Kossuth Prize in 1952."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Journal of Human Capital", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Human Capital is a quarterly peer reviewed academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press. It covers theoretical and empirical research on the role of human capital in economics. The editor-in-chief is Isaac Ehrlich (State University of New York at Buffalo). The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index and Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences."}], "question": "What university did the man who found the Jaccard index attend?"}
{"id": "2hop__82159_293758", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Air Force Basic Military Training", "paragraph_text": "Inbound trainees are transported to Air Force Basic Military Training at Lackland Air Force Base. Upon arrival at Lackland, trainees will be assigned to a Squadron and a Flight. Trainees will then be rushed up to their dorm rooms where they will be given a bed and a wall locker (Personal Living Area or PLA) that they will take care of for the next eight and a half weeks. They will also be briefed on meal time procedures in the Dining Facility (DFAC) and other essential ground rules that will apply throughout the duration of Basic Training."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Airport", "paragraph_text": "An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "PAF Base Shahbaz", "paragraph_text": "PAF Base Shahbaz is located at Jacobabad, in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is a military base operated by the Pakistan Air Force as well as a civilian airport."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Officers may be commissioned upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy, upon graduation from another college or university through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC) program, or through the Air Force Officer Training School (OTS). OTS, previously located at Lackland AFB, Texas until 1993 and located at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama since 1993, in turn encompasses two separate commissioning programs: Basic Officer Training (BOT), which is for line-officer candidates of the active-duty Air Force and the U.S. Air Force Reserve; and the Academy of Military Science (AMS), which is for line-officer candidates of the Air National Guard. (The term \"line officer\" derives from the concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the \"Line of the Air\", meaning combat or combat-support operations within the scope of legitimate combatants as defined by the Geneva Conventions.)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Somerset Independent School District", "paragraph_text": "Established in 1920, it is located in Bexar County with a portion of the district extending into Atascosa County. The district currently has approx 3,500 students."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tajikistan", "paragraph_text": "Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik\u2013Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "84th Combat Sustainment Wing", "paragraph_text": "The 84th Combat Sustainment Wing (CSW) is a wing of the United States Air Force based at Hill Air Force Base, Utah."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Air Force Armament Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Air Force Armament Museum, adjacent to Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, is the only facility in the U.S. dedicated to the display of Air Force armament. Founded in 1975, it was originally located in a converted gymnasium on the northeastern edge of the Eglin main base, adjacent to Valparaiso, Florida."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bledsoe, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Bledsoe is an unincorporated community in western Cochran County, Texas, located near the New Mexico border. It is about 68 miles west of Lubbock, Texas. As of the 1990 US Census, the town had a population of 125."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Antonio Bautista", "paragraph_text": "Antonio Bautista graduated from The University of the Philippines in Los Ba\u00f1os in 1957 with a degree in Agriculture. He signed up for the Philippine Air Force Flying School in Fernando Air Base, Lipa, Batangas, graduating in 1958, and was sent to the 5th Fighter Wing stationed at Basa Air Base, Floridablanca, Pampanga. His first assignment was with the 8th Fighter Squadron, Nicknamed \"Scorpions\", flying piston driven North American F-51 Mustangs. At about the same time, the Philippine Air Force was in the process of transitioning to Jets, so in 1959, in preparation for jet training, he was sent to Kadena Air Force Base in Okinawa, Japan, for Altitude Physiological Training. In 1961 to 1962, he took the U.S. Air Force's Jet Qualification Course at Randolph Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. In 1962, he continued his training at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, for aerial gunnery and combat training."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maxwell Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Maxwell Air Force Base (IATA: MXF, ICAO: KMXF, FAA LID: MXF), officially known as Maxwell - Gunter Air Force Base, is a United States Air Force (USAF) installation under the Air Education and Training Command (AETC). The installation is located in Montgomery, Alabama, US. Occupying the site of the first Wright Flying School, it was named in honor of Second Lieutenant William C. Maxwell, a native of Atmore, Alabama."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "95th Air Base Wing", "paragraph_text": "The 95th Air Base Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit that was last assigned to the Air Force Flight Test Center of Air Force Materiel Command at Edwards Air Force Base, California, where it was inactivated on 13 July 2012."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Little Rock Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Little Rock Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force base located approximately northeast of Little Rock, Arkansas."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base (Andrews AFB, AAFB) is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Timeline of American women in war and the U.S. military from 1945 to 1999", "paragraph_text": "Olga E. Custodio qualified for Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) at Laughlin Air Force Base in Texas and graduated in 1981, thus becoming the first Latina to complete the U.S. Air Force military pilot training."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lackland Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Lackland Air Force Base (IATA: SKF, ICAO: KSKF, FAA LID: SKF) is a United States Air Force base located in Bexar County, Texas. The base is under the jurisdiction of the 802d Mission Support Group, Air Education and Training Command (AETC) and an enclave of the city of San Antonio. It is the only entry processing station for Air Force enlisted Basic Military Training (BMT)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Laughlin Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Laughlin Air Force Base (IATA: DLF, ICAO: KDLF, FAA LID: DLF) is a facility of the United States Air Force located in Del Rio, Texas. As a census - designated place, it had a population of 1,648 at the 2015 census."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county containing Lackland Air force Base?"}
{"id": "2hop__332947_64298", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "100th Grey Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 100th Grey Cup was a Canadian football game between the East Division champion Toronto Argonauts and the West Division champion Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League to decide the Grey Cup champions of the 2012 season."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shahrdari Urmia F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Shahrdari Urmia Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Urmia, West Azerbaijan who play in Iran Football's 2nd Division."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pearson Education", "paragraph_text": "Pearson Education is a British-owned education publishing and assessment service to schools and corporations, as well for students directly. Pearson owns educational media brands including Addison\u2013Wesley, Peachpit, Prentice Hall, eCollege, Longman, Scott Foresman, and others. Pearson is part of Pearson plc, which formerly owned the \"Financial Times\". It was created in July 1998 when Pearson plc purchased the education division of Simon & Schuster from Viacom and merged it with its own education division, Addison-Wesley Longman, to form Pearson Education. Pearson Education was rebranded to Pearson in 2011 and split into an International and a North American division."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "FK Smiltene/BJSS", "paragraph_text": "FK Smiltene/BJSS is a Latvian football club. They compete in the second-highest division of Latvian football (1. l\u012bga) and Latvian Football Cup."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Herbert Theodore Milburn", "paragraph_text": "Born in Cleveland, Tennessee, Milburn received a Bachelor of Science degree from East Tennessee State University in 1953 and was in the United States Army, Security Agency from 1953 to 1956. He received a Juris Doctor from the University of Tennessee College of Law in 1959, and was in private practice in Chattanooga, Tennessee from then until 1973. He was a judge on the Circuit Court of Hamilton County, Tennessee, Division III from 1973 to 1983."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gunsmoke", "paragraph_text": "For over a decade on television, a sign hung over Doc's office that read ``Dr. G. Adams ''. Milburn Stone was given free rein to choose the character's first name. The actor chose the name of an ancient Greek physician and medical researcher named Galen. He is first referred to in this manner by Theodore Bikel as`` Martin Kellums'' in the season - 10 episode, ``Song for Dying '', aired February 13, 1965."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "East Tennessee State Buccaneers football", "paragraph_text": "1952 -- 1956: NAIA 1957 -- 1972: NCAA College Division 1973 -- 1976: NCAA Division II 1978 -- 2003: NCAA Division I -- AA (now FCS) 2004 -- 2014: No team 2015 -- present: NCAA Division I FCS"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "FC Costuleni", "paragraph_text": "In 2009\u201310, FC Costuleni won the \"A\" Division and promoted to the highest tier of Moldovan football Moldovan National Division."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "St Senans (Kerry) GAA", "paragraph_text": "St Senan's are a Gaelic Athletic Association Gaelic football club from just outside Listowel in North County Kerry, Ireland. They play North Kerry Division 1, County League Division 3 and Premier Junior Championship Football. They won the Kerry Junior Football Championship in 1985 & 1996."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1998\u201399 Northern Football League", "paragraph_text": "The 1998\u201399 Northern Football League season was the 101st in the history of the Northern Football League, a football competition for teams in north east England. Division One was won by Bedlington Terriers and Division Two was won by Durham City. Bedlington opted against promotion to the Northern Premier League."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fabio Kaufmann", "paragraph_text": "Fabio Herbert Kaufmann (born 8 September 1992) is a German-Italian footballer who plays as a right winger for W\u00fcrzburger Kickers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Herb Hainsworth", "paragraph_text": "William Herbert Hainsworth (27 May 1881 \u2013 13 February 1955) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bill McVeigh", "paragraph_text": "William Herbert McVeigh (17 December 1881 \u2013 22 November 1951) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Theodore Steinmetz", "paragraph_text": "Theodore \"Steinie\" Steinmetz (December 22, 1880 \u2013 October 7, 1951) was an American musician, composer, and conductor from Marshfield, Wisconsin. During World War I, he was a member of the 32nd division Wisconsin infantry and wrote a march for the division that celebrates the combined brigades from Wisconsin and Michigan and their achievements in France for the Allied forces."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zagros Yasouj F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Shahrdari Yasuj Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Yasuj, Iran. They currently compete in the Iran Football's 2nd Division."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Canadian Football League", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Football League (CFL; French: Ligue canadienne de football, LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football. Its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions: the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2011\u201312 Scottish Second Division", "paragraph_text": "The 2011\u201312 Scottish Football League Second Division (also known as the 2011\u201312 Irn Bru Scottish Football League Second Division for sponsorship reasons) is the 17th season in the current format of 10 teams in the third-tier of Scottish football. Livingston F.C. are the current champions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Noel Hollingdale", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Noel Hollingdale (1911 - 2000) was a former rugby league footballer who played in the New South Wales Rugby League competition."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Johann Theodor Jablonski", "paragraph_text": "Johann Theodor Jablonski (15 December 1654, in Danzig \u2013 28 April 1731, in Berlin) was a German educator and lexicographer who also wrote under the name Pierre Rondeau."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beara GAA", "paragraph_text": "Beara GAA is a division of Cork GAA, and is responsible for organizing Gaelic Athletic Association games in the Beara Peninsula in County Cork, Ireland. It is one of eight divisions of Cork County Board. It organizes competitions for the clubs within the division, from Under 12 up to the adult level. The winners of these competitions compete against other divisional champions to determine which club is the county champion. Currently, the following clubs are part of the Beara division - Castletownbere, Adrigole, Urhan, Garnish, Bere Island and Glengarriff. It has no senior football team so the only representative in the Cork Senior Football Championship is the divisional team. The division also competes in the Cork Minor Football Championship and the Cork Under-21 Football Championship. Beara is a Gaelic football stronghold, with very little hurling played, and no competitions organized."}], "question": "In what division is the football team at the place where Herbert Theodore Milburn was educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__132678_289568", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Springfield Township, Ross County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Springfield Township is one of the sixteen townships of Ross County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 2,277 people in the township, 2,276 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richfield Township, Lucas County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Richfield Township is one of the eleven townships of Lucas County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census found 1,598 people in the township, 1,361 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Morgan Township, Morgan County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Morgan Township is one of the fourteen townships of Morgan County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 2,617 people in the township, 941 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Liberty Township, Van Wert County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Liberty Township is one of the twelve townships of Van Wert County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 1,696 people in the township, 912 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Amoeba Management", "paragraph_text": "Amoeba is a Management Systemdesigned by the creator and the current Kyocera honorary chairman, Kazuo Inamori. This management system was established in Kyocera and DDI (now KDDI)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Patterson Township, Darke County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Patterson Township is one of the twenty townships of Darke County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census found 1,365 people in the township, 967 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Crawford Township, Wyandot County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Crawford Township is one of the thirteen townships of Wyandot County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census found 4,789 people in the township, 3,674 of whom lived in the village of Carey."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jefferson Township, Muskingum County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Jefferson Township is one of the twenty-five townships of Muskingum County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 1,766 people in the township, 416 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Congress Township, Wayne County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Congress Township is one of the sixteen townships of Wayne County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 4,435 people in the township, 2,681 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Truro Township, Franklin County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Truro Township is one of the seventeen townships of Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census found 26,837 people in the township, 1,304 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Madison Township, Vinton County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Madison Township is one of the twelve townships of Vinton County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census found 605 people in the township, 278 of whom lived in the village of Zaleski."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bethlehem Township, Stark County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Bethlehem Township is one of the seventeen townships of Stark County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 5,650 people in the township, 4,210 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Monroe Township, Harrison County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Monroe Township is one of the fifteen townships of Harrison County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 1,241 people in the township, 827 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Salisbury Township, Meigs County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Salisbury Township is one of the twelve townships of Meigs County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 6,441 people in the township, 1,950 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Franklin Township, Mercer County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Franklin Township is one of the fourteen townships of Mercer County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 2,303 people in the township, 2,112 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gorham Township, Fulton County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Gorham Township is one of the twelve townships of Fulton County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census found 2,260 people in the township, 977 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Buckskin Township, Ross County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Buckskin Township is one of the sixteen townships of Ross County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 1,040 people in the township, 827 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Contax i4R", "paragraph_text": "The Contax i4R is a digital camera manufactured by Kyocera. The i4R was announced on 28 September 2004. Its design was one of the more unusual of Contax's designs. Kyocera released it to the public in November, 2004 with a price of 299 GBP. The i4R features a Carl Zeiss Tessar T* 6.5mm f/2.8 lens. Its image pickup device is a charge-coupled device with 4.19 \u00d7 10 gross pixels. The i4R is PictBridge-compliant. Besides its usually small size for the time, its other unusual feature was its ability to focus down to about two inches (five centimetres)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dublin Township, Mercer County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Dublin Township is one of the fourteen townships of Mercer County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 2,254 people in the township, 1,128 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Monroe Township, Allen County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Monroe Township is one of the twelve townships of Allen County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census found 2,226 people in the township, 1,702 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township."}], "question": "Who founded the producer of the Contax i4R?"}
{"id": "2hop__155275_860944", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Molunkus Stream", "paragraph_text": "Molunkus Stream is a tributary of the Mattawamkeag River in Maine. From the confluence of the stream's East Branch and West Branch () in Sherman, the river runs southeast to its mouth on the Mattawamkeag in Kingman."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ango River", "paragraph_text": "Ango River () is a tributary of the Omolon River in Russia's Magadan Oblast in northeast Siberia. It is Omolons right tributary and flows into it from its mouth. The total length of the Ango is ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tomaga River", "paragraph_text": "Tomaga River rises about northeast of Mogo Hill and flows generally southwest and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at Mossy Point. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elk Run (West Branch Fishing Creek tributary)", "paragraph_text": "Elk Run is tributary of West Branch Fishing Creek in Sullivan County and Columbia County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Davidson Township in Sullivan County and Sugarloaf Township in Columbia County. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream has three named tributaries: Gallows Run, Hog Run, and Long Run. Elk Run is considered to be an Exceptional Value stream and a Migratory Fishery. The forests surrounding it are deemed by the Sullivan County Natural Areas Inventory to be a \"locally significant\" area. The stream is named for an elk that was killed in it in the 1840s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "W\u00f6rbke", "paragraph_text": "W\u00f6rbke is a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The W\u00f6rbke is approximately 4\u00a0km long, a right tributary of the Werre in the Lippe district in Ostwestfalen-Lippe. The source of the river has an elevation of 260 metres and the mouth an elevation of 148 metres."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Visherka River", "paragraph_text": "Visherka River () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kolva River. It is long, and its drainage basin covers . It flows out of lake Chusovskoe in the north of the Cherdynsky District near its border with the Komi Republic. Its mouth is upstream of the uninhabited village of Bogatyryovo, from the mouth of the Kolva River. Its most significant tributaries are:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Painter Run", "paragraph_text": "Painter Run (also known as Painter's Run) is a tributary of West Branch Fishing Creek in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Davidson Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . It has one named tributary, which is known as Oxhorn Run and one unnamed tributary. Painter Run is slightly acidic, with pH values ranging from 5.99 to 6.88. The stream is in a narrow valley with several ridges nearby. Sandstone of the Pocono Formation occurs near it. At least two bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its unnamed tributary is considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Verde River", "paragraph_text": "The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Powlett River", "paragraph_text": "The Powlett River rises on the southern slopes of the Strzelecki Ranges, near Ellerside, north of , and flows generally west, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth within Bass Strait, west of , within the Shire of Bass Coast. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Choptank River", "paragraph_text": "The Choptank River is a major tributary of the Chesapeake Bay and the largest river on the Delmarva Peninsula. Running for , it rises in Kent County, Delaware, runs through Caroline County, Maryland and forms much of the border between Talbot County, Maryland on the north, and Caroline County and Dorchester County on the east and south. It is located north of the Nanticoke River and its mouth is located south of Eastern Bay. Cambridge, the county seat of Dorchester County, and Denton, the county seat of Caroline County, are located on its south shore."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Haskell Creek Homesites, California", "paragraph_text": "Haskell Creek Homesites is a USDA Forest Service Recreational Residence cabin tract in Sierra County, California, United States. Haskell Creek Homesites is northeast of Sierra City, near the mouth of Haskell Creek, a tributary of the North Fork of the Yuba River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Klehini River", "paragraph_text": "The Klehini River is about long from its source in British Columbia to its mouth at the Chilkat River, of which it is the largest tributary. The Klehini River is renowned for its salmon runs, its biannual congregation of bald eagles\u2014the second largest in the Haines area after the Chilkat River's Council Grounds\u2014and for the Klehini Falls. The Klehini also delineates the northern boundary of the Chilkat Range."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of tributaries of Catawissa Creek", "paragraph_text": "Catawissa Creek is a long creek flowing into the Susquehanna River with 26 named tributaries, of which 19 are direct tributaries. The creek flows through Luzerne, Schuylkill, and Columbia counties in Pennsylvania. The two shortest tributaries are approximately long, while the longest is about in length. The tributaries include seventeen runs, six creeks, and three hollows (unnamed streams named after named valleys that they flow through). By length, the five largest tributaries of Catawissa Creek are Little Catawissa Creek, Tomhicken Creek, Scotch Run, Beaver Run, and Messers Run. By watershed area, the five largest tributaries are Tomhicken Creek, Little Catawissa Creek, Beaver Run, Scotch Run, and Messers Run."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hog Run", "paragraph_text": "Hog Run is a tributary of Elk Run in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Davidson Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream is considered to be impaired by atmospheric deposition and metals. Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of shale and sandstone occur in the stream's vicinity."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kipps Run", "paragraph_text": "Kipps Run (also known as Kipp's Run) is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Rush Township and the borough of Riverside. Wilson Run is a tributary of the stream. Kipps Run has an annual sediment load of , most of which comes from cropland. The stream's watershed has an area of 6.38 square miles, nearly all of which is agricultural or forested land. The stream has a riparian buffer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stepenitz (Elbe)", "paragraph_text": "The Stepenitz is a river in the district of Prignitz, Brandenburg, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Elbe and runs for approximately 84 kilometers. The D\u00f6mnitz is a left tributary of the Stepenitz."}], "question": "What is the mouth of the river of which Hog Run is a tributary?"}
{"id": "2hop__14852_14846", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Georges Fillioud", "paragraph_text": "Georges Fillioud (7 July 1929 \u2013 15 September 2011) was a French politician. He was a member of the French government in charge of mass media from 1981 to 1986, under former President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "Following World War II, Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state. Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historical Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar, a transitional government. But in July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Matar Fall", "paragraph_text": "Matar Fall, also known as Martin Fall (born March 18, 1982 in Toulon, France) is a French-born Senegalese professional football player currently playing in French league CFA 2 for Sporting Toulon Var."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alice Creek", "paragraph_text": "Alice Creek () is a cove forming the southernmost portion of Port Lockroy, Wiencke Island, in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. It was discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903\u201305, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, and named by him for the wife of \u00c9douard Lockroy, Vice President of the French Chamber of Deputies who assisted Charcot in obtaining government support for the expedition."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. While most of the Prussians fell under the French Chassepot rifles, most French fell under the Prussian Krupp shells. In a breakdown of the casualties, Frossard's II Corps of the Army of the Rhine suffered 621 casualties while inflicting 4,300 casualties on the Prussian First Army under Steinmetz before the Pointe du Jour. The Prussian Guards Infantry Divisions losses were even more staggering with 8,000 casualties out of 18,000 men. The Special Guards J\u00e4ger lost 19 officers, a surgeon and 431 men out of a total of 700. The 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 39 officers and 1,076 men. The 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 36 officers and 1,060 men. On the French side, the units holding St. Privat lost more than half their number in the village."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "``Palestinian territories ''and`` occupied Palestinian territories'' (OPT or oPt) are descriptions often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "French First Republic", "paragraph_text": "In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic (French: R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand from 10 December 1999 to 19 November 2008. Labour Party leader Helen Clark negotiated a coalition with Jim Anderton, leader of the Alliance Party and later the Progressive Party, and New Zealand First. While undertaking a number of substantial reforms, it was not particularly radical compared to previous Labour governments."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Meech Lake Accord", "paragraph_text": "The Meech Lake Accord (French: Accord du lac Meech) was a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and all 10 Canadian provincial premiers. It was intended to persuade the government of Quebec to symbolically endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments by providing for some decentralization of the Canadian federation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", "paragraph_text": "President McKinley, well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict, wanted to end the revolt peacefully. In accordance with this policy, McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government, hoping that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States, and therefore, end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain. An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office, however, the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations. In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain, who again offered to negotiate a peace. In October 1897, the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans, but promised the US it would give the Cubans more autonomy. However, with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November, Spain began to change their policies in Cuba. First, the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies (the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States) if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities. This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to US intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba. The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba. This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Quebec sovereignty movement", "paragraph_text": "Several diverse political groups coalesced in the late 1960s in the formation of the Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, a provincial political party. Since 1968 the party has appealed for constitutional negotiations on the matter of provincial sovereignty, in addition to holding two provincial referendums on the matter. The first, which occurred in 1980, asked whether Quebecers wished to open constitutional negotiations with the federal government (and other provinces) for the intended purpose of establishing a ``sovereignty - association ''pact between the province of Quebec and the rest of Canada. Approximately 60% of Quebec's voting public rejected the idea put forth by Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois leader Ren\u00e9 L\u00e9vesque. The matter was dropped by the party for most of the 1980s, especially after the patriation of the Canadian constitution without the consent of the Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois government, and the creation of the federal Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which enshrined the protection of the French language and French - Canadian culture in Canada. In 1995, after two failed attempts by the Mulroney government to secure Quebec's ratification of amendments to the constitution, the Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois held a second referendum, though on this occasion the question was, albeit obliquely asked, whether one wished for the independence of the province of Quebec from the rest of Canada. The response was again in the negative, though this time by a far closer margin, with a mere 50.58% against the proposal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Christiana Figueres", "paragraph_text": "Representing the Government of Costa Rica, Christiana Figueres was a negotiator of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change 1995\u20132010. In 1997 she provided critical international strategy for achieving developing country support and approval of the Kyoto Protocol and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). From 2007 to 2009 she was Vice President of the Bureau of the Climate Convention, in representation of Latin America and the Caribbean. Over the years she chaired numerous international negotiations:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck agreed to end the siege and allow food convoys to immediately enter Paris (including trains carrying millions of German army rations), on condition that the Government of National Defence surrender several key fortresses outside Paris to the Prussians. Without the forts, the French Army would no longer be able to defend Paris."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charles Pasqua", "paragraph_text": "Charles Pasqua (18 April 1927 \u2013 29 June 2015) was a French businessman and Gaullist politician. He was Interior Minister from 1986 to 1988, under Jacques Chirac's \"cohabitation\" government, and also from 1993 to 1995, under the government of Edouard Balladur."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ariane, jeune fille russe (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Ariane, jeune fille russe is a 1920 novel by the French tennis player and writer Jean Schopfer, published under the pseudonym Claude Anet. It follows a young Russian woman who encounters a Don Juan and falls in love with him."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "French Social Party", "paragraph_text": "The French Social Party (, PSF) was a French nationalist political party founded in 1936 by Fran\u00e7ois de La Rocque, following the dissolution of his Croix-de-Feu league by the Popular Front government. France's first right-wing mass party, prefiguring the rise of Gaullism after the Second World War, it experienced considerable initial success but disappeared in the wake of the fall of France in 1940."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of El Herri", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of El Herri (also known as Elhri) was fought between France and the Berber Zaian Confederation on 13 November 1914. It took place at the small settlement of El Herri, near Kh\u00e9nifra in the French protectorate in Morocco. The battle was part of the Zaian War, in which the confederation of tribes sought to oppose continued French expansion into the interior of Morocco. Having captured the strategic town of Kh\u00e9nifra earlier in the year, the French, under General Hubert Lyautey, entered negotiations with Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, who led the Zaian. Lyautey thought that peace could be achieved and ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Ren\u00e9 Laverdure, who commanded the garrison in Kh\u00e9nifra, not to launch any offensives."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Christiane Taubira", "paragraph_text": "Christiane Taubira or Christiane Taubira-Delannon (; born 2 February 1952, Cayenne, French Guiana) is a French politician who on 15 May 2012, was appointed Minister of Justice of France in the Ayrault Government under President Fran\u00e7ois Hollande. She resigned from office on 27 January 2016."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lyons Government", "paragraph_text": "The Lyons Government was the federal Executive Government of Australia led by Prime Minister Joseph Lyons. It was made up of members of the United Australia Party in the Australian Parliament from January 1932 until the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939. Lyons negotiated a coalition with the Country Party after the 1934 Australian Federal election. The Lyons government stewarded Australia's recovery from the Great Depression"}], "question": "What did most people with whom the French government negotiated fall under?"}
{"id": "2hop__14852_14766", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Meech Lake Accord", "paragraph_text": "The Meech Lake Accord (French: Accord du lac Meech) was a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and all 10 Canadian provincial premiers. It was intended to persuade the government of Quebec to symbolically endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments by providing for some decentralization of the Canadian federation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "Burning of Washington Part of the War of 1812 Battle of Bladensburg Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg, the British entered Washington D.C. and burned many U.S. government and military buildings Date August 24, 1814 Location Washington, D.C., United States Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom United States Commanders and leaders Robert Ross George Cockburn James Madison Strength 4,250 7,640 Casualties and losses 1 killed, 3 wounded (Colonial Marines) 3 unknown wounded None Many government buildings set ablaze"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Armenia", "paragraph_text": "In the early 20th century Armenians suffered in the genocide inflicted on them by the Ottoman government of Turkey, in which 1.5 million Armenians were killed and many more dispersed throughout the world via Syria and Lebanon. Armenia, from then on corresponding to much of Eastern Armenia, regained independence in 1918, with the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia, and in 1991, the Republic of Armenia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Warsaw Uprising (1794)", "paragraph_text": "Although the Russian forces had more soldiers and better equipment, the Polish regular forces and militia, armed with rifles and sabres from the Warsaw Arsenal, inflicted heavy losses on the surprised enemy garrison. Russian soldiers found themselves under crossfire from all sides and from buildings, and several units broke early and suffered heavy casualties in their retreat."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "Many more artillery pieces had arrived and been dug into batteries. In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses. During this time the garrison commander, Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855.:378 Raglan having also died on 28 June.:460 In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops.:461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbr\u00fccken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen regularly outdistancing their Prussian counterparts in the skirmishing around Saarbr\u00fccken. However the Prussians resisted strongly, and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties. Saarbr\u00fccken also proved to be a major obstacle in terms of logistics. Only one railway there led to the German hinterland but could be easily defended by a single force, and the only river systems in the region ran along the border instead of inland. While the French hailed the invasion as the first step towards the Rhineland and later Berlin, General Le B\u0153uf and Napoleon III were receiving alarming reports from foreign news sources of Prussian and Bavarian armies massing to the southeast in addition to the forces to the north and northeast."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "By 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld. Charles kept the bulk of his troops several miles away from the river bank in hopes of concentrating them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle; on the first day, Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon. By the second day, reinforcements had boosted French numbers up to 70,000. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. By the end of the fighting, the French had lost Aspern but still controlled Essling. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he could be beaten on the battlefield."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Water Lilies (Monet series)", "paragraph_text": "Water Lilies (or Nymph\u00e9as, French: (n\u025b\u0303. fe. a)) is a series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet (1840 -- 1926). The paintings depict his flower garden at his home in Giverny, and were the main focus of his artistic production during the last thirty years of his life. Many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "paragraph_text": "The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington. Eight militiamen were killed, including Ensign Robert Munroe, their third in command. The British suffered only one casualty. The militia were outnumbered and fell back, and the regulars proceeded on to Concord, where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies. At the North Bridge in Concord, approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King's troops at about 11: 00 am, resulting in casualties on both sides. The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "In the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning. So worried were the Government over the sudden campaign of leaflets and posters distributed by the Communist Party in Coventry and London, that the Police were sent in to seize their production facilities. The Government, up until November 1940, was opposed to the centralised organisation of shelter. Home Secretary Sir John Anderson was replaced by Morrison soon afterwards, in the wake of a Cabinet reshuffle as the dying Neville Chamberlain resigned. Morrison warned that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made. He recognised the right of the public to seize tube stations and authorised plans to improve their condition and expand them by tunnelling. Still, many British citizens, who had been members of the Labour Party, itself inert over the issue, turned to the Communist Party. The Communists attempted to blame the damage and casualties of the Coventry raid on the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests and called for a negotiated peace. Though they failed to make a large gain in influence, the membership of the Party had doubled by June 1941. The \"Communist threat\" was deemed important enough for Herbert Morrison to order, with the support of the Cabinet, the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Attack at Fromelles", "paragraph_text": "The battle caused one of the greatest numbers of Australian deaths in action in 24 hours, surpassed only at the Battle of Bullecourt in 1917. The 5th Australian Division lost 5,513 casualties, 2,000 men in the 8th Brigade, 1,776 men of the 15th Brigade, 1,717 men in the 14th Brigade and 88 men from the divisional engineers; two battalions had so many casualties that they had to be rebuilt. Of 887 personnel from the 60th Battalion, only one officer and 106 other ranks survived unwounded and the 32nd Battalion suffered 718 casualties. The 31st Battalion had 544 casualties and the 32nd Battalion lost 718 men killed and wounded. The 61st Division was already under strength before the battle, engaged half as many men as the 5th Australian Division and lost 1,547 casualties. German casualties in the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division were 1,600 -- 2,000 men. Allied soldiers killed in the area that was re-taken by the Germans, were buried shortly after the battle. The burial pits were photographed from a British reconnaissance aircraft on 21 July but marked as dugouts or trench - mortar positions. The bodies were taken by narrow gauge trench railway on 22 July and buried in eight 10 m \u00d7 2.2 m \u00d7 5 m (32.8 ft \u00d7 7.2 ft \u00d7 16.4 ft) pits."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", "paragraph_text": "President McKinley, well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict, wanted to end the revolt peacefully. In accordance with this policy, McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government, hoping that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States, and therefore, end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain. An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office, however, the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations. In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain, who again offered to negotiate a peace. In October 1897, the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans, but promised the US it would give the Cubans more autonomy. However, with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November, Spain began to change their policies in Cuba. First, the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies (the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States) if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities. This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to US intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba. The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba. This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of Bunker Hill", "paragraph_text": "The battle was a tactical victory for the British, but it proved to be a sobering experience for them, involving many more casualties than the Americans had incurred, including a large number of officers. The battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle. Subsequently, the battle discouraged the British from any further frontal attacks against well defended front lines. American casualties were comparatively much fewer, although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary, the final casualty of the battle."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "Despite odds of four to one, the III Corps launched a risky attack. The French were routed and the III Corps captured Vionville, blocking any further escape attempts to the west. Once blocked from retreat, the French in the fortress of Metz had no choice but to engage in a fight that would see the last major cavalry engagement in Western Europe. The battle soon erupted, and III Corps was shattered by incessant cavalry charges, losing over half its soldiers. The German Official History recorded 15,780 casualties and French casualties of 13,761 men."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pyrrhic victory", "paragraph_text": "\"Pyrrhic victory\" is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC and the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC, during the Pyrrhic War. After the latter battle, Plutarch relates in a report by Dionysius:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "The largest and bloodiest American battle came at Okinawa, as the U.S. sought airbases for 3,000 B-29 bombers and 240 squadrons of B-17 bombers for the intense bombardment of Japan's home islands in preparation for a full-scale invasion in late 1945. The Japanese, with 115,000 troops augmented by thousands of civilians on the heavily populated island, did not resist on the beaches\u2014their strategy was to maximize the number of soldier and Marine casualties, and naval losses from Kamikaze attacks. After an intense bombardment the Americans landed on 1 April 1945 and declared victory on 21 June. The supporting naval forces were the targets for 4,000 sorties, many by Kamikaze suicide planes. U.S. losses totaled 38 ships of all types sunk and 368 damaged with 4,900 sailors killed. The Americans suffered 75,000 casualties on the ground; 94% of the Japanese soldiers died along with many civilians."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck agreed to end the siege and allow food convoys to immediately enter Paris (including trains carrying millions of German army rations), on condition that the Government of National Defence surrender several key fortresses outside Paris to the Prussians. Without the forts, the French Army would no longer be able to defend Paris."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek", "paragraph_text": "Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek (Amsterdam, August 28, 1833 \u2013 27 June 1916, The Hague) was a successful Dutch diplomat in Japan. From July 1863, he held the post of Consul General and Political Agent in Japan. De Graeff became a Diplomat, Generalconsul and Dutch minister in Japan. He was the most important representative of the Dutch government and played a major part in the many negotiations between Japan and various Western countries. De Graeff van Polsbroek was advisor to Emperor Meiji and laid the foundation stone for a modern western (European) diplomacy in Japan.He played also a major part in the many negotiations between various Western countries and Japan. He represented Denmark, Sweden and Norway in Japan and temporally Prussia and Switzerland."}], "question": "How many casualties at Saarbrucken belonged to the side that the French government negotiated with?"}
{"id": "2hop__299900_475764", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Port Gibson, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Port Gibson is a city in Claiborne County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,567 at the 2010 census. Port Gibson is the county seat of Claiborne County, which is bordered on the west by the Mississippi River. It is the site of the Claiborne County Courthouse."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wintergreen Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "Wintergreen Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Port Gibson, Mississippi. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 22, 1979. It is located at East Greenwood Street."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "In which county is Wintergreen Cemetery located?"}
{"id": "2hop__119421_535774", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Indexed language", "paragraph_text": "Indexed languages are a class of formal languages discovered by Alfred Aho; they are described by indexed grammars and can be recognized by nested stack automata."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur\u2019anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia\u2019s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage \u2018Self\u2019 and \u2018System\u2019: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Journal of Communication Management", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Communication Management is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering public relations and published by Emerald Group Publishing. It was established in 1996. The journal is abstracted and indexed in PsycINFO and Scopus. It is a partner of the European Public Relations Education and Research Association and is the preferred publishing partner of the Chartered Institute of Public Relations. The editor-in-chief since 2016 is Jesper Falkheimer (Lund University), taking over from Anne Gregory (Leeds Metropolitan University)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Combined DNA Index System", "paragraph_text": "The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is the United States national DNA database created and maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. CODIS consists of three levels of information; Local DNA Index Systems (LDIS) where DNA profiles originate, State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) which allows for laboratories within states to share information, and the National DNA Index System (NDIS) which allows states to compare DNA information with one another."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "IWG plc", "paragraph_text": "IWG plc, formerly Regus, is a multinational corporation that provides serviced offices, virtual offices, meeting rooms, and videoconferencing to clients on a contract basis. Founded in Brussels, Belgium in 1989, the business is incorporated in Saint Helier, Jersey. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Porto Editora", "paragraph_text": "the leading educational publisher in Portugal in the areas of educational books, dictionaries and multimedia products, both off-line and on-line. Porto Editora was founded in 1944 in Porto by a group of teachers within different areas of education."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dow Jones Industrial Average", "paragraph_text": "The components of the DJIA have changed 51 times since its beginning in May 26, 1896. General Electric has had the longest continuous presence on the index, beginning in 1907. More recent changes to the index include the following:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New Nietzsche Studies", "paragraph_text": "New Nietzsche Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to scholarly examination of Friedrich Nietzsche's thought and edited by Babette Babich and David B. Allison. Established in 1996, it is the journal of the Nietzsche Society. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the International Philosophical Bibliography, Philosopher's Index, Philosophy Research Index, and PhilPapers. \"New Nietzsche Studies\" is produced at Fordham University and all issues are available online from the Philosophy Documentation Center."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wayback Machine", "paragraph_text": "In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that \"The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chemistry of Materials", "paragraph_text": "Chemistry of Materials is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1989 by the American Chemical Society. \"Chemistry of Materials\" is currently indexed in: Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), SCOPUS, EBSCOhost, British Library, Swetswise, and Web of Science. It was founded by Leonard V. Interrante, who was the Editor-in-Chief until 2013. Jillian M. Buriak took over as Editor-in-Chief in January 2014."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia", "paragraph_text": "\"1 Decembrie 1918\" University, Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into the national higher education system, which functions based on the Romanian Constitution, the Law of Education, the University Charter and its own regulations."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chemical Research in Toxicology", "paragraph_text": "Chemical Research in Toxicology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1988 by the American Chemical Society. It is currently abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, Scopus, EBSCOhost, PubMed, CABI, Science Citation Index Expanded, and SwetsWise."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jaccard index", "paragraph_text": "The Jaccard index, also known as Intersection over Union and the Jaccard similarity coefficient (originally given the French name \"coefficient de communaut\u00e9\" by Paul Jaccard), is a statistic used for gauging the similarity and diversity of sample sets. The Jaccard coefficient measures similarity between finite sample sets, and is defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the sample sets:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Workers' Education Bureau of America", "paragraph_text": "Workers' Education Bureau of America (1921\u20131951) was an organization established to assist labor colleges and other worker training centers involved in the American labor movement. The Workers Education Bureau of America was an important development in labor education in the 1920s. Founded in 1921, it served as an informational clearinghouse for labor education organizing forums around the country and assisting local programs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tversky index", "paragraph_text": "The Tversky index, named after Amos Tversky, is an asymmetric similarity measure on sets that compares a variant to a prototype. The Tversky index can be seen as a generalization of Dice's coefficient and Tanimoto coefficient (aka Jaccard index)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Paul Jaccard", "paragraph_text": "Paul Jaccard (18 November 1868 in Sainte-Croix \u2013 9 May 1944 in Zurich) was a professor of botany and plant physiology at the ETH Zurich. He studied at the University of Lausanne and ETH Zurich (PhD 1894). He continued studies in Paris with Gaston Bonnier."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Harvard Graduate School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States. It was founded in 1920, when it was the first school to establish the Ed.D. degree."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Australian Family Physician", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Family Physician is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. It was established in 1956 as the \"Annals of General Practice\", obtaining its current name in 1971. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed and the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.759."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "paragraph_text": "Melvil Dewey (1851 -- 1931) was an American librarian and self - declared reformer. He was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business. He developed the ideas for his library classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in that library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library. He used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, that of Ernest Cushing Richardson. His classification system was mentioned in an article in the first issue of the Library Journal and in an article by Dewey in the Department of Education publication ``Public Libraries in America ''in 1876. In March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index. The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, and was printed in 200 copies."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Amstrad", "paragraph_text": "Amstrad was founded in 1968 by Alan Sugar at the age of 21. The name is a contraction of \"Alan Michael Sugar Trading\". It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1980. During the late 1980s, Amstrad had a substantial share of the PC market in the UK. Amstrad was once a FTSE 100 Index constituent but since 2007 is wholly owned by Sky UK."}], "question": "Where was the Jaccard index founder educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__95347_656446", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Molen van Aerden", "paragraph_text": "The Molen van Aerden (English: \"Aerden's Mill\") is a windmill located on the Raadhuisstraat 28A in Nispen, Roosendaal, in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands. Built in 1850 on an artificial hill, the windmill functioned as gristmill. It was built as a tower mill and its sails have a span of . The mill is a national monument (nr 32716) since 19 May 1971. The Molen van Aerden can be visited by appointment."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Holt Point", "paragraph_text": "Holt Point () is a point marking the western extremity of Bailey Peninsula, at the east side of the Windmill Islands, Antarctica. It was first mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946\u201347, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for photographer's mate James R. Holt, U.S. Navy, a member of the Wilkes Station party of 1958."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth series of the show began on 19 January 2016. This series was filmed in Portugal. The official cast list was revealed on 15 December 2015 and includes four girls: Helen Briggs, Nancy - May Turner, Naomi Hedman and Olivia Walsh, as well as four boys: Joe Delaney, Lewis Good, Youssef Hassane and Geordie Shore star Scotty T. Megan McKenna and Magaluf Weekender cast member Jordan Davies would be returning to the series as exes, having previously appeared during the previous series. Olivia later returned to the beach for the fifth series, while Kieran Lee went onto appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother, but was evicted during the final week."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Secret Diary of a Call Girl", "paragraph_text": "Secret Diary of a Call Girl is a British television drama broadcast on ITV2 from 27 September 2007 to 22 March 2011 based on the blog and books by the pseudonymous \"Belle de Jour,\" starring Billie Piper as Belle, a high-end London call girl."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "In October 2016, casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl. Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the role, which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon, marking her film debut. By November 2016, Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed having a possible role in the film, but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts. Toby Jones, Rafe Spall, and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mrs Caldicot's Cabbage War", "paragraph_text": "Mrs Caldicot's Cabbage War is a British comedy-drama film from 2002, directed by Ian Sharp and starring Pauline Collins, John Alderton and Peter Capaldi. It is based on a 1993 novel with the same name by Vernon Coleman."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cristina Yang", "paragraph_text": "Oh originally auditioned for the role of Miranda Bailey, although Chandra Wilson was ultimately cast in the part. Oh has received generally positive reviews for her portrayal, with Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considering her friendship with Meredith to be ``the secret core of Grey's ''. Oh has also garnered numerous awards and nominations for her role as Yang, including Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award wins in 2006. She was additionally nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series each year, from 2005 to 2009. Characterizing the character, ABC noted her competitiveness, ambition, and intelligence as her main traits, while her aggressive, and tactless attitude was highlighted as her main weakness. In May 2012, E! Online reported that Oh had signed on for two more years, along with her fellow cast members. Oh left the show after season 10, and her character Cristina Yang was written out of the storyline as a main cast member."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "De Noord", "paragraph_text": "De Noord (English: \"The North\") is a windmill located on the Noordvest 38 in Schiedam, Netherlands. It is the tallest windmill in the world with a roof height of 33.3 metres. Its wing span is 26.6 metres. The mill is one of the five remaining windmills in Schiedam, and is a national monument (nr 32716) since 29 May 1969. Today \"De Noord\" houses a restaurant."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Secrets of a Windmill Girl", "paragraph_text": "Secrets of a Windmill Girl is a 1966 British exploitation film directed by Arnold L Miller. It recounts the road to ruin of a young woman (Pauline Collins) who becomes involved with the striptease scene after becoming a dancer at the Windmill Theatre in London. The film features fan dances by former Windmill Theatre Company performers. It was originally released in Britain as part of a double bill with \"Naked as Nature Intended\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ardery Island", "paragraph_text": "Ardery Island is a steep, rocky island, about long, lying west of Odbert Island in the Windmill Islands of Antarctica."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Michel Legrand", "paragraph_text": "Michel Jean Legrand (; 24 February 1932\u00a0\u2013 26 January 2019) was a French musical composer, arranger, conductor, and jazz pianist. Legrand was a prolific composer, having written over 200 film and television scores, in addition to many songs. His scores for the films of French New Wave director Jacques Demy, \"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\" (1964) and \"The Young Girls of Rochefort\" (1967), earned Legrand his first Academy Award nominations. Legrand won his first Oscar for the song \"The Windmills of Your Mind\" from \"The Thomas Crown Affair\" (1968)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Withington Girls' School", "paragraph_text": "Withington Girls' School is an independent day school in Fallowfield, Manchester, United Kingdom, providing education for girls between the ages of seven and eighteen. Withington is a member of the Girls' Schools Association."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of windmills in Schiedam", "paragraph_text": "The Windmills of Schiedam are the tallest windmills in the world. Of nearly 50 sites in and around the city, eight mills stand today. This list includes mills in former municipalities now incorporated into Schiedam."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Leven Thumps and the Whispered Secret", "paragraph_text": "The Whispered Secret, previously published as Leven Thumps and the Whispered Secret is a fantasy novel by Obert Skye that traces the journeys of Leven, a seemingly ordinary boy from Burnt Culvert, Oklahoma, and Winter Frore, a neglected girl, as they seek to bring Geth back to his former state."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Montefiore Windmill", "paragraph_text": "The Montefiore Windmill is a landmark windmill in Jerusalem, Israel. Designed as a flour mill, it was built in 1857 on a slope opposite the western city walls of Jerusalem, where three years later the new Jewish neighbourhood of Mishkenot Sha'ananim was erected, both by the efforts of British Jewish banker and philanthropist Moses Montefiore. Jerusalem at the time was part of Ottoman-ruled Palestine. Today the windmill serves as a small museum dedicated to the achievements of Montefiore. It was restored in 2012 with a new cap and sails in the style of the originals. The mill can turn in the wind."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Reform School Girl", "paragraph_text": "Reform School Girl is a 1957 film starring Gloria Castillo as a teenage girl who is sent to a reformatory. The film was directed by Edward Bernds and was produced by Samuel Z. Arkoff. \"Reform School Girl\" was one of many sexploitation films released by American International Pictures (AIP) during the 1950s and 1960s. AIP's films during this period were largely focused on juvenile delinquency. As part of the AIP formula, young girls were typically depicted as \"good\" or \"bad\" the latter of which were petty criminals, gang members, or the girlfriends of gang members. Other AIP films in the same genre included \"Drag Strip Girl\", \"Hot Rod Girl\", and \"High School Hellcats\". \"Reform School Girl\" is available for on-line viewing at AMCtv.com."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the cast member from Secrets of a Windmill Girl?"}
{"id": "2hop__842343_851536", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Northwest Territory (film)", "paragraph_text": "Northwest Territory is a 1951 American Northern film directed by Frank McDonald and starring Kirby Grant, Gloria Saunders and Warren Douglas. The film is part of the series of ten films featuring Kirby Grant as a Canadian Mountie."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gomer Gunn", "paragraph_text": "Gomer Llewelyn Gunn (birth registered third \u00bc 1885 \u2013 death registered fourth \u00bc 1935) was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Welsh Schoolboys, and at club level for Treherbert RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Other Nationalities, and at club level for Bradford FC (now Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C.), Wigan and Keighley, as a , or , i.e. number 1, or 3 or 4."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "East Douglas, Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "East Douglas is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Douglas in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,557 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Glide, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Glide is a census-designated place (CDP) in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. The population was 1,795 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Places in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of places featured in Douglas Adams's science fiction series, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The series is set in a fictionalized version of the Milky Way galaxy and thus, while most locations are pure invention, many are based on ``real world ''settings such as Alpha Centauri, Barnard's Star and various versions of the Earth."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tim Gunn", "paragraph_text": "Timothy MacKenzie Gunn (born July 29, 1953) is an American fashion consultant, television personality, actor, voice actor and author. He served on the faculty of Parsons The New School for Design from 1982 to 2007 and was chair of fashion design at the school from August 2000 to March 2007, after which he joined Liz Claiborne as its chief creative officer. Over 16 seasons Gunn has become well known as the on - air mentor to designers on the reality television program Project Runway. Gunn's popularity on Project Runway led to two spin - off shows, Bravo's Tim Gunn's Guide to Style and Lifetime's Under the Gunn, as well as five books. In addition to being an executive producer, Gunn has served as mentor for the teen designers on Project Runway: Junior. He also provides the voice of Baileywick, the castle steward in the Disney Junior television show Sofia the First and narrated the sitcom Mixology."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mount Stephenson", "paragraph_text": "Mount Stephenson a mountain in Antarctica. It is located within the central portion of the Douglas Range, standing at the heads of Toynbee Glacier and Sedgwick Glacier 8 miles west of George VI Sound, near the east coast of Alexander Island within the British Antarctic Territory. At an elevation of , Mount Stephenson is the highest mountain in the Douglas Range and the highest point on Alexander Island. Mount Egbert ranks second, standing at 2,895 m and lies south-southeast of Mount Stephenson."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wheelersburg, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Wheelersburg is a census-designated place (CDP) in Scioto County, Ohio, United States. It lies along the northern banks of the Ohio River in southern Ohio. Wheelersburg is approximately east of Portsmouth and west of Ironton. It is in Porter Township. The population was 6,437 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Douglas Gunn", "paragraph_text": "Born Lewis Douglas Gunn on August 31, 1841, in Wheelersburg, Ohio, to Dr. Lewis Carstairs Gunn and Elizabeth LeBreton (Stickney) Gunn. He was middle-named for Frederick Douglas. His family moved to Sonora, California, in 1852, where his father bought and ran the \"Sonora Herald\". In 1861, his family moved to San Francisco, where his father edited the \"Times\", then they moved again in 1868 to San Diego. During this time Douglas Gunn learned the newspaper trade, working for the \"San Diego Union\". He lived in New Town San Diego and walked daily to Old Town, where the paper was published. In 1871, he bought the paper, moved it to New Town, and made it a daily paper. Gunn ran the paper until about 1886."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Douglas County, South Dakota", "paragraph_text": "This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Douglas County, South Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map."}], "question": "What administrative territorial entity is Douglas Gunn's birthplace located in?"}
{"id": "2hop__31247_507085", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Francis J. Lippitt", "paragraph_text": "Francis J. Lippitt (1812\u20131902) was an American lawyer and veteran of the Mexican\u2013American War, the Bald Hills War and the American Civil War. For the later he was made a brevet brigadier general."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nicholas Longworth Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Nicholas Longworth Anderson (April 22, 1838 \u2013 September 18, 1892) was a United States Army officer who served in the American Civil War as Colonel of the 6th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. After the Civil War, he was nominated and confirmed for appointment to the brevet grades of brigadier general and major general of volunteers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Texas Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The revolution began in October 1835, after a decade of political and cultural clashes between the Mexican government and the increasingly large population of American settlers in Texas. The Mexican government had become increasingly centralized and the rights of its citizens had become increasingly curtailed, particularly regarding immigration from the United States. Colonists and Tejanos disagreed on whether the ultimate goal was independence or a return to the Mexican Constitution of 1824. While delegates at the Consultation (provisional government) debated the war's motives, Texians and a flood of volunteers from the United States defeated the small garrisons of Mexican soldiers by mid-December 1835. The Consultation declined to declare independence and installed an interim government, whose infighting led to political paralysis and a dearth of effective governance in Texas. An ill - conceived proposal to invade Matamoros siphoned much - needed volunteers and provisions from the fledgling Texian Army. In March 1836, a second political convention declared independence and appointed leadership for the new Republic of Texas."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Patton Brownlow", "paragraph_text": "James Patton Brownlow (December 17, 1842\u2013April 26, 1879) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Brownlow was the son of East Tennessee Unionist preacher, newspaper publisher and editor, Governor of Tennessee and U.S. Senator \"Parson\" William G. Brownlow. James P. Brownlow served in several positions in the Union Army, finishing the war as colonel of the 1st Tennessee Volunteer Cavalry Regiment (Union). He was noted for his courage and perceptiveness in battle and keen sense of military tactics. He led several daring raids and attacks. The United States Senate confirmed the award of the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, to Brownlow on March 12, 1866. After the war, he was adjutant general of the State of Tennessee and then a railroad superintendent. He died in 1879 at the age of 36."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "WKOS", "paragraph_text": "WKOS (104.9 FM), branded as \"104.9 Nash Icon\", is a radio station serving the Tri-Cities, Tennessee, area with country music. This station is under ownership of Cumulus Media."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Royal Society for the Protection of Birds", "paragraph_text": "The RSPB has over 1,300 employees, 18,000 volunteers and more than a million members (including 195,000 youth members), making it the largest wildlife conservation charity in Europe. The RSPB has many local groups and maintains 200 nature reserves."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Turner Gustavus Morehead", "paragraph_text": "Turner Gustavus Morehead (1814\u20131892) was an officer in the Mexican\u2013American War and American Civil War and Brevet Brigadier General in the Union Army."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Frank Leaman Baylies", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant Frank Leaman Baylies (23 September 1895\u201417 June 1918) was an American World War I flying ace credited with twelve aerial victories while flying in the French \"Aeronautique Militaire\". Having originally volunteered for the Ambulance Corps, Baylies transferred into French aviation in May 1917. After scoring his 12 victories with the French, he transferred into American aviation service but remained with the French until his death in action."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "St. Clair Augustine Mulholland", "paragraph_text": "St. Clair Augustine Mulholland (April 1, 1839 \u2013 February 17, 1910) was a colonel in the Union Army in the American Civil War who later received the brevets of brigadier general of volunteers and major general of volunteers and the Medal of Honor for gallantry in action at the Battle of Chancellorsville."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "Prior to America's entry into World War II in December 1941, individual Americans volunteered to fight against the Axis powers in other nations' armed forces. Although under American law, it was illegal for United States citizens to join the armed forces of foreign nations and in doing so, they lost their citizenship, many American volunteers changed their nationality to Canadian. However Congress passed a blanket pardon in 1944. American mercenary Colonel Charles Sweeny living in London began recruiting American citizens to fight as a US volunteer detachment in the French Air force, however France fell before this was implemented. During the Battle of Britain, 11 American pilots flew in the RAF, one of whom was killed, Charles Sweeney's nephew, also called Charles formed a Home Guard unit from American volunteers living in London."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "James Edward Jouett", "paragraph_text": "Rear Admiral James Edward Jouett (7 February 1826 \u2013 30 September 1902), known as \"Fighting Jim Jouett of the American Navy\", was an officer in the United States Navy during the Mexican\u2013American War and the American Civil War. His father was Matthew Harris Jouett, a notable painter, and his grandfather was Revolutionary War hero Jack Jouett."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alan Seeger", "paragraph_text": "Alan Seeger (22 June 1888 \u2013 4 July 1916) was an American poet who fought and died in World War I during the Battle of the Somme, serving in the French Foreign Legion. Seeger was the brother of Charles Seeger, a noted American pacifist and musicologist. He is best known for the poem \"I Have a Rendezvous with Death\", a favorite of President John F. Kennedy. A statue representing him is on the monument in the Place des \u00c9tats-Unis, Paris, honoring fallen Americans who volunteered for France during the war. Seeger is sometimes called the \"American Rupert Brooke.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Caspar Crowninshield", "paragraph_text": "Caspar Crowninshield (October 23, 1837 \u2013 January 10, 1897) was a volunteer officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Tennessee is known as the \"Volunteer State\", a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of New Orleans. Other sources differ on the origin of the state nickname; according to the Columbia Encyclopedia, the name refers to volunteers for the Mexican\u2013American War. This explanation is more likely, because President Polk's call for 2,600 nationwide volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone, largely in response to the death of Davy Crockett and appeals by former Tennessee Governor and now Texas politician, Sam Houston."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mexican\u2013American War", "paragraph_text": "The Mexican -- American War, also known as the Mexican War in the United States and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Mexico) from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas. Mexico had considerable instability under the caudillo leadership of President / General Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna, with many constitutional changes leading up to the conflict. Mexico still considered Texas to be its northeastern province and a part of its territory, and did not recognize the Republic of Texas, which had seceded from Mexico in the 1836 Texas Revolution a decade earlier. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area, and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, Polk cited this in his request that Congress declare war."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Confederate States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Army (C.S.A.) was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis (1808 - 1889). Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy on the Hudson River at West Point, New York, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War (1846 - 1848). He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War in the administration of 14th President Franklin Pierce (1853 - 1857). On March 1, 1861, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina on behalf of the Confederate States government, where South Carolina state militia threatened to seize Fort Sumter, an island fortification in Charleston harbor from the small U.S. Army garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joshua Hall Bates", "paragraph_text": "Joshua Hall Bates (March 5, 1817 \u2013 July 26, 1908) was a lawyer, politician, and Ohio militia general in service to the Union during the early part of the American Civil War. He was a leading recruiter and organizer of many of the first regiments of Ohio troops who volunteered after President Abraham Lincoln's call to arms in the spring of 1861."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Claudia Cockburn", "paragraph_text": "Her parents were Claud Cockburn, a journalist, and Hope Hale Davis. She married singer-songwriter Michael Flanders in 1959. Her stepmother, by her father's remarriage, was Jean Ross, the reported inspiration for Christopher Isherwood's iconic character Sally Bowles."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States military casualties of war", "paragraph_text": "Rank War Years Deaths Deaths per day U.S. population in first year of war Deaths per population American Civil War 1861 -- 65 750,000 avg. (U.S. / Confederate) 520 31,443,000 2.385% (1860) World War II 1941 -- 45 405,399 297 133,402,000 0.307% (1940) World War I 1917 -- 18 116,516 279 103,268,000 0.110% (1920) Vietnam War 1961 -- 75 58,209 11 179,323,175 0.032% (1970) 5 Korean War 1950 -- 53 54,246 45 151,325,000 0.036% (1950) 6 American Revolutionary War 1775 -- 83 25,000 11 2,500,000 1.00% (1780) 7 War of 1812 1812 -- 15 15,000 15 8,000,000 0.207% (1810) 8 Mexican -- American War 1846 -- 48 13,283 29 21,406,000 0.057% (1850) 9 Iraq War 2003 -- 2011 4,497 294,043,000 0.002% (2010) 10 Philippine -- American War 1899 -- 1902 4,196 3.8 72,129,001 0.006% (1900) 11 Spanish -- American War 1898 2,246 8.9 62,022,250 (1890) 12 War in Afghanistan 2001 - present 2,216 0.36 294,043,000 (2010)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Crockett (frontiersman)", "paragraph_text": "John Crockett (circa 1753 \u2013 after 1802) was an American frontiersman and soldier, and the father of David \"Davy\" Crockett."}], "question": "Who is the father of the local icon whose death inspired many of the Tennessee volunteers during the Mexican-American War?"}
{"id": "2hop__144757_621800", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chirakkalkulam", "paragraph_text": "Chirakkalkulam is a small residential area near Kannur town of Kannur District, Kerala state, South India. Chirakkalkulam is located between Thayatheru and Kannur City. Chirakkalkulam's significance arises from the birth of the historic Arakkal Kingdom."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Guam (i/\u02c8\u0261w\u0251\u02d0m/ or /\u02c8\u0261w\u0252m/; Chamorro: Gu\u00e5h\u00e5n;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, and the most populous city is Dededo. In 2015, 161,785 people resided on Guam. Guamanians are American citizens by birth. Guam has an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi) and a density of 297/km\u00b2 (770/sq mi). It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 1,425/km\u00b2 (3,691/sq mi), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 47/km\u00b2 (119/sq mi). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters (1,332 ft) above sea level."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Holzschlag, Austria", "paragraph_text": "Holzschlag is a village in the Upper Austria (Ober\u00f6sterreich) region of Austria. The village is located on Austria's border with the Czech Republic. Inventor Viktor Schauberger was born in Holzschlag in 1885."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Senica District", "paragraph_text": "Senica District (\"okres Senica\") is a district in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia. The district is relatively rich in natural resources oil, gas, lignite. It is industrial district, in the late period had been established here new industrial facilities. Senica District in its present borders had been established in 1996. Administrative, cultural and economic center is its seat and largest town Senica. In Senica District is located spa Smrd\u00e1ky and of cultural importance is also basilica in \u0160a\u0161t\u00edn."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Viktor L\u00e9on", "paragraph_text": "Victor L\u00e9on, also Viktor L\u00e9on (born Victor Hirschfeld; 4 January 1858, Szenic, Nyitra County, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (today Senica, Slovakia) \u2013 3 February 1940, Vienna) was a well-known Jewish Austrian-Hungarian librettist. He collaborated with Leo Stein to produce the libretto of Franz Leh\u00e1r's romantic operetta \"The Merry Widow\" (\"Die lustige Witwe\")."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}], "question": "What administrative territorial entity is the birth place of Viktor L\u00e9on located?"}
{"id": "2hop__20491_429566", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Brestir Sigmundsson", "paragraph_text": "Brestir Sigmundsson (10th century, Sk\u00favoy, Faroes - 970 D\u00edmun, Faroes) was together with his brother Beinir Sigmundsson ruler over half of the Faroe Islands."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lady in Waiting (novel)", "paragraph_text": "It is set in the Elizabethan era and beginning of the Stuart period of England, telling the life story of Sir Walter Raleigh, primarily through the viewpoint of his wife, Bess Throckmorton. This is the first of Sutcliff's five novels written and listed as expressly for 'adult' readership, and like her later 1967 adult novel \"The Flowers of Adonis\", uses the technique of having the central character's narrative told by his relation to other characters."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jerry O'Connell", "paragraph_text": "Jerry O'Connell O'Connell in June 2013 Jeremiah O'Connell (1974 - 02 - 17) February 17, 1974 (age 44) Manhattan, New York City, U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actor, director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse (s) Rebecca Romijn (m. 2007) Children Relatives Charlie O'Connell (brother)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "L'important c'est la rose", "paragraph_text": "L'important c'est la rose is a song written by Louis Amade and Gilbert B\u00e9caud, and recorded by Gilbert B\u00e9caud, released 1967."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Peshastin, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Peshastin is a small unincorporated community in Chelan County, Washington, United States. The community's roots are found in the \"Peshastin Ditch\" dug by pioneers beginning in 1889. This ditch was an important part of the overall irrigation system in the area, delivering water to the orchards on the slopes above Cashmere. The town was first platted in the early 1890s by two brothers, J. Q. Gilbert and A. C. Gilbert. It is also noted on an 1895 map of the area, indicating it was in existence by then."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the West Indies with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", "paragraph_text": "What's Eating Gilbert Grape is a 1993 American drama film directed by Lasse Hallstr\u00f6m and starring Johnny Depp, Juliette Lewis, Darlene Cates and Leonardo DiCaprio. The film follows 24 - year - old Gilbert (Depp), a grocery store clerk caring for his morbidly obese mother and mentally impaired younger brother in a sleepy Midwestern town. Peter Hedges wrote the screenplay, adapted from his 1991 novel of the same name. The film was well - received; DiCaprio received his first Academy Award nomination for his role."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten", "paragraph_text": "Baron Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten (1727, in Finland \u2013 2 April 1786, in Biskopsudden, Stockholm) was a Swedish and Finnish officer and politician, and half-brother of Georg Magnus Sprengtporten."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Edith Humphrey", "paragraph_text": "Edith Humphrey was the youngest of the seven surviving children of John Charles Humphrey (1833\u20131903), a clerk at the London Metropolitan Board of Works, and his wife Louisa (n\u00e9e Frost, 1831\u20131910), a teacher. John Humphrey had started life in poor circumstances, his father having been a bootmaker, and he was a great supporter of education for his daughters as well as his sons. Edith grew up in a middle-class household in Kentish Town, London. Her two elder sisters became teachers, and her brothers, including Herbert Alfred Humphrey (1868\u20131951), inventor of the Humphrey pump, and William Humphrey (1863\u20131898), head of the Fourah Bay College in Freetown, Sierra Leone, were educated to degree level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", "paragraph_text": "In the small town of Endora, Iowa, Gilbert Grape (Johnny Depp) is busy caring for Arnie (Leonardo DiCaprio), his brother with a developmental disability, as they wait for the many tourists' trailers to pass through town during an annual Airstreamer's Club gathering at a nearby recreational area. His mother, Bonnie (Darlene Cates), gave up on life after her husband hanged himself in the basement 17 years earlier. She spends almost all of her time on the couch watching TV and eating. With Bonnie unable to care for her children on her own due to her morbid obesity, Gilbert has taken responsibility for repairing the old house and looking after Arnie, who has a habit of climbing the town water tower, while his sisters Amy (Laura Harrington) and Ellen (Mary Kate Schellhardt) do the rest. The relationship between the brothers is of both care and protection, as Gilbert continually enforces the ``nobody touches Arnie ''policy. A new FoodLand supermarket has opened, threatening the small Lamson's Grocery where Gilbert works. In addition, Gilbert is having an affair with a married woman, Betty Carver (Mary Steenburgen)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", "paragraph_text": "In the small town of Endora, Iowa, Gilbert Grape (Johnny Depp) is busy caring for Arnie (Leonardo DiCaprio), his brother with a developmental disability, as they wait for the many tourists' trailers to pass through town during an annual Airstreamer's Club gathering at a nearby recreational area. His mother, Bonnie (Darlene Cates), gave up on life after her husband hanged himself in the basement 7 years earlier. She spends almost all of her time on the couch watching TV and eating. With Bonnie unable to care for her children on her own due to her morbid obesity, Gilbert has taken responsibility for repairing the old house and looking after Arnie, who has a habit of climbing the town water tower, while his sisters Amy (Laura Harrington) and Ellen (Mary Kate Schellhardt) do the rest. The relationship between the brothers is of both care and protection, as Gilbert continually enforces the ``nobody touches Arnie ''policy. A new FoodLand supermarket has opened, threatening the small Lamson's Grocery where Gilbert works. In addition, Gilbert is having an affair with a married woman, Betty Carver (Mary Steenburgen)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury", "paragraph_text": "In 1592, he was created a Knight of the Garter, but feuded with his former friend John Stanhope when John's brother got the post of Earl Marshal of England, which Gilbert had assumed would be his. Gilbert's stepbrother Charles Cavendish challenged Stanhope to a duel for his sake, which was not fought. Elizabeth I was displeased and took Stanhope's side. After this Gilbert challenged his own brother Edward to a duel over a lease, but Edward refused to fight him. Gilbert accused his brother of planning to poison him, but lost his case against him."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (son of praetor 56 BC)", "paragraph_text": "Marcus Aemilius Scaurus was the son of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (Praetor 56 BC) and Mucia Tertia, former wife of Pompey the Great. Sextus Pompey was his half brother."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elena Gilbert", "paragraph_text": "Elena Gilbert (Salvatore) The Vampire Diaries character First appearance Pilot (1.01) September 10, 2009 Last appearance I'm Thinking Of You All The While (6.22) May 14, 2015 (as series regular) I Was Feeling Epic (8.16) March 10, 2017 (as guest star) Created by L.J. Smith (book series) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson (television series) Portrayed by Nina Dobrev Kayla Madison (Young Elena) Information Aliases Elena Salvatore (marriage name, season 8) Species Human (seasons 1 -- 3, 6 - 8) Doppelg\u00e4nger (seasons 1 -- 8) Vampire (seasons 4 -- 6) Gender Female Occupation High school student (formerly) College student (formerly) Family Grayson Gilbert (adoptive father / paternal uncle) Miranda Gilbert (adoptive mother / paternal aunt) John Gilbert (biological father / adoptive paternal uncle) Isobel Flemming (biological mother) Jeremy Gilbert (adoptive brother / paternal cousin) Jenna Sommers (adoptive aunt) Damon Salvatore (husband) Alaric Saltzman (stepfather) Stefan Salvatore (brother - in - law) Significant other (s) Matt Donovan (ex-boyfriend) Stefan Salvatore (ex-boyfriend) Damon Salvatore (husband) Relatives Amara (maternal ancestor; doppelg\u00e4nger of) Tatia (maternal ancestor; doppelg\u00e4nger of) Katherine Pierce / Katerina Petrova (maternal ancestor; doppelg\u00e4nger of) Nadia Petrova (maternal ancestor) Jonathon Gilbert (paternal ancestor) Samantha Gilbert (paternal ancestor) Nationality American Status Alive Seasons 1 -- 6, 8"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth Tailboys, 4th Baroness Tailboys of Kyme", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Tailboys, 4th Baroness Tailboys of Kyme () was the daughter of Elizabeth Blount and Gilbert Tailboys, 1st Baron Tailboys of Kyme, and the second wife of Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick. Through her mother she was a half-sister of Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, the only illegitimate child acknowledged by Henry VIII, King of England."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fair Exchange (film)", "paragraph_text": "Fair Exchange is a 1936 British comedy film directed by Ralph Ince and starring Patric Knowles, Raymond Lovell and Cecil Humphreys. It was made at Teddington Studios as a quota quickie by the British subsidiary of Warner Brothers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Half Brother", "paragraph_text": "The Half Brother () is a 2001 novel by the Norwegian writer Lars Saabye Christensen. The story follows a man who grows up in Oslo after World War II, with his mother, grandmother, great grandmother and half brother. The novel was published in Norwegian by Cappelen in 2001, and in English for the first time in 2003. It received the Brage Prize and the Nordic Council Literature Prize. A television series based on the novel was broadcast on NRK in 2013."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Les Gilbert", "paragraph_text": "Les Gilbert (born 10 January 1946 in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian musician who was a founding member of the 1960s band, Wild Cherries. He appeared on their early recordings, which, together with the band's four singles for Festival, have been picked up for a compilation album by the Half a Cow record company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roanoke Colony", "paragraph_text": "The enterprise was originally financed and organized by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who drowned in 1583 returning from a voyage to the fishing settlement at St. John's, Newfoundland. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's half - brother Sir Walter Raleigh later gained his brother's charter from the Queen and subsequently executed the details of the charter through his delegates Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville, Raleigh's distant cousin."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zhao Jiande", "paragraph_text": "Zhao Jiande was the eldest son of Zhao Yingqi and a Yue woman. Although the eldest, Jiande was passed over for kingship in preference for his half-brother, Zhao Yingqi."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of Humphrey Gilbert's half-brother?"}
{"id": "2hop__72489_429566", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an \"official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service\" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China. Toward the end of the letter he said:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Death of Procris", "paragraph_text": "The Death of Procris, A Satyr mourning over a Nymph or simply A Mythological Subject are names given to an unsigned, undated panel painting in the National Gallery in London, United Kingdom, securely attributed to Piero di Cosimo (who never signed his works). Its date is uncertain, and its subject has been a matter of dispute. The name \"The Death of Procris\" (Italian: \"Morte di Procri\") has been used since the 19th century, and is supposed to have been inspired by Ovid's tale of the death of Procris at the hands of her husband Cephalus, in \"Metamorphoses\" VII. The National Gallery has rejected this title since at least Cecil Gould's catalogue of 1951, since when it has preferred to describe the subject as \"\"A Mythological Subject\"\" or \"\"A Satyr mourning over a Nymph\"\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rayward\u2013Shepherd House", "paragraph_text": "The Rayward\u2013Shepherd House, also known as Tirranna and as the John L. Rayward House, was designed by renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright and built in New Canaan, Connecticut in 1955 for Joyce and John Rayward. Although commissioned by the Raywards, Herman R. Shepherd completed the design after purchasing it in 1964. William Allin Storrer credits Shepherd's actions with salvaging the house, repairing the poor work that Storrer attributes to John Rayward's \"constant pursuit of the lowest bid.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Good Shepherd Convent, Chennai", "paragraph_text": "The Good Shepherd Convent is an English-medium high school in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the top ranking schools in Chennai ."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Piper Kerman", "paragraph_text": "Piper Kerman Kerman at the University of Missouri in 2014 Piper Eressea Kerman (1969 - 09 - 28) September 28, 1969 (age 49) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Alma mater Smith College Occupation Writer, author, memoirist Notable work Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison Spouse (s) Larry Smith (m. 2006) Website piperkerman.com www.thepipebomb.com"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shepherds railway station, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Shepherds is a closed railway platform on the Main South railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The platform opened in 1893 and closed in 1975. No trace now remains of the platform."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd", "paragraph_text": "``The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd ''(1596), by Walter Raleigh, is a poem that responds to and parodies the poem`` The Passionate Shepherd to His Love'' (1593) by Christopher Marlowe. In her reply to the shepherd's invitation, the nymph presents her rejection of the shepherd's courtship for a life of pastoral idyll."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Candace Cameron Bure", "paragraph_text": "Candace Cameron Bure Cameron Bure in March 2018 Candace Helaine Cameron (1976 - 04 - 06) April 6, 1976 (age 42) Panorama City, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Occupation Actress, producer, author, talk show panelist Years active 1982 -- present Known for The character D.J. Tanner on Full House and Fuller House Spouse (s) Valeri Bure (m. 1996) Children Relatives Kirk Cameron (brother) Website candacecameronbure.net"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Psalm 23", "paragraph_text": "Psalm 23 (Greek numbering: Psalm 22 because of its opening line) is the 23rd and perhaps best - known psalm in the Old Testament Book of Psalms and perhaps the best - known chapter in the Hebrew Bible. The writer describes God as his shepherd. The theme of this poem casts God in the role of protector and provider, and is routinely read and recited by Jews and Christians alike. For Christians, the ``Lord ''referred is sometimes taken to be Jesus, who referred himself as the`` good shepherd'' according to the Gospel of John."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "No Atlas", "paragraph_text": "No Atlas (originally called Metropolis) released their debut EP Where People Have Been in 2013 and their popularity rose in the United Kingdom with the release of their single, \u201cI Don\u2019t Wanna\u201d (2013). No Atlas\u2019 second EP, Reply and Reply (2014), propelled them to greater national exposure with consistent radio airplay from BBC Introducing, BBC 6 Music and Tone Radio."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "The effects of the \"Twin Shocks\"\u2014the Soviet entry and the atomic bombing\u2014were profound. On 10 August the \"sacred decision\" was made by Japanese Cabinet to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition: the \"prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler\". At noon on 15 August, after the American government's intentionally ambiguous reply, stating that the \"authority\" of the emperor \"shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers\", the Emperor broadcast to the nation and to the world at large the rescript of surrender, ending the Second World War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Inger Lorre", "paragraph_text": "Inger Lorre (born Lori Ann Wening) is an American singer who is best known for her bands The Nymphs and Motel Shootout."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jack P. Shepherd", "paragraph_text": "Jack P. Shepherd Jack Peter Shepherd (1988 - 01 - 14) 14 January 1988 (age 30) Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Employer ITV Known for Role of David Platt Notable work David Platt in Coronation Street Height 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) Television Coronation Street (2000 --) Children"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vulcan salute", "paragraph_text": "The accompanying spoken blessing, ``live long and prosper ''--`` dif - tor heh smusma'' in the Vulcan language (as spoken in Star Trek: The Motion Picture) -- also appeared for the first time in ``Amok Time '', scripted by Theodore Sturgeon. The less - well - known reply is`` peace and long life'', though it is sometimes said first, with ``live long and prosper ''as the reply. The phrase has been seen abbreviated`` LLAP''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stozhary", "paragraph_text": "Festival Stozhary is the international actors film festival which takes place in Kiev, Ukraine. The name of the festival is an Old Slavonic counterpart for the asterism of Pleiades. In the mythology of ancient Greece Pleiads were the 7 beautiful daughters of the Titan Atlas and the sea-nymph Pleione. Turned into 7 birds by Zeus they later became 7 bright stars, which formed beautiful constellation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jack P. Shepherd", "paragraph_text": "Jack Peter Shepherd (born 14 January 1988) is an English actor. He has portrayed the character of David Platt in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street since April 2000."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Amazons", "paragraph_text": "In Greek mythology, the Amazons (Greek: \u1f08\u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, Amaz\u00f3nes, singular \u1f08\u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03ce\u03bd, Amaz\u014dn) were a tribe of women warriors related to Scythians and Sarmatians. Apollonius Rhodius, at Argonautica, mentions that Amazons were the daughters of Ares and Harmonia (a nymph of the Akmonian Wood). They were brutal and aggressive, and their main concern in life was war."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jean Shepherd", "paragraph_text": "Jean Parker Shepherd, Jr. (July 26, 1921 -- October 16, 1999) was an American storyteller, radio and TV personality, writer and actor. He was often referred to by the nickname Shep. With a career that spanned decades, Shepherd is known to modern audiences for the film A Christmas Story (1983), which he narrated and co-scripted, based on his own semi-autobiographical stories."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lady in Waiting (novel)", "paragraph_text": "It is set in the Elizabethan era and beginning of the Stuart period of England, telling the life story of Sir Walter Raleigh, primarily through the viewpoint of his wife, Bess Throckmorton. This is the first of Sutcliff's five novels written and listed as expressly for 'adult' readership, and like her later 1967 adult novel \"The Flowers of Adonis\", uses the technique of having the central character's narrative told by his relation to other characters."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the author of The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd?"}
{"id": "2hop__386823_161622", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sudbury Airport", "paragraph_text": "Sudbury Airport or Greater Sudbury Airport, , is an airport in the Canadian city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario and is located northeast of the downtown area, on Municipal Road 86 between the communities of Garson and Skead. Although in many contexts the airport uses the name Greater Sudbury Airport, its official name, as registered with Transport Canada and printed in all aeronautical publications, is still simply Sudbury Airport."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011, and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area. Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012, and Phase II in 2013."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saint Barth\u00e9lemy", "paragraph_text": "St. Barth\u00e9lemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barth\u00e9lemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar Airways and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority; and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients. Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's south east that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Central Wisconsin Airport", "paragraph_text": "Central Wisconsin Airport , referred to as \"C-Way\", is a public airport located southeast of the central business district of Mosinee, in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is owned by Marathon County and Portage County. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019\u20132023, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. It is the fifth busiest of eight commercial airports in Wisconsin in terms of passengers served."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mohammed V International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Mohammed V International Airport (; , ; Berber: \u2d30\u2d63\u2d30\u2d33\u2d6f\u2d63 \u2d30\u2d33\u2d54\u2d56\u2d4d\u2d30\u2d4f \u2d4e\u2d53\u2d43\u2d4e\u2d4e\u2d37 \u2d61\u2d595; ) is an international airport serving Casablanca, Morocco. Located in Nouaceur Province, it is operated by ONDA (). With just under 8 million passengers passing through the airport in 2014, it was the busiest airport in Morocco and the fourth busiest in Africa. In August 2014, ONDA reported a year-on-year increase of 7.28% passenger traffic, to 918,238. The airport serves as hub for Royal Air Maroc, Jetairfly, Air Arabia Maroc and RAM Express. It is named after King Mohammed V of Morocco."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel is served by two international airports, Ben Gurion International Airport, the country's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo, Ovda Airport in the south, as well as several small domestic airports. Ben Gurion, Israel's largest airport, handled over 12.1 million passengers in 2010. On the Mediterranean coast, Haifa Port is the country's oldest and largest port, while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea. In addition to these, the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea, and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jixi Xingkaihu Airport", "paragraph_text": "Jixi Xingkaihu Airport is an airport serving Jixi, a city in Heilongjiang Province, China. It is located 18 kilometers from the city center in Jidong County near the Russian border, and is named after Khanka Lake (\"Xingkaihu\" in Chinese). The airport cost 262 million yuan to build and was opened in October 2009."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Airport", "paragraph_text": "Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as The V.I.P.s, Airplane!, Airport (1970), Die Hard 2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, Passenger 57, Final Destination (2000), Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me If You Can, Rendition and The Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like Lost, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. Good Will Hunting."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charlotte Douglas International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte Douglas International Airport (IATA: CLT, ICAO: KCLT, FAA LID: CLT) is a joint civil - military public international airport located in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. Established in 1935 as Charlotte Municipal Airport, in 1954 the airport was renamed Douglas Municipal Airport after former Charlotte mayor Ben Elbert Douglas Sr., who had overseen the airport's construction. The airport gained its current name in 1982 and, as of September 2017, it is the second largest hub for American Airlines after Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport, with service to 161 domestic and international destinations. As of 2016 it was the 11th busiest airport in the United States, ranked by passenger traffic and 6th by aircraft movements. It was also the 7th busiest airport in the world ranked by aircraft movements However, Charlotte is the largest airport in the United States without any nonstop service to Asia, and it only ranks 19th by international passenger traffic. The airport serves as a major gateway to the Caribbean Islands. CLT covers 5,558 acres (2,249 ha) of land."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oskemen Airport", "paragraph_text": "Oskemen Airport or Ust-Kamenogorsk Airport is an airport in Kazakhstan. It is located north-west of Oskemen (), also known as Ust-Kamenogorsk (), the capital of the East Kazakhstan Region. The airport services small transport planes."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oskemen", "paragraph_text": "Oskemen (Kazakh: \u04e8\u0441\u043a\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d, romanized: \u00d3skemen) or Ust-Kamenogorsk (Russian: \u0423\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0301\u0440\u0441\u043a)  is the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan. It is served by Oskemen Airport. Population: 303,720 (2009 Census results); 310,950 (1999 Census results)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Jose Airport (Mindoro)", "paragraph_text": "San Jose Airport (Filipino: \"Paliparan ng San Jose\") , formerly known as McGuire Field, is an airport serving the general area of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro in the Philippines. It is one of three airports in Occidental Mindoro, the others being Mamburao Airport and Lubang Airport. The airport is classified as a Principal class 1 domestic airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, an agency of the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines, except the major international airports."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "LAM Mozambique Airlines", "paragraph_text": "LAM Mozambique Airlines is based in Maputo, and has its hub at Maputo International Airport. It operates scheduled services in Southern Africa. The company is a member of the International Air Transport Association, and of the African Airlines Association since 1976."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Two airports serve Philadelphia: the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), straddling the southern boundary of the city, and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE), a general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia. Philadelphia International Airport provides scheduled domestic and international air service, while Northeast Philadelphia Airport serves general and corporate aviation. In 2013, Philadelphia International Airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world measured by traffic movements (i.e. takeoffs and landings). It is also the second largest hub and primary international hub for American Airlines."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "European Air Transport Leipzig", "paragraph_text": "European Air Transport Leipzig GmbH, often shortened to EAT Leipzig or EAT-LEJ, is a German cargo airline with its head office and main hub on the grounds of Leipzig/Halle Airport in Schkeuditz. It is wholly owned by Deutsche Post DHL and operates the group's \"DHL\"-branded parcel and express services. It also provides ad hoc charter services including livestock transport."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "KrasAir", "paragraph_text": "KrasAir or Krasnoyarsk Airlines () was a Russian airline with its head office on the grounds of Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport in Krasnoyarsk. It operated scheduled regional and international passenger services, freight transport, cargo handling and charter services from the main base is Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport, as part of AiRUnion alliance. In 2008 Krasair suffered a liquidity crisis, and after a string of operational shutdowns, administrative and strikes, the company ceased operations in October 2008."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lufthansa CityLine", "paragraph_text": "Lufthansa CityLine GmbH is a German airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Munich Airport. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Lufthansa and maintains hubs at Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport, from where it operates a dense domestic and European network as a member of Lufthansa Regional."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Orenair", "paragraph_text": "Orenburg Airlines or JSC Orenair () was a Russian airline with its head office on the property of Orenburg Tsentralny Airport in Orenburg. It operated domestic passenger services and inclusive tour charters, as well as aerial work and special flights. Its main base was Orenburg Tsentralny Airport and it had hubs at Domodedovo and Simferopol International Airport."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alvarado Transportation Center", "paragraph_text": "The Alvarado Transportation Center (ATC) is a multimodal transit hub located at 100 1st Street SW in Downtown Albuquerque, New Mexico. The complex was built as a hub for Albuquerque's regional transit system and as a replacement for Albuquerque's previous bus depot and train station. The center serves ABQ RIDE, Amtrak, Greyhound Lines, and the New Mexico Rail Runner Express commuter rail line."}], "question": "What is the Russian name of the place served by Oskemen Airport?"}
{"id": "2hop__451793_161622", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jixi Xingkaihu Airport", "paragraph_text": "Jixi Xingkaihu Airport is an airport serving Jixi, a city in Heilongjiang Province, China. It is located 18 kilometers from the city center in Jidong County near the Russian border, and is named after Khanka Lake (\"Xingkaihu\" in Chinese). The airport cost 262 million yuan to build and was opened in October 2009."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oued Irara\u2013Krim Belkacem Airport", "paragraph_text": "Oued Irara\u2013Krim Belkacem Airport () is an airport serving Hassi Messaoud, a city in the Ouargla Province of eastern Algeria. It is located southeast of the city. The airport is named for Krim Belkacem (1922\u20131970), an Algerian revolutionary fighter and politician."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Milingimbi Airport", "paragraph_text": "Milingimbi Airport is an airport located east northeast of Milingimbi on Milingimbi Island, Northern Territory in Australia. The airport received funding for security upgrades in 2006."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wausau Downtown Airport", "paragraph_text": "Wausau Downtown Airport is a city owned public use airport located in Wausau, a city in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. The airport serves general aviation aircraft, charter flights and seaplane operations. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019\u20132023, in which it is categorized as a local general aviation facility."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Novorossiya Governorate", "paragraph_text": "New Russia Governorate, or Novorossiya Governorate (; translit.: \"Novorossiyskaya guberniya\"), was a governorate of the Russian Empire in the previously Ottoman and Cossack territories, that existed from 1764 until the 1783 administrative reform. It was created and governed according to the \"Plan for the Colonization of New Russia Gubernia\" issued by the Russian Senate. It became the first region in Russia where Catherine the Great allowed foreign Jews to settle."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Arkalyk Airport", "paragraph_text": "Arkalyk Airport (also given as Arkalyk North) is an airport in Kazakhstan located north of Arkalyk. It is a small civilian airport built during the Soviet era, and has a sizeable asphalt apron and passenger terminal. The terminal building is in a state of disrepair, and may be completely disused, and the apron and runway are both poorly maintained. The facility is used by the Russian space agency to base and refuel helicopters used in the recovery of returning Soyuz missions. It may also see private use. At present there are no scheduled airlines serving the airport."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Central Wisconsin Airport", "paragraph_text": "Central Wisconsin Airport , referred to as \"C-Way\", is a public airport located southeast of the central business district of Mosinee, in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is owned by Marathon County and Portage County. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019\u20132023, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. It is the fifth busiest of eight commercial airports in Wisconsin in terms of passengers served."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "KrasAir", "paragraph_text": "KrasAir or Krasnoyarsk Airlines () was a Russian airline with its head office on the grounds of Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport in Krasnoyarsk. It operated scheduled regional and international passenger services, freight transport, cargo handling and charter services from the main base is Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport, as part of AiRUnion alliance. In 2008 Krasair suffered a liquidity crisis, and after a string of operational shutdowns, administrative and strikes, the company ceased operations in October 2008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cheboygan County Airport", "paragraph_text": "Cheboygan County Airport is a public use airport located two nautical miles (3.7\u00a0km) west of the central business district of Cheboygan, a city in Cheboygan County, Michigan, United States. It is owned by the Cheboygan Airport Authority. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017\u20132021, in which it is categorized as a basic general aviation facility. The airport is accessible from Levering Road and is close to US Highway 23."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Suceava International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Suceava \u0218tefan cel Mare International Airport () is an airport serving the city of Suceava, Romania. It is located in Salcea, east of Suceava, and west of Boto\u0219ani. The airport is named in honour of the Prince of Moldavia Stephen the Great."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sudbury Airport", "paragraph_text": "Sudbury Airport or Greater Sudbury Airport, , is an airport in the Canadian city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario and is located northeast of the downtown area, on Municipal Road 86 between the communities of Garson and Skead. Although in many contexts the airport uses the name Greater Sudbury Airport, its official name, as registered with Transport Canada and printed in all aeronautical publications, is still simply Sudbury Airport."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ioannina National Airport", "paragraph_text": "Ioannina International Airport () is an airport located four kilometers from the city center of Ioannina, Greece. Its full name is Ioannina International Airport - King Pyrrhus."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oskemen", "paragraph_text": "Oskemen (Kazakh: \u04e8\u0441\u043a\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d, romanized: \u00d3skemen) or Ust-Kamenogorsk (Russian: \u0423\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0301\u0440\u0441\u043a)  is the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan. It is served by Oskemen Airport. Population: 303,720 (2009 Census results); 310,950 (1999 Census results)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oskemen Airport", "paragraph_text": "Oskemen Airport or Ust-Kamenogorsk Airport is an airport in Kazakhstan. It is located north-west of Oskemen (), also known as Ust-Kamenogorsk (), the capital of the East Kazakhstan Region. The airport services small transport planes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mackinac Island Airport", "paragraph_text": "Mackinac Island Airport is a public use airport in Mackinac County, Michigan, United States. It is located northwest of downtown Mackinac Island, Michigan in the center of Mackinac Island. The airport is owned by Mackinac Island State Park Commission. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017\u20132021, in which it is categorized as a basic general aviation facility."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Simsbury Airport", "paragraph_text": "Simsbury Airport is a public use airport located in Simsbury and East Granby, both towns in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. It is privately owned by the Airport Realty Association, LLC. The airport is operated by the Simsbury Flying Club, a not-for-profit group that operates an FBO at the airport. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017\u20132021, in which it is categorized as a general aviation facility."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Caucasus Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Caucasus Governorate (, \"Kavkazskaya guberniya\") was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1802 until 1822. Its seat was located in Georgiyevsk. The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire. In 1822, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the administrative center in Stavropol."}], "question": "What is the Russian name of the city where Oskemen Airport is found?"}
{"id": "2hop__25905_18289", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C. () is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association (CFA). The team is based in the Chaoyang District in Beijing and their home stadium is the Workers' Stadium with a seating capacity of 66,161. Their shareholders are the real estate company Sinobo Group (64%) and CITIC Limited (36%) of CITIC Group, a state-owned enterprise of China. Beijing Guoan F.C. was founded as a professional team by CITIC Guoan Group, which was a subsidiary of CITIC Group until 2014."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Bitter Tea of General Yen", "paragraph_text": "The Bitter Tea of General Yen is a 1933 American pre-Code drama film directed by Frank Capra, and starring Barbara Stanwyck, and featuring Nils Asther and Walter Connolly. Based on the 1930 novel \"The Bitter Tea of General Yen\" by Grace Zaring Stone, the film is about an American missionary in Shanghai during the Chinese Civil War who gets caught in a battle while trying to save a group of orphans. Knocked unconscious, she is saved by a Chinese general warlord who brings her to his palace. When the general falls in love with the naive young woman, she fights her attraction to the powerful general and resists his flirtation, yet remains at his side when his fortune turns."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "King Hui of Wei", "paragraph_text": "King Hui of Wei (simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese: \u9b4f\u60e0\u738b; 400-319 BC), originally called Marquis Hui of Wei, and after 344, King Hui of Liang (simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese: \u6881\u60e0\u738b) was the third ruler of the state of Wei during the Warring States period, ruling from approximately 370 BC\u2013319 BC. He was a grandson of Marquess Wen of Wei, the founder of the state, and a son of Marquess Wu of Wei. He was succeeded by his son, King Xiang of Wei."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sichuan", "paragraph_text": "The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March. Chiang Kai-Shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing fell to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general Wang Sheng wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via Burma."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Chinese Bungalow (1940 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Chinese Bungalow, also known as Chinese Den, is a 1940 British drama film directed by George King and starring Kay Walsh, Jane Baxter and Paul Lukas. It was adapted from the play \"The Chinese Bungalow\" by Marion Osmond and James Corbett. King was a former producer of quota quickies who was increasingly working on films with better budgets during the early war years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of the Kuomintang", "paragraph_text": "The Kuomintang (Traditional Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8; Simplified Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u515a; Hanyu Pinyin: Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 Gu\u00f3m\u00ednd\u01ceng; Initials: KMT or GMD) is a Chinese political party that ruled China 1927 -- 48 and then moved to Taiwan. The name translates as ``China's National People's Party ''and was historically referred to as the Chinese Nationalists. The Party was initially founded on August 25, 1912, by Sun Yat - sen but dissolved in November 1913. It reformed on October 10th 1919, again led by Sun Yat - sen, and became the ruling party in China. After Sun's death, the party was dominated from 1927 to 1975 by Chiang Kai - shek. Though the KMT lost the civil war with the Communist Party of China in 1949, the party took control of Taiwan and remains a major political party of the Republic of China based in Taiwan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Schwartzkopff torpedo", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u20131895), both the Chinese and Japanese navies were equipped with Schwartzkopff torpedoes. The Chinese Navy had the first opportunity to employ their torpedoes during the Battle of Yalu River, but none were able to hit their targets. This poor performance was attributed to improper maintenance of the weapons by the Chinese. Five months later, during the Battle of Weihaiwei, the Japanese sent torpedo boats to attack the Chinese fleet. Firing eleven Schwartzkopff torpedoes, the Japanese managed to sink three Chinese warships. It was the most successful deployment of torpedoes at that point in history."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Huaneng Power International", "paragraph_text": "Huaneng Power International, Inc. ( HPI), commonly known as Huaneng Power or in Chinese: ( Huaneng International), is a Chinese electric power company. It was established in 1994 by China Huaneng Group. Its parent company China Huaneng Group is one of the five largest power producers in China. It engages in the development, construction and operation of large power plants."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nanhai Academy", "paragraph_text": "The Nanhai Academy () is a collection of cultural and educational facilities located on Nanhai Road in the Zhongzheng District of Taipei, Taiwan. After the Republic of China Government relocated to Taiwan following the Chinese Civil War, Chiang Kai-shek ordered its construction. The Ministry of Education and Chang Chi-yun planned the construction of five major social institutions located around the Taipei Botanical Garden. The majority of buildings were originally built during the Japanese occupation of Taiwan and were converted to a traditional Chinese architectural appearance during the 1950s and 1960s."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dong Cunrui", "paragraph_text": "Dong Cunrui (; 1929 - May 25, 1948) was a Chinese Communist soldier in the People's Liberation Army during the Chinese Civil War who blew himself up in order to destroy a Kuomintang bunker guarding an approach to an important bridge in Longhua County."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government named the Western nations, led by the United States, as the biggest threat to its national security. Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century, American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War, and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries, the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism. As a countermeasure and to elevate China's standing among the worldwide Communist movements, the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China's periphery."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wei Lihuang", "paragraph_text": "Wei Lihuang () (16 February 1897 \u2013 17 January 1960) was a Chinese general who served the Nationalist government throughout the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War as one of China's most successful military commanders."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bad Elements", "paragraph_text": "Bad Elements is a book about contemporary Chinese history by Ian Buruma, published by Random House on November 20, 2001. The book's subtitle, \"Chinese Rebels from Los Angeles to Beijing\", indicates the main focus of the book."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Second United Front", "paragraph_text": "The Second United Front was the alliance between the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) and Communist Party of China (CPC) to resist the Japanese invasion during the Second Sino - Japanese War, which suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1941."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wei River", "paragraph_text": "The Wei River (Chinese: \u6e2d\u6cb3; pinyin: W\u00e8i H\u00e9; Wade -- Giles: Wei Ho) is a major river in west - central China's Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. It is the largest tributary of the Yellow River and very important in the early development of Chinese civilization."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joseph Fletcher (historian)", "paragraph_text": "Joseph F. Fletcher, Jr., usually referred to simply as Joseph Fletcher (1934 \u2013 1984) was an American historian of China and Central Asia, a professor at East Asian Languages and Civilizations Department of Harvard University. His main areas of research included interaction between the Islamic and Chinese worlds, Manchu and Mongol studies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Rugao\u2013Huangqiao", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Rugao-Huangqiao (Ru Huang Zhangdou, \u5982\u9ec4\u6218\u6597) was a battle fought between the communists and the nationalists during the Chinese Civil War in the post World War II era and resulted in communist victory. The battle was a one seven major battles in Central Jiangsu Campaign."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Qian Chunqi", "paragraph_text": "He was most notable for being one of the main translators into Chinese of the works of the German writer Friedrich Nietzsche."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "By April 1945, China had already been at war with Japan for more than seven years. Both nations were exhausted by years of battles, bombings and blockades. After Japanese victories in Operation Ichi-Go, Japan were losing the battle in Burma and facing constant attacks from Chinese Nationalists forces and Communist guerrillas in the country side. The Japanese army began preparations for the Battle of West Hunan in March 1945. Japanese mobilized 34th, 47th, 64th, 68th and 116th Divisions, as well as the 86th Independent Brigade, for a total of 80,000 men to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan by early April. In response, the Chinese National Military Council dispatched the 4th Front Army and the 10th and 27th Army Groups with He Yingqin as commander-in-chief. At the same time, it airlifted the entire Chinese New 6th Corps, an American-equipped corps and veterans of the Burma Expeditionary Force, from Kunming to Zhijiang. Chinese forces totaled 110,000 men in 20 divisions. They were supported by about 400 aircraft from Chinese and American air forces. Chinese forces achieved a decisive victory and launched a large counterattack in this campaign. Concurrently, the Chinese managed to repel a Japanese offensive in Henan and Hubei. Afterwards, Chinese forces retook Hunan and Hubei provinces in South China. Chinese launched a counter offensive to retake Guangxi which was the last major Japanese stronghold in South China. In August 1945, Chinese forces successfully retook Guangxi.[citation needed]"}], "question": "What did the main antagonists of the Chinese Civil War want?"}
{"id": "2hop__52942_93247", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)", "paragraph_text": "Max Anderson (Jean - Michel Par\u00e9) is being pursued by a Tyrannosaurus until a fissure vent opens in the ground. When he tries to jump across, he calls out his brother's name before falling into the vent. Ten years later, Max's 13 - year - old son, Sean Anderson (Josh Hutcherson), visit Max's brother, volcanologist Trevor Anderson (Brendan Fraser). In a box of items that belonged to Max is a book, Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne. Notes written by Max are found inside the book."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Anderson family", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, Ole and Arn allied themselves with Ric Flair, a Minnesota native who they claimed was another cousin of the family, and formed the famous wrestling stable The Four Horsemen. The stable was a major influence on professional wrestling in North America, creating the blueprint for future groups such as the New World Order, Triple Threat, and Evolution. Flair's sons David and Reid (the latter now deceased), as well as his daughter Ashley who wrestles in WWE as Charlotte Flair, can be counted as part of the family by extension."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Third Battle of Panipat", "paragraph_text": "To counter this Raghunathrao was supposed to go north to handle the situation. Raghunathrao asked for large amount and an army, which was denied by Sadashivrao Bhau, his cousin and Diwan of Peshwa, so he declined to go. Sadashivrao Bhau was there upon made commander in chief of the Maratha Army, under whom the Battle of Panipat was fought."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WCW Hall of Fame", "paragraph_text": "The World Championship Wrestling (WCW) Hall of Fame was an American professional wrestling hall of fame maintained by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was established in 1993 to honor wrestlers who began their careers long before the 1990s, mostly alumni of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the predecessors of WCW. Inductees received commemorative plaques that had their names & portraits inscribed on it. Wrestlers were inducted by Gordon Solie, a senior announcer in professional wrestling, and received their plaque during the \"Legends Reunion\" segment at WCW's May pay-per-view event, Slamboree. The WCW Hall of Fame was the second hall of fame established to honor professional wrestlers, after the creation of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Hall of Fame in February 1993. After the 1995 Hall of Fame ceremony, WCW stopped the production of the Hall of Fame without a formal announcement. In 2001, the WWF acquired all of its assets; this led to the formal stoppage of the WCW Hall of Fame. The WWF, however, stopped producing its Hall of Fame ceremony after 1996. In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the WWF's successor, reinstated the WWE Hall of Fame, which included inductees that were alumni of WWE, NWA, JCP, and WCW."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Farm (The Office)", "paragraph_text": "The episode guest stars Majandra Delfino, Blake Garrett Rosenthal, Thomas Middleditch, Matt Jones, and Tom Bower as members of Dwight's family; Delfino plays Dwight's sister Fannie, Rosenthal plays Dwight's nephew Cammy, Middleditch portrays Dwight's brother Jeb, Jones portrays Dwight's cousin Zeke, and Bower appears as Dwight's great uncle Heinrich, in a deleted scene. Jones had previously appeared in the ninth season entry, ``Junior Salesman ''."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Craig Pittman", "paragraph_text": "Craig Pittman (born October 1959) is a former United States Marine and professional wrestler. He served in the Marine Corps until the early 1990s. He then wrestled professionally as Sgt. Craig \"Pitbull\" Pittman in World Championship Wrestling (WCW). After leaving WCW in 1997, he continued to wrestle in independent promotions until 2004."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alephonsion Deng", "paragraph_text": "Alephonsion Deng (c. 1982 - ) is a South Sudanese author and speaker. He is best known as the co-author of the book\" \", along with his brother Benson, cousin Benjamin and American author Judy A. Bernstein."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Richard Lloyd Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Richard Lloyd Anderson (9 May 1926 \u2013 12 August 2018) was an American lawyer and theologist of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who was a professor of church history and doctrine at Brigham Young University (BYU). His book \"Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses\" is widely considered the definitive work on this subject. Anderson was the brother of Karl Ricks Anderson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Roy Anderson (The Office)", "paragraph_text": "Royson ``Roy ''Allan Anderson is a fictional character from the US television series The Office, portrayed by David Denman. His counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Lee."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Governor (The Walking Dead)", "paragraph_text": "In the fourth season of American television series, Lilly is amalgamated with April Chalmers in the novels into Lilly Chambler, a mother and a nurse who forms a relationship with The Governor, and plays the same role in killing The Governor. The character's fate is different. She is portrayed by Audrey Marie Anderson."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Planet of the Apes characters", "paragraph_text": "Rocket, portrayed by Terry Notary, is a common chimpanzee who is Caesar's brother figure and second - in - command."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ric Flair", "paragraph_text": "Flair triumphantly returned to WCW as a hero in February 1993, as a result of a ``no - compete ''clause he was unable to wrestle, so he hosted a short - lived talk show in WCW called A Flair for the Gold. Arn Anderson usually appeared at the bar on the show's set, and Flair's maid Fifi cleaned or bore gifts. Once he returned to action, Flair briefly held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship for a tenth time after defeating Barry Windham at Beach Blast before WCW finally left the NWA in September 1993. At Fall Brawl, Flair lost the title, now rebranded the WCW International World Heavyweight Championship, to`` Ravishing Rick'' Rude. At Starrcade in 1993, Flair defeated Vader to win the WCW World Heavyweight title for the second time. In the spring of 1994, Flair began a tweener turn and started another feud with longtime rival Ricky Steamboat and challenged Steamboat to a match at Spring Stampede which ended in a no contest from a double pin, causing the title to be held up. Flair then defeated Steamboat in a rematch to reclaim the held - up title on an episode of WCW Saturday Night. The WWE does not count this victory as a new title win. Flair then challenged Col. Robert Parker to wrestle one of his men at Slamboree, which turned out to be Barry Windham, whom Flair defeated, afterwards he quietly turned heel and took Sherri Martel as his manager. He would also wrestle Lord Steven Regal in a five - match series under Marquess of Queensberry Rules, which aired on WCW Worldwide between April 30 and May 28, in which Flair won the series, with 2 wins, 1 loss, and 2 draws."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Incest in the Bible", "paragraph_text": "In ancient times, tribal nations preferred endogamous marriage -- marriage to one's relatives; the ideal marriage was usually that to a cousin, and it was often forbidden for an eldest daughter to even marry outside the family. Marriage to a half - sister, for example, is considered incest by most nations today, but was common behaviour for Egyptian pharaohs; similarly, the Book of Genesis portrays Sarah as marrying Abraham, her half - brother, without criticising the close genetic relationship between them, and the Book of Samuel treats the marriage of a royal prince to his half - sister as unusual, rather than wicked."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thunderbird 6", "paragraph_text": "Thunderbird 6 is a 1968 British science-fiction adventure film written by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson, directed by David Lane and produced by Century 21 Cinema. A sequel to 1966's \"Thunderbirds Are Go\", it was the second film to be adapted from the 1960s television series \"Thunderbirds\", which combined scale models and special effects with marionette puppet characters in a filming process that the Andersons termed \"Supermarionation\". Intended to provide a lighter-hearted cinematic experience to contrast with the harder science of \"Thunderbirds Are Go\", the Andersons elected to base the plot of \"Thunderbird 6\" on \"Skyship One\", a futuristic airship that is the latest project of the scientist Brains."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kevin Bernard", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Bernard is a fictional character on the TV crime drama \"Law & Order\", portrayed by Anthony Anderson. Bernard appears in his position as junior detective for part of the eighteenth season, as well as all of the nineteenth and twentieth seasons of the show."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Look Back in Anger (1980 film)", "paragraph_text": "Look Back in Anger is a 1980 British film starring Malcolm McDowell, Lisa Banes and Fran Brill, and directed by Lindsay Anderson and David Hugh Jones. The film is based on John Osborne's play \"Look Back in Anger\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Andr\u00e9 Anthony Anderson (born May 1, 1988) is a former American football running back. He played his college football at Tulane."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Scarlett O'Hara", "paragraph_text": "Outwardly, Scarlett is the picture of southern charm and womanly virtues, and a popular belle with the country males. The one man she truly wants, however, is her neighbor, Ashley Wilkes -- the one man she ca n't have. The Wilkes family has a tradition of intermarrying with their cousins, and Ashley is promised to his cousin, Melanie Hamilton of Atlanta. Scarlett's motivation in the early part of the novel centers on her desire to win Ashley's heart. When he refuses her advances (which no well - bred Southern lady would be so forward as to make), she takes refuge in childish rage, and spitefully accepts the proposal of Charles Hamilton, Melanie's brother, in a misguided effort to get back at Ashley and Melanie."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Byers Anderson", "paragraph_text": "John Byers Anderson was the second son of the Rev. John Anderson, a missionary and trustee of Washington & Jefferson College from 1806 to 1831. His brother was the Rev. William Caldwell Anderson, president of Miami University from 1849 to 1854."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}], "question": "When did the wrestler portrayed as the Anderson Brothers' cousin go back to WCW?"}
{"id": "2hop__302752_793063", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Prey for Eyes", "paragraph_text": "Prey for Eyes is the third full-length album by American band, The Red Chord. It is the second album that the band has released on Metal Blade Records. The album was produced by Eric Rachel at Trax East (Every Time I Die, A Life Once Lost) and features artwork by Paul Romano (Trivium, Mastodon, Maroon)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Scarlet Blade", "paragraph_text": "The Scarlet Blade (released in the United States as The Crimson Blade) is a 1963 British adventure film directed by John Gilling for Hammer Film Productions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Big Hero 6: The Series", "paragraph_text": "Khary Payton as Wasabi, a smart, slightly neurotic student at SFIT and member of Big Hero 6 who specializes in lasers, and has two laser - like blades on his arms when in action. He appreciates order and control in his life and work environment. Wasabi was voiced by Damon Wayans Jr. in the film."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Redemption (band)", "paragraph_text": "Redemption is an American progressive metal band, based in Los Angeles, CA but with multinational members, and currently signed to Metal Blade records."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Reclaiming the Blade", "paragraph_text": "Reclaiming the Blade is a documentary written and directed by Daniel McNicoll and produced by Galatia Films on the topic of swords. \"Reclaiming the Blade\" was a number one movie rental on ITunes. The feature-length film was distributed by Starz and Anchor Bay Entertainment."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Deng Xiaoping", "paragraph_text": "Between 1927 and 1929, Deng lived in Shanghai, where he helped organize protests that would be harshly persecuted by the Kuomintang authorities. The death of many Communist militants in those years led to a decrease in the number of members of the Communist Party, which enabled Deng to quickly move up the ranks. During this stage in Shanghai, Deng married a woman he met in Moscow, Zhang Xiyuan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oskar H\u00f6cker", "paragraph_text": "Oskar H\u00f6cker (13 June 1840 \u2013 8 April 1894) was a German author of historical novels for children and a stage actor."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "\u00c6gidius Elling", "paragraph_text": "Jens William \u00c6gidius Elling (also Aegidus or Aegidius) (26 July 1861 \u2013 27 May 1949) was a Norwegian researcher, inventor and pioneer of gas turbine who is considered to be the father of the gas turbine. He built the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hacksaw", "paragraph_text": "The most common blade is the 12 inch or 300 mm length. Hacksaw blades have two holes near the ends for mounting them in the saw frame and the 12 inch / 300 mm dimension refers to the center to center distance between these mounting holes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Blade II", "paragraph_text": "Blade II is a 2002 American superhero film based on the fictional character Blade from Marvel Comics. It is the sequel of the first film and the second part of the \"Blade\" film series, followed by \"\". It was written by David S. Goyer, who also wrote the previous film, directed by Guillermo del Toro, and had Wesley Snipes returning as the lead character and producer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "PowerEdge VRTX", "paragraph_text": "Servers: The VRTX chassis has 4 half - height slots available for Ivy - Bridge based PowerEdge blade servers. At launch the PE - M520 (Xeon E5 - 2400v2) and the PE - M620 (Xeon E5 - 2600v2) where the only two supported server blades, however the M520 was since discontinued. The same blades are used in the M1000e but for use in the VRTX they need to run specific configuration, using two PCIe 2.0 mezzanine cards per server. A conversion kit is available from Dell to allow moving a blade from a M1000e to VRTX chassis."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Santoku", "paragraph_text": "The Santoku b\u014dch\u014d (Japanese: \u4e09\u5fb3\u5305\u4e01; \"three virtues\" or \"three uses\") or Bunka b\u014dch\u014d (\u6587\u5316\u5305\u4e01) is a general-purpose kitchen knife originating in Japan. Its blade is typically between 13 and 20 cm (5 and 8 in) long, and has a flat edge and a sheepsfoot blade that curves in an angle approaching 60 degrees at the point. The word may refer to the wide variety of ingredients that a Santoku knife can handle: meat, fish and vegetables, or to the tasks it can perform: slicing, chopping and dicing, either interpretation indicating a muti-use, general-purpose kitchen knife. The Santoku's blade and handle are designed to work in harmony by matching the blade's width/weight to the weight of blade tang and handle, as with the original Japanese Santoku.[1]"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Steam engine", "paragraph_text": "The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means. Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator service, and smooth rotation were advantages. Today most electric power is provided by steam turbines. In the United States 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources. Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stefanie Draws", "paragraph_text": "She began her football career at the age of five at Rostocker FC. Then she went to FSV Dummerstorf 47 and joined the FFV Neubrandenburg in 2003. She became a permanent member of the first team which plays in the second division. Draws was offered to 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam and joined the Turbines in 2006. She made her first game for Turbine in a UEFA Women's Cup match against Belgian side KFC Rapide Wezemaal."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Second Stage Turbine Blade (comics)", "paragraph_text": "They are written by Claudio Sanchez, illustrated by Wes Abbot and published by Evil Ink Comics, although the first issue is now out of print and the second one is rapidly becoming rare."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Steam engine", "paragraph_text": "The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 \u00b0C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Steam engine", "paragraph_text": "A steam turbine consists of one or more rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam, giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages. Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller. In the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the USA with 60 Hertz power, 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds, 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Therefore, a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arbir", "paragraph_text": "The staff has a shallow groove running along its length marking the plane of the blade, allowing the user to determine exactly where the cutting edge is at all times. The Arbir is one of three special weapons used by members of the \"Persatuan Pentjak Silat Selurah Indonesia \"(PPSI)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Coheed and Cambria", "paragraph_text": "Most of Coheed and Cambria's albums are concept albums based on a science fiction storyline called \"The Amory Wars\", a series written by Claudio Sanchez, which has been transcribed into a series of comic books as well as a full-length novel. The band has released nine studio albums, three live albums, and several special-edition releases. Their most recent release, \"\", is a return to \"The Amory Wars\" concept following 2015's \"The Color Before the Sun\", the band's first non-conceptual album since their inception. \"The Color Before the Sun\", \"The Afterman: Descension\", \"Year of the Black Rainbow\" and \"Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through The Eyes of Madness\" all reached the Billboard top 10."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Enter a Murderer", "paragraph_text": "Enter a Murderer is a detective novel by Ngaio Marsh; it is the second novel to feature Roderick Alleyn, and was first published in 1935. The novel is the first of the theatrical novels for which Marsh was to become famous, taking its title from a line of stage direction in \"Macbeth\", and the plot concerns the on-stage murder of an actor who has managed to antagonize nearly every member of the cast and crew. Unfortunately for the murderer, Inspector Alleyn is in the audience."}], "question": "What band is the author of The Second Stage Turbine Blade a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__758935_93247", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Go Big or Go Home (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Go Big or Go Home ''is a song recorded by American pop rock band American Authors as the first single from their second studio album, What We Live For. The song was released on May 18, 2015."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chad Brock", "paragraph_text": "Chad Brock (born July 31, 1963) is an American country music singer and disc jockey. Before beginning his musical career in the late 1990s, he was a professional wrestler in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), until an injury forced him to retire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tide (brand)", "paragraph_text": "Tide is sold in the UK as Daz Go - Pods; they have the marking ``Daz / Vizir / Tide ''on the back and bear the same distinctive design."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ric Flair", "paragraph_text": "Flair triumphantly returned to WCW as a hero in February 1993, as a result of a ``no - compete ''clause he was unable to wrestle, so he hosted a short - lived talk show in WCW called A Flair for the Gold. Arn Anderson usually appeared at the bar on the show's set, and Flair's maid Fifi cleaned or bore gifts. Once he returned to action, Flair briefly held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship for a tenth time after defeating Barry Windham at Beach Blast before WCW finally left the NWA in September 1993. At Fall Brawl, Flair lost the title, now rebranded the WCW International World Heavyweight Championship, to`` Ravishing Rick'' Rude. At Starrcade in 1993, Flair defeated Vader to win the WCW World Heavyweight title for the second time. In the spring of 1994, Flair began a tweener turn and started another feud with longtime rival Ricky Steamboat and challenged Steamboat to a match at Spring Stampede which ended in a no contest from a double pin, causing the title to be held up. Flair then defeated Steamboat in a rematch to reclaim the held - up title on an episode of WCW Saturday Night. The WWE does not count this victory as a new title win. Flair then challenged Col. Robert Parker to wrestle one of his men at Slamboree, which turned out to be Barry Windham, whom Flair defeated, afterwards he quietly turned heel and took Sherri Martel as his manager. He would also wrestle Lord Steven Regal in a five - match series under Marquess of Queensberry Rules, which aired on WCW Worldwide between April 30 and May 28, in which Flair won the series, with 2 wins, 1 loss, and 2 draws."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "I Don't Want to Go Back Alone", "paragraph_text": "I Don't Want to Go Back Alone () is a 2010 Brazilian short film directed by Daniel Ribeiro. The short won the 2011 Iris Prize."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Let's Go (Shawn Desman song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Let's Go\" is a song by Canadian artist Shawn Desman. It was released in 2005 as the second single from his album \"Back for More\". The song heavily features a synthesizer phrase sampled from the British new wave band Yazoo's 1982 single \"Don't Go.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2004 World's Strongest Man", "paragraph_text": "The 2004 World's Strongest Man was the 27th edition of World's Strongest Man and was won by Vasyl Virastyuk from Ukraine. It was his first title after finishing third the previous year. Zydrunas Savickas from Lithuania finished second for the third year in a row. Originally Mariusz Pudzianowski from Poland finished third, but was later disqualified after testing positive for a banned substance, thus third place was given to Magnus Samuelsson from Sweden. The contest was held in Nassau, Bahamas. The qualifying heats saw a major format change, going from the traditional 5-6 man heats with the top 2 going to the finals. This year's format was a 12-man round-robin competition taking place over 5 days, with the top six going onto the finals."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WCW Hall of Fame", "paragraph_text": "The World Championship Wrestling (WCW) Hall of Fame was an American professional wrestling hall of fame maintained by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was established in 1993 to honor wrestlers who began their careers long before the 1990s, mostly alumni of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the predecessors of WCW. Inductees received commemorative plaques that had their names & portraits inscribed on it. Wrestlers were inducted by Gordon Solie, a senior announcer in professional wrestling, and received their plaque during the \"Legends Reunion\" segment at WCW's May pay-per-view event, Slamboree. The WCW Hall of Fame was the second hall of fame established to honor professional wrestlers, after the creation of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Hall of Fame in February 1993. After the 1995 Hall of Fame ceremony, WCW stopped the production of the Hall of Fame without a formal announcement. In 2001, the WWF acquired all of its assets; this led to the formal stoppage of the WCW Hall of Fame. The WWF, however, stopped producing its Hall of Fame ceremony after 1996. In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the WWF's successor, reinstated the WWE Hall of Fame, which included inductees that were alumni of WWE, NWA, JCP, and WCW."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Emperor's Children", "paragraph_text": "The Emperor's Children is a 2006 novel by the American author Claire Messud. The author's third\u2014and her first best-seller\u2014it was longlisted for the 2006 Man Booker Prize."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources", "paragraph_text": "Its roots go back to the Committee on Interior and Insulars Affair. In 1977, it became the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and Indian Affairs were removed from its jurisdiction into its own committee."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time", "paragraph_text": "``If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time ''is a song by R. Kelly, released as the fifth single from his 1998 album, R... The song is a sweeping ballad about a man wishing he could go back in time and repair his relationship with his girlfriend. The song was a top 10 hit on the pop charts of several countries, while in the United States it finished just outside the top 10, peaking at number 12."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Adding Machine", "paragraph_text": "The Adding Machine is a 1923 play by Elmer Rice; it has been called \"... a landmark of American Expressionism, reflecting the growing interest in this highly subjective and nonrealistic form of modern drama.\" The author of this play takes us through Mr. Zero\u2019s trial, execution, excursion and arrest going into the afterlife. During the whole series of this episodic journey Mr. Zero is surprisingly oblivious to his deepest needs, wants and desires. The story focuses on Mr. Zero, an accountant at a large, faceless company. After 25 years at his job, he discovers that he will be replaced by an adding machine. In anger and pain, he snaps and kills his boss. Mr. Zero is then tried for murder, is found guilty and hanged. He wakes up in a heaven-like setting known as the \"Elysian Fields.\" Mr. Zero meets a man named Shrdlu, then begins to operate an adding machine until Lieutenant Charles, the boss of the Elysian Fields, comes to tell Zero that he is a waste of space and his soul is going to be sent back to the earth to be reused. The play ends with Zero following a very attractive girl named Hope (who may not actually exist) off stage."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Hollow Man (Harris novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollow Man (2011) is a novel by British author Oliver Harris, the first of a series featuring detective Nick Belsey."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chowdaheads", "paragraph_text": "Chowdaheads is an animated television series created by Noah Belson and Eli Roth. The show was originally scheduled to air during WCW wrestling events but it never actually aired. Roth, the co-creator of the series went on to a successful career in film directing with such films as \"Cabin Fever\", \"Hostel\" and \"Hostel 2\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Outsiders (professional wrestling)", "paragraph_text": "The Outsiders are a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Kevin Nash and Scott Hall, best known for their first appearances in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1996. They later teamed also in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), and Pro Wrestling ZERO1 - MAX."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Diary of a Superfluous Man", "paragraph_text": "The Diary of a Superfluous Man () is an 1850 novella by the Russian author Ivan Turgenev. It is written in the first person in the form of a diary by a man who has a few days left to live as he recounts incidents of his life. The story has become the archetype for the Russian literary concept of the superfluous man."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "To Be the Man", "paragraph_text": "To Be the Man is an autobiographical book written by professional wrestler Ric Flair and Keith Elliot Greenberg, and edited by Mark Madden. It was published by WWE Books and distributed by Simon & Schuster in July 2004. The book's title was taken from Flair's famous catchphrase: \"To be the man, you gotta beat the man!\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lee Marshall (announcer)", "paragraph_text": "Lee Marshall (born Marshall Aaron Mayer; November 28, 1949 \u2013 April 26, 2014) was an American professional wrestling announcer formerly of the American Wrestling Association (AWA), World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Women of Wrestling (WOW!)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Beale Street Mama", "paragraph_text": "Beale Street Mama is a 1946 race film directed by and starring Spencer Williams and distributed by Sack Amusement Enterprises, named after the famous song. The film is set in Memphis, Tennessee and focuses on a street sweeper who comes upon a large parcel of money. He uses the newly acquired wealth to go on a spending spree, with the hope of getting back at an old girlfriend who dumped him for another man. However, complications arise when it is discovered the money is counterfeit."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Craig Pittman", "paragraph_text": "Craig Pittman (born October 1959) is a former United States Marine and professional wrestler. He served in the Marine Corps until the early 1990s. He then wrestled professionally as Sgt. Craig \"Pitbull\" Pittman in World Championship Wrestling (WCW). After leaving WCW in 1997, he continued to wrestle in independent promotions until 2004."}], "question": "When did the author of To Be the Man return to WCW?"}
{"id": "2hop__193662_58745", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Leader of Opposition (Uganda)", "paragraph_text": "The Leader of Opposition (LOP) in Uganda is the title bestowed upon the elected leader of the largest political party not within the ruling government. The Leader of Opposition appoints and heads an alternative Shadow Cabinet whose duty is to challenge and influence government legislation on the floor of Parliament The current Leader of Opposition and first Ugandan female to hold the position is Hon. Winnie Kiiza of the Forum for Democratic Change. The Opposition in Uganda is made up of members from Forum for Democratic Change, Democratic Party, Uganda People's Congress, Congress Party and JEEMA."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mark Morrow", "paragraph_text": "Mark Morrow (born April 2, 1960) is a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a New Democratic Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1990 to 1995."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Congress of the New Right", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of the New Right (, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland. The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR). The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015. The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "1996 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election", "paragraph_text": "The Ontario Liberal Party leadership election, 1996, held on December 1, 1996 elected Dalton McGuinty as the new leader of the Ontario Liberal Party, replacing Lyn McLeod, who announced her resignation on August, 1996. McGuinty lost the 1999 election but won in 2003 and served as Premier for ten years until 2013."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bill Knight", "paragraph_text": "Knight was born in Estevan, Saskatchewan. A teacher by profession, Knight was first elected as a New Democratic Party MP in a 1971 by-election and was re-elected in 1972. He represented the riding of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan until his defeat in the 1974 federal election by Liberal Ralph Goodale. Knight attempted to return to Parliament from the same constituency in 1979 but was defeated by Progressive Conservative Len Gustafson."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ontario New Democratic Party", "paragraph_text": "The Ontario New Democratic Party (ONDP or NDP; French: Nouveau Parti d\u00e9mocratique de l'Ontario) is a social democratic political party in Ontario, Canada. The Ontario NDP, led by Andrea Horwath since March 2009, currently forms the Official Opposition in Ontario following the 2018 general election. It is a provincial section of the federal New Democratic Party. It was formed in October 1961 from the Ontario section of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario CCF) and the Ontario Federation of Labour (OFL)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Patrick Brown (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Brown MPP Leader of the Opposition in Ontario Incumbent Assumed office September 14, 2015 Preceded by Jim Wilson Leader of the Ontario PC Party Incumbent Assumed office May 9, 2015 Preceded by Jim Wilson (interim) Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament for Simcoe North Incumbent Assumed office September 3, 2015 Preceded by Garfield Dunlop Member of the Canadian Parliament for Barrie In office January 23, 2006 -- May 13, 2015 Preceded by Aileen Carroll Succeeded by Riding Abolished Personal details Patrick Walter Brown (1978 - 05 - 26) May 26, 1978 (age 39) Toronto, Ontario Political party Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Other political affiliations Conservative Party of Canada Relations Joe Tascona (uncle) Residence Barrie, Ontario Education St. Michael's College School Alma mater University of Windsor (LL. B.) University of Toronto (B.A.) Profession Lawyer"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alexander Franklin Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Franklin Campbell (born March 1845) was a journalist and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Algoma East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1890 to 1894."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Salim Mansur", "paragraph_text": "Salim Mansur is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Western Ontario in Canada. He is a former columnist for the \"London Free Press\" and the \"Toronto Sun\", and has contributed to various publications including \"National Review\", the \"Middle East Forum\" and Frontpagemag. He often presents analysis on the Muslim world, Islam, South Asia, Middle East. He is also a member of the Freedom Party of Ontario."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Franck Biancheri", "paragraph_text": "Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 \u2013 30 October 2012) was the founder of the Newropeans European political party and the leader from June 2006. The party planned to run for campaigns in the 2009 elections to the European Parliament with representatives in all member states simultaneously."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thomas William Chapple", "paragraph_text": "Thomas William Chapple (February 10, 1853 \u2013 1926) was an Ontario lawyer and political figure. He represented Ontario North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1894 to 1898 as a Liberal member."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yane Yanev", "paragraph_text": "Yane Yanev (, born 22 April 1971) is a Bulgarian politician, leader of the center-right opposition party Order, Law and Justice and a member of the Bulgarian National Assembly. Known as an \"anti-corruption hawk\" that has brought to light many political scandals, Yanev is one of the most famous political players to emerge in Bulgaria in the past decade."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Phil McNeely", "paragraph_text": "Philip McNeely is a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, representing the riding of Ottawa\u2014Orl\u00e9ans for the Ontario Liberal Party."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Henry Merrick", "paragraph_text": "Henry Merrick (1837\u20131927) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Leeds North and Grenville North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1871 to 1886."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Freedom Party of Ontario", "paragraph_text": "The Freedom Party of Ontario (FPO or FpO; ) is a provincial political party in Ontario, Canada. It was founded on January 1, 1984 in London, Ontario by Robert Metz and Marc Emery. The Freedom Party has fielded candidates in every provincial election since 1985, and in several by-elections. It has also participated in numerous public policy debates, often on contentious social issues."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New Zealand National Party", "paragraph_text": "New Zealand National Party R\u014dp\u016b N\u0101hinara o Aotearoa President Peter Goodfellow Leader Bill English Deputy Leader Paula Bennett Founded 14 May 1936; 81 years ago (1936 - 05 - 14) Preceded by United -- Reform Coalition Headquarters 41 Pipitea Street, Thorndon, Wellington 6011 Youth wing Young Nationals Ideology Liberal conservatism Political position Centre - right Regional affiliation Asia Pacific Democrat Union International affiliation International Democrat Union Colours Blue Slogan Delivering for New Zealanders MPs in the House of Representatives 56 / 120 Website www.national.org.nz Politics of New Zealand Political parties Elections"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "George Albert Kerr", "paragraph_text": "George Albert Kerr (January 27, 1924 \u2013 May 21, 2007) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1963 to 1985, and was a cabinet minister in the governments of John Robarts and Bill Davis. Kerr was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party and was the first person to hold the portfolio of environment minister in any provincial or federal cabinet in Canada."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United Democratic Front (Namibia)", "paragraph_text": "The United Democratic Front (UDF) is a political party in Namibia. Justus \u01c1Garo\u00ebb was the party's leader since its foundation in 1989 until 2013, when he stepped down as leader of the party."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Claude Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Claude Frederick Bennett (born September 19, 1936) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1971 to 1987, and was a cabinet minister in the governments of Bill Davis and Frank Miller. Bennett was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party."}], "question": "Who is the leader of Bill Knight's political party?"}
{"id": "2hop__40805_124280", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations. This resulted in one main case, Commission v Edith Cresson where the European Court of Justice held that a Commissioner giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law. By contrast to the ECJ's relaxed approach, a Committee of Independent Experts found that a culture had developed where few Commissioners had \u2018even the slightest sense of responsibility\u2019. This led to the creation of the European Anti-fraud Office. In 2012 it investigated the Maltese Commissioner for Health, John Dalli, who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a \u20ac60m bribe in connection with a Tobacco Products Directive. Beyond the Commission, the European Central Bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro. It has a six-person board appointed by the European Council, on the Council's recommendation. The President of the Council and a Commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings, but do not have voting rights."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, \"My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cheng Kai-nam", "paragraph_text": "He was educated at Pui Kiu Middle School, the University of East Anglia (BA), and the University of Hong Kong. He was a longtime member of the Legislative Council. During the legislative election in 2000, he was exposed for failing to disclose his personal own assets and became a suspect for corruption. In the end, he gave up his seat in the Legislative Council. In 2001, the court finds Cheng guilty of abuse of power and sentenced him to 18 months in jail."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Santer Commission", "paragraph_text": "The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March 1999. The administration was led by Jacques Santer (former Prime Minister of Luxembourg)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the European Union", "paragraph_text": "On 1 November 1993, under the third Delors Commission, the Maastricht Treaty became effective, creating the European Union with its pillar system, including foreign and home affairs alongside the European Community. The 1994 European elections were held resulting in the Socialist group maintaining their position as the largest party in Parliament. The Council proposed Jacques Santer as Commission President but he was seen as a second choice candidate, undermining his position. Parliament narrowly approved Santer but his commission gained greater support, being approved by 416 votes to 103. Santer had to use his new powers under Maastricht to flex greater control over his choice of Commissioners. They took office on 23 January 1995."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "The government of the City of Miami (proper) uses the mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners which are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers conferred upon the city in the city charter. The mayor is elected at large and appoints a city manager. The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Tom\u00e1s Regalado and 5 City commissioners which oversee the five districts in the City. The commission's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall, which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove ."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\" In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization. In 1995, President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chief Election Commissioner of India", "paragraph_text": "Chief Election Commissioner of India Incumbent Om Prakash Rawat since 23 January 2018 Election Commission of India Nominator Government of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age (whichever is earlier) Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India Salary \u20b9250,000 (US $3,600) per month Website Election Commission of India"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battle of Huamachuco", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Huamachuco was fought on the 10 July 1883, and it was the last major battle of the War of the Pacific. The Chilean soldiers led by Colonel Alejandro Gorostiaga decisively defeated the Peruvian army commanded by General Andr\u00e9s Avelino C\u00e1ceres near the town of Huamachuco. This Chilean victory effectively eliminated C\u00e1ceres' \"Ej\u00e9rcito de la Bre\u00f1a\", ending any real threat or resistance in the Peruvian Andes. The Peruvian defeat paved the way for the Treaty of Ancon that finally put an end to the war. Also, one of Peru's greatest heroes, Colonel Leoncio Prado, died as a consequence of this battle."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'\u00e9tat and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966\u20131979 and 1983\u20131998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Taginae", "paragraph_text": "At the Battle of Taginae (also known as the Battle of Busta Gallorum) in June/July 552, the forces of the Byzantine Empire under Narses broke the power of the Ostrogoths in Italy, and paved the way for the temporary Byzantine reconquest of the Italian Peninsula."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Fish and Wildlife Service", "paragraph_text": "The USFWS originated in 1871 as the United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries, more commonly referred to as the United States Fish Commission, created by the United States Congress with the purpose of studying and recommending solutions to a noted decline in the stocks of food fish. Spencer Fullerton Baird was appointed its first commissioner. In 1903, the Fish Commission was reorganized as the United States Bureau of Fisheries."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "India Board", "paragraph_text": "The Right Honourable Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India (commonly known as the India Board or the Board of Control) was an arm of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for managing the Government's interest in British India and the East India Company between 1784 and 1858. By virtue of the East India Company Act 1784, Privy Counsellors, not exceeding six in number, were appointed by commission issued under the Great Seal of Great Britain to be \"Commissioners for the Affairs of India\". The Commissioners were to include a Secretary of State and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. At least three of the Commissioners were to form the Board, which exercised powers under the Act. The Board was supported by the Secretary to the Board of Control."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Franco Frattini", "paragraph_text": "Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957 in Rome) is an Italian politician, twice foreign minister of the Berlusconi cabinets (in 2002\u20132004 and 2008\u20132011) and once European Commissioner in the first Barroso Commission (2004\u20132008)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chief Election Commissioner of India", "paragraph_text": "Chief Election Commissioner of India Incumbent Achal Kumar Jyoti since 6 July 2017 Election Commission of India Nominator Government of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age (whichever is earlier) Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India Salary \u20b990,000 (US $1,400) per month Website Election Commission of India"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "On election day (6 May 2010), The Sun urged its readers to vote for David Cameron's \"modern and positive\" Conservatives in order to save Britain from \"disaster\" which the paper thought the country would face if the Labour government was re-elected. The election ended in the first hung parliament after an election for 36 years, with the Tories gaining the most seats and votes but being 20 seats short of an overall majority. They finally came to power on 11 May when Gordon Brown stepped down as prime minister, paving the way for David Cameron to become prime minister by forming a coalition with the Liberal Democrats."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Siim Kallas", "paragraph_text": "Siim Kallas (; born 2 October 1948) is an Estonian politician, who most recently served as European Commissioner for Transport between 2010 and 2014. Before that he was European Commissioner for Administrative Affairs, Audit and Anti-Fraud between 2004 and 2009. In both Barroso Commissions he was also vice-president."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be \"completely independent\" and not \"take instructions from any Government\". Under article 17(2), \"Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a Commission proposal, except where the Treaties provide otherwise.\" This means that the Commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure, although the Council is the \"de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives\". The Parliament can also formally request the Commission to submit a legislative proposal but the Commission can reject such a suggestion, giving reasons. The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote, usually through a \"written procedure\" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.[citation needed] Since Ireland refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007, there remains one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states, including the President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini). The Commissioners (and most importantly, the portfolios they will hold) are bargained over intensively by the member states. The Commissioners, as a block, are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the Council to approve, and majority approval of the Parliament. The proposal to make the Commissioners be drawn from the elected Parliament, was not adopted in the Treaty of Lisbon. This means Commissioners are, through the appointment process, the unelected subordinates of member state governments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Clarence H. Adams", "paragraph_text": "Clarence H. Adams (November 1, 1905 \u2013 May 10, 1987) was an American government official and businessman who served as a commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from 1952 to 1956."}], "question": "On what date did the commission that was censured in 1999, and paved the way for Commissioners to abuse their power end?"}
{"id": "2hop__40805_745259", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Very Short Life", "paragraph_text": "A Very Short Life () is a 2009 Hong Kong drama film written, produced and directed by Dennis Law. It is Law's fifth feature film as a writer and director. Centered on child abuse and child molestation, the film stars Maggie Shiu as a Hong Kong police commissioner who investigates the murder of an 11-year-old girl at the hands of her abusive mother (Leila Tong). The film was awarded a Category III rating in Hong Kong for its subject matter and was released in Hong Kong on 19 March 2008."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bill Chipman Palouse Trail", "paragraph_text": "The Bill Chipman Palouse Trail is a paved rail trail in the northwestern United States, from Pullman, Washington, eastward to Moscow, Idaho. Completed in 1998, it follows the former Union Pacific Railroad right-of-way and connects the rural university towns on the Palouse across the state border."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be \"completely independent\" and not \"take instructions from any Government\". Under article 17(2), \"Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a Commission proposal, except where the Treaties provide otherwise.\" This means that the Commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure, although the Council is the \"de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives\". The Parliament can also formally request the Commission to submit a legislative proposal but the Commission can reject such a suggestion, giving reasons. The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote, usually through a \"written procedure\" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.[citation needed] Since Ireland refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007, there remains one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states, including the President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini). The Commissioners (and most importantly, the portfolios they will hold) are bargained over intensively by the member states. The Commissioners, as a block, are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the Council to approve, and majority approval of the Parliament. The proposal to make the Commissioners be drawn from the elected Parliament, was not adopted in the Treaty of Lisbon. This means Commissioners are, through the appointment process, the unelected subordinates of member state governments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Franco Frattini", "paragraph_text": "Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957 in Rome) is an Italian politician, twice foreign minister of the Berlusconi cabinets (in 2002\u20132004 and 2008\u20132011) and once European Commissioner in the first Barroso Commission (2004\u20132008)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "On election day (6 May 2010), The Sun urged its readers to vote for David Cameron's \"modern and positive\" Conservatives in order to save Britain from \"disaster\" which the paper thought the country would face if the Labour government was re-elected. The election ended in the first hung parliament after an election for 36 years, with the Tories gaining the most seats and votes but being 20 seats short of an overall majority. They finally came to power on 11 May when Gordon Brown stepped down as prime minister, paving the way for David Cameron to become prime minister by forming a coalition with the Liberal Democrats."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations. This resulted in one main case, Commission v Edith Cresson where the European Court of Justice held that a Commissioner giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law. By contrast to the ECJ's relaxed approach, a Committee of Independent Experts found that a culture had developed where few Commissioners had \u2018even the slightest sense of responsibility\u2019. This led to the creation of the European Anti-fraud Office. In 2012 it investigated the Maltese Commissioner for Health, John Dalli, who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a \u20ac60m bribe in connection with a Tobacco Products Directive. Beyond the Commission, the European Central Bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro. It has a six-person board appointed by the European Council, on the Council's recommendation. The President of the Council and a Commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings, but do not have voting rights."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Siim Kallas", "paragraph_text": "Siim Kallas (; born 2 October 1948) is an Estonian politician, who most recently served as European Commissioner for Transport between 2010 and 2014. Before that he was European Commissioner for Administrative Affairs, Audit and Anti-Fraud between 2004 and 2009. In both Barroso Commissions he was also vice-president."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "The government of the City of Miami (proper) uses the mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners which are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers conferred upon the city in the city charter. The mayor is elected at large and appoints a city manager. The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Tom\u00e1s Regalado and 5 City commissioners which oversee the five districts in the City. The commission's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall, which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove ."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Clarence H. Adams", "paragraph_text": "Clarence H. Adams (November 1, 1905 \u2013 May 10, 1987) was an American government official and businessman who served as a commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from 1952 to 1956."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jacques Barrot", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Barrot (3 February 1937 \u2013 3 December 2014) was a French politician, who served as European Commissioner for Justice between 2008 and 2010, after having spent four years serving as Commissioner for Transport (2004\u20132008) and Commissioner for Regional Policy for eight months (2004). He was also one of five vice-presidents of the 27-member Barroso Commission. He previously held various ministerial positions in France, and was a member of the right-wing political party UMP. He was officially approved in his post by the European Parliament on 18 June 2008 with a vote of 489 to 52 with 19 abstentions."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Emmanuel Uduaghan", "paragraph_text": "On 6 August 1999, the Governor of Delta State James Onanefe Ibori appointed Emmanuel Uduaghan as Commissioner for Health, Delta State. In this position he improved the pay of medical staff and upgraded infrastructure."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Taginae", "paragraph_text": "At the Battle of Taginae (also known as the Battle of Busta Gallorum) in June/July 552, the forces of the Byzantine Empire under Narses broke the power of the Ostrogoths in Italy, and paved the way for the temporary Byzantine reconquest of the Italian Peninsula."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chief Election Commissioner of India", "paragraph_text": "Chief Election Commissioner of India Incumbent Achal Kumar Jyoti since 6 July 2017 Election Commission of India Nominator Government of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age (whichever is earlier) Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India Salary \u20b990,000 (US $1,400) per month Website Election Commission of India"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Indian commissions", "paragraph_text": "No. Commission Year Objectives States Reorganisation Commission 1955 Recommend the reorganization of state boundaries Kothari Commission 1964 To formulate the general principles and guidelines for the development of education at all levels To advise the government on a standardized national pattern of education in India Kapur Commission 1966 To inquiry into the conspiracy that led to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi Khosla Commission 1970 Investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose in 1945 5 Mandal Commission 1980 Identified over 450 backward classes comprising 52% of the country's population Recommended 27% of the seats in academic institutions and jobs in Govt. organisations for these classes. 6 Sarkaria Commission To examine the balance of power between centre and state and suggest reforms Gave appropriate recommendations on appointment of Governor. 7 Mukherjee Commission 1999 Investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose in 1945 8 Nanavati Commission 2000 Investigate the 1984 anti-Sikh riots 9 Narendran Commission 2000 Study and report the representation of Backward Classes in the State public services. 10 National Commission to review the working of the Constitution February 2000 Suggested changes in the electoral laws, setting up a national judicial commission for appointing judges and election of the Prime Minister by Lok Sabha. 11 Nanavati - Shah commission 2002 To probe the Godhra train burning incident and the post-Godhra carnage, 2002 12 Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "India Board", "paragraph_text": "The Right Honourable Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India (commonly known as the India Board or the Board of Control) was an arm of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for managing the Government's interest in British India and the East India Company between 1784 and 1858. By virtue of the East India Company Act 1784, Privy Counsellors, not exceeding six in number, were appointed by commission issued under the Great Seal of Great Britain to be \"Commissioners for the Affairs of India\". The Commissioners were to include a Secretary of State and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. At least three of the Commissioners were to form the Board, which exercised powers under the Act. The Board was supported by the Secretary to the Board of Control."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Santer Commission", "paragraph_text": "The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March 1999. The administration was led by Jacques Santer (former Prime Minister of Luxembourg)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, \"My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms, while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years. The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only five members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: John Bullock Clark (D - MO), John William Reid (D - MO) and Henry Cornelius Burnett (D - KY). Michael Myers (D - PA) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, and James Traficant (D - OH) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption. The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Fish and Wildlife Service", "paragraph_text": "The USFWS originated in 1871 as the United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries, more commonly referred to as the United States Fish Commission, created by the United States Congress with the purpose of studying and recommending solutions to a noted decline in the stocks of food fish. Spencer Fullerton Baird was appointed its first commissioner. In 1903, the Fish Commission was reorganized as the United States Bureau of Fisheries."}], "question": "What was the commission that was censured in 1999, and paved the way for Commissioners to abuse their power an instance of?"}
{"id": "2hop__386616_58745", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Thatcherism", "paragraph_text": "Thatcherism comprises the conviction, economic, social and political style of the British Conservative Party politician Margaret Thatcher, who was leader of her party from 1975 to 1990. It has also been used to describe the principles of the British government under Thatcher as Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and beyond into the governments of John Major, Tony Blair and David Cameron. An exponent of Thatcherism is regarded as a \"Thatcherite\". Thatcherism represented a systematic, decisive rejection and reversal of the post-war consensus, whereby the major political parties largely agreed on the central themes of Keynesianism, the welfare state, nationalised industry and close regulation of the British economy. There was one major exception, the NHS, which was widely popular. In 1982, she promised the British people that the NHS is \"safe in our hands\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United Democratic Front (Namibia)", "paragraph_text": "The United Democratic Front (UDF) is a political party in Namibia. Justus \u01c1Garo\u00ebb was the party's leader since its foundation in 1989 until 2013, when he stepped down as leader of the party."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Freedom Party of Ontario", "paragraph_text": "The Freedom Party of Ontario (FPO or FpO; ) is a provincial political party in Ontario, Canada. It was founded on January 1, 1984 in London, Ontario by Robert Metz and Marc Emery. The Freedom Party has fielded candidates in every provincial election since 1985, and in several by-elections. It has also participated in numerous public policy debates, often on contentious social issues."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Leader of Opposition (Uganda)", "paragraph_text": "The Leader of Opposition (LOP) in Uganda is the title bestowed upon the elected leader of the largest political party not within the ruling government. The Leader of Opposition appoints and heads an alternative Shadow Cabinet whose duty is to challenge and influence government legislation on the floor of Parliament The current Leader of Opposition and first Ugandan female to hold the position is Hon. Winnie Kiiza of the Forum for Democratic Change. The Opposition in Uganda is made up of members from Forum for Democratic Change, Democratic Party, Uganda People's Congress, Congress Party and JEEMA."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Audrey McLaughlin", "paragraph_text": "Audrey Marlene McLaughlin (n\u00e9e Brown; born November 8, 1936) was leader of Canada's New Democratic Party (NDP) from 1989 to 1995. She was the first female leader of a political party with representation in the House of Commons of Canada, as well as the first female federal political party leader to represent an electoral district in a Canadian territory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Salim Mansur", "paragraph_text": "Salim Mansur is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Western Ontario in Canada. He is a former columnist for the \"London Free Press\" and the \"Toronto Sun\", and has contributed to various publications including \"National Review\", the \"Middle East Forum\" and Frontpagemag. He often presents analysis on the Muslim world, Islam, South Asia, Middle East. He is also a member of the Freedom Party of Ontario."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "George Hillmer", "paragraph_text": "George Hillmer (December 5, 1866 \u2013 January 20, 1935) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Halton in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1923 to 1929 as a Conservative member."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Franck Biancheri", "paragraph_text": "Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 \u2013 30 October 2012) was the founder of the Newropeans European political party and the leader from June 2006. The party planned to run for campaigns in the 2009 elections to the European Parliament with representatives in all member states simultaneously."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mark Morrow", "paragraph_text": "Mark Morrow (born April 2, 1960) is a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a New Democratic Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1990 to 1995."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Henry Merrick", "paragraph_text": "Henry Merrick (1837\u20131927) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Leeds North and Grenville North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1871 to 1886."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alexander Franklin Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Franklin Campbell (born March 1845) was a journalist and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Algoma East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1890 to 1894."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Margaret Mitchell (Canadian politician)", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Anne Mitchell, OBC (n\u00e9e Learoyd; July 17, 1925 \u2013 March 8, 2017) was a Canadian social activist and the New Democratic Party (NDP) Member of Parliament (MP) for Vancouver East from 1979 until 1993. A social worker by profession, she was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1979 federal election. In 1980, she voted against a pay raise for MPs, and subsequently donated her additional pay to charity establishing the Margaret Mitchell Fund for Women."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ontario New Democratic Party", "paragraph_text": "The Ontario New Democratic Party (ONDP or NDP; French: Nouveau Parti d\u00e9mocratique de l'Ontario) is a social democratic political party in Ontario, Canada. The Ontario NDP, led by Andrea Horwath since March 2009, currently forms the Official Opposition in Ontario following the 2018 general election. It is a provincial section of the federal New Democratic Party. It was formed in October 1961 from the Ontario section of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario CCF) and the Ontario Federation of Labour (OFL)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Congress of the New Right", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of the New Right (, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland. The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR). The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015. The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Phil McNeely", "paragraph_text": "Philip McNeely is a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, representing the riding of Ottawa\u2014Orl\u00e9ans for the Ontario Liberal Party."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Margaret Sitte", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Sitte is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who served as a member of the North Dakota Senate for the 35th district."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Patrick Brown (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Brown MPP Leader of the Opposition in Ontario Incumbent Assumed office September 14, 2015 Preceded by Jim Wilson Leader of the Ontario PC Party Incumbent Assumed office May 9, 2015 Preceded by Jim Wilson (interim) Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament for Simcoe North Incumbent Assumed office September 3, 2015 Preceded by Garfield Dunlop Member of the Canadian Parliament for Barrie In office January 23, 2006 -- May 13, 2015 Preceded by Aileen Carroll Succeeded by Riding Abolished Personal details Patrick Walter Brown (1978 - 05 - 26) May 26, 1978 (age 39) Toronto, Ontario Political party Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Other political affiliations Conservative Party of Canada Relations Joe Tascona (uncle) Residence Barrie, Ontario Education St. Michael's College School Alma mater University of Windsor (LL. B.) University of Toronto (B.A.) Profession Lawyer"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Camil Samson", "paragraph_text": "Camil Samson (January 3, 1935 - December 18, 2012) was a politician in Quebec, Canada, Member of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNA), and leader of the Ralliement cr\u00e9ditiste du Qu\u00e9bec and other political parties."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yane Yanev", "paragraph_text": "Yane Yanev (, born 22 April 1971) is a Bulgarian politician, leader of the center-right opposition party Order, Law and Justice and a member of the Bulgarian National Assembly. Known as an \"anti-corruption hawk\" that has brought to light many political scandals, Yanev is one of the most famous political players to emerge in Bulgaria in the past decade."}], "question": "Who is the leader of the political party in Ontario that includes Margaret Mitchell?"}
{"id": "2hop__255337_158135", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eric Blackwood", "paragraph_text": "Eric Blackwood (aviator) (born December 7, 1921) aviator, born Brookfield, Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland. A noted navigator, during World War II, serving in both the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Royal Air Force, Blackwood is the founder of Eastern Provincial Airways. In the early days of EPA, Blackwood acted as pilot, operations manager and director."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federal Prison Camp, Nellis", "paragraph_text": "Nellis Prison Camp was a United States federal minimum-security prison, also known as a Federal Prison Camp (FPC), located on Nellis Air Force Base in the state of Nevada. The camp was operational between 1989 and 2006. Notable former inmates include Peter Bacanovic who was convicted along with Martha Stewart of various crimes in the ImClone scandal, and Larry Jay Levine founder of Wall Street Prison Consultants."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Navy", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish Infanter\u00eda de Marina was formed in 1537, making it the oldest, current marine force in the world. The British Royal Marines combine being both a ship - based force and also being specially trained in commando - style operations and tactics, operating in some cases separately from the rest of the Royal Navy. The Royal Marines also have their own special forces unit."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Swedish Air Force Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Swedish Air Force Museum (in Swedish, Flygvapenmuseum) is located at Malmen Airbase in Malmsl\u00e4tt, just outside Link\u00f6ping, Sweden. Malmen is where Baron Carl Cederstr\u00f6m, nicknamed the \"Flyer Baron\" founded his flying school in 1912. Malmen Airbase is home to the Royal Swedish Airschool operating SAAB 105 (SK60) jet trainers. Along with the Swedish Army Museum (Arm\u00e9museum) in Stockholm, Flygvapenmusem constitutes the government agency \"Statens f\u00f6rsvarshistoriska museer\" (\"Swedish Museums of the Defence Forces\")."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sword Beach", "paragraph_text": "Sword, commonly known as Sword Beach, was the code name given to one of the five main landing areas along the Normandy coast during the initial assault phase, Operation Neptune, of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of German-occupied France that commenced on 6 June 1944. Stretching from Ouistreham to Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, the beach was the easternmost landing site of the invasion. Taking Sword was to be the responsibility of the British Army with sea transport, mine sweeping, and a naval bombardment force provided by the British Royal Navy as well as elements from the Polish, Norwegian and other Allied navies."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Turkish Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The  Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Turkish: T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri, TSK) are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. They consist of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard, both of which have law enforcement and military functions, operate as components of the internal security forces in peacetime, and are subordinate to the Ministry of Interior. In wartime, they are subordinate to the Army and Navy. The President of Turkey is the military's overall head."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Unified Task Force", "paragraph_text": "Operation Continue Hope provided support of UNOSOM II to establish a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations by providing personnel, logistical, communications, intelligence support, a quick reaction force, and other elements as required. Over 60 Army aircraft and approximately 1,000 aviation personnel operated in Somalia from 1992 to 1994."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Police", "paragraph_text": "In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly grew. The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in 1873. The merger of these two police forces in 1920 formed the world-famous Royal Canadian Mounted Police."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2005 Royal Air Force Hercules shootdown", "paragraph_text": "The 2005 Royal Air Force Hercules shootdown was the loss of a Royal Air Force Lockheed C-130K Hercules C3, serial number \"XV179\", callsign Hilton 22, when it was shot down in Iraq, probably by Sunni insurgents, on 30 January 2005, killing all 10 personnel on board. At the time, the incident was the largest single loss of life suffered by the British military during Operation Telic."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of national border guard agencies", "paragraph_text": "Special Frontier Force -- 10,000 personnel primarily used for conducting clandestine intelligence gathering and commando operations along the India Chinese border. Officially constrained from operating within 10 km of the international border"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korps Marechaussee te voet", "paragraph_text": "The Korps Marechaussee te voet (literally \"marshal corps on foot\") were a colonial gendarmerie of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL), principally used for counter-insurgency in the Dutch East Indies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "NASAMS", "paragraph_text": "The Norwegian company Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace teamed up with Raytheon and initiated the NASAMS programme as a cooperative effort for the Royal Norwegian Air Force. The network-centric air defence system NASAMS was declared fully operational capable in 1998 but had an initial operational capability as early as in 1994/95."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Snake-class junk", "paragraph_text": "The Snake-class junks were a class of six small vessels operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) to support special forces operations in 1944 and 1945. The ships were lightly armed and were used to infiltrate special forces parties and their supplies into Japanese-held territory."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Savenay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Savenay took place on 23 December 1793, and marks the end of the Vir\u00e9e de Galerne operational phase of the first war in the Vend\u00e9e after the French Revolution. A Republican force of approximately 18,000 decisively defeated the Arm\u00e9e Catholique et Royale force of 6,000 at Savenay."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Force K", "paragraph_text": "Force K was the name of three British Royal Navy task forces during the Second World War. The first Force K operated from West Africa in 1939, to intercept commerce raiders. The second Force K was formed in October 1941 at Malta, to operate against convoys sailing from Italy to Libya. Axis air attacks on Malta led to Force K being reduced and on 8 April 1942, the last ship of the force was withdrawn. After Operation Stoneage was run to Malta (16\u201320 November) Force K was re-established and began operations again against Axis convoys."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Blackburn (RAF officer)", "paragraph_text": "Wing Commander James Blackburn DSO & Bar, DFC & Bar (1916\u20131993) was a Royal Air Force officer who completed a record five tours of operations during the Second World War."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indian Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The Indian Air Force (IAF; IAST: Bh\u0101rat\u012bya V\u0101yu Sen\u0101) is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. Its complement of personnel and aircraft assets ranks fourth amongst the airforces of the world. Its primary mission is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during armed conflict. It was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the British Empire which honored India's aviation service during World War II with the prefix Royal. After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, the name Royal Indian Air Force was kept and served in the name of Dominion of India. With the government's transition to a Republic in 1950, the prefix Royal was removed after only three years."}], "question": "Along with the organization that the Royal Marechaussee is an instance of, who else operates peacetime security forces?"}
{"id": "2hop__696721_158135", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Turkish Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The  Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Turkish: T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri, TSK) are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. They consist of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard, both of which have law enforcement and military functions, operate as components of the internal security forces in peacetime, and are subordinate to the Ministry of Interior. In wartime, they are subordinate to the Army and Navy. The President of Turkey is the military's overall head."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Palmasola", "paragraph_text": "Centro de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Santa Cruz \"Palmasola\" is a maximum security prison in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. It is Bolivia's largest prison and holds about 3,500 prisoners. Like many prisons in Latin America, guards exhibit minimal control over what happens within the prison, leading it to being described as a \"prison town\". Guards instead concentrate only on securing the perimeter of the facility. According to former inmates, almost anything can be obtained in the prison, and businesses operate inside the prison to supply weapons and drugs. Prisoners of Palmasola have created an organization called the Disciplina Interna to oversee some affairs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kirkpatrick Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Kirkpatrick Glacier () is a tributary glacier about long, flowing west along the south side of the McDonald Heights to enter the east side of Hull Glacier near the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959\u201365, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Commander Thomas W. Kirkpatrick, United States Coast Guard, Ship Operations Officer, U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, during Operation Deep Freeze 1972 and 1973."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federal Prison Camp, Nellis", "paragraph_text": "Nellis Prison Camp was a United States federal minimum-security prison, also known as a Federal Prison Camp (FPC), located on Nellis Air Force Base in the state of Nevada. The camp was operational between 1989 and 2006. Notable former inmates include Peter Bacanovic who was convicted along with Martha Stewart of various crimes in the ImClone scandal, and Larry Jay Levine founder of Wall Street Prison Consultants."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "First Army Division East", "paragraph_text": "First Army Division East was established by Department of the Army Permanent Order 156-7 to provide training and readiness oversight and mobilization operations for an area of responsibility spanning 27 states and territories east of the Mississippi River. First Army Division East is responsible for mobilizing, training, readiness oversight and deploying the United States' Reserve and National Guard Soldiers, and selected Sailors and Airmen along with members of multiple interagency and governmental entities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "National Guard (El Salvador)", "paragraph_text": "The Guardia Nacional (National Guard) of El Salvador was the Salvadoran gendarmerie. It was founded in 1912 by President Dr. Manuel Enrique Araujo. As agreed in the Chapultepec Peace Accords, it was disbanded on 16 January 1992. Its motto was \"El honor es nuestra divisa\" (Honor is Our Emblem)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "International Security Assistance Force", "paragraph_text": "The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a NATO - led security mission in Afghanistan, established by the United Nations Security Council in December 2001 by Resolution 1386, as envisaged by the Bonn Agreement. Its main purpose was to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and assist Afghanistan in rebuilding key government institutions, but was also engaged in the 2001 -- present war with the Taliban insurgency."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Border Security Force", "paragraph_text": "The Border Security Force (BSF) is the primary border defence organisation of India. It is one of the five Central Armed Police Forces of the Union of India, it was raised in the wake of the 1965 War on 1 December 1965, ``for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for matters connected there with ''. It is a Central Armed Police Force charged with guarding India's land border during peacetime and preventing transnational crime. It is a Union Government Agency under the administrative control of Ministry of Home Affairs. The BSF has its own cadre of officers but its head, designated as a Director - General (DG), since its raising has been an officer from the Indian Police Service. It is an Armed Force of the Union of India tasked with various assignments from time to time. The BSF has grown exponentially from a few battalions in 1965, to 186 battalions with a sanctioned strength of 257,363 personnel including an expanding air wing, marine wing, artillery regiments, and commando units. It currently stands as the world's largest border guarding force. BSF has been termed as the First Line of Defence of Indian Territories."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Georgia State Defense Force", "paragraph_text": "The Georgia State Defense Force (GSDF, GASDF, or SDF) is an unpaid, volunteer component of the Georgia Department of Defense, serving in support of the national and state constitutions under direction of the governor and the adjutant general of Georgia. As a State Defense Force, members serve alongside the Georgia Army National Guard and the Georgia Air National Guard."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saburro Peak", "paragraph_text": "Saburro Peak is a peak in Antarctica to the south of Doll Peak in the south part of Ravens Mountains, Britannia Range. Named after Colonel Richard M.Saburro, Commander, Operation DEEP FREEZE who was assigned to this position from the 109 AG of the New York Air National Guard. Saburro was the first US Air Force Commander of Operation DEEP FREEZE following 45 years of command by the US Navy. The Operation provides military logistics support to the National Science Foundation's US Antarctic Program."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Timothy P. Williams", "paragraph_text": "Timothy P. Williams is a United States Army major general, and the Adjutant General of Virginia. He commands the Virginia Army National Guard, Virginia Air National Guard and Virginia Defense Force. Williams is the co-author of, \"Let\u2019s Go! The History of the 29th Infantry Division 1917-2001\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Texas Army National Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Texas Army National Guard is composed of approximately 12,000 soldiers, and maintains 117 armories in 102 communities. State duties include disaster relief, emergency preparedness, security assistance to state law enforcement agencies, and some aspects of border security. The Governor can activate the National Guard components under his control for state active duty in Texas, and in support of adjacent states."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security, and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE-HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative man power as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Department of the Navy", "paragraph_text": "The United States Department of the Navy (DoN) was established by an Act of Congress on April 30, 1798 (initiated by the recommendation of James McHenry), to provide a government organizational structure to the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps (from 1834 onward) and, when directed by the President (or Congress during time of war), the United States Coast Guard, as a service within the Navy, though each remain independent service branches. The Department of the Navy was an Executive Department and the Secretary of the Navy was a member of the President's cabinet until 1949, when amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 changed the name of the National Military Establishment to the Department of Defense and made it an Executive Department. The Department of the Navy then became, along with the Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force, a Military Department within the Department of Defense: subject to the authority, direction and control of the Secretary of Defense."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet, and an overall reduction of strength and readiness. The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower, but Congress reversed this initiative and the majority of the lost manpower will come from the active forces. However, Congress did allow for $208 million of reprogramming from fleet modernization to enable some portion of the third of the grounded fleet to resume operations."}], "question": "Along with the organization that the National Guard is an example of, who else operates peacetime security forces?"}
{"id": "2hop__141436_75969", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WLS Stamping", "paragraph_text": "WLS Stamping & Fabricating is an industrial stamping, fabricating, and engineering company located in Cleveland, Ohio with estimated annual sales of $20 million. WLS has approximately 120 employees, sells products to customers in more than six countries and is a supplier to Eaton Corporation, Siemens, and other fortune 500 companies. WLS is a global partner in medium and short run metal stamping and fabricating. WLS specializes in precision metal fabrication of complex electronic chassis and console components."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2014 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP. Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas \u2013 behind AT&T \u2013 and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The Greater Richmond area was named the third-best city for business by MarketWatch in September 2007, ranking behind only the Minneapolis and Denver areas and just above Boston. The area is home to six Fortune 500 companies: electric utility Dominion Resources; CarMax; Owens & Minor; Genworth Financial; MeadWestvaco; McKesson Medical-Surgical and Altria Group. However, only Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco are headquartered within the city of Richmond; the others are located in the neighboring counties of Henrico and Hanover. In 2008, Altria moved its corporate HQ from New York City to Henrico County, adding another Fortune 500 corporation to Richmond's list. In February 2006, MeadWestvaco announced that they would move from Stamford, Connecticut, to Richmond in 2008 with the help of the Greater Richmond Partnership, a regional economic development organization that also helped locate Aditya Birla Minacs, Amazon.com, and Honeywell International, to the region."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pfizer", "paragraph_text": "Pfizer Inc. () is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in New York City, with its research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut. It is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, and its shares have been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 2004. Pfizer ranked No. 57 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.On December 19, 2018, Pfizer announced a joint merger of their consumer healthcare division with UK pharma giant GlaxoSmithKline; the British company will maintain a controlling share (listed at 68%).The company develops and produces medicines and vaccines for a wide range of medical disciplines, including immunology, oncology, cardiology, endocrinology, and neurology. Its products include the blockbuster drug Lipitor (atorvastatin), used to lower LDL blood cholesterol; Lyrica (pregabalin) for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia; Diflucan (fluconazole), an oral antifungal medication; Zithromax (azithromycin), an antibiotic; Viagra (sildenafil) for erectile dysfunction; and Celebrex (also Celebra, celecoxib), an anti-inflammatory drug."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Northrop Grumman", "paragraph_text": "Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) is an American global aerospace and defense technology company formed by Northrop's 1994 purchase of Grumman. The company was named as the fifth - largest defense contractor in the world in 2015. Northrop Grumman employs over 68,000 people worldwide. It reported revenues of $23.526 billion in 2015. Northrop Grumman ranks No. 124 on the 2015 Fortune 500 list of America's largest corporations and ranks in the top ten military - friendly employers. It is headquartered in West Falls Church, Virginia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food. The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat. Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma, and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation, with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yum! Brands", "paragraph_text": "Yum! Brands, Inc., or Yum! and formerly Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., is an American fast food company. A Fortune 500 corporation, Yum! operates the brands Taco Bell, KFC, Pizza Hut, and WingStreet worldwide, except in China, where the brands are operated by a separate company, Yum China. Prior to 2011, Yum! owned Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "SNCF", "paragraph_text": "In 2010 the SNCF was ranked 22nd in France and 214th globally on the Fortune Global 500 list. It is the main business of the SNCF Group, which in 2017 had \u20ac33.5 billion of sales in 120 countries. The SNCF Group employs more than 260,000 people. Since July 2013, the SNCF Group headquarters are located in a Parisian suburb at 2 Place aux \u00c9toiles in Saint-Denis. The President of the SNCF Group is Guillaume Pepy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nippon Telegraph and Telephone", "paragraph_text": ", commonly known as NTT, is a Japanese telecommunications company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Ranked 55th in Fortune Global 500, NTT is the fourth largest telecommunications company in the world in terms of revenue, as well as the third largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota and MUFG, as of September 2018."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "Houston's economy has a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. It is also leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment; only New York City is home to more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled. Nicknamed the Space City, Houston is a global city, with strengths in business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research. The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has been described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District and offers year-round resident companies in all major performing arts."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Greg Genske", "paragraph_text": "Greg Genske was born and raised in Southern California, where he attended Diamond Bar High School and then Pepperdine University. He subsequently received his J.D. from Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California at Berkeley. Prior to entering the sports industry in 2004, Genske practiced with two leading national law firms as a trial attorney and also negotiated complex multimillion-dollar transactions on behalf of emerging growth and Fortune 500 companies. Genske lives in Newport, California, with his wife Asha, daughter Tess, and son Gavin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "State Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational, public sector banking and financial services company. It is a government - owned corporation headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The company is ranked 217th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2017. It is the largest bank in India with a 23% market share in assets, besides a share of one - fourth of the total loan and deposits market."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Litton Industries", "paragraph_text": "Litton Industries was a large defense contractor in the United States named after inventor Charles Litton, Sr., bought by the Northrop Grumman Corporation in 2001."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bangor Punta", "paragraph_text": "Bangor Punta Corp. (traded on the NYSE under the symbol BNK) was an American conglomerate and Fortune 500 Company in existence from 1964 to 1984. The corporation was a result of the merger of the Punta Alegre Sugar and Railroad Company, formerly of Cuba, and the Bangor and Aroostock Railroad of Maine. It owned a number of well-known companies in the general aviation, firearms and pleasure craft industries, including Cal Boats, O'Day Corp., Ranger Yachts, Piper Aircraft, and Smith & Wesson. Headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut, it was acquired by Lear Siegler, Inc. in 1984."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a 2012 GDP of \u20ac624 billion (US$687 billion). In 2011, its GDP ranked second among the regions of Europe and its per-capita GDP was the 4th highest in Europe. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2011, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 30 percent of metropolitan France's GDP. In 2015 it hosts the world headquarters of 29 of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies located in France."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "PricewaterhouseCoopers", "paragraph_text": "PricewaterhouseCoopers (doing business as PwC) is a multinational professional services network with headquarters in London, United Kingdom. PwC ranks as the second largest professional services firm in the world and is one of the Big Four auditors, along with Deloitte, EY and KPMG.PwC is a network of firms in 158 countries, 721 locations, with 250,930 people. As of 2015, 22% of the workforce worked in Asia, 26% in North America and the Caribbean and 32% in Western Europe. The company's global revenues were $37.7 billion in FY 2017, of which $16 billion was generated by its Assurance practice, $9.46 billion by its Tax practice and $12.25 billion by its Advisory practice. PwC provides services to 420 out of 500 Fortune 500 companies.The firm was formed in 1998 by a merger between Coopers & Lybrand and Price Waterhouse. Both firms had histories dating back to the 19th century. The trading name was shortened to PwC in September 2010 as part of a rebranding effort.As of 2017, PwC is the 5th-largest privately owned company in the United States."}], "question": "Where does the company Litton Industries is part of rank in the Fortune 500?"}
{"id": "2hop__141494_75969", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yum! Brands", "paragraph_text": "Yum! Brands, Inc., or Yum! and formerly Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., is an American fast food company. A Fortune 500 corporation, Yum! operates the brands Taco Bell, KFC, Pizza Hut, and WingStreet worldwide, except in China, where the brands are operated by a separate company, Yum China. Prior to 2011, Yum! owned Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "WLS Stamping", "paragraph_text": "WLS Stamping & Fabricating is an industrial stamping, fabricating, and engineering company located in Cleveland, Ohio with estimated annual sales of $20 million. WLS has approximately 120 employees, sells products to customers in more than six countries and is a supplier to Eaton Corporation, Siemens, and other fortune 500 companies. WLS is a global partner in medium and short run metal stamping and fabricating. WLS specializes in precision metal fabrication of complex electronic chassis and console components."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Northrop Grumman", "paragraph_text": "Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) is an American global aerospace and defense technology company formed by Northrop's 1994 purchase of Grumman. The company was named as the fifth - largest defense contractor in the world in 2015. Northrop Grumman employs over 68,000 people worldwide. It reported revenues of $23.526 billion in 2015. Northrop Grumman ranks No. 124 on the 2015 Fortune 500 list of America's largest corporations and ranks in the top ten military - friendly employers. It is headquartered in West Falls Church, Virginia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Grangemouth Dockyard Company", "paragraph_text": "The company continued to operate after the war, becoming part of Swan Hunter in 1967. The company ceased building ships in 1972, thereafter concentrating solely on ship repair. With the large scale nationalisation of British shipbuilding in the late 1970s Swan Hunter became part of British Shipbuilders, with the Grangemouth Dockyard Company as a subsidiary. The winding up of operations in the 1980s saw the re-emergence of the Grangemouth Dockyard Company as a private concern in 1984, but it was subsequently liquidated in 1987."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The Greater Richmond area was named the third-best city for business by MarketWatch in September 2007, ranking behind only the Minneapolis and Denver areas and just above Boston. The area is home to six Fortune 500 companies: electric utility Dominion Resources; CarMax; Owens & Minor; Genworth Financial; MeadWestvaco; McKesson Medical-Surgical and Altria Group. However, only Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco are headquartered within the city of Richmond; the others are located in the neighboring counties of Henrico and Hanover. In 2008, Altria moved its corporate HQ from New York City to Henrico County, adding another Fortune 500 corporation to Richmond's list. In February 2006, MeadWestvaco announced that they would move from Stamford, Connecticut, to Richmond in 2008 with the help of the Greater Richmond Partnership, a regional economic development organization that also helped locate Aditya Birla Minacs, Amazon.com, and Honeywell International, to the region."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "SNCF", "paragraph_text": "In 2010 the SNCF was ranked 22nd in France and 214th globally on the Fortune Global 500 list. It is the main business of the SNCF Group, which in 2017 had \u20ac33.5 billion of sales in 120 countries. The SNCF Group employs more than 260,000 people. Since July 2013, the SNCF Group headquarters are located in a Parisian suburb at 2 Place aux \u00c9toiles in Saint-Denis. The President of the SNCF Group is Guillaume Pepy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "PricewaterhouseCoopers", "paragraph_text": "PricewaterhouseCoopers (doing business as PwC) is a multinational professional services network with headquarters in London, United Kingdom. PwC ranks as the second largest professional services firm in the world and is one of the Big Four auditors, along with Deloitte, EY and KPMG.PwC is a network of firms in 158 countries, 721 locations, with 250,930 people. As of 2015, 22% of the workforce worked in Asia, 26% in North America and the Caribbean and 32% in Western Europe. The company's global revenues were $37.7 billion in FY 2017, of which $16 billion was generated by its Assurance practice, $9.46 billion by its Tax practice and $12.25 billion by its Advisory practice. PwC provides services to 420 out of 500 Fortune 500 companies.The firm was formed in 1998 by a merger between Coopers & Lybrand and Price Waterhouse. Both firms had histories dating back to the 19th century. The trading name was shortened to PwC in September 2010 as part of a rebranding effort.As of 2017, PwC is the 5th-largest privately owned company in the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern Nevada", "paragraph_text": "A major part of Southern Nevada's economy is based on tourism, including gambling. The primary drivers of the Las Vegas economy have been the confluence of tourism, gaming, and conventions which in turn feed the retail and dining industries. The city serves as world headquarters for the world's two largest Fortune 500 gaming companies, Harrah's Entertainment and MGM Mirage."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2014 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP. Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas \u2013 behind AT&T \u2013 and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food. The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat. Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma, and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation, with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tianjin Port (Group) Company", "paragraph_text": "Tianjin Port (Group) Company (TPG) is the main operator of the Port of Tianjin. It was established in 2004 by the incorporation of the Tianjin Port Authority, part of the process in China of making port authorities into autonomous corporations. It has been a top 500 company in China since 2004."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a 2012 GDP of \u20ac624 billion (US$687 billion). In 2011, its GDP ranked second among the regions of Europe and its per-capita GDP was the 4th highest in Europe. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2011, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 30 percent of metropolitan France's GDP. In 2015 it hosts the world headquarters of 29 of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies located in France."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nippon Telegraph and Telephone", "paragraph_text": ", commonly known as NTT, is a Japanese telecommunications company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Ranked 55th in Fortune Global 500, NTT is the fourth largest telecommunications company in the world in terms of revenue, as well as the third largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota and MUFG, as of September 2018."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Scaled Composites", "paragraph_text": "Scaled Composites (often called simply Scaled) is an American aerospace company founded by Burt Rutan and currently owned by Northrop Grumman that is located at the Mojave Air and Space Port, Mojave, California, United States. Founded to develop experimental aircraft, the company now focuses on designing and developing concept craft and prototype fabrication processes for aircraft and other vehicles. It is known for unconventional designs, for its use of non-metal, composite materials, and for winning the Ansari X Prize with its experimental spacecraft SpaceShipOne."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Simon (sculptor)", "paragraph_text": "James Simon is an American sculptor and mosaic artist based in Pittsburgh, PA. He is known for his large-scale public art projects-with compositions that celebrate life and diverse cultures."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "State Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational, public sector banking and financial services company. It is a government - owned corporation headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The company is ranked 217th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2017. It is the largest bank in India with a 23% market share in assets, besides a share of one - fourth of the total loan and deposits market."}], "question": "Where does the company that Scaled Composites is a part of rank in the fortune 500?"}
{"id": "2hop__839033_646950", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Avoca, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Avoca was a small town in Avoca Township, located in southeastern Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma Territory. The post office was established in 1894 and closed permanently in 1906."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Riesel High School", "paragraph_text": "Riesel High School is a public high school located in Riesel, Texas (USA) and classified as a 2A school by the UIL. It is part of the Riesel Independent School District located in southeastern McLennan County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "French Algeria", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after Louis Philippe's constitutional monarchy was overthrown in the revolution of 1848, the new government of the Second Republic ended Algeria's status as a colony and declared in the 1848 Constitution the occupied lands an integral part of France. Three civil territories -- Alger, Oran, and Constantine -- were organized as Departments of France (local administrative units) under a civilian government. This made them a part of France proper as opposed to a colony. For the first time, French citizens in the civil territories elected their own councils and mayors; Muslims had to be appointed, could not hold more than one - third of council seats, and could not serve as mayors or assistant mayors. The administration of territories outside the zones settled by colons remained under the French Army. Local Muslim administration was allowed to continue under the supervision of French Army commanders, charged with maintaining order in newly pacified regions, and the bureaux arabes. Theoretically, these areas were closed to European colonization."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Southeastern Local High School (South Charleston, Ohio)", "paragraph_text": "Southeastern Local High School, also known as Southeastern High School, is the public school high school in South Charleston, Ohio. It is part of Southeastern Local Schools, which consists of Southeastern High School and Miami View Elementary School. The district's average daily student enrollment for the 2008-2009 school year was 848. The Ohio Department of Education has rated Southeastern as an \"Effective\" district for the 2008-2009 school year; the district met 28 out of 30 state indicators."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "South Charleston, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "South Charleston is a city in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States The population was 13,450 at the 2010 census. South Charleston was established in 1906, but not incorporated until 1917. The Criel Mound (pictured right) built circa 0 B.C.E. by the Adena Culture is adjacent to the downtown business district."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount View High School (Maine)", "paragraph_text": "Mount View High School is a public high school located in Thorndike, Maine, United States. The school is a part of Maine School Administrative District 3, and serves students from the towns of Brooks, Freedom, Jackson, Knox, Liberty, Monroe, Montville, Thorndike, Troy, Unity and Waldo."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Channing High School", "paragraph_text": "Channing High School or Channing School is a public high school located in Channing, Texas (USA) and is classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Channing Independent School District located in southeastern Hartley County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ashland Community High School", "paragraph_text": "Ashland Community High School was located in Ashland, Maine, USA. It was part of Maine School Administrative District 32, or MSAD\u00a032, which serves Ashland, Garfield Plantation, Masardis, Oxbow, Portage Lake and Sheridan, Maine. There was a student population of 200 in school grades 7\u201312, with eighteen faculty members as well as administrators, a counselor and three support personnel. The school had achieved accredited status with the New England Association of Schools and Colleges."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tarn\u00f3w Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Tarn\u00f3w Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975\u20131998, superseded by a much larger Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Its capital city was Tarn\u00f3w. Located in southeastern part of the country, its area was 4,151\u00a0km. (which was 1.3% of the total area of Poland). In 1975 the population was 577,900, in 1998 it grew to 700,800."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "\u015awiecie County", "paragraph_text": "\u015awiecie County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is \u015awiecie, which lies north of Toru\u0144 and north-east of Bydgoszcz. The only other town in the county is Nowe, lying north-east of \u015awiecie."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lazbuddie High School", "paragraph_text": "Lazbuddie High School or Lazbuddie School is a public high school located in Lazbuddie, Texas (USA) and is classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Lazbuddie Independent School District located in southeastern Parmer County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "In what county is Southeastern Local High School located?"}
{"id": "2hop__128077_39451", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bruce Collie", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Stokes Collie (born June 27, 1962 in Nuremberg, Germany) is a former professional American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the San Francisco 49ers and the Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football at the University of Texas at Arlington and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1985 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Charlotte Harbor, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte Harbor is a census-designated place (CDP) in Charlotte County, Florida, United States. The name Charlotte Harbor also refers to Charlotte Harbor (estuary) and Charlotte Harbor Preserve State Park, a preserve with of shoreline along Charlotte Harbor in Charlotte County."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Biodiversity", "paragraph_text": "Jared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Terry Hollindrake", "paragraph_text": "As a memorial to Hollindrake, Keighley Cougars renamed the north stand at Cougar Park the Terry Hollindrake Stand at a ceremony before the opening league fixture of the 2015 season."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Charlotte 49ers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A founding member of Conference USA (C-USA), Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. Previously, Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Phil Ostrowski", "paragraph_text": "Phillip Lucas Ostrowski (born September 23, 1975) is a former American football offensive guard who played two seasons with the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the 49ers in the fifth round of the 1998 NFL Draft. Ostrowski played college football at Pennsylvania State University and attended Elmer L. Meyers Junior/Senior High School in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He has also been a member of the Denver Broncos."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Candlestick Park", "paragraph_text": "Candlestick Park was an outdoor sports and entertainment stadium in the West Coast of the United States, located in San Francisco, in the Bayview Heights area. The stadium was originally the home of Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants, who played there from 1960 until moving into Pacific Bell Park (since renamed AT&T Park) in 2000. It was also the home field of the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League from 1971 through 2013. The 49ers moved to Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara for the 2014 season."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "49ers\u2013Cowboys rivalry", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco 49ers - Dallas Cowboys San Francisco 49ers Dallas Cowboys Latest meeting October 22, 2017 Cowboys 40, 49ers 10 Next meeting TBD (will not play in 2018, unless they meet each other in playoffs) Statistics Meetings total 36 All - time series Dallas leads 18 - 17 - 1 Postseason results Dallas Cowboys lead 5 -- 2 Most recent January 15, 1995 Dallas Cowboys 28, San Francisco 49ers 38 Largest victory San Francisco 49ers 14, Dallas Cowboys 59 (1980) Current win streak Dallas Cowboys, 2 win (2017) Championship success during tenure of rivalry Super Bowl titles (10) Dallas Cowboys (5) -- 1971, 1977, 1992, 1993, 1995 San Francisco 49ers (5) -- 1981, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1994 NFC Championships (14) Dallas Cowboys (8) -- 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995 San Francisco 49ers (6) -- 1981, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1994, 2012 Super Bowl appearances (14) Dallas Cowboys (8) -- 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995 San Francisco 49ers (6) -- 1981, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1994, 2012"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "ZiU-9", "paragraph_text": "ZiU-9, or ZIU-9 (Cyrillic: \u0417\u0438\u0423-9) is a Soviet (and later Russian) trolleybus vehicle. Other names and indexes for the same vehicle include ZiU-682 and HTI-682 (Cyrillic: \u0417\u0438\u0423-682 and \u0425\u0422\u0418-682). The ZiU acronym stands for \"Zavod imeni Uritskogo\", which is a plant named after Moisei Uritsky, the Russian revolutionary. Before 1996 this acronym was also a trademark of the vehicle manufacturer. It has been changed to \"Trolza\". The ZiU-9 was put in mass production in 1971 and it was still assembled along with other more advanced trolleybus vehicles in the Trolza (former ZiU) factory until 2014. The total number of produced ZiU-9s exceeds 42,000 vehicles. In addition, many copies of ZiU-9 were made in other factories of the former Soviet bloc. This model is the most numerous trolleybus vehicle in the world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Super Bowl XXIX", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XXIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1994 season. This is the only Super Bowl in history to be played between two teams from the same state. The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49\u201326, becoming the first team to win five Super Bowl championships. The game was played on January 29, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida (now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens, which became a separate city in 2003)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Charlotte Rangers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte Rangers, based in Port Charlotte, Florida, were an American minor league baseball team that existed from 1987 through 2002. The team played at Charlotte County Stadium as a Class A Florida State League affiliate of the Texas Rangers, who at the time made their spring training base in Port Charlotte."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cobra Mansa", "paragraph_text": "Mestre Cobra Mansa (born Cin\u00e9zio Feliciano Pe\u00e7anha, 1960 in Duque de Caxias, Brazil) commonly known as \"Cobrinha\" and \"Cobrinha Mansa\", is a \"mestre\" or master of Capoeira Angola. He is one of the founders and the guiding light of an organization known as FICA (in Portuguese, an acronym for Funda\u00e7ao Internacional de Capoeira de Angola) or ICAF (in English, this stands for the International Capoeira Angola Foundation, which is the literal translation of the words which make up the acronym FICA). FICA/ICAF is the largest standing Capoeira Organization in the world, its influence spanning several continents, having schools and centers that collaborate with US NGO's and other affiliates from the United States. These partnering organizations are located in several countries around the world with locations in North and South America, Europe, and Asia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League. The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas. The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006. North Carolina is also home to Charlotte Hounds of the Major League Lacrosse."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "Notre Dame teams are known as the Fighting Irish. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 2013\u201314 school year. The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86, and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95, and then in the Big East Conference through 2012\u201313. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The football team competes as an Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Super Bowl XLVII", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2012 season. The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34 -- 31, handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history. The game was played on February 3, 2013, at Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. This was the tenth Super Bowl to be played in New Orleans, equaling Miami's record of ten in an individual city."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fred Dean", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Rudolph Dean (born February 24, 1952) is a former American football player in the National Football League, and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. His career started with the San Diego Chargers in 1975 and ended with the San Francisco 49ers after the 1985 season. A two-time first-team All-Pro and a four-time Pro Bowler, he won two Super Bowls with the 49ers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Harold Hallman", "paragraph_text": "Harold Hallman (December 10, 1962 \u2013 December 23, 2005) was a Canadian Football League defensive tackle who played eight seasons in the CFL, mainly for the Toronto Argonauts. Hallman was a four-time All Star and won a Grey Cup with Toronto in 1991. He also won both the CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award and the Jackie Parker Trophy in 1986. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers of the NFL in the 10th round of the 1986 NFL Draft, after playing college football at Auburn University. His selection by the 49ers was made following a recommendation to 49ers head coach Bill Walsh by actor Bradford Dillman. Hallman died in a Macon, Georgia hospital after surgical complications."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Monte Simmons", "paragraph_text": "Monte Simmons (born January 29, 1989) is an American football linebacker who is a Free Agent of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Kent State. He was signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent in 2011. He was waived by the Indianapolis Colts on August 5, 2013."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "National Socialist Schoolchildren's League", "paragraph_text": "The National Socialist Schoolchildren's League (Nationalsozialistischer Sch\u00fclerbund), known under the acronyms NSS and also, more rarely NSSB, was a National Socialist organisation for primary school pupils providing a student council and child protection system in Germany from 1929 till 1933."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "U.S. national anthem protests (2016\u2013present)", "paragraph_text": "U.S. national anthem protests Colin Kaepernick with San Francisco 49ers (2013) Date August 14, 2016 -- ongoing Location National Football League stadiums Goals End police brutality and racial inequality Methods Protest"}], "question": "What does the acronym of league that the Charlotte 49ers a part of stand for?"}
{"id": "2hop__511234_840889", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Price, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Price is a town in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 243 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Bryant and Sherry Junction and the ghost town of Kent are located in the town."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eric Charles Twelves Wilson", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant Colonel Eric Charles Twelves Wilson VC (2 October 1912 \u2013 23 December 2008) was an English British Army officer and colonial administrator. He received the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. At the time of his death, he was last surviving British Army recipient of the Victoria Cross in the Second World War, and the earliest and oldest recipient."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eric Bryant (cricketer)", "paragraph_text": "Leonard Eric Bryant, born at Weston-super-Mare, Somerset on 2 June 1936 and died at Brent Knoll, Somerset on 28 November 1999, played first-class cricket for Somerset between 1958 and 1960."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Henry Bryant (naturalist)", "paragraph_text": "Henry Bryant (May 12, 1820 \u2013 February 2, 1867) was an American physician and naturalist. He was the grandfather of Henry Bryant Bigelow."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eric Brady", "paragraph_text": "Their relationship moves quickly. But Serena is also in town for other motives. She has orders to retrieve a piece of artwork that Eric acquired when the two of them were in Africa, that contains smuggled diamonds. Eric's relationship with Serena is bothersome to Nicole and she tries and fails several times to break it up. Eric later breaks up with Serena after discovering that she slept with her boss, Xander Cook. Later, Eric and Nicole are locked in the basement of the news station by Xander. Facing death, Eric and Nicole share a tender moment, and they realize they still have feelings for each other. But Nicole is engaged to Daniel Jonas, and when Eric and Nicole escape the basement, Nicole breaks things off with Eric, leaving him devastated. In August 2015, Eric finds Serena strangled to death in the park (she is the first victim of the Necktie Killer). Eric begins to drink. In January 2016, while driving drunk, he causes a car accident injuring himself, Brady and Jennifer Horton and killing his best friend Daniel Jonas. In April 2016, Eric is sentenced to five years in prison for vehicular manslaughter."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marin County Civic Center", "paragraph_text": "The Marin County Civic Center, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is located in San Rafael, California, United States. Groundbreaking for the Civic Center Administration Building took place in 1960, after Wright's death and under the watch of Wright's prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Aaron Green; it was completed in 1962. The Hall of Justice was begun in 1966 and completed in 1969. Veterans Memorial Auditorium opened in 1971, and the Exhibit Hall opened in 1976."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brent Knoll", "paragraph_text": "Brent Knoll is a hill on the Somerset Levels, in Somerset, England. It is located roughly halfway between Weston-super-Mare and Bridgwater, from the Bristol Channel coast at Burnham-on-Sea. At the foot of the hill are two villages East Brent and Brent Knoll, which takes its name from the hill but was previously called South Brent. The hill's size and isolated position on the levels mean that it dominates the landscape and can be seen for many miles, and its prominence is emphasised to travellers because the Bristol to Taunton railway line, M5 motorway, A370 and A38 roads all pass within a mile or less from its base."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "In which county did Eric Bryant die?"}
{"id": "2hop__96139_57938", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Toshiko Plays Billy Strayhorn", "paragraph_text": "Toshiko Plays Billy Strayhorn (also released as A Tribute to Billy Strayhorn (JAM) and Dedications III (Alfa)) is a jazz album recorded by two different configurations of the Toshiko Akiyoshi Trio in 1978. It was released on the Discomate record label (and later by Alfa Records) in Japan and on the JAM Record label in the USA."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Joseph M. Acaba", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Michael \"Joe\" Acab\u00e1 (born May 17, 1967) is an American educator, hydrogeologist, and NASA astronaut. In May 2004 he became the first person of Puerto Rican heritage to be named as a NASA astronaut candidate, when he was selected as a member of NASA Astronaut Training Group 19. He completed his training on February 10, 2006 and was assigned to STS-119, which flew from March 15 to March 28, 2009 to deliver the final set of solar arrays to the International Space Station. Acab\u00e1 served as a Flight Engineer aboard the International Space Station, having launched on May 15, 2012. He arrived at the space station on May 17 and returned to Earth on September 17, 2012. Acaba returned to the International Space Station in 2017 as a member of Expedition 53/54."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Throw Momma from the Train", "paragraph_text": "Throw Momma from the Train is a 1987 American black comedy film directed by and starring Danny DeVito, Billy Crystal and Anne Ramsey, with Rob Reiner, Branford Marsalis, Kim Greist and Kate Mulgrew appearing in supporting roles."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi", "paragraph_text": "On January 14, 2015, John Krasinski was cast in the film, to play one of the lead roles, a former US Navy SEAL. On February 3, Pablo Schreiber also signed on to star in the film, playing Kris \"Tanto\" Paronto, one of the six-man security team. On February 6, James Badge Dale was set to star, as the leader of the security team. Max Martini was cast as another member of the security team on February 17, 2015. David Denman signed on to star in the film on March 3, 2015, playing Boon, an elite sniper. On March 5, 2015, THR reported that Dominic Fumusa also signed on, to play John \"Tig\" Tiegen, one of the members of the security team, who is also a former Marine with weapons expertise. Freddie Stroma was added to the cast on March 17, 2015 to play the role of an undercover CIA officer in Libya. On May 7, 2015, Toby Stephens was set to play Glen \"Bub\" Doherty, another of the security team members."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kath Soucie", "paragraph_text": "Katherine Ellen Soucie (/ \u02c8su\u02d0si /) is an American voice actress, best known for her roles as Lola Bunny in Space Jam, Fifi La Fume in Tiny Toon Adventures, and Phil, Lil, and Mrs. DeVille in Rugrats."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Ghost Whisperer characters", "paragraph_text": "Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 9)", "paragraph_text": "The ninth series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme began on 15 August 2018, The series was confirmed at the end of the eighth series final episode in May 2018. The cast members for this series were confirmed on 23 July 2018, and features former Made in Chelsea cast member Daisy Robins, as well as The Valleys star Natalee Harris. The series was filmed in Tulum, Mexico at the luxury villa Playaakun. This series it was revealed that the exes would have more power than ever before, as the ``Tablet of Terror ''continued to throw twists at them."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Glorified G", "paragraph_text": "\"Glorified G\" is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam. The song is the fourth track on the band's second studio album, \"Vs.\" (1993). Although credited to all members of Pearl Jam, it features lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music primarily written by guitarists Stone Gossard and Mike McCready. Despite the lack of a commercial single release, the song managed to reach number 39 on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Leslie Carrara-Rudolph", "paragraph_text": "Leslie Carrara - Rudolph is known for performing the fairy Abby Cadabby on the PBS Kids show Sesame Street, for which she was nominated for a 2009 Emmy Award for best performer in a children's series. She is also known for her puppeteer role as Ginger on Playhouse Disney's Johnny and the Sprites. She performed the muppet Jesse for Sesame Street's military outreach project Touch, Listen, and Connect, which starred Katie Couric. Carrara - Rudolph plays various characters on Sesame Street throughout the season. She got her start on ABC's Muppets Tonight as Spamela Hamderson. Other puppeteering credits include Edi the Zebra on the Learning Channel's Animal Jam and the evil blonde vampire puppet in the movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Carrara - Rudolph is one of the founding members of the Henson improv group Puppet Up!, which was later renamed Stuffed and Unstrung. She was part of the improv cast for its debut at the Aspen Comedy Festival. She toured with them to the Australian comedy festival and was a cast member for the off - Broadway show at the Union Square Theater. She also played the main role of Blue, the female blue puppy in Nick Jr.'s Blue's Room."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Casablanca (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dooley Wilson as Sam. He was one of the few American - born members of the cast. A drummer, he had to fake playing the piano. Even after shooting had been completed, producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs. He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott, Lena Horne, or Ella Fitzgerald."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called \"kwetfwasa\". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for various reasons, such the cause of sickness or even death. His diagnosis is based on \"kubhula\", a process of communication, through trance, with the natural superpowers. The Inyanga (a medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms) possesses the bone throwing skill (\"kushaya ematsambo\") used to determine the cause of the sickness."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thomas Pesquet", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Gautier Pesquet (; born 27 February 1978) is a French aerospace engineer, pilot, and European Space Agency astronaut. Pesquet was selected by ESA as a candidate in May 2009, and he successfully completed his basic training in November 2010. From November 2016 to June 2017, Pesquet was part of Expedition 50 and Expedition 51 as a flight engineer. In 2019 ESA Director General Johann-Dietrich W\u00f6rner tweeted that he had proposed Pesquet for the next ESA flight to the ISS, meaning he would be the third member of the 2009 ESA selection group to fly in space twice."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Patricia S. Cowings", "paragraph_text": "Patricia S. Cowings (born 1948) is an aerospace psychophysiologist, and was the first African American woman scientist to be trained as an astronaut by NASA (though Sally Ride was the first American woman to fly in space). Although she was an alternate for a space flight in 1979 she did not travel to space. She is most well known for her studies in the physiology of astronauts in outer space, as well as helping find cures for astronaut's motion sickness."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lin En-yu", "paragraph_text": "Lin En-yu, (; born 25 March 1981 in Tainan, Taiwan), is a Taiwanese professional baseball pitcher. After serving in Chinese Taipei's National Training Team in 2003 and 2004, he was drafted by the Macoto Cobras of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Republic of China in early 2005 and stayed with the team until the end of 2006. He later played for Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of the Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan since 2007, under the introduction of former Cobras manager Kuo Tai-yuan and followed his teammate Lin Ying-Chieh. Lin throws a variety of different pitches and has a fastball speed up to 151\u00a0km/h (94\u00a0mph), and has been a frequent member of the Chinese Taipei national baseball team since 2003."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Space Jam", "paragraph_text": "Billy West as Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd Dee Bradley Baker as Daffy Duck, Tasmanian Devil and Toro Bob Bergen as Marvin the Martian, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, Hubie and Bertie Bill Farmer as Foghorn Leghorn, Yosemite Sam and Sylvester the Cat Maurice LaMarche as Pep\u00e9 Le Pew June Foray as Granny Kath Soucie as Lola Bunny, a female rabbit who plays for the Tune Squad. Lola is a new character introduced in this film. Frank W. Welker as Charles, Michael's pet bulldog who menaces both Bugs and Daffy when they are in Michael's house. Danny DeVito as Mr. Swackhammer, the proprietor of the intergalactic theme park ``Moron Mountain ''who seeks new attractions to save his failing business. Colleen Wainwright as Sniffles, a tiny mouse. Pound, the orange leader of the Nerdlucks, is voiced by Jocelyn Blue as a Nerdluck and Darnell Suttles as a Monstar. Bang, the belligerent green Nerdluck, is voiced by June Melby as a Nerdluck and Joey Camen as a Monstar. Bupkus, the giggly and crazy purple Nerdluck, is voiced by Catherine Reitman as a Nerdluck and Dorian Harewood as a Monstar. Blanko, the dim - witted and gangly blue Nerdluck, is voiced by Charity James as a Nerdluck and Steve Kehela as a Monstar. Nawt, the diminutive and clever red Nerdluck, is voiced by Colleen Wainwright as a Nerdluck and T.K. Carter as a Monstar."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Big Ben", "paragraph_text": "Along with the Great Bell, the belfry houses four quarter bells which play the Westminster Quarters on the quarter hours. The four quarter bells sound G\u266f, F\u266f, E, and B. They were cast by John Warner & Sons at their Crescent Foundry in 1857 (G\u266f, F\u266f and B) and 1858 (E). The Foundry was in Jewin Crescent, in what is now known as The Barbican, in the City of London. The bells are sounded by hammers pulled by cables coming from the link room\u2014a low-ceiling space between the clock room and the belfry\u2014where mechanisms translate the movement of the quarter train into the sounding of the individual bells."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Quark (Star Trek)", "paragraph_text": "Quark is a fictional character in the American television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. The character, which was played by Armin Shimerman, was depicted as a member of an extraterrestrial race known as the Ferengi, who are stereotypically capitalist and motivated only by profit."}], "question": "Who does the cast member of Throw Momma from the Train play in Space Jam?"}
{"id": "2hop__780432_39451", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Whole Lotta Sole", "paragraph_text": "Whole Lotta Sole (known as Stand Off in North America) is a 2012 independent criminal comedy film written and directed by Terry George and starring Brendan Fraser, David O'Hara, Colm Meaney, Yaya DaCosta and Martin McCann."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mark Leier", "paragraph_text": "Mark Leier is a Professor of working class and left-wing history at Simon Fraser University. From 2000 to 2010, he was the director of the Centre for Labour Studies at SFU."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Simon Fraser Clan", "paragraph_text": "SFU's teams formerly played in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics of the United States for all sports. In 1997, Simon Fraser sought to join the NCAA of the United States as a Division II school, but was turned down. After this, SFU decided in 2000\u201301 to partially transfer to Canadian Interuniversity Sport (now U Sports). Before the transfer, SFU did not compete in Canadian football, instead playing American football."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aleksandra Dulic", "paragraph_text": "Aleksandra Dulic (born 1973 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian Canadian painter, animator, media artist and scholar. Aleksandra is an associate professor in Creative Studies at UBCO, Director of the Centre for Culture and Technology at  and Visiting Professor at the University of Arts in Belgrade. In 1998 Aleksandra received BFA from University of Arts in Belgrade, MFA from the School for the Contemporary Art in 2000 and Ph.D. from the School of Interactive Art and Technology in 2006 from Simon Fraser University, in British Columbia, Canada."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ferrin Fraser", "paragraph_text": "Ferrin Fraser was the son of Louis F. Fraser and Martha Fraser. Louis F. Fraser was secretary-treasurer of the Ferrin & Fraser Coal Company in Lockport, New York. Ferrin Fraser's older brother, Carl E. Fraser, born November 25, 1896, became a coal salesman. A member of the Lockport High School Glee Club and the Lockport High School basketball team (1922), Ferrin Fraser was in the Columbia University class of 1927 but did not graduate. His first successful work for radio was \"A Piece of String,\" adapted from the Guy de Maupassant short story. The drama premiered on New York's WABC at 9pm on May 28, 1933. Fraser's books included \"Lovely ladies: Being the Love Affairs of Ten Women in the Life of a Young Man\" (1927); \"The Screaming Portrait\" (1928); \"If I Could Fly\" (1929); and \"The Passionate Angel\" (1930)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2016\u201317 Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Rank Player Club Clean sheets Thibaut Courtois Chelsea 16 Hugo Lloris Tottenham Hotspur 15 David de Gea Manchester United 14 Fraser Forster Southampton 5 Petr \u010cech Arsenal 12 6 Tom Heaton Burnley 10 Joel Robles Everton 8 Artur Boruc Bournemouth 9 Lee Grant Stoke City Simon Mignolet Liverpool"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "Notre Dame teams are known as the Fighting Irish. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 2013\u201314 school year. The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86, and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95, and then in the Big East Conference through 2012\u201313. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The football team competes as an Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Simon McTavish", "paragraph_text": "In 1751, Simon McTavish was born at Stratherrick in the Scottish Highlands, the son of John McTavish (1701\u20131774), tacksman of Garthbeg, who bore the arms of the McTavishes of Garthbeg. His mother, Mary Fraser (1716\u20131770) of Garthmore, was descended through Simon Fraser of Dunchea and the Frasers of Foyers, from an illegitimate son of the 1st Lord Lovat. McTavish's father had fought as an officer with the Jacobite armies at the Battles of Culloden and Falkirk Muir, and he was one of the few who were specifically named as to \"not\" receive a pardon from George II after the Jacobites were defeated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "William Spurstowe", "paragraph_text": "William Spurstowe (Spurstow) (c. 1605\u20131666) was an English clergyman, theologian, and member of the Westminster Assembly. He was one of the Smectymnuus group of Presbyterian clergy, supplying the final WS (read as UUS) of the acronym."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a distant relative of the Emperor and a lesser member of either the Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans. Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four-year term as a magistrate, the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended, and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle- and later-Heian period. Because of their rising military and economic power, the warriors ultimately became a new force in the politics of the court. Their involvement in the H\u014dgen in the late Heian period consolidated their power, and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Daharro", "paragraph_text": "Daharro is a town in the central Hiran region of Somalia. It\u2019s mostly inhabited by the Xawaadle sub clan of the larger hawiye somali clan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Simon Crosby", "paragraph_text": "Simon Crosby is Co-founder and CTO of security software vendor Bromium Inc. and was a faculty member at the University of Cambridge, UK."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cobra Mansa", "paragraph_text": "Mestre Cobra Mansa (born Cin\u00e9zio Feliciano Pe\u00e7anha, 1960 in Duque de Caxias, Brazil) commonly known as \"Cobrinha\" and \"Cobrinha Mansa\", is a \"mestre\" or master of Capoeira Angola. He is one of the founders and the guiding light of an organization known as FICA (in Portuguese, an acronym for Funda\u00e7ao Internacional de Capoeira de Angola) or ICAF (in English, this stands for the International Capoeira Angola Foundation, which is the literal translation of the words which make up the acronym FICA). FICA/ICAF is the largest standing Capoeira Organization in the world, its influence spanning several continents, having schools and centers that collaborate with US NGO's and other affiliates from the United States. These partnering organizations are located in several countries around the world with locations in North and South America, Europe, and Asia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australian Sport Awards", "paragraph_text": "Dawn Fraser Award was introduced in 2000 to reflect the achievements and standing of Dawn Fraser in Australia and on the international sporting stage."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat", "paragraph_text": "Brigadier Simon Christopher Joseph Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat and 4th Baron Lovat, (9 July 1911 in Beaufort Castle, Inverness, Scotland \u2013 16 March 1995 in Beauly, Inverness-shire, Scotland ) was the 25th Chief of the Clan Fraser of Lovat and a prominent British Commando during the Second World War. His friends called him Shimi Lovat, an anglicised version of his name in the Scottish Gaelic language. His clan referred to him as MacShimidh, his Gaelic patronym, meaning Son of Simon. Simon is the favoured family name for the Chiefs of Clan Fraser. While the 15th Lord de jure, he was the 17th Lord Lovat de facto, but for the attainder of his Jacobite ancestor who was executed in 1747. He was also 4th Baron Lovat in the Peerage of the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Donald Alexander Macdonald", "paragraph_text": "Hon. Donald Alexander Macdonald, P.C., and Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, 1875\u201380, married Catherine Fraser, daughter of Colonel the Hon. Alexander Fraser, M.L.C. of Fraserfield."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Robert A. Hackett", "paragraph_text": "Robert A. Hackett is a Canadian university professor and researcher. He has been a professor and researcher at the School of Communication in Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada since 1984. His main areas of research include media activism, political communication and news analysis. Since 1993, he has co-directed NewsWatch Canada , a news media monitoring project based at Simon Fraser University."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fujiwara no Fusasaki", "paragraph_text": "Fujiwara no Fusasaki (\u85e4\u539f \u623f\u524d, 681 \u2013 May 25, 737) was a member of the Fujiwara clan and the founder of the Hokke branch of the Fujiwara."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United We Stand (song)", "paragraph_text": "``United We Stand ''is a song written by Tony Hiller and Peter Simons (aka group member Johnny Goodison). It was first released in 1970 by The Brotherhood of Man (in their original, pre-Eurovision line - up), becoming the band's first hit, peaking at # 13 in the U.S., # 9 in Canada, and # 10 in the U.K. The song spent 15 weeks on the charts, and is ranked as the 64th biggest U.S. hit of 1970. It also reached No. 8 in Australia."}], "question": "What is the full name of the organization the Simon Fraser Clan was rejected from joining?"}
{"id": "2hop__89011_57938", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Loud House", "paragraph_text": "Albert ``Pop Pop ''(voiced by Fred Willard) -- Rita's father, Ruth's brother, and the kids' grandfather who is a former army soldier."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Space Jam", "paragraph_text": "Billy West as Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd Dee Bradley Baker as Daffy Duck, Tasmanian Devil and Toro Bob Bergen as Marvin the Martian, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, Hubie and Bertie Bill Farmer as Foghorn Leghorn, Yosemite Sam and Sylvester the Cat Maurice LaMarche as Pep\u00e9 Le Pew June Foray as Granny Kath Soucie as Lola Bunny, a female rabbit who plays for the Tune Squad. Lola is a new character introduced in this film. Frank W. Welker as Charles, Michael's pet bulldog who menaces both Bugs and Daffy when they are in Michael's house. Danny DeVito as Mr. Swackhammer, the proprietor of the intergalactic theme park ``Moron Mountain ''who seeks new attractions to save his failing business. Colleen Wainwright as Sniffles, a tiny mouse. Pound, the orange leader of the Nerdlucks, is voiced by Jocelyn Blue as a Nerdluck and Darnell Suttles as a Monstar. Bang, the belligerent green Nerdluck, is voiced by June Melby as a Nerdluck and Joey Camen as a Monstar. Bupkus, the giggly and crazy purple Nerdluck, is voiced by Catherine Reitman as a Nerdluck and Dorian Harewood as a Monstar. Blanko, the dim - witted and gangly blue Nerdluck, is voiced by Charity James as a Nerdluck and Steve Kehela as a Monstar. Nawt, the diminutive and clever red Nerdluck, is voiced by Colleen Wainwright as a Nerdluck and T.K. Carter as a Monstar."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krusty the Clown", "paragraph_text": "Krusty the Clown The Simpsons character Information Voiced by Dan Castellaneta Gender Male Occupation Television clown, entertainer, congressman Relatives Mother: Rachel Krustofsky (deceased) Father: Hyman Krustofsky (deceased) Daughter: Sophie Krustofsky Half - Brother: Luke Perry Sister: Barbara Van Horne Nephew: Josh Van Horne First appearance Shorts ``The Krusty the Clown Show ''The Simpsons`` The Telltale Head''"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gord Simpson", "paragraph_text": "Gord Simpson (born May 10, 1928 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman who play with the Winnipeg Maroons for 14 years."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jared Newson", "paragraph_text": "Jared Newson (born September 26, 1984 in Belleville, Illinois) is an American basketball player who played for the Sioux Falls Skyforce and Bakersfield Jam in the NBA D-League."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stephen Root", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Root (born November 17, 1951) is an American actor, voice actor and comedian. He has starred as Jimmy James on the TV sitcom NewsRadio, as Milton Waddams in the film Office Space (1999), and as the voices of Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland in the animated series King of the Hill. His other roles have included Captain K'Vada in the Star Trek: The Next Generation two - part episode ``Unification ''(1991), Mr. Lund in O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), Gordon Pibb in DodgeBall (2004), Howard Abendsen in Amazon Studios' series The Man in the High Castle in 8 episodes in both season 2 and season 3 (2016 and 2018), Jim Hudson in Get Out (2017), and supporting roles in a variety of HBO series, including Boardwalk Empire and Barry."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kade Simpson", "paragraph_text": "Kade Simpson (born 5 May 1984) is an Australian rules footballer, currently playing with the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Petrea Burchard", "paragraph_text": "Petrea Celeste Burchard (born March 23, 1955) is an American actress, and voice actress. She is sometimes credited as Celeste Burch in the anime she appears in. Her most recognizable role to date is as the English voice actor for fictional character and space pirate, Ryoko Hakubi from the Japanese animated series \"Tenchi Muyo!\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nelson Muntz", "paragraph_text": "Nelson Mandela Muntz is a fictional character and the lead school bully from the animated TV series The Simpsons, best known for his signature mocking laugh ``Ha - ha! ''. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright. Nelson was introduced in Season 1's`` Bart the General'' as an antagonist but later turned into an on - and - off friend of Bart Simpson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Simpsons Movie", "paragraph_text": "Voice actor Credited roles Uncredited roles (in order of appearance) Dan Castellaneta Homer Simpson, Abe Simpson, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby, Sideshow Mel, Mr. Teeny, EPA Officer, Itchy, Barney Gumble Stage Manager, Blue Haired Lawyer, Multi-Eyed Squirrel, Hans Moleman, Panicky Man, Kissing Cop, Bear, Boy on Phone, NSA Worker, Officer, Rich Texan, Santa's Little Helper, Squeaky - Voiced Teen Julie Kavner Marge Simpson, Selma Bouvier, Patty Bouvier Nancy Cartwright Bart Simpson, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Nelson Muntz Maggie Simpson, TV Daughter, Woman on Phone Yeardley Smith Lisa Simpson Hank Azaria Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Cletus Spuckler, Professor Frink, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Lou, Comic Book Guy, Captain McCallister, Bumblebee Man, Dr. Nick Carl, Male EPA Worker, Dome Depot Announcer, Kissing Cop, Carnival Barker, Gas Station Clerk, Drederick Tatum, EPA Passenger, Robot, Wiseguy Harry Shearer Mr. Burns, Smithers, Ned Flanders, Reverend Lovejoy, Lenny, President Arnold Schwarzenegger, Seymour Skinner, Kent Brockman, Dr. Hibbert, Otto Mann Scratchy, Skull, Toll Booth Operator, Guard Pamela Hayden Milhouse Van Houten, Rod Flanders, Jimbo Jones Tress MacNeille Medicine Woman, Agnes Skinner, Crazy Cat Lady, Colin, Cookie Kwan Sweet Old Lady, Mrs. Muntz, Plopper, Female EPA Worker, Lindsey Neagle, GPS Voice, TV Son, Girl on Phone Albert Brooks (as ``A. Brooks '') Russ Cargill Karl Wiedergott EPA Officer, Man Marcia Wallace Edna Krabappel (scenes deleted) Russi Taylor Martin Prince Maggie Roswell Helen Lovejoy Miss Hoover Phil Rosenthal TV Dad Billie Joe Armstrong Green Day (himself) Frank Edwin Wright III Green Day (himself) Michael Pritchard Green Day (himself) Joe Mantegna Fat Tony Tom Hanks Himself"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Raistlin Majere", "paragraph_text": "Raistlin Majere is a fictional character from the \"Dragonlance\" series of books created by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman. Raistlin played an extensive role in the two main series of books, particularly in \"Dragonlance Legends\" in which he was both primary protagonist and antagonist. He is twin brother to Caramon Majere, half-brother to his protective sister Kitiara uth Matar, and a significant member of the Heroes of the Lance. In the animated movie adaptation, \"\", Raistlin was voiced by Kiefer Sutherland."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Computational complexity theory", "paragraph_text": "As Fortnow & Homer (2003) point out, the beginning of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965), which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems. Also, in 1965 Edmonds defined a \"good\" algorithm as one with running time bounded by a polynomial of the input size."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Children of a Lesser Clod", "paragraph_text": "\"Children of a Lesser Clod\" is the 20th episode of \"The Simpsons\" twelfth season. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 13, 2001. In the episode, after spraining his knee during a basketball game, Homer begins taking care of the neighborhood kids to cure his boredom, prompting jealousy from Bart and Lisa, who feel that Homer is giving the kids the attention they never had."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Julie Kavner", "paragraph_text": "Julie Deborah Kavner (born September 7, 1950) is an American actress, voice actress, and comedian. She first attracted notice for her role as Valerie Harper's character's younger sister Brenda in the sitcom Rhoda for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She is best known for her voice role as Marge Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. She also voices other characters for the show, including Jacqueline Bouvier, and Patty and Selma Bouvier."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?", "paragraph_text": "The episode was written by Jeff Martin and directed by Wes Archer. American actor Danny DeVito provided the voice of Herb. The episode features cultural references to cars such as the Edsel, the Tucker Torpedo, the Ford Mustang, and the Lamborghini Cheetah. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 15.4, and was the highest - rated show on the Fox network the week it aired. Some fans were upset with the sad ending of the episode, and as a result the producers decided to write a sequel, ``Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes? '', in which Herb regains his fortune and forgives Homer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Toshiko Plays Billy Strayhorn", "paragraph_text": "Toshiko Plays Billy Strayhorn (also released as A Tribute to Billy Strayhorn (JAM) and Dedications III (Alfa)) is a jazz album recorded by two different configurations of the Toshiko Akiyoshi Trio in 1978. It was released on the Discomate record label (and later by Alfa Records) in Japan and on the JAM Record label in the USA."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Albert Brooks", "paragraph_text": "Albert Lawrence Brooks (born Albert Lawrence Einstein; July 22, 1947) is an American actor, filmmaker, author, and comedian. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for 1987's Broadcast News and was widely praised for his performance in the 2011 film Drive. His voice acting credits include Marlin in Finding Nemo (2003) and Finding Dory (2016), and recurring guest voices for The Simpsons, including Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie (2007). He has directed, written, and starred in several comedy films, such as Modern Romance (1981), Lost in America (1985), and Defending Your Life (1991). He is also the author of 2030: The Real Story of What Happens to America (2011)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Shane Heard", "paragraph_text": "Shane Heard (born 28 July 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the VFL/AFL. He was recruited from the Horsham District League Club, Homers Football Club."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kath Soucie", "paragraph_text": "Katherine Ellen Soucie (/ \u02c8su\u02d0si /) is an American voice actress, best known for her roles as Lola Bunny in Space Jam, Fifi La Fume in Tiny Toon Adventures, and Phil, Lil, and Mrs. DeVille in Rugrats."}], "question": "Who does the voice of Homer Simpson's brother play in Space Jam?"}
{"id": "2hop__775208_755953", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "HMS M30", "paragraph_text": "The availability of ten 6 inch Mk XII guns from the \"Queen Elizabeth\"-class battleships in 1915 prompted the Admiralty to order five scaled down versions of the \"M15\"-class monitors, which had been designed to use 9.2 inch guns. HMS \"M30\" and her sisters were ordered from Harland & Wolff, Belfast in March 1915. Launched on 23 June 1915, she was completed in July 1915."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Above Us the Waves", "paragraph_text": "Above Us the Waves is a 1955 British war film directed by Ralph Thomas, about human torpedo and midget submarine attacks on the German battleship \"Tirpitz\". It is based on two true-life attacks on the \"Tirpitz\" by British commando frogmen, first using Chariot manned torpedoes in Operation Title in 1942, and then X-Craft midget submarines in Operation Source in 1943. Some of the original equipment was used in the film."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brazilian Navy", "paragraph_text": "The Brazilian Navy () is the naval service branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces, responsible for conducting naval operations. The Brazilian Navy is the largest navy in South America and in Latin America, and the second largest navy in the Americas, after the United States Navy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battleship", "paragraph_text": "All four Iowa ships were decommissioned in the early 1990s, making them the last battleships to see active service. USS Iowa and USS Wisconsin were maintained to a standard where they could be rapidly returned to service as fire support vessels, pending the development of a superior fire support vessel. These last two battleships were finally stricken from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register in 2006. The Military Balance and Russian Foreign Military Review states the U.S. Navy listed one battleship in the reserve (Naval Inactive Fleet / Reserve 2nd Turn) in 2010. The Military Balance states the U.S. Navy listed no battleships in the reserve in 2014. The U.S. Marine Corps believes that the current naval surface fire support gun and missile programs will not be able to provide adequate fire support for an amphibious assault or onshore operations."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Menz Lalo Midir", "paragraph_text": "Menz Lalo Midir is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the district of the former province of Menz, Lalo Meder. Located in the Semien Shewa Zone, Menz Lalo Midir is bordered on the southeast by Menz Mam Midir, on the west by Menz Keya Gebreal, and on the north by Menz Gera Midir. Menz Lalo Midir was part of former Mam Midrina Lalo Midir woreda."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Menz Keya Gebreal", "paragraph_text": "Menz Keya Gebreal is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Shewa Zone, Menz Keya Gebreal is bordered on the southeast by Menz Lalo Midir, on the southwest by the Jamma River which separated it from Moretna Jiru, on the west by Merhabiete, on the northwest by the Qechene River which separates it from the Debub Wollo Zone, and on the northeast by Menz Gera Midir. The administrative center of this woreda is Zemero. Menz Keya Gebreal was part of the former Gera Midirna Keya Gebriel woreda."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "HMS M31", "paragraph_text": "The availability of ten 6 inch Mk XII guns from the \"Queen Elizabeth\"-class battleships in 1915 prompted the Admiralty to order five scaled down versions of the \"M15\"-class monitors, which had been designed to utilise 9.2 inch guns. HMS \"M31\" and her sisters were ordered from Harland & Wolff, Belfast in March 1915. Launched on 24 June 1915, she was completed in July 1915."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Colorado and Southern Railway", "paragraph_text": "The Colorado and Southern Railway was an American Class I railroad in the western United States that operated independently from 1898 to 1908, then as part of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad until it was absorbed into the Burlington Northern Railroad in 1981."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Snake-class junk", "paragraph_text": "The Snake-class junks were a class of six small vessels operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) to support special forces operations in 1944 and 1945. The ships were lightly armed and were used to infiltrate special forces parties and their supplies into Japanese-held territory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kearsarge-class battleship", "paragraph_text": "The \"Kearsarge\"-class battleships were two pre-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy at the beginning of the 20th century. They were designed to be used for coastal defense. Both of the ships, and , were authorized in 1895 and commissioned in 1900. Neither ship participated in a major battle, although they participated in the Great White Fleet, the oldest ships on the cruise. \"Kentucky\" was decommissioned in 1920 and sold for scrap in 1923. \"Kearsarge\" was also decommissioned in 1920, although it was then converted into a crane ship, and served in that capacity until scrapping in 1955."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "CHRD-FM", "paragraph_text": "CHRD-FM (105.3 MHz) is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Drummondville, Quebec. It is owned and operated by Bell Media and has a directional antenna with an average effective radiated power of 3,257 watts and a peak effective radiated power of 5,345 watts (class A). The station has specialized in adult contemporary  since August 2009 and is part of the Rouge FM network, which operates across Quebec and Eastern Ontario."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gera (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Gera is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the former Kingdom of Gera, whose territory was approximately the same as the modern woreda. Part of the Jimma Zone, Gera is bordered on the south by the Gojeb River which separates it from the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the northwest by Sigmo, on the north by Setema, on the northeast by Gomma, and on the east by Seka Chekorsa. The administrative center of this woreda is Chira; other towns in Gera include Cheriko and Dusta."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "HMS M29", "paragraph_text": "The availability of ten 6 inch Mk XII guns from the \"Queen Elizabeth\"-class battleships in 1915 prompted the Admiralty to order five scaled down versions of the M15 class monitors, which had been designed to utilise 9.2 inch guns. HMS \"M29\" and her sisters were ordered from Harland & Wolff, Belfast in March 1915. Launched on 22 May 1915, she was completed in June 1915."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Scharnhorst-class battleship", "paragraph_text": "The \"Scharnhorst\" class were the first capital ships, referred to as either battleships or battlecruisers, built for Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" after World War I. The class comprised two vessels: and . \"Scharnhorst\" was launched first, and is considered to be the lead ship by some sources; they are also referred to as the \"Gneisenau\" class in some other sources, as \"Gneisenau\" was the first to be laid down and commissioned. They marked the beginning of German naval rearmament after the Treaty of Versailles. The ships were armed with nine 28\u00a0cm (11\u00a0in) SK C/34 guns in three triple turrets; plans to replace these with six 38\u00a0cm (15\u00a0in) SK C/34 guns in twin turrets were never realized."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "HDMS Esbern Snare (L17)", "paragraph_text": "\"Esbern Snare\" is part of the first stage of a strategic realignment within the Royal Danish Navy, which is transitioning to focus on international operations, in which \"Absalon\"-class vessels will form the backbone. The ship is designed for command and support roles, with a large ro-ro deck, and is to be complemented by the frigates, a derivative of the \"Absalon\"-class designed specifically for combat operations."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Setubinha", "paragraph_text": "Setubinha is a municipality in the northeast of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. As of 2007 the population was 10,834 in a total area of 536\u00a0km\u00b2. The elevation is 729 metres. It is part of the IBGE statistical microregion of Te\u00f3filo Otoni"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "USS Wisconsin (BB-64)", "paragraph_text": "USS Wisconsin (BB - 64) is an Iowa - class battleship, the second ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. She was built at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and launched on 7 December 1943 (the second anniversary of the Pearl Harbor raid), sponsored by the wife of Governor Walter Goodland of Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tota Weds Maina", "paragraph_text": "Tota Weds Maina is an Indian Comedy-Drama television show, which premiered on 14 January 2013 and broadcast on SAB TV. The show stars Gaurav Gera and Kavita Kaushik in lead roles."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Morada Nova de Minas", "paragraph_text": "Morada Nova de Minas is a municipality in the north of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. As of 2007 the population was 8,297 in a total area of 2,085\u00a0km\u00b2. It became a municipality in 1943."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minas Geraes-class battleship", "paragraph_text": "The \"Minas Geraes\" class, spelled \"Minas Gerais\" in some sources, consisted of two battleships built for the Brazilian Navy in the early twentieth century. Named and , the ships were intended to be Brazil's first step towards becoming an international power, and they consequently initiated a South American naval arms race."}], "question": "What is the operator of the Minas Geraes-class battleship a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__711433_162508", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battlehawks 1942", "paragraph_text": "According to the game's designer Lawrence Holland, Chris Roberts told him at an industry conference that he had reverse-engineered \"Battlehawks 1942\" to create the game engine for \"Wing Commander\". Holland said: \"Many years ago, while working at Skywalker ranch on \"Battlehawks 1942\", I overheard two people talking over my shoulder about the game I was working on. Imagine my surprise when I turned around and saw Steven Spielberg and George Lucas discussing it and learning further that Steven Spielberg was playing and enjoying it. He was an early video game convert.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yaprakl\u0131, Fatsa", "paragraph_text": "Yaprakl\u0131 is a village in the town of Fatsa, Turkey. It is located near downtown Fatsa and becoming an attraction for many city residents. Near the sea, there are many apartment complexes that are being built. The purpose of these complexes is for people to get away from the city environment to a quiet and green environment."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ermelo", "paragraph_text": "Ermelo (Dutch pronunciation: [\u02c8\u025brm\u0259lo\u02d0] (listen), Dutch Low Saxon: Armelo or Armel) is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland in the Veluwe area with a population of 26,730 in 2017."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bernard Willem Holtrop", "paragraph_text": "Bernard Willem Holtrop (born 2 April 1941, Ermelo) is a Dutch cartoonist living in France since 1968, who publishes under the pen name Willem. He is renowned for his violent and sexual topics, regarding politics. He is the winner of the 2000 Stripschapprijs. and of the 2013 Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoul\u00eame."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way \"pets\" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California, are the two largest cities in all of California (and two of the eight largest cities in the United States). In southern California there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population. Many of southern California's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast, with the exception of San Bernardino and Riverside."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Settlement of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The continents of North and South America was settled by natives from Asia between 10 and 20 thousand years ago after they crossed a land bridge that was created between far northeastern Siberia and Alaska by the lowering of sea level during the last ice age. Available scientific evidence indicates that modern humans emerged from Africa over 100,000 years ago, yet did not arrive in the Americas until less than 20,000 years ago. Current understanding of the settlement of the Americas derives from advances in four interrelated disciplines: archaeology, Pleistocene geology, physical anthropology, and DNA analysis. While there is general agreement that the Americas were first settled from Asia, the pattern of migration, its timing, and the place (s) of origin in Asia of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain unclear. In the 2000s, researchers sought to use familiar tools to validate or reject established theories, such as Clovis first. The archeological evidence suggests that the Paleo - Indians' first dispersal into the Americas occurred near the end of the last glacial period or, more specifically, what is known as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), around 16,500 -- 13,000 years ago."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago, with disputed evidence that people had migrated into the Americas much earlier, up to 40,000 years ago. These early Paleo-Indians spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living there since their genesis, described by a wide range of creation myths."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago, having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent. Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC,and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Klasies River Caves", "paragraph_text": "The Klasies River Caves are a series of caves located to the east of the Klasies River mouth on the Tsitsikamma coast in the Humansdorp district of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The three main caves and two shelters at the base of a high cliff have revealed evidence of middle stone age-associated human habitation from approximately 125,000 years ago. The thick deposits were accumulated from 125,000 years ago. Around 75,000 years ago, during cave remodelling, the stratigraphic sediments were moved out into external middens."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North America", "paragraph_text": "Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon. The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton. From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras, North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea, with Eurasia to its east. One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains, which formed some 480 million years ago, making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world. When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago, North America became part of Laurasia, before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period. The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny, between 80 and 55 million years ago. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago, and the Great Lakes (as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which spoke Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group, were inhabiting the islands. The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further, building Hadrian's Wall to mark the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD. At that time, Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni, the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir", "paragraph_text": "Governor of Jammu and Kashmir Incumbent Satya Pal Malik since 23 August 2018 Style His Excellency Residence Raj Bhavan (Jammu) (Winter) Raj Bhavan (Srinagar) (Summer) Appointer President of India Term length Five Years Inaugural holder Karan Singh Formation 15 August 1947; 71 years ago (1947 - 08 - 15) Website http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "National Insurance number", "paragraph_text": "People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit. At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies each child of their NI number."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Bahamas", "paragraph_text": "The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81 / 1,000 population, death rate of 9.35 / 1,000, and net migration rate of \u2212 2.13 migrant (s) / 1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths / 1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born / woman (2010)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Flowering plant", "paragraph_text": "The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events. These occurred at 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago. Another possible whole genome duplication event at 160 million years ago perhaps created the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants. That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant, Amborella trichopoda, and directly addresses Darwin's \"abominable mystery.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Madi Kalyanpur", "paragraph_text": "Madi Kalyanpur is a village development committee in Chitwan District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6598 people living in 1238 individual households.gopalnagar is a mostpopular village in madi is also kalyan pur vdc there ia a lot of tharu people setting manymany years ago."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}], "question": "How many people resided in Bernard Willem Holtrop's birthplace as of two years ago?"}
{"id": "2hop__17379_38847", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new items. The budget funds four branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2017, the Congressional Budget Office reported spending of $590 billion for defense, about 15% of the federal budget. For the FY 2019 president Donald Trump proposed an increase to the military to $681.1 billion."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "May 1, 1950 -- After the capture of Hainan Island from Chinese Nationalist forces by the Chinese People's Liberation Army, President Truman approves $10 million in military assistance for anti-communist efforts in Indochina. The Defense Attach\u00e9 Office was established in Saigon in May 1950, a formal recognition of Viet Nam (vice French IndoChina). This was the beginning of formal U.S. military personnel assignments in Viet Nam. U.S. Naval, Army and Air Force personnel established their respective attaches at this time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new equipment. The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion, about 54% of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget. For FY 2017, President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion, which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence & advising/training roles, they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. American forces effectively established and maintained control of the \"traditional\" battlefield, however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. On a tactical level, American soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lockheed C-5 Galaxy", "paragraph_text": "The Lockheed C - 5 Galaxy is a large military transport aircraft originally designed and built by Lockheed, and now maintained and upgraded by its successor, Lockheed Martin. It provides the United States Air Force (USAF) with a heavy intercontinental - range strategic airlift capability, one that can carry outsize and oversize loads, including all air - certifiable cargo. The Galaxy has many similarities to its smaller Lockheed C - 141 Starlifter predecessor, and the later Boeing C - 17 Globemaster III. The C - 5 is among the largest military aircraft in the world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Personnel recovery", "paragraph_text": "The United States Armed Forces defines personnel recovery as ``The sum of military, DOD civilian, DOD contractor personnel, or other personnel designated by the President or Secretary of Defense, who are isolated, missing, detained, or captured (IMDC) in an operational environment. Also called PR. ''The Joint Personnel Recovery Agency is the Chairman's Controlled Activity and is designated as DoD's office of primary responsibility for DoD - wide personnel recovery (PR) matters, less policy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "428th Field Artillery Brigade", "paragraph_text": "The 428th Field Artillery Brigade is a training unit under the United States Field Artillery School, a formation under TRADOC. The brigade trains all officers and enlisted personnel from the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps as well as allied nation military personnel in field artillery core competencies in order to provide proficient integrators of lethal and non-lethal fires to the operational force."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "In 2007, the USAF undertook a Reduction-in-Force (RIF). Because of budget constraints, the USAF planned to reduce the service's size from 360,000 active duty personnel to 316,000. The size of the active duty force in 2007 was roughly 64% of that of what the USAF was at the end of the first Gulf War in 1991. However, the reduction was ended at approximately 330,000 personnel in 2008 in order to meet the demand signal of combatant commanders and associated mission requirements. These same constraints have seen a sharp reduction in flight hours for crew training since 2005 and the Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower and Personnel directing Airmen's Time Assessments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of United States military bases", "paragraph_text": "The United States is the largest operator of military bases abroad, with 38 ``named bases ''having active - duty, national guard, reserve, or civilian personnel as of September 30, 2014. Its largest, in terms of personnel, was Ramstein AB, in Germany, with almost 9,200 personnel."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Indonesia's Armed Forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI\u2013AD), Navy (TNI\u2013AL, which includes Marine Corps), and Air Force (TNI\u2013AU). The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 0.8% of GDP in 2017, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations. The Armed Forces was formed during the Indonesian National Revolution, when it undertook a guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. As a result of this, and the need to maintain internal security, all branches of the TNI have been organised along territorial lines, aimed at defeating internal enemies and potential external invaders. Since its founding, the military has always had a strong political influence, reaching its greatest extent during the New Order. Following political reforms in 1998, the TNI's formal representation in parliament was removed. Nevertheless, its political influence remains, albeit at a reduced level.Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements. Some, notably in Aceh and Papua, have led to an armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides. The former was resolved peacefully in 2005, while the latter still continues, amid a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses since 2004. Other engagements of the army include the campaign against the Netherlands New Guinea to incorporate the territory into Indonesia, the Konfrontasi to oppose the creation of Malaysia, the mass killings of PKI, and the invasion of East Timor, which remains Indonesia's largest military operation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lockheed C-5 Galaxy", "paragraph_text": "The Lockheed C-5 Galaxy is a large military transport aircraft originally designed and built by Lockheed, and now maintained and upgraded by its successor, Lockheed Martin. It provides the United States Air Force (USAF) with a heavy intercontinental-range strategic airlift capability, one that can carry outsized and oversized loads, including all air-certifiable cargo. The Galaxy has many similarities to its smaller Lockheed C-141 Starlifter predecessor, and the later Boeing C-17 Globemaster III. The C-5 is among the largest military aircraft in the world."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Walter Reed Tropical Medicine Course", "paragraph_text": "The Walter Reed Tropical Medicine Course (now called 'Operational Clinical Infectious Disease' Course ) at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) is one of the many Tropical Medicine Training Courses available in the US and worldwide (see Tropical medicine). It is an intensive 5-day course and a 3-day short course, created to familiarize students with tropical diseases they may encounter overseas. The course is open to Physicians, Physician Assistants, Nurse Practitioners, ESO, 18D, or other medical personnel. The course is run by the military and designed for personnel of the US Military (Army, Marines, Navy, Air Force) and several other US government agencies."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tajikistan", "paragraph_text": "Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik\u2013Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sycamore Pictures", "paragraph_text": "The company was formed in 2011 with a focus on producing films with a \"more redemptive tone\" suitable for families. Nearn, formerly an investment banker who moved on to become COO and a minority investor in Cross Creek Pictures, maintains the company's Memphis offices; Rice, an independent film producer and writer, maintains the Los Angeles office. The startup funds for Sycamore were raised by Nearn from investors both from the Memphis area and elsewhere, with a business model based on profit participation by actors, directors and creative personnel."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "National Personnel Records Center fire", "paragraph_text": "The National Personnel Records Center fire of 1973, also referred to as the 1973 National Archives fire, was a fire that occurred at the Military Personnel Records Center (MPRC - part of the National Personnel Records Center) in Overland, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, on July 12, 1973, striking a severe blow to the National Archives and Records Administration of the United States. MPRC, the custodian of military service records, lost approximately 16\u201318 million official military personnel records as a result of the fire."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of countries with overseas military bases", "paragraph_text": "The United States is the largest operator of military bases abroad, with 38 ``named bases ''having active duty, national guard, reserve or civilian personnel as of September 30, 2014. Its largest, in terms of personnel, was Ramstein AB in Germany, with almost 9,200 personnel."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of paratroopers, commandos and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines) has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet as the main combat aircraft."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of countries with overseas military bases", "paragraph_text": "The United States is the largest operator of military bases abroad, with 38 ``named bases ''having active duty, national guard / reserve, and / or civilian personnel as of September 30, 2014. Its largest, in terms of personnel, was Ramstein AB in Germany, with almost 9,200 personnel."}], "question": "How many personnel are there in the military force that helped Rhodes maintain their independence?"}
{"id": "2hop__766118_162508", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Linguistics (journal)", "paragraph_text": "Linguistics: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences is a peer-reviewed academic journal of general linguistics published by De Gruyter Mouton. The journal publishes both articles and book reviews. It publishes two special issues a year. The current Editor-in-Chief is Johan van der Auwera. Since 2010, it publishes 1400 pages per year."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Martin van der Spoel", "paragraph_text": "Martin Michel van der Spoel (born February 19, 1971 in Ermelo, Gelderland) is a former freestyle and medley swimmer from the Netherlands, who competed for his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. There he finished in tenth place in the 200m individual medley, and in fifth (4x100) and seventh position (4x200) with the freestyle relay teams. Van der Spoel was the biggest national rival of compatriot Marcel Wouda, who would become the nation's first male world champion in swimming in 1998.He swam in 2018 163 km in 55 hours and gained 4 million us dollars and donated them for a children's hospital"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Architecture", "paragraph_text": "Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Abraham Jacob van der Aa", "paragraph_text": "Abraham Jacob van der Aa (7 December 1792, Amsterdam \u2013 21 March 1857, Gorinchem) was a Dutch writer best known for his dictionaries, one of notable people and the other of notable places in the Netherlands."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago, with disputed evidence that people had migrated into the Americas much earlier, up to 40,000 years ago. These early Paleo-Indians spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living there since their genesis, described by a wide range of creation myths."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which spoke Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group, were inhabiting the islands. The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further, building Hadrian's Wall to mark the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD. At that time, Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni, the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Joe Van Holsbeeck", "paragraph_text": "Joe Van Holsbeeck was a Belgian 17-year-old who was murdered on 12 April 2006 at Brussels Central train station. This murder, following the attempted theft of an MP3 player, took place at approximately 4:30 in the afternoon, during rush hour. Although petty theft is not uncommon, and even violent robberies are not unheard of in Belgium, Van Holsbeeck's murder in a crowded train station during the daytime shocked many Belgians at the time. The two perpetrators, who were later arrested, turned out to be Romani juveniles."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Bahamas", "paragraph_text": "The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81 / 1,000 population, death rate of 9.35 / 1,000, and net migration rate of \u2212 2.13 migrant (s) / 1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths / 1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born / woman (2010)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Insurance number", "paragraph_text": "People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit. At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies each child of their NI number."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jan van der Noot", "paragraph_text": "Jonker Jan van der Noot (1539\u20131595) was a Netherlandish writer who is regarded as the first Renaissance poet in Dutch."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Abraham van der Hulst", "paragraph_text": "Abraham van der Hulst (Amsterdam, 11 April 1619 \u2013 12 June 1666) was a Dutch admiral in the 17th century."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Giedo van der Garde", "paragraph_text": "Giedo van der Garde (born Giedo Gijsbertus Gerrit van der Garde; 25 April 1985 in Rhenen, Netherlands) is a Dutch racing driver. He drove for the Caterham F1 team in 2013 and joined Sauber as a reserve driver in 2014."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ermelo", "paragraph_text": "Ermelo (Dutch pronunciation: [\u02c8\u025brm\u0259lo\u02d0] (listen), Dutch Low Saxon: Armelo or Armel) is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland in the Veluwe area with a population of 26,730 in 2017."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Israel Hamilton", "paragraph_text": "Israel Hamilton was appointed United States Attorney for the District of Ohio by Martin Van Buren in 1839. He served for two years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Adriaan van der Hoop", "paragraph_text": "Adriaan van der Hoop was the son of Joan Cornelis van der Hoop, secretary of the Soci\u00ebteit van Suriname, prosecutor for the Admiralty of Amsterdam and Minister of the Navy. Adriaan studied law in Groningen and Kiel, when it was still a Danish city. (N.B. Holland was occupied by the French army between 1795 \u2013 1813). With his Danish passport he traveled through Germany and England. In 1811, he was hired by the firm Hope & Co., for years an important lender to the Russian state."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele", "paragraph_text": "The Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele is a large oil-on-oak panel painting completed around 1434\u201336 by the Early Netherlandish painter Jan van Eyck. It shows the painting's donor, Joris van der Paele, within an apparition of saints. The Virgin Mary is enthroned at the centre of the semicircular space, which most likely represents a church interior, with the Christ Child on her lap. St. Donatian stands to her right, Saint George \u2014 the donor's name saint \u2014 to her left. The panel was commissioned by van der Paele as an altarpiece. He was then a wealthy clergyman from Bruges, but elderly and gravely ill, and intended the work as his memorial."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California, are the two largest cities in all of California (and two of the eight largest cities in the United States). In southern California there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population. Many of southern California's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast, with the exception of San Bernardino and Riverside."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New York, I Love You XOXO", "paragraph_text": "Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this final episode, the death of Bart Bass rushes Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) to marry Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and the identity of Gossip Girl is revealed. A five - year flash forward takes place and shows the wedding of Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) to Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}], "question": "How many people resided in Martin van der Spoel's place of birth as of two years ago?"}
{"id": "2hop__135772_813631", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u200e) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Auerbach's lemma", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, Auerbach's lemma, named after Herman Auerbach, is a theorem in functional analysis which asserts that a certain property of Euclidean spaces holds for general finite-dimensional normed vector spaces."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lindel\u00f6f's lemma", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, Lindel\u00f6f's lemma is a simple but useful lemma in topology on the real line, named for the Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindel\u00f6f."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Francine Patterson", "paragraph_text": "Francine \"Penny\" Patterson (born February 13, 1947) is an American animal psychologist. She is best known for teaching a modified form of American Sign Language, which she calls \"Gorilla Sign Language\", or GSL, to a gorilla named Koko beginning in 1972."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This wide category includes:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Riesz's lemma", "paragraph_text": "Riesz's lemma (after Frigyes Riesz) is a lemma in functional analysis. It specifies (often easy to check) conditions that guarantee that a subspace in a normed linear space is dense. The lemma may also be called the Riesz lemma or Riesz inequality. It can be seen as a substitute for orthogonality when one is not in an inner product space."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "English language", "paragraph_text": "English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia (Angeln) peninsula in the Baltic Sea. It is closely related to the Frisian languages, but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as by Latin and Romance languages, especially French."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hensel's lemma", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, Hensel's lemma, also known as Hensel's lifting lemma, named after Kurt Hensel, is a result in modular arithmetic, stating that if a polynomial equation has a simple root modulo a prime number , then this root corresponds to a unique root of the same equation modulo any higher power of , which can be found by iteratively \"lifting\" the solution modulo successive powers of . More generally it is used as a generic name for analogues for complete commutative rings (including \"p\"-adic fields in particular) of the Newton method for solving equations. Since \"p\"-adic analysis is in some ways simpler than real analysis, there are relatively neat criteria guaranteeing a root of a polynomial."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mali", "paragraph_text": "Mali's official language is French and over 40 African languages also are spoken by the various ethnic groups. About 80% of Mali's population can communicate in Bambara, which serves as an important lingua franca.Mali has 12 national languages beside French and Bambara, namely Bomu, Tieyaxo Bozo, Toro So Dogon, Maasina Fulfulde, Hassaniya Arabic, Mamara Senoufo, Kita Maninkakan, Soninke, Koyraboro Senni, Syenara Senoufo, Tamasheq and Xaasongaxango. Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Canton of Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Z\u00fcrich ( ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of (as of ), it is the most populated canton in the country.. Its capital is the city of Z\u00fcrich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called \"Z\u00fcrit\u00fc\u00fctsch\", is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Slepian's lemma", "paragraph_text": "In probability theory, Slepian's lemma (1962), named after David Slepian, is a Gaussian comparison inequality. It states that for Gaussian random variables formula_1 and formula_2 in formula_3 satisfying formula_4,"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marcel Riesz", "paragraph_text": "Marcel Riesz ( ; 16 November 1886 \u2013 4 September 1969) was a Hungarian mathematician, known for work on summation methods, potential theory, and other parts of analysis, as well as number theory, partial differential equations, and Clifford algebras. He spent most of his career in Lund (Sweden)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools. English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status after the creation of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language, as may be seen in road signs and official documents. Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa (see Maghrebi Jews)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Matumbi language", "paragraph_text": "Matuumbi, also known as Kimatuumbi and Kimatumbi, is a language spoken in Tanzania in the Kipatimu region of the Kilwa District, south of the Rufiji river. It is a Bantu language, P13 in Guthrie's classification. Kimatuumbi is closely related to the Ngindo, Rufiji and Ndengereko languages. It is spoken by about 70,000 people, according to the Ethnologue."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Schanuel's lemma", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as module theory, Schanuel's lemma, named after Stephen Schanuel, allows one to compare how far modules depart from being projective. It is useful in defining the Heller operator in the stable category, and in giving elementary descriptions of dimension shifting."}], "question": "What language was used by the namesake of Riesz's lemma?"}
{"id": "2hop__135771_813631", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Singapore", "paragraph_text": "Singaporeans are mostly bilingual, with English as their common language and usually the mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. The official languages amongst Singaporeans are English (80% literacy), Mandarin (65% literacy), Malay (17% literacy), and Tamil (4% literacy). Singapore English is based on British English, and forms of English spoken in Singapore range from Standard Singapore English to a colloquial form known as \"Singlish\". Singlish is discouraged by the government.English is the language spoken by most Singaporeans at home, 36.9% of the population, just ahead of Mandarin. Nearly half a million speak other varieties of Chinese, mainly Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin and English. Singapore Chinese characters are written using simplified Chinese characters."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'", "paragraph_text": "The International Charter \"Space and Major Disasters\" is a non-binding charter which provides for the charitable and humanitarian retasked acquisition of and transmission of space satellite data to relief organizations in the event of major disasters.  Initiated by the European Space Agency and the French space agency CNES after the UNISPACE III conference held in Vienna, Austria in July 1999, it officially came into operation on November 1, 2000 after the Canadian Space Agency signed onto the charter on October 20, 2000.  Their space assets were then, respectively, ERS and ENVISAT, SPOT and Formosat, and RADARSAT."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u200e) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mali", "paragraph_text": "Mali's official language is French and over 40 African languages also are spoken by the various ethnic groups. About 80% of Mali's population can communicate in Bambara, which serves as an important lingua franca.Mali has 12 national languages beside French and Bambara, namely Bomu, Tieyaxo Bozo, Toro So Dogon, Maasina Fulfulde, Hassaniya Arabic, Mamara Senoufo, Kita Maninkakan, Soninke, Koyraboro Senni, Syenara Senoufo, Tamasheq and Xaasongaxango. Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Israeli Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "As leader of the Yishuv, David Ben - Gurion was the first person to sign. The declaration was due to be signed by all 37 members of Moetzet HaAm. However, twelve members could not attend, eleven of them trapped in besieged Jerusalem and one abroad. The remaining 25 signatories present were called up in alphabetical order to sign, leaving spaces for those absent. Although a space was left for him between the signatures of Eliyahu Dobkin and Meir Vilner, Zerach Warhaftig signed at the top of the next column, leading to speculation that Vilner's name had been left alone to isolate him, or to stress that even a communist agreed with the declaration. However, Warhaftig later denied this, stating that a space had been left for him (as he was one of the signatories trapped in Jerusalem) where a Hebraicised form of his name would have fitted alphabetically, but he insisted on signing under his actual name so as to honour his father's memory and so moved down two spaces. He and Vilner would be the last surviving signatories, and remained close for the rest of their lives. Of the signatories, two were women (Golda Meir (Meyerson / Myerson) and Rachel Cohen - Kagan)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "English language", "paragraph_text": "English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia (Angeln) peninsula in the Baltic Sea. It is closely related to the Frisian languages, but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as by Latin and Romance languages, especially French."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mbugwe language", "paragraph_text": "Mbugwe or Mbuwe (Kimbugwe) is a Bantu language of spoken by the Mbugwe people of Lake Manyara in the Manyara Region of Central Tanzania. Mbugwe is estimated to be spoken by some 34,000 people."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Francine Patterson", "paragraph_text": "Francine \"Penny\" Patterson (born February 13, 1947) is an American animal psychologist. She is best known for teaching a modified form of American Sign Language, which she calls \"Gorilla Sign Language\", or GSL, to a gorilla named Koko beginning in 1972."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canton of Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Z\u00fcrich ( ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of (as of ), it is the most populated canton in the country.. Its capital is the city of Z\u00fcrich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called \"Z\u00fcrit\u00fc\u00fctsch\", is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Riesz space", "paragraph_text": "Riesz spaces are named after Frigyes Riesz who first defined them in his 1928 paper \"Sur la d\u00e9composition des op\u00e9rations fonctionelles lin\u00e9aires\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Purisime\u00f1o language", "paragraph_text": "Purisime\u00f1o was one of the Chumashan languages traditionally spoken along the coastal areas of Southern California near Lompoc. It was also spoken at the La Purisima Mission."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marcel Riesz", "paragraph_text": "Marcel Riesz ( ; 16 November 1886 \u2013 4 September 1969) was a Hungarian mathematician, known for work on summation methods, potential theory, and other parts of analysis, as well as number theory, partial differential equations, and Clifford algebras. He spent most of his career in Lund (Sweden)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools. English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status after the creation of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language, as may be seen in road signs and official documents. Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa (see Maghrebi Jews)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This wide category includes:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Madagascar", "paragraph_text": "The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. The numerous dialects of Malagasy, which are generally mutually intelligible, can be clustered under one of two subgroups: eastern Malagasy, spoken along the eastern forests and highlands including the Merina dialect of Antananarivo, and western Malagasy, spoken across the western coastal plains. French became the official language during the colonial period, when Madagascar came under the authority of France. In the first national Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic. Madagascar is a francophone country, and French is mostly spoken as a second language among the educated population and used for international communication.No official languages were recorded in the Constitution of 1992, although Malagasy was identified as the national language. Nonetheless, many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French were official languages, eventually leading a citizen to initiate a legal case against the state in April 2000, on the grounds that the publication of official documents only in the French language was unconstitutional. The High Constitutional Court observed in its decision that, in the absence of a language law, French still had the character of an official language.In the Constitution of 2007, Malagasy remained the national language while official languages were reintroduced: Malagasy, French, and English. English was removed as an official language from the constitution approved by voters in the November 2010 referendum. The outcome of the referendum, and its consequences for official and national language policy, are not recognized by the political opposition, who cite lack of transparency and inclusiveness in the way the election was organized by the High Transitional Authority."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}], "question": "What languages does the person who Riesz space is named after speak, write or sign?"}
{"id": "2hop__84746_86450", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sarah Drew", "paragraph_text": "Sarah Drew (born October 1, 1980) is an American actress and director. She is known for playing Hannah Rogers in The WB family drama series Everwood (2004 -- 2006) and Dr. April Kepner in the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2009 -- 2018)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jessica Capshaw", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Brooke Capshaw (born August 9, 1976) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in The Practice and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. She was introduced in Grey's Anatomy's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jessica Capshaw", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Brooke Capshaw Gavigan (born August 9, 1976), known professionally as Jessica Capshaw, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in The Practice and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. She was introduced in Grey's Anatomy's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Addison Montgomery", "paragraph_text": "During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her. Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist. This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin - off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice. Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi. This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lexie Grey", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Caroline ``Lexie ''Grey, M.D. is a fictional character from ABC's medical drama series Grey's Anatomy. Created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, the character was portrayed by actress Chyler Leigh from the third through eighth seasons. She was introduced as a surgical intern in season three. Serving as Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s half - sister, Lexie transferred to the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother's sudden death, and was eventually named a surgical resident. Leigh was originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc, but received star billing in the fourth season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Grey's Anatomy", "paragraph_text": "On February 10, 2017, ABC renewed Grey's Anatomy for a fourteenth season, which premiered on September 28, 2017. The series' success catapulted such long - running cast members as Pompeo, Dempsey, and Oh to worldwide recognition; they were among the top five highest - earning television actors in 2013."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Camilla Luddington", "paragraph_text": "Camilla Luddington (born 15 December 1983) is an English actress, known for her roles as Kate Middleton in the Lifetime TV film William & Kate: The Movie (2011) and as Jo Wilson in the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Grey's Anatomy", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement on March 27, 2005. The series focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns, residents, and attending physicians, as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships. The title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, a classic human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sadie Harris", "paragraph_text": "Sadie Harris was a recurring fictional character from the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and portrayed by actress Melissa George. Introduced as a surgical intern who has an old companionship with the series' protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), she eventually forms a friendship with Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), and departs after it is revealed she cheated her way into the surgical program."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Song Beneath the Song", "paragraph_text": "``Song Beneath the Song ''also known as Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the one - hundred forty - fourth episode overall. It was named after a song by American singer Maria Taylor. Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011. It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program. It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Song Beneath the Song", "paragraph_text": "``Song Beneath the Song, ''also known as Grey's Anatomy:`` The Music Event,'' is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the one - hundred forty - fourth episode overall. It was named after a song initially performed by American singer Maria Taylor. Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011. It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program. It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Grey's Anatomy", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27, 2005, on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement. The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attending physicians, as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships. The title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray. Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series; she is also one of the executive producers, along with Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg. Although the series is set in Seattle (at the fictional Seattle Grace, later known as the Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital), it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles, California."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "As We Know It", "paragraph_text": "\"As We Know It\" is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes and was directed by Peter Horton. It originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), on February 12, 2006, running for 43:06 min. This episode is the second of a two-part story."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mark Sloan (Grey's Anatomy)", "paragraph_text": "Mark Everett Sloan, M.D., F.A.C.S. is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by Eric Dane. Dr. Sloan is an attending specializing in plastic surgery. Dr. Sloan earned the nickname ``McSteamy ''for his good looks by the female interns of Seattle Grace later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital. He was good friends with Dr. Derek Shepherd, a fellow physician at Seattle Grace, but was the catalyst for the end of Shepherd's marriage when Shepherd caught Sloan sleeping with his wife, Addison. Later, he pursues a 'forbidden' relationship with Dr. Lexie Grey, straining his relationship with Derek yet again. He reveals that he loves Lexie in episodes`` Migration'', ``Flight '',`` Going, Going, Gone'', and ``Remember The Time ''In the show's ninth season, he dies of injuries sustained in a jet plane crash that also injured or killed several of his colleagues from the hospital."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lexie Grey", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Caroline ``Lexie ''Grey, M.D. is a fictional character from ABC's medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by actress Chyler Leigh. Created by showrunner Shonda Rhimes, the character is introduced in season three as protagonist Meredith Grey's younger half - sister, who has transferred to Seattle Grace Hospital as a new surgical intern after her mother's sudden death. Lexie is eventually named a surgical resident in season six. Leigh was originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc, but ultimately received star billing from seasons four to eight. Leigh has also reprised her role as Lexie on the spin - off show Private Practice."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tessa Ferrer", "paragraph_text": "Tessa Rose Ferrer (born March 30, 1986) is an American actress. She is known for playing Dr. Leah Murphy, a surgical intern then resident, in Grey's Anatomy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lexie Grey", "paragraph_text": "Characterized by Rhimes as a dork with issues expressing her feelings, Lexie's focal storyline in the series involved her romantic relationship with plastics attending Mark Sloan (Eric Dane). Both she and Mark sustained life - threatening injuries during an aviation accident in the eighth - season finale, which resulted in their deaths. Seattle Grace Mercy West is later renamed Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital in their memory. The reason given for Lexie's departure after five years on the show was Leigh's desire to spend more time with her family."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "It's the End of the World", "paragraph_text": "``It's the End of the World ''Grey's Anatomy episode Episode no. Season 2 Episode 16 Directed by Peter Horton Written by Shonda Rhimes Production code 211 Original air date February 5, 2006 (2006 - 02 - 05) (ABC) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance (s) Christina Ricci as Hannah Davies Kyle Chandler as Dylan Young Jillian Armenante as Mindy Carlson Cress Williams as Tucker Jones Larry Clarke as Paul Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper. Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` Break on Through'' Next \u2192 ``As We Know It ''Grey's Anatomy (season 2) List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tainted Obligation", "paragraph_text": "\"Tainted Obligation\" is the fourth episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the show's 106th episode overall. It was written by Jenna Bans and directed by Tom Verica. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on October 8, 2009. In the episode, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) and Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh)'s father is admitted into the hospital, seeking a liver transplantation. Further storylines include Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) getting nervous about losing her job, and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) attempting to perform surgery on a terminal patient with Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy (season 3) DVD cover art for the third season of Grey's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens, Jr. Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 Release Original network ABC Original release September 21, 2006 (2006 - 09 - 21) -- May 17, 2007 (2007 - 05 - 17) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 2 Next \u2192 Season 4 List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}], "question": "When does the person who dated Lexi die on Grey's Anatomy?"}
{"id": "2hop__43403_87764", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "George O'Malley", "paragraph_text": "O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Meredith's half - sister. Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point, leading him to confront Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), the chief of surgery, to ask for a chance to retake the exam. He passes the second attempt, and begins to distance himself from Lexie, who has fallen in love with him. O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma, and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev. O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery, and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) that it is definitely his specialty. He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army. While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay, they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe, brought in after a horrible bus accident, in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life. When Meredith goes to check on John Doe, he seems to recognize her and will not let go of her hand. After several attempts at trying, he succeeds in tracing ``007 ''on Meredith's hand. Shocked, she realizes`` John Doe'' is in fact O'Malley. She informs the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery. However, he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead. His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted, and he is buried a week later."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Samantha Sloyan", "paragraph_text": "Samantha Sloyan (born January 4, 1979) is an American actress. Sloyan is best known for her roles in In the Key of Eli and Scandal. Samantha was also seen playing Sarah in the 2016 film Hush as well as Dr. Penelope Blake in the medical drama Grey's Anatomy in Season 11 and 12."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hopkins (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Created as a real-life adjunct to the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", it follows the professional lives of hospital caregivers and their patients. The show is a follow-up to the ABC Special \"Hopkins 24/7\", from 2000. \"Boston Med\", which aired on ABC in June\u2013August 2010, was produced by the same team behind \"Hopkins\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sarah Drew", "paragraph_text": "Sarah Drew (born October 1, 1980) is an American actress and director. She is known for playing Hannah Rogers in The WB family drama series Everwood (2004 -- 2006) and Dr. April Kepner in the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2009 -- 2018)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jessica Capshaw", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Brooke Capshaw Gavigan (born August 9, 1976), known professionally as Jessica Capshaw, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in The Practice and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. She was introduced in Grey's Anatomy's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lexie Grey", "paragraph_text": "Characterized by Rhimes as a dork with issues expressing her feelings, Lexie's focal storyline in the series involved her romantic relationship with plastics attending Mark Sloan (Eric Dane). Both she and Mark sustained life - threatening injuries during an aviation accident in the eighth - season finale, which resulted in their deaths. Seattle Grace Mercy West is later renamed Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital in their memory. The reason given for Lexie's departure after five years on the show was Leigh's desire to spend more time with her family."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tessa Ferrer", "paragraph_text": "Tessa Rose Ferrer (born March 30, 1986) is an American actress. She is known for playing Dr. Leah Murphy, a surgical intern then resident, in Grey's Anatomy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Grey's Anatomy", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27, 2005, on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement. The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attending physicians, as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships. The title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray. Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series; she is also one of the executive producers, along with Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg. Although the series is set in Seattle (at the fictional Seattle Grace, later known as the Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital), it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles, California."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Song Beneath the Song", "paragraph_text": "``Song Beneath the Song ''also known as Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the one - hundred forty - fourth episode overall. It was named after a song by American singer Maria Taylor. Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011. It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program. It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Grey's Anatomy", "paragraph_text": "On February 10, 2017, ABC renewed Grey's Anatomy for a fourteenth season, which premiered on September 28, 2017. The series' success catapulted such long - running cast members as Pompeo, Dempsey, and Oh to worldwide recognition; they were among the top five highest - earning television actors in 2013."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jeffrey Dean Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Jeffrey Dean Morgan (born April 22, 1966) is an American actor. He is known for playing John Winchester on Supernatural, Denny Duquette on the medical drama Grey's Anatomy, The Comedian in the 2009 superhero film Watchmen, Jason Crouse on The Good Wife, and his notable role as Negan on The Walking Dead."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Grey's Anatomy", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement on March 27, 2005. The series focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns, residents, and attending physicians, as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships. The title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, a classic human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Song Beneath the Song", "paragraph_text": "``Song Beneath the Song, ''also known as Grey's Anatomy:`` The Music Event,'' is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the one - hundred forty - fourth episode overall. It was named after a song initially performed by American singer Maria Taylor. Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011. It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program. It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lexie Grey", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Caroline ``Lexie ''Grey, M.D. is a fictional character from ABC's medical drama series Grey's Anatomy. Created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, the character was portrayed by actress Chyler Leigh from the third through eighth seasons. She was introduced as a surgical intern in season three. Serving as Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s half - sister, Lexie transferred to the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother's sudden death, and was eventually named a surgical resident. Leigh was originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc, but received star billing in the fourth season."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "It's the End of the World", "paragraph_text": "``It's the End of the World ''Grey's Anatomy episode Episode no. Season 2 Episode 16 Directed by Peter Horton Written by Shonda Rhimes Production code 211 Original air date February 5, 2006 (2006 - 02 - 05) (ABC) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance (s) Christina Ricci as Hannah Davies Kyle Chandler as Dylan Young Jillian Armenante as Mindy Carlson Cress Williams as Tucker Jones Larry Clarke as Paul Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper. Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` Break on Through'' Next \u2192 ``As We Know It ''Grey's Anatomy (season 2) List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of Grey's Anatomy episodes", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement on March 27, 2005. The series has aired for fourteen seasons, and focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns and residents as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives. The show's premise originated with Shonda Rhimes, who serves as an executive producer, along with Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg. The series was created to be racially diverse, utilizing a color - blind casting technique. It is primarily filmed in Los Angeles. The show's title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, the classic human anatomy textbook."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sadie Harris", "paragraph_text": "Sadie Harris was a recurring fictional character from the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and portrayed by actress Melissa George. Introduced as a surgical intern who has an old companionship with the series' protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), she eventually forms a friendship with Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), and departs after it is revealed she cheated her way into the surgical program."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Camilla Luddington", "paragraph_text": "Camilla Luddington (born 15 December 1983) is an English actress, known for her roles as Kate Middleton in the Lifetime TV film William & Kate: The Movie (2011) and as Jo Wilson in the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy (season 3) DVD cover art for the third season of Grey's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens, Jr. Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 Release Original network ABC Original release September 21, 2006 (2006 - 09 - 21) -- May 17, 2007 (2007 - 05 - 17) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 2 Next \u2192 Season 4 List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "As We Know It", "paragraph_text": "\"As We Know It\" is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes and was directed by Peter Horton. It originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), on February 12, 2006, running for 43:06 min. This episode is the second of a two-part story."}], "question": "When does the character who George ends up with leave Grey's Anatomy?"}
{"id": "2hop__684898_847962", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zec de la Bessonne", "paragraph_text": "The Zec de la Bessonne is a \"zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (controlled harvesting area) (ZEC) near La Tuque in administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada. A territory of was assigned in 1978 to the Zec."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Santa Tecla, El Salvador", "paragraph_text": "Santa Tecla is a municipality in the La Libertad department of El Salvador. It is the capital of the department of La Libertad."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zec de la Rivi\u00e8re-Nouvelle", "paragraph_text": "The Zec de la Rivi\u00e8re-Nouvelle (River Nova) is a \"zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (controlled harvesting zone) (zec) in the unorganized territory of Rivi\u00e8re-Nouvelle, in Avignon Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region Gasp\u00e9sie-\u00celes-de-la-Madeleine, in Quebec, in Canada. The main purpose of the ZEC is the management of salmon fishing."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Estadio Las Victorias", "paragraph_text": "Estadio Las Victorias is a soccer stadium located in Chiquimula, Guatemala. It is home to second division club Sacachispas, and has a capacity of 9,000."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Estadio Las Delicias", "paragraph_text": "Estadio Las Delicias is a multi-use stadium in Santa Tecla, El Salvador. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Santa Tecla F.C.. The stadium holds 10,000 spectators."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "In which municipality is Estadio Las Delicias located?"}
{"id": "2hop__142668_417706", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Beautiful Surprise", "paragraph_text": "Beautiful Surprise is the fifth studio album by Canadian recording artist Tamia. It was released by her own label, Plus One Music Group, and distributed by EMI and Capitol Records on August 28, 2012 in the United States.The singer worked with various producers on the album, including Claude Kelly, The Runners, Carvin & Ivan, Salaam Remi, and J. Phoenix."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Emotional Rain", "paragraph_text": "Emotional Rain is the seventh studio album by singer Lee Aaron, released on August 3, 1994 through A&M Records (Canada) and in 1995 through Koch Entertainment (Europe); it was later reissued in 2004 through Solid Gold Records."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Voices of Wonder", "paragraph_text": "Voices of Wonder aka Voice of Wonder Records was one of the most important rock record labels in Oslo, Norway in the early 1990s. The label was fronted by a small and intimate record store on Olaf Ryes plass, which in addition to the labels own artists specialized in the English Earache Records and the American Sub Pop labels."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Def Jam Recordings", "paragraph_text": "Def Jam Recordings is an American record label focused predominantly on hip hop, pop , and urban music, owned by Universal Music Group. In the UK, the label takes on the name Def Jam UK and is operated through Virgin EMI Records, while in Japan, it is known as Def Jam Japan, operating through Universal Music Japan. The label distributes releases of various record labels, including Kanye West's GOOD Music, and Listen Up Forever Records, headed by producer, Ronny J. Current artists include Justin Bieber, Logic, Big Sean, Kanye West, Nas, 2 Chainz, Teyana Taylor, YG, Dave East, Jeezy, Jeremih, Q-Tip, Valee, Pusha T, Vince Staples, Fabolous, Desiigner and Jhen\u00e9 Aiko."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Se Va Conmigo", "paragraph_text": "\"Se Va Conmigo\" is a song performed by Puerto Rican profession basketball player and recording artist Carlos Arroyo. The song features guest vocals from reggaet\u00f3n singer Yomo. The official remix features Ivy Queen. The song is Arroyo's second single release for his independent record label Arroyo Hit Music."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ellahy Amen Records", "paragraph_text": "Ellahy Amen Records is an American-French independent avant-garde record label, launched in 2002 by former Pigface member and experimental/avant-garde musician Leila Bela. The record label is based both in Paris, France and Austin, Texas, United States. Currently, the label has three artists signed to the roster."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ed Sheeran", "paragraph_text": "In March 2015, Sheeran revealed he was setting up a record label, Gingerbread Man Records, which is a deal with Warner Music Group. The label was launched in August 2015 alongside its accompanying YouTube channel. Jamie Lawson, the label's first signee, met Sheeran while they were both in London's folk circuit. Lawson released his self - titled debut album on 9 October 2015, which has earned him a number one in the UK Albums Chart. Sheeran signed his second artist, Foy Vance, in November 2015."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lee Aaron (album)", "paragraph_text": "Lee Aaron is the self-titled fourth studio album by singer Lee Aaron, released on 17 February 1987 through Attic Records; a remastered edition was reissued in 2002 through Unidisc Music. It is Aaron's third-highest charting album, reaching No. 39 on the Canadian albums chart and remaining on that chart for seventeen weeks, as well as reaching the top 60 in three other countries. Two singles reached the Canadian singles chart: \"Only Human\" at No. 44 and \"Goin' Off the Deep End\" at No. 93."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kontor Records", "paragraph_text": "Kontor Records is a record label based in Hamburg, Germany. The label's artist roster includes ATB, Ti\u00ebsto and Scooter. Jens Thele is the head manager of Kontor and is also the manager of Scooter."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rain on the Window", "paragraph_text": "Rain on the Window is an album by English saxophonist John Surman with organist Howard Moody recorded in 2006 and released on the ECM label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Spring Rain (MAX song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Spring Rain\" is MAX's 23rd single on the Avex Trax label and their second ballad single. It was released on February 20, 2002 after the announcement of lead singer Mina's pregnancy and marriage. It was Mina's last single with the group before she was replaced by Aki on their next single, \"Eternal White.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Game of Triangles", "paragraph_text": "The Game of Triangles is a studio album by Bobby Bare, Norma Jean and Liz Anderson. It was Bobby Bare's tenth studio album, Norma Jean's fourth and Liz Anderson's second. The title song was a top 5 hit for the trio and they were nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. Only six of the album's songs were performed by all three artists, each of whom also contributed two solo performances to the album. The album was released as a music download on April 3, 2015 by Sony Legacy. On January 1, 2018, the European record label Morello released it as a deluxe cd also featuring the tracks from two Bobby Bare duet albums with Skeeter Davis."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, then Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of the company on July 1, 2011. Sony Music underwent a restructuring after Morris' arrival. He was joined by L.A. Reid, who became the chairman and CEO of Epic Records. Under Reid, multiple artists from the Jive half of the former RCA/Jive Label Group moved to Epic. Peter Edge became the new CEO of the RCA Records unit. The RCA Music Group closed down Arista, J Records and Jive Records in October 2011, with the artists from those labels being moved to RCA Records."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "G Tom Mac (album)", "paragraph_text": "G Tom Mac is the debut album of Gerard McMahon's group G Tom Mac. The album was produced by G Tom Mac and Tony Berg and was released on the Edge Artists record label in 2000."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hamburg Records", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg Records is a Hamburg, Germany based independent record label and artist management owned by Pyogenesis vocalist Flo V. Schwarz."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Emotional Traffic", "paragraph_text": "Emotional Traffic is the eleventh studio album by American country music artist Tim McGraw. Originally completed in late 2010, it is McGraw's last studio album released by Curb Records, a label he has been with since his self-titled 1993 debut album. It was released on January 24, 2012."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rain, Hail or Shine", "paragraph_text": "Rain, Hail or Shine, an album by The Battlefield Band, was released in 1998 on the Temple Records label. The total running time is 45:38."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nothing Records", "paragraph_text": "Nothing Records was an American record label specializing in industrial rock and electronic music, founded by John Malm Jr. and Trent Reznor in 1992. It is considered an example of a vanity label, where an artist is able to run a label with some degree of independence from within a larger parent company, in this case being Interscope Records."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "EmArcy Records", "paragraph_text": "EmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by Mercury Records, and today a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group. The name is a phonetic spelling of \"MRC\", the initials for Mercury Record Company."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jive Records", "paragraph_text": "Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records. Formerly headquartered in New York City, the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s, and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s."}], "question": "What is the record label of the Emotional Rain performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__64879_232091", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Petrea Burchard", "paragraph_text": "Petrea Celeste Burchard (born March 23, 1955) is an American actress, and voice actress. She is sometimes credited as Celeste Burch in the anime she appears in. Her most recognizable role to date is as the English voice actor for fictional character and space pirate, Ryoko Hakubi from the Japanese animated series \"Tenchi Muyo!\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Matthew Labyorteaux", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Charles Labyorteaux (born December 8, 1966) is an American film and television actor and voice artist. In many of his credits, his last name is spelled as ``Laborteaux ''. He is also credited as Matthew Charles for his work in animation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Cleveland Show", "paragraph_text": "Sanaa Lathan voices Donna Tubbs, the wife of Cleveland, stepmother of Cleveland Brown Jr., and mother of Roberta and Rallo Tubbs. In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers ``wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge. ''Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low - budget film entitled The Golden Blaze. In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as Alien vs. Predator, Love & Basketball and The Family That Preys."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jacek i Agatka", "paragraph_text": "Jacek i Agatka (\"Jacek and Agatka\") is a Polish television program created by writer Wanda Chotomska for Telewizja Polska's children's television block Dobranocka. It was the first Polish television show intended for bedtime. Featuring finger puppetry, the show centers on the young siblings Jacek and Agatka who explore children's topics and curiously crafted ideas. The program aired at 19:20 CET three times a week between 2 October 1962 and 1973 and was merchandised on bathing products and toys."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fresh Off the Boat", "paragraph_text": "Hudson Yang as Edwyn ``Eddie ''Huang, the show's protagonist and a die - hard hip - hop and rap fan, as well as a great fan of basketball. The oldest of three brothers, he eschews Taiwanese culture and is more rebellious than his younger siblings, which makes him a frequent target of Jessica's complaints. Because Eddie represents the writer of the book on which the show is based, all of the season - one episodes were told from his perspective, and the real - life Eddie Huang voices the narrator. A creative change for season two expands the focus to the entire Huang family."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alien: Covenant", "paragraph_text": "Other credited parts include Lorelei King as the voice of the Covenant's computer ``Mother ''; King was a colleague of Helen Horton, the voice of the Nostromo's`` Mother'' in 1979's Alien. Goran D. Kleut is credited in two roles, as both a neomorph and a xenomorph, while Andrew Crawford is credited as a neomorph."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Grey DeLisle", "paragraph_text": "Erin Grey Van Oosbree (born August 24, 1973), credited as Grey DeLisle (/ d\u0259\u02c8la\u026al /) and Grey Griffin, is an American voice actress and singer - songwriter. She has done voice acting for numerous animated films, television shows, and video games. Her voice roles include Vicky from The Fairly OddParents, Samantha ``Sam ''Manson from Danny Phantom, Mandy from The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, Frankie Foster, Duchess, and Goo from Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Yumi Yoshimura from Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, Azula from Avatar: The Last Airbender, Kimiko Tohomiko from Xiaolin Showdown, as well as Lola, Lana, and Lily Loud from The Loud House, and Prince Puppycorn from Unikitty!. She has been the voice of Daphne Blake in the Scooby - Doo cartoons and direct - to - videos and other appearances since 2000. In video games, she voices Amanda Valenciano Libre from Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gooische Vrouwen", "paragraph_text": "Gooische Vrouwen is a Dutch comedy-drama series, created by Linda de Mol for her brother John de Mol's TV network Tien in 2005, along the lines of Desperate Housewives or Sex and the City. However, after the show's second season, Tien went bankrupt and Gooische Vrouwen was transferred to RTL 4, where it ran for three more seasons until its finale in 2009. After its 42-episode run the show was followed by a theatrically released feature film (also called Gooische Vrouwen) in 2011. The show chronicles the everyday lives of four female friends living in het Gooi (the Dutch equivalent of Beverly Hills)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins", "paragraph_text": "The live - action cast features Robbie Amell as Fred, Kate Melton as Daphne, Hayley Kiyoko as Velma and Nick Palatas as Shaggy. Scooby - Doo was created using computer - generated imagery and his voice is provided by Frank Welker, who also was a cast member of the animated series, Scooby - Doo, Where Are You! and The Scooby - Doo Show, providing the voice of Fred."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tammy Hensrud", "paragraph_text": "Tammy Hensrud is an American opera singer and teacher credited with hundreds of international performances. She is an adjunct Professor of Voice at Hofstra University."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of the American animated television sitcom SpongeBob SquarePants, created by former marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg, aired from May 1, 1999 to April 8, 2000, and consists of 20 episodes. The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The show features the voices of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett, and Lori Alan. Among the first guest stars to appear on the show were Ernest Borgnine and Tim Conway voicing the superhero characters of Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy, respectively."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rachael MacFarlane", "paragraph_text": "Rachael Ann MacFarlane Laudiero (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress and singer best known as the voice of character Hayley Smith on the animated television show American Dad!, which was co-created by her older brother Seth MacFarlane. She also voiced Supreme Leader Numbuh 362 in Codename: Kids Next Door and Kate Lockwell in Starcraft II."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "F Troop", "paragraph_text": "BULLET::::- Although the show's opening credits claim \"F Troop\" was created by Richard Bluel, a final arbitration by the Writers Guild of America eventually gave Seaman Jacobs, Ed James, and Jim Barnett credit."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Voice of Italy", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of Italy is a reality singing competition and Italian version of the international syndication \"The Voice\" based on the reality singing competition launched in the Netherlands, created by Dutch television producer John de Mol. The inaugural season was in 2013 with the first episode airing on Rai 2 on March 7, 2013. The show is also broadcast via radio on Radio Rai and RTL 102.5."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Other voice actors and members of South Park's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters; supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens, co-producer and storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices the school's only black student, Token Black, writing consultant Vernon Chatman voices an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie, and production supervisor John Hansen voices Mr. Slave, the former gay lover of Mr. Garrison. Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kanta Pilipinas", "paragraph_text": "Kanta Pilipinas (English: \"Sing Philippines\") is a reality singing competition that airs on TV5. It is hosted by Rico Blanco, Rivermaya's former lead vocalist. With the tagline \"Kanta Mo, Kwento Mo, Kapatid\" (Your Song, Your Story, Sibling), the show premiered on February 9, 2013. The show airs every Saturday at 9:00 PM (PST)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frank Peppiatt", "paragraph_text": "Frank Peppiatt (March 19, 1927 \u2013 November 7, 2012) was a Canadian (naturalized American) television producer and screenwriter, considered a pioneer of the variety show genre. His credits included \"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\". Most notably, co-created the variety show, \"Hee Haw\", in 1969 with John Aylesworth."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of the American animated television sitcom SpongeBob SquarePants, created by former marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg, aired on Nickelodeon from May 1, 1999 to April 8, 2000, and consists of 20 episodes. The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The show features the voices of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett, and Lori Alan. Among the first guest stars to appear on the show were Ernest Borgnine and Tim Conway voicing the superhero characters of Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy, respectively."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Voice (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "The Voice is an international reality television singing competition franchise. It is based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland, which was originally created by Dutch television producer John de Mol. Many other countries have adapted the format and begun airing their own versions since 2010. It has become a rival to the Idols franchise, Rising Star and The X Factor."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Voice of Holland (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of Holland (season 3) was the third season of the Dutch reality singing competition, created by media tycoon John de Mol and the first sophomore season ever of the show's format. It was aired from August to December 2012 on RTL4."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the person credited with creating The Voice?"}
{"id": "2hop__36832_154871", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of Cap-Fran\u00e7ais", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Cap-Fran\u00e7ais was a naval engagement during the Seven Years' War fought between French and British forces outside the harbour of Cap-Fran\u00e7ais, Saint-Domingue (present-day Cap-Ha\u00eftien, Haiti) on 21 October 1757."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Trafalgar", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August\u2013December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803\u20131815)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Auguste Fran\u00e7ois-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais", "paragraph_text": "Auguste Fran\u00e7ois-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais (18 October 1777, Paris \u2013 3 January 1809, Cacabelos, Spain), Comte de l'Empire joined the French army during the French Revolutionary Wars. He became a general officer of cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars and fought in a number of major battles under Emperor Napoleon I of France in 1805-1807. He was killed by a long range shot fired by a British rifleman during the Peninsular War in 1809 ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battle of Hastenbeck", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Hastenbeck (26 July 1757) was fought as part of the Invasion of Hanover during the Seven Years' War between the allied forces of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Brunswick, and the French. The allies were defeated by the French army near Hamelin in the Electorate of Hanover."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 \u2014 a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition \u2014 that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen. The office was originally intended to be temporary and was staffed by officials seconded from the Grand Council. However, as dealings with foreigners became increasingly complicated and frequent, the office grew in size and importance, aided by revenue from customs duties which came under its direct jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of St. Lucia", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of St. Lucia or the Battle of the Cul de Sac was a naval battle fought off the island of St. Lucia in the West Indies during the American Revolutionary War on 15 December 1778, between the British Royal Navy and the French Navy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Second Opium War", "paragraph_text": "The war followed on from the First Opium War. In 1842, the Treaty of Nanjing\u2014the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties\u2014granted an indemnity and extraterritoriality to Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, and the cession of Hong Kong Island. The failure of the treaty to satisfy British goals of improved trade and diplomatic relations led to the Second Opium War (1856\u201360). In China, the First Opium War is considered to be the beginning of modern Chinese history."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Second Battle of Heligoland Bight", "paragraph_text": "The Second Battle of Heligoland Bight, also called the Action in the Helgoland Bight was an inconclusive naval engagement fought between British and German squadrons on 17 November 1917 during the First World War."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Dettingen", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Dettingen () took place on 27 June 1743 during the War of the Austrian Succession, at Dettingen, now Karlstein am Main in Bavaria. It was fought between a combined British, Hanoverian and Austrian force, the so-called Pragmatic Allies, and a French army commanded by the duc de Noailles."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "After the Xinhai Revolution (1911\u201312) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jean-Louis Dubreton", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Louis Dubreton (18 January 1773 \u2013 27 May 1855) enlisted in the French army in 1790 and served during the French Revolutionary Wars where he gained advancement. During the War of the First Coalition he fought against the allies in the north and against the War in the Vend\u00e9e. By 1801 he commanded a battalion in Italy. The year 1803 found him leading a regiment during the failed French occupation of Santo Domingo."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Beauport", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Beauport, also known as the Battle of Montmorency, fought on 31 July 1759, was an important confrontation between the British and French Armed Forces during the Seven Years' War (also known as the French and Indian War and the War of Conquest) of the French province of Canada. The attack conducted by the British against the French defense line of Beauport, some east of Quebec was checked, and the British soldiers of General James Wolfe retreated with 443 casualties and losses."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Expeditionary Forces", "paragraph_text": "The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) was the expeditionary force of the United States Army during World War I. It was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing. During the United States campaigns in World War I it fought, alongside French and British troops, against the German Empire. Some of the troops fought alongside Italian forces in that same year, against the Austro - Hungarian Army. It helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at Ch\u00e2teau - Thierry and Belleau Wood) in June 1918, and fought its major actions in the Saint - Mihiel and Meuse - Argonne Offensives in late 1918."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Expeditionary Forces", "paragraph_text": "The American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F., A.E.F. or AEF) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing. It fought alongside French Army, British Army, Canadian Army, and Australian Army units against the German Empire. A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro - Hungarian Army. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at the Battle of Ch\u00e2teau - Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood) in the summer of 1918, and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint - Mihiel and the Meuse - Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Second Battle of Dego", "paragraph_text": "The Second Battle of Dego was fought on 14 and 15 April 1796 during the French Revolutionary Wars between French forces and Austro-Sardinian forces. The battle was fought near Dego, a hamlet in northwestern Italy, and ended in a French victory."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Krefeld", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Krefeld (sometimes referred to by its French name of Cr\u00e9feld) was a battle fought on 23 June 1758 between a Prussian-Hanoverian army and a French army during the Seven Years' War."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Battle of Trafalgar", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August -- December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1796 -- 1815)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Zhangjiawan", "paragraph_text": "Battle of Zhangjiawan or Chang-kia-wan was fought by British and French forces against China at the town of Zhangjiawan (to the east of Tongzhou) during the Second Opium War on the morning of 18 September 1860."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Tory Island", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Tory Island (sometimes called the Battle of Donegal, Battle of Lough Swilly or Warren's Action) was a naval action of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought on 12 October 1798 between French and British squadrons off the northwest coast of County Donegal, then in the Kingdom of Ireland. The last action of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Battle of Tory Island ended the final attempt by the French Navy to land substantial numbers of soldiers in Ireland during the war."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The French and Indian War (1754 -- 63) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War of 1756 -- 63. It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France. Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as by American Indian allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict."}], "question": "What year did the war fought between the British and French against the Qing start?"}
{"id": "2hop__107836_232091", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "George Coe", "paragraph_text": "George Coe (May 10, 1929 -- July 18, 2015) was an American stage, film and television actor and voice artist. He did voice - over work in video games, movies and TV shows. He was a cast member for the first season of Saturday Night Live and voiced Woodhouse in Archer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Holland, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Holland is a village in Lucas County, Ohio, United States. Holland is a suburb of Toledo. The population was 1,764 at the 2010 census. Holland is home to the J.H. Fentress Antique Popcorn Museum."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fresh Off the Boat", "paragraph_text": "Hudson Yang as Edwyn ``Eddie ''Huang, the show's protagonist and a die - hard hip - hop and rap fan, as well as a great fan of basketball. The oldest of three brothers, he eschews Taiwanese culture and is more rebellious than his younger siblings, which makes him a frequent target of Jessica's complaints. Because Eddie represents the writer of the book on which the show is based, all of the season - one episodes were told from his perspective, and the real - life Eddie Huang voices the narrator. A creative change for season two expands the focus to the entire Huang family."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Voice of Vietnam", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t Vi\u1ec7t) is a reality television singing competition created by John de Mol. It premiered in Vietnam in July 2012 on Vietnam Television. The format is Dutch and the original Dutch version of the programme was broadcast in the Netherlands for the first time in 2010 as \"The Voice of Holland\". The programme was commissioned after a successful first season in the U.S., where the programme aired on NBC domestically and AXN Asia regionally. It is produced by C\u00e1t Ti\u00ean Sa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg made her first appearance on television when Family Guy debuted on Fox on January 31, 1999, with the episode ``Death Has a Shadow ''. Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season, she has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2, although Chabert returned to voice Meg in Yug Ylimaf and Back to the Pilot."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Cleveland Show", "paragraph_text": "Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a ``Steve Martin impression (...) a Wild and Crazy Guy impression ''. Jess Harnell voices Tim from season 3 episode 11 onwards."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gooische Vrouwen", "paragraph_text": "Gooische Vrouwen is a Dutch comedy-drama series, created by Linda de Mol for her brother John de Mol's TV network Tien in 2005, along the lines of Desperate Housewives or Sex and the City. However, after the show's second season, Tien went bankrupt and Gooische Vrouwen was transferred to RTL 4, where it ran for three more seasons until its finale in 2009. After its 42-episode run the show was followed by a theatrically released feature film (also called Gooische Vrouwen) in 2011. The show chronicles the everyday lives of four female friends living in het Gooi (the Dutch equivalent of Beverly Hills)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Voice of Holland (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of Holland (season 3) was the third season of the Dutch reality singing competition, created by media tycoon John de Mol and the first sophomore season ever of the show's format. It was aired from August to December 2012 on RTL4."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sharon Doorson", "paragraph_text": "Sharon Doorson (born April 24, 1987, Netherlands) is a Dutch singer-songwriter, of Surinamese descent. She released her debut album in 2013, which reached the top 20 with 4 Top 40 singles released so far in Netherlands. She competed in \"The Voice of Holland\" having all four judges turn for her in the Blind-Audition. She was eliminated in Week 6 (the semi-finals)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rob Penders", "paragraph_text": "Rob Penders (born 31 December 1975 in Zaandam, North Holland) is a former Dutch footballer who mainly played for NAC Breda during his career. Penders is a defender who made his debut in professional football, being part of the RBC Roosendaal squad in the 1994\u201395 season. In the season 1999-2000 he joined NAC Breda. He played there for 10 seasons."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oudendijk, Strijen", "paragraph_text": "Oudendijk is a hamlet in the Dutch province of South Holland and is part of the municipality Strijen. Oudendijk lies 3 km south east from Westmaas."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Voice of Poland", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of Poland is a Polish reality talent show that premiered on September 3, 2011 on the TVP 2 television network. The Voice of Poland is part of the international syndication \"The Voice\" based on the reality singing competition launched in the Netherlands as \"The Voice of Holland\", created by Dutch television producer John de Mol."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg debuted on television when Family Guy debuted on Fox on January 31, 1999, with the episode ``Death Has a Shadow ''. Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season, she has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2, although Chabert returned to voice Meg in`` Yug Ylimaf'' and ``Back to the Pilot ''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": ".465 H&H Magnum", "paragraph_text": "The .465 H&H Magnum also known as .465 Holland & Holland Magnum, is a modern big bore firearms cartridge introduced by Holland & Holland in 2003 together with the .400 H&H Magnum. The .465 H&H Magnum is a .468 caliber, belted, rimless bottlenecked cartridge. The cartridge is a necked-up, shoulder-lowered tapered cartridge based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum case."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of Family Guy cast members", "paragraph_text": "Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited. Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork. Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances. Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned. Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Poker After Dark", "paragraph_text": "Poker After Dark is an hour-long poker television program on NBC. The show made its debut on January 1, 2007, and was canceled on December 3, 2011, following the \"Black Friday\" criminal case, which involved major sponsor Full Tilt Poker as one of the defendants. For its first two seasons, both of which originally aired in 2007, the show was presented by Shana Hiatt. The host for season 3 was Marianela Pereyra, and Leeann Tweeden took over starting with season 4. All seasons have contained voice-over commentary by Oliver \"Ali\" Nejad."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bloodline (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Kyle Chandler as John Rayburn, the second son; a detective and local deputy with the Monroe County sheriff's office Ben Mendelsohn as Danny Rayburn, the oldest son and black sheep of the family (main, seasons 1 -- 2; guest, season 3) Linda Cardellini as Meg Rayburn, the daughter and youngest sibling; an attorney and the family peacekeeper Norbert Leo Butz as Kevin Rayburn, the hot - headed youngest son; he refurbishes boats at Indian Key Channel Marina Jacinda Barrett as Diana Rayburn, John's wife; she runs a plant nursery Jamie McShane as Eric O'Bannon, Danny's friend and Chelsea's brother; a parolee Enrique Murciano as Marco Diaz, Meg's former long - term romantic partner; a detective with the Monroe County sheriff's office and John's partner Sam Shepard as Robert Rayburn, the patriarch (main, season 1; guest, season 2) Sissy Spacek as Sally Rayburn, the matriarch Katie Finneran as Belle Rayburn, Kevin's estranged wife (recurring, season 1; main, seasons 2 -- 3) John Leguizamo as Ozzy Delvecchio, a man from Danny's past (seasons 2 -- 3) Andrea Riseborough as Evangeline (Eve) Radosevich, the mother of Nolan Rayburn who has unfinished business with the Rayburn family (season 2) Chlo\u00eb Sevigny as Chelsea O'Bannon, Eric's younger sister; a nurse (recurring, seasons 1 -- 2; main, season 3)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Voice (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "The Voice is an international reality television singing competition franchise. It is based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland, which was originally created by Dutch television producer John de Mol. Many other countries have adapted the format and begun airing their own versions since 2010. It has become a rival to the Idols franchise, Rising Star and The X Factor."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "WPOS-FM", "paragraph_text": "WPOS-FM (102.3 FM) is a 501(c)3 non-profit listener-supported & commercial radio station broadcasting Contemporary Christian music and a teaching programs format. WPOS-FM is licensed to Holland, Ohio, United States, and is currently owned by The Maumee Valley Broadcasting Association."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the creator of The Voice of Holland (season 3)?"}
{"id": "2hop__608487_154871", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18\u201323, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Barrosa", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Barrosa (Chiclana, 5 March 1811, also known as the Battle of Chiclana or Battle of Cerro del Puerco) was part of an unsuccessful manoeuvre to break the siege of C\u00e1diz in Spain during the Peninsular War. During the battle, a single British division defeated two French divisions and captured a regimental eagle."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of Camaret", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Camaret was an amphibious landing at Camaret Bay on 18 June 1694 by the English and Dutch in an attempt to seize the French port of Brest and destroy part of the French fleet stationed there, as part of the Nine Years' War. It was successfully opposed by S\u00e9bastien Le Prestre de Vauban (in his only ever field command)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battle of Kay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Kay (), also referred to as the Battle of Sulech\u00f3w, Battle of Z\u00fcllichau, or Battle of Paltzig, was an engagement fought on 23 July 1759 during the Seven Years' War. It occurred near Kay (Kije) in the Neumark, now part of Poland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Gnila Lipa", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Gnila Lipa took place early in the World War I on 29\u201330 August 1914, when the Imperial Russian Army invaded Galicia and engaged the defending Austro-Hungarian Army. It was part of a larger series of battles known collectively as the Battle of Galicia. The battle ended in a defeat of the Austro-Hungarian forces."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Isted", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Isted (; ) took place on 25 July 1850 near the village of Idstedt (Danish: \"Isted\"), in what is today Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The battle was part of the First Schleswig War."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Battle of Torgau", "paragraph_text": "In the Battle of Torgau on 3 November 1760, King Frederick the Great's Prussian army fought a larger Austrian army under the command of Field Marshal Leopold Josef Graf Daun. The Prussians won a costly victory in one of the bloodiest battles of the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Karl von Plettenberg", "paragraph_text": "Karl von Plettenberg was in command of the Guards Corps at the outset of World War I, assigned to the 2nd Army as part of the right wing of the forces that invaded France and Belgium as part of the Schlieffen Plan offensive in August 1914. He led the Guards Corps at the First Battle of the Marne and the First Battle of Ypres."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Waterloo", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present - day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British - led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Bl\u00fccher, Prince of Wahlstatt. The battle marked the end of the 20 year Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battle of Hastenbeck", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Hastenbeck (26 July 1757) was fought as part of the Invasion of Hanover during the Seven Years' War between the allied forces of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Brunswick, and the French. The allies were defeated by the French army near Hamelin in the Electorate of Hanover."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Iago ap Beli", "paragraph_text": "Iago ap Beli (Latin: Iacobus Belii filius . ) was the son and successor of King Beli ap Rhun, and is listed in the royal genealogies of the Harleian genealogies and in Jesus College MS. 20. The only other record of him is the note of his death, which occurred in the same year as the Battle of Chester (), with no connection between Iago's death and the famous battle, and with no evidence that Gwynedd had any part in the battle. He would be succeeded as king by his son, Cadfan ap Iago."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Second Battle of Donetsk Airport", "paragraph_text": "Fighting between separatist forces affiliated with the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), and Ukrainian military and volunteer forces broke out at Donetsk International Airport on 28 September 2014, sparking the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport, a part of the ongoing war in the Donbass region of Ukraine. This followed an earlier battle over control of the airport in May 2014, which left it in Ukrainian hands. The new battle was sparked despite a ceasefire agreement, the Minsk Protocol, that had been in place from 5 September. At the start of the battle, the airport was the last part of Donetsk city held by government forces, and it lies between the separatist and Ukrainian lines of control. Heavy fighting over the airport continued into the new year, with some of the worst fighting having taken place in January 2015. On 21 January, DPR forces overran the government's positions at the airport. The remaining Ukrainian forces were either killed, forced to retreat, or captured."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Magnus Julius De la Gardie", "paragraph_text": "Magnus Julius De la Gardie was born in 1668 in Stockholm. He started his military career in the French army, where he fought for the French in the War of the Spanish Succession. After the Battle of Malplaquet in 1709, he became a Swedish Colonel at the Royal Dalarna Regiment, which he led in the Battle of Gadebusch in 1712. After the successful battle, he was appointed Swedish Major General, and in 1717 he became a Lieutenant General."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of Palikao", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Palikao (, ) was fought at the bridge of Palikao by Anglo-French forces against the Qing Empire during the Second Opium War on the morning of 21 September 1860. It allowed Western forces to take the capital Beijing and eventually defeat the Qing Empire."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of Eylau", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Eylau or Battle of Preussisch-Eylau, 7 and 8 February 1807, was a bloody and inconclusive battle between Napoleon's \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" and the Imperial Russian Army under the command of Levin August von Bennigsen near the town of Preussisch Eylau in East Prussia. Late in the battle, the Russians received timely reinforcements from a Prussian division of von L'Estocq. After 1945 the town was renamed Bagrationovsk as a part of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. The engagement was fought during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Dunkirk", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Dunkirk was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War. The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Second Opium War", "paragraph_text": "The war followed on from the First Opium War. In 1842, the Treaty of Nanjing\u2014the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties\u2014granted an indemnity and extraterritoriality to Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, and the cession of Hong Kong Island. The failure of the treaty to satisfy British goals of improved trade and diplomatic relations led to the Second Opium War (1856\u201360). In China, the First Opium War is considered to be the beginning of modern Chinese history."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2017 New Year Honours", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 New Year Honours are appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Honours were awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January and were announced on 30 December 2016."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Soor", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Soor (30 September 1745) was a battle between Frederick the Great's Prussian army and an Austro-Saxon army led by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine during the Second Silesian War (part of the War of the Austrian Succession). The battle occurred in the vicinity of Soor, also known as Hajnice, in the modern day Czech Republic. The battle started with a failed Austrian surprise attack on the outnumbered Prussians. Despite initial setbacks the Prussian army managed to defeat the Austrians, due to an unexpected attack from a reserve regiment that refused to follow Frederick's orders."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Battle of the Strong", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Strong is an 1898 novel by Gilbert Parker. It was first published in serial format in \"The Atlantic Monthly\" starting in January 1898, and as a single volume late in the same year. It was ranked as the tenth-highest best selling book overall in the United States for 1898, and appeared as high as Number 2 on the monthly bestseller list published in \"The Bookman\" in early 1899. The book is set in the Channel Islands, primarily during the period 1781-95, and opens with attempted invasion of Jersey by France in the Battle of Jersey."}], "question": "What year did the war that included the Battle of Palikao start?"}
{"id": "2hop__156974_297043", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Moruya River", "paragraph_text": "The headwaters of the Deua River rise south of Braidwood and flow to the village of Kiora where the Deua River forms its confluence with the Moruya River. The Moruya River flows generally east, joined by two minor tributaries, past the town of Moruya, before reaching its mouth of the Tasman Sea at Moruya Heads. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Murrah River", "paragraph_text": "Formed by the confluence of the Mumbulla Creek and Dry River, approximately southeast by south of Quaama, the Murrah River flows generally east, before flowing into Murrah Lagoon and reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean north of Murrah Beach. The length of the course of the river varies between and ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yukon River", "paragraph_text": "The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The river's source is in British Columbia, Canada, from which it flows through the Canadian Yukon Territory (itself named after the river). The lower half of the river lies in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta. The average flow is 6,430 m/s (227,000\u00a0ft/s). The total drainage area is 832,700\u00a0km (321,500\u00a0mi), of which 323,800\u00a0km (126,300\u00a0mi) is in Canada. The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Swift River (Teslin Lake)", "paragraph_text": "The Swift River is a river that begins in Yukon Territory and flows southwest into British Columbia to its mouth at the east side of Teslin Lake on the Teslin River system. The river drains the uppermost portion of the Cassiar Mountains and in its lower reaches traverses the Nisutlin Plateau, which lies along the east side of Teslin Lake north of the mouth of the Jennings River, which is to the south of the Swift."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anglesea River", "paragraph_text": "The Anglesea River rises in the Otway Ranges east of and flows generally east by south before reaching its mouth and emptying into Bass Strait near the town of the same name."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Verde River", "paragraph_text": "The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wind River (Wisconsin)", "paragraph_text": "The Wind River is a minor tributary of the Mississippi River in western Wisconsin in the United States. It flows for its entire length in western Pierce County. It rises in the town (unincorporated jurisdiction) of Trimbelle and flows southward through the towns of Oak Grove and Diamond Bluff. Wind River joins the Mississippi near the unincorporated community of Diamond Bluff, which is within the larger jurisdiction (the town). The confluence is from the Mississippi's mouth on the Gulf of Mexico."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pambula River", "paragraph_text": "Pambula River rises in timbered highlands near the locality of Lochiel and flows generally east, flowing through Pambula Lake, before reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean near the locality of Pambula Beach. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ango River", "paragraph_text": "Ango River () is a tributary of the Omolon River in Russia's Magadan Oblast in northeast Siberia. It is Omolons right tributary and flows into it from its mouth. The total length of the Ango is ."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Allyn River", "paragraph_text": "Allyn River rises on Allyn Range, on the slopes of the Gondwana Rainforests Barrington Tops, west of Careys Peak, and flows generally southeast, joined by seven minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Paterson River near Vacy; descending over its course."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sogndalsfjorden", "paragraph_text": "Sogndalsfjorden is a fjord in Sogndal Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The long fjord begins at the mouth of the river Ar\u00f8yelvi, which flows out of the lake Hafslovatnet. It then flows to the southwest before emptying into the large Sognefjorden at its mouth between the villages of Nornes and Fimreite."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ishikari River", "paragraph_text": "It originates from Mount Ishikari in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group and flows through Asahikawa and Sapporo. Major tributaries of the river include the Ch\u016bbetsu, Ury\u016b, Sorachi and Toyohira rivers. Until 40,000 years ago, it flowed into the Pacific Ocean near Tomakomai. Lava from the volcanic Shikotsu mountains dammed the river and moved its mouth to the Ishikari Bay."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minnehaha Creek", "paragraph_text": "Minnehaha Creek is a 22-mile-long (35\u00a0km) tributary of the Mississippi River that flows east from Gray's Bay Dam on Lake Minnetonka through the suburban cities of Minnetonka, Hopkins, Saint Louis Park, and Edina, and the city of Minneapolis. The creek flows over Minnehaha Falls in Minnehaha Park near its mouth at the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tomaga River", "paragraph_text": "Tomaga River rises about northeast of Mogo Hill and flows generally southwest and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at Mossy Point. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paterson River", "paragraph_text": "Paterson River, a perennial river that is part of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Hunter and Mid North Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}], "question": "What is the name of the river that joins with the river that the Allyn river flows into?"}
{"id": "2hop__76133_782285", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Watan Ke Rakhwale", "paragraph_text": "Watan Ke Rakhwale (\"English: Saviour of the Nation\") is a 1987 Indian drama-thriller film directed by T. Rama Rao, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Dharmendra, Sunil Dutt, Sridevi, Moushumi Chatterjee, Prem Chopra, Shakti Kapoor and Kader Khan. The film also has Ashok Kumar in an important role."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories", "paragraph_text": "As of 2018, 41 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards. Five have won three Academy Awards: Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day - Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day - Lewis are still living."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "National Film Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "The first recipient was Nargis Dutt from Bollywood, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Award (1968) for her performance in Raat Aur Din. The actress who won the most number of Rajat Kamal awards is Shabana Azmi with five wins, followed by Sharada with three. As of 2016, five actresses -- Smita Patil, Archana, Shobana, Tabu, and Kangana Ranaut -- have won the award two times. Sharada, Archana and Shobana are the only three actresses to get the award for performing in two different languages. Sharada was bestowed with the awards for her performances in two Malayalam films: Thulabharam and Swayamvaram in 1970 and 1973 respectively, and in 1979 for the Telugu film Nimajjanam. Archana was first honoured in 1988 for the Tamil film Veedu and was awarded for the second time in 1989 for the Telugu film Daasi. Shobana received her first award for the Malayalam film Manichitrathazhu in 1994, and her second for the English film Mitr, My Friend in 2002. As of 2016, the late Monisha Unni remains the youngest recipient of the honour; she was awarded for the Malayalam film Nakhakshathangal in 1987 when she was 16. Indrani Haldar and Rituparna Sengupta are the only two actresses to be honoured for the same film. The most recent recipient is Sridevi, who was posthumously honoured at the 65th ceremony for her performance in the 2017 Hindi film Mom."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "84th Academy Awards", "paragraph_text": "The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 26, 2012. The Artist was the second silent feature to win Best Picture. The 1927 film Wings was the first such film to achieve this distinction at the inaugural awards ceremony in 1929. Moreover, it was also the first black - and - white feature to win Best Picture since 1993's Schindler's List. Best Actor winner Jean Dujardin became the first French actor to win an Oscar. With her latest win for Best Actress, Meryl Streep became the fifth performer to win at least three acting Oscars. At age 82, Best Supporting Actor winner Christopher Plummer also made Oscar history by becoming the oldest ever performer to win a competitive acting Oscar."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer", "paragraph_text": "National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer National award for contributions to Indian Cinema Awarded for Best Male Playback Singer for feature film for a year Sponsored by Directorate of Film Festivals Formerly called Best Playback Singer of the Year (1967) Reward (s) Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) \u20b950,000 (US $780) First awarded 1967 Last awarded 2016 Most recent winner Sundarayyar Highlights Total awarded 52 First winner Mahendra Kapoor"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories", "paragraph_text": "As of 2017, 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Six of these actors and actresses have received three or more acting Academy Awards: Katharine Hepburn (four Best Actress awards), Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day - Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day - Lewis are still living."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (film)", "paragraph_text": "Academy Award for Best Actress (Bette Davis, nominee) Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Victor Buono, nominee) Academy Award for Best Costume Design, Black and White (Norma Koch, winner) Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black and White (Ernest Haller, nominee) Academy Award for Best Sound (Joseph D. Kelly, nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress (Crawford, nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress (Davis, nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama (Davis, nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (Buono, nominee) Laurel Award for Golden Laurel for Sleeper of the Year (Winner) Golden Palm -- 1963 Cannes Film Festival (nominee)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Keala Settle", "paragraph_text": "Keala Joan Settle (born November 5, 1975) is an American actress and singer. Settle originated the role of Norma Valverde in Hands on a Hardbody, which ran on Broadway in 2013, and was nominated for the Outer Critics Circle Award, Drama Desk Award, and Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. In 2017, she portrayed Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady, in the musical film The Greatest Showman. The song ``This Is Me ''from the film, principally sung by Settle, won the 2018 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Academy Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "Academy Award for Best Actress The 2018 recipient: Frances McDormand Awarded for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) First awarded Janet Gaynor 7th Heaven, Street Angel and Sunrise May 16, 1929; 88 years ago (1929 - 05 - 16) (for performance in films released during the 1927 / 1928 film season) Currently held by Frances McDormand Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) Website oscars.org"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mich\u00e8le Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Mich\u00e8le Morgan (; 29 February 1920 \u2013 20 December 2016) was a French film actress, who was a leading lady for three decades in both French cinema and Hollywood features. She is considered to have been one of the great French actresses of the 20th century. Morgan was the inaugural winner of the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival. In 1992, she was given an honorary C\u00e9sar Award for her contributions to French cinema."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year", "paragraph_text": "Year (Ceremony) Actor / Actress Category Film title used in nomination Result 1938 (11th) Fay Bainter Best Actress White Banners Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jezebel Academy Award! Won 1942 (15th) Teresa Wright Best Actress The Pride of the Yankees Nominated Best Supporting Actress Mrs. Miniver Academy Award! Won 1944 (17th) Barry Fitzgerald Best Actor Going My Way Nominated Best Supporting Actor Academy Award! Won 1982 (55th) Jessica Lange Best Actress Frances Nominated Best Supporting Actress Tootsie Academy Award! Won 1988 (61st) Sigourney Weaver Best Actress Gorillas in the Mist Nominated Best Supporting Actress Working Girl Nominated 1992 (65th) Al Pacino Best Actor Scent of a Woman Academy Award! Won Best Supporting Actor Glengarry Glen Ross Nominated 1993 (66th) Holly Hunter Best Actress The Piano Academy Award! Won Best Supporting Actress The Firm Nominated Emma Thompson Best Actress The Remains of the Day Nominated Best Supporting Actress In the Name of the Father Nominated 2002 (75th) Julianne Moore Best Actress Far from Heaven Nominated Best Supporting Actress The Hours Nominated (77th) Jamie Foxx Best Actor Ray Academy Award! Won Best Supporting Actor Collateral Nominated 2007 (80th) Cate Blanchett Best Actress Elizabeth: The Golden Age Nominated Best Supporting Actress I'm Not There Nominated"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of accolades received by La La Land", "paragraph_text": "La La Land received 14 nominations at the 89th Academy Awards tying records for most nominations by a single film with All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997). It won six, Best Director (Chazelle), Best Actress (Stone), Best Cinematography (Sandgren), Best Original Score (Hurwitz), Best Original Song (``City of Stars ''), and Best Production Design (the Wascos). At the ceremony, the film was also incorrectly announced as the winner for Best Picture (which it lost to Moonlight) after the presenters had been given the wrong envelope, and Chazelle became the youngest winner of the Best Director award. The film garnered a leading seven Golden Globe Award nominations -- Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy, Best Director, Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Gosling, Best Actress -- Musical or Comedy, Best Screenplay, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song (`` City of Stars''). Winning all of its nominations, it became the film with the most Golden Globe Awards."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Patti Clare", "paragraph_text": "Patti Clare (born 3 March 1976) is an English actress, known for playing the character of Mary Taylor in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street since 2008. She is a three - time winner of the British Soap Award for Best Comedy Performance (2011, 2013, 2016)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "70th Academy Awards", "paragraph_text": "The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards, Titanic tied with Ben - Hur for the most academy awards in Oscar history. It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenplay nomination since 1965's The Sound of Music. Best Actress winner Helen Hunt was the first performer to win an Oscar while concurrently starring in a television series; Jack Nicholson became the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars. Both won for their roles in As Good as it Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards. Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic, Best Actress nominee Kate Winslet and Best Supporting Actress nominee Gloria Stuart became the first pair of actress nominated for portraying the same character in the same film. At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "IIFA Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "IIFA Award for Best Actress Awarded for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role Country India Presented by International Indian Film Academy First awarded Aishwarya Rai, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000) Currently held by Sridevi, Mom (2018) Website IIFA Awards"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Academy Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories. At that time, all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award. However, during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930, only one of those films was cited in each winner's final award, even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marie-France Pisier", "paragraph_text": "Marie-France Pisier (10 May 194424 April 2011) was a French actress, screenwriter, and director. She appeared in numerous films of the French New Wave and twice earned the national C\u00e9sar Award for Best Supporting Actress."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Academy Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The award was traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Actor winner."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1st Filmfare Awards", "paragraph_text": "This led to the section where David announced the awards. No nominations were announced, just the winners. Keep with the voting process, where the readers of the magazine, decided the winners through postal votes, even the awards were given away by readers, chosen via a lucky draw. For example, the Best Film trophy was given by Ambassador Allen to a reader, Saijuddin from Hyderabad, who in turn presented it to Bimal Roy. This was followed by Best Actress which was won by Meena Kumari for Baiju Bawra, Best Actor went to Dilip Kumar for Daag. Next, Ace music director Naushad won his first and only Filmfare Award. The final award Best Director was won by Bimal Roy, present by Sonny Cordiero, a reader from Mumbai."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bullets Over Summer", "paragraph_text": "Bullets Over Summer is a 1999 Hong Kong action film directed by Wilson Yip and starring Francis Ng and Louis Koo. For their performances in the film, Ng and Law Lan were awarded Best Actor and Best Actress respectively at the 6th Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards while Law was also awarded Best Actress at the 19th Hong Kong Film Awards and Best Supporting Actress at the 5th Golden Bauhinia Awards."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the winner of the national award for best actress in 2018?"}
{"id": "2hop__25271_23640", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "The company is often criticized by both the media and its own staff for its less upstanding policies regarding employee relations. A 2012 Reddit post written by an anonymous Comcast call center employee eager to share their negative experiences with the public received attention from publications including The Huffington Post. A 2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcast's employees. It sought to examine why the company has become so widely criticized by its customers, the media and even members of its own staff. The series claimed part of the problem is internal and that Comcast's staff endures unreasonable corporate policies. According to the report: \"customer service has been replaced by an obsession with sales; technicians are understaffed while tech support is poorly trained; and the company is hobbled by internal fragmentation.\" A widely read article penned by an anonymous call center employee working for Comcast appeared in November 2014 on Cracked. Titled \"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\" the article also claimed that Comcast is obsessed with sales, doesn't train its employees properly and concluded that \"the system makes good customer service impossible.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Originals (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Originals Genre Horror Fantasy Supernatural Created by Julie Plec Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Claire Holt Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Daniella Pineda Leah Pipes Danielle Campbell Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Danielle Rose Russell Steven Krueger Composer (s) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 92 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Julie Plec Michael Narducci (seasons 1 -- 4) Leslie Morgenstein Gina Girolamo Running time 45 minutes Production company (s) My So - Called Company Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release October 3, 2013 (2013 - 10 - 03) -- August 1, 2018 (2018 - 08 - 01) Chronology Related shows The Vampire Diaries Legacies External links Website"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Uncle John's Band", "paragraph_text": "Warner Bros. Records released \"Uncle John's Band,\" backed with \"New Speedway Boogie,\" as a single in 1970, receiving only limited airplay due to its length. Garcia worked with Warners to cut it down, though he later called the mix \"an atrocity.\" \"I gave them instructions on how to properly edit it and they garbled it so completely,\" Garcia commented. The original album version ended up getting more air play than the revised Warner Bros. version."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Burdened with debt, in 2004 Vivendi Universal sold 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment (including the studio and theme parks) to General Electric, parent of NBC. The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBCUniversal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. After that deal, GE owned 80% of NBC Universal; Vivendi held the remaining 20%, with an option to sell its share in 2006. GE purchased Vivendi's share in NBCU in 2011 and in turn sold 51% of the company to cable provider Comcast. Comcast merged the former GE subsidiary with its own cable-television programming assets, creating the current NBCUniversal. Following Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval, the Comcast-GE deal was closed on Jan 29, 2011. In March 2013, Comcast bought the remaining 49% of NBCUniversal for $16.7 billion."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 1994, Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division for $1.27 billion. The company's UK branch, Comcast UK Cable Partners, goes public while constructing a cable telecommunications network. With five other media companies, the corporation becomes an original investor in The Golf Channel. Following a bid in 1994 for $2.1 billion, Comcast increased its ownership of QVC from 15.5% of stock to a majority, in a move to prevent QVC from merging with CBS. Comcast later sold its QVC shares in 2004 to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "FBI Code 98", "paragraph_text": "FBI Code 98 is a 1962 crime drama directed by Leslie H. Martinson and produced by Warner Bros. Originally intended as television pilot, the film was instead released theatrically in the United Kingdom in 1962, and in the United States in 1963. \"FBI Code 98\" stars many Warner Bros. contract players such as Jack Kelly, Ray Danton, Andrew Duggan and William Reynolds who later costarred on the Warner Bros Television show \"The F.B.I.\". The film was narrated by William Woodson, who had previously narrated the radio show \"The FBI in Peace and War\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was \"AT&T Comcast\", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "It's a Wonderful Life", "paragraph_text": "Due to all the above actions, this is one of the few RKO films not controlled by Turner Entertainment / Warner Bros. in the USA. It is also one of two Capra films Paramount owns despite not having originally released it -- the other is Broadway Bill (originally from Columbia, remade by Paramount as Riding High in 1950)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella, also gave TCM access to Warner Bros.' library of films released after 1949 (which itself includes other acquired entities such as the Lorimar, Saul Zaentz and National General Pictures libraries); incidentally, TCM had already been running select Warner Bros. film titles through a licensing agreement with the studio that was signed prior to the launch of the channel. In March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "On February 12, 2014, the Los Angeles Times reported that Comcast sought to acquire Time Warner Cable in a deal valued at $45.2 billion. On February 13, it was reported that Time Warner Cable agreed to the acquisition. This was to add several metropolitan areas to the Comcast portfolio, such as New York City, Los Angeles, Dallas-Fort Worth, Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Charlotte, San Diego, and San Antonio. Time Warner Cable and Comcast aimed to merge into one company by the end of 2014 and both have praised the deal, emphasizing the increased capabilities of a combined telecommunications network, and to \"create operating efficiencies and economies of scale\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT \u2013 along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release (the rest of the library went to Turner Home Entertainment)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania, -based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company, for $775 million cash. In this deal Comcast acquired approximately 230,000 basic cable customers, 71,000 digital cable customers, and 86,000 high-speed Internet customers. Comcast previously owned approximately 30 percent of Susquehanna Communications through affiliate company Lenfest. In December 2005, Comcast announced the creation of Comcast Interactive Media, a new division focused on online media."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Titans (2018 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "In April 2017, Warner Bros. announced that Titans would debut in 2018 on DC Comics' own direct - to - consumer digital service. The series is being developed by Akiva Goldsman, Johns, Greg Berlanti and Sarah Schechter, with Goldsman, Johns and Berlanti writing the pilot episode. All are also executive producers of the series for Weed Road Pictures and Berlanti Productions in association with Warner Bros Television."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lady, Play Your Mandolin!", "paragraph_text": "Lady, Play Your Mandolin! is the first Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon, directed by Rudolf Ising of Harman and Ising. It was originally released in August 1931."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels (including E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN), over-the-air national broadcast network channels (NBC and Telemundo), the film production studio Universal Pictures, and Universal Parks & Resorts, with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment locations and attractions in the U.S. and several other countries including U.A.E., South Korea, Russia and China, with several new locations reportedly planned and being developed for future operation. Comcast also has significant holding in digital distribution (thePlatform). In February 2014 the company agreed to merge with Time Warner Cable in an equity swap deal worth $45.2 billion. Under the terms of the agreement Comcast was to acquire 100% of Time Warner Cable. However, on April 24, 2015, Comcast terminated the agreement."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Vater Morgana", "paragraph_text": "Vater Morgana is a 2010 German comedy film by director Till Endemann with the actors Christian Ulmen, Michael Gwisdek and Felicitas Woll in the central characters \u2013 produced by the movie Company and Warner Bros. Film Productions Germany, released by Warner Bros."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Historically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library \u2013 which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films released before May 1986). However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. (which now controls the Turner Entertainment library and its own later films), and occasionally shows more recent films. Turner Classic Movies is a dedicated film channel and is available in United States, United Kingdom, France (TCM Cin\u00e9ma), Spain (TCM Espa\u00f1a), Nordic countries, Middle East and Africa."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "The next year Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own. The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract."}], "question": "What publication originally reported a potential deal between Comcast and the owner of TCM and Warner Bros.?"}
{"id": "2hop__63155_782285", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Maisie Williams", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Constance ``Maisie ''Williams (born 15 April 1997) is an English actress. She made her professional acting debut as Arya Stark of Winterfell in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones in 2011, for which she won the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama, the Portal Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Television and Best Young Actor, and the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor. In 2016, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Keala Settle", "paragraph_text": "Keala Joan Settle (born November 5, 1975) is an American actress and singer. Settle originated the role of Norma Valverde in Hands on a Hardbody, which ran on Broadway in 2013, and was nominated for the Outer Critics Circle Award, Drama Desk Award, and Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. In 2017, she portrayed Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady, in the musical film The Greatest Showman. The song ``This Is Me ''from the film, principally sung by Settle, won the 2018 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Filmfare Award for Best Actress \u2013 Telugu", "paragraph_text": "Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Telugu Awarded for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in Telugu films Country India Presented by Filmfare First awarded Jayalalithaa, Sri Krishna Satya (1972) Currently held by Samantha Ruth Prabhu, A Aa (2016) Website Filmfare Awards"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mayim Bialik", "paragraph_text": "Mayim Chaya Bialik (/ \u02c8ma\u026a\u0259m bi\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak / MY - \u0259m bee - AH - lik; born December 12, 1975) is an American actress, author, and neuroscientist. From 1991 to 1995, she played the title character of the NBC sitcom Blossom. Since 2010, she has played Amy Farrah Fowler - Cooper -- like the actress, a neuroscientist -- on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, a role for which she has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 and 2018."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mayim Bialik", "paragraph_text": "Mayim Chaya Bialik (/ \u02c8ma\u026a\u0259m bi\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak / MY - \u0259m bee - AH - lik; born December 12, 1975) is an American actress, author, and neuroscientist. From 1991 to 1995, she played the title character of the NBC sitcom Blossom. Since 2010, she has played Amy Farrah Fowler -- like the actress, a neuroscientist -- on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, a role for which she has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 and 2018."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jennifer Ehle", "paragraph_text": "Jennifer Anne Ehle (/ \u02c8i\u02d0li\u02d0 /; born December 29, 1969) is an American actress. She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her role as Elizabeth Bennet in the 1995 BBC miniseries Pride and Prejudice. For her work on Broadway, she won the 2000 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Real Thing, and the 2007 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for The Coast of Utopia. She is the daughter of English actress Rosemary Harris and American author John Ehle."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Academy Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "Academy Award for Best Actress The 2018 recipient: Frances McDormand Awarded for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) First awarded Janet Gaynor 7th Heaven, Street Angel and Sunrise May 16, 1929; 88 years ago (1929 - 05 - 16) (for performance in films released during the 1927 / 1928 film season) Currently held by Frances McDormand Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) Website oscars.org"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year", "paragraph_text": "Year (Ceremony) Actor / Actress Category Film title used in nomination Result 1938 (11th) Fay Bainter Best Actress White Banners Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jezebel Academy Award! Won 1942 (15th) Teresa Wright Best Actress The Pride of the Yankees Nominated Best Supporting Actress Mrs. Miniver Academy Award! Won 1944 (17th) Barry Fitzgerald Best Actor Going My Way Nominated Best Supporting Actor Academy Award! Won 1982 (55th) Jessica Lange Best Actress Frances Nominated Best Supporting Actress Tootsie Academy Award! Won 1988 (61st) Sigourney Weaver Best Actress Gorillas in the Mist Nominated Best Supporting Actress Working Girl Nominated 1992 (65th) Al Pacino Best Actor Scent of a Woman Academy Award! Won Best Supporting Actor Glengarry Glen Ross Nominated 1993 (66th) Holly Hunter Best Actress The Piano Academy Award! Won Best Supporting Actress The Firm Nominated Emma Thompson Best Actress The Remains of the Day Nominated Best Supporting Actress In the Name of the Father Nominated 2002 (75th) Julianne Moore Best Actress Far from Heaven Nominated Best Supporting Actress The Hours Nominated (77th) Jamie Foxx Best Actor Ray Academy Award! Won Best Supporting Actor Collateral Nominated 2007 (80th) Cate Blanchett Best Actress Elizabeth: The Golden Age Nominated Best Supporting Actress I'm Not There Nominated"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hafsia Herzi", "paragraph_text": "Hafsia Herzi (born 25 January 1987) is a French actress and film director of Algerian and Tunisian descent. She is best known for her debut role in the award-winning Franco-Tunisian feature \"The Secret of the Grain\" for which she won the award for most promising actress at the C\u00e9sar Awards 2008, and the Marcello Mastroianni award, for best emerging actor or actress at the 64th Venice International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bullets Over Summer", "paragraph_text": "Bullets Over Summer is a 1999 Hong Kong action film directed by Wilson Yip and starring Francis Ng and Louis Koo. For their performances in the film, Ng and Law Lan were awarded Best Actor and Best Actress respectively at the 6th Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards while Law was also awarded Best Actress at the 19th Hong Kong Film Awards and Best Supporting Actress at the 5th Golden Bauhinia Awards."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zhang Ziyi", "paragraph_text": "Zhang is best known for her appearances in Rush Hour 2 (2001), Hero (2002), House of Flying Daggers (2004), 2046 (2004) and The Banquet (2006). Her most critically acclaimed works are Memoirs of a Geisha (2005), which earned her nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama, the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role; and The Grandmaster (2013), for which she won 12 different Best Actress awards to become the most awarded Chinese actress for a single film."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Watan Ke Rakhwale", "paragraph_text": "Watan Ke Rakhwale (\"English: Saviour of the Nation\") is a 1987 Indian drama-thriller film directed by T. Rama Rao, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Dharmendra, Sunil Dutt, Sridevi, Moushumi Chatterjee, Prem Chopra, Shakti Kapoor and Kader Khan. The film also has Ashok Kumar in an important role."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Academy Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The award was traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Actor winner."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories", "paragraph_text": "As of 2018, 41 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards. Five have won three Academy Awards: Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day - Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day - Lewis are still living."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (film)", "paragraph_text": "Academy Award for Best Actress (Bette Davis, nominee) Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (Victor Buono, nominee) Academy Award for Best Costume Design, Black and White (Norma Koch, winner) Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black and White (Ernest Haller, nominee) Academy Award for Best Sound (Joseph D. Kelly, nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress (Crawford, nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress (Davis, nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama (Davis, nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (Buono, nominee) Laurel Award for Golden Laurel for Sleeper of the Year (Winner) Golden Palm -- 1963 Cannes Film Festival (nominee)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (film)", "paragraph_text": "Academy Award for Best Actress (Bette Davis, nominee) Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Victor Buono, nominee) Academy Award for Best Costume Design, Black and White (Norma Koch, winner) Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black and White (Ernest Haller, nominee) Academy Award for Best Sound (Joseph D. Kelly, nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress (Crawford, nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress (Davis, nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama (Davis, nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (Buono, nominee) Laurel Award for Golden Laurel for Sleeper of the Year (Winner) Golden Palm -- 1963 Cannes Film Festival (nominee)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "IIFA Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "IIFA Award for Best Actress Awarded for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role Country India Presented by International Indian Film Academy First awarded Aishwarya Rai, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000) Currently held by Sridevi, Mom (2018) Website IIFA Awards"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Talcum Powder (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film received multiple David di Donatello awards in Italy for Best Film, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Score and Best Supporting Actor (to Angelo Infanti). It also won Silver Ribbons for Best Actress and for Best Score."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "10th IIFA Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 10th International Indian Film Academy Awards (informally known as the Decadial IIFA Awards) were a major film awards ceremony honoring the best Bollywood films of 2008. The ceremony was held in The Venetian Macao, Macau from 11 June to 13 June 2009. The choice of Macau as host city was considered a well-planned decision, aimed at reducing tensions between India and China, as well as to end the \"deadlock\" between the two countries over the issue of exchange of cinema. The ceremony was hosted by Boman Irani, Ritesh Deshmukh and Lara Dutta."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wendy Davis (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Wendy Davis (born June 30, 1966) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Colonel Joan Burton in the Lifetime television drama series \"Army Wives\" (2007\u20132013), for which she received three NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series nomination. In 2018, she began starring in the Oprah Winfrey Network comedy-drama series \"Love Is\"."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the actress getting the best actress award in iifa 2018?"}
{"id": "2hop__25287_23640", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "High-definition television", "paragraph_text": "HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs, General Instrument, Philips, Sarnoff, Thomson, Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994. The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRAL-HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV. The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery. The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "BusPlus", "paragraph_text": "BusPlus is the payment method for the GSP Belgrade, Belgrade tram system, Lasta Beograd (only in public transport in Belgrade) and BG TRAIN. It is a thin, plastic card on which the customer electronically loads fares. The BusPlus is managed by company Apex Technology Solutions. Public authorities state that BusPlus was implemented to increase the revenue of the public transit authority and to improve the public transport system by getting better information on usage. Reports from September 2012 have indicated that the overall revenue has increased, but some aspects of integration have been criticized by public. System is installed by Kentkart, an automatic fare collection system integrator company."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels (including E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN), over-the-air national broadcast network channels (NBC and Telemundo), the film production studio Universal Pictures, and Universal Parks & Resorts, with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment locations and attractions in the U.S. and several other countries including U.A.E., South Korea, Russia and China, with several new locations reportedly planned and being developed for future operation. Comcast also has significant holding in digital distribution (thePlatform). In February 2014 the company agreed to merge with Time Warner Cable in an equity swap deal worth $45.2 billion. Under the terms of the agreement Comcast was to acquire 100% of Time Warner Cable. However, on April 24, 2015, Comcast terminated the agreement."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Burdened with debt, in 2004 Vivendi Universal sold 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment (including the studio and theme parks) to General Electric, parent of NBC. The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBCUniversal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. After that deal, GE owned 80% of NBC Universal; Vivendi held the remaining 20%, with an option to sell its share in 2006. GE purchased Vivendi's share in NBCU in 2011 and in turn sold 51% of the company to cable provider Comcast. Comcast merged the former GE subsidiary with its own cable-television programming assets, creating the current NBCUniversal. Following Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval, the Comcast-GE deal was closed on Jan 29, 2011. In March 2013, Comcast bought the remaining 49% of NBCUniversal for $16.7 billion."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gjensidige NOR", "paragraph_text": "Gjensidige NOR was a Norwegian bank and insurance company that was in existence between 1999 and 2003. The company was created when the two savings banks Sparebanken NOR (bank) and Gjensidige (insurance) were merged in 1999. In 2002 Norwegian savings banks were allowed to become public limited company and was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. In 2003 the company was merged with Den norske Bank to form DnB NOR, while the original insurance company Gjensidige was demerged and again became a separate company in 2005."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "NET Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "NET Playhouse was an American dramatic television anthology series produced by National Educational Television. NET subsequently merged with WNDT Newark to form WNET, and was superseded by the Public Broadcasting Service, though the NET title did remain. In addition to episodes produced in the United States, the series also aired episodes that were originally produced and broadcast in the United Kingdom. The series occasionally broadcast feature films, such as \"L'Avventura\" and \"Knife in the Water\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "NPO Radio 1", "paragraph_text": "NPO Radio 1 is a public-service radio channel in the Netherlands, broadcasting mainly news and sport. It is part of the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system, NPO. It can be compared with BBC Radio 5 Live."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "The company is often criticized by both the media and its own staff for its less upstanding policies regarding employee relations. A 2012 Reddit post written by an anonymous Comcast call center employee eager to share their negative experiences with the public received attention from publications including The Huffington Post. A 2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcast's employees. It sought to examine why the company has become so widely criticized by its customers, the media and even members of its own staff. The series claimed part of the problem is internal and that Comcast's staff endures unreasonable corporate policies. According to the report: \"customer service has been replaced by an obsession with sales; technicians are understaffed while tech support is poorly trained; and the company is hobbled by internal fragmentation.\" A widely read article penned by an anonymous call center employee working for Comcast appeared in November 2014 on Cracked. Titled \"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\" the article also claimed that Comcast is obsessed with sales, doesn't train its employees properly and concluded that \"the system makes good customer service impossible.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cats Don't Dance", "paragraph_text": "Cats Don't Dance is a 1997 American animated musical comedy film distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures under their Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label, and the only fully animated feature produced by Turner Feature Animation. This studio was merged during the post-production of \"Cats Don't Dance\" into Warner Bros. Animation after the merger of Time Warner with Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. Turner Feature Animation had also produced the animated portions of Turner's \"The Pagemaster\" (1994)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Retro (TV channel)", "paragraph_text": "On March 25, 2009 Turner Broadcasting System announced the replacement of Retro by a Latin American version of the channel truTV, also owned by Turner Broadcasting System. Most of the programming from Retro is still being aired on TCM Classic Entertainment."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "High-definition television", "paragraph_text": "HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs, General Instrument, Philips, Sarnoff, Thomson, Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994. The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRAL - HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL - TV southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD - TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC - TV. The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery. The signal was transmitted coast - to - coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast. The first HDTV logo was created by Washington, DC - based advertising firm Don Schaaf & Friends, Inc."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "With $18.8 million spent in 2013, Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States. Comcast employs multiple former US Congressmen as lobbyists. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association, which has multiple Comcast executives on its board, also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States, spending $19.8 million in 2013. Comcast was among the top backers of Barack Obama's presidential runs, with Comcast vice president David Cohen raising over $2.2 million from 2007 to 2012. Cohen has been described by many sources as influential in the US government, though he is no longer a registered lobbyist, as the time he spends lobbying falls short of the 20% which requires official registration. Comcast's PAC, the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee, is the among the largest PACs in the US, raising about $3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government. Comcast is also a major backer of the National Cable and Telecommunications Association Political Action Committee, which raised $2.6 million from 2011-2012. Comcast spent the most money of any organization in support of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP bills, spending roughly $5 million to lobby for their passage."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT \u2013 along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release (the rest of the library went to Turner Home Entertainment)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Despite these criticisms, Comcast has appeared on multiple \"top places to work\" lists. In 2009, it was included on CableFAX magazine's \"Top 10 Places to Work in Cable\", which cited its \"scale, savvy and vision\". Similarly, the Philadelphia Business Journal awarded Comcast the silver medal among extra-large companies in Philadelphia, with the gold medal going to partner organization, Comcast-Spectacor. The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city's top place to work in 2009. Employee diversity is also an attribute upon which Comcast receives strong marks. In 2008, Black Enterprise magazine rated Comcast among the top 15 companies for workforce diversity. Comcast was also named a \"Top 2014 Workplace\" by the Washington Post in their annual feature."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 1994, Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division for $1.27 billion. The company's UK branch, Comcast UK Cable Partners, goes public while constructing a cable telecommunications network. With five other media companies, the corporation becomes an original investor in The Golf Channel. Following a bid in 1994 for $2.1 billion, Comcast increased its ownership of QVC from 15.5% of stock to a majority, in a move to prevent QVC from merging with CBS. Comcast later sold its QVC shares in 2004 to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "On February 12, 2014, the Los Angeles Times reported that Comcast sought to acquire Time Warner Cable in a deal valued at $45.2 billion. On February 13, it was reported that Time Warner Cable agreed to the acquisition. This was to add several metropolitan areas to the Comcast portfolio, such as New York City, Los Angeles, Dallas-Fort Worth, Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Charlotte, San Diego, and San Antonio. Time Warner Cable and Comcast aimed to merge into one company by the end of 2014 and both have praised the deal, emphasizing the increased capabilities of a combined telecommunications network, and to \"create operating efficiencies and economies of scale\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In April 2005, Comcast and Time Warner Cable announced plans to buy the assets of bankrupted Adelphia Cable. The two companies paid a total of $17.6 billion in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006\u2014after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection. Time Warner Cable became the second largest cable provider in the U.S., ranking behind Comcast. As part of the deal, Time Warner and Comcast traded existing subscribers in order to consolidate them into larger geographic clusters."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella, also gave TCM access to Warner Bros.' library of films released after 1949 (which itself includes other acquired entities such as the Lorimar, Saul Zaentz and National General Pictures libraries); incidentally, TCM had already been running select Warner Bros. film titles through a licensing agreement with the studio that was signed prior to the launch of the channel. In March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was \"AT&T Comcast\", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center."}], "question": "What publication originally reported a potential deal between Comcast and the company that merged with Turner Broadcasting Systems in 1996?"}
{"id": "2hop__471214_391830", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "F\u00ebanor", "paragraph_text": "F\u00ebanor () is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium who plays an important part in \"The Silmarillion\". He was the eldest son of Finw\u00eb, the High King of the Noldor, and his first wife M\u00edriel Serind\u00eb. F\u00ebanor's mother, M\u00edriel, died shortly after giving birth, having given all her strength and essence to him. \"For F\u00ebanor was made the mightiest in all parts of body and mind: in valour, in endurance, in beauty, in understanding, in skill, in strength and subtlety alike: of all the Children of Il\u00favatar, and a bright flame was in him.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William Perry (American football)", "paragraph_text": "William Perry No. 72, 90, 95 Position: Defensive tackle, fullback Date of birth: (1962 - 12 - 16) December 16, 1962 (age 54) Place of birth: Aiken, South Carolina Height: 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Weight: 350 lb (159 kg) Career information High school: Aiken (SC) College: Clemson NFL Draft: 1985 / Round: 1 / Pick: 22 Career history Chicago Bears (1985 -- 1993) Philadelphia Eagles (1993 -- 1994) London Monarchs (1996) Career highlights and awards Inducted to the (WWE) Hall of Fame (2006) Super Bowl champion (XX) Consensus All - American (1983) Career NFL statistics Sacks: 29.5 Games: 138 Offensive TDs: 3 Player stats at NFL.com"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ryan Dahle", "paragraph_text": "Ryan Dahle (born 1970) is a Canadian musician, best known for his contributions to the bands Age of Electric and Limblifter, each of which have scored several major radio hits."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "You Can't Have Everything", "paragraph_text": "You Can't Have Everything is a 1937 Fox musical film directed by Norman Taurog and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck. The film stars Alice Faye and Don Ameche, and was the film debut for Gypsy Rose Lee credited as Louise Hovick part of her birth name."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kurt Dahle", "paragraph_text": "Born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Dahle first became known in Canadian music circles as a member of the band Age of Electric, along with his brother Ryan Dahle and another set of brothers, Todd Kerns and John Kerns. Age of Electric spawned a handful of minor hit singles in Canada, earning a Juno Award nomination for \"Best New Artist\" in 1998, nine years after the band was formed."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Apollonian and Dionysian", "paragraph_text": "Although the use of the concepts of the Apollonian and Dionysian is linked to Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, the terms were used before him in German culture. The poet H\u00f6lderlin spoke of them, while Winckelmann talked of Bacchus, the god of wine. Rudolf Steiner as well treated in depth of the Apollonian and Dionysian (called ``Apollinisches und Dionysisches ''in German) and placed them in the general history and spiritual evolution of mankind."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Census of Quirinius", "paragraph_text": "The Census of Quirinius was a census of Judea taken by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria, upon the imposition of direct Roman rule in 6 CE. The Gospel of Luke uses it as the narrative means to establish the birth of Jesus (), but places it within the reign of Herod the Great, who died 9 years earlier. No satisfactory explanation of the contradiction seems possible, and most scholars think that the author of the gospel made an error."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2018 Illinois gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election takes place as part of the 2018 Illinois general election and elects the Governor of Illinois. The Democratic and Republican general primary elections will take place on March 20, 2018, and the general election will take place on November 6, 2018."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Streams of Expression", "paragraph_text": "Streams of Expression is the 20th studio album by American jazz musician Joe Lovano to be released on the Blue Note label. It was released in 2006 and features a five-part \"Streams of Expression Suite,\" three-part \"Birth of the Cool Suite,\" and three other shorter works. The \"Birth of the Cool Suite\" was conducted by Gunther Schuller and utilizes melodic themes inspired by Miles Davis' work from his 1948 and 1950 nonet. The album also features George Garzone, Ralph Lalama, Gary Smulyan, and Tim Hagans."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}], "question": "Where was a member of Limblifter born?"}
{"id": "2hop__94015_528099", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Juanju\u00ed Airport", "paragraph_text": "Juanju\u00ed Airport () is an airport serving Juanju\u00ed, a city on the Huallaga River in the San Mart\u00edn Region of Peru. The airport is owned and operated by CORPAC S.A., a civil government agency."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Coonamessett Airport", "paragraph_text": "Coonamessett Airport was an airfield operational in the mid-20th century in Hatchville, Massachusetts. It is now part of the Pheasant Area at the Frances A. Crane Wildlife Management Area."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Asia Atlantic Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Asia Atlantic Airlines (AAA) launched initiated operations on maiden flight departed Suvarnabhumi Airport for Narita International Airport on August 19, 2013."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Air Exel", "paragraph_text": "Air Exel was an airline based in Maastricht in the Netherlands, operating scheduled and chartered flights out of Eindhoven Airport and Maastricht Aachen Airport to several domestic and international destinations."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Liverpool John Lennon Airport", "paragraph_text": "Liverpool John Lennon Airport (IATA: LPL, ICAO: EGGP) is an international airport serving North West England. On the outbreak of World War II, the airport was operated by the RAF and known as RAF Speke. The airport is within the City of Liverpool on the banks of the estuary of the River Mersey some 6.5 nautical miles (12.0 km; 7.5 mi) south east of the city centre. Originally called Speke Airport, since 2001; the airport has been renamed after Liverpudlian musician John Lennon of The Beatles. Scheduled domestic, European and North African services are operated from the airport."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Jose Airport (Mindoro)", "paragraph_text": "San Jose Airport (Filipino: \"Paliparan ng San Jose\") , formerly known as McGuire Field, is an airport serving the general area of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro in the Philippines. It is one of three airports in Occidental Mindoro, the others being Mamburao Airport and Lubang Airport. The airport is classified as a Principal class 1 domestic airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, an agency of the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines, except the major international airports."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ngari Gunsa Airport", "paragraph_text": "Ngari Gunsa Airport is a dual-use military and civil airport serving the town of Shiquanhe in Ngari Prefecture, in the southwest of China's Tibet Autonomous Region near the Indian border. It started operations on 1 July 2010, becoming the fourth civil airport in Tibet after Lhasa, Nyingchi, and Qamdo airports."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Crimea Air", "paragraph_text": "Crimea Air was an airline on the grounds of Simferopol International Airport in Simferopol, Crimea. It was established and started operations on 4 October 1996 and operated regional feeder services. Its main base is Simferopol International Airport. Regional airline based in Simferopol was liquidated in 2007."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kemi-Tornio Airport", "paragraph_text": "Kemi-Tornio Airport (; ) is an airport in Kemi, Finland. The airport is located near the district of Lautiosaari, east of the Kemijoki (Kemi River), north of Kemi city centre and east of Tornio city centre. The airport is owned and operated by Finavia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Halifax International Airport Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Halifax International Airport Authority (HIAA) is a Canadian airport authority charged with operating Halifax Stanfield International Airport on behalf of Transport Canada."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport. Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Precision Air", "paragraph_text": "Precision Air Services Plc (operating as Precision Air; DSE:PAL) is a Tanzanian airline based at Julius Nyerere International Airport in Dar es Salaam, with a minihub at Mwanza Airport. The airline operates scheduled passenger services to Nairobi, Entebbe, and airports in Tanzania."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Toronto Airport Express", "paragraph_text": "Toronto Airport Express was a bus service operated by Pacific Western Transportation under a contract with the Greater Toronto Airports Authority to operate express bus services between Toronto Pearson International Airport and downtown Toronto. It was established in 1993, after the demise of the previous service provider, Gray Coach. The service operated 20 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. It ran at 20-minute intervals during peak times and 30-minute intervals off-peak."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Inverness Airport", "paragraph_text": "Inverness Airport () is an international airport situated at Dalcross, north-east of the city of Inverness, Scotland. It is owned by Highlands and Islands Airports Limited (HIAL). The airport is the main gateway for travellers to the north of Scotland with a range of scheduled services throughout the United Kingdom, and limited scheduled service to Continental Europe. Limited charter and freight flights operate throughout the UK and Europe. Around 900,000 passengers passed through the airport in 2018. The airport is also headquarters to Dalcross Handling which now operates across Scotland."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is served by St. John's International Airport (YYT), located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core. In 2011, roughly 1,400,000 passengers travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada in passenger volume. Regular destinations include Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, as well as destinations throughout the province. International locations include Dublin, London, New York City, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Glasgow and Varadero. Scheduled service providers include Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air Saint-Pierre, Air Transat, United Airlines, Porter Airlines, Provincial Airlines, Sunwing Airlines and Westjet."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gibraltar International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Monarch Airlines was the largest operator at Gibraltar International, operating flights to Birmingham, London Gatwick, London Luton, Manchester Airport. All routes were operated by an Airbus A320-200. Monarch entered administration at 4:30am on 2 October 2017, ceasing operations with immediate effect  around a year after rumours of its imminent demise became widespread. EasyJet operates seven weekly flights to London Gatwick operated by Airbus A320 family aircraft, as well as three flights per week to Bristol Airport and two flights a week to Manchester Airport. British Airways also operates nine weekly flights to London Heathrow being operated by an Airbus A320-200. Royal Air Maroc Express also operate twice weekly flights to Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport, which continue onto Casablanca Airport."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Air Bashkortostan", "paragraph_text": "LLC Air Bashkortostan () was an airline based in Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia. It operated scheduled flights and charters between its base at Ufa International Airport and Moscow Domodedovo Airport on flights operated by VIM Airlines with their aircraft."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Grise Fiord Airport", "paragraph_text": "Grise Fiord Airport is located in Grise Fiord, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the Government of Nunavut. The only building at this airport is the Air Passenger Shelter and the companies that operate there are Air Nunavut using the Super King Air 200 and Kenn Borek Air using the DHC-6 Twin Otter planes. Flights to this airport are usually from Resolute Bay Airport and most of them only carry cargo with few to no passengers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WestJet", "paragraph_text": "In January 2004, WestJet announced that it was moving the focus of its Eastern operations from Hamilton to Toronto the following April, fully moving into the lucrative Toronto-Ottawa-Montreal triangle and tripling the total number of its flights out of Toronto Pearson International Airport."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of airports in Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria has 30 airports and 26 of the airports are operated by the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), five of which are functional international airports. It also has a state owned airport located in Akwa Ibom State. In addition, there are airstrips or airfields scattered around the country, built mainly by the Nigerian Air Force and multinational oil companies."}], "question": "Who operates the airport WestJet is part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__23070_10925", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521 during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.:41\u201342 When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water, due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were called Proas, and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas (\"Islands of the Lateen sails\"). Antonio Pigafetta, one of Magellan's original 18 the name \"Island of Sails\", but he also writes that the inhabitants \"entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on\", including \"the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship.\":129 \"Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones (\"Islands of thieves\").\":131"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Survivor: San Juan del Sur", "paragraph_text": "Survivor: San Juan del Sur -- Blood vs. Water is the twenty - ninth season of the American CBS competitive reality television series Survivor, which premiered on September 24, 2014. Similar to Survivor: Blood vs. Water, the season features pairs of loved ones competing against each other but, unlike Blood vs. Water, all the players are new. The season was filmed in San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, the same location as Survivor: Nicaragua and Survivor: Redemption Island. The two - hour finale and one - hour reunion show aired on December 17, 2014, where Natalie Anderson was named the winner over Jaclyn Schultz and Missy Payne."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall, who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for spying for the Spanish government."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Starving Time", "paragraph_text": "The Starving Time at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia was a period of starvation during the winter of 1609 -- 1610. There were about 500 Jamestown residents at the beginning of the winter. However, there were only 60 people still alive when the spring arrived."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. In 1612, the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough. St. George's was settled that year and designated as Bermuda's first capital. It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name \"Begraafplaats van de Neger\" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term \"black\" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "HMS Palomares", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Palomares\" was originally MV \"Palomares\", built by William Doxford & Sons, Sunderland yard in 1937 and sailed as a merchant fruit carrier ship (13.5 knot banana boat) for service on the MacAndrews Line in January 1938 with their Spanish service."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jamestown, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. It was located on the east bank of the Powhatan (James) River about 2.5 mi (4 km) southwest of the center of modern Williamsburg. William Kelso writes that Jamestown ``is where the British Empire began ''. It was established by the Virginia Company of London as`` James Fort'' on May 4, 1607 O.S.; (May 14, 1607 N.S.), and was considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke, established in 1585 on Roanoke Island. Jamestown served as the capital of the colony of Virginia for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sailing at the 1964 Summer Olympics \u2013 Finn", "paragraph_text": "The Finn was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1964 Summer Olympics program in Enoshima. Seven races were scheduled. 33 sailors, on 33 boats, from 33 nations competed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sandra Diaz-Twine", "paragraph_text": "Sandra Diaz - Twine (born July 30, 1974) is an American television personality who became known for her appearances on the reality game show Survivor. She won the first two seasons she appeared on, Survivor: Pearl Islands and Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, making her the show's only two - time winner. She returned for Survivor's 34th season, Survivor: Game Changers, where she placed 15th."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hanse Sail", "paragraph_text": "The Hanse Sail in Rostock is the largest maritime festival in Mecklenburg (Germany) and one of the largest in Europe."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jamestown Township, Steuben County, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Jamestown Township is one of twelve townships in Steuben County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,249 and it contained 2,937 housing units."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wadi Al Sail", "paragraph_text": "Wadi Al Sail () is a neighborhood of Doha, Qatar. The area has undergone much renovation and development in recent years. As its name suggests, the original settlement was built in a wadi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business. Car hire is available for visitors."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "One Survivor Remembers", "paragraph_text": "One Survivor Remembers is a 1995 documentary short film by Kary Antholis in which Holocaust survivor Gerda Weissmann Klein recounts her six-year ordeal as a victim of Nazi cruelty, including the loss of her parents, brother, friends, home, possessions, and community."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "He who does not work, neither shall he eat", "paragraph_text": "He who does not work, neither shall he eat is a New Testament aphorism originally by Paul the Apostle, later cited by John Smith in Jamestown, Virginia, and by Lenin during the Russian Revolution."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)", "paragraph_text": "Richard Holman Hatch Jr (born April 8, 1961) is an American former reality television contestant. In 2000, he won the first season of the CBS reality series Survivor. He was a contestant on a subsequent All - Stars season of Survivor, on one season of Celebrity Apprentice, and on one season of The Biggest Loser."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "It established a colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Two years later, a flotilla of seven ships left England under the Company's Admiral, Sir George Somers, and the new Governor of Jamestown, Sir Thomas Gates, with several hundred settlers, food and supplies to relieve the colony of Jamestown. Somers had previous experience sailing with both Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. The flotilla was broken up by a storm. As the flagship, the Sea Venture, was taking on water, Somers drove it onto Bermuda's reef and gained the shores safely with smaller boats \u2013 all 150 passengers and a dog survived. (William Shakespeare's play The Tempest, in which the character Ariel refers to the \"still-vex'd Bermoothes\" (I.ii.229), is thought to have been inspired by William Strachey's account of this shipwreck.) They stayed 10 months, starting a new settlement and building two small ships to sail to Jamestown. The island was claimed for the English Crown, and the charter of the Virginia Company was later extended to include it."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Survivor (American TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Survivor is the American version of the international Survivor reality competition television franchise, itself derived from the Swedish television series Expedition Robinson created by Charlie Parsons which premiered in 1997. The American series premiered on May 31, 2000, on CBS. It is hosted by television personality Jeff Probst, who is also an executive producer along with Mark Burnett and original creator, Parsons."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Designated Survivor (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Designated Survivor (season 1) DVD cover Starring Kiefer Sutherland Natascha McElhone Adan Canto Italia Ricci LaMonica Garrett Tanner Buchanan Kal Penn Maggie Q Country of origin United States No. of episodes 21 Release Original network ABC Original release September 21, 2016 (2016 - 09 - 21) -- May 17, 2017 (2017 - 05 - 17) Season chronology Next \u2192 Season 2 List of Designated Survivor episodes"}], "question": "Where was one of the original survivors to sail on to Jamestown?"}
{"id": "2hop__93877_528099", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Precision Air", "paragraph_text": "Precision Air Services Plc (operating as Precision Air; DSE:PAL) is a Tanzanian airline based at Julius Nyerere International Airport in Dar es Salaam, with a minihub at Mwanza Airport. The airline operates scheduled passenger services to Nairobi, Entebbe, and airports in Tanzania."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of airports in Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria has 30 airports and 26 of the airports are operated by the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), five of which are functional international airports. It also has a state owned airport located in Akwa Ibom State. In addition, there are airstrips or airfields scattered around the country, built mainly by the Nigerian Air Force and multinational oil companies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Crimea Air", "paragraph_text": "Crimea Air was an airline on the grounds of Simferopol International Airport in Simferopol, Crimea. It was established and started operations on 4 October 1996 and operated regional feeder services. Its main base is Simferopol International Airport. Regional airline based in Simferopol was liquidated in 2007."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "PAF Base Shahbaz", "paragraph_text": "PAF Base Shahbaz is located at Jacobabad, in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is a military base operated by the Pakistan Air Force as well as a civilian airport."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Toronto Airport Express", "paragraph_text": "Toronto Airport Express was a bus service operated by Pacific Western Transportation under a contract with the Greater Toronto Airports Authority to operate express bus services between Toronto Pearson International Airport and downtown Toronto. It was established in 1993, after the demise of the previous service provider, Gray Coach. The service operated 20 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. It ran at 20-minute intervals during peak times and 30-minute intervals off-peak."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Megantara Air", "paragraph_text": "Megantara Air was an Indonesian cargo airline based at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. Operations started in May 2007; the airline operated freight charters and regular flights between Indonesia and Singapore."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Air Zimbabwe", "paragraph_text": "Air Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd (operating as Air Zimbabwe) is the national carrier of Zimbabwe, headquartered on the property of Harare International Airport, in Harare. From its hub at Harare International Airport, the carrier used to operate a network within southern Africa that also included Asia and London-Gatwick. Following financial difficulties, Air Zimbabwe ceased operations in late . Serving a reduced domestic network, the carrier resumed operations for a short period between and early , when flights were again discontinued. Some flights were restarted on a discontinuous basis in that year. The airline resumed operating some domestic routes as well as the regional service to Johannesburg on a daily basis in ."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Italy First (airline)", "paragraph_text": "Italy First was a regional charter airline based in Rimini in Italy. It also operates air taxi and air ambulance services. Its main base is Miramare Airport, Rimini."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Air Exel", "paragraph_text": "Air Exel was an airline based in Maastricht in the Netherlands, operating scheduled and chartered flights out of Eindhoven Airport and Maastricht Aachen Airport to several domestic and international destinations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895", "paragraph_text": "Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895, was a Boeing 737-200, registered as operating a charter flight operated by Itek Air on behalf of Iran Aseman Airlines which crashed on 24 August 2008 (at 20:30 local time) near Manas International Airport in Kyrgyzstan while en route to Imam Khomeini International Airport, Tehran, Iran. It crashed while returning to the airport of origin after experiencing technical difficulties."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Calicut International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Calicut International Airport , also known as Karipur Airport, is an international airport serving the cities of Kozhikode and Malappuram in Kerala, India. The airport opened on 13 April 1988. It is located in Karipur, about from Kozhikode and from Malappuram. The airport serves as an operating base for Air India Express. It was the twelfth-busiest airport in India in terms of overall passenger traffic. It is the third-busiest airport in Kerala after Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram. It was given international airport status on 2 February 2006."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ak Bars Aero", "paragraph_text": "OJSC Ak Bars Aero (), formerly OJSC Bugulma Air Enterprise (), was an airline with its head office at Bugulma Airport in Bugulma, Russia. It operated regional scheduled and charter passenger services. Its main base was Bugulma Airport."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mohammed V International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Mohammed V International Airport (; , ; Berber: \u2d30\u2d63\u2d30\u2d33\u2d6f\u2d63 \u2d30\u2d33\u2d54\u2d56\u2d4d\u2d30\u2d4f \u2d4e\u2d53\u2d43\u2d4e\u2d4e\u2d37 \u2d61\u2d595; ) is an international airport serving Casablanca, Morocco. Located in Nouaceur Province, it is operated by ONDA (). With just under 8 million passengers passing through the airport in 2014, it was the busiest airport in Morocco and the fourth busiest in Africa. In August 2014, ONDA reported a year-on-year increase of 7.28% passenger traffic, to 918,238. The airport serves as hub for Royal Air Maroc, Jetairfly, Air Arabia Maroc and RAM Express. It is named after King Mohammed V of Morocco."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Air Moorea", "paragraph_text": "Air Moorea was a French airline based on the grounds of Faa'a International Airport in Faaa, Tahiti, French Polynesia, France near Papeete. It operated passenger services within the Polynesian islands. Its main base was Faa'a International Airport."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "El Taj\u00edn National Airport", "paragraph_text": "El Taj\u00edn National Airport is an international airport located in Tihuatl\u00e1n, Veracruz, Mexico, near Poza Rica. The airport is named after the archeological site of El Taj\u00edn. It handles commercial air traffic for the cities of Poza Rica and T\u00faxpam. Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, a federal government-owned corporation, operates the airport."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Air Florida Flight 90", "paragraph_text": "Air Florida Flight 90 was a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight operated by Air Florida from Washington National Airport to Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport with an intermediate stopover at Tampa International Airport. On January 13, 1982, the Boeing 737 - 222 registered as N62AF, crashed into the 14th Street Bridge over the Potomac River just two miles from the White House."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Air Bashkortostan", "paragraph_text": "LLC Air Bashkortostan () was an airline based in Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia. It operated scheduled flights and charters between its base at Ufa International Airport and Moscow Domodedovo Airport on flights operated by VIM Airlines with their aircraft."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Air Georgian", "paragraph_text": "Air Georgian Limited is a privately owned airline based at Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Its main business is its operation as Air Canada Express on a Tier III codeshare with Air Canada for scheduled services on domestic and trans-border routes. Air Georgian is based at Toronto Pearson International Airport."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gibraltar International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Monarch Airlines was the largest operator at Gibraltar International, operating flights to Birmingham, London Gatwick, London Luton, Manchester Airport. All routes were operated by an Airbus A320-200. Monarch entered administration at 4:30am on 2 October 2017, ceasing operations with immediate effect  around a year after rumours of its imminent demise became widespread. EasyJet operates seven weekly flights to London Gatwick operated by Airbus A320 family aircraft, as well as three flights per week to Bristol Airport and two flights a week to Manchester Airport. British Airways also operates nine weekly flights to London Heathrow being operated by an Airbus A320-200. Royal Air Maroc Express also operate twice weekly flights to Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport, which continue onto Casablanca Airport."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arik Air", "paragraph_text": "Arik Air is a Nigerian airline operating mainly from two hubs at Murtala Muhammed International Airport near Lagos and Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja. Arik Air's head office is the \"Arik Air Aviation Center\" on the grounds of Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Ikeja. Arik Air serves a network of regional and mid-haul destinations within Africa."}], "question": "Who operates the airport Air Georgian is part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__125334_10925", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Young Offenders (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Alex Murphy as Conor MacSweeney Chris Walley as Jock O'Keeffe Hilary Rose as Mairead MacSweeney Dominic MacHale as Sergeant Healy P.J. Gallagher as Principal Barry Walsh Jennifer Barry as Siobhan Walsh Demi Isaac Oviawe as Linda Walsh Shane Casey as Billy Murphy Chris Kent as Conor's Dad Orla Fitzgerald as Orla Walsh Cora Fenton as Jock's Mum Michael Sands as Jock's Dad"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad", "paragraph_text": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad was a reality sports TV show on NBC that premiered on February 18, 2008. The show was produced by Mark Burnett, producer of other shows like \"Survivor\", \"The Apprentice\", and \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\", and was hosted by actor Dan Cortese. Four teams of children and their fathers competed in each episode, with the winning team having the chance to win up to $50,000."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Wallin", "paragraph_text": "Rolf Peter Wallin (born April 30, 1957 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a former professional ice hockey player who played 52 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rolf Franksson", "paragraph_text": "Olof Emil Rolf Franksson (29 August 1900 \u2013 14 September 1971) was a Swedish long jumper. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics and finished sixth."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "German submarine U-203", "paragraph_text": "Built as yard number 632 of Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft AG in Kiel, she was laid down on 28 March 1940, launched on 4 January 1941 and commissioned on 18 February under \"Kapit\u00e4nleutnant\" Rolf M\u00fctzelburg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Talfryn Thomas", "paragraph_text": "John Talfryn Thomas (31 October 1922 -- 4 November 1982) was a British character actor, best known for supporting roles on television in the 1970s, including those of Private Cheeseman in Dad's Army (1973 - 1974) and Tom Price in Survivors (1975), while Thomas also appeared with Jon Pertwee in two Doctor Who serials."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Birger Ek", "paragraph_text": "Rolf Birger Ek (born 23 January 1911 in Kymi, Finland, dead 7 July 1990 in Lahti) was a Finnish pilot and Mannerheim Cross Knight."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rolf Steinhausen", "paragraph_text": "Rolf Steinhausen (born July 27, 1943 in N\u00fcmbrecht) is a German former motorcycle racer, winner of two Sidecar World Championships."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dad's Dead", "paragraph_text": "Dad's Dead is a seven-minute award winning film written and directed by Chris Shepherd, commissioned by animate!. It was first transmitted on Channel 4, in 2003. Mixing animation with live action, it deals with how memory works."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ganz in Wei\u00df", "paragraph_text": "Ganz in Wei\u00df is a song written by Rolf Arland (music) and Kurt Hertha (lyrics) and recorded by Roy Black in 1966."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dr. Holl", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Holl is a 1951 West German drama film directed by Rolf Hansen. At the 1st Berlin International Film Festival it won the Certificate of Honour award."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rolf Robach", "paragraph_text": "Rolf Robach (6 December 1885 \u2013 10 June 1963) was a Norwegian gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sister Christian", "paragraph_text": "In an episode of Parks and Recreation from 2014, Yo La Tengo dressed as Indiana basketball coach Bob Knight and performed ``Sister Christian ''as the 'Bobby Knight Rangers'. The song appears multiple times in American Dad!, and most famously in the climatic drug deal scene from Paul Thomas Anderson's Boogie Nights. The song is briefly featured in the 2009 film Friday the 13th."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Die gro\u00dfe Liebe", "paragraph_text": "Die gro\u00dfe Liebe (\"The Great Love\") is a German drama film of the National Socialist period, made by Rolf Hansen, starring Zarah Leander and Viktor Staal. It premiered in Berlin in 1942 and went on to become the most commercially successful film in the history of the Third Reich."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I Cross My Heart", "paragraph_text": "``I Cross My Heart ''Single by George Strait from the album Pure Country B - side`` You're Right, I'm Wrong'' Released September 28, 1992 Recorded April 16, 1992 Genre Country Length 3: 30 Label MCA Nashville 54478 Songwriter (s) Steve Dorff, Eric Kaz Producer (s) Tony Brown George Strait singles chronology ``So Much Like My Dad ''(1992)`` I Cross My Heart'' (1992) ``Heartland ''(1993)`` So Much Like My Dad'' (1992) ``I Cross My Heart ''(1992)`` Heartland'' (1993)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name \"Begraafplaats van de Neger\" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term \"black\" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cupid Camouflaged", "paragraph_text": "Cupid Camouflaged is a 1918 Australian silent film directed by Alfred Rolfe. It is a high society melodrama. The film was made to aid fund raising for the Red Cross. It is considered a lost film."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thomas Rolfe", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Rolfe (January 30, 1615 \u2013 April 16, 1680) was the only child of Pocahontas and her English husband, John Rolfe. His maternal grandfather was Wahunsunacock, the chief of the Powhatan tribe in Virginia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Earl Pomerantz", "paragraph_text": "Earl Pomerantz (born February 4, 1945 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is best known for his work as a television script writer. Pomerantz created the network television series \"Major Dad\", \"Family Man\" and \"Best of the West\", and wrote scripts for such shows as \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\", \"The Bob Newhart Show\", \"Taxi\", \"Cheers\", \"Newhart\", \"The Cosby Show\" and \"Major Dad\". He has won two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Writers Guild of America Award, the Humanitas Prize and a CableACE Award."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "On Our Selection (1912 play)", "paragraph_text": "On Our Selection is a 1912 Australian play by Bert Bailey and Edmund Duggan based on the stories of Steele Rudd. Bailey played Dad Rudd in the original production."}], "question": "Where was Thomas Rolfe's dad?"}
{"id": "2hop__704874_392406", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Brian Moynihan", "paragraph_text": "Brian Thomas Moynihan (born October 9, 1959) is an American lawyer, businessman and the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gold standard", "paragraph_text": "Many other countries followed Britain in returning to the gold standard, this was followed by a period of relative stability but also deflation. This state of affairs lasted until the Great Depression (1929 -- 1939) forced countries off the gold standard. In September 19, 1931, speculative attacks on the pound forced Britain to abandon the gold standard. Loans from American and French Central Banks of \u00a350,000,000 were insufficient and exhausted in a matter of weeks, due to large gold outflows across the Atlantic. The British benefited from this departure. They could now use monetary policy to stimulate the economy. Australia and New Zealand had already left the standard and Canada quickly followed suit."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Banking in India", "paragraph_text": "A second dose of nationalisation of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalisation was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalisation, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalised banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. Until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "IndusInd Bank", "paragraph_text": "As on June 30, 2016, IndusInd Bank has 1,004 branches, and 1885 ATMs spread across 625 geographical locations of the country. It also has representative offices in London, Dubai and Abu Dhabi... Mumbai has the maximum number of bank branches followed by New Delhi and Chennai. The bank has also proposed to double the branches count to 1200 by March 2017."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lionel de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "In 1836, Lionel de Rothschild married his first cousin Baroness Charlotte von Rothschild (1819\u20131884), the daughter of Baron Carl Mayer Rothschild of the Rothschild banking family of Naples. They had the following children:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brian Moynihan", "paragraph_text": "Brian Thomas Moynihan (born October 19, 1959) is an American lawyer, businessman and the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO in 2010."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of November 2017, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 228 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 130 million followers. Seven accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Kill Point", "paragraph_text": "The Kill Point is an American television series that follows a group of U.S. Marines recently returned from serving in Iraq as they come together to pull off a major bank heist of a Three Rivers Bank branch in Pittsburgh. The series, produced by Mandeville Films and Lionsgate Television, is the first drama for the Spike TV network. The film of the series had the working title \"The Kill Pitt\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Carrian Group", "paragraph_text": "Carrian Group became involved in a scandal with Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Berhad of Malaysia and Hong Kong-based Bumiputra Malaysia Finance. Following allegations of accounting fraud, a murder of a bank auditor, and the suicide of the firm's adviser, the Carrian Group collapsed in 1983, the largest bankruptcy in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rotherhithe", "paragraph_text": "Rotherhithe () is a residential district in south-east London, England, and part of the London Borough of Southwark. It is part of the traditional county of Surrey, but for administrative purposes was part of the County of London following the passing of the Local Government Act 1888, it later became part of Greater London in 1965. Historically the area was the most northeastern settlement in the county of Surrey. It is located on a peninsula on the south bank of the Thames, facing Wapping and Limehouse on the north bank, and is a part of the Docklands area. It borders Bermondsey to the west and Deptford to the south east."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of December 2017, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 230 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 132 million followers. Eight accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of May 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 235 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 137 million followers. Nine accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Reserve Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee. It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 during the British Rule in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders. Following India's independence on 15 August 1947, the RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Regional Rural Bank", "paragraph_text": "Regional Rural Banks were established under the provisions of an Ordinance passed in September 1975 and the RRB Act 1976 to provide sufficient banking and credit facility for agriculture and other rural sectors. These were set up on the recommendations of The M. Narasimham Working Group during the tenure of Indira Gandhi's government with a view to include rural areas into economic mainstream since that time about 70% of the Indian Population was of Rural Orientation. The development process of RRBs started on 2 October 1975 with the forming of the first RRB, the Prathama Bank with authorised capital of Rs. 5 crore at its starting. Also on 2 October 1976 five regional rural banks were set up with a total authorised capital Rs. 100 crore ($10 Million) which later augmented to 500 crore ($50 million). The Regional Rural Banks were owned by the Central Government, the State Government and the Sponsor Bank (there were five commercial banks, Punjab National Bank, State Bank of India, Syndicate Bank, United Bank of India and UCO Bank, which sponsored the regional rural banks) who held shares in the ratios as follows Central Government -- 50%, State Government -- 15% and Sponsor Banks -- 35%. Earlier, Reserve Bank of India had laid down ceilings on the rate of interest to be charged by these RRBs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Integra Bank (Pittsburgh)", "paragraph_text": "Integra Financial Corporation was a Pittsburgh-based bank that was eventually acquired by National City Corp. in May 1996 as one of National City's first attempts at becoming a major powerhouse in American banking."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "National City acquisition by PNC", "paragraph_text": "The National City acquisition by PNC was the deal by PNC Financial Services to acquire National City Corp. on October 24, 2008 following National City's untenable loan losses during the subprime mortgage crisis. The deal received much controversy due to PNC using TARP funds to buy National City only hours after accepting the funds while National City itself was denied funds, as well as civic pride for the city of Cleveland, Ohio, where National City was based."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gro\u00dfe S\u00fclze", "paragraph_text": "Gro\u00dfe S\u00fclze is a river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It flows into the Schrote near Barleben. In English, Gro\u00dfe S\u00fclze means 'Big Brawn'. The following trees have been planted along its banks: Field Maple, Sycamore, Hornbeam, Ash and Linden."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Manchester Man (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Manchester Man is a 1920 British silent drama film directed by Bert Wynne and starring Hayford Hobbs, Aileen Bagot and Joan Hestor. It was an adaptation of the 1876 novel \"The Manchester Man\" by Isabella Banks. It follows the lifetime of a Manchester resident Jabez Clegg during the turbulent 19th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of August 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 247 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 141 million followers. Eleven accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast, one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze, Zhenjiang to the east, one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze, and Changzhou to the southeast. On its western boundary is Anhui province, where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities, Chuzhou to the northwest, Wuhu, Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest."}], "question": "What was the successor of the successor of Integra bank?"}
{"id": "2hop__6019_6018", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tundra Publishing", "paragraph_text": "Tundra Publishing was a Northampton, Massachusetts-based comic book publisher founded by Kevin Eastman in 1990. The company was founded to provide a venue for adventurous, creator-owned work by talented cartoonists and illustrators. Its publications were noted in the trade for their high production values, including glossy paper stock, full-color printing, and square binding. Tundra was one of the earlier creator-owned companies, before the formation of Image Comics and Dark Horse Comics' Legends imprint."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Miniac", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Miniac (born 1967), better known under his pen name Solidor, is a French comic book creator (writer and artist). He was born in Paris born, February 17, 1967, and lives in France."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Powerpuff Girls", "paragraph_text": "The Powerpuff Girls is an American superhero animated television series created by animator Craig McCracken and produced by Hanna-Barbera (later Cartoon Network Studios) for Cartoon Network. The show centers on Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup, three kindergarten-aged girls with superpowers. The girls all live in the fictional city of Townsville, USA with their father and creator, a scientist named Professor Utonium, and are frequently called upon by the city's mayor to help fight nearby criminals and other enemies using their powers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize T\u00f6pffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tank\u014dbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Theo van den Boogaard", "paragraph_text": "Theo van den Boogaard (born 25 March 1948 in Castricum) \u2013 also known as Theo Bogart \u2013 is a Dutch cartoonist. He is best known for co-creating \"Sjef van Oekel\", a comic strip based on the TV character Sjef van Oekel, written by Wim T. Schippers. He received the 1989 Stripschapprijs for his body of work."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Granny (Looney Tunes)", "paragraph_text": "Emma Webster, better known as Granny, is a Warner Bros. Cartoons character created by Friz Freleng, best known from Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies animated shorts of the 1950s and 1960s. She is the owner of Tweety (and more often than not, Sylvester and Hector). Her voice was first provided by Bea Benaderet from 1950 through 1955, then by June Foray for almost 60 years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Korgoth of Barbaria", "paragraph_text": "Korgoth of Barbaria is a pilot episode for what was originally planned as an American animated television series created by Aaron Springer, a storyboard artist, writer and director for \"Dexter's Laboratory\", \"The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy\", \"Samurai Jack\", and \"SpongeBob SquarePants\", who previously created another failed pilot at Cartoon Network Studios called \"Periwinkle Around the World\", and is now the creator of \"Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer\" on Disney XD. Genndy Tartakovsky, creator of \"Dexter's Laboratory\" and \"Samurai Jack\", directed the animation for the pilot, and was not the only time he's worked on a pilot created by Springer, as Tartakovsky also produced and directed \"Periwinkle Around the World\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Just Imagine...", "paragraph_text": "Just Imagine... is a comic book published by the American company DC Comics. It was the first work for DC Comics by Stan Lee, co-creator of numerous popular Marvel Comics characters, in which he reimagined several DC superheroes including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, Aquaman, and The Flash. As an in-joke, Lee changes several of the civilian names of most famous DC superheroes to alliterative ones in reference to Lee's tendency to use them for his Marvel Comics characters."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Isaac Robert Cruikshank", "paragraph_text": "Isaac Robert Cruikshank, sometimes known as Robert Cruikshank (27 September 1789 \u2013 13 March 1856) was a caricaturist, illustrator, and portrait miniaturist, the less well-known brother of George Cruikshank, both sons of Isaac Cruikshank. Just like them he holds importance as a pioneer in the history of comics for creating several cartoons which make use of narrative sequence and speech balloons."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aubrey Ankrum", "paragraph_text": "Aubrey Ankrum (born 1972) is an American screenwriter, animator and graphic artist. He is mostly known as one of the creators of the popular Flash cartoon \"Happy Tree Friends\". He also worked on several Mondo Media shows and has made graphics for many companies."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The New Road", "paragraph_text": "The New Road is a historical novel by the Scottish writer Neil Munro, which was adapted as a television serial by the BBC. Munro is now mainly remembered as the creator of the comic character Para Handy, but this is regarded as the best of his serious novels."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Summer Camp Island", "paragraph_text": "It premiered on July 7, 2018 with a 48 - hour marathon consisting of all the first 20 episodes from the first season running over an entire weekend, on both Cartoon Network and Boomerang. At San Diego Comic - Con, Julia Pott announced that the rest of the first season would premiere in late 2018 on Cartoon Network with another 20 episodes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term \"cartoon\"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mike Keefe", "paragraph_text": "Mike Keefe (born November 6, 1946, in Santa Rosa, California) is an American editorial cartoonist best known for his work at \"The Denver Post\", for which he drew cartoons from 1975 to 2011. His cartoons are nationally syndicated, and have appeared in hundreds of newspapers as well as in Europe, Asia, and most major U.S. news magazines. He currently draws cartoons for The Colorado Independent."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Resig", "paragraph_text": "John Resig is an American software engineer and entrepreneur, best known as the creator and lead developer of the jQuery JavaScript library."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "McMug", "paragraph_text": "McMug () is an anthropomorphic pig cartoon character from Hong Kong featured in comic strips, TV shows, and films. McMug first appeared in 1988, as the central character of a comic strip printed in the Ming Pao weekly magazine. McMug is drawn by cartoonist Alice Mak (\u9ea5\u5bb6\u78a7), with stories written by Brian Tse (\u8b1d\u7acb\u6587)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ted Key", "paragraph_text": "Ted Key (born Theodore Keyser; August 25, 1912 \u2013 May 3, 2008), was an American cartoonist and writer. He is best known as the creator of the cartoon panel \"Hazel\", which was later the basis for a television series of the same name, and also the creator of \"Peabody's Improbable History\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eugen Taru", "paragraph_text": "Eugen Taru (; 1913 \u2013 1991) was a Romanian graphic artist, best known for his work in the political cartoon, caricature, comic strip and book illustration genres. Active throughout the communist period and first acknowledged as one among the young socialist realists promoted by the regime, Taru primarily associated with satirical magazines such as \"Urzica\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Amazing World of Gumball", "paragraph_text": "The Amazing World of Gumball (also known simply as just Gumball) is a British-American surreal comedy animated television series created by Ben Bocquelet for Cartoon Network. Produced primarily by Cartoon Network Studios Europe, it first aired on May 3, 2011. The series revolves around the lives of 12-year-old Gumball Watterson, a blue cat, and his goldfish best friend\u2014adoptive brother 10-year-old Darwin, who attend middle school in the fictional city of Elmore. They frequently find themselves involved in various shenanigans around the city, during which time they interact with fellow family members\u2014younger sister Anais, mother Nicole and father Richard\u2014and an extended supporting cast of characters."}], "question": "When did the first comics creator in Europe create cartoons?"}
{"id": "2hop__6042_6018", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mark Schultz (comics)", "paragraph_text": "Mark Schultz (; born June 7, 1955) is an American writer and illustrator of books and comics. His most widely recognized work is his self-created and owned comic book series, \"Xenozoic Tales,\" about a post-apocalyptic world where dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures coexist with humans. He is also the current writer of the \"Prince Valiant\" comic strip."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Signor Bonaventura", "paragraph_text": "Signor Bonaventura is an Italian comic strip created in 1917 by actor and playwright Sergio Tofano. It is considered among the most famous and successful comic strips ever created in Italy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mandrake the Magician", "paragraph_text": "Mandrake the Magician was a syndicated newspaper comic strip, created by Lee Falk (before he created \"The Phantom\"). \"Mandrake\" began publication on June 11, 1934. Phil Davis soon took over as the strip's illustrator, while Falk continued to script. The strip was distributed by King Features Syndicate."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eugen Taru", "paragraph_text": "Eugen Taru (; 1913 \u2013 1991) was a Romanian graphic artist, best known for his work in the political cartoon, caricature, comic strip and book illustration genres. Active throughout the communist period and first acknowledged as one among the young socialist realists promoted by the regime, Taru primarily associated with satirical magazines such as \"Urzica\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize T\u00f6pffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tank\u014dbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Flash Gordon", "paragraph_text": "Flash Gordon is the hero of a space opera adventure comic strip created by and originally drawn by Alex Raymond. First published January 7, 1934, the strip was inspired by, and created to compete with, the already established \"Buck Rogers\" adventure strip."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dream of the Rarebit Fiend", "paragraph_text": "Dream of the Rarebit Fiend is a newspaper comic strip by American cartoonist Winsor McCay, begun September 10, 1904. It was McCay's second successful strip, after \"Little Sammy Sneeze\" secured him a position on the cartoon staff of the \"New York Herald\". \"Rarebit Fiend\" appeared in the \"Evening Telegram\", a newspaper published by the \"Herald\". For contractual reasons, McCay signed the strip with the pen name \"Silas\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Venerd\u00ec 12", "paragraph_text": "Venerd\u00ec 12 (Friday 12) is a comic strip series created by Italian author Leo Ortolani first published in 1996 as a series of the comic magazine L'isola che non c'\u00e8 and continued on the \"Rat-Man Collection\", where it was also completed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mandel Karlsson", "paragraph_text": "Mandel Karlsson, also known as 91:an Karlsson or simply 91:an, is a Swedish comic book character and the main protagonist in the comic strip series \"\" (Eng: \"\u2116 91\"). He was created in 1932 by Rudolf Petersson. The series is now published in its own bi-weekly comic book, \"\", and also as a single strip in the popular weekly women's magazine \"\u00c5ret Runt\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Baby Blues", "paragraph_text": "Baby Blues is an American comic strip created and produced by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott since January 7, 1990. Distributed by King Features Syndicate since 1995, the strip focuses on the MacPherson family and specifically on the raising of the three MacPherson children."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jack Hamm", "paragraph_text": "Jack B. Hamm (March 5, 1916 \u2013 December 22, 1996) was an American artist from Wichita, Kansas who is recognized both for his Christian-themed artwork and editorial cartoons, and for his books on drawing technique. He both studied and taught at the Frederic Mizen Academy of Art. As a cartoonist and comic strip letterer, he worked on the \"Bugs Bunny\", \"Alley Oop\", and \"Boots and Her Buddies\" comic strips before attending Baylor University to study theology. He taught at Baylor both before and after he graduated in 1948."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The francophone Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mother Goose and Grimm (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Mother Goose and Grimm, also known as Grimmy for the second season, is an American animated television series that premiered September 14, 1991, on CBS. The show features the characters of Mike Peters's comic strip \"Mother Goose and Grimm\". The Saturday morning cartoon was produced by Bob Curtis, and written by Mark Evanier."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The New Shmoo", "paragraph_text": "The New Shmoo is a 30-minute Saturday morning animated series based on the character from the \"Li'l Abner\" comic strip created by Al Capp, produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and broadcast on NBC from September 22, 1979 to November 15, 1980."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinp\u014d newspaper\u2014the first use of the word \"manga\" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "McMug", "paragraph_text": "McMug () is an anthropomorphic pig cartoon character from Hong Kong featured in comic strips, TV shows, and films. McMug first appeared in 1988, as the central character of a comic strip printed in the Ming Pao weekly magazine. McMug is drawn by cartoonist Alice Mak (\u9ea5\u5bb6\u78a7), with stories written by Brian Tse (\u8b1d\u7acb\u6587)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Garfield", "paragraph_text": "Garfield is an American comic strip created by Jim Davis. Originally published locally as \"Jon\" in 1976, then in nationwide syndication from 1978 as \"Garfield\", it chronicles the life of the title character, Garfield the cat; Jon Arbuckle, his human owner; and Odie, the dog. As of 2013, it was syndicated in roughly 2,580 newspapers and journals, and held the Guinness World Record for being the world's most widely syndicated comic strip."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fingerpori", "paragraph_text": "Fingerpori is a Finnish comic strip written and drawn by Pertti Jarla. It started in \"Helsingin Sanomat\" in February 2007, and is currently syndicated in \"Satakunnan Kansa\", \"Aamulehti\", \"Karjalainen\", \"Keskisuomalainen\", \"Turun Sanomat\" and \"Etel\u00e4-Saimaa\". Several strip collections in album format have also been published."}], "question": "When did the person who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827 create cartoons?"}
{"id": "2hop__583181_746054", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nurse with Wound", "paragraph_text": "Nurse with Wound (abbreviated NWW) is the main recording name for British musician Steven Stapleton. Nurse with Wound was originally a band, formed in 1978 by Stapleton, John Fothergill, and Heman Pathak. The band has performed in many genres such as avant-garde, experimental, industrial, noise, dark ambient, and drone."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bubbles in My Beer", "paragraph_text": "\"Bubbles in My Beer\" is a Western swing song that was originally recorded by Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys in 1947. It later became a standard that has been performed by many country music artists. One critic of drinking songs ranks it number 20, calls it \"the ultimate self-pity song,\" and credits it with \"setting the tone for a whole genre of songs about drowning sorrows in the barroom.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", "paragraph_text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe First edition dustjacket Author C.S. Lewis Illustrator Pauline Baynes Cover artist Pauline Baynes Country United Kingdom Language English Series The Chronicles of Narnia Genre Children's fantasy novel, Christian literature Publisher Geoffrey Bles Publication date 16 October 1950 Media type Print (hardcover and paperback), e-book OCLC 7207376 LC Class PZ8. L48 Li Followed by Prince Caspian"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Celtic Folkweave", "paragraph_text": "Celtic Folkweave is a studio album by Mick Hanly and M\u00edche\u00e1l \u00d3 Domhnaill, released in 1974 by Polydor Records. Considered a seminal album in the traditional Irish music genre, the musicians involved in the recording would go on to found some of the most innovative and important groups to perform traditional Irish music."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Rebetiko, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later (and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later la\u00efk\u00f3 (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include Apostolos Kaldaras, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou and Glykeria."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Max van Egmond", "paragraph_text": "Max van Egmond (born 1 February 1936 in Semarang) is a Dutch bass and baritone singer. He has focused on oratorio and Lied and is known for singing works of Johann Sebastian Bach. He was one of the pioneers of historically informed performance of Baroque and Renaissance music."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "America's Got Talent (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "America's Got Talent Season 5 Broadcast from June 1 -- September 15, 2010 Judges Piers Morgan Sharon Osbourne Howie Mandel Host (s) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Website Official Website Winner Michael Grimm Michael Grimm performing in Los Angeles Origin Hancock County, Mississippi Genre (s) Soul singer Runner - up Jackie Evancho Chronology \u25c0 \u25b6"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "High Energy (Evelyn Thomas song)", "paragraph_text": "\"High Energy\" is the title of a 1984 song by co-written and co-produced by Ian Levine (British) and Fiachra Trench (Irish), and performed by American dance singer Evelyn Thomas. The song was very popular in dance clubs around the world, and it topped the American dance chart in September of that year. It also spent four weeks atop the singles chart in Germany, and peaked at #5 in the UK. It became one of the earliest successful songs within the genre of music that has come to be known as Hi-NRG. On the SoBe Music compilation album \"Gay Classics, Volume 1: Ridin' the Rainbow\", the liner notes describe the song as \"...engagingly captur[ing] the spirit of the genre through uplifting lyrics tightly fused with dazzling synth work\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Love Eterne", "paragraph_text": "The Love Eterne is a 1963 Hong Kong musical film of the Huangmei opera genre directed by Li Han Hsiang. An adaptation of the classic Chinese story \"Butterfly Lovers\", it tells of the doomed romance between the male Liang Shanbo (portrayed by actress Ivy Ling Po, who also sang the character's vocals) and the cross-dressed female Zhu Yingtai (Betty Loh Ti, with singing dubbed by Tsin Ting)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional \"kef\" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of \"kef music\" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tony Pastor", "paragraph_text": "Tony Pastor (May 28, 1837 \u2013 August 26, 1908) was an American impresario, variety performer and theatre owner who became one of the founding forces behind American vaudeville in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. He was sometimes referred to as the \"Dean of Vaudeville.\" The strongest elements of his entertainments were an almost jingoistic brand of United States patriotism and a strong commitment to attracting a \"mixed-gender\" audience, the latter being something revolutionary in the male-oriented variety halls of the mid-century. Although he was a performer and producer, Pastor is best known for \"cleaning up\" bawdy variety acts and presenting a clean and family friendly genre called vaudeville."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lies (Anette Olzon song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Lies\" is the debut solo single of Swedish singer Anette Olzon from her 2014 debut album \"Shine\". It was officially released on 14 February 2014."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead is a 1995 compilation album of songs, performed by the original artists, that the American rock group the Grateful Dead covered and performed live throughout their career. Several of the tracks on this album can be found on no other compact disc, including \"Rain and Snow\" as performed by Obray Ramsey and \"Big Railroad Blues\" by Cannon's Jug Stompers. The eclectic nature of the Grateful Dead's music is highlighted on this album with the inclusion of songs from such diverse genres as folk (\"Morning Dew\", \"Goin' Down This Road Feelin' Bad\"), the blues (\"The Red Rooster\", \"Turn On Your Love Light\"), country (\"Mama Tried\", \"El Paso\"), gospel (\"Samson & Delilah\"), and straight out rock and roll (\"The Promised Land\", \"Not Fade Away\")."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Havatum Em", "paragraph_text": "Havatum em is the fourth studio album by Armenian recording artist Sirusho, released on May 22, 2010. The album offers a variety of styles of music genres and styles such as Pop and R&B. The lead single is a ballad called \"Havatum em\" that she performed live both at the Armenian national selection for Eurovision 2010 and at the Maltese Eurovision selection 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Adult contemporary music", "paragraph_text": "Radio stations played Top 40 hits regardless of genre; although, most were in the same genre until the mid-1970s when different forms of popular music started to target different demographic groups, such as disco vs. hard rock. This evolved into specialized radio stations that played specific genres of music, and generally followed the evolution of artists in those genres."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Platonic love", "paragraph_text": "The English term dates back to William Davenant's The Platonic Lovers (performed in 1635); a critique of the philosophy of platonic love which was popular at Charles I's court. It is derived from the concept in Plato's Symposium of the love of the idea of good which lies at the root of all virtue and truth. For a brief period, Platonic love was a fashionable subject at the English royal court, especially in the circle around Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of King Charles I. Platonic love was the theme of some of the courtly masques performed in the Caroline era -- though the fashion soon waned under pressures of social and political change."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dark Passion Play World Tour", "paragraph_text": "Dark Passion Play World Tour was the fourth world tour by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish, taking place from 2007 to 2009 in support of their sixth studio album, \"Dark Passion Play\", released by Nuclear Blast on September 26, 2007; it was the first tour with former frontwoman Anette Olzon, who joined the band in 2006, after Tarja Turunen's dismissal on October 21, 2005. During this tour, the band played for the first time in Israel, China, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Ireland, Serbia and Croatia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "There Goes Rhymin' Simon", "paragraph_text": "There Goes Rhymin' Simon is the third solo studio album by American musician Paul Simon rush-released on May 5, 1973. It contains songs covering several styles and genres, such as gospel (\"Loves Me Like a Rock\") and Dixieland (\"Take Me to the Mardi Gras\"). It received two nominations at the Grammy Awards of 1974, including Best Male Pop Vocal performance and Album of the Year."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bojana Stamenov", "paragraph_text": "Bojana Stamenov (; born 24 June 1986) is a Serbian singer and musician best known for performing soul, jazz and R&B music, who represented Serbia, placing 9th in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song \"Beauty Never Lies\". She also participates in performances for children in the Bo\u0161ko Buha Theatre in Belgrade. Stamenov had her first concert on 13 June, in Sava Centar in Belgrade, while working on her debut album. The singer has announced that all the records will be in English."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Shi Jingtang", "paragraph_text": "The region that Li Keyong ruled subsequently became the state of Jin after Tang's fall in 907 (as Li Keyong carried the Tang-bestowed title of Prince of Jin), and after Li Keyong's death in 908, Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin, in rivalry with Tang's main successor state Later Liang. Li Cunxu subsequently made his adoptive brother (Li Keyong's adoptive son) Li Siyuan, a major general, the prefect of Dai Prefecture (\u4ee3\u5dde, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). While Li Siyuan served as the prefect of Dai, he became impressed with Shi Jingtang and gave his Empress Li to Shi in marriage. Shi subsequently served under Li Siyuan in campaigns, becoming one of the two prominent officers under Li Siyuan (along with Li Siyuan's adoptive son Li Congke) due to his battlefield accomplishments. (Despite the familial relationship between Shi and Li Congke and their serving together under Li Siyuan, the two did not like each other and had a rivalry, although not overtly.)"}], "question": "What is the genre of the Lies performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__39483_707978", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) has been awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced ``in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction ''(original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framst\u00e5ende verket i en idealisk riktning). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here`` work'' refers to an author's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, van' t Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Frederick Sanger", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Sanger OM CH CBE FAA (/ \u02c8s\u00e6\u014b\u0259r /; 13 August 1918 -- 19 November 2013) was a British biochemist who twice won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, one of only two people to have done so in the same category (the other is John Bardeen in physics), the fourth person over all with two Nobel Prizes, and the third person over all with two Nobel Prizes in the sciences. In 1958, he was awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry ``for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin ''. In 1980, Walter Gilbert and Sanger shared half of the chemistry prize`` for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids''. The other half was awarded to Paul Berg ``for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA ''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok", "paragraph_text": "Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a school in Polomolok, South Cotabato, Philippines. It started as Notre Dame of Polomolok (NDP) but changed its name to Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok from the opening of its college department in 2004. Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok has been a member of the Notre Dame Educational Association, a group of Notre Dame Schools in the Philippines under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The college offers a complete pre-school, grade school, and high school education and a selected college education programs as follows:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nobel Prize", "paragraph_text": "The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, which has been commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, economics and activism for peace."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Grapes of Wrath", "paragraph_text": "The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "Notre Dame alumni work in various fields. Alumni working in political fields include state governors, members of the United States Congress, and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. A notable alumnus of the College of Science is Medicine Nobel Prize winner Eric F. Wieschaus. A number of university heads are alumni, including Notre Dame's current president, the Rev. John Jenkins. Additionally, many alumni are in the media, including talk show hosts Regis Philbin and Phil Donahue, and television and radio personalities such as Mike Golic and Hannah Storm. With the university having high profile sports teams itself, a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university, including professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey players, such as Joe Theismann, Joe Montana, Tim Brown, Ross Browner, Rocket Ismail, Ruth Riley, Jeff Samardzija, Jerome Bettis, Brett Lebda, Olympic gold medalist Mariel Zagunis, professional boxer Mike Lee, former football coaches such as Charlie Weis, Frank Leahy and Knute Rockne, and Basketball Hall of Famers Austin Carr and Adrian Dantley. Other notable alumni include prominent businessman Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced ``in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction ''(original Swedish:`` den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framst\u00e5ende verket i en idealisk riktning''). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. It will not be awarded in 2018, but two names will be awarded in 2019."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2016, the prize has been awarded to 203 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Notre Dame Fighting Irish head football coaches", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football head coaches. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the football team of the University of Notre Dame, located in South Bend, Indiana, United States. The team competes as an Independent at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Notre Dame has produced more All - Americans than any other Football Bowl Subdivision school. Additionally, seven Fighting Irish football players have won the Heisman Trophy. Notre Dame is one of only two Catholic universities that field a team in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the other being Boston College, and one of a handful of programs independent of a football conference. The team plays its home games on Notre Dame's campus at Notre Dame Stadium, also known as the ``House that Rockne Built, ''which has a capacity of 80,795. The current head coach is Brian Kelly."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Christiane N\u00fcsslein-Volhard", "paragraph_text": "N\u00fcsslein-Volhard earned her PhD in 1974 from the University of T\u00fcbingen, where she studied protein-DNA interaction. She won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1991 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, together with Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis, for their research on the genetic control of embryonic development. She lives in Bebenhausen, Germany."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates", "paragraph_text": "The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) ``to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. ''It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway. The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three - time recipient) rather than an individual."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John McGreevy", "paragraph_text": "John McGreevy is an American historian and the dean of the College of Arts & Letters at the University of Notre Dame from 2008 until 2018. McGreevy earned his B.A. from Notre Dame and his Ph.D. from Stanford University. He has been on the Notre Dame faculty since 1997."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nobel Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "As of 2016, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Angus Deaton", "paragraph_text": "In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game", "paragraph_text": "The 1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, colloquially known as Catholics vs. Convicts, was played on October 15, 1988 at Notre Dame Stadium. Both the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Miami Hurricanes came into the game undefeated. Notre Dame won the closely contested game 31 -- 30."}], "question": "What award was received by the Notre Dame alum from the College of Science who won a Nobel Prize?"}
{"id": "2hop__3923_228529", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Genome", "paragraph_text": "New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jack Renner (recording engineer)", "paragraph_text": "Renner received a Bachelor of Science degree and completed graduate work at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. He has worked as a professional trumpeter, recording engineering consultant, freelance recording engineer, high school music teacher and public speaker. Renner has received 20 Grammy Award nominations, winning eleven."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Langton's loops", "paragraph_text": "Langton's loops are a particular \"species\" of artificial life in a cellular automaton created in 1984 by Christopher Langton. They consist of a loop of cells containing genetic information, which flows continuously around the loop and out along an \"arm\" (or pseudopod), which will become the daughter loop. The \"genes\" instruct it to make three left turns, completing the loop, which then disconnects from its parent."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hickinbottom Award", "paragraph_text": "The Hickinbottom Award (also referred to as the Hickinbottom Fellowship) is awarded annually by the Royal Society of Chemistry for contributions in the area of organic chemistry from researchers under the age of 35. The prize winner receives a monetary award and will complete a lecture tour within the UK. The winner is chosen by the awards committee of the Royal Society of Chemistry's organic division."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "In the 2007\u20132008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278 degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 \u2013 June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006. On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its \"Recycling Works\" award for efforts to promote producer responsibility. On July 19, 2007, Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009. The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds (nearly 40,000 tons) of IT equipment from customers in 2006, a 93-percent increase over 2005; and 12.4% of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gabor Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Gabor Medal is a medal awarded by the Royal Society every alternate year for \"acknowledged distinction of interdisciplinary work between the life sciences with other disciplines\". The medal was created in 1989 to honour the memory of physicist Dennis Gabor, and was originally awarded biennially. Initially awarded \"for acknowledged distinction of work in the life sciences, particularly in the fields of genetic engineering and molecular biology\", the criteria for the awarding of the medal was later changed to its current definition. The medal is targeted at \"emerging early to mid career stage scientist[s]\" and is accompanied by a \u00a32000 prize (since 2017, earlier \u00a31000). It was first awarded in 1989 to Noreen Murray for her pioneering work in genetic engineering. From 2018 it has been awarded annually."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tom Brady", "paragraph_text": "Tom Brady Brady in 2017 No. 12 -- New England Patriots Position: Quarterback Born: (1977 - 08 - 03) August 3, 1977 (age 41) San Mateo, California Height: 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) Weight: 225 lb (102 kg) Career information High school: Jun\u00edpero Serra (San Mateo, California) College: Michigan NFL Draft: 2000 / Round: 6 / Pick: 199 Career history New England Patriots (2000 -- present) Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards 5 \u00d7 Super Bowl champion (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI) 4 \u00d7 Super Bowl MVP (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLIX, LI) 3 \u00d7 NFL Most Valuable Player (2007, 2010, 2017) 13 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 -- 2017) 3 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro (2007, 2010, 2017) 2 \u00d7 Second - team All - Pro (2005, 2016) 2 \u00d7 NFL Offensive Player of the Year (2007, 2010) NFL Comeback Player of the Year (2009) Bert Bell Award (2007) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year (2007) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year (2005) 3 \u00d7 NFL passing yards leader (2005, 2007, 2017) 4 \u00d7 NFL passing touchdowns leader (2002, 2007, 2010, 2015) 2 \u00d7 NFL passer rating leader (2007, 2010) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team National champion (1997) Career NFL statistics as of Week 8, 2018 Completions: 5,828 Attempts: 9,100 Completion percentage: 64.0 TD -- INT: 504 -- 167 Passing yards: 68,359 Passer rating: 97.6 Player stats at NFL.com"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal is awarded by the Genetics Society of America (GSA) for lifetime contributions to the field of genetics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tom Brady", "paragraph_text": "Tom Brady Brady in 2016 No. 12 -- New England Patriots Position: Quarterback Born: (1977 - 08 - 03) August 3, 1977 (age 40) San Mateo, California Height: 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) Weight: 225 lb (102 kg) Career information High school: San Mateo (CA) Jun\u00edpero Serra College: Michigan NFL Draft: 2000 / Round: 6 / Pick: 199 Career history New England Patriots (2000 -- present) Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards 5 \u00d7 Super Bowl champion (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI) 4 \u00d7 Super Bowl MVP (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLIX, LI) 3 \u00d7 NFL Most Valuable Player (2007, 2010, 2017) 13 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 -- 2017) 5 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro (2007, 2010, 2012, 2016, 2017) Second - team All - Pro (2005) 2 \u00d7 NFL Offensive Player of the Year (2007, 2010) NFL Comeback Player of the Year (2009) Bert Bell Award (2007) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year (2007) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year (2005) 3 \u00d7 NFL passing yards leader (2005, 2007, 2017) 4 \u00d7 NFL passing touchdowns leader (2002, 2007, 2010, 2015) 2 \u00d7 NFL passer rating leader (2007, 2010) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team National champion (1997) Career NFL statistics as of Week 17, 2017 Completions: 5,629 Attempts: 8,805 Completion percentage: 63.9 TD -- INT: 488 -- 160 Passing yards: 66,159 Passer rating: 97.6 Player stats at NFL.com"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Emily Stewart", "paragraph_text": "Emily Ryan (maiden name Stewart; previously Snyder, Munson and Hughes) is a fictional character on the daytime soap opera As the World Turns. She has been portrayed by Kelley Menighan Hensley since July 1992. Ten years later, the actress received her first Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. The character briefly appeared on the CBS soap, The Young and the Restless, on 23 March 2007, asking Amber Moore about information on her sister and biological daughter, Alison Stewart."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "George W. Beadle Award", "paragraph_text": "The George W. Beadle Award is a prestigious scientific prize given by the Genetics Society of America to individuals who have made \u201coutstanding contributions\u201d to Genetics. The Award was established in 1999 and named in honor of George Wells Beadle, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Broadcasting", "paragraph_text": "WirelessThe world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks more than quadrupled during the two decades from 1986 to 2007, from 432 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information, to 1.9 zettabytes. This is the information equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986, and 175 newspapers per person per day by 2007."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn", "paragraph_text": "Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career. Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken - word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work. She was five - times nominated for an Academy Award, and was awarded the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, post-humously, for her humanitarian work. She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and was the recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990. She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and received a Special Tony Award in 1968."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "One Hundred Nails", "paragraph_text": "One Hundred Nails () is a 2007 Italian drama film directed by Ermanno Olmi, starring Raz Degan. It tells the story of a young professor who leaves his position at the University of Bologna to live in an old farm house by the river Po, where he gets involved with the local population. The film was shown as a Special Screening at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. It received the Critics Award at the 2007 David di Donatello Awards and was nominated in eight more categories, including Best Film."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aaron Shust", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Michael Shust (born October 31, 1975) is an American contemporary Christian music artist on the Centricity Music label. Shust was named the Songwriter of the Year at the GMA Dove Awards of 2007, and his song, \"My Savior My God\", received the Song of the Year award."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gene", "paragraph_text": "Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication. Collectively, this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Barbara McClintock", "paragraph_text": "Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 -- September 2, 1992) was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. There she started her career as the leader in the development of maize cytogenetics, the focus of her research for the rest of her life. From the late 1920s, McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize. She developed the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas. One of those ideas was the notion of genetic recombination by crossing - over during meiosis -- a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information. She produced the first genetic map for maize, linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits. She demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere, regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information. She was recognized among the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Watson (disambiguation)", "paragraph_text": "James Watson (born 1928) is an American biologist and chemist, the co-discoverer of the double-helical structure of DNA, awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney", "paragraph_text": "Walt Disney (1901 -- 1966) won or received a total of twenty - six Academy Awards, and holds the record for most Academy Awards in history. He won twenty - two competitive Academy Awards from a total of fifty - nine nominations, and also holds the records for most wins and most nominations for an individual in history."}], "question": "Which recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine had his complete genetic information recorded in 2007?"}
{"id": "2hop__848800_32824", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wang Shichong", "paragraph_text": "Wang Shichong (\u738b\u4e16\u5145; 567\u2013621), courtesy name Xingman (\u884c\u6eff), was a general of the Chinese Sui dynasty who deposed Sui's last emperor Yang Tong and briefly ruled as the emperor of a succeeding state of Zheng. He first became prominent during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui as one of the few Sui generals having success against rebel generals, and during Yang Tong's brief reign, he was able to defeat the rebel general Li Mi and seize Li Mi's territory. After becoming emperor, however, he was unable to withstand military pressure from Tang dynasty forces, forcing him to seek aid from Dou Jiande the Prince of Xia. After Dou was defeated and captured by the Tang general Li Shimin (the later Emperor Taizong), Wang surrendered. Emperor Gaozu of Tang spared him, but the Tang official Dugu Xiude (\u7368\u5b64\u4fee\u5fb7), whose father Dugu Ji (\u7368\u5b64\u6a5f) had been executed by Wang, assassinated him."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pollard script", "paragraph_text": "The Pollard script, also known as Pollard Miao (Chinese: \u67cf\u683c\u7406\u82d7\u6587 B\u00f3 G\u00e9l\u01d0 Miao-wen) or Miao, is an abugida loosely based on the Latin alphabet and invented by Methodist missionary Sam Pollard. Pollard invented the script for use with A-Hmao, one of several Miao languages. The script underwent a series of revisions until 1936, when a translation of the New Testament was published using it. The introduction of Christian materials in the script that Pollard invented caused a great impact among the Miao. Part of the reason was that they had a legend about how their ancestors had possessed a script but lost it. According to the legend, the script would be brought back some day. When the script was introduced, many Miao came from far away to see and learn it."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Last Empress (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Last Empress is a historical novel by Anchee Min that provides a sympathetic account of the life of Empress Dowager Cixi (referred to as Empress Orchid), from her rise to power as Empress Tzu-Hsi, until her death at 72 years of age. Akin to the bestselling and preceding novel in the series Empress Orchid, names within the story are different in spelling but retain the same pronunciation - allowing the reader to identify each relevant character to his or her real life counterpart."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Summer Brothers", "paragraph_text": "Set against the backdrop of Malaysia's favourite sport, Badminton, Summer Brothers chronicles the lives of long lost brothers, Wei Zhong and Ah Di, played by William and Coby, who were separated after the divorce of their parents 20 years ago. Ah Di who was diagnosed with mental disability when he was young, lives a poor but happy and peaceful life with his mother, Shu Xian (Remon). When Ah Di's mother finds out that she is about to die from her terminal cancer, she decides to unite the brothers. However, she lost Ah Di during their journey to Kuala Lumpur in search of his older brother. Ah Di is stranded but made new friends with Xiao Mei (Lim Jing Miao), a kind and na\u00efve girl. With the uncanny rapport between them, the two become instant bosom buddies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dragon Fist", "paragraph_text": "Dragon Fist () is a 1979 Hong Kong martial arts film directed and produced by Lo Wei, starring Jackie Chan, Nora Miao and James Tien. The film was released in Hong Kong on 21 April 1979."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Empress Xiang", "paragraph_text": "Empress Xiang (\u6b3d\u8056\u7687\u540e; 1047 \u2013 1102) was a Chinese Empress consort of the Song Dynasty, married to Emperor Shenzong of Song. She acted as co-regent of China during the reign of her son, Emperor Huizong of Song, in 1100."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Empress Qiang", "paragraph_text": "Empress Qiang (\u5f37\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) (died 356), formally Empress Mingde (\u660e\u5fb7\u7687\u540e, literally \"the understanding and virtuous empress\"), was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Former Qin's founding emperor, Fu Ji\u00e0n (Emperor Jingming)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria (4 December 1808 \u2013 15 November 1888), known informally as Max in Bayern, was a member of a junior branch of the House of Wittelsbach and a promoter of Bavarian folk-music. He is most famous today as the father of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (\"Sisi\") and great-grandfather of King Leopold III of Belgium."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying (\u674e\u81ba) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant Dou Wu (d. 168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, to release them. However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "General-in-Chief He Jin (d. 189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d. 189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (\u4f55\u82d7) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22, 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d. 199 AD) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao (r. 189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie\u2014the future Emperor Xian of Han (r. 189\u2013220 AD). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sarawak Chamber", "paragraph_text": "Sarawak Chamber is the largest known cave chamber in the world by area and the second largest by volume after the Miao Room in China. It is in Gua Nasib Bagus (Good Luck Cave), which is located in Gunung Mulu National Park, in the Malaysian state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Empress Sh\u014dshi", "paragraph_text": ", also known as , the eldest daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga, was Empress of Japan from c. 1000 to c. 1011. Her father sent her to live in the Emperor Ichij\u014d's harem at age 12. Because of his power, influence and political machinations she quickly achieved the status of . As empress she was able to surround herself with a court of talented and educated ladies-in-waiting such as Murasaki Shikibu, author of \"The Tale of Genji\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Empress Gou", "paragraph_text": "Empress Gou (\u82df\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Ji\u0101n, who created her empress in 355 after seizing the throne from his violent and cruel cousin Fu Sheng even though he claimed only the title of \"Heavenly Prince\" (\"Tian Wang\")."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (\u9673\u8543) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'\u00e9tat against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (\u738b\u752b). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (\u5f35\u5950) favored the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wang Shen'ai", "paragraph_text": "Wang Shen'ai was the daughter of the official Wang Xianzhi, the son of the famed official and calligrapher Wang Xizhi. Her mother Princess Xin'an was the daughter of Emperor Jianwen, making her and her husband cousins. In 396, while he was still crown prince under his father Emperor Xiaowu, they married, and she became crown empress. She was 12, and he was 14. As he was described to be so developmentally disabled that he could not speak or dress himself, or express whether he was full or hungry, it was unlikely that their marriage was consummated; in any case, they had no children. Later that year, after Emperor Xiaowu was killed by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang after humiliating her, Emperor An became emperor. In 397, she was created empress."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marshua", "paragraph_text": "Marshua (foaled 1962) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse sired by father Nashua out of Emardee, by Heliopolis. Marshua was ranked second in her class of two-year-olds. She made 16 starts in 1964 and was in the money 15 times,94% of the time. The highlight of that season was her victory in the prestigious Selima Stakes at Laurel Park Racecorse in Maryland. Having led all the way around the 1-1/16 mile event, she battled Queen Empress through the stretch to win by a fading neck. Queen Empress was later named champion two-year-old filly. In addition to the Selima, Marshua won the Schuylerville Stakes, the Gardenia Stakes and the Marguerite Stakes in her freshman year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Empress of Mijak", "paragraph_text": "Empress of Mijak (known as Empress in North America and the United Kingdom) is the first novel in the \"Godspeaker\" series by Karen Miller."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dou Wu", "paragraph_text": "Dou Wu (; died 168), courtesy name Youping (\u6e38\u5e73), was a Han Dynasty politician who was known as a Confucian scholar and served as a low-level official during the reign of Emperor Huan until his daughter Dou Miao was elevated from imperial consort to empress, which caused him to be promoted, eventually to become one of the most important imperial officials when his daughter became empress dowager and regent for Emperor Ling. He, along with Chen Fan, attempted to curb the eunuchs' power and install Confucian scholars in imperial government, but after a plot by him and Chen to exterminate the most powerful eunuchs was discovered, he was defeated in battle and committed suicide."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Urban Games", "paragraph_text": "Urban Games (Chinese: \u57ce\u5e02\u6e38\u620f) is a 2014 Chinese-United States action-thriller film directed by Bob Brown and Zhang Peng and starring Shawn Dou and Michelle Chen. The film was released on May 16, 2014."}], "question": "When did Empress Dou Miao's father die?"}
{"id": "2hop__3980_3962", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Roger Lumbala", "paragraph_text": "Roger Lumbala (born 1958) is an MP in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, representing the Rally of Congolese Democrats and Nationalists. He is a former rebel leader who was backed by Uganda during the 1998-2002 Congolese civil war."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lomami River", "paragraph_text": "The Lomami River is a major tributary of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The river is approximately long. It flows north, west of and parallel to the upper Congo."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian \u0112r\u0101n, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Ary\u0101n, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian \u0113r\u0101n and ary\u0101n are oblique plural forms of gentilic \u0113r- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning \"Aryan,\" i.e., \"of the Iranians\"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning \"skillful assembler.\" In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: \u0418\u0440 \u2013 Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: \u0418\u0440\u043e\u043d \u2013 Iron)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Great Vowel Shift", "paragraph_text": "The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1350 and the 1600s and 1700s, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English. Through this vowel shift, all Middle English long vowels changed their pronunciation. Some consonant sounds changed as well, particularly those that became silent; the term \"Great Vowel Shift\" is sometimes used to include these consonant changes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Middle-earth", "paragraph_text": "Middle - earth is the fictional setting of much of British writer J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium. The term is equivalent to the term Midgard of Norse mythology, describing the human - inhabited world, i.e. the central continent of the Earth in Tolkien's imagined mythological past. Tolkien's most widely read works, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, take place entirely in Middle - earth, and Middle - earth has also become a short - hand to refer to the legendarium or its fictional universe."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Great Vowel Shift", "paragraph_text": "The Great Vowel Shift was a major series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1350 and the 1600s and 1700s, beginning in southern England, and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English. Through this vowel shift, all Middle English long vowels changed their pronunciation. In addition, some consonant sounds changed as well, particularly those that became silent; the term Great Vowel Shift is sometimes used to include these consonant changes as well."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The Republic of the Congo (French: R\u00e9publique du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is traditional and historic. There is, however, no distinct Middle East. All official Middle Eastern affairs are referred to this bureau."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "South Kivu", "paragraph_text": "South Kivu (French: Sud-Kivu; Dutch: Zuid-Kivu) is one of 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Bukavu."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Belgian Congo", "paragraph_text": "Belgian Congo Congo belge (in French) Belgisch - Congo (in Dutch) 1908 -- 1960 Flag Coat of arms Motto: Travail et Progr\u00e8s ``Work and Progress ''Anthem: Braban\u00e7onne`` Brabantian'' The Congo (dark green) depicted with Belgian Ruanda - Urundi (light green), 1935 Status Colony of Belgium Capital Boma (1908 - 1926) L\u00e9opoldville (1926 - 1960) Common languages French (official) Also: Dutch, Lingala Kongo Swahili Tshiluba Religion Christianity, Baluba religion, Bantu religion King 1908 -- 1909 Leopold II 1909 -- 1934 Albert I 1934 -- 1951 Leopold III 1951 -- 1960 Baudouin I Governor - General 1908 -- 1910 Th\u00e9ophile Wahis (first) 1958 -- 1960 Hendrik Cornelis (last) Annexed by Belgium 15 November 1908 Independence declared 30 June 1960 Area 1960 2,344,858 km (905,355 sq mi) Population 1960 16,610,000 Currency Belgian Congo franc ISO 3166 code CG Preceded by Succeeded by Congo Free State Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville) Today part of DR Congo"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Adolescence", "paragraph_text": "Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. In females, secondary sex changes involve elevation of the breasts, widening of the hips, development of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the areolae, and elevation of the nipples. The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five Tanner stages, named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. The Republic of the Congo was established on the 28th of November 1958 but gained independence from France in 1960. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has ruled for 35 of the past 40 years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lukuga River", "paragraph_text": "The Lukuga River is a tributary of the Lualaba River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) that drains Lake Tanganyika. It is unusual in that its flow varies not just seasonally but also due to longer term climate fluctuations."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Isaac Shaahu", "paragraph_text": "Isaac Shaahu is a Nigerian politician from what is termed the middle belt of Nigeria. He was a cabinet minister in the aborted second republic. He later became Chairman of the Middle Belt Forum."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Name of Iran", "paragraph_text": "In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran (meaning land of Aryans in Persian language), the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word ``Iran ''has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from`` Persian'' to ``Iranian ''. In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both`` Persia'' and ``Iran ''could officially be used interchangeably."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "University of Kolwezi", "paragraph_text": "The University of Kalemie (UNIKOL) is a public university in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located in the province of Katanga, city of Kolwezi. At its creation, it was an \"Extension of the University of Lubumbashi\", then called \"University Centre of Kolwezi (C.U.K.)\". Instruction is in French."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term Middle East."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued."}], "question": "What is the French term for the country that changed its name from Middle Congo in 1958?"}
{"id": "2hop__848800_32825", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anglo-Corsican Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "However, Paoli eventually split from the revolutionary movement over the issue of the execution of King Louis XVI and threw in his lot with the royalist party.  Accused of treason by the French National Convention, he summoned a consulta (assembly) at Corte in 1793, with himself as president, at which Corsica's formal secession from France was declared. He requested the protection of the British government, then at war with revolutionary France, and suggested the Kingdom of Ireland as a model for an autonomous kingdom under the British monarch. For Britain it was an opportunity to secure a Mediterranean base."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marshua", "paragraph_text": "Marshua (foaled 1962) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse sired by father Nashua out of Emardee, by Heliopolis. Marshua was ranked second in her class of two-year-olds. She made 16 starts in 1964 and was in the money 15 times,94% of the time. The highlight of that season was her victory in the prestigious Selima Stakes at Laurel Park Racecorse in Maryland. Having led all the way around the 1-1/16 mile event, she battled Queen Empress through the stretch to win by a fading neck. Queen Empress was later named champion two-year-old filly. In addition to the Selima, Marshua won the Schuylerville Stakes, the Gardenia Stakes and the Marguerite Stakes in her freshman year."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "William Plumpton", "paragraph_text": "He was the grandson of Sir William Plumpton executed in 1405 for treason by Henry IV and the son of Sir Robert Plumpton of Plumpton Hall, Yorkshire. On the death of his father in 1421 he became the ward of Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106\u2013125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (\u674e\u958f) and Jiang Jing (\u6c5f\u4eac) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125\u2013144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengn\u00fc (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengn\u00fc resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "George Wakeman", "paragraph_text": "Sir George Wakeman (died 1688) was an English doctor, who was royal physician to Catherine of Braganza, Consort of Charles II of England. In 1678, on the outbreak of the fabricated Popish Plot, he was falsely accused of treason by Titus Oates, who had gained the backing of Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of Danby, the effective head of the English government. Oates accused Wakeman of conspiring to kill the King with the help of the Jesuits, and to put his brother James, Duke of York on the throne in his place. At his trial in 1679 Wakeman was acquitted, the first sign that the public was beginning to lose faith in the reality of the Plot."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Empress Qiang", "paragraph_text": "Empress Qiang (\u5f37\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) (died 356), formally Empress Mingde (\u660e\u5fb7\u7687\u540e, literally \"the understanding and virtuous empress\"), was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Former Qin's founding emperor, Fu Ji\u00e0n (Emperor Jingming)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pollard script", "paragraph_text": "The Pollard script, also known as Pollard Miao (Chinese: \u67cf\u683c\u7406\u82d7\u6587 B\u00f3 G\u00e9l\u01d0 Miao-wen) or Miao, is an abugida loosely based on the Latin alphabet and invented by Methodist missionary Sam Pollard. Pollard invented the script for use with A-Hmao, one of several Miao languages. The script underwent a series of revisions until 1936, when a translation of the New Testament was published using it. The introduction of Christian materials in the script that Pollard invented caused a great impact among the Miao. Part of the reason was that they had a legend about how their ancestors had possessed a script but lost it. According to the legend, the script would be brought back some day. When the script was introduced, many Miao came from far away to see and learn it."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Edward Colman", "paragraph_text": "Edward Colman or Coleman (17 May 1636 \u2013 3 December 1678) was an English Catholic courtier under Charles II of England. He was hanged, drawn and quartered on a treason charge, having been implicated by Titus Oates in his false accusations concerning a Popish Plot. He is a Catholic martyr, beatified by Pope Pius XI in 1929."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria (4 December 1808 \u2013 15 November 1888), known informally as Max in Bayern, was a member of a junior branch of the House of Wittelsbach and a promoter of Bavarian folk-music. He is most famous today as the father of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (\"Sisi\") and great-grandfather of King Leopold III of Belgium."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Betrayal of America", "paragraph_text": "The Betrayal of America is a book by Vincent Bugliosi (Thunder's Mouth Press, 2001, ) which is largely based on an article he wrote for \"The Nation\" entitled \"None Dare Call It Treason\", which argues that the US Supreme Court's December 12, 2000, 5\u20134 decision in \"Bush v. Gore\" unlawfully handed the 2000 U.S. presidential election to George W. Bush. Bugliosi declares that the decision damaged both the US Constitution and democracy in general. He accuses the five majority judges of moral culpability by endangering Americans' constitutional freedoms."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Virginia Resolves", "paragraph_text": "On May 29, 1765, Patrick Henry made one of his famous speeches before the Virginia House of Burgesses to encourage the passage of the resolutions. Henry said ``Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and George III... (Henry was interrupted by cries from the opposition)... may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it. ''When Patrick Henry paused after the vibrant portion of the speech, Speaker John Robinson stood and shouted,`` Treason! Treason!''. Patrick Henry at this point issued a semi-apology."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird", "paragraph_text": "Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers\u2014Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk\u2014are lying. It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom, and that her father caught her and beat her. Despite significant evidence of Tom's innocence, the jury convicts him. Jem's faith in justice becomes badly shaken, as is Atticus', when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dou Wu", "paragraph_text": "Dou Wu (; died 168), courtesy name Youping (\u6e38\u5e73), was a Han Dynasty politician who was known as a Confucian scholar and served as a low-level official during the reign of Emperor Huan until his daughter Dou Miao was elevated from imperial consort to empress, which caused him to be promoted, eventually to become one of the most important imperial officials when his daughter became empress dowager and regent for Emperor Ling. He, along with Chen Fan, attempted to curb the eunuchs' power and install Confucian scholars in imperial government, but after a plot by him and Chen to exterminate the most powerful eunuchs was discovered, he was defeated in battle and committed suicide."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack, The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties, The Sun gave its response. \"There are traitors in our midst\", wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May, accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian, plus the BBC's defence correspondent Peter Snow, of \"treason\" for aspects of their coverage."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (d\u014d), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying (\u674e\u81ba) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant Dou Wu (d. 168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, to release them. However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ran Zhi", "paragraph_text": "Ran Zhi, as Ran Min's oldest son, was created crown prince when he proclaimed the new state in 350 after overthrowing the Later Zhao emperor Shi Jian and declared himself emperor. He created Ran Zhi's mother Lady Dong empress. After he was captured and executed by Former Yan's prince Murong Jun in 352, Empress Dong tried to hold out but was eventually forced to surrender. Murong Jun created her the Lady Fengxi and created Ran Zhi the Marquess of Haibin. In 354, the Former Yan official Song Bin (\u5b8b\u658c) was accused of leading a plot to have Ran Zhi made emperor, and it was said that all who were involved were executed \u2014 implying, but not explicitly stating, that Ran Zhi was executed as well. A number of officials named Ran during the later Northern Wei Dynasty claimed descent from Ran Min, presumably through Ran Zhi."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "General-in-Chief He Jin (d. 189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d. 189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (\u4f55\u82d7) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22, 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d. 199 AD) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao (r. 189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie\u2014the future Emperor Xian of Han (r. 189\u2013220 AD). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (\u9673\u8543) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'\u00e9tat against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (\u738b\u752b). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (\u5f35\u5950) favored the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Last Empress (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Last Empress is a historical novel by Anchee Min that provides a sympathetic account of the life of Empress Dowager Cixi (referred to as Empress Orchid), from her rise to power as Empress Tzu-Hsi, until her death at 72 years of age. Akin to the bestselling and preceding novel in the series Empress Orchid, names within the story are different in spelling but retain the same pronunciation - allowing the reader to identify each relevant character to his or her real life counterpart."}], "question": "Who accused Empress Dou Miao's father of treason?"}
{"id": "2hop__96933_435736", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Censorship in Algeria", "paragraph_text": "Reporters Without Borders's (RSF in French) index for freedom of press gives approximatively 40 for Algeria since five years (although the figure has increased, signifying a lesser freedom of press). Along with L'Humanit\u00e9 newspaper, RWF did denounce the imprisonment of Mohammad Benchicou, director of Le Matin, who was sentenced to two years of prison for denouncing corruption in Algeria. Benchicou was awarded in 2006 the PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bronzen Adhemar", "paragraph_text": "The Bronzen Adhemar (Dutch for \"Brass Adhemar\") is the official Flemish Community Cultural Prize for Comics, given to a Flemish comics author for his body of work. It is awarded by the Flemish Ministry of Culture during Strip Turnhout, the major Flemish comics festival, once every two years."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Finances of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "paragraph_text": "By the time Lorenzo Snow became church president in 1898, the church was $2.3 million in debt. Snow reemphasized the payment of tithing (giving 10% of one's income to the church) and by 1907 the church was completely out of debt and since then has not used debt to fund its operations, even for capital projects. An early pioneer venture of the LDS Church was ZCMI which lasted from 1868 to divesting ZCMI Center Mall in 2007."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brazil at the 1956 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Brazil competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia and Stockholm, Sweden (equestrian events). 44 competitors, 43 men and one woman took part in 28 events in 11 sports. The only Brazilian medal was the gold won by Adhemar Ferreira da Silva in men's triple jump. This was his second gold medal in the event. He was the first Brazilian to be a two-time Olympic champion."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous \"Give me Liberty or Give me Death\" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Give It to Me Baby", "paragraph_text": "``Give It to Me Baby ''Single by Rick James from the album Street Songs B - side`` Do n't Give Up on Love'' Released February 20, 1981 Format 7 ''Genre Funk Length 4: 08 Label Gordy Songwriter (s) Rick James Producer (s) Rick James Rick James singles chronology ``Big Time'' (1980)`` Give It to Me Baby ''(1981) ``Super Freak'' (1981)`` Big Time ''(1980) ``Give It to Me Baby'' (1981)`` Super Freak ''(1981) Music video ``Give It To Me Baby'' on YouTube"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Titanic (1997 film)", "paragraph_text": "Titanic won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well as three Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. The film's soundtrack became the best-selling primarily orchestral soundtrack of all time, and became a worldwide success, spending sixteen weeks at number-one in the United States, and was certified diamond for over eleven million copies sold in the United States alone. The soundtrack also became the best-selling album of 1998 in the U.S. \"My Heart Will Go On\" won the Grammy Awards for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television. The film also won Best Male Performance for Leonardo DiCaprio and Best Movie at the MTV Movie Awards, Best Film at the People's Choice Awards, and Favorite Movie at the 1998 Kids' Choice Awards. It won various awards outside the United States, including the Awards of the Japanese Academy as the Best Foreign Film of the Year. Titanic eventually won nearly ninety awards and had an additional forty-seven nominations from various award-giving bodies around the world. Additionally, the book about the making of the film was at the top of The New York Times' bestseller list for several weeks, \"the first time that such a tie-in book had achieved this status\".Since its release, Titanic has appeared on the American Film Institute's award-winning 100 Years... series. So far, it has ranked on the following six lists:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "3rd Berlin International Film Festival", "paragraph_text": "The 3rd annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 18 to 28 June 1953. This year's festival did not give any official jury prizes, instead awards were given by audience voting. This continued until the FIAPF granted Berlin \"A-Status\" in 1956."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Something's Gotta Give (Johnny Mercer song)", "paragraph_text": "``Something's Gotta Give ''is a popular song with words and music by Johnny Mercer in 1954. It was published in 1955. It was written for and first performed by Fred Astaire in the 1955 musical film Daddy Long Legs, and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 as Best Original Song, losing to Love is a Many Splendored Thing."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Danny Lui", "paragraph_text": "Danny Lui (Lui Tam Ping) (7 January 1957 - 1 July 2012) was a Hong Kong entrepreneur and venture capitalist. He won the Hong Kong Young Industrialist Award in 1992 and maintained working relationships with governments in China and Hong Kong. He also had a network of venture capital connections on both sides of the Pacific."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Feed the Birds", "paragraph_text": "In the book, Mary Poppins accompanies the children, on the way to tea with their father, to give money to the bird woman to feed the birds. In the movie, on the way to the bank, their father discourages the children from feeding the birds, while Mary Poppins, who had sung the song to the children the previous night, was on her day off. Academy Award winner Jane Darwell played the Bird Woman, her last screen appearance."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Stu Jacobs", "paragraph_text": "Stu Jacobs (born 25 October 1965) is a New Zealand association football player and manager who represented New Zealand and coached the New Zealand Men's Olympic team at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. In October 2016 he was awarded Capital Football Federation's Coach of the Year award for leading Wellington Olympic to victory winning the Central League competition."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Faraday Lectureship Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Faraday Lectureship Prize, previously known simply as the Faraday Lectureship is awarded once every three years (approximately) by the Royal Society of Chemistry for \"exceptional contributions to physical or theoretical chemistry\". Named after Michael Faraday, the first Faraday Lecture was given in 1869, two years after Faraday's death, by Jean-Baptiste Dumas. As of 2009, the prize was worth \u00a35000, with the recipient also receiving a medal and a certificate. As the name suggests, the recipient also gives a public lecture describing his or her work."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anna Raeburn", "paragraph_text": "Anna Raeburn (born 3 April 1944) is a British broadcaster and journalist who is known for her role as an \"agony aunt\", giving advice on relationships and more general life problems. As a broadcaster, she has worked for Capital Radio, LBC and the original Talk Radio. She currently writes the weekly blog 'Annalog'."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (1099)", "paragraph_text": "After the successful siege of Antioch in June 1098, the Crusaders remained in the area for the rest of the year. The papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy had died, and Bohemond of Taranto had claimed Antioch for himself. Baldwin of Boulogne remained in Edessa, captured earlier in 1098. There was dissent among the princes over what to do next; Raymond of Toulouse, frustrated, left Antioch to capture the fortress at Ma'arrat al-Numan in the Siege of Maarat. By the end of the year, the minor knights and infantry were threatening to march to Jerusalem without them. Eventually, on January 13, 1099 Raymond began the march south, down the coast of the Mediterranean, followed by Robert of Normandy and Bohemond's nephew Tancred, who agreed to become his vassals."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Michael Novak", "paragraph_text": "Michael Novak (September 9, 1933 \u2013 February 17, 2017) was an American Catholic philosopher, journalist, novelist, and diplomat. The author of more than forty books on the philosophy and theology of culture, Novak is most widely known for his book \"The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism\" (1982). In 1993 Novak was honored with an honorary doctorate degree at Universidad Francisco Marroqu\u00edn due to his commitment to the idea of liberty. In 1994 he was awarded the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, which included a million-dollar purse awarded at Buckingham Palace. He wrote books and articles focused on capitalism, religion, and the politics of democratization."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gyldendal's Endowment", "paragraph_text": "Gyldendal's Endowment was a literature prize which was awarded in the period 1934\u20131995 by the Norwegian publisher Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. The prize was awarded to significant authors, regardless of which publisher the author was associated with. The basic capital of the legacies came from the release of \"Bj\u00f8rnson's collective works\" in 1932."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Common Community Commission", "paragraph_text": "The Common Community Commission (, ) is responsible for Brussels community matters that are common to both the French Community and the Flemish Community and for institutions that fall within the competencies of the Communities but do not belong exclusively to either Community in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. Examples of this include the bilingual hospitals in the Brussels Region."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Don't Give Up the Ship", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't give up the ship '', the dying command of James Lawrence in 1813 aboard the USS Chesapeake`` Do n't Give Up the Ship'', words on the battle flag of Oliver Hazard Perry aboard the USS Niagara in the same year and also the name of a documentary video series by Kurt Sahlmann. Do n't Give Up the Ship (film), a 1959 comedy Do n't Give Up the Ship!, a set of rules for naval war games"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Westing Game", "paragraph_text": "Grace Wexler takes control of Jimmy Hoo's restaurant, renaming it ``Hoo's on First ''and giving it a theme of local sports stars. It gets rave reviews. The success of`` Hoo's on First'' ultimately results in a chain of ten such restaurants, the latest of which allows her to work close to her husband in the state capital of Madison."}], "question": "What is the capitol of the community which gives out the Bronzen Adhemar award?"}
{"id": "2hop__30045_374988", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "NGC 5866 Group", "paragraph_text": "The NGC 5866 Group is a small group of galaxies located in the constellation Draco. The group is named after NGC 5866, the galaxy with the highest apparent magnitude in the group, although some galaxy group catalogs list NGC 5907 as the brightest member."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hose's broadbill", "paragraph_text": "Hose's broadbill (\"Calyptomena hosii\") is a species of bird in the Eurylaimidae family. It was named after zoologist Charles Hose. It is endemic to highland forests in northern Borneo. It is threatened by habitat loss. It has a blue belly, but otherwise it resembles the other members of the genus \"Calyptomena\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of ships called HMS Hood", "paragraph_text": "Three ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Hood after several members of the Hood family, who were notable Navy officers:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lissajous orbit", "paragraph_text": "In orbital mechanics, a Lissajous orbit (), named after Jules Antoine Lissajous, is a quasi-periodic orbital trajectory that an object can follow around a Lagrangian point of a three-body system without requiring any propulsion. Lyapunov orbits around a Lagrangian point are curved paths that lie entirely in the plane of the two primary bodies. In contrast, Lissajous orbits include components in this plane and perpendicular to it, and follow a Lissajous curve. Halo orbits also include components perpendicular to the plane, but they are periodic, while Lissajous orbits are not."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Espenschied Nunatak", "paragraph_text": "Espenschied Nunatak is the westernmost member of the Snow Nunataks, on the English Coast of Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. This nunatak was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961\u201366, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Peter C. Espenschied, a United States Antarctic Research Program auroral scientist at the Byrd Auroral Sub-Station, 1960\u201361."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Indira Mount", "paragraph_text": "Indira Mount is a seabed mountain in the Antarctic Ocean (also known as the Southern Ocean). It was discovered during the First Indian Expedition to Antarctica (1981\u201382) when the team was moving from Mauritius to Antarctica. It was named as Indira Mount after the former Prime Minister of India Mrs Indira Gandhi by the expedition members."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Broomball Australia", "paragraph_text": "Broomball Australia is the national governing body for the ice sport of broomball in Australia. It was incorporated in October 2004 after a number of years unofficially operating under other varied names, such as the \"Australian Broomball Association\". Broomball Australia is a member of the International Federation of Broomball Associations (IFBA)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Energy", "paragraph_text": "Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gunnerus Medal", "paragraph_text": "It was inaugurated in 1927, and named after Johan Ernst Gunnerus, founder of the learned society. Members of the learned society are eligible to suggest candidates, and the medal is awarded by the board of directors."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hamiltonian mechanics", "paragraph_text": "Hamiltonian mechanics was first formulated by William Rowan Hamilton in 1833, starting from Lagrangian mechanics, a previous reformulation of classical mechanics introduced by Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1788."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Energy", "paragraph_text": "Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Strawberry Fields (memorial)", "paragraph_text": "Strawberry Fields is a 2.5-acre (1.0 ha) landscaped section in New York City's Central Park, designed by the landscape architect Bruce Kelly, that is dedicated to the memory of former Beatles member, John Lennon. It is named after the Beatles' song \"Strawberry Fields Forever\" written by Lennon. The song is itself named for the former Strawberry Field children's home in Liverpool, England, located near Lennon's childhood home."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sch\u00fcrmann-Bau", "paragraph_text": "The Sch\u00fcrmann-Bau is an office building in Bonn, named after its architect Joachim Sch\u00fcrmann. The building houses the headquarters of the Deutsche Welle, after being originally planned for the members of parliament. The construction site was heavily damaged in spring 1993 by a flood of the Rhine. During the construction period there was no flood control installed. Only in 1997, the damaged building was renovated. Estimated costs were 700 million Euros."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Royal Institute of British Architects", "paragraph_text": "The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fukushima Peak", "paragraph_text": "The peak was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2006 after Eiichi Fukushima, a member of the 1966\u201367 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition that made the first ascent of Mount Vinson, the summit of Antarctica, and other high mountains in the Sentinel Range."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Berry Spur", "paragraph_text": "Berry Spur () is a mostly ice-covered spur in Antarctica, located between McDermott Glacier and Comberiate Glacier on the west side of the Royal Society Range, Victoria Land. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Russell D. Berry, United States Geological Survey cartographer, a member of the satellite surveying team at South Pole Station, winter party 1983."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", "paragraph_text": "The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope that is part of NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope program, developed in coordination between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency. It is scheduled to launch in 2019 and will be located near the Earth -- Sun L lagrangian point. The telescope will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from the long - wavelength (orange to red) visible light through the mid-infrared (0.6 to 27 micrometer) range."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named \"Melbourne\" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Joseph-Louis Lagrange", "paragraph_text": "In 1787, at age 51, he moved from Berlin to Paris and became a member of the French Academy of Sciences. He remained in France until the end of his life. He was significantly involved in the decimalisation in Revolutionary France, became the first professor of analysis at the \u00c9cole Polytechnique upon its opening in 1794, was a founding member of the Bureau des Longitudes, and became Senator in 1799."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sanders Nunatak", "paragraph_text": "Sanders Nunatak is a prominent (850 m) rising above the ice of to the south of Noxon Cliff, in Asgard Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (1997) after Ryan Sanders, of NOAA, a member of the National Ozone Expedition to the McMurdo Station area in 1986 and 1987, returning as principal investigator in 1991, 1992, 1994 and 1996."}], "question": "What was the person for whom the Lagrangian is named a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__119526_374988", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Parliament", "paragraph_text": "In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. The House of Commons is composed of 650 (soon to be 600) members who are directly elected by British citizens to represent single - member constituencies. The leader of a Party that wins more than half the seats, or less than half but is able to gain the support of smaller parties to achieve a majority in the house is invited by the Monarch to form a government. The House of Lords is a body of long - serving, unelected members: Lords Temporal - 92 of whom inherit their titles (and of whom 90 are elected internally by members of the House to lifetime seats), 588 of whom have been appointed to lifetime seats, and Lords Spiritual - 26 bishops, who are part of the house while they remain in office."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Inventors' Day", "paragraph_text": "In recognition of the enormous contribution inventors make to the nation and the world, the Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97 -- 198), has designated 11 February, the anniversary of the birth of the inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who held over 1,000 patents, as National Inventors' Day."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Joseph-Louis Lagrange", "paragraph_text": "In 1787, at age 51, he moved from Berlin to Paris and became a member of the French Academy of Sciences. He remained in France until the end of his life. He was significantly involved in the decimalisation in Revolutionary France, became the first professor of analysis at the \u00c9cole Polytechnique upon its opening in 1794, was a founding member of the Bureau des Longitudes, and became Senator in 1799."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Percy Spencer", "paragraph_text": "Percy Lebaron Spencer (July 19, 1894 \u2013 September 8, 1970) was an American physicist and inventor. He became known as the inventor of the microwave oven."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees", "paragraph_text": "The National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF) inductees includes over 500 inventors spanning three centuries of lifetimes. John Fitch was the earliest born inventor inducted into the NIHF (1743), while Barrett Comiskey is currently the most recently born (1975)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Loewe Massif", "paragraph_text": "Loewe Massif () is a large rock massif in the eastern part of the Aramis Range of the Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica. The surface of the massif is largely an undulating plateau from which Mount Loewe and the Medvecky Peaks rise. The plateau lies at an average elevation of above sea level and above the ice on its northern flank. It was discovered by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) party led by W.G. Bewsher in 1956. The name of the massif derives from Mount Loewe, which was named for Fritz Loewe, a member of the ANARE reconnaissance party in the French expedition at Port Martin, Ad\u00e9lie Coast, in 1951."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Computational complexity theory", "paragraph_text": "It was shown by Ladner that if P \u2260 NP then there exist problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete. Such problems are called NP-intermediate problems. The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed to be NP-intermediate. They are some of the very few NP problems not known to be in P or to be NP-complete."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shillong Plateau", "paragraph_text": "The Shillong Plateau is a plateau in eastern Meghalaya state, northeastern India. The plateau's southern, northern and western ridges form the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills respectively."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Richard S. Morse", "paragraph_text": "Richard S. Morse (August 19, 1911 \u2013 July 1, 1988) was an American inventor and scientist credited with invention of orange juice concentrate, the founder of the Minute Maid, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, Assistant Secretary of the Army, and senior lecturer at Sloan School of Management of Massachusetts Institute of Technology."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gordon Wharmby", "paragraph_text": "Wharmby made his debut in Last of the Summer Wine in 1982, as Wesley Pegden, the boilersuit wearing, tinkering mechanic and would be inventor. He appeared as a regular cast member for 16 series between 1985 and 2002. Thora Hird played his nagging wife Edie."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "In 1835, James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric light at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland. He stated that he could ``read a book at a distance of one and a half feet ''. However, having perfected the device to his own satisfaction, he turned to the problem of wireless telegraphy and did not develop the electric light any further. His claims are not well documented, although he is credited in Challoner et al. with being the inventor of the`` Incandescent Light Bulb''."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Drinkin' Problem", "paragraph_text": "``Drinkin 'Problem ''is the debut single of the American country music band Midland. It was released on July 27 2017, as the first single from their upcoming debut album On the Rocks. The band members wrote the song with Josh Osborne and Shane McAnally, the latter of whom also produced it."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Open Inventor", "paragraph_text": "Open Inventor, originally IRIS Inventor, is a C++ object oriented retained mode 3D graphics toolkit designed by SGI to provide a higher layer of programming for OpenGL. Its main goals are better programmer convenience and efficiency. Open Inventor exists as both proprietary software and free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nicoamen Plateau", "paragraph_text": "The Nicoamen Plateau is a small sub-plateau of the Thompson Plateau in the southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located between the Nicoamen River (W) and the lower valley of the Nicola River (E)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tanzilla Plateau", "paragraph_text": "The Tanzilla Plateau is a plateau in the Stikine Country of the Northern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It is a sub-plateau of the Stikine Plateau and is located east of the Tuya River, north of the Stikine River and surrounding Dease Lake; its eastern extremity verges on the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains at Dark Mountain and Pyramid Mountain. The Spatsizi Plateau is to the southeast, the Klastline Plateau to the south, the Tahltan Highland to the west and southwest, and the Kawdy Plateau to the west and northwest. All are also sub-plateaus of the Stikine Plateau."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, protecting most of the Spatsizi Plateau, the southeasternmost subplateau of the Stikine Plateau, and the upper reaches of the basin of the Stikine River."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Suddenly Human", "paragraph_text": "The Enterprise responds to a distress call from a Talarian vessel. They rescue five teenaged members, four of whom are Talarian, and one human, Jono (Chad Allen)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Foster Plateau", "paragraph_text": "Foster Plateau is a plateau, about in area, lying between Drygalski Glacier and Hektoria Glacier in northern Graham Land, Antarctica. It borders Forbidden Plateau on the south and Herbert Plateau on the north. The feature was photographed by the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition in 1956\u201357 and mapped from these photos by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS). It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1960 for Richard A. Foster, FIDS leader of the Danco Island station in 1956 and 1957."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Plateau's problem", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, Plateau's problem is to show the existence of a minimal surface with a given boundary, a problem raised by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1760. However, it is named after Joseph Plateau who experimented with soap films. The problem is considered part of the calculus of variations. The existence and regularity problems are part of geometric measure theory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Northeast (Vietnam)", "paragraph_text": "The northern part junction with Vietnam-China border are the plateau (highland) turns from west to east are: B\u1eafc H\u00e0, Qu\u1ea3n B\u1ea1, \u0110\u1ed3ng V\u0103n. Two first plateau has an average elevation of 1000-1200m. \u0110\u1ed3ng V\u0103n Plateau is 1600m. River and stream flowing through the plateau created a long and deep canyons. There are also some small plain, which is Th\u1ea5t Kh\u00ea, L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, L\u1ed9c B\u00ecnh, Cao B\u1eb1ng."}], "question": "What was the inventor of Plateau's problem a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__7933_59940", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1940\u201341 NHL season", "paragraph_text": "The 1940\u201341 NHL season was the 24th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1993\u201394 OHL season", "paragraph_text": "The 1993\u201394 OHL season was the 14th season of the Ontario Hockey League. Sixteen teams each played 66 games. The North Bay Centennials won the J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeating the Detroit Junior Red Wings."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Claude Gauthier (ice hockey)", "paragraph_text": "Claude Gauthier is a former ice hockey player who played right wing and was drafted first overall in the 1964 NHL Amateur Draft by the Detroit Red Wings from a midget team in Rosemont, Quebec. He never played in the National Hockey League."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jesse Wallin", "paragraph_text": "Jesse Wallin (born March 10, 1978) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in 49 career National Hockey League games for the Detroit Red Wings. He was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, but was raised and played his minor hockey in North Battleford, Saskatchewan. He was the General Manager and Head Coach of the Red Deer Rebels of the Western Hockey League (WHL) for five seasons, and is currently an amateur scout for the St. Louis Blues."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ryan Bach", "paragraph_text": "Ryan \"Bacher\" Bach (born October 21, 1973 in Sherwood Park, Alberta) is a former professional hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League. Bach was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings in the 11th round of the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He played college hockey at Colorado College before turning pro in 1996. He played three games in the National Hockey League for the Los Angeles Kings during the 1998-99 NHL season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Milan Chalupa", "paragraph_text": "Milan Chalupa (born July 4, 1953 in Oudole\u0148, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 14 games for the Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nakina Smith", "paragraph_text": "Smith played hockey for 19 seasons, including ten games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings during the 1943\u201344 NHL season."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rolly Roulston", "paragraph_text": "Orville William \"Rolly\" Roulston (April 12, 1911 \u2013 April 24, 1983) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played 24 games in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings in three separate seasons. Roulston missed most of the 1936-37 season due to an injury, but his name was still engraved on the Stanley Cup as a member of the champion Detroit Red Wings. He was born in Toronto, Ontario."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "R\u00e9jean Cloutier", "paragraph_text": "R\u00e9jean Cloutier (born February 15, 1960) is a former professional ice hockey player who played for the Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arena Football League", "paragraph_text": "One of the league's early success stories was the Detroit Drive. A primary team for some of the AFL's most highly regarded players, including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig, as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter, the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis Arena, and went to the ArenaBowl every year of their existence (1988\u20131993). The AFL's first dynasty came to an end when their owner, Mike Ilitch (who also owned Little Caesars Pizza and the Detroit Red Wings) bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team and sold the AFL team."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1995\u201396 Detroit Red Wings season", "paragraph_text": "With their 62 wins, the 1995 -- 96 Detroit Red Wings eclipsed the all - time record of most regular - season wins, which had been set at 60 by the 1976 -- 77 Montreal Canadiens. Their 131 points during the regular season were the most since the 1976 -- 77 Montreal Canadiens accumulated 132 points (still an all - time record). They surpassed most of that year's NBA season win records, the 64 -- 18 Seattle SuperSonics and the 72 -- 10 Chicago Bulls being the only outliers. The Red Wings had two winning streaks of nine games, and had a 13 -- game unbeaten streak from Sunday, March 3, 1996, to Sunday, March 31, going 12 -- 0 -- 1 during that stretch. Having the best record in the league, the Red Wings were awarded the Presidents' Trophy. During the 1995 -- 96 regular season, the Red Wings were the only team to score at least one goal in all 82 of its games. While the team is remembered for its record - breaking regular season, it experienced disappointment in the playoffs. Detroit lost five games to Winnipeg and St. Louis, both teams that failed to get above 80 points in the regular season, including having to go to a decisive game 7 against St. Louis. They were ultimately upset by Colorado, winning only two of the six games in the series, and failed to reach the Stanley Cup Finals."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Clarence Behling", "paragraph_text": "Clarence Roy \"Dick\" Behling (March 16, 1916 in Berlin, Ontario \u2013 July 24, 1994) is a former professional hockey player that played for the Detroit Red Wings in the NHL. He also played for the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, the Indianapolis Capitals, the Detroit Holzbaugh-Fords, the Harringay Greyhounds and the Baltimore Orioles."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gordon Sherritt", "paragraph_text": "Gordon Sherritt (April 8, 1919 \u2013 March 12, 2005) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played eight games in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings. He was born in Oakville, Manitoba."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ed Zeniuk", "paragraph_text": "Edward William Zeniuk (March 8, 1933 \u2013 April 14, 1996) was a professional ice hockey defenceman who played in just two NHL games with the Stanley Cup winning Detroit Red Wings. He was born in Landis, Saskatchewan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Arizona League Reds", "paragraph_text": "With the announcement of the big league club moving their spring training headquarters from Sarasota, Florida to Goodyear, Arizona beginning in 2010, the former GCL Reds headed to the Arizona League for the 2010 season. The GCL Reds played home games in Sarasota, Florida, at Ed Smith Stadium."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Joe Louis Arena", "paragraph_text": "The arena hosted its first event on December 12, 1979: a college basketball game between the University of Michigan and the University of Detroit. The Red Wings played their first game at Joe Louis Arena on December 27, 1979, hosting the St. Louis Blues. Later that first season it hosted the 32nd NHL All - Star Game on February 5, 1980, which was played before a then - NHL record crowd of 21,002. Joe Louis Arena was the site of the 1987 NHL Entry Draft, which marked the first NHL Entry Draft to be held in the United States. In 1980, the arena hosted the Republican National Convention that nominated Ronald Reagan as the Republican candidate for President of the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Brad Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Charles Bradley \"Brad\" Marsh (born March 31, 1958) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played as a defenceman in the National Hockey League (NHL). Marsh played for the Atlanta Flames, Calgary Flames, Philadelphia Flyers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Detroit Red Wings and Ottawa Senators over a 15-year NHL career. He played for the Prince of Wales Conference in the 1993 NHL All-Star Game, scoring one goal."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ji\u0159\u00ed Fischer", "paragraph_text": "Ji\u0159\u00ed Fischer (born July 31, 1980) is a former professional ice hockey defenceman in the National Hockey League (NHL) who played his entire career with the Detroit Red Wings. He currently serves as Detroit's Director of Player Evaluation. Fischer was selected in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft in the first round, 25th overall, by the Red Wings, and was a part of the team that won the 2002 Stanley Cup."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "For the fourth time, the Alamodome and city of San Antonio are hosting the Final Four. This is the first tournament since 1994 in which no games were played in an NFL stadium, as the Alamodome is a college football stadium, although the Alamodome hosted some home games for the New Orleans Saints during their 2005 season. The 2018 tournament featured three new arenas in previous host cities. Philips Arena, the home of the Atlanta Hawks and replacement for the previously used Omni Coliseum, hosted the South regional games, and the new Little Caesars Arena, home of the Detroit Pistons and Detroit Red Wings, hosted games. And for the first time since 1994, the tournament returned to Wichita and the state of Kansas where Intrust Bank Arena hosted first round games."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1952 Stanley Cup Finals", "paragraph_text": "The 1952 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the Detroit Red Wings and the Montreal Canadiens in the first of the four Detroit-Montreal Final series of the 1950s. The Canadiens were appearing in their second straight Finals series, while Detroit was returning after winning the 1950 Final. The Red Wings would win the series 4\u20130, shutting out the Canadiens twice and allowing one goal in each of the other two games. By doing so, the Red Wings became the first team to go perfect in the playoffs."}], "question": "When did the Red Wings move to the home arena of the Detroit Drive?"}
{"id": "2hop__26170_59940", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1993\u201394 OHL season", "paragraph_text": "The 1993\u201394 OHL season was the 14th season of the Ontario Hockey League. Sixteen teams each played 66 games. The North Bay Centennials won the J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeating the Detroit Junior Red Wings."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ji\u0159\u00ed Fischer", "paragraph_text": "Ji\u0159\u00ed Fischer (born July 31, 1980) is a former professional ice hockey defenceman in the National Hockey League (NHL) who played his entire career with the Detroit Red Wings. He currently serves as Detroit's Director of Player Evaluation. Fischer was selected in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft in the first round, 25th overall, by the Red Wings, and was a part of the team that won the 2002 Stanley Cup."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ed Zeniuk", "paragraph_text": "Edward William Zeniuk (March 8, 1933 \u2013 April 14, 1996) was a professional ice hockey defenceman who played in just two NHL games with the Stanley Cup winning Detroit Red Wings. He was born in Landis, Saskatchewan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Red Wing Medical Center", "paragraph_text": "Mayo Clinic Health System in Red Wing (part of Mayo Clinic Health System) is a 50-bed hospital located in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States. Opened in 2001, it combines a clinic and hospital in one facility."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "R\u00e9jean Cloutier", "paragraph_text": "R\u00e9jean Cloutier (born February 15, 1960) is a former professional ice hockey player who played for the Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Logan Pyett", "paragraph_text": "Logan Pyett (born May 26, 1988) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for KooKoo in the Finnish Liiga. Pyett was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings in the seventh round of the 2006 NHL Entry Draft, 212th overall."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Joe Louis Arena", "paragraph_text": "The arena hosted its first event on December 12, 1979: a college basketball game between the University of Michigan and the University of Detroit. The Red Wings played their first game at Joe Louis Arena on December 27, 1979, hosting the St. Louis Blues. Later that first season it hosted the 32nd NHL All - Star Game on February 5, 1980, which was played before a then - NHL record crowd of 21,002. Joe Louis Arena was the site of the 1987 NHL Entry Draft, which marked the first NHL Entry Draft to be held in the United States. In 1980, the arena hosted the Republican National Convention that nominated Ronald Reagan as the Republican candidate for President of the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Marguerite Norris", "paragraph_text": "Marguerite Norris became president of the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL after her father James E. Norris died in 1952. She remained the team president of the Red Wings from 1952 \u2013 1955. She was the first female chief executive in the history of the National Hockey League and was the first woman to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup, in both 1954 and 1955. The team finished first in all three seasons she was at the helm."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit is one of 12 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname \"Hockeytown\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Legend of the Octopus", "paragraph_text": "The Legend of the Octopus is a sports tradition during Detroit Red Wings home playoff games involving dead octopuses thrown onto the ice rink. The origins of the activity go back to the 1952 playoffs, when a National Hockey League team played two best - of - seven series to capture the Stanley Cup. Having eight arms, the octopus symbolized the number of playoff wins necessary for the Red Wings to win the Stanley Cup. The practice started April 15, 1952, when Pete and Jerry Cusimano, brothers and storeowners in Detroit's Eastern Market, hurled an octopus into the rink of The Old Red Barn. The team swept the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens en route to winning the championship, as well as winning two of the next three championships."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gordon Sherritt", "paragraph_text": "Gordon Sherritt (April 8, 1919 \u2013 March 12, 2005) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played eight games in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings. He was born in Oakville, Manitoba."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1952 Stanley Cup Finals", "paragraph_text": "The 1952 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the Detroit Red Wings and the Montreal Canadiens in the first of the four Detroit-Montreal Final series of the 1950s. The Canadiens were appearing in their second straight Finals series, while Detroit was returning after winning the 1950 Final. The Red Wings would win the series 4\u20130, shutting out the Canadiens twice and allowing one goal in each of the other two games. By doing so, the Red Wings became the first team to go perfect in the playoffs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Red Wings Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Red Wings Airlines is an airline based in Moscow Domodedovo Airport, in Russia. The airline provides both scheduled passenger and cargo charter services."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1980\u201381 AHL season", "paragraph_text": "The 1980\u201381 AHL season was the 45th season of the American Hockey League. Nine teams played 80 games each in the schedule. The Hershey Bears finished first overall in the regular season. The Adirondack Red Wings won their first Calder Cup championship."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Milan Chalupa", "paragraph_text": "Milan Chalupa (born July 4, 1953 in Oudole\u0148, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 14 games for the Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1940\u201341 NHL season", "paragraph_text": "The 1940\u201341 NHL season was the 24th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nakina Smith", "paragraph_text": "Smith played hockey for 19 seasons, including ten games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings during the 1943\u201344 NHL season."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Clarence Behling", "paragraph_text": "Clarence Roy \"Dick\" Behling (March 16, 1916 in Berlin, Ontario \u2013 July 24, 1994) is a former professional hockey player that played for the Detroit Red Wings in the NHL. He also played for the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, the Indianapolis Capitals, the Detroit Holzbaugh-Fords, the Harringay Greyhounds and the Baltimore Orioles."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Turkestan cockroach", "paragraph_text": "The Turkestan cockroach (\"Blatta lateralis\", or \"Shelfordella lateralis\" in some classifications), also known as the rusty red cockroach, red runner cockroach or simply rusty red, red runner, or lat, is a primarily outdoor-dwelling cockroach native to an area from northern Africa to Central Asia. Adults measure around in length. Adult males are a brownish orange or red, are slender, and have long, yellowish wings which allow it to attract females and to glide. Adult females are dark brown to black, with cream-colored markings on the shield and a cream-colored stripe edging its wings; they are broader than males, and have short vestigial wings. Nymphs are brown in front, black on the rear, and are wingless."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rolly Roulston", "paragraph_text": "Orville William \"Rolly\" Roulston (April 12, 1911 \u2013 April 24, 1983) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played 24 games in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings in three separate seasons. Roulston missed most of the 1936-37 season due to an injury, but his name was still engraved on the Stanley Cup as a member of the champion Detroit Red Wings. He was born in Toronto, Ontario."}], "question": "When did the Red Wings move to the place where they currently play?"}
{"id": "2hop__671006_588545", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Reifezeugnis", "paragraph_text": "Reifezeugnis is a 1977 German television film directed by Wolfgang Petersen and part of the \"Tatort\" television series. The film starred Nastassja Kinski in her first major role in a feature-length film, it was her breakthrough role which made her famous in Germany. It was also an important movie for Wolfgang Petersen's career as a director."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Winter in the Woods", "paragraph_text": "Winter in the Woods () is a 1956 German drama film directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner and starring Claus Holm. It is a remake of the 1936 film \"Winter in the Woods\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Schmetterlinge", "paragraph_text": "Schmetterlinge is a German film directed by Wolfgang Becker. It won the Golden Leopard at the 1988 Locarno International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wolfgang Blankenau", "paragraph_text": "Wolfgang Blankenau (born April 28, 1955 in Edmonton) is a former Canadian handball player who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Das M\u00e4dchen und der Staatsanwalt", "paragraph_text": "Das M\u00e4dchen und der Staatsanwalt (\"The Girl and the Prosecutor\") is a 1962 German drama film directed by J\u00fcrgen Goslar and starring Wolfgang Preiss, G\u00f6tz George and Elke Sommer."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Karl Schaum", "paragraph_text": "In 1904 he became an associate professor of physical chemistry at the University of Marburg, where he was an important influence towards the career of chemist Max Volmer. In 1908 he relocated to the University of Leipzig as an associate professor of photochemistry and scientific photography. From 1914 to 1935 he worked as a full professor of physical chemistry at the University of Giessen."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart", "paragraph_text": "Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (26 July 1791 \u2013 29 July 1844), also known as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Jr., was the youngest child of six born to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his wife Constanze. He was the younger of his parents' two surviving children. He was a composer, pianist, conductor, and teacher from the late classical period whose musical style was of an early Romanticism, heavily influenced by his father's mature style."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Katharina Wagner", "paragraph_text": "On 1 September 2008, Katharina Wagner was named together with her half-sister Eva Wagner-Pasquier as the new director of the Bayreuth Festival by the Richard Wagner Foundation, succeeding their father Wolfgang. This followed an extended family dispute. They were chosen in preference to their cousin Nike Wagner and the Belgian opera director and administrator Gerard Mortier, who had placed a late joint bid for the directorship on 24 August."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bernhard Nebel", "paragraph_text": "Bernhard Nebel received his Diploma degree from the University of Hamburg in 1980 and his Doctorate from the Saarland University in 1989. His thesis advisor was Wolfgang Wahlster."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wolfgang Ostwald", "paragraph_text": "Ostwald was born in Riga, the son of the 1909 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald, and died in Dresden."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "William of Rosenberg", "paragraph_text": "William of Rosenberg was a member of the influential noble House of Rosenberg. He was the son of Jo\u0161t III of Rosenberg and his second wife Anna of Roggendorf (d. 1562). His father died when William was four years old. William and his younger brother Peter Vok then stood under the guardianship of their uncle Peter V. From age seven, he studied at the Protestant private school of Arno\u0161t Kraiger von Kraigk in Mlada Boleslav. In 1544, at the age of nine, he switched to a Catholic school for young nobles at the court of Bishop Wolfgang of Passau."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Christian von Stetten", "paragraph_text": "Christian Freiherr von Stetten (born 24 July 1970 in Stuttgart) is a German businessman and politician of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU). He has served as Member of the Parliament of Germany, the Bundestag, since 2002. He represents the constituency of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall-Hohenlohe, and succeeded his father Wolfgang von Stetten as the Member of Parliament from that constituency."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Life is All You Get", "paragraph_text": "Life Is All You Get () is a 1997 German comedy film directed by Wolfgang Becker. It was entered into the 47th Berlin International Film Festival where it won an Honourable Mention."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Bone Man", "paragraph_text": "The Bone Man (German: Der Knochenmann) is a 2009 Austrian film directed by Wolfgang Murnberger. The script is based on the novel \"Der Knochenmann\" by Austrian author Wolf Haas."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}], "question": "Who is the employer of Wolfgang Ostwald's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__72505_70648", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Andrew Newell (athlete)", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Newell (born 28 February 1978 in Terrigal, New South Wales) is a Paralympic athletics competitor from New South Wales, Australia. Newell has an intellectual disability. He won two bronze medals at the 2000 Sydney Games in the men's 100m T20 event and the men's 400m T20 event. He competed at the 2002 IPC Athletics World Championships in 100m T20 and finished seventh in the final."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shahid Afridi", "paragraph_text": "In October 1996 at age 16, Afridi was drafted into the ODI team during the four - nation Sameer Cup 1996 -- 97 as a leg spinner as a replacement for the injured Mushtaq Ahmed. He made his debut on 2 October against Kenya; however, he did n't bat and went wicketless. In the next match against Sri Lanka, Afridi batted at number three in the role of a pinch - hitter. In his first international innings, Afridi broke the record for fastest century in ODI cricket, reaching his hundred from 37 balls. The eleven sixes he struck also equaled the record for most in an ODI innings. Aged 16 years and 217 days, Afridi became the youngest player to score an ODI century. Pakistan posted a total of 371, at the time the second - highest in ODIs, and won by 82 runs; Afridi was named man of the match. The record for fastest century in ODI was broken by New Zealand cricketer Corey Anderson on 1 January 2014 who hit 131 * runs from 36 balls and is now held by South - African cricketer AB de Villiers who made a century from 31 balls on 18 January 2015 against West Indies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aroldis Chapman", "paragraph_text": "Aroldis Chapman Chapman pitching for the New York Yankees in 2016 New York Yankees -- No. 54 Relief pitcher Born: (1988 - 02 - 28) February 28, 1988 (age 30) Holgu\u00edn Province, Cuba Bats: Left Throws: Left MLB debut August 31, 2010, for the Cincinnati Reds MLB statistics (through August 14, 2018) Win -- loss record 30 -- 24 Earned run average 2.20 Strikeouts 789 Saves 235 WHIP 1.01 Teams Cincinnati Reds (2010 -- 2015) New York Yankees (2016) Chicago Cubs (2016) New York Yankees (2017 -- present) Career highlights and awards 5 \u00d7 All - Star (2012 -- 2015, 2018) World Series champion (2016) MLB records Fastest pitch in MLB history -- 105.1 miles per hour (169.1 km / h) Fastest MLB pitcher to reach 500 strikeouts Medals (hide) Men's Baseball Representing Cuba Pan American Games 2007 Rio de Janeiro Team Baseball World Cup 2007 Taipei Team"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of One Day International cricket records", "paragraph_text": "The most successful team in ODI cricket, in terms of win percentage, barring the Asia XI cricket team, is Australia, having won 527 of their 854 ODIs (64.58%). In contrast, four teams have failed to win a single ODI: East Africa, Hong Kong, Namibia, and the USA. Notable ODI records include longest winning sequence (Australia, 21), longest losing sequence (Bangladesh, 23), highest match by any player (Sachin, 463) highest individual score (Rohit Sharma, 264), best bowling figures (Chaminda Vaas, 8 -- 19), most runs in an over (Herschelle Gibbs, 36) and fastest century (AB De Villiers, 31 deliveries)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2007 ICC World Twenty20", "paragraph_text": "India won the toss and chose to bat on what was considered to be a traditionally batsman - friendly pitch at the Bullring. Umar Gul took the wickets of both Yuvraj Singh and Mahendra Singh Dhoni, leaving India with 157 / 5 in 20 overs; only Gautam Gambhir (75 from 54 balls) produced a notable innings. A 21 - run over from Sreesanth swung the game towards Pakistan. However, Irfan Pathan (3 -- 16) and Joginder Sharma (2 -- 20) slowed the scoring dramatically. With Pakistan needing 54 from 24 balls, Misbah - ul - Haq hit 3 sixes off Harbhajan Singh in one over. Sreesanth was also dispatched for 2 sixes but took the wicket of Sohail Tanvir, as Pakistan went into the last over needing 13 runs to win, with only 1 wicket remaining. Joginder Sharma bowled a wide first ball, followed by a dot ball. Misbah followed by taking six off a full - toss; Pakistan needed just 6 runs to win from the last four balls. Misbah attempted to hit the next ball with a paddle - scoop over fine leg, but he only managed to sky the ball, and it was caught at short fine - leg by Sreesanth, leaving Pakistan all out for 152 runs. Irfan Pathan was awarded the Man of the Match for his spell, which included 3 wickets for 16 runs, including that of Man of the Series, Shahid Afridi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Werner Coetsee", "paragraph_text": "Werner Coetsee (born 16 March 1983) is a South African first-class cricketer. He was included in the Griqualand West cricket team squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup. In August 2017, he was named in Bloem City Blazers' squad for the first season of the T20 Global League. However, in October 2017, Cricket South Africa initially postponed the tournament until November 2018, with it being cancelled soon after."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "India national cricket team", "paragraph_text": "The Nawab of Pataudi, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, was the team's captain for 36 Test matches from 1961 -- 62 to 1969 -- 70, returning for another four matches against West Indies in 1974 -- 75. In the early years of his captaincy tenure, the team was whitewashed in the West Indies, England and Australia. However, in 1967 -- 68, Pataudi led India on its maiden New Zealand tour, which ended in India winning the Test series 3 -- 1. In 1970 -- 71, Ajit Wadekar took over the captaincy from Pataudi. Under Wadekar's captaincy, India registered its first Test series win in the West Indies and England. India played its first ODI in 1974, also under his captaincy. India won its first ODI under the captaincy of Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan in the 1975 Cricket World Cup, against East Africa. Between 1975 -- 76 and 1978 -- 79, Bishen Singh Bedi captained the team in 22 Tests and 4 ODIs, winning 6 Tests and one ODI."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2011 Rugby World Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "2011 Rugby World Cup Final Event 2011 Rugby World Cup France New Zealand 7 8 Date 23 October 2011 Venue Eden Park, Auckland Man of the Match Thierry Dusautoir (France) Referee Craig Joubert (South Africa) Attendance 61,079 \u2190 2007 2015 \u2192"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Virat Kohli", "paragraph_text": "In August 2008, Kohli was included in the Indian ODI squad for tour of Sri Lanka and the Champions Trophy in Pakistan. Prior to the Sri Lankan tour, Kohli had played only eight List A matches, and his selection was called a ``surprise call - up ''. During the Sri Lankan tour, as both first - choice openers Sachin Tendulkar and Virender Sehwag were injured, Kohli batted as a makeshift opener throughout the series. He made his international debut, at the age of 19, in the first ODI of the tour and was dismissed for 12. He made his first ODI half century, a score of 54, in the fourth match which helped India win the series. He had scores of 37, 25 and 31 in the other three matches. India won the series 3 -- 2 which was India's first ODI series win against Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rugby 08", "paragraph_text": "\"Rugby 08\" was released prior to the 2007 World Cup in France. New modes include the Rugby World Cup and the World Cup Challenge mode. Other new gameplay features include simplified lineouts and defensive formations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Faisal Iqbal", "paragraph_text": "Faisal Iqbal (Urdu: \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644) (born 30 December 1981 in Karachi) is a Pakistani cricket coach and cricketer who played for Pakistani national cricket team in Tests and One Day Internationals. Played as Captain/Player for Karachi Region, Pakistan International Airlines PIA, Sindh Dolphins, Pakistan A in First class , List A and T20s. Captained Pakistan U.15 World Cup, U.19 World Cup/ Series, Pakistan Academy, Pakistan A, Pakistan Reserves, Pakistan Emerging X1, Sylhet Royals in BPL T20, Batting Coach/ Consultant T10 League Maratha Arabians, Batting Coach/ Consultant PSL T20 Karachi Kings. Batting Consultant UAE Men\u2019s Team for Emerging Asia Cup 2018."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2007\u201308 Biathlon World Cup statistics", "paragraph_text": "The 2007\u201308 Biathlon World Cup statistics gives a detailed tabular account of the accumulating Biathlon World Cup scores and related rankings of the top 30 biathletes in the Total (Overall) World Cup, and the top 15 in each of the Individual, Sprint, Pursuit, and Mass start Cups, as well as the top 10 nations in the Relay Cup and top 15 in the Nation Cup, for the duration of the 2007-08 World Cup season, including the 2008 Biathlon World Championships, which counted as usual in the World Cup scores."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yasir Shah", "paragraph_text": "Yasir Shah (; born 2 May 1986) is an international cricketer from Pakistan who is the joint-second fastest bowler in the history of Test cricket to take 100 wickets, as well as also being the fastest to pick up 200 wickets, having broken the previous record set by Australian bowler Clarrie Grimmett. He is a specialist leg break spin bowler and is known for his leg spinners, flippers and googlies. He is regarded by Shane Warne as one of the best spinners in modern cricket. He was born in Swabi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 1986."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Australia 31\u20130 American Samoa", "paragraph_text": "Australia's 31\u20130 win broke the record for the largest winning margin in an international match. The previous record was Australia's 22\u20130 win over Tonga, recorded two days earlier in the same competition. Both wins surpassed the previous record held by Kuwait in a 20\u20130 win over Bhutan in the 2000 Asian Cup qualification. The match also broke the record for the largest margin in a World Cup qualification match. The previous record was held by Iran in a 19\u20130 win over Guam in 2002 World Cup qualification.Apart from team records, individual records were also broken in the match. Australia's Archie Thompson, who only had two international caps and one international goal prior to the match, scored 13 goals in the match and broke the record for most goals scored in an international match. David Zdrilic scored 8 goals and was widely reported as having recorded the second most goals scored in an international match, after Thompson's 13 goals. In fact, his figure was less than the previous record of 10 goals, which was achieved by Denmark's Sophus Nielsen at the 1908 Olympics and Germany's Gottfried Fuchs at the 1912 Olympics. Nevertheless, this made Zdrilic's total the second highest in almost 90 years. Thompson also equalled the world record for most goals scored in a recognised senior match, set in 1885 when John Petrie scored 13 goals in Arbroath's 36\u20130 win over Bon Accord in a Scottish Cup tournament. The previous record in a World Cup qualifying match was seven goals and was jointly held by another Australian, Gary Cole, against Fiji in the 1982 World Cup qualification on 14 August 1981, and Iranian Karim Bagheri, against Maldives in the 1998 World Cup qualification on 2 June 1997."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "India national cricket team", "paragraph_text": "The Nawab of Pataudi, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, was the team's captain for 36 Test matches from 1961 -- 62 to 1969 -- 70, returning for another four matches against West Indies in 1974 -- 75. In the early years of his captaincy tenure, the team was whitewashed in the West Indies, England and Australia. However, in 1967 -- 68, Pataudi led India on its maiden New Zealand tour, which ended in India winning the Test series 3 -- 1. In 1970 -- 71, Ajit Wadekar took over the captaincy from Pataudi. Under Wadekar's captaincy, India registered its first Test series wins in the West Indies and England. India played its first ODI in 1974, also under his captaincy. India won its first ODI under the captaincy of Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan in the 1975 Cricket World Cup, against East Africa. Between 1975 -- 76 and 1978 -- 79, Bishen Singh Bedi captained the team in 22 Tests and 4 ODIs, winning 6 Tests and one ODI."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Usain Bolt", "paragraph_text": "Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 -- the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing. He has twice broken the 200 metres world record, setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009. He has helped Jamaica to three 4 \u00d7 100 metres relay world records, with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012. Bolt's most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles. The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals (including 2007 World Championship silver) and holds the world under - 20 and world under - 18 records for the event."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Benny Prasad", "paragraph_text": "Benny Prasad is an instrumental guitarist from India. He designed the Bentar which is the world's first bongo guitar. He also holds the world record for being the fastest man ever to visit all 195 countries in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "India national cricket team", "paragraph_text": "India Nickname (s) Men in Blue, Team India Association Board of Control for Cricket in India Personnel Captain Virat Kohli Coach Ravi Shastri History Test status acquired 1932 International Cricket Council ICC status Full member (1926) ICC region Asia ICC Rankings Current Best - ever Test 1st 1st ODI 2nd 1st T20I 2nd 1st Tests First Test v England at Lord's, London; 25 -- 28 June 1932 Last Test v England at Trent Bridge, Nottingham; 18 - 22 August 2018 Tests Played Won / Lost Total 525 146 / 162 (216 draws, 1 tie) This year 7 3 / 4 (0 draws) One Day Internationals First ODI v England at Headingley, Leeds; 13 July 1974 Last ODI v England at Headingley, Leeds; 17 July 2018 ODIs Played Won / Lost Total 942 484 / 411 (7 ties, 40 no result) This year 9 6 / 3 (0 ties, 0 no result) World Cup Appearances 11 (first in 1975) Best result Champions (1983, 2011) Twenty20 Internationals First T20I v South Africa at the Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg; 1 December 2006 Last T20I v England at the Bristol County Ground, Bristol; 8 July 2018 T20Is Played Won / Lost Total 102 64 / 36 (1 tie, 2 no result) This year 8 6 / 2 (0 ties, 0 no result) World Twenty20 Appearances 6 (first in 2007) Best result Champions (2007) Test kit ODI kit T20I kit As of 14 July 2018"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "India at the Cricket World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The Indian cricket team are two times World Champions. In addition to winning the 1983 Cricket World Cup, they triumphed over Sri Lanka in the 2011 Cricket World Cup on home soil. They were also runners - up at the 2003 Cricket World Cup, and semifinalists thrice (1987, 1996 and 2015). They came last in the Super Six stage in the 1999 Cricket World Cup and have been knocked out 4 times in the Group stage (1975, 1979, 1992 and 2007). India's historical win - loss record at the cricket world cup is 46 - 27, with 1 match being tied and another one being abandoned due to rain."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of One Day International cricket records", "paragraph_text": "The most successful team in ODI cricket, in terms of win percentage, barring the Asia XI cricket team, is Australia, having won 556 of their 911 ODIs (63.91%). Out of whole nations, its South Africa which dethroned Australia in terms of highest win percentage in ODIs in the year 2017 and currently hold record for having 64.08 (teams with more than 500 ODIs to their name). In contrast, four teams have failed to win a single ODI: East Africa, Hong Kong, Namibia, and the USA. Notable ODI records include longest winning sequence (Australia, 21), longest losing sequence (Bangladesh, 23), highest match by any player (Sachin, 463) highest individual score (Rohit Sharma, 264), best bowling figures (Chaminda Vaas, 8 -- 19), most runs in an over (Herschelle Gibbs, 36) and fastest century (AB De Villiers, 31 deliveries)."}], "question": "The fastest century record in ODI of the man of the series of the 2007 World Cup was broken by who?"}
{"id": "2hop__215171_661210", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Three Gut Records", "paragraph_text": "Three Gut Records was a Guelph, Ontario, Canada based independent record label. It was founded in 1999 by Lisa Moran and Tyler Clarke Burke as a vehicle for releasing albums by their friends; it became an influential player in Canadian music with the breakout success of the Constantines' self-titled 2001 release on the label. Three Gut releases were distributed by Outside Music."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sleaszy Rider Records", "paragraph_text": "Sleaszy Rider Records is an independent record label which was founded in 1999 by Tolis G. Palantzas. The head office of the label is located in Greece. The label is mainly distributed in Europe by Sony Music/EMI. The label also distributes releases in Greece from numerous labels, including Roadrunner Records, SPV, and Pagan Records."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Post-punk", "paragraph_text": "During the initial punk era, a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels, including Rough Trade (founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis) and Factory (founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson). By 1977, groups began pointedly pursuing methods of releasing music independently , an idea disseminated in particular by the Buzzcocks' release of their Spiral Scratch EP on their own label as well as the self-released 1977 singles of Desperate Bicycles. These DIY imperatives would help form the production and distribution infrastructure of post-punk and the indie music scene that later blossomed in the mid-1980s."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Billu", "paragraph_text": "Billu, also known as Billu Barber, is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film by Priyadarshan, produced by Red Chillies Entertainment, with an adapted screenplay by Manisha Korde and Mushtaq Sheikh based on the script by Sreenivasan. It stars Irrfan Khan and Lara Dutta in the lead roles and features Shah Rukh Khan, Om Puri, Rajpal Yadav and Asrani in supporting roles. Kareena Kapoor, Deepika Padukone, and Priyanka Chopra make guest appearances in item numbers. The film was released on the 13 February 2009."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kirtland Records", "paragraph_text": "In 2003, John Kirtland co-founded Kirtland Records with his wife, The Polyphonic Spree choir member Jenny Kirtland. Kirtland Records leveraged the Bush back catalog rights to secure a national distribution deal with RED Distribution, which remains the label's distributor. Kirtland Records went on to become the record label for a number of Texas-based indie bands, including the Burden Brothers, The Polyphonic Spree, Toadies, The Vanished, and Sarah Jaffe."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Amblin Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg, and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981. The company's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California. The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "GeminiJets", "paragraph_text": "GeminiJets is a diecast model airplane manufacturer based in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States founded in 1998 under the name of SkyJets. The product line is named GeminiJets, but ADI (Airliners Distributing Inc.) is the founding company holding the production licenses from airlines and aircraft manufacturers, including but not limited to Boeing, Airbus, McDonnell Douglas, and Embraer. ADI makes and markets aircraft in several different scales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "DeSoto Records", "paragraph_text": "DeSoto Records is an American record label based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1989, it is run by Bill Barbot and Kim Coletta, both formerly of the band Jawbox. It was first founded by members of the band Edsel to release their first single, \"My Manacles\". Jawbox next used the name DeSoto for their first EP. It has released over 40 records, 7\" singles, CDs, and LP vinyl records. It is distributed by Fontana Distribution."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elevating Entertainment Motion Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 2007 by Grammy nominated, Dove Award winning artist, producer and filmmaker Dave Moody and his son Joshua Moody, the company is focused on producing, distributing and marketing family-friendly, uplifting, and life-inspiring motion picture entertainment."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "SModcast Pictures", "paragraph_text": "SModcast Pictures is an American film distribution company and a film and television production company founded by Kevin Smith in 2011. Kevin Smith announced at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival that he would release his latest movie \"Red State\" himself under his own distribution company \"SModcast Pictures\" by touring the film instead of having a traditional release."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Banania", "paragraph_text": "Banania is a popular chocolate drink found most widely distributed in France. It is made from cocoa, banana flour, cereals, honey and sugar. There are two types of Banania available in French supermarkets: 'traditional' which must be cooked with milk for 10 minutes, and 'instant' which can be prepared in similar fashion to Nesquik."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Marketwired", "paragraph_text": "Marketwired is a press release distribution service headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Marketwired was founded in 1993 and incorporated in the U.S. in 1999. The company distributes press releases via traditional methods (Associated Press, Bloomberg, etc.) as well as new media methods and other services."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Le Mauricien", "paragraph_text": "Le Mauricien is a French-language newspaper, based and distributed in Mauritius. The newspaper, founded in 1908, is released daily and is one of the most read in Mauritius. The publishers, Le Mauricien Ltd., also publish \"Week-End\", \"Week-End Scope\" and \"Turf Magazine\". It is an independent newspaper."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Salix arbuscula", "paragraph_text": "Salix arbuscula, the mountain willow, is a low, much branched shrub (to 0.7 metres) having a limited distribution in Northern Europe, occurring from north Scandinavia eastwards to Siberia. In Scotland it can be found on damp rocky mountain slopes and ledges, generally at altitudes above 600 metres, rarely outside Perthshire and Argyll."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wisconsin Engineering", "paragraph_text": "Wisconsin Engineering was founded in 1992 in Sheboygan, Wisconsin in the USA, by Dr. Jerry J. Olmr, Ph.D., as a mechanical design consultancy and production tooling brokerage. Several pioneering lawn tractor designs were introduced during the first years, including a commercial grade rear bagging lawn tractor that has become the company's best selling and most widely distributed product."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "Coop et al. (2009) found \"a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see that the global geographic distributions of these putatively selected alleles are largely determined simply by their frequencies in Yoruba, French and Han (Figure 3). The global distributions fall into three major geographic patterns that we interpret as non-African sweeps, west Eurasian sweeps and East Asian sweeps, respectively.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Happy New Year (2014 film)", "paragraph_text": "Happy New Year (sometimes abbreviated as HNY) is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language musical heist action comedy film directed by Farah Khan and produced by Gauri Khan under the banner of Red Chillies Entertainment. The film has an ensemble cast, which includes Deepika Padukone, Shah Rukh Khan, Abhishek Bachchan, Sonu Sood, Boman Irani, Vivaan Shah and Jackie Shroff. The film was distributed worldwide by Yash Raj Films. The film marked a third collaboration of Khan with the director; they previously worked on \"Main Hoon Na\" (2004) and \"Om Shanti Om\" (2007), the latter of which also featured Deepika Padukone as the female lead."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex", "paragraph_text": "Zollverein Coal Mine was founded by Duisburg-born industrialist Franz Haniel (1779\u20131868), who needed coke for steel production. Test drilling in the Katernberg region (nowadays a suburb of Essen) had revealed a very rich seam of coal, which was then named after the German Customs Union (Zollverein), established in 1834. In 1847, Haniel founded the bergrechtliche Gewerkschaft Zollverein (a special kind of Prussian corporation for the exploitation of natural resources) and distributed the shares of the new company amongst the members of his family and the owner of the land on which the future mine would be constructed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "In 1964, CBS established its own UK distribution with the acquisition of Oriole Records. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the distribution deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Common nightingale", "paragraph_text": "It is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in forest and scrub in Europe and south - west Asia, and wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. It is not found naturally in the Americas. The distribution is more southerly than the very closely related thrush nightingale Luscinia luscinia. It nests on or near the ground in dense vegetation. Research in Germany found that favoured breeding habitat of nightingales was defined by a number of geographical factors."}], "question": "Who founded the distributor of Billu?"}
{"id": "2hop__52024_70648", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup)", "paragraph_text": "The semi-final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup between Italy and West Germany is known as the \"Game of the Century\" (Spanish: Partido del Siglo; Italian: Partita del secolo; German: Jahrhundertspiel). It was played on 17 June 1970 at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City. Italy won 4\u20133 after five goals were scored in extra time, a record number of scored goals during any 2x15 minute extra time during a FIFA World Cup game. The record is still standing after the 2018 World Cup. Four goals in extra time were scored in the 1982 semifinal between West Germany and  France."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Canada at the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "This is a record of Canada's results at the FIFA World Cup. Canada has appeared in the FIFA World Cup on one occasion, which was in 1986."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of One Day International cricket records", "paragraph_text": "The most successful team in ODI cricket, in terms of win percentage, barring the Asia XI cricket team, is Australia, having won 527 of their 854 ODIs (64.58%). In contrast, four teams have failed to win a single ODI: East Africa, Hong Kong, Namibia, and the USA. Notable ODI records include longest winning sequence (Australia, 21), longest losing sequence (Bangladesh, 23), highest match by any player (Sachin, 463) highest individual score (Rohit Sharma, 264), best bowling figures (Chaminda Vaas, 8 -- 19), most runs in an over (Herschelle Gibbs, 36) and fastest century (AB De Villiers, 31 deliveries)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2007 ICC World Twenty20", "paragraph_text": "India won the toss and chose to bat on what was considered to be a traditionally batsman - friendly pitch at the Bullring. Umar Gul took the wickets of both Yuvraj Singh and Mahendra Singh Dhoni, leaving India with 157 / 5 in 20 overs; only Gautam Gambhir (75 from 54 balls) produced a notable innings. A 21 - run over from Sreesanth swung the game towards Pakistan. However, Irfan Pathan (3 -- 16) and Joginder Sharma (2 -- 20) slowed the scoring dramatically. With Pakistan needing 54 from 24 balls, Misbah - ul - Haq hit 3 sixes off Harbhajan Singh in one over. Sreesanth was also dispatched for 2 sixes but took the wicket of Sohail Tanvir, as Pakistan went into the last over needing 13 runs to win, with only 1 wicket remaining. Joginder Sharma bowled a wide first ball, followed by a dot ball. Misbah followed by taking six off a full - toss; Pakistan needed just 6 runs to win from the last four balls. Misbah attempted to hit the next ball with a paddle - scoop over fine leg, but he only managed to sky the ball, and it was caught at short fine - leg by Sreesanth, leaving Pakistan all out for 152 runs. Irfan Pathan was awarded the Man of the Match for his spell, which included 3 wickets for 16 runs, including that of Man of the Series, Shahid Afridi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Indian cricket team in England in 2018", "paragraph_text": "England won the ODI series 2 -- 1, making it their eighth consecutive bilateral ODI series win. It also ended India's run of nine previous bilateral series wins, and was the first such loss under the captaincy of Virat Kohli. In the second ODI match, Dhoni became the twelfth batsman to score 10,000 runs in ODIs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Benny Prasad", "paragraph_text": "Benny Prasad is an instrumental guitarist from India. He designed the Bentar which is the world's first bongo guitar. He also holds the world record for being the fastest man ever to visit all 195 countries in the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "India national cricket team", "paragraph_text": "India Nickname (s) Men in Blue, Team India Association Board of Control for Cricket in India Personnel Captain Virat Kohli Coach Ravi Shastri History Test status acquired 1932 International Cricket Council ICC status Full member (1926) ICC region Asia ICC Rankings Current Best - ever Test 1st 1st ODI 2nd 1st T20I 2nd 1st Tests First Test v England at Lord's, London; 25 -- 28 June 1932 Last Test v England at Trent Bridge, Nottingham; 18 - 22 August 2018 Tests Played Won / Lost Total 525 146 / 162 (216 draws, 1 tie) This year 7 3 / 4 (0 draws) One Day Internationals First ODI v England at Headingley, Leeds; 13 July 1974 Last ODI v England at Headingley, Leeds; 17 July 2018 ODIs Played Won / Lost Total 942 484 / 411 (7 ties, 40 no result) This year 9 6 / 3 (0 ties, 0 no result) World Cup Appearances 11 (first in 1975) Best result Champions (1983, 2011) Twenty20 Internationals First T20I v South Africa at the Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg; 1 December 2006 Last T20I v England at the Bristol County Ground, Bristol; 8 July 2018 T20Is Played Won / Lost Total 102 64 / 36 (1 tie, 2 no result) This year 8 6 / 2 (0 ties, 0 no result) World Twenty20 Appearances 6 (first in 2007) Best result Champions (2007) Test kit ODI kit T20I kit As of 14 July 2018"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Virat Kohli", "paragraph_text": "In August 2008, Kohli was included in the Indian ODI squad for tour of Sri Lanka and the Champions Trophy in Pakistan. Prior to the Sri Lankan tour, Kohli had played only eight List A matches, and his selection was called a ``surprise call - up ''. During the Sri Lankan tour, as both first - choice openers Sachin Tendulkar and Virender Sehwag were injured, Kohli batted as a makeshift opener throughout the series. He made his international debut, at the age of 19, in the first ODI of the tour and was dismissed for 12. He made his first ODI half century, a score of 54, in the fourth match which helped India win the series. He had scores of 37, 25 and 31 in the other three matches. India won the series 3 -- 2 which was India's first ODI series win against Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of One Day International cricket records", "paragraph_text": "The most successful team in ODI cricket, in terms of win percentage, barring the Asia XI cricket team, is Australia, having won 556 of their 911 ODIs (63.91%). Out of whole nations, its South Africa which dethroned Australia in terms of highest win percentage in ODIs in the year 2017 and currently hold record for having 64.08 (teams with more than 500 ODIs to their name). In contrast, four teams have failed to win a single ODI: East Africa, Hong Kong, Namibia, and the USA. Notable ODI records include longest winning sequence (Australia, 21), longest losing sequence (Bangladesh, 23), highest match by any player (Sachin, 463) highest individual score (Rohit Sharma, 264), best bowling figures (Chaminda Vaas, 8 -- 19), most runs in an over (Herschelle Gibbs, 36) and fastest century (AB De Villiers, 31 deliveries)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Australia 31\u20130 American Samoa", "paragraph_text": "Australia's 31\u20130 win broke the record for the largest winning margin in an international match. The previous record was Australia's 22\u20130 win over Tonga, recorded two days earlier in the same competition. Both wins surpassed the previous record held by Kuwait in a 20\u20130 win over Bhutan in the 2000 Asian Cup qualification. The match also broke the record for the largest margin in a World Cup qualification match. The previous record was held by Iran in a 19\u20130 win over Guam in 2002 World Cup qualification.Apart from team records, individual records were also broken in the match. Australia's Archie Thompson, who only had two international caps and one international goal prior to the match, scored 13 goals in the match and broke the record for most goals scored in an international match. David Zdrilic scored 8 goals and was widely reported as having recorded the second most goals scored in an international match, after Thompson's 13 goals. In fact, his figure was less than the previous record of 10 goals, which was achieved by Denmark's Sophus Nielsen at the 1908 Olympics and Germany's Gottfried Fuchs at the 1912 Olympics. Nevertheless, this made Zdrilic's total the second highest in almost 90 years. Thompson also equalled the world record for most goals scored in a recognised senior match, set in 1885 when John Petrie scored 13 goals in Arbroath's 36\u20130 win over Bon Accord in a Scottish Cup tournament. The previous record in a World Cup qualifying match was seven goals and was jointly held by another Australian, Gary Cole, against Fiji in the 1982 World Cup qualification on 14 August 1981, and Iranian Karim Bagheri, against Maldives in the 1998 World Cup qualification on 2 June 1997."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2007\u201308 Biathlon World Cup statistics", "paragraph_text": "The 2007\u201308 Biathlon World Cup statistics gives a detailed tabular account of the accumulating Biathlon World Cup scores and related rankings of the top 30 biathletes in the Total (Overall) World Cup, and the top 15 in each of the Individual, Sprint, Pursuit, and Mass start Cups, as well as the top 10 nations in the Relay Cup and top 15 in the Nation Cup, for the duration of the 2007-08 World Cup season, including the 2008 Biathlon World Championships, which counted as usual in the World Cup scores."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yasir Shah", "paragraph_text": "Yasir Shah (; born 2 May 1986) is an international cricketer from Pakistan who is the joint-second fastest bowler in the history of Test cricket to take 100 wickets, as well as also being the fastest to pick up 200 wickets, having broken the previous record set by Australian bowler Clarrie Grimmett. He is a specialist leg break spin bowler and is known for his leg spinners, flippers and googlies. He is regarded by Shane Warne as one of the best spinners in modern cricket. He was born in Swabi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 1986."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Aroldis Chapman", "paragraph_text": "Aroldis Chapman Chapman pitching for the New York Yankees in 2016 New York Yankees -- No. 54 Relief pitcher Born: (1988 - 02 - 28) February 28, 1988 (age 30) Holgu\u00edn Province, Cuba Bats: Left Throws: Left MLB debut August 31, 2010, for the Cincinnati Reds MLB statistics (through August 14, 2018) Win -- loss record 30 -- 24 Earned run average 2.20 Strikeouts 789 Saves 235 WHIP 1.01 Teams Cincinnati Reds (2010 -- 2015) New York Yankees (2016) Chicago Cubs (2016) New York Yankees (2017 -- present) Career highlights and awards 5 \u00d7 All - Star (2012 -- 2015, 2018) World Series champion (2016) MLB records Fastest pitch in MLB history -- 105.1 miles per hour (169.1 km / h) Fastest MLB pitcher to reach 500 strikeouts Medals (hide) Men's Baseball Representing Cuba Pan American Games 2007 Rio de Janeiro Team Baseball World Cup 2007 Taipei Team"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shahid Afridi", "paragraph_text": "In October 1996 at age 16, Afridi was drafted into the ODI team during the four - nation Sameer Cup 1996 -- 97 as a leg spinner as a replacement for the injured Mushtaq Ahmed. He made his debut on 2 October against Kenya; however, he did n't bat and went wicketless. In the next match against Sri Lanka, Afridi batted at number three in the role of a pinch - hitter. In his first international innings, Afridi broke the record for fastest century in ODI cricket, reaching his hundred from 37 balls. The eleven sixes he struck also equaled the record for most in an ODI innings. Aged 16 years and 217 days, Afridi became the youngest player to score an ODI century. Pakistan posted a total of 371, at the time the second - highest in ODIs, and won by 82 runs; Afridi was named man of the match. The record for fastest century in ODI was broken by New Zealand cricketer Corey Anderson on 1 January 2014 who hit 131 * runs from 36 balls and is now held by South - African cricketer AB de Villiers who made a century from 31 balls on 18 January 2015 against West Indies."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "India national cricket team", "paragraph_text": "The Nawab of Pataudi, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, was the team's captain for 36 Test matches from 1961 -- 62 to 1969 -- 70, returning for another four matches against West Indies in 1974 -- 75. In the early years of his captaincy tenure, the team was whitewashed in the West Indies, England and Australia. However, in 1967 -- 68, Pataudi led India on its maiden New Zealand tour, which ended in India winning the Test series 3 -- 1. In 1970 -- 71, Ajit Wadekar took over the captaincy from Pataudi. Under Wadekar's captaincy, India registered its first Test series wins in the West Indies and England. India played its first ODI in 1974, also under his captaincy. India won its first ODI under the captaincy of Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan in the 1975 Cricket World Cup, against East Africa. Between 1975 -- 76 and 1978 -- 79, Bishen Singh Bedi captained the team in 22 Tests and 4 ODIs, winning 6 Tests and one ODI."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "India national cricket team", "paragraph_text": "The Nawab of Pataudi, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, was the team's captain for 36 Test matches from 1961 -- 62 to 1969 -- 70, returning for another four matches against West Indies in 1974 -- 75. In the early years of his captaincy tenure, the team was whitewashed in the West Indies, England and Australia. However, in 1967 -- 68, Pataudi led India on its maiden New Zealand tour, which ended in India winning the Test series 3 -- 1. In 1970 -- 71, Ajit Wadekar took over the captaincy from Pataudi. Under Wadekar's captaincy, India registered its first Test series win in the West Indies and England. India played its first ODI in 1974, also under his captaincy. India won its first ODI under the captaincy of Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan in the 1975 Cricket World Cup, against East Africa. Between 1975 -- 76 and 1978 -- 79, Bishen Singh Bedi captained the team in 22 Tests and 4 ODIs, winning 6 Tests and one ODI."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Usain Bolt", "paragraph_text": "Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 -- the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing. He has twice broken the 200 metres world record, setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009. He has helped Jamaica to three 4 \u00d7 100 metres relay world records, with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012. Bolt's most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles. The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals (including 2007 World Championship silver) and holds the world under - 20 and world under - 18 records for the event."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Cricket World Cup records", "paragraph_text": "Glenn McGrath dominates the bowling records, and holds all but three of the records. Lasith Malinga became the first player to take four wickets in four balls at an international level in the 2007 World Cup, against South Africa. Chaminda Vaas took four wickets in five balls against Bangladesh in 2003, including wickets with the first three balls of the match. There have also been hat tricks in Cricket World Cups by Chetan Sharma, Saqlain Mushtaq, Brett Lee, Kemar Roach, Steven Finn and JP Duminy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Felix Baumgartner", "paragraph_text": "The launch was originally scheduled for 9 October 2012 but was aborted due to adverse weather conditions. Launch was rescheduled and the mission instead took place on 14 October 2012 when Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico after jumping from a then world - record 38,969.3 metres (127,852 feet) and falling a record distance of 36,402.6 metres (119,431 feet); the altitude record was broken by Alan Eustace in 2014. Baumgartner also set the record for fastest speed of free fall at 1,357.64 km / h (843.6 mph), making him the first human to break the sound barrier outside a vehicle. Baumgartner was in free fall for 4 minutes and 19 seconds, 17 seconds short of mentor Joseph Kittinger's 1960 jump."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rugby 08", "paragraph_text": "\"Rugby 08\" was released prior to the 2007 World Cup in France. New modes include the Rugby World Cup and the World Cup Challenge mode. Other new gameplay features include simplified lineouts and defensive formations."}], "question": "Who was the fastest century record in odi of the man of the series of the 2007 world cup was broken by?"}
{"id": "2hop__75030_66669", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Doors", "paragraph_text": "The Doors were an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1965, with vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, guitarist Robby Krieger, and drummer John Densmore. They were among the most controversial and influential rock acts of the 1960s, mostly because of Morrison's lyrics and his erratic stage persona, and the group was widely regarded as representative of the era's counterculture."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Girl Next Door (2004 film)", "paragraph_text": "Ambitious high school senior Matthew Kidman (Emile Hirsch) has been accepted to Georgetown University, but can not afford the tuition. He has raised $25,000 in order to bring a brilliant Cambodian student, Samnang, to study in the United States, but finds little else truly memorable about his high school experience. His life suddenly changes when Danielle (Elisha Cuthbert) moves in next door. Matthew witnesses her undressing from his bedroom window, until she sees him and storms over, knocking on the door and introducing herself to his parents. They suggest to Matthew that he show Danielle around town."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kaycee Stroh", "paragraph_text": "Kaycee Stroh (born May 29, 1984) is an American actress, singer and dancer, best known for her role as Martha Cox in the hit Disney Channel Original Movies, High School Musical (2006), High School Musical 2 (2007), and High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008). She was a contestant in the VH1 reality show Celebrity Fit Club."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Eastlake High School (Chula Vista, California)", "paragraph_text": "Eastlake High School (ELH or EHS), in Chula Vista, California, United States, is a four-year high school which opened on September 8, 1992. The school is located just east of California State Route 125 near the eastern edge of Chula Vista in the neighborhood of Eastlake, a suburb located 20 minutes southeast of Downtown San Diego. The movie Bring It On, was partially filmed at the school's football stadium."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kathleen Quinlan", "paragraph_text": "Quinlan also made a mark as Jim Morrison's Celtic pagan lover Patricia Kennealy in Oliver Stone's The Doors and won a Blockbuster Entertainment Award as Favorite Supporting Actress - Suspense, for Breakdown (1997) with Kurt Russell. Her recent work includes the TV series House, the 2006 remake of the horror classic The Hills Have Eyes, the wife of a government traitor in the 2007 film Breach, the mother of the brothers in the Fox drama Prison Break, and a senator in a 2011 episode ``Alliances ''of the science - fiction series Stargate Universe."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven was the location of one of Jim Morrison's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors. The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to \"Peace Frog\" which include the line \"...blood in the streets in the town of New Haven...\" This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert.[citation needed] This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors (1991), starring Val Kilmer as Morrison, with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Victoria Colored School", "paragraph_text": "Officially named F. W. Gross High School on January 2, 1936, the Victoria Colored School, in Victoria County, Texas, United States, was built in 1901 under authorization of the newly elected school board. The Victoria Independent School District, formed in 1898, chose a design by architect Jules Leffland for the district's second high school, a segregated school for the \"coloreds\". The Colored School was built at 702 E. Convent Street, in the Diamond Hill area of Victoria, which had been settled by freedmen after the Civil War. The building was next door to the Freedmen's School (built in 1868 by the Freedmen's Bureau of Goliad County), which was turned into a dormitory for teachers of The Colored School."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jim Morrison", "paragraph_text": "The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison Volume I is titled Wilderness, and, upon its release in 1988, became an instant New York Times Bestseller. Volume II, The American Night, released in 1990, was also a success. Morrison recorded his own poetry in a professional sound studio on two separate occasions. The first was in March 1969 in Los Angeles and the second was on December 8, 1970. The latter recording session was attended by Morrison's personal friends and included a variety of sketch pieces. Some of the segments from the 1969 session were issued on the bootleg album The Lost Paris Tapes and were later used as part of the Doors' An American Prayer album, released in 1978. The album reached #54 on the music charts. Some poetry recorded from the December 1970 session remains unreleased to this day and is in the possession of the Courson family. Morrison's best-known but seldom seen cinematic endeavor is HWY: An American Pastoral, a project he started in 1969. Morrison financed the venture and formed his own production company in order to maintain complete control of the project. Paul Ferrara, Frank Lisciandro, and Babe Hill assisted with the project. Morrison played the main character, a hitchhiker turned killer/car thief. Morrison asked his friend, composer/pianist Fred Myrow, to select the soundtrack for the film."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "High School USA (disambiguation)", "paragraph_text": "High School U.S.A. is a 1983 NBC television movie starring Michael J. Fox, Anthony Edwards, Crispin Glover, Nancy McKeon and Todd Bridges."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Warren Buffett", "paragraph_text": "Buffett was born in 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska, the second of three children and the only son of Leila (n\u00e9e Stahl) and Congressman Howard Buffett. Buffett began his education at Rose Hill Elementary School. In 1942, his father was elected to the first of four terms in the United States Congress, and after moving with his family to Washington, D.C., Warren finished elementary school, attended Alice Deal Junior High School and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1947, where his senior yearbook picture reads: \"likes math; a future stockbroker.\" After finishing high school and finding success with his side entrepreneurial and investment ventures, Buffett wanted to skip college to go directly into business, but was overruled by his father.Buffett displayed an interest in business and investing at a young age. He was inspired by a book he borrowed from the Omaha public library at the age of seven, One Thousand Ways to Make $1000. Much of Buffett's early childhood years were enlivened with entrepreneurial ventures. In one of his first business ventures Buffett sold chewing gum, Coca-Cola bottles, and weekly magazines door to door. He worked in his grandfather's grocery store. While still in high school, he made money delivering newspapers, selling golf balls and stamps, and detailing cars, among other means. On his first income tax return in 1944, Buffett took a $35 deduction for the use of his bicycle and watch on his paper route. In 1945, as a high school sophomore, Buffett and a friend spent $25 to purchase a used pinball machine, which they placed in the local barber shop. Within months, they owned several machines in three different barber shops across Omaha. The business was sold later in the year for $1,200 to a war veteran."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dan Angel", "paragraph_text": "Dan Angel is an American film and television producer, screenwriter, story editor and showrunner. He has written and produced a number of television series and movies, often with his writing partner Billy Brown, including \"The X-Files\", \"Goosebumps\", \"Animorphs\", \"\", \"Door to Door\", \"\", \"Christmas in Canaan\", \"\" and \"Dan Vs.\". His work has won numerous awards, including a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie and Peabody Award recognizing his work executive producing \"Door to Door\". and another Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Series in his work on ."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Morrison Academy Kaohsiung", "paragraph_text": "Morrison Academy Kaohsiung (MAK) is a K-12 Christian International school in Dashe District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It is the southern satellite school of the Morrison Academy school system."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Loretto High School", "paragraph_text": "Loretto High School was a small, Roman Catholic, college-preparatory school for young women in Sacramento, California. Although located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sacramento the school was independent of the diocese. In 2005, Loretto High School celebrated its 50th anniversary. In June 2009, the school closed. Many students transferred to coed Christian Brothers and fellow all-girls St. Francis High School to complete their high school education, while others decided to go to public schools such as Mira Loma High School or El Camino Fundamental High School."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Moana (2016 film)", "paragraph_text": "Temuera Morrison as Tui, Moana's overprotective father, who is Tala's son, chief of Motunui Island Morrison reprised his role in the M\u0101ori - language version of the movie. Christopher Jackson as Tui's singing voice"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Doors (film)", "paragraph_text": "Val Kilmer as Jim Morrison Kevin Dillon as John Densmore Kyle MacLachlan as Ray Manzarek Kathleen Quinlan as Patricia Kennealy Meg Ryan as Pamela Courson Frank Whaley as Robby Krieger Charlie Spradling as Makeup artist Josh Evans as Bill Siddons Crispin Glover as Andy Warhol Kelly Hu as Dorothy Billy Idol as Cat Patricia Kennealy - Morrison as Celtic Pagan priestess Michael Madsen as Tom Baker Costas Mandylor as Italian Count Debi Mazar as Whiskey girl Mimi Rogers as Magazine photographer Jennifer Rubin as Edie Sean Stone as young Jim Jerry Sturm and Gretchen Becker as Mr. and Mrs. Morrison Floyd Red Crow Westerman as a Native American Spirit Paul Williams as Warhol PR Michael Wincott as Paul Rothchild Eric Burdon in a cameo appearance in the London Fog Paul Rothchild in a cameo appearance in the London Fog Sky Saxon in a cameo appearance in the Whiskey a Go Go Oliver Stone as UCLA film professor Jennifer Tilly as Okie girl John Densmore as Studio Engineer William Kunstler as Jim's lawyer"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Val Kilmer", "paragraph_text": "Kilmer attended Berkeley Hall School, a Christian Science school in Los Angeles, until ninth grade. He attended Chatsworth High School with Kevin Spacey and Mare Winningham, and also attended the Hollywood Professional School. He became the youngest person at the time to be accepted into the Juilliard School's Drama Division, where he was a member of Group 10."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eddie and the Cruisers", "paragraph_text": "Vance asked Davidson to describe his fictitious band and their music. Initially, Davidson said that the Cruisers sounded like Dion and the Belmonts, but when they meet Frank, they have elements of Jim Morrison and The Doors. However, Davidson did not want to lose sight of the fact that the Cruisers were essentially a Jersey bar band, and he thought of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. The filmmaker told Vance to find him someone that could produce music that contained elements of these three bands. Davidson was getting close to rehearsals when Vance called him and said that he had found the band -- John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band from Providence, Rhode Island."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "High School Musical 3: Senior Year", "paragraph_text": "High School Musical 3: Senior Year is a 2008 American musical film and is the third installment in the High School Musical trilogy. Produced and released on October 24, 2008, by Walt Disney Pictures, the film is a sequel to Disney Channel Original Movie 2006 television film High School Musical. It was the only film in the series to be released theatrically. Kenny Ortega returned as director and choreographer, as did all six primary actors."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "William Howard Taft High School (Chicago)", "paragraph_text": "Taft High School is a public 6\u2013year high school and academic center located in the Norwood Park neighborhood on the northwest side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Taft serves communities on the far northwest side, specifically Norwood Park, Edison Park, Jefferson Park, Forest Glen and O'Hare. Taft is operated by the Chicago Public Schools district. The school is perhaps most famous as the high school attended by Jim Jacobs, the writer of \"Grease\". Jacobs used Taft as an inspiration in writing the musical. Taft's NJROTC unit has won a Distinguished Unit award every year since 2001. Since 2014, Taft High School has been considered a \"wall-to-wall\" IB school as part of the International Baccalaureate foundation. Taft high school has offered the International Baccalaureate program since 2001."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mike James (basketball, born 1990)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Perry James (born August 18, 1990) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Olimpia Milano of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) and the EuroLeague. He was a high school basketball standout playing for Grant High School in Portland, and played college basketball for Eastern Arizona College and Lamar University. He's also best known for being the first player in NBA history to go from a two-way contract to a regular contract, all while never being sent down to the NBA G League in the process."}], "question": "Where did the actor of Jim Morrison in the movie The Doors go to high school?"}
{"id": "2hop__287419_339272", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Klene", "paragraph_text": "Klene is a traditional brand of liquorice confectionery, founded in 1876 by Johannes Coenradus Klene in Rotterdam, and sold primarily in the Netherlands. It is as of 1999 owned by Perfetti Van Melle."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Patrick Hues Mell", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Hues Mell (July 19, 1814 \u2013 January 26, 1888), was born in Walthourville, Georgia, served as the President of the Southern Baptist Convention in two terms from 1863\u20131871 and 1880\u20131887, as well as served as chancellor of the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens from 1878 until his resignation in 1888. (The head of the University was referred to as chancellor instead of president, from 1860 until 1932)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Joseph Melling", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Melling (27 December 1724, Saint-Avold - 23 December 1796, Strasbourg) was an Alsatian artist who served as court painter for the Margraviate of Baden at Karlsruhe Palace."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Melling", "paragraph_text": "William Melling (born 30 November 1994) is a British actor, most known for his roles in \"Vanity Fair\" and the \"Harry Potter\" film series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Walthourville, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Walthourville is a city in Liberty County, Georgia, United States. When it was incorporated in 1974, it had a government entirely composed of women; and in 1978 it elected Carrie Kent, the first African-american woman mayor in Georgia history. Walthourville is a part of the Hinesville-Fort Stewart metropolitan statistical area. The population was 4,111 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}], "question": "In which county was Patrick Hues Mell born?"}
{"id": "2hop__89030_66669", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Pharaohs' Woman", "paragraph_text": "The Pharaohs' Woman () is a 1960 historical period drama film directed by Victor Tourjansky and starring John Drew Barrymore. The film is set in Ancient Egypt during the 31st century BCE (shortly after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt) and pertains to a love story set against the backdrop of a power struggle between a prince of the former ruling dynasty of Lower Egypt and the new overlords from Upper Egypt. It was the first feature film shot in Techniscope."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Education in South Korea", "paragraph_text": "High schools in South Korea teach students for three years, from first grade (age 15 -- 17) to third grade (age 17 -- 19), and students commonly graduate at age 18 or 19. High school students are commonly expected to study increasingly long hours each year moving toward graduation, to become competitive and be able to enter attractive universities, such as SKY (Seoul National, Korea, and Yonsei Universities) or SeoKaPo (Seoul National University, KAIST, POSTECH), which are top universities in Korea that almost all parents and teachers want students to enter. Many high school students wake and leave home in the morning at 5 am. When the school is over at 4 pm, they go to a studying room in the school or to a library to study instead of going home. This is called 'Yaja', which literally means' evening self - study '. They do n't need to go home to eat dinner since most schools provide paid dinner for students. After finishing yaja (usually ends at 10 pm, but later than 11 pm at some schools), they return home after studying, then return to specialty study schools (which are called Hagwon) often till 2 am, from Monday to Friday. In addition, they often study on weekends."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Moses Hamon", "paragraph_text": "Moses Hamon (Granada, c. 1490 \u2013 1567) (Amon) was the son of Joseph Hamon, born in Spain. Going with his father to Constantinople, he became physician to Sultan Sulaiman I. This \"famous prince and great physician,\" as he is called by Judah ibn Verga, accompanied the monarch on all his expeditions, enjoying great favor on account of his knowledge and skill."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Moses", "paragraph_text": "According to the Book of Exodus, Moses was born in a time when his people, the Israelites, an enslaved minority, were increasing in numbers and the Egyptian Pharaoh was worried that they might ally themselves with Egypt's enemies. Moses' Hebrew mother, Jochebed, secretly hid him when the Pharaoh ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed in order to reduce the population of the Israelites. Through the Pharaoh's daughter (identified as Queen Bithia in the Midrash), the child was adopted as a foundling from the Nile river and grew up with the Egyptian royal family. After killing an Egyptian slavemaster (because the slavemaster was smiting a Hebrew), Moses fled across the Red Sea to Midian, where he encountered The Angel of the Lord, speaking to him from within a burning bush on Mount Horeb (which he regarded as the Mountain of God)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Ten Commandments is a 1956 American epic religious drama film produced, directed, and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille, shot in VistaVision (color by Technicolor), and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is based on Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson, Pillar of Fire by J.H. Ingraham, On Eagle's Wings by A.E. Southon, and the Book of Exodus. The Ten Commandments dramatizes the biblical story of the life of Moses, an adopted Egyptian prince who becomes the deliverer of his real brethren, the enslaved Hebrews, and therefore leads the Exodus to Mount Sinai, where he receives, from God, the Ten Commandments. The film stars Charlton Heston in the lead role, Yul Brynner as Rameses, Anne Baxter as Nefretiri, Edward G. Robinson as Dathan, Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora, Debra Paget as Lilia, and John Derek as Joshua; and features Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Sethi, Nina Foch as Bithiah, Martha Scott as Yoshebel, Judith Anderson as Memnet, and Vincent Price as Baka, among others."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Prince of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Val Kilmer as Moses, a Hebrew who was adopted by Pharaoh Seti. Val Kilmer also provides the uncredited voice of God Amick Byram provides Moses' singing voice."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Leningrad Cowboys Meet Moses", "paragraph_text": "Leningrad Cowboys Meet Moses is a 1994 film directed by Aki Kaurism\u00e4ki. It is a sequel to the popular 1989 film \"Leningrad Cowboys Go America\" that introduced the fictional Russian rock band Leningrad Cowboys which, subsequently, became a notable real life rock band in Finland."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Exodus", "paragraph_text": "The story of the Exodus is told in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, the last four of the five books of the Torah (also called the Pentateuch). It tells of the events that befell the Israelites following the death of Joseph, their departure from Egypt, and their wanderings in the wilderness, including the revelations at Sinai, up to their arrival at the borders of Canaan. The story begins with the Israelites in slavery in Egypt. Moses leads them out of Egypt and through the wilderness to Mount Sinai, where Yahweh reveals himself and offers them a Covenant: they are to keep his torah (i.e. law, instruction), and in return he will be their God and give them the land of Canaan. The Book of Leviticus records the laws of God. The Book of Numbers tells how the Israelites, led now by their God, journey on from Sinai towards Canaan, but when their spies report that the land is filled with giants they refuse to go on and Yahweh condemns them to remain in the desert until the generation that left Egypt passes away. After thirty - eight years at the oasis of Kadesh Barnea the next generation travel on to the borders of Canaan, where Moses addresses them for the final time and gives them further laws. The Exodus ends with the death of Moses on Mount Nebo and his burial by God, while the Israelites prepare for the conquest of the land."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Ten Commandments is a 1956 American biblical epic film produced, directed, and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille, shot in VistaVision (color by Technicolor), and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is based on Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson, Pillar of Fire by J.H. Ingraham, On Eagle's Wings by A.E. Southon, and the Book of Exodus. The Ten Commandments dramatizes the biblical story of the life of Moses, an adopted Egyptian prince who becomes the deliverer of his real brethren, the enslaved Hebrews, and therefore leads the Exodus to Mount Sinai, where he receives, from God, the Ten Commandments. The film stars Charlton Heston in the lead role, Yul Brynner as Rameses, Anne Baxter as Nefretiri, Edward G. Robinson as Dathan, Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora, Debra Paget as Lilia, and John Derek as Joshua; and features Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Sethi, Nina Foch as Bithiah, Martha Scott as Yoshebel, Judith Anderson as Memnet, and Vincent Price as Baka, among others."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Brian Parks", "paragraph_text": "Brian Parks is an American playwright, journalist and editor. He lives in New York City and served as the Arts & Culture editor at \"The Village Voice\", as well as Chairman of the Obie Awards. He attended Brother Rice High School in Bloomfield Township, Michigan, and Brown University."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Osorkon III", "paragraph_text": "Usermaatre Setepenamun Osorkon III Si-Ese was Pharaoh of Egypt in the 8th Century BC. He is the same person as the Crown Prince and High Priest of Amun Osorkon B, son of Takelot II by his Great Royal Wife Karomama II. Prince Osorkon B is best attested by his Chronicle\u2014which consists of a series of texts documenting his activities at Thebes\u2014on the Bubastite Portal at Karnak.  He later reigned as king Osorkon III in Upper Egypt for twenty-eight years after defeating the rival forces of Pedubast I/Shoshenq VI who had apparently resisted the authority of his father here. Osorkon ruled the last five years of his reign in coregency with his son, Takelot III, according to Karnak Nile Level Text No. 13. Osorkon III's formal titulary was long and elaborate: Usermaatre Setepenamun, Osorkon Si-Ese Meryamun, Netjer-Heqa-waset."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Golden calf", "paragraph_text": "When Moses went up into Biblical Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments (Exodus 24: 12 - 18), he left the Israelites for forty days and forty nights. The Israelites feared that he would not return and demanded that Aaron make them ``gods ''to go before them (Exodus 32: 1). Aaron gathered up the Israelites' golden earrings and ornaments, constructed a`` molten calf'' and they declared: ``These (be) thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. ''(Exodus 32: 4)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Plagues of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Plagues of Egypt (Hebrew: \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, Makot Mitzrayim), also called the ten biblical plagues, were ten calamities that, according to the biblical Book of Exodus, God inflicted upon Egypt as a demonstration of power, after which the Pharaoh conceded to Moses' demands to let the enslaved Israelites go into the wilderness to make sacrifices. God repeatedly hardened the Pharaoh's heart to prevent him from consenting until after the tenth plague. The Israelites' eventual departure began the Exodus of the Hebrew people."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elisheba", "paragraph_text": "Elisheba, also spelled Elisheva (; \"\u2019\u011al\u00ee\u0161e\u1e07a\u2018\"), was the wife of Aaron, the elder brother of Moses and the ancestor of the Jewish high priests, according to the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, 100 - point games have occurred at least once at most levels of education. At the middle school level, 13 - year - old 8th grader Bob Harrison scored all 139 of his team's points in a 139 -- 8 win on February 3, 1941. In high school, there have been 24 verified occurrences, 19 by male players and 5 by female players. The first recorded instance was in 1913, when Herman Saygar of Culver High School (Indiana) scored 113 points against Winamac High School. The first female to score 100 points at the high school level was Denise Long of Union - Whitten High School (Iowa), who scored 111 points during a state playoff game in the spring of 1968 against Dows High School. That season, Long's senior year of 1967 -- 68, she averaged a still - standing national record 68.2 points per game. Her single game total stood as the high school female record for 38 years until Epiphanny Prince scored 113 for Murry Bergtraum High School (New York) on February 2, 2006. The boys' high school record is 135 points, scored by Danny Heater on January 26, 1960. Playing for Burnsville High School (West Virginia) against Widen High School, Heater made 53 of 70 field goals and 29 of 41 free throws. His 135 - point outburst is still the highest total for the high school level worldwide."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Al Hunter (American football)", "paragraph_text": "Alfonse Hunter (born February 21, 1955) is a former professional American football running back who played in four National Football League seasons from 1977-1980 for the Seattle Seahawks. Hunter played high school football at Junius H. Rose High School in North Carolina before going to Notre Dame where they won the national championship in 1973. Hunter is primarily known as the first player to enter the NFL through the Supplemental Draft."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Prince Amr Ibrahim Palace", "paragraph_text": "The Prince Amr Ibrahim Palace is a historical building in Cairo's Zamalek island, which is used as the Egypt's first ceramics museum and as an art center."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Val Kilmer", "paragraph_text": "Kilmer attended Berkeley Hall School, a Christian Science school in Los Angeles, until ninth grade. He attended Chatsworth High School with Kevin Spacey and Mare Winningham, and also attended the Hollywood Professional School. He became the youngest person at the time to be accepted into the Juilliard School's Drama Division, where he was a member of Group 10."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WMTH", "paragraph_text": "WMTH-FM, located in Park Ridge, Illinois, was among the first high school radio stations in the United States when it was licensed in 1959. Established by the Student Council at Maine Township High School, now Maine East High School, the station went on the air during December 1959. The station became known as \"The Voice of Maine Township\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Joshua", "paragraph_text": "Joshua (/ \u02c8d\u0292\u0252\u0283u\u0259 /) or Jehoshua (Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05b9\u05e9\u05bb\u05c1\u05e2\u05b7 \u202c Yeh\u014d\u0161u\u02bfa) is the central figure in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua. According to the books of Exodus, Numbers and Joshua, he was Moses' assistant and became the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses. His name was Hoshe'a (\u05d4\u05d5\u05b9\u05e9\u05b5\u05c1\u05e2\u05b7) the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, but Moses called him Joshua (Numbers 13: 16), the name by which he is commonly known. The name is shortened to Yeshua in Nehemiah (Nehemiah 8: 17). According to the Bible he was born in Egypt prior to the Exodus."}], "question": "Where did the actor who voiced Moses in Prince of Egypt go to high school?"}
{"id": "2hop__609773_591436", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Comprehensive school", "paragraph_text": "In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education", "paragraph_text": "Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Decision Sciences Institute. The current editor-in-chief is Chetan Sankar (Auburn University). The journal covers all areas related to decision science."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sergei Leonov", "paragraph_text": "Sergei Alexandrovich Leonov \u2014 Russian journalists, senior editor and an important author of \u00abComputerra\u00bb weekly. He is the author of numerous articles about IT and modern science."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pam Belluck", "paragraph_text": "Pam Belluck, an American journalist and author, is a health and science writer for \"The New York Times\" and author of the acclaimed nonfiction book \"Island Practice,\" which is in development for a television series."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zack Kopplin", "paragraph_text": "Zachary \"Zack\" Sawyer Kopplin (born July 20, 1993) is an American political activist, journalist, and television personality from Louisiana. Kopplin has campaigned to keep creationism out of public school science classrooms and been involved with other separation of church and state causes. He has opposed school vouchers because they provide public money to schools which may teach creationism. As a high school student, he organized seventy-eight Nobel laureate scientists in a campaign against the Louisiana Science Education Act, a creationism law. He is also involved with science funding policy and curriculum and textbook policy. His new campaign calls for a launching Second Giant Leap for Humankind, calling for Barack Obama to invest $1 trillion in research and education."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades", "paragraph_text": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades, also referred to as PSAT, is a government institution of technical vocation education and training higher learning located in Alvear Street, Lingayen, Pangasinan, Philippines. PSAT is duly registered by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. All PSAT programs are accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Camp des Milles", "paragraph_text": "The Camp des Milles was a French internment camp, opened in September 1939, in a former tile factory near the village of Les Milles, part of the commune of Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne). In October 2015, the site was chosen by UNESCO as the headquarters for its new Chair of Education for Citizenship, Human Sciences and Shared Memories."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an \"arts and sciences focus\". Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration. Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World. Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Allie Beth Martin", "paragraph_text": "Allie Beth (Dent) Martin (June 28, 1914 \u2013 April 11, 1976) was an American librarian, educator, politician, and author. In 1990, she was named one of the 100 most influential people in the field of library science by \"American Libraries\". She was the first director of the Tulsa City-County Library, from 1963 until her death, and was known for her ground-breaking library improvement programs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Symbolic Manipulation Program", "paragraph_text": "Symbolic Manipulation Program, usually called SMP, was a computer algebra system designed by Chris A. Cole and Stephen Wolfram at Caltech circa 1979 and initially developed in the Caltech physics department under Wolfram's leadership with contributions from Geoffrey C. Fox, Jeffrey M. Greif, Eric D. Mjolsness, Larry J. Romans, Timothy Shaw, and Anthony E. Terrano. It was first sold commercially in 1981 by the Computer Mathematics Corporation of Los Angeles which later became part of Inference Corporation; Inference Corp. further developed the program and marketed it commercially from 1983 to 1988. SMP was essentially Version Zero of the more ambitious Mathematica system."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "A New Kind of Science", "paragraph_text": "A New Kind of Science is a best-selling, controversial book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his own company in 2002. It contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata. Wolfram calls these systems \"simple programs\" and argues that the scientific philosophy and methods appropriate for the study of simple programs are relevant to other fields of science."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arthur Kroker", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Kroker (born 1945 in Red Rock, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian author, editor, educator and researcher of political science, technology and culture."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Huntington College of Health Sciences", "paragraph_text": "Huntington College of Health Sciences, formerly known as the American Academy of Nutrition, is a for-profit higher education institution based in Knoxville, Tennessee that offers programs in nutrition and health via distance education."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Franklin Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity is a reference work in science and religion, edited by J.B. Stump and Alan G. Padgett, and published by Wiley-Blackwell in 2012. It contains 54 new essays written by an international list of 55 authors, many of them leading scholars in the discipline of science and religion, and others new or up-and-coming voices in the field. The editors claim, \"We are seeking to introduce and advance serious thinking and talking about science and Christianity, particularly as they interconnect. We are reflecting on the work of scientists and theologians, trying to find points of contact and points of tension which help to illuminate these practices and doctrines in clear, scholarly light.\" The book has received positive reviews in \"Choice\", \"Reference Reviews\", \"Themelios\" and \"Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith\". The article by Sean M. Carroll generated significant attention when it was discussed on the \"Huffington Post\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tuguegarao City Science High School", "paragraph_text": "Tuguegarao City Science High School has a specialized system of public secondary schools in the Philippines. It is operated and supervised by the Department of Education, with a curriculum heavily focusing on math and science."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pathum Thani Province", "paragraph_text": "Pathum Thani has a very high concentration of higher education institutions, especially ones in the field of science and technology. This, together with a large number of industrial parks and research facilities (including those in Thailand Science Park), make the region the educational and technology hub of the area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sreyashi Jhumki Basu", "paragraph_text": "Sreyashi Jhumki Basu (1977\u20132008) was a professor of Science Education at New York University who is best known for her work to encourage urban minority students to succeed through the study of science."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "Traditionally, Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Bar\u00e7a's revolutionary spirit. Also in the 1960s and 1970s, while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life, Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen, military officers, civil servants and career fascists."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Norman Birnbaum", "paragraph_text": "He was educated in New York City's public schools, at Williams College, and has a doctorate in sociology from Harvard University. He taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Oxford University, the University of Strasbourg, Amherst College, served on the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research and was Distinguished Fulbright Professor at the University of Bologna."}], "question": "Where was the author of A New Kind of Science educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__71752_108280", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation", "paragraph_text": "In 1897, Dracula (Adam Sandler) and his friends disguised as humans are traveling on a train to Budapest. However, Professor Abraham Van Helsing (Jim Gaffigan), Dracula's arch - enemy, boards the train and unveils the monsters; the monsters escape by climbing through the roof and Dracula pushes his friends from the train for their safety. Van Helsing is obsessed with destroying Dracula, but is constantly outsmarted by him."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Fellowship of the Ring", "paragraph_text": "In hopes of eluding the Nazg\u00fbl, the hobbits travel through the Old Forest. There the group fall asleep by a willow - tree and wake up to realize that its roots are trying to strangle them, but luckily Tom Bombadil comes to their aid. They then go to the house of Bombadil and meet his wife Goldberry. There they discover that the Ring has no power over Bombadil -- he does not disappear while wearing it and can see Frodo even after he has vanished from his friends' sight. In the evening, Frodo has a dream about Gandalf standing on the pinnacle of a tower and then a vision of a rain curtain in front of a ship on which he is sailing. They then leave Bombadil's only to be captured by a barrow wight in the Barrow - downs, but they again escape with help from Tom and finally reach the gate of the village of Bree."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chillingwood Manor", "paragraph_text": "Chillingwood Manor (also Chellingwood and Chelyngwod) is a manor house on the Isle of Wight, situated within the Newchurch parish."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Escape Velocity Override", "paragraph_text": "Escape Velocity Override is a space trading simulator game written by Peter Cartwright, with the support of his school-friends, and developed by Ambrosia Software for the Apple Macintosh. It is the sequel to \"Escape Velocity\" with an extended version of the original game engine, but Override has an entirely new story line set in a different, larger universe."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Emlyn Hughes House", "paragraph_text": "Emlyn Hughes House is a landmark four storey office building located on the intersection of Abbey Road and Holker Street in Barrow-in-Furness, England. It is named after local footballer Emlyn Hughes who captained both Liverpool F.C. and the England national team, a statue of Hughes is also located outside of the building. Emlyn Hughes House replaces the Art Deco Ritz Cinema and was designed by Bowker Sadler architects and built by Capita Symonds for Barrow Borough Council. There was much speculation that the development would become a 'white elephant' because a year after completion in 2008 the whole building remained vacant."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Jane the Virgin characters", "paragraph_text": "Jane ``JR ''Ramos (Rosario Dawson): Petra's attorney following Anezka's death. Though seemingly a friend to Petra, it turns out she was being blackmailed to help frame Petra for murder, the life of her schizophrenic mother being at stake. Petra and JR eventually develop romantic feelings for one another and enter into a relationship once Petra's blackmailer - Krishna - is exposed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Our Man in Tehran", "paragraph_text": "Our Man in Tehran is a 2013 Canadian documentary film, profiling the role of Kenneth D. Taylor, Canada's ambassador to Iran in the 1970s, in helping six American hostages escape from Iran during the Iran hostage crisis of 1979-1980 by engineering the Canadian Caper."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "RoachTrip", "paragraph_text": "RoachTrip is a 46-minute 2003 Canadian documentary about two punks, Roach and his friend Smash down the invisible punk highway across Canada. It captures their goal to escape the streets of Montreal as they cross to reach the \"promised land\" of British Columbia's Okanagan Valley."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arctic Ocean", "paragraph_text": "In Alaska, the main ports are Barrow (71 \u00b0 17 \u2032 44 ''N 156 \u00b0 45 \u2032 59'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 71.29556 \u00b0 N 156.76639 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 71.29556; - 156.76639 \ufeff (Barrow)) and Prudhoe Bay (70 \u00b0 19 \u2032 32 ''N 148 \u00b0 42 \u2032 41'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 70.32556 \u00b0 N 148.71139 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 70.32556; - 148.71139 \ufeff (Prudhoe))."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Barrow (sculpture)", "paragraph_text": "Barrow is a public sculpture by an American artist Jill Viney. It is located on the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis campus, which is near downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. The sculpture is just north of the Herron School of Art on New York Street. This sculpture is made from a double wall of fiberglass encasing a sheet of metal meshing. \"Barrow\" measures and in diameter. \"Barrow\" was installed at IUPUI at noon on 7 May 2008."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wight Is Wight", "paragraph_text": "\"Wight Is Wight\" is a French song by Michel Delpech. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Released in 1969 it became a big hit in France and internationally. The hippy-influenced song mentions Bob Dylan and Donovan as tribute."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lewis O. Barrows", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Orin Barrows (June 7, 1893 \u2013 January 30, 1967) was an American politician and the 57th Governor of Maine."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Georges Loinger", "paragraph_text": "Georges Loinger  (29 August 1910 \u2013 28 December 2018) was a French soldier during World War II. During his time in the French Resistance, he helped hundreds of Jewish children escape from occupied France to Switzerland."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Threesome (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Threesome (stylised as threesome) is a British television sitcom written by Tom MacRae and starring Stephen Wight, Amy Huberman and Emun Elliott. The series is focused around three friends\u2014Alice, Mitch and Richie\u2014who return home from a night out celebrating Alice's birthday and end up having a threesome, which results in Alice getting pregnant. Instead of getting an abortion, the three friends decide to raise the baby as a trio. The series began airing on 17 October 2011 on Comedy Central and Comedy Central HD. It is the first original scripted comedy commissioned by Comedy Central and is produced by Big Talk Productions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vic Metcalfe", "paragraph_text": "Victor Metcalfe (3 February 1922 \u2013 6 April 2003) was a professional footballer who was born in Barrow-in-Furness where his father played rugby league for Barrow."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tom Bombadil", "paragraph_text": "Tom Bombadil is a character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He first appeared in print in a 1934 poem called \"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\", which also included Old Man Willow and the Barrow-wight. They were not then explicitly part of the older legends that became \"The Silmarillion\", and are not mentioned in \"The Hobbit\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alexander Barrow", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Barrow I (March 27, 1801 \u2013 December 29, 1846) was a lawyer and United States Senator from Louisiana. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was the half-brother of Washington Barrow, sharing the same father."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Figwit", "paragraph_text": "Bret McKenzie, half of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords and a Wellington native, first landed a small role as an extra in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. He appears sitting next to Aragorn during the council in Rivendell scene. When it is decided that the Ring must be destroyed, Frodo offers to take the Ring to Mordor, and Elrond proclaims the formation of the Fellowship of the Ring. The elf was dubbed ``Figwit ''by Tolkien fan Iris Hadad; after seeing Frodo agree to take the ring, saying`` I will take it'', the film switches to a shot where Figwit can be seen standing on the far right, and Hadad's initial reaction was ``Frodo is grea... who is THAT?!? ''Later, Hadad corresponded with her university friend Sherry de Andres, and the two created the first Figwit fan website, www.figwitlives.net, calling him`` Legolas for the thinking woman''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fort Hancock, Texas", "paragraph_text": "In the 1994 film The Shawshank Redemption (1994), Ellis Boyd ``Red ''Redding crosses the U.S. border into Mexico at Fort Hancock to join his friend, Andy Dufresne, who earlier escaped from Shawshank Prison and fled to Zihuatanejo via Fort Hancock."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Elijah Wood", "paragraph_text": "Elijah Jordan Wood (born January 28, 1981) is an American actor, voice actor, DJ, and producer. He is best known for his high - profile leading role as Frodo Baggins in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 03)."}], "question": "Who created the character who helps Frodo and his friends escape from the barrow-wight?"}
{"id": "2hop__144465_575521", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hunger for Love", "paragraph_text": "Hunger for Love () is a 1968 Brazilian drama film directed by Nelson Pereira dos Santos. It was entered into the 18th Berlin International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sylvio Pirillo", "paragraph_text": "Sylvio Pirillo (or S\u00edlvio Pirillo) (27 July 1916 in Porto Alegre \u2013 22 April 1991 in Porto Alegre) was a Brazilian football striker."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Quevedos", "paragraph_text": "Quevedos is a municipality of the west-central part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 2,816 (2015 est.) in an area of 543.36 km\u00b2. Its elevation is 410 m. It is west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Boca a boca", "paragraph_text": "Boca a boca (released in English as Mouth to Mouth) is a 1995 Spanish film directed by Manuel G\u00f3mez Pereira. The film was released by Miramax in the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aexpa", "paragraph_text": "Aexpa S.A. is a charter airline based at Mateca\u00f1a International Airport in Pereira, Colombia. The airline was founded in May 2001."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jo\u00e3o Vitor da Silva", "paragraph_text": "Jo\u00e3o Vitor da Silva or simply Jo\u00e3o Vitor (born March 15, 1983 in Jardim Alegre-PR), is a Brazilian central defender for Brusque Futebol Clube."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Felipe Klein", "paragraph_text": "Felipe Ely Klein (born April 9, 1987 in Porto Alegre) is a Brazilian footballer currently playing for Cerro of the Uruguayan Primera Divisi\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Union Bancaire Priv\u00e9e", "paragraph_text": "Union Bancaire Priv\u00e9e (UBP SA) was founded in 1969 by Edgar de Picciotto. It is one of the most highly capitalized private banks, and a major player in the field of wealth management in Switzerland with CHF 134.4 billion of assets under management."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Machado de Assis", "paragraph_text": "Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis was born on 21 June 1839 in Rio de Janeiro, then capital of the Empire of Brazil. His parents were Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Assis, a mulatto wall painter, the son of freed slaves, and Maria Leopoldina da C\u00e2mara Machado, an Azorean Portuguese washerwoman. He was born in Livramento country house, owned by \"Dona\" Maria Jos\u00e9 de Mendon\u00e7a Barroso Pereira, widow of senator Bento Barroso Pereira, who protected his parents and allowed them to live with her. \"Dona\" Maria Jos\u00e9 became Joaquim's godmother; her brother-in-law, commendatory Joaquim Alberto de Sousa da Silveira, was his godfather, and both were paid homage by giving their names to the baby. Machado had a sister who died young. Joaquim studied in a public school, but was not a good student. While helping to serve masses, he met Father Silveira Sarmento, who became his Latin teacher and also a good friend."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gove Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Gove Dam is an embankment dam on the Kunene River about south of Huambo in Huambo Province, Angola. The purpose of the dam is to control floods and generate hydroelectric power. It has a power generating capacity of each) (three turbines of each), enough to power over 30,000 homes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dezesseis de Novembro", "paragraph_text": "Dezesseis de Novembro (Portuguese meaning November 16) is a municipality of the western part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 2,795 (2015 est.) in an area of 216.85 km\u00b2. It is west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ueslei", "paragraph_text": "Ueslei Raimundo Pereira da Silva or better known as Ueslei (born 19 April 1972 in Salvador, Brazil) is a Brazilian former football player."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Edgar Wilson Benyon", "paragraph_text": "Edgar Wilson Benyon (29 March 1901\u201314 September 1978) was a New Zealand magician, juggler and entertainer. He was born in Auckland, New Zealand on 29 March 1901."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Moderato Wisintainer", "paragraph_text": "After the World cup he returned to his home state where he finished his football career 1932 with his original club Guarani FC in Alegrete. With Guarani he became runner-up in the Rio Grande do Sul State Championship of 1931, losing in the final 0-3 to Gr\u00eamio FBPA of the capital Porto Alegre."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Atlanta", "paragraph_text": "In 1842, when a two - story brick depot was built, the locals asked that the settlement of Terminus be called Lumpkin, after Governor Wilson Lumpkin. Gov. Lumpkin asked them to name it after his young daughter instead, and Terminus became Marthasville. In 1845, the chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad, (J. Edgar Thomson) suggested that Marthasville be renamed ``Atlantica - Pacifica '', which was quickly shortened to`` Atlanta.'' The residents approved, apparently undaunted by the fact that not a single train had yet visited. The town of Atlanta was incorporated in 1847."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wilson Edgar Pereira Alegre", "paragraph_text": "Wilson Edgar Pereira Alegre (born July 22, 1984 in Huambo) is an Angolan football goalkeeper who currently plays for Libolo."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Xangri-l\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Xangri-l\u00e1 is a Municipality located on the south coast of Brazil, in the state Rio Grande do Sul. It is 134 kilometers from Porto Alegre, the state capital."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dar\u00edo Esp\u00ednola", "paragraph_text": "Ludovino Dar\u00edo Esp\u00ednola Alegre, known simply as Dar\u00edo Esp\u00ednola, (born 15 September 1973) is an Argentine football defender currently playing for Defensa y Justicia in the Argentine second division."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "G\u00f3mez Pereira", "paragraph_text": "G\u00f3mez Pereira (1500\u20131567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and natural humanist from Medina del Campo. Pereira worked hard to dispel medieval concepts of medicine and proposed the application of empirical methods; as for his philosophy, it is of the standard direction and his reasonings are a clear precedent of Ren\u00e9 Descartes. He was the first to propose the famous \"\"Cogito ergo sum\"\", in 1554, commonly attributed to Descartes. He was famous for his practice of medicine, although he had many diverse occupations, such as owning businesses, engineering, and philosophy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jos\u00e9 de Aquino Pereira", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 de Aquino Pereira (April 22, 1920 \u2013 November 17, 2011) was a Brazilian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church."}], "question": "Wilson Edgar Pereira Alegre's birthplace is the capital of what province?"}
{"id": "2hop__144465_188028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sylvio Pirillo", "paragraph_text": "Sylvio Pirillo (or S\u00edlvio Pirillo) (27 July 1916 in Porto Alegre \u2013 22 April 1991 in Porto Alegre) was a Brazilian football striker."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Virginia Dare", "paragraph_text": "Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587, date of death unknown) was the first English child born in a New World English overseas possession, and was named after the territory of Virginia, her birthplace. Her parents were Ananias Dare and Eleanor White (also spelled Ellinor or Elyonor)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Est\u00e1dio da Baixada (Porto Alegre)", "paragraph_text": "Est\u00e1dio da Baixada was a football stadium located in Porto Alegre, Brazil. It was the home ground of Gr\u00eamio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense from 1904 until 1954, when it was replaced by the Est\u00e1dio Ol\u00edmpico Monumental. The capacity of the stadium was 15,000 spectators."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gove Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Gove Dam is an embankment dam on the Kunene River about south of Huambo in Huambo Province, Angola. The purpose of the dam is to control floods and generate hydroelectric power. It has a power generating capacity of each) (three turbines of each), enough to power over 30,000 homes."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "McKamie Farmhouse", "paragraph_text": "The McKamie Farmhouse was a farmhouse located in Waxhaws, North Carolina, and is one of two disputed birthplaces of Andrew Jackson, the other being in South Carolina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chet Holifield Federal Building", "paragraph_text": "The Chet Holifield Federal Building, colloquially known as \"the Ziggurat Building\", is a United States government building at 24000 Avila Road in Laguna Niguel, California built between 1968 and 1971, originally for North American Aviation/Rockwell International, and designed by William Pereira. It is managed by the General Services Administration."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Xangri-l\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Xangri-l\u00e1 is a Municipality located on the south coast of Brazil, in the state Rio Grande do Sul. It is 134 kilometers from Porto Alegre, the state capital."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tidal River, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Tidal River is a locality in Wilsons Promontory National Park, Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, Australia. It contains the main park administration and service centres as well as a permanent camping ground that takes its name from the Tidal River, which flows past the camping ground to the north."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Edgar Wilson Benyon", "paragraph_text": "Edgar Wilson Benyon (29 March 1901\u201314 September 1978) was a New Zealand magician, juggler and entertainer. He was born in Auckland, New Zealand on 29 March 1901."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Charles Ives House", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Ives House, also known as Charles Ives Birthplace, is located on Mountainville Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame structure built in 1780 and expanded on since. Over the course of the 19th century it was the residence of several generations of Iveses, a family important in the city's history. In 1874 it was the birthplace of Charles Ives, who became an internationally recognized composer in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Monte Alegre de Minas", "paragraph_text": "Monte Alegre de Minas is a Brazilian municipality located in the west of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2007 was 18,348 living in a total area of 2,593 km\u00b2. The city belongs to the statistical mesoregion of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro and Alto Parana\u00edba and to the statistical microregion of Uberl\u00e2ndia. It became a municipality in 1870."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Roark, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Roark is an unincorporated community located in Leslie County, Kentucky, United States. Main schools, Redbird Christian, Leslie, Stinnet Elementary, and Moutian View elementary. It is the birthplace of the Osborne Brothers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wilson Edgar Pereira Alegre", "paragraph_text": "Wilson Edgar Pereira Alegre (born July 22, 1984 in Huambo) is an Angolan football goalkeeper who currently plays for Libolo."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}], "question": "In what province was Wilson Edgar Pereira Alegre born?"}
{"id": "2hop__156272_326791", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Doghole River", "paragraph_text": "The Doghole River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The river is part of the James Bay drainage basin. It flows from Doghole Lake, where the outlet is part of the Mishkeegogamang First Nation Osnaburgh Indian Reserve No. 63B, to the northeast shore of Lake St. Joseph; oddly, the mouth is not on Doghole Bay, adjacent to the east. Lake St. Joseph is the source of the Albany River, which flows to James Bay."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Swift River (Teslin Lake)", "paragraph_text": "The Swift River is a river that begins in Yukon Territory and flows southwest into British Columbia to its mouth at the east side of Teslin Lake on the Teslin River system. The river drains the uppermost portion of the Cassiar Mountains and in its lower reaches traverses the Nisutlin Plateau, which lies along the east side of Teslin Lake north of the mouth of the Jennings River, which is to the south of the Swift."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pambula River", "paragraph_text": "Pambula River rises in timbered highlands near the locality of Lochiel and flows generally east, flowing through Pambula Lake, before reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean near the locality of Pambula Beach. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Verde River", "paragraph_text": "The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Humffray River", "paragraph_text": "Formed by the confluence of the Humffray River West Branch and Humffray River East Branch, the Humffray River rises below the Tea Tree Range within the Great Dividing Range, northeast of the Wonnangatta River Reference Area and flows generally south by east, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Wonnangatta River in remote country below Little Baldy within the Alpine National Park in the Alpine Shire. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wind River (Wisconsin)", "paragraph_text": "The Wind River is a minor tributary of the Mississippi River in western Wisconsin in the United States. It flows for its entire length in western Pierce County. It rises in the town (unincorporated jurisdiction) of Trimbelle and flows southward through the towns of Oak Grove and Diamond Bluff. Wind River joins the Mississippi near the unincorporated community of Diamond Bluff, which is within the larger jurisdiction (the town). The confluence is from the Mississippi's mouth on the Gulf of Mexico."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Anglesea River", "paragraph_text": "The Anglesea River rises in the Otway Ranges east of and flows generally east by south before reaching its mouth and emptying into Bass Strait near the town of the same name."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Visherka River", "paragraph_text": "Visherka River () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kolva River. It is long, and its drainage basin covers . It flows out of lake Chusovskoe in the north of the Cherdynsky District near its border with the Komi Republic. Its mouth is upstream of the uninhabited village of Bogatyryovo, from the mouth of the Kolva River. Its most significant tributaries are:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tomaga River", "paragraph_text": "Tomaga River rises about northeast of Mogo Hill and flows generally southwest and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at Mossy Point. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wonnangatta River", "paragraph_text": "The Wonnangatta River is a perennial river of the Mitchell River catchment, located in the Alpine and East Gippsland regions of the Australian state of Victoria."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Moruya River", "paragraph_text": "The headwaters of the Deua River rise south of Braidwood and flow to the village of Kiora where the Deua River forms its confluence with the Moruya River. The Moruya River flows generally east, joined by two minor tributaries, past the town of Moruya, before reaching its mouth of the Tasman Sea at Moruya Heads. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sogndalsfjorden", "paragraph_text": "Sogndalsfjorden is a fjord in Sogndal Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The long fjord begins at the mouth of the river Ar\u00f8yelvi, which flows out of the lake Hafslovatnet. It then flows to the southwest before emptying into the large Sognefjorden at its mouth between the villages of Nornes and Fimreite."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ango River", "paragraph_text": "Ango River () is a tributary of the Omolon River in Russia's Magadan Oblast in northeast Siberia. It is Omolons right tributary and flows into it from its mouth. The total length of the Ango is ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Murrah River", "paragraph_text": "Formed by the confluence of the Mumbulla Creek and Dry River, approximately southeast by south of Quaama, the Murrah River flows generally east, before flowing into Murrah Lagoon and reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean north of Murrah Beach. The length of the course of the river varies between and ."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ishikari River", "paragraph_text": "It originates from Mount Ishikari in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group and flows through Asahikawa and Sapporo. Major tributaries of the river include the Ch\u016bbetsu, Ury\u016b, Sorachi and Toyohira rivers. Until 40,000 years ago, it flowed into the Pacific Ocean near Tomakomai. Lava from the volcanic Shikotsu mountains dammed the river and moved its mouth to the Ishikari Bay."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minnehaha Creek", "paragraph_text": "Minnehaha Creek is a 22-mile-long (35\u00a0km) tributary of the Mississippi River that flows east from Gray's Bay Dam on Lake Minnetonka through the suburban cities of Minnetonka, Hopkins, Saint Louis Park, and Edina, and the city of Minneapolis. The creek flows over Minnehaha Falls in Minnehaha Park near its mouth at the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}], "question": "What is the mouth of the river the Humffray River flows into?"}
{"id": "2hop__156272_157418", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kunwak River", "paragraph_text": "The Kunwak River is a river of Nunavut, Canada. It flows northeast out of Tulemalu Lake and enters Tebesjuak Lake, Mallery Lake and Princess Mary Lake before turning southeast and flowing into Thirty Mile Lake on the Kazan River."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cutato River", "paragraph_text": "The Cutato is a river of central Angola, tributary of the Cuanza River. It flows to the northeast of Benguela. The town of Cutato lies on the river."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pager River", "paragraph_text": "The Pager River is a river of Uganda in eastern Africa. It flows through the northern part of the country and joins the Achwa River."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gojeb River", "paragraph_text": "The Gojeb River is eastward-flowing tributary of the Omo River in Ethiopia. It rises in the mountains of Guma, flowing in almost a direct line its confluence with the Omo at"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ngunguru River", "paragraph_text": "The Ngunguru River is a river of the Northland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It initially flows southwest before turning east to flow into a long, wide estuary which empties into Ngunguru Bay to the northwest of Whangarei. The town of Ngunguru sits on the estuary's north bank at its opening to the bay."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Apies River", "paragraph_text": "The Apies River is a river that flows through the city of Pretoria, South Africa. Its source is located just south of the city (south of Erasmus Park) and it flows northward until it drains into the Pienaars River."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Snake River (St. Croix River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "The Snake River with its tributaries drains a 1,009 square miles (2,610 km) area of Aitkin, Kanabec, Mille Lacs and Pine counties. After initially flowing southward from its headwaters in southern Aitkin County, the Snake flows through Kanabec County, turning eastward near Mora, Minnesota, following a minor fault line. It drains into the St. Croix River 13 miles (21 km) east of Pine City, Minnesota."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Segen River", "paragraph_text": "Segen is a river that arises from Delo Mountain, central Amarro, Ethiopia. The river flows to the east, then to the north and to the west and last to the south to join the Weito River. On the western side of Amarro horst the valley through which the river flows is called Segen Valley."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Broad River (Jamaica)", "paragraph_text": "The Broad River is a river in Jamaica. It flows into the Black River at the Great Morass in St. Elizabeth."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wonnangatta River", "paragraph_text": "The Wonnangatta River is a perennial river of the Mitchell River catchment, located in the Alpine and East Gippsland regions of the Australian state of Victoria."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Columbia River", "paragraph_text": "The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is 1,243 miles (2,000 km) long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. The fourth - largest river in the United States by volume, the Columbia has the greatest flow of any North American river entering the Pacific."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Columbia River", "paragraph_text": "The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. The fourth-largest river in the United States by volume, the Columbia has the greatest flow of any North American river entering the Pacific."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hargrave River (Manitoba)", "paragraph_text": "The Hargrave River is a river in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in Northern Manitoba, Canada. It flows in a southeasterly direction from its source at Hargrave Lake to Hill Lake on the Minago River which flows into Cross Lake on the Nelson River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Des Moines River", "paragraph_text": "The Des Moines River () is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the upper Midwestern United States that is approximately long from its farther headwaters. The largest river flowing across the state of Iowa, it rises in southern Minnesota and flows across Iowa from northwest to southeast, passing from the glaciated plains into the unglaciated hills near the capital city of Des Moines, named after the river, in the center of the state. The river continues to flow at a southeastern direction away from Des Moines, later flowing directly into the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Humffray River", "paragraph_text": "Formed by the confluence of the Humffray River West Branch and Humffray River East Branch, the Humffray River rises below the Tea Tree Range within the Great Dividing Range, northeast of the Wonnangatta River Reference Area and flows generally south by east, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Wonnangatta River in remote country below Little Baldy within the Alpine National Park in the Alpine Shire. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kasai River", "paragraph_text": "The Kasai River (called Cassai in Angola) is a tributary (left side) of the Congo River, located in Central Africa. The river begins in central Angola and flows to the east until it reaches the border between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where it turns north and serves as the border until it flows into the DRC. From Ilebo, between the confluences with Lulua river and Sankuru river, the Kasai river turns to a westerly direction. The lower stretch of the river from the confluence with Fimi river, is known as the Kwa(h) River, before it joins the Congo at Kwamouth northeast of Kinshasa. The Kasai basin consists mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, which provide an agricultural land in a region noted for its infertile, sandy soil. It is a tributary of Congo river and diamonds are found in this river. Around 60% of diamonds in Belgium go from Kasai river for cutting and shaping."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saint Louis River", "paragraph_text": "The Saint Louis River (abbreviated St. Louis River) is a river in the U.S. states of Minnesota and Wisconsin that flows into Lake Superior. The largest U.S. river to flow into the lake, it is in length and starts east of Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota. The river's watershed covers . Near the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin, the river becomes a freshwater estuary. The lower St. Louis is the only river in the state with whitewater rafting opportunities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bear River (Sustut River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "The Bear River is a river in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest into the Sustut River, which flows southwest into the upper Skeena River."}], "question": "What river does the water course that flows into the Humffray turn into?"}
{"id": "2hop__158590_253699", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hans Henric von Essen", "paragraph_text": "Hans Henric von Essen was born at Kavl\u00e5s Castle in Tidaholm Municipality, V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland County, Sweden. He was educated at Uppsala University. He entered the army becoming a cornet at age 18. He accompanied Gustav III in his travels and campaigns. He accompanied Gustav III at the 1792 masquerade ball at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm on 16 March 1792, where the king was shot and mortally injured. Hans Henrik von Essen was credited with immediately ordering the doors to the ball room to be locked, in order not to let the assassin get away."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "IBK Sundsvall", "paragraph_text": "IBK Sundsvall was a floorball club in Sundsvall, Sweden, established in 1986. The men's team played in the Swedish top division during the 1990s. In 2006, the club merged with IBK Nordic becoming Sundsvall City."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sweden", "paragraph_text": "On 27 October 1981, a Whiskey-class submarine (U 137) from the Soviet Union ran aground close to the naval base at Karlskrona in the southern part of the country. Research has never clearly established whether the submarine ended up on the shoals through a navigational mistake or if an enemy committed espionage against Swedish military potential. The incident triggered a diplomatic crisis between Sweden and the Soviet Union. Following the 1986 assassination of Olof Palme and with the end of the Cold War, Sweden has adopted a more traditional foreign policy approach. Nevertheless, the country remains active in peace keeping missions and maintains a considerable foreign aid budget."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ernest Lluch", "paragraph_text": "Ernest Lluch Mart\u00edn, (21 January 1937 - 21 November 2000) was a Spanish economist and politician from Catalonia. He was Minister of Health and Consumption from 1982-1986 in the first post-Francisco Franco Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) government of Felipe Gonz\u00e1lez. He was assassinated in 2000 by the Basque terrorist organisation, ETA."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chris Creveling", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Creveling (born December 29, 1986) is an American short track speed skater who represented the United States at the 2014 Winter Olympics. Growing up, his family owned a roller rink and was highly involved in the sport of roller skating. Creveling followed in the footsteps of his older siblings, learning to skate as soon as he could walk. He was selected for the 2003 United States' Junior World roller skating team in 2003 and for the Senior World Team from 2004\u201306. At the 2004 World Championships, he won a gold medal as part of the US relay team."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Desmond Miles", "paragraph_text": "According to lead designer Steve Masters, Desmond's story ends in Assassins Creed III: ``What we're trying to do is bring some finality to Desmond's story. To actually wrap up what you've opened and experienced with him. ''Creative director of the series, Jean Guesdon, said that Desmond is an important character in the Assassin's Creed series, and will be playing a large part in Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Catharina Wallenstedt", "paragraph_text": "Catharina Wallenstedt was the daughter of Bishop Laurentius Olai Wallius and Catharina Tidemansdotter, and was alongside her siblings ennobled in 1650. She was maid of honour to Queen Christina of Sweden in 1649\u20131655. In 1655 she married Edvard Ehrenst\u00e9en (died 1686). She was the mother-in-law to Nils Gyldenstolpe and Arvid Horn."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Freda'", "paragraph_text": "Freda' (Swedish for Friday) is a pop group from Gnosj\u00f6 in Sweden, first active between 1983 and 1993. Singer and songwriter Uno Svenningsson later tried with a solo career, before the band was re-united in 2009. The name comes from that they won a rock band competition on a Friday. The group, which broke through in 1986 with the song \"Vindarna\", received a Grammis Award in 1988., and again in 1990."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Assassin's Creed", "paragraph_text": "In February 2016, Ubisoft announced they would not be releasing a new game in 2016 in order to step ``back and (re-examine) the Assassin's Creed franchise... (and take the) year to evolve the game mechanics and to make sure we're delivering on the promise of Assassin's Creed offering unique and memorable gameplay experiences ''. On the decision, Guillemot said that`` Ubisoft started to question the annualized franchise with the release of Assassin's Creed Unity, and the fact that Assassin's Creed Syndicate had ``a slower launch than expected''. Guillemot added that`` by moving away from the annual iterations of the franchise, it will give the Assassin's Creed teams more time to take advantage of new engines and technology ''. Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag's director Ashraf Ismail, commented on an interview that he and the team would be interested in doing an Assassin's Creed game in an Ancient Egyptian setting, along with reiterating an earlier statement that a female leading character was not an impossibility for the series. In May 2017, Ubisoft confirmed the development of Assassin's Creed Origins. The game was announced to be set in the Ptolemaic Egypt in June 2017. The game was released worldwide on October 27, 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cla\u00ebs Palme", "paragraph_text": "Cla\u00ebs Palme was maritime law expert and ran his own law firm. He was also a reservist in the Swedish Navy. The Soviet Union hired him to sue the Swedish Government as the Soviet ship Tsesis run aground at the entrance of S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje. He won the case, which attracted much attention because of his brother Olof Palme, who, concurrently served as Prime Minister of Sweden. Cla\u00ebs Palme was also the author of maritime items and a long-time representative for the Swedish Maritime Administration while in court."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Assassin's Creed", "paragraph_text": "Assassin's Creed: The Ezio Collection, developed by Virtuos and Ubisoft Montreal, features remastered versions of Assassin's Creed II, Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood and Assassin's Creed: Revelations single - player modes, using the Anvil engine, for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One (the multiplayer being excluded from the package). The games feature improved graphics, lighting, effects and textures, and also include all previously released downloadable content for the single - player. In addition, the bundle features the short films Assassin's Creed: Embers and Assassin's Creed: Lineage. The collection was released on November 15, 2016 to mixed reviews, being generally criticized for its minimal graphical enhancements, the dated gameplay, and the capped 30 frames per second."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "De Schreeuw", "paragraph_text": "Theo van Gogh was assassinated on 2 November 2004 in the Linnaeusstraat in Amsterdam, just a few steps away from the Oosterpark. The assassin was Mohammed Bouyeri."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A Dangerous Life", "paragraph_text": "A Dangerous Life is a 1988 English-language Australian film about the final years of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos' rule, from the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1983 to the People Power Revolution in 1986 that ousted Marcos."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Catherine of Pfalz-Zweibr\u00fccken (1661\u20131720)", "paragraph_text": "Catherine of Pfalz-Zweibr\u00fccken (10 December 1661 \u2013 27 May 1720), was the daughter of Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg and Countess Elsa Elisabeth Brahe of Wisingsborg, cousin of Charles XI of Sweden and the sister of Adolph John II, Count Palatine of Kleeburg and Gustav, Duke of Zweibr\u00fccken. She is foremost known for the scandal involving herself and her siblings, when she, after a long ongoing conflict in 1686-88, escaped from the authority of her parents."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd", "paragraph_text": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd was born in Stockholm, Sweden, to Swedish actor Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd and his first wife, My, a physician. He has five siblings: Alexander, Sam, Bill, Eija and Valter, and two half-brothers Ossian and Kolbj\u00f6rn from his father's second wife, Megan Everett. Alexander, Bill, and Valter are also actors. His godfather is Swedish actor Peter Stormare."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Assassin's Creed Origins", "paragraph_text": "Assassin's Creed Origins is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It is the tenth major installment in the Assassin's Creed series and the successor to 2015's Assassin's Creed Syndicate. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 27, 2017."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Quebec and published by Ubisoft. It was released on October 23, 2015, for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and on November 19, 2015, for Microsoft Windows. It is the ninth major installment in the Assassin's Creed series, and the successor to 2014's Assassin's Creed Unity."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat", "paragraph_text": "The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981. Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel - Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The assassination was undertaken by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad."}], "question": "Who was the sibling of the person from Sweden assassinated in 1986?"}
{"id": "2hop__158590_812832", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "IBK Sundsvall", "paragraph_text": "IBK Sundsvall was a floorball club in Sundsvall, Sweden, established in 1986. The men's team played in the Swedish top division during the 1990s. In 2006, the club merged with IBK Nordic becoming Sundsvall City."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pia Lindstr\u00f6m", "paragraph_text": "Friedel Pia Lindstr\u00f6m (born 20 September 1938, Stockholm, Sweden) is a television journalist, and the first child of actress Ingrid Bergman."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A Dangerous Life", "paragraph_text": "A Dangerous Life is a 1988 English-language Australian film about the final years of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos' rule, from the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1983 to the People Power Revolution in 1986 that ousted Marcos."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Assassin's Creed Origins", "paragraph_text": "Assassin's Creed Origins is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It is the tenth major installment in the Assassin's Creed series and the successor to 2015's Assassin's Creed Syndicate. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 27, 2017."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Princess D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, Baroness Silfverschi\u00f6ld", "paragraph_text": "Princess D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, Baroness Silfverschi\u00f6ld (D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Elisabeth Sibylla; born 2 June 1938) is the third child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\u00e4sterbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and granddaughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden. Her younger brother is King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ernest Lluch", "paragraph_text": "Ernest Lluch Mart\u00edn, (21 January 1937 - 21 November 2000) was a Spanish economist and politician from Catalonia. He was Minister of Health and Consumption from 1982-1986 in the first post-Francisco Franco Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) government of Felipe Gonz\u00e1lez. He was assassinated in 2000 by the Basque terrorist organisation, ETA."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "M\u00e5rten Palme", "paragraph_text": "On the evening of Olof Palme's assassination, M\u00e5rten Palme and his girlfriend had joined his parents and had been at the cinema Grand, where they watched \"The Mozart Brothers\". When M\u00e5rten and his girlfriend left his parents after the cinema they saw a man who followed Olof Palme. This man is recognized as the murderer of Olof Palme and has been called \"Grandmannen\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tobias Sw\u00e4rd", "paragraph_text": "Tobias Sw\u00e4rd (real name: \"Tobias Oscar Robert Sv\u00e4rd\", born 8 October 1986 in Eskilstuna, Sweden) is a Swedish voice and child actor, well known for his role as Berra in \"Kan du vissla Johanna?\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Prince Hubertus of Hohenzollern", "paragraph_text": "Prince Hubertus of Hohenzollern (Hubertus Gustav Adolf Veit Georg Meinrad Maria Alexander) (born 10 June 1966) is the third child of Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern and of his wife Princess Birgitta of Sweden, sister of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hit & Miss", "paragraph_text": "Hit & Miss is a British television series, created by Paul Abbott, broadcast on Sky Atlantic. It stars Chlo\u00eb Sevigny as a transgender contract killer who discovers she has a child with her former lover. She struggles between caring for her newfound family and maintaining her job as an assassin."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sweden", "paragraph_text": "On 27 October 1981, a Whiskey-class submarine (U 137) from the Soviet Union ran aground close to the naval base at Karlskrona in the southern part of the country. Research has never clearly established whether the submarine ended up on the shoals through a navigational mistake or if an enemy committed espionage against Swedish military potential. The incident triggered a diplomatic crisis between Sweden and the Soviet Union. Following the 1986 assassination of Olof Palme and with the end of the Cold War, Sweden has adopted a more traditional foreign policy approach. Nevertheless, the country remains active in peace keeping missions and maintains a considerable foreign aid budget."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Josh LaBove", "paragraph_text": "Joshua Labove (born March 22, 1986 in Manhasset, New York) has often been credited in TV and film performances as a child actor in the late 1980s and 1990s."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "De Schreeuw", "paragraph_text": "Theo van Gogh was assassinated on 2 November 2004 in the Linnaeusstraat in Amsterdam, just a few steps away from the Oosterpark. The assassin was Mohammed Bouyeri."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bai Wanxiang", "paragraph_text": "Bai Wanxiang (, Pai Wan-hsiang 1920\u20132004) was Director of the Kuomintang's (KMT) overseas secret police, the so-called Mainland Operations Office (\u9678\u5de5\u6703, Lu Gonghui), from 1979 to 1986. Bai is chiefly remembered as the person suspected of masterminding the assassinations of Taiwan pro-democracy dissidents such as Henry Liu (\u5289\u5b9c\u826f) by KMT secret police. Bai is also known to have attempted to have Hsu Hsin-liang (\u8a31\u4fe1\u826f) assassinated by Kung Fu star Jimmy Wang Yu (\u738b\u7fbd) during the 1980s."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 1977", "paragraph_text": "The contest was won by Marie Myriam, representing France, with the song ``L'oiseau et l'enfant ''(The Bird and the Child). This was France's fifth victory, a record at the time (since equalled by Luxembourg and the United Kingdom, and surpassed by Ireland and Sweden). It was also France's second victory on English soil, as well as its most recent victory to date."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Assassin's Creed", "paragraph_text": "Assassin's Creed: The Ezio Collection, developed by Virtuos and Ubisoft Montreal, features remastered versions of Assassin's Creed II, Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood and Assassin's Creed: Revelations single - player modes, using the Anvil engine, for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One (the multiplayer being excluded from the package). The games feature improved graphics, lighting, effects and textures, and also include all previously released downloadable content for the single - player. In addition, the bundle features the short films Assassin's Creed: Embers and Assassin's Creed: Lineage. The collection was released on November 15, 2016 to mixed reviews, being generally criticized for its minimal graphical enhancements, the dated gameplay, and the capped 30 frames per second."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "You Give Love a Bad Name", "paragraph_text": "``You Give Love a Bad Name ''Artwork for U.S. vinyl single, also used for the album Slippery When Wet Single by Bon Jovi from the album Slippery When Wet B - side`` Raise Your Hands'' (US) ``Let It Rock ''(UK) Released July 23, 1986 Format CD single 7'' Recorded 1986 Genre Hard rock Length 3: 42 (album version) 4: 06 (full version) Label Mercury Songwriter (s) Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Desmond Child Producer (s) Bruce Fairbairn Bon Jovi singles chronology`` Silent Night ''(1985) ``You Give Love a Bad Name'' (1986)`` Livin 'on a Prayer ''(1986) ``Silent Night'' (1985)`` You Give Love a Bad Name ''(1986) ``Livin' on a Prayer'' (1986) Alternative cover"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Dorsai Companion", "paragraph_text": "The Dorsai Companion is a collection of science fiction stories by American writer Gordon R. Dickson, part of his Childe Cycle series. It was first published by Ace Books in 1986. The collection includes a number of articles by Sandra Miesel."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brian Bonsall", "paragraph_text": "Brian Eric Bonsall (born December 3, 1981) is an American rock musician, singer, guitarist and former child actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Andrew ``Andy ''Keaton, the youngest child on the NBC sitcom Family Ties from 1986 until 1989, and Alexander Rozhenko, the son of Worf and K'ehleyr, on Star Trek: The Next Generation from 1992 to 1994."}], "question": "Who is the child of the Swede assassinated in 1986?"}
{"id": "2hop__124731_800642", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elizabeth Medora Leigh", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Medora Leigh (15 April 1814 \u2013 28 August 1849) was the third daughter of Augusta Leigh. It is widely speculated that she was fathered by her mother's half-brother Lord Byron, although her mother's husband Colonel George Leigh was her official father."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zhang Xuanjing", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Xuanjing was born in 350, during the reign of his father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie). His mother was likely Zhang Chonghua's concubine Lady Guo (as he honored her as princess dowager in 363, which he would have had little reason to do if she were not his mother). He had an older brother, Zhang Yaoling, who was his father's heir apparent."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Priyanka Yoshikawa", "paragraph_text": "Yoshikawa's mother is Japanese and her father is Bengali Indian. Her great - grandfather Prafulla Chandra Ghosh was the first Chief Minister of West Bengal."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bhanurangsi Savangwongse", "paragraph_text": "Bhanurangsi Savangwongse, the Prince Bhanubandhu Vongsevoradej (11 January 1859 \u2013 13 June 1928) () was a son of HM King Mongkut of Siam and HM Queen Debsirindra."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chris Baldo", "paragraph_text": "Chris Baldo (real name Christian Baldauff, 24 June 1943 - 24 January 1995) was a Luxembourgish singer. He was born to a French mother, and a Luxembourgish father, in Luxembourg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mother Country", "paragraph_text": "Mother Country is a 2002 novel by Libby Purves about a young American computer expert who goes in search of the relatives of his biological father, a teenage heroin addict in 1970s London when she had him who was pronounced an unfit mother and who died soon after giving birth to him. Raised by his paternal grandparents, the young man has never been to England again after being carried off to America by his father, who also died young."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Karen Sillas", "paragraph_text": "The daughter of a Greek father and a Swedish mother, Sillas was born in Brooklyn and graduated from the Acting Conservatory of the State University of New York at Purchase (SUNY Purchase)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sri Suriyendra", "paragraph_text": "Sri Suriyendra (; ; 1767\u20131836) was the queen of Siam, wife of Phutthaloetla Naphalai, who was her cousin, and mother of Mongkut and Pinklao. She was later named, upon the coronation of her son Mongkut, as \"Krom Somdet\" Phra Sri Suriyendramataya."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Li Na", "paragraph_text": "Li Na was born on 26 February 1982 in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Her mother is Li Yanping (\u674e\u8c54\u840d); her father, Li Shengpeng (\u674e\u76db\u9d6c), was a professional badminton player and later worked as a sales rep for an Wuhan-based company. He died from a rare cardiovascular disease when Li was fourteen. Her mother didn't tell Li Na that her father had died for many weeks, thinking it would affect her game."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Polemon II of Pontus", "paragraph_text": "Polemon II's father died in 8 BC. His mother then married King Archelaus of Cappadocia, and the family had moved to Cappadocia, where Polemon II was raised, along with his siblings, at the court of his stepfather. Archelaus died in 17, whereupon Polemon II and his mother moved back to Pontus. From 17 until 38, Polemon II lived as a private citizen in Pontus and assisted his mother in the administration of their realm. When his mother died in 38, Polemon II succeeded his mother as the sole ruler of Pontus, Colchis and Cilicia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Douglas Fairbairn", "paragraph_text": "Born Douglas Behl in Elmira, New York, to Jean Melissa \"Missy\" (n\u00e9e Fairbairn) and Martin E. Behl. His father was born in Westphalen, Germany, and came to America as a toddler. His mother was born in Huntsville, Ontario, Canada. His parents moved around a lot, married in Cleveland, Ohio in 1918, they lived in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. His parents got a divorce when he was a child and he never saw his father again. (His father moved back to New York City and later died in Santa Barbara, California in 1967.) His mother later remarried, to Wesley Hibbard Bunce, and they moved to Coconut Grove, Florida in 1938. After going by Douglas Bunce for a time, although not officially, he legally changed his last name to his mother's maiden name in 1955."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guy Sajer", "paragraph_text": "Guy Sajer (born Guy Mouminoux, 13 January 1927 in Paris), is a French writer, author of \"Le soldat oubli\u00e9\" (1965, translated as \"The Forgotten Soldier\"), and a cartoonist under the pen names Dimitri, and Dimitri Lahache. He is the son of a French father and a German mother: Sajer is his mother's maiden name."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saving Face (2004 film)", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelmina (``Wil ''), a successful young Chinese American surgeon, lives in New York City. Forced by her mother Gao to come to the typical gathering at Planet China amongst family friends, Wil is closeted to her mother and the rest of the older adults. Her mother has plans to set her up with a son of a friend. Wil is drawn to Vivian, the daughter of one of the Chinese mothers who recently got a divorce. They run into each other at the hospital where Wil works, only to discover that Vivian's father is Wil's boss. Vivian and her father have a tense relationship since Vivian is currently pursuing her love of modern dance instead of the more respectable ballet."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Michael Varah", "paragraph_text": "Varah was eldest of triplet boys born in the vicarage of Holy Trinity, Blackburn to Dr Chad Varah and his wife Susan. His father was the local Anglican vicar, who founded the Samaritans (charity) in 1953. His mother was world president of the Mothers' Union in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hind Laroussi", "paragraph_text": "Hind Laroussi Tahiri was born on 3 December 1984 in Gouda, Netherlands. She has a Moroccan father and a Dutch mother."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aslam Sher Khan", "paragraph_text": "Aslam Sher Khan was born on 15 July 1953 to father Late Ahmed Sher Khan and mother Ahmedi in Bhopal, India. His father Ahmed Sher Khan represented India in 1936 at the Berlin Olympics. As he said in his autobiography about his grandfather's saying, \"Your father had a streak of madness in him, Like you, he had a great obsession for hockey. He made your mother promise that if they had a son, she would bring him up to be a hockey player.\" Ahmed Sher Khan was the Hockey coach of Aslam's school but never selected Aslam to play for the school team. When he asked his father about this thing he replied \"you still have a lot to learn.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spencer family (The Bold and the Beautiful)", "paragraph_text": "William ``Liam ''Spencer III (Scott Clifton) Son of Bill Spencer Jr. and his college girlfriend Kelly Hopkins. Raised by his mother and stepfather without knowing his father until his mother died and he discovered, with the help of Hope Logan, that Bill was his father. He is married to Steffy Forrester. Wyatt Spencer (Darin Brooks) Son of Bill Spencer Jr. and Quinn Fuller. Former executive of Quinn Artisan Jewelers, and currently works at Spencer Publications. Raised by his mother, and thought his father was dead until he met Hope Logan, who helped uncover that Bill was his father. Wyatt has become known for having many similar traits with his father. Caroline Spencer (Linsey Godfrey) Daughter of Karen Spencer, named after Karen's twin sister. New York City socialite and fashion designer at Forrester Creations. She is the head of the Caroline Spencer Cancer Foundation. She is the mother of Douglas Forrester. William Logan`` Will'' Spencer IV Son of Bill Spencer Jr. and Katie Logan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jean-Michel Oughourlian", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Michel Oughourlian was born on 20 August 1940 in Beirut, Lebanon, to an Armenian father who fled the 1915-1922 genocide and a Colombian mother. He arrived in France at the age of ten."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Panos Kolokotronis", "paragraph_text": "Panos Kolokotronis () was the eldest son of the Greek General Theodoros Kolokotronis and his mother was Aikaterini Karousou (). He was born on the island of Zakynthos in 1800, while his father was serving there as a Major in the British Infantry. He fought along with his father in the Greek War of Independence and distinguished himself in many battles."}], "question": "Who is the mother of Bhanurangsi Savangwongse's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__124415_800642", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Purachatra Jayakara", "paragraph_text": "His Royal Highness Prince Purachatra Jayakara, Prince of Kamphaengphet (; ; 23 January 1881 \u2013 14 September 1936) was a Prince of Siam and a member of the Siamese Royal Family (later Thailand). He founded the House of Chatrajaya (), his descendants still use this royal surname. He was a son of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V the Great) of Siam. He was often called the \"Father of the Thai radio\" and the \"Father of the Thai railways\", due to his contributions in both fields."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sri Suriyendra", "paragraph_text": "Sri Suriyendra (; ; 1767\u20131836) was the queen of Siam, wife of Phutthaloetla Naphalai, who was her cousin, and mother of Mongkut and Pinklao. She was later named, upon the coronation of her son Mongkut, as \"Krom Somdet\" Phra Sri Suriyendramataya."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ahmet Zappa", "paragraph_text": "Ahmet Zappa was born in Los Angeles, California, the third of four children born to musician Frank Zappa and businesswoman Gail Zappa (n\u00e9e Sloatman). His father was of Italian (Sicilian), Greek, Arab, and French descent, and his mother was of French, Irish, and mostly Danish ancestry. He is said to be named after music executive Ahmet Erteg\u00fcn, whom his father greatly admired. This is contradicted by Neil Slaven in \"Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story Of Frank Zappa\", who notes:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Journey 2: The Mysterious Island", "paragraph_text": "Vanessa Hudgens as Kailani Laguatan Gabato's daughter whom Sean falls in love with and who is part of the father - daughter tour guide team."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Adam Osborne", "paragraph_text": "Osborne was born to a British father and Polish mother in Bangkok, Thailand on 6 March 1939. His father, Arthur Osborne, was a teacher of eastern religion and philosophy and a lecturer in English at Chulalongkorn University. All members of the family were fluent in the Tamil language. He spent World War II in southern India, with his mother. He attended Presentation Convent School in Kodaikanal until Class 6. In 1950, the Osborne family relocated to England. From the age of 11, he was educated at a Catholic boarding school in Warwickshire, England. He graduated with a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Birmingham in 1961, and received his PhD from the University of Delaware in 1968. It was while living in the United States that he learned to write computer code. He obtained a position as a chemical engineer with Shell Oil, in California, but was dismissed."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Barney Stinson", "paragraph_text": "Barney has three half - siblings: James (played by Wayne Brady), from his mother's side, a gay African American who is married to a man, with whom he has an adopted son and daughter (as revealed in the season seven episode ``The Rebound Girl ''); Carly (played by Ashley Benson), a university student from his father's side with whom Ted has a one - night stand in`` Ring Up!'', and Jerome Jr. (JJ), from his father's side, who is 11. He also has a female cousin named Leslie, with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub, as seen in the episode ``Okay Awesome ''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Louis Aragon", "paragraph_text": "Louis Aragon was born in Paris. He was raised by his mother and maternal grandmother, believing them to be his sister and foster mother, respectively. His biological father, , a former senator for Forcalquier, was married and thirty years older than Aragon's mother, whom he seduced when she was seventeen. Aragon's mother passed Andrieux off to her son as his godfather. Aragon was only told the truth at the age of 19, as he was leaving to serve in the First World War, from which neither he nor his parents believed he would return. Andrieux's refusal or inability to recognize his son would influence Aragon's poetry later on."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chulalongkorn", "paragraph_text": "King Chulalongkon was born on 20 September 1853 to King Mongkut and Queen Debsirindra and given the name Chulalongkorn. In 1861, he was designated \"Krommamuen Pikhanesuan Surasangkat\". His father gave him a broad education, including instruction from European tutors such as Anna Leonowens. In 1866, he became a novice monk for six months at Wat Bawonniwet according to royal tradition. Upon his return to his secular life in 1867, he was designated \"Krommakhun Phinit Prachanat\" (.)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Atsiri Thammachot", "paragraph_text": "When Thammachot completed his secondary school education in Bangsue north of Bangkok, he attempted to study in the department of Political Science at Chulalongkorn but failed to gain admission. However, after working for the NSO, he was accepted into the department of Public Relations and Mass Communications at Chulalongkorn. He began writing when he was an undergraduate student; for the short story \"An old man\u2019s memories\", noted above, he received third place in the competition for the prize \"phl\u00e1p phlaam maa-lii\" in 2515 (1972) from the \u2018Chulalongkorn Literary Assembly\u2019."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chandra Saradavara", "paragraph_text": "Chandra Saradavara, Princess of Phichit (; ; 15 April 1873 \u2013 21 February 1905), was the Princess of Siam (later Thailand). She was a member of Siamese Royal Family. She is a daughter of Chulalongkorn, King Rama V of Siam."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Joachim", "paragraph_text": "Joachim (/ \u02c8d\u0292o\u028a\u0259k\u026am /; ``he whom Yahweh has set up '', Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05b9\u05d9\u05b8\u05e7\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u202c Y\u0259h\u00f4y\u0101q\u00eem, Greek \u1f38\u03c9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc I\u014d\u0101ke\u00edm) was the husband of Saint Anne and the father of Mary, the mother of Jesus, according to the Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican traditions. The story of Joachim and Anne first appears in the apocryphal Gospel of James. Joachim and Anne are not mentioned in the Bible. His feast day is 26 July."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chiang Hsiao-wen", "paragraph_text": "Chiang Hsiao-wen (; also known as Alan Chiang; 14 December 1935 \u2013 14 April 1989) was the eldest son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one younger sister, Hsiao-chang, and two younger brothers, Hsiao-wu and Hsiao-yung. He had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Srinagarindra", "paragraph_text": "Princess Srinagarindra (; ; 21 October 1900 \u2013 18 July 1995) n\u00e9e Sangwan Talapat (; ) was a member of the Thai Royal Family. She was also a member of the House of Mahidol, which is descended from the Chakri Dynasty, and was originated by Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla, son of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). She was the mother of Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Naradhiwas, King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII), and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "paragraph_text": "In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the 'Mad King' Aerys II Targaryen. In reality, his biological father is his mother's twin brother, Jaime Lannister. He has a younger sister, Myrcella, and a younger brother, Tommen, both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei's incestuous relationship. Their sole biological grandparents, Tywin and Joanna Lannister, were also first cousins."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chiang Hsiao-wu", "paragraph_text": "Chiang Hsiao-wu (; also known as Alex Chiang; April 25, 1945 - July 1, 1991) was the second son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one older brother, Hsiao-wen, one older sister, Hsiao-chang, and one younger brother, Hsiao-yung. He also had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Family Guy (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of the animated comedy series Family Guy aired on Fox from January 31 to May 16, 1999, and consisted of seven episodes. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family -- father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, son Stewie and their anthropomorphic dog Brian, all of whom reside in their hometown of Quahog. The show features the voices of series creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Seth Green, and Lacey Chabert in the roles of the Griffin family. The executive producers for the first season were David Zuckerman and MacFarlane."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jack McFarland", "paragraph_text": "In season three, Jack undertakes a search for his biological father, which ends when he discovers that his father died several years back. Jack does, however, meet Elliot (Michael Angarano), his own biological son, whom he fathered by depositing at a sperm bank as a teenager so that he could buy a leather jacket. He later discovers that the boy's mother Bonnie (Rosie O'Donnell) is a lesbian; she was a nurse at the sperm bank who stole Jack's deposit and was inseminated with it."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Grover Cleveland", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey, to Ann (n\u00e9e Neal) and Richard Falley Cleveland. Cleveland's father was a Congregational and Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller. On his father's side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. His father's maternal grandfather, Richard Falley Jr., fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill, and was the son of an immigrant from Guernsey. On his mother's side, Cleveland was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and German Quakers from Philadelphia. Cleveland was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History", "paragraph_text": "The Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History, founded in 1954, is operated by the Chulalongkorn University's Faculty of Science in the Biology Building at the university's main campus in Bangkok, Thailand. The museum features exhibits of various (mainly zoological) organisms, including mounts of the endangered white-eyed river martin (Princess Sirindhorn bird). The majority of the museum's exhibits are housed in its main hall, with dedicated rooms featuring Thai turtles and softshells, insects and land snails."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Elizabeth Medora Leigh", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Medora Leigh (15 April 1814 \u2013 28 August 1849) was the third daughter of Augusta Leigh. It is widely speculated that she was fathered by her mother's half-brother Lord Byron, although her mother's husband Colonel George Leigh was her official father."}], "question": "Who is the mother of the father of Chulalongkorn?"}
{"id": "2hop__718908_38034", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wawrzyniec \u017bmurko", "paragraph_text": "Wawrzyniec \u017bmurko (9 July 1824, in Yavoriv \u2013 3 April 1889, in Lviv) was a Polish mathematician, professor of Lviv University and Lviv Polytechnic, honoris causa of Lviv University, member of Polish Academy of Learning. He was a president of Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists (1879-1881). In 1885-1886 he was Rector of the Lviv University. He was the father of a painter, Franciszek \u017bmurko."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called \"kef\" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Andriy Sahaydak", "paragraph_text": "Andriy Sahaydak (born 2 January 1989) is a professional Ukrainian football defender who currently plays for FC Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League. He is the product of the Karpaty Lviv Youth School System."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Spyrydon Lytvynovych", "paragraph_text": "Spyrydon Lytvynovych was born on 6 December 1810 in Nadrichne, in Berezhany Raion, in Austrian Galicia (present-day Ukraine). He graduated of philosophy and theology at the University of Lviv. He was ordained priest on 19 July 1835 and returned to Galicia where he served as preached and teacher of religion. In February 1848 he was appointed as Greek Catholic pastor of the St. Barbara parish in Wien. Soon after he was appointed honorary Canon, and in 1852 he became the first rector of the newly established Greek Catholic seminary."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Avedik", "paragraph_text": "Avedik (in Armenian \u0531\u0582\u0565\u057f\u056b\u0584) is a Lebanese-Armenian publication published by the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate in Lebanon and the official organ of the Armenian Catholic Church worldwide."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Armenian Wikipedia", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian language used is mainly the Eastern Armenian dialect. However, the Armenian Wikipedia is inclusive, and also contains articles of interest in the Western Armenian dialect, which is predominantly spoken in the Armenian Diaspora."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van, this included both traditional styles and new innovations. Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during this time. Many new cities and churches were built during this time, including a new capital at Lake Van and a new Cathedral on Akdamar Island to match. The Cathedral of Ani was also completed during this dynasty. It was during this time that the first major monasteries, such as Haghpat and Haritchavank were built. This period was ended by the Seljuk invasion."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In Ukraine, Lviv and Kiev celebrated Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22, 1989. Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized moleben (religious service) in front of St. George's Cathedral. In Kiev, 60 activists met in a Kiev apartment to commemorate the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918. On February 11\u201312, 1989, the Ukrainian Language Society held its founding congress. On February 15, 1989, the formation of the Initiative Committee for the Renewal of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was announced. The program and statutes of the movement were proposed by the Writers Association of Ukraine and were published in the journal Literaturna Ukraina on February 16, 1989. The organization heralded Ukrainian dissidents such as Vyacheslav Chornovil."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (\u054a\u0561\u0580\u057d\u056f\u0561\u0570\u0561\u0575), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (\u053c\u056b\u0562\u0561\u0576\u0561\u0576\u0561\u0570\u0561\u0575). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms. The architect entirely dispensed with the round arch in favour of the pointed arch and with cylindrical columns in favour of piers composed of clusters of shafts which lead into the mouldings of the arches. The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230. The character of the building is entirely Gothic. Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ti\u00e9tar, C\u00e1ceres", "paragraph_text": "Ti\u00e9tar is a municipality located in the province of C\u00e1ceres, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2013 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 948 inhabitants. Ti\u00e9tar broke away of Talayuela on 1 July 2011."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Armenian Cathedral of Lviv", "paragraph_text": ", ) in Lviv, Ukraine is located in the city's Old Town, north of the market square. Until 1945 it was the cathedral of the Armenian Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv, since 2000 it serves as a cathedral of the Eparchy of Ukraine of the Armenian Apostolic Church."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On October 25\u201328, 1990, Rukh held its second congress and declared that its principal goal was the \"renewal of independent statehood for Ukraine\". On October 28 UAOC faithful, supported by Ukrainian Catholics, demonstrated near St. Sophia\u2019s Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine. On November 1, the leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, respectively, Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk and Patriarch Mstyslav, met in Lviv during anniversary commemorations of the 1918 proclamation of the Western Ukrainian National Republic."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the Armenian alphabet. This period of time is often viewed as the Golden Age of Armenian literature. Early Armenian literature was written by the \"father of Armenian history\", Moses of Chorene, who authored The History of Armenia. The book covers the time-frame from the formation of the Armenian people to the fifth century AD. The nineteenth century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time, during which Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period (Zartonki sherchan). The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the Hamidian massacres, when Armenians experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like Paruyr Sevak, Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of literature."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style, it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque, notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England, Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9 in Sicily, Autun Cathedral in France."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with Greco-Roman deities). in the early years of the 4th century, likely AD 301, partly in defiance of the Sassanids it seems. In the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land, but by the Christianisation, previously predominant Zoroastrianism and paganism in Armenia gradually declined. Later on, in order to further strengthen Armenian national identity, Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet, in 405 AD. This event ushered the Golden Age of Armenia, during which many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty again in 428 AD to the rivalling Byzantine and Sassanid Persian empires, until the Muslim conquest of Persia overran also the regions in which Armenians lived."}], "question": "What broke away from the religion practiced at the Armenian Cathedral of Lviv?"}
{"id": "2hop__75583_135024", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "As of series 17, 197 celebrities have competed. Television personality and former model Katie Price is the only celebrity to have competed in two separate series, whilst Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren is the only person to withdraw from the show before even entering the jungle. In the show's history, eighteen celebrities have withdrawn or walked, before being voted out. In total, there have been ten Kings and seven Queens of the Jungle."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "At a December 2008 press conference in New Zealand, West spoke about his mother's death for the first time. \"It was like losing an arm and a leg and trying to walk through that\", he told reporters."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Moons of Jupiter", "paragraph_text": "There are 69 known moons of Jupiter. This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System. The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 65 known moons and the rings together comprising just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Apollo 11", "paragraph_text": "Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20: 18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02: 56: 15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dead Man's Walk", "paragraph_text": "Dead Man's Walk is a 1995 novel by American writer Larry McMurtry. It is the third book published in the \"Lonesome Dove\" series but the first installment in terms of chronology. McMurtry wrote a fourth segment to the \"Lonesome Dove\" chronicle, \"Comanche Moon\", which describes the events of the central characters' lives between \"Dead Man's Walk\" and \"Lonesome Dove\". The second novel in the \"Lonesome Dove\" series was the 1993 sequel to the original, called \"Streets of Laredo\". \"Dead Man\u2019s Walk\" was later adapted into a three-part miniseries of the same name, which aired in May, 1996."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lori Grimes", "paragraph_text": "Lori Grimes is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies in the American television series of the same name in the show's first three seasons. Created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Tony Moore, the character made her debut in The Walking Dead # 2 in 2003. In both forms of media, she is the wife of protagonist Rick Grimes and mother of Carl, and serves as the emotional core of the group. The character escaped the zombie apocalypse with Carl and Rick's partner Shane Walsh, and, believing her husband to be dead, started a relationship with Shane."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System", "paragraph_text": "The first successful probe to fly by another Solar System body was Luna 1, which sped past the Moon in 1959. Originally meant to impact with the Moon, it instead missed its target and became the first artificial object to orbit the Sun. Mariner 2 was the first probe to fly by another planet, Venus, in 1962. The first successful flyby of Mars was made by Mariner 4 in 1965. Mariner 10 first passed Mercury in 1974."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Steven Ogg", "paragraph_text": "Steven Ogg is a Canadian actor. He is best known for his roles as Trevor Philips in the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V and Simon on The Walking Dead. He has also appeared in television series such as Better Call Saul, Law & Order, Person of Interest, Broad City, and Westworld."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Ret.) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to make the first manned landing on its surface. He is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon. Collins was the fourth person, and third American, to perform an EVA; and is the first person to have performed more than one EVA."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Steven Ogg", "paragraph_text": "Steven Ogg is a Canadian actor. He is best known for his roles as Trevor Philips in the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V and Simon in The Walking Dead. He has also appeared in television series such as Better Call Saul, Law & Order, Person of Interest, Broad City, and Westworld."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lunokhod 1", "paragraph_text": "Lunokhod 1 (\u041b\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434, \"moon walker\" in Russian; \"\u0410\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442 8\u0415\u041b \u2116 203\", \"vehicle 8\u0415\u041b\u2116203\") was the first of two robotic lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program. The \"Luna 17\" spacecraft carried \"Lunokhod 1\" to the Moon in 1970. \"Lunokhod 1\" was the first remote-controlled robot \"rover\" to freely move across the surface of an astronomical object beyond the Earth. Lunokhod 0 (No.201), the previous and first attempt to do so, launched in February 1969 but failed to reach orbit."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Forrest Gump", "paragraph_text": "In 1951 in Greenbow, Alabama, young Forrest is fitted with leg braces to correct a curved spine, and is not able to walk. He lives alone with his mother, who runs a boarding house out of their home that attracts many tenants, including a young Elvis Presley, who plays the guitar for Forrest and incorporates his jerky dance movements into his famous performances. On the first day in school, Forrest meets a girl  called Jenny Curran, and the two become good friends."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "The word \"Im\u0101m\" denotes a person who stands or walks \"in front\". For Sunni Islam, the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque. It also means the head of a madhhab (\"school of thought\"). However, from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage, the word \"Imam\" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gene Cernan", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Andrew Cernan (/ \u02c8s\u025c\u02d0rn\u0259n /; March 14, 1934 -- January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the moon."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Punky Brewster", "paragraph_text": "Penelope ``Punky ''Brewster (Soleil Moon Frye) is a warm, funny and bright child. Her father walked out on her family, then her mother abandoned her at a Chicago shopping center, leaving Punky alone with her dog Brandon. Afterwards, Punky discovered a vacant apartment in a local building."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Catalan language", "paragraph_text": "In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i (\"and\")."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Neil Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930, near Wapakoneta, Ohio to Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise Engel. He was of German, Scottish and Scots-Irish ancestry, and had a younger sister, June, and a younger brother, Dean. His father worked as an auditor for the Ohio state government, and the family moved around the state repeatedly, living in sixteen towns over the next fourteen years. Armstrong's love for flying grew during this time, having started early when his father took his two-year-old son to the Cleveland Air Races. When he was five or six, he experienced his first airplane flight in Warren, Ohio when he and his father took a ride in a Ford Trimotor, also known as the \"Tin Goose\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Neil Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 -- August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut, engineer, and the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also an aerospace engineer, naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong was an officer in the U.S. Navy and served in the Korean War. After the war, he earned his bachelor's degree at Purdue University and served as a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High - Speed Flight Station, where he logged over 900 flights. He later completed graduate studies at the University of Southern California."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of missions to the Moon", "paragraph_text": "Between 1968 and 1972, manned missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Apollo 8 was the first manned mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. Six missions landed men on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. Apollo 13 was intended to land, however it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. All nine manned missions returned safely to the Earth."}], "question": "Who is the mother of the first person that walked on the Moon?"}
{"id": "2hop__700700_38034", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "El Paso, Texas", "paragraph_text": "El Paso is closer to the capital cities of four other states - Phoenix, Arizona (430 miles away); Santa Fe, New Mexico, (272 miles away); Ciudad Chihuahua, Chihuahua, (212 miles away); and Hermosillo, Sonora (327 miles away) - than it is to the capital of its own state, Austin (526 miles away). It is closer to Los Angeles, California (702 miles away) than it is to Orange, Texas (762 miles away), the easternmost town in the state."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sun Ce", "paragraph_text": "Sun Ce () (175\u2013200), courtesy name Bofu, was a military general and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was the eldest child of Sun Jian, who was killed during the Battle of Xiangyang when Sun Ce was only 16. Sun Ce then broke away from his father's overlord, Yuan Shu, and headed to the Jiangdong region in southern China to establish his own power base there. With the help of several people, such as Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu, Sun Ce managed to lay down the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Russell T. McCutcheon", "paragraph_text": "Russell Tracey McCutcheon (born 1961) is a Canadian religion scholar with a PhD in religious studies from the University of Toronto in 1995. He is a professor and was department chair from 2001 to 2009 at the University of Alabama. He was one of the editors of the quarterly periodical \"Method & Theory in the Study of Religion\", 1997\u20132001. In 2005, McCutcheon was elected President of the Council of Societies for the Study of Religion, headquartered at Rice University. He is the founder and series editor for the anthology series, Critical Categories in the Study of Religion."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first amendment to the US Constitution states ``Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ''The two parts, known as the`` establishment clause'' and the ``free exercise clause ''respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the`` separation of church and state'' doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church - state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Freedom of religion in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, freedom of religion is a constitutionally protected right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. Freedom of religion is also closely associated with separation of church and state, a concept advocated by Colonial founders such as Dr. John Clarke, Roger Williams, William Penn and later founding fathers such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nor Varagavank", "paragraph_text": "Nor Varagavank () is a 13th-century Armenian Apostolic Church monastic ensemble situated 3.5\u00a0km southwest of the village Varagavan in the Tavush Province of Armenia. The monastery is situated upon a high hill and is surrounded by forested mountains and picturesque ravines."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Broke*", "paragraph_text": "Broke* is a feature-length documentary film written and directed by Will Gray. The film is an autobiographical account of Gray's attempt to break into the music business. \"Broke*\" features appearances by Kelly Clarkson, Seth Godin, John Legend, Buddy Miller, Isaac Slade of The Fray, and Don Was."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "England national football team", "paragraph_text": "Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319\u20131365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ti\u00e9tar, C\u00e1ceres", "paragraph_text": "Ti\u00e9tar is a municipality located in the province of C\u00e1ceres, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2013 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 948 inhabitants. Ti\u00e9tar broke away of Talayuela on 1 July 2011."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit", "paragraph_text": "In 2003, Buena Vista Games pitched a concept for an Oswald - themed video game to Disney President and COO Bob Iger, who then became committed to bringing Oswald back to Disney. In 2006, nearly 80 years after the Disney studio broke away from Universal, The Walt Disney Company managed to acquire the intellectual property of Oswald and the catalog of Disney - produced Oswald films (with NBCUniversal effectively trading Oswald for the services of Al Michaels as play - by - play announcer on NBC Sunday Night Football)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "S\u00e9bastien Fath", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e9bastien Fath (born 1968 in Strasbourg) is a French professional historian and a Ph.D at the Sorbonne University. Also trained in Sociology, he is the main French specialist in the study of Evangelical Protestantism. Author of sixteen books, he is a permanent researcher at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). He is a full member of the GSRL (Groupe Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s Religions La\u00efcit\u00e9s), a research team working on religion and secularism. As a social scientist and a citizen, cross-cultural reflexion on Civil Society, Politics and Religion is his focus."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of The Middle characters", "paragraph_text": "Matt (Mois\u00e9s Arias, introduced in season 3) is a boy on the wrestling team at Orson High who likes Sue; he becomes Sue's first real boyfriend but eventually ends the relationship after moving away and falling for another girl. In season 4, Matt asks Sue to the school Valentine's Day dance because he broke up with his girlfriend Sherrie. He later calls Sue at the last minute to say that he and Sherrie got back together, and he is no longer taking her to the dance. This paves the way for Darrin to swoop in and save the day for Sue."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Indian Plate", "paragraph_text": "The Indian Plate or India Plate is a major tectonic plate straddling the equator in the eastern hemisphere. Originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana, India broke away from the other fragments of Gondwana 100 million years ago and began moving north. Once fused with the adjacent Australia to form a single Indo - Australian Plate, recent studies suggest that India and Australia have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer. The Indian plate includes most of South Asia -- i.e. the Indian subcontinent -- and a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, including parts of South China and western Indonesia, and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan and Balochistan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Party 'Til You're Broke", "paragraph_text": "Party 'Til You're Broke is the ninth studio album by funk band Rufus, released on the MCA Records label in 1981. \"Party 'Til You're Broke\" which was the band's second album not to be fronted by Chaka Khan reached #24 on \"Billboard\"'s R&B Albums chart and #73 on Pop and included the singles \"Tonight We Love\" (US R&B #18, US Dance #64) and \"Hold on to a Friend\" (US R&B #56), making \"Party 'Til You're Broke\" the most successful Khan-less album from Rufus."}], "question": "What broke away from the Church that was affiliated with Nor Varagavank?"}
{"id": "2hop__92946_135024", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stephen Mueller", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Mueller (September 24, 1947 in Norfolk, Virginia \u2013 September 16, 2011 in New York City, New York) was an American painter whose color field and Lyrical Abstraction canvases took a turn towards pop. He earned his B.F.A. in painting from the University of Texas, Austin in 1969 and his M.F.A. at Bennington College in 1971 where the influence of Clement Greenberg and the color field school ran high; although he used that style as a stepping off point while incorporating many different spiritual symbols and motifs, so as not to remain entirely abstract."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marilyn Wilson-Rutherford", "paragraph_text": "Marilyn Wilson-Rutherford (n\u00e9e Rovell; born February 6, 1947) is an American singer best known as the first wife of Beach Boy Brian Wilson, and as the mother of singers Carnie Wilson and Wendy Wilson of Wilson Phillips. In the 1960s, she founded the Honeys, and after their dissolution in 1969, she founded American Spring with her sister Diane Rovell."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Punky Brewster", "paragraph_text": "Penelope ``Punky ''Brewster (Soleil Moon Frye) is a warm, funny and bright child. Her father walked out on her family, then her mother abandoned her at a Chicago shopping center, leaving Punky alone with her dog Brandon. Afterwards, Punky discovered a vacant apartment in a local building."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "D\u00e9coration for the Yellow House", "paragraph_text": "D\u00e9coration for the Yellow House was the main project Vincent van Gogh focused on in Arles, from August 1888 until his breakdown the day before Christmas. This \"D\u00e9coration\" had no pre-defined form or size; the central \"idea of the D\u00e9coration\" grew step by step, with the progress of his work. Starting with the \"Sunflowers\", portraits were included in the next step. Finally, mid-September 1888, the \"idea\" took shape: from this time on he concentrated on size 30 canvases (\"Toiles de 30\"), which were all meant to form part of this \"D\u00e9coration\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969. The next mission, Apollo 10, conducted a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin. With the LM proven to work well, the next step was to attempt the actual landing."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Azure Moon", "paragraph_text": "The song \"Azure Moon\" is Every Little Thing's 29th single released by the Avex Trax label. \"Azure Moon\" was a ballad single that also included a special acoustic version of their 2003 single \"Soraai\" for Every Little Thing's concert \"Every Little Thing X'mas Acoustic Live at Uragami Tenshudou: Ai no Uta\", which took place at Nagasaki on December 11, 2005. The single peaked in 12th place on its first week at the charts and sold 17,212 copies."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Transformers: Dark of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "In 1961, the Ark, a Cybertronian spacecraft carrying an invention capable of ending the war between the benevolent Autobots and the malevolent Decepticons, crash lands on the dark side of Earth's Moon. The crash is detected on Earth by NASA, and President John F. Kennedy authorizes a mission to put a man on the Moon as a cover for investigating the spacecraft. In 1969, the crew of Apollo 11 lands on the Moon."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lilian Turner", "paragraph_text": "Lilian Turner (21 August 1867 \u2013 25 August 1956), born Lilian Wattnall Burwell, was the elder sister of Ethel Turner and the daughter of Bennett George and Sarah Jane Burwell. Bennett George Burwell died when Lilian was still a young child, and her mother married a widower, Henry Turner, a year later. Both Lilian and Ethel would later take their step-father's name for their professional writing careers. Sarah and Henry had a daughter, Jeannie Rose (born 1873), but Henry died suddenly in 1878. The following year, Sarah took her three daughters to Australia, where she met and married Charles Cope in Sydney."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Apollo 11", "paragraph_text": "Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20: 18 UTC. Armstrong became the first human to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02: 56: 15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of The Next Step characters", "paragraph_text": "Kate (portrayed by Bree Wasylenko) The former owner of The Next Step studio and Phoebe's sister. Elite Dance Studio owner Lucien is often seen always plotting against and teasing Kate, Phoebe and the A-troupe dancers. She is known to all as ``Miss Kate ''. The sort of 'mother figure' to the dancers, especially Stephanie, as she does not have one, acting as the enthusiastic female advisor though she can be strict when she needs to be. Kate eventually leaves The Next Step as she is offered a job as a judge for a dance competition in the UK, due to The Next Step's success at Internationals and hands ownership to Riley."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lunokhod 1", "paragraph_text": "Lunokhod 1 (\u041b\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434, \"moon walker\" in Russian; \"\u0410\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442 8\u0415\u041b \u2116 203\", \"vehicle 8\u0415\u041b\u2116203\") was the first of two robotic lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program. The \"Luna 17\" spacecraft carried \"Lunokhod 1\" to the Moon in 1970. \"Lunokhod 1\" was the first remote-controlled robot \"rover\" to freely move across the surface of an astronomical object beyond the Earth. Lunokhod 0 (No.201), the previous and first attempt to do so, launched in February 1969 but failed to reach orbit."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Raja Zarith Sofiah", "paragraph_text": "Raja Zarith Sofiah was born in Istana Raja Muda, Teluk Anson, on 14 August 1959 as the third child and second daughter of Sultan Idris Shah II of Perak and Raja Perempuan Muzwin binti Raja Arif Shah. Her parents were first step-cousins once removed. She is a second step-cousin of Sultan Azlan Shah of Perak. Sultan Azlan's paternal grandfather, her paternal grandfather and her mother's paternal grandfather were children of Sultan Idris Shah I of Perak, all with different mothers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Neil Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930, near Wapakoneta, Ohio to Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise Engel. He was of German, Scottish and Scots-Irish ancestry, and had a younger sister, June, and a younger brother, Dean. His father worked as an auditor for the Ohio state government, and the family moved around the state repeatedly, living in sixteen towns over the next fourteen years. Armstrong's love for flying grew during this time, having started early when his father took his two-year-old son to the Cleveland Air Races. When he was five or six, he experienced his first airplane flight in Warren, Ohio when he and his father took a ride in a Ford Trimotor, also known as the \"Tin Goose\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Buzz Aldrin", "paragraph_text": "Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and Command Pilot in the United States Air Force. As Lunar Module Pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Aldrin set foot on the Moon at 03: 15: 16 on July 21, 1969 (UTC), 9 minutes after Armstrong first touched the surface. One of his first missions was on Gemini 12 where he successfully proved that extravehicular activity (EVA) could be performed by astronauts, spending over 5 hours outside the craft, thus achieving the goals of the Gemini program and paving the way for the Apollo program."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mary Anna Custis Lee", "paragraph_text": "Mary Anna Custis Lee was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis, George Washington's step-grandson and adopted son and founder of Arlington House, and Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, daughter of William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolph Fitzhugh. Her godmother, Mary Randolph, the first person recorded buried at Arlington, wrote an early book on housekeeping and cooking. Lee's birth year is usually given as 1808, but it appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother as 1807, and is also referred to in a letter her mother wrote in the autumn of 1807. She was born at Annefield in Clarke County, Virginia when her mother's coach stopped there during a journey. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Aijaz Aslam", "paragraph_text": "Aijaz Aslam is also a dress designer in the Pakistan show business industry. Before entering the media industry, Aijaz completed a fashion designing course from London. He took his first steps in to the modeling industry in 1989. Aslam also has his own clothing brand, entitled Aijazz Aslam."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module Columbia, began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters (590 ft), and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Veronica Mars (character)", "paragraph_text": "Veronica Mars Kristen Bell as Veronica Mars First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` The Bitch Is Back'' (TV Series) Veronica Mars (film) Created by Rob Thomas Portrayed by Kristen Bell Information Gender Female Occupation Student Barista at Java the Hut Journalist for the Hearst Free Press Private Detective FBI Intern Volunteer at Hearst Library Family Keith Mars (father) Lianne Mars (mother) Tanner Scott (step - father) Aurora Scott (step - sister) Hunter Scott (half - brother) Significant other (s) Logan Echolls (boyfriend) Stosh ``Piz ''Piznarski (ex-boyfriend) Duncan Kane (ex-boyfriend) Leo D'Amato (ex-boyfriend) Troy Vandegraff (ex-boyfriend)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2009 Tour of Qatar", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 Tour of Qatar was held from 1 February to 6 February 2009 in Qatar. It was a multiple stage road cycling race that took part over six stages with a total of and was part of the 2008-2009 UCI Asia Tour. The Race was won by Tom Boonen of the Quick Step team."}], "question": "Who is the mother of the man who took the first steps on the moon in 1969?"}
{"id": "2hop__308280_657057", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Raritan Township, Barnes County, North Dakota", "paragraph_text": "Raritan Township is a civil township in Barnes County, North Dakota, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 108."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sandy Blight Junction Road", "paragraph_text": "The Sandy Blight Junction Road is a remote outback track in Australia joining the Great Central Road, Western Australia and Gary Junction Road, Northern Territory. It was built under the direction of legendary surveyor Len Beadell as part of a network of roads for the Weapons Research Establishment at Woomera, South Australia. It is located approximately west of Alice Springs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Flemington Junction, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Flemington Junction is an unincorporated community located within Raritan Township in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. The area is located approximately northeast of downtown Flemington and was the site of the junction of the Lehigh Valley Railroad's Flemington Branch and Mainline (now part of Norfolk Southern's Lehigh Line). Today, the Flemington Spur tracks have been removed but numerous industries and commercial businesses are located in the vicinity of the crossing. In addition to the Norfolk Southern rail line, County Route 523 (River Road) passes through the area."}], "question": "In which county is Flemington Junction located?"}
{"id": "2hop__95120_589237", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kavanagh (surname)", "paragraph_text": "Kavanagh Caomh\u00e1nach Parent house U\u00ed Ceinnselaig of Laigin Country Ireland Founder Domhnall Caomh\u00e1nach King of Leinster (1171 -- 1175) Current head Joe Kavanagh Inaugurated 10 June 2018 Final ruler Domhnall Spainneach King of Leinster (1595 -- 1632) Titles King of Leinster"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kavanagh QC", "paragraph_text": "The series starred John Thaw as barrister James Kavanagh QC, who comes from a working-class upbringing in Bolton, Greater Manchester. This is only discovered in later episodes as his parents' health deteriorates and through an exchange with a colleague who presumed that Kavanagh was actually a Yorkshireman. The series deals with his battles in the courtroom as well as his domestic dramas which include the death of his devoted and affectionate wife. Later he begins dating a fellow barrister."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest", "paragraph_text": "Ireland's seven wins were achieved by Dana with ``All Kinds of Everything ''(1970), Johnny Logan with`` What's Another Year'' (1980) and ``Hold Me Now ''(1987), Linda Martin with`` Why Me'' (1992), Niamh Kavanagh with ``In Your Eyes ''(1993), Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan with`` Rock 'n' Roll Kids'' (1994) and Eimear Quinn with ``The Voice ''(1996). Johnny Logan is the only performer to have won twice and also wrote the 1992 winning entry. Ireland, who also finished second with Sean Dunphy (1967), Linda Martin (1984), Liam Reilly (1990) and Marc Roberts (1997), has a total of 18 top five results."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Joseph Swaine", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Joseph Swaine, CBE, QC, JP (Traditional Chinese: \u65bd\u5049\u8ce2\u7235\u58eb, 22 April 1932\u00a0\u2013 7 August 2012) was the President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1993 to 1995. A barrister by training, Swaine was an appointed and unofficial member of the council. Before 1993, the President was the Governor of Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of health care reform in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In the first 10 -- 15 years of the 20th century Progressivism was influencing both Europe and the United States. Many European countries were passing the first social welfare acts and forming the basis for compulsory government - run or voluntary subsidized health care programs. The United Kingdom passed the National Insurance Act of 1911 that provided medical care and replacement of some lost wages if a worker became ill. It did not, however, cover spouses or dependents. U.S. efforts to achieve universal coverage began with progressive health care reformers who supported Theodore Roosevelt for President in 1912, though he was defeated. Progressives campaigned unsuccessfully for sickness insurance guaranteed by the states. A unique American history of decentralization in government, limited government, and a tradition of classical liberalism are all possible explanations for the suspicion around the idea of compulsory government - run insurance. The American Medical Association (AMA) was also deeply and vocally opposed to the idea, which it labeled ``socialized medicine ''. In addition, many urban US workers already had access to sickness insurance through employer - based sickness funds."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Succession to the British throne", "paragraph_text": "Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, gender (for people born before October 2011), legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in ``communion with the Church of England ''. Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Marcus Mumford", "paragraph_text": "Marcus Mumford Mumford at Newport Folk Festival in 2018 Marcus Oliver Johnstone Mumford (1987 - 01 - 31) 31 January 1987 (age 31) Orange County, California, U.S. Citizenship British American Occupation Singer songwriter musician record producer Spouse (s) Carey Mulligan (m. 2012) Children Musical career Origin Wimbledon, London Genres Americana folk rock indie folk alternative rock Instruments Vocals guitar drums mandolin ukulele melodica percussion Years active 2007 -- present Associated acts Mumford & Sons The New Basement Tapes"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Two of Us: My Life with John Thaw", "paragraph_text": "The Two of Us: My Life with John Thaw () is a 2004 biography written by British actress Sheila Hancock. It is a double biography that focuses on the lives of both Sheila Hancock and her husband John Thaw (also an actor), and tells the story of their lives and their 28-year marriage."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Maria Luisa of Savoy", "paragraph_text": "Maria Luisa of Savoy (Maria Luisa Gabriella; 17 September 1688 \u2013 14 February 1714) was a queen consort of Spain by marriage to Philip V of Spain. She acted as Regent of Spain during the absence of her spouse from 1702 until 1703, and had great influence over him as his adviser, while she was herself in turn influenced by the Princesse des Ursins."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Shane Kavanagh", "paragraph_text": "Shane Kavanagh (born 1983 in Kinvara, County Galway) is an Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Kinvara and was a member of the Galway senior inter-county team. He was captain of the Galway team that won the 2010 National Hurling League title."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Victoria Sharp", "paragraph_text": "Educated at North London Collegiate School and the University of Bristol, Victoria Sharp was called to the Bar, Inner Temple in 1979. She became a Recorder in 1998 and was also a made a QC in 1986."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fallout 4", "paragraph_text": "The player assumes control of a character referred to as the ``Sole Survivor '', who emerges from a long - term cryogenic stasis in Vault 111, an underground nuclear fallout shelter. After witnessing the murder of their spouse and kidnapping of their son, the Sole Survivor ventures out into the Commonwealth to search for their missing child. The player explores the game's dilapidated world, complete various quests, help out factions, and acquire experience points to level up and increase the abilities of their character. New features to the series include the ability to develop and manage settlements, and an extensive crafting system where materials scavenged from the environment can be used to craft drugs and explosives, upgrade weapons and armor, and construct, furnish and improve settlements. Fallout 4 also marks the first game in the series to feature full voice acting for the protagonist."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Herbert Sri Nissanka", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Sri Nissanka, QC (also known as Nissanka Herbert Mendis) (7 December 1898 \u2013 26 February 1954) was a Ceylonese lawyer and statesmen. Elected to the first post independence parliament, he was one of the founding members of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Davies Commission", "paragraph_text": "The Queensland Public Hospitals Commission of Inquiry, often referred to as the Davies Commission, was an inquiry into public hospitals in Queensland, Australia. The inquiry was headed by The Honourable Geoffrey Davies AO QC, a former Supreme Court judge of appeal."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Terry McMillan", "paragraph_text": "Terry McMillan (1951 - 10 - 18) October 18, 1951 (age 66) Port Huron, Michigan Occupation Writer Nationality American Alma mater University of California, Berkeley Genre Fiction Notable works Waiting to Exhale How Stella Got Her Groove Back Disappearing Acts Spouse Jonathan Plummer (m. 1998; div. 2005)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Enoch Arden law", "paragraph_text": "The Enoch Arden law is a legal precedent in the United States that grants a divorce or a legal exemption so that a person can remarry, if his or her spouse has been absent without explanation for a certain number of years, typically seven."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Donika Kastrioti", "paragraph_text": "Donika Kastrioti (n\u00e9e Andronika Arianiti-Muzaka) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg. She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, one of the greatest leaders in the Albanian war against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the Kavanagh QC actor?"}
{"id": "2hop__133152_135352", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Beaver Motorcoach Corporation", "paragraph_text": "Beaver Motorcoach Corporation (also known as Beaver Coach) is a defunct American motor coach manufacturing company that was based in Oregon. The company's manufacturing plant was initially located in Bend and later moved to Coburg. After its initial bankruptcy, the Beaver Coach brand name was purchased by a series of parent companies before it finally disappeared in 2009."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gorham Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "The Gorham Manufacturing Company is one of the largest American manufacturers of sterling and silverplate and a foundry for bronze sculpture."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed \"International Business Machines\" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Allan Lockheed", "paragraph_text": "Loughead legally changed his name to Allan Lockheed in 1934. He went on to form two other aircraft manufacturing companies in the 1930s. Both were unsuccessful. After World War II, he continued his career as a real estate salesman while occasionally serving as an aviation consultant. Allan Lockheed kept an informal relationship with the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation until his death in 1969 in Tucson, Arizona."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "GeminiJets", "paragraph_text": "GeminiJets is a diecast model airplane manufacturer based in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States founded in 1998 under the name of SkyJets. The product line is named GeminiJets, but ADI (Airliners Distributing Inc.) is the founding company holding the production licenses from airlines and aircraft manufacturers, including but not limited to Boeing, Airbus, McDonnell Douglas, and Embraer. ADI makes and markets aircraft in several different scales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Saw and Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "The American Saw and Manufacturing Company is an American hand tool manufacturer. It largely produces saws, saw blades, utility knives, snips, and other cutting tools under the Lenox Industrial Tools brand name with which it is synonymous."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "AMSDOS", "paragraph_text": "AMSDOS is a disk operating system for the 8-bit Amstrad CPC Computer (and various clones). The name is a contraction of Amstrad Disk"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Brass Company", "paragraph_text": "The American Brass Company was an American brass manufacturing company based in Connecticut and active from 1893 to 1960. The company's predecessors were the Wolcottville Brass Company and the Ansonia Brass and Battery Company. It was the first large brass manufacturing firm in the United States, and for much of its existence was the largest brass manufacturer in the country. It was purchased by the Anaconda Copper Company in 1922, and merged into Anaconda's other brass manufacturing concerns (losing its identity and name in the process) in 1960."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ensign Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "Ensign Manufacturing Company, founded as Ensign Car Works in 1872, was a railroad car manufacturing company based in Huntington, West Virginia. In the 1880s and 1890s Ensign's production of wood freight cars made the company one of the three largest sawmill operators in Cabell County. In 1899, Ensign and twelve other companies were merged to form American Car and Foundry Company."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Intermountain Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "The Intermountain Manufacturing Company (IMCO) was a US aircraft manufacturer of the 1960s based in Afton, Wyoming that produced agricultural aircraft."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of BMW motorcycles", "paragraph_text": "BMW's motorcycle history began in 1921 when the company commenced manufacturing engines for other companies. Motorcycle manufacturing now operates under the BMW Motorrad brand. BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke AG) introduced the first motorcycle under its name, the R32, in 1923 to 1925."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gruma", "paragraph_text": "Gruma, S.A.B. de C.V., known as Gruma, is a Mexican multinational corn flour (masa) and tortilla manufacturing company headquartered in San Pedro, near Monterrey, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico. It is the largest corn flour and tortilla manufacturer in the world. Its brand names include Mission Foods (Misi\u00f3n in Mexico), Maseca, and Guerrero."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guild Guitar Company", "paragraph_text": "The Guild Guitar Company is a United States-based guitar manufacturer founded in 1952 by Alfred Dronge, a guitarist and music-store owner, and George Mann, a former executive with the Epiphone Guitar Company. The brand name currently exists as a brand under C\u00f3rdoba Music Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Amstrad", "paragraph_text": "Amstrad was founded in 1968 by Alan Sugar at the age of 21. The name is a contraction of \"Alan Michael Sugar Trading\". It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1980. During the late 1980s, Amstrad had a substantial share of the PC market in the UK. Amstrad was once a FTSE 100 Index constituent but since 2007 is wholly owned by Sky UK."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hisense Kelon", "paragraph_text": "Hisense Kelon or simply Kelon (, ), formerly Guangdong Kelon Electrical Holdings Company Limited, is one of the largest Chinese white goods manufacturers, producing refrigerators, air conditioners, freezers and small electric appliances. The company is well known in mainland China under its brand names Kelon (\u79d1\u9f99) and Ronshen (\u5bb9\u58f0). The head office of the company is in Shunde, Foshan, Guangdong."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "IKCO Dena", "paragraph_text": "IKCO Dena is a family car manufactured by Iran Khodro (IKCO) auto company; it was unveiled in April 2011, but mass-production only began in 2015. Its price range will be between USD$12,000 and USD$13,000, depending on the specific model and accessories. Dena will replace the IKCO Samand in non-domestic markets after the manufacturer starts mass production."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Adtranz", "paragraph_text": "The company was created in 1996 in the merger of Daimler-Benz's and ABB's rail equipment manufacturing facilities. In 1999 DaimlerChrysler (now Daimler AG) bought ABB's shares and changed its official name to \"DaimlerChrysler Rail Systems\". Bombardier Transportation acquired the company in 2001, at which time Adtranz was the world's second largest manufacturer of such equipment. The acquisition significantly increased the size of Bombardier's rail industry holdings making Bombardier the largest rail equipment manufacturer in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pemetrexed", "paragraph_text": "Pemetrexed (brand name Alimta) is a chemotherapy drug manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company. Its indications are the treatment of pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sol Shor", "paragraph_text": "Shor was born in the Bronx and graduated from the City College of New York. After working as general manager of the Novelty Manufacturing Company and as a freelancer, Shor was signed as a writer to Republic Pictures in 1937."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dell K. Allen", "paragraph_text": "Dell K. Allen (born 1931) is an American engineer, and Professor Emeritus of manufacturing engineering at Brigham Young University (BYU). The Society of Manufacturing Engineers named their Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer Award after him."}], "question": "Who is the company that manufactures AMSDOS named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__132758_135352", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names \"Nagdaha\" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hububb", "paragraph_text": "Hububb is a Children's Television program broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom, it was named after Les Bubb who also played the title character with the same name. The show ran from 1997 until 2001. Five series of the show were made."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Spasskaya Tower", "paragraph_text": "The Spasskaya Tower was built in 1491 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. Initially, it was named the Frolovskaya Tower after the Church of Frol and Lavr in the Kremlin, which is no longer there. The tower's modern name comes from the icon of 'Spas Nerukotvorny' () translated as 'The Saviour Not Made by Hands', which was placed above the gates on the inside wall in 1658 and removed in 1917. The tower is also named for the wall-painted icon of 'Spas Smolensky' () translated as 'Smolensky Saviour', which was created in the 16th century on the outside wall of tower, plastered over in 1937, but reopened and restored in 2010."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hudson Motor Car Company", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson Motor Car Company made Hudson and other brand automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, from 1909 to 1954. In 1954, Hudson merged with Nash-Kelvinator to form American Motors Corporation (AMC). The Hudson name was continued through the 1957 model year, after which it was discontinued."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as \"Monopoly City\") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City, it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game, and took it back to Atlantic City. After she arrived, Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names, and taught it to a group of local Quakers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gouda cheese", "paragraph_text": "Gouda (English: / \u02c8\u0261a\u028ad\u0259 / (listen) or / \u02c8\u0261u\u02d0d\u0259 / (listen), Dutch pronunciation: (\u02c8\u0263\u028cu\u032fda\u02d0) (listen); Dutch: Goudse kaas, meaning ``cheese from Gouda '') is a Dutch yellow cheese made from cow's milk. It is named after the city of Gouda in the Netherlands. It is one of the most popular cheeses worldwide, accounting for 50 to 60% of the world's cheese consumption. The name is used today as a general term for a variety of similar cheeses produced in the traditional Dutch manner, as well as the Dutch original."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Amstrad", "paragraph_text": "Amstrad was founded in 1968 by Alan Sugar at the age of 21. The name is a contraction of \"Alan Michael Sugar Trading\". It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1980. During the late 1980s, Amstrad had a substantial share of the PC market in the UK. Amstrad was once a FTSE 100 Index constituent but since 2007 is wholly owned by Sky UK."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jonathan B. Postel Service Award", "paragraph_text": "The Jonathan B. Postel Service Award is an award named after Jon Postel. The award has been presented every year since 1999 by the Internet Society to \"honor a person who has made outstanding contributions in service to the data communications community.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Saint-Marcellin", "paragraph_text": "Saint-Marcellin is a soft French cheese made from cow's milk. Named after the small town of Saint-Marcellin (Is\u00e8re), it is produced in a geographical area corresponding to part of the former Dauphin\u00e9 province (now included in the Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes \"r\u00e9gion\"). It is generally small in size, weighing about 80 grams (50% fat), with a mottled creamy-white exterior. The degree of runniness increases with age as the exterior gains blue, then yellow, hues within two to three weeks after production."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Quality Street (confectionery)", "paragraph_text": "Quality Street is a popular selection of individual tinned or boxed toffees, chocolates and sweets, produced by Nestl\u00e9. Quality Street was first made in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England in 1936. It was named after a play by J.M. Barrie."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Qian Xiuling", "paragraph_text": "Qian Xiuling (1912\u20132008), or Siou-Ling Tsien de Perlinghi, was a Chinese-Belgian scientist who won a medal for saving nearly 100 lives during World War II in Belgium. She had a street named after her and a sixteen episode TV drama was made of her life for Chinese television."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Deuterium", "paragraph_text": "The deuterium isotope's name is formed from the Greek \"deuteros\", meaning \"second\", to denote the two particles composing the nucleus. Deuterium was discovered and named in 1931 by Harold Urey. When the neutron was discovered in 1932, this made the nuclear structure of deuterium obvious, and Urey won the Nobel Prize in 1934 \u201cfor his discovery of heavy hydrogen\u201d. Soon after deuterium's discovery, Urey and others produced samples of \"heavy water\" in which the deuterium content had been highly concentrated."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four", "paragraph_text": "Orwell named Room 101 after a conference room at Broadcasting House where he used to sit through tedious meetings. When the original room 101 at the BBC was due to be demolished, a plaster cast of it was made by artist Rachel Whiteread and displayed in the cast courts of the Victoria and Albert Museum from November 2003 until June 2004."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Andronikov Monastery", "paragraph_text": "Andronikov Monastery of the Saviour (, or ) is a former monastery on the left bank of the Yauza River in Moscow, consecrated to the Holy Image of Saviour Not Made by Hands and containing the oldest extant (i.e. outside the Kremlin) building in Moscow. It is home to Andrei Rublev Museum of Old Russian Art, named after the most famous monk of this abbey."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Made in USA (Sonic Youth album)", "paragraph_text": "Made in USA is an album by Sonic Youth, containing music the band scored for the 1987 film of the same name. The band recorded this material in 1986, shortly after the completion of their album \"EVOL\", but the album was not released until 1995. A soundtrack for the film was also released in 1987, but unlike this release, did not contain any of the original score the band created for the film."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Parrotspitze", "paragraph_text": "The Parrotspitze (in Italian, the Punta Parrot) (4,432 m) is a peak in the Pennine Alps of Italy and Switzerland. It is located south of Dufourspitze in the Monte Rosa Massif. The mountain is named after Johann Jakob Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot, a German doctor, who made an attempt on the Piramide Vincent with Joseph Zumstein in 1816."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Harris Ledge", "paragraph_text": "Harris Ledge () is a flat, ice-free ridge to the north of Mount Hercules in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1997 after Henry Harris of the Illinois State Geological Survey, who made hydrogeological studies with Keros Cartwright (after whom Cartwright Valley is named) in Victoria Valley, Wright Valley, and Taylor Valley during the Dry Valley Drilling Project in the 1973\u201374, 1974\u201375, and 1975\u201376 seasons."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hugh Low", "paragraph_text": "Sir Hugh Low, (10 May 1824 \u2013 18 April 1905) was a British colonial administrator and naturalist. After a long residence in various colonial roles in Labuan, he became the first successful British administrator in the Malay Peninsula where he made the first trials of \"Hevea\" rubber in the region. His methods became models for future administrators. He made the first documented ascent of Mount Kinabalu in 1851. Both Kinabalu's highest peak as well as the deep gully on the northern side of the mountain are named after him."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "PC1512", "paragraph_text": "The Amstrad PC1512 was Amstrad's mostly IBM PC-compatible computer system, first manufactured in 1986. It was later succeeded by the PC1640."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Institute of Physics Joseph Thomson Medal and Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Thomson Medal and Prize is an award which has been made biennially in even-numbered years since 2008 by the British Institute of Physics for \"distinguished research in atomic (including quantum optics) or molecular physics\". It is named after Sir J. J. Thomson and comprises a medal and a prize of \u00a31000."}], "question": "Whom is the maker of PC1512 named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__827688_550023", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Graham Beresford Parkinson", "paragraph_text": "Born in Wellington, New Zealand, Parkinson was commissioned as a lieutenant in the New Zealand Military Forces in 1916 and served in the First World War as part of the New Zealand Field Artillery. He remained in the military during the interwar period and served in a number of staff and training positions. Following the outbreak of the Second World War, he commanded an artillery regiment in the Western Desert Campaign and participated in the Battle of Greece. In late 1941 he returned to New Zealand to command newly raised formations, but returned to the Middle East in 1943. He commanded the 6th Infantry Brigade of the 2nd New Zealand Division during the Italian Campaign, at one stage taking over temporary command of the division itself. After the war he served as Quartermaster General of the New Zealand Military Forces. He finished his military career in command of the Southern Military District. After his retirement in 1952, he lived in Christchurch. In his later years he was involved with the St. John Ambulance Association. He died in 1979 at the age of 82."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Order of Suvorov", "paragraph_text": "The Order of Suvorov (Russian \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430) is a military decoration of the Russian Federation named in honor of Russian Field Marshal Count Alexander Suvorov (1729\u20131800)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marc Garneau", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Jean - Pierre Marc Garneau, PC MP CC CD FCASI (born February 23, 1949) is a Canadian politician and the Minister of Transport in the Government of Canada. He is a retired military officer, former astronaut, and engineer; Garneau was the first Canadian in space taking part in three flights aboard NASA Space shuttles in 1984, 1996 and 2000. Garneau was the president of the Canadian Space Agency from 2001 to 2006, and in 2003 was installed as the ninth Chancellor of Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battle of Eylau", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Eylau or Battle of Preussisch-Eylau, 7 and 8 February 1807, was a bloody and inconclusive battle between Napoleon's \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" and the Imperial Russian Army under the command of Levin August von Bennigsen near the town of Preussisch Eylau in East Prussia. Late in the battle, the Russians received timely reinforcements from a Prussian division of von L'Estocq. After 1945 the town was renamed Bagrationovsk as a part of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. The engagement was fought during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Occupation of Gori", "paragraph_text": "The Occupation of Gori was the military occupation of Gori and its surrounding areas by Russian military forces, which started on 13 August 2008 as part of the Russo-Georgian War, and ended with the withdrawal of Russian units from the city on 22 August 2008."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stanis\u0142aw Mokronowski", "paragraph_text": "In 1794, he was the commander of Polish troops in Warsaw, and took part in the Warsaw Uprising against the Russian garrison occupying the city. The Russians were defeated in two days, and retreated from the city with very heavy losses. During the insurrection he held the position of commander of the city of Warsaw and the National Forces of the Masovian Duchy (\"komendant miasta Warszawy i Si\u0142y Zbrojnej Ksi\u0119stwa Mazowieckiego\"). He was elected to the Provisional Temporary Council (Polish: Rada Zast\u0119pcza Tymczasowa), but due to his criticism of Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko he was removed from the political body. As a military commander, he was important in the defense of Warsaw (commander of the defense at the battle of B\u0142onie), and in Lithuania, where he led the retreating Polish forces towards Warsaw. Together with prince J\u00f3zef Poniatowski, Micha\u0142 Wielhorski and Eustachy Sanguszko, he formed the core of the \"court\" faction among the insurrectionists."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Poghos Bek-Pirumyan", "paragraph_text": "Poghos Bek-Pirumyan (; 8 June 1856 \u2013 19 January 1921) was an Armenian military commander. He served as a colonel for the Russian Empire in World War I and was a commander of the Battle of Sardarabad."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Aerospace Defence Forces Branch, \"short\": ASDFB ( was a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for aerospace defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was established on the 1 December 2011 and replaced the Russian Space Forces. The ASDFB was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Colonel General Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012. On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander. Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English, it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as \"air and space\" instead."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Korolyov, Moscow Oblast", "paragraph_text": "In July 1996, the city was renamed in commemoration of Sergei Korolev, the father of the Soviet/Russian space program, who died in 1966. Since 1997, Korolyov has hosted the International Space Olympics, an annual competition for young people, to promote space related research."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Claudie Haigner\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Out of 10,000 candidates, France's space center selected only six men and Claudie Haigner\u00e9. Claudie Haigner\u00e9 first qualified as an engineer and emergency pilot to the space shuttle. She first served as a back-up crew member for the 1993 Mir Alta\u00efr mission in which her future husband Jean-Pierre Haigner\u00e9 participated. The asteroid 135268 Haigner\u00e9 is named in their combined honour. In 1994, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 began training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia for the Franco-Russian Cassiop\u00e9e mission and learned Russian during her time there. On August 17, 1996, she became the first French woman to go to space as she and two Russian cosmonauts, commander Valery Korzun and flight engineer Aleksandr Kaleri, launched into space aboard the Soyuz TM-24 on the Russian-French Cassiop\u00e9e mission. While on the mission, visited the Mirspace stationfor 16 days and she conducted comprehensive experiments in the fields of physiologyand development biology, fluid physics, and technology. In 1999, Haigner\u00e9 commanded a Soyuz capsule during reentry and became the first woman qualified to do so. As the flight engineer on Soyuz TM-33 in 2001, she became the first European woman to visit the International Space Station. After the mission, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 continued her involvement in space science by attending scientific workshops and conferences. She also contributed to data analysis and constructions for the scientific programs of future projects. She eventually retired from ESA on June 18, 2002."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eduard Strauch", "paragraph_text": "Eduard Strauch (17 August 1906 \u2013 15 September 1955) was an SS-Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer, commander of Einsatzkommando 2, commander of two Nazi organizations, the Security Police (German: Sicherheitspolizei), or Sipo, and the Security Service (German: Sicherheitsdienst, or SD), first in Belarus \u2013 then called White Russia or White Ruthenia \u2013 and later in Belgium. In October 1944, he was transferred to the military branch of the SS (Waffen-SS)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Marc Garneau", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Jean-Pierre Marc Garneau, (born February 23, 1949) is a Canadian politician and the Minister of Transport in the Government of Canada. He is a retired military officer, former astronaut, and engineer; Garneau was the first Canadian in space, taking part in three flights aboard NASA Space Shuttles in 1984, 1996 and 2000. Garneau was the president of the Canadian Space Agency from 2001 to 2006, and in 2003 was installed as the ninth Chancellor of Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Halil Kut", "paragraph_text": "When Turkey entered the World War, he was working at the High Command in Constantinople. He later served as the divisional commander in 3rd Ottoman army on the Russian border, thereby also involved in operations against the Armenians who were allied to the Russians. Later, he was one of the  senior commanders of the Ottoman forces in Mesopotamia, now Iraq, during World War I."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Karen Nyberg", "paragraph_text": "In 2013 Nyberg served as a flight engineer on ISS Expedition 36 and Expedition 37, having launched on Soyuz TMA-09M. On the 50th anniversary on June 16, 2013 of Vostok 6, the first spaceshot by a woman, Valentina Tereshkova, Nyberg was one of only two women then in space, the other being Chinese astronaut Wang Yaping aboard the Tiangong-1 on the Shenzhou 10 mission. In September she posted a photograph of a stuffed dinosaur she had created in orbit from space station scraps, which is thought to be the first stuffed animal handcrafted in space. Stuffed animals are often taken to space, for sentimental purposes but also because they are good zero-gravity indicators: they start to float when entering the orbit. During this mission, Nyberg completed diverse tasks, for example simulating an emergency scenario training.Since the end of her 2013 mission, Nyberg has worked for NASA in the Space Shuttle branch, the Exploration branch, and as Chief of the Robotics branch."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Soyuz 28", "paragraph_text": "Vladimir Remek, the first non-Soviet, non-American to travel to space, was launched aboard Soyuz 28 on 2 March 1978, after a three-day delay of unspecified cause. The Soyuz commander was Russian cosmonaut Aleksei Gubarev. The crew docked with the orbiting Salyut 6 space station, and greeted the occupants Georgi Grechko and Yuri Romanenko who had arrived on Soyuz 26 in December. Gubarev and Grechko had previously flown together on Soyuz 17 to the Salyut 4 space station in 1975."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Petro Dyachenko", "paragraph_text": "Petro Dyachenko (, , January 30, 1895 in Berezova Luka, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) \u2013 April 23, 1965 in Philadelphia, United States) was a Ukrainian military commander who served as a staff captain in the Russian Army (World War I), colonel in the Ukrainian People's Army (1917\u20131921), major in the Polish Army (1928\u20131939), officer in the Volhynian Self-Defence Legion (aka 31. Schutzmannschaft-Bataillon des SD), commander of Panzerjagd-Brigade \"Vilna Ukraina\" (1945), and Colonel in the Ukrainian National Army (1945) and commander of the 2nd Division UNA."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dmitri Kondratyev", "paragraph_text": "Dmitri Yur'yevich Kondrat'yev (born 25 May 1969 in Irkutsk, Russia) is a retired Russian cosmonaut. He served as a crewmember on the International Space Station long duration mission Expedition 27 as Commander, having also served as a Flight Engineer on Expedition 26 during the same stay in space. Kondratyev traveled to space for the first time aboard the Soyuz TMA-20 spacecraft in December 2010."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kolmogorov space", "paragraph_text": "In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space \"X\" is a T space or Kolmogorov space (named after Andrey Kolmogorov) if for every pair of distinct points of \"X\", at least one of them has a neighborhood not containing the other. In a T space, all points are topologically distinguishable."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, currently headed by Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan, while military command remains in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is currently Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Russian Space Command", "paragraph_text": "Space Command () was the part of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces responsible for military space-related activities. It was formed on 1 December 2011 when the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces were created as a merger of the Russian Space Forces with part of the Russian Air Force. Responsibilities of the command included missile attack warning, space surveillance and the control of military satellites. The use of the term Space Command may be influenced by the United States Space Command."}], "question": "What is the military branch of the Russian Space Command a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__116423_125577", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Philippe Garrel", "paragraph_text": "Philippe Garrel was born in Boulogne-Billancourt in 1948, the son of actor Maurice Garrel and his wife. His brother, Thierry Garrel, is a producer."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Friends with Kids", "paragraph_text": "Friends with Kids is a 2011 American romantic comedy film written, produced, and directed by Jennifer Westfeldt, who also stars in the film. Kristen Wiig, Adam Scott, Maya Rudolph, Chris O'Dowd, Edward Burns, Megan Fox and Jon Hamm also star in the film."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as \"one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time\", West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z. By employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart, Watch the Throne became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak. \"Niggas in Paris\" became the record's highest charting single, peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2012, West released the compilation album Cruel Summer, a collection of tracks by artists from West's record label GOOD Music. Cruel Summer produced four singles, two of which charted within the top twenty of the Hot 100: \"Mercy\" and \"Clique\". West also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "IBM Personal Computer", "paragraph_text": "The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Slip Anchor", "paragraph_text": "Slip Anchor was the fifth Epsom Derby winner whose sire (Shirley Heights) and paternal grandsire (Mill Reef) were themselves winners of Britain's premier classic."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Qafqaz v\u0259 Merkuri c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin paroxodunun limandan yola d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259si", "paragraph_text": "Qafqaz v\u0259 Merkuri c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin paroxodunun limandan yola d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259si is one of the earliest films ever produced in the cinema of Azerbaijan directed by Azeri cinema pioneer Alexandre Michon. It was released in the summer of 1898."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Secret of the Storm Country", "paragraph_text": "The Secret of the Storm Country was a 1917 American silent drama film directed by Charles Miller and starring Norma Talmadge (whose company also produced the film). The film is described as not a direct sequel but a \"continuation\" of the 1914 film \"Tess of the Storm Country\", starring Mary Pickford. The film is now considered lost."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lawrence Lasker", "paragraph_text": "Lasker was born in Los Angeles County, California. He is the son of actress Jane Greer and producer Edward Lasker. His paternal grandfather was businessman Albert Lasker and his paternal step-grandmothers were actress Doris Kenyon and Mary Woodard Lasker. He graduated from the Phillips Exeter Academy in 1967 and attended Yale University, as did his father."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Anikey Stroganov", "paragraph_text": "Anikey Fyodorovich Stroganov () (1488\u20131570) was an explorer, merchant and eventual monk who lived during the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia, the predecessors of the Russian Empire. He was an early progenitor of the Stroganov family, whose members were prominent Russian merchants, industrialists, landowners, noblemen, and statesmen through to the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "One Moment in Time", "paragraph_text": "``One Moment in Time ''is a song by American singer Whitney Houston and written by Albert Hammond and John Bettis, produced by Narada Michael Walden for the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Paralympics held in Seoul, South Korea. The song was Houston's third number one in the UK Singles Chart, and reached number five on the US Billboard Hot 100."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thomas Jefferson (film)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Jefferson is a 1997 two-part American documentary film directed and produced by Ken Burns. It covers the life and times of Thomas Jefferson, the 3rd President of the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Downtime (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Downtime\" is a song written by Phillip Coleman and Carolyn Dawn Johnson, and recorded by American country music singer Jo Dee Messina. It was released in April 2001 as the third single from her album \"Burn\". The song peaked at number 5 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart and peaked at number 46 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 making it a minor crossover hit."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Last Day of Summer", "paragraph_text": "Last Day of Summer is a 2009 drama-comedy film written, produced and directed by Vlad Yudin of The Vladar Company, featuring DJ Qualls, Nikki Reed, and William Sadler."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Delinquents (1957 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Delinquents is a 1957 American drama film written, produced, and directed by Robert Altman in his hometown of Kansas City, Missouri during the summer of 1956 on a $63,000 budget. It's not only the first film Altman directed, but also the first to star Tom Laughlin."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Welcome to The Captain", "paragraph_text": "Welcome to The Captain (previously known as The Captain) is an American sitcom created, executive produced and directed by John Hamburg. Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen also serve as executive producers. The show is about a young writer (Fran Kranz) whose life changes when he moves into a legendary old Hollywood apartment building."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lazer Team", "paragraph_text": "Lazer Team is a 2015 American science fiction action comedy film directed, produced, and co-written by Matt Hullum. The first feature film produced by Rooster Teeth, it stars Burnie Burns, Gavin Free, Michael Jones, Colton Dunn, Allie DeBerry, and Alan Ritchson. The film follows the Lazer Team, a group of four who find themselves responsible for the fate of the planet upon discovering an alien crash site containing a battle suit."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Brothers McMullen", "paragraph_text": "The Brothers McMullen is a 1995 American comedy-drama film written, directed, produced by, and starring Edward Burns. It deals with the lives of the three Irish Catholic McMullen brothers from Long Island, New York, over three months, as they grapple with basic ideas and values \u2014 love, sex, marriage, religion and family \u2014 in the 1990s."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter. Coastal areas, such as those of Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. The area of Beersheba and the Northern Negev has a semi-arid climate with hot summers, cool winters and fewer rainy days than the Mediterranean climate. The Southern Negev and the Arava areas have desert climate with very hot and dry summers, and mild winters with few days of rain. The highest temperature in the continent of Asia (54.0 \u00b0C or 129.2 \u00b0F) was recorded in 1942 at Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan river valley."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Burning Hot Summer", "paragraph_text": "A Burning Hot Summer (), also titled That Summer, is a 2011 French-Italian-Swiss drama film directed by Philippe Garrel, starring Monica Bellucci, Louis Garrel, C\u00e9line Sallette, and J\u00e9r\u00f4me Robart. It was screened at the 68th Venice International Film Festival in competition."}], "question": "Whose son produced A Burning Hot Summer?"}
{"id": "2hop__836676_514920", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Belconnen Remand Centre", "paragraph_text": "Belconnen Remand Centre, or BRC, was an Australian remand custody facility located in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The centre opened in 1976 and closed in 2009. At times, it held a small number of illegal immigrants."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wausau Downtown Airport", "paragraph_text": "Wausau Downtown Airport is a city owned public use airport located in Wausau, a city in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. The airport serves general aviation aircraft, charter flights and seaplane operations. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019\u20132023, in which it is categorized as a local general aviation facility."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Talne Raion", "paragraph_text": "Talne Raion is a raion (district) of Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located at the town of Talne. Population:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre", "paragraph_text": "The Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre is an aviation museum in East Kirkby, Lincolnshire, England. It was opened to the public in 1988 by Lincolnshire farmers Fred and Harold Panton, as a memorial to their older brother, Christopher Whitton Panton, who died during the Second World War."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sjernar\u00f8y", "paragraph_text": "Sjernar\u00f8y is a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The island municipality existed from 1868 until its dissolution in 1965. The municipality was located in the Boknafjorden in the present-day municipality of Finn\u00f8y. The administrative centre of the municipality was located on the island of Kyrkj\u00f8y, where the Sjernar\u00f8y Church is located."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "East Kirkby", "paragraph_text": "East Kirkby is a village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated south-east from Horncastle, and on the A155 road."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Shpola Raion", "paragraph_text": "Shpola Raion is a raion (district) of Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located at the town of Shpola. Population:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}], "question": "In which district is Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre located?"}
{"id": "2hop__118347_125577", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chrodegang", "paragraph_text": "Saint Chrodegang (; ; died 6 March 766 AD) was the Frankish Bishop of Metz from 742 or 748 until his death. He served as chancellor for his kinsman, Charles Martel. Chrodegang is claimed to be a progenitor of the Frankish dynasty of the Robertians."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "International Crime (1938 film)", "paragraph_text": "International Crime is a 1938 American film featuring a loose version of The Shadow directed by Charles Lamont starring Rod La Rocque and Astrid Allwyn."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Shadow Returns", "paragraph_text": "The Shadow Returns is a 1946 American comedy crime film directed by Phil Rosen and starring Kane Richmond, Barbara Read and Tom Dugan. It features the pulp character The Shadow, already a popular hero of novels and a radio show. It was the first in a series of three films released by Monogram in 1946 starring Richmond in the role."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Casey's Shadow", "paragraph_text": "Casey's Shadow is a 1978 drama Metrocolor film directed by Martin Ritt and starring Walter Matthau. The film was based on a short story in \"Ruidoso\" (published April 29,1974, in The New Yorker magazine) by John McPhee. Much of the exterior shots were done in the town of Opelousas, LA (20 miles north of Lafayette, LA)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Philippe Garrel", "paragraph_text": "Philippe Garrel was born in Boulogne-Billancourt in 1948, the son of actor Maurice Garrel and his wife. His brother, Thierry Garrel, is a producer."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Man's Shadow", "paragraph_text": "A Man's Shadow is a 1920 British silent crime film directed by Sidney Morgan and starring Langhorn Burton, Violet Graham and Gladys Mason. In the film, a man murders a Jewish moneylender, but his doppelganger is accused of the crime."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Women in Revolt", "paragraph_text": "Women In Revolt, also known as Andy Warhol's Women in Revolt, is a 1971 satire film produced by Andy Warhol and directed by American filmmaker Paul Morrissey."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "IBM Personal Computer", "paragraph_text": "The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shadow of the Past", "paragraph_text": "Shadow of the Past is a 1950 British crime film directed by Mario Zampi and starring Joyce Howard, Terence Morgan and Michael Medwin. The screenplay involves a man who catches sight of a woman believed by everyone to be dead."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "In the Shadow of Women", "paragraph_text": "In the Shadow of Women () is a 2015 French-Swiss drama film directed by Philippe Garrel, starring Clotilde Courau, Stanislas Merhar, and Lena Paugam. It was selected to open the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. It is the second installment in Garrel's trilogy of love, the first being \"Jealousy\" (2013) and the third being \"Lover for a Day\" (2017)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Raja Zarith Sofiah", "paragraph_text": "Raja Zarith Sofiah was born in Istana Raja Muda, Teluk Anson, on 14 August 1959 as the third child and second daughter of Sultan Idris Shah II of Perak and Raja Perempuan Muzwin binti Raja Arif Shah. Her parents were first step-cousins once removed. She is a second step-cousin of Sultan Azlan Shah of Perak. Sultan Azlan's paternal grandfather, her paternal grandfather and her mother's paternal grandfather were children of Sultan Idris Shah I of Perak, all with different mothers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lawless Valley", "paragraph_text": "Lawless Valley is a 1938 American western film directed by David Howard from a screenplay by Oliver Drake, based on the short story \"No Law in Shadow Valley\" by W. C. Tuttle. Produced and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures, it opened on November 4, 1937. The film stars George O'Brien and Kay Sutton."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Forgotten Women (1949 film)", "paragraph_text": "Forgotten Women is a 1949 American drama film directed by William Beaudine and starring Elyse Knox, Edward Norris and Robert Shayne. The film follows the lives and romantic entanglements of three women who frequent a bar."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zelal", "paragraph_text": "\"Zelal\" is an invitation to delve into the world of psychiatry and \"madness\" in Egypt. It meets the ordinary madmen and women banished to mental institutions by Egyptian society and offers more than just a journey into their world of shadows. The hospitals end up becoming the only place patients can conceive, not because they are truly \"crazy\", but because they fear the outside world. The film forces viewers to put their own preconceptions and interpretations to the test, reminding us that freedom is precarious in a society that does not tolerate any differences."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Out from the Shadow", "paragraph_text": "Out from the Shadow is a 1911 American short silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Blanche Sweet."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elena Gilbert", "paragraph_text": "Elena Gilbert (Salvatore) The Vampire Diaries character First appearance Pilot (1.01) September 10, 2009 Last appearance I'm Thinking Of You All The While (6.22) May 14, 2015 (as series regular) I Was Feeling Epic (8.16) March 10, 2017 (as guest star) Created by L.J. Smith (book series) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson (television series) Portrayed by Nina Dobrev Kayla Madison (Young Elena) Information Aliases Elena Salvatore (marriage name, season 8) Species Human (seasons 1 -- 3, 6 - 8) Doppelg\u00e4nger (seasons 1 -- 8) Vampire (seasons 4 -- 6) Gender Female Occupation High school student (formerly) College student (formerly) Family Grayson Gilbert (adoptive father / paternal uncle) Miranda Gilbert (adoptive mother / paternal aunt) John Gilbert (biological father / adoptive paternal uncle) Isobel Flemming (biological mother) Jeremy Gilbert (adoptive brother / paternal cousin) Jenna Sommers (adoptive aunt) Damon Salvatore (husband) Alaric Saltzman (stepfather) Stefan Salvatore (brother - in - law) Significant other (s) Matt Donovan (ex-boyfriend) Stefan Salvatore (ex-boyfriend) Damon Salvatore (husband) Relatives Amara (maternal ancestor; doppelg\u00e4nger of) Tatia (maternal ancestor; doppelg\u00e4nger of) Katherine Pierce / Katerina Petrova (maternal ancestor; doppelg\u00e4nger of) Nadia Petrova (maternal ancestor) Jonathon Gilbert (paternal ancestor) Samantha Gilbert (paternal ancestor) Nationality American Status Alive Seasons 1 -- 6, 8"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Benjamin", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin () was the last-born of Jacob's thirteen children (12 sons and 1 daughter), and the second and last son of Rachel in Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition. He was the progenitor of the Israelite Tribe of Benjamin. In the Hebrew Bible unlike Rachel's first son, Joseph, Benjamin was born in Canaan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "William L. Kenly", "paragraph_text": "William Lacy Kenly (February 18, 1865 \u2013 January 10, 1928) was a major general in the United States Army. During World War I, he was a leader of a progenitor of the United States Air Force, the United States Army Air Service."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Neoptolemus", "paragraph_text": "Neoptolemus (; Ancient Greek: \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \"Neoptolemos\", \"new warrior\"), also called Pyrrhus (; \u03a0\u03cd\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \"Pyrrhos\", \"red\", for his red hair), was the son of the warrior Achilles and the princess Deidamia in Greek mythology, and also the mythical progenitor of the ruling dynasty of the Molossians of ancient Epirus."}], "question": "Who is the father of In the Shadow of Women's director?"}
{"id": "2hop__86155_682959", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Reaching the Cold 100", "paragraph_text": "Reaching the Cold 100 is an album recorded by the British blues band the Peter Green Splinter Group, led by Peter Green. Released in 2003, this was their eighth and final album. Green was the founder of Fleetwood Mac and a member of that group from 1967\u201370, before a sporadic solo career during the late 1970s and early 1980s."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Got a Hold on Me", "paragraph_text": "``Got a Hold on Me ''is a 1984 song from Fleetwood Mac's keyboardist / vocalist Christine McVie. The song rose to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and it topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary and Rock Tracks charts for four and two weeks, respectively. This was McVie's only top 10 solo hit in the United States. Synthesizers on the track were played by Steve Winwood, while the guitars were played by Todd Sharp (the song's co-writer) and McVie's Fleetwood Mac bandmate Lindsey Buckingham. The other musicians were bassist George Hawkins and drummer - percussionist Steve Ferrone. Got a Hold on Me was released as the lead single from McVie's self - titled 1984 solo album."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Go Your Own Way", "paragraph_text": "``Go Your Own Way ''is a song by the British - American rock band Fleetwood Mac, released as a single in December 1976. Written and sung by Lindsey Buckingham, it was the first single from the group's 1977 album Rumours. The song was developed and recorded in three separate studios, and features numerous guitar and vocal overdubs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Other One", "paragraph_text": "The Other One is the third solo album by former Fleetwood Mac guitarist Bob Welch. The track \"Future Games\" was first released on the Fleetwood Mac album of the same name in 1971. Members of Welch's backing band also make songwriting contributions here though the majority of tracks are Welch's own."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Visions of Love", "paragraph_text": "Visions of Love is the last album of duo Robin and Linda Williams on the Sugar Hill Records label, released in 2002. They would move to Red House Records for their next release."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Say You Love Me (Fleetwood Mac song)", "paragraph_text": "``Say You Love Me ''is a song written by singer Christine McVie, for Fleetwood Mac's 1975 self - titled album. The song peaked at # 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks, and remains one of their best known songs. Its success helped the group's eponymous 1975 album to sell over 8 million copies worldwide."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Warm Ways", "paragraph_text": "\"Warm Ways\" is a song performed by British/American music group Fleetwood Mac. The song was written and performed by group keyboardist/vocalist Christine McVie. In October 1975, \"Warm Ways\" was released as the lead single from the album entitled \"Fleetwood Mac\" in the United Kingdom. It was not released as a single in the United States, where \"Over My Head\" was issued as the first single instead."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Thank Christ for the Bomb", "paragraph_text": "Thank Christ for the Bomb is the third studio album recorded by The Groundhogs, in 1970, originally released by Liberty Records. It was engineered by Martin Birch who had previously worked on albums by Jeff Beck, Deep Purple, Fleetwood Mac and Peter Green. It entered the UK \"Melody Maker\" album charts at number 27 on 20 June 1970, and had a total of 3 entries in that chart."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "White Ladder", "paragraph_text": "White Ladder is the fourth studio album by English folk singer-songwriter David Gray. It was first released in November 1998 through Gray's own record label, IHT Records, but failed to chart. On 1 May 2000, the album was re-released by Dave Matthews' label ATO Records and debuted at number 69 on the UK Albums Chart, before climbing to number one on 5 August 2001, more than a year later. \"White Ladder\" produced five singles, including the hit \"Babylon\", which ignited interest in the album and shot Gray to worldwide fame. Other singles released from the album were \"This Year's Love\", \"Please Forgive Me\", \"Sail Away\" and \"Say Hello Wave Goodbye\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Equator Records (Canada)", "paragraph_text": "Equator Records is an independent record label established in 2006 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The music label was founded by Matt Drouin and Fuzz de Grandpre. Equator has released three albums, Islands' \"Return to the Sea\", The Lovely Feathers' \"Hind Hind Legs\" and Teitur's second release, \"Stay Under the Stars\". There is no connection between this label and the Equator Records of Nairobi, Kenya."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "In the Meantime (album)", "paragraph_text": "In the Meantime is the third solo album by the British Fleetwood Mac vocalist/keyboardist Christine McVie, released in 2004 on Koch Records and Sanctuary Records Group. It was McVie's first solo recording since 1984, and the first since her departure from Fleetwood Mac."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Love Sign", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Sign\" is a song by American musician Prince, from the \"1-800-NEW-FUNK\" compilation album released by his independent record label NPG Records in 1994."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "I'm Spinning", "paragraph_text": "\"I'm Spinning\" is a Doo Wop song recorded by the Del-Vikings on the Fee Bee Records label in 1957 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as an A side for the single \"I'm Spinning\"/\"You Say You Love Me,\" written by Pat DiCesare. It was soon released on Dot Records for national distribution, and later released by Mercury Records when Kripp Johnson rejoined the Del-Vikings in 1958. Over the years the song has been included on many Del Vikings greatest hits albums and Doo Wop compilation albums on various labels. The most recent release was in 2009."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gift of Screws", "paragraph_text": "Gift of Screws is the fifth solo album by American musician and Fleetwood Mac vocalist/guitarist Lindsey Buckingham, and was released on September 15, 2008. \"Gift of Screws\" peaked at #48 on the Billboard 200 album chart in September 2008. Additionally, it also reached number #15 on the Billboard Rock Album Chart."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Black Magic Woman", "paragraph_text": "``Black Magic Woman ''is a song written by Peter Green that first appeared as a Fleetwood Mac single in various countries in 1968, subsequently appearing on the 1969 Fleetwood Mac compilation albums English Rose (US) and The Pious Bird of Good Omen (UK), as well as Vintage Years. In 1970, it became a hit by Santana, as sung by Gregg Rolie, reaching No. 4 in the U.S. and Canadian charts, after appearing on their Abraxas album. In 2005 the song was covered by ex-Thin Lizzy guitarist Snowy White on his album The Way It Is. In 1996, the song was also covered by Gary Hoey on his album Bug Alley."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "I Just Called to Say I Love You", "paragraph_text": "``I Just Called to Say I Love You ''Single by Stevie Wonder from the album The Woman in Red (soundtrack) B - side`` I Just Called to Say I Love You'' (instrumental) Released August 1, 1984 Length 6: 44 (Extended version) 6: 16 (Album version) 4: 25 (Single version) Label Motown Songwriter (s) Stevie Wonder Producer (s) Stevie Wonder Stevie Wonder singles chronology ``Front Line ''(1983)`` I Just Called to Say I Love You'' (1984) ``Love Light in Flight ''(1984)`` Front Line'' (1983) ``I Just Called to Say I Love You ''(1984)`` Love Light in Flight'' (1984) Music video ``I Just Called To Say I Love You ''on YouTube"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Blues", "paragraph_text": "The bassist and prolific songwriter and composer Willie Dixon played a major role on the Chicago blues scene. He composed and wrote many standard blues songs of the period, such as ``Hoochie Coochie Man '',`` I Just Want to Make Love to You'' (both penned for Muddy Waters) and, ``Wang Dang Doodle ''and`` Back Door Man'' for Howlin 'Wolf. Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago - based Chess Records and Checker Records labels. Smaller blues labels of this era included Vee - Jay Records and J.O.B. Records. During the early 1950s, the dominating Chicago labels were challenged by Sam Phillips' Sun Records company in Memphis, which recorded B.B. King and Howlin 'Wolf before he moved to Chicago in 1960. After Phillips discovered Elvis Presley in 1954, the Sun label turned to the rapidly expanding white audience and started recording mostly rock' n 'roll."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Little Lies", "paragraph_text": "``Little Lies ''is a song by the English / American rock band Fleetwood Mac. It was the third single to be taken from their 1987 album Tango in the Night. To date, it is their most recent top 10 hit in the US."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Black Magic Woman", "paragraph_text": "``Black Magic Woman ''is a song written by Peter Green that first appeared as a Fleetwood Mac single in various countries in 1968, subsequently appearing on the 1969 Fleetwood Mac compilation albums English Rose (US) and The Pious Bird of Good Omen (UK), as well as Vintage Years. In 1970, it became a hit by Santana, as sung by Gregg Rolie, reaching No. 4 in the US and Canadian charts, after appearing on their Abraxas album. In 2005 the song was covered by ex-Thin Lizzy guitarist Snowy White on his album The Way It Is. In 1996, the song was also covered by Gary Hoey on his album Bug Alley."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Love Remembers", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Remembers\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Craig Morgan. It was released in May 2008 as the first single from his fifth studio album \"That's Why\", his first release for the BNA Records label, as well as his eleventh top 40 hit on the \"Billboard\" country charts. Morgan wrote the song with his producer, Phil O'Donnell. The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Roman White."}], "question": "What's the record label of the writer who composed Say You Love Me for Fleetwood Mac?"}
{"id": "2hop__48433_682959", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Visions of Love", "paragraph_text": "Visions of Love is the last album of duo Robin and Linda Williams on the Sugar Hill Records label, released in 2002. They would move to Red House Records for their next release."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bob Shad", "paragraph_text": "Robert \"Bob\" Shad (born Abraham Shadrinsky; February 12, 1920 \u2013 March 13, 1985) was an American record producer and record label owner. He produced the first album by Big Brother and the Holding Company (featuring Janis Joplin). Among his more successful labels were Time Records, Brent Records, and Mainstream Records."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Equator Records (Canada)", "paragraph_text": "Equator Records is an independent record label established in 2006 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The music label was founded by Matt Drouin and Fuzz de Grandpre. Equator has released three albums, Islands' \"Return to the Sea\", The Lovely Feathers' \"Hind Hind Legs\" and Teitur's second release, \"Stay Under the Stars\". There is no connection between this label and the Equator Records of Nairobi, Kenya."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "For Someone I Love", "paragraph_text": "For Someone I Love is an album by vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring big band performances arranged by Melba Liston recorded in 1963 and released on the Riverside label."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Holding Together", "paragraph_text": "Holding Together is an album by American jazz saxophonist Oliver Lake recorded in 1975 for the Italian Black Saint label."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "I Got Your Country Right Here", "paragraph_text": "I Got Your Country Right Here is the fourth studio album by American country music artist Gretchen Wilson, released on March 30, 2010 via Redneck Records, her own label. The album's first single, \"Work Hard, Play Harder\", was released in October 2009, and became Wilson's first Top 20 hit since 2005's \"All Jacked Up.\" The album's title track was released as the second single in August 2010, and \"I'd Love to Be Your Last\" was released in January 2011 as the third single."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Porno Graffitti", "paragraph_text": ", also known as , are a Japanese rock band from Onomichi (formerly Innoshima), Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The band got their name from the album \"Pornograffitti\" by the band Extreme. They currently record under the SME Records label, and their agency is Amuse, Inc.."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter", "paragraph_text": "``Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter ''Single by Herman's Hermits from the album Herman's Hermits B - side`` I Gotta Dream On'' Released April 1965 Format 7 ``, 45rpm Recorded De Lane Lea Studios, London, 1 December 1964 Genre Beat, pop Length 2: 45 Label MGM Songwriter (s) Trevor Peacock Producer (s) Mickie Most Herman's Hermits singles chronology`` Silhouettes ''(1965) ``Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter'' (1965)`` Wonderful World ''(1965) ``Silhouettes'' (1965)`` Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter ''(1965) ``Wonderful World'' (1965)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eddie Harris Sings the Blues", "paragraph_text": "Eddie Harris Sings the Blues is an album by American jazz saxophonist Eddie Harris recorded in 1972 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Two Tickets to Paradise", "paragraph_text": "``Two Tickets to Paradise ''Artwork for the German vinyl release Single by Eddie Money from the album Eddie Money B - side`` Do n't Worry'' Released June 1978 Format 7 ''single Recorded 1977 Genre Hard rock, power pop Length 4: 00 (Album Version) 3: 09 (Single Remix) Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Eddie Money Producer (s) Bruce Botnick Eddie Money singles chronology ``Baby Hold On'' (1978)`` Two Tickets to Paradise ''(1978) ``You've Really Got a Hold on Me'' (1979)`` Baby Hold On ''(1978) ``Two Tickets to Paradise'' (1978)`` You've Really Got a Hold on Me ''(1979)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Singing Drums", "paragraph_text": "Singing Drums is an album by percussionist Pierre Favre recorded in 1984 and released on the ECM label. \"Modern Drummer\" called the pieces on the album \"a bunch of hypnotic, surprisingly melodic pieces for four rhythmatists.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Zing voor me", "paragraph_text": "\"Zing voor me\" meaning 'sing for me' in Dutch (also known as Zing een liedje voor me (Frans) meaning Sing a song for me Frans) is a Dutch language 2010 single by Lange Frans and Th\u00e9 Lau. It was released on Dutch record label TopNotch and was produced by Giorgio Tuinfort."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rebelle Records", "paragraph_text": "Rebelle Records AB is a record label founded by Bj\u00f6rn Afzelius in 1988. The name is a convergence of his two daughters' names \"Rebecca\" and \"Isabelle\". The company, which holds the rights to all of Afzelius music is now located in Snekkersten, Denmark."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Got a Hold on Me", "paragraph_text": "``Got a Hold on Me ''is a 1984 song from Fleetwood Mac's keyboardist / vocalist Christine McVie. The song rose to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and it topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary and Rock Tracks charts for four and two weeks, respectively. This was McVie's only top 10 solo hit in the United States. Synthesizers on the track were played by Steve Winwood, while the guitars were played by Todd Sharp (the song's co-writer) and McVie's Fleetwood Mac bandmate Lindsey Buckingham. The other musicians were bassist George Hawkins and drummer - percussionist Steve Ferrone. Got a Hold on Me was released as the lead single from McVie's self - titled 1984 solo album."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hold What You've Got", "paragraph_text": "``Hold What You've Got ''is a 1964 single by Joe Tex. The single was his second chart release and first to reach the Billboard Hot 100.`` Hold What You've Got'' went to number one on the Cash Box R&B chart and reached number five in 1965, on the pop chart. The song is noted for the two spoken recitations, between the refrains of the song, telling, first the men, and then the women to keep on supporting their loved ones and not take them for granted."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "In the Meantime (album)", "paragraph_text": "In the Meantime is the third solo album by the British Fleetwood Mac vocalist/keyboardist Christine McVie, released in 2004 on Koch Records and Sanctuary Records Group. It was McVie's first solo recording since 1984, and the first since her departure from Fleetwood Mac."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Barbara Pittman", "paragraph_text": "Barbara Pittman (April 6, 1938 \u2013 October 29, 2005) was an American singer, one of the few female singers to record at Sun Studio. As a young teenager, she recorded some demos of songs for others. Pittman's most popular recordings include \"I Need A Man\" on the Sun label and \"Two Young Fools In Love\", released on Sam Phillips' International label."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing", "paragraph_text": "I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing is the self-produced ninth album by American R&B singer Barry White, released in 1979 on the 20th Century-Fox Records label."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me", "paragraph_text": "``You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me ''Single by Ray Price from the album You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me B - side`` What Kind of Love is This'' Released July 1973 (U.S.) Format 7 ''Recorded ca. May 1973 Genre Country Length 3: 50 Label Columbia 45889 Songwriter (s) Jim Weatherly Producer (s) Don Law Ray Price singles chronology ``She's Got to Be a Saint'' (1972)`` You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me ''(1973) ``Storms of Troubled Times'' (1974)`` She's Got to Be a Saint ''(1972) ``You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me'' (1973)`` Storms of Troubled Times ''(1974)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I Could Sing of Your Love Forever", "paragraph_text": "``I Could Sing of Your Love Forever ''Song by Delirious? from the album Cutting Edge 2 Recorded 1995 (Cutting Edge Version) 2001 (Deeper Version) Genre Worship, Christian rock, Contemporary Christian Length 6: 09 (Cutting Edge Album Version) 5: 29 (Deeper Album Version) Label Furious? Songwriter (s) Martin Smith Producer (s) Andy Piercy, Delirious?"}], "question": "What is the record label of the Love's got a hold on me singer?"}
{"id": "2hop__16160_44875", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ian McKellen", "paragraph_text": "Sir Ian Murray McKellen, CH, CBE (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BIF Award, two Saturn Awards, four Drama Desk Awards, and two Critics' Choice Awards. He has also received two Oscar nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Margaret Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is the daughter of Beatrix Hamburg and David A. Hamburg, both physicians. Her mother was the first self-identified African-American woman to be accepted at Vassar College and to earn a degree from the Yale University School of Medicine. Her father is President Emeritus of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and also served as the president of the AAAS in 1984."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marvin Hamlisch", "paragraph_text": "Marvin Frederick Hamlisch (June 2, 1944\u00a0\u2013 August 6, 2012) was an American composer and conductor. Hamlisch was one of only fifteen people to win Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony awards. This collection of all four is referred to as an \"EGOT\". He is one of only two people (along with composer Richard Rodgers) to have won those four prizes and a Pulitzer Prize (\"PEGOT\")."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British series 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin - off show I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! NOW! on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Laverne Cox", "paragraph_text": "Laverne Cox is an American actress and LGBT advocate. She became known for her portrayal of Sophia Burset on the Netflix television series Orange Is the New Black, for which she became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the acting category, and the first to be nominated for an Emmy Award since composer / musician Angela Morley in 1990. In 2015, she won a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for Laverne Cox Presents: The T Word. This made her the first openly transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer; as well, The T Word is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy. Also in 2015, she became the first openly transgender person to have a wax figure of herself at Madame Tussauds. In 2017, she became the first transgender person to play a transgender series regular on broadcast TV as Cameron Wirth on Doubt on CBS."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Grover Cleveland", "paragraph_text": "Cleveland entered the White House as a bachelor, and his sister Rose Cleveland joined him, to act as hostess for the first two years of his administration. Unlike the previous bachelor president James Buchanan, Cleveland did not remain a bachelor for long. In 1885 the daughter of Cleveland's friend Oscar Folsom visited him in Washington. Frances Folsom was a student at Wells College. When she returned to school, President Cleveland received her mother's permission to correspond with her, and they were soon engaged to be married. On June 2, 1886, Cleveland married Frances Folsom in the Blue Room at the White House. He was the second president to wed while in office, and has been the only president married in the White House. This marriage was unusual, since Cleveland was the executor of Oscar Folsom's estate and had supervised Frances's upbringing after her father's death; nevertheless, the public took no exception to the match. At 21 years, Frances Folsom Cleveland was the youngest First Lady in history, and the public soon warmed to her beauty and warm personality."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "June Lockhart", "paragraph_text": "June Lockhart (born June 25, 1925) is an American actress, primarily in 1950s and 1960s television, also with performances on stage and in film. On two television series she played mother roles, Lassie and Lost in Space. She also portrayed Dr. Janet Craig on the CBS television sitcom Petticoat Junction (1968 -- 70). She is a two - time Emmy Award nominee and a Tony Award winner."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Push Play (EP)", "paragraph_text": "Push Play is the third independent CD release for singer, songwriter and actress, Sara Niemietz. Produced by Emmy Award winner, W. G. Snuffy Walden and Sara Niemietz, \"Push Play\" is an EP consisting of six original songs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thomas Mitchell (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas John Mitchell (July 11, 1892 -- December 17, 1962) was an American actor. Among his most famous roles in a long career are those of Gerald O'Hara in Gone with the Wind, Doc Boone in Stagecoach, Uncle Billy in It's a Wonderful Life and Mayor Jonas Henderson in High Noon. Mitchell was the first male actor to win an Oscar, an Emmy, and a Tony Award."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ars Nova (theater)", "paragraph_text": "Since Ars Nova's founding, they've launched the careers of luminaries like Lin - Manuel Miranda (Pulitzer - winning playwright / composer of Hamilton & In The Heights), Liz Meriwether (Emmy - nominated creator of television's New Girl), Beau Willimon (Emmy - winning creator of Netflix's House of Cards), Amy Herzog (OBIE Award - winning playwright of 4000 Miles), Dave Malloy (Richard Rogers Award for Musical Theatre winner for Natasha, Pierre & the Great Comet of 1812), Annie Baker (Pulitzer Prize - winning playwright of The Flick & Circle Mirror Transformation), Thomas Kail (Director of In The Heights and Hamilton), Alex Timbers (two - time tony nominated writer and director, recently directed Rocky, and Peter and the Starcatcher), Billy Eichner (creator of Funny or Die's Billy on the Street), and Bridget Everett (comedian and cabaret performer), among others."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Movie Song Album", "paragraph_text": "The Movie Song Album is a 1966 studio album by Tony Bennett. The album consists of songs from films, opening with the theme from \"The Oscar\", in which Bennett had recently appeared. With this project of such high quality of song material and collaborators, he was to describe the album in his autobiography as his \"all time favorite record\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oscar Wenderoth", "paragraph_text": "Oscar Wenderoth (1871\u20131938) was an American architect who served as director of the Office of the Supervising Architect from 1912 to 1915. He is identified as the architect of many government buildings built during that period, including some listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Caucasia (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Caucasia (1998) is the first novel written by American author, Danzy Senna. \"Caucasia\" is the coming-of-age story of Birdie Lee and her sister Cole, two multiracial girls with a white mother and black father as parents. The novel is set in Boston, Massachusetts during the turbulent mid-1970s."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955\u20131968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "84th Academy Awards", "paragraph_text": "The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 26, 2012. The Artist was the second silent feature to win Best Picture. The 1927 film Wings was the first such film to achieve this distinction at the inaugural awards ceremony in 1929. Moreover, it was also the first black - and - white feature to win Best Picture since 1993's Schindler's List. Best Actor winner Jean Dujardin became the first French actor to win an Oscar. With her latest win for Best Actress, Meryl Streep became the fifth performer to win at least three acting Oscars. At age 82, Best Supporting Actor winner Christopher Plummer also made Oscar history by becoming the oldest ever performer to win a competitive acting Oscar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "70th Academy Awards", "paragraph_text": "The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards, Titanic tied with Ben - Hur for the most academy awards in Oscar history. It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenplay nomination since 1965's The Sound of Music. Best Actress winner Helen Hunt was the first performer to win an Oscar while concurrently starring in a television series; Jack Nicholson became the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars. Both won for their roles in As Good as it Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards. Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic, Best Actress nominee Kate Winslet and Best Supporting Actress nominee Gloria Stuart became the first pair of actress nominated for portraying the same character in the same film. At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to \"pass\" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing. A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards", "paragraph_text": "Whoopi Goldberg (born 1955), an actress, comedian and talk - show host, received her fourth distinct award in 2002. Between 1985 and 2009, Goldberg received a total of 6 awards. Goldberg is the first African American winner, the first to win the Oscar as their second award, and the first to win two of their awards in the same year (she won both her first Daytime Emmy and her Tony in 2002)."}], "question": "Who won the Oscar, Tony and Emmy from the same race the first multiracial president identified as?"}
{"id": "2hop__389195_338147", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "I Am (2010 American documentary film)", "paragraph_text": "I Am is a 2010 American documentary film written, directed, and narrated by Tom Shadyac. The film asks the question: \"What is wrong with the world, and what can we do about it?\", and explores Shadyac's personal journey after a bicycle accident in 2007 which led him to the answers \"the nature of humanity\", \"the world's ever-growing addiction to materialism\", and \"human connections\" Shot with Shadyac and a team of four, the film contrasts sharply with the director's most notable comedic works."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Theodoric of Prague", "paragraph_text": "Theodoric of Prague or Master Theoderic (in Latin Magister Theodoricus; working ca. 1360\u20131380) was a Bohemian Gothic painter who was court painter to Charles\u00a0IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the first Bohemian painter whose name can be linked to a body of work. His masterpiece, by which he is known, is the Chapel of the Holy Cross at Charles' newly completed Karl\u0161tejn Castle castle-palace near Prague, containing a large series of slightly over-lifesize half-length panel portraits of saints and other notable figures on a gold ground, commissioned in 1359, though completed over a number of years. Theodoric was the first Czech painter whose works are confirmed by archived documentation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "You and Me (2005 film)", "paragraph_text": "You and Me () is a 2005 Chinese film by writer-director Ma Liwen. The film, shot on a shoe-string budget, tells the story of a young woman who moves into an apartment run by a tough elderly woman. Their relationship, initially cold and hostile, soon develops into friendship over the course of four seasons. The film premiered at numerous international festivals, notably the 2005 Tokyo International Film Festival (where it picked up an award for actress Jin Yaqin) and the 2006 Berlin International Film Festival. The film was produced through the China Film Group and the Beijing Film Studio."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vellivelichathil", "paragraph_text": "Vellivelichathil is a 2014 Indian Malayalam movie, directed by National Award winning director, Madhu Kaithapram, starring media personality and Kairali TV Channel Managing Director John Brittas and Iniya in the leading roles. This is the first Malayalam movie to be shot entirely in Muscat, Oman."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mark Jones (filmmaker)", "paragraph_text": "Mark Jones (born January 17, 1953 in Los Angeles) is an American screenwriter, film director, television director, film producer, and television producer. He is notable for his work on the \"Leprechaun\" horror franchise and numerous television series such as \"The A-Team\" and \"The Highwayman\". Jones also wrote and directed the 2007 film \"Triloquist\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ibrahim Thiaw", "paragraph_text": "Thiaw joined the United Nations in 2007 as Director of the Division of Environmental Policy Implementation (DEPI) at United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). From 2013 to 2018, he was Deputy Executive Director of UNEP at the level of Assistant Secretary-General, under the leadership of successive Executive Directors Achim Steiner and Erik Solheim. He was appointed to this position by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 2 August 2013. In this capacity, he played a key role in shaping the organization\u2019s strategic vision, mid-term strategy and programme of work, and strengthened collaborations with Governments and other environmental governing bodies, including the United Nations Environmental Assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Body Shots (film)", "paragraph_text": "Body Shots is a 1999 American comedy drama film written by David McKenna and directed by Michael Cristofer. It stars Sean Patrick Flanery, Jerry O'Connell, Amanda Peet, Tara Reid and Ron Livingston. It tells the story of eight singles whose night of drunken debauchery goes terribly wrong."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "In the Dark Half", "paragraph_text": "\"In the Dark Half\" was shot in Bristol, England. Producer Matheson was drawn to the script because of the quality and opportunity to work in a new genre, and director Siddons was inspired by European horror films."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Absolute Body Control", "paragraph_text": "Absolute Body Control is an electronic music project from Belgium. It is notable as the first significant project of musicians Dirk Ivens and Eric Van Wonterghem."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "December (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "December () is a 2008 Brazilian drama film and directoral debut of Selton Mello. Shot in Rio de Janeiro, it stars Leonardo Medeiros, Darlene Gl\u00f3ria, Graziella Moretto, Paulo Guarnieri, and L\u00facio Mauro."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Donald B. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Donald B. Campbell is an Australian-born astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University. Prior to joining the Cornell faculty he was Director of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico for seven years. Campbell's research work is in the general area of planetary studies with a concentration on the radio-wavelength-scattering properties of planets, planetary satellites, and small bodies. His work includes studies of Venus, the Moon, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Titan, as well as comets and asteroids. Campbell observed near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros, which was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory radar system."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Earlene Brown", "paragraph_text": "Earlene Brown (n\u00e9e \"Dennis;\" June 11, 1935 \u2013 May 1, 1983) was an American athlete notable for her careers in track and field and roller games. She competed at the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics in the shot put and discus throw and won a bronze medal in the shot put in 1960; she finished fourth in the discus in 1956."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Across the Line (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "Across the Line is a 2015, Canadian drama film directed by Director X. It was set and shot in Nova Scotia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Army Inventions Board", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Army Inventions Board, otherwise known as the Army Inventions Directorate, was a government body of the Commonwealth of Australia, set up in 1942 to handle the thousands of inventions submitted by the public. These inventions numbered some 27,000; a mere 127 of which were eventually accepted by the Army as being of notable value or suitable for military purposes. The best known invention accepted by the Army Inventions Board was the Australian-designed Owen Gun, a machine carbine which took a few years to get off the ground."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gordon Chan", "paragraph_text": "Gordon Chan Kar-Seung (), born in 1960, is a Hong Kong film director, writer and producer. His most notable works include \"Beast Cops\", \"Fist of Legend\", \"Painted Skin\", \"2000 AD\" and \"\". In 2011 he announced and launched the productions for \"Mural\", \"Four Detectives/Four Marshals\", and \"Painted Skin 2\". Though for Painted Skin 2 he dropped out as the director and the director's seat was given to Wuershan. His 1996 film \"First Option\" was entered into the 20th Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Russell Mulcahy", "paragraph_text": "Russell Mulcahy (born 23 June 1953 in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian film director. Mulcahy's work is recognisable by the use of fast cuts, tracking shots and use of glowing lights, \"neo-noir\" lighting, windblown drapery, and fans. He was one of the most prominent music video directors of the 1980s and he has also worked in television since the early 1990s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Shot Marilyns", "paragraph_text": "The Shot Marilyns is a work of art produced in 1964 by Andy Warhol. It consists of four canvases, each a square measuring 40\u00a0inches and each consisting of a painting of Marilyn Monroe, each shot through in the forehead by a single bullet."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Bucket of Blood", "paragraph_text": "A Bucket of Blood is a 1959 American black comedy horror film directed by Roger Corman. It starred Dick Miller and was set in beatnik culture. The film, produced on a $50,000 budget, was shot in five days and shares many of the low-budget filmmaking aesthetics commonly associated with Corman's work. Written by Charles B. Griffith, the film is a dark comic satire about a dimwitted, impressionable young busboy at a Bohemian caf\u00e9 who is acclaimed as a brilliant sculptor when he accidentally kills his landlady's cat and covers its body in clay to hide the evidence. When he is pressured to create similar work, he becomes murderous."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Blood Feast", "paragraph_text": "Blood Feast is a 1963 American horror splatter film composed, shot and directed by Herschell Gordon Lewis and starring Mal Arnold, William Arnold, Connie Mason and Lyn Bolton. The plot focuses on a psychopathic food caterer named Fuad Ramses (Arnold) who kills women so that he can include their body parts in his meals and perform sacrifices to his \"Egyptian goddess\" Ishtar. It is considered the first splatter film, and is notable for its groundbreaking depictions of on-screen gore. It was highly successful, grossing $4 million against its minuscule $24,500 budget. The film was followed by a belated sequel, \"\", in 2002."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Shadow Box", "paragraph_text": "The Shadow Box is a play written by actor Michael Cristofer. The play made its Broadway debut on March 31, 1977. It is the winner of the 1977 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Award for Best Play. The play was made into a telefilm, directed by Paul Newman in 1980."}], "question": "What other notable work did the director of Body Shots make?"}
{"id": "2hop__16160_62001", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Presidency of Donald Trump", "paragraph_text": "Donald Trump was inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States at noon EST on January 20, 2017, succeeding Barack Obama. Trump, the Republican nominee, was a businessman and reality television personality from New York City at the time of his victory in the 2016 presidential election over the Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton. While Trump lost the popular vote by nearly 3 million votes, he won the Electoral College vote by 304 to 227. His running mate, former Governor Mike Pence of Indiana, took office as the 48th Vice President of the United States on the same day. Trump's term in office is set to end on January 20, 2021, though he is eligible for election to a second term and has declared his intention to run, announcing his reelection campaign on the day of his inauguration. Opinion polls have shown Trump to be the least popular President in the history of modern American presidential opinion polling, as of the end of his first year in office."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Margaret Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is the daughter of Beatrix Hamburg and David A. Hamburg, both physicians. Her mother was the first self-identified African-American woman to be accepted at Vassar College and to earn a degree from the Yale University School of Medicine. Her father is President Emeritus of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and also served as the president of the AAAS in 1984."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Term of office", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, the president of the United States is elected indirectly through the United States Electoral College to a four - year term, with a term limit of two terms (totaling eight years) or a maximum of ten years if the president acted as president for two years or less in a term where another was elected as president, imposed by the Twenty - second Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1951."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "President of Cuba", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: Presidente de la Rep\u00fablica de Cuba), officially called President of the Council of State (Spanish: Presidente del Consejo de Estado de Cuba) between 1976 and 2019, is the head of the Council of State of Cuba. The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019. The president is the second most powerful position, after the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba.Under the 1901 constitution, Cuba had a presidential system based on that of the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Victoria Woodhull", "paragraph_text": "Victoria Claflin Woodhull, later Victoria Woodhull Martin (September 23, 1838 -- June 9, 1927), was an American leader of the women's suffrage movement. In 1872, she ran for President of the United States. While many historians and authors agree that Woodhull was the first woman to run for President of the United States, some have questioned that priority given issues with the legality of her run. They disagree with classifying it as a true candidacy because she was younger than the constitutionally mandated age of 35. However, election coverage by contemporary newspapers does not suggest age was a significant issue; this may, however, be due to the fact that no one took the candidacy seriously (Woodhull's 35th birthday was in September 1873, seven months after the March inauguration)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "African-American candidates for President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 1972, Shirley Chisholm was the first African - American major party candidate for president. She was a candidate for the Democratic Party nomination and participated in the Democratic primaries in numerous states. She campaigned in 12 states and won 28 delegates. In the actual balloting at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, she gained additional votes from disaffected Democrats and ended with 152 delegates."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Father of the Nation", "paragraph_text": "George Washington United States Father of his country George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the ``father of his country ''for his role as the commander - in - chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to \"pass\" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "President of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria. The President of Nigeria is also the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe, who took office on October 1, 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari, took office on May 29, 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate Seal of the President pro tempore Incumbent Orrin Hatch (R) since January 6, 2015 United States Senate Style Mr. President (Informal and within the Senate) The Honorable (Formal) Status Deputy presiding officer Seat United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. Appointer United States Senate Term length At the pleasure of the Senate, and until another is elected or their term of office as a Senator expires Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4, 1789 First holder John Langdon April 6, 1789 Succession Third Deputy Any senator, typically a member of the majority party, designated by the President pro tempore Website www.senate.gov"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1788 -- 89 was the first quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789. It was conducted under the new United States Constitution, which had been ratified earlier in 1788. In the election, George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president, and John Adams became the first vice president."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The President pro tempore of the United States Senate (also president pro tem) is the second - highest - ranking official of the United States Senate. Article One, Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the Vice President of the United States is, despite not being a U.S. Senator, the President of the Senate, and mandates that the Senate must choose a President pro tempore to act in the Vice President's absence. Unlike the Vice President, the President pro tempore is an elected member of the Senate, able to speak or vote on any issue. Selected by the Senate at large, the President pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers. During the Vice President's absence, the President pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. In practice, neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore usually presides; instead, the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. Senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "115th United States Congress", "paragraph_text": "The One Hundred Fifteenth United States Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It meets in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2017, to January 3, 2019, during the final weeks of the Obama presidency and the first two years of Donald Trump's presidency. The November 2016 elections maintained Republican control of both the House and Senate."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Vice President of the United States Seal of the Vice President Flag of the Vice President Incumbent Mike Pence since January 20, 2017 Legislative branch of the U.S. government Executive branch of the U.S. government Office of the Vice President Style Mr. Vice President (informal) The Honorable (formal) Mr. President (as President of the Senate) His Excellency (international correspondence) Status Second - highest executive branch officer President of the Senate Member of Cabinet National Security Council United States Senate (Ex officio) Residence Number One Observatory Circle Seat Washington, D.C. Nominator President of the United States, Political parties Appointer Electoral College of the United States Term length 4 years, no term limit Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4, 1789 (229 years ago) (1789 - 03 - 04) First holder John Adams April 21, 1789 Succession First Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate (in the Senate) Salary US $230,700 annually Website www.whitehouse.gov"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1886 United States House of Representatives elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1796 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1796 was the third quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 4 to Wednesday, December 7, 1796. It was the first contested American presidential election, the first presidential election in which political parties played a dominant role, and the only presidential election in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets. Incumbent Vice President John Adams of the Federalist Party defeated former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic - Republican Party."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William Henry Harrison", "paragraph_text": "William Henry Harrison Sr. (February 9, 1773 -- April 4, 1841) was an American military officer, a principal contributor in the War of 1812, and the ninth president of the United States (1841). He was the last president born before the American Revolution, and died of pneumonia just 31 days into his term, thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. He was the first president to die in office, and his death sparked a brief constitutional crisis. Its resolution left unsettled Constitutional questions as to the presidential line of succession until the passage of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967. Harrison was a son of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V and in turn was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd United States President (1889 -- 1893)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Keith Judd", "paragraph_text": "Keith Russell Judd (born May 23, 1958) is an American perennial candidate for political office. His nicknames include \"Dark Priest\" and \"Mtr. President\". He claims to have run for President of the United States in every election since 1996."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Martin Van Buren", "paragraph_text": "Martin Van Buren (born Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 -- July 24, 1862) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A founder of the Democratic Party, he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government, including eighth Vice President (1833 -- 1837) and tenth Secretary of State (1829 -- 1831), both under Andrew Jackson. Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson's policies. The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection. During his half - century of public service, he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level; at the end of his life, he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln's policies during the American Civil War. Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen. Of Dutch descent, he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "George Howard Jr.", "paragraph_text": "George Howard Jr. (May 13, 1924 \u2013 April 21, 2007) was an American World War II veteran, attorney, and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas and the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas. He was the first African-American United States District Judge in Arkansas. Howard played an important role in the Whitewater controversy, presiding over several Whitewater-related cases, including the separate trials of Jim and Susan McDougal, and once called on President Bill Clinton to testify."}], "question": "Who was the first person of the race the first multiracial president identifies as to run for president of the United States?"}
{"id": "2hop__671481_10665", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford", "paragraph_text": "Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford and 1st Baron Audley, KB, KG (2 March 1377 \u2013 21 July 1403) was the son of Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford and Philippa de Beauchamp."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent", "paragraph_text": "Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (5 August 130119 March 1330) was the sixth son of Edward I of England, and a younger half-brother of Edward II. Edward I had intended to make substantial grants of land to Edmund, but when the king died in 1307, Edward II failed to follow through on his father's intentions, much due to his favouritism towards Piers Gaveston. Edmund still remained loyal to his brother, and in 1321 he was created Earl of Kent. He played an important part in Edward's administration, acting both as diplomat and military commander, and in 1321\u201322 helped suppress a rebellion against the King."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York", "paragraph_text": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York KG (born 17 August 1473), was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after Richard III became king in 1483."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Maurice FitzGerald, 6th Duke of Leinster", "paragraph_text": "Maurice FitzGerald, 6th Duke of Leinster, etc. (1 March 1887 \u2013 4 February 1922), was the eldest son of the 5th Duke of Leinster and his wife, the former Lady Hermione Wilhelmina Duncombe, a daughter of The 1st Earl of Feversham."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles (before 1596 \u2013 15 December 1619) was the son and heir apparent of Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond (1559 \u2013 1632/3) (whom he predeceased) and Helen Butler. He resided at Thurles Castle, Thurles, County Tipperary. He was the father of the noted Anglo-Irish statesman and Royalist commander James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Edward VIII", "paragraph_text": "Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park, on the outskirts of London during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. He was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary). His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the eldest daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck (Francis and Mary Adelaide). At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind his grandfather and father."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick", "paragraph_text": "James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, 1st Duke of Liria and J\u00e9rica, 1st Duke of Fitz-James (21 August 1670 \u2013 12 June 1734) was an Anglo-French military leader, illegitimate son of King James II of England by Arabella Churchill, sister of the 1st Duke of Marlborough. Berwick was a successful general in the pay of Louis XIV of France."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Father and Son (book)", "paragraph_text": "Father and Son (1907) is a memoir by poet and critic Edmund Gosse, which he subtitled \"a study of two temperaments.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Duke Xian of Jin", "paragraph_text": "Duke Xian of Jin (, died 651 BC), ancestral name Ji (\u59ec), given name Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8), was the nineteenth ruler of the State of Jin. He was also the ninth ruler of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period and the second duke of Jin. When his father, Duke Wu of Jin, died in 677 BC, Guizhu ascended the throne of Jin and became Duke Xian of Jin. He reigned for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (\u66f2\u6c83) to Jiang (\u7d73). He was named after a Rongdi tribe (\u620e\u72c4\u65cf) leader Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8) whom his father, Duke Wu of Jin, captured alive."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York", "paragraph_text": "Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York (1355 \u2013 23 December 1392) was the daughter of King Peter and his mistress Mar\u00eda de Padilla (d. 1361). She accompanied her elder sister, Constance, to England after Constance's marriage to John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and married Gaunt's younger brother, Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "George Wakeman", "paragraph_text": "Sir George Wakeman (died 1688) was an English doctor, who was royal physician to Catherine of Braganza, Consort of Charles II of England. In 1678, on the outbreak of the fabricated Popish Plot, he was falsely accused of treason by Titus Oates, who had gained the backing of Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of Danby, the effective head of the English government. Oates accused Wakeman of conspiring to kill the King with the help of the Jesuits, and to put his brother James, Duke of York on the throne in his place. At his trial in 1679 Wakeman was acquitted, the first sign that the public was beginning to lose faith in the reality of the Plot."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen", "paragraph_text": "Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (2 April 1826 \u2013 25 June 1914), was the penultimate Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, reigning from 1866 to 1914. For his support for his successful court theatre he was also known as the \"Theaterherzog\" (theatre duke)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York", "paragraph_text": "Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, KG (5 June 13411 August 1402) was the fourth surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Like many medieval English princes, Edmund gained his nickname from his birthplace: Kings Langley Palace in Hertfordshire. He was the founder of the House of York, but it was through the marriage of his younger son, Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, to Anne de Mortimer, great-granddaughter of Edmund's elder brother Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, that the House of York made its claim to the English throne in the Wars of the Roses. The other party in the Wars of the Roses, the incumbent House of Lancaster, was formed from descendants of Edmund's elder brother John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, Edward III's third son."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Langley Gold Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Langley Gold Medal, or Samuel P. Langley Medal for Aerodromics, is an award given by the Smithsonian Institution for outstanding contributions to the sciences of aeronautics and astronautics. Named in honor of Samuel P. Langley, the Smithsonian's third Secretary, it was authorized by the Board of Regents in 1909."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to 1453. Early in the war the English under Edward III (r. 1327\u201377) and his son Edward, the Black Prince (d. 1376),[AF] won the battles of Cr\u00e9cy and Poitiers, captured the city of Calais, and won control of much of France.[AG] The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war. In the early 15th century, France again came close to dissolving, but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc (d. 1431) led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453. The price was high, as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict. Conversely, the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity, doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal. The conflict with France also helped create a national culture in England separate from French culture, which had previously been the dominant influence. The dominance of the English longbow began during early stages of the Hundred Years' War, and cannon appeared on the battlefield at Cr\u00e9cy in 1346."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ernest Arrighi de Casanova", "paragraph_text": "Ernest Arrighi de Casanova, 2nd Duke of Padoue (26 September 1814, Paris \u2013 28 March 1888) was a French Bonapartist politician. Son of the 1st Duke of Padoue."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Randall Munroe", "paragraph_text": "Munroe worked as a contract programmer and roboticist for NASA at the Langley Research Center before and after his graduation. In October 2006 NASA did not renew his contract, and he moved to Boston to begin writing xkcd full-time."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Henry FitzJames", "paragraph_text": "Henry FitzJames (6 August 1673 \u2013 16 December 1702), titular 1st Duke of Albemarle in the Jacobite peerage, was the illegitimate son of King James II of England and VII of Scotland by Arabella Churchill, sister of the first Duke of Marlborough."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter", "paragraph_text": "Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter (27 June 1430 \u2013 September 1475) was a Lancastrian leader during the English Wars of the Roses. He was the only son of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, and his first wife, Lady Anne Stafford. His maternal grandparents were Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford, and Anne of Gloucester."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk", "paragraph_text": "Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, 6th Earl of Suffolk, (c. 147130 April 1513), Duke of Suffolk, was a son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and his wife Elizabeth of York."}], "question": "When did the reign of the father of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, begin?"}
{"id": "2hop__21542_10665", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sadnalegs", "paragraph_text": "Sadnalegs () or Trid\u00e9 Songtsen (), was the youngest son of King Trisong Detsen of Tibet (reigned 800\u2013815 CE \u2013 though various accounts give the beginning of his reign as 797 or 804 CE)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tamatoa VI", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ari'imate Teururai later known as King Tamatoa VI (1853 \u2013 15 September 1905), was a member of a Tahitian royal family, the \"House of Teururai\" which reigned on the Tahitian island of Huahin\u00e9 and Maia'o during the 19th century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Song of Roland", "paragraph_text": "The Song of Roland (French: La Chanson de Roland) is an epic poem (Chanson de geste) based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature and exists in various manuscript versions, which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dead end (street)", "paragraph_text": "The expression cul - de-sac comes from French, where it originally meant ``bottom of the sack ''. It was first used in English in anatomy (since 1738). It was used for dead - end streets since 1800 in English (since the 14th century in French). The often heard erroneous folk etymology`` arse / ass (buttocks) of the sack'' is based on the modern meaning of cul in French, Catalan, and Occitan, but cul does n't have that meaning in cul - de-sac, which is still used to refer to dead ends in modern French although the terms impasse and voie sans issue are more common in modern French."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Br\u00f3dno (9th/10th century) and Jazd\u00f3w (12th/13th century). After Jazd\u00f3w was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of P\u0142ock, Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia, established this settlement, the modern-day Warsaw, in about 1300. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the official capital of Masovian Duchy in 1413. 14th-century Warsaw's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Toilet paper", "paragraph_text": "The use of paper for hygiene has been recorded in China in the 6th century AD, with specifically manufactured toilet paper being mass - produced in the 14th century. Modern commercial toilet paper originated in the 19th century, with a patent for roll - based dispensers being made in 1883."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wielkopolska Chronicle", "paragraph_text": "The Wielkopolska Chronicle (or \"Chronicle of Greater Poland\", ) is an anonymous medieval chronicle describing supposed history of Poland from legendary times up to the year 1273. It was written in Latin at the end of the 13th or the beginning of the 14th century."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "It was first printed by Robert Barker, the King's Printer, and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities: The first had been the Great Bible, commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII (1535), and the second had been the Bishops' Bible, commissioned in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1568). In January 1604, King James I convened the Hampton Court Conference, where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans, a faction of the Church of England. The translation is noted for its ``majesty of style '', and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "Later fresco replaced the more labor-intensive technique of mosaic in Western-Europe, although mosaics were sometimes used as decoration on medieval cathedrals. The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r (Alba Regia) had a mosaic decoration in the apse. It was probably a work of Venetian or Ravennese craftsmen, executed in the first decades of the 11th century. The mosaic was almost totally destroyed together with the basilica in the 17th century. The Golden Gate of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague got its name from the golden 14th-century mosaic of the Last Judgement above the portal. It was executed by Venetian craftsmen."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alfred Lawson Brown", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Lawson Brown (1927 \u2013 28 August 2006) was Edwards Professor of Medieval History at the University of Glasgow from 1973 to 1978. He succeeded Lionel Stones in this position. Brown was a specialist in English government of the 14th and 15th centuries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tegla Kar", "paragraph_text": "The Tegla Kar Dzong was a fort located on a cliff above the town of Burang (also called Taklakot) in Burang County, southwestern Tibet near the Nepalese border. It seems that the Tegla Kar was built during the Zhangzhung period which was conquered by the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo in the beginning of 7th century. It became the main fort of the kingdom of Burang in the 10th century during the reign of King Kori. The kingdom disappeared during the 15th century. After the decline of the kingdom the Dzong was converted into a convent. Tegla Kar and the nearby Simbiling Monastery was completely destroyed by artillery in 1967 during the Chinese Cultural Revolution."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of the Church of England", "paragraph_text": "The Church of England became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy, beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation. During the reign of Queen Mary I and King Philip, the church was fully restored under Rome in 1555. However, the pope's authority was again explicitly rejected after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I when the Act of Supremacy 1558 was passed. Catholic and Reformed factions vied for determining the doctrines and worship of the church. This ended with the 1558 Elizabethan Settlement, which developed the understanding that the church was to be ``both Catholic and Reformed ''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Catalan language", "paragraph_text": "In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u00e6n/, /k\u00e6t\u0259\u02c8l\u00e6n/ or /\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u0259n/."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Storm of the Century", "paragraph_text": "Storm of the Century, alternatively known as Stephen King's Storm of the Century, is a 1999 American horror television miniseries written by Stephen King and directed by Craig R. Baxley. Unlike many other King mini-series, \"Storm of the Century\" was not based upon a Stephen King novel\u2014King wrote it as a screenplay from the beginning. The screenplay was published in February 1999."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, as part of the far easternmost territories. The area remained under Persian control for two centuries. During this time India supplied mercenaries to the Persian army then fighting in Greece."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "George VI", "paragraph_text": "The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as \"the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sultan Husayn", "paragraph_text": "Sultan Husayn (also known as Soltan Hosayn and Soltan Hosein), (October 1668 \u2013 November 1726) () reigned 1694\u20131722; was a Safavid Shah of Iran (Persia). He ruled from 1694 until he was overthrown in 1722 by rebellious marauder Mahmud Hotaki, an Afghan of Pashtun ethnic background. His reign saw the downfall of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Persia since the beginning of the 16th century."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to 1453. Early in the war the English under Edward III (r. 1327\u201377) and his son Edward, the Black Prince (d. 1376),[AF] won the battles of Cr\u00e9cy and Poitiers, captured the city of Calais, and won control of much of France.[AG] The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war. In the early 15th century, France again came close to dissolving, but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc (d. 1431) led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453. The price was high, as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict. Conversely, the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity, doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal. The conflict with France also helped create a national culture in England separate from French culture, which had previously been the dominant influence. The dominance of the English longbow began during early stages of the Hundred Years' War, and cannon appeared on the battlefield at Cr\u00e9cy in 1346."}], "question": "When did the reign of the English king associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century begin?"}
{"id": "2hop__703045_723637", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Louie Giglio", "paragraph_text": "Louie Giglio (pronounced GIG-leo) is the pastor of Passion City Church, located in Atlanta, Georgia. He is also a public speaker, author, and the founder of the Passion Movement."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Man from the Black Hills", "paragraph_text": "Man from the Black Hills is a 1952 American western film directed by Thomas Carr and starring Johnny Mack Brown, James Ellison and Rand Brooks."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gene H. Bell-Villada", "paragraph_text": "Gene H. Bell-Villada (born 1941 in Haiti) is an American literary critic, novelist, translator and memoirist, with strong interests in Latin American Writing, Modernism, and Magic Realism. His works include \"The Carlos Chadwick Mystery: A Novel of College Life and Political Terror\", the short story collection \"The Pianist Who Liked Ayn Rand\", and the critical studies \"Art for Art's Sake and the Literary Life\", \"Borges And His Fiction: A Guide To His Mind And Art\" and \"Garcia Marquez: The Man And His Work\". He holds a doctorate from Harvard University and has been a professor at Williams College since 1975."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aachen Altar", "paragraph_text": "The Aachen Altar (de: \"Aachener Altar\") or Passion Altar (\"Passionsaltar\") is a late gothic passion triptych in the Aachen Cathedral Treasury, made by the so-called Master of the Aachen Altar around 1515/20 in Cologne, Germany."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Passion of the Jew", "paragraph_text": "\"The Passion of the Jew\" is the third episode of the eighth season and the 114th overall episode of the American animated series \"South Park\", originally broadcast on Comedy Central on March 31, 2004. It was written and directed by Trey Parker, who, along with fellow series co-creator Matt Stone, voiced most of the characters in the episode. \"The Passion of the Jew\" is a satirical critique of the media discourse and controversy surrounding Mel Gibson's 2004 film, \"The Passion of the Christ\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Passion of Ayn Rand (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film stars Helen Mirren as philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand, who engages in an affair with Nathaniel Branden, played by Eric Stoltz, a psychologist who is 25 years younger than her. Branden built up an institute to spread Rand's ideas, but the two eventually had a falling-out. The film also stars Julie Delpy as Branden's wife, Barbara, and Peter Fonda as Rand's husband Frank O'Connor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "South African rand", "paragraph_text": "The rand takes its name from the Witwatersrand (\"white waters' ridge\" in English), the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Astronaut's Wife", "paragraph_text": "The Astronaut's Wife is a 1999 American science fiction thriller film directed and written by Rand Ravich. It stars Johnny Depp and Charlize Theron."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Santa Monica, California", "paragraph_text": "Douglas's business grew astronomically with the onset of World War II, employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943. To defend against air attack set designers from the Warner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield. The RAND Corporation began as a project of the Douglas Company in 1945, and spun off into an independent think tank on May 14, 1948. RAND eventually acquired a 15-acre (61,000 m\u00b2) campus centrally located between the Civic Center and the pier entrance."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ed Rand", "paragraph_text": "Warren Ed Rand, known as Ed Rand (February 4, 1920 \u2013 March 26, 1999), was a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from Alexandria, Louisiana, who served a single term from 1960 to 1964 during the administration of Governor Jimmie Davis."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Passion of Ayn Rand", "paragraph_text": "The Passion of Ayn Rand is a biography of Ayn Rand by writer and lecturer Barbara Branden, a former friend and business associate. Published by Doubleday in 1986, it was the first full-length biography of Rand and the basis for the 1999 film of the same name starring Helen Mirren as Rand."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brian Darling", "paragraph_text": "Brian Darling (born 1965) is the president and founder of the firm Liberty Government Affairs. He was Senior Communications Director and Counsel for Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) and a former senior fellow in government studies at The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think-tank based in Washington, D.C. Darling has been involved in U.S. politics since the early 1990s, in roles as a congressional aide, lobbyist and legal counsel. Darling came to national media attention when he resigned as legal counsel to Republican Senator Mel Martinez of Florida after admitting he was the author of the \"Schiavo memo.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "South African rand", "paragraph_text": "The rand was introduced in the Union of South Africa on 14 February 1961, three months before the country declared itself a republic. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings, and pence; it submitted its recommendations on 8 August 1958. It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand to 1 pound, or 10 shillings to the rand. The government introduced a mascot, Decimal Dan, \"the rand-cent man\" (known in Afrikaans as Daan Desimaal). This was accompanied by a radio jingle, to inform the public about the new currency."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "South African pound", "paragraph_text": "The pound (symbol \u00a3) was the currency of the Union of South Africa from the creation of the country as a British Dominion in 1910. It was replaced by the rand in 1961, the same year that South Africa became a republic."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Botswana pula", "paragraph_text": "The pula was introduced in 1976, replacing the South African rand at par. Despite a 12% devaluation in May 2005, the pula remains one of the strongest currencies in Africa."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Piper Kerman", "paragraph_text": "Piper Kerman Kerman at the University of Missouri in 2014 Piper Eressea Kerman (1969 - 09 - 28) September 28, 1969 (age 49) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Alma mater Smith College Occupation Writer, author, memoirist Notable work Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison Spouse (s) Larry Smith (m. 2006) Website piperkerman.com www.thepipebomb.com"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Iron Fist (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "After being presumed dead for 15 years, Danny Rand returns to New York City to reclaim his family company from Harold Meachum and his children Ward Meachum and Joy Meachum. When a threat emerges, Rand must choose between his family's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rose Wilder Lane", "paragraph_text": "Rose Wilder Lane (December 5, 1886 \u2013 October 30, 1968) was an American journalist, travel writer, novelist, political theorist and daughter of American writer Laura Ingalls Wilder. Along with two other female writers, Ayn Rand and Isabel Paterson, Lane is noted as one of the founders of the American libertarian movement."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Abe Bailey Nature Reserve", "paragraph_text": "Abe Bailey Nature Reserve is a protected area in Gauteng, South Africa. It is situated near Carletonville, beside the township of Khutsong on the West Rand. It is about 4,200 hectares in size."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "South African Bank Note Company", "paragraph_text": "The South African Bank Note Company (SABN) is a South African security printing company responsible for the printing of the South African Rand. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the South African Reserve Bank."}], "question": "Who was married to the author of \"The Passion of Ayn Rand\"?"}
{"id": "2hop__27829_27804", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James Aspnes", "paragraph_text": "James Aspnes is a professor in Computer Science at Yale University. He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1992. His main research interest is distributed algorithms."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ingemar St\u00e5hl", "paragraph_text": "Ingemar St\u00e5hl (June 2, 1938 \u2013 February 6, 2014) was a Swedish economist and an economics professor from Lund University."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Data compression", "paragraph_text": "Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use a reference genome for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for HapMap data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression and in much faster time than the leading general-purpose compression utilities. For this, Chanda, Elhaik, and Bader introduced MAF based encoding (MAFE), which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency, thus homogenizing the dataset. Other algorithms in 2009 and 2013 (DNAZip and GenomeZip) have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold\u2014allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes (relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gilles Saint-Paul", "paragraph_text": "Gilles Saint-Paul (born 8 February 1963) is a French economist at the Toulouse 1 University Social Sciences. He also is a scientific advisor to the Economic Studies Directorate at the French Ministry of the Environment. His main interests include the political economy of unemployment and how information technology affects wage inequality."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Welfare definition of economics", "paragraph_text": "The welfare definition of economics is an attempt by Alfred Marshall, a pioneer neoclassical economist, to redefine his field of study. This definition expands the field of economic science to a larger study of humanity. Specifically, Marshall's view is that economics studies all the actions that people take in order to achieve economic welfare. In the words of Marshall, ``man earns money to get material welfare. ''This is why economists since Marshall have described his definition as the welfare definition of economics. This definition enlarged the scope of economic science by emphasizing the study of wealth and humanity together, rather than wealth alone."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Karl Schiller", "paragraph_text": "Karl August Fritz Schiller (24 April 1911 \u2013 26 December 1994) was a German economist and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). From 1966 to 1972, he was Federal Minister of Economic Affairs and from 1971 to 1972 Federal Minister of Finance. He was the inventor of the \"magic square\", depicting Economic equilibrium, and of the \"Concerted activity\" (\"\") to reflate the German market. He is thus seen as one of the most influential German economists beside Ludwig Erhard."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pieter Hennipman", "paragraph_text": "Pieter Hennipman (12 September 1911 \u2013 4 July 1994) was a Dutch economist, Professor of Economics at the University of Amsterdam, who is considered the \"leading Dutch economist of the post-war period.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Isaac Ehrlich", "paragraph_text": "Isaac Ehrlich (born 1938) is an American economist. He has done research in the economics of crime and law enforcement and the economics of deterrence, including the death penalty and its deterrent effects. Ehrlich has served as the Chair of the Department of Economics at the State University of New York at Buffalo since 2000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Don Drummond (economist)", "paragraph_text": "Don Drummond, is a noted Canadian economist, having served extensively in the federal Department of Finance Canada, as Chief Economist at Toronto-Dominion Bank and as a scholar at Queen's University. He is known for his wide contributions to public policy in Canada and extensive citation on economic issues."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Frank Aaen", "paragraph_text": "Frank Aaen is an educated economist and holds a master's degree in economics from Aalborg University which he received in 1985."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Heidi Shierholz", "paragraph_text": "Heidi Shierholz (born October 10, 1971) was Chief Economist to the U.S. Secretary of Labor, serving under Secretary Thomas Perez. Previously, Dr. Shierholz was a labor market economist with the Economic Policy Institute, a think tank based in Washington, D.C. that advocates for liberal views."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in Germany, which was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in Budapest, and so did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in that book and corrected them, for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras' Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that the profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Antoaneta Vassileva", "paragraph_text": "Antoaneta Vassileva (in Bulgarian: ; born 1960) is a Bulgarian economist and Professor of Global Economics and International Economic Relations at the International Economic Relations and Business Department at the University of National and World Economy (UNWE). She was Dean of the International Economics and Politics Faculty of the UNWE from 2011 until 2014."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jean-Pierre Ponssard", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Pierre Ponssard (born 1946) is a French economist, senior research fellow of the CNRS, and professor of economics and research vice president of the economic department of the \u00c9cole Polytechnique."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "David Kinley", "paragraph_text": "David Kinley (2 August 1861 \u2013 3 December 1944) was a Scotland-born economist who worked in the United States. He was head of the department of economics of the University of Illinois and later president of the University. As an economist, he was of the classical school, and his main interest was in money and banking. Administration gradually took up most of his time as his career progressed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ricardian socialism", "paragraph_text": "Ricardian socialism is a branch of classical economic thought based upon the work of the economist David Ricardo (1772\u20131823). The term is used to describe economists in the 1820s and 1830s who developed a theory of capitalist exploitation from the theory developed by Ricardo that stated that labor is the source of all wealth and exchange value. This principle extends back to the principles of English philosopher John Locke. The Ricardian socialists reasoned that labor is entitled to all it produces, and that rent, profit and interest were not natural outgrowths of the free market process but were instead distortions. They argued that private ownership of the means of production should be supplanted by cooperatives owned by associations of workers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hirschberg's algorithm", "paragraph_text": "In computer science, Hirschberg's algorithm, named after its inventor, Dan Hirschberg, is a dynamic programming algorithm that finds the optimal sequence alignment between two strings. Optimality is measured with the Levenshtein distance, defined to be the sum of the costs of insertions, replacements, deletions, and null actions needed to change one string into the other. Hirschberg's algorithm is simply described as a more space efficient version of the Needleman\u2013Wunsch algorithm that uses divide and conquer. Hirschberg's algorithm is commonly used in computational biology to find maximal global alignments of DNA and protein sequences."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged. Von Neumann wrote the sorting program for the EDVAC in ink, being 23 pages long; traces can still be seen on the first page of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Michael Todaro", "paragraph_text": "Michael Paul Todaro (born May 14, 1942) is an American economist and a pioneer in the field of development economics."}], "question": "What economist did the inventor of the merge-sort algorithm get to know that spurred the interest in economics?"}
{"id": "2hop__27793_27804", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by introducing discrete energy levels. Not only did quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small scales, but even more disturbingly, the theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915, showed that the fixed background of spacetime, on which both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity depended, could not exist. In 1925, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger formulated quantum mechanics, which explained the preceding quantum theories. The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance, led to the understanding that the universe is expanding, and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by Georges Lema\u00eetre."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jean-Pierre Ponssard", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Pierre Ponssard (born 1946) is a French economist, senior research fellow of the CNRS, and professor of economics and research vice president of the economic department of the \u00c9cole Polytechnique."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lewis Spur", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Spur () is a rock spur west of Frost Spur on the north side of Dufek Massif, in the Pensacola Mountains of Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1956\u201366, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Atles F. Lewis, an aviation structural mechanic in the Ellsworth Station winter party, 1957."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gilles Saint-Paul", "paragraph_text": "Gilles Saint-Paul (born 8 February 1963) is a French economist at the Toulouse 1 University Social Sciences. He also is a scientific advisor to the Economic Studies Directorate at the French Ministry of the Environment. His main interests include the political economy of unemployment and how information technology affects wage inequality."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Michael Todaro", "paragraph_text": "Michael Paul Todaro (born May 14, 1942) is an American economist and a pioneer in the field of development economics."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pieter Hennipman", "paragraph_text": "Pieter Hennipman (12 September 1911 \u2013 4 July 1994) was a Dutch economist, Professor of Economics at the University of Amsterdam, who is considered the \"leading Dutch economist of the post-war period.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ricardian socialism", "paragraph_text": "Ricardian socialism is a branch of classical economic thought based upon the work of the economist David Ricardo (1772\u20131823). The term is used to describe economists in the 1820s and 1830s who developed a theory of capitalist exploitation from the theory developed by Ricardo that stated that labor is the source of all wealth and exchange value. This principle extends back to the principles of English philosopher John Locke. The Ricardian socialists reasoned that labor is entitled to all it produces, and that rent, profit and interest were not natural outgrowths of the free market process but were instead distortions. They argued that private ownership of the means of production should be supplanted by cooperatives owned by associations of workers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Antoaneta Vassileva", "paragraph_text": "Antoaneta Vassileva (in Bulgarian: ; born 1960) is a Bulgarian economist and Professor of Global Economics and International Economic Relations at the International Economic Relations and Business Department at the University of National and World Economy (UNWE). She was Dean of the International Economics and Politics Faculty of the UNWE from 2011 until 2014."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a \"fifth element\" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment\u2014an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pauli exclusion principle", "paragraph_text": "The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions (particles with half - integer spin) can not occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. In the case of electrons in atoms, it can be stated as follows: it is impossible for two electrons of a poly - electron atom to have the same values of the four quantum numbers: n, the principal quantum number, l, the angular momentum quantum number, m, the magnetic quantum number, and m, the spin quantum number. For example, if two electrons reside in the same orbital, and if their n, l, and m values are the same, then their m must be different, and thus the electrons must have opposite half - integer spins of 1 / 2 and \u2212 1 / 2. This principle was formulated by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 for electrons, and later extended to all fermions with his spin - statistics theorem of 1940."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bernard Haisch", "paragraph_text": "Bernard Haisch is a German-born American astrophysicist who has done research in solar-stellar astrophysics and stochastic electrodynamics. He has developed with Alfonso Rueda a speculative theory that the non-zero lowest energy state of the vacuum, as predicted by quantum mechanics, might provide a physical explanation for the origin of inertia, and might someday be used for spacecraft propulsion. Haisch has advocated the serious scientific study of phenomena outside the traditional scope of science and is known for his interest in the UFO phenomenon as well as a variety of other unorthodox topics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, with his 1932 work Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized, in 1926, that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in Germany, which was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in Budapest, and so did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in that book and corrected them, for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras' Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that the profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Human Development Index", "paragraph_text": "The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose \"to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies\". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Theory of everything", "paragraph_text": "Gravity and electromagnetism could always peacefully coexist as entries in a list of classical forces, but for many years it seemed that gravity could not even be incorporated into the quantum framework, let alone unified with the other fundamental forces. For this reason, work on unification, for much of the twentieth century, focused on understanding the three \"quantum\" forces: electromagnetism and the weak and strong forces. The first two were combined in 1967\u201368 by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam into the \"electroweak\" force."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Welfare definition of economics", "paragraph_text": "The welfare definition of economics is an attempt by Alfred Marshall, a pioneer neoclassical economist, to redefine his field of study. This definition expands the field of economic science to a larger study of humanity. Specifically, Marshall's view is that economics studies all the actions that people take in order to achieve economic welfare. In the words of Marshall, ``man earns money to get material welfare. ''This is why economists since Marshall have described his definition as the welfare definition of economics. This definition enlarged the scope of economic science by emphasizing the study of wealth and humanity together, rather than wealth alone."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dirac equation", "paragraph_text": "In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin- massive particles such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry. It is consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity, and was the first theory to account fully for special relativity in the context of quantum mechanics. It was validated by accounting for the fine details of the hydrogen spectrum in a completely rigorous way."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "David Kinley", "paragraph_text": "David Kinley (2 August 1861 \u2013 3 December 1944) was a Scotland-born economist who worked in the United States. He was head of the department of economics of the University of Illinois and later president of the University. As an economist, he was of the classical school, and his main interest was in money and banking. Administration gradually took up most of his time as his career progressed."}], "question": "What economist did the creator of a framework for quantum mechanics get to know that spurred the interest in economics?"}
{"id": "2hop__700231_722498", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rupni\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Rupni\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Limanowa, within Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Limanowa and south-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Prandocin-I\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Prandocin-I\u0142y is a village in the administrative district of Gmina S\u0142omniki, within Krak\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north of S\u0142omniki and north-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina Lubie\u0144", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Lubie\u0144 is a rural gmina (administrative district) in My\u015blenice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Lubie\u0144, which lies approximately south of My\u015blenice and south of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Krosno Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Krosno Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975\u20131998, superseded by Subcarpathian Voivodeship (except Biecz Commune which is now a part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship). Its capital city was Krosno."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tenczynek Landscape Park", "paragraph_text": "The Park lies within Lesser Poland Voivodeship: in Chrzan\u00f3w County (Gmina Chrzan\u00f3w, Gmina Alwernia, Gmina Babice, Gmina Trzebinia) and Krak\u00f3w County (Gmina Krzeszowice, Gmina Liszki, Gmina Wielka Wie\u015b, Gmina Zabierz\u00f3w). It takes its name from the village of Tenczynek in Gmina Krzeszowice. Within the Landscape Park are five nature reserves."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina Pa\u0142ecznica", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pa\u0142ecznica is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Pa\u0142ecznica, which lies approximately north of Proszowice and north-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina \u015awi\u0105tniki G\u00f3rne", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u015awi\u0105tniki G\u00f3rne is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Krak\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of \u015awi\u0105tniki G\u00f3rne, which lies approximately south of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Glan\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Glan\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzyci\u0105\u017c, within Olkusz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of Trzyci\u0105\u017c, east of Olkusz, and north of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Liszki, Lesser Poland Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Liszki is a village in Krak\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Liszki. It lies approximately west of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "\u0141ost\u00f3wka", "paragraph_text": "\u0141ost\u00f3wka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mszana Dolna, within Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of Mszana Dolna, west of Limanowa, and south of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lask\u00f3wka Delastowska", "paragraph_text": "Lask\u00f3wka Delastowska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szczucin, within D\u0105browa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately west of Szczucin, north of D\u0105browa Tarnowska, and east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ciborowice", "paragraph_text": "Ciborowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Proszowice, within Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of Proszowice and north-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Borek Szlachecki", "paragraph_text": "Borek Szlachecki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skawina, within Krak\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Skawina and south-west of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wilczak", "paragraph_text": "Wilczak is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biecz, within Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Biecz, north-east of Gorlice, and south-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sobol\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Sobol\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina \u0141apan\u00f3w, within Bochnia County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of \u0141apan\u00f3w, south-west of Bochnia, and south-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Modlniczka", "paragraph_text": "Modlniczka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielka Wie\u015b, within Krak\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina Ci\u0119\u017ckowice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ci\u0119\u017ckowice is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Ci\u0119\u017ckowice, which lies approximately south of Tarn\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Kro\u015bcienko nad Dunajcem", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Kro\u015bcienko nad Dunajcem is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Kro\u015bcienko nad Dunajcem, which lies approximately east of Nowy Targ and south-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina K\u0119ty", "paragraph_text": "Gmina K\u0119ty is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in O\u015bwi\u0119cim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of K\u0119ty, which lies approximately south of O\u015bwi\u0119cim and west of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Wieliczka", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Wieliczka is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Wieliczka County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Wieliczka, which lies approximately south-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}], "question": "What administrative district shares a border with the capital of Liszki, Lesser Poland Voivodeship?"}
{"id": "2hop__56393_545491", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "We'll Sing in the Sunshine", "paragraph_text": "``We'll Sing in the Sunshine ''is a 1964 hit song written and recorded by Gale Garnett which reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending 17 October 1964. The song also enjoyed success on easy listening and country music radio stations, spending seven weeks at number one on the Billboard Easy Listening chart and number 42 on the country chart. The Cash Box Top 100 ranked`` We'll Sing in the Sunshine'' at number one for the week of 31 October 1964, and it also reached number one in Garnett's native New Zealand that November.: in Australia ``We'll Sing in the Sunshine ''afforded Garnett a Top Ten hit with a # 10 peak in October 1964. Garnett's sole Top 40 hit,`` We'll Sing in the Sunshine'' won the Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1965."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Crimes of Passion (Pat Benatar album)", "paragraph_text": "Crimes of Passion is the second studio album by American rock singer Pat Benatar, released on August 5, 1980 by Chrysalis Records. The album is the first to feature Myron Grombacher on drums, beginning a long tenure in Benatar's band that would last into the late-1990s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs", "paragraph_text": "Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs is an album released by Marty Robbins on the Columbia Records label in September 1959, peaking at #6 on the U.S. pop albums chart. It was recorded in a single eight-hour session on April 7, 1959, and was certified Gold by the RIAA in 1965 and Platinum in 1986. It is perhaps best known for Robbins' most successful single, \"El Paso\", a major hit on both the country and pop music charts. It reached #1 in both charts at the start of 1960 and won the Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording the following year. In 2017, the album was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or artistically significant.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Understand (Jeremy Camp song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Understand\" is the debut single and a number-one Christian rock hit by Christian recording artist Jeremy Camp. The song is from Camp's first major-label studio album, \"Stay\", released in 2002."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zing voor me", "paragraph_text": "\"Zing voor me\" meaning 'sing for me' in Dutch (also known as Zing een liedje voor me (Frans) meaning Sing a song for me Frans) is a Dutch language 2010 single by Lange Frans and Th\u00e9 Lau. It was released on Dutch record label TopNotch and was produced by Giorgio Tuinfort."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "I'm Spinning", "paragraph_text": "\"I'm Spinning\" is a Doo Wop song recorded by the Del-Vikings on the Fee Bee Records label in 1957 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as an A side for the single \"I'm Spinning\"/\"You Say You Love Me,\" written by Pat DiCesare. It was soon released on Dot Records for national distribution, and later released by Mercury Records when Kripp Johnson rejoined the Del-Vikings in 1958. Over the years the song has been included on many Del Vikings greatest hits albums and Doo Wop compilation albums on various labels. The most recent release was in 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jason Paige", "paragraph_text": "Jason Paige (born January 6, 1969) is an American singer, writer, record producer, stage, film, and television actor. Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pok\u00e9mon television series."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "A White Sport Coat", "paragraph_text": "``A White Sport Coat (and a Pink Carnation) ''is a 1957 country and western song with words and music both written by Marty Robbins. It was recorded on January 25, 1957, and released on the Columbia Records label, over a month later, on March 4. The arranger and recording session conductor was Ray Conniff, an in - house conductor / arranger at Columbia. Robbins had demanded to have Conniff oversee the recording after his earlier hit,`` Singing the Blues'', had been quickly eclipsed on the charts by Guy Mitchell's cover version scored and conducted by Conniff in October, 1956."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Brindo a La Vida, Al Bolero, A Ti", "paragraph_text": "Brindo a La Vida, Al Bolero, A Ti is a 1992 album by Vikki Carr that was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Recording. The album produced a hit single in the song \"Dejame\". It was published under the Sony label."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wet Dream (Max Romeo song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Wet Dream\" is a song by Jamaican reggae singer Max Romeo first released in 1968 on the Unity Records label. The song, with its controversial lyrics, remains Romeo's biggest commercial hit."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "You Belong to Me (1952 song)", "paragraph_text": "The first 1952 recording of the song was by Joni James. She had seen the sheet music in the Woods Building in Chicago and the lyrics attracted her. She recorded the song in February, 1952, in Chicago and it was released in March on the local Sharp Records label. After she signed to MGM, it was reissued as her second single on that label on August 5, 1952, after Jo Stafford, Patti Page and Dean Martin had covered it. James' version also was issued on M-G-M Records for national distribution. The best - known early 1952 version of the song was recorded after James' recording by Sue Thompson on Mercury's country label as catalog number 6407. It was soon covered by Patti Page, whose version was issued by Mercury as catalog number 5899, with ``I Went to Your Wedding ''(a bigger Patti Page hit, reaching No 1) on the flip side. It entered the Billboard chart on August 22, 1952, and lasted 12 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 4."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "George Jones Sings the Great Songs of Leon Payne", "paragraph_text": "George Jones Sings the Great Songs of Leon Payne is an album by American country music artist George Jones, released in 1971 on the Musicor Records label. It's mostly a compilation of Leon Payne authored songs that Jones had previously released. Only two of the songs were previously unreleased. This was the last Jones \"studio\" album that was released by Musicor as he had already signed with Epic Records."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Field of Dreams (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Field of Dreams\" is a song originally written and recorded by Force & Styles featuring Jenna on vocals. The song was released on white label in 1997 and later appeared on their greatest hits album \"Heart of Gold\" (2000). In 2003 the song was covered by Flip & Fill featuring Jo James and reached No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hit Me with Your Best Shot", "paragraph_text": "``Hit Me with Your Best Shot ''is a song by American rock singer Pat Benatar. In 1980, it was released as the second single from her second album Crimes of Passion. It hit No. 7 in Cash Box, and reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her first Top 10 hit."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I'll Cry If I Want To", "paragraph_text": "I'll Cry If I Want To was the debut album of Lesley Gore. The album included her hit singles ``It's My Party ''and its follow - up,`` Judy's Turn to Cry''. The album was rushed out after ``It's My Party ''became a big hit, and the songs are mostly about crying, linking to the hit single's first line`` It's my party and I'll cry if I want to'', incorporating songs with titles such as ``Cry '',`` Just Let Me Cry'' and ``Cry and You Cry Alone ''. Besides the hit singles, the album included pop standards such as`` Misty'', ``Cry Me a River ''and`` What Kind of Fool Am I?''. The album reached # 24 on the Billboard 200. Edsel Records released the album on Compact Disc in 2000 in combination with Gore's second album, Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed - Up Hearts. The album was named the 181st best album of the 1960s by Pitchfork."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "I'll Cry If I Want To", "paragraph_text": "I'll Cry If I Want To was the debut album of Lesley Gore. The album included her hit singles \"It's My Party\" and its follow-up, \"Judy's Turn to Cry\". The album was rushed out after \"It's My Party\" became a big hit, and the songs are mostly about crying, linking to the hit single's first line \"It's my party and I'll cry if I want to\", incorporating songs with titles such as \"Cry\", \"Just Let Me Cry\" and \"Cry and You Cry Alone\". Besides the hit singles, the album included pop standards such as \"Misty\", \"Cry Me a River\" and \"What Kind of Fool Am I?\". The album reached #24 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Edsel Records released the album on Compact Disc in 2000 in combination with Gore's second album, \"Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed-Up Hearts\". The album was named the 181st best album of the 1960s by \"Pitchfork\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Se Va Conmigo", "paragraph_text": "\"Se Va Conmigo\" is a song performed by Puerto Rican profession basketball player and recording artist Carlos Arroyo. The song features guest vocals from reggaet\u00f3n singer Yomo. The official remix features Ivy Queen. The song is Arroyo's second single release for his independent record label Arroyo Hit Music."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pacific Sun (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Pacific Sun\" is a song originally written and recorded by Force & Styles featuring Junior. It was originally released on white label in 1997 and appeared on their greatest hits album \"Heart of Gold\" (2000). The song has also been covered numerous times with other versions recorded by Flip & Fill featuring Junior, Ultrabeat and Darren Styles"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "You Belong to Me (1952 song)", "paragraph_text": "The first 1952 recording of the song was by Joni James. She had seen the sheet music in the Woods Building in Chicago and the lyrics attracted her. She recorded the song in February, 1952, in Chicago and it was released in March on the local Sharp Records label as her second single on August 5, 1952, after Jo Stafford, Patti Page and Dean Martin had covered it. James' version also was issued on M-G-M Records for national distribution. The best - known early 1952 version of the song was recorded after James' recording by Sue Thompson on Mercury's country label as catalog number 6407. It was soon covered by Patti Page, whose version was issued by Mercury as catalog number 5899, with ``I Went to Your Wedding ''(a bigger Patti Page hit, reaching No 1) on the flip side. It entered the Billboard chart on August 22, 1952, and lasted 12 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 4."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "How Little We Know", "paragraph_text": "``How Little We Know ''is a song written by written by Hoagy Carmichael and Johnny Mercer for the 1944 film To Have and Have Not, where it is performed by the character`` Slim'' played by Lauren Bacall. A young Andy Williams recorded the song for the film as a possible alternative track to dub Bacall's low voice. Bacall said they used her singing. After the film's release it was a hit recording sung by Judy Johnson."}], "question": "What is the record label of the singer of the song hit me with your best shot?"}
{"id": "2hop__143005_545491", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La Noche M\u00e1s Larga", "paragraph_text": "La Noche M\u00e1s Larga is the fifth studio album by Spanish singer Concha Buika. The record was released on June 4, 2013 via Warner Music Spain label."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A Man Under the Influence", "paragraph_text": "A Man Under the Influence is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Alejandro Escovedo, released on April 24, 2001 on Bloodshot Records. It was produced by Chris Stamey. A deluxe edition was released on November 15, 2009."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "You Follow Me", "paragraph_text": "You Follow Me is a collaborative studio album between American singer-songwriter Nina Nastasia and Australian drummer Jim White. The album was released in Europe and Australia on 28 May 2007 and in the United States and Canada on 14 August 2007 (see 2007 in music) and was the second Nastasia album released by independent British label FatCat Records. This is Nastasia's fifth studio release overall."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Evoluzione della specie", "paragraph_text": "Evoluzione della specie is the fifth studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Dolcenera, released on 17 May 2011 by EMI Music Italy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dead Relatives", "paragraph_text": "Dead Relatives is the fifth full-length album by Canadian singer-songwriter Emm Gryner, released in 2000 on her independent label Dead Daisy Records."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "III/IV", "paragraph_text": "III/IV is the 12th studio album by alt-country singer-songwriter Ryan Adams, released on December 14, 2010 through PAX AM. The album is his fifth with backing band The Cardinals, and was recorded in 2006 during the same sessions that yielded \"Easy Tiger\". A double album, \"III/IV\" was recorded prior to bassist Catherine Popper's departure, and also marks guitarist and backing vocalist Neal Casal's recording debut for the band. According to Adams, the album remained unreleased until 2010, as his former label, Lost Highway, had previously rejected it."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sanjam", "paragraph_text": "Sanjam (\"I'm Dreaming\") is the fifth studio album by Bosnian folk singer Hanka Paldum. It was released 22 April 1982 through the record label Sarajevo Disk."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bringing It All Back Home", "paragraph_text": "Bringing It All Back Home is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. It was released on March 22, 1965, by Columbia Records."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Priceless (Kelly Price album)", "paragraph_text": "Priceless is R&B and Soul singer-songwriter Kelly Price's third studio album released in 2003 on the label Def Soul. It has since been certified Gold. The album was Price's final release with the Def Soul label."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Crimes of Passion (Pat Benatar album)", "paragraph_text": "Crimes of Passion is the second studio album by American rock singer Pat Benatar, released on August 5, 1980 by Chrysalis Records. The album is the first to feature Myron Grombacher on drums, beginning a long tenure in Benatar's band that would last into the late-1990s."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wide Awake in Dreamland", "paragraph_text": "Wide Awake in Dreamland is American rock singer Pat Benatar's seventh studio album, and her eighth album overall, released in 1988. After a string of successful albums, this was her last rock-oriented album of the 1980s, before she would go on to try a blues-based sound with \"True Love\" in 1991."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Return of the Fabulous Hofner Bluenotes", "paragraph_text": "The Return of the Fabulous Hofner Bluenotes is the twenty-second studio album by British singer-songwriter Chris Rea, released in 2008 by his own record label, Jazzee Blue. It comprises three CDs and double 10\" Vinyl records in an 80-page hardback book. It is the second album of his project, the \"Hofner Blue Notes\" (2003)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Long Distance Swimmer", "paragraph_text": "Long Distance Swimmer is the fourth studio album released by Irish singer-songwriter Adrian Crowley. It was recorded during a one-week period in the home of Crowley's sister in the suburb of Foxrock, County Dublin, was released on the Tin Angel record label, and features contributions from other musicians, such as James Yorkston."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "This Is the Way That I Feel", "paragraph_text": "This Is the Way That I Feel is the name of the fifth solo studio album released by American country music singer, Marie Osmond. This was Osmond's first album under the Polydor/Kolob label, following her departure from MGM Records. It was released in April 1977 and would be her last solo studio album for eight years."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Beautiful Surprise", "paragraph_text": "Beautiful Surprise is the fifth studio album by Canadian recording artist Tamia. It was released by her own label, Plus One Music Group, and distributed by EMI and Capitol Records on August 28, 2012 in the United States.The singer worked with various producers on the album, including Claude Kelly, The Runners, Carvin & Ivan, Salaam Remi, and J. Phoenix."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Gothic (album)", "paragraph_text": "American Gothic is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter David Ackles. It was released on July 4, 1972 by record label Elektra."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elvis istuu oikealla", "paragraph_text": "Elvis istuu oikealla is the fifth studio album by Finnish singer and songwriter Olavi Uusivirta. Released on , the album peaked at number seven on the Finnish Albums Chart."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "M\u00e1s (album)", "paragraph_text": "M\u00e1s (More) is the fifth studio album recorded by Spanish singer-songwriter Alejandro Sanz, It was released by WEA Latina on September 9, 1997 (see 1997 in music). With sales of over two million copies, it is the best-selling album of all time in Spain."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mona Bone Jakon", "paragraph_text": "Mona Bone Jakon is the third studio album released by singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, released in April 1970 on the Island Records label in the United Kingdom and on the A&M record label in the United States and Canada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Casse comme du verre", "paragraph_text": "Casse comme du verre is the fifth album recorded by French singer Priscilla Betti. It was released on 10 December 2007 on the Jive Records label."}], "question": "What's the record label of the singer-songwriter who released Wide Awake in Dreamland as her fifth studio album?"}
{"id": "2hop__126300_741583", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nicolas Huet the Younger", "paragraph_text": "Nicolas Huet was the eldest son and pupil of Jean-Baptiste Huet, who was in turn the son of Nicolas Huet the Elder, all skilled painters and engravers of animal life, together with Nicolas Huet the Younger's siblings, Fran\u00e7ois Huet (1772\u20131813) and Jean-Baptiste Huet II (born 1772). In 1792 he and his two brothers enlisted with the volunteers of Seine-et-Oise; he became a lieutenant and took part in the Battle of Jemappes. He also took part in Napoleon\u2019s scientific and artistic exploration of Egypt between 1798 and 1801, subsequently illustrating the government's report. Huet was a skilled watercolourist and engraver, who acquired a reputation as natural history draughtsman. In October 1804, after the death of Oudinot, he was designated painter to the \"Mus\u00e9um d\u2019Histore Naturelle\" and to the m\u00e9nagerie of the Empress Jos\u00e9phine - a collection of animals, birds and plants, many depicted by Huet. He also illustrated works by the naturalists \u00c9tienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Georges Cuvier."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sketch Artist", "paragraph_text": "Sketch Artist, also known as The Sketch Artist, is a 1992 crime-thriller film directed by Phedon Papamichael and starring Jeff Fahey, Sean Young and Drew Barrymore."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hospital Sketches", "paragraph_text": "Hospital Sketches (1863) is a compilation of four sketches based on letters Louisa May Alcott sent home during the six weeks she spent as a volunteer nurse for the Union Army during the American Civil War in Georgetown."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Isaac Robert Cruikshank", "paragraph_text": "Isaac Robert Cruikshank, sometimes known as Robert Cruikshank (27 September 1789 \u2013 13 March 1856) was a caricaturist, illustrator, and portrait miniaturist, the less well-known brother of George Cruikshank, both sons of Isaac Cruikshank. Just like them he holds importance as a pioneer in the history of comics for creating several cartoons which make use of narrative sequence and speech balloons."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sketches by Boz", "paragraph_text": "Sketches by \"Boz,\" Illustrative of Every-day Life and Every-day People (commonly known as Sketches by Boz) is a collection of short pieces Charles Dickens originally published in various newspapers and other periodicals between 1833 and 1836. They were re-issued in book form, under their current title, in February and August 1836, with illustrations by George Cruikshank. The first complete one volume edition appeared in 1839. The 56 sketches concern London scenes and people, and the whole work is divided into four sections: \"Our Parish\", \"Scenes\", \"Characters\" and \"Tales\". The material in the first three sections consists of non-narrative pen-portraits, but the last section comprises fictional stories."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "My Time", "paragraph_text": "My Time is the fifth album by Boz Scaggs, released by Columbia Records in September 1972. \"Dinah Flo\" was the only single released from the album."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)", "paragraph_text": "``The Spanish Inquisition ''is a series of sketches in Monty Python's Flying Circus, Series 2 Episode 2, first broadcast 22 September 1970, parodying the real - life Spanish Inquisition. This episode is itself entitled`` The Spanish Inquisition''. The sketches are notable for their principal catchphrase, ``NO - body expects the Spanish Inquisition! ''The end of the sketch uses music from the composition Devil's Galop by Charles Williams."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alfred Waud", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Rudolph Waud (w\u014dd) (October 2, 1828 \u2013 April 6, 1891) was an American artist and illustrator, born in London, England. He is most notable for the sketches he made as an artist correspondent during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sevastopol Sketches", "paragraph_text": "The Sevastopol Sketches, called in English translations the Sebastopol Sketches (pre-reform ; post-reform ), also published in English as Sevastopol, are three short stories written by Leo Tolstoy and published in 1855 to record his experiences during the Siege of Sevastopol (1854\u20131855). The name originates from Sevastopol, a city in Crimea. The book has also sometimes been entitled Sebastopol Stories. These brief \"sketches\" formed the basis of many of the episodes in Tolstoy's magnum opus, \"War and Peace.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kookyville", "paragraph_text": "Kookyville is a British comedy sketch show that aired on 25 November 2012 on Channel 4. The programme, created by Nichola Hegarty, is different from other sketch shows in that \"These people are not actors or comedians, and there's no script...they're just real funny people.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Other House", "paragraph_text": "The Other House is a novel by Henry James, first published as a serial in the \"Illustrated London News\" in 1896 and then as a book later the same year. Set in England, this book is something of an oddity in the James canon for its plot revolving around a murder. The novel was originally planned as a play called \"The Promise\". James sketched a scenario for the play in 1893, but it didn't interest theater managers. In 1896 James converted the scenario into \"The Other House\" for publication in a popular weekly magazine. He converted the novel back into a play in 1909, but it again failed to be produced."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wonderful (Adam Ant album)", "paragraph_text": "Wonderful is Adam Ant's fifth solo studio album and the eighth LP overall of his career. It peaked at #143 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart. The band for this album included Ant's long-time collaborator Marco Pirroni, along with ex-Ruts drummer Dave Ruffy and Morrissey's guitarist Boz Boorer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Call Me by My Name", "paragraph_text": "Call Me by My Name is the sixth studio album by British soul singer Ruby Turner, released in October 1998. Turner co-wrote five songs and enlisted the help of rhythm and blues luminaries Bobby Tench, Zoot Money, Stan Webb and Bad Company bassist Boz Burrell."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Carl Werntz", "paragraph_text": "Carl Newland Werntz (July 9, 1874 - October 7, 1944) was an American painter, fine arts photographer, illustrator, cartoonist and educator who founded the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. Werntz was a world traveler who was a proponent of Asian art and Japonisme. Through his own sketching and photographic expeditions to the American Southwest and his influence, he played an important role in the development of painting in the Southwest region in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frank TV", "paragraph_text": "Frank TV was an American sketch comedy show starring \"Mad TV\" veteran Frank Caliendo, Mike MacRae, and Freddy Lockhart. Caliendo hosted the show and performed in sketches in full makeup as characters he impersonated."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nathaniel Fludd, Beastologist", "paragraph_text": "Nathaniel Fludd, Beastologist is an ongoing series of chapter books for children written by R. L. LaFevers and illustrated by Kelly Murphy. The books chronicle the adventures of young Nathaniel \"Nate\" Fludd, a beastologist in training who travels the world in search of mythical beasts, with his mentor Aunt Phil and pet gremlin Greasle. Sketches drawn by Nathaniel's hand are often featured in addition to the black and white art which illustrates the series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Austin Scaggs", "paragraph_text": "Austin Scaggs is an American music critic and a contributing editor for \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. He's also written for \"Men's Journal\". His father is musician Boz Scaggs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Boz Scaggs & Band", "paragraph_text": "Boz Scaggs & Band is the fourth album by Boz Scaggs, and his second on the Columbia Records label. It was released in December 1971."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the illustrator of Sketches by Boz?"}
{"id": "2hop__33245_33274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "President of the Confederate States of America", "paragraph_text": "The president was indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a six - year term, and was one of only two nationally elected Confederate officers, the other being the Vice President. On February 18, 1861, Jefferson Davis became president of the provisional government. On February 22, 1862, he became president of the permanent government and served in that capacity until being captured by elements of the United States Cavalry in 1865."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos", "paragraph_text": "Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos (19 July 1871 \u2013 25 May 1935) was a Dominican political figure. He served as the 4th provisional president of the Dominican Republic between 1922 and 1924 under the U.S. military occupation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing; they include the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company, Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Red River Expedition (1806)", "paragraph_text": "In 1805 and early 1806, the President began to appoint leaders for the expedition. For the scientists, he chose the astronomer / surveyor Thomas Freeman, (who had recently been with Andrew Ellicott on his survey of the southern boundary of the United States) and Peter Custis (the first academically trained naturalist to accompany an expedition, he was still a medical student in Philadelphia. He served as the group's botanist and ethnographer). Captain Richard Sparks was chosen to lead the military troops. As the departure date of the expedition grew closer, more soldiers were recruited until the group numbered twenty - four in all."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the ``court - packing ''issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Confederate States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Army (C.S.A.) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis (1808 - 1889), a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy on the Hudson River at West Point, New York, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War (1846 - 1848), later a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War in the administration of 14th President Franklin Pierce (1853 - 1857). By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "paragraph_text": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s (Hungarian pronunciation: [\u02c8ma\u02d0ca\u02d0\u0283 \u02c8sy\u02d0r\u00f8\u0283]; born 11 September 1933 in P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny) is a Hungarian politician. He served as provisional President of the Republic from 23 October 1989 to 2 May 1990. His presidency occurred during Hungary's transition from Communism to democratic government.Sz\u0171r\u00f6s served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary from March 1989 to May 1990. In the fall of 1989, as part of an agreement between the Communists and the opposition to establish multiparty democracy, the 1949 Constitution was almost completely rewritten to remove its Communist character. The Presidential Council, the country's Communist-era collective presidency, was dissolved. Under the Constitution, Sz\u0171r\u00f6s became provisional president until the election. Soon after taking office on 23 October he made the official proclamation that Hungary had removed the \"People's Republic\" from its constitutional name and was now the \"Republic of Hungary.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Red River Rebellion", "paragraph_text": "Red River Resistance R\u00e9sistance de la rivi\u00e8re Rouge (French) The M\u00e9tis provisional government Date 1869 -- 1870 Location Red River Colony, Rupert's Land, Canada Result M\u00e9tis political victory Red River Colony enters Canadian Confederation as the Province of Manitoba Canadian military victory The Wolseley Expedition takes control of Fort Garry Louis Riel flees to the United States Belligerents M\u00e9tis Provisional Government Canada Canadian Party Commanders and leaders Louis Riel John Bruce Ambroise - Dydime L\u00e9pine John A. Macdonald William McDougall John Christian Schultz Garnet Wolseley Casualties and losses None 1 (Thomas Scott)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Nanjing's airport, Lukou International Airport, serves both national and international flights. In 2013, Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight. The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, USA and Germany. The airport is connected by a 29-kilometre (18 mi) highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various intercity highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities. A railway Ninggao Intercity Line is being built to link the airport with Nanjing South Railway Station. Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997, replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing. Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the ``court - packing issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Carlos Manuel Piedra", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Modesto Piedra y Piedra (1895\u20131988) held the presidency of Cuba for a single day (January 1, 1959) during the transition of power between Fulgencio Batista and revolutionary leader Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution. Piedra was appointed provisional President by a junta led by Eulogio Cantillo in accordance with the 1940 Cuban constitution. Piedra had previously been the eldest judge of the Supreme Court. Piedra's appointment was met with opposition from Castro who believed that Manuel Urrutia should be appointed."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carlos P. Garcia", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Polestico Garc\u00eda (November 4, 1896 \u2013 June 14, 1971) was a Filipino teacher, poet, orator, lawyer, public official, political economist, organized guerrilla and Commonwealth military leader, who was the eighth President of the Philippines."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Carlos Enrique D\u00edaz de Le\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Enrique D\u00edaz de Le\u00f3n was the provisional President of Guatemala from 27 June to 29 June 1954. He was replaced by a military junta led by Elfego Monz\u00f3n. Carlos Enrique D\u00edaz was previously Chief of the Guatemalan Armed Forces under President Jacobo \u00c1rbenz."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of presidents of the United States by age", "paragraph_text": "The median age upon accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months. This is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 7004156620000000000 \u2660 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination. The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000 \u2660 43 years, 236 days. The nation's oldest president - elect was Donald Trump, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004257880000000000 \u2660 70 years, 220 days. The oldest person to begin a new 4 - year term was Ronald Reagan, who was 7004270120000000000 \u2660 73 years, 349 days at the time of his second inauguration."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of presidents of the United States by age", "paragraph_text": "The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China. Nanjing Museum, formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period, is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection,. The museum is notable for enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain, which is among the largest in the world. Other museums include the City Museum of Nanjing in the Chaotian Palace, the Oriental Metropolitan Museum, the China Modern History Museum in the Presidential Palace, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, the Taiping Kingdom History Museum, Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum, Nanjing Yunjin Museum, Nanjing City Wall Cultural Museum, Nanjing Customs Museum in Ganxi House, Nanjing Astronomical History Museum, Nanjing Paleontological Museum, Nanjing Geological Museum, Nanjing Riverstones Museum, and other museums and memorials such Zheng He Memorial, Jinling Four Modern Calligraphers Memorial."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Confederate States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Army (C.S.A.) was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis (1808 - 1889). Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy on the Hudson River at West Point, New York, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War (1846 - 1848). He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War in the administration of 14th President Franklin Pierce (1853 - 1857). On March 1, 1861, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina on behalf of the Confederate States government, where South Carolina state militia threatened to seize Fort Sumter, an island fortification in Charleston harbor from the small U.S. Army garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China."}], "question": "What military group was led by the individual inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president?"}
{"id": "2hop__728846_33274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bishkek", "paragraph_text": "In 1925 the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was established in Russian Turkestan, promoting Pishpek to its capital. In 1926 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union renamed the city as \"Frunze\", after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze (1885\u20131925), who was born there. In 1936, the city of Frunze became the capital of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, during the final stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Charlotte of Bourbon", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte of Bourbon (1546/1547 \u2013 5 May 1582) was a Princess consort of Orange as the third spouse of William the Silent, Prince of Orange, the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish. She was the fourth daughter of Louis, Duke of Montpensier and Jacqueline de Longwy, Countess of Bar-sur-Seine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Damdin S\u00fckhbaatar", "paragraph_text": "In 1912, Russian advisers to the Bogd Khan set up a military school at Khujirbulan, and S\u00fckhbaatar was one of the soldiers transferred there. His talent for military tactics and his skills at riding and shooting earned him the respect of his comrades, and after the training he became a platoon leader of the machine gun company at Khujirbulan. In 1913, he set up his own household with his wife Yanjmaa. They had had their first son in 1911, but Yanjmaa's parents objected to the relationship on the grounds that S\u00fckhbaatar was too poor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Eino Kuvaja", "paragraph_text": "Kuvaja was born in Kuopio. He was the leader of the national Olympic military patrol teams in 1928 and in 1936 which reached second places."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Heian period", "paragraph_text": "Bushi interests were diverse, cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century. Mutual interests, family connections, and kinship were consolidated in military groups that became part of family administration. In time, large regional military families formed around members of the court aristocracy who had become prominent provincial figures. These military families gained prestige from connections to the imperial court and court-granted military titles and access to manpower. The Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan were among the most prominent families supported by the new military class."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were \"apostate\" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies. Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag, in which he states:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Faqir Mohammed", "paragraph_text": "Maulvi Faqir Mohammed (Pashto/Urdu: ; 1970) is a member of the Mamund tribe in Bajaur Agency and, until March 2012, a deputy leader of the Pakistani Taliban umbrella group Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan. He was reported as killed on 5 March 2010 during a helicopter gunship attack on militants by the Pakistani military although he denied the reports as false. In July 2011, he resurfaced on the air broadcasting radio shows out of Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jind\u0159ich Maty\u00e1\u0161 Thurn", "paragraph_text": "Count Jind\u0159ich Maty\u00e1\u0161 Thurn-Valsassina (German: \"Heinrich Matthias Graf von Thurn und Valsassina\"; Italian: \"Enrico Matteo Conte della Torre di Valsassina\") (24 February 1567 \u2013 26 January 1640), was a Czech (Bohemian) nobleman, one of leaders of Protestant Bohemian Revolt against Emperor Ferdinand II. He took part in events that led to the Thirty Years War, and after the war he became a military leader and diplomat in Swedish service, who eventually resided in Swedish Estonia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "William George Stevens", "paragraph_text": "Major General William George Stevens, (11 December 1893 \u2013 7 August 1975) was a New Zealand military leader and administrator."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kaoru Otsuki", "paragraph_text": "In 1898, Sun Yat-sen encountered Kaoru in Yokohama's Chinatown. In 1901, Sun requested that Kaoru's father to allow her to marry him, but was refused because of the great age difference between Sun and Kaoru (at the time, Sun was 37 while Kaoru was only 13). One year later, Sun Yat-sen proposed marriage again. In 1903 their wedding ceremony was held in Yokohama. At the time, Sun was still married to his first wife, Lu Muzhen."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Shield (professional wrestling)", "paragraph_text": "Dean Ambrose -- played the ``de facto leader ''and`` mouthpiece'' of the group. Ambrose's role was described as being ``the more vocal leader of the group ''and was then tweaked to become more verbally arrogant in mid-2013. WWE also described Ambrose's character as`` slightly off'' and ``wild ''."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jean Fran\u00e7ois Cornu de La Poype", "paragraph_text": "Jean Fran\u00e7ois Cornu de La Poype (31 May 1758 \u2013 27 January 1851) was a French military leader. He was born in Lyon, to a noble, military family."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Joseph Kibweteere", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Kibwetere was one of the leaders of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, a group that splintered from the Roman Catholic Church in Uganda and became infamous after 778 of its members were found dead. Although it was initially assumed that Joseph died in the incident the Ugandan police shortly afterwards issued a warrant for arrest against Joseph Kibweteere and the other leaders of the group. In 2014 it was announced by the Uganda National Police that there were reports that Kibweteere was hiding in Malawi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution, and comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The Leader of the Revolution (\"Supreme Leader\") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council are appointed by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Johnny Hamp's Kentucky Serenaders", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Hamp's Kentucky Serenaders was a US jazz and dance band, active from the late 1910s through the 1920s. The group was known simply as The Serenaders until Johnny Hamp became the band leader. Johnny Hamp was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and should not be confused with British television producer Johnnie Hamp. According to some sources, he became the leader by chance when the band was performing at the Hershey Ballroom in Hershey, Pennsylvania. The band leader at the time had an argument with the players and walked out. Hamp, who never played a musical instrument in spite of being a jazz fan and had no experience as a conductor (in addition, he only sang whenever the chorus was performed by a vocal ensemble or the whole band), volunteered to lead them for the rest of the evening and they accepted. After the performance, the band asked him to stay on as leader. The \"Kentucky\" in the name appears to be related to the band's use of \"My Old Kentucky Home\" as a theme song, rather than any connection to the U.S. state of Kentucky."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tombodu", "paragraph_text": "Tombodu is a relatively small provincial town - the third largest town in Kono District in the Eastern Province, Sierra Leone. The town had a population of less than 3000 in the 2004 census. Tombodu was RUF stronghold during the Sierra Leone civil war. The majority of the residents in the town are from the Kono ethnic group. The town is the birthplace of Johnny Paul Koroma, the former leader of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) military junta of Sierra Leone."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ren Bishi", "paragraph_text": "Ren Bishi (; 30 April 1904 \u2013 27 October 1950) was a military and political leader in the early Chinese Communist Party."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Agha Petros", "paragraph_text": "Petros Elia of Baz () (April 1880 \u2013 2 February 1932), better known as Agha Petros, was an Assyrian military leader during World War I."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Donika Kastrioti", "paragraph_text": "Donika Kastrioti (n\u00e9e Andronika Arianiti-Muzaka) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg. She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, one of the greatest leaders in the Albanian war against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades."}], "question": "Kaoru Otsuki's spouse became the leader of what military group?"}
{"id": "2hop__124851_542208", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Coat of many colors", "paragraph_text": "In the Hebrew Bible, the coat of many colors (Hebrew: \u05db\u05b0\u05bc\u05ea\u05b9\u05e0\u05b6\u05ea \u05e4\u05b7\u05bc\u05e1\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9\u05dd \u200e \u200e \u200e k\u0259\u1e6f\u014dne\u1e6f pass\u00eem) is the name for the garment that Joseph owned, which was given to him by his father, Jacob."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Michael Gerald Ford", "paragraph_text": "Michael Gerald Ford (born March 14, 1950) is the oldest of four children of U.S. President Gerald R. Ford and Betty Ford. Prior to his birth, Ford's mother wanted to name him after his father. However, Ford's father had always disliked being called \"Junior\" and he refused to \"inflict the nickname on any son.\" The Fords settled on his name as a compromise."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Henry Britton", "paragraph_text": "Britton was the second son of Alexander and Lydia Britton, born in Derby, England, where his father was engaged in tuition, was also a contributor to the press, and had some repute as a public lecturer. Henry Britton emigrated to Australia with his family in November 1854, and reached Melbourne in February 1855. He at once proceeded to Castlemaine, Victoria, where his father established a newspaper called \"The Miners' Right\", subsequently named \"The Castlemaine Advertiser\". He learned the business of a journalist in his father's office."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Leonhard Seppala", "paragraph_text": "Leonhard Seppala was born in the village of Skibotn in Storfjord municipality, Troms county, Norway. He was the oldest-born child of father Isak Isaksson Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 (of Swedish descent) and Anne Henriksdatter (of Finnish Norwegian Kven descent). His father's family name is of Finnish origin. When Seppala was two years old, his family moved within Troms county to nearby Skjerv\u00f8y municipality on the island of Skjerv\u00f8ya. While in Skjerv\u00f8y, his father worked as a blacksmith and fisherman, building up a relatively large estate. Seppala initially followed in his father's footsteps as both a blacksmith and a fisherman. However, he emigrated to Alaska during the Nome gold rush of the 1900s. His friend Jafet Lindeberg had returned from Alaska and convinced Seppala to come to work for his mining company in Nome."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father\u2019s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons. Although surnames in mainland Greece are static today, dynamic and changing patronymic usage survives in middle names where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name (this usage having been passed on to the Russians). In Cyprus, by contrast, surnames follow the ancient tradition of being given according to the father\u2019s name. Finally, in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dimitar Zograf", "paragraph_text": "Born in Samokov to the family of Hristo Dimitrov, the founder of the Samokov iconographic school, Dimitar was the elder brother of the better-known painter Zahari Zograf. Dimitar was taught iconography by his father in his workshop and by his father's death in 1819 he was already an accomplished painter, taking the leadership of his father's workshop and often working for the same monasteries and architects as his father."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Daniel Dunklin", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Dunklin (January 14, 1790 \u2013 August 25, 1844) was the fifth Governor of Missouri, serving from 1832 to 1836. He also served as the state's third Lieutenant Governor. Dunklin is considered the \"Father of Public Schools\" in Missouri. Dunklin was also the father-in-law of Missouri Lieutenant Governor Franklin Cannon. Dunklin County, in the Missouri bootheel, is named so in his honor."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Carlos, Duke of Madrid", "paragraph_text": "\"Don\" Carlos, Duke of Madrid (Spanish: \"Carlos Mar\u00eda de los Dolores Juan Isidro Jos\u00e9 Francisco Quirico Antonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael\"; 30 March 1848 \u2013 18 July 1909) was the senior member of the House of Bourbon from 1887 until his death. He was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos VII from 1868 (his father's Spanish abdication), and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France under the name Charles XI after the death of his father in 1887."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "ARA Almirante Brown (C-1)", "paragraph_text": "Almirante Brown was a heavy cruiser in service with the Argentine Navy during the Second World war. The ship was named in honour of Admiral Guillermo Brown, the Father of the Argentine Navy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chen Peisi", "paragraph_text": "Chen's father Chen Qiang named him Chen Peisi after Pest, when he performed \"The White-Haired Girl\" in Budapest, Hungary in 1951. The pronunciation of \"Budapest\" in Mandarin Chinese is \"\". Chen's father named his elder brother Chen Buda ()."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sun Ce", "paragraph_text": "Sun Ce () (175\u2013200), courtesy name Bofu, was a military general and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was the eldest child of Sun Jian, who was killed during the Battle of Xiangyang when Sun Ce was only 16. Sun Ce then broke away from his father's overlord, Yuan Shu, and headed to the Jiangdong region in southern China to establish his own power base there. With the help of several people, such as Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu, Sun Ce managed to lay down the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chris Baldo", "paragraph_text": "Chris Baldo (real name Christian Baldauff, 24 June 1943 - 24 January 1995) was a Luxembourgish singer. He was born to a French mother, and a Luxembourgish father, in Luxembourg."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of The Mortal Instruments characters", "paragraph_text": "Jace Wayland / Morgenstern / Lightwood / Herondale is a Shadowhunter living at the New York Institute with his adopted family. Jace's legal name changes throughout the series, from Jace Wayland (when his father is thought to be Michael Wayland), to Jonathan Morgenstern (Valentine's son), to Jace Lightwood for the family that has taken him in, to Jace Herondale (when his true father is revealed to be Stephen Herondale). His mother was the young Celin\u00e9 Herondale, a member of Valentine's inner circle with Stephen Herondale, his father."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marty Haggard", "paragraph_text": "Marty Haggard was born June 18, 1958, in Bakersfield, California. He was named after Marty Robbins. At the time that Marty Haggard was born, his father, Merle Haggard, was serving time in San Quentin State Prison. Marty Haggard was raised by his grandmother in a railroad boxcar, but by the time the younger Haggard was 12, he had moved in with his father."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tuanku Imam Bonjol", "paragraph_text": "Tuanku Imam Bonjol was born in Bonjol, Pasaman, West Sumatra. His family came from Sungai Rimbang, Suliki, Limapuluh Koto. His parents name were Bayanuddin (father) and Hamatun (mother). He was immersed in Islamic studies as he grew up, studying first from his father and later under various other Muslim theologians."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Princess Pei", "paragraph_text": "Princess Pei (\u88f4\u738b\u540e, personal name unknown) (died 354) was the wife of the Chinese state Former Liang's ruler Zhang Chonghua. Very little is known about her, including when Zhang Chonghua made her his princess. After Zhang Chonghua's death in 353, Zhang Chonghua's brother Zhang Zuo served as regent, and in early 354, he formally took over the role of ruler, with the approval of the mother of Zhang Chonghua, Princess Dowager Ma (who was said to have had an affair with him). He then, for reasons unknown, executed Princess Pei."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Qiao Guanhua", "paragraph_text": "Qiao Guanhua married with diplomat Gong Peng in 1943. The two had a son, Qiao Zonghuai, who served as vice-minister of Foreign Affairs. Their daughter, Qiao Songdu, graduated from Tianjin Medical University. In 2008, she finished the book Qiao Guanhua and Gong Peng--my father and my mother ). In 1970, Gong Peng died of a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1973, Qiao Guanhua married Zhang Hanzhi, adopted daughter of the revolutionary journalist Zhang Shizhao and English interpreter for Chairman Mao himself, after she divorced Hong Junyan. Hung Huang is Qiao Guanhua's stepdaughter. Qiao Guanhua died of cancer in 1983."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zhang Xuanjing", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Xuanjing was born in 350, during the reign of his father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie). His mother was likely Zhang Chonghua's concubine Lady Guo (as he honored her as princess dowager in 363, which he would have had little reason to do if she were not his mother). He had an older brother, Zhang Yaoling, who was his father's heir apparent."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Empress Dowager Ma", "paragraph_text": "Nothing is known about Lady Ma's acts during Zhang Jun's reign, other than her status as his heir apparent's mother. (This implies that Zhang Jun's wife Princess Yan had no sons.) After Zhang Jun's death in 346, Zhang Chonghua succeeded him and honored her as \"Empress Dowager\" while honoring Princess Yan as \"Grand Empress Dowager.\" After Zhang Chonghua died in 353, his son Zhang Yaoling carried the Jin Dynasty (265-420)-created title Duke of Xiping and was the titular ruler, but actual power was in Empress Dowager Ma's and Zhang Chonghua's older brother Zhang Zuo's hands. Most historians believed that she had an affair with Zhang Zuo, and later that year, she deposed Zhang Yaoling and replaced him with Zhang Zuo. In 355, however, the overly extravagant and cruel Zhang Zuo was deposed and killed by a coalition of officials, including Zhang Guan (\u5f35\u74d8) and Song Hun (\u5b8b\u6df7), and they pressured her into making Zhang Chonghua's younger son, Zhang Xuanjing, the new ruler. (Zhang Yaoling had been killed by Zhang Zuo earlier that year.) Zhang Guan initially served as regent, but was killed in 359 by Song Hun, who served as regent until his death in 361. He was replaced by his brother Song Cheng (\u5b8b\u6f84), who was in turn killed by Zhang Yong (\u5f35\u9095) later that year. It was said that Empress Dowager Ma also carried on an affair with Zhang Yong, who was in turn overthrown by Zhang Jun's youngest son Zhang Tianxi late in the year. In 362, Empress Dowager Ma died."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zhang Yaoling", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Yaoling was the oldest son of his father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie) and therefore was designated his heir apparent. When Zhang Chonghua died in 353, he succeeded Zhang Chonghua as the ruler of Former Liang (with the title Duke of Xiping), but actual power was in the hands of his uncle, Zhang Zuo the Marquess of Changning. In early 354, Zhang Zuo, who had carried on an affair with Zhang Chonghua's mother Princess Dowager Ma, gained her support to take over as ruler, and Zhang Yaoling was demoted to the title of Marquess of Liangning."}], "question": "Who is the grandfather of Zhang Xuanjing's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__124851_414770", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Harold Owen", "paragraph_text": "(William) Harold Owen (5 September 1897 - 26 November 1971) was the younger brother and biographer of the English poet and soldier, Wilfred Owen. He was born at the home of his paternal grandparents in Canon Street, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, where his parents and older siblings then lodged before his father moved on promotion to a station master's post at Birkenhead in 1898."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zhang Yalin", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Yalin started his football career in the 2000 Chinese league season for Dalian Shide F.C. and would quickly establish himself within the team that won the league title. From then on he would become a vital member of the team and by 2003 he was selected to the China national under-23 football team but was injured in training, which ruled him out from any tournament. By 2006 in his personal life he married Jia Nini (\u8d3e\u59ae\u59ae), a Chinese model and actress. They named their daughter, who was born 12 July 2007, Zhang Shijia (\u5f20\u8bd7\u4f3d)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zhang Yaoling", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Yaoling was the oldest son of his father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie) and therefore was designated his heir apparent. When Zhang Chonghua died in 353, he succeeded Zhang Chonghua as the ruler of Former Liang (with the title Duke of Xiping), but actual power was in the hands of his uncle, Zhang Zuo the Marquess of Changning. In early 354, Zhang Zuo, who had carried on an affair with Zhang Chonghua's mother Princess Dowager Ma, gained her support to take over as ruler, and Zhang Yaoling was demoted to the title of Marquess of Liangning."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Keep Cool (film)", "paragraph_text": "Keep Cool () is a 1997 Chinese black comedy directed by Zhang Yimou and adapted from the novel \"Evening Papers News\" by Shu Ping. The film about a bookseller in love in 1990s Beijing, marked a move away from earlier period pictures of Zhang's earlier work to a more realistic Cin\u00e9ma v\u00e9rit\u00e9-like period in his career that also saw him make \"Happy Times\" (2000) and \"Not One Less\" (1999). \"Keep Cool\" also marked only the second time Zhang placed his film in the modern era and the first time Zhang did not work with actress Gong Li."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Barney Stinson", "paragraph_text": "Barney has three half - siblings: James (played by Wayne Brady), from his mother's side, a gay African American who is married to a man, with whom he has an adopted son and daughter (as revealed in the season seven episode ``The Rebound Girl ''); Carly (played by Ashley Benson), a university student from his father's side with whom Ted has a one - night stand in`` Ring Up!'', and Jerome Jr. (JJ), from his father's side, who is 11. He also has a female cousin named Leslie, with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub, as seen in the episode ``Okay Awesome ''."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hans Jacob Hess", "paragraph_text": "John Jacob Hess was born in Wald, Zurich, Switzerland on May 17, 1584 to Hans Heinrich Hess, a bailiff, (1534\u20131587) and Adelheid Kuntz (1546\u20131585). He had eight older full siblings: Margaretha, Christian, Matheus, Hans, Elsy, Margaretha, Heinrich, and Dorothea; five older half-siblings from his father's first two marriages: Adelheid, Barbara, Veronica, Catharina and Anna; and one younger half-brother, Hans, from his father's fourth marriage."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhang Xuanjing", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Xuanjing was born in 350, during the reign of his father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie). His mother was likely Zhang Chonghua's concubine Lady Guo (as he honored her as princess dowager in 363, which he would have had little reason to do if she were not his mother). He had an older brother, Zhang Yaoling, who was his father's heir apparent."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sun Ce", "paragraph_text": "Sun Ce () (175\u2013200), courtesy name Bofu, was a military general and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was the eldest child of Sun Jian, who was killed during the Battle of Xiangyang when Sun Ce was only 16. Sun Ce then broke away from his father's overlord, Yuan Shu, and headed to the Jiangdong region in southern China to establish his own power base there. With the help of several people, such as Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu, Sun Ce managed to lay down the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wensicia", "paragraph_text": "As established in the appendix of \"Dune\" (1965), Wensicia is the third daughter of the 81st Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV and Anirul, a Bene Gesserit of Hidden Rank. Her oldest sister is the Princess Irulan; her three other siblings are sisters Chalice, Josifa and Rugi. Wensicia accompanies her father into exile on Salusa Secundus after he is deposed by Paul Atreides in \"Dune\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Heinrich Lossow", "paragraph_text": "Heinrich Lossow's father was Arnold Hermann Lossow, a Bremen sculptor. His father moved to Munich in 1820 to study under Ernst Mayer. In Munich, Arnold Hermann Lossow married and had three children: Carl Lossow in 1835, Friedrich Lossow in 1837, and Heinrich Lossow in 1843. The three boys had an affinity for art; Carl became a historical painter, while Friedrich became a wildlife painter. Heinrich would outlive all of his siblings."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "David Kaonohiokala Bray", "paragraph_text": "David Kaonohiokala Bray was born 05 Mar 1889 in Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, to Missionary David Howard Hitchcock (1832\u20131899) and Hana Bray (-1889). Hana died when he was six months old so David had no full siblings, but there were five half siblings from his father's previous marriage to Almeda Eliza Widger (1828\u20131895): noted American painter D. Howard Hitchcock (1861 \u2013 1943), Ella Marian Hitchcock (1858 \u2013 1950), Cora Etta Hitchcock (1859 \u2013 1951), Almeda Eliza Hitchcock (1863 \u2013 1895), and Charles Henry Wetmore Hitchcock (1868 \u2013 1940)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zhang Yaoling", "paragraph_text": "Zhang Zuo was a violent and frivolous ruler, and there was soon much opposition against him, particularly after he completely broke away from Jin Dynasty (265-420). In 355, the generals Zhang Guan and Song Hun rebelled against Zhang Zuo and announced that they wished to restore Zhang Yaoling. In response, Zhang Zuo executed Zhang Yaoling by beating him to death. Zhang Zuo, however, would soon be overthrown and replaced by Zhang Yaoling's younger brother Zhang Xuanjing."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court that an earthquake had just occurred in the northwest, a message came soon afterwards that an earthquake had indeed struck 400 km (248 mi) to 500 km (310 mi) northwest of Luoyang (in what is now modern Gansu). Zhang called his device the 'instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth' (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea), so-named because he and others thought that earthquakes were most likely caused by the enormous compression of trapped air. See Zhang's seismometer for further details."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Henry William Stiegel", "paragraph_text": "Stiegel was the eldest of six children born to John Frederick and Dorothea Elizabeth Stiegel in the Free Imperial City of Cologne. He immigrated to British North America in 1750 with his mother and younger brother, Anthony (his father and other siblings had died). The Stiegels sailed on a ship known as the \"Nancy\", and arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 31, 1750."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Edward Dozier", "paragraph_text": "Dozier was of Tewa ethnicity, from Santa Clara Pueblo. He spoke only Tewa to the age of 12. His father, Thomas Dozier, was an Anglo-American schoolteacher who was adopted into a Tewa clan. His mother, Maria Lucaria Gutierrez, was a member of the Tewa Badger clan (her Tewa name was P'oo kwi tsaawaa). Eduardo and his siblings were raised as members of the Winter moiety of the Santa Clara pueblo."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kawee Tanjararak", "paragraph_text": "Kawee Tanjararak or Beam was born on May 18, 1980 in Thailand. He was named Rawee, but changed his name before he entered high school. He is the elder brother of three siblings. The youngest sister Bua-Sarocha is an actress and singer as well."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Natalie Horler", "paragraph_text": "Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to British parents who had moved to Germany in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her 2 siblings. Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney movies."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of Zhang Xuanjing's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__76555_43861", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Heartland (Canadian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The family patriarch, Jack is Amy and Lou's grandfather and was Marion's father. He is a former rodeo star and was once a cattle rancher. When Marion took over, Heartland became a horse ranch. After her death, Jack helps Amy and Ty maintain Heartland and its horses and is the one who fixes broken equipment, fences, and the like. Early in the series, he was very hostile towards ex-son - in - law Tim. The men have maintained a difficult relationship stemming from Tim's troubled past with alcohol and prescription drug abuse, his acrimonious divorce from Marion, and lack of involvement in Amy and Lou's lives. Jack seems to barely tolerate Tim's presence at times, and they've had numerous arguments over the running of the ranch. Jack was also initially hostile towards Ty. He warned Ty to keep ten feet away from his granddaughters at all times, and that any part of him that crossed that line would be removed. Later, he comes to accept Ty like a son and shows a great deal of concern and paternal affection for him. When Ty seeks permission from Jack to ask for Amy's hand in marriage, Jack gives him his blessing. In terms of personality, Jack is very stubborn and reluctant to accept change of any kind. This trait sometimes causes friction between him and others, most notably his romantic interest, Lisa Stillman, and with his granddaughter Lou. In season 7, Jack finally asks Lisa to marry him, and she says yes. They elope in the season 7 finale. Jack also suffers from heart problems after having a heart attack. When Jack is missing one episode after collapsing in the fields, Tim is the one to find and save him. Jack dotes on his two great - granddaughters, Katie and Georgie."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Emily Thorne", "paragraph_text": "David, who has cancer, is released on compassionate grounds before dying of the disease. Months later, Emily marries Jack and they sail off on their honeymoon. In a voiceover, she remarks that karma spared her from suffering the consequences of her actions, and asks the viewer to consider her story as they embark on a journey of revenge of their own."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Catherine Linton", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Linton (also known as ``Young Catherine ''or Cathy Linton and later as Catherine Heathcliff then as Catherine Earnshaw) is a character in Emily Bront\u00eb's novel Wuthering Heights. She is the daughter of Edgar Linton and Cathy Earnshaw, and, despite Heathcliff's attempts at exacting revenge on her for the indiscretions of her family, she eventually marries her true love, Hareton Earnshaw, re-establishing long - lost equilibrium in the story."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geraldine Granger", "paragraph_text": "Her best friend is Alice Tinker (Emma Chambers); at the end of each episode she tells a joke to Alice, but Alice rarely understands the humour. Geraldine was once going to marry David Horton but decided not to after all. In 2006, she receives a proposal from accountant Harry Jasper Kennedy and accepts by running around the village, screaming. In the final episode she marries him in a bizarre wedding with touches of Doctor Who, including the two bridesmaids being dressed as Daleks and with parts of the church decorated with vegetables. She ends up getting married in her pyjamas because her wedding dress has been accidentally covered with mud by Owen Newitt."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Katie and Emily", "paragraph_text": "Emily, disguised as her twin sister Katie, arrives at college to take Katie's history exam. In reality, Katie is at home, with nine stitches to the head after being hit with a rock by their friend Effy Stonem, who has disappeared. Katie is embarrassed about how her injuries look, and miserable over the loss of her boyfriend Freddie Mclair (Luke Pasqualino), who only dated her to spite Effy, his real love interest. She begins to take notice of all the hints in front of her, and realises that she can no longer hide from herself the fact that Emily is homosexual. At college, Naomi uncovers Emily's disguise (which had not fooled JJ or Freddie either) and tells her that she plans to spend the summer alone in Cyprus. When Emily tells Naomi that she will miss her, they kiss in an empty corridor and later find themselves at Naomi's house where they have sex. Afterward, Emily asks Naomi to the college ball, but Naomi, still crippled by insecurity over her sexuality, refuses, leaving Emily heartbroken. Emily leaves and at the bus stop meets Thomas Tomone (Merveille Lukeba), who offers her his shoes and jacket and is unconcerned when she tells him that she is gay. He tries to comfort her but admits that he believes it impossible to stop loving somebody, referring to his ex-girlfriend Pandora Moon (Lisa Backwell). Emily returns home and comes out to her family, telling them that she has been having sex with a girl named Naomi. Her father, Rob (John Bishop), dismisses it as a joke and her mother, Jenna (Ronni Ancona), is speechless, while Katie tries to deny it. She and Emily have a heated argument, leaving Katie crying."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Saved by the Bell characters", "paragraph_text": "Lisa's mother Judy Turtle (Susan Beaubian) appeared in two episodes of the series, ``Operation Zack ''and`` Drinking and Driving''. In ``Operation Zack '', she is Zack's doctor after he accidentally breaks his leg when Mr. Belding bumps into him in the locker room. In`` Drinking and Driving'', Lisa crashed her car after getting drunk at a party, and has to deal with the repercussions of her actions, including telling Judy what she did to her car."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Thor: The Dark World", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Eccleston as Malekith: The ruler of the Dark Elves of Svartalfheim. About Malekith's motivation, Eccleston said, ``There is a kind of tragic quality to his quest. Because he's lost his wife, he's lost his children. He's lost everything. And he returns for revenge. And the agent for his revenge is the Aether. If he gets hold of that, he is omnipotent. ''Eccleston continued,`` What I thought about a great deal was revenge -- there's huge amounts of revenge. One quote is: 'When you seek revenge, be sure to dig two graves.' I did a film called Revengers Tragedy where I played a guy called Vindici -- from the word 'vindictive' -- and he is the distillation of revenge. So, in a way, that was what I had to think of: how revenge can make you absolutely monomaniacal -- though you're still trying to make it recognizably motive - led. It's just the personification of movie evil.'' However Taylor stated that a lot of scenes involving Malekith's backstory had to be cut from the film to make it more efficient. Eccleston revealed that he speaks an invented language for the film explaining, ``The Elvish language is definitely based on European languages. I think there's probably some Finnish in there. It does have its logic and its rhythms. It also has many syllables and it's very difficult to do while remaining naturalistic. It's been a particular challenge for us but hopefully it gives the film some complexity and variety. ''Eccleston also said the role required six hours of make - up and 45 minutes in wardrobe."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "She Gets Revenge", "paragraph_text": "\"She Gets Revenge\" is the tenth episode of the of the horror-anthology television series \"American Horror Story\". It aired on December 16, 2015 on the cable network FX. The episode was written by James Wong and directed by Bradley Buecker."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Manuel Lisa", "paragraph_text": "After being appointed, as US Indian agent, during the War of 1812, Lisa used his standing among the tribes to encourage their alliance with the United States and their warfare against tribes allied with the United Kingdom. While still married to a European-American woman in St. Louis, where he kept a residence, in 1814 Lisa married \"Mitane\", a daughter of Big Elk, the principal chief of the Omaha people, as part of securing their alliance. They had two children together, whom Lisa provided for equally in his will with his children by his other marriage."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Auspicious wedding dates", "paragraph_text": "Lucky days of the week to get married, according to an old popular poem are: ``Monday for wealth / Tuesday for health / Wednesday the best day of all; ''"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jack Tripper", "paragraph_text": "When one of his roommates (Janet Wood) gets married to Phillip Dawson in the Three's Company series finale, Jack proposes to flight attendant Vicky Bradford. Even though she loves him, Vicky turns him down since she does n't want to get married and wants them to live together instead. Jack refuses at first but then changes his mind and they move into the apartment above his bistro. Three's Company then ends and the spinoff series Three's a Crowd begins, with Vicky and Jack living above the bistro and Vicky's father having purchased the restaurant from Mr. Angelino."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Rose for Emily", "paragraph_text": "The story opens with a brief first - person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family falls into hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily's father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, which takes her by surprise. She refuses to give up his corpse, and the townspeople write it off as her grieving process. The townspeople pity Emily not only after her father's death, but also during his life when he would n't let Emily marry."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Make It or Break It characters", "paragraph_text": "Chloe Kmetko (played by Susan Ward) is Emily and Brian's mother. A flighty free spirit, Chloe became pregnant with Emily as a teenager and has struggled with fulfilling the role of a responsible mother ever since. While fiercely devoted to her daughter, and occasionally capable of moments of great insight, Chloe has always struggled to make ends meet and to take care of her special needs son and her enormously talented, but emotionally unstable, daughter. Chloe initially has an unsteady job at a beauty salon and then gets a job at a strip club as a bartender. For a while she dates Steve Tanner, who she had met anonymously online. While the two seem genuinely attracted to each other, they eventually break up as Emily is uncomfortable with Steve's monetary support of her family and Lauren worries that Chloe is trying to replace her mother. When Emily becomes pregnant, Chloe warns her about the difficulties of being a teenage mother and counsels Emily to have an abortion so that she can follow her dreams. She is tearful when Emily runs off to Las Vegas after deciding to have the baby and makes her final appearance closing off the family's account with The Rock. While leaving, she wishes the best for her daughter and describes life as a mom as a ``hard, but beautiful life ''."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "Garrett's trial starts. Emily is at odds with her friends who suspect Paige is ``A. ''Toby and Spencer have sex. Mona escapes Radley. Maggie visits Ezra, making Aria uncomfortable.`` A'' sends a text to the Liars, telling them to meet at Ali's grave at the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm with Maya's bag, but without Emily. Emily tells Paige about the new ``A. ''Paige receives a text from`` A,'' telling her come to the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm. Emily and Nate head up to the Lighthouse Inn. She gets a call from ``A, ''in a distorted voice, who says,`` You have one minute. Get out.'' It is revealed that Nate is Maya's killer and that his real name is Lyndon James. Lyndon opens a closet revealing a bound Paige and tells Emily he is planning to kill Paige using the knife from Maya's bag. Emily escapes and reaches the top of the lighthouse where she fights Lyndon and ultimately fatally stabs him in self - defense. Caleb arrives and puts his gun down to comfort Emily, but as they embrace, a dying Lyndon uses the last of his strength to shoot Caleb. Paige tells the police that someone had sent her a text telling her to go to Alison's grave at the cemetery, but Lyndon had gotten her before she could get there. Caleb survives his shooting and undergoing surgery but Lyndon is dead. Spencer lets Paige know that she is sorry for thinking she was ``A. ''Veronica tells the girls that Garrett is now a free man thanks to Emily. The girls get a four - way call from`` A,'' saying ``Emily, I owe you one. ''In conclusion, the second`` A'' Team member is revealed: Toby Cavanaugh."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Susan Banks", "paragraph_text": "Kristen's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan's identical sister, Penelope Kent. Fearing she'll be charged with murder, Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan's boyfriend, Edmund Crumb (Adam Caine). In the meantime, ``Susan ''and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen's murder. Edmund admits to Kristen's`` murder'' and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan's other sibling, Penelope Kent. To get revenge against Kristen, Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Good Times", "paragraph_text": "By the end of season four, Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show's direction and decided to leave the series. In the final two episodes of the season, ``Love Has a Spot On His Lung '', Rolle's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon (Moses Gunn), a man she began dating toward the end of season four. In the season five premiere episode, it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl's health."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Grace Barnsley", "paragraph_text": "Emily Grace Barnsley (3 October 1896 \u2013 6 March 1975), known as Grace Barnsley or by her married name, Grace Davies, was an English pottery decorator."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Revenge characters", "paragraph_text": "Gail O'Grady as Stevie Grayson (maiden name Pruitt) (Seasons 3 - 4), Conrad's first ex-wife, and Jack's biological mother, who left when he was a baby. Conrad brings Stevie back to the Hamptons hoping to use her to kick Victoria out of Grayson Manor, but Stevie throws him out as well. Conrad convinces her to give him the deed to Grayson Manor. She also reconciles with Jack and is revealed to be a former alcoholic. She briefly becomes an ally of Emily's before she leaves the Hamptons. Stevie returns to help Jack when he is arrested for drunk driving. She becomes disillusioned with Emily's decisions and how they may impact Jack. Stevie convinces Jack to leave the Hamptons, but he returns when Emily is framed for Victoria's murder. Stevie attends Jack and Emily's wedding after the latter's revenge is finished."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A Rose for Emily", "paragraph_text": "The story opens with a brief first - person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family has fallen on hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily's father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, and takes her by surprise. She refused to give up his corpse, and the townspeople wrote it off as her grieving process."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Emily Elizabeth Howard (voiced by Grey DeLisle; Joanna Ruiz in the British version): Clifford's eight - year - old owner. A friendly, curious, and helpful girl. The best skater on the island, and also very good at soccer. Emily Elizabeth adopted Clifford when he was a very small puppy, when her parents gave him to her on her 6th birthday. Emily's love apparently caused Clifford to grow enormous, thus starting their new lives on Birdwell Island. Just like Clifford, she rarely has episodes about her and ends up being the voice of reason. Emily was named for creator Norman Bridwell's daughter and based on the imaginary adventures of Bridwell's wife. Caroline Howard (also voiced by Grey DeLisle): Emily Elizabeth's mom Mark Howard (voiced by Cameron Clarke): Emily Elizabeth's dad"}], "question": "On Heartland, when do Lisa and the person Emily ends up with in revenge get married?"}
{"id": "2hop__91686_43861", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Auspicious wedding dates", "paragraph_text": "Lucky days of the week to get married, according to an old popular poem are: ``Monday for wealth / Tuesday for health / Wednesday the best day of all; ''"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Catherine Linton", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Linton (also known as ``Young Catherine ''or Cathy Linton and later as Catherine Heathcliff then as Catherine Earnshaw) is a character in Emily Bront\u00eb's novel Wuthering Heights. She is the daughter of Edgar Linton and Cathy Earnshaw, and, despite Heathcliff's attempts at exacting revenge on her for the indiscretions of her family, she eventually marries her true love, Hareton Earnshaw, re-establishing long - lost equilibrium in the story."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "She Gets Revenge", "paragraph_text": "\"She Gets Revenge\" is the tenth episode of the of the horror-anthology television series \"American Horror Story\". It aired on December 16, 2015 on the cable network FX. The episode was written by James Wong and directed by Bradley Buecker."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Katie and Emily", "paragraph_text": "Emily, disguised as her twin sister Katie, arrives at college to take Katie's history exam. In reality, Katie is at home, with nine stitches to the head after being hit with a rock by their friend Effy Stonem, who has disappeared. Katie is embarrassed about how her injuries look, and miserable over the loss of her boyfriend Freddie Mclair (Luke Pasqualino), who only dated her to spite Effy, his real love interest. She begins to take notice of all the hints in front of her, and realises that she can no longer hide from herself the fact that Emily is homosexual. At college, Naomi uncovers Emily's disguise (which had not fooled JJ or Freddie either) and tells her that she plans to spend the summer alone in Cyprus. When Emily tells Naomi that she will miss her, they kiss in an empty corridor and later find themselves at Naomi's house where they have sex. Afterward, Emily asks Naomi to the college ball, but Naomi, still crippled by insecurity over her sexuality, refuses, leaving Emily heartbroken. Emily leaves and at the bus stop meets Thomas Tomone (Merveille Lukeba), who offers her his shoes and jacket and is unconcerned when she tells him that she is gay. He tries to comfort her but admits that he believes it impossible to stop loving somebody, referring to his ex-girlfriend Pandora Moon (Lisa Backwell). Emily returns home and comes out to her family, telling them that she has been having sex with a girl named Naomi. Her father, Rob (John Bishop), dismisses it as a joke and her mother, Jenna (Ronni Ancona), is speechless, while Katie tries to deny it. She and Emily have a heated argument, leaving Katie crying."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "Garrett's trial starts. Emily is at odds with her friends who suspect Paige is ``A. ''Toby and Spencer have sex. Mona escapes Radley. Maggie visits Ezra, making Aria uncomfortable.`` A'' sends a text to the Liars, telling them to meet at Ali's grave at the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm with Maya's bag, but without Emily. Emily tells Paige about the new ``A. ''Paige receives a text from`` A,'' telling her come to the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm. Emily and Nate head up to the Lighthouse Inn. She gets a call from ``A, ''in a distorted voice, who says,`` You have one minute. Get out.'' It is revealed that Nate is Maya's killer and that his real name is Lyndon James. Lyndon opens a closet revealing a bound Paige and tells Emily he is planning to kill Paige using the knife from Maya's bag. Emily escapes and reaches the top of the lighthouse where she fights Lyndon and ultimately fatally stabs him in self - defense. Caleb arrives and puts his gun down to comfort Emily, but as they embrace, a dying Lyndon uses the last of his strength to shoot Caleb. Paige tells the police that someone had sent her a text telling her to go to Alison's grave at the cemetery, but Lyndon had gotten her before she could get there. Caleb survives his shooting and undergoing surgery but Lyndon is dead. Spencer lets Paige know that she is sorry for thinking she was ``A. ''Veronica tells the girls that Garrett is now a free man thanks to Emily. The girls get a four - way call from`` A,'' saying ``Emily, I owe you one. ''In conclusion, the second`` A'' Team member is revealed: Toby Cavanaugh."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Rose for Emily", "paragraph_text": "The story opens with a brief first - person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family has fallen on hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily's father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, and takes her by surprise. She refused to give up his corpse, and the townspeople wrote it off as her grieving process."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Make It or Break It characters", "paragraph_text": "Chloe Kmetko (played by Susan Ward) is Emily and Brian's mother. A flighty free spirit, Chloe became pregnant with Emily as a teenager and has struggled with fulfilling the role of a responsible mother ever since. While fiercely devoted to her daughter, and occasionally capable of moments of great insight, Chloe has always struggled to make ends meet and to take care of her special needs son and her enormously talented, but emotionally unstable, daughter. Chloe initially has an unsteady job at a beauty salon and then gets a job at a strip club as a bartender. For a while she dates Steve Tanner, who she had met anonymously online. While the two seem genuinely attracted to each other, they eventually break up as Emily is uncomfortable with Steve's monetary support of her family and Lauren worries that Chloe is trying to replace her mother. When Emily becomes pregnant, Chloe warns her about the difficulties of being a teenage mother and counsels Emily to have an abortion so that she can follow her dreams. She is tearful when Emily runs off to Las Vegas after deciding to have the baby and makes her final appearance closing off the family's account with The Rock. While leaving, she wishes the best for her daughter and describes life as a mom as a ``hard, but beautiful life ''."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Emily Thorne", "paragraph_text": "David, who has cancer, is released on compassionate grounds before dying of the disease. Months later, Emily marries Jack and they sail off on their honeymoon. In a voiceover, she remarks that karma spared her from suffering the consequences of her actions, and asks the viewer to consider her story as they embark on a journey of revenge of their own."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Heartland (Canadian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The family patriarch, Jack is Amy and Lou's grandfather and was Marion's father. He is a former rodeo star and was once a cattle rancher. When Marion took over, Heartland became a horse ranch. After her death, Jack helps Amy and Ty maintain Heartland and its horses and is the one who fixes broken equipment, fences, and the like. Early in the series, he was very hostile towards ex-son - in - law Tim. The men have maintained a difficult relationship stemming from Tim's troubled past with alcohol and prescription drug abuse, his acrimonious divorce from Marion, and lack of involvement in Amy and Lou's lives. Jack seems to barely tolerate Tim's presence at times, and they've had numerous arguments over the running of the ranch. Jack was also initially hostile towards Ty. He warned Ty to keep ten feet away from his granddaughters at all times, and that any part of him that crossed that line would be removed. Later, he comes to accept Ty like a son and shows a great deal of concern and paternal affection for him. When Ty seeks permission from Jack to ask for Amy's hand in marriage, Jack gives him his blessing. In terms of personality, Jack is very stubborn and reluctant to accept change of any kind. This trait sometimes causes friction between him and others, most notably his romantic interest, Lisa Stillman, and with his granddaughter Lou. In season 7, Jack finally asks Lisa to marry him, and she says yes. They elope in the season 7 finale. Jack also suffers from heart problems after having a heart attack. When Jack is missing one episode after collapsing in the fields, Tim is the one to find and save him. Jack dotes on his two great - granddaughters, Katie and Georgie."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Grace Barnsley", "paragraph_text": "Emily Grace Barnsley (3 October 1896 \u2013 6 March 1975), known as Grace Barnsley or by her married name, Grace Davies, was an English pottery decorator."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Revenge characters", "paragraph_text": "Gail O'Grady as Stevie Grayson (maiden name Pruitt) (Seasons 3 - 4), Conrad's first ex-wife, and Jack's biological mother, who left when he was a baby. Conrad brings Stevie back to the Hamptons hoping to use her to kick Victoria out of Grayson Manor, but Stevie throws him out as well. Conrad convinces her to give him the deed to Grayson Manor. She also reconciles with Jack and is revealed to be a former alcoholic. She briefly becomes an ally of Emily's before she leaves the Hamptons. Stevie returns to help Jack when he is arrested for drunk driving. She becomes disillusioned with Emily's decisions and how they may impact Jack. Stevie convinces Jack to leave the Hamptons, but he returns when Emily is framed for Victoria's murder. Stevie attends Jack and Emily's wedding after the latter's revenge is finished."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lisa Tetzner", "paragraph_text": "Lisa Tetzner (born in Zittau, Saxony on 10 November 1894; died on 2 July 1963 in Carona, Switzerland) was a German-born Swiss children's book writer known for her work with fairy-tales. In 1924 she married Kurt Held, a Jewish Communist."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Saved by the Bell characters", "paragraph_text": "Lisa's mother Judy Turtle (Susan Beaubian) appeared in two episodes of the series, ``Operation Zack ''and`` Drinking and Driving''. In ``Operation Zack '', she is Zack's doctor after he accidentally breaks his leg when Mr. Belding bumps into him in the locker room. In`` Drinking and Driving'', Lisa crashed her car after getting drunk at a party, and has to deal with the repercussions of her actions, including telling Judy what she did to her car."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Good Times", "paragraph_text": "By the end of season four, Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show's direction and decided to leave the series. In the final two episodes of the season, ``Love Has a Spot On His Lung '', Rolle's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon (Moses Gunn), a man she began dating toward the end of season four. In the season five premiere episode, it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl's health."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Switched at Birth characters", "paragraph_text": "Angelo, Bay's father, reenters her life after reading an article about the switch, wanting to get to know Bay. He indicates to Regina that he wishes for them to get back together, but she refuses. Later, Angelo flees the Kennish household and it is revealed that he is under threat of being deported for an outstanding warrant for arrest in Italy. When he first returns, Regina wants nothing to do with him, but eventually she relents, even marrying him in order for him to avoid deportation. Her relationship with Patrick is effectively ended by this marriage. She later gets half of Angelo's money as a result of the marriage."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thor: The Dark World", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Eccleston as Malekith: The ruler of the Dark Elves of Svartalfheim. About Malekith's motivation, Eccleston said, ``There is a kind of tragic quality to his quest. Because he's lost his wife, he's lost his children. He's lost everything. And he returns for revenge. And the agent for his revenge is the Aether. If he gets hold of that, he is omnipotent. ''Eccleston continued,`` What I thought about a great deal was revenge -- there's huge amounts of revenge. One quote is: 'When you seek revenge, be sure to dig two graves.' I did a film called Revengers Tragedy where I played a guy called Vindici -- from the word 'vindictive' -- and he is the distillation of revenge. So, in a way, that was what I had to think of: how revenge can make you absolutely monomaniacal -- though you're still trying to make it recognizably motive - led. It's just the personification of movie evil.'' However Taylor stated that a lot of scenes involving Malekith's backstory had to be cut from the film to make it more efficient. Eccleston revealed that he speaks an invented language for the film explaining, ``The Elvish language is definitely based on European languages. I think there's probably some Finnish in there. It does have its logic and its rhythms. It also has many syllables and it's very difficult to do while remaining naturalistic. It's been a particular challenge for us but hopefully it gives the film some complexity and variety. ''Eccleston also said the role required six hours of make - up and 45 minutes in wardrobe."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A Rose for Emily", "paragraph_text": "The story opens with a brief first - person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family falls into hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily's father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, which takes her by surprise. She refuses to give up his corpse, and the townspeople write it off as her grieving process. The townspeople pity Emily not only after her father's death, but also during his life when he would n't let Emily marry."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Manuel Lisa", "paragraph_text": "After being appointed, as US Indian agent, during the War of 1812, Lisa used his standing among the tribes to encourage their alliance with the United States and their warfare against tribes allied with the United Kingdom. While still married to a European-American woman in St. Louis, where he kept a residence, in 1814 Lisa married \"Mitane\", a daughter of Big Elk, the principal chief of the Omaha people, as part of securing their alliance. They had two children together, whom Lisa provided for equally in his will with his children by his other marriage."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Geraldine Granger", "paragraph_text": "Her best friend is Alice Tinker (Emma Chambers); at the end of each episode she tells a joke to Alice, but Alice rarely understands the humour. Geraldine was once going to marry David Horton but decided not to after all. In 2006, she receives a proposal from accountant Harry Jasper Kennedy and accepts by running around the village, screaming. In the final episode she marries him in a bizarre wedding with touches of Doctor Who, including the two bridesmaids being dressed as Daleks and with parts of the church decorated with vegetables. She ends up getting married in her pyjamas because her wedding dress has been accidentally covered with mud by Owen Newitt."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Susan Banks", "paragraph_text": "Kristen's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan's identical sister, Penelope Kent. Fearing she'll be charged with murder, Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan's boyfriend, Edmund Crumb (Adam Caine). In the meantime, ``Susan ''and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen's murder. Edmund admits to Kristen's`` murder'' and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan's other sibling, Penelope Kent. To get revenge against Kristen, Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem."}], "question": "When do Lisa and the person Emily ends up getting revenge on get married on Heartland?"}
{"id": "2hop__326641_623359", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Consort Yao", "paragraph_text": "Princess Xiping was the daughter of Yao Xing (Emperor Wenhuan of Later Qin). It is not known when exactly her marriage to the emperor of Northern Wei was negotiated, but they married in 415. When she arrived at the Northern Wei capital Pingcheng (\u5e73\u57ce, in modern Datong, Shanxi), Emperor Mingyuan welcomed her with a great ceremony due an empress. However, Northern Wei customs dictated that only a candidate who was able to complete a golden statue with her own hands could become an empress, and Princess Xiping was unable to do so. She was therefore only created an imperial consort, not an empress, although within the palace she was treated as Emperor Mingyuan's wife and an empress. Later, Emperor Mingyuan offered to create her an empress, but she declined."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Portrait of Mariana of Austria", "paragraph_text": "Portrait of Mariana of Austria is an oil-on-canvas painting by Diego Vel\u00e1zquez completed c. 1652\u201353. Dona Mariana (known as Maria Anna) was the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand III and the Infanta Maria Anna of Spain. She was nineteen years old when the painting was completed and had been intended to marry Prince Baltasar Carlos, her first cousin. After he died, his father -her uncle- Philip IV married her to preserve the hegemony of the Habsburg. As such she became Queen consort of Spain, and reigned from 1634\u20131696."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Father Brown, Detective", "paragraph_text": "Father Brown, Detective is a 1934 American mystery film directed by Edward Sedgwick and starring Walter Connolly, Paul Lukas and Gertrude Michael. It is based on the Father Brown story \"The Blue Cross\" by G.K. Chesterton, a story which also informed the 1954 film \"Father Brown\" with Alec Guinness and Peter Finch."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Liu Yin (Han Zhao)", "paragraph_text": "Liu Yin (\u5289\u80e4) (died 329), courtesy name Yisun (\u7fa9\u5b6b), was an imperial prince of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao, who, following his father Liu Yao's capture by rival Later Zhao, tried to maintain the state with his brother, the crown prince Liu Xi, but was unsuccessful and killed by Later Zhao."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Family Rosary Crusade (TV program)", "paragraph_text": "The Family Rosary Crusade is a multi-media based ministry in the Philippines. In the 1950s, Reverend Father Fr. Patrick Peyton, CSC came to the Philippines upon the invitation of the Dominican Fathers, or Order of Preachers, to conduct and speak on his worldwide efforts to promote the praying of the Family Rosary all over the world. Father Peyton was warmly welcomed in the Philippines and from thereon, his mission has grown and expanded all over the country. Father Peyton died in 1992, but his mission in the Philippines continues to date with programs airing in various radio and television networks."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Statue of Father C\u00edcero", "paragraph_text": "The Statue of Father C\u00edcero on the Garden's hill is a monument built in homage to Father C\u00edcero, located in Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil. The total height of the statue plus the pedestal is 27m."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Shrek characters", "paragraph_text": "King Harold (voiced by John Cleese) was the king of Far Far Away, husband of Queen Lillian, father of Princess Fiona, and father in - law of Shrek."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yao Ming", "paragraph_text": "Yao was pressured to enter the NBA draft in 1999 by Li Yaomin, the deputy general manager of the Shanghai Sharks. Li also influenced Yao to sign a contract for Evergreen Sports Inc. to serve as his agent. The agreement entitled Evergreen to 33% of Yao's earnings, but the contract was later determined to be invalid.When Yao decided to enter the 2002 NBA draft, a group of advisers was formed that came to be known as \"Team Yao\". The team consisted of Yao's negotiator, Erik Zhang; his NBA agent, Bill Duffy; his Chinese agent, Lu Hao; University of Chicago economics professor John Huizinga; and the vice president for marketing at BDA Sports Management, Bill Sanders. Yao was widely predicted to be picked number one overall. However, some teams were concerned about Yao's NBA eligibility because of uncertainty over whether the CBA would let Yao play in the United States.Shortly after Wang Zhizhi refused to return to China to play for the national team and was subsequently banned from playing for China, the CBA stipulated that Yao would have to return to play for the national team. They also said they would not let him go to the United States unless the Houston Rockets would take him first overall. After assurances from Team Yao that the Rockets would draft Yao with their number one pick, the CBA gave permission on the morning of the draft for Yao to play in the U.S. When the Rockets selected Yao with the first pick of the draft, he became the first international player ever to be selected first overall without having previously played U.S. college basketball."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "All About My Father", "paragraph_text": "All About My Father () is a 2002 Norwegian biographical documentary film written and directed by Even Benestad. \"All About My Father\" is a personal documentary about the director's father, the famous sexologist and transvestite Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, who lives in the southern Norwegian city of Grimstad."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Empress She", "paragraph_text": "Very little is known about Empress She. She was already Yao Chang's wife before he declared imperial title, and when he did in 386, he created her empress and created her son Yao Xing crown prince. After he died in 394 and was succeeded by Yao Xing, she was honored as empress dowager. She died in 397, and Yao Xing was said to be so saddened that he was unable to gather officials for imperial meetings and handle important matters of state, although he eventually did so while still wearing mourning clothes. (However, it should also be noted that oddly enough, Yao Xing was recorded as having posthumously honored a concubine of his father, Consort Sun, as empress dowager, suggesting that Consort Sun was his birth mother but that Empress She raised him. Given a lack of conclusive evidence, however, Empress She should probably still be considered his mother.)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Liliana Mumy", "paragraph_text": "Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 The Twilight Zone episode ``It's a Good Life '', and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series' 2003 sequel episode`` It's Still a Good Life''. She currently voices Beth Tezuka, in the animated web series Bravest Warriors and Leni Loud in the Nickelodeon TV series The Loud House, and has been joined by her father on some episodes of both shows."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Father of the Nation", "paragraph_text": "In postcolonial Africa, \"father of the nation\" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity. On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title \"Father of Nations\" for his establishment of \"people's democracies\" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.The title \"Father of the Nation\" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be \"father of the nation\". The BNP government removed this in 2004, to the protests of the oppostition Awami League, led by Rahman's daughter Sheikh Hasina. A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka \"father of the nation\" barely failed in September 2007."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "My Father's Eyes (song)", "paragraph_text": "The song is inspired by the fact that Clapton never met his father, who died in 1985. Describing how Clapton wishes he knew his father, ``My Father's Eyes ''also refers to Clapton's son Conor, who died at age four after falling from an apartment window.`` In it I tried to describe the parallel between looking in the eyes of my son, and the eyes of the father that I never met, through the chain of our blood'', said Clapton in his autobiography."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Constance of Burgundy", "paragraph_text": "Constance of Burgundy (8 May 1046 \u2013 1093) was the daughter of Duke Robert I of Burgundy and Helie de Semur-en-Brionnais. She was Queen consort of Castile and Le\u00f3n by her marriage to Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n and Castile. She was the granddaughter of King Robert II of France, the second monarch of the French Capetian dynasty. She was the mother of Urraca of Le\u00f3n, who succeeded her father in both Castile and Le\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Chicago Med characters", "paragraph_text": "Cornelius Rhodes (D.W. Moffett) is the father of Dr. Connor Rhodes. He runs the family business Dolen Rhodes, a high - end department store started by his father. His wife Elizabeth died at some point before the pilot. As the only son and heir to the family fortune, Connor was expected to follow his father into the family business but eschews it for medicine. Elizabeth's death and Connor's choice to go into medicine lead to a bitter estrangement between father and son."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dimitar Zograf", "paragraph_text": "Born in Samokov to the family of Hristo Dimitrov, the founder of the Samokov iconographic school, Dimitar was the elder brother of the better-known painter Zahari Zograf. Dimitar was taught iconography by his father in his workshop and by his father's death in 1819 he was already an accomplished painter, taking the leadership of his father's workshop and often working for the same monasteries and architects as his father."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sima Yu", "paragraph_text": "Sima Yu's father Sima Zhong was developmentally disabled, and before he, then crown prince, was to marry his wife Jia Nanfeng, his father Emperor Wu gave him one of his own concubines, Consort Xie Jiu (\u8b1d\u7396), so that Consort Xie could teach him how to have sexual relations. While Crown Princess Jia bore the crown prince four daughters, Sima Yu was his only son."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Malcolm Shabazz", "paragraph_text": "Malcolm Shabazz was born in Paris on October 8, 1984. His father, L. A. Bouasba, was an Algerian Muslim whom Qubilah Shabazz met there. According to Malcolm, he never met his father. Other sources say Malcolm knew his father, but they had little contact with one another."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford", "paragraph_text": "John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford, 9th Lord of Skipton (8 April 1435 \u2013 28 March 1461) was a Lancastrian military leader during the Wars of the Roses in England. The Clifford family was one of the most prominent families among the northern English nobility of the fifteenth century, and by the marriages of his sisters John Clifford had links to some very important families of the time, including the earls of Devon. He was orphaned at twenty years of age when his father was slain by partisans of the House of York at the first battle of the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of St Albans in 1455. It was probably as a result of his father's death there that Clifford became one of the strongest supporters of Queen Margaret of Anjou, consort of King Henry VI, who ended up as effective leader of the Lancastrian faction."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa", "paragraph_text": "Father Serra sent an expedition down south to San Luis Obispo to start building the mission. On September 1, 1772, a cross was erected near San Luis Obispo Creek and Father Jun\u00edpero Serra celebrated the first mass, marking the site as the destination for yet another mission. However, briefly following the first mass, Father Jun\u00edpero Serra returned to San Diego and left the responsibility of the mission's construction to Father Jose Cavaller. Father Cavaller, five soldiers, and two neophytes began building what is now Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa. Father Cavaller received help in the building of the Mission from the local friendly tribe, the Chumash Indians. The Chumash helped construct palisades, which would serve as temporary buildings for the Mission. However, due to several Indian tribes which were determined to get rid of European settlers, they set these buildings ablaze. Because of this, Father Cavaller was forced to rebuild the buildings using adobe and tile structures."}], "question": "Who was the grandfather of Consort Yao?"}
{"id": "2hop__44597_108936", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 1) Region 1 DVD artwork Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 17 (2011 - 04 - 17) -- June 19, 2011 (2011 - 06 - 19) Season chronology Next \u2192 Season 2 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lacrosse at the 1932 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Lacrosse was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Teams from Canada and the United States played three games, with the team from the United States winning the series 2 games to 1. Games were played in the new Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in front of large crowds."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cersei Lannister", "paragraph_text": "Cersei Lannister is a fictional character in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation \"Game of Thrones\", where she is portrayed by English actress Lena Headey. In the later novels of the series, she is a point of view character."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kit Harington", "paragraph_text": "Since 2011, Harington has risen to prominence playing the role of Jon Snow in the HBO television series Game of Thrones, which garnered him a nomination for the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award. In 2017, Harington became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned \u00a32 million per episode of Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 7) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 (2017 - 07 - 16) -- August 27, 2017 (2017 - 08 - 27) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gemma Whelan", "paragraph_text": "Gemma Elizabeth Whelan (born 23 April 1981) is an English actress and comedian, known for playing Yara Greyjoy in the HBO fantasy - drama series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Space Siege", "paragraph_text": "Space Siege is an action role-playing game developed by Chris Taylor and Gas Powered Games, published by Sega. The title is a play on the \"Dungeon Siege\" series, which is also produced by Gas Powered Games."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Troy Lyndon", "paragraph_text": "Troy A. Lyndon (born November 29, 1964 in New York, NY) is an award-winning entrepreneur, game developer, and business coach."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson", "paragraph_text": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson (Icelandic pronunciation: \u200b (\u02c8haf\u03b8our \u02c8ju\u02d0li\u028fs \u02c8pj\u0153s\u02d0\u0254n); born November 26, 1988) is an Icelandic professional strongman, actor, and former professional basketball player. He plays Ser Gregor ``The Mountain ''Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dota 2", "paragraph_text": "Dota 2 is a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. The game is a sequel to \"Defense of the Ancients\" (\"DotA\"), which was a community-created mod for Blizzard Entertainment's \"\" and its expansion pack, \"The Frozen Throne\". \"Dota 2\" is played in matches between two teams of five players, with each team occupying and defending their own separate base on the map. Each of the ten players independently controls a powerful character, known as a \"hero\", who all have unique abilities and differing styles of play. During a match, players collect experience points and items for their heroes to successfully defeat the opposing team's heroes in player versus player combat. A team wins by being the first to destroy the other team's \"Ancient\", a large structure located within their base."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "You Win or You Die", "paragraph_text": "The episode furthers the story line of deterioration of the political balance of the Seven Kingdoms, with Eddard Stark revealing what he has discovered to Cersei Lannister while King Robert is still away on a hunt. The title of the episode is part of a quote from Cersei Lannister during the final confrontation with Eddard: ``When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground. ''The catchphrase has been frequently used during the promotion of both the books and the television series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Orcs Must Die! 2", "paragraph_text": "Orcs Must Die! 2 is a trap based action-tower defense video game that Robot Entertainment developed as the follow-up to the original \"Orcs Must Die!\", with Microsoft Game Studios publishing the sequel for Microsoft Windows on July 30, 2012 in the United States. On April 2, 2012, Microsoft announced the development of \"Orcs Must Die! 2\" at the Penny Arcade Expo in Boston (PAX East), with their emphasis on co-operative gameplay as the principal addition over the original."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Clash of Clans", "paragraph_text": "Clash of Clans is a freemium mobile strategy video game developed and published by Finnish game developer Supercell. The game was released for iOS platforms on August 2, 2012, and on Google Play for Android on October 7, 2013."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Darkness II", "paragraph_text": "The Darkness II is a first-person shooter video game with light role-playing elements developed by Digital Extremes and published by 2K Games which was released in 2012. The game is the sequel to 2007's \"The Darkness\" which was developed by Starbreeze Studios."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anarchy Online", "paragraph_text": "Anarchy Online is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) published and developed by Norwegian video game development company Funcom. Released in the summer of 2001, the game was the first in the genre to include a science-fiction setting, dynamic quests, instancing, free trials, and in-game advertising. The game's ongoing storyline revolves around the fictional desert planet \"Rubi-Ka\", the source of a valuable mineral known as \"Notum\". Players assume the role of a new colonist to Rubi-Ka. With no specific objective to win \"Anarchy Online\", the player advances the game through the improvement of a character's skills over time. After more than 17 years, \"Anarchy Online\" has become one of the oldest surviving games in the genre."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)", "paragraph_text": "In the 1985 film Clue, Tim Curry states he is quoting Sir Alfred Lloyd Tennyson when he says ``Ours is not to question why, ours is to do and die. ''"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sayed Mohammad Ayub", "paragraph_text": "Sayed Mohammad Ayub (born 20 November 1908, date of death unknown) was an Afghanistan field hockey player, who competed at the 1936 Summer Olympic Games and played in both games."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Natalia Tena", "paragraph_text": "Natalia Gastiain Tena (born 1 November 1984) is an English actress and musician. She played Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter film series, and the wildling Osha in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Iron Bowl", "paragraph_text": "For much of the 20th century, the game was played every year in Birmingham at Legion Field, with Alabama winning 34 games and Auburn 19. Four games were played in Montgomery, Alabama, with each team winning two. Since 2000, the games have been played at Jordan -- Hare Stadium in Auburn every odd - numbered year and at Bryant -- Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa every even - numbered year. Auburn has a 9 -- 5 record in games played at Jordan -- Hare Stadium and a 7 -- 4 record in games played in Tuscaloosa, with 5 of those wins coming at Bryant - Denny."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}], "question": "Who created the character who says when you play the game of thrones you win or you die?"}
{"id": "2hop__88872_108936", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Natalia Tena", "paragraph_text": "Natalia Gastiain Tena (born 1 November 1984) is an English actress and musician. She played Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter film series, and the wildling Osha in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gemma Whelan", "paragraph_text": "Gemma Elizabeth Whelan (born 23 April 1981) is an English actress and comedian, known for playing Yara Greyjoy in the HBO fantasy - drama series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Orcs Must Die! 2", "paragraph_text": "Orcs Must Die! 2 is a trap based action-tower defense video game that Robot Entertainment developed as the follow-up to the original \"Orcs Must Die!\", with Microsoft Game Studios publishing the sequel for Microsoft Windows on July 30, 2012 in the United States. On April 2, 2012, Microsoft announced the development of \"Orcs Must Die! 2\" at the Penny Arcade Expo in Boston (PAX East), with their emphasis on co-operative gameplay as the principal addition over the original."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Darkness II", "paragraph_text": "The Darkness II is a first-person shooter video game with light role-playing elements developed by Digital Extremes and published by 2K Games which was released in 2012. The game is the sequel to 2007's \"The Darkness\" which was developed by Starbreeze Studios."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 7) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 (2017 - 07 - 16) -- August 27, 2017 (2017 - 08 - 27) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kit Harington", "paragraph_text": "Since 2011, Harington has risen to prominence playing the role of Jon Snow in the HBO television series Game of Thrones, which garnered him a nomination for the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award. In 2017, Harington became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned \u00a32 million per episode of Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson", "paragraph_text": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson (Icelandic pronunciation: \u200b (\u02c8haf\u03b8our \u02c8ju\u02d0li\u028fs \u02c8pj\u0153s\u02d0\u0254n); born November 26, 1988) is an Icelandic professional strongman, actor, and former professional basketball player. He plays Ser Gregor ``The Mountain ''Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Iron Bowl", "paragraph_text": "For much of the 20th century, the game was played every year in Birmingham at Legion Field, with Alabama winning 34 games and Auburn 19. Four games were played in Montgomery, Alabama, with each team winning two. Since 2000, the games have been played at Jordan -- Hare Stadium in Auburn every odd - numbered year and at Bryant -- Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa every even - numbered year. Auburn has a 9 -- 5 record in games played at Jordan -- Hare Stadium and a 7 -- 4 record in games played in Tuscaloosa, with 5 of those wins coming at Bryant - Denny."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Game of Thrones title sequence", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones title sequence Game of Thrones title screen as of 2011 Directed by Angus Wall Music by Ramin Djawadi Production company Rock Paper Scissors / Elastic Distributed by HBO Running time 90 seconds Box office Music video Video on Vimeo"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Troy Lyndon", "paragraph_text": "Troy A. Lyndon (born November 29, 1964 in New York, NY) is an award-winning entrepreneur, game developer, and business coach."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Goal Storm", "paragraph_text": "Goal Storm (known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven in Japan) is a football video game developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo. It was released for the Sony PlayStation game console in 1995 in North America and in 1996 in other regions. The cover is the same with J-League Jikkyou Winning Eleven, with different colours."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dota 2", "paragraph_text": "Dota 2 is a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. The game is a sequel to \"Defense of the Ancients\" (\"DotA\"), which was a community-created mod for Blizzard Entertainment's \"\" and its expansion pack, \"The Frozen Throne\". \"Dota 2\" is played in matches between two teams of five players, with each team occupying and defending their own separate base on the map. Each of the ten players independently controls a powerful character, known as a \"hero\", who all have unique abilities and differing styles of play. During a match, players collect experience points and items for their heroes to successfully defeat the opposing team's heroes in player versus player combat. A team wins by being the first to destroy the other team's \"Ancient\", a large structure located within their base."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "You Win or You Die", "paragraph_text": "The episode furthers the story line of deterioration of the political balance of the Seven Kingdoms, with Eddard Stark revealing what he has discovered to Cersei Lannister while King Robert is still away on a hunt. The title of the episode is part of a quote from Cersei Lannister during the final confrontation with Eddard: ``When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground. ''The catchphrase has been frequently used during the promotion of both the books and the television series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gemma Whelan", "paragraph_text": "Gemma Elizabeth Whelan (born 23 April 1981) is an English actor and comedian, known for playing Yara Greyjoy in the HBO fantasy - drama series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Clash of Clans", "paragraph_text": "Clash of Clans is a freemium mobile strategy video game developed and published by Finnish game developer Supercell. The game was released for iOS platforms on August 2, 2012, and on Google Play for Android on October 7, 2013."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Space Siege", "paragraph_text": "Space Siege is an action role-playing game developed by Chris Taylor and Gas Powered Games, published by Sega. The title is a play on the \"Dungeon Siege\" series, which is also produced by Gas Powered Games."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Forza Horizon", "paragraph_text": "The game revolves around the fictitious Horizon Festival, a street racing event set in the state of Colorado. The game incorporates many different game - play aspects from previous Forza Motorsport titles, like the large variety of cars, realistic physics and high definition graphics. The aim is to progress through the game by means of obtaining wristbands via winning races, while also increasing their popularity level by driving fast, destroying property, and performing other stunts and antics. It features the physics of Forza Motorsport 4, which have been optimised to work on the 65 variants of terrain said to be present in the game. Players can drive off - road in select areas, while others, such as large cliffs, are limited by guardrails or other means."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cersei Lannister", "paragraph_text": "Cersei Lannister is a fictional character in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation \"Game of Thrones\", where she is portrayed by English actress Lena Headey. In the later novels of the series, she is a point of view character."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anarchy Online", "paragraph_text": "Anarchy Online is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) published and developed by Norwegian video game development company Funcom. Released in the summer of 2001, the game was the first in the genre to include a science-fiction setting, dynamic quests, instancing, free trials, and in-game advertising. The game's ongoing storyline revolves around the fictional desert planet \"Rubi-Ka\", the source of a valuable mineral known as \"Notum\". Players assume the role of a new colonist to Rubi-Ka. With no specific objective to win \"Anarchy Online\", the player advances the game through the improvement of a character's skills over time. After more than 17 years, \"Anarchy Online\" has become one of the oldest surviving games in the genre."}], "question": "Who created the Game of Thrones character who said when you play the game of thrones you win or die?"}
{"id": "2hop__621654_367856", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Karnal Sher Khan Cadet College Swabi", "paragraph_text": "Karnal Sher Khan Cadet College Swabi Location Ismaila, Swabi District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Information Motto Trail Blazers Opened 2011 Principal Col (R) Tahir Najeeb Raja. Area 414 acres Demonym Sherians Website www.kskccs.edu.pk"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sherian Cadoria", "paragraph_text": "Sherian Grace Cadoria (born January 26, 1943 in Marksville, Louisiana) is a retired United States Army officer and the first African-American female to achieve General rank in the Army. She was the highest ranking female in the Army at the time of her retirement in 1990 with the rank of Brigadier General. She is a graduate of Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and holds a Master of Arts degree in Social Work from the University of Oklahoma. Initially in the Women's Army Corps, she transferred to the Military Police Corps in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marksville, Louisiana", "paragraph_text": "Marksville is a small city in and the parish seat of Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 5,702 at the 2010 census, an increase of 165 over the 2000 tabulation of 5,537."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}], "question": "In which parish was Sherian Cadoria born?"}
{"id": "2hop__128681_274275", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ulyanovsk Oblast", "paragraph_text": "Ulyanovsk Oblast (Russian: \u0423\u043b\u044c\u044f\u0301\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0301\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, Ulyanovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It is located in the Volga Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Ulyanovsk. Population: 1,292,799 (2010 Census)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WVTQ", "paragraph_text": "WVTQ (95.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Sunderland, Vermont. The station is owned by Vermont Public Radio, and is an affiliate of their Classical music network. WVTQ transmits from the top of Mount Equinox along with WEQX."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Glenfield, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Glenfield is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Glenfield is located 36 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government areas of the City of Campbelltown and is part of the Outer Rim Territories."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tyne and Wear", "paragraph_text": "Tyne and Wear County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference, and as a ceremonial county."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shire of Taringa", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Taringa is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in western Brisbane. Its administrative centre was Taringa (now a suburb of City of Brisbane). It existed from 1890 to 1925."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Central Library (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "The Central Library is the main library of the Kansas City Public Library system, which is located in the Library District of Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It is situated at 14 West 10th Street, at the corner of West 10th Street and Baltimore Avenue, across Baltimore Avenue from the Kansas City Club and up from the New York Life Building. It contains the administration of Kansas City's library system."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}], "question": "In which county is WVTQ's city located?"}
{"id": "2hop__13020_13042", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long. This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,300 years with respect to the mean tropical year. However, because of the precession of the equinoxes, the error with respect to the vernal equinox (which occurs, on average, 365.24237 days apart near 2000) is 1 day every 7,700 years, assuming a constant time interval between vernal equinoxes, which is not true. By any criterion, the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar (average year 365.25 days)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Islamic calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u200e at - taqw\u012bm al - hijr\u012b) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the Gregorian calendar) to date events in many Muslim countries. It is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Dungeness", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Dungeness took place on 30 November 1652 (10 December Gregorian calendar), during the First Anglo-Dutch War near the cape of Dungeness in Kent."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jewish holidays", "paragraph_text": "Jewish holidays, also known as Jewish festivals or Yamim Tovim (\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd, ``Good Days '', or singular \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 Yom Tov, in transliterated Hebrew (English: / \u02c8j\u0254\u02d0m \u02c8t\u0254\u02d0v, jo\u028am \u02c8to\u028av /)), are holidays observed in Judaism and by Jews throughout the Hebrew calendar and include religious, cultural and national elements, derived from three sources: Biblical mitzvot (`` commandments''); rabbinic mandates; Jewish history and the history of the State of Israel. Jewish holidays occur on the same dates every year in the Hebrew calendar, but the dates vary in the Gregorian. This is because the Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar (i.e., based on the cycles of both the sun and moon), whereas the Gregorian is a solar calendar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Julian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Although the new calendar was much simpler than the pre-Julian calendar, the pontifices initially added a leap day every three years, instead of every four. There are accounts of this in Solinus, Pliny, Ammianus, Suetonius, and Censorinus."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Gregorian reform contained two parts: a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church, with the Julian calendar, to calculate the date of Easter. The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Julian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC (708 AUC), was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC (AUC 709), by edict. It was the predominant calendar in the Roman world, most of Europe, and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere, until it was refined and gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar, promulgated in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years. For the Gregorian the figure is one day in 3,030 years. The difference in the average length of the year between Julian (365.25 days) and Gregorian (365.2425 days) is 0.002%."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Feast of the Transfiguration", "paragraph_text": "In the Syriac Orthodox, Indian Orthodox, Revised Julian calendars within Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, and Anglican churches, the Feast of the Transfiguration is observed on 6 August. In those Orthodox churches which continue to follow the Julian Calendar, August 6 falls on August 19 of the Gregorian Calendar. The Transfiguration is considered a major feast, numbered among the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy. In all these churches, if the feast falls on a Sunday, its liturgy is not combined with the Sunday liturgy, but completely replaces it."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of the verified oldest people", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of the 100 verified oldest men, arranged in descending order of each individual's age in years and days. A year typically refers to a calendar year, the time between two dates of the same name. However, years can be of different lengths due to the presence or absence of a leap day within the year, or to the conversion of dates from one calendar to another. The oldest man ever whose age has been verified is Jiroemon Kimura (1897 -- 2013) of Japan who died at age 116 years, 54 days. There are four living people on this list, the oldest of whom is Francisco N\u00fa\u00f1ez Olivera, aged 7004412300000000000 \u2660 112 years, 322 days."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Soviet calendar", "paragraph_text": "While the Gregorian calendar was implemented in Soviet Russia in February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of 1 -- 13 February 1918 pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree, the Soviet calendar added five - and six - day work weeks between 1929 and 1940. Although the traditional seven - day week was still recognized, a day of rest on Sunday was replaced by one day of rest in each work week. Many sources erroneously state that the weeks were organized into 30 - day months from Roman calendar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "February 29", "paragraph_text": "February 29, also known as leap day or leap year day, is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4, such as 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, and 2024. A leap day is added in various solar calendars (calendars based on the Earth's revolution around the Sun), including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world. Lunisolar calendars (whose months are based on the phases of the Moon) instead add a leap or intercalary month."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Julian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Julian calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, as listed in the table below. A leap day is added to February every four years. The Julian year is, therefore, on average 365.25 days long. It was intended to approximate the tropical (solar) year. Although Greek astronomers had known, at least since Hipparchus, a century before the Julian reform, that the tropical year was slightly shorter than 365.25 days, the calendar did not compensate for this difference. As a result, the calendar year gains about three days every four centuries compared to observed equinox times and the seasons. This discrepancy was corrected by the Gregorian reform of 1582. The Gregorian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian calendar, but, in the Gregorian calendar, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that years evenly divisible by 400 remain leap years. Consequently -- since 16 February Julian / 1 March 1900 Gregorian and until 15 February Julian / 28 February 2100 Gregorian -- the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "\"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\" (NS) are sometimes added to dates to identify which system is used in the British Empire and other countries that did not immediately change. Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year, and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar, there is some confusion as to what these terms mean. They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar (NS)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days (365 days 6 hours) to 365.2425 days (365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds), a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year, the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year's position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox the equinox was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March. The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days."}], "question": "What did Lilius's calendar plan to reduce in the period of time that the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days?"}
{"id": "2hop__280092_752894", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Taipeh Prefecture", "paragraph_text": "In 1885, work commenced to establish Fokien-Taiwan Province and the island's capital, which had formerly been in the south, was temporarily moved north to Taipeh (Taipei), which was under construction. In 1887, the province was declared and reorganized into four prefectures: Taipeh, Taiwan, Tainan, and Taitung. Taipeh Prefecture included the districts of , Gilan (\u5b9c\u862d\u7e23), and Hsinchu (\u65b0\u7af9\u7e23), plus the sub-prefecture of Keelung (\u57fa\u9686\u5ef3). Due to multiple factors, the island's capital permanently remained at Taipeh-fu; modern-day Taipei carries on the name of this prefecture."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Taiwan Theater Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Taiwan Theater Museum () is a museum about theatre in Yilan City, Yilan County, Taiwan. The museum is dedicated to Taiwan's theatrical arts and operas. It is the first public theater museum in Taiwan and the first museum established in Yilan County. The museum is managed by the Ministry of Culture"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "In which province is Yilan City located?"}
{"id": "2hop__83154_13021", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "February 29", "paragraph_text": "February 29, also known as leap day or leap year day, is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4, such as 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, and 2024. A leap day is added in various solar calendars (calendars based on the Earth's revolution around the Sun), including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world. Lunisolar calendars (whose months are based on the phases of the Moon) instead add a leap or intercalary month."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dog days", "paragraph_text": "Various computations of the dog days have placed their start anywhere from 3 July to 15 August and lasting for anywhere from 30 to 61 days. They may begin or end with the cosmical or heliacal rising of either Sirius in Canis Major or Procyon (the ``Little Dog Star '') in Canis Minor and vary by latitude, not even being visible throughout much of the Southern Hemisphere. Sirius observes a period of almost exactly 3651\u20444 days between risings, keeping it largely consistent with the Julian but not the Gregorian calendar; nonetheless, its dates occur somewhat later in the year over a span of millennia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saint Stephen's Day", "paragraph_text": "Saint Stephen's Day, or the Feast of Saint Stephen, is a Christian saint's day to commemorate Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr or protomartyr, celebrated on 26 December in the Latin Church and 27 December in Eastern Christianity. The Eastern Orthodox Church adheres to the Julian calendar and mark Saint Stephen's Day on 27 December according to that calendar, which places it on 9 January of the Gregorian calendar used in secular contexts. In Latin Christian denominations, Saint Stephen's Day marks the second day of Christmastide."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jewish holidays", "paragraph_text": "Jewish holidays, also known as Jewish festivals or Yamim Tovim (\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd, ``Good Days '', or singular \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 Yom Tov, in transliterated Hebrew (English: / \u02c8j\u0254\u02d0m \u02c8t\u0254\u02d0v, jo\u028am \u02c8to\u028av /)), are holidays observed in Judaism and by Jews throughout the Hebrew calendar and include religious, cultural and national elements, derived from three sources: Biblical mitzvot (`` commandments''); rabbinic mandates; Jewish history and the history of the State of Israel. Jewish holidays occur on the same dates every year in the Hebrew calendar, but the dates vary in the Gregorian. This is because the Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar (i.e., based on the cycles of both the sun and moon), whereas the Gregorian is a solar calendar."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Julian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Julian calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, as listed in the table below. A leap day is added to February every four years. The Julian year is, therefore, on average 365.25 days long. It was intended to approximate the tropical (solar) year. Although Greek astronomers had known, at least since Hipparchus, a century before the Julian reform, that the tropical year was slightly shorter than 365.25 days, the calendar did not compensate for this difference. As a result, the calendar year gains about three days every four centuries compared to observed equinox times and the seasons. This discrepancy was corrected by the Gregorian reform of 1582. The Gregorian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian calendar, but, in the Gregorian calendar, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that years evenly divisible by 400 remain leap years. Consequently -- since 16 February Julian / 1 March 1900 Gregorian and until 15 February Julian / 28 February 2100 Gregorian -- the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Russian Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies (called 'soviets') which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Year", "paragraph_text": "The Julian year, as used in astronomy and other sciences, is a time unit defined as exactly 365.25 days. This is the normal meaning of the unit ``year ''(symbol`` a'' from the Latin annus) used in various scientific contexts. The Julian century of 7004365250000000000 \u2660 36 525 days and the Julian millennium of 7005365250000000000 \u2660 365 250 days are used in astronomical calculations. Fundamentally, expressing a time interval in Julian years is a way to precisely specify how many days (not how many ``real ''years), for long time intervals where stating the number of days would be unwieldy and unintuitive. By convention, the Julian year is used in the computation of the distance covered by a light - year."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe. Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time, for the sake of convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Feast of the Transfiguration", "paragraph_text": "In the Syriac Orthodox, Indian Orthodox, Revised Julian calendars within Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, and Anglican churches, the Feast of the Transfiguration is observed on 6 August. In those Orthodox churches which continue to follow the Julian Calendar, August 6 falls on August 19 of the Gregorian Calendar. The Transfiguration is considered a major feast, numbered among the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy. In all these churches, if the feast falls on a Sunday, its liturgy is not combined with the Sunday liturgy, but completely replaces it."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Islamic calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u200e at - taqw\u012bm al - hijr\u012b) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the Gregorian calendar) to date events in many Muslim countries. It is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "\"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\" (NS) are sometimes added to dates to identify which system is used in the British Empire and other countries that did not immediately change. Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year, and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar, there is some confusion as to what these terms mean. They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar (NS)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long. This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,300 years with respect to the mean tropical year. However, because of the precession of the equinoxes, the error with respect to the vernal equinox (which occurs, on average, 365.24237 days apart near 2000) is 1 day every 7,700 years, assuming a constant time interval between vernal equinoxes, which is not true. By any criterion, the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar (average year 365.25 days)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Soviet calendar", "paragraph_text": "While the Gregorian calendar was implemented in Soviet Russia in February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of 1 -- 13 February 1918 pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree, the Soviet calendar added five - and six - day work weeks between 1929 and 1940. Although the traditional seven - day week was still recognized, a day of rest on Sunday was replaced by one day of rest in each work week. Many sources erroneously state that the weeks were organized into 30 - day months from Roman calendar."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Augustus", "paragraph_text": "The month of August (Latin: Augustus) is named after Augustus; until his time it was called Sextilis (named so because it had been the sixth month of the original Roman calendar and the Latin word for six is sex). Commonly repeated lore has it that August has 31 days because Augustus wanted his month to match the length of Julius Caesar's July, but this is an invention of the 13th century scholar Johannes de Sacrobosco. Sextilis in fact had 31 days before it was renamed, and it was not chosen for its length (see Julian calendar). According to a senatus consultum quoted by Macrobius, Sextilis was renamed to honor Augustus because several of the most significant events in his rise to power, culminating in the fall of Alexandria, fell in that month."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Julian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Although the new calendar was much simpler than the pre-Julian calendar, the pontifices initially added a leap day every three years, instead of every four. There are accounts of this in Solinus, Pliny, Ammianus, Suetonius, and Censorinus."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Valery Glivenko", "paragraph_text": "Valery Ivanovich Glivenko (, ; 2 January 1897 (Gregorian calendar) / 21 December 1896 (Julian calendar) in Kiev \u2013 15 February 1940 in Moscow) was a Ukrainian Soviet mathematician. He worked in foundations of mathematics, real analysis, probability theory, and mathematical statistics. He taught at Moscow Industrial Pedagogical Institute until his death at age 43. Most of Glivenko's work was published in French."}], "question": "On what day did both the Julian and Gregorian calendars add the significant annual event calculated off the Julian calendar?"}
{"id": "2hop__8971_145743", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz (Berlin U-Bahn)", "paragraph_text": "Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the U2. It was formerly called Sch\u00f6nhauser Tor and is located at the foot of Sch\u00f6nhauser Allee, at the corner of Torstra\u00dfe. The color of the station is yellow."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British rule in Burma", "paragraph_text": "British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of \"Burma\" as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. The region under British control was known as British Burma. Various portions of Burmese territories, including Arakan (Rakhine State), Tenasserim were annexed by the British after their victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War; Lower Burma was annexed in 1852 after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The annexed territories were designated the \"minor\" province (a Chief Commissionership), \"British Burma\", of British India in 1862."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aurice Lake", "paragraph_text": "Aurice Lake is located in Glacier National Park, in the U. S. state of Montana. Aurice Lake is immediately west of Mount Rockwell."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "In English, the country is popularly known as either \"Burma\" or \"Myanmar\" i/\u02c8mj\u0251\u02d0n\u02ccm\u0251\u02d0r/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from \"Bamar\", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [b\u0259m\u00e0]) or Myamah (pronounced: [mj\u0259m\u00e0]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ludu Daw Amar", "paragraph_text": "\"Ludu\" Daw Amar (also Ludu Daw Ah Mar; , ; 29 November 1915 \u2013 7 April 2008) was a well known and respected leading dissident writer and journalist in Mandalay, Burma. She was married to fellow writer and journalist Ludu U Hla and was the mother of popular writer Nyi Pu Lay. She is best known for her outspoken anti-government views and radical left wing journalism besides her outstanding work on traditional Burmese arts, theatre, dance and music, and several works of translation from English, both fiction and non-fiction."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom () was the kingdom that ruled Lower Burma and parts of Upper Burma from 1740 to 1757. The kingdom grew out of a rebellion by the Mon people, who then formed the majority in Lower Burma, against the Burman Toungoo Dynasty of Ava in Upper Burma. The rebellion succeeded in restoring the fallen Mon-speaking Kingdom of Hanthawaddy, which ruled Lower Burma from 1287 to 1539. Supported by the French, the upstart kingdom quickly carved out a space for itself in Lower Burma, and continued its push northward. In March 1752, its forces captured Ava, and ended the 266-year-old Toungoo dynasty."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Myo Min Zaw", "paragraph_text": "Myo Min Zaw studied English at the University of Yangon, where he became active in the pro-democracy group All Burma Federation of Student Unions (ABFSU). In December 1996, he participated in a student protest, and following the closing of Burma's universities, remaining involved in the pro-democracy movement."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ne Win", "paragraph_text": "Still under house arrest, Ne Win died on 5 December 2002 at his lakeside house in Yangon. The death remained unannounced by Burmese media or the junta. The only mention of Ne Win's death was a paid obituary notice that appeared in some of the government-controlled Burmese language newspapers. Ne Win was not given a state funeral, and his former contacts or junior colleagues were strongly discouraged from attending a hastily arranged funeral, so that only thirty people attended the funeral."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Burma Convoy", "paragraph_text": "Burma Convoy is a 1941 film about a truck convoy on the Burma Road directed by Noel M. Smith and starring Charles Bickford and Evelyn Ankers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Waumandee (CDP), Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Waumandee is an unincorporated census-designated place located in the town of Waumandee, in Buffalo County, Wisconsin, United States. Waumandee is located on County Highway U northeast of Cochrane. As of the 2010 census, its population is 68."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sokkate", "paragraph_text": "Sokkate (, ; 29 March 1001 \u2013 11 August 1044) was king of Pagan dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1038 to 1044. The king lost his life in a single combat with Anawrahta, who succeeded him and went on to found the Pagan Empire."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Uppland Runic Inscription 905", "paragraph_text": "This runic inscription, designated as U 905 in the Rundata catalog, is on a Viking Age memorial runestone that is located in V\u00e4nge, Uppsala County, Sweden, which is in the historic provence of Uppland."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pe Maung Tin", "paragraph_text": "Pe Maung Tin ( ; 24 April 1888 \u2013 22 March 1973) was a scholar of Pali and Buddhism and educator in Myanmar, formerly Burma. Born to an Anglican family at Pauktaw, Insein Township, Rangoon, he was the fifth child of U Pe and Daw Myaing. His grandfather was the first Burmese pastor of Henzada. He learnt the basic Buddhist texts at a local private school before he went to Rangoon Government High School where he won a scholarship at age 14."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Uppland Runic Inscription 489", "paragraph_text": "This Viking Age runestone, listed under Rundata as runic inscription U 489, was originally located in Morby, Uppland, Sweden, and is a memorial to a woman."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Deux Nus", "paragraph_text": "Judging from stylistic similarities with works such as \"Nu \u00e0 la chemin\u00e9e\"\u2014exhibited in Paris at the Salon d'Automne of 1910\u2014and the fact that \"Two Nudes\" was exhibited in the spring of 1911 (18 March - 1 May) at the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants, the painting is believed to have been painted during the latter half of 1910 or the outset of 1911. Metzinger's \"Deux Nus\" (\"Two Women\") is in the permanent collection of the Gothenburg Museum of Art (G\u00f6teborgs konstmuseum), Sweden."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the \"cadre through which we will realize our revolution\". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Third Anglo-Burmese War", "paragraph_text": "The Third Anglo-Burmese War, also known as the Third Burma War, was a conflict that took place during 7\u201329 November 1885, with sporadic resistance and insurgency continuing into 1887. It was the final of three wars fought in the 19th century between the Burmese and the British. The war saw the loss of sovereignty of an independent Burma under the Konbaung dynasty, whose rule had already been reduced to the territory known as Upper Burma, the region of Lower Burma having been annexed by the British in 1853, as a result of the Second Anglo-Burmese War."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Htike Htike Aung", "paragraph_text": "Htike Htike Aung (; born 1 February 1995 in Myanmar) is a footballer from Burma, and a defender for the Myanmar under-20 football team and Ayeyawady United. He can play center back and right full back. In 2013, Ayeyawady United signed Htike Htike Aung. He played in Myanmar U-20 national team for 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand."}], "question": "Where did the successor of U Nu in Burma die?"}
{"id": "2hop__387912_222308", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Langley Gold Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Langley Gold Medal, or Samuel P. Langley Medal for Aerodromics, is an award given by the Smithsonian Institution for outstanding contributions to the sciences of aeronautics and astronautics. Named in honor of Samuel P. Langley, the Smithsonian's third Secretary, it was authorized by the Board of Regents in 1909."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Langley, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Langley is a city in Island County, Washington, United States which is located on the south end of Whidbey Island, overlooking the Saratoga Passage. It is the third largest incorporated area on Whidbey. The population was 1,035 at the 2010 census, while the ZCTA for Langley's post office had a population of 4,878. The geographical area of the city is only but the ZCTA includes ."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Emory C. Ferguson", "paragraph_text": "Emory Canda Ferguson (March 5, 1833 \u2013 October 7, 1911) was an early pioneer of Washington State who helped create Snohomish County from Island County in 1861. Along with Edson F. Cady, he was a founder of Snohomish, which would become the county seat from 1862 until 1896. Over his life, Ferguson served as county commissioner, postmaster, a Washington state legislator, Speaker of the State House of Representatives, Snohomish City Council President, justice of the peace, and mayor of Snohomish, as well as realtor, saloon keeper, and store owner. He was involved in many early plans to make Snohomish prominent, including a ferry for military use across the Snohomish River and a trail through the Cascade Mountains to reach a gold rush, few of which were successful. Upon his death, Ferguson was eulogized as the \"Father of Snohomish.\""}], "question": "Which county shares border with the county having Langley?"}
{"id": "2hop__8972_145743", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dahanayake cabinet", "paragraph_text": "The Dahanayake Cabinet was the central government of Ceylon led by Prime Minister W. Dahanayake between 1959 and 1960. It was formed in September 1959 after the assassination of Dahanayake's predecessor S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and it ended in March 1960 after the opposition's victory in the parliamentary election."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "A major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed. A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942. Wingate's British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943. Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945. The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma. Only 1,700 prisoners were taken."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "In English, the country is popularly known as either \"Burma\" or \"Myanmar\" i/\u02c8mj\u0251\u02d0n\u02ccm\u0251\u02d0r/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from \"Bamar\", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [b\u0259m\u00e0]) or Myamah (pronounced: [mj\u0259m\u00e0]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "In August 1943 the Allies formed a new South East Asia Command (SEAC) to take over strategic responsibilities for Burma and India from the British India Command, under Wavell. In October 1943 Winston Churchill appointed Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten as its Supreme Commander. The British and Indian Fourteenth Army was formed to face the Japanese in Burma. Under Lieutenant General William Slim, its training, morale and health greatly improved. The American General Joseph Stilwell, who also was deputy commander to Mountbatten and commanded U.S. forces in the China Burma India Theater, directed aid to China and prepared to construct the Ledo Road to link India and China by land."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British rule in Burma", "paragraph_text": "British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of \"Burma\" as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. The region under British control was known as British Burma. Various portions of Burmese territories, including Arakan (Rakhine State), Tenasserim were annexed by the British after their victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War; Lower Burma was annexed in 1852 after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The annexed territories were designated the \"minor\" province (a Chief Commissionership), \"British Burma\", of British India in 1862."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games", "paragraph_text": "The 1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 8th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Bangkok, Thailand from 9 to 16 December 1975. This was the third time Thailand hosted the games, and its first time since 1967. Previously, Thailand also hosted the 1959 inaugural games. South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, which only sent token squads made up of military personnel to previous games, declined to participate due to internal political problems. The games is the last games to bear the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games name, before it was renamed the Southeast Asian Games in the next edition of the games. The games was opened and closed by Bhumibol Adulyadej, the King of Thailand at the Suphalachasai Stadium. The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by host Singapore, Burma and Malaysia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "K\u00f6lner Akademie", "paragraph_text": "Die K\u00f6lner Akademie - \"Damals und Heute\" are a German baroque and classical music orchestra founded in 1996 and based in Cologne. They are led by the American conductor Michael Alexander Willens who studied at the Juilliard School in New York."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thibaw Min", "paragraph_text": "Thibaw Min, also Thebaw or Theebaw (, ; 1 January 1859\u00a0\u2013 19 December 1916) was the last king of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) and also the last Burmese sovereign in the country's history. His reign ended when Burma was defeated by the forces of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Burmese War, on 29 November 1885, prior to its official annexation on 1 January 1886."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Myo Min Zaw", "paragraph_text": "Myo Min Zaw studied English at the University of Yangon, where he became active in the pro-democracy group All Burma Federation of Student Unions (ABFSU). In December 1996, he participated in a student protest, and following the closing of Burma's universities, remaining involved in the pro-democracy movement."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Third Anglo-Burmese War", "paragraph_text": "The Third Anglo-Burmese War, also known as the Third Burma War, was a conflict that took place during 7\u201329 November 1885, with sporadic resistance and insurgency continuing into 1887. It was the final of three wars fought in the 19th century between the Burmese and the British. The war saw the loss of sovereignty of an independent Burma under the Konbaung dynasty, whose rule had already been reduced to the territory known as Upper Burma, the region of Lower Burma having been annexed by the British in 1853, as a result of the Second Anglo-Burmese War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom () was the kingdom that ruled Lower Burma and parts of Upper Burma from 1740 to 1757. The kingdom grew out of a rebellion by the Mon people, who then formed the majority in Lower Burma, against the Burman Toungoo Dynasty of Ava in Upper Burma. The rebellion succeeded in restoring the fallen Mon-speaking Kingdom of Hanthawaddy, which ruled Lower Burma from 1287 to 1539. Supported by the French, the upstart kingdom quickly carved out a space for itself in Lower Burma, and continued its push northward. In March 1752, its forces captured Ava, and ended the 266-year-old Toungoo dynasty."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ne Win", "paragraph_text": "Still under house arrest, Ne Win died on 5 December 2002 at his lakeside house in Yangon. The death remained unannounced by Burmese media or the junta. The only mention of Ne Win's death was a paid obituary notice that appeared in some of the government-controlled Burmese language newspapers. Ne Win was not given a state funeral, and his former contacts or junior colleagues were strongly discouraged from attending a hastily arranged funeral, so that only thirty people attended the funeral."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sakangyi, Taunggyi", "paragraph_text": "Sakangyi is a town in Taunggyi Township in Taunggyi District in the Shan State of eastern Burma. It is located west along National Highway 4 from Aye Thar Yar and Taunggyi. The National Road 43 begins in the eastern part of the town and connects National Highway 4 to National Highway 3 in the north at Nawnghkio. It is connected via National Highway 4 to Heho in the west."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Singu Min Bell", "paragraph_text": "The Singu Min Bell (), also known as the Maha Gandha Bell, is a large bell located at the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar (Burma). It was donated in 1779 by King Singu, the fourth king of Konbaung Dynasty. The official Pali name of the bell is Maha Gandha, which means \"Great Sound\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mack the Knife", "paragraph_text": "``Die Moritat von Mackie Messer ''(later known as`` Mack the Knife'' or ``The Ballad of Mack the Knife '') is a song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper, or, as it is known in English, The Threepenny Opera. It premiered in Berlin in 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The song has become a popular standard recorded by many artists, including a US and UK number one hit for Bobby Darin in 1959."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Burma Convoy", "paragraph_text": "Burma Convoy is a 1941 film about a truck convoy on the Burma Road directed by Noel M. Smith and starring Charles Bickford and Evelyn Ankers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win."}], "question": "Where did the leader of Burma in 1959 die?"}
{"id": "2hop__512500_569248", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Historic Trinity Lutheran Church", "paragraph_text": "The Historic Trinity Lutheran Church is a church located in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It occupies the Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church complex, located at 1345 Gratiot Avenue. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1981 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Its current pastor is Rev. Darryl L. Andrzejewski."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Leer Lutheran Church", "paragraph_text": "The Leer Lutheran Church, also known as the Norwegian Lutheran Church is a church located at 10430 South Leer Road, near Leer in Long Rapids Township, Michigan. The church grounds include a parish house, cemetery, and pavilion, as well as the church itself. The church is substantially the same as when it was built. Highlights include an altar painting by Sarah Kirkeberg Raugland, and an unusual pressed metal interior in the parish house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sjernar\u00f8y", "paragraph_text": "Sjernar\u00f8y is a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The island municipality existed from 1868 until its dissolution in 1965. The municipality was located in the Boknafjorden in the present-day municipality of Finn\u00f8y. The administrative centre of the municipality was located on the island of Kyrkj\u00f8y, where the Sjernar\u00f8y Church is located."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Long Rapids Township, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Long Rapids Township is a civil township of Alpena County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,010 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chapel in the Hills", "paragraph_text": "The Chapel in the Hills was dedicated on July 6, 1969, as the home for the radio ministry of Lutheran Vespers. Lutheran Vespers hosts such as, Richard A. Jensen were broadcast nationwide from this location in the Black Hills. The church is a special ministry of the South Dakota Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America."}], "question": "What county is the Leer Lutheran Church located in?"}
{"id": "2hop__88162_78645", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2018 NFL Draft", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 NFL Draft was the 83rd annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players for the 2018 NFL season. The draft was held on April 26 -- 28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, and was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium and the first to be held in Texas, which won out in a fourteen city bid. In order to be eligible to enter the draft, players must be at least three years removed from high school. The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 15, 2018."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2008 NBA draft", "paragraph_text": "For the first time in draft history the first three draft picks were all freshmen. The Chicago Bulls used the first overall pick to draft Chicago native Derrick Rose from the University of Memphis, who later went on to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award, making him the first player to be drafted first overall and to win Rookie of the Year since LeBron James in 2003. The Miami Heat used the second pick to draft Michael Beasley from Kansas State University, and the Minnesota Timberwolves used the third pick to draft O. J. Mayo from University of Southern California. With five players taken in the draft, the University of Kansas tied University of Connecticut (2006) and University of Florida (2007) for the record with the most players selected in the first two rounds of an NBA draft. Another record was set when twelve freshmen were drafted, ten of whom were drafted in the first round. Of the players drafted, 29 are forwards, 19 are guards, and 12 are centers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Patrick Mahomes", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Lavon Mahomes II (born September 17, 1995) is an American football quarterback for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas Tech, and was drafted by the Chiefs with the tenth overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft. Mahomes is the son of former MLB pitcher Pat Mahomes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Steve Baack", "paragraph_text": "Steven William Baack (born November 16, 1960) is a former professional American football player who played defensive lineman for five seasons for the Detroit Lions. He was the 75th pick of the third round in the 1984 draft and one of several NFL players who were able to play multiple positions as roster athletes in the NFL in those years.["}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Matt Light", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Charles Light (born June 23, 1978) is a former American football offensive tackle who spent his entire eleven-year career playing for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Purdue University. He was picked by the Patriots in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jonathan Orr", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Orr (born March 20, 1983 in Detroit, Michigan) is a former American football wide receiver who played for the NFL's Oakland Raiders and Tennessee Titans. He was drafted in the sixth round, pick 172 of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Titans. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mel Blount", "paragraph_text": "Mel Blount Blount in 2010 No. 47 Position: Cornerback Date of birth: (1948 - 04 - 10) April 10, 1948 (age 69) Place of birth: Vidalia, Georgia Height: 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) Weight: 205 lb (93 kg) Career information High school: Lyons (GA) College: Southern NFL Draft: 1970 / Round: 3 / Pick: 53 Career history Pittsburgh Steelers (1970 -- 1983) Career highlights and awards 4 \u00d7 Super Bowl champion (IX, X, XIII, XIV) 5 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1981) 4 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro (1975 -- 1977, 1981) 2 \u00d7 Second - team All - Pro (1978, 1979) NFL Defensive Player of the Year (1975) AFC Defensive Player of the Year (1975) NFL interceptions leader (1975) NFL 75th Anniversary All - Time Team NFL 1980s All - Decade Team Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame Career NFL statistics Interceptions: 57 Interception yards: 736 Touchdowns: 2 Player stats at NFL.com Pro Football Hall of Fame"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mitchell Trubisky", "paragraph_text": "Mitchell David Trubisky (born August 20, 1994) is an American football quarterback for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at North Carolina, and was drafted by the Bears with the second overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Two Days in April", "paragraph_text": "Two Days in April is a 2007 documentary film by director Don Argott that follows four NFL prospects (Derek Hagan, Clint Ingram, DonTrell Moore and Travis Wilson) through the process of preparing for and participating in the 2006 NFL Draft. The film received its name in reference to the NFL Draft Weekend, and focuses on the intense training leading up to the NFL Draft and the emotional roller coaster of draft day. Three of the players were selected within six picks of each other in the third round."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of first overall National Football League draft picks", "paragraph_text": "Through the 2018 NFL draft, 83 players have been selected first overall, with the most recent being Baker Mayfield. The Indianapolis Colts -- formerly the Baltimore Colts -- have made the most first overall selections in history with seven. Of the first overall draft picks, 43 have been selected to a Pro Bowl and of those 43, twelve have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. While the Heisman Trophy is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in U.S. college football, only 21 of those Heisman winners have been selected first overall in the NFL draft. Only five first overall draft pick players have been selected the NFL Rookie of the Year: Earl Campbell (1978); Billy Sims (1980); George Rogers (1981); Sam Bradford (2010); and Cam Newton (2011)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clay Matthews III", "paragraph_text": "Clay Matthews III Matthews with the Green Bay Packers in 2012 No. 52 -- Green Bay Packers Position: Outside linebacker Born: (1986 - 05 - 14) May 14, 1986 (age 32) Los Angeles, California Height: 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) Weight: 255 lb (116 kg) Career information High school: Agoura (Agoura Hills, California) College: USC NFL Draft: 2009 / Round: 1 / Pick: 26 Career history Green Bay Packers (2009 -- present) Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards Super Bowl champion (XLV) 6 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (2009 -- 2012, 2014, 2015) First - team All - Pro (2010) 2 \u00d7 Second - team All - Pro (2012, 2014) PFWA NFL Defensive Player of the Year (2010) Butkus Award (2010) 3 \u00d7 Pac - 10 champion (2006 -- 2008) Career NFL statistics as of Week 8, 2018 Total tackles: 462 Sacks: 82.5 Pass deflections: 40 Interceptions: 6 Forced fumbles: 14 Total touchdowns: 3 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rennie Curran", "paragraph_text": "The Tennessee Titans selected Rennie Curran with the 97th pick of the 2010 NFL Draft. He was given the number 53, the number of fan-favorite Keith Bulluck, a linebacker who was released earlier in the year. He was released on September 2, 2011."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Clarence Ellis", "paragraph_text": "Clarence Ellis (born February 11, 1950) is a former American football safety with the Atlanta Falcons in the National Football League (NFL). He was the Falcons first pick in the 1972 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Aaron Rodgers", "paragraph_text": "Before the draft, Rodgers was confident that he would be drafted to the team he supported and grew up near, the San Francisco 49ers, who possessed the No. 1 overall pick in the draft. The 49ers, however, drafted quarterback Alex Smith out of Utah instead, and Rodgers slid all the way down to the 24th overall pick by the Green Bay Packers. Rodgers has said that he experienced much angst and restlessness when waiting to be selected several hours into the draft, as he had expected himself to be selected much sooner. Rodgers's slip to the 24th selection and the Packers choosing to pick Brett Favre's future replacement became one of the biggest stories of the draft, though he was still the second quarterback selected. His drop in the draft was later ranked number one on the NFL Network's Top 10 Draft Day Moments. Many teams drafting between the second and 23rd positions had positional needs more pressing than quarterback."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Major League Baseball draft", "paragraph_text": "The first amateur draft was held in 1965. Unlike most sports drafts, the first - year player draft is held mid-season, in June. Another distinguishing feature of this draft in comparison with those of other North American major professional sports leagues is its sheer size: under the current collective bargaining agreement the draft lasts 40 rounds, plus compensatory picks. In contrast, the NFL draft lasts for seven rounds (a maximum of 256 selections), the NHL entry draft lasts seven rounds and roughly 215 picks, and the NBA draft lasts for only two rounds (60 selections)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Delton Hall", "paragraph_text": "Hall was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2nd round (38th overall) of the 1987 NFL Draft\u2014following the Steelers' pick of Rod Woodson (CB) in the 1st round. In his rookie year, he became an instant starter at cornerback, intercepting three passes on the way to earning Steelers' \"Rookie of the Year\" honors and the nickname \"Beltin' Delton\" from fans of the team."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mr. Irrelevant", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Irrelevant is the title bestowed each year upon the last pick of the annual National Football League draft. Although the NFL Draft dates back to 1936, the first person to officially be given the ``Mr. Irrelevant ''title was Kelvin Kirk, pick number 487 of the 1976 draft. The current Mr. Irrelevant is Trey Quinn, former wide receiver for the SMU Mustangs football team, who was picked 256th by the Washington Redskins in the 2018 draft."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rashard Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Rashard Anderson (born June 14, 1977) is a former American football cornerback in the NFL who played for the Carolina Panthers. Anderson was selected by the Panthers in the first round (23rd overall) of the 2000 NFL Draft. In his first NFL season, he appeared in 12 games, recording 21 tackles. Anderson ended the 2001 season with 47 tackles and his only career interception in 15 games."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of National Football League records (individual)", "paragraph_text": "Most seasons led league, lowest percentage intercepted: 5, Sammy Baugh, 1940, 1942, 1944 -- 45, 1947 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted, career (minimum 1,500 attempts): 1.55 (75 INTs, 4,850 attempts), Aaron Rodgers, 2005 -- 2017. Lowest percentage pick 6s, career (minimum 1,500 attempts): 0.000412 (2 pick 6s, 4,850 attempts), Aaron Rodgers, 2005 -- 2017. Lowest percentage passes had intercepted season (minimum 200 attempts): 0.0 (0 INTs, 200 attempts), Brian Hoyer, 2016 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted rookie season: 0.87 (4 INTs, 459 attempts), Dak Prescott, 2016"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aaron Rodgers", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Charles Rodgers (born December 2, 1983) is an American football quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). Rodgers played college football for California, where he set several career passing records, including lowest single - season and career interception rates. He was selected in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Packers."}], "question": "When was the quarterback with the fewest interceptions in NFL history picked in the draft?"}
{"id": "2hop__88162_73572", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "LaDainian Tomlinson", "paragraph_text": "LaDainian Tomlinson Tomlinson in 2017 No. 21 Position: Running back Born: (1979 - 06 - 23) June 23, 1979 (age 38) Rosebud, Texas Height: 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) Weight: 215 lb (98 kg) Career information High school: Waco (TX) University College: TCU NFL Draft: 2001 / Round: 1 / Pick: 5 Career history San Diego Chargers (2001 -- 2009) New York Jets (2010 -- 2011) Career highlights and awards 5 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (2002, 2004 -- 2007) 3 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro (2004, 2006, 2007) 3 \u00d7 Second - team All - Pro (2002, 2003, 2005) NFL Most Valuable Player (2006) NFL Offensive Player of the Year (2006) Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year (2006) 2 \u00d7 NFL rushing yards leader (2006, 2007) 3 \u00d7 NFL rushing touchdowns leader (2004, 2006, 2007) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team Los Angeles Chargers No. 21 retired Los Angeles Chargers Hall of Fame Doak Walker Award (2001) Consensus All - American (2000) 2 \u00d7 First - team All - WAC (1999, 2000) 2 \u00d7 WAC Offensive Player of The Year (1999, 2000) TCU Horned Frogs No. 5 retired NFL records 28 rushing touchdowns, season (2006) 31 touchdowns from scrimmage, season (2006) 18 consecutive games with a touchdown (tied) Career NFL statistics Rushing yards: 13,684 Yards per carry: 4.3 Rushing touchdowns: 145 Receptions: 624 Receiving yards: 4,772 Receiving touchdowns: 17 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Colin Kaepernick", "paragraph_text": "Colin Rand Kaepernick (/ \u02c8k\u00e6p\u0259rn\u026ak / KAP - er - nick; born November 3, 1987) is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. Kaepernick played college football at the University of Nevada, where he was named the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) Offensive Player of the Year twice and became the only player in NCAA Division I FBS history to amass 10,000 passing yards and 4,000 rushing yards in a career. After graduating, he was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the second round of the 2011 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders", "paragraph_text": "Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL. Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932, the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles, who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins. He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career. Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton's long - standing total in 2002."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tom Brady", "paragraph_text": "Over his career, Brady has won two league MVP awards, five Super Bowls, and four Super Bowl MVP Awards. A 12 - time Pro Bowler, Brady has also twice led the NFL in passing yardage. As of November 2017, he currently owns the third - highest career passer rating (97.9) among quarterbacks with at least 1,500 career passing attempts. He has thrown for more passing yards and touchdowns than any quarterback in NFL postseason history; he also has won more playoff games than any other quarterback. As a result of his highly successful career, Brady is rated among the greatest quarterbacks of all time."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Walter Payton", "paragraph_text": "Walter Jerry Payton (July 25, 1954 -- November 1, 1999) was an American football running back who played for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) for thirteen seasons. Payton was known around the NFL as ``Sweetness ''. A nine - time Pro Bowl selectee, Payton is remembered as a prolific rusher, once holding records for career rushing yards, touchdowns, carries, yards from scrimmage, all - purpose yards, and many other categories. He was also versatile, and retired with the most receptions by a non-receiver, and had eight career touchdown passes. He was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996. Hall of Fame NFL player and coach Mike Ditka described Payton as the greatest football player he had ever seen -- but even greater as a human being."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Aaron Rodgers", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Charles Rodgers (born December 2, 1983) is an American football quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). Rodgers played college football for California, where he set several career passing records, including lowest single - season and career interception rates. He was selected in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Packers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jamie Morris", "paragraph_text": "James Walter Morris (born June 6, 1965) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and a record-setting running back in college for the University of Michigan Wolverines. While attending Michigan, he broke the school's all-time records for rushing yards in a season and in a career and for all-purpose yards in a career. His career rushing total was once third in Big Ten Conference history. He continues to hold the career receptions record for Michigan running backs. He also still holds the all-time NFL record for most rushing attempts in a game with 45."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tom Brady", "paragraph_text": "Tom Brady Brady in 2016 No. 12 -- New England Patriots Position: Quarterback Born: (1977 - 08 - 03) August 3, 1977 (age 40) San Mateo, California Height: 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) Weight: 225 lb (102 kg) Career information High school: San Mateo (CA) Jun\u00edpero Serra College: Michigan NFL Draft: 2000 / Round: 6 / Pick: 199 Career history New England Patriots (2000 -- present) Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards 5 \u00d7 Super Bowl champion (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI) 4 \u00d7 Super Bowl MVP (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLIX, LI) 3 \u00d7 NFL Most Valuable Player (2007, 2010, 2017) 13 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 -- 2017) 5 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro (2007, 2010, 2012, 2016, 2017) Second - team All - Pro (2005) 2 \u00d7 NFL Offensive Player of the Year (2007, 2010) NFL Comeback Player of the Year (2009) Bert Bell Award (2007) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year (2007) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year (2005) 3 \u00d7 NFL passing yards leader (2005, 2007, 2017) 4 \u00d7 NFL passing touchdowns leader (2002, 2007, 2010, 2015) 2 \u00d7 NFL passer rating leader (2007, 2010) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team National champion (1997) Career NFL statistics as of Week 17, 2017 Completions: 5,629 Attempts: 8,805 Completion percentage: 63.9 TD -- INT: 488 -- 160 Passing yards: 66,159 Passer rating: 97.6 Player stats at NFL.com"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Julio Jones", "paragraph_text": "Julio Jones Jones with the Atlanta Falcons in August 2015 No. 11 -- Atlanta Falcons Position: Wide receiver Date of birth: (1989 - 02 - 08) February 8, 1989 (age 28) Place of birth: Foley, Alabama Height: 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) Weight: 220 lb (100 kg) Career information High school: Foley (AL) College: Alabama NFL Draft: 2011 / Round: 1 / Pick: 6 Career history Atlanta Falcons (2011 -- present) Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards 4 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (2012, 2014 -- 2016) 2 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro (2015, 2016) NFL receiving yards leader (2015) NFL receptions co-leader (2015) BCS national champion (2009) SEC champion (2009) SEC Freshman of the Year (2008) First - team All - SEC (2010) Second - team All - SEC (2008) USA Today High School All - American (2007) Career NFL statistics as of Week 7, 2017 Receptions: 531 Receiving yards: 8,076 Yards per reception: 15.2 Receiving touchdowns: 41 Player stats at NFL.com"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Johnny Manziel", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Manziel Manziel with the Cleveland Browns in 2015 Free agent Position: Quarterback Born: (1992 - 12 - 06) December 6, 1992 (age 25) Tyler, Texas Height: 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Weight: 210 lb (95 kg) Career information High school: Kerrville (TX) Tivy College: Texas A&M NFL Draft: 2014 / Round: 1 / Pick: 22 Career history Cleveland Browns (2014 -- 2015) Career highlights and awards Heisman Trophy (2012) Davey O'Brien Award (2012) Manning Award (2012) Associated Press Player of the Year (2012) Sporting News Player of the Year (2012) SEC Offensive Player of the Year (2012) Consensus All - American (2012) 2 \u00d7 First - team All - SEC (2012, 2013) Career NFL statistics TD -- INT: 7 -- 7 Passing yards: 1,675 Passer rating: 74.4 Rushing yards: 259 Rushing touchdowns: 1 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clay Matthews III", "paragraph_text": "Clay Matthews III Matthews with the Green Bay Packers in 2012 No. 52 -- Green Bay Packers Position: Outside linebacker Born: (1986 - 05 - 14) May 14, 1986 (age 32) Los Angeles, California Height: 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) Weight: 255 lb (116 kg) Career information High school: Agoura (Agoura Hills, California) College: USC NFL Draft: 2009 / Round: 1 / Pick: 26 Career history Green Bay Packers (2009 -- present) Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards Super Bowl champion (XLV) 6 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (2009 -- 2012, 2014, 2015) First - team All - Pro (2010) 2 \u00d7 Second - team All - Pro (2012, 2014) PFWA NFL Defensive Player of the Year (2010) Butkus Award (2010) 3 \u00d7 Pac - 10 champion (2006 -- 2008) Career NFL statistics as of Week 8, 2018 Total tackles: 462 Sacks: 82.5 Pass deflections: 40 Interceptions: 6 Forced fumbles: 14 Total touchdowns: 3 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of National Football League records (individual)", "paragraph_text": "Most seasons led league, lowest percentage intercepted: 5, Sammy Baugh, 1940, 1942, 1944 -- 45, 1947 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted, career (minimum 1,500 attempts): 1.55 (75 INTs, 4,850 attempts), Aaron Rodgers, 2005 -- 2017. Lowest percentage pick 6s, career (minimum 1,500 attempts): 0.000412 (2 pick 6s, 4,850 attempts), Aaron Rodgers, 2005 -- 2017. Lowest percentage passes had intercepted season (minimum 200 attempts): 0.0 (0 INTs, 200 attempts), Brian Hoyer, 2016 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted rookie season: 0.87 (4 INTs, 459 attempts), Dak Prescott, 2016"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Aaron Rodgers", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Rodgers Rodgers in 2014 No. 12 -- Green Bay Packers Position: Quarterback Born: (1983 - 12 - 02) December 2, 1983 (age 34) Chico, California Height: 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Weight: 225 lb (102 kg) Career information High school: Chico (CA) Pleasant Valley College: California NFL Draft: 2005 / Round: 1 / Pick: 24 Career history Green Bay Packers (2005 -- present) Roster status: Injured reserve Career highlights and awards Super Bowl champion (XLV) Super Bowl MVP (XLV) 2 \u00d7 NFL Most Valuable Player (2011, 2014) 6 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (2009, 2011, 2012, 2014 -- 2016) 2 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro (2011, 2014) Second - team All - Pro (2012) Associated Press Athlete of the Year (2011) Bert Bell Award (2011) 2 \u00d7 NFL passer rating leader (2011, 2012) NFL passing touchdowns leader (2016) NFL records 104.0 passer rating, career 122.5 passer rating, season (2011) 4.13: 1 touchdown - to - interception ratio, career Career NFL statistics as of Week 15, 2017 TD -- INT: 313 -- 78 Passing yards: 38,502 Completion percentage: 65.1 Passer rating: 103.8 Rushing yards: 2,670 Rushing touchdowns: 25 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Karl Paymah", "paragraph_text": "Karl Paymah attended Washington State University and was a letterman in football. In football, he ended his career there with three interceptions, 129 tackles, and 21 pass deflections."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tom Brady", "paragraph_text": "Brady has been honored with four Super Bowl MVP awards (Super Bowl XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLIX, and LI), the most ever by a single player, has won two league MVP awards (2007 and 2010), has been selected to 12 Pro Bowls, and has led his team to more division titles (14) than any other quarterback in NFL history. As of the end of the 2016 season, Brady is fourth all - time in career passing yards, fourth in career touchdown passes, and third in career passer rating. His career postseason record is 25 -- 9, winning more playoff games than any other quarterback, and he has appeared in more playoff games than any player at any position. Brady has never had a losing season as a starting quarterback in the NFL. His combined regular - season and postseason wins are also the most of any quarterback in NFL history. Because of his accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. Due to his late draft selection, Brady is considered to be the biggest ``steal ''in the history of the NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Super Bowl XXXVII", "paragraph_text": "Still, even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay's head coach. In 2002, the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained (5,222). Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl, completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards, 22 touchdowns, and only 6 interceptions. Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown, and caught 59 passes for 477 yards. Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and 5 touchdowns, and also had 35 receptions for 242 yards and 2 touchdowns. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 76 receptions for 1,088 yards and 5 touchdowns, while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 61 receptions for 670 yards and 6 touchdowns."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders", "paragraph_text": "In American football, yards gained on a forward pass play are credited to the receiver as receiving yards. In the National Football League (NFL), 47 players have gained at least 10,000 receiving yards in their career: all but four are wide receivers; the rest are tight ends. Wide receiver Jerry Rice is the NFL's all - time leader in receiving yards, with 22,895. He is the only player to surpass 20,000 yards, with nearly 7,000 more yards than the next highest player on the list, Terrell Owens."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tony Dorsett", "paragraph_text": "Tony Dorsett Dorsett in 2009 No. 33 Position: Running back Born: (1954 - 04 - 07) April 7, 1954 (age 64) Rochester, Pennsylvania Height: 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) Weight: 192 lb (87 kg) Career information High school: Aliquippa (PA) Hopewell College: Pittsburgh NFL Draft: 1977 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2 Career history Dallas Cowboys (1977 -- 1987) Denver Broncos (1988) Career highlights and awards Super Bowl champion (XII) 4 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (1978, 1981 -- 1983) First - team All - Pro (1981) 2 \u00d7 Second - team All - Pro (1982, 1983) NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year (1977) NFL record 99 - yard rushing play Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor National champion (1976) Heisman Trophy (1976) Maxwell Award (1976) Walter Camp Award (1976) 3 \u00d7 First - team All - American (1973, 1975, 1976) Pittsburgh Panthers No. 33 retired Career NFL statistics Rushing yards: 12,739 Yards per carry: 4.3 Rushing touchdowns: 77 Receptions: 398 Receiving yards: 3,554 Receiving touchdowns: 13 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Peyton Manning", "paragraph_text": "In his rookie season, he passed for 3,739 yards with 26 touchdowns, set five different NFL rookie records including most touchdown passes in a season, most interceptions (28) in a rookie year, and was named to the NFL All - Rookie First Team. In his NFL debut, Manning threw his first career touchdown, a six - yard pass to Marvin Harrison, in the fourth quarter of the 24 -- 15 loss. In Week 4, against the New Orleans Saints, he threw a 78 - yard touchdown pass to Marshall Faulk in the 19 -- 13 loss. Manning's first win came against fellow rookie Leaf, 17 -- 12 over the Chargers. Two weeks later, Manning faced off against Steve Young; he threw three touchdowns, tying a Colts rookie record, but the 49ers kicked a late field goal to win 34 -- 31. In November against the New York Jets, Manning threw for three touchdowns in a 24 -- 23 win; he was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week for this performance. It was the first game - winning drive of Manning's career, as he threw the game - winning touchdown pass to Marcus Pollard. Manning was certainly a bright spot in the 1998 season for the Colts, but he also threw a league high 28 interceptions as the team struggled to a 3 -- 13 record with a defense that gave up more than 27 points per game. The Colts lost many close games, including five games in which they had led by double - digits at some point."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mel Blount", "paragraph_text": "Mel Blount Blount in 2010 No. 47 Position: Cornerback Date of birth: (1948 - 04 - 10) April 10, 1948 (age 69) Place of birth: Vidalia, Georgia Height: 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) Weight: 205 lb (93 kg) Career information High school: Lyons (GA) College: Southern NFL Draft: 1970 / Round: 3 / Pick: 53 Career history Pittsburgh Steelers (1970 -- 1983) Career highlights and awards 4 \u00d7 Super Bowl champion (IX, X, XIII, XIV) 5 \u00d7 Pro Bowl (1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1981) 4 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro (1975 -- 1977, 1981) 2 \u00d7 Second - team All - Pro (1978, 1979) NFL Defensive Player of the Year (1975) AFC Defensive Player of the Year (1975) NFL interceptions leader (1975) NFL 75th Anniversary All - Time Team NFL 1980s All - Decade Team Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame Career NFL statistics Interceptions: 57 Interception yards: 736 Touchdowns: 2 Player stats at NFL.com Pro Football Hall of Fame"}], "question": "how many passing yards does the player who has the least interceptions in nfl history have in his career?"}
{"id": "2hop__637954_481862", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Ryle (physician)", "paragraph_text": "He was born the son of Brighton doctor R J Ryle and brother of the Oxford philosopher Gilbert Ryle. He was educated at Brighton College and Guy's Hospital where he qualified in 1913. He served in the military during World War I and afterwards qualified MD at the University of London. After teaching at Guy's Hospital he was appointed in 1935 Regius Professor of Physic [not Physics; \"Physic\" here is an archaic term for Medicine] at the University of Cambridge. In 1943 he was appointed chair of the newly created Institute of Social Medicine at the University of Oxford, initiating the academic discipline of Social Medicine (Epidemiology)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richard M. Jones", "paragraph_text": "Richard M. Jones, born Richard Marigny Jones (sometimes written Richard Mariney Jones), (13 June 1892 \u2013 8 December 1945) was a jazz pianist, composer, band leader, and record producer. Numerous songs bear his name as author, including \"Trouble in Mind\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Japrocksampler", "paragraph_text": "Japrocksampler: How the Post-war Japanese Blew Their Minds on Rock 'n' Roll is a book written by author and musician Julian Cope and published by Bloomsbury on 3 September 2007."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Oz books", "paragraph_text": "The Oz books form a book series that begins with The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) and relate the fictional history of the Land of Oz. Oz was created by author L. Frank Baum, who went on to write fourteen full - length Oz books. All of the Baum written books are in the public domain in the United States. Even while he was alive, Baum was styled as ``the Royal Historian of Oz ''to emphasize the concept that Oz is an actual place. The illusion created was that characters such as Dorothy and Princess Ozma related their adventures in Oz to Baum themselves, by means of wireless telegraph."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Several Perceptions", "paragraph_text": "Several Perceptions is a 1968 novel by the author Angela Carter. Her novels \"Shadow Dance\" (1966), \"Several Perceptions\" and \"Love\" (1971) are sometimes referred to as the \"Bristol Trilogy\". The title is from David Hume, 'The mind is a kind of theatre, where several perceptions make their appearance...'"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Census of Quirinius", "paragraph_text": "The Census of Quirinius was a census of Judea taken by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria, upon the imposition of direct Roman rule in 6 CE. The Gospel of Luke uses it as the narrative means to establish the birth of Jesus (), but places it within the reign of Herod the Great, who died 9 years earlier. No satisfactory explanation of the contradiction seems possible, and most scholars think that the author of the gospel made an error."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Out of My Mind (Draper novel)", "paragraph_text": "Out of My Mind (novel) Book Cover for Out of My Mind Author Sharon M. Draper Cover artist Debra Sfetsios - Conover Country United States Language English Genre Realistic fiction Set in United States Publisher Atheneum Books For Young Readers, Simon & Schuster Publication date 9 March 2010 Media type Print (Hardcover, Paperback), eBook, audiobook Pages 295 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4169 - 7170 - 2"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "The authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biology textbooks did not undergo such a reversal but many instead dropped their discussion of race altogether. The authors attributed this to biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of racial classifications, instead of discussing them, and to the ongoing discussions in biology about the validity of the concept \"subspecies\". The authors also noted that some widely used textbooks in biology such as Douglas J. Futuyama's 1986 \"Evolutionary Biology\" had abandoned the race concept, \"The concept of race, masking the overwhelming genetic similarity of all peoples and the mosaic patterns of variation that do not correspond to racial divisions, is not only socially dysfunctional but is biologically indefensible as well (pp. 5 18-5 19).\" (Lieberman et al. 1992, pp. 316\u201317)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Apollonian and Dionysian", "paragraph_text": "Although the use of the concepts of the Apollonian and Dionysian is linked to Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, the terms were used before him in German culture. The poet H\u00f6lderlin spoke of them, while Winckelmann talked of Bacchus, the god of wine. Rudolf Steiner as well treated in depth of the Apollonian and Dionysian (called ``Apollinisches und Dionysisches ''in German) and placed them in the general history and spiritual evolution of mankind."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jerry Fodor", "paragraph_text": "Jerry Alan Fodor (; April 22, 1935 \u2013 November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and cognitive scientist. He held the position of State of New Jersey Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Rutgers University and was the author of many works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science, in which he laid the groundwork for the modularity of mind and the language of thought hypotheses, among other ideas. He was known for his provocative and sometimes polemical style of argumentation and as \"one of the principal philosophers of mind of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. In addition to having exerted an enormous influence on virtually every portion of the philosophy of mind literature since 1960, Fodor's work has had a significant impact on the development of the cognitive sciences.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy", "paragraph_text": "The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy is a book written by John DeFrancis, published in 1984 by University of Hawaii Press. The book describes some of the concepts underlying the Chinese language and writing system, and gives the author's position on a number of ideas about the language."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dark Mind, Dark Heart", "paragraph_text": "Dark Mind, Dark Heart is an anthology of horror stories edited by American writer August Derleth. It was released in 1962 by Arkham House in an edition of 2,493 copies. The anthology was conceived as a collection of new stories by old Arkham House authors. The anthology is also notable for including the first Cthulhu Mythos story by Ramsey Campbell."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus \"was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary\" (the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form) and the Apostles' Creed. The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14, mistranslating the Hebrew word alma (\"young woman\") in Isaiah 7:14 as \"virgin\", though.[citation needed] The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had \"no relations with man\" before Jesus' birth.[Mt 1:18] [Mt 1:25] [Lk 1:34] This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Authority", "paragraph_text": "Max Weber, in his sociological and philosophical work, identified and distinguished three types of legitimate domination (Herrschaft in German, which generally means' domination 'or' rule '), that have sometimes been rendered in English translation as types of authority, because domination is n't seen as a political concept in the first place. Weber defined domination (authority) as the chance of commands being obeyed by a specifiable group of people. Legitimate authority is that which is recognized as legitimate and justified by both the ruler and the ruled."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gene Edwards", "paragraph_text": "Earl Eugene \"Gene\" Edwards (born July 18, 1932) is an American house church planter, a Christian author, and a former Southern Baptist pastor and evangelist. A graduate of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, he is an outspoken proponent of the house church concept in the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mark Rowlands", "paragraph_text": "Mark Rowlands (born 1962) is a Welsh writer and philosopher. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Miami, and the author of several books on the philosophy of mind, the moral status of non-human animals, and cultural criticism. He is known within academic philosophy for his work on the animal mind and is one of the principal architects of the view known as vehicle externalism, or the extended mind, the view that thoughts, memories, desires and beliefs can be stored outside the brain and the skull. His works include \"Animal Rights\" (1998), \"The Body in Mind\" (1999), \"The Nature of Consciousness\" (2001), \"Animals Like Us\" (2002), and a personal memoir, \"The Philosopher and the Wolf\" (2008)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Concept of Mind", "paragraph_text": "The Concept of Mind is a 1949 book by philosopher Gilbert Ryle, in which the author argues that \"mind\" is \"a philosophical illusion hailing chiefly from Ren\u00e9 Descartes and sustained by logical errors and 'category mistakes' which have become habitual.\" The work has been cited as having \"put the final nail in the coffin of Cartesian dualism\" and has been seen as a founding document in the philosophy of mind, which received professional recognition as a distinct and important branch of philosophy only after 1950."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the author of The Concept of Mind?"}
{"id": "2hop__141294_448318", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nydalens Compagnie", "paragraph_text": "Nydalens Compagnie was a company in Nydalen, Oslo, Norway. It was founded in 1845 as a textile manufacturer, and from 1963 to 1998 it was a real estate company."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "De'Longhi", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded by the De' Longhi family in 1902 as a small industrial parts manufacturing workshop. The company incorporated in 1950. Historically a major producer of portable heaters and air conditioners, the company has expanded to include nearly every category of small domestic appliances in the food preparation and cooking, as well as household cleaning and ironing, segments. De'Longhi is especially well known for the Artista Series espresso machines, the De'Longhi gelato maker and the Pinguino portable air conditioner."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zoomlion", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1992 as Changsha Hi-tech Development Area Zoomlion Construction Mechanical Industry Company, one of its first products were concrete pumps. The company grew out of a subsidiary founded in 1956 in Beijing, as part of the first Ministry of Machinery Industry, Ministry of Construction, Central Enterprise Work Committee."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "NetJets", "paragraph_text": "NetJets Inc., a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, is an American company that sells part ownership or shares (called fractional ownership) of private business jets. NetJets was founded in 1964 as Executive Jet Aviation. It was the first private business jet charter and aircraft management company in the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bevlyn Khoo", "paragraph_text": "Bevlyn Khoo (; born 22 February 1979) is a jazz pop singer songwriter based in Singapore. Her ability to play multiple instruments as well as sing in 5 languages has generated international interest and acclaim for each of her 5 albums. Despite her commercial success, she is credited with being a pioneer within the Singaporean DIY and independent musician community, having founded two music-based companies in addition to her own artistic pursuits since 2002. After parting ways with Japanese record label S2S in 2011, Bevlyn has returned to her independent status and currently focusing efforts on The Storyteller Wave, the music production and consultancy company she founded in 2013."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hale & Kilburn", "paragraph_text": "The Hale & Kilburn company of Philadelphia was a furniture manufacturing company founded by Henry S. Hale and Cheney Kilburn. The Hale & Kilburn company's primary business was the production of railroad car seats for the greatly expanding American railroad companies. The Hale & Kilburn company was sold to J.P. Morgan & Co. in 1911 for $9 million."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Holsman Automobile Company", "paragraph_text": "The Holsman Automobile Company was an early United States automobile manufacturer in Chicago, Illinois, between 1901 and 1910. Founded by Henry K. Holsman, the company produced a high wheeler automobile."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Colchester Racing Developments", "paragraph_text": "Colchester Racing Developments produced Merlyn racing cars from 1960 to 1979. The company was founded by Clive Maskrey, Selwyn Hayward and continued by Hayward's brother, Clive. When the manufacture of Merlyn racing cars stopped, Clive Hayward continued to manufacture Merlyn parts as CRD Tool and Engineering Ltd. This company stopped trading in November 2015, but Clive Hayward continues to run Colchester Racing Developments, manufacturing Merlyn components and carrying out chassis repairs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "GEPetrol", "paragraph_text": "GEPetrol is the national oil company of the Equatorial Guinea. The company was founded in 2002 after the writing of a presidential decree. The company reports to the Ministry of Mines, Industry and Energy. GEPetrol's director is Antonio Engonga Oburu. The company maintains offices in Malabo and in London."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "In 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies, which, ultimately, transformed into one enterprise known as SME. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Path\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded as Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Path\u00e9 Fr\u00e8res (Path\u00e9 Brothers Company) in Paris, France on 28 September 1896, by the four brothers Charles, \u00c9mile, Th\u00e9ophile and Jacques Path\u00e9. During the first part of the 20th century, Path\u00e9 became the largest film equipment and production company in the world, as well as a major producer of phonograph records."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft", "paragraph_text": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (often abbreviated HDW) is a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Kiel. It is part of the ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) group, owned by ThyssenKrupp. The Howaldtswerke shipyard was founded in Kiel in 1838 and merged with Hamburg-based Deutsche Werft to form Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in 1968. The company's shipyard was formerly used by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft until the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brunswick State Railway Company", "paragraph_text": "The Brunswick State Railway Company is not the same as the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway or the Brunswick Railway Company which did not exist when the BLE was founded."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "PTT Global Chemical", "paragraph_text": "PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (GC) is a subsidiary of PTT Public Company Limited. It was founded on 19 October 2011 through the amalgamation of PTT Chemical Public Company Limited and PTT Aromatics and Refining Public Company Limited to be the chemical flagship of PTT Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "North British and Mercantile Insurance", "paragraph_text": "The North British and Mercantile Insurance Company was a British-based company founded in 1809 in Edinburgh and absorbed as a subsidiary of the Commercial Union in 1959. The company was also known as the North British Insurance Company, North British Fire Office and North British Fire Insurance Company."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Seward Johnson I", "paragraph_text": "John Seward Johnson I (July 14, 1895 \u2013 May 23, 1983) was one of the sons of Robert Wood Johnson I (co-founder of Johnson & Johnson). He was also known as J. Seward Johnson Sr. and Seward Johnson. He founded the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (HBOI), and was the grandfather of Jamie Johnson, who directed the documentary \"Born Rich\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alza", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1968 by Dr. Alejandro Zaffaroni; the company's name is a portmanteau of his name. Alza was a major pioneer in the field of drug delivery systems, bringing over 20 prescription pharmaceutical products to market, and employing about 10,000 people during 20 years. In 2001, Alza was acquired by Johnson & Johnson via a stock-for-stock transaction worth US$10.5 billion."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Allison Fonte", "paragraph_text": "After her stint with \"the New Mickey Mouse Club\", Allison attended Stanford University and was a founding partner in a creative firm in New York City called Pompei A.D. She spun off part of that company into Allison Fonte Public Relations, also in New York. Allison attended the New Mouseketeers' reunion in May 2001, along with eight other 1970s Mouseketeers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Helix Software Company", "paragraph_text": "Helix Software Company was a New York City based software company founded in October 1986. The company developed software tools and utilities for DOS and Windows. In 1993, Helix licensed some of its memory management technology to Microsoft for use in MS-DOS 6.0. Microsoft subsequently released Helix's memory management technology as part of the MEMMAKER and EMM386 DOS commands."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "O'Reilly Auto Parts", "paragraph_text": "O'Reilly Auto Parts is an American auto parts retailer that provides automotive aftermarket parts, tools, supplies, equipment, and accessories in the United States serving both the professional service providers and do - it - yourself customers. Founded in 1957 by the O'Reilly family, the company operates more than 5,100 stores in 47 states."}], "question": "Who founded the company that ALZA is part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__141350_448318", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "GEPetrol", "paragraph_text": "GEPetrol is the national oil company of the Equatorial Guinea. The company was founded in 2002 after the writing of a presidential decree. The company reports to the Ministry of Mines, Industry and Energy. GEPetrol's director is Antonio Engonga Oburu. The company maintains offices in Malabo and in London."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Helix Software Company", "paragraph_text": "Helix Software Company was a New York City based software company founded in October 1986. The company developed software tools and utilities for DOS and Windows. In 1993, Helix licensed some of its memory management technology to Microsoft for use in MS-DOS 6.0. Microsoft subsequently released Helix's memory management technology as part of the MEMMAKER and EMM386 DOS commands."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Seward Johnson I", "paragraph_text": "John Seward Johnson I (July 14, 1895 \u2013 May 23, 1983) was one of the sons of Robert Wood Johnson I (co-founder of Johnson & Johnson). He was also known as J. Seward Johnson Sr. and Seward Johnson. He founded the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (HBOI), and was the grandfather of Jamie Johnson, who directed the documentary \"Born Rich\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "PTT Global Chemical", "paragraph_text": "PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (GC) is a subsidiary of PTT Public Company Limited. It was founded on 19 October 2011 through the amalgamation of PTT Chemical Public Company Limited and PTT Aromatics and Refining Public Company Limited to be the chemical flagship of PTT Group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "O'Reilly Auto Parts", "paragraph_text": "O'Reilly Auto Parts is an American auto parts retailer that provides automotive aftermarket parts, tools, supplies, equipment, and accessories in the United States serving both the professional service providers and do - it - yourself customers. Founded in 1957 by the O'Reilly family, the company operates more than 5,100 stores in 47 states."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "De'Longhi", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded by the De' Longhi family in 1902 as a small industrial parts manufacturing workshop. The company incorporated in 1950. Historically a major producer of portable heaters and air conditioners, the company has expanded to include nearly every category of small domestic appliances in the food preparation and cooking, as well as household cleaning and ironing, segments. De'Longhi is especially well known for the Artista Series espresso machines, the De'Longhi gelato maker and the Pinguino portable air conditioner."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ryan Aeronautical", "paragraph_text": "The Ryan Aeronautical Company was founded by T. Claude Ryan in San Diego, California in 1934. It became part of Teledyne in 1969, and of Northrop Grumman when the latter company purchased Teledyne in 1999. Ryan built several historically and technically significant aircraft, including four innovative V/STOL designs, but its most successful production aircraft was the Ryan Firebee line of unmanned drones used as target drones and unmanned air vehicles."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "In 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies, which, ultimately, transformed into one enterprise known as SME. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "NetJets", "paragraph_text": "NetJets Inc., a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, is an American company that sells part ownership or shares (called fractional ownership) of private business jets. NetJets was founded in 1964 as Executive Jet Aviation. It was the first private business jet charter and aircraft management company in the world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Allison Fonte", "paragraph_text": "After her stint with \"the New Mickey Mouse Club\", Allison attended Stanford University and was a founding partner in a creative firm in New York City called Pompei A.D. She spun off part of that company into Allison Fonte Public Relations, also in New York. Allison attended the New Mouseketeers' reunion in May 2001, along with eight other 1970s Mouseketeers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nydalens Compagnie", "paragraph_text": "Nydalens Compagnie was a company in Nydalen, Oslo, Norway. It was founded in 1845 as a textile manufacturer, and from 1963 to 1998 it was a real estate company."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Colchester Racing Developments", "paragraph_text": "Colchester Racing Developments produced Merlyn racing cars from 1960 to 1979. The company was founded by Clive Maskrey, Selwyn Hayward and continued by Hayward's brother, Clive. When the manufacture of Merlyn racing cars stopped, Clive Hayward continued to manufacture Merlyn parts as CRD Tool and Engineering Ltd. This company stopped trading in November 2015, but Clive Hayward continues to run Colchester Racing Developments, manufacturing Merlyn components and carrying out chassis repairs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft", "paragraph_text": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (often abbreviated HDW) is a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Kiel. It is part of the ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) group, owned by ThyssenKrupp. The Howaldtswerke shipyard was founded in Kiel in 1838 and merged with Hamburg-based Deutsche Werft to form Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in 1968. The company's shipyard was formerly used by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft until the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Path\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded as Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Path\u00e9 Fr\u00e8res (Path\u00e9 Brothers Company) in Paris, France on 28 September 1896, by the four brothers Charles, \u00c9mile, Th\u00e9ophile and Jacques Path\u00e9. During the first part of the 20th century, Path\u00e9 became the largest film equipment and production company in the world, as well as a major producer of phonograph records."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brunswick State Railway Company", "paragraph_text": "The Brunswick State Railway Company is not the same as the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway or the Brunswick Railway Company which did not exist when the BLE was founded."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cilag", "paragraph_text": "Cilag AG is a Swiss pharmaceutical company. Cilag is a subsidiary of American pharmaceutical giant Johnson & Johnson. The company's global marketing activities are operated by Janssen-Cilag, a merger with another Johnson & Johnson subsidiary, Janssen Pharmaceutica."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bevlyn Khoo", "paragraph_text": "Bevlyn Khoo (; born 22 February 1979) is a jazz pop singer songwriter based in Singapore. Her ability to play multiple instruments as well as sing in 5 languages has generated international interest and acclaim for each of her 5 albums. Despite her commercial success, she is credited with being a pioneer within the Singaporean DIY and independent musician community, having founded two music-based companies in addition to her own artistic pursuits since 2002. After parting ways with Japanese record label S2S in 2011, Bevlyn has returned to her independent status and currently focusing efforts on The Storyteller Wave, the music production and consultancy company she founded in 2013."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Holsman Automobile Company", "paragraph_text": "The Holsman Automobile Company was an early United States automobile manufacturer in Chicago, Illinois, between 1901 and 1910. Founded by Henry K. Holsman, the company produced a high wheeler automobile."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hale & Kilburn", "paragraph_text": "The Hale & Kilburn company of Philadelphia was a furniture manufacturing company founded by Henry S. Hale and Cheney Kilburn. The Hale & Kilburn company's primary business was the production of railroad car seats for the greatly expanding American railroad companies. The Hale & Kilburn company was sold to J.P. Morgan & Co. in 1911 for $9 million."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "North British and Mercantile Insurance", "paragraph_text": "The North British and Mercantile Insurance Company was a British-based company founded in 1809 in Edinburgh and absorbed as a subsidiary of the Commercial Union in 1959. The company was also known as the North British Insurance Company, North British Fire Office and North British Fire Insurance Company."}], "question": "Who founded the company that Cilag is a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__53807_31316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term \"African-American\" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Orchestra Ethiopia", "paragraph_text": "Orchestra Ethiopia was an Ethiopian performing group formed in 1963 by the Egyptian-born American composer and ethnomusicologist Halim El-Dabh (born 1921). The group, which was founded in Addis Ababa, comprised up to 30 traditional instrumentalists, vocalists, and dancers from many different Ethiopian regions and ethnic groups (including Amhara, Tigray-Tigrinia, Oromo, Welayta, and Gimira). It was the first ensemble of its type, as these diverse instruments and ethnic groups previously had never played together. For a time, due to El-Dabh's efforts, the Orchestra was in residence at the Creative Arts Centre of Haile Selassie I University (now Addis Ababa University)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Numerous immigrants have come as merchants and become a major part of the business community, including Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians of European descent reside in the country.[better source needed] The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of Black African descent."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the five most common self-reported ethnic groups in the state were: American (17.3%), African American (13.0%), Irish (9.3%), English (9.1%), and German (8.3%). Most Tennesseans who self-identify as having American ancestry are of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry. An estimated 21\u201324% of Tennesseans are of predominantly English ancestry. In the 1980 census 1,435,147 Tennesseans claimed \"English\" or \"mostly English\" ancestry out of a state population of 3,221,354 making them 45% of the state at the time."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, resident foreigners made up 23.3% of the population. Most of these (64%) were from European Union or EFTA countries. Italians were the largest single group of foreigners with 15.6% of total foreign population. They were closely followed by Germans (15.2%), immigrants from Portugal (12.7%), France (5.6%), Serbia (5.3%), Turkey (3.8%), Spain (3.7%), and Austria (2%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka, most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group among people of Asian origin (6.3%). Additionally, the figures from 2012 show that 34.7% of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over in Switzerland, i.e. 2,335,000 persons, had an immigrant background. A third of this population (853,000) held Swiss citizenship. Four fifths of persons with an immigration background were themselves immigrants (first generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens), whereas one fifth were born in Switzerland (second generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens). In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what they perceived as an increase in xenophobia, particularly in some political campaigns. In reply to one critical report the Federal Council noted that \"racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland\", but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally unproblematic integration of foreigners\", underlined Switzerland's openness."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "In 2012 the Paris agglomeration (urban area) counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence, an increase of 84 percent since 2001; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France. Forty-one percent were women, and 29 percent were accompanied by children. Fifty-six percent of the homeless were born outside France, the largest number coming from Africa and Eastern Europe. The city of Paris has sixty homeless shelters, called Centres d'h\u00e9bergement et de r\u00e9insertion sociale or CHRS, which are funded by the city and operated by private charities and associations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Bermuda has a diverse population including both those with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for centuries, and newer communities whose ancestry results from recent immigration, especially from Britain, North America, the West Indies, and the Portuguese Atlantic islands (especially the Azores), although these groups are steadily merging. About 46% of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which was a decrease from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1% to 11% (although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons). The number of people born in Canada declined by 13%. Those who reported West Indian ancestry were 13%. The number of people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538. A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry (10%), the result of immigration over the past 160 years, of whom 79% have residency status."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hollins\u2013Roundhouse Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Hollins\u2013Roundhouse Historic District (also known as B-5144) is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a primarily residential area characterized by 19th century rowhouses. The neighborhood is historically significant due to its association with the development of rail transportation in Maryland. Additional historical significance comes from the neighborhood's association with ethnic immigration to Baltimore. During the 1840s and 1850s the area was a center of settlement for Baltimore's German and Irish communities, many of whom immigrated to the United States to work in the rail industry. Later, from the 1880s to the 1920s, the neighborhood became established as the center of Baltimore's Lithuanian immigrant community. Because of the large Lithuanian population in the area north of Hollins Street, the area became known as Little Lithuania. A few remnants of the neighborhood's Lithuanian heritage still remain, such as Lithuanian Hall located on Hollins Street."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities, behind the park system of Minneapolis. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955\u20131968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Coushatta, Louisiana", "paragraph_text": "Coushatta is a town in and the parish seat of rural Red River Parish in north Louisiana, United States. It is situated on the east bank of the Red River. The community is approximately forty-five miles south of Shreveport on U.S. Highway 71. The population, 2,299 at the 2000 census, is nearly two-thirds African American, most with long family histories in the area. The 2010 census, however, reported 1,964 residents, a decline of 335 persons, or nearly 15 percent during the course of the preceding decade."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of immigration to the United States", "paragraph_text": "Between 1841 and 1850, immigration nearly tripled again, totaling 1,713,000 immigrants, including at least 781,000 Irish, 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British, and 77,000 French. The Irish, driven by the Potato Famine (1845 -- 1849), emigrated directly from their homeland to escape poverty and death. The failed revolutions of 1848 brought many intellectuals and activists to exile in the U.S. Bad times and poor conditions in Europe drove people out, while land, relatives, freedom, opportunity, and jobs in the US lured them in."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaran\u00ed, 126,000; and Moje\u00f1o, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island", "paragraph_text": "The Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island () is a proscribed political organization in Equatorial Guinea. It has its roots in the pre-independence Uni\u00f3n Bubi, which sought independence from the mainland half of Spanish Guinea. It is supported by the Bubi ethnic group, which dominates Bioko island (home of the national capital)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2016 census, the country's largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% of the population), followed by English (18.3%), Scottish (13.9%), French (13.6%), Irish (13.4%), German (9.6%), Chinese (5.1%), Italian (4.6%), First Nations (4.4%), Indian (4.0%), and Ukrainian (3.9%). There are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands, encompassing a total of 1,525,565 people. Canada's indigenous population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Canada's population claimed an indigenous identity in 2006. Another 22.3 percent of the population belonged to a non-indigenous visible minority. In 2016, the largest visible minority groups were South Asian (5.6%), Chinese (5.1%) and Black (3.5%). Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent. In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups. Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority under the Employment Equity Act, and this is the definition that Statistics Canada also uses."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Le Temps", "paragraph_text": "Its publisher, Le Temps SA, was held by ER Publishing at eighty-two percent, which, in turn, is fifty-percent owned by Edipresse Group and fifty-percent owned by Ringier Group. The remaining eighteen-percent ownership is held by Claude Demole (seven percent), employees (six percent) and \"Le Monde\" newspaper (five percent)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "According to the Census Bureau, the median household income in 2013 was $36,836, down 7.9 percent from 2008 when the median household income was $40,008 (in 2013 dollars). For comparison, the median household income among metropolitan areas was $60,482, down 8.2 percent in the same period, and the national median household income was $55,250, down 7.0 percent from 2008. The city's wealth disparity is evident when neighborhoods are compared. Residents in Society Hill had a median household income of $93,720 while residents in one of North Philadelphia's districts reported the lowest median household income, $14,185."}], "question": "In 2000, what percent of Tennessee residents self-reported their ethnic group as the same as most immigrants in the1840s?"}
{"id": "2hop__689695_155254", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of tallest dams in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Most of the U.S.'s taller dams are located in the west because of the steeper and more rugged topography. The tallest is Oroville Dam in northern California, a 770.5 - foot (234.8 m) embankment dam completed in 1968. Five of the ten highest dams in the U.S. are located in California. The Colorado, Columbia and Sacramento -- San Joaquin river systems contain the greatest number of high dams. In the eastern U.S., tall dams are less common because of the lesser vertical relief. The tallest dam in the eastern U.S. is 480 - foot (150 m) Fontana Dam in North Carolina, which ranks 20th in height among all U.S. dams."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Horse Mesa Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Horse Mesa Dam is a concrete thin arch dam located in the Superstition Mountains, northeast of Phoenix in Maricopa County, Arizona."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Enloe Dam and Powerplant", "paragraph_text": "The Enloe Dam, also known as the Similkameen Dam, and its powerplant are located on the Similkameen River about west-northwest of Oroville, Washington. Located just above Similkameen (Coyote) Falls, the concrete arch-gravity dam stands about high, with a crest length of about , built between 1916 and 1923. The dam was named after the president of the Okanogan Valley Power Company, Eugene Enloe. The dam was operated to generate power at its powerplant, located about downstream from the dam. Lacking fish ladders, Enloe Dam blocks fish passage and completely extirpated anadromous fish migration into the upper reaches of the Similkameen River and its tributaries in Canada."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Poe Dam", "paragraph_text": "Poe Dam is a concrete gravity hydroelectric diversion dam on the North Fork Feather River, about north of Lake Oroville in Butte County, California in the United States. Completed in 1959, the dam is the lowermost component of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's Feather River Canyon Power Project, a system of 10 hydroelectric stations along the North Fork. The dam is high and long, with water flows controlled by four radial gates."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Flying Childers", "paragraph_text": "Flying Childers was sired by the great Darley Arabian, one of the three foundation stallions of the Thoroughbred breed. His dam Betty Leedes, was by (Old) Careless and she was inbred to Spanker in the second and third generations (2x3). Betty Leedes was also the dam of the unraced, but successful sire, Bartlett's or Bleeding Childers who was also by the Darley Arabian. (Old) Careless was by the great stallion Spanker, and both were thought to be the best racehorses of their generation. Betty Leedes was one of the few outside mares allowed to breed to the Darley Arabian, who was mostly kept as a private sire by his owner."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ngadda River", "paragraph_text": "The Ngadda River is a river in Nigeria that flows into Lake Chad and the Chad Basin. The Alau dam built on the river has interfered with fertile seasonal floodplains in the region of Maiduguri."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bartlett Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Bartlett Dam is a concrete multiple-arch buttress dam on the Verde River, located 50\u00a0km northeast of Phoenix, Arizona. The dam creates Bartlett Lake and its primary purpose is irrigation water supply. It was the first dam constructed on the Verde River and the first of its type constructed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. It was built between 1936 and 1939. It was named after Bill Bartlett, a government surveyor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beaver Dam, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Beaver Dam is a city in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States, along Beaver Dam Lake and the Beaver Dam River. The estimated population was 16,564 in 2016, making it the largest city primarily located in Dodge County. It is the principal city of the Beaver Dam Micropolitan Statistical area. The city is adjacent to the Town of Beaver Dam."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "\u00d6sterdal River", "paragraph_text": "\u00d6sterdal\u00e4lven is a long river in Sweden that flows southeast through Dalarna. Its sources are Stor\u00e5n, Gr\u00f6vlan and S\u00f6r\u00e4lven and the end point is Djur\u00e5s, in the municipality of Gagnef, where it connects with V\u00e4sterdal\u00e4lven to form Dal\u00e4lven. \u00d6sterdal\u00e4lven flows through the Tr\u00e4ngslet Dam and Siljan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Petite Creuse", "paragraph_text": "The Petite Creuse (, the small Creuse) is a long river in Allier and Creuse departments, in central France. Its source is at Treignat, southeast of the village. It is a left tributary of the Creuse River into which it flows at Fresselines. The river is dammed at several locations creating valley lakes that are extensively used for recreation, such as fishing, boating and swimming. The dams are used to generate electricity and to supply water treatment plants providing drinking water to local communities."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Verde River", "paragraph_text": "The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Holden (Verran)", "paragraph_text": "Holden is a lake in the municipality of Verran in Tr\u00f8ndelag county, Norway. It is located about west of the village of Malm and about north of the village of Follafoss. The lake has a dam on the southern end to control the water for hydroelectric power. The lake flows out into the Follaelva river which flows into the Trondheimsfjord at the village of Follafoss."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "V\u00e5vatnet", "paragraph_text": "V\u00e5vatnet is a lake on the border of the municipalities of Snillfjord and Orkdal in Tr\u00f8ndelag county, Norway. The lake was dammed in 1910 and is used as the main reservoir for the municipality of Orkdal. The water flows into the lake Songsj\u00f8en and then into the lake Gagn\u00e5svatnet."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chichester Dam", "paragraph_text": "Chichester Dam is a minor concrete gravity dam across the Chichester and Wangat rivers, upstream of Dungog, in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The dam's main purpose is water supply for the Lower Hunter region. A mini hydro-electric power station operates at times of peak flow and is connected to the national grid. The impounded reservoir is Lake Chichester."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tijuana River", "paragraph_text": "The Arroyo de las Palmas, the main tributary of the Tijuana River, flows out of the mountains to the east into the reservoir behind the Abelardo L. Rodr\u00edguez Dam. Downstream from the Rodr\u00edguez Dam, water flows through Tijuana in a concrete channel to the international border; there it continues west through the Tijuana River Valley for a distance of about nine miles to the estuary and then to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hari (Afghanistan)", "paragraph_text": "In western Afghanistan the Hari Rud flows to the south of Herat. The valley around Herat was historically famous for its fertility and dense cultivation. After Herat, the river turns northwest, then north, forming the northern part of the border between Afghanistan and Iran. Farther north it forms the south-eastern part of the border between Iran and Turkmenistan. The Iran\u2013Turkmenistan Friendship Dam is on the river.The Afghan-India Friendship Dam (Salma Dam) is a hydroelectric and irrigation dam project located on the Hari Rud in Chishti sharif District of Herat Province in western Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gerber Dam", "paragraph_text": "The dam was completed in 1925 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation as part of the Klamath Project. It provides irrigation storage but no hydroelectric power, and it reduces flow into the downstream Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge in California. The dam has a height of 84 feet and is 460 feet long at the crest."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ceraunius Fossae", "paragraph_text": "Ceraunius Fossae is an area of intensely fractured terrain in the northern Tharsis region of Mars. It lies directly south of the large volcano Alba Mons and consists of ancient highland crust that has been deformed by numerous parallel faults and tension cracks. In places, younger lava flows cover the fractured terrain, dividing it into several large patches or islands. It is found in the Tharsis quadrangle."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Xe Kaman River", "paragraph_text": "The Xe Kaman is a river of southeastern Laos. It flows through the Dong Ampham National Biodiversity Conservation Area of Attapeu Province. The river is known to have populations of dolphins. The area is being destroyed by a dam being built on the river. The village of Ban Hin Dam lies on the river and is where boat trips are launched."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gongsan Dam", "paragraph_text": "Gongsan Dam is a dam in Jimyo-dong, Dong-gu, Daegu, South Korea. Built across the Donghwacheon stream flowing south from Palgongsan, the dam is responsible for securing the water supply for much of northern Daegu."}], "question": "What does the river on which the Bartlett Dam is situated flow into?"}
{"id": "2hop__349445_155254", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dartford Crossing", "paragraph_text": "The Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing, commonly known as the Dartford Crossing and until 1991 the Dartford Tunnel, is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, carrying the A282 road between Dartford in Kent in the south and Thurrock in Essex in the north. It consists of two bored tunnels and the cable-stayed Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. The only fixed road crossing of the Thames east of Greater London, it is the busiest estuarial crossing in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of over 130,000 vehicles. It opened in stages: the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980 and the bridge in 1991. The crossing, although not officially designated a motorway, is considered part of the M25 motorway's route, using the tunnels northbound and bridge southbound. Described as one of the most important road crossings in Britain, it suffers from heavy traffic and congestion."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chetwynd River", "paragraph_text": "The Chetwynd River rises southwest of , and flows generally west by north before reaching its confluence with the Glenelg River west of . The river descends over its course. It can be crossed by vehicle (in order from upstream) at the east end of Steep Gully road, Nareen, then Tites bridge on Careys road, Nareen, then at the Casterton-Edenhope road about one mile south of Chetwynd, and again on the same road at the bridge 40 yards east of the Chetwynd T-junction, and finally just east of the northernmost point of the Chetwynd Junction road."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ledyard Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ledyard Bridge crosses the Connecticut River to connect Hanover, New Hampshire to Norwich, Vermont. It is the third bridge at this crossing to bear the name of the adventurer John Ledyard."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Napan River", "paragraph_text": "The Napan River in Canada is a tributary of the Miramichi River in New Brunswick, Canada. The river rises several kilometres southwest of Chatham in central Northumberland County and flows northeast into the Miramichi River at Napan Bay. Four bridges cross the river at various points: at Hannah Lane, Highway 11, Johnston Lane, and Highway 117. There was also once a crossing at White Lane. At one time, these bridges were covered, although all have been upgraded to steel and concrete structures."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia. Its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized, in particular the agglomerations Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf and Ruhr area. Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe. Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany, crosses the 400 m wide river. Near Krefeld, the river crosses the Uerdingen line, the line which separates the areas where Low German and High German are spoken."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hochdonn High Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Hochdonn High Bridge (\"Hochbr\u00fccke Hochdonn\" in German) is a railway bridge in the Marsh Railway crossing the Kiel Canal near Hochdonn, Germany. It is a riveted steel bridge, \"exposed to extreme railway traffic\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge is a railway bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and the Millennium Bridge."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hammersley Fork", "paragraph_text": "Hammersley Fork (also known as Hammersley Fork Creek) is a tributary of Kettle Creek in Potter County and Clinton County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Warton Township in Potter County and Leidy Township in Clinton County. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The main rock formation in the watershed is the Pottsville Formation. A number of bridges cross the stream."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wami Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Wami Bridge is a bridge in Tanzania that crosses the Wami River. It lies on the A14 highway between Chalinze and Segera junctions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marquette\u2013Joliet Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Marquette\u2013Joliet Bridge is a bridge crossing the Mississippi River, connecting Marquette, Iowa and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Local residents refer to the bridge as the Prairie Bridge or the Marquette Bridge; both terms are used equally."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Konrad Adenauer Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Konrad Adenauer Bridge (in German: Konrad-Adenauer-Br\u00fccke) is one of two road bridges crossing the Rhine between the German cities of Mannheim and Ludwigshafen am Rhein. The other bridge is the Kurt Schumacher Bridge."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Verde River", "paragraph_text": "The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "West Branch Run", "paragraph_text": "West Branch Run (also known as West Branch Little Fishing Creek ) is a tributary of Little Fishing Creek in Lycoming County and Columbia County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Jordan Township, Lycoming County and . The area of the stream's watershed is . The stream's only named tributary is Shingle Run. West Branch Run flows through a valley known as California Hollow, which is listed as a \"locally significant site\" on the Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory. The Shoemaker Covered Bridge also crosses the stream, as does at least one other bridge in Lycoming County."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gaskins Run", "paragraph_text": "Gaskins Run is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Montour County and Northumberland County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Liberty Township, Montour County, Mahoning Township, Montour County. The watershed of the stream has an area of . At least one bridge crosses the stream. It is considered to be both a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warren Covered Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Warren Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge that crosses the Mad River in Warren, Vermont on Covered Bridge Road. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sauk Rapids Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Sauk Rapids Bridge was a steel spandrel braced arch bridge that spanned the Mississippi River between the cities of St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was built in 1942 and was designed by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The bridge consisted of three spans supported by two piers. It crossed the Mississippi River downstream from the rapids of the Sauk River. The river is still rough and fast-flowing at this location."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Perkinsville Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Perkinsville Bridge over the Verde River was established in 1936 when it was moved from the San Carlos Indian Reservation over the Gila River. The current structure was constructed from spans of the San Carlos Bridge which was built in 1913 and then rebuilt in 1921 after damage due to flooding. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Petroleum Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Petroleum Street Bridge is a girder bridge connecting the North Side and South Side neighborhoods of Oil City, Pennsylvania and crosses the Allegheny River. The bridge sits just downstream from the confluence of Oil Creek and the Allegheny River. The 1995 structure carries two lanes of U.S. Route 62 and was built during a decade of major refurbishments of Upper Allegheny crossings. Previously, a 1910 truss bridge stood on the site; this structure replaced an earlier wooden bridge."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Taemas Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Taemas Bridge is a two-lane road bridge crossing the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. The bridge crosses on the river just before it enters Lake Burrinjuck, which has been created by the Burrinjuck Dam. The bridge is a key part of the road between Yass and Wee Jasper, and from there, to Tumut. The bridge is around 26 kilometres from Yass and 22 kilometres from Wee Jasper. The current bridge was completed in 1931 and is over 200 metres in length."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Delaware Memorial Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Delaware Memorial Bridge is a twin suspension bridge crossing the Delaware River. The toll bridges carry Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 40 between Delaware and New Jersey. The bridge was designed by the firm known today as HNTB with consulting help from engineer Othmar Ammann, whose other designs include the Walt Whitman Bridge (which is similar in appearance, except for the fact that it is a single span) and Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge. It is also one of only two crossings of the Delaware River with both U.S. Highway and Interstate Highway designations, the other being the Benjamin Franklin Bridge."}], "question": "Into which river does the river Perkinsville Bridge crosses flow?"}
{"id": "2hop__564002_141543", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Carnegie Hall", "paragraph_text": "Carnegie Hall is named after Andrew Carnegie, who funded its construction. It was intended as a venue for the Oratorio Society of New York and the New York Symphony Society, on whose boards Carnegie served. Construction began in 1890, and was carried out by Isaac A. Hopper and Company. Although the building was in use from April 1891, the official opening night was May 5, with a concert conducted by maestro Walter Damrosch and great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Originally known simply as ``Music Hall ''(the words`` Music Hall founded by Andrew Carnegie'' still appear on the fa\u00e7ade above the marquee), the hall was renamed Carnegie Hall in 1893 after board members of the Music Hall Company of New York (the hall's original governing body) persuaded Carnegie to allow the use of his name. Several alterations were made to the building between 1893 and 1896, including the addition of two towers of artists' studios, and alterations to the smaller auditorium on the building's lower level."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft", "paragraph_text": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (often abbreviated HDW) is a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Kiel. It is part of the ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) group, owned by ThyssenKrupp. The Howaldtswerke shipyard was founded in Kiel in 1838 and merged with Hamburg-based Deutsche Werft to form Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in 1968. The company's shipyard was formerly used by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft until the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hall of Great Western Performers", "paragraph_text": "The Hall of Great Western Performers is a Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. It is sometimes referred to as the \"Western Performers Hall of Fame\". It is a presentation that explores the various ways the west has been interpreted in literature and film."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "North-West Mounted Police", "paragraph_text": "The North - West Mounted Police was created as a consequence of the expansion of the newly formed Dominion of Canada into the North - West Territories during the 1870s. The Dominion had been formed in 1867 by the confederation of the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but the extensive lands to the north - west remained governed by the Hudson's Bay Company. The new Dominion government was keen to expand westwards, in part due to fears that the United States might annex the region. It agreed to purchase the company's lands in exchange for \u00a3300,000 and various grants of land, adding around 2,500,000 square miles (6,500,000 km) of territory to the Dominion in 1871."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Frasin mine", "paragraph_text": "The Frasin mine is a large open pit mine in the west of Romania in Alba County, 73\u00a0km west of Alba Iulia and 467\u00a0km north-west of the capital, Bucharest. Frasin represents a large gold deposit with estimated reserves of 1 million oz of gold and 2.96 million oz of silver. The project is owned by the Toronto-based company Gabriel Resources."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "11th Street is in two parts. It is interrupted by the block containing Grace Church between Broadway and Fourth Avenue. East 11th streets runs from Fourth Avenue to Avenue C and runs past Webster Hall. West 11th Street runs from Broadway to West Street. 11th Street and 6th Avenue was the location of the Old Grapevine tavern from the 1700s to its demolition in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Coventry", "paragraph_text": "Traditionally a part of Warwickshire (although it was a county in its own right for 400 years), Coventry became an independent county borough in 1889. It later became a metropolitan district of the West Midlands county under the Local Government Act (1974), even though it was entirely separate to the Birmingham conurbation area (this is why Coventry appears to unnaturally ``jut out ''into Warwickshire on political maps of the UK). In 1986, the West Midlands County Council was abolished and Coventry became administered as an effective unitary authority in its own right."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shandy Hall (Ohio)", "paragraph_text": "Shandy Hall is the name of a homestead museum located in Harpersfield, Ohio, owned and maintained by the Western Reserve Historical Society."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Stephanie and Spy", "paragraph_text": "Stephanie and Spy, is a sculpture by American artist Robert Graham, located in the Rolfe Hall Courtyard on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The two-part, bronze sculpture was made in 1980-81 and depicts a nude woman standing next to a horse. Each figure stands on its own pedestal positioned about 2 feet from each other."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "West Memorial Hall", "paragraph_text": "The West Memorial Hall, or West Memorial Institute, is a Victorian Grade II listed building at 7-9 Gosbrook Road, Caversham, Berkshire, designed by Alfred Waterhouse. The Hall is a former Baptist Free Church that has now been converted to apartments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Waldschmidt Hall", "paragraph_text": "Waldschmidt Hall (originally West Hall) is an academic building at the University of Portland in Portland, Oregon, United States. Constructed in 1891 as West Hall, the building was originally part of the now defunct Portland University located in North Portland overlooking the Willamette River. The Romanesque style structure built of brick and stone stands five stories tall. The hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and renovated in 1992, the same year it took the current name. Waldschmidt, the oldest building on campus, now houses the school's administration offices and some classrooms."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Seven Oaks", "paragraph_text": "Battle of Seven Oaks Part of The Pemmican War The Fight at Seven Oaks, 19 June 1816 Date 19 June 1816 Location Seven Oaks (present day Winnipeg, Manitoba) Result Decisive M\u00e9tis / North West Company victory Belligerents M\u00e9tis of the North West Company Hudson's Bay Company Commanders and leaders Cuthbert Grant Robert Semple \u2020 Strength 65 28 Casualties and losses 21 National Historic Site of Canada Official name Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada Designated 1920"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "West Hall (Valdosta State University)", "paragraph_text": "West Hall, built in 1917, is the oldest building at Valdosta State University and features a distinctive dome and Spanish-mission architecture. It is also the center of academic activity at VSU, with numerous classrooms, departments, and offices. West Hall is named in honor of Colonel W.S. West, who as a Georgia state senator, led the legislation for the creation of a college in Valdosta through the Georgia Senate and donated the property that is now the main part of campus to the state for use by the new institution."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hong Kong Space Museum", "paragraph_text": "The museum has two wings: east wing and west wing. The former consists of the nucleus of the museum's planetarium, which has an egg-shaped dome structure. Beneath it are the Stanley Ho Space Theatre, the Hall of Space Science, workshops and offices. The west wing houses the Hall of Astronomy, the Lecture Hall, a gift shop and offices."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cumberland Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "Cumberland Peninsula is a peninsula in the southeastern part of Baffin Island in Nunavut, Canada. It is located between 64\u00b056' and 67\u00b057' north latitude, and 61\u00b056' to 68\u00b0 west longitude. The Arctic Circle crosses the peninsula, with the Labrador Sea to the southeast, and the Davis Strait to the east, which lies between the peninsula and Greenland. The Cumberland Sound lies to the southwest, separating the Cumberland Peninsula from the Hall Peninsula, which is also part of Baffin Island."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Intrepid Wind Farm", "paragraph_text": "The Intrepid Wind Farm consists of 107 wind turbines, located in Sac and Buena Vista counties in north-west Iowa, has a generating capacity of 160.5 megawatts of electricity. The wind power project is MidAmerican Energy Company\u2019s first owned and operated wind generation facility and became operational on December 31, 2004."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bundaberg Rum", "paragraph_text": "Bundaberg Rum is a dark rum produced in Bundaberg, Australia, by the Bundaberg Distilling Company. It is often referred to as \"Bundy\". In 2010, the Bundaberg Distilling Company was inducted into the Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket", "paragraph_text": "Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket are American regional sports networks owned by The Walt Disney Company, and operate as Fox Sports Networks affiliates. The channels broadcast regional coverage of professional and collegiate sports events in California, focusing primarily on professional sports teams based in the Greater Los Angeles area. Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket maintain general offices and studios based at the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Valdosta State University", "paragraph_text": "Valdosta State University, also referred to as VSU, or Valdosta State, is an American public university and is one of the four comprehensive universities in the University System of Georgia. Valdosta State is located on a campus at the heart of the city of Valdosta. VSU serves over 11,000 undergraduate and graduate students representing 157 Georgia counties, all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, American Samoa and Washington, D.C. and hosts over 300 international students from 76 countries. VSU also offers classes at Moody Air Force Base north of Valdosta in Lowndes County."}], "question": "What company is the owner of West Hall part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__838800_141543", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Winston Science Fiction", "paragraph_text": "Winston Science Fiction was a series of 37 American juvenile science fiction books published by the John C. Winston Company of Philadelphia from 1952 to 1960 and by its successor Holt, Rinehart & Winston in 1960 and 1961. It included 35 novels by various writers, including many who became famous in the SF field, such as Poul Anderson, Arthur C. Clarke, Ben Bova, and Lester del Rey. There was also one anthology, \"The Year After Tomorrow\", edited by del Rey and others. There was one non-fiction book \"Rockets through Space: The Story of Man's Preparations to Explore the Universe\" by del Rey which details the factual science and technology of rocket flight. Many of the dust jackets became science fiction classics; the artists included Hugo Award winners Ed Emshwiller and Virgil Finlay along with Hugo nominees such as Mel Hunter and Alex Schomburg."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hughes Europe", "paragraph_text": "Through its three facilities in Germany, Great Britain and Italy, Hughes Europe offers satellite-based and terrestrial broadband network solutions and services for companies and official institutions. The networks and services are managed from the Network Operations Center in Griesheim, near Darmstadt, Germany."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Valdosta State University", "paragraph_text": "Valdosta State University, also referred to as VSU, or Valdosta State, is an American public university and is one of the four comprehensive universities in the University System of Georgia. Valdosta State is located on a campus at the heart of the city of Valdosta. VSU serves over 11,000 undergraduate and graduate students representing 157 Georgia counties, all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, American Samoa and Washington, D.C. and hosts over 300 international students from 76 countries. VSU also offers classes at Moody Air Force Base north of Valdosta in Lowndes County."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Morrill Science Center", "paragraph_text": "The Justin S. Morrill Science Center, more commonly known as the Morrill Science Center is a research center, lecture hall, and faculty office complex serving the College of Natural Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. It comprises four buildings that contain research laboratories for several different programs, including the biochemistry, biology, geosciences, microbiology, and public health departments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "University of Florida Health Science Center", "paragraph_text": "The University of Florida Health Science Center (HSC), also known as the J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center, is the medical division of the University of Florida."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Journal of Life Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Life Sciences is a full-color bimonthly American magazine and daily website published in San Francisco since May 2007. Owned by Burrill & Company  and the California Healthcare Institute , TJOLS reports on how developments in the life sciences affect society, business, and policy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Brooklyn and Bailey McKnight", "paragraph_text": "In 2013 the twins launched their own YouTube channel, Brooklyn and Bailey, with a focus on teen interests, fashion, beauty, and ``all things fun ''."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Amazing Howard Hughes", "paragraph_text": "The Amazing Howard Hughes is a 1977 American made-for-television biographical film about American aviation pioneer and filmmaker Howard Hughes, based on the book \"Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes\" by Hughes' business partner Noah Dietrich. The film starred Tommy Lee Jones, Ed Flanders and Tovah Feldshuh. \"The Amazing Howard Hughes\" recounts the life and times of Howard Hughes, and was made a year after Hughes's death, in 1976. It was originally broadcast in two parts on CBS on April 13 and 14, 1977."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Galileu", "paragraph_text": "Galileu is a science magazine in Brazil, which was founded in 1991. The magazine is owned by Editora Globo. \"Galileu\" was first called \"Globo Ci\u00eancia\" (in English \"Globo Science\"). The current magazine is named after Galileo Galilei, or \" Galileu Galilei\", in Portuguese. It is a competitor of \"Superinteressante\", another science and technology magazine. In 1998, \"Globo Ci\u00eancia\" published its 86th edition and, from then on, changed its name to \"Galileu\". The first issue's topics centered on robots."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Children of the Dog Star", "paragraph_text": "Children of the Dog Star is a science fiction television program for children produced in New Zealand in 1984. It consists of six episodes of 24-minutes each. It was written by Ken Catran and directed by Chris Bailey, with the novelisation written by Marie Stuttard."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was \"AT&T Comcast\", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Coru\u00f1a Airport", "paragraph_text": "A Coru\u00f1a Airport , formerly known as Alvedro Airport, is the airport serving the Galician city of A Coru\u00f1a in northwestern Spain. The airport is located in the municipality of Culleredo, approximately from the city center. It is a part of the network of airports managed by Aena, a Spanish state-owned company responsible for airport management. Air traffic control is provided by Ferronats. In 2014, 988,834 passengers used the airport."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Greatest Showman", "paragraph_text": "The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut, written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Michelle Williams, Rebecca Ferguson, and Zendaya. The film is inspired by the story of P.T. Barnum's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Doctor Dolittle's Caravan", "paragraph_text": "Doctor Dolittle's Caravan is a novel written by Hugh Lofting and published in 1926 by Frederick A. Stokes. It deals with the titular character's bird opera, centering on a female green canary named Pippinella. It is one of many books Hugh Lofting authored about Doctor John Dolittle."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "She Left Love All Over Me", "paragraph_text": "\"She Left Love All Over Me\" is a song written by Chester Lester, and recorded by American country music artist Razzy Bailey. It was released in December 1981 as the first single from the album \"Feelin' Alright\". The song reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart. \"She Left Love All Over Me\" became Bailey's fifth (and final) No. 1 song in a string that dated back to 1980's \"Lovin' Up a Storm\"; Bailey's streak includes several double-sided hits where the flip side had its own peak."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Neil C. Krauter", "paragraph_text": "Neil C. Krauter is an American commercial insurance industry executive. He owns the privately held Krauter & Company, which has ten offices in the United States as of 2016."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hugh C. Bailey Science Center", "paragraph_text": "The Hugh C. Bailey Science Center at Valdosta State University in Valdosta, Georgia serves as the home of the Biology and Chemistry Departments. The facility is named after former VSU President Hugh C. Bailey who served from 1978 to 2001."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Benjamin Franklin Bailey", "paragraph_text": "A native of Sheridan, Michigan, Benjamin Franklin Bailey studied electrical engineering at the University of Michigan and later held the positions of chief engineer of the Fairbanks Morse Electrical Manufacturing Company and Howell Electrical Motor Company, director of Bailey Electrical Company, and vice-president and director of the Fremont Motor Corporation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brian D'Amato", "paragraph_text": "D'Amato received a BA from Yale University and an MA from the CUNY Graduate Center. At Yale, D'Amato studied with John Hollander, Erwin Hauer, and William Bailey. At the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, he studied with Robert Pincus-Witten."}], "question": "What company is the owner of the Hugh C. Bailey Science Center part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__132691_695472", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "GAM-63 RASCAL", "paragraph_text": "The GAM-63 RASCAL was a supersonic air-to-surface missile that was developed by the Bell Aircraft Company. The RASCAL was the United States Air Force's first nuclear armed standoff missile. The RASCAL was initially designated the ASM-A-2, then re-designated the B-63 in 1951 and finally re-designated the GAM-63 in 1955. The name RASCAL was the acronym for RAdar SCAnning Link, the missile's guidance system. The RASCAL project was cancelled in September 1958."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Three-point field goal", "paragraph_text": "The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule, adopting a 22 - foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980 -- 81 season. Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980. Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference. Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986 -- 87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987. In the same 1986 -- 87 season, the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88. In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three - point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008 -- 09 season. The NCAA women's three - point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011 -- 12. American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Beacon Corner, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Beacon Corner is an unincorporated area in central Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Bonnyville No. 87. It is located along Alberta Highway 28."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Novo Selo (Surdulica)", "paragraph_text": "Novo Selo is a village in the municipality of Surdulica, Serbia. According to the 2002 census the village has a population of 87 people."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "La Corey", "paragraph_text": "La Corey is a hamlet in central Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Bonnyville No. 87, located on Highway 55 approximately west of Cold Lake."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "AH87", "paragraph_text": "Asian Highway 87 (AH87) is a road in the Asian Highway Network running 606 km (379 miles) from Ankara to Izmir, Turkey. The route is as follows:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jonathan Linsley", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Linsley (born 17 January 1956) is an English actor who made his professional debut in 1980. He appeared on television in Last of the Summer Wine as ``Crusher ''Milburn (1984 -- 87), and his film roles include Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, as Ogilvey aboard the ship Flying Dutchman (2006 -- 07)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "William Luxton", "paragraph_text": "Luxton was a founder of the Winnipeg Humane Society. He served as chairman of the Winnipeg School Board from 1885-87."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "AGM-28 Hound Dog", "paragraph_text": "The North American Aviation AGM-28 Hound Dog was a supersonic, turbojet-propelled, air-launched cruise missile developed in 1959 for the United States Air Force. It was primarily designed to be capable of attacking Soviet ground-based air defense sites prior to a potential air attack by B-52 Stratofortress long range bombers during the Cold War. The Hound Dog was first given the designation B-77, then redesignated GAM-77, and finally as AGM-28. It was conceived as a temporary standoff missile for the B-52, to be used until the GAM-87 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile was available. Instead, the Skybolt was cancelled within a few years and the Hound Dog continued to be deployed for a total of 15 years until its replacement by newer missiles, including the AGM-69 SRAM and then the AGM-86 ALCM."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sega Genesis", "paragraph_text": "The Sega Genesis, known as the Mega Drive in regions outside of North America, is a 16 - bit home video game console developed and sold by Sega. The Genesis was Sega's third console and the successor to the Master System. Sega released the console as the Mega Drive in Japan in 1988, followed by North America as the Genesis in 1989. In 1990, the console was distributed as the Mega Drive by Virgin Mastertronic in Europe, Ozisoft in Australasia, and Tectoy in Brazil. In South Korea, the systems were distributed by Samsung as the Super Gam * Boy and later the Super Aladdin Boy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Social Security Trust Fund", "paragraph_text": "During 2016, the initial balance as of January 1 was $2,780 billion. An additional $710 billion in payroll tax revenue and $87 billion in interest added to the Fund during 2016, while expenses of $776 billion were removed from the Fund, for a December 31, 2016 balance of $2,801 billion (i.e., $2,780 + $710 + $87 - $776 = $2,801)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ellen Corby", "paragraph_text": "Her final role was in \"A Walton Easter\" (1997). In 1999, following several years of declining health, Corby died at age 87 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. Her memorial site is in Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lliboutry Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Lliboutry Glacier () is a glacier flowing southwest from the Boyle Mountains of Antarctica into Bourgeois Fjord, Loubet Coast. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1983 after Louis A.F. Lliboutry, a French physicist and glaciologist who investigated the mechanical deformation of ice and the micro-meteorological properties of ice surfaces, and who also made a general study of glaciers in the Antarctic Peninsula. Lliboutry was Director of the Laboratory of Glaciology, University of Grenoble, 1958\u201383, and President of the International Commission on Snow and Ice, 1983\u201387."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chico Xavier (film)", "paragraph_text": "Chico Xavier is a 2010 Brazilian drama film directed by Daniel Filho, written by Marcos Bernstein, and starring Nelson Xavier, Christiane Torloni, Giulia Gam, Let\u00edcia Sabatella, Giovanna Antonelli and Tony Ramos. It was released in Brazil on April 2, 2010. The movie is a biography of the Brazilian medium Chico Xavier."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "High Virgo", "paragraph_text": "The High Virgo, also known as Weapons System 199C (WS-199C), was a prototype air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) jointly developed by Lockheed and the Convair division of General Dynamics during the late 1950s. The missile proved moderately successful and aided in the development of the later GAM-87 Skybolt ALBM. It was also used in early tests of anti-satellite weapons."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "GAM-87 Skybolt", "paragraph_text": "The Douglas GAM-87 Skybolt (AGM-48 under the 1962 Tri-service system) was an air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) developed by the United States during the late 1950s. The basic concept was to allow US strategic bombers to launch their weapons from well outside the range of Soviet defenses, as much as from their targets. To do this in an air-launched form, a lightweight thermonuclear warhead was needed. Initially, the W47 from the Polaris missile was selected, but it was later replaced by the W59 from the Minuteman missile."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Earl Schuyler Kleinhans", "paragraph_text": "Earl Schuyler (Sky) Kleinhans (February 3, 1905 \u2013 September 21, 1996) was an airplane and flying boat aeronautical engineering pioneer with primary experience at Sikorsky and Douglas Aircraft where he advanced over a 36-year career to become chief engineer and retired as the chairman of the scientific advisory board in 1969 for McDonnell Douglas."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "USA-87", "paragraph_text": "USA-87 was launched at 22:16:00 UTC on 18 December 1992, atop a Delta II carrier rocket, flight number D217, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-87 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tonto Natural Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Tonto Natural Bridge is a natural arch in Arizona, United States, that is believed to be the largest natural travertine bridge in the world. The area surrounding the bridge has been made into a state park called Tonto Natural Bridge State Park, which is located off State Route 87, just north of Payson. Tonto Natural Bridge stands over a tunnel that measures at its widest point and reaches a height of ."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "SM UB-87", "paragraph_text": "SM \"UB-87\" was a German Type UB III submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 27 December 1917 as SM \"UB-87\"."}], "question": "Who succeeded the maker of GAM-87 Skybolt?"}
{"id": "2hop__47759_865833", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Marc Bernier", "paragraph_text": "Marc Bernier (born April 19, 1943 in Le Mans) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Mayenne department, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Roger Vercel", "paragraph_text": "Roger Vercel (born Roger Cretin; 8 January 1894 in Le Mans \u2013 26 February 1957 in Dinan) was a French writer."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HPD ARX-03", "paragraph_text": "The HPD ARX-03a, ARX-03b, and ARX-03c are Le Mans Prototypes race cars developed by Honda Performance Development in 2012. The 03a model utilizes a Honda V8 engine for use in the LMP1 category, while the 03b uses a turbocharged V6 engine for the LMP2 category. Three teams have already announced their use of the ARX-03 in the FIA World Endurance Championship and the American Le Mans Series, as well as at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Muscle Milk Pickett Racing have purchased an 03a for use in the American Le Mans Series, joined by two 03bs for Level 5 Motorsports. In the FIA World Endurance Championship, Strakka Racing and JRM Racing will campaign a single 03a each, joined by a single-car 03b entry by Starworks Motorsport in LMP2."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "MMArena", "paragraph_text": "Stade Le Mans is a multi-use stadium in Le Mans, France, that opened in January 2011. It is used mostly for football matches and hosted the home matches of Le Mans FC. The stadium has a capacity of 25,064 people. It replaced the Stade L\u00e9on-Boll\u00e9e as the club's stadium."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2012 American Le Mans Series VIR 240", "paragraph_text": "The 2012 American Le Mans Series presented by Tequila Patr\u00f3n VIR 240 was a multi-class sports car and GT motor race held at Virginia International Raceway in Alton, Virginia, United States on September 15, 2012. It was the ninth and penultimate round of the 2012 American Le Mans Series season. It was a new event for the American Le Mans Series but had been held the previous ten years for the Rolex Sports Car Series. The race was held over a four-hour time period, during which 135 laps of the 3.3 kilometre \"Full Course\" circuit were completed for a race distance of 710 kilometres."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rosenlew", "paragraph_text": "Electrolux owns the brand in home appliances and uses it in Finland. Electrolux stopped the manufacturing of fridges in Pori, Finland, in 1998."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Luis Font\u00e9s", "paragraph_text": "Luis Font\u00e9s (26 December 1912 \u2013 12 October 1940) was a British racing driver of Brazilian parentage who, along with John Stuart Hindmarsh, won the 1935 24 Hours of Le Mans for the Lagonda automobile company and won the inaugural Limerick Grand Prix in 1935 in an Alfa Romeo. He also held a pilot's licence after learning to fly at Reading Aerodrome, Berkshire, UK, and entered his own Miles Hawk Speed Six racing aeroplane (registered G-ADGP) in the prestigious King's Cup Air Race in 1935. Font\u00e9s later briefly served as an Air Transport Auxiliary ferry pilot during World War II but was killed on 12 October 1940 while delivering a Vickers Wellington Mk1C bomber to an RAF Aircraft Storage Unit at Llandow in South Wales. The Le Mans Lagonda M45R ('BPK 202') survives in the Dutch National Automobile Museum (Louwman Museum) at The Hague and the aeroplane was owned and raced for many years postwar by the late Ron Paine but is now owned by retired Concorde pilot Roger Mills and flies from White Waltham airfield, Berkshire, UK."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of NASCAR Manufacturers' champions", "paragraph_text": "Chevrolet is the most successful manufacturer, having won 779 races and 39 manufacturers championships. Ford is second with 658 victories and 15 manufacturers championships, while Dodge is third in wins with 217, Plymouth is fourth with 190, and Pontiac is ranked fifth with 155. Toyota currently ranks 7th all time, with 115 victories. (Wins as of 4 / 23 / 18)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Audi Performance and Racing", "paragraph_text": "APR LLC is an American automotive engineering and motorsport company that offers aftermarket performance products for cars built by the Volkswagen Group, including Audi, Porsche, SEAT, \u0160koda and Volkswagen. Audi Performance & Racing was founded in 1997 by Brett Augsburger and Stephen Hooks, automotive engineers looking to offer aftermarket upgrades for Volkswagen Auto Group cars. Their first product was a ECU software upgrade for the 1997 Audi A4 1.8T, but the company soon expanded its product line to include exhaust and turbo systems. APR engine tuning products use proprietary software for reading and writing to Bosch Motronic engine control units."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2015 24 Hours of Le Mans", "paragraph_text": "The 83rd 24 Hours of Le Mans () was an automobile endurance event held from 10 to 14 June 2015 at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France. It was the 83rd running of the 24 Hour race organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest as well as the third round of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship. A test day was held two weeks prior to the race on 31 May. A record-breaking 263,500 people attended the event."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of 24 hours of Le Mans records", "paragraph_text": "Rank Constructor Wins Years Porsche 19 1970 - 1971, 1976 - 1977, 1979, 1981 - 1987, 1994, 1996 - 1998, 2015 - 2017 Audi 13 2000 - 2002, 2004 - 2008, 2010 - 2014 Ferrari 9 1949, 1954, 1958, 1960 - 1965 Jaguar 7 1951, 1953, 1955 - 1957, 1988, 1990 5 Bentley 6 1924, 1927 - 1930, 2003 6 Alfa Romeo 1931 - 1934 Ford 1966 - 1969 8 Matra - Simca 1972 - 1974 Peugeot 1992 - 1993, 2009 10 Lorraine - Dietrich 1925 - 1926 Bugatti 1937, 1939 12 Chenard & Walcker 1923 Lagonda 1935 Delahaye 1938 Talbot - Lago 1950 Mercedes - Benz 1952 Aston Martin 1959 Mirage Renault - Alpine 1978 Rondeau 1980 Sauber - Mercedes 1989 Mazda 1991 McLaren 1995 BMW 1999 Toyota 2018"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2007 French motorcycle Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2007 French motorcycle Grand Prix was the fifth round of the 2007 MotoGP championship. It took place on the weekend of 18\u201320 May 2007 at the Le Mans Bugatti Circuit."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardi\u00e8re", "paragraph_text": "Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardi\u00e8re (1610, Le Loroux-Bottereau \u2013 4 June 1663, Paris) was a French physician, man of letters and dramatist."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Le Temps", "paragraph_text": "Its publisher, Le Temps SA, was held by ER Publishing at eighty-two percent, which, in turn, is fifty-percent owned by Edipresse Group and fifty-percent owned by Ringier Group. The remaining eighteen-percent ownership is held by Claude Demole (seven percent), employees (six percent) and \"Le Monde\" newspaper (five percent)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Paris and its close suburbs is home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Lib\u00e9ration, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard encha\u00een\u00e9, La Croix, Pariscope, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les \u00c9chos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), R\u00e9seaux & T\u00e9l\u00e9coms, Reuters France, and L'Officiel des Spectacles. France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry. Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835. France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris. Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Le Fumeur", "paragraph_text": "\"Le Fumeur\", titled \"Man with Pipe\" and dated c. 1912, forms part of the permanent collection of the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (gift of G. David Thompson, 1953)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "\u00c9milie Le Pennec", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9milie Le Pennec (born 31 December 1987 in La Garenne-Colombes, Hauts-de-Seine) is a retired French artistic gymnast. Le Pennec was the 2004 Olympic Champion on the uneven bars and was the first female French gymnast to win an Olympic medal in women's artistic gymnastics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Michele Alboreto", "paragraph_text": "Michele Alboreto (23 December 1956 \u2013 25 April 2001) was an Italian racing driver. He was runner up to Alain Prost in the 1985 Formula One World Championship, as well as winning the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2001 12 Hours of Sebring sports car races. Alboreto competed in Formula One from until , racing for a number of teams, including five seasons (1984\u201388) for Ferrari."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paul Dubreil", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Le Mans, Maine, France and died in Soisy-sur-\u00c9cole, France. Dubreil was married to fellow mathematician Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Le Piaf", "paragraph_text": "The Le Piaf was a French automobile manufactured from 1951 to 1952. Only a few cars, powered by a 175 cc two-stroke engine, were built at the factory in Livry-Gargan."}], "question": "What is the parent company of the manufacturer with the most le mans wins?"}
{"id": "2hop__47759_537144", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "HPD ARX-03", "paragraph_text": "The HPD ARX-03a, ARX-03b, and ARX-03c are Le Mans Prototypes race cars developed by Honda Performance Development in 2012. The 03a model utilizes a Honda V8 engine for use in the LMP1 category, while the 03b uses a turbocharged V6 engine for the LMP2 category. Three teams have already announced their use of the ARX-03 in the FIA World Endurance Championship and the American Le Mans Series, as well as at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Muscle Milk Pickett Racing have purchased an 03a for use in the American Le Mans Series, joined by two 03bs for Level 5 Motorsports. In the FIA World Endurance Championship, Strakka Racing and JRM Racing will campaign a single 03a each, joined by a single-car 03b entry by Starworks Motorsport in LMP2."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Man Who Invented Christmas is a 2017 biographical drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne based on the book of the same name by Les Standiford. It stars Dan Stevens, Christopher Plummer, and Jonathan Pryce. The plot follows Charles Dickens (Stevens) at the time when he wrote A Christmas Carol, and how Dickens' fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge (Plummer) was influenced by his real - life father, John Dickens (Pryce)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Paul Dubreil", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Le Mans, Maine, France and died in Soisy-sur-\u00c9cole, France. Dubreil was married to fellow mathematician Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin."}, {"idx": 3, "title": ".250-3000 Savage", "paragraph_text": "The .250-3000 Savage is a rifle cartridge created by Charles Newton in 1915 and is also known as the .250 Savage. It was designed to be used in the Savage Model 99 hammerless lever action rifle. The name comes from its original manufacturer, Savage Arms, and the fact that the original load achieved a 3,000\u00a0ft/s (910\u00a0m/s) velocity with an 87 grain (5.6 g) bullet."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canton of Le Mon\u00eatier-les-Bains", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Le Mon\u00eatier-les-Bains is a former administrative division in southeastern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 3 communes, which joined the new canton of Brian\u00e7on-1 in 2015. It included the following communes:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "MMArena", "paragraph_text": "Stade Le Mans is a multi-use stadium in Le Mans, France, that opened in January 2011. It is used mostly for football matches and hosted the home matches of Le Mans FC. The stadium has a capacity of 25,064 people. It replaced the Stade L\u00e9on-Boll\u00e9e as the club's stadium."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise. The opposing two sides were, the Ancients (Anciens) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns (Modernes), who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), in which he took the Modern side, pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of 24 hours of Le Mans records", "paragraph_text": "Rank Constructor Wins Years Porsche 19 1970 - 1971, 1976 - 1977, 1979, 1981 - 1987, 1994, 1996 - 1998, 2015 - 2017 Audi 13 2000 - 2002, 2004 - 2008, 2010 - 2014 Ferrari 9 1949, 1954, 1958, 1960 - 1965 Jaguar 7 1951, 1953, 1955 - 1957, 1988, 1990 5 Bentley 6 1924, 1927 - 1930, 2003 6 Alfa Romeo 1931 - 1934 Ford 1966 - 1969 8 Matra - Simca 1972 - 1974 Peugeot 1992 - 1993, 2009 10 Lorraine - Dietrich 1925 - 1926 Bugatti 1937, 1939 12 Chenard & Walcker 1923 Lagonda 1935 Delahaye 1938 Talbot - Lago 1950 Mercedes - Benz 1952 Aston Martin 1959 Mirage Renault - Alpine 1978 Rondeau 1980 Sauber - Mercedes 1989 Mazda 1991 McLaren 1995 BMW 1999 Toyota 2018"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Marc Bernier", "paragraph_text": "Marc Bernier (born April 19, 1943 in Le Mans) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Mayenne department, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fearing Township, Washington County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Fearing Township is one of the twenty-two townships of Washington County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 910 people in the township."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Man with the Iron Fists", "paragraph_text": "The Man with the Iron Fists is a 2012 American martial arts film directed by RZA and written by RZA and Eli Roth. The film stars RZA, Russell Crowe, Cung Le, Lucy Liu, Byron Mann, Rick Yune, Dave Bautista, and Jamie Chung. Set in 19th century China, the story follows a series of lone warriors who are forced to unite to defeat a common foe and save their home of Jungle Village."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Roger Vercel", "paragraph_text": "Roger Vercel (born Roger Cretin; 8 January 1894 in Le Mans \u2013 26 February 1957 in Dinan) was a French writer."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Porsche 908", "paragraph_text": "The Porsche 908 was a racing car from Porsche, introduced in 1968 to continue the Porsche 906/Porsche 910/Porsche 907 series of models designed under Ferdinand Piech."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2015 24 Hours of Le Mans", "paragraph_text": "The 83rd 24 Hours of Le Mans () was an automobile endurance event held from 10 to 14 June 2015 at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France. It was the 83rd running of the 24 Hour race organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest as well as the third round of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship. A test day was held two weeks prior to the race on 31 May. A record-breaking 263,500 people attended the event."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "\u00c9milie Le Pennec", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9milie Le Pennec (born 31 December 1987 in La Garenne-Colombes, Hauts-de-Seine) is a retired French artistic gymnast. Le Pennec was the 2004 Olympic Champion on the uneven bars and was the first female French gymnast to win an Olympic medal in women's artistic gymnastics."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Le Piaf", "paragraph_text": "The Le Piaf was a French automobile manufactured from 1951 to 1952. Only a few cars, powered by a 175 cc two-stroke engine, were built at the factory in Livry-Gargan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exception to events such as Hillclimbing. During this period, the country still produced successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sebastian Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu, 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel F\u00e4ssler and 2015 24 Hours N\u00fcrburgring winner Nico M\u00fcller. Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007\u201308 with driver Neel Jani. Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas L\u00fcthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the Swiss National Council, one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardi\u00e8re", "paragraph_text": "Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardi\u00e8re (1610, Le Loroux-Bottereau \u2013 4 June 1663, Paris) was a French physician, man of letters and dramatist."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "KGME", "paragraph_text": "KGME (910 AM), branded as Fox Sports 910, is a sports radio station located in Phoenix and serving the Phoenix metropolitan area. KGME is owned by iHeartMedia, the former owners of Mexican station XETRA in Southern California, where the previous XTRA name came from. Its studios are located in Phoenix near Sky Harbor International Airport and its transmitter is in the city's Deer Valley district."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of NASCAR Manufacturers' champions", "paragraph_text": "Chevrolet is the most successful manufacturer, having won 779 races and 39 manufacturers championships. Ford is second with 658 victories and 15 manufacturers championships, while Dodge is third in wins with 217, Plymouth is fourth with 190, and Pontiac is ranked fifth with 155. Toyota currently ranks 7th all time, with 115 victories. (Wins as of 4 / 23 / 18)"}], "question": "What follows the 910 model from the manufacturer that has the most Le Mans wins?"}
{"id": "2hop__17437_17461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards \"barbarian\" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th\u20136th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific \"mother city\". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The following day, the armies of four Arab countries\u2014Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq\u2014entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War; Contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war. The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception, and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea. According to Benny Morris, Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews. The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Raymond Triboulet", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Triboulet (3 October 1906 \u2013 26 May 2006) was a French politician. He was a leading World War II resistance fighter who helped U.S., Canadian, and British troops invade France, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Varodaya Cinkaiariyan", "paragraph_text": "Varodaya Cinkaiariyan () (died 1325) was the first of the Aryacakravarti kings of Jaffna Kingdom to take over the lucrative pearl fisheries that were in the hands of the Pandyan Empire. He is also credited as having helped the Pandyas in their last few years and invaded the southern Dambadeniya-based kingdoms. He increasingly took part in the burgeoning Indian Ocean-based commerce."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32\u201340 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "In 334 BC, Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the last Achaemenid emperor, Darius III, at the Battle of Issus. Following the premature death of Alexander, Iran came under the control of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Parthian Empire rose to become the main power in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, culminating in the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars. The Parthian Empire continued as a feudal monarchy for nearly five centuries, until 224 CE, when it was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire. Together with their neighboring arch-rival, the Roman-Byzantines, they made up the world's two most dominant powers at the time, for over four centuries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia, Arsacid control expanded to include Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media (in 141 BC), Persia (in 139 BC), and large parts of Syria (in the 110s BC). The Seleucid\u2013Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138\u2013129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars (66 BC \u2013 217 AD). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. They enjoyed Greek theater and Greek art influenced Parthian art. The Parthians continued worhipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and 'liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192\u2013188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cris de Vera", "paragraph_text": "De Vera made his first movie after World War II when war struck Manila in Death March, a film by Leopoldo Salcedo with Philippine Pictures, about a Prisoner of War when the Japanese invaded the Philippines and made a Death March from Bataan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Baltimore", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Baltimore was a sea/land battle fought between British invaders and American defenders in the War of 1812. American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British forces. The British and Americans first met at the Battle of North Point. Though the Americans retreated, the battle was a successful delaying action that inflicted heavy casualties on the British, halting their advance consequently allowing the defenders at Baltimore to properly prepare for an attack."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take K\u00f6nigsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241\u2013197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171\u2013168 BCE)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Philip II Philoromaeus", "paragraph_text": "Philip II Philoromaeus (Greek: \u03a6\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2, \"Friend of the Romans\") or Barypous (\u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \"Heavy-foot\"), a ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom, was the son of the Seleucid king Philip I Philadelphus."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "According to Strabo, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point that the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BCE. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek-rule. The Kushan empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Treaty of B\u00e4rwalde", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of B\u00e4rwalde (; ; ) of 23 January 1631 was a treaty concluding an alliance between the Swedish Empire and the Kingdom of France  during the Thirty Years' War, shortly after Sweden had invaded Northern Germany then occupied by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor's forces. The treaty obliged Sweden to maintain an army of 36,000 troops, and France to fund the Swedish army with an annually 400,000 Reichsthalers."}], "question": "What war began when the Seleucid leader that invaded the Greco-bactrian kingdom invaded Greece?"}
{"id": "2hop__17430_17461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241\u2013197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 \u2013 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171\u2013168 BCE)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "In 334 BC, Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the last Achaemenid emperor, Darius III, at the Battle of Issus. Following the premature death of Alexander, Iran came under the control of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Parthian Empire rose to become the main power in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, culminating in the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars. The Parthian Empire continued as a feudal monarchy for nearly five centuries, until 224 CE, when it was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire. Together with their neighboring arch-rival, the Roman-Byzantines, they made up the world's two most dominant powers at the time, for over four centuries."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Skandagupta", "paragraph_text": "He was also faced with invading Indo - Hephthalites or Hunas, probably the Kidarites, from the northwest. Skandagupta had warred against the Huns during the reign of his father, and was celebrated throughout the empire as a great warrior. He crushed the Huna invasion in 455, and managed to keep them at bay."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Demetrius I Soter", "paragraph_text": "Demetrius I (Greek: \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391`, 185 \u2013 June 150 BC, reigned September/October 161 \u2013 June 150 BC), surnamed Soter (Greek: \u03a3\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 - \"Savior\"), was a ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the \"Peace of the Greeks\", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium, Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Under the Seleucids, Parthia was governed by various Greek satraps such as Nicanor and Philip (satrap). In 247 BC, following the death of Antiochus II Theos, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor of Parthia, proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship. He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces, the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty. Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from Arsaces II. Arsaces II sued for peace became a vassal of the Seleucids and it was not until the reign of Phraates I (168\u2013165 BCE), that the Arsacids would again begin to assert their independence."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Peloponnesian War", "paragraph_text": "Peloponnesian War The Peloponnesian war alliances at 431 BC. Orange: Athenian Empire and Allies; Green: Spartan Confederacy Date 431 -- April 25, 404 BC Location Mainland Greece, Asia Minor, Sicily Result Peloponnesian League victory Territorial changes Dissolution of the Delian League, Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies Belligerents Delian League (led by Athens) Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) Supported by: Achaemenid Empire Commanders and leaders Pericles Cleon \u2020 Nicias Alcibiades Demosthenes Archidamus II Brasidas \u2020 Lysander Alcibiades"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and 'liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192\u2013188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the \"cloud rising in the west\": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as \"the darling of Hellas\". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Parthian Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Parthian Empire (; 247\u00a0BC \u2013 224\u00a0AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire (), was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran. Its latter name comes from Arsaces I of Parthia who, as leader of the Parni tribe, founded it in the mid-3rd century BC when he conquered the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, modern-day Turkmenistan and north-western Afghanistan. Then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, in rebellion against the Seleucid Empire; Mithridates I of Parthia (r.\u00a0c.\u00a0171\u2013138\u00a0BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to western Afghanistan and north-western Pakistan. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han dynasty of China, became a center of trade and commerce."}], "question": "What war began when the leader who brought judea into the Seleucid empire invaded greece?"}
{"id": "2hop__603576_827668", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Al-Shamiyah", "paragraph_text": "Al-Shamiyah () is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Latakia Governorate, located north of Latakia. Nearby localities include Burj Islam to the north, Burj al-Qasab and Kirsana to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Al-Shamiyah had a population of 2,982 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Akakir", "paragraph_text": "Akakir (, also spelled Akakeer) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located southwest of Hama. Nearby localities include Kafr Ram to the west, Fahel to the south, al-Shinyah to the southeast, al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah to the east, Maryamin to the northeast and Kafr Kamrah and Awj to the north. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Akakir had a population of 2,495 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saad bin Laden", "paragraph_text": "Sa'ad bin Osama bin Muhammad bin 'Awad bin Laden (; 1979 - 2009), better known as Saad bin Laden, was one of Osama bin Laden's sons. He continued in his father's footsteps by being active in Al Qaeda, and was being groomed to be his heir apparent. He was killed in an American drone strike in 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sa'ad Al-Faqih", "paragraph_text": "Sa'ad Rashed Mohammad al-Faqih (; born February 2, 1957 in Az Zubayr, Iraq), also known as Sa'ad Al-Fagih, is a Muslim Saudi national and former surgeon who heads the Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia (MIRA). He lives in London. He was a key player in preparing the \u201cLetter of Demands\u201d of 1991 and the \"Memorandum of Advice\" the following year. Both documents were endorsed by a considerable number of prominent figures, including Sheikh Bin Baz, Al-Uthaymeen and Salman Al-Ouda, and were then presented to the king at the time Fahd. In 1994, the Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights was established and Al-Faqeeh was appointed as the head of its London office, with another Saudi dissident Mohammad al-Massari as the spokesperson. The two separated, and al-Faqih went on to set up MIRA in 1996."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Khan Tuman", "paragraph_text": "Khan Tuman () is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of Aleppo Governorate, located southwest of Aleppo. Nearby localities include Urum al-Kubrah, Urum al-Sughrah, al-Shaykh Ali and al-Zurbah. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Khan Tuman had a population of 2,781 in the 2004 census. The village is built on a hill located just east of the Queiq River. It is known for its historical \"caravanserai\" which dates back to 1189."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bimalkah", "paragraph_text": "Bimalkah (, also spelled Bmalkyeh) is a village and suburb in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Tartus Governorate, located 10 kilometers northeast of Tartus. Nearby localities include Dweir al-Shaykh Saad to the west, al-Shaykh Saad and al-Khreibat to the southwest, Tayshur to the southeast, al-Baqaa and Hamin to the east, Khawabi and Khirbet al-Faras to the northeast, Awaru and al-Sawda to the north and Husayn al-Baher to the northwest."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Al-Zubair District", "paragraph_text": "Al-Zubair District is a district in Basra Governorate, Iraq. It seat is the city of Al-Zubair. In the 1880s some Najd tribes immigrated to al-Zubair due to the fact that Najd had nothing to offer, but around 1945s they returned to their home (Saudi Arabia) after it has changed notably. In the early 1990s, Saddam Hussein hoped to make al-Zubair province number 19 and annex it to Kuwait after invading. The failure of the Invasion of Kuwait put rest to this idea. The district is majority Sunni of Maliki ."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Abil", "paragraph_text": "Abil (, also spelled Abel or Aabel) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located 10 kilometers south of Homs. Nearby localities include al-Nuqayrah and Kafr Aya to the north, Maskanah to the northeast, Judaydat al-Sharqiyah to the east, Shinshar to the southeast, Damina al-Sharqiyah to the south, al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah to the southwest and Qattinah to the west. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Abil had a population of 2,873 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Burj Islam", "paragraph_text": "Burj Islam () is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Latakia Governorate, located north of Latakia. Nearby localities include Salib al-Turkman to the north, al-Shabatliyah to the northeast, Ayn al-Bayda to the east and al-Shamiyah to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 5,652 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims from Turkmen ethnicity."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kafr Mousa", "paragraph_text": "Kafr Mousa (, also spelled Kafr Musa) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located south of Homs. Nearby localities include Ghassaniya to the north, Damina al-Gharbiya to the east, al-Qusayr to the southeast, Arjoun to the south and al-Houz to the east. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Kafr Mousa had a population of 1,610 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Deir Mama", "paragraph_text": "Deir Mama () is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located west of Hama. It is situated at the eastern side of the coastal al-Ansariyah mountains. Nearby localities include Masyaf to the south, Deir al-Salib to the southwest and al-Laqbah and Deir Shamil to the north. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Deir Mama had a population of 2,985 in the 2004 census. The inhabitants of Deir Mama are predominantly Alawites."}], "question": "In which governorate was Sa'ad Al-Faqih born?"}
{"id": "2hop__41165_451049", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ari Emanuel", "paragraph_text": "Ari Emanuel (born March 29, 1961) is an American talent agent and the co-CEO of William Morris Endeavor (WME), an entertainment and media agency. He was a founding partner of the Endeavor Talent Agency and was instrumental in shaping its June 2009 merger with the William Morris Agency."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "MAGENTA", "paragraph_text": "In cryptography, MAGENTA is a symmetric key block cipher developed by Michael Jacobson Jr. and Klaus Huber for Deutsche Telekom. The name MAGENTA is an acronym for Multifunctional Algorithm for General-purpose Encryption and Network Telecommunication Applications. (The color magenta is also part of the corporate identity of Deutsche Telekom.) The cipher was submitted to the Advanced Encryption Standard process, but did not advance beyond the first round; cryptographic weaknesses were discovered and it was found to be one of the slower ciphers submitted."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sydney University Speleological Society", "paragraph_text": "SUSS was founded in 1948 and is the oldest caving group on mainland Australia (and second-oldest in the country, having formed two years after the Tasmanian Caverneering Club). It has been heavily involved in the exploration and mapping of various Australian cave systems since its formation."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William Maclure", "paragraph_text": "William Maclure (27 October 1763 \u2013 23 March 1840) was an Americanized Scottish geologist, cartographer and philanthropist. He is known as the 'father of American geology'. As a social experimenter on new types of community life, he collaborated with British social reformer Robert Owen, (1771\u20131854), in Indiana, United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Road map", "paragraph_text": "A road map or route map is a map that primarily displays roads and transport links rather than natural geographical information. It is a type of navigational map that commonly includes political boundaries and labels, making it also a type of political map. In addition to roads and boundaries, road maps often include points of interest, such as prominent businesses or buildings, tourism sites, parks and recreational facilities, hotels and restaurants, as well as airports and train stations. A road map may also document non-automotive transit routes, although often these are found only on transit maps."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John P. Snyder", "paragraph_text": "John Parr Snyder (12 April 1926 \u2013 28 April 1997) was an American cartographer most known for his work on map projections for the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Educated at Purdue and MIT as a chemical engineer, he had a lifetime interest in map projections as a hobby, but found the calculations tedious without the benefit of expensive calculators or computers. At a cartography conference in 1976, he learned of the need for a map projection that would suit the special needs of LandSat satellite imagery. He had recently been able to purchase a pocket calculator (TI-59) of his own and set to work creating what became known as the space-oblique mercator projection, which he provided to the USGS at no charge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geology", "paragraph_text": "The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships. Malcolm submitted, paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage, beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Religion in Syria", "paragraph_text": "In Syria, Jews of both origins, numbering altogether fewer than 3,000 in 1987, are found. After a mass emigration in 1992, today fewer than 200 Jews live in Syria, mostly in the capital. Syrian Jews are Arabic-speaking and barely distinguishable from the Arabs around them. In Syria, as elsewhere, the degree to which Jews submit to the disciplines of their religion varies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "College of William & Mary", "paragraph_text": "The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially the College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second - oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "W. & G. Audsley", "paragraph_text": "W. & G. Audsley was the architectural practice founded in Liverpool, UK, by Scottish Brothers William James Audsley and George Ashdown Audsley."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)", "paragraph_text": "The Benjamin Franklin Medal presented by the American Philosophical Society located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., also called Benjamin Franklin Bicentennial Medal, is awarded since 1906. The originally called \"Philosophical Society\" was founded in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin. The award was created to remember the 200th anniversary of the birthday of Franklin. The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston has this medal in his collection."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wingo, California", "paragraph_text": "Wingo is a ghost town located in Sonoma County, California in the United States. It can be found on older maps as a dot along the sloughs of Sonoma Creek, south of the city of Sonoma and east of Schellville."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Greer Peak", "paragraph_text": "Greer Peak () is a prominent peak, the northernmost of the Wiener Peaks, in the Denfeld Mountains of the Ford Ranges in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Antarctic Service (1939\u201341) led by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, and was named for Dr. William E. R. Greer, personal physician to Admiral Byrd in the 1950s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Interstate Highway System", "paragraph_text": "The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. In 1922, General John J. Pershing, former head of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe during the war, complied by submitting a detailed network of 20,000 miles (32,000 km) of interconnected primary highways -- the so - called Pershing Map."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Billy Jones (Outlaws guitarist)", "paragraph_text": "William Harry Jones (November 20, 1949 \u2013 February 7, 1995) was an American guitarist and singer best known as a founding member of the Outlaws."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geological Survey of Finland", "paragraph_text": "The Geological Survey of Finland ( abbreviated GTK, ) is the geological survey of Finland. The organization was founded in 1885 when Emperor Alexander III decreed that the Geological Survey of Finland (Suomen geologinen tutkimus) be established. The survey provides geologic maps of Finland and also acts as a research center."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peter Williams Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Williams was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the son of Peter Williams, a Revolutionary War veteran, and his wife, an indentured servant from St. Kitts. After his family moved to New York City, Williams attended the African Free School, founded by the New York Manumission Society. He was also taught privately by Rev. Thomas Lyell, a prominent Episcopal priest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Christmas Island", "paragraph_text": "The first European to sight the island was Richard Rowe of the Thomas in 1615. Captain William Mynors of the Royal Mary, an English East India Company vessel, named the island when he sailed past it on Christmas Day, in 1643. The island was included on English and Dutch navigation charts as early as the beginning of the 17th century, but it was not until 1666 that a map published by Dutch cartographer Pieter Goos included the island. Goos labelled the island \"Mony\" or \"Moni\", the meaning of which is unclear.English navigator William Dampier, aboard the English ship Cygnet, made the earliest recorded visit to the sea around the island in March 1688. He found it uninhabited. Dampier gave an account of the visit which can be found in his Voyages. Dampier was trying to reach Cocos from New Holland. His ship was blown off course in an easterly direction, arriving at Christmas Island twenty-eight days later. Dampier landed at the Dales (on the west coast). Two of his crewmen became the first Europeans to set foot on Christmas Island.Captain Daniel Beeckman of the Eagle passed the island on 5 April 1714, chronicled in his 1718 book, A Voyage to and from the Island of Borneo, in the East-Indies."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hyde Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Hyde Glacier () is a short glacier flowing east through the Edson Hills to join Union Glacier, in the Heritage Range, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961\u201366, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for William H. Hyde, an ionospheric scientist at Little America V Station in 1958."}], "question": "Who founded the society to whom did William Maclure submitted the map?"}
{"id": "2hop__41162_113505", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Johnson Col", "paragraph_text": "Johnson Col () is a col at about , located in the Sullivan Heights west-southwest of Mount Farrell in the central part of the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1957\u201359, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Earl F. Johnson, a U.S. Navy utilitiesman at South Pole Station in 1957."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mericle Rock", "paragraph_text": "Mericle Rock () is a nunatak in the middle of Campbell Glacier, approximately from its head, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201364, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for David L. Mericle, U.S. Navy, an electronics technician at McMurdo Station, 1967."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gordon Nunataks", "paragraph_text": "The Gordon Nunataks () are a group of nunataks on the south side of Mosby Glacier, near its head, in south-central Palmer Land, Antarctica. They were mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey from aerial photographs taken by the U.S. Navy, 1966\u201369. In association with the names of Antarctic oceanographers grouped in this area, they were named in 1977 by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee after Arnold L. Gordon, an American oceanographer who is Professor of Geology at the Lamont\u2013Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, New York."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mount LeResche", "paragraph_text": "Mount LeResche is a prominent mountain (2,040\u00a0m) at the extreme north end of Homerun Range in the Admiralty Mountains, in the Victoria Land region of Antarctica. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography, 1960\u201363."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lamboley Peak", "paragraph_text": "Lamboley Peak () is a prominent peak in the northwest part of Prehn Peninsula, Orville Coast, Antarctica. The peak was first photographed by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947\u201348, and was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961\u201367. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Paul E. Lamboley, a radioman at South Pole Station in 1964."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gjertsen Promontory", "paragraph_text": "Gjertsen Promontory () is a low but sharply rising promontory at the extremity of the spur trending north from Mount Gjertsen, in the La Gorce Mountains of Antarctica. The feature was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201364, and was named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1969\u201370, in association with Mount Gjertsen."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geology", "paragraph_text": "The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Helen Belyea", "paragraph_text": "Belyea wrote over 30 scientific papers. Her first paper, on facies relations and reef-off-reef sequences in the upper Devonian, was published in \"Geological Survey of Canada\" in 1952. She is known best for contributing to the volume on \"Geological History of Western Canada,\" which is known as \"The Atlas.\" In \"The Atlas\", she published maps and text for the whole Devonian region based on her work in the late 1950s on a geological survey that mapped the Southern Northwest Territories. She specifically contributed on the region west of Hay River and south of the Mackenzie, and her knowledge of the regional geology helped produce a synthesis for the Devonian rocks of that region."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mount Havener", "paragraph_text": "Mount Havener () is a mountain rising to directly at the head of Guerrero Glacier, in the Doyran Heights of the Sentinel Range, in the Ellsworth Mountains of Antarctica. It was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, from 1957\u201359, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Melvin C. Havener, a mechanic at South Pole Station in 1957."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lemasters Bluff", "paragraph_text": "Lemasters Bluff () is a rock bluff at the eastern extremity of the Lichen Hills in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201364, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Max E. Lemasters, U.S. Navy, an air operations officer at McMurdo Station, 1967."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Fazio", "paragraph_text": "Mount Fazio () is an ice-free mountain, high, marking the southwest end of Tobin Mesa, in the Mesa Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. This topographical feature was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201364, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for William V. Fazio, U.S. Navy, a helicopter crewmember during U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze, 1966, 1967 and 1968. The mountain lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "McKinzie Islands", "paragraph_text": "The McKinzie Islands are a group of small islands in the northeastern extremity of Cranton Bay, Antarctica. They were mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201366, and were named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Richard H. McKinzie, U.S. Navy, a hospital corpsman at Byrd Station, 1967."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shostakovich Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "Shostakovich Peninsula is an ice-covered peninsula lying north of Stravinsky Inlet and extending into Bach Ice Shelf in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica. The peninsula was first mapped by Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery of Antarctica supplied by U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (1906-1975). Shostakovich Peninsula is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Grimes Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Grimes Ridge () is a high, mostly ice-covered ridge at the north side of Holt Glacier on Bear Peninsula, Walgreen Coast, in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. It was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from air photos obtained by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump in January 1947, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Captain E.W. Grimes, a member of the U.S. Army Aviation Detachment that provided Antarctic support during U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze 1966."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Landolt", "paragraph_text": "Mount Landolt () is a mountain, high, standing at the head of Hudman Glacier in the Petvar Heights at the southeastern extremity of the Sentinel Range in the Ellsworth Mountains of Antarctica. It was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos from 1957\u201359, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Arlo U. Landolt, an aurora scientist at the International Geophysical Year South Pole Station in 1957."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William Maclure", "paragraph_text": "William Maclure (27 October 1763 \u2013 23 March 1840) was an Americanized Scottish geologist, cartographer and philanthropist. He is known as the 'father of American geology'. As a social experimenter on new types of community life, he collaborated with British social reformer Robert Owen, (1771\u20131854), in Indiana, United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Linn Mesa", "paragraph_text": "Linn Mesa () is a small mesa located south of the Chisholm Hills in the Southern Cross Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201364, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Paul E. Linn, U.S. Navy, a utilitiesman at McMurdo Station in 1963 and 1967."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hagey Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Hagey Ridge () is a high snow-covered ridge, between the Bj\u00f6rnert Cliffs and Johnson Glacier, forming the east end of the McDonald Heights on the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. The ridge was first photographed from an aircraft of the U.S. Antarctic Service in December 1940. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959\u201366, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Donald W. Hagey, U.S. Navy, Officer-in-Charge at Byrd Station in 1969."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Koloc Point", "paragraph_text": "Koloc Point () is an ice-covered point marking the northern extremity of Bear Peninsula, Walgreen Coast, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. The point was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from air photos obtained by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump in January 1947. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Lieutenant Commander Bohumil Koloc, Jr., U.S. Navy, a helicopter pilot during U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze 1966 and 1967."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kouperov Peak", "paragraph_text": "Kouperov Peak () is a peak rising to at the south end of the Demas Range in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959\u201365, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for ionospheric physicist Leonid Kouperov, a Soviet Exchange Scientist to the U.S. Byrd Station, 1961."}], "question": "On what date did the producer of the first geological map of the U.S. die?"}
{"id": "2hop__142224_805574", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dragonfly (Masami Okui album)", "paragraph_text": "Dragonfly is the tenth album by Masami Okui, released on 2 February 2005. This album is the first album she released under her own record label company \"Evolution\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Face of a Fighter", "paragraph_text": "Face of a Fighter is an album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was recorded in 1961 but released in 1978 when Nelson founded his own label company, Lone Star Records."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eddie Cochran On The Air", "paragraph_text": "On the Air is a posthumously released album by Eddie Cochran, who died in 1960. The album was released in the United Kingdom on the United Artists record label (catalog number UAS-29380) in September 1972. In the United States, it was released in 1987, on the EMI America label (catalog number SQ-17245) with the same track listing."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ornament Records", "paragraph_text": "Ornament Records is a German record label set up in 1972 by Siegfried A. \"Ziggy\" Christmann. It initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring Germany. Soon the label started releasing jazz and German (especially Moselle Franconian) folk music as well."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Walk Through This World with Me", "paragraph_text": "Walk Through This World with Me is an album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1967 (see 1967 in country music) on the Musicor Records label."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Statiras Records", "paragraph_text": "Statiras Records is a sub-label of Progressive Records which Progressive founder Gus Statiras launched in the 1980s that recorded jazz musical artists for release on LP and CD."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hamburg Records", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg Records is a Hamburg, Germany based independent record label and artist management owned by Pyogenesis vocalist Flo V. Schwarz."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Where Grass Won't Grow", "paragraph_text": "Where Grass Won't Grow is an album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1969 (see 1969 in country music) on the Musicor Records label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Standing On My Own", "paragraph_text": "Standing On My Own is the debut international album by Israeli singer Shiri Maimon, released on January 10, 2008. Like Maimon's last albums, this album also combines elements of pop and soul. It contains an English version to her hit single Yoter Tov Lisloach, from her second album."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Grant's First Stand", "paragraph_text": "Grant's First Stand is the debut album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances by Green recorded and released on the Blue Note label in 1961. Earlier recordings made by Green for Blue Note were released as \"First Session\" in 2001."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Find Out Who Your Friends Are", "paragraph_text": "``Find Out Who Your Friends Are ''is a song written by Casey Beathard and Ed Hill, and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Lawrence. It was the lead - off single for his album For the Love, which was released in early 2007 on Rocky Comfort Records, a label which Lawrence owns. Originally released in August 2006, the single did not enter the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart until January 2007."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Def Jam Recordings", "paragraph_text": "Def Jam Recordings is an American record label focused predominantly on hip hop, pop , and urban music, owned by Universal Music Group. In the UK, the label takes on the name Def Jam UK and is operated through Virgin EMI Records, while in Japan, it is known as Def Jam Japan, operating through Universal Music Japan. The label distributes releases of various record labels, including Kanye West's GOOD Music, and Listen Up Forever Records, headed by producer, Ronny J. Current artists include Justin Bieber, Logic, Big Sean, Kanye West, Nas, 2 Chainz, Teyana Taylor, YG, Dave East, Jeezy, Jeremih, Q-Tip, Valee, Pusha T, Vince Staples, Fabolous, Desiigner and Jhen\u00e9 Aiko."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Big Blue Note", "paragraph_text": "\"Big Blue Note\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in September 2005 as the third and final single from Keith's album \"Honkytonk University\". It peaked at number 5 on the United States country charts. Partway through the single's release, DreamWorks Records closed its country division, so Keith promoted the album via his own label, Show Dog Nashville. Keith wrote the song with Scotty Emerick."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Beautiful Surprise", "paragraph_text": "Beautiful Surprise is the fifth studio album by Canadian recording artist Tamia. It was released by her own label, Plus One Music Group, and distributed by EMI and Capitol Records on August 28, 2012 in the United States.The singer worked with various producers on the album, including Claude Kelly, The Runners, Carvin & Ivan, Salaam Remi, and J. Phoenix."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I Wish Tonight Would Never End", "paragraph_text": "I Wish Tonight Would Never End is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1963 on the United Artists record label."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "In a Gospel Way", "paragraph_text": "In a Gospel Way is an album by American country music artist George Jones, released in 1974 on the Epic Records label."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Continued Story with Texas Instruments", "paragraph_text": "Continued Story with Texas Instruments, released on cassette tape in 1985, is the ninth self-released album by Daniel Johnston. Johnston was joined on the album by The Texas Instruments, who co-wrote some of the songs. The album includes a cover of The Beatles song \"I Saw Her Standing There.\" It was released on CD in 1991 by Homestead Records and re-released in 2003 on a dual-album CD, along with the 1983 album \"Hi, How Are You\", by Johnston's own label, Eternal Yip Eye Music."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Voices of Wonder", "paragraph_text": "Voices of Wonder aka Voice of Wonder Records was one of the most important rock record labels in Oslo, Norway in the early 1990s. The label was fronted by a small and intimate record store on Olaf Ryes plass, which in addition to the labels own artists specialized in the English Earache Records and the American Sub Pop labels."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rega Lifney She...", "paragraph_text": "Rega Lifney She... (Hebrew: ...\u05e8\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9, meaning \"Just before\u2026\") is the second studio album by Israeli singer Shiri Maimon, which was released on January 2008, by Helicon Records. It combines pop and R&B styles."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Find Out Who Your Friends Are", "paragraph_text": "``Find Out Who Your Friends Are ''is a song written by Casey Beathard and Ed Hill, and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Lawrence. It was the lead - off single for his album For the Love, which was released in early 2007 on Rocky Comfort Records, a label which Lawrence owns. The song was originally released to radio stations on August 21, 2006, ahead of its album release on January 30, 2007. The single did not enter the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart until January 2007."}], "question": "The Standing On My Own album's singer is on which label?"}
{"id": "2hop__142224_664144", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Miss Bentham", "paragraph_text": "Miss Bentham is a 1906 oil painting by the American artist George Bellows, depicting a full length, standing, nude woman, from the rear. In 2015, it was acquired by the Barber Institute of Fine Arts in Birmingham, England."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jeff Sherman", "paragraph_text": "Jeffrey Edward Sherman (born March 15, 1952) is an American musician. He is a founding member of the band Glass, as well as a solo artist who has released both under his own name and under the pseudonym Jeff Joad."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mean Old Man", "paragraph_text": "Mean Old Man is the 40th studio album by rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis. Like his previous album \"Last Man Standing\", this album features duets with famous artists."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "It's Lonely I Can't Stand", "paragraph_text": "\"It's Lonely I Can't Stand\" is a single by Canadian country music artist Charlie Major. Released in 1996, it was the third single from Major's album \"Lucky Man\". The song reached #1 on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in May 1996."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Stand by Me", "paragraph_text": "``Stand by Me ''is a song originally performed by American singer - songwriter Ben E. King, written by King, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. According to King, the title is derived and was inspired by a spiritual composition by Sam Cooke called`` Stand by Me Father'' (although Mike Stoller has stated differently). This spiritual was sung by the Soul Stirrers with Johnnie Taylor singing lead. The third line of the second verse of ``Stand by Me ''derives from Psalms 46: 2c. There have been over 400 recorded versions of the song performed by many artists. It has been featured on the soundtrack of the 1986 film Stand by Me. A music video was also released to promote the film."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eastman Monument", "paragraph_text": "The Eastman Monument is a public artwork by an unknown artist, located at Crown Hill National Cemetery, which is in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America. It is a monument with a white marble angel standing against a granite cross that is standing upon three steps. The angel is dressed in a cloth gown and stands with its hands spread out and its head turned down to the ground. The first step has \"EASTMAN\" written across it."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Stephanie and Spy", "paragraph_text": "Stephanie and Spy, is a sculpture by American artist Robert Graham, located in the Rolfe Hall Courtyard on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The two-part, bronze sculpture was made in 1980-81 and depicts a nude woman standing next to a horse. Each figure stands on its own pedestal positioned about 2 feet from each other."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lady Standing at a Virginal", "paragraph_text": "Lady Standing at a Virginal is a genre painting created by the Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer in about 1670\u20131672, now in the National Gallery, London."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gillian Wearing", "paragraph_text": "Gillian Wearing CBE, RA (born 1963) is an English conceptual artist, one of the Young British Artists, and winner of the 1997 Turner Prize. In 2007 Wearing was elected as lifetime member of the Royal Academy of Arts in London. Her statue of the suffragist Millicent Fawcett stands in London's Parliament Square."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Anne Cleary", "paragraph_text": "Anne Cleary (born 1965 in Tullamore, Ireland) is an installation and video artist. She and her partner Denis Connolly, both architects by education, have developed an art practice centred on observer participation. Their work addresses a heterogeneous public and often involves collaboration with artists from other disciplines, in particular dancers (such as Cindy Cummings), writers (such as the poet Derry O'Sullivan), musicians (such as DinahBird and Jean-Philippe Renaud) and craftsmen (such as carriage-builder Neil McKenzie). They are among Ireland\u2019s foremost new-media artists, regularly incorporating innovative new technologies into their work to produce art that is both engaging and significant. Cleary Connolly\u2019s work is always participatory art, both in its creative process and in its final engagement with the spectator. They coined the term \u201cobserver participation\u201d to describe their work, affirming that an artwork is not just an observation on the world but an active participation in the world. Over the last 5 years they have been awarded more than a dozen public commissions, in Ireland, Britain and France, each involving a participative process as well as the creation and installation of one or several permanent artworks."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Continued Story with Texas Instruments", "paragraph_text": "Continued Story with Texas Instruments, released on cassette tape in 1985, is the ninth self-released album by Daniel Johnston. Johnston was joined on the album by The Texas Instruments, who co-wrote some of the songs. The album includes a cover of The Beatles song \"I Saw Her Standing There.\" It was released on CD in 1991 by Homestead Records and re-released in 2003 on a dual-album CD, along with the 1983 album \"Hi, How Are You\", by Johnston's own label, Eternal Yip Eye Music."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Singing Melody", "paragraph_text": "Everton Hardweare (born 23 November 1967), better known by his stage name Singing Melody, is a Reggae artist from Kingston, Jamaica. He is known for his abilities as a vocalist, his production work and for combining aspects of Reggae and R&B in his own releases."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shamir's Secret Sharing", "paragraph_text": "Shamir's Secret Sharing is an algorithm in cryptography created by Adi Shamir. It is a form of secret sharing, where a secret is divided into parts, giving each participant its own unique part."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dreamtime Village", "paragraph_text": "Dreamtime Village is an intentional community in West Lima, Wisconsin, United States, whose residents participate in various permaculture, hypermedia, and sustainability projects. Dreamtime was founded in 1990 by Madison artists mIEKAL aND and Lyx Ish."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nils Wogram", "paragraph_text": "Nils Wogram (born November 7, 1972 in Braunschweig, Germany) is a jazz trombonist, composer and bandleader. He counts as one of the most important jazz musicians in Europe. He began classical study at the age of fifteen. He was a member in the National German Youth Big Band, participated in classical competitions and formed his own bands at the age of 16. In 1992 he received a scholarship for the New School of New York City and stayed until 1994. During this time he released his debut album \"New York Conversations\" (1994) with his own Nils Wogram Quintett. Since then he has released more than 20 albums as a bandleader. In 1999 he graduated from Cologne University. In 2010 he started his own record label nwog-records. Nils Wogram's bands play exclusively his own music, and other ensembles commission pieces by him. He currently lives in Z\u00fcrich and teaches at the conservatory in Lucerne in Switzerland."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Standing On My Own", "paragraph_text": "Standing On My Own is the debut international album by Israeli singer Shiri Maimon, released on January 10, 2008. Like Maimon's last albums, this album also combines elements of pop and soul. It contains an English version to her hit single Yoter Tov Lisloach, from her second album."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "HaSheket SheNish'ar", "paragraph_text": "The Israeli pre-selection took place in Jerusalem in March 2005. Among 14 songs, Maimon's song \"HaSheket SheNish'ar\" was chosen by the television viewing audience via televoting, combined with 5 juries' voting. With 116 points, Maimon was announced as the official Israeli representative for the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 in Kiev. The song is classified as a power ballad."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cologne Progressives", "paragraph_text": "The Cologne Progressives were an informal group of artists based in the Cologne/D\u00fcsseldorf area who came together following the First World War and participated in the radical workers' movement."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Rihanna, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal."}], "question": "What 2005 event did the artist who released Standing on My Own participate in?"}
{"id": "2hop__308905_89921", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "LAM Mozambique Airlines", "paragraph_text": "LAM Mozambique Airlines is based in Maputo, and has its hub at Maputo International Airport. It operates scheduled services in Southern Africa. The company is a member of the International Air Transport Association, and of the African Airlines Association since 1976."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "West Portal, San Francisco", "paragraph_text": "West Portal is a small neighborhood in San Francisco, California. West Portal is a primarily residential area of the City. The neighborhood's main corridor, West Portal Avenue, serves as a principal shopping district of southwestern San Francisco."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Francisco Bay Area", "paragraph_text": "Home to approximately 7.68 million people, Northern California's nine - county Bay Area contains many cities, towns, airports, and associated regional, state, and national parks, connected by a complex multimodal transportation network. The larger combined statistical area of the region, which includes twelve counties, is the second - largest in California (after the Greater Los Angeles area), the fifth - largest in the United States, and the 41st - largest urban area in the world with 8.75 million people. The Bay Area's population is ethnically diverse: for example, roughly half of the region's residents are Hispanic, Asian, African American, or Pacific Islander, all of whom have a significant presence throughout the region."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Halifax International Airport Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Halifax International Airport Authority (HIAA) is a Canadian airport authority charged with operating Halifax Stanfield International Airport on behalf of Transport Canada."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arik Air", "paragraph_text": "Arik Air is a Nigerian airline operating mainly from two hubs at Murtala Muhammed International Airport near Lagos and Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja. Arik Air's head office is the \"Arik Air Aviation Center\" on the grounds of Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Ikeja. Arik Air serves a network of regional and mid-haul destinations within Africa."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Millbrae, California", "paragraph_text": "Millbrae is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, just west of San Francisco Bay, with San Bruno on the north and Burlingame on the south. The population was 21,536 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Southern California Edison", "paragraph_text": "Southern California Edison (or SCE Corp), the largest subsidiary of Edison International, is the primary electricity supply company for much of Southern California, USA. It provides 14 million people with electricity across a service territory of approximately 50,000 square miles. However, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, San Diego Gas & Electric, Imperial Irrigation District, and some smaller municipal utilities serve substantial portions of the southern California territory. The northern part of the state is generally served by the Pacific Gas & Electric Company of San Francisco."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar Airways and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority; and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients. Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's south east that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Francisco", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco (initials SF) (/ \u02ccs\u00e6n fr\u0259n\u02c8s\u026asko\u028a /, Spanish for Saint Francis; Spanish: (san fran\u02c8sisko)), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. The consolidated city - county covers an area of about 47.9 square miles (124 km), mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is the fourth-most populous city in California, and the 13th-most populous in the United States, with a 2016 census - estimated population of 870,887. The population is projected to reach 1 million by 2033. As of 2016, San Francisco County was the 7th highest - income county in the United States, with a per capita personal income of $110,418."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Jose Airport (Mindoro)", "paragraph_text": "San Jose Airport (Filipino: \"Paliparan ng San Jose\") , formerly known as McGuire Field, is an airport serving the general area of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro in the Philippines. It is one of three airports in Occidental Mindoro, the others being Mamburao Airport and Lubang Airport. The airport is classified as a Principal class 1 domestic airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, an agency of the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines, except the major international airports."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Two airports serve Philadelphia: the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), straddling the southern boundary of the city, and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE), a general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia. Philadelphia International Airport provides scheduled domestic and international air service, while Northeast Philadelphia Airport serves general and corporate aviation. In 2013, Philadelphia International Airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world measured by traffic movements (i.e. takeoffs and landings). It is also the second largest hub and primary international hub for American Airlines."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel is served by two international airports, Ben Gurion International Airport, the country's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo, Ovda Airport in the south, as well as several small domestic airports. Ben Gurion, Israel's largest airport, handled over 12.1 million passengers in 2010. On the Mediterranean coast, Haifa Port is the country's oldest and largest port, while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea. In addition to these, the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea, and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Melvyn I. Cronin", "paragraph_text": "Cronin was born in San Francisco in 1898 and worked in the city's Park and Recreation Department where as a youth he taught baseball to his cousin Joe Cronin of later Boston Red Sox fame. He graduated from St. Ignatius College, later the University of San Francisco, with a degree in law and started a partnership with controversial lawyer Vincent Hallinan. During World War I he served in the United States Army. He was later a member of the California legislature, but resigned from the California State Assembly on January 4, 1942. From 1953 to 1977, he was a Judge of the California Superior Court, and served in San Francisco as Judge of the Juvenile Court under the Superior Court of California. He was concurrently a member of the California Judicial Council. He died in San Francisco County in 1977."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ruth Asawa's San Francisco Fountain", "paragraph_text": "Ruth Asawa's San Francisco Fountain, or sometimes simply San Francisco Fountain, is a 1970 bronze sculpture and fountain by Ruth Asawa, located outside the Grand Hyatt San Francisco in downtown San Francisco, California, in the United States. The cylinder-shaped sculpture, which serves as the outer wall of the fountain basin, features bas-relief scenes of San Francisco, \"whimsically interrelated\". It measures approximately tall, with a diameter of , and is set into a base of brick stairs. Albert Lanier served as the architect; credited assistants include Aiko Asawa, Haru Awara, Mae Lee, Mei Mei, Hector Villanueva, and Sally Woodbridge."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mohammed V International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Mohammed V International Airport (; , ; Berber: \u2d30\u2d63\u2d30\u2d33\u2d6f\u2d63 \u2d30\u2d33\u2d54\u2d56\u2d4d\u2d30\u2d4f \u2d4e\u2d53\u2d43\u2d4e\u2d4e\u2d37 \u2d61\u2d595; ) is an international airport serving Casablanca, Morocco. Located in Nouaceur Province, it is operated by ONDA (). With just under 8 million passengers passing through the airport in 2014, it was the busiest airport in Morocco and the fourth busiest in Africa. In August 2014, ONDA reported a year-on-year increase of 7.28% passenger traffic, to 918,238. The airport serves as hub for Royal Air Maroc, Jetairfly, Air Arabia Maroc and RAM Express. It is named after King Mohammed V of Morocco."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cabo San Lucas International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Cabo San Lucas International Airport (Spanish: Aer\u00f3dromo Internacional de Cabo San Lucas) (ICAO: MMSL) is a small international airfield (officially it's an ``aerodrome '') located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northwest of Cabo San Lucas in Baja California Sur, Mexico."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Los Cabos International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Los Cabos International Airport (IATA: SJD, ICAO: MMSD) is the sixth - busiest airport in Mexico, located at San Jos\u00e9 del Cabo in Los Cabos Municipality, Baja California Sur state, Mexico."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "KFRC-FM", "paragraph_text": "KFRC-FM (106.9 FM) is a commercial radio station in San Francisco, California, serving the San Francisco Bay Area. It currently simulcasts sister station KCBS, which carries an all-news format. The station transmits its signal from Mount Beacon atop the Marin Headlands above Sausalito, California, while studios are located in downtown San Francisco."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saint Barth\u00e9lemy", "paragraph_text": "St. Barth\u00e9lemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barth\u00e9lemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines (also known as SFO Helicopter Airlines and SFO Helicopter) was a helicopter airline service offering scheduled passenger flights between San Francisco, Oakland, and other Bay Area cities. It was founded in 1961 but disappeared from the Official Airline Guide 15 years later before finally going out of business in 1986."}], "question": "What is the population of the area that San Francisco International Airport serves?"}
{"id": "2hop__308905_43738", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Jose Airport (Mindoro)", "paragraph_text": "San Jose Airport (Filipino: \"Paliparan ng San Jose\") , formerly known as McGuire Field, is an airport serving the general area of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro in the Philippines. It is one of three airports in Occidental Mindoro, the others being Mamburao Airport and Lubang Airport. The airport is classified as a Principal class 1 domestic airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, an agency of the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines, except the major international airports."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mohammed V International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Mohammed V International Airport (; , ; Berber: \u2d30\u2d63\u2d30\u2d33\u2d6f\u2d63 \u2d30\u2d33\u2d54\u2d56\u2d4d\u2d30\u2d4f \u2d4e\u2d53\u2d43\u2d4e\u2d4e\u2d37 \u2d61\u2d595; ) is an international airport serving Casablanca, Morocco. Located in Nouaceur Province, it is operated by ONDA (). With just under 8 million passengers passing through the airport in 2014, it was the busiest airport in Morocco and the fourth busiest in Africa. In August 2014, ONDA reported a year-on-year increase of 7.28% passenger traffic, to 918,238. The airport serves as hub for Royal Air Maroc, Jetairfly, Air Arabia Maroc and RAM Express. It is named after King Mohammed V of Morocco."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Francisco Bay Area", "paragraph_text": "The ``East Bay ''is the densest region of the Bay Area outside of San Francisco and includes cities and towns in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, centered around Oakland. As one of the larger subregions, the East Bay includes a variety of enclaves, including the suburban Tri-Valley area and the highly urban western part of the subregion that runs alongside the bay. The`` Peninsula'' subregion includes the cities and towns on the San Francisco Peninsula, excluding the titular city of San Francisco. Its eastern half, which runs alongside the Bay, is highly populated while its less populated western coast traces the coastline of the Pacific Ocean and is known for its open space and hiking trails. Roughly coinciding with the borders of San Mateo county, it also includes the northwestern Santa Clara county cities of Palo Alto, Mountain View, and Los Altos. The ``South Bay ''includes all of the rest of the cities in Santa Clara county, centered around San Jose, the largest city in Northern California. It is roughly synonymous with Silicon Valley due to its high concentration of tech companies, although the industry also has a significant presence in the rest of the Bay Area. The`` North Bay'' includes Marin, Sonoma, Napa, and Solano counties, and is the largest and least populated subregion. The western counties of Marin and Sonoma are encased by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the bay on the east, and are characterized by its mountainous and woody terrain. Sonoma and Napa counties are known internationally for their grape vineyards and wineries, and Solano county to the east, centered around Vallejo, is the fastest growing region in the Bay Area."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arik Air", "paragraph_text": "Arik Air is a Nigerian airline operating mainly from two hubs at Murtala Muhammed International Airport near Lagos and Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja. Arik Air's head office is the \"Arik Air Aviation Center\" on the grounds of Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Ikeja. Arik Air serves a network of regional and mid-haul destinations within Africa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines (also known as SFO Helicopter Airlines and SFO Helicopter) was a helicopter airline service offering scheduled passenger flights between San Francisco, Oakland, and other Bay Area cities. It was founded in 1961 but disappeared from the Official Airline Guide 15 years later before finally going out of business in 1986."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of busiest airports in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The United Kingdom, an island country, is home to many of Europe's largest and busiest airports. London - Heathrow, which handles over 75 million international passengers annually, is the largest airport in the UK. London serves as the largest aviation hub in the world by passenger traffic, with six international airports, handling over 163 million passengers in 2016, more than any other city. London's second - busiest airport, London - Gatwick, was until 2016 the world's busiest single - runway airport. Manchester Airport is the United Kingdom's third - busiest airport. London - Stansted and London - Luton are the fourth - and fifth - busiest airports, respectively."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Saint Barth\u00e9lemy", "paragraph_text": "St. Barth\u00e9lemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barth\u00e9lemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Francisco\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge, known locally as the Bay Bridge or the Emperor Norton Bridge (after San Francisco personage Emperor Norton who originally advocated the bridge's construction), is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California. As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland, it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day on its two decks. It has one of the longest spans in the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field. It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. It served over 17 million passengers in 2005, and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year. It is located on San Diego Bay three miles (4.8 km) from downtown. San Diego International Airport maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States including Hawaii, as well as to Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. In addition, the city itself operates two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM). By 2015, the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport, with passengers walking across the U.S.\u2013Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Airport", "paragraph_text": "Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as The V.I.P.s, Airplane!, Airport (1970), Die Hard 2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, Passenger 57, Final Destination (2000), Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me If You Can, Rendition and The Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like Lost, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. Good Will Hunting."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eastar Jet", "paragraph_text": "Eastar Jet (ESR) () is a low-cost airline with its headquarters in Banghwa-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, South Korea. On January 7, 2009, Eastar Jet made its maiden flight from Gimpo International Airport to Jeju International Airport. Now, the airline operates a scheduled passenger network to 14 destinations in eight countries. Its main base is Gimpo International Airport, with a hub at Jeju International Airport."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar Airways and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority; and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients. Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's south east that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John W. Holmdahl", "paragraph_text": "Holmdahl was born in San Francisco and during World War II he served in the United States Army. In 1955 he became a member of Oakland City Council, remaining on the council until 1958. He was later a judge of the California Court of Appeal, retiring in 1982."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Two airports serve Philadelphia: the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), straddling the southern boundary of the city, and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE), a general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia. Philadelphia International Airport provides scheduled domestic and international air service, while Northeast Philadelphia Airport serves general and corporate aviation. In 2013, Philadelphia International Airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world measured by traffic movements (i.e. takeoffs and landings). It is also the second largest hub and primary international hub for American Airlines."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alameda (island)", "paragraph_text": "Alameda Island is an island in the San Francisco Bay in California. It is south and west of, and adjacent to Oakland, and across the bay eastward from San Francisco. Located on the island is most of the city of Alameda, a city in Alameda County. Also located on the island is the Naval Air Station Alameda, a defunct naval air station, as well as a small uninhabited part of San Francisco. The island was originally a peninsula and a part of Oakland, and is now separated from the mainland by the Oakland Estuary. The island is connected to the mainland by four bridges: the Park Street Bridge, Fruitvale Bridge, High Street Bridge, and Bay Farm Island Bridge. The Posey and Webster Street tubes also connect Oakland to Alameda Island."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Charlotte Douglas International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte Douglas International Airport (IATA: CLT, ICAO: KCLT, FAA LID: CLT) is a joint civil - military public international airport located in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. Established in 1935 as Charlotte Municipal Airport, in 1954 the airport was renamed Douglas Municipal Airport after former Charlotte mayor Ben Elbert Douglas Sr., who had overseen the airport's construction. The airport gained its current name in 1982 and, as of September 2017, it is the second largest hub for American Airlines after Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport, with service to 161 domestic and international destinations. As of 2016 it was the 11th busiest airport in the United States, ranked by passenger traffic and 6th by aircraft movements. It was also the 7th busiest airport in the world ranked by aircraft movements However, Charlotte is the largest airport in the United States without any nonstop service to Asia, and it only ranks 19th by international passenger traffic. The airport serves as a major gateway to the Caribbean Islands. CLT covers 5,558 acres (2,249 ha) of land."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel is served by two international airports, Ben Gurion International Airport, the country's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo, Ovda Airport in the south, as well as several small domestic airports. Ben Gurion, Israel's largest airport, handled over 12.1 million passengers in 2010. On the Mediterranean coast, Haifa Port is the country's oldest and largest port, while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea. In addition to these, the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea, and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Halifax International Airport Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Halifax International Airport Authority (HIAA) is a Canadian airport authority charged with operating Halifax Stanfield International Airport on behalf of Transport Canada."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011, and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area. Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012, and Phase II in 2013."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "China Eastern Airlines", "paragraph_text": "China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited (, colloquially known as /) is an airline headquartered in the China Eastern Airlines Building, on the grounds of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport in Changning District, Shanghai. It is a major Chinese airline operating international, domestic and regional routes. Its main hubs are at Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport."}], "question": "In what part of the area served by the San Francisco International Airport is Oakland?"}
{"id": "2hop__51426_763434", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chan Siu Ki", "paragraph_text": "Chan Siu Ki (, born 14 July 1985 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong professional footballer who plays as a striker for Hong Kong Premier League club Pegasus. He is the all-time top scorer for the Hong Kong national football team with 37 goals. As he is capable of playing with either foot, he is sometimes tactically deployed as a winger on either flank."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of La Liga top scorers", "paragraph_text": "La Liga's all - time top goalscorer is Lionel Messi, who also holds the record for most goals scored in a season with 50 goals in 2011 - 12. Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all - time top scorer until 2014, was top scorer in six seasons between 1945 and 1953. Four other players -- Lionel Messi, Real Madrid's Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano, Quini of Sporting de Gij\u00f3n and Barcelona, and Hugo S\u00e1nchez of Atl\u00e9tico Madrid and Real Madrid -- each finished as top scorer in five seasons."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Diego Serna", "paragraph_text": "Diego Alonso Serna Lopera (born October 2, 1973 in Medell\u00edn) is a Colombian football player currently playing for Miami Dade FC. He is the all-time leading scorer for the now-defunct Miami Fusion of Major League Soccer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Michael St. Croix", "paragraph_text": "Michael St. Croix (born April 10, 1993) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who plays for the Manitoba Bisons. He formerly played for the Greenville Swamp Rabbits in the ECHL as a prospect of the New York Rangers organization. He was drafted by the Rangers in the fourth round of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. As of 2011, he is the Oil Kings all-time leading scorer. His father is former NHL goaltender Rick St. Croix and his brother is former professional hockey defenseman Chris St. Croix."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Brandon Corp", "paragraph_text": "Brandon Corp (born March 2, 1987) is a lacrosse player for Colgate University in Division I college lacrosse. Corp played for the Raiders from 2006 to 2009 leading the team to a 42 and 20 record during his four years, ending up as the 4th leading scorer in the nation his senior season, and leading the team to a Patriot League title and an NCAA tournament appearance as a junior. The Boston Cannons selected Corp with the fourth pick of the 2009 MLL draft. Corp finished the '09 season with 8 goals and 3 assists for 11 points in 7 games."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Philadelphia 76ers", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 -- 18 season was the most successful season since 2011 -- 12 as the team finished the regular season in third place in the Eastern Conference with a 52 -- 30 winning record and clinched a playoff spot. The season also saw the 76ers reaching a franchise record 16 - game winning streak. In the First Round of the playoffs, the Sixers defeated the Miami Heat, 4 games to 1, to win their first playoff series since the 2011 -- 12 season."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jitesh Sharma", "paragraph_text": "Jitesh Sharma (born 22 October 1993) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Vidarbha. He made his first-class debut in the 2015\u201316 Ranji Trophy on 1 October 2015. He was the leading run-scorer for Vidarbha in the 2018\u201319 Vijay Hazare Trophy, with 298 runs in seven matches."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders", "paragraph_text": "Franchise Player Points Ref Atlanta Hawks Wilkins, Dominique Dominique Wilkins * 23,292 Boston Celtics Havlicek, John John Havlicek * 26,395 Brooklyn Nets Lopez, Brook Brook Lopez 10,444 Charlotte Hornets Curry, Dell Dell Curry 9,839 Chicago Bulls Jordan, Michael Michael Jordan * 29,277 Cleveland Cavaliers James, LeBron LeBron James ^ 20,868 Dallas Mavericks Nowitzki, Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ 30,260 Denver Nuggets English, Alex Alex English * 21,645 Detroit Pistons Thomas, Isiah Isiah Thomas * 18,822 Golden State Warriors Chamberlain, Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 17,783 Houston Rockets Olajuwon, Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 26,511 Indiana Pacers Miller, Reggie Reggie Miller * 25,279 Los Angeles Clippers Smith, Randy Randy Smith 12,735 Los Angeles Lakers Bryant, Kobe Kobe Bryant 33,643 Memphis Grizzlies Conley, Mike Mike Conley ^ 10,050 Miami Heat Wade, Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ 20,221 Milwaukee Bucks Abdul - Jabbar, Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 14,211 Minnesota Timberwolves Garnett, Kevin Kevin Garnett 19,201 New Orleans Pelicans West, David David West ^ 8,690 New York Knicks Ewing, Patrick Patrick Ewing * 23,665 Oklahoma City Thunder Payton, Gary Gary Payton * 18,207 Orlando Magic Howard, Dwight Dwight Howard ^ 11,435 Philadelphia 76ers Greer, Hal Hal Greer * 21,586 Phoenix Suns Davis, Walter Walter Davis 15,666 Portland Trail Blazers Drexler, Clyde Clyde Drexler * 18,040 Sacramento Kings Robertson, Oscar Oscar Robertson * 22,009 San Antonio Spurs Duncan, Tim Tim Duncan 26,496 Toronto Raptors DeRozan, DeMar DeMar DeRozan ^ 11,456 Utah Jazz Malone, Karl Karl Malone * 36,374 Washington Wizards Hayes, Elvin Elvin Hayes * 15,551"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mike Laughna", "paragraph_text": "Laughna, who attended Saint Benedict's Preparatory School in Newark, New Jersey, remains one of the top scorers in Georgetown history, ranked above NBA star Dikembe Mutombo. At the time of his graduation, Laughna held most of Georgetown's scoring records, but the advent of the three-point shot and the slam dunk made it possible for future players to accumulate points more rapidly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2017 Indian Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Sunrisers Hyderabad captain David Warner won the Orange Cap for the leading run - scorer of the tournament with 641 runs. Bhuvneshwar Kumar, also of Sunrisers Hyderabad, was awarded the Purple Cap for finishing as the leading wicket - taker of the tournament with 26 wickets. Rising Pune Supergiant's Ben Stokes was named Most Valuable Player, also known as Man of the Series, while Basil Thampi of Gujarat Lions was named the Emerging Player of the Tournament."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David Warner (cricketer)", "paragraph_text": "In 2017, Warner scored 126 runs against the Kolkata Knight Riders to break his previous career high of 109 *. This also marked his third century in the IPL. He finished the season as the leading run scorer, and was awarded with the Orange cap for the second time. He finished the season with 641 runs and at an average of 58.27."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cityscape of Huntington, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Huntington, West Virginia's central business district is located to the south of the Ohio River, east of the Robert C. Byrd Bridge, and west of Hal Greer Boulevard. Broad avenues and streets dominate the streetscape, creating for the most part an even grid pattern. Another business district is in Old Central City, known for its numerous antique shops and Heiner's Bakery."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of La Liga top scorers", "paragraph_text": "La Liga's all - time top goalscorer is Barcelona's Lionel Messi, who also holds the record for most goals scored in a season with 50 goals in 2011 - 12. Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all - time top scorer until 2014, was top scorer in six seasons between 1945 and 1953. Four other players -- Lionel Messi, Real Madrid's Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano, Quini of Sporting de Gij\u00f3n and Barcelona, and Hugo S\u00e1nchez of Atl\u00e9tico Madrid and Real Madrid -- each finished as top scorer in five seasons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pope", "paragraph_text": "The pope's official seat or cathedral is the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, and his official residence is the Apostolic Palace. He also possesses a summer residence at Castel Gandolfo, situated on the site of the ancient city of Alba Longa. Until the time of the Avignon Papacy, the residence of the pope was the Lateran Palace, donated by the Roman emperor Constantine the Great."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vic Stanfield", "paragraph_text": "He was a two-time All-American for Boston University, and went on to play eight seasons in the German Bundesliga for the Krefeld Pinguine, becoming the team's all-time leading scorer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi", "paragraph_text": "Messi has scored 21 goals in FIFA World Cup qualifiers, making him the all - time top scorer of the qualification in CONMEBOL, along with his Barcelona teammate Luis Su\u00e1rez. He has scored eight goals in Copa Am\u00e9rica, leading his team to the final of the tournament in 2007, 2015, and 2016, each time finishing as a runner - up. At the 2015 tournament, he allegedly rejected the Best Player award and the trophy was omitted from the ceremony. He has scored six times in the FIFA World Cup tournaments, once in 2006, four times in 2014, when he guided his team to the final and was awarded the Golden Ball, and once in the 2018 World Cup finals. The remainder of Messi's goals, 30, have come in friendlies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Wigan Warriors players", "paragraph_text": "Wigan Warriors is an English professional rugby league club based in Wigan, Greater Manchester. Formed in 1872, the club was a founding member of the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, and competed in the inaugural season of the Northern Union's league championship. Since then, more than 1,100 players have appeared for the club's first team. Jim Sullivan has made the most career appearances for Wigan, having played 774 games between 1921 and 1946. Sullivan is also the club's all-time top goal scorer (2,317) and point scorer (4,883), and holds the club record for most points scored in a single match, with 44 against Flimby & Fothergill in 1925."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sergei Mozyakin", "paragraph_text": "Sergei Mozyakin, a highly skilled winger, was drafted in the ninth round of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft, 263rd overall by the Columbus Blue Jackets. In the 2005\u201306 Russian Superleague (RSL) regular season, Mozyakin had a tight scoring race with Aleksey Morozov and Evgeni Malkin for the top scorer of the league. Mozyakin finished the season, leading the league with 52 points."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Swetland House", "paragraph_text": "The Swetland House is a historic residence in London, Ohio, United States. Built in 1871, it is one of the city's leading Italianate houses, and it was once home to one of London's leading citizens."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Danny Manning", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Ricardo Manning (born May 17, 1966) is an American college basketball coach and retired National Basketball Association player. He is the current men's head coach at Wake Forest. After retiring from professional basketball Manning became an assistant coach at his alma mater, the University of Kansas. He won the national championship with the Jayhawks in 1988 as a player, and again on the coaching staff in 2008. He is the all - time leading scorer in Kansas basketball history with 2,951 points; the closest player to his point total, Nick Collison, is 854 points behind."}], "question": "Where does the Sixers' all time leading scorer live?"}
{"id": "2hop__18086_114731", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arsenal F.C.\u2013Manchester United F.C. rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal F.C. v Manchester United F.C. Teams Arsenal Manchester United First meeting 13 October 1894 Newton Heath 3 -- 3 Woolwich Arsenal Latest meeting Arsenal 1 -- 3 Manchester United Premier League (2 December 2017) Next meeting Manchester United v Arsenal Premier League (28 April 2018) Stadiums Emirates Stadium (Arsenal) Old Trafford (Manchester United) Statistics Meetings total 227 Most wins Manchester United (95) Most player appearances Ryan Giggs (50) Top scorer Wayne Rooney (12) All - time series Arsenal: 82 Drawn: 50 Manchester United: 95 Largest victory Manchester United 8 -- 2 Arsenal (28 August 2011)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Manchester United F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams, as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Ars\u00e8ne Wenger, have battled for the Premier League title. With 33 titles between them (20 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match - ups in history."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal have won 13 top - flight titles, and also hold the record for the most FA Cup wins, with 13. The club's record appearance maker is David O'Leary, who made 722 appearances between 1975 and 1993. Thierry Henry is Arsenal's record goalscorer, scoring 228 goals in total."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and \"boring\" side, especially during the 1970s and 1980s; many comedians, such as Eric Morecambe, made jokes about this at the team's expense. The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty, in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine. Another film reference to the club's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane, in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal's long-serving full backs \u2013 the right-sided Lee Dixon and the left-sided Nigel Winterburn."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ragalaipuram", "paragraph_text": "The film opened to poor reviews from critics. A critic from the Times of India noted \"Ragalaipuram is a textbook example of how to make a lowest common denominator entertainer.\" Sify.com wrote that \"the Tamil remake is nowhere near the original, as director Mano\u2019s jokes fall flat and the comic scenes are so predictable.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tex Willer", "paragraph_text": "Tex Willer is the main fictional character of the Italian comics series \"Tex\", created by writer Gian Luigi Bonelli and illustrator Aurelio Galleppini, and first published in Italy on 30 September 1948. It is among the most popular characters of Italian comics, with translations to numerous languages all around the world. The fan base in Brazil is especially large, but it is very popular also in Finland, Norway, Greece, Turkey, Croatia, France, Tamil Nadu, Serbia, Israel and Spain."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "On 1 December 1886, munitions workers in Woolwich, now South East London, formed Arsenal as Dial Square, with David Danskin as their first captain. Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex, they took the name of the whole complex a month later. Royal Arsenal F.C.'s first home was Plumstead Common, though they spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead, at the Manor Ground. Royal Arsenal won Arsenal's first trophies in 1890 and 1891, and these were the only football association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as T\u00f6pffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Gilligan's Island characters", "paragraph_text": "The Skipper (played by Alan Hale, Jr.) - His real name is Jonas Grumby and he is the captain of the S.S. Minnow. He is well over-weight, leading to numerous fat jokes from Gilligan. Such an instance is when the Professor and Gilligan are helping him into a wetsuit: the Skipper says that he just has big bones, to which Gilligan adds: ``and they're covered in big meat. ''Whenever he gets frustrated with Gilligan, he swats him in the head with his hat."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Arsenal F.C. (1966\u2013present)", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 / 17 season was one of Arsenal's most testing for competitions in Europe, having taken a race with Liverpool and Manchester City to the final day of the season. Despite winning 3 - 1 against Everton, results elsewhere meant they only finished fifth, missing out on a Champions League spot for the first time in two decades. However Arsenal won the FA Cup Final 2 - 1 against Chelsea. This was their third win in four seasons and made them the most successful club in the history of the competition."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chuck Hughes", "paragraph_text": "Charles Frederick ``Chuck ''Hughes (March 2, 1943 -- October 24, 1971) was an American football player, a wide receiver in the National Football League from 1967 to 1971. He is, to date, the only NFL player to die on the field during a game."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Danny Clapton", "paragraph_text": "Born in Stepney, London, Clapton first started out as an amateur with Leytonstone before joining Arsenal in August 1953. He made his debut in a 1-0 win over Chelsea on 25 December 1954, and by the end of the 1954-55 he was Arsenal's first choice right-Winger, taking Arthur Milton's place. He became a near ever-present for Arsenal for the next four seasons (aside from 1957-58, where he was out injured for a third of the season), helping Arsenal to third place in 1958-59, their highest league position in six years."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eric Morecambe", "paragraph_text": "John Eric Bartholomew, (14 May 1926 \u2013 28 May 1984), known by his stage name Eric Morecambe, was an English comedian who together with Ernie Wise formed the award-winning double act Morecambe and Wise. The partnership lasted from 1941 until Morecambe's death in 1984. Morecambe took his stage name from his home town, the seaside resort of Morecambe in Lancashire."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Until Dawn", "paragraph_text": "Until Dawn is a 2015 interactive drama and survival horror video game. It was developed by Supermassive Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. Players assume control of eight young adults who have to survive on Blackwood Mountain when their lives are threatened. The game features a butterfly effect system in which players must make choices that may change the story. All playable characters can survive or die, depending on the choices made. Players explore the environment from a third-person perspective and find clues that may help solve the mystery."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nintendomagasinet", "paragraph_text": "Nintendomagasinet (NM) was a Swedish video game magazine, published between the years of 1990 and 1994. The magazine contained game news, reports from fairs and expos, game guides, editorials, video game-related comics, and the subscriber-only \"Power Player\" supplement containing game reviews. The comics were translations of the Nintendo Comics System comics, and later the Nintendo Power comics \"Super Mario Adventures\" and \"The Legend of Zelda\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!. In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing \"One-Nil to the Arsenal\" (to the tune of \"Go West\")."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anna und die Liebe", "paragraph_text": "Anna und die Liebe (\"Anna and (the) Love\") is the eleventh Telenovela made in Germany. It has aired since 25 August 2008 on German channel Sat.1 and Austrian Channel ORF 1."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Just Imagine...", "paragraph_text": "Just Imagine... is a comic book published by the American company DC Comics. It was the first work for DC Comics by Stan Lee, co-creator of numerous popular Marvel Comics characters, in which he reimagined several DC superheroes including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, Aquaman, and The Flash. As an in-joke, Lee changes several of the civilian names of most famous DC superheroes to alliterative ones in reference to Lee's tendency to use them for his Marvel Comics characters."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bob and George", "paragraph_text": "Bob and George was a sprite-based webcomic which parodied the fictional universe of Mega Man. It is written by David Anez, who at the time was a physics instructor living in the American Midwest. The comic first appeared on April 1, 2000 and ran until July 28, 2007. It was updated daily, with there being only 29 days without a comic in its seven years of production and with 2568 comics being made altogether."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Batman", "paragraph_text": "Batman utilizes a vast arsenal of specialized, high-tech vehicles and gadgets in his war against crime, the designs of which usually share a bat motif. Batman historian Les Daniels credits Gardner Fox with creating the concept of Batman's arsenal with the introduction of the utility belt in Detective Comics #29 (July 1939) and the first bat-themed weapons the batarang and the \"Batgyro\" in Detective Comics #31 and #32 (Sept., Oct. 1939)."}], "question": "When did the comic who made numerous jokes about Arsenal players die?"}
{"id": "2hop__670350_114731", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fuel taxes in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Taxes on gasoline and diesel for transportation by US state in US cents per gallon as of July 2017 State Gasoline tax (excludes federal tax of 18.4 \u00a2/ gal) Diesel tax (excludes federal tax of 24.4 \u00a2/ gal) Notes US (volume - weighted) average 31.04 31.01 Alabama 22.91 21.89 Alaska 12.25 12.75 Arizona 19.00 27.00 Arkansas 21.80 22.80 California 41.70 40.01 Gasoline subject to 2.25% sales tax. Diesel subject to 9.25% sales tax. Colorado 22.00 20.50 Connecticut 39.85 41.70 Subject to additional 8.1% sales tax Delaware 23.00 22.00 District of Columbia 23.50 23.50 Florida 36.80 33.77 Georgia 26.30 29.40 subject to local sales tax Hawaii 44.39 41.83 subject to additional sales tax Idaho 33.00 33.00 Illinois 34.01 35.32 subject to additional sales tax Indiana 28.00 41.25 subject to additional sales tax Iowa 30.70 32.50 Kansas 24.03 26.03 Kentucky 26.00 23.00 Louisiana 20.01 20.01 Maine 30.01 31.21 Maryland 33.50 34.25 Massachusetts 26.54 26.54 Michigan 26.3 26.3 subject to additional sales tax Minnesota 28.60 28.60 Mississippi 18.79 18.40 Missouri 17.30 17.30 Montana 27.75 28.50 Nebraska 28.20 27.60 Nevada 33.52 28.56 New Hampshire 23.83 23.83 New Jersey 37.10 33.40 New Mexico 18.88 22.88 New York 43.88 42.68 subject to additional state sales tax of 4% (capped at $2.00 / gal) and local sales tax (not capped) North Carolina 34.55 34.55 North Dakota 23.00 23.00 Ohio 28.01 28.01 Oklahoma 17.00 14.00 Oregon 31.12 30.36 Pennsylvania 58.20 74.70 Rhode Island 34.00 34.00 South Carolina 16.75 16.75 South Dakota 30.00 30.00 Tennessee 25.40 22.40 Texas 20.00 20.00 Utah 29.41 29.41 Vermont 30.46 32.00 Virginia 22.39 26.08 Washington 49.40 49.40 West Virginia 35.70 35.70 Wisconsin 30.90 30.90 Wyoming 24.00 24.00"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Solido", "paragraph_text": "Solido is a French manufacturer of die-cast model cars and trucks based in Oulins, Anet, France, 40 miles west of Paris. Vehicles are usually made of zamac alloy in varying scales, but mostly 1:43 and 1:50. Typically, Solido's main competition in France was Norev, but internationally, Polistil, Corgi Toys, Dinky Toys, Mercury, and Tekno produced similar style toys."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hochschule f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums", "paragraph_text": "Hochschule f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums, or Higher Institute for Jewish Studies, was a rabbinical seminary, established in Berlin in 1872 and closed down by the Nazi government of Germany in 1942. Upon the order of the government, the name was officially changed (1883\u20131923 and 1933\u201342) to Lehranstalt f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Michelangelo Pistoletto", "paragraph_text": "Michelangelo Pistoletto (born 23 June 1933 in Biella) is an Italian painter, action and object artist, and art theorist. Pistoletto is acknowledged as one of the main representatives of the Italian Arte Povera. His work mainly deals with the subject matter of reflection and the unification of art and everyday life in terms of a Gesamtkunstwerk."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eric Morecambe", "paragraph_text": "John Eric Bartholomew, (14 May 1926 \u2013 28 May 1984), known by his stage name Eric Morecambe, was an English comedian who together with Ernie Wise formed the award-winning double act Morecambe and Wise. The partnership lasted from 1941 until Morecambe's death in 1984. Morecambe took his stage name from his home town, the seaside resort of Morecambe in Lancashire."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cassie Newman", "paragraph_text": "In 2005, the producers decided to kill off Cassie by having her die from injuries sustained in a car accident. The character's death was felt in storyline for years to follow, leading to the dissolution of her parents' marriage and numerous events thereafter. Grimes continued to recur in the role throughout the years following her character's death, usually in dreams or as a hallucination to the mentally ill. Grimes' final return as Cassie's ghost was over the course of 2013 to 2014, during which the actress would return to The Young and the Restless as a main cast member, as Cassie's previously unknown twin sister, Mariah Copeland. Grimes was the subject of universal acclaim for her portrayal of Cassie, becoming the youngest recipient of the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 2000, at age 10."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "La Tour Montparnasse Infernale", "paragraph_text": "La Tour Montparnasse Infernale is a 2001 French comedy film directed by Charles Nemes and written by Kader Aoun, Ramzy Bedia, \u00c9ric Judor and Xavier Matthieu. When it came out in cinemas in Canada, it was translated into Don't Die Too Hard in reference to Die Hard, starring Bruce Willis."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "In India, the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists -Union List, State List and Concurrent List . In the normal legislation process, the subjects in Union list can only be legislated upon by central legislative body called Parliament of India, for subjects in state list only respective state legislature can legislate. While for Concurrent subjects, both center and state can make laws. But to implement international treaties, Parliament can legislate on any subject overriding the general division of subject lists."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Open Inventor", "paragraph_text": "Open Inventor, originally IRIS Inventor, is a C++ object oriented retained mode 3D graphics toolkit designed by SGI to provide a higher layer of programming for OpenGL. Its main goals are better programmer convenience and efficiency. Open Inventor exists as both proprietary software and free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent. Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Martin Winckler", "paragraph_text": "Martin Winckler (born Marc Zaffran; 22 February 1955, in French Algeria) is a French M.D. and short story, novel and essay writer. His main subjects are the French medical system, the healing relationship and contraception; he also wrote critical papers and books about TV serials (he is one of the first specialists of this subject in France)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lance Sweets", "paragraph_text": "Daley first made three guest appearances as Sweets during the first eight episodes of Season 3, first appearing in ``The Secret in the Soil ''. He was promoted to a series regular and appeared in the opening credits beginning with the episode`` The Santa in the Slush''. He also guest - starred on the spin - off The Finder. The character is killed off in the first episode of the show's tenth season, ``The Conspiracy in the Corpse '', making him the first main character of Bones to die."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Centre points of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "A position ``in the middle of Morecambe Bay '', approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) off the coast at Morecambe, Lancashire, at Ordnance Survey grid reference SD4157566760."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Morecambe (play)", "paragraph_text": "Morecambe is a play by Tim Whitnall which celebrates the life of Eric Morecambe and is based on his life in the entertainment industry."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "SM UC-52", "paragraph_text": "SM \"UC-52\" was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 23 January 1917. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 15 March 1917 as SM \"UC-52\". In seven patrols \"UC-52\" was credited with sinking 21 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. She notably sank the Italian troopship , killing 880 soldiers. \"UC-52\" was surrendered on 16 January 1919 and broken up at Morecambe."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sadko (opera)", "paragraph_text": "Sadko (, the name of the main character) is an opera in seven scenes by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The libretto was written by the composer, with assistance from Vladimir Belsky, Vladimir Stasov, and others. Rimsky-Korsakov was first inspired by the bylina of Sadko in 1867, when he completed a tone poem on the subject, his Op. 5. After finishing his second revision of this work in 1891, he decided to turn it into a dramatic work."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "\u0160e\u0161uvis", "paragraph_text": "The \u0160e\u0161uvis is a river in western Lithuania and the main tributary of the J\u016bra River. \u0160e\u0161uvis begins northwest of Raseiniai and flows mostly in the southwest direction. Its main tributaries are the An\u010dia, \u0160altuona, Agluona, \u017dalp\u0117, and \u012ekojis rivers. There are almost no lakes in \u0160e\u0161uvis' basin therefore its water level is subject to great seasonal fluctuations."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Orcs Must Die! 2", "paragraph_text": "Orcs Must Die! 2 is a trap based action-tower defense video game that Robot Entertainment developed as the follow-up to the original \"Orcs Must Die!\", with Microsoft Game Studios publishing the sequel for Microsoft Windows on July 30, 2012 in the United States. On April 2, 2012, Microsoft announced the development of \"Orcs Must Die! 2\" at the Penny Arcade Expo in Boston (PAX East), with their emphasis on co-operative gameplay as the principal addition over the original."}], "question": "When did the main subject of Morecambe die?"}
{"id": "2hop__47595_303418", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Liliana Mumy", "paragraph_text": "Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 The Twilight Zone episode ``It's a Good Life '', and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series' 2003 sequel episode`` It's Still a Good Life''. She currently voices Beth Tezuka, in the animated web series Bravest Warriors and Leni Loud in the Nickelodeon TV series The Loud House, and has been joined by her father on some episodes of both shows."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Love It or List It", "paragraph_text": "Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Peter Serafinowicz Show", "paragraph_text": "The Peter Serafinowicz Show is a BBC Two comedy sketch show written by and starring Peter Serafinowicz. The first series started on 4 October 2007 at 21:30 as part of the newly launched \"Thursdays Are Funny\" brand on BBC2 and Thursdays on ABC2. On 1 August 2008, American cable network G4 began broadcasting the show as part of their \"Duty Free TV\" block of international programming."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rod, Jane and Freddy", "paragraph_text": "Rod, Jane and Freddy were a singing trio who appeared in children's programming on the British TV channel ITV in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. They starred both in the long-running series \"Rainbow\" and their own 15-minute show, The Rod, Jane and Freddy Show. The trio have also made guest appearances in other children's TV shows including \"The Sooty Show\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ricki & Copper", "paragraph_text": "Ricki & Copper (1959\u20131969) was a popular local children's program that ran weekday mornings on WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and was one of two locally produced children's shows that aired on WTAE, the other being Paul Shannon's \"Adventure Time\", which aired in the afternoon. The show was originally an offshoot of another local program, \"The Comedy Show\" which ran from 1958 to 1959."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Once Upon a Time characters", "paragraph_text": "Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption; Regina Mills adopted him. Henry was originally portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore, who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012. For the show's seventh and final season, Andrew J. West later took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a eight - year - old girl named Lucy, with Gilmore also making three appearances as Henry during the season."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Humsafars", "paragraph_text": "Humsafars (English: \"Life Partners\") is an Indian television drama show which premiered on 22 September 2014. The show aired on Sony TV from Monday to Friday. The show was directed and produced by Gul Khan under the production of 4 Lions Films. It starred Harshad Chopda and Shivya Pathania."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shadow Star", "paragraph_text": "Shadow Star, known in Japan as , is a Japanese manga series created by Mohiro Kitoh, originally serialized in Kodansha's seinen magazine \"Afternoon\". The Japanese name is an abbreviation of , which roughly translates to \"Corpse of a Star; A Precious Child\". In the United States, it was licensed by Dark Horse and serialized in \"Super Manga Blast!\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Last Reality Show", "paragraph_text": "The Last Reality Show () is a Swedish TV series that aired on TV 6 in Sweden the spring of 2012. The show portrays a zombie apocalypse as seen through the eyes of the cast and crew of a reality show. The title of the series refers to the name of said reality show being produced which is to bring forth the ultimate Swedish reality star (reality show stars of Swedish reality shows play themselves) as well that the fact that almost every episode features the death of one of the reality stars. The show featured 8 episodes. The series was created and produced by Tord Danielsson, directed by Oskar Mellander and photographed by Anders Jacobsson of Evil Ed fame."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Equalizer", "paragraph_text": "The Equalizer is an American crime drama television series, originally airing on CBS from fall 1985 until late - spring 1989. It starred Edward Woodward as a retired intelligence agent with a mysterious past, who uses the skills from his former career to exact justice on behalf of innocent people who are trapped in dangerous circumstances. The series combined elements of the spy, private investigator / police procedural, and vigilante genres."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Consolevania", "paragraph_text": "Consolevania is a video games TV show filmed in and around Glasgow, Scotland. It is notable as one of very few online TV shows to make the leap onto broadcast TV as the show videoGaiden, which has had four series shown on BBC Scotland."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Love It or List It", "paragraph_text": "Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the \"Love it or List It\" franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mercedes Benz (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Mercedes Benz ''is an a cappella song written by singer Janis Joplin with the poets Michael McClure and Bob Neuwirth, and originally recorded by Joplin. In the song, the singer asks the Lord to prove His love for her by buying her a Mercedes - Benz, a color TV, and a`` night on the town.'' There is also a reference to Dialing for Dollars, a franchised format local television program, which required one to be watching the show to win when the show called your phone number, hence the singer's need for a TV."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The House of Angelo", "paragraph_text": "The House of Angelo is a 1997 British historical drama film directed by Jim Goddard and starring Edward Woodward, Peter Woodward and Sylvia Syms."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Peter Riva", "paragraph_text": "John Peter Riva was born on May 11, 1950, in Manhattan to William Riva, a Broadway and TV set designer, and Maria Riva, the only child of Marlene Dietrich, who was an early TV star (for William S. Paley, CBS) and Broadway actress. His older brother J. Michael Riva, a production designer, died in 2012 and has two younger brothers, John Paul and John David."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tota Weds Maina", "paragraph_text": "Tota Weds Maina is an Indian Comedy-Drama television show, which premiered on 14 January 2013 and broadcast on SAB TV. The show stars Gaurav Gera and Kavita Kaushik in lead roles."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frank TV", "paragraph_text": "Frank TV was an American sketch comedy show starring \"Mad TV\" veteran Frank Caliendo, Mike MacRae, and Freddy Lockhart. Caliendo hosted the show and performed in sketches in full makeup as characters he impersonated."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fresno, California", "paragraph_text": "In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno\", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "One Woman's Experience", "paragraph_text": "One Woman's Experience, also known as One Woman's Story, was a DuMont Television Network anthology TV show created and produced by Lawrence Menkin (1911-2000) and starring Wendy Waldron."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jackassworld.com: 24 Hour Takeover", "paragraph_text": "Jackassworld.com: 24 Hour Takeover was a 24-hour live TV special featuring many stars of the MTV show and movie franchise \"Jackass\" from February 23\u201324, 2008."}], "question": "Who is the child of the star of the original TV show The Equalizer?"}
{"id": "2hop__64869_303418", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mr. Freeze", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Freeze was played by George Sanders, Otto Preminger, and Eli Wallach in the original Batman television series, by Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1997 film Batman & Robin, and by Nathan Darrow on the TV series Gotham. He was voiced by Michael Ansara in Batman: The Animated Series, by Clancy Brown in The Batman, and by Maurice LaMarche in the Batman: Arkham video game franchise. IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Mr. Freeze as # 67."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Olivier Saladin", "paragraph_text": "Olivier Saladin is a French actor. He is best known for playing in the cult TV series \"Les Deschiens\" (1993-2002), in which he play alongside Yolande Moreau."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Gender War", "paragraph_text": "The Gender War () is a documentary in two parts by journalist Evin Rubar on radical feminism in Sweden and its influence on Swedish politics. It was produced by Nordisk Film and broadcast by Sveriges Television in the series Dokument inifr\u00e5n on 15 and 22 May 2005. The Gender War was also part of Evin Rubar being awarded the TV award Kristallen and Sveriges Television's equality award the same year."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Once Upon a Time characters", "paragraph_text": "Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption; Regina Mills adopted him. Henry was originally portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore, who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012. For the show's seventh and final season, Andrew J. West later took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a eight - year - old girl named Lucy, with Gilmore also making three appearances as Henry during the season."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Speaking of the Devil", "paragraph_text": "Speaking of the Devil (Italian: Un piede in paradiso, also known as \"Standing In Paradise\") is a 1991 Italian comedy film directed by Enzo Barboni. It is the last collaboration between Barboni and Bud Spencer. The role of Victor was originally intended to be played by Terence Hill, but Hill had to refuse as still being engaged on the set of the \"Lucky Luke\" TV series. The film was filmed in Florida."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Equalizer", "paragraph_text": "Edward Woodward as Robert McCall: A veteran operative of The Company who becomes disillusioned with sacrificing ordinary people for the perceived greater good. He quits and takes out a newspaper advert offering his services to those who need it as The Equalizer. McCall himself is divorced, a ``lost dad ''long estranged from his son, Scott (William Zabka). Scott comes back into his life as a young adult who is at first bitterly critical of his father's world, but then becomes drawn into that world to the dismay of both of his parents. McCall also lost a woman he was in love with, a fellow operative named Manon Brevard, and discovers that she had secretly given birth to his daughter Yvette. McCall appears to be independently wealthy, as although he almost never takes payment for his work, he owns a high - end apartment, is always well dressed and drives a Jaguar XJ6 car (registered 5809 - AUG). He enjoys classical music (playing the piano himself), fine wine and dining and is occasionally seen dating and trying to live a`` normal'' life, only for work or his past to get in the way. His Father, William, was a British Army officer, killed in Egypt in 1952 when McCall was 19 and also an Army Officer. His mother was American, a working class entertainer and his father was disinherited by his family and shunned by his regiment for seen to be marrying beneath himself. Woodward was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Actor in a Drama series four years in a row for his performance, but never won."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2017 World Series", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2017 season. The 113th edition of the World Series was played between October 24 and November 1. It was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League (AL) champion Houston Astros. It was sponsored by the internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fortean TV", "paragraph_text": "Fortean TV was a British paranormal documentary television series that originally aired from to on Channel 4. Produced by Rapido TV, the program features anomalous phenomena and the paranormal. It was based upon the \"Fortean Times\" magazine and was presented by Reverend Lionel Fanthorpe. \"Fortean TV\" ran for 3 series (the third was an adult version renamed \"Fortean TV Uncut\" with unseen material from the previous two series as well as new items). The three seasons comprised: 22 half-hour episodes (the last of the first season was a compilation \"Best Of\"), plus a final hour-long family Christmas special."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bond\u00e5nger", "paragraph_text": "Bond\u00e5nger is a Swedish comedy TV series, originally airing over SVT 2 between 25 November 1997 \u2013 8 December 1998. Appearing in the series were its creator Ronny Eriksson and Anna-Lotta Larsson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Liliana Mumy", "paragraph_text": "Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 The Twilight Zone episode ``It's a Good Life '', and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series' 2003 sequel episode`` It's Still a Good Life''. She currently voices Beth Tezuka, in the animated web series Bravest Warriors and Leni Loud in the Nickelodeon TV series The Loud House, and has been joined by her father on some episodes of both shows."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred as Ellie O'Brien in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Baby-Sitters Club (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Baby-Sitters Club is an American live action TV series based on Ann M. Martin's children's novel series of the same name. The series originally aired on HBO from January to March 1990, and was produced by the Scholastic Corporation."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Commander Cain", "paragraph_text": "Commander Cain is a fictional character in the original \"Battlestar Galactica\" science fiction TV series, portrayed by the American actor Lloyd Bridges."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wit Studio", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Director Format Episodes Notes 2013 -- ongoing Attack on Titan Tetsur\u014d Araki Masashi Koizuka TV Series 37 + 8 OVA Adapted from Hajime Isayama's manga of the same name 2014 -- 2015 Hozuki's Coolheadedness Hiro Kaburaki TV Series 13 + 3 OVA Adapted from Natsumi Eguchi's manga of the same name 2015 The Rolling Girls Kotomi Deai TV Series 12 Original work 2015 Seraph of the End Daisuke Tokudo TV Series 24 + 1 OVA Adapted from Takaya Kagami's manga of the same name 2016 Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Tetsur\u014d Araki TV Series 12 Original work 2017 -- 2018 The Ancient Magus' Bride Norihiro Naganuma TV Series 24 Adapted from Kore Yamazaki's manga of the same name 2018 After the Rain Ayumu Watanabe TV Series 12 Adapted from Jun Mayuzuki's manga of the same name TBA Vinland Saga TBA TV Series TBA Adapted from Makoto Yukimura's manga of the same name"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Finale (Will & Grace)", "paragraph_text": "``The Finale ''is the twenty - third episode of American television series Will & Grace's eighth season, which originally served as the series finale prior to the announcement of a 16 - episode ninth season revival slated for the 2017 -- 18 TV season. It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in the United States on May 18, 2006, when it was watched by an average of eighteen million viewers, making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons of Will & Grace. In the finale, Will and Grace have a falling - out that lasts for years. They each have a child with their respective partners, and eventually reconcile when their children (Laila and Ben) meet at college. Meanwhile, Karen's arch - enemy Beverley Leslie makes an offer to Jack which ultimately leads to Jack inheriting Beverley's fortune."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cancelled (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "The episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA in the United States, except on syndicated broadcasts, where it is rated TV-14, instead. It was originally intended to air as the 100th episode, but \"I'm a Little Bit Country\" aired as the 100th episode instead."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Finale (Will & Grace)", "paragraph_text": "\"The Finale\" is the twenty-third episode of American television series Will & Grace's eighth season, which originally served as the series finale prior to the announcement of a 16-episode ninth season revival slated for the 2017\u201318 TV season. It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in the United States on May 18, 2006, when it was watched by an average of eighteen million viewers, making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons of \"Will & Grace\". In the finale, Will and Grace have a falling-out that lasts for years. They each have a child with their respective partners, and eventually reconcile when their children (Laila and Ben) meet at college. Meanwhile, Karen's arch-enemy Beverley Leslie makes an offer to Jack which ultimately leads to Jack inheriting Beverley's fortune."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bhaago KK Aaya", "paragraph_text": "Bhaago KK Aaya is an Indian television sitcom series, which premiered on SAB TV on 29 January 2008. The series is produced by Contiloe Entertainment & the story centers on a character name KK, played by Kiku Sharda."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The House of Angelo", "paragraph_text": "The House of Angelo is a 1997 British historical drama film directed by Jim Goddard and starring Edward Woodward, Peter Woodward and Sylvia Syms."}], "question": "Who is the child of the actor of The Equalizer in the original TV series?"}
{"id": "2hop__19845_535582", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "The campus is home to several museums containing exhibits from many different fields of study. BYU's Museum of Art, for example, is one of the largest and most attended art museums in the Mountain West. This Museum aids in academic pursuits of students at BYU via research and study of the artworks in its collection. The Museum is also open to the general public and provides educational programming. The Museum of Peoples and Cultures is a museum of archaeology and ethnology. It focuses on native cultures and artifacts of the Great Basin, American Southwest, Mesoamerica, Peru, and Polynesia. Home to more than 40,000 artifacts and 50,000 photographs, it documents BYU's archaeological research. The BYU Museum of Paleontology was built in 1976 to display the many fossils found by BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen. It holds many artifacts from the Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago), and is one of the top five collections in the world of fossils from that time period. It has been featured in magazines, newspapers, and on television internationally. The museum receives about 25,000 visitors every year. The Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum was formed in 1978. It features several forms of plant and animal life on display and available for research by students and scholars."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon \"expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others.\" These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that \"infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor.\" The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows \"religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly\", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: \"The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marie Cornwall", "paragraph_text": "Marie Cornwall (born 1949) is the editor of the \"Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion\", a professor of sociology and women's studies at Brigham Young University (BYU) and a former director of BYU's Women's Research Institute."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "BYU College of Health and Human Performance", "paragraph_text": "The BYU College of Health and Human Performance began as the College of Recreation, Physical Education, Health and Athletics in 1955. This college drew the Health, Physical Education and Recreation Department from the College of Education; the Intercollegiate Athletics and Intramural Sports department also from the College of Education; and incorporated the newly formed Scouting Department. The Health, P.E. and Recreation Department was split into four departments, Recreation, Health and Safety, Women's Physical Education and Dance, and Men's Physical Education and Pre-physical Therapy. In 1956 Intercollegiate Athletics and Intramural Sports were split into two programs. These programs were eventually moved outside of the academic structure of BYU to be non-college affiliated parts of the university."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Warner P. Woodworth", "paragraph_text": "Warner P. Woodworth is a professor in the Department of Organizations Leadership and Strategy in the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University (BYU). He is a leading advocate of development of micro-credit and has been involved in researching as well as developing such programs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013. The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82. U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being \"more selective\" and compares it with such universities as the University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University. In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006. BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll (78 percent in 2010)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active. Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. \"BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world\" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is an HD production and distribution facility that is home to local PBS affiliate KBYU-TV, local classical music station KBYU-FM Classical 89, BYU Radio, BYU Radio Instrumental, BYU Radio International, BYUtv and BYU Television International with content in Spanish and Portuguese (both available via terrestrial, satellite, and internet signals). BYUtv is also available via cable throughout some areas of the United States. The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is home to three television production studios, two television control rooms, radio studios, radio performance space, and master control operations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of unrecognized higher education accreditation organizations", "paragraph_text": "Prerequisites and rules for higher education accreditation vary from country to country. In most countries, the function of quality assurance for higher education institutions is conducted by a government ministry of education. However in the United States, educational accreditation is performed primarily by private nonprofit membership associations, the legitimacy of which is validated through recognition by the United States Department of Education (USDE), the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), or both. USDE and CHEA recognize many of the independent accrediting organizations, but not all. Accreditors seek USDE or CHEA recognition for different reasons; for example, USDE recognition is required for accreditors whose institutions or programs seek eligibility for federal student aid funds. CHEA recognition confers an academic legitimacy on accrediting organizations, helping to solidify the place of these organizations and their institutions and programs in the national higher education community."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. to offer students study abroad opportunities. The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Walter Gong", "paragraph_text": "Walter Gong (1922\u20132000) was a professor of natural sciences at San Jose State University (SJSU) and Brigham Young University (BYU) and an educational theorist."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as president in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus. Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980, encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university. He believed that one of the school's greatest strengths was its religious nature and that this should be taken advantage of rather than hidden. During his administration, the university added a campus in Jerusalem, now called the BYU Jerusalem Center. In 1989, Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee. Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus. A cancer victim, Lee is memorialized annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run. Shortly before his death, Lee was replaced in 1995 by Merrill J. Bateman."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Franklin S. Harris", "paragraph_text": "Franklin Stewart Harris (August 29, 1884 \u2013 April 18, 1960) was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from July 1921 until June 1945, and president of Utah State University from 1945 to 1950. His administration was the longest in BYU history and saw the granting of the first master's degrees. Under his administration the school became an accredited university. He set up several colleges, such as the College of Fine and Performing Arts with Gerrit De Jong as the founding dean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Or\u00e9al National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Council for Higher Education Accreditation", "paragraph_text": "The Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) is a United States organization of degree-granting colleges and universities. It identifies its purpose as providing national advocacy for self-regulation of academic quality through accreditation in order to certify the quality of higher education accrediting organizations, including regional, faith-based, private, career, and programmatic accrediting organizations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU has designated energy conservation, products and materials, recycling, site planning and building design, student involvement, transportation, water conservation, and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus. The university has stated that \"we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources.\" BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans, replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting, retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass, and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss. The student groups BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, and BYU Earth educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact. BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics, which the university did after a year of student campaigning."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "In 1903, Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions: Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. (The BY High School class of 1907 was ultimately responsible for the famous giant \"Y\" that is to this day embedded on a mountain near campus.) The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU. He had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer. Under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres (69,000 m2) of land from Provo called \"Temple Hill\". After some controversy among locals over BYU's purchase of this property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus, the Karl G. Maeser Memorial. Brimhall also presided over the University during a brief crisis involving the theory of evolution. The religious nature of the school seemed at the time to collide with this scientific theory. Joseph F. Smith, LDS Church president, settled the question for a time by asking that evolution not be taught at the school. A few have described the school at this time as nothing more than a \"religious seminary\". However, many of its graduates at this time would go on to great success and become well renowned in their fields."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Franklin S. Harris was appointed the university's president in 1921. He was the first BYU president to have a doctoral degree. Harris made several important changes to the school, reorganizing it into a true university, whereas before, its organization had remnants of the Academy days. At the beginning of his tenure, the school was not officially recognized as a university by any accreditation organization. By the end of his term, the school was accredited under all major accrediting organizations at the time. He was eventually replaced by Howard S. McDonald, who received his doctorate from the University of California. When he first received the position, the Second World War had just ended, and thousands of students were flooding into BYU. By the end of his stay, the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students. The university did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx, so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah and rebuilt it to house some of the students. The next president, Ernest L. Wilkinson, also oversaw a period of intense growth, as the school adopted an accelerated building program. Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand. During his tenure, the student body increased six times, making BYU the largest private school at the time. The quality of the students also increased, leading to higher educational standards at the school. Finally, Wilkinson reorganized the LDS Church units on campus, with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration."}], "question": "Where was the BYU president who was responsible for BYU becoming fully accredited under all major organizations educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__51978_59049", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bill of Rights 1689", "paragraph_text": "the pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal; the commission for ecclesiastical causes is illegal; levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal; it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal; keeping a standing army in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law; Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law; election of members of Parliament ought to be free; the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament; excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted; jurors in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders; promises of fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal and void; for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Stamp Act 1765", "paragraph_text": "The Stamp Act of 1765 (short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765; 5 George III, c. 12) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that imposed a direct tax on the Thirteen Colonies and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp. Printed materials included legal documents, magazines, playing cards, newspapers, and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies. Like previous taxes, the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "No taxation without representation", "paragraph_text": "The English Parliament had controlled colonial trade and taxed imports and exports since 1660. By the 1760s, the Americans were being deprived of a historic right. The English Bill of Rights 1689 had forbidden the imposition of taxes without the consent of Parliament. Since the colonists had no representation in Parliament, the taxes violated the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen. Parliament initially contended that the colonists had virtual representation, but the idea ``found little support on either side of the Atlantic ''. John Dunmore Lang wrote in 1852,`` The person who first suggested the idea (of Parliamentary representation for the colonies) appears to have been Oldmixon, an American annalist of the era of Queen Anne or George I. It was afterwards put forward with approbation by the celebrated Dr. Adam Smith, and advocated for a time, but afterwards rejected and strongly opposed, by Dr. Benjamin Franklin.''"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Value-added tax in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Value - added tax or value added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax levied in the United Kingdom by the national government. It was introduced in 1973 and is the third - largest source of government revenue, after income tax and National Insurance. It is administered and collected by HM Revenue and Customs, primarily through the Value Added Tax Act 1994."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. At the start of the 19th century, Parliament was further enlarged by Acts of Union ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland that abolished the latter and added 100 Irish MPs and 32 Lords to the former to create the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 formally amended the name to the ``Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '', five years after the secession of the Irish Free State."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Parliament of Great Britain", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts created a new unified Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved the separate English and Scottish parliaments in favour of a single parliament, located in the former home of the English parliament in the Palace of Westminster, near the City of London. This lasted nearly a century, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate British and Irish Parliaments into a single Parliament of the United Kingdom with effect from 1 January 1801."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act as reserved matters. All matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament. Most importantly, this includes agriculture, fisheries and forestry, economic development, education, environment, food standards, health, home affairs, Scots law \u2013 courts, police and fire services, local government, sport and the arts, transport, training, tourism, research and statistics and social work. The Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound. The 2012 Act conferred further fiscal devolution including borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Townshend Acts", "paragraph_text": "The Townshend Acts were a series of British acts passed beginning in 1767 and relating to the British American colonies in North America. The acts are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading ``Townshend Acts '', but five acts are often mentioned: The Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act (1767), the New York Restraining Act (1767), the Commissioners of Customs Act (1767), and the Vice Admiralty Court Act (1767). The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. The Townshend Acts were met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Boston Tea Party", "paragraph_text": "The Tea Act retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies. Some members of Parliament wanted to eliminate this tax, arguing that there was no reason to provoke another colonial controversy. Former Chancellor of the Exchequer William Dowdeswell, for example, warned Lord North that the Americans would not accept the tea if the Townshend duty remained. But North did not want to give up the revenue from the Townshend tax, primarily because it was used to pay the salaries of colonial officials; maintaining the right of taxing the Americans was a secondary concern. According to historian Benjamin Labaree, ``A stubborn Lord North had unwittingly hammered a nail in the coffin of the old British Empire. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British North America Acts", "paragraph_text": "Canada dates its history as a country to the British North America Act, 1867, which came into effect on July 1, 1867. However, Canada was not established as fully independent, since the United Kingdom retained legislative control over Canada and full control over Canadian foreign policy. Canada did not have any foreign embassies until its first one was established in Washington, D.C., in 1931. Until 1949, changes to the British North America Acts could be made only by the British parliament. The British North America (No. 2) Act, 1949, gave the Parliament of Canada the power to make limited constitutional amendments, but full Canadian control over the constitution was not achieved until the passage of the Canada Act 1982. This long delay was in large part due to the inability to agree upon a procedure for making constitutional amendments that was acceptable to all of the provinces, in particular the Province of Quebec."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "First Continental Congress", "paragraph_text": "The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies who met from September 5 to October 26, 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania early in the American Revolution. It was called in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament, which the British referred to as the Coercive Acts, with which the British intended to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise. Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Revolution", "paragraph_text": "Members of American colonial society argued the position of ``no taxation without representation '', starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they lacked representation in Parliament. Protests steadily escalated to the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772, followed by the Boston Tea Party in 1773, during which patriots destroyed a consignment of taxed tea. The British responded by closing Boston Harbor, then followed with a series of legislative acts which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony's rights of self - government and caused the other colonies to rally behind Massachusetts. In late 1774, the Patriots set up their own alternative government to better coordinate their resistance efforts against Great Britain; other colonists preferred to remain aligned to the British Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sons of Liberty", "paragraph_text": "In 1765, the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies, and intended that the colonists living there should contribute. The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists, and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative. This became commonly known as ``No Taxation without Representation. ''Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament. The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765, which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions (starting in the colony of Virginia), public demonstrations, threats, and occasional hurtful losses."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Welfare Reform Act 2012", "paragraph_text": "Among the provisions of the Act are changes to housing benefit which came into force on 1 April 2013. These changes include an ``under - occupancy penalty ''which reduces the amount of benefit paid to claimants if they are deemed to have too much living space in the property they are renting. Although the Act does not introduce any new direct taxes, this penalty has been characterised by the Labour Party and some in the media as the`` Bedroom Tax'', attempting to link it with the public debate about the ``Poll Tax ''in the 1990s. Advocating the Act, the Chancellor of the Exchequer (George Osborne) stated that the changes would reduce welfare dependency and support working families."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Petition to the King", "paragraph_text": "Many colonists in the Americas, however, developed a different conception of their role within the British Empire. In particular, because the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them. After colonists destroyed thousands of pounds of British - taxed tea during the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the Coercive Acts in 1774, punishing the colonies for their actions. These punitive Acts were vehemently opposed by the colonists, leading the newly formed Continental Congress to seek redress with King George III, in an attempt to reach a common understanding."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stamp Act 1765", "paragraph_text": "The Stamp Act was very unpopular among colonists. A consensus considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent -- consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant. Their slogan was ``No taxation without representation. ''Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests. The Stamp Act Congress held in New York City was the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure; it petitioned Parliament and the King. Local protest groups led by colonial merchants and landowners established connections through Committees of Correspondence, creating a loose coalition that extended from New England to Maryland. Protests and demonstrations initiated by a new secret organization called the Sons of Liberty often turned violent and destructive as the masses became involved. Very soon, all stamp tax distributors were intimidated into resigning their commissions, and the tax was never effectively collected."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Intolerable Acts", "paragraph_text": "The Intolerable Acts were the American Patriots' term for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance of throwing a large tea shipment into Boston Harbor in reaction to changes in taxation by the British to the detriment of Colonial goods. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stamp Act 1765", "paragraph_text": "Opposition to the Stamp Act was not limited to the colonies. British merchants and manufacturers, whose exports to the colonies were threatened by colonial boycotts, pressured Parliament. The Act was repealed on March 18, 1766 as a matter of expedience, but Parliament affirmed its power to legislate for the colonies ``in all cases whatsoever ''by also passing the Declaratory Act. There followed a series of new taxes and regulations, likewise opposed by the colonists."}], "question": "how much was the tax that caused the event prompting the passage of the Intolerable Acts by Parliament?"}
{"id": "2hop__51978_44506", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of Canada", "paragraph_text": "In 1981, the Canadian House of Commons and Senate passed a resolution requesting that the British Parliament enact a package of constitutional amendments which would end the last powers of the British Parliament to legislate for Canada and would create an entirely Canadian process for constitutional amendments. The resolution set out the text of the proposed Canada Act, which also included the text of the Constitution Act, 1982. The British Parliament duly passed the Canada Act 1982, the Queen granting Royal Assent on March 29, 1982, 115 years to the day since Queen Victoria granted Royal Assent to the Constitution Act, 1867. On April 17, 1982, the Queen signed the Proclamation on the grounds of Parliament Hill in Ottawa bringing the Constitution Act, 1982 into force, thus patriating the Constitution of Canada. Previously, the main portions of the constitution had existed only as an act passed of the British parliament, though under the terms of the Statute of Westminster, it could not be altered without Canadian consent. Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country, with the Queen's role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. At the start of the 19th century, Parliament was further enlarged by Acts of Union ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland that abolished the latter and added 100 Irish MPs and 32 Lords to the former to create the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 formally amended the name to the ``Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '', five years after the secession of the Irish Free State."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Townshend Acts", "paragraph_text": "The Townshend Acts were a series of British acts passed beginning in 1767 and relating to the British American colonies in North America. The acts are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading ``Townshend Acts '', but five acts are often mentioned: The Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act (1767), the New York Restraining Act (1767), the Commissioners of Customs Act (1767), and the Vice Admiralty Court Act (1767). The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. The Townshend Acts were met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Indian independence movement", "paragraph_text": "On 3 June 1947, Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last British Governor - General of India, announced the partitioning of British India into India and Pakistan. With the speedy passage through the British Parliament of the Indian Independence Act 1947, at 11: 57 on 14 August 1947 Pakistan was declared a separate nation, and at 12: 02, just after midnight, on 15 August 1947, India also became a sovereign and democratic nation. Eventually, 15 August became the Independence Day for India, due to the ending of British rule over India. On that 15 August, both Pakistan and India had the right to remain in or remove themselves from the British Commonwealth. In 1949, India decided to remain in the commonwealth."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of the Church of England", "paragraph_text": "The Church of England became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy, beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation. During the reign of Queen Mary I and King Philip, the church was fully restored under Rome in 1555. However, the pope's authority was again explicitly rejected after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I when the Act of Supremacy 1558 was passed. Catholic and Reformed factions vied for determining the doctrines and worship of the church. This ended with the 1558 Elizabethan Settlement, which developed the understanding that the church was to be ``both Catholic and Reformed ''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Digestion", "paragraph_text": "Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Central University of Gujarat", "paragraph_text": "Central University of Gujarat in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India was established through an Act of Parliament, Central Universities Act, 2009 by Government of India."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "First Continental Congress", "paragraph_text": "The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies who met from September 5 to October 26, 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania early in the American Revolution. It was called in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament, which the British referred to as the Coercive Acts, with which the British intended to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006", "paragraph_text": "The HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006 is a private Act of Parliament, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in June 2006. The aim of the act was to provide HBOS plc, a banking and insurance group in the UK, the legal authority to reorganise its subsidiaries into a simplified structure. It came into effect on 17 September 2007."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Acts of Union 1707", "paragraph_text": "The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. By the two Acts, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland -- which at the time were separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarch -- were, in the words of the Treaty, ``United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain ''."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Boston Tea Party", "paragraph_text": "The Boston Tea Party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. In defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, the demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company. They boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into Boston Harbor. The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution. The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history, and since then other political protests such as the Tea Party movement have referred to themselves as historical successors to the Boston protest of 1773."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords. Officially, assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent. It may be granted in parliament or outside parliament; in the latter case, each house must be separately notified before the bill takes effect."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Parliament of Great Britain", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts created a new unified Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved the separate English and Scottish parliaments in favour of a single parliament, located in the former home of the English parliament in the Palace of Westminster, near the City of London. This lasted nearly a century, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate British and Irish Parliaments into a single Parliament of the United Kingdom with effect from 1 January 1801."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "Following a referendum in 1997, in which the Scottish electorate voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998, which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature. The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament \u2013 the areas in which it can make laws \u2013 by explicitly specifying powers that are \"reserved\" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster. The British Parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the Scottish Parliament, and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws. The first meeting of the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "British North America Acts", "paragraph_text": "Canada dates its history as a country to the British North America Act, 1867, which came into effect on July 1, 1867. However, Canada was not established as fully independent, since the United Kingdom retained legislative control over Canada and full control over Canadian foreign policy. Canada did not have any foreign embassies until its first one was established in Washington, D.C., in 1931. Until 1949, changes to the British North America Acts could be made only by the British parliament. The British North America (No. 2) Act, 1949, gave the Parliament of Canada the power to make limited constitutional amendments, but full Canadian control over the constitution was not achieved until the passage of the Canada Act 1982. This long delay was in large part due to the inability to agree upon a procedure for making constitutional amendments that was acceptable to all of the provinces, in particular the Province of Quebec."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reconquista", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand and Isabella completed the Reconquista with a war against the Emirate of Granada that started in 1482 and ended with Granada's surrender on January 2, 1492. The Moors in Castile previously numbered ``half a million within the realm. ''By 1492 some 100,000 had died or been enslaved, 200,000 had emigrated, and 200,000 remained in Castile. Many of the Muslim elite, including Granada's former Emir Muhammad XII, who had been given the area of the Alpujarras mountains as a principality, found life under Christian rule intolerable and emigrated to Tlemcen in North Africa."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Intolerable Acts", "paragraph_text": "The Intolerable Acts were the American Patriots' term for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance of throwing a large tea shipment into Boston Harbor in reaction to changes in taxation by the British to the detriment of Colonial goods. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Act of Parliament", "paragraph_text": "Acts of Parliament, also called primary legislation, are statutes passed by a parliament (legislature). Act of the Oireachtas is an equivalent term used in the Republic of Ireland where the legislature is commonly known by its Irish name, Oireachtas. It is also comparable to an Act of Congress in the United States."}], "question": "When did the event that was prompted by the passage of the intolerable acts by the Parliament start and end?"}
{"id": "2hop__552645_213034", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canon lourd de 8 Gribeauval", "paragraph_text": "The Canon lourd de 8 Gribeauval (Gribeauval heavy 8-pounder cannon) was a French canon and part of the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. It was part of the siege artillery."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dylan and Cole Sprouse", "paragraph_text": "They both appeared in I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks, both of which were family films that received a direct - to - video release. David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said of their acting in Just for Kicks that the brothers ``are n't the worst child actors I've ever seen,... but they certainly leave a lot to be desired. ''Dylan and Cole were later cast in the Disney Channel original series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, where they portrayed identical twins Zack and Cody Martin, respectively. The series, which debuted in March 2005, became a ratings success. As part of their involvement with Disney, the brothers also became part of the 11 - member group, the Disney Channel Circle of Stars, and sang the song`` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes'' along with the members of the circle, for a video that was released as bonus material in the special edition version of the Disney film Cinderella. They also participated in the Disney Channel Games."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "\u00c1d\u00e1m Ficsor", "paragraph_text": "\u00c1d\u00e1m Ficsor (born 17 June 1980) is a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Civilian Intelligence Services of Hungary in 2009. He was a part of Ferenc Gyurcs\u00e1ny's inner circle in the Hungarian Socialist Party."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "D\u014djinshi", "paragraph_text": "D\u014djinshi (\u540c\u4eba\u8a8c, often transliterated doujinshi) is the Japanese term for self-published works, usually magazines, manga or novels. D\u014djinshi are often the work of amateurs, though some professional artists participate as a way to publish material outside the regular industry. D\u014djinshi are part of a wider category of d\u014djin including art collections, anime and games. Groups of d\u014djinshi artists refer to themselves as a s\u0101kuru (\u30b5\u30fc\u30af\u30eb, circle). A number of such groups actually consist of a single artist: they are sometimes called kojin s\u0101kuru (\u500b\u4eba\u30b5\u30fc\u30af\u30eb, personal circles)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Into a Circle", "paragraph_text": "Into a Circle (also as In Two a Circle and In2a0) were an English new wave duo, formed in April 1985 by Paul \"Bee\" Hampshire and Barry Jepson, two former members of the band Getting the Fear. Jepson had also previously been the bassist for Southern Death Cult from 1981-83."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jeanne McGahey", "paragraph_text": "Jeanne McGahey (died 1995 or 1996) was an American poet published by George Leite in \"Circle Magazine\" in the 1940s. She married the poet Lawrence Hart in 1944; they were both members of the \"Activist Group\" of poets."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Heavy Traffic (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Heavy Traffic OST is the soundtrack to Ralph Bakshi's 1973 film \"Heavy Traffic\". The film's score was performed by Ed Bogas and Ray Shanklin. The soundtrack album was released on Fantasy Records in 1973. The album was released on compact disc in 1996 as part of a compilation that featured both the soundtracks to \"Fritz the Cat\" and \"Heavy Traffic\" on the same disc."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Frederick Douglass Circle", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Douglass Circle is a traffic circle located at the northwest corner of Central Park at the intersection of Eighth Avenue (Frederick Douglass Boulevard and Central Park West) and 110th Street (Cathedral Parkway and Central Park North) in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The traffic circle is named for the American abolitionist, women\u2019s suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer Frederick Douglass."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sarita P\u00e9rez de Tagle", "paragraph_text": "Sarita Perez de Tagle (born October 29, 1986 in Manila, Philippines) is a Filipina cinema and television actress. She was launched as a member of Star Circle Batch 11, a group of talents managed by the ABS-CBN Talent Center (now known as Star Magic) in 2003."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Midnight sun", "paragraph_text": "The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle, when the sun remains visible at the local midnight."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Edie Brickell", "paragraph_text": "Edie Arlisa Brickell (born March 10, 1966) is an American singer-songwriter widely known for 1988's \"Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars\", the debut album by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians, which went to No. 4 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart. She is married to Paul Simon."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site", "paragraph_text": "The Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site preserves the house of Mary McLeod Bethune, located in Northwest Washington, D.C., at 1318 Vermont Avenue NW. National Park Service rangers offer tours of the home, and a video about Bethune's life is shown. It is part of the Logan Circle Historic District."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Age of Empires III", "paragraph_text": "John and Kanyenke intercept Warwick's supply train and destroy a fortified Circle base in the mountains. They soon discover that Warwick and his soldiers have fled even farther west to Colorado, where they have allied with the Russians. They discover that the Circle plans to capture British and French colonies and towns while their soldiers are at war with one another, and that Warwick wants the Circle of Ossus to take over the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "54 Nude Honeys", "paragraph_text": "54 Nude Honeys () was a Japanese punk rock band formed in 1992, in Tokyo. The band was primarily composed of the bass guitarist and co-founder Vivi, the guitarist and co-founder Kotome and the vocalist Yuri. The band and its membership went through a number of reconfigurations between 1992 and 2007, the year in which the band was disbanded. The group has been jokingly likened to the satirical heavy metal group Spinal Tap, due to the number of different drummers that have been involved in the band over separate line-ups. For a portion of the groups active years a second guitarist, Fumi, was added to the line-up. Since 2001 Fumi is a member of the Japanese synth-pop band Polysics. The band has also been noted for its large cult following status in underground music circles and provocative stage outfits, choosing to dress in all leather."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Janne Parviainen", "paragraph_text": "Janne Parviainen, born 1973 in Finland, is a heavy metal drummer, who plays in the bands Sinergy, Barathrum and Ensiferum. He is a former member of Waltari and Zwanziger."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pole to Pole with Michael Palin", "paragraph_text": "Pole to Pole with Michael Palin is an eight-part television documentary travel series made for the BBC, and first broadcast on BBC1 in 1992. The presenter is Michael Palin, this being the second of Palin's major journeys for the BBC. The first was \"Around the World in 80 Days with Michael Palin\", a 7-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1989, and the third was \"Full Circle with Michael Palin\", a 10-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1997."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Rouveyre", "paragraph_text": "Andr\u00e9 Rouveyre (29 March 1879 \u2013 18 December 1962) was an early twentieth-century French writer, caricaturist, and graphic artist. A member of several culturally elite circles of his day, he is perhaps equally remembered as the subject of drawings by prominent European artists Henri Matisse and Amedeo Modigliani."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lodewijk Meyer", "paragraph_text": "Lodewijk Meyer (also Meijer) (bapt. 18 October 1629, Amsterdam \u2013 buried 25 November 1681, Amsterdam) was a Dutch physician, classical scholar, translator, lexicographer, and playwright. He was an Enlightenment radical who was one of the more prominent members of the circle around the philosopher Benedictus de Spinoza."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Heavy Circles", "paragraph_text": "The Heavy Circles are an American indie rock band featuring Edie Brickell and Harper Simon. The album features contributions from many guest musicians including Sean Lennon, Money Mark, Yuka Honda from the band Cibo Matto, Patrick Warren and Jeff Buckley/Rufus Wainwright drummer Matt Johnson."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gerrit Mannoury", "paragraph_text": "Gerrit Mannoury (17 May 1867 \u2013 30 January 1956) was a Dutch philosopher and mathematician, professor at the University of Amsterdam and communist, known as the central figure in the signific circle, a Dutch counterpart of the Vienna circle."}], "question": "A band member of The Heavy Circles also was a member of what other band?"}
{"id": "2hop__19841_535582", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arturo de Hoyos", "paragraph_text": "Arturo de Hoyos (September 21, 1925 - June 12, 2016) was a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and president of the Universidad Hispana in Provo, Utah."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU has designated energy conservation, products and materials, recycling, site planning and building design, student involvement, transportation, water conservation, and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus. The university has stated that \"we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources.\" BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans, replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting, retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass, and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss. The student groups BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, and BYU Earth educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact. BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics, which the university did after a year of student campaigning."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A. Scott Loveless", "paragraph_text": "A. Scott Loveless is an American academic who was a law professor at the J. Reuben Clark Law School at Brigham Young University (BYU) and served as the Executive Director of the World Family Policy Center, at the BYU Law School, until the Center's closure at the end of 2008."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Franklin S. Harris was appointed the university's president in 1921. He was the first BYU president to have a doctoral degree. Harris made several important changes to the school, reorganizing it into a true university, whereas before, its organization had remnants of the Academy days. At the beginning of his tenure, the school was not officially recognized as a university by any accreditation organization. By the end of his term, the school was accredited under all major accrediting organizations at the time. He was eventually replaced by Howard S. McDonald, who received his doctorate from the University of California. When he first received the position, the Second World War had just ended, and thousands of students were flooding into BYU. By the end of his stay, the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students. The university did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx, so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah and rebuilt it to house some of the students. The next president, Ernest L. Wilkinson, also oversaw a period of intense growth, as the school adopted an accelerated building program. Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand. During his tenure, the student body increased six times, making BYU the largest private school at the time. The quality of the students also increased, leading to higher educational standards at the school. Finally, Wilkinson reorganized the LDS Church units on campus, with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013. The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82. U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being \"more selective\" and compares it with such universities as the University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University. In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006. BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll (78 percent in 2010)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "The university operates under 11 colleges or schools, which collectively offer 194 bachelor's degree programs, 68 master's degree programs, 25 PhD programs, and a Juris Doctor program. BYU also manages some courses and majors through the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and \"miscellaneous\" college departments, including Undergraduate Education, Graduate Studies, Independent Study, Continuing Education, and the Honors Program. BYU's Winter semester ends earlier than most universities in April since there is no Spring break, thus allowing students to pursue internships and other summer activities earlier. A typical academic year is broken up into two semesters: Fall (September\u2013December) and Winter (January\u2013April), as well as two shorter terms during the summer months: Spring (May\u2013June) and Summer (July\u2013August)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Or\u00e9al National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Education in the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). DepEd is responsible for the K -- 12 basic education; it exercises full and exclusive control over public schools and nominal regulation over private schools, and it also enforces the national curriculum that has been put in place since 2013. CHED and TESDA, on the other hand, are responsible for higher education; CHED regulates the academically - oriented universities and colleges while TESDA oversees the development of technical and vocational education institutions and programs in the country."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Carol Cornwall Madsen", "paragraph_text": "Carol Cornwall Madsen (born 1930) is an emeritus professor of history at Brigham Young University (BYU) where she was a research historian with the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History. She also served as associate director of BYU's Women's Research Institute. She has written 50 scholarly articles and several books."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "William F. Edwards", "paragraph_text": "William F. Edwards (April 26, 1906 \u2013 13 August 1989) was a prominent businessman and educator who held the Driggs Chair of Finance at Brigham Young University (BYU) among many other notable positions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. to offer students study abroad opportunities. The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Daniel L. Simmons", "paragraph_text": "Daniel L. Simmons is a professor of chemistry and former director of the Cancer Research Center at Brigham Young University (BYU). He was the discoverer of the COX-2 enzyme that is the target of celecoxib (Celebrex) and other COX-2 inhibitors. He and BYU felt that Pfizer had not properly credited or paid them for Simmons work in this development and brought a suit against Pfizer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Walter Gong", "paragraph_text": "Walter Gong (1922\u20132000) was a professor of natural sciences at San Jose State University (SJSU) and Brigham Young University (BYU) and an educational theorist."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "In 1903, Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions: Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. (The BY High School class of 1907 was ultimately responsible for the famous giant \"Y\" that is to this day embedded on a mountain near campus.) The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU. He had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer. Under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres (69,000 m2) of land from Provo called \"Temple Hill\". After some controversy among locals over BYU's purchase of this property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus, the Karl G. Maeser Memorial. Brimhall also presided over the University during a brief crisis involving the theory of evolution. The religious nature of the school seemed at the time to collide with this scientific theory. Joseph F. Smith, LDS Church president, settled the question for a time by asking that evolution not be taught at the school. A few have described the school at this time as nothing more than a \"religious seminary\". However, many of its graduates at this time would go on to great success and become well renowned in their fields."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Franklin S. Harris", "paragraph_text": "Franklin Stewart Harris (August 29, 1884 \u2013 April 18, 1960) was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from July 1921 until June 1945, and president of Utah State University from 1945 to 1950. His administration was the longest in BYU history and saw the granting of the first master's degrees. Under his administration the school became an accredited university. He set up several colleges, such as the College of Fine and Performing Arts with Gerrit De Jong as the founding dean."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as president in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus. Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980, encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university. He believed that one of the school's greatest strengths was its religious nature and that this should be taken advantage of rather than hidden. During his administration, the university added a campus in Jerusalem, now called the BYU Jerusalem Center. In 1989, Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee. Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus. A cancer victim, Lee is memorialized annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run. Shortly before his death, Lee was replaced in 1995 by Merrill J. Bateman."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "BYU College of Health and Human Performance", "paragraph_text": "The BYU College of Health and Human Performance began as the College of Recreation, Physical Education, Health and Athletics in 1955. This college drew the Health, Physical Education and Recreation Department from the College of Education; the Intercollegiate Athletics and Intramural Sports department also from the College of Education; and incorporated the newly formed Scouting Department. The Health, P.E. and Recreation Department was split into four departments, Recreation, Health and Safety, Women's Physical Education and Dance, and Men's Physical Education and Pre-physical Therapy. In 1956 Intercollegiate Athletics and Intramural Sports were split into two programs. These programs were eventually moved outside of the academic structure of BYU to be non-college affiliated parts of the university."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. (Men typically serve for two-years, while women serve for 18 months.) An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, since \"a significant portion\" of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church's tithing funds."}], "question": "Where was the person responsible for getting BYU acknowledged as an official university educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__33829_200075", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Ext\u00e9rieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Moshe Theumim", "paragraph_text": "Moshe (Moshik) Theumim () is one of Israel's advertising pioneers. He is the CEO of the Gitam / BBDO advertising agency in Tel Aviv. He has served as an advisor to numerous Israeli politicians and businessmen, including Israel former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and other cabinet ministers, notably Nobel Peace Prize winner and former Israel Prime Minister Shimon Peres and Haim Ramon."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sherman Kent", "paragraph_text": "Sherman Kent (December 6, 1903 \u2013 March 11, 1986), was a Yale University history professor who, during World War II and through 17 years of Cold War-era service in the Central Intelligence Agency, pioneered many of the methods of intelligence analysis. He is often described as \"\"the father of intelligence analysis\".\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "David Chavchavadze", "paragraph_text": "Prince David Chavchavadze (May 20, 1924 \u2013 October 5, 2014) was an American author and a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer of Georgian-Russian origin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Paul R. Pillar", "paragraph_text": "Paul R. Pillar is an academic and 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving from 1977 to 2005."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dekel", "paragraph_text": "A Nahal settlement by the name of Dekel was established in the area in 1956, but was abandoned after the Suez Crisis later in the year. A gar'in group by the same name was formed in the Israeli settlement of Yamit in 1979. However, its establishment on the ground was delayed by the Camp David Accords which meant that Israel had to withdraw from Sinai. The moshav was founded in April 1982 by the Aguda Shitufit (\"Co-operative Union\") with the help of the Jewish Agency."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Whitehall Court", "paragraph_text": "It was used as Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) headquarters until the end of World War I. A blue plaque in Mansfield Smith-Cumming's name at the SIS headquarters at 2 Whitehall Court was unveiled on 30 March 2015."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "paragraph_text": "Office of National Drug Control Policy Agency overview Formed October 27, 1986; 30 years ago (1986 - 10 - 27) Headquarters Washington, D.C., U.S. Annual budget $31.4 billion Agency executive Richard Baum (Acting), Director Parent agency Executive Office of the President Website usa.gov/federal-agencies/office-of-national-drug-control-policy"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Pinochet File", "paragraph_text": "The Pinochet File is a National Security Archive book written by Peter Kornbluh covering over approximately two decades of declassified documents, from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), White House, and United States Department of State, regarding American covert activities in Chile. It is based on more than 24,000 previously classified documents that were released as part of the Chilean Declassification Project during the Clinton administration, between June 1999 and June 2000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "paragraph_text": "Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Agency overview Formed January 24, 2003 Preceding agency Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Headquarters Washington, D.C. Employees 531 (2006) Agency executive John J. Manfreda, Administrator Parent agency Department of the Treasury Website www.ttb.gov"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Marshals Service", "paragraph_text": "United States Marshals Service Common name U.S. Marshals Abbreviation USMS Seal of the U.S. Marshals Service Badge of a Deputy U.S. Marshal Flag of the U.S. Marshals Service Motto Justice, Integrity, Service Agency overview Formed September 24, 1789 Legal personality Governmental: Government agency Jurisdictional structure Federal agency United States Constituting instrument United States Code, Title 28, Chapter 37 General nature Federal law enforcement Civilian agency Operational structure Headquarters Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia, U.S. Sworn members 94 U.S. Marshals, 3,953 Deputy U.S. Marshals and criminal investigators Agency executive David Anderson, Acting Deputy Director Parent agency Department of Justice Website usmarshals.gov"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "South Carolina Law Enforcement Division", "paragraph_text": "The South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED) is a statewide investigative law enforcement agency in South Carolina. SLED provides manpower and technical assistance to other law enforcement agencies and conducts investigations on behalf of the state as directed by the Governor and Attorney General. SLED Headquarters is located in the state capital, Columbia, with offices in the Midlands, Piedmont, Pee Dee, and Low Country regions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Henry Strasak", "paragraph_text": "Henry Jindrich Strasak (January 8, 1901 \u2013 May 16, 1985) was an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Omer Goldman", "paragraph_text": "Omer Goldman Granot, from the Tel-Aviv suburb of Ramat HaSharon, is a member of the Shministim, a young Israeli conscientious objector who became famous for being the daughter of Naftali Granot, former deputy to Mossad\u2019s chief Meir Dagan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Brian Kelley (CIA officer)", "paragraph_text": "Brian Kelley (January 8, 1943 \u2013 September 19, 2011) was an American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent. Kelley received the Distinguished Career Intelligence Medal for his service."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "Although many of FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Office of the Comptroller of the Currency", "paragraph_text": "Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Seal of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Logo of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Flag of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency overview Formed February 25, 1863 Headquarters Washington, D.C. Employees 3,973 (as of December 2016) Agency executive Joseph Otting, Comptroller Parent agency Department of the Treasury Website www.OCC.gov"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Seal of the CIA Flag of the CIA Incumbent Mike Pompeo since January 23, 2017 Central Intelligence Agency Reports to President Director of National Intelligence Seat George Bush Center for Intelligence, Langley, Fairfax County, Virginia, U.S. Appointer President Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 50 U.S.C. \u00a7 3036 Precursor Director of Central Intelligence Inaugural holder Porter J. Goss Formation April 21, 2005 Deputy Deputy Director of the CIA Salary Executive Schedule, II Website www.cia.gov"}], "question": "Where is Israel's intelligence agency headquartered?"}
{"id": "2hop__55010_73323", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Made to Worship", "paragraph_text": "\"Made to Worship\" is a song written by Chris Tomlin, Ed Cash and Stephan Sharp. It was featured on Tomlin's album \"See the Morning\". The song reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Christian Songs chart. It also stayed at No. 1 on Christian Music Weekly's \"20 The Countdown Magazine\" for sixteen consecutive weeks, and reached its top 20 worship songs of today chart at No. 20. The song was nominated for both Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year at the 2007 GMA Dove Awards, losing in both categories, with another Tomlin song, \"Holy Is the Lord\", winning Worship Song of the Year. This song is on the Digital Praise PC game Guitar Praise. In this song will also the compilation album \"WOW Hits 2008\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Endless Story", "paragraph_text": "\"Endless Story\" is the first single released by Yuna Ito. This single was released under the name Reira starring Yuna Ito. \"Endless Story\" was used in the movie \"Nana\" in which Yuna played the character Reira Serizawa. \"Endless Story\" peaked at #2 on both the daily and weekly charts its first week, but in upcoming weeks it was able to hit #1 on the daily charts on multiple occasions, but was unable to reach #1 on the weekly charts. At the end of 2005, \"Endless Story\" was named the \"Best Love Song of 2005\" by the Oricon magazine. It also holds the record for the most downloaded debut song for a female artist. On 24 January 2007, according to an Oricon blog, \"'Endless Story' was still charting, and at no.144 for that week, and now 471,099 copies are sold.\" This song has also a sample from Faith Hill's \"If I'm Not In Love\", which is clear on both songs verses, and similarities on \"Endless Story\"'s English parts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jason Voorhees", "paragraph_text": "Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the 13th series. He first appeared in Friday the 13th (1980) as the young son of camp cook - turned - killer Mrs. Voorhees, in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman. Created by Victor Miller, with contributions by Ron Kurz, Sean S. Cunningham and Tom Savini, Jason was not originally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist. The character has subsequently been represented in various other media, including novels, video games, comic books, and a crossover film with another iconic horror film character, Freddy Krueger."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I'm a Gummy Bear (The Gummy Bear Song)", "paragraph_text": "``I'm a Gummy Bear (The Gummy Bear Song) ''is a novelty dance song by Gummib\u00e4r, in reference to the gummy bear, a type of bear - shaped candy originating in Germany. It was written by German composer Christian Schneider and released by its label Gummybear International. The song was first released in Hungary, where it spent eight months as number 1 atop the ringtones chart."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas", "paragraph_text": "``It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas ''is a Christmas song written in 1951 by Meredith Willson. The song was originally titled`` It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas''. The song has been recorded by many artists, but was a hit for Perry Como and The Fontane Sisters with Mitchell Ayres & His Orchestra on September 18, 1951, and released on RCA Victor as 47 - 4314 (45 rpm) and 20 - 4314 (78 rpm). Bing Crosby recorded a version on October 1, 1951, which was also widely played."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Garage Sale Mystery", "paragraph_text": "Lori Loughlin as Jennifer ``Jenni ''Shannon, series protagonist who runs an antique shop called Rags to Riches. Steve Bacic as Jason Shannon, Jennifer's engineer husband (Rick Ravanello played the role in the first film) Eva Bourne as Hannah Shannon, Jennifer's daughter (Sara Canning played the role in the first film) Connor Stanhope as Logan Shannon, Jennifer and Jason's son (Brendan Meyer played the role in films # 1 -- 4) Sarah Strange as Danielle /`` Dani'', Jennifer's business partner and co-owner of Rags to Riches Kevin O'Grady as Detective Frank Lynwood, a friend of Jason's Andrew Dunbar as Detective Adam Iverson, a police detective helping Jennifer"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jason Gray (musician)", "paragraph_text": "Jason Jeffrey Gay (born January 18, 1972) is an American contemporary Christian singer-songwriter, who is better known by his stage name Jason Gray. He released a number of albums independently under his real name, Jason Gay. Since 2006, he is signed to Centricity Music releasing more albums with them under the name Jason Gray."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sister Christian", "paragraph_text": "In an episode of Parks and Recreation from 2014, Yo La Tengo dressed as Indiana basketball coach Bob Knight and performed ``Sister Christian ''as the 'Bobby Knight Rangers'. The song appears multiple times in American Dad!, and most famously in the climatic drug deal scene from Paul Thomas Anderson's Boogie Nights. The song is briefly featured in the 2009 film Friday the 13th."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Garage Sale Mystery", "paragraph_text": "Lori Loughlin as Jennifer ``Jenn ''Shannon series protagonist who runs an antiques shop called Rags to Riches. Steve Bacic as Jason Shannon, Jennifer's engineer husband (Rick Ravanello played the role in the first film) Eva Bourne as Hannah Shannon, Jennifer's daughter (Sara Canning played the role in the first film) Connor Stanhope as Logan Shannon, Jennifer and Jason's son (Brendan Meyer played the role in films # 1 -- 4) Sarah Strange as Danielle /`` Dani'', Jennifer's business partner and co-owner of Rags to Riches Kevin O'Grady as Detective Frank Lynwood, a friend of Jennifer"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alive Again (Matt Maher album)", "paragraph_text": "Alive Again is the second studio album by contemporary Christian musician Matt Maher, released on September 22, 2009. It is his second album with Essential Records. It reached #6 on the \"Billboard\" Christian albums chart, and reached #128 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The single \"Alive Again\" became the top selling Christian and Gospel single on iTunes Rewind. The song \"Hold Us Together\" was the No. 1 K-LOVE song of 2010."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Flashlight (Jessie J song)", "paragraph_text": "``Flashlight ''is a song recorded by British singer and songwriter Jessie J for the soundtrack to the film Pitch Perfect 2 (2015). The song was written by Sia Furler, Christian Guzman, Jason Moore and Sam Smith. The song was originally obtained when one pre-ordered the Pitch Perfect 2 soundtrack in the United States, beginning on 23 April 2015; it later became available for download on its own.`` Flashlight'' was released in the United Kingdom on 11 May 2015 both on the soundtrack and as a stand - alone single. ``Flashlight ''was particularly successful in Australia, peaking at number two, and number seven in New Zealand."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Stand by Me", "paragraph_text": "Mickey Gilley released his version of the song in 1980, and it was included in the movie Urban Cowboy. It was his eighth # 1 on the US country charts and also reached # 22 on the US Hot 100."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kelly Keeling", "paragraph_text": "Kelly Keeling (born June 25, 1966) is an American musician and songwriter. Keeling started playing at the age of 14 and first appeared on the music scene as the lead singer of the American heavy metal band Baton Rouge. In his career, he worked with many major hard rock acts, wrote movie soundtracks and played also with Christian rock bands."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jarvis Cocker", "paragraph_text": "He also is to be seen as Myron Wagtail, lead singer of the Weird Sisters in a ball scene in the movie Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The original scene was cut short, but most of the Blu - ray and DVD releases hold the original scene in full - length with the whole 3: 30 - minute song in bonus parts."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "KVRA", "paragraph_text": "KVRA is a non-commercial Christian Worship music radio station in Sisters, Oregon, broadcasting to the Bend, Oregon area on 89.3 FM. KVRA airs programming from the Air 1 radio network."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Book of Ruth", "paragraph_text": "The Book of Ruth (Hebrew: \u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u200e, Megilath Ruth, ``the Scroll of Ruth '', one of the Five Megillot) is included in the third division, or the Writings (Ketuvim), of the Hebrew Bible; in most Christian canons it is treated as a history book and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel, as it is set`` in the days when the judges judged'', although the Syriac Christian tradition places it later, between Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs. It is named after its central figure, Ruth the Moabitess, the great - grandmother of David."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Brand New Key", "paragraph_text": "``Brand New Key ''is a pop song written and sung by folk music singer Melanie. Initially a track of Melanie's album Gather Me, produced by Melanie's husband, Peter Schekeryk, it was known also as`` The Rollerskate Song'' due to its chorus. It was her greatest success, scoring No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart during December 1971 and January 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 9 song of 1972. It also scored No. 1 in Canada and Australia and No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the 1997 movie Boogie Nights as well as the 2010 movie Jackass 3D and an episode of Helix."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "We All Die Young", "paragraph_text": "``We All Die Young ''is a song by Michael Matijevic of Steelheart, and Kenny Kanowski formerly of Steelheart. It is the first song from the 1996 album Wait. The song was covered by the fictional band Steel Dragon in the 2001 film Rock Star, with Miljenko Matijevic on vocals, Zakk Wylde on guitar, Jeff Pilson on bass and Jason Bonham on drums. For the movie, Matijevic performed the vocals for Mark Wahlberg's character, Chris`` Izzy'' Cole."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elmer Gantry (film)", "paragraph_text": "The movie presents fewer than 100 pages of the novel \"Elmer Gantry\", deleting many characters and fundamentally changing the character and actions of female evangelist Sister Sharon Falconer, as played by Simmons. The character of Sharon Falconer was loosely based on elements in the career of the Canadian-born American radio evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, who founded the Pentecostal Christian denomination known as the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel in 1927. In addition, a plot point from the end of the novel is incorporated into Gantry's and Lulu Bains's relationship, fundamentally changing the fates of both characters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Deborah Bonham", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Bonham (born 7 February 1962) is an English rock and blues vocalist and the sister of John Bonham, the late drummer for the band Led Zeppelin. Born in Redditch, Worcestershire, England, she lived with her father in The Old Hyde farm, Cutnall Green, Worcestershire (the location where John Bonham's fantasy sequence was filmed for \"The Song Remains the Same\"). While living there, she started playing and recording music with her nephew Jason Bonham who has played drums on her two most recent studio releases."}], "question": "Who played Jason in the movie the song \"Sister Christian\" plays?"}
{"id": "2hop__55010_43538", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jarvis Cocker", "paragraph_text": "He also is to be seen as Myron Wagtail, lead singer of the Weird Sisters in a ball scene in the movie Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The original scene was cut short, but most of the Blu - ray and DVD releases hold the original scene in full - length with the whole 3: 30 - minute song in bonus parts."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elmer Gantry (film)", "paragraph_text": "The movie presents fewer than 100 pages of the novel \"Elmer Gantry\", deleting many characters and fundamentally changing the character and actions of female evangelist Sister Sharon Falconer, as played by Simmons. The character of Sharon Falconer was loosely based on elements in the career of the Canadian-born American radio evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, who founded the Pentecostal Christian denomination known as the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel in 1927. In addition, a plot point from the end of the novel is incorporated into Gantry's and Lulu Bains's relationship, fundamentally changing the fates of both characters."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jason Voorhees", "paragraph_text": "Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the 13th series. He first appeared in Friday the 13th (1980) as the young son of camp cook - turned - killer Mrs. Voorhees, in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman. Created by Victor Miller, with contributions by Ron Kurz, Sean S. Cunningham and Tom Savini, Jason was not originally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist. The character has subsequently been represented in various other media, including novels, video games, comic books, and a crossover film with another iconic horror film character, Freddy Krueger."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jason Voorhees", "paragraph_text": "Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the 13th series. He first appeared in Friday the 13th (1980) as the young son of camp cook - turned - killer Mrs. Voorhees, in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman. Created by Victor Miller, with contributions by Ron Kurz, Sean S. Cunningham, and Tom Savini, Jason was not originally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist. The character has subsequently been represented in various other media, including novels, video games, comic books, and a cross-over film with another iconic horror film character, Freddy Krueger."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jason Gray (musician)", "paragraph_text": "Jason Jeffrey Gay (born January 18, 1972) is an American contemporary Christian singer-songwriter, who is better known by his stage name Jason Gray. He released a number of albums independently under his real name, Jason Gay. Since 2006, he is signed to Centricity Music releasing more albums with them under the name Jason Gray."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tongan Ninja", "paragraph_text": "Tongan Ninja is a 2002 kung-fu action-comedy film directed by Jason Stutter and filmed in New Zealand. The film has received recent notoriety for co-starring and being co-written by Jemaine Clement, star of the HBO comedy \"Flight of the Conchords\". The movie is a parody of English-dubbed martial arts films, with a few other popular films and the plot is taken from \"Way of the Dragon\". It also features songs written by Jemaine Clement and Bret McKenzie - also from the Flight of the Conchords."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cortez the Killer", "paragraph_text": "\"Cortez the Killer\" is a song by Neil Young from his 1975 album, \"Zuma\". It was recorded with the band Crazy Horse. It has since been ranked #39 on \"Guitar World's\" 100 Greatest Guitar Solos and #329 on \"Rolling Stone's\" list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Savage Weekend", "paragraph_text": "Savage Weekend is a 1979 American slasher film directed by David Paulsen and starring Christopher Allport, David Gale, William Sanderson, and Caitlin O'Heaney. The film follows a woman who retreats to upstate New York with her wealthy boyfriend, her sister, and friend, only to be stalked by a killer in a disfigured mask. Filmed in 1976 as The Killer Behind the Mask, the film was also titled The Upstate Murders before being released in 1979 by Cannon Films. It has been cited as an early prototype for the slasher film, predating both \"Halloween\" and \"Friday the 13th\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Christian Casadesus", "paragraph_text": "Christian Casadesus, (26 December 1912 \u2013 6 March 2014), was a French actor and theatre director who worked professionally in both movies and in theater."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Friday the 13th (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that comprises twelve slasher films, a television show, novels, comic books, video games, and tie \u2010 in merchandise. The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional character Jason Voorhees, who drowned as a boy at Camp Crystal Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff. Decades later, the lake is rumored to be ``cursed ''and is the setting for a series of mass murders. Jason is featured in all of the films, as either the killer or the motivation for the killings. The original film, created to cash in on the success of Halloween (1978), was written by Victor Miller and was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham. The films have grossed over $464 million at the box - office worldwide."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "We All Die Young", "paragraph_text": "``We All Die Young ''is a song by Michael Matijevic of Steelheart, and Kenny Kanowski formerly of Steelheart. It is the first song from the 1996 album Wait. The song was covered by the fictional band Steel Dragon in the 2001 film Rock Star, with Miljenko Matijevic on vocals, Zakk Wylde on guitar, Jeff Pilson on bass and Jason Bonham on drums. For the movie, Matijevic performed the vocals for Mark Wahlberg's character, Chris`` Izzy'' Cole."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Flashlight (Jessie J song)", "paragraph_text": "``Flashlight ''is a song recorded by British singer and songwriter Jessie J for the soundtrack to the film Pitch Perfect 2 (2015). The song was written by Sia Furler, Christian Guzman, Jason Moore and Sam Smith. The song was originally obtained when one pre-ordered the Pitch Perfect 2 soundtrack in the United States, beginning on 23 April 2015; it later became available for download on its own.`` Flashlight'' was released in the United Kingdom on 11 May 2015 both on the soundtrack and as a stand - alone single. ``Flashlight ''was particularly successful in Australia, peaking at number two, and number seven in New Zealand."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jason Voorhees", "paragraph_text": "Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984) continues the story, with a presumed - dead Jason (Ted White) found by the police and taken to the morgue. Jason awakens at the morgue and kills an attendant and a nurse, and makes his way back to Crystal Lake. A group of teens renting a house there fall victim to Jason's rampage. Jason then seeks out Trish (Kimberly Beck) and Tommy Jarvis (Corey Feldman) next door. While Trish distracts Jason, Tommy kills him. Friday the 13th: A New Beginning follows Tommy Jarvis (John Shepherd), who was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Final Chapter, and has grown up constantly afraid that Jason (Tom Morga) will return. Jason's body was supposedly cremated after Tommy killed him. Roy Burns (Dick Wieand) uses Jason's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved. Jason appears in the film only through Tommy's dreams and hallucinations. In Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986), Tommy (Thom Mathews), who has run away from a mental institution, visits Jason's grave and learns that Jason's body was never actually cremated, but buried in a cemetery near Crystal Lake. While attempting to destroy his body, Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason (C.J. Graham) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning rod. Now possessing superhuman abilities, Jason returns to Crystal Lake, now renamed Forest Green, and begins his killing spree anew. Tommy eventually lures Jason back to the lake where he drowned as a child and chains him to a boulder on the lake floor, but almost dies in the process. Tommy's friend, Megan Garris, finishes Jason off by cutting his face with a boat propeller."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Quints", "paragraph_text": "Quints is a 2000 Disney Channel Original Movie starring Kimberly J. Brown as the older sister of a set of quintuplets."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "For Hope", "paragraph_text": "For Hope is a 1996 ABC TV movie starring Dana Delany and directed by Bob Saget. Based on Saget's sister Gay, the movie showed the experience of a young woman fatally afflicted with the disease scleroderma. Other cast members included Tracy Nelson and Chris Demetral."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sister Christian", "paragraph_text": "In an episode of Parks and Recreation from 2014, Yo La Tengo dressed as Indiana basketball coach Bob Knight and performed ``Sister Christian ''as the 'Bobby Knight Rangers'. The song appears multiple times in American Dad!, and most famously in the climatic drug deal scene from Paul Thomas Anderson's Boogie Nights. The song is briefly featured in the 2009 film Friday the 13th."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Day by Day (Yolanda Adams album)", "paragraph_text": "Day By Day is an album by gospel singer Yolanda Adams. The single \"Victory\" was featured in the movie \"The Gospel\". The single \"Be Blessed\" won a Grammy award for Best Gospel Performance. \"Someone Watching Over You\" was also released as a single, and a music video was released for \"This Too Shall Pass\" (a song originally recorded as a duet with Crystal Lewis on the 1996 compilation album \"Sisters: The Story Goes On\")."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Deborah Bonham", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Bonham (born 7 February 1962) is an English rock and blues vocalist and the sister of John Bonham, the late drummer for the band Led Zeppelin. Born in Redditch, Worcestershire, England, she lived with her father in The Old Hyde farm, Cutnall Green, Worcestershire (the location where John Bonham's fantasy sequence was filmed for \"The Song Remains the Same\"). While living there, she started playing and recording music with her nephew Jason Bonham who has played drums on her two most recent studio releases."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bullet to the Head", "paragraph_text": "Bullet to the Head is a 2012 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill. The screenplay by Alessandro Camon was based on the French graphic novel \"Du Plomb Dans La T\u00eate\" written by Matz and illustrated by Colin Wilson. The film stars Sylvester Stallone, Sung Kang, Sarah Shahi, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Christian Slater, and Jason Momoa. Alexandra Milchan, Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Kevin King-Templeton produced the film. The movie follows a hitman and a cop who are forced to work together to bring down a corrupt businessman and mafia boss after they are targeted by the latter's associates."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jason Voorhees", "paragraph_text": "Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the 13th series. He first appeared in Friday the 13th (1980) as the young son of camp cook - turned - killer Mrs. Voorhees (pamela voorhees), in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman. Created by Victor Miller, with contributions by Ron Kurz, Sean S. Cunningham, and Tom Savini, Jason was not originally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist. The character has subsequently been represented in various other media, including novels, video games, comic books, and a cross-over film with another iconic horror film character, Freddy Krueger."}], "question": "What is the title of the movie from the series where the song sister christian is in where Jason is not the killer?"}
{"id": "2hop__337042_826083", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical notation began to take shape. This invention made possible the separation of the composition of a piece of music from its transmission; without written music, transmission was oral, and subject to change every time it was transmitted. With a musical score, a work of music could be performed without the composer's presence. The invention of the movable-type printing press in the 15th century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of music."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Westminster Choir College", "paragraph_text": "Westminster Choir College is a residential conservatory of music located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Westminster Choir College educates students at the undergraduate and graduate levels for musical careers in music education, voice performance, piano performance, organ performance, pedagogy, music theory and composition, conducting, sacred music, and arts management; professional training in musical skills with an emphasis on performance is complemented by studies in the liberal arts. All students study with Westminster's voice faculty, the largest voice faculty in the world. The school's proximity to New York City and Philadelphia provides students with easy access to the musical resources of both cities."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Delhi P. Sunder Rajan", "paragraph_text": "Delhi P. Sunder Rajan is a violinist-vocalist of India performing South Indian Classical music (Carnatic music) . He is known for his improvisations and style of playing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cry for Us All", "paragraph_text": "Cry for Us All is a musical with a book by William Alfred and Albert Marre, lyrics by Alfred and Phyllis Robinson, and music by Mitch Leigh. The show ran on Broadway for nine performances in 1970."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat", "paragraph_text": "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat is a musical with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The story is based on the ``coat of many colors ''story of Joseph from the Bible's Book of Genesis. This was the first Lloyd Webber and Rice musical to be performed publicly (the first, The Likes of Us, written in 1965, was not performed until 2005)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jim and Jean", "paragraph_text": "Jim and Jean, composed of Jim Glover (born 1942) and Jean Ray (1941\u20132007) were an American folk music duo, who performed and recorded music from the early to the late 1960s."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bee Gees", "paragraph_text": "The Bee Gees' younger brother Andy now followed his older siblings into a music career and enjoyed considerable success. Produced by Barry, Andy Gibb's first three singles all topped the US charts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hollow Earth (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Hollow Earth is the debut novel from sibling writing pair John Barrowman and Carole Barrowman which was published in the United Kingdom on 2 February 2012 by Buster Books."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Russian Christmas Music", "paragraph_text": "Russian Christmas Music is a musical piece for symphonic band, written by Alfred Reed in 1944. It is one of the most frequently performed pieces of concert band literature."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Juventas New Music Ensemble", "paragraph_text": "The Juventas New Music Ensemble is an instrumental ensemble located in Boston, Massachusetts devoted to performing musical works by composers under the age of 35. Their programming focuses on composers who actively blur the boundaries between popular musical genres and traditional art music. Since its inception, Juventas has received favorable reviews from several Boston publications."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Music in My Heart", "paragraph_text": "Music in My Heart is a 1940 Columbia Pictures romantic musical starring Tony Martin and Rita Hayworth. Hayworth's first musical for the studio, the film was recognized with an Academy Award nomination for the song, \"It's a Blue World\", performed by Martin and Andre Kostelanetz and His Orchestra."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Music Music Music", "paragraph_text": "Music Music Music is a 2008 album by John Barrowman preceded by the digital-only single \"What About Us?\", written by Gary Barlow and Chris Braide. The album consists mostly of cover versions and was produced by Simon Franglen (who has worked with Celine Dion, Whitney Houston, Barbra Streisand, The Ten Tenors) and Graham Stack (who has worked with Kylie Minogue, Tina Turner, Rod Stewart), with the exception of the first single \"What About Us?\" (UK #122) which was produced by Chris Braide. The album debuted and peaked at #35 in the UK, making it Barrowman's second top forty album, after the #22 peak of \"Another Side\" in 2007. The set also produced his first UK Top 75 charting single, \"I Made It Through the Rain\", which spent one week in the charts at #14 after being championed by Chris Moyles in August 2009."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: J.S. Bach's fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music (the melodies, lyrics, forms, and rhythms) being reproduced."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Here's Where I Belong", "paragraph_text": "Here's Where I Belong is a musical with a book by Alex Gordon and Terrence McNally, lyrics by Alfred Uhry, and music by Robert Waldman. The musical closed after one performance on Broadway."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mark Engebretson", "paragraph_text": "Mark Engebretson, DM, Northwestern University (born 1964, California) is a saxophonist and composer. He has written music for orchestra, wind ensemble, chorus and chamber formations. His music often combines computer music and live performance."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kiss Me, Kate", "paragraph_text": "Kiss Me, Kate was Porter's response to Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma! and other integrated musicals; it was the first show he wrote in which the music and lyrics were firmly connected to the script. The musical premiered in 1948 and proved to be Porter's only show to run for more than 1,000 performances on Broadway. In 1949, it won the first Tony Award for Best Musical."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mariachi", "paragraph_text": "The common perception of the music and look of mariachi developed in the 20th century, as the music was transformed from a regional rural folk music to an urban phenomenon that came to represent Mexico. The music was first introduced to Mexico City in 1905. During this time, many farm workers moved to the city, including those from Jalisco, which settled around Plaza Garibaldi. These mariachi musicians developed new practices, such as performances in plazas and restaurants. However, it also continued its more traditional venues such as serenades, and performances at major family events."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional \"kef\" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of \"kef music\" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Higher and Higher (musical)", "paragraph_text": "Higher and Higher is a musical comedy with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Lorenz Hart, and book by Gladys Hurlbut and Joshua Logan and produced by Dwight Deere Wiman. It ran on Broadway for 84 performances in 1940."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the person who performed Music Music Music?"}
{"id": "2hop__33829_413263", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "William King Harvey", "paragraph_text": "William King \"Bill\" Harvey (September 13, 1915 \u2013 June 9, 1976) was a Central Intelligence Agency officer, best known for his role in Operation Mongoose. He was known as \"America's James Bond\", a tag given to him by Edward Lansdale."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Paul R. Pillar", "paragraph_text": "Paul R. Pillar is an academic and 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving from 1977 to 2005."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its \"organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed.\" It created the program \"PL-110\", to handle defectors and other \"essential aliens\" who fell outside normal immigration procedures."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brian Kelley (CIA officer)", "paragraph_text": "Brian Kelley (January 8, 1943 \u2013 September 19, 2011) was an American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent. Kelley received the Distinguished Career Intelligence Medal for his service."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Henry Strasak", "paragraph_text": "Henry Jindrich Strasak (January 8, 1901 \u2013 May 16, 1985) was an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Isser Harel", "paragraph_text": "Isser Harel (, 1912 \u2013 18 February 2003) was spymaster of the intelligence and the security services of Israel and the Director of the Mossad (1952\u20131963). In his capacity as Mossad director he oversaw the capture and covert transportation to Israel of Holocaust organizer Adolf Eichmann."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mohammad Mosaddegh", "paragraph_text": "Mohammad Mosaddegh (Persian: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u200e \u200e; IPA: (moh\u00e6m\u02c8m\u00e6d (- e) mos\u00e6d\u02c8de\u0263) (listen); 16 June 1882 -- 5 March 1967), was an Iranian politician. He was the head of a democratically elected government, holding office as the Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953, when his government was overthrown in a coup d'\u00e9tat aided by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency and the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Ext\u00e9rieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lekem", "paragraph_text": "Lekem, (also pronounced \"Lakam\") an acronym for ha-Lishka le-Kishrei Mada (, Bureau of Scientific Relations), was an Israeli intelligence agency headed by Benjamin Blumberg (1957\u20131981), and Rafi Eitan (1981\u20131986)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "David Chavchavadze", "paragraph_text": "Prince David Chavchavadze (May 20, 1924 \u2013 October 5, 2014) was an American author and a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer of Georgian-Russian origin."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consist of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations\u2014chiefly the Haganah\u2014that preceded the establishment of the state. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with Mossad and Shabak. The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Robert Trappl", "paragraph_text": "Robert Trappl (born 16 January 1939 in Vienna) is an Austrian scientist and head of the Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Vienna, which was founded in 1984. He is known for his work in the field of cybernetics and artificial intelligence."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Seal of the CIA Flag of the CIA Incumbent Mike Pompeo since January 23, 2017 Central Intelligence Agency Reports to President Director of National Intelligence Seat George Bush Center for Intelligence, Langley, Fairfax County, Virginia, U.S. Appointer President Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 50 U.S.C. \u00a7 3036 Precursor Director of Central Intelligence Inaugural holder Porter J. Goss Formation April 21, 2005 Deputy Deputy Director of the CIA Salary Executive Schedule, II Website www.cia.gov"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Vikram Sood", "paragraph_text": "Vikram Sood is the former head of India's foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), and an advisor to the Observer Research Foundation, an independent public policy think tank in New Delhi. Sood was an officer of the Indian Postal Service (IPoS) before he joined the intelligence organisation R&AW and later served as its spymaster from 2000 to 2003. He retired as a career intelligence officer with 31 years of service on 31 March 2003. He trained under the mentorship of B. Raman. He is the author of the book \"The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage\" published in 2018, which according to Sood is not a memoir but a beginner's guide to intelligence and espionage."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dekel", "paragraph_text": "A Nahal settlement by the name of Dekel was established in the area in 1956, but was abandoned after the Suez Crisis later in the year. A gar'in group by the same name was formed in the Israeli settlement of Yamit in 1979. However, its establishment on the ground was delayed by the Camp David Accords which meant that Israel had to withdraw from Sinai. The moshav was founded in April 1982 by the Aguda Shitufit (\"Co-operative Union\") with the help of the Jewish Agency."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Pinochet File", "paragraph_text": "The Pinochet File is a National Security Archive book written by Peter Kornbluh covering over approximately two decades of declassified documents, from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), White House, and United States Department of State, regarding American covert activities in Chile. It is based on more than 24,000 previously classified documents that were released as part of the Chilean Declassification Project during the Clinton administration, between June 1999 and June 2000."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Moshe Theumim", "paragraph_text": "Moshe (Moshik) Theumim () is one of Israel's advertising pioneers. He is the CEO of the Gitam / BBDO advertising agency in Tel Aviv. He has served as an advisor to numerous Israeli politicians and businessmen, including Israel former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and other cabinet ministers, notably Nobel Peace Prize winner and former Israel Prime Minister Shimon Peres and Haim Ramon."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sherman Kent", "paragraph_text": "Sherman Kent (December 6, 1903 \u2013 March 11, 1986), was a Yale University history professor who, during World War II and through 17 years of Cold War-era service in the Central Intelligence Agency, pioneered many of the methods of intelligence analysis. He is often described as \"\"the father of intelligence analysis\".\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Service de Documentation Ext\u00e9rieure et de Contre-Espionnage", "paragraph_text": "The Service de Documentation Ext\u00e9rieure et de Contre-Espionnage (, \"External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service\"), abbreviated SDECE, was France's external intelligence agency from 6 November 1944 to 2 April 1982, when it was replaced by the Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE). It should not be confused with the Deuxi\u00e8me Bureau which was intended to pursue purely military intelligence."}], "question": "Who founded Israel's intelligence agency?"}
{"id": "2hop__132956_501440", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Harley-Davidson", "paragraph_text": "In 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street (later Juneau Avenue), at the current location of Harley-Davidson's corporate headquarters. The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft \u00d7 60 ft (12 m \u00d7 18 m) single-story wooden structure. The company produced about 50 motorcycles that year."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Amblin Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg, and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981. The company's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California. The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ssangnim-dong", "paragraph_text": "The headquarters of South Korean food company CJ Cheil Jedang is located in the CJ Cheiljedang Building near the Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jebsen Group", "paragraph_text": "Jebsen & Co () is a marketing, distribution and manufacturing company based and headquartered in Lee Garden Two(), Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. It is the agent for a range of businesses throughout East Asia, including luxury products, beverages, electronic consumer goods, and industrial equipment. It serves as the main distributor of Porsche, Dyson, Casio and Raymond Weil in the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong. Since 1906, the company has owned the brand Blue Girl beer, which commands leading market share in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Acorn Computers (2006)", "paragraph_text": "Acorn Computers Ltd was a company based in Nottingham, England in the United Kingdom. It licensed, in early 2006, the dormant Acorn Computers trademark from French company Aristide & Co Antiquaire De Marques. This company sold IBM PC compatible computers and had no connection to ARM."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Felix and the Fruit Monsters", "paragraph_text": "Felix and the Fruit Monsters is a video game written by John Chaytor and released by Micro Power for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron in 1983. A sequel to platformer \"Felix in the Factory\", it is a maze game resembling \"Pac-Man\", but with different gameplay."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Carter Coal Company Store (Coalwood, West Virginia)", "paragraph_text": "The Carter Coal Company Store was a historic company store building located at Coalwood, McDowell County, West Virginia. It was built by the Carter Coal Company about 1912, and remodeled in 1922. The one-story brick building housed a store, company offices, and a post office."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food. The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat. Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma, and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation, with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Acorn Electron", "paragraph_text": "The Acorn Electron was a budget version of the BBC Micro educational/home computer made by Acorn Computers Ltd. It has 32 kilobytes of RAM, and its ROM includes BBC BASIC v2 along with its operating system."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Boffin (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Boffin is a platform game released in 1985 by Addictive Games for the Acorn Electron and BBC Micro. It was written by 17-year-old Paul Julian O'Malley, who at the time was a resident of Romsey, Hampshire, UK. There are two versions of the game that were released together."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fretter", "paragraph_text": "The acquisition, assumption of Silo debt and lack of liquid assets, would lead the company into Chapter 11 bankruptcy, forcing the chain to close many locations. All Silo Electronics stores were closed by 1995, with all Fretter locations closing by May 1996."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Starship Command", "paragraph_text": "Acornsoft's Starship Command is a computer game released in 1983 for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. It was available on cassette as well as 5.25\" disc for the BBC and ROM cartridge for the Acorn Electron Plus 1 expansion module. The game was written by Peter Irvin who, along with Jeremy Smith, went on to create the complex arcade adventure \"Exile\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guitar Center", "paragraph_text": "Guitar Center is an American music retailer chain. It is the largest company of its kind in the United States, with 269 locations. Its headquarters is in Westlake Village, California."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "ARM architecture", "paragraph_text": "The British computer manufacturer Acorn Computers first developed the Acorn RISC Machine architecture (ARM) in the 1980s to use in its personal computers. Its first ARM - based products were coprocessor modules for the BBC Micro series of computers. After the successful BBC Micro computer, Acorn Computers considered how to move on from the relatively simple MOS Technology 6502 processor to address business markets like the one that was soon dominated by the IBM PC, launched in 1981. The Acorn Business Computer (ABC) plan required that a number of second processors be made to work with the BBC Micro platform, but processors such as the Motorola 68000 and National Semiconductor 32016 were considered unsuitable, and the 6502 was not powerful enough for a graphics - based user interface."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Xizhi District", "paragraph_text": "Xizhi grew quickly during the 1980s and 1990s, and is home to many of Taiwan's major electronics companies, such as Acer, Garmin (Asia), Coiler, Lanner Electronics and DFI."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Frak!", "paragraph_text": "Frak! is a 1980s computer game originally programmed in machine code by Nick Pelling for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron and published by his own 'Aardvark' software label in 1984. The game was noted for its \"outstanding\" graphics, with its characters being compared in one review to early Disney cartoons."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cybertron Mission", "paragraph_text": "Cybertron Mission is a two-dimensional shooter game, released by Micro Power (a.k.a. Program Power) in 1983 for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron and later ported to the Commodore 64 in the same year. The game is heavily influenced by the 1982 Atari 8-bit family game \"Shamus\", which was itself inspired by the 1980 arcade game \"Berzerk\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance", "paragraph_text": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance is located in New York City and is the headquarters to the Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance and the Martha Graham Dance Company, which is the oldest continually performing dance company in the world. The School is focused on teaching Graham's technique; some of its faculty were trained by Graham herself."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Great Wolf Resorts", "paragraph_text": "Black Wolf Lodge was founded in 1997 by brothers Jack and Andrew ``Turk ''Waterman, the original owners of Noah's Ark water park in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. Black Wolf Lodge was purchased by The Great Lakes Company in 1999. Later that year, founders Marc Vaccaro and Bruce Neviaser changed the name to Great Wolf Lodge and the company headquarters were established in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2001, the company built a second location in Sandusky, Ohio, and named it Great Bear Lodge. When a third location opened in 2003, the decision was made to place all future parks under the Great Wolf Lodge banner. The name of the Ohio location was changed to Great Wolf Lodge in 2004. The chain has since added twelve additional locations and has one in development."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Corelis", "paragraph_text": "Corelis, Inc, a subsidiary of Electronic Warfare Associates, Inc., is a private US company categorized under Electronic Equipment & Supplies and is based in Cerritos, California."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the company that built Acorn Electron?"}
{"id": "2hop__66632_42644", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tommy (1975 film)", "paragraph_text": "As time passes, Nora and Frank make several fruitless attempts to bring Tommy out of his state, including a Preacher (Eric Clapton) and his Marilyn Monroe worshipping cult (``Eyesight to the Blind '') and a sleazy LSD serving cocotte and self - proclaimed`` Acid Queen'', (Tina Turner) while also putting him with babysitters such as Tommy's bullying ``Cousin Kevin ''(Paul Nicholas), and his perverted`` Uncle'' Ernie (Keith Moon) (``Fiddle About '') both of whom abuse him but Tommy refuses to react. Nora and Frank begin to become more and more lethargic and leave Tommy standing at the mirror one night, allowing him to wander off. He follows a vision of himself out of the house and to a junkyard pinball machine. Tommy is recognised by Nora, Frank, and the media as a pinball prodigy, which is made even more impressive with his catatonic state. During a championship game, Tommy faces the`` Pinball Wizard'' (Elton John) with the Who as the champion's backing band. Nora watches her son's televised victory and celebrates his (and her) success (``Champagne ''), but soon has a nervous breakdown upon thinking about the real extremes of Tommy's condition."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Angela Robinson (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Angela Robinson is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Beverly Cramer on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. In 2013, she began playing the role of Veronica Harrington in the Oprah Winfrey Network primetime soap opera, The Haves and the Have Nots."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Leon Tol", "paragraph_text": "Leon Tol (born 14 January 1987 in Volendam) is a Dutch former professional footballer who currently plays as a centre back for Rijnsburgse Boys. He formerly played for FC Volendam."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tommy Crilly", "paragraph_text": "Thomas \"Tommy\" Crilly, also known as \"Tom\" Crilly (20 July 1895 \u2013 18 January 1960) was an English, former professional footballer who played in The Football League for Hartlepools United, Derby County, Crystal Palace, Northampton Town. He also played for Stockton and Scunthorpe & Lindsey United."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tommy Boy", "paragraph_text": "After seven years at college, Thomas R. ``Tommy ''Callahan III (Chris Farley) barely graduates from Marquette University and returns to his hometown of Sandusky, Ohio. His father, industrialist and widower Thomas R.`` Big Tom'' Callahan, Jr. (Brian Dennehy), gives him an executive job at the family's auto parts plant, Callahan Auto. In addition to the new job and office, Big Tom reveals that he plans to marry Beverly Barrish - Burns (Bo Derek), a woman he had met at a fat farm, and that her son Paul (Rob Lowe) will become Tommy's new stepbrother. At the wedding, Big Tom suddenly dies of a heart attack. After the funeral, doubting the future of the company without Big Tom, the bank reneges on promises of a loan for a new brake pad division and seeks immediate payment of Callahan Auto's debts. Ray Zalinsky (Dan Aykroyd), owner and operator of rival automotive parts company Zalinsky Auto Parts in Chicago, offers to buy them out while the company's shares are high, but Tommy suggests a deal: he will let the bank hold his inherited shares and house in exchange for helping to sell the new brake pads. The bank agrees, but they also want the company to prove it still has viability by selling 500,000 brake pads. If they fail, the bank will foreclose, but if they succeed, the bank will underwrite Big Tom's brake pad venture. Tommy volunteers to go on a cross-country sales trip with his father's sycophantic assistant, Richard Hayden (David Spade), a childhood acquaintance who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Tommy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Demond Wilson", "paragraph_text": "Grady Demond Wilson (born October 13, 1946) is an American actor, author, and pastor. He played the role of Lamont Sanford, the son of Fred Sanford (played by Redd Foxx) in the 1970s NBC sitcom \"Sanford and Son\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Coal Miner's Daughter (film)", "paragraph_text": "Sissy Spacek as Loretta Lynn Tommy Lee Jones as Doolittle Lynn Beverly D'Angelo as Patsy Cline Levon Helm as Ted Webb Phyllis Boyens as Clara Ramey Webb, Loretta's mother Bob Hannah as Charlie Dick William Sanderson as Lee Dollarhide Ernest Tubb as himself Roy Acuff as himself Minnie Pearl as herself"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tommy Breen", "paragraph_text": "Tommy Breen (27 April 1912 \u2013 1 March 1988) was an Irish footballer who played as a goalkeeper for, among others, Belfast Celtic, Manchester United, Linfield and Shamrock Rovers. Breen was a dual international and played for both Ireland teams: the IFA XI and the FAI XI."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tommi Leinonen", "paragraph_text": "Tommi Leinonen (born May 14, 1987) is a Finnish professional ice hockey player who currently plays for EHC Lustenau of the second-tier Austrian National League."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "It (novel)", "paragraph_text": "In 1990, the novel was adapted into a television miniseries starring Tim Curry as Pennywise the Clown, John Ritter as Ben Hanscom, Harry Anderson as Richie Tozier, Richard Masur as Stan Uris, Tim Reid as Mike Hanlon, Annette O'Toole as Beverly Marsh, Richard Thomas as Bill Denbrough, Olivia Hussey as Audra Phillips, Dennis Christopher as Eddie Kaspbrak, and Michael Cole as Henry Bowers. The younger versions of the characters were played by Brandon Crane (Ben), Seth Green (Richie), Ben Heller (Stan), Marlon Taylor (Mike), Emily Perkins (Beverly), Jonathan Brandis (Bill), Adam Faraizl (Eddie), and Jarred Blancard (Henry). The miniseries was directed by Tommy Lee Wallace and scripted by Wallace and Lawrence D. Cohen."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tommy (1975 film)", "paragraph_text": "As time passes, Nora and Frank make several fruitless attempts to bring the now older Tommy (Roger Daltrey) out of his state, including a Preacher (Eric Clapton) and his Marilyn Monroe - worshipping cult (``Eyesight to the Blind '') and a deceitful LSD serving cocotte and self - proclaimed`` Acid Queen'' (Tina Turner), while also leaving him to be tormented by babysitters such as Tommy's bullying ``Cousin Kevin ''(Paul Nicholas), and his perverted`` Uncle'' Ernie (Keith Moon) (``Fiddle About '') both of whom abuse him, but Tommy refuses to respond. Nora and Frank begin to become more and more lethargic and leave Tommy standing at the mirror one night, allowing him to wander off. He follows a vision of himself out of the house and to a junkyard pinball machine. Tommy is recognised by Nora, Frank, and the media as a pinball prodigy, which is made even more impressive with his catatonic state. During a championship game, Tommy faces the`` Pinball Wizard'' (Elton John) with the Who as the champion's backing band. Nora watches her son's televised victory and celebrates his (and her) success (``Champagne ''), but soon has a nervous breakdown upon thinking about the real extremes of Tommy's condition."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "On April 25, 1976, at Dodger Stadium, father-and-son protestors ran into the outfield and tried to set fire to a U.S. flag. When Cubs outfielder Rick Monday noticed the flag on the ground and the man and boy fumbling with matches and lighter fluid, he dashed over and snatched the flag to thunderous applause. When he came up to bat in the next half-inning, he got a standing ovation from the crowd and the stadium titantron flashed the message, \"RICK MONDAY... YOU MADE A GREAT PLAY...\" Monday later said, \"If you're going to burn the flag, don't do it around me. I've been to too many veterans' hospitals and seen too many broken bodies of guys who tried to protect it.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tommy's Tale", "paragraph_text": "Tommy's Tale is a novel written by the actor Alan Cumming, centering on the life of a bisexual London resident named Tommy. The book is a first-person narrative, and revolves around an early mid-life crisis triggered when Tommy \"accidentally\" proclaims his love for his friend-with-benefits, Charlie, when high on ecstasy. Other characters include Finn (Charlie's son), Sadie and Bobby (Tommy's flatmates), India (Tommy's ex-girlfriend), and Julian (Tommy's boss)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thomas Henty", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Henty (born Thomas John Cooper 19January 195613August 1988) was an English actor, and the son of the magician and prop comedian Tommy Cooper."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Taking of Beverly Hills", "paragraph_text": "The Taking of Beverly Hills is a 1991 American action film directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Ken Wahl, Matt Frewer, Harley Jane Kozak and Robert Davi. In the film, football hero Boomer Hayes (Wahl) battles a group of ex-cops, who are using a chemical spill as a front to rob several homes and bank vaults in Beverly Hills. The film also features Pamela Anderson in her first film part in an uncredited role playing a cheerleader."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hansruedi F\u00fchrer", "paragraph_text": "Hansruedi F\u00fchrer (born 24 December 1937) is a Swiss football defender who played for Switzerland in the 1966 FIFA World Cup. He also played for BSC Young Boys and Grasshopper Club Z\u00fcrich."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A Picture of Nectar", "paragraph_text": "The album is dedicated to Nector Rorris, the proprietor of Nectar's in Burlington, Vermont, where Phish played their first bar gig followed by a series of monthly three-night stands, saying that the experience \"taught us how to play\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Stand", "paragraph_text": "The townspeople are taken to a CDC facility in Vermont. All but Stu succumb to the superflu, which kills 99.4% of the world's population in two weeks. The scattered survivors include would - be rock star Larry Underwood (Adam Storke); deaf mute Nick Andros (Rob Lowe); Frannie Goldsmith (Molly Ringwald) and her unborn child from Jesse, her boyfriend prior to the plague; her teenaged neighbor Harold Lauder (Corin Nemec); imprisoned criminal Lloyd Henreid (Miguel Ferrer); and ``Trashcan Man ''(Matt Frewer), a mentally ill arsonist and scavenger. The survivors soon begin having visions, either from kindly Mother Abagail (Ruby Dee) or from the demonic Randall Flagg (Jamey Sheridan). The two sets of survivors are instructed in dreams to either travel to Nebraska to meet Abagail, or to Las Vegas to join Flagg."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "In Full Gear", "paragraph_text": "In Full Gear is the second studio album by American hip hop band Stetsasonic, released in 1988 by Tommy Boy Records."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Piece Maker", "paragraph_text": "The Piece Maker is the debut album by Tony Touch, released on April 18, 2000, on Tommy Boy Entertainment and Warner Bros. Records."}], "question": "Who did the actor who plays Beverly's son in Tommy Boy play in The Stand?"}
{"id": "2hop__39787_42644", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Joan Standing", "paragraph_text": "Joan Standing (21 June 1903 \u2013 3 February 1979) was an English actress best known for playing Nurse Briggs in the 1931 horror film \"Dracula\". She appeared in 63 films between 1919 and 1940. She was the daughter of Herbert Standing Jr. and granddaughter of Herbert Standing (1846-1923). Her uncles were Wyndham Standing, Sir Guy Standing, Percy Standing and Jack Standing. Her cousin was actress Kay Hammond. Later in life she emigrated to the United States. She died in Houston, Texas in 1979, aged 75."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Leguizamo", "paragraph_text": "John Alberto Leguizamo (/ \u02ccl\u025b\u0261w\u026a\u02c8z\u0251\u02d0mo\u028a /; born July 22, 1964) is an American actor, voice artist, stand - up comedian, film producer, playwright, and screenwriter. He came to prominence with a co-starring role in the action comedy Super Mario Bros. (1993) as Luigi and a supporting role in the crime drama Carlito's Way (1993). Other notable roles include Sid the Sloth in the animated Ice Age films (2002 -- 2016) and the narrator of the sitcom The Brothers Garc\u00eda (2000 -- 2004). As of 2009, he has appeared in over 75 films, produced over 10 films, starred on Broadway in several productions (winning several awards), made over 12 television appearances, and has produced or starred in many other television shows."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Maugrim", "paragraph_text": "Maugrim appears in the 1988 BBC production on The Chronicles of Narnia, portrayed by Canadian actor Martin Stone. He assumes the form of a humanoid wolf - like creature when speaking or fighting, and an actual wolf when standing guard at the Witch's castle, traveling, or mortally wounded. As in the book, he is killed by Peter after appearing at the Stone Table, where he has been sent on the White Witch's orders after Edmund informs her than his siblings and Aslan have reached Narnia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Riley Parker", "paragraph_text": "Riley Parker (also Hale) is a fictional character from the Australian Network Ten soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Sweeney Young. He made his first on-screen appearance on 17 August 2007. He was involved in various storylines most notably an incest plot. The character was axed in 2008 and departed on 23 May 2008."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shona Laing", "paragraph_text": "Shona Laing (born 9 October 1955) is a New Zealand musician. She has had several hits in her native country, as well as a few minor international hits, most notably \"(Glad I'm) Not a Kennedy\" and \"Soviet Snow\". Laing contributed to Manfred Mann's Earth Band album \"Somewhere in Afrika\" and contributed music to, and appeared in, the 1985 action film \"Shaker Run\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Home Town Girl", "paragraph_text": "The Home Town Girl is a 1919 American silent comedy film directed by Robert G. Vignola, written by Oscar Graeve and Edith Kennedy, and starring Vivian Martin, Ralph Graves, Lee Phelps, Carmen Phillips, Stanhope Wheatcroft, and Herbert Standing. It was released on May 11, 1919, by Paramount Pictures."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: \"I\u2019m a Jayhawk\", \"Fighting Jayhawk\", \"Kansas Song\", \"Sunflower Song\", \"Crimson and the Blue\", \"Red and Blue\", the \"Rock Chalk, Jayhawk\" chant\", \"Home on the Range\" and \"Stand Up and Cheer.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ich bin ein Berliner", "paragraph_text": "The speech is considered one of Kennedy's best, both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier. It was a great morale boost for West Berliners, who lived in an enclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation. Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Sch\u00f6neberg for an audience of 450,000, Kennedy said,"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Charlie Chuck", "paragraph_text": "Charlie Chuck Charlie Chuck in 2002; photo by John Fleming Medium stand - up Nationality English Notable works and roles' Uncle Peter 'in' The Smell of Reeves & Mortimer 'Website http://charliechuckslaughterlounge.com"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Trevi Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Trevi Fountain () is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing high and wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and the most famous fountain in the world. The fountain has appeared in several notable films, including \"Roman Holiday\", Federico Fellini's \"La Dolce Vita\", the eponymous \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"The Lizzie McGuire Movie\", and \"Sabrina Goes to Rome\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gerry Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "Gerry Kennedy (born 16 December 1985 in Killenaule, County Tipperary) is an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Killenaule and with the Tipperary senior inter-county team."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Stand", "paragraph_text": "The townspeople are taken to a CDC facility in Vermont. All but Stu succumb to the superflu, which kills 99.4% of the world's population in two weeks. The scattered survivors include would - be rock star Larry Underwood (Adam Storke); deaf mute Nick Andros (Rob Lowe); Frannie Goldsmith (Molly Ringwald) and her unborn child from Jesse, her boyfriend prior to the plague; her teenaged neighbor Harold Lauder (Corin Nemec); imprisoned criminal Lloyd Henreid (Miguel Ferrer); and ``Trashcan Man ''(Matt Frewer), a mentally ill arsonist and scavenger. The survivors soon begin having visions, either from kindly Mother Abagail (Ruby Dee) or from the demonic Randall Flagg (Jamey Sheridan). The two sets of survivors are instructed in dreams to either travel to Nebraska to meet Abagail, or to Las Vegas to join Flagg."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Additionally, Richmond is gaining attention from the film and television industry, with several high-profile films shot in the metro region in the past few years, including the major motion picture Lincoln which led to Daniel Day-Lewis's third Oscar, Killing Kennedy with Rob Lowe, airing on the National Geographic Channel and Turn, starring Jamie Bell and airing on AMC. In 2015 Richmond will be the main filming location for the upcoming PBS drama series Mercy Street, which will premiere in Winter 2016. Several organizations, including the Virginia Film Office and the Virginia Production Alliance, along with events like the Richmond International Film Festival and French Film Festival, continue to put draw supporters of film and media to the region."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Molly Ephraim", "paragraph_text": "Molly Ephraim (born May 22, 1986) is an American actress who has appeared in films, on television, and in Broadway, off - Broadway, and regional theatre productions. She is best known for playing the role of middle daughter and entrepreneur Mandy Baxter in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing, which aired from October 2011 to March 2017."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Luke Handley", "paragraph_text": "Luke Handley is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Bernard Curry. He made his first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 7 March 1995. Luke's storylines included a brief fling with Libby Kennedy, a relationship with Serendipity Gottlieb, suffering a breakdown, being diagnosed with cancer and starting a relationship with Danni Stark. He departed on 17 December 1996, but Curry reprised the role in 2005 for the 20th anniversary."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kennedy Compound", "paragraph_text": "Ted Kennedy also bought President Kennedy's house from his daughter, Caroline Kennedy. This house now belongs to Ted Kennedy Jr."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12: 30 p.m. in Dallas, Texas while riding in a presidential motorcade in Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was riding with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife, Nellie, and was fatally shot by former U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald. A ten - month investigation by the Warren Commission from November 1963 to September 1964 concluded that Oswald acted alone in shooting Kennedy and that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial. Kennedy's death marked the fourth (following those of Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley) and most recent assassination of an American President. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson automatically became President upon Kennedy's death."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kennedy Malunga", "paragraph_text": "Kennedy Malunga (born 14 May 1970) is a former Malawi international football midfielder who plays for clubs in Malawi, South Africa and Belgium."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Home (Dixie Chicks album)", "paragraph_text": "Home is the sixth studio album by American country band Dixie Chicks, released in 2002 on Monument/Columbia Records. It is notable for its acoustic bluegrass sound, which stands in contrast with their previous two country pop albums."}], "question": "Who did the Killing Kennedy actor play in The Stand?"}
{"id": "2hop__574089_339079", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nehaj Fortress", "paragraph_text": "The fortress is tall and wide, and square shaped with walls averaging from in thickness. There are five towers on top of the Fortress, and eleven large cannon openings along the walls. Inside the Fortress, there are displays of cannons and other household items, as well as a collection of costumes and weapons of the Uskoks of Senj. There is also an annual medieval festival that is held in Senj, and an important part of it is when the \"Uskoks\" march up to the fortress on horseback. There are also crafting workshops and other medieval themed attractions around the fortress at this time; as well as a detailed overview of its history."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Krivi Put", "paragraph_text": "Krivi Put is a village located in a forested area near Senj, in Lika-Senj County, Croatia. The name of the village literally means \"Wrong Way\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "What county contains the town where Nehaj Fortress is found?"}
{"id": "2hop__74455_501440", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Amblin Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg, and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981. The company's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California. The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Itanium", "paragraph_text": "In 1989, HP determined that Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architectures were approaching a processing limit at one instruction per cycle. HP researchers investigated a new architecture, later named Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC), that allows the processor to execute multiple instructions in each clock cycle. EPIC implements a form of very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture, in which a single instruction word contains multiple instructions. With EPIC, the compiler determines in advance which instructions can be executed at the same time, so the microprocessor simply executes the instructions and does not need elaborate mechanisms to determine which instructions to execute in parallel."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "PA-8000", "paragraph_text": "The PA-8000 (PCX-U), code-named \"Onyx\", is a microprocessor developed and fabricated by Hewlett-Packard (HP) that implemented the PA-RISC 2.0 instruction set architecture (ISA). It was a completely new design with no circuitry derived from previous PA-RISC microprocessors. The PA-8000 was introduced on 2 November 1995 when shipments began to members of the Precision RISC Organization (PRO). It was used exclusively by PRO members and was not sold on the merchant market. All follow-on PA-8x00 processors (PA-8200 to PA-8900, described further below) are based on the basic PA-8000 processor core."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "FABRAP", "paragraph_text": "FABRAP, or Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild and Paschal, was an architectural firm founded in Atlanta, Georgia in 1958. They specialized in sports stadiums, and developed the headquarters for several major Atlanta businesses."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lake Express", "paragraph_text": "Lake Express High-Speed Ferry is an American company that operates a seasonal ferry service across Lake Michigan between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Muskegon, Michigan. The Lake Express Milwaukee terminal and the company headquarters are located near the Port of Milwaukee. Their ferry travels a distance of 80 miles, in two and a half hours, across Lake Michigan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "BorsodChem", "paragraph_text": "Wanhua-BorsodChem \u2013 as the European member of the Wanhua Group \u2013 is a leading chemical raw material manufacturing company headquartered in Kazincbarcika, Hungary. The company specialized for isocyanates (MDI, TDI), PVC and chlor-alkali (vinyl) businesses. The main production site is located in Kazincbarcika, Hungary but the production is also supported by other European production capacities located in Ostrava, the Czech Republic and K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale, Poland. Several branch offices are available in Hungary, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Italy and Poland."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Milio's Sandwiches", "paragraph_text": "Milio's Sandwiches (formerly Big Mike's Super Subs) is a United States restaurant chain that mainly sells submarine sandwiches. The chain was founded in Madison, Wisconsin by Mike Liautaud. in 1989. The company has 35 locations throughout Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa The company headquarters are located in Middleton, Wisconsin. Milio's was First Place in Madison Magazine's Best of Madison 2017 for Best Sandwich Spot and has been recognized for its community involvement."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jamnagar district", "paragraph_text": "Jamnagar District is a district of India located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Kutch in the state of Gujarat. Its headquarters are located in the eponymous city of Jamnagar. It hosts the production facilities of several large Indian companies such as Reliance and Essar. Among its attractions are several palaces, a Marine National Park and a Bird Sanctuary, known as Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kingfisher plc", "paragraph_text": "Kingfisher plc is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, with regional offices located across the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. It is the largest home improvement retailer in Europe, and the third largest in the world (behind The Home Depot and Lowe's)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Standard Insurance Company", "paragraph_text": "Standard Insurance Company, also branded as The Standard, is an American insurance and financial company which is a subsidiary of StanCorp Financial Group, headquartered in Portland, Oregon. On July 23, 2015, Meiji Yasuda, a Japanese mutual insurance group, made an offer to purchase Stancorp Financial for $5 billion. The transaction was completed in the first quarter of 2016."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guitar Center", "paragraph_text": "Guitar Center is an American music retailer chain. It is the largest company of its kind in the United States, with 269 locations. Its headquarters is in Westlake Village, California."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fire and Water (sculpture)", "paragraph_text": "Fire and Water is a public art work by American artist John Luttropp, located on the southwest side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The multi-element architectural sculpture was created for the entrance of the Milwaukee Fire Department Engine Company #25 station. It is located at 300 S. 84th St."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance", "paragraph_text": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance is located in New York City and is the headquarters to the Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance and the Martha Graham Dance Company, which is the oldest continually performing dance company in the world. The School is focused on teaching Graham's technique; some of its faculty were trained by Graham herself."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "ARM architecture", "paragraph_text": "The British computer manufacturer Acorn Computers first developed the Acorn RISC Machine architecture (ARM) in the 1980s to use in its personal computers. Its first ARM - based products were coprocessor modules for the BBC Micro series of computers. After the successful BBC Micro computer, Acorn Computers considered how to move on from the relatively simple MOS Technology 6502 processor to address business markets like the one that was soon dominated by the IBM PC, launched in 1981. The Acorn Business Computer (ABC) plan required that a number of second processors be made to work with the BBC Micro platform, but processors such as the Motorola 68000 and National Semiconductor 32016 were considered unsuitable, and the 6502 was not powerful enough for a graphics - based user interface."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ssangnim-dong", "paragraph_text": "The headquarters of South Korean food company CJ Cheil Jedang is located in the CJ Cheiljedang Building near the Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Community House, First Congregational Church", "paragraph_text": "Community House, First Congregational Church is located in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. It was built in the Prairie School architectural style in 1914. On July 18, 1974, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century. The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture; within the Roman context, evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures, like the Roman Karamagara Bridge; in Sassanid architecture, in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harley-Davidson", "paragraph_text": "In 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street (later Juneau Avenue), at the current location of Harley-Davidson's corporate headquarters. The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft \u00d7 60 ft (12 m \u00d7 18 m) single-story wooden structure. The company produced about 50 motorcycles that year."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "MessagePad", "paragraph_text": "The MessagePad is the first series of personal digital assistant devices developed by Apple Computer for the Newton platform in 1993. Some electronic engineering and the manufacture of Apple's MessagePad devices was undertaken in Japan by the Sharp Corporation. The devices were based on the ARM 610 RISC processor and all featured handwriting recognition software and were developed and marketed by Apple. The devices ran the Newton OS."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Acorn Computers (2006)", "paragraph_text": "Acorn Computers Ltd was a company based in Nottingham, England in the United Kingdom. It licensed, in early 2006, the dormant Acorn Computers trademark from French company Aristide & Co Antiquaire De Marques. This company sold IBM PC compatible computers and had no connection to ARM."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the first company who defined risc architecture?"}
{"id": "2hop__122249_458889", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ay Juancito", "paragraph_text": "Ay Juancito is a 2004 Argentine biographical drama film directed by H\u00e9ctor Olivera. It was written by Olivera and Jos\u00e9 Pablo Feinmann, and stars Adri\u00e1n Navarro, In\u00e9s Est\u00e9vez, and Leticia Br\u00e9dice."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Katarina Sandstr\u00f6m", "paragraph_text": "Anna Hiruth Katarina Sandstr\u00f6m Borglund (born 20 March 1974 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) is a Swedish television news presenter and journalist."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David Noel Ram\u00edrez Padilla", "paragraph_text": "David Noel Ram\u00edrez Padilla (born January 12, 1950) was the dean of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education university system (ITESM) which has thirty one campuses in various parts of Mexico. Ramirez\u2019s education and career as both an educator and administrator have all been around this university system, culminating to his former position beginning in January 2011. In addition, he has authored eight books, numerous articles, served as keynote speaker at various conferences and advised outside institutions on matters regarding accounting, finance and human development."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Carnegie Library of Reims", "paragraph_text": "The Carnegie Library of Reims () is a public library built with money donated by businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie to the city of Reims after World War I. Reims was one of three \"front-line\" cities to be given a Carnegie library, the other two being Leuven and Belgrade (Belgrade University Library). Built in the 1920s, it combined the mission of heritage conservation and of reading public library. Until 2003, the Carnegie Library was the main library of Reims."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Georgia Board of Regents", "paragraph_text": "The Georgia Board of Regents oversees the University System of Georgia as part of the state government of Georgia in the United States. The University System of Georgia is composed of all state public institutions of higher education in the state. The Board of Regents also preside over the Georgia Public Library Service."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Olivera Katarina", "paragraph_text": "As a child, Olivera Katarina attended piano and ballet lessons. In 1959, she went to Paris and enrolled the Alliance Fran\u00e7aise school in order to improve her French language skills. Olivera Katarina initially enrolled the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law before switching to the Faculty of Dramatic Arts. Among her mates at the Faculty of Dramatic Arts were Milena Dravi\u0107 and Petar Kralj."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mary Sally Matiella", "paragraph_text": "She earned a Regents' Scholarship into the University of Arizona, receiving a B.A. in 1973 and an M.B.A. in 1976. In 2013, she was named the University of Arizona, College of Education Alum of the year."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kannur University", "paragraph_text": "Kannur University was established in 1996 to provide development of higher education in Kasaragod, Kannur, and Wayanad districts of Kerala, India. It was established after the passing of Act No. 22 of 1996 of the Kerala Legislative Assembly. A university by the name of \"Malabar University\" had come into existence even earlier by the passing of an ordinance by the Governor of Kerala, on 9 November 1995."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dick Harrison", "paragraph_text": "Dick Walther Harrison (born 10 April 1966) is a Swedish historian who was born in Huddinge, Stockholm County, Sweden and spent much of his youth in Staffanstorp in Sk\u00e5ne. On 12 June 2010 he married Katarina Lindbergh in Kalmar Cathedral. He is currently a Professor of History at Lund University."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Instituto Piaget", "paragraph_text": "Instituto Piaget is a Portuguese private institution of higher education. It provides both university and polytechnic higher education in a number of fields. Instituto Piaget was named after the Swiss philosopher and developmental psychologist Jean Piaget."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Katarina Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m", "paragraph_text": "Katarina Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m, born in 1950, is a Swedish politician of the Moderate Party. She has been a member of the Riksdag since 2006."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Olivera Markovi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Olivera Markovi\u0107 (n\u00e9e \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107; ; 3 May 1925 \u2013 2 July 2011) was a Serbian actress. She appeared in 170 films and television shows between 1946 and 2005. She won the Golden Arena for Best Actress in 1964 for her role in \"Slu\u017ebeni polo\u017eaj\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences (BUFHS), also known as the Busitema University Medical School (BUMS) and the Busitema University School of Medicine (BUSM), is the school of medicine of Busitema University, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school is one of the newer medical schools in the country, having been part of university since 2013. The school provides medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Helmut Schmidt University", "paragraph_text": "The Helmut Schmidt University (), located in Hamburg, Germany, is a German military educational establishment that was founded in 1973 at the initiative of the then-Federal Minister of Defence, Helmut Schmidt. Originally known as the \"University of the Bundeswehr Hamburg\" (\"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr\"), its complete official name today is \"Helmut-Schmidt-Universit\u00e4t/Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr Hamburg\". Teaching first started in Autumn of 1973. It is one of two universities that were established by the Bundeswehr to train and educate its future and existing officers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elmer Ellis", "paragraph_text": "Elmer Ellis (July 27, 1901 \u2013 August 27, 1989) was an American educator and fourteenth president of the University of Missouri, from 1955 to 1966, and first president of the University of Missouri System. He was instrumental in the expansion of the university to include the University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City and University of Missouri\u2013St. Louis. Ellis Library is named in his honor."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2012 Apia International Sydney \u2013 Women's Doubles", "paragraph_text": "Kv\u011bta Peschke and Katarina Srebotnik defeated American duo Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond in the final, 6\u20131, 4\u20136, [13\u201311] to claim the title."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "University of Wisconsin\u2013Platteville", "paragraph_text": "University of Wisconsin\u2013Platteville (also known as UW\u2013Platteville) is a public university located in Platteville, Wisconsin, United States. Part of the University of Wisconsin System, it offers both bachelor's and master's degrees. The university has three colleges that serve over 8,000 students on-campus and an additional 3,000 students through its five distance education programs."}], "question": "What is part of Olivera Katarina's university?"}
{"id": "2hop__141211_4215", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jacek", "paragraph_text": "Jacek is a Polish given name of Greek origin coming from Hyacinth, through the archaic form of \"Jacenty\". Its closely related equivalents are: Jacinto (Spanish and Portuguese), Giacinto (Italian) and J\u00e1cint (Hungarian)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "If(we)", "paragraph_text": "if(we) is a social and mobile technology company based in San Francisco, California. and owned by The Meet Group. It was originally known as Tagged Inc. and owns and operates social networks Tagged.com and Hi5.com and animated iOS messaging app Nod."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jacek i Agatka", "paragraph_text": "Jacek i Agatka (\"Jacek and Agatka\") is a Polish television program created by writer Wanda Chotomska for Telewizja Polska's children's television block Dobranocka. It was the first Polish television show intended for bedtime. Featuring finger puppetry, the show centers on the young siblings Jacek and Agatka who explore children's topics and curiously crafted ideas. The program aired at 19:20 CET three times a week between 2 October 1962 and 1973 and was merchandised on bathing products and toys."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "CKO", "paragraph_text": "CKO was a Canadian radio news network which operated from 1977 to 1989. The CKO call sign was shared by twelve network-owned stations, as listed below."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "A1 Hrvatska", "paragraph_text": "A1 Hrvatska d.o.o. is the first private mobile network operator in Croatia, a part of the Telekom Austria Group and a strategic partner of Vodafone."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vikings (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "Vikings (season 5) DVD cover art for the season's first half Country of origin Canada / Ireland No. of episodes 10 Release Original network History Original release Part 1: November 29, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 29) -- January 24, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 24) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 4 List of Vikings episodes"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "T-Mobile UK", "paragraph_text": "The network was originally launched as \"Mercury One2One\", a GSM mobile network operated by the now-defunct Mercury Communications. It was the world's first GSM 1800 network when it was launched in September 1993. It was later rebranded as simply \"One2One\", when it was operated for a short time as a joint venture between Cable & Wireless plc and American cable provider Mediaone Group, which had a number of investments in Britain dating back to its days as the US West Media Group. The network was purchased by Deutsche Telekom in 1999 and rebranded as \"T-Mobile\" in summer 2002."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Food Network Star (season 13)", "paragraph_text": "Food Network Star (season 13) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network Food Network Original release June 4, 2017 (2017 - 06 - 04) Additional information No. of contestants 13 Winner Jason Smith Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 12 Next \u2192 Season 14"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mega Man Network Transmission", "paragraph_text": "Mega Man Network Transmission, known in Japan as , is a video game developed by Arika and published by Capcom and ShoPro Entertainment for the Nintendo GameCube console. The game was first released in Japan on 6 March 2003, and in North America and PAL regions the following June. \"Network Transmission\" is part of the \"Mega Man Battle Network\" series, which originated on the Game Boy Advance (GBA) handheld."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "CFZZ-FM", "paragraph_text": "CFZZ-FM is a French language Canadian radio station located in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec and serving the Greater Montreal Area as a rimshot signal. Owned and operated by Bell Media, it is part of the Boom FM network. As such, the station has an oldies format."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sentier NB Trail", "paragraph_text": "The Sentier NB Trail is a network of hiking trails in New Brunswick, Canada built on abandoned railways. The trails are mostly closed to motorized vehicles. The network is operated by the New Brunswick Trails Council, a non-profit organization. Some portions of the trail are also part of the Trans Canada Trail."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jacek Gollob", "paragraph_text": "Jacek Gollob (born 27 October 1969 in Bydgoszcz, Poland) is a Polish motorcycle speedway rider who has twice won the individual Polish Championship (in 1998 and 2000), and has also won the team and pairs championships several times."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wayback Machine", "paragraph_text": "In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Network Aviation", "paragraph_text": "In February 2011, Network Aviation was purchased by Qantas. Network retains its current management, employees and operating structure, with the business to be aligned with Qantas' operations, standards and processes. With the purchase, Qantas stated it was looking at significantly growing Network's fleet and operations. On taking over Network, Qantas announced that it was purchasing ten Fokker 100 aircraft for the company."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jacek Stryjenski", "paragraph_text": "Jacek Stryjenski was a Swiss painter and decorator (born 1922 in Krak\u00f3w, died 1961 in Geneva). Jacek Stryjenski made frescos in churches in Switzerland (mosaics in St. Francis Church in Geneva) and France, as well as murals and mosaics that can be seen in various places in Geneva. He also designed many marionettes and much of the d\u00e9cor for the Puppet Theatre of Geneva."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "PORT.hu", "paragraph_text": "PORT.hu is part of a Central European cultural project as a Hungarian cultural programme provider portal. It regularly collects, edits and translates television, cinema, theatre, festival, exhibition, sport, and concert programme information as well as information on restaurants and hotels in Hungary. It is operated by PORT-network, a company with Hungarian, American, and German ownership."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rhenish Girls and Rhenish Wine", "paragraph_text": "Rhenish Girls and Rhenish Wine (German:Ein rheinisches M\u00e4dchen beim rheinischen Wein) is a 1927 German silent film directed by Johannes Guter and starring Xenia Desni, Jack Trevor and Elisabeth Pinajeff. The film's art direction was by Jacek Rotmil."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Network Aviation", "paragraph_text": "Network Aviation is an airline based at Perth Airport, operating air charter services in support of \"fly-in fly-out\" mining operations throughout Western Australia. In partnership with subsidiary engineering provider Network Turbine Solutions, Network Aviation operates over 50 flights a week on behalf of mining companies to facilitate crew changes at remote sites."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "TracFone Wireless", "paragraph_text": "TracFone Wireless, Inc. is a prepaid mobile virtual network operator in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. TracFone Wireless is a subsidiary of Mexico's largest telecommunications company Am\u00e9rica M\u00f3vil, and offers products and services under multiple brands which include TracFone, NET10 Wireless, Total Wireless, Straight Talk, SafeLink Wireless, Telcel Am\u00e9rica, SIMPLE Mobile, Page Plus Cellular, GoSmart Mobile, and Walmart Family Mobile. TracFone Wireless operates as a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), holding agreements with the United States' largest wireless network operators to provide service using their networks, including Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, T - Mobile US, Sprint Corporation, and U.S. Cellular. TracFone Wireless had 25.668 million subscribers in 2015."}], "question": "What is operated by the original network that is part of Jacek i Agatka?"}
{"id": "2hop__384605_4215", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WDBS", "paragraph_text": "WDBS is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Sutton, West Virginia, serving Central West Virginia. WDBS is owned and operated by Summit Media Broadcasting, LLC."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "High-definition television", "paragraph_text": "PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jacek", "paragraph_text": "Jacek is a Polish given name of Greek origin coming from Hyacinth, through the archaic form of \"Jacenty\". Its closely related equivalents are: Jacinto (Spanish and Portuguese), Giacinto (Italian) and J\u00e1cint (Hungarian)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WDEO (AM)", "paragraph_text": "WDEO is a radio station broadcasting on 990 kilohertz in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Broadcasting Catholic programming, WDEO is operated by Ave Maria Radio."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wayback Machine", "paragraph_text": "In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "CJFX-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJFX-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 98.9 FM in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. The station also broadcasts at 102.5 FM in Inverness County, Nova Scotia. The station has been broadcasting since March 25, 1943. The station is owned & operated by Atlantic Broadcasting Co. Ltd. and currently broadcasts an adult contemporary format branded as 98.9 X-FM with the current slogan \"Nothing but hits\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jacek i Agatka", "paragraph_text": "Jacek i Agatka (\"Jacek and Agatka\") is a Polish television program created by writer Wanda Chotomska for Telewizja Polska's children's television block Dobranocka. It was the first Polish television show intended for bedtime. Featuring finger puppetry, the show centers on the young siblings Jacek and Agatka who explore children's topics and curiously crafted ideas. The program aired at 19:20 CET three times a week between 2 October 1962 and 1973 and was merchandised on bathing products and toys."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WHRB", "paragraph_text": "WHRB is a commercial FM radio station in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It broadcasts at 95.3\u00a0MHz and is operated by students at Harvard College."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WNDE", "paragraph_text": "WNDE (1260 AM) is a Sports formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Indianapolis, Indiana, serving the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The station, which began broadcasting in 1924, is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. The WNDE broadcast license is held by Capstar TX LLC."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WVDS", "paragraph_text": "WVDS is a Public Radio formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Petersburg, West Virginia, serving the Potomac Highlands of West Virginia and Western Maryland. WVDS is owned and operated by West Virginia Educational Broadcasting Authority."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "WVWV", "paragraph_text": "WVWV is a Public Radio formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Huntington, West Virginia, serving Huntington, West Virginia, Ashland, Kentucky, and Ironton, Ohio. WVWV is owned and operated by West Virginia Educational Broadcasting Authority."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WXBQ-FM", "paragraph_text": "WXBQ-FM is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Bristol, Virginia, serving the Tri-Cities. WXBQ-FM is owned and operated by Bristol Broadcasting Company, Inc."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "CJCW", "paragraph_text": "CJCW is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 590 AM in Sussex, New Brunswick. The station plays an adult contemporary format and is owned & operated by the Maritime Broadcasting System. The station has been on the air since June 1975."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rhenish Girls and Rhenish Wine", "paragraph_text": "Rhenish Girls and Rhenish Wine (German:Ein rheinisches M\u00e4dchen beim rheinischen Wein) is a 1927 German silent film directed by Johannes Guter and starring Xenia Desni, Jack Trevor and Elisabeth Pinajeff. The film's art direction was by Jacek Rotmil."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jacek Stryjenski", "paragraph_text": "Jacek Stryjenski was a Swiss painter and decorator (born 1922 in Krak\u00f3w, died 1961 in Geneva). Jacek Stryjenski made frescos in churches in Switzerland (mosaics in St. Francis Church in Geneva) and France, as well as murals and mosaics that can be seen in various places in Geneva. He also designed many marionettes and much of the d\u00e9cor for the Puppet Theatre of Geneva."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "CKX-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKX-FM is the call sign of a Canadian radio station operating in Brandon, Manitoba, and owned by Bell Media. CKX-FM operates at 96.1 FM, broadcasting an adult hits format under the brand name 96.1 BOB FM."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jacek Gollob", "paragraph_text": "Jacek Gollob (born 27 October 1969 in Bydgoszcz, Poland) is a Polish motorcycle speedway rider who has twice won the individual Polish Championship (in 1998 and 2000), and has also won the team and pairs championships several times."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of rivers by length", "paragraph_text": "Scientists debate whether the Amazon or the Nile is the longest river in the world. Traditionally, the Nile is considered longer, but recent information suggests that the Amazon may be longer. Differences in the recorded length of the Amazon mainly depend on whether or not it is valid to take a course south of the Ilha de Maraj\u00f3 at the Amazon's mouth. New evidence, (dated 16 June 2007) obtained from a high - altitude scientific venture in the Andes, claims that ``the Amazon is longer than the Nile by 100km, with its longest headwater being the Carhuasanta stream originating in the south of Peru on the Nevado Mismi mountain's northern slopes and flowing into the R\u00edo Apur\u00edmac ''. However, the origin of the river at Nevado Mismi had already been known more than one decade earlier (see Jacek Palkiewicz), and satellite based measuring from this origin to the Amazon mouth has resulted in not more than 6,400 km."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Phoenix (German TV station)", "paragraph_text": "Phoenix (stylised as phoen\u0131x) is a German free-to-air television channel which is operated jointly by public-service broadcasters ARD and ZDF. It broadcasts documentaries, news, special events coverage and discussion programmes. Phoenix's headquarters are in Bonn, the former West German capital."}], "question": "What does the original broadcaster of Jacek i Agatka operate?"}
{"id": "2hop__122983_458889", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Loyce W. Turner", "paragraph_text": "Turner attended Auburn University and the University of Georgia. He served in the United States Army from 1951 to 1953 and was later a farmer and banker. He also worked as veterinarian from 1948 to 1976."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bob Keppel", "paragraph_text": "Robert Griffin \"Bobby\" Keppel (born June 11, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He attended De Smet Jesuit High School in Creve Coeur, Missouri and attended the University of Notre Dame for a few offseasons."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter L\u00f6scher", "paragraph_text": "Peter L\u00f6scher graduated from Gymnasium Villach/Austria in 1978 and got a master's degree at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. Later he attended but did not obtain a degree from an MBA program at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and attended the six-week Advanced Management Program (AMP) at Harvard Business School. In 2007 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from Michigan State University."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ewan Dow", "paragraph_text": "He was educated at Kirkcaldy and Beath High Schools and attended the University of Aberdeen though left prior to graduating."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ellis Clarke", "paragraph_text": "Clarke attended Saint Mary's College, winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938. Ellis Clarke attended University College London of the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port of Spain in 1941, taking up private practice there."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Robert Lee Vann", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Ahoskie, North Carolina, the son of Lucy Peoples and an unknown father. He graduated as valedictorian of Waters Training School in Winton, North Carolina, in 1901, and attended Wayland Academy and Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia, from 1901 to 1903. He then attended Western University of Pennsylvania, (now the University of Pittsburgh) and graduated from its law school in 1909. He passed the bar examination in 1909 and married Jessie Matthews from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on February 17, 1919."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lawrence L. Lamade", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence L. Lamade attended the Landon School, followed by Princeton University, receiving his B.A. in 1969. He then served as an officer in the United States Navy from 1969 to 1972. Upon leaving the Navy, he attended the Georgetown University Law Center and received a J.D. in 1975."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alexander Gerschenkron", "paragraph_text": "Born in Odessa, then part of the Russian Empire, Gerschenkron fled the country during the Russian Civil War in 1920 to Austria, where he attended the University of Vienna, earning a doctorate in 1928. After the Anschluss in 1938, he emigrated to the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miroslav Stojanovi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Miroslav Stojanovi\u0107 (Serbian Cyrillic: \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0458\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b; born 21 November 1939), is a Serbian sport shooter who competed for Yugoslavia at the 1960 Olympic Games."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pengejar Angin", "paragraph_text": "Pengejar Angin (The Wind Chaser) is a 2011 film by Indonesian director Hanung Bramantyo and starring Qausar Harta Yudana, Mathias Muchus, and Lukman Sardi. It tells of a young man's efforts to be able to attend university through becoming an athlete at the 2011 SEA Games. Funded in part by the government of South Sumatra, where the Games were held, the film raised criticism for its use as an advertisement."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Carnegie Library of Reims", "paragraph_text": "The Carnegie Library of Reims () is a public library built with money donated by businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie to the city of Reims after World War I. Reims was one of three \"front-line\" cities to be given a Carnegie library, the other two being Leuven and Belgrade (Belgrade University Library). Built in the 1920s, it combined the mission of heritage conservation and of reading public library. Until 2003, the Carnegie Library was the main library of Reims."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Johnny Wayne", "paragraph_text": "The son of a successful clothing manufacturer who spoke several languages and the eldest of seven children, Johnny Wayne was born in downtown Toronto and attended Harbord Collegiate Institute, where he met his future comedy partner, and later attended the University of Toronto."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jason Hu", "paragraph_text": "Hu attended, then known as Big Tiger. He had relatively low friends, but that didn't matter. All that Jason Hu cared about was success. After graduating from Taichung Municipal First High School, then known as Chu-jen (\u5c45\u4ec1, Hanyu Pinyin: Juren) High School, Jason Hu attended National Chengchi University where he studied in the Diplomatic Studies Department, graduating in 1970. He attended the University of South Carolina from 1971\u201373 and pursued a master's degree in international studies but had to withdraw due to his father's ailing health. He later studied in the United Kingdom, first to the University of Southampton, where he studied International Relations, then to Balliol College, University of Oxford, where he received his PhD in International Relations in 1984."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Glenn Chadbourne", "paragraph_text": "Glenn Chadbourne attended Lincoln Academy before continuing his education at The Portland School of Art. He also attended the University of Maine at Augusta, as well as the University of Southern Maine."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dubravka Stojanovi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Dubravka Stojanovi\u0107 (; born February 15, 1963) is a Serbian historian, and professor at University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy. She worked on issues of democracy in Serbia and in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, interpretations of history in new Serbian textbooks, social history, the process of modernization, and the history of women in Serbia. She also consults the United Nations on the misuses of history in education. In 2017, she has signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins. Stojanovi\u0107 won the Belgrade City Award for Social Sciences in 2004, the Peace Prize from the Belgrade Center for Peace and Democracy in 2011, and the French national order of merit in 2015."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "David Belbin", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire and has lived in Nottingham since attending the University of Nottingham where he earned a degree in English Literature and American Studies. After university, he taught English and Media Studies in Nottingham before becoming a full-time writer in 1994. Since 2002, he has worked part-time at Nottingham Trent University, where he teaches Creative Writing."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bird in a Cage", "paragraph_text": "Bird in a Cage is a 1986 American comedic drama film written and directed by Antonio Zarro while he was attending the Christian Broadcasting Network University (now Regent University)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Joseph Montgomery", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Montgomery attended the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and graduated in 1755. After a brief time as a school master, he began the study of theology. In 1760 he earned an A.M. degree from the College of Philadelphia (now part of the University of Pennsylvania) and began a ministerial career, serving at several churches in Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Emrys James", "paragraph_text": "Robert Emrys James (1 September 1928 \u2013 5 February 1989) was a Welsh Shakespearean actor. He also performed in many theatre and TV parts between 1960 and 1989, and was an Associate Artist of the Royal Shakespeare Company. He was born in Machynlleth, the son of a railwayman, and attended the University of Wales, Aberystwyth."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Allison Fonte", "paragraph_text": "After her stint with \"the New Mickey Mouse Club\", Allison attended Stanford University and was a founding partner in a creative firm in New York City called Pompei A.D. She spun off part of that company into Allison Fonte Public Relations, also in New York. Allison attended the New Mouseketeers' reunion in May 2001, along with eight other 1970s Mouseketeers."}], "question": "What is part of the university Dubravka Stojanovic attended?"}
{"id": "2hop__144615_407075", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stevensville, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Stevensville is a small community in southern Ontario, Canada in the town of Fort Erie, most notable as the birthplace of Canadian entrepreneur James L. Kraft."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Podgorica", "paragraph_text": "At its foundation (some time before the 11th century), the town was called Birziminium. In the Middle Ages, it was known as Ribnica (Montenegrin Cyrillic: \u0420\u0438\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 [r\u00eebnitsa]). The name Podgorica was used from 1326. From 1946 to 1992, the city was named Titograd in honour of Josip Broz Tito, the former President of Yugoslavia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Luna, Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "Luna is a village in Rajasthan, India, famous as the birthplace of Mehdi Hassan. It is a panchayat village in \ufffc\ufffcAl\ufffc\ufffcsisarTehseel of Jhunjhunu District."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ahualulco", "paragraph_text": "Ahualulco is a town and municipality in San Luis Potos\u00ed in central Mexico. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 4,492. It was the birthplace of composer Juli\u00e1n Carrillo."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Herta Haas", "paragraph_text": "Herta Haas (29 March 1914 \u2013 5 March 2010) was a Yugoslav Partisan during World War II and the second wife of Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Partisans and a future President of Yugoslavia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Kosor", "paragraph_text": "Josip Kosor (27 January 1879 \u2013 23 January 1961) was a Croatian novelist and playwright. Starting as a novelist depicting peasant life in Dalmatia, Kosor \"graduated into a naturalist dramatist of some power\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josip Mikuli\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Josip Mikuli\u0107 (born 12 April 1986 in Ljubu\u0161ki) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian born Croatian footballer, currently playing for HNK Gorica in Croatian Second division."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New London Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "New London Township is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,631 at the 2010 census. It was the birthplace of U.S. Founding Father Thomas McKean."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz, a prominent theatre director in Croatia; Svetlana Broz, a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina; and Josip \"Jo\u0161ka\" Broz, Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski, an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Stubica (Ljubu\u0161ki)", "paragraph_text": "Stubica (Ljubu\u0161ki) is a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 1991 census, the village is located in the municipality of Ljubu\u0161ki."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josip Pe\u010dari\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Josip Pe\u010dari\u0107 (born 2/3 September 1948) is a Croatian professor of mathematics at the University of Zagreb and - as alleged by some - denier of the The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia. He has written and co-authored over 1100 articles on mathematics in journals, books, and conference proceedings."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cassano Magnago", "paragraph_text": "Cassano Magnago is a town and \"comune\" in the province of Varese, Lombardy, Italy. It is the birthplace of politician Umberto Bossi; cycling champion Ivan Basso lives here."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nikola Kavaja", "paragraph_text": "Nikola Kavaja (; 3 October 1932 \u2013 10 November 2008), nicknamed Tito's hunter, was a Serbian nationalist and anti-communist known for his 1979 bombing of a Yugoslav consul\u2019s home and the hijacking of American Airlines Flight 293. He tried to assassinate Josip Broz Tito four times, hence his nickname."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Josip Ku\u017ee", "paragraph_text": "Josip Ku\u017ee (13 November 1952 \u2013 16 June 2013) was a Croatian football manager and footballer. He was a player and later a manager of Dinamo Zagreb where he played for 10 years, making a total of 384 appearances and scoring 14 goals."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stubica (Para\u0107in)", "paragraph_text": "Stubica is a village in the municipality of Para\u0107in, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 1784 people."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from Yugoslavia itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the Order of the National Hero on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were received once, and three on two occasions (Order of the White Lion, Polonia Restituta, and Karl Marx). The most notable awards included the French Legion of Honour and National Order of Merit, the British Order of the Bath, the Soviet Order of Lenin, the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum, the German Federal Cross of Merit, and the Order of Merit of Italy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Butka, Russia", "paragraph_text": "Butka () is a village in Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. It is known as the birthplace of the first President of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse", "paragraph_text": "The Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse, also known as the Thoreau Farm or the Henry David Thoreau Birthplace, is a historic house at 341 Virginia Road in Concord, Massachusetts, United States. It is significant as the birthplace of writer Henry David Thoreau. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It currently serves as a museum and is open to the public."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "McKamie Farmhouse", "paragraph_text": "The McKamie Farmhouse was a farmhouse located in Waxhaws, North Carolina, and is one of two disputed birthplaces of Andrew Jackson, the other being in South Carolina."}], "question": "In which country was Josip Mikulic born?"}
{"id": "2hop__144615_668190", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Podgorica", "paragraph_text": "At its foundation (some time before the 11th century), the town was called Birziminium. In the Middle Ages, it was known as Ribnica (Montenegrin Cyrillic: \u0420\u0438\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 [r\u00eebnitsa]). The name Podgorica was used from 1326. From 1946 to 1992, the city was named Titograd in honour of Josip Broz Tito, the former President of Yugoslavia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Luna, Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "Luna is a village in Rajasthan, India, famous as the birthplace of Mehdi Hassan. It is a panchayat village in \ufffc\ufffcAl\ufffc\ufffcsisarTehseel of Jhunjhunu District."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josip Kosor", "paragraph_text": "Josip Kosor (27 January 1879 \u2013 23 January 1961) was a Croatian novelist and playwright. Starting as a novelist depicting peasant life in Dalmatia, Kosor \"graduated into a naturalist dramatist of some power\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Josip Mikuli\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Josip Mikuli\u0107 (born 12 April 1986 in Ljubu\u0161ki) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian born Croatian footballer, currently playing for HNK Gorica in Croatian Second division."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz, a prominent theatre director in Croatia; Svetlana Broz, a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina; and Josip \"Jo\u0161ka\" Broz, Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski, an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ljubu\u0161ki", "paragraph_text": "Ljubu\u0161ki is a city and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the West Herzegovina Canton, a unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nikola Kavaja", "paragraph_text": "Nikola Kavaja (; 3 October 1932 \u2013 10 November 2008), nicknamed Tito's hunter, was a Serbian nationalist and anti-communist known for his 1979 bombing of a Yugoslav consul\u2019s home and the hijacking of American Airlines Flight 293. He tried to assassinate Josip Broz Tito four times, hence his nickname."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Yellou", "paragraph_text": "Yellou is a village in the Kayao Department of Baz\u00e8ga Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 615. It is the birthplace of former president of Niger Daouda Malam Wank\u00e9."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Josip Ku\u017ee", "paragraph_text": "Josip Ku\u017ee (13 November 1952 \u2013 16 June 2013) was a Croatian football manager and footballer. He was a player and later a manager of Dinamo Zagreb where he played for 10 years, making a total of 384 appearances and scoring 14 goals."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tourism in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world, is located in Nepal. Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors. The world heritage site Lumbini, birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is located in the south of the West region of Nepal (which despite the name is located in the centre of the country) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country. The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country. Tourism brings $471 ma year to Nepal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from Yugoslavia itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the Order of the National Hero on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were received once, and three on two occasions (Order of the White Lion, Polonia Restituta, and Karl Marx). The most notable awards included the French Legion of Honour and National Order of Merit, the British Order of the Bath, the Soviet Order of Lenin, the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum, the German Federal Cross of Merit, and the Order of Merit of Italy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "McKamie Farmhouse", "paragraph_text": "The McKamie Farmhouse was a farmhouse located in Waxhaws, North Carolina, and is one of two disputed birthplaces of Andrew Jackson, the other being in South Carolina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stevensville, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Stevensville is a small community in southern Ontario, Canada in the town of Fort Erie, most notable as the birthplace of Canadian entrepreneur James L. Kraft."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Herta Haas", "paragraph_text": "Herta Haas (29 March 1914 \u2013 5 March 2010) was a Yugoslav Partisan during World War II and the second wife of Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Partisans and a future President of Yugoslavia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse", "paragraph_text": "The Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse, also known as the Thoreau Farm or the Henry David Thoreau Birthplace, is a historic house at 341 Virginia Road in Concord, Massachusetts, United States. It is significant as the birthplace of writer Henry David Thoreau. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It currently serves as a museum and is open to the public."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Butka, Russia", "paragraph_text": "Butka () is a village in Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. It is known as the birthplace of the first President of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charles Ives House", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Ives House, also known as Charles Ives Birthplace, is located on Mountainville Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame structure built in 1780 and expanded on since. Over the course of the 19th century it was the residence of several generations of Iveses, a family important in the city's history. In 1874 it was the birthplace of Charles Ives, who became an internationally recognized composer in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ahualulco", "paragraph_text": "Ahualulco is a town and municipality in San Luis Potos\u00ed in central Mexico. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 4,492. It was the birthplace of composer Juli\u00e1n Carrillo."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cassano Magnago", "paragraph_text": "Cassano Magnago is a town and \"comune\" in the province of Varese, Lombardy, Italy. It is the birthplace of politician Umberto Bossi; cycling champion Ivan Basso lives here."}], "question": "In which country was Josip Mikulic born?"}
{"id": "2hop__47506_50697", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Group (mathematics)", "paragraph_text": "These symmetries are represented by functions. Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry. For example, r1 sends a point to its rotation 90\u00b0 clockwise around the square's center, and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square's vertical middle line. Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function. These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4. The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions, and the group operation is function composition. Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions, that is, applying the first one to the square, and the second one to the result of the first application. The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hexecontahedron", "paragraph_text": "In geometry, a hexecontahedron (or hexacontahedron) is a polyhedron with 60 faces. There are many symmetric forms, and the ones with highest symmetry have icosahedral symmetry:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Icosagon", "paragraph_text": "Regular icosagon A regular icosagon Type Regular polygon Edges and vertices 20 Schl\u00e4fli symbol (20), t (10), tt (5) Coxeter diagram Symmetry group Dihedral (D), order 2 \u00d7 20 Internal angle (degrees) 162 \u00b0 Dual polygon Self Properties Convex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Equilateral triangle", "paragraph_text": "An equilateral triangle is the most symmetrical triangle, having 3 lines of reflection and rotational symmetry of order 3 about its center. Its symmetry group is the dihedral group of order 6 D."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hexagon", "paragraph_text": "Regular hexagon A regular hexagon Type Regular polygon Edges and vertices 6 Schl\u00e4fli symbol (6), t (3) Coxeter diagram Symmetry group Dihedral (D), order 2 \u00d7 6 Internal angle (degrees) 120 \u00b0 Dual polygon Self Properties Convex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Octagon", "paragraph_text": "A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8. A regular octagon is represented by the Schl\u00e4fli symbol (8). The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135 \u00b0 (3 \u03c0 4 (\\ displaystyle\\ scriptstyle (\\ frac (3\\ pi) (4))) radians). The central angle is 45 \u00b0 (\u03c0 4 (\\ displaystyle\\ scriptstyle (\\ frac (\\ pi) (4))) radians)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Radcliffe Line", "paragraph_text": "The Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan published on 17 August 1947 upon the Partition of India. It was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who, as chairman of the Border Commissions, was charged with equitably dividing 175,000 square miles (450,000 km) of territory with 88 million people. Today its western side still serves as the Indo - Pakistani border and the eastern side serves as the India - Bangladesh border."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kavrayskiy Hills", "paragraph_text": "The Kavrayskiy Hills () are a line of mostly ice-covered coastal hills in Antarctica, rising south of Rennick Bay and along the west side of the lower end of Rennick Glacier. They were charted by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1958) and named after Vladimir V. Kavrayskiy, a Soviet geodesist and cartographer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hatcher Bluffs", "paragraph_text": "The Hatcher Bluffs () are a line of bluffs facing northwest, located south of Metavolcanic Mountain, at the east side of Reedy Glacier, Antarctica. They were mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos between 1960 and 1964, and were named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Julius O. Hatcher, a construction mechanic at Byrd Station in 1962."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sum of angles of a triangle", "paragraph_text": "Angles between adjacent sides of a triangle are referred to as interior angles in Euclidean and other geometries. Exterior angles can be also defined, and the Euclidean triangle postulate can be formulated as the exterior angle theorem. One can also consider the sum of all three exterior angles, that equals to 360 \u00b0 in the Euclidean case (as for any convex polygon), is less than 360 \u00b0 in the spherical case, and is greater than 360 \u00b0 in the hyperbolic case."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Roslyn railway station, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Roslyn was a railway station on the Crookwell railway line, New South Wales, Australia. The station opened in 1902 with the opening of the line, and consisted of a 100\u00a0ft platform on the \"down\" side of the line with a loop siding on the \"up\" side. Cattle loading facilities and goods sheds were also provided. It was named after the estate of a local resident Dr Mitchell. In 1925, the station became the location of the branch line to Taralga, with the new branch extending off the loop line.. The platform was shortened to 30\u00a0ft in 1969, and closed in 1974 with the cessation of passenger services. in 1975 the station and goods facilities were demolished. The line through Roslyn closed to goods traffic in 1984, little remains at the site apart from the mainline track."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mims Spur", "paragraph_text": "Mims Spur () is a prominent rock spur protruding from the southern extremity of Wisconsin Plateau, Antarctica, situated just southeast of Polygon Spur on the north side of McCarthy Glacier. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201364, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Julius E. Mims, Jr., a radioman at Byrd Station in 1962."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maroona railway station", "paragraph_text": "Maroona is the junction station between what is the main western railway line and the branch line to Portland, Victoria, Australia. A number of sidings are provided at this station which are still in use. The platform and station building remain at Maroona with track access still available to one side of the platform."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Solution .45", "paragraph_text": "Solution .45 is a metal supergroup from Sweden, created by guitarist Jani Stefanovic (Miseration, Divinefire, Essence of Sorrow). Their current lineup includes vocalist Christian \u00c4lvestam (Miseration, ex-Scar Symmetry), guitarists Stefanovic and Patrik Gardberg (Torchbearer, The Few Against Many, Ammotrack), and drummer Rolf Pilve (Miseration, Essence of Sorrow, Stratovarius)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Niederh\u00f6chstadt station", "paragraph_text": "Niederh\u00f6chstadt station was opened by the Kronberg Railway Company (, using the old spelling of Kronberg) along with the line to Kronberg on 1 November 1874. The station building dates from the turn of the century in 1900 and is a heritage-listed building. It is a two-storey brick building with a shallow hipped roof with a small tented roof covered with dormers. The platform side of the building has a complex structure with a central projection covered by a gable, wall panels and cornices. A polygonal bay window was later added on the ground floor for supervisory personnel and an annex was built on the north side."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Maginot Line", "paragraph_text": "The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: (li\u0272 ma\u0292ino)), named after the French Minister of War Andr\u00e9 Maginot, was a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles, and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and Luxembourg, the line did not extend to the English Channel due to French strategy that envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Istanbul nostalgic tramways", "paragraph_text": "The Istanbul nostalgic tramways are two heritage tramlines in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. The city has two completely separate heritage tram systems, one on the European side (the Taksim-T\u00fcnel Nostalgia Tramway, aka. T2 line), the other on the Asian side (T3 line, aka. the Kad\u0131k\u00f6y-Moda Nostalgia Tramway)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kienle Cirque", "paragraph_text": "Kienle Cirque () is an ice-filled cirque, wide, the largest cirque on the west side of White Island, in the Ross Archipelago, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (1999) after Juergen Kienle of the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, a team leader for the investigation of volcanic activity and seismicity at nearby Mount Erebus in six seasons, 1980\u201381 through 1985\u201386."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hexagon", "paragraph_text": "In geometry, a hexagon (from Greek \u1f15\u03be hex, ``six ''and \u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, gon\u00eda,`` corner, angle'') is a six - sided polygon or 6 - gon. The total of the internal angles of any simple (non-self - intersecting) hexagon is 720 \u00b0."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hexagon", "paragraph_text": "These symmetries express 9 distinct symmetries of a regular hexagon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order. r12 is full symmetry, and a1 is no symmetry. d6, a isogonal hexagon constructed by four mirrors can alternate long and short edges, and p6, an isotoxal hexagon constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular hexagon. The i4 forms are regular hexagons flattened or stretched along one symmetry direction. It can be seen as an elongated rhombus, while d2 and p2 can be seen as horizontally and vertically elongated kites. g2 hexagons, with opposite sides parallel are also called hexagonal parallelogons."}], "question": "how many lines of symmetry does a six-sided polygon have?"}
{"id": "2hop__59119_50697", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas", "paragraph_text": "``It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas ''is a Christmas song written in 1951 by Meredith Willson. The song was originally titled`` It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas''. The song has been recorded by many artists, but was a hit for Perry Como and The Fontane Sisters with Mitchell Ayres & His Orchestra on September 18, 1951, and released on RCA Victor as 47 - 4314 (45 rpm) and 20 - 4314 (78 rpm). Bing Crosby recorded a version on October 1, 1951, which was also widely played."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Girl", "paragraph_text": "American Girl is an American line of 18 - inch (46 cm) dolls released in 1986 by Pleasant Company. The dolls portray eight - to eleven - year - old girls of a variety of ethnicities. They are sold with accompanying books told from the viewpoint of the girls. Originally the stories focused on various periods of American history, but were expanded in 1995 to include characters and stories from contemporary life. Aside from the original American Girl dolls, the buyer also has the option to purchase dolls that look like them. The options for the line of Truly Me dolls range from eye color, eye shape, skin color, hair texture, and hair length. A variety of related clothing and accessories is also available."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nissan Actic", "paragraph_text": "The Nissan Actic was a concept car design study by Nissan Design America in La Jolla, California, and presented at the 2004 North American International Auto Show. The vehicle itself is a crossover SUV style, with smooth, bullet-shaped bodywork that looks vaguely like a small Nissan Murano."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Outside the Lines", "paragraph_text": "Outside the Lines, or also referred to as \"OTL\", is an American television program on ESPN that looks \"outside the lines\" and examines critical issues in mostly American sports on and off the field of play."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Octagon", "paragraph_text": "A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8. A regular octagon is represented by the Schl\u00e4fli symbol (8). The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135 \u00b0 (3 \u03c0 4 (\\ displaystyle\\ scriptstyle (\\ frac (3\\ pi) (4))) radians). The central angle is 45 \u00b0 (\u03c0 4 (\\ displaystyle\\ scriptstyle (\\ frac (\\ pi) (4))) radians)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hexagon", "paragraph_text": "These symmetries express 9 distinct symmetries of a regular hexagon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order. r12 is full symmetry, and a1 is no symmetry. d6, a isogonal hexagon constructed by four mirrors can alternate long and short edges, and p6, an isotoxal hexagon constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular hexagon. The i4 forms are regular hexagons flattened or stretched along one symmetry direction. It can be seen as an elongated rhombus, while d2 and p2 can be seen as horizontally and vertically elongated kites. g2 hexagons, with opposite sides parallel are also called hexagonal parallelogons."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Equilateral triangle", "paragraph_text": "An equilateral triangle is the most symmetrical triangle, having 3 lines of reflection and rotational symmetry of order 3 about its center. Its symmetry group is the dihedral group of order 6 D."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Janon", "paragraph_text": "The Janon is a small river that rises in Mont Pilat in the Massif Central of France near to Saint \u00c9tienne. It runs for through mostly built-up country to join the Gier at Saint-Chamond. The valley of the Janon and the Gier is a natural line of communication between the coal mines of Saint \u00c9tienne and the port of Givors on the Rhone. For many years there were plans to build a canal along this line. A westward extension to the Loire would link the Mediterranean with the Atlantic, but this never materialized. In 1833 the first railway in France was opened along the line of the Janon and Gier. It is also a common name for baby boys. From FSA to Roswell."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nannochoristidae", "paragraph_text": "Nannochoristidae is a family of scorpionflies with many unusual traits. It is a tiny, relict family of about eight species, with members of the genus \"Nannochorista\" occurring in New Zealand, southeastern Australia, Tasmania, and Chile, so is probably of Gondwanan origin. The adults look like scorpionflies with more pointed, elongated wings. Most mecopteran larvae are eruciform, or shaped like caterpillars. Nannochoristid larvae, however, are elateriform, or shaped like wireworm or click beetle larvae. They are also the only entirely aquatic Mecoptera. Wing venation suggests a close relationship to dipterans. They are predatory, primarily on the larvae of aquatic Diptera."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Girl", "paragraph_text": "American Girl is an American line of 18 - inch (46 cm) dolls released in 1986 by Pleasant Company. The dolls portray eight - to eleven - year - old girls of a variety of ethnicities. They are sold with accompanying books told from the viewpoint of the girls. Originally the stories focused on various periods of American history, but were expanded in 1995 to include characters and stories from contemporary life. Aside from the original American Girl dolls, the buyer also has the option to purchase dolls that look like themselves. The options for the line of Truly Me dolls include eye color, eye shape, skin color, hair texture, and hair length. A variety of related clothing and accessories is also available. A service for ordering a bespoke doll with features and clothing specified by the owner, dubbed Create Your Own, has also been introduced in 2017."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Antenna (radio)", "paragraph_text": "The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the relative field strength of the radio waves emitted by the antenna at different angles. It is typically represented by a three-dimensional graph, or polar plots of the horizontal and vertical cross sections. The pattern of an ideal isotropic antenna, which radiates equally in all directions, would look like a sphere. Many nondirectional antennas, such as monopoles and dipoles, emit equal power in all horizontal directions, with the power dropping off at higher and lower angles; this is called an omnidirectional pattern and when plotted looks like a torus or donut."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Solution .45", "paragraph_text": "Solution .45 is a metal supergroup from Sweden, created by guitarist Jani Stefanovic (Miseration, Divinefire, Essence of Sorrow). Their current lineup includes vocalist Christian \u00c4lvestam (Miseration, ex-Scar Symmetry), guitarists Stefanovic and Patrik Gardberg (Torchbearer, The Few Against Many, Ammotrack), and drummer Rolf Pilve (Miseration, Essence of Sorrow, Stratovarius)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Upper plains unit", "paragraph_text": "The upper plains unit is the remnants of a 50-100 meter thick mantling that has been discovered in the mid-latitudes of the planet Mars. It was first investigated in the Deuteronilus Mensae (Ismenius Lacus quadrangle) region, but it occurs in other places as well. The remnants consist of sets of dipping layers in impact craters, in depressions, and along mesas. Sets of dipping layers may be of various sizes and shapes\u2014some look like Aztec pyramids from Central America."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Group (mathematics)", "paragraph_text": "These symmetries are represented by functions. Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry. For example, r1 sends a point to its rotation 90\u00b0 clockwise around the square's center, and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square's vertical middle line. Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function. These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4. The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions, and the group operation is function composition. Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions, that is, applying the first one to the square, and the second one to the result of the first application. The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hexecontahedron", "paragraph_text": "In geometry, a hexecontahedron (or hexacontahedron) is a polyhedron with 60 faces. There are many symmetric forms, and the ones with highest symmetry have icosahedral symmetry:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Goblet cell", "paragraph_text": "Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete gel - forming mucins, like mucin MUC5AC. The goblet cells mainly use the merocrine method of secretion, secreting vesicles into a duct, but may use apocrine methods, budding off their secretions, when under stress. The term goblet refers to the cell's goblet - like shape. The apical portion is shaped like a cup, as it is distended by abundant mucus laden granules; its basal portion lacks these granules and is shaped like a stem."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)", "paragraph_text": "``Dude (Looks Like a Lady) ''Single by Aerosmith from the album Permanent Vacation B - side`` Once is Enough'' or ``Simoriah ''Released September 1987 1990 (re-issue) Format Cassette, CD single, 12'' single Recorded Genre Hard rock, blues rock, glam metal Length 4: 24 (Album version) 5: 13 (Alternate mix) Label Geffen Songwriter (s) Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, Desmond Child Producer (s) Bruce Fairbairn Aerosmith singles chronology`` Darkness ''(1986) ``Dude (Looks Like a Lady)'' (1987)`` Hangman Jury ''(1988) ``Darkness'' (1986)`` Dude (Looks Like a Lady) ''(1987) ``Hangman Jury'' (1988)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Outline of France", "paragraph_text": "France -- country in Western Europe with several overseas regions and territories. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. From its shape, it is often referred to in French as l'Hexagone (``The Hexagon '')."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Great Bear (lithograph)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Bear is a 1992 lithograph by Simon Patterson. At first glance the work looks like the London Underground Tube map, but Patterson uses each line to represent groups of people, including scientists, saints, philosophers, comedians, explorers and footballers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Electromagnetic radiation", "paragraph_text": "Maxwell derived a wave form of the electric and magnetic equations, thus uncovering the wave - like nature of electric and magnetic fields and their symmetry. Because the speed of EM waves predicted by the wave equation coincided with the measured speed of light, Maxwell concluded that light itself is an EM wave. Maxwell's equations were confirmed by Heinrich Hertz through experiments with radio waves."}], "question": "How many lines of symmetry does the shape have that France looks like?"}
{"id": "2hop__225419_719287", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aplahou\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Aplahou\u00e9 is a town and arrondissement located in the Kouffo Department of Benin. The commune covers an area of 572 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 170,069 people. Village of Mr. Basile G. Sossou."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Admas University College\u2013Hargeisa", "paragraph_text": "Admas University College\u2013Hargeisa is a tertiary institution in Hargeisa, the administrative capital of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia. A branch of the Addis Ababa-based Admas University College, it was established in 2006. The university also has an additional branch in Garowe, the administrative capital of the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yukon", "paragraph_text": "Yukon (/ \u02c8ju\u02d0k\u0252n /; French: (jyk\u0254\u0303); also commonly called the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three federal territories (the other two are the Northwest Territories and Nunavut). The territory has the smallest population of any province or territory in Canada, with 35,874 people. Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukon's only city."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Salam\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Salam\u00e1 is a city in Guatemala. It is the capital of the department of Baja Verapaz and it is situated at 940\u00a0m above sea level. The municipality of Salam\u00e1, for which the city of Salam\u00e1 serves as the administrative centre, covers a total surface area of 776\u00a0km\u00b2 and contains 40,000 people."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Darwin, Northern Territory", "paragraph_text": "Darwin (/ \u02c8d\u0251\u02d0rw\u026an / (listen) DAR - win) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia. Situated on the Timor Sea, Darwin is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory, with a population of 142,300. It is the smallest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities, and acts as the Top End's regional centre."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dogbo-Tota", "paragraph_text": "Dogbo-Tota (or Dogbo) is a city located in the Kouffo Department of Benin. The commune covers an area of 475 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 101,870 people."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "What city is located in the department that has Aplahou\u00e9 as its capital?"}
{"id": "2hop__117624_281668", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ruth Drexel", "paragraph_text": "Ruth Drexel (14 July 1930, Vilshofen an der Donau, Lower Bavaria \u2013 26 February 2009) was a German actress, director, and theatre director/manager. Her best-known role was as \"Resi Berghammer\" in the German television series,"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "The current Director is Christopher A. Wray, who assumed the role on August 2, 2017 after being confirmed by the U.S. Senate, taking over from acting Director Andrew McCabe after the dismissal of former Director James Comey by President Donald Trump."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sean Gunn", "paragraph_text": "Sean Gunn is an American actor, best known for his roles as Kirk Gleason on the television show Gilmore Girls (2000 -- 2007) and Kraglin in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, beginning with Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). He is the younger brother of filmmaker James Gunn, and often appears in his sibling's films."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vellivelichathil", "paragraph_text": "Vellivelichathil is a 2014 Indian Malayalam movie, directed by National Award winning director, Madhu Kaithapram, starring media personality and Kairali TV Channel Managing Director John Brittas and Iniya in the leading roles. This is the first Malayalam movie to be shot entirely in Muscat, Oman."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of Numbers episodes", "paragraph_text": "\"Numbers\" is an American television series produced by brothers Ridley and Tony Scott. It premiered on CBS on Sunday, January 23, 2005 at 10:00\u00a0pm with its pilot episode then moved to its Friday slot five days later. It remained in that slot for the rest of its run. The series is set in Los Angeles, California, and follows the stories of a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) team and a mathematics professor, focusing on relationships between FBI Special Agent in Charge Don Eppes (Rob Morrow), his brother Professor Charlie Eppes (David Krumholtz) and their father, Alan Eppes (Judd Hirsch), and on the brothers' efforts to fight crime. A typical episode begins with a crime, which is subsequently investigated by Don's team and mathematically described by Charlie. The insights provided by Charlie's mathematics are almost always crucial to solving the crime."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Carlos Diaz (theater director)", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Diaz (born 1957) is a Cuban theatre director. Diaz studied dramaturgy and theatre at Havana's Superior Institute of Art (ISA). He started his career as a theatre and art critic and only later took on the role of director. His work is often described as unique and unexpected."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Counselor of the United States Department of State", "paragraph_text": "The Counselor of the United States Department of State is a position within the United States Department of State that serves the Secretary of State as a special advisor and consultant on major problems of foreign policy and who provides guidance to the appropriate bureaus with respect to such matters. The Counselor conducts special international negotiations and consultations, and also undertakes special assignments from time to time, as directed by the Secretary. Currently, the Counselor holds under law a rank equivalent to that of Under Secretary of State. Unlike the other Under Secretaries of State, the Counselor currently does not require Senate confirmation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Koahou", "paragraph_text": "Koahou (died 1826) was a Hawaiian high chief who succeeded his father Kamanawa as one of the chief counselors of Kamehameha I."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lewis Croft", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Croft was born in Shelley, Idaho in 1919 to Samuel and Roseland Crofts. Growing up in a large family, he was the fourth of 14 children. He left home when he turned 16 to work in circuses and sideshows under the stage name \"Idaho Lewis\" in order to support himself and his other siblings. Shortly after, he was offered a role in The Wizard of Oz as one of the Munchkin soldiers, which he accepted."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hamilton Deane", "paragraph_text": "Hamilton Deane (1880\u20131958) was an Irish actor, playwright and director. He played a key role in popularising Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" as a stage play and, later, a film."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "David DeLuise", "paragraph_text": "David Dominick DeLuise (born November 11, 1971) is an American actor and television director best known for his starring role on Wizards of Waverly Place."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brian Rowsom", "paragraph_text": "Brian Rowsom (born October 23, 1965) is an American basketball team counselor and former player who was selected by the Indiana Pacers in the second round (34th pick overall) of the 1987 NBA draft. A 6'10\" power forward from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Rowsom played in 3 NBA seasons from 1987 to 1990. He played for the Pacers and Charlotte Hornets. He was the head coach for the Hochiminh City Wings. On July 20, 2018, he was changed to team counselor"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dave Allen (actor)", "paragraph_text": "David (Gruber) Allen (born c. 1958) is an American television and film actor and comedian, who has been credited in many movies and television roles as Dave Gruber Allen and David Gruber Allen. Allen is known for his work on the 1990 TV series Higgins Boys and Gruber and playing guidance counselor Jeff Rosso on the Judd Apatow - produced comedy - drama Freaks and Geeks. He also played Mr. Kwest on Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide and a town troubadour on Gilmore Girls. Allen had a minor role as an ``Electrocuted Ghost ''known as`` Sparky'' in the 2016 film Ghostbusters."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Laura Huxley", "paragraph_text": "Laura Huxley (n\u00e9e Archera) (November 2, 1911 \u2013 December 13, 2007) was an Italian-American musician, author, psychological counselor and lecturer, and the wife of author Aldous Huxley."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lori Petty", "paragraph_text": "Lori Petty (born October 14, 1963) is an American actress and director. Her roles include playing Tyler Endicott in the 1991 film Point Break, Kit Keller in A League of Their Own (1992), and the title role in Tank Girl in 1995."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Aadukalam", "paragraph_text": "Aadukalam () () is a 2011 Indian Tamil language action thriller film written and directed by Vetrimaran. The film stars Dhanush and Taapsee Pannu in the lead roles while Kishore, V. I. S. Jayapalan, Naren, and Murugadoss play supporting roles. The film was released on 14 January 2011 to positive critical feedback. The film won six awards at the 58th National Film Awards, including Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Actor. The film was also felicitated with five awards in 59th Filmfare Awards South\u00a0\u2013 Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Music Director and Best Cinematography. Based on an online poll by \"The Times of India\", Vetrimaran was chosen as the best director for \"Aadukalam\". The Telugu dubbed version Pandem Kollu was released on 30 January 2015."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Counselor", "paragraph_text": "The Counselor is a 2013 crime thriller film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Cormac McCarthy. It stars Michael Fassbender as the eponymous Counselor as well as Pen\u00e9lope Cruz, Cameron Diaz, Javier Bardem and Brad Pitt. The film deals with primal human concerns like greed, mortality, love, and trust related to the theme of corruption and profit in a high-stakes criminal environment. Out of greed, the Counselor gets irrevocably in over his head in a drug deal around the troubled Ciudad Juarez, Mexico/Texas border area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Robert Duncan McNeill", "paragraph_text": "Robert Duncan McNeill (born November 9, 1964) is an American actor, producer, and director. As an actor, he is best known for his role as Lieutenant Tom Paris on the television series Star Trek: Voyager. He was also an executive producer and frequent director of the television series Chuck."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Friday the 13th (1980 film)", "paragraph_text": "In the summer of 1958 at Camp Crystal Lake, two counselors named Barry and Claudette sneak away from a campfire and into a storage barn. They prepare to have sex before an unseen assailant enters and murders them."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the director of The Counselor?"}
{"id": "2hop__117372_281668", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Thelma Hopkins (athlete)", "paragraph_text": "Thelma Elizabeth Hopkins (born 16 March 1936 in Kingston upon Hull) is a Northern Irish athlete, who competed in the high and the long jump."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Footloose Widows", "paragraph_text": "Footloose Widows is a 1926 silent film feature comedy produced and distributed by Warner Bros., directed by Roy Del Ruth and starring Louise Fazenda and Jacqueline Logan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "A Hole in the Head", "paragraph_text": "A Hole in the Head (1959) is a DeLuxe Color comedy film, in CinemaScope, directed by Frank Capra, featuring Frank Sinatra, Edward G. Robinson, Eleanor Parker, Keenan Wynn, Carolyn Jones, Thelma Ritter, Dub Taylor, Ruby Dandridge, Eddie Hodges, and Joi Lansing, and released by United Artists. It was based upon the play of the same name by Arnold Schulman."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Numbers episodes", "paragraph_text": "\"Numbers\" is an American television series produced by brothers Ridley and Tony Scott. It premiered on CBS on Sunday, January 23, 2005 at 10:00\u00a0pm with its pilot episode then moved to its Friday slot five days later. It remained in that slot for the rest of its run. The series is set in Los Angeles, California, and follows the stories of a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) team and a mathematics professor, focusing on relationships between FBI Special Agent in Charge Don Eppes (Rob Morrow), his brother Professor Charlie Eppes (David Krumholtz) and their father, Alan Eppes (Judd Hirsch), and on the brothers' efforts to fight crime. A typical episode begins with a crime, which is subsequently investigated by Don's team and mathematically described by Charlie. The insights provided by Charlie's mathematics are almost always crucial to solving the crime."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "Anna Maria Luisa was the only daughter of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orl\u00e9ans, a niece of Louis XIII of France. On her marriage to Elector Johann Wilhelm II, she became Electress of the Palatinate, and, by patronising musicians, she earned for the contemporary Palatine court the reputation of an important music centre. As Johann Wilhelm had syphilis the union produced no offspring, which, combined with her siblings' barrenness, meant that the Medici were on the verge of extinction."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Summer to Remember", "paragraph_text": "A Summer to Remember is a 1985 American family drama film written and directed by Robert Michael Lewis and starring James Farentino, Tess Harper and Louise Fletcher."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Augustin de Saint-Aubin", "paragraph_text": "Augustin de Saint-Aubin was born on 3 January 1736 in Paris to the king's embroiderer Gabriel Germain de Saint-Aubin (1696\u20131756). He came from a family of artists and designers, which included his six siblings: brothers Charles-Germain de Saint-Aubin and Gabriel-Jacques de Saint-Aubin, as well as Catherine Louise, Louis-Michel, Athanasius, and Agathe, who were collectively known as the \"Book of Saint-Aubin\". His niece, Marie-Fran\u00e7ois, daughter of Charles, was an artist as well."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Orchid Dancer", "paragraph_text": "The Orchid Dancer (French:La danseuse Orchid\u00e9e) is a 1928 French silent film directed by L\u00e9once Perret and starring Louise Lagrange, Ricardo Cortez and Xenia Desni."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "About Adam", "paragraph_text": "About Adam is a 2000 romantic comedy film written and directed by Gerard Stembridge. The screenplay focuses on the effect a seductive young man has on four siblings."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Proud and Profane", "paragraph_text": "The Proud and Profane is a 1956 dramatic war romance made by William Perlberg-George Seaton Productions for Paramount Pictures. It was directed by George Seaton and produced by William Perlberg, from a screenplay by George Seaton, based on the 1953 novel \"The Magnificent Bastards\" by Lucy Herndon Crockett. The film stars William Holden and Deborah Kerr with Thelma Ritter, Dewey Martin, William Redfield and Peter Hansen in supporting roles."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Misbehaving Ladies", "paragraph_text": "Misbehaving Ladies is a 1931 American Pre-Code comedy film directed by William Beaudine and starring Lila Lee, Ben Lyon and Louise Fazenda. It is also known as The Queen of Main Street."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rolled Stockings", "paragraph_text": "Rolled Stockings (1927) is a silent film comedy produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures, directed by Richard Rosson, and starring Louise Brooks."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Break, Break, Break (film)", "paragraph_text": "Break, Break, Break is a 1914 American silent short film directed by Harry A. Pollard. A period drama written by Sydney Ayres, the film starred William Garwood and Louise Lester."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thelma & Louise", "paragraph_text": "Thelma & Louise is a 1991 American female buddy road film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Callie Khouri. It stars Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise, two friends who embark on a road trip with unforeseen consequences. The supporting cast include Harvey Keitel, Michael Madsen, and Brad Pitt in his first major film role."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Calamity Anne, Heroine", "paragraph_text": "Calamity Anne, Heroine is a 1913 American silent short Western directed by Allan Dwan starring Louise Lester as Calamity Anne. It is the fourth film in the Calamity Anne series."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Glamour for Sale", "paragraph_text": "Glamour for Sale is a 1940 American crime film directed by D. Ross Lederman and starring Anita Louise, Roger Pryor, and Frances Robinson."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Not Quite Decent", "paragraph_text": "Not Quite Decent is a 1929 American Pre-Code early sound film or part-talkie, produced and distributed by Fox Film Corporation, directed by Irving Cummings, and starring June Collyer and Louise Dresser."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Female buddy film", "paragraph_text": "A female buddy film is a type of buddy film in which the main characters are females, and the film's events center on their situations. The cast may is often mainly female, depending on the plot. \"The female buddy film is a recent trend in mainstream cinema. \"Thelma & Louise\" with its darker themes, remains one of the most notable female buddy films to date and had a similar popular impact as \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" in the early 1990s. Similar films also paved the way for onscreen female friendships such as that between Evelyn Couch and Ninny Threadgoode in \"Fried Green Tomatoes\". Other popular duos include those in \"Waiting to Exhale\" and \"Walking and Talking\".\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "That Certain Something", "paragraph_text": "That Certain Something is a 1941 Australian musical film directed by Clarence G. Badger and starring Megan Edwards and Thelma Grigg. The plot concerns an American film director who decides to make a musical in Australia. It was the last film directed by Badger, a noted silent era director."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Slaughter of the Vampires", "paragraph_text": "Slaughter of the Vampires () is a 1962 Italian horror film written and directed by Roberto Mauri. The film is set in 19th Century Italy where a newly wed couple of Wolfgang (Walter Brandi) and Louise (Graziella Granata) move in to a mysterious mansion. During a ball, Louise is bitten by the vampire baron of the mansion (Dieter Eppler)."}], "question": "Who is the brother of the director of Thelma & Louise?"}
{"id": "2hop__121620_135983", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bob Barrett (American football)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Patrick Barrett (born November 18, 1935) was an American football offensive end in the American Football League for the Buffalo Bills in 1960. He played college football at Baldwin-Wallace College."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mich Dulce", "paragraph_text": "She graduated from the Poveda Learning Center in Quezon City (now St. Pedro Poveda College), and attended the Ateneo de Manila University where she earned a college degree in Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Management and Communications Track. She worked with professional designers like Jessica Ogden, Marjan Pejoski and Cecile Zamora. After college she attended a series of short Courses at the London College of Fashion and Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design both in London."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brett Wetterich", "paragraph_text": "Wetterich was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He attended Oak Hills High School and Wallace State Community College. He turned professional in 1994."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Emmitt Smith", "paragraph_text": "Smith grew up in Pensacola, Florida and became the second-leading rusher in American high school football history while playing for Escambia High School. Smith then attended the University of Florida, where he set numerous school rushing records over a three-year college career with the Florida Gators. After being named a unanimous All-American in 1989, Smith chose to forgo his senior year of eligibility and play professionally. He came back and completed his college coursework, graduating from the University of Florida in 1996."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hendrix College", "paragraph_text": "Hendrix College was founded as a primary school called Central Institute in 1876 at Altus, Arkansas, by Rev. Isham L. Burrow. In 1881 it was renamed Central Collegiate Institute when secondary and collegiate departments were added. The next year the first graduating collegiate class, composed of three women, were awarded Mistress of English Literature degrees. In 1884, three conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South purchased the school. This began the school's relationship with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South and later The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church. The Central Collegiate Institute was renamed Hendrix College in 1889 in honor of Rev. Eugene Russell Hendrix, a presiding bishop over three Arkansas Methodist conferences. This same year, the primary school was discontinued."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Robert Menzies College", "paragraph_text": "Robert Menzies College (RMC) is an Anglican residential college of Macquarie University. Established in 1972, the college was named after former Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies. Its Latin motto is \"Vera Cogitate\", and the college's stated mission is \"Forming the person, transforming the world.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Forget and Not Slow Down", "paragraph_text": "Forget and Not Slow Down is the sixth full-length studio album by American rock band Relient K, released on October 6, 2009. It is the band's first album since the departure of longtime drummer Dave Douglas at the end of 2007. Ethan Luck was his replacement as the drummer for the band. The album is also the first Relient K album with Mono Vs Stereo and their first on Jive Records. The album was produced by Mark Lee Townsend and mixed by Andy Wallace."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jehan Gordon-Booth", "paragraph_text": "Gordon-Booth was born and raised in Peoria County, Illinois, where she attended Limestone High School in Bartonville, and attended Parkland College and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wallace Line", "paragraph_text": "The Wallace Line or Wallace's Line is a faunal boundary line drawn in 1859 by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace and named by English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, that separates the ecozones of Asia and Wallacea, a transitional zone between Asia and Australia. West of the line are found organisms related to Asiatic species; to the east, a mixture of species of Asian and Australian origin is present. Wallace noticed this clear division during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Walter Lovell", "paragraph_text": "Walter Lovell (September 9, 1884 \u2013 September 10, 1937) was a World War I volunteer pilot and an American serviceman. He was born in Newton, Massachusetts to Wallace D. and Josephine (Hastings) Lowell. Walter attended Newton High School (now Newton North High School) and graduated from Harvard College with Bachelor of Arts degree, Harvard College Class of 1907. He stayed in Boston and went into brokerage business after graduation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cape Wallace", "paragraph_text": "Cape Wallace is the cape marking the northern extremity of Limets Peninsula and the north-west end of Low Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. Though the origin of the name Cape Wallace is unknown, it has appeared on charts for over a hundred years and its usage has been established internationally."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Joseph Montgomery", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Montgomery attended the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and graduated in 1755. After a brief time as a school master, he began the study of theology. In 1760 he earned an A.M. degree from the College of Philadelphia (now part of the University of Pennsylvania) and began a ministerial career, serving at several churches in Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brandon Dickson", "paragraph_text": "Brandon Dickson (born November 3, 1984) is an American professional baseball player who currently plays for the Orix Buffaloes of the Nippon Professional Baseball League. He was signed undrafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in 2006 after attending Tusculum College."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Joe Wilder", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Benjamin Wilder (February 22, 1922 \u2013 May 9, 2014) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. His Grandchildren are Bleu Roberson, Lilly Townsend and Grey\u2019cia Roberson(Last named after his middle name)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wallace Townsend", "paragraph_text": "Townsend was born in DeWitt in Clinton County in easternmost Iowa, a son of John R. Townsend and the former Italia James. In 1894, Townsend moved with his family to the capital city of Little Rock, where his brother, A. E. \"Jack\" Townsend, was the long-term assistant postmaster. In 1902, Wallace Townsend obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Hendrix College in Conway, Arkansas, and became an educator for eight years. From 1906 to 1910, he was principal of Little Rock High School, in which capacity he obtained the first accreditation of the institution."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Charles O. Lobeck", "paragraph_text": "Born in Andover, Illinois, he attended German Wallace College (Now Baldwin-Wallace College) in Berea, Ohio and the Dyhrenfurth Commercial College in Chicago, Illinois. He moved to Dayton, Iowa in 1869 finding a job as a clerk in a general store. He was a commercial traveler in Iowa and Nebraska from 1875 to 1892. In 1892 he engaged in the hardware business in Omaha, Nebraska and worked until 1895."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "P&O European Ferries", "paragraph_text": "P&O European Ferries (formerly Townsend Thoresen), a division of P&O Ferries, was a ferry company which operated in the English Channel from 1987 after the \"Herald of Free Enterprise\" disaster, when \"Townsend Thoresen\" was renamed \"P&O European Ferries\", until 1999 when the Portsmouth Operations became P&O Portsmouth and the Dover Operations were merged with Stena Line AB to make P&O Stena Line."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ellis Clarke", "paragraph_text": "Clarke attended Saint Mary's College, winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938. Ellis Clarke attended University College London of the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port of Spain in 1941, taking up private practice there."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Waldo Maguire", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ulster as Benjamin Waldo Maguire, he attended Portadown College and Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied philosophy and mathematics. After graduating in 1942 from Trinity he was recruited to work at Bletchley Park as a codebreaker. There he met the woman who would become his wife, Lilian Martin. They were married until her death in 1998 and had four sons."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Karen Guthrie", "paragraph_text": "Karen Guthrie attended the Edinburgh College of Art from 1987 to 1991, receiving a BA in Printmaking. She attended the Royal College of Art in London from 1991 to 1993, receiving a MA in Printmaking."}], "question": "Whom is the college Wallace Townsend attended named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__121633_135983", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mich Dulce", "paragraph_text": "She graduated from the Poveda Learning Center in Quezon City (now St. Pedro Poveda College), and attended the Ateneo de Manila University where she earned a college degree in Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Management and Communications Track. She worked with professional designers like Jessica Ogden, Marjan Pejoski and Cecile Zamora. After college she attended a series of short Courses at the London College of Fashion and Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design both in London."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert Leavitt", "paragraph_text": "Robert Leavitt was a native of Boston, Massachusetts, and attended Mercersburg Academy in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania and Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, and graduated from Williams College in 1907. He never won any major tournament except the Olympic Games."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hendrix College", "paragraph_text": "Hendrix College was founded as a primary school called Central Institute in 1876 at Altus, Arkansas, by Rev. Isham L. Burrow. In 1881 it was renamed Central Collegiate Institute when secondary and collegiate departments were added. The next year the first graduating collegiate class, composed of three women, were awarded Mistress of English Literature degrees. In 1884, three conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South purchased the school. This began the school's relationship with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South and later The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church. The Central Collegiate Institute was renamed Hendrix College in 1889 in honor of Rev. Eugene Russell Hendrix, a presiding bishop over three Arkansas Methodist conferences. This same year, the primary school was discontinued."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Joseph Fort Newton", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Decatur, Texas, the son of a Baptist minister turned attorney. He attended Southern Baptist Seminary, and Harvard University. While at Harvard he studied under William James. Newton held the honorary degrees of Doctor of Hebrew Literature (Coe College, 1912), Doctor of Divinity (Tufts University, 1919), Doctor of Humane Letters (Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 1926), and Doctor of Laws (Temple University, 1929)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "George Bertram Carter", "paragraph_text": "Carter attended Blackheath School of Art between 1911 and 1915 and then the Royal College of Art under William Lethaby and Arthur Beresford Pite between 1915 and 1917. He was a pupil in the office of Edwin Lutyens between 1919 and 1922."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Big Chill (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Big Chill is a 1983 American comedy - drama film directed by Lawrence Kasdan, starring Tom Berenger, Glenn Close, Jeff Goldblum, William Hurt, Kevin Kline, Mary Kay Place, Meg Tilly, and JoBeth Williams. The plot focuses on a group of baby boomer college friends, who attended the University of Michigan, reunite after 15 years when one of their old comrades, Alex, commits suicide without warning. Kevin Costner was cast as Alex, but all scenes showing his face were cut."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jeanette Winterson", "paragraph_text": "Winterson was born in Manchester and adopted by Constance and John William Winterson on 21 January 1960. She grew up in Accrington, Lancashire, and was raised in the Elim Pentecostal Church. She was raised to become a Pentecostal Christian missionary, and she began evangelising and writing sermons at age six.By the age of 16, Winterson came out as a lesbian and left home.  She soon after attended Accrington and Rossendale College, and supported herself at a variety of odd jobs while reading English at St Catherine's College, Oxford."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Thompson Capper", "paragraph_text": "Thompson Capper was born in October 1863 to William and Sarah Capper (\"n\u00e9e\" Copeland). William Capper was a civil servant with the Bengal Civil Service and Sarah was the daughter of industrialist William Copeland. Thompson and his elder brother John were born in Lucknow but at a young age were sent to England for their education. Thompson Capper attended Haileybury and Imperial Service College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst before being commissioned into the East Lancashire Regiment as a lieutenant on 9 September 1882."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "William Gackle", "paragraph_text": "William F. Gackle (born December 7, 1927), was an American politician who was a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives. As a Republican, he represented the 28th district from 1963 to 1964 and from 1967 to 1980. He attended Howard College in San Angelo, Texas and was later a farmer."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Emmitt Smith", "paragraph_text": "Smith grew up in Pensacola, Florida and became the second-leading rusher in American high school football history while playing for Escambia High School. Smith then attended the University of Florida, where he set numerous school rushing records over a three-year college career with the Florida Gators. After being named a unanimous All-American in 1989, Smith chose to forgo his senior year of eligibility and play professionally. He came back and completed his college coursework, graduating from the University of Florida in 1996."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Joseph Montgomery", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Montgomery attended the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and graduated in 1755. After a brief time as a school master, he began the study of theology. In 1760 he earned an A.M. degree from the College of Philadelphia (now part of the University of Pennsylvania) and began a ministerial career, serving at several churches in Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "William Francis Barry", "paragraph_text": "William Francis Barry was born in London, England, to Irish Catholic parents (from Liscarroll, Co. Cork) on 21 April 1849. He was educated at Hammersmith Training School, Sedgeley Park School and Oscott College prior to attending the English College and the Gregorian University in Rome in 1868. Barry was seventh in honors at his matriculation at London University, and a scholar of the English College de Urbe. He also became exceptionally knowledgeable in French, German, Italian, Spanish, Gaelic, Greek, and Latin languages and literature."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thomas Williams (Pennsylvania)", "paragraph_text": "Williams was born in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools and graduated from Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania in 1825. In 1828, he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar and began practicing in Greensburg. In 1832, he moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he continued in private practice and edited the \"Advocate\", a Whig newspaper."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "College of William & Mary", "paragraph_text": "The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially the College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second - oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Peter Williams Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Williams was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the son of Peter Williams, a Revolutionary War veteran, and his wife, an indentured servant from St. Kitts. After his family moved to New York City, Williams attended the African Free School, founded by the New York Manumission Society. He was also taught privately by Rev. Thomas Lyell, a prominent Episcopal priest."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Randolph Greene Pack", "paragraph_text": "Randolph Greene Pack (1890 in Cleveland, Ohio \u2013 December 25, 1956 in Greenwich, Connecticut), son of Charles Lathrop Pack, grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, at the turn of the century. He attended the college preparatory Ransom School, followed by stints at Williams College (class of 1913) and Penn State, the latter in a forestry program."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arthurite", "paragraph_text": "Arthurite is named after two people, Arthur William Gerald Kingsbury and Sir Arthur Edward Ian Montagu Russell. Arthur Kingsbury was the son of a farmer in East Meon, Hampshire, England. He attended Bradfield College in Berkshire prior to an apprenticeship at a London law firm. He passed the bar exam in 1929 and became a solicitor at Sherborne and then later Crewkerne in the West of England. He began collecting minerals in 1927. After the war he accepted a position as a research assistant in the mineralogy department of the Oxford University Museum where he added 50 species to the list of minerals known to occur in Great Britain. Sir Arthur Edward Ian Montagu Russell was born in 1878 and became the 6th Baronet of Swallowfield Park Reading when his older brother died in 1944. Sir Arthur attended the prestigious Eton College and then studied chemistry at Kings College, London. During his life he amassed an amazing collection of minerals, many from the collections of others, but also from his own field work. When Sir Arthur died in 1964 his collection of 12,000 mineral specimens went to The Natural History Museum in London with the stipulation that the collection not be dispersed, but remain as a British regional collection."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Darrent Williams", "paragraph_text": "Darrent Demarcus Williams (September 27, 1982 \u2013 January 1, 2007) was an American football player for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League. After attending high school in Fort Worth, Texas, Williams played football at Oklahoma State University. He was a second-round draft pick by the Broncos in 2005. Williams was killed in a drive-by shooting the day after he finished his second season with the Broncos."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "William Ragsdale", "paragraph_text": "Robert William Ragsdale (he later stopped using his first name) was born in El Dorado, Arkansas, and attended Hendrix College, where he appeared in plays opposite future \"Sling Blade\" actress, fellow Arkansan Natalie Canerday. He garnered attention as the young hero of \"Fright Night\" and \"Fright Night Part 2\" and onstage in Neil Simon's plays, \"Biloxi Blues\" and \"Brighton Beach Memoirs\", two of the three parts of Simon's trilogy, which ends with \"Broadway Bound\". Ragsdale featured in the romance comedy movie \"\" (1991)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Karen Guthrie", "paragraph_text": "Karen Guthrie attended the Edinburgh College of Art from 1987 to 1991, receiving a BA in Printmaking. She attended the Royal College of Art in London from 1991 to 1993, receiving a MA in Printmaking."}], "question": "After whom is William Ragsdale's college named?"}
{"id": "2hop__272008_325943", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cardinals\u2013Cubs rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry St. Louis Cardinals Chicago Cubs First meeting April 12, 1892 Sportsman's Park, St. Louis, MO Colts 14, Browns 10 Latest meeting July 29, 2018 Busch Stadium, St. Louis, MO Cubs 5, Cardinals 2 Next meeting September 28, 2018 Wrigley Field, Chicago, IL Statistics Meetings total 2,417 (through August 25, 2018) Regular season series Cubs 1,228 -- 1,170 -- 19 Largest victory Cardinals, 20 -- 5 (April 16, 1912) Longest win streak Cardinals: 14 (April 21, 1944 -- September 7, 1944) Cubs: 13 (April 18, 1918 -- July 2, 1918) Current win streak Cubs 1 Post-season history 2015 NL Division Series: Cubs, 3 -- 1"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Helen Storrow", "paragraph_text": "Helen Osborne Storrow (September 22, 1864 \u2013 November 12, 1944) was a prominent American philanthropist, early Girl Scout leader, and chair of the World Committee of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) for eight years. She founded the First National Girl Scout Leaders' Training in Long Pond, Massachusetts; headed the leaders' training camp at Foxlease, UK; and donated the first of the WAGGGS World centres, Our Chalet."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kenneth McLaren", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth McLaren DSO (sometimes known as Kenneth MacLaren), (1860\u20131924) was a Major in the 13th Hussars regiment of the British Army. After his military service he assisted with the growth of the Scouting movement founded by his friend Robert Baden-Powell."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "During the summer of 1969, a Chicago studio group produced a single record called \"Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)\" whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs, Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd. Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song. The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer, associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season. It was played much less frequently thereafter, although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1908 World Series", "paragraph_text": "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 10 Chicago Cubs -- 10, Detroit Tigers -- 6 Bennett Park 2: 10 10,812 October 11 Detroit Tigers -- 1, Chicago Cubs -- 6 West Side Grounds 1: 30 17,760 October 12 Detroit Tigers -- 8, Chicago Cubs -- 3 West Side Grounds 2: 10 14,543 October 13 Chicago Cubs -- 3, Detroit Tigers -- 0 Bennett Park 1: 35 12,907 5 October 14 Chicago Cubs -- 2, Detroit Tigers -- 0 Bennett Park 1: 25 6,210"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arthur Rose Eldred", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Rose Eldred (August 16, 1895 \u2013 January 4, 1951) was an American agricultural and railroad industry executive, civic leader, and the first Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). As a 16-year-old candidate for the highest rank bestowed by the BSA, he was personally interviewed by a panel composed of the youth organization's founding luminaries, including Ernest Thompson Seton and Daniel Carter Beard. Eldred was awarded the coveted distinction of Eagle Scout on September 2, 1912, becoming the first of more than two million boys in the U.S. since then to earn Scouting's most vaunted rank. Eldred also received the Bronze Honor Medal for lifesaving, and was the first of four generations of Eagle Scouts in his family."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Associazione Italiana Guide e Scouts d'Europa Cattolici", "paragraph_text": "The Associazione Italiana Guide e Scouts d'Europa Cattolici (Italian Association Catholic Guides and Scouts of Europe, AIGSEC), better known in Italy as Federazione dello Scautismo Europeo (FSE) or Scouts d'Europa, is a Catholic Guiding and Scouting association in Italy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia (\"Indonesian Scout Movement\") is the national Scouting organization of Indonesia. Scouting was founded in the Dutch East Indies in 1912, and Indonesia became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) in 1953. It has 17,103,793 members (as of 2011), making it the world's largest Scout association. Each year August 14 is celebrated as Pramuka Day to honor the organization's first public parade."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gerald Ford", "paragraph_text": "Ford was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned that program's highest rank, Eagle Scout. He is the only Eagle Scout to have ascended to the U.S. Presidency."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lee Smith (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "A native of Jamestown in Bienville Parish in north Louisiana, Smith was scouted by Buck O'Neil and drafted by the Cubs in the 1975 MLB Draft. Smith was an intimidating figure on the pitcher's mound at 6\u00a0feet, 6\u00a0inches (1.98 m) and 265\u00a0pounds (120 kg) with a 95-mile per hour (150\u00a0km/h) fastball. In , Smith set a National League (NL) record with 47 saves for the St. Louis Cardinals, and was runner-up for the league's Cy Young Award; it was the second of three times he led the NL in saves, and he later led the American League (AL) once while with the Baltimore Orioles in . He also set the major league career record for games finished (802), and his 1,022 career games pitched were the third-most in history when he retired; he still holds the team records for career saves for the Cubs (180), and he also held the Cardinals record (160) until 2006."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chris Bourjos", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Bourjos (born October 16, 1954) is an American former professional baseball player who played part of one season for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. He has worked as an Arizona-based scout."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cub Scouts (The Scout Association)", "paragraph_text": "Cub Scouts or Cubs are an age-based section of The Scout Association for young boys and girls ages 8 to 10\u00bd. This section follows on from the Beaver Scouts (6-8 year olds) and Cubs will move on to Scouts at the age of 10\u00bd. The section originally opened as Wolf Cubs in 1916."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cardinals\u2013Cubs rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry St. Louis Cardinals Chicago Cubs First meeting April 12, 1892 Sportsman's Park, St. Louis, MO Latest meeting September 28, 2017 Busch Stadium, St. Louis, MO Next meeting April 16, 2018 Wrigley Field, Chicago, IL Statistics Meetings total 2,399 (through September 28, 2017) Regular season series Cubs 1,221 -- 1,161 -- 19 Largest victory Cardinals, 20 -- 5 (April 16, 1912) Longest win streak Cardinals: 14 (April 21, 1944 -- September 7, 1944) Cubs: 13 (April 18, 1918 -- July 2, 1918) Current win streak Cubs: 2 Post-season history 2015 NL Division Series: Cubs, 3 -- 1"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Re'im", "paragraph_text": "Re'im was founded in 1949 by members of the Israel Boy and Girl Scouts Federation who were demobilized from the Palmach."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of World Organization of the Scout Movement members", "paragraph_text": "Since its conception in 1907, the Scouting movement has spread from the United Kingdom to 216 countries and territories around the world. There are over 38 million Scouts and Guides worldwide, with 169 national organisations governed by the World Organization of the Scout Movement and a nearly equal number governed by the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boy Scouts of America", "paragraph_text": "The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is one of the largest Scouting organizations in the United States of America and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with more than 2.4 million youth participants and nearly one million adult volunteers. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, more than 110 million Americans have been participants in BSA programs at some time. The BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field, located on the city's North Side. The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago; the other, the Chicago White Sox, is a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The Cubs, first known as the White Stockings, was a founding member of the NL in 1876, becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Baden-Powell House", "paragraph_text": "Baden-Powell House, colloquially known as B-P House, is a Scouting hostel and conference centre in South Kensington, London, which was built as a tribute to Lord Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting. The house, owned by The Scout Association, hosts a small exhibition relating to Scouting in its current form and a granite statue by Don Potter."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Order of the Arrow", "paragraph_text": "The Order of the Arrow (OA) is the National Honor Society of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). The society was created by E. Urner Goodman, with the assistance of Carroll A. Edson, in 1915 as a means of reinforcing the Scout Oath and the Scout Law. It uses American Indian imagery for ceremonies bestowing recognition on Scouts elected by their peers as best exemplifying the ideals of Scouting. The OA promotes Scouting ideals, especially selfless leadership to help others, as lifelong values and encourages continued participation in Scouting and camping."}], "question": "Who founded the association having Cub Scouts?"}
{"id": "2hop__730453_66970", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Erin Pitt", "paragraph_text": "Pitt was born in Hamilton, Ontario, one of six siblings. She has two sisters and three brothers. She has attended the Hamilton Academy of Performing Arts, where she studies acting, singing and dancing, and has performed with the Hamilton City Ballet."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dancing with the Stars (American season 26)", "paragraph_text": "Season twenty - six of Dancing with the Stars, titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four - week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dances with Wolves (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Dances with Wolves is the original soundtrack of the 1990 Academy Award and Golden Globe winning film Dances with Wolves produced, directed, and starring Kevin Costner. The original score and songs were composed and conducted by John Barry."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Never Gonna Dance (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Never Gonna Dance\" is a song performed by Fred Astaire and danced with Ginger Rogers in their movie \"Swing Time\". The lyrics were written by Dorothy Fields and the music was by Jerome Kern."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lindsey Stirling", "paragraph_text": "In September 2017, Stirling was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 25 of Dancing with the Stars. She was paired with professional dancer Mark Ballas. Stirling and Ballas finished in second place."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shatter Me (album)", "paragraph_text": "Shatter Me is the second studio album by American violinist and solo artist Lindsey Stirling. It is Stirling's first album to include collaborations with other vocalists, featuring Lzzy Hale and Dia Frampton, and Stirling has said its musical style is more progressive than her first album. The album was released on iTunes on April 25, 2014 in most of the world, on April 29, 2014 in the United States, and on May 2 in Germany. The first single, \"Beyond the Veil\", was released on March 24, peaking at number 22 on Billboard Dance and Electronic Digital Songs. The video was posted the following day. The second single, \"Shatter Me\", was released on April 23, accumulating 1.3 million views after one day on YouTube."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Louis Falco", "paragraph_text": "Louis Falco was born in New York City of southern Italian immigrant parents. He began his study of dance in the 1950s at The Henry Street Playhouse with Murray Louis and Alwin Nikolais. He attended the High School of Performing Arts and as a student began performing with Charles Weidman. In 1960 he began dancing professionally with Jos\u00e9 Lim\u00f3n, and also appeared with Flower Hujer, Alvin Ailey and Donald McKayle. He danced with the Jos\u00e9 Lim\u00f3n Dance Company from 1960\u201370 and danced opposite Rudolf Nureyev in Limon's \"The Moor's Pavane\" on Broadway from 1974-75. His farewell performance was with Luciana Savignano at La Scala Opera House in Milan in \"The Eagle's Nest\". Falco was considered an extraordinarily gifted dancer and charismatic performer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dancing with the Stars (American season 15)", "paragraph_text": "Season fifteen of Dancing with the Stars, called Dancing with the Stars: All - Stars, premiered on September 24, 2012. Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts. The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided music throughout the season. The returning members of the dance troupe for this season were Oksana Dmyrenko, Emma Slater, Sharna Burgess, Henry Byalikov, and Sasha Farber. Sonny Fredie Pedersen replaced Kiki Nyemchek."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Moonwalk (dance)", "paragraph_text": "The moonwalk is a dance move in which the dancer moves backwards while seemingly walking forwards. A popping move, it became popular around the world after Michael Jackson performed the dance move during a performance of ``Billie Jean ''on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever on March 25, 1983. This special was broadcast May 16, 1983. It subsequently became his signature move."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Isha Sharvani", "paragraph_text": "Isha Sharvani (born 29 September 1984 in Gujarat, India) is an Indian Contemporary dancer and actress. She is known for her stylistic Indian contemporary and aerial dance performances. She has also starred in Bollywood, Malayalam and Tamil movies."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Take the Lead", "paragraph_text": "Take the Lead is a 2006 drama dance film directed by Liz Friedlander and starring Antonio Banderas as dance instructor Pierre Dulaine, the founder of Dancing Classrooms. It also stars Alfre Woodard, John Ortiz, Rob Brown, Yaya DaCosta, Dante Basco, Elijah Kelley, and Jenna Dewan. The film was released on April 7, 2006. Although based in New York City, it was filmed in Toronto. Stock footage of various locations in New York City was used."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Harris Theater (Chicago)", "paragraph_text": "The Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance (also known as the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, the Harris & Harris Theater or, most commonly, the Harris Theater) is a 1,499-seat theater for the performing arts located along the northern edge of Millennium Park on Randolph Street in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, US. The theater, which is largely underground due to Grant Park-related height restrictions, was named for its primary benefactors, Joan and Irving Harris. It serves as the park's indoor performing venue, a complement to Jay Pritzker Pavilion, which hosts the park's outdoor performances."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Millennium Dance Complex", "paragraph_text": "The Millennium Dance Complex is a dance studio founded in 1992 located in the NOHO Arts District of Los Angeles. \"Dance Teacher\" magazine called it \"...one of the top schools in the country\" Millennium offers classes daily in jazz dance, hip-hop, tap, and contemporary dance. Performers such as Britney Spears, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, Usher, Jennifer Lopez, Christina Aguilera, Kenny Ortega, P. Diddy, Beyonc\u00e9, Samuel_(singer), NCT 127 and Ateez have taken a class or had rehearsals at this studio."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "MEN (band)", "paragraph_text": "JD Samson & MEN is a Brooklyn-based band and art/performance collective that focuses on the energy of live performance and the radical potential of dance music. MEN speaks to issues such as trans awareness, wartime economies, sexual compromise, and demanding liberties through lyrical content and an exciting stage show."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kathrine Sorley Walker", "paragraph_text": "Kathrine Sorley Walker (5 March 1920 \u2013 14 April 2015) was a British writer, editor and critic with a particular focus on ballet. The author of many books on dance, she reviewed dance performances in a variety of outlets including \"Dancing Times\" and \"Dance International\", as well as being the ballet critic for the \"Daily Telegraph\" for 24 years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Trucks", "paragraph_text": "The Trucks' song, \"Shattered\" (from their debut album) is featured in the second episode of season five of the Showtime series The L Word (\"Look Out, Here They Come!\"). The song \"Zombie\" is featured in an advertisement for A&E's The Beast starring Patrick Swayze, and is also heard in the last trailer for Resident Evil: Afterlife. The Trucks' music is also featured on the Showtime/DreamWorks television series United States of Tara."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jonny Woo", "paragraph_text": "Woo, born Jonathan Wooster, trained at the University of Birmingham in Drama and Theatre Arts and at London Contemporary Dance School. He went on to continue training in dance in New York where he performed with Julia Ritter Performance Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Devil's Doorway", "paragraph_text": "Devil's Doorway is a 1950 western film directed by Anthony Mann and starring Robert Taylor as an Indian who returns home from the American Civil War a hero awarded the Medal of Honor. However, his hopes for a peaceful life are shattered by bigotry and greed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "El Trilogy", "paragraph_text": "El Trilogy is the 17th album by trumpeter Dave Douglas. It was released on the BMG label in 2001 and features music commissioned to accompany performances by the Trisha Brown Dance Company performed by Douglas, Greg Cohen, Mark Feldman, Guy Klucevsek, Gregory Tardy and Susie Ibarra."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Witney Carson", "paragraph_text": "Witney was announced as a troupe dancer on reality television series, Dancing with the Stars in March 2013. Carson (along with DWTS pro dancer, Lindsay Arnold) was a contestant on So You Think You Can Dance season nine. She continued dancing and choreographing for the troupe on season 17."}], "question": "When was the performer of Shatter Me on Dancing with the Stars?"}
{"id": "2hop__686919_66970", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Louis Falco", "paragraph_text": "Louis Falco was born in New York City of southern Italian immigrant parents. He began his study of dance in the 1950s at The Henry Street Playhouse with Murray Louis and Alwin Nikolais. He attended the High School of Performing Arts and as a student began performing with Charles Weidman. In 1960 he began dancing professionally with Jos\u00e9 Lim\u00f3n, and also appeared with Flower Hujer, Alvin Ailey and Donald McKayle. He danced with the Jos\u00e9 Lim\u00f3n Dance Company from 1960\u201370 and danced opposite Rudolf Nureyev in Limon's \"The Moor's Pavane\" on Broadway from 1974-75. His farewell performance was with Luciana Savignano at La Scala Opera House in Milan in \"The Eagle's Nest\". Falco was considered an extraordinarily gifted dancer and charismatic performer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Millennium Dance Complex", "paragraph_text": "The Millennium Dance Complex is a dance studio founded in 1992 located in the NOHO Arts District of Los Angeles. \"Dance Teacher\" magazine called it \"...one of the top schools in the country\" Millennium offers classes daily in jazz dance, hip-hop, tap, and contemporary dance. Performers such as Britney Spears, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, Usher, Jennifer Lopez, Christina Aguilera, Kenny Ortega, P. Diddy, Beyonc\u00e9, Samuel_(singer), NCT 127 and Ateez have taken a class or had rehearsals at this studio."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Three Veils", "paragraph_text": "Three Veils is a 2011 film written and directed by Rolla Selbak and starring Sheetal Sheth, Angela Zahra and Mercedes Mas\u00f6hn. The film is notable for featuring a lesbian character. Selbak herself is a lesbian. It has won several awards."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Veiled Peak", "paragraph_text": "Veiled Peak () is located in the Teton Range, within Grand Teton National Park, U.S. state of Wyoming. Veiled Peak is west of Mount Wister and rises to the south above Snowdrift Lake."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The World Beyond", "paragraph_text": "The World Beyond is the second of two pilots for an occult detective television series. The first pilot, \"The World of Darkness\", also starring Granville Van Dusen as Paul Taylor, premiered on Sunday, April 17, 1977. \"The World Beyond\" followed as a sequel on CBS Friday, January 27, 1978."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "We Stitch These Wounds", "paragraph_text": "We Stitch These Wounds is the debut studio album by American rock band Black Veil Brides, released through StandBy Records on July 20, 2010. It is Black Veil Brides' only studio album to feature drummer Sandra Alvarenga before she left the band and joined the band Modern Day Escape."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dancing with the Stars (American season 15)", "paragraph_text": "Season fifteen of Dancing with the Stars, called Dancing with the Stars: All - Stars, premiered on September 24, 2012. Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts. The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided music throughout the season. The returning members of the dance troupe for this season were Oksana Dmyrenko, Emma Slater, Sharna Burgess, Henry Byalikov, and Sasha Farber. Sonny Fredie Pedersen replaced Kiki Nyemchek."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dancing with the Stars (American season 26)", "paragraph_text": "Season twenty - six of Dancing with the Stars, titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four - week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Beyond the Beyond", "paragraph_text": "Beyond the Beyond, known in Japan as , is a role-playing video game that was developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation in 1995. Though not the first role-playing game released for the PlayStation, \"Beyond the Beyond\" was the first RPG available in the west for the console using a traditional Japanese RPG gameplay style like \"Final Fantasy\", Dragon Quest and \"Phantasy Star\". The characters were designed by popular manga artist Ami Shibata."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mantilla", "paragraph_text": "A mantilla is a traditional Spanish lace or silk veil or shawl worn over the head and shoulders, often over a high comb called a peineta, popular with women in Spain. The shape, design and use are different from an ordinary veil."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Beyond the Veil (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Beyond the Veil\" is the first single of Lindsey Stirling's second studio album \"Shatter Me\". The song was released on iTunes on March 24, 2014, and the official YouTube video was released a day later. The video proved to be a success as it accumulated half a million views in its first day. The song topped the \"Billboard\" Classical Digital songs chart for the first four weeks. This single is the first in the track list of the twelve songs that conform her second studio album and, according to Lindsey, it was the first song she composed on her album. The behind-the-scenes video was released a week later, on March 31, where Stirling explained the message of the song and its composition."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lindsey Stirling", "paragraph_text": "In September 2017, Stirling was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 25 of Dancing with the Stars. She was paired with professional dancer Mark Ballas. Stirling and Ballas finished in second place."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kathrine Sorley Walker", "paragraph_text": "Kathrine Sorley Walker (5 March 1920 \u2013 14 April 2015) was a British writer, editor and critic with a particular focus on ballet. The author of many books on dance, she reviewed dance performances in a variety of outlets including \"Dancing Times\" and \"Dance International\", as well as being the ballet critic for the \"Daily Telegraph\" for 24 years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Moonwalk (dance)", "paragraph_text": "The moonwalk is a dance move in which the dancer moves backwards while seemingly walking forwards. A popping move, it became popular around the world after Michael Jackson performed the dance move during a performance of ``Billie Jean ''on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever on March 25, 1983. This special was broadcast May 16, 1983. It subsequently became his signature move."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Isha Sharvani", "paragraph_text": "Isha Sharvani (born 29 September 1984 in Gujarat, India) is an Indian Contemporary dancer and actress. She is known for her stylistic Indian contemporary and aerial dance performances. She has also starred in Bollywood, Malayalam and Tamil movies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "I'll Be Seeing You (song)", "paragraph_text": "It was also played in the 1989 Woody Allen film Crimes and Misdemeanors; in the end credits of the 1990 film Misery (Liberace's rendition); in the 1992 movie Shining Through; in two episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine; in the 1999 documentary Beyond the Mat (when the Rosemary Clooney version is heard), in the 2004 film The Aviator (sung by Martha Wainwright), and the Jimmy Durante version is heard in the 2004 film The Notebook as the song for Noah and Allie. It was featured and performed by Anne Shelton in ``Dance with the Dead '', a 2006 episode of Midsomer Murders, which was set near an old World War II airfield. It was also played in the closing credits for the final (until 2011) episode of Beavis and Butt - head; in the 2010 season 4 episodes of Eureka (`` Founder's Day'' ``A New World ''and`` I'll Be Seeing You''). On the final episode of The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson which was aired on May 22, 1992, Doc Severinsen and the NBC Orchestra closed the show with it, as it was one of Carson's favorite songs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jonny Woo", "paragraph_text": "Woo, born Jonathan Wooster, trained at the University of Birmingham in Drama and Theatre Arts and at London Contemporary Dance School. He went on to continue training in dance in New York where he performed with Julia Ritter Performance Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Never Gonna Dance (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Never Gonna Dance\" is a song performed by Fred Astaire and danced with Ginger Rogers in their movie \"Swing Time\". The lyrics were written by Dorothy Fields and the music was by Jerome Kern."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Painted Veil (1934 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Painted Veil is a 1934 American drama directed by Richard Boleslawski and starring Greta Garbo. The film was produced by Hunt Stromberg for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Based on the 1925 novel \"The Painted Veil\" by W. Somerset Maugham, with a screenplay by John Meehan, Salka Viertel, and Edith Fitzgerald, the film is about a woman who accompanies her new husband to China while he conducts medical research. Feeling neglected by her husband, the woman soon falls in love with a handsome diplomatic attach\u00e9. The film score was by Herbert Stothart, the cinematography by William H. Daniels, the art direction by Cedric Gibbons, and the costume design by Adrian. The film earned $1,658,000 at the box office."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance", "paragraph_text": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance is located in New York City and is the headquarters to the Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance and the Martha Graham Dance Company, which is the oldest continually performing dance company in the world. The School is focused on teaching Graham's technique; some of its faculty were trained by Graham herself."}], "question": "When was the performer of Beyond the Veil on Dancing with the Stars?"}
{"id": "2hop__139335_135848", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "You Shook Me All Night Long", "paragraph_text": "In the second version, directed by David Mallet and released six years after the song's original release, Angus and Malcolm Young follow Johnson around the English town of Huddersfield, with Angus Young wearing his signature schoolboy outfit. The video clip casts the English glamour model Corinne Russell, a former Hill's Angel and Page 3 Girl -- along with other leather clad women wearing suits with zips at the groin region -- pedaling bicycles like machines in the background."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Practical Magic", "paragraph_text": "Caralyn Kozlowski as Regina, Sally and Gillian's mother, who died of a broken heart after losing her husband to the Owens' curse."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gillian Pollock", "paragraph_text": "Gillian was part of the New Zealand team that made the short trip to Sydney for the 2000 Summer Paralympics. There she won a silver medal in the 200m medley behind Hungary's Dora Pastztory who set a new games record. Gillian also swam in the 100m backstroke finishing fifth, 400m freestyle finishing sixth but failed to make the final in either the 100m breaststroke or butterfly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gillian E. Metzger", "paragraph_text": "Gillian E. Metzger (born October 2, 1965) is a United States constitutional law scholar and a professor of law at Columbia Law School."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tyne and Wear", "paragraph_text": "Tyne and Wear (/ \u02ccta\u026an \u0259n \u02c8w\u026a\u0259r /) is a metropolitan county in the North East region of England around the mouths of the rivers Tyne and Wear. It came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. It consists of the five metropolitan boroughs of South Tyneside, North Tyneside, City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and City of Sunderland. It is bounded on the east by the North Sea, and has borders with Northumberland to the north and County Durham to the south."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead", "paragraph_text": "The Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, in North East England. The borough forms the south west part of the county. It is named after its largest town, Gateshead, but also spans the towns of Rowlands Gill, Whickham, Blaydon and Ryton; suburban areas include Felling, Pelaw, Dunston and Low Fell."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Soul Journey", "paragraph_text": "Soul Journey is the fourth studio album by Gillian Welch. As with all of her previous releases, it is a collaboration with David Rawlings."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "That Cold Day in the Park", "paragraph_text": "That Cold Day in the Park is a 1969 suspense film directed by Robert Altman and starring Sandy Dennis. Based on the novel of the same name by Peter Miles and adapted for the screen by Gillian Freeman, it was filmed on location in Vancouver, British Columbia, where the events occur. The supporting cast includes Michael Burns, Luana Anders, John Garfield, Jr., and Michael Murphy. The picture was screened at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival outside of the main competition."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gillian Wearing", "paragraph_text": "Gillian Wearing CBE, RA (born 1963) is an English conceptual artist, one of the Young British Artists, and winner of the 1997 Turner Prize. In 2007 Wearing was elected as lifetime member of the Royal Academy of Arts in London. Her statue of the suffragist Millicent Fawcett stands in London's Parliament Square."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cardinal (Catholic Church)", "paragraph_text": "When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments \u2014 the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet \u2014 which is always white \u2014 the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Giuseppe Veneziano", "paragraph_text": "Following the designers Dolce and Gabbana spotting a Veneziano painting of Christ on the cross wearing a pair of their brand name underwear briefs in the Venice Biennale they commissioned the artist to do a portrait of them with the Madonna portrayed as the likeness of the chanteuse and performer Madonna Ciccone and the courtiers as two putti at her feet."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of black Primetime Emmy Award winners and nominees", "paragraph_text": "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Gail Fisher Mannix Won First black actress to be nominated in this category. First black actress to win in this category. 1971 Nominated 1972 Nominated 1973 Nominated Madge Sinclair Trapper John, M.D. Nominated 1984 Nominated Alfre Woodard Hill Street Blues Won Second black actress to win in this category. 1985 Madge Sinclair Trapper John, M.D. Nominated 1991 Gabriel's Fire Won Third black actress to win in this category. 1992 Mary Alice I'll Fly Away Nominated 1993 Won Fourth black actress to win in this category. 1997 CCH Pounder ER Nominated Della Reese Touched by an Angel Nominated Gloria Reuben ER Nominated 1998 Della Reese Touched by an Angel Nominated Gloria Reuben ER Nominated 2005 CCH Pounder The Shield Nominated 2006 Chandra Wilson Grey's Anatomy Nominated 2007 Nominated 2008 Nominated 2009 Nominated 2015 Uzo Aduba Orange Is the New Black Won Fifth black actress to win in this category. With this win, she becomes first actress to win for same role in both Comedy and Drama categories. 2017 Nominated Thandie Newton Westworld Nominated Samira Wiley The Handmaid's Tale Nominated"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Royal Institute of British Architects", "paragraph_text": "The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Turner Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Turner Prize, named after the English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist. Between 1991 and 2016, only artists under the age of 50 were eligible (this restriction was removed for the 2017 award). Awarding the prize is organised by the Tate gallery and usually staged at Tate Britain, though in recent years the award ceremony has sometimes been held in other UK cities. Since its beginnings in 1984 it has become the UK's most publicised art award. The award represents all media."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "In Winter's Shadow", "paragraph_text": "In Winter's Shadow is the final book in a trilogy of fantasy novels written by Gillian Bradshaw. It tells the story of King Arthur's downfall, as recounted by his wife Gwynhwyfar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gillian Galan", "paragraph_text": "Gillian Galan (born 7 August 1991) is a French rugby union player. His position is Number 8 and he currently plays for Stade Toulousain in the Top 14."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Super Highways", "paragraph_text": "Super Highways is the second album by New Order members Gillian Gilbert and Stephen Morris under the name The Other Two. It was released in 1999 six years after their d\u00e9but, and a year after New Order reformed. Four tracks were co-written by Melanie Williams, who also sang lead on two of them (\"You Can Fly\" and \"One Last Kiss\") and backing vocals on the title track. The album was re-released in January 2010 by LTM Recordings."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Real Birmingham Family", "paragraph_text": "A Real Birmingham Family is a public artwork and sculpture by Gillian Wearing, cast in bronze, and erected in Centenary Square, outside the Library of Birmingham, England, on 30 October 2014."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Simonside Metro station", "paragraph_text": "Simonside Metro station is the name of a Tyne and Wear Metro station in South Tyneside, England, which opened on 17 March 2008. Costing \u00a33 million , it is the 60th station on the network."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday", "paragraph_text": "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday is a 1996 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Pressman and starring Peter Gallagher and Claire Danes as a father and daughter struggling to come to terms with the tragic death of wife and mother, Gillian (Michelle Pfeiffer). The original score was composed by James Horner."}], "question": "After whom is the prize Gillian Wearing was nominated for named?"}
{"id": "2hop__382474_135848", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg followed with War Horse, shot in England in the summer of 2010. It was released just four days after The Adventures of Tintin, on December 25, 2011. The film, based on the novel of the same name written by Michael Morpurgo and published in 1982, follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and during World War I \u2013 the novel was also adapted into a hit play in London which is still running there, as well as on Broadway. The film was released and distributed by Disney, with whom DreamWorks made a distribution deal in 2009. War Horse received generally positive reviews from critics, and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Turner Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Turner Prize, named after the English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist. Between 1991 and 2016, only artists under the age of 50 were eligible (this restriction was removed for the 2017 award). Awarding the prize is organised by the Tate gallery and usually staged at Tate Britain, though in recent years the award ceremony has sometimes been held in other UK cities. Since its beginnings in 1984 it has become the UK's most publicised art award. The award represents all media."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Richard J. Saykally", "paragraph_text": "Richard J. Saykally (born 1947) is an American chemist. He is currently the Class of 1932 Endowed Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. He has received numerous awards for his research on the molecular characteristics of water and aqueous solutions."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Richard Long (artist)", "paragraph_text": "Long is the only artist to have been short-listed four times for the Turner Prize. He was nominated in 1984, 1987 and 1988, and then won the award in 1989 for \"White Water Line\". He currently lives and works in Bristol, the city in which he was born."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aaron Shust", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Michael Shust (born October 31, 1975) is an American contemporary Christian music artist on the Centricity Music label. Shust was named the Songwriter of the Year at the GMA Dove Awards of 2007, and his song, \"My Savior My God\", received the Song of the Year award."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lisa Fruchtman", "paragraph_text": "After her high school years, Lisa Fruchtman enrolled at the University of Chicago and received an A.B. degree there in 1970. She began her career as a film editor in Hollywood in 1973 with the documentary short \"Ten: The Magic Number\". Fruchtman was an assistant to editors Barry Malkin, Richard Marks, and Peter Zinner on \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974), directed by Francis Ford Coppola. This film was edited to have a complex structure that weaves a contemporary story with a background story in Sicily at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries; the film was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Editing."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lewis Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Ridge () is a rugged, ice-covered ridge, long, extending eastward from the Holland Range, Antarctica, between Morton Glacier and Hewitt Glacier, and terminating at Richards Inlet. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Commander G.H. Lewis, U.S. Navy, commanding officer of the during U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze, 1964."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ernest Thompson", "paragraph_text": "Ernest Thompson (born Richard Ernest Thompson; November 6, 1949) is an American writer, actor, and director. He won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for \"On Golden Pond\", an adaptation of his own play of the same name."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lewis Cliff", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Cliff () is an irregular cliff, about long, extending south from Mount Achernar along the west side of Walcott Neve, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Richard E. Lewis, a U.S. Navy Aviation Electronics Technician, who was injured during Operation Deep Freeze II, 1956\u201357."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "It (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "It aired on ABC over two nights on November 18 and 20, 1990, attracting 30 million viewers in its premiere. Critics praised Tim Curry's performance as Pennywise. For his work on the miniseries, Richard Bellis received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Miniseries or a Special (Dramatic Underscore)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Million Dollar Baby", "paragraph_text": "Million Dollar Baby received the award for Best Picture of 2004 at the 77th Academy Awards. Clint Eastwood was awarded his second Best Director Oscar for the film, and also received a Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination. Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman received Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Actor in a Supporting Role Oscars, respectively. Joel Cox, Eastwood's editor for many years, was nominated for Best Film Editing, and Paul Haggis was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay award. The film was named the third ``Best Film of the 21st Century So Far ''in 2017 by The New York Times."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Matador", "paragraph_text": "The Matador is a 2005 dark comedy film written and directed by Richard Shepard and starring Pierce Brosnan and Greg Kinnear. It is the second Miramax film that was not sold to Filmyard Holdings on December 3, 2010 nor beIN Media Group on March 2, 2016. The film was released on DVD on July 4, 2006 and on HD DVD on December 18, 2006. Brosnan was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award and a Saturn Award for his well-received performance as disillusioned, unstable hitman Julian Noble."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "In Orange", "paragraph_text": "In Orange () is a 2004 Dutch drama family film. \"In Orange\" received a Golden Film after it had sold 100,000 cinema tickets in the Netherlands. The film also received international awards at film festivals in Hamburg, Esfahan, Kristiansand, Los Angeles, Pozna\u0144, and Rimouski."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Faraday Lectureship Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Faraday Lectureship Prize, previously known simply as the Faraday Lectureship is awarded once every three years (approximately) by the Royal Society of Chemistry for \"exceptional contributions to physical or theoretical chemistry\". Named after Michael Faraday, the first Faraday Lecture was given in 1869, two years after Faraday's death, by Jean-Baptiste Dumas. As of 2009, the prize was worth \u00a35000, with the recipient also receiving a medal and a certificate. As the name suggests, the recipient also gives a public lecture describing his or her work."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Millington Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Millington Glacier is a narrow tributary glacier, long, flowing from the eastern slopes of the Hughes Range, Antarctica, into Ramsey Glacier, northward of Mount Valinski. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Commander Richard E. Millington, U.S. Navy, a medical officer with Operation Deep Freeze, 1963 and 1964."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Red Corner", "paragraph_text": "Red Corner is a 1997 American mystery thriller film directed by Jon Avnet, and starring Richard Gere, Bai Ling and Bradley Whitford. Written by Robert King, the film is about an American businessman who ends up wrongfully on trial for murder. His only hope of exoneration and freedom is a female defense lawyer from the country. The film received the 1997 National Board of Review Freedom of Expression Award (Richard Gere, Jon Avnet) and the NBR Award for Breakthrough Female Performance (Bai Ling). Ling also won the San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress. The film was censored in the People's Republic of China due to its unflattering portrayal of China's judicial system."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "USS Orleans Parish (LST-1069)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Orleans Parish\" (LST-1069) was an in the United States Navy during World War II. Unlike many of her class, which received only numbers and were disposed of after World War II, she survived long enough to be named. On 1 July 1955, all LSTs still in commission were named for US counties or parishes; LST-1069 was given the name Orleans Parish, after Orleans Parish, Louisiana. She was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear that name."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "The Super Bowl MVP has been awarded annually since the game's inception in 1967. Through 1989, the award was presented by SPORT magazine. Bart Starr was the MVP of the first two Super Bowls. Since 1990, the award has been presented by the NFL. At Super Bowl XXV, the league first awarded the Pete Rozelle Trophy, named after former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle, to the Super Bowl MVP. Ottis Anderson was the first to win the trophy. Most award winners have received cars from various sponsors. The most recent Super Bowl MVP, from Super Bowl LII held on February 4, 2018, is Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Nick Foles, who passed for 373 yards and three touchdowns and scored a fourth touchdown as a receiver, becoming the first player to both throw and catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richard M. Karp", "paragraph_text": "Richard Manning Karp (born January 3, 1935) is an American computer scientist and computational theorist at the University of California, Berkeley. He is most notable for his research in the theory of algorithms, for which he received a Turing Award in 1985, The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science in 2004, and the Kyoto Prize in 2008."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Crusio (ice cream parlor)", "paragraph_text": "IJssalon Crusio is an ice cream parlor in the center of Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands. It was founded in 1915 and has received multiple awards. The parlor is open all year long."}], "question": "The award that Richard Long won is named after whom?"}
{"id": "2hop__136282_707589", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tiffany Blue", "paragraph_text": "Tiffany Blue is the colloquial name for the light medium robin egg blue color associated with Tiffany & Co., the New York City jewelry company created by Charles Tiffany and John Young in 1837. The color was used on the cover of Tiffany's \"Blue Book\", first published in 1845. Since then, Tiffany & Co. has used the color extensively on promotional materials like boxes and bags."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Vince Lombardi Trophy", "paragraph_text": "Even though it is a national tournament, the award was initially inscribed with the words ``World Professional Football Championship ''. It was officially renamed in 1970 in memory of NFL head coach Vince Lombardi, who led the Packers to victories in the first two Super Bowl games, after his death from cancer. It was thus presented for the first time as the Vince Lombardi Trophy in Super Bowl V when the Baltimore Colts defeated the Dallas Cowboys 16 - 13. It has also been referred to as the`` Tiffany Trophy'' after the Tiffany & Co."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josh MacRae", "paragraph_text": "Josh MacRae (1933 -- 1977) was a Scottish folk singer. Accompanying himself on guitar, he had two hits in Britain, ``Talking Army Blues ''(on Top Rank Records, in 1960) and`` Messing About on the River'' (Pye, 1961). (1) His real name was Iain Macrae; he called himself Josh after the blues musician Josh White."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Blue cake", "paragraph_text": "Blue cake () is a flaky pastry that is a specialty of the Frutig valley (the lower part of the Kander valley consisting of the municipalities of Aeschi, Reichenbach, Frutigen and Kandergrund) in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. It consists only of puff pastry with no filling or other ingredients. Despite its name, it is not blue."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Blue Moon (beer)", "paragraph_text": "Blue Moon Belgian White is a Belgian - style witbier brewed by MillerCoors under the name the Blue Moon Brewing Co. It was launched in 1995, and was originally brewed in Golden, Colorado."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lovely to See You", "paragraph_text": "The song's popularity also led the Moody Blues to name one of their live albums after it. \"\" was recorded at a performance at the Greek Theater, and was released in 2005, with the song \"Lovely to See You\" as the lead track. The song was the first to be played at the launch of the Bournemouth (UK) radio station 2CR."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Charles Lewis Tiffany", "paragraph_text": "Charles Lewis Tiffany (February 15, 1812 \u2013 February 18, 1902) was a nineteenth century leader in the American jewelry trade and founded New York City's Tiffany & Co. in 1837. Known for his jewelry expertise, Tiffany created the country's first retail catalog and introduced the English standard of sterling silver in imported jewelry in 1851."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gauss Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Gauss Glacier () is a steep glacier on the north side of Datum Peak, descending west from the southwestern extremity of Hobbs Ridge into Blue Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board in 1993 after the German mathematician and astronomer Carl Friedrich Gauss."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tiffany Valentine", "paragraph_text": "Chucky and Tiffany are brought back by their child when he reads the inscription on the Heart of Damballa. When they see he has no genitals (though he generally appears and sounds like a boy) Tiffany sees it as proof the child is a girl and names it Glenda (feminizing the name, Glen, which Chucky had given to him previously). Seed of Chucky focuses on their capers in Hollywood, where a movie is being made about their urban legend. Now going by ``Tiffany Ray '', Tiffany plans to transport her soul into the body of Jennifer Tilly (who happens to be playing her in the film). They also plan to impregnate her and put Glen / Glenda's soul in the baby's body. Their plan is successful, as Tilly swiftly gives birth to two babies, a boy and a girl. This works out perfectly as Glen / Glenda has a split personality: a sweet and caring boy, and a homicidal girl. However, Chucky decides to remain a doll, seeing that being human is n't so great. Disturbed by this, Tiffany leaves Chucky, taking Glen / Glenda with her, causing Chucky to get angry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "St. Louis Blues", "paragraph_text": "The team is named after the famous W.C. Handy song ``Saint Louis Blues. ''The franchise was founded in 1967 as an expansion team during the league's 1967 NHL Expansion, which expanded the league from six teams to twelve. The Blues are the oldest active NHL team never to have won the Stanley Cup, although they played in the Stanley Cup Finals three times in 1968, 1969 and 1970."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Breakfast at Tiffany's ''Single by Deep Blue Something from the album 11th Song and Home Released July 4, 1995 Format CD single, music cassette Recorded Genre Alternative rock, pop rock, jangle pop Length 4: 16 Label Interscope Songwriter (s) Todd Pipes Producer (s) David Castell Deep Blue Something singles chronology`` Breakfast at Tiffany's'' (1995) ``Halo ''(1996)`` Breakfast at Tiffany's'' (1995) ``Halo ''(1996)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "V\u00e4stra skogen metro station", "paragraph_text": "V\u00e4stra skogen () is a station on the Blue Line of the Stockholm metro, in Huvudsta, Solna Municipality. The station was opened on 31 August 1975 as part the first stretch of the Blue Line between T-Centralen and Hjulsta. The trains were running via Hallonbergen and Rinkeby. On 18 August 1985 the extension to Rinkeby was opened, and the stretch between Hallonbergen and Rinkeby was closed for passenger traffic. It features one of the longest escalators in western Europe, 66 meters and with a vertical rise of 33 meters. This part of Huvudsta was earlier called \"Ingentingskogen\" (\"The Nothing Forest\") after a small farm called \"Ingenting\"; the name Ingenting (\"Nothing\") was suggested as a name for the new station, but rejected."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Interstate 182 Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Interstate 182 (I-182) Bridge, formally known as the Lee-Volpentest Bridges is the collective name for a pair of bridges carrying Interstate 182 over the Columbia River between Pasco and Richland in the U.S. state of Washington. They are named after Glenn C. Lee, publisher of the \"Tri-City Herald\", and Sam Volpentest, a prominent local businessman. It is one of three bridges connecting Pasco to the other members of the Tri-Cities of Washington (Kennewick and Richland), along with the Cable Bridge and the Blue Bridge."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Blue Slide Park", "paragraph_text": "Blue Slide Park is the debut studio album by American rapper Mac Miller. It was released on November 8, 2011, by Rostrum Records. In July 2011, the title was announced, having been named after a section of Frick Park (which is known as \"Blue Slide Park\") in Pittsburgh. The park section is at the corner of Beechwood Blvd and Nicholson Street, which is just two blocks from Taylor Allderdice High School where Miller attended. The album cover was designed by his older brother Miller McCormick and Redtape Design."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kelmelis Hills", "paragraph_text": "The Kelmelis Hills () are a group of hills rising to between the Brodie Ponds and Joyce Glacier, situated midway up the Blue Glacier on its east margin, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. They were named in 1992 by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after John A. Kelmelis, a cartographer with the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and Manager of Polar Programs, Office of International Activities, USGS, 1984\u201387."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Blue poison dart frog", "paragraph_text": "The blue poison dart frog or blue poison arrow frog or known by its native name, okopipi, (Dendrobates tinctorius ``azureus '') is a poison dart frog found in the forests surrounded by the Sipaliwini savanna, which is located in southern Suriname and adjacent far northern Brazil. D. tinctorius`` azureus'' is also known by its Tirio Indian name, okopipi. Its scientific name comes from its azure color. While frequently considered a valid species in the past, recent authorities treat it as a variant of D. tinctorius."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Blue Bulls", "paragraph_text": "The Blue Bulls, known for sponsorship reasons as the Vodacom Blue Bulls, or more popularly by their Afrikaans name die Blou Bulle, is a South African rugby union team that participates in the annual Currie Cup tournament. They are governed by the Blue Bulls Rugby Union and are based at Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria, Gauteng province."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hose's broadbill", "paragraph_text": "Hose's broadbill (\"Calyptomena hosii\") is a species of bird in the Eurylaimidae family. It was named after zoologist Charles Hose. It is endemic to highland forests in northern Borneo. It is threatened by habitat loss. It has a blue belly, but otherwise it resembles the other members of the genus \"Calyptomena\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tying Tiffany", "paragraph_text": "Tying Tiffany (also known as TT and Tiff Lion) is an electronic music singer and songwriter, born in 1978 in Padua, Italy. She stated that the idea of her stage name was born from a photo book by artist Nobuyoshi Araki."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "USS Blue (DD-387)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Blue\" (DD-387), a , was the first United States Navy ship of that name, in honor of Rear Admiral Victor Blue (1865\u20131928). \"Blue\" served during World War II. She was launched 27 May 1937 by Norfolk Naval Shipyard; sponsored by Miss Kate Lilly Blue, sister of Rear Adm. Blue; and commissioned 14 August 1937, Lieutenant Commander J. Wright in command."}], "question": "After whom was the company Tiffany Blue is named after named?"}
{"id": "2hop__541926_30656", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Craig Noel", "paragraph_text": "The Old Globe began as an attraction at Balboa Park's 1935 California Pacific International Exposition with the presentation of 50-minute versions of Shakespeare plays. After the exposition was over, the group reorganized as a community theatre. Noel, who had moved with his family to San Diego in 1918 and graduated from San Diego High School, acted in the initial production in 1937 at the age of 22. He soon began directing, and he was named the Globe's general director in 1939. After World War II service and a stint in Hollywood, he returned to The Globe in 1947 as resident director. He never left, personally directing more than 200 productions, producing 270 more, and building the Globe into a theatrical powerhouse which won the Tony Award for best regional theater in 1984. Shows which originated at the Old Globe have gone on to Broadway to win nine Tony Awards and nearly 60 nominations. In 1981 Noel hired Jack O'Brien to replace him as artistic director, but he remained active in the leadership of the Old Globe right up until his death."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Palace of Fine Arts", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina District of San Francisco, California, is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama - Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art presented there. One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition, it is still situated on its original site. It was rebuilt in 1965, and renovation of the lagoon, walkways, and a seismic retrofit were completed in early 2009."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Festival of the Flowers", "paragraph_text": "The festival initially took place during the month of May but was changed to August in 1958 to celebrate the independence of Antioquia. Since then, other events have been added like the International Pageant of the Flowers, the cavalcade, Guinness Records in 1996 and 1999, classic automobiles parade, Orchids exposition, among others."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris M\u00e9tro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (\u00c9mile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Expo 2010", "paragraph_text": "Expo 2010, officially the Expo 2010 Shanghai China, was held on both banks of the Huangpu River in Shanghai, China, from 1 May to 31 October 2010. It was a major World Expo registered by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), in the tradition of international fairs and expositions, the first since 2000. The theme of the exposition was \"\"Better City\u00a0\u2013 Better Life\"\" and signifies Shanghai's new status in the 21st century as the \"next great world city\". The Expo emblem features the Chinese character \u4e16 ('world', Chinese \"sh\u00ec\") modified to represent three people together with the 2010 date. It had the largest number of countries participating and was the most expensive Expo in the history of the world's fairs. The Shanghai World Expo was also the largest World's Fair site ever at 5.28 square km."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition", "paragraph_text": "The Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, commonly also known as the Lewis and Clark Exposition, and officially known as the Lewis and Clark Centennial and American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair, was a worldwide exposition held in Portland, Oregon, United States in 1905 to celebrate the centennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. While not officially considered a World's Fair by the Bureau of International Expositions, it is often informally described as such; the exposition attracted both exhibits and visitors from around the world. During the exposition's four-month run, it attracted over 1.6 million visitors, and featured exhibits from 21 countries. Portland grew from 161,000 to 270,000 residents between 1905 and 1910, a spurt that has been attributed to the exposition."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sagrada Fam\u00edlia", "paragraph_text": "Constructed between 1894 and 1930, the Nativity fa\u00e7ade was the first fa\u00e7ade to be completed. Dedicated to the birth of Jesus, it is decorated with scenes reminiscent of elements of life. Characteristic of Gaud\u00ed's naturalistic style, the sculptures are ornately arranged and decorated with scenes and images from nature, each a symbol in its own manner. For instance, the three porticos are separated by two large columns, and at the base of each lies a turtle or a tortoise (one to represent the land and the other the sea; each are symbols of time as something set in stone and unchangeable). In contrast to the figures of turtles and their symbolism, two chameleons can be found at either side of the fa\u00e7ade, and are symbolic of change."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Independence Museum of Azerbaijan", "paragraph_text": "There are masterpieces of art and architecture, maps, pictures, books, currencies and other exhibits in the Independence Museum of Azerbaijan. A lot of expositions and activities dedicated to historical events are held in the exposition of the museum."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia had a variety of industries and businesses, the largest being textiles. Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the Baldwin Locomotive Works, William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Industry, along with the U.S. Centennial, was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair in the United States. Immigrants, mostly Irish and German, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854, which extended the city limits of Philadelphia from the 2 square miles of present-day Center City to the roughly 130 square miles of Philadelphia County."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Carroll Clark", "paragraph_text": "Carroll Clark (February 6, 1894 \u2013 May 17, 1968) was an American art director. He was nominated for seven Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction. He worked on 173 films between 1927 and 1968. He was born in Mountain View, California and died in Glendale, California."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Walter J. Little", "paragraph_text": "Walter J. Little (born 1894) served in the California legislature and during World War I he served in the United States Army."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894", "paragraph_text": "The California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894, commonly referred to as the \"Midwinter Exposition\" or the \"Midwinter Fair\", was a World's Fair that officially operated from January 27 to July 5 in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego County Fair", "paragraph_text": "In 1954, the fair's name was changed to the Southern California Exposition and San Diego County Fair. In 1970, this was shortened to the Southern California Exposition. The fair was again renamed in 1984 to the Del Mar Fair, which lasted until 2002 when the name San Diego County Fair was reinstated. It is sometimes still referred to as the ``Del Mar Fair ''by locals."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is an American outdoor sports stadium located in the Exposition Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. The stadium serves as the home to the University of Southern California (USC) Trojans football team, and as the temporary home of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). The Coliseum was home to the Rams from 1946 to 1979, when they moved to Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim, California, and is serving as their home stadium again until the completion of Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood, California. The facility has a permanent seating capacity of 93,607 for USC football and Rams games, making it the largest football stadium in the Pac - 12 Conference and the NFL."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In the early part of the 20th century, San Diego hosted two World's Fairs: the Panama-California Exposition in 1915 and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935. Both expositions were held in Balboa Park, and many of the Spanish/Baroque-style buildings that were built for those expositions remain to this day as central features of the park. The buildings were intended to be temporary structures, but most remained in continuous use until they progressively fell into disrepair. Most were eventually rebuilt, using castings of the original fa\u00e7ades to retain the architectural style. The menagerie of exotic animals featured at the 1915 exposition provided the basis for the San Diego Zoo. During the 1950s there was a citywide festival called Fiesta del Pacifico highlighting the area's Spanish and Mexican past. In the 2010s there was a proposal for a large-scale celebration of the 100th anniversary of Balboa Park, but the plans were abandoned when the organization tasked with putting on the celebration went out of business."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fairground Park", "paragraph_text": "Fairground Park is a municipal park that opened in 1908 in St. Louis, Missouri. It was originally a privately owned facility, first used by the St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanical Association for the St. Louis Exposition from 1856 through 1902. However, the Civil War interrupted the annual fair when the Fairgrounds were used as a Union encampment known as Benton Barracks. The annual exposition ceased in 1902 as preparations for the 1904 World's Fair began."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen", "paragraph_text": "Otto John Maenchen-Helfen (in German: Otto M\u00e4nchen-Helfen) (July 26, 1894 in Vienna, Austria \u2013 January 29, 1969 in Berkeley, California) was an Austrian academic, sinologist, historian, author, and traveler."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ethel Grandin", "paragraph_text": "Ethel Grandin (March 3, 1894 in New York City \u2013 September 28, 1988 in Woodland Hills, California) was an American silent film actress."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Permian Basin International Oil Show", "paragraph_text": "The Permian Basin International Oil Show is a trade show exposition which is hosted in the city of Odessa, Texas, USA, at the Ector County Coliseum on every even numbered year. It showcases the latest technology in the petroleum industry and also honors the industry\u2019s past. It is one of the largest expositions of its kind. The Oil Show is for executives and workers in various phases of the petroleum industry and is not open to the public."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Exposition Universelle (1855)", "paragraph_text": "The Exposition Universelle of 1855 was an International Exhibition held on the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris from 15 May to 15 November 1855. Its full official title was the Exposition Universelle des produits de l'Agriculture, de l'Industrie et des Beaux-Arts de Paris 1855. Today the exposition's sole physical remnant is the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Rond-Point des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es designed by architect Gabriel Davioud, which originally housed the Panorama National."}], "question": "When was the first event that the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 is an instance of?"}
{"id": "2hop__318032_30656", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Turing's proof", "paragraph_text": "Turing's proof is a proof by Alan Turing, first published in January 1937 with the title On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. It was the second proof of the assertion (Alonzo Church's proof was first) that some decision problems are \"undecidable\": there is no single algorithm that infallibly gives a correct \"yes\" or \"no\" answer to each instance of the problem. In his own words:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Collage (Le Orme album)", "paragraph_text": "Collage is an album by the Italian progressive rock band Le Orme. It was released in 1971. It is the first progressive-like album by the band, who had previously recorded only the beat-oriented \"Ad Gloriam\" of 1968."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Les f\u00eates v\u00e9nitiennes", "paragraph_text": "Les festes v\u00e9nitiennes (\"Venetian Festivities\"), also spelled Les f\u00eates v\u00e9nitiennes, is an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" by the French composer Andr\u00e9 Campra. It consists of a prologue (later sometimes omitted, abridged or replaced) and three \"entr\u00e9es\" (four or five in subsequent versions). All versions of the libretto are by Antoine Danchet. It was first performed on 17 June 1710 by the Acad\u00e9mie royale de musique in the Salle du Palais-Royal in Paris. According to the usage of the time, it was originally simply billed as a \"\"ballet\"\", but it is one of the most important and successful instances of the new genre later classified by scholars as \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\", which had become popular in Paris around the end of the 17th century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Epic of Sundiata", "paragraph_text": "The Sundiata Keita or Epic of Sundiata (also referred to as the Sundiata Epic or Sunjata Epic) is an epic poem of the Malinke people and tells the story of the hero Sundiata Keita (died 1255), the founder of the Mali Empire. The epic is an instance of oral tradition, going back to the 13th century and narrated by generations of griot poets or jeliw (djeli). There is no single or authoritative version. Material pertaining to the epic first began to be collected during the early 20th century in French Sudan, notably by the French elite school \u00c9cole William Ponty, resulting in the ``modern ''version of the tale as considered standard today, as published in`` novelistic'' form in French translation by Djibril Tamsir Niane in 1960 (English translation 1965)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vacuum", "paragraph_text": "In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Itchan Kala", "paragraph_text": "The old town retains more than 50 historic monuments and 250 old houses, dating primarily from the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries. Djuma Mosque, for instance, was established in the tenth century and rebuilt from 1788 to 1789, although its celebrated hypostyle hall still retains 112 columns taken from ancient structures."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the \"Septuagint\", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century. The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly 300 years."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955\u20131968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "School for Islamic Youth", "paragraph_text": "The School for Islamic Youth (Madrasat al-Shabiba\u2019l-Islamiyya), known as the Shabiba school, was one of the first and best-known progressive Islamic schools in Algeria."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Progress M-66", "paragraph_text": "Progress M-66 was launched at 05:49 GMT on 10 February 2009, by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. This was the first time Site 31 had been used for a Progress launch since Progress M-15 in 1992. The spacecraft docked with the \"Pirs\" module of the ISS at 07:18 GMT on 13 February. It undocked at 15:18 on 6 May, to make way for Progress M-02M. It was deorbited at 14:28:30 on 18 May following twelve days of free flight, during which it conducted experiments as part of the Plazma-Progress programme. Any debris from Progress M-66 that survived re-entry landed in the Pacific Ocean at around 15:14:45 GMT."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia had a variety of industries and businesses, the largest being textiles. Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the Baldwin Locomotive Works, William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Industry, along with the U.S. Centennial, was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair in the United States. Immigrants, mostly Irish and German, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854, which extended the city limits of Philadelphia from the 2 square miles of present-day Center City to the roughly 130 square miles of Philadelphia County."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said \"not to exist\", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Century of Progress", "paragraph_text": "A Century of Progress International Exposition was a World's Fair registered under the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), which was held in Chicago, as The Chicago World's Fair, from 1933 to 1934 to celebrate the city's centennial. The theme of the fair was technological innovation. The fair's motto was \"Science Finds, Industry Applies, Man Adapts\", giving out a message that science and American life were wedded. Its architectural symbol was the Sky Ride, a transporter bridge perpendicular to the shore on which one could ride from one side of the fair to the other."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo (12 December 1851 \u2013 15 March 1942) was a progressive English architect and designer, who influenced the Arts and Crafts Movement, notably through the Century Guild of Artists, which he set up in partnership with Selwyn Image in 1882."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bifocals", "paragraph_text": "In 1955, Irving Rips of Younger Optics created the first seamless or ``invisible ''bifocal, a precursor to all progressive lenses."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beer", "paragraph_text": "The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Combinations of various aromatic herbs, berries, and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used. Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company, use plants other than hops for flavouring."}], "question": "When was the first event of which Century of Progress is an instance of?"}
{"id": "2hop__12042_11942", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as \"Annarbour;\" this represents the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Antunes Sobrinho", "paragraph_text": "The Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed, along with the rest of the city of Bras\u00edlia, by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated in 1958. One of the first structures built in the republic's new capital city, the \"Alvorada\" lies on a peninsula at the margins of Lake Parano\u00e1. The principles of simplicity and modernity, that in the past characterized the great works of architecture, motivated Niemeyer. The viewer has an impression of looking at a glass box, softly landed on the ground with the support of thin external columns. The building has an area of 7,000 m2 with three floors consisting of the basement, landing, and second floor. The auditorium, kitchen, laundry, medical center, and administration offices are at basement level. The rooms used by the presidency for official receptions are on the landing. The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace. The building also has a library, a heated Olympic-sized swimming pool, a music room, two dining rooms and various meeting rooms. A chapel and heliport are in adjacent buildings."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "The easternmost section, about 10 miles (16 km) in width, consists of hilly land that runs along the western bank of the Tennessee River. To the west of this narrow strip of land is a wide area of rolling hills and streams that stretches all the way to the Mississippi River; this area is called the Tennessee Bottoms or bottom land. In Memphis, the Tennessee Bottoms end in steep bluffs overlooking the river. To the west of the Tennessee Bottoms is the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, less than 300 feet (90 m) above sea level. This area of lowlands, flood plains, and swamp land is sometimes referred to as the Delta region. Memphis is the economic center of West Tennessee and the largest city in the state."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chandannagar", "paragraph_text": "The First Director of the French East India Company, Deslandes paid 40,000 coins to the Mughal subahdar in 1688 to gain control of the area and build a factory there. But the first Frenchman to possess any subsequent land holding in this area was Du Plessis who bought land of 13 Arpents at Boro Kishanganj, now loacted at North Chandannagar for Taka 401 in the year 1673 - 74."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "During a visit in 1885 English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase \"Marvellous Melbourne\", which stuck long into the twentieth century and is still used today by Melburnians. Growing building activity culminated in a \"land boom\" which, in 1888, reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by consumer confidence and escalating land value. As a result of the boom, large commercial buildings, coffee palaces, terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city. The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators, resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings; most notably the APA Building, amongst the world's tallest commercial buildings upon completion in 1889. This period also saw the expansion of a major radial rail-based transport network."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Flemings Landing, Delaware", "paragraph_text": "Flemings Landing is an unincorporated community in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. Flemings Landing is located along Delaware Route 9 just north of the Smyrna River and the Kent County line to the northeast of Smyrna."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Safetyville USA", "paragraph_text": "Safetyville, USA is a miniature city that sits on a little over 3\u00a0acres of land in Sacramento, California. It is a program that was designed to provide safety education to young children in an interactive manner. The miniature town is complete with tiny versions of the California State Capitol building, municipal building, business buildings, and various streets in Sacramento, California."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou (now known as Allen's Landing) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center\u2014the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions\u2014and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Irasburg, Vermont", "paragraph_text": "Irasburg is a town in Orleans County, Vermont, United States. Irasburg was established in 1781 when the land was granted to Ira Allen, Roger Enos, Jerusha Enos (wife of Roger Enos), Jerusha Enos, Jr. (wife of Ira Allen), Roger Enos, Jr. and others by the Vermont General Assembly. Ira Allen later obtained the rights of the other proprietors, and he deeded the town to Jerusha Enos, Jr. as a wedding gift."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs\u2014Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen\u2014from New York, purchased 6,642 acres (26.88 km2) of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto, who was elected President of Texas in September 1836. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but there were slave dealers in Houston. Thousands of enslaved African-Americans lived near the city before the Civil War. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. In 1860 forty-nine percent of the city's population was enslaved. A few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, came through the illegal African trade. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state. They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers nearly tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal zoning regulations, it has developed similarly to other Sun Belt cities because the city's land use regulations and legal covenants have played a similar role. Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers. Such restrictions have had mixed results. Though some have blamed the city's low density, urban sprawl, and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies, the city's land use has also been credited with having significant affordable housing, sparing Houston the worst effects of the 2008 real estate crisis. The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gledden Building", "paragraph_text": "The Gledden Building is an Art Deco office building in Perth, Western Australia. The building was constructed on land that had been bequested to the University of Western Australia by surveyor Robert Gledden."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mozier Landing, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Mozier Landing is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Illinois, United States. Mozier Landing is located along the Mississippi River north of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tower of Babel", "paragraph_text": "According to the story, a united humanity in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating eastward, comes to the land of Shinar (\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05e0\u05b0\u05e2\u05b8\u05e8 \u200e). There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other, and scatters them around the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855. To raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 \"perpetual scholarships\" entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. Another building, University Hall, was built in 1869 of the same Joliet limestone as the Chicago Water Tower, also built in 1869, one of the few buildings in the heart of Chicago to survive the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern, and Frances Willard, who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), became the school's first dean of women. Willard Residential College (1938) is named in her honor. Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "East of the Bronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Once Upon a Time in the West", "paragraph_text": "The film portrays two conflicts that take place around Flagstone, a fictional town in the American Old West: a land battle related to construction of a railroad, and a mission of vengeance against a cold - blooded killer. A struggle exists for Sweetwater, a piece of land near Flagstone containing the region's only water source. The land was bought by Brett McBain (Frank Wolff), who foresaw that the railroad would have to pass through that area to provide water for the steam locomotives. When crippled railroad tycoon Morton (Gabriele Ferzetti) learns of this, he sends his hired gun Frank (Henry Fonda) to intimidate McBain to move off the land, but Frank instead kills McBain and his three children, planting evidence to frame the bandit Cheyenne (Jason Robards). It appears the land has no owner; however, a former prostitute (Claudia Cardinale) arrives from New Orleans, revealing she is Jill McBain, Brett's new wife and the owner of the land."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the \"Commercial Central Retail \u2013 West Zone\". The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height. A 47-metre, 12-storey office building, which includes retail space and a parking garage, was the first building to be approved in this area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Swanscombe", "paragraph_text": "A plan was announced in October 2012 to build a major theme park on of brown field land on the Swanscombe peninsula (the triangular piece of land that juts into the River Thames). The project, dubbed Paramount Kent, would create 27,000 jobs and as such would have the capacity to transform the local economy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rango (2011 film)", "paragraph_text": "Rango confronts the mayor about his buying of the land around Dirt, but the mayor denies any wrongdoing and shows Rango that he is building a modern city with the purchased land. The mayor then summons Rattlesnake Jake, who forces Rango to admit that he lied to the townsfolk and runs him out of town. Falling unconscious, Rango wakes and meets the Spirit of the West (Timothy Olyphant), whom Rango identifies as the Man with No Name. The Spirit inspires Rango, telling him, ``No man can walk out on his own story. ''"}], "question": "Who bought land along where Allen's Landing is located to build a city?"}
{"id": "2hop__627091_159335", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Claude Perrault", "paragraph_text": "Claude Perrault (25 September 1613 \u2013 9 October 1688) was a French architect, best known for his participation in the design of the east fa\u00e7ade of the Louvre in Paris. He also achieved success as a physician and anatomist, and as an author, who wrote treatises on physics and natural history."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ruth Harrison", "paragraph_text": "Ruth Harrison OBE (24 June 1920 [Ruth Winsten] \u2013 13 June 2000), was a British animal welfare activist and author."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Florence Noiville", "paragraph_text": "Florence Noiville (), a French author and journalist, is a long time staff writer for \"Le Monde\" and editor of foreign fiction for \"Le Monde des Livres\", the literary supplement of Le Monde."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Once Upon a Time... The Americas", "paragraph_text": "Il \u00e9tait une fois... les Am\u00e9riques (English, Once Upon a Time... The Americas) is a French animated TV series from 1991 directed by Albert Barill\u00e9."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Le R\u00e8gne Animal", "paragraph_text": "Le R\u00e8gne Animal (The Animal Kingdom) is the most famous work of the French naturalist Georges Cuvier. It sets out to describe the natural structure of the whole of the animal kingdom based on comparative anatomy, and its natural history. Cuvier divided the animals into four \"embranchements\" (\"Branches\", roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and zoophytes (cnidaria and other phyla)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lucien Rebatet", "paragraph_text": "Lucien Rebatet (15 November 1903 \u2013 24 August 1972) was a French author, journalist, and intellectual. He is known as an exponent of fascism and virulent antisemite but also as the author of \"Les Deux \u00e9tendards\", regarded by some as one of the greatest novels of the post-war era."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "F\u00e9lix Garrigou", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Louis F\u00e9lix Garrigou (16 September 1835, Tarascon-sur-Ariege - 1920) was a French physician, prehistorian and hydrologist. He is known for his investigations of prehistoric artifacts and remains (human and animal) found in caves of southern France (Pyrenees). Also, he was the author of numerous writings on mineral waters from a chemical/medical perspective."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Le D\u00e9lit fran\u00e7ais", "paragraph_text": "Le D\u00e9lit, also known as Le D\u00e9lit fran\u00e7ais, is an independent francophone newspaper on the McGill University campus, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Serving McGill University's francophone-student minority, \"Le D\u00e9lit\" is a sister publication to the English-language \"The McGill Daily\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Marvel Comics", "paragraph_text": "While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these \"big three\", some notable heroes\u2014many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks\u2014include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, \"Powerhouse Pepper\", as well as a line of children's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yellow Fog", "paragraph_text": "Yellow Fog is a horror novel by Les Daniels. It was first published in 1986 by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in an edition of 800 copies which were signed by the author and slipcased. The novel is part of the author's Don Sebastian series. An expanded edition was published by Tor Books in 1988 ()."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Looney Tunes", "paragraph_text": "Looney Tunes is an American series of animated comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation alongside its sister series \"Merrie Melodies\". It was known for introducing Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety, Sylvester, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pep\u00e9 Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Tasmanian Devil, Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote and many other cartoon characters."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Two Tigers", "paragraph_text": "The Two Tigers (original title: Le due tigri) is the fourth adventure novel in the Sandokan series written by Italian author Emilio Salgari, published in 1904."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Les Shadoks", "paragraph_text": "Les Shadoks is an animated television series created by French cartoonist Jacques Rouxel (26 February 1931 \u2013 25 April 2004) which caused a sensation in France when it was first broadcast in 1968\u20131974."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "L\u00e9on L\u00e9vy Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "L\u00e9on L\u00e9vy Brunswick (20 April 1805, in Paris \u2013 29 July 1859, in Le Havre) was a French playwright. He started as a journalist before turning to theater. He is the author of many comedies with Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Bayard, Louis-\u00c9mile Vanderburch, and Arthur de Beauplan such as \"Boccaccio, or the Prince of Palmero\" by Franz von Supp\u00e9. But it is with Adolphe de Leuven that he is known for his greatest successes, notably booklets of comic operas by Adolphe Adam (\"Le Brasseur de Preston,\" \"Le Postillon de Lonjumeau,\" \"Le Roi d'Yvetot\"). He has also published under the pseudonym of Leo Lh\u00e9rie."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "S\u00e9bastien Roch (singer)", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e9bastien Roch (born 3 December 1972, in Toulouse) is a French actor, singer and television host. He achieved notability with his role of Christian in the TV series \"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne et les Gar\u00e7ons\" and \"Les Vacances de l'amour\". He had also a success with his 1993 single, \"Au Bar de Jess\", which peaked at number 17 in France."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of biology", "paragraph_text": "The emerging discipline of geology also brought natural history and natural philosophy closer together; the establishment of the stratigraphic column linked the spatial distribution of organisms to their temporal distribution, a key precursor to concepts of evolution. Georges Cuvier and others made great strides in comparative anatomy and paleontology in the late 1790s and early 19th century. In a series of lectures and papers that made detailed comparisons between living mammals and fossil remains Cuvier was able to establish that the fossils were remains of species that had become extinct\u2014rather than being remains of species still alive elsewhere in the world, as had been widely believed. Fossils discovered and described by Gideon Mantell, William Buckland, Mary Anning, and Richard Owen among others helped establish that there had been an 'age of reptiles' that had preceded even the prehistoric mammals. These discoveries captured the public imagination and focused attention on the history of life on earth. Most of these geologists held to catastrophism, but Charles Lyell's influential Principles of Geology (1830) popularised Hutton's uniformitarianism, a theory that explained the geological past and present on equal terms."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "J. M. G. Le Cl\u00e9zio", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Marie Gustave Le Cl\u00e9zio (; 13 April 1940), usually identified as J. M. G. Le Cl\u00e9zio, is a French writer and professor. The author of over forty works, he was awarded the 1963 Prix Renaudot for his novel \"Le Proc\u00e8s-Verbal\" and the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature for his life's work, as an \"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Les Arcs, Var", "paragraph_text": "Les Arcs (also known as Les Arcs-sur-Argens) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur region in southeastern France."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Susan Gubar", "paragraph_text": "Susan D. Gubar (born November 30, 1944) is an American author and distinguished Professor Emerita of English and Women's Studies at Indiana University. She is best known for co-authoring, with Sandra M. Gilbert, a standard feminist text, \"The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination\" (1979) and a trilogy on women's writing in the 20th century. Her honors include the Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Empress Sh\u014dshi", "paragraph_text": ", also known as , the eldest daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga, was Empress of Japan from c. 1000 to c. 1011. Her father sent her to live in the Emperor Ichij\u014d's harem at age 12. Because of his power, influence and political machinations she quickly achieved the status of . As empress she was able to surround herself with a court of talented and educated ladies-in-waiting such as Murasaki Shikibu, author of \"The Tale of Genji\"."}], "question": "What achievement is the author of Le R\u00e8gne Animal known for?"}
{"id": "2hop__24742_159335", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "J. Bernlef", "paragraph_text": "Hendrik Jan Marsman (14 January 1937 \u2013 29 October 2012), better known by his pen name, J. Bernlef, was a Dutch writer, poet, novelist and translator, much of whose work centres on mental perception of reality and its expression. He won numerous literary awards, including the Constantijn Huygens Prize in 1984 and the P. C. Hooft Award in 1994, both of which were for his work as a whole. His book \"Hersenschimmen\" features on the list of NRC's Best Dutch novels."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Toussaud", "paragraph_text": "Toussaud (May 6, 1989 \u2013 January 5, 2009) was a bay mare bred and raced by Juddmonte Farms. Sired by El Gran Senor out of an In Reality mare, Image of Reality, Toussaud achieved much on the track and in the breeding shed."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mogollon mountain wolf", "paragraph_text": "The Mogollon mountain wolf (\"Canis lupus mogollonensis\") is an extinct subspecies of gray wolf whose range once included southern and western Texas and northeastern Mexico. It is darker than its more northern cousins, and has a highly arched frontal bone."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chad Hedrick", "paragraph_text": "On June 7, 2008, Hedrick and Lynsey Elizabeth Adams were married in Houston, Texas. Their wedding was featured on the Style Network reality show \"Whose Wedding Is It Anyway?\" They had their first daughter in 2009, a second daughter in 2010, and a son in 2014. Hedrick currently works for eXp Realty as a licensed realtor going From Gold to Sold."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Long-legged bunting", "paragraph_text": "The long-legged bunting (\"Emberiza alcoveri\") is an extinct flightless species of bunting. It was distinguishable by its long legs and short wings, and it inhabited Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands. It is one of the few flightless passerines known to science, all of which are now extinct."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His pal\u00e6ontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jh\u0101na, Sanskrit \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 dhy\u0101na), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassan\u0101) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Giovanni David", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni David (15 September 1790 in Naples \u2013 1864 in Saint Petersburg) was an Italian tenor particularly known for his roles in Rossini operas."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: \"Nibb\u0101na\") means \"cessation\", \"extinction\" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra)), \"extinguished\", \"quieted\", \"calmed\"; it is also known as \"Awakening\" or \"Enlightenment\" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana, including the Buddha, is arahant."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mesozoic", "paragraph_text": "The lower (Triassic) boundary is set by the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, during which approximately 90% to 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct. It is also known as the \"Great Dying\" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history. The upper (Cretaceous) boundary is set at the Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary (KT) extinction event (now more accurately called the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene (or K\u2013Pg) extinction event), which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula. Towards the Late Cretaceous large volcanic eruptions are also believed to have contributed to the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event. Approximately 50% of all genera became extinct, including all of the non-avian dinosaurs."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event", "paragraph_text": "The Permian -- Triassic (P -- Tr or P -- T) extinction event, colloquially known as the Great Dying, the End - Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction, occurred about 252 Ma (million years) ago, forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. It is the Earth's most severe known extinction event, with up to 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct. It is the only known mass extinction of insects. Some 57% of all biological families and 83% of all genera became extinct. Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of land - dwelling life took significantly longer than after any other extinction event, possibly up to 10 million years. Studies in Bear Lake County near Paris, Idaho showed a relatively quick rebound in a localized marine ecosystem, taking around 2 million years to recover, suggesting that the impact of the extinction may have been felt less severely in some areas than others."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Edwin Zwakman", "paragraph_text": "Edwin Zwakman (born 18 October 1969, The Hague) is a visual artist from the Netherlands whose works explore the interaction between reality and photography. He does this with staged photography, either in his studio or in public space. Works in the studio include a long-running series of pictures showing scale models of Dutch landscapes and interiors. And this landscape is itself a construct. By reconstructing it from memory, the artist reflects on the mentality of its makers and the way their world is represented in images. Works in public space concern themselves with iconic images from sites and events, often using fictitious United Nation operations to illustrate the workings of images in the media."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ex pede Herculem", "paragraph_text": "The principle was raised to an axiom of biology by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, in \"On Growth and Form\", 1917; it has found dependable use in paleontology, where the measurements of a fossil jawbone or a single vertebra, offer a close approximation of the size of a long-extinct animal, in cases where comparable animals are already known. The studies of proportionality in biology are pursued in the fields of morphogenesis, biophysics and biostatistics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Julia Anna Gardner", "paragraph_text": "Julia Anna Gardner (January 26, 1882 \u2013 November 15, 1960), was an American geologist who worked for the United States Geological Survey for 32 years, was known worldwide for her work in stratigraphy and mollusc paleontology."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event", "paragraph_text": "The Permian -- Triassic (P -- Tr or P -- T) extinction event, colloquially known as the Great Dying, the End - Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction, occurred about 252 Ma (million years) ago, forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. It is the Earth's most severe known extinction event, with up to 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct. It is the only known mass extinction of insects. Some 57% of all families and 83% of all genera became extinct. Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of life on Earth took significantly longer than after any other extinction event, possibly up to 10 million years. Studies in Bear Lake County near Paris, Idaho showed a quick and dynamic rebound in a marine ecosystem, illustrating the remarkable resilience of life."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of biology", "paragraph_text": "The emerging discipline of geology also brought natural history and natural philosophy closer together; the establishment of the stratigraphic column linked the spatial distribution of organisms to their temporal distribution, a key precursor to concepts of evolution. Georges Cuvier and others made great strides in comparative anatomy and paleontology in the late 1790s and early 19th century. In a series of lectures and papers that made detailed comparisons between living mammals and fossil remains Cuvier was able to establish that the fossils were remains of species that had become extinct\u2014rather than being remains of species still alive elsewhere in the world, as had been widely believed. Fossils discovered and described by Gideon Mantell, William Buckland, Mary Anning, and Richard Owen among others helped establish that there had been an 'age of reptiles' that had preceded even the prehistoric mammals. These discoveries captured the public imagination and focused attention on the history of life on earth. Most of these geologists held to catastrophism, but Charles Lyell's influential Principles of Geology (1830) popularised Hutton's uniformitarianism, a theory that explained the geological past and present on equal terms."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reuss-Lobenstein", "paragraph_text": "Reuss-Lobenstein was raised to a principality in 1790 and joined the Confederation of the Rhine on 15 December 1806. With the death of Prince Heinrich LIV in 1824 the Reuss-Lobenstein line became extinct and was inherited by the Prince of Reuss-Ebersdorf."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Garden Park, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Garden Park is a paleontological site in Fremont County, Colorado, known for its Jurassic dinosaurs and the role the specimens played in the infamous Bone Wars of the late 19th century. Located north of Ca\u00f1on City, the name originates from the area providing vegetables to the miners at nearby Cripple Creek in the 19th century. Garden Park proper is a triangular valley surrounded by cliffs on the southeast and southwest and by mountains to the north; however, the name is also refers to the dinosaur sites on top and along the cliffs. The dinosaur sites now form the Garden Park Paleontological Resource Area, which is overseen by the Bureau of Land Management."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Antoine Bello", "paragraph_text": "Antoine Bello (born 25 March 1970) is a French-American author born in Boston, Massachusetts, whose works have been widely translated. His novels touch on multiple subjects, such as the relation between reality and fiction, human cognition and journalism. He writes in French, his native tongue. He has been living in the greater New York Area since 2002."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Adriaan Gilles Camper", "paragraph_text": "Adriaan Gilles Camper (March 31, 1759 \u2013 February 5, 1820) was a 19th-century Dutch mathematics and physics professor at the University of Franeker who took to politics and became a statesman in his later years. He was the son of Petrus Camper is known today primarily for his paleontological work in collaboration with his father, causing several fossil holotypes to be named after him, such as the Puppigerus P. Camperi. The engravings he commissioned on the basis of his father's work were published by Barth\u00e9lemy Faujas de Saint-Fond. He himself wrote several books on paleontology, including a catalog of his collection of fossils and minerals."}], "question": "The man who established the reality of extinction is known for his work in what fields?"}
{"id": "2hop__228911_331844", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Roseanne and The Conners characters", "paragraph_text": "David Jacob ``D.J. ''Conner is played by Michael Fishman (Sal Barone in the pilot episode). Born in 1981, David, better known by his initials D.J., was the youngest of Roseanne and Dan's children and their only son until the birth of Jerry Conner, in 1995. D.J. is more simple - minded, naive, and boisterous than his older sisters, who frequently taunt him. In the first episode of season three, it is stated that while Becky and Darlene were planned pregnancies, D.J. was a`` surprise''. As he grows up, D.J.'s storylines deal with more mature topics such as masturbation and human sexuality. Later episodes depict D.J. as having a close, brother - like friendship with Becky's husband Mark. He is also shown to develop an interest in filmmaking: he repeatedly asks Darlene if he can videotape her giving birth. He was one of the only characters that was n't changed in the final episode of Season 9, which has since been ret - conned out of existence."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Darion Conner", "paragraph_text": "Darion Conner (born September 28, 1967 in Macon, Mississippi) is a former American / arena football linebacker in the National Football League and the Arena Football League. He played for eight seasons in the NFL, from 1990\u20131997 and seven seasons (1999\u20132005) in the AFL. He was drafted in the second round (28th overall) of the 1990 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. He played college football at Jackson State University. He is currently serving a 15-year prison sentence for DUI-manslaughter and Vehicular Homicide. However, in July 2008, an appeals court ruled that he would be given a retrial."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Macon, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Macon is a city in Noxubee County, Mississippi along the Noxubee River. The population was 2,461 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Noxubee County."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals \u2013 Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Carl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that \"Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew.\" Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, \"[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met.\" On Conner's recommendation, in 1925\u201326 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers. He then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "The birthplace of Darion Connor is in what county?"}
{"id": "2hop__12176_220151", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Km. 0", "paragraph_text": "Km. 0 is a 2000 film from Spain that tells several intertwining tales of mistaken identity and coincidental meetings (that may not be coincidental) that take place near the Kilometre Zero marker in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dreamkiller", "paragraph_text": "Dreamkiller is a dark fantasy first-person shooter where the player takes on the role of Alice Drake, a psychologist with the ability to enter the minds of her patients to fight the monsters appearing in their dreams. The game is developed by Mindware Studios and published by Aspyr for Microsoft Windows."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "Likewise, \u00c9mile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Catherine Tramell", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Tramell is a fictional character and main antagonist in the film Basic Instinct (1992) and its sequel, Basic Instinct 2 (2006). Catherine, created by writer Joe Eszterhas, is played by Sharon Stone in both films. In Basic Instinct, Tramell is a serial killer and love interest of washed - up detective Nick Curran; Basic Instinct 2 pairs her with the similarly troubled British psychologist Michael Glass."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Psychoticism", "paragraph_text": "Psychoticism is one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans Eysenck in his P\u2013E\u2013N model (psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism) model of personality. Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Capital punishment in Russia", "paragraph_text": "Capital punishment in Russia currently is not allowed. There exists both an implicit moratorium established by President Boris Yeltsin in 1996, and an explicit one, established by the Constitutional Court of Russia in 1999 and most recently reaffirmed in 2009. Russia has not executed anyone since 1996."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "L'Illustr\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "L'Illustr\u00e9 is a French language weekly consumer magazine published in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is one of the earliest magazines published in the country."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "You're Putting Me On", "paragraph_text": "You're Putting Me On! is an NBC game show in which celebrities tried to communicate the identities of famous people through odd and interesting clues. Bill Leyden was the original host, with Larry Blyden taking over halfway through the run. The program was broadcast from June 30 to December 26, 1969, at 1:30 pm."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Theodore R. Sarbin", "paragraph_text": "Theodore Roy Sarbin (1911\u20132005), known as \"Ted Sarbin\", was an American psychologist and professor of psychology and criminology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He was known as \"Mr. Role Theory\" because of his contributions to the social psychology of role-taking."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Henri Pi\u00e9ron", "paragraph_text": "Louis Charles Henri Pi\u00e9ron (18 July 1881 \u2013 6 November 1964) was a French psychologist. He was one of the founders of scientific psychology in France."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Christine Korsgaard", "paragraph_text": "Christine Marion Korsgaard, (; born April 9, 1952) is an American philosopher and Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University whose main scholarly interests are in moral philosophy and its history; the relation of issues in moral philosophy to issues in metaphysics, the philosophy of mind, and the theory of personal identity; the theory of personal relationships; and in normativity in general."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "APA Ethics Code", "paragraph_text": "The first version was published by the APA in 1953. The need for such a document came after psychologists were taking on more professional and public roles post-World War II. A committee was developed and reviewed situations submitted by psychologists in the field who felt they had encountered ethical dilemmas. The committee organized these situations into themes and included them in the first document which was 170 pages in length. Over the years, a distinction was made between aspirational principles and enforceable standards. Since, there have been nine revisions with the most recent published in 2002 and amended in 2010."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Identity (social science)", "paragraph_text": "Erik Erikson (1902-1994) became one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity. The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity, known as the ego identity (sometimes identified simply as \"the self\"); the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next, known as the personal identity; and the collection of social roles that a person might play, known as either the social identity or the cultural identity. Erikson's work, in the psychodynamic tradition, aimed to investigate the process of identity formation across a lifespan. Progressive strength in the ego identity, for example, can be charted in terms of a series of stages in which identity is formed in response to increasingly sophisticated challenges. The process of forming a viable sense of identity for the culture is conceptualized as an adolescent task, and those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their initially given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 p7-8). On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an identity crisis or confusion (Cote & Levine 2002, p. 22)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "APA Ethics Code", "paragraph_text": "The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (for short, the Ethics Code, as referred to by the APA) includes an introduction, preamble, a list of five aspirational principles and a list of ten enforceable standards that psychologists use to guide ethical decisions in practice, research, and education. The principles and standards are written, revised, and enforced by the APA. The code of conduct is applicable to psychologists in a variety of areas across a variety of contexts. In the event of a violation of the code of conduct, the APA may take action ranging from termination of the APA membership to the loss of licensure, depending on the violation. Other professional organizations and licensing boards may adopt and enforce the code."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canadian Psychology", "paragraph_text": "Canadian Psychology (French: \"Psychologie canadienne\") is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association on behalf of the Canadian Psychological Association. The journal was established in 1950 and publishes \"articles in areas of theory, research, and practice that are potentially of interest to a broad cross-section of psychologists\". The editor-in-chief is Vina Goghari (University of Toronto)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Erikson's stages of psychosocial development", "paragraph_text": "Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "paragraph_text": "``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''One of earliest U.S. vinyl releases (A-side) Single by John Denver and Taffy Nivert from the album Poems, Prayers & Promises Released August 1971 Format 7'' vinyl, 12 ''vinyl, maxi, CD, digital download, cassette single, DataPlay single Recorded 1971 Genre Country Length 3: 08 Label RCA Records Songwriter (s) Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert, John Denver Producer (s) Milton Okun, Susan Ruskin John Denver and Taffy Nivert singles chronology`` Friends With You'' (1971) ``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''(1971)`` Everyday'' (1972) ``Friends With You ''(1971)`` Take Me Home, Country Roads'' (1971) ``Everyday ''(1972) Olivia Newton - John singles chronology`` What Is Life'' (1972) What Is Life 1972 ``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''(1973) Take Me Home, Country Roads1973`` Let Me Be There'' (1973) Let Me Be There 1973 B - side B - side of one of earliest U.S. vinyl singles Audio sample file help"}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the person that was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity?"}
{"id": "2hop__38621_37874", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "ISO 26000", "paragraph_text": "ISO 26000 \"Guidance on social responsibility\" is launched from ISO, the International Organization for Standardization. Is an International Standard providing guidelines for social responsibility (SR) named ISO 26000 or simply \"ISO SR\". It was released on 1 November 2010. Its goal is to contribute to global sustainable development, by encouraging business and other organizations to practice social responsibility to improve their impacts on their workers, their natural environments and their communities."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt's most prominent multinational companies are the Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center. The information technology (IT) sector has expanded rapidly in the past few years, with many start-ups selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe, operating with companies such as Microsoft, Oracle and other major corporations, as well as many small and medium size enterprises. Some of these companies are the Xceed Contact Center, Raya, E Group Connections and C3. The IT sector has been stimulated by new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jorge Peixinho", "paragraph_text": "Peixinho studied composition and piano initially at the Conservatory of Lisbon (where he himself later taught), then studied composition with Boris Porena and Goffredo Petrassi at the Accademia de Santa Cecilia in Rome, graduating in 1961. After working with Luigi Nono in Venice, he studied with Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen in Darmstadt and at the Academy of Music in Basel on various occasions between 1960 and 1970."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Key examples include:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Galaxy morphological classification", "paragraph_text": "Galaxy morphological classification is a system used by astronomers to divide galaxies into groups based on their visual appearance. There are several schemes in use by which galaxies can be classified according to their morphologies, the most famous being the Hubble sequence, devised by Edwin Hubble and later expanded by G\u00e9rard de Vaucouleurs and Allan Sandage."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Post-punk", "paragraph_text": "In the mid 1970s, various American groups (some with ties to Downtown Manhattan's punk scene, including Television and Suicide) had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music. Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region's derelict industrial environments, employing conceptual art techniques, musique concr\u00e8te and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years. A variety of subsequent groups, including New York-based Talking Heads and Boston-based Mission of Burma, combined elements of punk with art school sensibilities. In 1978, the former band began a series of collaborations with British ambient pioneer and ex-Roxy Music member Brian Eno, experimenting with Dada-influenced lyrical techniques, dance music, and African polyrhythms. San Francisco's vibrant post-punk scene was centered around such groups as Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon, who incorporated multimedia experimentation, film and ideas from Antonin Artaud's Theater of Cruelty."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast was given an \"F\" for its corporate governance practices in 2010, by Corporate Library, an independent shareholder-research organization. According to Corporate Library, Comcast's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised (at least in 2010) by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it (making them susceptible to management pressure), and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age. According to the Wall Street Journal nearly two-thirds of the flights of Comcast's $40 million corporate jet purchased for business travel related to the NBCU acquisition, were to CEO Brian Roberts' private homes or to resorts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is classified as an advanced, high-income economy, and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). The country joined what is now the European Union in 1981. In 2001 Greece adopted the euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachmae per euro. Greece is a member of the International Monetary Fund and of the World Trade Organization, and ranked 34th on Ernst & Young's Globalization Index 2011."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rumbelows", "paragraph_text": "In 1992, Thorn converted some of the remaining Rumbelows shops into DER, \"Multibroadcast\" or Radio Rentals branches. Few observers were surprised by the reduction in profitability that resulted from this unconventional business tactic, and fewer still were surprised when Thorn closed the remaining 285 Rumbelows shops in February 1995."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Human sex ratio", "paragraph_text": "In a study around 2002, the natural sex ratio at birth was estimated to be close to 1.06 males / female. Some scholars suggest that countries considered to have significant practices of prenatal sex - selection are those with birth sex ratios of 108 and above (selection against females) and 102 and below (selection against males). This assumption has been questioned by some scholars."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jeffrey Pfeffer", "paragraph_text": "Jeffrey Pfeffer (born July 23, 1946, St. Louis, Missouri) is an American business theorist and the Thomas D. Dee II Professor of Organizational Behavior at the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and is considered one of today's most influential management thinkers. Pfeffer strives to educate and inspire leaders to seek power through evidence-based management, the knowing-doing gap, high performance culture, and unconventional wisdom."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wilhelm Wackernagel", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Wackernagel (23 April 1806, Berlin \u2013 21 December 1869, Basel) was a German-Swiss philologist specializing in Germanic studies. He was the father of Indo-Europeanist Jacob Wackernagel."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Journal of Men's Studies", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Men's Studies (abbreviated JMS) is a peer-reviewed journal established in 1992 as the first published by Men's Studies Press. As of 2015 the journal is published by Sage Publications."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thomas Borer", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Borer was born in 1957 and studied law at the University of Basel where he obtained his doctorate summa cum laude in 1985. His thesis focused on the principle of legality and foreign affairs."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Korpela movement", "paragraph_text": "The Korpela movement, or Siikavaara sect, was a religious sect started by Laestadian preacher Toivo Korpela in Sweden during the 1920s. It saw its decline later during the next decade as its practices involved heavy drinking and unconventional sexual activities toward the end of its existence, which subsequently led to the conviction of 60 of its followers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrepresented. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell wrote in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group", "paragraph_text": "Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group, commonly abbreviated as VNPT, is a telecommunications company, owned by the Vietnamese Government, and the national post office of Vietnam. According to a list of UNDP in 2007, it is the second-largest company in Vietnam, just after the Vietnam Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development. It owns Vinaphone, one of the three largest mobile network operators in Vietnam."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australian Family Physician", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Family Physician is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. It was established in 1956 as the \"Annals of General Practice\", obtaining its current name in 1971. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed and the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.759."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wellness Recovery Action Plan", "paragraph_text": "Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP) is a recovery model developed by a group of people in northern Vermont in 1997 in a workshop on mental health recovery led by Mary Ellen Copeland. It has been extensively studied and is now an evidence - based practice, listed in the SAMSHA National Registry of Evidence - Based Programs and Practices (NREPP)."}], "question": "What does the abbreviation of the group that suggested that the Basel Accords encourage unconventional business practices, expand to?"}
{"id": "2hop__37889_37874", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "UEFA Euro 2004", "paragraph_text": "The tournament was rich in surprises and upsets: Germany, Spain and Italy were eliminated in the group stage, while France, the defending champions, were knocked out in the quarter - finals by Greece. The Portuguese team recovered from an opening defeat against Greece to reach the final, eliminating England and the Netherlands along the way. For the first time in a major football tournament, the last match featured the same teams as the opening match. Portugal was defeated by Greece with a goal from Angelos Charisteas. Greece's triumph was unexpected, considering that they had only qualified for two other major tournaments, the UEFA Euro 1980 and the 1994 FIFA World Cup, where they failed to win a single match. As winners, Greece earned the right to represent Europe at the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32\u201340 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece attracts more than 16 million tourists each year, thus contributing 18.2% to the nation's GDP in 2008 according to an OECD report. The same survey showed that the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was $1,073, ranking Greece 10th in the world. The number of jobs directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector were 840,000 in 2008 and represented 19% of the country's total labor force. In 2009, Greece welcomed over 19.3 million tourists, a major increase from the 17.7 million tourists the country welcomed in 2008."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park, the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park, the Science and Technology Park of Epirus (Ioannina). Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005. Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Director of National Intelligence", "paragraph_text": "Director of National Intelligence Seal of the Director Incumbent Dan Coats since March 16, 2017 United States Intelligence Community Status Head of a federation of agencies Abbreviation DNI Member of Cabinet National Security Council Reports to President of the United States Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Constituting instrument United States Constitution Precursor Director of Central Intelligence (CIA) Formation April 22, 2005 First holder John Negroponte April 21, 2005 Deputy Susan M. Gordon, Principal Deputy Director Website www.dni.gov"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Telenor Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Telenor acquired a license for providing GSM services in Pakistan in April 2004, and launched its services commercially in Karachi, Islamabad, and Rawalpindi on 15 March 2005; it expanded its services to Lahore, Faisalabad and Hyderabad on 23 March 2005. Telenor Pakistan's corporate headquarters are in Islamabad, with regional offices in Peshawar, Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Hyderabad, Quetta and Karachi. On 28 January 2005, Telenor established its first call centre in Karachi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "In the 2005 OECD report for Greece, it was clearly stated that \"the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3% in 1999, the year of [Greece's] EMU membership qualification\". The above led the Greek minister of finance to clarify that the 1999 budget deficit was below the prescribed 3% limit when calculated with the ESA79 methodology in force at the time of Greece's application, and thus the criteria had been met."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "XMission", "paragraph_text": "XMission is the first and is one of the few remaining independent Internet Service Providers (ISP) in Utah, United States, founded in late 1993 by Pete Ashdown. Starting in 2003, the company began providing free wireless internet in public libraries and some local businesses. By the Summer of 2005, XMission worked out an agreement with Salt Lake City government to expand free wireless to many parts of downtown Salt Lake City, Utah. XMission also provides streaming support for radio stations, including NPR affiliate KCPW-FM and independent radio station KRCL."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates", "paragraph_text": "The World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) is a monthly report published by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) providing comprehensive forecast of supply and demand for major crops (global and United States) and livestock (U.S. only). The report provides an analysis of the fundamental condition of the agricultural commodity markets for the use of farmers, governments and other market participants."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kravgi", "paragraph_text": "Kravgi (Greek: \"\u039a\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae\"; English: \"Scream\") is a studio album released by singer Anna Vissi in November 2000 in Greece and Cyprus by Sony Music Greece. The double-album was certified 7\u00d7 Platinum in Greece and Cyprus, while it was also the best-selling album of the year 2000 in Greece. The album was also later released by Sony Music in Turkey in 2001 where it was certified Gold as well as in Australia and New Zealand in 2002. Today the album stands as one of the most successful albums of all time in Greece with sales of over 175,000 copies (350,000 discs). This album, along with English-language album \"Everything I Am\" released the same year, showcased a significant change over Vissi's stylistic and musical selections, expanding her image as a pop icon and contemporary artist as promoted in the mid-1990s and onwards."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Armenia is also a member of the Council of Europe, maintaining friendly relations with the European Union, especially with its member states such as France and Greece. A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenia's population would be in favor of joining the EU. Several Armenian officials have also expressed the desire for their country to eventually become an EU member state, some[who?] predicting that it will make an official bid for membership in a few years.[citation needed] In 2004 its forces joined KFOR, a NATO-led international force in Kosovo. It is also an observer member of the Eurasian Economic Community and the Non-Aligned Movement."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pepsi Max", "paragraph_text": "Pepsi Max debuted in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Italy in April 1993. The rollout was expanded to Ireland the following September, and to France, Greece, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands the following December. By the end of 1994, Pepsi Max was sold in approximately twenty countries. By the end of 1995, that figure had more than doubled. The product remained unavailable in the United States until 2006 (the US, PepsiCo's home market, and the largest consumer of carbonated soft drinks), where one of its principal ingredients had not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The ingredient\u2014acesulfame potassium\u2014is combined with aspartame to provide the beverage's sweetness, whereas some other diet colas are sweetened by aspartame alone."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is classified as an advanced, high-income economy, and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). The country joined what is now the European Union in 1981. In 2001 Greece adopted the euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachmae per euro. Greece is a member of the International Monetary Fund and of the World Trade Organization, and ranked 34th on Ernst & Young's Globalization Index 2011."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Niedermayrite", "paragraph_text": "Niedermayrite was named for Gerhard Niedermayr (born 1941), an Austrian mineralogist. It was first described in 1998 from a mine in the Lavrion District, Attica, Greece. It is also reported from the Ophir District, Tooele County, Utah. The environment is in brecciated marble. The cadmium dominant analogue of campigliaite."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Abraham ibn Daud", "paragraph_text": "Abraham ibn Daud (; ) was a Spanish-Jewish astronomer, historian, and philosopher; born at Cordoba, Spain about 1110; died in Toledo, Spain, according to common report, a martyr about 1180. He is sometimes known by the abbreviation Rabad I or Ravad I. His mother belonged to a family famed for its learning."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed. In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn babies. In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.[disputed \u2013 discuss] Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%. The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geological Survey of Finland", "paragraph_text": "The Geological Survey of Finland ( abbreviated GTK, ) is the geological survey of Finland. The organization was founded in 1885 when Emperor Alexander III decreed that the Geological Survey of Finland (Suomen geologinen tutkimus) be established. The survey provides geologic maps of Finland and also acts as a research center."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives\u2019 deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to \"hide\" 2.8 billion Euros of debt, however, this affected deficit values after 2001 (when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone) and is not related to Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "International School of Kabul", "paragraph_text": "The International School of Kabul (ISK) was a private co-educational K-12 school in Kabul, Afghanistan. Founded in 2003 as Kabul International Academy (KIA), the International School of Kabul provided a college-prep level U.S. (English speaking) curriculum to the children of expatriate families within the international development community and to repatriated and resident Afghans. A gift from the U.S. government in the form of a USAID grant in 2005 provided the necessary fiscal support to successfully expand the school, which was then re-chartered under the name ISK. The school closed in 2015."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chinese Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "Year Driver Constructor Report 2017 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 2016 Nico Rosberg Mercedes Report 2015 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 2014 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 2013 Fernando Alonso Ferrari Report 2012 Nico Rosberg Mercedes Report 2011 Lewis Hamilton McLaren - Mercedes Report Jenson Button McLaren - Mercedes Report 2009 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault Report 2008 Lewis Hamilton McLaren - Mercedes Report 2007 Kimi R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen Ferrari Report 2006 Michael Schumacher Ferrari Report 2005 Fernando Alonso Renault Report Rubens Barrichello Ferrari Report"}], "question": "What does the abbreviation of the organization that provided a report for Greece in 2005 expand to?"}
{"id": "2hop__658485_775480", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bergharen", "paragraph_text": "Bergharen is a village in the Netherlands, in the municipality of Wijchen. It was a separate municipality until 1984. There is a windmill, De Verrekijker, which has been converted to a holiday cottage."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Matrixx Magixx", "paragraph_text": "Matrixx Magixx was a professional basketball team based in Nijmegen and later Wijchen. The club played in the Dutch Basketball League (DBL), the Dutch top-tier league. Home games of the Magixx were played in Sporthal De Arcus since 2012, therefore De Horstacker was used. The long time main sponsor of the team was The Matrixx. In 2014, Magixx departed from the DBL after the club could not find funding."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "De Verrekijker, Bergharen", "paragraph_text": "De Verrekijker () is a tower mill in Bergharen, Gelderland, Netherlands which was built in 1904 and has been converted to a holiday cottage. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}], "question": "What shares a border with the municipality in which Bergharen is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__321007_35907", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WTVY-FM", "paragraph_text": "WTVY-FM (95.5 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Dothan, Alabama, United States. The station is owned by Gulf South Communications. The station received the WTVY-FM call letters from the Federal Communications Commission on December 22, 1978; the station was originally owned by Woods Communications Corporation as a sister to WTVY television."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "CKKN-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKKN-FM, branded as 101.3 The River, is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format at 101.3 FM in Prince George, British Columbia. The station is owned by the Jim Pattison Group, which also owns sister stations CKDV-FM and CKPG-TV."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "CKHJ", "paragraph_text": "CKHJ is a Canadian radio station in Fredericton, New Brunswick broadcasting at 1260 on the AM dial. The station broadcasts a country music format under the \"Pure Country\" branding. The station is owned by Bell Media which also owns sister stations CFXY-FM and CIBX-FM."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WYHT", "paragraph_text": "WYHT (105.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Mansfield, Ohio, United States, the station serves the Mid-Ohio area. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "WGRD-FM", "paragraph_text": "WGRD-FM (97.9 FM) is a mainstream rock radio station in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The station is owned by Townsquare Media."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "H. R. Milner Generating Station", "paragraph_text": "H. R. Milner Generating Station is a coal fired station owned by Maxim Power, located near Grande Cache, Alberta, Canada. Fuel is provided by the nearby coal mine. The plant was constructed and initially owned by Canadian Utilities, then owned by ATCO Power from 2000-2004. The plant is named after H. R. Milner a former executive with Canadian Utilities. In March 2016, the station was temporarily shutdown by Maxim Power."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "CJTT-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJTT-FM 104.5 is an FM radio station in Temiskaming Shores, Ontario, with a hot adult contemporary format. The station is owned by Connelly Communications Corporation, which also owns CJKL-FM in Kirkland Lake. Connelly Communications is owned by Rob Connelly of Kirkland Lake."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WNLC", "paragraph_text": "WNLC (98.7 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of East Lyme, Connecticut. The station is owned by Hall Communications, Inc., which owns a number of stations in medium-sized markets along the eastern seaboard from Vermont to Florida. It airs a classic rock music format."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Reading station (MBTA)", "paragraph_text": "The station was purchased by the town in 1960, and was briefly used as a museum of railroad history. The MBTA purchased the Haverhill Line in 1973, intending to replace commuter rail service with extended Orange Line subway service between Oak Grove and Reading. The new Reading/128 terminus would have been located outside the downtown area just south of Route 128, rather than at the current downtown location. Ultimately, the extension was not built past Oak Grove due to rising costs, and commuter rail service was kept on the corridor."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "KQBL", "paragraph_text": "KQBL (101.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Emmett, Idaho, United States, the station serves the Boise area. The station is currently owned by Impact Radio Group."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WFPL", "paragraph_text": "WFPL is a 24-hour listener-supported, noncommercial radio station in Louisville, Kentucky, broadcasting at 89.3\u00a0MHz and focusing on news. The station is the flagship National Public Radio station for the Louisville market. WFPL is now owned by Louisville Public Media and was originally owned by the Louisville Free Public Library. When the station came on the air in 1950, it was the first library-owned radio station in the country."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "CKSY-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKSY-FM is a radio station located in Chatham-Kent, Ontario. Owned by Blackburn Radio, the station broadcasts an adult contemporary format on 94.3 FM. CKSY is co-owned with adult-hits station CKUE-FM and country-formatted CFCO-AM-FM."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "CJKL-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJKL-FM (101.5 MHz) is an FM radio station in Kirkland Lake, Ontario. The station is owned by Connelly Communications Corporation, which also owns CJTT-FM in Temiskaming Shores. Connelly Communications is owned by Rob Connelly of Kirkland Lake."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WSDK", "paragraph_text": "WSDK (1550 AM) is a radio station licensed to Bloomfield, Connecticut. The station is owned by Blount Communications and broadcasts religious programming."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "CHAY-FM", "paragraph_text": "CHAY-FM is a Canadian radio station in Barrie, Ontario broadcasting at 93.1 FM. The station airs a rhythmic-leaning Top 40/CHR format using its on-air brand name as Fresh 93.1. The station is owned by Corus Entertainment which also owns sister station CIQB-FM as well as other Corus radio stations across Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "CKLC-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKLC-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 98.9 FM in Kingston, Ontario. The station currently airs a country music format and is branded on-air as Pure Country 99. The station is owned and operated by Bell Media which also owns sister station CFLY-FM."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "WHKP", "paragraph_text": "WHKP is a radio station broadcasting at 1450 on the AM dial in Hendersonville, North Carolina. The call letters stand for Where the Heavens Kiss the Peaks."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Textual criticism", "paragraph_text": "Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when \"the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving preference to the copy-text, in practice, if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand.\" The \"exactly balanced\" variants are said to be indifferent."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Airport", "paragraph_text": "Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop."}], "question": "What does the acronym of the company owning Reading Station stand for?"}
{"id": "2hop__287396_35907", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David Eidelberg", "paragraph_text": "Eidelberg earned his BA at Columbia University in 1977, and his MD from Harvard Medical School (HMS) in 1981. After completing residency training in neurology at the Harvard-Longwood Area Training Program, he pursued postdoctoral training as a Moseley Traveling Fellow at the National Hospital, Queen Square, in London, and at Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "WTLY", "paragraph_text": "WTLY (1270 AM) is a radio station in Tallahassee, Florida, licensed to and serving the Tallahassee area. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. Its studios are in the north side of Tallahassee, while the transmitter is located west of downtown."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Airport", "paragraph_text": "Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "KBIF", "paragraph_text": "KBIF (900 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a World Ethnic format to the Fresno, California, United States, area. The station is currently owned by Cordell Overgaard, through licensee Overgaard Broadcasting LLC."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "WWWX", "paragraph_text": "WWWX (96.9 FM, \"96.9 The Fox\") is an Alternative formatted radio station licensed to Oshkosh, Wisconsin, that serves the Appleton-Oshkosh area. The station is owned by Cumulus Media. The station shares a transmitter site with WNAM located along I-41."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "KAPW", "paragraph_text": "KAPW (99.3 FM, \"Mega 99.3\") is a terrestrial American radio station licensed to White Oak, Texas, United States. The station serves the Tyler-Longview-Marshall area, broadcasting a Regional Mexican format. The station is currently owned by Reynolds Radio, Inc."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Harbin Clinic", "paragraph_text": "With more than 140 doctors specializing in 35 different medical specialties, the Harbin Clinic is the largest privately owned multispecialty medical clinic in Georgia, United States, and is a significant part of Rome, Georgia's dominance in the field of healthcare in the triangular area between Chattanooga, Tennessee, Birmingham, Alabama, and Atlanta, Georgia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "KVCK (AM)", "paragraph_text": "KVCK (1450 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format to the Wolf Point, Montana, United States, area. The station is owned by WolfTrax Broadcasting, LLC, and features programming from ABC Radio."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "KJRZ-LP", "paragraph_text": "KJRZ-LP (105.3 FM) was a radio station in Libby, Montana. It was owned and operated by the Libby Area Chamber of Commerce."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WNHV", "paragraph_text": "WNHV (910 AM) was a radio station licensed to White River Junction, Vermont, United States. The station served the Lebanon-Rutland-White River area. The station was owned by Nassau Broadcasting III, LLC."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "KVAN (AM)", "paragraph_text": "KVAN (1560 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish Religious format. Located near Burbank, Washington, United States, the station serves the Tri-Cities area. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "WYHT", "paragraph_text": "WYHT (105.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Mansfield, Ohio, United States, the station serves the Mid-Ohio area. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "The University is organized into eleven separate academic units\u2014ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study\u2014with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's $37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Longwood Medical Area station", "paragraph_text": "Longwood Medical Area (signed as Longwood) is a light rail stop on the MBTA Green Line \"E\" Branch, located in the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is the named for the adjacent Longwood Medical Area, which is the home of Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, and Brigham and Women's Hospital. (Brigham Circle, which is one stop further outbound, is actually closer to most of the buildings of Harvard Medical School and School of Public Health.)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WHJA", "paragraph_text": "WHJA (890 AM, \"Power 101\") is a radio station licensed to the community of Laurel, Mississippi, and serving the Hattiesburg, Mississippi, area. The station is owned by Donald Pugh, Sr. It airs a classic hip hop format."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "WGSX", "paragraph_text": "WGSX (104.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Lynn Haven, Florida, United States. The station serves the Panama City area. The station is owned by Horizon Broadcasting Company, Inc."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WGLY-FM", "paragraph_text": "WGLY-FM (91.5 FM, \"The Light\") is a Christian radio station licensed to Bolton, Vermont, serving the Burlington, Vermont area. The station is owned by Christian Ministries, Inc."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "KQBL", "paragraph_text": "KQBL (101.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Emmett, Idaho, United States, the station serves the Boise area. The station is currently owned by Impact Radio Group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "KXAC", "paragraph_text": "KXAC (100.5 FM) is a radio station serving south central Minnesota with a classic hits format. The station is licensed to St. James, Minnesota and serves the Mankato area and the Minnesota River Valley. The station is owned by Linder Radio Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "KZAR", "paragraph_text": "KZAR (97.7 FM) is an Air 1 affiliate radio station licensed to McQueeney, Texas, United States. The station serves the San Antonio area with a Christian Worship format. The station is currently owned by Educational Media Foundation."}], "question": "What does the name of the owner of Longwood Medical Area station stand for?"}
{"id": "2hop__124755_155415", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Georges Valade", "paragraph_text": "Valade was born in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, where his father was employed as a typographer. He received a degree in pharmacy from the University of Montreal, and took further studies at St. Francis Xavier University. He was a pharmacist by career."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Finw\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Finw\u00eb () (Y.T. \u22651050\u2013Y.T. 1495), sometimes surnamed Nold\u00f3ran, is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He was the first High King of the Elven Noldor to lead his people on the journey from Middle-earth to Valinor in the blessed realm of Aman. He was a great friend of Elu Thingol, the King of Doriath. The story of Finw\u00eb and M\u00edriel, his first wife, has been described as an important element of Tolkien's mythology. \"The Silmarillion\", prepared by Christopher Tolkien from his father's unpublished writings, only briefly mentions the tale, although sources suggest that Tolkien had intended to incorporate a fuller version."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hilary Cunningham Scharper", "paragraph_text": "Hilary Cunningham Scharper (born 1961) is a Canadian novelist and professor of cultural anthropology at the University of Toronto. Scharper's fiction, teaching and research focus on cultural approaches to nature. She writes historical fiction, multi-species fiction, and, self-coined, \"ecoGothic\" fiction."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lyta Alexander", "paragraph_text": "Lyta Alexander is a character from the fictional universe of the science-fiction television series \"Babylon 5\", played by Patricia Tallman."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Orodreth", "paragraph_text": "In the published version of \"The Silmarillion\", Orodreth () was an Elf of the First Age, the second son of Finarfin (with Finrod Felagund, Angrod, Aegnor, and Galadriel being his siblings), and a ruler of Nargothrond."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Finarfin", "paragraph_text": "Finarfin was the third son and youngest child of Finw\u00eb. Finarfin's mother was Finw\u00eb's second wife Indis. F\u00ebanor was his half-brother and Fingolfin his full brother. His sisters were Findis and Irim\u00eb. He married E\u00e4rwen, princess of the Teleri. He had four children: Finrod Felagund, Angrod, Aegnor and Galadriel. Orodreth appears as one of Finarfin's sons in the published \"Silmarillion\"; in Tolkien's later writings however he clearly is Angrod's son. Christopher Tolkien used an older version of the genealogy in the \"Silmarillion\", but later described this as a mistake. Finarfin was said to be the fairest and wisest of Finw\u00eb's sons. Like all of Finw\u00eb's sons, Finarfin founded his own house. Uniquely among the Noldor he and his descendants all had golden hair inherited from his mother, so his house was sometimes called \"The Golden House of Finarfin\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Noon Universe", "paragraph_text": "The Noon Universe (Russian term: \"\u041c\u0438\u0440 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044f\" or \"\u041c\u0438\u0440 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0434\u043d\u044f\" \u2013 \"World of Noon\") is a fictional future setting for a number of hard science fiction novels written by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. The universe is named after \"\", chronologically the first novel from the series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Robin Richmond", "paragraph_text": "Richmond was born on 21 April 1912 in London. His father was a doctor. He was educated at Westminster School and London University, though he failed to graduate from the latter."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Berkeley Fiction Review", "paragraph_text": "Berkeley Fiction Review is an American literary magazine founded in 1981 and based at the University of California, Berkeley. Stories that have appeared in the \"Berkeley Fiction Review\" have been reprinted in \"The Best American Short Stories\" and the Pushcart Prize anthology. The \"Berkeley Fiction Review\" sponsors an annual Sudden Fiction Contest."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bradford Knapp", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Knapp was born in Vinton, Iowa on December 24, 1870 to Seaman A. Knapp. In 1899, he attended Iowa State College and graduated with a B.A. in chemistry from Vanderbilt University in 1892. In 1894, he attended Georgetown University and received a B.L. from the University of Michigan in 1896. In 1909, he worked as an assistant for his father in the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture. From 1911 to 1915, he took up his father's position as Chief of Farm Demonstration Work. In 1915, he became Chief of Southern Extension Work for the States Relations Service of the USDA."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bye-Bye (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Bye-Bye is the first novel by Jane Ransom, for which she won the 1996 New York University Press Prize for Fiction. It was published by the New York University Press."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lennier", "paragraph_text": "Lennier is a character in the fictional universe of the science-fiction television series \"Babylon 5\", played by Bill Mumy. He is Minbari and acts as ambassadorial aide to Delenn throughout most of the series."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Karen Sillas", "paragraph_text": "The daughter of a Greek father and a Swedish mother, Sillas was born in Brooklyn and graduated from the Acting Conservatory of the State University of New York at Purchase (SUNY Purchase)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Perry Cox", "paragraph_text": "Cox is a graduate of Hale University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the former being a fictional adaptation of Yale University."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shurooq Amin", "paragraph_text": "Shurooq Amin was born in Kuwait in 1967 to a Kuwaiti father and a Syrian mother. Her father died when she was 11. She earned her BA in English literature from Kuwait University in 1988 and her MA in modern literature from Kent University in 1989. She earned her PhD in creative writing from Warnborough College in 2007, specialising in Ekphrastic art and poetry."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Crisanta Duran", "paragraph_text": "Duran was born in Boulder, Colorado, and is one of three children. Duran's father worked at a tire shop before eventually becoming the president of the United Food and Commercial Workers Local 7 union. Duran graduated from the University of Denver in 2002, double-majoring in Spanish and public policy. She earned a juris doctorate from the University of Colorado."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Father Brown (2013 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The series is set during the early 1950s, in the fictional Cotswold village of Kembleford, where Father Brown, priest at St Mary's Catholic Church, solves murder cases. A bumbling police inspector, who often arrests the wrong suspect, gets annoyed by Father Brown's success."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Windsor Review", "paragraph_text": "The Windsor Review is a bi-annual journal publishing new and established contemporary literary fiction, non-fiction interviews and poetry, as well as visual artists from Canada and around the world. It was established in 1965 by Eugene McNamara, and was originally named \"University of Windsor Journal\". The Windsor Review is one of Canada's oldest continuously published literary magazines, celebrating its 50th year in 2015."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "LaFayette Funk", "paragraph_text": "Marquis De LaFayette Funk, commonly known as Lafayette Funk, was an American politician and rancher from Illinois. A son of Isaac Funk, Funk graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University and helped manage his father's farm. When his father died, Funk managed his inheritance. Funk was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1882, then filled Joseph W. Fifer's seat in the Illinois Senate the following year. He was re-elected to the senate in 1886. Funk also served two years as a trustee of the University of Illinois."}], "question": "Which fictional universe is Finarfin's father from?"}
{"id": "2hop__71752_155643", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fort Hancock, Texas", "paragraph_text": "In the 1994 film The Shawshank Redemption (1994), Ellis Boyd ``Red ''Redding crosses the U.S. border into Mexico at Fort Hancock to join his friend, Andy Dufresne, who earlier escaped from Shawshank Prison and fled to Zihuatanejo via Fort Hancock."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Dukes of Hazzard (film)", "paragraph_text": "After retrieving the General Lee before Rosco can, the Dukes go to Atlanta to visit a local university geology lab, meeting up with Katie - Lynn Johnson (Nikki Griffin), a Hazzard county girl and the Dukes' love interest, and her Australian roommate Annette (Jacqui Maxwell). At the lab, they discover Boss Hogg's intentions of turning the county into a strip coalmine. They are later arrested by Atlanta Police after running from campus police. Back in Hazzard, Daisy learns, with the help of Sheriff Deputy Enos Strate (Michael Weston), that Billy Prickett has been hired by Boss Hogg to participate in the Rally as a ringer. Boss Hogg then heads to Atlanta where he informs the Duke boys, in lock - up, that they are too late to stop him and reveals that the vote on Hogg's proposition is at the same time as the rally, explaining Billy Prickett's involvement. During a transfer from detainment, Daisy helps the boys escape from the patrol car and they speed home to try to inform the townsfolk, escaping Atlanta Police, and the Georgia State Patrol after Bo out - maneuvers the city cops."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alexander Barrow", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Barrow I (March 27, 1801 \u2013 December 29, 1846) was a lawyer and United States Senator from Louisiana. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was the half-brother of Washington Barrow, sharing the same father."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Halloween (1978 film)", "paragraph_text": "Halloween is a 1978 American slasher film directed and scored by John Carpenter, co-written with producer Debra Hill, and starring Donald Pleasence and Jamie Lee Curtis in her film debut. It is the first installment in the Halloween franchise. In the film, on Halloween night in 1963, Michael Myers murders his sister in the fictional Midwestern United States town of Haddonfield, Illinois. He escapes on October 30, 1978, from Smith's Grove Sanitarium, and returns home to kill again. The next day, Halloween, Michael stalks teenager Laurie Strode and her friends, while Michael's psychiatrist, Samuel Loomis, pursues his patient."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Escape Velocity Override", "paragraph_text": "Escape Velocity Override is a space trading simulator game written by Peter Cartwright, with the support of his school-friends, and developed by Ambrosia Software for the Apple Macintosh. It is the sequel to \"Escape Velocity\" with an extended version of the original game engine, but Override has an entirely new story line set in a different, larger universe."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lyta Alexander", "paragraph_text": "Lyta Alexander is a character from the fictional universe of the science-fiction television series \"Babylon 5\", played by Patricia Tallman."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Fellowship of the Ring", "paragraph_text": "In hopes of eluding the Nazg\u00fbl, the hobbits travel through the Old Forest. There the group fall asleep by a willow - tree and wake up to realize that its roots are trying to strangle them, but luckily Tom Bombadil comes to their aid. They then go to the house of Bombadil and meet his wife Goldberry. There they discover that the Ring has no power over Bombadil -- he does not disappear while wearing it and can see Frodo even after he has vanished from his friends' sight. In the evening, Frodo has a dream about Gandalf standing on the pinnacle of a tower and then a vision of a rain curtain in front of a ship on which he is sailing. They then leave Bombadil's only to be captured by a barrow wight in the Barrow - downs, but they again escape with help from Tom and finally reach the gate of the village of Bree."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vic Metcalfe", "paragraph_text": "Victor Metcalfe (3 February 1922 \u2013 6 April 2003) was a professional footballer who was born in Barrow-in-Furness where his father played rugby league for Barrow."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dead Marshes", "paragraph_text": "On their way to Mordor to destroy the One Ring, Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee are led through the marshes by Gollum. They see the aforementioned dead, Gollum stating, ``Only shapes to see, perhaps, not to touch. ''Frodo is mesmerized by the candle - like lights that appear to float over the Marshes (called by Gollum`` candles of corpses''); those who are hypnotised by these lights, and who therefore try to touch the bodies, are likely to drown in the waters and join the dead. In the book, Gollum reveals the dangers to Sam, who calls to the stiff and lifeless Frodo and breaks his trance before he can touch the waters."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wight Is Wight", "paragraph_text": "\"Wight Is Wight\" is a French song by Michel Delpech. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Released in 1969 it became a big hit in France and internationally. The hippy-influenced song mentions Bob Dylan and Donovan as tribute."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Barrow (sculpture)", "paragraph_text": "Barrow is a public sculpture by an American artist Jill Viney. It is located on the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis campus, which is near downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. The sculpture is just north of the Herron School of Art on New York Street. This sculpture is made from a double wall of fiberglass encasing a sheet of metal meshing. \"Barrow\" measures and in diameter. \"Barrow\" was installed at IUPUI at noon on 7 May 2008."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Georges Loinger", "paragraph_text": "Georges Loinger  (29 August 1910 \u2013 28 December 2018) was a French soldier during World War II. During his time in the French Resistance, he helped hundreds of Jewish children escape from occupied France to Switzerland."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Daisy Newman", "paragraph_text": "Daisy Newman (1904\u20131994) was born in Britain to American parents. She wrote novels and non-fiction about Quakers (the Society of Friends) in America. Newman was educated at Radcliffe College, Barnard College, and Oxford University. She married George Selleck late in life. Both were elders at Friends Meeting in Cambridge, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Frodo Baggins", "paragraph_text": "Frodo Baggins is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, and the main protagonist of The Lord of the Rings. Frodo is a hobbit of the Shire who inherits the One Ring from his cousin (referred to as his uncle) Bilbo Baggins and undertakes the quest to destroy it in the fires of Mount Doom. He is also mentioned in Tolkien's posthumously published works, The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Back to the Future", "paragraph_text": "Back to the Future is a 1985 American science - fiction adventure comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who is sent back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents in high school and accidentally becomes his mother's romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett ``Doc ''Brown, Marty's friend who helps him repair the damage to history by helping Marty cause his parents to fall in love. Marty and Doc must also find a way to return Marty to 1985."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tom Bombadil", "paragraph_text": "Tom Bombadil is a character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He first appeared in print in a 1934 poem called \"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\", which also included Old Man Willow and the Barrow-wight. They were not then explicitly part of the older legends that became \"The Silmarillion\", and are not mentioned in \"The Hobbit\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Threesome (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Threesome (stylised as threesome) is a British television sitcom written by Tom MacRae and starring Stephen Wight, Amy Huberman and Emun Elliott. The series is focused around three friends\u2014Alice, Mitch and Richie\u2014who return home from a night out celebrating Alice's birthday and end up having a threesome, which results in Alice getting pregnant. Instead of getting an abortion, the three friends decide to raise the baby as a trio. The series began airing on 17 October 2011 on Comedy Central and Comedy Central HD. It is the first original scripted comedy commissioned by Comedy Central and is produced by Big Talk Productions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Figwit", "paragraph_text": "Bret McKenzie, half of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords and a Wellington native, first landed a small role as an extra in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. He appears sitting next to Aragorn during the council in Rivendell scene. When it is decided that the Ring must be destroyed, Frodo offers to take the Ring to Mordor, and Elrond proclaims the formation of the Fellowship of the Ring. The elf was dubbed ``Figwit ''by Tolkien fan Iris Hadad; after seeing Frodo agree to take the ring, saying`` I will take it'', the film switches to a shot where Figwit can be seen standing on the far right, and Hadad's initial reaction was ``Frodo is grea... who is THAT?!? ''Later, Hadad corresponded with her university friend Sherry de Andres, and the two created the first Figwit fan website, www.figwitlives.net, calling him`` Legolas for the thinking woman''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation", "paragraph_text": "In 1897, Dracula (Adam Sandler) and his friends disguised as humans are traveling on a train to Budapest. However, Professor Abraham Van Helsing (Jim Gaffigan), Dracula's arch - enemy, boards the train and unveils the monsters; the monsters escape by climbing through the roof and Dracula pushes his friends from the train for their safety. Van Helsing is obsessed with destroying Dracula, but is constantly outsmarted by him."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Our Man in Tehran", "paragraph_text": "Our Man in Tehran is a 2013 Canadian documentary film, profiling the role of Kenneth D. Taylor, Canada's ambassador to Iran in the 1970s, in helping six American hostages escape from Iran during the Iran hostage crisis of 1979-1980 by engineering the Canadian Caper."}], "question": "Which fictional universe includes the character who helps Frodo and his friends escape from the barrow-wight?"}
{"id": "2hop__843793_775712", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "International Mind Sports Association", "paragraph_text": "The International Mind Sports Association (IMSA) is an association of the world governing bodies for contract bridge, chess, draughts (checkers), go, Mahjong and xianqi (Chinese chess), namely the World Bridge Federation (WBF), World Chess Federation (FIDE), World Draughts Federation (FMJD), International Go Federation (IGF), Mahjong International League and World Xiangqi Federation (WXF). IMSA is a member of Sportaccord (formally the General Association of International Sports Federations) and was founded 19 April 2005 during the GAISF General Assembly. It is based in Lausanne, Switzerland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jacky H\u00e9nin", "paragraph_text": "Jacky H\u00e9nin (born 12 November 1960 in Douai) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. He is a member of the French Communist Party, which is part of the European United Left\u2013Nordic Green Left group, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gabrielius Landsbergis", "paragraph_text": "Gabrielius Landsbergis (born 7 January 1982) is a Lithuanian politician, a Member of the Seimas for Centras - \u017daliakalnis constituency. Also he is a former member of the European Parliament. He was a member of Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats). Elected as the Chairman of the Homeland Union in 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United Nations Regional Groups", "paragraph_text": "the African Group, with 54 member states the Asia - Pacific Group, with 53 member states the Eastern European Group, with 23 member states the Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC), with 33 member states the Western European and Others Group (WEOG), with 28 member states, plus 1 member state (the United States) as an observer state."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "European Union law is applied by the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law. Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Irish Go Association", "paragraph_text": "The Irish Go Association (IGA) promotes Go in Ireland, and is a member of both the International Go Federation and the European Go Federation. It organises club and tournament events as well as teaching sessions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Henri Weber", "paragraph_text": "Henri Weber (born 23 June 1944) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party (PS), which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christa Prets", "paragraph_text": "Christa Prets (born 2 October 1947 in Diez, Germany) is an Austrian politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP). She is a member of the Social Democratic Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education and its Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hungarian Helsinki Committee", "paragraph_text": "The Hungarian Helsinki Committee (HHC) is a non-governmental human rights organization founded in 1989 and based in Budapest, Hungary. The HHC is a member of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights and the European Council on Refugees and Exiles."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "V\u00e9ronique Mathieu", "paragraph_text": "V\u00e9ronique Mathieu (born 28 October 1955 in Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the East of France. She is a member of the Radical Party, associated to the Union for a Popular Movement, part of the European People's Party."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nikola Vuljani\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Nikola Vuljani\u0107 (born 25 June 1949) is a Croatian politician, member of the left-wing Croatian Labour Party, and former member of the European Parliament."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bogus\u0142aw Sonik", "paragraph_text": "On 13 June 2004 Bogus\u0142aw Sonik was elected as member of the European Parliament. As a member of Platforma Obywatelska (Civic Platform) he belongs to the European People's Party-European Democrats which is the most numerous group in the European Parliament."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brigitte Douay", "paragraph_text": "Brigitte Douay (born 24 February 1947 in Paris) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. She is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the Committee on Budgets."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Swiss Orienteering", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland was among the ten founding members of the International Orienteering Federation in 1961, and participated in the first European Orienteering Championships in 1962. The Swiss Orienteering Federation was founded in 1978. Switzerland hosted the European championships in 1964, the World Orienteering Championships in 1981, and hosted the Junior World Orienteering Championships in 2016."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fernand Le Rachinel", "paragraph_text": "Fernand Le Rachinel (born 4 June 1942 in Gourfaleur, Manche) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. He is a member of the Front National, and is therefore a Non-Inscrit in the European Parliament. He sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "S\u00e1ndor K\u00f3nya-Hamar", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e1ndor K\u00f3nya-Hamar (born September 5, 1948 in Lunca Mure\u015fului, Alba County) is an ethnic Hungarian politician in Romania and Member of the European Parliament. He is a member of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, part of the European People's Party\u2013European Democrats, and became an MEP on 1 January 2007 with the accession of Romania to the European Union."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Renate Weber", "paragraph_text": "Renate Weber has become a member of the European Parliament in November 2007. She is a full member of the LIBE Committee and a substitute member of the AFET Committee."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alain Lamassoure", "paragraph_text": "Alain Lamassoure (born 10 February 1944 in Pau) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the south-west of France. He was a member of Les R\u00e9publicains, which is part of the European People's Party, and was the chairman of the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets from July 2009 until June 2014."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Laignel", "paragraph_text": "Andr\u00e9 Laignel (born 4 December 1942 in Paris) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for Central France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Corina Cre\u021bu", "paragraph_text": "Corina Cre\u021bu (born June 24, 1967 in Bucharest) is a Romanian politician and the incumbent European Commissioner for Regional Policy. Cre\u021bu is a member of the Romanian PRO Romania and former Member of the European Parliament (sitting with the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats). Between June 2014 and October 2014, she served as a Vice-President of the European Parliament."}], "question": "What association is the federation that includes the European Go Federation a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__925_818160", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Heilongdawang Temple", "paragraph_text": "The Heilongdawang Temple (literally Temple of the Great Black Dragon King) is a prominent Chinese folk religion/Shenist temple located in Shanbei, Shaanxi province, in China. The temple enshrines the Black Dragon King with the imperially conferred title of Marquis of the Efficacious Response (\u7075\u5e94\u4faf, \"Lingyinghou\"). Dragon kings (\u9f99\u738b, \"longwang\") are water deities popular in droughty Northern China."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "King Kong (2005 film)", "paragraph_text": "King Kong is a 2005 epic monster adventure film co-written, produced, and directed by Peter Jackson. A remake of the 1933 film of the same name, the film stars Naomi Watts, Jack Black, Adrien Brody, and, through motion capture, Andy Serkis as the title character. Set in 1933, King Kong tells the story of an ambitious filmmaker who coerces his cast and hired ship crew to travel to the mysterious Skull Island. There they encounter Kong, a legendary giant gorilla, whom they capture and take to New York City."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sadnalegs", "paragraph_text": "Sadnalegs () or Trid\u00e9 Songtsen (), was the youngest son of King Trisong Detsen of Tibet (reigned 800\u2013815 CE \u2013 though various accounts give the beginning of his reign as 797 or 804 CE)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University\u2019s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet.\" He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China\u2019s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century. As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China, Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was \"subject to rules, laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers\" and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Taman Negara", "paragraph_text": "Taman Negara was established at the Titiwangsa Mountains, Malaysia, in 1938 / 1939 as the King George V National Park. It was renamed to Taman Negara after independence, which means ``national park ''in Malay. Taman Negara has a total area of 4,343 km and has a reputation as the world's oldest deciduous rainforest, estimated to be more than 130 million years old. Despite the reputation, the title of`` oldest tropical rainforest'' more accurately belongs to the Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia, estimated to be between 135 million years old and 180 million years old."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the \"numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the Ming Shih.\" Van Praag writes that these \"tributary missions\" were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that \"Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Warburg", "paragraph_text": "Warburg's mayor is Michael Stickeln, the first deputy mayor is Heinz-Josef Bodemann, and the second deputy mayor is Felicitas Schimmel, all three of whom belong to the CDU."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on \"Confucian instruments of tribute relations\" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was \"the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet,\" that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but \"avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat.\" P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas \"was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille occurred on 25 June 1569 between the Catholic forces of King Charles IX of France commanded by the Duke d\u2019Anjou and the Huguenots commanded by the Admiral de Coligny during the \"Third War\" (1568\u20131570) of the French Wars of Religion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tabiry", "paragraph_text": "Tabiry was the daughter of Alara of Nubia and his wife Kasaqa and the wife of King Piye. She held some interesting titles: Main King\u2019s Wife, first of her majesty (\"hmt niswt 'at tpit n hm.f\") (the only other queen to hold the Main King's Wife title was Nefertiti) and \u201cThe Great One of the Foreign Country\u201d (\"ta-aat-khesut\"). She also holds the more standard titles of King's Wife (\"hmt niswt\"), King's Daughter (\"s3t niswt\"), and King's Sister (\"snt niswt\")."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "G\u00fcshi Khan", "paragraph_text": "G\u00fcshi Khan (also spelled Gushri Khan, , , 1582 \u2013 14 January 1655, and Gushihan ) was a Khoshut prince and leader of the Khoshut Khanate, who supplanted the Tumed descendants of Altan Khan as the main benefactor of the Dalai Lama and the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1637, G\u00fcshi Khan defeated a rival Mongol prince Choghtu Khong Tayiji, a Kagyu follower, near Qinghai Lake and established his khanate in Tibet over the next years. His military assistance to the Gelug school enabled the 5th Dalai Lama to establish political control over Tibet."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "After the Xinhai Revolution (1911\u201312) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lady Chen (Wusu)", "paragraph_text": "Qian Liu died in 932, and Qian Chuanguan took over administration of the state (and changed his name to Qian Yuanguan), although for some time did not use the title of King of Wuyue but instead referred to himself by the military governor title (and, in succession, the Later Tang-bestowed titles of Prince of Wu and Prince of Yue) when reporting to Later Tang, to whom Wuyue was a vassal. (He would assume the king title only years after Lady Chen's death, in 937.) It was said that Qian Yuanguan was respectful and filially pious toward his mother. He also treated her family well, presenting them with many gifts, but never gave them offices on account of her. She died in the early \"Qingtai\" era (934-936) of the Later Tang emperor Li Congke and was posthumously created the Lady Dowager of Jin, with the posthumous name of \"Zhaoyi\" (\"accomplished and benevolent\")."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368\u20131644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire. But most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvin C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, that Ming titles were only nominal, that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor (1521\u20131566), who ceased relations with Tibet."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dongjug", "paragraph_text": "Dongjug is a village in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in eastern Tibet. It lies at an altitude of 2,592 metres (8,507 feet). The village has a population of about 490 people."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are \"fallacies\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Soon after the victory in \u00dc-Tsang, G\u00fcshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, G\u00fcshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel. Although G\u00fcshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama \"supreme authority\" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon G\u00fcshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point G\u00fcshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and G\u00fcshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually \"expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokite\u015bvara through the performance of rituals,\" by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of G\u00fcshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person to whom the title King of Tibet belonged?"}
{"id": "2hop__925_420203", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sadnalegs", "paragraph_text": "Sadnalegs () or Trid\u00e9 Songtsen (), was the youngest son of King Trisong Detsen of Tibet (reigned 800\u2013815 CE \u2013 though various accounts give the beginning of his reign as 797 or 804 CE)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "G\u00fcshi Khan", "paragraph_text": "G\u00fcshi Khan (also spelled Gushri Khan, , , 1582 \u2013 14 January 1655, and Gushihan ) was a Khoshut prince and leader of the Khoshut Khanate, who supplanted the Tumed descendants of Altan Khan as the main benefactor of the Dalai Lama and the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1637, G\u00fcshi Khan defeated a rival Mongol prince Choghtu Khong Tayiji, a Kagyu follower, near Qinghai Lake and established his khanate in Tibet over the next years. His military assistance to the Gelug school enabled the 5th Dalai Lama to establish political control over Tibet."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "After the Xinhai Revolution (1911\u201312) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "King Kong (2005 film)", "paragraph_text": "King Kong is a 2005 epic monster adventure film co-written, produced, and directed by Peter Jackson. A remake of the 1933 film of the same name, the film stars Naomi Watts, Jack Black, Adrien Brody, and, through motion capture, Andy Serkis as the title character. Set in 1933, King Kong tells the story of an ambitious filmmaker who coerces his cast and hired ship crew to travel to the mysterious Skull Island. There they encounter Kong, a legendary giant gorilla, whom they capture and take to New York City."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kavanagh (surname)", "paragraph_text": "Kavanagh Caomh\u00e1nach Parent house U\u00ed Ceinnselaig of Laigin Country Ireland Founder Domhnall Caomh\u00e1nach King of Leinster (1171 -- 1175) Current head Joe Kavanagh Inaugurated 10 June 2018 Final ruler Domhnall Spainneach King of Leinster (1595 -- 1632) Titles King of Leinster"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Citizenship Counts", "paragraph_text": "Citizenship Counts is a non-partisan 501(c)(3) organization based in Arizona that is dedicated to inspiring American youth with a civic education curriculum that teaches them the value and responsibilities of citizenship, promotes pride in American citizenship, and encourages students to be involved in their communities."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elan Journo", "paragraph_text": "Elan Journo was born in Jerusalem, Israel, and grew up in the United Kingdom. He studied at King's College London from 1994 to 1997, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy. He then earned a Master of Arts degree in Diplomacy from SOAS, University of London, studying international relations. Journo lives in Irvine, California. He has Israeli citizenship."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on \"Confucian instruments of tribute relations\" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was \"the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet,\" that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but \"avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat.\" P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas \"was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368\u20131644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire. But most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvin C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, that Ming titles were only nominal, that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor (1521\u20131566), who ceased relations with Tibet."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tabiry", "paragraph_text": "Tabiry was the daughter of Alara of Nubia and his wife Kasaqa and the wife of King Piye. She held some interesting titles: Main King\u2019s Wife, first of her majesty (\"hmt niswt 'at tpit n hm.f\") (the only other queen to hold the Main King's Wife title was Nefertiti) and \u201cThe Great One of the Foreign Country\u201d (\"ta-aat-khesut\"). She also holds the more standard titles of King's Wife (\"hmt niswt\"), King's Daughter (\"s3t niswt\"), and King's Sister (\"snt niswt\")."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lady Chen (Wusu)", "paragraph_text": "Qian Liu died in 932, and Qian Chuanguan took over administration of the state (and changed his name to Qian Yuanguan), although for some time did not use the title of King of Wuyue but instead referred to himself by the military governor title (and, in succession, the Later Tang-bestowed titles of Prince of Wu and Prince of Yue) when reporting to Later Tang, to whom Wuyue was a vassal. (He would assume the king title only years after Lady Chen's death, in 937.) It was said that Qian Yuanguan was respectful and filially pious toward his mother. He also treated her family well, presenting them with many gifts, but never gave them offices on account of her. She died in the early \"Qingtai\" era (934-936) of the Later Tang emperor Li Congke and was posthumously created the Lady Dowager of Jin, with the posthumous name of \"Zhaoyi\" (\"accomplished and benevolent\")."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Warburg", "paragraph_text": "Warburg's mayor is Michael Stickeln, the first deputy mayor is Heinz-Josef Bodemann, and the second deputy mayor is Felicitas Schimmel, all three of whom belong to the CDU."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Soon after the victory in \u00dc-Tsang, G\u00fcshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, G\u00fcshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel. Although G\u00fcshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama \"supreme authority\" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon G\u00fcshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point G\u00fcshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and G\u00fcshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually \"expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokite\u015bvara through the performance of rituals,\" by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of G\u00fcshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University\u2019s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet.\" He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China\u2019s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century. As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China, Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was \"subject to rules, laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers\" and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are \"fallacies\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Guggenheim Museum Bilbao", "paragraph_text": "The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a museum of modern and contemporary art designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry, and located in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. The museum was inaugurated on 18 October 1997 by King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Built alongside the Nervion River, which runs through the city of Bilbao to the Cantabrian Sea, it is one of several museums belonging to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and features permanent and visiting exhibits of works by Spanish and international artists. It is one of the largest museums in Spain."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sino-Nepalese War", "paragraph_text": "The Sino-Nepalese War (), also known as the Sino-Gorkha war and in Chinese the Campaign of Gorkha (), was an invasion of Tibet by Nepal from 1788-1792. The war was initially fought between Nepalese and Tibetan armies over a trade dispute related to a long-standing problem of low-quality coins manufactured by Nepal for Tibet. The Nepalese Army under Bahadur Shah plundered Tibet under Qing rule and Tibetans signed the Treaty of Kerung paying annual tribute to Nepal. However, Tibetans requested for Chinese intervention and Sino-Tibetan forces under Fuk'anggan raided Nepal up to Nuwakot only to face strong Nepalese counterattack. Thus, both countries signed the Treaty of Betrawati as a stalemate."}], "question": "In what country did the person to whom the title King of Tibet belonged hold citizenship?"}
{"id": "2hop__54266_51511", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Munyonyo", "paragraph_text": "Munyonyo is an area on the northern shores of Lake Victoria and part of the metropolitan area of Kampala, in Makindye Division. Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pannonia", "paragraph_text": "Some time between the years 102 and 107, between the first and second Dacian wars, Trajan divided the province into Pannonia Superior (western part with the capital Carnuntum), and Pannonia Inferior (eastern part with the capitals in Aquincum and Sirmium). According to Ptolemy, these divisions were separated by a line drawn from Arrabona in the north to Servitium in the south; later, the boundary was placed further east. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ciskei", "paragraph_text": "Ciskei and all of the other homelands were reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994, after the first post-apartheid elections. Along with Transkei, Ciskei became part of the new Eastern Cape Province, with its capital becoming the capital of the new province, and the former territory of the Ciskei forming parts of the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, the Chris Hani District Municipality and the Amathole District Municipality, as of 2016."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Indian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Indian Armed Forces (Hindi (in IAST): Bh\u0101rat\u012bya Sa\u015bastra Sen\u0101e\u1e43) are the military forces of the Republic of India. It consists of three professional uniformed services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force. Additionally, the Indian Armed Forces are supported by the Indian Coast Guard and paramilitary organisations (Assam Rifles, and Special Frontier Force) and various inter-service commands and institutions such as the Strategic Forces Command, the Andaman and Nicobar Command and the Integrated Defence Staff. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The Indian Armed Forces are under the management of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) of the Government of India. With strength of over 1.4 million active personnel, it is the world's 2nd largest military force and has the world's largest volunteer army. It is important to note that the Central Armed Police Forces, which are commonly and incorrectly referred to as' Paramilitary Forces', are headed by officers from the Indian Police Service and are under the control of the Ministry of Home Affairs, not the Ministry of Defence."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thailand", "paragraph_text": "Thailand (/ \u02c8ta\u026al\u00e6nd / TY - land), officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a country at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces. At 513,120 km (198,120 sq mi) and over 68 million people, Thailand is the world's 50th largest country by total area and the 21st-most - populous country. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, a special administrative area. Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. Although nominally a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, the most recent coup in 2014 established a de facto military dictatorship."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lodeynopolsky Uyezd", "paragraph_text": "Lodeynopolsky Uyezd () was one of the seven subdivisions of the Olonets Governorate of the Russian Empire. Its capital was Lodeynoye Pole. Lodeynopolsky Uyezd was located in the southern part of the governorate (in the northeastern part of the present-day Leningrad Oblast)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Thailand", "paragraph_text": "Thailand (/ \u02c8ta\u026al\u00e6nd / TY - land), officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam (until 1939 and again from 1946 to 1948), is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The capital and largest city is Bangkok. With around 69 million people, Thailand is the 20th-most - populous country in the world."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ko Tarutao", "paragraph_text": "Ko Tarutao island () is the largest island of Tarutao National Marine Park in Satun Province of Thailand, close to Malaysia border. The island is long and wide. It is one of the most unspoiled islands in Andaman Sea and in all of Thailand. The Malay word \"tertua\" or \"tarutao\" means \"old\" and \"primitive\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of districts in India", "paragraph_text": "No. of districts in each state or UT Map key Name of State or Union Territory (Italicized) Number of Districts Population Population / district Andhra Pradesh 13 49,386,799 3,798,985 Arunachal Pradesh 21 1,383,727 69,186 Assam 33 31,169,272 916,743 Bihar 38 104,099,452 2,739,459 5 Chhattisgarh 27 25,545,198 946,118 6 Goa 1,458,545 729,273 7 Gujarat 33 60,439,692 1,831,506 8 Haryana 22 25,351,462 1,152,339 9 Himachal Pradesh 12 6,864,602 572,050 10 Jammu and Kashmir 22 12,541,302 570,059 11 Jharkhand 24 32,988,134 1,374,506 12 Karnataka 30 61,095,297 2,036,510 13 Kerala 14 33,406,061 2,386,147 14 Madhya Pradesh 52 72,626,809 1,424,055 15 Maharashtra 36 112,374,333 3,121,509 16 Manipur 16 2,721,756 302,417 17 Meghalaya 11 2,966,889 269,717 18 Mizoram 8 1,097,206 137,151 19 Nagaland 11 1,978,502 179,864 20 Odisha 30 41,974,218 1,399,141 21 Punjab 22 27,743,338 1,261,061 22 Rajasthan 33 68,548,437 2,077,225 23 Sikkim 610,577 152,644 24 Tamil Nadu 32 72,147,030 2,254,595 25 Tripura 8 3,673,917 459,240 26 Uttar Pradesh 75 199,812,341 2,664,165 27 Uttarakhand 13 10,086,292 775,869 28 West Bengal 23 91,276,115 4,563,806 29 Telangana 31 35,193,978 1,135,290 Andaman and Nicobar 380,581 126,860 Chandigarh 1,055,450 1,055,450 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 343,709 343,709 Daman and Diu 243,247 121,624 Lakshadweep 64,473 64,473 NCT Delhi 11 16,787,941 1,526,176 Puducherry 1,247,953 311,988 36 Total 719 1,210,854,977 1,712,666 States and territories of India, numbered as per the table"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Andaman and Nicobar Islands", "paragraph_text": "Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union territory Andaman Islands in India Seal of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Location of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India Coordinates (Port Blair): 11 \u00b0 41 \u2032 N 92 \u00b0 46 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 11.68 \u00b0 N 92.77 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 11.68; 92.77 Coordinates: 11 \u00b0 41 \u2032 N 92 \u00b0 46 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 11.68 \u00b0 N 92.77 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 11.68; 92.77 Country India Established 1 November 1956 Capital and largest city Port Blair Districts Government Lieutenant Governor Admiral Devendra Kumar Joshi (Retired) Chief Secretary Anindo Majumdar, IAS MP Bishnu Pada Ray (BJP) Lok Sabha constituencies Area Total 8,250 km (3,190 sq mi) Area rank 28th Population (2012) Total 380,520 Density 46 / km (120 / sq mi) Languages Official Hindi, English Languages spoken Bengali, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Nicobarese, Malayalam Other languages include Odia, Marathi, and English Time zone IST (UTC + 05: 30) ISO 3166 code IN - AN HDI 0.778 (High) Website www.andaman.gov.in"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lukyanivka (neighborhood)", "paragraph_text": "Lukyanivka () is a historical neighborhood in the northwestern part of the city of Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. It is situated on the right bank of Dnieper, at a short distance from Babi Yar (part of Kurenivka)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means \"little black people\" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., \"little black person\"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means \"frizzy hair\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Charles Kingsford Smith", "paragraph_text": "Kingsford Smith and co-pilot John Thompson \"Tommy\" Pethybridge were flying the \"Lady Southern Cross\" overnight from Allahabad, India, to Singapore, as part of their attempt to break the England-Australia speed record held by C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black, when they disappeared over the Andaman Sea in the early hours of 8 November 1935. Aviator Jimmy Melrose claimed to have seen the \"Lady Southern Cross\" fighting a storm 150 miles from shore and 200 feet over the sea with fire coming from its exhaust. Despite a search for 74 hours over the Bay of Bengal by test pilot Eric Stanley Greenwood, OBE, their bodies were never recovered."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Engineering education in India", "paragraph_text": "S.No State / Union Territory Number of Engineering Institutes Andaman & Nicobar Islands Andhra Pradesh 825 Arunachal Pradesh 10 Assam 59 5 Bihar 124 6 Chandigarh 14 7 Chhattisgarh 124 8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 9 Daman and Diu 10 Delhi 78 11 Goa 17 12 Gujarat 427 13 Haryana 416 14 Himachal Pradesh 64 15 Jammu & Kashmir 53 16 Jharkhand 73 17 Karnataka 756 18 Kerala 380 19 Madhya Pradesh 556 20 Maharashtra 1564 21 Manipur 22 Meghalaya 7 23 Mizoram 24 Nagaland 8 25 Orissa 303 26 Puducherry 29 27 Punjab 384 28 Rajasthan 402 29 Sikkim 5 30 Tamil Nadu 1339 31 Telangana 701 32 Tripura 13 33 Uttar Pradesh 1165 34 Uttarakhand 197 35 West Bengal 286 - Total 10396"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bailadores", "paragraph_text": "Bailadores is a town in the western part of the M\u00e9rida State of Venezuela and is the capital of the Rivas D\u00e1vila Municipality."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province for a Sino-Burman border total of 2,185 km (1,358 mi). It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast. Burma has 1,930 km (1,200 mi) of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "G\u00e9nova, Quind\u00edo", "paragraph_text": "G\u00e9nova () is a municipality in the southern part of the department of Quind\u00edo, Colombia. It is located 52\u00a0km south of the departmental capital Armenia"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team", "paragraph_text": "The Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team (ANET) base station is an environmental non-governmental organisation set up in 1989 on 5\u00a0acres (2.0\u00a0ha) of land in Wandoor, on the southern tip of South Andaman Island to conduct research programs towards understanding of the diversity, distribution, and ecology of the islands' fauna and flora. It is a division of the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Chennai, and is the only research base of its kind in the islands. It is located at about 26\u00a0km from Port Blair by road and 3\u00a0km from the entrance to the Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park. The base lies 14\u00a0km south of the Andaman Trunk Road."}], "question": "What part of Andaman is the capital of Andaman and Nicobar in?"}
{"id": "2hop__460320_51511", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Seeley Lake, Montana", "paragraph_text": "Seeley Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Missoula County, Montana, United States. It is part of the 'Missoula, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area'. The town sits beside the 1,031.5 acres lake Seeley Lake. The population was 1,659 at the 2010 census, an increase from its population of 1,436 in 2000."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mount Holdsworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Holdsworth () is a granite peak, high, in the eastern part of the Monteath Hills, in the Victory Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition, 1962\u201363, after Gerald Holdsworth, the leader of the northern party of this expedition."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David Boreanaz", "paragraph_text": "David Boreanaz (/ b\u0254\u02d0ri\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259z /; born May 16, 1969) is an American actor, television producer, and director, known for playing the roles of vampire - turned - private investigator Angel on Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997 -- 2003) and its spinoff Angel (1999 -- 2004), FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth on the television crime procedural comedy - drama series Bones (2005 -- 2017) and Jason Hayes in the military drama series SEAL Team."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "1990 Toronto International Film Festival", "paragraph_text": "The 15th Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between September 6 and September 15, 1990. Gerald Pratley introduced \"Cinematheque Ontario\" now known as TIFF Cinematheque at the festival, when festival assumed management of the Ontario Film Institute."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Menagerie Manor", "paragraph_text": "Menagerie Manor is a book by Gerald Durrell, published in 1964. The book is a collection of pen portraits of some of the creatures of Gerald Durrell's Zoo - and some of the lessons Durrell learned about making real and sustaining his childhood ambition of having his own Zoo. It officially opened on March 26, 1959. The Manor of the title is Les Augr\u00e8s Manor in Trinity, Jersey."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team", "paragraph_text": "The Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team (ANET) base station is an environmental non-governmental organisation set up in 1989 on 5\u00a0acres (2.0\u00a0ha) of land in Wandoor, on the southern tip of South Andaman Island to conduct research programs towards understanding of the diversity, distribution, and ecology of the islands' fauna and flora. It is a division of the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Chennai, and is the only research base of its kind in the islands. It is located at about 26\u00a0km from Port Blair by road and 3\u00a0km from the entrance to the Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park. The base lies 14\u00a0km south of the Andaman Trunk Road."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "High School Musical (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Standard edition No. Title Writer (s) Performer (s) Length 1. ``Start of Something New ''Matthew Gerrard; Robbie Nevil Zac Efron, Drew Seeley * *, Vanessa Hudgens 3: 17 2.`` Get'cha Head In the Game'' Ray Cham; Greg Cham; Drew Seeley; David Lawrence; Faye Greenberg Efron, Seeley * * 2: 26 3. ``What I've Been Looking For ''Andy Dodd; Adam Watts Ashley Tisdale, Lucas Grabeel 2: 04 4.`` What I've Been Looking For (Reprise)'' Andy Dodd; Adam Watts Efron, Seeley * *, Hudgens 1: 20 5. ``Stick to the Status Quo ''Matthew Gerrard; Robbie Nevil; David Lawrence; Faye Greenberg Tisdale, Grabeel, Chris Warren Jr., Kaycee Stroh, Dutch Whitlock 4: 28 6.`` When There Was Me and You'' Jamie Houston Hudgens 3: 00 7. ``Bop to the Top ''Randy Petersen; Kevin Quinn Tisdale, Grabeel 1: 47 8.`` Breaking Free'' Jamie Houston Efron, Seeley * *, Hudgens 3: 27 9. ``We're All in This Together ''Matthew Gerrard; Robbie Nevil Efron, Seeley * *, Hudgens, Tisdale, Grabeel, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman 3: 51 10.`` I Ca n't Take My Eyes Off of You'' Matthew Gerrard; Robbie Nevil Efron, Seeley * *, Hudgens, Tisdale, Grabeel 2: 51 11. ``Get'cha Head In the Game ''Ray Cham; Greg Cham; Drew Seeley; David Lawrence; Faye Greenberg B5 2: 43 12.`` Start of Something New'' Matthew Gerrard; Robbie Nevil (Instrumental *) 3: 16 13. ``Breaking Free ''Jamie Houston (Instrumental *) 3: 27"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gerald Seeley", "paragraph_text": "Seeley was born at Port Blair. in the Andaman Islands. In the Second World War he became an air gunner in the Royal Air Force, and holding the rank of Pilot Officer he died at sea off Ostend in July 1941. He is buried in the Oostende New Communal Cemetery."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ko Tarutao", "paragraph_text": "Ko Tarutao island () is the largest island of Tarutao National Marine Park in Satun Province of Thailand, close to Malaysia border. The island is long and wide. It is one of the most unspoiled islands in Andaman Sea and in all of Thailand. The Malay word \"tertua\" or \"tarutao\" means \"old\" and \"primitive\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gerald Mason (lacrosse)", "paragraph_text": "Gerald Mason (1877 \u2013 30 September 1951) was a British lacrosse player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team which won the silver medal."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Michael Gerald Ford", "paragraph_text": "Michael Gerald Ford (born March 14, 1950) is the oldest of four children of U.S. President Gerald R. Ford and Betty Ford. Prior to his birth, Ford's mother wanted to name him after his father. However, Ford's father had always disliked being called \"Junior\" and he refused to \"inflict the nickname on any son.\" The Fords settled on his name as a compromise."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thailand", "paragraph_text": "Thailand (/ \u02c8ta\u026al\u00e6nd / TY - land), officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a country at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces. At 513,120 km (198,120 sq mi) and over 68 million people, Thailand is the world's 50th largest country by total area and the 21st-most - populous country. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, a special administrative area. Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. Although nominally a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, the most recent coup in 2014 established a de facto military dictatorship."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Andaman and Nicobar Islands", "paragraph_text": "Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union territory Andaman Islands in India Seal of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Location of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India Coordinates (Port Blair): 11 \u00b0 41 \u2032 N 92 \u00b0 46 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 11.68 \u00b0 N 92.77 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 11.68; 92.77 Coordinates: 11 \u00b0 41 \u2032 N 92 \u00b0 46 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 11.68 \u00b0 N 92.77 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 11.68; 92.77 Country India Established 1 November 1956 Capital and largest city Port Blair Districts Government Lieutenant Governor Admiral Devendra Kumar Joshi (Retired) Chief Secretary Anindo Majumdar, IAS MP Bishnu Pada Ray (BJP) Lok Sabha constituencies Area Total 8,250 km (3,190 sq mi) Area rank 28th Population (2012) Total 380,520 Density 46 / km (120 / sq mi) Languages Official Hindi, English Languages spoken Bengali, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Nicobarese, Malayalam Other languages include Odia, Marathi, and English Time zone IST (UTC + 05: 30) ISO 3166 code IN - AN HDI 0.778 (High) Website www.andaman.gov.in"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Streams of Expression", "paragraph_text": "Streams of Expression is the 20th studio album by American jazz musician Joe Lovano to be released on the Blue Note label. It was released in 2006 and features a five-part \"Streams of Expression Suite,\" three-part \"Birth of the Cool Suite,\" and three other shorter works. The \"Birth of the Cool Suite\" was conducted by Gunther Schuller and utilizes melodic themes inspired by Miles Davis' work from his 1948 and 1950 nonet. The album also features George Garzone, Ralph Lalama, Gary Smulyan, and Tim Hagans."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ketchum Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Ketchum Ridge () is the largest ridge that extends east from the southern part of Endeavour Massif, Kirkwood Range, Antarctica. It was named after Captain Gerald L. Ketchum, United States Navy. Ketchum was Deputy Commander of Task Force 43 during Operation Deep Freeze I II, and III (three seasons, 1955\u201356 through 1957\u201358), in command of ships in the Ross Sea Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Andaman and Nicobar Islands", "paragraph_text": "There are 572 islands in the territory having an area of 8,249 km (3,185 sq mi). Of these, about 38 are permanently inhabited. The islands extend from 6 \u00b0 to 14 \u00b0 North latitudes and from 92 \u00b0 to 94 \u00b0 East longitudes. The Andamans are separated from the Nicobar group by a channel (the Ten Degree Channel) some 150 km (93 mi) wide. The highest point is located in North Andaman Island (Saddle Peak at 732 m (2,402 ft)). The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6,170 km (2,382 sq mi) while the Nicobar group has only 247 islands with an area of 1,765 km (681 sq mi)."}], "question": "In which andaman is Gerald Seeley's birthplace?"}
{"id": "2hop__258969_28593", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eurozone", "paragraph_text": "The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. Other EU states (except for Denmark and the United Kingdom) are obliged to join once they meet the criteria to do so. No state has left, and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled. Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City have formal agreements with the EU to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins. Kosovo and Montenegro have adopted the euro unilaterally, but these countries do not officially form part of the eurozone and do not have representation in the European Central Bank (ECB) or in the Eurogroup."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "In 1989, during the \"Singing Revolution\", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment. Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bombay City Improvement Trust", "paragraph_text": "The Bombay City Improvement Trust (BIT) was created on December 9, 1898, in response to the Mumbai plague epidemic of 1896. It was created through an Act of the Parliament. The Municipal Corporation and the government handed over all vacant lands to this body. The CIT undertook a host of measures to improve sanitary and living conditions in the city. The planned opening up of suburbs was due to the Trust."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Time", "paragraph_text": "Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems. Some simple definitions of time include \"time is what clocks measure\", which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject, and \"time is what keeps everything from happening at once\", which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation, observation of events, and the perception of such events."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mile", "paragraph_text": "The mile is an English unit of length of linear measure equal to 5,280 feet, or 1,760 yards, and standardised as exactly 1,609.344 metres by international agreement in 1959."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ilon Wikland", "paragraph_text": "Wikland was born in Tartu, Estonia and raised in Haapsalu, L\u00e4\u00e4ne County on Estonia's Baltic coast. In 1944 she escaped with the family of a classmate from the second Soviet occupation of Estonia, to Sweden. She arrived in Sweden as a refugee."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Foot (unit)", "paragraph_text": "The foot (pl. feet; abbreviation: ft; symbol: \u2032, the prime symbol) is a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems of measurement. Since 1959, both units have been defined by international agreement as equivalent to 0.3048 meters exactly. In both systems, the foot comprises 12 inches and three feet compose a yard."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1st Infantry Brigade (Estonia)", "paragraph_text": "The 1st Infantry Brigade () is an infantry brigade of the Estonian Land Forces. It is the primary military unit in Northern Estonia. The brigade headquarters is based at Tapa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Article 35A of the Constitution of India", "paragraph_text": "The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 was issued by President Rajendra Prasad under Article 370, with the advice of the Union Government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru. It was enacted as a subsequent to the '1952 Delhi agreement', reached between Nehru and the then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Sheikh Abdullah, which dealt with the extension of Indian citizenship to the Jammu and Kashmir ``state subjects ''."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Radian", "paragraph_text": "The radian (SI symbol rad) is the SI unit for measuring angles, and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics. The length of an arc of a unit circle is numerically equal to the measurement in radians of the angle that it subtends; one radian is just under 57.3 degrees (expansion at A072097). The unit was formerly an SI supplementary unit, but this category was abolished in 1995 and the radian is now considered an SI derived unit."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures", "paragraph_text": "Under the SPS agreement, the WTO sets constraints on member-states' policies relating to food safety (bacterial contaminants, pesticides, inspection and labelling) as well as animal and plant health (phytosanitation) with respect to imported pests and diseases. There are 3 standards organizations who set standards that WTO members should base their SPS methodologies on. As provided for in Article 3, they are the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North American Free Trade Agreement", "paragraph_text": "The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de Am\u00e9rica del Norte, TLCAN; French: Accord de libre - \u00e9change nord - am\u00e9ricain, AL\u00c9NA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Film speed", "paragraph_text": "The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no exposure compensation. Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera, it is only applicable to sRGB images\u2014typically JPEG\u2014and not to output files in raw image format. It is not applicable when multi-zone metering is used."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, the term \"treaty\" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United States law distinguishes what it calls treaties from executive agreement, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements. All four classes are equally treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal American law. The distinctions are primarily concerning their method of approval. Whereas treaties require advice and consent by two-thirds of the Senators present, sole executive agreements may be executed by the President acting alone. Some treaties grant the President the authority to fill in the gaps with executive agreements, rather than additional treaties or protocols. And finally, congressional-executive agreements require majority approval by both the House and the Senate, either before or after the treaty is signed by the President."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that require the Congress to pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds, and those agreements that impose long-term, complex legal obligations on the United States. For example, the deal by the United States, Iran and other countries is not a Treaty."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Edward Bartow", "paragraph_text": "Edward Bartow (January 12, 1870 \u2013 April 12, 1958) was an American chemist and an expert in the field of sanitary chemistry. His career extended from 1897 to 1958 and he is best known for his work in drinking water purification and wastewater treatment. He was well known as an educator, and his many students went on to leadership positions in the fields of sanitary chemistry and engineering."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Paris Agreement", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Agreement (French: Accord de Paris), Paris climate accord or Paris climate agreement, is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020. The language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 196 parties at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015. As of August 2017, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the agreement, 160 of which have ratified it."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Isham Randolph", "paragraph_text": "Isham Randolph (March 25, 1848 in Clarke County, Virginia \u2013 August 5, 1920) was an American civil engineer who is best known as the chief engineer of the Sanitary District of Chicago during the construction of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Randolph had no formal engineering training, he began his career as a railroad axeman. After completing the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, at the time the largest canal in the world, Randolph became a consulting engineer on the Panama Canal at the request of the Roosevelt Administration."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined the OECD in 2010."}], "question": "When did Estonia join the creator of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures?"}
{"id": "2hop__61126_616618", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of the verified shortest people", "paragraph_text": "Nationality Height Name Notes Lifespan Nepal 54.6 cm (21.5 in) Chandra Bahadur Dangi Chandra was declared the shortest human adult ever documented and verified, measuring 21.51 in (54.64 cm). Height confirmed by Guinness World Records. 1939 -- 2015 India 57.0 cm (22.4 in) Gul Mohammed Guinness World Records verified Mohammed's height at 22 in (57 cm). He was the shortest man ever verified up to 2012, when he lost the title to Chandra Bahadur Dangi. 1957 -- 1997 Philippines 59.9 cm (23.6 in) Junrey Balawing Former shortest living man in the world, measuring 22.0 in (56.0 cm), verified by Guinness World Records in 2012. Balawing became the world's shortest living person again following Chandra's death in September, 2015, but is non-mobile. 1993 - Hungary 65 cm (26 in) Istv\u00e1n T\u00f3th Shortest man claimant, was said to be 26 in (65 cm). Verification by Guinness World Records needs to be checked. Istv\u00e1n died in May 2011 at the age of 48. 1963 -- 2011 Nepal 67 cm (26 in) Khagendra Thapa Magar Khagendra was the shortest man in the world until 2011, when he became the world's shortest mobile man. Guinness World Records has since made multiple categories for World's shortest... 1992 -- Taiwan 67.5 cm (26.6 in) Lin Y\u00fc - chih Former shortest man in the world until 2009. 1972 -- Colombia 70.21 cm (27.64 in) Edward Ni\u00f1o Hern\u00e1ndez Named the shortest man after Pingping died in March 2010, at 27.64 in (70.21 cm), but lost the title in October 2010 to Magar. 1986 -- China 74 cm (29 in) He Pingping Once officially verified as shortest living man (mobile) at 29 in (74 cm), until death in March 2010. 1988 -- 2010"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Teresa Freeman-Grenville, 13th Lady Kinloss", "paragraph_text": "She is the heir-general of Lady Catherine Grey, sister of Lady Jane Grey, briefly Queen of England after the death of King Edward VI, and has thus been suggested as a claimant to the throne of England."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oriel College, Oxford", "paragraph_text": "Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title formerly claimed by University College, whose claim of being founded by King Alfred is no longer promoted). In recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been known as King's College and King's Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (since 1952, Elizabeth II) is the official Visitor of the College."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of WWE Champions", "paragraph_text": "The championship is generally contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition. Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name, while others use their real name. The first champion was Buddy Rogers, who won the championship in 1963. The champion with the single longest reign is Bruno Sammartino with a reign of 2,803 days, while the record for longest combined reign is also held by Sammartino at 4,040. The current champion is AJ Styles, who is in his second reign. He won the championship by defeating Jinder Mahal on SmackDown in Manchester, England on November 7, 2017."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mexico\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "Among the U.S. states, Texas has the longest stretch of the border with Mexico, while California has the shortest. Among the states in Mexico, Chihuahua has the longest border with the United States, while Nuevo Le\u00f3n has the shortest."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained \"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \"family monarchy\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: / \u02c8b\u028ck\u026a\u014b\u0259m \u02c8p\u00e6l\u026as /) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors and is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover. Her son and successor, Edward VII, initiated the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Louise, Princess Royal", "paragraph_text": "Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife (Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar; 20 February 1867 \u2013 4 January 1931) was the third child and the eldest daughter of the British king Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark; she was a younger sister of George V. She was the eldest granddaughter of Christian IX of Denmark. In 1905, her father gave her the title of Princess Royal, which is usually bestowed on the eldest daughter of the British monarch if there is no living holder (e.g. the monarch's sister, designated in the previous reign)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of WWE Women's Champions", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Moolah's first reign is the longest reign, and is officially recognized to be 10,170 days, due to WWE not recognizing title changes between 1956 and 1984 (her first reign's real number is 3,651 days, which is still the longest reign). Moolah technically also has the most reigns at 8, but since the WWE does not recognize the title changes between 1956 and 1984, Moolah only has 4 reigns and Trish Stratus has the most reigns with 7. Mickie James has the shortest reign with 1 hour. Wendi Richter is the youngest champion at the age of 22 years and 10 months, and Moolah is the oldest at the age of 76 years and 106 days. Bertha Faye is the heaviest champion and The Kat is the lightest champion. Chyna is the only undefeated champion. The final champion was Layla, in her first and only reign."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of British monarchy records", "paragraph_text": "The shortest - reigning monarch was Lady Jane Grey who ruled for 9 days from 6 July until 15 July 1553 (although she was only proclaimed queen by the Lords of the Council on 10 July). Note: Jane's reign is disputed."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have been in Westminster Abbey. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Church of England", "paragraph_text": "The Church of England (C of E) is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury (currently Justin Welby) is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor. The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century, and to the 6th - century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "P\u014dmare V", "paragraph_text": "P\u014dmare V (3 November 1839 \u2013 12 June 1891) was the last monarch of Tahiti, reigning from 1877 until his forced abdication in 1880. He was the son of Queen P\u014dmare IV."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Edward III of England", "paragraph_text": "Edward III (13 November 1312 -- 21 June 1377) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 25 January 1327 until his death; he is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II. Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. His long reign of 50 years was the second longest in medieval England and saw vital developments in legislation and government -- in particular the evolution of the English parliament -- as well as the ravages of the Black Death."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign", "paragraph_text": "Queen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria. On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a sapphire jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)", "paragraph_text": "Constantine III (Greek: \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u0384; Latin: Heraclius Novus Constantinus Augustus; 3 May 612 \u2013 20 April or 24/26 May 641) was Byzantine emperor for four months in 641, making him the shortest reigning Byzantine emperor. He was the eldest son of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and his first wife Eudokia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of the verified shortest people", "paragraph_text": "Nationality Height Name Notes Lifespan Nepal 54.6 cm (21.5 in) Chandra Bahadur Dangi Chandra was declared the shortest human adult ever documented and verified, measuring 21.51 in (54.64 cm). Height confirmed by Guinness World Records. 1939 -- 2015 India 57.0 cm (22.4 in) Gul Mohammed Shortest man ever verified up to 2012 when he lost the title to Chandra Bahadur Dangi, measuring 22 in (57 cm), according to Guinness World Records. 1957 -- 1997 Philippines 59.9 cm (23.6 in) Junrey Balawing Former shortest living man in the world, measuring 22.0 in (56.0 cm), verified by Guinness World Records in 2012. Balawing became the world's shortest living person again following Chandra's death in September, 2015, but is non-mobile. 1993 - Hungary 65 cm (26 in) Istv\u00e1n T\u00f3th Shortest man claimant, was said to be 26 in (65 cm). Verification by Guinness World Records needs to be checked. Istv\u00e1n died in May 2011 at the age of 48. 1963 -- 2011 Nepal 67 cm (26 in) Khagendra Thapa Magar Khagendra was the shortest man in the world until 2011, when he became the world's shortest mobile man. Guinness World Records has since made multiple categories for World's shortest... 1992 -- Taiwan 67.5 cm (26.6 in) Lin Y\u00fc - chih Former shortest man in the world until 2009. 1972 -- Colombia 70.21 cm (27.64 in) Edward Ni\u00f1o Hern\u00e1ndez Named the shortest man after Pingping died in March 2010, at 27.64 in (70.21 cm), but lost the title in October 2010 to Magar. 1986 -- China 74 cm (29 in) He Pingping Once officially verified as shortest living man (mobile) at 29 in (74 cm), until death in March 2010. 1988 -- 2010"}], "question": "who is the sibling of the shortest reigning monarch of England?"}
{"id": "2hop__44101_616618", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have been in Westminster Abbey. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of WWE Women's Champions", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Moolah's first reign is the longest reign, and is officially recognized to be 10,170 days, due to WWE not recognizing title changes between 1956 and 1984 (her first reign's real number is 3,651 days, which is still the longest reign). Moolah technically also has the most reigns at 8, but since the WWE does not recognize the title changes between 1956 and 1984, Moolah only has 4 reigns and Trish Stratus has the most reigns with 7. Mickie James has the shortest reign with 1 hour. Wendi Richter is the youngest champion at the age of 22 years and 10 months, and Moolah is the oldest at the age of 76 years and 106 days. Bertha Faye is the heaviest champion and The Kat is the lightest champion. Chyna is the only undefeated champion. The final champion was Layla, in her first and only reign."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thibaw Min", "paragraph_text": "Thibaw Min, also Thebaw or Theebaw (, ; 1 January 1859\u00a0\u2013 19 December 1916) was the last king of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) and also the last Burmese sovereign in the country's history. His reign ended when Burma was defeated by the forces of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Burmese War, on 29 November 1885, prior to its official annexation on 1 January 1886."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)", "paragraph_text": "Constantine III (Greek: \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u0384; Latin: Heraclius Novus Constantinus Augustus; 3 May 612 \u2013 20 April or 24/26 May 641) was Byzantine emperor for four months in 641, making him the shortest reigning Byzantine emperor. He was the eldest son of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and his first wife Eudokia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Half crown (British coin)", "paragraph_text": "The half crown was a denomination of British money, equivalent to two shillings and sixpence, or one - eighth of a pound. The half crown was first issued in 1549, in the reign of Edward VI. No half crowns were issued in the reign of Mary, but from the reign of Elizabeth I half crowns were issued in every reign except Edward VIII, until the coins were discontinued in 1967."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale", "paragraph_text": "Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (Albert Victor Christian Edward; 8 January 1864 \u2013 14 January 1892), was the eldest child of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra) and grandson of the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria. From the time of his birth, he was second in the line of succession to the British throne, but never became king because he died before his father and grandmother."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Teresa Freeman-Grenville, 13th Lady Kinloss", "paragraph_text": "She is the heir-general of Lady Catherine Grey, sister of Lady Jane Grey, briefly Queen of England after the death of King Edward VI, and has thus been suggested as a claimant to the throne of England."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Frank Forde", "paragraph_text": "Francis Michael Forde (18 July 1890 -- 28 January 1983) was an Australian politician who served as Prime Minister of Australia from 6 to 13 July 1945. He held office after the death of John Curtin, and is the shortest - serving prime minister in Australia's history."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "P\u014dmare V", "paragraph_text": "P\u014dmare V (3 November 1839 \u2013 12 June 1891) was the last monarch of Tahiti, reigning from 1877 until his forced abdication in 1880. He was the son of Queen P\u014dmare IV."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of British monarchy records", "paragraph_text": "The shortest - reigning monarch was Lady Jane Grey who ruled for 9 days from 6 July until 15 July 1553 (although she was only proclaimed queen by the Lords of the Council on 10 July). Note: Jane's reign is disputed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of British monarchy records", "paragraph_text": "The longest - lived British monarch and ruler is Queen Elizabeth II, the current monarch, who is aged 7004334780000000000 \u2660 91 years, 240 days."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors and is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover. Her son and successor, Edward VII, initiated the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of smallpox", "paragraph_text": "The history of smallpox extends into pre-history; the disease likely emerged in human populations about 10,000 BC. The earliest credible evidence of smallpox is found in the Egyptian mummies of people who died some 3000 years ago. Smallpox has had a major impact on world history, not least because indigenous populations of regions where smallpox was non-native, such as the Americas and Australia, were rapidly decimated and weakened by smallpox (along with other introduced diseases) during periods of initial foreign contact, which helped pave the way for conquest and colonization. During the 18th century the disease killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year, including five reigning monarchs, and was responsible for a third of all blindness. Between 20 and 60% of all those infected -- and over 80% of infected children -- died from the disease."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Since 1066, when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned, the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign", "paragraph_text": "Queen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria. On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a sapphire jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greendrop Lake", "paragraph_text": "Greendrop Lake is a small lake in Chilliwack Lake Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada. It can only be accessed by hiking trails, the shortest of which is 5.3 km in length."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: / \u02c8b\u028ck\u026a\u014b\u0259m \u02c8p\u00e6l\u026as /) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Louise, Princess Royal", "paragraph_text": "Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife (Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar; 20 February 1867 \u2013 4 January 1931) was the third child and the eldest daughter of the British king Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark; she was a younger sister of George V. She was the eldest granddaughter of Christian IX of Denmark. In 1905, her father gave her the title of Princess Royal, which is usually bestowed on the eldest daughter of the British monarch if there is no living holder (e.g. the monarch's sister, designated in the previous reign)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Farthing (British coin)", "paragraph_text": "The British farthing (1\u20444d) coin, from ``fourthing '', was a unit of currency of one quarter of a penny, or 1 / 960 of a pound sterling. It was minted in bronze, and replaced the earlier copper farthings. It was used during the reign of six monarchs: Victoria, Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, George VI and Elizabeth II, ceasing to be legal tender in 1960. It featured two different designs on its reverse during its 100 years in circulation: from 1860 until 1936, the image of Britannia; and from 1937 onwards, the image of a wren. Like all British coinage, it bore the portrait of the monarch on the obverse."}], "question": "Who is the sister of the shortest-reigning monarch in British history?"}
{"id": "2hop__90062_80743", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "The Mobile Mardi Gras season starts in November, with exclusive parties held by some secret mystic societies, then New Year's Eve balls. It has become closely entwined with the social debutante season for certain families. Other mystic societies begin their events at Twelfth Night (January 6), with parades, balls (some of them masquerade balls), and king cake parties."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Walter S. Gorka", "paragraph_text": "Walter S. Gorka (1922\u20131942) was a United States Navy sailor killed in action during World War II who received the Air Medal posthumously for his actions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2017 New Year Honours", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 New Year Honours are appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Honours were awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January and were announced on 30 December 2016."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve", "paragraph_text": "New Year's Rockin 'Eve is primarily broadcast from Times Square in New York City, providing coverage of the New Year's Eve festivities held there, culminating with the long - running ball drop leading to midnight and the New Year. The special also features pre-recorded segments featuring performances by popular musicians; since the 2017 -- 18 edition, these concert segments (branded since the 2014 - 15 edition as the ``Billboard Hollywood Party '') have been presented from a studio in Los Angeles by Ciara. Since the 2016 -- 17 edition, Lucy Hale has hosted additional coverage and performances from New Orleans."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rock Center with Brian Williams", "paragraph_text": "Rock Center with Brian Williams is an American weekly television newsmagazine that was broadcast on NBC and hosted by former \"NBC Nightly News\" anchor Brian Williams. It debuted on October 31, 2011, and aired on Mondays until January 30, 2012. It aired on Wednesdays starting February 8, 2012."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Voice (American season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The Voice Season 4 Broadcast from March 25 -- June 18, 2013 Judges Adam Levine Shakira Usher Blake Shelton Host (s) Carson Daly Co-host (s) Christina Milian (social media) Broadcaster NBC Winner Danielle Bradbery Origin Cypress, Texas Song ``Born to Fly ''Genre (s) Country Coach Blake Shelton Runner - up Michelle Chamuel Chronology \u25c0 Early 2013 \u25b6"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase, which currently takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase, which is often called the World Cup Finals. After this, 32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation (s), compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation (s) over a period of about a month."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "High-definition television", "paragraph_text": "The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sen kv\u00e4ll med Luuk", "paragraph_text": "Sen kv\u00e4ll med Luuk (Late night with Luuk) was one of Sweden's and TV4's most popular talk shows ever and started airing in 1996. Kristian Luuk's show had ratings around 1.5 million viewers every week. Kristian had many celebrity guests like Cher, Whitney Houston, Madonna, Kylie Minogue, Janet Jackson and Mariah Carey. In 2004, after 8 years of broadcasting the show, Kristian Luuk decided to quit the talk show and started his new project God Afton Sverige, which turned out to be a failure."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Angels from the Realms of Glory", "paragraph_text": "``Angels from the Realms of Glory ''is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery. It was first printed in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816, though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection The Christian Psalmist and in the Religious Tract Society's The Christmas Box or New Year's Gift."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve", "paragraph_text": "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin 'Eve Also known as Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest, Dick Clark's Primetime New Year's Rockin 'Eve with Ryan Seacrest Created by Dick Clark Presented by Dick Clark Ryan Seacrest Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of episodes 46 Production Executive producer (s) Ryan Seacrest Allen Shapiro Mike Mahan Barry Adelman Mark Bracco Producer (s) Larry Klein Location (s) Times Square, New York City, New York (live segments) various locations (pre-recorded concert segments) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time Primetime Part One: 120 minutes (8: 00 -- 10: 00 p.m.) Primetime Part Two: 60 minutes (10: 00 -- 11: 00 p.m.) Part One: 100 minutes (11: 30 p.m. -- 1: 10 a.m.) Part Two: 65 minutes (1: 10 - 2: 15 a.m.) Production company (s) Dick Clark Productions Ryan Seacrest Productions Release Original network NBC (1972 -- 73) ABC (1974 -- present) Picture format 480i (SDTV), 720p (HDTV) Original release December 31, 1972 -- present"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Let Me Blow Ya Mind", "paragraph_text": "\"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\" is a song by American rapper Eve, featuring American singer Gwen Stefani. It was released on May 15, 2001, as the second and final single from Eve's second album, \"Scorpion\" (2001). It became Eve's highest-charting single on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 (alongside 2002's \"Gangsta Lovin'\"), peaking at number two (blocked from the top spot by Alicia Keys' smash hit \"Fallin'\"); it also reached number one on the US Mainstream Top 40 chart. Worldwide, the song peaked at number 29 in Canada, number four in Australia and the United Kingdom, and topped the charts in Belgium, Ireland, Norway, and Switzerland. The song was listed at number seven on the 2001 Pazz & Jop list, a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau. It won a Grammy Award in 2002 for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration, which was a brand new category at the time. The music video won the 2001 MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tyson Ritter", "paragraph_text": "Ritter and actress Elena Satine were engaged in April 2013 and married on New Year's Eve that year. He has been best friends with bandmate Nick Wheeler ever since they met in high school."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yahrzeit candle", "paragraph_text": "The yahrzeit candle is lit during the week of Shiva (mourning). It is also lit at sundown on the eve of the yahrzeit (anniversary of the death) and at sundown preceding the start of Yom Kippur and at sundown preceding the last day of Succot, Passover and Shavuot. These holidays all have yizkor (memorial) in synagogue as well."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Caribbean and Central America Action", "paragraph_text": "Caribbean and Central American Action is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization which has hosted the annual Miami Conference on the Caribbean & Central America for the past 33 years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2013 Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny stampede", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny stampede occurred as crowds departed a New Year's Eve fireworks display in the early hours of 1 January 2013 near the F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny Stadium in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. It resulted in 61 deaths and over 200 injuries, mostly women and children. This was the second time in four years that a fatal stampede occurred at the stadium."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Where the Action Is", "paragraph_text": "Dick Clark (Host. Except for a brief cameo at the beginning of the pilot and subsequently at the end of the final episode, otherwise he only appeared in off - camera voice - overs to introduce performers) Paul Revere and The Raiders (1965 -- 1966) The Robbs (1966 -- 1967) Keith Allison Steve Alaimo Tina Mason Linda Scott Pete Menefee & The Action Kids The Knickerbockers The Hard Times Don and the Goodtimes Tommy Roe"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Times Square Ball", "paragraph_text": "The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City's Times Square. Located on the roof of One Times Square, the ball is a prominent part of a New Year's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop, where the ball descends 141 feet (43 m) in 60 seconds down a specially designed flagpole, beginning at 11: 59: 00 p.m. ET, and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year. In recent years, the festivities have been preceded by live entertainment, including performances by musicians."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "USB", "paragraph_text": "The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s), which should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "USB", "paragraph_text": "When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices."}], "question": "When did the New Year's Eve program of the host of Where the Action Is start?"}
{"id": "2hop__411819_80743", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tyson Ritter", "paragraph_text": "Ritter and actress Elena Satine were engaged in April 2013 and married on New Year's Eve that year. He has been best friends with bandmate Nick Wheeler ever since they met in high school."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Flame of New Orleans", "paragraph_text": "The Flame of New Orleans is a 1941 comedy film directed by Ren\u00e9 Clair and starring Marlene Dietrich and Bruce Cabot in his first comedy role. The supporting cast features Roland Young, Andy Devine and Franklin Pangborn."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "For Hope", "paragraph_text": "For Hope is a 1996 ABC TV movie starring Dana Delany and directed by Bob Saget. Based on Saget's sister Gay, the movie showed the experience of a young woman fatally afflicted with the disease scleroderma. Other cast members included Tracy Nelson and Chris Demetral."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Three Wise Girls", "paragraph_text": "Three Wise Girls is a 1932 American pre-Code romantic drama film directed by William Beaudine and featuring Jean Harlow in her first starring role. She plays a young small-town woman who heads to New York City, where she and her two friends have romantic troubles. The supporting cast features a young Andy Devine. This film is preserved in the Library of Congress collection."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "ALCO 539T", "paragraph_text": "The Alco 539T was a diesel prime mover (locomotive engine) built by the American Locomotive Company. This engine was also used as a stationary powerplant, used in pipeline pumping stations, tugboats and dredges. It has a straight-six, four-stroke design in a cast block which produced from . The engine has a bore (cylinder diameter) of , and a stroke of . The 539 engine was built at Alco's Auburn, New York engine plant and later starting in September 1949 in Canada. The 539T was equipped with the Buchi turbocharger, being made under license by the Elliott Manufacturing Company of Jeannette, Pennsylvania. The first 539T engines were used in S-2 switchers and DL-105 passenger locomotives built in September 1940. Alco locomotives using this engine include the S-2, S-4, RS-1, RSC-1, RSD-1, DL-105, DL-107, DL-108, DL-109, and DL-110. MLW locomotives using this engine include the S-2, S-4, S-7, S-12, RS-1, and RSC-13."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "The Mobile Mardi Gras season starts in November, with exclusive parties held by some secret mystic societies, then New Year's Eve balls. It has become closely entwined with the social debutante season for certain families. Other mystic societies begin their events at Twelfth Night (January 6), with parades, balls (some of them masquerade balls), and king cake parties."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve", "paragraph_text": "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin 'Eve Also known as Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest, Dick Clark's Primetime New Year's Rockin 'Eve with Ryan Seacrest Created by Dick Clark Presented by Dick Clark Ryan Seacrest Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of episodes 46 Production Executive producer (s) Ryan Seacrest Allen Shapiro Mike Mahan Barry Adelman Mark Bracco Producer (s) Larry Klein Location (s) Times Square, New York City, New York (live segments) various locations (pre-recorded concert segments) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time Primetime Part One: 120 minutes (8: 00 -- 10: 00 p.m.) Primetime Part Two: 60 minutes (10: 00 -- 11: 00 p.m.) Part One: 100 minutes (11: 30 p.m. -- 1: 10 a.m.) Part Two: 65 minutes (1: 10 - 2: 15 a.m.) Production company (s) Dick Clark Productions Ryan Seacrest Productions Release Original network NBC (1972 -- 73) ABC (1974 -- present) Picture format 480i (SDTV), 720p (HDTV) Original release December 31, 1972 -- present"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Young Nurses", "paragraph_text": "The Young Nurses is a 1973 film directed by Clint Kimbrough. It was the fourth in the popular \"nurses\" cycle for New World Pictures, starting with \"The Student Nurses\" (1970)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "In Death characters", "paragraph_text": "Peabody has a very close relationship with the heroine of the book, Eve. Upon being requested to be Eve's aide at the start of the series, Peabody was incredibly grateful for the opportunity as she had studied Eve's cases in the Police Academy and idolizes her. Their relationship grows over time, beyond mentor - mentee to deep friendship. It is for this reason that Eve tells Peabody about her childhood and subsequent act of patricide in Visions in Death."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Heather O'Rourke", "paragraph_text": "Heather O'Rourke (December 27, 1975 -- February 1, 1988) was an American child actress. She was discovered by director Steven Spielberg when she was visiting MGM's studios. Spielberg cast her as Carol Anne Freeling in the horror film Poltergeist (1982), where she had the movie's most recognizable line: ``They're here! ''She reprised the role in the second and third installments."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Because They're Young", "paragraph_text": "Because They're Young is a 1960 film from Columbia Pictures, starring Dick Clark as Neil Hendry, an American high school teacher who tries to make a difference in the lives of his students. The film co-starred Tuesday Weld, Michael Callan, Warren Berlinger, Roberta Shore, Doug McClure, and Victoria Shaw. It was directed by Paul Wendkos. The screenplay was based on \"Harrison High\", a novel by John Farris."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2013 Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny stampede", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny stampede occurred as crowds departed a New Year's Eve fireworks display in the early hours of 1 January 2013 near the F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny Stadium in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. It resulted in 61 deaths and over 200 injuries, mostly women and children. This was the second time in four years that a fatal stampede occurred at the stadium."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Thanksgiving Song", "paragraph_text": "It was first performed during the Weekend Update segment of the season 18 episode of Saturday Night Live on November 21, 1992 as a duet between Sandler and Weekend Update anchor Kevin Nealon; it was originally intended to be a recurring Thanksgiving tradition with other cast members debuting their own original songs, but the next year, it was again Sandler, doing another version of the same song in the style of Bruce Springsteen. A live performance of the original song was recorded at The Strand in Redondo Beach, California on July 25, 1993. The version at The Strand was featured on Sandler's debut album They're All Gonna Laugh at You! and was released as a single."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Abby Sciuto", "paragraph_text": "Child actress Brighton Sharbino was cast to portray 10 - year - old Abby for the season 10 episode ``Hit and Run '', which featured several flashbacks to a young Abby. Sharbino, who strongly resembled Perrette, reportedly spent time with the latter`` in part to pick up on the NCIS vet's mannerisms and such.''"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Robert M. Young (director)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Milton Young, usually known as Robert M. Young (born November 22, 1924 in New York City, New York), is an American multi-award-winning screenwriter, director, cinematographer and producer. In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. He has frequently cast Edward James Olmos in his movies, directing him in \"Alambrista!\" (1977), \"The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez\" (1982), \"Saving Grace\" (1986), \"Triumph of the Spirit\" (1989), \"Talent for the Game\" (1991), \"Roosters\" (1993), \"Slave of Dreams\" (1995) and \"Caught\" (1996). He produced Olmos's directorial debut, \"American Me\" (1992)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Theodore S. Westhusing", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Theodore S. Westhusing (November 17, 1960 \u2013 June 5, 2005), a West Point professor of English and Philosophy, volunteered to serve in Iraq in late 2004 and died in Baghdad in June 2005 from an allegedly self-inflicted gunshot wound. At the time he was the highest-ranked American to die violently in Iraq since the start of the March 2003 United States-led invasion. He was 44 years old, married with three young children."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Once Upon a Time characters", "paragraph_text": "Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption; Regina Mills adopted him. Henry was first portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore, who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012. Starting with the seventh season, Andrew J. West will take over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a ten - year - old girl named Lucy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mr. Adams and Eve", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Adams and Eve is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from January 1957 to July 1958. The series stars Howard Duff and his then wife, Ida Lupino. \"Mr. Adams and Eve\" was created and executive produced by Lupino's second husband, Collier Young."}], "question": "When did the New year's show hosted by a cast member from Because They're Young start?"}
{"id": "2hop__125646_160259", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Childebert I", "paragraph_text": "Childebert I (c. 496 \u2013 13 December 558) was a Frankish King of the Merovingian dynasty, as third of the four sons of Clovis I who shared the kingdom of the Franks upon their father's death in 511. He was one of the sons of Saint Clotilda, born at Reims. He reigned as King of Paris from 511 to 558 and Orl\u00e9ans from 524 to 558."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "William I, Count of Nevers", "paragraph_text": "William I, Count of Nevers, was the son of Renauld I, Count of Nevers and Hedwig of France, Countess d'Auxerre. In 1040 he succeeded his father as Count of Nevers and d'Auxerre and in 1065 he was also the Count of Tonnerre. He married Ermengarde, daughter of Renauld, Count of Tonnerre about 1039. William died at Nevers 20 June 1100."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nikoloz Baratashvili", "paragraph_text": "Nikoloz Baratashvili, affectionately known as Tato (\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd), was born in Tiflis (Tbilisi), Georgia's capital, which was then a principal city of Russian Transcaucasia. His father, Prince Meliton Baratashvili (1795\u20131860), was an impoverished nobleman working for the Russian administration. His mother, Ephemia Orbeliani (1801\u20131849), was a sister of the Georgian poet and general Prince Grigol Orbeliani and a scion of the penultimate Georgian king Erekle II."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William I of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "William I of Geneva ( \u2013 25 July 1195) was Count of Geneva from 1178 to 1195, in succession to his father, Count Amadeus I of Geneva. William's mother was Amadeus' wife, Matilda de Cuiseaux."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Belo\u0161", "paragraph_text": "Belo\u0161 was the middle son of Uro\u0161 I, the Grand Prince of Serbia (r. ca 1112-1145), and Anna Diogenissa, the granddaughter of Romanos IV Diogenes, the Byzantine Emperor (r. 1068\u20131071). He had two brothers, Uro\u0161 II \"Primislav\" and Desa, and two sisters, Helen (the mother of King G\u00e9za II of Hungary) and Maria. Zavida, the father of future Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja, is possibly a fourth brother, this is however undisclosed."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Prince Charles, Count of Flanders", "paragraph_text": "Prince Charles of Belgium, Count of Flanders (, ; 10 October 1903 \u2013 1 June 1983) was the second son of Albert I, King of the Belgians and Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria. Born in Brussels, he served in lieu of his older brother King Leopold III from 1944 until 1950 as prince regent until Leopold was allowed to return to Belgium. However, shortly after returning and resuming his monarchical duties, Leopold abdicated in favour of his heir apparent, his elder son Baudouin."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John of Flanders", "paragraph_text": "John of Flanders (c. 1250 \u2013 14 October 1292), also known as John of Dampierre, was the third son of the Count of Flanders and Namur Guy of Dampierre from his first marriage with Matilda of B\u00e9thune, and brother of Robert of B\u00e9thune. He is not to be confused with his half brother John I, Marquis of Namur."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Herman II, Count of Winzenburg", "paragraph_text": "Herman II, Count of Winzenburg (died 29 January 1152) was a son of Herman I, Count of Winzenburg and his second wife, Hedwig. She was either Hedwig of Assel-Woltingerode or Hedwig of Carniola-Istria. Herman II succeeded his father as Count of Winzenburg, without achieving the dominant position his father had held. He was a loyal supporter of Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz for many years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Beatrice of Brabant", "paragraph_text": "Beatrice of Brabant (1225 \u2013 11 November 1288), was a Landgravine consort of Th\u00fcringia and a Countess consort of Flanders, married to Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, and later to William II, Count of Flanders. She was the daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant, and Marie of Hohenstaufen. She had no children."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marco Torlonia, 6th Prince of Civitella-Cesi", "paragraph_text": "\"Don\" Marco Alfonso Torlonia, 6th Prince of Civitella-Cesi (2 July 1937 \u2013 5 December 2014) was the son of Alessandro Torlonia, 5th Prince of Civitella-Cesi and his wife, Infanta Beatriz of Spain, daughter of King Alfonso XIII of Spain. He was, therefore, first cousin to King Juan Carlos I of Spain. He was also an uncle to Princess Sibilla of Luxembourg, daughter of his younger sister, Olimpia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jakob Bagge", "paragraph_text": "Bagge was born the son of Norwegian nobleman Thord Olofsson Bagge and his wife Ingeborg Jakobsdotter. Both he and his father were first in the military service of Denmark. He entered Swedish military service for King Gustav Vasa in 1522. He fought for Sweden in the Count's Feud of 1534\u20131536. He took part in the suppression of the rebellion of Nils Dacke in 1542. By the 1550s, Bagge was considered the most experienced of Sweden's admirals."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Philip of Chieti", "paragraph_text": "Philip of Chieti (1263\u20131308) was the 8th and youngest child of Guy, Count of Flanders and his first wife Matilda of B\u00e9thune."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Leopold III of Belgium", "paragraph_text": "Prince Leopold was born in Brussels, the first child of King Albert I of the Belgians and his consort, Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria. His father became King of the Belgians, as Albert I, in 1909 and Prince Leopold became Duke of Brabant, heir to the Belgian throne."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hans Wachtmeister", "paragraph_text": "Hans Wachtmeister, Count of Johannishus, ( \u2013 ) was admiral general of the Swedish Navy and advisor to King Charles XI of Sweden and King Charles XII of Sweden. He served in the Scanian War of 1675\u20131679 and during the following twenty years of peace worked to build up the Swedish Navy. When the Great Northern War began in 1700 he was able to take his fleet to sea in good condition."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince. A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ernest I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau", "paragraph_text": "Ernest I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (died Dessau, 12 June 1516), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau. He was the second son of George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, yet the first born by his fourth wife Anna, daughter of Albert VIII, Count of Lindow-Ruppin."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tahitoe", "paragraph_text": "Tahitoe was born in 1808. He was son of prince Hihipa of Raiatea and his wife, Te-opua. His father was a grandchild of the king Tamatoa III of Raiatea and Tahaa."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Prince and the Pauper", "paragraph_text": "The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by American author Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada, before its 1882 publication in the United States. The novel represents Twain's first attempt at historical fiction. Set in 1547, it tells the story of two young boys who are identical in appearance: Tom Canty, a pauper who lives with his abusive father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London, and Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Infante Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Raimundo Silvestre of Spain (31 December 1755 \u2013 20 April 1817) was a son of King Charles III of Spain and younger brother of King Charles IV of Spain and King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Robert I of Capua", "paragraph_text": "Robert I (died 1120), count of Aversa and prince of Capua from 1106, on the death of his elder and heirless brother Richard, was the second eldest son of Jordan I of Capua and Gaitelgrima, daughter of Guaimar IV of Salerno."}], "question": "Who was the first child of the father of Prince Charles, Count of Flanders?"}
{"id": "2hop__434780_741151", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Haskell Creek Homesites, California", "paragraph_text": "Haskell Creek Homesites is a USDA Forest Service Recreational Residence cabin tract in Sierra County, California, United States. Haskell Creek Homesites is northeast of Sierra City, near the mouth of Haskell Creek, a tributary of the North Fork of the Yuba River."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River", "paragraph_text": "This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pulga, California", "paragraph_text": "Pulga (Spanish for \"Flea\") is an unincorporated community in Butte County, California. It is located along the west slope of the Feather River canyon, at an elevation of 1398 feet (426 m). A variant name for the community is Big Bar. Other nearby communities include Mayaro, Poe and Parkhill. The town hosts a Caltrans highway maintenance station along State Route 70 (SR70). The place is at the mouth of the Flea Valley Creek, which gives rise to the toponym."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bridge River Rapids", "paragraph_text": "The Bridge River Rapids, also known as the Six Mile Rapids, the Lower Fountain, the Bridge River Fishing Grounds, and in the St'at'imcets language as Sat' or Setl, is a set of rapids on the Fraser River, located in the central Fraser Canyon at the mouth of the Bridge River six miles north of the confluence of Cayoosh Creek with the Fraser and on the northern outskirts of the District of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Still Fork", "paragraph_text": "Still Fork is a tributary of the Sandy Creek, long, in eastern Ohio in the United States. Via the Sandy Creek, Tuscarawas, Muskingum and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of in Carroll County, Ohio. The source is at and the mouth is at ., with an average gradient of only 0.2%. From its source in eastern Carroll County the creek flows northwest through Fox, Washington, Augusta, and Brown Townships before reaching its mouth in Minerva, Ohio. The Ohi-Rail Corporation (OHIC) and Arbor road are situated in the creeks valley over most of its length."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cottonwood Canyon (British Columbia)", "paragraph_text": "Cottonwood Canyon is a canyon on the Skeena River in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located around the mouth of Sedan Creek, between the communities of Cedarvale and Kitwanga."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wood Canyon Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Wood Canyon was populated by the Acjachemen tribe hundreds of years ago; many archaeological sites along the creek provide evidence of their habitation. Spanish explorers and colonists arrived in the mid-18th century, establishing missions and a rancho that extended around the Aliso Creek watershed. Wood Canyon was used first as a cattle grazing area; after California became part of the United States, it was used to graze sheep. From the 1960s onward, the creek's flow has been heavily affected by urban runoff from suburban residential development."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aliso Creek (Los Angeles County)", "paragraph_text": "Aliso Creek (also Aliso Canyon Wash or Aliso Wash) is a major tributary of the Upper Los Angeles River in the Santa Susana Mountains in Los Angeles County and western San Fernando Valley in the City of Los Angeles, California."}], "question": "What river serves as the mouth of the watercourse that is the mouth of Wood Canyon Creek?"}
{"id": "2hop__472441_160259", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tahitoe", "paragraph_text": "Tahitoe was born in 1808. He was son of prince Hihipa of Raiatea and his wife, Te-opua. His father was a grandchild of the king Tamatoa III of Raiatea and Tahaa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John of Flanders", "paragraph_text": "John of Flanders (c. 1250 \u2013 14 October 1292), also known as John of Dampierre, was the third son of the Count of Flanders and Namur Guy of Dampierre from his first marriage with Matilda of B\u00e9thune, and brother of Robert of B\u00e9thune. He is not to be confused with his half brother John I, Marquis of Namur."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Robert I of Capua", "paragraph_text": "Robert I (died 1120), count of Aversa and prince of Capua from 1106, on the death of his elder and heirless brother Richard, was the second eldest son of Jordan I of Capua and Gaitelgrima, daughter of Guaimar IV of Salerno."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Infante Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Raimundo Silvestre of Spain (31 December 1755 \u2013 20 April 1817) was a son of King Charles III of Spain and younger brother of King Charles IV of Spain and King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William I of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "William I of Geneva ( \u2013 25 July 1195) was Count of Geneva from 1178 to 1195, in succession to his father, Count Amadeus I of Geneva. William's mother was Amadeus' wife, Matilda de Cuiseaux."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Prince Charles, Count of Flanders", "paragraph_text": "Prince Charles of Belgium, Count of Flanders (, ; 10 October 1903 \u2013 1 June 1983) was the second son of Albert I, King of the Belgians and Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria. Born in Brussels, he served in lieu of his older brother King Leopold III from 1944 until 1950 as prince regent until Leopold was allowed to return to Belgium. However, shortly after returning and resuming his monarchical duties, Leopold abdicated in favour of his heir apparent, his elder son Baudouin."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John I, Count of Foix", "paragraph_text": "John I, Count of Foix also known as \"Jean de Foix-Grailly\" (1382 \u2013 4 May 1436) was Count of Foix from 1428 until his death in 1436. He succeeded his mother Isabella, Countess of Foix. His father was Archambaud de Grailly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Prince and the Pauper", "paragraph_text": "The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by American author Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada, before its 1882 publication in the United States. The novel represents Twain's first attempt at historical fiction. Set in 1547, it tells the story of two young boys who are identical in appearance: Tom Canty, a pauper who lives with his abusive father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London, and Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Leopold III of Belgium", "paragraph_text": "Prince Leopold was born in Brussels, the first child of King Albert I of the Belgians and his consort, Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria. His father became King of the Belgians, as Albert I, in 1909 and Prince Leopold became Duke of Brabant, heir to the Belgian throne."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beatrice of Brabant", "paragraph_text": "Beatrice of Brabant (1225 \u2013 11 November 1288), was a Landgravine consort of Th\u00fcringia and a Countess consort of Flanders, married to Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, and later to William II, Count of Flanders. She was the daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant, and Marie of Hohenstaufen. She had no children."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nikoloz Baratashvili", "paragraph_text": "Nikoloz Baratashvili, affectionately known as Tato (\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd), was born in Tiflis (Tbilisi), Georgia's capital, which was then a principal city of Russian Transcaucasia. His father, Prince Meliton Baratashvili (1795\u20131860), was an impoverished nobleman working for the Russian administration. His mother, Ephemia Orbeliani (1801\u20131849), was a sister of the Georgian poet and general Prince Grigol Orbeliani and a scion of the penultimate Georgian king Erekle II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince. A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Childebert I", "paragraph_text": "Childebert I (c. 496 \u2013 13 December 558) was a Frankish King of the Merovingian dynasty, as third of the four sons of Clovis I who shared the kingdom of the Franks upon their father's death in 511. He was one of the sons of Saint Clotilda, born at Reims. He reigned as King of Paris from 511 to 558 and Orl\u00e9ans from 524 to 558."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marco Torlonia, 6th Prince of Civitella-Cesi", "paragraph_text": "\"Don\" Marco Alfonso Torlonia, 6th Prince of Civitella-Cesi (2 July 1937 \u2013 5 December 2014) was the son of Alessandro Torlonia, 5th Prince of Civitella-Cesi and his wife, Infanta Beatriz of Spain, daughter of King Alfonso XIII of Spain. He was, therefore, first cousin to King Juan Carlos I of Spain. He was also an uncle to Princess Sibilla of Luxembourg, daughter of his younger sister, Olimpia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ernest I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau", "paragraph_text": "Ernest I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (died Dessau, 12 June 1516), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau. He was the second son of George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, yet the first born by his fourth wife Anna, daughter of Albert VIII, Count of Lindow-Ruppin."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jakob Bagge", "paragraph_text": "Bagge was born the son of Norwegian nobleman Thord Olofsson Bagge and his wife Ingeborg Jakobsdotter. Both he and his father were first in the military service of Denmark. He entered Swedish military service for King Gustav Vasa in 1522. He fought for Sweden in the Count's Feud of 1534\u20131536. He took part in the suppression of the rebellion of Nils Dacke in 1542. By the 1550s, Bagge was considered the most experienced of Sweden's admirals."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Herman II, Count of Winzenburg", "paragraph_text": "Herman II, Count of Winzenburg (died 29 January 1152) was a son of Herman I, Count of Winzenburg and his second wife, Hedwig. She was either Hedwig of Assel-Woltingerode or Hedwig of Carniola-Istria. Herman II succeeded his father as Count of Winzenburg, without achieving the dominant position his father had held. He was a loyal supporter of Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz for many years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Belo\u0161", "paragraph_text": "Belo\u0161 was the middle son of Uro\u0161 I, the Grand Prince of Serbia (r. ca 1112-1145), and Anna Diogenissa, the granddaughter of Romanos IV Diogenes, the Byzantine Emperor (r. 1068\u20131071). He had two brothers, Uro\u0161 II \"Primislav\" and Desa, and two sisters, Helen (the mother of King G\u00e9za II of Hungary) and Maria. Zavida, the father of future Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja, is possibly a fourth brother, this is however undisclosed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hans Wachtmeister", "paragraph_text": "Hans Wachtmeister, Count of Johannishus, ( \u2013 ) was admiral general of the Swedish Navy and advisor to King Charles XI of Sweden and King Charles XII of Sweden. He served in the Scanian War of 1675\u20131679 and during the following twenty years of peace worked to build up the Swedish Navy. When the Great Northern War began in 1700 he was able to take his fleet to sea in good condition."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "One Night with the King", "paragraph_text": "Tiffany Dupont as Hadassah / Esther, the main protagonist. Luke Goss as King Xerxes I of Persia, Esther's love interest and insecure in his new position as king and therefore almost submits to the influence of the Princes of the Face. John Rhys - Davies as Mordecai, Esther's uncle and father figure. Omar Sharif as Prince Memucan, one of the few truly loyal Princes of the Face. Tommy Lister, Jr. as Hegai, the Royal Eunuch, the harem's bodyguard. Jonah Lotan as Jesse, Esther's close friend who becomes a Eunuch in the Persian palace. John Noble as Prince Admatha, a scheming Prince of the Face who plots to become king himself. James Callis as Haman, the Agagite, the film's main antagonist, Haman plans to use his position of power to kill the Jewish inhabitants of Persia. Scenes including Haman and his henchmen in the film make use of imagery associated with Nazism, including swastika - like symbols and torchlit nighttime rallies. Peter O'Toole as Prophet Samuel Denzil Smith as Prince Carshena Jyoti Dogra as Queen of Persia Vashti Tom Alter as King Saul of Israel Aditya Bal as Amalekite King Agag Dilshad Patel as Hannah Nimrat Kaur as Sarah"}], "question": "Who was the oldest sibling of Prince Charles of Belgium, Count of Flanders?"}
{"id": "2hop__88744_125705", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "Led by Hall of Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West, Los Angeles made the NBA Finals six times in the 1960s, but lost each series to the Boston Celtics, beginning their long and storied rivalry. In 1968, the Lakers acquired four - time NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) Wilt Chamberlain to play center, and after losing in the Finals in 1969 and 1970, they won their sixth NBA title -- and first in Los Angeles -- in 1972, led by new head coach Bill Sharman. After the retirement of West and Chamberlain, the team acquired another center, Kareem Abdul - Jabbar, who had won multiple MVP awards, but was unable to make the Finals in the late 1970s. The 1980s Lakers were nicknamed ``Showtime ''due to their Magic Johnson - led fast break - offense, and won five championships in a 9 - year span, including their first ever Finals championship against the Celtics in 1985. This team featured Hall of Famers in Johnson, Abdul - Jabbar, and James Worthy, and a Hall of Fame coach, Pat Riley. After Abdul - Jabbar and Johnson's retirement, the team struggled in the early 1990s before acquiring Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant in 1996. Led by O'Neal, Bryant, and another Hall of Fame coach, Phil Jackson, Los Angeles won three consecutive titles between 2000 to 2002, securing the franchise its second`` three - peat''. After losing both the 2004 and 2008 NBA Finals, the Lakers won two more championships by defeating the Orlando Magic in 2009 and Boston in 2010."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Miracle on 34th Street (1994 film)", "paragraph_text": "All the children begin to believe that he is the real Santa, with the exception of Dorey's six - year - old daughter, Susan (Mara Wilson). Dorey's boyfriend and neighbor, Bryan Bedford (Dylan McDermott), does his best to convince Susan to believe. While being babysat one night by Kris, she shares her Christmas wish with him. She would like a dad, a house (used every year for the Cole's catalog photoshoot) and a baby brother. He asks if she would begin to believe in Santa if she got all those things. She agrees that she would."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kobe Bryant", "paragraph_text": "The first guard to ever be taken out of high school, Bryant was chosen as the 13th overall draft pick by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996. According to Arn Tellem, Bryant's agent at the time, Bryant playing for the Charlotte Hornets was ``an impossibility ''. However, Bill Branch, the Hornets' head scout at the time, said that the Hornets agreed to trade their draft selection to the Los Angeles Lakers before picking Bryant. The teams agreed to the trade the day before the draft and the Lakers told the Hornets whom to select five minutes before the pick was made. Branch said that prior to the trade agreement, the Hornets never even considered drafting Bryant. Prior to the draft, Bryant had worked out in Los Angeles, where he scrimmaged against former Lakers players Larry Drew and Michael Cooper and, according to then - Laker manager Jerry West,`` marched over these people''. On July 1, 1996, West traded his starting center, Vlade Divac, to the Hornets in exchange for Bryant's draft rights. Since he was still 17 at the time of the draft, his parents had to cosign his contract with the Lakers until he was able to sign his own when he turned 18 before the season began."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles. The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member of the league's Western Conference in the Pacific Division. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, an arena shared with the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 16 NBA championships (11 in Los Angeles), their most recent being in 2010."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "Los Angeles Lakers 2018 -- 19 Los Angeles Lakers season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1947 History Minneapolis Lakers 1947 -- 1960 Los Angeles Lakers 1960 -- present Arena Staples Center Location Los Angeles, California Team colors Purple, gold, black, white Main sponsor Wish President Jeanie Buss General manager Rob Pelinka Head coach Luke Walton Ownership Buss Family Trusts (majority), Philip Anschutz, Edward P. Roski, and Patrick Soon - Shiong (minority) Affiliation (s) South Bay Lakers Championships 16 (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) Conference titles 31 (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010) Division titles 23 (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) Retired numbers 11 (8, 13, 22, 24, 25, 32, 33, 34, 42, 44, 52, MIC) Honored: (VM, GM, JP, SM, JK, CL) Website www.nba.com/lakers Home Away Third"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Seishin-Yamate Line", "paragraph_text": "The , also known as the \"U-Line\", is one of two lines of Kobe Municipal Subway that links the central district and suburbs of Kobe. The line color is green."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2009 NBA Finals", "paragraph_text": "Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday, June 4 Los Angeles Lakers 100 -- 75 (1 -- 0) Orlando Magic Game 2 Sunday, June 7 Los Angeles Lakers 101 -- 96 (2 -- 0) Orlando Magic Game 3 Tuesday, June 9 Orlando Magic 108 -- 104 (2 -- 1) Los Angeles Lakers Game 4 Thursday, June 11 Orlando Magic 91 -- 99 (3 -- 1) Los Angeles Lakers Game 5 Sunday, June 14 Orlando Magic 86 -- 99 (4 -- 1) Los Angeles Lakers"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bonnie-Jill Laflin", "paragraph_text": "Bonnie-Jill Laflin (born March 15, 1976) is an American model, television personality and sportscaster. Laflin has also worked as an actress and most notably as a scout for the Los Angeles Lakers, making her the league's first female scout. She was also assistant general manager of the Lakers NBA Development League team."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired the draft rights to high school player Kobe Bryant from the Charlotte Hornets by trading established center Vlade Divac. No NBA team had previously drafted a guard straight from high school. After freeing up salary by parting with other veteran players, they signed free agent All - Star center Shaquille O'Neal later that year. The two sparred in their first three seasons playing together from 1996 -- 1999. Bryant kept his teammates at a distance, answering non-basketball questions with one - or two - word responses. O'Neal told the Lakers when Bryant arrived, ``I'm not gon na be babysitting. ''Bryant had extreme confidence in his ability, which was unusual for an 18 - year - old. Some teammates interpreted Bryant's confidence as arrogance. O'Neal was wary of Bryant, as a rookie, boasting that he would lead the Lakers in scoring and be the best player in the league. Lakers general manager Jerry West criticized O'Neal's leadership for hazing Bryant that season. While O'Neal's personality was good - humored, Bryant's demeanor was all - business and was interpreted by some teammates as selfishness. O'Neal began calling Bryant showboat because of his flashy offensive moves. In an overtime playoff loss to the Utah Jazz that eliminated the Lakers, O'Neal fouled out with two minutes remaining in regulation. Lakers coach Del Harris had designed the Laker offense around the rookie Bryant, who went on to shoot four air balls. Harris explained that Bryant's one - on - one skills made him the best choice. After the game, O'Neal put his arm around Bryant and told him there would be other opportunities. West said the team's shortcoming made O'Neal angry since he was going to be judged by the team's success."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of My Name Is Earl characters", "paragraph_text": "Carlton Hickey (played by Beau Bridges) is Earl and Randy's father. He first appears in ``Cost Dad the Election ''where he had run for mayor but lost because of Earl's shenanigans that got the latter arrested. He originally ran for mayor because of the airport flight path was directed over his residential area, causing his entire house to vibrate several times a day, which angers him very much. He is sorely disappointed in his sons and refused to have anything to do with Earl. However, he gradually realizes his son's efforts to improve his life were sincere and he and Earl are able to mend their relationship. In the episode`` Dad's Car'', he says that he had originally planned to name Earl after himself, but had put in an extra loop on the ``C ''when using cursive writing on the birth certificate."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2010 NBA Finals", "paragraph_text": "2010 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Los Angeles Lakers Phil Jackson Boston Celtics Doc Rivers Dates June 3 -- 17 MVP Kobe Bryant (Los Angeles Lakers) Television ABC (U.S.) TSN (Canada) Announcers Mike Breen, Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy Radio network ESPN Announcers Jim Durham, Hubie Brown and Jack Ramsay Referees Game 1: Joey Crawford, Joe DeRosa, Derrick Stafford Game 2: Monty McCutchen, Mike Callahan, Ken Mauer Game 3: Dan Crawford, Bill Kennedy, Bennett Salvatore Game 4: Scott Foster, Eddie F. Rush, Greg Willard Game 5: Joey Crawford, Mike Callahan, Derrick Stafford Game 6: Monty McCutchen, Joe DeRosa, Ken Mauer Game 7 Joey Crawford, Dan Crawford, Scott Foster Hall of Famers Coaches: Phil Jackson (2007) Eastern Finals Celtics defeated Magic, 4 -- 2 Western Finals Lakers defeated Suns, 4 -- 2 < 2009 NBA Finals 2011 >"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Great Hanshin earthquake", "paragraph_text": "Up to 6,434 people lost their lives; about 4,600 of them were from Kobe. Among major cities, Kobe, with its population of 1.5 million, was the closest to the epicenter and hit by the strongest tremors. This was Japan's worst earthquake in the 20th century after the Great Kant\u014d earthquake in 1923, which claimed more than 105,000 lives."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kobe Bryant", "paragraph_text": "Kobe Bean Bryant (born August 23, 1978) is an American retired professional basketball player and businessman. He played his entire 20 - year career with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He entered the NBA directly from high school and won five NBA championships with the Lakers. Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star, 15 - time member of the All - NBA Team, and 12 - time member of the All - Defensive team. He led the NBA in scoring during two seasons, and ranks third on the league's all - time regular season scoring and fourth on the all - time postseason scoring list. He holds the NBA record for the most seasons playing with one franchise for an entire career, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time. Bryant is the first guard in NBA history to play for at least 20 seasons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2000 NBA Finals", "paragraph_text": "The 2000 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 1999 -- 2000 season, and the culmination of the season's playoffs. The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Eastern Conference champion Indiana Pacers 4 games to 2. Lakers center Shaquille O'Neal was named the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the series, his first of three consecutive honors. The series was played under a best - of - seven format, with the Lakers holding home court advantage. Until 2008, this was the most recent NBA Finals where both number one seeds from both conferences faced off in the final."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joel Berry II", "paragraph_text": "After going undrafted in the 2018 NBA draft, Berry signed with the Los Angeles Lakers summer league team. On July 19, 2018, he signed a rookie scale contract with the Lakers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jim Laker", "paragraph_text": "James Charles Laker (9 February 1922 -- 23 April 1986) was a cricketer who played for England in the 1950s, known for ``Laker's match ''in 1956 at Old Trafford, Manchester, when he took nineteen wickets in England's victory against Australia. He played 46 Test matches between 1948 and 1959, taking 193 wickets with a bowling average of 21.24; in all first - class matches he took 1,944 wickets at 18.41."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles. The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member of the league's Western Conference in the Pacific Division. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, an arena shared with the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 16 NBA championships, the second-most behind the Boston Celtics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kobe Bryant", "paragraph_text": "Bryant is the son of former NBA player Joe Bryant. He enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania, where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country. Upon graduation, he declared for the 1996 NBA draft and was selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th overall pick; the Hornets then traded him to the Lakers. As a rookie, Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high-flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest, and he was named an All-Star by his second season. Despite a feud between the two players, Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gene Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Gene Wiley (born November 12, 1937) is an American former National Basketball Association (NBA) player for the Los Angeles Lakers. He attended Carver High School in Amarillo, Texas and Wichita State University. He was drafted in 1962 with the eighth pick in the second round by the Los Angeles Lakers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tony Jaros", "paragraph_text": "A 6'3\" (1.90 m) forward/guard from the University of Minnesota, Jaros played four seasons (1946\u20131947; 1948\u20131951) in the Basketball Association of America/National Basketball Association as a member of the Chicago Stags and Minneapolis Lakers. He averaged 5.4 points per game in his BAA/NBA career and won two league championships with the Lakers. He also spent one season in the National Basketball League with the Lakers (1947\u20131948), winning the NBL title that season."}], "question": "Who was the father of the person who got to the Lakers first out of Shaq and Kobe?"}
{"id": "2hop__73568_125705", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2000 NBA Finals", "paragraph_text": "The 2000 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 1999 -- 2000 season, and the culmination of the season's playoffs. The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Eastern Conference champion Indiana Pacers 4 games to 2. Lakers center Shaquille O'Neal was named the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the series, his first of three consecutive honors. The series was played under a best - of - seven format, with the Lakers holding home court advantage. Until 2008, this was the most recent NBA Finals where both number one seeds from both conferences faced off in the final."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles. The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member of the league's Western Conference in the Pacific Division. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, an arena shared with the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 16 NBA championships (11 in Los Angeles), their most recent being in 2010."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Great Hanshin earthquake", "paragraph_text": "Up to 6,434 people lost their lives; about 4,600 of them were from Kobe. Among major cities, Kobe, with its population of 1.5 million, was the closest to the epicenter and hit by the strongest tremors. This was Japan's worst earthquake in the 20th century after the Great Kant\u014d earthquake in 1923, which claimed more than 105,000 lives."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2010 NBA Finals", "paragraph_text": "2010 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Los Angeles Lakers Phil Jackson Boston Celtics Doc Rivers Dates June 3 -- 17 MVP Kobe Bryant (Los Angeles Lakers) Television ABC (U.S.) TSN (Canada) Announcers Mike Breen, Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy Radio network ESPN Announcers Jim Durham, Hubie Brown and Jack Ramsay Referees Game 1: Joey Crawford, Joe DeRosa, Derrick Stafford Game 2: Monty McCutchen, Mike Callahan, Ken Mauer Game 3: Dan Crawford, Bill Kennedy, Bennett Salvatore Game 4: Scott Foster, Eddie F. Rush, Greg Willard Game 5: Joey Crawford, Mike Callahan, Derrick Stafford Game 6: Monty McCutchen, Joe DeRosa, Ken Mauer Game 7 Joey Crawford, Dan Crawford, Scott Foster Hall of Famers Coaches: Phil Jackson (2007) Eastern Finals Celtics defeated Magic, 4 -- 2 Western Finals Lakers defeated Suns, 4 -- 2 < 2009 NBA Finals 2011 >"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kobe Bryant", "paragraph_text": "Kobe Bean Bryant (born August 23, 1978) is an American retired professional basketball player and businessman. He played his entire 20 - year career with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He entered the NBA directly from high school and won five NBA championships with the Lakers. Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star, 15 - time member of the All - NBA Team, and 12 - time member of the All - Defensive team. He led the NBA in scoring during two seasons, and ranks third on the league's all - time regular season scoring and fourth on the all - time postseason scoring list. He holds the NBA record for the most seasons playing with one franchise for an entire career, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time. Bryant is the first guard in NBA history to play for at least 20 seasons."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "Led by Hall of Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West, Los Angeles made the NBA Finals six times in the 1960s, but lost each series to the Boston Celtics, beginning their long and storied rivalry. In 1968, the Lakers acquired four - time NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) Wilt Chamberlain to play center, and after losing in the Finals in 1969 and 1970, they won their sixth NBA title -- and first in Los Angeles -- in 1972, led by new head coach Bill Sharman. After the retirement of West and Chamberlain, the team acquired another center, Kareem Abdul - Jabbar, who had won multiple MVP awards, but was unable to make the Finals in the late 1970s. The 1980s Lakers were nicknamed ``Showtime ''due to their Magic Johnson - led fast break - offense, and won five championships in a 9 - year span, including their first ever Finals championship against the Celtics in 1985. This team featured Hall of Famers in Johnson, Abdul - Jabbar, and James Worthy, and a Hall of Fame coach, Pat Riley. After Abdul - Jabbar and Johnson's retirement, the team struggled in the early 1990s before acquiring Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant in 1996. Led by O'Neal, Bryant, and another Hall of Fame coach, Phil Jackson, Los Angeles won three consecutive titles between 2000 to 2002, securing the franchise its second`` three - peat''. After losing both the 2004 and 2008 NBA Finals, the Lakers won two more championships by defeating the Orlando Magic in 2009 and Boston in 2010."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jim Laker", "paragraph_text": "James Charles Laker (9 February 1922 -- 23 April 1986) was a cricketer who played for England in the 1950s, known for ``Laker's match ''in 1956 at Old Trafford, Manchester, when he took nineteen wickets in England's victory against Australia. He played 46 Test matches between 1948 and 1959, taking 193 wickets with a bowling average of 21.24; in all first - class matches he took 1,944 wickets at 18.41."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "Los Angeles Lakers 2018 -- 19 Los Angeles Lakers season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1947 History Minneapolis Lakers 1947 -- 1960 Los Angeles Lakers 1960 -- present Arena Staples Center Location Los Angeles, California Team colors Purple, gold, black, white Main sponsor Wish President Jeanie Buss General manager Rob Pelinka Head coach Luke Walton Ownership Buss Family Trusts (majority), Philip Anschutz, Edward P. Roski, and Patrick Soon - Shiong (minority) Affiliation (s) South Bay Lakers Championships 16 (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) Conference titles 31 (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010) Division titles 23 (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) Retired numbers 11 (8, 13, 22, 24, 25, 32, 33, 34, 42, 44, 52, MIC) Honored: (VM, GM, JP, SM, JK, CL) Website www.nba.com/lakers Home Away Third"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "NBA high school draftees", "paragraph_text": "There have been 44 high school draftees in the NBA Draft. Three draftees were selected first overall; Kwame Brown in 2001 NBA draft, LeBron James in 2003 and Dwight Howard in 2004 NBA draft. Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season; LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire. Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award; Kevin Garnett in 2004, Kobe Bryant in 2008 and LeBron James in 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013. Ten draftees have been selected to the All - Star Game while seven draftees have been selected to the All - NBA Team."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kobe Bryant", "paragraph_text": "Bryant is the son of former NBA player Joe Bryant. He enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania, where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country. Upon graduation, he declared for the 1996 NBA draft and was selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th overall pick; the Hornets then traded him to the Lakers. As a rookie, Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high-flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest, and he was named an All-Star by his second season. Despite a feud between the two players, Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2009 NBA Finals", "paragraph_text": "Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday, June 4 Los Angeles Lakers 100 -- 75 (1 -- 0) Orlando Magic Game 2 Sunday, June 7 Los Angeles Lakers 101 -- 96 (2 -- 0) Orlando Magic Game 3 Tuesday, June 9 Orlando Magic 108 -- 104 (2 -- 1) Los Angeles Lakers Game 4 Thursday, June 11 Orlando Magic 91 -- 99 (3 -- 1) Los Angeles Lakers Game 5 Sunday, June 14 Orlando Magic 86 -- 99 (4 -- 1) Los Angeles Lakers"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kobe Bryant", "paragraph_text": "The first guard to ever be taken out of high school, Bryant was chosen as the 13th overall draft pick by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996. According to Arn Tellem, Bryant's agent at the time, Bryant playing for the Charlotte Hornets was ``an impossibility ''. However, Bill Branch, the Hornets' head scout at the time, said that the Hornets agreed to trade their draft selection to the Los Angeles Lakers before picking Bryant. The teams agreed to the trade the day before the draft and the Lakers told the Hornets whom to select five minutes before the pick was made. Branch said that prior to the trade agreement, the Hornets never even considered drafting Bryant. Prior to the draft, Bryant had worked out in Los Angeles, where he scrimmaged against former Lakers players Larry Drew and Michael Cooper and, according to then - Laker manager Jerry West,`` marched over these people''. On July 1, 1996, West traded his starting center, Vlade Divac, to the Hornets in exchange for Bryant's draft rights. Since he was still 17 at the time of the draft, his parents had to cosign his contract with the Lakers until he was able to sign his own when he turned 18 before the season began."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bonnie-Jill Laflin", "paragraph_text": "Bonnie-Jill Laflin (born March 15, 1976) is an American model, television personality and sportscaster. Laflin has also worked as an actress and most notably as a scout for the Los Angeles Lakers, making her the league's first female scout. She was also assistant general manager of the Lakers NBA Development League team."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Seishin-Yamate Line", "paragraph_text": "The , also known as the \"U-Line\", is one of two lines of Kobe Municipal Subway that links the central district and suburbs of Kobe. The line color is green."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles. The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member of the league's Western Conference in the Pacific Division. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, an arena shared with the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 16 NBA championships, the second-most behind the Boston Celtics."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shaq\u2013Kobe feud", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired the draft rights to high school player Kobe Bryant from the Charlotte Hornets by trading established center Vlade Divac. No NBA team had previously drafted a guard straight from high school. After freeing up salary by parting with other veteran players, they signed free agent All - Star center Shaquille O'Neal later that year. The two sparred in their first three seasons playing together from 1996 -- 1999. Bryant kept his teammates at a distance, answering non-basketball questions with one - or two - word responses. O'Neal told the Lakers when Bryant arrived, ``I'm not gon na be babysitting. ''Bryant had extreme confidence in his ability, which was unusual for an 18 - year - old. Some teammates interpreted Bryant's confidence as arrogance. O'Neal was wary of Bryant, as a rookie, boasting that he would lead the Lakers in scoring and be the best player in the league. Lakers general manager Jerry West criticized O'Neal's leadership for hazing Bryant that season. While O'Neal's personality was good - humored, Bryant's demeanor was all - business and was interpreted by some teammates as selfishness. O'Neal began calling Bryant showboat because of his flashy offensive moves. In an overtime playoff loss to the Utah Jazz that eliminated the Lakers, O'Neal fouled out with two minutes remaining in regulation. Lakers coach Del Harris had designed the Laker offense around the rookie Bryant, who went on to shoot four air balls. Harris explained that Bryant's one - on - one skills made him the best choice. After the game, O'Neal put his arm around Bryant and told him there would be other opportunities. West said the team's shortcoming made O'Neal angry since he was going to be judged by the team's success."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joel Berry II", "paragraph_text": "After going undrafted in the 2018 NBA draft, Berry signed with the Los Angeles Lakers summer league team. On July 19, 2018, he signed a rookie scale contract with the Lakers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "Los Angeles Lakers 2017 -- 18 Los Angeles Lakers season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1947 History Minneapolis Lakers 1947 -- 1960 Los Angeles Lakers 1960 -- present Arena Staples Center Location Los Angeles, California Team colors Purple, gold, black, white Main sponsor Wish President Jeanie Buss General manager Rob Pelinka Head coach Luke Walton Ownership Buss Family Trusts (majority), Philip Anschutz, Edward P. Roski, and Patrick Soon - Shiong (minority) Affiliation (s) South Bay Lakers Championships 16 (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) Conference titles 31 (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010) Division titles 23 (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) Retired numbers 11 (8, 13, 22, 24, 25, 32, 33, 34, 42, 44, 52, MIC) Honored: (VM, GM, JP, SM, JK, CL) Website www.nba.com/lakers Uniforms Home Away Third"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gene Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Gene Wiley (born November 12, 1937) is an American former National Basketball Association (NBA) player for the Los Angeles Lakers. He attended Carver High School in Amarillo, Texas and Wichita State University. He was drafted in 1962 with the eighth pick in the second round by the Los Angeles Lakers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tony Jaros", "paragraph_text": "A 6'3\" (1.90 m) forward/guard from the University of Minnesota, Jaros played four seasons (1946\u20131947; 1948\u20131951) in the Basketball Association of America/National Basketball Association as a member of the Chicago Stags and Minneapolis Lakers. He averaged 5.4 points per game in his BAA/NBA career and won two league championships with the Lakers. He also spent one season in the National Basketball League with the Lakers (1947\u20131948), winning the NBL title that season."}], "question": "Who was the father of the player who went to the Lakers first, between Shaq and Kobe?"}
{"id": "2hop__298644_297948", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Clifford Hollow Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Clifford Hollow Bridge is a four-lane, bridge in Hardy County, West Virginia. It carries Corridor H (U.S. Route 48 and West Virginia Route 55) across Clifford Hollow approximately east of Moorefield."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Werra Viaduct, Hedem\u00fcnden", "paragraph_text": "The Werra viaducts near Hedem\u00fcnden, Germany are two bridges crossing the valley of the river Werra. They are located in southern Lower Saxony and provide crossings for the A 7 motorway and the Hanover-W\u00fcrzburg high-speed rail line. The bridges are located 33 metres apart from each other."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jack Hogg (footballer, born 1931)", "paragraph_text": "Hogg started his career with Sunderland in 1949 before moving to local non-league side Blyth Spartans without having made an appearance. In 1954, Hogg signed for Portsmouth. Then once again, without making an appearance, Hogg moved into non-league football. This time with Peterborough United. Hogg finally made his Football League debut in 1957 when he signed for Gateshead. He went on to make 80 appearances for the Tynesiders, scoring 21 goals. Hogg moved back to Blyth Spartans after Gateshead were voted out of the league in favour of Peterborough United in 1960."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Taemas Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Taemas Bridge is a two-lane road bridge crossing the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. The bridge crosses on the river just before it enters Lake Burrinjuck, which has been created by the Burrinjuck Dam. The bridge is a key part of the road between Yass and Wee Jasper, and from there, to Tumut. The bridge is around 26 kilometres from Yass and 22 kilometres from Wee Jasper. The current bridge was completed in 1931 and is over 200 metres in length."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dock Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Dock Bridge is a pair of vertical lift bridges crossing the Passaic River at Newark, Essex County and Harrison, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, used exclusively for railroad traffic. It is the seventh crossing from the river's mouth at Newark Bay and is upstream from it. Also known as the Amtrak Dock Vertical Lift, it carries Amtrak, NJ Transit, and PATH trains. It is listed on the state and federal registers of historic places."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Midway, Putnam County, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Midway is an unincorporated community in Putnam County, West Virginia, United States. The community is located on the east bank of the Kanawha River on West Virginia Route 62 at the mouth of Midway Hollow."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Don River (Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "The Don River is a watercourse in southern Ontario, that empties into Lake Ontario, at Toronto Harbour. Its mouth was just east of the street grid of the town of York, Upper Canada, the municipality that evolved into Toronto, Ontario. Of the various watercourses that drained Toronto, the Don, the Humber River, and the Rouge River have headwaters in the Oak Ridges Moraine."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gasworks Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Gasworks Bridge, also known as the Old Gasworks Bridge, is an iron bridge across the River Thames at Oxford in England. It is a pedestrian bridge linking St Ebbes to the Grandpont nature reserve. It crosses the river on the reach between Iffley Lock and Osney Lock."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hartford Bridge, Cheshire", "paragraph_text": "The Hartford Bridge, or Blue Bridge, is a single-span road bridge crossing the River Weaver at Hartford, Cheshire in England. The bridge is located on the A556 as part of the Northwich bypass."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ledyard Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ledyard Bridge crosses the Connecticut River to connect Hanover, New Hampshire to Norwich, Vermont. It is the third bridge at this crossing to bear the name of the adventurer John Ledyard."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Konrad Adenauer Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Konrad Adenauer Bridge (in German: Konrad-Adenauer-Br\u00fccke) is one of two road bridges crossing the Rhine between the German cities of Mannheim and Ludwigshafen am Rhein. The other bridge is the Kurt Schumacher Bridge."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "West Branch Run", "paragraph_text": "West Branch Run (also known as West Branch Little Fishing Creek ) is a tributary of Little Fishing Creek in Lycoming County and Columbia County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Jordan Township, Lycoming County and . The area of the stream's watershed is . The stream's only named tributary is Shingle Run. West Branch Run flows through a valley known as California Hollow, which is listed as a \"locally significant site\" on the Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory. The Shoemaker Covered Bridge also crosses the stream, as does at least one other bridge in Lycoming County."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marquette\u2013Joliet Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Marquette\u2013Joliet Bridge is a bridge crossing the Mississippi River, connecting Marquette, Iowa and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Local residents refer to the bridge as the Prairie Bridge or the Marquette Bridge; both terms are used equally."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Petroleum Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Petroleum Street Bridge is a girder bridge connecting the North Side and South Side neighborhoods of Oil City, Pennsylvania and crosses the Allegheny River. The bridge sits just downstream from the confluence of Oil Creek and the Allegheny River. The 1995 structure carries two lanes of U.S. Route 62 and was built during a decade of major refurbishments of Upper Allegheny crossings. Previously, a 1910 truss bridge stood on the site; this structure replaced an earlier wooden bridge."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hogg's Hollow Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Hoggs Hollow Bridge, originally known as the Yonge Boulevard Viaduct, is a set of four separate highway bridges that span the Don River Valley in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and carries 14 lanes of Highway 401. The four structures are the busiest multi-span bridge crossing in North America, surpassing the Brooklyn Bridge."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wami Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Wami Bridge is a bridge in Tanzania that crosses the Wami River. It lies on the A14 highway between Chalinze and Segera junctions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hochdonn High Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Hochdonn High Bridge (\"Hochbr\u00fccke Hochdonn\" in German) is a railway bridge in the Marsh Railway crossing the Kiel Canal near Hochdonn, Germany. It is a riveted steel bridge, \"exposed to extreme railway traffic\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Warren Covered Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Warren Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge that crosses the Mad River in Warren, Vermont on Covered Bridge Road. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Delaware Memorial Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Delaware Memorial Bridge is a twin suspension bridge crossing the Delaware River. The toll bridges carry Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 40 between Delaware and New Jersey. The bridge was designed by the firm known today as HNTB with consulting help from engineer Othmar Ammann, whose other designs include the Walt Whitman Bridge (which is similar in appearance, except for the fact that it is a single span) and Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge. It is also one of only two crossings of the Delaware River with both U.S. Highway and Interstate Highway designations, the other being the Benjamin Franklin Bridge."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge is a railway bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and the Millennium Bridge."}], "question": "What body of water is the mouth of the watercourse that Hogg's Hollow Bridge crosses?"}
{"id": "2hop__108058_658778", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gustav Klimt", "paragraph_text": "Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 \u2013 February 6, 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's primary subject was the female body, and his works are marked by a frank eroticism. In addition to his figurative works, which include allegories and portraits, he painted landscapes. Among the artists of the Vienna Secession, Klimt was the most influenced by Japanese art and its methods."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Samuel Schmid", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Schmid (born 8 January 1947 in R\u00fcti bei B\u00fcren, Canton of Bern) is a Swiss politician who was a member of the Swiss Federal Council from 2000 to 2008. He was the head of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports (notably acting as a defense minister for Switzerland)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States presidential line of succession", "paragraph_text": "The succession follows the order of vice president, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State, and followed by the rest in the order of their positions' creation. Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Department of Justice", "paragraph_text": "The department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Tiger Who Came to Tea", "paragraph_text": "The Tiger Who Came to Tea is a short children's story, first published in 1968, written and illustrated by Judith Kerr. The book concerns a girl called Sophie, her mother, and an anthropomorphised tiger who interrupts their afternoon tea. The book remains extremely popular more than forty years after it was first published, and a theatrical adaptation of the story has been produced."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Heller Altarpiece", "paragraph_text": "The Heller Altarpiece was an oil on panel triptych by German Renaissance artists Albrecht D\u00fcrer and Matthias Gr\u00fcnewald, executed between 1507 and 1509. The artwork was named after Jakob Heller, who ordered it. D\u00fcrer painted the interior, Gr\u00fcnewald the exterior."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cantonal police", "paragraph_text": "The 26 cantonal police agencies and numerous municipal police agencies are the backbone of Swiss law enforcement. They are not subordinate to federal authorities. Their commanding officers report to the head of the respective cantonal or municipal department of police, who is a member of the cantonal or municipal governing council."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Judith of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Judith (13 March 1271 \u2013 21 May 1297), also named Guta (), a member of the House of Habsburg, was the youngest daughter of King Rudolf I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenburg. She was Queen of Bohemia and Poland from 1285 until her death by her marriage with the P\u0159emyslid king Wenceslaus II."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Streets of Ankh-Morpork", "paragraph_text": "The Streets of Ankh-Morpork is a brief guide and map of the fictional city of Ankh-Morpork in Discworld, a fantasy series by English author Terry Pratchett. The final, artwork-grade map was drawn by Stephen Player, who also drew the artwork for a later publication, \"The Discworld Mapp\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Danny Yatom", "paragraph_text": "Danny Yatom (, born 15 March 1945) is a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Labor. In 1996\u20131998, Yatom was head of the Mossad security service and between 1999 and 2001, he served as Prime Minister Ehud Barak's Chief Of Staff and security advisor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "La Hermana del Hombre B\u00f3veda", "paragraph_text": "La Hermana del Hombre B\u00f3veda is a public artwork by Spanish artist Pablo Serrano, located at the Indianapolis Museum of Art (IMA), which is near downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. The artwork is an abstract bronze piece which tops a granite fountain."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States federal executive departments", "paragraph_text": "The heads of the executive departments receive the title of Secretary of their respective department, except for the Attorney - General who is head of the Justice Department (and the Postmaster General who until 1971 was head of the Post Office Department). The heads of the executive departments are appointed by the President and take office after confirmation by the United States Senate, and serve at the pleasure of the President. The heads of departments are members of the Cabinet of the United States, an executive organ that normally acts as an advisory body to the President. In the Opinion Clause (Article II, section 2, clause 1) of the U.S. Constitution, heads of executive departments are referred to as ``principal Officer in each of the executive Departments ''."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Judith Klusman", "paragraph_text": "Judith Klusman is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly 1989-2000. She is also a current County Commissioner for Rowan County in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living", "paragraph_text": "The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living is an artwork created in 1991 by Damien Hirst, an English artist and a leading member of the \"Young British Artists\" (or YBA). It consists of a tiger shark preserved in formaldehyde in a vitrine. It was originally commissioned in 1991 by Charles Saatchi, who sold it in 2004, to Steven A. Cohen for an undisclosed amount, widely reported to have been at least $8 million. However, the title of Don Thompson's book, \"The $12 Million Stuffed Shark: The Curious Economics of Contemporary Art\", suggests a higher figure."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nathaniel Head", "paragraph_text": "Nathaniel Head (May 20, 1828 \u2013 November 12, 1883), also known as Natt Head, was an American construction material supplier and Republican politician from Hooksett, New Hampshire. Head served as a member of the House of Representatives, Adjutant General of the New Hampshire Militia, State Senator, and Governor."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eastman Monument", "paragraph_text": "The Eastman Monument is a public artwork by an unknown artist, located at Crown Hill National Cemetery, which is in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America. It is a monument with a white marble angel standing against a granite cross that is standing upon three steps. The angel is dressed in a cloth gown and stands with its hands spread out and its head turned down to the ground. The first step has \"EASTMAN\" written across it."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Judith and the Head of Holofernes", "paragraph_text": "Judith and the Head of Holofernes (also known as Judith I) is an oil painting by Gustav Klimt created in 1901. It depicts the biblical character of Judith holding the severed head of Holofernes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lose the Boss", "paragraph_text": "\"Lose the Boss\" is an episode from the dramedy series \"Ugly Betty\", which aired on November 23, 2006. In the United States, Canada and Australia, it is the ninth episode but it's the tenth overall and was written by Oliver Goldstick and directed by Ken Whittingham. This episodes's title is a pun on a former ABC sitcom, \"Who's the Boss?\", which starred Judith Light, who became a regular on this series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mordechai Namir", "paragraph_text": "Mordechai Namir (, born Mordechai Nemirovsky; 23 February 1897 \u2013 22 February 1975) was an Israeli politician, who served as the mayor of Tel Aviv (1959\u20131969), a Knesset member and government minister, as well as being one of the heads of the Labour Zionist movement."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rip Van Winkle", "paragraph_text": "Name Description Rip Van Winkle A henpecked husband who loathes ``profitable labor ''; and a meek, easygoing, ne'er - do - well resident of the village who wanders off to the mountains and meets strange men playing nine - pins. Dame Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle's cantankerous and nagging wife. Rip Van Winkle, Jr. Rip Van Winkle's ne'er - do - well son. Judith Gardenier Rip Van Winkle's married daughter; she takes her father in after he returns from his sleep. Derrick Van Bummel The local schoolmaster who went on to serve in American Revolution as a flag officer and later a member of Congress. Nicholas Vedder Landlord of the local inn where menfolk congregate. Van Schaick The local parson. Jonathan Doolittle Owner of the Union Hotel, the establishment that replaced the village inn. Wolf Van Winkle's faithful dog, who does not recognize him when he wakes up. Man carrying keg up the mountain The ghost of one of Henry Hudson's crew members. Ninepin bowlers The ghosts of Henry Hudson's crewmen from his ship, the Half - Moon; they share purple magic liquor with Rip Van Winkle and play a game of nine - pins. Brom Dutcher Van Winkle's neighbor who went off to war while Van Winkle was sleeping. Old woman Woman who identifies Van Winkle when he returns to the village after his sleep. Peter Vanderdonk The oldest resident of the village, who confirms Van Winkle's identity and cites evidence indicating Van Winkle's strange tale is true. Mr. Gardenier Judith Gardenier's husband, a farmer and crabby villager. Rip Van Winkle III Rip Van Winkle's infant grandchild; his mother is Judith Gardenier."}], "question": "What was the painter of Judith and the Head of Holofernes a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__46684_190560", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rue Dauphine", "paragraph_text": "Nobel prize\u2013winning physicist Pierre Curie, husband of Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie, was struck and killed by a horse-drawn carriage on this street in 1906."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Surgery Saved My Life", "paragraph_text": "Surgery Saved My Life is a documentary series which aired for two years on Discovery Channel. It is a medical show that features people with life-threatening health problems. The cameras follow the patients as they undergo surgery and the doctors as they prepare for and follow through on the life-saving operations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of the periodic table", "paragraph_text": "The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties. The most important event in its history occurred in 1869, when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev, who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands, but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Body Story", "paragraph_text": "Body Story is a mini-series produced by Wall to Wall and distributed by Channel 4 and Discovery Channel. The series aired in two seasons 1998 and 2001. Combining real-life acting and Computer-generated imagery, it shows the processes going on inside the human body in our daily life as well as facing dramatic experiences, in a docufictional style."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tree of Life (Disney)", "paragraph_text": "Tree of Life Disney's Animal Kingdom Area Discovery Island Opening date April 22, 1998 General statistics Designer Walt Disney Imagineering Height 145 ft (44.2 m) Base width 50 ft (15.2 m) Wheelchair accessible"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Great American Country", "paragraph_text": "Great American Country Launched December 31, 1995; 22 years ago (1995 - 12 - 31) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Knoxville, Tennessee Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network Science Channel TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.greatamericancountry.com Availability Satellite Dish Network 165 (HD / SD) DirecTV 326 (HD / SD) Cable Verizon FiOS 660 (HD) 160 (SD) Time Warner Cable 295 (HD) IPTV AT&T U-Verse 1529 (HD) 529 (SD)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Michel Oksenberg", "paragraph_text": "Michel Charles Oksenberg (1938 \u2013 2001) was a leading American political scientist and China watcher who moved between academia and policy work. As a senior member of the National Security Council, he was closely involved in the normalization of U.S.-China relations undertaken during the administration of President Jimmy Carter, who said of him \"...Mike Oksenberg changed my life\u2014and changed the life of this country, and to some degree changed the life of every"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Time Warp (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Time Warp is a popular science-themed television program produced for the Discovery Channel in the United States, in which Jeff Lieberman, an MIT scientist, teacher, and artist, along with high speed camera expert Matt Kearney, use their high speed camera to examine everyday occurrences and singular talents."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bits of Life", "paragraph_text": "Bits of Life is a 1921 American film produced, written, and directed by Marshall Neilan. The film is notable as the first anthology film. The cast included Lon Chaney and Noah Beery, Sr. For her performance in this film, Anna May Wong received her first screen credit. \"Bits of Life\" is considered lost."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Science Channel", "paragraph_text": "Science Channel Launched October 7, 1996; 21 years ago (1996 - 10 - 07) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Question Everything Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Silver Spring, Maryland Formerly called Discovery Science (1996 - 1998) Discovery Science Channel (1998 - 2002) The Science Channel / Science Channel (2002 - 2007 / 2007 - 2011) Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network Great American Country HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.sciencechannel.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 284 (HD / SD) 1284 (VOD) Dish Network 193 (HD / SD) C - Band AMC 11 - Channel 612 (4DTV Digital) AMC 18 - Channel 255 (H2H 4DTV) Cable Available on most other U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV Verizon FiOS 622 (HD) 122 (SD) AT&T U-verse 1258 (HD) 258 (SD) Streaming media PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Consequence (rapper)", "paragraph_text": "Dexter Raymond Mills Jr. (born April 17, 1977), better known by his stage name Consequence, is an American hip hop recording artist from Queens, New York City, New York. Consequence debuted in 1996, appearing several times on A Tribe Called Quest's fourth album \"Beats, Rhymes, and Life\", as he is the cousin of member Q-Tip. In March 2007, he released his debut album \"Don't Quit Your Day Job!\", under Columbia Records and Kanye West's GOOD Music. Consequence left GOOD Music in 2011, on bad terms, after being signed with the label since 2005. He and West later reconciled, despite Consequence speaking ill of West. Consequence subsequently launched his own record label, Band Camp Records, following his departure from GOOD Music."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marie Curie", "paragraph_text": "Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute - Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nutrition", "paragraph_text": "Sometimes overlooked during his life, James Lind, a physician in the British navy, performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1747. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1500 and 1800, an estimated two million sailors had died of scurvy. The discovery was ignored for forty years, after which British sailors became known as \"limeys.\" The essential vitamin C within citrus fruits would not be identified by scientists until 1932."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "What Happened to Goodbye", "paragraph_text": "What Happened to Goodbye is a young adult novel by Sarah Dessen. The book chronicles the life of a 16- to 17-year-old girl, Mclean, and her journey of self-discovery."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sunnybrook Research Institute", "paragraph_text": "Conducting over $100 million in research every year, SRI is home to a number of breakthroughs that have transformed health care. The research institute supports the activities of over 200 scientists and clinician-scientists, over 200 research associates, engineers, physicists and technicians and over 300 students and trainees that works in of state-of-the-art research space in northeastern Toronto. They work to prevent disease and develop treatments that enhance and extend life. These aims derive from SRI\u2019s core vision: to achieve discovery and its translation into clinic to set best practices."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "One Week of Life", "paragraph_text": "One Week of Life is a 1919 American silent drama film produced and distributed through Goldwyn Pictures. It was directed by Hobart Henley and starred Pauline Frederick. It is now considered to be a lost film."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Auckland volcanic field", "paragraph_text": "In 2013, scientists said new studies showed Rangitoto had been much more active in the past than previously thought, suggesting it had been active on and off for around 1000 years before the final eruptions around 550 years ago. Civil Defence officials said the discovery did not make living in Auckland any more dangerous, but did change their view of how an evacuation might proceed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Benjamin Franklin", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Franklin FRS FRSE (January 17, 1706 (O.S. January 6, 1705) -- April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He founded many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and the University of Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie", "paragraph_text": "Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie (; 12 September 1897 \u2013 17 March 1956) was a French scientist, the daughter of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie and the wife of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Joliot-Curie. Jointly with her husband, Joliot-Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for their discovery of artificial radioactivity. This made the Curies the family with the most Nobel laureates to date. Both children of the Joliot-Curies, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne and Pierre, are also esteemed scientists."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the scientist who lost their life in consequence of their discovery?"}
{"id": "2hop__42024_42014", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "A further type of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property. Private Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chris Ballance", "paragraph_text": "Chris Ballance (born 7 July 1952) is a playwright and Scottish Green Party politician, a former Member of the Scottish Parliament for the South of Scotland region."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nora Radcliffe", "paragraph_text": "Nora Radcliffe (born 4 March 1946, Aberdeen) is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician and former Member of the Scottish Parliament for Gordon, first elected in 1999. During her two terms in the Scottish Parliament she held various party spokespersonships, most frequently the Scottish Liberal Democrats' Equal Opportunities, Environment and Rural Development briefs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister, and a vote is taken by all members of Parliament. Normally, the leader of the largest party is returned as First Minister, and head of the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland and sit in the Scottish cabinet, but such ministers are, in practice, appointed to their roles by the First Minister. Junior ministers, who do not attend cabinet, are also appointed to assist Scottish ministers in their departments. Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs, with the exception of Scotland's Chief Law Officers: the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General. Whilst the First Minister chooses the ministers \u2013 and may decide to remove them at any time \u2013 the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the Sovereign."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kenneth Gibson (Scottish politician)", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth James Gibson (born 8 September 1961 in Paisley) is a Scottish National Party politician and Member of the Scottish Parliament for Cunninghame North."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brian Monteith", "paragraph_text": "Brian Monteith (born 8 January 1958) is a Scottish public relations consultant, politician and commentator, who was a Conservative Member of the Scottish Parliament between 1999 and 2007, and was elected as an MEP for the Brexit Party in the North East England constituency at the 2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "The Rajya Sabha (meaning the ``Council of States '') is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Uttar Pradesh state elects 31 members and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Uttar Pradesh. Members are elected for six years and 1 / 3 of members are retired after every two years. The number of seats, allocated to the party, are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using Single transferable vote with proportional representation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle, which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members. There are 131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131 seats, 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers \u2013 the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland, who are not elected members of the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government. As such the Law Officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the Parliament but, as they are not elected MSPs, cannot vote. Members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber, but typically sit in their party groupings. The First Minister, Scottish cabinet ministers and Law officers sit in the front row, in the middle section of the chamber. The largest party in the Parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle, with opposing parties on either side. The Presiding Officer, parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The election produced a majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority. The SNP took 16 seats from Labour, with many of their key figures not returned to parliament, although Labour leader Iain Gray retained East Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Derek Brownlee", "paragraph_text": "Derek Brownlee (born 10 August 1974) is a Scottish accountant and politician, who is a former Conservative Member of the Scottish Parliament for the South of Scotland region 2005\u20132011."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ian McKee", "paragraph_text": "Ian McKee (born 1940) is an English-born Scottish National Party politician who was Member of the Scottish Parliament for Lothians region from 2007 to 2011."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Marilyn Livingstone", "paragraph_text": "Marilyn Livingstone (born 30 September 1952) is a Scottish Labour Co-operative politician, who served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament for Kirkcaldy constituency from 1999\u22122011."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James Dornan", "paragraph_text": "James Dornan (born 17 March 1953) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician who is Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Glasgow Cathcart."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marlyn Glen", "paragraph_text": "Marlyn Glen (born 30 September 1951, Dundee) is a Scottish Labour politician, and was Member of the Scottish Parliament for North East Scotland region from 2003 to 2011."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nisbet Balfour", "paragraph_text": "General Nisbet Balfour (1743, Dunbog10 October 1823, Dunbog) was a British soldier in the American Revolutionary War and later a Scottish Member of parliament (MP) in the British Parliament."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stefan Tymkewycz", "paragraph_text": "Stefan Tymkewycz (born Abbeyhill, 18 September 1959) is a Scottish National Party politician, and a former Member of the Scottish Parliament for Lothians region. He was elected during the 2007 election for the Lothians region. Tymkewycz is also a councillor for Craigentinny/Duddingston ward on the City of Edinburgh Council, and agreed not to take his allowance for that job while he was an MSP. Formerly a police officer, he now runs his own property business in Edinburgh."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cathy Peattie", "paragraph_text": "Cathy Peattie (born 24 November 1951, Grangemouth) is a Scottish Labour politician and was the Member of the Scottish Parliament for Falkirk East from 1999 to 2011. In the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, she was defeated by Angus MacDonald of the Scottish National Party."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate. Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer. Under the Standing Orders of the Parliament the Bureau consists of the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the Parliament. Amongst the duties of the Bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber, establish the number, remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Andy Kerr (Scottish politician)", "paragraph_text": "Andy Kerr (born 17 March 1962, East Kilbride, South Lanarkshire) is a Scottish Labour politician and former Member of the Scottish Parliament for East Kilbride constituency, a seat which he held from 1999 until 2011."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jim Mather", "paragraph_text": "Jim Mather (born 6 March 1947) is a Scottish politician, former Minister for Enterprise, Energy and Tourism and from 2003 to 2011 was a Scottish National Party Member of the Scottish Parliament. He was the SNP\u2019s National Treasurer for four years and after leaving Parliament has held various non-executive posts and academic roles."}], "question": "How many members in the seats of the Scottish Parliament are members of the entity that decides how land or property can be used?"}
{"id": "2hop__52973_190560", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. Recent discoveries in the Liaoning Province of northeast China, which demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs, contribute to this ambiguity."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nutrition", "paragraph_text": "Sometimes overlooked during his life, James Lind, a physician in the British navy, performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1747. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1500 and 1800, an estimated two million sailors had died of scurvy. The discovery was ignored for forty years, after which British sailors became known as \"limeys.\" The essential vitamin C within citrus fruits would not be identified by scientists until 1932."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fern Kupfer", "paragraph_text": "Fern Lee Kupfer is an American author and retired professor of creative writing at Iowa State University. She has written several novels and as well as memoirs reflecting on her life experiences, the discovery that she is a carrier of the BRCA gene, and the loss of her son to Canavan disease."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tree of Life (Disney)", "paragraph_text": "Tree of Life Disney's Animal Kingdom Area Discovery Island Opening date April 22, 1998 General statistics Designer Walt Disney Imagineering Height 145 ft (44.2 m) Base width 50 ft (15.2 m) Wheelchair accessible"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marie Curie", "paragraph_text": "Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute - Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Time Warp (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Time Warp is a popular science-themed television program produced for the Discovery Channel in the United States, in which Jeff Lieberman, an MIT scientist, teacher, and artist, along with high speed camera expert Matt Kearney, use their high speed camera to examine everyday occurrences and singular talents."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "What Happened to Goodbye", "paragraph_text": "What Happened to Goodbye is a young adult novel by Sarah Dessen. The book chronicles the life of a 16- to 17-year-old girl, Mclean, and her journey of self-discovery."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sunnybrook Research Institute", "paragraph_text": "Conducting over $100 million in research every year, SRI is home to a number of breakthroughs that have transformed health care. The research institute supports the activities of over 200 scientists and clinician-scientists, over 200 research associates, engineers, physicists and technicians and over 300 students and trainees that works in of state-of-the-art research space in northeastern Toronto. They work to prevent disease and develop treatments that enhance and extend life. These aims derive from SRI\u2019s core vision: to achieve discovery and its translation into clinic to set best practices."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Surgery Saved My Life", "paragraph_text": "Surgery Saved My Life is a documentary series which aired for two years on Discovery Channel. It is a medical show that features people with life-threatening health problems. The cameras follow the patients as they undergo surgery and the doctors as they prepare for and follow through on the life-saving operations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Great American Country", "paragraph_text": "Great American Country Launched December 31, 1995; 22 years ago (1995 - 12 - 31) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Knoxville, Tennessee Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network Science Channel TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.greatamericancountry.com Availability Satellite Dish Network 165 (HD / SD) DirecTV 326 (HD / SD) Cable Verizon FiOS 660 (HD) 160 (SD) Time Warner Cable 295 (HD) IPTV AT&T U-Verse 1529 (HD) 529 (SD)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rue Dauphine", "paragraph_text": "Nobel prize\u2013winning physicist Pierre Curie, husband of Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie, was struck and killed by a horse-drawn carriage on this street in 1906."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Body Story", "paragraph_text": "Body Story is a mini-series produced by Wall to Wall and distributed by Channel 4 and Discovery Channel. The series aired in two seasons 1998 and 2001. Combining real-life acting and Computer-generated imagery, it shows the processes going on inside the human body in our daily life as well as facing dramatic experiences, in a docufictional style."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Auckland volcanic field", "paragraph_text": "In 2013, scientists said new studies showed Rangitoto had been much more active in the past than previously thought, suggesting it had been active on and off for around 1000 years before the final eruptions around 550 years ago. Civil Defence officials said the discovery did not make living in Auckland any more dangerous, but did change their view of how an evacuation might proceed."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Michel Oksenberg", "paragraph_text": "Michel Charles Oksenberg (1938 \u2013 2001) was a leading American political scientist and China watcher who moved between academia and policy work. As a senior member of the National Security Council, he was closely involved in the normalization of U.S.-China relations undertaken during the administration of President Jimmy Carter, who said of him \"...Mike Oksenberg changed my life\u2014and changed the life of this country, and to some degree changed the life of every"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "One Week of Life", "paragraph_text": "One Week of Life is a 1919 American silent drama film produced and distributed through Goldwyn Pictures. It was directed by Hobart Henley and starred Pauline Frederick. It is now considered to be a lost film."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Science Channel", "paragraph_text": "Science Channel Launched October 7, 1996; 21 years ago (1996 - 10 - 07) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Question Everything Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Silver Spring, Maryland Formerly called Discovery Science (1996 - 1998) Discovery Science Channel (1998 - 2002) The Science Channel / Science Channel (2002 - 2007 / 2007 - 2011) Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network Great American Country HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.sciencechannel.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 284 (HD / SD) 1284 (VOD) Dish Network 193 (HD / SD) C - Band AMC 11 - Channel 612 (4DTV Digital) AMC 18 - Channel 255 (H2H 4DTV) Cable Available on most other U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV Verizon FiOS 622 (HD) 122 (SD) AT&T U-verse 1258 (HD) 258 (SD) Streaming media PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie", "paragraph_text": "Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie (; 12 September 1897 \u2013 17 March 1956) was a French scientist, the daughter of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie and the wife of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Joliot-Curie. Jointly with her husband, Joliot-Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for their discovery of artificial radioactivity. This made the Curies the family with the most Nobel laureates to date. Both children of the Joliot-Curies, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne and Pierre, are also esteemed scientists."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bits of Life", "paragraph_text": "Bits of Life is a 1921 American film produced, written, and directed by Marshall Neilan. The film is notable as the first anthology film. The cast included Lon Chaney and Noah Beery, Sr. For her performance in this film, Anna May Wong received her first screen credit. \"Bits of Life\" is considered lost."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of the periodic table", "paragraph_text": "The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties. The most important event in its history occurred in 1869, when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev, who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands, but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development."}], "question": "Who's the spouse of the female scientist who lost life in their own discovery?"}
{"id": "2hop__108179_603673", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bonnie Devine", "paragraph_text": "Bonnie Devine is an Anishinaabe/Ojibwa installation artist, performance artist, sculptor, curator, and writer from Serpent River First Nation, who lives and works in Toronto, Ontario. She is currently an Associate Professor at OCAD University and the Founding Chair of its Indigenous Visual Cultural Program."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Culture", "paragraph_text": "In practice, culture referred to an \u00e9lite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, \"culture\" was identified with \"civilization\" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a \"culture\" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of \"culture\" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Streets of Ankh-Morpork", "paragraph_text": "The Streets of Ankh-Morpork is a brief guide and map of the fictional city of Ankh-Morpork in Discworld, a fantasy series by English author Terry Pratchett. The final, artwork-grade map was drawn by Stephen Player, who also drew the artwork for a later publication, \"The Discworld Mapp\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Serpent Men", "paragraph_text": "Serpent Men are a fictional race created by Robert E. Howard for his King Kull tales. They first appeared in \"The Shadow Kingdom,\" published in \"Weird Tales\" in August 1929."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eve, the Serpent and Death", "paragraph_text": "Eve, the Serpent and Death (or Eve, the Serpent, and Adam as Death) is a painting by the German Renaissance artist Hans Baldung, housed in the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. The date of the picture is debated, with proposals ranging from the early 1510s to between 1525 and 1530. Its four main elements are the biblical Eve, a male figure personifying death and generally likened to Adam, a serpent, and a tree trunk."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dancing on the Head of the Serpent", "paragraph_text": "Dancing on the Head of the Serpent is the fifth studio album, and the sixth album overall, by the Swedish hard rock band Jerusalem. Unlike their first four studio albums, it was recorded only in English, although there are two different versions. The original version was released in Scandinavia in 1987 on JM Records. In 1988, Refuge Records released a re-recorded and remixed version in the United States, with slightly different artwork. This was the first Jerusalem album to be released on CD. A 30th-anniversary remastered release included both versions of the album on two CDs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Carteret Pilkington", "paragraph_text": "John Carteret Pilkington (1730-1763) was an Irish singer and writer who left lively memoirs of his early life and collaborated on the memoirs of his mother Laetitia Pilkington."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Crystals (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Crystals ''is a song written and recorded by Icelandic indie folk / indie pop band Of Monsters and Men. It is the lead single for their second studio album, Beneath the Skin. The single and album artwork was created by artistic director Leif Podhajsky. The song appeared in The CW's`` Dare to Defy'' promo and the first trailer for The Good Dinosaur. The song was also featured in the soundtrack for FIFA 16."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kelvin Grove State College", "paragraph_text": "It formed in 2002 with the amalgamation of Kelvin Grove State High School and Kelvin Grove State School and is one of the largest government educational institutions in Australia. The school is recognised for its emphasis on the performing arts, achievements in all facets of school life and its cultural diversity reflecting the experience of inner city Brisbane communities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guy Diehl", "paragraph_text": "Guy Diehl (born 1949, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American artist best known for still life paintings and prints, many of which incorporate direct references to historically significant artists and artworks."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Joseph Antonio Emidy", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Antonio Emidy (1775 \u2013 23 April 1835) was a Guinea-born musician who was enslaved in early life, before becoming a notable and celebrated violinist and composer in Cornwall, South-West England."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Embeth Davidtz", "paragraph_text": "Embeth Jean Davidtz (born August 11, 1965) is an American - South African actress. Her screen roles include movies such as Army of Darkness, Schindler's List, Matilda, Junebug, Mansfield Park, Bicentennial Man, and Fracture, and the television series Californication and Mad Men. Davidtz spent much of her early life in South Africa."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Embrace of the Serpent", "paragraph_text": "\"Embrace of the Serpent\" was filmed in the Amazon\u00eda region of Colombia. Seven weeks were spent filming in the Department of Vaup\u00e9s, and one week in the Department of Guain\u00eda. Location details include:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Men of Destiny", "paragraph_text": "Men of Destiny is a painting by Irish artist, Jack Butler Yeats, painted in 1946. An oil artwork on canvas, the modernist piece is noted for the strength and vibrancy of its colour palette and is considered to rank amongst Yeats' best work. The painting is on permanent display at the National Gallery of Ireland."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Life Underground", "paragraph_text": "Life Underground (2001) is a permanent public artwork created by American sculptor Tom Otterness for the 14th Street \u2013 Eighth Avenue station () of the New York City Subway. It was commissioned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Arts for Transit program for US$200,000 \u2014 one percent of the station's reconstruction budget. This program has commissioned more than 170 permanent works of art for public transportation facilities the MTA owns and operates. This work is one of the most popular artworks in the subway system."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Early life of Robert E. Howard", "paragraph_text": "Robert Ervin Howard (January 22, 1906 \u2013 June 11, 1936) was an American author born in Peaster, Texas but who traveled between many different towns across Texas until he was thirteen, when his parents settled in the town of Cross Plains, Texas."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Snafu (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Snafu is a video game released by Mattel for its Intellivision video game system in 1981. One of a number of snake games released in the late 1970s and early 1980s, \"Snafu\" features players controlling ever-lengthening serpents as they attempt to corner their opponents and trap them."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yininmadyemi - Thou didst let fall", "paragraph_text": "Yininmadyemi - Thou didst let fall is a sculptural artwork by Indigenous Australian artist Tony Albert located in Hyde Park, Sydney. Unveiled on 31 March 2015, the artwork acknowledges the service of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women in the Australian Defence Force."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Vengeance of the Winged Serpent", "paragraph_text": "The Vengeance of the Winged Serpent () is a 1984 French comedy film directed by G\u00e9rard Oury, starring Coluche, Maruschka Detmers, Luis Rego and Josiane Balasko."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Japanorama", "paragraph_text": "Japanorama is a series of documentaries presented by Jonathan Ross, exploring various facets of popular culture and trends of modern-day Japan."}], "question": "The early life of the creator of Serpent men was a facet of who?"}
{"id": "2hop__499822_67694", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of Ghost Whisperer characters", "paragraph_text": "Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Topic sentence", "paragraph_text": "In expository writing, a topic sentence is a sentence that summarizes the main idea of a paragraph. It is usually the first sentence in a paragraph."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Casablanca (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dooley Wilson as Sam. He was one of the few American - born members of the cast. A drummer, he had to fake playing the piano. Even after shooting had been completed, producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs. He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott, Lena Horne, or Ella Fitzgerald."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jay Johnston", "paragraph_text": "Jay Johnston (born October 22, 1968) is an American actor and comedian best known for his work as a writer and cast member on the HBO sketch comedy series \"Mr. Show\" and for playing the role of Officer Jay McPherson on \"The Sarah Silverman Program\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (film)", "paragraph_text": "Samuel L. Jackson as Mr. Barron, the shapeshifting leader of the wights and hollows who is exclusive to the film. Barron and his wight and hollow minions hunt peculiars and devour their eyes upon capture to recover human form. His shapeshifting peculiarity allows him to disguise himself as another person. When he uses his peculiarity to become a person who does n't exist, his white eyes do n't change, so he has to wear contact lenses. He can also form blades, axes and / or lassos with his own hands. Allison Janney as Dr. Nancy Golan, Jake's psychiatrist and one of Mr. Barron's disguised forms. Rupert Everett as John Lamont (credited as ``Ornithologist ''), an ornithologist and another of Mr. Barron's disguised forms."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paragraph 175 (film)", "paragraph_text": "Paragraph 175 is a documentary film released in 2000, directed by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman, and narrated by Rupert Everett. The film was produced by Rob Epstein, Jeffrey Friedman, Janet Cole, Michael Ehrenzweig, Sheila Nevins and Howard Rosenman. The film chronicles the lives of several gay men and one lesbian who were persecuted by the Nazis. The gay men were arrested by the Nazis for the crime of homosexuality under Paragraph 175, the sodomy provision of the German penal code, dating back to 1871. Between 1933 and 1945, 100,000 men were arrested under Paragraph 175. Some were imprisoned, others were sent to concentration camps. Only about 4,000 survived."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miss Rosa", "paragraph_text": "Rosa ``Miss Rosa ''Cisneros is a fictional character from the Netflix dramedy series Orange Is the New Black, played by Barbara Rosenblat. The character made her first screen appearance during the premiere episode titled`` I Was n't Ready'', which aired on July 11, 2013. Stephanie Andujar portrayed ``Young Rosa ''in flashback sequences. Rosenblat originally auditioned for another character but producers asked her to portray Miss Rosa. The character is a cancer sufferer who is incarcerated in Litchfield federal prison because she committed armed bank robberies. Rosenblat did not want to shave her head for the role and a make - up artist was hired to fit a prosthetic appliance to her head creating the character's baldness. The application process took three hours, meaning that the actress had to arrive on set earlier than other cast members. Initially there was no character biography created for Miss Rosa and it was Rosenblat who implemented a Hispanic background and accent. The character is respected amongst fellow inmates and despite her criminal past she has a caring nature and good heart."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gordon Wharmby", "paragraph_text": "Wharmby made his debut in Last of the Summer Wine in 1982, as Wesley Pegden, the boilersuit wearing, tinkering mechanic and would be inventor. He appeared as a regular cast member for 16 series between 1985 and 2002. Thora Hird played his nagging wife Edie."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Unicode", "paragraph_text": "In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical platform dependent solutions. Nonetheless, few if any Unicode solutions have adopted these Unicode line and paragraph separators as the sole canonical line ending characters. However, a common approach to solving this issue is through newline normalization. This is achieved with the Cocoa text system in Mac OS X and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations. In this approach every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline (which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering). In other words, the text system can correctly treat the character as a newline, regardless of the input's actual encoding."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor and musician. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bodega Ridge Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Bodega Ridge Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is on Galiano Island (which lies between Vancouver and Vancouver Island) and comprises 233 hectares. The park's high cliffs are home to bald eagles, peregrine falcons, and turkey vultures."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Deepwater Horizon (film)", "paragraph_text": "On August 19, 2014, casting began, with actor Mark Wahlberg added in the lead role of the film. Wahlberg plays Mike Williams, a real - life electronics technician on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. On March 18, 2015, Gina Rodriguez was set to play a woman named Andrea Fleytas, who was on the bridge on board the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the blowout, and frantically tried to contact the Coast Guard. On April 10, 2015, Deadline reported that Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Caleb Holloway. Kurt Russell joined the film on the same day O'Brien was in talks. Soon after, John Malkovich was confirmed cast, as a BP representative who fatally underestimates the dangers of working on the rig. Kate Hudson was announced as a cast member in May, 2015, and playing the wife of Wahlberg's character; her role will be her first on - screen pairing with Russell, her stepfather, although they shared no dialogue in the film."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Five-paragraph essay", "paragraph_text": "Body paragraph 1: Explaining the first part of the three - pronged thesis. The first sentence should transition from the introductory paragraph to the current one. The sentences that follow should provide examples and support, or evidence, for the topic."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Murder at the Vicarage", "paragraph_text": "The story was adapted into a play by Moie Charles and Barbara Toy in 1949 and opened at the Playhouse Theatre on 16 December 1949. Miss Marple was played by Barbara Mullen."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Peregrine White", "paragraph_text": "Peregrine White (c. November 20, 1620 -- July 20, 1704) was the first baby boy born on the Mayflower in the harbor of Massachusetts, the second baby born on the Mayflower's historic voyage, and the first known English child born to the Pilgrims in America. His parents, William White and his pregnant wife Susanna, with their son Resolved White and two servants, came on the Pilgrim ship Mayflower in 1620. Peregrine White was born while the Mayflower lay at anchor in the harbor at Cape Cod. In later life he became a person of note in Plymouth Colony, active in both military and government affairs."}], "question": "Who did the Paragraph 175 cast member play in Miss Peregrine?"}
{"id": "2hop__72019_67694", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song)", "paragraph_text": "The original track is a slow - grooving ballad that serenades a beautiful woman, his soon - to - be fianc\u00e9, Mayte Garcia. The song was played during the Miss USA pageant in 1994, but not in full. It was widely advertised in news and trade magazines that a new song from Prince would be premiered at the pageant. The ads had Prince sitting in a chair with a hat pulled down over his face, and Garcia standing next to his chair. The song was officially released on February 24, 1994. It later appeared on The Gold Experience."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chris Sarandon", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Sarandon Jr. (/ s\u0259\u02c8r\u00e6nd\u0259n /; born July 24, 1942) is an American actor. He is known best for playing Prince Humperdinck in the movie The Princess Bride, the vampire Jerry Dandrige in Fright Night, Detective Mike Norris in Child's Play (1988), and for providing the speaking voice of Jack Skellington in The Nightmare Before Christmas. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Leon Shermer in Dog Day Afternoon."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shrek (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "The Shrek franchise from DreamWorks Animation, based on William Steig's picture book Shrek!, consists of four computer - animated films including: Shrek (2001), Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek the Third (2007), and Shrek Forever After (2010), with a fifth film planned for a 2019 or 2020 release. A short 4 - D film, Shrek 4 - D, which originally was a theme park ride, was released in 2003."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shrek!", "paragraph_text": "Shrek! is a picture book published in 1990 by American book writer and cartoonist William Steig, about a repugnant and monstrous green creature who leaves home to see the world and ends up saving a princess. The name \"Shrek\" is the romanization of the Yiddish word \u05e9\u05e8\u05e2\u05e7, corresponding to German \"\" and meaning \"fear\" or \"fright\", but also used as a common exclamation, often in the form \"Oy Shrek!\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (film)", "paragraph_text": "Samuel L. Jackson as Mr. Barron, the shapeshifting leader of the wights and hollows who is exclusive to the film. Barron and his wight and hollow minions hunt peculiars and devour their eyes upon capture to recover human form. His shapeshifting peculiarity allows him to disguise himself as another person. When he uses his peculiarity to become a person who does n't exist, his white eyes do n't change, so he has to wear contact lenses. He can also form blades, axes and / or lassos with his own hands. Allison Janney as Dr. Nancy Golan, Jake's psychiatrist and one of Mr. Barron's disguised forms. Rupert Everett as John Lamont (credited as ``Ornithologist ''), an ornithologist and another of Mr. Barron's disguised forms."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tom McGrath (animator)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas ``Tom ''McGrath (born August 7, 1964) is an American film director, animator, and voice actor known for co-directing (with Eric Darnell) the 2005 comedy Madagascar and its sequels, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa in 2008 and Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted in 2012, also providing the voice of Skipper in all films, short films and The Penguins of Madagascar television series. He has portrayed Skipper in every Madagascar installment, being the only voice actor to do so. He has also worked as a voice actor on other DreamWorks animated features like Flushed Away in 2006 and Shrek the Third in 2007. He also stepped in on Flushed Away to help make improvements prior to its release. He has also directed other DreamWorks Feature Films such as Megamind and The Boss Baby."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shrek", "paragraph_text": "\"Shrek\" premiered at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival, where it competed for the Palme d'Or, making it the first animated film since Disney's \"Peter Pan\" (1953) to receive that honor. It was widely praised as an animated film that featured adult-oriented humor and themes, while catering to children at the same time. The film was theatrically released in the United States on May 18, 2001, and grossed $484.4\u00a0million worldwide against production budget of $60\u00a0million. \"Shrek\" won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and was also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay. It also earned six award nominations from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), ultimately winning Best Adapted Screenplay. The film's success helped establish DreamWorks Animation as a prime competitor to Pixar in feature film computer animation, and three sequels were released\u2014\"Shrek 2\" (2004), \"Shrek the Third\" (2007), and \"Shrek Forever After\" (2010)\u2014along with two holiday specials, a spin-off film, and a stage musical that kickstarted the \"Shrek\" franchise. Although plans for a fifth film were cancelled prior to the fourth film's release, the project was revived in 2016 and has since stalled, with production and a potential release date getting pushed back."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Shrek the Halls", "paragraph_text": "Shrek the Halls is an American Christmas computer-animated comedy television special that premiered on the American television network ABC on Wednesday, November 28, 2007. The thirty minute Christmas special was directed by Gary Trousdale and produced by DreamWorks Animation. Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz and Antonio Banderas reprised their roles from the feature films. This Christmas special takes place between \"Shrek the Third\" and \"Shrek Forever After\". This television special was based on the children's book \"Shrek!\" by the writer William Steig, was published on October 17, 1990."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Christopher Knights", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Knights is an English voice actor, film editor and camera operator best known for providing the voice of Private the Penguin in Madagascar. He worked on several DreamWorks films Shrek, Shrek 2, Shrek the Third and Shrek 4 - D. He started his filming career at Amblimation studios and worked on We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story and Balto. When he joined DreamWorks he not only started his editing career but also his acting career. He worked on the Shrek series as an associate editor and voice of the Three Blind Mice and Thelonious, Lord Farquad's Henchman. He worked many times with another English cameraman and voice actor, Simon J. Smith."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Disney's Sleeping Beauty characters", "paragraph_text": "Prince Phillip is Aurora's true love, voiced by Bill Shirley. Phillip is based on the prince from the original French fairy tale that appears a hundred years after the princess is put to sleep by Maleficent's curse, having heard the story of the sleeping princess, and entered the castle. He trembled upon seeing the princess's beauty and fell on his knees before her. He kissed her, then she woke up, and then everyone lived happily ever after. Unlike The Prince from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Prince Charming from Cinderella, Phillip was the first prince in Disney theatrical animated features to be given a proper name and a full character."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Shrek characters", "paragraph_text": "Cookie (voiced by Craig Robinson) is an ogre and a chef for the Ogre Resistance in Shrek Forever After. Food is his only weapon against the witches and Rumpelstiltskin. His signature dish is the chimichanga, of which he takes a cartful to the ambush of Rumplestiltskin. Cookie is very recognizable due to the garlic he has tied into his goatee and a chef hat. He's a very outgoing and friendly ogre. He is the only ogre to enjoy dancing while Pied Piper plays his flute until he and the others are captured. He catapults his chimichangas at the witches during the final battle. He is also seen at the party in the end of the film."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kung Fu Panda", "paragraph_text": "Kung Fu Panda premiered in the United States on June 6, 2008. The film received positive reviews upon release. Kung Fu Panda opened in 4,114 theaters, grossing $20.3 million on its opening day and $60.2 million on its opening weekend, resulting in the number one position at the box office. The film became DreamWorks' biggest opening for a non-sequel film, the highest grossing animated film of the year worldwide, and also had the fourth - largest opening weekend for a DreamWorks animated film at the American and Canadian box office, behind Shrek 2, Shrek the Third, and Shrek Forever After."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shrek the Third", "paragraph_text": "Shrek the Third is a 2007 American computer - animated fantasy comedy film and the third installment in the Shrek franchise, produced by DreamWorks Animation. It is the sequel to 2004's Shrek 2, and is the first in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures, which acquired DreamWorks Pictures, the former parent of DreamWorks Animation, in 2006. Chris Miller and Raman Hui directed and co-directed the film, respectively, with the former also co-writing the screenplay with Jeffrey Price, Peter S. Seaman, and Aron Warner. In addition to Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Antonio Banderas, Rupert Everett, Julie Andrews, and John Cleese, who reprise their roles from Shrek 2, the film also features Justin Timberlake in the role of Arthur Pendragon and Eric Idle as Merlin. Harry Gregson - Williams composed the original music for the film. The story takes place eight months after the marriage of Shrek and Fiona in the first film. Reluctantly reigning over the kingdom of Far, Far Away, Shrek sets out to find the next heir to the throne -- Fiona's cousin Artie, while Prince Charming is plotting to overthrow Shrek and become king."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Josh Dallas", "paragraph_text": "Joshua Paul Dallas (born December 18, 1978) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Prince Charming / David Nolan in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time and Fandral in the Marvel Comics film adaptation Thor."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Despicable Me 2", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Wiig as Lucy Wilde, an Anti-Villain League agent and then Gru's love interest. Wiig previously voiced Miss Hattie in the first film."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Shrek characters", "paragraph_text": "Prince Charming (voiced by Rupert Everett in the second and third movie, Sean Bishop in Scared Shrekless) is the son of the Fairy Godmother. He is very handsome, and was supposed to rescue Princess Fiona from her dragon - guarded tower."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor and musician. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Shrek characters", "paragraph_text": "King Harold (voiced by John Cleese) was the king of Far Far Away, husband of Queen Lillian, father of Princess Fiona, and father in - law of Shrek."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Angels in the Outfield (1951 film)", "paragraph_text": "With baseball's Pittsburgh Pirates in last place, their combative, foul - mouthed manager Guffy McGovern has plenty to complain about. All this changes when, while wandering through Forbes Field in search of his good luck charm one night, Guffy is accosted by the voice of an angel (voice of James Whitmore), who hints at having been a ballplayer during his earthly life."}], "question": "Who did the voice actor of Prince Charming from Shrek play in Miss Peregrine?"}
{"id": "2hop__94457_852951", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La Fert\u00e9-sous-Jouarre memorial", "paragraph_text": "The La Fert\u00e9-sous-Jouarre memorial is a World War I memorial in France, located on the south bank of the River Marne, on the outskirts of the commune of La Fert\u00e9-sous-Jouarre, 66 kilometres east of Paris, in the department of Seine-et-Marne. Also known as the Memorial to the Missing of the Marne, it commemorates over 3,700 British and Irish soldiers with no known grave, who fell in battle in this area in August, September and early October 1914. The soldiers were part of the British Expeditionary Force, and are listed on the memorial by regiment, rank and then alphabetically."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "William Garland McQuarrie", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ottawa, Ontario, the son of Lachlan and Mary McQuarrie, McQuarrie was raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba and New Westminster, British Columbia. He studied law at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto and was called to the Bar of British Columbia in 1900. In 1919, he was created a King's Counsel. He first practiced law in Ashcroft, British Columbia and soon practiced in New Westminster."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Monument to the heroes of the October Revolution and the Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Monument to the heroes of the October Revolution and the Civil War is a memorial in Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia. It was opened in 1975."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Westminster Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Westminster Bridge is a road-and-foot-traffic bridge over the River Thames in London, linking Westminster on the west side and Lambeth on the east side."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cow and Chicken", "paragraph_text": "Cow and Chicken is an American animated comedy television series created by David Feiss for Cartoon Network and the 3rd of the network's Cartoon Cartoons. It follows the surreal adventures of two funny animal siblings, Cow and Chicken. They are often antagonized by the Red Guy, a cartoon Devil who poses as various characters to scam them."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Java API for XML Processing", "paragraph_text": "The javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory creates the SAX parser, called the SAXParser. Unlike the DOM parser, the SAX parser does not create an in-memory representation of the XML document and so runs faster and uses less memory. Instead, the SAX parser informs clients of the XML document structure by invoking callbacks, that is, by invoking methods on an org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler instance provided to the parser. This way of accessing document is called Streaming XML."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mei Shaowu", "paragraph_text": "Mei Shaowu (; 22 December 1928 - 28 September 2005) was a Chinese translator, author and scholar who was honorary president of the Mei Lanfang Memorial Hall () and president of the Mei Lanfang Literature and Art Research Association (). He also was a researcher in the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Monument to the Unknown Hero", "paragraph_text": "The Monument to the Unknown Hero ( / Spomenik Neznanom junaku) is a World War I memorial located atop Mount Avala, south-east of Belgrade, Serbia, and designed by the sculptor Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107. Memorial was built in 1934-1938 on the place where an unknown Serbian World War I soldier was buried. It is similar to many other tombs of the unknown soldier built by the allies after the war. The \u017drnov fortress was previously located on the same place."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "All\u00e9riot", "paragraph_text": "All\u00e9riot is a commune in the Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire department in Bourgogne in eastern France. It's landmarks include the Town Hall, the Church, and the War Memorial."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Monument to the Revolution of the people of Moslavina", "paragraph_text": "Monument to the Revolution of the people of Moslavina or simply Monument to the Revolution () is a World War II memorial sculpture by Du\u0161an D\u017eamonja, located in Podgari\u0107, Berek, Croatia. It is dedicated to the people of Moslavina during World War II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josep Torrellas", "paragraph_text": "Josep Torrellas (Montblanc, 1963) is Professor and Willett Faculty Scholar in the Department of Computer Science and a research faculty for the Universal Parallel Computing Research Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Torrellas' research area is computer architecture, focusing on speculative multithreading, multiprocessor organization, integration of processors and memory, and architectural support for software debuggability and machine reliability. He has been involved in the Stanford DASH and the Illinois Cedar multiprocessor projects, and led the Illinois Aggressive COMA and FlexRAM Intelligent Memory projects."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Memorial Day", "paragraph_text": "The preferred name for the holiday gradually changed from ``Decoration Day ''to`` Memorial Day,'' which was first used in 1882. Memorial Day did not become the more common name until after World War II, and was not declared the official name by Federal law until 1967. On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three - day weekend. The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971. After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress' change of date within a few years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Westminster Scholars War Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The Westminster Scholars War Memorial, also known as the Crimea and Indian Mutiny Memorial, is an 1861 memorial designed by George Gilbert Scott, installed near Westminster Abbey in Broad Sanctuary, London, United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster", "paragraph_text": "Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster, (22 March 1767\u00a0\u2013 17 February 1845) was the son of the 1st\u00a0Earl Grosvenor, whom he succeeded in 1802 as 2nd\u00a0Earl Grosvenor. He was created Marquess of Westminster in 1831. He was an English Member of Parliament (MP) and an ancestor of the modern-day Dukes of Westminster. Grosvenor continued to develop the family's London estates, he rebuilt their country house, Eaton Hall in Cheshire where he also restored the gardens, and built a new London home, Grosvenor House. He maintained and extended the family interests in the acquisition of works of art, and in horse racing and breeding racehorses."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Helen Pitts Douglass", "paragraph_text": "Helen Pitts Douglass (1838\u20131903) was an American suffragist and abolitionist, known for being the second wife of Frederick Douglass. She also created the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "War Memorial of Korea", "paragraph_text": "The War Memorial of Korea is located in Yongsan-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It opened in 1994 on the former site of the army headquarters to exhibit and memorialize the military history of Korea. It was built for the purpose of preventing war through lessons from the Korean War and for the hoped for peaceful reunification of North and South Korea. The memorial building has six indoor exhibition rooms and an outdoor exhibition centre displaying war memorabilia and military equipment from China,South Korea and United States.."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Civil Rights Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The names included in the memorial belong to those who were killed between 1954 and 1968. Those dates were chosen because in 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in schools was unlawful and 1968 is the year of the assassination of Martin Luther King. The monument was created by Maya Lin, who is best known for creating the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. The Civil Rights Memorial was dedicated in 1989."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Palace of Westminster", "paragraph_text": "Palace of Westminster The Palace of Westminster with Elizabeth Tower and Westminster Bridge, viewed from across the River Thames Location Westminster London SW1A 0AA England Coordinates 51 \u00b0 29 \u2032 57 ''N 00 \u00b0 07 \u2032 29'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 51.49917 \u00b0 N 0.12472 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 51.49917; - 0.12472 Coordinates: 51 \u00b0 29 \u2032 57 ''N 00 \u00b0 07 \u2032 29'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 51.49917 \u00b0 N 0.12472 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 51.49917; - 0.12472 Area 112,476 m (1,210,680 sq ft) (internal) Built 1016 Demolished 1834 (due to fire) Rebuilt 1840 -- 76 Architectural style (s) Perpendicular Gothic Revival Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name: Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church Type Cultural Criteria i, ii, iv Designated 1987 (11th session) Reference no. 426 Country United Kingdom Region Europe Extensions 2008 Listed Building -- Grade I Official name: Houses of Parliament / The Palace of Westminster Designated 5 February 1970 Reference no. 1226284 Location of the Palace of Westminster in central London"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Charles Marriott Oldrid Scott", "paragraph_text": "Charles Marriott Oldrid Scott (1880 \u2013 1952) was an English architect who is often best remembered for being the son of John Oldrid Scott and grandson of Sir George Gilbert Scott, both of whom were architects, as was his uncle George Gilbert Scott, Jr. and his cousins Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and Adrian Gilbert Scott. He was married and had two children; Sheila Grace and Helen Baret. After living in central London for some time, he moved to Little Kimble, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the creator of Westminster Scholars War Memorial?"}
{"id": "2hop__94411_852951", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Montelbaanstoren", "paragraph_text": "The Montelbaanstoren is a tower on bank of the Oudeschans, Amsterdam canal in the Netherlands. The original tower was built in 1516 as part of the Walls of Amsterdam for the purpose of defending the city and the harbour. The top half, designed by Hendrick de Keyser, was extended to its current, decorative form in 1606. Since then the tower is 48m high."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "National Museum of Aleppo", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Aleppo () is the largest museum in the city of Aleppo, Syria, and was founded in 1931. It is located in the heart of the northern city on Baron Street, adjacent to the famous Baron Hotel and near the Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower. The majority of the museum's exhibitions are devoted to the archaeology of Syria, with most of the finds coming from archaeological sites of the northern part of the country."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Blackpool Tower", "paragraph_text": "Blackpool Tower is a tourist attraction in Blackpool, Lancashire, England, which was opened to the public on 14 May 1894. Inspired by the Eiffel Tower in Paris, it is 518 feet (158 metres) tall and is the 120th tallest freestanding tower in the world. Blackpool Tower is also the common name for Tower buildings, an entertainment complex in a red - brick three - storey block comprising the tower, the ground floor aquarium and cafeteria, Tower Circus, the Tower Ballroom and roof gardens that was designated a Grade I listed building in 1973."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Eiffel Tower", "paragraph_text": "The Eiffel Tower (/ \u02c8a\u026af\u0259l \u02c8ta\u028a. \u0259r / EYE - f\u0259l TOW - \u0259r; French: tour Eiffel, pronounced (tu\u0281 \u203f \u025bf\u025bl) listen) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Plaza on Brickell", "paragraph_text": "Plaza on Brickell is an urban development in Miami, Florida, United States. The complex consists of two skyscrapers and a retail center at the base, connecting the two towers. The towers completed construction in late 2007. The Plaza on Brickell Tower I, the taller of the two buildings, rises and 56 floors. The Plaza on Brickell Tower II is tall, and has 48 floors. The two towers, although different in height, are twin towers in design. Both are built on land at the corner of Brickell Avenue and Southeast 9th Street, in the northern Brickell Financial District. The architect of the complex is Nichols Brosch Wurst Wolf & Associates."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Al Rajhi Tower", "paragraph_text": "Al Rajhi Tower (Arabic: \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u062d\u064a) is a $500 million USD tower currently proposed for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Designs for the sail-shaped tower have been drawn up by architects at Atkins. The tower is being built on behalf of the Al Rajhi family and will be used for commercial purposes. The family, considered by most in Saudi Arabia, as the country's wealthiest non-royals, is among the world's leading philanthropists."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rajabai Clock Tower", "paragraph_text": "The Rajabai Clock Tower was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, an English architect. He modeled it on Big Ben in London.The foundation stone was laid on 1 March 1869 and construction was completed in November 1878. The total cost of construction came to 550,000, a princely sum in those days. A portion of the total cost of construction was donated by Premchand Roychand, a prosperous broker who founded the Bombay Stock Exchange on the condition that the tower be named after his mother Rajabai."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Big Ben", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Tower Alternative names Big Ben General information Type Clock tower Architectural style Gothic Revival Location Westminster, London, England, UK Coordinates 51 \u00b0 30 \u2032 03 ''N 0 \u00b0 07 \u2032 28'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 51.5007 \u00b0 N 0.1245 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 51.5007; - 0.1245 Coordinates: 51 \u00b0 30 \u2032 03 ''N 0 \u00b0 07 \u2032 28'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 51.5007 \u00b0 N 0.1245 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 51.5007; - 0.1245 Completed 31 May 1859; 158 years ago (31 May 1859) Height 96 metres (315 ft) Technical details Floor count 11 Design and construction Architect Augustus Pugin"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Belv\u00e9d\u00e8re tower", "paragraph_text": "The Tour du Belv\u00e9d\u00e8re is a 20 metre tall observation tower located on Belv\u00e9d\u00e8re mountain near Mulhouse in Alsace, France. Tour du Belv\u00e9d\u00e8re was designed by Ph. Ant. Fauler, built in 1898 and is reminiscent of the Eiffel Tower."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gnanams Hotel", "paragraph_text": "Gnanams Hotel is a hotel in the city of Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka. The 32 room hotel is located in the heart of the city on Clock Tower Road, near Jaffna Hospital. Built in 1982, during the civil war the hotel was occupied by the Sri Lankan military for 24 years. The hotel was handed back to the owners in 2011."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Big Ben", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Tower, previously called the Clock Tower but more popularly known as Big Ben, was raised as a part of Charles Barry's design for a new palace, after the old Palace of Westminster was largely destroyed by fire on the night of 16 October 1834. The new parliament was built in a neo-gothic style. Although Barry was the chief architect of the palace, he turned to Augustus Pugin for the design of the clock tower, which resembles earlier Pugin designs, including one for Scarisbrick Hall in Lancashire. The design for the tower was Pugin's last design before his final descent into madness and death, and Pugin himself wrote, at the time of Barry's last visit to him to collect the drawings: \"I never worked so hard in my life for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex", "paragraph_text": "The Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex is located in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The western concrete building with the four-sided clock tower was built in 1906 and opened in 1907, after the previous building was destroyed by a fire in 1905. Keuffel and Esser manufactured instruments for the architectural, engineering and drafting professions at the complex from 1907 to 1968. In 1975 the building was converted to housing. The western half of the complex became known as Clock Towers, while the eastern half of the complex (which was built in 1887) was converted into residential apartments in 1984 and became what is now called the \"Grand Adams Apartments\". The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 12, 1985."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wood", "paragraph_text": "Wood has long been used as an artistic medium. It has been used to make sculptures and carvings for millennia. Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, often Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), and the Millennium clock tower, now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Charles Marriott Oldrid Scott", "paragraph_text": "Charles Marriott Oldrid Scott (1880 \u2013 1952) was an English architect who is often best remembered for being the son of John Oldrid Scott and grandson of Sir George Gilbert Scott, both of whom were architects, as was his uncle George Gilbert Scott, Jr. and his cousins Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and Adrian Gilbert Scott. He was married and had two children; Sheila Grace and Helen Baret. After living in central London for some time, he moved to Little Kimble, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New York Tribune Building", "paragraph_text": "The New York Tribune Building was a building built by Richard Morris Hunt in 1875 in New York City. It was built as the headquarters of the New York Tribune, and was a brick and masonry structure topped by a Clock Tower. It was tall and when new the second-tallest building in New York, after Trinity Church. It was demolished in 1966."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ferapontov Monastery", "paragraph_text": "In the Time of Troubles, the monastery was ravaged by the Poles. During its recovery the last buildings \u2014 the tent-like church of Saint Martinian (1641), a two-tented barbican church (1650), and a bell-tower (1680) \u2014 were added to the complex. The belfry clocks (1638) are said to be the oldest in Russia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Travelers Tower", "paragraph_text": "Travelers Tower is a 24-story, skyscraper in downtown Hartford, Connecticut. Travelers Tower was the seventh tallest building in the world when it was constructed in 1919, and is currently the second tallest building in Hartford. Travelers Tower is the fourth headquarters of Travelers Insurance Company. The architect of Travelers Tower was Donn Barber, who also designed the Connecticut State Library, Supreme Court Building and The Hartford Times Building."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Troitskaya Tower", "paragraph_text": "The Troitskaya Tower was built in 1495-1499 by an Italian architect Aloisio da Milano (known in Russia as Aleviz Fryazin Milanets). The tower has borne several names, including Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya, and Karetnaya. It received its current name in 1658 from the Troitskaya Coaching Inn (\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435) in the Kremlin. The two-story basement of the tower housed a prison in the 16th-17th centuries. There is the Troitsky Bridge, which is protected by the Kutafia Tower and leads to the gates of the Troitskaya Tower. There was also a clock on top of the tower between 1585 and 1812. In 1707, due to a threat of Swedish invasion, the gun slots of the Troitskaya Tower were enlarged to fit heavy cannons. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the Troitskaya Tower. Prior to Soviet rule the tower had an icon of the Holy Trinity atop its outward face. Because this tower was the formal entrance for huge Communist Party Congresses the icon was totally removed rather than just plastered over as were those on the Spasskaya and Nikolskaya Towers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "There are traditions long associated with football games. Students growl like wildcats when the opposing team controls the ball, while simulating a paw with their hands. They will also jingle keys at the beginning of each kickoff. In the past, before the tradition was discontinued, students would throw marshmallows during games. The Clock Tower at the Rebecca Crown Center glows purple, instead of its usual white, after a winning game, thereby proclaiming the happy news. The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or until the end of the sports season. Whereas formerly the Clock Tower was lighted only for football victories, wins for men's basketball and women's lacrosse now merit commemoration as well; important victories in other sports may also prompt an empurpling."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column, the Laves House, the Wangenheim Palace, the Lower Saxony State Archives, the Hanover Playhouse, the Kr\u00f6pcke Clock, the Anzeiger Tower Block, the Administration Building of the NORD/LB, the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre, the Lower Saxony Stock, the Ministry of Finance, the Garten Church, the Luther Church, the Gehry Tower (designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry), the specially designed Bus Stops, the Opera House, the Central Station, the Maschsee lake and the city forest Eilenriede, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. With around 40 parks, forests and gardens, a couple of lakes, two rivers and one canal, Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the designer for Rajabai Clock Tower?"}
{"id": "2hop__24242_246484", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Robert M. Young (director)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Milton Young, usually known as Robert M. Young (born November 22, 1924 in New York City, New York), is an American multi-award-winning screenwriter, director, cinematographer and producer. In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. He has frequently cast Edward James Olmos in his movies, directing him in \"Alambrista!\" (1977), \"The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez\" (1982), \"Saving Grace\" (1986), \"Triumph of the Spirit\" (1989), \"Talent for the Game\" (1991), \"Roosters\" (1993), \"Slave of Dreams\" (1995) and \"Caught\" (1996). He produced Olmos's directorial debut, \"American Me\" (1992)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "4 Clowns", "paragraph_text": "4 Clowns is a 1970 documentary compilation film written and directed by Robert Youngson that studies the golden age of comedy through a compilation of rare silent film footage of the works of Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Charley Chase and Buster Keaton. It was the last feature film project of producer, director, and writer Robert Youngson."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "North Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "North Haven is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut on the outskirts of New Haven, Connecticut. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 24,093."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Comebacks", "paragraph_text": "The Comebacks is a 2007 American satirical comedy film directed by Tom Brady (film director). This film is a parody of the clich\u00e9s and plots of the sports film genre. In the UK, Greece, Finland, Australia and New Zealand this film is called Sports Movie. The movie was released into theaters on October 19, 2007."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Robert Koenig (filmmaker)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Koenig (born July 9, 1975 in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, USA) is an American film director, producer, writer and editor. Koenig directed the documentary film \"\", which won the 2008 Artivist Award for Child Advocacy and produced \"Coexist\", which was nominated for Best Documentary Film by the African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) in 2011."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Finding John Christmas", "paragraph_text": "Finding John Christmas is a 2003 television movie that first aired on CBS. The film is a sequel to the 2001 television movie \"A Town Without Christmas\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mona Lisa Smile", "paragraph_text": "Mona Lisa Smile is a 2003 American drama film produced by Revolution Studios and Columbia Pictures in association with Red Om Films Productions, directed by Mike Newell, written by Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal, and starring Julia Roberts, Kirsten Dunst, Julia Stiles and Maggie Gyllenhaal. The title is a reference to the \"Mona Lisa\", the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci, and to the song of the same name, originally performed by Nat King Cole, which was covered by Seal for the movie. Julia Roberts received a record $25 million for her performance, the highest ever earned by an actress at that time."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Judge Not; or The Woman of Mona Diggings", "paragraph_text": "Judge Not; or The Woman of Mona Diggings is a 1915 American drama film starring Julia Dean and featuring Harry Carey."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "G Men", "paragraph_text": "G Men is a 1935 Warner Bros. crime film starring James Cagney, Ann Dvorak, Margaret Lindsay and Lloyd Nolan in his film debut. According to \"Variety,\" the movie was one of the top-grossing films of 1935. The supporting cast features Robert Armstrong and Barton MacLane."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Harry From", "paragraph_text": "Harry From (born 12 December 1934 in Bucharest, Romania - died 5 May 1996 in New York, USA) was a theater and film director, and movie producer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts, The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), with Uma Thurman, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf. The filming of Crystal Skull involved an extensive chase sequence through the streets of New Haven. Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a \"makeover\" to look like streets of 1957, when the film is set. 500 locals were cast as extras for the film. In Everybody's Fine (2009), Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station; the scene was filmed in New Haven's Union Station."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dreaming of Julia", "paragraph_text": "Dreaming of Julia (\"Cuba Libre\") is a 2003 film directed by Juan Gerard. The debut film by the director, the story is based on Gerard's childhood life in Cuba. The film was released as Cuban Blood in the US. This film was initially released on 27 January 2006 at Mexico, which directed by Juan Gerard with a budget of 108.6 million USD."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. In April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event \u2013 now held annually \u2013 at the Grauman's Chinese Theater and the Grauman's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival celebrates Hollywood and its movies, and features celebrity appearances, special events, and screenings of around 50 classic movies including several newly restored by the Film Foundation, an organization devoted to preserving Hollywood's classic film legacy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Charlie Wilson's War (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film was directed by Mike Nichols (his final film) and written by Aaron Sorkin, who adapted George Crile III's 2003 book Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, and Philip Seymour Hoffman starred, with Amy Adams and Ned Beatty in supporting roles. It was nominated for five Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, but did not win in any category. Hoffman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven was the subject of Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City, a very influential book in political science by preeminent Yale professor Robert A. Dahl, which includes an extensive history of the city and thorough description of its politics in the 1950s. New Haven's theocratic history is also mentioned several times by Alexis de Tocqueville in his classic volume on 19th-century American political life, Democracy in America. New Haven was the residence of conservative thinker William F. Buckley, Jr., in 1951, when he wrote his influential God and Man at Yale. William Lee Miller's The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society (1966) similarly explores the relationship between local politics in New Haven and national political movements, focusing on Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and urban renewal."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sympathy for the Underdog", "paragraph_text": "Sympathy for the Underdog, known in Japan as , is a 1971 Japanese yakuza film directed and co-written by Kinji Fukasaku and starring K\u014dji Tsuruta and Noboru Ando. It is director Fukasaku's (\"Battles Without Honor and Humanity\", \"Battle Royale\") last film featuring K\u014dji Tsuruta. \"Complex\" named it number 8 on their list of The 25 Best Yakuza Movies. Home Vision Entertainment released the movie on DVD in North America in 2005."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven has been depicted in a number of movies. Scenes in the film All About Eve (1950) are set at the Taft Hotel (now Taft Apartments) on the corner of College and Chapel streets, and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway \"tryouts\" is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon (1953). The city was fictionally portrayed in the Steven Spielberg movie Amistad (1997) concerning the events around the mutiny trial of that ship's rebelling captives. New Haven was also fictionalized in the movie The Skulls (2000), which focused on conspiracy theories surrounding the real-life Skull and Bones secret society which is located in New Haven."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven was the location of one of Jim Morrison's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors. The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to \"Peace Frog\" which include the line \"...blood in the streets in the town of New Haven...\" This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert.[citation needed] This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors (1991), starring Val Kilmer as Morrison, with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cry Blood, Apache", "paragraph_text": "Cry Blood, Apache is a 1970 western film directed by Jack Starrett and assistant director Robert Tessier. The film released by Liberty Entertainment was from an original story by Harold Roberts with a screenplay by Sean MacGregor and has been rereleased as part of a 20 movie DVD pack titled \"Mean Guns\" by Mill Creek Entertainment."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Something to Talk About (film)", "paragraph_text": "Something to Talk About is a 1995 American comedy - drama film directed by Lasse Hallstr\u00f6m, from a screenplay written by Callie Khouri. It stars Julia Roberts and Dennis Quaid as an estranged couple, Kyra Sedgwick as Roberts' sister, and Robert Duvall and Gena Rowlands as their parents."}], "question": "Who directed the 2003 movie featuring Julia Roberts filmed in New Haven?"}
{"id": "2hop__24242_550596", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Judge Not; or The Woman of Mona Diggings", "paragraph_text": "Judge Not; or The Woman of Mona Diggings is a 1915 American drama film starring Julia Dean and featuring Harry Carey."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert M. Young (director)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Milton Young, usually known as Robert M. Young (born November 22, 1924 in New York City, New York), is an American multi-award-winning screenwriter, director, cinematographer and producer. In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. He has frequently cast Edward James Olmos in his movies, directing him in \"Alambrista!\" (1977), \"The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez\" (1982), \"Saving Grace\" (1986), \"Triumph of the Spirit\" (1989), \"Talent for the Game\" (1991), \"Roosters\" (1993), \"Slave of Dreams\" (1995) and \"Caught\" (1996). He produced Olmos's directorial debut, \"American Me\" (1992)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kingsley Ogoro", "paragraph_text": "Kingsley Ogoro is a noted Nigerian film director, screenwriter and film producer best known for the acclaimed film \"Osuofia in London\" of 2003 in which he worked with Nkem Owoh."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "G Men", "paragraph_text": "G Men is a 1935 Warner Bros. crime film starring James Cagney, Ann Dvorak, Margaret Lindsay and Lloyd Nolan in his film debut. According to \"Variety,\" the movie was one of the top-grossing films of 1935. The supporting cast features Robert Armstrong and Barton MacLane."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. In April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event \u2013 now held annually \u2013 at the Grauman's Chinese Theater and the Grauman's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival celebrates Hollywood and its movies, and features celebrity appearances, special events, and screenings of around 50 classic movies including several newly restored by the Film Foundation, an organization devoted to preserving Hollywood's classic film legacy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Citizen Kane", "paragraph_text": "Citizen Kane is a 1941 American mystery drama film by Orson Welles, its producer, co-screenwriter, director and star. The picture was Welles's first feature film. Nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories, it won an Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles. Considered by many critics, filmmakers, and fans to be the greatest film ever made, \"Citizen Kane\" was voted as such in five consecutive British Film Institute \"Sight & Sound\" polls of critics, and it topped the American Film Institute's 100 Years\u00a0... 100 Movies list in 1998, as well as its 2007 update. \"Citizen Kane\" is particularly praised for Gregg Toland's cinematography, Robert Wise's editing, Bernard Herrmann's music, and its narrative structure, all of which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "North Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "North Haven is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut on the outskirts of New Haven, Connecticut. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 24,093."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts, The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), with Uma Thurman, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf. The filming of Crystal Skull involved an extensive chase sequence through the streets of New Haven. Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a \"makeover\" to look like streets of 1957, when the film is set. 500 locals were cast as extras for the film. In Everybody's Fine (2009), Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station; the scene was filmed in New Haven's Union Station."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Robert Dar\u00e8ne", "paragraph_text": "Robert Dar\u00e8ne (10 January 1914 \u2013 15 January 2016) was a French actor, film director and screenwriter. He appeared in twelve films between 1934 and 1959, and directed nine films between 1951 and 1963."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven was the location of one of Jim Morrison's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors. The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to \"Peace Frog\" which include the line \"...blood in the streets in the town of New Haven...\" This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert.[citation needed] This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors (1991), starring Val Kilmer as Morrison, with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven has been depicted in a number of movies. Scenes in the film All About Eve (1950) are set at the Taft Hotel (now Taft Apartments) on the corner of College and Chapel streets, and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway \"tryouts\" is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon (1953). The city was fictionally portrayed in the Steven Spielberg movie Amistad (1997) concerning the events around the mutiny trial of that ship's rebelling captives. New Haven was also fictionalized in the movie The Skulls (2000), which focused on conspiracy theories surrounding the real-life Skull and Bones secret society which is located in New Haven."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven was the subject of Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City, a very influential book in political science by preeminent Yale professor Robert A. Dahl, which includes an extensive history of the city and thorough description of its politics in the 1950s. New Haven's theocratic history is also mentioned several times by Alexis de Tocqueville in his classic volume on 19th-century American political life, Democracy in America. New Haven was the residence of conservative thinker William F. Buckley, Jr., in 1951, when he wrote his influential God and Man at Yale. William Lee Miller's The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society (1966) similarly explores the relationship between local politics in New Haven and national political movements, focusing on Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and urban renewal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Finding John Christmas", "paragraph_text": "Finding John Christmas is a 2003 television movie that first aired on CBS. The film is a sequel to the 2001 television movie \"A Town Without Christmas\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mona Lisa Smile", "paragraph_text": "Mona Lisa Smile is a 2003 American drama film produced by Revolution Studios and Columbia Pictures in association with Red Om Films Productions, directed by Mike Newell, written by Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal, and starring Julia Roberts, Kirsten Dunst, Julia Stiles and Maggie Gyllenhaal. The title is a reference to the \"Mona Lisa\", the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci, and to the song of the same name, originally performed by Nat King Cole, which was covered by Seal for the movie. Julia Roberts received a record $25 million for her performance, the highest ever earned by an actress at that time."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cry of the City", "paragraph_text": "Cry of the City is a 1948 black-and-white film noir directed by Robert Siodmak based on the novel by Henry Edward Helseth, \"The Chair for Martin Rome\". The screenwriter Ben Hecht worked on the film's script, but is not credited. The film was partly shot on location in New York City."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Johan Kling", "paragraph_text": "Johan Kling (born Carl-David Johan Natt och Dag, 7 August 1962, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish film director, screenwriter, and novelist. His debut movie, \"Darling\" (2007), won the award for best Swedish film."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yvonne Welbon", "paragraph_text": "Yvonne Welbon is an American independent film director, producer, and screenwriter based in Chicago. She is known for her films, \"Living with Pride:Ruth C. Ellis @ 100\" (1999), \"Sisters in Cinema\" (2003), and \"Monique\" (1992)\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charlie Wilson's War (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film was directed by Mike Nichols (his final film) and written by Aaron Sorkin, who adapted George Crile III's 2003 book Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, and Philip Seymour Hoffman starred, with Amy Adams and Ned Beatty in supporting roles. It was nominated for five Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, but did not win in any category. Hoffman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Something to Talk About (film)", "paragraph_text": "Something to Talk About is a 1995 American comedy - drama film directed by Lasse Hallstr\u00f6m, from a screenplay written by Callie Khouri. It stars Julia Roberts and Dennis Quaid as an estranged couple, Kyra Sedgwick as Roberts' sister, and Robert Duvall and Gena Rowlands as their parents."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull", "paragraph_text": "Screenwriters Jeb Stuart, Jeffrey Boam, Frank Darabont, and Jeff Nathanson wrote drafts before David Koepp's script satisfied the producers. The filmmakers intended to pay tribute to the science fiction B - movies of the 1950s era. Shooting began on June 18, 2007, at various locations in New Mexico; New Haven, Connecticut; Hawaii; and Fresno, California, as well as on sound stages in Los Angeles. To maintain aesthetic continuity with the previous films, the crew relied on traditional stunt work instead of computer - generated stunt doubles, and cinematographer Janusz Kami\u0144ski studied Douglas Slocombe's style from the previous films."}], "question": "Who is the screenwriter of the 2003 movie featuring Julia Roberts filmed in New Haven?"}
{"id": "2hop__15930_30120", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 \u2013 March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a \"greater confusion of purpose\", yet led to a war noted for its \"notoriously incompetent international butchery.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea. The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia, the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city-state of Venice. The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe, the Ottomans, who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century. The Ottomans expanded into Europe, reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396; a great army was sent to the Balkans, where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis. Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "\"Near East\" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: \"the Nearer East,\" reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of \"nearer\" and \"farther.\" They undoubtedly saw a need to separate the Biblical lands from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire. The Christians saw the country as the land of the Old and New Testaments, where Christianity had developed. The scholars in the field of studies that eventually became Biblical archaeology attempted to define it on the basis of archaeology."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I, leading to the emergence of the new state of Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states, thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Zenta", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Zenta or Battle of Senta, fought on 11 September 1697 just south of Zenta (Serbian: Senta; then part of the Ottoman Empire; today in Serbia), on the east side of the Tisa river, was a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683\u20131699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history. In a surprise attack, Habsburg Imperial forces routed the Ottoman army which was crossing the river. At the cost of a few hundred losses, the Habsburg forces inflicted thousands of casualties on the Ottomans, dispersed the remainder and captured the Ottoman treasure. As an immediate consequence, the Ottoman Empire lost control over Banat, while in the long run, the Habsburg victory at Zenta was the last decisive step that forced the Ottoman Empire into the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), ending the Ottoman control of large parts of Central Europe."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "For over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated \"Wild Fields\" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine, known as New Russia during Russian imperial times, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion, and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians, many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens.(ch 1)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Trade exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactures from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853\u20131856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz (reigned 1861\u20131876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "Athanasius recounts being a student, as well as being educated by the Martyrs of the Great (tenth) and last persecution of Christianity by pagan Rome.[citation needed] This persecution was most severe in the East, particularly in Egypt and Palestine. Peter of Alexandria, the 17th archbishop of Alexandria, was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution, and may have been one of those teachers. His successor as bishop of Alexandria, Alexander of Alexandria (312\u2013328) was an Origenist as well as a documented mentor of Athanasius. According to Sozomen, Bishop Alexander \"invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen\". Athanasius's earliest work, Against the Heathen \u2013 On the Incarnation (written before 319), bears traces of Origenist Alexandrian thought (such as repeatedly quoting Plato and used a definition from Aristotle's Organon) but in an orthodox way. Athanasius was also familiar with the theories of various philosophical schools, and in particular with the developments of Neo-Platonism. Ultimately, Athanasius would modify the philosophical thought of the School of Alexandria away from the Origenist principles such as the \"entirely allegorical interpretation of the text\". Still, in later works, Athanasius quotes Homer more than once (Hist. Ar. 68, Orat. iv. 29). In his letter to Emperor Constantius, he presents a defense of himself bearing unmistakable traces of a study of Demosthenes de Corona."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state (as in the Byzantine Empire) had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.:105  The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat, Prince Menshikov, on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan was committed \"to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches.\" Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire, with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, rejected the more sweeping demands."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777\u201378, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians. By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians. The Muslim population included numerous crypto-Christians, including the Linobambaki, a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities; this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gallipoli campaign", "paragraph_text": "The Gallipoli campaign, also known as the Dardanelles campaign, the Battle of Gallipoli or the Battle of \u00c7anakkale (), was a campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu in modern Turkey), from 17 February 1915 to 9 January 1916. The Entente powers, Britain, France and the Russian Empire, sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, by taking control of the straits that provided a supply route to Russia. The Allies' attack on Ottoman forts at the entrance of the Dardanelles in February 1915 failed and was followed by an amphibious landing on the Gallipoli peninsula in April 1915 to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (Istanbul)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Great Fire of Rome", "paragraph_text": "The Great Fire of Rome was an urban fire in the year AD 64. It caused widespread devastation, before being brought under control after six days. Differing accounts either blame Emperor Nero for initiating the fire or credit him with organizing measures to contain it and provide relief for refugees. According to Tacitus and later Christians, Nero blamed the devastation on the Christian community in the city, initiating the empire's first persecution against the Christians."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hundred Years' Croatian\u2013Ottoman War", "paragraph_text": "Pope Leo X called Croatia the \"Antemurale Christianitatis\" (\"Bulwark of Christianity\") in 1519, given that Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Turks. The advancement of the Ottoman Empire in Europe was stopped in 1593 on Croatian soil (Battle of Sisak). Nevertheless, the Muslim Ottoman Empire occupied parts of Croatia from the 16th to the end of the 17th century."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446\u20131453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe."}], "question": "What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between the place where persecution of Christianity was the worst and West?"}
{"id": "2hop__15930_17443", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards \"barbarian\" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th\u20136th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific \"mother city\". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European powers. The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King \u00c1rp\u00e1d (d. c. 907) after a series of invasions in the 9th century. The papacy, long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings, first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III (pope 1198\u20131216). Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic north-east brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Little Baldon air crash", "paragraph_text": "The Little Baldon air crash occurred on 6 July 1965 when a Handley Page Hastings C1A transport aircraft operated by No. 36 Squadron Royal Air Force, registration TG577, crashed into a field in Little Baldon, near Chiselhampton, Oxfordshire, shortly after taking off from RAF Abingdon. The flight was captained by Flt Lt John Akin. All 41 people aboard, including six crew, perished in the crash, making it the third worst air crash in the United Kingdom at the time."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sparatocos", "paragraph_text": "Sparatocos (Ancient Greek, \u03a3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from ca. 450 BC to before 431 BC, succeeding his father, Teres I."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Taifa of Baeza", "paragraph_text": "The Taifa of Baeza was a medieval taifa Moorish kingdom. It existed only from 1224 to 1226, when it fell to the Christian Kingdom of Castile."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "Athanasius recounts being a student, as well as being educated by the Martyrs of the Great (tenth) and last persecution of Christianity by pagan Rome.[citation needed] This persecution was most severe in the East, particularly in Egypt and Palestine. Peter of Alexandria, the 17th archbishop of Alexandria, was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution, and may have been one of those teachers. His successor as bishop of Alexandria, Alexander of Alexandria (312\u2013328) was an Origenist as well as a documented mentor of Athanasius. According to Sozomen, Bishop Alexander \"invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen\". Athanasius's earliest work, Against the Heathen \u2013 On the Incarnation (written before 319), bears traces of Origenist Alexandrian thought (such as repeatedly quoting Plato and used a definition from Aristotle's Organon) but in an orthodox way. Athanasius was also familiar with the theories of various philosophical schools, and in particular with the developments of Neo-Platonism. Ultimately, Athanasius would modify the philosophical thought of the School of Alexandria away from the Origenist principles such as the \"entirely allegorical interpretation of the text\". Still, in later works, Athanasius quotes Homer more than once (Hist. Ar. 68, Orat. iv. 29). In his letter to Emperor Constantius, he presents a defense of himself bearing unmistakable traces of a study of Demosthenes de Corona."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portug\u00e1lia \u2014 the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of Le\u00f3n, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (Le\u00f3n and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of Le\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD when finally ended by the Indo-Scythians."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mawdud", "paragraph_text": "In 1113 Toghtekin of Damascus, tired of the ravages by the Christian forces against his territories, appealed to Mawdud to join him to invade the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The two pillaged Galilee and besieged Tiberias, though without being able to capture it. On June 28, however, the Muslims defeated King Baldwin I of Jerusalem's army at the Battle of Al-Sannabra. Reinforcements saved the Christian forces from total annihilation and prevented the Muslim commanders from exploiting the victory, and ultimately forced them to retreat to Damascus due to a lack of supplies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Sisak", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Sisak (; ; ; ) was fought on 22 June 1593 between Ottoman regional forces of Telli Hasan Pasha, a notable commander (Beglerbeg) of the Eyalet of Bosnia, and a combined Christian army from the Habsburg lands, mainly Kingdom of Croatia and Inner Austria. The battle took place at Sisak, central Croatia, at the confluence of the rivers Sava and Kupa."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438\u2013110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the \"young Scythians\". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Despite their initial reluctance, the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions, presumably in order to help maintain control of the population. In the Ptolemaic kingdom, we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards. The Indo-Greek kingdom, we find kings who were converts to Buddhism (e.g. Menander). The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. In this way, hybrid 'Hellenistic' cultures naturally emerged, at least among the upper echelons of society."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arab Kingdom of Syria", "paragraph_text": "As a \"Kingdom\" it existed only a little over four months, from 8 March to 25 July 1920. During its brief existence, the kingdom was led by Sharif Hussein bin Ali's son Faisal bin Hussein. Despite its claims to the territory of Greater Syria, Faisal's government controlled a limited area and was dependent on Britain which, along with France, generally opposed the idea of a Greater Syria and refused to recognize the kingdom. The kingdom surrendered to French forces on 25 July 1920."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "A year before Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n. The second son, Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first Garc\u00eda died childless and Le\u00f3n passed to Ordo\u00f1o. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The gospel", "paragraph_text": "In Christianity, the gospel (Greek: \u03b5\u1f50\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd euang\u00e9lion; Old English: gospel), or the Good News, is the news of the coming of the Kingdom of God (Mark 1: 14 - 15). Paul's gospel is of Jesus's death on the cross and resurrection to restore people's relationship with God. It may also include the descent of the Holy Spirit upon believers and the second coming of Jesus."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sadalas III", "paragraph_text": "Sadalas III (Ancient Greek: \u03a3\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from 42 BC to 31 BC. He was possibly the son of Sadalas II."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}], "question": "What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the area where persecution of Christianity was the worst?"}
{"id": "2hop__822850_653494", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Main Attraction (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jazz Contemporary", "paragraph_text": "Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label. The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "At the Village Vanguard", "paragraph_text": "At the Village Vanguard (subtitled You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart) is a live album by jazz drummer Paul Motian recorded at the Village Vanguard and originally released on the German JMT label. Recorded in 1995 it features performances by Motian with Bill Frisell and Joe Lovano. The album was rereleased on the Winter & Winter label in 2005."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Foolin' Myself", "paragraph_text": "Foolin' Myself is an album of trio performances by the American jazz pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1988 and released on the Italian Soul Note label."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "It's What's Happenin'", "paragraph_text": "It's What's Happenin' (subtitled The Varitone Sound of Clark Terry) is an album by American jazz trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1967 for the Impulse! label. Remastered in 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Impulse! Records, it was reissued together with Terry's only other record for the label as a solo leader, \"The Happy Horns of Clark Terry\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Jazz Skyline", "paragraph_text": "The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Soundsigns", "paragraph_text": "Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Differentology", "paragraph_text": "\"Differentology\" is a song by Trinidadian singer and songwriter Bunji Garlin. \"Differentology\" was released by Sheriff Music on November 7, 2012, as one of the first of Garlin's offerings for the 2013 Carnival season in Trinidad and Tobago. The song was written by Garlin, and produced by Keron Thompson. Garlin stated that the song was a blessing from God that was a great collaboration with the song's producer Keron \"Sheriff\" Thompson while in an impromptu session while his wife Fayann Lyons was in law class. Fayann then suggested afterwards to add Nigel Rojas the amazing guitarist and artist to the track."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Benny Golson's New York Scene", "paragraph_text": "Benny Golson's New York Scene is the debut album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in late 1957 and originally released on the Contemporary label."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tijuana Jazz", "paragraph_text": "Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label. The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "More Blues and the Abstract Truth", "paragraph_text": "More Blues and the Abstract Truth is an album by American jazz composer, conductor and arranger Oliver Nelson featuring performances recorded in 1964 for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Opus de Jazz", "paragraph_text": "Opus de Jazz (subtitled A Hi-Fi Recording for Flute, Vibes, Piano, Bass, Drums) is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1955 and released on the Savoy label."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Three for Shepp", "paragraph_text": "Three for Shepp is the debut album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Waterfalls (album)", "paragraph_text": "Waterfalls is a live album by American saxophonist and composer John Klemmer featuring studio enhanced live performances recorded in Los Angeles for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Plenty, Plenty Soul", "paragraph_text": "Plenty, Plenty Soul is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1957 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Something Personal", "paragraph_text": "Something Personal is an album by American jazz pianist Jack Wilson featuring performances recorded and released on the Blue Note label in 1967."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm", "paragraph_text": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances with Ernie Henry recorded in 1957 and released on the Riverside label. This was Henry's last recording session."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "For Someone I Love", "paragraph_text": "For Someone I Love is an album by vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring big band performances arranged by Melba Liston recorded in 1963 and released on the Riverside label."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thinking of Home", "paragraph_text": "Thinking of Home is an album by jazz saxophonist Hank Mobley recorded on July 31, 1970 but not released by the Blue Note label until 1980. It features performances by Mobley with Woody Shaw, Cedar Walton, Eddie Diehl, Mickey Bass, and Leroy Williams and was Mobley's final recordings for Blue Note, and his 26th album on the label."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Global (Bunji Garlin album)", "paragraph_text": "Global is an album by Trinidadian Ragga Soca artist Bunji Garlin released in 2007 by VP Records. The album is Garlin's first that he aimed at international audiences, with previous releases aimed only at the West Indies, and he explained \"In order for the genre to grow, we have to put out music that people throughout all of the islands can feel, not just for Trinidad\". The album features guest appearances by Chris Black (on \"Swing It\") and Freddie McGregor (on \"One Family\"). Allmusic's Rick Anderson called it \"very nice overall\", commenting that Garlin's vocals were \"straight out of the dancehall -- more rapid-fire declamation than melodic calypso crooning\"."}], "question": "What is the record label of the Differentology performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__391857_121671", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Paul Franco", "paragraph_text": "Paul N. Franco (born 1956) is a professor of government at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, and a leading authority on the British political philosopher Michael Oakeshott."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "Imperial College Boat Club\nThe Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Freemasonry", "paragraph_text": "Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions \u2013 and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of \u00a3186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington celebrating the encouragement of the arts, industry, and science. Albert insisted the Great Exhibition surplus should be used as a home for culture and education for everyone. His commitment was to find practical solutions to today's social challenges. Prince Albert's vision built the Victoria and Albert Museum, Science Museum, Natural History Museum, Geological Museum, Royal College of Science, Royal College of Art, Royal School of Mines, Royal School of Music, Royal College of Organists, Royal School of Needlework, Royal Geographical Society, Institute of Recorded Sound, Royal Horticultural Gardens, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. Royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sisowath Monireth", "paragraph_text": "Prince Sisowath Monireth (; November 25, 1909 \u2013 September 1975) was Prime Minister of Cambodia, during the French Protectorate Period, from October 17, 1945 to December 15, 1946. One of the most prominent members of the Sisowath line of the royal family at the time, he had earlier been passed over for the throne by the French authorities in favor of Norodom Sihanouk, whom they considered to be more pliable. The prince, however, remained heir to the throne under Sihanouk's reign."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Andrew Lang", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Lang (31 March 1844 \u2013 20 July 1912 ) was a Scottish poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Prisdang", "paragraph_text": "Prince Prisdang was born in Bangkok, as Prince Prisdang Chumsai, a grandson of Rama III. He was educated in Singapore and in England, subsequently graduated with all the top awards from King's College London in 1876. The event was reported in \"The Times\" of London on 7 July that year."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Donald Alexander MacKinnon", "paragraph_text": "Donald Alexander MacKinnon (22 February 1863 \u2013 20 April 1928) was a Canadian teacher, lawyer, politician, author, and the eighth Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island from 1904 to 1910."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Prince Prigio", "paragraph_text": "Prince Prigio is a literary and comic fairy tale written by Andrew Lang in 1889, and illustrated by Gordon Browne. It draws in Lang's folklorist background for many tropes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David Chavchavadze", "paragraph_text": "Prince David Chavchavadze (May 20, 1924 \u2013 October 5, 2014) was an American author and a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer of Georgian-Russian origin."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Raja Lakhamgouda Law College", "paragraph_text": "Raja Lakhamgouda Law College is an institution for legal education located in Belgaum, Karnataka, India. It was established in 1939 by the Karnataka Law Society, and is one of the oldest Indian Law Colleges. The college is named after Raja Lakhamgouda Sirdesai, the head of the former princely state of Vantamuri who has served as a mentor and donor to the school."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alfred W. Anthony", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Williams Anthony (13 January 1860 \u2013 20 January 1939) was an American author, Freewill Baptist leader, and religion professor at Bates College in Maine."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A Christmas Prince", "paragraph_text": "An aspiring young journalist, Amber Moore, is sent to the foreign nation of Aldovia to cover a press conference regarding the crown prince Richard, who is set to take the throne following his father's recent death. Richard is alleged to be an irresponsible playboy and is also rumored to be planning to abdicate. Though she hopes it will lead to a big break, the prince fails to appear for the press conference, frustrating the assembled journalists. However, Amber is soon mistaken for the new tutor of the young princess, Emily, and takes the opportunity to go undercover to investigate the rumors of abdication."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Moses Hamon", "paragraph_text": "Moses Hamon (Granada, c. 1490 \u2013 1567) (Amon) was the son of Joseph Hamon, born in Spain. Going with his father to Constantinople, he became physician to Sultan Sulaiman I. This \"famous prince and great physician,\" as he is called by Judah ibn Verga, accompanied the monarch on all his expeditions, enjoying great favor on account of his knowledge and skill."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Go Big or Go Home (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Go Big or Go Home ''is a song recorded by American pop rock band American Authors as the first single from their second studio album, What We Live For. The song was released on May 18, 2015."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Loring Danforth", "paragraph_text": "Loring M. Danforth is a professor of anthropology and epistemology, and an author working at Bates College in the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Prince and the Pauper", "paragraph_text": "The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by American author Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada, before its 1882 publication in the United States. The novel represents Twain's first attempt at historical fiction. Set in 1547, it tells the story of two young boys who are identical in appearance: Tom Canty, a pauper who lives with his abusive father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London, and Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Chota Nagpur Division", "paragraph_text": "Chota Nagpur Division became part of the new province of Bihar and Orissa when it was created in 1912. In 1936 the province was split into the separate provinces of Bihar and Orissa, and the princely states were placed under the authority of the Eastern States Agency."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees."}], "question": "What college did Prince Prigio's author attend?"}
{"id": "2hop__484926_41638", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Agra", "paragraph_text": "Sh\u0101h Jah\u0101n later shifted the capital to Delhi during his reign, but his son Aurangzeb moved the capital back to Akbarab\u0101d, usurping his father and imprisoning him in the Fort there. Akbarab\u0101d remained the capital of India during the rule of Aurangzeb until he shifted it to Aurangabad in the Deccan in 1653."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, \u00d6gedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China. \u00d6gedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. M\u00f6ngke Khan succeeded \u00d6gedei's son, G\u00fcy\u00fck, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors. Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean King, saying that the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uighurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a \"mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron,\" respectively. He adds that \"Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency. Subsequently housing for them was developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s. Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens, was the last residential areas built by the British Raj."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mongol invasions of Korea", "paragraph_text": "Upon the 1251 ascension of M\u00f6ngke Khan, the Mongols again repeated their demands. M\u00f6ngke Khan sent envoys to Goryeo, announcing his coronation in October 1251. He also demanded the King Gojong be summoned before him in person and his headquarters be moved from Ganghwa Island to the Korean mainland. But the Goryeo court refused to send the king because the old king was unable to travel so far. M\u00f6ngke again dispatched his envoys with specific tasks. The envoys were well received by the Goryeo officials but they also criticized them, saying their king did not follow his overlord M\u00f6ngke's orders. M\u00f6ngke ordered the prince Yeku to command the army against Korea. However, a Korean in the court of M\u00f6ngke convinced them to begin their campaign in July 1253. Yeku, along with Amuqan, demanded the Goryeo court to surrender. The court refused but did not resist the Mongols and gathered the peasantry into the mountain fortresses and islands. Working together with the Goryeo commanders who had joined the Mongols, Jalairtai Qorchi ravaged Korea. When one of Yeku's envoys arrived, Gojong personally met him at his new palace in Sin Chuan-bug. Gojong finally agreed to move the capital back to the mainland, and sent his stepson Angyeong as a hostage. The Mongols agreed to a cease fire in January 1254."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against Japan in 1274. Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou in 1276, the wealthiest city of China. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Washington Capitals", "paragraph_text": "The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment, headed by Ted Leonsis. From 1974 to 1997 the Capitals played their home games at the Capital Centre, in Landover, Maryland (a suburb of Washington, D.C.). In 1997 the team moved to the arena now called Capital One Arena, their present home arena in Washington, D.C."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. Han Chinese were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers. Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called \"Right Alan Guard\" which was combined with \"recently surrendered\" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih). After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with Chinese and Qara-Khitays (Khitans) of gardens and fields in Samarqand was put upon the Muslims as a requirement since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them. The Mongol appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Qara-Khitay (Khitan), held the title Taishi, familiar with Chinese culture his name was Ahai"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his Mongolian heritage."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Washington Capitals seasons", "paragraph_text": "The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Capitals played at the Capital Centre from their inaugural season in 1974 to 1997, when they moved to the MCI Center, now known as the Capital One Arena. In 42 completed seasons, the Capitals have qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs 27 times, making two Stanley Cup Finals appearances during the 1997 -- 98 and 2017 -- 18 seasons, winning the latter."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maria Palaiologina", "paragraph_text": "Maria Palaiologina () was the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (ruled 1258-1282) who became the wife of the Mongol ruler Abaqa Khan, and an influential Christian leader among the Mongols. After Abaqa's death she became the leader of a Monastery in Constantinople which was popularly named after her as Saint Mary of the Mongols."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that \"they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Parliament of South Africa", "paragraph_text": "Parliament sits in Cape Town, even though the seat of government is in Pretoria. This dates back to the foundation of the Union, when there was disagreement among the four provinces as to which city would be the national capital. As a compromise, Cape Town was designated the legislative capital, Bloemfontein the judicial capital, and Pretoria the administrative capital. The African National Congress (ANC) government has proposed moving Parliament to Pretoria, arguing that the present arrangement is cumbersome as ministers, civil servants and diplomats must move back and forth when Parliament is in session."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Toluid Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Toluid Civil War was a war of succession fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq B\u00f6ke, from 1260 to 1264. M\u00f6ngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to a civil war. The Toluid Civil War, and the wars that followed it (such as the Berke\u2013Hulagu war and the Kaidu\u2013Kublai war), weakened the authority of the Great Khan over the Mongol Empire and split the empire into autonomous khanates."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kublai Khan", "paragraph_text": "In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty, which ruled over present-day Mongolia, China, Korea, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was completed and Kublai became the first non-Han emperor to conquer all of China."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kievan Rus'", "paragraph_text": "In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044c/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Song dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods, Northern and Southern. During the Northern Song (Chinese: \u5317\u5b8b; 960 -- 1127), the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China. The Southern Song (Chinese: \u5357\u5b8b; 1127 -- 1279) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in the Jin -- Song Wars. During this time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an (now Hangzhou). Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional ``birthplace of Chinese civilization ''along the Yellow River, the Song economy was still strong, as the Southern Song Empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land. The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad. To repel the Jin, and later the Mongols, the Song developed revolutionary new military technology augmented by the use of gunpowder. In 1234, the Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. M\u00f6ngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, died in 1259 while besieging the city of Chongqing. His younger brother Kublai Khan was proclaimed the new Great Khan, though his claim was only partially recognized by the Mongols in the west. In 1271, Kublai Khan was proclaimed the Emperor of China. After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies conquered the Song dynasty in 1279. The Mongol invasion led to a reunification under the Yuan dynasty (1271 -- 1368)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266. In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the Mandate of Heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143) in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty. The name of the dynasty originated from the I Ching and describes the \"origin of the universe\" or a \"primal force\". Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the \"Great Capital\" or Daidu (Dadu, Chinese: \u5927\u90fd in Chinese) of the dynasty. The era name was changed to Zhiyuan to herald a new era of Chinese history. The adoption of a dynastic name legitimized Mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional Chinese political succession. Khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration, while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes."}], "question": "Where did Tolui's child move the Mongol capital to?"}
{"id": "2hop__29332_21439", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Break It to Me Gently (Aretha Franklin song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Break It to Me Gently\" is a song written by Carole Bayer Sager and Marvin Hamlisch which was an R&B hit for Aretha Franklin in 1977. Released from the \"Sweet Passion\" album, it reached Number 1 on the Hot Soul Singles chart in June 1977. The song's success was only faintly reflected on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 with a Number 85 peak, before dropping out of the Hot 100 after two weeks. \"Break It to Me Gently\" would be Franklin's final Atlantic single to appear on the Hot 100 - from which she would be absent until 1980."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yale University", "paragraph_text": "During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having \"foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique\". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was \"so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it\" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for \"liberalism and elitism\". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, \"In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams. This action greatly displeased his mother, who was also a professor at the university. She later commented, \"It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life... but some career goals don't require college. For Kanye to make an album called College Dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are, rather than following the path society has carved out for you.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "For decades after the Second World War, any national symbol or expression was a taboo. However, the Germans are becoming increasingly patriotic. During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire, nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment \"I'm proud to be German.\" And 78%, if free to choose their nation, would opt for German nationality with \"near or absolute certainty\". Another study in 2009, carried out by the Identity Foundation in D\u00fcsseldorf, showed that 73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twice more than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there's an ongoing normalisation and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The dismal results caused Gephardt to drop out and later endorse Kerry. Carol Moseley Braun also dropped out, endorsing Howard Dean. Besides the impact of coming in third, Dean was further hurt by a speech he gave at a post-caucus rally. Dean was shouting over the cheers of his enthusiastic audience, but the crowd noise was being filtered out by his unidirectional microphone, leaving only his full-throated exhortations audible to the television viewers. To those at home, he seemed to raise his voice out of sheer emotion. The incessant replaying of the \"Dean Scream\" by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of media bias. The scream scene was shown approximately 633 times by cable and broadcast news networks in just four days following the incident, a number that does not include talk shows and local news broadcasts. However, those who were in the actual audience that day insist that they were not aware of the infamous \"scream\" until they returned to their hotel rooms and saw it on TV."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Operation Gold Ingot", "paragraph_text": "Operation Gold Ingot (, ) is a 1962 French-Italian heist film directed by Georges Lautner and starring Martine Carol. It is based on a novel by M.G. Braun."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Miss USA 1990", "paragraph_text": "At the conclusion of the final competition, Carole Gist of Michigan was crowned by outgoing titleholder Gretchen Polhemus of Texas. Carole became the first African American winner ever and the first woman from Michigan to be crowned as Miss USA. Ending the streak of \"Texas Aces\" from 1985."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Amy Davis", "paragraph_text": "Amy Davis studied at Rhode Island School of Design and graduated with a BFA in Illustration. She has been known to describe her experience at RISD as one of torture and anguish, saying that she \"tried to drop out but was forced to stay and graduate.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Millers", "paragraph_text": "\"The Millers\" is set in Leesburg, Virginia where Nathan Miller is a local television news reporter. His sister Debbie runs a combination yoga studio/vegan restaurant with her husband Adam, with whom she has a daughter named Mikayla. Nathan does not have any children and often hangs out with Ray, his friend who also serves as a cameraman for the television station at which Nathan works. As the series begins, Nathan and Debbie's bickering parents, Tom and Carol Miller, are returning from Myrtle Beach. Nathan informs them he divorced his wife, Janice, several months ago. Tom responds by deciding to leave Carol, ending their 43-year marriage. Tom moves in with Debbie and Adam while Carol moves in with Nathan, each driving their children crazy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hallam Moseley", "paragraph_text": "Hallam Reynold Moseley (born 28 May 1948 in Christ Church, Barbados) is a former first-class cricketer who played for Somerset and Barbados in a career spanning from 1969 to 1982. He was a right-arm fast-medium pace bowler who, in the opinion of Sir Garry Sobers, was never far away from a place in the West Indies team."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Last Man Standing (American TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee (seasons 2 -- 5), Chuck's wife and Mike and Vanessa's neighbor. She is also Vanessa's best friend. Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open - minded around her, but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Secret ballot", "paragraph_text": "Before 1890, partisan newspapers printed filled - out ballots which party workers distributed on election day so voters could drop them directly into the boxes. All of the states replaced these with secret ballots around 1890, popularly called ``Australian ballots. ''They were printed by the local government and listed all the candidates impartially."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Asking for Trouble", "paragraph_text": "Asking for Trouble is a 1942 British comedy film directed by Oswald Mitchell and starring Max Miller, Carole Lynne and Wilfrid Hyde-White. Its plot follows a fishmonger who takes up bookmaking to earn extra cash."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib\u2013Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", "paragraph_text": "``Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You ''Cover of the 1967 US single Single by Frankie Valli from the album Frankie Valli: Solo B - side`` The Trouble With Me'' Released May 1967 (1967 - 05) Format 7 ''Recorded April 1967 Genre Pop rock Length 2: 58 Label Philips Songwriter (s) Bob Crewe Bob Gaudio Producer (s) Bob Crewe Frankie Valli singles chronology ``The Proud One'' (1966)`` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You ''(1967) ``I Make a Fool of Myself'' (1967)`` The Proud One ''(1966) ``Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You'' (1967)`` I Make a Fool of Myself ''(1967)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Holy Trinity Academy (Drayton Valley)", "paragraph_text": "Holy Trinity Academy is a Catholic High School in the town of Drayton Valley, Alberta. Its first graduating class was the Class of 2009."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Henry Moseley", "paragraph_text": "Henry Moseley had been a very promising schoolboy at Summer Fields School (where one of the four 'leagues' is named after him), and he was awarded a King's scholarship to attend Eton College. In 1906 he won the chemistry and physics prizes at Eton. In 1906, Moseley entered Trinity College of the University of Oxford, where he earned his bachelor's degree. Immediately after graduation from Oxford in 1910, Moseley became a demonstrator in physics at the University of Manchester under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford. During Moseley's first year at Manchester, he had a teaching load as a graduate teaching assistant, but following that first year, he was reassigned from his teaching duties to work as a graduate research assistant. He declined a fellowship offered by Rutherford, preferring to move back to Oxford, in November 1913, where he was given laboratory facilities but no support."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Barack Obama", "paragraph_text": "In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq. On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally, and spoke out against the war. He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that \"it's not too late\" to stop the war.Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates. In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide\u2014which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father. In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004. Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan. In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70% of the vote."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley. Moseley's successor, General Norton A. Schwartz, a former tactical airlift and special operations pilot was the first officer appointed to that position who did not have a background as a fighter or bomber pilot. The Washington Post reported in 2010 that General Schwartz began to dismantle the rigid class system of the USAF, particularly in the officer corps."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mugworth", "paragraph_text": "Mugworth is an upcoming hand-drawn animated film directed by animator Marc Fernandez Garcia and starring actors Bill Moseley, John Waters and Darren Smith. It features different Christmas related stories and a wrap around segment that parodies Charles Dickens classic A Christmas Carol. It can be defined as an anthology film. The tournage of film was in Caldes de Montbui (Barcelona), Spain."}], "question": "Why was the troubled candidate that Carol Moseley Braun ended up endorsing after she dropped out proud of his graduating class?"}
{"id": "2hop__21440_21439", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Matilde Zimmermann", "paragraph_text": "Matilde Zimmermann (born September 6, 1943) is an American author and professor who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for United States Vice President in 1980. The party had three different Presidential candidates that year, Andrew Pulley, Richard H. Congress and Clifton DeBerry depending on the state. She was at the time a writer for the party newspaper \"The Militant\". Zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states in 1984; Melvin T. Mason was the presidential candidate."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Perry Cox", "paragraph_text": "Cox is a graduate of Hale University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the former being a fictional adaptation of Yale University."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jack Fellure", "paragraph_text": "Lowell Jackson Fellure (born October 3, 1931) is an American perennial political candidate and retired engineer. He was the presidential nominee of the Prohibition Party for the 2012 presidential election."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vitaliy Kononov", "paragraph_text": "Vitaly Mykolayovych Kononov (; born 2 April 1950 in Kobuleti, Adjara) was a candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, nominated by the Green Party of Ukraine, which he then chaired. He was a national deputy of Ukraine, and been concerned with issues such as youth politics, physical training and sport. Since 1999, he has been a member of the Board of Ukrainian-wide union of democratic forces \"Consent\". He was also a presidential candidate in 1999, receiving 0.29% of the votes and finished 11th of 13 candidates."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yale University", "paragraph_text": "Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about \"social medicine\" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the \"Yale System\" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oktay Sinano\u011flu", "paragraph_text": "On December 21, 1963, Oktay Sinano\u011flu married to Paula Armbruster, who was doing graduate work at Yale University. The wedding ceremony took place in the Branford College Chapel of Yale."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Benjamin Anastas", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Anastas (born 1969) is an American novelist, memoirist, journalist and book reviewer born in Gloucester, Massachusetts. He teaches literature at Bennington College and is part of the core faculty of the Bennington Writing Seminars."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyrille Thouvenin", "paragraph_text": "Cyrille Thouvenin (born 15 May 1976) is a French actor. Former pupil of Cours Florent and a graduate of the National Conservatory of Dramatic Art (class of 2001)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'\u00e9tat and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yale University", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location \u2013 the others are Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara \u2013 for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative. As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, \"Debating Globalization\". As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar, \"Understanding Politics and Politicians.\" Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, University College London, and both schools\u2019 affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care\u2014a growing field known as translational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but \"no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States presidential nominating convention", "paragraph_text": "In 1831 the Anti-Masonic Party convened in Baltimore, Maryland to select a single presidential candidate agreeable to the whole party leadership in the 1832 presidential election. The National Republican and Democratic Parties soon followed suit."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brian D'Amato", "paragraph_text": "D'Amato received a BA from Yale University and an MA from the CUNY Graduate Center. At Yale, D'Amato studied with John Hollander, Erwin Hauer, and William Bailey. At the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, he studied with Robert Pincus-Witten."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yale University", "paragraph_text": "Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yale University", "paragraph_text": "During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having \"foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique\". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was \"so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it\" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for \"liberalism and elitism\". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, \"In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ben Pakulski", "paragraph_text": "Ben Pakulski graduated with honors from the University of Western Ontario with a B.S. in Kinesiology. On his website, he attributes this background for making his name \"synonymous with an intelligent and healthy approach to bodybuilding.\" He teaches seminars and coaches aspiring bodybuilders with his education in nutrition and exercise science. As per his website, since November 2012, he has been actively writing a book on bodybuilding."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush, who was born when his father, former president George H. W. Bush, was living in New Haven while a student at Yale. In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of former presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, and Bill Clinton, as well as Secretary of State John Kerry. President Clinton met his wife, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, while the two were students at Yale Law School. Former vice presidents John C. Calhoun and Dick Cheney also studied in New Haven (although the latter did not graduate from Yale). Before the 2008 election, the last time there was not a person with ties to New Haven and Yale on either major party's ticket was 1968. James Hillhouse, a New Haven native, served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate in 1801."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Leonard Shayo", "paragraph_text": "Leonard Shayo (born 1948) is a Tanzanian politician and member of the Demokrasia Makini party. Running as the party's presidential candidate in the 14 December 2005 elections, Shayo placed ninth out of ten candidates, receiving 0.15% of the vote."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Whig Party (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844 and General Zachary Taylor of Kentucky in 1848. Another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey, was the Whig Party's last presidential nominee in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president and both died in office. John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrison's death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became President after Taylor's death in 1850, was the last Whig President."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2000 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 2000. Republican candidate George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st President George H.W. Bush, narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Al Gore, the incumbent vice president. It was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2008 United States Senate elections", "paragraph_text": "Going into these elections, the Senate consisted of 49 Democrats, 49 Republicans, and two Independents who caucused with the Democrats, giving the Democratic caucus the slightest 51 - 49 majority. Of the seats up for election in 2008, 23 were held by Republicans and 12 by Democrats. The Republicans, who openly conceded early on that they would n't be able to regain the majority in 2008, lost eight seats. This election was the second cycle in a row in which no seats switched from Democratic to Republican. In addition, this was the largest Democratic Senate gain since 1986, when they also won eight seats. These elections marked the first time since 1964 in which a Democratic presidential candidate won the White House with Senate coattails. Finally, 2008 was the first presidential election year since 1948 in which Senate Class 2 saw net gains for the winning presidential candidate's party."}], "question": "Why was the former presidential candidate and DNC chair proud of his graduating class?"}
{"id": "2hop__399709_680608", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "La Ferme C\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9s", "paragraph_text": "La Ferme C\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9s is the French version of the international TV show \"The Farm\", produced in France by Endemol and broadcast on TF1. A certain number of B-List celebrities (about 14) appear on it. The show was running in 2004 and 2005, then in 2010. It was hosted by Christophe Dechavanne and Patrice Carmouze in 2004 and 2005 . The farm was located in Visan, Vaucluse in the first seasons. For the season 3, the farm is located in South Africa, Benjamin Castaldi (who hosted the French Pop Idol and the French Big Brother, \"Secret Story\") and Jean-Pierre Foucault (Miss France and Who wants to be a millionaire?) are the new hosts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "West Fargo, North Dakota", "paragraph_text": "West Fargo is a city in Cass County, North Dakota, United States. It is, as of the 2018 Census Estimates, the fifth largest city in the state of North Dakota with a population estimated at 36,566, and it is one of the state's fastest growing cities. West Fargo was founded in 1926. The city is part of the Fargo-Moorhead, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Big Iron Farm Show", "paragraph_text": "The Big Iron Farm Show is a large farm show held on the grounds of the Red River Valley Fairgrounds in West Fargo, North Dakota. The show started in 1980 in Casselton, North Dakota, but moved to West Fargo in 1981."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}], "question": "What county includes the region where Big Iron Farm Show is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__484926_41689", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his Mongolian heritage."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the Mongol postal system, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes (\u9214, Chao). Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West. Kublai expanded the Grand Canal from southern China to Daidu in the north. Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan. He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant Marco Polo, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China. Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like Christopher Columbus to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Toluid Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Toluid Civil War was a war of succession fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq B\u00f6ke, from 1260 to 1264. M\u00f6ngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to a civil war. The Toluid Civil War, and the wars that followed it (such as the Berke\u2013Hulagu war and the Kaidu\u2013Kublai war), weakened the authority of the Great Khan over the Mongol Empire and split the empire into autonomous khanates."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000\u2014slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tolui", "paragraph_text": "Tolui, (Classic Mongolian: Toluy, Tului, , , Tolui Khan (meaning the Khan Tolui)) (c.1191\u20131232) was the fourth son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun B\u00f6rte. His \"ulus\", or territorial inheritance, at his father's death in 1227 was the homelands in Mongolia, and it was he who served as civil administrator in the time it took to confirm \u00d6gedei as second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (1206\u20131368). Before that he had served with distinction in the campaigns against the Jin dynasty, the Western Xia and the Khwarezmid Empire, where he was instrumental in the capture and massacre at Merv and Nishapur. He is a direct ancestor of most of the Ilkhanids."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Demographic history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In the early years of the U.S., immigration was only about 6,000 people a year on average, including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. The French Revolution, starting in 1789, and the Napoleonic Wars from 1792 to 1814 severely limited immigration from Europe. The War of 1812 (1812 -- 1814) with Britain again prevented any significant immigration. By 1808 Congress had banned the importation of slaves, slowing that human traffic to a trickle."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Boy Slaves", "paragraph_text": "Boy Slaves is a 1939 drama film starring Roger Daniel and Anne Shirley. The film was directed by P.J. Wolfson and based upon an Albert Bein story. Boy Slaves is an expos\u00e9 of child labor."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u201318."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792, the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kublai Khan", "paragraph_text": "In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty, which ruled over present-day Mongolia, China, Korea, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was completed and Kublai became the first non-Han emperor to conquer all of China."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, part of the Mali Empire; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire. Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast, as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere. Previously slaves had been traded by Arabs north to the northern part of Africa and into the Middle East."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Slavery in the British and French Caribbean", "paragraph_text": "William Wilberforce's Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the slave trade in the British Empire. It was not until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 that the institution finally was abolished, but on a gradual basis. Since slave owners in the various colonies (not only the Caribbean) were losing their unpaid labourers, the government set aside \u00a320 million for compensation but it did not offer the former slaves reparations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy", "paragraph_text": "An Act to protect the commerce of the United States and punish the crime of piracy is an 1819 United States federal statute against piracy, amended in 1820 to declare participating in the slave trade or robbing a ship to be piracy as well. The last execution for piracy in the United States was of slave trader Nathaniel Gordon in 1862 in New York, under the amended act."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Silk Road", "paragraph_text": "The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1207 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-established the Silk Road (via Karakorum). It also brought an end to the dominance of the Islamic Caliphate over world trade. Because the Mongols came to control the trade routes, trade circulated throughout the region, though they never abandoned their nomadic lifestyle."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as \"Liberated Africans\", were landed there."}], "question": "When did Tolui's child ban the international Mongol slave trade?"}
{"id": "2hop__81184_665524", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Despicable Me 3", "paragraph_text": "In the film, Gru teams up with his long lost twin brother Dru in order to defeat a new enemy named Balthazar Bratt, a 1980s child actor who grows up to become a villain. Steve Carell, Miranda Cosgrove and Dana Gaier reprise their roles of Gru, Margo and Edith from the first two films, and Julie Andrews returns as Marlena, Gru's mother from Despicable Me (2010). Kristen Wiig and Steve Coogan return from Despicable Me 2 and Trey Parker, Jenny Slate and Nev Scharrel (replacing Elsie Fisher as Agnes) join the cast. Russell Brand does not reprise his role as Dr. Nefario from the first two installments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Despicable Me 3", "paragraph_text": "Despicable Me 3 was released on DVD, Blu - ray, Blu - ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu - ray in the United Kingdom on November 6, 2017."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Despicable Me 3", "paragraph_text": "Despicable Me 3 premiered on June 14, 2017, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, and was released in the United States on June 30, 2017, by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed $1 billion worldwide, making it the third - highest - grossing film of 2017, 6th - highest - grossing animated film of all time and 30th - highest - grossing overall; and also as well as being Illumination's second film to gross a billion, after the previous film Minions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Despicable Me 3", "paragraph_text": "Steve Carell as Felonious Gru, the former villain turned Anti-Villain League agent, Margo, Edith, and Agnes' adoptive father, and Lucy's husband. Carell also voices Dru, Gru's long - lost twin brother and the girls' adoptive uncle."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Scarecrow (Oz)", "paragraph_text": "The Scarecrow Oz character Illustration by W.W. Denslow from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Ray Bolger Voiced by Paul Scheer (Once Upon a Time) Information Aliases Socrates Strawman Chang Wang Woe Fiyero Tigelaar Species Scarecrow Gender Male Occupation Ruler of Oz Tin Woodman's treasurer Corn farmer Title His Majesty the Scarecrow Royal Treasurer Emperor of the Silver Islands Spouse (s) Tsing Tsing (in his former incarnation) Children 3 sons 15 grandsons (from his former incarnation)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Despicable Me 3", "paragraph_text": "In the film, Gru teams up with his long - lost twin brother Dru in order to defeat a new enemy named Balthazar Bratt, a 1980s child actor who grows up to become a villain. Steve Carell, Miranda Cosgrove and Dana Gaier reprise their roles of Gru, Margo and Edith from the first two films and Julie Andrews returns as Marlena, Gru's mother from Despicable Me (2010). Kristen Wiig and Steve Coogan return from Despicable Me 2, while Trey Parker, Jenny Slate and Nev Scharrel (replacing Elsie Fisher as Agnes) join the cast."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dave Fennoy", "paragraph_text": "Dave Fennoy Fennoy in Phoenix, Arizona David Henderson Fennoy (1952 - 01 - 20) January 20, 1952 (age 65) Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Voice actor Years active 1990 -- present Known for The Walking Dead as Lee Everett Minecraft: Story Mode as Gabriel the Warrior Spouse (s) Monique Fennoy Children Michelle Fennoy"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of The Drew Carey Show characters", "paragraph_text": "Kellie Newmark (Cynthia Watros) -- Drew's childhood friend. She has had a crush on Drew since high school but never told him. She was married but her husband cheated on her with her sister. Her mother is an alcoholic and leaves her father, eventually hooking up with Lewis. After Kate leaves, Drew realizes that he loves Kellie. Drew is afraid to tell Kellie because it may ruin their friendship like it did with Kate. After Lily leaves Drew, they confess their feelings for each other. When Kellie comes out while Drew is talking to his dad and asks Drew what they are going to do about their feelings for each other, Drew's dad falls off the roof and dies. Eventually during the beginning stage of their relationship Kellie finds out she is pregnant with Drew Jr. but wo n't marry Drew because she does n't think he is ready for marriage. During the finale she decides Drew is ready. But her water breaks and she and Drew get married right when the baby is born."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Voice of Poland", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of Poland is a Polish reality talent show that premiered on September 3, 2011 on the TVP 2 television network. The Voice of Poland is part of the international syndication \"The Voice\" based on the reality singing competition launched in the Netherlands as \"The Voice of Holland\", created by Dutch television producer John de Mol."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Iliana Fox", "paragraph_text": "Iliana Fox (born Iliana Jan Fox Gaitan on 3 January 1977 in Leeds, England) is a Mexican actress and voice actress."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Night Shift (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Luke Macfarlane as Rick Lincoln. Drew's army captain boyfriend. While coming home from deployment in Afghanistan, his bus had an accident and Scott was forced to amputate his right leg under the knee. He later becomes a combat trainer. After a fight and temporary breakup, he becomes Drew's husband in the season 2 finale and they adopt an orphaned girl, Brianna, in season 3."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Angie Tribeca", "paragraph_text": "Angie Tribeca is an American comedy television series, created by Steve and Nancy Carell and aired on TBS. The series, a parody of the police procedural genre, stars Rashida Jones as police detective Angie Tribeca. It also stars Hayes MacArthur, Jere Burns, Deon Cole and Andr\u00e9e Vermeulen in supporting roles."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jim Varney", "paragraph_text": "Jim Varney Varney in the film The Expert (1995) James Albert Varney Jr. (1949 - 06 - 15) June 15, 1949 Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. February 10, 2000 (2000 - 02 - 10) (aged 50) White House, Tennessee, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Occupation Actor, comedian, writer Years active 1976 -- 2000 Known for Ernest P. Worrell in the Ernest film series Slinky Dog from the Toy Story franchise Spouse (s) Jacqueline Drew (m. 1977; div. 1983) Jane Varney (m. 1988; div. 1991)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Junketsu Paradox", "paragraph_text": "\"Junketsu Paradox\" is the 25th single by Japanese singer and voice actress Nana Mizuki, released on August 3, 2011 by King Records."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kathy Kinney", "paragraph_text": "Kathy Kinney (born November 3, 1954) is an American actress and comedian. She gained considerable popularity in the late 1990s for playing Mimi Bobeck, the outrageously made - up, flamboyantly vulgar, and vindictive nemesis of Drew Carey on the sitcom The Drew Carey Show. She had been involved with television, feature films, and stage work for years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ruby Helder", "paragraph_text": "Ruby Helder (March 3, 1890 \u2013 November 21, 1938) was a British opera singer known for her powerful contralto voice."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cunigunde of Luxembourg", "paragraph_text": "Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg, OSB (c. 975 \u2013 3 March 1040), also called Cunegundes, Cunegunda, and Cunegonda and, in Latin, Cunegundis or Kinigundis, was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Saint Henry II. She served as interim Regent after the death of her spouse in 1024. She is a Roman Catholic saint and the Patroness of Luxembourg and Lithuania; her feast day is 3 March."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Despicable Me 3", "paragraph_text": "Despicable Me 3 premiered on June 14, 2017, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, and was released in the United States on June 30, 2017, by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed $1 billion worldwide, making it the third - highest - grossing film of 2017, 6th - highest - grossing animated film of all time and 29th - highest - grossing overall; and also as well as being Illumination's second film to gross a billion, after the previous film Minions in 2015."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of Drew's voice in Despicable Me 3?"}
{"id": "2hop__5164_158824", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ebenezer Elliott", "paragraph_text": "Ebenezer Elliott (17 March 1781 \u2013 1 December 1849) was an English poet, known as the \"Corn Law rhymer\" for his leading the fight to repeal the Corn Laws which were causing hardship and starvation among the poor. Though a factory owner himself, his single-minded devotion to the welfare of the labouring classes won him a sympathetic reputation long after his poetry ceased to be read."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Johannes Cardinalis von Bergreichenstein", "paragraph_text": "In 1394 he took up the study of law at the Charles University in Prague and received his doctorate at Jan Hus in 1404 to champion the seven liberal arts. 1407 was followed by the examination for Bachelor of laws. Two years later he was already as an envoy of King Wenceslas IV. together with Christian von Prachatitz and Peter de Mladoniovicz at the Council of Pisa in part. As followers of Jan Hus, they should provide for the repeal of the ban imposed against this church. A year later he defended Hus against the Archbishop of Prague Zbynko Zaj\u00edc of rabbit castle and accompanied Hus as a representative of the University, together with Peter for Mlado\u0148ovic, on his journey to the Council of Constance, where he received neither a prelate, nor the support of the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Shrek characters", "paragraph_text": "King Harold (voiced by John Cleese) was the king of Far Far Away, husband of Queen Lillian, father of Princess Fiona, and father in - law of Shrek."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elizabeth I of England", "paragraph_text": "Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, aged 15. His will ignored the Succession to the Crown Act 1543, excluded both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, and instead declared as his heir Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary. Jane was proclaimed queen by the Privy Council, but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days. On 3 August 1553, Mary rode triumphantly into London, with Elizabeth at her side."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5\u20134 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Prince and the Pauper", "paragraph_text": "The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by American author Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada, before its 1882 publication in the United States. The novel represents Twain's first attempt at historical fiction. Set in 1547, it tells the story of two young boys who are identical in appearance: Tom Canty, a pauper who lives with his abusive father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London, and Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ch\u00e2teau d'Anet", "paragraph_text": "The Ch\u00e2teau d'Anet is a ch\u00e2teau near Dreux, in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France, built by Philibert de l'Orme from 1547 to 1552 for Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of Henry II of France. It was a gift from the king and was built on the former ch\u00e2teau at the center of the domains of Diane's deceased husband, Louis de Br\u00e9z\u00e9, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and Master of the Hunt."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285\u20131314) and the Hospitallers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of \"...a subversive fifth column.\" The last execution of a \"heretic\" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of \"blasphemy\" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction.\" The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Harmony Hammond", "paragraph_text": "Harmony Hammond earned a B.A. of Arts in painting from the University of Minnesota in 1967. She co-founded the A.I.R. Gallery in 1972; it was the first women's cooperative art gallery in New York. She also co-founded \"Heresies: A Feminist Publication of Art and Politics\" in 1976, and co-edited issues #1, 3 and 9, and published articles in seven issues. \"Heresies\" was founded by Heresies Collective, whose core group consisted of Joyce Kozloff, Miriam Schapiro, Joan Semmel, Lucy Lippard, Mary Beth Edelson, Nancy Spero, and Harmony Hammond. She was an instructor at the New York Feminist Art Institute."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Villa Arnaldi", "paragraph_text": "Villa Arnaldi is an historical edifice in Meledo di Sarego, Province of Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio in 1547. It remains unfinished."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The constitutionality of anti-miscegenation laws only began to be widely called into question after World War II. In 1948, the California Supreme Court in Perez v. Sharp ruled that the Californian anti-miscegenation statute violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and was therefore unconstitutional. This was the first time since Reconstruction that a state court declared an anti-miscegenation law unconstitutional, and California was the first state since Ohio in 1887 to repeal its anti-miscegenation law."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bantu Education Act, 1953", "paragraph_text": "Bantu Education Act, 1953 Act to provide for the transfer of the administration and control of native education from the several provincial administrations to the Government of the Union, and for matters incidental thereto. Citation Act No. 47 of 1953 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 5 October 1986 Date commenced 1 January 1954 Date repealed 1 January 1980 Administered by Minister of Native Affairs Repealing legislation Education and Training Act, 1979 Status: Repealed"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Population Registration Act, 1950", "paragraph_text": "Population Registration Act, 1950 Act to make provision for the compilation of a Register of the Population of the Union; for the issue of Identity Cards to persons whose names are included in the Register; and for matters incidental thereto. Citation Act No. 30 of 1950 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 22 June 1950 Date commenced 7 July 1950 Date repealed 28 June 1991 Administered by Minister of the Interior Repealing legislation Population Registration Act Repeal Act, 1991 Status: Repealed"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Immorality Act, 1927", "paragraph_text": "Immorality Act, 1927 Act to prohibit illicit carnal intercourse between Europeans and natives and other acts in relation thereto. Citation Act No. 5 of 1927 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 26 March 1927 Date commenced 30 September 1927 Date repealed 12 April 1957 Amendments Immorality Amendment Act, 1950 Repealing legislation Immorality Act, 1957 Status: Repealed"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that \"treaties\" do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified (for the purposes of U.S. law) by any subsequent Act of Congress, just like with any other regular law. The Supreme Court also ruled in Reid v. Covert that any treaty provision that conflicts with the Constitution are null and void under U.S. law."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nikita Romanovich", "paragraph_text": "He was a son of the boyar , okolnichiy (who died on 16 February 1543, and who gave his name to the Romanov dynasty of Russian monarchs), and of Roman Yurievich's wife Uliana Ivanovna, who died in 1579. Nikita Romanovich became the brother-in-law of Ivan IV of Russia, who married his sister Anastasia Romanovna in 1547. His great-grandfather was Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin."}], "question": "When did the king repealing the heresy laws in 1547 die?"}
{"id": "2hop__74717_665524", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Great Garrick", "paragraph_text": "The Great Garrick is a 1937 American historical comedy film directed by James Whale and starring Brian Aherne, Olivia de Havilland, and Edward Everett Horton. The film also features Lionel Atwill, Luis Alberni, Melville Cooper, and future star Lana Turner, who has a bit part. Based on the play \"Ladies and Gentlemen\" by Ernest Vajda, the film is about the famous eighteenth-century British actor David Garrick, who travels to France for a guest appearance at the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise. When the French actors hear rumours that he said he will teach them the art of acting, they devise a plot to teach him a lesson. Though often overlooked by critics in favor of Whale's horror films, \"The Great Garrick\" was chosen by Jonathan Rosenbaum for his alternative list of the Top 100 American Films."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Horton Hears a Who! (film)", "paragraph_text": "Jim Carrey as Horton, an outgoing, eccentric, big - hearted, loving, sweet, and thoughtful elephant and teacher in the Jungle of Nool. Horton has no tusks, lives by himself and possesses acute hearing abilities. Steve Carell as Mayor Ned McDodd, the mayor of Whoville. He has 96 daughters, 1 son named JoJo and a wife named Sally. Carol Burnett as Sour Kangaroo, who mistrusts Horton's inquisitive nature as a threat to her legal authority over Nool. Will Arnett as Vlad Vladikoff, a scary, savage, eccentric Russian - accented vulture hired by the Sour Kangaroo to steal Horton's clover. Seth Rogen as Morton, a mouse and Horton's friend in the Jungle of Nool. Dan Fogler as The Councilman, a councilman dedicated to Whoville tradition and mistrustful of Mayor McDodd. Fogler also voices Yummo Wickersham, leader of the Wickersham ape tribe brothers. Isla Fisher as Dr. Mary Lou LaRue, a professor at Who U. Jonah Hill as Tommy, a bear and one of Horton's students. Amy Poehler as Sally O'Malley, Mayor McDodd's wife and mother to Jojo and her 96 daughters. Jaime Pressly as Mrs. Quilligan, a bird and Jessica's mother. Charles Osgood as The Narrator Jesse McCartney as JoJo McDodd, Mayor McDodd's quiet son. Josh Flitter as Rudy Kangaroo, Sour Kangaroo's son. Niecy Nash as Miss Yelp, Mayor McDodd's assistant. Laura Ortiz as Jessica Quilligan, a bird, Mrs. Quilligan's daughter and one of Horton's students. Joey King as Katie, a cute, but eccentric little baby yak. Bill Farmer as Willie, a bear and Tommy's dad. Heather Goldenhersh as Who Girl"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Viola Slaughter", "paragraph_text": "Cora Viola Howell (September 18, 1860\u2013March 1941), later to become Viola Slaughter, was an Arizona rancher and the wife of Sheriff John Horton Slaughter, known as Texas John Slaughter."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Horton, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Horton is a township in eastern Ontario, Canada, at the confluence of the Bonnechere River and the Ottawa River in Renfrew County. The Town of Renfrew was originally part of Horton Township."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Laura Horton", "paragraph_text": "Laura Horton Jaime Lyn Bauer as Laura Horton Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Floy Dean (1966) Susan Flannery (1966 -- 75) Susan Oliver (1975 -- 76) Rosemary Forsyth (1976 -- 80) Jaime Lyn Bauer (1993 -- 2018) Duration 1966 -- 80 1993 -- 99 2003 2013 2016 2018 First appearance June 30, 1966 Last appearance May 30, 2018 Created by Peggy Phillips Introduced by Ted Corday (1966) Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1993) Classification Former; guest Profile Other names Laura Spencer Monica (at the Meadows) Occupation Psychiatrist Residence Presumably Africa Susan Flannery as Laura Horton (pictured with MacDonald Carey as Tom Horton) show Family Family Horton Parents James Spencer Carrie Spencer Spouse Mickey Horton (1967 -- 74) Bill Horton (1975 -- 93) Children Mike Horton Jennifer Horton Grandchildren Jeremy Horton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "All India Institute of Speech and Hearing", "paragraph_text": "The All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, commonly known as AIISH (AYE-SH), is located in Manasagangotri (Mysore University Campus), Mysore, India. It is an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The institute was established in 1966 with a focus on training professionals for speech and hearing sciences."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Douglas Horton", "paragraph_text": "Douglas Horton (July 27, 1891, Brooklyn, New York \u2013 August 21, 1968, Randolph, New Hampshire) was an American Protestant clergyman and academic leader who was noted for his work in ecumenical relations among major Protestant bodies of his day. In his roles as a denominational executive, international ecclesiastical figure, and academic leader, Horton strongly advocated efforts undertaken by churches to unite organizationally with each other, even those of unlike theological and governmental persuasion."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lucas Horton", "paragraph_text": "Lucas Horton Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Bryan Dattilo Duration 1993 -- 2010 2012 -- First appearance April 15, 1993 (1993 - 04 - 15) Created by Sheri Anderson and James E. Reilly Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1993) Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng (2012) Classification Present; recurring (departing) Profile Other names Lucas Roberts Lucas Desmond Horton Occupation Executive for Countess Wilhelmina Cosmetics Former Executive for Mad World Cosmetics Former Executive at Countess Wilhelmina Cosmetics Former Hearth and Home executive Former Executive at Titan Former Undercover agent for the Feds Formerly worked at Titan Formerly worked for Tony DiMera Former Executive at Titan Publishing Residence Horton Square Apartments Apartment No33 Salem, Illinois show Family Family Horton Roberts Father Bill Horton Mother Kate Roberts Stepfather Victor Kiriakis (1993 -- 94) Roman Brady (2003 -- 05) Stefano DiMera (2009 -- 12) Andr\u00e9 DiMera (2017 -- 18) Stepmother Laura Horton (1993) Half - brothers Mike Horton Austin Reed Rex Brady Philip Kiriakis Half - sisters Jennifer Horton Billie Reed Cassie Brady Spouse Nicole Walker (1999 -- 2002) Carrie Brady (2006) Sami Brady (2007) Chloe Lane (2009) Children Will Horton Allie Horton Granddaughters Arianna Horton Grandparents Tom Horton Alice Horton Uncles Tom Horton, Jr. Mickey Horton Aunts Addie Horton Marie Horton Nephews Jeremy Horton JJ Deveraux Tyler Kiriakis Noah Reed Nieces Abigail Deveraux Chelsea Brady ``Baby Bonnie ''Lockhart First cousins Sandy Horton Jessica Blake Steven Olson Julie Williams Hope Brady Melissa Horton (adoptive) Sarah Horton (legal) Janice Barnes (foster)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Edward Raymond Horton", "paragraph_text": "Edward Raymond Horton (28 July 1928 \u2013 10 November 1977) was a New Zealand murderer, in 1948. He was born in Blenheim, New Zealand on 28 July 1928."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW), overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, is the nation's largest municipally owned natural gas utility. It serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area. Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the Philadelphia City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Robert Horton Cameron", "paragraph_text": "Robert Horton Cameron (1908 \u2013 1989, Minnesota) was an American mathematician, who worked on analysis and probability theory. He is known for the Cameron\u2013Martin theorem."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Angie Tribeca", "paragraph_text": "Angie Tribeca is an American comedy television series, created by Steve and Nancy Carell and aired on TBS. The series, a parody of the police procedural genre, stars Rashida Jones as police detective Angie Tribeca. It also stars Hayes MacArthur, Jere Burns, Deon Cole and Andr\u00e9e Vermeulen in supporting roles."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Donna White", "paragraph_text": "Donna Horton White (born April 7, 1954), n\u00e9e Donna Horton, is an American former professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour for 15 years from 1977 to 1992."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bryan Dattilo", "paragraph_text": "Bryan Ronald Dattilo (born July 29, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lucas Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Horton Hears a Who! (film)", "paragraph_text": "Steve Carell as Mayor Ned McDodd, the mayor of Whoville. He has 96 daughters, 1 son named JoJo and a wife named Sally."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Horton Park (Saint Paul, Minnesota)", "paragraph_text": "Horton Park is a small arboretum in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. Known primarily for its variety of trees, Horton Park has become a symbol of the Saint Paul Midway community."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Horton Hears a Who! (film)", "paragraph_text": "Jim Carrey as Horton the Elephant, an outgoing, eccentic, big - hearted, loving, sweet, and thoughtful elephant and teacher in the Jungle of Nool. Horton has no tusks, lives by himself and possesses acute hearing abilities. Steve Carell as Mayor Ned McDodd, the mayor of Whoville. He has 96 daughters, 1 son named JoJo and a wife named Sally. Carol Burnett as Jane Kangaroo, who mistrusts Horton's inquisitive nature as a threat to her legal authority over Nool. Will Arnett as Vlad Vladikoff, a scary, savage, eccentric Russian - accented vulture hired by the Sour Kangaroo to steal Horton's clover. Seth Rogen as Morton the Mouse, a mouse and Horton's best friend in the Jungle of Nool. Dan Fogler as the Chairman of Whoville, dedicated to Whoville tradition and mistrustful of the Mayor. Fogler also voices Yummo Wickersham, leader of the Wickersham ape tribe brothers. Isla Fisher as Dr. Mary Lou LaRue, a professor at Who U. Jonah Hill as Tommy, a bear and one of Horton's students. Amy Poehler as Sally O'Malley, the Mayor's wife and mother to Jojo and her 96 daughters. Jaime Pressly as Mrs. Quilligan, a bird and Jessica's mother. Charles Osgood as the Narrator Jesse McCartney as JoJo, the Mayor's son. Josh Flitter as Rudy Kangaroo, the Sour Kangaroo's son. Niecy Nash as Miss Yelp, the Mayor's assistant. Laura Ortiz as Jessica Quilligan, a bird, Mrs. Quilligan's daughter and one of Horton's students. Selena Gomez as Helga, one of the Mayor's 96 daughters. Joey King as Katie, a cute, but eccentric little baby yak. Bill Farmer as Willie, a bear and Tommy's dad. Heather Goldenhersh as a Who Girl"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James Horton (Medal of Honor)", "paragraph_text": "James Horton (born 1850) was a sailor serving in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for bravery."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Welcome Horton Farm", "paragraph_text": "The Welcome Horton Farm is a historic farmhouse at 122 Martin Street in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, USA. The 2-1/2 story wood frame house was built c. 1750-70, and is a well-preserved Georgian style house. Its enclosed front entry is possibly an original feature, and there is fine period woodwork inside. Some of the walls, covered by more recent paneling, may have been stencilled. The house was for many years in the Martin family (for whom the street is named), coming into the hands of Welcome Horton in 1895."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nick Fallon", "paragraph_text": "Nick Fallon Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Blake Berris Duration 2006 -- 09, 2012 -- 14 First appearance November 7, 2006 Last appearance May 12, 2014 Created by Hogan Sheffer Meg Kelly Introduced by Ken Corday Stephen Wyman Classification Former, regular Profile Occupation Researcher for Mad World Cosmetics (2014) Freelance consultant for Mad World Cosmetics (2014) Associate for Mad World Cosmetics (2013) Dishwasher at the Brady Pub (2012) Associate Professor at Salem University Salem Hospital Lab Technician Worker for the Horton Foundation at Salem University Hospital show Family Family Horton Parents Joshua Fallon Jessica Blake Spouse Cassandra Arvin (2007) Gabi Hernandez (2013) Grandparents John Talbot Sunny Chisholm Alex Marshall Marie Horton Aunts and uncles Tod Chandler"}], "question": "Who is the wife of the actor who played the Mayor in Horton Hears a Who?"}
{"id": "2hop__442660_158824", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elizabeth I of England", "paragraph_text": "Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, aged 15. His will ignored the Succession to the Crown Act 1543, excluded both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, and instead declared as his heir Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary. Jane was proclaimed queen by the Privy Council, but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days. On 3 August 1553, Mary rode triumphantly into London, with Elizabeth at her side."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ruskin Pottery", "paragraph_text": "The Ruskin Pottery was an English pottery studio founded in 1898 by Edward R. Taylor, the first Principal of both the Lincoln School of Art and the Birmingham School of Art, to be run by his son, William Howson Taylor, formerly a student there. It was named after the artist, writer and social thinker John Ruskin, as the Taylors agreed with, and followed the tenets of Ruskin. The pottery was situated at 173-174 Oldbury Road, Smethwick, then in Staffordshire (now part of Sandwell, in the West Midlands county)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Vane", "paragraph_text": "Born in Tardebigge, Worcestershire, John Vane was one of three children and grew up in suburban Birmingham. His father, Maurice Vane, was the son of Jewish Russian immigrants and his mother, Frances Vane, came from a Worcestershire farming family.  He attended a local state school from age 5, before moving on to King Edward's School in Edgbaston, Birmingham.  An early interest in chemistry was to prove the inspiration for studying the subject at the University of Birmingham in 1944."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale", "paragraph_text": "Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (Albert Victor Christian Edward; 8 January 1864 \u2013 14 January 1892), was the eldest child of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra) and grandson of the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria. From the time of his birth, he was second in the line of succession to the British throne, but never became king because he died before his father and grandmother."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York", "paragraph_text": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York KG (born 17 August 1473), was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after Richard III became king in 1483."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle, at future coronations it is intended that the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Leslie Megahey", "paragraph_text": "Born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, the son of Thomas Megahey (a minister) and Beatrice (n\u00e9e Walton), Leslie Megahey was educated at King Edward VI School in Lichfield. Early works for the BBC included \"Canvas: 7: Sunflowers: Van Gogh\" (1971), and \"Omnibus File: Thrillers and Crime Fiction\" (1972)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "King Edward's School, Birmingham", "paragraph_text": "It is a boys' school, although it shares the site, and is twinned, with King Edward VI High School for Girls (KEHS). Whilst the two schools are run completely separately, dramatic arts, societies, music and other events are often shared; the schools also share a couple of hockey pitches and several clubs. The shared area is called Winterbourne after the nearby Winterbourne Botanic Garden."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Glyphipterix argyromis", "paragraph_text": "Glyphipterix argyromis is a species of sedge moth in the genus \"Glyphipterix\" first described by Edward Meyrick in 1907. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1907. It is found in southern India and Sri Lanka."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent", "paragraph_text": "Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (5 August 130119 March 1330) was the sixth son of Edward I of England, and a younger half-brother of Edward II. Edward I had intended to make substantial grants of land to Edmund, but when the king died in 1307, Edward II failed to follow through on his father's intentions, much due to his favouritism towards Piers Gaveston. Edmund still remained loyal to his brother, and in 1321 he was created Earl of Kent. He played an important part in Edward's administration, acting both as diplomat and military commander, and in 1321\u201322 helped suppress a rebellion against the King."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Henry Twells", "paragraph_text": "Henry Twells was the son of Philip Mellor Twells, born in Ashted, Birmingham on 13 March 1823. He went to school at King Edward's School, Birmingham and then to Peterhouse, University of Cambridge, from where he graduated B.A. in 1848 and M.A. in 1851. On 25 May 1875, he married Ellen Jane Tompson, daughter of the Rev. Matthew Carrier Tompson, for fifty years Vicar of Alderminster, near Stratford-on-Avon. He died in Bournemouth on 19 January 1900."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "One boarding house, College, is reserved for seventy King's Scholars, who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year; King's Scholars pay up to 90% of full fees, depending on their means. Of the other pupils, up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship. The name \"King's Scholars\" is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440. The original School consisted of the seventy Scholars (together with some Commensals) and the Scholars were educated and boarded at the foundation's expense."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Princes in the Tower", "paragraph_text": "``The Princes in the Tower ''is an expression frequently used to refer to Edward V, King of England and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. The two brothers were the only sons of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville surviving at the time of their father's death in 1483. When they were 12 and 9 years old, respectively, they were lodged in the Tower of London by the man appointed to look after them, their uncle, the Lord Protector: Richard, Duke of Gloucester. This was supposedly in preparation for Edward's forthcoming coronation as king. However, Richard took the throne for himself and the boys disappeared."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Live Fast Die Young", "paragraph_text": "``Live fast, die young, and have a good - looking corpse '', an oft - repeated quotation from the 1947 book Knock on Any Door by Willard Motley, also found in the movie version of the book"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "King Science and Technology Magnet Center", "paragraph_text": "King Science and Technology Magnet Center is a district-wide magnet school middle school of the Omaha Public Schools system in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The school was constructed in 1969 and opened in 1973 in predominantly black North Omaha as Martin Luther King Middle School. In 1976, the school, under the Omaha Public Schools' Desegregation Plan became a site of forced busing from non-local neighborhoods."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edward VIII", "paragraph_text": "Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 -- 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "K\u00f6lner Akademie", "paragraph_text": "Die K\u00f6lner Akademie - \"Damals und Heute\" are a German baroque and classical music orchestra founded in 1996 and based in Cologne. They are led by the American conductor Michael Alexander Willens who studied at the Juilliard School in New York."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "School for Vampires", "paragraph_text": "School for Vampires (, ) is a children/teens Italian-German horror-comedy animated television series, based on children book Die Schule der kleinen Vampire by Jackie Niebisch in 1983."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gymnasium Carolinum (Osnabr\u00fcck)", "paragraph_text": "The Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany, was founded in 804 by Charlemagne, king of the Franks. It is reputedly the oldest school in Germany and is also one of the oldest surviving schools in the world."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Andrew Dudley", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Dudley was one of three sons of Edmund Dudley, a councillor of King Henry VII, and his second wife Elizabeth Grey, daughter of Edward Grey, 4th Viscount Lisle. When he was a toddler, his father was executed by the young Henry VIII as a scapegoat for the former king's financial policies. His eldest brother was John Dudley, later Duke of Northumberland, who sought to advance him in the king's service. Andrew Dudley served in the household of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, and as an officer of the exchequer in the 1540s. Answering a complaint against exchequer activities in October 1540, Norfolk told the Privy Council that the only two people he had ever found jobs for were Andrew Dudley and Edward Belingeham."}], "question": "When did the founder of King Edward's School die?"}
{"id": "2hop__745389_75805", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Natalia Tena", "paragraph_text": "Natalia Gastiain Tena (born 1 November 1984) is an English actress and musician. She played Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter film series, and the wildling Osha in the HBO series Game of Thrones."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Angela (Jarvis Cocker song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Angela\" is a 2009 single by Jarvis Cocker. It is the first single from his second solo album \"\"Further Complications\"\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jarvis Cocker", "paragraph_text": "He also is to be seen as Myron Wagtail, lead singer of the Weird Sisters in a ball scene in the movie Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The original scene was cut short, but most of the Blu - ray and DVD releases hold the original scene in full - length with the whole 3: 30 - minute song in bonus parts."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J.K. Rowling. It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage on his eleventh birthday, when he receives a letter of acceptance to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardy. Harry makes close friends and a few enemies during his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Martin Bayfield", "paragraph_text": "Since retirement, Bayfield has worked as a journalist, an after - dinner speaker, and has appeared in all of the Harry Potter films playing the half - giant Hagrid, as Robbie Coltrane's body and stunt double. (He also appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as a young Rubeus Hagrid). Continuing the acting theme, he also played a cyclops in Jonathan Liebesman's Wrath of the Titans, the sequel to 2010 movie Clash of the Titans. Bayfield also played ``Rugby Player 1 ''in an episode of the BBC One series New Tricks (first shown on 1 September 2008)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bonnie Wright", "paragraph_text": "Bonnie Francesca Wright (born 17 February 1991) is a British actress, film director and model. She is best known for playing the role of Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter film series, based on the Harry Potter novel series by British author J.K. Rowling."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (released in the United States, India and Pakistan as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) is a 2001 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 1997 novel of the same name. The film is the first instalment of the \"Harry Potter\" film series and was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. Its story follows Harry Potter's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tom Felton", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Andrew Felton (born 22 September 1987) is an English actor. Felton began appearing in commercials when he was eight years old for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard. He made his screen debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers (1997) and he portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna and the King (1999). He rose to prominence for his role as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptions of the best - selling Harry Potter fantasy novels by J.K. Rowling. His performances in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 won him two consecutive MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain in 2010 and 2011."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Tales of Beedle the Bard", "paragraph_text": "The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a book of children's stories by British author J.K. Rowling. There is a storybook of the same name mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the last book of the Harry Potter series."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Albus Dumbledore", "paragraph_text": "Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining Harry Potter films. Jude Law will portray Dumbledore in Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lord Voldemort", "paragraph_text": "Lord Voldemort (, in the films; born Tom Marvolo Riddle) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in J. K. Rowling's series of \"Harry Potter\" novels. Voldemort first appeared in \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series, except the third, \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\", where he is only mentioned."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 British - American fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling. The film, which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. The story follows Harry Potter's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Harry Potter (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter is a British - American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J.K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 (2011). A spin - off prequel series will consist of five films, starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016). The Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J.K. Rowling's Wizarding World."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dumbledore's Army", "paragraph_text": "Dumbledore's Army (or D.A. for short) is a fictional student organisation in J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" series that is founded by the main characters, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, to stand up against the regime of Hogwarts High Inquisitor Dolores Umbridge, as well as to learn practical Defence Against the Dark Arts. It was founded in the fifth book, \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series. The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997, with an initial print - run of 500 copies in hardback, 300 of which were distributed to libraries. By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 - to 11 - year - olds category of the Nestl\u00e9 Smarties Book Prize. The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the longest novel in the Harry Potter series, was released 21 June 2003. After the publishing of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, the seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery is a role - playing video game based on J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. The game was developed and published by Jam City, under licence from Portkey Games, and released on 25 April 2018 for Android and iOS devices. The game is set in Hogwarts before the events of the novels, featuring a customisable protagonist. The game received mixed reviews; it was praised for its use of the Harry Potter licence but criticised for its energy mechanic."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tom Felton", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Andrew Felton (born September 22, 1987) is an English actor. Felton began appearing in commercials when he was eight years old for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard. He made his screen debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers (1997) and he portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna and the King (1999). He rose to prominence for his role as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptions of the best - selling Harry Potter fantasy novels by J.K. Rowling. His performances in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 won him two consecutive MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain in 2010 and 2011."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richard Harris", "paragraph_text": "Richard St John Harris (1 October 1930 -- 25 October 2002) was an Irish actor and singer. He appeared on stage and in many films, appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot and the subsequent 1981 revival of the show. He played an aristocrat and prisoner in A Man Called Horse (1970), a gunfighter in Clint Eastwood's Western film Unforgiven (1992), Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Gladiator (2000), and Albus Dumbledore in the first two Harry Potter films: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002). Harris had a number one hit in Australia and Canada and a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webb's song ``MacArthur Park ''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", "paragraph_text": "Fantastic Beasts purports to be a reproduction of a textbook owned by Harry Potter and written by magizoologist Newt Scamander, a character in the fictional Harry Potter series. In the series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures."}], "question": "Who did the Angela performer play in Harry Potter?"}
{"id": "2hop__850848_75805", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Tales of Beedle the Bard", "paragraph_text": "The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a book of children's stories by British author J.K. Rowling. There is a storybook of the same name mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the last book of the Harry Potter series."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery is a role - playing video game based on J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. The game was developed and published by Jam City, under licence from Portkey Games, and released on 25 April 2018 for Android and iOS devices. The game is set in Hogwarts before the events of the novels, featuring a customisable protagonist. The game received mixed reviews; it was praised for its use of the Harry Potter licence but criticised for its energy mechanic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series. The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997, with an initial print - run of 500 copies in hardback, 300 of which were distributed to libraries. By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 - to 11 - year - olds category of the Nestl\u00e9 Smarties Book Prize. The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the longest novel in the Harry Potter series, was released 21 June 2003. After the publishing of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, the seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Harry Potter (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter is a British - American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J.K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 (2011). A spin - off prequel series will consist of five films, starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016). The Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J.K. Rowling's Wizarding World."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bonnie Wright", "paragraph_text": "Bonnie Francesca Wright (born 17 February 1991) is a British actress, film director and model. She is best known for playing the role of Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter film series, based on the Harry Potter novel series by British author J.K. Rowling."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fat Children", "paragraph_text": "\"Fat Children\" is the second single from Jarvis Cocker's album \"Jarvis\". The single was released in the UK on 16 July 2007. The 7\" vinyl single features the full length version of \"The Loss Adjuster,\" which appeared on the album as two short snippets. There is also a remix of \"Fat Children\" by former Pulp bassist Steve Mackey on the 12\" single. The single was a limited edition and is now out of print."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", "paragraph_text": "Fantastic Beasts purports to be a reproduction of a textbook owned by Harry Potter and written by magizoologist Newt Scamander, a character in the fictional Harry Potter series. In the series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tom Felton", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Andrew Felton (born 22 September 1987) is an English actor. Felton began appearing in commercials when he was eight years old for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard. He made his screen debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers (1997) and he portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna and the King (1999). He rose to prominence for his role as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptions of the best - selling Harry Potter fantasy novels by J.K. Rowling. His performances in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 won him two consecutive MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain in 2010 and 2011."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (released in the United States, India and Pakistan as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) is a 2001 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 1997 novel of the same name. The film is the first instalment of the \"Harry Potter\" film series and was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. Its story follows Harry Potter's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 British - American fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling. The film, which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. The story follows Harry Potter's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tom Felton", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Andrew Felton (born September 22, 1987) is an English actor. Felton began appearing in commercials when he was eight years old for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard. He made his screen debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers (1997) and he portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna and the King (1999). He rose to prominence for his role as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptions of the best - selling Harry Potter fantasy novels by J.K. Rowling. His performances in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 won him two consecutive MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain in 2010 and 2011."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Richard Harris", "paragraph_text": "Richard St John Harris (1 October 1930 -- 25 October 2002) was an Irish actor and singer. He appeared on stage and in many films, appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot and the subsequent 1981 revival of the show. He played an aristocrat and prisoner in A Man Called Horse (1970), a gunfighter in Clint Eastwood's Western film Unforgiven (1992), Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Gladiator (2000), and Albus Dumbledore in the first two Harry Potter films: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002). Harris had a number one hit in Australia and Canada and a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webb's song ``MacArthur Park ''."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jarvis Cocker", "paragraph_text": "He also is to be seen as Myron Wagtail, lead singer of the Weird Sisters in a ball scene in the movie Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The original scene was cut short, but most of the Blu - ray and DVD releases hold the original scene in full - length with the whole 3: 30 - minute song in bonus parts."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "paragraph_text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J.K. Rowling. It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage on his eleventh birthday, when he receives a letter of acceptance to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardy. Harry makes close friends and a few enemies during his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lord Voldemort", "paragraph_text": "Lord Voldemort (, in the films; born Tom Marvolo Riddle) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in J. K. Rowling's series of \"Harry Potter\" novels. Voldemort first appeared in \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series, except the third, \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\", where he is only mentioned."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dumbledore's Army", "paragraph_text": "Dumbledore's Army (or D.A. for short) is a fictional student organisation in J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" series that is founded by the main characters, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, to stand up against the regime of Hogwarts High Inquisitor Dolores Umbridge, as well as to learn practical Defence Against the Dark Arts. It was founded in the fifth book, \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Christian Coulson", "paragraph_text": "Christian Peter Coulson (born 3 October 1978) is an English actor best known for playing the 16 - year old Tom Marvolo Riddle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Remember When: The Anthology", "paragraph_text": "Remember When: The Anthology is a DVD featuring a collection of live performances by Harry Chapin. It features commentary by his children Joshua and Jennifer, as well as his widow Sandy in between some performances. There are eleven performances by Harry, and one by his daughter, Jennifer (I Wonder What Would Happen to This World)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Albus Dumbledore", "paragraph_text": "Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining Harry Potter films. Jude Law will portray Dumbledore in Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald."}], "question": "Who did the performer of Fat Children play in Harry Potter?"}
{"id": "2hop__26706_12136", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2011 Latvian presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Indirect presidential elections were held in Latvia on 2 June 2011. Incumbent president Valdis Zatlers was standing again, as well as Andris B\u0113rzi\u0146\u0161 (Saeima member for the Union of Greens and Farmers), a former head of SEB Unibanka (not to be confused with Andris B\u0113rzi\u0146\u0161, former PM from Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way); B\u0113rzi\u0146\u0161 was nominated by five Saeima members of the Union of Greens and Farmers just two days before the nomination deadline, although the party was assumed to back Zatlers for reelection."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "McLaren MP4-21", "paragraph_text": "The McLaren MP4-21 is a Formula One car designed by Adrian Newey for the 2006 Formula One season. The car continues the MP4-X naming system and is notable for its striking chrome livery with red stripes designed to maximize the visibility of the team's new primary sponsor Emirates. The distinctive needle-nose design was previously used on the MP4-19 in . The MP4-21 was the first McLaren car to be powered by purely Mercedes-Benz engines after 10 years partnership with Ilmor."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Prime Minister of Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Prime Minister of Israel (Hebrew: \u05e8\u05b9\u05d0\u05e9\u05c1 \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05b6\u05bc\u05de\u05b0\u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05dc\u05b8\u05d4 \u202c, Rosh HaMemshala, lit. Head of the Government, Hebrew acronym: \u05e8\u05d4 \u05f4 \u05de \u202c; Arabic: \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u200e, Ra'\u012bs al - \u1e24uk\u016bma) is the head of government of Israel and the most powerful figure in Israeli politics. Although the President of Israel is the country's head of state, the President's powers are largely ceremonial; the Prime Minister holds most of the real power. The official residence of the Prime Minister, Beit Aghion is in Jerusalem. The current Prime Minister is Benjamin Netanyahu of Likud, the ninth person to hold the position (excluding caretakers)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cobra Mansa", "paragraph_text": "Mestre Cobra Mansa (born Cin\u00e9zio Feliciano Pe\u00e7anha, 1960 in Duque de Caxias, Brazil) commonly known as \"Cobrinha\" and \"Cobrinha Mansa\", is a \"mestre\" or master of Capoeira Angola. He is one of the founders and the guiding light of an organization known as FICA (in Portuguese, an acronym for Funda\u00e7ao Internacional de Capoeira de Angola) or ICAF (in English, this stands for the International Capoeira Angola Foundation, which is the literal translation of the words which make up the acronym FICA). FICA/ICAF is the largest standing Capoeira Organization in the world, its influence spanning several continents, having schools and centers that collaborate with US NGO's and other affiliates from the United States. These partnering organizations are located in several countries around the world with locations in North and South America, Europe, and Asia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Limited partnership", "paragraph_text": "A limited partnership (LP) is a form of partnership similar to a general partnership except that while a general partnership must have at least two general partners (GPs), a limited partnership must have at least one GP and at least one limited partner."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "In January 2009, the Green Power Partnership (GPP, sponsored by the EPA) listed Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing energy from renewable sources. The university matches 74 million kilowatt hours (kWh) of its annual energy use with Green-e Certified Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). This green power commitment represents 30 percent of the university's total annual electricity use and places Northwestern in the EPA's Green Power Leadership Club. The 2010 Report by The Sustainable Endowments Institute awarded Northwestern a \"B-\" on its College Sustainability Report Card. The Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), supporting research, teaching and outreach in these themes, was launched in 2008."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Forever Green", "paragraph_text": "Forever Green is a television programme originally broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom from 1989 to 1992. It was made for London Weekend Television by Picture Partnership Productions, now named Carnival Films."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Greatest Indian", "paragraph_text": "The Greatest Indian was a poll sponsored by Reliance Mobile and conducted by Outlook magazine, in partnership with CNN - IBN and The History Channel. The poll was conducted from June to August 2012, with the winner, Babasaheb B.R. Ambedkar, announced on 11 August. A program associated with the poll aired from 4 June until 15 August."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, \"with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as \"antimicrobial materials with public health benefits,\" which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011\u20132014."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arena Football League", "paragraph_text": "It was announced on December 12, 2012, that the AFL reached a partnership agreement with NET10 Wireless to be the first non-motorsports-related professional sports league in the United States to have a title sponsor, renaming it the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League. The redesigned website showed the new logo which incorporated the current AFL logo with the one from NET10 Wireless. The title sponsorship agreement ended in 2014 after a two-year partnership."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eurus Wind Farm", "paragraph_text": "The Eurus Wind Farm is a wind farm located in Juchit\u00e1n de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, Mexico. The largest wind farm in Latin America, the partnership between Cemex and Acciona Energia cost US$550 million to build. Its 167 wind turbines combine to generate 250.5 megawatts (MW), sufficient power to supply about half a million people. By contrast with traditional means of power, it may reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by 600,000 metric tons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Biodiversity", "paragraph_text": "Jared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Grant's First Stand", "paragraph_text": "Grant's First Stand is the debut album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances by Green recorded and released on the Blue Note label in 1961. Earlier recordings made by Green for Blue Note were released as \"First Session\" in 2001."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jonga", "paragraph_text": "The Jonga was a Nissan designed vehicle used by the Indian Army. Jonga was an acronym for Jabalpur Ordnance aNd Guncarriage Assembly."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "ZiU-9", "paragraph_text": "ZiU-9, or ZIU-9 (Cyrillic: \u0417\u0438\u0423-9) is a Soviet (and later Russian) trolleybus vehicle. Other names and indexes for the same vehicle include ZiU-682 and HTI-682 (Cyrillic: \u0417\u0438\u0423-682 and \u0425\u0422\u0418-682). The ZiU acronym stands for \"Zavod imeni Uritskogo\", which is a plant named after Moisei Uritsky, the Russian revolutionary. Before 1996 this acronym was also a trademark of the vehicle manufacturer. It has been changed to \"Trolza\". The ZiU-9 was put in mass production in 1971 and it was still assembled along with other more advanced trolleybus vehicles in the Trolza (former ZiU) factory until 2014. The total number of produced ZiU-9s exceeds 42,000 vehicles. In addition, many copies of ZiU-9 were made in other factories of the former Soviet bloc. This model is the most numerous trolleybus vehicle in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau, the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively. This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Financial Review Sunday", "paragraph_text": "Financial Review Sunday was an Australian business news television program produced by the Nine Network, in partnership with Fairfax Media. It aired on the Nine Network at 10:00am after \"Weekend Today\" and was hosted by Deborah Knight. The show premiered on 5 May 2013 and is sponsored by Westpac and CPA Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In October 2014, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop, in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. The new division was created for Topshop to break into the activewear market, with an athletic, street wear brand being produced. \"Creating a partnership with Beyonc\u00e9, one of the most hard-working and talented people in the world, who spends many hours of her life dancing, rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category\" stated Sir Philip Green on the partnership. The company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015."}], "question": "What does the acronym of the sponsor of the Green Power Partnership stand for?"}
{"id": "2hop__21344_12136", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lekem", "paragraph_text": "Lekem, (also pronounced \"Lakam\") an acronym for ha-Lishka le-Kishrei Mada (, Bureau of Scientific Relations), was an Israeli intelligence agency headed by Benjamin Blumberg (1957\u20131981), and Rafi Eitan (1981\u20131986)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas. Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant. Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mold can damage structures such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Canada."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul M\u00fcller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by \"triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as \"antimicrobial materials with public health benefits,\" which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011\u20132014."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "Some evidence shows that alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of chemicals. For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction in crops.[unreliable source?] In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65% and experienced a 15% crop increase.[unreliable source?] A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not appearing until the third season of the study."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Silent Spring", "paragraph_text": "Silent Spring is an environmental science book by Rachel Carson. The book was published on 27 September 1962 and it documented the adverse effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation and public officials of accepting industry claims unquestioningly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides - see table), chemical structure (e.g., organic, inorganic, synthetic, or biological (biopesticide), although the distinction can sometimes blur), and physical state (e.g. gaseous (fumigant)). Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides, or \"botanicals\", have been developing quickly. These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside.:15"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Biodiversity", "paragraph_text": "Jared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "Alternatives to pesticides are available and include methods of cultivation, use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial pesticides), genetic engineering, and methods of interfering with insect breeding. Application of composted yard waste has also been used as a way of controlling pests. These methods are becoming increasingly popular and often are safer than traditional chemical pesticides. In addition, EPA is registering reduced-risk conventional pesticides in increasing numbers."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides, about 18,000 of whom die. Owing to inadequate regulation and safety precautions, 99% of pesticide related deaths occur in developing countries that account for only 25% of pesticide usage. According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly. There are several careers aside from agriculture that may also put individuals at risk of health effects from pesticide exposure including pet groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Summerfield High School", "paragraph_text": "New Summerfield High School is a 2A public high school located in New Summerfield, Texas (USA). It is part of the New Summerfield Independent School District located in northeast Cherokee County. In 2011, the school was rated \"Academically Acceptable\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cobra Mansa", "paragraph_text": "Mestre Cobra Mansa (born Cin\u00e9zio Feliciano Pe\u00e7anha, 1960 in Duque de Caxias, Brazil) commonly known as \"Cobrinha\" and \"Cobrinha Mansa\", is a \"mestre\" or master of Capoeira Angola. He is one of the founders and the guiding light of an organization known as FICA (in Portuguese, an acronym for Funda\u00e7ao Internacional de Capoeira de Angola) or ICAF (in English, this stands for the International Capoeira Angola Foundation, which is the literal translation of the words which make up the acronym FICA). FICA/ICAF is the largest standing Capoeira Organization in the world, its influence spanning several continents, having schools and centers that collaborate with US NGO's and other affiliates from the United States. These partnering organizations are located in several countries around the world with locations in North and South America, Europe, and Asia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Goaltender mask", "paragraph_text": "A goaltender mask, commonly referred to as a goalie mask or a hockey mask, is a mask worn by ice hockey, inline hockey, and field hockey goaltenders to protect the head from injury. Jacques Plante was the first goaltender to create and use a practical mask in 1959. Plante's mask was a piece of fiberglass that was contoured to his face. This mask later evolved into a helmet / cage combination, and single piece full fiberglass mask. Today, the full fiberglass mask with the birdcage facial protector is the more popular option because it is safer and offers better visibility."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the \"pesticide era.\" Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "European Pressphoto Agency", "paragraph_text": "epa was founded in 1985 by seven European news agencies. The agencies, AFP of France, ANP of the Netherlands, ANOP (now Lusa) of Portugal, ANSA of Italy, Belga of Belgium, dpa of Germany and EFE of Spain were motivated by what they saw as a lack of alternatives to the Anglo-Saxon picture services offered at the time."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Silent Spring", "paragraph_text": "The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency by the Nixon Administration in 1970 addressed another concern that Carson had written about. Until then, the USDA was responsible both for regulating pesticides and promoting the concerns of the agriculture industry; Carson saw this as a conflict of interest, since the agency was not responsible for effects on wildlife or other environmental concerns beyond farm policy. Fifteen years after its creation, one journalist described the EPA as ``the extended shadow of Silent Spring ''. Much of the agency's early work, such as enforcement of the 1972 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, was directly related to Carson's work. Contrary to the position of the pesticide industry, the DDT phase - out action taken by the EPA (led by William Ruckelshaus) implied that there was no way to adequately regulate DDT use. Ruckelshaus' conclusion was that DDT could not be used safely. History professor Gary Kroll wrote,`` Rachel Carson's Silent Spring played a large role in articulating ecology as a 'subversive subject' -- as a perspective that cuts against the grain of materialism, scientism, and the technologically engineered control of nature.''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", "paragraph_text": "The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope that is part of NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope program, developed in coordination between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency. It is scheduled to launch in 2019 and will be located near the Earth -- Sun L lagrangian point. The telescope will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from the long - wavelength (orange to red) visible light through the mid-infrared (0.6 to 27 micrometer) range."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use. Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico. IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides."}], "question": "What does the name of the agency that offered acceptance of safer pesticides stand for?"}
{"id": "2hop__798997_853818", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Philip III of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Philip III Portrait by Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Polanco King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia; Duke of Milan (more...) Reign 13 September 1598 -- 31 March 1621 Predecessor Philip II and I Successor Philip IV and III 14 April 1578 Madrid, Spain 31 March 1621 (1621 - 03 - 31) (aged 42) Madrid, Spain Burial El Escorial Spouse Margaret of Austria (m. 1599; d. 1611) Issue Anne, Queen of France Philip IV of Spain Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress Infante Charles of Spain Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand House Habsburg Father Philip II of Spain Mother Anna of Austria Religion Roman Catholicism Signature"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Donika Kastrioti", "paragraph_text": "Donika Kastrioti (n\u00e9e Andronika Arianiti-Muzaka) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg. She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, one of the greatest leaders in the Albanian war against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa", "paragraph_text": "Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa (1497 \u2013 31 December 1536), also called \"Margareta Vasa\" and \"Margareta of Hoya\", was a Swedish noblewoman, sister of king Gustav I of Sweden. Between 1525 and 1534, she commanded Vyborg Castle on several occasions during the absence of her spouse."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Princess Eleonora of Savoy", "paragraph_text": "Eleonora of Savoy (Eleonora Maria Teresa; 28 February 1728 \u2013 14 August 1781) was a Savoyard princess, the eldest daughter of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and his second wife Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg. She died unmarried."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish", "paragraph_text": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish (16 February 1771 \u2013 26 November 1814), was the spouse of Thomas Stamford Raffles, vice governor of Java (1811\u20131816), from 1805 to 1814. A memorial monument was erected to her memory in the botanical garden of Buitenzorg (Bogor)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charlotte of Bourbon", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte of Bourbon (1546/1547 \u2013 5 May 1582) was a Princess consort of Orange as the third spouse of William the Silent, Prince of Orange, the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish. She was the fourth daughter of Louis, Duke of Montpensier and Jacqueline de Longwy, Countess of Bar-sur-Seine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of 24 characters", "paragraph_text": "Teri Bauer 24 character Leslie Hope as Teri Bauer First appearance Day 1 -- Episode 1 Last appearance Day 1 -- Episode 24 Portrayed by Leslie Hope Days Information Spouse (s) Jack Bauer Children Kim Bauer"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Enoch Arden law", "paragraph_text": "The Enoch Arden law is a legal precedent in the United States that grants a divorce or a legal exemption so that a person can remarry, if his or her spouse has been absent without explanation for a certain number of years, typically seven."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Margaret of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Margaret of the Palatinate (German: \"Margarete von der Pfalz\"; 1376 \u2013 26 August 1434, Einville-au-Jard) was the daughter of Rupert of Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg. She married Charles II, Duke of Lorraine on 6 February 1393. Her maternal grandparents were Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg and Elisabeth of Meissen. One of her grandchildren was Margaret of Anjou, Queen Consort of King Henry VI of England."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (15 October 1711 \u2013 3 July 1741) was born a Princess of Lorraine and was the last queen consort of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. The sister of Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine, she died as a result of giving birth to Benedetto of Savoy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (Mar\u00eda Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 \u2013 19 September 1785) was a Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia. She was the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Terry McMillan", "paragraph_text": "Terry McMillan (1951 - 10 - 18) October 18, 1951 (age 66) Port Huron, Michigan Occupation Writer Nationality American Alma mater University of California, Berkeley Genre Fiction Notable works Waiting to Exhale How Stella Got Her Groove Back Disappearing Acts Spouse Jonathan Plummer (m. 1998; div. 2005)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Villa Foscari", "paragraph_text": "Villa Foscari is a patrician villa in Mira, near Venice, northern Italy, designed by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio. It is also known as \"La Malcontenta\", a nickname which it received when the spouse of one of the Foscaris was locked up in the house because she allegedly didn't live up to her conjugal duty."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christel Khalil", "paragraph_text": "Christel Khalil Christel Adnana Mina Khalil (1987 - 11 - 30) November 30, 1987 (age 30) Los Angeles, California Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Known for The Young and the Restless as Lily Winters (2002 -- present) Spouse (s) Stephen Hensley (m. 2008 -- 2011) Children"}], "question": "Who was another spouse of Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine's spouse?"}
{"id": "2hop__838380_122522", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Surviving Paradise", "paragraph_text": "Surviving Paradise is a 2001 American family adventure/drama film written and directed by Kamshad Kooshan. With three months of theatrical release in Major theaters in Southern California and San Francisco Bay Area, it is considered to be the First English Language Iranian-American film distributed in the United States. This film is believed to be one of the first vehicles in introducing the Oscar Nominated star, Shohreh Aghdashloo to Hollywood resulting in her being selected for \"House of Sand & Fog\" acting opposite Ben Kingsley and later becoming nominated for an Oscar."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kate Bronfenbrenner", "paragraph_text": "Kate Bronfenbrenner (March 23, 1954) is the Director of Labor Education Research at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. She is a leading authority on successful strategies in labor union organizing, and on the effects of outsourcing and offshoring on workers and worker rights."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elmer Ellis", "paragraph_text": "Elmer Ellis (July 27, 1901 \u2013 August 27, 1989) was an American educator and fourteenth president of the University of Missouri, from 1955 to 1966, and first president of the University of Missouri System. He was instrumental in the expansion of the university to include the University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City and University of Missouri\u2013St. Louis. Ellis Library is named in his honor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Richard Nadeau", "paragraph_text": "Richard Nadeau (born April 5, 1959 in Hawkesbury, Ontario) is a teacher and Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois politician in Quebec, Canada. He is the former Member of Parliament for the riding of Gatineau. Nadeau attended the University of Ottawa where he received degrees in history, political science and education. In addition to being a teacher, Nadeau has worked as an adviser and director of educational programs, and as a researcher and an archivist. He has also been a lobbyist for French education and has been involved in community theatre in Saskatchewan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bachelor in Paradise (Australian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Bachelor in Paradise Australia is an Australian elimination - style reality competition television series which is an adaptation of the U.S. series of the same name. It is a spin - off of The Bachelor Australia and The Bachelorette Australia and features previous contestants who have been featured on those shows. Bachelor in Paradise Australia is hosted by Osher G\u00fcnsberg and was first premiered on Network Ten on 25 March 2018."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Edward Lauer", "paragraph_text": "Edward Lauer graduated from the University of Michigan in 1916. He was named a professor at the University of Iowa in 1921. In 1927, Lauer was named director of Iowa\u2019s Extension Division."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Reggie Oliver", "paragraph_text": "Reggie Oliver was educated at Eton (Newcastle Scholar, 1970, Oppidan Scholar) and University College, Oxford (BA Hons 1975), and has been a professional playwright, actor, and theatre director since 1975."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Andrew C. Skinner", "paragraph_text": "Andrew C. Skinner (born 1951) was a dean of religious education at Brigham Young University and the author of a wide variety of books and articles on historical and doctrinal topics. Skinner currently serves as the executive director of the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ronne Hartfield", "paragraph_text": "Ronne Hartfield (born Ronola Rone in 1936) is an author, essayist, international museum consultant, and former senior executive at The Art Institute of Chicago and Executive Director of Urban Gateways: The Center for Arts in Education. She has been a co-chair of the Harvard University Arts Education Council and a Senior Research Associate at Harvard University's Center for the Study of World Religions, and at Claremont Graduate University School of Religion. In 2004, Ms. Hartfield published \"Another Way Home: The Tangled Roots of Race in One Chicago Family\" to critical acclaim. Ronne Hartfield has served on the board of directors at the American Writers Museum, the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Taliesin, Scottsdale, AZ, the Rhode Island School of Design, and the Institute for the Advanced Study of Religion at the University of Chicago. She is an internationally recognized expert in arts education and multicultural education. Ronne is married to Robert Hartfield, a mathematician at the University of Chicago, with whom she has four daughters."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "David E. Housel", "paragraph_text": "David E. Housel has been the Director of Athletics Emeritus at Auburn University since January 2006. He is a former Director of Athletics for the Auburn Tigers Athletics Department. He was named Auburn's 13th Director of Athletics on April 1, 1994, after working in almost every area of the Auburn Athletic Department for the previous 25 years. He has dedicated more than 40 years to Auburn University, and was the athletic department's sports information director from 1981-94."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kamshad Kooshan", "paragraph_text": "Since graduating from San Francisco State University and studying at American Conservatory of Theater, Kamshad Kooshan has written and directed three short films, with the last one, The Last Illusion touring such venues as American Film Institute and UCLA Film & Television Archive. He has taught at the Graduate Motion Picture & Video department of Academy of Art University in San Francisco for four years."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Paradise, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Paradise is an unincorporated community in Coles County, Illinois, United States. Paradise is located near the south shore of Lake Paradise, south-southwest of Mattoon."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Instituto Piaget", "paragraph_text": "Instituto Piaget is a Portuguese private institution of higher education. It provides both university and polytechnic higher education in a number of fields. Instituto Piaget was named after the Swiss philosopher and developmental psychologist Jean Piaget."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zalman Usiskin", "paragraph_text": "Usiskin's doctoral dissertation in mathematical education at the University of Michigan involved the field testing of his book, \"\", which was written with Arthur Coxford. This book has greatly influenced the way geometry is taught in many American high schools, according to the NCTM citation. With the founding of UCSMP in 1983, he became Director of the secondary component and has been the project's overall Director since 1987. The University School Mathematics Project has grown to become the nation's largest university-based curriculum project for kindergarten through 12th-grade mathematics, with several million students using its elementary and secondary textbooks and other materials."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mary Sally Matiella", "paragraph_text": "She earned a Regents' Scholarship into the University of Arizona, receiving a B.A. in 1973 and an M.B.A. in 1976. In 2013, she was named the University of Arizona, College of Education Alum of the year."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Far Paradise", "paragraph_text": "The Far Paradise is a 1928 Australian silent film directed by Paulette McDonagh and starring Marie Lorraine the stage name of Isabel McDonagh. This is the second feature from the McDonagh sisters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Helmut Schmidt University", "paragraph_text": "The Helmut Schmidt University (), located in Hamburg, Germany, is a German military educational establishment that was founded in 1973 at the initiative of the then-Federal Minister of Defence, Helmut Schmidt. Originally known as the \"University of the Bundeswehr Hamburg\" (\"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr\"), its complete official name today is \"Helmut-Schmidt-Universit\u00e4t/Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr Hamburg\". Teaching first started in Autumn of 1973. It is one of two universities that were established by the Bundeswehr to train and educate its future and existing officers."}], "question": "What university was the director of Surviving Paradise educated at?"}
{"id": "2hop__338129_122522", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mary Sally Matiella", "paragraph_text": "She earned a Regents' Scholarship into the University of Arizona, receiving a B.A. in 1973 and an M.B.A. in 1976. In 2013, she was named the University of Arizona, College of Education Alum of the year."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tajikistan", "paragraph_text": "Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nigel Griffiths", "paragraph_text": "Nigel Griffiths was educated at Hawick High School in the Scottish Borders before attending the University of Edinburgh where he was awarded an MA in 1977. He finished his education at Moray House College of Education (now the Moray House School of Education on \"Holyrood Road\" at the University of Edinburgh) in Edinburgh in 1978. He was president of the University of Edinburgh Labour Group in 1976, where he first met and supported Gordon Brown, who was then the student elected Rector of the University."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "He Named Me Malala", "paragraph_text": "He Named Me Malala is a 2015 American documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim. The film presents the young Pakistani female activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Malala Yousafzai, who has spoken out for the rights of girls, especially the right to education, since she was very young. The film also recounts how she miraculously survived and has become even more eloquent in her quest after being hunted down and shot by a Taliban gunman as part of the organization's violent opposition to girls' education in the Swat Valley in Pakistan. The title refers to the Afghani folk hero Malalai of Maiwand, after whom her father named her"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ivy League", "paragraph_text": "The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paradise, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Paradise is an unincorporated community in Coles County, Illinois, United States. Paradise is located near the south shore of Lake Paradise, south-southwest of Mattoon."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Surviving Paradise", "paragraph_text": "Surviving Paradise is a 2001 American family adventure/drama film written and directed by Kamshad Kooshan. With three months of theatrical release in Major theaters in Southern California and San Francisco Bay Area, it is considered to be the First English Language Iranian-American film distributed in the United States. This film is believed to be one of the first vehicles in introducing the Oscar Nominated star, Shohreh Aghdashloo to Hollywood resulting in her being selected for \"House of Sand & Fog\" acting opposite Ben Kingsley and later becoming nominated for an Oscar."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kamshad Kooshan", "paragraph_text": "Since graduating from San Francisco State University and studying at American Conservatory of Theater, Kamshad Kooshan has written and directed three short films, with the last one, The Last Illusion touring such venues as American Film Institute and UCLA Film & Television Archive. He has taught at the Graduate Motion Picture & Video department of Academy of Art University in San Francisco for four years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Adam Herz", "paragraph_text": "Adam Herz (born September 10, 1972) is an American screenwriter and producer. He founded the production company Terra Firma Films in 2003 with a first-look deal at Universal Studios."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mann Rubin", "paragraph_text": "Mann Rubin (December 11, 1927 \u2013 October 12, 2013) was an American film and television screenwriter, whose credits included \"The Best of Everything\" in 1959, \"Brainstorm\" in 1965, \"Warning Shot\" in 1967, \"The First Deadly Sin\" in 1980, and \"The Human Shield\" in 1991. He also taught screenwriting within the cinema and TV department at the University of Southern California for more than ten years."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kannur University", "paragraph_text": "Kannur University was established in 1996 to provide development of higher education in Kasaragod, Kannur, and Wayanad districts of Kerala, India. It was established after the passing of Act No. 22 of 1996 of the Kerala Legislative Assembly. A university by the name of \"Malabar University\" had come into existence even earlier by the passing of an ordinance by the Governor of Kerala, on 9 November 1995."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rel Dowdell", "paragraph_text": "Rel Dowdell is an American screenwriter, film director, film producer, and English/screenwriting educator. Born and raised in Philadelphia, he received his Bachelor's degree in English with Magna Cum Laude honors from Fisk University and a master's degree in Film and Screenwriting with highest distinction from Boston University."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Instituto Piaget", "paragraph_text": "Instituto Piaget is a Portuguese private institution of higher education. It provides both university and polytechnic higher education in a number of fields. Instituto Piaget was named after the Swiss philosopher and developmental psychologist Jean Piaget."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Helmut Schmidt University", "paragraph_text": "The Helmut Schmidt University (), located in Hamburg, Germany, is a German military educational establishment that was founded in 1973 at the initiative of the then-Federal Minister of Defence, Helmut Schmidt. Originally known as the \"University of the Bundeswehr Hamburg\" (\"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr\"), its complete official name today is \"Helmut-Schmidt-Universit\u00e4t/Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr Hamburg\". Teaching first started in Autumn of 1973. It is one of two universities that were established by the Bundeswehr to train and educate its future and existing officers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Douglas J. Eboch", "paragraph_text": "Douglas J. Eboch (born December 10, 1967) is an American screenwriter, author and educator, best known for the 2002 comedy \"Sweet Home Alabama\", starring Reese Witherspoon, Josh Lucas, Patrick Dempsey and Candice Bergen."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elmer Ellis", "paragraph_text": "Elmer Ellis (July 27, 1901 \u2013 August 27, 1989) was an American educator and fourteenth president of the University of Missouri, from 1955 to 1966, and first president of the University of Missouri System. He was instrumental in the expansion of the university to include the University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City and University of Missouri\u2013St. Louis. Ellis Library is named in his honor."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bachelor in Paradise (Australian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Bachelor in Paradise Australia is an Australian elimination - style reality competition television series which is an adaptation of the U.S. series of the same name. It is a spin - off of The Bachelor Australia and The Bachelorette Australia and features previous contestants who have been featured on those shows. Bachelor in Paradise Australia is hosted by Osher G\u00fcnsberg and was first premiered on Network Ten on 25 March 2018."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Paradise Papers", "paragraph_text": "The documents were acquired by the German newspaper S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung, which had also obtained the Panama Papers in 2016. According to the BBC, the name ``Paradise Papers ''reflects`` the idyllic profiles of many of the offshore jurisdictions whose workings are unveiled'', so - called tax havens, or ``tax paradises ''."}], "question": "What university was the screenwriter of Surviving Paradise educated at?"}
{"id": "2hop__9825_9821", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Williamsburg Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Williamsburg Bridge is a suspension bridge in New York City across the East River connecting the Lower East Side of Manhattan at Delancey Street with the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn at Broadway near the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (Interstate 278). Completed in 1903, it was the longest suspension bridge span in the world until 1924."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cheongdam Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Cheongdam Bridge () is a bridge over the Han River in Seoul, South Korea. It is the 18th bridge to be constructed over the river. The bridge links the Gwangjin and Gangnam districts. It carries a section of Line 7 of the Seoul Subway, between Cheongdam Station and Ttukseom Resort Station, on its underside, making it the first \"duplex bridge\" in South Korea. The road portion is a part of the Dongbu Expressway, which limits the bridge to motor traffic only."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Al Kawd", "paragraph_text": "Al Kawd is a town in south-western Yemen, near Zinjibar. It is located in the Abyan Governorate and lies on the Gulf of Aden, approximately 40 kilometres by road east of Aden. The Wadi Bana, a major river of Yemen flows into the sea to the east of the town."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "181st Street is served by two New York City Subway lines; there is a 181st Street station at Fort Washington Avenue on the IND Eighth Avenue Line (A trains) and a 181st Street station at St. Nicholas Avenue on the IRT Broadway \u2013 Seventh Avenue Line (1 trains). The stations are about 500 metres (550 yd) from each other and are not connected. The George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is a couple of blocks south on Fort Washington Avenue. 181st Street is also the last south/west exit in New York on the Trans-Manhattan Expressway (I-95), just before crossing the George Washington Bridge to New Jersey."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alexander Hamilton Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Alexander Hamilton Bridge carries eight lanes of traffic over the Harlem River in New York City between the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx, connecting the Trans-Manhattan Expressway in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan and the Cross-Bronx Expressway, as part of Interstate 95 and U.S. 1. The bridge opened to traffic on January 15, 1963, the same day that the Cross-Bronx Expressway was completed. For 2011, the New York City Department of Transportation, which operates and maintains the bridge, reported an average daily traffic volume in both directions of 182,174; having reached a peak ADT of 192,848 in 1990."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dafosi Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Dafosi Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge spanning over the Yangtze River in Chongqing, China. The bridge carries 6 lanes of traffic on the G65 Baotou\u2013Maoming Expressway between the Nan'an District east of the Yangtze River and the Jiangbei District to the west."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Stickford", "paragraph_text": "Stickford is a village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The village is situated near the A16 road and approximately south-west from the town of Spilsby."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lane Bane Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Lane Bane Bridge is a truss bridge that carries vehicular traffic across the Monongahela River between Brownsville, Pennsylvania and West Brownsville, Pennsylvania. The high level bridge was constructed in 1960 and was originally designed to be part of the Mon-Fayette Expressway. A freeway segment stretches from the west bank of the bridge, and a final exit is contained directly on the eastern shore. The structure is designed not only to provide a river crossing without having to enter the associated deep valley, but it also carries vehicles high above the main streets of West Brownsville."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Masangxi Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Masangxi Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge which crosses the Yangtze River in Chongqing, China. Completed in 2001, it has a main span of and is wide. The bridge carries 6 lanes of traffic on the G75 Lanzhou\u2013Haikou Expressway between the Banan District east of the Yangtze River and the Dadukou District to the west."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Oak Street Connector (Connecticut Route 34) intersects I-91 at exit 1, just south of the I-95/I-91 interchange, and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads. The Wilbur Cross Parkway (Connecticut Route 15) runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven, turning northwards as it nears the city and then running northwards parallel to I-91 through the outer rim of New Haven and Hamden, offering an alternative to the I-95/I-91 journey (restricted to non-commercial vehicles). Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state (officially designated as Heroes Tunnel), running through West Rock, home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Interstate 95 runs through the city along the Delaware River as a main north-south artery known as the Delaware Expressway. The city is also served by the Schuylkill Expressway, a portion of Interstate 76 that runs along the Schuylkill River. It meets the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, providing access to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and points west. Interstate 676, the Vine Street Expressway, was completed in 1991 after years of planning. A link between I-95 and I-76, it runs below street level through Center City, connecting to the Ben Franklin Bridge at its eastern end."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "In recent years, the nightclubs on West 27th Street have succumbed to stiff competition from Manhattan's Meatpacking District about fifteen blocks south, and other venues in downtown Manhattan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Seohaean Expressway", "paragraph_text": "The Seohaean Expressway (Korean: \uc11c\ud574\uc548 \uace0\uc18d\ub3c4\ub85c; Seohaean Gosok Doro), meaning \"West Coast Expressway\", is a freeway in South Korea, connecting Mokpo to Gunsan, Dangjin, and Seoul."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "West of Fort Washington Avenue, 181st Street is largely residential, bordering Hudson Heights and having a few shops to serve the local residents. East of Fort Washington Avenue, the street becomes increasingly commercial, becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River. It is the area's major shopping district."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marinoha", "paragraph_text": "Marinoha is a village in the Kezi district in Zimbabwe. It stretches from the Mazakela River near Mabonyane Shopping Center up to Mhabhinyane in the south. The Marinoha primary school is located there, but it was forced to shut down (see references)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cabrini Boulevard", "paragraph_text": "Cabrini Boulevard spans the Manhattan neighborhood of Hudson Heights, running from West 177th Street in the south, near the George Washington Bridge, to Fort Tryon Park in the north, along an escarpment of Manhattan schist overlooking the Henry Hudson Parkway and the Hudson River. It is the westernmost city street in the neighborhood except for a one block loop formed by Chittenden Avenue, West 187th Street and West 183rd Street."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Singal-dong", "paragraph_text": "Singal (Hangeul: \uc2e0\uac08) is an area of Yongin, in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is near two major expressways and a large reservoir by the same name. As such, it is a major junction for the surrounding area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ganges", "paragraph_text": "The Ganges (/ \u02c8\u0261\u00e6nd\u0292i\u02d0z / GAN - jeez), also known as Ganga (Hindustani: (\u02c8\u0261\u0259\u014b\u0261a\u02d0)), is a trans - boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India. After entering West Bengal, it divides into two rivers: the Hooghly River and the Padma River. The Hooghly, or Adi Ganga, flows through several districts of West Bengal and into the Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island. The other, the Padma, also flows into and through Bangladesh, and also empties into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges is the third largest river in the world by discharge."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wandsworth Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Wandsworth Bridge crosses the River Thames in west London. It carries the A217 road between the area of Battersea, near Wandsworth Town Station, in the London Borough of Wandsworth on the south of the river, and the areas of Sands End and Parsons Green, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, on the north side."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Timgharine", "paragraph_text": "Timgharine (also written Timrharine) is a village in the commune of Ksabi, in Ouled Khoudir District, B\u00e9char Province, Algeria. The village is located on the east bank of the Oued Saoura about halfway between Ouled Khoudir to the north and Ksabi to the south. It is connected to Ouled Khoudir by a local road along the side of the river, and to the N6 national highway by a road across the river to the west."}], "question": "Which river touches the major shopping district near the road that is the Trans-Manhattan Expressway's last south/west exit?"}
{"id": "2hop__9819_9821", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "The River Test runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the New Forest. There are bridges over the Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at Redbridge in the south and the M27 motorway to the north. The River Itchen runs through the middle of the city and is bridged in several places. The northernmost bridge, and the first to be built, is at Mansbridge, where the A27 road crosses the Itchen. The original bridge is closed to road traffic, but is still standing and open to pedestrians and cyclists. The river is bridged again at Swaythling, where Woodmill Bridge separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river. Further south is Cobden Bridge which is notable as it was opened as a free bridge (it was originally named the Cobden Free Bridge), and was never a toll bridge. Downstream of the Cobden Bridge is the Northam Railway Bridge, then the Northam Road Bridge, which was the first major pre-stressed concrete bridge to be constructed in the United Kingdom. The southernmost, and newest, bridge on the Itchen is the Itchen Bridge, which is a toll bridge."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rip Van Winkle Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Rip Van Winkle Bridge is a cantilever bridge spanning the Hudson River between Hudson, New York and Catskill, New York. The structure carries NY 23 across the river, connecting US 9W and NY 385 on the west side with NY 9G on the east side. The bridge is named after the 1819 short story of the same name by Washington Irving, which mentions Hudson and Catskill."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "U.S. Route 9 in New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "By the 1940s, US 9 had been extended south on Route 4 to Cape May and rerouted to current Route 4 between Lakewood and South Amboy. In addition, the route was moved to its current alignment between South Amboy and Jersey City, following Route 35 and Route 25, and routed to cross the Hudson River on the George Washington Bridge, using a part of Route 6. The state highway concurrencies were removed in 1953 and two realignments occurred to the route as a result of the construction of the Garden State Parkway in the 1950s. In the 1970s, US 9 was extended across the Cape May\u2013Lewes Ferry to continue into Delaware with the former route into Cape May becoming Route 109. Also around this time, two freeways were proposed for US 9 in Atlantic and Monmouth counties, but never built. The Beesley's Point Bridge over Great Egg Harbor Bay was closed in 2004, with US 9 rerouted to use the Great Egg Harbor Bridge along the Garden State Parkway."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Burt Henry Covered Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Burt Henry Covered Bridge, also known as the Henry Covered Bridge or just the Henry Bridge, is a covered bridge that spans the Walloomsac River near Bennington, Vermont. A Town lattice truss bridge, it carries River Road, just south of the village of North Bennington. Originally built about 1840, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as Bennington County's oldest covered bridge. It was rebuilt in 1989 by the Vermont Agency of Transportation."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jubilee Parkway", "paragraph_text": "The Jubilee Parkway is a pair of parallel concrete viaduct bridges that carry Interstate 10 across Mobile Bay from the George Wallace Tunnel on Blakeley Island in Mobile, Alabama eastbound to Spanish Fort/Daphne, Alabama. The bridges are similar in design to the pre-Hurricane Katrina I-10 Twin Span Bridge near New Orleans, Louisiana. Each of the two bridges is two lanes wide, for a total of four lanes, and long. The parkway was completed in 1978 and crosses the northern portion of Mobile Bay, running roughly parallel to the nearby Battleship Parkway, with which it has an interchange. It was named for the jubilee phenomena that occurs intermittently in Mobile Bay, but is commonly referred to locally and in the media as the \"Bayway\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Taft Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Taft Bridge, also known as the Connecticut Avenue Bridge or William Howard Taft Bridge, is a historic bridge located in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. It carries Connecticut Avenue over the Rock Creek gorge, including Rock Creek and the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, connecting the neighborhoods of Woodley Park and Kalorama. It is situated to the southwest of the Duke Ellington Bridge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sprain Brook Parkway", "paragraph_text": "From its opening in 1961 until 1979, the parkway was maintained by the East Hudson Parkway Authority, a commission created to maintain tolls on the Saw Mill River Parkway, the Bronx River Parkway and to provide general maintenance for the Taconic State Parkway. The authority was abolished in 1979, at which time, all maintenance of the Sprain Brook Parkway was turned over to NYSDOT."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Camden Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Camden Bridge is a continuous span plate girder bridge, that spans the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It connects 42nd Avenue North in the Camden community on the west side of the river to 37th Avenue Northeast in Northeast Minneapolis on the east side. It also links Webber Parkway (on the west side) to St. Anthony Parkway on the east side, completing a link in the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway. It was built in 1977 and was designed by Jacus Associates Incorporated."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fieldale Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Fieldale Historic District is a national historic district located at Fieldale, Henry County, Virginia. The district encompasses 329 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in the town of Fieldale. The majority of the buildings were built after 1916-1917 by the Marshall Field and Company as workers housing for the Fieldcrest Mills. Other notable buildings and structures include the Fieldcrest Mills Complex with the upper mill, lower mill, gatehouse, warehouse, water infiltration plant, and welder's shop; Danville & Western Station; Route 701 Bridge; Bank of Fieldale/Post Office; Fieldale Caf\u00e9 (Fieldale Grocery; former Theater/Drug Store; Ramona's Dress Shop/Wilson's Grocery"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wushan Yangtze River Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Wushan Yangtze River Bridge is an arch bridge, which carries S301 Provincial Road across the Yangtze River near Wushan, Chongqing, China. Completed in 2005, the high arch spans ranking it in the top ten longest arch bridges in the world. The bridge is also among the highest in the world however, the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge, and the full clearance is no longer visible."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Calvin Coolidge Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Calvin Coolidge Memorial Bridge is a major crossing of the Connecticut River in western Massachusetts, connecting the towns of Northampton and Hadley. The bridge carries Route 9 across the river, where it connects to Interstate 91. The bridge is a major bottleneck in Hampshire County\u2014the only major hospital in the county, Cooley-Dickinson, is located in Northampton on the western side of the bridge. The road approaching the bridge is known as Bridge St. in Northampton (eastbound) and Russell St. in Hadley (westbound)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yiling Yangtze River Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Yiling Yangtze River Bridge () is a cable-stayed bridge over the Yangtze River in the city-center of Yichang, Hubei. It has 3 towers and two main spans, with a total of 4 spans including the side spans. It is a road bridge which carries four lanes of roadway and has a toll booth at one end. The bridge has a singular cable tension system, which carries the deck from the center. The Bridge crosses the Yangtze River, near Dagongqiao in Yichang. The main spans are 346 meters each. At the end of the bridge, to the south there is a cloverleaf interchange after the toll booth which is and exchange for the road."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bridge of the Gods (land bridge)", "paragraph_text": "The Bridge of the Gods was a natural dam created by the Bonneville Slide, a major landslide that dammed the Columbia River near present-day Cascade Locks, Oregon in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The river eventually breached the bridge and washed much of it away, but the event is remembered in local legends of the Native Americans as the \"Bridge of the Gods\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "George Washington Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The George Washington Bridge -- known informally as the GW Bridge, the GWB, the GW, or the George -- is a double - decked suspension bridge spanning the Hudson River between the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City and Fort Lee, New Jersey. As of 2016, the George Washington Bridge carried over 103 million vehicles per year, making it the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge. It is owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a bi-state government agency that operates several bridges, tunnels and airports, as well as marine seaports, and the PATH rapid transit system."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "West of Fort Washington Avenue, 181st Street is largely residential, bordering Hudson Heights and having a few shops to serve the local residents. East of Fort Washington Avenue, the street becomes increasingly commercial, becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River. It is the area's major shopping district."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cabrini Boulevard", "paragraph_text": "Cabrini Boulevard spans the Manhattan neighborhood of Hudson Heights, running from West 177th Street in the south, near the George Washington Bridge, to Fort Tryon Park in the north, along an escarpment of Manhattan schist overlooking the Henry Hudson Parkway and the Hudson River. It is the westernmost city street in the neighborhood except for a one block loop formed by Chittenden Avenue, West 187th Street and West 183rd Street."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Surgut Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Surgut Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge across the Ob River at Surgut, Russia. It is one of the longest in Siberia. The bridge is long and has only one tower. Its central span of makes it the longest single-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world. The bridge was inaugurated in September 2000 and bridge carries road traffic. A steel truss rail bridge runs parallel to the Surgut Bridge."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southwark Street", "paragraph_text": "Southwark Street is a major street in Bankside in the London Borough of Southwark, in London England, just south of the River Thames. It runs between Blackfriars Road to the west and Borough High Street to the east. It also connects the access routes for London Bridge, Southwark Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge. At the eastern end to the north is Borough Market."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roosevelt Point Cottage and Boathouse", "paragraph_text": "The Roosevelt Point Cottage and Boathouse are located on the Hudson River near the end of River Point Road in Hyde Park, New York, United States. They were both built around 1860 as part of Rosedale, the estate of Isaac Roosevelt, grandfather of Franklin D. Roosevelt."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "181st Street is a major thoroughfare running through the Washington Heights neighborhood. It runs from the Washington Bridge in the east, to the Henry Hudson Parkway in the west, near the George Washington Bridge and the Hudson River. The west end is called Plaza Lafayette."}], "question": "Which river touches the major shopping district near the street that runs from the Washington Bridge to the Henry Hudson Parkway?"}
{"id": "2hop__324275_572370", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Reach Out I'll Be There", "paragraph_text": "``Reach Out I'll Be There ''(also formatted as`` Reach Out (I'll Be There)'') is a song recorded by the Four Tops from their fourth studio album Reach Out (1966). Written and produced by Motown's main production team, Holland -- Dozier -- Holland, the song is one of the best known Motown tunes of the 1960s, and is today considered The Tops' signature song."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shanty Run", "paragraph_text": "Shanty Run is a tributary of Quinn Run in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Davidson Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream is acidic and is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired by atmospheric deposition. Rock formations in the watershed include the Huntley Mountain Formation and the Burgoon Sandstone. Soils in the watershed include the Deep-Wellsboro-Oquaga, Oquaga, and Norwich soil associations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "McMinnville AVA", "paragraph_text": "The McMinnville AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Yamhill County, Oregon. It is entirely contained within the Willamette Valley AVA, roughly running from McMinnville to Sheridan. The AVA was created as a result of a successful petition from Kevin Byrd of Youngberg Hill Vineyards. McMinnville is one of few AVAs that is designated in part based on elevation, with vineyards required to be between and above sea level, where the soil and rock formations differ from surrounding areas. Primarily uplifted marine sedimentary loams and silt, the top soil is shallow and relatively infertile."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hatcham Social", "paragraph_text": "Hatcham Social are an English indie pop band who first met and formed in New Cross, London in 2006 and who have since then released a string of singles on indie labels, followed by three studio albums. With the debut album they made headway in the mainstream media, with The Guardian describing them as 'irrestistible' and Tim Burgess (The Charlatans) calling them 'a wonderful pop group with the world's coolest drummer'."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lead Run", "paragraph_text": "Lead Run is a tributary of East Branch Fishing Creek in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. It is approximately long and flows through Davidson Township. Its watershed has an area of . The stream has a low pH and poor water quality, although that could potentially be remedied. The main rock formations in the area are the Catskill Formation, the Huntley Mountain Formation, and the Burgoon Sandstone. The main soil associations in the vicinity of the stream are the Deep-Wellsboro-Oquaga association, the Norwich association, and the Oquaga association."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hvaler Tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The Hvaler Tunnel () is a subsea road tunnel which connects the island of Kirk\u00f8y to the rest of Hvaler, Norway. The tunnel opened in 1989 and is long and deep with an incline of 10% at its steepest point, located on Norwegian County Road 108."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Messers Run", "paragraph_text": "Messers Run is a tributary of Catawissa Creek in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Kline Township and East Union Township. The only named tributary of the stream is Negro Hollow, but it has two unnamed tributaries. The creek has some alkalinity, but is slightly acidic. The main rock formations in the watershed of it are the Mauch Chunk Formation and the Pottsville Formation. The main soils in the watershed are the Leck Kill soil and the Hazleton soil."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "I'll Never Find Another You", "paragraph_text": "``I'll Never Find Another You ''Single by The Seekers B - side`` Open Up Them Pearly Gates'' Released December 1964 Format 7 ''45rpm Recorded November 4 1964 at Abbey Road Studios London Length 2: 40 Label EMI Columbia DB 7431, Capitol Songwriter (s) Tom Springfield Producer (s) Tom Springfield The Seekers singles chronology ``I'll Never Find Another You'' (1964)`` String Module Error: Match not found ''(String Module Error: Match not found) ``I'll Never Find Another You''`` Chilly Winds ''"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chalone Vineyard", "paragraph_text": "Chalone Vineyard is located in the Chalone AVA south of San Francisco, California, United States, on an unusual geological formation called the Gavilan benchland. The soil is rich in limestone and calcium carbonate and also contains a significant amount of decomposed granite. This soil has a mineral composition similar to Champagne, which is located within the Bourgogne region of France. Chalone is situated in an arid chaparral environment, in which temperatures can vary as much as 50\u00b0F in one day. The climate is very dry, only 12 to of rain fall per year. These factors combine to create a unique \"terroir\", the signature profile of a wine growing region."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "You Dig the Tunnel, I'll Hide the Soil", "paragraph_text": "You Dig The Tunnel, I'll Hide The Soil is the debut album by Hatcham Social, released on 16 March 2009 on Fierce Panda Records in the UK and TBD Records in the US."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Little Crooked Run", "paragraph_text": "Little Crooked Run is a tributary of Tomhicken Creek in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through North Union Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream is considered to be a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and Class A Wild Trout Waters. The main rock formations in the stream's watershed are the Mauch Chunk Formation and the Pottsville Formation and the main soil is the Hazleton soil."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dark Run", "paragraph_text": "Dark Run is a tributary of Catawissa Creek in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Union Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream is considered to be a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and Class D Wild Trout Waters. Eight species of fish inhabit the stream. The main rock formations in the stream's watershed are the Mauch Chunk Formation and the main soil is the Leck Kill soil. The stream has several unnamed tributaries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Catawissa Tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The Catawissa Tunnel is a mine drainage tunnel in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The tunnel discharges into Catawissa Creek further upstream than any other mine drainage tunnel in the watershed. The tunnel was constructed in the 1930s and a passive treatment system may or may not be installed at the site of the tunnel. The tunnel is several hundred feet long."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "I'll Be There for You (The Rembrandts song)", "paragraph_text": "``I'll Be There for You ''Single by The Rembrandts from the album L.P. Released May 1, 1995 Format 7``, CD single Recorded Genre Power pop, pop rock, alternative rock, jangle pop Length 3: 09 Label East West, Atlantic Songwriter (s) David Crane, Marta Kauffman, Michael Skloff, Allee Willis, Phil S\u014dlem, Danny Wilde Producer (s) Kevin Bright, David Crane, Marta Kauffman The Rembrandts singles chronology ``Waiting to Be Opened'' (1993)`` I'll Be There for You ''(1995) ``This House Is Not a Home'' (1995)`` Waiting to Be Opened ''(1993) ``I'll Be There for You'' (1995)`` This House Is Not a Home ''(1995)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Humble and Kind", "paragraph_text": "``Humble and Kind ''Single by Tim McGraw from the album Damn Country Music Released January 20, 2016 (2016 - 01 - 20) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4: 20 Label Big Machine Songwriter (s) Lori McKenna Producer (s) Byron Gallimore Tim McGraw Tim McGraw singles chronology`` Lovin 'Lately'' (2016) ``Humble and Kind ''(2016)`` How I'll Always Be'' (2016) ``Lovin' Lately ''(2016)`` Humble and Kind'' (2016) ``How I'll Always Be ''(2016)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of rail tunnels in India by length", "paragraph_text": "Most of the tunnels listed below are located in the Western Ghats, the only mountain range in the country that has good railway connectivity. There are longer tunnels that are under construction in the Himalayas in Jammu & Kashmir, as part of the JUSBRL Project. Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, the 11.2 km long railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range of middle Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir. It is a part of its Udhampur - Srinagar - Baramulla rail link project, India's longest railway tunnel and reduced the distance between Quazigund and Banihal."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Crooked Run (Catawissa Creek tributary)", "paragraph_text": "Crooked Run is a tributary of Catawissa Creek in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through North Union Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream is considered to be a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and Class A Wild Trout Waters. However, it is impaired by atmospheric deposition. The main rock formations in the stream's watershed are the Mauch Chunk Formation and the Pocono Formation and the main soils are the Leck Kill soil and the Hazleton soil."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Horda, Norway", "paragraph_text": "Horda or H\u00e5ra is a village in Odda municipality in Hordaland county, Norway. The village is located in a small valley off the northwestern shore of the lake R\u00f8ldalsvatnet. It is the location of the Horda Tunnel, a spiral tunnel through which the European route E134 highway and Norwegian National Road 13 pass. The larger village of R\u00f8ldal lies about to the northeast and the small village of Botnen lies about to the south."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Reach Out I'll Be There", "paragraph_text": "\"Reach Out I'll Be There\" (also formatted as \"Reach Out (I'll Be There)\") is a song recorded by the Four Tops from their fourth studio album \"Reach Out\" (1967). Written and produced by Motown's main production team, Holland\u2013Dozier\u2013Holland, the song is one of the best known Motown tunes of the 1960s, and is today considered The Tops' signature song."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (which were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains."}], "question": "Where was the performer of You Dig the Tunnel, I'll Hide the Soil formed?"}
{"id": "2hop__3717_81824", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Golden Gate Bridge A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands Coordinates 37 \u00b0 49 \u2032 11 ''N 122 \u00b0 28 \u2032 43'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 37.81972 \u00b0 N 122.47861 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 37.81972; - 122.47861 Coordinates: 37 \u00b0 49 \u2032 11 ''N 122 \u00b0 28 \u2032 43'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 37.81972 \u00b0 N 122.47861 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 37.81972; - 122.47861 Carries 6 lanes of US 101 / SR 1 (see below), pedestrians and bicycles. Crosses Golden Gate Locale San Francisco, California and Marin County, California, U.S. Official name Golden Gate Bridge Maintained by Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District Characteristics Design Art Deco, Suspension, truss arch & truss causeways Material Steel Total length 8,981 ft (2,737.4 m), about 1.7 mi (2.7 km) Width 90 ft (27.4 m) Height 746 ft (227.4 m) Longest span 4,200 ft (1,280.2 m) Clearance above 14 ft (4.3 m) at toll gates, Trucks can not pass Clearance below 220 ft (67.1 m) at high tide History Architect Irving Morrow Engineering design by Joseph Strauss, and Charles Ellis Construction start January 5, 1933 (1933 - 01 - 05) Construction end April 19, 1937 (1937 - 04 - 20) Opened May 27, 1937; 80 years ago (1937 - 05 - 27) Statistics Daily traffic 110,000 Toll Cars (southbound only) $7.50 (Pay by plate), $6.50 (FasTrak), $4.50 (carpools during peak hours, FasTrak only) California Historical Landmark Designated June 18, 1987 Reference no. 974 San Francisco Designated Landmark Designated May 21, 1999 Reference no. 222 Golden Gate Bridge Bridges in the San Francisco Bay"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "UConn Huskies women's basketball", "paragraph_text": "UConn owns the two longest winning streaks, any gender, in college basketball history. The longest streak, 111 straight wins, started with a win against Creighton on November 23, 2014, and ended on March 31, 2017 when a buzzer - beater at the end of the overtime caused a loss in the 2017 NCAA Final Four by Mississippi State. The second streak counts 90 consecutive wins, including two undefeated seasons (2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10), and was delimited by two losses against Stanford, the first on April 6, 2008 in the National Semifinals of the NCAA Tournament, and the second -- three seasons later -- on December 19, 2010."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the \"Upper Three Banners\" and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams could serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as the \"Lower Five Banners.\" They were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the \"Iron cap princes\". Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army. Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji expanded the system to include mirrored Mongol and Han Banners. After capturing Beijing in 1644, the relatively small Banner armies were further augmented by the Green Standard Army, made up of those Ming troops who had surrendered to the Qing, which eventually outnumbered Banner troops three to one. They maintained their Ming era organization and were led by a mix of Banner and Green Standard officers.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "CN Tower", "paragraph_text": "A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps, and the SkyPod 100 m (328 ft) above after 2,579 steps; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth. These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public, except for two times per year for charity stair - climb events. The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome, but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy, an Ontario Provincial Police officer. In 2002, Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair. The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower (facing north), with a glass view, but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core. Top climbs on the new, windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2008 China League Two", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 China League Two started on April 2008 and ended on December 2008. Guangdong Sunray Cave and Shenyang Dongjin finished top-2 and promoted to China League One 2009."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dry Riser", "paragraph_text": "\"Dry Riser\" is a song by Kerbdog and a single released in 1994, taken from their self titled debut album, recorded at Rockfield Studios, Wales by Jack Endino. The single was released on four different formats, two CDs, and two 7\" vinyls. CD1 was released as a limited edition Digipak and one of the 7\" singles was released as a limited edition, pressed on clear vinyl as opposed to the usual black. The single climbed to number sixty on the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ronald Ryan", "paragraph_text": "Ronald Joseph Ryan (21 February 1925 -- 3 February 1967) was the last person to be legally executed in Australia. Ryan was found guilty of shooting and killing warder George Hodson during an escape from Pentridge Prison, Victoria, in 1965. Ryan's hanging was met with some of the largest public protests in the history of Australia and led to the end of capital punishment. The death penalty was abolished in 1985."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Sgt. Frog episodes", "paragraph_text": "Season Episodes Originally aired DVD release dates Season premiere Season finale Region 1 51 April 3, 2004 March 26, 2005 TBA 52 April 1, 2005 March 31, 2006 TBA 51 April 7, 2006 March 30, 2007 TBA 51 April 7, 2007 March 29, 2008 TBA 5 51 April 5, 2008 March 28, 2009 TBA 6 51 April 4, 2009 March 27, 2010 TBA 7 51 April 3, 2010 April 3, 2011 TBA"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "China Coal Energy", "paragraph_text": "On 16 December 2006, it was listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as H share. China Coal joined Hang Seng China Enterprises Index Constitute Stock. On 7 September 2007, China Coal announced that it would issue A-share in the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It was listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange on 1 February 2008."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Friday Night Lights (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "The second season of the American serial drama television series Friday Night Lights commenced airing in the United States and Canada on October 5, 2007 and concluded its 15 - episode season on February 7, 2008, on NBC. While initially renewed for a 22 - episode full season, the show ended production for the season after filming the 15th episode, due to the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike. The series' future was once again placed in doubt as it did not return to production once the strike ended, and it continued to suffer from low ratings in its new Friday at 9: 00 pm time slot. However, NBC announced in April 2008 that the show would return for a third season, with first - run broadcasts airing on DirecTV's The 101 Network. The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ben 10: Alien Force", "paragraph_text": "The series premiered on Cartoon Network in the United States on April 18, 2008 and on Teletoon in Canada on September 6, 2008, and ended on March 26, 2010. The series was originally produced under the working title of Ben 10: Hero Generation. The series ran for a total of three seasons and forty - six episodes with its final episode being aired on March 26, 2010."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sultan Ahmed Mosque", "paragraph_text": "Four minarets stand at the corners of the Blue Mosque. Each of these fluted, pencil-shaped minarets has three balconies (Called \u015ferefe) with stalactite corbels, while the two others at the end of the forecourt only have two balconies. Before the muezzin or prayer caller had to climb a narrow spiral staircase five times a day to announce the call to prayer."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hannah Montana (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "The second season of \"Hannah Montana\" aired on Disney Channel from April 23, 2007 to October 12, 2008. Production of the season began on November 2006, and ended on September 21 2007. During this season Miley and Lilly fight more, Oliver gets an alibi to hang out with Hannah Montana and Miley grows closer to Oliver."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Martin Mina\u0159\u00edk", "paragraph_text": "Martin Mina\u0159\u00edk (27 November 1967 \u2013 April 2009) was a Czech mountaineer. He started climbing at the age of 16 in Host\u00fdnsk\u00e9 vrchy and later at the Tatra Mountains. In 1999 he climbed his first eight-thousander Manaslu. Later he climbed six more: Kangchenjunga (2002), Broad Peak (2003), Shishapangma (2004), Cho Oyu (2005), Lhotse (2007) and Dhaulagiri (2008). He died during a descent of Annapurna with \u00c9lisabeth Revol."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent.\" The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Climb (song)", "paragraph_text": "``The Climb ''Single by Miley Cyrus from the album Hannah Montana: The Movie and The Time of Our Lives (International Edition) Released February 21, 2009 Recorded 2008 Genre Country pop Length 3: 56 Label Hollywood Songwriter (s) Jessi Alexander Jon Mabe Producer (s) John Shanks Miley Cyrus singles chronology`` 7 Things'' (2008) ``The Climb ''(2009)`` Fly on the Wall'' (2009) ``7 Things ''(2008)''`` The Climb ''(2009) ``Fly on the Wall'' (2009) Music video`` The Climb ''on YouTube"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On April 7, 1989, Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia. On April 9, 1989, troops attacked the demonstrators; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded. This event radicalized Georgian politics, prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule. On April 14, Gorbachev removed Jumber Patiashvili as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party and replaced him with former Georgian KGB chief Givi Gumbaridze."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was \"trampling American's rights.\" According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which \"SaveTheArctic.org\" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically\u2014activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas\u2014revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo."}], "question": "When did the construction of the bridge which three protesters climbed to hang two banners on April 7, 2008 end?"}
{"id": "2hop__418893_182746", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash", "paragraph_text": "The 1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash occurred on 14 September 1923 when a de Havilland DH.34 of Daimler Airway operating a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Croydon to Manchester crashed at Ivinghoe, Buckinghamshire, England, killing all five people on board."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Water transport in Bangkok", "paragraph_text": "Bangkok, Thailand, has an extensive water transport system serving passengers crossing or travelling along the Chao Phraya River as well as certain canals."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alvarado Transportation Center", "paragraph_text": "The Alvarado Transportation Center (ATC) is a multimodal transit hub located at 100 1st Street SW in Downtown Albuquerque, New Mexico. The complex was built as a hub for Albuquerque's regional transit system and as a replacement for Albuquerque's previous bus depot and train station. The center serves ABQ RIDE, Amtrak, Greyhound Lines, and the New Mexico Rail Runner Express commuter rail line."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southern Airways Flight 932", "paragraph_text": "Southern Airways Flight 932 was a chartered Southern Airways Douglas DC - 9 domestic United States commercial jet flight from Stallings Field (ISO) in Kinston, North Carolina, to Huntington Tri-State Airport / Milton J. Ferguson Field (HTS) in Ceredo, West Virginia. At 7: 36 p.m. on November 14, 1970, the aircraft crashed into a hill just short of the Tri-State Airport, killing all 75 people on board."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maritime Central Airways", "paragraph_text": "Maritime Central Airways was a predecessor of Eastern Provincial Airways and was founded by Prince Edward Island native Carl Burke and Josiah Anderson in 1941 out of Moncton, New Brunswick and provided standard passenger, cargo, and charter flights throughout the Maritimes and Newfoundland and Labrador - at the time not yet part of Canada. This early fleet consisted of a Boeing 247 and a Fairchild 24."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bluebird Airways", "paragraph_text": "Bluebird Airways is a Greek airline, established in 2008 in Heraklion, Crete, Greece and is mainly involved in the transportation of passengers and cargo from Tel Aviv according to schedule and charter flights."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "BA Connect", "paragraph_text": "BA Connect was a fully owned subsidiary airline of British Airways. Headquartered in Didsbury, Manchester, England, it operated a network of domestic and European services from a number of airports in the United Kingdom on behalf of British Airways. The airline operated as a low-cost carrier, with food sold via a 'buy on board' programme (except for flights to London City Airport)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Airways Flight 284", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Airways Flight 284 was a de Havilland Comet that broke up during a flight to Nicosia International Airport on 12 October 1967, after an explosive device detonated in the cabin. The airliner crashed in the Mediterranean Sea and all 66 passengers and crew members on board died."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ridgewood Bus Terminal", "paragraph_text": "Ridgewood Bus Terminal is a New Jersey Transit transportation hub located in downtown Ridgewood, New Jersey, United States. The terminal is located on the northwest corner of the intersection of Oak Street and Dayton Street at Van Neste Square, approximately ESE of NJTransit's Ridgewood train station."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar Airways and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority; and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients. Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's south east that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Samui Airport", "paragraph_text": "Samui International Airport () , also known as Ko Samui Airport or Koh Samui Airport, is a privately owned airport on the island of Ko Samui (Koh Samui) in Thailand. The airport is roughly 2\u00a0km north of the main city and largest resort centre on the island, Chaweng. It was built by Bangkok Airways. Construction began in 1982 and the airport was officially opened in April 1989."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Armenian International Airways", "paragraph_text": "Armenian International Airways (; AIA) was a privately owned airline operating international passenger flights based from Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan, Armenia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bangkok Airways Flight 266", "paragraph_text": "Bangkok Airways Flight 266 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Krabi Airport to Samui Airport, Thailand. On 4 August 2009, the aircraft overran the runway on landing and crashed into an old and unmanned control tower. 1 pilot died and 41 others were injured."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nigeria Airways Flight 2120", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 was a chartered passenger flight from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to Sokoto, Nigeria on 11 July 1991, which caught fire shortly after takeoff from King Abdulaziz International Airport and crashed while attempting to return for an emergency landing, killing all 247 passengers and 14 crew members on board. The aircraft was a Douglas DC-8 operated by Nationair for Nigeria Airways. Flight 2120 is the deadliest accident involving a DC-8 and remains the deadliest aviation disaster involving a Canadian airline."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "BOAC Flight 777", "paragraph_text": "BOAC Flight 777-A was a scheduled British Overseas Airways Corporation civilian airline flight from Portela Airport in Lisbon, Portugal to Whitchurch Airport near Bristol, England. On 1 June 1943, the Douglas DC-3 serving the flight was attacked by eight German Junkers Ju 88 fighter planes and crashed into the Bay of Biscay, killing all 17 on board. There were several notable passengers, among them actor Leslie Howard."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash", "paragraph_text": "The 1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash occurred on 13 July 1928 when a Vickers Vulcan on a test flight from Croydon Airport with a pilot and five passengers crashed near Purley, Surrey three miles from the airport, with the loss of four passengers. As a result of the crash Imperial Airways stopped the flying of staff (so called joy rides) on test flights."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Scottish Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Scottish Airlines (Prestwick) Limited was formed in 1946 as a subsidiary of Scottish Aviation Limited. The airline commenced worldwide passenger and cargo charter flights from bases at Prestwick and Stansted. It also participated in the Berlin Airlift, became a trooping carrier for the British Armed Forces, and began contract flights on behalf of Air France, British European Airways (BEA), Compagnie Belge des Transports A\u00e9riens, Iceland Airways and KLM. Scottish Airlines also operated scheduled services in its own right between Prestwick Airport in Scotland and Ronaldsway Airport on the Isle of Man. Scottish Airlines ceased operations in 1960. Its aircraft and routes were taken over by Dan-Air in 1961."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pattaya", "paragraph_text": "Pattaya is about 120 kilometres (75 mi) by road from Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK), the country's largest international airport. By road, it is accessed from Sukhumvit Road and Motorway 7 from Bangkok. Pattaya is also served by scheduled flights via U-Tapao International Airport (UTP) which is 45 minute drive south of the city."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wings Financial Credit Union", "paragraph_text": "Wings Financial Credit Union is a non-profit, member-owned credit union headquartered in Apple Valley, Minnesota. With assets of more than $4.5 billion, the credit union serves the Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota Metro Area, the Seattle/Tacoma Metro Area and employees in the air transportation industry, including employees of AirTran Airways, Delta Air Lines, Southwest Airlines, Sun Country Airlines, JetBlue Airways, Allegiant Air, Champion Air, and others. Wings was chartered in 1938 and is regulated by the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Place Saint-Lambert", "paragraph_text": "The Place Saint-Lambert is a square in the centre of Li\u00e8ge, Belgium. Until 1794, it was the site of St. Lambert's Cathedral. Remains of the foundations of the cathedral have been conserved, and are on display at the Arch\u00e9oforum, under the square. The largest public building on the square is the former Prince-Bishops' Palace, which now houses the \"Palais de justice\" (courthouse) and the \"Palais provincial\", i.e. the government building of the province of Li\u00e8ge. There is a large bus station in the lower part of the square, which serves as the local transport hub for the city. On 13 December 2011, a murder\u2013suicide attack took place in the square, in which 6 people were killed and 125 were injured."}], "question": "What island is served by the airport that was the destination of Bangkok Airways Flight 266?"}
{"id": "2hop__3717_58453", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dry Riser", "paragraph_text": "\"Dry Riser\" is a song by Kerbdog and a single released in 1994, taken from their self titled debut album, recorded at Rockfield Studios, Wales by Jack Endino. The single was released on four different formats, two CDs, and two 7\" vinyls. CD1 was released as a limited edition Digipak and one of the 7\" singles was released as a limited edition, pressed on clear vinyl as opposed to the usual black. The single climbed to number sixty on the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Martin Mina\u0159\u00edk", "paragraph_text": "Martin Mina\u0159\u00edk (27 November 1967 \u2013 April 2009) was a Czech mountaineer. He started climbing at the age of 16 in Host\u00fdnsk\u00e9 vrchy and later at the Tatra Mountains. In 1999 he climbed his first eight-thousander Manaslu. Later he climbed six more: Kangchenjunga (2002), Broad Peak (2003), Shishapangma (2004), Cho Oyu (2005), Lhotse (2007) and Dhaulagiri (2008). He died during a descent of Annapurna with \u00c9lisabeth Revol."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Climb (song)", "paragraph_text": "``The Climb ''Single by Miley Cyrus from the album Hannah Montana: The Movie and The Time of Our Lives (International Edition) Released February 21, 2009 Recorded 2008 Genre Country pop Length 3: 56 Label Hollywood Songwriter (s) Jessi Alexander Jon Mabe Producer (s) John Shanks Miley Cyrus singles chronology`` 7 Things'' (2008) ``The Climb ''(2009)`` Fly on the Wall'' (2009) ``7 Things ''(2008)''`` The Climb ''(2009) ``Fly on the Wall'' (2009) Music video`` The Climb ''on YouTube"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was \"trampling American's rights.\" According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which \"SaveTheArctic.org\" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically\u2014activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas\u2014revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Golden Gate", "paragraph_text": "The first recorded observation of the strait occurred nearly two hundred years later than the earliest European explorations of the coast. In 1769, Sgt Jos\u00e9 Francisco Ortega, the leader of a scouting party sent north along the San Francisco Peninsula by Don Gaspar de Portol\u00e1 from their expedition encampment in San Pedro Valley to locate the Point Reyes headlands, reported back to Portol\u00e1 that he could not reach the location because of his encounter with the strait. On 5 August 1775 Juan de Ayala and the crew of his ship San Carlos became the first Europeans known to have passed through the strait, anchoring in a cove behind Angel Island, the cove now named in Ayala's honor. Until the 1840s, the strait was called the ``Boca del Puerto de San Francisco ''(`` Mouth of the Port of San Francisco''). On 1 July 1846, before the discovery of gold in California, the entrance acquired a new name. In his memoirs, John C. Fr\u00e9mont wrote, ``To this Gate I gave the name of`` Chrysopylae '', or ``Golden Gate''; for the same reasons that the harbor of Byzantium was called Chrysoceras, or Golden Horn. ''"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Sgt. Frog episodes", "paragraph_text": "Season Episodes Originally aired DVD release dates Season premiere Season finale Region 1 51 April 3, 2004 March 26, 2005 TBA 52 April 1, 2005 March 31, 2006 TBA 51 April 7, 2006 March 30, 2007 TBA 51 April 7, 2007 March 29, 2008 TBA 5 51 April 5, 2008 March 28, 2009 TBA 6 51 April 4, 2009 March 27, 2010 TBA 7 51 April 3, 2010 April 3, 2011 TBA"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hannah Montana (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "The second season of \"Hannah Montana\" aired on Disney Channel from April 23, 2007 to October 12, 2008. Production of the season began on November 2006, and ended on September 21 2007. During this season Miley and Lilly fight more, Oliver gets an alibi to hang out with Hannah Montana and Miley grows closer to Oliver."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oklahoma City Thunder", "paragraph_text": "In June 2008, a lawsuit brought by the city of Seattle against Bennett due to his attempts to break the final two years of the Sonics' lease at KeyArena went to federal court. Nearly a month later, the two sides reached a settlement agreement. The terms awarded the city $45 million to get out of the remaining lease at KeyArena, and would have provided an additional $30 million payment to Seattle in 2013 if certain conditions had been met. The owners agreed to leave the SuperSonics name, logo and colors in Seattle for a possible future NBA franchise; however, the items would remain the property of the Oklahoma City team along with other ``assets '', including championship banners and trophies. On September 3, 2008, the team name, logo, and colors for the Oklahoma City franchise were revealed to the public. The name`` Thunder'' was chosen in reference to Oklahoma's location in Tornado Alley and Oklahoma City as the home of the U.S. Army's 45th Infantry Division, the Thunderbirds."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "China Coal Energy", "paragraph_text": "On 16 December 2006, it was listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as H share. China Coal joined Hang Seng China Enterprises Index Constitute Stock. On 7 September 2007, China Coal announced that it would issue A-share in the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It was listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange on 1 February 2008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cheyenne Kimball", "paragraph_text": "Cheyenne Nichole Kimball (born July 27, 1990) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and mandolinist. Her debut album, \"The Day Has Come\" was released in July 2006 coinciding with an MTV reality series following her entry into the music industry. This album produced a chart single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in \"Hanging On.\" From 2008 to 2011, she was a member of the country music band Gloriana, which made its chart debut in 2009."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "CN Tower", "paragraph_text": "A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps, and the SkyPod 100 m (328 ft) above after 2,579 steps; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth. These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public, except for two times per year for charity stair - climb events. The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome, but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy, an Ontario Provincial Police officer. In 2002, Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair. The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower (facing north), with a glass view, but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core. Top climbs on the new, windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Spirit in the Sky", "paragraph_text": "``Spirit in the Sky ''is a song written and originally recorded by Norman Greenbaum and released in late 1969. The single became a gold record, selling two million copies from 1969 to 1970 and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart (April 18, 1970), where it lasted for 15 weeks in the Top 100. Billboard ranked the record the No. 22 song of 1970. It also climbed to number one on the UK, Australian and Canadian charts in 1970. Rolling Stone ranked`` Spirit in the Sky'' No. 333 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song was featured on the 1969 album of the same name. Cover versions by Doctor and the Medics and Gareth Gates have also made the number 1 spot in the UK."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent.\" The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the \"Upper Three Banners\" and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams could serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as the \"Lower Five Banners.\" They were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the \"Iron cap princes\". Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army. Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji expanded the system to include mirrored Mongol and Han Banners. After capturing Beijing in 1644, the relatively small Banner armies were further augmented by the Green Standard Army, made up of those Ming troops who had surrendered to the Qing, which eventually outnumbered Banner troops three to one. They maintained their Ming era organization and were led by a mix of Banner and Green Standard officers.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Punta Pari\u00f1as", "paragraph_text": "An active lighthouse is located in Punta Pari\u00f1as. There is a popular beach just south of the cape, and visitors can climb the headland to see seals below. It is named in chapter three of the first season of Los Simuladores. It is also known for a traditional dessert called \"The DUL-CE-CI-TO\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Big Brown", "paragraph_text": "Big Brown (foaled April 10, 2005 in Kentucky) is a retired American hero Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2008 Kentucky Derby and 2008 Preakness Stakes. He suffered his only defeat in the Belmont Stakes, and was later named the champion three - year - old colt of 2008."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of rock climbing", "paragraph_text": "Although the practice of rock climbing was an important component of Victorian mountaineering in the Alps, it is generally thought that the sport of rock climbing began in the last quarter of the 19th century in at least three areas: Elbe Sandstone Mountains in Saxony near Dresden, the north of England including the Peak district and Lake District, and the Dolomites in Italy. Rock climbing evolved gradually from an alpine necessity to an athletic sport in its own right, making it imprudent to cite a primogenitor of the latter in each of these three locales. Nevertheless, there is some general agreement on the following:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Guillaume Depardieu", "paragraph_text": "Guillaume Depardieu (7 April 1971 \u2013 13 October 2008) was a French actor, winner of a C\u00e9sar Award, and the oldest child of G\u00e9rard Depardieu."}], "question": "What's the origin of the name of the structure that three protesters climbed to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?"}
{"id": "2hop__85986_818682", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "I'm Not Lisa", "paragraph_text": "``I'm Not Lisa ''is a country music song written and recorded by American country artist Jessi Colter. It was released as a single on January 16, 1975, by Capitol Records.`` I'm Not Lisa'' would become Colter's first major hit as a solo artist."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Google Search", "paragraph_text": "Google's homepage includes a button labeled ``I'm Feeling Lucky ''. This feature originally allowed users to type in their search query, click the button and be taken directly to the first result, bypassing the search results page. With the 2010 announcement of Google Instant, an automatic feature that immediately displays relevant results as users are typing in their query, the`` I'm Feeling Lucky'' button disappears, requiring that users opt - out of Instant results through search settings in order to keep using the ``I'm Feeling Lucky ''functionality. In 2012,`` I'm Feeling Lucky'' was changed to serve as an advertisement for Google services; users hover their computer mouse over the button, it spins and shows an emotion (``I'm Feeling Puzzled ''or`` I'm Feeling Trendy'', for instance), and, when clicked, takes users to a Google service related to that emotion."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British series 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin - off show I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! NOW! on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Three to Get Deadly", "paragraph_text": "Three to Get Deadly is the third novel by Janet Evanovich featuring the bounty hunter Stephanie Plum and was first published in 1997. It won the 1998 Dilys Award."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "I'm an Elephant, Madame", "paragraph_text": "I'm an Elephant, Madame () is a 1969 German drama film directed by Peter Zadek. It was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear award."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tessa Wyatt", "paragraph_text": "Tessa Wyatt (born 23 April 1948) is an English actress who first came to the public spotlight through her marriage to Tony Blackburn. She later starred in the sitcom \"Robin's Nest\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Super Size Me", "paragraph_text": "After John Cisna, a high school science teacher, lost 60 pounds while eating exclusively at McDonald's for 180 days, he said, ``I'm not pushing McDonald's. I'm not pushing fast food. I'm pushing taking accountability and making the right choice for you individually... As a science teacher, I would never show Super Size Me because when I watched that, I never saw the educational value in that... I mean, a guy eats uncontrollable amounts of food, stops exercising, and the whole world is surprised he puts on weight? What I'm not proud about is probably 70 to 80 percent of my colleagues across the United States still show Super Size Me in their health class or their biology class. I do n't get it. ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sk8er Boi", "paragraph_text": "``Sk8er Boi ''Official American CD artwork pictured. Single by Avril Lavigne from the album Let Go B - side`` Get Over It'' Released 27 August 2002 (2002 - 08 - 27) Format CD single digital download Genre Pop punk skate punk power pop Length 3: 24 Label Arista Songwriter (s) Avril Lavigne Lauren Christy Scott Spock Graham Edwards Producer (s) The Matrix Avril Lavigne singles chronology ``Complicated ''(2002)`` Sk8er Boi'' (2002) ``I'm with You ''(2002)`` Complicated'' (2002) ``Sk8er Boi ''(2002)`` I'm with You'' (2002) Alternative cover European CD artwork Music video ``Sk8er Boi ''on YouTube"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kim Ji-won (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Network Notes 2008 Mrs. Saigon Hye - ryeon KNN 2011 High Kick: Revenge of the Short Legged Kim Ji - won MBC What's Up Park Tae - yi MBN 2012 To the Beautiful You Seol Han - na SBS 2013 The Heirs Rachel Yoo Waiting for Love Choi Sae - rom KBS2 2014 Drama Special: The Reason I'm Getting Married Kim Ji - young Cameo Gap - dong Ma Ji - wool tvN 2015 Hidden Identity Min Tae - hee Cameo The Time We Were Not in Love Kim Ji - won SBS Ep. 2 photograph on phone 2016 Descendants of the Sun Yoon Myung - ju KBS2 2017 Fight for My Way Choi Ae - ra"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jake Quickenden", "paragraph_text": "Jacob ``Jake ''Quickenden (born 3 September 1988) is an English singer and reality television personality. He was a contestant on the ninth and eleventh series of The X Factor in 2012 and 2014, before being runner - up in series 14 of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! in December 2014. After taking part in I'm a Celebrity, Quickenden met Carl Fogarty's daughter, Danielle and they have been in a relationship since December 2014. In 2018, he took part in the tenth series of Dancing on Ice, where he was partnered with professional German figure skater Vanessa Bauer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. In April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event \u2013 now held annually \u2013 at the Grauman's Chinese Theater and the Grauman's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival celebrates Hollywood and its movies, and features celebrity appearances, special events, and screenings of around 50 classic movies including several newly restored by the Film Foundation, an organization devoted to preserving Hollywood's classic film legacy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for \"You Belong with Me\", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions. When Beyonc\u00e9 later won the award for Best Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech. West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and by President Barack Obama, who called West a \"jackass\". In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and \"tweets\" with the \"Let you finish\" photo-jokes. He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated, \"Everybody wanna booooo me but I'm a fan of real pop culture... I'm not crazy y'all, I'm just real.\" He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident, and the other the following day, when he also apologized during an appearance on The Jay Leno Show. After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sharks (Currie Cup)", "paragraph_text": "Natal won its first Currie Cup competition in 1990, the same year the union celebrated its centenary anniversary. Since then the Sharks have won the Currie Cup in 1992, 1995, 1996, 2008, 2010 and most recently in 2013. For most of their history, the team was known simply as' Natal ', with a nickname of' The Banana Boys' until the mid-1990s when they were re-branded as the Sharks."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Threesome (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Threesome (stylised as threesome) is a British television sitcom written by Tom MacRae and starring Stephen Wight, Amy Huberman and Emun Elliott. The series is focused around three friends\u2014Alice, Mitch and Richie\u2014who return home from a night out celebrating Alice's birthday and end up having a threesome, which results in Alice getting pregnant. Instead of getting an abortion, the three friends decide to raise the baby as a trio. The series began airing on 17 October 2011 on Comedy Central and Comedy Central HD. It is the first original scripted comedy commissioned by Comedy Central and is produced by Big Talk Productions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Plumbers Don't Wear Ties", "paragraph_text": "Plumbers Don't Wear Ties is an adult-oriented \"romantic comedy\" graphic adventure game/dating sim developed and published by Kirin Entertainment for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer. Although the game did have a PC version, it had very limited distribution and was published by United Pixtures itself. The game stars Edward J. Foster and Jeanne Basone as John and Jane, two people who are being pressured by their respective parents to go out and find a spouse. The player's task is to get John and Jane together."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "I'm on a Roll", "paragraph_text": "\"I'm on a Roll\" is Stefano's first single after being signed to Hollywood Records. This song features hip hop group New Boyz and Rock Mafia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)", "paragraph_text": "The musical opened in London's West End in 1986, and on Broadway in 1988. It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical, and Michael Crawford (in the title role) won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical. It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a wide margin, and celebrated its 10,000 th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012, the first production ever to do so. It is the second longest - running West End musical, after Les Mis\u00e9rables, and the third longest - running West End show overall, after The Mousetrap."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Life is All You Get", "paragraph_text": "Life Is All You Get () is a 1997 German comedy film directed by Wolfgang Becker. It was entered into the 47th Berlin International Film Festival where it won an Honourable Mention."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on 31 January 2016. The second season was accompanied by the companion series I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! Now!. It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series, hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman. On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts, which premiered on 29 January 2017. A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)", "paragraph_text": "Richard Holman Hatch Jr (born April 8, 1961) is an American former reality television contestant. In 2000, he won the first season of the CBS reality series Survivor. He was a contestant on a subsequent All - Stars season of Survivor, on one season of Celebrity Apprentice, and on one season of The Biggest Loser."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the winner of the first I'm a Celebrity Get Me out of Here?"}
{"id": "2hop__90075_818682", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Negan", "paragraph_text": "Negan The Walking Dead character Negan in the comics (left), and as portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan (right) in the television series First appearance Comic: ``Issue # 100 ''(2012) Television:`` Last Day on Earth'' (2016) Video game: Tekken 7 (2018) Created by Robert Kirkman Charlie Adlard Portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan Information Occupation Saviors Leader Spouse (s) Lucille Significant other (s) Sherry Amber several unnamed wives"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ashley McKenzie", "paragraph_text": "Ashley McKenzie (born 17 July 1989) is an English judoka competing at the men's 60\u00a0kg division. He was a member of the Great Britain Olympic Judo Team at London 2012 but was defeated in the second round by Hiroaki Hiraoka of Japan. He also appeared in, and made it to the final of \"Celebrity Big Brother 10\" in September 2012. In August 2018, he appeared on the first series of Celebs on the Farm."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "South African cricket team in India in 2015\u201316", "paragraph_text": "The South African cricket team toured India from 29 September to 7 December 2015. The tour consisted of four Test matches, five One Day International (ODI) and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. This was the first time a four - match Test series between the two nations has been played in India and the first time that South Africa played a T20I against India in India. India won the Test series while South Africa won both the ODI and T20I series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "David Pfeffer", "paragraph_text": "David Pfeffer (born April 11, 1982) is a German singer. He rose to fame during the second series of the German \"X Factor\" show, which he won in December 2011. David Pfeffer, who is also a police officer in Duisburg, Germany, released his debut album \"I Mind\" on December 9, 2011 which entered the German charts at No.20. The album, \"I Mind\" includes Pfeffer's single \"I'm Here\", which also was released on the same day as the album, December 9, 2011."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Celebs Go Dating", "paragraph_text": "Celebs Go Dating Genre Dating Reality television Created by E4 Directed by Jamie Wiggins Starring See below Narrated by Rob Beckett Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of series 3 (1 upcoming) No. of episodes 54 (as of 29 September 2017) Production Executive producer (s) Kalpna Patel - Knight Phil Harris Sharon Powers Location (s) London Editor (s) Justin Saculles Lyndon Tovey Nick Walker Camera setup Multi camera Running time 65 minutes (includes adverts) Production company (s) Lime Pictures Distributor All3Media Release Original network E4 (2016 -- present) Picture format 1080i HDTV Audio format Stereo Original release 29 August 2016 (2016 - 08 - 29) -- present External links Website www.channel4.com/programmes/celebs-go-dating"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tessa Wyatt", "paragraph_text": "Tessa Wyatt (born 23 April 1948) is an English actress who first came to the public spotlight through her marriage to Tony Blackburn. She later starred in the sitcom \"Robin's Nest\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, the series was renewed for a second season scheduled to premiere on April 25, 2018. The Handmaid's Tale received widespread critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from 13 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, becoming the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series. It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "World Series", "paragraph_text": "The Cubs in 1907 and the Giants in 1922 won 4 games to 0, but each of those Series' included a tied game and are not considered to be true sweeps. In 1907, the first game was the tie and the Cubs won four straight after that. In 1922, Game 2 was the tie."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I'm Not Lisa", "paragraph_text": "``I'm Not Lisa ''is a country music song written and recorded by American country artist Jessi Colter. It was released as a single on January 16, 1975, by Capitol Records.`` I'm Not Lisa'' would become Colter's first major hit as a solo artist."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Google Search", "paragraph_text": "Google's homepage includes a button labeled ``I'm Feeling Lucky ''. This feature originally allowed users to type in their search query, click the button and be taken directly to the first result, bypassing the search results page. With the 2010 announcement of Google Instant, an automatic feature that immediately displays relevant results as users are typing in their query, the`` I'm Feeling Lucky'' button disappears, requiring that users opt - out of Instant results through search settings in order to keep using the ``I'm Feeling Lucky ''functionality. In 2012,`` I'm Feeling Lucky'' was changed to serve as an advertisement for Google services; users hover their computer mouse over the button, it spins and shows an emotion (``I'm Feeling Puzzled ''or`` I'm Feeling Trendy'', for instance), and, when clicked, takes users to a Google service related to that emotion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British series 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin - off show I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! NOW! on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "I'm an Elephant, Madame", "paragraph_text": "I'm an Elephant, Madame () is a 1969 German drama film directed by Peter Zadek. It was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear award."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, first aired on 25 August 2002, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts. The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name. It is filmed in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1929\u201330 Serie A", "paragraph_text": "The 1929\u201330 Serie A was the 30th football tournament in Italy. Internazionale won its third \"Scudetto\" as Ambrosiana. This was the first edition of the Serie A using a round-robin format."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "World Series", "paragraph_text": "In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 19 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jake Quickenden", "paragraph_text": "Jacob ``Jake ''Quickenden (born 3 September 1988) is an English singer and reality television personality. He was a contestant on the ninth and eleventh series of The X Factor in 2012 and 2014, before being runner - up in series 14 of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! in December 2014. After taking part in I'm a Celebrity, Quickenden met Carl Fogarty's daughter, Danielle and they have been in a relationship since December 2014. In 2018, he took part in the tenth series of Dancing on Ice, where he was partnered with professional German figure skater Vanessa Bauer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "India national cricket team", "paragraph_text": "India recorded their first Test victory, in their 24th match, against England at Madras in 1952. Later in the same year, they won their first Test series, which was against Pakistan. They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956. However, they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides. On 24 August 1959, India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5 -- 0 whitewash ever inflicted by England. The next decade saw India's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home. They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961 -- 62 and also won a home series against New Zealand. They managed to draw home series against Pakistan and Australia and another series against England. In this same period, India also won its first series outside the subcontinent, against New Zealand in 1967 -- 68."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2016 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "With each team winning a game in the championship series to force a winner - take - all Game 3, the tournament reached the maximum of 17 games for the first time since 2003 when the finals expanded to best - of - three format (as opposed to a single, winner - take - all championship game). Coastal Carolina won the deciding game, 4 - 3, becoming the first team since 1956 to win the title in its first CWS appearance. Coastal Carolina won six elimination games in NCAA post-season play -- one in a Regional, three in the CWS double - elimination bracket, and two in the Championship Series. The runner - up, Arizona, won six elimination games -- three in a Regional and three in the CWS double - elimination bracket, but lost their 7th, the last game of the Championship Series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1955 World Series", "paragraph_text": "The 1955 World Series matched the Brooklyn Dodgers against the New York Yankees, with the Dodgers winning the Series in seven games to capture their first championship in franchise history. It would be the only Series the Dodgers won in Brooklyn, as the team relocated to Los Angeles after the 1957 season. This was the fifth time in nine years that the Yankees and the Dodgers met in the World Series, with the Yankees having won in 1947, 1949, 1952, and 1953; the Yankees would also win in the 1956 rematch."}], "question": "Who married the winner of the first series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here?"}
{"id": "2hop__619554_26546", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dongjug", "paragraph_text": "Dongjug is a village in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in eastern Tibet. It lies at an altitude of 2,592 metres (8,507 feet). The village has a population of about 490 people."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (\u00dc-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}], "question": "Where is the region that contains Dongjug?"}
{"id": "2hop__612881_26546", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (\u00dc-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dartang", "paragraph_text": "Dartang is a village in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It lies at an altitude of 4,144 metres (13,599 feet). The village has a population of about 424."}], "question": "Where is the area in which Dartang is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__22714_18551", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Synod of Erfurt", "paragraph_text": "The Synod (or Council) of Erfurt was a church council held at Erfurt in northeastern Thuringia under the presidency of Henry I of Germany in 932."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The First Cathedral", "paragraph_text": "Originally known as The 1st Baptist Church in Hartford, Connecticut, The First Cathedral is the fifteenth oldest historically black church founded in the city of Hartford, Connecticut; and the third congregation to be known as The First Baptist Church of Hartford, Connecticut. The phrase The First Cathedral is used colloquially to refer to the Christian ministry based in Bloomfield, Connecticut as well as the edifice in which the ministry is held."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dildo Key", "paragraph_text": "Dildo Key is a small island in the Florida Bay in the U.S. state of Florida, located in Everglades National Park. It is named for the Dildo Cactus (\"Acanthocereus tetragonus\"), a native species. Dildo Key has been noted for its unusual place name."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ieud Hill Church", "paragraph_text": "The Ieud Hill Church (), dedicated to the Nativity of the Virgin, is a Romanian Orthodox church in Ieud Commune, Maramure\u0219 County, Romania. Built in the early 17th century, it is one of eight buildings that make up the wooden churches of Maramure\u0219 UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is also listed as a historic monument by the country's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs. Its name comes from the fact that it is located on a hill, and is used to distinguish it from the Ieud Valley Church."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nativity Cathedral, Riga", "paragraph_text": "The Nativity of Christ Cathedral (, ), Riga, Latvia was built to a design by Nikolai Chagin and Robert Pflug in a Neo-Byzantine style between 1876 and 1883, with decorations made by the firm of August Volz, during the period when the country was part of the Russian Empire. It is the largest Orthodox cathedral in the Baltic provinces built with the blessing of the Russian Tsar Alexander II on the initiative of local governor-general Pyotr Bagration and bishop Veniamin Karelin. The Nativity of Christ Cathedral is renowned for its icons, some of which were painted by Vasili Vereshchagin. During the First World War German troops occupied Riga and turned its largest Russian Orthodox cathedral into a Lutheran church. In independent Latvia, the Nativity of Christ Cathedral once again became an Orthodox cathedral in 1921. Archbishop J\u0101nis Pommers, a native Latvian, played a key part in the defence of the cathedral, including defence from the Latvian government which was extremely unfriendly to Orthodox Church in the first years of an independent Latvia. In the early 1960s, Soviet authorities closed down the cathedral and converted its building into a planetarium. The cathedral has been restored since Latvia regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nokia 2610", "paragraph_text": "The Nokia 2610 is a candybar-style telephone that weighs 91 grams, with its buttons operated by the thumb. It has a 1.5-inch (38 mm) CSTN colour screen with 65,536-colour display. It uses a D-pad and two selection buttons, one on each side, with Send and End keys similar to native S40 devices. The End key also is used to turn the telephone on and off."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Twarres", "paragraph_text": "Twarres is a folk/pop band from the Netherlands who perform songs in both English and their native West Frisian language. Their songs are primarily lush, harmonic vocal pop with a focus on acoustic instrumentation such as pianos and violins. At the end of 2003 Twarres held their last concert. In 2006, Mirjam Timmer, singer and guitarist of Twarres, started a solo career under the name \"Mir\". Her solo album entitled \"Files from London\" was released in 2006."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Brigham Young University's origin can be traced back to 1862 when a man named Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall, which was located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North. On October 16, 1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah in 1867. Hence, October 16, 1875 is commonly held as BYU's founding date. Said Young about his vision: \"I hope to see an Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Courts of England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the House of Lords. The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters, a role previously held by the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yevgeni Solomonov", "paragraph_text": "Yevgeni Solomonov (born May 9, 1990) is a Belarusian ice hockey player who is currently playing for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He previously played in his native Belarus with HK Gomel of the Belarusian Extraliga."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hugh W. Pinnock", "paragraph_text": "Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Adidas Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The Adidas Grand Prix was an annual athletics meeting held at Icahn Stadium in New York City, United States. First started in 2005 as the Reebok Grand Prix, it was previously one of the IAAF Grand Prix events. It was part of the IAAF Diamond League competition through 2015. The IAAF announced on March 3, 2016, that New York would be replaced immediately by Rabat, Morocco, on the Diamond League tour. Local organizers the same day said they would announce plans to carry on the meet as a street event in New York."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nalden", "paragraph_text": "Nalden is from the Netherlands and started building websites at the age of 13. A digital native, he became a blogger at 16, and six months later his blog was turning a profit."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Howard B. Myers", "paragraph_text": "Howard B. Myers (February 13, 1901 \u2013 March 9, 1956) was an American statistician and economist who held executive posts with several agencies during the New Deal. His work was key in developing the techniques used to measure unemployment."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Antje Jackel\u00e9n", "paragraph_text": "Jackel\u00e9n was ordained a priest in the Church of Sweden in 1980 and became Doctor of Theology at Lund University in 1999. Previously she was Bishop of Lund from 2007 to 2014."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ramon Sandin", "paragraph_text": "Ramon Sandin, also known as Guy Sandin, (born 9 January 1970) is a native of Puerto Rico who competed in the diving competitions at the 1996 Summer Olympics held in the United States at Atlanta, Georgia, representing his native island."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Angus O'Brien", "paragraph_text": "Angus O'Brien (born 17 September 1994) is a Welsh rugby union player who plays as a fly-half having previously played for Cross Keys RFC. He is a Wales under-20 international."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The Crusaders in the Holy Land also adopted mosaic decoration under local Byzantine influence. During their 12th-century reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem they complemented the existing Byzantine mosaics with new ones. Almost nothing of them survived except the \"Ascension of Christ\" in the Latin Chapel (now confusingly surrounded by many 20th-century mosaics). More substantial fragments were preserved from the 12th-century mosaic decoration of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. The mosaics in the nave are arranged in five horizontal bands with the figures of the ancestors of Christ, Councils of the Church and angels. In the apses the Annunciation, the Nativity, Adoration of the Magi and Dormition of the Blessed Virgin can be seen. The program of redecoration of the church was completed in 1169 as a unique collaboration of the Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20"}], "question": "When was the institute that previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity start?"}
{"id": "2hop__18585_18551", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters, namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent. Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% in the 1820s, gradually increasing to 69% in the 1870s and then to 76% in the 1890s. By 1914, only 19.1% of the empire's population was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Christian Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, and Jews."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Nondenominational churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "The Ottomans abolished the feudal system previously in place and applied the millet system to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the Church of Cyprus was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church. Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials, and the island began over 250 years of economic decline."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil\". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various \"ecclesiastical authorities\"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was\" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f60\u03bd, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as \"convinced atheists.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Casting Crowns", "paragraph_text": "Casting Crowns is a contemporary Christian and Christian rock band started in 1999 by youth pastor Mark Hall, who serves as the band's lead vocalist, as part of a youth group at First Baptist Church in Downtown Daytona Beach, Florida. They later moved to Stockbridge, Georgia, and more members joined. Some members of the band currently work as ministers for Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia. The band has won a Grammy and a Dove Award."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dutch Reformed Church", "paragraph_text": "The Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK) was the largest Christian denomination in the Netherlands from the onset of the Protestant Reformation until 1930. It was the foremost Protestant denomination, and -- since 1892 -- one of the two major Reformed denominations along with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and central human authority. Some Protestant churches do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership (notably, the Anglican Communion), while others are confined to a single country, or even are solitary church bodies or congregations (such as the former Prussian Union of churches). Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary", "paragraph_text": "Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary (AMBS) is an accredited Anabaptist Christian seminary in Elkhart, Indiana, affiliated with the Mennonite Church USA and the Mennonite Church Canada. It was formerly known as the Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary until its name was changed in 2012."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Emmanuel Christian Seminary", "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Christian Seminary (formerly Emmanuel School of Religion) is the graduate theological seminary of Milligan College. The school is located near Johnson City, Tennessee, United States in Elizabethton, Tennessee city limits and in the community of Milligan. The seminary was founded in 1965 as an freestanding institution, though closely related to Milligan College, but became one of the graduate schools of the college in July 2015. It was founded by church leaders and scholars within the Christian churches and churches of Christ and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) who recognized the need for a seminary rooted in the heritage of the Stone-Campbell wing of the Reformed tradition while still engaging in theological preparation for ministers. The seminary's campus is located on a hill overlooking the Appalachian Mountains of northeast Tennessee."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion, the Assemblies of God Church, the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s, there has been significant growth in many other churches, particularly the evangelical Protestant ones. These include the Redeemed Christian Church of God, Winners' Chapel, Christ Apostolic Church (the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria), Deeper Christian Life Ministry, Evangelical Church of West Africa, Mountain of Fire and Miracles, Christ Embassy and The Synagogue Church Of All Nations. In addition, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Aladura Church, the Seventh-day Adventist and various indigenous churches have also experienced growth."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Vincenzo in Prato", "paragraph_text": "The basilica of San Vincenzo in Prato is a church in Milan, northern Italy. It is the only one in city which has entirely maintained its original Palaeo-Christian appearance."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "Nonetheless, within a few years of his death, Gregory of Nazianzus called him the \"Pillar of the Church\". His writings were well regarded by all Church fathers who followed, in both the West and the East, who noted their rich devotion to the Word-become-man, great pastoral concern, and profound interest in monasticism. Athanasius is counted as one of the four great Eastern Doctors of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he is labeled the \"Father of Orthodoxy\". Some Protestants label him \"Father of the Canon\". Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint, whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity, 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches. He is venerated by the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutherans, and the Anglican Communion."}], "question": "When was one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__234096_707589", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Breakfast at Tiffany's ''Single by Deep Blue Something from the album 11th Song and Home Released July 4, 1995 Format CD single, music cassette Recorded Genre Alternative rock, pop rock, jangle pop Length 4: 16 Label Interscope Songwriter (s) Todd Pipes Producer (s) David Castell Deep Blue Something singles chronology`` Breakfast at Tiffany's'' (1995) ``Halo ''(1996)`` Breakfast at Tiffany's'' (1995) ``Halo ''(1996)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lovesick Blues", "paragraph_text": "MGM Records released \"Lovesick Blues\" in February 1949, and it became an overnight success, quickly reaching number one on \"Billboard's\" Top C&W singles and number 24 on the Most Played in Jukeboxes list. The publication named it the top country and western record of the year, while \"Cashbox\" named it \"Best Hillbilly Record of the Year\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)", "paragraph_text": "Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and written by George Axelrod, loosely based on Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name. Starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard, and featuring Patricia Neal, Buddy Ebsen, Martin Balsam, and Mickey Rooney, the film was initially released on October 5, 1961 by Paramount Pictures."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "NBC", "paragraph_text": "After Mutual's appeals were rejected by the FCC, RCA filed its own appeal to overturn the divestiture order. However, in 1941, the company decided to sell NBC Blue in the event its appeal was denied. The Blue Network was formally named NBC Blue Network, Inc. and NBC Red became NBC Red Network, Inc. for corporate purposes. Both networks formally divorced their operations on January 8, 1942, with the Blue Network being referred to on-air as either \"Blue\" or \"Blue Network\", and Blue Network Company, Inc. serving as its official corporate name. NBC Red, meanwhile, became known on-air as simply \"NBC\". Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. placed a $7.5 million bid for NBC Blue, an offer that was rejected by NBC executive Mark Woods and RCA president David Sarnoff."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Blue poison dart frog", "paragraph_text": "The blue poison dart frog or blue poison arrow frog or known by its native name, okopipi, (Dendrobates tinctorius ``azureus '') is a poison dart frog found in the forests surrounded by the Sipaliwini savanna, which is located in southern Suriname and adjacent far northern Brazil. D. tinctorius`` azureus'' is also known by its Tirio Indian name, okopipi. Its scientific name comes from its azure color. While frequently considered a valid species in the past, recent authorities treat it as a variant of D. tinctorius."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charles Lewis Tiffany", "paragraph_text": "Charles Lewis Tiffany (February 15, 1812 \u2013 February 18, 1902) was a nineteenth century leader in the American jewelry trade and founded New York City's Tiffany & Co. in 1837. Known for his jewelry expertise, Tiffany created the country's first retail catalog and introduced the English standard of sterling silver in imported jewelry in 1851."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cassini Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Cassini Glacier is a steep glacier between Goat Mountain and Bonne Glacier, descending northwest from Hobbs Ridge into Blue Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. One of a group of names in the area associated with surveying applied in 1993 by the New Zealand Geographic Board, it was named from the Cassini map projection, a cylindrical projection in which the cylinder is at right angles to the axis of the globe."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "William's mbuna", "paragraph_text": "William's mbuna (Maylandia greshakei), also known as ice blue zebra mbuna or ice blue zebra or the Pseudotropheus ice blue among the aquarium enthusiasts, is a species of cichlid fish endemic to Lake Malawi where it is only found at Makokola in the southeastern arm of the lake. This species can reach a length of TL. It can also be found in the aquarium trade. The specific name honours the German ornamental fish importer Alfons Greshake."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "USS Blue (DD-387)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Blue\" (DD-387), a , was the first United States Navy ship of that name, in honor of Rear Admiral Victor Blue (1865\u20131928). \"Blue\" served during World War II. She was launched 27 May 1937 by Norfolk Naval Shipyard; sponsored by Miss Kate Lilly Blue, sister of Rear Adm. Blue; and commissioned 14 August 1937, Lieutenant Commander J. Wright in command."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tiffany Memorandum", "paragraph_text": "Tiffany Memorandum (also known as \"The Tiffany Memorandum\") is a 1967 Eurospy film directed by Sergio Grieco. It is an international co-production between Italy, France (where the film is known as \"Coup de force \u00e0 Berlin\") and West Germany (where it was released as \"Komm Gorilla, schlag zu!\"). The film is set in Berlin."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Blue Moon (beer)", "paragraph_text": "Blue Moon Belgian White is a Belgian - style witbier brewed by MillerCoors under the name the Blue Moon Brewing Co. It was launched in 1995, and was originally brewed in Golden, Colorado."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Black Byrd", "paragraph_text": "Black Byrd is a 1973 album by Donald Byrd and the first of his Blue Note albums to be produced by Larry Mizell, assisted by his brother, former Motown producer Fonce. In the jazz funk idiom, it is among Blue Note Records' best selling album releases. The title of the album inspired the name of Byrd's apprentice group, The Blackbyrds."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Josh MacRae", "paragraph_text": "Josh MacRae (1933 -- 1977) was a Scottish folk singer. Accompanying himself on guitar, he had two hits in Britain, ``Talking Army Blues ''(on Top Rank Records, in 1960) and`` Messing About on the River'' (Pye, 1961). (1) His real name was Iain Macrae; he called himself Josh after the blues musician Josh White."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Blue Bulls", "paragraph_text": "The Blue Bulls, known for sponsorship reasons as the Vodacom Blue Bulls, or more popularly by their Afrikaans name die Blou Bulle, is a South African rugby union team that participates in the annual Currie Cup tournament. They are governed by the Blue Bulls Rugby Union and are based at Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria, Gauteng province."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tiffany Blue", "paragraph_text": "Tiffany Blue is the colloquial name for the light medium robin egg blue color associated with Tiffany & Co., the New York City jewelry company created by Charles Tiffany and John Young in 1837. The color was used on the cover of Tiffany's \"Blue Book\", first published in 1845. Since then, Tiffany & Co. has used the color extensively on promotional materials like boxes and bags."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "USS Blue Ridge (AGC-2)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Blue Ridge\" (AGC-2) was an \"Appalachian\"-class amphibious force flagship in the United States Navy. She was named for the southeasternmost ridge of the Appalachian Mountains in Virginia and North Carolina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tying Tiffany", "paragraph_text": "Tying Tiffany (also known as TT and Tiff Lion) is an electronic music singer and songwriter, born in 1978 in Padua, Italy. She stated that the idea of her stage name was born from a photo book by artist Nobuyoshi Araki."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mollweide Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Mollweide Glacier () is a steep glacier south of Mount Kowalczyk, descending west from Hobbs Ridge into Blue Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The name is one of a group in the area associated with surveying applied in 1993 by the New Zealand Geographic Board; this glacier was named from the Mollweide projection, an equal area map projection with the parallels and central meridian being straight lines."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Whitehall Court", "paragraph_text": "It was used as Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) headquarters until the end of World War I. A blue plaque in Mansfield Smith-Cumming's name at the SIS headquarters at 2 Whitehall Court was unveiled on 30 March 2015."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Blue cake", "paragraph_text": "Blue cake () is a flaky pastry that is a specialty of the Frutig valley (the lower part of the Kander valley consisting of the municipalities of Aeschi, Reichenbach, Frutigen and Kandergrund) in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. It consists only of puff pastry with no filling or other ingredients. Despite its name, it is not blue."}], "question": "Who is the company that the color Tiffany Blue is named after named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__355244_139266", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors\u2014bajorai (\"nobles\"; see the cognate \"boyar\"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Go\u0161tautai, Radvilos, Astikai, K\u0119sgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy", "paragraph_text": "Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy (13 April 1618 \u2013 9 April 1693), commonly known as Bussy-Rabutin, was a French memoirist. He was the cousin and frequent correspondent of Madame de S\u00e9vign\u00e9."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mansfield, New York", "paragraph_text": "Mansfield is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 808 at the 2010 census. The name was thought to be that of a noble family in England."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Edward Hall", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hall or Halle (1497\u20131547) was an English lawyer, historian, and member of parliament, best known for his \"The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke\", commonly known as \"Hall's Chronicle\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Albertas Manvydas", "paragraph_text": "Albertas Manvydas or Albertas Vaitiekus Manvydas (; died in 1423) was a Lithuanian noble, the first Voivode of Vilnius and founder of the Manvydai family. During the turbulent disputes over Samogitia, he was sent as a negotiation to the Teutonic Knights. Along with Stanislovas \u010ciupurna, Manvydas was the most influential noble during the early reign of Grand Duke Vytautas."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jagasits", "paragraph_text": "Jagasits \"(Jagasich, Jagasics)\" was a Hungarian noble family from Zala County, with parts of it in Vas and Esztergom Counties as well. The letters patent of nobility was issued to J\u00e1nos Jagasich and his children (Ferenc, \u00c1d\u00e1m, L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Gy\u00f6rgy, Katalin, M\u00e1ria-\u00c9va, Julianna) on 28 July 1715 from King Charles III (ruled 1711\u20131740) and publicly announced in Sopron on 1 October 1715."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tess of the d'Urbervilles", "paragraph_text": "The novel is set in impoverished rural England, Thomas Hardy's fictional Wessex, during the Long Depression of the 1870s. Tess is the oldest child of John and Joan Durbeyfield, uneducated peasants. However, John is given the impression by Parson Tringham that he may have noble blood, as ``Durbeyfield ''is a corruption of`` D'Urberville'', the surname of an extinct noble Norman family. Knowledge of this immediately goes to John's head."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Enrico Berlinguer", "paragraph_text": "The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari on 15 May 1922 to a noble Sardinian family in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Antoine Bussy", "paragraph_text": "Antoine Bussy entered the \u00c9cole Polytechnique in 1813, and there followed the courses delivered by Pierre Robiquet, the great French chemist who was to make decisive breakthroughs in bio-chemistry (he isolated the first amino-acid ever identified, asparagin, in 1805-1806), in industrial dyes (he isolated and identified alizarin, the most famous and first modern industrial red dye) and the pick-up of modern medication (he isolated, identified and started mass production of codeine, 1832). Robiquet tutored Antoine Bussy in his career as a chemist researcher and in his private career as pharmacist as well. In 1831 Antoine Bussy published the 'M\u00e9moire sur le Radical m\u00e9tallique de la Magn\u00e9sie' where he described a method of preparing magnesium by heating magnesium chloride and potassium in a glass tube. When the potassium chloride was washed out, small globules of magnesium remained. Bussy became famous for this action."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Salvador Allende", "paragraph_text": "According to Isabel Allende Bussi\u2014the daughter of Salvador Allende and currently a member of the Chilean Senate\u2014the Allende family has long accepted that the former President shot himself, telling the BBC that: \"The report conclusions are consistent with what we already believed. When faced with extreme circumstances, he made the decision of taking his own life, instead of being humiliated.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Giuseppe Capece Zurlo", "paragraph_text": "Capece Zurlo was born in Monteroni di Lecce, Apulia, into the noble family of the princes of Zurlo. He was the son of Prince Giacomo Capece Zurlo and Ippolita Sambiase, of the princes of Campana di Portanova."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "\u00c9tienne Jodelle", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9tienne Jodelle, seigneur de Limodin (1532 \u2013 July 1573), French dramatist and poet, was born in Paris of a noble family."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jean Fran\u00e7ois Cornu de La Poype", "paragraph_text": "Jean Fran\u00e7ois Cornu de La Poype (31 May 1758 \u2013 27 January 1851) was a French military leader. He was born in Lyon, to a noble, military family."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Isabel Allende (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Isabel Allende Bussi (, , ; born 18 January 1945) is a Chilean Socialist Party politician and the daughter of former president of Chile Salvador Allende, and his wife, Hortensia Bussi. From 1994 to 2010 she was a deputy and in March 2010 she became a Senator for the Atacama Region. On 28 February 2014, Allende was selected as president of the Senate, as of 11 March 2014, making her the first woman president of the body in Chilean history."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gian Galeazzo Sanvitale", "paragraph_text": "Gian Galeazzo Sanvitale, also known as Galeazzo I Sanvitale (1496 \u2013 2 December 1550) was an Italian condottiero, a member of the noble Sanvitale family."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}], "question": "What noble family was Hortensia Bussie's spouse part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__67455_693094", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Baseball at the 1984 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Baseball at the 1984 Summer Olympics was a demonstration sport. Although single exhibition games had been played in conjunction with five previous Olympics, it was the first time that the sport was officially included in the program, and also the first time that the sport was played in Olympics held in the United States. Eight teams competed in Los Angeles, California in the tournament. Games were held at Dodger Stadium. Cuba, after winning the gold medal at the 1983 Pan American Games, was to participate, but did not as a result of the Soviet-led boycott."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1968\u201369 NHL season", "paragraph_text": "The 1968\u201369 NHL season was the 52nd season of the National Hockey League. Twelve teams each played 76 games (two more than in 1967\u201368). For the second time in a row, the Montreal Canadiens faced the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup finals. Montreal won their second consecutive Stanley Cup as they swept the Blues in four, an identical result to the previous season."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Craig Laughlin", "paragraph_text": "Laughlin was drafted in 1977 by the Montreal Canadiens. He played for several years with the Nova Scotia Voyageurs of the American Hockey League, Montreal's minor league affiliate, before he made it onto the Canadiens' roster for part of the 1981\u201382 season. In September 1982, Laughlin was traded to the Washington Capitals in the monster deal that also brought Rod Langway, Brian Engblom, and Doug Jarvis to Washington. His contributions helped guide the Capitals to their first playoff appearance in team history."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Los Angeles Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles. They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team was founded on June 5, 1967, after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9, 1966, becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion. The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood, California, a suburb of Los Angeles, for thirty - two years, until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999 -- 2000 season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of NHL players with 500 consecutive games played", "paragraph_text": "Rank Name Consecutive games Doug Jarvis 964 (C) Garry Unger 914 Steve Larmer 884 Andrew Cogliano 830 (C) Craig Ramsay 776 6 Jay Bouwmeester 737 7 Keith Yandle 682 (49) 8 Henrik Sedin 679 9 Patrick Marleau 677 (53) 10 Phil Kessel 663 (53) 11 Andy Hebenton 630 (C) 12 Karl Alzner 591 (51) 13 Johnny Wilson 580 14 Billy Harris 576 15 Mark Recchi 570 16 Danny Grant 566 17 Alex Delvecchio 548 18 Brendan Morrison 542 19 Craig MacTavish 519 20 Brad Boyes 513 21 (tie) Andrew Brunette 509 21 (tie) John Marks 509 23 Murray Murdoch 508 (C) 24 Glenn Hall (G) 502"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Washington Capitals", "paragraph_text": "The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment, headed by Ted Leonsis. From 1974 to 1997 the Capitals played their home games at the Capital Centre, in Landover, Maryland (a suburb of Washington, D.C.). In 1997 the team moved to the arena now called Capital One Arena, their present home arena in Washington, D.C."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ryan Getzlaf", "paragraph_text": "Ryan Getzlaf (born May 10, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who currently serves as captain of the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). A first round selection, 19th overall, at the 2003 NHL Entry Draft, Getzlaf has played his entire professional career in the Ducks organization and ranks as one of the franchise's all-time leading scorers. He has played in three NHL All-Star Games and was a member of the Ducks' 2007 Stanley Cup championship team. A playmaker and power forward, Getzlaf has led the Ducks in assists seven times, including a franchise record of 66 in 2008\u201309."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New Jersey Devils", "paragraph_text": "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1974. The Scouts moved to Denver, Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies. In 1982, they moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey and took their current name. For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey, the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford and played their home games at Brendan Byrne Arena (later renamed to Continental Airlines Arena). Before the 2007\u201308 season, the Devils moved to Prudential Center in Newark."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1934\u201335 NHL season", "paragraph_text": "The 1934\u201335 NHL season was the 18th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Nine teams each played 48 games. The Montreal Maroons were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Toronto Maple Leafs in three games in the final series."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New York Rangers", "paragraph_text": "The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden, located in the borough of Manhattan. The Rangers are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area, along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders. The club is also one of the oldest teams in the NHL, having joined in 1926 as an expansion franchise. They are part of the group of teams referred to as the Original Six, along with the Boston Bruins, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs. The Rangers were the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the Stanley Cup, which they have done four times, most recently in 1993 -- 94."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Miracle on Ice", "paragraph_text": "Of the 20 players on Team USA, 13 eventually played in the NHL. Five of them went on to play over 500 NHL games, and three would play over 1,000 NHL games."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chicago Bulls", "paragraph_text": "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Central Division. The team was founded on January 16, 1966. The team plays its home games at the United Center, an arena shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minnesota North Stars", "paragraph_text": "The Minnesota North Stars were a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 26 seasons, from 1967 to 1993. The North Stars played their home games at the Met Center in Bloomington, and the team's colors for most of its history were green, yellow, gold and white. The North Stars played 2,062 regular season games and made the NHL playoffs 17 times, including two Stanley Cup Finals appearances, but were ultimately unable to win the Stanley Cup. In the fall of 1993, the franchise moved to Dallas, and is now known as the Dallas Stars."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lacrosse at the 1932 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Lacrosse was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Teams from Canada and the United States played three games, with the team from the United States winning the series 2 games to 1. Games were played in the new Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in front of large crowds."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andrew Cogliano", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Cogliano (born June 14, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He formerly played for the Edmonton Oilers and Anaheim Ducks. On December 31, 2013, Cogliano became the 20th player in NHL history to play 500 consecutive games, and only the fifth to do so from the beginning of his NHL career. On November 4, 2017, Cogliano played in his 800th consecutive game, placing him in fourth place on the NHL's most consecutive games played list. The streak ended on January 14, 2018, when Cogliano was suspended for two games."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1940\u201341 NHL season", "paragraph_text": "The 1940\u201341 NHL season was the 24th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Craig Millar", "paragraph_text": "Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Millar was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres in the 9th round, 225th overall in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft while playing for the Swift Current Broncos of the WHL. After being drafted Millar returned to the Broncos and played another 2 seasons with the team, scoring 77 points in 72 games his final season with the team."}], "question": "What team did the player who played the most consecutive NHL games play for?"}
{"id": "2hop__140006_59539", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Greatest Tank Battles", "paragraph_text": "Greatest Tank Battles is a military documentary series currently airing on History Television and National Geographic Channel in Canada, where it premiered on 4 January 2010. The series was subsequently picked up in the United States by the Military Channel, where it premiered on 5 January 2011. The second season premiered in Canada on 17 January 2011. The show is also broadcast on Discovery Networks throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Other countries where the show has signed broadcast deals include India (Fox International Channels) and China (LIC Beijing), with a DVD deal in Australia (Beyond Distribution)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "25 Days of Christmas", "paragraph_text": "25 Days of Christmas is an annual season of Christmas programming broadcast during the month of December by the U.S. cable network Freeform. The event was first held in 1996, and has been annual fixture of the channel through its various incarnations, including The Family Channel, Fox Family, ABC Family, and Freeform."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sirius XM Love", "paragraph_text": "Sirius XM Love is a music channel that plays love songs from soft - AC artists and airs on Sirius XM Radio, and Dish Network. It airs on channel 70 on Sirius XM Radio. On XM, it replaced former channel The Heart on November 12, 2008. On Sirius XM Canada, the channel retained the old Sirius Love name, Until February 9, 2010, Sirius XM Love was on DirecTV channel 819, but all of the Sirius XM programming was dropped in favor of Sonic Tap."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket", "paragraph_text": "Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket are American regional sports networks owned by The Walt Disney Company, and operate as Fox Sports Networks affiliates. The channels broadcast regional coverage of professional and collegiate sports events in California, focusing primarily on professional sports teams based in the Greater Los Angeles area. Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket maintain general offices and studios based at the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Olympic Channel (American TV channel)", "paragraph_text": "Olympic Channel Launched July 15, 2017 (2017 - 07 - 15) (as the Olympic Channel) Owned by NBC Olympics United States Olympic Committee NBC Sports Group (NBCUniversal) Picture format 1080i HDTV Slogan Home of Team USA Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters New York City, New York Colorado Springs, Colorado Formerly called Bravo HD+ (2003 -- 2004) Universal HD (2004 -- 2017) Sister channel (s) NBCSN Golf Channel NBC Sports Regional Networks Website Official website Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 624 Dish Network Channel 389 Cable Xfinity Channel 1419 Altice USA Channel 225 Available on some cable systems Channel slots vary on each provider IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 667 (SD) Channel 1667 (HD) Verizon FIOS Channel 91 (SD) Channel 591 (HD) Streaming media Hulu PlayStation Vue Sling TV DirecTV Now YouTube TV Fubo TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "DirecTV", "paragraph_text": "Hughes attempted to create a joint venture with NBC, News Corp., and Cablevision in 1990, to launch the first high-power digital television service called Sky Cable. Failing to do so, the company instead created DirecTV as a separate division and secured an agreement with USSB to build and launch the first high-power direct-broadcast satellite system. DirecTV's name is a portmanteau of \"direct\" and \"TV\" (as in direct broadcast satellite television). Hughes/DirecTV then turned to Thomson Consumer Electronics (under the RCA, GE, and ProScan brands) to develop the digital satellite system for the service that would be capable of receiving 175 channels on a small 18-inch dish. These dishes utilized a new generation of smaller, lighter receiver dishes based on military technology introduced by the Global Broadcast System, which predated DirecTV's viability by almost ten years. Hughes was awarded the contract to build and launch the new high-powered satellites, and USSB and DirecTV agreed that the new satellites would carry the two separate programming services: USSB and DirecTV."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fox Sports 1", "paragraph_text": "Fox Sports 1 Launched August 17, 2013 (2013 - 08 - 17) Network Fox Sports Owned by Fox Entertainment Group (21st Century Fox) Picture format 720p (HDTV) (HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed) Slogan The 1 Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Puerto Rico Caribbean Headquarters Los Angeles, California Replaced Speed (2005 -- 2013) Sister channel (s) Fox Sports 2 Fox Soccer Plus Fox Deportes Fox Sports Networks Fox College Sports Big Ten Network Fox Sports Website www.foxsports.com/watch/fs1 www.foxsports.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 219 (HD / SD) Dish Network Channel 150 (HD / SD) Cable Available on most U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1652 (HD) Channel 652 (SD) Verizon FiOS Channel 583 (HD) Channel 83 (SD) Google Fiber Channel 208 (HD) Streaming media Fox Sports Go Watch live (U.S. cable internet subscribers only; requires login to stream content) DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television fuboTV Internet Protocol television Hulu Live TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television YouTube TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2018 NFL season", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 NFL season is the 99th season of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 6, 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons 18 -- 12. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII, the league's championship game, on February 3, 2019 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thursday Night Football", "paragraph_text": "Debuting on November 23, 2006, the telecasts were originally part of NFL Network's Run to the Playoffs package, which consisted of eight total games broadcast on Thursday and Saturday nights (five on Thursdays, and three on Saturdays, originally branded as Saturday Night Football) during the latter portion of the season. Since 2012, the TNF package has begun during the second week of the NFL season; the NFL Kickoff Game and the Thanksgiving primetime game are both broadcast as part of NBC Sports' Sunday Night Football contract and are not included in Thursday Night Football, although the Thanksgiving primetime game was previously part of the package from 2006 until 2011."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fox NFL Kickoff", "paragraph_text": "Fox NFL Kickoff is an American sports television program that originally debuted on Fox Sports 1 on September 8, 2013, and moved to Fox Broadcasting Company on September 13, 2015, and serves as the secondary pre-game show for the network's National Football League game telecasts under the \"NFL on Fox\" brand."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Turner Classic Movies Launched April 14, 1994; 23 years ago (1994 - 04 - 14) Owned by Turner Broadcasting System Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Let's Movie. Country United States Language English (imported feature films are broadcast in their native languages, provided with English subtitling) Broadcast area Nationwide (also available in Canada with substitutions; international versions in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, Nordic countries, Asia - Pacific, Spain, France, U.K. and Ireland, Malta) Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia, United States Sister channel (s) TBS TNT Cartoon Network Adult Swim Boomerang CNN HLN CNN International TruTV HBO Cinemax Website www.tcm.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 256 (HD / SD) Channel 1256 (VOD) Dish Network Channel 132 (HD / SD) Shaw Direct (Canada) Channel 178 / 531 (SD) Channel 138 / 638 (HD) Cable Spectrum Channel 631 (HD / SD) Available on most American and Canadian cable providers Check local listings for channels IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1790 (HD) Channel 790 (SD) Verizon FiOS Channel 230 (SD only) Unavailable in HD Bell Fibe TV (Canada) Channel 292 VMedia (Canada) 327 (HD) Streaming media Watch TCM Sling TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2018 NFL season", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 NFL season will be the 99th season of the National Football League (NFL). The season is set to begin on September 6, 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles hosting the Atlanta Falcons. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII, the league's championship game, on February 3, 2019 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2017 NFL season", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 NFL season is the 98th and current season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 7, 2017, with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42 -- 27 in the NFL Kickoff Game. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LII, the league's championship game, on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paul Merton in India", "paragraph_text": "Paul Merton in India is a television show broadcast on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and Fox History & Entertainment in India. The first episode was aired on 8 October 2008. It follows comedian Paul Merton as he travels around India. The series was commissioned after the success of the previous series \"Paul Merton in China\". Merton travelled around various places in India (such as Delhi, and the Punjab), sampling various offbeat and out of the normal aspects of India. It was broadcast on Fox History & Entertainment in India. AXS TV broadcasts the program for American TV viewers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lawless (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Lawless is an American detective television series starring former NFL player Brian Bosworth on the Fox Broadcasting Company that performed so poorly on television it was canceled after one episode."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2018 NFL season", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 NFL season will be the 99th season of the National Football League (NFL). The season is set begin on September 6, 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game, likely to be hosted by the defending Super Bowl LII champion. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII, the league's championship game, on February 3, 2019 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2017 NFL season", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 NFL season is the 98th and current season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 7, 2017, with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42 -- 27 in the NFL Kickoff Game. The season will conclude on February 4, 2018, with Super Bowl LII which will pit the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles against the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fox Sports South", "paragraph_text": "Fox Sports South Launched August 29, 1990; 27 years ago (1990 - 08 - 29) Network Fox Sports Networks Owned by Fox Entertainment Group (21st Century Fox) Picture format 720p (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Country United States Language English Broadcast area Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia Formerly called SportSouth (1990 -- 1996) Fox Sports South (1996 -- 2000) Fox Sports Net South (2000 -- 2004) FSN South (2004 -- 2008) FS South (2008 -- 2012) Sister channel (s) Cable / satellite: Fox Sports Southeast Fox Sports Carolinas Fox Sports Tennessee Broadcast: WAGA - TV / Atlanta Website www.foxsports.com/south Availability (some events may air on overflow feed Fox Sports South Plus and Fox Sports South Plus 2 due to event conflicts) Satellite DirecTV 646 Fox Sports South (SD / HD) 647 Fox Sports South Plus (SD) 646 - 1 Fox Sports South Plus (HD) 648 Fox Sports South Plus 2 (SD) 646 - 5 Fox Sports South Plus 2 (HD) Dish Network 420 Fox Sports South (SD) 5420 Fox Sports South (HD) Plus channels vary by date Cable Available on most cable systems in designated broadcast area Consult your local cable provider or program listings source for channel availability Streaming media Fox Sports Go www.foxsportsgo.com/ (U.S. cable internet subscribers only; requires login from participating providers to stream content; some events may not be available due to league rights restrictions) Sling TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2018 NFL season", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 NFL season will be the 99th season of the National Football League (NFL). The season is set to begin on September 6, 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game, to be hosted by the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII, the league's championship game, on February 3, 2019 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Steve Bell (soccer)", "paragraph_text": "Steve Bell (born January 7, 1975) is a retired American soccer midfielder who played professionally in the Continental Indoor Soccer League and USL A-League. He is a play-by-play soccer broadcaster and sideline reporter for the Fox Soccer Channel."}], "question": "What channel is the broadcaster of Fox NFL Kickoff on DirectTV?"}
{"id": "2hop__65407_430610", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yale University", "paragraph_text": "Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in one of the first intercollegiate debates, and 1909, the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these early debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks, and team members even received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets. There even were rallies sending off the debating teams to matches. Yet, the debates never attained the broad appeal that athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, as is the case in sports, and that scoring is subjective. In addition, with late 19th-century concerns about the impact of modern life on the human body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor the society was coming apart."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nigeria at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Nigerian athletes have won a total of 24 medals, mostly in athletics and boxing. The national football team won the gold medal in 1996. In 2008, following the International Olympic Committee's decision to strip the American 4 \u00d7 400 metre relay team of their medals after Antonio Pettigrew confessed to using performance - enhancing drugs, their Nigerian rivals were awarded the gold medal. Nigeria also won a medal in the heavyweight division of taekwondo at the 1992 Summer Olympics; as this was only a demonstration sport, Emmanuel Oghenejobo's silver did not count as an official win."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Ano, football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Art Larsen", "paragraph_text": "Arthur David \"Art\" or \"Tappy\" Larsen (April 17, 1925 \u2013 December 7, 2012) was an American No. 1 male tennis player best remembered for his victory at the U.S. Championships in 1950 and for his eccentricities. He won the \"Times\" national sports award for the outstanding tennis player of 1950. Larsen was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1969."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ohio State Buckeyes football", "paragraph_text": "The first Ohio State game was a 20 - 14 victory over Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, on May 3, 1890. The team was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) as a charter member in 1902. The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1912 became members of the Big Ten Conference."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2018 Commonwealth Games", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018, were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, between 4 and 15 April 2018. It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ma Lin (table tennis)", "paragraph_text": "He learned to play table tennis at the age of five and became a member of the provincial team in 1990. In 1994, he joined the Chinese national team. Ma Lin is the only male player ever to win Olympic gold in Singles, Doubles and Team. Additionally, he holds a professional era record of 5 major titles (4 World Cups and 1 Olympic Gold), having won more World Cups than any other male table tennis player in history.Since retiring in December 2013, Ma Lin has been serving as the head coach of the Guangdong provincial table tennis team."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Corofin GAC", "paragraph_text": "Corofin GAC is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Corofin, County Galway, Ireland. The club is a member of the Galway GAA. Underage teams up to U-16's play in the Galway league and championships. The senior team have won four of Galway's six All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championships."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harry Givan", "paragraph_text": "Harry L. Givan (August 26, 1911 \u2013 December 16, 1999) was an American amateur golfer, insurance executive, and co-founder of Seattle's Northwest Hospital & Medical Center. He is regarded as one of the best golfers in the history of the Pacific Northwest. His major national achievement was being selected for the U.S. team in the 1936 Walker Cup. \"Sports Illustrated\" ranked Givan 37th among the best 50 athletes in Washington state in the 20th century."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canadian Junior Track and Field Championships", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Junior Track and Field Championships is an annual track and field competition sanctioned by Athletics Canada. It serves as the Canadian junior national championships for the sport. The event is to be held in Blainville/St.-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se, Quebec in the years 2013 and 2014. The 2014 event will take place from July 4th to 5th. In 2013 the event attracted 546 athletes -- 297 male and 249 female."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Washington University's sports teams are called the Bears. They are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and participate in the University Athletic Association at the Division III level. The Bears have won 19 NCAA Division III Championships\u2014 one in women's cross country (2011), one in men's tennis (2008), two in men's basketball (2008, 2009), five in women's basketball (1998\u20132001, 2010), and ten in women's volleyball (1989, 1991\u20131996, 2003, 2007, 2009) \u2013 and 144 UAA titles in 15 different sports. The Athletic Department is headed by John Schael who has served as director of athletics since 1978. The 2000 Division III Central Region winner of the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics/Continental Airlines Athletics Director of the Year award, Schael has helped orchestrate the Bears athletics transformation into one of the top departments in Division III."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2017\u201318 FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The draw for the quarter - finals took place on 17 February 2018 at 20: 00 GMT and was broadcast live on BT Sport, the BBC Sport website and app, and BBC Radio 5 Live. This round included one team from Level 3 still in the competition, Wigan Athletic, who were the lowest - ranked team in this round."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Older than The Game by 23 years, the Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing. Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team (with a strong rivalry against Cornell), squash, and even recently won NCAA titles in Men's and Women's Fencing. Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nicola Vizzoni", "paragraph_text": "Nicola Vizzoni (born 4 November 1973 in Pietrasanta, Province of Lucca) is a formere male hammer thrower from Italy. He won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics and ten years later at the 2010 European Athletics Championships. His personal best throw is 80.50 metres, achieved in July 2001 in Formia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cao Yifei", "paragraph_text": "Cao Yifei (born May 20, 1988 in Jiaozuo, Henan) is a male Chinese sports shooter, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Best Male Athlete ESPY Award", "paragraph_text": "Winners of the Best Male Athlete ESPY Award Year Image Athlete Nation represented Sport Ref 1993 Michael Jordan United States Basketball 1994 Barry Bonds United States Baseball 1995 Steve Young United States American football Cal Ripken Jr. United States Baseball 1997 Michael Johnson United States Track and field 1998 Tiger Woods United States Golf Ken Griffey Jr. United States Baseball 1999 Mark McGwire United States Baseball 2000 Tiger Woods United States Golf 2001 Tiger Woods United States Golf 2002 Tiger Woods United States Golf 2003 Lance Armstrong United States Road cycling Lance Armstrong United States Road cycling 2005 Lance Armstrong United States Road cycling 2006 Lance Armstrong United States Road cycling 2007 LaDainian Tomlinson United States American football 2008 Tiger Woods United States Golf 2009 Michael Phelps United States Swimming Drew Brees United States American football 2011 Dirk Nowitzki Germany Basketball 2012 LeBron James United States Basketball 2013 LeBron James United States Basketball 2014 Kevin Durant United States Basketball 2015 Stephen Curry United States Basketball 2016 LeBron James United States Basketball 2017 Russell Westbrook United States Basketball 2018 Alexander Ovechkin Russia Hockey"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2005\u201306 Washington Capitals season", "paragraph_text": "Following the 2004\u201305 NHL lockout, Alexander Ovechkin played his first game with the Washington Capitals on October 5, 2005, scoring two goals in a 3\u20132 victory over the Columbus Blue Jackets. In a shootout against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Ovechkin scored the game-winning goal in a 5\u20134 win. The Capitals finished the 2005\u201306 season in fifth and last place of the Southeast Division with a 29\u201341\u201312 campaign, having 12 more points than the 2003\u201304 season, good for 27th out of the 30 NHL teams. Yet the team played close in every game, playing in 42 one-goal games, although losing two-thirds of those games. A notable first was that Washington area native Jeff Halpern was named captain of the hometown Capitals. At the 2006 trade deadline, March 8, Witt was traded to the Nashville Predators. Several Capitals achieved career highs in several offensive categories, including Matt Pettinger and Dainius Zubrus, who both achieved career highs in all offensive categories. Jeff Halpern set a new career high in assists for the second consecutive season."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ukraine at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Previously, athletes of modern Ukraine mostly competed as part of the Russian Empire (1900\u20131912) and the Soviet Union from 1952 to 1988, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian athletes were part of the Unified Team in 1992. Tatiana Gutsu became the best athlete of the Unified Team in 1992 from the independent Ukraine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George Van Cleaf", "paragraph_text": "George W. Van Cleaf (October 8, 1879 \u2013 January 6, 1905) was an American water polo player and swimmer who represented the United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri. At the 1904 Olympics, Van Cleaf was sponsored by the New York Athletic Club. He won a gold medal as a member of the New York Athletic Club's Olympic water polo team, and was also a member of the NYAC's fourth-place team in the men's 4x50-yard freestyle relay."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Binnaz Uslu", "paragraph_text": "Binnaz Uslu (born March 12, 1985 in Ankara) is a retired Turkish middle-distance and long-distance runner. She was banned from sport for life in 2014, after her second doping violation. The tall athlete at is a member of Enkaspor athletics team, where she was coached by Yahya Sev\u00fcktekin. Uslu is a student at the Gazi \u00dcniversitesi in Ankara."}], "question": "Which team is the ESPY winner for best male athlete on?"}
{"id": "2hop__140067_59539", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bake with Anna Olson", "paragraph_text": "Bake with Anna Olson was a cooking show which focuses on baking, hosted by American pastry chef Anna Olson and was originally broadcast by Food Network Canada. It can be seen in Canada on Cooking Channel in syndication."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hallmark Movies & Mysteries", "paragraph_text": "Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Launched January 20, 2004; 13 years ago (2004 - 01 - 20) Owned by Crown Media Holdings Picture format 1080i (HDTV) (HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTVs) Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Studio City, Los Angeles, California Formerly called Hallmark Movie Channel (2004 -- 2014) Sister channel (s) Hallmark Channel Hallmark Drama Website Official website Availability Satellite DirecTV 565 (HD) Dish Network 187 (HD / SD) 9444 (HD) Cable Spectrum Cable 629 (HD) Cox Communications 390 (SD) 1390 (HD) IPTV Sky Angel 302 (SD) Verizon FiOS 739 (HD) 239 (SD) AT&T U-verse 1366 (HD) 366 (SD) Streaming media Sling TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Astro SuperSport", "paragraph_text": "Astro SuperSport is an in-house satellite television network in Malaysia dedicated to broadcasting sports-related content 24 hours a day. It is available on the Astro (satellite TV) via Channels 810 & 831 (HD) to subscribers of the Sports package only. Launched in 1996 as one of Astro's original channels, Astro SuperSport offers a variety of international sporting events such as football, badminton, motorsport, rugby, volleyball, golf and WWE shows. Astro SuperSport broadcasts in HD on Channel 831. The network has been broadcasting studio shows around major football in HD like the Premier League and FIFA World Cup since 2010 and magazine shows like FourFourTwo since 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Science Channel", "paragraph_text": "Science Channel Launched October 7, 1996; 21 years ago (1996 - 10 - 07) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Question Everything Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Silver Spring, Maryland Formerly called Discovery Science (1996 - 1998) Discovery Science Channel (1998 - 2002) The Science Channel / Science Channel (2002 - 2007 / 2007 - 2011) Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network Great American Country HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.sciencechannel.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 284 (HD / SD) 1284 (VOD) Dish Network 193 (HD / SD) C - Band AMC 11 - Channel 612 (4DTV Digital) AMC 18 - Channel 255 (H2H 4DTV) Cable Available on most other U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV Verizon FiOS 622 (HD) 122 (SD) AT&T U-verse 1258 (HD) 258 (SD) Streaming media PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hallmark Channel", "paragraph_text": "The Hallmark Channel is an American pay television network that is owned by Crown Media Holdings, Inc., which in turn is owned by Hallmark Cards, Inc. The channel's programming is primarily targeted at families, and features a mix of television movies and miniseries, original and acquired television series, and lifestyle programs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Not Only But Always", "paragraph_text": "Not Only But Always is a British TV movie, originally screened on the Channel 4 network in the UK on 30 December 2004."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Olympic Channel (American TV channel)", "paragraph_text": "Olympic Channel Launched July 15, 2017 (2017 - 07 - 15) (as the Olympic Channel) Owned by NBC Olympics United States Olympic Committee NBC Sports Group (NBCUniversal) Picture format 1080i HDTV Slogan Home of Team USA Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters New York City, New York Colorado Springs, Colorado Formerly called Bravo HD+ (2003 -- 2004) Universal HD (2004 -- 2017) Sister channel (s) NBCSN Golf Channel NBC Sports Regional Networks Website Official website Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 624 Dish Network Channel 389 Cable Xfinity Channel 1419 Altice USA Channel 225 Available on some cable systems Channel slots vary on each provider IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 667 (SD) Channel 1667 (HD) Verizon FIOS Channel 91 (SD) Channel 591 (HD) Streaming media Hulu PlayStation Vue Sling TV DirecTV Now YouTube TV Fubo TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "NBCSN", "paragraph_text": "NBCSN Launched July 1, 1995; 22 years ago (July 1, 1995) Owned by NBC Sports Group Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Downconverted to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed Slogan Believe Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Stamford, Connecticut Formerly called Outdoor Life Network (1995 -- 2006) Versus (2006 -- 11) NBC Sports Network (2012 -- 13) Sister channel (s) NBC Golf Channel NBC Sports Regional Networks Olympic Channel Website NBC Sports Availability Satellite Dish Network 159 DirecTV 220 1220 (On Demand) Cable Available on most cable systems check local listings IPTV AT&T U-verse 1640 640 (SD) Google Fiber NBCSN Verizon Fios 590 90 (SD) Streaming media DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television fuboTV Internet Protocol television Hulu Live TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television YouTube TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Barney Hall", "paragraph_text": "Barney Hall (June 24, 1932January 26, 2016) was an American sports commentator for Motor Racing Network, formerly calling NASCAR races. Hall broadcast races for over 50 years. Hall is considered as one of the best NASCAR commentators of all-time. MRN director David Hyatt stated, \"Motor Racing Network is \u2018The Voice of NASCAR\u2019 and Barney Hall is the voice of MRN.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fox Sports 1", "paragraph_text": "Fox Sports 1 Launched August 17, 2013 (2013 - 08 - 17) Network Fox Sports Owned by Fox Entertainment Group (21st Century Fox) Picture format 720p (HDTV) (HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed) Slogan The 1 Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Puerto Rico Caribbean Headquarters Los Angeles, California Replaced Speed (2005 -- 2013) Sister channel (s) Fox Sports 2 Fox Soccer Plus Fox Deportes Fox Sports Networks Fox College Sports Big Ten Network Fox Sports Website www.foxsports.com/watch/fs1 www.foxsports.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 219 (HD / SD) Dish Network Channel 150 (HD / SD) Cable Available on most U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1652 (HD) Channel 652 (SD) Verizon FiOS Channel 583 (HD) Channel 83 (SD) Google Fiber Channel 208 (HD) Streaming media Fox Sports Go Watch live (U.S. cable internet subscribers only; requires login to stream content) DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television fuboTV Internet Protocol television Hulu Live TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television YouTube TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cybernet", "paragraph_text": "Cybernet (also known as Interactive) is a weekly video gaming magazine programme, originally broadcast overnight on the ITV network in the United Kingdom. The programme was commissioned by \"Yorkshire Television\" and produced by \"Capricorn Programmes\" (who also produced the similar \"Movies, Games and Videos\") and also aired on GBC TV in Gibraltar. It was broadcast overseas in many countries on various television stations such as Dutch, Brazilian (MultiShow), Mexican (OnceTV), Chilean television (Canal 13), Ireland (TG4), Czech Republic (SuperMax), Israel (The Kids' Channel), Singapore (Premiere 12 and Mediacorp Channel 5), Estonia (TV3), Yugoslavia (NS+), the channel 2M TV in Morocco, the channel CNBC-e in Turkey, Australia (Fox Kids), the defunct children's cable channel Fun Channel in the Middle East, Channel 33 in the Emirates, Malaysia (TV2 and Astro Ria), the channels IBC 3 and UBC series in Thailand, the channel ATV Home and ATV World in Hong Kong, Bahrain TV Channel 55 in Bahrain, South Africa (Bop TV and SABC2), Brunei (RTB), Iceland (Skj\u00e1rEinn) and the 4 channel, ATV Stavropol in Russia, with local voice-overs, furthermore, in Middle-East, Kuwait Television channel 2 (KTV2) with original English voice-overs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Scrapheap Challenge", "paragraph_text": "Scrapheap Challenge is a British television show where teams of contestants build a working machine that could do a specific task, using materials available in a scrapheap. The series features teams of four or five given ten hours (based around sunset) to build vehicles, or machines to complete a specific task, such as being a trebuchet, or complete a racecourse whilst acting as a gyroscope. The series ran for eleven series, and originally shown on Channel 4. The format was exported to the United States, where it was known as Junkyard Wars. The US show was also produced by RDF Media, and was originally shown on The Learning Channel. Repeats have aired on another Discovery network, the Science Channel."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Great American Country", "paragraph_text": "Great American Country Launched December 31, 1995; 22 years ago (1995 - 12 - 31) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Knoxville, Tennessee Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network Science Channel TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.greatamericancountry.com Availability Satellite Dish Network 165 (HD / SD) DirecTV 326 (HD / SD) Cable Verizon FiOS 660 (HD) 160 (SD) Time Warner Cable 295 (HD) IPTV AT&T U-Verse 1529 (HD) 529 (SD)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Friday Night Lights (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Produced by NBCUniversal, Friday Night Lights premiered on October 3, 2006, and aired for two seasons on NBC. Although the show had garnered critical acclaim and passionate fans, the series suffered low ratings and was in danger of cancellation after the second season. To save the series, NBC struck a deal with DirecTV to co-produce three more seasons; each subsequent season premiered on DirecTV's 101 Network, with NBC rebroadcasts a few months later. The series ended its run on The 101 Network on February 9, 2011, after five seasons."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of La Liga broadcasters", "paragraph_text": "Country Language Broadcasters Argentina Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Bolivia Spanish ESPN, Tigo Sports Brazil Portuguese ESPN, Fox Premium Canada English, Spanish beIN Sports Caribbean English SportsMax, ESPN Chile Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Colombia Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Costa Rica Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Cuba Spanish Tele Rebelde Dominican Republic Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro El Salvador Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Guatemala Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Honduras Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Mexico Spanish Sky Sports, TDN Nicaragua Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Panama Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Paraguay Spanish ESPN, Tigo Sports Peru Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Puerto Rico English, Spanish beIN Sports United States English, Spanish beIN Sports Uruguay Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Venezuela Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hallmark Movies & Mysteries", "paragraph_text": "Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Launched January 20, 2004; 14 years ago (2004 - 01 - 20) Owned by Crown Media Holdings Picture format 1080i (HDTV) (HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTVs) Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Studio City, Los Angeles, California Formerly called Hallmark Movie Channel (2004 -- 2014) Sister channel (s) Hallmark Channel Hallmark Drama Website Official website Availability Satellite DirecTV 565 (HD) Dish Network 187 (HD / SD) 9444 (HD) Cable Available on many cable systems check local listings IPTV Verizon FiOS 739 (HD) 239 (SD) AT&T U-verse 1366 (HD) 366 (SD) Sling TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sirius XM Love", "paragraph_text": "Sirius XM Love is a music channel that plays love songs from soft - AC artists and airs on Sirius XM Radio, and Dish Network. It airs on channel 70 on Sirius XM Radio. On XM, it replaced former channel The Heart on November 12, 2008. On Sirius XM Canada, the channel retained the old Sirius Love name, Until February 9, 2010, Sirius XM Love was on DirecTV channel 819, but all of the Sirius XM programming was dropped in favor of Sonic Tap."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "NASCAR in Primetime", "paragraph_text": "NASCAR in Primetime is a television program on ABC. It is a behind-the-scenes look at the preparation, logistics, drama and competition of NASCAR."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Turner Classic Movies Launched April 14, 1994; 23 years ago (1994 - 04 - 14) Owned by Turner Broadcasting System Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Let's Movie. Country United States Language English (imported feature films are broadcast in their native languages, provided with English subtitling) Broadcast area Nationwide (also available in Canada with substitutions; international versions in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, Nordic countries, Asia - Pacific, Spain, France, U.K. and Ireland, Malta) Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia, United States Sister channel (s) TBS TNT Cartoon Network Adult Swim Boomerang CNN HLN CNN International TruTV HBO Cinemax Website www.tcm.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 256 (HD / SD) Channel 1256 (VOD) Dish Network Channel 132 (HD / SD) Shaw Direct (Canada) Channel 178 / 531 (SD) Channel 138 / 638 (HD) Cable Spectrum Channel 631 (HD / SD) Available on most American and Canadian cable providers Check local listings for channels IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1790 (HD) Channel 790 (SD) Verizon FiOS Channel 230 (SD only) Unavailable in HD Bell Fibe TV (Canada) Channel 292 VMedia (Canada) 327 (HD) Streaming media Watch TCM Sling TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "NASCAR RaceDay", "paragraph_text": "NASCAR RaceDay (also known as NASCAR RaceDay fueled by Sunoco) is an American pre-race television show on Fox Sports 1 that precedes all NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race broadcasts. Part of the \"Fox NASCAR\" series, the show previously aired on Fox Sports Net and Speed. \"NASCAR RaceDay\" is hosted by Shannon Spake with analysis from Bobby Labonte and Jamie McMurray from the Fox Sports studio in Charlotte, North Carolina. Alan Cavanna and Kaitlyn Vincie report from the track"}], "question": "On Directv, what channel is the original network or NASCAR RaceDay?"}
{"id": "2hop__482706_486411", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign", "paragraph_text": "The Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign is a Las Vegas landmark funded in May 1959 and erected soon after by Western Neon. The sign was designed by Betty Willis at the request of Ted Rogich, a local salesman, who sold it to Clark County, Nevada."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Absolutely Fabulous episodes", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of episodes for the British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous that originally ran from 1992 to 1995 for three series, with a two - part special in 1996. It returned in 2001 for two more series until 2003 along with specials in 2002, 2003 and 2004 (and a short Comic Relief sketch in 2005). Three more specials aired from 2011 to 2012 (plus a short Sport Relief sketch). There have been a total of 39 episodes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Fabulous Thad Jones", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Thad Jones is the debut album by American jazz trumpeter Thad Jones recorded in 1954 and originally released on Charles Mingus' Debut Records label as a 10-inch LP. The album was later re-issued as a 12-inch LP titled simply, Thad Jones."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Voluspa (album)", "paragraph_text": "Voluspa is the debut album by American electronic duo The Golden Filter, released in the United Kingdom on April 26, 2010 by Brille Records. Two singles, \"Solid Gold\" and \"Thunderbird\", were released in 2009, while a third single, \"Hide Me\", was released on April 19, 2010."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thunderbird 6", "paragraph_text": "Thunderbird 6 is a 1968 British science-fiction adventure film written by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson, directed by David Lane and produced by Century 21 Cinema. A sequel to 1966's \"Thunderbirds Are Go\", it was the second film to be adapted from the 1960s television series \"Thunderbirds\", which combined scale models and special effects with marionette puppet characters in a filming process that the Andersons termed \"Supermarionation\". Intended to provide a lighter-hearted cinematic experience to contrast with the harder science of \"Thunderbirds Are Go\", the Andersons elected to base the plot of \"Thunderbird 6\" on \"Skyship One\", a futuristic airship that is the latest project of the scientist Brains."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Northern Thunderbird Air", "paragraph_text": "NT Air or Northern Thunderbird Air Inc. is a Canadian charter airline with a head office at Prince George, British Columbia and bases in Vancouver and Smithers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Michael Ryan (ice hockey)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Ryan (born May 16, 1980) is an American former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League. He is currently an assistant coach of the Springfield Thunderbirds of the AHL. Ryan was selected by the Dallas Stars in the 2nd round (32nd overall) of the 1999 NHL Entry Draft."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Absolutely Fabulous", "paragraph_text": "Absolutely Fabulous, also known as Ab Fab, is a former British television sitcom created by, written by and starring Jennifer Saunders. It is based on the 1990 \"French & Saunders\" sketch \"Modern Mother and Daughter\", created by Saunders and Dawn French."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mozilla Messaging", "paragraph_text": "Mozilla Messaging (abbreviated MoMo) was a wholly owned, for-profit subsidiary of the non-profit Mozilla Foundation. It was broadly tasked with aspects of the Mozilla Project that focused on interpersonal communications, such as instant messaging and e-mail. Its main focus was developing Mozilla Thunderbird, the e-mail client developed by the Mozilla Foundation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "From Dusk Till Dawn (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "The album is predominantly Texas blues, featuring such artists as ZZ Top, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Jimmie Vaughan. The film's score was composed by Graeme Revell, and two short excerpts of his work are featured on the album. There are also extracts of dialogue from the film."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Mausoleum Murder", "paragraph_text": "The Mausoleum Murder is a fantasy novel by British writer Katherine Roberts, the fourth novel in The Seven Fabulous Wonders series and the sequel to \"The Amazon Temple Quest\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Carrie Worthley", "paragraph_text": "Carrie Worthley (born 10 January 1983) is an Australian netball player. Worthley played for the Adelaide Thunderbirds in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy (2001\u20132007), and in the inaugural ANZ Championship season in 2008."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sheree Wingard", "paragraph_text": "Sheree Wingard (born 18 August 1988) is an Australian netball player in the ANZ Championship, playing for the Adelaide Thunderbirds. She started her netball career playing for a small, but successful club, Cheerio Eagles. She is also a student studying Primary and Junior Primary Teaching."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jon Monday", "paragraph_text": "Jon Monday (born 1947 in San Jose, California) is an American producer and distributor of CDs and DVDs across an eclectic range of material such as Swami Prabhavananda, Aldous Huxley, Christopher Isherwood, Huston Smith, Chalmers Johnson, and Charles Bukowski. Monday directed and co-produced with Jennifer Douglas the feature-length documentary \"Save KLSD: Media Consolidation and Local Radio\". He is also President of Benchmark Recordings, which owns and distributes the early catalog of The Fabulous Thunderbirds CDs and a live recording of Mike Bloomfield."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Fabulous Suzanne", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Suzanne is a 1946 American romantic comedy film directed by Steve Sekely and starring Barbara Britton, Rudy Vallee and Otto Kruger. A waitress inherits a fortune from one of her customers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Walk That Walk, Talk That Talk", "paragraph_text": "Walk That Walk, Talk That Talk is a 1991 studio album by Texas based blues rock band The Fabulous Thunderbirds and the first without guitarist Jimmie Vaughan. He was replaced by Duke Robillard and Kid Bangham for the recording. The album marks a return to the straightforward blues-rock sound of their early material, abandoning the overly commercial production of their previous three albums."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Fabulous Texan", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Texan is a 1947 American Western film directed by Edward Ludwig and written by Lawrence Hazard and Horace McCoy. The film stars Wild Bill Elliott, John Carroll, Catherine McLeod, Albert Dekker, Andy Devine and Patricia Knight. The film was released on November 9, 1947, by Republic Pictures."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Colossus Crisis", "paragraph_text": "The Colossus Crisis is a fantasy novel by British writer Katherine Roberts, the sixth novel in The Seven Fabulous Wonders series and the sequel to \"The Olympic Conspiracy\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thunderbird (Holiday World)", "paragraph_text": "Thunderbird is a steel roller coaster in the Thanksgiving section of Holiday World & Splashin 'Safari. Designed by Bolliger & Mabillard, the ride opened in 2015 as the eighth Wing Coaster in the world and the fourth in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Waukechon, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Waukechon is a town in Shawano County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 928 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Lunds is located in the town. Its Menominee name is \"W\u0101kec\u0101n\u0101p\u0101\u0113w\", meaning \"crooked beak man\", a reference to the Thunderbird Clan of the Ho-Chunk."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the actor who has a part in The Fabulous Thunderbirds?"}
{"id": "2hop__640328_74106", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Johnny Ruffo", "paragraph_text": "John Patrick 'Johnny' Ruffo (born 8 March 1988) is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer, actor and television presenter notable for being a finalist on the third season of The X Factor Australia in 2011. He placed third in the competition and subsequently signed a recording contract with Sony Music Australia. In 2012, Ruffo won the twelfth season of Dancing with the Stars Australia. His debut single ``On Top '', released in June 2012, peaked at number 14 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum. Ruffo starred in the Australian soap opera Home and Away as Chris Harrington for three years from 2013 to 2016."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "FC Politehnica Chi\u0219in\u0103u", "paragraph_text": "FC Politehnica Chi\u015fin\u0103u is a Moldovan football club based in Chi\u015fin\u0103u. They play in the Divizia Na\u0163ional\u0103, the top division in Moldovan football. Their home stadium is Dinamo Stadium."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Holy Cross Goodtime Marching Band", "paragraph_text": "Formed in 1845, the Holy Cross Crusaders Marching Band (HCMB) is one of the oldest organizations at The College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. The Crusaders Marching Band first began performing at football games in 1910 and the band's role has expanded significantly since to include other athletic appearances, performing at all home football games, selected away games, in exhibition at high school band competitions, and at various events throughout the country. In the spring, the marching band converts into the Holy Cross Crusader Pep Band and plays at all home basketball games, and travels with the teams to the NCAA tournament. The Marching Band performs at Fitton Field while the Pep Band plays in the Hart Center."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Super League", "paragraph_text": "Super League began in 1996, replacing the Rugby Football League Championship and switching from a winter to a summer season. Each team plays 29 games between February and September: 11 home games, 11 away games, Magic Weekend and an additional 6 'loop fixtures' decided by league positions. The top five then enter the play - off series leading to the Grand Final which determines the champions. The bottom team is relegated to the Championship."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kat Chapman", "paragraph_text": "Katarina ``Kat ''Chapman is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Pia Miller. The actress joined the cast in July 2014 following a successful audition. She began filming during the following month, and initially commuted from her home in Melbourne to the set in Sydney. Home and Away marked Miller's first major acting role. She made her first appearance during the episode broadcast on 5 February 2015. The actress was drawn to the part after reading that her character was a strong and resilient policewoman, who was not sexualised in any way. Miller wanted viewers to focus on Kat and not her appearance. The actress filmed her final scenes in August 2017 and Kat was killed off in the season finale, broadcast on 18 December 2017."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Home and Away", "paragraph_text": "Home and Away (often abbreviated as H&A) is an Australian television soap opera. It was created by Alan Bateman and commenced broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. Bateman came up with the concept of the show during a trip to Kangaroo Point, New South Wales, where he noticed locals were complaining about the construction of a foster home and against the idea of foster children from the city living in the area. The soap opera was initially going to be called \"Refuge\", but the name was changed to the \"friendlier\" title of \"Home and Away\" once production began. The show premiered with a ninety-minute pilot episode (subsequently in re-runs and on VHS known as \"Home and Away: The Movie\"). Since then, each subsequent episode has aired for a duration of twenty-two minutes and \"Home and Away\" has become the second longest-running drama series in Australian television. In Australia, it is currently broadcast from Mondays to Thursdays at 7:00 pm."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "On Top (Johnny Ruffo song)", "paragraph_text": "\"On Top\" is the debut single by Australian recording artist Johnny Ruffo. It was written by Ruffo, Michael Tan, Anthony Egizii and David Musumeci. \"On Top\" was released digitally on 15 June 2012. The song debuted at number twenty-eight on the ARIA Singles Chart and eventually peaked at number fourteen. It was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 70,000 copies."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Home and Away characters (1991)", "paragraph_text": "Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in Home and Away in 1991, by order of first appearance. They were all introduced by the show's executive producer Des Monaghan. The 4th season of Home and Away began airing on the Seven Network on 7 January 1991. The first introduction of the year was Josh Webb in February. Bruce Roberts began appearing as Nick Parrish in March. The following month, Ryan Clark made his debut as Sam Nicholls as did Naomi Watts as Revhead's sister Julie Gibson. Dee Smart began playing Lucinda Croft in June. Her brother David, played by Guy Pearce appeared from July. Alistair MacDougall arrived as Ryan Lee in August. In September, Tina Thomsen, Ross Newton, and Richard Norton joined the cast as Finlay Roberts, Greg Marshall and Simon Fitzgerald, respectively. Finlay's mother, Irene made her debut in October, followed by her son Damian, played by Matt Doran in November."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "AFL Grand Final", "paragraph_text": "The concept of a ``grand ''final gradually evolved from experimentation by the Victorian Football League (VFL) in the initial years of competition following its inception in 1897. During the 19th century, Australian football competition adopted the approach that the team on top of the ladder at the end of the home - and - away series was declared the premiers. However, the fledgling VFL decided that a finals series played between the top four teams at the end of the season would generate more interest and gate money. For 1897, the VFL scheduled a round robin tournament whereby the top four played each other once and the team that won the most matches was declared the winner."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Hannover 96 (nickname Die Roten or 'The Reds') is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division. Home games are played at the HDI-Arena, which hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 World Cups and the Euro 1988. Their reserve team Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league. Their home games were played in the traditional Eilenriedestadium till they moved to the HDI Arena due to DFL directives. Arminia Hannover is another very traditional soccer team in Hanover that has played in the first league for years and plays now in the Niedersachsen-West Liga (Lower Saxony League West). Home matches are played in the Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadium."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sport Boys", "paragraph_text": "Sport Boys plays its home games at the Estadio Miguel Grau. It has a capacity of about 17,000. Before this stadium was built, they had to use the 5,000 spectator capacity Telmo Carbajo, a stadium that was in bad condition and unfit to host football matches. It was the first stadium in Callao. Sport Boys were forced to play their games in the Estadio Nacional, where they would be far away from their fans."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2017\u201318 Arsenal F.C. season", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal 2017 -- 18 season Chairman Sir Chips Keswick Manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger Stadium Emirates Stadium Premier League 6th Community Shield Winners FA Cup Third round EFL Cup Runners - up UEFA Europa League Semi-finals Top goalscorer League: Alexandre Lacazette (14) All: Alexandre Lacazette (17) Home colours Away colours Third colours \u2190 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 \u2192"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Emma Jackson (Home and Away)", "paragraph_text": "Emma Jackson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Dannii Minogue. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 22 September 1989. She departed on 22 August 1990. Emma was described as a teen punk and a tomboy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok", "paragraph_text": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok () is a Polish football club based in Bia\u0142ystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa, the top level of Polish football. The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Bia\u0142ystok. Jagiellonia play their home games at Bia\u0142ystok City Stadium."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "FC Dinamo Batumi", "paragraph_text": "FC Dinamo Batumi is a Georgian football club based in Batumi, Adjara. They regularly play in top division of Georgian football \u2013 Erovnuli Liga. The club plays their home games at Angisa Base, Batumi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "FC Alga Bishkek", "paragraph_text": "FC Alga Bishkek is a Kyrgyz football club based in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan that plays in the top division in Kyrgyzstan, the Kyrgyzstan League. The club plays its home games at Dynamo Stadion."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification", "paragraph_text": "The group stage was played in home-and-away round-robin format from 20 September 2013 to 17 September 2014. All seven group winners qualified directly to the final tournament, while the four runners-ups with the best record against the sides first, third, fourth, and fifth in their groups advanced to play-off matches for the remaining berth."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "500 Miles", "paragraph_text": "``500 Miles Away From Home ''Single by Bobby Bare from the album 500 Miles Away From Home B - side`` It All Depends on Linda'' Released September 1963 Format 7 ''single Genre Country, Easy Listening Label RCA Victor Songwriter (s) Hedy West Bobby Bare singles chronology ``Detroit City'' (1963)`` 500 Miles Away From Home ''(1963) ``Miller's Cave'' (1964)`` Detroit City ''(1963) ``500 Miles Away From Home'' (1963)`` Miller's Cave ''(1964)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Take My Breath Away", "paragraph_text": "``Take My Breath Away ''is a song written by Italian DJ Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for the film Top Gun, performed by the band Berlin. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song in 1986."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "FC Dinamo MVD Bishkek", "paragraph_text": "FC Dinamo MVD Bishkek is a Kyrgyzstani football club based in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan that played in the top division in Kyrgyzstan, the Kyrgyzstan League. The club plays its home games at Dynamo Stadion."}], "question": "Who did the performer of On Top play on Home and Away?"}
{"id": "2hop__1418_25907", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sichuan", "paragraph_text": "The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March. Chiang Kai-Shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing fell to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general Wang Sheng wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via Burma."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Body Pressure", "paragraph_text": "Body Pressure is a 1974 performance piece by American artist Bruce Nauman. The performer is instructed to press their body against a wall in various positions; Nauman says that it \"may become a very erotic exercise\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wall of Soundz", "paragraph_text": "Wall of Soundz is the third studio album from Irish singer-songwriter, Brian McFadden. It was released in Australia on 23 April 2010. The album debuted on the ARIA Albums Chart at #27, its highest peak to date, and spent only three weeks in the ARIA top 50. The album produced McFadden's fourth number one single, \"Just Say So\", which features American rapper, Kevin Rudolf and gained a platinum accreditation, as well as the second single, \"Chemical Rush\" which peaked within the ARIA top 15."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "None of the above", "paragraph_text": "In 1991, elections that led to the break - up of the Soviet Union, the Soviet version of ``none of above ''led to new elections with new candidates in 200 races of the 1,500 - seat Congress of People's Deputies. More than 100 incumbents representing the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were defeated in the run - off, leading to Boris Yeltsin to later say the`` none of the above'' option ``helped convince the people they had real power even in a rigged election, and (it) played a role in building true democracy. ''"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Place du Colonel Fabien", "paragraph_text": "The headquarters of the French Communist Party, designed by the Brazilian communist and utilitarian architect Oscar Niemeyer is located here, as is a station of the Paris M\u00e9tro. Nearby is the former location of the medieval Gibbet of Montfaucon, a multi-tiered gibbet that was for most of its history outside Paris' city walls."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gurgacz", "paragraph_text": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gurgacz (2 April 1914 \u2013 14 September 1949) was a Polish Catholic priest, member of the Society of Jesus, and chaplain of the anti-communist underground."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "God bless you", "paragraph_text": "National Geographic reports that during the plague of AD 590, ``Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately (''God bless you``), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plague.'' By AD 750, it became customary to say ``God bless you ''as a response to one sneezing."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ramona Falls (Oregon)", "paragraph_text": "Ramona Falls is a waterfall on the upper Sandy River on the west side of Mount Hood, Oregon, United States. It is located in forest along the Pacific Crest Trail at an elevation of . The falls are about tall overall, consisting of a wall of cascades."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kathi Goertzen", "paragraph_text": "Kathi Goertzen (April 30, 1958 \u2013 August 13, 2012) was a longtime co-news anchor of Seattle ABC affiliate KOMO-TV along with Dan Lewis (the 6PM edition) and also the 5PM edition with Eric Johnson. She joined KOMO in June 1980, after the eruption of Mount St. Helens and did many special newscasts thereafter, including the fall of the Berlin Wall (she was the first local American TV news reporter to do so)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Niederh\u00f6chstadt station", "paragraph_text": "Niederh\u00f6chstadt station was opened by the Kronberg Railway Company (, using the old spelling of Kronberg) along with the line to Kronberg on 1 November 1874. The station building dates from the turn of the century in 1900 and is a heritage-listed building. It is a two-storey brick building with a shallow hipped roof with a small tented roof covered with dormers. The platform side of the building has a complex structure with a central projection covered by a gable, wall panels and cornices. A polygonal bay window was later added on the ground floor for supervisory personnel and an annex was built on the north side."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became \"The East Is Red\", and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a \"red sun\". During the Cultural Revolution in China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chinese Communist Revolution", "paragraph_text": "Chinese Communist Revolution \u4e2d\u570b\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u570b\u5171\u5167\u6230 (Second Kuomintang - Communist Civil War) Part of the Chinese Civil War (since 1927) Part of the Cold War (1947 -- 1991) People's Liberation Army occupies the Presidential Palace in Nanjing. April, 1949 Date 1945 -- 1950 Location China Result Communist victory and takeover of mainland China People's Republic of China established in mainland China Government of the Republic of China relocated to Taiwan Belligerents Communist Party Eighth Route Army (until 1947) New Fourth Army (until 1947) Communist militia, etc. People's Liberation Army (since 1947) People's Republic of China (since Oct. 1, 1949) Republic of China Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) National Revolutionary Army (until 1947) Republic of China Armed Forces (since 1947 Constitution) Republic of China on Taiwan (after 1949 retreat) Commanders and leaders Chairman Mao Zedong Commander - in - Chief Zhu De President and Director - General Chiang Kai - shek Strength 1,270,000 regulars (1945 - 09) 2,800,000 regulars (1948 - 06) 4,000,000 regulars (1949 - 06) 4,300,000 (1946 - 07) 3,650,000 (1948 - 06) 1,490,000 (1949 - 06) Casualties and losses 250,000 in three campaigns 1.5 million in three campaigns"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zoia Ceau\u0219escu", "paragraph_text": "Zoia Ceau\u0219escu (, 28 February 1949 \u2013 20 November 2006) was a Romanian mathematician, the daughter of Communist leader Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu and his wife, Elena."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2010 Elaz\u0131\u011f earthquake", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Elaz\u0131\u011f earthquake was a 6.1 M earthquake that occurred on 8 March 2010 at 02:32 UTC (04:32 local time). The epicentre was Ba\u015fyurt in Elaz\u0131\u011f Province, in eastern Turkey. Initial reports in global media said as many as 57 people had died. By 10 March, reports in the Turkish media placed the death toll at 41 and later, the death toll rose to 42. Another 74 were injured, many after falling and jumping from buildings. A stampede through the streets led to further injuries."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thief River Falls Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Thief River Falls Library is a library and historic site in Thief River Falls, Minnesota, USA that dates from 1900."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying \"Long faces don't win wars\". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner."}], "question": "On what date did the place where reporters said they saw cracks on some buildings' walls fall to the communists?"}
{"id": "2hop__1418_1357", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wiechert (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Wiechert is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern region of the Moon's far side. It lies to the southeast of the huge walled plain Schr\u00f6dinger, less than 170\u00a0km from the southern pole."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Vashakidze (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Vashakidze is a lunar impact crater that is located on the Moon's far side, just beyond the northeastern limb. This area of the surface is not completely hidden from the Earth, however, as suitable combinations of libration and sunlight will bring it into view. The southeastern rim of this crater grazes the outer rim of the huge walled plain Harkhebi. It lies to the southeast of the crater Boss and to the northeast of the ruined walled plain Riemann."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Christian Quarter", "paragraph_text": "The Christian Quarter (, \"\u1e24\u0101rat al-Na\u1e63\u0101r\u0101\"; , \"Ha-Rova ha-Notsri\") is one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem, the other three being the Jewish Quarter, the Muslim Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. The Christian Quarter is situated in the northwestern corner of the Old City, extending from the New Gate in the north, along the western wall of the Old City as far as the Jaffa Gate, along the Jaffa Gate - Western Wall route in the south, bordering on the Jewish and Armenian Quarters, as far as the Damascus Gate in the east, where it borders on the Muslim Quarter. The Christian quarter contains about 40 Christian holy places. Among them is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of Christianity's holiest places. Most of its residents are Palestinian Christians, despite their dwindling numbers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Body Pressure", "paragraph_text": "Body Pressure is a 1974 performance piece by American artist Bruce Nauman. The performer is instructed to press their body against a wall in various positions; Nauman says that it \"may become a very erotic exercise\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anders (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Anders is a worn lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It lies just to the southeast of the outer rim of the huge walled basin named Apollo. To the south-southeast is the crater Leavitt."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Carnot (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Carnot is a large crater in the northern part of the Moon's far side. It intrudes into the southern rim of the huge walled plain Birkhoff. To the west-southwest of Carnot is the crater Paraskevopoulos."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Green Monster", "paragraph_text": "The wall was part of the original ballpark construction of 1912, along Fenway's north side facing Lansdowne Street. It is made of wood and was covered in tin and concrete in 1934. It was then covered with hard plastic in 1976. A manual scoreboard is set into the wall, which has been there, in one form or another, at least as far back as 1914 (see photo at right). Despite the name, the Green Monster was not painted green until 1947; before that, it was covered with advertisements. The Monster designation is relatively new. For most of its history it was simply called ``The Wall. ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake (Chinese: \u6c76\u5ddd\u5927\u5730\u9707; pinyin: W\u00e8nchu\u0101n d\u00e0 d\u00eczh\u00e8n; literally: \"Great Wenchuan earthquake\"), after the location of the earthquake's epicenter, Wenchuan County, Sichuan. The epicenter was 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of 19 km (12 mi). The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai\u20141,500 km (930 mi) and 1,700 km (1,060 mi) away\u2014where office buildings swayed with the tremor. Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Saint Barth\u00e9lemy", "paragraph_text": "Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy is a historical museum known as the \"St. Barts Municipal Museum\" also called the \"Wall House\" (mus\u00e9e \u2013 biblioth\u00e8que) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island\u2019s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Earthquake activity in the New York City area", "paragraph_text": "As can be seen in the maps of earthquake activity in this region (shown in the figure on the right), seismicity is scattered throughout most of the New York metropolitan area, with some hint of a concentration of earthquakes in the area surrounding Manhattan Island. The largest known earthquake in this region occurred in 1884 and had a magnitude of approximately 5. For this earthquake, observations of fallen bricks and cracked plaster were reported from eastern Pennsylvania to central Connecticut, and the maximum intensity reported was at two sites in western Long Island (Jamaica, New York and Amityville, New York). Two other earthquakes of approximately magnitude 5 occurred in this region in 1737 and 1783. The figure on the right shows maps of the distribution of earthquakes of magnitude 3 and greater that occurred in this region from 1924 to 2010, along with locations of the larger earthquakes that occurred in 1737, 1783 and 1884. More recently, the 2011 Virginia earthquake, a 5.8 magnitude quake centered in northern Virginia that occurred on August 23, 2011, was felt by the occupants of some buildings in Manhattan, more than 200 miles north of the quake's epicenter and there was some actual physical building damage in Brooklyn. There were some disruptions, including building evacuations and delays at airports, while Amtrak train service at Penn Station was also delayed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Van Wijk (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Van Wijk is a small lunar impact crater that lies in the southern part of the far side of the Moon. It is located to the north-northwest of the huge walled plain Schr\u00f6dinger, and to the southwest of the crater Fechner."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dian Fossey", "paragraph_text": "In the early morning of  December 27, 1985, Fossey was discovered murdered in the bedroom of her cabin located at the far edge of the camp in the Virunga Mountains, Rwanda. Her body was found face-up near the two beds where she slept, roughly 7 feet (2 m) away from a hole that her assailant(s) had apparently cut in the wall of the cabin. Wayne Richard McGuire, Fossey's last research assistant at Karisoke, was summoned to the scene by Fossey's house servant and found her bludgeoned to death, reporting that \"when I reached down to check her vital signs, I saw her face had been split, diagonally, with one machete blow.\" The cabin was littered with broken glass and overturned furniture, with a 9-mm handgun and ammunition beside her on the floor. Robbery was not believed to be the motive for the crime, as Fossey's valuables were still in the cabin, including her passport, handguns, and thousands of dollars in U.S. bills and traveler's checks.The last entry in her diary read:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marconi (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Marconi is a lunar impact crater that is located on the Moon's far side. It lies to the northwest of the large walled plain Gagarin, and to the southwest of the prominent crater Chaplygin. To the west-northwest of Marconi is the slightly larger Dellinger."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1 Wall Street", "paragraph_text": "One Wall Street (originally the Irving Trust Company Building, then the Bank of New York Building after 1988, and now known as the BNY Mellon Building since 2007), is an Art-Deco-style skyscraper in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is located in Manhattan's Financial District on the corner of Wall Street and Broadway. At 654 feet (199 m) tall, it is the 88th tallest building in New York. Up until September 30, 2015, it served as the global headquarters of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation. In May, 2014, the bank sold the building to a joint venture led by Harry B. Macklowe's Macklowe Properties for $585 million."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Snow in Florida", "paragraph_text": "January 22 -- 23, 2016: Snow flurries are reported along the Florida panhandle, as far east as the Jacksonville area, and as far south as the Gainesville area."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra", "paragraph_text": "The original building was partially destroyed and converted into a mosque by Qutb - ud - Din - Aibak of Delhi in the late 12th century. According to a local legend, after defeating Vigraharaja's nephew Prithviraja III in the Second Battle of Tarain, Muhammad Ghori passed through Ajmer. There, he saw the magnificent temples, and ordered his slave general Qutb - ud - Din - Aibak to destroy them, and construct a mosque -- all within 60 hours (that is, \u200b 2 \u2044 days). The artisans could not build a complete mosque in 60 hours time, but constructed a brick screen wall where Ghori could offer prayers. By the end of the century, a complete mosque was built."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Schaeberle (lunar crater)", "paragraph_text": "Schaeberle is an impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the northeast of the much larger walled plain Milne. Due north of Schaeberle is the relatively fresh crater Izsak, and an equal distance to the east-northeast lies Zhiritskiy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Winlock (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Winlock is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, where it lies to the west of the large walled plain Lorentz. From the Earth this crater is located behind the northwestern limb, and just beyond the parts of the far side that are sometimes brought into view due to libration."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kekul\u00e9 (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Kekul\u00e9 is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies just to the west-southwest of the larger crater Poynting, on the edge of the ejecta skirt surrounding the walled plain Hertzsprung to the southeast."}], "question": "How far was it from the city where reporters said they saw cracks on the walls of some buildings?"}
{"id": "2hop__820313_733290", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Monic Hendrickx", "paragraph_text": "Monic Hendrickx (born 3 December 1966 in Sint Anthonis) is a Dutch actress. She has won several awards during her career including four Golden Calf awards for Best Actress at the Nederlands Film Festival, the Jury Award at the 2001 Newport Beach Film Festival and the Best Actress Award at the 1999 Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marc Hendrickx", "paragraph_text": "Marc Hendrickx (born 8 August 1968 in Mechelen) is a Flemish politician and is affiliated to the N-VA. He is a municipal councillor of Mechelen since 2001. He was elected as a member of the Flemish Parliament in 2009."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Heikant, Sint Anthonis", "paragraph_text": "Heikant is a hamlet in the municipality of Sint Anthonis, in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located about 2\u00a0km south of Oploo."}], "question": "In which province is Monic Hendirckx's birthplace?"}
{"id": "2hop__198555_74106", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group G", "paragraph_text": "The UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group G was one of the nine groups to decide which teams would qualify for the UEFA Euro 2016 finals tournament. Group G consisted of six teams: Russia, Sweden, Austria, Montenegro, Moldova, and Liechtenstein, where they played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "FIFA World Cup qualification", "paragraph_text": "The European qualification was unchanged from the 2010 system. The 54 national teams were divided into nine groups of six teams, with the group winners qualifying directly to the finals, and the best eight runners - up playing home - and - away ties for the remaining four places."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "In 1984, each league had two divisions, East and West. The divisional winners met in a best-of-5 series to advance to the World Series, in a \"2\u20133\" format, first two games were played at the home of the team who did not have home field advantage. Then the last three games were played at the home of the team, with home field advantage. Thus the first two games were played at Wrigley Field and the next three at the home of their opponents, San Diego. A common and unfounded myth is that since Wrigley Field did not have lights at that time the National League decided to give the home field advantage to the winner of the NL West. In fact, home field advantage had rotated between the winners of the East and West since 1969 when the league expanded. In even numbered years, the NL West had home field advantage. In odd numbered years, the NL East had home field advantage. Since the NL East winners had had home field advantage in 1983, the NL West winners were entitled to it."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatiana", "paragraph_text": "Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatiana (), also translated as Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatjana, is a 1994 Finnish/German film directed, produced and co-written by Aki Kaurism\u00e4ki. The film tells the story of two shy and unaccomplished middle-aged men who run away from their mothers' homes and drive aimlessly on the back roads of Finland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "paragraph_text": "``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''One of earliest U.S. vinyl releases (A-side) Single by John Denver and Taffy Nivert from the album Poems, Prayers & Promises Released August 1971 Format 7'' vinyl, 12 ''vinyl, maxi, CD, digital download, cassette single, DataPlay single Recorded 1971 Genre Country Length 3: 08 Label RCA Records Songwriter (s) Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert, John Denver Producer (s) Milton Okun, Susan Ruskin John Denver and Taffy Nivert singles chronology`` Friends With You'' (1971) ``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''(1971)`` Everyday'' (1972) ``Friends With You ''(1971)`` Take Me Home, Country Roads'' (1971) ``Everyday ''(1972) Olivia Newton - John singles chronology`` What Is Life'' (1972) What Is Life 1972 ``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''(1973) Take Me Home, Country Roads1973`` Let Me Be There'' (1973) Let Me Be There 1973 B - side B - side of one of earliest U.S. vinyl singles Audio sample file help"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification", "paragraph_text": "The group stage was played in home-and-away round-robin format from 20 September 2013 to 17 September 2014. All seven group winners qualified directly to the final tournament, while the four runners-ups with the best record against the sides first, third, fourth, and fifth in their groups advanced to play-off matches for the remaining berth."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Idiot (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"The Idiot\" is a song written by Stan Rogers, found on his albums \"Northwest Passage\" and \"Home in Halifax\". On \"Home in Halifax\", Rogers introduces the song by explaining that it is about the movement of people away from the Atlantic Provinces of Canada to the province of Alberta for work. The introduction also states that the song contains the \"knuckle-dragging\" beat characteristic of Morris dance tunes."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Take It Home (Johnny Ruffo song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Take It Home\" is the second single by Australian recording artist Johnny Ruffo. It was written by Ruffo, Michael Tan, Anthony Egizii and David Musumeci. \"Take It Home\" was released digitally on 19 October 2012. A second single was released on 11 January 2013 including the 7th Heaven remix."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Home and Away characters (1991)", "paragraph_text": "Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in Home and Away in 1991, by order of first appearance. They were all introduced by the show's executive producer Des Monaghan. The 4th season of Home and Away began airing on the Seven Network on 7 January 1991. The first introduction of the year was Josh Webb in February. Bruce Roberts began appearing as Nick Parrish in March. The following month, Ryan Clark made his debut as Sam Nicholls as did Naomi Watts as Revhead's sister Julie Gibson. Dee Smart began playing Lucinda Croft in June. Her brother David, played by Guy Pearce appeared from July. Alistair MacDougall arrived as Ryan Lee in August. In September, Tina Thomsen, Ross Newton, and Richard Norton joined the cast as Finlay Roberts, Greg Marshall and Simon Fitzgerald, respectively. Finlay's mother, Irene made her debut in October, followed by her son Damian, played by Matt Doran in November."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Emma Jackson (Home and Away)", "paragraph_text": "Emma Jackson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Dannii Minogue. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 22 September 1989. She departed on 22 August 1990. Emma was described as a teen punk and a tomboy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole", "paragraph_text": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole, is an epistolary novel by Sue Townsend. It is the second in Adrian Mole series. It focuses on the worries and regrets of a teenage aspiring intellectual and, like its predecessor, takes the form of a diary. The story takes place from 1982 to mid-1983. Notable events in this volume are the breakup and later reconciliation of Adrian and Pandora, Adrian's attempt to run away from home and subsequent breakdown, the birth of his sister Rosie Mole, and Adrian's general worry about his O levels and nuclear war."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mahmoud Ramadan Elattar", "paragraph_text": "Ramadan competed in both the F57/58 discus and javelin in the 2008 Summer Paralympics, taking home the silver medal in the javelin."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National Basketball Association", "paragraph_text": "During the regular season, each team plays 82 games, 41 each home and away. A team faces opponents in its own division four times a year (16 games). Each team plays six of the teams from the other two divisions in its conference four times (24 games), and the remaining four teams three times (12 games). Finally, each team plays all the teams in the other conference twice apiece (30 games). This asymmetrical structure means the strength of schedule will vary between teams (but not as significantly as the NFL or MLB). Over five seasons, each team will have played 80 games against their division (20 games against each opponent, 10 at home, 10 on the road), 180 games against the rest of their conference (18 games against each opponent, 9 at home, 9 on the road), and 150 games against the other conference (10 games against each team, 5 at home, 5 on the road)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Johnny Ruffo", "paragraph_text": "John Patrick 'Johnny' Ruffo (born 8 March 1988) is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer, actor and television presenter notable for being a finalist on the third season of The X Factor Australia in 2011. He placed third in the competition and subsequently signed a recording contract with Sony Music Australia. In 2012, Ruffo won the twelfth season of Dancing with the Stars Australia. His debut single ``On Top '', released in June 2012, peaked at number 14 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum. Ruffo starred in the Australian soap opera Home and Away as Chris Harrington for three years from 2013 to 2016."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Holy Cross Goodtime Marching Band", "paragraph_text": "Formed in 1845, the Holy Cross Crusaders Marching Band (HCMB) is one of the oldest organizations at The College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. The Crusaders Marching Band first began performing at football games in 1910 and the band's role has expanded significantly since to include other athletic appearances, performing at all home football games, selected away games, in exhibition at high school band competitions, and at various events throughout the country. In the spring, the marching band converts into the Holy Cross Crusader Pep Band and plays at all home basketball games, and travels with the teams to the NCAA tournament. The Marching Band performs at Fitton Field while the Pep Band plays in the Hart Center."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Home and Away", "paragraph_text": "Home and Away (often abbreviated as H&A) is an Australian television soap opera. It was created by Alan Bateman and commenced broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. Bateman came up with the concept of the show during a trip to Kangaroo Point, New South Wales, where he noticed locals were complaining about the construction of a foster home and against the idea of foster children from the city living in the area. The soap opera was initially going to be called \"Refuge\", but the name was changed to the \"friendlier\" title of \"Home and Away\" once production began. The show premiered with a ninety-minute pilot episode (subsequently in re-runs and on VHS known as \"Home and Away: The Movie\"). Since then, each subsequent episode has aired for a duration of twenty-two minutes and \"Home and Away\" has become the second longest-running drama series in Australian television. In Australia, it is currently broadcast from Mondays to Thursdays at 7:00 pm."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kat Chapman", "paragraph_text": "Katarina ``Kat ''Chapman is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Pia Miller. The actress joined the cast in July 2014 following a successful audition. She began filming during the following month, and initially commuted from her home in Melbourne to the set in Sydney. Home and Away marked Miller's first major acting role. She made her first appearance during the episode broadcast on 5 February 2015. The actress was drawn to the part after reading that her character was a strong and resilient policewoman, who was not sexualised in any way. Miller wanted viewers to focus on Kat and not her appearance. The actress filmed her final scenes in August 2017 and Kat was killed off in the season finale, broadcast on 18 December 2017."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sport Boys", "paragraph_text": "Sport Boys plays its home games at the Estadio Miguel Grau. It has a capacity of about 17,000. Before this stadium was built, they had to use the 5,000 spectator capacity Telmo Carbajo, a stadium that was in bad condition and unfit to host football matches. It was the first stadium in Callao. Sport Boys were forced to play their games in the Estadio Nacional, where they would be far away from their fans."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "West Ham United F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Premier League: Home: 6 -- 0 v Barnsley 10 January 1998 Away: 5 -- 0 v Derby County 10 November 2007"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Joy Postle", "paragraph_text": "A fire at their home in 1968 killed Blackstone and badly injured Postle. After years of extensive surgery, she resumed her performances and exhibitions. She continued taking commissions for pet portraits, exhibiting her work, and selling paintings well into old age. In 1984, Postle broke her hip and moved into West Orange Manor Nursing Home; nevertheless she continued painting. Joy Postle died on June 1, 1989 and her ashes were spread at her home at Lake Rose in Florida."}], "question": "Who did the performer of Take It Home play on Home and Away?"}
{"id": "2hop__14397_697305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Czech language", "paragraph_text": "Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages, including English. Proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations are capitalized, and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages. Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages. The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point. When writing a long number, spaces between every three numbers (e.g. between hundreds and thousands) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts, but not in decimal places, like in English. The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567,8910 or 1 234 567,8910. Ordinal numbers (1st) use a point as in German (1.). In proper noun phrases (except personal names), only the first word is capitalized (Pra\u017esk\u00fd hrad, Prague Castle)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Google Translate", "paragraph_text": "Launched in April 2006 as a statistical machine translation service, it used United Nations and European Parliament transcripts to gather linguistic data. Rather than translating languages directly, it first translates text to English and then to the target language. During a translation, it looks for patterns in millions of documents to help decide on the best translation. Its accuracy has been criticized and ridiculed on several occasions. In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine - Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) - which translates ``whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar ''. Originally only enabled for a few languages in 2016, GNMT is gradually being used for more languages."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the \u015a\u0101rad\u0101 script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddha\u1e43 script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The Shunga Empire or Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Its capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar, modern Vidisha in Eastern Malwa. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. The empire is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought battles with the Kalingas, Satavahanas, the Indo-Greeks, and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period including small terracotta images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the Stupa at Bharhut, and the renowned Great Stupa at Sanchi. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of Brahmi and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The Shunga Empire played an imperative role in patronizing Indian culture at a time when some of the most important developments in Hindu thought were taking place."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Swedish Sign Language", "paragraph_text": "Swedish Sign Language (\"Svenskt teckenspr\u00e5k\" or SSL) is the sign language used in Sweden. It is recognized by the Swedish government as the country's official sign language, and hearing parents of deaf children are required to learn it. There are fewer than 10,000 speakers, making the language officially endangered."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "USS Monongahela (AO-42)", "paragraph_text": "The second USS \"Monongahela\" (AO-42) was a (\"Mattaponi\" subclass) in the United States Navy which saw service during World War II and the Korean War. She was the second U.S. Navy ship named for the Monongahela River in West Virginia and Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Java keywords", "paragraph_text": "In the Java programming language, a keyword is one of 53 reserved words that have a predefined meaning in the language; because of this, programmers can not use keywords as names for variables, methods, classes, or as any other identifier. Due to their special functions in the language, most integrated development environments for Java use syntax highlighting to display keywords in a different colour for easy identification."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Languages of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in the United States. Today over 500 languages are used by the U.S. population. The most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language of the United States. Since the 1965 Immigration Act, Spanish is the second most common language in the country. The United States does not have an official language, but some state governments recognize specific languages. For instance, the state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French, as does New Mexico in Spanish. There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii. Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyrillic (Unicode block)", "paragraph_text": "Cyrillic is a Unicode block containing the characters used to write the most widely used languages with a Cyrillic orthography. The core of the block is based on the ISO 8859-5 standard, with additions for minority languages and historic orthographies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Czech language", "paragraph_text": "Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "457 visa", "paragraph_text": "In Australia, the 457 visa was the most common visa for Australian or overseas employers to sponsor skilled overseas workers to work temporarily in Australia. It has been abolished since 18 March 2018 by Turnbull government and replaced by another visa category. The full title of this subclass of visa was Temporary Business (Long Stay) and was introduced soon after John Howard became Prime Minister in 1996. The title of the visa was changed to Temporary Work (Skilled) (Subclass 457) visa on 24 November 2012. Applications were processed by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP). On 18 April 2017, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that the 457 visas will be replaced with two new visa categories."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Revival of the Hebrew language", "paragraph_text": "The revival of the Hebrew language took place in Europe and Israel toward the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, through which the language's usage changed from the sacred language of Judaism to a spoken and written language used for daily life in Israel. The process began as Jews started arriving in Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century and used Hebrew as a lingua franca. However, a parallel development in Europe changed Hebrew from primarily a sacred liturgical language into a literary language which played a key role in the development of nationalist educational programs. Modern Hebrew, along with Modern Arabic, has been an official language in Israel since the British Mandate of Palestine, a situation that continued after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. More than purely a linguistic process, the revival of Hebrew was utilized by Jewish modernization and political movements, and became a tenet of the ideology associated with settlement of the land, Zionism and Israeli policy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Myodocopa", "paragraph_text": "Traditionally, the Myodocopa and Podocopa have been classified as subclasses within the class Ostracoda, although there is some question about how closely related the two groups actually are. The Myodocopa are defined by possession of a poorly calcified carapace, and 8\u20139 articles in the exopod of the second antenna. The ventral margin of the carapace is not concave, and the valves do not overlap to a great extent."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sindarin", "paragraph_text": "Sindarin is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves, called the \"Eledhrim\" or \"Edhellim\" in Sindarin. The word \"Sindarin\" is itself a Quenya form. The only known Sindarin word for this language is Eglathrin, a word probably only used in the First Age (see Eglath)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hindustani vocabulary", "paragraph_text": "Hindustani vocabulary, also known as Hindi-Urdu vocabulary, like all Indo-Aryan languages, has a core base of Sanskrit, which it gained through Prakrit. As such the standardized registers of the Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) share a common vocabulary, especially on the colloquial level. However, in formal speech, Hindi tends to draw on Sanskrit, while Urdu turns to Persian and sometimes Arabic. This difference lies in the history of Hindustani, in which the Khariboli dialect started to gain more Persian words in urban areas (such as Lucknow and Hyderabad), under the Delhi Sultanate; this dialect came to be termed Urdu."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE.[citation needed] They are in the Brahmi script, which was originally used for Prakrit, not Sanskrit. It has been described as a paradox that the first evidence of written Sanskrit occurs centuries later than that of the Prakrit languages which are its linguistic descendants. In northern India, there are Br\u0101hm\u012b inscriptions dating from the third century BCE onwards, the oldest appearing on the famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions of king Ashoka. The earliest South Indian inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi, written in early Tamil, belong to the same period. When Sanskrit was written down, it was first used for texts of an administrative, literary or scientific nature. The sacred texts were preserved orally, and were set down in writing \"reluctantly\" (according to one commentator), and at a comparatively late date."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ora\u00e7\u00e3o", "paragraph_text": "\"Ora\u00e7\u00e3o\" (\"Prayer\") was the Portuguese entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1964, performed in Portuguese by Ant\u00f3nio Calv\u00e1rio. This was Portugal's debut entry in the contest, and consequently the first time the Portuguese language had been used."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Telugu-Kannada alphabet", "paragraph_text": "The Dravidian family comprising about 73 languages including Telugu, Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam. Kannada abugida was developed between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE from Chalukya and Kadamba scripts, descendants of Brahmi. Old Kannada script is about 1800 years old, developed into Modern Telugu and Modern Kannada scripts. The Telugu script is closely related to Kannada, earliest known inscriptions dates back to the 6th century CE, poetry begins to appear in the 11th century. New written standard emerged in Telugu during the second half of the 20th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Languages of the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called ``Thomasites '') who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to`` take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.'' On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President Manuel L. Quez\u00f3n appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages. Their aim was to select a national language among the other regional languages. Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language December 30, 1937, on the basis that it was the most widely spoken and developed local language."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Podocopida", "paragraph_text": "The Podocopida are an order of ostracods in the subclass Podocopa. It is divided into five suborders \u2013 Bairdiocopina, Cypridocopina, Cytherocopina, Darwinulocopina, and Sigilliocopina. It is the most diverse of the four orders of ostracods, and also has a rich fossil record."}], "question": "The language where Brahmi was first used is an example of what type?"}
{"id": "2hop__50711_50595", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bond Exchange of South Africa", "paragraph_text": "The Bond Exchange of South Africa (BESA) was a South African Bond exchange based in Johannesburg that was acquired by JSE Limited in 2009. Prior to its acquisition it was constituted as a public company, and was responsible for operating and regulating the debt securities and interest rate derivatives markets in South Africa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ministry of Agriculture (Russia)", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Federation Ministry of Agriculture is the cabinet-level agency responsible for support of agricultural production, soil conservation, rural development, agricultural market regulation, and financial stabilization of the farm sector."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia's primary tourism related governing body, the Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), was established by an Act of Parliament: the Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000). Its primary objectives are to regulate the tourism industry and to market Namibia as a tourist destination. There are also a number of trade associations that represent the tourism sector in Namibia, such as the Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (the umbrella body for all tourism associations in Namibia), the Hospitality Association of Namibia, the Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia and the Tour and Safari Association of Namibia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Indian Contract Act, 1872", "paragraph_text": "Indian contract law regulates contract law in India. The main contract law in India is codified in the Indian Contract Act 1872 which came into effect on September 1, 1872 and is applicable in the whole country. It governs entering into contract, execution of contract, and the effects of breach of contract."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Labdhi Bhandari", "paragraph_text": "Labdhi Bhandari (29 July 1948 \u2013 19 October 1988) was the State Trading Corporation of India Professor of Marketing at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and a widely respected authority on marketing in India."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Reserve Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "Reserve Bank of India Seal of RBI Headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Coordinates Coordinates: 18 \u00b0 55 \u2032 58 ''N 72 \u00b0 50 \u2032 13'' E \ufeff / \ufeff 18.932679 \u00b0 N 72.836933 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 18.932679; 72.836933 Established 1 April 1935; 82 years ago (1935 - 04 - 01) Governor Urjit Patel Central bank of Republic of India Currency Indian Rupee (\u20b9) Reserves \u20b92609112, 66, 00,000 US $402.00 billion Bank rate 6.00% Interest on reserves 4.00% (market determined) Website rbi.org.in"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets and a greatly increased population. After the re-opening of the southeast coast, which had been closed in the late 17th century, foreign trade was quickly re-established, and was expanding at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century. China continued to export tea, silk and manufactures, creating a large, favorable trade balance with the West. The resulting inflow of silver expanded the money supply, facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Games for Windows", "paragraph_text": "Games for Windows is a discontinued brand owned by Microsoft and introduced in 2006 to coincide with the release of the Windows Vista operating system. The brand itself represents a standardized technical certification program and online service for Windows games, bringing a measure of regulation to the PC game market in much the same way that console manufacturers regulate their platforms. The branding program was open to both first-party and third-party publishers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Four Seasons Wines", "paragraph_text": "Four Seasons Wines Limited is an Indian winery which was established in 2006,based in Bangalore, India. It produces wines from grapes grown around Sahyadri valley in Maharashtra.It is a subsidiary of United Spirits Limited (USL) of the UB Group. Four Seasons Wines Limited manufactures and markets wines in India. It provides red, white, and rose wines. Four Seasons Wines markets its wines under the two brand names Zinzi and Four Seasons."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Transparency Market Research", "paragraph_text": "Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market research, analysis, and intelligence firm with offices in India and the U.S. The company was founded in 2011 and registered as a private limited company in India in 2013. The Company had a virtual sales office in the US and operates from Pune, India"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", "paragraph_text": "Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market directly and personally to physicians and other healthcare providers. In some countries, notably the US, pharmaceutical companies also employ lobbyists to influence politicians. Marketing of prescription drugs in the US is regulated by the federal Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Money market in India", "paragraph_text": "The influence of the Reserve Bank of India's power over the Indian money market is confined almost exclusively to the organised banking structure.It is also considered to be the biggest regulator in the markets. There are certain rates and data which are released at regular intervals which have a huge impact on all the financial markets in INDIA. The unorganised sector, which consists mostly of indigenous bankers and non-banking financial companies, although occupying an important position in the money market have not been properly integrated with the rest of the money market."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Medium of exchange", "paragraph_text": "Critics of the prevailing system of fiat money argue that fiat money is the root cause of the continuum of economic crises, since it leads to the dominance of fraud, corruption, and manipulation precisely because it does not satisfy the criteria for a medium of exchange cited above. Specifically, prevailing fiat money is free floating and depending upon its supply market finds or sets a value to it that continues to change as the supply of money is changed with respect to the economy's demand. Increasing free floating money supply with respect to needs of the economy reduces the quantity of the basket of the goods and services to which it is linked by the market and that provides it purchasing power. Thus it is not a unit or standard measure of wealth and its manipulation impedes the market mechanism by that it sets / determine just prices. That leads us to a situation where no value - related economic data is just or reliable. On the other hand, Chartalists claim that the ability to manipulate the value of fiat money is an advantage, in that fiscal stimulus is more easily available in times of economic crisis."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Permanent Settlement", "paragraph_text": "The Permanent Settlement was introduced first in Bengal and Bihar, and then in the south district of Madras and Varanasi. The system eventually spread all over northern India by a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793. These regulations remained in place until the Charter Act of 1833. The other two systems prevalent in India were The Ryotwari System and The Mahalwari System."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Care Quality Commission", "paragraph_text": "The Care Quality Commission (CQC) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health of the United Kingdom. It was established in 2009 to regulate and inspect health and social care services in England."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", "paragraph_text": "The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA received authority to regulate advertising of prescription drugs and to establish good manufacturing practices. The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective. An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective. A similarly comprehensive study of over-the-counter products began ten years later."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent \"mercado\". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortiller\u00edas, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cotton", "paragraph_text": "India's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company, which made cotton processing and manufacturing workshops in India uncompetitive. Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and, by British-imposed law, to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Campa Cola", "paragraph_text": "Campa Cola, is a soft drink brand in India. It was a market leader in the Indian soft drink market the 1970s and 80s in most regions of India until the advent of the foreign players Pepsi and Coca-Cola after the liberalisation policy of the P. V. Narasimha Rao Government in 1991."}], "question": "When was the regulator of the money market in India established?"}
{"id": "2hop__79209_50595", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States ten-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The United States ten - dollar bill ($10) is a denomination of U.S. currency. The obverse of the bill features the portrait of Alexander Hamilton, who served as the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. The reverse features the U.S. Treasury Building. All $10 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Coins of the Indian rupee", "paragraph_text": "After Indian independence, British Indian coins were in use as a frozen currency until India became a republic in 1950. The first rupee coins of the Republic of India were minted in 1950. These included 1 / 2 rupee, 1 / 4 rupee, 2 anna, 1 anna, 1 / 2 anna & 1 pice coins, and are referred to as the anna series or pre-decimal coinage. Under the anna series, one rupee was divided into 16 annas or 64 pice, with each anna equal to 4 pice."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Masala bonds", "paragraph_text": "Masala bonds are bonds issued outside India but denominated in Indian Rupees, rather than the local currency. Masala is an indian word and it means spices. The term was used by IFC to evoke the culture and cuisine of India. Unlike dollar bonds, where the borrower takes the currency risk, masala bond makes the investors bear the risk. The first Masala bond was issued by the World Bank backed International Finance Corporation in November 2014 when it raised 1,000 crore bond to fund infrastructure projects in India. Later in August 2015 International Financial Cooperation for the first time issued green masala bonds and raised Rupees 3.15 Billion to be used for private sector investments that address climate change in India."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States two-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The United States two - dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. The third U.S. President (1801 -- 09), Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features an engraving of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Throughout the $2 bill's pre-1929 life as a large - sized note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, silver certificate, Treasury or ``Coin ''Note and Federal Reserve Bank Note. When U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. Production went on until 1966, when the series was discontinued. Ten years passed before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design. Two - dollar bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation, has also inspired urban legends and occasionally has created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Masala bonds", "paragraph_text": "Masala bonds are bonds issued outside India but denominated in Indian Rupees, rather than the local currency. Masala is an Indian word and it means spices. The term was used by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to evoke the culture and cuisine of India. Unlike dollar bonds, where the borrower takes the currency risk, masala bond makes the investors bear the risk. The first Masala bond was issued by the World Bank - backed IFC in November 2014 when it raised 1,000 crore bond to fund infrastructure projects in India. Later in August 2015 International Financial Cooperation for the first time issued green masala bonds and raised Rupees 3.15 Billion to be used for private sector investments that address climate change in India."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States dollar", "paragraph_text": "Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The \"large-sized notes\" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches (188 mm) by 3.125 inches (79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 inches (156 mm) by 2.61 inches (66 mm) by 0.0043 inches (0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Finance Secretary of India", "paragraph_text": "One Rs note is signed by Finance Secretary of India One Rs note is signed by Finance Secretary of India and it does not have the word i promise to pay the bearer. The Coinage act 2011 which took over Coinage act 1940 says ``necessary provisions for inclusion of Government of India one rupee note within the meaning of 'Coin' have been consciously incorporated in the Coinage Act, 2011. Further, the RBI, as per Section 24 (1) of the RBI Act, 1934, is not empowered to issue bank note of denomination of value of one rupee ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Satyameva Jayate", "paragraph_text": "``Satyameva Jayate ''(Sanskrit: \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0947\u0935 \u091c\u092f\u0924\u0947 satyam - eva jayate; lit.`` Truth alone triumphs.'') is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture Mundaka Upanishad. Following the independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India in 26 January 1950. It is inscribed in script at the base of the national emblem. The emblem and the words ``Satyameva Jayate ''are inscribed on one side of all Indian currency. The emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka which was erected around 250 BCE at Sarnath, near Varanasi in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is inscribed on all currency notes and national documents."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "India Government Mint", "paragraph_text": "The India Government Mint operates four mints in the country for the production of coins. This move proposed by PM, is estimated to save 20 billion on currency transportation costs over the next 5 years. The other mints are in:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Reserve Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "Reserve Bank of India Seal of RBI Headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Coordinates Coordinates: 18 \u00b0 55 \u2032 58 ''N 72 \u00b0 50 \u2032 13'' E \ufeff / \ufeff 18.932679 \u00b0 N 72.836933 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 18.932679; 72.836933 Established 1 April 1935; 82 years ago (1935 - 04 - 01) Governor Urjit Patel Central bank of Republic of India Currency Indian Rupee (\u20b9) Reserves \u20b92609112, 66, 00,000 US $402.00 billion Bank rate 6.00% Interest on reserves 4.00% (market determined) Website rbi.org.in"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States dollar", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Vietnamese \u0111\u1ed3ng", "paragraph_text": "The \u0111\u1ed3ng (/ d\u0252\u014b /; Vietnamese: (\u02c0\u0257\u025cw\u014b\u0361m \u02e8 \u02e9); sign: \u20ab; code: VND) has been the currency of Vietnam since May 3, 1978. Issued by the State Bank of Vietnam, it is represented by the symbol ``\u20ab''. Formerly, it was subdivided into 10 h\u00e0o, which were further subdivided into 10 xu, neither of which is now used. Since 2012 the use of coins has decreased greatly, and since 2014 coins are generally not accepted in retail, but will still be accepted in some, but not all, banks."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "One pound (British coin)", "paragraph_text": "The original, round \u00a31 coin replaced the Bank of England \u00a31 note, which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988, though still redeemable at the Bank's offices, like all English banknotes. One - pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and by the Royal Bank of Scotland, but the pound coin is much more widely used. A new, dodecagonal (12 - sided) design of coin was introduced on 28 March 2017 and both new and old versions of the one pound coin circulated together until the older design was withdrawn from circulation on 15 October 2017. After that date, the older coin could only be redeemed at banks, although some retailers announced they would continue to accept it for a limited time. Meanwhile, the original round pound remains legal tender on the Isle of Man."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Canadian Tire money", "paragraph_text": "Canadian Tire money, officially Canadian Tire 'money', (CTM) is a loyalty program operated by the Canadian retail chain Canadian Tire. It consists of coupons, issued by the company, which resemble real banknotes. It can be used as scrip in Canadian Tire stores, but is not considered a private currency. The notes are printed on paper similar to what Canadian currency was printed on when they were printed on real paper, and were jointly produced by two of the country's long - established security printers, British American Banknote Company (BABN) and Canadian Bank Note Company (CBN). Some privately owned businesses in Canada accept CTM as payment (see history below), since the owners of many such businesses shop at Canadian Tire. In Canadian Tire stores, CTM is accepted for Canadian money at par."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bank of England 10s note", "paragraph_text": "A new design for ten - shilling notes was introduced in 1961, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly longer and narrower, and were the first ten - shilling notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England. In the late 1960s it was decided that future banknotes should feature a British historical figure on the reverse. The first such note was the series D \u00a320 note, first issued in 1970, featuring William Shakespeare. A design for a ten - shilling note featuring Walter Raleigh on the reverse was approved in 1964 but was never issued. Instead, in 1969, as part of the process of decimalisation, a new fifty pence coin was introduced as a replacement for the ten - shilling note. The principal reason for the change was economy: the notes had an average lifetime of about five months whereas coins could last at least fifty years. The series C ten shilling notes ceased to be legal tender on 22 November 1970. In the Isle of Man, both the English and Manx Ten Shilling Notes continued to be legal tender for fifty new pence until 2013."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States five-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The United States five - dollar bill ($5) is a denomination of United States currency. The current $5 bill features the 16th U.S. President (1861 - 65), Abraham Lincoln's portrait on the front and the Lincoln Memorial on the back. All $5 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Indian rupee", "paragraph_text": "The Indian rupee (sign: \u20b9; code: INR), is the official currency of the Republic of India. The rupee is subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa), though as of 2011, 25 paise is no longer considered legal tender. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The rupee is named after the silver coin, rupiya, first issued by Sultan Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century and later continued by the Mughal Empire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Australian one-cent coin", "paragraph_text": "The cent or penny, formally the one - cent coin, was the lowest - denomination coin of the Australian dollar, introduced on 14 February 1966 in the decimalisation of Australian currency until it was withdrawn from circulation in 1992 (along with the two - cent coin)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Egyptian pound", "paragraph_text": "In 1834, a khedival decree was issued, adopting an Egyptian currency based on a bimetallic standard (gold and silver) on the basis of the Maria Theresa thaler, a popular trade coin in the region. The Egyptian pound, known as the geneih, was introduced, replacing the Egyptian piastre (ersh) as the chief unit of currency. The piastre continued to circulate as \u200b1\u2044100 of a pound, with the piastre subdivided into 40 para. In 1885, the para ceased to be issued, and the piastre was divided into tenths (\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0634  'oshr el-ersh). These tenths were renamed milliemes (malleem) in 1916."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jamaican dollar", "paragraph_text": "On January 30, 1968, the Jamaican House of Representatives voted to decimalize the currency by introducing the dollar, worth 10 shillings, to replace the Jamaican pound. Coins and banknotes went into circulation on September 8, 1969. The introduction of a decimal currency provided the opportunity for the introduction of a complete Jamaican coinage as formerly, the coins (with the exception of the penny and halfpenny), were the same as those used in the United Kingdom. The reverse of the decimal coinage was designed by Christopher Ironside, O.B.E.. These coins were in circulation from 1969 to about 1990."}], "question": "When was the issuer of currency notes and coins in India established?"}
{"id": "2hop__610874_193209", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League. The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas. The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006. North Carolina is also home to Charlotte Hounds of the Major League Lacrosse."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field, located on the city's North Side. The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago; the other, the Chicago White Sox, is a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The Cubs, first known as the White Stockings, was a founding member of the NL in 1876, becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea (5th title) (2016 -- 17) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zinedine Zidane", "paragraph_text": "In November 2010, Zidane was appointed as a special adviser to Real Madrid's first team in response to an appeal made by then - Real Madrid coach Jos\u00e9 Mourinho for the former Real midfielder to work more closely with the team. In his new role, Zidane was expected to participate in Champions League events and functions and was also to travel with the first team on a regular basis and participate in pre-match gatherings, training sessions and meetings with the head coach. In July 2011, it was announced that he would become Real Madrid's new sporting director. In 2013, Zidane was appointed assistant coach to Carlo Ancelotti at Real Madrid."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Carlos Alberto Madeo", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Alberto Madeo (born July 31, 1981 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is Argentine football midfielder who has played for Deportivo Laferrere of the Primera C in Argentina."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Carlos Madeo", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Alberto Madeo (born July 31, 1981 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a defender for Deportivo Laferrere."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kalamazoo Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Kalamazoo Kingdom were an American soccer team, founded in 1996. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2006, when the team left the league and the franchise was terminated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rugby League Tri-Nations", "paragraph_text": "The Rugby League Tri-Nations (known as the Gillette Tri-Nations for sponsorship reasons) was a rugby league tournament involving the top three teams in the sport: Australia, Great Britain and New Zealand and is the predecessor of today's Rugby League Four Nations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Green Bay Packers", "paragraph_text": "The Green Bay Packers is a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third - oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919, and is the only non-profit, community - owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sports in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture. Based on revenue, the four major professional sports leagues in the United States are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. Major League Soccer (MLS) is sometimes included in a ``top five ''of leagues of the country. All four enjoy wide - ranging domestic media coverage and are considered the preeminent leagues in their respective sports in the world, although American football does not have a substantial following in other nations. Three of those leagues have teams that represent Canadian cities, and all four are the most financially lucrative sports leagues of their sport. American football is the most popular sport in the United States followed by basketball, baseball, and soccer. Tennis, golf, wrestling, auto racing, arena football, field lacrosse, box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular sports in the country."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Sainty, the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wes Schulmerich", "paragraph_text": "Edward Wesley Schulmerich (August 21, 1901 \u2013 June 26, 1985) was an American Major League Baseball player from the state of Oregon. A native of the state, he played baseball and football at what is now Oregon State University where he participated in three sports. On the football team, he played three positions and earned the nickname of Ironhorse and all-conference honors. In baseball, he was a right-handed outfielder and after leaving school started his professional career in the minor leagues. Schulmerich then became the first player from the school to make it to the Major Leagues, playing for three teams in the early 1930s. He is a member of the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Montreal Impact", "paragraph_text": "The Montreal Impact () is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal, Quebec. The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer (MLS). The team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league, being the league's third Canadian club, and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992; 26 years ago (1992 - 02 - 20) Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City (3rd title) (2017 -- 18) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) Most appearances Gareth Barry (653) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer (260 goals) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canadian Football League", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Football League (CFL; French: Ligue canadienne de football, LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football. Its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions: the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams."}], "question": "The soccer team having Carlos Madeo as a member is a club of which league?"}
{"id": "2hop__14398_697305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cycadidae", "paragraph_text": "Cycadidae is a subclass of Equisetopsida in the sense used by Mark W. Chase and James L. Reveal in their 2009 article \"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III.\" This subclass comprises the cycads, which include the two families Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hindustani vocabulary", "paragraph_text": "Hindustani vocabulary, also known as Hindi-Urdu vocabulary, like all Indo-Aryan languages, has a core base of Sanskrit, which it gained through Prakrit. As such the standardized registers of the Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) share a common vocabulary, especially on the colloquial level. However, in formal speech, Hindi tends to draw on Sanskrit, while Urdu turns to Persian and sometimes Arabic. This difference lies in the history of Hindustani, in which the Khariboli dialect started to gain more Persian words in urban areas (such as Lucknow and Hyderabad), under the Delhi Sultanate; this dialect came to be termed Urdu."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "St James Junior School in London, England, offers Sanskrit as part of the curriculum. In the United States, since September 2009, high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit, as part of the \"SAFL: Samskritam as a Foreign Language\" program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati. In Australia, the Sydney private boys' high school Sydney Grammar School offers Sanskrit from years 7 through to 12, including for the Higher School Certificate."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Languages of India", "paragraph_text": "The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22 languages, which have been referred to as scheduled languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. Classical language status is given to languages which have a rich heritage and independent nature."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE.[citation needed] They are in the Brahmi script, which was originally used for Prakrit, not Sanskrit. It has been described as a paradox that the first evidence of written Sanskrit occurs centuries later than that of the Prakrit languages which are its linguistic descendants. In northern India, there are Br\u0101hm\u012b inscriptions dating from the third century BCE onwards, the oldest appearing on the famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions of king Ashoka. The earliest South Indian inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi, written in early Tamil, belong to the same period. When Sanskrit was written down, it was first used for texts of an administrative, literary or scientific nature. The sacred texts were preserved orally, and were set down in writing \"reluctantly\" (according to one commentator), and at a comparatively late date."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \"Norman\" culture in the north of France. The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'o\u00efl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the regional language that survives today."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Sanskrit (/\u02c8s\u00e6nskr\u026at/; Sanskrit: sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btam [s\u0259mskr\u0329t\u032a\u0259m] or sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bta, originally sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bt\u0101 v\u0101k, \"refined speech\") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mudrarakshasa", "paragraph_text": "The Mudrarakshasa (IAST: \"Mudr\u0101r\u0101k\u1e63asa\", \"The Signet of the Minister\") is a Sanskrit-language play by Vishakhadatta that narrates the ascent of the king Chandragupta Maurya ( BCE) to power in India. The play is an example of creative writing, but not entirely fictional. It is dated variously from the late 4th century to the 8th century CE."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, \"the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Podocopida", "paragraph_text": "The Podocopida are an order of ostracods in the subclass Podocopa. It is divided into five suborders \u2013 Bairdiocopina, Cypridocopina, Cytherocopina, Darwinulocopina, and Sigilliocopina. It is the most diverse of the four orders of ostracods, and also has a rich fossil record."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Sanskrit, as defined by P\u0101\u1e47ini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or \"P\u0101\u1e47inian\" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations (Samhitas) and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas and Upanishads. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the traditional Vedic corpus; however, the early Sutras are Vedic, too, both in language and content."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ga\u1e47a sangha", "paragraph_text": "Gana - Sangha (Sanskrit: \u0917\u0923\u0938\u0919\u094d\u0918, lit. equal assembly) or Gana - Rajya (Sanskrit: \u0917\u0923\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f, lit. equal government), refers to a type of republic or oligarchy in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Indian 2000-rupee note", "paragraph_text": "Like other Indian rupee banknotes, the \u20b92000 banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in English and Hindi. On the reverse is a language panel which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Karnataka", "paragraph_text": "Karnataka is a state in the south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. Only a small part of the state corresponds to the Carnatic region. The capital and largest city is Bangalore (Bengaluru). Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the south. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the classical languages of India, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state alongside Konkani, Tulu, and Sanskrit. Karnataka also has the only 3 naturally Sanskrit - speaking districts in India."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "USS Monongahela (AO-42)", "paragraph_text": "The second USS \"Monongahela\" (AO-42) was a (\"Mattaponi\" subclass) in the United States Navy which saw service during World War II and the Korean War. She was the second U.S. Navy ship named for the Monongahela River in West Virginia and Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Iranian languages", "paragraph_text": "All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kesari (newspaper)", "paragraph_text": "Kesari (Marathi: \u0915\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940 Sanskrit for Lion) is a Marathi newspaper which was founded in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian Independence movement. The newspaper was used as a spokes piece for the Indian national freedom movement, and continues to be published by the Kesari Maratha Trust and Tilak's descendants."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wilhelm Solf", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Solf was born into a wealthy and liberal family in Berlin. He attended secondary schools in Anklam in western Pomerania and in Mannheim. He took up the study of Oriental languages, in particular Sanskrit at universities in Berlin, G\u00f6ttingen and Halle, earning a doctorate in philology in the winter of 1885. Under the supervision of the well-known Indologist Richard Pischel, he wrote an elementary grammar of Sanskrit."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Samskrita Bharati is an organisation working for Sanskrit revival. The \"All-India Sanskrit Festival\" (since 2002) holds composition contests. The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit. Sanskrit learning programmes also feature on the lists of most AIR broadcasting centres. The Mattur village in central Karnataka claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population. Inhabitants of all castes learn Sanskrit starting in childhood and converse in the language. Even the local Muslims converse in Sanskrit. Historically, the village was given by king Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire to Vedic scholars and their families, while people in his kingdom spoke Kannada and Telugu. Another effort concentrates on preserving and passing along the oral tradition of the Vedas, www.shrivedabharathi.in is one such organisation based out of Hyderabad that has been digitising the Vedas by recording recitations of Vedic Pandits."}], "question": "What is the descendant language of Sanskrit a subclass of?"}
{"id": "2hop__845444_114188", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wir Wunderkinder", "paragraph_text": "Wir Wunderkinder is a 1958 West German comedy film directed by Kurt Hoffmann and starring Hansj\u00f6rg Felmy and Robert Graf. The black-and-white film is also known in English as Aren't We Wonderful?."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alfonso de Gortari", "paragraph_text": "Alfonso de Gortari (born 1904 in Morelia, Michoac\u00e1n - date of death unknown) was a Mexican long jumper who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rocco Valenti", "paragraph_text": "Rocco Valenti (born in 1895, date of death unknown) was a New York City gangster and prominent member of the Camorra in New York during the early 1910s."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "We Are the Faithful", "paragraph_text": "We Are the Faithful (German Wir sind dir treu) is a 2005 documentary short film produced and directed by Swiss actor Michael Koch. It premiered in October 2005. The film is entirely spoken in Baseldytsch, a Swiss German dialect, but subtitles in Standard German and English are shown."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bernhard Ultsch", "paragraph_text": "Offizierstellvertreter Bernhard Ultsch (born 26 March 1898, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with twelve aerial victories."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ra\u00fal P\u00e9rez Varela", "paragraph_text": "Ra\u00fal P\u00e9rez Varela (born 16 August 1925, date of death unknown) was an Argentine former basketball player who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Adolf Gutknecht", "paragraph_text": "Oberleutnant Adolf Gutknecht (born 12 September 1891, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with eight aerial victories."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ahsan Mohomed Khan", "paragraph_text": "Ahsan Mohomed Khan (born April 7, 1916, date of death unknown) was an Indian field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Joseph Reid (wrestler)", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Reid (born 1905, date of death unknown) was an English freestyle sport wrestler who competed for Great Britain in the 1932 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Georgy Zakyrich", "paragraph_text": "Georgy Zakyrich (, born 1884, date of death unknown) was a Russian fencer. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1912 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kurt Hoffmann", "paragraph_text": "Kurt Hoffmann (12 November 1910 \u2013 25 June 2001) was a German film director, the son of Carl Hoffmann. He directed 48 films between 1938 and 1971."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Richard Carr (field hockey)", "paragraph_text": "Richard John Carr (born 21 January 1911, date of death unknown) was an Indian field hockey player who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Margit Kalocsai", "paragraph_text": "Margit Kalocsai (born 27 December 1909, date of death unknown) was a Hungarian gymnast who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lucien Smith", "paragraph_text": "Lucien Smith (born 1989, Los Angeles) is an American painter based in New York. \"Forbes\" featured Smith twice in its 2013 and 2014 list of 30 under 30 in the category \"Art & Style\". \"The New York Times\" named him the \"art world Wunderkind\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ephraim Engleman", "paragraph_text": "In 1979, Engleman became Founding Director of the Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis at UCSF. Its name has since changed. Engleman served as the Director of the Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center at UCSF until his death in 2015."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Maurice Labeyrie", "paragraph_text": "Maurice Labeyrie (born 1889, date of death unknown) was a French rugby union player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marco Novaro", "paragraph_text": "Marco Novaro (born 8 August 1912, date of death unknown) was an Italian sailor who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Edmond Michiels", "paragraph_text": "Edmond Michiels (born 12 October 1913, date of death unknown) was a Belgian water polo player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Archibald Buchanan (RAF officer)", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant Archibald Buchanan (born October 5, 1892, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Robert Palfrader", "paragraph_text": "In Austria, he initially worked for local radio station Wien 1, before being employed by national broadcaster ORF. There he has mainly done comedy shows, the most popular being \"echt fett\", a hidden camera prank show (based on British format Trigger Happy TV), and \"Wir sind Kaiser\" (We are Emperor), a political satire where the Austrian monarchy is restored. There, Palfrader plays the \"\"Emperor Robert Heinrich\"\" based on the Emperors of Austria."}], "question": "When did the director of Wir Wunderkinder die?"}
{"id": "2hop__117726_114188", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dick Quax", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Jacobus Leonardus \"Dick\" Quax (1 January 1948 \u2013 28 May 2018) was a Dutch-born New Zealand runner and one-time world record holder in the 5000 metres, and local-body politician."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Adolf Gutknecht", "paragraph_text": "Oberleutnant Adolf Gutknecht (born 12 September 1891, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with eight aerial victories."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sundridge with Ide Hill", "paragraph_text": "Sundridge and Ide Hill is a civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It is located in the Darenth valley and lies between Sevenoaks and Westerham. The parish contains the villages of Sundridge and Ide Hill and the hamlet of Goathurst Common. It lies within the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and within London\u2019s Metropolitan Green Belt. It is approximately 21 miles south of London."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Measuring the Universe", "paragraph_text": "Measuring the Universe is a performance art work by Slovak artist Roman Ondak first installed in the Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich in 2007. The exhibition stars as a blank white wall and begins to fill when museum guards mark visitors' height along with their name and the current date. It is in the collection of Tate Modern in London, Pinakother der Moderne in Munich and MoMa in New York."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Quax the Crash Pilot", "paragraph_text": "Quax the Crash Pilot (German: Quax, der Bruchpilot) is a 1941 German comedy film directed by Kurt Hoffmann and starring Heinz R\u00fchmann, Karin Himboldt and Lothar Firmans. It is also sometimes translated as Quax the Test Pilot. It features the popular song \"Homeland, Your Stars\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "David Endt", "paragraph_text": "David Endt (born 6 May 1954) is a Dutch sports journalist, author and columnist. From 1997 to June 2013 he was the team manager of Ajax before Technical Director Edwin van der Sar expressed that his services would no longer be required within the club."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Precocious Girl", "paragraph_text": "A Precocious Girl (German title: Csibi, der Fratz aka Fr\u00fcchtchen) is a 1934 Austrian comedy film directed by Max Neufeld and Richard Eichberg and starring  Franciska Gaal, Leopoldine Konstantin and Herbert H\u00fcbner. The film's sets were designed by art director Julius von Borsody."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ides of March", "paragraph_text": "The Ides of March (Latin: Idus Martiae, Late Latin: Idus Martii) is a day on the Roman calendar that corresponds to 15 March. It was marked by several religious observances and was notable for the Romans as a deadline for settling debts. In 44 BC, it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Maurice Labeyrie", "paragraph_text": "Maurice Labeyrie (born 1889, date of death unknown) was a French rugby union player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marco Novaro", "paragraph_text": "Marco Novaro (born 8 August 1912, date of death unknown) was an Italian sailor who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rocco Valenti", "paragraph_text": "Rocco Valenti (born in 1895, date of death unknown) was a New York City gangster and prominent member of the Camorra in New York during the early 1910s."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alfonso de Gortari", "paragraph_text": "Alfonso de Gortari (born 1904 in Morelia, Michoac\u00e1n - date of death unknown) was a Mexican long jumper who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Margit Kalocsai", "paragraph_text": "Margit Kalocsai (born 27 December 1909, date of death unknown) was a Hungarian gymnast who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ruth Drexel", "paragraph_text": "Ruth Drexel (14 July 1930, Vilshofen an der Donau, Lower Bavaria \u2013 26 February 2009) was a German actress, director, and theatre director/manager. Her best-known role was as \"Resi Berghammer\" in the German television series,"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alfred H\u00fcbner", "paragraph_text": "\"Vizefeldwebel\" Alfred H\u00fcbner (born 26 October 1891, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Georgy Zakyrich", "paragraph_text": "Georgy Zakyrich (, born 1884, date of death unknown) was a Russian fencer. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1912 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reinhold Hanisch", "paragraph_text": "Reinhold Hanisch (27 January 1884, Gr\u00fcnwald an der Nei\u00dfe near Gablonz/Nei\u00dfe, northern Bohemia, Imperial & Royal Austria 2? February (death date controversial) 1937, in Vienna, aged 53) was an Austrian migrant worker and sometime business partner of the young Adolf Hitler. Hanisch, who published articles on Hitler, with whom he had lived in 1910, is, next to August Kubizek, one of the few witnesses to Hitler's Vienna years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Miller, from 1875 von Miller and from 1912 Freiherr von Miller (8 June 1842 \u2013 18 December 1929) was an ore caster, sculptor and director of the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (Akademie der Bildenden K\u00fcnste M\u00fcnchen). He also held a seat in the Royal Bavarian House of Lords, the Reichsrat."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Joseph Reid (wrestler)", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Reid (born 1905, date of death unknown) was an English freestyle sport wrestler who competed for Great Britain in the 1932 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kurt Hoffmann", "paragraph_text": "Kurt Hoffmann (12 November 1910 \u2013 25 June 2001) was a German film director, the son of Carl Hoffmann. He directed 48 films between 1938 and 1971."}], "question": "When did the director of Quax, der Bruchpilot die?"}
{"id": "2hop__58462_731012", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Voltron: Legendary Defender", "paragraph_text": "The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10, 2016 and consisted of 13 episodes. The series has a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix. It has been released globally in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Benelux Union and Latin America. The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017 and consisted of 13 episodes. The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017 and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017 and consisted of 6 episodes. The series' success has spawned several comics, action figures and other toys."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jason Isaacs", "paragraph_text": "Jason Isaacs (born 6 June 1963) is an English actor and producer, best known for playing Lucius Malfoy in the Harry Potter film series, Colonel William Tavington in The Patriot, criminal Michael Caffee in the Showtime series Brotherhood and Marshal Georgy Zhukov in The Death of Stalin. In December 2016, he played ``Hap ''Percy in the Netflix supernatural series The OA. He played Captain Gabriel Lorca, the commanding officer of the USS Discovery in the first season of Star Trek: Discovery and currently provides the voice of The Inquisitor, Sentinel, in Star Wars Rebels, the animated television series."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Voltron: Legendary Defender", "paragraph_text": "The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10, 2016, and consisted of 13 episodes. The series has a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix. It has been released globally in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Benelux Union and Latin America. The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes. The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes. The sixth season will premiere on June 15, 2018 and will consist of seven episodes. The series' success has spawned several comics, action figures, and other toys."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Polar Bears (film)", "paragraph_text": "Polar Bears is a 2008 Nickelodeon television movie written and directed by Polly Draper which stars her musical prodigious sons Nat Wolff and Alex Wolff, real life brothers who portray themselves. It tells of the siblings' who, along with their bandmates, take a ride on their tour bus to New Orleans, Louisiana. The plot chronicles around Alex's ambitions to save the polar bears by preserving the environment, as well as a conflict in which Rosalina is suspicious of Nat when he becomes very close to his childhood friend \"Little\" Grace."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cooking with Stella", "paragraph_text": "Cooking with Stella is a 2009 film written by siblings Deepa Mehta and Dilip Mehta. The film is a light comedy about a Canadian diplomat (Lisa Ray) and her husband (Don McKellar) living in New Delhi, and their cook, Stella (Seema Biswas). Indian actress Shriya Saran makes a special appearance. \"Cooking with Stella\" was shot on location in New Delhi, and entered post-production in May 2008. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 16 September 2009. The film was also nominated at London Asian Film Festival under Best Crossover film category and Best actress for Seema Biswas."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dascha Polanco", "paragraph_text": "Dascha Polanco, born December 3, 1982, is a Dominican American actress. She is known for playing the character Dayanara Diaz on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Betty Eadie", "paragraph_text": "Betty (Jean) Eadie (born 1942) is a prominent American author of several books on near-death experiences (NDEs). Her best-known book is the No. 1 New York Times bestselling book \"Embraced by the Light,\" (1992) describing her near-death experience. It was followed by \"The Awakening Heart\" (1996), which was also a best-seller. \"The Ripple Effect\" (1999) and \"Embraced by the Light: Prayers and Devotions for Daily Living\" (2001) were both published independently."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Death Note: Light Up the New World", "paragraph_text": "Death Note: Light Up the New World (\u30c7\u30b9\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8 Light up the NEW world, Desu N\u014dto Light up the NEW world) is a 2016 Japanese detective supernatural psychological horror thriller film directed by Shinsuke Sato. The film is based on the manga series Death Note written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata and is a sequel to Death Note 2: The Last Name (2006), but thematically takes place after the Death Note: New Generation mini series. It premiered in Japan on October 29, 2016, by Warner Bros."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bank of England \u00a320 note", "paragraph_text": "The current \u00a320 note was introduced in 2007. It features a portrait of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the back as well as an illustration of workers in a pin factory. The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread: these include raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a holographic strip, a see - through register, and a colourful pattern which only appears under ultraviolet light. In September 2015 the Bank of England announced that the next \u00a320 note will be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper. This was followed by an announcement in April 2016 that Adam Smith will be replaced by artist J.M.W. Turner on the next \u00a320 note, which will enter circulation by 2020. Images on the reverse of the Turner note will include a 1799 self - portrait of Turner, a version of Turner's The Fighting Temeraire, the quote ``Light is therefore colour ''from an 1818 lecture by Turner, and a copy of Turner's signature as made on his will."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "The film was released on Netflix on August 25, 2017. Upon release, Death Note received mixed to negative reviews from critics and audiences. Much of the criticism was directed towards the numerous changes from the source material; however, its direction and cast received some praise, particularly Dafoe's performance as Ryuk."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love", "paragraph_text": "``I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love ''is a hit song written by Diane Warren and Albert Hammond for the group Chicago and recorded for their album Chicago 19 (1988), with Bill Champlin singing lead vocals. The first single released from that album, it reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. The B - side of the single was`` I Stand Up'' written by Robert Lamm and Gerard McMahon. The song was featured in the Netflix original movie Death Note, which is based on the anime of the same name."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Murder of Skylar Neese", "paragraph_text": "On April 12, 2014, Lifetime aired Death Clique, a fictional drama inspired by the story of Skylar Neese's murder. It has since been made available on Netflix."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Steven Universe: Save the Light", "paragraph_text": "Steven Universe: Save the Light is an action - adventure role - playing video game developed by Grumpyface Studios and published by Cartoon Network Games. Based on the television series Steven Universe, it is a sequel to the 2015 mobile game Steven Universe: Attack the Light!. It was released digitally on October 31, 2017 for PlayStation 4, and on November 3, 2017 for Xbox One. The game was first announced at PAX East in March 2017."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dave Chappelle", "paragraph_text": "In September 2017, Chappelle was awarded an Emmy Award for his guest appearance on Saturday Night Live. His comedy focuses on American racism towards Blacks and Whites, relationship problems, social problems, politics, current breaking news, and pop culture. He signed a ``20 million per release ''comedy special deal with Netflix in 2016. He currently has four Netflix specials."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Kaonohiokala Bray", "paragraph_text": "David Kaonohiokala Bray was born 05 Mar 1889 in Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, to Missionary David Howard Hitchcock (1832\u20131899) and Hana Bray (-1889). Hana died when he was six months old so David had no full siblings, but there were five half siblings from his father's previous marriage to Almeda Eliza Widger (1828\u20131895): noted American painter D. Howard Hitchcock (1861 \u2013 1943), Ella Marian Hitchcock (1858 \u2013 1950), Cora Etta Hitchcock (1859 \u2013 1951), Almeda Eliza Hitchcock (1863 \u2013 1895), and Charles Henry Wetmore Hitchcock (1868 \u2013 1940)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Death Note Promotional poster Directed by Adam Wingard Produced by Roy Lee Dan Lin Masi Oka Jason Hoffs Ted Sarandos Screenplay by Charles Parlapanides Vlas Parlapanides Jeremy Slater Based on Death Note by Tsugumi Ohba Takeshi Obata Starring Nat Wolff Lakeith Stanfield Margaret Qualley Shea Whigham Paul Nakauchi Jason Liles Willem Dafoe Music by Atticus Ross Leopold Ross Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Louis Cioffi Production companies LP Entertainment Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures Distributed by Netflix Release date August 25, 2017 (2017 - 08 - 25) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alessandro Juliani", "paragraph_text": "Alessandro Juliani (born July 6, 1975) is a Canadian actor and singer. He is notable for playing the roles of Tactical Officer Lieutenant Felix Gaeta on the Sci - Fi Channel television program Battlestar Galactica, Emil Hamilton in Smallville, and Jacopo Sinclair on The CW series The 100. He is also known for voicing the character L in the English version of the anime series Death Note and its live action films, as well as several other animation projects. Juliani is currently voicing Aaron Fox on Nexo Knights."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nat Wolff", "paragraph_text": "Following the ending of the Nickelodeon series, Wolff and his brother formed the music duo Nat & Alex Wolff, and they released the album Black Sheep in 2011. He later became known for his lead role in the film Paper Towns (2015), and other films such as Admission, Behaving Badly, and Palo Alto, each of which premiered in 2013. Wolff also co-starred in the highly successful theatrical film, The Fault in Our Stars (2014) before portraying Ed in the film Ashby in 2015. He portrayed Light Turner in the Netflix adaptation of Death Note (2017)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Porky's Poultry Plant", "paragraph_text": "Porky's Poultry Plant is a 1936 Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Frank Tashlin starring Porky Pig. The music was composed by Carl Stalling. It was released on August 22, 1936. It is most noted for its dramatic camera angles and filmic techniques typically seen in live-action movies, something Tashlin specialised in."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nat Wolff as Light Turner / ``Kira '': A high - school student who discovers the titular`` Death Note'' and uses it to kill criminals by writing their names and causes of death, and thus, alongside Mia Sutton, becoming the world - famous serial killer known as ``Kira '', while praised by law enforcement."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the actor of Light in Netflix's live action Death Note movie?"}
{"id": "2hop__82497_731012", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred as Ellie O'Brien in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nat Wolff", "paragraph_text": "Following the ending of the Nickelodeon series, Wolff and his brother formed the music duo Nat & Alex Wolff, and they released the album Black Sheep in 2011. He later became known for his lead role in the film Paper Towns (2015), and other films such as Admission, Behaving Badly, and Palo Alto, each of which premiered in 2013. Wolff also co-starred in the highly successful theatrical film, The Fault in Our Stars (2014) before portraying Ed in the film Ashby in 2015. He portrayed Light Turner in the Netflix adaptation of Death Note (2017)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cris de Vera", "paragraph_text": "De Vera made his first movie after World War II when war struck Manila in Death March, a film by Leopoldo Salcedo with Philippine Pictures, about a Prisoner of War when the Japanese invaded the Philippines and made a Death March from Bataan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Light-emitting diode", "paragraph_text": "In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein\".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode. The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an audio amplifier, and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup.\" This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nat Wolff as Light Turner / Kira: A bright yet isolated high - school student who discovers the titular ``Death Note ''and uses it to kill criminals by writing their names and causes of death, in a bid to change the world into a utopia without crime, and thus, alongside Mia Sutton, becoming the world - famous serial killer known as`` Kira'', while being both praised and feared by law enforcement agencies and the worldwide media and public."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Natalie Horler", "paragraph_text": "Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to British parents who had moved to Germany in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her 2 siblings. Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney movies."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bank of England \u00a320 note", "paragraph_text": "The current \u00a320 note was introduced in 2007. It features a portrait of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the back as well as an illustration of workers in a pin factory. The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread: these include raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a holographic strip, a see - through register, and a colourful pattern which only appears under ultraviolet light. In September 2015 the Bank of England announced that the next \u00a320 note will be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper. This was followed by an announcement in April 2016 that Adam Smith will be replaced by artist J.M.W. Turner on the next \u00a320 note, which will enter circulation by 2020. Images on the reverse of the Turner note will include a 1799 self - portrait of Turner, a version of Turner's The Fighting Temeraire, the quote ``Light is therefore colour ''from an 1818 lecture by Turner, and a copy of Turner's signature as made on his will."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Polar Bears (film)", "paragraph_text": "Polar Bears is a 2008 Nickelodeon television movie written and directed by Polly Draper which stars her musical prodigious sons Nat Wolff and Alex Wolff, real life brothers who portray themselves. It tells of the siblings' who, along with their bandmates, take a ride on their tour bus to New Orleans, Louisiana. The plot chronicles around Alex's ambitions to save the polar bears by preserving the environment, as well as a conflict in which Rosalina is suspicious of Nat when he becomes very close to his childhood friend \"Little\" Grace."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jules Cazaban", "paragraph_text": "Born in F\u0103lticeni, Romania, he studied Law at the University of Ia\u015fi, and then at the Conservatory of Dramatic Art in the same city. At the beginning of his activity, he was a theater actor in Ia\u015fi (between 1927 and 1929), then moved to Bucharest, where he played an important role in theater and in the movie industry until his death."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Betty Eadie", "paragraph_text": "Betty (Jean) Eadie (born 1942) is a prominent American author of several books on near-death experiences (NDEs). Her best-known book is the No. 1 New York Times bestselling book \"Embraced by the Light,\" (1992) describing her near-death experience. It was followed by \"The Awakening Heart\" (1996), which was also a best-seller. \"The Ripple Effect\" (1999) and \"Embraced by the Light: Prayers and Devotions for Daily Living\" (2001) were both published independently."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David Kaonohiokala Bray", "paragraph_text": "David Kaonohiokala Bray was born 05 Mar 1889 in Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, to Missionary David Howard Hitchcock (1832\u20131899) and Hana Bray (-1889). Hana died when he was six months old so David had no full siblings, but there were five half siblings from his father's previous marriage to Almeda Eliza Widger (1828\u20131895): noted American painter D. Howard Hitchcock (1861 \u2013 1943), Ella Marian Hitchcock (1858 \u2013 1950), Cora Etta Hitchcock (1859 \u2013 1951), Almeda Eliza Hitchcock (1863 \u2013 1895), and Charles Henry Wetmore Hitchcock (1868 \u2013 1940)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Beethoven (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Beethoven is an American animated television series loosely based on the 1992 motion picture of the same name. The series was produced by Northern Lights Entertainment, Universal Cartoon Studios and Universal Television, and aired for one season (1994\u20131995) on CBS, with 26 fifteen-minute episodes produced. Dean Jones, who played Dr. Varnick in the movie, voiced the role of George Newton; Nicholle Tom, who played teenage daughter Ryce in the movie and Beethoven's 2nd, was the only cast member from the films to reprise her role in the series."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Death of Superman (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Death of Superman is an upcoming animated superhero film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and DC Entertainment. It is based on the DC Comics comic book storyline of the same name. The film, which chronicles the battle between Superman (Jerry O'Connell) and Doomsday, will be the 32nd installment in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies line and the 11th film in the DC Animated Movie Universe. The Death of Superman will be released August 7, 2018. A sequel, Reign of the Supermen, will be released in 2019."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "In 1841, L\u00e9on Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, \"One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace.\" Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de m\u00e9thode he wrote: \"Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm.\" He further stated: \"One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity.\" The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zombies (2018 film)", "paragraph_text": "Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. The film is based on Zombies & Cheerleaders by David Light and Joseph Raso, and stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly, playing zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison who meet and fall in love, and who must lead their respective groups to coexist with each other."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Death Note: Light Up the New World", "paragraph_text": "Death Note: Light Up the New World (\u30c7\u30b9\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8 Light up the NEW world, Desu N\u014dto Light up the NEW world) is a 2016 Japanese detective supernatural psychological horror thriller film directed by Shinsuke Sato. The film is based on the manga series Death Note written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata and is a sequel to Death Note 2: The Last Name (2006), but thematically takes place after the Death Note: New Generation mini series. It premiered in Japan on October 29, 2016, by Warner Bros."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Death Note", "paragraph_text": "Death Note was first serialized in Shueisha's manga magazine Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump from December 2003 to May 2006. The 108 chapters were collected and published into 12 tank\u014dbon volumes between May 2004 and October 2006. An anime television adaptation aired in Japan from October 3, 2006 to June 26, 2007. Composed of 37 episodes, the anime was developed by Madhouse and directed by Tetsuro Araki. A light novel based on the series, written by Nisio Isin, was also released in 2006. Additionally, various video games have been published by Konami for the Nintendo DS. The series was adapted into three live - action films released in Japan on June 17, 2006, November 3, 2006, and February 2, 2008, and a television drama in 2015. A miniseries entitled Death Note: New Generation and a fourth film were released in 2016. An American film was released on Netflix on August 25, 2017."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Paul Mantz", "paragraph_text": "Albert Paul Mantz (August 2, 1903 -- July 8, 1965), known as Paul Mantz, was a noted air racing pilot, movie stunt pilot and consultant from the late 1930s until his death in the mid-1960s. He gained fame on two stages: Hollywood and in air races."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love", "paragraph_text": "``I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love ''is a hit song written by Diane Warren and Albert Hammond for the group Chicago and recorded for their album Chicago 19 (1988), with Bill Champlin singing lead vocals. The first single released from that album, it reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. The B - side of the single was`` I Stand Up'' written by Robert Lamm and Gerard McMahon. The song was featured in the Netflix original movie Death Note, which is based on the anime of the same name."}], "question": "The sibling of the actor playing light in the death note movie is who?"}
{"id": "2hop__8779_591625", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rod Allen", "paragraph_text": "Roderick Bernet Allen (born October 5, 1959) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and former analyst for the Detroit Tigers on Fox Sports Detroit and Fox Saturday Baseball. He played for the Seattle Mariners, Tigers, and the Cleveland Indians, and also the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball. He previously worked as an analyst for the Arizona Diamondbacks."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chris Pilgrim", "paragraph_text": "Chris Pilgrim (born 13 January 1986 in Birkenhead) is a retired English rugby union player, his position is scrum-half. He played for Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He made his debut in 2009 at Welford Road against Leicester Tigers and went on to play another five seasons and 88 games for the club He finished his career with Yorkshire Carnegie."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Daryl Gibson", "paragraph_text": "Daryl Peter Earl Gibson (born 2 March 1975) is a former New Zealand rugby union footballer who played inside centre for the Crusaders in the southern hemisphere and the Bristol Shoguns, Leicester Tigers and Glasgow Warriors in the northern hemisphere. He played 19 tests for the All Blacks between 1999 and 2002. He joined the Bristol Shoguns in 2002, but after Bristol's relegation during the 2002/3 season he joined the Leicester Tigers at the end of 2003 along with fellow Bristol player Julian White. At the start of the 2007/8 season he moved north to play for the Glasgow Warriors in the Celtic League."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Scott Bemand", "paragraph_text": "Scott Bemand (born 21 September 1978 in Hereford) is a retired English rugby union player. He formerly played for Harlequins, Leicester Tigers and Bath."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "George Chuter", "paragraph_text": "George Scala Chuter (born 9 July 1976 in Greenwich, London) is an English rugby union ex player who played at Hooker for Leicester Tigers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dan Cole (rugby union)", "paragraph_text": "Dan Cole (born 9 May 1987) is an English rugby union player who plays at prop for Leicester Tigers in the Premiership, for internationally, and has been capped 3 times for the British and Irish Lions. Cole is known for his scrummaging ability. His former coach at Leicester, Richard Cockerill, described him as one of the finest tighthead props in world rugby."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Deiniol Jones", "paragraph_text": "Deiniol Jones (born 18 November 1977) is a Welsh International rugby union player. His current team is the Cardiff Blues which he joined after the Celtic Warriors team was disbanded in 2003. He is usually a lock. Before the Warriors Jones played for Bridgend RFC who had previously been playing for Ebbw Vale RFC on loan from Bath Rugby."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Angus O'Brien", "paragraph_text": "Angus O'Brien (born 17 September 1994) is a Welsh rugby union player who plays as a fly-half having previously played for Cross Keys RFC. He is a Wales under-20 international."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "The city is also well provided for in amateur men's and women's rugby with a number of teams in and around the city, the oldest of which is Trojans RFC who were promoted to London South West 2 division in 2008/9. A notable former player is Anthony Allen, who played with Leicester Tigers as a centre. Tottonians are also in London South West division 2 and Southampton RFC are in Hampshire division 1 in 2009/10, alongside Millbrook RFC and Eastleigh RFC. Many of the sides run mini and midi teams from under sevens up to under sixteens for both boys and girls."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Anthony Allen (rugby union)", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Allen (born 1 September 1986, Southampton) is a former England International rugby union player and the current defence coach at Championship club Coventry. He played in the English Premiership for Leicester Tigers as a centre before his retirement due to injury."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Richard Langmead", "paragraph_text": "Richard Langmead, born 31 December 1972 in Llantrisant, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, is a former rugby union player. An outside half, he played his club rugby for Treorchy RFC, Merthyr RFC, Llantrisant RFC and Pontypridd RFC."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alan Phillips (rugby)", "paragraph_text": "Alan John Phillips (born 21 August 1954) is a former international rugby union player. A hooker, he played his club rugby for Cardiff RFC his modern game of forward play being so impressive that Cardiff selectors played him straight out of youth rugby (Kenfig Hill RFC). Phillips scored 162 tries in 481 appearances for Cardiff RFC. He toured South Africa with the British and Irish Lions in 1980 and was in the Wales squad for the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won 18 caps for Wales between 1979 - 1987."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Richard Langmead", "paragraph_text": "He retired as a player in 2007 and began coaching at Old Illtydians RFC. In 2008, he became Team Manager at Pontypridd RFC."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Lewis Thomas", "paragraph_text": "William Lewis Thomas (30 June 1913 \u2013 1 February 1995 (aged 81)) born in Ystradgynlais, was a Welsh rugby union and rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Ystradgynlais RFC and Neath RFC, as a Scrum-half, and club level rugby league (RL) for Ystradgynlais RLFC. He captained Ystradgynlais RFC in 1937/38, and played for Neath RFC between the years of 1938 and 1941, and then for a further season in 1946. He was one half of the then famous pre-war halfback partnership, alongside Welsh international outside half W. E. Jones, he died in Ystradgynlais."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Peri Sandria", "paragraph_text": "Peri Sandria (born 23 September 1969) is an Indonesian football player and manager that previously plays for Persib Bandung in the Liga Indonesia Premier Division. He also played for Indonesia national football team in the 1996 Tiger Cup."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Richard Smith (rugby union, born 1973)", "paragraph_text": "Richard Malcolm Smith (born 6 June 1973) is a former rugby union player who played scrum-half for Ebbw Vale RFC, Sale Sharks, Worcester Warriors, Newport RFC, Bristol Rugby, Cardiff RFC, Newbridge RFC, Merthyr RFC and Cardiff Blues. He was a regular in the Wales 22 but only gained one Wales cap as he was being overlooked for Robert Howley and Rupert Moon. He is well known for using the box kick to relieve the pressure posed by the opposition and to also gain territory. He was a very skilful, technical and intelligent rugby player with excellent game management."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "College sports are also popular in southern California. The UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac-12 Conference, and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jordan Taufua", "paragraph_text": "Sa Jordan Taufua (born 29 January 1992) is a New Zealand rugby union player who plays as a loose forward for Tasman in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the in the international Super Rugby competition. On 8 February 2019, it was announced he would join Leicester Tigers ahead of the 2019/20 season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Stuart Lane", "paragraph_text": "Stuart Lane (born 12 November 1952) is a former international rugby union player. In 1980 he toured South Africa with the British and Irish Lions and at the time played club rugby for Cardiff RFC."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alan Emerson", "paragraph_text": "Born in Haltwhistle, Northumberland, Emerson had second half rides at Workington, Belle Vue, and Teesside before making his competitive debut in 1973 for Teesside Tigers. He also competed regularly in grasstrack. In 1975 he had his first rides in British speedway's top flight with Leicester Lions, the team he also rode for in 1976, doubling up with Teesside. In 1978 he had his first of three seasons with Birmingham Brummies, doubling up in 1979 with Workington Comets and Glasgow Tigers respectively. In 1981 he moved on to Newcastle Diamonds, where he rode for three seasons before retiring from the sport."}], "question": "What was the sport of the famous player from Trojans RFC who also played for the Leicester Tigers?"}
{"id": "2hop__93331_361768", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of Rugby World Cup finals", "paragraph_text": "List of final matches, and respective venues, finalists and scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance Ref (s) New Zealand 029! 29 -- 9 France Eden Park Auckland, New Zealand 48,035 1991 Australia 012! 12 -- 6 England Twickenham London, England 56,208 1995 South Africa 015! 15 -- 12 New Zealand Ellis Park Johannesburg, South Africa 62,000 1999 Australia 035! 35 -- 12 France Millennium Stadium Cardiff, Wales 72,500 2003 England 020! 20 -- 17 Australia Telstra Stadium Sydney, Australia 82,957 2007 South Africa 015! 15 -- 6 England Stade de France Paris, France 80,430 2011 New Zealand 008! 8 -- 7 France Eden Park Auckland, New Zealand 61,079 2015 New Zealand 034! 34 -- 17 Australia Twickenham London, England 80,125"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of players with eight or more points in an NHL game", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of players who have scored eight or more points in a National Hockey League game. Scoring eight or more points in a single game is considered a great feat, which has happened only 16 times, by 13 different players. Only one player, Darryl Sittler, scored more than eight points in a game, setting the NHL record with 10 while playing for the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1976. Paul Coffey and Tom Bladon are the only defensemen to have scored eight points. The feat of scoring eight points in a game has been mostly achieved in the 1980s, with 10 out of the 16 instances happening in that decade. Mario Lemieux has the most games with at least eight points, scoring eight points in three separate games (in one season). Wayne Gretzky is the only other player to attain the feat more than once (twice in one season). The most recent player to do so was Sam Gagner of the Edmonton Oilers, who scored eight points against the Chicago Blackhawks on 2 February 2012; Gagner's 8 - point night was also the first 8 - point game for a player since the 1980s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of the Rugby World Cup", "paragraph_text": "Seven places were automatically filled by the IRFB members, with invitations being sent out to fill remaining places. In total there were 16 nations in the competition. France played Australia in one of the semi-finals with New Zealand playing Wales in the other. New Zealand became the first ever Rugby World Cup Champions, defeating France 29 points to 9 at Eden Park in Auckland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of career achievements by Michael Jordan", "paragraph_text": "Scored 0 -- 10 points in 15 games (13 regular season, 2 All - Star) Scored 10 + points in 1,249 games (1,059 regular season, 179 postseason, 11 All - Star) Scored 20 + points in 1,106 games (926 regular season, 173 postseason, 7 All - Star) Scored 30 + points in 673 games (562 regular season, 109 postseason, 2 All - Star) Scored 40 + points in 212 games (173 regular season, 38 postseason, 1 All - Star) Scored 50 + points in 39 games (31 regular season, 8 postseason) Scored 60 + points in 5 games (4 regular season, 1 postseason) Recorded 31 triple - doubles (28 regular season, 2 postseason, 1 All - Star) Recorded 241 double - doubles (201 regular season, 39 postseason, 1 All - Star) Recorded 28 Game - winning shots (21 regular season, 7 postseason) 11 - time regular season leader, total points (1985, '87 --' 93, '96 --' 98) 10 - time regular season leader, scoring average ('86 --' 93, '95 --' 98) 3 - time regular season leader, steals ('88,' 90, '93)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dunstable Swan Jewel", "paragraph_text": "The Dunstable Swan Jewel is a gold and enamel brooch in the form of a swan made in England or France in about 1400 and now in the British Museum, where it is on display in Room 40. It was excavated in 1965 on the site of Dunstable Friary, and is presumed to have been intended as a livery badge given by an important figure to his supporters; the most likely candidate is probably the future Henry V of England, who was Prince of Wales from 1399."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2017 Six Nations Championship", "paragraph_text": "2017 Six Nations Championship Date 4 February -- 18 March 2017 Countries England France Ireland Italy Scotland Wales Tournament statistics Champions England (28th title) Calcutta Cup England Millennium Trophy Ireland Centenary Quaich Scotland Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy France Matches played 15 Attendance 996,662 (66,444 per match) Tries scored 66 (4.4 per match) Top point scorer (s) Camille Lopez (67) Top try scorer (s) Eight players (show) Danny Care (3) Keith Earls (3) Craig Gilroy (3) Stuart Hogg (3) Jonathan Joseph (3) George North (3) CJ Stander (3) Liam Williams (3) Player of the tournament Stuart Hogg Official website Six Nations Website \u2190 2016 (Previous) (Next) 2018 \u2192"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Two-point conversion", "paragraph_text": "In American and Canadian football, a two - point conversion or two - point convert is a play a team attempts instead of kicking a one - point conversion immediately after it scores a touchdown. In a two - point conversion attempt, the team that just scored must run a play from scrimmage close to the opponent's goal line (5 - yard line in amateur Canadian, 3 - yard line in professional Canadian, 3 - yard line in amateur American, 2 - yard line in professional American) and advance the ball across the goal line in the same manner as if they were scoring a touchdown. If the team succeeds, it earns two additional points on top of the six points for the touchdown, for a total of eight points. If the team fails, no additional points are scored. In either case, if any time remains in the half, the team proceeds to a kickoff."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rahul Dravid", "paragraph_text": "Batting Bowling Score Fixture Venue Season Score Fixture Venue Season Tests 270 India v Pakistan Rawalpindi 1 -- 18 India v West Indies St. John's 2002 ODI 153 India v New Zealand Hyderabad (LBS) 1999 2 -- 43 India v South Africa Kochi 2000"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gymnastics", "paragraph_text": "In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the \"execution score\" was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the event, is a 1.00 deduction, in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a difficulty score, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gymnastics", "paragraph_text": "According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope\u2014on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of highest-scoring NBA games", "paragraph_text": "The highest - scoring playoff game is the double - overtime game between the Portland Trail Blazers and the Phoenix Suns on May 11, 1992. The two teams combined to score 304 points, with the Trail Blazers defeating the Suns 153 -- 151. The Suns' Kevin Johnson scored a game - high 35 points, with 12 other players also scoring in double figures. The highest - scoring playoff game in regulation occurred when the San Antonio Spurs defeated the Denver Nuggets with a score of 152 -- 133 for a combined score of 285 points on April 26, 1983. In that game, the Spurs' George Gervin scored a game - high 42 points."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wong Fai", "paragraph_text": "Wong Fai (; born January 6, 1970) is a Hong Kong sport shooter. Wong represented Hong Kong, China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed in the men's 25 m rapid fire pistol. He finished only in eighteenth place by two points behind 47-year-old Australian sport shooter and two-time Olympian Bruce Quick, with a total score of 558 points (282 on the first stage, and 276 on the second)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Wales national rugby union team records", "paragraph_text": "Most points in a match Points Player Opposing team Venue Year 30 Neil Jenkins Italy Stadio Comunale di Monigo, Treviso 1999 29 Neil Jenkins France Millennium Stadium, Cardiff 1999 28 Neil Jenkins Canada Millennium Stadium, Cardiff 1999 28 Neil Jenkins France Stade de France, Saint - Denis 2001 28 Gavin Henson Japan Millennium Stadium, Cardiff"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jacques Pollet", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Pollet (July 2, 1922 in Roubaix\u00a0\u2013 August 16, 1997 in Paris ) was a racing driver from France. He participated in 5 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on July 4, 1954. He scored no championship points."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Neil Jenkins", "paragraph_text": "Neil Jenkins, (born 8 July 1971) is a former rugby union player and current coach. He played fly-half, centre, or full back for Pontypridd, Cardiff, Celtic Warriors, Wales and the British and Irish Lions. Jenkins is Wales' highest ever points-scorer and is the third highest on the List of leading Rugby union Test point scorers. He was the first player to score 1,000 points in international matches."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of NHL players with 100-point seasons", "paragraph_text": "The first NHL season in which a player scored 100 points was the 1968 -- 69 season: on March 2, 1969, Phil Esposito scored his hundredth point of the season. Esposito finished the season with 126 points, and two other players achieved 100 points that season: Bobby Hull, who finished with 107 points, and Gordie Howe, who finished with 103 points. (All three scored goals to reach the milestone.) The first (of only five) defencemen to reach the 100 - point mark in the NHL was Bobby Orr, in the 1969 -- 70 season."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Uthama Purushan", "paragraph_text": "Uthama Purushan () is a 1989 Tamil drama film, directed by K. Subash, starring Prabhu, Revathi and Amala in lead roles. The film, produced by V. Mohan and V. Natarajan, had musical score by Sankar Ganesh, and was released on 1 September 1989."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dai Fitzgerald", "paragraph_text": "David \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 \u2013 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "State of Origin series", "paragraph_text": "Most points scored in a game: 72, New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland (Game III, 2000) Most points scored by a team: 56, New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland (Game III, 2000) Largest winning margin: 46, Queensland 52 - 6 New South Wales (Game III, 2015) Most consecutive games won: 8, Queensland (Game II, 1987 - Game III, 1989) Most consecutive series won: 8, Queensland (2006 -- 2013) Most series clean sweeps: 4, Queensland (1988 -- 1989, 1995, 2010)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Piero Drogo", "paragraph_text": "Piero Drogo (born in Vignale Monferrato, Alessandria, 8 August 1926 \u2013 died in Bologna, 28 April 1973) was a racing driver and coachbuilder from Italy. He participated in one Formula One Grand Prix, debuting on 4 September 1960. He scored no championship points. He moved on to form a \"carrozzeria\" in Modena to service the thriving sports car industry there. His Carrozzeria Sports Cars gained some fame later in the decade. He died in a car accident aged 46."}], "question": "In what sport did the plyer who scored the most points for Wales against France compete?"}
{"id": "2hop__3728_148514", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "The Mayor of the City of Jersey City is the head of the executive branch of government of Jersey City, New Jersey, United States. The mayor has the duty to enforce the municipal charter and ordinances; prepare the annual budget; appoint deputy mayors, department heads, and aides; and approve or veto ordinances passed by the City Council. The mayor is popularly elected in a nonpartisan general election. The office is held for a four - year term without term limits, although the current term is a four - and - a-half - year term, due to a change in election dates."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Argentina: The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires, Argentina, held on April 11, began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur. In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Esp\u00ednola. The leg finished at the Buenos Aires Riding Club in the Palermo district, the last torchbearer being Gabriela Sabatini. The 13.8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and Plaza de Mayo. The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\", and an alternative \"human rights torch\" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Justo Daract, San Luis", "paragraph_text": "Justo Daract is a town in the San Luis province of Argentina. The population is 9,680 (2001 est.). It is named after Justo Daract, the first governor of San Luis who served in the 1850s and 1860s."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2014 Summer Youth Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The torch relay was divided into two parts. The first part was a digital relay where people who downloaded an app were able to participate in the relay through an interactive option called \"Give Me Fire.\" When using this feature users were able to pass the Youth Olympic flame to their friends by touching their devices together. The relay visited 258 different online locations from the 204 participating NOCs over a 98-day period.After the digital relay the relay began its physical portion in Nanjing where a 10-day relay was held. 104 torch bearers carried the torch singularly or in pairs over 100 legs. Torch bearers were primarily focused on youth and included individuals from sport, culture, media, volunteers and the International Olympic Committee. Notable torch bearers included two time badminton Olympian gold medalist Lin Dan, 2008 Olympic fencing gold medalist Zhong Man, director Chen Weiya and composer Bian Liunian."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jenny Donnet", "paragraph_text": "She was the first diver to represent Australia at four Olympic Games, between 1980 and 1992. She was the Australian flag bearer at the Opening Ceremony of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Crossover Pass", "paragraph_text": "Crossover Pass is a pass between Gordon Glacier and Cornwall Glacier in the central part of the Shackleton Range in Antarctica. It was first mapped in 1957 by the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition and so named because this pass, together with Gordon and Cornwall Glaciers, provides a sledging route across the Shackleton Range from north to south."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mauricio Macri", "paragraph_text": "Mauricio Macri (; born 8 February 1959) is the current President of Argentina and has been in office since 2015. A former civil engineer, Macri won the first presidential runoff ballotage in Argentina's history (the runoff system had been introduced in 1994) and is the first democratically-elected non-Radical or Peronist president since 1916. He was chief of government of Buenos Aires from 2007 to 2015, and represented the city in the lower house of the Congress of Argentina from 2005 to 2007. The reintegration of Argentina into the global market economy is central to Macri's agenda."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Great Britain: The torch relay leg held in London, the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics, on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium, passed through the City of London, and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city. The 48 km (30 mi) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete, and attracted protests by pro-Tibetan independence and pro-Human Rights supporters, prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus, which was then briefly halted by protestors. Home Secretary Jacqui Smith has officially complained to Beijing Organising Committee about the conduct of the tracksuit-clad Chinese security guards. The Chinese officials, seen manhandling protesters, were described by both the London Mayor Ken Livingstone and Lord Coe, chairman of the London Olympic Committee as \"thugs\". A Metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost \u00a3750,000 and the participation of the Chinese security team had been agreed in advance, despite the Mayor stating, \"We did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services. Had I known so, we would have said no.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ford Greene", "paragraph_text": "Aylsworth Crawford Greene III (born December 21, 1952) is an American attorney, political leader and former Mayor of San Anselmo, California. Greene is noted for having successfully conducted litigation against the Church of Scientology and the Unification Church of the United States. Greene is a thrice-elected and current San Anselmo town councilman. On December 14, 2010, he was voted unanimously by the council to the position of mayor and served in that capacity until rotating out of the position in December 2011. In November, 2015 Greene won a third term on the council, which elected him that December to his second one-year term as mayor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Blue Bloods characters", "paragraph_text": "Ascended to the position of interim Mayor of New York City in 2017, succeeding Carter Poole as Mayor after his resignation. As Mayor she is aided by Carlton Miller who is portrayed by Mark Linn - Baker."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pietro Bragaglia", "paragraph_text": "Pietro Bragaglia (1890 - ?) was an Italian gymnast, best known to be the first Italian flag bearer at the Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could \"see why they would like to make an issue\" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as \"a mobile protective ring.\" Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event, leading to at least thirty-five arrests. In Ladbroke Grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle, and in a separate incident, a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch. The Chinese ambassador carried the torch through Chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns. The torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along Fleet Street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters. In an effort to counter the pro-Tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, more than 2,000 Chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs, banners and Chinese flags. A large number of supporters were concentrated in Trafalgar Square, displaying the Olympic slogan \"One World, One Dream\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chris Coursey", "paragraph_text": "Chris Coursey (born November 21, 1954) is the current mayor of Santa Rosa, California, taking office as of December 6, 2016. He has served on the Santa Rosa city council prior to his position as mayor. His vice mayor is Jack Tibbets, the youngest council member in city history."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "E. Denise Simmons", "paragraph_text": "E. Denise Simmons is the former mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, having served her first mayoral term during the 2008\u20132009 term and she was the first openly lesbian African-American mayor in the United States. The previous mayor of Cambridge, Kenneth Reeves, was the first openly gay African-American mayor in the United States. As Cambridge mayor, Simmons served as head of the city's legislative body\u2014while the non-elected city manager serves as the city's chief executive officer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Koleen Brooks", "paragraph_text": "Koleen Brooks (born 1965) is an American politician and model, and a former mayor of Georgetown, Colorado and topless dancer. She was ousted from her position as mayor due to \"unbecoming\" conduct and subsequently posed for \"Playboy\", cashing in on her notoriety."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Castle of Loarre", "paragraph_text": "The castle was built largely during the 11th and 12th centuries, when its position on the frontier between Christian and Muslim lands gave it strategic importance. The first of the two major building programmes began circa 1020, when Sancho el Mayor (r. 1063\u201394) reconquered the surrounding lands from the Muslims."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Russia: On April 5 the Olympic torch arrived at Saint Petersburg, Russia. The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square. Mixed martial arts icon and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko was one the torch bearers. This gives him the distinction of the being the first active MMA fighter to carry the Olympic flame."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "469 Argentina", "paragraph_text": "Argentina (minor planet designation: 469 Argentina) is an asteroid that was discovered by Luigi Carnera on February 20, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GE. 469 Argentina has an estimated rotation period of 12.3 hours."}], "question": "What is the position of the mayor who passed the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?"}
{"id": "2hop__3726_148514", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mauricio Macri", "paragraph_text": "Mauricio Macri (; born 8 February 1959) is the current President of Argentina and has been in office since 2015. A former civil engineer, Macri won the first presidential runoff ballotage in Argentina's history (the runoff system had been introduced in 1994) and is the first democratically-elected non-Radical or Peronist president since 1916. He was chief of government of Buenos Aires from 2007 to 2015, and represented the city in the lower house of the Congress of Argentina from 2005 to 2007. The reintegration of Argentina into the global market economy is central to Macri's agenda."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ernesto Kreplak", "paragraph_text": "Ernesto Kreplak is a lawyer graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, Master and regular teacher in the School of Law (University of Buenos Aires). He also serves as Under Secretary of Registry Management Coordination and Control of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nicol\u00e1s Repetto", "paragraph_text": "Nicol\u00e1s Repetto was born in Buenos Aires in 1871 and enrolled at the prestigious Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, a public college preparatory school. He was introduced to politics by a friend and medical student, Juan B. Justo, who enrolled Repetto in the reformist Civic Youth Union, by which Repetto took part in the violently-repressed Revolution of the Park, in 1890. He married Fenia Chertkoff, a feminist and sculptor. Repetto received a medical degree from the University of Buenos Aires in 1895, earning an internship at the renowned Inselspital in Bern, Switzerland. He began his practice as a pediatric surgeon in 1897, while teaching at his alma mater's important School of Medicine."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mu\u00f1iz, Buenos Aires", "paragraph_text": "Mu\u00f1iz is a town located in San Miguel Partido of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It forms part of the urban conurbation of Greater Buenos Aires."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Agronom\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Agronom\u00eda is a \"barrio\" or district in the centre part of Buenos Aires city, Argentina. It gets its name from the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Agronomy (\"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda\", in Spanish) based in the neighborhood. Its boundaries are Avenida San Mart\u00edn, Campana, Avenida Salvador Mar\u00eda del Carril, Avenida de los Constituyentes, and Avenida Chorroar\u00edn."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pablo Verani", "paragraph_text": "The Veranis prospered, and Pablo Verani completed his studies in Buenos Aires, earning a law degree at the University of Buenos Aires in 1964. He returned to R\u00edo Negro and inherited his share in the family orchards, later purchasing the Deportivo Roca football team (a 4th level team). This latter venture proved a bad investment, however, and he returned to farming."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Metrov\u00edas", "paragraph_text": "On 1 January 1994, Metrov\u00edas took over the concession, granted by the Argentine government as part of railway privatisation during the presidency of Carlos Menem, for the operation of the standard gauge Urquiza Line commuter rail service in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This service had previously been run by the state-owned Ferrocarriles Argentinos as part of the General Urquiza Railway since nationalisation of the railways in 1948. In addition Metrov\u00edas took over the management of the Buenos Aires Underground system and the Buenos Aires PreMetro when they were privatised in 1994."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "La Tablada", "paragraph_text": "La Tablada is a city in Argentina. It is located in La Matanza Partido and is part of the Greater Buenos Aires metro area."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Argentina: The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires, Argentina, held on April 11, began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur. In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Esp\u00ednola. The leg finished at the Buenos Aires Riding Club in the Palermo district, the last torchbearer being Gabriela Sabatini. The 13.8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and Plaza de Mayo. The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\", and an alternative \"human rights torch\" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Francisco Solano", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco Solano is a city in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is forms part of the Greater Buenos Aires agglomeration. It is divided between the Quilmes and Almirante Brown partidos."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Podgorica", "paragraph_text": "Since October 2014, position of the mayor is held by DPS official, Slavoljub Stijepovi\u0107, replacing Podgorica mayor od 14 years, Miomir Mugo\u0161a."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Blue Bloods characters", "paragraph_text": "Ascended to the position of interim Mayor of New York City in 2017, succeeding Carter Poole as Mayor after his resignation. As Mayor she is aided by Carlton Miller who is portrayed by Mark Linn - Baker."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Turdera", "paragraph_text": "Turdera is a small district (\"localidad\") of Lomas de Zamora Partido in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It forms part of the urban conurbation of Greater Buenos Aires."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William C. Morris, Buenos Aires", "paragraph_text": "William C. Morris is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It forms part of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area and is located in the Hurlingham Partido."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Juan Alvari\u00f1o", "paragraph_text": "Juan Alvari\u00f1o (born in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is a former Argentine footballer who played for clubs of Argentina and Chile."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Parque de la Ciudad", "paragraph_text": "The Parque de la Ciudad () is a former amusement park in the Villa Soldati neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Buenos Aires Argentina Temple", "paragraph_text": "The Buenos Aires Argentina Temple is the 39th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), located in Ciudad Evita, near Buenos Aires, Argentina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pedro Alfredo Gallina", "paragraph_text": "Pedro Alfredo Gallina (born in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is a former Argentine footballer who played for clubs in Argentina and Chile."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Abraham Skorka", "paragraph_text": "Abraham Skorka (born July 5, 1950, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine biophysicist, rabbi and book author. Abraham Skorka is rector of the Seminario Rab\u00ednico Latinoamericano in Buenos Aires, the rabbi of the Jewish community Benei Tikva, professor of biblical and rabbinic literature at the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano and honorary professor of Hebrew Law at the Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zaida Mux\u00ed", "paragraph_text": "Zaida Mux\u00ed Mart\u00ednez (born 1964 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine architect and city planner who graduated in the Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism at the University of Buenos Aires,"}], "question": "What was the position of the Mayor of Buenos Aires?"}
{"id": "2hop__451762_268064", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yarriambiack Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Yarriambiack Creek, an inland intermittent watercourse of the Wimmera catchment, is located in the Wimmera region of the Australian state of Victoria. Rising on the northern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, the Yarriambiack Creek flows generally north and drains into Lake Coorong, one of a series of ephemeral lakes, northeast of ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Szolnok Castle", "paragraph_text": "Szolnok Castle was an important military fort for many centuries due to its prime location at the confluence of the Tisza and Zagyva rivers, in the middle of the Great Hungarian Plain. The area was the crossroads of several trade routes, including salt and lumber, as well as being a key route for armies passing between Buda and Transylvania. Against the advancing Ottoman forces in the 16th century, Szolnok and Eger were the only two forts protecting the heart of Hungary and Upper Hungary."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Boca a boca", "paragraph_text": "Boca a boca (released in English as Mouth to Mouth) is a 1995 Spanish film directed by Manuel G\u00f3mez Pereira. The film was released by Miramax in the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arado River", "paragraph_text": "Arado (plow) River in the north of Portugal. The river's source is the Ger\u00eas Mountain, and the mouth cascades into the Fafi\u00e3o river, (41\u00b042'10.88\"N; 8\u00b0 6'33.50\"W), Fafi\u00e3o place, Cabril village, Montalegre municipality. From Arado cascate (41\u00b043'25.53\"N; 8\u00b0 7'46.98\"W) till the mouth, runs ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sentinel Nunatak", "paragraph_text": "Sentinel Nunatak () is a high, black, pyramid-shaped nunatak at the mouth of Drygalski Glacier, on Nordenskj\u00f6ld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica. Charted by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1947 and so named because of its commanding position at the mouth of Drygalski Glacier."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sogndalsfjorden", "paragraph_text": "Sogndalsfjorden is a fjord in Sogndal Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The long fjord begins at the mouth of the river Ar\u00f8yelvi, which flows out of the lake Hafslovatnet. It then flows to the southwest before emptying into the large Sognefjorden at its mouth between the villages of Nornes and Fimreite."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Galga", "paragraph_text": "Galga is one of the right-hand side rivers of Zagyva in the Cserh\u00e1t, Great Hungarian Plain, Hungary. It originates at Becske, N\u00f3gr\u00e1d County, at the Hill Szandai. The end of the river is at J\u00e1szf\u00e9nyszaru, where it flows into the Zagyva."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}], "question": "What is the mouth of the watercourse which serves as the mouth of the Galga?"}
{"id": "2hop__73413_84898", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "How Do I Deal", "paragraph_text": "\"How Do I Deal\" is a song by Jennifer Love Hewitt from the soundtrack to the film \"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer\" and was released as a single on January 19, 1999 with an accompanying music video. The single has become Hewitt's one and only appearance on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 US singles chart, peaking at number 59 in a seven-week run. Although not a big success in America, the single reached number 5 in New Zealand, and peaked at number 8 in Australia, earning Hewitt a pop star title there."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hard at Play", "paragraph_text": "Hard at Play is the sixth album by American rock band Huey Lewis and the News. It was released in 1991 on EMI for most of the world and Chrysalis in the UK. \"Hard at Play\" peaked at number 27 on the \"Billboard\" 200 pop albums chart and produced two Top 40 singles, \"Couple Days Off\" and \"It Hit Me Like a Hammer\". Music videos were released for \"It Hit Me like a Hammer\", \"Couple Days Off\", and \"He Don't Know\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ava Jerome", "paragraph_text": "Following the revelation that Ava had in fact murdered Connie Falconeri (Kelly Sullivan), head writer Ron Carlivati opened up to Michael Logan of TV Guide about the revelation, and whether or not he felt he had turned Ava into a cold - blooded killer. Carlivati stated, ``Of course, we were nervous! Especially the more we and the audience got invested in Ava. It was always my plan to have her be the killer but there was still the chance that we would change our minds and not write it that way. As the character started growing in popularity, (executive producer) Frank Valentini said,`` You know, Connie's killer does n't have to be Ava. Maybe something else happened. Maybe someone else came in and killed Connie. ''There was certainly that temptation to protect Ava but, in the end, we decided it was a stronger move to stick with our original idea and see where that could take us down the line: What will happen between Ava and Sonny if and when he finds out she killed Connie? What will he do? She will have nowhere to run!''"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer", "paragraph_text": "Back at the hotel, Julie sees Will is bleeding from his stomach, so Nancy takes Karla to find a first aid kit. Nancy and Karla find Estes has been impaled with a harpoon. Ben appears and kills Nancy. Back in the lobby, Julie is tending to Will, unable to find a wound. Will admits this is because it is not his blood. He asks Julie what her favorite radio station is, revealing he was the radio host and killed Estes. Will drags Julie to the graveyard, and tells her he is Ben's son. Ben appears and attacks Julie. Ray arrives, and a fight ensues between him and Will. When Ben tries to stab Ray, he accidentally kills Will instead. While Ben is distraught from killing his son, Julie takes a gun and shoots him in the chest. Ben falls dead into the grave made for Julie. Back at the hotel, Karla is found alive. The three are rescued by the coast guard."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Johnny Galecki", "paragraph_text": "John Mark Galecki (born April 30, 1975) is an American actor. He is known for playing Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory since 2007 and David Healy in the ABC sitcom Roseanne from 1992 to 1997. In 2018, he appeared in the revival of the sitcom reprising his role as David. Galecki also appeared in the films National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Prancer (1989), Suicide Kings (1997), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), Bookies (2003), In Time (2011), and Rings (2017)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Last Summer in the Hamptons", "paragraph_text": "Last Summer in the Hamptons is a 1995 ensemble comedy-drama film directed by Henry Jaglom and released by Rainbow Releasing and Live Entertainment."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ritz Theatre (Haddon Township, New Jersey)", "paragraph_text": "The Ritz Theatre is an active live producing non-profit theatre located in Haddon Township, Camden County, New Jersey, United States. It is home to The Ritz Theatre Company (formerly Puttin' on the Ritz, Inc.) The company produces mainstage plays and musicals, children's theater, runs a summer theatre arts day camp and reaches out to its community with educational and entertaining programming."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Last Day of Summer", "paragraph_text": "Last Day of Summer is a 2009 drama-comedy film written, produced and directed by Vlad Yudin of The Vladar Company, featuring DJ Qualls, Nikki Reed, and William Sadler."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Susan Seaforth Hayes", "paragraph_text": "Susan Seaforth Hayes (born Susan Seabold on July 11, 1943 in Oakland, California) is an American dramatic actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Julie Williams on the NBC drama Days of Our Lives, and her intermittent portrayal of Joanna Manning on the CBS daytime drama The Young and the Restless. She began playing the role of Julie Olsen Williams on Days of Our Lives in 1968, and is the only actor to appear on the show for all six decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s) in which it has been on the air. Seaforth Hayes still regularly appears on Days as Julie Olsen Williams."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)", "paragraph_text": "Ben Weston, also known as Ben Rogers, is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network, currently portrayed by Robert Scott Wilson."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Johnny Galecki", "paragraph_text": "John Mark Galecki (born April 30, 1975) is an American actor. He is known for playing Dr. Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory since 2007 and David Healy in the ABC sitcom Roseanne from 1992 to 1997. Galecki also appeared in the films National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Prancer (1989), Suicide Kings (1997), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), Bookies (2003), In Time (2011), and Rings (2017)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Forks, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Forks has an oceanic climate in a temperate rainforest with very high rainfall. Although there is a drying trend in summer, rain is still abundant, just not as wet as the rest of the year. Forks averages 212 days per year with measurable precipitation. The Olympic rainforest surrounds the town."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Muse Watson", "paragraph_text": "Muse Watson (born July 20, 1948) is an American stage and screen actor. He is best known for his roles as Ben Willis, the primary antagonist in the I Know What You Did Last Summer franchise, Charles Westmoreland on the Fox television series Prison Break and as Mike Franks in CBS television series NCIS."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Johnny Galecki", "paragraph_text": "John Mark Galecki (born April 30, 1975) is an American actor. He is known for playing Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory (2007 -- present) and David Healy in the ABC sitcom Roseanne (1992 -- 1997; 2018). Galecki also appeared in the films National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Prancer (1989), Suicide Kings (1997), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), Bookies (2003), In Time (2011), and Rings (2017)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chrisley Knows Best", "paragraph_text": "Chrisley Knows Best is an American reality television series airing on the USA Network. It centers around the lives of wealthy Georgia real estate mogul Todd Chrisley and his family. The show formerly took place in Roswell and Alpharetta, Georgia, both near Atlanta. The show is currently in its fifth season, which was filmed mainly in Nashville, Tennessee. In the summer of 2017, it was announced that a sixth season of Chrisley Knows Best would air."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Concluding", "paragraph_text": "Concluding is a novel by British writer Henry Green first published in 1948. It is set entirely on the expansive and idyllic premises of a state-run institution for girls somewhere in rural England and chronicles the events of one summer's day\u2014a Wednesday, and \"Founder's Day\"\u2014in the lives of the staff, the students, and several other people living on the grounds. During that day, two girls go missing."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ted Sablay", "paragraph_text": "Theodore 'Ted' Sablay (born April 18, 1976) is an American guitar player, keyboardist and music teacher. He has been a touring musician for The Killers since 2006. Sablay has played piano on \"Romeo and Juliet\" on the band's compilation album \"Sawdust,\" engineered sessions for the Killers' 2008 album \"Day & Age\", and worked as a music consultant on \"Flamingo\", the 2010 solo album by Killers singer Brandon Flowers. Sablay was formerly in the Las Vegas bands Attaboy Skip and Expert on October alongside Ronnie Vannucci Jr. Sablay has contributed bass to Vannucci's side project Big Talk and Flowers' second solo album, \"The Desired Effect.\" In 2017, Sablay was picked to fill in for Dave Keuning on lead guitar during live dates supporting the Killers' album, \"Wonderful Wonderful\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer", "paragraph_text": "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1998 American slasher film and sequel to the 1997 film \"I Know What You Did Last Summer.\" Directed by Danny Cannon, the film was written by Trey Callaway and features characters originally created in Lois Duncan's 1973 novel \"I Know What You Did Last Summer.\" Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze Jr. and Muse Watson reprise their roles, with Brandy, Mekhi Phifer, Jennifer Esposito, Matthew Settle and Jack Black joining the cast. \"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer\" continues after the events of the first film. Callaway's script was published in an edited \"young adult\" format, leaving in all descriptions of violence but omitting the harsher language. Filming took place in Mexico and California. \"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer\" was released to negative reviews, but was a box office success, grossing $84 million worldwide against a $24 million budget. It is the second installment of \"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" series and was followed by \"I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer\" in 2006."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Criminal Minds characters", "paragraph_text": "As played by Jane Lynch, Diana Reid is Dr. Spencer Reid's mother. She first appeared as a potential target of serial killer Randall Garner, the man who shot SSA Elle Greenaway. Like her son, Diana has a genius level IQ. She was once a university literature professor, but is no longer since her diagnosis of schizophrenia. She currently resides at the Las Vegas - based Bennington Sanitarium, where Spencer committed her when he was eighteen. Her husband, William Reid, left her when Spencer was a child. The reason William left is because he was aware Diana witnessed a murder, as a family friend avenged his own son's murder. He was unable to live with this knowledge though he claims he tried; he said ``the weight of knowing what happened was just too much ''. Much of Diana and Spencer's time while he was growing up was spent with her reading to him. Spencer writes her a letter every single day because he feels guilty about not visiting her. In season 11, Spencer takes some time off from the BAU to visit her. In`` Entropy'', he reveals she has early signs of Dementia and when he first walked in her room, she did n't know who he was for three seconds."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Curse of the Zodiac", "paragraph_text": "Curse of the Zodiac is a 2007 American horror film from Lionsgate, written and directed by Ulli Lommel, inspired by the true story of the hunt for a notorious serial killer known as \"Zodiac\" who claimed responsibility for the still unsolved murders."}], "question": "Who played the character on Days of our Lives, that shares the first name of the killer in I Still Know What You Did Last Summer?"}
{"id": "2hop__437284_305869", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Louise Smith", "paragraph_text": "Louise Smith (July 31, 1916 in Barnesville, Georgia \u2013 April 15, 2006) was tied for the second woman to race in NASCAR at the top level. She was known as \"the first lady of racing.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "You Can't Have Everything", "paragraph_text": "You Can't Have Everything is a 1937 Fox musical film directed by Norman Taurog and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck. The film stars Alice Faye and Don Ameche, and was the film debut for Gypsy Rose Lee credited as Louise Hovick part of her birth name."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Louise Roy (administrator)", "paragraph_text": "Louise Roy (born 1947 in Quebec City) is an administrator in Quebec, Canada. She is currently the chancellor of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al as well as Chairman of the university."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Buck Meadows, California", "paragraph_text": "Buck Meadows (formerly, Hamilton's and Hamilton's Station) is a census-designated place in Mariposa County, California. It is located east-northeast of Smith Peak, at an elevation of 3015 feet (919 m). The population was 31 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Barnesville, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Barnesville is a city in Lamar County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 6,755. The city is the county seat of Lamar County."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Smith Island, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Smith Island is an island on the Chesapeake Bay, on the border of Maryland and Virginia territorial waters in the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Whyte", "paragraph_text": "Mount Whyte is a mountain in Alberta, Canada located in Banff National Park, near Lake Louise. The mountain can be seen from the Trans-Canada Highway, and offers views of the Valley of the Ten Peaks, including the Chateau Lake Louise."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "In which county was Louise Smith born?"}
{"id": "2hop__72395_84898", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stephen Nichols", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Nichols (born February 19, 1951) is an American actor, most notable for his roles on American daytime soap operas. He played the part of Steve (Patch) Johnson on NBCs Days of Our Lives from 1985 - 1990; after that, he had a stint on ABC's General Hospital as Stefan Cassadine from 1996 - 2003. He returned to the role of Steve (Patch) Johnson on Days of Our Lives in June 2006 after 16 years, remaining through February 2009, and returning to the role again in 2015. He played (from December 2009 to January 2013) the role of Tucker McCall on The Young and the Restless."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Billy Hufsey", "paragraph_text": "Billy Hufsey was on television from 1983 - 1987, playing the role of Christopher Donlon on the syndicated drama, Fame. He went on to play Emilio Ramirez on the daytime drama, Days of Our Lives from 1987 - 1991. The producers of Days of Our Lives had him write and perform several songs for the show, including ``I'll Be There ''and`` Only This Time''. In 1989, Billy recorded and released his album, Contagious. He also toured the world from Italy, Israel, Canada to Las Vegas and many more."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Melissa Reeves", "paragraph_text": "Melissa Reeves (n\u00e9e Brennan, born March 14, 1967) is an American actress, known for playing Jennifer Horton, a role she originated in 1985 on the NBC series Days of Our Lives (1985 -- 1995, 2000 -- 2006, 2010 -)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kristian Alfonso", "paragraph_text": "Kristian - Joy Alfonso (born September 5, 1963) is an American actress, former figure skater and fashion model. She is best known for playing Hope Williams Brady, which she has played since 1983 on the NBC dramatic serial Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Deidre Hall", "paragraph_text": "Deidre Ann Hall / di\u02d0dr\u0259 h\u0254\u02d0l / (born October 31, 1947) is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Dr. Marlena Evans on NBC's daytime drama Days of Our Lives, which she has played for over 40 years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of the verified oldest people", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of the 100 verified oldest people. The oldest verified person on record is French woman Jeanne Calment (1875 -- 1997), who lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days. There are seven verified living supercentenarians on this list, the oldest of whom is Japanese woman Nabi Tajima, aged 7004428720000000000 \u2660 117 years, 138 days."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Susan Seaforth Hayes", "paragraph_text": "Susan Seaforth Hayes (born Susan Seabold on July 11, 1943 in Oakland, California) is an American dramatic actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Julie Williams on the NBC drama Days of Our Lives, and her intermittent portrayal of Joanna Manning on the CBS daytime drama The Young and the Restless. She began playing the role of Julie Olsen Williams on Days of Our Lives in 1968, and is the only actor to appear on the show for all six decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s) in which it has been on the air. Seaforth Hayes still regularly appears on Days as Julie Olsen Williams."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Judi Evans", "paragraph_text": "Judi Evans (also credited as Judi Evans Luciano, born July 12, 1964) is an American actress. She played Beth Raines on the CBS series Guiding Light from (1983 -- 1986), but is also known for playing Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis, a role she originated in 1986 on NBC's Days of Our Lives. She was a regular cast member from 1986 until 1991. She then played the role of Paulina Cory Carlino on the NBC series Another World from 1991 till the show's end in 1999. Evans returned to Days of Our Lives in 2003 to play Bonnie Lockhart, another role she originated and played until early 2007; she reprised the role of Adrienne a few months later till early 2008. Later in 2010, she returned to Days of Our Lives to reprise the role of Adrienne once again, which she has played on a recurring basis since then."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eric Brady", "paragraph_text": "Eric Brady is a fictional character from the NBC Daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives, portrayed by Greg Vaughan from 2012 until his exit in 2016. Vaughan reprised the role in January 2017, following a discussion between him and executives at Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of the verified oldest people", "paragraph_text": "Violet Brown 000000001900 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 1900 Living 7004429230000000000 \u2660 117 years, 189 days Jamaica"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Casey Moss", "paragraph_text": "Casey Allen Moss (born November 16, 1993) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for playing the role of JJ Deveraux on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Concluding", "paragraph_text": "Concluding is a novel by British writer Henry Green first published in 1948. It is set entirely on the expansive and idyllic premises of a state-run institution for girls somewhere in rural England and chronicles the events of one summer's day\u2014a Wednesday, and \"Founder's Day\"\u2014in the lives of the staff, the students, and several other people living on the grounds. During that day, two girls go missing."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Will Horton", "paragraph_text": "In the fall of 2017, Sonny and Paul are to marry, and Ben escapes from Bayview Sanatarium, and crashes their double wedding with Chad and Abigail to announce that Will is alive. This is met with a high degree of skepticism, but Sonny, who thinks Will died thinking Sonny did n't love him, really wants to know the truth, and says he ca n't marry Paul until he knows. Sami returns to Salem to find out the truth. When investigation reveals that the claim that Will is alive originates from Dr Rolf, this ignites hope that it is true. The investigation leads to an address in Memphis, where they find Susan. Will is working at a local bar, and Lucas is the first to see him, but he is inebriated, and thinks he is hallucinating and does not realize he has really seen Will. Paul then sees Will, but is afraid to tell people in case he loses Sonny. Eventually he confesses to Sonny, and Sonny and Sami find Will, and discover that he does not recognise them, and does not believe that they are his real family. But John persuades Susan's partner Roger, whom Will trusts, to admit to Will what Susan has done. And Will, with some encouragement from Marlena, decides to return to Salem, to find out who he really is."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Live at Montreux 2004", "paragraph_text": "Live at Montreux 2004 is a live video released by American rock band Korn, recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival in July 5, 2004. It was released on May 13, 2008 in the US, and one day earlier in the UK. It was also released on Blu-ray on July 1, 2008, and the day before in the United Kingdom. It has a 75-minute runtime. This video was made prior to the departure of former guitarist Brian \"Head\" Welch and drummer David Silveria."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Melissa Reeves", "paragraph_text": "Melissa Reeves (n\u00e9e Brennan, born March 14, 1967) is an American actress, known for playing Jennifer Horton on - off since 1985 on the NBC series Days of Our Lives (1985 -- 1995, 2000 -- 2006, 2010 -)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vivian Alamain", "paragraph_text": "Vivian Alamain is a fictional character from the American NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives, played by Louise Sorel."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)", "paragraph_text": "Ben Weston, also known as Ben Rogers, is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network, currently portrayed by Robert Scott Wilson."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peter Reckell", "paragraph_text": "Peter Paul Reckell (born May 7, 1955) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Bo Brady, a role he originated in 1983 on the NBC drama Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Susan Seaforth Hayes", "paragraph_text": "Susan Seaforth Hayes (born Susan Seabold on July 11, 1943 in Oakland, California) is an American dramatic actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Julie Williams on the NBC drama Days of Our Lives, and her intermittent portrayal of Joanna Manning on the CBS daytime drama The Young and the Restless. She began playing the role of Julie Olsen Williams on Days of Our Lives in 1968, and is the only actor to appear on the show for all six decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s) in which it has been on the air. Mrs. Seaforth Hayes still regularly appears on Days as Julie Olsen Williams."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Power of Now", "paragraph_text": "The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment is a book by Eckhart Tolle. The book is intended to be a guide for day-to-day living and stresses the importance of living in the present moment and avoiding thoughts of the past or future."}], "question": "What actor played the inmate that said will is alive on days of our lives?"}
{"id": "2hop__122355_56560", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bahram Mirza", "paragraph_text": "Bahram Mirza Moezz-od-Dowleh Qajar (1806\u20131882) () was the second son of Abbas Mirza who was the youngest son of Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar. He was an educated and erudite man expert on many subjects, which won him the nickname of \"Mollah Bahram\" (Knowledgeable Bahram). As the uncle of Naser al-Din Shah, he was the minister of justice during his reign."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Davis (entrepreneur)", "paragraph_text": "John F. Davis III (born 1953) is an entrepreneur, educator, CEO of Room Key, and a member of the Texas Christian University Board of Trustees. He is a co-founder of 1-800-Flowers and former CEO of both Pegasus Solutions and Birch Street Systems."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Instituto Piaget", "paragraph_text": "Instituto Piaget is a Portuguese private institution of higher education. It provides both university and polytechnic higher education in a number of fields. Instituto Piaget was named after the Swiss philosopher and developmental psychologist Jean Piaget."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mary Sally Matiella", "paragraph_text": "She earned a Regents' Scholarship into the University of Arizona, receiving a B.A. in 1973 and an M.B.A. in 1976. In 2013, she was named the University of Arizona, College of Education Alum of the year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Paulina Lebl-Albala", "paragraph_text": "Paulina Lebl-Albala (August 9, 1891 \u2013 October 8, 1967) was a Serbian feminist, translator, literary critic, literature theoretician, and professor of literature in Belgrade. A co-founder of the Yugoslav Association of University-Educated Women (1927), she also served as the organization's president. Dame Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight is her granddaughter."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jack Cohen (rabbi)", "paragraph_text": "Jack Cohen (March 21, 1919, Brooklyn \u2013 April 16, 2012, Jerusalem) was an American Reconstructionist rabbi, educator, philosopher and author. Cohen held a PhD from Columbia University in the philosophy of education. In 1943 he was ordained as a rabbi by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) and, soon after, started to teach courses there. Cohen was one of the distinguished students of Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan, the founder of the Reconstructionist Movement, and was one of the founders of Kehillat Mevakshei Derech, a synagogue in Israel. Rabbi Dr. Jack Cohen was Honorary Chairman at Kaplan Center for Jewish Peoplehood and director of the Hillel Foundation at the Hebrew University for 23 years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Helmut Schmidt University", "paragraph_text": "The Helmut Schmidt University (), located in Hamburg, Germany, is a German military educational establishment that was founded in 1973 at the initiative of the then-Federal Minister of Defence, Helmut Schmidt. Originally known as the \"University of the Bundeswehr Hamburg\" (\"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr\"), its complete official name today is \"Helmut-Schmidt-Universit\u00e4t/Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr Hamburg\". Teaching first started in Autumn of 1973. It is one of two universities that were established by the Bundeswehr to train and educate its future and existing officers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bruce Lahn", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Lahn is a Chinese-born American geneticist. Lahn came to the U.S. from China to continue his education in the late 1980s. He is the William B. Graham professor of Human Genetics at the University of Chicago. He is also the founder of the Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alexander Military Law Academy", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Military Law Academy () (1867\u20131917) was an educational institution in Russian Empire that provided military law education for officers of Russian Army and Fleet. It was established in 1867 and named after his founder, Emperor Alexander II of Russia in 1908. The Academy was situated in St. Petersburg by 96 Moika Embankment, along with many other institutions of military education."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ibn Firnas (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Ibn Firnas is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. In 1976 it was named after Abbas Ibn Firnas, a polymath from Andalucia who, in the 9th century, devised a chain of rings that could be used to simulate the motions of the planets and stars."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kom f\u00f6lj med i v\u00e5r karusell", "paragraph_text": "Kom f\u00f6lj med i v\u00e5r karusell (Come Join Us On Our Carousel) is a children's album released in early 1987, recorded by Swedish singer and ABBA member Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog and her son Christian Ulvaeus, nine years old at the time. The album was co-produced by F\u00e4ltskog and ABBA sound engineer Michael B. Tretow. The record featured the single releases \"P\u00e5 s\u00f6ndag\" (On Sunday) and \"Mitt namn \u00e4r Blom\" (My Name Is Blom)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Founded March 21, 1865, the university was opened in 1866, under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 following enabling legislation passed in 1863 under the Kansas State Constitution, adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union following an internal civil war known as ``Bleeding Kansas ''during the 1850s."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Clark Moustakas", "paragraph_text": "Clark Moustakas, Ed.D., Ph.D. Educational and Clinical Psychology, Columbia University, President Emeritus and Co-Founder, Center for Humanistic Studies (CHS). Moustakas co-founded CHS with Cereta Perry, Ph.D, Bruce Douglass, Ph.D, and Diane Blau, Ph.D. CHS was renamed the Michigan School of Professional Psychology (MiSPP)  in 2006 and offers both an M.A. and PsyD program in Clinical Psychology."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elmer Ellis", "paragraph_text": "Elmer Ellis (July 27, 1901 \u2013 August 27, 1989) was an American educator and fourteenth president of the University of Missouri, from 1955 to 1966, and first president of the University of Missouri System. He was instrumental in the expansion of the university to include the University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City and University of Missouri\u2013St. Louis. Ellis Library is named in his honor."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mamma Mia! (film)", "paragraph_text": "Mamma Mia! (promoted as Mamma Mia! The Movie) is a 2008 American musical romantic comedy film based on the 1999 musical of the same name, based on the songs of successful pop group ABBA, with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson. The film was directed by Phyllida Lloyd and distributed by Universal Pictures in partnership with Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson's Playtone and Littlestar, and the title originates from ABBA's 1975 chart - topper ``Mamma Mia ''. Meryl Streep heads the cast, playing the role of single mother Donna Sheridan. Pierce Brosnan (Sam Carmichael), Colin Firth (Harry Bright), and Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd (Bill Anderson) play the three possible fathers to Donna's daughter, Sophie (Amanda Seyfried). Mamma Mia! received mixed reviews from critics and earned $609.8 million on a $52 million budget, becoming the 5th highest - grossing film of 2008."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University", "paragraph_text": "The predecessor of E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University was founded in 1635 by Cardinal P\u00e9ter P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny in Nagyszombat, Kingdom of Hungary, (today Trnava, Slovakia) as a Catholic university for teaching theology and philosophy. In 1770, the University was transferred to Buda. It was named Royal University of Pest until 1873, then University of Budapest until 1921, when it was renamed P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University after its founder P\u00e9ter P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny. The Faculty of Science started its autonomous life in 1949 when The Faculty of Theology was separated from the university. The university received its current name in 1950, after one of its most well-known physicists, Baron Lor\u00e1nd E\u00f6tv\u00f6s."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Abbas Mirakhor", "paragraph_text": "Born in Iran, Abbas Mirakhor received PhD from Kansas State University in the USA. From 1968-1984 he taught in various universities after which he joined the International Monetary Fund (IMF) where he remained until retirement in 2008 serving as staff, an Executive Director and the Dean of the Board of that institution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pauline Kergomard", "paragraph_text": "Pauline Kergomard (24 April 1838 \u2013 1925) was a French educator. She is known as the founder of the nursery school in France."}], "question": "Who was the founder of Abbas Mirakhor's university?"}
{"id": "2hop__375564_703544", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kaiy\u014d, Tokushima", "paragraph_text": "It was founded on March 31, 2006 from the merger of the towns of Kaifu, Kainan and Shishikui, all from Kaifu District."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minami, Tokushima", "paragraph_text": "Located 50\u00a0km south of prefecture's capital, Tokushima city, Minami is over 33\u00a0km from east to west, and covers an area of approximately 140.8\u00a0km\u00b2. It is bordered on the southwest by the Kaifu mountains and on the east by the Pacific Ocean, making Minami a scenic town surrounded by mountains and sea. As of October 1, 2016, the town has an estimated population of 6,929 and a density of 49 persons per km\u00b2. The total area is 140.85\u00a0km\u00b2."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}], "question": "What town does the district having Kaiy\u014d contains?"}
{"id": "2hop__795204_56560", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy", "paragraph_text": "Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy Established under the aegis of the Al-Ameen Educational Society in 1983. Al-Ameen Educational Society is one of the biggest minority education society in India established in the year 1966. Dr.Mumtaz Ahmed Khan is the founder of the Society. It was started to meet the needs of education in the city and of minority Muslim community."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "You're Nobody 'til Somebody Kills You", "paragraph_text": "You're Nobody 'til Somebody Kills You, is a forthcoming film directed by Michael A. Pinckney, founder and Managing Director of Black Noise Media, a production house based in New York City."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josef Szeiler", "paragraph_text": "Josef Szeiler (7 August 1948 in Sankt Michael im Burgenland) is an Austrian theatre director. As co-founder of the group TheaterAngelusNovus he is first of all known for his experimental approach to texts by Heiner M\u00fcller, Bertolt Brecht, Homer and Greek dramas."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Philip Willem van Heusde", "paragraph_text": "Philip Willem van Heusde (June 17, 1778 in Rotterdam \u2013 July 2, 1839 in Geneva) was a Dutch philosopher and educator. He is known for his influence on the founders of the so-called Groningen school of theology."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Joseph Calasanz", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Calasanz, Sch.P. (; ), (September 11, 1557 \u2013 August 25, 1648), also known as Joseph Calasanctius and Josephus a Matre Dei, was a Spanish Catholic priest, educator and the founder of the Pious Schools, providing free education to the sons of the poor, and the Religious Order that ran them, commonly known as the Piarists. He is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eric Eisner", "paragraph_text": "Eric Eisner is the founder and CEO of Double E Pictures, and partner at The Tornante Company. He is the son of Disney magnate Michael Eisner and a producer."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mimi Chu", "paragraph_text": "Mimi still owns a HDB flat in Singapore and her children are educated in Singapore. Her older brother is the founder and chairman of a listed company in Singapore. She is the sister-in-law of Hong Kong actor and former policeman Joe Ma."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jack Cohen (rabbi)", "paragraph_text": "Jack Cohen (March 21, 1919, Brooklyn \u2013 April 16, 2012, Jerusalem) was an American Reconstructionist rabbi, educator, philosopher and author. Cohen held a PhD from Columbia University in the philosophy of education. In 1943 he was ordained as a rabbi by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) and, soon after, started to teach courses there. Cohen was one of the distinguished students of Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan, the founder of the Reconstructionist Movement, and was one of the founders of Kehillat Mevakshei Derech, a synagogue in Israel. Rabbi Dr. Jack Cohen was Honorary Chairman at Kaplan Center for Jewish Peoplehood and director of the Hillel Foundation at the Hebrew University for 23 years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Michael O'Riordan", "paragraph_text": "Michael O'Riordan (; 12 November 1917 \u2013 18 May 2006) was the founder of the Communist Party of Ireland (3rd) and also fought with the Connolly Column in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hovhannes Hintliyan", "paragraph_text": "Hovhannes Hintliyan (, \u00dcsk\u00fcdar, Ottoman Empire, 1866 \u2013 Istanbul, March 16, 1950) was an Armenian teacher, pedagogue, publisher, and educator. He was the founder of Nor Tbrots (New School), a prestigious Armenian school in the Pangalti district of Constantinople."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clare Morpurgo", "paragraph_text": "Clare, Lady Morpurgo, (\"n\u00e9e\" Lane) is a philanthropist. She is the wife of British author Michael Morpurgo and the eldest daughter of Allen Lane, founder of Penguin Books."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Founded March 21, 1865, the university was opened in 1866, under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 following enabling legislation passed in 1863 under the Kansas State Constitution, adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union following an internal civil war known as ``Bleeding Kansas ''during the 1850s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pauline Kergomard", "paragraph_text": "Pauline Kergomard (24 April 1838 \u2013 1925) was a French educator. She is known as the founder of the nursery school in France."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rock of Love with Bret Michaels (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Rock of Love with Bret Michaels is a competition-driven reality television series starring Bret Michaels, the lead singer of the band Poison. The 12-episode series, which premiered July 15, 2007 on VH1 (a VSPOT online premiere showcased on July 10), was created by Cris Abrego and Mark Cronin (co-founders of the production company 51 Minds)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Michael Shinagel", "paragraph_text": "Michael Shinagel was the dean of the Division of Continuing Education and University Extension at Harvard University, and the longest serving dean in Harvard's history."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Michael Wesch", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lee Wesch (born June 22, 1975) is an associate professor of cultural anthropology at Kansas State University. Wesch's work also includes media ecology and the emerging field of digital ethnography, where he studies the effect of new media on human interaction."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alexander Military Law Academy", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Military Law Academy () (1867\u20131917) was an educational institution in Russian Empire that provided military law education for officers of Russian Army and Fleet. It was established in 1867 and named after his founder, Emperor Alexander II of Russia in 1908. The Academy was situated in St. Petersburg by 96 Moika Embankment, along with many other institutions of military education."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chandabai", "paragraph_text": "Pandita Brahmacharini Chandabai (1880\u20131977) was a Jain scholar and a pioneer of women's education in India. She was the founder of the oldest women's publication in India that is still published, \"Jain Mahiladarsh\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Corinthian Colleges", "paragraph_text": "Corinthian Colleges was founded in February 1995. The five founders \u2014 David Moore, Paul St. Pierre, Frank McCord, Dennis Devereux, and Lloyd Holland \u2014 were executives at National Education Centers, Inc. (NECI), a for-profit operator of vocational schools based in Irvine, California. The stated plan of these founders to acquire schools that were fundamentally sound, but which for one reason or another were performing below their potential."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Michael Fernandes (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Michael is a physics graduate from Madras University and is a retired engineer from ITI Limited. He is married to Donna Fernandes, who is also a social and women's rights activist and is the founder of \"Vimochana\", a women\u2019s rights group based at Bangalore."}], "question": "Who was the founder of the school where Michael Wesch was educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__107715_179720", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech Ring", "paragraph_text": "Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech Ring is a 1943 painting by the British painter Laura Knight depicting a young woman, Ruby Loftus (1921\u20132004), working at an industrial lathe as part of the British war effort in World War II. The painting was commissioned by the War Artists' Advisory Committee (WAAC), and is now part of the Imperial War Museum's art collection. The painting brought instant fame to Loftus, and has been likened to the American figure of \"Rosie the Riveter\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Henry Ussher", "paragraph_text": "The second of five sons of Thomas Ussher by Margaret (d. January 1597), daughter of Henry Geydon, alderman of Dublin, he was born in Dublin about 1550. Ambrose Ussher and James Ussher, sons of his brother Arnold, were his nephews, while his sister Rose married John Garvey, his predecessor as Archbishop. Henry Ussher entered at Magdalene College, Cambridge, matriculating on 2 May 1567, and graduating B. A. in the first quarter of 1570. His studies continued at Paris and at Oxford, where he entered at University College, was incorporated B.A. 1 July 1572, and graduated M.A. 11 July 1572. His first preferment was the treasurership of Christ Church, Dublin (1573); on 12 March 1580 he was made archdeacon of Dublin by Adam Loftus, with whom he was connected by marriage."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Screwdriver", "paragraph_text": "Meanwhile, in Portland, Oregon, Henry F. Phillips patented his own invention, an improved version of a deep socket with a cruciform slot, today known as the Phillips Screw. Phillips offered his screw to the American Screw Company, and after a successful trial on the 1936 Cadillac, it quickly swept through the American auto industry. With the Industrial Revival at the end of the Great Depression and the upheaval of World War II, the Phillips screw quickly became, and remains, the most popular screw in the world. A main attraction for the screw was that conventional slotted screwdrivers could also be used on them, which was not possible with the Robertson Screw."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Reffye 85 mm cannon", "paragraph_text": "The Reffye 85\u00a0mm cannon (French: \"Canon de campagne de 7 de Reffye mod\u00e8le 1870\") was a French artillery piece of the 19th century, developed by the French artillery General Jean-Baptiste Verch\u00e8re de Reffye, superintendent of the works at Meudon. The weapon was adopted by the French Army from 1870. It was an 85\u00a0mm (3.35-inch) rifled breech-loading cannon, equipped with a breech screw, initially made of bronze."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kingsley Ofosu", "paragraph_text": "Kingsley Ofosu (born 1970) is a Ghanaian who made international news in 1992, when he survived the slaughter of a group of African stowaways by the crew of the Bahamian-flagged cargo ship \"MC Ruby\". In all, eight men were killed, including Ofosu\u2019s brother. Ofosu was the only survivor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Compact disc", "paragraph_text": "Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to \"stamp\" one CD is usually two to three seconds."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Birds Fly South", "paragraph_text": "Birds Fly South is the sixth studio album of Houston rapper Lil' Keke. It was released on May 28, 2002 and is now out of print, but there is a Rap Classics version made. There is also a screwed & chopped version and a limited edition two disc version available."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Screwdriver", "paragraph_text": "Reed and Prince, also called Frearson, is another historic cross-head screw configuration. The cross in the screw head is sharper and less rounded than a Phillips, and the bit has 45 \u00b0 flukes and a sharper, pointed end. Also, the Phillips screw slot is not as deep as the Reed and Prince slot. In theory, different size R&P screws fit any R&P bit size."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arthur Loftus Tottenham", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Loftus Tottenham (5 April 1838 \u2013 4 December 1887) was a landowner and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1887."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "HMS Buzzard (1887)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Buzzard\" was a \"Nymphe\"-class composite screw sloop and the fourth ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Staithes group", "paragraph_text": "The group contained renowned artists such as Laura Knight (who kept a studio in the village with her husband and fellow painter Harold Knight), Frederick W. Jackson, Edward E. Anderson, Joseph R. Bagshawe, Thomas Barrett and James W. Booth."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ra\u00fal (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Throughout his career, Ra\u00fal's goal celebration consisted of kissing his wedding ring as an acknowledgment to his wife Mamen Sanz, whom he married in 1999 and with whom he has four sons and a daughter: Jorge, Hugo, twins H\u00e9ctor and Mateo, and Mar\u00eda. Jorge and Hugo are both footballers; Jorge at Fordham Preparatory School in New York City and Hugo in New York City FC's academy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "3 'n the Mornin' (Part Two)", "paragraph_text": "3 'N the Mornin' (Part Two) is a 1996 album by southern hip hop artist DJ Screw. It contains a collection of songs by Dirty South artists remixed using Screw's trademark chopped and screwed style."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Warrior-class ironclad", "paragraph_text": "The \"Warrior\"-class ironclads were a class of two warships built for the Royal Navy between 1859 and 1862, the first ocean-going ironclads with iron hulls ever constructed. The ships were designed as armoured frigates in response to an invasion scare sparked by the launch of the and her three sisters in 1858. They were initially armed with a mix of rifled breech-loading and muzzle-loading smoothbore guns, but the Armstrong breech-loading guns proved unreliable and were ultimately withdrawn from service."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vino cotto", "paragraph_text": "Vino cotto (literally 'cooked wine\u2019, also vi'cotto or vi'cuotte), is a type of wine from the Marche and Abruzzo in Central Italy, made primarily in the hills of the Province of Ascoli Piceno and the Province of Macerata. It is a strong ruby-colored wine, usually semi-sweet, and traditionally drunk in small glasses with puddings and cheese."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ruby Button", "paragraph_text": "Ruby Button is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Anna Shaffer. Shaffer's casting was announced in December 2010 and it was revealed that Ruby would be introduced as the sister of Duncan Button (Dean Aspen). Shaffer originally auditioned for the role of Leanne Holiday, in which she was not successful. Shaffer began filming her scenes in late 2010 and relocated to Liverpool for filming. Ruby made her first appearance in the episode broadcast on 3 January 2011. In October 2013, it was announced that Shaffer had quit the role and would leave in February 2014. In October 2017, speculation emerged indicating Shaffer was to reprise the role very soon and on 16 November 2017, it was confirmed that Ruby would be back for Frankie Osborne's funeral later that month. She returned on 23 November 2017, departing in the following episode, broadcast on 24 November 2017. She made another return for a guest stint at the end of April 2018, making her final appearance on 30 April."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "World Series ring", "paragraph_text": "The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum contains an exhibit on World Series rings. The New York Yankees Museum, located in Yankee Stadium, has an exhibit with replicas of all Yankees' World Series rings, including the pocket watch given after the 1923 World Series. Yogi Berra won the most World Series rings with 15, combining his time as a player and as a coach. He often asked for a pendant to be made for his wife instead; he later had the other rings recast to display in the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gift of Screws", "paragraph_text": "Gift of Screws is the fifth solo album by American musician and Fleetwood Mac vocalist/guitarist Lindsey Buckingham, and was released on September 15, 2008. \"Gift of Screws\" peaked at #48 on the Billboard 200 album chart in September 2008. Additionally, it also reached number #15 on the Billboard Rock Album Chart."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Screwed in Tallinn", "paragraph_text": "Screwed in Tallinn () is a 1999 Swedish comedy-drama film written by and starring the comedy group Killingg\u00e4nget, and directed by their member Tomas Alfredson. Made in a mockumentary style, it revolves around a group of Swedish single men who travel by bus to Estonia where they have been promised they will meet Estonian women."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the creator of The Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech Ring?"}
{"id": "2hop__54733_78802", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lake Jefferson (Minnesota)", "paragraph_text": "Lake Jefferson is a lake in Le Sueur County, Minnesota, United States. The lake covers an area of and is deep at its deepest point. Fish species enzootic to Lake Jefferson include bluegill, largemouth bass, northern pike, and walleye. While the Geographic Names Information System considers Lake Jefferson to be a single lake, it is sometimes referred to as two lakes, East Jefferson Lake and West Jefferson Lake. There are four sections: lower Jefferson, middle Jefferson, upper Jefferson, and Swedes Bay."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Scar (The Lion King)", "paragraph_text": "Scar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 32nd animated feature film The Lion King (1994). The character is voiced by Jeremy Irons while his singing voice is provided by both Irons and Jim Cummings, the latter of whom was hired to replace Irons when the former damaged his singing voice. Subsequently, Scar makes minor appearances in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 11\u20442 (2004), in both of which he is voiced entirely by Cummings, as well as appearing in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, in which the role of Scar was originated by John Vickery."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of The Lion King characters", "paragraph_text": "Simba (voiced by Matthew Broderick in the films, Cam Clarke in Timon & Pumbaa, Rob Lowe in The Lion Guard, and Donald Glover in the 2019 remake) is the son of Mufasa and Sarabi. Simba grows up to take Mufasa's place as King of Pride Rock and becomes the father of Kiara and Kion."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Safari School", "paragraph_text": "Safari School is a BBC Two reality television series presented by Dr Charlotte Uhlenbroek in which eight celebrities take part in a four-week ranger training course in the Shamwari Game Reserve in South Africa."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Lion King", "paragraph_text": "The Lion King is a 1994 American animated epic musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film, and the fifth animated film produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, produced by Don Hahn, and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts, and Linda Woolverton. Its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice, with a score by Hans Zimmer. The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes Matthew Broderick, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Moira Kelly, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Rowan Atkinson, Robert Guillaume, Madge Sinclair, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin, and Jim Cummings. The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by William Shakespeare's Hamlet."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "BC Lions", "paragraph_text": "The BC Lions are a professional Canadian football team competing in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Based in Vancouver, British Columbia, the Lions play their home games at BC Place."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lake Marcel-Stillwater, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Lake Marcel-Stillwater is a census-designated place (CDP) in King County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,277 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sainte-Ir\u00e8ne, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Sainte-Ir\u00e8ne is a parish municipality in Quebec, Canada. It is where the Quebec French version of \"King of the Hill\" takes place."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of The Lion King characters", "paragraph_text": "Mufasa (voiced by James Earl Jones in the films and Gary Anthony Williams in The Lion Guard) is Scar's older brother, Sarabi's mate, Simba's father and Kiara and Kion's paternal grandfather who is introduced as the King of the Pride Lands. The name ``Mufasa ''means`` King'' in the Manazoto language. In The Lion King, he teaches Simba on what a king is supposed to be. However, Mufasa later dies after being thrown into a wildebeest stampede by Scar while rescuing Simba. He returns years later as a ghostly apparition in the clouds to help an older Simba return to the Pride Lands and remember who he is as King."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Lion King", "paragraph_text": "In the Pride Lands of East Africa, a pride of lions rule over the animal kingdom from Pride Rock. King Mufasa's newborn son, Simba, is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki the baboon (with the colorful facial marking of a mandrill) who serves as shaman and advisor. Mufasa shows young Simba the Pride Lands and explains to him the responsibilities of kingship and the ``circle of life ''which connects all living things. Mufasa's younger brother, Scar, covets the throne and plots to eliminate Mufasa and Simba so he may become king. He tricks Simba and his best friend Nala -- to whom Simba is betrothed -- into exploring a forbidden elephants' graveyard, where they are attacked by three spotted hyenas who are in league with Scar. Mufasa is alerted to the danger by his majordomo, the hornbill Zazu, and rescues the cubs. Though angry with Simba, Mufasa forgives him and explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky, from which he will one day watch over Simba."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of The Lion King characters", "paragraph_text": "Nala (voiced by Moira Kelly in The Lion King, The Lion King ll: Simba's Pride, and The Lion King 11\u20442, and Gabrielle Union in The Lion Guard) is the daughter of Sarafina, the best friend and later wife of Simba and Kiara and Kion's mother. Although she is a prominent character in The Lion King, she makes minor appearances in Simba's Pride, The Lion King 11\u20442, and The Lion Guard."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Simba", "paragraph_text": "Simba The Lion King character Simba as he appears as a cub in the first film First appearance The Lion King (1994) Created by Irene Mecchi Jonathan Roberts Linda Woolverton Voiced by Matthew Broderick (adult, in 3 films) Jonathan Taylor Thomas (cub) Joseph Williams (singing, adult) Jason Weaver (singing, cub) Matt Weinberg (cub in The Lion King 11\u20442) Cam Clarke (various sequels and merchandise) Rob Lowe (The Lion Guard) Donald Glover (adult in The Lion King (2019 film) JD McCrary (cub in The Lion King (2019 film) Information Species Lion Gender Male Family Mufasa (father, deceased) Sarabi (mother) Bunga (adoptive brother) Sarafina (mother - in - law) Kovu (son - in - law) Spouse (s) Nala (wife) Children Kopa (son) Kiara (daughter) Kion (son) Relatives Scar (uncle, deceased)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Seeley Lake, Montana", "paragraph_text": "Seeley Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Missoula County, Montana, United States. It is part of the 'Missoula, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area'. The town sits beside the 1,031.5 acres lake Seeley Lake. The population was 1,659 at the 2010 census, an increase from its population of 1,436 in 2000."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lake Asveja", "paragraph_text": "Lake Asveja or Dubingiai Lake ( or ) is the longest lake in Lithuania (length: 21.9\u00a0km or 29.7\u00a0km counting the \u017dalktyn\u0117, Vyriogala and Dubingiai bights). It covers 9.78\u00a0km\u00b2 area and reaches a depth of 50.2m which makes it the third deepest lake in Lithuania. It lies partly in Mol\u0117tai district, \u0160ven\u010dionys district and Vilnius district. The alternative name comes from the historical Dubingiai Castle, constructed on the former island, and the small town of Dubingiai situated on the lake. The town is a popular tourist destination. \u017deimena River flows south of the lake and people rent boats or kayaks to go down the river to the Neris River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2018 Illinois gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election takes place as part of the 2018 Illinois general election and elects the Governor of Illinois. The Democratic and Republican general primary elections will take place on March 20, 2018, and the general election will take place on November 6, 2018."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lake Como", "paragraph_text": "Lake Como (Lago di Como (\u02c8la\u02d0\u0261o di \u02c8k\u0254\u02d0mo) or locally (\u02c8la\u02d0\u0261o di \u02c8ko\u02d0mo) in Italian, also known as Lario (\u02c8la\u02d0rjo), after the Latin name of the lake; Lagh de C\u00f2mm (\u02c8l\u0251\u02d0k de \u02c8k\u0254m) in Lombard; Latin: Larius Lacus) is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of 146 square kilometres (56 sq mi), making it the third - largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over 400 metres (1,300 feet) deep, it is one of the deepest lakes in Europe, and the bottom of the lake is more than 200 metres (660 ft) below sea level."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lake Tanganyika", "paragraph_text": "Lake Tanganyika is an African Great Lake. It is the second oldest freshwater lake in the world, the second largest by volume, and the second deepest, in all cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. The lake is divided among four countries -- Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia, with Tanzania (46%) and DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake. The water flows into the Congo River system and ultimately into the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Scar (The Lion King)", "paragraph_text": "Scar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film The Lion King (1994). The character is voiced by Jeremy Irons while his singing voice is provided by both Irons and Jim Cummings, the latter of whom was hired to replace Irons when the former damaged his singing voice. Subsequently, Scar makes minor appearances in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 11\u20442 (2004), in which he is voiced entirely by Cummings, and has a non speaking role in The Lion King 11\u20442 as well as appearing in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, in which the role of Scar was originated by John Vickery."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Simba", "paragraph_text": "Released in theaters in 1994, \"The Lion King\" marks Simba's first appearance. All the animals in the Pride Lands gather at the foot of Pride Rock to commemorate the birth of Simba, who will eventually succeed to the throne and take his father Mufasa's place as king. Furious by the fact that he is no longer next in line, Simba's jealous uncle Scar refuses to attend the ceremony. While Simba grows into a rambunctious lion cub who frequently boasts about the fact that he will someday rule over the Pride Lands, Scar secretly plots against him."}], "question": "What is the deepest lake in the part of Africa where The Lion King takes place?"}
{"id": "2hop__68389_78802", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lake Como", "paragraph_text": "Lake Como (Lago di Como (\u02c8la\u02d0\u0261o di \u02c8k\u0254\u02d0mo) or locally (\u02c8la\u02d0\u0261o di \u02c8ko\u02d0mo) in Italian, also known as Lario (\u02c8la\u02d0rjo), after the Latin name of the lake; Lagh de C\u00f2mm (\u02c8l\u0251\u02d0k de \u02c8k\u0254m) in Lombard; Latin: Larius Lacus) is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of 146 square kilometres (56 sq mi), making it the third - largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over 400 metres (1,300 feet) deep, it is one of the deepest lakes in Europe, and the bottom of the lake is more than 200 metres (660 ft) below sea level."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wood", "paragraph_text": "A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Early expansions of hominins out of Africa", "paragraph_text": "The oldest hominin sites are in East Africa. The earliest known retouched tools were found in Lomekwi, Kenya, and date back to 3.3 Ma, in the late Pliocene. They might be the product of Australopithecus garhi or Paranthropus aethiopicus, the two known hominins contemporary with the tools."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New International Version", "paragraph_text": "The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Grand Lake (Colorado)", "paragraph_text": "Grand Lake is Colorado's largest and deepest natural lake. It is located in the headwaters of the Colorado River in Grand County, Colorado. On its north shore is located the historic and eponymous town of Grand Lake. The lake fills a glaciated valley that is dammed in part by glacial till from the Pinedale Glaciation, and is younger than about 12,000 years. Natural tributaries to the lake are the North Inlet and East Inlet, both of which flow out of Rocky Mountain National Park, which surrounds the lake on three sides: Grand Lake is located 1 mile from the Park's western entrance. Grand Lake was named Spirit Lake by the Ute Tribe because they believed the lake's cold waters to be the dwelling place of departed souls."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Corpus Christi, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The Port of Corpus Christi, which is the fifth - largest U.S. port and deepest inshore port on the Gulf of Mexico, handles mostly oil and agricultural products. Much of the local economy is driven by tourism and the oil and petrochemicals industry. In 2005, the port was ranked as the 47th - largest in the world by cargo tonnage."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tullis Onstott", "paragraph_text": "Tullis Onstott is a professor of geosciences at Princeton University who has done research into endolithic life deep under the Earth's surface. In 2007, Onstott was listed among \"Time Magazine's\" 100 most influential people in the world. In 2011 he co-discovered \"Halicephalobus mephisto\", a nematode worm living under the ground, the deepest multicellular organism known to science. He won a LExEN Award for his work \"A Window Into the Extreme Environment of Deep Subsurface Microbial Communities: Witwatersrand Deep Microbiology Project\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus\u2019s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama\u2019s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nibela Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The Nibela Peninsula is the northern peninsula that separates False Bay from the main portion of Lake St Lucia in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lake Jefferson (Minnesota)", "paragraph_text": "Lake Jefferson is a lake in Le Sueur County, Minnesota, United States. The lake covers an area of and is deep at its deepest point. Fish species enzootic to Lake Jefferson include bluegill, largemouth bass, northern pike, and walleye. While the Geographic Names Information System considers Lake Jefferson to be a single lake, it is sometimes referred to as two lakes, East Jefferson Lake and West Jefferson Lake. There are four sections: lower Jefferson, middle Jefferson, upper Jefferson, and Swedes Bay."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "East Rand Mine", "paragraph_text": "East Rand Proprietary Mines (ERPM) is a 120 - year - old underground gold mining operation on the Witwatersrand Basin at Boksburg, to the east of Johannesburg. The mine employed 2,740 people. It was the deepest mine in the world until 2008 at 3,585 metres depth, slightly more than the TauTona mine, also in South Africa, which was 3,581 metres at the time (in 2008 the TauTona mine completed a digging project that extended the depth of the mine by several hundred metres.)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Karonga", "paragraph_text": "Pre-historic tools and remains of hominids discovered in Malawi's remote northern district of Karonga provides further proof that the area could be the cradle of humankind. Professor Friedemann Schrenk of the Goethe University in Frankfurt told Reuters News that two students working on the excavation site in September 2009 had discovered prehistoric tools and a tooth of a hominid. \"This latest discovery of prehistoric tools and remains of hominids provides additional proof to the theory that the Great Rift Valley of Africa and perhaps the excavation site near Karonga can be considered the cradle of humankind.\" Schrenk said. The site also contains some of the earliest dinosaurs which lived between 100 million and 140\u00a0million years ago and early hominids believed to have lived between a million and 6\u00a0million years ago. The discovery was at Malema excavation site from Karonga."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Big Bear Lake", "paragraph_text": "Big Bear Lake is a reservoir in the San Bernardino Mountains, in San Bernardino County, California, United States. At a surface elevation of 6,750 ft (2,060 m), it has an east -- west length of approximately 7 mi (11 km) and is approximately 2.5 mi (4.0 km) at its widest measurement, though the lake's width mostly averages a little more than 1 mi (1.6 km). These approximations are based on the lake having an optimum retainable water level. At dam's end Big Bear measures its deepest water at 72 ft (22 m). It is a completely snow - fed lake, having no other means of tributary or mechanical replenishment."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Meadows Center for Water and the Environment", "paragraph_text": "The Meadows Center for Water and the Environment, formerly Aquarena Springs and later the Aquarena Center, is an educational center in San Marcos, Texas, dedicated to the preservation of the unique archeological and biological resources of Spring Lake. Visitors can take glass-bottomed boat tours of Spring Lake and view live native animals and fish in the Discovery Center."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lake Tanganyika", "paragraph_text": "Lake Tanganyika is an African Great Lake. It is the second oldest freshwater lake in the world, the second largest by volume, and the second deepest, in all cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. The lake is divided among four countries -- Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia, with Tanzania (46%) and DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake. The water flows into the Congo River system and ultimately into the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lake Asveja", "paragraph_text": "Lake Asveja or Dubingiai Lake ( or ) is the longest lake in Lithuania (length: 21.9\u00a0km or 29.7\u00a0km counting the \u017dalktyn\u0117, Vyriogala and Dubingiai bights). It covers 9.78\u00a0km\u00b2 area and reaches a depth of 50.2m which makes it the third deepest lake in Lithuania. It lies partly in Mol\u0117tai district, \u0160ven\u010dionys district and Vilnius district. The alternative name comes from the historical Dubingiai Castle, constructed on the former island, and the small town of Dubingiai situated on the lake. The town is a popular tourist destination. \u017deimena River flows south of the lake and people rent boats or kayaks to go down the river to the Neris River."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pentominium", "paragraph_text": "The Pentominium is a 122-storey, supertall skyscraper on hold in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Construction on the tower has been halted since August 2011. It was designed by Andrew Bromberg of architects Aedas and funded by Trident International Holdings. The AED 1.46 billion (US$400 million) construction contract was awarded to Arabian Construction Company (ACC). The Pentominium has one of the deepest excavations done in the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Northwest Territories", "paragraph_text": "Located in northern Canada, the territory borders Canada's two other territories, Yukon to the west and Nunavut to the east, as well as three provinces: British Columbia to the southwest, and Alberta and Saskatchewan to the south. It possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has a land area of 1,183,085 km2 (456,792 sq mi).Geographical features include Great Bear Lake, the largest lake entirely within Canada, and Great Slave Lake, the deepest body of water in North America at 614 m (2,014 ft), as well as the Mackenzie River and the canyons of the Nahanni National Park Reserve, a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island, and parts of Victoria Island and Melville Island. Its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m (9,098 ft)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of the Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The idea of the Panama canal dates back to the 1513 discovery of the isthmus by Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa. The narrow land bridge between North and South America houses the Panama Canal, a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The earliest European colonists recognized this potential, and several proposals for a canal were made."}], "question": "What is the deepest lake in the location of the earliest hominin discovery in the world?"}
{"id": "2hop__250201_749292", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "I Am a Camera", "paragraph_text": "I Am a Camera is a 1951 Broadway play by John Van Druten adapted from Christopher Isherwood's novel \"Goodbye to Berlin\", which is part of \"The Berlin Stories\". The title is a quote taken from the novel's first page: \"\"I am a camera with its shutter open, quite passive, recording, not thinking\".\" The original production was staged by John Van Druten, with scenic and lighting design by Boris Aronson and costumes by Ellen Goldsborough. It opened at the Empire Theatre in New York City on November 28, 1951 and ran for 214 performances before closing on July 12, 1952."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Too Good at Goodbyes", "paragraph_text": "``Too Good at Goodbyes ''is a song by British singer Sam Smith that was released on 8 September 2017. It is the lead single from his second studio album, The Thrill of It All (2017)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "World Party", "paragraph_text": "World Party are a British musical group, which is essentially the solo project of its sole member, Karl Wallinger. He started the band in 1986 in London after leaving The Waterboys."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Addio, addio", "paragraph_text": "\"Addio, addio\" (English translation: \"Goodbye, Goodbye\") was the Italian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1962, performed in Italian by Claudio Villa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Goodbye to Gravity", "paragraph_text": "Goodbye to Gravity was a Romanian metalcore band from Bucharest, active from 2011 until 2015, when four of the band's five members died during their concert at a night club in Bucharest, due to a burning firework that started a large fire."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Is This Goodbye, Charlie Brown?", "paragraph_text": "Is This Goodbye, Charlie Brown? is the 24th prime-time animated TV special based upon the popular comic strip \"Peanuts,\" by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally aired on the CBS network on February 21, 1983."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Hello, Goodbye Window", "paragraph_text": "The Hello, Goodbye Window is a children's picture book written by Norton Juster and illustrated by Chris Raschka. Published in 2005, the book tells the story of a little girl who enjoys visiting her grandparents. Raschka won the 2006 Caldecott Medal for his illustrations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Let It Be", "paragraph_text": "The master take was recorded on 31 January 1969, as part of the ``Apple studio performance ''for the project. McCartney played Bl\u00fcthner piano, Lennon played six - string electric bass (replaced by McCartney's own bass part on the final version at the behest of George Martin), George Harrison and Ringo Starr assumed their conventional roles, on guitar and drums respectively, and Billy Preston contributed on organ. This was one of two performances of`` Let It Be'' that day. The first version, designated take 27 - A, would serve as the basis for all officially released versions of the song. The other version, take 27 - B, was performed as part of the ``live studio performance '', along with`` Two of Us'' and ``The Long and Winding Road ''. This performance, in which Lennon and Harrison harmonised with McCartney's lead vocal and Harrison contributed a subdued guitar solo, can be seen in the film Let It Be."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Goodbye, Sarah Jane Smith", "paragraph_text": "Goodbye, Sarah Jane Smith is a two-part story of \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\" which was broadcast on CBBC on 15 and 16 November 2010. It is the sixth and final story of the fourth series and is also the last to feature the robot dog K9."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kiss and Say Goodbye", "paragraph_text": "``Kiss and Say Goodbye ''is a 1976 hit song worldwide, by popular American R&B vocal group The Manhattans. It was written by group member Winfred Lovett, the bass singer and songwriter of the group, interpreter of the famous spoken voice on the song intro. The song was recorded for the album The Manhattans, released in 1976 by Columbia Records, and was released as a single in March of the same year.`` Kiss and Say Goodbye'' became a worldwide success, appearing in the musical charts of countless countries, reaching excellent positions. The song was ranked number 1 in US, Belgium, Netherlands, New Zealand, and in Europe (European Hot 100 Singles). With the exception of Adult Contemporary Chart, ``Kiss and Say Goodbye ''was ranked number 1 in US on all Pop Singles Charts and on all R&B Singles Charts. The song was one of the biggest hits of 1976 and the 1970s."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dumbo", "paragraph_text": "BULLET::::- Verna Felton as Elephant Matriarch, the well-meaning but pompous leader of the elephants who is initially cold toward Dumbo. Felton also voices Mrs. Jumbo, Dumbo's mother, who speaks only once in the film to give Dumbo's name."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Toyota Racing Development", "paragraph_text": "Toyota Racing Development (also known by its abbreviation TRD) is the in - house tuning shop for all Toyota, Lexus and formerly Scion cars. TRD is responsible both for improving street cars for more performance and supporting Toyota's racing interests around the world. TRD produces various tuning products and accessories, including performance suspension components, superchargers, and wheels. TRD parts are available through Toyota dealers, and are also available as accessories on brand - new Toyotas and Scions. Performance parts for Lexus vehicles are now labeled as F - Sport and performance Lexus models are labeled F to distinguish Lexus's F division from TRD."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Goodbye Emmanuelle", "paragraph_text": "Goodbye Emmanuelle (aka Emmanuelle 3) is a 1977 French softcore erotica movie directed by Fran\u00e7ois Leterrier, and starring Sylvia Kristel. The music score is by Serge Gainsbourg. In this sequel, Emmanuelle and Jean move to the Seychelles, where she leaves him."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "What Happened to Goodbye", "paragraph_text": "What Happened to Goodbye is a young adult novel by Sarah Dessen. The book chronicles the life of a 16- to 17-year-old girl, Mclean, and her journey of self-discovery."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hellos and Goodbyes", "paragraph_text": "Hellos & Goodbyes by Buck-O-Nine was released in 2000 on Offramp Records, and consists of fifteen tracks recorded at a live performance in Japan in 1999, plus five previously unreleased studio tracks. This album features drummer Jeff Hawthorne, who became the band's permanent drummer in 1998, and bassist John Bell, who joined the band just a few weeks prior to their tour of Japan. In fact, Bell's first live performances with the band were on this tour. The studio tracks were recorded later in 1999, at the same studio where \"Libido\" was recorded. Offramp Records was a label started by singer Jon Pebsworth and his wife Laura. The label also released an album by The Scrimmage Heroes, band Buck-O-Nine toured with on its last U.S. tour. The tour ended prematurely when John Bell became ill and required emergency surgery."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Goodbye Jumbo", "paragraph_text": "Goodbye Jumbo is the second studio album by British alternative rock band World Party, released on 24 April 1990 on Ensign Records."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bennie and the Jets", "paragraph_text": "``Bennie and the Jets ''(also titled as`` Benny & the Jets'') is a song composed by Elton John and Bernie Taupin. The song first appeared on the Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album in 1973. ``Bennie and the Jets ''has been one of John's most popular songs and was performed during John's appearance at Live Aid. The track is spelled Benny on the sleeve of the single and in the track listing of the album, but Bennie on the album vinyl disc label."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Drinkin' My Baby Goodbye", "paragraph_text": "\"Drinkin' My Baby Goodbye\" is a song written by Charlie Daniels and performed by the Charlie Daniels Band. It was released in March 1986 as the third and final single from their album \"Me and the Boys\". The song reached number 8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Seattle\u2013Bainbridge ferry", "paragraph_text": "Assigned to the route as of January 2018 were the Jumbo Mark II class ferries Tacoma and Wenatchee, each with a capacity of 2,500 passengers and a maximum of 202 vehicles."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ask for More", "paragraph_text": "\"Ask for More\" is a song performed by Janet Jackson as part of an advertising campaign for soft drink company Pepsi in 1999."}], "question": "Who is part of the group that performed Goodbye Jumbo?"}
{"id": "2hop__606824_18458", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of the Boyne", "paragraph_text": "Battle of the Boyne Part of the Williamite War in Ireland Painting of the battle by Jan Wyck c. 1693 Date 1 July 1690 O.S. Location Oldbridge, County Meath, Ireland Result Williamite victory Belligerents Jacobite forces France Williamite forces Dutch Republic Danish Auxiliary Corps Commanders and leaders James VII and II Earl of Tyrconnell Duc de Lauzun James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick William III Duke of Schomberg \u2020 Strength 23,500 36,000 Casualties and losses ~ 1,500 casualties ~ 750 casualties"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wu De", "paragraph_text": "Wu De (; 1913 \u2013 November 29, 1995), born Li Chunhua (\u674e\u6625\u534e), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and politician of the People's Republic of China. He served in provincial-level leadership positions in Pingyuan Province, Tianjin municipality, Jilin Province, and Beijing municipality, and was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1973 to 1980. After the Cultural Revolution, Wu was a key supporter of Hua Guofeng and was forced out of politics after Deng Xiaoping ousted Hua from his leadership position."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bombing of Singapore (1944\u20131945)", "paragraph_text": "The raids had mixed results. While significant damage was inflicted on Singapore's important naval base and commercial port, some raids on these targets were not successful and other attacks on oil storage facilities on islands near Singapore were ineffective. The minelaying campaign disrupted Japanese shipping in the Singapore area and resulted in the loss of three vessels and damage to a further ten, but was not decisive. The Allied air attacks were successful in raising the morale of Singapore's civilian population, who believed that the raids marked the impending liberation of the city. The overall number of civilian casualties from the bombings was low, though civilian workers were killed during attacks on military facilities; one attack rendered hundreds of people homeless."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zinc", "paragraph_text": "The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombi\u00e8res between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106\u2013125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (\u674e\u958f) and Jiang Jing (\u6c5f\u4eac) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125\u2013144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengn\u00fc (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengn\u00fc resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pre-eclampsia", "paragraph_text": "Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and often a significant amount of protein in the urine. The condition begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy. In severe disease there may be red blood cell breakdown, a low blood platelet count, impaired liver function, kidney dysfunction, swelling, shortness of breath due to fluid in the lungs, or visual disturbances. Pre-eclampsia increases the risk of poor outcomes for both the mother and the baby. If left untreated, it may result in seizures at which point it is known as eclampsia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Deng Pufang", "paragraph_text": "Deng Pufang was born to Deng Xiaoping and Zhuo Lin, his third wife, in Zuoquan, Jinzhong, Shanxi. He is considered a member of the Crown Prince Party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Memorial to Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao", "paragraph_text": "The Memorial to Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao is a museum in Tianjin. The three-story museum is dedicated to the memory of premier Zhou Enlai and his wife, Deng Yingchao, and features photos, documents and dioramas of significant events in their lives. Situated in the entrance-hall are the white jade sitting statues of Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao. In another exhibition hall there are over 140 artifacts recovered from Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "World War II casualties", "paragraph_text": "More than half of the total number of casualties are accounted for by the dead of the Republic of China and of the Soviet Union. The government of the Russian Republic in the 1990s published an estimate of USSR losses at 26.6 million, including 8 to 9 million due to famine and disease. The People's Republic of China as of 2005 estimated the number of Chinese dead at 20 million."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Deng Xiaoping", "paragraph_text": "Between 1927 and 1929, Deng lived in Shanghai, where he helped organize protests that would be harshly persecuted by the Kuomintang authorities. The death of many Communist militants in those years led to a decrease in the number of members of the Communist Party, which enabled Deng to quickly move up the ranks. During this stage in Shanghai, Deng married a woman he met in Moscow, Zhang Xiyuan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bluff Cove air attacks", "paragraph_text": "The Bluff Cove air attacks occurred 8 June 1982, during the Falklands War. British troop transport ships were bombed by the Argentine Air Force (FAA) whilst unloading, with significant damage and casualties."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "Hard-fought battles on the Japanese home islands of Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and others resulted in horrific casualties on both sides but finally produced a Japanese defeat. Of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa, 94 percent died. Faced with the loss of most of their experienced pilots, the Japanese increased their use of kamikaze tactics in an attempt to create unacceptably high casualties for the Allies. The U.S. Navy proposed to force a Japanese surrender through a total naval blockade and air raids."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "In mid-1944 Japan mobilized over 500,000 men  and launched a massive operation across China under the code name Operation Ichi-Go, their largest offensive of World War II, with the goal of connecting Japanese-controlled territory in China and French Indochina and capturing airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based. During this time, many of the newest American-trained Chinese units and supplies were forcibly locked in the Burmese theater under Joseph Stilwell set by terms of the Lend-Lease Agreement. Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties, these attacks, the biggest in several years, gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi. Despite major tactical victories, the operation overall failed to provide Japan with any significant strategic gains. A great majority of the Chinese forces were able to retreat out of the area, and later come back to attack Japanese positions such as Battle of West Hunan. Japan was not any closer in defeating China after this operation, and the constant defeats the Japanese suffered in the Pacific meant that Japan never got the time and resources needed to achieve final victory over China. Operation Ichi-go created a great sense of social confusion in the areas of China that it affected. Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to gain influence and control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of Ichi-go."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Deng Pufang", "paragraph_text": "Deng Pufang () (born 16 April 1944) is the first son of China's former Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. He is mostly known for being crippled by the Red Guards and becoming a paraplegic. He has since dedicated his life to improving the rights of people with disabilities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839\u201342). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations. The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share. A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests", "paragraph_text": "During the 1989 student demonstrations in Beijing, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) played a decisive role in enforcing martial law, suppressing the demonstrations by force and upholding the authority of the Chinese Communist Party. The subject of the Tiananmen protests in general and the military's role in the crackdown remains forbidden from public discussion in China. The killings in Beijing continue to taint the legacies of the party elders, led by Deng Xiaoping, and weigh on the generation of leaders whose careers advanced as their more moderate colleagues were purged or sidelined at the time. Within China, the role of the military in 1989 remains a subject of private discussion within the ranks of the party leadership and PLA."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by Li Meng, a Confucian academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (Chinese: \u5c1a\u66f8\u7701), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment, serious logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that, on November 1951, Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area, to increase the number of trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade, during the eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of coutrier stations, noble estates, and Banner lands, in garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80% of the population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cultural Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve Chinese Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known outside China simply as Maoism) as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked Mao's return to a position of power after the failures of his Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and negatively affected both the economy and society of the country to a significant degree. An estimated 500,000 to 2,000,000 people were killed.The movement was launched in May 1966, after Mao alleged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. To eliminate his rivals within the Communist Party of China (CPC), Mao insisted that revisionists be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread armed clashes between conservative and radical factions in all walks of life, as a result of Mao's open call for \"all-round civil war\" against the conservatives in the communist party establishment. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period, Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions."}], "question": "What did Deng Yingchao's spouse do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?"}
{"id": "2hop__606824_149520", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Michael Bzdel", "paragraph_text": "In 1984 Bzdel was elected Provincial Superior of the Yorkton, Saskatchewan, Canada Province of the Redemptorist Order, a position he held until his elevation to the episcopate in 1992."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alephonsion Deng", "paragraph_text": "Alephonsion Deng (c. 1982 - ) is a South Sudanese author and speaker. He is best known as the co-author of the book\" \", along with his brother Benson, cousin Benjamin and American author Judy A. Bernstein."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Deng Pufang", "paragraph_text": "Deng Pufang was born to Deng Xiaoping and Zhuo Lin, his third wife, in Zuoquan, Jinzhong, Shanxi. He is considered a member of the Crown Prince Party."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ion Dic Dicescu", "paragraph_text": "Ion Dic-Dicescu (born Ion Dicescu; ; May 1893 \u2013 January 4, 1938) was a Romanian socialist journalist and officer and later Bolshevik activist who held command positions in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. After the war, he held research positions in the economical domain at several Soviet universities and research institutes, before being executed on accusations of espionage during the Great Purge."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jane Jimmy Chigiyal", "paragraph_text": "Chigiyal served as a longtime member of the FSM Department of Foreign Affairs. She held the position of Deputy Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs prior to her confirmation as Micronesia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wu De", "paragraph_text": "Wu De (; 1913 \u2013 November 29, 1995), born Li Chunhua (\u674e\u6625\u534e), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and politician of the People's Republic of China. He served in provincial-level leadership positions in Pingyuan Province, Tianjin municipality, Jilin Province, and Beijing municipality, and was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1973 to 1980. After the Cultural Revolution, Wu was a key supporter of Hua Guofeng and was forced out of politics after Deng Xiaoping ousted Hua from his leadership position."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Norman Grant (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Norman Grant is a member of the Senate of Jamaica. He is also the president of the Jamaican Agricultural Society, a position which he held up until 2009 and again after 2012."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Neilson Poe", "paragraph_text": "Judge Neilson Poe (August 11, 1809 - January 4, 1884) was an American judge for the City of Baltimore's orphan's court, (today referred to as a probate court). He was initially appointed to the court by Maryland Governor John Lee Carroll in 1878 and elected to the position in November 1879. He held on to the position until 1883."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Deng Xiaoping", "paragraph_text": "Between 1927 and 1929, Deng lived in Shanghai, where he helped organize protests that would be harshly persecuted by the Kuomintang authorities. The death of many Communist militants in those years led to a decrease in the number of members of the Communist Party, which enabled Deng to quickly move up the ranks. During this stage in Shanghai, Deng married a woman he met in Moscow, Zhang Xiyuan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yu Zhengsheng", "paragraph_text": "Yu Zhengsheng was born in the communist revolutionary heartland of Yan'an in 1945, the son of Yu Qiwei (better known as Huang Jing), a Communist revolutionary, and Fan Jin, a frontline journalist. Yu's family was originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang province. He graduated from Harbin Military Academy of Engineering specializing in the design of automated missiles. In December 1968 he was sent to work in Zhangjiakou, Hebei. Until the mid-1980s his career concentration was in electronic engineering. In 1984, he was asked by Deng Xiaoping's son Deng Pufang to take on a leading role in the Fund for Disabled Persons."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Michael H. Cardozo", "paragraph_text": "Michael Hart Cardozo IV (September 15, 1910 \u2013 October 20, 1996) was an American lawyer and professor who held government positions over more than a sixty-year career."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Podgorica", "paragraph_text": "Since October 2014, position of the mayor is held by DPS official, Slavoljub Stijepovi\u0107, replacing Podgorica mayor od 14 years, Miomir Mugo\u0161a."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Memorial to Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao", "paragraph_text": "The Memorial to Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao is a museum in Tianjin. The three-story museum is dedicated to the memory of premier Zhou Enlai and his wife, Deng Yingchao, and features photos, documents and dioramas of significant events in their lives. Situated in the entrance-hall are the white jade sitting statues of Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao. In another exhibition hall there are over 140 artifacts recovered from Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Deng Pufang", "paragraph_text": "Deng Pufang () (born 16 April 1944) is the first son of China's former Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. He is mostly known for being crippled by the Red Guards and becoming a paraplegic. He has since dedicated his life to improving the rights of people with disabilities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106\u2013125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (\u674e\u958f) and Jiang Jing (\u6c5f\u4eac) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125\u2013144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengn\u00fc (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengn\u00fc resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stanley King", "paragraph_text": "Stanley King (May 11, 1883 \u2013 April 28, 1951) was the eleventh president of Amherst College. He held that position from 1932 to 1946."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "James D. Gordon III", "paragraph_text": "James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jay Gogue", "paragraph_text": "George Jay Gogue (born 1947) is an American educator and current President of Auburn University, a position he held from 2007 until his retirement in July 2017 and again in 2019."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Caetano N'Tchama", "paragraph_text": "Caetano N'Tchama (born 1955) is a Guinea-Bissau politician and former Prime Minister. He held that position from 19 February 2000 to 19 March 2001 and is a member of the Social Renewal Party (PRS)."}], "question": "What position did Deng Yingchao's spouse hold?"}
{"id": "2hop__31606_31623", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Richard Phillips Feynman (/\u02c8fa\u026anm\u0259n/; May 11, 1918 \u2013 February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt G\u00f6del and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize\u2013winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled \"Arlene\"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis\u2014an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. (\"Please excuse my not mailing this,\" the letter concluded, \"but I don't know your new address.\") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to \"spruce up\" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Redfield", "paragraph_text": "James Redfield is an American author, lecturer, screenwriter and film producer. He is notable for his novel \"The Celestine Prophecy\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John F. Rockart", "paragraph_text": "John Fralick (Jack) Rockart (1931 - February 3, 2014) was an American organizational theorist, and Senior Lecturer Emeritus at the Center for Information Systems Research at the MIT Sloan School of Management."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961\u201364. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with \"Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics\" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase \"Tuva or Bust\" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "In the late 1980s, according to \"Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine\", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Exploring Minds", "paragraph_text": "Lectures from various university academics throughout Canada were featured on \"Exploring Minds\". Episodes were produced in Toronto, Vancouver and other cities with support from numerous Canadian universities."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, \"It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sins of the City", "paragraph_text": "Sins of the City is an American crime drama television series that aired on USA Network from July 19 until October 17, 1998. While thirteen episodes of the series were produced, only nine episodes were aired before USA Network pulled the show."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "On Translating Homer", "paragraph_text": "On Translating Homer, published in January 1861, was a printed version of the series of public lectures given by Matthew Arnold as Professor of Poetry at Oxford from 3 November 1860 to 18 December 1860."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Star Trek", "paragraph_text": "NBC canceled the show after three seasons; the last original episode aired on June 3, 1969. The petition near the end of the second season to save the show signed by many Caltech students and its multiple Hugo nominations would, however, indicate that despite low Nielsen ratings, it was highly popular with science fiction fans and engineering students. The series later became popular in reruns and found a cult following."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Feynman was a late talker, and did not speak until after his third birthday. As an adult he spoke with a New York accent strong enough to be perceived as an affectation or exaggeration\u2014so much so that his friends Wolfgang Pauli and Hans Bethe once commented that Feynman spoke like a \"bum\". The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother, he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.When Richard was five his mother gave birth to a younger brother, Henry Phillips, who died at age four weeks. Four years later, Richard's sister Joan was born and the family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Though separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, and they both shared a curiosity about the world. Though their mother thought women lacked the capacity to understand such things, Richard encouraged Joan's interest in astronomy, and Joan eventually became an astrophysicist."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "City Arts & Lectures", "paragraph_text": "City Arts & Lectures produces onstage conversation at the Herbst Theatre in San Francisco. Founded by Sydney Goldstein in 1980, City Arts & Lectures produces more than fifty live events a year and records most events for edited and delayed broadcast on public radio. These programs are heard on over 170 public radio stations across the United States. City Arts & Lectures Radio Broadcasts, retrieved Jan. 28, 2013. Co-produced by National Public Radio affiliate KQED in San Francisco, the on-air broadcasts are introduced by Linda Hunt and hosted by various appropriate interviewers and luminaries."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saul Teukolsky", "paragraph_text": "Teukolsky received a Bachelor of Science in Honors Physics and Honors Applied Mathematics from the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa in 1970. He went on to be a graduate student under Kip Thorne at Caltech where he received his Ph.D. in 1973. He returned to Cornell as an Assistant Professor of Physics and Astronomy in 1974 after serving as the Richard Chace Tolman Research Fellow for one year at Caltech. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1977 and Full Professor in 1983. In 1999 he was named the Hans A. Bethe professor of physics and astrophysics, a position which he still holds. In 2003 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Odometer", "paragraph_text": "In 1903 Arthur P. and Charles H. Warner, two brothers from Beloit, Wisconsin, introduced their patented Auto - meter. The Auto - Meter used a magnet attached to a rotating shaft to induce a magnetic pull upon a thin metal disk. Measuring this pull provided accurate measurements of both distance and speed information to automobile drivers in a single instrument. The Warners sold their company in 1912 to the Stewart & Clark Company of Chicago. The new firm was renamed the Stewart - Warner Corporation. By 1925, Stewart - Warner odometers and trip meters were standard equipment on the vast majority of automobiles and motorcycles manufactured in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands."}], "question": "Where do the lectures produced by Feynman after 3 years at Caltech pull information from?"}
{"id": "2hop__31567_31623", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Richard Phillips Feynman (/\u02c8fa\u026anm\u0259n/; May 11, 1918 \u2013 February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to \"spruce up\" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Odometer", "paragraph_text": "In 1903 Arthur P. and Charles H. Warner, two brothers from Beloit, Wisconsin, introduced their patented Auto - meter. The Auto - Meter used a magnet attached to a rotating shaft to induce a magnetic pull upon a thin metal disk. Measuring this pull provided accurate measurements of both distance and speed information to automobile drivers in a single instrument. The Warners sold their company in 1912 to the Stewart & Clark Company of Chicago. The new firm was renamed the Stewart - Warner Corporation. By 1925, Stewart - Warner odometers and trip meters were standard equipment on the vast majority of automobiles and motorcycles manufactured in the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, \"It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Noether Lecture", "paragraph_text": "The Noether Lecture is an award and lecture series that honors women \"who have made fundamental and sustained contributions to the mathematical sciences\". The Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM) established the annual lectures in 1980 as the Emmy Noether Lectures, in honor of one of the leading mathematicians of her time. In 2013 it was renamed the AWM-AMS Noether Lecture and since 2015 is sponsored jointly with the American Mathematical Society (AMS). The recipient delivers the lecture at the yearly American Joint Mathematics Meetings held in January."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oskar Pfister Award", "paragraph_text": "The Oskar Pfister Award was established by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), with the Association of Mental Health Clergy (now the Association of Professional Chaplains), in 1983 to honor those who have made significant contributions to the field of religion and psychiatry. The recipient delivers a lecture at an APA conference during the year of award, although the 2002 lecture was delivered by Susan Larson on behalf of her late husband. The award is named in honor of Oskar Pfister, a chaplain who discussed the religious aspects of psychology with Sigmund Freud."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John F. Rockart", "paragraph_text": "John Fralick (Jack) Rockart (1931 - February 3, 2014) was an American organizational theorist, and Senior Lecturer Emeritus at the Center for Information Systems Research at the MIT Sloan School of Management."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Owen Wister Review", "paragraph_text": "The Owen Wister Review is the University of Wyoming's annual art and literature magazine produced through the Student Media department, which publishes creative non-fiction, poetry, fiction, and art. The editorial staff is made up entirely of undergraduate and graduate students. The journal was established in 1978 and named for Owen Wister, who set the first modern western novel, \"The Virginian\", not far from Laramie, in the town of Medicine Bow."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Professor Griff", "paragraph_text": "Richard Griffin (born August 1, 1960), better known by his stage name Professor Griff, is an American rapper, spoken word artist, and lecturer currently residing in Atlanta. He was a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy, serving as the group's \"Minister of Information\" before departing due to a controversy regarding homophobic and anti-semitic statements made during his interviews. Griffin was born in Roosevelt, Long Island, New York. Before becoming famous and after serving in the U.S. Army he started a security company called Utility Force to do security at parties. He is most known for his S1W security team dressed in military uniforms who toured with Public Enemy, providing security and doing choreographed military step drills on stage. Today he does lectures on politics, society and the music industry, has an internet radio show on World Star Hit Radio and teaches classes in the Kybalion and The 7 Hermetic Principles for Self-Mastery."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Panizzi Lectures", "paragraph_text": "The Panizzi Lectures are a series of annual lectures given at the British Library by \"eminent scholars of the book\" and named after the librarian Anthony Panizzi. They are considered one of the major British bibliographical lecture series alongside the Sandars Lectures at the University of Cambridge and the Lyell Lectures at Oxford University."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961\u201364. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with \"Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics\" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt G\u00f6del and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize\u2013winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Walther SSP", "paragraph_text": "The Walther SSP is a precision target shooting pistol made in Germany by Carl Walther GmbH Sportwaffen. The SSP was created in response to ISSF rule changes to the 25 m Rapid Fire Pistol in 2005 which effectively rendered the Walther OSP obsolete. The new rules precluded use of the .22 Short cartridge as well as wrap-around grips and light trigger pulls (pressure required to pull/activate trigger)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled \"Arlene\"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis\u2014an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. (\"Please excuse my not mailing this,\" the letter concluded, \"but I don't know your new address.\") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Youngsan University", "paragraph_text": "Youngsan University is a private university in southeastern South Korea. It operates a main campus in Yangsan City, South Gyeongsang province, a branch campus in nearby Busan, and an \"auxiliary learning center\" in Seoul. Youngsan offers undergraduate degrees in various practical fields, including international studies, law, Asian business, and information engineering. It also offers graduate degrees in legal affairs, hotel tourism management, information technology, real estate, and teaching English as a foreign language."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Turing Lecture", "paragraph_text": "The lecture is named in honour of Alan Turing, and is co-hosted by the British Computer Society (BCS) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). The event should not be confused with the Turing Award lecture organised by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). Recent Turing lectures are available as a live webcast and archived online."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as \"put-ons\". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mehran Sahami", "paragraph_text": "Sahami teaches the introductory computer science sequence at Stanford. He led Stanford's computer science curriculum redesign from a large core to a smaller core with specialization tracks. Some of his lectures are made available on YouTube and iTunesU."}], "question": "Where do Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate pull information from?"}
{"id": "2hop__275139_775692", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of show business families", "paragraph_text": "Actress / director / singer Phylicia Rash\u0101d is the older sister of performer Debbie Allen, who is married to former NBA basketball player, Norm Nixon. Phylicia Rash\u0101d is the former spouse of both Victor Willis, former lead singer of the group Village People, and former NFL football player turned sportscaster, Ahmad Rash\u0101d. Phylicia and Ahmad Rash\u0101d are the parents of actress Condola Rash\u0101d."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Friedrich Moritz Brauer", "paragraph_text": "Friedrich Moritz Brauer (12 May 1832, Vienna \u2013 29 December 1904) was an Austrian entomologist who was Director of the Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, Vienna, at the time of his death. He wrote many papers on Diptera and Neuroptera."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bad Timing", "paragraph_text": "Bad Timing is a 1980 British psychological thriller film directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring Art Garfunkel, Theresa Russell, Harvey Keitel and Denholm Elliott. The plot focuses on an American woman and a psychology professor living in Vienna, and, largely told through nonlinear flashbacks, examines the details of their turbulent relationship as uncovered by a detective investigating her apparent suicide attempt."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cunigunde of Luxembourg", "paragraph_text": "Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg, OSB (c. 975 \u2013 3 March 1040), also called Cunegundes, Cunegunda, and Cunegonda and, in Latin, Cunegundis or Kinigundis, was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Saint Henry II. She served as interim Regent after the death of her spouse in 1024. She is a Roman Catholic saint and the Patroness of Luxembourg and Lithuania; her feast day is 3 March."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Taylor Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Armstrong Armstrong at the 2012 GQ Men of the Year Awards Shana Lynette Hughes (1971 - 06 - 10) June 10, 1971 (age 46) Independence, Kansas, United States Residence Beverly Hills, California, United States Other names Shana Taylor, Shana Ford, Taylor Ford Occupation Television personality, philanthropist Years active 2010 -- present Known for The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Spouse (s) Russell Armstrong (2005 -- 2011; his death) John Bluher (2014 -- present) Children"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories", "paragraph_text": "The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories is a 1997 poetry book written and illustrated by film director Tim Burton. The poems, which are full of black humor, tell stories of hybrid kids, spontaneous transformers, and women who have babies to win over men."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jerry O'Connell", "paragraph_text": "Jerry O'Connell O'Connell in June 2013 Jeremiah O'Connell (1974 - 02 - 17) February 17, 1974 (age 44) Manhattan, New York City, U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actor, director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse (s) Rebecca Romijn (m. 2007) Children Relatives Charlie O'Connell (brother)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Adriana Caselotti", "paragraph_text": "Adriana Caselotti Caselotti in 1937 (1916 - 05 - 06) May 6, 1916 Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S. January 18, 1997 (1997 - 01 - 18) (aged 80) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Cause of death Respiratory failure from lung cancer Resting place Ashes scattered at Newport Beach, California Nationality American Occupation Actress, voice actress, singer Years active 1932 -- 1997 Notable work Original voice of Princess Snow White in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) Spouse (s) Robert Chard (m. 1945 --?; divorced) Norval Mitchell (m. 1952; his death 1972) Dr. Joseph Dana Costigan (m. 1972; his death 1982) Florian St. Pierre (m. 1989 --?; divorced) Parent (s) Guido Caselotti (father) Maria Orefice (mother) Relatives Louise Caselotti (older sister) Awards Disney Legend (1994)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ann Perkins", "paragraph_text": "Ann Perkins Parks and Recreation character First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Ann and Chris'' (regular) ``One Last Ride ''(guest appearance) Portrayed by Rashida Jones Information Occupation Nurse Health Department Public Relations Director of Pawnee, Indiana Spouse (s) Chris Traeger Children Oliver Perkins - Traeger Leslie Perkins - Traeger"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ephraim Engleman", "paragraph_text": "In 1979, Engleman became Founding Director of the Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis at UCSF. Its name has since changed. Engleman served as the Director of the Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center at UCSF until his death in 2015."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Imperial Palace (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Published in 1930, the year before Bennett's death, the novel follows the daily workings of a hotel modelled on the Savoy Hotel in London. The central character, Evelyn Orcham, is the director of the hotel."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Two Deaths", "paragraph_text": "Two Deaths is a 1995 British drama film directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring Michael Gambon, S\u00f4nia Braga, and Patrick Malahide. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1995 before having a wider release in 1996."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "C. V. Raman", "paragraph_text": "Raman retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, Karnataka, a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in Bangalore, at the age of 82."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Donika Kastrioti", "paragraph_text": "Donika Kastrioti (n\u00e9e Andronika Arianiti-Muzaka) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg. She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, one of the greatest leaders in the Albanian war against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the director of Two Deaths?"}
{"id": "2hop__672326_35490", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Whitchurch-on-Thames", "paragraph_text": "Whitchurch-on-Thames is a village and civil parish on the Oxfordshire bank of the River Thames, about northwest of Reading, Berkshire, in close proximity to Whitchurch Hill. Opposite Whitchurch on the Berkshire bank is the village of Pangbourne."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Water supply and sanitation in London", "paragraph_text": "London has well developed water supply infrastructure. Most drinking water consumed in London comes from the River Thames and the River Lee. Approximately 70% of all water supplied to London is taken from the Thames upstream of Teddington Weir."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Remenham", "paragraph_text": "Remenham is a village and civil parish on the Berkshire bank of the River Thames opposite Henley-on-Thames in southern England."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rotherhithe Tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The Rotherhithe Tunnel is a road tunnel under the River Thames in East London, connecting Limehouse in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets north of the river to Rotherhithe in the London Borough of Southwark south of the river, designated the A101. It was formally opened in 1908 by George, Prince of Wales (later King George V), and Richard Robinson, Chairman of the London County Council. It is an extremely rare example of a road tunnel where road traffic, pedestrians and cyclists all share the same tunnel bore. Transport for London took over ownership and maintenance of the tunnel in 2001."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Erith", "paragraph_text": "Erith () is an area of south-east London, England, located east of Charing Cross. Historically part of Kent, it has formed part of the London Borough of Bexley since 1965. Erith is located to the north-east of Bexleyheath and north-west of Dartford, and lies on the south bank of the River Thames."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Windsor Castle", "paragraph_text": "Originally designed to protect Norman dominance around the outskirts of London and oversee a strategically important part of the River Thames, Windsor Castle was built as a motte-and-bailey, with three wards surrounding a central mound. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a prolonged siege during the First Barons' War at the start of the 13th\u00a0century. Henry III built a luxurious royal palace within the castle during the middle of the century, and Edward III went further, rebuilding the palace to make an even grander set of buildings in what would become \"the most expensive secular building project of the entire Middle Ages in England\". Edward's core design lasted through the Tudor period, during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cricklade", "paragraph_text": "Cricklade is a small town and civil parish on the River Thames in north Wiltshire, England, midway between Swindon and Cirencester. It is the first town on the Thames as it flows towards London. The parish population at the 2011 census was 4,227."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "London sewerage system", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Bazalgette, a civil engineer and Chief Engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Works, was given responsibility for the work. He designed an extensive underground sewerage system that diverted waste to the Thames Estuary, downstream of the main centre of population. Six main interceptor sewers, totalling almost 160 km (100 miles) in length, were constructed, some incorporating stretches of London's ``lost ''rivers. Three of these sewers were north of the river, the southernmost, low - level one being incorporated in the Thames Embankment. The Embankment also allowed new roads, new public gardens, and the Circle line of the London Underground. Victoria Embankment was finally officially opened on 13 July 1870."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Georgian architecture", "paragraph_text": "Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become \"architectural in intention\", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of \"surveyors\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thames Ditton", "paragraph_text": "Thames Ditton is a suburban village by and on the River Thames, in the Elmbridge borough of Surrey, England. Apart from a large inhabited island in the river, it lies on the southern bank, centred 12.2 miles (19.6\u00a0km) southwest of Charing Cross in central London. Thames Ditton is just outside Greater London but within the Greater London Urban Area as defined by the Office for National Statistics. Its clustered village centre and shopping area on a winding High Street is surrounded by housing, schools and sports areas. Its riverside faces the Thames Path and Hampton Court Palace Gardens and golf course in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Its most commercial area is spread throughout its conservation area and contains restaurants, caf\u00e9s, shops and businesses."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Statue of George III, Somerset House", "paragraph_text": "The statue of George III, Somerset House, formally titled George III and the River Thames, is a Grade I listed outdoor bronze sculptural group depicting King George III and Neptune or Father Thames, located in the quadrangle of Somerset House, London, England. The sculptor was John Bacon, and the statue was erected between 1778 and 1789."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "St George Wharf", "paragraph_text": "St George Wharf is a riverside development in Lambeth, London, England, located on the southern bank of the River Thames beside Vauxhall Bridge. St George Wharf Pier is a calling point for London River Services riverboat RB2 and RB6 services."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Richmond Bridge, London", "paragraph_text": "Richmond Bridge is an 18th-century stone arch bridge that crosses the River Thames at Richmond, connecting the two halves of the present-day London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It was designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Summerleaze Footbridge", "paragraph_text": "The Summerleaze Footbridge is a footbridge across the River Thames in England linking Dorney, Buckinghamshire and Bray, Berkshire, and is located on the reach above Boveney Lock."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Datchet", "paragraph_text": "Datchet is a village and civil parish in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England, located on the north bank of the River Thames. Historically part of Buckinghamshire, the village was eventually transferred to Berkshire, under the Local Government Act of 1972."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "River Thames", "paragraph_text": "The River Thames (/ t\u025bmz / (listen) TEMZ) is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London. At 215 miles (346 km), it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. It also flows through Oxford (where it is called Isis), Reading, Henley - on - Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary. The Thames drains the whole of Greater London."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Laleham", "paragraph_text": "Laleham is a village beside the River Thames, immediately downriver from Staines-upon-Thames in the Spelthorne borough of Surrey. Until 1965 the village was in Middlesex."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "West Thurrock", "paragraph_text": "West Thurrock is part of the unitary authority of Thurrock located on the north bank of the River Thames about from Charing Cross, London."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Police", "paragraph_text": "With the initial investment of \u00a34,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and \"on the game.\" The force was a success after its first year, and his men had \"established their worth by saving \u00a3122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives.\" Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sandford-on-Thames", "paragraph_text": "Sandford-on-Thames is a village and Parish Council beside the River Thames in Oxfordshire just south of Oxford. The village is just west of the A4074 road between Oxford and Henley."}], "question": "Who designed the location of George III and the River Thames?"}
{"id": "2hop__317068_35490", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "MacLaren Art Centre", "paragraph_text": "The MacLaren Art Centre is an art gallery and museum, located in Barrie, Ontario, Canada. It houses many important Canadian works of art."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Courtauld Gallery", "paragraph_text": "The Courtauld Gallery () is an art museum in Somerset House, on the Strand in central London. It houses the art collection of the Courtauld Institute of Art, a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Art Gallery of Burlington", "paragraph_text": "The Art Gallery of Burlington, founded in 1978, is the seventh largest public art gallery in Ontario. The Gallery collects and maintains Canada's largest collection of contemporary Canadian ceramics. It is located on the City of Burlington waterfront in close proximity to Spencer Smith Park. The Gallery is a non-profit registered charitable organization that provides free admission to over 100,000 visitors each year to exhibitions, educational programs, studios and other activities."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Plane Space", "paragraph_text": "Plane Space was a contemporary art gallery located in the Greenwich Village district of Manhattan. The gallery featured mixed media work by emerging to mid-career artists in the U.S. and abroad."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery (CCGG) is a public art gallery located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada is the only Canadian art gallery exclusively dedicated to exhibiting and collecting ceramic, glass, enamel and stained glass works of art. It has approximately 20,000 annual visitors."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "National Gallery for Foreign Art", "paragraph_text": "The National Gallery for Foreign Art (, \"Natsionalna galeriya za chuzhdestranno izkustvo\") of Bulgaria was a gallery located on St. Alexander Nevsky Square in Sofia. It served as the country's national institution for non-Bulgarian art. It was situated in the 19th-century Neoclassic edifice of the former Royal Printing Office."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Garros Galer\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Garros Galer\u00eda or Garros Gallery is located in Colonia Roma in Mexico City. It is the only art gallery and museum dedicated to cats in Mexico."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Georgian architecture", "paragraph_text": "Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become \"architectural in intention\", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of \"surveyors\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bilston Craft Gallery", "paragraph_text": "Bilston Craft Gallery is the largest dedicated craft venue in the West Midlands, located at Mount Pleasant, Bilston, near Bilston town centre."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Laing Art Gallery", "paragraph_text": "The Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, is located on New Bridge Street. The gallery was designed in the Baroque style with Art Nouveau elements by architects Cackett and Burns Dick and is now a Grade II listed building. It was opened in 1904 and is now managed by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums and sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. In front of the gallery is the Blue Carpet. The building is Grade II listed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Katherine E. Nash Gallery", "paragraph_text": "The Katherine E. Nash Gallery is an art gallery located at the University of Minnesota Department of Art on the West Bank of the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota in the United States. Founded by Katherine Nash during the 1970s, the gallery occupies in the department's Regis Center for Art."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "La Loge", "paragraph_text": "La Loge (\"The Theatre Box\") is an 1874 oil painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It is part of the collection at Courtauld Institute of Art in London."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ansidei Madonna", "paragraph_text": "Both the main painting, \"\"Ansidei Madonna\"\", and the predella \"\"Saint John the Baptist Preaching\"\", are located at the National Gallery in London."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yann Weymouth", "paragraph_text": "After graduating from Harvard University in 1963 and MIT in 1966, Yann Weymouth served early in his career as chief of design for I.M. Pei on the National Gallery of Art East Wing, Washington, D.C and as the chief of design for I.M. Pei on the Grand Louvre Project in Paris, France."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bespoke Collection", "paragraph_text": "The Bespoke Collection is a wine producer and lifestyle brand based in Yountville, California in the United States. The company comprises two wine labels: Blackbird Vineyards and Recuerdo Wines, and a wine, art and design gallery called Ma(i)sonry Napa Valley. Bespoke Collection also has an additional art gallery in St. Helena, California called I. Wolk Gallery."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Beaverbrook Art Gallery", "paragraph_text": "The Beaverbrook Art Gallery is a public art gallery in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. It is named after William Maxwell \"Max\" Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook, who funded the building of the gallery and assembled the original collection. It opened in 1959 with over 300 works, including paintings by J.M.W. Turner and Salvador Dal\u00ed. The Beaverbrook Art Gallery is New Brunswick's officially designated provincial art gallery. The building has undergone several expansions, the latest of which opened in 2017 via a design by Halifax-based MacKay-Lyons Sweetapple Architects. Former director Terry Graff stated that this \"expansion and revitalization\" aimed to make the gallery \"an important destination for national and international contemporary art\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "At the Moulin Rouge", "paragraph_text": "\"At the Moulin Rouge\" is owned by the Art Institute of Chicago as part of the Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection, where it was first displayed on December 23, 1930. It was exhibited in London in 2011 at the Courtauld Institute of Art."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gallery Park Hotel, Riga", "paragraph_text": "Gallery Park Hotel & SPA is a 5 star hotel in Riga, Latvia, Gallery Park Hotel & SPA was established in 2009 after the grand restoration and has been already awarded the Best Hotel in Latvia and is located in the heart of Riga in a 19th-century building that is on the list of the World Heritage sites by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gehry Tower", "paragraph_text": "Gehry Tower is a nine-story building constructed by architect Frank Gehry; it is located at the \"Steintor\", Goethestra\u00dfe 13a, in Hanover, Germany. The building was commissioned by the city-owned Hanover Transport Services (\u00fcstra), for whom Gehry also designed a bus stop in the city."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Glasgow School of Art", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1845 as the Glasgow Government School of Design, the school changed its name to The Glasgow School of Art in 1853. Originally located at 12 Ingram Street the school moved to the McLellan Galleries in 1869."}], "question": "Who designed the the house where Courtauld Gallery is found?"}
{"id": "2hop__26109_16196", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Denise Ilitch", "paragraph_text": "Denise Ilitch is a second-generation Macedonian American, the daughter of Mike Ilitch and Marian Ilitch. She earned her bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan in 1977, and her juris doctorate from the University of Detroit in 1980. After receiving her law degree, Ilitch was the vice-president of Little Caesar Enterprises from 1981 to 1992, during which time the business moved to downtown Detroit from Farmington Hills, sparking other investment in Detroit. She was later president of Ilitch Holdings, a privately held business that manages the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Red Wings, Little Caesars, the Fox Theatre, and other Detroit-area businesses. She is the owner and publisher of Ambassador magazine, and the owner of Denise Ilitch Designs. Ilitch is also \"Of Counsel\" at the law firm Clark Hill, where she advises clients in the areas of business practice, corporate law, and government policy. In May 2009, she was named as co-chair of Detroit mayor-elect Dave Bing's transition team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Black Hand (1950 film)", "paragraph_text": "Black Hand is a 1950 American film noir directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Gene Kelly as an Italian immigrant fighting against the Black Hand extortion racket in New York City in the first decade of the 20th century."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Igor Kochetkov", "paragraph_text": "Kochetkov has been active in the opposition to the 2013 Russian law that bans promotion of homosexuality to minors. He has blamed the law for legitimizing and increasing violence against gays."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit remains one of the most racially segregated cities in the United States. From the 1940s to the 1970s a second wave of Blacks moved to Detroit to escape Jim Crow laws in the south and find jobs. However, they soon found themselves excluded from white areas of the city\u2014through violence, laws, and economic discrimination (e.g., redlining). White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and exploding bombs. The pattern of segregation was later magnified by white migration to the suburbs. One of the implications of racial segregation, which correlates with class segregation, may be overall worse health for some populations."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe. Canon law was also studied, and around 1140 a monk named Gratian (fl. 12th century), a teacher at Bologna, wrote what became the standard text of canon law\u2014the Decretum."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Utrecht", "paragraph_text": "Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent. According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit. The number of integrated neighborhoods has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four. A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to white flight and resegregation. Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Topic sentence", "paragraph_text": "In expository writing, a topic sentence is a sentence that summarizes the main idea of a paragraph. It is usually the first sentence in a paragraph."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit Mercy, located in Northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study including business, dentistry, law, engineering, architecture, nursing and allied health professions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located Downtown across from the Renaissance Center."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Forty Guns", "paragraph_text": "Forty Guns is a 1957 American western film written and directed by Samuel Fuller, filmed in black-and-white CinemaScope and released by the 20th Century Fox studio. The film stars Barbara Stanwyck, Barry Sullivan and Gene Barry."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, fed largely by an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean), and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. In 1940, Whites were 90.4% of the city's population. Since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. In 1910, fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home; in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit. The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it \"the traceable amount rule.\" Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wilhelm Kimmich", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Kimmich (20 May 1897 Lauterbach, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg \u2013 18 September 1986 Lauterbach), was a German painter and is considered one of the most important Black Forest painters of the 20th century."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pandi Raidhi", "paragraph_text": "Pandi Raidhi (1931\u20131999) was an Albanian actor of moving picture and theatre of the 20th century, recipient of the People's Artist of Albania recognition."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Maurice Hauriou", "paragraph_text": "Maurice Hauriou (17 August 1856 \u2013 12 March 1929) was a French jurist and sociologist whose writings shaped French administrative law in the late 19th and early 20th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Raleigh, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In the late nineteenth century, two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina's 2nd district, the last in 1898. George Henry White sought to promote civil rights for blacks and to challenge efforts by white Democrats to reduce black voting by new discriminatory laws. They were unsuccessful. In 1900, the state legislature passed a new constitution, with voter registration rules that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites. The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908. Loss of the ability to vote disqualified black men (and later women) from sitting on juries and serving in any office, local, state or federal. The rising black middle-class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance, and the Republican Party was no longer competitive. It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote, sit on juries and serve in local offices. No African American was elected to Congress until 1992."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}], "question": "Who are blamed in this paragraph for the laws causing blacks to move to Detroit in the middle of the 20th century?"}
{"id": "2hop__23758_16196", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Law of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Law of the United States", "paragraph_text": "During the 18th and 19th centuries, federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution, like the military, money, foreign relations (especially international treaties), tariffs, intellectual property (specifically patents and copyrights), and mail. Since the start of the 20th century, broad interpretations of the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like aviation, telecommunications, railroads, pharmaceuticals, antitrust, and trademarks. In some areas, like aviation and railroads, the federal government has developed a comprehensive scheme that preempts virtually all state law, while in others, like family law, a relatively small number of federal statutes (generally covering interstate and international situations) interacts with a much larger body of state law. In areas like antitrust, trademark, and employment law, there are powerful laws at both the federal and state levels that coexist with each other. In a handful of areas like insurance, Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them (see, e.g., the McCarran-Ferguson Act)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Law of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), there is no general federal common law. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (which in turn was enacted as part of the Constitution or after). Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law, which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law. Only in a few narrow limited areas, like maritime law, has the Constitution expressly authorized the continuation of English common law at the federal level (meaning that in those areas federal courts can continue to make law as they see fit, subject to the limitations of stare decisis)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Leslie Hendrix", "paragraph_text": "Leslie Hendrix (born June 5, 1960) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the role of medical examiner Elizabeth Rodgers on four Law & Order series (Law & Order, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Law & Order: Criminal Intent and Law & Order: Trial by Jury). She also played Judge Hannah Lampert on the soap opera All My Children. In the third season of Gotham she plays Kathryn Monroe, the mysterious leader of the Court of Owls."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Criminal justice ethics", "paragraph_text": "The United States has various laws and policies in place, such as the Miranda Rights, that are meant to ensure ethical practices by law enforcement officials. Further measures have been adopted to secure ethical standards in police departments. Such measures include various codes of ethics provided by professional law enforcement associations like the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics, adopted in 1957, and the American Federation of Police, adopted in 1966. The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics was revised in 1989 by the International Association of Chiefs of Police. The U.S. does not have a national code of ethics, rather individual police departments construct their own code of ethics based upon the basic standards laid out in the law enforcement associations that are then incorporated into an oath of office each member of the department pledges."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Australian property law", "paragraph_text": "Australian property law is the system of laws regulating and prioritising the Property law rights, interests and responsibilities of individuals in relation to ``things ''. These things are a form of`` property'' or ``right ''to possession or ownership of an object. The law orders or prioritises rights and classifies property as either real and tangible, such as land, or intangible, such as the right of an author to their literary works or personal but tangible, such as a book or a pencil. The scope of what constitutes a thing capable of being classified as property and when an individual or body corporate gains priority of interest over a thing has in legal scholarship been heavily debated on a philosophical level."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Edward McCaffery", "paragraph_text": "Edward McCaffery (born c. 1958) is a tax law professor at the University of Southern California Law School and also a visiting professor of Law and Economics at the California Institute of Technology. At USC he is Robert C. Packard Trustee Chair in Law and Professor of Law, Economics and Political Science. He teaches Federal Income Taxation, Property, Intellectual Property, and Tax Law and Policy at USC, Law and Economics and Law and Technology at the California Institute of Technology. He also teaches Corporate Taxation, Federal Income Taxation, Partnership Taxation, Property and a Tax Policy seminar."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Prompt Corrective Action", "paragraph_text": "Prompt Corrective Action is a US federal law mandating progressive penalties against banks that exhibit progressively deteriorating capital ratios. At the lower extreme, a critically undercapitalized Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)-regulated institution (i.e., one with a ratio of total capital / assets below 2%) is required to be taken into receivership by the FDIC in order to minimize long-term losses to the FDIC. The motivation behind the law is to provide incentives for banks to address problems while they are still small enough to be manageable. Spong (2000, pages 90\u201395) summarizes the details (http://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/bankingregulation/RegsBook2000.pdf)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ten-code", "paragraph_text": "The codes, developed in 1937 and expanded in 1974 by the Association of Public - Safety Communications Officials - International (APCO), allow brevity and standardization of message traffic. They have historically been widely used by law enforcement officers in North America, but, due to the lack of standardization, in 2006 the U.S. federal government recommended they be discontinued in favor of everyday language."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jamie Ross (Law & Order)", "paragraph_text": "Jamie Ross is a fictional character on the TV drama Law & Order, created by Rene Balcer and portrayed by Carey Lowell from 1996 to 1998. She also appears in the short - lived Law & Order spin - off Law & Order: Trial by Jury, by which time the character has become a judge. She appeared in 52 episodes (49 episodes of Law & Order, one episode of Homicide: Life on the Street, and two episodes of Law & Order: Trial by Jury)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Law of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy. And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Igor Kochetkov", "paragraph_text": "Kochetkov has been active in the opposition to the 2013 Russian law that bans promotion of homosexuality to minors. He has blamed the law for legitimizing and increasing violence against gays."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lennie Briscoe", "paragraph_text": "Leonard W. Briscoe is a fictional character on NBC's long - running police procedural and legal drama television series Law & Order. He was created by Walon Green and Ren\u00e9 Balcer, and was portrayed by Jerry Orbach. He was featured on the show for 12 seasons, from 1992 to 2004, making him one of the longest - serving main characters in the series' 20 - year - run history, as well as the longest - serving police detective on the show. He also appeared in three Law & Order spin - offs, and was part of the original cast of Law & Order: Trial by Jury, appearing in only the first two episodes due to Orbach's death. He appears in 282 episodes (273 episodes of Law & Order, two episodes of Law & Order: Trial by Jury, one episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent, three episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and three episodes of Homicide: Life on the Street), the TV movie Exiled and the Law & Order video games Law & Order: Dead on the Money, Law & Order: Double or Nothing, Law & Order: Justice is Served and Law & Order: Legacies."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Russia", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the President, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term, but not for a third consecutive term). Ministries of the government are composed of the Premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). Leading political parties in Russia include United Russia, the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, and A Just Russia. In 2017, Russia was ranked as 135th of 167 countries in the Democracy Index, compiled by The Economist Intelligence Unit, while the World Justice Project, as of 2014, ranked Russia 80th of 99 countries surveyed in terms of rule of law."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "NAACP had many problem's with JFK's \"token\" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dollar contract. Due to taxpayer-funding being 90% of Lockheed's business, along with disproportionate hiring practices, black workers charged Lockheed with \"overt discrimination.\" Lockheed signed an agreement with Vice President Johnson that pledged an \"aggressive seeking out for more qualified minority candidates for technical and skill positions.:63\u201364 This agreement was the administration's model for a \"plan of progress.\" Johnson and his assistants soon pressured other defense contractors, including Boeing and General Electric, to sign similar voluntary agreements indicating plans for progress. However, these plans were just that, voluntary. Many corporations in the South, still afflicted with Jim Crow laws, largely ignored the federal recommendations.:63\u201364"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Supremacy Clause", "paragraph_text": "The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the supreme law of the land. It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law; in case of conflict between federal and state law, the federal law must be applied. Even state constitutions are subordinate to federal law. In essence, it is a conflict - of - laws rule specifying that certain federal acts take priority over any state acts that conflict with federal law. In this respect, the Supremacy Clause follows the lead of Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation, which provided that ``Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress Assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. ''A constitutional provision announcing the supremacy of federal law, the Supremacy Clause assumes the underlying priority of federal authority, at least when that authority is expressed in the Constitution itself. No matter what the federal government or the states might wish to do, they have to stay within the boundaries of the Constitution. This makes the Supremacy Clause the cornerstone of the whole American political structure."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "D. Gordon Smith", "paragraph_text": "D. Gordon Smith (born 16 November 1962) is the current dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School of Brigham Young University (BYU). Smith has taught classes in business associations, contracts, corporate finance, law & entrepreneurship, and securities regulation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, \"My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something.\" In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: \"In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America.\" The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war \"made without a trial or any sort of hearing\u2026Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association.\" The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: \"We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born.\" To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35\u201336"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Robert C. Clark", "paragraph_text": "Robert C. Clark (born 1944) is Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor of the Harvard Law School. He previously served as dean and professor of law at Harvard Law School from 1989 to 2003. Clark is recognized as a leading authority in corporate law and corporate governance."}], "question": "Who are blamed in this paragraph for the laws corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations?"}
{"id": "2hop__411793_353720", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jayne Ann Krentz", "paragraph_text": "Jayne Ann Krentz, n\u00e9e Jayne Castle (born March 28, 1948 in Cobb, California, United States), is an American writer of romance novels. Krentz is the author of a string of \"New York Times\" bestsellers under seven different pseudonyms. Now, she only uses three names. Under her married name she writes contemporary romantic-suspense. She uses Amanda Quick for her novels of historical romantic-suspense. She uses her maiden name for futuristic/paranormal romantic-suspense writing."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marsalis Music Honors Series: Jimmy Cobb", "paragraph_text": "Marsalis Music Honors Series: Jimmy Cobb is an album by drummer Jimmy Cobb. Marsalis Music and Rounder Records jointly released the album in 2006 as part of the Marsalis Music Honors series. The album's musicians include Ellis Marsalis on piano."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cobb salad", "paragraph_text": "Various stories exist recounting how the salad was invented. One says that it came about in the 1930s at the Hollywood Brown Derby restaurant, where it became a signature dish. It is named for the restaurant's owner, Robert Howard Cobb. Stories vary whether the salad was invented by Cobb or by his chef, Paul J. Posti. The legend is that Cobb had not eaten until near midnight, and so he mixed together leftovers he found in the kitchen, along with some bacon cooked by the line cook, and tossed it with their French dressing. This version of the story (dated to 1937) is retold in the television comedy series Curb Your Enthusiasm (season 2, episode 3), when Larry David searches for evidence to prove that another character, Cliff Cobb, has falsely claimed that his grandfather invented the salad."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Henry N. Cobb", "paragraph_text": "Henry N. Cobb (born April 8, 1926, in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American architect and founding partner with I.M. Pei of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, an international architectural firm based in New York City."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tonight We Raid Calais", "paragraph_text": "Tonight We Raid Calais is a 1943 American film directed by John Brahm and starring John Sutton, Lee J. Cobb, and Annabella."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy in order to create an \"ecological civilization.\" To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Beau Smith", "paragraph_text": "Beau Smith (born December 17, 1954 in Huntington, West Virginia) is an American comic book writer and columnist, best known for his work for DC Comics, Image Comics, IDW Publishing and as vice president of marketing for Eclipse Comics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Inside-the-park home run", "paragraph_text": "Major League -- Jesse Burkett -- 55 National League -- Tommy Leach -- 49 American League -- Ty Cobb -- 46 Major League post-1950 -- Willie Wilson -- 13"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Amasa Cobb", "paragraph_text": "Amasa Cobb (September 27, 1823 \u2013 July 5, 1905) was an American Wisconsin politician and an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Possum Woods Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "The area had been used at various times as an exotic animal breeding area for the St. Louis Zoo, a resort, public swimming pool, and tennis club. The land was purchased by real estate developer Russell. E. Emmenegger in the 1970s before he donated it to the city of Kirkwood. The land is currently leased by the Missouri Department of Conservation. Dogs are allowed on a leash."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties, attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb. The park remains popular among New Haveners, and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse, constructed in 1847, and the Lighthouse Point Carousel, constructed in 1916. Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of Southwest Ledge Light at the entrance of the harbor, which remains in service to this day. Both of the lighthouses and the carousel are listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Census of Quirinius", "paragraph_text": "The Census of Quirinius was a census of Judea taken by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria, upon the imposition of direct Roman rule in 6 CE. The Gospel of Luke uses it as the narrative means to establish the birth of Jesus (), but places it within the reign of Herod the Great, who died 9 years earlier. No satisfactory explanation of the contradiction seems possible, and most scholars think that the author of the gospel made an error."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "At the End of My Leash", "paragraph_text": "\"At the End of My Leash\" also airs in Canada on Global, HGTV and The National Geographic Channel. In the United States, the show airs as \"In the Dog House\" on Animal Planet."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cobb: Off the Leash", "paragraph_text": "Cobb: Off The Leash is a comic book mini-series created by Beau Smith and Eduardo Barreto, published by IDW Publishing in 2006. The eponymous protagonist, Frank Cobb, is an original creation for this mini-series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Monica Lee Gradischek", "paragraph_text": "Monica Lee Gradischek, a 1994 graduate of New York University (NYU) is an American voice actress in animation, commercials, and video games as well as performing arts. Monica starred in the Lifetime Television reality series \"Off the Leash\" in October 2006, while playing the role of Darlene in the Cartoon Network series Squirrel Boy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Newburg, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Newburg is an unincorporated community in Charles County, Maryland, United States. Newburg has two stores, a lodge hall, and a fire department, as well as Piccowaxen Middle School and Dr. Thomas L. Higdon Elementary, both serving the entire Cobb Neck peninsula (i.e. all along MD 257 to Cobb Island). Newburg also is the northbound terminus of the Harry Nice Memorial Bridge serving U.S. Route 301."}], "question": "Where was the author of Cobb: Off the Leash born?"}
{"id": "2hop__18777_841269", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Polo Association", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Polo Assn. brand is the official brand of the United States Polo Association (USPA), the governing body of the sport of polo in the United States. The Association's trademarks and logos registered worldwide are managed by USPA Properties, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the USPA. The brand incorporated in 1981."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Southwestern Bell", "paragraph_text": "Southwestern Bell Telephone Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T. It does business as other d/b/a names in its operating region, which includes Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas, and portions of Illinois."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Public sector banks in India", "paragraph_text": "The Central Government entered the banking business with the nationalization of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955. A 60% stake was taken by the Reserve Bank of India and the new bank was named as the State Bank of India. The seven other state banks became the subsidiaries of the new bank in 1959 when the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959 was passed under the Nehru government."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Texaco", "paragraph_text": "Texaco, Inc. (\"The Texas Company\") is an American oil subsidiary of Chevron Corporation. Its flagship product is its fuel \"Texaco with Techron\". It also owns the Havoline motor oil brand. Texaco was an independent company until its refining operations merged into Chevron Corporation in 2001, at which time most of its station franchises were divested to the Shell Oil Company. It began as the Texas Fuel Company, founded in 1901 in Beaumont, Texas, by Joseph S. Cullinan, Thomas J. Donoghue, Walter Benona Sharp, and Arnold Schlaet upon the discovery of oil at Spindletop."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "USS Armadillo", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Armadillo\" (IX-111), the lead ship of her class of tanker was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the armadillo, an insect-eating mammal which has an armorlike shell encasing its back and head."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "WCCO-TV", "paragraph_text": "WCCO-TV, virtual channel 4 (UHF digital channel 32), is a CBS owned-and-operated television station, licensed to Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States and serving the Twin Cities television market. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation. WCCO-TV's studios are located on South 11th Street along Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis, and its transmitter is located at the Telefarm complex in Shoreview, Minnesota."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Regent Airways", "paragraph_text": "Regent Airways () is a Bangladeshi airline owned by HG Aviation Ltd, a fully owned subsidiary of Habib Group. Regent Airways is based at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij", "paragraph_text": "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij or Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (better known as BPM), Dutch for \"Batavian Oil Company\", was a subsidiary of the Royal Dutch Shell oil company established in 1907 which extracted and refined oil in the Netherlands East Indies, now Indonesia. The company is the predecessor of Pertamina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Piping Technology and Products", "paragraph_text": "Piping Technology and Products is a privately owned pipe support manufacturing and engineering company headquartered in Houston, Texas, United States. Its wholly owned subsidiaries are US Bellows, Sweco Fab, Fronek Anchor/Darling Enterprise, and Pipe Shields. These companies provide pipe supports, expansion joints, shock and vibration controls, and pre-insulated supports to a variety of industries including LNG, chemical, petrochemical, pulp & paper, and aerospace."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Almond", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, production is concentrated in California where 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) and six different almond varieties were under cultivation in 2017, with a yield of 2.25 billion lbs (1 billion kg) of shelled almonds. The value of total US exports of shelled almonds in 2016 was $3.2 billion."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Northwood, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Northwood is a city in Worth County, Iowa, United States, along the Shell Rock River. The population was 1,989 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Worth County."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wayback Machine", "paragraph_text": "In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Glenville, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Glenville is a city in Freeborn County, Minnesota, United States, along the Shell Rock River. The population was 643 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Velveeta Shells & Cheese", "paragraph_text": "Velveeta Shells & Cheese is a shell pasta and cheese sauce food product that debuted in the United States in 1984. Its ingredients, texture, and flavor are very similar to macaroni and cheese. The product is a shelf - stable food."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "Shell was vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Garden State Life Insurance Company", "paragraph_text": "Garden State Life Insurance Company is a small direct life insurance company located in League City, Texas. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Galveston, Texas based American National Insurance Company."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Qdoba", "paragraph_text": "Qdoba Mexican Eats (/ kju\u02d0\u02c8do\u028ab\u0259 / kew - DOH - b\u0259), is a chain of fast casual restaurants in the United States and Canada serving Mexican - style cuisine. The company operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Jack in the Box after its purchase from ACI Capital, Western Growth Capital, and other private investors in 2003."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Shell Oil Company", "paragraph_text": "Shell Oil Company is the United States-based wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, transnational corporation \"oil major\" of Anglo-Dutch origins, which is amongst the largest oil companies in the world. Approximately 80,000 Shell employees are based in the U.S. The U.S. headquarters are in Houston, Texas. The current president is Bruce Culpepper, a graduate of the University of Alabama. Shell Oil Company, including its consolidated companies and its share in equity companies, is one of America's largest oil and natural gas producers, natural gas marketers, gasoline marketers and petrochemical manufacturers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Universidad Latinoamericana", "paragraph_text": "Universidad Latinoamericana (ULA) is a private university in Mexico. It is part of Apollo Global, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Apollo Group, based in the United States. It offers Traditional programs, Executive Programs and Online programs for bachelor's degree, master's degree and specializations."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Abarth", "paragraph_text": "Abarth & C. S.p.A. is a fully owned subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A. (formerly Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.), the subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (formerly of Fiat S.p.A.) controlling its European automotive production activities."}], "question": "Who owns Shell's U.S. subsidiary?"}
{"id": "2hop__18777_141499", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "MainConcept", "paragraph_text": "MainConcept GmbH is a software company founded in Germany by Markus Moenig and Thomas Zabel. They specialize in developing video/audio codecs and also applications and plug-ins related to video/audio encoding. They are a subsidiary of NeuLion, Inc. with employees in Germany, Russia, United States and Japan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "Shell was vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Garden State Life Insurance Company", "paragraph_text": "Garden State Life Insurance Company is a small direct life insurance company located in League City, Texas. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Galveston, Texas based American National Insurance Company."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was \"AT&T Comcast\", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jofa", "paragraph_text": "Jofa was a subsidiary of Volvo 1973-1985 and in 1989 the company was bought by Karhu Canada Inc. Since 2004, Jofa is a part of Reebok."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Aegon UK", "paragraph_text": "Aegon UK is the brand name for Scottish Equitable plc and it is a subsidiary of Aegon N.V. a multi-national life insurance, pension and asset management company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "USS Armadillo", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Armadillo\" (IX-111), the lead ship of her class of tanker was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the armadillo, an insect-eating mammal which has an armorlike shell encasing its back and head."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Velveeta Shells & Cheese", "paragraph_text": "Velveeta Shells & Cheese is a shell pasta and cheese sauce food product that debuted in the United States in 1984. Its ingredients, texture, and flavor are very similar to macaroni and cheese. The product is a shelf - stable food."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Subaru of America", "paragraph_text": "Subaru of America, Inc. (commonly known as SOA), based in Camden, New Jersey, is the United States - based distributor of Subaru's brand vehicles, a subsidiary of Subaru Corporation of Japan. The company markets and distributes Subaru vehicles, parts and accessories through a network of more than 600 dealers throughout the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "The name Shell is linked to The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij", "paragraph_text": "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij or Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (better known as BPM), Dutch for \"Batavian Oil Company\", was a subsidiary of the Royal Dutch Shell oil company established in 1907 which extracted and refined oil in the Netherlands East Indies, now Indonesia. The company is the predecessor of Pertamina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nevada Power Company", "paragraph_text": "Nevada Power Company was a Las Vegas - based company that produced, distributed, and sold electricity in the southern part of the state of Nevada. In 2005, it had over 700,000 electric customers in parts of three Nevada counties -- a service area of more than 4,000 square miles (10,000 km). In 1998, Nevada Power merged with Nevada's other major utility, Sierra Pacific Resources. It continued as a subsidiary of Sierra Pacific until 2005, when the company changed its name to NV Energy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carnival Cruise Line", "paragraph_text": "Carnival Cruise Line is the world's largest cruise line based in Miami, Florida in the United States. It is a subsidiary of the American - British company Carnival Corporation & PLC, one of the largest travel and tourism companies in the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Railway stations in Italy", "paragraph_text": "Most railway stations in Italy are maintained and operated by RFI, a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Group. A minor part of them are operated by private and regional companies, conceded by the state."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, where as, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from NYSE on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Skype Technologies", "paragraph_text": "Skype Technologies S.A.R.L (also known as Skype Software S.A.R.L, Skype Communications S.A.R.L, Skype Inc., and Skype Limited) is a telecommunications company headquartered in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg and Palo Alto, CA, United States, whose chief business is the manufacturing and marketing of the video chat and instant messaging computer software program Skype, and various Internet telephony services associated with it. Microsoft purchased the company in 2011, and it has since then operated as their wholly owned subsidiary; as of 2016, it is operating as part of Microsoft's Office Product Group. The company is a \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 responsabilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e\", or SARL, equivalent to an American limited liability company."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zayre", "paragraph_text": "Zayre was a chain of discount stores that operated in the eastern half of the United States from 1956 to 1990. The company's headquarters was in Framingham, Massachusetts. In October 1988, Zayre's parent company, Zayre Corp., sold the stores to the competing Ames Department Stores, Inc. chain, and in June 1989, Zayre Corp. merged with one of its subsidiaries, The TJX Companies, parent company of T.J. Maxx. A number of stores retained the Zayre name until 1990, by which time all stores were either closed or converted into Ames stores. (The TJX Companies, which also owns Marshalls, HomeGoods, and Sierra, is still in operation as of 2018.)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Shell Oil Company", "paragraph_text": "Shell Oil Company is the United States-based wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, transnational corporation \"oil major\" of Anglo-Dutch origins, which is amongst the largest oil companies in the world. Approximately 80,000 Shell employees are based in the U.S. The U.S. headquarters are in Houston, Texas. The current president is Bruce Culpepper, a graduate of the University of Alabama. Shell Oil Company, including its consolidated companies and its share in equity companies, is one of America's largest oil and natural gas producers, natural gas marketers, gasoline marketers and petrochemical manufacturers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Texaco", "paragraph_text": "Texaco, Inc. (\"The Texas Company\") is an American oil subsidiary of Chevron Corporation. Its flagship product is its fuel \"Texaco with Techron\". It also owns the Havoline motor oil brand. Texaco was an independent company until its refining operations merged into Chevron Corporation in 2001, at which time most of its station franchises were divested to the Shell Oil Company. It began as the Texas Fuel Company, founded in 1901 in Beaumont, Texas, by Joseph S. Cullinan, Thomas J. Donoghue, Walter Benona Sharp, and Arnold Schlaet upon the discovery of oil at Spindletop."}], "question": "What company is Shell's subsidiary in the United States a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__381023_4456", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Numbulwar", "paragraph_text": "Numbulwar is a small, primarily Aboriginal community on the Gulf of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory of Australia. The major language group of the community is Nunggubuyu and their language, Wubuy, is used by older generations. Kriol is also widely spoken."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u200e) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mian Wali Qureshian", "paragraph_text": "Mian Wali Qureshian is a town in Rahim Yar Khan District, Punjab, Pakistan. It was founded more than 450 years ago by Makhdoom Ruhullah Shah the first. The language spoken is Saraiki language."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Revival of the Hebrew language", "paragraph_text": "The revival of the Hebrew language took place in Europe and Israel toward the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, through which the language's usage changed from the sacred language of Judaism to a spoken and written language used for daily life in Israel. The process began as Jews started arriving in Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century and used Hebrew as a lingua franca. However, a parallel development in Europe changed Hebrew from primarily a sacred liturgical language into a literary language which played a key role in the development of nationalist educational programs. Modern Hebrew, along with Modern Arabic, has been an official language in Israel since the British Mandate of Palestine, a situation that continued after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. More than purely a linguistic process, the revival of Hebrew was utilized by Jewish modernization and political movements, and became a tenet of the ideology associated with settlement of the land, Zionism and Israeli policy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Iranian languages", "paragraph_text": "Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darb\u00e2r (\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and \"P\u00e2rsi\" (\"Persian\" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, \"Khuzi\", associated with the western province of Khuzestan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Singapore", "paragraph_text": "Singaporeans are mostly bilingual, with English as their common language and usually the mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. The official languages amongst Singaporeans are English (80% literacy), Mandarin (65% literacy), Malay (17% literacy), and Tamil (4% literacy). Singapore English is based on British English, and forms of English spoken in Singapore range from Standard Singapore English to a colloquial form known as \"Singlish\". Singlish is discouraged by the government.English is the language spoken by most Singaporeans at home, 36.9% of the population, just ahead of Mandarin. Nearly half a million speak other varieties of Chinese, mainly Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin and English. Singapore Chinese characters are written using simplified Chinese characters."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hokkien", "paragraph_text": "The existence of literary and colloquial readings (\u6587\u767d\u7570\u8b80), called tha\u030dk-im (\u8b80\u97f3), is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (\u6587\u8b80, b\u00fbn-tha\u030dk), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones (\u767d\u8b80, pe\u030dh-tha\u030dk) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases. Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools. English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status after the creation of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language, as may be seen in road signs and official documents. Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa (see Maghrebi Jews)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hakan Massoud Navabi", "paragraph_text": "Hakan Massoud Nawabi (), is an Afghan-Canadian freelance journalist, writer, entrepreneur and blogger. Previously served as Press Officer, Protocol Officer and Executive Assistant for the Embassy of Afghanistan in New Delhi, India from August 2011 to December 2014. He is well-known for his number of quotations on peace, stability, unity, love and friendship. Nawabi is the son of Afghan well-known poet, writer, school principal and cultural personality; Massoud Nawabi who have been listed as the most prominent cultural personality at the history of Afghanistan in 2011 and is the grand son of Ghulam Habib Nawabi, who was the last of the great Dari Poet and among the first to introduce modern Dari poetry in Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Languages of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in the United States. Today over 500 languages are used by the U.S. population. The most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language of the United States. Since the 1965 Immigration Act, Spanish is the second most common language in the country. The United States does not have an official language, but some state governments recognize specific languages. For instance, the state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French, as does New Mexico in Spanish. There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii. Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Stop sign", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, stop signs have a size of 750 mm across opposite flats of the red octagon, with a 20 mm white border. The white uppercase letters in small caps forming the stop legend are 250 mm tall. Larger signs of 900 mm (35 in) with 300 mm (12 in) legend and 25 mm (7\u20448 in) border are used on multilane expressways. Regulatory provisions exist for extra-large 1,200 mm (47 in) signs with 400 mm (16 in) legend and 30 mm (1 \u2044 in) border for use where sign visibility or reaction distance are limited, and the smallest permissible stop sign size for general usage is 600 mm (24 in) with a 200 mm (7.9 in) legend and 15 mm (5\u20448 in) border. The metric units specified in the US regulatory manuals are rounded approximations of US customary units, not exact conversions. The field, legend, and border are all retroreflective. In the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of the UN, the instruction on the sign to stop is specified to be either in English as stop or written in the local language. Some countries use both. The sign's distinctive design was developed and first used in the U.S., and later adopted by other countries and by the U.N. Despite this, the US is not a signatory to this UN Convention."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Coptic language", "paragraph_text": "Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: \u03ef\u2c99\u2c89\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c89\u2c99\u2c9b\u0300\u2cad\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c93 ti. met. rem. \u0259n. k \u0113mi and Sahidic: \u2ca7\u2c99\u2c9b\u0304\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c99\u0304\u2c9b\u0304\u2c95\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c89 t. m\u0259nt. r\u0259m. \u0259n. k\u0113me) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro - Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet, an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from demotic to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have, in the first century AD."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sindarin", "paragraph_text": "Sindarin is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves, called the \"Eledhrim\" or \"Edhellim\" in Sindarin. The word \"Sindarin\" is itself a Quenya form. The only known Sindarin word for this language is Eglathrin, a word probably only used in the First Age (see Eglath)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Madagascar", "paragraph_text": "The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. The numerous dialects of Malagasy, which are generally mutually intelligible, can be clustered under one of two subgroups: eastern Malagasy, spoken along the eastern forests and highlands including the Merina dialect of Antananarivo, and western Malagasy, spoken across the western coastal plains. French became the official language during the colonial period, when Madagascar came under the authority of France. In the first national Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic. Madagascar is a francophone country, and French is mostly spoken as a second language among the educated population and used for international communication.No official languages were recorded in the Constitution of 1992, although Malagasy was identified as the national language. Nonetheless, many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French were official languages, eventually leading a citizen to initiate a legal case against the state in April 2000, on the grounds that the publication of official documents only in the French language was unconstitutional. The High Constitutional Court observed in its decision that, in the absence of a language law, French still had the character of an official language.In the Constitution of 2007, Malagasy remained the national language while official languages were reintroduced: Malagasy, French, and English. English was removed as an official language from the constitution approved by voters in the November 2010 referendum. The outcome of the referendum, and its consequences for official and national language policy, are not recognized by the political opposition, who cite lack of transparency and inclusiveness in the way the election was organized by the High Transitional Authority."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Germany", "paragraph_text": "German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian and English. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the North Germanic languages, and the extinct East Germanic languages, to an even lesser extent. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet."}], "question": "What was the first dynasty to use the language of Hakan Massoud Navabi?"}
{"id": "2hop__62257_4456", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guyana", "paragraph_text": "Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language. The majority of the population, however, speak Guyanese Creole, an English - based creole language, as a first language. Guyana is part of the Anglophone Caribbean. CARICOM, of which Guyana is a member, is headquartered in Guyana's capital and largest city, Georgetown. In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ogwa", "paragraph_text": "Ogwa is a town in Edo State, Nigeria. It is among the constituent communities of Esanland. The people of Ogwa speak the Esan language. The language of Esan people shares the same name as the name of the land itself. Esan and Ishan are interchangeably used to refer to the same place, language and people. Ishan is the anglicized variant for Esan. The Ogwa people in Edo State proudly identify themselves as Esan or Ishan people."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Most Portuguese and Mesti\u00e7os speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages. French is also taught in schools because Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations. Guinea-Bissau is a full member of the Francophonie."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Iranian languages", "paragraph_text": "Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darb\u00e2r (\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and \"P\u00e2rsi\" (\"Persian\" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, \"Khuzi\", associated with the western province of Khuzestan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Although the United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere. Virtually all state and federal government agencies and large corporations use English as their internal working language, especially at the management level. Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents, in Spanish and English, and other commonly used languages. By 2015, there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spanish language", "paragraph_text": "It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language -- including speakers with limited competence -- and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (104,465 or 81.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (5,062 or 3.9%) and French is the third (4,671 or 3.6%). There are 171 people who speak Romansh."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish language in the United States has forty - five million Hispanic and Latino Americans that speak Spanish as their first, second or heritage language, and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States, making it the second most spoken language of the United States. With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish - speaking population in the world after Mexico, although it is not an official language of the country. Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second - language speakers. About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English ``very well ''in the 2000 U.S. Census. The United States is among the Spanish - speaking countries that has its own Academy of the Spanish Language."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have their local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in the German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become ever more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, such as radio and television, and are used as an everyday language, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language). Conversely, in the French-speaking regions the local dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions dialects are mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "14% of the population speaks the official language Portuguese, the language of government and national communication during centuries of colonial rule. 44% speak Kriol, a Portuguese-based creole language, which is effectively a national language of communication among groups. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages unique to ethnicities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is that of linguistic authority, a more sociolinguistic notion. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding some questions about their language. For instance, to learn the name of a new invention, or an obscure foreign species of plant, speakers of Bavarian German and East Franconian German might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject. By way of contrast, although Yiddish is classified by linguists as a language in the \"Middle High German\" group of languages, a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary to determine the word to use in such a case."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of languages by number of native speakers in India", "paragraph_text": "Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of ``Hindi ''as a broad variety of`` Hindi languages''. According to 2001 Census, 53.6% of Indian population declared that they speak Hindi either as first or second language, in which 41% of them have declared it as their native language or mother tongue. 12.6% Indians declared that they can speak English as a second language."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kite (geometry)", "paragraph_text": "If a kite is equiangular, meaning that all four of its angles are equal, then it must also be equilateral and thus a square. A kite with three equal 108 \u00b0 angles and one 36 \u00b0 angle forms the convex hull of the lute of Pythagoras."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Brazilian Portuguese", "paragraph_text": "In 1990, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of the Portuguese orthography to unify the two standards then in use by Brazil on one side and the remaining Portuguese-speaking countries on the other. This spelling reform went into effect in Brazil on 1 January 2009. In Portugal, the reform was signed into law by the President on 21 July 2008 allowing for a 6-year adaptation period, during which both orthographies co-existed. All of the CPLP countries have signed the reform. In Brazil, this reform has been in force since January 2016. Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries have since begun using the new orthography."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Kite Runner (film)", "paragraph_text": "Though most of the film is set in Afghanistan, these parts were mostly shot in Kashgar, China, due to the dangers of filming in Afghanistan at the time. The majority of the film's dialogue is in Dari, with the remainder spoken in English and a few short scenes in Urdu. The child actors are native speakers, but several adult actors had to learn Dari. Filming wrapped up on December 21, 2006, and the film was expected to be released on November 2, 2007. However, after concern for the safety of the young actors in the film due to fears of violent reprisals to the sexual nature of some scenes in which they appear, its release date was pushed back six weeks to December 14, 2007."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Google Translate", "paragraph_text": "Launched in April 2006 as a statistical machine translation service, it used United Nations and European Parliament transcripts to gather linguistic data. Rather than translating languages directly, it first translates text to English and then to the target language. During a translation, it looks for patterns in millions of documents to help decide on the best translation. Its accuracy has been criticized and ridiculed on several occasions. In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine - Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) - which translates ``whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar ''. Originally only enabled for a few languages in 2016, GNMT is gradually being used for more languages."}], "question": "What was the first dynasty to use the language spoken in Kite Runner?"}
{"id": "2hop__627351_819837", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2014 Beijing ePrix", "paragraph_text": "The 2014 Beijing ePrix, formally the 2014 FIA Formula E Evergrande Spring Beijing ePrix, was a Formula E motor race that was held on 13 September 2014 at the Beijing Olympic Green Circuit in Beijing, China. It was the first Championship race of the single-seater, electrically powered racing car series' inaugural season. The race was won by Lucas di Grassi for the Audi Sport ABT team, ahead of Franck Montagny and Sam Bird."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Luca Ladner", "paragraph_text": "Luca Ladner (born 26 April 1989 in Z\u00fcrich) is a footballer from Switzerland who currently plays as midfielder for FC Wohlen on loan from FC Zurich in the Swiss Super League."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Centro Social Deportivo Barber", "paragraph_text": "Sport Voetbal Centro Social Deportivo Barber is a Cura\u00e7ao football team located in WestPunt municipality Barber, and playing in the Cura\u00e7ao League First Division."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2013\u201314 FC Wohlen season", "paragraph_text": "2013-14 season of FC Wohlen are a Swiss football club which are based in Wohlen, Aargau. The team will be competing in the Challenge League and Schweizer Pokal."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New York Jets", "paragraph_text": "The New York Jets are a professional American football team located in the New York metropolitan area. The Jets compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The team is headquartered in Florham Park, New Jersey. In a unique arrangement for the league, the Jets share MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey with the New York Giants. The franchise is legally and corporately registered as New York Jets, LLC."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Swiss are fans of football and the national team is nicknamed the 'Nati'. The headquarters of the sport's governing body, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), is located in Z\u00fcrich. Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup, and was the joint host, with Austria, of the Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation's professional club league. For the Brasil 2014 World Cup finals tournament, the country's German-speaking cantons will be closely monitored by local police forces to prevent celebrations beyond one hour after matches end. Europe's highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland and is named the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Antoinette Lucas", "paragraph_text": "Antoinette Lucas (born October 27, 1968 in Crozier, Virginia) is a former field hockey midfielder from the United States, who was a member of the US women's team that finished fifth at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She attended Northwestern University, where she played for the Wildcats."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Joseph Cogels", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Hubert Cogels (14 January 1894 \u2013 26 July 1978) was a Belgian sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Belgian team in the team clay pigeons competition."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charlotte 49ers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A founding member of Conference USA (C-USA), Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. Previously, Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Raleigh, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New England Patriots", "paragraph_text": "The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region. The Patriots compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is located 21 miles (34 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles (32 km) northeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marco Ladner", "paragraph_text": "Ladner competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Austria. He placed 19th in the qualifying round in the halfpipe, failing to advance."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as \"The Big House\". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rob De Luca", "paragraph_text": "Rob De Luca is an American bassist, vocalist, songwriter and producer. De Luca is best known for playing in UFO and as a founding member of Spread Eagle. He has also toured with Sebastian Bach, OF EARTH and Helmet."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "National Hockey League", "paragraph_text": "National Hockey League (NHL) Ligue nationale de hockey (French) Upcoming season or competition: 2018 -- 19 NHL season Sport Ice hockey Founded November 26, 1917 (100 years ago) (1917 - 11 - 26), Montreal, Quebec, Canada Inaugural season 1917 -- 18 Commissioner Gary Bettman No. of teams 31 Countries Canada (7 teams) United States (24 teams) Headquarters New York City, New York, United States Continent North America Most recent champion (s) Washington Capitals (1st title) Most titles Montreal Canadiens (25 titles) TV partner (s) Canada Sportsnet TVA Sports United States NBC / NBCSN NHL Network Univision Official website NHL.com"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cabo San Lucas International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Cabo San Lucas International Airport (Spanish: Aer\u00f3dromo Internacional de Cabo San Lucas) (ICAO: MMSL) is a small international airfield (officially it's an ``aerodrome '') located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northwest of Cabo San Lucas in Baja California Sur, Mexico."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bennigsen Beavers", "paragraph_text": "The Bennigsen Beavers were established in 1993 as a department of FC Bennigsen, and became an independent sporting team on January 1, 2004. The club fielded 7 teams for the 2005 season, including three men's teams, a women's team, a junior team, a youth team and a student team. As of mid-2005, the Beavers claimed a total of 97 Members."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the football club that Luca Ladner is a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__88348_714772", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Harry Loves Lisa", "paragraph_text": "Harry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna, a married couple. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Martin Bayfield", "paragraph_text": "Since retirement, Bayfield has worked as a journalist, an after - dinner speaker, and has appeared in all of the Harry Potter films playing the half - giant Hagrid, as Robbie Coltrane's body and stunt double. (He also appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as a young Rubeus Hagrid). Continuing the acting theme, he also played a cyclops in Jonathan Liebesman's Wrath of the Titans, the sequel to 2010 movie Clash of the Titans. Bayfield also played ``Rugby Player 1 ''in an episode of the BBC One series New Tricks (first shown on 1 September 2008)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Attack on Titan characters", "paragraph_text": "Ymir Fritz (\u30e6\u30df\u30eb\u30fb\u30d5\u30ea\u30c3\u30c4, Yumiru Furittsu) A mythical figure tied to the origins of the Titans who lived around 1,800 years ago, mentioned only in fairy tales. In the stories, Ymir became the first Founding Titan (\u59cb\u7956\u306e\u5de8\u4eba, Shiso no Kyojin) when she made a deal with the devil and used her gained power to protect her people from the Marley government. In time, the deceased Ymir's power was divided into nine of her Subjects whose families used the Nine Titans to establish Eldia as an empire for centuries until the reign of Karl Fritz."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Javon Ringer", "paragraph_text": "Javon Eugene Ringer (born February 2, 1987) is an American football running back who last played for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Michigan State University, and was drafted in the fifth round of the 2009 NFL draft."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility", "paragraph_text": "The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility (originally called Futility) is an 1898 novella written by Morgan Robertson. The story features the fictional ocean liner Titan, which sinks in the North Atlantic after striking an iceberg. Titan and its sinking have been noted to be very similar to the real - life passenger ship RMS Titanic, which sank fourteen years later. Following the sinking of the Titanic, the novel was reissued with some changes, particularly in the ship's gross tonnage."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jonathan Orr", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Orr (born March 20, 1983 in Detroit, Michigan) is a former American football wide receiver who played for the NFL's Oakland Raiders and Tennessee Titans. He was drafted in the sixth round, pick 172 of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Titans. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "In 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against the Romans. However, Rome responded by sending a stronger army. This second consular army decisively defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC and the Macedonians duly capitulated, ending the war."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ramin Djawadi", "paragraph_text": "Ramin Djawadi (/ r\u0252\u02c8mi\u02d0n \u02c8d\u0292\u0251\u02d0v\u0259di /, Persian: \u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u200e; born July 19, 1974) is a German - Iranian composer. Djawadi is best known for his score for HBO's acclaimed television series Game of Thrones. He is also known for his works on movies such as Clash of the Titans, Pacific Rim, Warcraft and the Grammy - nominated score for the 2008 Marvel film Iron Man, and television series including Prison Break, Person of Interest, and Westworld."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ramin Djawadi", "paragraph_text": "Ramin Djawadi (/ r\u0252\u02c8mi\u02d0n \u02c8d\u0292\u0251\u02d0v\u0259di /, Persian: \u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u200e \u200e; born July 19, 1974) is an Iranian - German composer. Djawadi is best known for his score for HBO's popular television series Game of Thrones. He is also known for his works on movies such as Clash of the Titans, Pacific Rim, Warcraft and the Grammy - nominated score for the 2008 Marvel film Iron Man, and television series including Prison Break, Person of Interest, and Westworld."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Titanic II (film)", "paragraph_text": "Titanic II (also entitled Titanic 2) is a 2010 low - budget disaster film written, directed by, and starring Shane Van Dyke and distributed by The Asylum. It was released direct - to - TV in Australia on August 7, 2010. It premiered on Syfy, on Sky in the UK and Ireland on August 9. It was released on August 25 in the United States. The film is set on a fictional replica Titanic that sets off exactly 100 years after the original ship's maiden voyage to perform the reverse route, but global warming and the forces of nature cause history to repeat itself on the same night, only on a more disastrous and deadly scale."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clash of the Titans (1981 film)", "paragraph_text": "Harry Hamlin as Perseus Judi Bowker as Andromeda Burgess Meredith as Ammon Maggie Smith as Thetis Si\u00e2n Phillips as Cassiopeia Claire Bloom as Hera Ursula Andress as Aphrodite Laurence Olivier as Zeus Pat Roach as Hephaestus Susan Fleetwood as Athena Tim Pigott - Smith as Thallo Jack Gwillim as Poseidon Neil McCarthy as Calibos Vida Taylor as Dana\u00eb Donald Houston as Acrisius Flora Robson, Anna Manahan and Freda Jackson as the Stygian Witches"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lynchburg Titans", "paragraph_text": "The Lynchburg Titans are a franchise of the Premier Basketball League which began play in the 2011-12 season. Based in Lynchburg, Virginia, they play their home games in Downtown Lynchburg at the Lynchburg City Armory."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jurrell Casey", "paragraph_text": "Jurrell Juel Casey (born December 5, 1989) is an American football defensive end for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at USC, and was drafted by the Titans in the third round of the 2011 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Perseus with the Head of Medusa", "paragraph_text": "Perseus with the Head of Medusa is a bronze sculpture made by Benvenuto Cellini in the period 1545\u20131554. The sculpture stands upon a square base with bronze relief panels depicting the story of Perseus and Andromeda, similar to a predella on an altarpiece. It is located in the Loggia dei Lanzi of the Piazza della Signoria in Florence, Italy. The second Florentine duke, Duke Cosimo I de' Medici, commissioned the work with specific political connections to the other sculptural works in the piazza. When the piece was revealed to the public on 27 April 1554, Michelangelo's \"David\", Bandinelli's \"Hercules and Cacus\", and Donatello's \"Judith and Holofernes\" were already erected in the piazza."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ramin Djawadi", "paragraph_text": "Ramin Djawadi (/ r\u0252\u02c8mi\u02d0n \u02c8d\u0292\u0251\u02d0v\u0259di /, Persian: \u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u200e; Persian pronunciation: (r\u0252: mi: n d\u0361\u0292\u00e6v\u0251: di:), born July 19, 1974) is a German - Iranian composer. Djawadi's score for the 2008 Marvel film Iron Man was nominated for a Grammy Award. He has also scored movies such as Clash of the Titans, Pacific Rim, Warcraft, A Wrinkle in Time, Slender Man and television series including Game of Thrones, Prison Break, Person of Interest and Westworld."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tamaki Titans", "paragraph_text": "The Tamaki Titans (originally Tamaki Leopards) were a franchise in the now defunct New Zealand rugby league Bartercard Cup competition. They represented Eastern Auckland, this area was previously represented by the Otahuhu Ellerslie Leopards and the Eastern Tornadoes. Their coach, Dean Clark, was a former standoff who played for the Kiwis, New Zealand Maori, Hull KR & the ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Clash of the Titans (1981 film)", "paragraph_text": "Clash of the Titans is a 1981 British - American heroic fantasy adventure film directed by Desmond Davis and written by Beverley Cross which retells the Greek mythological story of Perseus. It stars Harry Hamlin, Judi Bowker, Burgess Meredith, Maggie Smith and Laurence Olivier. The film features the final work of stop motion visual effects artist Ray Harryhausen. It was released on June 12, 1981 and grossed $41 million at the North American box office, which made it the 11th highest - grossing film of the year. A novelization of the film by Alan Dean Foster was published in 1981."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Perseus Freeing Andromeda", "paragraph_text": "Perseus Freeing Andromeda or Liberation of Andromeda is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Piero di Cosimo, c. executed in 1510 or 1513. It is housed in the Uffizi Gallery of Florence, Italy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wrath of the Titans", "paragraph_text": "Sam Worthington as Perseus, the demigod son of Zeus, who defeated the Kraken and saved humanity; Zeus enlists Perseus' help in order to defeat the Titan Kronos. Liam Neeson as Zeus, the god of the sky and ruler of Mount Olympus, Perseus' father. Ralph Fiennes as Hades, the god of the underworld, who makes a deal with Kronos. Rosamund Pike as Andromeda, who was saved by Perseus when she was a princess; now crowned Queen of Argos, she joins Perseus in his quest to defeat Kronos. Pike replaced Alexa Davalos in the role, due to a schedule conflict. Bill Nighy as Hephaestus, the fallen god, forger of the gods' weapons. \u00c9dgar Ram\u00edrez as Ares, the god of war, who betrays his father Zeus to join Hades. Danny Huston as Poseidon, the god of the sea, Agenor's father. Toby Kebbell as Agenor, the demigod son of Poseidon; he joins Perseus in his quest to defeat Kronos. John Bell as Helius, the young son of Perseus. Lily James as Korrina, a female soldier from Argos. Sinead Cusack as Clea, Helius' teacher and guardian in Perseus' absence. Martin Bayfield as the Cyclops Elder, who leads Perseus and his group to Hephaestus. Spencer Wilding as Minotaur, the ferocious creature who guards the labyrinth."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Willie Rose", "paragraph_text": "William \"Willie\" Rose (born March 23, 1987) is a former American football fullback. He was an undrafted rookie free agent signed by the Titans. He played college football at Florida Atlantic."}], "question": "Who married the actor portraying Perseus in the original Clash of The Titans?"}
{"id": "2hop__269076_29243", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia is also a major hub for Greyhound Lines, which operates 24-hour service to points east of the Mississippi River. Most of Greyhound's services in Philadelphia operate to/from the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal, located at 1001 Filbert Street in Center City Philadelphia. In 2006, the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal was the second busiest Greyhound terminal in the United States, after the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York. Besides Greyhound, six other bus operators provide service to the Center City Greyhound terminal: Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit. Other services include Megabus and Bolt Bus."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "KLM", "paragraph_text": "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally \"Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V.\" (literal translation: Royal Aviation Company, Inc.), is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is part of the Air France\u2013KLM group, and a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. Founded in 1919, KLM is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name and had 35,488 employees and a fleet of 119 (excluding subsidiaries) . KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to 145 destinations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "GoAir", "paragraph_text": "GoAir is an Indian low-cost airline based in Mumbai, India. It is owned by the Indian business conglomerate Wadia Group. In October 2017 it was the fifth largest airline in India with an 8.4% passenger market share. It commenced operations in November 2005 and operates a fleet of Airbus A320 aircraft in all economy configuration. As of June 2019, the airline operates over 230 daily flights to 28 destinations, including 24 domestic and 4 international destinations, from its hubs at Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata and Kannur."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jonathan Gruber (filmmaker)", "paragraph_text": "His film, \"Follow Me: The Yoni Netanyahu Story\", was an in depth look into the private life of the man who became the hero and pivotal strategist in the Israeli rescue of the Israeli hostages from Entebbe, Uganda following the hijacking of an Air France plane by Palestinian militants, which Idi Amin permitted to land in his country. After the Jewish and Israeli passengers were separated and threatened, the Israeli government quickly devised Operation Entebbe, which ended with the rescue of the passengers, but the death of Netanyahu. The film won awards at several national film festivals."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "LAM Mozambique Airlines", "paragraph_text": "LAM Mozambique Airlines is based in Maputo, and has its hub at Maputo International Airport. It operates scheduled services in Southern Africa. The company is a member of the International Air Transport Association, and of the African Airlines Association since 1976."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "European Air Transport Leipzig", "paragraph_text": "European Air Transport Leipzig GmbH, often shortened to EAT Leipzig or EAT-LEJ, is a German cargo airline with its head office and main hub on the grounds of Leipzig/Halle Airport in Schkeuditz. It is wholly owned by Deutsche Post DHL and operates the group's \"DHL\"-branded parcel and express services. It also provides ad hoc charter services including livestock transport."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ho Chi Minh trail", "paragraph_text": "H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh Trail Southeastern Laos Ho Chi Minh Trail, 1967 Type Logistical system Site information Controlled by National Liberation Front Site history Built 1959 -- 1975 In use 1959 -- 1975 Battles / wars Operation Barrel Roll Operation Steel Tiger Operation Tiger Hound Operation Commando Hunt Cambodian Incursion Operation Lam Son 719 Ho Chi Minh Campaign Operation Left Jab Operation Honorable Dragon Operation Diamond Arrow Project Copper Operation Phiboonpol Operation Sayasila Operation Bedrock Operation Thao La Operation Black Lion Garrison information Past commanders V\u00f5 B\u1ea9m Phan Tr\u1ecdng Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed3ng S\u1ef9 Nguy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf Thi\u1ec7n Garrison 5,000 -- 60,000"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saint Barth\u00e9lemy", "paragraph_text": "St. Barth\u00e9lemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barth\u00e9lemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lufthansa CityLine", "paragraph_text": "Lufthansa CityLine GmbH is a German airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Munich Airport. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Lufthansa and maintains hubs at Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport, from where it operates a dense domestic and European network as a member of Lufthansa Regional."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eastar Jet", "paragraph_text": "Eastar Jet (ESR) () is a low-cost airline with its headquarters in Banghwa-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, South Korea. On January 7, 2009, Eastar Jet made its maiden flight from Gimpo International Airport to Jeju International Airport. Now, the airline operates a scheduled passenger network to 14 destinations in eight countries. Its main base is Gimpo International Airport, with a hub at Jeju International Airport."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aviacsa", "paragraph_text": "Consorcio Aviaxsa, S.A. de C.V., doing business as Aviacsa, was a low-cost airline of Mexico with its headquarters in Hangar 1 of Zone C on the property of Mexico City International Airport in Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City, Mexico. The airline operated domestic services until the airline's grounding, radiating from major hubs at Monterrey, Mexico City and Guadalajara and international service to Las Vegas, Nevada in the USA. Aviacsa also had a U.S. office in Houston."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arik Air", "paragraph_text": "Arik Air is a Nigerian airline operating mainly from two hubs at Murtala Muhammed International Airport near Lagos and Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja. Arik Air's head office is the \"Arik Air Aviation Center\" on the grounds of Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Ikeja. Arik Air serves a network of regional and mid-haul destinations within Africa."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "China Eastern Airlines", "paragraph_text": "China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited (, colloquially known as /) is an airline headquartered in the China Eastern Airlines Building, on the grounds of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport in Changning District, Shanghai. It is a major Chinese airline operating international, domestic and regional routes. Its main hubs are at Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yakutia Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Yakutia Airlines ( \u2013 \"Aviakompanija \u00abJakutija\u00bb\" \"Air Company \"Yakutia\"\") is an airline based in Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia. It operates domestic passenger services in Russia and within the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as destinations in Europe, Asia, and North America from its hubs at Yakutsk Airport and Moscow's Vnukovo Airport. The airline is founded in 2002, and is owned by government of the Republic of Sakha."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Icelandair", "paragraph_text": "It is part of the Icelandair Group and as of April 2018, operated scheduled services to 48 cities in 16 countries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean out of its hub at Keflav\u00edk International Airport. The geographical position of Iceland is convenient for one-stop transatlantic flights, which is one pillar of the airline's business strategy, along with traffic to and from the country."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cathay Pacific", "paragraph_text": "Cathay Pacific Airways Limited (CPA), also known as Cathay Pacific or Cathay, is the flag carrier of Hong Kong, with its head office and main hub located at Hong Kong International Airport. The airline's operations and subsidiaries have scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 190 destinations in more than 60 countries worldwide including codeshares and joint ventures. Cathay Pacific operates a fleet of wide-body aircraft, consisting of Airbus A330, Airbus A350 and Boeing 777 equipment. Cathay Pacific Cargo operates three models of the Boeing 747. Wholly owned subsidiary airline Cathay Dragon operates to 44 destinations in the Asia-Pacific region from its Hong Kong base. In 2010, Cathay Pacific and Cathay Pacific Cargo, together with Cathay Dragon, carried nearly 27 million passengers and over 1.8 million tons of cargo and mail."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "On December 2009, Oklahoma City voters passed MAPS 3, the $777 million (7-year 1-cent tax) initiative, which will include funding (appx $130M) for an estimated 5-to-6-mile (8.0 to 9.7 km) modern streetcar in downtown Oklahoma City and the establishment of a transit hub. It is believed the streetcar would begin construction in 2014 and be in operation around 2017."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Orly Airport, located in the southern suburbs of Paris, replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the 1950s to the 1980s. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993. Today it is the 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic, and is the hub for the nation's flag carrier Air France.  Beauvais-Till\u00e9 Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Paris' city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers such as Ryanair."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Orenair", "paragraph_text": "Orenburg Airlines or JSC Orenair () was a Russian airline with its head office on the property of Orenburg Tsentralny Airport in Orenburg. It operated domestic passenger services and inclusive tour charters, as well as aerial work and special flights. Its main base was Orenburg Tsentralny Airport and it had hubs at Domodedovo and Simferopol International Airport."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Air Zimbabwe", "paragraph_text": "Air Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd (operating as Air Zimbabwe) is the national carrier of Zimbabwe, headquartered on the property of Harare International Airport, in Harare. From its hub at Harare International Airport, the carrier used to operate a network within southern Africa that also included Asia and London-Gatwick. Following financial difficulties, Air Zimbabwe ceased operations in late . Serving a reduced domestic network, the carrier resumed operations for a short period between and early , when flights were again discontinued. Some flights were restarted on a discontinuous basis in that year. The airline resumed operating some domestic routes as well as the regional service to Johannesburg on a daily basis in ."}], "question": "Where is the hub for Operation Entebbe's plane's operator?"}
{"id": "2hop__7534_7542", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Purna Swaraj", "paragraph_text": "The Purna Swaraj declaration, or Declaration of the Independence of India, was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on 19 December 1929, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj, or complete self - rule independent of the British Empire (literally in Sanskrit, purna, ``complete,`` self, ''raj, ``rule,'' thus`` complete self - rule '')."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776. The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "National Archives and Records Administration", "paragraph_text": "The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records, ships' passenger lists, military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine\u2013American War, records of the Confederate government, the Freedmen's Bureau records, and pension and land records."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Congress Voting Independence", "paragraph_text": "Congress Voting Independence is a painting by Robert Edge Pine showing the interior of Independence Hall, Philadelphia, and contains the portraits of most of the signers of the United States Declaration of Independence. The artist worked on the painting from 1784 until his death in 1788. The painting is unfinished. It currently is held in Independence Hall, Philadelphia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Declaration was passed on July 2 with no opposing votes. A committee of five had drafted it to be ready when Congress voted on independence. John Adams, a leader in pushing for independence, had persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document, which Congress edited to produce the final version. The Declaration was a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Adams wrote to his wife Abigail, ``The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America ''-- although Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4, the date that the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the ``United States of America, ''and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers' names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "National Archives and Records Administration", "paragraph_text": "The National Archives Building, known informally as Archives I, located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C., opened as its original headquarters in 1935. It holds the original copies of the three main formative documents of the United States and its government: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. It also hosts a copy of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I. These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives, which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom. The National Archives Building also exhibits other important American historical documents such as the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the Emancipation Proclamation, and collections of photography and other historically and culturally significant American artifacts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolution begun with fighting at Lexington and Concord. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Treasure (film)", "paragraph_text": "Harvey Keitel as Agent Peter Sadusky: A FBI Special Agent in charge of the theft of the Declaration of Independence."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Independence Day (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Texas Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. It was adopted at the Convention of 1836 at Washington - on - the - Brazos on March 2, 1836, and formally signed the next day after mistakes were noted in the text."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Texas Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "Texas Declaration of Independence 1836 facsimile of the Texas Declaration of Independence Created March 2, 1836 Ratified March 3, 1836 Location Engrossed copy: Texas State Library and Archives Commission Signatories 60 delegates to the Consultation Purpose To announce and explain separation from Mexico"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "George Childress", "paragraph_text": "George Campbell Childress (January 8, 1804 -- October 6, 1841) was a lawyer, politician, and a principal author of the Texas Declaration of Independence."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776. The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Continental Congress", "paragraph_text": "The Second Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775, at Philadelphia's State House, passing the resolution for independence the following year on July 2, 1776, and publicly asserting the decision two days later with the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the declaration, and John Adams was a leader in the debates in favor of its adoption. John Hancock of Massachusetts was the president during those debates. To govern during the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress continued, meeting at various locations, until it became the Congress of the Confederation when the Articles of Confederation were ratified on March 1, 1781."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Purna Swaraj", "paragraph_text": "The Purna Swaraj declaration, or Declaration of the Independence of India, was promulgated by the Indian National Congress under the influence of Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries on 19 December 1929, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj, or complete self - rule independent of the British Empire (literally in Sanskrit, purna, ``complete, ''swa,`` self,'' raj, ``rule, ''thus`` complete self - rule'')."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Independence Hall (Israel)", "paragraph_text": "Independence Hall, originally the Dizengoff House () is the site of the signing of Israel's Declaration of Independence. It is located on the historic Rothschild Boulevard in Tel Aviv, Israel. From 1932 to 1971 housing the Tel Aviv Museum of Art, it is currently a museum dedicated to the signing of the Israeli Declaration of Independence and the history of Tel Aviv."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Independence Flagstaff", "paragraph_text": "Independence Flagstaff, also known as the Charles F. Murphy Memorial Flagpole, is an outdoor memorial by sculptor Anthony de Francisci, located in Union Square Park in Manhattan, New York, which commemorates the 150th anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. The memorial was cast in 1926 and dedicated on July 4, 1930. It was made of steel, with copper sheathing, and is set on a granite pedestal which includes bronze bas-reliefs and plaques. The monument is in axial alignment with \"Abraham Lincoln\" and \"George Washington\"."}], "question": "Where is the building where the Declaration of Independence is kept located?"}
{"id": "2hop__7535_7542", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Schicker Mound", "paragraph_text": "Schicker Mound is a Native American archaeological site located near Tallulah, Louisiana, United States. It is located very close to suburban houses."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Neuberger Museum of Art", "paragraph_text": "Neuberger Museum of Art is located in Purchase, New York, United States. It is affiliated with Purchase College, part of the State University of New York system. It is the nation's tenth-largest university museum."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "National Archives and Records Administration", "paragraph_text": "The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records, ships' passenger lists, military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine\u2013American War, records of the Confederate government, the Freedmen's Bureau records, and pension and land records."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane ``Sale of Louisiana '') was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles or 2.14 million km2) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000) for a total of sixty - eight million francs ($15 million, equivalent to $300 million in 2016). The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River; a large portion of North Dakota; a large portion of South Dakota; the northeastern section of New Mexico; the northern portion of Texas; the area of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (plus New Orleans); and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were African slaves."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "In 1798, Spain revoked the treaty allowing American use of New Orleans, greatly upsetting Americans. In 1801, Spanish Governor Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo took over from the Marquess of Casa Calvo, and restored the American right to deposit goods. However, in 1800 Spain had ceded the Louisiana territory back to France as part of Napoleon's secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. The territory nominally remained under Spanish control, until a transfer of power to France on 30 November 1803, just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on 20 December 1803. A further ceremony was held in St. Louis a few months later partially due to winter conditions impeding the arrival of news, Upper Louisiana, regarding the New Orleans formalities. The 9 -- 10 March 1804 event is remembered as Three Flags Day."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mexican Cession", "paragraph_text": "The Mexican Cession of 1848 is a historical name in the United States for the region of the modern day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. It had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the Republic of Texas, though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified the southern and western boundary of Texas. The Mexican Cession (529,000 sq. miles) was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history. The largest was the Louisiana Purchase, with some 827,000 sq. miles, followed by the acquisition of Alaska (about 586,000 sq. miles)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mason Spencer", "paragraph_text": "Leonard Mason Spencer (June 11, 1892 \u2013 June 12, 1962) was a lawyer and planter from Tallulah, Louisiana, who was from 1924 to 1936 a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for Madison Parish, located alongside the rich farming delta of the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barb\u00e9 Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, ``We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank. ''"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Indian Wars", "paragraph_text": "When the British made peace with the Americans in the Treaty of Paris (1783), they ceded a vast amount of Native American territory (without the consent of the indigenous peoples) to the United States. The United States treated the Native Americans who had fought with the British as enemy allies, a conquered people who had lost their land. The federal government of the United States was eager to expand, and the national government did so by purchasing Native American land in treaties and through warfare."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Flora, Louisiana", "paragraph_text": "Flora is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is located near the intersection of Louisiana highways 120 and 478, south of Natchitoches."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Holmwood, Louisiana", "paragraph_text": "Holmwood is an unincorporated community in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, United States. Holmwood is located at the junction of Louisiana highways 14 and 27, southeast of Lake Charles."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mexican Cession", "paragraph_text": "The Mexican Cession is the region in the modern - day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War. This region had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the Republic of Texas, though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified the southern and western boundary of the new State of Texas. The Mexican Cession (529,000 sq. miles) was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history. The largest was the Louisiana Purchase, with some 827,000 sq. miles (including land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces), followed by the acquisition of Alaska (about 586,000 sq. miles)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Treaty of Paris (1763)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Paris is frequently noted as the point at which France gave Louisiana to Spain. The transfer, however, occurred with the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) but was not publicly announced until 1764. The Treaty of Paris was to give Britain the east side of the Mississippi (including Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which was to be part of the British territory of West Florida). New Orleans on the east side remained in French hands (albeit temporarily). The Mississippi River corridor in what is modern day Louisiana was to be reunited following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Adams -- On\u00eds Treaty in 1819."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Territorial evolution of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, was negotiated with Napoleon during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson; the territory was acquired from France for $15 million (equivalent to $245 million in present - day terms). A small portion of this land was ceded to Britain in 1818 in exchange for the Red River Basin. More of this land was ceded to Spain in 1819 with the Florida Purchase, but was later reacquired through Texas annexation and Mexican Cession."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Treaty of Wanghia", "paragraph_text": "Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire. Type Bilateral / Unequal Signed 3 July 1844 (1844 - 07 - 03) Location Kun Iam Temple in Macau, Portuguese Macau Parties China United States Languages English and Chinese Treaty of Wanghia at Wikisource"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "National Archives and Records Administration", "paragraph_text": "The National Archives Building, known informally as Archives I, located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C., opened as its original headquarters in 1935. It holds the original copies of the three main formative documents of the United States and its government: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. It also hosts a copy of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I. These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives, which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom. The National Archives Building also exhibits other important American historical documents such as the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the Emancipation Proclamation, and collections of photography and other historically and culturally significant American artifacts."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Energy Centre", "paragraph_text": "The Energy Centre, located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 39-story, -tall skyscraper designed by HKS, Inc.. It is the fourth tallest building in both the city of New Orleans and the state of Louisiana."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana. The territory's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain, nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France, nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Antarctic Treaty System", "paragraph_text": "The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60\u00b0S latitude. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and currently has 54 parties. The treaty sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation, and bans military activity on the continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. Since September 2004, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat headquarters has been located in Buenos Aires, Argentina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Louisiana Purchase was by far the largest territorial gain in U.S. history. Stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, the purchase doubled the size of the United States. Before 1803, Louisiana had been under Spanish control for forty years. Although Spain aided the rebels in the American Revolutionary War, the Spanish did n't want the Americans to settle in their territory."}], "question": "Where is the building where the Louisiana Purchase Treaty is kept?"}
{"id": "2hop__587971_379617", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lena Ek", "paragraph_text": "Lena Ek (born 16 January 1958 in M\u00f6nster\u00e5s, Kalmar County) is a Swedish politician who served as Minister for the Environment from 2011 to 2014. She is a former Member of the European Parliament and Member of the Riksdag. She is a member of the Centre Party, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dee Long", "paragraph_text": "Dee Long (born April 1939) is a Minnesota politician, a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, and a former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives, representing part of Minneapolis. Long was the first woman to serve as Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives, a position she held from 1992 to 1993."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Paul Marquart", "paragraph_text": "Paul Marquart (born January 9, 1957) is a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota House of Representatives. A member of the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party, he represents District 4B, which includes portions of Becker, Clay, and Norman counties in the northwestern part of the state. He is also a teacher."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jeremy Faison", "paragraph_text": "Jeremy Faison is a Republican member of the Tennessee House of Representatives for the Eleventh District. He represents all of Cocke County and part of Greene County and Jefferson County."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Guy Bono", "paragraph_text": "Guy Bono (born 30 April 1953 in B\u00e9ja, B\u00e9ja Governorate, Tunisia) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the south-east of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Carquest", "paragraph_text": "Carquest Corporation is an American automotive parts distribution network that is currently owned and operated by Advance Auto Parts via independent retailers associated with the network. As of October 4, 2014 Advance operated 5,305 stores, 109 Worldpac branches. Advance Auto Parts and CARQUEST Auto Parts employs approximately 75,000 Team Members."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Repentigny (provincial electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Repentigny is a provincial electoral district in the Lanaudi\u00e8re region of Quebec, Canada, that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It consists of the municipality of Saint-Sulpice and part of the city of Repentigny."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vimont (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Vimont is a provincial electoral district in the Laval region of Quebec, Canada, that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It consists of part of the city of Laval."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bellefontaine High School", "paragraph_text": "Bellefontaine High School is a public high school in Bellefontaine, Ohio, United States.It is part of the Bellefontaine City Schools district. They are members of the Central Buckeye Conference and were formerly members of the Western Buckeye League."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Daniela Buruian\u0103", "paragraph_text": "Daniela Buruian\u0103 Aprodu (born 19 July 1953 in Br\u0103ila) is a Romanian politician and Member of the European Parliament. She is a member of the Greater Romania Party, part of the Identity/Sovereignty/Transparency group, and became an MEP on 1 January 2007 with the accession of Romania to the European Union."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jacky H\u00e9nin", "paragraph_text": "Jacky H\u00e9nin (born 12 November 1960 in Douai) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. He is a member of the French Communist Party, which is part of the European United Left\u2013Nordic Green Left group, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brigitte Douay", "paragraph_text": "Brigitte Douay (born 24 February 1947 in Paris) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. She is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the Committee on Budgets."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Antonia Parvanova", "paragraph_text": "Antonyia Parvanova (; born 26 April 1962 in Dobrich) is a Bulgarian politician and Member of the European Parliament. She is a member of the National Movement Simeon II, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, and became an MEP on 1 January 2007 with the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Henri Weber", "paragraph_text": "Henri Weber (born 23 June 1944) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party (PS), which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Yegor Letov", "paragraph_text": "Igor Fedorovich \"Yegor\" Letov ( ; 10 September 1964 \u2013 19 February 2008) was a Russian poet, musician, singer-songwriter, audio engineer and conceptual art painter, best known as the founder and leader of the post-punk/psychedelic rock band Grazhdanskaya Oborona (Civil Defense). He was also the founder of a conceptual art avant-garde project Kommunizm and psychedelic rock outfit Egor i Opizdenevshie. Letov is a younger brother of famous free jazz saxophonist Sergey Letov. He also collaborated with singer-songwriter Yanka Dyagileva and some other Siberian underground artists as a record engineer and producer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oleg Sudakov", "paragraph_text": "The lead singer of the Manager & Rodina, Tsyganyata i Ya s Ilyicha, Anarchiya and Armiya Vlasova. He is also cofounder of band Kommunizm (with Yegor Letov and Konstantin Ryabinov). From 2002 to 2005 Sudakov was leader of the branch of the National Bolshevik Party in Novosibirsk."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "V\u00e9ronique Mathieu", "paragraph_text": "V\u00e9ronique Mathieu (born 28 October 1955 in Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the East of France. She is a member of the Radical Party, associated to the Union for a Popular Movement, part of the European People's Party."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nonprofit organization", "paragraph_text": "The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these \"board-only\" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks \"members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Anna Hedh", "paragraph_text": "Anna Hedh (born 18 March 1967) is a Swedish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2009 until 2019. She is a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, part of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marie-No\u00eblle Lienemann", "paragraph_text": "Marie-No\u00eblle Lienemann (born 12 July 1951 in Belfort) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the North West of France. She is a member of the Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists. She studied at the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Cachan (ENS Cachan)."}], "question": "What was the member of Kommunizm a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__581084_121858", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Labor Forward", "paragraph_text": "The Labor Forward movement was an organizing program of the American Federation of Labor from roughly 1910 to 1920. The program, which took place in approximately 150 cities across the United States, was designed to convince workers of the labor movement's commitment to Christian ideals and labor\u2013management cooperation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fourth of July Picnic", "paragraph_text": "\"Fourth of July Picnic\" is a Nero Wolfe mystery novella by Rex Stout, first published as \"The Labor Union Murder\" in the July 9, 1957, issue of \"Look\" magazine. It first appeared in book form in the short-story collection \"And Four to Go\", published by the Viking Press in 1958."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "DaVaris Daniels", "paragraph_text": "DaVaris Daniels (born December 18, 1992) is an American football wide receiver for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at Notre Dame. After going undrafted in the 2015 NFL Draft, Daniels signed with the Minnesota Vikings."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kate Bronfenbrenner", "paragraph_text": "Kate Bronfenbrenner (March 23, 1954) is the Director of Labor Education Research at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. She is a leading authority on successful strategies in labor union organizing, and on the effects of outsourcing and offshoring on workers and worker rights."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Joe Magarac and His USA Citizen Papers", "paragraph_text": "Joe Magarac and His USA Citizen Papers is a novel for children by the American writer Irwin Shapiro (1911\u20131981) set in the steel valley of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It tells the story of the \"legendary\" steelworker Joe Magarac, who when a mill boss tells him that he needs $1,000 to get his American citizenship papers, goes on a working spree to earn the money. Magarac gets angry, however, when a U.S. Congressman tells him to go back to the Old Country where he came from. Magarac rips up rails and knocks down buildings and in a climatic rage in the manner of King Kong scales the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Colored National Labor Union", "paragraph_text": "Following underrepresentaton within the predominately white National Labor Union, the National Colored Labor Convention met in 1869. This convention resulted in the formation of the Colored National Labor Union in the same year. The ``Colored ''National Labor Union was a post-civil war organization founded in December 1869 by an assembly of 214 African American mechanics, engineers, artisans, tradesmen and trades - women, and their supporters in Washington D.C. This organization was created in pursuit of equal representation for African Americans in the workforce. The labor union was organized by Isaac Myers, and elected its first president; civil rights activist Frederick Douglass was selected the president of the CNLU in 1872. Douglass' newspaper, The New Era was chosen as the official organ of this National Labor Union."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Airscape", "paragraph_text": "Airscape is a Belgian trance act composed of Johan Gielen and formerly, Sven Maes. The group also recorded as Svenson & Gielen () and several other pseudonyms. The two man group dissolved in 2005, each going solo. In 2009, Airscape was revived by Johan Gielen."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "South Tenth Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "South Tenth Street Bridge, most often called the Tenth Street Bridge, but officially dubbed the Philip Murray Bridge, is a suspension bridge spanning the Monongahela River in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The bridge was renamed on Labor Day 2007 for Philip Murray, the first president of the United Steelworkers of America."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Strategic Negotiations", "paragraph_text": "Strategic Negotiations: A Theory of Change in Labor-Management Relations, a 1994 Harvard Business School Press publication, is a book on negotiation by the authors; Richard Walton, Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld, and Robert McKersie."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ravenswood: The Steelworkers' Victory and the Revival of American Labor", "paragraph_text": "Ravenswood: The Steelworkers' Victory and the Revival of American Labor is a labor history book by Kate Bronfenbrenner and Tom Juravich."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tyler Blackburn", "paragraph_text": "Tyler Blackburn (born October 12, 1986) is an American actor, singer and model. He is best known for playing Caleb Rivers on the hit Freeform series Pretty Little Liars and its spin - off, Ravenswood."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Before World War II, Guam and three other territories \u2013 American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines \u2013 were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean. On December 7, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, and was occupied for thirty months. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to culture alignment, forced labor, beheadings, rape, and torture. Guam endured hostilities when American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day commemorates the victory. Since the 1960s, the economy is supported by two industries: tourism and the United States Armed Forces."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Consett railway station", "paragraph_text": "Consett railway station was a railway station on the Stanhope and Tyne Railway, in County Durham, Northern England. It served the industrial town of Consett, which was best known for its steelworks."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Garvie Craw", "paragraph_text": "Craw played college football for the University of Michigan from 1967 to 1969. In October 1969, he scored four touchdowns in a 57-0 victory over Illinois. In Michigan's 1969 upset victory over an Ohio State team that \"Sports Illustrated\" called \"The Team of the Century,\" he scored two touchdowns and rushed for 56 yards. Craw later recalled, \"I remember moving the ball that first series and thinking: 'Damn we're just cutting through those guys,' and thinking, early on: 'We're going to beat these guys.'\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alfred W. Anthony", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Williams Anthony (13 January 1860 \u2013 20 January 1939) was an American author, Freewill Baptist leader, and religion professor at Bates College in Maine."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vikmanshyttan", "paragraph_text": "Vikmanshyttan is a locality situated in Hedemora Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 843 inhabitants in 2010. On site the \"Steelworks Museum of Vikmanshyttan\" is maintained as a museum of regional industrial history."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Go Big or Go Home (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Go Big or Go Home ''is a song recorded by American pop rock band American Authors as the first single from their second studio album, What We Live For. The song was released on May 18, 2015."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Northwestern Elevated Railroad", "paragraph_text": "The Northwestern Elevated Railroad was the last of the privately constructed rapid transit lines to be built in Chicago. The line ran from the Loop in downtown Chicago north to Wilson Avenue in Chicago's Uptown neighborhood with a branch to Ravenswood and Albany Park that left the main line at Clark Street. The Ravenswood line is now operated as the Brown Line, while the Main Line is used by the Purple and Red Lines."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Workers' Education Bureau of America", "paragraph_text": "Workers' Education Bureau of America (1921\u20131951) was an organization established to assist labor colleges and other worker training centers involved in the American labor movement. The Workers Education Bureau of America was an important development in labor education in the 1920s. Founded in 1921, it served as an informational clearinghouse for labor education organizing forums around the country and assisting local programs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Albert M\u00e9tin", "paragraph_text": "Emile Albert M\u00e9tin (28 January 1871 \u2013 16 August 1918) was a French professor of history and geography, a prolific author and a politician who was twice Minister of Labor and Social Welfare."}], "question": "What university did the author of Ravenswood: The Steelworkers' Victory and the Revival of American Labor attend?"}
{"id": "2hop__128491_361551", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shire of Taringa", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Taringa is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in western Brisbane. Its administrative centre was Taringa (now a suburb of City of Brisbane). It existed from 1890 to 1925."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WGSX", "paragraph_text": "WGSX (104.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Lynn Haven, Florida, United States. The station serves the Panama City area. The station is owned by Horizon Broadcasting Company, Inc."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lynn Haven, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Lynn Haven is a city in Bay County, Florida, United States, north of Panama City. The population was 18,493 at the 2010 census. It has the smaller population of the two principal cities of the Panama City - Lynn Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}], "question": "What county contains the city where WBYW is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__118721_125729", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United Nations Population Fund", "paragraph_text": "Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN\n2011\u2013present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)\n2000\u20132010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)\n1987\u20132000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)\n1969\u201387 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Story Landis", "paragraph_text": "Story Landis is an American neurobiologist and former director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health. She was director of the institute between September 1, 2003 and October 2014. Dr. Landis worked at NINDS since 1995, and was named Chair of the NIH Stem Cell Task Force in 2007."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Major Dad", "paragraph_text": "Major Dad is an American sitcom created by Richard C. Okie and John G. Stephens, developed by Earl Pomerantz, that originally ran from 1989 to 1993 on CBS, starring Gerald McRaney as Major John D. MacGillis and Shanna Reed as his wife Polly. The cast also includes Beverly Archer, Matt Mulhern, Jon Cypher, Marisa Ryan, Nicole Dubuc, and Chelsea Hertford."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Karen Tandy", "paragraph_text": "Karen Pomerantz Tandy is the former head of the Drug Enforcement Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Justice. She was nominated by President George W. Bush and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on July 31, 2003. She was the first female head of the DEA."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alexander Carte", "paragraph_text": "Dr Alexander Carte MD, FRCSI, MRIA (11 August 1805 \u2013 25 September 1881) was an Irish zoologist and palaeontologist and was first director Natural History Museum, Dublin."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dr. Pomerantz", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Pomerantz () is a 2011 Israeli film directed by and starring Assi Dayan. It premiered in 2011 at the 27th Haifa International Film Festival and was theatrically released in Israel in February 23, 2012. The film was nominated for Best Screenplay at the Ophir Awards in September 2012. The film became Dayan's final as a director as well as an actor, before his death in May 2014."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eusebius Juma Mukhwana", "paragraph_text": "He went to Kibabii high school (1981\u20131986) and the University of Nairobi where he studied Veterinary Medicine. Mukhwana also holds a master's degree in Pharmacology and Toxicology from the University of Nairobi, Kenya; and a PhD in soil microbiology from the University of Wyoming in the USA. He has worked as a program officer with the Food and agricultural Research Management in Northern Kenya, has been the Director of the manor House agricultural Centre in Kitale, lectured at Moi University (1995\u20131997) and is the Founder Director of the Sustainable Agriculture Center for Research and Development in Africa (SACRED Africa). In 2009, Dr Mukhwana was awarded the Norman Borlaug Award for Leadership in Agriculture. Nobel Laureate Norman E. Borlaug was the driving force behind the establishment of the World Food prize in 1985. The Norman Borlaug Award is given annually to recognise outstanding human achievements in the Fields of food production and nutrition. Dr Mukhwana is one of the few individuals that won the award in 2009. In Awarding Dr Mukhwana, the committee stated he was being recognised for his contribution, dedication and promise in improving Kenyan's and Africa's food production in the 21st century. Dr. Mukhwana currently works as the Director General and CEO"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Earl Pomerantz", "paragraph_text": "Earl Pomerantz (born February 4, 1945 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is best known for his work as a television script writer. Pomerantz created the network television series \"Major Dad\", \"Family Man\" and \"Best of the West\", and wrote scripts for such shows as \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\", \"The Bob Newhart Show\", \"Taxi\", \"Cheers\", \"Newhart\", \"The Cosby Show\" and \"Major Dad\". He has won two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Writers Guild of America Award, the Humanitas Prize and a CableACE Award."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad", "paragraph_text": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad was a reality sports TV show on NBC that premiered on February 18, 2008. The show was produced by Mark Burnett, producer of other shows like \"Survivor\", \"The Apprentice\", and \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\", and was hosted by actor Dan Cortese. Four teams of children and their fathers competed in each episode, with the winning team having the chance to win up to $50,000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Robert Glick", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Robert Glick is a professor of psychiatry at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and a Supervising and Training Psychoanalyst at the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research; he was formerly a director of the Center."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sarah Drew", "paragraph_text": "Sarah Drew (born October 1, 1980) is an American actress and director. She is known for playing Hannah Rogers in The WB family drama series Everwood (2004 -- 2006) and Dr. April Kepner in the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2009 -- 2018)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Monroe Symphony Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The Monroe Symphony (MSO) is a professional American orchestra located in Monroe, Louisiana. The orchestra was founded in 1971 by Dr. Richard Worthington, who served as its musical director from 1971 until 1991. Dr. Clay Couturiaux is the current music director."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Scott Grimes", "paragraph_text": "Scott Richard Grimes (born July 9, 1971) is an American actor, voice artist, singer, and songwriter. Some of his most prominent roles include appearances in ER as Dr. Archie Morris, Party of Five as Will McCorkle, Band of Brothers as Technical Sergeant Donald Malarkey, and the animated sitcom American Dad!, voicing Steve Smith. He is also well known by cult movie fans for his role as Bradley Brown in the first two Critters films. As of September 10, 2017, he has been a regular on the Fox sci - fi comedy - drama The Orville."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Steve Chase", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Steve Chase is the director of the Advocacy for Social Justice and Sustainability program in the department of Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England. He is an activist, organizer, Quaker, lecturer, and editor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Patrick Stewart", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, Stewart began working in American television and film, with roles such as Captain Jean - Luc Picard in Star Trek: The Next Generation and its successor films, as Professor Charles Xavier in the X-Men series of superhero movies, the lead of the Starz TV series Blunt Talk, and voice roles such as CIA Deputy Director Avery Bullock in American Dad! and the poo emoji in The Emoji Movie. Having remained with the Royal Shakespeare Company, in 2008 Stewart played King Claudius in Hamlet on the West End and won a second Olivier Award."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Young Offenders (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Alex Murphy as Conor MacSweeney Chris Walley as Jock O'Keeffe Hilary Rose as Mairead MacSweeney Dominic MacHale as Sergeant Healy P.J. Gallagher as Principal Barry Walsh Jennifer Barry as Siobhan Walsh Demi Isaac Oviawe as Linda Walsh Shane Casey as Billy Murphy Chris Kent as Conor's Dad Orla Fitzgerald as Orla Walsh Cora Fenton as Jock's Mum Michael Sands as Jock's Dad"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Scott Grimes", "paragraph_text": "Scott Richard Grimes (born July 9, 1971) is an American actor, voice artist, singer, and songwriter. Some of his most prominent roles include appearances in ER as Dr. Archie Morris, Party of Five as Will McCorkle, Band of Brothers as Technical Sergeant Donald Malarkey, and the animated sitcom American Dad!, voicing Steve Smith. He is also well known by cult movie fans for his role as Bradley Brown in the first two Critters films. As of September 10, 2017, he has been cast as a regular on the Fox sci - fi series, The Orville."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Assi Dayan", "paragraph_text": "Assaf (Assi) Dayan was the youngest son of Israeli general and defense minister Moshe Dayan and peace activist Ruth Dayan (n\u00e9e Schwartz). He had two siblings: politician and author Yael Dayan, born 1939, and sculptor Ehud (Udi) Dayan, born 1942. After military service and studying philosophy and English literature at Hebrew University, Dayan embarked on a career as film actor, which eventually also led to directing."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jay M. Robbins", "paragraph_text": "Jay M. Robbins (born December 2, 1945, in Pasadena, California) is an American trainer in thoroughbred horse racing based in California. He is the son of veterinarian Dr. Jack Robbins, President and founding Director of Oak Tree Racing Association."}], "question": "Who was the father of Dr. Pomerantz's director?"}
{"id": "2hop__94889_125729", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "BeTipul", "paragraph_text": "BeTipul (; lit. \"In Therapy\") is an Israeli television drama revolving around the personal and professional life of an Israeli psychologist, Reuven Dagan, played by Assi Dayan. The series portrays a psychologist who treats patients at his clinic five days a week and then seeks psychological treatment for himself. Filmmaker Ori Sivan served as the head writer of the series."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad", "paragraph_text": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad was a reality sports TV show on NBC that premiered on February 18, 2008. The show was produced by Mark Burnett, producer of other shows like \"Survivor\", \"The Apprentice\", and \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\", and was hosted by actor Dan Cortese. Four teams of children and their fathers competed in each episode, with the winning team having the chance to win up to $50,000."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Assi Dayan", "paragraph_text": "Assaf (Assi) Dayan was the youngest son of Israeli general and defense minister Moshe Dayan and peace activist Ruth Dayan (n\u00e9e Schwartz). He had two siblings: politician and author Yael Dayan, born 1939, and sculptor Ehud (Udi) Dayan, born 1942. After military service and studying philosophy and English literature at Hebrew University, Dayan embarked on a career as film actor, which eventually also led to directing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The seventh series of the show began on 20 June 2017. This series was filmed on location on the island of Bali in Indonesia. The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017. The cast members for the series were confirmed on 23 May 2017 which include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna, Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie, as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay. Marty and Josh had previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Blagsnarst, a Love Story", "paragraph_text": "Critical reception for ``Blagsnarst, a Love Story ''was mostly positive. Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club gave this episode an A - stating:`` The episode features Kim Kardashian, a move that should feel like shameless stunt - casting, except she's on hand to play a furry pink alien; this is in keeping with American Dad's admirable habit of reeling in impressive guest voices and casting them in unrecognizable roles. The episode features Roger and Stan at their most casually sociopathic, yet both find just enough hidden emotional depth for the episode to not feel completely mean - spirited.''"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cult of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Cult of Chucky is a 2017 American supernatural psychological slasher film written and directed by Don Mancini. The seventh installment of the franchise, following the 2013 film Curse of Chucky, it stars Brad Dourif as Chucky, with a supporting cast of Fiona Dourif, Alex Vincent, Jennifer Tilly and Summer H. Howell -- all of whom are returning cast members from the previous six installments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Scott Grimes", "paragraph_text": "Scott Richard Grimes (born July 9, 1971) is an American actor, voice artist, singer, and songwriter. Some of his most prominent roles include appearances in ER as Dr. Archie Morris, Party of Five as Will McCorkle, Band of Brothers as Technical Sergeant Donald Malarkey, and the animated sitcom American Dad!, voicing Steve Smith. He is also well known by cult movie fans for his role as Bradley Brown in the first two Critters films. As of September 10, 2017, he has been cast as a regular on the Fox sci - fi series, The Orville."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Ghost Whisperer characters", "paragraph_text": "Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Brittany Petros", "paragraph_text": "Brittany Petros (born September 9, 1974) is an American actress, producer, and television personality. She first rose to fame as a cast member on the first season of the reality-television competition \"Big Brother\" (2000), and has since gone on to appear as an actress in various roles. She has also done extensive work in production and casting roles."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Major Dad", "paragraph_text": "Major Dad is an American sitcom created by Richard C. Okie and John G. Stephens, developed by Earl Pomerantz, that originally ran from 1989 to 1993 on CBS, starring Gerald McRaney as Major John D. MacGillis and Shanna Reed as his wife Polly. The cast also includes Beverly Archer, Matt Mulhern, Jon Cypher, Marisa Ryan, Nicole Dubuc, and Chelsea Hertford."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "On Our Selection (1912 play)", "paragraph_text": "On Our Selection is a 1912 Australian play by Bert Bailey and Edmund Duggan based on the stories of Steele Rudd. Bailey played Dad Rudd in the original production."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Earl Pomerantz", "paragraph_text": "Earl Pomerantz (born February 4, 1945 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is best known for his work as a television script writer. Pomerantz created the network television series \"Major Dad\", \"Family Man\" and \"Best of the West\", and wrote scripts for such shows as \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\", \"The Bob Newhart Show\", \"Taxi\", \"Cheers\", \"Newhart\", \"The Cosby Show\" and \"Major Dad\". He has won two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Writers Guild of America Award, the Humanitas Prize and a CableACE Award."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "National Commission for Scheduled Castes", "paragraph_text": "The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as Chairman and other four Members. In 1990 the Commission for SCs and STs was renamed as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were formed as per 1987 and it was set up as a National Level Advisory Body to advise the Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Young Offenders (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Alex Murphy as Conor MacSweeney Chris Walley as Jock O'Keeffe Hilary Rose as Mairead MacSweeney Dominic MacHale as Sergeant Healy P.J. Gallagher as Principal Barry Walsh Jennifer Barry as Siobhan Walsh Demi Isaac Oviawe as Linda Walsh Shane Casey as Billy Murphy Chris Kent as Conor's Dad Orla Fitzgerald as Orla Walsh Cora Fenton as Jock's Mum Michael Sands as Jock's Dad"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}], "question": "Who was the father of a cast member from BeTipul?"}
{"id": "2hop__474891_691387", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Camp Defiance", "paragraph_text": "The new camp, named Camp Defiance, was established December 17. Camp Defiance was located on the south side of Mine Creek and just barely inside the Kansas border."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Leakey Independent School District", "paragraph_text": "The district is located primarily in Real County with a small portion extending into north central Uvalde County. The unincorporated community of Rio Frio also lies within the boundaries of Leakey ISD."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Camp Wood, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Camp Wood is a city in Real County, Texas, USA, in the Texas Hill Country, which is part of the Edwards Plateau. The population was 706 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nong Samet Refugee Camp", "paragraph_text": "Nong Samet Refugee Camp (, also known as 007, Rithisen or Rithysen), located in Nong Samet Village, Khok Sung District, Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand, was one of the largest refugee camps on the Thai-Cambodian border and served as a power base for the Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) until its destruction by the Vietnamese military in late 1984."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "J. Percy Page High School", "paragraph_text": "J. Percy Page High School is a high school located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada in the southern neighbourhood of Mill Woods. It borders the Catholic High School of Holy Trinity, and the multi-recreational Mill Woods Park. The school offers many opportunities for students including an Advanced Placement (AP) program, CTS courses and a Registered Apprenticeship Program (R.A.P.)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wood County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Wood County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 125,488. Its county seat is Bowling Green. The county was named for Captain Eleazer D. Wood, the engineer for General William Henry Harrison's army, who built Fort Meigs in the War of 1812.Wood County is part of the Toledo, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its diagonal northwest border is formed by the Maumee River, which has its mouth at Maumee Bay on Lake Erie."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}], "question": "What county does the county where the city of Camp Wood is located share a border with?"}
{"id": "2hop__725699_119644", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Andy Murray career statistics", "paragraph_text": "Career finals Discipline Type Won Lost Total WR Singles Grand Slam tournaments 8 11 0.27 Year - End Championships 0 1.00 ATP Masters 1000 14 7 21 0.67 Olympic Games 0 1.00 ATP Tour 500 9 10 0.90 ATP Tour 250 16 6 22 0.73 Total 45 22 67 0.67 Doubles Grand Slam tournaments -- -- -- -- Year - End Championships -- -- -- -- ATP Masters 1000 -- 0.00 Olympic Games -- -- -- -- ATP Tour 500 -- 1.00 ATP Tour 250 -- 0.00 Total 0.50 Mixed Doubles Grand Slam tournaments -- -- 0 -- Olympic Games -- 0.00 Total 0 0.00 Total 47 25 72 0.65 1) WR = Winning Rate 2) Formerly known as ``Super 9 ''(1996 -- 1999),`` Tennis Masters Series'' (2000 -- 2003) or ``ATP Masters Series ''(2004 -- 2008)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "Jack Brickhouse manned the Cubs radio and especially the TV booth for parts of five decades, the 34-season span from 1948 to 1981. He covered the games with a level of enthusiasm that often seemed unjustified by the team's poor performance on the field for many of those years. His trademark call \"Hey Hey!\" always followed a home run. That expression is spelled out in large letters vertically on both foul pole screens at Wrigley Field. \"Whoo-boy!\" and \"Wheeee!\" and \"Oh, brother!\" were among his other pet expressions. When he approached retirement age, he personally recommended his successor."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mario Scirea", "paragraph_text": "Scirea was a professional for 15 years, riding with six different teams throughout his career. He rode in 29 Grand Tours between 1989 and 2004. He also rode in the team time trial event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. From 1996 until the end of his career in 2004, he rode with Mario Cipollini."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "George P. Tebbetts", "paragraph_text": "He prospected with a Chinese boy on the American River near Sacramento and they extracted $70,000 in gold. The San Diego History Center describes what followed: They returned to San Francisco. \"There the boy expressed a wish to return to China, and Tebbetts settled with him for $3,000. The boy returned to China, and as the years rolled by, nothing was heard from him. Forty-five years later he walked into Tebbett's office in Santa Barbara and introduced himself. The surprise meeting after so many years was an enjoyable occasion, with much reminiscing by the two lucky gold seekers.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Time Person of the Year", "paragraph_text": "The tradition of selecting a ``Man of the Year ''began in 1927, with Time editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans - Atlantic flight. By the end of the year, it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dominique Sarron", "paragraph_text": "Dominique Sarron (born August 27, 1959 in Riom, Puy-de-D\u00f4me) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from France. His best year was in 1986 when he won the Brazilian Grand Prix and finished in third place in the 250cc world championship behind Carlos Lavado and Sito Pons. He won two races in 1988 riding for Honda and ended the season ranked fourth."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tiberius Coruncanius", "paragraph_text": "Tiberius Coruncanius (died 241 BC) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 280 BC. As a military commander in that year and the following, he was known for the battles against Pyrrhus of Epirus that led to the expression \"Pyrrhic victory\". He was the first plebeian Pontifex Maximus, and possibly the first teacher of Roman law to offer public instruction."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Grands Express A\u00e9riens", "paragraph_text": "The Compagnie des Grands Express A\u00e9riens was a pioneering French airline established 20 March 1919 and operating until merged with Compagnie des Messageries A\u00e9riennes to form Air Union on 1 January 1923."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Freemasonry", "paragraph_text": "The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813. However the two jurisdictions continued in amity (mutual recognition) until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish rite body admitted blacks, and the resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "La tr\u00e8s tr\u00e8s grande entreprise", "paragraph_text": "La tr\u00e8s tr\u00e8s grande entreprise (English title: The Very Very Big Company) is a French comedy film directed by Pierre Jolivet and released in France in November 2008. It is an indirect follow-up to his film \"Ma petite entreprise\", the story of which is set nine years before that of \"La tr\u00e8s tr\u00e8s grande entreprise\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Spanish missions in Texas", "paragraph_text": "The first mission established within the boundaries of Spanish Texas was San Francisco de la Espada. In 1689, Spanish authorities found the remnants of a French settlement, Fort Saint Louis. During their expedition, the Spanish met representatives of the Caddo people, who lived between the Trinity and the Red Rivers. The Caddo expressed interest in learning about Christianity, and the following year Alonso De Le\u00f3n"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Occidental Hotel", "paragraph_text": "The Occidental Hotel opened in 1861 in San Francisco, California. It was destroyed in the San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fire of 1906. It was one of the many hotels named Occidental in the United States, and it was among the few luxury hotels in San Francisco that catered to wealthy travelers. Operating in the years that roughly coincided with the end of the California Gold Rush and the beginning of silver mining in Nevada, the Occidental Hotel was among the new, grand hotels in San Francisco. In the exclusive hotel market, along with the Occidental were the Lick House, the Russ House, the Cosmopolitan, the Grand, the Palace, and the Baldwin."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sagawa Express", "paragraph_text": "Sagawa Express Co., Ltd. (\u4f50\u5ddd\u6025\u4fbf\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e, Sagawa Ky\u016bbin Kabushiki - gaisha) is a major transportation company in Japan. Its headquarters are in Minami - ku, Kyoto. It competes with Yamato Transport, Nippon Express, and other major logistics companies. Its total sales for the year ending March 2005 were \u00a5728,000,000,000."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Czech language", "paragraph_text": "The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, m\u016f\u017eu t\u011b sly\u0161et\u2014\"I can hear you\"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person (or number) categories: -\u00d8/-i/-ej for second-person singular, -te/-ete/-ejte for second-person plural and -me/-eme/-ejme for first-person plural. The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb. This mood indicates possible events, expressed in English as \"I would\" or \"I wish\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Philip J. Fry", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the film Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder, Leela openly admits to loving Fry, and they commence an openly romantic relationship from the episode ``Rebirth ''onwards. In`` The Prisoner of Benda'' they have ``sex '', albeit in differing bodies. The on - again, off again nature of their relationship causes Leela to leave Planet Express and Fry in`` Overclockwise'', however by the end of the episode, Leela returns to Planet Express and seemingly reunites with Fry. Bender reveals to both Fry and Leela their ``ultimate fate ''that he learned while he was overclocked. The audience is never shown the contents, but through their facial expressions it is clear that while the journey for them may be bumpy, Fry and Leela will ultimately end up happy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Grande t\u00eate mince", "paragraph_text": "Grande t\u00eate mince is a bronze sculpture by Alberto Giacometti. The work was conceived in 1954 and cast the following year. Auctioned in 2010, \"Grande t\u00eate mince\" became one of the most valuable sculptures ever sold when it fetched $53.3 million."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jorge Kissling", "paragraph_text": "Jorge Kissling (March 10, 1940 \u2013 April 28, 1968) was a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Argentina. He won in his first Grand Prix race at the 1961 500cc Argentine Grand Prix. He ended the season ranked seventh overall."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "National Fascist Party", "paragraph_text": "The National Fascist Party (Italian: Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism (previously represented by groups known as Fasci). The party ruled Italy from 1922 when Fascists took power with the March on Rome to 1943, when Mussolini was deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "AFL Grand Final", "paragraph_text": "The concept of a ``grand ''final gradually evolved from experimentation by the Victorian Football League (VFL) in the initial years of competition following its inception in 1897. During the 19th century, Australian football competition adopted the approach that the team on top of the ladder at the end of the home - and - away series was declared the premiers. However, the fledgling VFL decided that a finals series played between the top four teams at the end of the season would generate more interest and gate money. For 1897, the VFL scheduled a round robin tournament whereby the top four played each other once and the team that won the most matches was declared the winner."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Air Union", "paragraph_text": "Air Union was a French airline established January 1, 1923, as the result of a merger between the airlines \"Compagnie des Messageries A\u00e9riennes\" and \"Compagnie des Grands Express A\u00e9riens\". Air Union was merged with four other French airlines to become Air France on 7 October 1933."}], "question": "What was the last year of the successor to Grands Express Aeriens?"}
{"id": "2hop__608324_119644", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Suez Canal", "paragraph_text": "Suez Canal Specifications Length 120.11 miles (193.30 km) (originally 102 mi or 164 km) Maximum boat beam 77.5 m (254 ft 3 in) Locks None Navigation authority Suez Canal Authority History Original owner Suez Canal Company (Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez) Construction began September 25, 1859 (1859 - 09 - 25) Date completed November 17, 1869 (1869 - 11 - 17) Geography Start point Port Said End point Port Tewfik, Suez"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "B\u00e1rbara Mori", "paragraph_text": "She later studied acting in El Centro de Estudios de Formaci\u00f3n Actoral. She made her acting debut in the Mexican telenovela Al norte del coraz\u00f3n. She then participated in the comedy series Tric Tac and Mirada de mujer the following year. She obtained her first TVyNovelas Award for her role in Mirada de mujer for Best New Actress."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alain de Solminihac", "paragraph_text": "Blessed Alain de Solminihac (25 November 1593 \u2013 31 December 1659) was a French Roman Catholic religious reformer and served as the Bishop of Cahors from 1636 until his death. He was a professed member of the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine of Chancelade in P\u00e9rigueux - that order is now extinct. He was also a member of the Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement. He was also acquainted with Saint Vincent de Paul and Saint Francis de Sales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nydalens Compagnie", "paragraph_text": "Nydalens Compagnie was a company in Nydalen, Oslo, Norway. It was founded in 1845 as a textile manufacturer, and from 1963 to 1998 it was a real estate company."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "\u00c9tang de Soulcem", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9tang de Soulcem is a large artificial lake in the Pyrenees mountains in Ari\u00e8ge, France. It is at an elevation of 1570\u00a0m and is used for hydroelectricity, generating 62\u00a0GWh/year. The lake, which has a surface area of 0.91\u00a0km, was formed following the construction by \u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France of a dam across the northern end of the in 1980\u20131983."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Petrofina", "paragraph_text": "Petrofina was founded on 25 February 1920 by Auguste Diagre, Hector Carlier his brother Fernand and Aloys Van de Vyvere as an Antwerp-based group called Compagnie Financi\u00e8re Belge des P\u00e9troles, but changed to PetroFina to reflect their telegraphic address name."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp", "paragraph_text": "Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp is a collection of short stories by science fiction and fantasy author L. Sprague de Camp edited by Mark L. Olson and illustrated by Bob Eggleton. It was first published in hardcover by NESFA Press in February 2005, with a NESFA/Science Fiction Book Club edition following in September of the same year."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Compagnie des Messageries A\u00e9riennes", "paragraph_text": "Compagnie des messageries a\u00e9riennes was a pioneering French airline which was in operation from 1919\u201323, when it was merged with Grands Express A\u00e9riens to form Air Union."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Korea under Japanese rule", "paragraph_text": "Following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the impending overrun of the Korean peninsula by Russian forces, Japan surrendered to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese occupation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Air Union", "paragraph_text": "Air Union was a French airline established January 1, 1923, as the result of a merger between the airlines \"Compagnie des Messageries A\u00e9riennes\" and \"Compagnie des Grands Express A\u00e9riens\". Air Union was merged with four other French airlines to become Air France on 7 October 1933."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Raymond Dronne", "paragraph_text": "Capitaine Raymond Dronne (8 March 1908, Mayet (France) - 5 September 1991, Paris), French civil servant and, following World War II, a politician. He was the first Allied officer to enter Paris as part of the liberation forces during World War II. A volunteer who joined the Free French Forces in Africa in 1940. Later, he was assigned as commanding officer of the 9e Compagnie, R\u00e9giment de Marche du Tchad (Ninth Company, Regiment of March of Chad), known as \"La Nueve\" as it was mainly composed of Spanish republicans. The 9th Company was a unit of the 3rd battalion RMT, part of the French 2nd Armored Division."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Joris Carolus", "paragraph_text": "Joris Carolus (c. 1566, Enkhuizen - c. 1636, Amsterdam? ) was a Dutch cartographer and explorer. He served for both the \"Noordsche Compagnie\" and the \"Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie\" (Dutch East India Company)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Antoine Coypel", "paragraph_text": "Antoine Coypel was born in Paris. He studied under his father, with whom he spent four years at Rome. At the age of eighteen he was admitted into the Acad\u00e9mie de peinture et de sculpture, of which he became professor and rector in 1707, and director in 1714. In 1716 he was appointed king's painter, and he was ennobled in the following year."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Plastic Omnium", "paragraph_text": "Plastic Omnium was founded by Pierre Burelle in 1946. It began making plastic steering columns for Renault, but soon extended its supply contracts to other carmakers in France and abroad. In 1995, it made a tender offer for its most important rival in the French industry, Reydel, and then acquired it from its major stakeholder Compagnie Financi\u00e8re de Turenne. Today Plastic Omnium has 120 plants and is present in more than 30 countries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chantiers de l'Atlantique", "paragraph_text": "Chantiers de l'Atlantique was formed in 1955 by the merger of Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire and Ateliers et Chantiers de Penho\u00ebt. The shipyard's first ships were built for the French transatlantic line Compagnie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Transatlantique. In 1961, it built the transatlantic ocean liner , the world's longest passenger vessel at the time. After the construction of the last Compagnie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Transatlantique liner and the closure of the Suez Canal, the yard began building large tankers, including \"Batillus\", \"Bellamya\", \"Pierre Guillaumat\" and \"Prairial\". A new dry dock was built for this purpose and would have allowed the construction of tankers exceeding one million tonnes, but it remained unused until the construction of two cruise ships for Holland America Line in the 1980s."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India Company (Compagnie fran\u00e7aise des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of Plassey and Buxar, in which the British defeated the Bengali powers, left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control, controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies, much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Denise Affon\u00e7o", "paragraph_text": "Denise Affon\u00e7o (born in Phnom Penh, Cambodia) is an author who wrote about her sufferings under the Khmer Rouge in a powerful memoir \"To The End Of Hell\" (\"La Digues Des Veuves\") with an introduction by Jon Swain. She was born to a Vietnamese mother and French father and grew up in the peaceful years before all out war came to Indo-China. Her life was torn apart in April 1975 when the Khmer Rouge came to power. There followed four hellish years during which her husband was taken away and never seen again and her daughter died of starvation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Giacomo dell'Orio Altarpiece", "paragraph_text": "The San Giacomo dell'Orio Altarpiece (or \"Madonna and Four Saints\") is a painting by the Italian High Renaissance artist Lorenzo Lotto, dating from 1546 and housed in the church of San Giacomo dell'Orio in Venice. It is signed and dated on the cartouche hanging at the throne's base, reading \"In tempo de Maistro Defendi de Federigo et compagni 1546 Lor. Lot\". The canvas is one of the last works executed by Lotto in Venice, before moving to the Marche."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Compagnie du chemin de fer m\u00e9tropolitain de Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Compagnie du chemin de fer m\u00e9tropolitain de Paris (Paris Metropolitan Railway Company), or CMP, was the forerunner of the RATP, the company managing the Parisian Underground."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Veolia Water", "paragraph_text": "Veolia Water (formerly Vivendi Water, originally Compagnie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Eaux), is the water division of the French company Veolia Environnement and the world's largest supplier of water services."}], "question": "What date was the end of the company that succeeded Compagnie des Messageries A\u00e9riennes?"}
{"id": "2hop__35115_35117", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "It's a Wonderful Life", "paragraph_text": "It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 American Christmas fantasy comedy - drama film produced and directed by Frank Capra, based on the short story and booklet The Greatest Gift, which Philip Van Doren Stern wrote in 1939 and published privately in 1945."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in Theologus Autodidactus, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jo\u00ebl Houssin", "paragraph_text": "Jo\u00ebl Houssin (born 1953) is a French author of science fiction, fantasy, and crime fiction. Two of his novels have won the Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire. He also wrote the film \"Dobermann\", based on his series of police novels, and created the crime/fantasy TV series \"David Nolande\". With Josiane Balasko, he wrote the screenplay of the film \"My Life Is Hell\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Merriam Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Merriam Street Bridge is a truss bridge that spans the east channel of the Mississippi River between Nicollet Island and the east bank of the river in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The bridge was originally built in 1887 by King Iron Bridge Company as one of the four spans of the Broadway Avenue Bridge. When the Broadway Avenue Bridge was reconstructed in 1987, one span was preserved and moved to Nicollet Island. The truss span is actually decorative; the bridge is supported by a beam from underneath."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "An Actor's Life For Me", "paragraph_text": "An Actor's Life For Me is a British sitcom that aired on BBC Radio 2 from 1989 to 1993 and on BBC television in 1991. Starring John Gordon Sinclair and Gina McKee, it was written by Paul Mayhew-Archer, who later co-wrote \"The Vicar of Dibley\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hieronymus of Cardia", "paragraph_text": "He wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323\u2013272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.\u2013xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eliza Lee", "paragraph_text": "Eliza (Buckminster) Lee (1792\u20131864) was an American author, the daughter of Joseph Buckminster. She was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire; was well educated by her father and brother, Joseph Stevens Buckminster; married a Thomas Lee of Boston; became a writer; and was unusually felicitous in her descriptions of New England life. She wrote, notably: \"Sketches of New England Life\" (1837); \"Naomi, or Boston Two Hundred Years Ago\" (1848); and memoirs of her father and brother (1849). She translated from the German, wrote a life of Jean Paul (1842), and published an historical novel, \"Parthenia, the Last Days of Paganism\" (1858)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "A Letter to Elia", "paragraph_text": "A Letter to Elia is a 2010 documentary film directed by Kent Jones and Martin Scorsese that follows the life and career of film director Elia Kazan and how he influenced Scorsese. Made from clips from films, stills, readings from Kazan's autobiography, a speech he wrote on directing read by Elias Koteas, a videotaped interview done late in Kazan's life, and Scorsese's commentary on and off screen."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis (1213\u20131288), is the first example of a science fiction novel. It deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, the end of the world and doomsday, resurrection, and the afterlife. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and Islamic philosophy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English. Philosophus Autodidactus, continuing the thoughts of philosophers such as Aristotle from earlier ages, inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "And Those We've Left Behind", "paragraph_text": "Robert Chiappetta and Glen Whitman co-wrote \"And Those We've Left Behind\", while Brad Anderson directed. Real-life husband and wife Stephen Root and Romy Rosemont guest starred as a married couple behind the time loop, one an electrical engineer and the latter a professor of theoretical physics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Carlos Esparza", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Esparza (1828\u2013September 28, 1885), lived in Mexico at the Texas border, and during his life he served as a soldier and the leader of the spy ring of Juan Cortina. In addition, he wrote poetry and proverbs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jake Ehrlich", "paragraph_text": "Known as \"the Master\", Ehrlich had a 50-year career as a defense and divorce attorney in San Francisco. He was an early example of a \"celebrity lawyer\", with a talent for publicity as well as legal expertise. He wrote a dozen books, on such subjects as the law, the Bible, and his own life story."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story", "paragraph_text": "Singer - songwriters Dan Bern and Mike Viola (of the Candy Butchers) wrote most of the film's songs, including ``There's a Change a Happenin ''',`` Mulatto'', ``A Life Without You (Is No Life at All) '',`` Beautiful Ride'' and ``Hole in My Pants ''. Charlie Wadhams wrote the song`` Let's Duet''. Marshall Crenshaw wrote the title song, and Van Dyke Parks penned the Brian Wilson-esque 1960s - styled psychedelic jam ``Black Sheep ''(the recording session seems to be a specific parody of Wilson's Smile album sessions, on which Van Dyke Parks worked). Antonio Ortiz wrote`` Take My Hand''. A number of critics noted the unusually high quality of many of the individual songs on the soundtrack, how well they reflected the styles and times they were attempting to parody, and how well they stood on their own as quality compositions. The soundtrack was nominated for both a Grammy and Golden Globe Award and was nominated and won the Sierra Award for Best Song in a Motion Picture from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society. John C. Reilly sang on all the tracks and played guitar on most of them."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Her Double Life", "paragraph_text": "Her Double Life is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by J. Gordon Edwards and starring Theda Bara. It is based on the Mary Murillo's story \"The New Magdalen\", who also wrote the scenario. The film is now considered lost."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Daniel Oster", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Oster (1938\u20131999) was a French writer. He wrote more than 20 books in a variety of genres, spanning both fiction and non-fiction. A specialist in French literature of the 19th century, he wrote extensively on Paul Val\u00e9ry and Stephane Mallarm\u00e9. In recognition of his contributions, he received the Chevalier de l\u2019Ordre National du M\u00e9rite from the French government."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail. His philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdha, translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture, condition of possibility, materialism, and Molyneux's problem. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, Melchis\u00e9dech Th\u00e9venot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens, George Keith, Robert Barclay, the Quakers, and Samuel Hartlib."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Isaac Newton", "paragraph_text": "John Conduitt, Newton's assistant at the Royal Mint and husband of Newton's niece, also described the event when he wrote about Newton's life:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Errico Malatesta", "paragraph_text": "Errico Malatesta (14 December 1853 \u2013 22 July 1932) was an Italian anarchist. He spent much of his life exiled from Italy and in total spent more than ten years in prison. Malatesta wrote and edited a number of radical newspapers and was also a friend of Mikhail Bakunin."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tolib Shakhidi", "paragraph_text": "In 1972 Tolib Shakhidi graduated from the Moscow Conservatory from the class of Aram Khachaturian. 'Tolib, your time is precious,' wrote the famous master on Shakhidi's graduation photograph \u2013 and since then, this has become the composer's fundamental belief both in life and in his creative work."}], "question": "What was the lifespan of the Theologus Autodidactus author?"}
{"id": "2hop__141859_472799", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Washington Township, Buena Vista County, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Washington Township is one of eighteen townships in Buena Vista County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 663."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991", "paragraph_text": "Spain was represented by Sergio Dalma at the Eurovision Song Contest 1991, held in Rome, Italy. Dalma was selected internally by Radiotelevisi\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola (RTVE), the Spanish broadcaster, to represent the country at the contest in Italy with the song \"Bailar pegados\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Creeping Death", "paragraph_text": "\"Creeping Death\" is a song by the American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the lead and only commercial single from their second studio album \"Ride the Lightning\" (1984) (\"Fade to Black\" and \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\", from the same album, were issued as promotional singles). Written from the perspective of the Angel of Death, it describes the . One of Metallica's most frequently performed songs, it has been played live 1,458 times (third only to \"Seek & Destroy\" at 1,484 and \"Master of Puppets\", at 1,553), and it has occasionally been used on various tours as the opening song of the band's set. It stands as a classic example of the band's thrash style, albeit slower than the material on their first album, \"Kill 'Em All\". The song's middle section, with its ominous chants of \"Die!\" set to a phrygian mode chord progression, is a fan participation staple during Metallica shows."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Raquel Mart\u00ednez Rabanal", "paragraph_text": "Raquel Mart\u00ednez Rabanal (born 1979) is a journalist and a television and radio hostess from Palencia, Spain. Martinez began working for RNE in Valladolid, where she hosted the show \"La memoria del vino\" in 2004. In 2006, she began hosting the news for Canal 24 Horas."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buena Vista High School (Texas)", "paragraph_text": "Buena Vista High School or Buena Vista School is a public high school located in Imperial, Texas (USA) and classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Buena Vista Independent School District located in extreme north central Pecos County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Walking in Memphis", "paragraph_text": "``Walking in Memphis ''is a song composed and originally recorded by the American singer - songwriter Marc Cohn, for whom it remains his signature song. Cohn said the song is`` 100 percent autobiographical''. He described it as a song about ``a Jewish gospel - music - lover '', and as"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jag \u00e5ngrar ingenting (song)", "paragraph_text": "Attention was brought to the song as Lena Philipsson performed it when hosting Melodifestivalen 2006, after causing controversies with jokes about participants."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018", "paragraph_text": "Ireland participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 with the song ``Together '', performed by Ryan O'Shaughnessy and written by himself, Mark Caplice and Laura Elizabeth Hughes. The song and the singer were internally selected in January 2018 by the Irish broadcaster Raidi\u00f3 Teilif\u00eds \u00c9ireann (RT\u00c9) to represent the nation at the 2018 contest in Lisbon, Portugal."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Disney Children's Favorite Songs 4", "paragraph_text": "Disney's Children's Favorite Songs Volume 4 is a collection of 27 classic children\u2019s songs performed by Larry Groce and The Disneyland Children's Sing-Along Chorus. The Choral Director is Dawn Halloran. The CD was produced by Ted Kryczko and Pat Patrick; engineered by Kent Madison and George Charouhas, and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Inc. in 1990."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist", "paragraph_text": "The Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist is a Gothic and Baroque Gothic church north-east of Kutn\u00e1 Hora in the Czech Republic and is listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List together with the Church of St. Barbara and other monuments in Kutn\u00e1 Hora. It is one of the most important Czech Gothic buildings built in the time of the very last P\u0159emyslids and also a very important and one of the oldest examples of the Baroque Gothic style (connected with the Czech Baroque architect Jan Bla\u017eej Santini-Aichel)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Francisco\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The bridge consists of two crossings, east and west of Yerba Buena Island, a natural mid-bay outcropping inside San Francisco city limits. The western crossing between Yerba Buena and downtown San Francisco has two complete suspension spans connected at a center anchorage. Rincon Hill is the western anchorage and touch - down for the San Francisco landing of the Brown bridge connected by three shorter truss spans. The eastern crossing, between Yerba Buena Island and Oakland, was a cantilever bridge with a double - tower span, five medium truss spans, and a 14 - section truss causeway. Due to earthquake concerns, the eastern crossing was replaced by a new crossing that opened on Labor Day 2013. On Yerba Buena Island, the double - decked crossing is a 321 - foot (98 m) concrete viaduct east of the west span's cable anchorage, the 540 - foot (160 m) Yerba Buena Tunnel through the island's rocky central hill, another 790.8 - foot (241.0 m) concrete viaduct, and a longer curved high - level steel truss viaduct that spans the final 1,169.7 feet (356.5 m) to the cantilever bridge."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Song 4 Mutya (Out of Control)", "paragraph_text": "\"Song 4 Mutya (Out of Control)\" is a song produced by British music duo Groove Armada, featuring vocals by recording artist Mutya Buena. Initially intended to feature British singer Estelle, the duo ultimately decided to collaborate with Buena on the song following her departure from girl group Sugababes in December 2005. Supported by a new wave-inspired beat, dance synthesizers and a bass line, it is an uptempo electronic and electropop song. The lyrics were interpreted by the media as an \"insult\" to Buena's Sugababes replacement Amelle Berrabah, although Buena herself has denied such allegations."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Karel Domin", "paragraph_text": "Karel Domin (4 May 1882, Kutn\u00e1 Hora, Kingdom of Bohemia \u2013 10 June 1953, Prague) was a Czech botanist and politician."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "I Sang Dixie", "paragraph_text": "\"I Sang Dixie\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dwight Yoakam. It was released in October 1988 as the second single from his album \"Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room\". In 1989, \"I Sang Dixie\" went to number one on the US Country chart."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "La Hora Chanante", "paragraph_text": "La Hora Chanante (\"The Whamming Hour\" or \"The Amazing Hour\") is a Spanish comedy television show aired through the cable/satellite local version of the Paramount Comedy channel. Each episode is a half hour long and consists of a series of unrelated sketches (both acted out and animated) and a story featuring some celebrity which helps keep continuity throughout the program. Episodes used to be released on a monthly basis until 2006, when the show was discontinued. However, reruns are aired frequently through Paramount Comedy as well as Localia, and in December 2007, Paramount Comedy Spain and Universal Pictures launched a pack of two DVDs with the best moments of \"La Hora Chanante\" and some extras, an unreleased (episode 51), deleted scenes, stickers and a comic drawn by Joaqu\u00edn Reyes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bukov\u00e1 hora TV Tower", "paragraph_text": "Bukov\u00e1 hora TV Tower (Czech: Vys\u00edla\u010d Bukov\u00e1 hora) is the tallest free-standing transmission tower in Czech Republic (some chimneys and some guyed masts in Czech Republic are taller). It is a 223 metres tall concrete tower situated on Bukov\u00e1 hora in North Bohemia and is the facility of the transmitter North Bohemia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010", "paragraph_text": "Sweden participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, held in Oslo, Norway, sending their 50th entry to the contest since their debut in 1958."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "You're So Vain", "paragraph_text": "``You're So Vain ''is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972. The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts`` You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you.'' The title subject's identity has long been a matter of speculation, with Simon stating that the song refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty. The song is ranked at # 82 on Billboard's Greatest Songs of All - Time. ``You're So Vain ''was voted # 216 in RIAA's Songs of the Century, and in August 2014, the UK's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A Buena Hora", "paragraph_text": "A Buena Hora (\"At Good Time\") is the 14th studio album from the Spanish singer Sergio Dalma, released by Universal Music Spain in 2008."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Serge & Christine Ghisoland", "paragraph_text": "Serge & Christine Ghisoland (both born in 1946) are a singing duo from Mouscron, Belgium, best known for their participation in the 1972 Eurovision Song Contest."}], "question": "What did the songwriter of A Buena Hora participate in?"}
{"id": "2hop__32_855364", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Elementary School in Fredericksburg, Texas, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat 15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Santa Gertrudis Independent School District", "paragraph_text": "Santa Gertrudis Independent School District (SGISD) is a public school district in Kingsville, Kleberg County, Texas, United States. The district covers approximately , and is located in south of the city of Corpus Christi. SGISD operates Santa Gertrudis Elementary and Academy High School. During the 2009-2010 school year, SGISD had 397 students enrolled, according to Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David Brainerd Christian School", "paragraph_text": "David Brainerd Christian School (DBCS) was a Christian school located in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The school was named for the missionary named David Brainerd. DBCS was established in 2002 to meet the needs of students of Brainerd Baptist School, a Chattanooga elementary school. The campus consisted of one middle and a high school building, gymnasium, football field and baseball and softball fields."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Greengate School", "paragraph_text": "Greengate School for Dyslexia is a private, non-profit school located in Huntsville, Madison County, Alabama. Established in 2002, Greengate School provides a full-time elementary program for children with dyslexia in Huntsville. Starting with three students in a church, Greengate had 32 students in 2006 and 19 teachers. The school has a 4:1 student teacher ratio and is a member of the International Dyslexia Association."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roark, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Roark is an unincorporated community located in Leslie County, Kentucky, United States. Main schools, Redbird Christian, Leslie, Stinnet Elementary, and Moutian View elementary. It is the birthplace of the Osborne Brothers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Barrio San Antonio", "paragraph_text": "Barrio San Antonio is a historic barrio located adjacent to and east of downtown Tucson, Arizona, United States. The barrio is named after San Antonio, or Anthony of Padua, the Portuguese saint. The neighborhood is a federal empowerment zone and is home to multiple downtown Tucson elementary schools and businesses."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rocky Boy Public Schools", "paragraph_text": "Rocky Boy Public Schools is an elementary, junior high and high school with grades K through 12 on the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation located in Hill County, Montana, USA."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Central Avenue School (Lakeland, Florida)", "paragraph_text": "The Central Avenue School (also known as the Central Avenue Elementary School) is a historic school in Lakeland, Florida, United States. It is located at 604 South Central Avenue. The school was designed by Albert Poteet and built in 1926. On July 22, 1999, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. This building currently houses the West Area Adult School."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fredericksburg Historic District (Texas)", "paragraph_text": "The Fredericksburg Historic District is located in Fredericksburg, Texas in Gillespie County. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on October 14, 1970 The district area coincides with the original platting of the town by Herman Wilke, and the streets are laid out in a wide grid. The district is bordered approximately on the north by Schubert Street and the south by Creek Street, on the west by Acorn Street and the east by Elk Street. It encompasses one contributing object (sculpture of John O. Meusebach), 367 contributing buildings and 191 non-contributing buildings. Many of the buildings in the historic district have been designated either a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, and/or added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Naenam-myeon", "paragraph_text": "Naenam-myeon is a myeon or a township in the administrative subdivisions of the Gyeongju City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It is bordered by Geumo Mountains on the east, Jusa Mountains on the south. Its 122.05 square kilometers are home to about 6,142 people. This population is served by one elementary school and one high school."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Blueridge Elementary School", "paragraph_text": "Blueridge Elementary School is a school located in the district municipality of North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The school has 360 students and offers classes in Kindergarten to grade 7. The school offers sports for the senior grades such as basketball and volleyball. Some activities in Blueridge are choir, band, and track and field in intermediate grade (grade 4-7)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kensington Prairie Elementary School", "paragraph_text": "Kensington Prairie Elementary School was a public elementary school, situated in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada, that was part of School District 36 Surrey. It operated from 1887 until 2006. In June 2010 Surrey City Council began restoration of the site as part of a plan to preserve the building and convert it into a Community Centre."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Heartland Community School", "paragraph_text": "Heartland Community School is a public elementary and secondary education school located in Henderson, Nebraska, United States. Formerly known as Henderson Community School, its name was changed to encompass a school consolidation between Henderson and Bradshaw. The school has a total of 330 students."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Franklinton Elementary School (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "Franklinton Elementary School is a public school for primary education located in Franklinton, North Carolina, United States. The multi-building complex was originally known as B.F. Person-Albion High School, which had educated African-American students, before schools were fully integrated in 1969. This school currently serves pre-kindergarten through 5th grade for students residing in the Franklinton area."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nash, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Nash is a town in Grant County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 204 at the 2010 census, an 8.9 percent decline from 224 at the 2000 census. Nash once shared a school district with the town of Jet, several miles away along U.S. Highway 64, but the school folded in 2013 and the town now goes to Timberlake Regional School District based in Helena. The elementary school is still located in Jet."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Commonwealth Elementary School", "paragraph_text": "Commonwealth Elementary School, located in Quezon City, Philippines, is a grade school with the largest student enrolment in the city with approximately 13,000 students in 2007. The school is one of the biggest elementary schools in the country, and is one of the world's most populous grade schools."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "The many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Woodstock Elementary School (Utah)", "paragraph_text": "Woodstock Elementary School is a public primary school in Murray, Utah, USA, serving students in grades PS-6. The school is part of the Granite School District, with 75% of admission based on the locations of students' homes and 25% based on School Choice. Founded in 1906 as 26 District School (or Greebville School), it originally served both primary and secondary students. The school has relocated and its physical structure been replaced several times during its history, but has maintained the Woodstock name."}], "question": "What county contains the city where Beyonc\u00e9's elementary school was located?"}
{"id": "2hop__27_855364", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount View High School (Maine)", "paragraph_text": "Mount View High School is a public high school located in Thorndike, Maine, United States. The school is a part of Maine School Administrative District 3, and serves students from the towns of Brooks, Freedom, Jackson, Knox, Liberty, Monroe, Montville, Thorndike, Troy, Unity and Waldo."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "E Township, Maine", "paragraph_text": "E is an unincorporated township located in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. It is part of the Central Aroostook Unorganized Territory and borders the towns of Blaine to the east and Westfield to the north. As of the 1990 census, when it was still organized as a plantation, E\u00a0Plantation had 64\u00a0residents. However, in 1990 its residents decided to disorganize the community and give up control to the state in an effort to reduce taxes. K\u201312 education for the community is provided by Maine School Administrative District 42, which also serves neighboring Blaine and Mars Hill. However, because E\u00a0Plantation withdrew from the school district following its disorganization, its students are tuitioned."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "\u015awiecie County", "paragraph_text": "\u015awiecie County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is \u015awiecie, which lies north of Toru\u0144 and north-east of Bydgoszcz. The only other town in the county is Nowe, lying north-east of \u015awiecie."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Elementary School in Fredericksburg, Texas, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat 15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "S. Thomas' College, Gurutalawa", "paragraph_text": "S. Thomas' College, Gurutalawa is a private school situated in the town of Gurutalawa in the Uva Province of Sri Lanka. It is an Anglican school administrated by the Church of Ceylon."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fredericksburg Historic District (Texas)", "paragraph_text": "The Fredericksburg Historic District is located in Fredericksburg, Texas in Gillespie County. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on October 14, 1970 The district area coincides with the original platting of the town by Herman Wilke, and the streets are laid out in a wide grid. The district is bordered approximately on the north by Schubert Street and the south by Creek Street, on the west by Acorn Street and the east by Elk Street. It encompasses one contributing object (sculpture of John O. Meusebach), 367 contributing buildings and 191 non-contributing buildings. Many of the buildings in the historic district have been designated either a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, and/or added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "In what county did Beyonce attend school?"}
{"id": "2hop__126185_248219", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Manny Vega", "paragraph_text": "Manny Vega (born 1956) is an American painter, illustrator, printmaker, muralist, mosaicist, and set and costume designer. His work portrays the history and traditions of the African Diaspora that exist in the United States, the Caribbean, and Latin America."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Art of Computer Game Design", "paragraph_text": "The Art of Computer Game Design by Chris Crawford is the first book devoted to the theory of computer and video games. The book attempts to categorize computer games and talks about design precepts that serve as guidelines for game designers. It was originally published in Berkeley, California by McGraw-Hill/Osborne Media in 1984. The original edition is now out-of-print but from 1997 became available as a free download from a site maintained by Washington State University, Pullman. In 2011 the free download was removed and the text is currently available as a Kindle e-book."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dan Law Field at Rip Griffin Park", "paragraph_text": "Dan Law Field at Rip Griffin Park, nicknamed \"The Law\", is the home stadium of the Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball team in Lubbock, Texas. It is located on the Texas Tech University campus, adjacent to Jones AT&T Stadium and Fuller Track. Dan Law Field was rated as one of the top three places to watch a college baseball game by \"Sports Illustrated On Campus\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Morgan Crofton", "paragraph_text": "Morgan Crofton (1826, Dublin, Ireland \u2013 1915, Brighton, England) was an Irish mathematician who contributed to the field of geometric probability theory. He also worked with James Joseph Sylvester and contributed an article on probability to the 9th edition of the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Crofton's formula is named in his honour."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Theory and Decision", "paragraph_text": "Theory and Decision is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary journal of decision science published quarterly by Springer Science+Business Media. It was first published in 1970. The current editor-in-chief is Mohammed Abdellaoui. The journal publishes research in fields such as economics, game theory, management science, and artificial intelligence."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Theory of Fun for Game Design", "paragraph_text": "A Theory of Fun for Game Design is a book written and illustrated by Raph Koster. It is based upon a presentation Koster gave at the Austin Game Conference in 2003, and the book reflects its origins by displaying text on one page and a cartoon/graphic from the talk on the other page."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hagen Kleinert", "paragraph_text": "For superconductors he predicted in 1982 a tricritical point in the phase diagram between type-I and type-II superconductors where the order of the transition changes from second to first. The predictions were confirmed in 2002 by Monte Carlo  computer simulations.The theory is based on a disorder field theory dual to the order field theory of L.D. Landau for phase transitions which Kleinert developed in the books on Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter. In this theory, the statistical properties of fluctuating vortex or defect lines are described as elementary excitations with the help of fields, whose Feynman diagrams are the pictures of the lines."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Escape Plan (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Escape Plan is a puzzle video game released for the PlayStation Vita in 2012, as a launch title. \"Escape Plan\" is the first title from new developer Fun Bits Interactive and is produced by Chris Millar, known for his previous work on Fat Princess. In previews of the game it was noted for its sharp, black-and-white visuals, gruesome yet humorous tone and its intuitive use of the PlayStation Vita's inputs including touch and gyroscopic control."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Curtis T. McMullen", "paragraph_text": "Curtis Tracy McMullen (born May 21, 1958) is an American mathematician who is the Cabot Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1998 for his work in complex dynamics, hyperbolic geometry and Teichm\u00fcller theory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Allen Helbig", "paragraph_text": "Allen Helbig (born December 3, 1964) is a contemporary American illustrator and graphic designer. During his career as an art director for Warner Bros., he illustrated and art directed many children's books and video games based on the classic short animated cartoons starring Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, and other Looney Tunes characters."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Allan Blaer", "paragraph_text": "Allan Blaer (born 1942) is a physicist, Professor Emeritus and Special Lecturer at Columbia University in New York City. He received his undergraduate degree from Columbia University in 1964, where he was the valedictorian. He later went on to obtain his PhD in physics at the same institution. He has done research in both theoretical and experimental physics. In quantum field theory, he worked on phase transitions in low-temperature bosonic and fermionic systems, quantum field theory anomalies, dyons and magnetic monopoles in non-abelian gauge theories, and renormalization theory. In experimental physics, he has worked on precision measurement of vacuum polarization in muonic atoms to test quantum electrodynamics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "William Silvers", "paragraph_text": "William Silvers (born in New Bremen, Ohio) is an American painter and illustrator, best known for his work in the field of wildlife art."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior", "paragraph_text": "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, published in 1944 by Princeton University Press, is a book by mathematician John von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern which is considered the groundbreaking text that created the interdisciplinary research field of game theory. In the introduction of its 60th anniversary commemorative edition from the Princeton University Press, the book is described as \"the classic work upon which modern-day game theory is based.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "David Gaider", "paragraph_text": "David Gaider is a Canadian writer and game designer, who worked for Edmonton, Alberta-located game developer BioWare from 1999 to 2016."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ferdinand Fellner (painter)", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Fellner (Frankfurt, 1799) was a German painter, illustrator and graphic artist. After receiving a high-class education he went to Munich to study art, and remained there from 1825 to 1831, but later on he established himself at Stuttgart and published a number of illustrations. As a painter his works are less meritorious. He died at Stuttgart in 1859. Some of the most remarkable of his designs for books are:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Small Worlds (presentation)", "paragraph_text": "Small Worlds was the title of a presentation given by Raph Koster at the Game Developers Conference in 2003, which was instrumental in defining and justifying many of the conventions used in MMORPG games."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Scoops \u2014 Ice Cream Fun for Everyone", "paragraph_text": "Scoops \u2014 Ice Cream Fun for Everyone is a strategy video game developed by NimbleBit for IOS devices. The game features in-app purchases and was initially released on August 1, 2009. The point of the game is for the player to stack their ice cream cone as high as they can, eventually past the moon."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Game!", "paragraph_text": "Having been inspired by the character designs of a particular video game when she was younger, Aoba Suzukaze, a high school graduate, begins working as a character designer for the game's developer, Eagle Jump. As she works on modelling and designing characters for games in development, she becomes acquainted with her fellow colleagues in the character design department, as well as those from across the company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Timothy Gallwey", "paragraph_text": "W. Timothy Gallwey (born 1938 in San Francisco) is an author who has written a series of books in which he has set forth a new methodology for coaching and for the development of personal and professional excellence in a variety of fields that he calls \"the Inner Game\". Since he began writing in the 1970s, his books include \"The Inner Game of Tennis\", \"The Inner Game of Golf\", \"The Inner Game of Music\" (with Barry Green), \"Inner Skiing\" and \"The Inner Game of Work\". Gallwey's seminal work is \"The Inner Game of Tennis\", with more than one million copies in print. Besides sports, his training methods have been applied to the fields of business, health, and education."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Journey (1989 video game)", "paragraph_text": "Journey: The Quest Begins is an interactive fiction computer game designed by Marc Blank, with illustrations by Donald Langosy, and released by Infocom in 1989. Like the majority of Infocom's works, it was released simultaneously for several popular computer platforms of the time, such as the Commodore 64, Apple II, and PC. \"Journey\" is unusual among Infocom games in that it could be played entirely via mouse or joystick with no typing required. It was also the thirty-fifth and last game released by Infocom before parent company Activision closed the Cambridge office, effectively reducing Infocom to a \"label\" to be applied to later games."}], "question": "In what field does the illustrator of A Theory of Fun for Game Design work?"}
{"id": "2hop__57213_149114", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "FIFA World Rankings", "paragraph_text": "The FIFA World Ranking is a ranking system for men's national teams in association football, currently led by Germany. The teams of the member nations of FIFA, football's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest. The rankings were introduced in December 1992, and eight teams (Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain) have held the top position, of which Brazil have spent longest ranked first."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Florin Surugiu", "paragraph_text": "Florin Surugiu (born 10 December 1984 in Bucharest, Romania) is a Romanian rugby union player. He plays in the scrum-half position for amateur SuperLiga club CSM Bucure\u015fti and Bucure\u0219ti based European Challenge Cup side the Wolves. Surugiu also plays for Romania's national team the Oaks."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Association football", "paragraph_text": "Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Divisi\u00f3n de Honor de Rugby", "paragraph_text": "The Divisi\u00f3n de Honor is the top club competition for rugby union in Spain. Championships are organised by the \"Federaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Rugby\" (Spanish Rugby Federation). The tournament was first held in 1953 and currently consists of 12 teams. Clubs are relegated to and promoted from Divisi\u00f3n de Honor B. The winner each year qualifies for the European Challenge Cup, the second-tier European rugby competition."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arena Football League", "paragraph_text": "The AFL currently runs as under the single-entity model, with the league owning the rights to the teams, players, and coaches. The single-entity model was adopted in 2010 when the league emerged from bankruptcy. Prior to that, the league followed the franchise model more common in North American professional sports leagues; each team essentially operated as its own business and the league itself was a separate entity which in exchange for franchise fees paid by the team owners provided rules, officials, scheduling and the other elements of organizational structure. A pool of money is allotted to teams to aid in travel costs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Thurgood Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 \u2013 January 24, 1993) was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Prior to his judicial service, he successfully argued several cases before the Supreme Court, including \"Brown v. Board of Education\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Golden goal", "paragraph_text": "The golden goal or golden point is a rule used in association football, bandy, lacrosse, field hockey, ice hockey, floorball and korfball to decide the winner of a match (typically a knock - out match) in which scores are equal at the end of normal time. It is a type of sudden death. Under this rule, the game will end when a goal or point is scored; the team that scores that goal or point during extra time will be the winner. Introduced formally in 1992, though with some history before that, the rule ceased to apply to most FIFA - authorized football games in 2004. The similar silver goal supplemented the golden goal between 2002 and 2004."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fritz Lee", "paragraph_text": "Fritz Lee (born ) is a Samoan rugby union player. He currently plays for Clermont Auvergne in the Top 14. His regular playing position is eighthman. He previously played for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Counties Manukau Steelers in the ITM Cup. He captained Counties Manukau in 2013 and led them to the playoffs; he also led them to their first ever Ranfurly Shield challenge win against Hawkes Bay in Napier."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kepler-10c", "paragraph_text": "Kepler-10c is an exoplanet orbiting the G-type star Kepler-10, located around 568 light-years away in Draco. Its discovery was announced by Kepler in May 2011, although it had been seen as a planetary candidate since January 2011, when Kepler-10b was discovered. The team confirmed the observation using data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and a technique called Blender that ruled out most false positives. Kepler-10c was the third transiting planet to be confirmed statistically (based on probability rather than actual observation), after Kepler-9d and Kepler-11g. The Kepler team considers the statistical method that led to the discovery of Kepler-10c as what will be necessary to confirm many planets in Kepler's field of view."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Waymo", "paragraph_text": "Google's self driving car project was formerly led by Sebastian Thrun, former director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View. Thrun's team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle Stanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge and its US $2 million prize from the United States Department of Defense. The team developing the system consisted of 15 engineers working for Google, including Chris Urmson, Mike Montemerlo, and Anthony Levandowski who had worked on the DARPA Grand and Urban Challenges."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Challenger expedition", "paragraph_text": "Prompted by Charles Wyville Thomson -- of the University of Edinburgh and Merchiston Castle School -- the Royal Society of London obtained the use of Challenger from the Royal Navy and in 1872 modified the ship for scientific work, equipping her with separate laboratories for natural history and chemistry. The expedition, led by Captain George Nares, sailed from Portsmouth, England, on 21 December 1872. Other naval officers included Commander John Maclear. Under the scientific supervision of Thomson himself, she traveled nearly 70,000 nautical miles (130,000 km) surveying and exploring. The result was the Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 which, among many other discoveries, cataloged over 4,000 previously unknown species. John Murray, who supervised the publication, described the report as ``the greatest advance in the knowledge of our planet since the celebrated discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ''. Challenger sailed close to Antarctica, but not within sight of it."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "NBA draft lottery", "paragraph_text": "Under the current rules, only the top three picks are decided by the lottery, and are chosen from the 14 teams that do not make the playoffs. The team with the worst record, or the team that holds the draft rights of the team with the worst record, has the best chance to obtain a higher draft pick. After the top three positions are selected (from the lottery slotting system), the remainder of the first - round draft order is in inverse order of the win - loss record for the remaining teams, or the teams who originally held the lottery rights if they were traded. The lottery does not determine the draft order in the subsequent rounds of the draft."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Henry Kyemba", "paragraph_text": "Henry Kyemba (born December 1939) is a Ugandan political figure who held several high positions and finally became Minister of Health during Uganda's rule by Idi Amin. He is also the author of \"State of Blood\", a 1977 book he wrote after his flight from Uganda that describes Amin's tyrannical rule."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jump City: Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Jump City: Seattle was an American television series that formerly aired on G4. It featured four of the top freerunning and parkour teams in the United States participating in a parkour competition. Each week, the athletes competed in different parkour challenges spread out across the streets of Seattle. The series ran for eight episodes and was not renewed for a second season. Team Tempest, led by Levi Meeuwenberg and Brian Orosco of American Ninja Warrior fame, won the competition."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spring Break Challenge", "paragraph_text": "Spring Break Challenge is a one-off MTV reality game show spun off from MTV's long-running reality game show, \"The Challenge\". The spin-off series was somewhat cast-contestant dependent on \"The Challenge\" in that the \"Spring Break Challenge\" used various contestants from the precursor program. (To date, \"The Challenge\" has only used one contestant from \"Spring Break Challenge\".) \"Spring Break Challenge\" is also cast-contestant dependent on MTV's two flagship reality programs, \"The Real World\" and the now cancelled series \"Road Rules\". As with \"The Challenge\", T. J. Lavin was the host of \"Spring Break Challenge\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Major League Baseball", "paragraph_text": "Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs. With the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "The court ruled in 2014, after lengthy testimony, that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering. After this was appealed, in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn. On December 2, 2015, a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts, some of which was drawn by challengers. Their ruling affirmed the map previously approved by Leon County Judge Terry Lewis, who had overseen the original trial. It particularly makes changes in South Florida. There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Challenge (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Challenge (originally known as Road Rules: All Stars, followed by Real World / Road Rules Challenge) is a reality game show on MTV that is spun off from the network's two reality shows, Real World and Road Rules. It features alumni from these two shows, in addition to first - time cast members called 'Fresh Meat', alumni from Are You the One?, and relatives of these cast members called 'Bloodlines', competing against one another for a cash prize. The Challenge is currently hosted by T.J. Lavin. The series premiered on June 1, 1998. The title of the show was originally Road Rules: All Stars before it was renamed Real World / Road Rules Challenge by the show's 2nd season, then later abridged to simply The Challenge by the show's 19th season. The series initially used no hosts but instead a former cast member who had been kicked off his or her season, providing assignments as ``Mr. ''or`` Ms. Big'' (David ``Puck ''Rainey, David Edwards, and Gladys Sanabria served this role). Later on, however, the series began using hosts: Eric Nies and Mark Long co-hosted a season, and Jonny Moseley and Dave Mirra hosted various seasons before T.J. Lavin became the show's regular host by the 11th season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Separate but equal", "paragraph_text": "In Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), attorneys for the NAACP referred to the phrase ``equal but separate ''used in Plessy v. Ferguson as a custom de jure racial segregation enacted into law. The NAACP, led by the soon - to - be first black Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, was successful in challenging the constitutional viability of the separate but equal doctrine, and the court voted to overturn sixty years of law that had developed under Plessy. The Supreme Court outlawed segregated public education facilities for blacks and whites at the state level. The companion case of Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 outlawed such practices at the Federal level in the District of Columbia. The court held:"}], "question": "Which position was held by the person leading the team that challenged the separate but equal ruling?"}
{"id": "2hop__115688_248219", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John G. Shedd", "paragraph_text": "Born on a New Hampshire farm, Shedd arrived in Chicago, Illinois in 1871 and began working as a stock clerk for Marshall Field. By 1901, he had worked his way up to a vice-presidency and took over as president upon Field's death in 1906. Field himself described Shedd as \"the greatest merchant in the United States,\" and, indeed, under Shedd's presidency Marshall Field & Company became the largest store in Chicago and the largest wholesale and dry goods company in the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Asima Chatterjee", "paragraph_text": "Asima Chatterjee (23 September 1917 \u2013 22 November 2006) was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Helmut Ringsdorf", "paragraph_text": "Helmut Ringsdorf (born July 30, 1929) in Gie\u00dfen, Germany is a German polymer chemist. His work has promoted cross-disciplinary discussions and collaborations in the field of polymer chemistry, biology, physics and medicine."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "LegendMUD", "paragraph_text": "LegendMUD is a text-only MUD game founded by a group of friends including virtual world designer Raph Koster. It features historically significant story elements and award-winning gameplay. It opened publicly on February 14, 1994. It has received critical praise for its research and attention to detail in reconstructing past cultures within the game context."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William Silvers", "paragraph_text": "William Silvers (born in New Bremen, Ohio) is an American painter and illustrator, best known for his work in the field of wildlife art."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Leroy P. Steele Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Leroy P. Steele Prizes are awarded every year by the American Mathematical Society, for distinguished research work and writing in the field of mathematics. Since 1993 there has been a formal division into three categories."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tapan K. Datta", "paragraph_text": "Tapan K. Datta is a Wayne State University civil engineering professor and researcher who highly specializes in transportation engineering and safety. After receiving his early schooling, undergraduate degrees, and field experience in Calcutta, India, he moved to the United States to complete his master\u2019s and doctoral degrees. While in Detroit, MI, he worked for and later owned Goodell Grivas, Inc., a structural engineering consulting firm, and became a full-time faculty member at Wayne State University in 1973. His most notable contributions include work on the roof of Cobo Hall, in Detroit, MI, and the steel structural work done on Jacobs Field (now Progressive Field) in Cleveland, OH. Dr. Datta has also claimed to be the inventor of the double-drive thru at fast food establishments. Dr. Datta also founded the Transportation Research Group at Wayne State University; this group is composed of undergraduate and graduate students that complete transportation-related research grant projects for the State of Michigan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kim Vicente", "paragraph_text": "Kim Vicente is an inactive professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Toronto. He was previously a researcher, teacher, and author in the field of human factors. He is best known for his two books: \"\" and \"Cognitive Work Analysis\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Otto Julius Zobel", "paragraph_text": "Otto Julius Zobel (October 20, 1887 \u2013 January 1970) was an electrical engineer who worked for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) in the early part of the 20th century. Zobel's work on filter design was revolutionary and led, in conjunction with the work of John R. Carson, to significant commercial advances for AT&T in the field of frequency division multiplex (FDM) telephone transmissions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Toshikatsu Yamamoto", "paragraph_text": "Toshikatsu Yamamoto (, \"Yamamoto Toshikatsu\") (born 15 December 1929 Nichinan, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan) is a physician who worked in the field of acupuncture."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Butch Baird", "paragraph_text": "Baird was born in Chicago. He learned the game at the age of 14 from his father. He turned pro in 1959 after working in the Texas oil fields for a few years after high school."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hermann von Maltzan", "paragraph_text": "Hermann Friedrich Freiherr von Maltzan (18 December 1843, Rostock \u2013 19 February 1891, Berlin) was a German malacologist known for his work in the field of conchology."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Debora Magnaghi", "paragraph_text": "Debora Magnaghi (born 17 June 1970) is an Italian voice actress from Milan. She mainly works in the field of animated cartoons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Infection", "paragraph_text": "The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an \"uncomplicated\" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Claire Wolniewicz", "paragraph_text": "Claire Wolniewicz (born 1966) is a French journalist and writer, of Polish origin. She studied law and worked for a while in the field of intellectual property. She works as a freelance journalist, and has written TV scripts, short stories and novels. Her debut novel \"Ubiquit\u00e9\" won the 2006 \"Prix des Lyc\u00e9ens Librecourt\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wolfgang Schadewaldt", "paragraph_text": "Wolfgang Schadewaldt (15 March 1900 in Berlin \u2013 10 November 1974 in T\u00fcbingen) was a German classical philologist working mostly in the field of Greek philology and a translator. He also was a professor of University of T\u00fcbingen and University of Freiburg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hannes Alfv\u00e9n Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Hannes Alfv\u00e9n Prize is a prize established by the European Physical Society (EPS) Plasma Physics Division in 2000. The Prize is awarded annually by the European Physical Society at the EPS Conference on Plasma Physics for outstanding work in the field of plasma physics: \"for achievements which have shaped the plasma physics field or are expected to do so in future.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Small Worlds (presentation)", "paragraph_text": "Small Worlds was the title of a presentation given by Raph Koster at the Game Developers Conference in 2003, which was instrumental in defining and justifying many of the conventions used in MMORPG games."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dreschhoff Peak", "paragraph_text": "Dreschhoff Peak () in Antarctica is named after Gisela A.M. Dreschhoff, a physicist at the Space Technology Center, University of Kansas, who conducted radioactivity surveys and other field work in various parts of Antarctica, including Victoria Land, for 11 field seasons, 1976\u201389."}], "question": "In what field does the person who worked on LegendMUD work?"}
{"id": "2hop__778820_149114", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ion Dic Dicescu", "paragraph_text": "Ion Dic-Dicescu (born Ion Dicescu; ; May 1893 \u2013 January 4, 1938) was a Romanian socialist journalist and officer and later Bolshevik activist who held command positions in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. After the war, he held research positions in the economical domain at several Soviet universities and research institutes, before being executed on accusations of espionage during the Great Purge."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)", "paragraph_text": "The position is currently held by Andrew Scheer, leader of the Conservative Party, having been elected by the Conservative caucus on May 27, 2017."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Podgorica", "paragraph_text": "Since October 2014, position of the mayor is held by DPS official, Slavoljub Stijepovi\u0107, replacing Podgorica mayor od 14 years, Miomir Mugo\u0161a."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thurgood Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 \u2013 January 24, 1993) was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Prior to his judicial service, he successfully argued several cases before the Supreme Court, including \"Brown v. Board of Education\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Separate but equal", "paragraph_text": "In Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), attorneys for the NAACP referred to the phrase ``equal but separate ''used in Plessy v. Ferguson as a custom de jure racial segregation enacted into law. The NAACP, led by the soon - to - be first black Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, was successful in challenging the constitutional viability of the separate but equal doctrine, and the court voted to overturn sixty years of law that had developed under Plessy. The Supreme Court outlawed segregated public education facilities for blacks and whites at the state level. The companion case of Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 outlawed such practices at the Federal level in the District of Columbia. The court held:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Winston-Salem State University", "paragraph_text": "Winston-Salem State University (WSSU), a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina, is a historically black public research university located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States. It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. WSSU is an accredited university offering baccalaureate and graduate programs to a diverse student population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James D. Gordon III", "paragraph_text": "James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Martin Winckler", "paragraph_text": "Martin Winckler (born Marc Zaffran; 22 February 1955, in French Algeria) is a French M.D. and short story, novel and essay writer. His main subjects are the French medical system, the healing relationship and contraception; he also wrote critical papers and books about TV serials (he is one of the first specialists of this subject in France)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Magic in Harry Potter", "paragraph_text": "Defence Against the Dark Arts, commonly shortened to D.A.D.A., is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts, and to be protected from Dark creatures. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, with Death - Eaters in charge of the school, the subject is renamed the Dark Arts, and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions. The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members -- throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year. Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject. During the period the story takes place, the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell (book one), Gilderoy Lockhart (book two), Remus Lupin (book three), Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor ``Mad - eye ''Moody (book four), Dolores Umbridge (book five), Severus Snape (book six), and Amycus Carrow (book seven). Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that`` They're startin 'ter think the job's jinxed. No one's lasted long for a while now.'' In Half - Blood Prince, Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected. The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling. The position had also been coveted by Snape, but he was denied the position as well. Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half - Blood Prince. Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died, the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue, set nineteen years afterwards. Furthermore, she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Michael Bzdel", "paragraph_text": "In 1984 Bzdel was elected Provincial Superior of the Yorkton, Saskatchewan, Canada Province of the Redemptorist Order, a position he held until his elevation to the episcopate in 1992."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brown v. Board of Education", "paragraph_text": "The NAACP's chief counsel, Thurgood Marshall -- who was later appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 -- argued the case before the Supreme Court for the plaintiffs. Assistant attorney general Paul Wilson -- later distinguished emeritus professor of law at the University of Kansas -- conducted the state's ambivalent defense in his first appellate argument."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Portrait of a Young Englishman", "paragraph_text": "Portrait of a Young Englishman (\"Portrait of a Young Man with Grey Eyes\") is a 1540\u201345 portrait by Titian, now held in the Palazzo Pitti. Its subject is unidentified, but may be Henry Howard, Ottavio Farnese or Ippolito Rominaldi."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thurgood (play)", "paragraph_text": "Thurgood is a one-man play about the life of Thurgood Marshall. It was written by George Stevens, Jr. The show premiered in 2006 at the Westport Country Playhouse, starring James Earl Jones and directed by Leonard Foglia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thurgood Marshall College", "paragraph_text": "Thurgood Marshall College (TMC) is one of the six undergraduate colleges at the University of California, San Diego. The college, named after Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court Justice and lawyer for the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, emphasizes \"scholarship, social responsibility and the belief that a liberal arts education must include an understanding of [one's] role in society.\" Marshall College's general education requirements emphasize the culture of community involvement and multiculturalism; accordingly Marshall houses the minors in Public Service and Film Studies for the campus. Significant academic programs and departments have come out of the college over many decades: Communication, Ethnic Studies, Third World Studies, African American Studies, Urban Studies & Planning, and Education Studies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A Free Soul", "paragraph_text": "\"A Free Soul\" became famous for Barrymore's climactic courtroom monologue that is said to be the main reason he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 4th Academy Awards that year. Gable made such an impression in the role of a gangster who pushes Shearer around that he was catapulted from supporting player to leading man, a position he held for the rest of his career."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Coppin State University", "paragraph_text": "Coppin State University is a public historically black university located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is part of the University System of Maryland. The University is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lady Pepperrell House", "paragraph_text": "The Lady Pepperrell House is a historic house on State Route 103, opposite the Congregational church, in Kittery Point, Maine, United States. Built in 1760 by Lady Mary Pepperrell, widow of Sir William Pepperrell, the house is one of the finest examples of Georgian architecture in the northeastern United States. Pepperrell was the only colonial American to be honored with a baronetcy, given by King George II for his leadership of the successful 1745 expedition against the French Fortress Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. The house is privately owned, but subject to preservation restrictions held by Historic New England."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Norman Grant (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Norman Grant is a member of the Senate of Jamaica. He is also the president of the Jamaican Agricultural Society, a position which he held up until 2009 and again after 2012."}], "question": "What position was held by the main subject of the movie Thurgood?"}
{"id": "2hop__344167_3399", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Why Wait (album)", "paragraph_text": "Why Wait is an album by American country music artist Kristy Lee Cook. It was released on September 16, 2008 by Arista Nashville. The album's only single, \"15 Minutes of Shame\" has peaked at number 28 on the Hot Country Songs charts. The album debuted at number eight on the US Top Country albums chart, and at number 49 on the Billboard 200 with a first week sales of just under 10,000, and has sold 32,000 copies since its release. Cook was dropped by Arista Nashville in December the same year."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alibi (Eddie Razaz song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Alibi\" is a pop / dance song released in 2013 by the Swedish singer of Persian origin Eddie Razaz. He had been a contestant in Swedish \"Idol 2009\" finishing sixth and eventually forming the duo REbound! with fellow \"Idol\" contestant Rabih Jaber. After breaking-up, Razaz had decided to go on with a solo career."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in season ten, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart. This was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The loss of viewers continued into season seven. The premiere was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from season six, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007\u20132008 Writers Guild of America strike."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "paragraph_text": "In 1936, archaeologist Indiana Jones braves an ancient booby - trapped temple in Peru and retrieves a golden idol. He is confronted by rival archaeologist Ren\u00e9 Belloq and the indigenous Hovito people. Surrounded and outnumbered, Indy surrenders the idol to Belloq and escapes aboard a waiting floatplane."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Season three premiered on January 19, 2004. One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on Idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wait Til You See My Smile", "paragraph_text": "\"Wait Til You See My Smile\" is a song performed by American recording artist Alicia Keys. It was released as the sixth single (fourth in the UK) from her fourth studio album, \"The Element of Freedom\" (2009). The soul-pop ballad was released on December 13, 2010. The Keys and \"Wait Till You See My Smile\" featured on the new Samsung DualView Commercial. The song was featured on the 13th episode of the sixth season of \"Grey's Anatomy\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "On 11 April 2006, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the American singing contest television show American Idol. Each contestant was required to sing a Queen song during that week of the competition. Songs which appeared on the show included \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"The Show Must Go On\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", and \"Innuendo\". Brian May later criticised the show for editing specific scenes, one of which made the group's time with contestant Ace Young look negative, despite it being the opposite. Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009, performing \"We Are the Champions\" with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen. On 15 November 2009, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the singing contest television show X Factor in the UK."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}], "question": "On what season of American Idol was the Why Wait performer a contestant?"}
{"id": "2hop__206694_3399", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "On 11 April 2006, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the American singing contest television show American Idol. Each contestant was required to sing a Queen song during that week of the competition. Songs which appeared on the show included \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"The Show Must Go On\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", and \"Innuendo\". Brian May later criticised the show for editing specific scenes, one of which made the group's time with contestant Ace Young look negative, despite it being the opposite. Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009, performing \"We Are the Champions\" with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen. On 15 November 2009, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the singing contest television show X Factor in the UK."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "A Shot at Love II with Tila Tequila", "paragraph_text": "A Shot at Love II with Tila Tequila is an American reality television dating game show. It is the follow-up season to \"A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila\". The series is a bisexual-themed dating competition where 15 hetero males and 15 lesbian females live in a house with Tila Tequila and compete for her attention and affection. The contestants, unlike in Season 1, are aware of Tequila's bisexuality. The winner of this season was contestant Kristy Morgan, who declined her \"shot at love\", stating she was not ready for a relationship with a woman."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "15 Minutes of Shame", "paragraph_text": "\"15 Minutes of Shame\" is the debut song written by Kelly Archer, Casey Kessel and Justin Weaver, recorded by American country music artist Kristy Lee Cook. It was released in August 2008 as the first single from her album \"Why Wait\". The single is also her first entry on the \"Billboard\" country charts, reaching a peak of number 28 in November 2008."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002 to April 7, 2016 for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the 16th season made its debut on ABC."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The loss of viewers continued into season seven. The premiere was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from season six, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007\u20132008 Writers Guild of America strike."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mark Collie (album)", "paragraph_text": "Mark Collie is the self-titled third studio album released by American country music artist Mark Collie. It was released in 1993 by MCA Records. It featured the singles \"Even The Man In The Moon Is Crying\", \"Shame, Shame, Shame, Shame\", and \"Born To Love You\". It peaked at number 38 on the Top Country Albums chart."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of American Idol premiered on June 11, 2002 (under the full title American Idol: The Search for a Superstar) and continued until September 4, 2002. It was won by Kelly Clarkson. The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman, the latter of whom left the show after the season ended."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alibi (Eddie Razaz song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Alibi\" is a pop / dance song released in 2013 by the Swedish singer of Persian origin Eddie Razaz. He had been a contestant in Swedish \"Idol 2009\" finishing sixth and eventually forming the duo REbound! with fellow \"Idol\" contestant Rabih Jaber. After breaking-up, Razaz had decided to go on with a solo career."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc."}], "question": "On what season of American Idol was the 15 Minutes of Shame performer a contestant?"}
{"id": "2hop__8881_148299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Robert Pearsall Smith", "paragraph_text": "Robert Pearsall Smith (1827\u20131898) was a lay leader in the Holiness movement in the United States and the Higher Life movement in Great Britain. His book \"Holiness Through Faith\" (1870) is one of the foundational works of the Holiness movement. He was also a businessman in the Philadelphia area, publishing maps and managing a glass factory."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "V\u00e9ronique Besse", "paragraph_text": "V\u00e9ronique Besse (born 11 August 1963 in La Roche-sur-Yon, Vend\u00e9e) is a member of the National Assembly of France and represents the Vend\u00e9e department. Besse is a member of the Movement for France and does not align herself with any parliamentary group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Herta Haas", "paragraph_text": "Herta Haas (29 March 1914 \u2013 5 March 2010) was a Yugoslav Partisan during World War II and the second wife of Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Partisans and a future President of Yugoslavia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan \u0110ilas, Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107 and Boris Kidri\u010d. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent \"Comrade Walter\" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorki\u0107, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Omar Abdel-Rahman", "paragraph_text": "Abdel-Rahman was the leader of Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya (also known as \"The Islamic Group\"), a militant Islamist movement in Egypt that is considered a terrorist organization by the United States and Egyptian governments. The group was responsible for many acts of violence, including the November 1997 Luxor massacre, in which 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians were killed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito's greatest strength, in the eyes of the western communists, had been in suppressing nationalist insurrections and maintaining unity throughout the country. It was Tito's call for unity, and related methods, that held together the people of Yugoslavia. This ability was put to a test several times during his reign, notably during the Croatian Spring (also referred as the Masovni pokret, maspok, meaning \"Mass Movement\") when the government suppressed both public demonstrations and dissenting opinions within the Communist Party. Despite this suppression, much of maspok's demands were later realized with the new constitution, heavily backed by Tito himself against opposition from the Serbian branch of the party.[citation needed] On 16 May 1974, the new Constitution was passed, and the aging Tito was named president for life, a status which he would enjoy for five years."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were \"apostate\" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies. Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag, in which he states:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Social Justice Coalition (2014)", "paragraph_text": "The Social Justice Coalition, also translated as the Social Justice Alliance, is a leftist electoral alliance in Egypt called for by the National Association for Change; it will compete in the 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election. The coalition has expanded to 27 different parties and movements. The Egyptian Communist Party, the Equality and Development Party and the Quiver Party left the alliance."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier. On 28 June, the other member countries expelled Yugoslavia, citing \"nationalist elements\" that had \"managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership\" of the CPY. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; 'I will shake my little finger and there will be no more Tito,' Stalin remarked. The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged \"Titoists\". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito, none of which succeeded. In a correspondence between the two leaders, Tito openly wrote:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (, ; , ; 15 January 1918\u00a0\u2013 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member, he cracked down on the organization, put President Mohamed Naguib under house arrest and assumed executive office. He was formally elected president in June 1956."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Non-cooperation movement", "paragraph_text": "The non-cooperation movement was withdrawn because of the Chauri Chaura incident. Although he had stopped the national revolt single - handedly, on March 10, 1922, Gandhi was arrested. On March 18, 1922, he was imprisoned for six years for publishing seditious materials. This led to suppression of the movement and was followed by the arrest of other leaders."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hassan Ibrahim", "paragraph_text": "Hassan Ibrahim (1917 \u2013 1990) was an Egyptian Air Force officer and one of the founders of the Free Officers movement."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Muhammad Abu Zahra", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Abu Zahra (1898\u20131974) was an Egyptian public intellectual and an influential Hanafi jurist. He occupied a number of positions; he was a lecturer of Islamic law at Al-Azhar University and a professor at Cairo University. He was also a member of the Islamic Research Academy. His works include Abu Hanifa, Malik and al-Shafi'i."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: \u0408\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043f \u0411\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u0422\u0438\u0442\u043e, pronounced [j\u01d2sip br\u00f4\u02d0z t\u00eeto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] \u2013 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was \"seen by most as a benevolent dictator\" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the \"positive neutralism\" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the \"Republic of U\u017eice\". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 on 19 September and 27 October 1941. It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo."}], "question": "What is the position of the Egyptian leader Tito worked with in the Non-Aligned Movement?"}
{"id": "2hop__144604_251188", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph-Gaston de Partz de Pressy", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph-Gaston de Partz de Pressy (22 September 1712, \u00c9quirre - 8 October 1789) was a French cleric. He was the son of Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph de Partz, marquis d'Esquire, and of Jeanne Elisabeth de Beaufort. He became vicar general of Boulogne-Sur-Mer, then in 1742 bishop of Boulogne and in 1746 commendatory abbot of Ham Abbey."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Blanchy", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Marie Antoine Blanchy, best known as Fran\u00e7ois Blanchy (; 12 December 1886 \u2013 2 October 1960) was a tennis player competing for France. He competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics and the 1920 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Westermann", "paragraph_text": "Born in Molsheim (Bas-Rhin), Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Westermann entered a cavalry regiment at an early age but soon left the service and went to Paris. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Revolution, and in 1790 became \"greffier\" of the municipality of Haguenau. After a short imprisonment on a charge of inciting riots in Haguenau, he returned to Paris, where he joined Georges Danton and played an important part in the attack on the Tuileries on 10 August 1792."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jean-Baptiste Lestiboudois", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Baptiste Lestiboudois (30 January 1715, Douai \u2013 20 March 1804, Lille) was a French botanist and pharmacist. His son Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Lestiboudois (1759-1815) and grandson Gaspard Th\u00e9mistocle Lestiboudois (1797-1876) were also botanists."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Joseph-Breitbach-Preis", "paragraph_text": "Joseph-Breitbach-Preis (Joseph Breitbach Prize) is a literary prize awarded by the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz (Academy of Sciences and Literature of Mainz), in Germany and the Joseph Breitbach Foundation. Established in 1998, the prize is worth 50,000 euros and is awarded annually in Koblenz, birthplace of writer Joseph Breitbach (1903\u20131980), for whom the prize is named."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Joseph V\u00e9zina", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph V\u00e9zina (June 11, 1849 in Quebec City \u2013 October 5, 1924 in Quebec City) was a Quebec conductor, composer, organist and music professor. V\u00e9zina is buried in the Cimeti\u00e8re Notre-Dame-de-Belmont in Sainte-Foy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gaspard Th\u00e9mistocle Lestiboudois", "paragraph_text": "Gaspard Th\u00e9mistocle Lestiboudois (12 October 1797, Lille \u2013 22 November 1876, Paris) was a French naturalist. He was the son of botanist Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Lestiboudois (1759-1815) and the grandson of Jean-Baptiste Lestiboudois (1715-1804), a professor of botany at the Faculty of Lille."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Lestiboudois", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Lestiboudois (20 January 1759 \u2013 26 July 1815) was a French botanist. Born at Lille, he was the son of Jean-Baptiste Lestiboudois (1715\u20131804), a professor of botany at the \"\u00c9cole centrale du d\u00e9partement du Nord \u00e0 Lille\" and was the father of botanist Gaspard Th\u00e9mistocle Lestiboudois (1797\u20131876)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Canal de la Bruche", "paragraph_text": "The Canal de la Bruche is a canal in eastern France that originally connected Soultz-les-Bains, near Molsheim, to the city of Strasbourg. It was built in 1682 by the famous military engineer Vauban, principally to transport sandstone from the quarries of Soultz for use in the construction of the fortifications of Strasbourg. The last commercial load was carried in 1939 and the canal formally closed in 1957, after bridges damaged during World War II were rebuilt with insufficient headroom for navigation."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Jaffrennou", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph-Claude Jaffrennou (15 March 1879 - 26 March 1956) was a Breton language writer and editor. He was a Breton nationalist and a neo-druid bard. He is also known as Fran\u00e7ois Taldir-Jaffrennou, since he also used the Druidic name Taldir (\"Wall of Steel\"). He was one of the pioneers of the Breton autonomist movement."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rue Joubert", "paragraph_text": "At n\u00b020, (junction with rue de la Victoire) is a mansion of the French architect Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph B\u00e9langer, which for his wife Mademoiselle Dervieux, a dancer, he rebuilt in Pompeiian style after his release from the Saint-Lazare jail during the French Revolution."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John Trumbull Birthplace", "paragraph_text": "The John Trumbull Birthplace, also known as the Governor Jonathan Trumbull House, is a historic house museum on the Lebanon Green in Lebanon, Connecticut. Built in 1735 by Joseph Trumbull as a wedding present for his son Jonathan (1710-1785), the house was a center of political and military strategy during the American Revolutionary War, when Jonathan Trumbull was Governor of Connecticut. It was also the birthplace of John Trumbull (1756-1843), an artist known for his depictions of the war and its people. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Collier Peak", "paragraph_text": "Collier Peak is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. It was named in 1903 after Collier, Dr. Joseph."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Joseph Fran\u00e7ois Noos", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Fran\u00e7ois Noos, Baron of the Empire (11 December 1766 in Bruges \u2013 25 August 1826 in Calais) was an officer in the army of the French Republican and fought thought the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Lefebvre", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Lefebvre (; 25 October 1755 \u2013 14 September 1820), Duc de Dantzig, was a French military commander during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and one of the original eighteen Marshals of the Empire created by Napoleon."}], "question": "What region does the birthplace of Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Westermann share a border with?"}
{"id": "2hop__145328_251188", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas", "paragraph_text": "Bruno is a 9 - year - old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12 - year - old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to ``Out - With ''because of the orders of`` The Fury'' (Bruno's na\u00efve interpretation of the word 'F\u00fchrer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out - With (in actuality, Auschwitz) and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out - With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's na\u00efvet\u00e9 means he never realizes he is living beside a death camp."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kon Tum Province", "paragraph_text": "Kon Tum Province lies in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam and shares borders with Laos and Cambodia. It has an area of 9,934 square km and a population of approximately 530,000. The economy is primarily agricultural."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sam & Max Hit the Road", "paragraph_text": "Sam and Max, the Freelance Police, are two comic book characters created by Steve Purcell, who act as private detectives and vigilantes. \"Sam & Max Hit the Road\" follows the pair on a case that takes them from their office in New York City across the United States. The game starts in a similar way to many of the comic stories, with Sam and Max receiving a telephone call from an unseen and unheard Commissioner, who tells them to go to a nearby carnival. At the carnival, they are told by the owners that their star attraction, a frozen bigfoot called Bruno, has been set free, and fled, taking their second attraction, Trixie the Giraffe-Necked Girl. Sam and Max set off to find Bruno and Trixie and bring them back. As the duo investigate the carnival, they learn that Bruno and Trixie are in love and that Trixie freed Bruno. The Freelance Police leave the carnival to pursue leads at various tourist traps throughout the country, such as The World's Largest Ball of Twine, a vortex controlled by giant subterranean magnets, and bungee jumping facilities at Mount Rushmore."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)", "paragraph_text": "Asa Butterfield as Bruno Jack Scanlon as Shmuel, a young Jew sent to a concentration camp Vera Farmiga as Elsa, Bruno's mother David Thewlis as Ralf, Bruno's father Amber Beattie as Gretel, Bruno's older sister Rupert Friend as Lieutenant Kurt Kotler David Hayman as Pavel Sheila Hancock as Natalie, Bruno's grandmother Richard Johnson as Matthias, Bruno's grandfather Cara Horgan as Maria Jim Norton as Herr Liszt"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Indonesia lies between latitudes 11\u00b0S and 6\u00b0N, and longitudes 95\u00b0E and 141\u00b0E. It is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. According to the country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Indonesia has 17,504 islands (16,056 of which are registered at the UN), scattered over both sides of the equator, and with about 6,000 of them inhabited. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea). Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Charles Ives House", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Ives House, also known as Charles Ives Birthplace, is located on Mountainville Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame structure built in 1780 and expanded on since. Over the course of the 19th century it was the residence of several generations of Iveses, a family important in the city's history. In 1874 it was the birthplace of Charles Ives, who became an internationally recognized composer in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Canal de la Bruche", "paragraph_text": "The Canal de la Bruche is a canal in eastern France that originally connected Soultz-les-Bains, near Molsheim, to the city of Strasbourg. It was built in 1682 by the famous military engineer Vauban, principally to transport sandstone from the quarries of Soultz for use in the construction of the fortifications of Strasbourg. The last commercial load was carried in 1939 and the canal formally closed in 1957, after bridges damaged during World War II were rebuilt with insufficient headroom for navigation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bruno Steck", "paragraph_text": "Bruno Steck (born September 22, 1957 in Molsheim, Bas-Rhin) is a former French football player and manager. He has been managing Tr\u00e9lissac FC since 2008."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Millbrae, California", "paragraph_text": "Millbrae is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, just west of San Francisco Bay, with San Bruno on the north and Burlingame on the south. The population was 21,536 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas", "paragraph_text": "Bruno is a 9 - year - old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12 - year - old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to ``Out - With ''because of the orders of`` The Fury'' (Bruno's na\u00efve interpretation of the word ``F\u00fchrer ''). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out - With (in actuality, Auschwitz) and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl and Martin. From the house at Out - With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's na\u00efvet\u00e9 is proved, as he never realizes he is living beside a concentration camp."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Bruno Golf Club", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bruno Golf Club is a private club located in Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Quebec, Canada. It is reputed to be one of the most exclusive golf clubs in Canada, and it has hosted the Canadian Open twice:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tyre, Lebanon", "paragraph_text": "Tyre is an ancient Phoenician city and the legendary birthplace of Europa and Dido (Elissa). Today it is the fourth largest city in Lebanon after Beirut, Tripoli and Sidon. and houses one of the nation's major ports. Tourism is a major industry. The city has a number of ancient sites, including its Roman Hippodrome which was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1979."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia (i/n\u0259\u02c8m\u026abi\u0259/, /n\u00e6\u02c8-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German:  Republik Namibia (help\u00b7info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibi\u00eb) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}], "question": "What commune does the birthplace of Bruno Steck share a border with?"}
{"id": "2hop__94442_642315", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David Lynn (architect)", "paragraph_text": "David Lynn (November 10, 1873 \u2013 May 25, 1961) was an American architect and honorary member of the American Institute of Architects. He served as Architect of the Capitol from 1923 until 1954."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Around the World in Eighty Days", "paragraph_text": "Around the World in Eighty Days (French: Le tour du monde en quatre - vingts jours) is a classic adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, published in 1873. In the story, Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a \u00a320,000 wager (\u00a32,075,400 in 2017) set by his friends at the Reform Club. It is one of Verne's most acclaimed works."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elisabeth Luther", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Luther () was the first daughter and second child born to German priest and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and his wife, Katharina von Bora. She did not survive infancy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Reform Club", "paragraph_text": "The Reform Club's building was designed by renowned architect Sir Charles Barry and contracted to builders Grissell & Peto. Construction began in 1837 and was finished in 1841. This new club was built on palatial lines, the design being based on the Palazzo Farnese in Rome, and its Saloon in particular is regarded as the finest of all London's clubs. The Reform was among the first senior London clubs to provide bedrooms (known as chambers), and its library contains over 75,000 books, mostly of a political, historical and biographical nature; customarily, members donate a copy of any book they write to the club's library, ever increasing its stock."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Around the World in Eighty Days", "paragraph_text": "Around the World in Eighty Days (French: Le tour du monde en quatre - vingts jours) is an adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, published in 1873. In the story, Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a \u00a320,000 wager (\u00a32,075,400 in 2017) set by his friends at the Reform Club. It is one of Verne's most acclaimed works."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eden Smith", "paragraph_text": "Eden Smith (1858 - 10 October 1949) was born in Birmingham, England but achieved fame as a Toronto, Ontario architect belonging to the Arts and Crafts movement. He was a founding member of The Arts and Letters Club of Toronto (in 1908) and first president of the Architectural Eighteen Club (in 1900)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Wolfe Barry", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Wolfe Barry (7 December 1836 \u2013 22 January 1918), the youngest son of famous architect Sir Charles Barry, was an English civil engineer of the late 19th and early 20th century. His most famous project is Tower Bridge over the River Thames in London which was constructed 1886\u20131894. After receiving a knighthood in 1897, he added \"Wolfe\" to his inherited name in 1898 to become Sir John Wolfe Barry."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Puck (Glee)", "paragraph_text": "In the second season, Puck recruits Lauren to join the glee club when the club needs a twelfth member in order to participate in the Sectionals competition. Within a couple of months, he has fallen in love with her, but she does n't succumb to his blandishments, and he's forced to woo her over a long period of time, starting as friends. He supports her in her first solo for glee club and runs her campaign for prom queen. They are still a couple at the end of the school year. In the fourth episode of the third season, Puck and the adoptive mother of his child Shelby Corcoran kiss. He ends the series dating Quinn."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eric Trump", "paragraph_text": "On July 4, 2013, Trump became engaged to his longtime girlfriend Lara Lea Yunaska, an associate producer on the syndicated television news program Inside Edition. They married on November 8, 2014, at Mar-a-Lago Club in Palm Beach, Florida. On September 12, 2017, the two had a son named Eric \"Luke\" Trump. They are expecting their second child in August 2019."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Magdalena Luther", "paragraph_text": "Magdalena Luther (4 May 152920 September 1542) was the third child and second daughter of German priest and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and his wife, Katharina von Bora. She died at the age of thirteen, unmarried."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the \"new papists\". Since the term \"magister\" also means \"teacher\", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bill Cahan", "paragraph_text": "Bill Cahan studied architecture at Washington University, St. Louis, and University of California, Berkeley. He became an architect and practiced at Anshen & Allen architects for five years, during which time, in addition to designing buildings, he was responsible for the rebranding of the architecture firm. In 1984, he left the architecture practice and started his own design consultancy, Cahan & Associates. He has lectured extensively around the World on the subject of design and branding for the Art Director\u2019s Club, the AIGA, the London Type Director\u2019s Club, at the RGD Ontario Design Thinkers Conference and at the HOW National Design Conference. He frequently judges design competitions for different design publications."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "No Child Left Behind Act", "paragraph_text": "The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) was a U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students. It supported standards - based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. The Act required states to develop assessments in basic skills. To receive federal school funding, states had to give these assessments to all students at select grade levels."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "One-child policy", "paragraph_text": "Although the fertility rate began to decline, the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organizations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club. While visiting Europe in 1979, one of the top Chinese officials, Song Jian, read two influential books of the movement, The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival. With a group of mathematicians, Song determined the correct population of China to be 700 million. A plan was prepared to reduce China's population to the desired level by 2080, with the one - child policy as one of the main instruments of social engineering. In spite of some criticism inside the party, the plan (also referred to as the Family Planning Policy) was officially adopted in 1979. The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then - surging population and limit the demands for water and other resources, as well as to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China. The policy was formally implemented as a temporary measure on September 18, 1980."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geoffrey Keynes", "paragraph_text": "Geoffrey Keynes was born on 25 March 1887 in Cambridge, England. His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at the University of Cambridge and his mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer. Geoffrey Keynes was the third child, after his older brother, the prominent economist John Maynard Keynes, and his sister Margaret, who married the Nobel Prize\u2013winning physiologist Archibald Hill."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Morgans Hotel", "paragraph_text": "Morgans Hotel began as the \"Hotel Duane\", a 1927 structure intended for long-term residents, designed by architect Andrew J. Thomas. According to an article of the era, \"In design the exterior of the building indicates a free interpretation of the Italian Romanesque style harmonizing very well with the Fraternity Clubs building at the north, designed in a similar style.\" When initially opened, the lobby and guest rooms showed \"a rather free interpretation of Spanish Renaissance decoration.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Children's Act, 2005", "paragraph_text": "The Children's Act, 2005 (Act No. 38 of 2005) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that consolidates and reforms the law on matters related to children. It deals with topics including the age of majority, paternity, custody, child support, guardianship, parenting plans, children's courts, circumcision, day care, child protection, foster care, group homes, adoption, surrogacy, child abduction, and trafficking of children."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Marina Pettersson-Engstr\u00f6m", "paragraph_text": "Marina Pettersson-Engstr\u00f6m (born 21 September 1987) is a Swedish footballer. She played as a centre back for Damallsvenskan club KIF \u00d6rebro DFF and the Sweden women's national football team. After eleven seasons playing for KIF \u00d6rebro, she retired shortly after the conclusion of the 2015 season. Following the birth of her child she agreed a return to \u00d6rebro ahead of the 2017 season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dutch Reformed Church", "paragraph_text": "The Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK) was the largest Christian denomination in the Netherlands from the onset of the Protestant Reformation until 1930. It was the foremost Protestant denomination, and -- since 1892 -- one of the two major Reformed denominations along with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marian reforms", "paragraph_text": "The Marian reforms of 107 BC were a group of military reforms initiated by Gaius Marius, a statesman and general of the Roman Republic."}], "question": "Who is the child of the architect of Reform Club?"}
{"id": "2hop__94466_642315", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adam Scott (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Adam Paul Scott (born April 3, 1973) is an American actor, comedian, producer, and podcaster. He is best known for his role as Ben Wyatt in the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation. He has also appeared as Derek in the film Step Brothers, Henry Pollard in the Starz sitcom Party Down, and Ed Mackenzie in the HBO series Big Little Lies."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Valjean", "paragraph_text": "Born in Shattuck, Oklahoma, Valjean studied music at the University of Oklahoma, graduating in 1958 and attaining a Fulbright scholarship. In 1962, he released a recording of David Raksin's \"Theme from Ben Casey\", which hit #28 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It was his sole Top 40 hit on the pop chart. That same year, he released a full-length album, also titled \"Theme from Ben Casey\", which peaked at #113 on the \"Billboard\" 200. He also scored the 1969 counterculture thriller \"The Big Cube\", which starred Lana Turner."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Adam Scott (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Adam Paul Scott (born April 3, 1973) is an American actor, comedian, producer, and podcaster. He is known for his role as Ben Wyatt in the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation. He has also appeared as Derek in the film Step Brothers, Henry Pollard in the Starz sitcom Party Down, and Ed Mackenzie in the HBO series Big Little Lies."}, {"idx": 3, "title": ".458\u00d72-inch American", "paragraph_text": "The .458\u00d72-inch American is a straight, belted, .458 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm) big bore cartridge designed by Frank Barnes. It is based on the .458 Winchester Magnum shortened to ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco", "paragraph_text": "Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco, also known as Prince Moulay Rachid ben al-Hassan, GCVO, () was born on 20 June 1970 in Rabat as the youngest male child of the late King Hassan II and his second wife, Lalla Latifa Hammou. He holds a doctorate in international politics and serves Morocco as a diplomat. He is currently second in the line of succession to the Moroccan throne."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ben T. Epps", "paragraph_text": "Ben T. Epps (February 20, 1888, Oconee County, Georgia - October 16, 1937), known as \"Georgia's First Aviator\" was an American aviation pioneer. In 1907, he built a monoplane of his own design, now known as the Epps 1909 Monoplane. This was followed by other original monoplane and biplane designs in 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1916, 1924 and 1930. He died of injuries as a result of an airplane crash. The Athens-Ben Epps Airport is named in his honor. In 1989 he was inducted into the inaugural class of the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ben King (designer)", "paragraph_text": "Ben King was an American fashion designer active from the 1940s to the 1970s. In 1944 he was awarded a Neiman Marcus Fashion Award for Distinguished Service in the Field of Fashion. Although he produced some clothing, including a vibrant India-print pajamas ensemble in 1954, King was known particularly for accessories, being listed as a leading designer of belts in 1953. Ben King handbags were still available from stores such as Bonwit Teller in the mid-1970s, being featured in \"Vogue\" and \"Harper's Bazaar\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John Wolfe Barry", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Wolfe Barry (7 December 1836 \u2013 22 January 1918), the youngest son of famous architect Sir Charles Barry, was an English civil engineer of the late 19th and early 20th century. His most famous project is Tower Bridge over the River Thames in London which was constructed 1886\u20131894. After receiving a knighthood in 1897, he added \"Wolfe\" to his inherited name in 1898 to become Sir John Wolfe Barry."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Big Horn, Wyoming", "paragraph_text": "Big Horn is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Sheridan County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 198 at the 2000 census and 490 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rajabai Clock Tower", "paragraph_text": "The Rajabai Clock Tower was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, an English architect. He modeled it on Big Ben in London.The foundation stone was laid on 1 March 1869 and construction was completed in November 1878. The total cost of construction came to 550,000, a princely sum in those days. A portion of the total cost of construction was donated by Premchand Roychand, a prosperous broker who founded the Bombay Stock Exchange on the condition that the tower be named after his mother Rajabai."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Maggie Elizabeth Jones", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Elizabeth Jones (born October 10, 2003) is an American child actress, best known for her roles in We Bought a Zoo, the Fox sitcom Ben and Kate, and as Lea Clark in American Girl: Lea to the Rescue."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Big Chief tablet", "paragraph_text": "The Big Chief tablet is a popular writing notebook designed for young children in the United States. The notebook is made with newsprint paper and features widely spaced lines, easier to use for those learning to write. The tablet has a prominent representation of a Native American in full headdress on the cover, hence the name \"Big Chief.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Neptune's Triumph for the Return of Albion", "paragraph_text": "Neptune's Triumph for the Return of Albion was a Jacobean era masque, written by Ben Jonson, and designed by Inigo Jones. The masque is notable for the contradictory historical evidence connected with it and the confusion it caused among generations of scholars and critics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Big Ben Strikes Again", "paragraph_text": "\"Big Ben Strikes Again\" is the third episode of \"Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons\", a 1960s British Supermarionation television series created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson. Written by Tony Barwick and directed by Brian Burgess, it was first broadcast on 13 October 1967 on ATV Midlands. In this episode, the Mysterons attempt to destroy London by hi-jacking a transporter carrying an atomic device."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Catrike", "paragraph_text": "Catrike is a brand of lightweight tadpole-design recumbent tricycles manufactured by Big Cat HPV, LLC, which is based in Orlando, Florida, United States. The company was founded in 1999 by Paulo Camasmie. Catrike riders have an annual factory-sponsored rally in March. Big Cat builds more trikes equipped with direct-steering than any other manufacturer in the world."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "House at Big Hill", "paragraph_text": "The House at Big Hill, was completed in 2011, designed by Kerstin Thompson Architects. This project is located at Big Hill, on the Great Ocean Road, near Lorne. It addresses the site and also considered a limited material selection as part of its main design concept."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Special Effects: Anything Can Happen", "paragraph_text": "Special Effects: Anything Can Happen is an American documentary film directed by Academy Award-winning sound designer Ben Burtt and narrated by John Lithgow. It was released to IMAX theaters in 1996."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Big Ben", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Tower, previously called the Clock Tower but more popularly known as Big Ben, was raised as a part of Charles Barry's design for a new palace, after the old Palace of Westminster was largely destroyed by fire on the night of 16 October 1834. The new parliament was built in a neo-gothic style. Although Barry was the chief architect of the palace, he turned to Augustus Pugin for the design of the clock tower, which resembles earlier Pugin designs, including one for Scarisbrick Hall in Lancashire. The design for the tower was Pugin's last design before his final descent into madness and death, and Pugin himself wrote, at the time of Barry's last visit to him to collect the drawings: \"I never worked so hard in my life for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Big Ben", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Tower Alternative names Big Ben General information Type Clock tower Architectural style Gothic Revival Location Westminster, London, England, UK Coordinates 51 \u00b0 30 \u2032 03 ''N 0 \u00b0 07 \u2032 28'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 51.5007 \u00b0 N 0.1245 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 51.5007; - 0.1245 Coordinates: 51 \u00b0 30 \u2032 03 ''N 0 \u00b0 07 \u2032 28'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 51.5007 \u00b0 N 0.1245 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 51.5007; - 0.1245 Completed 31 May 1859; 158 years ago (31 May 1859) Height 96 metres (315 ft) Technical details Floor count 11 Design and construction Architect Augustus Pugin"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Big Flats (CDP), New York", "paragraph_text": "Big Flats is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) within the town of Big Flats in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 5,277 at the 2010 census, out of a total population in the town of 7,731."}], "question": "Who is the child of Big Ben's designer?"}
{"id": "2hop__73496_114824", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Analytical Engine", "paragraph_text": "In 1842, the Italian mathematician Luigi Federico Menabrea published a description of the engine based on a lecture by Babbage in French. In 1843, the description was translated into English and extensively annotated by Ada Lovelace, who had become interested in the engine eight years earlier. In recognition of her additions to Menabrea's paper, which included a way to calculate Bernoulli numbers using the machine, she has been described as the first computer programmer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wilhelm Schickard", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Schickard (22 April 1592 \u2013 24 October 1635) was a German professor of Hebrew and Astronomy who became famous in the second part of the 20th century after Dr. Franz Hammer, a biographer (along with Max Caspar) of Johannes Kepler, claimed that the drawings of a calculating clock, predating the public release of Pascal's calculator by twenty years, had been discovered in two unknown letters written by Schickard to Johannes Kepler in 1623 and 1624."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ed Roberts (computer engineer)", "paragraph_text": "Henry Edward ``Ed ''Roberts (September 13, 1941 -- April 1, 2010) was an American engineer, entrepreneur and medical doctor who invented the first commercially successful personal computer in 1975. He is most often known as`` the father of the personal computer''. He founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1970 to sell electronics kits to model rocketry hobbyists, but the first successful product was an electronic calculator kit that was featured on the cover of the November 1971 issue of Popular Electronics. The calculators were very successful and sales topped one million dollars in 1973. A brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974. Roberts then developed the Altair 8800 personal computer that used the new Intel 8080 microprocessor. This was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, and hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for this $397 computer kit."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the ``father of the computer '', he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general - purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing - complete."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Z1 (computer)", "paragraph_text": "The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wright brothers", "paragraph_text": "The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 -- January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 -- May 30, 1912), were two American aviators, engineers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier - than - air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904 -- 05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed - wing aircraft. Although not the first to build experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed - wing powered flight possible."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gears of War", "paragraph_text": "The first installment, titled Gears of War, was released on November 7, 2006 for the Xbox 360. The game follows protagonist Marcus Fenix, a soldier in the Coalition of Ordered Governments tasked to lead a last - ditch effort to destroy the Locust Horde and save humanity. Two subsequent titles, Gears of War 2 (2008) and Gears of War 3 (2011), continued Fenix and humanity's ongoing conflict with the Locust Horde and Lambent forces. In 2013, Epic Games and Microsoft released Gears of War: Judgment, a prequel to the series' first title, which instead focuses on Damon Baird, one of Fenix's squad - mates. Gears of War: Ultimate Edition was released for Microsoft Windows on March 1, 2016. The series' third sequel, Gears of War 4, is set 25 years after Gears of War 3 and follows Marcus Fenix's son, JD, as he battles new foes that threaten humanity."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Electronic voting in India", "paragraph_text": "In 1980, M.B. Haneefa invented the first Indian voting machine, gazetted ``Electronically operated vote counting machine ''(Gazette: 191 / Mas / 80, 15 October 1980). His original design (using Integrated Circuits) was exhibited to the public in Government Exhibitions held in six cities across Tamil Nadu. The EVMs were commissioned in 1989 by Election Commission of India in collaboration with Electronics Corporation of India Limited. The Industrial designers of the EVMs were faculty members at the Industrial Design Centre, IIT Bombay. The EVMs were first used in 1982 in the by - election to North Paravur Assembly Constituency in Kerala for a limited number of polling stations."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Clarence Dennis", "paragraph_text": "Clarence Dennis, M. D., Ph.D., (June 16, 1909 \u2013 July 11, 2005) was an American cardiothoracic surgeon best known for his work in pioneering cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). He had invented one of the first heart-lung bypass machines, and in 1951 he became the first to use such a device during an open-heart operation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Desmond Paul Henry", "paragraph_text": "Desmond Paul Henry (1921\u20132004) was a Manchester University Lecturer and Reader in Philosophy (1949\u201382). He was one of the first British artists to experiment with machine-generated visual effects at the time of the emerging global computer art movement of the 1960s (The Cambridge Encyclopaedia 1990 p.\u00a0289; Levy 2006 pp.\u00a0178\u2013180). During this period, Henry constructed a succession of three drawing machines from modified bombsight analogue computers which were employed in World War II bombers to calculate the accurate release of bombs onto their targets (O'Hanrahan 2005). Henry's machine-generated effects resemble complex versions of the abstract, curvilinear graphics which accompany Microsoft's Windows Media Player. Henry's machine-generated effects may therefore also be said to represent early examples of computer graphics: \"the making of line drawings with the aid of computers and drawing machines\". (Franke 1971, p.\u00a041)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the \"father of the computer\", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gustav Tauschek", "paragraph_text": "Gustav Tauschek (April 29, 1899, Vienna, Austria \u2013 February 14, 1945, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland) was an Austrian pioneer of Information technology and developed numerous improvements for punched card-based calculating machines from 1922 to 1945."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Army Inventions Board", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Army Inventions Board, otherwise known as the Army Inventions Directorate, was a government body of the Commonwealth of Australia, set up in 1942 to handle the thousands of inventions submitted by the public. These inventions numbered some 27,000; a mere 127 of which were eventually accepted by the Army as being of notable value or suitable for military purposes. The best known invention accepted by the Army Inventions Board was the Australian-designed Owen Gun, a machine carbine which took a few years to get off the ground."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78\u2013139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mechanical calculator", "paragraph_text": "Surviving notes from Wilhelm Schickard in 1623 reveal that he designed and had built the earliest of the modern attempts at mechanizing calculation. His machine was composed of two sets of technologies: first an abacus made of Napier's bones, to simplify multiplications and divisions first described six years earlier in 1617, and for the mechanical part, it had a dialed pedometer to perform additions and subtractions. A study of the surviving notes shows a machine that would have jammed after a few entries on the same dial, and that it could be damaged if a carry had to be propagated over a few digits (like adding 1 to 999). Schickard abandoned his project in 1624 and never mentioned it again until his death eleven years later in 1635."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Wright brothers", "paragraph_text": "The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 -- January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 -- May 30, 1912), were two American engineers, aviators, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier - than - air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904 -- 05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed - wing aircraft. Although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed - wing powered flight possible."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Atwood machine", "paragraph_text": "The Atwood machine (or Atwood's machine) was invented in 1784 by the English mathematician George Atwood as a laboratory experiment to verify the mechanical laws of motion with constant acceleration. Atwood's machine is a common classroom demonstration used to illustrate principles of classical mechanics."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power and wind power, fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the Industrial Revolution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sewing machine", "paragraph_text": "A sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry."}], "question": "When did the inventor of the first gear driven calculating machine die?"}
{"id": "2hop__69260_114824", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Boltzmann distribution", "paragraph_text": "The Boltzmann distribution is named after Ludwig Boltzmann who first formulated it in 1868 during his studies of the statistical mechanics of gases in thermal equilibrium. Boltzmann's statistical work is borne out in his paper \u201cOn the Relationship between the Second Fundamental Theorem of the Mechanical Theory of Heat and Probability Calculations Regarding the Conditions for Thermal Equilibrium\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power and wind power, fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the Industrial Revolution."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Joy valve gear", "paragraph_text": "Joy valve gear is a type of steam locomotive valve gear, designed by David Joy (3 March 1825 \u2013 1903), Locomotive and Marine engineer, and patented (no. 929) on 8 March 1879. The British patent has not been found but the US patent (US252224 of 10 January 1882) has. Joy's gear is similar to Hackworth valve gear but has a compensating mechanism which corrects for \"the slight inequality in the motion of the valve arising from the arc of the lever\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "On\u00e9siphore Pecqueur", "paragraph_text": "On\u00e9siphore Pecqueur (1792\u20131852) was a French mechanical engineer who patented the modern-day differential gear, found on the axles that connect to the powertrain of all automobiles."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Time", "paragraph_text": "The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (1292\u20131336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange. Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation 5 years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes. In the US, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff\u2013Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942, the first \"automatic electronic digital computer\". This design was also all-electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150\u2013100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gresley conjugated valve gear", "paragraph_text": "The Gresley conjugated valve gear is a valve gear for steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, chief mechanical engineer of the LNER, assisted by Harold Holcroft. It enables a three-cylinder locomotive to operate with only the two sets of valve gear for the outside cylinders, and derives the valve motion for the inside cylinder from them by means of levers (the \"2 to 1 lever\" and \"equal lever\"). The gear is sometimes known as the Gresley-Holcroft gear, acknowledging Holcroft's major contributions to its development."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mechanical calculator", "paragraph_text": "Surviving notes from Wilhelm Schickard in 1623 reveal that he designed and had built the earliest of the modern attempts at mechanizing calculation. His machine was composed of two sets of technologies: first an abacus made of Napier's bones, to simplify multiplications and divisions first described six years earlier in 1617, and for the mechanical part, it had a dialed pedometer to perform additions and subtractions. A study of the surviving notes shows a machine that would have jammed after a few entries on the same dial, and that it could be damaged if a carry had to be propagated over a few digits (like adding 1 to 999). Schickard abandoned his project in 1624 and never mentioned it again until his death eleven years later in 1635."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot", "paragraph_text": "Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 \u2013 2 October 1804) was a French inventor who built the first working self-propelled land-based mechanical vehicle, the world's first automobile."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Laplace's demon", "paragraph_text": "In the history of science, Laplace's demon was the first published articulation of causal or scientific determinism, by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1814. According to determinism, if someone (the demon) knows the precise location and momentum of every atom in the universe, their past and future values for any given time are entailed; they can be calculated from the laws of classical mechanics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Z1 (computer)", "paragraph_text": "The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78\u2013139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Isaac Newton", "paragraph_text": "Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism separates white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. His work on light was collected in his highly influential book Opticks, published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the ``father of the computer '', he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general - purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing - complete."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Wilhelm Schickard", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Schickard (22 April 1592 \u2013 24 October 1635) was a German professor of Hebrew and Astronomy who became famous in the second part of the 20th century after Dr. Franz Hammer, a biographer (along with Max Caspar) of Johannes Kepler, claimed that the drawings of a calculating clock, predating the public release of Pascal's calculator by twenty years, had been discovered in two unknown letters written by Schickard to Johannes Kepler in 1623 and 1624."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog \"computer\", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sinclair Cambridge", "paragraph_text": "The Sinclair Cambridge was a pocket-sized calculator introduced in August 1973 by Sinclair Radionics. It was available both as kit form kit to be assembled by the purchaser, or assembled prior to purchase. The range ultimately comprised seven models, the original \"four-function\" Cambridge, which carried out the four basic mathematical functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, being followed by the Cambridge Scientific, Cambridge Memory, two versions of Cambridge Memory %, Cambridge Scientific Programmable and Cambridge Universal."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Curtiss P-36 Hawk", "paragraph_text": "Internal company designation for a simplified export version with fixed landing gear, two slightly differing aircraft built, first sold to China, second to Argentina"}], "question": "When did the man who built the first gear-driven calculator that did addition and subtraction die?"}
{"id": "2hop__461735_259948", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wagram, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Wagram is a town in Scotland County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 840 at the 2010 Census. The town was named for the Battle of Wagram, a Napoleonic battle at Deutsch-Wagram in Austria."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kyle Cone", "paragraph_text": "Kyle Cone () is an exposed volcanic cone near Cape Crozier, located west-northwest of the summit of The Knoll in eastern Ross Island, Antarctica. It was named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Philip R. Kyle, a geologist with the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition, which examined the cone in the 1969\u201370 season."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tawl Ross", "paragraph_text": "Lucius \"Tawl\" Ross (born October 5, 1948, in Wagram, North Carolina) was the rhythm guitarist for Funkadelic from 1968 to 1971 and played on their first three albums. He left the band in 1971 soon after a debilitating experience with LSD. He moved back to North Carolina and dropped out of the music scene, but resurfaced in 1995 after a nearly 25-year absence to release a solo album, \"a.k.a. Detrimental Vasoline - Giant Shirley\", issued by Coconut Grove Records under the name \"Tal\" Ross."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ross River Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Ross River Dam is a rock and earthfill-filled embankment dam across the Ross River, located between Kelso and Mount Stuart in the City of Townsville in northern Queensland, Australia. Built initially for flood control, Lake Ross, the impoundment created by the dam, serves as one of the major potable water supplies for the region."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cromartyshire", "paragraph_text": "Cromartyshire is a historic county in the Highlands of Scotland, comprising the medieval \"old shire\" around the county town of Cromarty and 22 enclaves and exclaves transferred from Ross-shire in the late 17th century. The largest part, six times the size of the old shire, is Coigach, northwest from Ullapool. In 1890, Cromartyshire was merged with Ross-shire into the administrative county of Ross and Cromarty. In 1975, the resulting county was combined with Caithness, Inverness-shire, Nairnshire, Sutherland, and parts of Argyllshire and Morayshire to form the Highland council area."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Newald, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Newald (also Ross) is an unincorporated census-designated place in the town of Ross, Forest County, Wisconsin, United States. Newald is located near Wisconsin Highway 139 northeast of Crandon. As of the 2010 census, its population is 95."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Diocese of Ross (Ireland)", "paragraph_text": "The Diocese of Ross was a separate diocese situated in south-west Ireland. Following the Reformation, there were two dioceses. In the Church of Ireland, the diocese is now part of the Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross. In the Roman Catholic Church, it is part of the Diocese of Cork and Ross. In the 19th century, an exclave of the diocese existed around that part of the Beara peninsula in County Cork including the area around Glengariff though not as far east as Bantry. The main diocesan territory was centred on the towns of Baltimore, Skibbereen, Rosscarbery and Clonakilty which lie along the modern national road N71."}], "question": "What county is the birthplace of Tawl Ross found in?"}
{"id": "2hop__1633_238233", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "BeiDou", "paragraph_text": "The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the \u201cI\u201d signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the \u201cI\u201d signals on E2 and E5B."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney", "paragraph_text": "The story follows Phoenix Wright, a rookie defense attorney who attempts to have his clients declared ``not guilty ''. Among other characters are Phoenix's boss, Mia Fey; his assistant and Mia's sister, Maya; and prosecutor Miles Edgeworth. The player controls Phoenix through two sets of sections: investigations and courtroom trials. During investigations they gather information and evidence. During trials they cross-examine witnesses, and answer questions from the judge, the prosecutor, and the witnesses. The story is split into five cases. The fifth was introduced in the Nintendo DS version to take advantage of gameplay elements using the handheld's touchscreen not available in the original Game Boy Advance version."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Holland Group", "paragraph_text": "The John Holland Group is a construction, tunnelling, rail, building and services provider with operations in Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia and the Middle East. Headquartered in Melbourne, it is a 100% owned subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company, a Chinese state owned enterprise."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "National Accountability Bureau", "paragraph_text": "The bureau has two principal officers: the Chairman; and the Prosecutor General of Accountability in Pakistan. The Chairman is the head of investigation, and serves a four - year term. Lt - Gen Syed Mohammad Amjad was the first chairman of the bureau. Justice (R) Javed Iqbal is the present chairman of NAB. The Prosecutor General is the head of prosecution, and serves a three - year term. Deputy Attorney General Waqas Qadeer Dar is current Prosecutor General of National Accountability Bureau (Nab)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Carrian Group", "paragraph_text": "Carrian Group became involved in a scandal with Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Berhad of Malaysia and Hong Kong-based Bumiputra Malaysia Finance. Following allegations of accounting fraud, a murder of a bank auditor, and the suicide of the firm's adviser, the Carrian Group collapsed in 1983, the largest bankruptcy in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant (simplified Chinese: \u7d2b\u576a\u94fa\u6c34\u5e93; traditional Chinese: \u7d2b\u576a\u92ea\u6c34\u5eab) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. The Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Snap the Whip", "paragraph_text": "Snap the Whip is an 1872 oil painting by Winslow Homer. It depicts a group of children playing a game in a field in front of an old red schoolhouse. With more of America's population moving to cities, this portrait depicts the simplicity of rural agrarian life that Americans began to leave behind in the post-Civil war era."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Algimantas Valantinas", "paragraph_text": "Algimantas Valantinas was born in Buknai\u010diai and graduated from Vilnius University with a degree in law in 1985. He then worked as an investigator, assistant to prosecutor and a prosecutor in Kai\u0161iadorys (1985\u20131988); prosecutor in \u0160irvintos (1990\u20131991) and Jonava. He was a judge in Jonava (1994\u20131999) and Vilnius (2000\u20132005, from 2010)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Art\u016bras Paulauskas", "paragraph_text": "Art\u016bras Paulauskas graduated from Vilnius University with a degree in law in 1976. He then worked as an investigator and a prosecutor. He was Deputy Prosecutor General of Lithuania from 1987 to 1990 and Prosecutor General of Lithuania from 1990 to 1995. He was again Deputy Prosecutor General from 1995 to 1997 and was engaged in private legal practice from 1997 to 2000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alberto L\u00f3pez Bello", "paragraph_text": "Cristi\u00e1n Alberto L\u00f3pez Bello (c. 1985 \u2013 17 July 2013) was a crime journalist for the Mexican newspaper \"El Imparcial\" and the radio show \"Foro Pol\u00edtico\", in Oaxaca, Mexico. The murder of L\u00f3pez was an early case that tested the new powers of federal special prosecutors to investigate crimes against Mexican journalists and freedom of expression. The federal special prosecutor, however, deferred to the Attorney General of Oaxaca, who said three and a half months after the L\u00f3pez murder that the motive was a bar fight, announced the arrest of four people, and then resigned the next day. The family publicly disagreed with the official conclusion."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Genocide", "paragraph_text": "In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found \"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,\" but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ivan Safronov", "paragraph_text": "Ivan Ivanovich Safronov () (16 January 1956 \u2013 2 March 2007) was a Russian journalist and columnist who covered military affairs for the daily newspaper \"Kommersant\". He died after falling from the fifth floor of his Moscow apartment building. His apartment was on the third floor. There are speculations that he may have been killed for his critical reporting: the Taganka District prosecutor's office in Moscow initiated a criminal investigation into Safronov's death, and in September 2007, officially ruled his death a suicide."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gary Cohn (journalist)", "paragraph_text": "Gary Cohn (born in Brooklyn) is a Pulitzer Prize\u2013winning investigative reporter and adjunct professor at the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. With Will Englund, he won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Reuters", "paragraph_text": "Reuters () is an international news organization. It is a division of Thomson Reuters and has nearly 200 locations around the world. Until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008, the Reuters news agency has been a part of Thomson Reuters, making up the media division. Reuters transmits news in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Urdu, Arabic, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. It was established in 1851."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime. It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Finishing Line", "paragraph_text": "Finishing Line (\u51fa\u4eba\u5934\u5730) is a Singaporean Chinese drama series produced by the former Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) in 1990. The story begins in 1983 and follows a group of friends as they grow up and forge their own paths in adulthood."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Critics noted in 2013 that Tom Wheeler, the head of the FCC, which has to approve the deal, is the former head of both the largest cable lobbying organization, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA \u2013 The Wireless Association. According to Politico, Comcast \"donated to almost every member of Congress who has a hand in regulating it.\" The US Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on the deal on April 9, 2014. The House Judiciary Committee planned its own hearing. On March 6, 2014 the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division confirmed it was investigating the deal. In March 2014, the division's chairman, William Baer, recused himself because he was involved in a prior Comcast NBCUniversal acquisition. Several states' attorneys general have announced support for the federal investigation. On April 24, 2015, Jonathan Sallet, general counsel of the F.C.C., said that he was going to recommend a hearing before an administrative law judge, equivalent to a collapse of the deal."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Barbara Stephens (journalist)", "paragraph_text": "Barbara Stephens (August 30, 1922 \u2013 July 31, 1947) was a young American journalist who died in a mysterious plane crash in Xinjiang province, China in 1947. Stephens was investigating the Kuomintang treatment of ethnic minorities in the province when in 1947 she traveled to Ili to report on the Soviet backed Second East Turkestan Republic. That year she was killed in the plane crash on a flight from Xinjiang to Beijing that also took the life of a Chinese general and the son of a British member of Parliament."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Torchy Blane in Chinatown", "paragraph_text": "Torchy Blane in Chinatown is a 1939 American crime mystery film directed by William Beaudine and starring Glenda Farrell and Barton MacLane. Released on February 4, 1939, it is the seventh film in the Torchy Blane movie series by Warner Bros. and is followed by \"Torchy Runs for Mayor\". The rivalry between newspaper reporter Torchy Blane and her boyfriend, Lieutenant Steve McBride, escalates as the two investigate a death threat involving priceless jade tablets."}], "question": "What company owns the group that reported that Chinese prosecutors were investigating the schoolhouse collapses?"}
{"id": "2hop__12236_238233", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Reuters", "paragraph_text": "Reuters () is an international news organization. It is a division of Thomson Reuters and has nearly 200 locations around the world. Until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008, the Reuters news agency has been a part of Thomson Reuters, making up the media division. Reuters transmits news in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Urdu, Arabic, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. It was established in 1851."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "ATN B4U Music", "paragraph_text": "ATN B4U Music is a Canadian Category B Hindi language specialty channel owned by Asian Television Network (ATN). ATN B4U Music broadcasts music-related programming primarily in the form of a variety of music video-based programs and interview series. Programs are primarily sourced from B4U Music, an Indian-based television channel, in addition to locally produced Canadian content."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Le Soir", "paragraph_text": "Le Soir (, \"The Evening\") is a French-language daily Belgian newspaper. Founded in 1887 by Emile Rossel, it was intended as a politically-independent and traditionally Liberal source of news. It is one of the most popular Francophone newspapers in Belgium, competing with \"La Libre Belgique\", and since 2005 has appeared in Berliner format. It is owned by Rossel & Cie, which also owns several Belgian news outlets and the French paper \"La Voix du Nord\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Times", "paragraph_text": "In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials\u2014of which several are quoted in the book\u2014reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Girl with Ball", "paragraph_text": "Girl with Ball is a 1961 painting by Roy Lichtenstein. It is an oil on canvas Pop art work that is now in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, after being owned for several decades by Philip Johnson. It is one of Lichtenstein's earliest Pop art works and is known for its source, which is a newspaper ad that ran for several decades and which was among Lichtenstein's earliest works sourced from pop culture."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Agni-VI", "paragraph_text": "It is reported to be the latest and most advanced version among the Agni missiles. According to sources, Agni - VI missile is likely to carry up to 10 MIRV warheads and will have a strike range of 8,000 km to 12,000 km, though DRDO has refused to confirm the missile's range. A senior DRDO scientist was quoted as saying that the new generation Agni - VI missile will be sleeker, easily transportable and would be readily deployed. It will have the capability to be launched from submarine and from land - based launchers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Computer security", "paragraph_text": "However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: \"Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets\". The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated \"detection\" systems. Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gerard Brandt", "paragraph_text": "Gerard Brandt (25 July 1626, Amsterdam \u2013 12 October 1685, Amsterdam) was a Dutch preacher, playwright, poet, church historian, biographer and naval historian. A well-known writer in his own time, his works include a \"Life of Michiel de Ruyter\" (1687, \"Het Leven en bedryf van den Heere Michiel de Ruiter\" - an important source on the admiral's life) and a \"Historie der vermaerde zee- en koopstadt Enkhuisen\" (1666, \"Geschiedenis van Enkhuizen\" - still an important source for that city's early history)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Max Morise", "paragraph_text": "Max Morise (1900-1973) was a French artist, writer and actor, associated with the Surrealist movement in Paris from 1924 to 1929. He was friends with Robert Desnos and Roger Vitrac before they joined the Surrealist movement. He contributed articles to \"La Revolution Surrealiste\" and took part in a series of round table discussions held by the group, regarding the nature of sex. He also participated in several Surrealist games, most famously the \"exquisite corpse\". Andr\u00e9 Breton quotes Morise twice in the first \"Surrealist Manifesto\"; after saying \"We do not have any talent\", Breton provides a quote by Vitrac and Paul \u00c9luard, then says \"Ask Max Morise\" and provides this quote:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "First Epistle to the Corinthians", "paragraph_text": "There is consensus among historians and Christian theologians that Paul is the author of the First Epistle to the Corinthians (c. AD 53 -- 54). The letter is quoted or mentioned by the earliest of sources, and is included in every ancient canon, including that of Marcion. The personal and even embarrassing texts about immorality in the church increase consensus."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kievan Rus'", "paragraph_text": "The exact date of creation of the Kiev Metropolis is uncertain, as well as who was the first leader of the church. Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev, however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos, became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes. The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038. Before 1015 there were five dioceses: Kiev, Chernihiv, Bilhorod, Volodymyr, Novgorod, and soon thereafter Yuriy-upon-Ros. The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from \u00a312 million in 1999-2000 to \u00a311 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to \u00a36.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to \u00a30.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatelic sales were \u00a30.06 million in 2004-05. The limited number of visiting tourists spent about \u00a30.4 million in 2004-05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "My Heart Laid Bare", "paragraph_text": "My Heart Laid Bare is a novel by Joyce Carol Oates. It was published in 1998 by Dutton. It is the fourth published work in her \"Gothic Saga\". The title comes from a quote by Edgar Allan Poe:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jacques Pierre Brissot", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Pierre Brissot (15 January 1754 \u2013 31 October 1793), who assumed the name of de Warville (an English version of \"d'Ouarville\", a hamlet in the village of L\u00e8ves where his father owned property), was a leading member of the Girondins during the French Revolution and founder of the abolitionist Society of the Friends of the Blacks. Some sources give his name as Jean Pierre Brissot."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Evan Esar", "paragraph_text": "Evan Esar (1899\u20131995) was an American humorist who wrote \"Esar's Comic Dictionary\" in 1943, \"Humorous English\" in 1961, and \"20,000 Quips and Quotes\" in 1968. He is known for quotes like \"Statistics: The only science that enables different experts using the same figures to draw different conclusions.\" He also wrote \"The Legend of Joe Miller\", which was privately printed for members of the Roxburghe Club of San Francisco by the Grabhorn Press in 1957."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Architecture", "paragraph_text": "One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mozilla Corporation", "paragraph_text": "The Mozilla Corporation (stylized as moz://a) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation that coordinates and integrates the development of Internet-related applications such as the Firefox web browser, SeaMonkey Internet suite, and the Mozilla Thunderbird email client by a global community of open-source developers, some of whom are employed by the corporation itself. The corporation also distributes and promotes these products. Unlike the non-profit Mozilla Foundation, and the Mozilla open source project, founded by the now defunct Netscape Communications Corporation, the Mozilla Corporation is a taxable entity. The Mozilla Corporation reinvests all of its profits back into the Mozilla projects. The Mozilla Corporation's stated aim is to work towards the Mozilla Foundation's public benefit to \"promote choice and innovation on the Internet.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Foreign trade of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The US last had a trade surplus in 1975. However, recessions may cause short - run anomalies to rising trade deficits. The balance of trade in the United States has been a concern among economists and business people. Warren Buffett, founder of Berkshire Hathaway, was quoted in the Associated Press (January 20, 2006) as saying ``The U.S. trade deficit is a bigger threat to the domestic economy than either the federal budget deficit or consumer debt and could lead to political turmoil... Right now, the rest of the world owns $3 trillion more of us than we own of them. ''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)", "paragraph_text": "In the 1985 film Clue, Tim Curry states he is quoting Sir Alfred Lloyd Tennyson when he says ``Ours is not to question why, ours is to do and die. ''"}], "question": "Who owns the company that is the source of the quote?"}
{"id": "2hop__11882_22902", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats, all of which are also found in the eastern United States: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus. Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird, the Bermuda petrel or cahow. It was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s. It is important as an example of a Lazarus species. The government has a programme to protect it, including restoration of a habitat area. The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. Recently through genetic DNA studies, scientists have discovered that a species of turtle, the diamondback terrapin, previously thought to have been introduced, pre-dated the arrival of humans in the archipelago. As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink's unique status."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Avicenna", "paragraph_text": "A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian \u1e92ah\u012br al-d\u012bn al-Bayhaq\u012b (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Avicenna", "paragraph_text": "An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times. Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham. Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, \"Anyone who denies the law of noncontradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federico Borrell Garc\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Federico Borrell Garc\u00eda (January 3, 1912 \u2013 September 5, 1936) was a Spanish Republican and anarchist militiaman during the Spanish Civil War, commonly thought to be the subject in the famous Robert Capa photo \"The Falling Soldier\" (Loyalist Militiaman at the Moment of Death, Cerro Muriano, September 5, 1936)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: \"To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla.\" This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713;[citation needed] as well as Ibn Maajah, 121;[citation needed] etc. The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Lord and Master' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Lord and Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as the Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhamamd's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for the Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2005 Khanaqin bombings", "paragraph_text": "2005 Khanaqin bombings were suicide attacks on two Shia mosques in Khanaqin, Iraq (near the Iranian border), on November 18, 2005."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Avicenna", "paragraph_text": "The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Avicenna", "paragraph_text": "In modern Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum[year needed]. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran), Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran (Iran), the ibn S\u012bn\u0101 Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh, India, Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore, Pakistan Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara, Turkey and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City (Philippines) are all named in his honour. His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Avicenna", "paragraph_text": "Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as \"inspired philosophers\"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Avicenna", "paragraph_text": "Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises \"on the soul\").[dubious \u2013 discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the \"flying man\" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an \"epoche\")."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad. Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment, that is, The Occultation."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Political philosophy", "paragraph_text": "Islamic political philosophy, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of Islam\u2014i.e., the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the words and practices of Muhammad\u2014thus making it essentially theocratic. However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi (Alkindus), al-Farabi (Abunaser), \u0130bn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), Ibn Rushd (Averroes), and Ibn Khaldun. The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah (power), sultan, ummah, cemaa (obligation)-and even the \"core\" terms of the Qur'an\u2014i.e., ibadah (worship), din (religion), rab (master) and ilah (deity)\u2014is taken as the basis of an analysis. Hence, not only the ideas of the Muslim political philosophers but also many other jurists and ulama posed political ideas and theories. For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought. The clashes between the Ehl-i Sunna and Shia in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group (as opposed to the Sunni group) in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation. The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed] Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism\u2019s cardinal principle would be broken and it\u2019s very raison d'\u00eatre would come to an end."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan", "paragraph_text": "Erdo\u011fan married Emine G\u00fclbaran (born 1955, Siirt) on 4 July 1978. They have two sons; Ahmet Burak and Necmettin Bilal, and two daughters, Esra and S\u00fcmeyye. His father, Ahmet Erdo\u011fan, died in 1988 and his 88-year-old mother, Tenzile Erdo\u011fan, died in 2011. He is a member of the Community of \u0130skenderpa\u015fa, a Turkish sufistic community of Naqshbandi tariqah."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Islam in Saudi Arabia", "paragraph_text": "Whether Salafis / Wahhabis are a majority in Saudi Arabia is disputed, with one estimate putting their number at only 22.9% of the native population (concentrated in Najd). The Wahhabi mission has been dominant in Najd for two hundred years, but in most other parts of the country -- Hejaz, the Eastern Province, Najran -- it has dominated only since 1913 - 1925. Most of the 15 to 20 million Saudi citizens are Sunni Muslims, while the eastern regions are populated mostly by Twelver Shia, and there are Zaydi Shia in the southern regions. According to a number of sources, only a minority of Saudis consider themselves Wahhabis, although according to other sources, the Wahhabi affiliation is up to 40%, making it a very dominant minority, at the very least using a native population of 17 million based on ``2008 - 9 estimates ''. In addition, the next largest affiliation is with Salafism, which encompasses all of the central principles of Wahhabism, with a number of minor additional accepted principles differentiating the two."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Malin to Mizen", "paragraph_text": "Malin to Mizen most commonly refers to a journey from Malin Head (Ireland's most northerly point in County Donegal) to Mizen Head in County Cork (commonly thought to be Ireland's most southerly point, although nearby Brow Head is approximately 9 metres further south). The journey is most often attempted by cyclists and walkers as a challenge route with the goal of raising money for charities. As the crow flies, the two points are apart. The shortest road distance from Malin to Mizen is approximately . The distance of the routes commonly taken have been reported as between 644 and 715\u00a0km (400 and 444 miles)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "The word \"Im\u0101m\" denotes a person who stands or walks \"in front\". For Sunni Islam, the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque. It also means the head of a madhhab (\"school of thought\"). However, from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage, the word \"Imam\" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Heimat (play)", "paragraph_text": "Heimat (\u201cHome\u201d; 1893) is a play by the German dramatist Hermann Sudermann. The play, either in the original German or in translations, was commonly also known as Magda, the name of the heroine. It was thought by some to be the most widely known and the most successful drama of the end of the 19th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD, largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the official language, while Persian remained the language of both ordinary people and of literature. Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, converted the Iranian people from Sunni Islam to Twelver Shia Islam, and made Twelver Shia Islam the official religion of Iran. Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably lost swaths of its territories in the Caucasus which made part of the concept of Iran for centuries, to neighboring Imperial Russia. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a constitutional monarchy and the country's first Majles (parliament). Following a coup d'\u00e9tat instigated by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran gradually became close allies with the United States and the rest of the West, remained secular, but grew increasingly autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the 1979 Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the \"Shia\". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the \"Bohras\" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in number today) initially were of the Fatimid Ismailis and separated from them (the Fatimid Ismailis) after the death of the Fatimid Imam and Caliph Hakim Bi Amrillah. The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists. Another small tariqah is the Zaidi Shias, also known as the Fivers and who do not believe in The Occultation of their last Imam."}], "question": "Who thought Avicenna belonged to the group less commonly known as the Twelvers in Shia tariquah?"}
{"id": "2hop__43312_294212", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Periyanna", "paragraph_text": "Periyanna is a 1999 Indian Tamil action drama film directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar featuring Vijayakanth and Suriya in the lead roles. Meena and Manasa play other supporting roles. The soundtrack for this film composed by debutant music director Bharani. The film released on 14 April 1999 to negative reviews and declared average grosser at box-office. The film was dubbed and released in Telugu as \"Brahmanna\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "An Officer and a Gentleman", "paragraph_text": "Originally, folk music singer and occasional actor John Denver was signed to play Zack Mayo. But a casting process eventually involved Jeff Bridges, Christopher Reeve, and Richard Gere. Gere eventually beat all the other actors for the part. John Travolta had turned down the role, as he did with American Gigolo (another Richard Gere hit)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam", "paragraph_text": "Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam () is a 2006 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film directed by Boopathy Pandian and produced by Vimala Geetha. Dhanush and Shriya Saran play the lead roles, while Prakash Raj, Karunas and Saranya Ponvannan play other pivotal roles. The film, which had music composed by D. Imaan, was released on 15 December 2006 and performed well at the box office."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Okkadunnadu", "paragraph_text": "Okkadunnadu () is a 2007 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film produced by Cherry on Clap Productions banner, who was an executive producer for hit films such as \"Chatrapati\" and \"Vikramarkudu\" and film directed by Chandra Sekhar Yeleti. Starring Gopichand in the lead role, Neha Jhulka is female lead, and Mahesh Manjrekar as the antagonist and music composed by M. M. Keeravani. The film recorded as \"Above Average\" at box office."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Simla Special", "paragraph_text": "Simla Special is a Tamil language film starring Kamal Haasan in the lead role. S V Sekhar, Sripriya, Thenga sreenivasan, YGM, Manorama are other major stars appearing in this comedy. The movie was a hit at the box office."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fitting Master", "paragraph_text": "Fitting Master is a 2009 Telugu action film directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana, featuring his son Allari Naresh in the lead titular role of Fitting Master, along with Madalsa Sharma, Sayaji Shinde, Ali, Srinivas Reddy and Amit Kumar Tiwari in the lead roles. The film released on 14 January 2009, along with getting mixed reviews from critics. The film was able to do well and was an Average at the box office."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vilakku Vangiya Veena", "paragraph_text": "Vilakku Vangiya Veena is a 1971 Indian Malayalam film, directed and produced by P. Bhaskaran. The film stars Prem Nazir, Madhu, Sharada and KPAC Lalitha in the lead roles. The film had musical score by V. Dakshinamoorthy.This film was a blockbuster at the box office."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kizhakke Varum Paattu", "paragraph_text": "Kizhakke Varum Paattu is a 1993 Indian Tamil feature film directed by Radha Bharathi starring Prashanth and Charmila in lead roles. The music was composed by Deva. The film was a flop at the box office."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "How to Be a Gentleman", "paragraph_text": "How to Be a Gentleman is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 29, 2011, to June 23, 2012. Lead actor David Hornsby created the series, adapting the nonfiction book of the same name by John Bridges."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dangerous Ishhq", "paragraph_text": "Dangerous Ishhq () is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language supernatural thriller film directed by Vikram Bhatt and starring Karisma Kapoor in the lead role. The filming began on 7 September 2010. The film was released on 11 May 2012. According to BoxOfficeIndia.com, the film was a box office flop."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Marisa Coughlan", "paragraph_text": "Marisa Christine Coughlan (; born March 17, 1974) is an American actress and writer. Her first prominent role was a lead in Kevin Williamson's \"Teaching Mrs. Tingle\" (1999), followed by a role as Officer Ursula Hanson in the comedy \"Super Troopers\" (2001). She also had a recurring role as Melissa Hughes on the series \"Boston Legal\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Michael Park (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Frank Park (born July 20, 1968) is an American actor, best known for his role as Jack Snyder on As the World Turns (1997 -- 2010). Park won back - to - back Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2010 and 2011. On stage, he has originated roles in two Broadway musicals: Angus Tuck in Tuck Everlasting (2016) and Larry Murphy in Dear Evan Hansen (2016), as well as Monty in the Off - Broadway production of Violet (1997)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Patrick O'Sullivan (lawyer)", "paragraph_text": "He married Sidney Jane Moore in India. They had an only son, Arthur, a British Army officer who played a leading role in the 1914 Christmas truce."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lewis Croft", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Croft was born in Shelley, Idaho in 1919 to Samuel and Roseland Crofts. Growing up in a large family, he was the fourth of 14 children. He left home when he turned 16 to work in circuses and sideshows under the stage name \"Idaho Lewis\" in order to support himself and his other siblings. Shortly after, he was offered a role in The Wizard of Oz as one of the Munchkin soldiers, which he accepted."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Normal People Scare Me", "paragraph_text": "Normal People Scare Me: A Film about Autism is a documentary film about autism, produced by Joey Travolta, older brother of actor John Travolta. The documentary initially began as a 10-minute short film co-directed by an autistic teenager named Taylor Cross, and his mother Keri Bowers. Joey Travolta first met Cross at a program Travolta led teaching the art of filmmaking to children with special needs. He helped educate Cross about filmmaking, and the documentary was expanded into a feature-length film. It includes interviews with 65 people, including those who are autistic as well as friends and family. Cross asks them about their experiences with autism and how they feel about it, and elicits multiple insightful responses from his subjects."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu", "paragraph_text": "Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu () is a 2003 Indian Kannada comedy film directed by Rajendra Singh Babu. The film stars Ramesh Aravind, S. Narayan, Komal Kumar, Ruthika, Meghana Naidu and Urvashi in the lead roles. This is the third film in the \"Saar\" series directed by Babu and was released on 28 March 2003 and received generally positive reviews from the critics and turned out to be box-office hit."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Shunyo Awnko", "paragraph_text": "Shunyo Awnko (English: The Zero Act) is a 2013 Bengali film directed by Goutam Ghose. The film stars Soumitra Chatterjee, Konkona Sen Sharma and Priyanshu Chatterjee in lead roles. In the film, Konkona Sen Sharma reportedly plays the role of a journalist and Priyanshu Chatterjee as a corporate officer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Planet of the Apes (2001 film)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Clarke Duncan as Colonel Attar A gorilla military officer and Thade's closest associate and second - in - command. Djimon Hounsou had turned down the role because of scheduling conflicts with The Four Feathers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Order of the British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod; he does not \u2013 unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod \u2013 perform any duties related to the House of Lords."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muddula Krishnaiah", "paragraph_text": "Muddula Krishnaiah is a 1986 Telugu film produced by S. Gopal Reddy under the Bhargav Art Productions banner and directed by Kodi Ramakrishna. It stars Nandamuri Balakrishna, Vijayashanti, Radha in the lead roles and music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The film wasrecorded as a \"Blockbuster\" at the box office."}], "question": "Whose sibling turned down the lead in An Officer and a Gentleman?"}
{"id": "2hop__142827_294212", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "I Thought I Lost You", "paragraph_text": "\"I Thought I Lost You\" is a pop rock song performed by both American singer-songwriter and actress Miley Cyrus and actor and singer John Travolta. The song was co-written by Cyrus with producer Jeffrey Steele. It was released to Radio Disney as promotion for the 2008 Disney animated film \"Bolt\", in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of Penny and Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The lyrics speak of getting lost and getting found."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cordelia Frost", "paragraph_text": "Cordelia Frost is the younger sister of Emma and Adrienne Frost, as well as being the youngest of the four Frost siblings. She was regarded by her parents as being the \"lost\" one in the family, and as such she rebelled by dressing in black, having sullen, sulky moods and being argumentative."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Heap Big Chief", "paragraph_text": "Heap Big Chief is a 1919 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd. Previously thought to be a lost film, a print was located at the Cinema Museum in London in 2018, and the recovered film was first shown to audiences on the second day of the Silent Laughter Weekend on 28 April 2019."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Funny Girl (musical)", "paragraph_text": "With Bancroft out of the picture, Eydie Gorm\u00e9 was considered, but she agreed to play Brice only if her husband Steve Lawrence was cast as Nick Arnstein. Since they thought he was wrong for the role, Stark and Robbins approached Carol Burnett, who said, ``I'd love to do it but what you need is a Jewish girl. ''With options running out, Styne thought Barbra Streisand, whom he remembered from I Can Get It for You Wholesale, would be perfect. She was performing at the Bon Soir in Greenwich Village and Styne urged Robbins to see her. He was impressed and asked her to audition. Styne later recalled,`` She looked awful... All her clothes were out of thrift shops. I saw Fran Stark staring at her, obvious distaste on her face.'' Despite his wife's objections, Stark hired Streisand on the spot."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bliss (1917 film)", "paragraph_text": "Bliss is a 1917 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd. The film was thought lost until a copy was discovered in 1978 in Dawson City, Yukon, Canada."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cow and Chicken", "paragraph_text": "Cow and Chicken is an American animated comedy television series created by David Feiss for Cartoon Network and the 3rd of the network's Cartoon Cartoons. It follows the surreal adventures of two funny animal siblings, Cow and Chicken. They are often antagonized by the Red Guy, a cartoon Devil who poses as various characters to scam them."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Peculiar Patients' Pranks", "paragraph_text": "Peculiar Patients' Pranks is a 1915 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd. Thought to be a lost film, it was rediscovered in Australia's National Film and Sound Archive in 1994."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Very Thought of You", "paragraph_text": "``The Very Thought of You ''is a pop standard recorded and published in 1934 with music and words by Ray Noble. The song was first recorded by HMV in England in April, 1934 by Ray Noble and His Orchestra with Al Bowlly on vocals. This record was then released in the United States by Victor Records. Noble re-recorded the song in 1941 in a version released on Columbia Records as 36546 featuring the vocals of Snooky Lanson. The Very Thought of You was first used in the Barbara Stanwyck vehicle A Lost Lady."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pearl of the Army", "paragraph_text": "Pearl of the Army is a 1916 American silent film serial directed by Edward Jos\u00e9. The Path\u00e9-Astra film was made when many early film studio and film producers in America's first motion picture industry were based in New Jersey's Hudson River towns, particularly Fort Lee. The film was thought lost until it was rediscovered, along with 500 other lost films, in Dawson City, in 1978."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Normal People Scare Me", "paragraph_text": "Normal People Scare Me: A Film about Autism is a documentary film about autism, produced by Joey Travolta, older brother of actor John Travolta. The documentary initially began as a 10-minute short film co-directed by an autistic teenager named Taylor Cross, and his mother Keri Bowers. Joey Travolta first met Cross at a program Travolta led teaching the art of filmmaking to children with special needs. He helped educate Cross about filmmaking, and the documentary was expanded into a feature-length film. It includes interviews with 65 people, including those who are autistic as well as friends and family. Cross asks them about their experiences with autism and how they feel about it, and elicits multiple insightful responses from his subjects."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lost in Blue", "paragraph_text": "Lost in Blue is a sandbox style video game for the Nintendo DS handheld system, and is a continuation of Konami's \"Survival Kids\" series. \"Lost in Blue\" follows two young teenagers, Keith and Skye, who struggle for survival on a deserted island. The player must learn to use the island's natural resources to create a makeshift home away from home. The sequel, \"Lost in Blue 2,\" was released two years later. A third installment of the series, \"Lost in Blue 3,\" was released on December 20, 2007 in Japan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Murder a la Mod", "paragraph_text": "Murder a la Mod is a 1968 film directed by Brian De Palma. The film was released in one cinema in New York City. It quickly disappeared not long after and was thought lost. However, the film was released by Criterion on Blu-ray in April 2011 as a bonus feature to \"Blow Out\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "It's All About You (Not About Me)", "paragraph_text": "\"It's All About You (Not About Me)\" is the first single from Tracie Spencer's third album, \"Tracie\". The single was released on June 27, 1999. It was written by Heavynn, Karlin, and Schack. This was Spencer's first single since \"Love Me\" in 1992. A remix version features Black Thought from The Roots."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Convent Thoughts", "paragraph_text": "Convent Thoughts is a painting by the Pre-Raphaelite painter Charles Allston Collins which was created between 1850 and 1851. Collins sent it to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1851 where it was exhibited."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "You Light Up My Life: Inspirational Songs", "paragraph_text": "You Light Up My Life: Inspirational Songs or simply You Light Up My Life, is the second studio album by American country singer LeAnn Rimes. Released in the United States by Curb Records on September 9, 1997, when Rimes was 15 years old, it followed her debut album \"Blue\". The album was hugely successful but many critics thought that much of the material did not do Rimes' talent justice. The album has been certified 4\u00d7 Platinum by the RIAA."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thor: The Dark World", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Eccleston as Malekith: The ruler of the Dark Elves of Svartalfheim. About Malekith's motivation, Eccleston said, ``There is a kind of tragic quality to his quest. Because he's lost his wife, he's lost his children. He's lost everything. And he returns for revenge. And the agent for his revenge is the Aether. If he gets hold of that, he is omnipotent. ''Eccleston continued,`` What I thought about a great deal was revenge -- there's huge amounts of revenge. One quote is: 'When you seek revenge, be sure to dig two graves.' I did a film called Revengers Tragedy where I played a guy called Vindici -- from the word 'vindictive' -- and he is the distillation of revenge. So, in a way, that was what I had to think of: how revenge can make you absolutely monomaniacal -- though you're still trying to make it recognizably motive - led. It's just the personification of movie evil.'' However Taylor stated that a lot of scenes involving Malekith's backstory had to be cut from the film to make it more efficient. Eccleston revealed that he speaks an invented language for the film explaining, ``The Elvish language is definitely based on European languages. I think there's probably some Finnish in there. It does have its logic and its rhythms. It also has many syllables and it's very difficult to do while remaining naturalistic. It's been a particular challenge for us but hopefully it gives the film some complexity and variety. ''Eccleston also said the role required six hours of make - up and 45 minutes in wardrobe."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I Thought You Were Sleeping", "paragraph_text": "I Thought You Were Sleeping EP is the follow-up to Matt Pond PA's second album \"Measure\". It was released on April 17, 2001."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Perdido Sin Ti", "paragraph_text": "\"Perdido Sin Ti\" (English: \"Lost Without You\") is the fourth single from Ricky Martin's album, \"Vuelve\" (1998). It was released on August 18, 1998."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A Little Journey", "paragraph_text": "A Little Journey was a 1927 American comedy film featuring Harry Carey. No prints are thought to survive of this film. It is therefore considered lost."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "You Can't Believe Everything", "paragraph_text": "You Can't Believe Everything is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Jack Conway and starring Gloria Swanson. It is not known whether the film currently survives, and it is likely to be a lost film."}], "question": "The brother of the male singer on 'I Thought I Lost You' is whom?"}
{"id": "2hop__151262_696450", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Early Modern English Bible translations are of between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. This, the first major period of Bible translation into the English language, began with the introduction of the Tyndale Bible. The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. Tyndale used the Greek and Hebrew texts of the New Testament (NT) and Old Testament (OT) in addition to Jerome's Latin translation. He was the first translator to use the printing press -- this enabled the distribution of several thousand copies of his New Testament translation throughout England. Tyndale did not complete his Old Testament translation. The first printed English translation of the whole bible was produced by Miles Coverdale in 1535, using Tyndale's work together with his own translations from the Latin Vulgate or German text. After much scholarly debate it is concluded that this was printed in Antwerp and the colophon gives the date as 4th October 1535. This first edition was adapted by Coverdale for his first ``authorised version '', known as the Great Bible, of 1539. Other early printed versions were the Geneva Bible (1560), notable for being the first Bible divided into verses; the Bishop's Bible (1568), which was an attempt by Elizabeth I to create a new authorised version; and the Authorized King James Version of 1611."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Let there be light", "paragraph_text": "``Let there be light ''is an English translation of the Hebrew \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05b4\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8 \u200e (yehi 'or) found in Genesis 1: 3 of the Torah, the first part of the Hebrew Bible. In Old Testament translations of the phrase, translations include the Greek phrase \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 (gen\u0113th\u0113t\u014d ph\u014ds) and the Latin phrase fiat lux."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Deuterocanonical books", "paragraph_text": "The deuterocanonical books (from the Greek meaning ``belonging to the second canon '') is a term adopted in 16th century by the Roman Catholic Church to denote those books and passages of the Christian Old Testament, as defined in 1546 by the Council of Trent, that were not found in the Hebrew Bible. The term distinguished these texts both from those that were termed protocanonical books, which were the books of the Hebrew canon; and from the apocryphal books, which were those books of Jewish origin that were known sometimes to have been read in church as scripture but which the Council considered not to be canonical."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "The first complete Roman Catholic Bible in English was the Douay -- Rheims Bible, of which the New Testament portion was published in Rheims in 1582 and the Old Testament somewhat later in Douay in Gallicant Flanders. The Old Testament was completed by the time the New Testament was published, but due to extenuating circumstances and financial issues was not published until nearly three decades later, in two editions, the first released in 1609, and the rest of the OT in 1610. In this version, the seven deuterocanonical books are mingled with the other books, rather than kept separate in an appendix."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New International Version", "paragraph_text": "The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Testament of Youth", "paragraph_text": "Testament of Youth is the first instalment, covering 1900\u20131925, in the memoir of Vera Brittain (1893\u20131970). It was published in 1933. Brittain's memoir continues with \"Testament of Experience\", published in 1957, and encompassing the years 1925\u20131950. Between these two books comes \"Testament of Friendship\" (published in 1940), which is essentially a memoir of Brittain's close colleague and friend Winifred Holtby. A final segment of memoir, to be called \"Testament of Faith\" or \"Testament of Time\", was planned by Brittain but remained unfinished at her death."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bible", "paragraph_text": "The Old Testament canon entered into Christian use in the Greek Septuagint translations and original books, and their differing lists of texts. In addition to the Septuagint, Christianity subsequently added various writings that would become the New Testament. Somewhat different lists of accepted works continued to develop in antiquity. In the 4th century a series of synods produced a list of texts equal to the 39, 46, 51, or 54 - book canon of the Old Testament and to the 27 - book canon of the New Testament that would be subsequently used to today, most notably the Synod of Hippo in 393 CE. Also c. 400, Jerome produced a definitive Latin edition of the Bible (see Vulgate), the canon of which, at the insistence of the Pope, was in accord with the earlier Synods. With the benefit of hindsight it can be said that this process effectively set the New Testament canon, although there are examples of other canonical lists in use after this time."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gagosian Gallery", "paragraph_text": "Gagosian is a contemporary art gallery owned and directed by Larry Gagosian. The gallery exhibits some of the most influential artists of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are 16 gallery spaces: five in New York; three in London; two in Paris; one each in Basel, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Rome, Athens, Geneva and Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lot's wife", "paragraph_text": "In the Bible, Lot's wife is a figure first mentioned in Genesis 19. The Book of Genesis describes how she became a pillar of salt after she looked back at Sodom. She is called ``Ado ''or`` Edith'' in some Jewish traditions, but is not named in the Bible. She is also referred to in the deuterocanonical books at Wisdom 10: 7 and the New Testament at Luke 17: 32. Islamic accounts also talk about the wife of Prophet Lut (Lot) when mentioning 'People of Lut'."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Holy Spirit in Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The term Holy Spirit appears at least 90 times in the New Testament. The sacredness of the Holy Spirit to Christians is affirmed in all three Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 12: 30 -- 32, Mark 3: 28 -- 30 and Luke 12: 8 -- 10) which proclaim that blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is the unforgivable sin. The participation of the Holy Spirit in the Trinity is suggested in Jesus' final post-Resurrection instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew (28: 19): ``Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit ''."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Seventh Sign", "paragraph_text": "The Seventh Sign is a 1988 American apocalyptic drama  horror film written by Clifford and Ellen Green and directed by Carl Schultz. The title and plot reference the seven seals described in the Book of Revelation, the final book of the New Testament of the Bible. The film received negative reviews and grossed $18.8 million at the box office."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miami (Damien Saez album)", "paragraph_text": "Miami also known as Miami - Holy Bible is a 2013 album by French singer-songwriter Damien Saez being his 8th studio album. It is credited on the album cover as Saez. The album was recorded in Davout Studios and released on Wagram Records."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "The King James Version (KJV), also known as the King James Bible (KJB) or simply the Authorized Version (AV), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, begun in 1604 and completed / published in 1611. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha, and the 27 books of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the New Testament. In their arguments, this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem, described in Acts chapter 15, where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church, and elders being such for the local church. To this day, elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Holy of Holies", "paragraph_text": "The Holy of Holies was covered by a veil, and no one was allowed to enter except the High Priest, and even he could only enter once a year on Yom Kippur (the day of atonement), to offer the blood of sacrifice and incense before the mercy seat. The Bible reports that in the wilderness, on the day that the tabernacle was first raised up, the cloud of the Lord covered the tabernacle (Exodus 40: 33 - 40: 34). There are other times that this was recorded, and instructions were given that the Lord would appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat (kapporet), and at that time the priests should not enter into the tabernacle (Leviticus 16: 2). According to the Hebrew Bible, the Holy of Holies contained the Ark of the Covenant with representation of Cherubim. Upon completion of the dedication of the Tabernacle, the Voice of God spoke to Moses ``from between the Cherubim ''(Numbers 7: 89)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Codex Alexandrinus", "paragraph_text": "The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, MS Royal 1. D. V-VIII; Gregory-Aland no. A or 02, Soden \u03b4 4) is a fifth-century manuscript of the Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Septuagint and the New Testament. It is one of the four Great uncial codices. Along with the Codex Sinaiticus and the Vaticanus, it is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible. Brian Walton assigned Alexandrinus the capital Latin letter A in the Polyglot Bible of 1657. This designation was maintained when the system was standardized by Wettstein in 1751. Thus, Alexandrinus held the first position in the manuscript list."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bible translations into Greek", "paragraph_text": "The New Testament part of the Christian Bible was originally written in Koine Greek, as most of the Church and scholars believe, and is therefore not a translation (notwithstanding that some reference material may have been from Aramaic). However, like other living languages, the Greek language has developed over time. Therefore, various translations have been completed over the centuries to make it easier for Greek speakers to understand Holy Scripture. Translations of the Old Testament, which is the other part of the Christian Bible, have been completed for similar reasons."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Final Testament of the Holy Bible", "paragraph_text": "The Final Testament of the Holy Bible is a novel written by James Frey, published by Gagosian Gallery in 2011. The book is published in the UK by John Murray with the shortened title \"The Final Testament\"."}], "question": "Who founded the publisher of The Final Testament of the Holy Bible?"}
{"id": "2hop__131381_377862", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gromadka", "paragraph_text": "Gromadka () is a village in Boles\u0142awiec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Gromadka."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cz\u0119stochowa Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Cz\u0119stochowa Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975\u20131998, superseded mainly by Silesian Voivodeship, with a few eastern gminas attached to the freshly created \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Voivodeship. Though most of the current territory of the former Cz\u0119stochowa Voivodeship belongs to the Silesian Voivodeship, it historically is part of Lesser Poland, apart from western areas, around Lubliniec and Olesno."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sucha County", "paragraph_text": "The county covers an area of . As of 2006 its total population is 82,045, out of which the population of Sucha Beskidzka is 9,726, that of Mak\u00f3w Podhala\u0144ski is 5,738, that of Jordan\u00f3w is 5,112, and the rural population is 61,469."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Geographic Names Information System", "paragraph_text": "The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is a database that contains name and locative information about more than two million physical and cultural features located throughout the United States of America and its territories. It is a type of gazetteer.  GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pielgrzymka, Lower Silesian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Pielgrzymka () is a village in Z\u0142otoryja County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Pielgrzymka."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Kobierzyce", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Kobierzyce is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wroc\u0142aw County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Kobierzyce."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina Golesz\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Golesz\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Its seat is the village of Golesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Bystra-Sidzina", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Bystra-Sidzina is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Bystra; it also contains the village of Sidzina."}], "question": "What town is contained in the county where Gmina Bystra-Sidzina is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__85575_136042", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "The film is named after a segment in Disney's 1940 film Fantasia called The Sorcerer's Apprentice (with one scene being an extensive reference to it), which in turn is based on the late - 1890s symphonic poem by Paul Dukas and the 1797 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ballad. Balthazar Blake (Nicolas Cage), a ``Merlinean '', is a sorcerer in modern - day Manhattan, fighting against the forces of evil, in particular his nemesis, Maxim Horvath (Alfred Molina), while searching for the person who will eventually inherit Merlin's powers (`` The Prime Merlinean''). This turns out to be Dave Stutler (Jay Baruchel), a physics student, whom Balthazar takes as a reluctant prot\u00e9g\u00e9. The sorcerer gives his unwilling apprentice a crash course in the art of science, magic, and sorcery, in order to stop Horvath and Morgana le Fay (Alice Krige) from raising the souls of the evil dead sorcerers (``Morganians '') and destroying the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent characters", "paragraph_text": "Ronald ``Ron ''Carver is a fictional character on the NBC - USA Network series, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, played by Courtney B. Vance. He was named after George Washington Carver."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Simon Adebisi", "paragraph_text": "Simon Adebisi is a fictional character played by Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje on the HBO dramatic series \"Oz\". Adebisi serves as one of the main characters in the first four seasons. After the first half of season four, his character was killed off the show so Akinnuoye-Agbaje could film the movie \"The Mummy Returns\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nicolas Cage as Balthazar Blake, a one - thousand - plus - year old sorcerer of the ``777th degree ''. Based on Yen Sid in Fantasia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "686 Gersuind", "paragraph_text": "686 Gersuind is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer August Kopff on 15 August 1909 from Heidelberg. It was named after a character in Gerhart Hauptmann's play \"Gersuind\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Sorcerer in the North", "paragraph_text": "The Sorcerer in the North (The Sorcerer of the North in the United States) is the fifth book in the \"Ranger's Apprentice\" series by Australian author John Flanagan. It was released in Australia on 4 November 2006 and in the United States on 4 November 2008."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Robert Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell, FRSA (30 October 1913 \u2013 9 December 1962) was the son of Lieutenant-General Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, and Olave St. Clair Soames. He was also the nephew of Agnes Baden-Powell, Baden Baden-Powell, and Warington Baden-Powell, and the grandson of the Rev. Baden Powell. Peter was named Arthur after his mother's brother, Robert after his father, and Peter after Peter Pan, a character in a play by James Barrie, of whom Peter's father, the first Lord Baden-Powell, was a great fan. Likewise, Peter Baden-Powell named his daughter Wendy after another character in the play."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lethal Weapon (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "For its first two seasons, Lethal Weapon starred Damon Wayans as Roger Murtaugh and Clayne Crawford as Martin Riggs, mismatched detective partners who were also the main characters in the film series, originally played by Danny Glover and Mel Gibson. The series includes other characters directly or loosely inspired by characters from the films, including Leo Getz (played by Thomas Lennon) -- a close friend of Riggs and Murtaugh."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Erak's Ransom", "paragraph_text": "Erak's Ransom is the seventh novel in the continuing \"Ranger's Apprentice\" series by Australian author John Flanagan. The book was released in Australia on 1 November 2007 and in the United States on 5 January 2010. It is set between book four in the series, \"Oakleaf Bearers\" and book five,\"The Sorcerer of the North\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jay Baruchel", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Adam Saunders Baruchel (/ \u02c8b\u00e6ru\u02d0\u0283\u025bl /; born April 9, 1982) is a Canadian actor, comedian, and screenwriter. He played Josh Greenberg in the FXX comedy television series Man Seeking Woman and played the lead character in Judd Apatow's comedy series, Undeclared. He is known for his voice role as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise, and for his roles in comedy movies such as Knocked Up, Tropic Thunder, Fanboys, She's Out of My League, Goon, This Is the End and The Sorcerer's Apprentice."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)", "paragraph_text": "The Sorcerer's Apprentice (French: L'apprenti sorcier) is a symphonic poem in the key of F minor by the French composer Paul Dukas, written in 1897. Subtitled ``Scherzo after a ballad by Goethe '', the piece was based on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's 1797 poem of the same name. By far the most performed and recorded of Dukas's works, its notable appearance in the Walt Disney 1940 animated film Fantasia has led to the piece becoming widely known to audiences outside the classical concert hall."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jay Baruchel", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Adam Saunders Baruchel (/ \u02c8b\u00e6ru\u02d0\u0283\u025bl /; born April 9, 1982) is a Canadian actor and screenwriter. He played Josh Greenberg in the FXX comedy television series Man Seeking Woman and played the lead character in Judd Apatow's comedy series, Undeclared. He is known for his voice role as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise, and for his roles in comedy movies such as Knocked Up, Tropic Thunder, Fanboys, She's Out of My League, Goon, This Is the End and The Sorcerer's Apprentice."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nicolas Cage", "paragraph_text": "At fifteen years old he tried to convince his uncle, Francis Ford Coppola, to give him a screen test, telling him \"I'll show you acting.\" His outburst was met with \"silence in the car\". By this stage of his career, Coppola had already directed Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, Gene Hackman and Robert De Niro. To avoid the appearance of nepotism as Coppola's nephew, he changed his name early in his career to Nicolas Cage, inspired in part by the Marvel Comics superhero Luke Cage."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "The film is named after a segment in Disney's 1940 film Fantasia called The Sorcerer's Apprentice Starring Mickey Mouse (with one scene being an extensive reference to it), which in turn is based on the late - 1890s symphonic poem by Paul Dukas and the 1797 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ballad. Balthazar Blake (Nicolas Cage), a ``Merlinean '', is a sorcerer in modern - day Manhattan, fighting against the forces of evil, in particular his nemesis, Maxim Horvath (Alfred Molina), while searching for the person who will eventually inherit Merlin's powers (`` The Prime Merlinean''). This turns out to be Dave Stutler (Jay Baruchel), a physics student, whom Balthazar takes as a reluctant prot\u00e9g\u00e9. The sorcerer gives his unwilling apprentice a crash course in the art of science, magic, and sorcery, in order to stop Horvath and Morgana le Fay (Alice Krige) from raising the souls of the evil dead sorcerers (``Morganians '') and destroying the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nora Arnezeder", "paragraph_text": "Recently Nora Arnezeder participated in the series Mozart in the Jungle playing Anna Maria, the wife of the main character, Rodrigo (Gael Garcia Bernal). The show won two Golden Globes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Sorcerer's Apprentice Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Turteltaub Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Doug Miro Carlo Bernard Matt Lopez Story by Matt Lopez Lawrence Konner Mark Rosenthal Based on The Sorcerer's Apprentice by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Starring Nicolas Cage Jay Baruchel Alfred Molina Teresa Palmer Monica Bellucci Omar Benson Miller Toby Kebbell Alice Krige Jake Cherry Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Bojan Bazelli Edited by William Goldenberg Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Saturn Films Broken Road Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 8, 2010 (2010 - 07 - 08) (Fantasia Film Festival) July 14, 2010 (2010 - 07 - 14) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $215.3 million"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "David Wallechinsky", "paragraph_text": "David Wallechinsky was born in Los Angeles to a Jewish family, the son of writer Sylvia Kahn and the author and screenwriter Irving Wallace. His younger sister was fellow author Amy Wallace, a \"witch\" of Carlos Castaneda who co-wrote many books with him and their father and authored \"Sorcerer's Apprentice: My Life with Carlos Castaneda\" in 2003."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hububb", "paragraph_text": "Hububb is a Children's Television program broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom, it was named after Les Bubb who also played the title character with the same name. The show ran from 1997 until 2001. Five series of the show were made."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kara Thrace", "paragraph_text": "Kara Thrace (callsign \"Starbuck\") is a fictional character in the reimagined \"Battlestar Galactica\" series. Played by Katee Sackhoff, she is a revised version of Lieutenant Starbuck from the 1978 \"Battlestar Galactica\" series. She is one of the show's main characters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "paragraph_text": "Cast Character Played Seasons 5 6 Main characters Will Smith Will Smith Main James Avery Philip Banks Main Janet Hubert - Whitten Vivian Banks Main Daphne Maxwell Reid Main Alfonso Ribeiro Carlton Banks Main Karyn Parsons Hilary Banks Main Tatyana M. Ali Ashley Banks Main Joseph Marcell Geoffrey Butler Main Ross Bagley Nicholas ``Nicky ''Banks Main Recurring characters DJ Jazzy Jeff Jazz Recurring Vernee Watson - Johnson Viola`` Vy'' Smith Recurring Michael Weiner Kellogg Lieberbaum Recurring Lisa Fuller Toni Recurring Jenifer Lewis Helen Smith Recurring Charlayne Woodard Janice Smith Recurring Perry Moore Tyriq ``Ty ''Johnson Recurring Brian Stokes Mitchell Trevor Collins - Newsworthy Recurring Tyra Banks Jacqueline`` Jackie'' Ames Recurring Nia Long Beullah ``Lisa ''Wilkes Recurring"}], "question": "Who is the actor of the main character in the Sorcerer's Apprentice named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__473959_136042", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ralph Records", "paragraph_text": "Ralph was founded in 1972, shortly after the Residents had moved to San Francisco, when they realized that it was the only entity that would be willing to publish their work. They \"unincorporated\" themselves as the Residents Uninc. and managed the new company under that name. One of the group's members could draw, so they gave the company a graphic design wing called Porno Graphics, a.k.a. Pore-Know Graphics, a.k.a. Poor No Graphics, a.k.a. Porneaugraphics, etc., and the whole operation was run out of their new two-story building at 18 Sycamore St. in the Mission District. The band named its studio El Ralpho, spoofing Sun Ra who had named his El Saturn."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Man Gave Names to All the Animals", "paragraph_text": "The music to ``Man Gave Names to All the Animals ''is reggae - inspired. The lyrics were inspired by the biblical Book of Genesis, verses 2: 19 -- 20 in which Adam named the animals and birds. The lyrics have an appeal to children, rhyming the name of the animal with one of its characteristics. So after describing an animal's`` muddy trail'' and ``curly tail, ''Dylan sings that`` he was n't too small and he was n't too big'' and so that animal was named a pig. Similarly, the cow got its name because Adam ``saw milk comin 'out but he did n't know how ''and the bear got its name because it has a`` great big furry back and furry hair.''"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nicolas Cage", "paragraph_text": "At fifteen years old he tried to convince his uncle, Francis Ford Coppola, to give him a screen test, telling him \"I'll show you acting.\" His outburst was met with \"silence in the car\". By this stage of his career, Coppola had already directed Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, Gene Hackman and Robert De Niro. To avoid the appearance of nepotism as Coppola's nephew, he changed his name early in his career to Nicolas Cage, inspired in part by the Marvel Comics superhero Luke Cage."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Naomi Grossman", "paragraph_text": "Not knowing what role she was auditioning for, Grossman sent in an audition for American Horror Story: Asylum in mid-2012 and was cast in soon after as Pepper, a microcephalic; the season premiered later that year on October 17. In preparation for the role, she shaved her head bald. In 2014, it was revealed that Grossman would return to the series in its fourth season, American Horror Story: Freak Show, reprising her role as Pepper from the second season, making her the first to play the same role in two different seasons of the show. She spoke of her casting in the fourth season saying that reprising her role was ``the last thing from (her) mind ''since it had never been done before."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 8)", "paragraph_text": "The eighth series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme was confirmed in August 2017 after it was reported that Geordie Shore cast member Marnie Simpson had joined the show. With this it was announced that filming for the series had already begun."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Drowning Pool", "paragraph_text": "Drowning Pool is an American rock band formed in Dallas, Texas in 1996. The band was named after the film The Drowning Pool. Since its formation, the band has consisted of guitarist C.J. Pierce, bassist Stevie Benton and drummer Mike Luce, as well as a revolving cast of vocalists, the latest being Jasen Moreno."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Royal Institute of British Architects", "paragraph_text": "The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four", "paragraph_text": "Orwell named Room 101 after a conference room at Broadcasting House where he used to sit through tedious meetings. When the original room 101 at the BBC was due to be demolished, a plaster cast of it was made by artist Rachel Whiteread and displayed in the cast courts of the Victoria and Albert Museum from November 2003 until June 2004."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "April Kepner", "paragraph_text": "Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace. Drew was brought aboard Grey's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes; she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box (2009) which was eventually not picked up by ABC. Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members, notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo's absence due to pregnancy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Can't Pay? We'll Take It Away!", "paragraph_text": "The first series introduces five initial cast members: Paul Bohill, Steve Pinner, Mike Allonby, Terry Jones, and Steve Wood. The day after the broadcast of the first programme, Allonby died aged 47 at his home in Wales. Both Jones and Wood subsequently only appeared in the first series, with Bohill and Pinner (High Court Solutions) the only two cast members who went on to appear in series two. The first three episodes became the most watched programme on the channel that week, with episodes four and five placing at second and third, respectively."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Deepwater Horizon (film)", "paragraph_text": "On August 19, 2014, casting began, with actor Mark Wahlberg added in the lead role of the film. Wahlberg plays Mike Williams, a real - life electronics technician on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. On March 18, 2015, Gina Rodriguez was set to play a woman named Andrea Fleytas, who was on the bridge on board the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the blowout, and frantically tried to contact the Coast Guard. On April 10, 2015, Deadline reported that Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Caleb Holloway. Kurt Russell joined the film on the same day O'Brien was in talks. Soon after, John Malkovich was confirmed cast, as a BP representative who fatally underestimates the dangers of working on the rig. Kate Hudson was announced as a cast member in May, 2015, and playing the wife of Wahlberg's character; her role will be her first on - screen pairing with Russell, her stepfather, although they shared no dialogue in the film."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer", "paragraph_text": "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1998 American slasher film and sequel to the 1997 film \"I Know What You Did Last Summer.\" Directed by Danny Cannon, the film was written by Trey Callaway and features characters originally created in Lois Duncan's 1973 novel \"I Know What You Did Last Summer.\" Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze Jr. and Muse Watson reprise their roles, with Brandy, Mekhi Phifer, Jennifer Esposito, Matthew Settle and Jack Black joining the cast. \"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer\" continues after the events of the first film. Callaway's script was published in an edited \"young adult\" format, leaving in all descriptions of violence but omitting the harsher language. Filming took place in Mexico and California. \"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer\" was released to negative reviews, but was a box office success, grossing $84 million worldwide against a $24 million budget. It is the second installment of \"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" series and was followed by \"I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer\" in 2006."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Name Game (American Horror Story)", "paragraph_text": "``The Name Game ''is the tenth episode of the second season of the FX anthology television series American Horror Story. The episode, written by Jessica Sharzer and directed by Michael Lehmann, originally aired on January 2, 2013. The episode is named for the 1964 song`` The Name Game'' which is performed by the cast in the episode. The cast version of ``The Name Game ''was available for purchase through iTunes. This episode is rated TV - MA (LSV)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Casablanca (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dooley Wilson as Sam. He was one of the few American - born members of the cast. A drummer, he had to fake playing the piano. Even after shooting had been completed, producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs. He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott, Lena Horne, or Ella Fitzgerald."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Knowing (film)", "paragraph_text": "Knowing is a 2009 science fiction thriller film directed by Alex Proyas and starring Nicolas Cage. The project was originally attached to a number of directors under Columbia Pictures, but it was placed in turnaround and eventually picked up by Escape Artists. Production was financially backed by Summit Entertainment. \"Knowing\" was filmed in Docklands Studios Melbourne, Australia, using various locations to represent the film's Boston-area setting."}], "question": "Who was the star of Knowing named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__95683_748981", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Three Strangers in Rome", "paragraph_text": "Tre straniere a Roma, also known as \"Three Strangers in Rome\", is a 1958 Italian romantic comedy film directed by Claudio Gora starring Claudia Cardinale. The film was one of the very first movies with Claudia Cardinale in a leading role."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Skeleton on Horseback", "paragraph_text": "Skeleton on Horseback () is a 1937 Czechoslovak drama film directed by and starring Hugo Haas. It revolves around an infectious disease which breaks out during a war. It is based on the play \"The White Disease\" by Karel \u010capek."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Return of Clint the Stranger", "paragraph_text": "The Return of Clint the Stranger (aka There's a Noose Waiting for You Trinity!, , ) is a 1972 Italian-Spanish Western film directed by Alfonso Balc\u00e1zar and starring Klaus Kinski. The film is a sequel to \"Clint the Stranger\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Four Faces West", "paragraph_text": "Four Faces West is a 1948 Western film starring Joel McCrea, his real-life wife Frances Dee, and Charles Bickford. It is based on the novel \"Pas\u00f3 por aqu\u00ed\" by Eugene Manlove Rhodes. Its plot concerns a down-on-his-luck cowboy who robs a bank. For its genre the film is unusual in that not a single shot is ever fired."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Stranger on Horseback", "paragraph_text": "Stranger on Horseback is a 1955 American Anscocolor Western film directed by Jacques Tourneur and starring Joel McCrea. The screenplay is based on a story by Louis L'Amour."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "George Washington on Horseback", "paragraph_text": "George Washington on Horseback is an equestrian statue by sculptor Herbert Haseltine. It is located south of the Washington National Cathedral."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Strangers of the Night", "paragraph_text": "Strangers of the Night is a 1923 American silent comedy film directed by Fred Niblo. It was produced by Louis B. Mayer and released through Metro Pictures."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Stranger anxiety", "paragraph_text": "Stranger anxiety is a form of distress that children experience when exposed to strangers. Stranger anxiety and stranger fear are two interchangeable terms. Stranger anxiety is a typical part of the developmental sequence that most children experience. It can occur even if the child is with a caregiver or another person they trust. It peaks from 6 to 12 months but may recur afterwards until the age of 24 months. As a child gets older, stranger anxiety can be a problem as they begin to socialize. Children may become hesitant to play with unfamiliar children. Foster children are especially at risk, particularly if they experienced neglect early in their life."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Tattooed Stranger", "paragraph_text": "The Tattooed Stranger is a 1950 American crime film noir shot on location in New York City, directed by Edward Montagne, and starring John Miles, Patricia Barry (listed as Patricia White in the credits), Walter Kinsella and Frank Tweddell. The picture was one of the first films featuring Jack Lord, who went on to star in the television series \"Hawaii Five-O\". It was John Miles' final film appearance."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Stranger (1918 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Stranger is a 1918 American silent comedy film featuring Oliver Hardy. Prints of this film survive in private collections and it has been released on DVD."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Strangers (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "Originally slated for a theatrical release in November 2007, it was postponed before a theatrical release on May 30, 2008. It grossed $82 million at the box office worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, with some praising its atmosphere and tension, and others criticizing its script and characters. Contemporary film scholars have interpreted it as a criticism of the perceived safety of pastoral life, as well as an exploration of stranger - on - stranger violence. A sequel, titled The Strangers: Prey at Night, was released ten years later on March 9, 2018."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Equestrian Portrait of Prince Balthasar Charles", "paragraph_text": "The Equestrian Portrait of Prince Balthasar Charles is a portrait of Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias on horseback, painted in 1634\u201335 by Diego Vel\u00e1zquez. It is now in the Prado."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Finn Wolfhard", "paragraph_text": "Finn Wolfhard (born December 23, 2002) is a Canadian actor and musician best known for his roles as Mike Wheeler in the Netflix series Stranger Things and Richie Tozier in the 2017 film adaptation of Stephen King's It."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Forgotten Frontier", "paragraph_text": "The Forgotten Frontier (1931) is a documentary film about the Frontier Nursing Service, nurses on horseback, who traveled the back roads of the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Kentucky. It was directed by Mary Marvin Breckinridge, and featured her cousin, Mary Breckinridge, who was a nurse-midwife and founded the Frontier Nursing Service. Also featured are the people of Leslie County, Kentucky, many of whom reenacted their stories."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Strangers All", "paragraph_text": "Strangers All is a 1935 American drama film directed by Charles Vidor from a screenplay by Milton Krims. The film stars May Robson and Preston Foster, and was released by RKO Radio Pictures on April 26, 1935."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Deadly Strangers", "paragraph_text": "Deadly Strangers is a 1975 British psychological thriller film directed by Sidney Hayers and starring Hayley Mills, Simon Ward and Sterling Hayden."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Strangers of the Evening", "paragraph_text": "Strangers of the Evening is a 1932 American pre-Code film directed by H. Bruce Humberstone and starring ZaSu Pitts, Lucien Littlefield, and Eugene Pallette. The film is also known as The Hidden Corpse (American reissue title)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Young Stranger", "paragraph_text": "The Young Stranger is a 1957 low-budget drama film, the directorial debut of John Frankenheimer. Starring James MacArthur, it was based on the teleplay \"Deal a Blow\" by Robert Dozier."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)", "paragraph_text": "When a Stranger Calls is a 2006 American horror film directed by Simon West and written by Jake Wade Wall. The film stars Camilla Belle, Brian Geraghty, Katie Cassidy, and Clark Gregg. Belle plays a babysitter who starts to receive threatening phone calls from an unidentified stranger, played by both Tommy Flanagan and Lance Henriksen. The film is a remake of Fred Walton's 1979 horror film of the same name which became a cult classic for its legendary opening 20 minutes, which this remake extends to a feature-length film."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Noise from the Deep", "paragraph_text": "A Noise from the Deep is a 1913 American short silent comedy film starring Mabel Normand and Roscoe \"Fatty\" Arbuckle. The film was directed and produced by Mack Sennett and also features the Keystone Cops on horseback."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the feature star in the film Stranger on Horseback?"}
{"id": "2hop__95683_575168", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Young Stranger", "paragraph_text": "The Young Stranger is a 1957 low-budget drama film, the directorial debut of John Frankenheimer. Starring James MacArthur, it was based on the teleplay \"Deal a Blow\" by Robert Dozier."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deadly Strangers", "paragraph_text": "Deadly Strangers is a 1975 British psychological thriller film directed by Sidney Hayers and starring Hayley Mills, Simon Ward and Sterling Hayden."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wichita Town", "paragraph_text": "Wichita Town is a half-hour western television series starring Joel McCrea, Jody McCrea, Carlos Romero, and George Neise that aired on NBC from September 30, 1959, until April 6, 1960."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Stranger (1918 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Stranger is a 1918 American silent comedy film featuring Oliver Hardy. Prints of this film survive in private collections and it has been released on DVD."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Strangers of the Evening", "paragraph_text": "Strangers of the Evening is a 1932 American pre-Code film directed by H. Bruce Humberstone and starring ZaSu Pitts, Lucien Littlefield, and Eugene Pallette. The film is also known as The Hidden Corpse (American reissue title)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stranger on Horseback", "paragraph_text": "Stranger on Horseback is a 1955 American Anscocolor Western film directed by Jacques Tourneur and starring Joel McCrea. The screenplay is based on a story by Louis L'Amour."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eva Ionesco", "paragraph_text": "Eva Ionesco (born 18 July 1965) is a French actress, film director and screenwriter. She is the daughter of Romanian-French photographer Irina Ionesco and came to international prominence as a child after being featured in her mother's works."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Strangers (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "Originally slated for a theatrical release in November 2007, it was postponed before a theatrical release on May 30, 2008. It grossed $82 million at the box office worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, with some praising its atmosphere and tension, and others criticizing its script and characters. Contemporary film scholars have interpreted it as a criticism of the perceived safety of pastoral life, as well as an exploration of stranger - on - stranger violence. A sequel, titled The Strangers: Prey at Night, was released ten years later on March 9, 2018."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Noise from the Deep", "paragraph_text": "A Noise from the Deep is a 1913 American short silent comedy film starring Mabel Normand and Roscoe \"Fatty\" Arbuckle. The film was directed and produced by Mack Sennett and also features the Keystone Cops on horseback."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Strangers (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Strangers is a 2008 American slasher film written and directed by Bryan Bertino. Kristen (Liv Tyler) and James (Scott Speedman) are expecting a relaxing weekend at a family vacation home, but their stay turns out to be anything but peaceful as three masked torturers leave Kristen and James struggling for survival. Writer - director Bertino was inspired by real - life events: the Manson family Tate murders, a multiple homicide; the Keddie Cabin Murders, that occurred in California in 1981; and a series of break - ins that occurred in his own neighborhood as a child. Made on a budget of $9 million, the film was shot on location in rural South Carolina in the fall of 2006."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Forgotten Frontier", "paragraph_text": "The Forgotten Frontier (1931) is a documentary film about the Frontier Nursing Service, nurses on horseback, who traveled the back roads of the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Kentucky. It was directed by Mary Marvin Breckinridge, and featured her cousin, Mary Breckinridge, who was a nurse-midwife and founded the Frontier Nursing Service. Also featured are the people of Leslie County, Kentucky, many of whom reenacted their stories."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Very Short Life", "paragraph_text": "A Very Short Life () is a 2009 Hong Kong drama film written, produced and directed by Dennis Law. It is Law's fifth feature film as a writer and director. Centered on child abuse and child molestation, the film stars Maggie Shiu as a Hong Kong police commissioner who investigates the murder of an 11-year-old girl at the hands of her abusive mother (Leila Tong). The film was awarded a Category III rating in Hong Kong for its subject matter and was released in Hong Kong on 19 March 2008."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)", "paragraph_text": "When a Stranger Calls is a 2006 American horror film directed by Simon West and written by Jake Wade Wall. The film stars Camilla Belle, Brian Geraghty, Katie Cassidy, and Clark Gregg. Belle plays a babysitter who starts to receive threatening phone calls from an unidentified stranger, played by both Tommy Flanagan and Lance Henriksen. The film is a remake of Fred Walton's 1979 horror film of the same name which became a cult classic for its legendary opening 20 minutes, which this remake extends to a feature-length film."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Return of a Stranger (1961 film)", "paragraph_text": "Return of a Stranger is a 1961 British thriller film directed by Max Varnel and starring John Ireland, Susan Stephen, Cyril Shaps and Timothy Beaton."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Tattooed Stranger", "paragraph_text": "The Tattooed Stranger is a 1950 American crime film noir shot on location in New York City, directed by Edward Montagne, and starring John Miles, Patricia Barry (listed as Patricia White in the credits), Walter Kinsella and Frank Tweddell. The picture was one of the first films featuring Jack Lord, who went on to star in the television series \"Hawaii Five-O\". It was John Miles' final film appearance."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Matthew Ziff", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Ziff (born March 24, 1991, Englewood, New Jersey) is an American actor and producer. As a child model he was represented by Wilhelmina Models. Presently he acts in and sometimes is a producer of feature films."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Skeleton on Horseback", "paragraph_text": "Skeleton on Horseback () is a 1937 Czechoslovak drama film directed by and starring Hugo Haas. It revolves around an infectious disease which breaks out during a war. It is based on the play \"The White Disease\" by Karel \u010capek."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "George Washington on Horseback", "paragraph_text": "George Washington on Horseback is an equestrian statue by sculptor Herbert Haseltine. It is located south of the Washington National Cathedral."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Strangers All", "paragraph_text": "Strangers All is a 1935 American drama film directed by Charles Vidor from a screenplay by Milton Krims. The film stars May Robson and Preston Foster, and was released by RKO Radio Pictures on April 26, 1935."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stranger anxiety", "paragraph_text": "Stranger anxiety is a form of distress that children experience when exposed to strangers. Stranger anxiety and stranger fear are two interchangeable terms. Stranger anxiety is a typical part of the developmental sequence that most children experience. It can occur even if the child is with a caregiver or another person they trust. It peaks from 6 to 12 months but may recur afterwards until the age of 24 months. As a child gets older, stranger anxiety can be a problem as they begin to socialize. Children may become hesitant to play with unfamiliar children. Foster children are especially at risk, particularly if they experienced neglect early in their life."}], "question": "Who is the child of the actor who featured in the film Stranger on Horseback?"}
{"id": "2hop__438946_125517", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tini Beg", "paragraph_text": "Tini Beg (Te-ne bak), also known as Tinybeg, was the khan of the Golden Horde from 1341 to 1342. He succeeded from his father \u00d6z Beg Khan, and was then followed by his brother Jani Beg."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Aashish Khan", "paragraph_text": "Aashish Khan was born in 1939 at Maihar, a small princely state of British India, where his well-known grandfather Alauddin Khan, founder of the \"Senia Maihar Gharana\" or \"Senia Maihar School\" of Indian classical music, was a royal court musician at that time. His mother the late Zubeida Begum was Ali Akbar Khan's first wife. He was initiated into Hindustani classical music at the age of five by his grandfather. His training (or \"taalim\") later continued under the guidance of his father Ali Akbar Khan, and his aunt, Annapurna Devi. The \"Senia Maihar Gharana\" follows the traditional \"Beenkar\" and \"Rababiya\" pattern of the \"Dhrupad\" style. He has two children Faraz and Nusrat Khan from a previous marriage."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aqeel Khan", "paragraph_text": "Aqeel Khan (born 30 January 1980, in Karachi) is the current Pakistani number two and National Champion in tennis. His favourite surface is Grass. He is coached by Pakistani tennis coach Jamil Khan, who is his father. Aqeel Khan is sponsored by Jaffer Brothers (Jaffer Group of Companies)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aga Khan IV", "paragraph_text": "Born Prince Karim Aga Khan, the Aga Khan IV is the eldest son of Prince Aly Khan (1911\u20131960), and his first wife, the Hon. Princess Tajuddawlah Aly Khan, formerly the Hon. Joan Yarde-Buller (1908\u20131997), the eldest daughter of British peer 3rd Baron Churston."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jochi", "paragraph_text": "Jochi (, \"Zu'qi\"; ; ; ; also spelled Djochi, J\u00f6chi and Juchi; c. 1182\u2013 February 1227) was a Mongolian army commander who was the eldest son of Genghis Khan, and presumably one of the four sons by his principal wife B\u00f6rte, though issues concerning his paternity followed him throughout his life. An accomplished military leader, he participated in his father's conquest of Central Asia, along with his brothers and uncles."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Idries Shah", "paragraph_text": "Idries Shah was born in Simla, India, to an Afghan-Indian father, Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, a writer and diplomat, and a Scottish mother, Saira Elizabeth Luiza Shah. His family on the paternal side were Musavi Sayyids. Their ancestral home was near the Paghman Gardens of Kabul. His paternal grandfather, Sayed Amjad Ali Shah, was the \"nawab\" of Sardhana in the North-Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, a hereditary title the family had gained thanks to the services an earlier ancestor, Jan-Fishan Khan, had rendered to the British."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rekha", "paragraph_text": "Rekha was born in Madras on 10 October 1954 to Tamil actor Gemini Ganesan and Telugu actress Pushpavalli. Her father did not acknowledge his paternity during her childhood."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bhong Mosque", "paragraph_text": "Bhong Mosque () is located in the village of Bhong, Rahim Yar Khan District, Punjab Province, Pakistan. It was designed and constructed over a period of nearly 50 years (1932\u20131982) and won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1986. The construction of the mosque was under control of Master Abdul Hameed (kamboh) who worked to make sure it was exquisite and a landmark for Pakistan. A postage stamp depicting it was issued on May 12, 2004 in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bahman Sholevar", "paragraph_text": "Bahman Sholevar was born in Tehran on February 6, 1941 in a politically conscious family. His paternal grandfather had fought alongside Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan in the Constitutional Revolution of 1905 of Iran, and his paternal grandmother was the sister of the famous Sheikh Mohammad Khiabani, another of the freedom fighters for the Iranian Constitution. His father, born in Tabriz, was the first graduate of the Law School of the University of Tehran. He was a judge, a lawyer, and the publisher and editor of the newspaper Sholevar. He also had published a small book of verse in his youth. Bahman's mother was among the first group of nurses graduating from the University of Tehran."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Baroness G\u00f6sta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen", "paragraph_text": "Baroness G\u00f6sta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (; 26 January 1902 \u2013 13 June 1996) was the mother of Prince Claus of the Netherlands, who was the Prince Consort of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, thus making her the mother-in-law of the former Dutch Queen. She is also the paternal grandmother of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, who is the current Dutch King."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "McMillan (surname)", "paragraph_text": "MacMillan, Macmillan, McMillen or McMillan are variants of a Scottish surname. The origin of the name is said to derive from the origin of the Scottish Clan MacMillan. The progenitor of the Clan was said to be Airbertach, Hebridean prince of the old royal house of Moray. Airbertach had a son named Cormac, who was a Bishop, and Cormac's own son Gilchrist or, in Gaelic, Gille Chriosd, the progenitor of the Clann an Mhaoil, was a religious man like his father; and it was because of this that he wore the tonsure which gave him the nickname Maolan or Gillemaol. As a Columban priest, his head would have been shaved over the front of his head in the style of Saint John the Evangelist, rather than at the vertex of head (the dominant style in The Church of Rome). This distinctive tonsure is described in Gaelic as' Mhaoillan '. The name MacMillan thus literally means, ``son of the tonsure ''."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: \u5927\u5143\u901a\u5236, \"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan\"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "T\u00f6gs-Ochiryn Namnans\u00fcren", "paragraph_text": "T\u00f6gs-Ochiryn Namnans\u00fcren (; ; ; 1878 \u2013 April 1919), full title \"Sain Noyon Khan Namnans\u00fcren\" (, Good noyon khan Namnans\u00fcren), was a powerful hereditary prince and prominent early 20th-century Mongolian independence leader. He served as the first prime minister of Autonomous Mongolia in the government of the Bogd Khan from 1912 until 1915, when the office of prime minister was abolished. He was then appointed minister of the army."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "G\u00fcshi Khan", "paragraph_text": "G\u00fcshi Khan (also spelled Gushri Khan, , , 1582 \u2013 14 January 1655, and Gushihan ) was a Khoshut prince and leader of the Khoshut Khanate, who supplanted the Tumed descendants of Altan Khan as the main benefactor of the Dalai Lama and the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1637, G\u00fcshi Khan defeated a rival Mongol prince Choghtu Khong Tayiji, a Kagyu follower, near Qinghai Lake and established his khanate in Tibet over the next years. His military assistance to the Gelug school enabled the 5th Dalai Lama to establish political control over Tibet."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai", "paragraph_text": "Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai forms an important link between his father, Qusai ibn Kilab (c. 400\u2013480), the great-great-grandfather of Shaiba ibn Hashim (Abdul-Mutallib) and his own sons, since he is the progenitor of the Banu Abd-al-dar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lawrence Lasker", "paragraph_text": "Lasker was born in Los Angeles County, California. He is the son of actress Jane Greer and producer Edward Lasker. His paternal grandfather was businessman Albert Lasker and his paternal step-grandmothers were actress Doris Kenyon and Mary Woodard Lasker. He graduated from the Phillips Exeter Academy in 1967 and attended Yale University, as did his father."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan", "paragraph_text": "Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, KBE, KCSS (, , 1933 \u2013 2003) served as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1966 to 1977, during which he reoriented the agency's focus beyond Europe and prepared it for an explosion of complex refugee issues. He was also a proponent of greater collaboration between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and UN agencies. The Prince's interest in ecological issues led him to establish the \"Bellerive Foundation\" in the late 1970s, and he was a knowledgeable and respected collector of Islamic art."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hussain Aga Khan", "paragraph_text": "Prince Hussain Aga Khan (born April 10, 1974, in Geneva, Switzerland) is the third child and second son of Aga Khan IV and his first wife, Princess Salimah Aga Khan. He attended Deerfield Academy and subsequently Williams College, from which he graduated in 1997 with a dual degree in theatre and French literature. Since then, Prince Hussain has been based in France and working with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. Following completion of a master's degree in international affairs from Columbia University in 2004, Prince Hussain assumed additional responsibility at the Aga Khan Foundation for the conceptualisation of programmes on environmental issues. Hussain has been an avid tropical fish hobbyist since the age of 5 and a reptile and amphibian enthusiast since he was 14."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vayrann", "paragraph_text": "Vayrann was a brown horse with a large white star and a white coronet on his left hind foot officially bred by his owner Aga Khan IV in Ireland. He was one of the best horses sired by Brigadier Gerard who won seventeen of his eighteen races between 1970 and 1972 and is rated the second best British-trained racehorse since 1947 (after Frankel by the independent Timeform organisation. Vayrann's dam Val Divine (bred by Francois Dupre) was a moderate racehorse but a very good broodmare who produced the Queen Anne Stakes winner Valiyar and the Oak Tree Invitational Stakes winner Yashgan as well as the dams of Natroun (Prix du Jockey Club) and Vereva (Prix de Diane). The Aga Khan bought Val Divine at the dispersal of Dupre's bloodstock: at the time she was carrying the unborn foal who would later be named Vayrann."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Father's Day (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. The tradition was said to be started from a memorial service held for a large group of men who died in a mining accident in Monongah, West Virginia in 1907. It was first proposed by Sonora Dodd of Spokane, Washington in 1909. It is currently celebrated in the United States annually on the third Sunday in June."}], "question": "Who is the grandfather of Prince Hussain Aga Khan?"}
{"id": "2hop__31705_82098", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lin Liguo", "paragraph_text": "Lin Liguo (, 1945 - September 13, 1971) was the son of the Chinese Communist military leader Lin Biao and the person in charge of Project 571 Outline, a plotted coup against Mao Zedong."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Carlos P. Garcia", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Polestico Garc\u00eda (November 4, 1896 \u2013 June 14, 1971) was a Filipino teacher, poet, orator, lawyer, public official, political economist, organized guerrilla and Commonwealth military leader, who was the eighth President of the Philippines."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of current members of the Rajya Sabha", "paragraph_text": "The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership is limited to 250 members, and the present Rajya Sabha has 245 members. 233 members are elected by state assembly members and 12 are nominated by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Members sit for six - year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Deuce (Rory Gallagher album)", "paragraph_text": "Deuce is the second solo album by Rory Gallagher, released in 1971. In contrast with his previous album, \"Rory Gallagher\", where Gallagher tried for a precise, organised sound, \"Deuce\" was his first of many attempts to capture the energy of a live performance in the studio."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Thumelicus", "paragraph_text": "Thumelicus (born 15 AD; died before 47 AD, probably in 30 or 31) was the only son of the Cherusci leader Arminius and his wife Thusnelda, daughter of the pro-Roman tribal leader Segestes."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its \"Supreme Leading Authority\", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Eckerd Open", "paragraph_text": "The Eckerd Open is a defunct WTA Tour affiliated women's tennis tournament played from 1971 to 1990 in various locations in the Tampa Bay Area, Florida in the United States. It was held in St. Petersburg, Florida from 1971 to 1974, Palm Harbor, Florida in 1977, in Clearwater, Florida in 1978 and in Tampa, Florida from 1979 to 1990. The tournament was played on outdoor hard courts from 1977 to 1986 and on outdoor clay courts from 1971 to 1974 and from 1987 to 1990."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House (the Russian Federation's parliament and Yeltsin's office), the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time. The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin, who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank. The special forces dispatched by the coup leaders took up positions near the White House, but members refused to storm the barricaded building. The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts, so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN. Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into BBC World Service on a small transistor radio."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Te Matenga Taiaroa", "paragraph_text": "Te Matenga Taiaroa ( 1795 \u2013 2 February 1863) was a notable New Zealand tribal leader. A M\u0101ori, he identified with the Ngai Tahu (South Island) iwi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "J. Chitharanjan", "paragraph_text": "J. Chitharanjan (22 October 1927 \u2013 13 June 2008) was an Indian labor leader, politician, a leader of the Communist Party of India (CPI). He was the president of CPI's Trade Union wing AITUC, a Minister in the state and was a member of the Rajya Sabha."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Next Australian federal election", "paragraph_text": "Next Australian federal election \u2190 2016 On or before 18 May 2019 (half - Senate) On or before 2 November 2019 (House of Representatives) All 151 seats in the Australian House of Representatives 76 seats are needed for a majority 40 (of the 76) seats in the Australian Senate Opinion polls Leader Malcolm Turnbull Bill Shorten Party Liberal / National coalition Labor Leader since 14 September 2015 (2015 - 09 - 14) 13 October 2013 (2013 - 10 - 13) Leader's seat Wentworth Maribyrnong Last election 76 seats 69 seats Current seats 76 seats 69 seats Seats needed 7 2016 TPP 50.36% 49.64% TPP polling 47% 53% Leader Richard Di Natale Nick Xenophon Party Greens Xenophon Team Leader since 6 May 2015 (2015 - 05 - 06) 1 June 2013 (2013 - 06 - 01) Leader's seat Senator for Victoria Not Contesting Last election 1 seat 1 seat Current seats 1 seat 1 seat Seats needed 75 75 Leader Bob Katter Party Katter's Australian Leader since 3 June 2011 (2011 - 06 - 03) Leader's seat Kennedy Last election 1 seat Current seats 1 seat Seats needed 75 Incumbent Prime minister Malcolm Turnbull Liberal / National coalition"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federal government of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Federal Government of Nigeria Coat of arms of Nigeria Formation 1963; 55 years ago (1963) Founding document Constitution of Nigeria Jurisdiction Nigeria Legislative branch Legislature National Assembly Meeting place National Assembly Complex Executive branch Leader President of Nigeria Headquarters Aso Rock Presidential Villa Main organ Cabinet Judicial branch Court Supreme Court Seat Abuja, FCT"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tuman Qaisrani", "paragraph_text": "Tuman Qaisrani is a town and union council of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The town is part of Tribal Area. It is the northernmost of all the organized Tumans touching the border of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dharam Pal Sabharwal", "paragraph_text": "Shri Dharam Pal Sabharwal a politician from Indian National Congress party is a Member of the Parliament of India representing Punjab in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Satish Pradhan", "paragraph_text": "Satish Pradhan (b 29 August 1940 Dhar M.P.) is a former mayor of Thane city of India. He was the member of Rajya Sabha from Maharashtra for the two terms of 5 July 1992 to 4 July 1998 and 5 July 1998 till 4 July 2004. He belongs to Shiv Sena and was Leader of Shiv Sena Party in Rajya Sabha."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Qaqambile Matanzima", "paragraph_text": "Qaqambile Matanzima (December 15, 1949 \u2013 August 5, 2013) was a South Africa politician and tribal leader. Matanzima had served as a colonel in the former Transkei Defence Force (TDF), the military force the Republic of Transkei, a de facto independent Bantustan which existed from 1976 to 1994. After Transkei was reincorporated into South Africa, Matanzima joined the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), leaving the military as a colonel in 1996. He was nicknamed \"Big Q.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sto:lo Nation", "paragraph_text": "The Sto:lo Nation is a First Nations Tribal Council in the Fraser Valley region of the Canadian province of British Columbia that is the tribal council for First Nations band governments in the area of Chilliwack, Abbotsford and at Nicomen Island. This tribal council should not be confused with the , which is composed of different bands of the people. Many Sto:lo communities and their governments are not in either tribal council."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Violet Alva", "paragraph_text": "Violet Hari Alva (24 April 1908 -- 20 November 1969) was an Indian lawyer, politician and Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, and member of the Indian National Congress. She was the first woman lawyer to appear before a High Court in India and the first to preside over the Rajya Sabha."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Meerwala", "paragraph_text": "The name Meerwala refers to both a mouza and a small village of Jatoi, a rural tehsil in the Muzaffargarh District of Punjab, Pakistan. The village () is north of the mouza (). Meerwala achieved global infamy in 2002 as the village whose tribal elders ordered the gang rape of Mukhtar Mai."}], "question": "How many seats are there at the location in Punjab that held the military court that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?"}
{"id": "2hop__204708_125517", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan", "paragraph_text": "Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, KBE, KCSS (, , 1933 \u2013 2003) served as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1966 to 1977, during which he reoriented the agency's focus beyond Europe and prepared it for an explosion of complex refugee issues. He was also a proponent of greater collaboration between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and UN agencies. The Prince's interest in ecological issues led him to establish the \"Bellerive Foundation\" in the late 1970s, and he was a knowledgeable and respected collector of Islamic art."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bhong Mosque", "paragraph_text": "Bhong Mosque () is located in the village of Bhong, Rahim Yar Khan District, Punjab Province, Pakistan. It was designed and constructed over a period of nearly 50 years (1932\u20131982) and won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1986. The construction of the mosque was under control of Master Abdul Hameed (kamboh) who worked to make sure it was exquisite and a landmark for Pakistan. A postage stamp depicting it was issued on May 12, 2004 in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Isa Aga", "paragraph_text": "Isa Aga is a mountain peak in Kosovo and Macedonia. It is part of the \u0160ar Mountains and is found in the middle of the ridge. It is high."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The White Princess (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "Jodie Comer as Elizabeth ``Lizzie ''of York, the Queen of England Rebecca Benson as Margaret`` Maggie'' Plantagenet, the Queen's paternal cousin, sister of Teddy Jacob Collins - Levy as Henry VII, the King of England, Elizabeth's husband Kenneth Cranham as Bishop (later Cardinal) John Morton, a confidant of the King's mother Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville, the Queen's mother Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile, the Queen of Castile Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley, Margaret Beaufort's husband Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell, a Yorkist supporter Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English crown and husband of Cathy Gordon Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, the Queen's paternal grandmother. Goodall is the only actor appearing in both The White Queen and The White Princess. Amy Manson as Catherine ``Cathy ''Gordon, wife of Perkin Warbeck Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, husband of Eliza de la Pole Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor, the King's uncle Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, the Queen's sister Joanne Whalley as Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the Queen's paternal aunt Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole, husband of Maggie Plantagenet Michelle Fairley as Margaret Beaufort, the King's mother"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Neoptolemus", "paragraph_text": "Neoptolemus (; Ancient Greek: \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \"Neoptolemos\", \"new warrior\"), also called Pyrrhus (; \u03a0\u03cd\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \"Pyrrhos\", \"red\", for his red hair), was the son of the warrior Achilles and the princess Deidamia in Greek mythology, and also the mythical progenitor of the ruling dynasty of the Molossians of ancient Epirus."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Maria Luisa of Savoy", "paragraph_text": "Maria Luisa of Savoy (Maria Luisa Gabriella; 17 September 1688 \u2013 14 February 1714) was a queen consort of Spain by marriage to Philip V of Spain. She acted as Regent of Spain during the absence of her spouse from 1702 until 1703, and had great influence over him as his adviser, while she was herself in turn influenced by the Princesse des Ursins."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Imran Khan", "paragraph_text": "Khan was born in Lahore on 5 October 1952. Some reports suggest he was born on 25 November 1952. It was reported that 25 November was wrongly mentioned by Pakistan Cricket Board officials on his passport. He is the only son of Ikramullah Khan Niazi, a civil engineer, and his wife Shaukat Khanum, and has four sisters. Long settled in Mianwali in northwestern Punjab, his paternal family are of Pashtun ethnicity and belong to the Niazi tribe, and one of his ancestors, Haibat Khan Niazi, in the 16th century, \"was one of Sher Shah Suri's leading generals, as well as being the governor of Punjab.\" Khan's mother hailed from the Pashtun tribe of Burki, which had produced several successful cricketers in Pakistan's history, including his cousins Javed Burki and Majid Khan. Maternally, Khan is also a descendant of the Sufi warrior-poet and inventor of the Pashto alphabet, Pir Roshan, who hailed from his maternal family's ancestral Kaniguram town located in South Waziristan in the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan. His maternal family was based in Basti Danishmanda, Jalandhar, British India for about 600 years.A quiet and shy boy in his youth, Khan grew up with his sisters in relatively affluent, upper middle-class circumstances and received a privileged education. He was educated at the Aitchison College and Cathedral School in Lahore, and then the Royal Grammar School Worcester in England, where he excelled at cricket. In 1972, he enrolled in Keble College, Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics, graduating with a third-class degree in 1975."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hussain Aga Khan", "paragraph_text": "Prince Hussain Aga Khan (born April 10, 1974, in Geneva, Switzerland) is the third child and second son of Aga Khan IV and his first wife, Princess Salimah Aga Khan. He attended Deerfield Academy and subsequently Williams College, from which he graduated in 1997 with a dual degree in theatre and French literature. Since then, Prince Hussain has been based in France and working with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. Following completion of a master's degree in international affairs from Columbia University in 2004, Prince Hussain assumed additional responsibility at the Aga Khan Foundation for the conceptualisation of programmes on environmental issues. Hussain has been an avid tropical fish hobbyist since the age of 5 and a reptile and amphibian enthusiast since he was 14."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aga Khan IV", "paragraph_text": "Born Prince Karim Aga Khan, the Aga Khan IV is the eldest son of Prince Aly Khan (1911\u20131960), and his first wife, the Hon. Princess Tajuddawlah Aly Khan, formerly the Hon. Joan Yarde-Buller (1908\u20131997), the eldest daughter of British peer 3rd Baron Churston."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Name Birth Marriage Their children Their grandchildren Date Spouse Charles, Prince of Wales 14 November 1948 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince George of Cambridge Princess Charlotte of Cambridge Prince Henry of Wales None 9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles None Anne, Princess Royal 15 August 1950 14 November 1973 Divorced 28 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips Savannah Phillips Isla Phillips Zara Tindall Mia Tindall 12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None Prince Andrew, Duke of York 19 February 1960 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice of York None Princess Eugenie of York None Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex 10 March 1964 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys - Jones Lady Louise Windsor None James, Viscount Severn None"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bahman Sholevar", "paragraph_text": "Bahman Sholevar was born in Tehran on February 6, 1941 in a politically conscious family. His paternal grandfather had fought alongside Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan in the Constitutional Revolution of 1905 of Iran, and his paternal grandmother was the sister of the famous Sheikh Mohammad Khiabani, another of the freedom fighters for the Iranian Constitution. His father, born in Tabriz, was the first graduate of the Law School of the University of Tehran. He was a judge, a lawyer, and the publisher and editor of the newspaper Sholevar. He also had published a small book of verse in his youth. Bahman's mother was among the first group of nurses graduating from the University of Tehran."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mali", "paragraph_text": "Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8 (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)", "paragraph_text": "Mohammedan Sporting Club, founded in 1891 at Kolkata, is one of the oldest and one of the popular football clubs in India, with a support base in all parts of the country. The club currently plays in the I-League 2nd Division and the premier division of the Calcutta Football League (CFL). In 1934, Mohammedan was the first Indian club to win the CFL and they continued their run until the 1938 season. Before Independence, numerous triumphs against British teams earned the club huge support from all India. Mohammedan Sporting Club became the entity against British oppression and the support continued even after Independence. It also became the first Indian club to win the Durand Cup in 1940. After Independence, it became the first Indian club to win on foreign soil by lifting Aga Khan Gold Cup in 1960."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vayrann", "paragraph_text": "Vayrann was a brown horse with a large white star and a white coronet on his left hind foot officially bred by his owner Aga Khan IV in Ireland. He was one of the best horses sired by Brigadier Gerard who won seventeen of his eighteen races between 1970 and 1972 and is rated the second best British-trained racehorse since 1947 (after Frankel by the independent Timeform organisation. Vayrann's dam Val Divine (bred by Francois Dupre) was a moderate racehorse but a very good broodmare who produced the Queen Anne Stakes winner Valiyar and the Oak Tree Invitational Stakes winner Yashgan as well as the dams of Natroun (Prix du Jockey Club) and Vereva (Prix de Diane). The Aga Khan bought Val Divine at the dispersal of Dupre's bloodstock: at the time she was carrying the unborn foal who would later be named Vayrann."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Idries Shah", "paragraph_text": "Idries Shah was born in Simla, India, to an Afghan-Indian father, Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, a writer and diplomat, and a Scottish mother, Saira Elizabeth Luiza Shah. His family on the paternal side were Musavi Sayyids. Their ancestral home was near the Paghman Gardens of Kabul. His paternal grandfather, Sayed Amjad Ali Shah, was the \"nawab\" of Sardhana in the North-Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, a hereditary title the family had gained thanks to the services an earlier ancestor, Jan-Fishan Khan, had rendered to the British."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jochi", "paragraph_text": "Jochi (, \"Zu'qi\"; ; ; ; also spelled Djochi, J\u00f6chi and Juchi; c. 1182\u2013 February 1227) was a Mongolian army commander who was the eldest son of Genghis Khan, and presumably one of the four sons by his principal wife B\u00f6rte, though issues concerning his paternity followed him throughout his life. An accomplished military leader, he participated in his father's conquest of Central Asia, along with his brothers and uncles."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Patrick Aga", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Aga was elected Senator for the Nasarawa North constituency of Nasarawa State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine", "paragraph_text": "Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine (\"Irene Luise Marie Anne, Princess of Hesse and by Rhine\", 11 July 1866 \u2013 11 November 1953) was the third child and third daughter of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom and Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. Her maternal grandparents were Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her paternal grandparents were Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Elizabeth of Prussia. She was the wife of Prince Henry of Prussia, a younger brother of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and her first cousin. The SS \"Prinzessin Irene\", a liner of the North German Lloyd was named after her."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}], "question": "Who was the dad of Princess Salimah Aga Khan's husband?"}
{"id": "2hop__837843_18013", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspur's nearest club, commencing the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway. Arsenal earned \u20ac435.5m in 2014\u201315, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football. Based on social media activity from 2014\u201315, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. Forbes estimates the club was worth $1.3 billion in 2015."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arsenal F.C.\u2013Manchester United F.C. rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal F.C. v Manchester United F.C. Teams Arsenal Manchester United First meeting 13 October 1894 Newton Heath 3 -- 3 Woolwich Arsenal Latest meeting Arsenal 1 -- 3 Manchester United Premier League (2 December 2017) Next meeting Manchester United v Arsenal Premier League (28 April 2018) Stadiums Emirates Stadium (Arsenal) Old Trafford (Manchester United) Statistics Meetings total 227 Most wins Manchester United (95) Most player appearances Ryan Giggs (50) Top scorer Wayne Rooney (12) All - time series Arsenal: 82 Drawn: 50 Manchester United: 95 Largest victory Manchester United 8 -- 2 Arsenal (28 August 2011)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called \"Big Four\" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United. During this decade, and particularly from 2002 to 2009, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003\u201304 to 2008\u201309 inclusive, with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003\u201304, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League. In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that \"Big Four\" dominance threatened the division, \"This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world.\" Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence: \"There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you're at the top, in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "On 1 December 1886, munitions workers in Woolwich, now South East London, formed Arsenal as Dial Square, with David Danskin as their first captain. Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex, they took the name of the whole complex a month later. Royal Arsenal F.C.'s first home was Plumstead Common, though they spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead, at the Manor Ground. Royal Arsenal won Arsenal's first trophies in 1890 and 1891, and these were the only football association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pesticide", "paragraph_text": "Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul M\u00fcller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by \"triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "David Rocastle", "paragraph_text": "The David Rocastle Trust is a charity based in London, UK founded in memory of Rocastle. The charity, which was chosen by Arsenal as their club charity for the 2005\u201306 season, supports Rocastle's family as well as community projects and other registered charities."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Manchester United F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams, as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Ars\u00e8ne Wenger, have battled for the Premier League title. With 33 titles between them (20 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match - ups in history."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southern Football League", "paragraph_text": "Woolwich Arsenal (nowadays simply Arsenal) were the first club in London to turn professional in 1891 and were one of the prime motivators behind an attempt to set up a Southern League to mirror the existing Northern and Midlands based Football League. However, this venture failed in the face of opposition from the London Football Association and Woolwich Arsenal instead joined the Football League as its only representative south of Birmingham in 1893. Additionally, an amateur league, the Southern Alliance was founded in 1892, with seven clubs from the region, but that folded after one incomplete season."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias", "paragraph_text": "Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias (Felipe Pr\u00f3spero Jos\u00e9 Francisco Domingo Ignacio Antonio Buenaventura Diego Miguel Luis Alfonso Isidro Ram\u00f3n V\u00edctor; 28 November 1657 1 November 1661) was the first son of Philip IV of Spain and Mariana of Austria to survive infancy. Philip IV had no male heir since the death of Balthasar Charles, his son by his first wife, Elisabeth of France, eleven years before, and as Spain's strength continued to ebb the issue of succession had become a matter of fervent and anxious prayer."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Qantas", "paragraph_text": "Qantas was founded in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 by Hudson Fysh, Paul McGinness and Fergus McMaster as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited. The airline's first aircraft was an Avro 504K. It moved its headquarters to Longreach, Queensland in 1921 and Brisbane, Queensland in 1930."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Frans van Houten", "paragraph_text": "The son of a member of the board of directors of Philips, Frans van Houten studied Economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam, and started his career at Philips in 1986 in marketing and sales at Philips Data Systems. He held several positions in the company, becoming co-head of the consumer electronics division in 2002."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Architecture", "paragraph_text": "Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!. In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing \"One-Nil to the Arsenal\" (to the tune of \"Go West\")."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Philip Fysh", "paragraph_text": "Fysh was born in Highbury, London, the son of John Fysh and his wife Charlotte. He was educated at the Denmark Hill school in Islington. At 13 years of age, Fysh commenced work in a London stockbroker's office, then he obtained a position in the office of a shipping firm, L. Stevenson & Sons, with Australian connexions. Fysh migrated to Tasmania in 1859, becoming a leading merchant (establishing P. O. Fysh and Company), hop-grower and orchardist."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football League in 1893, starting out in the Second Division, and won promotion to the First Division in 1904. The club's relative geographic isolation resulted in lower attendances than those of other clubs, which led to the club becoming mired in financial problems and effectively bankrupt by 1910, when they were taken over by businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall. Norris sought to move the club elsewhere, and in 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, north London; they dropped \"Woolwich\" from their name the following year. Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914\u201315, but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919\u201320, at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Some books have reported that this election to division 1 was achieved by dubious means."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "During the SNES's life, Nintendo contracted with two different companies to develop a CD-ROM-based peripheral for the console to compete with Sega's CD-ROM based addon, Mega-CD. Ultimately, deals with both Sony and Philips fell through, (although a prototype console was produced by Sony) with Philips gaining the right to release a series of titles based on Nintendo franchises for its CD-i multimedia player and Sony going on to develop its own console based on its initial dealings with Nintendo (the PlayStation)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Danny Clapton", "paragraph_text": "Born in Stepney, London, Clapton first started out as an amateur with Leytonstone before joining Arsenal in August 1953. He made his debut in a 1-0 win over Chelsea on 25 December 1954, and by the end of the 1954-55 he was Arsenal's first choice right-Winger, taking Arthur Milton's place. He became a near ever-present for Arsenal for the next four seasons (aside from 1957-58, where he was out injured for a third of the season), helping Arsenal to third place in 1958-59, their highest league position in six years."}], "question": "When did Arsenal become based in the birthplace of Philip Fysh?"}
{"id": "2hop__672271_18013", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Manchester United F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams, as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Ars\u00e8ne Wenger, have battled for the Premier League title. With 33 titles between them (20 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match - ups in history."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Addison", "paragraph_text": "John Mervyn Addison (16 March 1920 -- 7 December 1998) was a British composer best known for his film scores."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arsenal F.C.\u2013Manchester United F.C. rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal F.C. v Manchester United F.C. Teams Arsenal Manchester United First meeting 13 October 1894 Newton Heath 3 -- 3 Woolwich Arsenal Latest meeting Arsenal 1 -- 3 Manchester United Premier League (2 December 2017) Next meeting Manchester United v Arsenal Premier League (28 April 2018) Stadiums Emirates Stadium (Arsenal) Old Trafford (Manchester United) Statistics Meetings total 227 Most wins Manchester United (95) Most player appearances Ryan Giggs (50) Top scorer Wayne Rooney (12) All - time series Arsenal: 82 Drawn: 50 Manchester United: 95 Largest victory Manchester United 8 -- 2 Arsenal (28 August 2011)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called \"Big Four\" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United. During this decade, and particularly from 2002 to 2009, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003\u201304 to 2008\u201309 inclusive, with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003\u201304, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League. In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that \"Big Four\" dominance threatened the division, \"This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world.\" Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence: \"There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you're at the top, in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pink String and Sealing Wax", "paragraph_text": "Pink String and Sealing Wax is a 1945 British drama film directed by Robert Hamer and starring Mervyn Johns, Googie Withers and Gordon Jackson. It is based on a play with the same name by Roland Pertwee. It was the first feature film Robert Hamer directed on his own."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rene Steer", "paragraph_text": "Rene Alexander Steer (born 31 January 1990) is an English footballer who plays for Maidenhead United as a left back. He previously played for Arsenal, Gillingham, Oldham Athletic, Staines Town, St Neots Town and Woking."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football League in 1893, starting out in the Second Division, and won promotion to the First Division in 1904. The club's relative geographic isolation resulted in lower attendances than those of other clubs, which led to the club becoming mired in financial problems and effectively bankrupt by 1910, when they were taken over by businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall. Norris sought to move the club elsewhere, and in 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, north London; they dropped \"Woolwich\" from their name the following year. Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914\u201315, but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919\u201320, at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Some books have reported that this election to division 1 was achieved by dubious means."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography. Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club. A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million. The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014\u201315 season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "On 1 December 1886, munitions workers in Woolwich, now South East London, formed Arsenal as Dial Square, with David Danskin as their first captain. Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex, they took the name of the whole complex a month later. Royal Arsenal F.C.'s first home was Plumstead Common, though they spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead, at the Manor Ground. Royal Arsenal won Arsenal's first trophies in 1890 and 1891, and these were the only football association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mervyn Alexander", "paragraph_text": "He was born on 29 June 1925 in Highbury, London, the eldest son of William and Grace Alexander. In 1926 the family moved from London to Salisbury, Wiltshire."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspur's nearest club, commencing the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway. Arsenal earned \u20ac435.5m in 2014\u201315, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football. Based on social media activity from 2014\u201315, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. Forbes estimates the club was worth $1.3 billion in 2015."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southern Football League", "paragraph_text": "Woolwich Arsenal (nowadays simply Arsenal) were the first club in London to turn professional in 1891 and were one of the prime motivators behind an attempt to set up a Southern League to mirror the existing Northern and Midlands based Football League. However, this venture failed in the face of opposition from the London Football Association and Woolwich Arsenal instead joined the Football League as its only representative south of Birmingham in 1893. Additionally, an amateur league, the Southern Alliance was founded in 1892, with seven clubs from the region, but that folded after one incomplete season."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Preacher's Wife (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "No. Title Writer (s) Producer (s) Length 1. ``I Believe in You and Me ''(film version) David Wolfert Sandy Linzer Mervyn Warren Whitney Houston 4: 03 2.`` Step by Step'' Annie Lennox Stephen Lipson 4: 12 3. ``Joy ''(with the Georgia Mass Choir) Kirk Franklin Mervyn Warren Whitney Houston 3: 16 4.`` Hold On, Help Is on the Way'' (with the Georgia Mass Choir) Rev. Kenneth Paden Mervyn Warren Whitney Houston 3: 09 5. ``I Go to the Rock ''(with the Georgia Mass Choir) Dottie Rambo Mervyn Warren Whitney Houston 4: 05 6.`` I Love the Lord'' (with the Georgia Mass Choir) Richard Smallwood Mervyn Warren Whitney Houston 4: 57 7. ``Somebody Bigger Than You and I ''(Featuring Bobby Brown, Faith Evans, Johnny Gill, Monica and Ralph Tresvant) Johnny Lange Hy Heath Sonny Burke Whitney Houston Rickey Minor 4: 42 8.`` You Were Loved'' Diane Warren Kenneth ``Babyface ''Edmonds 4: 13 9.`` My Heart Is Calling'' Babyface Babyface 4: 15 10. ``I Believe in You and Me ''(single version) David Wolfert Sandy Linzer David Foster 3: 55 11.`` Step by Step'' (Remix) Annie Lennox Remixed by Teddy Riley 4: 34 12. ``Who Would Imagine a King ''Mervyn Warren Hallerin Hilton Hill Mervyn Warren Whitney Houston 3: 31 13.`` He's All Over Me'' (with Shirley Caesar and the Georgia Mass Choir) Alvin Darling Mervyn Warren Whitney Houston 3: 53 14. ``The Lord Is My Shepherd ''(performed by Cissy Houston with Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir) Traditional Mervyn Warren Whitney Houston 4: 24 15.`` Joy to the World'' (with the Georgia Mass Choir) Traditional Mervyn Warren Whitney Houston 4: 41"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!. In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing \"One-Nil to the Arsenal\" (to the tune of \"Go West\")."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Danny Clapton", "paragraph_text": "Born in Stepney, London, Clapton first started out as an amateur with Leytonstone before joining Arsenal in August 1953. He made his debut in a 1-0 win over Chelsea on 25 December 1954, and by the end of the 1954-55 he was Arsenal's first choice right-Winger, taking Arthur Milton's place. He became a near ever-present for Arsenal for the next four seasons (aside from 1957-58, where he was out injured for a third of the season), helping Arsenal to third place in 1958-59, their highest league position in six years."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elmer, the Great", "paragraph_text": "Elmer, the Great is a 1933 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Mervyn LeRoy, starring Joe E. Brown and Patricia Ellis."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mount Mervyn", "paragraph_text": "Mount Mervyn () is a very sharp peak standing south of the main body of the Porthos Range in the Prince Charles Mountains of Antarctica, about south of Mount Kirkby. It was sighted in December 1956 by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions southern party led by W.G. Bewsher, and named for Mervyn Christensen, a weather observer at Mawson Station in 1956."}], "question": "When did Arsenal become based in Mervyn Alexander's birthplace?"}
{"id": "2hop__141861_606637", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia's Best Backyards", "paragraph_text": "Australia's Best Backyards is an Australian lifestyle TV series on the Seven Network. The program is hosted by landscape gardener Jamie Durie, who previously hosted \"Backyard Blitz\" on the Nine Network."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Love Sign", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Sign\" is a song by American musician Prince, from the \"1-800-NEW-FUNK\" compilation album released by his independent record label NPG Records in 1994."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Morning After (Maureen McGovern song)", "paragraph_text": "``The Morning After ''(also known as`` The Song from The Poseidon Adventure'') is a song written by Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn for the 1972 film The Poseidon Adventure. It won the 1972 Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 45th Academy Awards in March 1973. After the film's release, it was recorded by Maureen McGovern and became a hit single for her following its release in May 1973. It was a number - one hit in the US for two weeks during August 1973, and became a Gold record."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Whiskey River", "paragraph_text": "\"Whiskey River\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Johnny Bush. He released the song in 1972 through RCA Victor and included it on his album \"Whiskey River\". Bush later re-recorded the song in 1981 and released it through the Delta label, with \"When My Conscience Hurts the Most\" on the b-side."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Barbara Pittman", "paragraph_text": "Barbara Pittman (April 6, 1938 \u2013 October 29, 2005) was an American singer, one of the few female singers to record at Sun Studio. As a young teenager, she recorded some demos of songs for others. Pittman's most popular recordings include \"I Need A Man\" on the Sun label and \"Two Young Fools In Love\", released on Sam Phillips' International label."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "No Place for Me", "paragraph_text": "\"No Place for Me\" was the debut recording song of country singer-songwriter Willie Nelson. Nelson recorded the song while working as a disk jockey at KVAN in Vancouver, Washington, using a studio of the radio. Through a DJ he met during his time working on the radio in Texas, he contacted Starday Records, sending the tapes over to the label."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Year of the Wolf", "paragraph_text": "After self-releasing her third album \"The Graduate\", Nerina returned to a major label, Geffen Records, for the release of \"Year of the Wolf\". The album's title comes from her son, Wolfie, with whom she was pregnant during the recording of the album. In an interview with the BBC, Nerina said that her pregnancy affected both the physical recording of the song, making it more difficult to sing, and also its emotional content, particularly the song \"History Boys\". Talking of that song, she said \"there's a human sadness and tragedy at the heart of [war]. And that's what I was trying to describe in the song - loss. The senseless loss of young lives.\" On whether or not there was a thematic link between that and her anti-war song \"Everybody's Gone to War\", she said that \"on a personal level, I feel less angry, more sad.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Adventures in Your Own Backyard", "paragraph_text": "Adventures in Your Own Backyard is the fourth studio album by Canadian musician Patrick Watson, released in April 2012. It is the band's follow-up to the Polaris Music Prize-nominated 2009 release \"Wooden Arms\", but by comparison is a musically simpler and more emotional album."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)", "paragraph_text": "``I Can Only Imagine ''(sometimes shortened to`` Imagine'') is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God. The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe's 1999 album The Worship Project, which was released on an independent record label. The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wet Dream (Max Romeo song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Wet Dream\" is a song by Jamaican reggae singer Max Romeo first released in 1968 on the Unity Records label. The song, with its controversial lyrics, remains Romeo's biggest commercial hit."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Heart of Stone (Suzi Quatro song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Heart of Stone\" is the twenty-sixth solo single by the American rock singer-songwriter and bass guitarist Suzi Quatro. It was originally released in October 1982, as the lead single from her eighth studio album, \"Main Attraction\", only in the UK and Spain, and was also her first single release by the record label, Polydor. It was written by Suzi Quatro and composed by the keyboardist Chris Andrews, whom also produced it. The single release features the song \"Remote Control\" as the B-side, which was also released on the album."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song)", "paragraph_text": "``Wake Me When It's Over ''is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. After being signed as a recording artist to Liberty Records in 1961, the song was recorded during his second session with the label in September 1961 at Radio Recorders. Selected as the A-side of one of the promotional singles, the song failed to chart."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rub It In", "paragraph_text": "``Rub It In ''is a song written and originally recorded by Layng Martine Jr., and credited as Layng Martine. His version, released on the Barnaby Records label, was produced by Ray Stevens and was a chart single in 1971."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Appleton Syntonic Menagerie", "paragraph_text": "Syntonic Menagerie is an album of electronic music by Jon Appleton released in 1969 on Flying Dutchman Records, a record label owned and managed by classic producer Bob Thiele. All of the songs were composed by Jon Appleton."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Songs That Made America Famous", "paragraph_text": "Songs That Made America Famous is the fifth album by Patrick Sky, released on Adelphi Records in 1973. Sky recorded the album in 1971 but had difficulty finding a label to release it, as the satirical lyrics are explicit."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)", "paragraph_text": "``I Can Only Imagine ''(sometimes shortened to`` Imagine'') is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God. The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe's 1999 album The Worship Project, which was released on an independent record label. The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Se Va Conmigo", "paragraph_text": "\"Se Va Conmigo\" is a song performed by Puerto Rican profession basketball player and recording artist Carlos Arroyo. The song features guest vocals from reggaet\u00f3n singer Yomo. The official remix features Ivy Queen. The song is Arroyo's second single release for his independent record label Arroyo Hit Music."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wooden Arms", "paragraph_text": "Wooden Arms is the third album by Patrick Watson, released April 28, 2009 on Secret City Records. The album's first single, \"Tracy's Waters\", was released on March 5 and the group performed a new song, \"Beijing\", on CBC Radio's \"Q\" radio show on April 6. \"Fireweed\" was also released as a single and a music video was filmed, which features both live action and animation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Walking in Memphis", "paragraph_text": "``Walking in Memphis ''is a song composed and originally recorded by the American singer - songwriter Marc Cohn, for whom it remains his signature song. Cohn said the song is`` 100 percent autobiographical''. He described it as a song about ``a Jewish gospel - music - lover '', and as"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I'm Spinning", "paragraph_text": "\"I'm Spinning\" is a Doo Wop song recorded by the Del-Vikings on the Fee Bee Records label in 1957 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as an A side for the single \"I'm Spinning\"/\"You Say You Love Me,\" written by Pat DiCesare. It was soon released on Dot Records for national distribution, and later released by Mercury Records when Kripp Johnson rejoined the Del-Vikings in 1958. Over the years the song has been included on many Del Vikings greatest hits albums and Doo Wop compilation albums on various labels. The most recent release was in 2009."}], "question": "What is the record label of the creator of Adventures in Your Own Backyard?"}
{"id": "2hop__31705_31676", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Carlos P. Garcia", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Polestico Garc\u00eda (November 4, 1896 \u2013 June 14, 1971) was a Filipino teacher, poet, orator, lawyer, public official, political economist, organized guerrilla and Commonwealth military leader, who was the eighth President of the Philippines."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its \"Supreme Leading Authority\", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Te Matenga Taiaroa", "paragraph_text": "Te Matenga Taiaroa ( 1795 \u2013 2 February 1863) was a notable New Zealand tribal leader. A M\u0101ori, he identified with the Ngai Tahu (South Island) iwi."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tribal sovereignty in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Tribal sovereignty in the United States is the concept of the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States. The U.S. federal government recognizes tribal nations as ``domestic dependent nations ''and has established a number of laws attempting to clarify the relationship between the federal, state and tribal governments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mohammad al-Shaar", "paragraph_text": "Shaar joined the armed forces in 1971 and held a number of security positions, including chief of the military security in Tartous, the chief of the military security in Aleppo, and the commander and chief of the Syrian military police. He was the commander of the military police prior to being appointed minister of interior.He was appointed interior minister in April 2011, replacing Said Mohammad Sammour."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Georg Christian Benedict Ackermann", "paragraph_text": "In 1792, Ackermann collaborated at the regional teacher seminary in Ludwigslust. Later, he became teacher of Frederick Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck and controller of the court. In 1801 second preacher of the court, in 1808 superintendent in Schwerin and rector of the \"Domschule\". In 1819 councillor of the consistory, in 1830 first preacher of the court."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lin Liguo", "paragraph_text": "Lin Liguo (, 1945 - September 13, 1971) was the son of the Chinese Communist military leader Lin Biao and the person in charge of Project 571 Outline, a plotted coup against Mao Zedong."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Eckerd Open", "paragraph_text": "The Eckerd Open is a defunct WTA Tour affiliated women's tennis tournament played from 1971 to 1990 in various locations in the Tampa Bay Area, Florida in the United States. It was held in St. Petersburg, Florida from 1971 to 1974, Palm Harbor, Florida in 1977, in Clearwater, Florida in 1978 and in Tampa, Florida from 1979 to 1990. The tournament was played on outdoor hard courts from 1977 to 1986 and on outdoor clay courts from 1971 to 1974 and from 1987 to 1990."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "N\u00f4ng V\u0103n V\u00e2n", "paragraph_text": "N\u00f4ng V\u0103n V\u00e2n (\u8fb2\u6587\u96f2, ?\u20131835) was the leader of a peasant revolt in Vietnam from 1833-1835. Although the revolt is often seen as N\u00f9ng tribal separatism, historian Nguy\u1ec5n Phan Quang argues that the revolt had national aspirations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thumelicus", "paragraph_text": "Thumelicus (born 15 AD; died before 47 AD, probably in 30 or 31) was the only son of the Cherusci leader Arminius and his wife Thusnelda, daughter of the pro-Roman tribal leader Segestes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eino Kuvaja", "paragraph_text": "Kuvaja was born in Kuopio. He was the leader of the national Olympic military patrol teams in 1928 and in 1936 which reached second places."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sto:lo Nation", "paragraph_text": "The Sto:lo Nation is a First Nations Tribal Council in the Fraser Valley region of the Canadian province of British Columbia that is the tribal council for First Nations band governments in the area of Chilliwack, Abbotsford and at Nicomen Island. This tribal council should not be confused with the , which is composed of different bands of the people. Many Sto:lo communities and their governments are not in either tribal council."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as \"the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Qaqambile Matanzima", "paragraph_text": "Qaqambile Matanzima (December 15, 1949 \u2013 August 5, 2013) was a South Africa politician and tribal leader. Matanzima had served as a colonel in the former Transkei Defence Force (TDF), the military force the Republic of Transkei, a de facto independent Bantustan which existed from 1976 to 1994. After Transkei was reincorporated into South Africa, Matanzima joined the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), leaving the military as a colonel in 1996. He was nicknamed \"Big Q.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ferenc Sz\u00e1lasi", "paragraph_text": "Ferenc Sz\u00e1lasi (; 6 January 1897 \u2013 12 March 1946) was the leader of the Arrow Cross Party \u2013 Hungarist Movement, the \"Leader of the Nation\" (\"Nemzetvezet\u0151\"), being both Head of State and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary's \"Government of National Unity\" (\"Nemzeti \u00d6sszefog\u00e1s Korm\u00e1nya\") for the final six months of Hungary's participation in World War II, after Germany occupied Hungary and removed Mikl\u00f3s Horthy by force. During his brief rule, Sz\u00e1lasi's men murdered 10,000\u201315,000 Jews. After the war, he was tried and executed by the Hungarian court for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during World War II."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Judiciary of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the ``Full Court ''of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kepa Hamuera Anaha Ehau", "paragraph_text": "Kepa Hamuera Anaha Ehau (5 November 1885 \u2013 10 February 1970) was a New Zealand tribal leader, law clerk, interpreter, soldier, historian, orator. He was born on November 5, 1885."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Robert Stanley Weir", "paragraph_text": "Robert Stanley Weir (November 15, 1856\u00a0\u2013 August 20, 1926) was a Montreal, Quebec judge and poet most famous for writing the English lyrics to \"O Canada\", the national anthem of Canada. He was educated as a teacher and lawyer and considered one of the leading experts of the day on Quebec's municipal civil law. He was appointed a municipal court judge and a judge for the Exchequer Court of Canada."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Munsha Singh Dukhi", "paragraph_text": "Munsha Singh Dukhi (1 July 1890 \u2013 26 January 1971) was an Indian national revolutionary and poet, who fought for the Independence of India from the British Empire. He belonged to the Ghadar Party. He was tried under third Lahore Conspiracy Case trial."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents. Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud."}], "question": "What is the nationality of a significant number of teachers in the place where tribal leaders were tried by the military court in 1971?"}
{"id": "2hop__82894_561295", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "In \"Freedom in the World 2011\", Freedom House rated Cyprus as \"free\". In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island \"... including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights.\" The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "UNESCO", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; French: Organisation des Nations unies pour l'\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris. Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educational, scientific, and cultural reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter. It is the successor of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness", "paragraph_text": "``Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ''is a well - known phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence. The phrase gives three examples of the`` unalienable rights'' which the Declaration says have been given to all human beings by their creator, and which governments are created to protect."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jaroslav Hutka", "paragraph_text": "Jaroslav Hutka (born 21 April 1947 in Olomouc) is a Czech musician, composer, songwriter, and democracy and human rights activist. He was a signatory of Charter 77 and the 2008 Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "paragraph_text": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sunila Abeysekera", "paragraph_text": "Since 1992 Abeysekera worked with the Global Campaign for Women's Human Rights and was active in lobbying at all the UN Conferences since then \u2013 1993 in Vienna and 1995 in Beijing \u2013focusing on the issue of mainstreaming women's human rights concerns within the international human rights system. Abeysekera died in Sri Lanka on September 9, 2013."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Human Rights Act 1998", "paragraph_text": "The Human Rights Act places a duty on all courts and tribunals in the United Kingdom to interpret legislation so far as possible in a way compatible with the rights laid down in the European Convention on Human Rights (section 3 (1)). Where this is not possible, the court may issue a ``declaration of incompatibility ''. The declaration does not invalidate the legislation, but permits the amendment of the legislation by a special fast - track procedure under section 10 of the Act. As of August 2006, 20 declarations had been made, of which six were overturned on appeal."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hungarian Helsinki Committee", "paragraph_text": "The Hungarian Helsinki Committee (HHC) is a non-governmental human rights organization founded in 1989 and based in Budapest, Hungary. The HHC is a member of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights and the European Council on Refugees and Exiles."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mowahid Shah", "paragraph_text": "As a student leader at George Washington University in the 1970s, Mowahid Shah was Editor of the \"Harbinger\", a student publication. He successfully defended in student court a resolution issued by the university's International Student Society in support of international human rights. In his LL.M. thesis, cited by a UN report, he posited the right under international law of the Palestinian people to resist forcible military occupation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oleg Petrovich Orlov", "paragraph_text": "Oleg Petrovich Orlov (born April 4, 1953 in Moscow) is a biologist, participator in post-soviet human rights movements in Russia, chairman of the Board of Human Rights Center \u201cMemorial,\u201d executive board member of the Center's International, Historic-Educational Society. From 2004-2006 was in the President of the Russian Federation's council for the development of civil society and human rights institutions. Laureate of the \u201cFor Freedom of Thought\u201d award, given in honor of Andrei Sakharov (2009). Member of the federal political council movement \u201cSolidarity.\u201d"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tawanda Mutasah", "paragraph_text": "Tawanda Mutasah (born 4 August 1970) is a lawyer, human rights advocate and Senior Director for Law and Policy at the Amnesty International Secretariat."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Right to family life", "paragraph_text": "The right to family life is the right of all individuals to have their established family life respected, and to have and maintain family relationships. This right is recognised in a variety of international human rights instruments, including Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Curtis Doebbler", "paragraph_text": "He is known for his outspoken opposition to human rights violations by the U.S. government and his support of individuals in countries that have been subject to armed attacks by the United States. He has worked almost two decades in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East teaching international human rights law and representing individuals in human rights cases."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rule of law", "paragraph_text": "In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Birth control in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Birth control advocacy organizations around the world also began to collaborate. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international family planning organization. In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council. Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about pollution, food shortages, and quality of life, leading to well - funded birth control campaigns around the world. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pain", "paragraph_text": "The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as anesthesiology, physiatry, neurology, palliative medicine and psychiatry. In 2011, Human Rights Watch alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "National Human Rights Commission of India", "paragraph_text": "The Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993. It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (TPHRA). The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India, responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as ``rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants ''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Idi Amin", "paragraph_text": "Amin's rule was characterized by rampant human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. International observers and human rights groups estimate that between 100,000 and 500,000 people were killed under his regime. It earned him the nickname \"The Butcher of Uganda.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations", "paragraph_text": "An Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations (USG) is a senior official within the United Nations System, normally appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Secretary-General for a renewable term of four years. Under-Secretary-General is the third highest rank in the United Nations, after the Secretary-General and the Deputy Secretary-General. The rank is held by the heads of different UN entities, certain high officials of the United Nations Secretariat, and high-level envoys. The United Nations regards the rank as equal to that of a cabinet minister of a member state, and under-secretaries-general have diplomatic immunity under the UN Charter."}], "question": "What is the group that adopted The Universal Declaration of Human Rights a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__48816_561295", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoys it the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century, the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s. Developed from earlier secular traditions, modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationality, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts. For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant, the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny. These ideas were challenged, for example by the young Karl Marx, who criticized the project of political emancipation (embodied in the form of human rights), asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose. For Friedrich Nietzsche, humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism. In his Genealogy of Morals, he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong. On this view, such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life, but rather deny it. In the 20th century, the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rule of law", "paragraph_text": "In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "University of Bagamoyo", "paragraph_text": "University of Bagamoyo (UB) is a private university in Tanzania. It is started by the Tanzania Legal Education Trust (TANLET) and The Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC). It is located in Dar es Salaam with its main campus being built in Kiromo, Bagamoyo."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ernesto Kreplak", "paragraph_text": "Ernesto Kreplak is a lawyer graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, Master and regular teacher in the School of Law (University of Buenos Aires). He also serves as Under Secretary of Registry Management Coordination and Control of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "UNESCO", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; French: Organisation des Nations unies pour l'\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris. Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educational, scientific, and cultural reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter. It is the successor of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "paragraph_text": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kelsey Chow", "paragraph_text": "Kelsey Chow's residence is in Los Angeles, California, but she currently lives in New York City where she attends Columbia University as a Human Rights major."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jaroslav Hutka", "paragraph_text": "Jaroslav Hutka (born 21 April 1947 in Olomouc) is a Czech musician, composer, songwriter, and democracy and human rights activist. He was a signatory of Charter 77 and the 2008 Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Intellectual property", "paragraph_text": "The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should \"focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development\u2014not as an end in itself\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "David Cingranelli", "paragraph_text": "David Cingranelli is a professor of Political Science at Binghamton University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1977. He conducts global, comparative, econometric research examining the causes and consequences of variation in government respect for various human rights. His 2007 book with Rodwan Abouharb, \"Human Rights and Structural Adjustment,\" demonstrated the negative human rights impacts of World Bank and IMF program lending in developing countries. His current research examines how constitutional design and other factors can provide incentives to politicians to enact policies protecting human rights including labor rights. He is a former president of the Human Rights Section of the American Political Science Association. Until 2013, he served as the co-director of the Cingranelli and Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Data Project."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations", "paragraph_text": "An Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations (USG) is a senior official within the United Nations System, normally appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Secretary-General for a renewable term of four years. Under-Secretary-General is the third highest rank in the United Nations, after the Secretary-General and the Deputy Secretary-General. The rank is held by the heads of different UN entities, certain high officials of the United Nations Secretariat, and high-level envoys. The United Nations regards the rank as equal to that of a cabinet minister of a member state, and under-secretaries-general have diplomatic immunity under the UN Charter."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "In \"Freedom in the World 2011\", Freedom House rated Cyprus as \"free\". In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island \"... including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights.\" The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Right to family life", "paragraph_text": "The right to family life is the right of all individuals to have their established family life respected, and to have and maintain family relationships. This right is recognised in a variety of international human rights instruments, including Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Prasenjit Biswas", "paragraph_text": "Prasenjit Biswas teaches Philosophy at North Eastern Hill University, Shillong. His research interests reflect an interdisciplinary orientation that includes ethno-philosophy, ethnicity, and indigenous identities. He is also a human rights defender who works with Barak Human Right Protection Committee, Silchar. He defended human rights of labourers and their familites in tea gardens of Barak Valley of Assam, who faced deaths due to starvation in 2011-12. The National Human Rights' Commission (NHRC) of India granted relief and compensation to some of the families who suffered due to starvation deaths. Prasenjit Biswas also contributed to fourth UPR process initiated by WGHR, New Delhi."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "National Human Rights Commission of India", "paragraph_text": "The Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993. It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (TPHRA). The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India, responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as ``rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants ''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness", "paragraph_text": "``Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ''is a well - known phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence. The phrase gives three examples of the`` unalienable rights'' which the Declaration says have been given to all human beings by their creator, and which governments are created to protect."}], "question": "What is the body that made the Universal Declaration of Human Rights part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__790335_58951", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "IIFA Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "IIFA Award for Best Actress Awarded for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role Country India Presented by International Indian Film Academy First awarded Aishwarya Rai, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000) Currently held by Alia Bhatt, Udta Punjab (2017) Website IIFA Awards"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series garnered extremely positive reviews and won the 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, along with seven other Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of black Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Blacks have received awards in three of six award categories: eleven in Peace, three in Literature, and one in Economics. The first black recipient, American Ralph Bunche, was awarded the Peace Prize in 1950. The most recent as of 2017, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee, were awarded their Peace Prizes in 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bharat Ratna", "paragraph_text": "There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990. Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour. In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday. As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2017 Billboard Music Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 Billboard Music Awards was held at the T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas on May 21, 2017. The list of nominees was announced on April 10, 2017. Non-televised awards were announced on Billboard website the same day as the main ceremony."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Prakash Singh Chib", "paragraph_text": "Prakash Singh Chib VC (1 April 1913 \u2013 17 February 1945) was an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in April 2018. The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "PFA Players' Player of the Year", "paragraph_text": "Every spring, each member of the association votes for two players. A shortlist of nominees is published in April and the winner of the award, along with the winners of the PFA's other annual awards, is announced at a gala event in London a few days later. The award is regarded by the players themselves as extremely prestigious, with Teddy Sheringham describing it in 2001 as ``the biggest personal award you can get in the game '', and John Terry stating in 2005 that he considered it`` the ultimate accolade to be voted for by your fellow professionals whom you play against week - in and week - out''."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "David Harbour", "paragraph_text": "David Harbour (born April 10, 1975) is an American actor. He initially drew attention for his work in several Broadway plays, garnering a Tony Award nomination for his performance in the 2005 revival of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. He currently stars as the lead role in the Netflix series Stranger Things as Police Chief Jim Hopper for which he received nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award in 2017. He is currently filming the title role in the upcoming superhero film Hellboy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Terri Swearingen", "paragraph_text": "She was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 1997, for organizing the protests against Waste Technologies Industries' toxic waste incinerator in the Appalachian town of East Liverpool, Ohio."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Goldman Environmental Prize", "paragraph_text": "Wendy Bowman, Australia Rodrigue Mugaruka Katembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo mark! Lopez, United States Uro\u0161 Macerl, Slovenia Prafulla Samantara, India Rodrigo Tot, Guatemala"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Million Dollar Baby", "paragraph_text": "Million Dollar Baby received the award for Best Picture of 2004 at the 77th Academy Awards. Clint Eastwood was awarded his second Best Director Oscar for the film, and also received a Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination. Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman received Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Actor in a Supporting Role Oscars, respectively. Joel Cox, Eastwood's editor for many years, was nominated for Best Film Editing, and Paul Haggis was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay award. The film was named the third ``Best Film of the 21st Century So Far ''in 2017 by The New York Times."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, the series was renewed for a second season scheduled to premiere on April 25, 2018. The Handmaid's Tale received widespread critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from 13 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, becoming the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series. It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories", "paragraph_text": "As of 2017, 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Six of these actors and actresses have received three or more acting Academy Awards: Katharine Hepburn (four Best Actress awards), Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day - Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day - Lewis are still living."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Xander Corvus", "paragraph_text": "Xander Corvus (born November 18, 1988) is an American pornographic actor, director, and singer. He received numerous adult industry awards, including the AVN Award for Best Actor and XBIZ Award for Male Performer of the Year in 2017."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Expanse (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The series premiered on demand on November 23, 2015, and on Syfy on December 14, 2015. In March 2017, Syfy renewed The Expanse for a 13 - episode third season, which premiered April 11, 2018. The series received positive reviews from critics, who highlighted its beautiful visuals, well - developed characters, and thrilling political narrative. It has received a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation as well as a Saturn Award nomination."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jumai Khan Azad", "paragraph_text": "Jumai Khan Azad (5 August 1930 \u2013 29 December 2013) was an Indian poet of Awadhi language from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. He received the Awadhi Academy Award and Lokabandhu Rajnarayan Memorial Award."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Amy Adams", "paragraph_text": "Amy Lou Adams (born August 20, 1974) is an American actress. She is known for both her comedic and dramatic performances, and as of 2017, is among the highest - paid actresses in the world. She has received several awards, including two Golden Globe Awards, and has been nominated for five Academy Awards and six British Academy Film Awards."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "This Is Us (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The season, which premiered on NBC on September 20, 2016, and ran until March 14, 2017, over 18 episodes, received generally positive reviews from critics. It was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten television programs of 2016, and received ten nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, as well as receiving nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama and the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series. The series was renewed for a second and third season on January 18, 2017."}], "question": "In April 2017, which Indian received the same award as Terri Swearingen?"}
{"id": "2hop__698762_58951", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "This Is Us (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The season, which premiered on NBC on September 20, 2016, and ran until March 14, 2017, over 18 episodes, received generally positive reviews from critics. It was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten television programs of 2016, and received ten nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, as well as receiving nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama and the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series. The series was renewed for a second and third season on January 18, 2017."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Million Dollar Baby", "paragraph_text": "Million Dollar Baby received the award for Best Picture of 2004 at the 77th Academy Awards. Clint Eastwood was awarded his second Best Director Oscar for the film, and also received a Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination. Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman received Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Actor in a Supporting Role Oscars, respectively. Joel Cox, Eastwood's editor for many years, was nominated for Best Film Editing, and Paul Haggis was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay award. The film was named the third ``Best Film of the 21st Century So Far ''in 2017 by The New York Times."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Goldman Environmental Prize", "paragraph_text": "Wendy Bowman, Australia Rodrigue Mugaruka Katembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo mark! Lopez, United States Uro\u0161 Macerl, Slovenia Prafulla Samantara, India Rodrigo Tot, Guatemala"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Expanse (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The series premiered on demand on November 23, 2015, and on Syfy on December 14, 2015. A 13 - episode second season premiered on February 1, 2017. In March 2017, Syfy renewed The Expanse for a 13 - episode third season to premiere on April 11, 2018. The series received positive reviews from critics, who highlighted its beautiful visuals, well - developed characters, and thrilling political narrative. It has received a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation as well as a Saturn Award nomination."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jumai Khan Azad", "paragraph_text": "Jumai Khan Azad (5 August 1930 \u2013 29 December 2013) was an Indian poet of Awadhi language from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. He received the Awadhi Academy Award and Lokabandhu Rajnarayan Memorial Award."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award is the main award of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year ceremony, which takes place each December. The winner is the sportsperson, judged by a public vote, to have achieved the most that year. The recipient must either be British or reside and play a significant amount of their sport in the United Kingdom. The winner is selected by a public - vote from a pre-determined shortlist. The most recent award winner is athlete Sir Mo Farah, who won in 2017."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yogendra Singh Yadav", "paragraph_text": "Subedar Major Yogendra Singh Yadav PVC is a Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) of the Indian Army, who was awarded the highest Indian military honour, the Param Vir Chakra, for his 4 July 1999 action during the Kargil War. Aged 19 when he received the decoration, he is recorded as the youngest person to ever be awarded the Param Vir Chakra."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Xander Corvus", "paragraph_text": "Xander Corvus (born November 18, 1988) is an American pornographic actor, director, and singer. He received numerous adult industry awards, including the AVN Award for Best Actor and XBIZ Award for Male Performer of the Year in 2017."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bharat Ratna", "paragraph_text": "There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990. Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour. In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday. As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "IIFA Award for Best Actress", "paragraph_text": "IIFA Award for Best Actress Awarded for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role Country India Presented by International Indian Film Academy First awarded Aishwarya Rai, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000) Currently held by Alia Bhatt, Udta Punjab (2017) Website IIFA Awards"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Expanse (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The series premiered on demand on November 23, 2015, and on Syfy on December 14, 2015. In March 2017, Syfy renewed The Expanse for a 13 - episode third season, which premiered April 11, 2018. The series received positive reviews from critics, who highlighted its beautiful visuals, well - developed characters, and thrilling political narrative. It has received a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation as well as a Saturn Award nomination."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of black Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Blacks have received awards in three of six award categories: eleven in Peace, three in Literature, and one in Economics. The first black recipient, American Ralph Bunche, was awarded the Peace Prize in 1950. The most recent as of 2017, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee, were awarded their Peace Prizes in 2011."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "David Harbour", "paragraph_text": "David Harbour (born April 10, 1975) is an American actor. He initially drew attention for his work in several Broadway plays, garnering a Tony Award nomination for his performance in the 2005 revival of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. He currently stars as the lead role in the Netflix series Stranger Things as Police Chief Jim Hopper for which he received nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award in 2017. He is currently filming the title role in the upcoming superhero film Hellboy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Vicar of Dibley", "paragraph_text": "\"The Vicar of Dibley\" received multiple British Comedy Awards (including a Best TV Comedy Actress Award for Emma Chambers), two International Emmys, and was a multiple British Academy Television Awards nominee. In 2004, it placed third in a BBC poll of \"Britain's Best Sitcom\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Emma Must", "paragraph_text": "She was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 1995 for her efforts on land protection, particularly her influence on British road building policies through her road protest against the M3 motorway extension at Twyford Down."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, the series was renewed for a second season scheduled to premiere on April 25, 2018. The Handmaid's Tale received widespread critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from 13 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, becoming the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series. It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories", "paragraph_text": "As of 2017, 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Six of these actors and actresses have received three or more acting Academy Awards: Katharine Hepburn (four Best Actress awards), Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day - Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day - Lewis are still living."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Amy Adams", "paragraph_text": "Amy Lou Adams (born August 20, 1974) is an American actress. She is known for both her comedic and dramatic performances, and as of 2017, is among the highest - paid actresses in the world. She has received several awards, including two Golden Globe Awards, and has been nominated for five Academy Awards and six British Academy Film Awards."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in April 2018. The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series."}], "question": "In 2017, which Indian received this award also given to Emma Must?"}
{"id": "2hop__134974_109486", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation", "paragraph_text": "The Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Costa the Elder, dating to about 1505-1506. It is displayed in the Louvre Museum of Paris, France."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Isabella of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon", "paragraph_text": "Isabella of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon or \"Isabella of France\" (1313 \u2013 26 July 1383), was a Petit Fille of France, and a daughter of Charles of Valois by his third wife Mahaut of Ch\u00e2tillon. She was the wife of Peter I, Duke of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Isabella Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Isabella Jagiellon (; ; 18 January 1519 \u2013 15 September 1559) was the oldest child of Polish King Sigismund I the Old, the Grand Duke of Lithuania and his Italian wife Bona Sforza. In 1539, she married John Z\u00e1polya, Voivode of Transylvania and King of Hungary, becoming Queen consort of Hungary. At the time Hungary was contested between Archduke Ferdinand of Austria who wanted to add it to the Habsburg domains (see Royal Hungary), local nobles who wanted to keep Hungary independent (see Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent who saw it as a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire (see also Little War in Hungary). While Isabella's marriage lasted only a year and a half, it did produce a male heir \u2013 John Sigismund Z\u00e1polya born just two weeks before his father's death in July 1540. She spent the rest of her life embroiled in succession disputes on behalf of her son. Her husband's death sparked renewed hostilities but Sultan Suleiman established her as a regent of the eastern regions of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary on behalf of her infant son. The region developed as a semi-independent buffer state noted for its freedom of religion. Ferdinand, however, never renounced his claims to reunite Hungary and conspired with Bishop George Martinuzzi who forced Isabella to abdicate in 1551. She returned to her native Poland to live with her family. Sultan Suleiman retaliated and threatened to invade Hungary in 1555\u201356 forcing nobles to invite Isabella back to Transylvania. She returned in October 1556 and ruled as her son's regent until her death in September 1559."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Catherine Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Jagiellon was born in Krak\u00f3w as the youngest daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his wife Bona Sforza of Milan. Catherine became the spouse of King John III of Sweden and mother of the future Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. After the death of her father in 1548, she and her sisters Anna and Sophia moved to Masovia with their mother. After their mother's departure to Italy in 1558, they lived there alone. The sisters were not close to their brother Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Catherine could reportedly speak Italian and Latin, and was described as more attractive than Anna, and most marriage suggestions were directed toward her."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoul\u00eame. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papal permission to marry Isabel in the first place \u2013 as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this. It remains unclear why John chose to marry Isabella of Angoul\u00eame. Contemporary chroniclers argued that John had fallen deeply in love with Isabella, and John may have been motivated by desire for an apparently beautiful, if rather young, girl. On the other hand, the Angoumois lands that came with Isabella were strategically vital to John: by marrying Isabella, John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine.[nb 5]"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Thomas Tr\u00e9houart", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Thomas Tr\u00e9houart (27 April 1798 \u2013 8 November 1873) was a French admiral, notable as the last holder to date of the rank of Admiral of France, to which he was appointed on 20 February 1869. He was a recipient of the grand cross of the Order of Isabella II."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ashlee Simpson", "paragraph_text": "Simpson announced her separation from Wentz in 2011, citing irreconcilable differences. Despite having taken time to focus on being a mother, Simpson announced a fourth studio album that same year. She independently released the single ``Bat for a Heart ''(2012), though it failed to have success. Simpson eventually scrapped the album, and focused on her child. She began dating actor Evan Ross in 2013, with the couple marrying in August 2014. Months later, the two announced that Simpson was expecting a second child, and in July 2015, she gave birth to a baby girl."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bona Sforza", "paragraph_text": "Bona Sforza d\u2019Aragona (2 February 1494 \u2013 19 November 1557) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania. A member of the powerful House of Sforza, which ruled the Duchy of Milan since 1447, she became the second wife of Sigismund\u00a0I the Old, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1518. Their marriage lasted 30 years until Sigismund's death in 1548. Ambitious and energetic, Bona became heavily involved in the political life of Poland\u2013Lithuania. To increase state revenue, she implemented various economic and agricultural reforms, including the far-reaching Wallach Reform in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Her reforms made her the richest landowner in the Grand Duchy. In foreign policy, she opposed the Habsburgs and sought to secure her eldest daughter Isabella Jagiellon in the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Date My Mom", "paragraph_text": "Date My Mom is a television dating show airing on the music channel MTV and produced by Kalissa Productions. The series premiered on November 15, 2004 and ended in 2006. An 18- to 24-year-old heterosexual male, gay male or lesbian female, goes on three separate dates with three moms, who try to convince them to pick their son or daughter to date. The dater only meets the mother and makes his or her decision solely on their impression of the mother and her descriptions of her child."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yang Meng", "paragraph_text": "Yang Meng was the third son of Yang Xingmi, a major warlord at the end of Tang Dynasty as the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Huainan Circuit (\u6dee\u5357, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). It is not known when he was born, although his immediately older brother Yang Longyan was born in 897 and his immediately younger brother Yang Pu was born in 900, placing a timeframe on his birth date. His mother's name was not recorded in history."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mothering Sunday", "paragraph_text": "Mothering Sunday Observances Visiting the church in which one was baptised, honouring one's mother Date 4th Sunday in Lent 2017 date 26 March 2018 date 11 March 2019 date 31 March 2020 date 22 March Frequency Annual Related to Laetare Sunday, Lent"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Clara Morris", "paragraph_text": "Clara Morris (March 17, 1849 \u2013 November 20, 1925) (her birth date is sometimes given as 1846/48) was an American actress."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hendrick de Clerck", "paragraph_text": "Hendrick de Clerck (c. 1560 \u2013 27 August 1630) was a Flemish painter active in Brussels during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Stylistically he belongs to the late Mannerist generation of artists preceding Peter Paul Rubens and the Flemish Baroque, and his paintings are very similar to his contemporary Marten de Vos. His exact date of birth is unknown, but in 1594 he is employed as court painter to Archduke Ernest, a position he continued to hold in the service of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella following Ernest's death in 1596."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Queen Dong", "paragraph_text": "Queen Dong (17 October 1623 \u2013 30 July 1681), birth name Dong You, posthumous name Chaowu Wangfei, was the princess consort of Koxinga and mother of Zheng Jing."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John I, Count of Foix", "paragraph_text": "John I, Count of Foix also known as \"Jean de Foix-Grailly\" (1382 \u2013 4 May 1436) was Count of Foix from 1428 until his death in 1436. He succeeded his mother Isabella, Countess of Foix. His father was Archambaud de Grailly."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Prince of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Ofra Haza as Yocheved, the mother of Miriam and Aaron and birth mother of Moses. She also sang her character's number, ``Deliver Us '', in seventeen other languages for the film's dubbing)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Childbirth", "paragraph_text": "substantial degree of cervical effacement and more rapid cervical dilatation from 5 cm until full dilatation for first and subsequent labours. In the US, the definition of active labour was changed from 3 to 4 cm, to 5 cm of cervical dilation for multiparous women, mothers who had given birth previously, and at 6 cm for nulliparous women, those who had not given birth before. This was done in an effort to increase the rates of vaginal delivery.Health care providers may assess a labouring mother's progress in labour by performing a cervical exam to evaluate the cervical dilation, effacement, and station. These factors form the Bishop score. The Bishop score can also be used as a means to predict the success of an induction of labour."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of youngest birth mothers", "paragraph_text": "Date Mother Age of mother Father Country Description 1939 - 05 - 14 May 14, 1939 Lina Medina 7000507000000000000 \u2660 5 years, 7 months Unknown Peru Peru Lina Medina, from the Ticrapo District of Peru, gave birth by cesarean section in Lima at age 5 \u2044. The infant was a 2.64 kg (5.8 lb), 47.5 cm (18.7 in) boy named Gerardo. Medina's parents, who assumed their daughter had a tumor, took her to a hospital in late March, where she was then found to be 7 months pregnant. By interrogating her parents, the doctors understood that Medina had entered into precocious puberty (when hormone glands are activated earlier than normal) very early after her birth. Although Medina's father was arrested on suspicion of sexual abuse, he was later released due to lack of evidence, and the baby's biological father was never identified."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "The character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoul\u00eame, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young \u2013 her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her marriage.[nb 15] Even by the standards of the time, Isabella was married whilst very young. John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands, to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being \"downright mean\" towards Isabella. Vincent concluded that the marriage was not a particularly \"amicable\" one. Other aspects of their marriage suggest a closer, more positive relationship. Chroniclers recorded that John had a \"mad infatuation\" with Isabella, and certainly John had conjugal relationships with Isabella between at least 1207 and 1215; they had five children. In contrast to Vincent, historian William Chester Jordan concludes that the pair were a \"companionable couple\" who had a successful marriage by the standards of the day."}], "question": "When was the mother of Isabella Jagiellon born?"}
{"id": "2hop__597084_30198", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of Atlanta", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Atlanta was a battle of the Atlanta Campaign fought during the American Civil War on July 22, 1864, just southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Continuing their summer campaign to seize the important rail and supply center of Atlanta, Union forces commanded by William Tecumseh Sherman overwhelmed and defeated Confederate forces defending the city under John Bell Hood. Union Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson was killed during the battle. Despite the implication of finality in its name, the battle occurred midway through the campaign, and the city did not fall until September 2, 1864, after a Union siege and various attempts to seize railroads and supply lines leading to Atlanta. After taking the city, Sherman's troops headed south - southeastward toward Milledgeville, the state capital, and on to Savannah with the March to the Sea."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Stadio Antonio Bianco", "paragraph_text": "Stadio Antonio Bianco is a multi-use stadium in Gallipoli, Italy. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Gallipoli Calcio. The stadium holds 5,000 people."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of Beroia", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Beroia (modern Stara Zagora) was fought in 1122 between the Pechenegs and the Byzantine Empire under Emperor John II Komnenos (r. 1118\u20131143) in what is now Bulgaria. The Byzantine army won the battle, resulting in the disappearance of the Pechenegs as a distinct, independent people."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kut Barrage", "paragraph_text": "The Kut Barrage is a barrage on the Tigris river, located in the modern town of Kut in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. It is long, high and consists of 56 gates, each wide. The maximum discharge of the barrage is , but actual discharge has not exceeded in the last 10 years. The barrage supports a road and includes a lock for boats passing up and down the Tigris. Its purpose is to maintain a sufficiently high water level in the Tigris to provide water for the Gharraf irrigation canal, which branches off the Tigris just upstream from the Kut Barrage. Before the construction of the Kut Barrage, the Gharraf canal only received water during periods of flood in the Tigris. The water level in the canal is maintained by the Gharraf Head Regulator, which was constructed at the same time as the Kut Barrage."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Dybb\u00f8l", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Dybb\u00f8l (; ) was the key battle of the Second Schleswig War, fought between Denmark and Prussia. The battle was fought on the morning of 18 April 1864, following a siege that began on 7 April. Denmark suffered a severe defeat which ultimately decided the outcome of the war."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Siege of Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Strasbourg took place during the Franco-Prussian War, and resulted in the French surrender of the fortress on 28 September 1870."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Battle of Hanko (1941)", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Hanko (also known as the Hanko Front or the Siege of Hanko) was a lengthy series of small battles fought on Hanko Peninsula during the Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union in the second half of 1941. As both sides were eager to avoid a major, costly ground battle, fighting took the form of trench warfare, with artillery exchanges, sniping, patrol clashes, and small amphibious operations performed in the surrounding archipelago. A volunteer Swedish battalion served with Finnish forces in the siege. The last Soviet troops left the peninsula in December 1941."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zarqa Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Zarqa Governorate (Arabic \"\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621\" \"Mu\u0127\u0101fazat az-Zarq\u0101\u0294\", local dialects \"ez-Zerg\u0101\" or \"ez-Zer'a\") is the third largest governorate in Jordan by population. The capital of Zarqa governorate is Zarqa City, which is the largest city in the governorate. It is located east of the Jordanian capital Amman. The second largest city in the governorate is Russeifa."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of the Sound", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of the Sound took place on 8 November 1658 (29 October O.S.) during the Second Northern War, near the Sound or \u00d8resund, just north of the Danish capital, Copenhagen. Sweden had invaded Denmark and an army under Charles X of Sweden had Copenhagen itself under siege. The Dutch fleet was sent to prevent Sweden from gaining control of both sides of the Sound and thereby controlling access to the Baltic Sea as well as of its trade."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Siege of Prague (1742)", "paragraph_text": "The 1742 Siege of Prague was an extended blockade of the Bohemian capital during the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "The war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and the UK rushed forces to Gallipoli. They then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a minor skirmish at Constan\u021ba there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that \"there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of the Chesapeake", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes or simply the Battle of the Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American Revolutionary War that took place near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 1781. The combatants were a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet led by Rear Admiral Francois Joseph Paul, the Comte de Grasse. The battle was strategically decisive, in that it prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the forces of Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The French were able to achieve control of the sea lanes against the British, allowing them to provide the Franco - American army with siege artillery and French reinforcements -- all of which proved decisive in the Siege of Yorktown, effectively securing independence for the Thirteen Colonies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18\u201323, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gallipoli campaign", "paragraph_text": "The Gallipoli campaign, also known as the Dardanelles campaign, the Battle of Gallipoli or the Battle of \u00c7anakkale (), was a campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu in modern Turkey), from 17 February 1915 to 9 January 1916. The Entente powers, Britain, France and the Russian Empire, sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, by taking control of the straits that provided a supply route to Russia. The Allies' attack on Ottoman forts at the entrance of the Dardanelles in February 1915 failed and was followed by an amphibious landing on the Gallipoli peninsula in April 1915 to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (Istanbul)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of S\u00e8vres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The occupation of Constantinople and \u0130zmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (1919\u201322) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname \"Atat\u00fcrk\"). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918\u201322), left the country on 17 November 1922. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Barrosa", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Barrosa (Chiclana, 5 March 1811, also known as the Battle of Chiclana or Battle of Cerro del Puerco) was part of an unsuccessful manoeuvre to break the siege of C\u00e1diz in Spain during the Peninsular War. During the battle, a single British division defeated two French divisions and captured a regimental eagle."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Battle of the Hydaspes", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in what is now the Punjab province of Pakistan. The battle resulted in a complete Greek victory and the annexation of the Punjab, which lay beyond the far easternmost confines of the already absorbed Persian empire, into the Macedonian Empire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Siege of Tsingtao", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Tsingtao, sometimes Siege of Tsingtau, was the attack on the German port of Tsingtao (now Qingdao) in China during World War I by Japan and the United Kingdom. The siege took place between 31 October and 7 November 1914 against Imperial Germany. The siege was the first encounter between Japanese and German forces, the first Anglo-Japanese operation of the war, and the only major land battle in the Asian and Pacific theatre during World War I."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Agridi", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Agridi was fought on 15 June 1232 between the forces loyal to Henry I of Cyprus (such as those of the Ibelin family) and the imperial army of Frederick II, composed mostly of men from Lombardy. It resulted in an Ibelin victory and the successful relief of the siege of Dieudamour, an Ibelin castle on Cyprus."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then laid siege to the city. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia. Austrian Marshal Daun arrived too late to participate in the battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting Battle of Kolin was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first military defeat. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether."}], "question": "The Battle of Gallipoli and the siege of the capital of the Wasit Governorate resulted in what?"}
{"id": "2hop__153733_851894", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Dauphin (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "paragraph_text": "``The Dauphin ''is the tenth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 36th episode overall. It was originally released on February 20, 1989 in broadcast syndication."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "There's No I in America", "paragraph_text": "\"There's No I in America\" is the fifth episode of the seventh season of the American television comedy series \"30 Rock\", and the 130th overall episode of the series. It was directed by John Riggi and written by Josh Siegal and Dylan Morgan. The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network in the United States on October 31, 2012."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Forever Charmed", "paragraph_text": "``Forever Charmed ''is the last episode of the American supernatural - drama television series Charmed, and the 178th overall. It is the second part of the double - episode series finale of the show's eighth season. The episode was written by Brad Kern and directed by James L. Conway. It was originally broadcast in the United States on May 21, 2006 on The WB.`` Forever Charmed'' involves time travel, nostalgic family visitations and a reprise of various important historical background situations, as well as a glimpse of the future to other progeny of The Charmed Ones. It was watched by 4.5 million American viewers, becoming the highest rating episode of the season."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gavin Volure", "paragraph_text": "\"Gavin Volure\" is the fourth episode of the third season of the American television comedy series \"30 Rock\", and the 40th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-executive producer John Riggi and directed by Gail Mancuso. The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in the United States on November 20, 2008. Guest stars in this episode include John McEnroe, Steve Martin, and Bobb'e J. Thompson."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cartoon Wars Part I", "paragraph_text": "\"Cartoon Wars Part I\" is the third episode in the tenth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 142nd episode of the series overall, it first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 5, 2006. It is the first part of a two-episode story-arc, which concludes with \"Cartoon Wars Part II\". In the episode, it is announced that a \"Family Guy\" episode will air with the Muslim prophet Muhammad as a character, leaving the whole of the United States fearing for their lives. Cartman apparently believes that the episode is offensive to Muslims and decides to go to Hollywood to try to get the episode pulled."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hey, Baby, What's Wrong", "paragraph_text": "\"Hey, Baby, What's Wrong\" is the sixth and seventh episode of the sixth season of the American television comedy series \"30 Rock\", and the 109th and 110th overall episode of the series. It was directed by Michael Engler and written by Kay Cannon. The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network in the United States on February 9, 2012. Guest stars in this episode include James Marsden, Mary Steenburgen, and Kristen Schaal."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Last of the Summer Wine", "paragraph_text": "Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke and originally broadcast by the BBC from 1973 to 2010. It premiered as an episode of \"Comedy Playhouse\" on 4 January 1973, and the first series of episodes followed on 12 November 1973. From 1983 to 2010, Alan J. W. Bell produced and directed all episodes of the show. The BBC confirmed on 2 June 2010 that \"Last of the Summer Wine\" would no longer be produced and the 31st series would be its last. Subsequently, the final episode was broadcast on 29 August 2010. Since its original release, all 295 episodes, comprising thirty-one series \u2014 including the pilot and all films and specials \u2014 have been released on DVD. Repeats of the show are broadcast in the UK on Gold, Yesterday, and Drama. It is also seen in more than twenty-five countries, including various PBS stations in the United States and on VisionTV in Canada. \"Last of the Summer Wine\" is the longest-running comedy programme in Britain and the longest-running sitcom in the world."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "First of the Summer Wine", "paragraph_text": "First of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom written by Roy Clarke that aired on BBC1. The pilot originally aired on 3 January 1988, and the first series of episodes followed on 4 September 1988. The show ran for two series of six episodes each, with the final episode airing on 8 October 1989. The pilot episode was produced and directed by Gareth Gwenlan. Both series of episodes were produced and directed by Mike Stephens. The BBC has never shown repeats of the show, although repeats do occasionally appear in the UK on satellite station Gold. The show was broadcast in Australia on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation network in the early 1990s."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "I Heart Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "\"I Heart Connecticut\" is the of the fifth season of the American television comedy series \"30 Rock\", and the 99th overall episode of the series. It was directed by Stephen Lee Davis, and written by Vali Chandrasekaran & Jon Haller. The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network in the United States on April 14, 2011. Guest stars in this episode include Rob Riggle, Phil Rosenthal, Steve Cirbus, and Seth Kirschner."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "NET Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "NET Playhouse was an American dramatic television anthology series produced by National Educational Television. NET subsequently merged with WNDT Newark to form WNET, and was superseded by the Public Broadcasting Service, though the NET title did remain. In addition to episodes produced in the United States, the series also aired episodes that were originally produced and broadcast in the United Kingdom. The series occasionally broadcast feature films, such as \"L'Avventura\" and \"Knife in the Water\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Farscape", "paragraph_text": "Farscape is an Australian-American science fiction television series, produced originally for the Nine Network. The series was conceived by Rockne S. O'Bannon and produced by The Jim Henson Company and Hallmark Entertainment. The Jim Henson Company was responsible for the various alien make-up and prosthetics, and two regular characters (the animatronic puppets Rygel and Pilot) are entirely Creature Shop creations."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Winter Madness", "paragraph_text": "\"Winter Madness\" is the of the fourth season of the American television comedy series \"30 Rock\", and the 69th overall episode of the series. The episode was written by Tom Ceraulo and Vali Chandrasekaran, and directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller. It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in the United States on January 21, 2010. Guest stars in this episode include Ray Bokhour, Cheyenne Jackson, Kevin Meaney, and Julianne Moore."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fat Butt and Pancake Head", "paragraph_text": "\"Fat Butt and Pancake Head\" is the fifth episode of the seventh season and the 101st overall episode of the Comedy Central series \"South Park\". It was originally broadcast on April 16, 2003."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cancelled (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "The episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA in the United States, except on syndicated broadcasts, where it is rated TV-14, instead. It was originally intended to air as the 100th episode, but \"I'm a Little Bit Country\" aired as the 100th episode instead."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of I Love Lucy episodes", "paragraph_text": "I Love Lucy is an American television sitcom starring Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley. The black - and - white series originally ran from October 15, 1951, to May 6, 1957, on the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). All 180 episodes aired on Mondays."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Governor Dunston", "paragraph_text": "\"Governor Dunston\" is the second episode of the seventh season of the American television comedy series \"30 Rock\", and the 127th overall episode of the series. It was written and directed by Robert Carlock. The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network in the United States on October 11, 2012."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of The X-Files episodes", "paragraph_text": "The show's premise originated with Chris Carter, who served as an executive producer along with R.W. Goodwin, Frank Spotnitz, Howard Gordon, Vince Gilligan, John Shiban, Kim Manners, Glen Morgan, James Wong, and many others. Filming for seasons one to five took place primarily in Vancouver, British Columbia, and for the remaining seasons in Los Angeles. Episodes were broadcast on Fridays at 9: 00 pm Eastern Time for the series's first three seasons; the remaining six seasons aired on Sundays at 9: 00 pm Eastern Time. Episodes are approximately 45 minutes in length (not including commercials) and were broadcast in standard definition. Two feature films based on the television series have been released as part of The X-Files franchise: the first premiered in summer 1998, between seasons five and six of the series, and a post-series film, The X-Files: I Want to Believe, was released in 2008. On March 24, 2015, Fox officially announced the series would return for a six - episode season, which aired in 2016. On April 20, 2017, Fox officially announced that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes, which premiered on January 3, 2018. As of March 21, 2018, 218 episodes of The X-Files have aired, concluding the eleventh season."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Much 'I Do' About Nothing", "paragraph_text": "\"Much 'I Do' About Nothing\" is the 18th episode of the CW television series, \"Gossip Girl\" as well as the series first season finale. The episode was written by Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage and directed by Norman Buckley. It originally aired on Monday, May 19, 2008 on the CW."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Grandmentor", "paragraph_text": "\"Grandmentor\" is the thirteenth episode of the sixth season of the American television comedy series \"30 Rock\", and the 116th overall episode of the series. It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller, and written by Sam Means. The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network in the United States on March 22, 2012."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I, E.T.", "paragraph_text": "\"I, E.T.\" is the second episode from the first season of the television series \"Farscape\", written by Sally Lapiduss and directed by Pino Amenta. This episode originally aired following \"Thank God It's Friday, Again\", episode #6."}], "question": "who is the original broadcaster of the series that includes the episode I, E.T.?"}
{"id": "2hop__153733_835203", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Spooked (The Office)", "paragraph_text": "The episode was written by story editor Carrie Kemper, sister of cast member Ellie Kemper, her second written story for the series. It was directed by one of The Office's cinematographers, Randall Einhorn, his 15th directing credit for the series. The episode is the third Halloween themed episode of the series after season two's ``Halloween ''and season seven's`` Costume Contest''. The episode also featured James Spader as Sabre CEO Robert California, who was set to appear in 15 episodes for the season. The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include the rest of the office getting in the debate over whether ghosts exist, and Robert's son Bert and Dwight talking about zombies, specifically characters from The Walking Dead."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Ghost Whisperer characters", "paragraph_text": "Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Imaginationland Episode I", "paragraph_text": "\"Imaginationland Episode I\" is the tenth episode of the eleventh season and the 163rd overall episode of the American animated television series \"South Park\". It premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on October 17, 2007. It is the first episode in a three-part story arc that won the 2008 Emmy for \"Outstanding Animated Program for One Hour or More\". The three episodes were later reissued together, along with previously unreleased footage, as the uncensored \"Imaginationland: The Movie\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cartoon Wars Part I", "paragraph_text": "\"Cartoon Wars Part I\" is the third episode in the tenth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 142nd episode of the series overall, it first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 5, 2006. It is the first part of a two-episode story-arc, which concludes with \"Cartoon Wars Part II\". In the episode, it is announced that a \"Family Guy\" episode will air with the Muslim prophet Muhammad as a character, leaving the whole of the United States fearing for their lives. Cartman apparently believes that the episode is offensive to Muslims and decides to go to Hollywood to try to get the episode pulled."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Cleveland Show", "paragraph_text": "Jason Sudeikis plays Holt Richter, one of Cleveland's drinking buddies with a short stature, and Terry Kimple, one of Cleveland's longtime friends who now works with him at Waterman Cable. Sudeikis originally began as a recurring cast member, but starting with the episode ``Harder, Better, Faster, Browner '', he was promoted to a series regular."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Can't Pay? We'll Take It Away!", "paragraph_text": "The first series introduces five initial cast members: Paul Bohill, Steve Pinner, Mike Allonby, Terry Jones, and Steve Wood. The day after the broadcast of the first programme, Allonby died aged 47 at his home in Wales. Both Jones and Wood subsequently only appeared in the first series, with Bohill and Pinner (High Court Solutions) the only two cast members who went on to appear in series two. The first three episodes became the most watched programme on the channel that week, with episodes four and five placing at second and third, respectively."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 9)", "paragraph_text": "The ninth series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme began on 15 August 2018, The series was confirmed at the end of the eighth series final episode in May 2018. The cast members for this series were confirmed on 23 July 2018, and features former Made in Chelsea cast member Daisy Robins, as well as The Valleys star Natalee Harris. The series was filmed in Tulum, Mexico at the luxury villa Playaakun. This series it was revealed that the exes would have more power than ever before, as the ``Tablet of Terror ''continued to throw twists at them."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce", "paragraph_text": "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce (also known as Girlfriends' Guide to Freedom starting with season 3) is an American comedy - drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo. Based on the Girlfriends' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine, the series revolves around Abby McCarthy, a self - help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce. Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby. Beau Garrett, Necar Zadegan and Paul Adelstein co-star. Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast. She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach. Retta recurred during the show's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Special no. Title Narrator (s) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers (million) 1 ``A-List Wrap Party ''I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars`` Till Death Do Us Part'' June 27, 2017 (2017 - 06 - 27) 0.62 Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell - all after series finale to discuss all of the series' tightly held secrets, behind - the - scenes insights, and top moments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Vala Mal Doran", "paragraph_text": "\"Prometheus Unbound\" introduces Vala as a sexy and mischievous human with a Goa'uld background from an unnamed planet. In season 9, Vala and Daniel set off the arc of the show's new villain race, the Ori. After giving birth to the Ori's new leader in season 10, Vala joins the SG-1 team to stop the enemy, eventually becoming a permanent member of both SG-1 and Stargate Command. Claudia Black resumed her role in the 2008 direct-to-DVD film \"\", which finishes the Ori arc. Black also appeared as Vala and her Goa'uld alter ego Qetesh in the 2008 film \"\". She was, however, not supposed to be returning for the announced third \"Stargate SG-1\" direct-to-DVD film that was scheduled to be filmed in spring 2009, but abandoned since then. For her portrayal of Vala, Claudia Black was nominated for a 2006 Saturn Award in the category \"Best Supporting Actress on Television\", and won a Constellation Award in the category \"Best Female Performance in a 2006 Science Fiction Television\" in 2007."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "April Kepner", "paragraph_text": "Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace. Drew was brought aboard Grey's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes; she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box (2009) which was eventually not picked up by ABC. Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members, notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo's absence due to pregnancy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pat Welsh (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Pat Welsh (born Patricia Anderson Carroll; February 11, 1915 -- January 26, 1995) was an American film actress, known as the raspy voice of E.T. in the 1982 film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit", "paragraph_text": "\"Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit\" is a song performed by Neil Patrick Harris and the cast of the comedy series \"How I Met Your Mother\" from the 100th episode \"Girls Versus Suits\". Carter Bays and Craig Thomas were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics for writing the song."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I, E.T.", "paragraph_text": "\"I, E.T.\" is the second episode from the first season of the television series \"Farscape\", written by Sally Lapiduss and directed by Pino Amenta. This episode originally aired following \"Thank God It's Friday, Again\", episode #6."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of Teen Wolf episodes", "paragraph_text": "On July 21, 2016, the cast announced at Comic Con that the series would end after its sixth season. The series finale aired on September 24, 2017. During the course of the series, 100 episodes of Teen Wolf aired over six seasons."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dan Castellaneta", "paragraph_text": "Until 1998, Castellaneta was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices. The dispute was soon resolved and he received $125,000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode. The issue was resolved a month later, and Castellaneta earned $250,000 per episode. After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice actors received approximately $400,000 per episode. Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, Castellaneta and the other cast members accepted a 25 percent pay cut, down to over $300,000 per episode."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Twenty Vicodin", "paragraph_text": "\"Twenty Vicodin\" is the eighth season premiere episode of the American television medical drama series \"House\" and the 156th overall episode of the series. It aired on Fox on October 3, 2011. The episode introduces a new regular cast member to the series, Odette Annable, who plays Dr. Jessica Adams. Jaleel White, who played Steve Urkel on the ABC show \"Family Matters\", makes a guest appearance in the episode. In the episode, the storyline picks up eleven months after the season seventh finale with House in prison."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Name Game (American Horror Story)", "paragraph_text": "``The Name Game ''is the tenth episode of the second season of the FX anthology television series American Horror Story. The episode, written by Jessica Sharzer and directed by Michael Lehmann, originally aired on January 2, 2013. The episode is named for the 1964 song`` The Name Game'' which is performed by the cast in the episode. The cast version of ``The Name Game ''was available for purchase through iTunes. This episode is rated TV - MA (LSV)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce", "paragraph_text": "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce (also known as Girlfriends' Guide to Freedom in season 3, Girlfriends' Guide to Bossing Up in season 4, and Girlfriends' Guide to Ever After in season 5) is an American comedy-drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo. Based on the \"Girlfriends' Guides\" book series by Vicki Iovine, the series revolves around Abby McCarthy, a self-help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce. Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby. Beau Garrett and Necar Zadegan co-star. Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast. She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach. Paul Adelstein co-starred as a main cast member for the first two seasons, before being reduced to a recurring character for the third and fifth seasons. Retta recurred during the show's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3."}], "question": "Who was a cast member of the series with the episode \"I, E.T.\"?"}
{"id": "2hop__134940_109486", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" (Latin: \"I accept nothing new except by common consent\"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the nobility's political position. Basically, this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm. This date commonly marks the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run \"Commonwealth\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Childbirth", "paragraph_text": "substantial degree of cervical effacement and more rapid cervical dilatation from 5 cm until full dilatation for first and subsequent labours. In the US, the definition of active labour was changed from 3 to 4 cm, to 5 cm of cervical dilation for multiparous women, mothers who had given birth previously, and at 6 cm for nulliparous women, those who had not given birth before. This was done in an effort to increase the rates of vaginal delivery.Health care providers may assess a labouring mother's progress in labour by performing a cervical exam to evaluate the cervical dilation, effacement, and station. These factors form the Bishop score. The Bishop score can also be used as a means to predict the success of an induction of labour."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gloria Oden", "paragraph_text": "Gloria Catherine Oden (October 30, 1923 \u2013 December 16, 2011) was an American poet, editor and retired professor of English. She was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in 1979 for \"Resurrections\", a collection of poems that responded to the unsolved murder of her mother and sister in their home in Washington, D.C."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Balbi Holy Conversation", "paragraph_text": "Balbi Holy Conversation (, also known as Titian Madonna and Child with Sts Catherine and Dominic and a Donor) is an oil painting by the Italian late Renaissance painter Titian, dated to around 1513, and now held at the Fondazione Magnani-Rocca in Traversetolo, near Parma, northern Italy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Clara Morris", "paragraph_text": "Clara Morris (March 17, 1849 \u2013 November 20, 1925) (her birth date is sometimes given as 1846/48) was an American actress."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Catherine of Aragon", "paragraph_text": "At an early age, Catherine was considered a suitable wife for Arthur, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the English throne, due to the English ancestry she inherited from her mother. By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and Constance of Castile. In contrast, Henry VII was the descendant of Gaunt's third marriage to Katherine Swynford, whose children were born out of wedlock and only legitimised after the death of Constance and the marriage of John to Katherine. The children of John and Katherine, while legitimised, were barred from inheriting the English throne, a stricture that was ignored in later generations. Because of Henry's descent through illegitimate children barred from succession to the English throne, the Tudor monarchy was not accepted by all European kingdoms. At the time, the House of Trast\u00e1mara was the most prestigious in Europe, due to the rule of the Catholic Monarchs, so the alliance of Catherine and Arthur validated the House of Tudor in the eyes of European royalty and strengthened the Tudor claim to the English throne via Catherine of Aragon's ancestry. It would have given a male heir an indisputable claim to the throne. The two were married by proxy on 19 May 1499 and corresponded in Latin until Arthur turned fifteen, when it was decided that they were old enough to be married."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Helen of Sweden (13th century)", "paragraph_text": "Helen of Sweden ( 1190 \u2013 1247, Swedish: \"Helena\") was a Swedish princess and abbess, daughter of King Sverker II of Sweden and the mother of Queen Catherine of Sweden. She was Abbess of Vreta Abbey."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of youngest birth mothers", "paragraph_text": "Date Mother Age of mother Father Country Description 1939 - 05 - 14 May 14, 1939 Lina Medina 7000507000000000000 \u2660 5 years, 7 months Unknown Peru Peru Lina Medina, from the Ticrapo District of Peru, gave birth by cesarean section in Lima at age 5 \u2044. The infant was a 2.64 kg (5.8 lb), 47.5 cm (18.7 in) boy named Gerardo. Medina's parents, who assumed their daughter had a tumor, took her to a hospital in late March, where she was then found to be 7 months pregnant. By interrogating her parents, the doctors understood that Medina had entered into precocious puberty (when hormone glands are activated earlier than normal) very early after her birth. Although Medina's father was arrested on suspicion of sexual abuse, he was later released due to lack of evidence, and the baby's biological father was never identified."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sigrid Brahe", "paragraph_text": "Sigrid Brahe was the daughter of count Per Brahe the Elder and Beata Stenbock and niece of queen dowager Catherine Stenbock, and sister of Erik Brahe (1552\u20131614), Gustaf Brahe (1558\u20131615), Margareta Brahe (1559\u20131638), Magnus Brahe (1564\u20131633) and Abraham Brahe (1569\u20131630). After the death of queen Catherine Jagiellon in 1583, king John III of Sweden had plans to marry her, but gave up the plan in consideration for the opposition of his siblings and instead married Gunilla Bielke in 1585. Instead, her family engaged her to count Erik Bielke af \u00c5ker\u00f6 upon the wish of the family and queen Gunilla Bielke. The engagement was made against the will of Sigrid Brahe, who was in love with baron Johan Nilsson Gyllenstierna."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Catherine Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Jagiellon was born in Krak\u00f3w as the youngest daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his wife Bona Sforza of Milan. Catherine became the spouse of King John III of Sweden and mother of the future Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. After the death of her father in 1548, she and her sisters Anna and Sophia moved to Masovia with their mother. After their mother's departure to Italy in 1558, they lived there alone. The sisters were not close to their brother Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Catherine could reportedly speak Italian and Latin, and was described as more attractive than Anna, and most marriage suggestions were directed toward her."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Prince of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Ofra Haza as Yocheved, the mother of Miriam and Aaron and birth mother of Moses. She also sang her character's number, ``Deliver Us '', in seventeen other languages for the film's dubbing)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)", "paragraph_text": "Max Records as Max, a lonely eight - year - old boy with a wild imagination. Catherine Keener as Connie, Max's mother. Mark Ruffalo as Adrian, Connie's boyfriend. Pepita Emmerichs as Claire, Max's sister. Steve Mouzakis as Max's teacher. Max Pfeifer, Madeleine Greaves, Joshua Jay, and Ryan Corr as Claire's friends."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James III of Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "James III of Cyprus (or Jacques III de Lusignan) (6 July 1473 \u2013 26 August 1474) was the only child by the marriage of James II of Cyprus and Catherine Cornaro. He died in mysterious circumstances as an infant, leaving his mother as the last Queen of Cyprus. His death paved the way for Venice to gain control of Cyprus."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yang Meng", "paragraph_text": "Yang Meng was the third son of Yang Xingmi, a major warlord at the end of Tang Dynasty as the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Huainan Circuit (\u6dee\u5357, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). It is not known when he was born, although his immediately older brother Yang Longyan was born in 897 and his immediately younger brother Yang Pu was born in 900, placing a timeframe on his birth date. His mother's name was not recorded in history."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ashlee Simpson", "paragraph_text": "Simpson announced her separation from Wentz in 2011, citing irreconcilable differences. Despite having taken time to focus on being a mother, Simpson announced a fourth studio album that same year. She independently released the single ``Bat for a Heart ''(2012), though it failed to have success. Simpson eventually scrapped the album, and focused on her child. She began dating actor Evan Ross in 2013, with the couple marrying in August 2014. Months later, the two announced that Simpson was expecting a second child, and in July 2015, she gave birth to a baby girl."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bona Sforza", "paragraph_text": "Bona Sforza d\u2019Aragona (2 February 1494 \u2013 19 November 1557) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania. A member of the powerful House of Sforza, which ruled the Duchy of Milan since 1447, she became the second wife of Sigismund\u00a0I the Old, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1518. Their marriage lasted 30 years until Sigismund's death in 1548. Ambitious and energetic, Bona became heavily involved in the political life of Poland\u2013Lithuania. To increase state revenue, she implemented various economic and agricultural reforms, including the far-reaching Wallach Reform in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Her reforms made her the richest landowner in the Grand Duchy. In foreign policy, she opposed the Habsburgs and sought to secure her eldest daughter Isabella Jagiellon in the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament", "paragraph_text": "Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament (birth name Catherine de Bar, 31 December 1614 \u2013 6 April 1698), was born at Saint-Di\u00e9, Lorraine in northeastern France."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jane Seymour", "paragraph_text": "Jane, the daughter of Sir John Seymour and Margery Wentworth was most likely born at Wulfhall, Wiltshire, although West Bower Manor in Somerset has also been suggested, Her birth date is not recorded; various accounts use anywhere from 1504 to 1509, but it is generally estimated as occurring in or around 1508. Through her maternal grandfather, she was a descendant of King Edward III's son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence. Because of this, she and King Henry VIII were fifth cousins. She shared a great-grandmother, Elizabeth Cheney, with his second and fifth wives, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Date My Mom", "paragraph_text": "Date My Mom is a television dating show airing on the music channel MTV and produced by Kalissa Productions. The series premiered on November 15, 2004 and ended in 2006. An 18- to 24-year-old heterosexual male, gay male or lesbian female, goes on three separate dates with three moms, who try to convince them to pick their son or daughter to date. The dater only meets the mother and makes his or her decision solely on their impression of the mother and her descriptions of her child."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication."}], "question": "When was Catherine Jagiellon's mother born?"}
{"id": "2hop__343059_109486", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Date My Mom", "paragraph_text": "Date My Mom is a television dating show airing on the music channel MTV and produced by Kalissa Productions. The series premiered on November 15, 2004 and ended in 2006. An 18- to 24-year-old heterosexual male, gay male or lesbian female, goes on three separate dates with three moms, who try to convince them to pick their son or daughter to date. The dater only meets the mother and makes his or her decision solely on their impression of the mother and her descriptions of her child."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation", "paragraph_text": "The Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Costa the Elder, dating to about 1505-1506. It is displayed in the Louvre Museum of Paris, France."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Isabella Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Isabella Jagiellon (; ; 18 January 1519 \u2013 15 September 1559) was the oldest child of Polish King Sigismund I the Old, the Grand Duke of Lithuania and his Italian wife Bona Sforza. In 1539, she married John Z\u00e1polya, Voivode of Transylvania and King of Hungary, becoming Queen consort of Hungary. At the time Hungary was contested between Archduke Ferdinand of Austria who wanted to add it to the Habsburg domains (see Royal Hungary), local nobles who wanted to keep Hungary independent (see Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent who saw it as a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire (see also Little War in Hungary). While Isabella's marriage lasted only a year and a half, it did produce a male heir \u2013 John Sigismund Z\u00e1polya born just two weeks before his father's death in July 1540. She spent the rest of her life embroiled in succession disputes on behalf of her son. Her husband's death sparked renewed hostilities but Sultan Suleiman established her as a regent of the eastern regions of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary on behalf of her infant son. The region developed as a semi-independent buffer state noted for its freedom of religion. Ferdinand, however, never renounced his claims to reunite Hungary and conspired with Bishop George Martinuzzi who forced Isabella to abdicate in 1551. She returned to her native Poland to live with her family. Sultan Suleiman retaliated and threatened to invade Hungary in 1555\u201356 forcing nobles to invite Isabella back to Transylvania. She returned in October 1556 and ruled as her son's regent until her death in September 1559."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sebastiano Montelupi", "paragraph_text": "Sebastiano Montelupi (, name occasionally Polonized as \"Wilczog\u00f3rski\", 1516 \u2013 18 August 1600), was an Italian-born merchant and banker in Krak\u00f3w, Poland, and Postmaster General of the Polish royal postal service under Sigismund II Augustus, Henry III of Poland, Anna Jagiellon, Stephen B\u00e1thory and Sigismund III Vasa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hendrick de Clerck", "paragraph_text": "Hendrick de Clerck (c. 1560 \u2013 27 August 1630) was a Flemish painter active in Brussels during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Stylistically he belongs to the late Mannerist generation of artists preceding Peter Paul Rubens and the Flemish Baroque, and his paintings are very similar to his contemporary Marten de Vos. His exact date of birth is unknown, but in 1594 he is employed as court painter to Archduke Ernest, a position he continued to hold in the service of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella following Ernest's death in 1596."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John I, Count of Foix", "paragraph_text": "John I, Count of Foix also known as \"Jean de Foix-Grailly\" (1382 \u2013 4 May 1436) was Count of Foix from 1428 until his death in 1436. He succeeded his mother Isabella, Countess of Foix. His father was Archambaud de Grailly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yang Meng", "paragraph_text": "Yang Meng was the third son of Yang Xingmi, a major warlord at the end of Tang Dynasty as the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Huainan Circuit (\u6dee\u5357, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). It is not known when he was born, although his immediately older brother Yang Longyan was born in 897 and his immediately younger brother Yang Pu was born in 900, placing a timeframe on his birth date. His mother's name was not recorded in history."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Thomas Tr\u00e9houart", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Thomas Tr\u00e9houart (27 April 1798 \u2013 8 November 1873) was a French admiral, notable as the last holder to date of the rank of Admiral of France, to which he was appointed on 20 February 1869. He was a recipient of the grand cross of the Order of Isabella II."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mothering Sunday", "paragraph_text": "Mothering Sunday Observances Visiting the church in which one was baptised, honouring one's mother Date 4th Sunday in Lent 2017 date 26 March 2018 date 11 March 2019 date 31 March 2020 date 22 March Frequency Annual Related to Laetare Sunday, Lent"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of youngest birth mothers", "paragraph_text": "Date Mother Age of mother Father Country Description 1939 - 05 - 14 May 14, 1939 Lina Medina 7000507000000000000 \u2660 5 years, 7 months Unknown Peru Peru Lina Medina, from the Ticrapo District of Peru, gave birth by cesarean section in Lima at age 5 \u2044. The infant was a 2.64 kg (5.8 lb), 47.5 cm (18.7 in) boy named Gerardo. Medina's parents, who assumed their daughter had a tumor, took her to a hospital in late March, where she was then found to be 7 months pregnant. By interrogating her parents, the doctors understood that Medina had entered into precocious puberty (when hormone glands are activated earlier than normal) very early after her birth. Although Medina's father was arrested on suspicion of sexual abuse, he was later released due to lack of evidence, and the baby's biological father was never identified."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ashlee Simpson", "paragraph_text": "Simpson announced her separation from Wentz in 2011, citing irreconcilable differences. Despite having taken time to focus on being a mother, Simpson announced a fourth studio album that same year. She independently released the single ``Bat for a Heart ''(2012), though it failed to have success. Simpson eventually scrapped the album, and focused on her child. She began dating actor Evan Ross in 2013, with the couple marrying in August 2014. Months later, the two announced that Simpson was expecting a second child, and in July 2015, she gave birth to a baby girl."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Clara Morris", "paragraph_text": "Clara Morris (March 17, 1849 \u2013 November 20, 1925) (her birth date is sometimes given as 1846/48) was an American actress."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Isabella of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon", "paragraph_text": "Isabella of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon or \"Isabella of France\" (1313 \u2013 26 July 1383), was a Petit Fille of France, and a daughter of Charles of Valois by his third wife Mahaut of Ch\u00e2tillon. She was the wife of Peter I, Duke of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Prince of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Ofra Haza as Yocheved, the mother of Miriam and Aaron and birth mother of Moses. She also sang her character's number, ``Deliver Us '', in seventeen other languages for the film's dubbing)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "The character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoul\u00eame, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young \u2013 her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her marriage.[nb 15] Even by the standards of the time, Isabella was married whilst very young. John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands, to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being \"downright mean\" towards Isabella. Vincent concluded that the marriage was not a particularly \"amicable\" one. Other aspects of their marriage suggest a closer, more positive relationship. Chroniclers recorded that John had a \"mad infatuation\" with Isabella, and certainly John had conjugal relationships with Isabella between at least 1207 and 1215; they had five children. In contrast to Vincent, historian William Chester Jordan concludes that the pair were a \"companionable couple\" who had a successful marriage by the standards of the day."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bona Sforza", "paragraph_text": "Bona Sforza d\u2019Aragona (2 February 1494 \u2013 19 November 1557) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania. A member of the powerful House of Sforza, which ruled the Duchy of Milan since 1447, she became the second wife of Sigismund\u00a0I the Old, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1518. Their marriage lasted 30 years until Sigismund's death in 1548. Ambitious and energetic, Bona became heavily involved in the political life of Poland\u2013Lithuania. To increase state revenue, she implemented various economic and agricultural reforms, including the far-reaching Wallach Reform in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Her reforms made her the richest landowner in the Grand Duchy. In foreign policy, she opposed the Habsburgs and sought to secure her eldest daughter Isabella Jagiellon in the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoul\u00eame. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papal permission to marry Isabel in the first place \u2013 as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this. It remains unclear why John chose to marry Isabella of Angoul\u00eame. Contemporary chroniclers argued that John had fallen deeply in love with Isabella, and John may have been motivated by desire for an apparently beautiful, if rather young, girl. On the other hand, the Angoumois lands that came with Isabella were strategically vital to John: by marrying Isabella, John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine.[nb 5]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" (Latin: \"I accept nothing new except by common consent\"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the nobility's political position. Basically, this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm. This date commonly marks the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run \"Commonwealth\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Queen Dong", "paragraph_text": "Queen Dong (17 October 1623 \u2013 30 July 1681), birth name Dong You, posthumous name Chaowu Wangfei, was the princess consort of Koxinga and mother of Zheng Jing."}], "question": "What is the birth date of Isabella Jagiellon's mother?"}
{"id": "2hop__135905_400079", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Donika Kastrioti", "paragraph_text": "Donika Kastrioti (n\u00e9e Andronika Arianiti-Muzaka) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg. She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, one of the greatest leaders in the Albanian war against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Madagascar (2005 film)", "paragraph_text": "Sacha Baron Cohen as King Julien XIII, a ring - tailed lemur and the king of the lemurs. King Julien was initially only meant to be a ``two - line ''character until auditioning Baron Cohen improvised eight minutes of dialogue in an Indian accent."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Catherine Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Jagiellon was born in Krak\u00f3w as the youngest daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his wife Bona Sforza of Milan. Catherine became the spouse of King John III of Sweden and mother of the future Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. After the death of her father in 1548, she and her sisters Anna and Sophia moved to Masovia with their mother. After their mother's departure to Italy in 1558, they lived there alone. The sisters were not close to their brother Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Catherine could reportedly speak Italian and Latin, and was described as more attractive than Anna, and most marriage suggestions were directed toward her."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bemaraha woolly lemur", "paragraph_text": "The Bemaraha woolly lemur (\"Avahi cleesei\"), also known as Cleese's woolly lemur, is a species of woolly lemur native to western Madagascar, named after John Cleese. The scientist who discovered the species named it after Cleese, star of Monty Python, mainly because of Cleese's fondness for lemurs, as shown in \"Operation Lemur With John Cleese\" and \"Fierce Creatures\", and his efforts at protecting and preserving them. The species was first discovered in 1990 by a team of scientists from Zurich University led by Urs Thalmann, but wasn't formally described as a species until November 11, 2005."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Angwantibo", "paragraph_text": "Angwantibos grow to a size of 22 to 30 cm, and have almost no tail at all. They only weigh up to 0.5 kg. Their fur is yellow brown to golden in color. Their snout is more pointed than that of the other lorids and this, along with their round ears, gives it the bear-like appearance that lends them their name in German: B\u00e4renmaki, \"bear lemur\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Melissa Reeves", "paragraph_text": "Melissa Reeves Reeves (left) with Ty Treadway in 2010 Melissa Brennan (1967 - 03 - 14) March 14, 1967 (age 50) Eatontown, New Jersey, U.S. Other names Melissa Brennan Missy Brennan Melissa B. Reeves Melissa Brennan Reeves Missy Reeves Occupation Actress Years active 1983 -- present Spouse (s) Scott Reeves (m. 1990) Children"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of 30 Rock characters", "paragraph_text": "John Francis ``Jack ''Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) is the decisive, controlling, suave network executive who must deal with (and / or causes) unusual events at TGS. He is an Irish - American Catholic and a Republican. Donaghy is portrayed as a slick, brilliant and scrupulous network executive who directs many overtly backhanded compliments to Liz. Lemon (as he refers to her) and Donaghy have a work spouse relationship. Jack was married two times (and engaged two other times), and with his second wife, television reporter Avery Jessup, he has a daughter, Liddy Elizabeth Donaghy, named after Liz Lemon. Avery and Jack were divorced after her return from North Korea (where she was held hostage by Kim Jong Il) when they admit they only married because of Avery's pregnancy. Shortly after becoming the CEO of Kabletown, Jack suffered an emotional crisis and resigned, only to return to General Electric."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wild and Woolly", "paragraph_text": "Wild and Woolly is a 1917 American silent Western comedy film which tells the story of one man's personal odyssey from cowboy-obsessed Easterner to Western tough guy. It stars Douglas Fairbanks, Eileen Percy, Walter Bytell and Sam De Grasse. The film was adapted by Anita Loos from a story by Horace B. Carpenter and was directed by John Emerson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Random Hearts", "paragraph_text": "Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas. Based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Warren Adler, the film is about a police officer and a Congresswoman who discover that their spouses were having an affair prior to being killed in an air disaster."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ice Age: Continental Drift", "paragraph_text": "Ray Romano as Manny, a Woolly Mammoth who is Ellie's husband and Peaches' overprotective father John Leguizamo as Sid, a lazy, but caring Ground Sloth Denis Leary as Diego, a Smilodon that is in love with Shira Seann William Scott as Crash, an opossum, Eddie's brother, and Ellie's close friend and adoptive brother Josh Peck as Eddie, an opossum, Crash's brother, and Ellie's close friend and adoptive brother Peter Dinklage as Captain Gutt, a Gigantopithecus. Jeremy Renner was originally announced to voice Gutt Wanda Sykes as Granny, Sid's 80 - year - old grandmother Jennifer Lopez as Shira, a Smilodon, and Gutt's first mate, until she is separated from her crew and falls in love with Diego Queen Latifah as Ellie, a Woolly Mammoth who is Manny's wife and Peaches' mother Josh Gad as Louis, a molehog and Peaches' best friend who has a crush on her Keke Palmer as Peaches, a teenage Woolly Mammoth and Manny and Ellie's daughter Nick Frost as Flynn an elephant seal Aziz Ansari as Squint, a rabbit (Palaeolagus) who is part of Gutt's crew Drake as Ethan, a mammoth that Peaches has a crush on Nicki Minaj as Steffie, a mammoth who is Ethan's girlfriend and makes fun of Peaches Alan Tudyk as Milton, Sid's father and Hunky Siren Ester Dean as Sloth Siren and Gutt's Siren Kunal Nayyar as Gupta, a Bengali Badger (Chamitataxus) Rebel Wilson as Raz, a kangaroo (Procoptodon) Eddie ``Piol\u00edn ''Sotelo as Uncle Fungus, Sid's uncle Joy Behar as Eunice, Sid's mother Alain Chabat as Silas, a Blue - footed booby Heather Morris as Katie, one of Steffie's best friends Chris Wedge as Scrat, a sabre - toothed squirrel Patrick Stewart as Ariscratle, a saber - toothed squirrel from Scratlantis"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Taylor Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Armstrong Armstrong at the 2012 GQ Men of the Year Awards Shana Lynette Hughes (1971 - 06 - 10) June 10, 1971 (age 46) Independence, Kansas, United States Residence Beverly Hills, California, United States Other names Shana Taylor, Shana Ford, Taylor Ford Occupation Television personality, philanthropist Years active 2010 -- present Known for The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Spouse (s) Russell Armstrong (2005 -- 2011; his death) John Bluher (2014 -- present) Children"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ice Age: The Meltdown", "paragraph_text": "Ray Romano as Manny, the woolly mammoth. John Leguizamo as Sid, the giant ground sloth. Denis Leary as Diego, the Smilodon. Chris Wedge as Scrat, the saber - toothed squirrel. Queen Latifah as Ellie, the woolly mammoth, who is under the delusion that she is a possum. Seann William Scott and Josh Peck as Crash and Eddie, the opossums, respectively. Will Arnett as Lone Gunslinger Vulture Jay Leno as Fast Tony, the giant armadillo. Tom Fahn as Stu, the Glyptodon. Alex Sullivan as James, the aardvark. Alan Tudyk as Cholly, the chalicothere. Clea Lewis as Female Mini Sloth / Dung Beetle Mom. Debi Derryberry as Aardvark Mom. Zack Shada as Additional Voices. Ariel Winter as Additional Voices."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Former Presidents Act", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of the Treasury pays a taxable pension to the president. Former presidents receive a pension equal to the pay that the head of an executive department (Executive Level I) would be paid, as of 2017 $207,800 per year. The pension begins immediately after a president's departure from office. A former president's spouse may also be paid a lifetime annual pension of $20,000 if they relinquish any other statutory pension."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Yoshi's Woolly World", "paragraph_text": "Yoshi's Woolly World is a side-scrolling platformer video game developed by Good-Feel and published by Nintendo for the Wii U. The game is the seventh main entry in the \"Yoshi\" series of games, the first home console title in the series since 1997's \"Yoshi's Story,\" as well as the spiritual successor to 2010's \"Kirby's Epic Yarn.\" The game was released worldwide throughout 2015. A port for the Nintendo 3DS, known as Poochy & Yoshi's Woolly World, was released worldwide in early 2017."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Darwinius", "paragraph_text": "The genus \"Darwinius\" was named in commemoration of the bicentenary of the birth of Charles Darwin, and the species name \"masillae\" honors Messel where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of guest characters in Fawlty Towers", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of notable guest characters from the television series \"Fawlty Towers\" written by and starring John Cleese and Connie Booth. The list below is currently incomplete, and includes some characters which are not strictly guests of the hotel, but are nonetheless 'guest' characters. Major characters for the series and cast members are listed in separate articles."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Margareta von Ascheberg", "paragraph_text": "Margareta von Ascheberg was the youngest child of Field Marshal Rutger von Ascheberg and Magdalena Eleonora Busseck. On 26 January 1691, she married colonel count Kjell Christopher Barnekow (d. 1700) in Malm\u00f6. As was the custom of the Swedish nobility as that time, she kept her name after marriage and style herself \u00bbGrevinnan Ascheberg\u00bb (Countess Ascheberg). The couple had four children. She accompanied her spouse on his military commissions: she gave birth to their youngest sons during the Bombardment of Brussels in 1695."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mammillaria mammillaris", "paragraph_text": "Mammillaria mammilllaris, common name Woolly Nipple Cactus, is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is the type species of the genus \"Mammillaria\". It has been described by Carolus Linnaeus as \"Cactus mammillaris\" in 1753. The specific epithet \"mammillaris\" comes from the Latin \"mammilla\", meaning \"nipple\", with reference to the characteristic tubercles."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the person after whom the Bemaraha woolly lemur is named?"}
{"id": "2hop__52625_400079", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Army Black Knights football", "paragraph_text": "Army Black Knights football 2018 Army Black Knights football team First season 1890 Athletic director Boo Corrigan Head coach Jeff Monken 4th season, 24 -- 26 (. 480) Other staff Brent Davis (OC) Jay Bateman (DC) Stadium Michie Stadium (Capacity: 38,000) Field surface FieldTurf Location West Point, New York NCAA division Division I FBS Conference Independent All - time record 657 -- 496 -- 51 (. 567) Bowl record 5 -- 2 (. 714) Claimed nat'l titles 3 (1944, 1945, 1946) Rivalries Navy Midshipmen Air Force Falcons Notre Dame Fighting Irish Rutgers Scarlet Knights Heisman winners Consensus All - Americans 37 Current uniform Colors Black, Gold, and Gray Fight song On, Brave Old Army Team Mascot Army Mules Marching band United States Military Academy Band Outfitter Nike Website GoArmyWestPoint.com"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spamalot", "paragraph_text": "Monty Python's Spamalot is a musical comedy adapted from the 1975 film \"Monty Python and the Holy Grail\". Like the motion picture, it is a highly irreverent parody of the Arthurian legend, but it differs from the film in many ways. The original 2005 Broadway production, directed by Mike Nichols, received 14 Tony Awards nominations, winning in three categories, including Best Musical. During its initial run of 1,575 performances, it was seen by more than two million people and grossed over $175 million. Tim Curry stars as King Arthur in the original Broadway and West End productions. It was one of eight UK musicals commemorated on Royal Mail stamps, issued in February 2011."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Monty Python's Life of Brian", "paragraph_text": "Monty Python's Life of Brian, also known as Life of Brian, is a 1979 British comedy film starring and written by the comedy group Monty Python (Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin). It was also directed by Jones. The film tells the story of Brian Cohen (played by Chapman), a young Jewish man who is born on the same day as\u2014and next door to\u2014Jesus Christ, and is subsequently mistaken for the Messiah."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Philip Sousa", "paragraph_text": "John Philip Sousa (/ \u02c8su\u02d0s\u0259 /;; November 6, 1854 -- March 6, 1932) was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era, known primarily for American military and patriotic marches. Because of his mastery of march composition, he is known as ``The March King '', or the`` American March King'' due to his British counterpart Kenneth J. Alford also being known by the former nickname. Among his best - known marches are ``The Stars and Stripes Forever ''(National March of the United States of America),`` Semper Fidelis'' (Official March of the United States Marine Corps), ``The Liberty Bell ''(used as the theme for Monty Python's Flying Circus),`` The Thunderer'' and ``The Washington Post ''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sia, le r\u00eave du python", "paragraph_text": "Sia, le r\u00eave du python (English title: \"Sia, The Dream of the Python\") is a 2001 film by Burkina Faso-based filmmaker Dani Kouyat\u00e9."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Black Ghost Bandit", "paragraph_text": "The Black Ghost Bandit is a 1915 American silent short Western directed by Tom Ricketts. The film stars Jack Richardson, Louise Lester, Harry Van Meter, Vivian Rich, Reaves Eason, and Joseph Knight."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of guest characters in Fawlty Towers", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of notable guest characters from the television series \"Fawlty Towers\" written by and starring John Cleese and Connie Booth. The list below is currently incomplete, and includes some characters which are not strictly guests of the hotel, but are nonetheless 'guest' characters. Major characters for the series and cast members are listed in separate articles."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Black Knight (Monty Python)", "paragraph_text": "In the film, King Arthur (Graham Chapman), accompanied by his trusty squire Patsy (Terry Gilliam), is travelling through a forest when he enters a clearing and observes a fight taking place between a Black Knight (John Cleese) and a Green one (also played by Gilliam) by a bridge over a small stream. As he watches, the Black Knight defeats the Green one by throwing his sword straight through the eye slot of the Green Knight's great helm (during Arthur's battle with the Black Knight, the Green Knight's body can be seen in a ditch beside the area)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Robert Crowley (CIA)", "paragraph_text": "A native of Chicago, Illinois and graduate of the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, he served in the US Army in the Pacific theater during World War II. While at West Point, Crowley played for the Army Black Knights men's soccer program, where he was an NSCAA First-Team All-American in 1945. After the war, he remained in the United States Army Reserve, retiring with the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1986."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Black Spectre", "paragraph_text": "The Black Spectre was Carson Knowles, a Vietnam War veteran whose father was a politician. Upon returning, he discovered that his wife left him and his son was killed. He couldn't get a job and decided to get revenge on the city since they turned his back on him when he needed it most. Inspired by Moon Knight, Knowles became the Black Spectre, a master criminal. He also decided to run for Mayor of New York City. Knowles was defeated by Moon Knight and sent to prison."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Deux heures moins le quart avant J\u00e9sus-Christ", "paragraph_text": "Deux heures moins le quart avant J\u00e9sus-Christ (Quarter To Two B.C.) is a 1982 French film directed by Jean Yanne. The film relates the story of the garage mechanic Ben-Hur Marcel aka Aminemephet (Coluche), who gets wrapped up organizing a plot against Caesar (Michel Serrault). The picture is an anachronistic parody of Bible films like \"Ben-Hur\", somewhat comparable to \"Monty Python's Life of Brian\" (1979). It has become a cult film in France."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)", "paragraph_text": "``The Spanish Inquisition ''is a series of sketches in Monty Python's Flying Circus, Series 2 Episode 2, first broadcast 22 September 1970, parodying the real - life Spanish Inquisition. This episode is itself entitled`` The Spanish Inquisition''. The sketches are notable for their principal catchphrase, ``NO - body expects the Spanish Inquisition! ''The end of the sketch uses music from the composition Devil's Galop by Charles Williams."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bullyparade", "paragraph_text": "The show featured both taped and live performed sketches, nearly every sketch was part of a series of sketches featuring special characters and settings. The show had a high rate of running gags, too. In Germany, \"Bullyparade\" gained strong cult followings even long time after it had been canceled, its status can be compared to \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\" in the UK. One thing it had in common with the Flying Circus is the frequent use of drag by the main cast."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Order of the British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir or Dame as they do not receive the accolade (i.e., they are not dubbed \"knight\" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spanish Steps", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish Steps (Italian: Scalinata di Trinit\u00e0 dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinit\u00e0 dei Monti, dominated by the Trinit\u00e0 dei Monti church at the top."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life", "paragraph_text": "\"Always Look on the Bright Side of Life\" is a comedy song written by Monty Python member Eric Idle that was first featured in the 1979 film \"Monty Python's Life of Brian\" and has gone on to become a common singalong at public events such as football matches as well as funerals."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Army Black Knights football", "paragraph_text": "The Army Black Knights football team, previously known as the Army Cadets, represents the United States Military Academy in college football. Army is currently a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) member of the NCAA. The Black Knights currently play home games in Michie Stadium with a capacity of 38,000 at West Point, New York. The Black Knights are coached by Jeff Monken who is in his 3rd season as head coach. Army is a three time national champion, winning the title in 1944, 1945, and 1946."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Monty Python's Flying Circus", "paragraph_text": "Monty Python's Flying Circus (known during the final series as just Monty Python) is a British sketch comedy series created by the comedy group Monty Python and broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974. The shows were composed of surreality, risqu\u00e9 or innuendo - laden humour, sight gags and observational sketches without punchlines. It also featured animations by group member Terry Gilliam, often sequenced or merged with live action. The first episode was recorded on 7 September and premiered on 5 October 1969 on BBC One, with 45 episodes airing over four series from 1969 to 1974, plus two episodes for German TV."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Colt Python", "paragraph_text": "In October 1999, Colt Manufacturing Co. announced that it was ceasing production of Python revolvers. In a 2000 follow - up letter to distributors, the company cited changing market conditions and the costs of defending lawsuits as the reasons for the discontinuation of the Python line, as well as a number of other models. The Colt Custom Gun Shop continued making a limited number of Pythons on special order until 2005, when even this limited production ceased."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Emma Peel", "paragraph_text": "Emma Peel is a fictional spy played by Diana Rigg in the British 1960s adventure television series The Avengers, and by Uma Thurman in the 1998 film version. She was born Emma Knight, the daughter of an industrialist, Sir John Knight."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the actor who plays the Black Knight in Monty Python?"}
{"id": "2hop__134910_349102", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "President-elect of the United States", "paragraph_text": "No constitutional provision or federal law requires electors to vote according to the results of their state's popular vote, though some states bind their electors to their pledges by state law. Historically, there have been only a few instances of ``faithless electors ''casting their ballots for a candidate to whom they were not pledged, and such instances have never resulted in changing the final outcome of a presidential election. The popular vote does not declare the presidency but the Electoral College vote does. Even if the popular vote goes to one candidate, another may win the electoral vote and the presidency, as has happened in 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "SS.11", "paragraph_text": "During the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, the Israeli Army was equipped with a large number of SS.11s supplied by France. SS.11 saw action in 1967 during Six-Day War, for instance during the battle of Abu-Ageila."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Philosophy of space and time", "paragraph_text": "The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its \"temporal parts\" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Qin Zhong", "paragraph_text": "Qin Zhong or Zhong of Qin (, died 822 BC) was the fourth ruler of the state of Qin (r. 844 to 822 BC) during China's Zhou dynasty. Qin at the time was a small fief that had been granted to his great-grandfather Feizi for his work breeding horses for King Xiao of Zhou. Qin Zhong succeeded his father Gongbo, who died in 845 BC. Their ancestral name was Ying ()."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Some titles have a Biblical basis, for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, who was sometimes referred to as the \"King of Kings\" due to his lineage of King David. The biblical basis for the term Queen can be seen in the Gospel of Luke 1:32 and the Book of Isaiah 9:6, and Queen Mother from 1 Kings 2:19-20 and Jeremiah 13:18-19. Other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary, e.g., Our Lady of Good Counsel, Our Lady of Navigators or Our Lady of Ransom who protects captives."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Emperor Yuan of Liang", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Yuan of Liang () (16 September 508 \u2013 27 January 555), personal name Xiao Yi (\u856d\u7e79), courtesy name Shicheng (\u4e16\u8aa0), nickname Qifu (\u4e03\u7b26), was an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty. After his father Emperor Wu and brother Emperor Jianwen were successively taken hostage and controlled by the rebel general Hou Jing, Xiao Yi was largely viewed as the \"de facto\" leader of Liang, and after defeating Hou in 552 declared himself emperor. In 554, after offending Yuwen Tai, the paramount general of rival Western Wei, Western Wei forces descended on and captured his capital Jiangling (\u6c5f\u9675, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), executing him and instead declaring his nephew Xiao Cha (Emperor Xuan) the Emperor of Liang."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bai Yun", "paragraph_text": "Bai Yun (; born September 7, 1991) is a female giant panda sheltered at the San Diego Zoo. Bai Yun was the first successful birth of a giant panda at the Wolong Giant Panda Research Center in China. She has been at the San Diego Zoo since September 10, 1996. Bai Yun gave birth to her sixth cub in 2012 since arriving at the San Diego Zoo, considered the most surviving pandas born at a breeding facility outside of native China. Bai Yun returned to China with her sixth cub in May, 2019, as the 23-year conservation loan of the pandas came to an end between China and San Diego Zoo Global."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Consort Chen Farong", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Ming died in 472, and was succeeded by his son Liu Yu (Emperor Houfei). Because Liu Zhun, as the emperor's brother, carried the title of Prince of Ancheng, Consort Chen was honored as the Princess Dowager of Ancheng. After the impulsive and violent Emperor Houfei was assassinated in 477, the general Xiao Daocheng effectively took over the government and made Liu Zhun a puppet emperor. Consort Chen, as the emperor's mother, was honored as \"Consort Dowager\" (\u7687\u592a\u5983) but not as empress dowager\u2014that title belonged to Emperor Ming's wife Empress Wang. Xiao forced Emperor Shun to yield the throne to him in 479, ending Liu Song and starting Southern Qi, and Emperor Shun was created the Prince of Ruyin. Accordingly, Consort Chen became known as the Princess Dowager of Ruyin. Later that year, the former Emperor Shun was killed by soldiers who were supposed to protect him, and Xiao then ordered a general killing of the Liu clan. It appeared unlikely that Consort Chen would have been killed in the slaughter, although it is not known when she died."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Brazil at the 2006 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The Brazilian team played until the quarter - finals, where they were defeated by France, finishing the tournament in the fifth place -- for the third time in history (1954 and 1986 were the previous instances)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Xiao Liwu", "paragraph_text": "Xiao Liwu is the sixth cub born to his mother Bai Yun, and the fifth for his father Gao Gao. He has one half-sister, Hua Mei, through Bai Yun. He also has two full brothers, Mei Sheng and Yun Zi, and two full sisters, Su Lin and Zhen Zhen. Like his full siblings, he was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Xiao Shuxian", "paragraph_text": "Xiao Shuxian (Simplified Chinese: \u8427\u6dd1\u5a34; Traditional Chinese: \u856d\u6dd1\u5afb; Pinyin: Xi\u0101o Sh\u00faxi\u00e1n; sometimes spelled Hsiao Shu-sien) (4 April 1905 in Tianjin \u2013 26 November 1991 in Beijing) was a Chinese composer and music educator."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yuan Can", "paragraph_text": "Yuan Can (420\u2013477), originally named Yuan Minsun, courtesy name Jingqian, was a high-level official of the Liu Song dynasty who, near the end of the dynasty, made a futile attempt to prevent the general Xiao Daocheng from gaining sufficient power to take the throne."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gongbo", "paragraph_text": "Gongbo (, died 845 BC) was the third ruler of the ancient Chinese state of Qin, founded when his grandfather Feizi was granted a small fief at Qin by King Xiao of Zhou. Gongbo succeeded his father, the Marquis of Qin, who died in 848 BC, and ruled for three years. He died in 845 BC and was succeeded by his son Qin Zhong."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "General Motors EN-V", "paragraph_text": "Designed for urban environments and around an extrapolation of the P.U.M.A. prototype announced by GM and Segway in 2009, the EN-V was unveiled at the joint GM & SAIC pavilion at the Expo 2010 in Shanghai from 1 May through 31 October 2010. Three different vehicles are showcased, \u7b11 \"Xiao\" (Laugh), \u9a84 \"Jiao\" (Pride) and \u5999 \"Miao\" (Magic)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Xiao Zixian", "paragraph_text": "Xiao Zixian (, 489\u2013537), courtesy name Jingyang (\u666f\u967d), formally Viscount Jiao of Ningdu (\u5be7\u90fd\u9a55\u5b50), was a historian and author, best known for producing the \"Book of Qi\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "We Are Acid Mothers Afrirampo!", "paragraph_text": "We Are Acid Mothers Afrirampo! is an album by members of Afrirampo and Acid Mothers Temple, under the band name Acid Mothers Afrirampo."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Xiao Zixian", "paragraph_text": "Xiao Zixian's grandfather was Xiao Daocheng (Emperor Gao of Southern Qi), and his father was Emperor Gao's second son Xiao Ni the Prince of Yuzhang."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Duluth Superior Symphony Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The Duluth Superior Symphony Orchestra (DSSO) is an American orchestra based in Duluth, Minnesota. Founded in 1932 as the Duluth Civic Orchestra, it became the city's first permanent symphony orchestra. In 2000, it performed the North American premiere of \"Spring Symphony\" by Chinese composer Xiao-Gang Ye. Since 1966, the DSSO has performed at the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center (DECC) Auditorium. The orchestra's season runs from September to May each year."}], "question": "What species is Xiao Liwu?"}
{"id": "2hop__23632_23636", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Burdened with debt, in 2004 Vivendi Universal sold 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment (including the studio and theme parks) to General Electric, parent of NBC. The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBCUniversal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. After that deal, GE owned 80% of NBC Universal; Vivendi held the remaining 20%, with an option to sell its share in 2006. GE purchased Vivendi's share in NBCU in 2011 and in turn sold 51% of the company to cable provider Comcast. Comcast merged the former GE subsidiary with its own cable-television programming assets, creating the current NBCUniversal. Following Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval, the Comcast-GE deal was closed on Jan 29, 2011. In March 2013, Comcast bought the remaining 49% of NBCUniversal for $16.7 billion."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Following a tentative agreement on by December 1, on December 3, 2009, the parties announced that Comcast would buy a controlling 51% stake in NBCUniversal for $6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming. GE would take over the remaining 49% stake in NBCUniversal, using $5.8 billion to buy out Vivendi's 20% minority stake in NBCUniversal. On January 18, 2011, the FCC approved the deal by a vote of 4 to 1. The sale was completed on January 28, 2011. In late December 2012, Comcast added the NBC peacock symbol to their new logo. On February 12, 2013, Comcast announced an intention to acquire the remaining 49% of General Electric's interest in NBCUniversal, which Comcast completed on March 19, 2013."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania, -based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company, for $775 million cash. In this deal Comcast acquired approximately 230,000 basic cable customers, 71,000 digital cable customers, and 86,000 high-speed Internet customers. Comcast previously owned approximately 30 percent of Susquehanna Communications through affiliate company Lenfest. In December 2005, Comcast announced the creation of Comcast Interactive Media, a new division focused on online media."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "The company is often criticized by both the media and its own staff for its less upstanding policies regarding employee relations. A 2012 Reddit post written by an anonymous Comcast call center employee eager to share their negative experiences with the public received attention from publications including The Huffington Post. A 2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcast's employees. It sought to examine why the company has become so widely criticized by its customers, the media and even members of its own staff. The series claimed part of the problem is internal and that Comcast's staff endures unreasonable corporate policies. According to the report: \"customer service has been replaced by an obsession with sales; technicians are understaffed while tech support is poorly trained; and the company is hobbled by internal fragmentation.\" A widely read article penned by an anonymous call center employee working for Comcast appeared in November 2014 on Cracked. Titled \"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\" the article also claimed that Comcast is obsessed with sales, doesn't train its employees properly and concluded that \"the system makes good customer service impossible.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast was given an \"F\" for its corporate governance practices in 2010, by Corporate Library, an independent shareholder-research organization. According to Corporate Library, Comcast's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised (at least in 2010) by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it (making them susceptible to management pressure), and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age. According to the Wall Street Journal nearly two-thirds of the flights of Comcast's $40 million corporate jet purchased for business travel related to the NBCU acquisition, were to CEO Brian Roberts' private homes or to resorts."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was \"AT&T Comcast\", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 1994, Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division for $1.27 billion. The company's UK branch, Comcast UK Cable Partners, goes public while constructing a cable telecommunications network. With five other media companies, the corporation becomes an original investor in The Golf Channel. Following a bid in 1994 for $2.1 billion, Comcast increased its ownership of QVC from 15.5% of stock to a majority, in a move to prevent QVC from merging with CBS. Comcast later sold its QVC shares in 2004 to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 2004 and 2007, the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) survey found that Comcast had the worst customer satisfaction rating of any company or government agency in the country, including the Internal Revenue Service. The ACSI indicates that almost half of all cable customers (regardless of company) have registered complaints, and that cable is the only industry to score below 60 in the ACSI. Comcast's Customer Service Rating by the ACSI surveys indicate that the company's customer service has not improved since the surveys began in 2001. Analysis of the surveys states that \"Comcast is one of the lowest scoring companies in ACSI. As its customer satisfaction eroded by 7% over the past year, revenue increased by 12%.\" The ACSI analysis also addresses this contradiction, stating that \"Such pricing power usually comes with some level of monopoly protection and most cable companies have little competition at the local level. This also means that a cable company can do well financially even though its customers are not particularly satisfied.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Phillies Post Game Live", "paragraph_text": "Phillies Post Game Live is an American television program that airs after each Philadelphia Phillies game on Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia (CSN-P). The program features the team's post game press conference, interviews, and game analysis."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone. Hewlett-Packard led \"design, creation and management\". Collaboration and unified messaging technology came from open-source vendor Zimbra. \"SmartZone users will be able to send and receive e-mail, listen to their voicemail messages online and forward that information via e-mail to others, send instant messages and video instant messages and merge their contacts into one address book\". There is also Cloudmark spam and phishing protection and Trend Micro antivirus. The address book is Comcast Plaxo software."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, Comcast bought a controlling stake in Spectacor from the company's founder, Ed Snider. Comcast-Spectacor holdings now include the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team and two large multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia. Over a number of years, Comcast became majority owner of Comcast SportsNet, as well as Golf Channel and NBCSN (formerly the Outdoor Life Network, then Versus). In 2002, Comcast paid the University of Maryland $25 million for naming rights to the new basketball arena built on the College Park campus, the XFINITY Center. Before it was renamed for Comcast's cable subsidiary, XFINITY Center was called Comcast Center from its opening in 2002 through July 2014."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In January 2015, a customer named Ricardo Brown received a bill from Comcast with his name changed to \"Asshole Brown\". Brown's wife, Lisa, believed a Comcast employee changed the name in response to the Browns' request to cancel their cable service, an incident in which she was refused a cancellation unless she paid a $60 fee and instead was routed to a retention specialist. Comcast refused to correct the name on their bill after bringing it to the attention of numerous customer service outlets for the company by explaining that Ricardo is the legal name of the customer, so the Browns turned to consumer advocate Christopher Elliott. Elliott posted the facts of the incident, along with a copy of the bill, on his blog. Shortly thereafter, Elliott contacted Comcast and Comcast offered the Browns an apology, a $60 refund, and a promise to track down and fire the responsible employee. The Browns instead requested a full refund for their negative experience and Comcast agreed to refund the family the last two years of service and provide the next two years of service at no charge. Comcast released a statement explaining: \"We have spoken with our customer and apologized for this completely unacceptable and inappropriate name change. We have zero tolerance for this type of disrespectful behavior and are conducting a thorough investigation to determine what happened. We are working with our customer to make this right and will take appropriate steps to prevent this from happening again.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Crittenden County, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Crittenden County is part of the Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the county's media comes from Memphis, although some Little Rock TV (Arkansas Educational Television Network, KATV) is imported by Comcast Cable. It lies within Arkansas's 1st congressional district."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In April 2005, Comcast and Time Warner Cable announced plans to buy the assets of bankrupted Adelphia Cable. The two companies paid a total of $17.6 billion in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006\u2014after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection. Time Warner Cable became the second largest cable provider in the U.S., ranking behind Comcast. As part of the deal, Time Warner and Comcast traded existing subscribers in order to consolidate them into larger geographic clusters."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The 548 ft (167 m) City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when One Liberty Place was constructed. Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Philadelphia's Center City from the late 1980s onwards. In 2007, the Comcast Center surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city's tallest building. The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center is under construction in Center City and is planned to reach a height of 1,121 feet (342 meters); upon completion, the tower is expected to be the tallest skyscraper in the United States outside of New York City and Chicago."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $400 million, releasing them from $1.27 billion in debt. Comcast acquired Greater Philadelphia Cablevision in 1999. In March 1999, Comcast offered to buy MediaOne for $60 billion. However, MediaOne decided to accept AT&T Corporation's offer of $62 billion instead. Comcast University started in 1999 as well as Comcast Interactive Capital Group to make technology and Internet related investments taking its first investment in VeriSign."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "With $18.8 million spent in 2013, Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States. Comcast employs multiple former US Congressmen as lobbyists. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association, which has multiple Comcast executives on its board, also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States, spending $19.8 million in 2013. Comcast was among the top backers of Barack Obama's presidential runs, with Comcast vice president David Cohen raising over $2.2 million from 2007 to 2012. Cohen has been described by many sources as influential in the US government, though he is no longer a registered lobbyist, as the time he spends lobbying falls short of the 20% which requires official registration. Comcast's PAC, the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee, is the among the largest PACs in the US, raising about $3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government. Comcast is also a major backer of the National Cable and Telecommunications Association Political Action Committee, which raised $2.6 million from 2011-2012. Comcast spent the most money of any organization in support of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP bills, spending roughly $5 million to lobby for their passage."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Comcast Sports Southwest", "paragraph_text": "Comcast Sports Southwest (CSS) was an American regional sports network that served Greater Houston, Texas. It was owned by the NBC Sports Group unit of NBCUniversal. The channel was launched on September 1, 2009 and had a similar format to Comcast/Charter Sports Southeast, which launched ten years earlier. Both networks shared the same logo and focused primarily on collegiate and high school sports."}], "question": "On what date was Comcast's purchase of controlling interest in the media conglomerate Comcast began preliminary talks to buy in 2009 reported?"}
{"id": "2hop__143145_521096", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Madonna with Child Enthroned between Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian", "paragraph_text": "Madonna with Child Enthroned between Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Pietro Perugino, executed in 1493, and housed in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Charity with Four Children", "paragraph_text": "Charity with Four Children is a sculpture by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Executed between 1627 and 1628, the work is housed in the Vatican Museums in Vatican City. The small terracotta sculpture represents \"Charity\" breast-feeding a child, with three other children playing. There is an imprint of the artist's thumbprint in the clay."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mia Aegerter", "paragraph_text": "Mia Aegerter was born on October 9, 1976 into an artist family in Fribourg, Switzerland. Her parents were members of a band, which drew Aegerter to the stage at an early age. She started working as a model and took part in many talent competitions. At a young age, she won the \"Little-Prix Walo,\" an important talent competition for young artists in Switzerland. She also succeeded in the famous \"Bravo Girl - Model Contest,\u201c in Germany."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mamma Mia! (film)", "paragraph_text": "Mamma Mia! (promoted as Mamma Mia! The Movie) is a 2008 American musical romantic comedy film based on the 1999 musical of the same name, based on the songs of successful pop group ABBA, with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson. The film was directed by Phyllida Lloyd and distributed by Universal Pictures in partnership with Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson's Playtone and Littlestar, and the title originates from ABBA's 1975 chart - topper ``Mamma Mia ''. Meryl Streep heads the cast, playing the role of single mother Donna Sheridan. Pierce Brosnan (Sam Carmichael), Colin Firth (Harry Bright), and Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd (Bill Anderson) play the three possible fathers to Donna's daughter, Sophie (Amanda Seyfried). Mamma Mia! received mixed reviews from critics and earned $609.8 million on a $52 million budget, becoming the 5th highest - grossing film of 2008."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nila Kaalam", "paragraph_text": "Nila Kaalam (Tamil) (2001) is a straight-to-TV Tamil film directed by Gandhi Krishna. The film was also released at film festivals and child artiste, Udayaraj went on to win National Film Award for Best Child Artist."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nicolai Cleve Broch", "paragraph_text": "Nicolai Cleve Broch is married to his long-time girlfriend Heidi Gjermundsen Broch, who has received education at the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, and the Norwegian National Academy of Theatre. She got her break playing Eliza Doolittle in Oslo Nye Teater, and has also received attention for her roles in \"Mamma Mia!\", and particularly as \u00c9dith Piaf in \"Piaf\". The couple has two sons, Jakob and J\u00f8rgen. Cleve Broch is the half-brother of actress Ida Elise Broch."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "\u00a1Mamma Mia!", "paragraph_text": "\u00a1Mamma Mia! the tenth album by Mexican singer Ver\u00f3nica Castro, It was released in 1988. \"Bienvenidos Aqu\u00ed est\u00e1\" is the theme to Ver\u00f3nica Castro's late night show of the same name. The song \"Bienvenidos Aqu\u00ed est\u00e1\" was also sung in Italian by Gino Renni titled \"Canzone esagerata (c\u2019\u00e8 chi c\u2019ha)\" as well as \"Decir Adios\" sung by Pupo - Fiordaliso titled \"La Vita \u00c8 Molto Di Pi\u00f9\". She also won the \"Antorcha de Plata\" from Vi\u00f1a del Mar en 1989."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again", "paragraph_text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia! by Catherine Johnson Starring Christine Baranski Pierce Brosnan Dominic Cooper Colin Firth Andy Garc\u00eda Lily James Amanda Seyfried Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd Julie Walters Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 20, 2018 (2018 - 07 - 20) Country United States Language English"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mamma Mia! (film)", "paragraph_text": "Mamma Mia! Theatrical release poster Directed by Phyllida Lloyd Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Catherine Johnson Based on Mamma Mia! by Catherine Johnson Starring Meryl Streep Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd Julie Walters Dominic Cooper Amanda Seyfried Christine Baranski Music by Benny Andersson Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus Cinematography Haris Zambarloukos Edited by Lesley Walker Production company Relativity Media Littlestar Productions Playtone Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 30, 2008 (2008 - 06 - 30) (Leicester Square) July 10, 2008 (2008 - 07 - 10) (United Kingdom) July 17, 2008 (2008 - 07 - 17) (Germany) July 18, 2008 (2008 - 07 - 18) (United States) Running time 109 minutes Country Germany United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $615.7 million"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Air Florida", "paragraph_text": "Air Florida was based at Miami International Airport. It was founded in September 1971 by a Miami, Florida, native, Eli Timoner, and was organized by company president Ted Griffin, a former marketing director of Eastern Airlines. It initiated revenue operations on September 28, 1972, operating as an intrastate airline using two Boeing 707 jetliners purchased from Pan American World Airways and offering twice-daily service in Florida between Miami (MIA), Orlando (MCO) and St.Petersburg (PIE) on a \"triangle\" routings of MIA-MCO-PIE-MIA and MIA-PIE-MCO-MIA with a one way introductory fare of $12.00. The airline later acquired Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop aircraft which replaced the Boeing 707s. Although Air Florida began operations as an intrastate air carrier flying wholly within the state of Florida, it subsequently began adding domestic and international destinations outside of the state. With this expansion, Air Florida's fleet grew to include Boeing 727-200, Boeing 737-100, Boeing 737-200, Douglas DC-8-62, Douglas DC-9-10, and McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 jetliners."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ver\u00f3nica Castro", "paragraph_text": "She started her career as a television actress, where she met comedian Manuel Vald\u00e9s, father of her son Cristian Castro, and in fotonovelas and telenovelas while earning her degree in international relations."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again", "paragraph_text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia! by Catherine Johnson Starring Christine Baranski Pierce Brosnan Dominic Cooper Colin Firth Andy Garc\u00eda Lily James Amanda Seyfried Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd Julie Walters Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16, 2018 (2018 - 07 - 16) (Hammersmith Apollo) July 20, 2018 (2018 - 07 - 20) (United Kingdom & United States) Running time 114 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $75 million Box office $350.6 million"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mamma Mia! (film)", "paragraph_text": "Mamma Mia! received mixed reviews from critics, but also massive praise from audiences, and earned $615 million on a $52 million budget, becoming the 5th highest - grossing film of 2008. A sequel, titled Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, is scheduled for a July 20, 2018 release in North America and the United Kingdom with most of the cast returning."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mia Sara", "paragraph_text": "Mia Sarapochiello (born June 19, 1967) better known as Mia Sara, is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Sloane Peterson in the 1986 comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and other films such as Legend (1985) and Timecop (1994)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mamma Mia! (film)", "paragraph_text": "Mamma Mia! (promoted as Mamma Mia! The Movie) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name, also written by Johnson, which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA, including the title song, with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson. The film features an ensemble cast, including Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd, Julie Walters, Dominic Cooper, Amanda Seyfried and Christine Baranski. The plot follows a young bride - to - be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding, each one with the possibility of being her father. The film was an international co-production between Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and was co-produced by Relativity Media, Playtone and Littlestar Productions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frances Bean Cobain", "paragraph_text": "Frances Bean Cobain (born August 18, 1992) is an American visual artist and model. She is the only child of Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain and Hole frontwoman Courtney Love."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mamma Mia!", "paragraph_text": "Mamma Mia! was adapted as a film, produced by Judy Craymer and Gary Goetzman, written by Catherine Johnson directed by Phyllida Lloyd and with Tom Hanks, Rita Wilson, Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, and Benny Andersson as executive producers. Meryl Streep stars as Donna Sheridan and Amanda Seyfried as Sophie and Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael. The movie also features Christine Baranski, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd and Julie Walters. It premiered July 18, 2008, in the US. Most of the songs remained intact with the exceptions of ``Under Attack '',`` One of Us'', ``Knowing Me, Knowing You '', and`` Thank You for the Music''. ``Knowing Me, Knowing You ''was used as the wedding music and`` Thank You for the Music'' is sung during the second half of the end credits. The first half is occupied with a ``Dancing Queen ''reprise and`` Waterloo'', with a ``Mamma Mia ''reprise and`` I Have a Dream'' sung before the credits (though the latter is sung as Sophie mails the invitations at the start of the film). ``When All Is Said and Done '', a song not used in the musical, was added for the film sung by Sam, Donna, and the company.`` Our Last Summer'' was used earlier in the movie, with Sophie, Bill, Sam, and Harry singing it. ``The Name of the Game '', while filmed, was subsequently edited out of the film for the final cut. The song is included in full on the motion picture soundtrack -- an abbreviated version of the song and scene appear on the DVD / Blu - ray as a supplement. In addition,`` Thank You for the Music'' is used as a hidden track, and is performed by Amanda Seyfried."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again", "paragraph_text": "As of October 11, 2018, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again has grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $272.2 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $392.8 million, against a production budget of $75 million."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Crocodile (Black Mirror)", "paragraph_text": "Filmed in Iceland, the episode centres on Mia (Andrea Riseborough) who is distressed about having helped her friend Rob (Andrew Gower) cover up a hit - and - run death. Fifteen years later, Rob wants to confess their crime, leading Mia to kill him and dispose of his body. Shortly after, Mia witnesses a road accident between a pedestrian and self - driving vehicle. Shazia (Kiran Sonia Sawar) meanwhile is hired to investigate the accident, and uses a Recaller device that allows her to see the recent memories of those she interviews."}], "question": "Who is the child of the \u00a1Mamma Mia! artist?"}
{"id": "2hop__142211_521096", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Manuel Vargas (singer)", "paragraph_text": "Manuel Vargas is a singer-songwriter, current member of the Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitl\u00e1n and lead performer of the Mariachi Sangre Mexicana. Vargas received two nominations at the 2nd Latin Grammy Awards for Best New Artist and Best Ranchero Album for his studio album \"Por Amor\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Doing Too Much", "paragraph_text": "\"Doing Too Much\" is the debut single released by American singer Paula DeAnda. It features Baby Bash. It reached number forty-one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. A Spanish version of the song was also released entitled \"Lo Que Hago Por Tu Amor\". (Translated: \"What I Do for Love\")"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Age Jodi Jantam Tui Hobi Por", "paragraph_text": "Age Jodi Jantam Tui Hobi Por () is a Bangladeshi romantic action film directed by Montazur Rahman Akbar and produced and distributed by Star Plus. It features actors Anik Rahman Obhi, Pushpita Popy, Ariyan Shah in lead roles. It was released at 29 August 2014 in Bangladesh. The film was a flop at the box office."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Frances Bean Cobain", "paragraph_text": "Frances Bean Cobain (born August 18, 1992) is an American visual artist and model. She is the only child of Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain and Hole frontwoman Courtney Love."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Callisto (moon)", "paragraph_text": "Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects. EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Por una Cabeza", "paragraph_text": "Por Una Cabeza was featured in a famous tango scene in Martin Brest's Scent of a Woman (1992), in the opening scene of Steve Spielberg's Schindler's List (1993), and in James Cameron's True Lies (1994)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Km. 0", "paragraph_text": "Km. 0 is a 2000 film from Spain that tells several intertwining tales of mistaken identity and coincidental meetings (that may not be coincidental) that take place near the Kilometre Zero marker in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Madonna with Child Enthroned between Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian", "paragraph_text": "Madonna with Child Enthroned between Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Pietro Perugino, executed in 1493, and housed in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jazziza", "paragraph_text": "Jazziza is the fifth album by the Azeri jazz artist Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, released in 1997. The title of the album comes from the nickname her father, Vagif Mustafa Zadeh, gave her when she was a child. The album was particularly successful in the UK, USA, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain, Argentina, Japan and in Australia with sales exceeding 3,000,000 worldwide."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Por esa Puerta", "paragraph_text": "Por esa Puerta is the last studio album by Mexican singer Ver\u00f3nica Castro. It was released in 2005. \"Por esa Puerta\" was used for the reality series, \"Big Brother VIP\", seen only in Mexico and hosted by Castro."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ver\u00f3nica Castro", "paragraph_text": "She started her career as a television actress, where she met comedian Manuel Vald\u00e9s, father of her son Cristian Castro, and in fotonovelas and telenovelas while earning her degree in international relations."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "AVE", "paragraph_text": "The central hub of the AVE system is Madrid's Puerta de Atocha, except for the Madrid -- Le\u00f3n line, which terminates at Chamart\u00edn station."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park, the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park, the Science and Technology Park of Epirus (Ioannina). Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005. Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Enceladus", "paragraph_text": "The discoveries Cassini made at Enceladus have prompted studies into follow-up mission concepts, including a probe flyby (Journey to Enceladus and Titan or JET) to analyze plume contents in-situ, a lander by the German Aerospace Center to study the habitability potential of its subsurface ocean (Enceladus Explorer), and two astrobiology-oriented mission concepts (the Enceladus Life Finder and Life Investigation For Enceladus (LIFE)).The European Space Agency (ESA) was assessing concepts in 2008 to send a probe to Enceladus in a mission to be combined with studies of Titan: Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM). TSSM was a joint NASA/ESA flagship-class proposal for exploration of Saturn's moons, with a focus on Enceladus, and it was competing against the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) proposal for funding. In February 2009, it was announced that NASA/ESA had given the EJSM mission priority ahead of TSSM, although TSSM will continue to be studied and evaluated."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "European Space Operations Centre", "paragraph_text": "The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) serves as the main mission control centre for the European Space Agency (ESA) and is located in Darmstadt, Germany. ESOC's primary function is the operation of unmanned spacecraft on behalf of ESA and the launch and early orbit phases (LEOP) of ESA and third-party missions. The Centre is also responsible for a range of operations-related activities within ESA and in cooperation with ESA's industry and international partners, including ground systems engineering, software development, flight dynamics and navigation, development of mission control tools and techniques and space debris studies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thomas Pesquet", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Gautier Pesquet (; born 27 February 1978) is a French aerospace engineer, pilot, and European Space Agency astronaut. Pesquet was selected by ESA as a candidate in May 2009, and he successfully completed his basic training in November 2010. From November 2016 to June 2017, Pesquet was part of Expedition 50 and Expedition 51 as a flight engineer. In 2019 ESA Director General Johann-Dietrich W\u00f6rner tweeted that he had proposed Pesquet for the next ESA flight to the ISS, meaning he would be the third member of the 2009 ESA selection group to fly in space twice."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nila Kaalam", "paragraph_text": "Nila Kaalam (Tamil) (2001) is a straight-to-TV Tamil film directed by Gandhi Krishna. The film was also released at film festivals and child artiste, Udayaraj went on to win National Film Award for Best Child Artist."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "This Is God", "paragraph_text": "\"This Is God\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Phil Vassar. It was released in January 2003 as the second single to the album, \"American Child\". It peaked at number 17 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, and number 9 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Endangered Species Act of 1973", "paragraph_text": "The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. \u00a7 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a \"consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation.\" The U.S. Supreme Court found that \"the plain intent of Congress in enacting\" the ESA \"was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost.\" The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)."}], "question": "Who is the child of the Por esa Puerta artist?"}
{"id": "2hop__128966_683028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "KMWS", "paragraph_text": "KMWS (89.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Mount Vernon, Washington. The station is owned by Washington State University, and airs Northwest Public Radio's news and talk programming, consisting of syndicated programming from NPR, APM and PRI, as well as locally produced offerings."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi", "paragraph_text": "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (, , , ), formerly known as Akkerman (see naming section below), is a city and port situated on the right bank of the Dniester Liman (on the Dniester estuary leading to the Black Sea) in Odessa Oblast of southwestern Ukraine, in the historical region of Bessarabia. Administratively, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is incorporated as a town of oblast significance. It also serves as the administrative center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion, one of twenty-six districts of Odessa Oblast, though it is not a part of the district. It is a location of a big freight seaport. Population:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jenin", "paragraph_text": "Jenin (; Arabic: \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u200e \u01e6in\u012bn) is a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank. It serves as the administrative center of the Jenin Governorate and is a major center for the surrounding towns. In 2007 the city had a population of 39,004. Jenin is under the administration of the Palestinian Authority."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Vernon, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Mount Vernon is the county seat of Skagit County, Washington, United States. The population was 31,743 at the 2010 census. It is one of two principal cities of and included in the Mount Vernon-Anacortes, Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area. Downtown Mount Vernon is known for its annual Tulip Festival Street Fair, which is part of the Skagit Valley Tulip Festival. The climate of Skagit County is similar to that of Northern France, with millions of tulips grown in the Skagit Valley. In 1998, Mount Vernon was rated the #1 \"Best Small City in America\" by the \"New Rating Guide to Life in America's Small Cities\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "What county includes the town that KMWS serves?"}
{"id": "2hop__135195_821601", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "My Mother Was Murdered by a Suicide Bomber", "paragraph_text": "My Mother Was Murdered by a Suicide Bomber is a TV documentary about the killing of Perla Hermele in Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel in March 2002 as part of the Passover massacre."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Shallows (film)", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after the death of her mother, medical student Nancy Adams travels to a secluded beach in Mexico, the same beach her mother visited while she was pregnant with Nancy. Carlos, a friendly local resident, gives Nancy a ride and drops her off at the beach. Nancy joins two other locals and the three surf for several hours. Taking a break from surfing, Nancy video - chats with her sister Chloe. When she talks to her father in an emotional and strained conversation, it is revealed that her mother's death caused Nancy to consider dropping out of medical school."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sigrid Sture", "paragraph_text": "She was the daughter of Svante Stensson Sture and M\u00e4rta (\"king Martha\") Erikdotter Leijonhufvud, thereby the niece of queen Margaret Leijonhufvud and the granddaughter of regent Christina Gyllenstierna. She married to Ture Pedersson Bielke and became the mother of Svante Turesson Bielke. After the death of her husband in 1577, she succeeded him as royal governor of Stranda hundred. This was an unusual position for a person of her gender in 16th century Sweden, and one she kept until her death over 30 years later. She was, however, not allowed to rule formally, but was forced to appoint male proxies to officially rule in her place."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Catherine Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Jagiellon was born in Krak\u00f3w as the youngest daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his wife Bona Sforza of Milan. Catherine became the spouse of King John III of Sweden and mother of the future Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. After the death of her father in 1548, she and her sisters Anna and Sophia moved to Masovia with their mother. After their mother's departure to Italy in 1558, they lived there alone. The sisters were not close to their brother Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Catherine could reportedly speak Italian and Latin, and was described as more attractive than Anna, and most marriage suggestions were directed toward her."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ariel Rittenhouse", "paragraph_text": "Ariel Rittenhouse (born December 9, 1990 in Menlo Park, California) is an American diving athlete. Rittenhouse won a silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Rittenhouse placed 4th in the synchronized springboard. Her mother, Sharon Finneran, was an Olympic swimmer who won a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Rush of Green", "paragraph_text": "The Rush of Green, also known as Pan or The Bowater House Group, was the last sculpture completed by Jacob Epstein before his death at his home in Hyde Park Gate on 19 August 1959. The sculpture group includes a long-limbed family \u2013 father, mother, son and dog \u2013 rushing towards Hyde Park, encouraged by the Greek god Pan playing his pipes. It was cast in bronze posthumously and installed in 1961 on a plinth separating the carriageways of Edinburgh Gate beneath Bowater House. The sculpture was removed when Bowater House was demolished in 2006 and reinstalled near its replacement One Hyde Park in 2010. The sculpture was granted a Grade II listing in January 2016."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Angwantibo", "paragraph_text": "The males mate with all available females whose territory overlaps with theirs. Copulation takes place hanging onto a branch. Gestation lasts 130 days and births are of a single offspring. The juvenile clasps itself first to the belly of the mother and later she may park her offspring on a branch while she goes searching for food. Within three to four months the young are weaned, at about six months it leaves its mother, and at an age of eight to ten months it becomes fully mature. The life expectancy of angwantibos is at most 13 years."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mary Anna Custis Lee", "paragraph_text": "Mary Anna Custis Lee was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis, George Washington's step-grandson and adopted son and founder of Arlington House, and Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, daughter of William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolph Fitzhugh. Her godmother, Mary Randolph, the first person recorded buried at Arlington, wrote an early book on housekeeping and cooking. Lee's birth year is usually given as 1808, but it appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother as 1807, and is also referred to in a letter her mother wrote in the autumn of 1807. She was born at Annefield in Clarke County, Virginia when her mother's coach stopped there during a journey. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yuk Young-soo", "paragraph_text": "Yuk Young-soo ( November 29, 1925 \u2013 August 15, 1974) was the wife of the 3rd South Korean president Park Chung-hee and the mother of the 11th South Korean president Park Geun-hye. She was killed in 1974 during an attempted assassination of her husband, Park Chung-hee."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Longstock Park", "paragraph_text": "Longstock Park is in the civil parish of Longstock in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England, and forms part of the Leckford Estate (1520 ha.), wholly owned by the John Lewis Partnership. Formerly Longstock Manor, of medieval origins, the park was purchased by Sir Joshua East in 1849. On his death, the park passed to his sons Alfred and Arthur. In 1914, the park became the home of the Beddington family until 1945, when it was sold to John Spedan Lewis, founder of the John Lewis Partnership. Lewis lived at Longstock House throughout his retirement until his death in 1963, after which the house became a retreat for the company's executives. The park is today home to a retail horticultural emporium, the Longstock Park Nursery, and also accommodates an arboretum and water gardens."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Walter Bateman", "paragraph_text": "The son of silk merchant John Bateman, Walter Bateman was born in London on 22 June 1826. In 1830 the Bateman family emigrated to Western Australia on board the \"Medina\", settling in Fremantle, Western Australia where John Bateman established himself as general store owner, whaler and postmaster. Following his father's death in April 1855, Bateman's mother took over as postmaster. After her, Bateman held the position until November 1861. He served on the Fremantle Town Trust in 1860, 1862 and from 1864 to 1865."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Constitution Place, Canberra", "paragraph_text": "Constitution Place is a park in Canberra, the capital of Australia. The area was named in February 1998 by Prime Minister of Australia John Howard during the course of the Fourth Constitutional Convention on the options for an Australian republic. The park is located to the south-east of Old Parliament House and adjoining the Old Parliament House Gardens and nearby to the National Archives of Australia. It is semicircular in shape, with curved road frontages on King George Terrace, Walpole Crescent and Queen Victoria Terrace. There is also a windbreak of trees, which were planted by Charles Weston as superintendent of parks and gardens in Canberra."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John Parke Custis", "paragraph_text": "John Parke Custis (\"Jacky\") (27 November 1754 \u2013 5 November 1781) was a Virginia planter and the son of Martha Washington and stepson of George Washington."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Immigrant Mother", "paragraph_text": "Immigrant Mother is a public artwork by Croatian artist Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107 located in Cathedral Square Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The bronze sculpture sits on a red granite base and depicts a mother with her children."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John I, Count of Foix", "paragraph_text": "John I, Count of Foix also known as \"Jean de Foix-Grailly\" (1382 \u2013 4 May 1436) was Count of Foix from 1428 until his death in 1436. He succeeded his mother Isabella, Countess of Foix. His father was Archambaud de Grailly."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jan Hope", "paragraph_text": "John Hope (14 February 1737 \u2013 1784), also known as Jan Hope, was a Dutch banker, the son of Thomas Hope and Margaretha Marcelis. A first cousin of Henry Hope, he was father of Thomas Hope, and a follower of the Scottish Enlightenment. He is best known today for his Groenendaal Park in Heemstede, Netherlands, where he summered from 1767 to his death in 1784."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hamilton Ironworks", "paragraph_text": "Hamilton Ironworks is John Hartford's last album, recorded before his death in 2001. Along with the Hartford Stringband, Hartford interprets 22 traditional fiddle tunes. The title track is a traditional Ozarks tune referring to an old mine in Meramec State Park, Missouri."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Vernon", "paragraph_text": "Mount Vernon was the plantation of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and his wife, Martha Washington. The estate is situated on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, across from Prince George's County, Maryland. The Washington family had owned land in the area since the time of Washington's great-grandfather in 1674. Around 1734 they embarked on an expansion of the estate that continued under George Washington, who began leasing the estate in 1754, but did not become its sole owner until 1761."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Muir", "paragraph_text": "John Muir (/ mj\u028a\u0259r /; April 21, 1838 -- December 24, 1914) also known as ``John of the Mountains ''and`` Father of the National Parks'', was an influential Scottish - American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books describing his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, have been read by millions. His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he co-founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. The 211 - mile (340 km) John Muir Trail, a hiking trail in the Sierra Nevada, was named in his honor. Other such places include Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Beach, John Muir College, Mount Muir, Camp Muir, Muir Grove, and Muir Glacier. In Scotland, the John Muir Way, a 130 - mile - long route, was named in honor of him."}], "question": "Where did the mother of John Parke Custis die?"}
{"id": "2hop__141541_23636", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Following a tentative agreement on by December 1, on December 3, 2009, the parties announced that Comcast would buy a controlling 51% stake in NBCUniversal for $6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming. GE would take over the remaining 49% stake in NBCUniversal, using $5.8 billion to buy out Vivendi's 20% minority stake in NBCUniversal. On January 18, 2011, the FCC approved the deal by a vote of 4 to 1. The sale was completed on January 28, 2011. In late December 2012, Comcast added the NBC peacock symbol to their new logo. On February 12, 2013, Comcast announced an intention to acquire the remaining 49% of General Electric's interest in NBCUniversal, which Comcast completed on March 19, 2013."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast was given an \"F\" for its corporate governance practices in 2010, by Corporate Library, an independent shareholder-research organization. According to Corporate Library, Comcast's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised (at least in 2010) by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it (making them susceptible to management pressure), and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age. According to the Wall Street Journal nearly two-thirds of the flights of Comcast's $40 million corporate jet purchased for business travel related to the NBCU acquisition, were to CEO Brian Roberts' private homes or to resorts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In April 2005, Comcast and Time Warner Cable announced plans to buy the assets of bankrupted Adelphia Cable. The two companies paid a total of $17.6 billion in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006\u2014after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection. Time Warner Cable became the second largest cable provider in the U.S., ranking behind Comcast. As part of the deal, Time Warner and Comcast traded existing subscribers in order to consolidate them into larger geographic clusters."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $400 million, releasing them from $1.27 billion in debt. Comcast acquired Greater Philadelphia Cablevision in 1999. In March 1999, Comcast offered to buy MediaOne for $60 billion. However, MediaOne decided to accept AT&T Corporation's offer of $62 billion instead. Comcast University started in 1999 as well as Comcast Interactive Capital Group to make technology and Internet related investments taking its first investment in VeriSign."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Walt Disney World", "paragraph_text": "The Walt Disney World Resort, commonly known as Walt Disney World, or often just as Disney World, is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. Opened on October 1, 1971, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company. The property covers 27,258 acres (43 sq mi; 110 km), featuring four theme parks, two water parks, twenty - seven themed resort hotels, nine non-Disney hotels, several golf courses, a camping resort, and other entertainment venues, including the outdoor shopping center Disney Springs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was \"AT&T Comcast\", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania, -based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company, for $775 million cash. In this deal Comcast acquired approximately 230,000 basic cable customers, 71,000 digital cable customers, and 86,000 high-speed Internet customers. Comcast previously owned approximately 30 percent of Susquehanna Communications through affiliate company Lenfest. In December 2005, Comcast announced the creation of Comcast Interactive Media, a new division focused on online media."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Despite these criticisms, Comcast has appeared on multiple \"top places to work\" lists. In 2009, it was included on CableFAX magazine's \"Top 10 Places to Work in Cable\", which cited its \"scale, savvy and vision\". Similarly, the Philadelphia Business Journal awarded Comcast the silver medal among extra-large companies in Philadelphia, with the gold medal going to partner organization, Comcast-Spectacor. The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city's top place to work in 2009. Employee diversity is also an attribute upon which Comcast receives strong marks. In 2008, Black Enterprise magazine rated Comcast among the top 15 companies for workforce diversity. Comcast was also named a \"Top 2014 Workplace\" by the Washington Post in their annual feature."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "With $18.8 million spent in 2013, Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States. Comcast employs multiple former US Congressmen as lobbyists. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association, which has multiple Comcast executives on its board, also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States, spending $19.8 million in 2013. Comcast was among the top backers of Barack Obama's presidential runs, with Comcast vice president David Cohen raising over $2.2 million from 2007 to 2012. Cohen has been described by many sources as influential in the US government, though he is no longer a registered lobbyist, as the time he spends lobbying falls short of the 20% which requires official registration. Comcast's PAC, the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee, is the among the largest PACs in the US, raising about $3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government. Comcast is also a major backer of the National Cable and Telecommunications Association Political Action Committee, which raised $2.6 million from 2011-2012. Comcast spent the most money of any organization in support of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP bills, spending roughly $5 million to lobby for their passage."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Disney Parks, Experiences and Products", "paragraph_text": "Disney Parks, Experiences and Products, Inc., formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. and informally known as Disney Parks, is one of The Walt Disney Company's four major business segments and a subsidiary. It was founded in 1971, following the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida just outside of Orlando, Florida."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Neuberger Museum of Art", "paragraph_text": "Neuberger Museum of Art is located in Purchase, New York, United States. It is affiliated with Purchase College, part of the State University of New York system. It is the nation's tenth-largest university museum."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, Comcast bought a controlling stake in Spectacor from the company's founder, Ed Snider. Comcast-Spectacor holdings now include the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team and two large multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia. Over a number of years, Comcast became majority owner of Comcast SportsNet, as well as Golf Channel and NBCSN (formerly the Outdoor Life Network, then Versus). In 2002, Comcast paid the University of Maryland $25 million for naming rights to the new basketball arena built on the College Park campus, the XFINITY Center. Before it was renamed for Comcast's cable subsidiary, XFINITY Center was called Comcast Center from its opening in 2002 through July 2014."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marvel Comics", "paragraph_text": "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts plans on creating original Marvel attractions at their theme parks, with Hong Kong Disneyland becoming the first Disney theme park to feature a Marvel attraction. Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios, signed prior to Disney's purchase of Marvel, Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney are barred from having Marvel characters in their parks. However, this only includes characters Universal is currently using, other characters in their \"families\" (X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, etc.), and the villains associated with said characters. This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets, merchandise, attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "Many US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run. The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels (including E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN), over-the-air national broadcast network channels (NBC and Telemundo), the film production studio Universal Pictures, and Universal Parks & Resorts, with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment locations and attractions in the U.S. and several other countries including U.A.E., South Korea, Russia and China, with several new locations reportedly planned and being developed for future operation. Comcast also has significant holding in digital distribution (thePlatform). In February 2014 the company agreed to merge with Time Warner Cable in an equity swap deal worth $45.2 billion. Under the terms of the agreement Comcast was to acquire 100% of Time Warner Cable. However, on April 24, 2015, Comcast terminated the agreement."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Universal Parks & Resorts", "paragraph_text": "Universal Parks & Resorts, also known as Universal Studios Theme Parks or solely Universal Theme Parks, is the theme park division of NBCUniversal a subsidiary of Comcast. The division, headquartered in Orlando, Florida, operates Universal theme parks and resort properties around the world. Universal Parks & Resorts is best known for attractions and lands based on famous classic and modern pop culture properties (movies, television, literature, cartoons, comics, video games, music, etc.) from not only NBCUniversal, but also third-party companies, for all of its parks."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Burdened with debt, in 2004 Vivendi Universal sold 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment (including the studio and theme parks) to General Electric, parent of NBC. The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBCUniversal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. After that deal, GE owned 80% of NBC Universal; Vivendi held the remaining 20%, with an option to sell its share in 2006. GE purchased Vivendi's share in NBCU in 2011 and in turn sold 51% of the company to cable provider Comcast. Comcast merged the former GE subsidiary with its own cable-television programming assets, creating the current NBCUniversal. Following Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval, the Comcast-GE deal was closed on Jan 29, 2011. In March 2013, Comcast bought the remaining 49% of NBCUniversal for $16.7 billion."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Walt Disney World", "paragraph_text": "Coordinates: 28 \u00b0 23 \u2032 07 ''N 81 \u00b0 33 \u2032 50'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 28.385233 \u00b0 N 81.563874 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 28.385233; - 81.563874 The Walt Disney World Resort is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. Opened on October 1, 1971, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company. The property covers 27,258 acres (43 sq mi; 110 km), featuring four theme parks, two water parks, twenty - seven themed resort hotels, nine non -- Disney hotels, several golf courses, a camping resort, and other entertainment venues, including Disney Springs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 1994, Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division for $1.27 billion. The company's UK branch, Comcast UK Cable Partners, goes public while constructing a cable telecommunications network. With five other media companies, the corporation becomes an original investor in The Golf Channel. Following a bid in 1994 for $2.1 billion, Comcast increased its ownership of QVC from 15.5% of stock to a majority, in a move to prevent QVC from merging with CBS. Comcast later sold its QVC shares in 2004 to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion."}], "question": "On what date was the report of Comcast's purchase of controlling interest in the company that includes Universal Parks & Resorts?"}
{"id": "2hop__782123_23636", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, Comcast bought a controlling stake in Spectacor from the company's founder, Ed Snider. Comcast-Spectacor holdings now include the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team and two large multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia. Over a number of years, Comcast became majority owner of Comcast SportsNet, as well as Golf Channel and NBCSN (formerly the Outdoor Life Network, then Versus). In 2002, Comcast paid the University of Maryland $25 million for naming rights to the new basketball arena built on the College Park campus, the XFINITY Center. Before it was renamed for Comcast's cable subsidiary, XFINITY Center was called Comcast Center from its opening in 2002 through July 2014."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Despite these criticisms, Comcast has appeared on multiple \"top places to work\" lists. In 2009, it was included on CableFAX magazine's \"Top 10 Places to Work in Cable\", which cited its \"scale, savvy and vision\". Similarly, the Philadelphia Business Journal awarded Comcast the silver medal among extra-large companies in Philadelphia, with the gold medal going to partner organization, Comcast-Spectacor. The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city's top place to work in 2009. Employee diversity is also an attribute upon which Comcast receives strong marks. In 2008, Black Enterprise magazine rated Comcast among the top 15 companies for workforce diversity. Comcast was also named a \"Top 2014 Workplace\" by the Washington Post in their annual feature."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $400 million, releasing them from $1.27 billion in debt. Comcast acquired Greater Philadelphia Cablevision in 1999. In March 1999, Comcast offered to buy MediaOne for $60 billion. However, MediaOne decided to accept AT&T Corporation's offer of $62 billion instead. Comcast University started in 1999 as well as Comcast Interactive Capital Group to make technology and Internet related investments taking its first investment in VeriSign."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 1994, Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division for $1.27 billion. The company's UK branch, Comcast UK Cable Partners, goes public while constructing a cable telecommunications network. With five other media companies, the corporation becomes an original investor in The Golf Channel. Following a bid in 1994 for $2.1 billion, Comcast increased its ownership of QVC from 15.5% of stock to a majority, in a move to prevent QVC from merging with CBS. Comcast later sold its QVC shares in 2004 to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Roosevelt Hotel (Manhattan)", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1979, the hotel was leased by the Pakistan International Airlines through its investment arm PIA Investments Ltd. (``PIA ''), with an option to purchase the building after 20 years. Prince Faisal bin Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia was one of the investors in the 1979 deal. In 1999, PIA exercised their option and bought the hotel for $36.5 million, after a legal battle with owner Paul Milstein, who claimed it was worth much more. In 2005, PIA bought out its Saudi partner in a deal that included the prince's share in H\u00f4tel Scribe in Paris in exchange for $40 million and PIA's share of the Riyadh Minhal Hotel (a Holiday Inn located on property owned by the prince). PIA has since controlled 99 percent interest in the hotel, while the Saudis have only 1 percent."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "Many US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run. The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "The company is often criticized by both the media and its own staff for its less upstanding policies regarding employee relations. A 2012 Reddit post written by an anonymous Comcast call center employee eager to share their negative experiences with the public received attention from publications including The Huffington Post. A 2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcast's employees. It sought to examine why the company has become so widely criticized by its customers, the media and even members of its own staff. The series claimed part of the problem is internal and that Comcast's staff endures unreasonable corporate policies. According to the report: \"customer service has been replaced by an obsession with sales; technicians are understaffed while tech support is poorly trained; and the company is hobbled by internal fragmentation.\" A widely read article penned by an anonymous call center employee working for Comcast appeared in November 2014 on Cracked. Titled \"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\" the article also claimed that Comcast is obsessed with sales, doesn't train its employees properly and concluded that \"the system makes good customer service impossible.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have been given the right to petition directly the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so. Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore, in the public interest, anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf. This is known as ``Public interest litigation ''. In some cases, High Court judges have acted suo moto on their own on the basis of newspaper reports."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Burdened with debt, in 2004 Vivendi Universal sold 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment (including the studio and theme parks) to General Electric, parent of NBC. The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBCUniversal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. After that deal, GE owned 80% of NBC Universal; Vivendi held the remaining 20%, with an option to sell its share in 2006. GE purchased Vivendi's share in NBCU in 2011 and in turn sold 51% of the company to cable provider Comcast. Comcast merged the former GE subsidiary with its own cable-television programming assets, creating the current NBCUniversal. Following Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval, the Comcast-GE deal was closed on Jan 29, 2011. In March 2013, Comcast bought the remaining 49% of NBCUniversal for $16.7 billion."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "With $18.8 million spent in 2013, Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States. Comcast employs multiple former US Congressmen as lobbyists. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association, which has multiple Comcast executives on its board, also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States, spending $19.8 million in 2013. Comcast was among the top backers of Barack Obama's presidential runs, with Comcast vice president David Cohen raising over $2.2 million from 2007 to 2012. Cohen has been described by many sources as influential in the US government, though he is no longer a registered lobbyist, as the time he spends lobbying falls short of the 20% which requires official registration. Comcast's PAC, the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee, is the among the largest PACs in the US, raising about $3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government. Comcast is also a major backer of the National Cable and Telecommunications Association Political Action Committee, which raised $2.6 million from 2011-2012. Comcast spent the most money of any organization in support of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP bills, spending roughly $5 million to lobby for their passage."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Manhattan Project", "paragraph_text": "The key raw material for the project was uranium, which was used as fuel for the reactors, as feed that was transformed into plutonium, and, in its enriched form, in the atomic bomb itself. There were four known major deposits of uranium in 1940: in Colorado, in northern Canada, in Joachimsthal in Czechoslovakia, and in the Belgian Congo. All but Joachimstal were in allied hands. A November 1942 survey determined that sufficient quantities of uranium were available to satisfy the project's requirements. Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of 1,200 short tons (1,100 t) of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo. He negotiated with Eldorado Gold Mines for the purchase of ore from its refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, and its shipment in 100 - ton lots. The Canadian government subsequently bought up the company's stock until it acquired a controlling interest."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania, -based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company, for $775 million cash. In this deal Comcast acquired approximately 230,000 basic cable customers, 71,000 digital cable customers, and 86,000 high-speed Internet customers. Comcast previously owned approximately 30 percent of Susquehanna Communications through affiliate company Lenfest. In December 2005, Comcast announced the creation of Comcast Interactive Media, a new division focused on online media."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Inland Valley Daily Bulletin", "paragraph_text": "Donrey Media formed the paper in 1990 by merging the \"Progress Bulletin\" of Pomona with \"The Daily Report\" of Ontario. Donrey had owned both papers since 1967. It is now owned by Digital First Media, who took control of the paper from Donrey in 1999."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "KidsCo", "paragraph_text": "KidsCo was closed down worldwide on early 2014 by its owners, in light of NBCUniversal's acquisition of US children's network Sprout and \"growing challenges in the international children's television industry. The network was based in London at the time of its closure."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Following a tentative agreement on by December 1, on December 3, 2009, the parties announced that Comcast would buy a controlling 51% stake in NBCUniversal for $6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming. GE would take over the remaining 49% stake in NBCUniversal, using $5.8 billion to buy out Vivendi's 20% minority stake in NBCUniversal. On January 18, 2011, the FCC approved the deal by a vote of 4 to 1. The sale was completed on January 28, 2011. In late December 2012, Comcast added the NBC peacock symbol to their new logo. On February 12, 2013, Comcast announced an intention to acquire the remaining 49% of General Electric's interest in NBCUniversal, which Comcast completed on March 19, 2013."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Comcast Sports Southwest", "paragraph_text": "Comcast Sports Southwest (CSS) was an American regional sports network that served Greater Houston, Texas. It was owned by the NBC Sports Group unit of NBCUniversal. The channel was launched on September 1, 2009 and had a similar format to Comcast/Charter Sports Southeast, which launched ten years earlier. Both networks shared the same logo and focused primarily on collegiate and high school sports."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Natives Land Act, 1913", "paragraph_text": "Natives Land Act, 1913 Act to make further provision as to the purchase and leasing of Land by Natives and other Persons in the several parts of the Union and for other purposes in connection with the ownership and occupation of Land by Natives and other Persons.It was discrimatory and aimed at white control of land. Citation Act No. 27 of 1913 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 16 June 1913 Date commenced 19 June 1913 Date repealed 30 June 1991 Administered by Minister of Native Affairs Repealing legislation Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991 Related legislation Native Trust and Land Act, 1936 Status: Repealed"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "Comcast was given an \"F\" for its corporate governance practices in 2010, by Corporate Library, an independent shareholder-research organization. According to Corporate Library, Comcast's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised (at least in 2010) by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it (making them susceptible to management pressure), and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age. According to the Wall Street Journal nearly two-thirds of the flights of Comcast's $40 million corporate jet purchased for business travel related to the NBCU acquisition, were to CEO Brian Roberts' private homes or to resorts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Colleen Ballinger", "paragraph_text": "Ballinger then purchased a new home in Encino, California. Ballinger met actor Erik Stocklin in 2016 when she cast him to play Miranda's love interest in Haters Back Off. The couple began dating by early 2018 and confirmed the relationship publicly in June 2018. Later the same month, Ballinger announced that she and Stocklin are engaged and expecting their first child."}], "question": "On what date was Comcast's purchase of controlling interest in the owner of KidsCo reported?"}
{"id": "2hop__135023_540249", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Portrait of Pietro Aretino", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Pietro Aretino is a portrait of the Renaissance poet Pietro Aretino by Titian, painted around 1545, possibly for Cosimo I de' Medici. It is now in the sali di Venere of Palazzo Pitti in Florence."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pope Clement VII", "paragraph_text": "Pope Clement VII (; ) (26 May 1478 \u2013 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Garzia de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "Garzia de' Medici (July 5, 1547 \u2013 December 6, 1562) was the son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Eleanor of Toledo. He was the subject of a famous painting by Bronzino when he was an infant. He was born in Florence and died of malaria along with his mother while traveling to Pisa, a few days after his brother, Cardinal Giovanni, also died of the disease."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nannina de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "Nannina de' Medici (14 February 1448 \u2013 14 May 1493), born Lucrezia de' Medici, was the second daughter of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici and Lucrezia Tornabuoni. She was thus the elder sister of Lorenzo de' Medici. She married Bernardo Rucellai. Her father's name was Piero, so she is sometimes known as Lucrezia di Piero de' Medici."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Age of the Medici", "paragraph_text": "The Age of the Medici, originally released in Italy as L'et\u00e0 di Cosimo de Medici (\"The Age of Cosimo de Medici\"), is a 1973 3-part TV series about the Renaissance in Florence, directed by Roberto Rossellini. The series was shot in English in the hope of securing a North American release, which it failed to achieve, and was later dubbed into Italian and shown on state television. The films are: \"Cosimo de Medici\", \"The Power of Cosimo\" and \"Leon Battista Alberti: Humanism\". It is Fred Ward's debut role."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paul Ph\u00e9lypeaux de Pontchartrain", "paragraph_text": "Paul Ph\u00e9lypeaux de Pontchartrain (1569 \u2013 21 October 1621), lord of Pontchartrain and Villesavin, was a French statesman. He served both Marie de' Medici and her son Louis XIII during a period of conflict between Catholics and Protestants in France, the French Wars of Religion. He was one of the negotiators of the Treaty of Loudun in 1616."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Giuliano de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "Giuliano de' Medici (25 March 1453 \u2013 26 April 1478) was the second son of Piero de' Medici (the Gouty) and Lucrezia Tornabuoni. As co-ruler of Florence, with his brother Lorenzo the Magnificent, he complemented his brother's image as the \"patron of the arts\" with his own image as the handsome, sporting, \"golden boy.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "H\u00f4tel de Soissons", "paragraph_text": "The H\u00f4tel de Soissons was a \"h\u00f4tel particulier\" (grand house) built in Paris, France, between 1574 and 1584 for Catherine de' Medici (1519\u201389) by the architect Jean Bullant (1515\u201378)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pietro de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "Don Pietro de' Medici (3 June 1554 \u2013 25 April 1604) was the youngest son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Eleonora di Toledo."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Portrait of Bia de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Bia de' Medici is an oil-tempera on wood painting by Agnolo Bronzino, dating to around 1542 and now in the Uffizi in Florence. For a long time it was displayed in the Tribuna at the heart of the museum, but since 2012 it has been moved to the 'sale rosse' of the Nuovi Uffizi. A second portrait, by Pontormo, has also been argued to show Bia de' Medici, but this identification is disputed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid", "paragraph_text": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid (1665-1668) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Amsterdam Museum."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "Anna Maria Luisa was the only daughter of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orl\u00e9ans, a niece of Louis XIII of France. On her marriage to Elector Johann Wilhelm II, she became Electress of the Palatinate, and, by patronising musicians, she earned for the contemporary Palatine court the reputation of an important music centre. As Johann Wilhelm had syphilis the union produced no offspring, which, combined with her siblings' barrenness, meant that the Medici were on the verge of extinction."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Henry IV Receiving the Spanish Ambassador", "paragraph_text": "Henry IV Receiving the Spanish Ambassador is an 1817 painting in the Troubador style by the French painter Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. It shows Henry IV of France playing with his children whilst receiving the Spanish ambassador, with Marie de Medici seated at the centre."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maria Maddalena de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "Maria Maddalena de' Medici (29 June 1600 \u2013 28 December 1633) was a Tuscan princess, the eighth daughter of Ferdinando I and Christina of Lorraine, making her the sister of Cosimo II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "James III of Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "James III of Cyprus (or Jacques III de Lusignan) (6 July 1473 \u2013 26 August 1474) was the only child by the marriage of James II of Cyprus and Catherine Cornaro. He died in mysterious circumstances as an infant, leaving his mother as the last Queen of Cyprus. His death paved the way for Venice to gain control of Cyprus."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Margherita de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "Margherita de' Medici (31 May 1612 \u2013 6 February 1679) was Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her marriage to Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma. Margherita was regent of Piacenza in 1635, and regent of the entire duchy from 1646 until 1648 during the minority of her son."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Medici Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Medici Fountain (fr: \"La fontaine M\u00e9dicis\") is a monumental fountain in the Jardin du Luxembourg in the 6th arrondissement in Paris. It was built in about 1630 by Marie de' Medici, the widow of King Henry IV of France and regent of King Louis XIII of France. It was moved to its present location and extensively rebuilt in 1864-66."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Portrait of Ippolito de' Medici", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Ippolito de' Medici is a 1532-33 portrait of Ippolito de' Medici by Titian, now in the Palazzo Pitti."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gian Giacomo Medici", "paragraph_text": "Gian Giacomo Medici was the brother of Giovanni Angelo Medici, who was later to be elected Pope as Pius IV. They were scions of an impoverished though patrician family of Milan not connected with the Medici of Florence, in spite of the Medici heraldic \"palle\" appearing in the contemporary engraving (\"illustration\"): thus the nickname \"Il Medeghino\", the \"little Medici\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vasari Corridor", "paragraph_text": "The Vasari Corridor was built in five months by order of Duke Cosimo I de' Medici in 1565, to the design of Giorgio Vasari.  It was commissioned in connection with the marriage of Cosimo's son, Francesco, with Johanna of Austria."}], "question": "Who is the child of the mother of Nannina de' Medici?"}
{"id": "2hop__265883_147728", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Powwow Pond", "paragraph_text": "Powwow Pond is a water body in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States. The outlet of the pond is located in the town of East Kingston, but most of the lake lies in the town of Kingston. The Powwow River, the outlet of the pond, flows to the Merrimack River in Amesbury, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Ivry", "paragraph_text": "The battle occurred on the plain of \u00c9pieds, Eure near Ivry (later renamed Ivry-la-Bataille), Normandy. Ivry-la-Bataille is located on the Eure River and about thirty miles west of Paris, at the boundary between the \u00cele-de-France and the Beauce regions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of Taginae", "paragraph_text": "At the Battle of Taginae (also known as the Battle of Busta Gallorum) in June/July 552, the forces of the Byzantine Empire under Narses broke the power of the Ostrogoths in Italy, and paved the way for the temporary Byzantine reconquest of the Italian Peninsula."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Walker Pond", "paragraph_text": "Walker Pond is a body of water in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, situated off Route 49 on the way to Wells State Park."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Good Ground", "paragraph_text": "A Good Ground is the second LP released by Oxford Collapse. It was originally released on Kanine Records, but has since been made available by Sub Pop."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Kay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Kay (), also referred to as the Battle of Sulech\u00f3w, Battle of Z\u00fcllichau, or Battle of Paltzig, was an engagement fought on 23 July 1759 during the Seven Years' War. It occurred near Kay (Kije) in the Neumark, now part of Poland."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chizha test range", "paragraph_text": "The village of Chizha is located on the River Chizha, which flows into the Barents Sea on the west side of the Kanin Peninsula. There is an aerodrome nearby and a monitoring station located at . Chizha test range is described as being on the tip of Cape Kanin, which is , to the north."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of the Border", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Border () refers to the battles that occurred in the first days of the German invasion of Poland in September, 1939. The series of battles ended in a German victory, as Polish forces were either destroyed or forced to retreat."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Born Yesterday (1993 film)", "paragraph_text": "Born Yesterday is a 1993 comedy film based on \"Born Yesterday\", a play by Garson Kanin. It stars Melanie Griffith, John Goodman and Don Johnson. It was adapted by Douglas McGrath and directed by Luis Mandoki."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Potamogeton amplifolius", "paragraph_text": "Potamogeton amplifolius, commonly known as largeleaf pondweed or broad-leaved pondweed, is an aquatic plant of North America. It grows in water bodies such as lakes, ponds, and rivers, often in deep water."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Battle of Hanko (1941)", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Hanko (also known as the Hanko Front or the Siege of Hanko) was a lengthy series of small battles fought on Hanko Peninsula during the Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union in the second half of 1941. As both sides were eager to avoid a major, costly ground battle, fighting took the form of trench warfare, with artillery exchanges, sniping, patrol clashes, and small amphibious operations performed in the surrounding archipelago. A volunteer Swedish battalion served with Finnish forces in the siege. The last Soviet troops left the peninsula in December 1941."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of the Barents Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Barents Sea was a World War II naval engagement on 31 December 1942 between warships of the German Navy (\"Kriegsmarine\") and British ships escorting convoy JW 51B to Kola Inlet in the USSR. The action took place in the Barents Sea north of North Cape, Norway. The German raiders' failure to inflict significant losses on the convoy infuriated Hitler, who ordered that German naval strategy would concentrate on the U-boat fleet rather than surface ships."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Georgian Bay", "paragraph_text": "Georgian Bay (French: Baie Georgienne) is a large bay of Lake Huron, located entirely within Ontario, Canada. The main body of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. To its northwest is the North Channel."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Peloponnese", "paragraph_text": "The Peloponnese is a peninsula that covers an area of some 21,549.6 square kilometres (8,320.3 sq mi) and constitutes the southernmost part of mainland Greece. While technically it may be considered an island since the construction of the Corinth Canal in 1893, like other peninsulas that have been separated from their mainland by man - made bodies of waters, it is rarely, if ever, referred to as an ``island ''. It has two land connections with the rest of Greece, a natural one at the Isthmus of Corinth, and an artificial one by the Rio -- Antirrio bridge (completed 2004)."}], "question": "When did a battle occur in the body of water located near Kanin Peninsula?"}
{"id": "2hop__36226_13774", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Governor-General of India", "paragraph_text": "The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company's Court of Directors. The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors, but he also had an additional vote to break ties. The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor-General."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "After the Council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue. The separated brothers and sisters, as he called them, were not able to contribute to the Council as invited observers. After the Council, many of them took initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. But the Catholic Church itself recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters, that much needed to be done within, to be an open partner for ecumenism. To those who are entrusted the highest and deepest truth and therefore, so Paul VI, believed that he had the most difficult part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart. Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, \"Do you love me more\" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits, and they underscore the Church's fundamental approach to ecumenism."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Town meeting", "paragraph_text": "A town meeting is a form of direct democratic rule, used primarily in portions of the United States -- principally in New England -- since the 17th century, in which most or all the members of a community come together to legislate policy and budgets for local government. This is a town - or city - level meeting where decisions are made, in contrast with town hall meetings held by state and national politicians to answer questions from their constituents, which have no decision - making power."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Council of Cardinal Advisers", "paragraph_text": "The Council of Cardinal Advisers, formally the Council of Cardinals (C9), is a group of Catholic cardinals appointed by Pope Francis to serve as his advisers. Announced on 13 April 2013, one month after his election, it was formally established on 28 September of the same year. The Council currently has six members, following the decision by Pope Francis to remove three of its members in late 2018."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Immaculate Conception", "paragraph_text": "The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, \"free from all sin, original or personal\". The Council of Trent decreed: \"If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions. Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Last Man Standing (American TV series)", "paragraph_text": "On May 10, 2017, ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons, despite the series being the second most - watched ABC sitcom during the 2016 -- 17 season (based on Live + 7 figures), with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season. A rep for 20th Century Fox TV said cancellation decisions are made by ABC. ``This was a scheduling decision, ''wrote Jori Arancio, senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios. ABC and its production partner for the show, 20th Century Fox TV, typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season; however, the network decided to cancel the show without doing so. Also, the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show, in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production, had expired after six seasons. Had the series been renewed for a seventh season, ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing's production costs, which the network was unwilling to do."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the P\u0113d\u00e1lion (Greek: \u03a0\u03b7\u03b4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \"Rudder\"), so named because it is meant to \"steer\" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them n\u00f3moi/\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 (laws) rather than kan\u00f3nes/\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters, namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent. Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Security Council of Russia", "paragraph_text": "The Security Council of the Russian Federation (SCRF; Russian: \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0421\u0411\u0420\u0424); \"Sovet bezopasnosti Rossiiyskoiy Federatsii (SBRF)\") is a consultative body of the Russian President that works out the President's decisions on national security affairs. Composed of key ministers and agency heads and chaired by the President of Russia, the SCRF was established to be a forum for coordinating and integrating national security policy. It is the successor of the Security Council of the USSR."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "In early 1942, the governments of smaller powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia-Pacific war council, based in Washington, D.C.. A council was established in London, with a subsidiary body in Washington. However, the smaller powers continued to push for an American-based body. The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington, on 1 April 1942, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, his key advisor Harry Hopkins, and representatives from Britain, China, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada. Representatives from India and the Philippines were later added. The council never had any direct operational control, and any decisions it made were referred to the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff, which was also in Washington. Allied resistance, at first symbolic, gradually began to stiffen. Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Common law", "paragraph_text": "The doctrine of precedent developed during the 12th and 13th centuries, as the collective judicial decisions that were based in tradition, custom and precedent."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lois Miriam Wilson", "paragraph_text": "Lois Miriam Wilson, (born Lois Freeman; April 8, 1927) was the first female Moderator of the United Church of Canada, from 1980 to 1982. She was ordained a United Church minister in 1965, her husband having previously been ordained a United Church minister. From 1983 to 1989 she served as co-director of the Ecumenical Forum of Canada and also served as a president of the Canadian Council of Churches (1976-1979) as well as the World Council of Churches (1983-1991). A close friend of the noted Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence, she participated in several public forums with Laurence and presided at Laurence's 1986 funeral."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The territory is currently made up of six local councils, comprising the City of Abuja and five Local Government Areas, namely:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scotch-Irish immigrants communities, and also from New England Yankee communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon \"Plan of Union of 1801\" for frontier areas."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Albert Outler", "paragraph_text": "Albert Cook Outler (November 17, 1908 \u2013 September 1, 1989) was a 20th-century American Methodist theologian and philosopher. Outler is generally considered to be one of the most important Wesley scholars in the history of the church as well as the first real United Methodist theologian. He was also a key figure in the 20th-century ecumenical movement."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, the World Council of Churches has been influential, but ineffective in creating a united church. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local levels across the globe; but schisms still far outnumber unifications. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement, has been the move to form united churches, such as the Church of South India, the Church of North India, the US-based United Church of Christ, the United Church of Canada, the Uniting Church in Australia and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines which have rapidly declining memberships. There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement, though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine."}], "question": "In which century did the ecumenical council that made the decision occur?"}
{"id": "2hop__49754_175123", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of the world's tallest buildings", "paragraph_text": "The earliest structures now known to be the tallest in the world were the Egyptian pyramids, with the Great Pyramid of Giza, at an original height of 146.5 metres (481 ft), being the tallest man -- made structure in the world for over 3,800 years, until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1300. From then until the completion of the Washington Monument (capped in 1884) the world's tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals. Later, the Eiffel Tower and, still later, some radio masts and television towers were the world's tallest structures."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Company Business Towers", "paragraph_text": "Company Business Towers is a mixed use commercial development complex (with two towers) in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, that was completed in 2013 and one of the two towers would be tall and would be the tallest skyscraper in Brazil in 2013. The project comprises high end residential units, commercial office and retail space as well as a hotel."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Holy Trinity Cathedral (Karachi)", "paragraph_text": "Holy Trinity Cathedral is the seat of the Church of Pakistan, Diocese of Karachi, situated on Fatima Jinnah Road, near Zainab Market, in Karachi, Pakistan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of tallest buildings and structures", "paragraph_text": "The Tokyo Skytree, completed in February 2012, is 634 m (2,080 ft), making it the tallest tower, and second - tallest freestanding structure in the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Holy Trinity Academy (Drayton Valley)", "paragraph_text": "Holy Trinity Academy is a Catholic High School in the town of Drayton Valley, Alberta. Its first graduating class was the Class of 2009."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Torrazzo of Cremona", "paragraph_text": "The Torrazzo is the bell tower of the Cathedral of Cremona, Lombardy, in northern Italy. At , it is the third tallest brickwork bell tower in the world, the first being the tower of St. Martin's Church in Landshut, Bavaria, and the second at the Church of Our Lady in Bruges, Belgium. However the Torrazzo (completed in 1309) is older than the Landshut tower (completed in 1500) and the Bruges tower (completed in 1465), and it is the oldest brick structure taller than 100\u00a0m that is still standing."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. Their original wood-frame structures would be enlarged, and even moved closer to the beach, over the years. The modern Chalfonte Hotel, eight stories tall, opened in 1904. The modern Haddon Hall was built in stages and was completed in 1929, at eleven stories. By this time, they were under the same ownership and merged into the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel, becoming the city's largest hotel with nearly 1,000 rooms. By 1930, the Claridge, the city's last large hotel before the casinos, opened its doors. The 400-room Claridge was built by a partnership that included renowned Philadelphia contractor John McShain. At 24 stories, it would become known as the \"Skyscraper By The Sea.\" The city became known as the \"The World's Playground."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and K\u00e4figturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are eleven 16th century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Simcoe Macaulay", "paragraph_text": "Colonel The Hon. John Simcoe Macaulay (13 October 1791 \u2013 20 December 1855) was a businessman and political figure in Upper Canada. In 1845, before retiring to England, he donated the land on which the Church of the Holy Trinity (Toronto) was built."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Swiss\u00f4tel Krasnye Holmy Moscow", "paragraph_text": "The Swiss\u00f4tel Krasnye Holmy Moscow was the tallest hotel building in Moscow when it was completed in 2005. The building features 34 stories. Its design is influenced by geometries, with its circular tower being paired with a stepped, rectilinear podium."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the world's tallest buildings", "paragraph_text": "Years tallest Name Location Height Increase 1908 -- 1909 Singer Building New York City 186.57 metres (612.1 ft) 11.7% 1909 -- 1913 Metropolitan Life Tower New York City 213.36 metres (700.0 ft) 14.4% 1913 -- 1930 Woolworth Building New York City 241.4 metres (792 ft) 13.1% 1930 Bank of Manhattan Trust Building New York City 283 metres (928 ft) 17.2% 1930 -- 1931 Chrysler Building New York City 318.8 metres (1,046 ft) 12.65% 1931 -- 1972 Empire State Building New York City 381 metres (1,250 ft) 19.5% 1972 -- 1974 1 World Trade Center New York City 417 metres (1,368 ft) 9.45% 1974 -- 1998 Sears Tower Chicago 442 metres (1,450 ft) 6% 1998 -- 2004 Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur 451.9 metres (1,483 ft) 2.24% 2004 -- 2010 Taipei 101 Taipei 509.2 metres (1,671 ft) 12.68% 2010 -- present Burj Khalifa Dubai 828 metres (2,717 ft) 62.61%"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Holy Trinity Church Rectory and Convent", "paragraph_text": "The Holy Trinity Church Rectory and Convent in Bloomington, Illinois, USA, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983. The Rectory and Convent Building is situated behind the art deco church on the site of the 1869 Holy Trinity Church, which was destroyed by a tornado before it was completed. A fire completely obliterated the church in 1932, but the church was financed, and recovery was quick. The finished Art-Deco building was completed in 1933 and opened in 1934. It still stands today."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cathedral of La Plata", "paragraph_text": "The Cathedral of La Plata in La Plata, Argentina, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, is the 58th tallest church in the world. This Neogothic edifice is located in the geographical center of the city, facing the central square, Plaza Moreno, and the City Hall."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon", "paragraph_text": "The Collegiate Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon is a Grade I listed parish church of the Church of England in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The hotel has been housed in two historic landmark buildings in New York. The first, bearing the same name, was built in two stages, as the Waldorf Hotel and the Astoria Hotel, which accounts for its dual name. That original site was situated on Astor family properties along Fifth Avenue, opened in 1893, and designed by Henry J. Hardenbergh. It was demolished in 1929 to make way for the construction of the Empire State Building. The present building, at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, is a 47 - story 190.5 m (625 ft) Art Deco landmark designed by architects Schultze and Weaver, which was completed in 1931. The current hotel was the world's tallest hotel from 1931 until 1963, when it was surpassed by Moscow's Hotel Ukraina by 7 metres (23 ft). An icon of glamour and luxury, the current Waldorf Astoria is one of the world's most prestigious and best known hotels. Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts is a division of Hilton Hotels, and a portfolio of high - end properties around the world now operate under the name, including in New York City."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Holy Trinity Church, Dubai", "paragraph_text": "The Holy Trinity Church is an inter-denominational Christian church in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is part of the Chaplaincy of Dubai, Sharjah and the Northern Emirates. It was founded on 5 April 1970, on the land granted by the Emir of Dubai, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "International Commerce Centre", "paragraph_text": "The International Commerce Centre () (abbreviated ICC) is a 118-storey, commercial skyscraper completed in 2010 in West Kowloon, Hong Kong. It is a part of the Union Square project on top of Kowloon Station. It was the 4th tallest building in the world (third in Asia) when its construction was completed in 2010. As of June 2019, it is the world's 12th tallest building by height, world's ninth tallest building by number of floors, as well as the tallest building in Hong Kong and also the 6th tallest building within China."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rutherford Hotel", "paragraph_text": "The Rutherford Hotel (named after Sir Ernest Rutherford) is a luxury accommodation hotel in Nelson, New Zealand It is the biggest hotel in Nelson, and the city's tallest building. It is part of the chain company Heritage Hotels, which have hotels based in many locations around New Zealand."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New York Tribune Building", "paragraph_text": "The New York Tribune Building was a building built by Richard Morris Hunt in 1875 in New York City. It was built as the headquarters of the New York Tribune, and was a brick and masonry structure topped by a Clock Tower. It was tall and when new the second-tallest building in New York, after Trinity Church. It was demolished in 1966."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Empire State Building", "paragraph_text": "The Empire State Building is a 102 - story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and completed in 1931, the building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including its antenna. Its name is derived from ``Empire State '', the nickname of New York. As of 2017 the building is the 5th - tallest completed skyscraper in the United States and the 28th - tallest in the world. It is also the 6th - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas."}], "question": "In which country is Holy Trinity Church in the city of the world's tallest hotel as of 2009?"}
{"id": "2hop__145071_175123", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud", "paragraph_text": "Saad bin Abdulaziz (1915 \u2013 23 July 1993) was a former governor of 'Asir and a member of House of Saud. He was also a former chairman of royal family council of Al Saud. The Council was created to look after the members of the Saudi royal family and was not related to any political issues. The current chairman is King Salman bin Abdulaziz."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Abdul Rahman bin Faisal", "paragraph_text": "Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud (1845\u20131928) ( / ALA-LC: \"\u2018Abd ar Ra\u1e25man bin Fay\u1e63al\") was the last ruler of the Emirate of Nejd, Second Saudi State. He was the youngest son of Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud and the father of Ibn Saud, who founded the modern Saudi Arabia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Abdul Rahman bin Saud Al Saud", "paragraph_text": "Abdul Rahman bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (19 November 1946 \u2013 29 July 2004) was a member of Saudi royal family, House of Saud."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ameerat", "paragraph_text": "Ameerat, a bay horse with a white star and three white socks, was bred in England by her owner Ahmed Al Maktoum. Ameerat was sired by Mark of Esteem an \u201coutstanding\u201d miler who won the 2000 Guineas and the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes in 1996. He went on to become a successful stallion, siring The Derby winner Sir Percy and the European champion sprinter Reverence. Her dam, Walimu, won three minor races for Ahmed Al Maktoum and was a granddaughter of the racemare Roussalka who won the Coronation Stakes and two editions of the Nassau Stakes in the mid-1970s. As a descendant of the broodmare Mumtaz Begum, she is a member of the same branch of Thoroughbred family 9-c which produced Shergar, Risen Star and Oh So Sharp."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of royalty by net worth", "paragraph_text": "Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum Chairman of Dubai Supreme Fiscal Committee Dubai Sheikh United Arab Emirates $31.7 billion (April 2011) Chairman of the Emirates Group, Dubai World, Noor Bank, DACC, and Noor Takaful insurance company."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sultan bin Saud", "paragraph_text": "Sultan bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud is the son of King Saud and the grandson of King Abdulaziz the first monarch of Saudi Arabia. His mother was Munirah Al Haboot Al Mutairi. He is the brother of Prince Abdulrahman bin Saud, the godfather of Al-Nasr, and the uncle of Prince Faisal bin Abdulrahman Al Saud and Mamdoh bin Abdulrahman bin Saud, two of Al-Nasr presidents."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States invasion of Afghanistan", "paragraph_text": "U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al - Qaeda; bin Laden had already been wanted by the FBI since 1998. The Taliban declined to extradite him unless given what they deemed convincing evidence of his involvement in the 9 / 11 attacks and ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases and hand over other terrorist suspects apart from bin Laden. The request was dismissed by the U.S. as a meaningless delaying tactic and it launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001 with the United Kingdom. The two were later joined by other forces, including the Northern Alliance troops on the ground. The U.S. and its allies rapidly drove the Taliban from power by 17 December 2001, and built military bases near major cities across the country. Most al - Qaeda and Taliban members were not captured, escaping to neighboring Pakistan or retreating to rural or remote mountainous regions during the Battle of Tora Bora."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Omar bin Laden", "paragraph_text": "Omar bin Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (, \"\u02bfUmar bin \u02beUs\u0101mah bin Mu\u1e25ammad bin \u02bfAwa\u1e0d bin L\u0101din\"; born March 1, 1982), better known as Omar bin Laden, is one of the sons of Osama bin Laden and his first wife and first cousin Najwa Ghanem (see Bin Laden family). He is the fourth-eldest son among 20 children of Osama bin Laden. Older reports have described Omar and his brother Abdallah bin Laden as nephews or cousins of Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Holy Trinity Church, Dubai", "paragraph_text": "The Holy Trinity Church is an inter-denominational Christian church in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is part of the Chaplaincy of Dubai, Sharjah and the Northern Emirates. It was founded on 5 April 1970, on the land granted by the Emir of Dubai, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saoud bin Abdulrahman Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Saoud bin Abdul Rahman Al-Thani Stadium (), also known as Al-Wakrah SC Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Al Wakrah, Qatar. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It is the home venue of Al-Wakrah Sports Club. The stadium has a capacity of 12,000 seats."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Istabraq", "paragraph_text": "Istabraq was bred for the flat, being by the outstanding champion sire Sadler's Wells, who won the Irish 2,000 Guineas over 1 mile and also being three parts brother to an Epsom Derby winner, Secreto. Istabraq was tried unsuccessfully over a mile and failed to please his handlers and owner Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum of Shadwell Racing and a partner in his family's Godolphin Stables."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum", "paragraph_text": "Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum (1878 \u2013 9 September 1958) () was the Ruler of Dubai from 1912 until his death in 1958. He presided over Dubai during the end of the pearling boom and through the long and difficult recession that followed the collapse of the pearling market, transforming Dubai into an active trading hub which developed new markets and economic opportunities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saad bin Laden", "paragraph_text": "Sa'ad bin Osama bin Muhammad bin 'Awad bin Laden (; 1979 - 2009), better known as Saad bin Laden, was one of Osama bin Laden's sons. He continued in his father's footsteps by being active in Al Qaeda, and was being groomed to be his heir apparent. He was killed in an American drone strike in 2009."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Al Ghariyah", "paragraph_text": "Al Ghariyah () is a village on the northeast coast of Qatar located in the municipality of Ash Shamal. It was founded in 1885 by settlers from the town of Al Wakrah. It was a site of contention between Qatari tribes allied with the Ottomans and Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Abdullah bin Mutaib Al Saud", "paragraph_text": "Abdullah bin Mutaib bin Abdullah Al Saud (born 13 October 1984) is a Saudi show jumping rider and a member of House of Saud."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mohammed bin Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz", "paragraph_text": "Mohammed bin Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0622\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f; born 22 May 1953) and is a Saudi diplomat who had been Saudi Arabia's Ambassador to the United Kingdom in 2005-18. He is a member of the House of Saud."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum", "paragraph_text": "Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (Arabic \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0645) (born 14 November 1982) is the Crown Prince of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. He is popularly known as Fazza (), the name under which he publishes his poetry, and which means \"the one who helps\" in Arabic."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Banu Amela", "paragraph_text": "They trace their genealogy back to Amela bin Saba'a bin Yashjeb bin Ya'arib bin Qahtan who left Yemen after the fourth destruction of the Marib Dam around 200 B.C. They dwelled in Jordan and Syria settling the southern highlands and eastern valley of modern Lebanon."}], "question": "In what country is the birth city of Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum?"}
{"id": "2hop__35106_218006", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Islam by country", "paragraph_text": "About 15% of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa, and sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, Russia, and Europe.Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Uranium", "paragraph_text": "The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Maze War", "paragraph_text": "Maze War (also known as The Maze Game, Maze Wars, Mazewar or simply Maze) is a 1973 computer game which originated or disseminated a number of concepts used in thousands of games to follow, and is considered one of the earliest examples of, or progenitor of, a first-person shooter. Uncertainty exists over its exact release date, with some accounts placing it before \"Spasim\", the earliest first-person shooter with a known time of publication."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "First Battle of Panipat", "paragraph_text": "The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Empire. It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in India."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pakistan Declaration", "paragraph_text": "The author of this famous pamphlet was Chaudhary Rahmat Ali (16 November 1897 -- 3 February 1951), a Muslim nationalist from Punjab, who was one of the earliest proponents of the creation of the state of Pakistan. He is credited with creating the name ``Pakistan ''for a separate Muslim homeland from Presidencies and provinces of British India. He propagated the Scheme of Pakistan with a missionary zeal since its inception in 1933. He also later founded the Pakistan National Movement to propagate his ideas. Being a political thinker and an idealist, wanted more than for accepting a smaller Pakistan in 1947 and save every Indian Muslim from the so - called`` Hindu domination''."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of stone-paste ceramics, originating from 9th century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included Fustat (from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and Tabriz (from 1470 to 1550)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of Uhud", "paragraph_text": "The battle was fought on Saturday, 22 December 624 (7 Shawwal AH 3 in the Islamic calendar) at the valley located in front of Mount Uhud. It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated. The Battle of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, preceded by the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated a larger Meccan army."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hundred Years' Croatian\u2013Ottoman War", "paragraph_text": "Pope Leo X called Croatia the \"Antemurale Christianitatis\" (\"Bulwark of Christianity\") in 1519, given that Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Turks. The advancement of the Ottoman Empire in Europe was stopped in 1593 on Croatian soil (Battle of Sisak). Nevertheless, the Muslim Ottoman Empire occupied parts of Croatia from the 16th to the end of the 17th century."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lion, London Zoological Gardens", "paragraph_text": "Lion, London Zoological Gardens () is a 1896 French short black-and-white silent actuality film, produced by Auguste and Louis Lumi\u00e8re and directed by Alexandre Promio, featuring a male lion reaching through the bars of its enclosure at London Zoological Gardens to get at the meat thrown by its keeper. The film was part of a series, including \"Tigers\" and \"Pelicans\", which were one of the earliest examples of animal life on film."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Making Stars", "paragraph_text": "Making Stars is a 1935 Fleischer Studios animated short film, starring Betty Boop. The short contains one of the earliest clear examples of the oriental riff that would become popular as a leitmotif for Asian culture following the release of the 1974 song \"Kung Fu Fighting\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Basra (871)", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Basra was a major engagement of the Zanj Rebellion, fought on September 7\u201310, 871. Zanj rebels and allied Arab tribesmen, led by Yahya ibn Muhammad al-Azraq and 'Ali ibn Aban al-Muhallabi, launched a coordinated attack against the city of Basra. The city\u2019s defenders, consisting of a small contingent of Abbasid regular troops and local Basran militia, were quickly overwhelmed, and the Zanj were able to enter the city, after which they massacred its inhabitants and engaged in a several-day period of looting."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Tale of Two Lovers", "paragraph_text": "The Tale of Two Lovers () written in 1444 was one of the bestselling books of the fifteenth century, even before its author, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, became Pope Pius II. It is one of the earliest examples of an epistolary novel, full of erotic imagery. The first printed edition was published by Ulrich Zell in Cologne between 1467 and 1470."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Countryman and the Cinematograph", "paragraph_text": "The Countryman and the Cinematograph (AKA: \"The Countryman's First Sight of the Animated Pictures\") is a 1901 British short silent comedy film, directed by Robert W. Paul, featuring a stereotypical yokel reacting to films projected onto a screen. The film, \"is one of the earliest known examples of a film within a film,\" where, according to Michael Brooke of BFI Screenonline, \"the audience reaction to that film is as important a part of the drama as the content of the film itself.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be \"gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has\". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that \"compensating for the expected leaves of absence\" of maternity leave would be a problem."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. Some members such as Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa. In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of hospitals", "paragraph_text": "The earliest surviving encyclopaedia of medicine in Sanskrit is the Carakasamhita (Compendium of Caraka). This text, which describes the building of a hospital is dated by the medical historian Dominik Wujastyk to the period between 100 BCE and 150 CE. The description by Fa Xian is one of the earliest accounts of a civic hospital system anywhere in the world and this evidence, coupled with Caraka's description of how a clinic should be built and equipped, suggests that India may have been the first part of the world to have evolved an organized cosmopolitan system of institutionally - based medical provision."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari", "paragraph_text": "\"Syed Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari\"' () (1318\u20131389) was the founder of what would become one of the largest Sufi Muslim orders, the Naqshbandi."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Battle of Alexander at Issus", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Alexander at Issus (German: Alexanderschlacht) is a 1529 oil painting by the German artist Albrecht Altdorfer (c. 1480\u20131538), a pioneer of landscape art and a founding member of the Danube school. It portrays the 333\u00a0BC Battle of Issus, in which Alexander the Great secured a decisive victory over Darius III of Persia and gained crucial leverage in his campaign against the Persian Empire. The painting is widely regarded as Altdorfer's masterpiece, and is one of the most famous examples of the type of Renaissance landscape painting known as the world landscape, which here reaches an unprecedented grandeur."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Catalan language", "paragraph_text": "Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Ro\u00eds de Corella's writings."}], "question": "What rebellion was the battle named after the area where one can find the earliest examples of opaque glaze in the Muslim world, a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__39908_13774", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Quiet Dell, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Quiet Dell is an unincorporated community in Harrison County, West Virginia, USA. Quiet Dell is located at the junction of Interstate 79 and West Virginia Route 20 southeast of Clarksburg."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hunting", "paragraph_text": "In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was\u2014and still is\u2014frowned upon. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[citation needed] The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists and is a significant industry in some areas.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sei whale", "paragraph_text": "Following large - scale commercial whaling during the late 19th and 20th centuries, when over 255,000 whales were taken, the sei whale is now internationally protected, although limited hunting occurs under a controversial research program conducted by Japan. As of 2008, its worldwide population was about 80,000, nearly a third of its prewhaling population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Saia", "paragraph_text": "Saia is an American trucking company, or a less than truckload (LTL) trucking company, that originated in Houma, Louisiana in 1924. With original operation occurring in Louisiana and Texas for the first fifty years, expansion came after 1980 when coverage began reaching into more states within the South. Further expansion happened through mergers with other companies, which allowed Saia to provide service for thirty six states. Saia ranks within the top ten of LTL carriers in the United States, yielding $1.7 billion in 2018."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hunting", "paragraph_text": "Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Li\u00e8ge, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo di\u0153ces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hunt, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "Hunt is an unincorporated rural area north of Eden in Jerome County, Idaho, United States. The area was named after Frank W. Hunt, a former Governor of Idaho. It was the home to a Japanese American Internment Camp now marked by the Minidoka National Historic Site. MIT graduate, Dr. Gary A. Tanaka was born in the camp. Hunt is part of the Twin Falls, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Quiet Lake", "paragraph_text": "Quiet Lake is an alpine lake in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located in the White Cloud Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. While no trails lead to the lake, it can be accessed from Sawtooth National Forest trail 047."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hunting", "paragraph_text": "When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, \"The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Reserve currency", "paragraph_text": "By the end of the 20th century, the United States dollar was considered the world's most dominant reserve currency. The world's need for dollars has allowed the United States government as well as Americans to borrow at lower costs, granting them an advantage in excess of $100 billion per year."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hunting", "paragraph_text": "From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, \"We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons.\" The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): \"We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics.\" The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: \"Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking\" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hunting", "paragraph_text": "Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hunter-gatherer", "paragraph_text": "The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.[citation needed] This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s.[clarification needed][citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions. Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hunting", "paragraph_text": "During the feudal and colonial times in British India, hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (big-game hunters), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled mir-shikar. Often, they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice. This was done to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties that occurred in the 19th and 20th century. Section 103 of the Charter also states that its members' obligations under it outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hunting", "paragraph_text": "Hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted. Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often vermin or varmints for which there are no hunting regulations). Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states, for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hyde Park, London", "paragraph_text": "The park was established by Henry VIII in 1536 when he took the land from Westminster Abbey and used it as a hunting ground. It opened to the public in 1637 and quickly became popular, particularly for May Day parades. Major improvements occurred in the early 18th century under the direction of Queen Caroline. Several duels took place in Hyde Park during this time, often involving members of the nobility. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was held in the park, for which The Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton, was erected."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rudolph Anders", "paragraph_text": "Rudolph Anders (December 17, 1895 in Waldkirch, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany \u2013 March 27, 1987 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, US) was a German character actor who came to the United States after the rise of Hitler, and appeared in numerous American films in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. During the 1940s, he used the stage name of Robert O. Davis. His German-accented English confined him largely to \"accent roles\", and during World War II to villain parts, although not leading roles as his small build, wide eyes, soft voice and naturally quiet demeanor did not allow him to appear overly menacing."}], "question": "In what century did the Council that stated quiet hunting is allowed occur?"}
{"id": "2hop__37784_13774", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "World Council of Churches", "paragraph_text": "The World Council of Churches (WCC) is a worldwide inter-church organization founded in 1948. Its members today include the Assyrian Church of the East, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, most jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Old Catholic Church, Anglican Communion, most mainline Protestant churches (such as the Lutheran, Mennonite, Methodist, Moravian and Reformed) and some evangelical Protestant churches (such as the Baptist and Pentecostal). Notably, the Roman Catholic Church is not a member, although it sends accredited observers to meetings. The WCC arose out of the ecumenical movement and has as its basis the following statement:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland. It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes, friendship and cooperation of the past five years. The Reformed Churches entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church. The President of the Lutheran World Federation and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches Fredrik A. Schiotz stated during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. Reformation should be celebrated as a thanksgiving to God, his truth and his renewed life. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul, and promised the participation and cooperation in the festivities."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Biblical canon", "paragraph_text": "In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic canon was reaffirmed by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent (1546), which provided ``the first infallible and effectually promulgated pronouncement on the Canon ''by the Roman Catholic Church. The canons of the Church of England and English Calvinists were decided definitively by the Thirty - Nine Articles (1563) and the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), respectively. The Synod of Jerusalem (1672) established additional canons that are widely accepted throughout the Orthodox Church."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th - century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scotsman and a Roman Catholic Priest, who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland. He brought back Reformed teachings to Scotland. The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom. In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United Church of Christ", "paragraph_text": "United Church of Christ Classification Protestant Orientation Reformed Polity Covenantal Associations Churches Uniting In Christ National Council of Churches World Communion of Reformed Churches World Council of Churches Region United States Headquarters Cleveland, Ohio Origin 1957 Merger of Evangelical and Reformed Church and the Congregational Christian Churches Congregations 5,000 Members 880,383 members in 5,000 congregations (2016) Official website www.ucc.org Logo"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the P\u0113d\u00e1lion (Greek: \u03a0\u03b7\u03b4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \"Rudder\"), so named because it is meant to \"steer\" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them n\u00f3moi/\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 (laws) rather than kan\u00f3nes/\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "After the Council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue. The separated brothers and sisters, as he called them, were not able to contribute to the Council as invited observers. After the Council, many of them took initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. But the Catholic Church itself recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters, that much needed to be done within, to be an open partner for ecumenism. To those who are entrusted the highest and deepest truth and therefore, so Paul VI, believed that he had the most difficult part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart. Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, \"Do you love me more\" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits, and they underscore the Church's fundamental approach to ecumenism."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, the World Council of Churches has been influential, but ineffective in creating a united church. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local levels across the globe; but schisms still far outnumber unifications. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement, has been the move to form united churches, such as the Church of South India, the Church of North India, the US-based United Church of Christ, the United Church of Canada, the Uniting Church in Australia and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines which have rapidly declining memberships. There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement, though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters, namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent. Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scotch-Irish immigrants communities, and also from New England Yankee communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon \"Plan of Union of 1801\" for frontier areas."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Karlskirche", "paragraph_text": "The Rektoratskirche St. Karl Borrom\u00e4us, commonly called the Karlskirche (), is a baroque church located on the south side of Karlsplatz in Vienna, Austria. Widely considered the most outstanding baroque church in Vienna, as well as one of the city's greatest buildings, the church is dedicated to Saint Charles Borromeo, one of the great counter-reformers of the sixteenth century."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the Church of England", "paragraph_text": "The Church of England became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy, beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation. During the reign of Queen Mary I and King Philip, the church was fully restored under Rome in 1555. However, the pope's authority was again explicitly rejected after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I when the Act of Supremacy 1558 was passed. Catholic and Reformed factions vied for determining the doctrines and worship of the church. This ended with the 1558 Elizabethan Settlement, which developed the understanding that the church was to be ``both Catholic and Reformed ''."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hendrik de Cock", "paragraph_text": "Hendrik de Cock protested against the perceived theological liberalism in the Netherlands government controlled Dutch Reformed Church in the 18th century. This protest led to the Secession (Afscheiding) of 1834. He is sometimes called the father of the Secession of 1834."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Albert Outler", "paragraph_text": "Albert Cook Outler (November 17, 1908 \u2013 September 1, 1989) was a 20th-century American Methodist theologian and philosopher. Outler is generally considered to be one of the most important Wesley scholars in the history of the church as well as the first real United Methodist theologian. He was also a key figure in the 20th-century ecumenical movement."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de M\u00e9xico), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America. The Independent Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Reformed Church in Mexico, the National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico are existing churches in the Reformed tradition."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lois Miriam Wilson", "paragraph_text": "Lois Miriam Wilson, (born Lois Freeman; April 8, 1927) was the first female Moderator of the United Church of Canada, from 1980 to 1982. She was ordained a United Church minister in 1965, her husband having previously been ordained a United Church minister. From 1983 to 1989 she served as co-director of the Ecumenical Forum of Canada and also served as a president of the Canadian Council of Churches (1976-1979) as well as the World Council of Churches (1983-1991). A close friend of the noted Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence, she participated in several public forums with Laurence and presided at Laurence's 1986 funeral."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Conference of Protestant Churches in Latin Countries of Europe", "paragraph_text": "The Conference of Protestant Churches in Latin Countries of Europe (Conf\u00e9rence des \u00c9glises protestantes des pays latins d'Europe) is a Christian ecumenical organization founded in 1950. It is a member of the World Council of Churches. Its members belong to protestant churches in Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, and Switzerland."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dutch Reformed Church", "paragraph_text": "The Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK) was the largest Christian denomination in the Netherlands from the onset of the Protestant Reformation until 1930. It was the foremost Protestant denomination, and -- since 1892 -- one of the two major Reformed denominations along with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pieter Datheen", "paragraph_text": "Pieter Datheen, Latin Petrus Dathenus, English, Peter Datheen, (Cassel, Nord, c.1531 - Elbing, 17 March 1588) was a Dutch Calvinist theologian, the 16th century reformer of The Netherlands, who accomplished many things for the advancement the Reformed Church liturgy and ecclesiastical polity."}], "question": "In which century did the ecumenical council rejected by the Reformed churches occur?"}
{"id": "2hop__557068_727318", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Man in the Glass Booth", "paragraph_text": "The Man in the Glass Booth is a 1975 American drama film directed by Arthur Hiller. The film was produced and released as part of the American Film Theatre, which adapted theatrical works for a subscription cinema series. The screenplay was adapted from Robert Shaw's 1967 novel and 1968 stage play, both of the same name. The novel was the second in a trilogy of novels, preceded by \"The Flag\" (1965), and followed by \"A Card from Morocco\" (1969)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Temperance \"Bones\" Brennan", "paragraph_text": "In episode 22 of season 6, ``The Hole in the Heart '', which saw the death of Vincent Nigel - Murray (Brennan's favorite intern) at the hands of renegade sniper Jacob Broadsky, Booth has Brennan stay at his apartment for her safety. Later that night, Brennan, still overcome with shock and grief over Vincent's death, goes into Booth's bedroom and they talk about the events of that day, and then allows Booth to hold her in bed. It is implied in the following day that they had sex. In the last scene of the season 6 finale,`` The Change in the Game'', after the birth of Angela and Hodgins' son, Brennan tells Booth that she is pregnant and that he is the father."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bramwell Booth", "paragraph_text": "William Bramwell Booth, CH (8 March 1856 \u2013 16 June 1929) was the first Chief of Staff (1881\u20131912) and the second General of The Salvation Army (1912\u20131929), succeeding his father, William Booth."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Daryl Mosley", "paragraph_text": "Daryl Mosley (born September 21, 1964) is an American singer, musician, and songwriter. He is best known as a bluegrass musician and as the writer of ``(Ask the Blind Man) He Saw It All '', the signature song of the southern gospel trio the Booth Brothers. In 2016 and 2017, Mosley was named Bluegrass Songwriter of the Year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Catherine Norton Sinclair", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Norton Sinclair (1817\u20131891) was an actress-manager who worked with such notable actors as Junius Brutus Booth, Edwin Booth, and Laura Keene. Her sensational divorce from Edwin Forrest captivated the American public in the mid-1800s."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people, and has quite a large stage with a proscenium opening of 19 by 55 feet (17 m). The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure. A smaller, black box theater, it allows a variety of seating and staging formats. It seats 125, and measures 30 by 50 feet (15 m). The Nelke Theatre, named for one of BYU's first drama teachers, is used largely for instruction in experimental theater. It seats 280."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Loves Mary", "paragraph_text": "John Loves Mary is a 1949 comedy film directed by David Butler and written by Henry Ephron and Phoebe Ephron. The film stars Ronald Reagan, Patricia Neal and Jack Carson. The film was released by Warner Bros. on February 19, 1949. It's based on a Broadway play of the same name written by Norman Krasna, which ran from February 4, 1947, to February 7, 1948, at the Booth Theatre and Music Box Theatre in New York City."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Koka Booth Amphitheatre", "paragraph_text": "The Koka Booth Amphitheatre is a performing arts amphitheatre in Cary, North Carolina, USA. It is located in Regency Park, which is owned and operated by the Town of Cary. The venue is managed by SMG, formally known as Spectacor Management Group. The venue was known as The Amphitheatre at Regency Park before the town's decision to name it after the former Cary mayor Koka Booth. It was constructed in 2000 on the north bank of the park's Symphony Lake."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Last Campaign of Governor Booth Gardner", "paragraph_text": "The Last Campaign of Governor Booth Gardner is a 2009 documentary film directed by Daniel Junge and produced by Just Media for HBO Films. The film follows the \"last campaign\" of Booth Gardner, the Governor of Washington from 1985 to 1993, to facilitate the passage of the Washington Death with Dignity Act (also called Initiative 1000), legalizing physician-assisted suicide in Washington state."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Temperance \"Bones\" Brennan", "paragraph_text": "In the second to last episode of season 6 Booth and Brennan had sex, consummating their relationship, and it is revealed in the last few moments of the season finale that as a result, Brennan has become pregnant, with Booth the father. Throughout the episode (``The Change in the Game '') Brennan has been seen asking Angela questions and making comments that make her seem excited and apprehensive; when she sees that Booth is happy with the news, she also seems overjoyed. This reflects her earlier desire to become a mother, circa season 4, as well as her desire that Booth be the father of the baby."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paumelle Point", "paragraph_text": "Paumelle Point () is a point marking the south side of the entrance to Libois Bay and the northwest end of the peninsula that forms the west extremity of Booth Island, in the Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica. First charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903\u201305, and named by Charcot for R. Paumelle, steward of the ship \"Francais\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "ARA General Belgrano", "paragraph_text": "Originally commissioned by the U.S. as , she saw action in the Pacific theatre of World War II before being sold by the United States Navy to Argentina. The vessel was the second to have been named after the Argentine founding father Manuel Belgrano (1770\u20131820). The first vessel was a 7,069-ton armoured cruiser completed in 1896."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Antoine", "paragraph_text": "Andr\u00e9 Antoine (31 January 185823 October 1943) was a French actor, theatre manager, film director, author, and critic who is considered the father of modern mise en sc\u00e8ne in France."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Megan Ellison", "paragraph_text": "Ellison was born in Santa Clara County, California, the daughter of billionaire Oracle Corporation chairman Larry Ellison and his ex-wife, Barbara Boothe Ellison. Her father is of Jewish and Italian descent. She has a brother, film producer David Ellison. Ellison graduated from Sacred Heart Preparatory in 2004 and attended film school at the University of Southern California for one year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Parts of a theatre", "paragraph_text": "The house can refer to any area which is not considered playing space or backstage area. Outside the theatre itself this includes the lobby, coat check, ticketing counters, and restrooms. More specifically, the house refers to any area in the theatre where the audience is seated. This can also include aisles, the orchestra pit, control booth, balconies and boxes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Kissing Booth", "paragraph_text": "The Kissing Booth is a 2018 American romantic comedy film directed by Vince Marcello, based on the novel of the same name by Beth Reekles. It stars Molly Ringwald, Joey King, Jacob Elordi and Joel Courtney. The film was released on May 11, 2018 on Netflix."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Celia Logan", "paragraph_text": "Celia Logan was born December 17, 1839, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Raised mostly in Cincinnati where her father Cornelius Ambrosius Logan ran the National Theatre, Connelly came from a theatrical family. Her father and older sister, Eliza, were already well-known actors when Celia first appeared on the stage in March 1852, at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Pair of Spectacles", "paragraph_text": "A Pair of Spectacles is a 1916 British silent comedy film directed by Alexander Butler and starring John Hare, Peggy Hyland and Booth Conway, based on the play of the same name by Sydney Grundy. It was made at Isleworth Studios."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Booth Theatre", "paragraph_text": "Named in honor of famed 19th-century American actor Edwin Booth, brother of John Wilkes Booth, the theater's 783-seat auditorium was intended to provide an intimate setting for dramatic and comedic plays. It opened on October 16, 1913, with Arnold Bennett's play \"The Great Adventure.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Temperance \"Bones\" Brennan", "paragraph_text": "Brennan is best friends with her coworker, Angela, saying in the 6th - season premiere she loves Angela ``like a sister ''and is going to be an aunt to Hodgins' and Angela's newborn child. It is revealed at the end of the season six finale`` The Change in the Game'' that Brennan is pregnant and the father is Booth."}], "question": "Who was the father of the person after whom the Booth Theatre was named?"}
{"id": "2hop__130501_341176", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "McCormack, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "McCormack is an unorganized territory in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States; located near Hibbing and Balkan Township. The population was 237 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wola R\u00f3\u017caniecka", "paragraph_text": "Wola R\u00f3\u017caniecka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tarnogr\u00f3d, within Bi\u0142goraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Tarnogr\u00f3d, south of Bi\u0142goraj, and south of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina Biszcza", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Biszcza is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bi\u0142goraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Biszcza, which lies approximately south-west of Bi\u0142goraj and south of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Goraj, Lublin Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Goraj is a village in Bi\u0142goraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Goraj. It lies in historic Lesser Poland, approximately north of Bi\u0142goraj and south of the regional capital Lublin. The village has a population of 1,048. Goraj was formerly a town. It was granted town rights in the 14th century and lost them in 1869."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina St\u0119\u017cyca, Lublin Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina St\u0119\u017cyca is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Ryki County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of St\u0119\u017cyca, which lies approximately west of Ryki and north-west of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Szelment", "paragraph_text": "Szelment is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Szypliszki, within Suwa\u0142ki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. Szelment is located 15\u00a0km north of Suwa\u0142ki. It is also home to a 1000m cable car line, the second-longest in Poland. It is located 6.0\u00a0km from the nearest city in Lithuania, Salaperaugis."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hosznia Abramowska", "paragraph_text": "Hosznia Abramowska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goraj, within Bi\u0142goraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Goraj, north of Bi\u0142goraj, and south of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pielgrzymka, Lower Silesian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Pielgrzymka () is a village in Z\u0142otoryja County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Pielgrzymka."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lipiny G\u00f3rne-Lewki", "paragraph_text": "Lipiny G\u00f3rne-Lewki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Potok G\u00f3rny, within Bi\u0142goraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately west of Potok G\u00f3rny, south-west of Bi\u0142goraj, and south of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bra\u0144sk", "paragraph_text": "Bra\u0144sk (, ) is an Urban Gmina (Polish: \"gmina miejska\") (Town) in Bielsk County, Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is located north-eastern Poland."}], "question": "In which county is the state where Bi\u0142goraj County is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__142121_499425", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "You Give Love a Bad Name", "paragraph_text": "``You Give Love a Bad Name ''Artwork for U.S. vinyl single, also used for the album Slippery When Wet Single by Bon Jovi from the album Slippery When Wet B - side`` Raise Your Hands'' (US) ``Let It Rock ''(UK) Released July 23, 1986 Format CD single 7'' Recorded 1986 Genre Hard rock Length 3: 42 (album version) 4: 06 (full version) Label Mercury Songwriter (s) Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Desmond Child Producer (s) Bruce Fairbairn Bon Jovi singles chronology`` Silent Night ''(1985) ``You Give Love a Bad Name'' (1986)`` Livin 'on a Prayer ''(1986) ``Silent Night'' (1985)`` You Give Love a Bad Name ''(1986) ``Livin' on a Prayer'' (1986) Alternative cover"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "All Things in Time", "paragraph_text": "All Things in Time is an album by American R&B singer Lou Rawls, released in June 1976 on the Philadelphia International Records label. Coming after a career lull in the years immediately preceding, \"All Things in Time\" was Rawls' first album for PIR; at the time he was the first artist to sign with PIR after having already enjoyed a substantial recording career and chart success with other record labels. The album includes Rawls' most famous hit song \"You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Livin' Our Love Song", "paragraph_text": "\"Livin' Our Love Song\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Jason Michael Carroll. It was released in April 2007 as the second single from his album \"Waitin' in the Country\". Carroll co-wrote the song with Glen Mitchell and Tim Galloway."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)", "paragraph_text": "``The Power of Love ''is a song co-written and originally recorded by Jennifer Rush in 1984. It has been covered by several artists, most notably by Celine Dion, Laura Branigan and Air Supply."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Does He Love You", "paragraph_text": "``Does He Love You ''is a song written by Sandy Knox and Billy Stritch, and recorded as a duet by American country music artists Reba McEntire and Linda Davis. It was released in August 1993 as the first single from Reba's album Greatest Hits Volume Two. It is one of country music's several songs about a love triangle."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Find Out Who Your Friends Are", "paragraph_text": "``Find Out Who Your Friends Are ''is a song written by Casey Beathard and Ed Hill, and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Lawrence. It was the lead - off single for his album For the Love, which was released in early 2007 on Rocky Comfort Records, a label which Lawrence owns. Originally released in August 2006, the single did not enter the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart until January 2007."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song)", "paragraph_text": "``Wake Me When It's Over ''is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. After being signed as a recording artist to Liberty Records in 1961, the song was recorded during his second session with the label in September 1961 at Radio Recorders. Selected as the A-side of one of the promotional singles, the song failed to chart."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Barbara Pittman", "paragraph_text": "Barbara Pittman (April 6, 1938 \u2013 October 29, 2005) was an American singer, one of the few female singers to record at Sun Studio. As a young teenager, she recorded some demos of songs for others. Pittman's most popular recordings include \"I Need A Man\" on the Sun label and \"Two Young Fools In Love\", released on Sam Phillips' International label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "What Is Love", "paragraph_text": "``What Is Love ''is a song recorded by Trinidadian - German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, The Album. The song is recognizable by its refrain`` What is love? Baby do n't hurt me, do n't hurt me... no more.'' It was a No. 1 hit in 13 countries."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing", "paragraph_text": "I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing is the self-produced ninth album by American R&B singer Barry White, released in 1979 on the 20th Century-Fox Records label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Waitin' in the Country", "paragraph_text": "Waitin' in the Country is the debut album of American country music singer Jason Michael Carroll, released on February 6, 2007 on the Arista Nashville label. The album has produced three singles on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts in \"Alyssa Lies\", \"Livin' Our Love Song\", and \"I Can Sleep When I'm Dead\", which respectively reached No. 5, No. 6, and No. 21."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Understand (Jeremy Camp song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Understand\" is the debut single and a number-one Christian rock hit by Christian recording artist Jeremy Camp. The song is from Camp's first major-label studio album, \"Stay\", released in 2002."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Love Sign", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Sign\" is a song by American musician Prince, from the \"1-800-NEW-FUNK\" compilation album released by his independent record label NPG Records in 1994."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Love Is Just a Game", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Is Just a Game\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Larry Gatlin. It was released in September 1977 as the third single and title track from the album \"Love Is Just a Game\". The song reached number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elastic Love", "paragraph_text": "\"Elastic Love\" is a song recorded by American recording artist Christina Aguilera, taken from her sixth studio album, \"Bionic\" (2010). The song was written by Aguilera, M.I.A., John Hill and Switch, while production was handled by the latter two. Originally, \"Elastic Love\" was recorded by M.I.A., but later it was given to Aguilera. However, M.I.A. was disappointed when Aguilera didn't want to do her \"trademark warbling\" in the studio. \"Elastic Love\" is an electro and electropop song with strong elements from 1980s new wave music. Lyrically, Aguilera compares her love to office supplies, from paperclips to rubber-bands."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Se Va Conmigo", "paragraph_text": "\"Se Va Conmigo\" is a song performed by Puerto Rican profession basketball player and recording artist Carlos Arroyo. The song features guest vocals from reggaet\u00f3n singer Yomo. The official remix features Ivy Queen. The song is Arroyo's second single release for his independent record label Arroyo Hit Music."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Love Sign", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Sign\" was the most successful song released from the album, and it is a duet with Nona Gaye, although Prince (known as \"The Artist Formerly Known as Prince\" at the time because of his name change to an unpronounceable symbol) is uncredited as a singer due to his contractual dispute with Warner Bros. Records. A promotional single was sent out to radio stations independently through Prince's record label NPG Records, and was not commercially released. The song has an anti-violence message and was most successful on the R&B charts (becoming a top 40 hit)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Blues", "paragraph_text": "The bassist and prolific songwriter and composer Willie Dixon played a major role on the Chicago blues scene. He composed and wrote many standard blues songs of the period, such as ``Hoochie Coochie Man '',`` I Just Want to Make Love to You'' (both penned for Muddy Waters) and, ``Wang Dang Doodle ''and`` Back Door Man'' for Howlin 'Wolf. Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago - based Chess Records and Checker Records labels. Smaller blues labels of this era included Vee - Jay Records and J.O.B. Records. During the early 1950s, the dominating Chicago labels were challenged by Sam Phillips' Sun Records company in Memphis, which recorded B.B. King and Howlin 'Wolf before he moved to Chicago in 1960. After Phillips discovered Elvis Presley in 1954, the Sun label turned to the rapidly expanding white audience and started recording mostly rock' n 'roll."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wanna Make You Love Me", "paragraph_text": "\"Wanna Make You Love Me\" is the title of a song recorded by American country music artist Andy Gibson. It was released in September 2011 as Gibson's first single. The song was written by Jim Collins and Bobby Pinson."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Find Out Who Your Friends Are", "paragraph_text": "``Find Out Who Your Friends Are ''is a song written by Casey Beathard and Ed Hill, and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Lawrence. It was the lead - off single for his album For the Love, which was released in early 2007 on Rocky Comfort Records, a label which Lawrence owns. The song was originally released to radio stations on August 21, 2006, ahead of its album release on January 30, 2007. The single did not enter the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart until January 2007."}], "question": "What is the record label of the artist who created Livin' Our Love Song?"}
{"id": "2hop__122699_141373", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Claude Baker", "paragraph_text": "Claude Baker attained a B.M. degree, magna cum laude, from East Carolina University in 1970. He subsequently studied composition at the Eastman School of Music with Samuel Adler and Warren Benson, and holds M.M. (1973) and D.M.A. (1975) degrees from that institution."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Doug Korn", "paragraph_text": "Doug Korn earned a bachelor's degree with honors from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School with honors, and an MBA from Harvard Business School with high distinction as a George F. Baker Scholar."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Children of the Company", "paragraph_text": "The Children of the Company is a science fiction novel by Kage Baker. It is another in the series concerned with the exploits of The Company, a 24th-century cabal which exploits history for profit with the aid of immortal cyborgs living in the past."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Carlos Baker", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Baker (May 5, 1909, Biddeford, Maine \u2013 April 18, 1987, Princeton, New Jersey) was an American writer, biographer and former Woodrow Wilson Professor of Literature at Princeton University. He earned his B.A., M.A. and Ph.D at Dartmouth, Harvard, and Princeton respectively. Baker's published works included several novels and books of poetry and various literary criticisms and essays."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Campbell Sports Center", "paragraph_text": "The Campbell Sports Center, a Columbia University's Baker Field Athletics Complex, is designed by Steven Holl and senior partner Chris McVoy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Amblimation", "paragraph_text": "Amblimation was the animation production arm of Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment. It only made three films: \"\" (1991), \"We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story\" (1993) and \"Balto\" (1995), which were all distributed by Universal Pictures. The studio was shut down in 1997 and some of the Amblimation staff went on to join DreamWorks Animation, which was later acquired in 2016, by Universal's parent company NBCUniversal for $3.8 billion, making it Universal's third animation unit following Universal Animation Studios and Illumination. The company's mascot, Fievel Mousekewitz (\"An American Tail\"), appears in its production logo. A project to adapt the 1981 Andrew Lloyd Webber musical \"Cats\" was in the making, but was abandoned with the studio's closure."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cheaper by the Dozen 2", "paragraph_text": "Steve Martin as Tom Baker Bonnie Hunt as Kate Baker Piper Perabo as Nora Baker - McNulty, 24 Tom Welling as Charlie Baker, 19 Hilary Duff as Lorraine Baker, 18 Kevin G. Schmidt as Henry Baker, 14 Alyson Stoner as Sarah Baker, 13 Jacob Smith as Jake Baker Forrest Landis as Mark Baker, 11 Morgan York as Kim Baker Liliana Mumy as Jessica Baker Blake Woodruff as Mike Baker Shane Kinsman as Nigel Baker Brent Kinsman as Kyle Baker Jonathan Bennett as Bud McNulty"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Barbara Tarbuck", "paragraph_text": "Tarbuck attended Cooley High School and Wayne State University. Upon winning the Eva Woodbridge Victor Scholarship, she finished her Bachelors in 1963. While in college, she participated in the production of \"Where's Charley\", which toured through Europe. She also earned her Master's Degree in Theatre from the University of Michigan. She then went to Indiana University to work as the lead actress in their inaugural theatre touring company season."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Tragically Hip", "paragraph_text": "The Tragically Hip formed in 1984 in Kingston, Ontario. Gord Sinclair and Rob Baker were students at Kingston Collegiate and had performed together at the KCVI Variety Show as the Rodents. Baker and Sinclair joined with Downie and Fay in 1984 and began playing gigs around Kingston with some memorable stints at a Queen's University pub called Alfie's. Guitarist Paul Langlois joined in 1986; saxophonist Davis Manning left that same year. They took their name from a skit in the Michael Nesmith movie Elephant Parts."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ray Baker (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Ray Baker (born July 9, 1948) is an American theater, television and film actor. Baker was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He is a long time character actor with over 100 credits on television and film. Baker is credited either as Ray or Raymond. He grew up in Denver, Colorado and graduated from Denver University, before moving to New York and living and working there for twenty years. Ray appeared on and off Broadway and in regional theatre. He currently lives in Los Angeles, is married to actress and playwright Colleen Dodson, and continues working in theatre, movies, and television."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Robbery (1967 film)", "paragraph_text": "Robbery is a 1967 British crime film directed by Peter Yates and starring Stanley Baker. The story is a heavily fictionalised version of the 1963 Great Train Robbery. The film was produced by Stanley Baker and Michael Deeley, for Baker's company Oakhurst Productions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Comverse Technology", "paragraph_text": "During 2012 and 2013, Comverse Technology divested itself of all its holdings and ceased to exist. The two independent companies that carried on its most well-known product lines were a newly independent Comverse and Verint Systems. After further mergers Comverse became Xura in 2015 and then Mavenir in 2017, while part of the Comverse business went to Amdocs in 2015."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "East Carolina University", "paragraph_text": "Public Laws of North Carolina, 1907, Chapter 820 titled \"An Act to Stimulate High School Instruction in the Public Schools of the State and Teacher Training\" is the official law chartering East Carolina Teachers Training School (ECTTS) on March 8, 1907 by the North Carolina General Assembly. The chairman of its original Board of Trustees, Thomas Jordan Jarvis, a former Governor of North Carolina now known as the \"Father of ECU\", participated in groundbreaking ceremonies for the first buildings on July 2, 1908 in Greenville, North Carolina and ECTTS opened its doors on October 5, 1909. Although its purpose was to train \"young white men and women\", there were no male graduates until 1932. In 1920, ECTTS became a four\u2013year institution and renamed East Carolina Teachers College (ECTC); its first bachelor's degrees were awarded the following year in education. A master's degree program was authorized in 1929; the first such degree granted by ECTC was in 1933. Progress toward full college status was made in 1948 with the designation of the bachelor of arts as a liberal arts degree, and the bachelor of science as a teaching degree. A change of name to East Carolina College in 1951 reflected this expanded mission. Over the objections of Governor Dan K. Moore, who opposed the creation of a university system separate from the Consolidated University of North Carolina, ECC was made a regional university effective July 1, 1967, and assumed its present name, East Carolina University. The university did not remain independent for long; on July 1, 1972, it was incorporated into the University of North Carolina System, the successor to the Consolidated University. Today, ECU is the third\u2013largest university in North Carolina with 21,589\u00a0undergraduate and 5,797\u00a0graduate students, including the 308\u00a0medicine and 52\u00a0dental students."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Allstate", "paragraph_text": "In 1993, Allstate went public when Sears sold 19.8% of the company. At the time, it was the largest IPO to date."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Durkee, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Durkee is an unincorporated community in Baker County, Oregon, United States. It has a post office with the ZIP code of 97905. Durkee lies at the Vandercar Road exit of Interstate 84. Durkee is known as the site of Oregon's only cement plant, the Ash Grove Cement Company plant in nearby Nelson. It one of Baker County's largest private employers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", "paragraph_text": "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits is the title of a master's thesis written by computer science pioneer Claude E. Shannon while attending the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. In his thesis, Shannon, a dual degree graduate of the University of Michigan, proved that Boolean algebra could be used to simplify the arrangement of the relays that were the building blocks of the electromechanical automatic telephone exchanges of the day. Shannon went on to prove that it should also be possible to use arrangements of relays to solve Boolean algebra problems."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Flora Nwapa", "paragraph_text": "Nwapa was born in Oguta, in south-eastern Nigeria, the eldest of the six children of Christopher Ijeoma (an agent with the United Africa Company) and Martha Nwapa, a teacher of drama. Flora Nwapa attended school in Oguta, Secondary School at Elelenwa in Port Harcourt and Lagos. At the age of 22 years she entered the university in 1953 and earned a B.A degree at the age of 26 years from University College, Ibadan, in 1957. She then went to Scotland, where she earned a Diploma in Education from Edinburgh University in 1958."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ryan Aeronautical", "paragraph_text": "The Ryan Aeronautical Company was founded by T. Claude Ryan in San Diego, California in 1934. It became part of Teledyne in 1969, and of Northrop Grumman when the latter company purchased Teledyne in 1999. Ryan built several historically and technically significant aircraft, including four innovative V/STOL designs, but its most successful production aircraft was the Ryan Firebee line of unmanned drones used as target drones and unmanned air vehicles."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "During fiscal year 2007, $537.5 million was received in total research support, including $444 million in federal obligations. The University has over 150 National Institutes of Health funded inventions, with many of them licensed to private companies. Governmental agencies and non-profit foundations such as the NIH, United States Department of Defense, National Science Foundation, and NASA provide the majority of research grant funding, with Washington University being one of the top recipients in NIH grants from year-to-year. Nearly 80% of NIH grants to institutions in the state of Missouri went to Washington University alone in 2007. Washington University and its Medical School play a large part in the Human Genome Project, where it contributes approximately 25% of the finished sequence. The Genome Sequencing Center has decoded the genome of many animals, plants, and cellular organisms, including the platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "In the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except for the two first films it produced, Claude Chabrol's Le scandale (English title The Champagne Murders) and Romain Gary's Les oiseaux vont mourir au P\u00e9rou (English title Birds in Peru), it was only involved in French or other European co-productions, the most noticeable ones being Louis Malle's Lacombe, Lucien, Bertrand Blier's Les Valseuses (English title Going Places), and Fred Zinnemann's The Day of the Jackal. It was only involved in approximately 20 French film productions. In the early 1970s, the unit was incorporated into the French Cinema International Corporation arm."}], "question": "What company is Claude Baker's alma mater part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__142598_499425", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Voices of Wonder", "paragraph_text": "Voices of Wonder aka Voice of Wonder Records was one of the most important rock record labels in Oslo, Norway in the early 1990s. The label was fronted by a small and intimate record store on Olaf Ryes plass, which in addition to the labels own artists specialized in the English Earache Records and the American Sub Pop labels."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick", "paragraph_text": "\"Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick / Ningyo\" is Namie Amuro's 30th solo single under the Avex Trax label. It was released on CD and CD&DVD May 17, 2006, six months after her last single \"White Light/Violet Sauce\". Although she has had Japanese song titles prior to signing with Avex Trax, \"Ningyo\" or \"\u4eba\u9b5a\" which means mermaid, is her first with the label. \"Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick\" is featured on the album \"Play\", although the latter A-side, \"Ningyo\" or \"\u4eba\u9b5a\", was excluded."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "My Moment (Rebecca Black song)", "paragraph_text": "\"My Moment\" is a song by American recording artist Rebecca Black. It is a self-empowerment follow-up song to her first single \"Friday\", addressed to the \"haters\" who criticized her previous release. The song was written and produced by Brandon \"Blue\" Hamilton and Quinton Tolbert, and co-produced by Charlton Pettus. It was released on the iTunes Store under the label RB Records as Black's second single on July 19, 2011. RB Records was established by Black herself, after disputes over ownership and distribution of her previous single, \"Friday\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I'm from the Country", "paragraph_text": "I'm from the Country is the fifth studio album by American country music artist Tracy Byrd. Released in May 1998 as his final studio album for MCA Records, it produced only two singles: the title track and \"I Wanna Feel That Way Again\", both of which reached Top Ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts that year, peaking at #3 and #9, respectively. \"I'm from the Country\" was co-written by Richard Young, rhythm guitarist for the band The Kentucky Headhunters. The album was originally to be titled \"Walkin' the Line\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "I'm Not Built That Way", "paragraph_text": "\"I'm Not Built That Way\" is a song written by Don Pfrimmer and George Teren, and recorded by American country music artist Billy Dean. It was released in August 1993 as the third single from the album \"Fire in the Dark\". The song reached #34 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Graeme Goodall", "paragraph_text": "Graeme Goodall (1932 \u2013 3 December 2014) was an Australian recording engineer and record label owner who was a key figure in the early days of Jamaica's recording industry, constructing several of the Island's studios, co-founding Island Records, and operating other labels in the United Kingdom releasing Jamaican music."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "I Can Sleep When I'm Dead", "paragraph_text": "\"I Can Sleep When I'm Dead\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Jason Michael Carroll. It was released in February 2008 as the third single from his album \"Waitin' in the Country\". It peaked at number 21 on the \"Billboard\" country charts. The song was written by Carroll, Rivers Rutherford and Jim Collins."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song)", "paragraph_text": "``Wake Me When It's Over ''is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. After being signed as a recording artist to Liberty Records in 1961, the song was recorded during his second session with the label in September 1961 at Radio Recorders. Selected as the A-side of one of the promotional singles, the song failed to chart."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kontor Records", "paragraph_text": "Kontor Records is a record label based in Hamburg, Germany. The label's artist roster includes ATB, Ti\u00ebsto and Scooter. Jens Thele is the head manager of Kontor and is also the manager of Scooter."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Necessary Records", "paragraph_text": "Necessary Records is a record label based in the UK, founded by Warren Clarke, a former A&R executive at London Records and Edel, in 2003. Clarke describes that the label was born out of a creative necessity. \"It's an outlet for records that should and must be heard. An outlet for artists that deserve to and will, touch the widest possible audience.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I'm Not Lisa", "paragraph_text": "``I'm Not Lisa ''is a country music song written and recorded by American country artist Jessi Colter. It was released as a single on January 16, 1975, by Capitol Records.`` I'm Not Lisa'' would become Colter's first major hit as a solo artist."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Here Comes the Hotstepper", "paragraph_text": "``Here Comes the Hotstepper ''is a song co-written and recorded by Jamaican dancehall artist Ini Kamoze. It was released as the lead single from his 1994 album Here Comes the Hotstepper."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "I'm Tryin'", "paragraph_text": "\"I'm Tryin'\" is a song written by Jeffrey Steele, Chris Wallin, and Anthony Smith and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins. It released in July 2001 as the lead-off single from his album \"Chrome\". It peaked at number 6 in the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)", "paragraph_text": "``The Power of Love ''is a song co-written and originally recorded by Jennifer Rush in 1984. It has been covered by several artists, most notably by Celine Dion, Laura Branigan and Air Supply."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Waitin' in the Country", "paragraph_text": "Waitin' in the Country is the debut album of American country music singer Jason Michael Carroll, released on February 6, 2007 on the Arista Nashville label. The album has produced three singles on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts in \"Alyssa Lies\", \"Livin' Our Love Song\", and \"I Can Sleep When I'm Dead\", which respectively reached No. 5, No. 6, and No. 21."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dead Relatives", "paragraph_text": "Dead Relatives is the fifth full-length album by Canadian singer-songwriter Emm Gryner, released in 2000 on her independent label Dead Daisy Records."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I'm Comin' Over (song)", "paragraph_text": "``I'm Comin 'Over ''is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Chris Young. It was released in May 11, 2015 as the lead single to his fifth studio album of the same name, which was released on November 13, 2015."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sanjam", "paragraph_text": "Sanjam (\"I'm Dreaming\") is the fifth studio album by Bosnian folk singer Hanka Paldum. It was released 22 April 1982 through the record label Sarajevo Disk."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "I'm Spinning", "paragraph_text": "\"I'm Spinning\" is a Doo Wop song recorded by the Del-Vikings on the Fee Bee Records label in 1957 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as an A side for the single \"I'm Spinning\"/\"You Say You Love Me,\" written by Pat DiCesare. It was soon released on Dot Records for national distribution, and later released by Mercury Records when Kripp Johnson rejoined the Del-Vikings in 1958. Over the years the song has been included on many Del Vikings greatest hits albums and Doo Wop compilation albums on various labels. The most recent release was in 2009."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Statiras Records", "paragraph_text": "Statiras Records is a sub-label of Progressive Records which Progressive founder Gus Statiras launched in the 1980s that recorded jazz musical artists for release on LP and CD."}], "question": "What is the record label of the co-writer and recorder of I Can Sleep When I'm Dead?"}
{"id": "2hop__277406_147847", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of San F\u00e9lix", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of San F\u00e9lix was an engagement in the of the War of Independence of Venezuela occurred on 11 April 1817, on the mesa of Chirica in Province of Guayana, over the course of just half an hour."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Crossbarry ambush", "paragraph_text": "The Crossbarry Ambush or Battle of Crossbarry occurred on 19 March 1921 and was one of the largest engagements of the Irish War of Independence. It took place near the small village of Crossbarry in County Cork, about 20\u00a0km south-west of Cork city. About a hundred Irish Republican Army (IRA) volunteers, commanded by Tom Barry, escaped an attempt by about 1,200 British troops to encircle them. During the hour-long battle, ten British troops and three IRA volunteers were killed."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Preterm birth", "paragraph_text": "Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks' gestational age. These babies are known as preemies or premies. Symptoms of preterm labor include uterine contractions which occur more often than every ten minutes or the leaking of fluid from the vagina. Premature infants are at greater risk for cerebral palsy, delays in development, hearing problems and sight problems. These risks are greater the earlier a baby is born."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "J\u00f8rgen Pedersen Gram", "paragraph_text": "J\u00f8rgen Pedersen Gram (27 June 1850 \u2013 29 April 1916) was a Danish actuary and mathematician who was born in Nustrup, Duchy of Schleswig, Denmark and died in Copenhagen, Denmark."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Humpback whale", "paragraph_text": "Females typically breed every two or three years. The gestation period is 11.5 months. The peak months for birth are January, February (northern hemisphere), July and August (southern hemisphere). Females wait for one to two years before breeding again. Recent research on mitochondrial DNA reveals that groups living in proximity to each other may represent distinct breeding pools. Humpback whale births have been rarely observed. One birth witnessed off Madagascar occurred within four minutes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Preveza", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Preveza was a naval battle that took place on 28 September 1538 near Preveza in northwestern Greece between an Ottoman fleet and that of a Christian alliance assembled by Pope Paul III in which the Ottoman fleet defeated the allies. It occurred in the same area in the Ionian Sea as the Battle of Actium, 31 BC. It was one of the three largest sea battles that took place in the sixteenth century Mediterranean."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Battle of the Border", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Border () refers to the battles that occurred in the first days of the German invasion of Poland in September, 1939. The series of battles ended in a German victory, as Polish forces were either destroyed or forced to retreat."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of Rennell Island", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Rennell Island (Japanese: \u30ec\u30f3\u30cd\u30eb\u5cf6\u6c96\u6d77\u6226) took place on 29\u201330 January 1943. It was the last major naval engagement between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Guadalcanal Campaign of World War II. It occurred in the South Pacific between Rennell Island and Guadalcanal in the southern Solomon Islands."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Suakin", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Suakin (also known as the Battle of Gemaizah), part of the Mahdist War, occurred on 20 December 1888 when General Francis Grenfell defeated a Mahdist, or Dervish, force near Suakin, a chief port of Sudan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battle of Aspromonte", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Aspromonte, also known as The Day of Aspromonte (in Italian: \"La Giornata dell'Aspromonte\"), was a battle that took place on 29 August 1862, and was an inconclusive episode of the Italian unification process. The battle is named after the mountain Aspromonte in southern Italy, which is near the place where the battle occurred. In the battle, the Royal Italian Army defeated Giuseppe Garibaldi's army of volunteers, who were marching from Sicily towards Rome, with the intent of annexing it into the Kingdom of Italy. In the battle, which took place a few kilometers from Gambarie, Garibaldi was wounded and taken as prisoner."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of Sablat", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Sablat or Z\u00e1blat\u00ed occurred on 10 June 1619, during the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War. The battle was fought between a Roman Catholic Imperial army led by Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy and the Protestant army of Ernst von Mansfeld."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Baguio (1945)", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Baguio (Filipino: \"Labanan sa Baguio\" Ilocano: \"Gubat ti Baguio\") occurred between 21 February and 26 April 1945, and was part of the greater Luzon campaign during the Allied liberation of the Philippines at the end of World War II. During the battle, American and Philippine forces recaptured the city of Baguio on the island of Luzon from a Japanese occupation force. One of the last tank engagements of the Philippine campaign took place during the battle. Baguio later became the scene of the final surrender of Japanese forces in the Philippines in September 1945."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Little Blue River", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Little Blue River was a minor battle of the American Civil War, occurring on October 21, 1864 in Jackson County, Missouri during Price's Missouri Expedition of that year. It became the opening round of the Second Battle of Independence, which began on this same day and was essentially a continuation of this engagement. This led in turn to the Battle of Westport on October 23, resulting in Price's defeat and the ending of major Confederate military operations in Missouri."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of Suwon Airfield", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Suwon Airfield was the first aerial battle of the Korean War occurring on June 27, 1950 over Kimpo Airfield and Suwon Airfield. The battle, between aircraft of the United States and North Korea, ended in a victory for the US Air Force after nine of its aircraft successfully shot down seven North Korean People's Air Force aircraft. It was the first direct engagement of the Air Battle of South Korea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of Kay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Kay (), also referred to as the Battle of Sulech\u00f3w, Battle of Z\u00fcllichau, or Battle of Paltzig, was an engagement fought on 23 July 1759 during the Seven Years' War. It occurred near Kay (Kije) in the Neumark, now part of Poland."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Fredericia", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Fredericia was fought between soldiers of Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark on 6 July 1849 at Fredericia in Denmark. The battle was a part of the First Schleswig War, which was a conflict between Schleswig-Holstein, supported by several German states, and Denmark. Denmark won the battle."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "J\u00f8rgen Garde", "paragraph_text": "Hans J\u00f8rgen Garde (22 January 1939 in Frederiksberg \u2013 3 August 1996 on V\u00e1gar, Faroe Islands) was a Danish admiral."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "J\u00f8rgen Vig Knudstorp", "paragraph_text": "J\u00f8rgen Vig Knudstorp (born 21 November 1968 in Fredericia) is the executive chairman and former CEO of the Lego Group. He succeeded Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen and is the first non-family member to head Lego."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Second Battle of Rivas", "paragraph_text": "The Second Battle of Rivas occurred on 11 April 1856 between Costa Rican militia under General Mora and the Nicaraguan forces of William Walker. The lesser known First Battle of Rivas took place on the 29 June 1855 between Walker's forces and the forces of the Chamorro government of Nicaragua."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hans Jacob Gr\u00f8gaard", "paragraph_text": "Hans Jacob Gr\u00f8gaard was born in \u00c5snes in Hedmark, Norway. At age three, the family moved to Bergen, where his father was sexton at St. J\u00f8rgen's Hospital Church (\"St. J\u00f8rgen hospitalkirke\"). Gr\u00f8gaard started his education at the Bergen Cathedral School. He studied theology in Copenhagen and earned his theological degree in 1784."}], "question": "When did the battle named after the birthplace of J\u00f8rgen Vig Knudstorp occur?"}
{"id": "2hop__246964_28530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Daniel Woodall", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Woodall was an American Union army officer during the period of the American Civil War. He served in the 1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, and fought in the Eastern Theater."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment", "paragraph_text": "The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that saw extensive service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was the first African - American regiment organized in the northern states during the Civil War. Authorized by the Emancipation Proclamation, the regiment consisted of African - American enlisted men commanded by white officers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eur\u00edpides Rubio", "paragraph_text": "Captain Eur\u00edpides Rubio (March 1, 1938 \u2013 November 8, 1966) was a United States Army officer and one of nine Puerto Ricans who were posthumously awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor, for actions on November 8, 1966, during the Vietnam War. Rubio was a member of the United States Army, Headquarters & Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment (Black Lions), 1st Infantry Division, Republic of Vietnam."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "De Grangues's Regiment", "paragraph_text": "De Grangues's Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army during the War of the Austrian Succession. It was commanded by Colonel Henry de Grangues and was ranked as the 60th Regiment of Foot."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "294th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)", "paragraph_text": "The 294th Infantry Division was a German infantry division in World War II that participated in the invasion of Yugoslavia. The 294th Infantry Division was amalgamated with the 513th Infantry Regiment to create the 513th Grenadier Regiment, on October 15, 1942."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Andrew K. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Andrew K. Campbell (1828\u20131867) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War, and the last official commanding officer of the 66th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John Kiggins", "paragraph_text": "John Kiggins (February 2, 1837 \u2013 September 29, 1914) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Lookout Mountain. He served as a sergeant and flag bearer with Company D of the 149th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The 153d Infantry Regiment (First Arkansas) is a United States infantry regiment, currently represented in the Arkansas Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry, headquartered at Malvern, Arkansas, and 2nd Battalion, 153rd Infantry, headquartered at Searcy, Arkansas, elements of the 39th Brigade Combat Team. The regiment was also represented by the 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment headquartered at Warren, Arkansas until that unit was deactivated on 5 September 2005. The regiment was activated as the 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry for the Spanish\u2013American War, but did not deploy overseas. The regiment was activated for World War I, redesignated as the 153rd Infantry and shipped to France as a part of the 39th Division, but became a replacement division and personnel were reassigned to other AEF units. The regiment was activated for World War II and deployed to the Aleutian Islands, participating in the Aleutian Islands Campaign. Recently, elements of the regiment have participated in two deployments in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, in 2004 and again in 2008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Frederick George D'Utassy", "paragraph_text": "Frederick George D'Utassy or George Frederick D'Utassy (November 26, 1827 \u2013 May 5, 1892) was an officer in the Union Army in the American Civil War who led the famous \"Garibaldi Guard\", or 39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, from 1861 to 1863. The flamboyant Hungarian Colonel was court-martialed in 1863 for fraud and conduct prejudicial to military discipline."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "289th Military Police Company", "paragraph_text": "The 289th Military Police Company was activated on 1 November 1994 and attached to Hotel Company, 3rd Infantry (The Old Guard), Fort Myer, Virginia. Hotel Company is the regiment's specialty company."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "James Kilvington Cochrane", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1873, James Kilvington Cochrane was educated at Bedford School and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He received his first commission as a Second Lieutenant in the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) in 1893, and was promoted to Lieutenant on 6 October 1894, and to Captain on 5 July 1899. He was seconded to the Northern Nigeria Regiment in the West African Frontier Force, and served during the expedition against the Bida and Kontagora Emirate in 1901. The following year he was appointed resident at Gujba, when a British garrison was established in Lower Borno. He served during the First World War, between 1914 and 1918, commanding the 61st Brigade."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot", "paragraph_text": "The 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot was a Scottish infantry regiment of the British Army, active from 1689 to 1881. Although the regiment took the name of its first colonel as The Earl of Angus's Regiment, it became popularly known as The Cameronians until 1751, when it was ranked as the 26th Foot. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 90th Regiment of Foot (Perthshire Volunteers) to form the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) in 1881. The Cameronians were themselves disbanded in 1968, meaning that no Army unit today perpetuates the lineage of the 26th Foot."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "99th Regiment of Foot (Jamaica Regiment)", "paragraph_text": "The 99th Regiment of Foot (Jamaica Regiment) was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1780 by Charles Rainsforth and disbanded in 1783."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "61st Infantry Regiment (Finland)", "paragraph_text": "The Finnish 61st Infantry Regiment (IR61) was a combat regiment of the 17th division of the Finnish Army during the Second World War, consisting almost exclusively of Swedish speaking Finns. Among others, the regiment participated in the battle of Tienhaara. The regiment has been the subject of several books, as well as a feature film \"Framom fr\u00e4msta linjen\". In 1980, Lieutenant general A. E. Martola opined: \"\"Honestly, this regiment saved Finland during the midsummer weekend 1944, even if only temporarily\".\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Camp Butner", "paragraph_text": "After the war, the Camp was used as a major facility for the demobilization and deactivation of Army units returning from combat. Among the units deactivated at the camp were the 3d United States Infantry Regiment and the 4th Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "123rd Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire)", "paragraph_text": "The 123rd Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire) was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796; it took its title from the 100th Foot, disbanded in 1785."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Operation Shahi Tandar", "paragraph_text": "Operation Shahi Tandar, also called Operation Atal, was a series of operations by Coalition troops from the British 42 Commando Royal Marines, Royal Canadian Regiment, 2-2 United States Infantry, and the Afghan national military in central Helmand province and the Western Panjwayi and Western Zhari districts of Kandahar, Afghanistan from January 7\u201331, 2009."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eighth Regiment Armory (Chicago)", "paragraph_text": "The Eighth Regiment Armory, located in the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District of Chicago, Illinois, was the first armory in the United States built for an African-American military regiment, known as the \"Fighting 8th\". The building later was used by a division of the Illinois National Guard, and during World War I was incorporated into the US Infantry. After closing the armory in the early 1960s, it became the South Central Gymnasium. In 1999, following an extensive renovation, it was reopened as a public high school military academy. The restoration and conversion into a school has been recognized by the National Trust for Historic Preservation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Infantry blue cord", "paragraph_text": "A light - blue cord was created to be worn over the right shoulder of both officers and enlisted men. Also, light - blue plastic disks were issued to be placed behind the metal ``crossed rifles ''Infantry branch of service insignia disks as well as on the disc service cap insignia. The new enhancements were first worn by the 3rd US Infantry Regiment (`` The Old Guard''). The light - blue cord and disks became standard for all Infantrymen in 1952."}], "question": "Who was allied with the military branch of the 61st infantry regiment?"}
{"id": "2hop__86025_79933", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nicole Fawcett", "paragraph_text": "Nicole Marie Fawcett (born December 16, 1986) is an American indoor volleyball player who won the 2014 World Championship and 2015 Pan American Games gold medal with the United States national team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "Michigan State, coached by Jud Heathcote, won the national title with a 75 -- 64 victory in the final game over Indiana State, coached by Bill Hodges. Indiana State came into the game without a loss all season, but could n't win their final game. Magic Johnson of Michigan State was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Michigan State's victory over Indiana State was its first over a number one ranked team, and remained its only victory over a number one ranked team until 2007 (Wisconsin)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "State of Origin series", "paragraph_text": "Of the 36 full series played, Queensland have won 21, New South Wales 13, with 2 series drawn (Queensland retained the Shield on both occasions as the previous year's winner). With the addition of three one - off games that were played in 1980, 1981 and 1987, the total number of games played is 108. Queensland have won 58, New South Wales have won 48, with 2 matches being drawn."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Briny Baird", "paragraph_text": "Baird was born in Miami Beach, Florida. He played varsity golf in the 7th grade at Miami Country Day. He originally attended Georgia Tech before transferring to Valdosta State University where he won the NCAA Division II individual golf championship in 1994 and 1995. He turned professional in 1995."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Johnathan Thurston", "paragraph_text": "Johnathan Thurston started his career at the Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs in 2002, where he won the 2004 NRL premiership, before moving to the North Queensland Cowboys in 2005, playing in that year's grand final. In that year, he made his debut for Queensland, before making his Australian debut in 2006. He was the 2008 Wally Lewis medalist for State of Origin player of the series. Also in 2008, he was named as halfback of the Australian Aboriginal team of the century. Thurston was the only player to play in all 24 games of Queensland's eight - year State of Origin winning streak from 2006, having played 36 consecutive Origin matches to date since his debut in 2005. Thurston broke the record for most points in State of Origin history during the 2015 State of Origin Series. Also in 2015, Thurston co-captained the North Queensland Cowboys, along with team mate Matt Scott, to their inaugural NRL Premiership. He was also the 2015 Clive Churchill Medallist for Grand Final man of the match. In the 2015 NRL Grand Final Thurston captained the team leading them to victory against the Brisbane Broncos."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Steve Bracey", "paragraph_text": "A 6' 1\" guard from the University of Tulsa, Bracey played three seasons (1972\u20131975) in the National Basketball Association as a member of the Atlanta Hawks and Golden State Warriors. He averaged 6.1 points per game and won an NBA Championship with Golden State in 1975."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2018 Mexican general election", "paragraph_text": "L\u00f3pez Obrador won the election on 1 July 2018 with over 50% of the popular vote. In terms of states won, L\u00f3pez Obrador won in a landslide, carrying 31 out of 32 of the country's states, the most states won by a candidate since Ernesto Zedillo won every state in the 1994 election."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "World Series", "paragraph_text": "The Cubs in 1907 and the Giants in 1922 won 4 games to 0, but each of those Series' included a tied game and are not considered to be true sweeps. In 1907, the first game was the tie and the Cubs won four straight after that. In 1922, Game 2 was the tie."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", "paragraph_text": "The United States winning the gold medal game against Canada marks the first time in 20 years that the United States took home a gold medal in women's hockey. They previously won in 1998 in Nagano, Japan, which was also against Canada. Canada's loss effectively ended their winning streak of four consecutive winter games, having won since 2002."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Seraphino Antao", "paragraph_text": "Seraphino Antao (October 30, 1937 - September 6, 2011) was a runner from Kenya. He won two events at the 1962 Commonwealth Games, making him the first Kenyan athlete to win a gold medal at an international level. He is of Asian origin (specifically Goan), from low altitude coastal city of Mombasa and was a sprinter, making him an atypical Kenyan athlete."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 7) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 (2017 - 07 - 16) -- August 27, 2017 (2017 - 08 - 27) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Longest NCAA Division I football winning streaks", "paragraph_text": "In American college football the longest NCAA Division I winning streak is held by the University of Oklahoma Sooners, who won 47 consecutive games between 1953 and 1957. The longest FCS winning streak is held by the North Dakota State Bison who won 33 consecutive games between 2012 and 2014."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Game of Thrones (season 1) Region 1 DVD artwork Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 17 (2011 - 04 - 17) -- June 19, 2011 (2011 - 06 - 19) Season chronology Next \u2192 Season 2 List of Game of Thrones episodes"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "King's Game", "paragraph_text": "King's Game (\"Kongekabale\") is a 2004 Danish film directed by Nikolaj Arcel. It stars Anders W. Berthelsen and Nicolas Bro as reporters uncovering a Government conspiracy. The film received critical praise and won many awards."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2012 Summer Olympics medal table", "paragraph_text": "Of the 204 NOCs participating, 85 received at least one medal; 55 won at least one gold medal. Athletes from the United States won the most gold medals, with 46, and the most overall, with 103. Michael Phelps and Missy Franklin won the most gold medals at the games with four each. Phelps also won the greatest number of medals overall winning six in total. Bahrain, Botswana, Cyprus, Gabon, Grenada (a gold medal), Guatemala, and Montenegro won their first Olympic medals. In prior Olympics, however, Montenegrin athletes have won medals as nationals of Serbia and Montenegro and of Yugoslavia. An athlete from Serbia won the first Olympic gold medal for the country as an independent NOC, however, Serbian athletes have previously won gold medals as nationals of Serbia and Montenegro and of Yugoslavia. Moldova lost all the medals it had won and Cameroon won all its medals due to medals reallocation after retesting of doping samples in 2016."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Daniel Tupou", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Tupou (born 17 June 1991) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays on the for the Sydney Roosters in the NRL. An Australian and Tongan international, New South Wales State of Origin, City Origin and Prime Minister's XIII representative, he won the 2013 and 2018 NRL Premierships with the Roosters."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American game show winnings records", "paragraph_text": "Since the genre began, many shows have offered prizes of large sums of money to contestants; Teddy Nadler set the original monetary winnings record of $264,000 during his appearance on The $64,000 Challenge in 1957. Nadler was not surpassed until 1980, when Thom McKee won $312,700 on Tic - Tac - Dough. In 1999, John Carpenter won $1,000,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, becoming the first person to win a seven - figure prize on an American game show. Since then, many players have gone on to win that amount and even surpassed it. As of 2015, Brad Rutter is the highest - earning American game show contestant of all time, having accumulated a total of $4,555,102. He succeeded Ken Jennings as the highest - earning contestant by virtue of his victory on May 16, 2014, in the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades tournament."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "BreakAway Games", "paragraph_text": "BreakAway Games is a video game developer based in Hunt Valley, Maryland, United States, established in 1998. Their executive staff is composed of several veterans from companies such as MicroProse, Origin Systems, Atari and Acclaim Entertainment."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Older than The Game by 23 years, the Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing. Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team (with a strong rivalry against Cornell), squash, and even recently won NCAA titles in Men's and Women's Fencing. Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2016 Big Ten Football Championship Game", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 Big Ten Championship Game pitted the Wisconsin Badgers, champions of the West Division, who made its fourth appearance in six years in the conference title game, against the East Division champion Penn State Nittany Lions, who made their first - ever appearance in the conference championship game. Penn State and Ohio State had identical 8 -- 1 conference records, but Penn State won the head - to - head tiebreaker over the Buckeyes."}], "question": "How many games has the state that won state of origin the most won state of origin?"}
{"id": "2hop__527880_28530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Charles Wolcott Ryder Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Ryder graduated from the United States Military Academy, class of 1942, during World War II. Served with the 90th Infantry Division in Western Europe. Graduated from the Command and General Staff College in 1953. Assigned to the Office of the Chief of Staff 1960\u201361. Commanding Officer (CO) 1st Brigade, 8th Infantry Division 1964\u201366. Commanding General (CG), 199th Infantry Brigade, November 28, 1966 to March 1, 1967. Professor of Military Science, The Citadel, 1966\u201367. Aerospace Defense Command 4th Infantry Division Republic of Vietnam, 1967\u201368. Chief of Staff Fourth United States Army 1970\u201372. Chief, Joint United States Military Aid Group to Greece(JUSMAGG), Greece 1972\u201374, Director Logistics and Security Assistance (J-4/7) EUCOM, 1974\u201377."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Finnish 4th Division (Winter War)", "paragraph_text": "The 4th Division was a unit of the Finnish Army during the Winter War. It was part of the II Corps (\"II AK\") which fought on the Karelian Isthmus. The 4th Division was responsible for the front between the Gulf of Finland and Viipuri."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "He Peirong", "paragraph_text": "In 1906 He Peirong went to Japan where he graduated Department of the Infantry in the 4th period, the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. Later he returned to China, he was appointed an instructor of the Baoding Military Academy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bronchus", "paragraph_text": "A bronchus, is a passage of airway in the respiratory system that conducts air into the lungs. The first bronchi to branch from the trachea are the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus. These are the widest and enter the lungs at each hilum, where they branch into narrower secondary bronchi known as lobar bronchi, and these branch into narrower tertiary bronchi known as segmental bronchi. Further divisions of the segmental bronchi are known as 4th order, 5th order, and 6th order segmental bronchi, or grouped together as subsegmental bronchi. The bronchi when too narrow to be supported by cartilage are known as bronchioles. No gas exchange takes place in the bronchi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "British -- American relations, also referred to as Anglo - American relations, encompass many complex relations ranging from two early wars to competition for world markets. Since 1940 they have been close military allies enjoying the Special Relationship built as wartime allies, and NATO partners."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Operation Cobra", "paragraph_text": "Operation Cobra Part of Operation Overlord (the Battle of Normandy) M4 Sherman tanks and infantrymen of the US 4th Armored Division in Coutances Date 25 -- 31 July 1944 Location Saint - L\u00f4, Normandy, France 49 \u00b0 06 \u2032 55 ''N 1 \u00b0 05 \u2032 25'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 49.115277 \u00b0 N 1.090277 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 49.115277; - 1.090277 \ufeff (Saint Lo) Coordinates: 49 \u00b0 06 \u2032 55 ''N 1 \u00b0 05 \u2032 25'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 49.115277 \u00b0 N 1.090277 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 49.115277; - 1.090277 \ufeff (Saint Lo) Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Germany Commanders and leaders Bernard Montgomery Omar Bradley J. Lawton Collins Troy Middleton Charles H. Corlett G\u00fcnther von Kluge Paul Hausser Eugen Meindl Strength 8 infantry divisions 3 armored divisions 2,451 tanks and tank destroyers 2 infantry divisions 1 parachute division 4 understrength Panzer divisions 1 Panzergrenadier division 190 tanks and assault guns Casualties and losses 1,800 casualties at least 109 medium tanks unknown number of light tanks and tank destroyers ~ 70 tanks and assault guns"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Toumba (Thessaloniki)", "paragraph_text": "Toumba (Greek: \u03a4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1) is a district in eastern Thessaloniki, Greece. It is divided into Ano Toumba and Kato Toumba (Upper and Lower Toumba) by a flume, and it is part of 4th Division of Thessaloniki Municipality."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Stanis\u0142aw Maczek", "paragraph_text": "General Stanis\u0142aw Maczek (; 31 March 1892 \u2013 11 December 1994) was a Polish tank commander of World War II, whose division was instrumental in the Allied liberation of France, closing the Falaise pocket, resulting in the destruction of 14 German Wehrmacht and SS divisions. A veteran of World War I, the Polish-Ukrainian and Polish\u2013Soviet Wars, Maczek was the commander of Poland's only major armoured formation during the September 1939 campaign, and later commanded a Polish armoured formation in France in 1940. He was the commander of the famous 1st Polish Armoured Division, and later of the I Polish Army Corps under Allied Command in 1942\u201345."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Camp Butner", "paragraph_text": "After the war, the Camp was used as a major facility for the demobilization and deactivation of Army units returning from combat. Among the units deactivated at the camp were the 3d United States Infantry Regiment and the 4th Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ministry of National Defence (Ecuador)", "paragraph_text": "The Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Ecuador is the ministry responsible for national defense and is responsible for controlling all three branches of the Military of Ecuador."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Operation Red Dawn", "paragraph_text": "Operation Red Dawn was an American military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that led to the capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. The operation was named after the 1984 film \"Red Dawn\". The mission was assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Raymond Odierno and led by Col. James Hickey of the 4th Infantry Division, with joint operations Task Force 121\u2014an elite and covert joint special operations team."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alpenkorps (German Empire)", "paragraph_text": "The Alpenkorps was a provisional mountain formation of division size formed by the Imperial German Army during World War I. It was considered by the Allies to be one of the best in the German Army."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)", "paragraph_text": "The 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) (, ), prior to 1944 titled the 14th SS-Volunteer Division \"Galicia\" (, ) was a World War II German military formation made up predominantly of military volunteers with a Ukrainian ethnic background from the area of Galicia, later also with some Slovaks and Czechs. Formed in 1943, it was largely destroyed in the battle of Brody, reformed, and saw action in Slovakia, Yugoslavia and Austria before being renamed the first division of the Ukrainian National Army and surrendering to the Western Allies by 10 May 1945."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "33 Combat Engineer Regiment", "paragraph_text": "33 Combat Engineer Regiment (33CER) is the Primary Reserve (Militia) unit of the Canadian Military Engineers in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is assigned to 33 Canadian Brigade Group, part of 4th Canadian Division."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tower 185", "paragraph_text": "Tower 185 is a 55-storey, skyscraper in the Gallus district of Frankfurt, Germany. It is the 4th tallest building in Frankfurt and the 4th tallest in Germany, tied with Main Tower. The anchor tenant of the tower is the German branch office of PricewaterhouseCoopers, which has leased ."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 4th Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Army. It served in the Napoleonic Wars (notably at the Battle of Waterloo), in the First World War on the Western Front where it was initially assigned to The Cavalry Division before spending most of the war with the 2nd Cavalry Division, and with the 1st Cavalry Division during World War II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos", "paragraph_text": "Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos (19 July 1871 \u2013 25 May 1935) was a Dominican political figure. He served as the 4th provisional president of the Dominican Republic between 1922 and 1924 under the U.S. military occupation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge."}], "question": "Who was the army that contains the 4th Division allied with?"}
{"id": "2hop__129495_511869", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pedro, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Pedro is an unincorporated community in Monroe County, West Virginia, United States. Pedro is located near the Virginia border northeast of Union."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mill City, Butte County, California", "paragraph_text": "Mill City is a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States. It was located adjacent to and shared a post office with Magalia (then, Dogtown)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pierzchnianka", "paragraph_text": "Pierzchnianka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pierzchnica, within Kielce County, \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Pierzchnica and south-east of the regional capital Kielce."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shark River Inlet", "paragraph_text": "The Shark River Inlet is an inlet that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Shark River, located entirely in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The Shark River Inlet acts as a border between the towns of Belmar and Avon-by-the-Sea at the Atlantic Ocean. The Shark River Inlet is the only river inlet exclusively in Monmouth County that drains directly into the Atlantic Ocean; the Shrewsbury and Navesink rivers drain into Sandy Hook Bay (part of the much larger Lower New York Bay), and the Manasquan River is shared with Ocean County."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Otzoloapan", "paragraph_text": "Otzoloapan Municipality is a municipality located at the southeast of the State of Mexico. The name is from the N\u00e1huatl 'Oceloapan' which means \"river of lynxes\". It is located in the southwest part of the state bordering the state of Michoac\u00e1n."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lake James State Park", "paragraph_text": "Lake James State Park is a North Carolina state park in Burke and McDowell Counties, North Carolina in the United States. Located near Nebo, North Carolina, it covers and borders Lake James."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cis\u00f3w-Or\u0142owiny Landscape Park", "paragraph_text": "The Park lies within \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Voivodeship, in Kielce County (Gmina Bieliny, Gmina Daleszyce, Gmina G\u00f3rno, Gmina \u0141ag\u00f3w, Gmina Pierzchnica, Gmina Rak\u00f3w)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple", "paragraph_text": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada, popularly known as Peruviruthy Malanada or Malanada is the only Duryodhana Temple in South India. It is located at Edakkad Ward (Kara) of Poruvazhy village in Kunnathoor Taluk of Kollam district (Kerala State), India. This place is the northern border of Kollam district which Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha districts share the boundaries. The temple is located equidistant from Adoor (M C Road) to the Northeast and Sasthamcottah to the Southeast. It is also reachable from Kayamkulam and Karunagappally on the NH 47 and Kottarakkara (via Puthoor or Enathu) on the MC road (approximately 25\u00a0km from each centre)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stone, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "Stone is an unincorporated community in Oneida County, Idaho, United States. Stone is located near the Utah border, north of Snowville, Utah."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Antelope Wells, New Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Antelope Wells is a small unincorporated community in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, United States. The community is located along the Mexico \u2013 United States border, in the New Mexico Bootheel region, located across the border from the small settlement of El Berrendo, Chihuahua, Mexico. Despite its name, there are neither antelope nor wells in the area. The name comes from an old ranch, located north of the current community. The only inhabitants of the community are United States Customs and Border Protection employees."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mingaladon Township", "paragraph_text": "Mingaladon Township ( ) is located in the northernmost part of Yangon, Myanmar. The township comprises 31 wards, and shares borders with Hmawbi Township in the north, North Okkalapa Township in the east, Insein Township and Shwepyitha Township in the west, and Mayangon Township in the south. Mingaladon is still relatively undeveloped and lacks basic municipal services."}], "question": "What place shares a border with the state that includes Pierzchnianka?"}
{"id": "2hop__131765_210104", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bra\u0144sk", "paragraph_text": "Bra\u0144sk (, ) is an Urban Gmina (Polish: \"gmina miejska\") (Town) in Bielsk County, Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is located north-eastern Poland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina K\u0119pice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina K\u0119pice is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142upsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the town of K\u0119pice, which lies approximately south of S\u0142upsk and west of the regional capital Gda\u0144sk."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nowy Budzis\u0142aw", "paragraph_text": "Nowy Budzis\u0142aw is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek Ma\u0142y, within Ko\u0142o County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zielenie", "paragraph_text": "Zielenie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek Ma\u0142y, within Ko\u0142o County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Szelment", "paragraph_text": "Szelment is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Szypliszki, within Suwa\u0142ki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. Szelment is located 15\u00a0km north of Suwa\u0142ki. It is also home to a 1000m cable car line, the second-longest in Poland. It is located 6.0\u00a0km from the nearest city in Lithuania, Salaperaugis."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jamrzyno", "paragraph_text": "Jamrzyno (German \"Jamrin\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina D\u0119bnica Kaszubska, within S\u0142upsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately east of D\u0119bnica Kaszubska, south-east of S\u0142upsk, and west of the regional capital Gda\u0144sk."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "S\u0142upsk County", "paragraph_text": "S\u0142upsk County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of S\u0142upsk, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in S\u0142upsk County are Ustka, a coastal resort north-west of S\u0142upsk, and K\u0119pice, south of S\u0142upsk."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "McCormack, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "McCormack is an unorganized territory in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States; located near Hibbing and Balkan Township. The population was 237 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Szar\u0142at\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Szar\u0142at\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek Ma\u0142y, within Ko\u0142o County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Osiek Ma\u0142y, north-west of Ko\u0142o, and east of the regional capital Pozna\u0144."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Osiek, Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Osiek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Osiek, which lies approximately south of Starogard Gda\u0144ski and south of the regional capital Gda\u0144sk."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "In what county is Gmina Osiek in the state where Slupsk County is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__195414_141373", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Henry Puckering", "paragraph_text": "The younger Henry Puckering was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge where graduated in 1657. He travelled abroad 1657 to 1658, and was admitted as a member of the Inner Temple in 1658."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Learning Company", "paragraph_text": "The Learning Company (TLC) was an American educational software company owned by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The company produced a grade-based system of learning software and tools to improve productivity. Products for preschoolers through second graders included \"Reader Rabbit\", and software for more advanced students included \"The ClueFinders\". The company was also known for publishing licensed educational titles featuring characters such as Arthur, Scooby-Doo, \"Zoboomafoo\", and \"Caillou\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Deep Down (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Deep Down\" is a song written by Walt Aldridge and John Jarrard, and recorded by American country music artist Pam Tillis. It was released in October 1995 as the first single from the album \"All of This Love\". The song reached #6 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Henri Weber", "paragraph_text": "Henri Weber (born 23 June 1944) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party (PS), which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Charles Alexander Lesage", "paragraph_text": "He was born in St-Gr\u00e9goire-le-Grand (later part of B\u00e9cancour), Canada East, the son of F. Lesage, and was educated at the Universit\u00e9 Laval. In 1867, he married Eleanor Vezina. Lesage was defeated by Henri Jules Juchereau Duchesnay when he ran for reelection in 1887."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Michael Aldridge", "paragraph_text": "Michael William ffolliott Aldridge (9 September 1920 -- 10 January 1994) was an English actor. He was known for playing Seymour in the television series Last of the Summer Wine from 1986 to 1990 and he had a long career as a character actor on stage and screen dating back to the 1930s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Frederick Francis Mathers", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of Isaac Henry Mathers and Kathleen McDonnell, and was educated in Halifax, at Dalhousie Law School and Harvard Law School. In 1899, Mathers married Margaret Ethel Bligh. He was deputy provincial secretary from 1902 to 1918 and deputy attorney general from 1918 to 1940. He served in the \"Scottish Rifles\" Company in the First World War and as Honorary Colonel of the Rifles from 1942 until 1947."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Henry Ford II", "paragraph_text": "Henry Ford II (September 4, 1917 \u2013 September 29, 1987), sometimes known as \"HF2\" or \"Hank the Deuce\", was the eldest son of Edsel Ford and eldest grandson of Henry Ford. He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960, chief executive officer (CEO) from 1945 to 1979, and chairman of the board of directors from 1960 to 1980. Notably, under the leadership of Henry Ford II, Ford Motor Company became a publicly traded corporation in 1956. From 1943 to 1950, he also served as president of the Ford Foundation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John W. Aldridge", "paragraph_text": "John W. Aldridge (September 26, 1922 \u2013 February 7, 2007) was an American writer, literary critic, teacher and scholar. He was a professor of English at the University of Michigan, director of the Hopwood Program, USIA Special Ambassador to Germany and an esteemed literary critic."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Henry Aldridge", "paragraph_text": "A native of Craven County, North Carolina, he moved to Greenville in the 1940s, and obtained his undergraduate degree from East Carolina University (ECU). He received his dental degree from the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry in 1950. Aldridge practiced as a dentist in Greenville, North Carolina for 50 years."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Laurice Aldridge Tatum", "paragraph_text": "Laurice Aldridge Tatum (7 December 1894 \u2013 15 September 1942) was a dentist and officer of the United States Navy during World War II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Night She Disappeared", "paragraph_text": "The Night She Disappeared is a young-adult crime / mystery novel by American author April Henry, released on March 13, 2012 through Henry Holt and Company. In June 2012, Henry announced that the film company Tempest had optioned the rights to the novel."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tommy Aldridge", "paragraph_text": "Tommy Aldridge (born August 15, 1950) is an American heavy metal and hard rock drummer. Aldridge is noted for his work with numerous bands and artists since the 1970s, such as Black Oak Arkansas, Pat Travers Band, Ozzy Osbourne, Gary Moore, Whitesnake, Ted Nugent, Thin Lizzy, Vinnie Moore and Yngwie Malmsteen."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hale & Kilburn", "paragraph_text": "The Hale & Kilburn company of Philadelphia was a furniture manufacturing company founded by Henry S. Hale and Cheney Kilburn. The Hale & Kilburn company's primary business was the production of railroad car seats for the greatly expanding American railroad companies. The Hale & Kilburn company was sold to J.P. Morgan & Co. in 1911 for $9 million."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gladys Colton", "paragraph_text": "The elder daughter of William Henry Colton, Gladys Colton was educated at Wycombe High School and University College London, where she graduated BA in History, then took a postgraduate Diploma in Education."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ogden Phipps", "paragraph_text": "Ogden Phipps was born in New York City on November 26, 1908, the son of Henry Carnegie Phipps and Gladys Livingston Mills. He was named for his mother's brother, Ogden L. Mills. His grandfather Henry Phipps was a major philanthropist who had amassed a fortune as the second largest shareholder in the Carnegie Steel Company. Educated at Harvard University, Ogden Phipps became a champion court tennis player, capturing the U.S. championship seven times and the British championship once."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "East Carolina University", "paragraph_text": "Public Laws of North Carolina, 1907, Chapter 820 titled \"An Act to Stimulate High School Instruction in the Public Schools of the State and Teacher Training\" is the official law chartering East Carolina Teachers Training School (ECTTS) on March 8, 1907 by the North Carolina General Assembly. The chairman of its original Board of Trustees, Thomas Jordan Jarvis, a former Governor of North Carolina now known as the \"Father of ECU\", participated in groundbreaking ceremonies for the first buildings on July 2, 1908 in Greenville, North Carolina and ECTTS opened its doors on October 5, 1909. Although its purpose was to train \"young white men and women\", there were no male graduates until 1932. In 1920, ECTTS became a four\u2013year institution and renamed East Carolina Teachers College (ECTC); its first bachelor's degrees were awarded the following year in education. A master's degree program was authorized in 1929; the first such degree granted by ECTC was in 1933. Progress toward full college status was made in 1948 with the designation of the bachelor of arts as a liberal arts degree, and the bachelor of science as a teaching degree. A change of name to East Carolina College in 1951 reflected this expanded mission. Over the objections of Governor Dan K. Moore, who opposed the creation of a university system separate from the Consolidated University of North Carolina, ECC was made a regional university effective July 1, 1967, and assumed its present name, East Carolina University. The university did not remain independent for long; on July 1, 1972, it was incorporated into the University of North Carolina System, the successor to the Consolidated University. Today, ECU is the third\u2013largest university in North Carolina with 21,589\u00a0undergraduate and 5,797\u00a0graduate students, including the 308\u00a0medicine and 52\u00a0dental students."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "She's Got a Single Thing in Mind", "paragraph_text": "\"She's Got a Single Thing in Mind\" is a song written by Walt Aldridge, and recorded by American country music artist Conway Twitty. It was released in April 1989 as the first single from the album \"House on Old Lonesome Road\". The song reached #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Diplomat (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Diplomat is a 1949 novel by an Australian writer James Aldridge. The book tells the story of three British diplomats, while they set out for a journey, to get acquainted with the situation in Iranian Azerbaijan and Iranian Kurdistan at the brink of the Cold War."}], "question": "What company is the school where Henry Aldridge educated a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__53446_73524", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lexie Grey", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Caroline ``Lexie ''Grey, M.D. is a fictional character from ABC's medical drama series Grey's Anatomy. Created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, the character was portrayed by actress Chyler Leigh from the third through eighth seasons. She was introduced as a surgical intern in season three. Serving as Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s half - sister, Lexie transferred to the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother's sudden death, and was eventually named a surgical resident. Leigh was originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc, but received star billing in the fourth season."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Grey's Anatomy", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement on March 27, 2005. The series focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns, residents, and attending physicians, as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships. The title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, a classic human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cristina Yang", "paragraph_text": "Oh originally auditioned for the role of Miranda Bailey, although Chandra Wilson was ultimately cast in the part. Oh has received generally positive reviews for her portrayal, with Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considering her friendship with Meredith to be ``the secret core of Grey's ''. Oh has also garnered numerous awards and nominations for her role as Yang, including Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award wins in 2006. She was additionally nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series each year, from 2005 to 2009. Characterizing the character, ABC noted her competitiveness, ambition, and intelligence as her main traits, while her aggressive, and tactless attitude was highlighted as her main weakness. In May 2012, E! Online reported that Oh had signed on for two more years, along with her fellow cast members. Oh left the show after season 10, and her character Cristina Yang was written out of the storyline as a main cast member."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 10)", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy (season 10) DVD cover art for the tenth season of Grey's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens, Jr. Sara Ramirez Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Camilla Luddington Gaius Charles Jerrika Hinton Tessa Ferrer Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 26, 2013 (2013 - 09 - 26) -- May 15, 2014 (2014 - 05 - 15) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 9 Next \u2192 Season 11 List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Addison Montgomery", "paragraph_text": "During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her. Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist. This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin - off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice. Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi. This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)", "paragraph_text": "The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two - hour premiere. The season will consist of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Losing My Religion (Grey's Anatomy)", "paragraph_text": "``Losing My Religion ''is the twenty - seventh and final episode of the second season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 36th episode overall. Written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Mark Tinker, the episode was originally broadcast with`` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response'', in a two - hour season finale event on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 15, 2006. Grey's Anatomy centers around a group of young doctors in training. In this episode, Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and her fellow interns have to plan a prom for Dr. Richard Webber's (James Pickens, Jr.) niece Camille Travis (Tessa Thompson). Further storylines include Dr. Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) recovering from his gunshot wound and Denny Duquette's (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) death following his seemingly successful heart transplant surgery."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Song Beneath the Song", "paragraph_text": "``Song Beneath the Song ''also known as Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the one - hundred forty - fourth episode overall. It was named after a song by American singer Maria Taylor. Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011. It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program. It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "It's the End of the World", "paragraph_text": "``It's the End of the World ''Grey's Anatomy episode Episode no. Season 2 Episode 16 Directed by Peter Horton Written by Shonda Rhimes Production code 211 Original air date February 5, 2006 (2006 - 02 - 05) (ABC) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance (s) Christina Ricci as Hannah Davies Kyle Chandler as Dylan Young Jillian Armenante as Mindy Carlson Cress Williams as Tucker Jones Larry Clarke as Paul Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper. Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` Break on Through'' Next \u2192 ``As We Know It ''Grey's Anatomy (season 2) List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tainted Obligation", "paragraph_text": "\"Tainted Obligation\" is the fourth episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the show's 106th episode overall. It was written by Jenna Bans and directed by Tom Verica. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on October 8, 2009. In the episode, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) and Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh)'s father is admitted into the hospital, seeking a liver transplantation. Further storylines include Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) getting nervous about losing her job, and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) attempting to perform surgery on a terminal patient with Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)", "paragraph_text": "The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two - hour premiere. The season consists of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)", "paragraph_text": "The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two - hour premiere. The season will consist of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Invest in Love", "paragraph_text": "\"Invest in Love\" is the eighth episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the show's 110th episode overall. Written by Stacy McKee and directed by Jessica Yu, the episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on November 5, 2009. \"Grey's Anatomy\" centers around a group of young doctors, training to be seasoned professionals. In this episode, Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) is stunned when her longtime patient's parents offer the hospital a donation of twenty-five million dollars. Katherine Heigl (Dr. Izzie Stevens) was absent from the episode, as she was filming the 2010 blockbuster \"Life as We Know It\". The original episode broadcast was ranked #3 for the night and would have 13.95\u00a0million viewers, garnered a 5.1/13 Nielsen rating/share in the 18\u201349 demographic."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jessica Capshaw", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Brooke Capshaw Gavigan (born August 9, 1976), known professionally as Jessica Capshaw, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in The Practice and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. She was introduced in Grey's Anatomy's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "As We Know It", "paragraph_text": "\"As We Know It\" is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes and was directed by Peter Horton. It originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), on February 12, 2006, running for 43:06 min. This episode is the second of a two-part story."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jessica Capshaw", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Brooke Capshaw (born August 9, 1976) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in The Practice and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. She was introduced in Grey's Anatomy's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy (season 3) DVD cover art for the third season of Grey's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens, Jr. Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 Release Original network ABC Original release September 21, 2006 (2006 - 09 - 21) -- May 17, 2007 (2007 - 05 - 17) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 2 Next \u2192 Season 4 List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arizona Robbins", "paragraph_text": "Arizona Robbins, M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", portrayed by Jessica Capshaw. She was introduced in the show's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new chief of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Song Beneath the Song", "paragraph_text": "``Song Beneath the Song, ''also known as Grey's Anatomy:`` The Music Event,'' is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the one - hundred forty - fourth episode overall. It was named after a song initially performed by American singer Maria Taylor. Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011. It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program. It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Maggie Pierce", "paragraph_text": "Margaret ``Maggie ''Pierce, M.D. is a fictional character from the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Kelly McCreary from the tenth season's penultimate episode onwards. It is revealed in the`` season ten finale'', Maggie's biological parents are Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) and Ellis Grey (Kate Burton), making her Meredith's half - sister. McCreary was upgraded to a series regular in the eleventh episode of the eleventh season."}], "question": "How many episodes are in the season of Grey's Anatomy when Christina Yang left?"}
{"id": "2hop__651037_141373", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Government-granted monopoly", "paragraph_text": "State Bar of Arizona Saudi Aramco British East India Company French East India Company Brewers Retail Theatre Royal, Drury Lane K -- 12 education Interest rates West Virginia American Water"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James Madison College", "paragraph_text": "James Madison College is a college of public affairs within Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, USA. It was founded in 1967, \"with a vision of creating a residential college merging the best attributes of a small college with an undergraduate education focusing on public affairs and firmly rooted in liberal arts\"; the college was named after James Madison in honor of his role in writing the United States Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and \"The Federalist Papers\" (which form part of the College's core curriculum). Originally considered experimental, the college has since come to be recognized as among the best in the nation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sunstruck", "paragraph_text": "Sunstruck, also known by the alternative title of Education of Stanley Evans, is a 1972 British\u2013Australian comedy film directed by James Gilbert and starring Harry Secombe, Maggie Fitzgibbon and John Meillon."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Valerie Jackson", "paragraph_text": "Valerie Jackson (born Valerie Richardson on April 3, 1949 in Richmond, Virginia) is an American radio host, philanthropist, and former advertising executive. She is the widow of former Atlanta, Georgia mayor Maynard Jackson."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maynard carbine", "paragraph_text": "The Maynard carbine was a breech-loaded carbine used by cavalry in the American Civil War. The First Model was manufactured between 1858 and 1859. About 5,000 were made. In United States service it was distributed to the 9th Pennsylvania and 1st Wisconsin cavalry regiments, United States Marines aboard the USS \"Saratoga\" and the United States Revenue Cutter Service. About 3,000 Maynard carbines were in Confederate hands during the war; 5,000 in .35 caliber were purchased by Florida, 650 in .50 by Georgia, and 325 in .50 and 300 in .35 by Mississippi. Around 800 were purchased by militias in South Carolina and Louisiana. The Second Model or Model 1863 was manufactured between 1863 and 1865. Over 20,000 were made. This model lacked the tape primer and stock patchbox, and was used by the 9th and 11th Indiana cavalry regiments and 11th Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Cavalry, among others. The Maynard had a good reputation for long-range accuracy, and Confederate sharpshooters made extensive use of it, especially during the Siege of Charleston."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Monsters, Inc. characters", "paragraph_text": "Henry James Waternoose (voiced by James Coburn) is a five - eyed humanoid crustacean - like monster in Monsters, Inc. He is the CEO of Monsters, Inc. The company has been in Waternoose's family for 3 generations as he had inherited the company from his father at the age of 142. Waternoose also previously had a mentoring relationship with Sulley."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "M.F. Horn Two", "paragraph_text": "M.F. Horn Two is a 1972 big band jazz album by Canadian jazz trumpeter Maynard Ferguson. It features cover versions of many songs that were popular in the years leading up to its production, including: \"Theme from Shaft\" by Isaac Hayes, \"Country Road\" by James Taylor, \"Mother\" by John Lennon, \"Spinning Wheel\" by David Clayton-Thomas and \"Hey Jude\" by The Beatles. It also features a track called \"Free Wheeler\" written by another highly regarded jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn player, Kenny Wheeler."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Term of Trial", "paragraph_text": "Term of Trial is a 1962 British drama film written and directed by Peter Glenville and produced by James Woolf for his Romulus Films company with James H. Ware as associate producer from a screenplay based on the novel of the same title by James Barlow. The music score was by Jean-Michel Damase and the cinematography by Oswald Morris."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "London Company", "paragraph_text": "The London Company (also called the Virginia Company of London) was an English joint - stock company established in 1606 by royal charter by King James I with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "East Carolina University", "paragraph_text": "Public Laws of North Carolina, 1907, Chapter 820 titled \"An Act to Stimulate High School Instruction in the Public Schools of the State and Teacher Training\" is the official law chartering East Carolina Teachers Training School (ECTTS) on March 8, 1907 by the North Carolina General Assembly. The chairman of its original Board of Trustees, Thomas Jordan Jarvis, a former Governor of North Carolina now known as the \"Father of ECU\", participated in groundbreaking ceremonies for the first buildings on July 2, 1908 in Greenville, North Carolina and ECTTS opened its doors on October 5, 1909. Although its purpose was to train \"young white men and women\", there were no male graduates until 1932. In 1920, ECTTS became a four\u2013year institution and renamed East Carolina Teachers College (ECTC); its first bachelor's degrees were awarded the following year in education. A master's degree program was authorized in 1929; the first such degree granted by ECTC was in 1933. Progress toward full college status was made in 1948 with the designation of the bachelor of arts as a liberal arts degree, and the bachelor of science as a teaching degree. A change of name to East Carolina College in 1951 reflected this expanded mission. Over the objections of Governor Dan K. Moore, who opposed the creation of a university system separate from the Consolidated University of North Carolina, ECC was made a regional university effective July 1, 1967, and assumed its present name, East Carolina University. The university did not remain independent for long; on July 1, 1972, it was incorporated into the University of North Carolina System, the successor to the Consolidated University. Today, ECU is the third\u2013largest university in North Carolina with 21,589\u00a0undergraduate and 5,797\u00a0graduate students, including the 308\u00a0medicine and 52\u00a0dental students."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "King of the Arena", "paragraph_text": "King of the Arena is a 1933 American Western film written and directed by Alan James. The film stars Ken Maynard, Lucile Browne, John St. Polis, Bob Kortman, Michael Visaroff and James A. Marcus. The film was released on June 1, 1933, by Universal Pictures."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Maynard Evans High School", "paragraph_text": "Maynard Evans High School is a high school located in Orlando, Florida, United States, served by Orange County Public Schools. The school's name is often shortened to \"Evans High School\" or \"E-HIGH\", and the mascot for the school are the Trojans."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Virginia Company", "paragraph_text": "The Virginia Company refers collectively to two joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the goal of establishing settlements on the coast of North America. The companies were called the ``Virginia Company of London ''(or the London Company) and the`` Virginia Company of Plymouth'' (or the Plymouth Company); they operated with identical charters but with differing territories. An area of overlapping territory was created within which the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other. The Plymouth Company never fulfilled its charter, but its territory was claimed by England and became New England."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Learning Company", "paragraph_text": "The Learning Company (TLC) was an American educational software company owned by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The company produced a grade-based system of learning software and tools to improve productivity. Products for preschoolers through second graders included \"Reader Rabbit\", and software for more advanced students included \"The ClueFinders\". The company was also known for publishing licensed educational titles featuring characters such as Arthur, Scooby-Doo, \"Zoboomafoo\", and \"Caillou\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Emrys James", "paragraph_text": "Robert Emrys James (1 September 1928 \u2013 5 February 1989) was a Welsh Shakespearean actor. He also performed in many theatre and TV parts between 1960 and 1989, and was an Associate Artist of the Royal Shakespeare Company. He was born in Machynlleth, the son of a railwayman, and attended the University of Wales, Aberystwyth."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Leroy F. Aarons", "paragraph_text": "Leroy \"Roy\" F. Aarons (December 8, 1933 \u2013 November 28, 2004) was an American journalist, editor, author, playwright, founder of the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA), and founding member of the Robert C. Maynard Institute for Journalism Education. In 2005 he was inducted into the NLGJA Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "James Melvin Rhodes", "paragraph_text": "James Melvin \"Mel\" Rhodes (June 14, 1916 \u2013 April 29, 1976) was an American educational scientist, assistant professor of education and creativity researcher who was the originator of the pioneering concept of the 4 P of creativity."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Poptropica", "paragraph_text": "Poptropica is an online role-playing game, developed in 2007 by Pearson Education's Family Education Network, and targeted towards children aged 6 to 15. \"Poptropica\" was primarily the creation of Jeff Kinney, the author of the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" series. As of 2015, he remains at the company as the Creative Director."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Law Rides Again", "paragraph_text": "The Law Rides Again is a 1943 American Western film, directed by Alan James and starring Ken Maynard and Hoot Gibson."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "James Maynard", "paragraph_text": "Born in Jacksonville, NC, Maynard graduated from East Carolina University in 1965 with a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology. Along with William F. Carl, he conceived and opened the first Golden Corral restaurant in Fayetteville in 1973. He organized Investors Management Corporation and developed Golden Corral Family Steak House restaurant chain and other IMC subsidiaries. Maynard is now the owner or franchisor of approximately 500 restaurants nationwide with sales in excess of $1.3 billion."}], "question": "What company is James Maynard's university part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__81717_73524", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)", "paragraph_text": "The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two - hour premiere. The season consists of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arizona Robbins", "paragraph_text": "Arizona Robbins, M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", portrayed by Jessica Capshaw. She was introduced in the show's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new chief of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 13)", "paragraph_text": "The thirteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy premiered on September 22, 2016, in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and consisted of 24 episodes. The season was ordered on March 3, 2016, along with ABC's other shows. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tainted Obligation", "paragraph_text": "\"Tainted Obligation\" is the fourth episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the show's 106th episode overall. It was written by Jenna Bans and directed by Tom Verica. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on October 8, 2009. In the episode, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) and Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh)'s father is admitted into the hospital, seeking a liver transplantation. Further storylines include Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) getting nervous about losing her job, and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) attempting to perform surgery on a terminal patient with Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Grey's Anatomy", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement on March 27, 2005. The series focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns, residents, and attending physicians, as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships. The title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, a classic human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "As We Know It", "paragraph_text": "\"As We Know It\" is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes and was directed by Peter Horton. It originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), on February 12, 2006, running for 43:06 min. This episode is the second of a two-part story."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jessica Capshaw", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Brooke Capshaw (born August 9, 1976) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in The Practice and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. She was introduced in Grey's Anatomy's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cristina Yang", "paragraph_text": "Oh originally auditioned for the role of Miranda Bailey, although Chandra Wilson was ultimately cast in the part. Oh has received generally positive reviews for her portrayal, with Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considering her friendship with Meredith to be ``the secret core of Grey's ''. Oh has also garnered numerous awards and nominations for her role as Yang, including Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award wins in 2006. She was additionally nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series each year, from 2005 to 2009. Characterizing the character, ABC noted her competitiveness, ambition, and intelligence as her main traits, while her aggressive, and tactless attitude was highlighted as her main weakness. In May 2012, E! Online reported that Oh had signed on for two more years, along with her fellow cast members. Oh left the show after season 10, and her character Cristina Yang was written out of the storyline as a main cast member."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)", "paragraph_text": "The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two - hour premiere. The season will consist of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Addison Montgomery", "paragraph_text": "During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her. Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist. This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin - off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice. Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi. This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy (season 3) DVD cover art for the third season of Grey's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens, Jr. Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 Release Original network ABC Original release September 21, 2006 (2006 - 09 - 21) -- May 17, 2007 (2007 - 05 - 17) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 2 Next \u2192 Season 4 List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Maggie Pierce", "paragraph_text": "Margaret ``Maggie ''Pierce, M.D. is a fictional character from the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Kelly McCreary from the tenth season's penultimate episode onwards. It is revealed in the`` season ten finale'', Maggie's biological parents are Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) and Ellis Grey (Kate Burton), making her Meredith's half - sister. McCreary was upgraded to a series regular in the eleventh episode of the eleventh season."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "It's the End of the World", "paragraph_text": "``It's the End of the World ''Grey's Anatomy episode Episode no. Season 2 Episode 16 Directed by Peter Horton Written by Shonda Rhimes Production code 211 Original air date February 5, 2006 (2006 - 02 - 05) (ABC) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance (s) Christina Ricci as Hannah Davies Kyle Chandler as Dylan Young Jillian Armenante as Mindy Carlson Cress Williams as Tucker Jones Larry Clarke as Paul Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper. Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` Break on Through'' Next \u2192 ``As We Know It ''Grey's Anatomy (season 2) List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 10)", "paragraph_text": "Grey's Anatomy (season 10) DVD cover art for the tenth season of Grey's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens, Jr. Sara Ramirez Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Camilla Luddington Gaius Charles Jerrika Hinton Tessa Ferrer Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 26, 2013 (2013 - 09 - 26) -- May 15, 2014 (2014 - 05 - 15) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 9 Next \u2192 Season 11 List of Grey's Anatomy episodes"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Losing My Religion (Grey's Anatomy)", "paragraph_text": "``Losing My Religion ''is the twenty - seventh and final episode of the second season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 36th episode overall. Written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Mark Tinker, the episode was originally broadcast with`` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response'', in a two - hour season finale event on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 15, 2006. Grey's Anatomy centers around a group of young doctors in training. In this episode, Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and her fellow interns have to plan a prom for Dr. Richard Webber's (James Pickens, Jr.) niece Camille Travis (Tessa Thompson). Further storylines include Dr. Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) recovering from his gunshot wound and Denny Duquette's (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) death following his seemingly successful heart transplant surgery."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Song Beneath the Song", "paragraph_text": "``Song Beneath the Song, ''also known as Grey's Anatomy:`` The Music Event,'' is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the one - hundred forty - fourth episode overall. It was named after a song initially performed by American singer Maria Taylor. Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011. It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program. It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)", "paragraph_text": "The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two - hour premiere. The season will consist of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Maggie Pierce", "paragraph_text": "Margaret ``Maggie ''Pierce, M.D. is a fictional character from the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Kelly McCreary from the tenth season's penultimate episode onwards. It is revealed in the season ten finale, Maggie's biological parents are Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) and Ellis Grey (Kate Burton), making her Meredith's half - sister. McCreary was upgraded to a series regular in the eleventh episode of the eleventh season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Song Beneath the Song", "paragraph_text": "``Song Beneath the Song ''also known as Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the one - hundred forty - fourth episode overall. It was named after a song by American singer Maria Taylor. Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011. It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program. It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lexie Grey", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Caroline ``Lexie ''Grey, M.D. is a fictional character from ABC's medical drama series Grey's Anatomy. Created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, the character was portrayed by actress Chyler Leigh from the third through eighth seasons. She was introduced as a surgical intern in season three. Serving as Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s half - sister, Lexie transferred to the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother's sudden death, and was eventually named a surgical resident. Leigh was originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc, but received star billing in the fourth season."}], "question": "How many episodes were there of the series where christina leaves?"}
{"id": "2hop__619953_178601", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cordova Pass (Colorado)", "paragraph_text": "Cordova Pass () in southern Colorado lies on the western shoulder of the West Spanish Peak, east of the Culebra Range of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of the Western United States. Cordova Pass lies just outside the Spanish Peaks Wilderness, a designated National Wilderness Area in the San Isabel National Forest. Cordova Pass is reached via the Apishapa Road, a leg of the Scenic Highway of Legends (a designated Colorado and National Forest Service scenic byway). As the National Forest Service does not usually plow the snow, Cordova Pass is normally not accessible from mid-November to late May. Most of the time, the pass may be traversed by passenger vehicles."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "I'll Take Sweden", "paragraph_text": "I'll Take Sweden is a 1965 comedy film directed by Frederick de Cordova, and starring Bob Hope, Frankie Avalon, and Tuesday Weld."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number", "paragraph_text": "All songs were written and produced by R. Kelly, except for ``At Your Best (You Are Love) '', written by Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Ronald Isley and Chris Jasper."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Marvin Cordova Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Marvin Dale Cordova (born January 17, 1985 in Rocky Ford, Colorado) is a professional boxer in the Light Welterweight division."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rocky Ford, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Rocky Ford is a Statutory City located in Otero County, Colorado, United States. The population was 4,286 at the United States Census 2000."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kennecott, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Kennecott, also known as Kennicott and Kennecott Mines, is an abandoned mining camp in the Valdez - Cordova Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska that was the center of activity for several copper mines. It is located beside the Kennicott Glacier, northeast of Valdez, inside Wrangell - St. Elias National Park and Preserve. The camp and mines are now a National Historic Landmark District administered by the National Park Service."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "Marvin Cordova Jr. was born in what Colorado county?"}
{"id": "2hop__109266_181960", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Southampton became a spa town in 1740. It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s, despite the lack of a good quality beach. Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Harry Bath", "paragraph_text": "Harry Bath (28 November 1924 \u2013 4 October 2008), born Alfred Henry Bath, also known by the nickname of \"The Old Fox\", was an Australian rugby league footballer and coach who was prominent and influential in the mid-20th century. A state and international representative who played 12 matches for Other Nationalities in the International Championship from 1949 to 1955, he played as a and has been referred to as the best Australian rugby league player never to be picked for the Australian national team. Following his retirement, Bath coached in the New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership for two decades, also achieving selection as the Australian national team coach."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Short (rugby union)", "paragraph_text": "Peter Short (born 20 June 1979 in Liverpool, England) was a rugby union footballer who played as a lock forward predominantly for Bath in the Aviva Premiership."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Scott Bemand", "paragraph_text": "Scott Bemand (born 21 September 1978 in Hereford) is a retired English rugby union player. He formerly played for Harlequins, Leicester Tigers and Bath."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Klawasi group", "paragraph_text": "The Klawasi group is a cluster of three large mud volcanoes on the western flank of Mount Drum, a Pleistocene stratovolcano in the Wrangell Mountains of east-central Alaska in the United States. The cluster includes the Upper Klawasi, the Lower Klawasi and the Shrub."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2011 Dalbandin earthquake", "paragraph_text": "About 200 mud houses, including some government offices, were reported damaged in the Dalbandin area of Pakistan. Two women died of heart attacks in Quetta after the earthquake, about 330 km northeast of the epicenter, where the Mercalli intensity was IV (Light)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "West Bath, Maine", "paragraph_text": "West Bath is a town in Sagadahoc County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,877 at the 2010 census. A sub-locality of West Bath is Winnegance. West Bath is part of the Portland\u2013South Portland\u2013Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mud River (Kentucky)", "paragraph_text": "The Mud River is a tributary of the Green River in western Kentucky in the United States. Via the Green and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. It is about long."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mud Spring (Antelope Valley)", "paragraph_text": "Mud Spring, formerly Aquaje Lodoso, is a spring and historic site in the western Antelope Valley, within northern Los Angeles County, southern California."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Timeline of United States railway history", "paragraph_text": "1795 - 96 & 1799 - 1804 or '05 -- In 1795, Charles Bullfinch, the architect of Boston's famed State House first employed a temporary funicular railway with specially designed dumper cars to decapitate' the Tremont's' Beacon Hill summit and begin the decades long land reclamation projects which created most of the real estate in Boston's lower elevations of today from broad mud flats, such as South Boston, Eastern parts of Dorchester, much of the shorelines of the entire Charles River basin on both the left and right banks and Brighton from mud flats, and most famously and tellingly especially the Back Bay."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William Watson (physician)", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Watson (1744\u20131824) was an English physician and naturalist, elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1767 and knighted in 1796. He was mayor of Bath in 1801."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mud Bay, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Mud Bay is a census-designated place (CDP) in Haines Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 212, up from 137 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "William Prynne", "paragraph_text": "Born at Swainswick, near Bath, Somerset, William Prynne was educated at Bath Grammar School and Oriel College, Oxford. He graduated with a BA on 22 January 1621, was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn in the same year, and was called to the bar in 1628. According to Anthony \u00e0 Wood, he was confirmed in his militant puritanism by the influence of John Preston, who was then lecturer at Lincoln's Inn. In 1627 he published his first book, a theological treatise, followed in the next three years by three others attacking Arminianism and its teachers. In the preface to one of them he appealed to parliament to suppress anything written against Calvinist doctrine and to force the clergy to subscribe to the conclusion of the Synod of Dort. Prynne was a strong disciplinarian. After arguing that the custom of drinking healths was sinful, he asserted that for men to wear their hair long was \"unseemly and unlawful unto Christians\", while it was \"mannish, unnatural, impudent, and unchristian\" for women to cut it short."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "David Bomberg", "paragraph_text": "Bomberg was one of the most audacious of the exceptional generation of artists who studied at the Slade School of Art under Henry Tonks, and which included Mark Gertler, Stanley Spencer, C.R.W. Nevinson and Dora Carrington. Bomberg painted a series of complex geometric compositions combining the influences of cubism and futurism in the years immediately preceding World War I; typically using a limited number of striking colours, turning humans into simple, angular shapes, and sometimes overlaying the whole painting a strong grid-work colouring scheme. He was expelled from the Slade School of Art in 1913, with agreement between the senior teachers Tonks, Frederick Brown and Philip Wilson Steer, because of the audacity of his breach from the conventional approach of that time."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Mud Bath", "paragraph_text": "The Mud Bath is a 1914 oil-on-canvas painting by David Bomberg. The work is considered a masterpiece of Bomberg's work in this period. Bomberg was a founder member of the London Group, and the painting is considered a leading example of Vorticism, although Bomberg resisted being described as a Vorticist."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Child's Bath", "paragraph_text": "The Child's Bath (or The Bath) is an 1893 oil painting by American artist Mary Cassatt. The subject matter and the overhead perspective were inspired by Japanese woodblocks. It shows dignity in motherhood and has a style similar to that of Degas."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fashion Museum, Bath", "paragraph_text": "The Fashion Museum (known before 2007 as the Museum of Costume) is housed in the Assembly Rooms in Bath, Somerset, England."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bath stone", "paragraph_text": "Bath Stone has been used extensively as a building material throughout southern England, for churches, houses, and public buildings such as railway stations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "You've Got the Job", "paragraph_text": "You've Got the Job is a television show that aired on the Seven Network in Australia. The show was hosted by \"Seven News\" presenter and former \"Dancing with the Stars\" contestant Chris Bath."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Klaus-J\u00fcrgen Bathe", "paragraph_text": "Klaus-J\u00fcrgen Bathe is a civil engineer, professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and founder of ADINA R&D, who specializes in computational mechanics. Bathe is considered to be one of the pioneers in the field of finite element analysis and its applications."}], "question": "Where was the painter of The Mud Bath educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__78908_50557", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ubuntu", "paragraph_text": "Version Code name Release date Supported until 14.04 LTS Trusty Tahr 2014 - 04 - 17 Older version, yet still supported: 2019 - 04 14.10 Utopic Unicorn 2014 - 10 - 23 Old version, no longer supported: 2015 - 07 - 23 15.04 Vivid Vervet 2015 - 04 - 23 Old version, no longer supported: 2016 - 02 - 04 15.10 Wily Werewolf 2015 - 10 - 22 Old version, no longer supported: 2016 - 07 - 28 16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus 2016 - 04 - 21 Older version, yet still supported: 2021 - 04 16.10 Yakkety Yak 2016 - 10 - 13 Old version, no longer supported: 2017 - 07 - 20 17.04 Zesty Zapus 2017 - 04 - 13 Old version, no longer supported: 2018 - 01 - 13 17.10 Artful Aardvark 2017 - 10 - 19 Older version, yet still supported: 2018 - 07 18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver 2018 - 04 - 26 Current stable version: 2023 - 04 18.10 Cosmic Cuttlefish 2018 - 10 Future release: 2019 - 07 Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Adobe Photoshop version history", "paragraph_text": "OS version Latest release Latest update Windows 3.0 3.0 3.0. 4 Windows 3.1 x 4.0 4.0. 1 Windows NT 3.5 3.0 3.0. 5 Windows NT 3.51 4.0 4.0. 1 Windows 95 5.5 Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT 4.0 7 7.0. 1 Windows 2000 CS2 9.0. 2 Windows XP CS6 13.0. 1 Windows Vista CS5. 1 12.0. 4 Windows 8 CC 2014 15.2. 2 Windows 10 Build 1607 CC 2018 19.1. 6 Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 CC 2019 20.0. 0 (current)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Linux kernel", "paragraph_text": "While Linus Torvalds supervises code changes and releases to the latest kernel versions, he has delegated the maintenance of older versions to other programmers. Major releases as old as 2.0 (officially made obsolete with the kernel 2.2. 0 release in January 1999) are maintained as needed, although at a very slow pace."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "BeiDou", "paragraph_text": "The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "paragraph_text": "The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), colloquially the Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876. Originally described in a four-page pamphlet, it has been expanded to multiple volumes and revised through 23 major editions, the latest printed in 2011. It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. OCLC, a non-profit cooperative that serves libraries, currently maintains the system and licenses online access to WebDewey, a continuously updated version for catalogers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "MacOS High Sierra", "paragraph_text": "macOS 10.13 High Sierra A version of the macOS operating system macOS High Sierra desktop Developer Apple Inc. OS family Macintosh Unix Source model Closed, with open - source components Initial release September 25, 2017; 12 months ago (2017 - 09 - 25) Latest release 10.13. 6 (17G2307 / 15P6805) (August 28, 2018; 2 months ago (2018 - 08 - 28)) (\u00b1) Update method Mac App Store Platforms x86 - 64 Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) License APSL and Apple EULA and Non-Disclosure Agreement Preceded by macOS 10.12 Sierra Succeeded by macOS 10.14 Mojave Official website macOS High Sierra at the Wayback Machine (archived September 11, 2018) Support status Extended support ends in September 2020. iTunes, in August 2021"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WatchOS", "paragraph_text": "watchOS Developer Apple Inc. Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Unix - like iOS Working state Current Source model Closed (with open - source components) Initial release April 24, 2015; 3 years ago (2015 - 04 - 24) Latest release 4.3. 2 (15U70) (July 9, 2018; 34 days ago (2018 - 07 - 09)) (\u00b1) Latest preview 5.0 beta 6 (16R5340g) (August 6, 2018; 6 days ago (2018 - 08 - 06)) (\u00b1) Marketing target Smartwatch Update method FOTA (via iPhone 5 + running iOS 8.2 +) Platforms 32 - bit ARM architecture ARMv7 - A License Proprietary software except for open - source components Official website www.apple.com/watchos Support status Supported"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ima ne\u0161to u tom \u0161to me ne\u0107e\u0161", "paragraph_text": "Ima ne\u0161to u tom \u0161to me ne\u0107e\u0161 is the latest, 2005 album by \u017deljko Joksimovi\u0107, one of the most popular Serbian pop stars."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Codelobster", "paragraph_text": "Codelobster is a portable integrated development environment (IDE) primarily for PHP, which also supports HTML, CSS, and JavaScript development. Plug-ins are available for Drupal, WordPress, Smarty, Joomla, JQuery, Facebook, Codeigniter, Yii, and CakePHP. Free registration by email is required after 30 days of use of the program, and there are paid versions also (\"Lite\" and \"Professional\") for additional features. The program is missing a help system as of its latest version."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "CNN World News", "paragraph_text": "CNN World News, a program that airs on CNN International and CNN International Asia Pacific. It is supplemented by CNN World News Asia and CNN World News Europe The show's traditional time run is 24-hours if it is followed by CNN World News Middle East The show's regular presenters include Errol Barnett. Its main role is to update viewers of the latest news in the world. It contains a weather update from the CNN World Weather Forecast News. CNN World News can usually air up to three times on weekends, and is known to be bringing the latest on a story."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Constitution of India", "paragraph_text": "The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles, which are grouped into 25 parts. With 12 schedules and five appendices, it has been amended 101 times; the latest amendment became effective on 1 July 2017."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Military Madness: Nectaris", "paragraph_text": "Military Madness: Nectaris is a turn-based strategy game developed for WiiWare, Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network by Hudson Soft. It is the latest game in the \"Nectaris\" series, and an enhanced remake of the first game."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "OS X El Capitan", "paragraph_text": "OS X El Capitan (/ \u025bl k\u00e6p\u026a\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0n / el - KAP - \u026a - TAHN) (version 10.11) is the twelfth major release of OS X (now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. It is the successor to OS X Yosemite and focuses mainly on performance, stability and security. Following the Northern California landmark - based naming scheme introduced with OS X Mavericks, El Capitan was named after a rock formation in Yosemite National Park, signifying its goal to be a refined version of Yosemite. El Capitan is the final version to be released under the name OS X; its successor, Sierra, was announced as macOS Sierra. El Capitan received far superior reviews when compared to Yosemite."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Windows 10 version history", "paragraph_text": "Overview Version Code name Marketing name Release date Support until Latest build SAC Home Pro SAC Ent Edu LTSC Mobile PC Mobile 1507 Threshold 1 N / A July 29, 2015 May 9, 2017 May 9, 2017 October 14, 2025 N / A Older version, yet still supported: 10240 N / A 1511 Threshold 2 November Update November 10, 2015 October 10, 2017 April 10, 2018 N / A January 9, 2018 Old version, no longer supported: 10586 Old version, no longer supported: 10586 1607 Redstone 1 Anniversary Update August 2, 2016 April 10, 2018 October 9, 2018 October 13, 2026 October 9, 2018 Older version, yet still supported: 14393 Older version, yet still supported: 14393 1703 Redstone 2 Creators Update April 5, 2017 October 9, 2018 April 9, 2019 N / A July 11, 2019 Older version, yet still supported: 15063 Older version, yet still supported: 15063 1709 Redstone 3 Fall Creators Update October 17, 2017 April 9, 2019 October 8, 2019 N / A December 10, 2019 Older version, yet still supported: 16299 Current stable version: 15254 1803 Redstone 4 April 2018 Update April 30, 2018 November 12, 2019 November 12, 2019 N / A N / A Current stable version: 17134 N / A 1809 Redstone 5 TBA Late 2018 TBA TBA TBA N / A Latest preview version of a future release: 17692 N / A Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "MacOS", "paragraph_text": "macOS Screenshot of the macOS High Sierra desktop Developer Apple, Inc. Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Macintosh, Unix Working state Current Source model Closed source (with open source components) Initial release March 24, 2001; 17 years ago (2001 - 03 - 24) Latest release 10.13. 6 (17G2208 / 15P6703) (July 24, 2018; 36 days ago (2018 - 07 - 24)) (\u00b1) Latest preview 10.14 Developer beta 9 (18A377a) (August 27, 2018; 2 days ago (2018 - 08 - 27)) (\u00b1) Marketing target Personal computing Available in 34 languages List of languages As of macOS Sierra: Arabic, Catalan, Croatian, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Latin America), Spanish (Spain), Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese Update method System Preferences (10.14 +) Mac App Store (10.8 - 10.13) Software Update (10.0 -- 10.7) Platforms x86 - 64 (10.4. 7 -- present) IA - 32 (10.4. 4 -- 10.6. 8; discontinued) PowerPC (10.0 -- 10.5. 8; discontinued) Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) Default user interface Graphical (Aqua) License Commercial software, proprietary software Preceded by Classic Mac OS Official website www.apple.com/macos Support status Supported"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "CorelDRAW", "paragraph_text": "CorelDraw (styled CorelDRAW) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap - image editor Corel Photo - Paint as well as other graphics - related programs (see below). The latest version is marketed as Graphics Suite 2017 (equivalent to version 19), and was released in April 2017. CorelDraw is designed to edit two - dimensional images such as logos and posters."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "MacOS", "paragraph_text": "Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems. Mac OS X succeeded ``classic ''Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999. An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, followed in March 2001. Releases were code named after big cats from the original release up until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion. Beginning in 2013 with OS X 10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California. Apple changed the original name`` Mac OS X'' to ``OS X ''in 2012 and then to`` macOS'' in 2016, adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version of macOS is macOS High Sierra, which was publicly released in September 2017."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "La Derni\u00e8re Heure", "paragraph_text": "La Derni\u00e8re Heure (The Latest Hour) and \"Les Sports\" (sometimes referred to as \"La DH\") is a French-language daily newspaper published in Brussels, Belgium. The paper is known for news and sports."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Belebey (genus)", "paragraph_text": "Belebey is an extinct genus of bolosaurid ankyramorph parareptile containing species known from the latest Carboniferous (Gzhelian) or earliest Permian (Asselian) to Guadalupian (Middle Permian) stage of Europe (Russia, France) and Asia (China)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mystery Case Files", "paragraph_text": "The latest installment in the series, The Revenant's Hunt, was released on November 21, 2017 and is the sixteenth game in the series."}], "question": "What is the latest update for the latest version of iMac OS?"}
{"id": "2hop__66100_386141", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lord Jim", "paragraph_text": "Lord Jim is a novel by Joseph Conrad originally published as a serial in \"Blackwood's Magazine\" from October 1899 to November 1900. An early and primary event in the story is the abandonment of a passenger ship in distress by its crew, including a young British seaman named Jim. He is publicly censured for this action and the novel follows his later attempts at coming to terms with himself and his past."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sailor", "paragraph_text": "A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is a person who navigates waterborne vessels or assists as a crewmember in their operation and maintenance. The term bluejacket may be used for British or US Navy enlisted sailors, the latter especially when deployed ashore as infantry. The Bluejacket's Manual is the basic handbook for United States Navy personnel. 700,000 of the world's mariners come from the Philippines, being the world's largest origin of seafarers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Political correctness", "paragraph_text": "The term ``politically correct ''was used infrequently until the latter part of the 20th century. This earlier use did not communicate the social disapproval usually implied in more recent usage. In 1793, the term`` politically correct'' appeared in a U.S. Supreme Court judgment of a political lawsuit. The term also had use in other English - speaking countries in the 1800s. William Safire states that the first recorded use of the term in the typical modern sense is by Toni Cade Bambara in the 1970 anthology The Black Woman. The term probably entered use in the United Kingdom around 1975."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nico and Dani", "paragraph_text": "Nico and Dani () is a 2000 Spanish film about the sexual awakening of two teenagers, as one comes to terms with his homosexuality and the other with his heterosexuality. The Spanish title refers to a form of mutual masturbation that the two practice."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means \"little black people\" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., \"little black person\"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means \"frizzy hair\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Philip Scott", "paragraph_text": "After playing junior football for Scone Thistle, Scott signed professional terms for Alex Totten's St Johnstone in 1991 after coming through the Perth youth system. Scott established himself as a mainstay in the midfields of John McClelland and Paul Sturrock. Nicknamed \"Fizzy\", he was a member of Sturrock's 1996\u201397 squad that won promotion to the Scottish Premier Division."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kangaroo court", "paragraph_text": "The term kangaroo court is often erroneously believed to have its origin from Australia's courts while it was a penal colony. However, the first published instance of the term is from an American source in the year 1853. Some sources suggest that it may have been popularized during the California Gold Rush of 1849, along with mustang court, as a description of the hastily carried - out proceedings used to deal with the issue of claim jumping miners. Ostensibly the term comes from the notion of justice proceeding ``by leaps '', like a kangaroo -- in other words,`` jumping over'' (intentionally ignoring) evidence that would be in favour of the defendant. Another possibility is that the phrase could refer to the pouch of a kangaroo, meaning the court is in someone's pocket. The phrase is popular in the UK, US, Australia and New Zealand and is still in common use."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tilva Ro\u0161", "paragraph_text": "Tilva Ro\u0161 is a 2010 Serbian coming of age drama following a group of skaters from Bor, a small mining town in eastern part of Serbia, during their first summer after finishing high school."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "JMule", "paragraph_text": "JMule is an open source file sharing client written in Java for eDonkey2000 networks. JMule is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, it is based on Java platform and requires at least Java SE 6.0 for operation. At a more general level this is a project that try to accomplish several goals. For now the client has Swing and SWT user interfaces, but more user interfaces will come soon. The name \"JMule\" comes from a \"J\" (Java) and a \"Mule\" (like eMule, aMule)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "El Cl\u00e1sico", "paragraph_text": "The rivalry reflected in El Cl\u00e1sico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain. As seen below, Barcelona leads Real Madrid 94 -- 91 in terms of official overall trophies. While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA does not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record. However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "K\u00e1lm\u00e1n K\u00e1d\u00e1r", "paragraph_text": "K\u00e1d\u00e1r, who comes from the Hungarian minority in Romania, was part of the Romania men's national water polo team that competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Earth's magnetic field", "paragraph_text": "Spherical harmonic analysis can be used to distinguish internal from external sources if measurements are available at more than one height (for example, ground observatories and satellites). In that case, each term with coefficient gm\u2113 or hm\u2113 can be split into two terms: one that decreases with radius as 1/r\u2113+1 and one that increases with radius as r\u2113. The increasing terms fit the external sources (currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere). However, averaged over a few years the external contributions average to zero.The remaining terms predict that the potential of a dipole source (\u2113=1) drops off as 1/r2. The magnetic field, being a derivative of the potential, drops off as 1/r3. Quadrupole terms drop off as 1/r4, and higher order terms drop off increasingly rapidly with the radius. The radius of the outer core is about half of the radius of the Earth. If the field at the core-mantle boundary is fit to spherical harmonics, the dipole part is smaller by a factor of about 8 at the surface, the quadrupole part by a factor of 16, and so on. Thus, only the components with large wavelengths can be noticeable at the surface. From a variety of arguments, it is usually assumed that only terms up to degree 14 or less have their origin in the core. These have wavelengths of about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) or less. Smaller features are attributed to crustal anomalies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget (1810\u20131880) succeeded Sylvain Salnave as President of Haiti in 1869. Coming into power by coup, Saget was the first Haitian president to serve out his term of office (1869\u20131874) and retire voluntarily, although his retirement led to a renewal of the political turmoil between blacks and the country's mulatto elites. He died in 1880."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday", "paragraph_text": "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday is a 1996 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Pressman and starring Peter Gallagher and Claire Danes as a father and daughter struggling to come to terms with the tragic death of wife and mother, Gillian (Michelle Pfeiffer). The original score was composed by James Horner."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hedges Eyre Chatterton", "paragraph_text": "Hedges Eyre Chatterton (5 July 1819 \u2013 30 August 1910) was an Irish Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament and subsequently Vice-Chancellor of Ireland."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term Traditional Architecture (or vernacular) is mostly used. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Adolescence", "paragraph_text": "In terms of sexual identity, adolescence is when most gay/lesbian and transgender adolescents begin to recognize and make sense of their feelings. Many adolescents may choose to come out during this period of their life once an identity has been formed; many others may go through a period of questioning or denial, which can include experimentation with both homosexual and heterosexual experiences. A study of 194 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one's sexual orientation occurred, on average, around age 10, but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17, respectively. Coming to terms with and creating a positive LGBT identity can be difficult for some youth for a variety of reasons. Peer pressure is a large factor when youth who are questioning their sexuality or gender identity are surrounded by heteronormative peers and can cause great distress due to a feeling of being different from everyone else. While coming out can also foster better psychological adjustment, the risks associated are real. Indeed, coming out in the midst of a heteronormative peer environment often comes with the risk of ostracism, hurtful jokes, and even violence. Because of this, statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bumper crop", "paragraph_text": "A bumper crop can also be a source of problems, such as when there is insufficient storage space (barns, grain bins, etc.) for an overlarge crop. The word ``bumper ''has a second definition meaning`` something unusually large'', which is where this term comes from."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hear, hear", "paragraph_text": "It was originally an imperative for directing attention to speakers, and has since been used, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, as ``the regular form of cheering in the House of Commons '', with many purposes, depending on the intonation of its user. Its use in Parliament is linked to the fact that applause is normally (though not always) forbidden in the chambers of the House of Commons and House of Lords."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French \u00c9cole Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd (pol\u00fa or pol\u00fd) meaning \"many\" and \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (tekhnik\u00f3s) meaning \"arts\"."}], "question": "What political assembly is a part of the larger political entity where the term \"here here\" comes from?"}
{"id": "2hop__4060_386141", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Polo Association", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Polo Assn. brand is the official brand of the United States Polo Association (USPA), the governing body of the sport of polo in the United States. The Association's trademarks and logos registered worldwide are managed by USPA Properties, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the USPA. The brand incorporated in 1981."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Broomball Australia", "paragraph_text": "Broomball Australia is the national governing body for the ice sport of broomball in Australia. It was incorporated in October 2004 after a number of years unofficially operating under other varied names, such as the \"Australian Broomball Association\". Broomball Australia is a member of the International Federation of Broomball Associations (IFBA)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Bill of Rights", "paragraph_text": "The Bill of Rights in the United States is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the often bitter 1787 -- 88 debate over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and written to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights, along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta (1215). In practice, the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (French: La Charte canadienne des droits et libert\u00e9s), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, along with the rest of the Act."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hedges Eyre Chatterton", "paragraph_text": "Hedges Eyre Chatterton (5 July 1819 \u2013 30 August 1910) was an Irish Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament and subsequently Vice-Chancellor of Ireland."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity. Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive \"statement of faith\", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society. Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose, and that such enlightenment or \"new light\" results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels. The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern \"deep truths\", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions. The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility, is said to provide \"divine guidance\" through its teachings described as \"based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Second Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self - defense, while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit long - standing bans from the possession ``of firearms by felons or the mentally ill ''of firearms or similar devices. State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Incorporation of the Bill of Rights", "paragraph_text": "Incorporation, in United States law, is the doctrine by which portions of the Bill of Rights have been made applicable to the states. When the Bill of Rights was first ratified, courts held that its protections only extended to the actions of the federal government and that the Bill of Rights did not place limitations on the authority of state and local governments. However, in the post-Civil War era, beginning in 1897 with Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago, various portions of the Bill of Rights have been held to be applicable to state and local governments by incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Bill of Rights", "paragraph_text": "On June 8, 1789, Representative James Madison introduced nine amendments to the Constitution in the House of Representatives. Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One, Section 9. Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments. Ultimately, on September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution, each consisting of one one - sentence paragraph, and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution, they were proposed as supplemental additions (codicils) to it. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution. Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5, 1992, as the Twenty - seventh Amendment. Article One is technically still pending before the states."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Due Process Clause", "paragraph_text": "The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly because these clauses provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. Due process ensures the rights and equality of all citizens."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) of the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that this amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause also applies to the states. The phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642\u20131651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nonprofit organization", "paragraph_text": "During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011,[dated info] the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Canadian Bill of Rights", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Bill of Rights (French: D\u00e9claration canadienne des droits) is a federal statute and bill of rights enacted by Parliament of Canada on August 10, 1960. It provides Canadians with certain quasi-constitutional rights at Canadian federal law in relation to other federal statutes. It was the earliest expression of human rights law at the federal level in Canada, though an Implied Bill of Rights had already been recognized in the Canadian Common Law. The Canadian Bill of Rights remains in effect but its widely acknowledged ineffectiveness arises in large part to its character as a federal statute only -- although as to Canadian federal law, the Bill of Rights has subsequently acquired through judicial interpretation a quasi-constitutional status through the paramountcy doctrine. These legal and constitutional limitations were a significant reason that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was established as an unambiguously - constitutional - level Bill of Rights for all Canadians, governing the application of both federal and provincial law in Canada, with the patriation of the Constitution of Canada in 1982. Since patriation, its usefulness at federal law in Canada is mostly limited to issues pertaining to the enjoyment of property, as set forth in its section 1 (a) -- a slightly - broader ``life, liberty, and security of the person ''right than is recognized in Section Seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Second Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals, while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices. State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right, per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Ninth Amendment (Amendment IX) to the United States Constitution addresses rights, retained by the people, that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. It is part of the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Second Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self defense. while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices. State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right, per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights."}], "question": "What is the body incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__125386_383727", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Godless Men", "paragraph_text": "Godless Men is a 1920 American silent adventure drama film directed by Reginald Barker and produced and distributed by Goldwyn Pictures. It stars Russell Simpson and James \"Jim\" Mason as a father and son. It is based on a Saturday Evening Post short story \"Black Pawl\" by Ben Ames Williams."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday", "paragraph_text": "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday is a 1996 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Pressman and starring Peter Gallagher and Claire Danes as a father and daughter struggling to come to terms with the tragic death of wife and mother, Gillian (Michelle Pfeiffer). The original score was composed by James Horner."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "James Anderson (lawyer)", "paragraph_text": "James Anderson (5 August 1662 \u2013 3 April 1728), Scottish antiquary and historian, was born at Edinburgh. His father was Patrick Anderson of Walston, a church minister, who was for some time imprisoned on the Bass Rock on the Firth of Forth in Haddingtonshire."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Monk", "paragraph_text": "James Monk was born in 1745 at Boston, Massachusetts, and christened at King's Chapel. He was the son of Judge James Monk (1717-1768) of Halifax, Nova Scotia and his wife Ann, daughter of Henry Deering of Boston. Sir James Monk was a grandson of George Monk (b.1666) of Blatchingley, who was one of the three illegitimate sons of George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle. James was educated in Halifax where his father had settled in 1749. He studied law with his father from 1761 to 1767 and was admitted to the bar in 1768. After his father died leaving the family in debt, Monk took over the family's finances. In 1771, he studied law in London and on the recommendation of Lord Hillsborough he was appointed Solicitor-General of Nova Scotia in 1772, while continuing his law studies in London. In 1774, he married Ann Elizabeth Adams of St James's Street, London, who was said to be 'well connected'."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (20 October 1509 \u2013 14 July 1510) was the second son of James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor, and had he outlived his father, he would have been King of Scotland."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "For Her Father's Sake", "paragraph_text": "For Her Father's Sake is a 1921 British silent drama film directed by Alexander Butler and starring Owen Nares, Isobel Elsom and James Lindsay. It was based on the play \"The Perfect Lover\" by Alfred Sutro."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James Louis Sobieski", "paragraph_text": "James Louis Sobieski was born on 2 November 1667 in Paris, France. He was named after his grandfather Jakub Sobieski, his godfather Louis XIV of France and his godmother Henrietta Maria of France. In 1683, the fifteen-year-old prince fought alongside his father against the Turks at the Battle of Vienna. James was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Peter Reville", "paragraph_text": "Peter Reville (5 October 1904 \u2013 4 March 1970), christened \"Henry James\", but adopted his father's given name, Peter, was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne and Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "James Boleyn", "paragraph_text": "Sir James Boleyn was a courtier in the reign of Henry VIII of England and chancellor of the household of his niece, Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII and thus the great-uncle of Elizabeth I. James was the son of Sir William Boleyn and his eldest brother was Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "William Boleyn", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Boleyn (1451 \u2013 10 October 1505) was the son of Sir Geoffrey Boleyn, a wealthy mercer and Lord Mayor of London, and his wife, Anne Hoo. He was the father of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and the paternal grandfather of King Henry VIII's second Queen, Anne Boleyn."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John James Joass", "paragraph_text": "John James Joass (1868 \u2013 10 May 1952) was a Scottish architect, born in Dingwall, Scotland. His father William Cumming Joass was an established architect in that town."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Monsters, Inc. characters", "paragraph_text": "Henry James Waternoose (voiced by James Coburn) is a five - eyed humanoid crustacean - like monster in Monsters, Inc. He is the CEO of Monsters, Inc. The company has been in Waternoose's family for 3 generations as he had inherited the company from his father at the age of 142. Waternoose also previously had a mentoring relationship with Sulley."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Matthew Robinson Boulton", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Robinson Boulton (8 August 1770 \u2013 16 May 1842) was an English manufacturer, a pioneer of management, the son of Matthew Boulton and the father of Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, who first patented the aileron. He was responsible with James Watt Jr. for the management of the Soho Foundry."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dimitar Zograf", "paragraph_text": "Born in Samokov to the family of Hristo Dimitrov, the founder of the Samokov iconographic school, Dimitar was the elder brother of the better-known painter Zahari Zograf. Dimitar was taught iconography by his father in his workshop and by his father's death in 1819 he was already an accomplished painter, taking the leadership of his father's workshop and often working for the same monasteries and architects as his father."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Parent Trap (1998 film)", "paragraph_text": "Lindsay Lohan as Hallie Parker and Annie James, preteen twin sisters who were separated after birth. Following their parents' divorce, they were raised separately with no knowledge of each other -- until they meet at summer camp by chance. Dennis Quaid as Nicholas ``Nick ''Parker, Annie and Hallie's father, a wealthy American winemaker. Natasha Richardson as Elizabeth`` Liz'' James, Annie and Hallie's mother, a famous wealthy British wedding gown designer. Simon Kunz as Martin, the James family's butler, who falls in love with Chessy. Ronnie Stevens as Charles James, Elizabeth's father and Annie and Hallie's maternal grandfather. After he catches Hallie on the phone with Annie, she tells him about switching places. Lisa Ann Walter as Chessy, the Parker family's housekeeper, who meets and falls in love with Martin. She also discovers that ``Hallie ''is actually Annie after noticing her strange behavior. J. Patrick McCormack as Les Blake, Meredith's father. Joanna Barnes as Vicki Blake, Meredith's mother. Elaine Hendrix as Meredith Blake, a 26 - year - old publicist and child - hating gold - digger who is planning to marry Nick. Polly Holliday as Marva Kulp Sr., the owner and manager of Camp Walden. Maggie Wheeler as Marva Kulp Jr., Marva Kulp Sr.'s daughter and assistant."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "James Cosmo", "paragraph_text": "James Cosmo was born in Dumbarton Cottage Hospital, Dunbartonshire, Scotland, UK and attended Hartfield Primary School in Dumbarton. He is the son of actor James Copeland and Helen. Through his father, young James played cricket on Hampstead Heath with Sean Connery while his father was in the pub with Peter O\u2019Toole. He also has a sister named Laura. When he was 11 moved back to Glasgow and later he worked for a time at Arnott Young shipbreakers in Dalmuir."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Father of Frankenstein", "paragraph_text": "Father of Frankenstein is a 1995 novel by Christopher Bram which speculates on the last days of the life of film director James Whale. Whale directed such groundbreaking works as the 1931 \"Frankenstein\" and 1933's \"The Invisible Man\" and was a pioneer in the horror film genre."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James Madison", "paragraph_text": "James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751 -- June 28, 1836) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the ``Father of the Constitution ''for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Sweeter Side of Life", "paragraph_text": "The Sweeter Side of Life is a 2013 American made-for-television romantic comedy film starring Kathryn Morris and James Best. The film was co-written and co-produced by Michael Damian and his wife Janeen Damian. \"The Sweeter Side of Life\" is the seventh film by the husband and wife team; continuing in the family film genre, and with family involvement, James Best, Janeen Damian's father, plays the father of the protagonist. Michael Damian's newest single, \"Rock My Heart\", is also featured in the film."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tench Tilghman", "paragraph_text": "Tilghman was born on December 25, 1744, at \"Fausley\", a plantation owned by his father, James Tilghman, located on Fausley Creek, a branch of the Miles River, in Talbot County, Maryland, a few miles from the town of Easton. Tench's great-grandfather was Richard Tilghman, a British Navy surgeon who was born in Kent, England. In 1661, he moved his family to Talbot County, Maryland, settling in an area along the Tred Avon River. Within a short time, Richard moved to the \"Hermitage\", located on the Chester River, then in Kent County, but today in Queen Anne's County. Richard's son (and Tench's grandfather), James Tilghman, was a distinguished gentleman lawyer and important Marylander in his time. Tench Tilghman's father James was the Attorney General of Pennsylvania."}], "question": "Who fathered the father of James Boleyn?"}
{"id": "2hop__146763_162673", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zarqa Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Zarqa Governorate (Arabic \"\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621\" \"Mu\u0127\u0101fazat az-Zarq\u0101\u0294\", local dialects \"ez-Zerg\u0101\" or \"ez-Zer'a\") is the third largest governorate in Jordan by population. The capital of Zarqa governorate is Zarqa City, which is the largest city in the governorate. It is located east of the Jordanian capital Amman. The second largest city in the governorate is Russeifa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ewald Meltzer", "paragraph_text": "Ewald Meltzer (11 August 1869 in Auerbach/Vogtland - 30 January 1940 in Herrnhut, Oberlausitz) was a German director of an asylum in Saxony whose work had an influence on the Nazis to justify their T-4 Euthanasia Program."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ernst Julius Richard Ewald", "paragraph_text": "Ernst Julius Richard Ewald (14 February 1855 \u2013 22 July 1921) was a German physiologist born in Berlin. He was a younger brother to gastroenterologist Carl Anton Ewald (1845-1915)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Abuja", "paragraph_text": "Abuja (/ \u0259\u02c8bu\u02d0d\u0292\u0259 /) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400 - metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792 - metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ewald Menzl", "paragraph_text": "Ewald Menzl (born July 12, 1908, date of death unknown) was a bobsledder who competed for Czechoslovakia in the mid-1930s. At the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, he was listed in the four-man event, but did not compete."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "German submarine U-772", "paragraph_text": "The U-boat was laid down on 21 September 1942 at the Kriegsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven (KMW), launched on 31 October 1943, and commissioned on 23 December 1943, commanded by \"Kapit\u00e4nleutnant\" Ewald Rademacher."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Melesio Morales", "paragraph_text": "Morales was born and died in Mexico City, where he studied music; two of his operas, written in Italian, were performed there. He lived in Europe from 1865-1868, and his success in Florence with the opera \"Ildegonda\" in 1866 made him a star in his native country. He composed, conducted, and taught in Mexico City until his death. His works include ten operas, two cantatas, and orchestral and choral works."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association", "paragraph_text": "The Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association (formally known as HEPCA) is a Non Governmental Organization that works primarily with marine and land conservation in the Red Sea Governorate in Egypt."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sofia", "paragraph_text": "Sofia (/ \u02c8so\u028afi\u0259, \u02c8s\u0252f -, so\u028a\u02c8fi\u02d0\u0259 / SOH - fee - \u0259, SOF -, soh - FEE - \u0259; Bulgarian: \u0421\u043e\u0301\u0444\u0438\u044f, tr. Sofiya, pronounced (\u02c8s\u0254fij\u0259) (listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. 1.3 million people live in the city and 1.7 million people live in its metropolitan area. The city is at the foot of Vitosha Mountain in the western part of the country. Being in the centre of the Balkan peninsula, it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, and closest to the Aegean Sea."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Darwin, Northern Territory", "paragraph_text": "Darwin (/ \u02c8d\u0251\u02d0rw\u026an / (listen) DAR - win) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia. Situated on the Timor Sea, Darwin is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory, with a population of 142,300. It is the smallest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities, and acts as the Top End's regional centre."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Loop Live", "paragraph_text": "The Loop Live festival is a music festival in Bulgaria. Since 2007 it is held once a year on Prince Alexander of Battenberg Square in the capital city Sofia. It's a free music event and always includes a host of new and popular artists. The festival is televised usually a week afterwards on City TV."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "South Korea", "paragraph_text": "South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (abbreviated ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Officially, its territory consists of the whole Korean Peninsula and its adjacent islands, which are largely mountainous. South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle, as half of them live in high - rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents. The capital Seoul is the world's sixth leading global city with the fifth largest economy and is the seventh most sustainable city in the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ewald Kooiman", "paragraph_text": "Ewald Kooiman (June 14, 1938 in Wormer, North Holland \u2013 January 25, 2009 in Hurghada), was a Dutch organist. He studied organ in Amsterdam with Piet Kee and with Jean Langlais in Paris. In addition, he was professor of Romance languages."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Rome", "paragraph_text": "At the peak of Roman imperial power in the 2nd century, the population of the city numbered about a million people, a size that it never attained again until its becoming the capital of the Republic of Italy in 1946; close to three percent of the population of the empire lived within its limits. Following the Crisis of the Third Century and the transfer of the imperial capital to Constantinople in AD 330, Rome entered a period of gradual decline."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Herbert Quandt", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Quandt was born in Pritzwalk, the second son of G\u00fcnther Quandt (1881\u20131954) and Antonie \"Toni\" Quandt (born Ewald). Antonie died of the Spanish flu in 1918."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan became the Spanish capital Mexico City, which was and remains the most populous city in Mexico."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of capitals in Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Islamabad officially became the capital of Pakistan on 14 August 1967, exactly 20 years after the country's independence. Previously, Rawalpindi was the capital, designated in 1958. The first capital of Pakistan was the coastal city of Karachi, which was selected by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Karachi was and still is the largest city and economic capital of Pakistan. It remained the seat of government until 1959, when the military president, Ayub Khan, decided to build a new capital in the north of Pakistan, near the general headquarters of the Pakistani Armed Forces at Rawalpindi."}], "question": "What is the city where Ewald Kooiman died the capital of?"}
{"id": "2hop__74075_50557", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Amnesia: The Dark Descent", "paragraph_text": "Amnesia: The Dark Descent Developer (s) Frictional Games Publisher (s) Frictional Games Designer (s) Thomas Grip Jens Nilsson Programmer (s) Thomas Grip Luis Rodero Morales Artist (s) Marcus Johansson Marc Nicander Writer (s) Mikael Hedberg Composer (s) Mikko Tarmia Engine HPL Engine 2 Platform (s) Microsoft Windows Mac OS X Linux PlayStation 4 Release Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux WW: 8 September 2010 PlayStation 4 WW: 22 November 2016 Genre (s) Survival horror Mode (s) Single - player"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "WatchOS", "paragraph_text": "watchOS Developer Apple Inc. Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Unix - like iOS Working state Current Source model Closed (with open - source components) Initial release April 24, 2015; 3 years ago (2015 - 04 - 24) Latest release 4.3. 2 (15U70) (July 9, 2018; 34 days ago (2018 - 07 - 09)) (\u00b1) Latest preview 5.0 beta 6 (16R5340g) (August 6, 2018; 6 days ago (2018 - 08 - 06)) (\u00b1) Marketing target Smartwatch Update method FOTA (via iPhone 5 + running iOS 8.2 +) Platforms 32 - bit ARM architecture ARMv7 - A License Proprietary software except for open - source components Official website www.apple.com/watchos Support status Supported"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "paragraph_text": "The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), colloquially the Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876. Originally described in a four-page pamphlet, it has been expanded to multiple volumes and revised through 23 major editions, the latest printed in 2011. It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. OCLC, a non-profit cooperative that serves libraries, currently maintains the system and licenses online access to WebDewey, a continuously updated version for catalogers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "MacOS", "paragraph_text": "macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems. The first is colloquially called the ``classic ''Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released in March 2001, with its first update, 10.1, arriving later that year. After this, Apple began naming its releases after big cats, which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion. Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California. Apple shortened the name to`` OS X'' in 2012 and then changed it to ``macOS ''in 2016, adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version is macOS High Sierra, which was publicly released in September 2017."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Adobe Photoshop version history", "paragraph_text": "OS version Latest release Latest update Windows 3.0 3.0 3.0. 4 Windows 3.1 x 4.0 4.0. 1 Windows NT 3.5 3.0 3.0. 5 Windows NT 3.51 4.0 4.0. 1 Windows 95 5.5 Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT 4.0 7 7.0. 1 Windows 2000 CS2 9.0. 2 Windows XP CS6 13.0. 1 Windows Vista CS5. 1 12.0. 4 Windows 8 CC 2014 15.2. 2 Windows 10 Build 1607 CC 2018 19.1. 6 Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 CC 2019 20.0. 0 (current)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Subnautica", "paragraph_text": "Subnautica is a survival adventure game developed and published by Unknown Worlds Entertainment. It allows the player to freely explore the ocean on an alien planet, known as planet 4546B, collecting resources to survive. Subnautica was first released in early access for Microsoft Windows in December 2014, Mac OS X in June 2015, and for Xbox One in May 2016. The full release out of early access was in January 2018 Exclusive for PC on Steam, with a version for the PlayStation 4 also planned for a later date."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Journey Down", "paragraph_text": "The Journey Down is an episodic adventure video game for Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, iOS, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 by Skygoblin. An Android version is currently in development."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "MacOS High Sierra", "paragraph_text": "macOS 10.13 High Sierra A version of the macOS operating system macOS High Sierra desktop Developer Apple Inc. OS family Macintosh Unix Source model Closed, with open - source components Initial release September 25, 2017; 12 months ago (2017 - 09 - 25) Latest release 10.13. 6 (17G2307 / 15P6805) (August 28, 2018; 2 months ago (2018 - 08 - 28)) (\u00b1) Update method Mac App Store Platforms x86 - 64 Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) License APSL and Apple EULA and Non-Disclosure Agreement Preceded by macOS 10.12 Sierra Succeeded by macOS 10.14 Mojave Official website macOS High Sierra at the Wayback Machine (archived September 11, 2018) Support status Extended support ends in September 2020. iTunes, in August 2021"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "CNN World News", "paragraph_text": "CNN World News, a program that airs on CNN International and CNN International Asia Pacific. It is supplemented by CNN World News Asia and CNN World News Europe The show's traditional time run is 24-hours if it is followed by CNN World News Middle East The show's regular presenters include Errol Barnett. Its main role is to update viewers of the latest news in the world. It contains a weather update from the CNN World Weather Forecast News. CNN World News can usually air up to three times on weekends, and is known to be bringing the latest on a story."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "OS X El Capitan", "paragraph_text": "OS X El Capitan (/ \u025bl k\u00e6p\u026a\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0n / el - KAP - \u026a - TAHN) (version 10.11) is the twelfth major release of OS X (now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. It is the successor to OS X Yosemite and focuses mainly on performance, stability and security. Following the Northern California landmark - based naming scheme introduced with OS X Mavericks, El Capitan was named after a rock formation in Yosemite National Park, signifying its goal to be a refined version of Yosemite. El Capitan is the final version to be released under the name OS X; its successor, Sierra, was announced as macOS Sierra. El Capitan received far superior reviews when compared to Yosemite."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Adventures of El Ballo", "paragraph_text": "The Adventures of El Ballo is a 2D side-scrolling game for Mac OS 9 and X released by Ambrosia Software on September 19, 2005. It contains mild animated nudity and includes parental controls."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Armageddon Empires", "paragraph_text": "Armageddon Empires is a 4x turn-based strategy video game for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It was released internationally for Microsoft Windows on July 16, 2007, and for Mac OS X on October 9, 2007. The title is the first game released by independent game developer Cryptic Comet."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Egypt II: The Heliopolis Prophecy", "paragraph_text": "Egypt 2: The Heliopolis Prophecy is an adventure video game developed and published by Cryo Interactive for the PC and PlayStation in 2000. It was released for Mac OS X in May 2012. \"Egypt 2\" follows \"Egypt 1156 B.C.\" and is followed by \"Egypt III\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "MacOS", "paragraph_text": "macOS (pronounced / \u02ccm\u00e6ko\u028a\u02c8\u025bs /; previously Mac OS X and later OS X) is the current series of Unix - based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. designed to run on Apple's Macintosh computers (``Macs ''). It has been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ubuntu", "paragraph_text": "Ubuntu Screenshot of Ubuntu Desktop 17.04 ``Zesty Zapus ''The file above's purpose is being discussed and / or is being considered for deletion. Consult image description page for details. Developer Canonical Ltd., Ubuntu community OS family Linux Working state Current Source model Open source (with some exceptions) Initial release 20 October 2004 (12 years ago) (2004 - 10 - 20) Latest release Ubuntu 17.04 Zesty Zapus / 13 April 2017 (5 months ago) (2017 - 04 - 13) Latest preview 17.10 Artful Aardvark Marketing target Personal computers, servers; IoT (Ubuntu Core) -- > Available in More than 55 languages by LoCos Update method APT (Software Updater, GNOME Software) Package manager dpkg, Snappy Platforms I386, IA - 32, AMD64; ARMhf (ARMv7 + VFPv3 - D16), ARM64; Power, ppc64le; s390x Kernel type Monolithic (Linux) Userland GNU Default user interface GNOME, Ubuntu Unity, GNOME 2 (in older versions) License Free software licenses (mainly GPL) Official website www.ubuntu.com"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Terragen", "paragraph_text": "Terragen is a scenery generator program for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X developed and published by Planetside Software. It can be used to create renderings and animations of landscapes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "MacOS", "paragraph_text": "macOS Screenshot of the macOS High Sierra desktop Developer Apple, Inc. Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Macintosh, Unix Working state Current Source model Closed source (with open source components) Initial release March 24, 2001; 17 years ago (2001 - 03 - 24) Latest release 10.13. 6 (17G2208 / 15P6703) (July 24, 2018; 36 days ago (2018 - 07 - 24)) (\u00b1) Latest preview 10.14 Developer beta 9 (18A377a) (August 27, 2018; 2 days ago (2018 - 08 - 27)) (\u00b1) Marketing target Personal computing Available in 34 languages List of languages As of macOS Sierra: Arabic, Catalan, Croatian, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Latin America), Spanish (Spain), Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese Update method System Preferences (10.14 +) Mac App Store (10.8 - 10.13) Software Update (10.0 -- 10.7) Platforms x86 - 64 (10.4. 7 -- present) IA - 32 (10.4. 4 -- 10.6. 8; discontinued) PowerPC (10.0 -- 10.5. 8; discontinued) Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) Default user interface Graphical (Aqua) License Commercial software, proprietary software Preceded by Classic Mac OS Official website www.apple.com/macos Support status Supported"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Windows 10 version history", "paragraph_text": "Overview Version Code name Marketing name Release date Support until Latest build SAC Home Pro SAC Ent Edu LTSC Mobile PC Mobile 1507 Threshold 1 N / A July 29, 2015 May 9, 2017 May 9, 2017 October 14, 2025 N / A Older version, yet still supported: 10240 N / A 1511 Threshold 2 November Update November 10, 2015 October 10, 2017 April 10, 2018 N / A January 9, 2018 Old version, no longer supported: 10586 Old version, no longer supported: 10586 1607 Redstone 1 Anniversary Update August 2, 2016 April 10, 2018 October 9, 2018 October 13, 2026 October 9, 2018 Older version, yet still supported: 14393 Older version, yet still supported: 14393 1703 Redstone 2 Creators Update April 5, 2017 October 9, 2018 April 9, 2019 N / A July 11, 2019 Older version, yet still supported: 15063 Older version, yet still supported: 15063 1709 Redstone 3 Fall Creators Update October 17, 2017 April 9, 2019 October 8, 2019 N / A December 10, 2019 Older version, yet still supported: 16299 Current stable version: 15254 1803 Redstone 4 April 2018 Update April 30, 2018 November 12, 2019 November 12, 2019 N / A N / A Current stable version: 17134 N / A 1809 Redstone 5 TBA Late 2018 TBA TBA TBA N / A Latest preview version of a future release: 17692 N / A Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "Originally, the hardware architecture was so closely tied to the Mac OS operating system that it was impossible to boot an alternative operating system. The most common workaround, is to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application. Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux, this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs, though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation.[citation needed] Now, Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Logic Express", "paragraph_text": "Logic Express was a \"light\" version of Logic Pro, a MIDI sequencer and digital audio workstation software application maintained by Apple that runs on the Mac OS X platform. It was announced on January 15, 2004 for release in March 2004."}], "question": "What is the latest update for the latest version of mac OS X"}
{"id": "2hop__62845_50557", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Terragen", "paragraph_text": "Terragen is a scenery generator program for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X developed and published by Planetside Software. It can be used to create renderings and animations of landscapes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "MacOS", "paragraph_text": "macOS (pronounced / \u02ccm\u00e6ko\u028a\u02c8\u025bs /; previously Mac OS X and later OS X) is the current series of Unix - based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. designed to run on Apple's Macintosh computers (``Macs ''). It has been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "CNN World News", "paragraph_text": "CNN World News, a program that airs on CNN International and CNN International Asia Pacific. It is supplemented by CNN World News Asia and CNN World News Europe The show's traditional time run is 24-hours if it is followed by CNN World News Middle East The show's regular presenters include Errol Barnett. Its main role is to update viewers of the latest news in the world. It contains a weather update from the CNN World Weather Forecast News. CNN World News can usually air up to three times on weekends, and is known to be bringing the latest on a story."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pillars of Garendall", "paragraph_text": "Pillars of Garendall is a role-playing video game that was built by Beenox Studios and Ambrosia Software. It was built using the Coldstone game engine, which was also a joint Beenox/Ambrosia project. The game was released in 2001 for Mac OS Classic, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Logic Express", "paragraph_text": "Logic Express was a \"light\" version of Logic Pro, a MIDI sequencer and digital audio workstation software application maintained by Apple that runs on the Mac OS X platform. It was announced on January 15, 2004 for release in March 2004."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Word Rescue", "paragraph_text": "Word Rescue is an educational platform DOS game written by Karen Crowther (Chun) of Redwood Games and released by Apogee Software in March, 1992. It was re-released in 2015 for Steam with support for Windows and Mac OS. The game can also allow the player interact with a pair of Stereoscopic Vision Glasses."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WatchOS", "paragraph_text": "watchOS Developer Apple Inc. Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Unix - like iOS Working state Current Source model Closed (with open - source components) Initial release April 24, 2015; 3 years ago (2015 - 04 - 24) Latest release 4.3. 2 (15U70) (July 9, 2018; 34 days ago (2018 - 07 - 09)) (\u00b1) Latest preview 5.0 beta 6 (16R5340g) (August 6, 2018; 6 days ago (2018 - 08 - 06)) (\u00b1) Marketing target Smartwatch Update method FOTA (via iPhone 5 + running iOS 8.2 +) Platforms 32 - bit ARM architecture ARMv7 - A License Proprietary software except for open - source components Official website www.apple.com/watchos Support status Supported"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Journey Down", "paragraph_text": "The Journey Down is an episodic adventure video game for Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, iOS, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 by Skygoblin. An Android version is currently in development."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "MacOS", "paragraph_text": "Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems. Mac OS X succeeded ``classic ''Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999. An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, followed in March 2001. Releases were code named after big cats from the original release up until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion. Beginning in 2013 with OS X 10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California. Apple changed the original name`` Mac OS X'' to ``OS X ''in 2012 and then to`` macOS'' in 2016, adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version of macOS is macOS High Sierra, which was publicly released in September 2017."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Adobe Photoshop version history", "paragraph_text": "OS version Latest release Latest update Windows 3.0 3.0 3.0. 4 Windows 3.1 x 4.0 4.0. 1 Windows NT 3.5 3.0 3.0. 5 Windows NT 3.51 4.0 4.0. 1 Windows 95 5.5 Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT 4.0 7 7.0. 1 Windows 2000 CS2 9.0. 2 Windows XP CS6 13.0. 1 Windows Vista CS5. 1 12.0. 4 Windows 8 CC 2014 15.2. 2 Windows 10 Build 1607 CC 2018 19.1. 6 Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 CC 2019 20.0. 0 (current)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Egypt II: The Heliopolis Prophecy", "paragraph_text": "Egypt 2: The Heliopolis Prophecy is an adventure video game developed and published by Cryo Interactive for the PC and PlayStation in 2000. It was released for Mac OS X in May 2012. \"Egypt 2\" follows \"Egypt 1156 B.C.\" and is followed by \"Egypt III\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "MacOS", "paragraph_text": "macOS (/ \u02ccm\u00e6ko\u028a\u02c8\u025bs /; previously Mac OS X, then OS X) is the current series of Unix - based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. designed to run on Apple's Macintosh computers (``Macs ''). It has been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "MacOS High Sierra", "paragraph_text": "macOS 10.13 High Sierra A version of the macOS operating system macOS High Sierra desktop Developer Apple Inc. OS family Macintosh Unix Source model Closed, with open - source components Initial release September 25, 2017; 12 months ago (2017 - 09 - 25) Latest release 10.13. 6 (17G2307 / 15P6805) (August 28, 2018; 2 months ago (2018 - 08 - 28)) (\u00b1) Update method Mac App Store Platforms x86 - 64 Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) License APSL and Apple EULA and Non-Disclosure Agreement Preceded by macOS 10.12 Sierra Succeeded by macOS 10.14 Mojave Official website macOS High Sierra at the Wayback Machine (archived September 11, 2018) Support status Extended support ends in September 2020. iTunes, in August 2021"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "Originally, the hardware architecture was so closely tied to the Mac OS operating system that it was impossible to boot an alternative operating system. The most common workaround, is to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application. Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux, this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs, though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation.[citation needed] Now, Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Adventures of El Ballo", "paragraph_text": "The Adventures of El Ballo is a 2D side-scrolling game for Mac OS 9 and X released by Ambrosia Software on September 19, 2005. It contains mild animated nudity and includes parental controls."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Amnesia: The Dark Descent", "paragraph_text": "Amnesia: The Dark Descent Developer (s) Frictional Games Publisher (s) Frictional Games Designer (s) Thomas Grip Jens Nilsson Programmer (s) Thomas Grip Luis Rodero Morales Artist (s) Marcus Johansson Marc Nicander Writer (s) Mikael Hedberg Composer (s) Mikko Tarmia Engine HPL Engine 2 Platform (s) Microsoft Windows Mac OS X Linux PlayStation 4 Release Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux WW: 8 September 2010 PlayStation 4 WW: 22 November 2016 Genre (s) Survival horror Mode (s) Single - player"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Macintosh operating systems", "paragraph_text": "In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the ``Classic ''Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software. The system, rebranded`` Mac OS'' in 1996, was preinstalled on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh clones for a short time in the 1990s. Noted for its ease of use, it was also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "MacOS", "paragraph_text": "macOS Screenshot of the macOS High Sierra desktop Developer Apple, Inc. Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Macintosh, Unix Working state Current Source model Closed source (with open source components) Initial release March 24, 2001; 17 years ago (2001 - 03 - 24) Latest release 10.13. 6 (17G2208 / 15P6703) (July 24, 2018; 36 days ago (2018 - 07 - 24)) (\u00b1) Latest preview 10.14 Developer beta 9 (18A377a) (August 27, 2018; 2 days ago (2018 - 08 - 27)) (\u00b1) Marketing target Personal computing Available in 34 languages List of languages As of macOS Sierra: Arabic, Catalan, Croatian, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Latin America), Spanish (Spain), Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese Update method System Preferences (10.14 +) Mac App Store (10.8 - 10.13) Software Update (10.0 -- 10.7) Platforms x86 - 64 (10.4. 7 -- present) IA - 32 (10.4. 4 -- 10.6. 8; discontinued) PowerPC (10.0 -- 10.5. 8; discontinued) Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) Default user interface Graphical (Aqua) License Commercial software, proprietary software Preceded by Classic Mac OS Official website www.apple.com/macos Support status Supported"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "The Macintosh (/ \u02c8m\u00e6k\u026an\u02cct\u0252\u0283 / MAK - in - tosh; branded as Mac since 1998) is a family of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24, 1984. This was the company's first mass - market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse. This first model was later renamed to ``Macintosh 128k ''for uniqueness amongst a populous family of subsequently updated models which are also based on Apple's same proprietary architecture. Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of`` Mac'', though the product family has been nicknamed ``Mac ''or`` the Mac'' since the development of the first model."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ubuntu", "paragraph_text": "Ubuntu Screenshot of Ubuntu Desktop 17.04 ``Zesty Zapus ''The file above's purpose is being discussed and / or is being considered for deletion. Consult image description page for details. Developer Canonical Ltd., Ubuntu community OS family Linux Working state Current Source model Open source (with some exceptions) Initial release 20 October 2004 (12 years ago) (2004 - 10 - 20) Latest release Ubuntu 17.04 Zesty Zapus / 13 April 2017 (5 months ago) (2017 - 04 - 13) Latest preview 17.10 Artful Aardvark Marketing target Personal computers, servers; IoT (Ubuntu Core) -- > Available in More than 55 languages by LoCos Update method APT (Software Updater, GNOME Software) Package manager dpkg, Snappy Platforms I386, IA - 32, AMD64; ARMhf (ARMv7 + VFPv3 - D16), ARM64; Power, ppc64le; s390x Kernel type Monolithic (Linux) Userland GNU Default user interface GNOME, Ubuntu Unity, GNOME 2 (in older versions) License Free software licenses (mainly GPL) Official website www.ubuntu.com"}], "question": "What is the latest update for the most recent Mac OS?"}
{"id": "2hop__320413_803168", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sanat Gaz Sarakhs F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Sanat Gaz Sarakhs Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Sarakhs, Iran. The club is owned by National Iranian Oil Company, based in Khangiran, Razavi Khorasan Province and was founded on December 22, 2005."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sunt F\u00f6rnuft", "paragraph_text": "Sunt F\u00f6rnuft (meaning \"Common Sense\" in English) is a Swedish language finance magazine published in Stockholm, Sweden, and owned by the Swedish Taxpayers Association. Founded in 1921, it is one of the oldest magazines in the country."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Propaganda Games", "paragraph_text": "Propaganda Games was a video game development studio based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, founded by Buena Vista Games in 2005, and it is currently owned by Disney Interactive Studios, the interactive subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company. Propaganda Games closed in 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "J. C. Jacobsen", "paragraph_text": "Jacob Christian Jacobsen (2 September 1811 \u2013 30 April 1887), mostly known as J. C. Jacobsen, was a Danish industrialist and philanthropist best known for founding the brewery Carlsberg."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bolyai Prize", "paragraph_text": "The International J\u00e1nos Bolyai Prize of Mathematics is an international prize for mathematicians founded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The prize is awarded in every five years to mathematicians having published their monograph describing their own highly important new results in the past 10 years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Advantage Business Media", "paragraph_text": "Advantage Business Marketing (ABM) is a private, American digital marketing and information services company owned by the venture capital firm Owner Resource Group. The company was founded in 2006 and is based in Rockaway, New Jersey (United States)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gordon & MacPhail", "paragraph_text": "Gordon & MacPhail is an independent bottler and distiller of Scotch Whisky, founded in 1895 and located in Elgin in the north-east of Scotland. It is a family business owned by the Urquhart Family. Gordon & MacPhail is the Trading name of Speymalt Whisky Distributors Ltd."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Face of a Fighter", "paragraph_text": "Face of a Fighter is an album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was recorded in 1961 but released in 1978 when Nelson founded his own label company, Lone Star Records."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Karhu", "paragraph_text": "Karhu is a Finnish beer brand owned by the Sinebrychoff brewery, part of the Carlsberg Group. \"Karhu\", meaning \"bear\" in Finnish, is a pale lager with a strong taste."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cagliari Observatory", "paragraph_text": "The Cagliari Observatory (, or OAC) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (National Institute for Astrophysics, INAF). It is located 20 km away from Cagliari in Sardinia. It was founded in 1899 to study the Earth's rotation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sinebrychoff", "paragraph_text": "Sinebrychoff Brewery is a Finnish brewery and soft drinks company. It was founded in 1819 in Helsinki, Finland by Russian merchant Nikolai Sinebrychoff (), and it is one of the largest breweries in Finland today. By the end of 1999 the ownership of the company was completely transferred to Carlsberg Breweries A/S."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KMRN", "paragraph_text": "KMRN (1360 AM, \"U.S. Country 1360\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cameron, Missouri. The station, founded in 1971, is owned by Alpha Media and the broadcast license is held by Alpha Media Licensee LLC."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jeff Sherman", "paragraph_text": "Jeffrey Edward Sherman (born March 15, 1952) is an American musician. He is a founding member of the band Glass, as well as a solo artist who has released both under his own name and under the pseudonym Jeff Joad."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "EmArcy Records", "paragraph_text": "EmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by Mercury Records, and today a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group. The name is a phonetic spelling of \"MRC\", the initials for Mercury Record Company."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Game World Navigator", "paragraph_text": "Game World Navigator () is a Russian computer games magazine founded in 1997. It is owned by Navigator Publishing, which also produced other gaming magazines."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Glash\u00fctte Original", "paragraph_text": "Glash\u00fctte Original is a prestigious German watchmaking company founded in 1994 by the privatization of VEB Glash\u00fctter Uhrenbetriebe (GUB). GUB was an East German conglomerate formed in 1951 from the watch companies based in Glash\u00fctte. This included A. Lange & S\u00f6hne, founded in 1845 by Ferdinand Adolph Lange, and Glash\u00fctte Original is the only watchmaking company that has unbroken lineage to this venerable German watch manufacturer. Glash\u00fctte Original is one of the few watchmakers that uses its own movements, and has 10 proprietary movement innovations. Glash\u00fctte Original is currently owned by The Swatch Group."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nina Ricci (brand)", "paragraph_text": "Nina Ricci is a fashion house founded by Maria \"Nina\" Ricci and her son Robert in Paris in 1932, and owned by the Spanish beauty and fashion group Puig since 1998."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tundra Publishing", "paragraph_text": "Tundra Publishing was a Northampton, Massachusetts-based comic book publisher founded by Kevin Eastman in 1990. The company was founded to provide a venue for adventurous, creator-owned work by talented cartoonists and illustrators. Its publications were noted in the trade for their high production values, including glossy paper stock, full-color printing, and square binding. Tundra was one of the earlier creator-owned companies, before the formation of Image Comics and Dark Horse Comics' Legends imprint."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Westmont Hospitality Group", "paragraph_text": "Westmont Hospitality Group is a company nominally based in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada which owns and manages hotels. It was founded by the Mangalji family. It is one of the biggest hospitality management companies. It currently is managed by Majid Mangalji. The total revenue for this company is $700 million."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Museum of Particularly Bad Art", "paragraph_text": "The Museum of Particularly Bad Art Exhibition (MOPBA) is an annual event held on Chapel Street, Melbourne, Australia celebrating poor art forms, primarily in the forms of paintings and sketches. MOPBA relies on a core group of art pieces owned by Helen Round but the public are invited to enter pieces that are their own or that have been found that are considered poor. The event primarily is a charity event that funds three charities within the Stonnington area."}], "question": "Who founded the owner of Sinebrychoff?"}
{"id": "2hop__146763_652035", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Palazzo Sormani", "paragraph_text": "Palazzo Sormani (also known as Palazzo Sormani-Andreani) is a historic building of Milan, Italy, and the seat of the central public library of Milan. It is located at number 6 in Corso di Porta Vittoria, in the Zone 1 administrative division of the city."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ernst Julius Richard Ewald", "paragraph_text": "Ernst Julius Richard Ewald (14 February 1855 \u2013 22 July 1921) was a German physiologist born in Berlin. He was a younger brother to gastroenterologist Carl Anton Ewald (1845-1915)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association", "paragraph_text": "The Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association (formally known as HEPCA) is a Non Governmental Organization that works primarily with marine and land conservation in the Red Sea Governorate in Egypt."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ewald Kooiman", "paragraph_text": "Ewald Kooiman (June 14, 1938 in Wormer, North Holland \u2013 January 25, 2009 in Hurghada), was a Dutch organist. He studied organ in Amsterdam with Piet Kee and with Jean Langlais in Paris. In addition, he was professor of Romance languages."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Herbert Quandt", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Quandt was born in Pritzwalk, the second son of G\u00fcnther Quandt (1881\u20131954) and Antonie \"Toni\" Quandt (born Ewald). Antonie died of the Spanish flu in 1918."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}], "question": "What is the Governorate that contains the city where Ewald Kooiman died?"}
{"id": "2hop__117206_456439", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "I Was a Teenage TV Terrorist", "paragraph_text": "I Was a Teenage TV Terrorist (also known as Amateur Hour) is a 1985 comedy film directed by Stanford Singer and distributed by Troma Entertainment. The film follows two bored teenagers, anarchic troublemaker Paul and aspiring actress Donna, as they use Paul's father's TV station to stage an elaborate bomb hoax and throw the media into a frenzy. The film was produced by Susan Kaufman, the sister of Lloyd Kaufman, the president of Troma Entertainment."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of House characters", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Rowan Chase (Patrick Bauchau) is Dr. Robert Chase's estranged Czech - Australian father and an acclaimed rheumatologist. He left his alcoholic wife and teenage son, and some unspecified time later, remarried. He is seen in one episode, 1.13 (``Cursed ''). In episode 2.08 (`` The Mistake''), the character was revealed to have died of lung cancer, without ever saying goodbye to his son, and in 2.22 (``Forever ''), House concludes from the fact that Robert Chase worked at the neonatal department during his vacation to earn some extra money that he was left out of his father's will. Chase confirms this in later episodes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ann Perkins", "paragraph_text": "Ann Perkins Parks and Recreation character First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Ann and Chris'' (regular) ``One Last Ride ''(guest appearance) Portrayed by Rashida Jones Information Occupation Nurse Health Department Public Relations Director of Pawnee, Indiana Spouse (s) Chris Traeger Children Oliver Perkins - Traeger Leslie Perkins - Traeger"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Esther", "paragraph_text": "Esther Queen of Persia Queen Esther (1879) by Edwin Long Queen of Persia Reign c. 479 -- c. 465 BC Coronation c. 479 Predecessor Vashti Hadassah c. 492 BC Achaemenid Empire Burial Hamadan, Iran Spouse King Xerxes I of Persia House Persia Father Abihail (biological), Mordecai (adoptive) Religion Judaism"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alessandro D'Alatri", "paragraph_text": "Born in Rome, as a teenager D'Alatri was active as a stage and film actor and worked with Luchino Visconti, Giorgio Strehler, Vittorio De Sica among others. In 1970s he decided to focus on directing, and after a long apprenticeship as a director of commercials, that led him to be awarded for best AD director at the 1987 Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, in 1991 he directed a first feature film, \"Americano rosso\", for which he won the David di Donatello for Best New Director. The following \"No Skin\" was both a critical and a commercial success, and gave D'Alatri a David di Donatello, a Nastro d'Argento and a Ciak d'oro for best screenplay. His 1998 film \"The Garden of Eden\", an apocryphal history of Jesus, was entered into the main competition at the 59th Venice International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Christian Marquand", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marquand (15 March 1927 \u2013 22 November 2000) was a French director, actor and screenwriter working in French cinema. Born in Marseille, he was born to a Spanish father and an Arab mother, and his sister was film director Nadine Trintignant. He was often cast as a heartthrob in French films of the 1950s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sing (2016 American film)", "paragraph_text": "Taron Egerton as Johnny, a teenage gorilla who wants to sing, though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ridin' on a Rainbow", "paragraph_text": "Ridin' on a Rainbow is a 1941 American Western musical film directed by Lew Landers and starring Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, and Mary Lee. Based on a story by Bradford Ropes, the film is about a singing cowboy whose investigation of a bank robbery takes him to a showboat, where he finds that a teenage singer's father has been working with the robbers to provide for her future. The film received an Academy Award nomination for best original song for \"Be Honest with Me\" (Gene Autry, Fred Rose)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tina's Pals", "paragraph_text": "Tina's Pals (\"Turma da Tina\") is a Brazilian comic strip series, part of the Monica's Gang series, created in 1970. The stories are aimed at a more teenage group of readers, rather than the kids who would read other Mauricio de Sousa's works and thus center around teenagers. However, Mauricio prefers not to mention drugs, sex, alcoholic drinks, or other similar subjects, which are very popular among teenagers. Instead, the strips are written with themes related to school or university, dating, problems with parents, etc."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Teenage Father", "paragraph_text": "Teenage Father is a 1978 American short film directed by Taylor Hackford and starring Timothy Wead. In 1979, it won an Oscar for Best Short Subject at the 51st Academy Awards."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Philippe Decoufl\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Philippe Decoufl\u00e9 (born October 22, 1961) is a French choreographer, dancer, mime artist, and theatre director. As a child he travelled extensively around Lebanon and Morocco, before learning his skills as a teenager at the Annie Fratellini \"Ecole du Cirque\" and the Marceau Mime School. While frequenting Parisienne nightclubs he discovered and was attracted to contemporary dance, and he eventually moved to the \"Centre National de la Danse Contemporaine\" in Angers to study under choreographer Alwin Nicolais. After briefly working as a solo dancer, he formed the D\u00e9coufl\u00e9 Company of Arts in Bagnolet in 1983, moving it to a former electrical works in the Parisienne suburb of Saint-Denis in 1995."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fran\u00e7oise Blanchard", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7oise Blanchard (6 June 1954 \u2013 29 May 2013) was a French actress. Her most notable work is that of her role in the 1982 French film \"La morte vivante\", directed by Jean Rollin. Blanchard had collaborated with Rollin on several occasions in films \"Les trottoirs de Bangkok\" (1984), \"\u00c0 la poursuite de Barbara\" (1991) and \"La nuit des horloges\" (2007). She had worked frequently with directors Richard Balducci and Jes\u00fas Franco. She was also known for her work as a voice artist, having dubbed several animated television series including \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" and \"Totally Spies!\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Adelaide Bishop", "paragraph_text": "Adelaide Bishop (23 June 1928 \u2013 20 June 2008) was an American operatic soprano, musical theatre actress, opera director, stage director, and voice teacher. She began her career appearing in Broadway musicals as a teenager during the early 1940s. She became a principal soprano with the New York City Opera (NYCO) in 1948, where she performed through 1960 in a broad repertoire encompassing German, French, Italian, and English operas from a variety of musical periods. In the late 1950s, she started working actively as a stage director and as a voice teacher, working with many opera companies throughout the United States and serving on the music faculties of several different American universities. She also served as the artistic director of the Wolf Trap Opera for many years."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kleine Freiheit", "paragraph_text": "Kleine Freiheit (international title: \"A Little Bit of Freedom\") is a 2003 film by Kurdish director Y\u00fcksel Yavuz about the friendship (and later relationship) between two teenage boys who are illegal immigrants in Germany."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nathalie Vadim", "paragraph_text": "Nathalie Vadim (born 1958) is the daughter of Roger Vadim and actress Annette Stroyberg. While her father was married to Oscar-winning actor Jane Fonda, Vadim's family would go on vacations that lasted several weeks or a month to Saint-Tropez or the Arcachon Bay and spend time in the mountains or on the water. In May 1987, Vadim worked as second assistant director on her father's remake film \"And God Created Woman\". Like her father, she has been involved in directing many films."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Declan Lowney", "paragraph_text": "Declan Lowney (born 1960) is an Irish television and film director. Known initially for directing musical events such as the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest, Lowney is perhaps best known for his work on Irish and British television comedies such as Cold Feet, Little Britain and Father Ted for which he was awarded a BAFTA Award in 1995. He was awarded a second BAFTA Award in 2006 for his work on BBC comedy Help."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Michele Soavi", "paragraph_text": "Michele Soavi was born in Milan. As a teenager, Soavi enrolled in creative arts classes and developed into a talented actor. He took acting lessons at Milan's Fersen Studios, but his greatest talent was working behind the camera. Soavi's directorial career began when he was offered an assistant director job by Marco Modugno after appearing as an extra in Modugno's 1979 film \"Bambule\". Soavi continued to act in films such as \"\" and Lucio Fulci's \"City of the Living Dead\", and served as an assistant director to Aristide Massacessi (Joe D'Amato), and occasionally appeared in bit parts in some of D'Amato's films. Soavi later came into his own when he started his collaboration with famed Italian horror director Dario Argento, who used him as second assistant director on the film \"Tenebrae\". Soavi continued to work with Argento for several years; with his first credit as director being the documentary \"Dario Argento's World of Horror\", followed by a pop promo for Bill Wyman. He directed his first feature film with 1987's \"Stage Fright\" for producer Joe D'Amato. He worked as assistant director to Terry Gilliam on \"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\" in 1988, and followed this with his second feature film as director, 1989's \"La Chiesa\" (\"The Church\"). His third feature, \"The Sect\" (a.k.a. \"The Devil's Daughter\"), followed in 1990."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Love Ranch", "paragraph_text": "Love Ranch is a 2010 American drama film directed by Taylor Hackford and starring Helen Mirren, Joe Pesci, Sergio Peris-Mencheta, Gina Gershon and Bryan Cranston. It was written by ."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Michael Korda", "paragraph_text": "Born in London, Michael Korda is the son of English actress Gertrude Musgrove, and the Hungarian Jewish artist and film production designer Vincent Korda. He is the nephew of film magnate Sir Alexander Korda and brother Zoltan Korda, both film directors. Korda grew up in England but received part of his education in France where his father had worked with film director Marcel Pagnol. As a child, Korda also lived in the United States from 1941 to 1946. He was schooled at the private Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland and read History at Magdalen College, Oxford. He served in the Royal Air Force doing intelligence work in Germany."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the director of Teenage Father?"}
{"id": "2hop__27509_27552", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "He was known affectionately as \"Good Pope John\". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared \"Blessed\" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cardinal (Catholic Church)", "paragraph_text": "While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname \"the Pilgrim Pope\". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited F\u00e1tima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjam\u00edn Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June \u2013 this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: \"I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pasquale Macchi", "paragraph_text": "Born in Varese, Italy, Pasquale Macchi was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood on 15 June 1946. On 10 December 1988, he was appointed to the Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Loreto by Pope John Paul II and was consecrated a bishop by Pope John Paul II on 6 January 1989. Archbishop Macchi retired on 7 October 1996."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rosarium Virginis Mariae", "paragraph_text": "Rosarium Virginis Mariae (\"Rosary of the Virgin Mary\") is an Apostolic Letter by Pope John Paul II, issued on October 16, 2002, which declared October 2002 to October 2003 the \"Year of the Rosary\". It was published by Pope John Paul II in 2002 at the beginning of the twenty-fifth year of his pontificate."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent \"outlawing\" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been \"juridically abrogated\", now being an \"extraordinary form of the Roman Rite\", while the other \"obviously is and continues to be the normal Form \u2013 the Forma ordinaria \u2013 of the Eucharistic Liturgy\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "On basic Church teachings, the pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of Humanae vitae, he reconfirmed this teaching. In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered. He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust. Pope Paul VI was less outstanding than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII, nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion. In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, torn to several directions as Saint Paul, who said, \"I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960. Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge. He praised Paul VI[e] and his contributions in the service of unity. Paul replied that \"by entering into our house, you are entering your own house, we are happy to open our door and heart to you.\" The two Church leaders signed a common declaration, which put an end to the disputes of the past and outlined a common agenda for the future."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey. On 6 September 1997 the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held at the Abbey. On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007, under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. In response to the directives of the Second Vatican Council, later editions of the Roman Missal present the 1970 form of the Roman Rite."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, he was not identified with either the left or right, nor was he seen as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council, which already, without any tangible results, had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII, who had a vision but \"did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s.\" When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of \"John\" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962\u201365), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, \"We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike.\" John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: \"Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cardinal (Catholic Church)", "paragraph_text": "In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: \"Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ...\" (Meaning: \"I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...\") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cardinal (Catholic Church)", "paragraph_text": "At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called \"lay cardinals\" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Roncalli High School (Indiana)", "paragraph_text": "Roncalli High School is a Catholic high school located in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is located on the south side of Indianapolis and run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis. Roncalli is named for Pope John XXIII, Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "During Vatican II, the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths.[page needed] Cardinal Augustin Bea, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]"}], "question": "Where was the event that Pope John XXIII surprisingly called?"}
{"id": "2hop__619662_65481", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (American game show)", "paragraph_text": "The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16, 1999 to June 27, 2002, and was hosted by Regis Philbin. The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16, 2002, and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31, 2013. Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season, Terry Crews in the following season (2014 -- 15), and Chris Harrison, who began hosting on September 14, 2015."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Daily Reporter (Greenfield, Indiana)", "paragraph_text": "The Daily Reporter is an American daily newspaper published Mondays through Saturdays in Greenfield, Indiana. It is owned by Home News Enterprises."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Daily Show", "paragraph_text": "The half - hour - long show premiered on July 21, 1996, and was first hosted by Craig Kilborn until December 17, 1998. Jon Stewart then took over as the host from January 11, 1999, until August 6, 2015, making the show more strongly focused on political satire and news satire, in contrast with the pop culture focus during Kilborn's tenure. Stewart was succeeded by Trevor Noah, whose tenure premiered on September 28, 2015. Under different hosts, the show has been formally known as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 until 2015, and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah since 2015. The Daily Show is the longest - running program on Comedy Central (counting all three tenures), and has won 24 Primetime Emmy Awards."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Stephen Prothero", "paragraph_text": "He has commented on religion on dozens of National Public Radio programs and on television on CNN, NBC, CBS, Fox, PBS, MSNBC, \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", \"The Daily Show with Jon Stewart\", and \"The Colbert Report\". He was the chief editorial consultant for the six-hour WGBH television series \"God in America\" and he has served as a consultant on American religious history at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. A regular contributor to \"USA Today\", he has also written for \"The New York Times Magazine\", \"The New York Times Book Review\", \"Slate\", Salon, \"The Washington Post\", the \"Los Angeles Times\", \"The Boston Globe\", and \"The Wall Street Journal\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", "paragraph_text": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is an American late-night talk show hosted by Stephen Colbert, which premiered on September 8, 2015. Produced by Spartina Productions and CBS Television Studios, \"The Late Show\" \"with Stephen Colbert\" is the second iteration of CBS's \"Late Show\" franchise. Stay Human, led by bandleader Jon Batiste, serves as the program's house band, and the announcer is program writer Jen Spyra."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jeopardy!", "paragraph_text": "Both NBC versions and the weekly syndicated version were hosted by Art Fleming. Don Pardo served as announcer until 1975, and John Harlan announced for the 1978 -- 1979 show. Since its inception, the daily syndicated version has featured Alex Trebek as host and Johnny Gilbert as announcer."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Trafikmagasinet", "paragraph_text": "Trafikmagasinet (\"The Traffic magazine\") was a Swedish TV-show about traffic and motoring, broadcast on the Swedish public service network SVT from 1978 to 2003. Aside from reviewing new cars (which were graded by awarding \"steering wheels\"), \"Trafikmagasinet\" featured news, educational content, and consumer reports. The show was created by Carl Ingemar Perstad who also hosted the show until 2002. Christer Glenning co-hosted the show and was responsible for car testing until his death in 1998."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Witness-Patchelly Kambale Musonia", "paragraph_text": "Witness-Patchelly Kambale Musonia, also known as Kambale Musoni, (1982?-June 21, 2011) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was a journalist and host of a daily talk show program on a community station called Radio Communautaire de Lubero Sud in Kirumba, North Kivu, which is northwest of Rutshuru. He was killed after reporting about a recent arrest of a dozen people accused of trafficking military weapons for criminal activity."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Andrea Mitchell Reports", "paragraph_text": "Andrea Mitchell Reports is a news show on MSNBC broadcast weekdays at 12 PM ET/9 AM PT hosted by Andrea Mitchell. She originally was an anchor under the \"MSNBC Live\" umbrella before getting her own distinct show. She is the NBC News Chief Foreign Affairs correspondent. While the show is based in Washington, D.C., it will typically go on location to where Mitchell is reporting for NBC News."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Studio 2", "paragraph_text": "Studio 2 was a daily (weeknights) current affairs newsmagazine on TVOntario in Ontario, Canada. The show won several Gemini Awards, and was hosted by Steve Paikin and Paula Todd (who replaced original co-host Mary Hynes in the show's third season), and first aired in 1994. TVOntario announced the program's termination on June 29, 2006. The final episode aired on June 30, and was replaced that fall with a new series hosted by Paikin, \"The Agenda\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (American game show)", "paragraph_text": "The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16, 1999, to June 27, 2002, and was hosted by Regis Philbin. The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16, 2002, and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31, 2013. Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season, Terry Crews in the following season (2014 -- 15), and Chris Harrison, who began hosting on September 14, 2015."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Doritos", "paragraph_text": "Doritos was the main sponsor of Wolverhampton Wanderers for the 2002 / 03 and 2003 / 04 seasons, the latter of which was spent in the Premier League. Doritos officially sponsored the ``Hail to the Cheese Stephen Colbert's Nacho Cheese Doritos 2008 Presidential Campaign Coverage. ''The money given to Colbert could not be used to directly fund his campaign, so he used the money to fund The Colbert Report. He claimed that he would not use his show to plug Doritos, but plugged the chips during these claims. After the campaign flopped, Colbert joked that his`` body will stop producing bright orange waste.'' In March 2008, Colbert partnered with Doritos, specifically the Spicy Sweet Chili flavor, to promote his Philadelphia - based coverage of the Pennsylvania primaries."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "All Star Secrets", "paragraph_text": "All Star Secrets is an NBC daytime game show that aired from January 8 to August 10, 1979. A Hill-Eubanks Production, the show was hosted by co-creator Bob Eubanks and announced first by Charlie O'Donnell, but due to conflicts with his announcing duties on \"Wheel of Fortune\", he was later replaced by Tony McClay. For one week of shows during April 1979, the announcer was Bill Baldwin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Michael Barkann", "paragraph_text": "Michael Barkann (born April 30, 1960, Jersey City, New Jersey, United States) is an American sports host, anchor and reporter for NBC Sports Philadelphia. He was also the co-host of the \"Mike and Ike\" show on 94 WIP on weekday mornings from 10-2."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mando Fresko", "paragraph_text": "Mando Fresko (born Armando Ponce Montes; February 25, 1987) born in Los Angeles raised in South Gate, California to a Mexican family is an American Radio Host, Club DJ, Actor, Model and Television Host. Currently, he can be heard on Power 106 FM (105.9) Los Angeles. There he hosts his own show titled \"\"The Mando Show\"\" bringing over 2 million listeners daily. At the early age of 14 he began to DJ, sing/dance in high school talent shows and deejayed school dances. He graduated from South Gate High School."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Meet the Press", "paragraph_text": "The program has been hosted by 12 different moderators to date, beginning with creator Martha Rountree. The show's moderator since 2014 is Chuck Todd, who also serves as political director for NBC News."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", "paragraph_text": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is an American late - night talk show hosted by Stephen Colbert, which premiered on September 8, 2015. Produced by Spartina Productions and CBS Television Studios, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is the second iteration of CBS's Late Show franchise. Stay Human, led by bandleader Jon Batiste, serves as the program's house band, and the announcer is program writer Jen Spyra."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Daily Show", "paragraph_text": "\"The Daily Show\" was created by Lizz Winstead and Madeleine Smithberg and premiered on Comedy Central on July 22, 1996, having been marketed as a replacement for \"Politically Incorrect\" (a successful Comedy Central program that had moved to ABC earlier that year). Madeleine Smithberg was co-creator of \"The Daily Show\" as well as the former executive producer. A graduate of Binghamton University, she was an executive producer of \"Steve Harvey's Big Time\" and a talent coordinator for \"Late Night with David Letterman\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Colbert Report", "paragraph_text": "The Colbert Report ( ) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17, 2005, to December 18, 2014, for 1,447 episodes. The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character, described by Colbert as a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot\", is a caricature of televised political pundits. Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's \"The O'Reilly Factor\". \"The Colbert Report\" is a spin-off of Comedy Central's \"The Daily Show\", where Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character."}], "question": "Who hosted The Daily Show before the creator of The Colbert Report?"}
{"id": "2hop__292093_65481", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rosewater (film)", "paragraph_text": "Rosewater is a 2014 American political drama film written, directed and produced by Jon Stewart, based on the memoir \"Then They Came for Me\" by Maziar Bahari and Aimee Molloy. It recounts Bahari's 2009 imprisonment by Iran, connected to an interview he participated in on \"The Daily Show\" that same year; Iranian authorities presented the interview as evidence that he was in communication with an American spy. Due to the content of the film, Stewart has been accused by Iran's state TV of being funded by Zionists and working with the CIA. The film was released in theaters on November 14, 2014."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mando Fresko", "paragraph_text": "Mando Fresko (born Armando Ponce Montes; February 25, 1987) born in Los Angeles raised in South Gate, California to a Mexican family is an American Radio Host, Club DJ, Actor, Model and Television Host. Currently, he can be heard on Power 106 FM (105.9) Los Angeles. There he hosts his own show titled \"\"The Mando Show\"\" bringing over 2 million listeners daily. At the early age of 14 he began to DJ, sing/dance in high school talent shows and deejayed school dances. He graduated from South Gate High School."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai", "paragraph_text": "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (lit. What Is This Relationship Called?) is a Hindi - language television drama. It premiered on January 12, 2009 on StarPlus. The show focuses on the daily life of an Udaipur - based Rajasthani family. It is produced by Rajan Shahi's Director's Kut Productions, and is the third - longest - running Indian television series based on episode count. The show's lead characters are Naira (Shivangi Joshi) and Kartik (Mohsin Khan). The series initially focused on Naira's parents Akshara (Hina Khan) and Naitik (Karan Mehra)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver", "paragraph_text": "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (often abridged as Last Week Tonight) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by comedian John Oliver. The half-hour-long show premiered on Sunday, April 27, 2014, on HBO. Last Week Tonight shares some similarities with Comedy Central's The Daily Show (where Oliver was previously featured as a correspondent and fill-in host), as it takes a satirical look at news, politics and current events, but on a weekly basis.Oliver has stated that he has \"full creative freedom, including free rein to criticize corporations\". His initial contract with HBO was for two years with an option for extension. In September 2017, HBO announced that the show had been renewed for three additional seasons of 30 episodes each, keeping the show on the air through 2020. The show's sixth season premiered on February 17, 2019."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alfonso Ribeiro", "paragraph_text": "Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro Sr. (born September 21, 1971) is an American actor, television director, dancer, and show host. Ribeiro played Alfonso Spears on the sitcom Silver Spoons, and Carlton Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air. He currently hosts ABC's America's Funniest Home Videos, taking over from Tom Bergeron who left after fifteen years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (American game show)", "paragraph_text": "The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16, 1999, to June 27, 2002, and was hosted by Regis Philbin. The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16, 2002, and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31, 2013. Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season, Terry Crews in the following season (2014 -- 15), and Chris Harrison, who began hosting on September 14, 2015."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Edward Rosewater", "paragraph_text": "Edward Rosewater, born Edward Rosenwasser, (January 21, 1841 \u2013 August 30, 1906) was a Republican Party politician and newspaper editor in Omaha, Nebraska. Rosewater had a reputation for being \"aggressive and controversial\", and was influential in the Nebraska state Republican Party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fox & Friends", "paragraph_text": "Fox & Friends is a daily morning conservative news / talk program that airs on Fox News Channel, hosted by Steve Doocy, Brian Kilmeade, and Ainsley Earhardt."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Rachel Maddow Show", "paragraph_text": "The Rachel Maddow Show (also abbreviated TRMS) is a daily news and opinion television program that airs on MSNBC, running in the 9:00\u00a0pm ET timeslot Monday through Friday. It is hosted by Rachel Maddow, who gained a public profile via her frequent appearances as a progressive pundit on programs aired by MSNBC. It is based on her former radio show of the same name. The show debuted on September 8, 2008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mohsin Khan (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Mohsin Khan is an Indian television actor and assistant director. He was the second assistant director in the movie Koyelaanchal. Khan made his television debut with Star Plus' show Nisha Aur Uske Cousins. He worked as the main lead Samar Sareen in Life OK's show Dream Girl. He is currently playing the lead, Kartik Goenka, in Star Plus' daily soap Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Daily Tips for Modern Living", "paragraph_text": "Daily Tips for Modern Living is a six-episode comedy television series which aired across Canada in 1998 on CBC Television. Greg Thomey portrayed Ernie Post, a caricature of a lifestyle program host. The show was conceived as a satire of \"Martha Stewart Living\", with up to six sketches per episode."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Daily Show", "paragraph_text": "The half - hour - long show premiered on July 21, 1996, and was first hosted by Craig Kilborn until December 17, 1998. Jon Stewart then took over as the host from January 11, 1999, until August 6, 2015, making the show more strongly focused on political satire and news satire, in contrast with the pop culture focus during Kilborn's tenure. Stewart was succeeded by Trevor Noah, whose tenure premiered on September 28, 2015. Under different hosts, the show has been formally known as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 until 2015, and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah since 2015. The Daily Show is the longest - running program on Comedy Central (counting all three tenures), and has won 24 Primetime Emmy Awards."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Meet the Press", "paragraph_text": "The program has been hosted by 12 different moderators to date, beginning with creator Martha Rountree. The show's moderator since 2014 is Chuck Todd, who also serves as political director for NBC News."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Philippine Idol", "paragraph_text": "Philippine Idol is the first version of the Idol series in the Philippines, the 35th country in the world to air a local \"Idol\" adaptation and the sixth in Asia. The franchise was first awarded by FremantleMedia, 19 Entertainment and CKX, Inc. to ABC Development Corporation (ABC now The 5 Network) in 2006, then to GMA Network in 2008, then ABS-CBN in 2019. Just like the premise of original show \"Pop Idol\", \"Philippine Idol\" aims to find the best singer in the country who can be defined as the \"national\" singer. Local television personality Ryan Agoncillo hosted the program. Ryan Cayabyab (musical composer), Pilita Corrales (singer, known as Asia's Queen of Songs) and Francis Magalona (rapper and producer) were also judges of the show. Agoncillo, Corrales and Magalona auditioned to be part of the program, while Cayabyab was chosen by the program's producers. Meanwhile, actress Heart Evangelista hosted the daily updates program \"I \u2665 Philippine Idol: Exclusive\". Composer Mel Villena was the show's musical director."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai", "paragraph_text": "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (lit. What Is This Relationship Called?) is a Hindi language television drama. It premiered on January 12, 2009 on Star Plus. The show focuses on the daily life of an Udaipur - based Rajasthani family. It is produced by Rajan Shahi's Director's Kut Productions, and is the third longest - running Indian television series based on episode count. The show's lead characters are Naira (Shivangi Joshi) and Kartik (Mohsin Khan). The series initially focused on Naira's parents Akshara (Hina Khan) and Naitik (Karan Mehra)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zoo Parade", "paragraph_text": "Zoo Parade is an American television program broadcast from 1950 to 1957 that featured animals from the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. The program's host was Marlin Perkins, the Zoo's director. Perkins went on to host the program \"Wild Kingdom\". Jim Wehmeyer has described the show: \"A precursor of sorts to the regularly featured animal segments on \"The Tonight Show\" and other late-night talk shows, \"Zoo Parade\" was a location-bound production (filmed in the reptile house basement) during which Perkins would present and describe the life and peculiarities of Lincoln Park Zoo animals.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alexander Lee (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Lee Eusebio (; Chinese: \u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927), known as Alexander or Xander, is a singer, actor and host in South Korea. He is a former member of the South Korean boy band U-KISS, he debuted as an actor through a Channel A drama Immortal Classic (\ubd88\ud6c4\uc758 \uba85\uc791) and later as a movie actor through Singaporean film, \"3 Peas In A Pod\" in 2013. In 2017, he debuted in the Philippines as the main character in the 105-episode television series My Korean Jagiya. He is currently active as a television host on Arirang TV's #StyleCast 2017 and is also a daily radio host for the Double Date show on tbs eFM."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tom Scharpling", "paragraph_text": "Tom Scharpling (born February 9, 1969) is an American comedian, television writer, producer, music video director, and radio host. He is best known for hosting the weekly Internet radio call-in comedy program \"The Best Show with Tom Scharpling\" (formerly \"The Best Show on WFMU\"), the voice of Greg Universe in the animated series \"Steven Universe\" and for acting as a writer/executive producer for the TV show \"Monk\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jeopardy!", "paragraph_text": "Both NBC versions and the weekly syndicated version were hosted by Art Fleming. Don Pardo served as announcer until 1975, and John Harlan announced for the 1978 -- 1979 show. Since its inception, the daily syndicated version has featured Alex Trebek as host and Johnny Gilbert as announcer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (American game show)", "paragraph_text": "The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16, 1999 to June 27, 2002, and was hosted by Regis Philbin. The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16, 2002, and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31, 2013. Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season, Terry Crews in the following season (2014 -- 15), and Chris Harrison, who began hosting on September 14, 2015."}], "question": "Who hosted The Daily Show before the director of Rosewater?"}
{"id": "2hop__19422_764368", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Continental Army", "paragraph_text": "The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14, 1775, it was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander - in - chief of the army throughout the war."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Decolonization of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The Latin American wars of independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonies in the Americas. Haiti, a French slave colony, was the first to follow the United States; the Haitian Revolution lasted from 1791 to 1804, when they won their independence. The Peninsular War with France, which resulted from the Napoleonic occupation of Spain, caused Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain, stoking independence movements that culminated in the wars of independence, which lasted almost two decades. At the same time, the Portuguese monarchy relocated to Brazil during Portugal's French occupation. After the royal court returned to Lisbon, the prince regent, Pedro, remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil. Cuban independence was fought against Spain in two wars (Ten Years and Little War). Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the Spanish -- American War in 1898."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 as the United States of America. In the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 83) the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in 1777, secured the Northeast and encouraged the French to make a military alliance with the United States. France brought in Spain and the Netherlands, thus balancing the military and naval forces on each side as Britain had no allies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The French and Indian War (1754 -- 63) was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies. It was also part of the larger Seven Years' War. The influence of the main rivals of the British Crown in the colonies and Canada, the French and North American Indians, was significantly reduced with the territory of the Thirteen Colonies expanding into New France both in Canada and the Louisiana Territory. Moreover, the war effort resulted in greater political integration of the colonies, as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin's call for the colonies to ``Join or Die ''. Franklin was a man of many inventions -- one of which was the concept of a United States of America, which emerged after 1765 and was realized in July 1776."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca", "paragraph_text": "The Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (Spanish: \"Estado Libre e Independiente de Cundinamarca\") was a rebel state in colonial Colombia, replacing the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada from 1810 to 1815. It was part of the Foolish Fatherland (\"Patria Boba\") period at the beginning of the Spanish American wars of independence. Its capital was Bogot\u00e1, the former capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mohamed Boudiaf", "paragraph_text": "Mohamed Boudiaf (23 June 1919 \u2013 29 June 1992, ; ALA-LC: \"Mu\u1e25ammad B\u016b-\u1e0ciy\u0101f\"), also called Si Tayeb el Watani, was an Algerian political leader and one of the founders of the revolutionary National Liberation Front (FLN) that led the Algerian War of Independence (1954\u20131962)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Congress Hall", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia served as the capital of the United States both during and immediately after the American Revolutionary War. Independence Hall, located next door, served as the meeting place of the Continental Congress until the Pennsylvania Mutiny in June 1783. The failure of the Pennsylvania government to protect Congress from a mob of angry mutineers caused the representatives to withdraw to Princeton, New Jersey. The national capital then moved to Annapolis, Maryland in November 1783, then to Trenton, New Jersey in November 1784 before finally moving to New York City in January 1785. State delegates did not return to Independence Hall in Philadelphia until the United States Constitutional Convention in 1787; however, remained the official capital even during the convention. Designed by architect Samuel Lewis, Congress Hall was originally built to serve as the Philadelphia County Courthouse; construction began in 1787 and was completed two years later."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thirteen Colonies", "paragraph_text": "By spring 1775, all royal officials had been expelled, and the Continental Congress hosted a convention of delegates for the 13 colonies. It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander, made treaties, declared independence, and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states. The Second Continental Congress assembled in May 1775 and began to coordinate armed resistance against Britain. It established a government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money. General Washington took command of the Patriot soldiers in New England and forced the British to withdraw from Boston. In 1776, the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Britain. With the help of France and Spain, they defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War. In the Treaty of Paris (1783), Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States of America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British Government moved Nigeria toward self - government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. On 27 October 1958 Britain agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 October 1960."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America's revolutionaries. By the 1750s, Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America, and second in the British Empire, behind London. The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War; the Second Continental Congress, which signed the United States Declaration of Independence, during the war; and the Constitutional Convention (1787) after the war. Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "In 1682, William Penn founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States, who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787. Philadelphia was one of the nation's capitals in the Revolutionary War, and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington, D.C., was under construction. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became a major industrial center and railroad hub that grew from an influx of European immigrants. It became a prime destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration and surpassed two million occupants by 1950."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Russia and the American Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Empire's role in the American Revolutionary War was part of a global conflict of colonial supremacy between the Thirteen Colonies and the Kingdom of Great Britain. Prior to the onset of the war, the Russian Empire had already begun exploration along North America's west coast; and, the year following the combat's conclusion, the Eurasian empire established its first colony in Alaska. Although the Russian Empire did not directly send troops or supplies to the colonies or British Empire during the war, it responded to the Declaration of Independence, played a role in international diplomacy, and contributed to the lasting legacy of the American Revolution abroad."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cap-Ha\u00eftien", "paragraph_text": "Cap-Ha\u00eftien is near the historic Haitian town of Milot, which lies to the southwest along a gravel road. Milot was Haiti's first capital under the self-proclaimed King Henri Christophe, who ascended to power in 1807, three years after Haiti had gained independence from France. He renamed Cap\u2011Fran\u00e7ais as Cap\u2011Henri. Milot is the site of his Sans-Souci Palace, wrecked by the 1842 earthquake. The Citadelle Laferri\u00e8re, a massive stone fortress bristling with cannons, atop a nearby mountain is away. On clear days, its silhouette is visible from Cap\u2011Ha\u00eftien."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. During the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Under the terms of Amiens, however, Napoleon agreed to appease British demands by not abolishing slavery in any colonies where the 1794 decree had never been implemented. The resulting Law of 20 May never applied to colonies like Guadeloupe or Guyane, even though rogue generals and other officials used the pretext of peace as an opportunity to reinstate slavery in some of these places. The Law of 20 May officially restored the slave trade to the Caribbean colonies, not slavery itself. Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army. In May 1803, the last 8000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Ha\u00efti in 1804. Seeing the failure of his colonial efforts, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Spanish American wars of independence", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence that took place during the early 19th century, after the French invasion of Spain during Europe's Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "HMS Speedy (1782)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Speedy\" was a 14-gun \"Speedy\"-class brig of the British Royal Navy. Built during the last years of the American War of Independence, she served with distinction during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Armand Louis de Gontaut", "paragraph_text": "Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duc de Lauzun, later duc de Biron, and usually referred to by historians of the French Revolution simply as Biron (13 April 174731 December 1793) was a French soldier and politician, known for the part he played in the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1773, he was Grand second warden of Grand Orient de France."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "French colonial empire", "paragraph_text": "In the middle of the 18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and Britain, which ultimately resulted in the destruction of most of the first French colonial empire and the near-complete expulsion of France from the Americas. These wars were the War of the Austrian Succession (1740\u20131748), the Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763), the American Revolution (1765\u20131783), the French Revolutionary Wars (1793\u20131802) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803\u20131815). It may even be seen further back in time to the first of the French and Indian Wars. This cyclic conflict is sometimes known as the Second Hundred Years' War."}], "question": "What is the capitol of the French colony that moved towards political independence in the Revolutionary War?"}
{"id": "2hop__144654_764368", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse", "paragraph_text": "The Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse, also known as the Thoreau Farm or the Henry David Thoreau Birthplace, is a historic house at 341 Virginia Road in Concord, Massachusetts, United States. It is significant as the birthplace of writer Henry David Thoreau. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It currently serves as a museum and is open to the public."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "McKamie Farmhouse", "paragraph_text": "The McKamie Farmhouse was a farmhouse located in Waxhaws, North Carolina, and is one of two disputed birthplaces of Andrew Jackson, the other being in South Carolina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Stevensville, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Stevensville is a small community in southern Ontario, Canada in the town of Fort Erie, most notable as the birthplace of Canadian entrepreneur James L. Kraft."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cassano Magnago", "paragraph_text": "Cassano Magnago is a town and \"comune\" in the province of Varese, Lombardy, Italy. It is the birthplace of politician Umberto Bossi; cycling champion Ivan Basso lives here."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yellou", "paragraph_text": "Yellou is a village in the Kayao Department of Baz\u00e8ga Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 615. It is the birthplace of former president of Niger Daouda Malam Wank\u00e9."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mesopotamia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "paragraph_text": "Mesopotamia is a town in eastern inland Saint Vincent, in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located to the southeast of Richland Park, and to the west of Peruvian Vale."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Charles Ives House", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Ives House, also known as Charles Ives Birthplace, is located on Mountainville Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame structure built in 1780 and expanded on since. Over the course of the 19th century it was the residence of several generations of Iveses, a family important in the city's history. In 1874 it was the birthplace of Charles Ives, who became an internationally recognized composer in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vincent de Bourbon, Count of Guingamp", "paragraph_text": "Vincent de Bourbon, Count of Guingamp (Vincent Marie Louis; 22 June 1750 \u2013 14 March 1752) was a son of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthi\u00e8vre and died before his second birthday."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Promises Written in Water", "paragraph_text": "Promises Written in Water is a 2010 drama film written, directed, edited, and produced by Vincent Gallo. The cast includes Vincent Gallo, Delfine Bafort, Sage Stallone, Lisa Love and Hope Tomaselli."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Greiggs", "paragraph_text": "Greiggs is a town in eastern inland Saint Vincent, in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located to the northwest of Biabou and northeast of Richland Park."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bruce Rauner", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Vincent Rauner (/ \u02c8ra\u028an\u0259r /; born February 18, 1957) is an American businessman, philanthropist, and politician serving as the 42nd and current Governor of Illinois since 2015. Prior to his election, he was the Chairman of R8 Capital Partners and Chairman of the private equity firm GTCR, based in Chicago. He was the Republican nominee in the 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election and defeated Democratic incumbent Pat Quinn by 50.3% to 46.4%."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Vincent Og\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Vincent Og\u00e9 (; c.1755 \u2013 6 February 1791) was a wealthy free man of mixed-race descent who instigated a revolt against white colonial authority in French Saint-Domingue that lasted from October to December 1790 in the area outside Cap-Fran\u00e7ais, the colony's main city. The Og\u00e9 revolt of 1790 foretold the massive slave uprising of August 1791 that began the Haitian Revolution."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saint Patrick Parish, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "paragraph_text": "Saint Patrick is an administrative parish of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, on the island of Saint Vincent. The parish consists of the middle portion of the leeward side of the main island. Its capital is Barrouallie."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New London Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "New London Township is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,631 at the 2010 census. It was the birthplace of U.S. Founding Father Thomas McKean."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cap-Ha\u00eftien", "paragraph_text": "Cap-Ha\u00eftien is near the historic Haitian town of Milot, which lies to the southwest along a gravel road. Milot was Haiti's first capital under the self-proclaimed King Henri Christophe, who ascended to power in 1807, three years after Haiti had gained independence from France. He renamed Cap\u2011Fran\u00e7ais as Cap\u2011Henri. Milot is the site of his Sans-Souci Palace, wrecked by the 1842 earthquake. The Citadelle Laferri\u00e8re, a massive stone fortress bristling with cannons, atop a nearby mountain is away. On clear days, its silhouette is visible from Cap\u2011Ha\u00eftien."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Butka, Russia", "paragraph_text": "Butka () is a village in Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. It is known as the birthplace of the first President of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Corsica, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Corsica is a borough in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 357 at the 2010 census. It was named for the island of Corsica, birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte. The mayor of the borough is Dave Leadbetter."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Vincent Adriaenssen", "paragraph_text": "Vincent Adriaenssen (name variations: Vincent Adriaensz, Vincent Adriani, Vincenz Leckerbetien, Vincent Leckerbeetjen, nicknames: le Manchole, Il Manciola, Il Manciolla en Il Mozzo di Anversa) (1595\u20131675) was a Flemish Baroque painter who spent an important part of his career in Paris and Rome where he was especially renowned for his landscapes with battles and hunting scenes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ahualulco", "paragraph_text": "Ahualulco is a town and municipality in San Luis Potos\u00ed in central Mexico. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 4,492. It was the birthplace of composer Juli\u00e1n Carrillo."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vincent Moscato", "paragraph_text": "Thierry Vincent Moscato, known as Vincent Moscato (born Paris, 28 July 1965) is a former French rugby union player as well as radio talk host and actor."}], "question": "What is the capital of the birthplace of Vincent Og\u00e9?"}
{"id": "2hop__22105_27552", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey. On 6 September 1997 the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held at the Abbey. On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cardinal (Catholic Church)", "paragraph_text": "While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, \"Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it.\" Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as \"our beloved sister Church\". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960. Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge. He praised Paul VI[e] and his contributions in the service of unity. Paul replied that \"by entering into our house, you are entering your own house, we are happy to open our door and heart to you.\" The two Church leaders signed a common declaration, which put an end to the disputes of the past and outlined a common agenda for the future."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent \"outlawing\" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been \"juridically abrogated\", now being an \"extraordinary form of the Roman Rite\", while the other \"obviously is and continues to be the normal Form \u2013 the Forma ordinaria \u2013 of the Eucharistic Liturgy\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pope Pius IX", "paragraph_text": "Pope Pius IX (Italian: Pio; 13 May 1792 -- 7 February 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai - Ferretti, was head of the Catholic Church from 16 June 1846 to his death on 7 February 1878. He was the longest - reigning elected pope in the history of the Catholic Church, serving for over 31 years. During his pontificate, Pius IX convened the First Vatican Council (1869 -- 70), which decreed papal infallibility, but the council was cut short owing to the loss of the Papal States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "On basic Church teachings, the pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of Humanae vitae, he reconfirmed this teaching. In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered. He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust. Pope Paul VI was less outstanding than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII, nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion. In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, torn to several directions as Saint Paul, who said, \"I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and a year later a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of good will, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on January first of every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the Iron Curtain, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in Hungary, Poland and Romania, improved during his pontificate."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mense maio", "paragraph_text": "Mense maio is an encyclical of Pope Paul VI promulgated on 29 April 1965, which focused on the Virgin Mary, to whom traditionally the month of May is dedicated as the Mother of God. Paul VI writes that Mary is rightly to be regarded as the way by which people are led to Christ. Therefore, the person who encounters Mary cannot help but encounter Christ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fra Angelico", "paragraph_text": "In 1445 Pope Eugene IV summoned him to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's, later demolished by Pope Paul III. Vasari claims that at this time Fra Angelico was offered the Archbishopric of Florence by Pope Nicholas V, and that he refused it, recommending another friar for the position. The story seems possible and even likely. However, if Vasari's date is correct, then the pope must have been Eugene IV and not Nicholas, who was elected Pope only on 6 March 1447. Moreover, the archbishop in 1446\u20131459 was the Dominican Antoninus of Florence (Antonio Pierozzi), canonized by Pope Adrian VI in 1523. In 1447 Fra Angelico was in Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, executing works for the Cathedral. Among his other pupils were Zanobi Strozzi."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "He was known affectionately as \"Good Pope John\". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared \"Blessed\" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "During Vatican II, the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths.[page needed] Cardinal Augustin Bea, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the pontifical name Paul VI (the first to take the name \"Paul\" since 1605) to indicate a renewed worldwide mission to spread the message of Christ, following the example of Apostle St. Paul.[citation needed] He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which was automatically closed with the death of John XXIII, and gave it priority and direction. After the council had concluded its work, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, often walking a thin line between the conflicting expectations of various groups within Catholicism. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of Church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform policies of his predecessors and successors. Paul VI was a Marian devotee, speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings, visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals. Following his famous predecessor Saint Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI sought dialogue with the world, with other Christians, other religions, and atheists, excluding nobody. He saw himself as a humble servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes of the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the Third World. His positions on birth control, promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, and other political issues, were often controversial, especially in Western Europe and North America."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname \"the Pilgrim Pope\". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited F\u00e1tima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjam\u00edn Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ornate tomb, but in a grave in the ground. He is buried beneath the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica with other popes. In his will, he requested to be buried in the \"true earth\" and therefore, he does not have an ornate sarcophagus but an in-ground grave."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sacred Congregation of Rites", "paragraph_text": "The Sacred Congregation of Rites was a congregation of the Roman Curia, erected on 22 January 1588 by Pope Sixtus V by \"Immensa Aeterni Dei\" and its functions reassigned by Pope Paul VI on 8 May 1969."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis \u2013 bypassing the traditionally required second miracle \u2013 declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the \"Good Pope\" and in Italian, \"il Papa buono\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rosarium Virginis Mariae", "paragraph_text": "Rosarium Virginis Mariae (\"Rosary of the Virgin Mary\") is an Apostolic Letter by Pope John Paul II, issued on October 16, 2002, which declared October 2002 to October 2003 the \"Year of the Rosary\". It was published by Pope John Paul II in 2002 at the beginning of the twenty-fifth year of his pontificate."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations. As a gesture of goodwill, the pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewelry, a diamond cross and ring, with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering. During the pope's visit, as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN:"}], "question": "Where was the first session of the event Pope Paul VI reconvened when he became pope held?"}
{"id": "2hop__22144_27552", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Seventy (Latter Day Saints)", "paragraph_text": "Since 2005, the Quorums of the Seventy in the LDS Church have been organized into eight quorums with a presidency of seven. The seventy act as emissaries of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and First Presidency of the church in organizing, training, proselytizing, and administering to millions of people scattered all across the globe. The seventy are the layer between local church administration and general church administration."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The First Cathedral", "paragraph_text": "Originally known as The 1st Baptist Church in Hartford, Connecticut, The First Cathedral is the fifteenth oldest historically black church founded in the city of Hartford, Connecticut; and the third congregation to be known as The First Baptist Church of Hartford, Connecticut. The phrase The First Cathedral is used colloquially to refer to the Christian ministry based in Bloomfield, Connecticut as well as the edifice in which the ministry is held."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "From mid-May to September 1989, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hunger strikers staged protests on Moscow's Arbat to call attention to the plight of their Church. They were especially active during the July session of the World Council of Churches held in Moscow. The protest ended with the arrests of the group on September 18. On May 27, 1989, the founding conference of the Lviv regional Memorial Society was held. On June 18, 1989, an estimated 100,000 faithful participated in public religious services in Ivano-Frankivsk in western Ukraine, responding to Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky's call for an international day of prayer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: \"Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Plaque Commemorating First Formal Religious Service, Indianapolis (Howard Petty)", "paragraph_text": "Plaque Commemorating First Formal Religious Service (Indianapolis, IN), is a public artwork by American artist Howard Petty, located on the Indiana Statehouse, in Indianapolis. It was created in 1923 and set in the statehouse in 1924. It commemorates the first religious services held in Indianapolis in 1819 and the first organized church in 1821. The plaque is made of bronze and depicts a walnut tree in the foreground with a log cabin in the background. It is approximately wide by high and has a depth of ."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of World Heritage Sites in Peru", "paragraph_text": "The first sites within Peru were inscribed on the list at the 7th Session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Florence, Italy in 1983: ``City of Cuzco ''and the`` Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu''. As of 2010, Peru has 11 sites on the World Heritage List. Seven are listed as cultural sites, two as natural, and two as mixed, meeting both cultural and natural selection criteria, as determined by the organization's selection criteria. Only six of Peru's twenty - five regions are represented, with Ancash, Cuzco, and Lima regions each containing multiple sites."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "paragraph_text": "The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged. Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of government representatives. Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers. Sessions of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only. Attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts. After the opening ceremonies, closed plenary sessions were held. The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for \"Of the celibate priesthood\"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2017 New Democratic Party leadership election", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 New Democratic Party leadership election will take place between September 18 and October 15, 2017 due to incumbent Tom Mulcair having lost a vote on a leadership review at the New Democratic Party (NDP)'s federal convention held in Edmonton, Alberta on April 10, 2016. 52% of delegates voted in favour of holding a new leadership election, compared to 48% who voted for Mulcair's leadership to continue. Under the party's constitution, the leadership election was to be held by April 10, 2017; however, the delegates present passed a motion to give the party up to 24 months to organize a leadership election. Mulcair is expected to remain leader until his successor is elected."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy in 1897. His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "ASNOM Memorial Center", "paragraph_text": "It was built in 2004 and is a copy of the original building where the first plenary session of the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the People's Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) was held, which is located in the Prohor P\u010dinjski monastery in neighboring Serbia, two kilometers from the memorial center."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "First Baptist Church in America", "paragraph_text": "The First Baptist Church in America is the First Baptist Church of Providence, Rhode Island, also known as First Baptist Meetinghouse. It is the oldest Baptist church congregation in the United States, founded by Roger Williams in Providence, Rhode Island in 1638. The present church building was erected in 1774 -- 75 and held its first meetings in May 1775. It is located at 75 North Main Street in Providence's College Hill neighborhood and is a National Historic Landmark."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, he was not identified with either the left or right, nor was he seen as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council, which already, without any tangible results, had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII, who had a vision but \"did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s.\" When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality. Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation. It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte, in an interview published by the magazine Tempo, to accuse Montini of hypocrisy, and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor. According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday. Peyrefitte had previously published the accusation in two books, but the interview (previously published in a French gay magazine) brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18, Montini called the charges \"horrible and slanderous insinuations\" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Montini were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in \"a day of consolation\". In 1984 a New York Times correspondent repeated the allegations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ryssby Church", "paragraph_text": "Ryssby Church is located outside of Longmont in Boulder County, Colorado. The church was built in 1882 by Swedish immigrants, although it was disused between 1914 and 1924. A dedicated committee from First Lutheran Church, the descendant congregation of the Ryssby and Elim churches, maintains the church, organizes events and funds continuous improvement projects. The church hosts weddings, church picnics, an annual Midsummer service and Christmas candlelight services in early December."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Immanuel Lutheran Church (Red Wing, Minnesota)", "paragraph_text": "Immanuel Lutheran Church is a historic church in Hay Creek Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota, Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States, near the city of Red Wing. The congregation was organized in 1858 by German Lutheran families who had settled in Flower Valley. Their first pastor, William Wier, came to administer the sacrament twice a year through the summer of 1861. The first church building was a three-room building completed around 1862. A number of German Lutherans in the southern part of the township wanted to join the Immanuel congregation, so the congregation established a northern district and a southern district. This arrangement continued for a while until the building in Flower Valley was moved to the current location in Hay Creek in 1868. The land in Hay Creek consisted of two acres donated by a Mr. W. Plote."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Orleans", "paragraph_text": "The Hotel and Casino opened in 1996. When the casino first opened, it did not perform up to expectations. In 1999 a major addition to the casino and other amenities were added. The success of these changes has been demonstrated by continued expansions in later years."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded."}], "question": "Where was the first session held for the organization that the church expected Montini to continue?"}
{"id": "2hop__392346_544493", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Los Trotam\u00fasicos", "paragraph_text": "Los Trotam\u00fasicos (also known as \"The Four Musicians of Bremen\" and \"Die Abenteuer der Bremer Stadtmusikanten\" in Germany) was a Spanish animated series produced by Estudios Cruz Delgado for Televisi\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola and first broadcast in 1989."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple", "paragraph_text": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada, popularly known as Peruviruthy Malanada or Malanada is the only Duryodhana Temple in South India. It is located at Edakkad Ward (Kara) of Poruvazhy village in Kunnathoor Taluk of Kollam district (Kerala State), India. This place is the northern border of Kollam district which Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha districts share the boundaries. The temple is located equidistant from Adoor (M C Road) to the Northeast and Sasthamcottah to the Southeast. It is also reachable from Kayamkulam and Karunagappally on the NH 47 and Kottarakkara (via Puthoor or Enathu) on the MC road (approximately 25\u00a0km from each centre)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mat\u00edas Emilio Delgado", "paragraph_text": "Mat\u00edas Emilio Delgado (born 15 December 1982) is a retired Argentine footballer who last played as an attacking midfielder for Swiss Super League Club FC Basel."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Philippine Arena", "paragraph_text": "The Philippine Arena is the world's largest indoor arena. It is a multipurpose indoor arena with a maximum seating capacity of 55,000 at Ciudad de Victoria, a 140-hectare tourism enterprise zone in Bocaue and Santa Maria, Bulacan, Philippines about 30 kilometers north of Manila. It is one of the centerpieces of the many centennial projects of the Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC) for their centennial celebration on July 27, 2014. The legal owner of the arena is the INC's educational institution, New Era University."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ibo District", "paragraph_text": "Ibo District is a small district of Cabo Delgado Province in northern Mozambique. Its principal town is Vila do Ibo on Ibo Island."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Indonesia lies between latitudes 11\u00b0S and 6\u00b0N, and longitudes 95\u00b0E and 141\u00b0E. It is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. According to the country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Indonesia has 17,504 islands (16,056 of which are registered at the UN), scattered over both sides of the equator, and with about 6,000 of them inhabited. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea). Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Mendez Women", "paragraph_text": "The Mendez Women (Spanish:Las de M\u00e9ndez) is a 1927 Spanish silent drama film directed by Fernando Delgado and starring Carmen Viance. It is now considered a lost film."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lauro Delgado", "paragraph_text": "Lauro Delgado (December 10, 1932 \u2013 January 15, 1978) was a Filipino actor, born as Loreto Porciuncula in Bocaue, Bulacan. He was discovered by the director Gerardo de Leon."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lungotevere Maresciallo Cadorna", "paragraph_text": "Lungotevere Maresciallo Cadorna is a stretch of the Lungotevere, a boulevard that runs along the Tiber River in the Della Vittoria quarter of Rome, Italy. It links Piazzale Maresciallo Giardino to Piazza Lauro De Bosis."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Raffaele Lauro", "paragraph_text": "Raffaele Lauro (born 10 February 1944, in Sorrento) is an Italian politician, member of the Senate of Italy, prefect and a private adviser for institutional relations and communication."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Karole Rocher", "paragraph_text": "Karole Rocher (born 4 July 1974) is a French actress best known for her role as Roxane Delgado in the French TV series \"Braquo\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kon Tum Province", "paragraph_text": "Kon Tum Province lies in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam and shares borders with Laos and Cambodia. It has an area of 9,934 square km and a population of approximately 530,000. The economy is primarily agricultural."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}], "question": "What place shares a border with the place that Lauro Delgado was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__343794_123115", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jury", "paragraph_text": "The ``petit jury ''(or`` trial jury'', sometimes ``petty jury '') hears the evidence in a trial as presented by both the plaintiff (petitioner) and the defendant (respondent). After hearing the evidence and often jury instructions from the judge, the group retires for deliberation, to consider a verdict. The majority required for a verdict varies. In some cases it must be unanimous, while in other jurisdictions it may be a majority or supermajority. A jury that is unable to come to a verdict is referred to as a hung jury. The size of the jury varies; in criminal cases involving serious felonies there are usually 12 jurors."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Brass Verdict", "paragraph_text": "The Brass Verdict is the 19th novel by American author Michael Connelly and features the second appearance of Los Angeles criminal defense attorney Michael \"Mickey\" Haller. Connelly introduced Haller in his bestselling 2005 novel \"The Lincoln Lawyer\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Merla Zellerbach", "paragraph_text": "Merla Zellerbach, n\u00e9e Myrle Carmel Burstein, was born in San Francisco in 1930, the daughter of Rabbi Elliot M. and Lottie Burstein. While attending Stanford University, she met and soon thereafter married Stephen Zellerbach. They had one child, son Gary. Her literary, civic and philanthropic work began at the time of her first marriage. By the time of her death on December 26, 2014, she authored 13 well reviewed novels and five self-help medical books, was a panelist for six years on the ABC TV show Oh My Word, and a columnist for the \"San Francisco Chronicle\". Subsequently, she was Editor of the \"Nob Hill Gazette\" for twelve years. Charities she supported and/or worked for included Compassion and Choices, the Coalition on Homelessness San Francisco, the Kidney Foundation, and a dozen more."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Raymond Postgate", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Postgate was born in Cambridge, the eldest son of John Percival Postgate and Edith Allen, Postgate was educated at St John's College, Oxford, where, despite being sent down for a period because of his pacifism, he gained a First in Honour Moderations in 1917."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ellis Clarke", "paragraph_text": "Clarke attended Saint Mary's College, winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938. Ellis Clarke attended University College London of the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port of Spain in 1941, taking up private practice there."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Seth Kantner", "paragraph_text": "Seth Kantner is a writer who has attended the University of Alaska and studied journalism at the University of Montana. He has worked as a photographer, trapper, fisherman, mechanic and igloo-builder and now lives in Kotzebue, Alaska. His 2004 book \"Ordinary Wolves\" tells the story of Cutuk, a boy who, like the author, was raised and home-schooled in a sod igloo on the Alaskan tundra. The book was published by Milkweed Editions and won a Pacific Northwest Booksellers Award. He followed it in 2009 with a memoir, also from Milkweed, \"Shopping for Porcupine.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ray Renfro", "paragraph_text": "Austin Ray Renfro (November 7, 1929 \u2013 August 4, 1997) was an American professional football player. Renfro attended the University of North Texas and played in twelve NFL seasons from 1952\u20131963 for the Cleveland Browns. He is the father of former Houston Oilers and Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Mike Renfro. Ray died at the age of 67. He was interred at its cemetery Greenwood Memorial Park along with Lon Evans."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jehan Gordon-Booth", "paragraph_text": "Gordon-Booth was born and raised in Peoria County, Illinois, where she attended Limestone High School in Bartonville, and attended Parkland College and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jury", "paragraph_text": "Each state may determine the extent to which the use of a jury is used. The use of a jury is optional for civil trials in any Australian state. The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11 - to - 1 or 10 - to - 2) verdicts where a jury can not otherwise reach a verdict. Sometimes a state law may allow an accused person to elect to use a judge - only trial rather than the default jury provision."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1993 in Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The year 1993 saw political unrest within Pakistan as president Ghulam Ishaq Khan and prime minister Nawaz Sharif duelled for supremacy. Khan dissolved Sharif's government, only for it to be restored by a Supreme Court verdict."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Danuta Dmowska", "paragraph_text": "Dmowska started fencing when she was ten years old. At first, she fought with foil but at the age of twelve she started training with \u00e9p\u00e9e. From 1997 to 2001, Danuta Dmowska attended the XLV Lyceum in Warsaw, Poland."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Second Verdict", "paragraph_text": "Second Verdict is a six-part BBC television series from 1976, of dramatised documentaries in which classic criminal cases and unsolved crimes from history were re-appraised by fictional police officers. In \"Second Verdict\", Stratford Johns and Frank Windsor reprised for a final time their double-act as Detective Chief Superintendents Barlow and Watt, hugely popular with TV audiences from the long-running series \"Z-Cars\", \"Softly, Softly\" and \"Barlow at Large\". \"Second Verdict\" built on the formula of their 1973 series \"Jack the Ripper\" in which dramatised documentary was drawn together with a discussion between the two police officers which formed the narrative. \"Second Verdict\" also allowed for some location filming and, when the case being re-appraised was within living memory, interviews with real witnesses."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James Reese (author)", "paragraph_text": "James Reese is American author born on November 21, 1964 in Patchogue, New York. He attended the University of Notre Dame, and has an MA in Theatre from SUNY Stony Brook. Having lived in New Orleans and Key West, Florida, Reese now divides his time between St. Petersburg, Florida, and Paris, France."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paul-Louis Halley", "paragraph_text": "The inquest into the death of Paul-Louis Halley took place in Oxford, England, in late October 2005. A jury returned a verdict of accidental death."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Emily Warren Roebling", "paragraph_text": "Emily was born to Sylvanus and Phebe Warren at Cold Spring, New York, on September 23, 1843. She was the second youngest of twelve children. Emily\u2019s interest in pursuing education was supported by her older brother Gouverneur K. Warren.  The two siblings always held a close relationship. She attended school at the Georgetown Visitation Academy in Washington DC."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Glenn Chadbourne", "paragraph_text": "Glenn Chadbourne attended Lincoln Academy before continuing his education at The Portland School of Art. He also attended the University of Maine at Augusta, as well as the University of Southern Maine."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.", "paragraph_text": "The case reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1948; their verdict went against the movie studios, forcing all of them to divest themselves of their movie theater chains. This, coupled with the advent of television and the attendant drop in movie ticket sales, brought about a severe slump in the movie business, a slump that would not be reversed until 1972, with the release of The Godfather, the first modern blockbuster."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jane Velez-Mitchell", "paragraph_text": "While covering a story regarding sororities on her television show \"Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell\" (retitled in February 2012 as simply \"Jane Velez-Mitchell\"), she stated that she attended New York University. She was in the courtroom during the entire child sexual abuse trial against singer Michael Jackson. During the trial, Velez-Mitchell appeared daily on \"Nancy Grace\". She was featured on CNN's \"Larry King Live\" on several occasions, including on the evening of the verdict. In November 2014, she founded JaneUnchained, a social media news outlet that focuses on social justice."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Verdict of Twelve", "paragraph_text": "Verdict of Twelve is a novel by Raymond Postgate first published in 1940 about a trial by jury seen through the eyes of each of the twelve jurors as they listen to the evidence and try to reach a unanimous verdict of either \"Guilty\" or \"Not guilty\". \"Verdict of Twelve\" is set in England in the late 1930s (Hitler, Nazism and in particular anti-Semitism are referred to several times). Up to the final pages of the novel, till after the trial is over, the reader does not know if the defendant\u2014a middle-aged woman charged with murder\u2014is innocent or not."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lawrence L. Lamade", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence L. Lamade attended the Landon School, followed by Princeton University, receiving his B.A. in 1969. He then served as an officer in the United States Navy from 1969 to 1972. Upon leaving the Navy, he attended the Georgetown University Law Center and received a J.D. in 1975."}], "question": "What university did the author of Verdict of Twelve attend?"}
{"id": "2hop__343794_125102", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Raymond Postgate", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Postgate was born in Cambridge, the eldest son of John Percival Postgate and Edith Allen, Postgate was educated at St John's College, Oxford, where, despite being sent down for a period because of his pacifism, he gained a First in Honour Moderations in 1917."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jane Leslie Conly", "paragraph_text": "Jane Leslie Conly (born 1948) is an American author, the daughter of author Robert C. O'Brien. She started her literary work by finishing the manuscript for her father's \"Z for Zachariah\" in 1974 after his death."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David Wallechinsky", "paragraph_text": "David Wallechinsky was born in Los Angeles to a Jewish family, the son of writer Sylvia Kahn and the author and screenwriter Irving Wallace. His younger sister was fellow author Amy Wallace, a \"witch\" of Carlos Castaneda who co-wrote many books with him and their father and authored \"Sorcerer's Apprentice: My Life with Carlos Castaneda\" in 2003."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Guy Sajer", "paragraph_text": "Guy Sajer (born Guy Mouminoux, 13 January 1927 in Paris), is a French writer, author of \"Le soldat oubli\u00e9\" (1965, translated as \"The Forgotten Soldier\"), and a cartoonist under the pen names Dimitri, and Dimitri Lahache. He is the son of a French father and a German mother: Sajer is his mother's maiden name."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Coalition of Life Activists", "paragraph_text": "Planned Parenthood successfully sued the ACLA. Although the posters and website did not contain any specific threat, the jury awarded $107 million. The ACLA appealed the verdict on First Amendment grounds. A panel of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals initially overturned the verdict, holding that the activities of the ACLA were protected under the First Amendment because they did not directly threaten harm to the plaintiffs, and because the ACLA's statements were not communicated privately to the plaintiffs. The en banc 9th Circuit reversed the panel < http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/abortion/ppacla51602opn.pdf >, and held that the ACLA could be held liable in damages because the website made a deliberate threat with the expectation that someone would act on it, unprotected by the First Amendment."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Philip Sendak", "paragraph_text": "Philip Sendak (September 15, 1894 \u2013 June 1970) was a children's literature author. He is the father of the author and illustrator Maurice Sendak, winner of the Caldecott Medal, and the children's author Jack Sendak."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Epistle of James", "paragraph_text": "The author identifies himself as ``James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, ''who is writing to`` the twelve tribes scattered abroad'' (James 1: 1). The epistle is traditionally attributed to James the brother of Jesus (James the Just), and the audience is generally considered to be Jewish Christians, who were dispersed outside Palestine due to persecution."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1993 in Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The year 1993 saw political unrest within Pakistan as president Ghulam Ishaq Khan and prime minister Nawaz Sharif duelled for supremacy. Khan dissolved Sharif's government, only for it to be restored by a Supreme Court verdict."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jury", "paragraph_text": "Each state may determine the extent to which the use of a jury is used. The use of a jury is optional for civil trials in any Australian state. The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11 - to - 1 or 10 - to - 2) verdicts where a jury can not otherwise reach a verdict. Sometimes a state law may allow an accused person to elect to use a judge - only trial rather than the default jury provision."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Brass Verdict", "paragraph_text": "The Brass Verdict is the 19th novel by American author Michael Connelly and features the second appearance of Los Angeles criminal defense attorney Michael \"Mickey\" Haller. Connelly introduced Haller in his bestselling 2005 novel \"The Lincoln Lawyer\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "There are twelve gates in the wall oriented to the compass with three each on the east, north, south, and west sides. There is an angel at each gate, or gatehouse. These gates are each made of a single pearl, giving them the name of the ``pearly gates ''. The names of the twelve tribes of Israel are written on these gates."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jury", "paragraph_text": "The ``petit jury ''(or`` trial jury'', sometimes ``petty jury '') hears the evidence in a trial as presented by both the plaintiff (petitioner) and the defendant (respondent). After hearing the evidence and often jury instructions from the judge, the group retires for deliberation, to consider a verdict. The majority required for a verdict varies. In some cases it must be unanimous, while in other jurisdictions it may be a majority or supermajority. A jury that is unable to come to a verdict is referred to as a hung jury. The size of the jury varies; in criminal cases involving serious felonies there are usually 12 jurors."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Israel Putnam", "paragraph_text": "Israel Putnam was born in 1718 in Salem Village (now Danvers), Massachusetts to Joseph and Elizabeth (Porter) Putnam, a prosperous farming Puritan family. His parents opposed the Salem witch trials. With his father-in-law Israel Porter, Joseph Putnam signed the petition on the behalf of the elderly Rebecca Nurse, accused of witchcraft, but the jury overturned its first verdict of innocent, convicting her and sentencing her to death. One of her sisters was also executed in the hysteria of the time."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Howard Lederer", "paragraph_text": "Lederer was born in 1964 in Concord, New Hampshire and was introduced to card games at a young age by his family. As a child, Lederer's father also taught him to play chess. As a teenager, Lederer developed an interest in playing the game competitively. Lederer's sister, Annie Duke, is also a professional poker player. His father, Richard Lederer, is an author, linguist and a former educator at St. Paul's School. His other sister, Katy Lederer, is also an author."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ullmannite", "paragraph_text": "Ullmannite was named for German chemist and mineralogist, Johann Christoph Ullmann (1771\u20131821), one of the fathers of systematic mineralogy. Ullmann established a mineral collection (now the basis for the internationally renowned Museum of Mineralogy in Marburg )and authored \"Ein Systematisch-Tabellarische \u00dcbersicht der Mineralogisch einfachen Fossilien\", one of the first attempts to provide a structured organization to the observed minerals of the day."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Through the Looking-Glass", "paragraph_text": "Chapter Twelve -- Which dreamed it?: The story ends with Alice recalling the speculation of the Tweedle brothers, that everything may have, in fact, been a dream of the Red King, and that Alice might herself be no more than a figment of his imagination. One final poem is inserted by the author as a sort of epilogue which suggests that life itself is but a dream."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of trial by jury in England", "paragraph_text": "In the 12th century, Henry II took a major step in developing the jury system. Henry set up a system to resolve land disputes using juries. A jury of twelve free men were assigned to arbitrate in these disputes. Unlike the modern jury, these men were charged with uncovering the facts of the case on their own rather than listening to arguments in court. Henry also introduced what is now known as the ``grand jury '', through his Grand Assize. Under the assize, a jury of free men was charged with reporting any crimes that they knew of in their hundred to a`` justice in eyre,'' a judge who moved between hundreds on a circuit. A criminal accused by this jury was given a trial by ordeal. Under the jury, the chances of being found guilty were much lower, as the king did not choose verdict (or punishment)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Second Verdict", "paragraph_text": "Second Verdict is a six-part BBC television series from 1976, of dramatised documentaries in which classic criminal cases and unsolved crimes from history were re-appraised by fictional police officers. In \"Second Verdict\", Stratford Johns and Frank Windsor reprised for a final time their double-act as Detective Chief Superintendents Barlow and Watt, hugely popular with TV audiences from the long-running series \"Z-Cars\", \"Softly, Softly\" and \"Barlow at Large\". \"Second Verdict\" built on the formula of their 1973 series \"Jack the Ripper\" in which dramatised documentary was drawn together with a discussion between the two police officers which formed the narrative. \"Second Verdict\" also allowed for some location filming and, when the case being re-appraised was within living memory, interviews with real witnesses."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Verdict of Twelve", "paragraph_text": "Verdict of Twelve is a novel by Raymond Postgate first published in 1940 about a trial by jury seen through the eyes of each of the twelve jurors as they listen to the evidence and try to reach a unanimous verdict of either \"Guilty\" or \"Not guilty\". \"Verdict of Twelve\" is set in England in the late 1930s (Hitler, Nazism and in particular anti-Semitism are referred to several times). Up to the final pages of the novel, till after the trial is over, the reader does not know if the defendant\u2014a middle-aged woman charged with murder\u2014is innocent or not."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hugi Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Hugi Glacier () is a glacier flowing northward into the head of Holtedahl Bay southwest of Rasnik Peak, on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was charted by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill, 1934\u201337, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 for Franz Joseph Hugi, a Swiss teacher who was called the \"father of winter mountaineering,\" and was author of two pioneer works on glacier phenomena."}], "question": "What was the name of the father of the author of Verdict of Twelve?"}
{"id": "2hop__58064_87741", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The final was played at Lord's Cricket Ground, London, on 23 July 2017. Lord's had been announced as the host on 8 February 2016. The game was sold out, with a near - capacity crowd of around 24,000 in attendance. The bell to signal the start of play was rung by Eileen Ash, who at 105 years old is the oldest surviving international cricketer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Faramir", "paragraph_text": "In the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, Faramir is played by David Wenham. The actor jokes that he got the role because he and Sean Bean, who played Boromir, both had large noses. Faramir and his brother's appearances were slightly altered from the book: in the films, they have fair hair and are slightly bearded, whereas in the book they were dark - haired and, following a statement in Unfinished Tales, lacked beards."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hugo Weaving", "paragraph_text": "Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is a British - Australian film and stage actor. He is best known for playing Agent Smith in The Matrix trilogy (1999 -- 2003), Elrond in The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003) and The Hobbit (2012 -- 2014) film trilogies, V in V for Vendetta (2006), Red Skull in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and Tom Doss in Hacksaw Ridge (2016)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Galadriel", "paragraph_text": "In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit prequel trilogy, Galadriel is played by Cate Blanchett. In the movies, other than possessing the Ring Nenya, Galadriel displays an ability to communicate with others telepathically and to assume a radiant and terrifying appearance."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in second and third installments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He will play Skurge in the Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok set for a November 3, 2017 release."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aragorn", "paragraph_text": "Aragorn II, son of Arathorn is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He is one of the main protagonists of \"The Lord of the Rings\". Aragorn was a Ranger of the North, first introduced with the name Strider at Bree, as the Hobbits continued to call him throughout \"The Lord of the Rings\". He was eventually revealed to be the heir of Isildur and rightful claimant to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor. He was also a confidant of Gandalf and an integral part of the quest to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brad Dourif", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Claude Dourif (/ \u02c8d\u0254\u02d0r\u026af /; born March 18, 1950) is an American stage and film actor, known for playing Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (which won him a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Chucky in the Chucky franchise, Gr\u00edma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings, Deputy Clinton Pell in Mississippi Burning, Piter De Vries in Dune and Doc Cochran in Deadwood (for which he earned an Emmy Award nomination)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Everett K. Ross", "paragraph_text": "Martin Freeman portrays Ross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in the 2016 film Captain America: Civil War and in the 2018 film Black Panther."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Boromir", "paragraph_text": "Boromir is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He appears in the first two volumes of \"The Lord of the Rings\" (\"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and \"The Two Towers\"), and is mentioned in the last volume, \"The Return of the King\". He was the heir of Denethor II (the 26th Ruling Steward of Gondor) and the elder brother of Faramir. In the course of the story Boromir joined the Fellowship of the Ring."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String is a 2003 American made for cable erotic film written and directed by Terry M. West. It is based on the novel \"The Lord of the Rings\" by J. R. R. Tolkien."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Isildur", "paragraph_text": "Isildur is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He appears in the author's books \"The Lord of the Rings\", \"The Silmarillion\", and \"Unfinished Tales\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Frodo Baggins", "paragraph_text": "Frodo Baggins is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, and the main protagonist of The Lord of the Rings. Frodo is a hobbit of the Shire who inherits the One Ring from his cousin (referred to as his uncle) Bilbo Baggins and undertakes the quest to destroy it in the fires of Mount Doom. He is also mentioned in Tolkien's posthumously published works, The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third instalments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in the second and third instalments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He plays Skurge in the 2017 Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "D\u00e9agol", "paragraph_text": "D\u00e9agol is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. His story is related in \"The Fellowship of the Ring\", the first of three volumes comprising Tolkien's most famous novel, \"The Lord of the Rings\", in the chapter \"The Shadow of the Past\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "In 1957, The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award. Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s. The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 ``Big Read ''survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the`` Nation's best - loved book''. In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite ``book of the millennium ''. The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle - earth. In disguise as Annatar, or ``Lord of Gifts '', he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power. He then forged the One Ring himself in the fires of Mount Doom."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bilbo Baggins", "paragraph_text": "In Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film series, a prequel to The Lord of the Rings, the young Bilbo is portrayed by Martin Freeman while Ian Holm reprises his role as an older Bilbo in An Unexpected Journey (2012) and The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)."}], "question": "Who does the actor that portrayed the young Bilbo in The Hobbit film series play in the Marvel Cinematic Universe?"}
{"id": "2hop__160722_441033", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Main Aurr Mrs Khanna", "paragraph_text": "Main Aurr Mrs Khanna (English:Me and Mrs.Khanna) is a 2009 Indian romance film starring Salman Khan, Kareena Kapoor and Sohail Khan in pivotal roles with Dino Morea, Nauheed Cyrusi, Yash Tonk and Bappi Lahiri in supporting roles while Preity Zinta and Deepika Padukone make brief special appearances. Directed by debutant Prem Soni, the film, which revolves around the theme of extramarital affair, is a joint production of Sohail Khan Productions and UTV SpotBoy Pictures. The film is produced by Sohail Khan and Ronnie Screwvala, and was released on 16 October 2009. It's the epitome of false advertising as the trailers have much more of Salman Khan than Sohail Khan even when all of Salman Khan's appearances, collectively, barely make 10 minutes in the movie."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Prestige (film)", "paragraph_text": "Christian Bale as Alfred Borden (The Professor) / Fallon, a working class magician. Christian Bale expressed interest in playing the part and was cast after Jackman. Although Nolan had previously cast Bale as Batman in Batman Begins, he did not consider Bale for the part of Borden until Bale contacted him about the script. Nolan said that Bale was ``exactly right ''for the part of Borden and that it was`` unthinkable'' for anyone else to play the part. Nolan described Bale as an actor ``terrific to work with ''who`` takes what he does very, very seriously''. Nolan suggested that the actors should not read the original novel, but Bale ignored his advice."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Andreas (film)", "paragraph_text": "On October 14, 2013, Dwayne Johnson closed a deal to star in the film, playing the role of a helicopter pilot searching for his daughter after an earthquake. On February 4, 2014, Alexandra Daddario joined the cast. On March 12, 2014, Carla Gugino joined the cast, reuniting with Dwayne Johnson, with whom she starred in Race to Witch Mountain and Faster. On March 14, 2014, Game of Thrones actor Art Parkinson joined the film's cast. On April 1, 2014, Archie Panjabi joined the earthquake film. On April 5, 2014, Todd Williams also joined the film, to play Marcus Crowlings, an old Army friend of Johnson's character. On April 15, 2014, Colton Haynes was added to the cast of the film. On April 29, Ioan Gruffudd joined the cast of the film. Gruffudd played Daniel Reddick, a wealthy real estate developer who is dating Johnson's character's estranged wife. On May 28, Will Yun Lee joined the cast to play Dr. Kim Park, the co-director of the Caltech Seismology Lab in the film. On June 11, Australian singer and actress Kylie Minogue joined the film to play Gruffudd's sister."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child", "paragraph_text": "The play will open at Broadway on April 22, 2018, at the Lyric Theatre in New York. Its cast will be similar to that of the first year on West - End, with actors including Sam Clemmett, Jamie Parker, Anthony Boyle, Noma Dumezweni and Paul Thornley."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jay Johnston", "paragraph_text": "Jay Johnston (born October 22, 1968) is an American actor and comedian best known for his work as a writer and cast member on the HBO sketch comedy series \"Mr. Show\" and for playing the role of Officer Jay McPherson on \"The Sarah Silverman Program\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Deepwater Horizon (film)", "paragraph_text": "On August 19, 2014, casting began, with actor Mark Wahlberg added in the lead role of the film. Wahlberg plays Mike Williams, a real - life electronics technician on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. On March 18, 2015, Gina Rodriguez was set to play a woman named Andrea Fleytas, who was on the bridge on board the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the blowout, and frantically tried to contact the Coast Guard. On April 10, 2015, Deadline reported that Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Caleb Holloway. Kurt Russell joined the film on the same day O'Brien was in talks. Soon after, John Malkovich was confirmed cast, as a BP representative who fatally underestimates the dangers of working on the rig. Kate Hudson was announced as a cast member in May, 2015, and playing the wife of Wahlberg's character; her role will be her first on - screen pairing with Russell, her stepfather, although they shared no dialogue in the film."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Last Days of Chez Nous", "paragraph_text": "The Last Days of Chez Nous is a 1992 Australian drama film directed by Gillian Armstrong and written by Helen Garner. Made in a style that emphasizes naturalism over melodrama, the film centres on what happens after Vicki arrives at the house of her older sister Beth, whose French husband falls for her. The film stars Bruno Ganz as the Frenchman JP, New Zealand actor Kerry Fox as the impulsive younger sister, and Lisa Harrow as her older sibling. The cast also includes Miranda Otto and Bill Hunter."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John M. Jackson", "paragraph_text": "John Murice Jackson (born June 1, 1950) is an American actor, best known for playing Rear Admiral A. J. Chegwidden on the CBS series \"JAG\" and also as a special guest star on its spinoff \"NCIS\" and recurring cast to its spinoff \"\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Charles Lamy", "paragraph_text": "Charles Lamy (28 August 1857 \u2013 15 June 1940) was a French actor. He was often cast to play aristocratic characters."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jason Morgan (General Hospital)", "paragraph_text": "Jason Morgan is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. Created by Thom Racina and Leah Laiman, he is most notably played by Daytime Emmy Award - winning actor Steve Burton, who joined the cast in 1991 and vacated the role in 2012. Jason was born offscreen in September 1981 and the character made his onscreen debut in November 1981 as the son of Dr. Alan Quartermaine (Stuart Damon) and his mistress, Susan Moore (Gail Ramsey), later adopted by Alan's wife Dr. Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson). As one of the longest - running characters on the show, the role was played by various child actors from 1982 to 1986. In 2014, actor Billy Miller was cast in the role."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam", "paragraph_text": "Nandini (Aishwarya Rai Bachchan) is the daughter of Pundit Darbar (Vikram Gokhale), a renowned proponent of Indian classical music. It is announced that a young man named Sameer (Salman Khan) will be arriving to stay with the Darbar family, as he wants to grasp the intricacies of Indian classical music under the guidance of the Pundit. He is accommodated in Nandini's room, causing her to take a dislike to Sameer. At first the two tease and prank one another, but soon enough they fall deeply in love. The two spend romantic moments during several family events, including weddings and festivals."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "An Officer and a Gentleman", "paragraph_text": "Originally, folk music singer and occasional actor John Denver was signed to play Zack Mayo. But a casting process eventually involved Jeff Bridges, Christopher Reeve, and Richard Gere. Gere eventually beat all the other actors for the part. John Travolta had turned down the role, as he did with American Gigolo (another Richard Gere hit)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Haidee Wright", "paragraph_text": "Haidee Wright (13 January 1867 \u2013 29 January 1943) as Ada Wright was a London born English character actress. She began acting in plays in 1878 when a small child. She came from a family of actors and had a long career in the UK and the US with much Broadway work with occasional parts in films. Her parents and many siblings were actors. One of her brothers was Huntley Wright."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd", "paragraph_text": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd was born in Stockholm, Sweden, to Swedish actor Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd and his first wife, My, a physician. He has five siblings: Alexander, Sam, Bill, Eija and Valter, and two half-brothers Ossian and Kolbj\u00f6rn from his father's second wife, Megan Everett. Alexander, Bill, and Valter are also actors. His godfather is Swedish actor Peter Stormare."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Raja Hindustani", "paragraph_text": "Raja Hindustani () is a 1996 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Dharmesh Darshan. It tells the story of a cab driver from a small town who falls in love with a rich young woman. Aamir Khan and Karisma Kapoor play the lead roles. Released on 15 November 1996, this film's plot was inspired from the 1965 film \"Jab Jab Phool Khile\", starring Shashi Kapoor and Nanda. The film's music was composed by Nadeem-Shravan, with lyrics by Sameer. It went on to win five Filmfare Awards, including the awards for Best film and Best Actors, and seven Screen Awards."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ed Ames", "paragraph_text": "Ed Ames (born Edmund Dantes Urick; July 9, 1927) is an American popular singer and actor. He is known for playing Mingo in the television series Daniel Boone, and for his pop hits of the 1960s including ``My Cup Runneth Over '',`` Who Will Answer?'' and ``When the Snow is on the Roses ''. He was also part of the popular 1950s singing group with his siblings, The Ames Brothers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pugsley Addams", "paragraph_text": "In the American television series, Pugsley is played by child actor Ken Weatherwax. This incarnation of the character is more jovial and inventive; he displays outlandish engineering skills, including the invention of a disintegrator gun, an anti-gravity gun, and other devices. He and Gomez created a computer named Whizzo and a robot named Smiley (played by Robby the Robot). Pugsley and his younger sister Wednesday often play together, rarely exhibiting signs of sibling rivalry; they share an interest in spiders, dynamite, guillotines, and other dangerous ``toys. ''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Life Mein Kabhie Kabhiee", "paragraph_text": "Life Mein Kabhi Kabhiee is a 2007 Bollywood film, directed by Vikram Bhatt. It was released on 13 April 2007. Produced by Baba Films banner, it is a social thriller. Boxofficeindia declared the movie box office disaster. Actor Sameer Dattani's role of politician was highly appreciated."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mr. Noodle", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Noodle and his siblings -- Mr. Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, Ms Noodle, and Miss Noodle -- are characters who appear in the ``Elmo's World ''segments during the educational children's television program Sesame Street. Mr. Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin, who had previously worked with Arlene Sherman, executive producer of Sesame Street and co-creator of`` Elmo's World'', in short films for the program."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Richard Keith (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Keith Thibodeaux (born December 1, 1950) is a former American child actor of television and film and a musician, best known for playing Little Ricky on the television sitcoms I Love Lucy and The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour. His last name, which was Cajun French, was changed by producer Desi Arnaz to ``Keith ''because`` Thibodeaux'' was too difficult to pronounce. He is the last living regular appearing cast member from I Love Lucy."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the first actor cast to play Sameer?"}
{"id": "2hop__91891_441033", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Main Aurr Mrs Khanna", "paragraph_text": "Main Aurr Mrs Khanna (English:Me and Mrs.Khanna) is a 2009 Indian romance film starring Salman Khan, Kareena Kapoor and Sohail Khan in pivotal roles with Dino Morea, Nauheed Cyrusi, Yash Tonk and Bappi Lahiri in supporting roles while Preity Zinta and Deepika Padukone make brief special appearances. Directed by debutant Prem Soni, the film, which revolves around the theme of extramarital affair, is a joint production of Sohail Khan Productions and UTV SpotBoy Pictures. The film is produced by Sohail Khan and Ronnie Screwvala, and was released on 16 October 2009. It's the epitome of false advertising as the trailers have much more of Salman Khan than Sohail Khan even when all of Salman Khan's appearances, collectively, barely make 10 minutes in the movie."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Toblerone", "paragraph_text": "Toblerone (; German: ) is a Swiss chocolate bar brand currently owned by US confectionery company Mondel\u0113z International, Inc., which was formerly Kraft Foods, the company that acquired the product from former owner Jacobs Suchard in 1990. It is produced in the capital city of Switzerland, Bern, and the bear symbol of the city is still visible in the logo. Toblerone is known for its distinctive shape, which involves a series of joined triangular prisms."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "Many US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run. The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Digimon", "paragraph_text": "(\u30c7\u30b8\u30e2\u30f3 Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for \"Digital Monsters\" (\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc Dejitaru Monsut\u0101), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which are monsters living in a \"Digital World\", a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks. In many incarnations, Digimon are raised by humans called \"Digidestined\" or \"Tamers\", and they team up to defeat evil Digimon and human villains who are trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Fall of the House of Usher", "paragraph_text": "The House of Usher, itself doubly referring both to the actual structure and the family, plays a significant role in the story. It is the first ``character ''that the narrator introduces to the reader, presented with a humanized description: its windows are described as`` eye - like'' twice in the first paragraph. The fissure that develops in its side is symbolic of the decay of the Usher family and the house ``dies ''along with the two Usher siblings. This connection was emphasized in Roderick's poem`` The Haunted Palace'' which seems to be a direct reference to the house that foreshadows doom."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Garfield", "paragraph_text": "Garfield is an American comic strip created by Jim Davis. Originally published locally as \"Jon\" in 1976, then in nationwide syndication from 1978 as \"Garfield\", it chronicles the life of the title character, Garfield the cat; Jon Arbuckle, his human owner; and Odie, the dog. As of 2013, it was syndicated in roughly 2,580 newspapers and journals, and held the Guinness World Record for being the world's most widely syndicated comic strip."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Being Human Foundation", "paragraph_text": "Founded 2007 Founder Salman Khan Type Education and healthcare for underprivileged Focus Underprivileged children Location Mumbai Area served India Products Clothing and watches Services Education, employment and medical treatment Method Direct training, funding medical treatment, supplies for the differently - abled Owner Salman Khan Website www.beinghumanonline.com"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Steve Condos", "paragraph_text": "Steve Condos (October 12, 1918September 16, 1990) was an American tap dancer. He was a member of the Condos Brothers, with siblings Nick and Frank."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mutts", "paragraph_text": "Mutts is a daily comic strip created by Patrick McDonnell on September 5, 1994. Distributed by King Features Syndicate, it follows the adventures of Earl, a dog, and Mooch, a cat. Earl and Mooch interact with each other, their human owners, and also the animals around their neighborhood."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "On 27 August 2007, Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group, the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country. On April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations. On October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy. Shell branded gas stations will be rebranded within maximum of five years from the acquisition and the number of gas stations is likely to be reduced. Until then the stations will operate under Shell brand licence."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guild Guitar Company", "paragraph_text": "The Guild Guitar Company is a United States-based guitar manufacturer founded in 1952 by Alfred Dronge, a guitarist and music-store owner, and George Mann, a former executive with the Epiphone Guitar Company. The brand name currently exists as a brand under C\u00f3rdoba Music Group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Table Table", "paragraph_text": "Table Table is a brand of restaurants set up by Whitbread in 2008, the brand actually started in 2006 but was unnamed. The brand was created following a rethink of the former Whitbread brand Out & Out. The majority of Table Tables are converted Brewers Fayres. This was during a time where Brewers Fayre was in decline."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "KGME", "paragraph_text": "KGME (910 AM), branded as Fox Sports 910, is a sports radio station located in Phoenix and serving the Phoenix metropolitan area. KGME is owned by iHeartMedia, the former owners of Mexican station XETRA in Southern California, where the previous XTRA name came from. Its studios are located in Phoenix near Sky Harbor International Airport and its transmitter is in the city's Deer Valley district."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tradewest", "paragraph_text": "Tradewest was acquired by WMS Industries (the owner of the Williams and Midway brands) in April 1994, and a new company called Williams Entertainment, Inc. was formed with Rowe and the two Cooks as its heads, thus signaling the end of Tradewest. Williams Entertainment became WMS's official division and entrance to the video game console market."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "KAZF", "paragraph_text": "KAZF (91.9 FM), branded as \"La Radio Cristiana\", was a Spanish language Christian Music format radio station that served the Hebbronville, Texas area. Station owner Paulino Bernal surrendered the license for KAZF and five other stations to the Federal Communications Commission on November 7, 2013."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States Polo Association", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Polo Assn. brand is the official brand of the United States Polo Association (USPA), the governing body of the sport of polo in the United States. The Association's trademarks and logos registered worldwide are managed by USPA Properties, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the USPA. The brand incorporated in 1981."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Popcorn", "paragraph_text": "During the Great Depression, popcorn was fairly inexpensive at 5 -- 10 cents a bag and became popular. Thus, while other businesses failed, the popcorn business thrived and became a source of income for many struggling farmers, including the Redenbacher family, namesake of the famous popcorn brand. During World War II, sugar rations diminished candy production, and Americans compensated by eating three times as much popcorn as they had before. The snack was popular at theaters, much to the initial displeasure of many of the theater owners, who thought it distracted from the films. Their minds eventually changed, however, and in 1938 a Midwestern theater owner named Glen W. Dickson installed popcorn machines in the lobbies of his theaters. The venture was a financial success, and the trend soon spread."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rich Raddon", "paragraph_text": "Rich Raddon is an American entrepreneur who recently sold his first venture MOVIECLIPS to Fandango, and works in the media technology space. Currently, Raddon is the Co-Founder and Co-CEO of ZEFR, a company that provides technology solutions for content owners and brands on YouTube."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the owner of the Being Human brand?"}
{"id": "2hop__61352_428126", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Basotho National Party", "paragraph_text": "The Basotho National Party is a political party in Lesotho, founded in the 1959 as the Basutoland National Party by Leabua Jonathan. He was Prime Minister from 1965 until the coup of 1986."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marika Mitsotakis", "paragraph_text": "Marika Mitsotakis (n\u00e9e Giannoukou; November 29, 1930 \u2013 May 6, 2012) was the wife of the former Prime Minister of Greece Konstantinos Mitsotakis. She was regarded as a prominent political voice with the New Democracy political party, her husband's government, and Greek politics. She was nicknamed \"Mrs. Marika\" among Greeks."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister (sometimes informally abbreviated to PM) and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers, most of whom are government department heads) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current holder of the office, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage. A member of parliament supported by a parliamentary majority becomes the prime minister\u2014usually this is the chair of the largest party. The prime minister is the head of government and head of the cabinet. Israel is governed by a 120-member parliament, known as the Knesset. Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of political parties, with a 3.25% electoral threshold, which in practice has resulted in coalition governments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ar-Namys", "paragraph_text": "Ar-Namys (, meaning \"Dignity\") is a political party in Kyrgyzstan founded on July 9, 1999 by former Prime Minister Felix Kulov. The party quickly became the nation's leading opposition party but was barred from the 2000 parliamentary elections. However, since the party was barred its members formed a bloc with the Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan. With Kulov serving time for criminal charges, the party's members worked over the next years to both clear his name and establish a broad opposition coalition."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "\u00d6zal family", "paragraph_text": "The \u00d6zal family is a political family in Turkey, the most prominent member being Turgut \u00d6zal, the 8th President (1989\u20131993) and Prime Minister of Turkey (1983\u20131989). The family has been active in Turkish politics since the 1970s. \u00d6zal was a popular political figure in Turkey and founded the Motherland Party in 1983, which won the general elections of the same year. After his death in 1993, his son Ahmet \u00d6zal succeeded him as the \"de facto\" patriarch of the family."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Signing of the Treaty of Lisbon", "paragraph_text": "British Prime Minister Gordon Brown was the only national representative who was planned to sign the Treaty in the ceremony but did not take part, leaving Foreign Secretary David Miliband to sign the Treaty alone. Instead, he signed the document at a lunch for heads of state and government later the same day. A requirement to appear before a committee of British MPs was cited as the reason for his absence. This brought criticism from opposition parties. The Conservatives claimed it made him appear ``gutless ''and referred to it as a`` stunt'' which proved Brown was ``not very good at international diplomacy ''. The Liberal Democrats claimed it raised`` serious questions'' and Chris Huhne said showed ``inept and peevish behaviour that leaves Gordon Brown's reputation for honest dealing with our EU partners hanging by a thread ''. Parts of British media also criticised Brown for this, suggesting he did it because he was ashamed to sign the Treaty, with Nick Robinson, BBC Political Editor, claiming that Brown was capable of attending the signing but instead chose not to."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'\u00e9tat known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miro Cerar", "paragraph_text": "Miroslav Cerar Jr. (, known as Miro Cerar ; born 25 August 1963) is a Slovenian lawyer and politician who served as the 8th Prime Minister of Slovenia from 18 September 2014 to 14 March 2018, when he announced his resignation, and served as the leader of a caretaker government which lasted until a new one was formed following the June parliamentary election. With a non-political background and as one who was relatively new to politics at the time of his appointment as Prime Minister, Cerar leads the centrist Modern Centre Party, formerly named eponymously the \"Party of Miro Cerar\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system. The political culture is stable in Estonia, where power is held between two and three parties that have been in politics for a long time. This situation is similar to other countries in Northern Europe. The former Prime Minister of Estonia, Andrus Ansip, is also Europe's longest-serving Prime Minister (from 2005 until 2014). The current Estonian Prime Minister is Taavi R\u00f5ivas, who is the former Minister of Social Affairs and the head of the Estonian Reform Party."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Prime Minister of South Africa", "paragraph_text": "The position of Prime Minister was established in 1910, when the Union of South Africa was formed. He was appointed by the head of state -- the Governor - General until 1961 and the State President after South Africa became a republic in 1961. In practice, he was the leader of the majority party or coalition in the House of Assembly. The first Prime Minister was Louis Botha, a former Boer general and war hero during the Second Boer War. He was the country's leading political figure and de facto chief executive, with powers similar to those of his British counterpart."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Politics of Japan", "paragraph_text": "Several political parties exist in Japan, however, the politics of Japan have primarily been dominated by the LDP since 1955, with the DPJ playing an important role as opposition several times. LDP was a ruling party during decades since 1955. Despite of existence of multiple parties, other parties were completely ignored. Most of the prime ministers were elected from inner factions of LDP."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Anne Snelgrove", "paragraph_text": "Anne Christine Snelgrove (born 7 August 1957) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Swindon South from 2005 to 2010; from June 2009 to May 2010, she was a Parliamentary Private Secretary to Prime Minister Gordon Brown. In the 2010 general election, she lost her constituency of Swindon South to Conservative MP Robert Buckland. She unsuccessfully contested the seat again for the Labour party at the 2015 general election."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "People's Congress Party", "paragraph_text": "The People's Congress Party is a political party in Solomon Islands. It was founded by outgoing deputy Prime Minister Fred Fono during the campaign for the 2010 general election."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI. The treaty, which became effective on 7 June 1929, established the independent state of Vatican City and reaffirmed the special status of Catholicism in Italy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Salonika Agreement", "paragraph_text": "The Salonika Agreement (also called the Thessaloniki Accord) was a treaty signed on 31 July 1938 between Bulgaria on the one hand and the Balkan Entente\u2014the states of Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia\u2014on the other. The signatories were, for the former, Prime Minister Georgi Kyoseivanov and, for the latter, in his capacity as President of the Council of the Balkan Entente, Ioannis Metaxas, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Greece."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the United Kingdom government. The Prime Minister (informally abbreviated to PM) and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers, most of whom are government department heads) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The Office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current holder of the office, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands", "paragraph_text": "The Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands is the political leader and head of government. The post of Premier is the equivalent to Chief Minister or Prime Minister in other British Overseas Territories. It is the highest political level that can be attained within the British colonial system. Prior to 2006, the position was known as the Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ulrica Schenstr\u00f6m", "paragraph_text": "Ulrica Schenstr\u00f6m (born 1972) is a Swedish politician and a member of the Moderate Party. She was Secretary of State to the Prime Minister in the Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt (2006\u20132007). She resigned from her position after she was photographed in a restaurant embracing and kissing a political journalist from TV4."}], "question": "What political party is the British Prime Minister who signed the Lisbon Treaty a member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__431385_52380", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Energy Centre", "paragraph_text": "The Energy Centre, located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 39-story, -tall skyscraper designed by HKS, Inc.. It is the fourth tallest building in both the city of New Orleans and the state of Louisiana."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Orleans Saints", "paragraph_text": "The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team based in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Saints currently compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) South division. The team was founded by John W. Mecom Jr., David Dixon and the city of New Orleans. The Saints began play in Tulane Stadium in 1967."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "City of New Orleans (song)", "paragraph_text": "``City of New Orleans ''is a folk song written by Steve Goodman (and first recorded for Goodman's self - titled 1971 album), describing a train ride from Chicago to New Orleans on the Illinois Central Railroad's City of New Orleans in bittersweet and nostalgic terms."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Bright Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "The Bright Mississippi is an album by New Orleans Jazz and R&B pianist Allen Toussaint released on Nonesuch Records in 2009."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mark Yakich", "paragraph_text": "Mark Yakich is an American poet, novelist, and the Gregory F. Curtin, S.J., Distinguished Professor of English at Loyola University New Orleans. Yakich co-founded and co-edits Airplane Reading, a media venue dedicated to collecting travelers' stories about flight. He is also the editor of New Orleans Review."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "WWOZ", "paragraph_text": "WWOZ is a non-profit community-supported radio station in New Orleans, Louisiana broadcasting at 90.7 FM. The station specializes in music from or relating to the cultural heritage of New Orleans and the surrounding region of Louisiana."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Irish Channel, New Orleans", "paragraph_text": "Irish Channel (French: \"Manche irlandaise\", Irish: \"Cain\u00e9al na h\u00c9ireann\") is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. A subdistrict of the Central City/Garden District Area, its boundaries as defined by the New Orleans City Planning Commission are: Magazine Street to the north, First Street to the east, the Mississippi River to the south and Toledano Street to the west."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Utah Jazz", "paragraph_text": "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Western Conference Northwest Division. Since 1991, the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena. The franchise began play in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz (as a tribute to New Orleans' history of originating Jazz music), an expansion team based in New Orleans; the Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Santo Pecora", "paragraph_text": "Santo Pecora (born Santo Pecoraro, March 21, 1902, New Orleans \u2013 May 29, 1984, New Orleans) was an American jazz trombonist known for his longtime association with the New Orleans jazz scene. His nickname was \"Mr. Tailgate\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gumbo (mascot)", "paragraph_text": "Gumbo the Dog is one of two official mascots of the NFL's New Orleans Saints, the other being Sir Saint. Gumbo is in the form of a Saint Bernard dog and wears the number 00. It was the Louisiana Restaurant Association's gift to the Saints. From the New Orleans Saints' website:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mardi Gras in New Orleans", "paragraph_text": "The first record of Mardi Gras being celebrated in Louisiana was at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now lower Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, on March 2, 1699. Iberville, Bienville, and their men celebrated it as part of an observance of Catholic practice. The date of the first celebration of the festivities in New Orleans is unknown. A 1730 account by Marc - Antione Caillot celebrating with music and dance, masking and costuming (including cross-dressing). (1) An account from 1743 that the custom of Carnival balls was already established. Processions and wearing of masks in the streets on Mardi Gras took place. They were sometimes prohibited by law, and were quickly renewed whenever such restrictions were lifted or enforcement waned. In 1833 Bernard Xavier de Marigny de Mandeville, a rich plantation owner of French descent, raised money to fund an official Mardi Gras celebration."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Escape to Margaritaville", "paragraph_text": "Following try out performances in La Jolla, Chicago, Houston, and New Orleans, the show premiered on Broadway in February 2018."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the New Orleans Saints", "paragraph_text": "The biggest news of the 1984 season was that John Mecom, the owner of the team for almost 20 years, was putting them up for sale. Speculation was rife that a new owner might move the Saints out of New Orleans, namely Jacksonville, Florida. But on May 31, 1985, negotiations were finalized to sell the team to Tom Benson, a native New Orleanian who owned numerous car dealerships throughout the New Orleans area. The team's future in New Orleans was safe for the time being."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Orleans, New York", "paragraph_text": "Orleans is a town in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The population was 2,789 at the 2010 census, up from 2,463 at the 2000 census. The town is located in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown. Orleans is named after the commune of Orl\u00e9ans in France."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Johnny Stein", "paragraph_text": "Following their departure he put together an entirely new band to finish his contract at the Schiller. Shortly after this he moved to New York City and played with Jimmy Durante's Original New Orleans Jazz Band in 1918-1920, also recording with them on Gennett Records. He continued to lead bands and play as a sideman in New York and Chicago until 1961, when he returned to New Orleans. He died there the following year."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edmund Graves Brown", "paragraph_text": "Brown was born in New Orleans to Edmund \"Ted\" Brown, Sr., originally of Newburyport, Massachusetts, and the former Esther Ewing. His brothers, who predeceased him, were Robert Ewing Brown and Toulmin Hunter Brown, both of Pass Christian, Mississippi, near New Orleans. He graduated from Alcee Fortier High School in New Orleans and the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell. He was commissioned in the United States Army and served with the 82nd Airborne Division during World War II. He fought in the Battle of the Bulge, witnessed the close of the war at Ludwigslust on the Elbe River, and served in Germany during Allied occupation. After the war, he continued his studies at Tulane University in New Orleans before he launched his newspaper career at the New Orleans \"Times Picayune\". At Tulane, he met and married (1948) the former Bethia \"Bitza\" McCay, who survived him."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Greg Scales", "paragraph_text": "Greg Scales is a former professional American football player who played tight end for five seasons for the New Orleans Saints."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alvin Alcorn", "paragraph_text": "Alcorn was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He learned music from his brother, though not much is known about his youth. He played freelance in New Orleans in the late 1920s and early 1930s; he appears with Armand J. Piron's Sunny South Syncopators in 1930-31. He toured with Don Albert from 1932\u201337, but this ensemble only did one recording date and Alcorn does not solo on it. He returned to New Orleans in 1937, playing in the groups of Paul Barbarin, Sidney Desvigne, Oscar Celestin (1951), and Octave Crosby. He then moved to Los Angeles in 1954, where he played with Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band between 1954-56. Returning once again to New Orleans, he played regularly in local ensembles, and occasionally accompanied bands such as Chris Barber's on tours of Europe. He was a member of Louis Cottrell, Jr.'s Heritage Hall Jazz Band."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Regina H Bartholomew", "paragraph_text": "Regina Bartholomew is an American lawyer and politician. On June 9, 2011, Bartholomew, a Democrat, announced her candidacy for New Orleans Judge of Civil District Court, Division B. Bartholomew will face attorney Ellen Hazeur in the October 22, 2011, election. Bartholomew has been endorsed by the New Orleans \"Times-Picayune\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "KOE", "paragraph_text": "KOE, formally known as the Krewe of Elvis, is a Mardi Gras parading organization that consists of members from around the world who meet in New Orleans for Mardi Gras."}], "question": "When did the event that KOE participates in start in New Orleans?"}
{"id": "2hop__60408_87741", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in second and third installments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He will play Skurge in the Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok set for a November 3, 2017 release."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ungoliant", "paragraph_text": "Ungoliant is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, described as an evil spirit in the form of a spider. She is mentioned briefly in \"The Lord of the Rings\", and plays a supporting role in \"The Silmarillion\". Her origins are unclear, as Tolkien's writings do not explicitly reveal her nature, other than that she is from \"before the world\". She is one of a few instances, along with Tom Bombadil and the Cats of Queen Ber\u00fathiel, where Tolkien does not provide a clear background for an element of his fiction."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "In 1957, The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award. Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s. The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 ``Big Read ''survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the`` Nation's best - loved book''. In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite ``book of the millennium ''. The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The final was played at Lord's Cricket Ground, London, on 23 July 2017. Lord's had been announced as the host on 8 February 2016. The game was sold out, with a near - capacity crowd of around 24,000 in attendance. The bell to signal the start of play was rung by Eileen Ash, who at 105 years old is the oldest surviving international cricketer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hugo Weaving", "paragraph_text": "Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is a British - Australian film and stage actor. He is best known for playing Agent Smith in The Matrix trilogy (1999 -- 2003), Elrond in The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003) and The Hobbit (2012 -- 2014) film trilogies, V in V for Vendetta (2006), Red Skull in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and Tom Doss in Hacksaw Ridge (2016)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Everett K. Ross", "paragraph_text": "Martin Freeman portrays Ross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in the 2016 film Captain America: Civil War and in the 2018 film Black Panther."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle - earth. In disguise as Annatar, or ``Lord of Gifts '', he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power. He then forged the One Ring himself in the fires of Mount Doom."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aragorn", "paragraph_text": "Aragorn II, son of Arathorn is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He is one of the main protagonists of \"The Lord of the Rings\". Aragorn was a Ranger of the North, first introduced with the name Strider at Bree, as the Hobbits continued to call him throughout \"The Lord of the Rings\". He was eventually revealed to be the heir of Isildur and rightful claimant to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor. He was also a confidant of Gandalf and an integral part of the quest to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "D\u00e9agol", "paragraph_text": "D\u00e9agol is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. His story is related in \"The Fellowship of the Ring\", the first of three volumes comprising Tolkien's most famous novel, \"The Lord of the Rings\", in the chapter \"The Shadow of the Past\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor and musician. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Galadriel", "paragraph_text": "In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit prequel trilogy, Galadriel is played by Cate Blanchett. In the movies, other than possessing the Ring Nenya, Galadriel displays an ability to communicate with others telepathically and to assume a radiant and terrifying appearance."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Frodo Baggins", "paragraph_text": "Frodo Baggins is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, and the main protagonist of The Lord of the Rings. Frodo is a hobbit of the Shire who inherits the One Ring from his cousin (referred to as his uncle) Bilbo Baggins and undertakes the quest to destroy it in the fires of Mount Doom. He is also mentioned in Tolkien's posthumously published works, The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third instalments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in the second and third instalments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He plays Skurge in the 2017 Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elijah Wood", "paragraph_text": "Elijah Jordan Wood (born January 28, 1981) is an American actor, voice actor, DJ, and producer. He is best known for his high - profile leading role as Frodo Baggins in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 03)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boromir", "paragraph_text": "Boromir is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He appears in the first two volumes of \"The Lord of the Rings\" (\"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and \"The Two Towers\"), and is mentioned in the last volume, \"The Return of the King\". He was the heir of Denethor II (the 26th Ruling Steward of Gondor) and the elder brother of Faramir. In the course of the story Boromir joined the Fellowship of the Ring."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String is a 2003 American made for cable erotic film written and directed by Terry M. West. It is based on the novel \"The Lord of the Rings\" by J. R. R. Tolkien."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bilbo Baggins", "paragraph_text": "In Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film series, a prequel to The Lord of the Rings, the young Bilbo is portrayed by Martin Freeman while Ian Holm reprises his role as an older Bilbo in An Unexpected Journey (2012) and The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Isildur", "paragraph_text": "Isildur is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He appears in the author's books \"The Lord of the Rings\", \"The Silmarillion\", and \"Unfinished Tales\"."}], "question": "Who in the MCU is played by the actor of the young Bilbo Baggins in Lord of the Rings?"}
{"id": "2hop__431385_24361", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "KOE", "paragraph_text": "KOE, formally known as the Krewe of Elvis, is a Mardi Gras parading organization that consists of members from around the world who meet in New Orleans for Mardi Gras."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Vishwanath Jadhav", "paragraph_text": "On 4 April 1952, Vishwanath was honoured by the first President of India, Rajendra Prasad, at the golden jubilee celebrations of the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya at Delhi."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland. It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes, friendship and cooperation of the past five years. The Reformed Churches entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church. The President of the Lutheran World Federation and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches Fredrik A. Schiotz stated during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. Reformation should be celebrated as a thanksgiving to God, his truth and his renewed life. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul, and promised the participation and cooperation in the festivities."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Family Day (Canada)", "paragraph_text": "The holiday was first celebrated in 1990. Alberta was the only province to have a statutory holiday in February until Saskatchewan began observing it in 2007."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Real Time with Bill Maher", "paragraph_text": "Real Time with Bill Maher is a talk show that airs weekly on HBO, hosted by comedian and political satirist Bill Maher. Much like his previous series \"Politically Incorrect\" on Comedy Central and later ABC, \"Real Time\" features a panel of guests who discuss current events in politics and the media. Unlike the previous show, guests are usually better versed in the subject matter: more experts such as journalists, professors, and politicians participate in the panel, and fewer actors and celebrities are included."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Independence Day (United States)", "paragraph_text": "In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5. In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration. In 1783, Salem, North Carolina held a celebration with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter entitled The Psalm of Joy. The town claims to be the first public July 4 event, as it was carefully documented by the Moravian Church, and there are no government records of any earlier celebrations. In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees. In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2012 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The 2012 Summer Olympics, formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012, was a major international multi-sport event celebrated in the tradition of the Olympic Games, as governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It took place in London and to a lesser extent across the United Kingdom from 25 July to 12 August 2012. The first event, the group stage in women's football began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, followed by the opening ceremonies on 27 July. 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Springlake, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Springlake is a town in Lamb County, Texas, United States. The population was 108 at the 2010 census. The community is known for its agricultural processing and its yearly Independence Day parade and celebration culminating in a fantastic fireworks display headed by the Springlake Volunteer Fire Department. This celebration usually draws several thousand participants who come together to enjoy free food, a free live band, a bake auction, and fellowship."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fiesta Bowl", "paragraph_text": "In addition to the game, the annual Bank of Arizona Fiesta Bowl Parade takes place in downtown Phoenix, which includes marching bands from high schools as well as the two universities participating in the Fiesta Bowl and the two universities participating in the Cactus Bowl, along with floats, equestrian units, and a seven - member queen and court. It started back in 1973. Past Grand Marshals include many celebrities from sports and entertainment."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Comedy Slapdown", "paragraph_text": "Comedy Slapdown is an Australian television improvised comedy program produced by FremantleMedia, that first aired on The Comedy Channel from 8 November 2008 at 7:30pm. The show is hosted by H.G. Nelson and features a variety of comedians participating in theatresports Matt Parkinson heads up the judging panel which includes one other celebrity judge and one judge selected from the audience. Notable guest comedians include Corinne Grant, Tom Gleeson, Natalie Garonzi, Matt Tilley and Julia Zemiro."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Expeditionary Forces", "paragraph_text": "The first American troops, who were often called ``Doughboys '', landed in Europe in June 1917. However the AEF did not participate at the front until October 21, 1917, when the 1st Division fired the first American shell of the war toward German lines, although they participated only on a small scale. A group of regular soldiers and the first American division to arrive in France, entered the trenches near Nancy, France, in Lorraine."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, first aired on 25 August 2002, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts. The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name. It is filmed in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ash Wednesday", "paragraph_text": "Ash Wednesday derives its name from the placing of repentance ashes on the foreheads of participants to either the words ``Repent, and believe in the Gospel ''or the dictum`` Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return.'' The ashes may be prepared by burning palm leaves from the previous year's Palm Sunday celebrations."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Father's Day (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. The tradition was said to be started from a memorial service held for a large group of men who died in a mining accident in Monongah, West Virginia in 1907. It was first proposed by Sonora Dodd of Spokane, Washington in 1909. It is currently celebrated in the United States annually on the third Sunday in June."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dave Lamb", "paragraph_text": "Dave Lamb was one of the main voice - over artists on satirical cartoon 2DTV alongside Jan Ravens and Jon Culshaw, but he gained cult status through his sarcastic voice - overs on dinner party show Come Dine With Me which began in 2005. In an interview he claimed that in the first series he did do quite a lot of ad - libbing but that the show's writers now know how to write for his voice. He also stated that he would never take part in a celebrity edition as he was n't famous enough to participate."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues. Although they do not take part in politics, they respect the authority of the governments under which they live. They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, nor do they observe birthdays, nationalistic holidays, or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan's control over the world. Witnesses are told that spontaneous giving at other times can help their children to not feel deprived of birthdays or other celebrations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington, DC; St. Louis, Missouri; San Francisco; San Diego; Galveston, Texas; and Miami, Pensacola, Tampa, and Orlando in Florida."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Obelisk of Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "The Obelisk of Montevideo, officially listed as the \"Obelisco a los Constituyentes de 1830\", is a monument created by sculptor Jos\u00e9 Luis Zorrilla de San Mart\u00edn (1891-1975). It is a three-sided obelisk made of granite, tall with three bronze statues on its sides, representing \"Law\", \"Liberty\" and \"Force\". It has a hexagonal water fountain around it with six spheres on its outer circumference. It is located at the intersection of 18 de Julio and Artigas Boulevard avenues, in Montevideo, at the entrance of the Parque Batlle area. It was built in 1930 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay and is an homage to the participants of the General Assembly of the first Constitution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mojtaba Minovi", "paragraph_text": "Mojtaba Minovi (; February 1903 Tehran \u2013 January 1977, Tehran), the well-known Iranian historian, literary scholar and professor of Tehran University. he was a participant in the Ferdowsi Millenary celebrations in 1934 in Tehran."}], "question": "Where was the event KOE participates in first established?"}
{"id": "2hop__86782_87741", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of Sherlock episodes", "paragraph_text": "Sherlock is a television crime drama that presents a contemporary adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes detective stories. Created by Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss, it stars Benedict Cumberbatch as Sherlock Holmes and Martin Freeman as Doctor John Watson. The first series of three episodes aired in 2010, while series two aired in 2012, and a third series aired in the first quarter of 2014. The third series has become the UK's most watched drama series since 2001. A single episode aired in 2016, as a Victorian - era special. Sherlock has been sold to over 200 territories."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Paul Kaye", "paragraph_text": "Paul Kaye (born 15 December 1969) is an English comedian and actor. He achieved notoriety in 1995 portraying the character of Dennis Pennis, a shock interviewer on The Sunday Show. He was later known as rude New Jersey lawyer Mike Strutter with his own show Strutter on MTV. Kaye also played Thoros of Myr in HBO's Game of Thrones as well as the voice of Vincent the fox on the BBC comedy Mongrels..."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Broken News", "paragraph_text": "Broken News is a comedy programme shown on BBC Two in late 2005. The show poked fun at the world of 24-hour rolling news channels. The title of the show is a play on the phrase \"breaking news\". It had six thirty-minute episodes. Having previously worked on programmes such as \"People Like Us\" and \"The Sunday Format\", the show's production team worked closely with writer and director John Morton."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Top of the Pops 2", "paragraph_text": "Top of the Pops 2 (also known as TOTP2) is a British television music show broadcast on BBC Two, showing archive footage from the long-running \"Top of the Pops\" show, some dating back to the 1960s when the programme first aired on British television, as well as other surviving BBC programmes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Joseph Merrick", "paragraph_text": "Merrick is portrayed in two episodes in 2013 (the second series) of the BBC historical crime drama Ripper Street, portrayed by actor Joseph Drake. In 2017, the Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne commissioned playwright Tom Wright to write a play about Merrick's life. The Real and Imagined History of the Elephant Man premiered on 4 August, and starred Daniel Monks in the title role. The cast also featured Paula Arundell, Julie Forsyth, Emma J Hawkins, and Sophie Ross."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dead Man's Land", "paragraph_text": "Dead Man's Land is a book by Robert Ryan, based in World War I. It involves Sherlock Holmes' sidekick, Dr. Watson (created by Arthur Conan Doyle). It is fully authorized by Conan Doyle Estate Ltd. \"Dead Man' Land\" has been written under license from the Sir Arthur Conan Doyle literary Estate"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Everett K. Ross", "paragraph_text": "Martin Freeman portrays Ross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in the 2016 film Captain America: Civil War and in the 2018 film Black Panther."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hububb", "paragraph_text": "Hububb is a Children's Television program broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom, it was named after Les Bubb who also played the title character with the same name. The show ran from 1997 until 2001. Five series of the show were made."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arthur Conan Doyle", "paragraph_text": "Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, KStJ, DL (22 May 1859 -- 7 July 1930) was a British writer best known for his detective fiction featuring the character Sherlock Holmes. Originally a physician, in 1887 he published A Study in Scarlet, the first of four novels about Holmes and Dr. Watson. In addition, Doyle wrote over fifty short stories featuring the famous detective. The Sherlock Holmes stories are generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Neighbours", "paragraph_text": "Neighbours is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 18 March 1985. It was created by TV executive Reg Watson, who proposed the idea of making a show that focused on realistic stories and portrayed adults and teenagers who talk openly and solve their problems together. Seven decided to commission the show following the success of Watson's Sons and Daughters, which aired on the network. Although successful in Melbourne, Neighbours underperformed in the Sydney market and struggled for months before Seven cancelled it. The show was immediately bought by rival network Ten. After taking over production of the show, the new network had to build replica sets because Seven destroyed the originals to prevent its rival from obtaining them. Ten began screening Neighbours on 20 January 1986, taking off where the previous series left off and commencing with episode 171. Neighbours has since become the longest running drama series in Australian television and in 2005, it was inducted collectively into the Logie Hall of Fame. On 11 January 2011, Neighbours moved to Ten's digital channel, Eleven."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "This Hour Has Seven Days", "paragraph_text": "This Hour Has Seven Days is a controversial CBC Television newsmagazine which ran from 1964 to 1966. The show, inspired by the BBC-TV and NBC-TV satire series \"That Was the Week That Was\", was created by Patrick Watson and Douglas Leiterman as an avenue for a more stimulating and boundary-pushing brand of television journalism. CBC executives believed the show went beyond the limits of journalistic ethics and cancelled the show, leading to allegations of political interference. Many elements of this show inspired the tabloid talk show genre in later decades."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Andrew Scott (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Scott (born October 21, 1976) is an Irish film, television, and stage actor. In 2010, he achieved widespread recognition playing the role of Jim Moriarty in the BBC series Sherlock, a dramatic role which continued until 2017. In 2017 he won acclaim playing the title role of Hamlet in a production first staged at the Almeida Theatre, directed by Robert Icke, and for which he has been nominated for a 2018 Olivier Award for Best Actor."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Children in Need 2012", "paragraph_text": "Children in Need 2012 was a campaign held in the United Kingdom to raise money for the charity Children in Need. 2012 marks the 32nd anniversary of the appeal which culminated in a live broadcast on BBC One and BBC Two on the evening of Friday 16 November until the early hours of Saturday 17 November. The broadcast was hosted by Terry Wogan, with Tess Daly, Fearne Cotton and Nick Grimshaw as co-hosts. The show was broadcast from BBC Television Centre in London but also includes regular regional opt-outs presented from various locations around the UK. The 2012 appeal also marked the last Children in Need broadcast from BBC Television Centre as the BBC have recently sold and moved out of the building."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sherlock (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Sherlock is a British crime drama television series based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes detective stories. Created by Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss, it stars Benedict Cumberbatch as Sherlock Holmes and Martin Freeman as Doctor John Watson. Thirteen episodes have been produced, with four three - part series airing from 2010 to 2017, and a special episode that aired on 1 January 2016. The series is set in the present day, while the one - off special features a Victorian period fantasy resembling the original Holmes stories. Sherlock is produced by the British network BBC, along with Hartswood Films, with Moffat, Gatiss, Sue Vertue and Rebecca Eaton serving as executive producers. The series is supported by the American station WGBH Boston for its Masterpiece anthology series on PBS, where it also airs in the United States. The series is primarily filmed in Cardiff, Wales, with North Gower Street in London used for exterior shots of Holmes and Watson's 221B Baker Street residence."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Matthew Macfadyen", "paragraph_text": "David Matthew Macfadyen (born 17 October 1974) is an English actor. He played MI5 Intelligence Officer Tom Quinn in the BBC television drama series Spooks, Mr. Darcy in the 2005 film of Pride & Prejudice and Daniel in the Frank Oz comedy Death at a Funeral. He also portrayed John Birt in the political drama Frost / Nixon, and Detective Inspector Edmund Reid in the BBC series Ripper Street. In 2015 he starred in the Sky Living series The Enfield Haunting as Guy Lyon Playfair."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Julia Sawalha", "paragraph_text": "Julia Sawalha (born 9 September 1968) is an English actress known mainly for her role as Saffron Monsoon in the BBC sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. She is also known for portraying Lynda Day, editor of the Junior Gazette, in Press Gang and Lydia Bennet in the 1995 television miniseries of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. Additionally, she played Dorcas Lane in the BBC's costume drama Lark Rise to Candleford, Carla Borrego in Jonathan Creek, and Jan Ward in the 2014 BBC One mystery Remember Me."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Liquid News", "paragraph_text": "Liquid News is a daily round up of entertainment news for BBC Three (and before that BBC Choice) running from 30 May 2000 to 1 April 2004. The show was also broadcast weekly on BBC One and internationally on BBC Prime and BBC America."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nora Arnezeder", "paragraph_text": "Recently Nora Arnezeder participated in the series Mozart in the Jungle playing Anna Maria, the wife of the main character, Rodrigo (Gael Garcia Bernal). The show won two Golden Globes."}], "question": "In the MCU, who does the person who portrayed Watson in BBC's recent show Sherlock play?"}
{"id": "2hop__685951_593085", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pizhou", "paragraph_text": "Pizhou () is a county-level city under the administration of Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, China. As of 2006 it had a population of 163,000; it borders the Shandong prefecture-level cities of Linyi to the northeast and Zaozhuang to the northwest."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Xinyi, Jiangsu", "paragraph_text": "Xinyi () is a county-level city under the administration of Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, China. It borders the prefecture-level cities of Linyi (Shandong) to the north, Lianyungang to the northeast, and Suqian to the east and south."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}], "question": "The city having Xinyi contains which county-level city?"}
{"id": "2hop__62120_643449", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (film)", "paragraph_text": "Bette Davis as Jane Hudson Julie Allred as nine - year - old Jane Debbie Burton as young Jane's singing voice Joan Crawford as Blanche Hudson Gina Gillespie as thirteen - year - old Blanche Victor Buono as Edwin Flagg Marjorie Bennett as Dehlia Flagg Maidie Norman as Elvira Stitt Anna Lee as Mrs. Bates B.D. Merrill as Liza Bates Dave Willock as Ray Hudson Anne Barton as Cora Hudson Wesley Addy as Marty McDonald Bert Freed as Ben Golden Robert Cornthwaite as Doctor Shelby"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Neil Patrick Harris", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1989, Harris played the title role of a child prodigy doctor in Doogie Howser, M.D., for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe. After the show's four - season run ended in 1993, Harris played a number of guest roles on television series, including Murder She Wrote. From 1999 to 2000, he starred with Tony Shalhoub in the NBC sitcom Stark Raving Mad, which lasted 22 episodes. He has played lead roles in a number of made - for - television features including Snowbound: The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story in 1994, My \u00c1ntonia in 1995, The Christmas Wish in 1998, Joan of Arc in 1999, The Wedding Dress in 2001, and The Christmas Blessing in 2005."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jeff Betts", "paragraph_text": "Jeff Betts (born March 8, 1970 in Charles City, Iowa) is a former U.S. soccer forward and coach who spent most of his career playing indoor soccer. He was a three time All Star and the 2000 World Indoor Soccer League Coach of the Year."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "BDWM Transport", "paragraph_text": "BDWM Transport is a transport company in Switzerland, which operates regional rail and bus services in the cantons of Aargau and Z\u00fcrich. The company was formed in 2000 by the merger of the Bremgarten\u2013Dietikon railway (BD) and (WM) companies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bette (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Bette is an American sitcom which premiered on October 11, 2000 on the CBS network. It was the debut of Bette Midler in a lead TV series role. 16 episodes were aired on CBS, with its final telecast on March 7, 2001. Eighteen episodes in total were produced, with the final two broadcast on HDTV simulcasting and in foreign markets. \"Bette\" was created by Jeffrey Lane, with Midler serving as one of the executive producers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Girl Stroke Boy", "paragraph_text": "Girl Stroke Boy is a 1971 British comedy-drama film directed by Bob Kellett and starring Joan Greenwood, Michael Hordern and Clive Francis. It was based on the play \"Girl Friend\" by David Percival."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jon Haber", "paragraph_text": "Jon Haber is an American writer and political activist. The Jewish Week calls Haber \"a key resource for anti-BDS activists.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The First Gentleman", "paragraph_text": "The First Gentleman is a 1948 British historical drama film directed by Alberto Cavalcanti, and starring Jean-Pierre Aumont, Joan Hopkins, and Cecil Parker. It portrays the relationships and marriage of George, Prince Regent and his tense dealings with other members of his family such as his only child Princess Charlotte and his younger brother Frederick, Duke of York. It was also released as Affairs of a Rogue.The film is based on a play, \"The First Gentleman\" by Norman Ginsbury, which was staged in London in 1945, starring Robert Morley as the Prince Regent and Wendy Hiller as Princess Charlotte."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "No Room at the Inn", "paragraph_text": "No Room at the Inn is a 1945 play by Joan Temple that became a 1948 film directed by Daniel Birt. Both play and film are presented in flashback mode and share the same subject matter \u2013 cruelty, neglect and mental and physical abuse meted out to evacuee children during World War II. Temple's attack on those who turn a blind eye to child abuse, be they public officials or private individuals, was considered frank and uncompromising in its time."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Feud (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first season, titled Bette and Joan, centers on the backstage battle between Bette Davis (Susan Sarandon) and Joan Crawford (Jessica Lange) during and after the production of their 1962 film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Letter (1940 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Letter is a 1940 American film noir directed by William Wyler, and starring Bette Davis, Herbert Marshall and James Stephenson. The screenplay by Howard E. Koch is based on the 1927 play of the same name by W. Somerset Maugham. The play was first filmed in 1929, by director Jean de Limur."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Roseanna McCoy", "paragraph_text": "Roseanna McCoy is a 1949 American drama film directed by Irving Reis. The screenplay by John Collier, based on the 1947 novel of the same title by Alberta Hannum, is a romanticized and semi-fictionalized account of the Hatfield-McCoy feud. The film stars Farley Granger and Joan Evans."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bette Rogge", "paragraph_text": "Bette Rogge (June 14, 1922 \u2013 January 20, 2015) (married name Bette Morse) was an American radio and television presenter, talk show host and journalist. She was the \"Grand Dame\" of Dayton area broadcasting.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Professional wrestling", "paragraph_text": "Other stories result from a natural rivalry between two or more characters. Outside of performance, these are referred to as feuds. A feud can exist between any number of participants and can last for a few days up to multiple decades. The feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat lasted from the late 1970s into the early 1990s and allegedly spanned over two thousand matches (although most of those matches were mere dark matches). The career-spanning history between characters Mike Awesome and Masato Tanaka is another example of a long-running feud, as is the case of Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon, one of the most lucrative feuds in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) during 1998 and 1999."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Middle of Nowhere (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "Middle of Nowhere is a 2008 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by John Stockwell, written by Michelle Morgan, and starring Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter, Eva Amurri. It premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival. The film received a Golden Trailer Awards nomination in the category of \"Best Music\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joan Hatcher", "paragraph_text": "Joan Hatcher (4 November 1923 \u2013 24 September 2006) was a New Zealand cricketer. She played four Test matches between 1948 and 1954."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "BeiDou", "paragraph_text": "In-mid 2015, China started the build-up of the third generation BeiDou system (BDS-3) in the global coverage constellation. The first BDS-3 satellite was launched 30 September 2015. As of March 2016, 4 BDS-3 in-orbit validation satellites have been launched."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Say It Right", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, the song was made available for airplay at mainstream contemporary hit radio stations on 30 October 2006. Geffen Records withdrew from radio the second single from \"Loose\", \"Maneater\", before promoting \"Say It Right\". The song debuted on the \"Billboard\" Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number twenty-two in the issue dated 18 November. It entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in late-November at number ninety-three, and it reached number one in its fourteenth week on 24 February 2007, becoming Furtado's second number-one single after \"Promiscuous\" (2006). The song stayed at number one for one week, in the top ten for fourteen weeks and on the Hot 100 for thirty weeks. \"Say It Right\" contributed to sales of the album \"Loose\", and was credited as being responsible for its return to the top ten on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200. According to Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, \"Say It Right\" was the second most-played song on U.S. radio in 2007 with 364,000 plays through 2 December, and it was at number four on \"R&R\" magazine's 2007 year-end all-format top 100 songs list. On the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 year-end chart, it was ranked ninth. The RIAA certified \"Say It Right\" platinum in December 2007. \"Say It Right\" peaked at number one for ten weeks on the Canadian BDS Airplay Chart, which it entered in early December, becoming Furtado's third Canadian number-one single. According to BDS, it was the fourth most-played song of 2007 on Canadian radio, amassing around 56,900 detections. The song charted on the BDS Airplay Chart for sixty-two weeks."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tess of the d'Urbervilles", "paragraph_text": "The novel is set in impoverished rural England, Thomas Hardy's fictional Wessex, during the Long Depression of the 1870s. Tess is the oldest child of John and Joan Durbeyfield, uneducated peasants. However, John is given the impression by Parson Tringham that he may have noble blood, as ``Durbeyfield ''is a corruption of`` D'Urberville'', the surname of an extinct noble Norman family. Knowledge of this immediately goes to John's head."}], "question": "Who is the child of the actress of BD from Feud: Bette and Joan?"}
{"id": "2hop__141461_162154", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zoomlion", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1992 as Changsha Hi-tech Development Area Zoomlion Construction Mechanical Industry Company, one of its first products were concrete pumps. The company grew out of a subsidiary founded in 1956 in Beijing, as part of the first Ministry of Machinery Industry, Ministry of Construction, Central Enterprise Work Committee."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "NetJets", "paragraph_text": "NetJets Inc., a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, is an American company that sells part ownership or shares (called fractional ownership) of private business jets. NetJets was founded in 1964 as Executive Jet Aviation. It was the first private business jet charter and aircraft management company in the world."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Network Aviation", "paragraph_text": "Network Aviation is an airline based at Perth Airport, operating air charter services in support of \"fly-in fly-out\" mining operations throughout Western Australia. In partnership with subsidiary engineering provider Network Turbine Solutions, Network Aviation operates over 50 flights a week on behalf of mining companies to facilitate crew changes at remote sites."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Path\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded as Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Path\u00e9 Fr\u00e8res (Path\u00e9 Brothers Company) in Paris, France on 28 September 1896, by the four brothers Charles, \u00c9mile, Th\u00e9ophile and Jacques Path\u00e9. During the first part of the 20th century, Path\u00e9 became the largest film equipment and production company in the world, as well as a major producer of phonograph records."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rocketdyne", "paragraph_text": "The Rocketdyne Division was founded by North American Aviation (NAA) in 1955, and was later part of Rockwell International (1967-1996) and Boeing (1996-2005). In 2005, the Rocketdyne Division was sold to United Technologies Corporation, becoming Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne as part of Pratt & Whitney. In 2013, Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne was sold to GenCorp, which merged it with Aerojet to form Aerojet Rocketdyne."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "O'Reilly Auto Parts", "paragraph_text": "O'Reilly Auto Parts is an American auto parts retailer that provides automotive aftermarket parts, tools, supplies, equipment, and accessories in the United States serving both the professional service providers and do - it - yourself customers. Founded in 1957 by the O'Reilly family, the company operates more than 5,100 stores in 47 states."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cumulus Networks", "paragraph_text": "Cumulus Networks is a computer software company headquartered in Mountain View, California, USA. The company designs and sells a Linux operating system for industry standard network switches to deliver networking solutions for large datacenter, cloud computing, and enterprise environments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "MobiFone", "paragraph_text": "Vietnam Mobile Telecom Services One Member Limited Liability Company (with the brand MobiFone ) is a major Vietnamese mobile network operator headquartered in Trung Hoa Nhan Chinh, Hanoi. Founded on 16 April 1993, as a Global System for Mobile Communications launcher, MobiFone is the first and currently third largest telecommunications provider in Vietnam."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "North American Airlines", "paragraph_text": "North American Airlines was a subsidiary of Global Aviation Holdings, Inc., formerly Global Aero Logistics, Inc. Unlike the other airlines that are or were a part of Global Aviation, ATA Airlines (now defunct) and World Airways (now defunct), North American was founded after airline deregulation in the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ACAC consortium", "paragraph_text": "The AVIC I Commercial Aircraft Company (ACAC consortium; ) was a subsidiary of China Aviation Industry Corporation I (AVIC I), formed in 2002 by various Chinese aviation companies, including:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Qantas", "paragraph_text": "Qantas was founded in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 by Hudson Fysh, Paul McGinness and Fergus McMaster as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited. The airline's first aircraft was an Avro 504K. It moved its headquarters to Longreach, Queensland in 1921 and Brisbane, Queensland in 1930."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Balair", "paragraph_text": "In the history of aviation in Switzerland, there are two Balair airlines; the first one existed from 1925 to 1931 and was a progenitor of Swissair. On March 26, 1931, \"Swissair - Schweizerische Luftverkehr AG\" (\"Swissair - Swiss Aviation AG\") was founded through the fusion of the airlines Ad Astra Aero (founded in 1919) and Balair."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Euralair", "paragraph_text": "Euralair was a charter airline based in France. Euralair was founded in 1964 as an air-taxi and executive charter company. In 1966 it became charter airline and operated its first charter flights in 1968 when it received the first Fokker F-27 (F-BRHL) on November 11, 1968 and the second (F-BRQL) on October 15, 1969; the last one sold to the Swiss company Belair (as HB-AAZ) in June 1973. In order to develop its charter activity, on November 1971 Euralair bought from Austrian Airline the first Sud Aviation Caravelle VIR (F-BSEL) and in 1973 the second (F-BTDL)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bob & Rose", "paragraph_text": "Bob & Rose is a British television drama, originally screened in six one-hour episodes on the ITV network in the UK in Autumn 2001. It was produced by the independent Red Production Company, and was that company\u2019s first prime-time drama for the ITV network."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen", "paragraph_text": "General Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen, born Hermann Thomsen, (10 March 1867 \u2013 5 May 1942) was a German military aviation pioneer, a senior air commander in the Imperial German Army Air Service during World War I and a founding father of the German military aviation."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nord Aviation", "paragraph_text": "The company was based in the centre of France, on the site of Bourges airport, in the d\u00e9partement of Cher. In 1970, Nord Aviation merged with Sud Aviation to create \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 nationale d'industrie a\u00e9rospatiale\" (SNIAS), later renamed A\u00e9rospatiale and ultimately merged into European aerospace corporation Airbus in 2000."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Roger Sommer", "paragraph_text": "Roger Sommer (August 4, 1877 in Pierrepont, France \u2013 April 14, 1965 at Sainte-Maxime) was a French aviator. Born to Alfred Sommer, a Belgian industrialist, Roger Sommer became involved with aviation from an early age. He broke the record for flight duration in 1909. After this, Sommer began working on aircraft construction. He constructed 182 aircraft, making him a pioneer in the field. Sommer was a friend of Roland Garros. Sommer's company, named Sommer, is now a part of Sommer-Allibert. Roger Sommer was the father of former Formula One driver Raymond, and Fran\u00e7ois and Pierre Sommer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Network Aviation", "paragraph_text": "In February 2011, Network Aviation was purchased by Qantas. Network retains its current management, employees and operating structure, with the business to be aligned with Qantas' operations, standards and processes. With the purchase, Qantas stated it was looking at significantly growing Network's fleet and operations. On taking over Network, Qantas announced that it was purchasing ten Fokker 100 aircraft for the company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Metron Aviation", "paragraph_text": "Metron Aviation, a subsidiary of Airbus, a $35M Air Traffic Management Services company based in Dulles, VA, with secondary offices in Washington, DC and Atlantic City, NJ. Specializing in concept engineering, advanced research, software development, traffic flow management, surface operations management, airspace design and environmental analysis solutions to the global aviation industry."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "KLM", "paragraph_text": "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally \"Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V.\" (literal translation: Royal Aviation Company, Inc.), is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is part of the Air France\u2013KLM group, and a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. Founded in 1919, KLM is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name and had 35,488 employees and a fleet of 119 (excluding subsidiaries) . KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to 145 destinations."}], "question": "When was the company Network Aviation is part of founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__595110_42844", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "National Assembly of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The National Assembly of Pakistan (Urdu: \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644\u0626 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u202c \u200e) is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis - e-Shura, which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan (upper house). The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 342 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. A political party must secure 137 seats to obtain and preserve a majority."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda. Cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament. It is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the Commonwealth's, by the Australian Constitution, such as education, health and law enforcement. The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "National Assembly of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The Pakistani National Assembly (Urdu: \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644\u0626 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u202c \u200e -- Qaum\u012b Asimbli'e P\u0101kist\u0101n); is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis - e-Shura, which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate (upper house). The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 332 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. A political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Georgina Beyer", "paragraph_text": "Georgina Beyer (born November 1957) is a New Zealand politician and former Labour Party Member of Parliament. She was the world's first openly transgender mayor, as well as the world's first openly transgender Member of Parliament. She is also among a very small number of former sex workers to hold political office."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate. Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer. Under the Standing Orders of the Parliament the Bureau consists of the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the Parliament. Amongst the duties of the Bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber, establish the number, remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Islamic Iran Solidarity Party", "paragraph_text": "Islamic Iran Solidarity Party (; \"Hezb-e Hambastegi-e Iran-e Eslami\") is an Iranian reformist political party founded in 1998, by 10 members of Parliament of Iran. The party is a member of Council for coordinating the Reforms Front and publishes newspaper \"Hambastegi\". Ali Asghar Ahmadi is currently the General Secretary, an office previously held by Ebrahim Asgharzadeh and Mohamadreza Raahchamani. They have supported Mohammad Khatami in 2001 election, Mehdi Karoubi in 2005 and Mir-Hossein Mousavi in 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "26th South African Parliament", "paragraph_text": "13 Different political parties are represented in this parliament. The majority party in the 25th parliament, the African National Congress (ANC) retained its majority, although it was reduced to 249 (62%) seats, down from 264 seats out of 400 (66%), while the Democratic Alliance (DA) increased its lead of the opposition, taking 89 (22.23%) seats, up from 67 seats (16.75%) in the National Assembly of the 25th parliament. The Speaker of the National Assembly, Baleka Mbete and Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces, Thandi Modise, both of the ANC, were elected on 21 May 2014 by members of parliament. The presiding officers of parliament, Mmatlala Boroto, Cedric Frolick and Thoko Didiza were elected on 18 June 2014."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hung parliament", "paragraph_text": "Both the election of January 1910, and that of December 1910 produced a hung parliament with an almost identical number of seats won by the governing Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. This was due both to the constitutional crisis and to the rise of the Labour Party. The elections of 1929 resulted in the last hung parliament for many years; in the meantime, Labour had replaced the Liberals as one of the two dominating parties."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "The Rajya Sabha (meaning the ``Council of States '') is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Uttar Pradesh state elects 31 members and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Uttar Pradesh. Members are elected for six years and 1 / 3 of members are retired after every two years. The number of seats, allocated to the party, are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using Single transferable vote with proportional representation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "House of Commons of Canada", "paragraph_text": "House of Commons of Canada Chambre des communes du Canada 42nd Parliament Type Type Lower House of the Parliament of Canada Leadership Speaker Geoff Regan, Liberal Since December 3, 2015 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Liberal Since November 4, 2015 Leader of the Official Opposition Andrew Scheer, Conservative Since May 27, 2017 Leader of the Government in the House of Commons Bardish Chagger, Liberal Since August 19, 2016 Opposition House Leader Candice Bergen, Conservative Since September 15, 2016 Structure Seats 338 Political groups HM Government Liberal Party (183) HM Loyal Opposition Conservative Party (97) Other Parties New Democratic Party (44) Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois (10) Green Party (1) Independent (2) Vacant (1) Salary C $172,700 (sessional indemnity effective April 1, 2017) Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election October 19, 2015 Next election Scheduled for October 21, 2019 Meeting place Centre Block -- Parliament Hill Ottawa Website www.ourcommons.ca"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Parliament of Ghana", "paragraph_text": "Parliament of Ghana 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic Type Type Unicameral Leadership Speaker Aaron Mike Oquaye Since 7 January 2017 Structure Seats 275 Political groups NPP (169) NDC (106) Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election 7 December 2016 Meeting place Parliament House Accra, Greater Accra Republic of Ghana Website www.parliament.gh"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Franck Biancheri", "paragraph_text": "Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 \u2013 30 October 2012) was the founder of the Newropeans European political party and the leader from June 2006. The party planned to run for campaigns in the 2009 elections to the European Parliament with representatives in all member states simultaneously."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Duncan McNeil", "paragraph_text": "Duncan McNeil (born 7 September 1950, Greenock) is a Scottish Labour Party politician, and was Member of the Scottish Parliament for Greenock and Inverclyde from 1999 until 2016."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage. A member of parliament supported by a parliamentary majority becomes the prime minister\u2014usually this is the chair of the largest party. The prime minister is the head of government and head of the cabinet. Israel is governed by a 120-member parliament, known as the Knesset. Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of political parties, with a 3.25% electoral threshold, which in practice has resulted in coalition governments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle, which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members. There are 131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131 seats, 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers \u2013 the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland, who are not elected members of the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government. As such the Law Officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the Parliament but, as they are not elected MSPs, cannot vote. Members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber, but typically sit in their party groupings. The First Minister, Scottish cabinet ministers and Law officers sit in the front row, in the middle section of the chamber. The largest party in the Parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle, with opposing parties on either side. The Presiding Officer, parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Erasmus Commission", "paragraph_text": "The Erasmus Commission was an investigative commission set up by former ANC Western Cape Premier Ebrahim Rasool to investigate claims that the Democratic Alliance, led by Cape Town Mayor Helen Zille, had improperly used public funds to engage in espionage against the DA's opponents. It was headed by Judge Nathan Erasmus. It was stopped when the Cape High Court declared it to be unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wong Chen", "paragraph_text": "Wong Chen (; born 18 December 1968) is a Malaysian politician and is the Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the (Subang Jaya seat, formerly known as Kelana Jaya) constituency in Selangor. He is a member of Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) ruling coalition."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jesudasu Seelam", "paragraph_text": "Jesudasu Seelam, a politician from Indian National Congress party, who was the Member of the Parliament of India representing Andhra Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament from 2004 till 2016. He was Minister of State (Revenue) under the Ministry of Finance from 17 June 2013. Prior to entering politics he served as an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer from 1984-99 of Karnataka cadre."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The election produced a majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority. The SNP took 16 seats from Labour, with many of their key figures not returned to parliament, although Labour leader Iain Gray retained East Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence."}], "question": "In 2016, how many seats did Ebrahim Rasool's political party have in parliament?"}
{"id": "2hop__500649_42844", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage. A member of parliament supported by a parliamentary majority becomes the prime minister\u2014usually this is the chair of the largest party. The prime minister is the head of government and head of the cabinet. Israel is governed by a 120-member parliament, known as the Knesset. Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of political parties, with a 3.25% electoral threshold, which in practice has resulted in coalition governments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "National Assembly of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The National Assembly of Pakistan (Urdu: \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644\u0626 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u202c \u200e) is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis - e-Shura, which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan (upper house). The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 342 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. A political party must secure 137 seats to obtain and preserve a majority."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda. Cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament. It is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the Commonwealth's, by the Australian Constitution, such as education, health and law enforcement. The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jesudasu Seelam", "paragraph_text": "Jesudasu Seelam, a politician from Indian National Congress party, who was the Member of the Parliament of India representing Andhra Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament from 2004 till 2016. He was Minister of State (Revenue) under the Ministry of Finance from 17 June 2013. Prior to entering politics he served as an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer from 1984-99 of Karnataka cadre."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fatima Hajaig", "paragraph_text": "Fatima Hajaig (born 10 December 1938) is a South African politician, with the ruling African National Congress. She is a member of the African Union's Pan-African Parliament from South Africa. She used to be chairperson of the committee of foreign affairs of the South African parliament. She was a Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Kgalema Motlanthe."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hung parliament", "paragraph_text": "Both the election of January 1910, and that of December 1910 produced a hung parliament with an almost identical number of seats won by the governing Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. This was due both to the constitutional crisis and to the rise of the Labour Party. The elections of 1929 resulted in the last hung parliament for many years; in the meantime, Labour had replaced the Liberals as one of the two dominating parties."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister, and a vote is taken by all members of Parliament. Normally, the leader of the largest party is returned as First Minister, and head of the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland and sit in the Scottish cabinet, but such ministers are, in practice, appointed to their roles by the First Minister. Junior ministers, who do not attend cabinet, are also appointed to assist Scottish ministers in their departments. Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs, with the exception of Scotland's Chief Law Officers: the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General. Whilst the First Minister chooses the ministers \u2013 and may decide to remove them at any time \u2013 the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the Sovereign."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The total number of seats in the Parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method. For example, to determine who is awarded the first list seat, the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region (at this point just constituency seats). The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat. This is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Franck Biancheri", "paragraph_text": "Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 \u2013 30 October 2012) was the founder of the Newropeans European political party and the leader from June 2006. The party planned to run for campaigns in the 2009 elections to the European Parliament with representatives in all member states simultaneously."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate. Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer. Under the Standing Orders of the Parliament the Bureau consists of the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the Parliament. Amongst the duties of the Bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber, establish the number, remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The election produced a majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority. The SNP took 16 seats from Labour, with many of their key figures not returned to parliament, although Labour leader Iain Gray retained East Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wong Chen", "paragraph_text": "Wong Chen (; born 18 December 1968) is a Malaysian politician and is the Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the (Subang Jaya seat, formerly known as Kelana Jaya) constituency in Selangor. He is a member of Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) ruling coalition."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Duncan McNeil", "paragraph_text": "Duncan McNeil (born 7 September 1950, Greenock) is a Scottish Labour Party politician, and was Member of the Scottish Parliament for Greenock and Inverclyde from 1999 until 2016."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "National Assembly of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The Pakistani National Assembly (Urdu: \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644\u0626 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u202c \u200e -- Qaum\u012b Asimbli'e P\u0101kist\u0101n); is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis - e-Shura, which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate (upper house). The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 332 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. A political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kgalema Motlanthe", "paragraph_text": "Motlanthe, who had maintained a low public profile, was elected in 2008 to the presidency of South Africa by the South African National Assembly following the resignation of Mbeki, and he was widely considered to be acting as a \"caretaker president\" on behalf of Zuma. Zuma succeeded Motlanthe on 9 May 2009 in a presidential election held by the South African National Assembly, following the 2009 general election which had been won by the ANC."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "26th South African Parliament", "paragraph_text": "13 Different political parties are represented in this parliament. The majority party in the 25th parliament, the African National Congress (ANC) retained its majority, although it was reduced to 249 (62%) seats, down from 264 seats out of 400 (66%), while the Democratic Alliance (DA) increased its lead of the opposition, taking 89 (22.23%) seats, up from 67 seats (16.75%) in the National Assembly of the 25th parliament. The Speaker of the National Assembly, Baleka Mbete and Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces, Thandi Modise, both of the ANC, were elected on 21 May 2014 by members of parliament. The presiding officers of parliament, Mmatlala Boroto, Cedric Frolick and Thoko Didiza were elected on 18 June 2014."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Georgina Beyer", "paragraph_text": "Georgina Beyer (born November 1957) is a New Zealand politician and former Labour Party Member of Parliament. She was the world's first openly transgender mayor, as well as the world's first openly transgender Member of Parliament. She is also among a very small number of former sex workers to hold political office."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "The Rajya Sabha (meaning the ``Council of States '') is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Uttar Pradesh state elects 31 members and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Uttar Pradesh. Members are elected for six years and 1 / 3 of members are retired after every two years. The number of seats, allocated to the party, are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using Single transferable vote with proportional representation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle, which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members. There are 131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131 seats, 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers \u2013 the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland, who are not elected members of the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government. As such the Law Officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the Parliament but, as they are not elected MSPs, cannot vote. Members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber, but typically sit in their party groupings. The First Minister, Scottish cabinet ministers and Law officers sit in the front row, in the middle section of the chamber. The largest party in the Parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle, with opposing parties on either side. The Presiding Officer, parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber."}], "question": "How many seats did the political party that Kgalema Motlanthe belongs to, have in parliament in 2016?"}
{"id": "2hop__17295_253433", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "George Jaffin", "paragraph_text": "George Monroe Jaffin (May 4, 1905 \u2013 December 23, 1999) was an American attorney, real estate investor, art patron, and philanthropist."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ariyana Gostar Kish F.C.", "paragraph_text": "They competed in the 2010\u201311 Iran Football's 2nd Division. In 2011, the license of the club in 2nd Division League was bought by Badr Hormozgan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hotel Dajti", "paragraph_text": "Hotel Dajti was bought for 30 million euro by the Bank of Albania and is not currently functioning as a hotel."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In July 2007, American business magnate and investor Warren Buffett's holding company Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company, Iscar, its first non-U.S. acquisition, for $4 billion. Since the 1970s, Israel has received military aid from the United States, as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees, which now account for roughly half of Israel's external debt. Israel has one of the lowest external debts in the developed world, and is a net lender in terms of net external debt (the total value of assets vs. liabilities in debt instruments owed abroad), which in December 2015[update] stood at a surplus of US$118 billion."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sycamore Pictures", "paragraph_text": "The company was formed in 2011 with a focus on producing films with a \"more redemptive tone\" suitable for families. Nearn, formerly an investment banker who moved on to become COO and a minority investor in Cross Creek Pictures, maintains the company's Memphis offices; Rice, an independent film producer and writer, maintains the Los Angeles office. The startup funds for Sycamore were raised by Nearn from investors both from the Memphis area and elsewhere, with a business model based on profit participation by actors, directors and creative personnel."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Maggie Elizabeth Jones", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Elizabeth Jones (born October 10, 2003) is an American child actress, best known for her roles in We Bought a Zoo, the Fox sitcom Ben and Kate, and as Lea Clark in American Girl: Lea to the Rescue."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Payoneer", "paragraph_text": "Payoneer was founded in 2005 with $2 million in seed funding from founder and then-CEO Yuval Tal, an ex-officer in the Israeli army, and other private investors. 83North (Greylock Israel) led an additional $4 million in funding in 2007, with additional investors including Carmel Ventures, Crossbar Capital, Ping An, Wellington Management, Susquehanna Growth Equity and Nyca Partners."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "PizzaExpress", "paragraph_text": "PizzaExpress was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1993 with franchises opening across the UK. UK franchises were then bought back en masse in 1996. TDR Capital and Capricorn Associates then bought the company in 2003 turning it private again. In 2005, PizzaExpress floated on the London Stock Exchange, as part of the Gondola Holdings PLC. It was then bought by private equity group Cinven as the Gondola Group in 2007. On 12 July 2014 it was announced that Chinese group Hony Capital had bought PizzaExpress for \u00a3900m."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple\u2019s four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997; Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper. It wasn't until the boy \"started looking like me, that's when I kind of got it. I put things together,\" the action star and former California governor, told 60 Minutes. Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child \"from the start and continued to provide support.\" KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house, with a pool, for Baena and their son in Bakersfield, about 112 miles (180 km) north of Los Angeles. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth, and filed for divorce in 2008. Baena's ex-husband says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sean Meenan", "paragraph_text": "Sean Meenan is an American entrepreneur from New York. He conceived and owns Cafe Habana in the Nolita section of Manhattan, Habana Outpost in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, Cafe Habana Malibu in Malibu, California and Cafe Habana Dubai in Dubai, UAE. He is the initial investor in Etsy as well as the initial investor in The Elder Statesman."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Astrakhan Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Astrakhan Airlines was established in 1994 and was owned by the Board of Directors (65%), the local Concrete Structures Plant (a Gazprom subsidiary) (25%) and employees and investors (10%). In 2005, the airline was shut down."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oliver Jung", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Jung (born 1972 in Germany) is an entrepreneur and investor based in Tel Aviv, Israel, specializing in the global expansion of Internet and mobile enterprises in the early stages of development."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Roosevelt Hotel (Manhattan)", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1979, the hotel was leased by the Pakistan International Airlines through its investment arm PIA Investments Ltd. (``PIA ''), with an option to purchase the building after 20 years. Prince Faisal bin Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia was one of the investors in the 1979 deal. In 1999, PIA exercised their option and bought the hotel for $36.5 million, after a legal battle with owner Paul Milstein, who claimed it was worth much more. In 2005, PIA bought out its Saudi partner in a deal that included the prince's share in H\u00f4tel Scribe in Paris in exchange for $40 million and PIA's share of the Riyadh Minhal Hotel (a Holiday Inn located on property owned by the prince). PIA has since controlled 99 percent interest in the hotel, while the Saudis have only 1 percent."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Moody's Investors Service", "paragraph_text": "Moody's Investors Service, often referred to as Moody's, is the bond credit rating business of Moody's Corporation, representing the company's traditional line of business and its historical name. Moody's Investors Service provides international financial research on bonds issued by commercial and government entities. Moody's, along with Standard & Poor's and Fitch Group, is considered one of the Big Three credit rating agencies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Smart Blonde", "paragraph_text": "Smart Blonde is a 1937 American mystery film directed by Frank McDonald. Starring Glenda Farrell as Torchy Blane, a beautiful, headline-hunting, wisecracking female reporter teaming up with her boyfriend, detective Steve McBride to solve the killing of an investor who just bought a popular local nightclub. This is the first of nine Torchy Blane films by Warner Bros. It was released on January 2, 1937. The film is followed by \"Fly-Away Baby\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harley-Davidson", "paragraph_text": "In 1981, AMF sold the company to a group of 13 investors led by Vaughn Beals and Willie G. Davidson for $80 million. Inventory was strictly controlled using the just - in - time system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Susan Alice Buffett", "paragraph_text": "Susan Alice Buffett (born July 30, 1953) is an American philanthropist who is the daughter of Warren Buffett. Her charitable work has focused largely on the Sherwood Foundation, formerly known as the Susan A. Buffett Foundation, an organization in Omaha that provides grants in public education, human services and social justice in the interest of promoting the welfare of children from lower-income families. She is also on the boards of the Buffett Foundation, The Buffett Early Childhood Institute, and Girls, Inc. According to a 2010 interview with her brother Howard Graham Buffett, Buffett's philanthropic focus has consistently remained on children, education and family issues, but she has also committed to other causes, including Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa, a non-governmental organization dedicated to various improvements in Africa."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ride the Ducks", "paragraph_text": "Ride the Ducks was purchased by Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation in 2004. Herschend sold a majority interest in the company to an independent investor in 2012. The Branson operation was sold to Ripley Entertainment in December 2017."}], "question": "Who is the child of the investor who bought Iscar?"}
{"id": "2hop__830660_162154", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Regent Airways", "paragraph_text": "Regent Airways () is a Bangladeshi airline owned by HG Aviation Ltd, a fully owned subsidiary of Habib Group. Regent Airways is based at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium was a Belgian leisure airline owned by the Thomas Cook Group. It operated scheduled flights to destinations throughout Europe and Africa from its base at Brussels Airport. The airline operated from 2002 until 2017."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Balair", "paragraph_text": "In the history of aviation in Switzerland, there are two Balair airlines; the first one existed from 1925 to 1931 and was a progenitor of Swissair. On March 26, 1931, \"Swissair - Schweizerische Luftverkehr AG\" (\"Swissair - Swiss Aviation AG\") was founded through the fusion of the airlines Ad Astra Aero (founded in 1919) and Balair."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kaltim Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Kaltim Airlines was the airline of Samarinda, with its head office located at Samarinda International Airport. The airline's operations included scheduled passenger and cargo services to 4 destinations, with a fleet of regional aircraft, consisting of British Aerospace 146 and Cessna C208 aircraft. The airline was founded on 17 August 2011 by Awang F. Ishak and Sabri Ramdhani. The airline ceased all operations in 2013."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "KrasAvia", "paragraph_text": "KrasAvia is a scheduled and charter passenger airline based in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. It was established in 1956 as Turin Airline before being renamed Evenkia Avia in 2002 and KrasAvia in 2007. It is Russia's largest regional carrier, with a fleet of 44 aircraft and helicopters. The airline is owned by the administration of the Krasnoyarsk region."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sunstate Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Sunstate Airlines is a subsidiary of Qantas which operates regional flights under the QantasLink banner throughout Queensland, and between Brisbane and Canberra. Its head office is in Bowen Hills, Brisbane."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Simmons Airlines", "paragraph_text": "In 1998 the remaining certificated regional airline carriers Wings West Airlines and Flagship Airlines, which were both wholly owned by the AMR Corporation and operating under the American Eagle banner and brand, were merged under the surviving Simmons Airlines IATA designator 'MQ', thus forming a certificated airline named American Eagle Airlines (rather than just an Airlink, Connect, Connection, Eagle, or Express airline codeshare brand)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "VG Airlines", "paragraph_text": "VG Airlines was founded in 2002 to operate flights from Belgium to North America in the wake of Sabena's bankruptcy. The airline was rebranded as Delsey Airlines, (named after Delsey Suitcases) but it ceased operations in November 2002. The pencil dark and light grey aircraft livery design with the feathered Belgian flag on the tailfin of VG Airlines was created by Lila Design in the Netherlands as well as the Delsey Airlines aircraft paint concept."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Aexpa", "paragraph_text": "Aexpa S.A. is a charter airline based at Mateca\u00f1a International Airport in Pereira, Colombia. The airline was founded in May 2001."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "North Cyprus Airlines", "paragraph_text": "North Cyprus Airlines () was founded by the government of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) shortly after the bankruptcy of Cyprus Turkish Airlines in June 2010."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elysian Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Elysian Airlines is a cargo airline based at Yaound\u00e9 Nsimalen International Airport in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon, and had additional significant operations at Spriggs Payne Airport in Monrovia, Liberia, and at Conakry International Airport in Conakry, Guinea. According to the airline's website, it was founded in January 2006 as a public limited company, with 51% of shares held by a Cameroonian consortium and the remainder owned by a British/South African group. Elysian's scheduled operations stopped in 2010, but resumed in 2015."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yakutia Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Yakutia Airlines ( \u2013 \"Aviakompanija \u00abJakutija\u00bb\" \"Air Company \"Yakutia\"\") is an airline based in Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia. It operates domestic passenger services in Russia and within the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as destinations in Europe, Asia, and North America from its hubs at Yakutsk Airport and Moscow's Vnukovo Airport. The airline is founded in 2002, and is owned by government of the Republic of Sakha."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Qantas", "paragraph_text": "Qantas was founded in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 by Hudson Fysh, Paul McGinness and Fergus McMaster as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited. The airline's first aircraft was an Avro 504K. It moved its headquarters to Longreach, Queensland in 1921 and Brisbane, Queensland in 1930."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Korean Air", "paragraph_text": "Korean Air is the parent company of Jin Air and is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. It was voted Asia's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "ExpressJet", "paragraph_text": "In August 2010, SkyWest Inc. agreed to merge with ExpressJet Holdings, whereby SkyWest Inc.'s wholly owned subsidiary, Atlantic Southeast Airlines, would purchase ExpressJet for $6.75 per share. Atlantic Southeast Airlines and ExpressJet became the world's largest regional airline on November 12, 2010, once the purchase was final."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Deccan Airways Limited", "paragraph_text": "Deccan Airways Limited was a commercial airline based in Hyderabad. Founded in 1945, it was one of the nine airlines existing in India during independence. The airline, a joint venture of Nizam Government of erstwhile Hyderabad State and Tata Airlines was launched with a fleet of three aircraft. By the time it was merged with Indian Airlines in 1953, it had a fleet of thirteen Douglas DC - 3 'Dakota' aircraft. The airline operated on Madras - Hyderabad - Nagpur - Bhopal - Gwalior - Delhi, Hyderabad - Bombay and Hyderabad - Bangalore sectors."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "North American Airlines", "paragraph_text": "North American Airlines was a subsidiary of Global Aviation Holdings, Inc., formerly Global Aero Logistics, Inc. Unlike the other airlines that are or were a part of Global Aviation, ATA Airlines (now defunct) and World Airways (now defunct), North American was founded after airline deregulation in the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Transwestern Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Transwestern Airlines was a regional airline based in Logan, Utah, its hub was at the Logan-Cache Airport. Founded in 1976, it was later acquired by Horizon Air in 1983."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Northwest Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Northwest Airlines Corp. (abbreviated in initials as NWA; stylized in all lowercase) was a major United States airline founded in 1926 and absorbed into Delta Air Lines, Inc. by a merger. The merger, approved on October 29, 2008, made Delta the largest airline in the world until the American Airlines-US Airways merger on December 9, 2013. Northwest continued to operate under its own name and brand until the integration of the carriers was completed on January 31, 2010."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Astrakhan Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Astrakhan Airlines was established in 1994 and was owned by the Board of Directors (65%), the local Concrete Structures Plant (a Gazprom subsidiary) (25%) and employees and investors (10%). In 2005, the airline was shut down."}], "question": "When was the company that owns Sunstate Airlines founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__141516_162154", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Airlines Group", "paragraph_text": "American Airlines Group, Inc. is an American publicly traded airline holding company headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It was formed December 9, 2013, in the merger of AMR Corporation, the parent company of American Airlines, and US Airways Group, the parent company of US Airways. The airline groups together form the largest airline in the world, with more than 6,700 daily flights to 350 locations in 56 countries worldwide, about $40 billion in operating revenue, over 100,000 employees, and plans to take delivery of 607 new aircraft, including 517 narrowbody aircraft and 90 widebody international aircraft. The integration of American Airlines and US Airways was completed when the Federal Aviation Administration granted a single operating certificate for both carriers on April 8, 2015."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Interbrasil STAR", "paragraph_text": "Interbrasil STAR S/A was a Brazilian airline founded in 1994 as a feeder airline to Transbrasil. It ceased activities along with its parent company in 2001."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elysian Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Elysian Airlines is a cargo airline based at Yaound\u00e9 Nsimalen International Airport in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon, and had additional significant operations at Spriggs Payne Airport in Monrovia, Liberia, and at Conakry International Airport in Conakry, Guinea. According to the airline's website, it was founded in January 2006 as a public limited company, with 51% of shares held by a Cameroonian consortium and the remainder owned by a British/South African group. Elysian's scheduled operations stopped in 2010, but resumed in 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kingfisher Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Kingfisher Airlines Limited was an airline group based in India.  Through its parent company United Breweries Group, it had a 50% stake in low-cost carrier Kingfisher Red."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sunstate Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Sunstate Airlines is a subsidiary of Qantas which operates regional flights under the QantasLink banner throughout Queensland, and between Brisbane and Canberra. Its head office is in Bowen Hills, Brisbane."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Transwestern Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Transwestern Airlines was a regional airline based in Logan, Utah, its hub was at the Logan-Cache Airport. Founded in 1976, it was later acquired by Horizon Air in 1983."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aerofreight Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Aerofreight Airlines was a cargo airline established in 1997 and based in Moscow. Operations were suspended in 2003, but later recommenced. In 2006, the company was liquidated."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Air Finland", "paragraph_text": "Oy Air Finland was an airline with its head office and base at Helsinki Airport in Vantaa, Finland, which was operating chartered and scheduled flights to holiday destinations, as well as aircraft lease services. The company was founded in 2002 and filed for bankruptcy in 2012."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Korean Air", "paragraph_text": "Korean Air is the parent company of Jin Air and is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. It was voted Asia's best airline by Business Traveler readers in 2012."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Qantas", "paragraph_text": "Qantas was founded in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 by Hudson Fysh, Paul McGinness and Fergus McMaster as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited. The airline's first aircraft was an Avro 504K. It moved its headquarters to Longreach, Queensland in 1921 and Brisbane, Queensland in 1930."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southern Airways", "paragraph_text": "Southern Airways was an airline (known at the time as a \"local service air carrier\" as designated by the federal Civil Aeronautics Board) in the United States from its founding by Frank Hulse in 1949 until 1979 when it merged with North Central Airlines to become Republic Airlines, which on October 1, 1986, became part of Northwest Airlines, which merged into Delta Air Lines in 2010. Southern corporate headquarters was in Birmingham, with operations headquartered at William B. Hartsfield Airport, near Atlanta."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Macedonian Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Macedonian Airlines was created in 1992 as the charter subsidiary of the Greek national airline, Olympic Airways. The Olympic Airways management board decided to rename the charter subsidiary of the Group, Olympic AirTours in 1992 and the Macedonian Airlines brand name was created. The company had nothing to do with MAT Macedonian Airlines, which was founded two years later, in 1994, in neighbouring Republic of Macedonia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yakutia Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Yakutia Airlines ( \u2013 \"Aviakompanija \u00abJakutija\u00bb\" \"Air Company \"Yakutia\"\") is an airline based in Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia. It operates domestic passenger services in Russia and within the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as destinations in Europe, Asia, and North America from its hubs at Yakutsk Airport and Moscow's Vnukovo Airport. The airline is founded in 2002, and is owned by government of the Republic of Sakha."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Vietnam Airlines", "paragraph_text": "From its inception until the early 1990s, Vietnam Airlines was a minor carrier within the aviation industry as it was hampered by a variety of factors including the socio-economic and political situation of the country. With the government's normalization of relations with the United States, the airline was able to expand, improve its products and services, and modernize its ageing fleet. In 1996, the Vietnamese government brought together 20 service companies to form Vietnam Airlines Corporation, with the airline itself as the centrepiece. In 2010, the corporation was restructured into a limited liability company and renamed Vietnam Airlines Company Limited. A seven-seat management board, members of which are appointed by the Vietnamese Prime Minister, oversees the company.As passenger transport constitutes its core activity, Vietnam Airlines plays a crucial role in the economic development of the country. It owns 100% of Vietnam Air Service Company \u2013 a regional airline in southern Vietnam, 70% of the low-cost carrier Jetstar Pacific Airlines, and 49% of the Cambodian national airline Cambodia Angkor Air. In addition, the corporation earns revenue from airline catering and the maintenance and overhauling of aircraft through a number of its subsidiaries, including Vietnam Airlines Engineering Company and Vietnam Airlines Caterers. The company has also diversified its investments in the aircraft-leasing and airport ground-servicing industries, and is looking to manufacture aircraft components. It controls and operates a cargo division, Vietnam Airlines Cargo."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "GeminiJets", "paragraph_text": "GeminiJets is a diecast model airplane manufacturer based in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States founded in 1998 under the name of SkyJets. The product line is named GeminiJets, but ADI (Airliners Distributing Inc.) is the founding company holding the production licenses from airlines and aircraft manufacturers, including but not limited to Boeing, Airbus, McDonnell Douglas, and Embraer. ADI makes and markets aircraft in several different scales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Euralair", "paragraph_text": "Euralair was a charter airline based in France. Euralair was founded in 1964 as an air-taxi and executive charter company. In 1966 it became charter airline and operated its first charter flights in 1968 when it received the first Fokker F-27 (F-BRHL) on November 11, 1968 and the second (F-BRQL) on October 15, 1969; the last one sold to the Swiss company Belair (as HB-AAZ) in June 1973. In order to develop its charter activity, on November 1971 Euralair bought from Austrian Airline the first Sud Aviation Caravelle VIR (F-BSEL) and in 1973 the second (F-BTDL)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "KLM", "paragraph_text": "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally \"Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V.\" (literal translation: Royal Aviation Company, Inc.), is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is part of the Air France\u2013KLM group, and a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. Founded in 1919, KLM is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name and had 35,488 employees and a fleet of 119 (excluding subsidiaries) . KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to 145 destinations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "North American Airlines", "paragraph_text": "North American Airlines was a subsidiary of Global Aviation Holdings, Inc., formerly Global Aero Logistics, Inc. Unlike the other airlines that are or were a part of Global Aviation, ATA Airlines (now defunct) and World Airways (now defunct), North American was founded after airline deregulation in the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ankair", "paragraph_text": "Anka Air, stylised as Ankair, was a charter airline headquartered in Istanbul, Turkey and based at Atat\u00fcrk International Airport. Founded in 2005 as World Focus Airlines, the company changed its corporate image to its current form in February 2008 as a result of publicity surrounding the crash of Atlasjet Flight 4203 on 30 November 2007."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "North Cyprus Airlines", "paragraph_text": "North Cyprus Airlines () was founded by the government of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) shortly after the bankruptcy of Cyprus Turkish Airlines in June 2010."}], "question": "When was the parent company of Sunstate Airlines founded?:"}
{"id": "2hop__72334_253433", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Sins of the Children", "paragraph_text": "The Sins of the Children, also known as Father's Day and The Richest Man in the World, is a 1930 American pre-Code drama film, which was produced and directed by Sam Wood and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Emma Morano", "paragraph_text": "Emma Martina Luigia Morano (OMRI) (29 November 1899 -- 15 April 2017) was an Italian supercentenarian who, before her death at the age of 117 years and 137 days, was the world's oldest living person whose age had been verified, and the last living person to have been verified as being born in the 1800s. She remains the oldest Italian person ever and the second oldest European person ever behind Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha\u2212World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami \"America's Cleanest City\", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the \"Capital of Latin America\", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Graeme Hart", "paragraph_text": "Graeme Richard Hart (born 1955) is a New Zealand businessman and the richest person in New Zealand. He prefers to stay out of the general media and makes few public appearances."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The World's Billionaires", "paragraph_text": "No. Name Net worth (USD) Age Nationality Source (s) of wealth 7000100000000000000 \u2660 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 \u2660 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 \u2660 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 \u2660 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 \u2660 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 \u2660 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico Am\u00e9rica M\u00f3vil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 \u2660 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 \u2660 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 \u2660 8 Koch, David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 \u2660 10 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Elon Musk", "paragraph_text": "Elon Reeve Musk FRS (/ \u02c8i\u02d0l\u0252n /; born June 28, 1971) is a business magnate, investor and engineer. He is the founder, CEO, and lead designer of SpaceX; co-founder, CEO, and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; co-founder and CEO of Neuralink; and co-founder of PayPal. In December 2016, he was ranked 21st on the Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People. As of August 2018, he has a net worth of $20.2 billion and is listed by Forbes as the 46th - richest person in the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu", "paragraph_text": "Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu (18 June 1521 \u2013 10 October 1577 in Lisbon; ) was an Infanta of Portugal, the only daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and Eleanor of Austria. A noted patron of the arts, Maria's personal wealth rivaled that of the king, her brother (John III of Portugal), making her the richest woman in Portugal and one of the richest in Europe."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gina Rinehart", "paragraph_text": "Rinehart was Australia's wealthiest person from 2011 to 2015, according to both Forbes and the Financial Review Rich List. Her wealth peaked at around A$29 billion (US$18 billion) in 2012, at which point she overtook Christy Walton as the world's richest woman and was included on the Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women. Rinehart's net worth dropped significantly over the following few years, due to a slowdown in the Australian mining sector, but her fortune remains immense."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Susanne Klatten", "paragraph_text": "Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of June 2019, her net worth was US$18.8 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 52nd richest person in the world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Red Bull", "paragraph_text": "In 1992 the product expanded to international markets: Hungary and Slovenia. It entered the United States via California in 1997 and the Middle East in 2000. In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US $4 billion."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Red Bull", "paragraph_text": "In 1992, the product expanded to international markets: Hungary and Slovenia. It entered the United States via California in 1997 and the Middle East in 2000. In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US $4 billion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto \"M\u00e9s que un club\" (More than a club). Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona. It is the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.16 billion, and the world's second richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac560.8 million. The official Barcelona anthem is the \"Cant del Bar\u00e7a\", written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espin\u00e0s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Child labour in India", "paragraph_text": "As per the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016 (``CLPR Act ''), a`` Child'' is defined as any person below the age of 14 and the CLPR Act prohibits employment of a Child in any employment including as a domestic help. It is a cognizable criminal offence to employ a Child for any work. Children between age of 14 and 18 are defined as ``Adolescent ''and the law allows Adolescent to be employed except in the listed hazardous occupation and processes which include mining, inflammable substance and explosives related work and any other hazardous process as per the Factories Act, 1948. In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 120,000 children in India were in a hazardous job. Notably, the Constitution of India prohibits child labour in hazardous industries (but not in non-hazardous industries) as a Fundamental Right under Article 24. UNICEF estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-Saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labourers. The International Labour Organisation estimates that agriculture, at 60 percent, is the largest employer of child labour in the world, while the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates 70% of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities. Outside of agriculture, child labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Karen Wedel-Jarlsberg", "paragraph_text": "Karen Wedel-Jarlsberg was the only surviving child and heir of Peder Anker and Anna Elisabeth Cold (1749\u20131803) and one of the richest heirs in Norway. She married count Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg 19 May 1807 on Bogstad."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Second-Richest Duck", "paragraph_text": "\"The Second-Richest Duck\" is an Uncle Scrooge comic book story written and illustrated by Carl Barks in February 1956. It features the first appearance of Flintheart Glomgold."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John D. Rockefeller", "paragraph_text": "John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 -- May 23, 1937) was an American oil industry business magnate, industrialist, and philanthropist. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, and the richest person in modern history."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around \u20ac752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008\u201309 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of \u20ac366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated \u20ac401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac484.6 million."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at \u00a32 million (equivalent to about \u00a325 million today). In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of \u00a3100 million \"grossly overstated\". She inherited an estimated \u00a370 million estate from her mother in 2002. The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at \u00a3340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tilman Fertitta", "paragraph_text": "Tilman Joseph Fertitta (born June 25, 1957) is an American businessman and television personality. He is the chairman, CEO, and sole owner of Landry's, Inc., one of the largest restaurant corporations in the United States. In 2013, his net worth was estimated at $2.4 billion, placing him at No. 235 on the Forbes 400 list of the wealthiest Americans; Forbes calls him the ``World's Richest Restaurateur ''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Susan Alice Buffett", "paragraph_text": "Susan Alice Buffett (born July 30, 1953) is an American philanthropist who is the daughter of Warren Buffett. Her charitable work has focused largely on the Sherwood Foundation, formerly known as the Susan A. Buffett Foundation, an organization in Omaha that provides grants in public education, human services and social justice in the interest of promoting the welfare of children from lower-income families. She is also on the boards of the Buffett Foundation, The Buffett Early Childhood Institute, and Girls, Inc. According to a 2010 interview with her brother Howard Graham Buffett, Buffett's philanthropic focus has consistently remained on children, education and family issues, but she has also committed to other causes, including Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa, a non-governmental organization dedicated to various improvements in Africa."}], "question": "Who is the child of the second richest person in the world?"}
{"id": "2hop__53339_601845", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pursuit Force", "paragraph_text": "Pursuit Force is an action game developed by Bigbig Studios and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation Portable in 2005. The game places the player in the role of a police agent who is a member of the titular elite law enforcement agency that specialises in direct armed encounters with adversaries, whether it be on foot or on the bonnet of a speeding car. The player has to try to seize cars and motorbikes while engaging in high-speed chases and gun battles against heavily armed gangs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dimitar Ganchev", "paragraph_text": "Dimitar Ganchev was born in 1875 in the town of Ruse, Northern Bulgaria. After he graduated from the high-school in Ruse, he studied natural sciences at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. In 1897 he became a member of the so-called Geneva group \u2013 an anarchistic revolutionary circle led by Mihail Gerdzhikov and Petar Mandzhukov. With the assistance of his close friend Gotse Delchev, in 1901 Dimitar Ganchev was successfully hired as a teacher at the Bulgarian Pedagogical School in Skopie. In this city, he became a member of the IMARO and in 1902 he was chosen a member of the Skopie district revolutionary committee. Furthermore, in the beginning 1903 he was a delegate to the Solun congress, where a decision was made for an armed uprising. Dimitar Ganchev was against precipitate actions, but in the end he too signed the decision. During the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, Dimitar Ganchev was in Skopie. In September 1903, after the Solun affair, he was arrested and sentenced to jail for 101 years. However, in 1904 he was released from prison, as he came under an amnesty procured by the Bulgarian government."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Louis Riel (comics)", "paragraph_text": "Louis Riel is a historical biography in comics by Canadian cartoonist Chester Brown, published as a book in 2003 after serializion in 1999\u20132003. The story deals with M\u00e9tis rebel leader Louis Riel's antagonistic relationship with the newly established Canadian government. It begins shortly before the 1869 Red River Rebellion, and ends with Riel's 1885 hanging for high treason. The book explores Riel's possible schizophrenia\u2014he believed God had named him Prophet of the New World, destined to lead the M\u00e9tis people to freedom."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vincenz Fettmilch", "paragraph_text": "Vincenz Fettmilch (died 1616) was a grocer and gingerbread baker who led the Fettmilch uprising of the guilds in 1612\u20131616 to get rid of foreigners (mainly Jews) in the city, whom they viewed as competition and usurers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for \"unfair business practices\" and \"false advertising\" was making high cost mortgages \"to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments\". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their home equity had disappeared. This caused Countrywide's financial condition to deteriorate, ultimately resulting in a decision by the Office of Thrift Supervision to seize the lender."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hallam Moseley", "paragraph_text": "Hallam Reynold Moseley (born 28 May 1948 in Christ Church, Barbados) is a former first-class cricketer who played for Somerset and Barbados in a career spanning from 1969 to 1982. He was a right-arm fast-medium pace bowler who, in the opinion of Sir Garry Sobers, was never far away from a place in the West Indies team."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan on June 19, 1989, young men carrying guns, firebombs, iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen, causing a number of deaths. The youths tried to seize a police station and a water-supply station. They brought public transportation to a halt and shut down various shops and industries. By June 25, the rioting had spread to five other towns near the Caspian Sea. A mob of about 150 people armed with sticks, stones and metal rods attacked the police station in Mangishlak, about 90 miles from Zhanaozen, before they were dispersed by government troops flown in by helicopters. Mobs of young people also rampaged through Yeraliev, Shepke, Fort-Shevchenko and Kulsary, where they poured flammable liquid on trains housing temporary workers and set them on fire."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Winnipeg Route 165", "paragraph_text": "Route 165 (locally known as Bishop Grandin Boulevard) is a highway in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Currently the route is an at-grade expressway running from an interchange with Kenaston Boulevard (Route\u00a090) to Lagimodiere Boulevard (PTH\u00a059 / Route\u00a020). The route runs through the districts of Fort Garry, St. Vital, and St. Boniface."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Joanie Loves Chachi", "paragraph_text": "\"Joanie Loves Chachi\" was the first Miller-Boyett (and only Garry Marshall-produced) sitcom developed by Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett, and was created by Lowell Ganz, Mark Rothman, and Garry Marshall. Unlike other Garry Marshall/Miller-Boyett sitcoms, this is the only series that does not have Charles Fox and/or Norman Gimbel as the show's theme song/music cue composer."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fort Garry Horse Museum & Archives", "paragraph_text": "The Fort Garry Horse Museum & Archives is a regimental museum in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada that displays the history of the Fort Garry Horse, a regiment of the Canadian Forces Army, from its origin to the present through use of artifacts, photographs and archival material."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumba Ial\u00e1 was elected president."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jan Mazurkiewicz", "paragraph_text": "Jan Mazurkiewicz (27 August 1896, Lw\u00f3w \u2013 4 May 1988, Warsaw), \"nom de guerre Rados\u0142aw\", was a Polish soldier, veteran of World War I, and a colonel in the Polish anti-Nazi resistance Armia Krajowa (AK) during World War II. He was one of the main commanders of the Warsaw Uprising, where he led the Rados\u0142aw Group (), part of Kedyw, which was one of the best armed and trained insurrectionist units in the Uprising."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "From 1786 to 1787, an armed uprising, known as Shays' Rebellion led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays wrought havoc throughout Massachusetts and ultimately attempted to seize the Federal armory. The rebellion was one of the major factors in the decision to draft a stronger national constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. On February 6, 1788, Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Easter Rising", "paragraph_text": "The Easter Rising (Irish: \u00c9ir\u00ed Amach na C\u00e1sca), also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while the United Kingdom was heavily engaged in the First World War. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798, and the first armed action of the Irish revolutionary period."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they would do. Col. Moultrie's men returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "War of the Regulation", "paragraph_text": "The War of the Regulation or the Regulator Movement was an uprising in the British North America's Carolina colonies, lasting from about 1765 to 1771, in which citizens took up arms against colonial officials. Though the rebellion did not change the power structure, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fort Garry", "paragraph_text": "In 1869, the Hudson's Bay Company agreed to surrender its monopoly in the North - West, including Upper Fort Garry. In late 1869 and early 1870, the fort was seized by Louis Riel and his M\u00e9tis followers during the Red River Rebellion. After the Rebellion, the area around the fort continued to grow. In 1873, the city of Winnipeg was established and the name Fort Garry was no longer used. In 1881 - 1884 the majority of the fort was demolished to straighten Main Street (it was at Main Street and Assiniboine Avenue)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Todor Kableshkov", "paragraph_text": "After the uprising was suppressed by the Ottoman authorities, Kableshkov fled in the interior of Stara Planina with a small group. He was captured near Troyan and was afterwards tortured in the Lovech and Veliko Tarnovo prisons. Todor Kableshkov eventually committed suicide in the Gabrovo police office at the age of 25."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai", "paragraph_text": "Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai (1767\u20131809) was a militia leader and military officer of the Kingdom of Travancore (now roughly the Indian state of Kerala). In 1808 he led an uprising against British control in Travancore. He was captured in 1809 and hanged for his role in the rebellion."}], "question": "Who is the author of the graphic novel based on the person who led an armed uprising and seized Fort Garry?"}
{"id": "2hop__77716_601845", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Amisk River", "paragraph_text": "The Amisk River is a river in east-central Alberta in the basin of the Beaver River (Canada). The Amisk River forms at Amisk Lake (Alberta) and travels in a south-east direction, flowing through the Buffalo Lake and Kikino Metis settlements before being bridged by Alberta Highway 36. It joins the Beaver River near Alberta Secondary Highway 866. \"Amisk\" is the Cree name for \"beaver\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "From 1786 to 1787, an armed uprising, known as Shays' Rebellion led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays wrought havoc throughout Massachusetts and ultimately attempted to seize the Federal armory. The rebellion was one of the major factors in the decision to draft a stronger national constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. On February 6, 1788, Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Christophe Gbenye", "paragraph_text": "Christophe Gbenye (1927 \u2013 3 February 2015) was a Congolese politician, trade unionist, and rebel who, along with Pierre Mulele and Gaston Soumialot, led the Simba Rebellion, an anti-government insurrection in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the Congo Crisis, between 1964 and 1965."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Stefano Porcari", "paragraph_text": "Stefano Porcari (early 15th century - 9 January 1453) was an Italian politician and humanist from Rome, known as the leader of a rebellion against Pope Nicholas V and the Papal secular authority in Rome."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Light-emitting diode", "paragraph_text": "LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage reference in electronic circuits. The forward voltage drop (e.g. about 1.7 V for a normal red LED) can be used instead of a Zener diode in low-voltage regulators. Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee. Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve and are useless for this purpose. Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode, Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wolseley, Winnipeg", "paragraph_text": "Wolseley is a neighbourhood located within the West End of Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is named for field marshal Sir Garnet Wolseley, a British Army officer who came to Manitoba in 1870 to suppress the Red River Rebellion."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Riel (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Riel is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created by redistribution in 1968, and has formally existed since the provincial election of 1969. The riding is located in the south-central region of the City of Winnipeg, and is named after Louis Riel, the leader of the 1870 Red River Rebellion."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise. Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Red River Rebellion", "paragraph_text": "The Red River Resistance (or the Red River Rebellion, Red River uprising, or First Riel Rebellion) was the sequence of events that led up to the 1869 establishment of a provisional government by the M\u00e9tis leader Louis Riel and his followers at the Red River Colony, in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba. For a period it had been a territory called Rupert's Land under control of the Hudson's Bay Company."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Louis Riel (comics)", "paragraph_text": "Louis Riel is a historical biography in comics by Canadian cartoonist Chester Brown, published as a book in 2003 after serializion in 1999\u20132003. The story deals with M\u00e9tis rebel leader Louis Riel's antagonistic relationship with the newly established Canadian government. It begins shortly before the 1869 Red River Rebellion, and ends with Riel's 1885 hanging for high treason. The book explores Riel's possible schizophrenia\u2014he believed God had named him Prophet of the New World, destined to lead the M\u00e9tis people to freedom."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Portage Diversion", "paragraph_text": "The Portage Diversion () (also known as the Assiniboine River Floodway) is a water control structure on the Assiniboine River near Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada. The project was made as part of a larger attempt to prevent flooding in the Red River Valley. The Portage Diversion consists of two separate gates which divert some of the flow of water in the Assiniboine River to a 29\u00a0km long diversion channel that empties into Lake Manitoba near Delta Beach. This helps prevent flooding on the Assiniboine down river from the diversion, including in Winnipeg, where the Assiniboine River meets the Red River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Spanish missions in Texas", "paragraph_text": "The first mission established within the boundaries of Spanish Texas was San Francisco de la Espada. In 1689, Spanish authorities found the remnants of a French settlement, Fort Saint Louis. During their expedition, the Spanish met representatives of the Caddo people, who lived between the Trinity and the Red Rivers. The Caddo expressed interest in learning about Christianity, and the following year Alonso De Le\u00f3n"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois C. Antoine Simon", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois C. Antoine Simon (a.k.a. Antoine Simon) (1843\u20131923) was President of Haiti from 6 December 1908 to 3 August 1911. He led a rebellion against Pierre Nord Alexis and succeeded him as president."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sierra Madre Occidental", "paragraph_text": "Railroads came to the area starting in the 1880s and 1890s, which allowed many old mines in the region to reopen at a profit. Since most of the railroads were American, the foreign influence led to unrest among the people living in the mountains, causing the Tomochic rebellion in 1892. In addition to the railroads, canals were constructed in the 1890s in the Yaqui and Mayo river valleys. However, these canal projects failed due to the resistance that the natives of the valleys put up against the projects. Loggers began arriving in the mountains in the late 1800s. In response to the new industry, the Tarahumara moved further into the canyons."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fort Garry", "paragraph_text": "In 1869, the Hudson's Bay Company agreed to surrender its monopoly in the North - West, including Upper Fort Garry. In late 1869 and early 1870, the fort was seized by Louis Riel and his M\u00e9tis followers during the Red River Rebellion. After the Rebellion, the area around the fort continued to grow. In 1873, the city of Winnipeg was established and the name Fort Garry was no longer used. In 1881 - 1884 the majority of the fort was demolished to straighten Main Street (it was at Main Street and Assiniboine Avenue)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Louis Riel", "paragraph_text": "Louis David Riel  (; French: [lwi \u0281j\u025bl]; 22 October 1844 \u2013 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the M\u00e9tis people of the Canadian Prairies. He led two rebellions against the government of Canada and its first post-Confederation prime minister, John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to preserve M\u00e9tis rights and culture as their homelands in the Northwest came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence. Over the decades, he has been made a folk hero by Francophones, Catholic nationalists, native rights activists, and the New Left student movement. Arguably, Riel has received more scholarly attention than any other figure in Canadian history.The first resistance led by Riel became known as the Red River Rebellion of 1869\u20131870. The provisional government established by Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which the modern province of Manitoba entered the Canadian Confederation. Riel ordered the execution of Thomas Scott, and fled to the United States to escape prosecution.  Despite this, he is frequently referred to as the \"Father of Manitoba\". While a fugitive, he was elected three times to the House of Commons of Canada, although he never assumed his seat. During these years, he was frustrated by having to remain in exile despite his growing belief that he was a divinely chosen leader and prophet, a belief which would later resurface and influence his actions.  Because of this new religious conviction, Catholic leaders who had supported him before increasingly repudiated him. He married in 1881 while in exile in Montana in the United States; he fathered three children."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai", "paragraph_text": "Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai (1767\u20131809) was a militia leader and military officer of the Kingdom of Travancore (now roughly the Indian state of Kerala). In 1808 he led an uprising against British control in Travancore. He was captured in 1809 and hanged for his role in the rebellion."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Red Deer River", "paragraph_text": "Red Deer River Red Deer River in Drumheller, Alberta Country Canada Physical characteristics Main source Sawback Range, Red Deer Lakes 2,200 m (7,200 ft) 51 \u00b0 31 \u2032 56 ''N 116 \u00b0 02 \u2032 31'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 51.53221 \u00b0 N 116.04201 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 51.53221; - 116.04201 \ufeff (Red Deer River origin) River mouth South Saskatchewan River near Empress 579 m (1,900 ft) 50 \u00b0 55 \u2032 23 ''N 109 \u00b0 53 \u2032 42'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 50.92315 \u00b0 N 109.89493 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 50.92315; - 109.89493 \ufeff (Red Deer River mouth) Coordinates: 50 \u00b0 55 \u2032 23 ''N 109 \u00b0 53 \u2032 42'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 50.92315 \u00b0 N 109.89493 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 50.92315; - 109.89493 \ufeff (Red Deer River mouth) Length 724 km (450 mi) Discharge Average rate: 70 m / s (2,500 cu ft / s) Basin features Basin size 45,100 km (17,400 sq mi)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Georgetown, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Georgetown is a city in Clay County, Minnesota, United States, along the Buffalo River near its confluence with the Red River of the North. The population was 129 at the 2010 census."}], "question": "Who wrote the graphic novel about the person who led the Metis in Red River Rebellion?"}
{"id": "2hop__14721_163918", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hung parliament", "paragraph_text": "Since the elections of 1929, there have been three general elections that resulted in hung parliaments in the UK.  The first was the election in February 1974, and the ensuing parliament lasted only until October. The second was the May 2010 election, the result of which was a hung parliament with the Conservative party as the largest single party. The results for the 3 main parties were: Conservatives 306, Labour 258, Liberal Democrats 57. The third one resulted from the snap election held in June 2017 that had been called for by Theresa May in order to strengthen her majority heading into Brexit negotiations later in 2017. However, this election backfired on May and her Conservative Party, resulting in a hung parliament after the snap election.The formation of the coalition resulting from the 2010 election led to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, which instituted fixed five-year Parliaments and transferred the power to call early elections from the Prime Minister to Parliament itself. This was the idea of the Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, then the leader of the Liberal Democrats, who said that this would stop the Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party, David Cameron, from calling a snap election to end the hung parliament, as many other Conservatives had requested."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Franck Biancheri", "paragraph_text": "Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 \u2013 30 October 2012) was the founder of the Newropeans European political party and the leader from June 2006. The party planned to run for campaigns in the 2009 elections to the European Parliament with representatives in all member states simultaneously."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Treaty of Versailles (1871)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War and was signed by Adolphe Thiers, of the French Third Republic, and Otto von Bismarck, of the German Empire on 26 February 1871. This was a preliminary treaty used to solidify the initial armistice of 28 January 1871 between the two states. It was later ratified by the Treaty of Frankfurt on 10 May of the same year. The 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt made the decline of France obvious to the rest of the continent, and at the same time demonstrated the strength of a unified German empire."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Greens of Serbia", "paragraph_text": "In 2012 the Greens of Serbia won its first seat of the Serbian parliament as part of \"Choice for a Better Life\". The coalition received 22.1% of the popular vote and 67 seats; 1 seat was allocated to the leader of the Greens of Serbia, Ivan Kari\u0107."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tambroni Cabinet", "paragraph_text": "The Tambroni Cabinet was the cabinet of the government of Italy from 25 March 1960 to 26 July 1960. The government only received the necessary vote of confidence from the parliament, thanks to the votes of the fascist Italian Social Movement and the Monarchists. His brief government was heavily citicized by the Italian lefts."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Marek", "paragraph_text": "John Marek (born 24 December 1940), is a Welsh Conservative politician, former Member of Parliament and former Member of the National Assembly for Wales. He was leader of Forward Wales until joining the Conservatives in 2010."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pierre Victor, baron Malouet", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Victor, baron Malouet (11 February 1740 \u2013 7 September 1814), was a French colonial administrator, planter, conservative publicist and monarchist politician, who signed as an \"\u00c9migr\u00e9\" the Whitehall Accord."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tito\u2013Stalin split", "paragraph_text": "The Tito -- Stalin Split, or Yugoslav -- Soviet Split, was a conflict between the leaders of SFR Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, which resulted in Yugoslavia's expulsion from the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) in 1948. This was the beginning of the Informbiro period, marked by poor relations with the USSR, that came to an end in 1955."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise the Government. The First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year. After the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues related to the substance of the statement."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Legality Movement Party", "paragraph_text": "The Legality Movement Party (LMP) ( or PLL) is a right-wing monarchist political party in Albania, led by Shpetim Axhami. It supported the return to power of the House of Zogu under Crown Prince Leka of the Albanians. In the 2001 elections it was part of the Union for Victory (\"Bashkimi p\u00ebr Fitoren\") coalition which received 37.1% of the vote and 46 members of parliament."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait", "paragraph_text": "Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (1922\u20132005) was an Indian politician, former Member of parliament, Lok Sabha and founding leader of Indian National League He belongs to Cutchi Memon. He was fondly called \"Mehboob -e -Millath\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise. Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "paragraph_text": "The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in the kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Scotland between 1639 and 1651. The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts; it included the abolition of the monarchy and the execution of the kingdoms' monarch, Charles I, by the English Parliament in 1649."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Georges-Paul Wagner", "paragraph_text": "Georges-Paul Wagner (26 February 1921 - 11 June 2006) was a French lawyer, monarchist and deputy of the far-right \"National Front\" (FN)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The election produced a majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority. The SNP took 16 seats from Labour, with many of their key figures not returned to parliament, although Labour leader Iain Gray retained East Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. \"This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull\", Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt \"he had just received a slap\". The leader of the monarchists in Parliament, Adolphe Thiers, spoke for moderation, arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war, but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian. Napoleon's new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, and that he accepted the responsibility \"with a light heart.\" A crowd of 15\u201320,000 people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government. The southern German states immediately sided with Prussia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. \"People's Courts\" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "House of Commons of Canada", "paragraph_text": "House of Commons of Canada Chambre des communes du Canada 42nd Parliament Type Type Lower House of the Parliament of Canada Leadership Speaker Geoff Regan, Liberal Since December 3, 2015 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Liberal Since November 4, 2015 Leader of the Official Opposition Andrew Scheer, Conservative Since May 27, 2017 Leader of the Government in the House of Commons Bardish Chagger, Liberal Since August 19, 2016 Opposition House Leader Candice Bergen, Conservative Since September 15, 2016 Structure Seats 338 Political groups HM Government Liberal Party (183) HM Loyal Opposition Conservative Party (97) Other Parties New Democratic Party (44) Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois (10) Green Party (1) Independent (2) Vacant (1) Salary C $172,700 (sessional indemnity effective April 1, 2017) Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election October 19, 2015 Next election Scheduled for October 21, 2019 Meeting place Centre Block -- Parliament Hill Ottawa Website www.ourcommons.ca"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Leader of Opposition (Uganda)", "paragraph_text": "The Leader of Opposition (LOP) in Uganda is the title bestowed upon the elected leader of the largest political party not within the ruling government. The Leader of Opposition appoints and heads an alternative Shadow Cabinet whose duty is to challenge and influence government legislation on the floor of Parliament The current Leader of Opposition and first Ugandan female to hold the position is Hon. Winnie Kiiza of the Forum for Democratic Change. The Opposition in Uganda is made up of members from Forum for Democratic Change, Democratic Party, Uganda People's Congress, Congress Party and JEEMA."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh", "paragraph_text": "Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh (December 17, 1892 \u2013 September 6, 1945) was a monarchist during the late Nguy\u1ec5n Dynasty and supporter of adhering to traditional Vietnamese customs in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. He was born near Hanoi, Vietnam."}], "question": "In which conflict was the leader of the monarchists in Parliament?"}
{"id": "2hop__21274_28463", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anna Elizabeth Botha", "paragraph_text": "Anna Elizabeth Botha (n\u00e9e Rossouw; 6 May 1922 \u2013 6 June 1997) was the First Lady of South Africa, as the wife of State President Pieter Willem Botha, from 1984 to 1989. From 1978 to 1984 Mr Botha served as Prime Minister of South Africa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani", "paragraph_text": "Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani ( ; 4 July 1939 \u2013 22 August 2011) was a Yemeni politician who served as Prime Minister of Yemen from 1994 to 1997, under President Ali Abdullah Saleh. Ghani was a member of the General People's Congress party."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tony Blair", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. He is the most recent British Labour Party leader to have won a general election."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Suhailah Noah", "paragraph_text": "Suhaila Noah was born on 24 October 1931, in Muar, Johor, British Malaya. Her father, Mohamad Noah Omar, became the first Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat (1959\u20131964). Suhaila Noah's sister, Rahah Noah, is the widow of 2nd Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein, and the mother of 6th Prime Minister Najib Razak."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sofiyanski Government", "paragraph_text": "The eighty-third Cabinet of Bulgaria was a caretaker technocratic government set up by President Petar Stoyanov following the resignation of the Videnov government. The government, headed by Prime Minister Stefan Sofiyanski, ruled from February 12, 1997 to May 21, 1997, when the new cabinet took office."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The Sun switched support to the Labour party on 18 March 1997, six weeks before the General Election victory which saw the New Labour leader Tony Blair become Prime Minister with a large parliamentary majority, despite the paper having attacked Blair and New Labour up to a month earlier. Its front page headline read THE SUN BACKS BLAIR and its front page editorial made clear that while it still opposed some New Labour policies, such as the Minimum Wage and Devolution, it believed Blair to be \"the breath of fresh air this great country needs\". John Major's Conservatives, it said, were \"tired, divided and rudderless\". Blair, who had radically altered his party's image and policies, noting the influence the paper could have over its readers' political thinking, had courted it (and Murdoch) for some time by granting exclusive interviews and writing columns."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "George III of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became Prime Minister for the second time, but died within months. The King then appointed Lord Shelburne to replace him. Charles James Fox, however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of the Duke of Portland. In 1783, the House of Commons forced Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the Fox\u2013North Coalition. The Duke of Portland became Prime Minister, with Fox and Lord North, as Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary respectively."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rida Pasha al-Rikabi", "paragraph_text": "Ali Rida Pasha al-Rikabi () (1864 25 May 1943), was the First Prime Minister in modern Syria, also Prime Minister of Jordan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jean-Marc Ayrault", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Marc Ayrault (; born 25 January 1950) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 16 May 2012 to 1 April 2014. He later was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2016 to 2017. He previously was Mayor of Nantes from 1989 to 2012 and led the Socialist Party group in the National Assembly from 1997 to 2012."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "First Rudd Ministry", "paragraph_text": "The First Rudd Ministry (Labor) was the 65th ministry of the Government of Australia, and was led by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. It succeeded the Fourth Howard Ministry upon its swearing in by Governor-General Major-General Michael Jeffery on 3 December 2007 after the 2007 election, and was replaced by the First Gillard Ministry on 24 June 2010 when the deputy leader, Julia Gillard, became prime minister."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shk\u00eblqim Cani", "paragraph_text": "Prof. Dr. Shk\u00eblqim Cani (born 6 May 1956) was Governor of the Bank of Albania, which is the Central Bank of Albania, from August 1997 to October 2004, when Ardian Fullani took over the position. He is also the Minister of Finance-designate in the Rama Government of Prime Minister-designate Edi Rama."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bergensposten", "paragraph_text": "Bergensposten is a defunct newspaper published in Bergen, Norway from 1 March 1854 until 1893 when it merged with \"Bergens Tidende\". The editor at the start was Johannes Steen who later became prime minister of Norway."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Juma Akukweti", "paragraph_text": "Juma Jamaldin Akukweti (September 20, 1947 \u2013 January 4, 2007) was a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania. He represented Tunduru District in parliament from 1990 until his death, as a member of CCM. On December 28, 2005, he also became the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs in the Prime Minister's Office."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Prime Minister of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Following a contempt of court case, the Supreme Court permanently disqualified Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gillani. Originally, the PPP nomination was Makhdoom Shahbuddin, but he was forced to withdraw after the ANF issued non-bailable arrest warrants against him. Raja Pervaiz Ashraf became the Prime Minister and remained in office until 2013. The general election held in 2013 saw the PML (N) almost achieve a supermajority. Following this, Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time after a fourteen - year absence, in a democratic transition. In 2017, Sharif was forced to step down as the prime minister following corruption charges against him."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Prime minister", "paragraph_text": "In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as \"Pradhan Mantri\", meaning \"prime minister\". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "India\u2013Palestine relations", "paragraph_text": "Prime Minister Narendra Modi, became the first Prime Minister of India to visit Palestine in 2018. The visit was called ``Grand Affair ''and historic for India to reaffirm its ties."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eugen Bejinariu", "paragraph_text": "Bejinariu was appointed as interim prime minister at the request of resigning prime minister, Adrian N\u0103stase, and confirmed by the new president Traian B\u0103sescu to hold the office until a new prime minister was named. Bejinariu was the minister of government coordination in N\u0103stase's cabinet, joining the government after a long stint as chairman of Romania's State Protocol Department (RAPPS). He was replaced as prime minister on December 28, 2004 by C\u0103lin Popescu-T\u0103riceanu."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry."}], "question": "Who did the Prime Minister in 1997 side with?"}
{"id": "2hop__128393_700117", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shire of Taringa", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Taringa is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in western Brisbane. Its administrative centre was Taringa (now a suburb of City of Brisbane). It existed from 1890 to 1925."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stevensville, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Stevensville is a village in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The village lies within Lincoln Township. The population was 1,142 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "KKVU", "paragraph_text": "KKVU (104.5 FM, \"U 104.5\") is a commercial radio station licensed to Stevensville, Montana, serving the Missoula, Montana area, owned by Simmons Media Ventures, LLC, through licensee Missoula Broadcasting Company, LLC. KKVU airs an Adult Top 40 music format."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}], "question": "What county includes the city where KKVU is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__42158_404437", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Olkhonud", "paragraph_text": "Olkhunut (Mongolian:\u041e\u043b\u0445\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0443\u0434, \u041e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0443\u0434, \u041e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0443\u0434, Olhonuud) was the tribe of Hoelun, the mother of Genghis Khan. They helped Genghis to defeat the Naimans. The Olkhunut people were very closely related to the Hongirad clan. Their descendants still live in Khovd Province of Mongolia and in Inner Mongolia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that \"they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kart dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Kart dynasty, also known as the Kartids, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Tajik origin, that ruled over a large part of Khorasan during the 13th and 14th centuries. Ruling from their capital at Herat and central Khorasan in the Bamyan, they were at first subordinates of \"Sultan Abul-Fateh\" Ghiy\u0101\u1e63-ud-din Muhammad bin S\u0101m, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire, of whom they were related, and then as vassal princes within the Mongol Empire. Upon the fragmentation of the Ilkhanate in 1335, Mu'izz-uddin Husayn ibn Ghiyath-uddin worked to expand his principality. The death of Husayn b. Ghiyath-uddin in 1370 and the invasion of Timur in 1381, ended the Kart dynasty's ambitions."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "Imperialism has played an important role in the histories of Japan, Korea, the Assyrian Empire, the Chinese Empire, the Roman Empire, Greece, the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Ancient Egypt, the British Empire, India, and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of Genghis Khan during the Mongol Empire, and of other war-lords. Historically recognized Muslim empires number in the dozens. Sub-Saharan Africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era, for example the Ethiopian Empire, Oyo Empire, Asante Union, Luba Empire, Lunda Empire, and Mutapa Empire. The Americas during the pre-Columbian era also had large empires such as the Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tem\u00fcge", "paragraph_text": "As the youngest male sibling, Tem\u00fcge and his mother, by Mongol traditions, were allotted the most land and people by Genghis Khan during his coronation. Although he seems to have been the least warlike of the brothers, and was criticized by Genghis himself for being lazy and shiftless, Tem\u00fcge proved himself to be a skilled politician and capable ruler, who, alongside his mother Hoelun, ruled the Mongol heartland in his eldest brothers' absence being engaged in war campaigns. He appears to have had intellectual leanings, first coming under the influence of the conquered Xia and Jin cultures and then taking an active interest in the other cultures encompassed in the vast Mongol empire."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors. Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his Mongolian heritage."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ambaghai", "paragraph_text": "Ambaghai Khan was a khan of Khamag Mongol in 1149\u20131156, one of the great grandsons of Khaidu Khan and the cousin and predecessor of Hotula Khan. During his rule, he was captured by the Tatars under the commands of the Jurchens (tungusic people) Jin dynasty in response to the Mongols' growing power."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Qing dynasty, also known as the Qing Empire, officially the Great Qing (English: / t\u0283 \u026a\u014b /), was the last imperial dynasty of China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Yuan dynasty (; ), officially the Great Yuan (; Middle Mongolian: , , literally \"Great Yuan State\"), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia. It was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces. Following that, the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native language (i.e. Mongolian) and the 'Phags-pa script."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a \"mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron,\" respectively. He adds that \"Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143) is from the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143\" (d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n Yu\u00e1n / \"Great is Qi\u00e1n, the Primal\") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qi\u00e1n (\u4e7e). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai \u00d6n Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan \u00dcls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai \u00d6n (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the \"Yeke Mongghul Ulus\" (lit. \"Great Mongol State\"), resulting in Dai \u00d6n Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning \"Great Yuan Great Mongol State\". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the \"Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty of China\", similar to the names \"Manchu dynasty\" or \"Manchu Dynasty of China\" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the \"Empire of the Great Khan\" or \"Khanate of the Great Khan\", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, \u00d6gedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China. \u00d6gedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. M\u00f6ngke Khan succeeded \u00d6gedei's son, G\u00fcy\u00fck, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maria Palaiologina", "paragraph_text": "Maria Palaiologina () was the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (ruled 1258-1282) who became the wife of the Mongol ruler Abaqa Khan, and an influential Christian leader among the Mongols. After Abaqa's death she became the leader of a Monastery in Constantinople which was popularly named after her as Saint Mary of the Mongols."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "It is estimated that in 480 BC, 50 million people lived in the Achaemenid Empire. The empire at its peak ruled over 44% of the world's population, the highest such figure for any empire in history. In Greek history, the Achaemenid Empire is considered as the antagonist of the Greek city states, for the emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon, building infrastructures such as road and postal systems, and the use of an official language, the Imperial Aramaic, throughout its territories. The empire had a centralized, bureaucratic administration under the emperor, a large professional army, and civil services, inspiring similar developments in later empires. Furthermore, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, was built in the empire between 353 and 350 BC."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire \"during the last generation, and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description\". British imperialism often used the concept of Terra nullius (Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning 'empty land'). The country of Australia serves as a case study in relation to British settlement and colonial rule of the continent in the eighteenth century, as it was premised on terra nullius, and its settlers considered it unused by its sparse Aboriginal inhabitants."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had \"Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine. Under the Mongols, the practice of Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire. Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician Wei Yilin (1277\u20131347) invented a suspension method for reducing dislocated joints, which he performed using anesthetics. The Mongol physician Hu Sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that \"Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule\", and yet \"despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan\". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the Byzantine Empire, as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalence to the Byzantine state. There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire. The Frankish lands were rural in character, with only a few small cities. Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms. Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia, in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean. The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor, as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts, who administered the counties the empire had been divided into. Clergy and local bishops served as officials, as well as the imperial officials called missi dominici, who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters."}], "question": "Who was the mother of the ruler of the Mongol empire who used imperialism?"}
{"id": "2hop__125552_404437", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Raja Zarith Sofiah", "paragraph_text": "Raja Zarith Sofiah was born in Istana Raja Muda, Teluk Anson, on 14 August 1959 as the third child and second daughter of Sultan Idris Shah II of Perak and Raja Perempuan Muzwin binti Raja Arif Shah. Her parents were first step-cousins once removed. She is a second step-cousin of Sultan Azlan Shah of Perak. Sultan Azlan's paternal grandfather, her paternal grandfather and her mother's paternal grandfather were children of Sultan Idris Shah I of Perak, all with different mothers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Neoptolemus", "paragraph_text": "Neoptolemus (; Ancient Greek: \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \"Neoptolemos\", \"new warrior\"), also called Pyrrhus (; \u03a0\u03cd\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \"Pyrrhos\", \"red\", for his red hair), was the son of the warrior Achilles and the princess Deidamia in Greek mythology, and also the mythical progenitor of the ruling dynasty of the Molossians of ancient Epirus."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mother Country", "paragraph_text": "Mother Country is a 2002 novel by Libby Purves about a young American computer expert who goes in search of the relatives of his biological father, a teenage heroin addict in 1970s London when she had him who was pronounced an unfit mother and who died soon after giving birth to him. Raised by his paternal grandparents, the young man has never been to England again after being carried off to America by his father, who also died young."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Idries Shah", "paragraph_text": "Idries Shah was born in Simla, India, to an Afghan-Indian father, Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, a writer and diplomat, and a Scottish mother, Saira Elizabeth Luiza Shah. His family on the paternal side were Musavi Sayyids. Their ancestral home was near the Paghman Gardens of Kabul. His paternal grandfather, Sayed Amjad Ali Shah, was the \"nawab\" of Sardhana in the North-Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, a hereditary title the family had gained thanks to the services an earlier ancestor, Jan-Fishan Khan, had rendered to the British."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Melania the Younger", "paragraph_text": "Saint Melania the Younger (born in Rome c. 383, died in Jerusalem on 31 December 439) is a Christian saint and Desert Mother who lived during the reign of Emperor Honorius, son of Theodosius I. She is the paternal granddaughter of Melania the Elder."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jochi", "paragraph_text": "Jochi (, \"Zu'qi\"; ; ; ; also spelled Djochi, J\u00f6chi and Juchi; c. 1182\u2013 February 1227) was a Mongolian army commander who was the eldest son of Genghis Khan, and presumably one of the four sons by his principal wife B\u00f6rte, though issues concerning his paternity followed him throughout his life. An accomplished military leader, he participated in his father's conquest of Central Asia, along with his brothers and uncles."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elena Gilbert", "paragraph_text": "Elena Gilbert (Salvatore) The Vampire Diaries character First appearance Pilot (1.01) September 10, 2009 Last appearance I'm Thinking Of You All The While (6.22) May 14, 2015 (as series regular) I Was Feeling Epic (8.16) March 10, 2017 (as guest star) Created by L.J. Smith (book series) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson (television series) Portrayed by Nina Dobrev Kayla Madison (Young Elena) Information Aliases Elena Salvatore (marriage name, season 8) Species Human (seasons 1 -- 3, 6 - 8) Doppelg\u00e4nger (seasons 1 -- 8) Vampire (seasons 4 -- 6) Gender Female Occupation High school student (formerly) College student (formerly) Family Grayson Gilbert (adoptive father / paternal uncle) Miranda Gilbert (adoptive mother / paternal aunt) John Gilbert (biological father / adoptive paternal uncle) Isobel Flemming (biological mother) Jeremy Gilbert (adoptive brother / paternal cousin) Jenna Sommers (adoptive aunt) Damon Salvatore (husband) Alaric Saltzman (stepfather) Stefan Salvatore (brother - in - law) Significant other (s) Matt Donovan (ex-boyfriend) Stefan Salvatore (ex-boyfriend) Damon Salvatore (husband) Relatives Amara (maternal ancestor; doppelg\u00e4nger of) Tatia (maternal ancestor; doppelg\u00e4nger of) Katherine Pierce / Katerina Petrova (maternal ancestor; doppelg\u00e4nger of) Nadia Petrova (maternal ancestor) Jonathon Gilbert (paternal ancestor) Samantha Gilbert (paternal ancestor) Nationality American Status Alive Seasons 1 -- 6, 8"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called \"Lilibet\" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Baroness G\u00f6sta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen", "paragraph_text": "Baroness G\u00f6sta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (; 26 January 1902 \u2013 13 June 1996) was the mother of Prince Claus of the Netherlands, who was the Prince Consort of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, thus making her the mother-in-law of the former Dutch Queen. She is also the paternal grandmother of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, who is the current Dutch King."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Robert Perew", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Philadelphia, PA and died in Denton, TX. His mother was Bernice Perew (maiden name Strahan) and his father was Robert Jackman Perew. His paternal grandfather was Captain Frank Perew, owner of a fleet of cargo ships on the Great Lakes during the mid - latter 19th Century."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mahanati", "paragraph_text": "Keerthy Suresh as Savitri Dulquer Salmaan as Gemini Ganesan Samantha Akkineni as Madhuravani Vijay Devarakonda as Vijay Anthony Rajendra Prasad as K.V. Chowdary, Savitri's paternal uncle Divyavani as Subhadramma, Savitri's mother Bhanupriya as Durgamamba, Savitri's paternal aunt Prakash Raj as Aluri Chakrapani Tanikella Bharani as Prajavani newspaper head Malavika Nair as Alamelu, first wife of Gemini Ganesan Shalini Pandey as Susheela, Savitri's childhood friend Tulasi as Madhuravani's mother Mahesh Achanta as Satyam, Savitri's housekeeper"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Scarlett O'Hara", "paragraph_text": "Scarlett O'Hara Scarlett O'Hara as portrayed by Vivien Leigh in the 1939 film adaptation of Gone with the Wind First appearance Gone with the Wind Created by Margaret Mitchell Portrayed by Vivien Leigh (Gone with the Wind) Joanne Whalley (Scarlett) Information Full name Katie Scarlett O'Hara Gender Female Family Gerald O'Hara (father, deceased) Ellen Robillard O'Hara (mother, deceased) Susan Elinor ``Suellen ''O'Hara Benteen (sister) Caroline Irene`` Carreen'' O'Hara (sister) Gerald O'Hara Jr. (name of 3 brothers, all deceased) Spouse (s) Charles Hamilton (1st; deceased) Frank Kennedy (2nd; deceased) Rhett Butler (3rd) Children Wade Hampton Hamilton (son with Charles) Ella Lorena Kennedy (daughter with Frank) Eugenie Victoria ``Bonnie Blue ''Butler (daughter with Rhett; deceased) Katie Colum`` Cat'' Butler (daughter with Rhett in Scarlett) Relatives Langston Butler (father - in - law named in Scarlett; deceased) Eleanor Butler (mother - in - law in sequel Scarlett) Ross Butler (brother - in - law named in Scarlett) Rosemary Butler (sister - in - law) Pauline Robillard (maternal aunt) Eulalie Robillard (maternal aunt) Philippe Robillard (cousin of her mother) James O'Hara (paternal uncle) Andrew O'Hara (paternal uncle) Pierre Robillard (maternal grandfather) Solange Prudhomme Robillard (maternal grandmother) Katie Scarlett O'Hara (paternal grandmother) Will Benteen (brother - in - law) Unnamed Benteen (niece or nephew, via Suellen and Will) Melanie Hamilton (sister - in - law) Beau Wilkes (nephew) Religion Roman Catholicism Nationality Confederate, American"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lin Shaye", "paragraph_text": "Shaye was born in Detroit, Michigan, the daughter of Dorothy (n\u00e9e Katz), a homemaker, and Max Mendle Shaye, a painter and supermarket owner. Her brother is film executive Robert Shaye. Her family is Jewish; her mother was born in Russia, and her paternal grandparents were from Romania. Shaye studied acting at the University of Michigan before she moved to New York to appear in Off Broadway productions. In 1977, she moved to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chrodegang", "paragraph_text": "Saint Chrodegang (; ; died 6 March 766 AD) was the Frankish Bishop of Metz from 742 or 748 until his death. He served as chancellor for his kinsman, Charles Martel. Chrodegang is claimed to be a progenitor of the Frankish dynasty of the Robertians."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "B\u00e1lint Magyar", "paragraph_text": "His paternal grandparents were the journalist Elek Magyar and Berta K\u00fcrthy who was granddaughter of the late Hungarian Prime Minister Bertalan Szemere. His father is the writer and theatre manager B\u00e1lint Magyar, Sr. His mother, Olga Sikl\u00f3s (b. Schwarcz), was born to a Jewish family from Kolozsv\u00e1r. B\u00e1lint has a sister, Fruzsina who is the wife of Imre M\u00e9cs. B\u00e1lint Magyar's wife is R\u00f3za Hodos\u00e1n, a former member of the National Assembly of Hungary. They have a daughter, Annam\u00e1ria."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Olkhonud", "paragraph_text": "Olkhunut (Mongolian:\u041e\u043b\u0445\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0443\u0434, \u041e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0443\u0434, \u041e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0443\u0434, Olhonuud) was the tribe of Hoelun, the mother of Genghis Khan. They helped Genghis to defeat the Naimans. The Olkhunut people were very closely related to the Hongirad clan. Their descendants still live in Khovd Province of Mongolia and in Inner Mongolia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ayyash ibn Abi Rabiah", "paragraph_text": "Ayyash ibn Abi Rabiah was one of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's companions who converted into Islam before immigration. He was also a half brother of Abu Jahl as they shared the same mother, and his paternal cousin."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bahman Sholevar", "paragraph_text": "Bahman Sholevar was born in Tehran on February 6, 1941 in a politically conscious family. His paternal grandfather had fought alongside Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan in the Constitutional Revolution of 1905 of Iran, and his paternal grandmother was the sister of the famous Sheikh Mohammad Khiabani, another of the freedom fighters for the Iranian Constitution. His father, born in Tabriz, was the first graduate of the Law School of the University of Tehran. He was a judge, a lawyer, and the publisher and editor of the newspaper Sholevar. He also had published a small book of verse in his youth. Bahman's mother was among the first group of nurses graduating from the University of Tehran."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "William L. Kenly", "paragraph_text": "William Lacy Kenly (February 18, 1865 \u2013 January 10, 1928) was a major general in the United States Army. During World War I, he was a leader of a progenitor of the United States Air Force, the United States Army Air Service."}], "question": "Who was the mother of Jochi's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__379455_112603", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shi Shi", "paragraph_text": "Shi Shi (; 339\u2013349) was briefly (for 33 days) the emperor of the Jie/Chinese Hun state Later Zhao following his father Shi Hu's death in 349. In the Chinese annals he is sometimes referred to by his title after removal as an Emperor, Prince of Qiao (\u8b59\u738b)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Economist", "paragraph_text": "Each of The Economist issue's official date range is from Saturday to the following Friday. The Economist posts each week's new content online at approximately 2100 Thursday evening UK time, ahead of the official publication date."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Bras\u00edlia", "paragraph_text": "The history of Bras\u00edlia, the centrally located capital of Brazil, started with discussions in the eighteenth century. The name Bras\u00edlia was first proposed in 1822, but construction only began in 1956, following the election of Juscelino Kubitschek as President of Brazil. Its official declaration as a city dates to 21. April 1960, and the process of moving the federal government offices started on that date."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federal Assault Weapons Ban", "paragraph_text": "The 10 - year ban was passed by the US Congress on September 13, 1994, following a close 52 -- 48 vote in the US Senate, and was signed into law by US President Bill Clinton on the same day. The ban applied only to weapons manufactured after the date of the ban's enactment. It expired on September 13, 2004, in accordance with its sunset provision."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Windows 8", "paragraph_text": "The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools (Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend) for developing Metro-style apps. The Windows Store was announced during the presentation, but was not available in this build. According to Microsoft, there were about 535,000 downloads of the developer preview within the first 12 hours of its release. Originally set to expire on March 11, 2012, in February 2012 the Developer Preview's expiry date was changed to January 15, 2013."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shaolin Drunkard", "paragraph_text": "Shaolin Drunkard (; Orig. Tian shi zhuang xie, a.k.a. \"Wu Tang Master\", a.k.a. \"Miracle Fighters 2\") is a 1983 Kung Fu comedy directed by Yuen Woo-ping, written by Yuen Woo-ping and Chung Hing Chiu, and starring Cheung-Yan Yuen, Eddy Ko, and Shun-Yee Yuen."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "In 1964, CBS established its own UK distribution with the acquisition of Oriole Records. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the distribution deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of the United Arab Emirates", "paragraph_text": "When the British - Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on December 1, 1971, the Trucial States became fully independent sheikhdoms. Four more of the Trucial states (Ajman, Sharjah, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah), had decided to join Abu Dhabi and Dubai in signing the UAE's founding treaty, with a draft constitution in place drafted in record time to meet the December 2, 1971 deadline. On that date, at the Dubai Guesthouse (now known as Union House), the emirates agreed to enter into a union to be called the United Arab Emirates. Ras al - Khaimah joined later, following Iran's swift annexation of the Tunbs islands, in early 1972."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National debt of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As of April 30, 2018, debt held by the public was $15.3 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion, for a total or ``National Debt ''of $21 trillion. Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries. The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100% by 2028, perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date. As of December 2017, $6.3 trillion or approximately 45% of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors, the largest being China (about $1.18 trillion) then Japan (about $1.06 trillion)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Neutrality Acts of the 1930s", "paragraph_text": "In January 1937, the Congress passed a joint resolution outlawing the arms trade with Spain. The Neutrality Act of 1937 was passed in May and included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Furthermore, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Transcendental number", "paragraph_text": "The first proof that the base of the natural logarithms, e, is transcendental dates from 1873. We will now follow the strategy of David Hilbert (1862\u20131943) who gave a simplification of the original proof of Charles Hermite. The idea is the following:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Silviu Prigoan\u0103", "paragraph_text": "In December 2008 he became a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania, serving for four years. He was a member of the Democratic Liberal Party until September 2012, shortly before his term expired."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federal Election Commission", "paragraph_text": "Name Position Party Appointed by Sworn in Term expires Walther, Steven T. Steven T. Walther Chairman Independent George W. Bush 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27, 2008 000000002009 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2009 Term expired -- serving until replaced Hunter, Caroline C. Caroline C. Hunter Vice Chairman Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24, 2008 000000002013 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2013 Term expired -- serving until replaced Petersen, Matthew S. Matthew S. Petersen Commissioner Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24, 2008 000000002011 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2011 Term expired -- serving until replaced Weintraub, Ellen L. Ellen L. Weintraub Commissioner Democratic 000000002002 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6, 2002 000000002007 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2007 Term expired -- serving until replaced Goodman, Lee E. Lee E. Goodman Commissioner Republican Obama, Barack Barack Obama 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22, 2013 000000002015 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2015 Term expired -- serving until replaced"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shi Jingtang", "paragraph_text": "The region that Li Keyong ruled subsequently became the state of Jin after Tang's fall in 907 (as Li Keyong carried the Tang-bestowed title of Prince of Jin), and after Li Keyong's death in 908, Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin, in rivalry with Tang's main successor state Later Liang. Li Cunxu subsequently made his adoptive brother (Li Keyong's adoptive son) Li Siyuan, a major general, the prefect of Dai Prefecture (\u4ee3\u5dde, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). While Li Siyuan served as the prefect of Dai, he became impressed with Shi Jingtang and gave his Empress Li to Shi in marriage. Shi subsequently served under Li Siyuan in campaigns, becoming one of the two prominent officers under Li Siyuan (along with Li Siyuan's adoptive son Li Congke) due to his battlefield accomplishments. (Despite the familial relationship between Shi and Li Congke and their serving together under Li Siyuan, the two did not like each other and had a rivalry, although not overtly.)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Shi Jingtang", "paragraph_text": "Shi Jingtang (\u77f3\u656c\u746d) (30 March 892 \u2013 28 July 942), also known by his temple name Gaozu (\u9ad8\u7956), was the founding emperor of imperial China's short-lived Later Jin during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 936 until his death."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Liu Rushi", "paragraph_text": "Liu Rushi (; 1618\u20131664), also known as Liu Shi, Liu Yin and Yang Yin, was a Chinese courtesan and poet in the late Ming dynasty who married Qian Qianyi at the age of 25. She committed suicide on the death of her husband. She famously exchanged verses with Chen Zilong, and was noted for her painting."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federal Assault Weapons Ban", "paragraph_text": "The ten - year ban was passed by the U.S. Congress on September 13, 1994, following a close 52 -- 48 vote in the Senate, and signed into law by then President Bill Clinton the same day. The ban only applied to weapons manufactured after the date of the ban's enactment, and it expired on September 13, 2004, in accordance with its sunset provision."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1\u99ac, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (\u856d\u672d\u524c) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Og\u00f6dei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (\u77f3\u62b9\u5b5b\u8fed\u5152), Tabuyir (\u5854\u4e0d\u5df2\u5152) and Xiaozhacizhizizhongxi (\u856d\u672d\u523a\u4e4b\u5b50\u91cd\u559c) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Og\u00f6dei Khan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Du Chongwei", "paragraph_text": "Du Chongwei (\u675c\u91cd\u5a01) (d. March 13, 948), known as Du Wei (\u675c\u5a01) during the reign of Shi Chonggui, was a major general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Jin, as a brother-in-law to its founding emperor Shi Jingtang and uncle to Shi Jingtang's successor (adoptive son and biological nephew) Shi Chonggui. He, however, would betray Shi Chonggui and surrender to Later Jin's rival, the Khitan state Liao's Emperor Taizong, hoping that Emperor Taizong would make him the emperor of China, and would later rebel against the succeeding Later Han state's founding emperor Liu Zhiyuan. He eventually surrendered again to Later Han, but was executed at Liu Zhiyuan's directions following Liu Zhiyuan's death. He was one of the reviled figures of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, due to his treachery and mistreatment of the people."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "After lying dormant and dilapidated for decades, the Grand Canal was restored under the Yongle Emperor's rule from 1411 -- 1415. The impetus for restoring the canal was to solve the perennial problem of shipping grain north to Beijing. Shipping the annual 4,000,000 shi (one shi is equal to 107 liters) was made difficult with an inefficient system of shipping grain through the East China Sea or by several different inland canals that necessitated the transferring of grain onto several different barge types in the process, including shallow and deep - water barges. William Atwell quotes Ming dynasty sources that state the amount of collected tax grain was actually 30 million shi (93 million bushels), much larger than what Brook notes. The Yongle Emperor commissioned some 165,000 workers to dredge the canal bed in western Shandong and built a series of fifteen canal locks. The reopening of the Grand Canal had implications for Nanjing as well, as it was surpassed by the well - positioned city of Suzhou as the paramount commercial center of China. Despite greater efficiency, there were still factors which the government could not control that limited the transportation of taxed grain; for example, in 1420 a widespread crop failure and poor harvest dramatically reduced the tax grain delivered to the central government."}], "question": "On what date did the ruler who followed Shi Chonggui die?"}
{"id": "2hop__11074_28463", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Islamic Iran Solidarity Party", "paragraph_text": "Islamic Iran Solidarity Party (; \"Hezb-e Hambastegi-e Iran-e Eslami\") is an Iranian reformist political party founded in 1998, by 10 members of Parliament of Iran. The party is a member of Council for coordinating the Reforms Front and publishes newspaper \"Hambastegi\". Ali Asghar Ahmadi is currently the General Secretary, an office previously held by Ebrahim Asgharzadeh and Mohamadreza Raahchamani. They have supported Mohammad Khatami in 2001 election, Mehdi Karoubi in 2005 and Mir-Hossein Mousavi in 2009."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of the Italian Republic", "paragraph_text": "Although ousted after a few months of government, Berlusconi became one of Italy's most important political and economic figures for the next two decades. After leading the Opposition to the Dini (1995\u20131996), Prodi I (1996\u20131998), D'Alema I (1998\u20131999), D'Alema II (1999\u20132000) and Amato II Cabinet (2000\u20132001), Berlusconi returned to power in 2001 after winning the 13 May general election. He eventually lost the 2006 general election five years later to Romano Prodi and his Union coalition but won the 2008 general election and returned to power in June 2008. In November 2011, Berlusconi lost his majority in the Chamber of Deputies, and resigned. His successor, Mario Monti formed a new government, composed of \"technocrats\" and supported by both the center-left and the center-right parties."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "First Rutte cabinet", "paragraph_text": "The First Rutte cabinet, also called the Rutte\u2013Verhagen cabinet was the cabinet of the Netherlands from 14 October 2010 until 5 November 2012. The cabinet was formed by the political parties People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) after the election of 2010. The right-wing cabinet was a minority government in the House of Representatives but was supported by the Party for Freedom (PVV) for a majority. It was the first of three cabinets of Mark Rutte, the Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy as Prime Minister, with Maxime Verhagen the Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal serving as Deputy Prime Minister."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Times", "paragraph_text": "Though traditionally a moderate newspaper and sometimes a supporter of the Conservative Party, it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, and 26% for Labour. The Times had an average daily circulation of 394,448 in March 2014; in the same period, The Sunday Times had an average daily circulation of 839,077. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006. It has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the digitized paper is online from Gage Cengage publisher."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ziguinchor", "paragraph_text": "In the decades following independence, Ziguinchor was a stronghold of the Socialist Party of Senegal (PS). Robert Sagna, a long-time minister in Socialist Party governments, was also Mayor of Ziguinchor from 1984 to 2009. In the beginning of 2007 Sagna left the PS and led the Taku D\u00e9faraat S\u00e9n\u00e9gal coalition in a failed presidential bid. In 2001's legislative elections, a big push by President Abdoulaye Wade's ruling PDS party, spearheading the \"Sopi\" coalition (joined in 2008 by And-J\u00ebf/Pads), was led by Ziguinchor politician Abdoulaye Bald\u00e9, a former General Secretary to the President. In the 2001 elections, the a Ziguinchor National Assembly seat was gained by the PDS, and held again in 2007, prompting speculation that Sagna and his party's days of dominating local politics were numbered. Sagna, though, won a legislative seat on proportional representation in 2007, and continued in both offices until 2009. The Sopi Coalition won the March 2009 local election in Ziguinchor, and Bald\u00e9 was elected Mayor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Times", "paragraph_text": "For the 2001 general election The Times declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide. It supported Labour again in 2005, when Labour achieved a third successive win, though with a reduced majority. For the 2010 general election, however, the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Majority leader", "paragraph_text": "In the United States House of Representatives, the majority leader is elected by U.S. Congressmen in the political party holding the largest number of seats in the House. While the responsibilities vary depending upon the political climate, the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives typically sets the floor agenda and oversees the committee chairmen."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Legality Movement Party", "paragraph_text": "The Legality Movement Party (LMP) ( or PLL) is a right-wing monarchist political party in Albania, led by Shpetim Axhami. It supported the return to power of the House of Zogu under Crown Prince Leka of the Albanians. In the 2001 elections it was part of the Union for Victory (\"Bashkimi p\u00ebr Fitoren\") coalition which received 37.1% of the vote and 46 members of parliament."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. With the Liberals thus in disarray, Labour won 142 seats in 1922, making it the second largest political group in the House of Commons and the official opposition to the Conservative government. After the election the now-rehabilitated Ramsay MacDonald was voted the first official leader of the Labour Party."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Franck Biancheri", "paragraph_text": "Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 \u2013 30 October 2012) was the founder of the Newropeans European political party and the leader from June 2006. The party planned to run for campaigns in the 2009 elections to the European Parliament with representatives in all member states simultaneously."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Miro Cerar", "paragraph_text": "Miroslav Cerar Jr. (, known as Miro Cerar ; born 25 August 1963) is a Slovenian lawyer and politician who served as the 8th Prime Minister of Slovenia from 18 September 2014 to 14 March 2018, when he announced his resignation, and served as the leader of a caretaker government which lasted until a new one was formed following the June parliamentary election. With a non-political background and as one who was relatively new to politics at the time of his appointment as Prime Minister, Cerar leads the centrist Modern Centre Party, formerly named eponymously the \"Party of Miro Cerar\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2018 Alaska gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Alaska gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Alaska. Incumbent Governor Bill Walker is running for re-election to a second term again as an Independent candidate. In the primaries for recognized political parties, candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor run separately. The winners of each respective primary for Governor and Lieutenant Governor then become a joint ticket in the general election for their political party."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Conservative Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre - right political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the governing party, having been so since the 2010 general election, where a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats was formed. In 2015, the Conservatives led by David Cameron won a surprise majority and formed the first Conservative majority government since 1992. However, the 2017 snap election on Thursday 8 June resulted in a hung parliament, and the Conservatives lost their parliamentary majority. They are reliant on the support of a Northern Irish political party, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), in order to command a majority in the House of Commons through a confidence - and - supply deal. The party leader, Theresa May, has served as both Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister since 13 July 2016. It is the largest party in local government with 9,237 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival, the Labour Party. The Conservative Party's platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation, and restrictions on trade unions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Indian National Congress", "paragraph_text": "After India's independence in 1947, the Congress formed the government at center in most instances, and many regional state governments. Congress became India's dominant political party; as of 2015, in the 15 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times, heading the central government for 49 years. There have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru (1947 -- 64), and the most recent Manmohan Singh (2004 -- 14). Although it did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014, it remains one of two major, nationwide, political parties in India, along with the right - wing, Hindu nationalist, Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP). In the 2014 general election, the Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance, winning only 44 seats of the 543 - member Lok Sabha."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections. One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal. However, immediately following the elections, the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy, Aung San Suu Kyi, and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the military's movement toward more openness. After unexpected reforms in 2011, NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mohammed Abduba Dida", "paragraph_text": "Mohammed Abduba Dida (born 1974) is a Kenyan teacher who vied for the country's presidency in the 2013 General Election on an Alliance of Real Change party ticket. Dida ran again in the 2017 General Election, conceding hours before the election was called in favour of the incumbent; President Uhuru Kenyatta, but at the same time calling into question the integrity of the election and the conduct of the two main political parties; Jubilee and Nasa."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Trevor Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Trevor Griffin (14 September 1940 \u2013 7 March 2015) was an Australian politician. He was a Liberal member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1978 to 2002, when he retired from politics. He led the Liberal Party in the Council from 1979 to 1982 and was deputy leader from 1982 to 2001. He also served as 44th Attorney-General of South Australia from 1979 to 1982 and from 1993 to 2001. After retiring from politics he became a wine maker."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party, with an increase from 4% to 16%. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012. The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2019 Indian general election", "paragraph_text": "Indian general election, 2019 \u2190 2014 April - May 2019 2024 \u2192 543 seats in the Lok Sabha 272 seats needed for a majority Opinion polls First party Second party Third party Leader Narendra Modi Sonia Gandhi Edappadi Palaniswami Party BJP INC AIADMK Alliance NDA UPA Third Front Leader since 7 October 2013 14 March 1998 16 February 2017 Leader's seat Varanasi Rae Bareli Did not contest Last election 282 44 37 Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party Leader Mamata Banerjee Naveen Patnaik Uddhav Thackeray Party Trinamool Congress BJD Shiv Sena Alliance NDA Leader since 1998 2000 2013 Leader's seat Did not contest Did not contest Did not contest Last election 34 20 18 Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party Leader N. Chandrababu Naidu K. Chandrashekhar Rao Pawan Kalyan Party TDP TRS Jana Sena Alliance NDA Third Front Leader since 1995 2001 14 March 2014 Leader's seat Did not contest Did not contest Did not contest Last election 16 11 Prime Minister before election Narendra Modi BJP Elected Prime Minister TBD TBD"}], "question": "Who did the political party leader that The Times supported in the 2001 general election side with?"}
{"id": "2hop__11074_449380", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Politics of India", "paragraph_text": "There are two types of political parties in India - National Party and Regional / State party. Every political party must bear a symbol and must be registered with the Election Commission of India. Symbols are used in Indian political system as an identity of political parties and so that illiterate people can also vote by recognizing symbols of party."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Indian National Congress", "paragraph_text": "After India's independence in 1947, the Congress formed the government at center in most instances, and many regional state governments. Congress became India's dominant political party; as of 2015, in the 15 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times, heading the central government for 49 years. There have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru (1947 -- 64), and the most recent Manmohan Singh (2004 -- 14). Although it did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014, it remains one of two major, nationwide, political parties in India, along with the right - wing, Hindu nationalist, Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP). In the 2014 general election, the Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance, winning only 44 seats of the 543 - member Lok Sabha."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Congress of the New Right", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of the New Right (, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland. The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR). The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015. The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Islamic Iran Solidarity Party", "paragraph_text": "Islamic Iran Solidarity Party (; \"Hezb-e Hambastegi-e Iran-e Eslami\") is an Iranian reformist political party founded in 1998, by 10 members of Parliament of Iran. The party is a member of Council for coordinating the Reforms Front and publishes newspaper \"Hambastegi\". Ali Asghar Ahmadi is currently the General Secretary, an office previously held by Ebrahim Asgharzadeh and Mohamadreza Raahchamani. They have supported Mohammad Khatami in 2001 election, Mehdi Karoubi in 2005 and Mir-Hossein Mousavi in 2009."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pirate Party (Belgium)", "paragraph_text": "The Pirate Party of Belgium (, ) is a political party in Belgium. Based on the model of the Swedish Pirate Party, it supports reform of copyright law, the abolition of patents, and respect for privacy. It was a founding member of Pirate Parties International."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Leader of Opposition (Uganda)", "paragraph_text": "The Leader of Opposition (LOP) in Uganda is the title bestowed upon the elected leader of the largest political party not within the ruling government. The Leader of Opposition appoints and heads an alternative Shadow Cabinet whose duty is to challenge and influence government legislation on the floor of Parliament The current Leader of Opposition and first Ugandan female to hold the position is Hon. Winnie Kiiza of the Forum for Democratic Change. The Opposition in Uganda is made up of members from Forum for Democratic Change, Democratic Party, Uganda People's Congress, Congress Party and JEEMA."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Political parties in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Political parties in the United States are mostly dominated by a two - party system. However, the United States Constitution has always been silent on the issue of political parties; at the time it was signed in 1787, there were no parties in the nation. Indeed, no nation in the world had voter - based political parties. The need to win popular support in a republic led to the American invention of voter - based political parties in the 1790s. Americans were especially innovative in devising new campaign techniques that linked public opinion with public policy through the party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mohammed Abduba Dida", "paragraph_text": "Mohammed Abduba Dida (born 1974) is a Kenyan teacher who vied for the country's presidency in the 2013 General Election on an Alliance of Real Change party ticket. Dida ran again in the 2017 General Election, conceding hours before the election was called in favour of the incumbent; President Uhuru Kenyatta, but at the same time calling into question the integrity of the election and the conduct of the two main political parties; Jubilee and Nasa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Trevor Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Trevor Griffin (14 September 1940 \u2013 7 March 2015) was an Australian politician. He was a Liberal member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1978 to 2002, when he retired from politics. He led the Liberal Party in the Council from 1979 to 1982 and was deputy leader from 1982 to 2001. He also served as 44th Attorney-General of South Australia from 1979 to 1982 and from 1993 to 2001. After retiring from politics he became a wine maker."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Green Party of Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "The Green Party of Tennessee is a state-level political party in Tennessee, and is a member of the Green Party of the United States. The party formed in 2001."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Conservative Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre - right political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the governing party, having been so since the 2010 general election, where a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats was formed. In 2015, the Conservatives led by David Cameron won a surprise majority and formed the first Conservative majority government since 1992. However, the 2017 snap election on Thursday 8 June resulted in a hung parliament, and the Conservatives lost their parliamentary majority. They are reliant on the support of a Northern Irish political party, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), in order to command a majority in the House of Commons through a confidence - and - supply deal. The party leader, Theresa May, has served as both Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister since 13 July 2016. It is the largest party in local government with 9,237 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival, the Labour Party. The Conservative Party's platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation, and restrictions on trade unions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Times", "paragraph_text": "For the 2001 general election The Times declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide. It supported Labour again in 2005, when Labour achieved a third successive win, though with a reduced majority. For the 2010 general election, however, the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ar-Namys", "paragraph_text": "Ar-Namys (, meaning \"Dignity\") is a political party in Kyrgyzstan founded on July 9, 1999 by former Prime Minister Felix Kulov. The party quickly became the nation's leading opposition party but was barred from the 2000 parliamentary elections. However, since the party was barred its members formed a bloc with the Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan. With Kulov serving time for criminal charges, the party's members worked over the next years to both clear his name and establish a broad opposition coalition."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "People's Congress Party", "paragraph_text": "The People's Congress Party is a political party in Solomon Islands. It was founded by outgoing deputy Prime Minister Fred Fono during the campaign for the 2010 general election."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Octavio Lepage", "paragraph_text": "Lepage was a member of the student movement of the political party Acci\u00f3n Democr\u00e1tica (AD) at the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), being designated in 1945 as Secretary in the Executive Committee of AD in Caracas. He graduated from UCV with a degree in law in 1947, and in 1948 he was elected as the deputy for Anzo\u00e1tegui to the National Congress. In November of that year, he was elected Secretary General of AD, but did not take the position due to the suppression of political parties following the overthrow of R\u00f3mulo Gallegos."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reformed Political Party", "paragraph_text": "The Reformed Political Party (, SGP) is an orthodox Calvinist political party in the Netherlands. The term \"Reformed\" is not a reference to political reform but is a synonym for Calvinism\u2014a major branch of Protestantism. The SGP is the oldest political party in the Netherlands in its current form, and has for its entire existence been in opposition. The party has, owing to its orthodox political ideals and its traditional role in the opposition, been called a testimonial party. Since the general election of 2017, it has held 3 of the 150 seats of the House of Representatives."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Legality Movement Party", "paragraph_text": "The Legality Movement Party (LMP) ( or PLL) is a right-wing monarchist political party in Albania, led by Shpetim Axhami. It supported the return to power of the House of Zogu under Crown Prince Leka of the Albanians. In the 2001 elections it was part of the Union for Victory (\"Bashkimi p\u00ebr Fitoren\") coalition which received 37.1% of the vote and 46 members of parliament."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "National Policy Forum", "paragraph_text": "The National Policy Forum (NPF) of the British Labour Party is part of the policy-making system of the Party, set up by Leader Tony Blair as part of the Partnership in Power process. A Provisional National Policy Forum had been established by Blair's predecessor, John Smith, in May 1993."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament."}], "question": "What is the political party of the leader that The Times supported in the 2001 general election?"}
{"id": "2hop__108082_629840", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Benois Madonna", "paragraph_text": "Madonna and Child with Flowers, otherwise known as the Benois Madonna, could be one of two Madonnas Leonardo da Vinci had commented on having started in October 1478. The other one could be \"Madonna of the Carnation\" from Munich."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lolly-Madonna XXX", "paragraph_text": "Lolly-Madonna XXX (a.k.a. The Lolly-Madonna War) is a 1973 film directed by Richard C. Sarafian. The film was co-written by Rodney Carr-Smith and Sue Grafton, based on the novel \"The Lolly-Madonna War\" by Grafton."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Darmstadt Madonna", "paragraph_text": "The Darmstadt Madonna (also known as the Madonna of Jakob Meyer zum Hasen) is an oil painting by Hans Holbein the Younger. Completed in 1526 in Basel, the work shows the B\u00fcrgermeister of Basel Jakob Meyer zum Hasen, his first wife (who had died earlier), his current wife, and his daughter grouped around the Madonna and infant Jesus. The meaning of the two other male figures on the left side is, like the overall iconography of the image, not entirely clear. The image testified to the resolutely Catholic faith of the B\u00fcrgermeister, who actively opposed the Reformation."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "Madonna performed at the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief concert in January 2010. In April she released her third live album, Sticky & Sweet Tour. It was her first release under Live Nation, but was distributed by Warner Bros. Madonna granted American TV show Glee the rights to her entire catalogue of music, and the producers planned an episode featuring Madonna songs exclusively. Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna, an EP containing eight cover versions of Madonna songs featured in the episode, was released afterward and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Restful Place", "paragraph_text": "Restful Place is a public artwork by Ho-Chunk artist Truman Lowe, located at Indianapolis Art Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. \"Restful Place\" was installed as part of the Center's ARTSPARK initiative."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sculpture Cor-ten", "paragraph_text": "The Sculpture Cor-ten or Sculpture DETH is an artwork of the Greek sculptor George Zongolopoulos that was placed to the northern entrance of the Thessaloniki International Fair (DETH) in 1966."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "I, Monarch", "paragraph_text": "I, Monarch is the third studio album by Florida technical death metal band Hate Eternal and it was released June 28, 2005 on Earache Records. Art Direction, Artwork & Design By Paul Romano"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Streets of Ankh-Morpork", "paragraph_text": "The Streets of Ankh-Morpork is a brief guide and map of the fictional city of Ankh-Morpork in Discworld, a fantasy series by English author Terry Pratchett. The final, artwork-grade map was drawn by Stephen Player, who also drew the artwork for a later publication, \"The Discworld Mapp\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Madonna dei Tramonti", "paragraph_text": "Madonna dei Tramonti is a 1330 Madonna fresco by the Italian artist Pietro Lorenzetti. It is located in the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi, in Assisi, Italy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spanish Steps", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish Steps (Italian: Scalinata di Trinit\u00e0 dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinit\u00e0 dei Monti, dominated by the Trinit\u00e0 dei Monti church at the top."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Madonna of the Candelabra", "paragraph_text": "The Madonna of the Candelabra is a Madonna painting by the Italian renaissance artist Raphael, dating to about 1513 and is in the collection of the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Evita (1996 film)", "paragraph_text": "Evita is a 1996 American musical drama film based on the 1976 concept album of the same name produced by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber, which also inspired a 1978 musical. The film depicts the life of Eva Per\u00f3n, detailing her beginnings, rise to fame, political career and death at the age of 33. Directed by Alan Parker, and written by Parker and Oliver Stone, Evita stars Madonna as Eva, Jonathan Pryce as Eva's husband Juan Per\u00f3n, and Antonio Banderas as Ch\u00e9, an everyman who acts as the film's narrator."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them. They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet Anne Sexton and Hollywood actresses. This would later raise Madonna's interest in poetry, with Sylvia Plath being her favourite. Later, Madonna commented: \"We were all wounded in one way or another by [her death], and then we spent the rest of our lives reacting to it or dealing with it or trying to turn into something else. The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something. If I hadn't had that emptiness, I wouldn't have been so driven. Her death had a lot to do with me saying\u2014after I got over my heartache\u2014I'm going to be really strong if I can't have my mother. I'm going to take care of myself.\" Taraborrelli felt that in time, no doubt because of the devastation she felt, Madonna would never again allow herself, or even her daughter, to feel as abandoned as she had felt when her mother died. \"Her death had taught [Madonna] a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness\u2014particularly her own\u2014and wanted to be the queen of her own castle.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Small Cowper Madonna", "paragraph_text": "In 2015 the National Gallery of Art loaned the \"Small Cowper Madonna\" to the Worcester Art Museum in Massachusetts (U.S.) to be exhibited alongside \"The Virgin and Child (The Northbrook Madonna)\". The Northbrook Madonna is in the Worcester Art Museum's permanent collection and was once attributed to Raphael. One hope of the exhibition was to identify the Master of the Northbrook Madonna."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "While performing as a backup singer and dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour, Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy. Together, they formed her first rock band, the Breakfast Club, for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar. In 1980 or 1981 she left Breakfast Club and, with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer, formed the band Emmy. The two began writing songs together, and Madonna later decided to market herself as a solo act. Their music impressed DJ and record producer Mark Kamins who arranged a meeting between Madonna and Sire Records founder Seymour Stein."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Madonna (Madonna album)", "paragraph_text": "Madonna Studio album by Madonna Released July 27, 1983 (1983 - 07 - 27) Recorded May 1982 -- April 1983 Studio Sigma Sound Studios (New York City) Genre Dance - pop post-disco Length 40: 47 Label Sire Warner Bros. Producer John ``Jellybean ''Benitez Mark Kamins Reggie Lucas Madonna chronology Madonna (1983) Like a Virgin & Other Big Hits! (1984) Like a Virgin & Other Big Hits! 1984 Madonna video chronology Madonna (1984) Madonna1984 Madonna Live: The Virgin Tour (1985) Madonna Live: The Virgin Tour 1985 Singles from Madonna`` Everybody'' Released: October 6, 1982 ``Burning Up ''Released: March 9, 1983`` Holiday'' Released: September 7, 1983 ``Lucky Star ''Released: September 8, 1983`` Borderline'' Released: February 15, 1984"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Strade dei vini e dei sapori", "paragraph_text": "Le Strade dei vini e dei sapori (\"Roads of Wines and Tastes\") is the name for the collection of routes in and around Italy, that lead to and through major regional food and wine production areas."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bench Around the Lake", "paragraph_text": "Bench Around the Lake is a public artwork by Danish artist Jeppe Hein, located in the , in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The artwork consists of fifteen individually designed yellow interactive bench installations strategically placed throughout the park location. Some of the benches consist of multiple components or sections within one site."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Pietro alle Scale, Siena", "paragraph_text": "San Pietro alle Scale, also known as San Pietro in Castelvecchio is a Roman Catholic parish church located on via San Pietro, Terzo of Citt\u00e0, in Siena, region of Tuscany, Italy. Initially built in the 12th-century, this parish church was completely rebuilt in a Baroque style in the 17th century; the brick facade has a portal with a depiction of \"Glory of St Peter\". The belltower dates to 1699, and the facade to 1706."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "Working with photographer Steven Klein, Madonna completed a 17-minute film called secretprojectrevolution. The BitTorrent company was selected by Madonna to release the film as part of a Madonna bundle. It was released on September 24, 2013, and consisted of the 17-minute film, its stills, a Vice interview, and a message from Madonna. With the film she launched the Art for Freedom initiative, which helped to promote \"art and free speech as a means to address persecution and injustice across the globe\". The website for the project has had over 3,000 art related submissions since its inception, with Madonna regularly monitoring and enlisting the help of other artists like David Blaine and Katy Perry as guest curators."}], "question": "Where did the creator of Madonna dei Tramonti die?"}
{"id": "2hop__108829_629840", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Legacies (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Legacies is an American television drama series that premiered on October 25, 2018, on The CW. It is a spinoff of The Originals. It was created by Julie Plec, creator of The Originals and co-creator of The Vampire Diaries, and stars Danielle Rose Russell and Matt Davis."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Badia Polyptych", "paragraph_text": "The Badia Polyptych (Italian: \"Polittico di Badia\") is a painting by the Italian artist Giotto, painted around 1300 and housed in the Uffizi Gallery of Florence."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979\u20131987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of \"possible innocence\" or \"disproportionality.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Seven Seconds (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Seven Seconds is an American crime drama web television series that follows the people involved in investigating the death of a young black boy and the boy's family as they reel after the loss. Veena Sud is the series' creator and executive producer / showrunner, and Gavin O'Connor is the director and executive producer. The series, produced by Fox 21 Television Studios, is based on the Russian movie The Major (2013), written and directed by Yuri Bykov. The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, was released on Netflix on February 23, 2018."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Quaratesi Polyptych", "paragraph_text": "The Quaratesi Polyptych is a painting by the Italian late medieval painter Gentile da Fabriano, now divided between several museums."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Resig", "paragraph_text": "John Resig is an American software engineer and entrepreneur, best known as the creator and lead developer of the jQuery JavaScript library."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Quarterback (Glee)", "paragraph_text": "``The Quarterback ''is the third episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the ninety - first episode overall. Written by all three of the show's creators -- Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan -- and directed by Falchuk, it first aired on Fox in the United States on October 10, 2013. The episode features the death of character Finn Hudson, and a tribute to Finn and to actor Cory Monteith, who played Finn starting with the show's pilot, and who died on July 13, 2013. The episode's plot centers on the impact Finn's death has on the characters, specifically Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Noah Puckerman (Mark Salling), and Rachel Berry (Lea Michele)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "H\u00f6lderlinturm", "paragraph_text": "The H\u00f6lderlinturm (English: H\u00f6lderlin Tower) is a building located in T\u00fcbingen, Germany that served as the place of residence and death in the final years of poet Friedrich H\u00f6lderlin. He lived there from May 3, 1807 until his death in 1843. The building is located on the Neckar riverfront and is one of the most popularly known sites in T\u00fcbingen."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paul-Louis Halley", "paragraph_text": "The inquest into the death of Paul-Louis Halley took place in Oxford, England, in late October 2005. A jury returned a verdict of accidental death."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Valle Romita Polyptych", "paragraph_text": "The Valle Romita Polyptych (Italian: \"Polittico di Valle Romita\") is a painting by the Italian late Gothic painter Gentile da Fabriano, dating from c. 1410-1412 and now housed in the Pinacoteca di Brera in Milan. It was originally executed for the Franciscan hermitage of Valle Romita near Gentile's birthplace, Fabriano."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Execution of Louis XVI", "paragraph_text": "The execution of Louis XVI, by means of the guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la R\u00e9volution (``Revolution Square '', formerly Place Louis XV, and renamed Place de la Concorde in 1795) in Paris. The National Convention had convicted the king (17 January 1792) in a near - unanimous vote (while no one voted`` not guilty'', several deputies abstained) and condemned him to death by a simple majority."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Annunziata Polyptych", "paragraph_text": "The Annunziata Polyptych is a painting cycle started by Filippino Lippi and finished by Pietro Perugino, whose central panel is now divided between the Galleria dell'Accademia (\"Deposition from the Cross\") and the Basilica dell'Annunziata, both in Florence, Italy. The polyptych had other six panels, which are housed in the Lindenau-Museum of Altenburg, the Metropolitan Museum of New York City, the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica in Rome and in a private collection in South Africa."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack", "paragraph_text": "The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack is an American animated television series created by Thurop Van Orman for Cartoon Network that premiered in the United States on June 5, 2008. It stars creator Thurop Van Orman as the voice of Flapjack, a na\u00efve young boy who was raised by a whale named Bubbie and is mentored by a salty sea pirate called Captain K'nuckles. Together the trio spend their days in Stormalong Harbor, where most of the show takes place, whilst on the search for the elusive Candied Island."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "This Is Your Life", "paragraph_text": "This Is Your Life was an American reality documentary series broadcast on NBC radio from 1948 to 1952, and on NBC television from 1952 to 1961. It was originally hosted by its creator and producer Ralph Edwards. In the program, the host would surprise guests and then take them through a retrospective of their lives in front of an audience, including appearances by colleagues, friends, and family. Edwards revived the show in 1971 -- 1972, and Joseph Campanella hosted a version in 1983. Edwards returned for some specials in the late 1980s, before his death in 2005."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Death Note: Light Up the New World", "paragraph_text": "Death Note: Light Up the New World (\u30c7\u30b9\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8 Light up the NEW world, Desu N\u014dto Light up the NEW world) is a 2016 Japanese detective supernatural psychological horror thriller film directed by Shinsuke Sato. The film is based on the manga series Death Note written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata and is a sequel to Death Note 2: The Last Name (2006), but thematically takes place after the Death Note: New Generation mini series. It premiered in Japan on October 29, 2016, by Warner Bros."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Pietro alle Scale, Siena", "paragraph_text": "San Pietro alle Scale, also known as San Pietro in Castelvecchio is a Roman Catholic parish church located on via San Pietro, Terzo of Citt\u00e0, in Siena, region of Tuscany, Italy. Initially built in the 12th-century, this parish church was completely rebuilt in a Baroque style in the 17th century; the brick facade has a portal with a depiction of \"Glory of St Peter\". The belltower dates to 1699, and the facade to 1706."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tarlati polyptych", "paragraph_text": "The Tarlati polyptych is a Renaissance polyptych painted by the Italian artist Pietro Lorenzetti, with tempera and gold on panel, in 1320. It is located at the church of Santa Maria della Pieve in Arezzo, Italy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bob Ross", "paragraph_text": "Robert Norman Ross (October 29, 1942 -- July 4, 1995) was an American painter, art instructor, and television host. He was the creator and host of The Joy of Painting, an instructional television program that aired from 1983 to 1994 on PBS in the United States, and also aired in Canada, Latin America, and Europe. Ross went from being a public television personality in the 1980s and 1990s to being an Internet celebrity in the 21st century, becoming popular with fans on YouTube and many other websites after his death."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ted Key", "paragraph_text": "Ted Key (born Theodore Keyser; August 25, 1912 \u2013 May 3, 2008), was an American cartoonist and writer. He is best known as the creator of the cartoon panel \"Hazel\", which was later the basis for a television series of the same name, and also the creator of \"Peabody's Improbable History\"."}], "question": "Where did the creator of Tarlati polyptych die?"}
{"id": "2hop__30401_217075", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calculation problem,\" Hayek wrote that \"there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance.\" Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes \"[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state.\" Bernard Harcourt says that \"Hayek was adamant about this.\" In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921. Although Hayek met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought. In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein, when both were officers during World War I. After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials; and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. For example, Hayek's discussion in The Road to Serfdom (1944) about truth, falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The \"informal\" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper \"The Use of Knowledge in Society\" (1945) in his graduate seminars."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as \"very fruitful\". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a \"Hebbian learning\" model of learning and memory \u2013 an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the \"Hebbian synapse\" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Quentin Keynes", "paragraph_text": "Keynes was born in London, the second son of Geoffrey Keynes and his wife Margaret, the daughter of George Howard Darwin who in turn was the son of Charles Darwin, making him the great-grandson of Charles Darwin (see Darwin \u2014 Wedgwood family). He was also the nephew of the renowned economist, John Maynard Keynes. His older brother Richard was a physiologist, and younger brothers Milo and Stephen both writers."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on why the \"middle way\" was the pragmatic path the Conservative Party should take, avoiding the extremes of left and right. Before he had finished, Thatcher \"reached into her briefcase and took out a book. It was Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. Interrupting our pragmatist, she held the book up for all of us to see. 'This', she said sternly, 'is what we believe', and banged Hayek down on the table\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war, pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy, otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters, and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical, having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of \"neoliberalism\". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, \"Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals.\" Brittan adds that although Raymond Plant (2009) comes out in the end against Hayek's doctrines, Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a \"more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the \"sense data\" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his \"services to the study of economics\". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a letter to his friends requesting that he be called the English version of Friedrich (Frederick) from now on. After his 20 min audience with the Queen, he was \"absolutely besotted\" with her according to his daughter-in-law, Esca Hayek. Hayek said a year later that he was \"amazed by her. That ease and skill, as if she'd known me all my life.\" The audience with the Queen was followed by a dinner with family and friends at the Institute of Economic Affairs. When, later that evening, Hayek was dropped off at the Reform Club, he commented: \"I've just had the happiest day of my life.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nutrition", "paragraph_text": "In the 1500s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern medicine, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Grown Ups (film)", "paragraph_text": "Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder Alexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alberto L\u00f3pez Bello", "paragraph_text": "Cristi\u00e1n Alberto L\u00f3pez Bello (c. 1985 \u2013 17 July 2013) was a crime journalist for the Mexican newspaper \"El Imparcial\" and the radio show \"Foro Pol\u00edtico\", in Oaxaca, Mexico. The murder of L\u00f3pez was an early case that tested the new powers of federal special prosecutors to investigate crimes against Mexican journalists and freedom of expression. The federal special prosecutor, however, deferred to the Attorney General of Oaxaca, who said three and a half months after the L\u00f3pez murder that the motive was a bar fight, announced the arrest of four people, and then resigned the next day. The family publicly disagreed with the official conclusion."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his \"Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes\" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a previous, unsustainable episode of easy money and artificially low interest rates. Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond. Sraffa elaborated on the effect of inflation-induced \"forced savings\" on the capital sector and about the definition of a \"natural\" interest rate in a growing economy. Others who responded negatively to Hayek's work on the business cycle included John Hicks, Frank Knight, and Gunnar Myrdal. Kaldor later wrote that Hayek's Prices and Production had produced \"a remarkable crop of critics\" and that the total number of pages in British and American journals dedicated to the resulting debate \"could rarely have been equalled in the economic controversies of the past.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ventanarosa", "paragraph_text": "Ventanarosa is a production company formally founded by Salma Hayek in 1999. Its Spanish language translation literally means \"rose-colored window\" or \"pink window.\""}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the person with whom Hayek disagreed publicly?"}
{"id": "2hop__84656_47394", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Human Rights Act 1993", "paragraph_text": "The Human Rights Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of New Zealand which deals with discrimination. It was a consolidation and amendment of the Race Relations Act 1971 and the Human Rights Commission Act 1977. It came into force on 1 February 1994. The Act governs the work of the New Zealand Human Rights Commission."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "White House Chief of Staff", "paragraph_text": "The White House Chief of Staff has traditionally been the highest - ranking employee of the White House. The chief of staff's position is a modern successor to the earlier role of the president's private secretary. The role was formalized as the Assistant to the President in 1946 and acquired its current name in 1961."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census", "paragraph_text": "\"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act).\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Michael Petrelis", "paragraph_text": "Michael Anthony Petrelis (born January 26, 1959) is an American AIDS activist, LGBTQ rights activist, and blogger. He was diagnosed with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in 1985 in New York City, New York. As a member of the Lavender Hill Mob, a forerunner to the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), he was among the first AIDS activists to protest responses to the disease. He was a co-founding member of ACT UP in New York City, New York, and later helped organize ACT UP chapters in Portland, Oregon, Washington, D.C., and New Hampshire, as well as the ACT UP Presidential Project. Petrelis was also a founding member of Queer Nation/National Capital, the Washington D.C. chapter of the militant LGBTQ rights organization."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Civil liberties in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Civil liberties in the United States are certain unalienable rights retained by (as opposed to privileges granted to) citizens of the United States under the Constitution of the United States, as interpreted and clarified by the Supreme Court of the United States and lower federal courts. Civil liberties are simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations. The liberties explicitly defined, make up the Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to privacy. There are also many liberties of people not defined in the Constitution, as stated in the Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Clair Engle", "paragraph_text": "Clair Engle (September 21, 1911July 30, 1964) was an American politician of the Democratic Party and a United States Senator from California. He is best remembered for participating in the vote breaking the filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the US Senate while partially paralyzed and unable to speak, shortly before his death from a brain tumor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "National Center for Civil and Human Rights", "paragraph_text": "The National Center for Civil and Human Rights is a museum dedicated to the achievements of both the civil rights movement in the United States and the broader worldwide human rights movement. Located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, the museum opened to the public on June 23, 2014."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dare Not Walk Alone", "paragraph_text": "\"Dare Not Walk Alone\" is about the civil rights movement and its aftermath in St. Augustine, Florida, the site of prolonged interracial tension and protests by the NAACP and the SCLC. The most notable protests, including the Monson Motor Lodge swimming pool integration immediately preceded, and arguably precipitated, the signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "African-American candidates for President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Major party, African American candidates for President of the United States could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965) opened up political participation to blacks in the South. Also, party changes to give more weight to candidates' performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders' negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. In 2008, Senator Barack Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States, the first African American to win the office."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 \u2014 codified at 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 \u2014 which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers. These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The Mayflower Compact was a social contract."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Civil Rights Act of 1968", "paragraph_text": "The Fair Housing Act was enacted as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and codified at 42 U.S.C. 3601 - 3619, with penalties for violation at 42 U.S.C. 3631. It is enforced by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States", "paragraph_text": "Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the U.S. Congress could use the power granted to it by the Constitution's Commerce Clause to force private businesses to abide by the Civil Rights Act of 1964."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "The term \"great power\" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The \"Great Powers\" constituted the \"Concert of Europe\" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is no definitive list of them. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power, but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016", "paragraph_text": "The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 is the disability legislation passed by the Indian Parliament to fulfill its obligation to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007. The Act replaces the existing Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bill of Rights 1689", "paragraph_text": "The Bill of Rights, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights. It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the right of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (French: La Charte canadienne des droits et libert\u00e9s), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, along with the rest of the Act."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Civil Rights Act of 1964", "paragraph_text": "The legislation had been proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but opposed by filibuster in the Senate. Thereafter, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward, which in its final form was passed in the U.S. Congress by a Senate vote of 73 -- 27 and House vote of 289 -- 126. The Act was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, at the White House."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms."}], "question": "Who has the most power where the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed?"}
{"id": "2hop__75271_217075", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Theory of relativity", "paragraph_text": "The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity applies to elementary particles and their interactions, describing all their physical phenomena except gravity. General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature. It applies to the cosmological and astrophysical realm, including astronomy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Christine Korsgaard", "paragraph_text": "Christine Marion Korsgaard, (; born April 9, 1952) is an American philosopher and Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University whose main scholarly interests are in moral philosophy and its history; the relation of issues in moral philosophy to issues in metaphysics, the philosophy of mind, and the theory of personal identity; the theory of personal relationships; and in normativity in general."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", "paragraph_text": "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money was written by the English economist John Maynard Keynes. The book, generally considered to be his magnum opus, is largely credited with creating the terminology and shape of modern macroeconomics. Published in February 1936, it sought to bring about a revolution, commonly referred to as the ``Keynesian Revolution '', in the way some economists believe. Especially in relation to the proposition that a market economy tends naturally to restore itself to full employment after temporary shocks."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Brian Patrick Wade", "paragraph_text": "Brian Patrick Wade (born June 9, 1978) is an American actor and physical trainer, best known for his television roles as Capt. Craig Schwetje in the mini-series Generation Kill, as Kurt, Penny's former love interest, in The Big Bang Theory, and as the Alpha Werewolf Ennis on Teen Wolf."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Emmanuel Cosquin", "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Cosquin (1841 \u2013 1919) was a French folklorist. He wrote the \"Popular Tales of Lorraine,\" in the introduction to which he argues for the theory that the development as well as the origin of such tales is historically traceable to India."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his \"Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes\" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a previous, unsustainable episode of easy money and artificially low interest rates. Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond. Sraffa elaborated on the effect of inflation-induced \"forced savings\" on the capital sector and about the definition of a \"natural\" interest rate in a growing economy. Others who responded negatively to Hayek's work on the business cycle included John Hicks, Frank Knight, and Gunnar Myrdal. Kaldor later wrote that Hayek's Prices and Production had produced \"a remarkable crop of critics\" and that the total number of pages in British and American journals dedicated to the resulting debate \"could rarely have been equalled in the economic controversies of the past.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hardware random number generator", "paragraph_text": "In computing, a hardware random number generator (HRNG) or true random number generator (TRNG) is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process, rather than by means of an algorithm. Such devices are often based on microscopic phenomena that generate low-level, statistically random \"noise\" signals, such as thermal noise, the photoelectric effect, involving a beam splitter, and other quantum phenomena. These stochastic processes are, in theory, completely unpredictable, and the theory's assertions of unpredictability are subject to experimental test. This is in contrast to the paradigm of pseudo-random number generation commonly implemented in computer programs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Herb Aach", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Aach (March 24, 1923 \u2013 October 13, 1985) was an American painter and writer. Aach's painting style is known for its intense and well placed pigmentation, which stemmed from his deep interest in color theory and color relationships. This interest in color theory and philosophy would lead him to write one of the most notable translations of \"Goethe's Color Theory\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Macroeconomics", "paragraph_text": "Macroeconomics, at least in its modern form, began with the publication of John Maynard Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. When the Great Depression struck, classical economists had difficulty explaining how goods could go unsold and workers could be left unemployed. In classical theory, prices and wages would drop until the market cleared, and all goods and labor were sold. Keynes offered a new theory of economics that explained why markets might not clear, which would evolve (later in the 20th century) into a group of macroeconomic schools of thought known as Keynesian economics -- also called Keynesianism or Keynesian theory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Naomi Mezey", "paragraph_text": "Naomi Jewel Mezey is an American legal scholar and is a Professor of Law at Georgetown University. Mezey contributes significantly to the field of law and culture, with additional scholarly interests in legal theory (jurisprudence) and translation and statutory interpretation."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Quentin Keynes", "paragraph_text": "Keynes was born in London, the second son of Geoffrey Keynes and his wife Margaret, the daughter of George Howard Darwin who in turn was the son of Charles Darwin, making him the great-grandson of Charles Darwin (see Darwin \u2014 Wedgwood family). He was also the nephew of the renowned economist, John Maynard Keynes. His older brother Richard was a physiologist, and younger brothers Milo and Stephen both writers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The New Colossus", "paragraph_text": "``The New Colossus ''is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus (1849 -- 1887) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty. In 1903, the poem was cast onto a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire. In addition, Jews from southern Italy, fleeing religious persecution, began to move into central Europe.[citation needed] Returning to Frankish lands, many Jewish merchants took up occupations in finance and commerce, including money lending, or usury. (Church legislation banned Christians from lending money in exchange for interest.) From Charlemagne's time to the present, Jewish life in northern Europe is well documented. By the 11th century, when Rashi of Troyes wrote his commentaries, Jews in what came to be known as \"Ashkenaz\" were known for their halakhic learning, and Talmudic studies. They were criticized by Sephardim and other Jewish scholars in Islamic lands for their lack of expertise in Jewish jurisprudence (dinim) and general ignorance of Hebrew linguistics and literature. Yiddish emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars in the medieval period. It was written with Hebrew letters, and heavily influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dror Bar-Natan", "paragraph_text": "Dror Bar-Natan (; born January 30, 1966) is a Professor at the University of Toronto Department of Mathematics, Canada. His main research interests include knot theory, finite type invariants, and Khovanov homology."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of economic thought", "paragraph_text": "Milton Friedman (1912 -- 2006) of the Chicago School of Economics is one of the most influential economists of the late 20th, century, receiving the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1976. He is known for A Monetary History of the United States (1963), in which he argued that the Great Depression was caused by the policies of the Federal Reserve. Friedman argues that laissez - faire government policy is more desirable than government intervention in the economy. Governments should aim for a neutral monetary policy oriented toward long - run economic growth, by gradual expansion of the money supply. He advocates the quantity theory of money, that general prices are determined by money. Therefore, active monetary (e.g. easy credit) or fiscal (e.g. tax and spend) policy can have unintended negative effects. In Capitalism and Freedom (1962), Friedman wrote:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The New Colossus", "paragraph_text": "``The New Colossus ''is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus (1849 -- 1887) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty. In 1903, the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Philippe Flajolet", "paragraph_text": "A former student of \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Philippe Flajolet received his Ph.D. in computer science from University Paris Diderot in 1973 and state doctorate from Paris-Sud 11 University in 1979. Most of Philippe Flajolet's research work was dedicated towards general methods for analyzing the computational complexity of algorithms, including the theory of average-case complexity. He introduced the theory of analytic combinatorics. With Robert Sedgewick of Princeton University, he wrote the first book-length treatment of the"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Emily Warren Roebling", "paragraph_text": "Emily was born to Sylvanus and Phebe Warren at Cold Spring, New York, on September 23, 1843. She was the second youngest of twelve children. Emily\u2019s interest in pursuing education was supported by her older brother Gouverneur K. Warren.  The two siblings always held a close relationship. She attended school at the Georgetown Visitation Academy in Washington DC."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the author of The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money?"}
{"id": "2hop__668407_125777", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Empress Dowager Gou", "paragraph_text": "Empress Dowager Gou (\u82df\u592a\u540e, personal name unknown) was an empress dowager of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Xiong (\u82fb\u96c4), the Prince of Donghai and brother of the founding emperor Fu Ji\u00e0n. She became empress dowager in 357 after her son Fu Ji\u0101n (note different tone) seized power in a coup from his tyrannical cousin Fu Sheng (Fu Ji\u00e0n's son) and claimed the title \"Heavenly Prince\" (\"Tian Wang\"). In addition to Fu Ji\u0101n, she had at least one other son with Fu Xiong, Fu Shuang (\u82fb\u96d9) the Duke of Zhao."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Empress of Mijak", "paragraph_text": "Empress of Mijak (known as Empress in North America and the United Kingdom) is the first novel in the \"Godspeaker\" series by Karen Miller."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Last Empress (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Last Empress is a historical novel by Anchee Min that provides a sympathetic account of the life of Empress Dowager Cixi (referred to as Empress Orchid), from her rise to power as Empress Tzu-Hsi, until her death at 72 years of age. Akin to the bestselling and preceding novel in the series Empress Orchid, names within the story are different in spelling but retain the same pronunciation - allowing the reader to identify each relevant character to his or her real life counterpart."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wang Yacheng", "paragraph_text": "Wang Yacheng (\u738b\u4e9e\u6f84) (d. 944), formally the Prince of Min (\u95a9\u738b), was an imperial prince of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Min. He was the only historically-known son of its fifth ruler Wang Yanxi (also known as Wang Xi, Emperor Jingzong)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wang Yuanji", "paragraph_text": "Wang Yuanji (217\u2013268) was the wife of Sima Zhao, a regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She became the empress dowager during the reign of her son Sima Yan, who ended the Wei regime and founded the Jin dynasty. She was posthumously honoured as \"Empress Wenming\" (literally \"civil and understanding empress\") after her death."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Scarecrow (Oz)", "paragraph_text": "The Scarecrow Oz character Illustration by W.W. Denslow from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Ray Bolger Voiced by Paul Scheer (Once Upon a Time) Information Aliases Socrates Strawman Chang Wang Woe Fiyero Tigelaar Species Scarecrow Gender Male Occupation Ruler of Oz Tin Woodman's treasurer Corn farmer Title His Majesty the Scarecrow Royal Treasurer Emperor of the Silver Islands Spouse (s) Tsing Tsing (in his former incarnation) Children 3 sons 15 grandsons (from his former incarnation)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Empress Qiang", "paragraph_text": "Empress Qiang (\u5f37\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) (died 356), formally Empress Mingde (\u660e\u5fb7\u7687\u540e, literally \"the understanding and virtuous empress\"), was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Former Qin's founding emperor, Fu Ji\u00e0n (Emperor Jingming)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wang Yacheng", "paragraph_text": "However, although Wang Xi was said to both favor and fear Empress Li, he later took the daughter of the general Shang Baoyin (\u5c1a\u4fdd\u6bb7) as a concubine, and was said to favor her greatly on account of her beauty. Jealous of the favor that Consort Shang was receiving, Empress Li wanted to have Wang Xi assassinated so that Wang Yacheng could be emperor. Knowing that the imperial guard commanders Zhu Wenjin and Lian Chongyu were already having mutual suspicions with Wang Xi, she sent messengers to inform Zhu and Lian of Wang Xi's suspicions toward them. In summer 944, when Wang Yacheng's grandfather Li Zhen was ill, Wang Xi went to visit him, and Zhu and Lian took this opportunity to have him assassinated. They then slaughtered the imperial Wang clan, including Empress Li and Wang Yacheng."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sima Yuanxian", "paragraph_text": "Sima Yuanxian was the son of Sima Daozi the Prince of Kuaiji, the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowu and son of Emperor Jianwen, and he was born during the reign of his uncle Emperor Xiaowu. When Emperor Xiaowu was murdered by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang in 396, he was succeeded by Emperor An, and Sima Daozi, as the emperor's uncle, became regent. Sima Daozi's trusted associates Wang Guobao (\u738b\u570b\u5bf6) and Wang Xu (\u738b\u7dd2), because of their corrupt ways, quickly drew the ires of provincial officials Wang Gong (\u738b\u606d) and Yin Zhongkan (\u6bb7\u4ef2\u582a), and in 397, Wang Gong and Yin started a rebellion, demanding that Wang Guobao and Wang Xu be killed. Sima Daozi, apprehensive of Wang Gong and Yin's power, executed Wang Guobao and Wang Xu, and Wang Gong and Yin withdrew. It was at this juncture that Sima Yuanxian, Sima Daozi's heir apparent, who was 15 but considered intelligent and capable, warned Sima Daozi that Wang Gong and Yin would one day again rebel. Sima Daozi, trusting his son, entrusted Sima Yuanxian with his personal guards."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yang Pu", "paragraph_text": "Yang Pu was born in 900, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, as the fourth son of the major late-Tang warlord Yang Xingmi the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Huainan Circuit (\u6dee\u5357, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), whose domain would become Wu eventually. His mother was Yang Xingmi's concubine Lady Wang. In 919, during the reign of his older brother Yang Longyan (King Xuan, Yang Xingmi's second son, who in turn succeeded another older brother, Yang Wo (Prince Wei of Hongnong)), Yang Pu was created the Duke of Danyang."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Princess Pingyang (Han dynasty)", "paragraph_text": "Princess Pingyang (\u5e73\u967d\u516c\u4e3b) was the eldest daughter of Emperor Jing of Han and his second empress, Empress Wang Zhi, as well as Emperor Wu's most well-known older sister. Her official title was actually Eldest Princess Yangxin (\u967d\u4fe1\u9577\u516c\u4e3b), but because she married Cao Shi (\u66f9\u65f6, also known as Cao Shou \u66f9\u5bff), the Marquess of Pingyang (\u5e73\u967d\u4faf), she was generally referred to as Princess Pingyang after her husband's enfeoffment."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Garrett Wang", "paragraph_text": "Garrett Richard Wang (Chinese: \u738b\u4ee5\u77bb; pinyin: W\u00e1ng Y\u01d0zh\u0101n) (born December 15, 1968) is an American actor. Wang is known for his role in Star Trek: Voyager as Ensign Harry Kim."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Empress Wang (Yang Pu)", "paragraph_text": "Empress Wang (\u738b\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown), known as Empress Rang (\u8b93\u7687\u540e, \"empress of the emperor who yielded\") during Southern Tang, was the wife and empress of Yang Pu (Emperor Rui), the final ruler of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Wu. As he was the only ruler who claimed the title of emperor, she was the only person to carry the title of empress during Wu."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Empress Gou", "paragraph_text": "Empress Gou (\u82df\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Ji\u0101n, who created her empress in 355 after seizing the throne from his violent and cruel cousin Fu Sheng even though he claimed only the title of \"Heavenly Prince\" (\"Tian Wang\")."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (\u9673\u8543) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'\u00e9tat against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (\u738b\u752b). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (\u5f35\u5950) favored the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jin Feishan", "paragraph_text": "Jin Feishan (; died 926) was an empress of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Former Shu. She was the second wife of Former Shu's last emperor Wang Yan (n\u00e9 Wang Zongyan)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cunigunde of Luxembourg", "paragraph_text": "Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg, OSB (c. 975 \u2013 3 March 1040), also called Cunegundes, Cunegunda, and Cunegonda and, in Latin, Cunegundis or Kinigundis, was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Saint Henry II. She served as interim Regent after the death of her spouse in 1024. She is a Roman Catholic saint and the Patroness of Luxembourg and Lithuania; her feast day is 3 March."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Consort Chen Farong", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Ming died in 472, and was succeeded by his son Liu Yu (Emperor Houfei). Because Liu Zhun, as the emperor's brother, carried the title of Prince of Ancheng, Consort Chen was honored as the Princess Dowager of Ancheng. After the impulsive and violent Emperor Houfei was assassinated in 477, the general Xiao Daocheng effectively took over the government and made Liu Zhun a puppet emperor. Consort Chen, as the emperor's mother, was honored as \"Consort Dowager\" (\u7687\u592a\u5983) but not as empress dowager\u2014that title belonged to Emperor Ming's wife Empress Wang. Xiao forced Emperor Shun to yield the throne to him in 479, ending Liu Song and starting Southern Qi, and Emperor Shun was created the Prince of Ruyin. Accordingly, Consort Chen became known as the Princess Dowager of Ruyin. Later that year, the former Emperor Shun was killed by soldiers who were supposed to protect him, and Xiao then ordered a general killing of the Liu clan. It appeared unlikely that Consort Chen would have been killed in the slaughter, although it is not known when she died."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wang Lin (badminton)", "paragraph_text": "Wang Lin (born March 30, 1989 in Hangzhou) is a badminton player from China. Wang Lin was crowned the world champion after winning the gold medal at the 2010 BWF World Championships held at Paris defeating fellow Chinese Wang Xin 21-11, 19-21, 21-13."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wang Shen'ai", "paragraph_text": "Wang Shen'ai was the daughter of the official Wang Xianzhi, the son of the famed official and calligrapher Wang Xizhi. Her mother Princess Xin'an was the daughter of Emperor Jianwen, making her and her husband cousins. In 396, while he was still crown prince under his father Emperor Xiaowu, they married, and she became crown empress. She was 12, and he was 14. As he was described to be so developmentally disabled that he could not speak or dress himself, or express whether he was full or hungry, it was unlikely that their marriage was consummated; in any case, they had no children. Later that year, after Emperor Xiaowu was killed by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang after humiliating her, Emperor An became emperor. In 397, she was created empress."}], "question": "Who fathered the husband of Empress Wang?"}
{"id": "2hop__118558_392181", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series", "paragraph_text": "The Fellowship of the Ring received thirteen Academy Award nominations, winning in four categories. It also earned thirteen nominations at the 55th British Academy Film Awards, leading to wins in the categories for Best Film, Best Direction, Best Special Visual Effects, and the Orange Film of the Year Award. Other notable ceremonies where it received much recognition included the American Film Institute Awards, the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, the Empire Awards, the Golden Globes, the MTV Movie Awards, the Satellite Awards, and Saturn Awards. Various critics groups, such as those in Chicago and Phoenix, also awarded the film. In total, The Fellowship of the Ring received 98 awards out of 152 nominations."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Valley of Peace (film)", "paragraph_text": "Valley of Peace () is a 1956 Yugoslavian (Slovenian) war film directed by France \u0160tiglic. It was in competition at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, where John Kitzmiller received the Best Actor award for his role as Sgt. Jim."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Ernie Game", "paragraph_text": "Produced by the National Film Board of Canada, \"The Ernie Game\" received the Etrog Awards, now known as Genie Awards, for Best Direction and Best Feature Film in 1968. It was also entered into the 18th Berlin International Film Festival and the Chicago International Film Festival"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Foster Child", "paragraph_text": "This National Film Board of Canada production received over 10 awards, including four Golden Sheaf Awards, a Special Jury Prize at the Banff Television Festival and a Gemini Award for best direction for a documentary program. It was broadcast on CBC's \"Man Alive\" series."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Lump", "paragraph_text": "A National Film Board of Canada film, \"The Lump\" was written and directed by John Weldon. Harvey Atkin contributed the voice. It was nominated for a Genie Award in 1992"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kate Mulgrew", "paragraph_text": "Katherine Kiernan Maria ``Kate ''Mulgrew (born April 29, 1955) is an American actress. She is known for the roles of Captain Kathryn Janeway on Star Trek: Voyager and Galina`` Red'' Reznikov on Orange Is the New Black. She first came to attention in the role of Mary Ryan on the daytime soap opera Ryan's Hope. Mulgrew has won an Obie Award, and has received a Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award nomination. She is an active member of the Alzheimer's Association National Advisory Council and the voice of Cleveland's MetroHealth System."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Tough Ones", "paragraph_text": "The Tough Ones () is a 1999 Finnish film directed by Aleksi M\u00e4kel\u00e4. It was Finland's official Best Foreign Language Film submission at the 72nd Academy Awards, but did not manage to receive a nomination."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Susan Dalian", "paragraph_text": "Susan Patterson Dalian (born September 15, 1968) is an American actress who is primarily known among anime fans as the voice of Haku in the first season of \"Naruto\", and its related video games. She received a nomination for Best Actress at the American Anime Awards in 2007. She voices Storm in \"Wolverine and the X-Men\" and \"\". Dalian graduated from Baltimore School for the Arts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "La La Land", "paragraph_text": "La La Land received critical acclaim. Critics praised Chazelle's screenplay and direction, Gosling and Stone's performances, Justin Hurwitz's score, and the film's musical numbers. It won in every category for which it was nominated at the 74th Golden Globe Awards, with a record - breaking seven wins, and received 11 nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards, winning five. It received 14 nominations at the 89th Academy Awards, tying the record for most nominations with All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997), and won six Academy Awards for Best Director, Best Actress (Stone), Best Cinematography, Best Original Score, Best Original Song (``City of Stars ''), and Best Production Design."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Voices of Sarafina!", "paragraph_text": "Voices of Sarafina! is a 1988 American documentary film about the anti-apartheid musical stage play \"Sarafina!\" directed by Nigel Noble. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of The Lion King characters", "paragraph_text": "Nala (voiced by Moira Kelly in The Lion King, The Lion King ll: Simba's Pride, and The Lion King 11\u20442, and Gabrielle Union in The Lion Guard) is the daughter of Sarafina, the best friend and later wife of Simba and Kiara and Kion's mother. Although she is a prominent character in The Lion King, she makes minor appearances in Simba's Pride, The Lion King 11\u20442, and The Lion Guard."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Albert Brooks", "paragraph_text": "Albert Lawrence Brooks (born Albert Lawrence Einstein; July 22, 1947) is an American actor, filmmaker, author, and comedian. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for 1987's Broadcast News and was widely praised for his performance in the 2011 film Drive. His voice acting credits include Marlin in Finding Nemo (2003) and Finding Dory (2016), and recurring guest voices for The Simpsons, including Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie (2007). He has directed, written, and starred in several comedy films, such as Modern Romance (1981), Lost in America (1985), and Defending Your Life (1991). He is also the author of 2030: The Real Story of What Happens to America (2011)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first season was released on Netflix on November 4, 2016, while the second was released on December 8, 2017. The Crown has received widespread acclaim, with critics praising the cast's performances, direction, writing, cinematography, production values, and the relatively accurate historical accounts of Queen Elizabeth's reign. Significant praise in the first season was directed towards the performances of Foy in the leading role and John Lithgow as Winston Churchill. The series has received several industry nominations and awards, including winning Best Actress and Best Actor at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards for Foy and Lithgow, respectively, and receiving thirteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Genius (2003 film)", "paragraph_text": "Genius is a 2003 direct-to-video American dramatic film, written and directed by Babar Ahmed. The film was Ahmed's debut feature film. It was screened at several film festivals receiving multiple awards and then released straight to video."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spellbound (2002 film)", "paragraph_text": "Spellbound is a 2002 documentary that was directed by Jeffrey Blitz. The film follows eight competitors in the 1999 Scripps National Spelling Bee. The film received positive reviews and won several awards."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Close Harmony (1981 film)", "paragraph_text": "Close Harmony is a 1981 American short documentary film directed by Nigel Noble, which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) at the 54th Academy Awards. The film chronicles a how a children's choir of 4th- and 5th-graders at the Brooklyn Friends School and elderly retirees at a Brooklyn Jewish seniors' center combine to give an annual joint concert."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "King's Game", "paragraph_text": "King's Game (\"Kongekabale\") is a 2004 Danish film directed by Nikolaj Arcel. It stars Anders W. Berthelsen and Nicolas Bro as reporters uncovering a Government conspiracy. The film received critical praise and won many awards."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of The Emperor's New Groove characters", "paragraph_text": "Yzma / \u02c8i\u02d0zm\u0259 / is Kuzco's primary parental guardian and advisor. In the English version, she was voiced by Eartha Kitt, who received three Annie Awards and two Emmy Awards for the role."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bruce Hunter (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Hunter (born 1961) is a Canadian actor and comedian from Calgary, Alberta. He has appeared in television shows such as \"Puppets Who Kill\" and \"The Red Green Show\". Hunter received a Canadian Comedy Awards nomination in 2002 for his work on the television series \"After Hours\". He voices the king of Happily-Ever-Afterville on the PBS show \"Cyberchase\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anna & Bella", "paragraph_text": "Anna & Bella is a 1984 Dutch animated short film from the Netherlands. At the 58th Academy Awards, \"Anna & Bella\" won an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film. The film runs 8 minutes. It was directed by B\u00f8rge Ring, and its cast includes Tonny Huurdeman as the voices of Anna and of Bella."}], "question": "The director of Voices of Sarafina! received what award?"}
{"id": "2hop__324181_112603", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Li Ke", "paragraph_text": "Zhangsun also had Consort Yang and Li Yin reduced to commoner rank and exiled to Ba Prefecture (\u5df4\u5dde, roughly modern Bazhong, Sichuan), and Li Ke's four sons, Li Ren (\u674e\u4ec1), Li Wei (\u674e\u744b), Li Kun (\u674e\u7428), and Li Jing (\u674e\u7484) were exiled to the modern Guangdong region. Li Ke's young fourth daughter was sent to Xianling (tomb of Emperor Gaozu of Tang) to be kept under house arrest till 689, upon which time she was created Princess Xin'an. In 660, after Zhangsun's own downfall (at the hands of Emperor Gaozong's wife Empress Wu and her associates), Li Ke was posthumously created the Prince of Yulin, but was not given a posthumous name, nor was his son permitted to inherit the title; rather, Li Rong (\u674e\u69ae), the grandson of Li Xiaogong the Prince of Hejian, was adopted into Li Ke's line and took the title of Marquess of Yulin. Eventually, however, after Li Rong was deposed for an unrelated reason, Li Ren (later known as Li Qianli (\u674e\u5343\u91cc)) was permitted to inherit the title, and around 705, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong's son Emperor Zhongzong, Li Ke was posthumously honored again with the title of \"Sikong\" and reburied with honor."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cunigunde of Luxembourg", "paragraph_text": "Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg, OSB (c. 975 \u2013 3 March 1040), also called Cunegundes, Cunegunda, and Cunegonda and, in Latin, Cunegundis or Kinigundis, was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Saint Henry II. She served as interim Regent after the death of her spouse in 1024. She is a Roman Catholic saint and the Patroness of Luxembourg and Lithuania; her feast day is 3 March."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Empress of Blandings", "paragraph_text": "Empress of Blandings is a fictional pig, featured in many of the Blandings Castle novels and stories by P. G. Wodehouse. Owned by the doting Lord Emsworth, the Empress is an enormous black Berkshire sow, who wins many prizes in the \"Fat Pigs\" class at the local Shropshire Agricultural Show, and is the subject of many plots and schemes, generally involving her kidnap for various purposes. In 2005 Hall & Woodhouse, the Dorset-based Brewers of Badger beer, named a public house in Hampshire in honour of the Empress."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Last Empress (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Last Empress is a historical novel by Anchee Min that provides a sympathetic account of the life of Empress Dowager Cixi (referred to as Empress Orchid), from her rise to power as Empress Tzu-Hsi, until her death at 72 years of age. Akin to the bestselling and preceding novel in the series Empress Orchid, names within the story are different in spelling but retain the same pronunciation - allowing the reader to identify each relevant character to his or her real life counterpart."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shi Jingtang", "paragraph_text": "The region that Li Keyong ruled subsequently became the state of Jin after Tang's fall in 907 (as Li Keyong carried the Tang-bestowed title of Prince of Jin), and after Li Keyong's death in 908, Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin, in rivalry with Tang's main successor state Later Liang. Li Cunxu subsequently made his adoptive brother (Li Keyong's adoptive son) Li Siyuan, a major general, the prefect of Dai Prefecture (\u4ee3\u5dde, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). While Li Siyuan served as the prefect of Dai, he became impressed with Shi Jingtang and gave his Empress Li to Shi in marriage. Shi subsequently served under Li Siyuan in campaigns, becoming one of the two prominent officers under Li Siyuan (along with Li Siyuan's adoptive son Li Congke) due to his battlefield accomplishments. (Despite the familial relationship between Shi and Li Congke and their serving together under Li Siyuan, the two did not like each other and had a rivalry, although not overtly.)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Empress Li (Later Jin)", "paragraph_text": "Empress Li (\u674e\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) (d. October 7, 950) was a princess of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Tang (as a daughter of its emperor Li Siyuan) and an empress of the succeeding Later Jin (as the wife of its founding emperor Shi Jingtang)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Philip III of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Philip III Portrait by Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Polanco King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia; Duke of Milan (more...) Reign 13 September 1598 -- 31 March 1621 Predecessor Philip II and I Successor Philip IV and III 14 April 1578 Madrid, Spain 31 March 1621 (1621 - 03 - 31) (aged 42) Madrid, Spain Burial El Escorial Spouse Margaret of Austria (m. 1599; d. 1611) Issue Anne, Queen of France Philip IV of Spain Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress Infante Charles of Spain Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand House Habsburg Father Philip II of Spain Mother Anna of Austria Religion Roman Catholicism Signature"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106\u2013125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (\u674e\u958f) and Jiang Jing (\u6c5f\u4eac) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125\u2013144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengn\u00fc (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengn\u00fc resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Federal Assault Weapons Ban", "paragraph_text": "The ten - year ban was passed by the U.S. Congress on September 13, 1994, following a close 52 -- 48 vote in the Senate, and signed into law by then President Bill Clinton the same day. The ban only applied to weapons manufactured after the date of the ban's enactment, and it expired on September 13, 2004, in accordance with its sunset provision."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Empress Xiang", "paragraph_text": "Empress Xiang (\u6b3d\u8056\u7687\u540e; 1047 \u2013 1102) was a Chinese Empress consort of the Song Dynasty, married to Emperor Shenzong of Song. She acted as co-regent of China during the reign of her son, Emperor Huizong of Song, in 1100."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Empress Gou", "paragraph_text": "Empress Gou (\u82df\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Ji\u0101n, who created her empress in 355 after seizing the throne from his violent and cruel cousin Fu Sheng even though he claimed only the title of \"Heavenly Prince\" (\"Tian Wang\")."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Li Shangjin", "paragraph_text": "Li Shangjin (\u674e\u4e0a\u91d1) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (\u694a). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (\u675e\u738b). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (\u5bff\u5dde), then prefect of Lu (\u6f09\u5dde). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (\u6fa7\u5dde, in modern Changde, Hunan)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federal Assault Weapons Ban", "paragraph_text": "The 10 - year ban was passed by the US Congress on September 13, 1994, following a close 52 -- 48 vote in the US Senate, and was signed into law by US President Bill Clinton on the same day. The ban applied only to weapons manufactured after the date of the ban's enactment. It expired on September 13, 2004, in accordance with its sunset provision."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Federal Election Commission", "paragraph_text": "Name Position Party Appointed by Sworn in Term expires Walther, Steven T. Steven T. Walther Chairman Independent George W. Bush 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27, 2008 000000002009 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2009 Term expired -- serving until replaced Hunter, Caroline C. Caroline C. Hunter Vice Chairman Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24, 2008 000000002013 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2013 Term expired -- serving until replaced Petersen, Matthew S. Matthew S. Petersen Commissioner Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24, 2008 000000002011 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2011 Term expired -- serving until replaced Weintraub, Ellen L. Ellen L. Weintraub Commissioner Democratic 000000002002 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6, 2002 000000002007 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2007 Term expired -- serving until replaced Goodman, Lee E. Lee E. Goodman Commissioner Republican Obama, Barack Barack Obama 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22, 2013 000000002015 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 2015 Term expired -- serving until replaced"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Empress of Mijak", "paragraph_text": "Empress of Mijak (known as Empress in North America and the United Kingdom) is the first novel in the \"Godspeaker\" series by Karen Miller."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Empress Qiang", "paragraph_text": "Empress Qiang (\u5f37\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) (died 356), formally Empress Mingde (\u660e\u5fb7\u7687\u540e, literally \"the understanding and virtuous empress\"), was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Former Qin's founding emperor, Fu Ji\u00e0n (Emperor Jingming)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sissi \u2013 Fateful Years of an Empress", "paragraph_text": "Sissi \u2013 Fateful Years of an Empress (\"\") is a 1957 film directed by Ernst Marischka and starring Romy Schneider, Karlheinz B\u00f6hm, Magda Schneider, Gustav Knuth and Josef Meinrad, costumes by (Gerda Gottschlich). It was entered into the 1958 Cannes Film Festival. It is the last film in the \"Sissi\" trilogy, following \"Sissi\" (1955) and \"Sissi \u2013 The Young Empress\" (1956). The director Ernst Marischka planned a fourth film, but Schneider refused to play \"Sissi\" any longer. She appeared 15 years later again as Empress Elisabeth in Luchino Visconti's 1972 film \"Ludwig\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wang Yacheng", "paragraph_text": "However, although Wang Xi was said to both favor and fear Empress Li, he later took the daughter of the general Shang Baoyin (\u5c1a\u4fdd\u6bb7) as a concubine, and was said to favor her greatly on account of her beauty. Jealous of the favor that Consort Shang was receiving, Empress Li wanted to have Wang Xi assassinated so that Wang Yacheng could be emperor. Knowing that the imperial guard commanders Zhu Wenjin and Lian Chongyu were already having mutual suspicions with Wang Xi, she sent messengers to inform Zhu and Lian of Wang Xi's suspicions toward them. In summer 944, when Wang Yacheng's grandfather Li Zhen was ill, Wang Xi went to visit him, and Zhu and Lian took this opportunity to have him assassinated. They then slaughtered the imperial Wang clan, including Empress Li and Wang Yacheng."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Neutrality Acts of the 1930s", "paragraph_text": "In January 1937, the Congress passed a joint resolution outlawing the arms trade with Spain. The Neutrality Act of 1937 was passed in May and included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Furthermore, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Shi Jingtang", "paragraph_text": "Shi Jingtang (\u77f3\u656c\u746d) (30 March 892 \u2013 28 July 942), also known by his temple name Gaozu (\u9ad8\u7956), was the founding emperor of imperial China's short-lived Later Jin during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 936 until his death."}], "question": "What was the date that the spouse of Empress Li died?"}
{"id": "2hop__84656_67216", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Clair Engle", "paragraph_text": "Clair Engle (September 21, 1911July 30, 1964) was an American politician of the Democratic Party and a United States Senator from California. He is best remembered for participating in the vote breaking the filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the US Senate while partially paralyzed and unable to speak, shortly before his death from a brain tumor."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Immigration Act of 1882", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Act of 1882 was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on August 3, 1882. It imposed a head tax on noncitizens of the United States who came to American ports and restricted certain classes of people from immigrating to America, including criminals, the insane, or ``any person unable to take care of him or herself. ''The act created what is recognized as the first federal immigration bureaucracy and laid the foundation for more regulations on immigration, such as the Immigration Act of 1891."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Social Security in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Social Security Act was enacted August 14, 1935. The Act was drafted during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term by the President's Committee on Economic Security, under Frances Perkins, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal. The Act was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children. By signing this Act on August 14, 1935, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933", "paragraph_text": "The legislation was enacted in June 1933 during the Great Depression in the United States as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislative program. Section 7 (a) of the bill, which protected collective bargaining rights for unions, proved contentious (especially in the Senate), but both chambers eventually passed the legislation. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933. The Act had two main sections (or ``titles ''). Title I was devoted to industrial recovery, authorizing the promulgation of industrial codes of fair competition, guaranteed trade union rights, permitted the regulation of working standards, and regulated the price of certain refined petroleum products and their transportation. Title II established the Public Works Administration, outlined the projects and funding opportunities it could engage in. Title II also provided funding for the Act."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "President of Zambia", "paragraph_text": "The President of Zambia is the head of state and the head of government of Zambia. The office was first held by Kenneth Kaunda following independence in 1964. Since 1991, when Kaunda left the Presidency, the office has been held by five others: Frederick Chiluba, Levy Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata, and current President Edgar Lungu. In addition, Acting President Guy Scott served in an interim capacity after the death of President Michael Sata."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "White House", "paragraph_text": "The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term White House is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers, as in ``The White House announced that... ''."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dare Not Walk Alone", "paragraph_text": "\"Dare Not Walk Alone\" is about the civil rights movement and its aftermath in St. Augustine, Florida, the site of prolonged interracial tension and protests by the NAACP and the SCLC. The most notable protests, including the Monson Motor Lodge swimming pool integration immediately preceded, and arguably precipitated, the signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such as motels, restaurants, theaters, and gas stations. Public schools, hospitals, libraries, parks, among other things, were included in the bill as well. It also worked with JFK's executive order 11114 by prohibiting discrimination in the awarding of federal contracts and holding the authority of the government to deny contracts to businesses who discriminate. Maybe most significant of all, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act aimed to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees. Another provision established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as the agency charged with ending discrimination in the nation's workplace.:74"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "African-American candidates for President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Major party, African American candidates for President of the United States could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965) opened up political participation to blacks in the South. Also, party changes to give more weight to candidates' performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders' negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. In 2008, Senator Barack Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States, the first African American to win the office."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Deval Patrick", "paragraph_text": "Deval Laurdine Patrick (born July 31, 1956) is an American politician, civil rights lawyer, author and businessman who served as the 71st Governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015. He was first elected in 2006, succeeding Mitt Romney, who chose not to run, and was re-elected in 2010. He is the only African American to have served as governor of Massachusetts. A member of the Democratic Party, Patrick served from 1994 to 1997 as the United States assistant attorney general for the civil rights division under President Bill Clinton."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (French: La Charte canadienne des droits et libert\u00e9s), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, along with the rest of the Act."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Civil Rights Act of 1964", "paragraph_text": "The legislation had been proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but opposed by filibuster in the Senate. Thereafter, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward, which in its final form was passed in the U.S. Congress by a Senate vote of 73 -- 27 and House vote of 289 -- 126. The Act was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, at the White House."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine Think was created. Also that year, IBM held its first training class for female systems service professionals. In 1942, IBM launched a program to train and employ disabled people in Topeka, Kansas. The next year classes began in New York City, and soon the company was asked to join the President's Committee for Employment of the Handicapped. In 1946, the company hired its first black salesman, 18 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1947, IBM announced a Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan for employees. A vested rights pension was added to the IBM retirement plan. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s revisions were made to these pension plans to reduce IBM's pension liabilities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Antonio Segni", "paragraph_text": "Antonio Segni (; 2 February 1891 \u2013 1 December 1972) was an Italian politician who was the 34th Prime Minister of Italy (1955\u20131957, 1959\u20131960), and the fourth President of the Italian Republic from 1962 to 1964. Adhering to the centrist Christian Democratic party (Italian: \"Democrazia Cristiana\" \u2013 DC), he was the first Sardinian ever to become Prime Minister of Italy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Barbara Wootton, Baroness Wootton of Abinger", "paragraph_text": "Barbara Wootton, Baroness Wootton of Abinger CH (14 April 1897 \u2013 11 July 1988) was a British sociologist and criminologist. She was one of the first four life peers appointed under the Life Peerages Act 1958. She was President of the British Sociological Association from 1959 to 1964."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Publication history of Superman", "paragraph_text": "The revised Superman first appeared in Action Comics # 1, June 1938. Siegel and Shuster sold the rights to the company for $130 and a contract to supply the publisher with material. The Saturday Evening Post reported in 1960 that the pair was being paid $75,000 each per year, still a fraction of DC's Superman profits. In 1964, when Siegel and Shuster sued for more money, DC fired them, prompting a legal battle that ended in 1967, when they accepted $200,000 and signed away any further claim to Superman or any character created from him. DC soon took Siegel's and Shuster's names off the byline. Following the huge financial success of Superman in 1978 and news reports of their pauper - like existences, Warner Communications gave Siegel and Shuster lifetime pensions of $35,000 per year and health care benefits. In addition, any media production which includes the Superman character must include the credit, ``Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster ''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States", "paragraph_text": "Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the U.S. Congress could use the power granted to it by the Constitution's Commerce Clause to force private businesses to abide by the Civil Rights Act of 1964."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Civil Rights Act of 1968", "paragraph_text": "The Fair Housing Act was enacted as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and codified at 42 U.S.C. 3601 - 3619, with penalties for violation at 42 U.S.C. 3631. It is enforced by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "James Meredith", "paragraph_text": "James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an African - American Civil Rights Movement figure, writer, political adviser and Air Force veteran. In 1962, he became the first African - American student admitted to the segregated University of Mississippi, after the intervention of the federal government, an event that was a flashpoint in the Civil Rights Movement. Inspired by President John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutional rights and apply to the University of Mississippi. His goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration to enforce civil rights for African Americans."}], "question": "Who was the first president to live in DC in the place where the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed?"}
{"id": "2hop__84656_72147", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Civil Rights Act of 1968", "paragraph_text": "The Fair Housing Act was enacted as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and codified at 42 U.S.C. 3601 - 3619, with penalties for violation at 42 U.S.C. 3631. It is enforced by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dare Not Walk Alone", "paragraph_text": "\"Dare Not Walk Alone\" is about the civil rights movement and its aftermath in St. Augustine, Florida, the site of prolonged interracial tension and protests by the NAACP and the SCLC. The most notable protests, including the Monson Motor Lodge swimming pool integration immediately preceded, and arguably precipitated, the signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Protests started by Barbara Rose Johns in 1951 in Farmville against segregated schools led to the lawsuit Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. This case, filed by Richmond natives Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, was decided in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the segregationist doctrine of \"separate but equal\". But, in 1958, under the policy of \"massive resistance\" led by the influential segregationist Senator Harry F. Byrd and his Byrd Organization, the Commonwealth prohibited desegregated local schools from receiving state funding.The civil rights movement gained many participants in the 1960s. It achieved the moral force and support to gain passage of national legislation with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In 1964 the United States Supreme Court ordered Prince Edward County and others to integrate schools. In 1967, the Court also struck down the state's ban on interracial marriage with Loving v. Virginia. From 1969 to 1971, state legislators under Governor Mills Godwin rewrote the constitution, after goals such as the repeal of Jim Crow laws had been achieved. In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected as governor in the United States.The Cold War led to the expansion of national defense government programs housed in offices in Northern Virginia near Washington, D.C., and correlative population growth. The Central Intelligence Agency in Langley was involved in various Cold War events, including as the target of Soviet espionage activities. Also among the federal developments was the Pentagon, built during World War II as the headquarters for the Department of Defense. It was one of the targets of the September 11 attacks; 189 people died at the site when a jet passenger plane was flown into the building."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Clair Engle", "paragraph_text": "Clair Engle (September 21, 1911July 30, 1964) was an American politician of the Democratic Party and a United States Senator from California. He is best remembered for participating in the vote breaking the filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the US Senate while partially paralyzed and unable to speak, shortly before his death from a brain tumor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (French: La Charte canadienne des droits et libert\u00e9s), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, along with the rest of the Act."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "White House Office", "paragraph_text": "The White House Office is an entity within the Executive Office of the President of the United States. The White House Office is headed by the White House Chief of Staff, who is also the head of the Executive Office of the President. The staff of the various offices are based in the West Wing and East Wing of the White House, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, and the New Executive Office Building. Almost all of the White House Office staff are political appointees of the President. These aides oversee the political and policy interests of the President and do not require Senate confirmation for appointment. They can be removed at the discretion of the President."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bill of Rights 1689", "paragraph_text": "The Bill of Rights, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights. It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the right of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census", "paragraph_text": "\"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act).\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016", "paragraph_text": "The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 is the disability legislation passed by the Indian Parliament to fulfill its obligation to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007. The Act replaces the existing Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "African-American candidates for President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Major party, African American candidates for President of the United States could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965) opened up political participation to blacks in the South. Also, party changes to give more weight to candidates' performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders' negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. In 2008, Senator Barack Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States, the first African American to win the office."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Civil rights movement", "paragraph_text": "The civil rights movement (also known as the African - American civil rights movement, American civil rights movement and other terms) was a decades - long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held. With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, the movement resulted in the largest legislative impacts after the direct actions and grassroots protests organized from the mid-1950s until 1968. Encompassing strategies, various groups, and organized social movements to accomplish the goals of ending legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States, the movement, using major nonviolent campaigns, eventually secured new recognition in federal law and federal protection of all Americans."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Model Secondary School for the Deaf", "paragraph_text": "The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89 - 694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Civil Rights Act of 1964", "paragraph_text": "The legislation had been proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but opposed by filibuster in the Senate. Thereafter, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward, which in its final form was passed in the U.S. Congress by a Senate vote of 73 -- 27 and House vote of 289 -- 126. The Act was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, at the White House."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "National Center for Civil and Human Rights", "paragraph_text": "The National Center for Civil and Human Rights is a museum dedicated to the achievements of both the civil rights movement in the United States and the broader worldwide human rights movement. Located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, the museum opened to the public on June 23, 2014."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Human Rights Act 1993", "paragraph_text": "The Human Rights Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of New Zealand which deals with discrimination. It was a consolidation and amendment of the Race Relations Act 1971 and the Human Rights Commission Act 1977. It came into force on 1 February 1994. The Act governs the work of the New Zealand Human Rights Commission."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "David Halberstam", "paragraph_text": "David Halberstam (April 10, 1934 April 23, 2007) was an American journalist and historian, known for his work on the Vietnam War, politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement, business, media, American culture, and later, sports journalism. He won a Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1964. Halberstam was killed in a car crash in 2007, while doing research for a book."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States", "paragraph_text": "Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the U.S. Congress could use the power granted to it by the Constitution's Commerce Clause to force private businesses to abide by the Civil Rights Act of 1964."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mystery of the Red Jungle", "paragraph_text": "Mystery of the Red Jungle (, , , also known as \"Operation Hong Kong\") is a 1964 German-French-Italian adventure-spy film directed by Helmut Ashley and starring Maria Perschy, Dietmar Sch\u00f6nherr and Brad Harris."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 \u2014 codified at 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 \u2014 which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights."}], "question": "Who directs all operations of the place where the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed?"}
{"id": "2hop__819629_168967", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sur le m\u00eame accord", "paragraph_text": "Sur le m\u00eame accord (\"On only one chord\") is a piece by the French composer Henri Dutilleux for solo violin and orchestra. It was composed for the violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter, and was premiered by her on 28 April 2002 in London with the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Kurt Masur. The piece lasts about 10 minutes in performance."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pitch Perfect 3", "paragraph_text": "The Bellas are left in disgrace after the incident with no hopes of winning the competition until Stacie calls the girls to inform she has given birth to a baby girl and named her Bella. This motivates the Bellas to just perform their hearts out without trying to win. Back at the USO competition, the Bellas perform tremendously to adoring crowds through different performances, repairing their reputation and chances to win in the process. Fergus is accepted by Amy, who believes he came to one of their performances to see her. He accidentally reveals that he has not seen her perform at all, while confessing that he is only trying to acquire an offshore account Amy's mother set up which contains US $180 million. After Amy shuts out Fergus again, Chicago and Zeke escort her away from her father, who swears revenge on her. Meanwhile, only Beca is asked personally by DJ Khaled to open for him, disregarding the other Bellas. Beca politely declines the offer and leaves to her room. Later, the Bellas are taken away by a Frenchman in a dark grey van out onto a yacht in a nearby harbor. The yacht belongs to Fergus, who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him. Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas. Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform ``Toxic ''for him and two of his men, just as Amy sets the yacht to explode. The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows. Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Russian Christmas Music", "paragraph_text": "Russian Christmas Music is a musical piece for symphonic band, written by Alfred Reed in 1944. It is one of the most frequently performed pieces of concert band literature."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo accompaniment do not specify which instruments should play the accompaniment or exactly how the chordal instrument (harpsichord, lute, etc.) should play the chords, which are not notated in the part (only a figured bass symbol beneath the bass part is used to guide the chord-playing performer). The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece, including the phrasing of melodies, the time taken during fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and the use (or choice not to use) of effects such as vibrato or glissando (these effects are possible on various stringed, brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)", "paragraph_text": "The Sorcerer's Apprentice (French: L'apprenti sorcier) is a symphonic poem in the key of F minor by the French composer Paul Dukas, written in 1897. Subtitled ``Scherzo after a ballad by Goethe '', the piece was based on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's 1797 poem of the same name. By far the most performed and recorded of Dukas's works, its notable appearance in the Walt Disney 1940 animated film Fantasia has led to the piece becoming widely known to audiences outside the classical concert hall."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Body Pressure", "paragraph_text": "Body Pressure is a 1974 performance piece by American artist Bruce Nauman. The performer is instructed to press their body against a wall in various positions; Nauman says that it \"may become a very erotic exercise\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Scroobius Pip", "paragraph_text": "David (Dave) Meads (born 3 August 1981), known professionally as Scroobius Pip, is an English spoken word poet and hip hop recording artist from Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. He first gained prominence as one half of hip hop duo Dan le Sac Vs Scroobius Pip sparked by their debut single 'Thou Shalt Always Kill'."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare", "paragraph_text": "How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare () was a performance piece enacted by the German artist Joseph Beuys on 26 November 1965 at the Galerie Schmela in D\u00fcsseldorf. While it was only Beuys\u2019s first solo exhibition in a private gallery, it is sometimes referred to as his best known action."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jesse Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 -- July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Festkl\u00e4nge (Liszt)", "paragraph_text": "Festkl\u00e4nge, S. 101, is the seventh symphonic poem by Franz Liszt. Written in 1853 during Liszt's time in Weimar, it was first performed on 9 November 1854 and was published in 1857. The German title means \"festive sounds\", and Liszt had intended the piece to be played at his wedding to Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Photopia", "paragraph_text": "Photopia is a piece of literature by Adam Cadre rendered in the form of interactive fiction, and written in Inform. It has received both praise and criticism for its heavy focus on fiction rather than on interactivity. It won first place in the 1998 Interactive Fiction Competition."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Switched at Birth episodes", "paragraph_text": "Switched at Birth is an American television drama series which premiered on ABC Family on June 6, 2011. Created by Lizzy Weiss, the series follows two teenage girls who learn that they were switched at birth. On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Switched at Birth for a second season, which premiered on January 7, 2013. All of the episode titles take their names from pieces of artwork. On July 30, 2013, ABC Family renewed the series for a full 22 - episode third season, which premiered in January 2014. The second half of season 3 premiered on June 16, 2014. On August 13, 2014, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 6, 2015. ABC Family, which changed its name to Freeform in January 2016, announced on Wednesday October 21, 2015, that it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season. The fifth season began airing on January 31, 2017, and concluded on April 11, 2017. During the course of the series, 103 episodes of Switched at Birth aired over five seasons."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Distraction Pieces", "paragraph_text": "Distraction Pieces is the second solo album by Scroobius Pip, released on 19 September 2011. It entered and peaked at No. 35 on the UK albums chart."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Freedom in Fragments", "paragraph_text": "Freedom in Fragments is a studio album by English guitarist, composer and improvisor Fred Frith. It was composed by Frith in 1993 as \"a suite of 23 pieces for saxophone quartet\", and was performed by the Rova Saxophone Quartet between February 1999 and January 2000 in San Francisco. The album was released on Tzadik Records' Composer Series in 2002. Frith does not perform on this album."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Texting while driving", "paragraph_text": "Texting has become a social norm since the early 2000s because of the popularity of smartphones. There have been many studies that have linked texting while driving to be the cause of life - threatening accidents due to driver distraction. The International Telecommunication Union states that ``texting, making calls, and other interaction with in - vehicle information and communication systems while driving is a serious source of driver distraction and increases the risk of traffic accidents ''. In 2013 the National Safety Council estimated there were about 1.4 million crashes in the US involving cell phone use. Their model predicted text messaging was involved in 6 - 16% of all car accidents in the US. In 2010, texting while driving amongst young drivers was named a disease burden and ranked 8th overall in the global years of life lost (YLL). The premature mortality of young drivers who crash as a result of distracted driving has a greater effect on YLL than most diseases do."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "S'more", "paragraph_text": "A s'more is a traditional nighttime campfire treat popular in the United States and Canada, consisting of a marshmallow and a layer of chocolate placed between two pieces of graham cracker or cookie."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Camerata Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Camerata Chicago is a Chicago-based chamber orchestra founded by conductor Drostan Hall which had its debut in 2003. The orchestra performs a wide array of classical and romantic works as well as newly commissioned pieces."}], "question": "The artist behind Distraction Pieces was born where in Essex?"}
{"id": "2hop__124794_342798", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Barbara McClintock", "paragraph_text": "Barbara McClintock was born Eleanor McClintock on June 16, 1902 in Hartford, Connecticut, the third of four children born to homeopathic physician Thomas Henry McClintock and Sara Handy McClintock. Thomas McClintock was the child of British immigrants; Sara Ryder Handy was descended from an old American \"Mayflower\" family. Marjorie, the oldest child, was born in October 1898; Mignon, the second daughter, was born in November 1900. The youngest, Malcolm Rider (called Tom), was born 18 months after Barbara. As a young girl, her parents determined that Eleanor, a \"feminine\" and \"delicate\" name, was not appropriate for her, and chose Barbara instead. McClintock was an independent child beginning at a very young age, a trait she later identified as her \"capacity to be alone\". From the age of three until she began school, McClintock lived with an aunt and uncle in Brooklyn, New York in order to reduce the financial burden on her parents while her father established his medical practice. She was described as a solitary and independent child. She was close to her father, but had a difficult relationship with her mother, tension that began when she was young."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alag", "paragraph_text": "Alag () is a 2006 Bollywood film starring Akshay Kapoor and Dia Mirza and directed by Ashu Trikha and produced by Subi Samuel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Khasim Mirza", "paragraph_text": "Born to an Indian father and a Filipina mother, Mirza played for the University of Santo Tomas Growling Tigers in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines for three seasons (2007 to 2009). He then played for the Philippine Patriots in the Asean Basketball League from 2009 to 2010 before being drafted 16th overall in the second round of the 2010 PBA draft by PBA expansion team Meralco Bolts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cosette", "paragraph_text": "Cosette is a fictional character in the novel \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\" by Victor Hugo and in the many adaptations of the story for stage, film, and television. Her birth name, Euphrasie, is only mentioned briefly. As the orphaned child of an unmarried mother deserted by her father, Hugo never gives her a surname. In the course of the novel, she is mistakenly identified as \"Ursule\", \"Lark\", or \"Mademoiselle Lanoire\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Noora", "paragraph_text": "\"Noora (The Kiss of Life)\" is the first fiction film directed by Mahmoud Shoolizadeh, it has participated in major international film festivals and has won many awards."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mahmoud Mirza", "paragraph_text": "Mahmoud Mirza (9 October 1905 \u2013 2 July 1988) Iranian prince of Qajar Dynasty, was the son of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Liliana Mumy", "paragraph_text": "Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 The Twilight Zone episode ``It's a Good Life '', and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series' 2003 sequel episode`` It's Still a Good Life''. She currently voices Beth Tezuka, in the animated web series Bravest Warriors and Leni Loud in the Nickelodeon TV series The Loud House, and has been joined by her father on some episodes of both shows."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Amanollah Khan Zia' os-Soltan", "paragraph_text": "Amanollah Khan Zia' os-Soltan (also Amanollah Khan Donboli \"Nazer ol-Ayaleh\" \"Zia' os-Soltan\") was an Iranian aristocrat and politician at Qajar court during the time of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah, Mohammad Ali Shah and Ahmad Shah Qajar and hero of the Persian Constitutional Revolution."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bahram Mirza", "paragraph_text": "Bahram Mirza Moezz-od-Dowleh Qajar (1806\u20131882) () was the second son of Abbas Mirza who was the youngest son of Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar. He was an educated and erudite man expert on many subjects, which won him the nickname of \"Mollah Bahram\" (Knowledgeable Bahram). As the uncle of Naser al-Din Shah, he was the minister of justice during his reign."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad", "paragraph_text": "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ( ), born Mahmoud Sabbaghian (, 28 October 1956), is an Iranian politician who served as the sixth President of Iran from 2005 to 2013. He was also the main political leader of the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, a coalition of conservative political groups in the country."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Avicenna", "paragraph_text": "Avicenna was born c.\u2009980 in Af\u0161ana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Invisible Child", "paragraph_text": "Invisible Child is a 1999 American television drama film starring Rita Wilson as a mother who imagines she has three children when she has only two. Fearing his wife may be institutionalized because of her delusional disorder, her husband goes along with this charade as though it is perfectly normal. The 10-year-old daughter assists her father in facilitating the delusion. The youngest child seems to really believe that he has a sister named \"Maggie.\" They hire a nanny who initially goes along with the family's unusual situation, but she becomes concerned about the effects on the real children and reports the family to child protective services."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mirza Mehdy Ispahani", "paragraph_text": "Mirza Mehdy Ispahani (also known as Sadri Ispahani) (1923\u20132004), son of Mirza Ahmad Ispahani, was Chairman of M.M. Ispahani from 1949 till 2004. Mirza Ali Behrouze Ispahani, son of Mirza Mehdy Ispahani was elected as the Chairman of M.M. Ispahani in 2004."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mirz\u0259haqverdili", "paragraph_text": "Mirz\u0259haqverdili (also, Mirzaakhverdili and Mirza-Akhverdly) is a village and municipality in the Aghjabadi Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 466."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mahmoud Salem", "paragraph_text": "Mahmoud Salem (; 1931 - 24 February 2013) was an eminent Egyptian author who was known for children books and mystery series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Leonhard Seppala", "paragraph_text": "Leonhard Seppala was born in the village of Skibotn in Storfjord municipality, Troms county, Norway. He was the oldest-born child of father Isak Isaksson Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 (of Swedish descent) and Anne Henriksdatter (of Finnish Norwegian Kven descent). His father's family name is of Finnish origin. When Seppala was two years old, his family moved within Troms county to nearby Skjerv\u00f8y municipality on the island of Skjerv\u00f8ya. While in Skjerv\u00f8y, his father worked as a blacksmith and fisherman, building up a relatively large estate. Seppala initially followed in his father's footsteps as both a blacksmith and a fisherman. However, he emigrated to Alaska during the Nome gold rush of the 1900s. His friend Jafet Lindeberg had returned from Alaska and convinced Seppala to come to work for his mining company in Nome."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Blood Stain Child", "paragraph_text": "Blood Stain Child (stylised as BLOOD STAIN CHILD) is a Japanese heavy metal band from the city of Osaka. The band's musical style combines melodic death metal with electronic and trance. The band formed under the name \"Visionquest\" (stylised as \"VISIONQUEST\") in 1999, but changed their name to Blood Stain Child in 2000."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ibrahim Shoukry", "paragraph_text": "Ibrahim Shoukry was born on September 22, 1916 in Cairo to a wealthy well-reputed Egyptian family, son of Mahmoud Pasha Shoukry."}], "question": "Who is the other child of the father of Mahmoud Mirza?"}
{"id": "2hop__125226_184805", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Titus van Rijn", "paragraph_text": "Titus van Rijn (22 September 1641 \u2013 4 September 1668) was the fourth and only surviving child of Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn and Saskia van Uylenburgh. Titus is best known as a figure or model in his father's paintings and studies."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince. A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Last Song", "paragraph_text": "At seventeen, Veronica ``Ronnie ''Miller (Miley Cyrus) remains as rebellious as she was the day her parents divorced and her father moved to North Carolina three years prior. Once a classical piano child prodigy under the tutelage of her father, Steve Miller (Greg Kinnear), Ronnie now ignores the instrument and has not spoken with her father since he left. While Juilliard School has been interested in her since she was young, Ronnie refuses to attend."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mary of Lancaster", "paragraph_text": "Mary of Lancaster, Baroness Percy (1320 \u2013 1 September 1362), was the youngest surviving child of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster by his wife Maud Chaworth. Through her father, she was a great-granddaughter of Henry III of England."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters", "paragraph_text": "Carina Smyth, is portrayed by Kaya Scodelario in Dead Men Tell No Tales. Left at an orphanage as a child, she uses the diary her father left her to search for the Trident of Poseidon. She is interested in the sciences, particularly astronomy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jean Lambert-Rucki", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1888 in Krak\u00f3w, Poland, Jean Lambert-Rucki was the youngest of a large family. He was eleven years old when his father died suddenly. A child prodigy, he earned a living by making portraits that surprised the Bourgeoisie of Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Helen Vlachos", "paragraph_text": "Helen Vlachos was the daughter, and only child, of Georgios Vlachos, who founded \"Kathimerini\", one of Greece's premier newspapers, in 1919. She worked as a journalist in her father's newspaper and covered the Berlin Olympics in 1936. During World War II, her father refused to cooperate with the Nazi occupation government and closed down \"Kathimerini\". During the war she worked as a nurse."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Giovanni Pisano", "paragraph_text": "Born in Pisa, Giovanni Pisano was the son of the famous sculptor Nicola Pisano. He received his training in the workshop of his father and in 1265\u20131268 he worked with his father on the pulpit in Siena Cathedral. His next major work with his father was the fountain \"Fontana Maggiore\" in Perugia (completed 1278). Nicola Pisano is thought to have died either around 1278 or in 1284 when Giovanni took up residence in Siena. These first works were made in Nicola's style and it is difficult to separate the contributions of the two artists. However the \"Madonna with Child\" can be attributed with certainty to Giovanni, showing a new style with a certain familiarity between Mother and Child."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kala Ramnath", "paragraph_text": "Kala Ramnath is the first child of Malathy and T.N. Mani in Chennai, India. Kala Ramnath was born into a family that includes violinists T. N. Krishnan and N. Rajam. Her father, T.N. Mani was known for his contributions to Indian film music."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tompion", "paragraph_text": "Immaculately bred, Tompion was the son of the Hall of Fame horse Tom Fool. His damsire was Count Fleet, the 1943 U.S. Triple Crown champion. During his racing career he was owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney and trained by Robert L. Wheeler."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alluvial (horse)", "paragraph_text": "Alluvial was sired by U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Buckpasser, who in turn was sired by the 1953 United States Horse of the Year, Tom Fool, out of the Hill Prince mare Bayou. Alluvial was a half-sister, through Bayou, to the graded stakes race winning filly Batteur, who won the Santa Monica Handicap, Santa Margarita Handicap, Santa Maria Handicap, and Santa Barbara Handicap, as well as the New York Handicap."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Liliana Mumy", "paragraph_text": "Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 The Twilight Zone episode ``It's a Good Life '', and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series' 2003 sequel episode`` It's Still a Good Life''. She currently voices Beth Tezuka, in the animated web series Bravest Warriors and Leni Loud in the Nickelodeon TV series The Loud House, and has been joined by her father on some episodes of both shows."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lucy Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "Kennedy grew up in Sandycove, Dublin, the middle child of three girls. Her father is John Kennedy who would later feature alongside his daughter as her pianist on \"The Lucy Kennedy Show\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Abdullah Khadr", "paragraph_text": "Abdullah Khadr was born in 1981 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada as the second child and first son to Ahmed Khadr and his wife Maha el-Samnah, while his father was still in graduate school in computer science. As a child, Abdullah claimed his vision of Jannah (paradise) involved fast cars. He was the oldest of five boys, and had two sisters, one older and one much younger."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lina Medina", "paragraph_text": "Medina has never revealed the father of the child nor the circumstances of her impregnation. Escomel suggested that she might not actually know herself, as she \"couldn't give precise responses\". Lina's father was arrested on suspicion of child sexual abuse, but he was released due to lack of evidence and the biological father was never identified. Her son grew up healthy. He died in 1979 at the age of 40.In young adulthood, Medina worked as a secretary in the Lima clinic of Lozada, which gave her an education and helped put her son through high school. She married Ra\u00fal Jurado, who fathered her second son in 1972. As of 2002, they lived in a poor district of Lima known as \"Chicago Chico\". She refused an interview with Reuters that year, just as she had turned away many reporters in years past."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Temperance \"Bones\" Brennan", "paragraph_text": "Brennan is best friends with her coworker, Angela, saying in the 6th - season premiere she loves Angela ``like a sister ''and is going to be an aunt to Hodgins' and Angela's newborn child. It is revealed at the end of the season six finale`` The Change in the Game'' that Brennan is pregnant and the father is Booth."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zolt\u00e1n Husz\u00e1rik", "paragraph_text": "Husz\u00e1rik was born in the small village of Domony, Hungary. His father died when he was two years old. Being an only child, Husz\u00e1rik had an adoring relationship with his widowed mother. His background had a great influence on his work."}], "question": "What horse was sired by the father of Tompian?"}
{"id": "2hop__85971_54730", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gwen Stacy", "paragraph_text": "The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spider-Man in film", "paragraph_text": "The fictional character Spider - Man, a comic book superhero created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and featured in Marvel Comics publications, has currently appeared in ten live - action films since his inception, not including fan made shorts. Spider - Man is the alter - ego of Peter Parker, a talented young freelance photographer and aspiring scientist, and Miles Morales, a high school student, both imbued with superhuman abilities after being bitten by radioactive / genetically - altered spiders."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", "paragraph_text": "The Amazing Spider - Man 2 (also released as The Amazing Spider - Man 2: Rise of Electro in some markets) is a 2014 American superhero film featuring the Marvel Comics character Spider - Man. The film was directed by Marc Webb and was produced by Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach. It is the fifth theatrical Spider - Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment, and is the sequel to 2012's The Amazing Spider - Man, it is also the final film in The Amazing Spider - Man franchise. The studio hired James Vanderbilt to write the screenplay and Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci to rewrite it. The film stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider - Man, Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy, Dane DeHaan as Green Goblin / Harry Osborn, Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz as Peter's parents, and Sally Field as Aunt May, with the addition of a new cast including Paul Giamatti as Rhino / Aleksei Sytsevich and Jamie Foxx as Electro / Max Dillon."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films", "paragraph_text": "Captain America: Civil War (2016) is the first film in the franchise's Phase Three, and is followed by Doctor Strange (2016), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Spider - Man: Homecoming (2017), and Thor: Ragnarok (2017), with Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Ant - Man and the Wasp (2018), Captain Marvel (2019), and an untitled Avengers film (2019) scheduled for the phase. Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films, which they continue to own, finance, and have final creative control over."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spider-Man", "paragraph_text": "A few months after Spider - Man's introduction, publisher Goodman reviewed the sales figures for that issue and was shocked to find it was one of the nascent Marvel's highest - selling comics. A solo ongoing series followed, beginning with The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 (cover - dated March 1963). The title eventually became Marvel's top - selling series with the character swiftly becoming a cultural icon; a 1965 Esquire poll of college campuses found that college students ranked Spider - Man and fellow Marvel hero the Hulk alongside Bob Dylan and Che Guevara as their favorite revolutionary icons. One interviewee selected Spider - Man because he was ``beset by woes, money problems, and the question of existence. In short, he is one of us. ''Following Ditko's departure after issue # 38 (July 1966), John Romita, Sr. replaced him as penciler and would draw the series for the next several years. In 1968, Romita would also draw the character's extra-length stories in the comics magazine The Spectacular Spider - Man, a proto - graphic novel designed to appeal to older readers. It only lasted for two issues, but it represented the first Spider - Man spin - off publication, aside from the original series' summer annuals that began in 1964."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Canadian Tire guy", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Tire guy is a character played by actor Ted Simonett in a series of television commercials for Canadian Tire stores that ran for eight years. The character typically touted the features and benefits of products unique to Canadian Tire in a friendly, helpful everyday scenario."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Marvel Comics", "paragraph_text": "Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Inhumans and the X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, The Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Michael Keaton", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 1978 Rabbit Test Sailor A Different Approach Filmmaker Short film 1982 Night Shift Bill Blazejowski Mr. Mom Jack Butler 1984 Johnny Dangerously Johnny Kelly / Johnny Dangerously 1986 Gung Ho Hunt Stevenson Touch and Go Robert ``Bobby ''Barbato The Squeeze Harold`` Harry'' Berg She's Having a Baby Himself Uncredited cameo Beetlejuice Betelgeuse Clean and Sober Daryl Poynter The Dream Team William ``Billy ''Caufield Batman Bruce Wayne / Batman 1990 Pacific Heights Carter Hayes / James Danforth 1991 One Good Cop Arthur`` Artie'' Lewis Batman Returns Bruce Wayne / Batman Much Ado About Nothing Dogberry My Life Robert ``Bob ''Jones The Paper Henry Hackett Speechless Kevin Vallick Multiplicity Doug Kinney Inventing the Abbotts Narrator / Older Doug Uncredited Jackie Brown Raymond`` Ray'' Nicolette 1998 Desperate Measures Peter J. McCabe Out of Sight Raymond ``Ray ''Nicolette Uncredited Jack Frost Jack Frost 1999 Body Shots Executive producer 2002 A Shot at Glory Peter Cameron Quicksand Martin Raikes First Daughter President Mackenzie 2005 White Noise Jonathan Rivers Porco Rosso Porco Rosso Voice role (English dub) Herbie: Fully Loaded Raymond`` Ray'' Peyton, Sr. 2006 Game 6 Nicholas ``Nicky ''Rogan Cars Chick Hicks Voice 2007 The Last Time Ted Riker Also executive producer 2009 The Merry Gentleman Franklin`` Frank'' Logan Also director Post Grad Walter Malby Toy Story 3 Ken Voice role The Other Guys Captain Gene Mauch 2011 Hawaiian Vacation Ken Voice role; short film 2012 Noah's Ark: The New Beginning Noah Voice role 2014 Blindsided Hollander Also executive producer RoboCop Raymond Sellars Need for Speed Monarch Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) Riggan Thomson 2015 Minions Walter Nelson Voice role Spotlight Walter ``Robby ''Robinson 2016 The Founder Ray Kroc 2017 Spider - Man: Homecoming Adrian Toomes / Vulture American Assassin Stan Hurley 2019 Dumbo V.A. Vandemere Filming"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gwen Stacy", "paragraph_text": "Gwendolyne Maxine ``Gwen ''Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man. A college student, she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter's`` one true love'' is Gwen Stacy, or Mary Jane Watson (Peter's later girlfriend and wife). Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gwen Stacy", "paragraph_text": "The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2. In the upcoming 2018 film Spider - Man: Into the Spider - Verse, the character will be voiced by Hailee Steinfeld."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gwen Stacy", "paragraph_text": "Gwendolyne Maxine ``Gwen ''Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man. A college student, she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter's`` one true love'' is Gwen Stacy or Mary Jane Watson (Peter's later girlfriend and wife). Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spider-Man: Homecoming", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man: Homecoming premiered in Hollywood on June 28, 2017, and was released in the United States in 3D, IMAX, and IMAX 3D on July 7, 2017. Homecoming grossed over $880 million worldwide, making it the second most successful Spider - Man film and the fifth highest - grossing film of 2017. It received positive reviews, with critics praising the light tone and focus on Parker's high school life, and the performances of Holland and Keaton. A sequel is scheduled to be released on July 5, 2019."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films", "paragraph_text": "Captain America: Civil War (2016) is the first film in the franchise's Phase Three, and is followed by Doctor Strange (2016), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Spider - Man: Homecoming (2017), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Ant - Man and the Wasp (2018), with Captain Marvel (2019) and an untitled Avengers film (2019) still scheduled for the phase. Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films, which they continue to own, finance, and have final creative control over."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Spider-Man: Homecoming", "paragraph_text": "Michael Keaton as Adrian Toomes / Vulture: A salvager turned arms trafficker after his company is forced out of business. He uses a suit with mechanical wings forged from Chitauri technology. Toomes is revealed to be the father of Liz, Parker's love interest. Director Jon Watts wanted him to be a ``regular guy '', closer to John C. Reilly's Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey from Guardians of the Galaxy than other MCU villains like Thanos and Ultron, to go with Spider - Man as a`` regular kid who becomes a superhero''. This helped avoid Toomes drawing the attention of the Avengers, and provided someone that Parker would be able to defeat while still learning to use his abilities. Keaton said Toomes was not completely villainous, as ``there's parts of him that you go, 'You know what? I might see his point.' ''Co-producer Eric Hauserman Carroll likened Toomes to`` the dark Tony Stark'', a ``businessman with a family. He wants to look out for his kids... He does n't have these big delusions of grandeur where he wants to take over the world, or replace the government, or even defeat the Avengers or anything. He just wants his shot at the good life ''.'' Keaton was not hesitant to portray another comic book character after playing Batman in Tim Burton's 1989 film and its 1992 sequel."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spider-Man (2018 video game)", "paragraph_text": "The game is scheduled to be released worldwide on September 7, 2018. After the intended release however, there will be extra content being added to Spider - Man via the ``City That Never Sleeps ''DLC, including new characters from the Spider - Man universe and new unlockable suits for Spider - Man to wear."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Spider-Man: Homecoming", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man: Homecoming was released on digital download by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on September 26, 2017, and on Blu - ray, Blu - ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu - ray, and DVD on October 17, 2017. The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes, deleted scenes, and a blooper reel."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite", "paragraph_text": "The ``2017 Character Pass ''includes six DLC fighters: Black Panther, Black Widow, Monster Hunter, Sigma, Venom, and Winter Soldier. Black Panther, Monster Hunter, and Sigma were released on October 17, 2017, while the rest will come before the end of 2017. Players can also obtain the Superior Spider - Man alternate costume by pre-ordering Spider - Man: Homecoming through the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One online stores before October 24, 2017. On October 17, 2017, Capcom released three themed costume packs, each containing six outfits: the Avenging Army Pack (Iron Man, Hawkeye, Thor, Dante, Spencer, Arthur), the World Warriors Pack (Captain America, Captain Marvel, Hulk, Chris, Ryu, Chun - Li), and the Mystic Masters Pack (Doctor Strange, Dormammu, Ghost Rider, Morrigan, Firebrand, Nemesis). The premium costumes can also be purchased individually or altogether with the`` Premium Costume Pass''. In addition, the Premium Costume Pass will give players access to alternate costumes for the remainder of the cast, which will be released before the end of 2017."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spider-Man: Homecoming", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man: Homecoming is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider - Man, co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is the second Spider - Man film reboot and the sixteenth film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Jon Watts, with a screenplay by the writing teams of Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley, Watts and Christopher Ford, and Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers. Tom Holland stars as Spider - Man, alongside Michael Keaton, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Donald Glover, Tyne Daly, Marisa Tomei and Robert Downey Jr. In Spider - Man: Homecoming, Peter Parker tries to balance high school life with being Spider - Man, while facing the Vulture."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Microsoft Spider Solitaire", "paragraph_text": "Spider Solitaire, also known as Microsoft Spider Solitaire (Spider in the About box in some versions), is a solitaire card game that is included in Microsoft Windows. It is a version of Spider. , it was the most played game on Windows PCs, surpassing the shorter and less challenging Klondike-based Windows Solitaire."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Flash Thompson", "paragraph_text": "Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, Flash Thompson first appeared in \"Amazing Fantasy\" #15 (August 1962), the same issue Spider-Man first appeared in. He was a regular character in \"The Amazing Spider-Man\" series for its first four years, leaving the cast in \"The Amazing Spider-Man\" #47 (April 1967) to serve in the Vietnam War. Though he reappeared in the comic a few times while on leave, he did not return to the regular cast until issue #105 (February 1972)."}], "question": "What character does actor playing the bad guy in Spiderman homecoming play in minions?"}
{"id": "2hop__150739_538661", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Great Detective", "paragraph_text": "\"The Great Detective\" was inspired by the exploits of John Wilson Murray, Canada's first government-appointed detective, set in the latter part of the Victorian era. The leading character, Inspector Alistair Cameron, was a fictional counterpart of Murray. Inspector Cameron was ably assisted by his friend, forensic scientist Dr. Chisholm. A taped series, \"The Great Detective\" was produced on location at Rockwood, Kleinburg and Shadow Lake in Ontario, as well as Victoria, areas of downtown Toronto and CBC's television Studio 7."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Weird Shadows Over Innsmouth", "paragraph_text": "Weird Shadows Over Innsmouth is an anthology of Cthulhu Mythos stories edited by Stephen Jones. It was published by Fedogan & Bremer in 2005 in an edition of 2,100 copies of which 100 were signed. The anthology contains a discarded draft of the H. P. Lovecraft novella \"The Shadow Over Innsmouth\" and several stories by other authors written as sequels to the Lovecraft story. Eight of the stories are original to this collection. Others first appeared in the magazines \"The Acolyte\" and \"The Spook\" or in anthologies."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet", "paragraph_text": "Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet is a shooter puzzle video game developed by Shadow Planet Productions (Fuelcell Games/Gagne International) and published by Microsoft Studios for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. A self-published DRM-free version with soundtrack included was featured in the Humble Indie Bundle 13."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "In the Shadow of Greatness", "paragraph_text": "In the Shadow of Greatness is a 2012 book written by 33 members of the United States Naval Academy Class of 2002 and published by the United States Naval Institute. The authors describe how their lives were shaped by their experiences at the Academy, the September 11 attacks, and events following graduation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Great Lakes Group", "paragraph_text": "The Great Lakes Group (GLG) is an American full-service marine-related transportation company headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio. The Great Lakes Group is the parent Company to The Great Lakes Towing Company, Great Lakes Shipyard, Tugz International L.L.C., Puerto Rico Towing & Barge Co., Soo Linehandling Services, Admiral Towing and Barge Company, and Wind Logistics, Inc."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Casey's Shadow", "paragraph_text": "Casey's Shadow is a 1978 drama Metrocolor film directed by Martin Ritt and starring Walter Matthau. The film was based on a short story in \"Ruidoso\" (published April 29,1974, in The New Yorker magazine) by John McPhee. Much of the exterior shots were done in the town of Opelousas, LA (20 miles north of Lafayette, LA)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Great Wolf Resorts", "paragraph_text": "Black Wolf Lodge was founded in 1997 by brothers Jack and Andrew ``Turk ''Waterman, the original owners of Noah's Ark water park in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. Black Wolf Lodge was purchased by The Great Lakes Company in 1999. Later that year, founders Marc Vaccaro and Bruce Neviaser changed the name to Great Wolf Lodge and the company headquarters were established in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2001, the company built a second location in Sandusky, Ohio, and named it Great Bear Lodge. When a third location opened in 2003, the decision was made to place all future parks under the Great Wolf Lodge banner. The name of the Ohio location was changed to Great Wolf Lodge in 2004. The chain has since added twelve additional locations and has one in development."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spry Fox", "paragraph_text": "Spry Fox is a video game producing company headquartered in Seattle, United States, that was founded in 2010 by David Edery and Daniel Cook. The company produced the games Triple Town, a freemium strategy puzzle game with city-building game elements for social networks and mobile devices; Steambirds, a strategy flying game for mobile devices; Road Not Taken, a roguelike puzzle game; and co-created Realm of the Mad God with Wild Shadow Studios. When Wild Shadow Studios was acquired by Kabam in June 2012, Spry Fox sold its stake in the game to Kabam as part of the deal."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Shadow of Saganami", "paragraph_text": "The Shadow of Saganami is a science fiction novel by American writer David Weber, published in 2004. Set in the Honorverse, it has been billed as the first in the \"Saganami Island\" series, spun off from the main Honor Harrington series. The book debuted at #16 on \"The New York Times\" best seller list for hardcover fiction."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Shadow on the Glass", "paragraph_text": "The series follows the characters Llian, a brilliant chronicler from the College of Histories in Chanthed, and Karan, a young woman who owns the humble lands of Gothryme. \"A Shadow on the Glass\" was published in 1998 by Penguin Books."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau (the Intermontane Plateaus) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada. Precipitation averages less than 15 inches (38 cm). The Southwest is a hot desert, with temperatures exceeding 100 \u00b0F (37.8 \u00b0C) for several weeks at a time in summer. The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September, which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Wreck of the Zanzibar", "paragraph_text": "The Wreck Of The Zanzibar is a children's novel by Michael Morpurgo. It was first published in Great Britain by William Heinemann Publishers in 1995. The book won the Whitbread Children's Book Award in 1995."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Revenge of the Shadow King", "paragraph_text": "The Revenge of the Shadow King is the first volume of three books in the Grey Griffins series written in collaborative writing by American authors Derek Benz and J.S. Lewis, and published by Orchard Books, an imprint of Scholastic Inc. The book follows the story of four friends who form The Order of the Grey Griffin."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jirania", "paragraph_text": "Jirania is a small town in Tripura state of India on the banks of river Saidra. It is a nagar panchayat and also the headquarters of Jirania Rural Development Block. It is located in Sadar sub-divisions of West Tripura district. It has 3 major high schools. Its market is of great importance for the local business and its sustainence. It lies on the National Highway 44 (Assam-Agartala Highway) of India."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Naval Institute", "paragraph_text": "The United States Naval Institute (USNI), based in Annapolis, Maryland, is a private, non-profit, professional military association that seeks to offer independent, nonpartisan forums for debate of national defense and security issues. In addition to publishing magazines and books, the Naval Institute holds several annual conferences."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New York Daily Graphic", "paragraph_text": "New York Daily Graphic was publisher of the New York Graphic the evening tabloid newspaper in New York City. It was located at 350 Hudson Street (Manhattan). The business became bankrupt in July 1932 during the Great Depression. Its $3,132,521 in liabilities was contingent upon multiple libel actions against the company. $2,908,479"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Shadowers", "paragraph_text": "The Shadowers is a novel by Donald Hamilton first published in 1964, continuing the exploits of assassin Matt Helm. It was the seventh novel of the series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Inju: The Beast in the Shadow", "paragraph_text": "Inju: The Beast in the Shadow (French: Inju, la b\u00eate dans l'ombre) is a 2008 film by Barbet Schroeder. The film stars Beno\u00eet Magimel and Lika Minamoto and was filmed on location in Tokyo."}], "question": "What is the headquarters location of the school that published In the Shadow of Greatness?"}
{"id": "2hop__124484_617289", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dweezil Zappa", "paragraph_text": "Dweezil Zappa was born in Los Angeles, California to Frank Zappa and Gail Zappa. He is the second of four siblings: his older sister, Moon, younger sister Diva and younger brother Ahmet, and is the cousin of actress Lala Sloatman. Zappa's father was of Sicilian, Greek, Arab, and French descent, and his mother was of French, Irish and mostly Danish ancestry."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Heinrich Lossow", "paragraph_text": "Heinrich Lossow's father was Arnold Hermann Lossow, a Bremen sculptor. His father moved to Munich in 1820 to study under Ernst Mayer. In Munich, Arnold Hermann Lossow married and had three children: Carl Lossow in 1835, Friedrich Lossow in 1837, and Heinrich Lossow in 1843. The three boys had an affinity for art; Carl became a historical painter, while Friedrich became a wildlife painter. Heinrich would outlive all of his siblings."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hans Jacob Hess", "paragraph_text": "John Jacob Hess was born in Wald, Zurich, Switzerland on May 17, 1584 to Hans Heinrich Hess, a bailiff, (1534\u20131587) and Adelheid Kuntz (1546\u20131585). He had eight older full siblings: Margaretha, Christian, Matheus, Hans, Elsy, Margaretha, Heinrich, and Dorothea; five older half-siblings from his father's first two marriages: Adelheid, Barbara, Veronica, Catharina and Anna; and one younger half-brother, Hans, from his father's fourth marriage."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Liu Rushi", "paragraph_text": "Liu Rushi (; 1618\u20131664), also known as Liu Shi, Liu Yin and Yang Yin, was a Chinese courtesan and poet in the late Ming dynasty who married Qian Qianyi at the age of 25. She committed suicide on the death of her husband. She famously exchanged verses with Chen Zilong, and was noted for her painting."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Liu Honggao", "paragraph_text": "Liu Honggao was born in 923, his mother was Consort Xie Yiqing who was favored by his father Liu Yan, and he was Liu Yan's 10th son. In 932, Liu Yan created 19 of his sons, including Liu Honggao, imperial princes, with Liu Honggao receiving the title of Prince of Xun."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Liu Yin (Southern Han)", "paragraph_text": "Liu Yin (\u5289\u96b1) (874 \u2013 April 4, 911), formally Prince Xiang of Nanhai (\u5357\u6d77\u8944\u738b), later further posthumously honored Emperor Xiang (\u8944\u7687\u5e1d) with the temple name of Liezong (\u70c8\u5b97) by his younger brother Liu Yan, was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Tang's succeeding dynasty Later Liang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, who ruled Qinghai Circuit (\u6e05\u6d77, headquartered in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong) as its military governor (\"Jiedushi\"). It was on the basis of his rule that Liu Yan was later able to establish the state of Southern Han."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harold Owen", "paragraph_text": "(William) Harold Owen (5 September 1897 - 26 November 1971) was the younger brother and biographer of the English poet and soldier, Wilfred Owen. He was born at the home of his paternal grandparents in Canon Street, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, where his parents and older siblings then lodged before his father moved on promotion to a station master's post at Birkenhead in 1898."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "David Kaonohiokala Bray", "paragraph_text": "David Kaonohiokala Bray was born 05 Mar 1889 in Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, to Missionary David Howard Hitchcock (1832\u20131899) and Hana Bray (-1889). Hana died when he was six months old so David had no full siblings, but there were five half siblings from his father's previous marriage to Almeda Eliza Widger (1828\u20131895): noted American painter D. Howard Hitchcock (1861 \u2013 1943), Ella Marian Hitchcock (1858 \u2013 1950), Cora Etta Hitchcock (1859 \u2013 1951), Almeda Eliza Hitchcock (1863 \u2013 1895), and Charles Henry Wetmore Hitchcock (1868 \u2013 1940)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Liu Piguang", "paragraph_text": "Liu Piguang (; died 154 BC) was the ninth son of Liu Fei and grandson of Emperor Gaozu of Han. When Liu Ze, Prince of Qi, died without an heir in 165 BC, Emperor Wen of Han divided the Qi territory in the land among the living sons of Liu Fei. In 164, Piguang was named Prince of Jinan and received part of the former Qi land. In 154 BC, he joined the Rebellion of the Seven States initiated by Liu Pi, Prince of Wu. Piguang was defeated and killed in battle with generals Dou Ying and Zhou Yafu. His land was returned to Han and his title was abolished."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cao Ang", "paragraph_text": "Cao Ang was the first son of Cao Cao and his concubine Lady Liu (\u5289\u592b\u4eba). Lady Liu also bore Cao Cao another son, Cao Shuo (\u66f9\u9460), and a daughter, Princess Qinghe (\u6e05\u6cb3\u516c\u4e3b). However, as Lady Liu died early, Cao Ang was raised by Cao Cao's first official spouse, Lady Ding (\u4e01\u592b\u4eba), who treated Cao Ang as though he was her real son."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Liu Yin (Han Zhao)", "paragraph_text": "Liu Yin (\u5289\u80e4) (died 329), courtesy name Yisun (\u7fa9\u5b6b), was an imperial prince of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao, who, following his father Liu Yao's capture by rival Later Zhao, tried to maintain the state with his brother, the crown prince Liu Xi, but was unsuccessful and killed by Later Zhao."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Henry William Stiegel", "paragraph_text": "Stiegel was the eldest of six children born to John Frederick and Dorothea Elizabeth Stiegel in the Free Imperial City of Cologne. He immigrated to British North America in 1750 with his mother and younger brother, Anthony (his father and other siblings had died). The Stiegels sailed on a ship known as the \"Nancy\", and arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 31, 1750."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Liu Shouguang", "paragraph_text": "Liu Shouguang (\u5289\u5b88\u5149) (died February 12, 914) was a warlord early in the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period who controlled Lulong (\u76e7\u9f8d, headquartered in modern Beijing) and Yichang (\u7fa9\u660c, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) Circuits, after seizing control from his father Liu Rengong and defeating his brother Liu Shouwen. He claimed the title of Emperor of Yan in 911, but was subsequently defeated and executed by Li Cunxu the Prince of Jin, who absorbed Yan into his Jin state."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Natalie Horler", "paragraph_text": "Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to British parents who had moved to Germany in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her 2 siblings. Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney movies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Barney Stinson", "paragraph_text": "Barney has three half - siblings: James (played by Wayne Brady), from his mother's side, a gay African American who is married to a man, with whom he has an adopted son and daughter (as revealed in the season seven episode ``The Rebound Girl ''); Carly (played by Ashley Benson), a university student from his father's side with whom Ted has a one - night stand in`` Ring Up!'', and Jerome Jr. (JJ), from his father's side, who is 11. He also has a female cousin named Leslie, with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub, as seen in the episode ``Okay Awesome ''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song", "paragraph_text": "The Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song ((\u5289)\u5b8b\u5f8c\u5ee2\u5e1d, also known as Emperor Houfei) (1 March 463 \u2013 1 August 477), also known by posthumous demoted title of Prince of Cangwu (\u84bc\u68a7\u738b), personal name Liu Yu (\u5289\u6631), courtesy name Derong (\u5fb7\u878d), nickname Huizhen (\u6167\u9707), was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Malcolm Shabazz", "paragraph_text": "Malcolm Shabazz was born in Paris on October 8, 1984. His father, L. A. Bouasba, was an Algerian Muslim whom Qubilah Shabazz met there. According to Malcolm, he never met his father. Other sources say Malcolm knew his father, but they had little contact with one another."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1\u99ac, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (\u856d\u672d\u524c) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Og\u00f6dei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (\u77f3\u62b9\u5b5b\u8fed\u5152), Tabuyir (\u5854\u4e0d\u5df2\u5152) and Xiaozhacizhizizhongxi (\u856d\u672d\u523a\u4e4b\u5b50\u91cd\u559c) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Og\u00f6dei Khan."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of Liu Honggao's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__150677_861485", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oak Street Beach", "paragraph_text": "Oak Street Beach is located on North Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, Illinois, on the shore of Lake Michigan. One of a series of Chicago beaches, the Chicago Park District defines Oak Street Beach as the area from approximately 1550 North Lake Shore Drive to 500 North Lake Shore Drive, including Ohio Street Beach, the South Ledge, a concrete path running from Ohio Street beach to the Oak Street Curve, Oak Street Beachstro Restaurant, Oak Street Beach proper, the \"North Ledge\", and a concrete path running from Oak Street Beach to North Avenue Beach."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Seven Oaks", "paragraph_text": "Battle of Seven Oaks Part of The Pemmican War The Fight at Seven Oaks, 19 June 1816 Date 19 June 1816 Location Seven Oaks (present day Winnipeg, Manitoba) Result Decisive M\u00e9tis / North West Company victory Belligerents M\u00e9tis of the North West Company Hudson's Bay Company Commanders and leaders Cuthbert Grant Robert Semple \u2020 Strength 65 28 Casualties and losses 21 National Historic Site of Canada Official name Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada Designated 1920"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lake Express", "paragraph_text": "Lake Express High-Speed Ferry is an American company that operates a seasonal ferry service across Lake Michigan between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Muskegon, Michigan. The Lake Express Milwaukee terminal and the company headquarters are located near the Port of Milwaukee. Their ferry travels a distance of 80 miles, in two and a half hours, across Lake Michigan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "KGLK", "paragraph_text": "KGLK (107.5 FM, \"The Eagle @ 107-5\") is a classic rock formatted radio station licensed to Lake Jackson, Texas, and simulcast on 106.9 KHPT in Conroe, Texas. The facility is owned by Cox Media Group, and is part of a four station cluster that includes KTHT, KHPT and KKBQ, in the surveyed Houston metropolitan area. \"The Eagle\" is headquartered in Suite 2300 at 1990 Post Oak Blvd in the Uptown district in Houston, Texas, United States. KGLK's main transmitter facilities are located near Liverpool, TX with a backup transmitter site co-located at the KKBQ backup site."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aerotech Consumer Aerospace", "paragraph_text": "The company's headquarters are located in Cedar City, Utah and its products are sold mainly through US and international dealers. They specialize in APCP mid and high power rocket motors, as well as supplying rocket kits designed around their motors."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arboretum de Chamberet", "paragraph_text": "The Arboretum de Chamberet (10 hectares) is an arboretum located in the Parc d'Angle, Chamberet, Corr\u00e8ze, Limousin, France. It is open daily and admission is free. The arboretum contains 105 tree varieties, including species native to Limosin (beech, birch, oak, etc.) as well as exotic trees such as \"Araucaria araucana\" from Chile, bald cypress, and catalpas. It also includes some 60 varieties of fruit trees, bamboos, and two peat bogs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Royal Oaks Country Club", "paragraph_text": "Royal Oaks Country Club is a country club and subdivision in Houston, Texas, United States in the Alief community. The country club is located at 2910 Royal Oaks Club Drive, west of The Galleria. Sunrise Colony Company developed Royal Oaks out of the former Andrau Airpark property."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Big Bamboo", "paragraph_text": "The Big Bamboo is the eighth novel by Tim Dorsey featuring the sociopathic anti-hero Serge A. Storms. It was published in the USA in March 2006 and May 2006 in the UK. The plotline follows Serge A. Storms as he follows his recent obsession of Hollywood and movies, in particular the movie \"The Punisher\", which was shot on location in Florida. Serge travels to Hollywood to write a screenplay, something that Coleman, his constantly addled companion, is constantly interrupting with obnoxious and sometimes outrageous concerns."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Guitar Center", "paragraph_text": "Guitar Center is an American music retailer chain. It is the largest company of its kind in the United States, with 269 locations. Its headquarters is in Westlake Village, California."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Flat World Knowledge", "paragraph_text": "FlatWorld is a publisher of college-level textbooks and educational supplements founded in 2007 as Flat World Knowledge by Eric Frank and Jeff Shelstad. It was acquired at the end of 2016 by Alastair Adam and John Eielson and its company headquarters was moved from Washington, DC to Boston, MA. The company originally offered every textbook published free using online delivery under the open content paradigm, but in November 2012, the company announced that it will no longer offer a free version citing financial concerns as the reason for the change."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a 2012 GDP of \u20ac624 billion (US$687 billion). In 2011, its GDP ranked second among the regions of Europe and its per-capita GDP was the 4th highest in Europe. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2011, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 30 percent of metropolitan France's GDP. In 2015 it hosts the world headquarters of 29 of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies located in France."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bamboo Among the Oaks", "paragraph_text": "Bamboo Among the Oaks is the first Hmong American anthology of creative writing, published in 2002 by the Minnesota Historical Society Press. Many of the pieces contained in \"Bamboo Among The Oaks\" first appeared in the \"Paj Ntaub Voice\" Hmoob literary journal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Omnigraphics", "paragraph_text": "Omnigraphics is a publishing company located in Detroit, Michigan founded by Frederick Gale Ruffner, Jr. and his son Peter in 1985."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance", "paragraph_text": "Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance is located in New York City and is the headquarters to the Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance and the Martha Graham Dance Company, which is the oldest continually performing dance company in the world. The School is focused on teaching Graham's technique; some of its faculty were trained by Graham herself."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minnesota History Center", "paragraph_text": "The Minnesota History Center is a museum and library that serves as the headquarters of the Minnesota Historical Society. It is near downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota, and is considered one of Minnesota's finest public buildings."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Amblin Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg, and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981. The company's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California. The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oak Lake Beach", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lake Beach is a community in the Canadian province of Manitoba, located on the shore of Oak Lake. It is located within the Rural Municipality of Sifton."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ssangnim-dong", "paragraph_text": "The headquarters of South Korean food company CJ Cheil Jedang is located in the CJ Cheiljedang Building near the Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kingfisher plc", "paragraph_text": "Kingfisher plc is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, with regional offices located across the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. It is the largest home improvement retailer in Europe, and the third largest in the world (behind The Home Depot and Lowe's)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bambouseraie de Prafrance", "paragraph_text": "The Bambouseraie de Prafrance (34 hectares, 84 acres) is a private botanical garden specializing in bamboos, located in G\u00e9n\u00e9rargues, near Anduze, Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged."}], "question": "Where is the headquarter of the company publishing Bamboo Among the Oaks?"}
{"id": "2hop__131131_531260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pedro, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Pedro is an unincorporated community in Monroe County, West Virginia, United States. Pedro is located near the Virginia border northeast of Union."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wytyczno", "paragraph_text": "Wytyczno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Urszulin, within W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of W\u0142odawa and north-east of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shark River Inlet", "paragraph_text": "The Shark River Inlet is an inlet that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Shark River, located entirely in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The Shark River Inlet acts as a border between the towns of Belmar and Avon-by-the-Sea at the Atlantic Ocean. The Shark River Inlet is the only river inlet exclusively in Monmouth County that drains directly into the Atlantic Ocean; the Shrewsbury and Navesink rivers drain into Sandy Hook Bay (part of the much larger Lower New York Bay), and the Manasquan River is shared with Ocean County."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lake James State Park", "paragraph_text": "Lake James State Park is a North Carolina state park in Burke and McDowell Counties, North Carolina in the United States. Located near Nebo, North Carolina, it covers and borders Lake James."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Antelope Wells, New Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Antelope Wells is a small unincorporated community in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, United States. The community is located along the Mexico \u2013 United States border, in the New Mexico Bootheel region, located across the border from the small settlement of El Berrendo, Chihuahua, Mexico. Despite its name, there are neither antelope nor wells in the area. The name comes from an old ranch, located north of the current community. The only inhabitants of the community are United States Customs and Border Protection employees."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Otzoloapan", "paragraph_text": "Otzoloapan Municipality is a municipality located at the southeast of the State of Mexico. The name is from the N\u00e1huatl 'Oceloapan' which means \"river of lynxes\". It is located in the southwest part of the state bordering the state of Michoac\u00e1n."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Stone, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "Stone is an unincorporated community in Oneida County, Idaho, United States. Stone is located near the Utah border, north of Snowville, Utah."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mingaladon Township", "paragraph_text": "Mingaladon Township ( ) is located in the northernmost part of Yangon, Myanmar. The township comprises 31 wards, and shares borders with Hmawbi Township in the north, North Okkalapa Township in the east, Insein Township and Shwepyitha Township in the west, and Mayangon Township in the south. Mingaladon is still relatively undeveloped and lacks basic municipal services."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Polesie Landscape Park", "paragraph_text": "The Park lies within Lublin Voivodeship, in W\u0142odawa County (Gmina Stary Brus, Gmina Urszulin). It forms part of the buffer zone of Polesie National Park, which was previously a part of it."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}], "question": "What shares a border with the state where Wytyczno is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__149998_64428", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jean Giono", "paragraph_text": "Jean Giono (30 March 1895 \u2013 8 October 1970) was a French author who wrote works of fiction mostly set in the Provence region of France."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Last Man on Earth (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Schaal as Carol Andrew Pilbasian Miller, a notary from Delaware who sees Phil's ``Alive in Tucson ''sign and travels to Tucson. She pressures Phil to marry her so they can work towards repopulating the Earth with`` legitimate'' children. Carol is shown to be compassionate and is good friends with Melissa and Todd but can hold grudges and be stridently moralistic. Carol and Phil divorce in the middle of the first season, but Carol chooses to leave with Phil after he is banished from Tucson and they subsequently remarry. In the second season, Carol and Tandy are allowed to rejoin the group of survivors. She becomes pregnant with Phil's child after he finally tells her he loves her."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Places in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of places featured in Douglas Adams's science fiction series, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The series is set in a fictionalized version of the Milky Way galaxy and thus, while most locations are pure invention, many are based on ``real world ''settings such as Alpha Centauri, Barnard's Star and various versions of the Earth."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "La Douleur", "paragraph_text": "La Douleur \"(War: A Memoir)\" is a semi-autobiographical work by Marguerite Duras published in 1985 but drawn from diaries that she had written during World War II. It is a collection of six texts recounting a mix of her experiences of the Nazi Occupation of France, with fictional details. She said she had \"forgotten\" ever writing the diary in which she recorded her wartime experiences, but most critics believe that to be a deliberate attempt to confuse autobiography and fiction. Duras' work is often cited as part of the Nouveau Roman movement which tried to redefine traditional ideas about set categories of books, fiction, non-fiction, biography, autobiography, etc."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Helfaer Field", "paragraph_text": "Helfaer Field, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is a Little League baseball field located next to Miller Park, home of the Milwaukee Brewers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "General Hospital", "paragraph_text": "General Hospital has aired on ABC Television and has been filmed in Hollywood since its inception. The show was filmed in the Sunset Gower Studios from 1963 to the mid-1980s. It relocated in the 1980s to The Prospect Studios, where it remains."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "In the Line of Fire", "paragraph_text": "Filming began in late 1992 in Washington, D.C. Scenes in the White House were filmed on an existing set, while an Air Force One interior set had to be built at a cost of $250,000."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jessie Brewer", "paragraph_text": "Jessie Brewer R.N. (maiden name Murray) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\". She was played by actress Emily McLaughlin, from the show's premiere on April 1, 1963, until McLaughlin's death in 1991. On April 1, 2015, Rebecca Herbst portrayed the character in a flashback for the show's 52nd anniversary."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Manny Vega", "paragraph_text": "Manny Vega (born 1956) is an American painter, illustrator, printmaker, muralist, mosaicist, and set and costume designer. His work portrays the history and traditions of the African Diaspora that exist in the United States, the Caribbean, and Latin America."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Punxsutawney Phil", "paragraph_text": "Punxsutawney Phil is the name of a groundhog in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. On February 2 (Groundhog Day) each year, the town of Punxsutawney celebrates the legendary groundhog with a festive atmosphere of music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) south - east of town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks of winter - like weather. If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an ``early spring. ''The date of Phil's prognostication is known as Groundhog Day in the United States and Canada, and has been celebrated since 1887. Punxsutawney Phil became a national celebrity thanks to the 1993 movie Groundhog Day."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Location, Location, Location", "paragraph_text": "Location, Location, Location is a Channel 4 property programme, presented by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer and produced by IWC Media, part of the RDF Media Group. The reality show follows Allsopp and Spencer as they try to find the perfect home for a different set of buyers each week. It first aired in May 2000."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of 7th Heaven characters", "paragraph_text": "Martin Brewer (2003 -- 2007) (Tyler Hoechlin) is the only son of the Marine, Bill Brewer. His mother died when he was young and, until he was 16, he lived with his Aunt Betsy, when his dad was deployed. During his sophomore year in high school, the Brewers moved to Glenoak."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Erinsborough", "paragraph_text": "Erinsborough is the fictional suburb in which the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\" is set. The show focuses on the domestic and professional lives of the people who live and work in the suburb. \"Neighbours\" storylines primarily centre on the residents of Ramsay Street and the other locations within Erinsborough such as The Waterhole, Harold's Store, Lassiter's Hotel and Erinsborough High School. Erinsborough was originally going to be named Erinsfield and it is a loose anagram of \"Neighbours\". Throughout much of the show's run it was not stated which city of Australia Erinsborough was located in. The rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne meant that scripts did not mention that Erinsborough was a suburb of the latter city until 1994. Since the 2000s it has been explicitly stated that Erinsborough is a suburb of Melbourne."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wayne Caldwell", "paragraph_text": "Wayne Caldwell was born and raised in Asheville, North Carolina, which is the setting for much of his fictional work."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Table Table", "paragraph_text": "Table Table is a brand of restaurants set up by Whitbread in 2008, the brand actually started in 2006 but was unnamed. The brand was created following a rethink of the former Whitbread brand Out & Out. The majority of Table Tables are converted Brewers Fayres. This was during a time where Brewers Fayre was in decline."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shou Lung", "paragraph_text": "In the fictional Forgotten Realms campaign setting of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, Shou Lung is a country in the continent of Kara-Tur, which is located to the east of Faer\u00fbn. It is modeled on Imperial China and is arguably the largest and most powerful nation in the world, due to the sheer size of their armies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Briar Cliff Review", "paragraph_text": "The Briar Cliff Review is a literary journal based in Sioux City, Iowa, USA, home of Briar Cliff University. \"The Review\" was founded in 1989 and has awarded its well-renowned prizes in fiction and poetry since 1996. The current editors are Tricia Currans-Sheehan, Phil Hey (Fiction), Jeanne Emmons (Poetry) and Paul Weber (Nonfiction)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Karada\u011flar", "paragraph_text": "\"Karada\u011flar\" is set in the 1930s, when Turkey was suffering the effects of the Great Depression, and it focuses on the generally strained relationships of the landowner, Halit Karada\u011f, with his sons, as well as the relationships between his sons. Set in the fictional village of Payidar, the series also shows the tensions that exist between the area's rich landowners and poor villagers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Phil Brewer", "paragraph_text": "Phil Brewer is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\". Roy Thinnes originated the role during the show's premiere."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Middle-earth", "paragraph_text": "Middle - earth is the fictional setting of much of British writer J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium. The term is equivalent to the term Midgard of Norse mythology, describing the human - inhabited world, i.e. the central continent of the Earth in Tolkien's imagined mythological past. Tolkien's most widely read works, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, take place entirely in Middle - earth, and Middle - earth has also become a short - hand to refer to the legendarium or its fictional universe."}], "question": "Where is the set of the show where Phil Brewster is a character located?"}
{"id": "2hop__125105_233146", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David Mayer de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "David Mayer de Rothschild (born 25 August 1978) is a British adventurer, ecologist, and environmentalist and head of Sculpt the Future Foundation, a charity that supports innovations and creativity in social and environmental impact efforts."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nicole St\u00e9phane", "paragraph_text": "The elder of the two daughters of Baron James-Henri de Rothschild and his first wife, Claude Dupont, Nicole St\u00e9phane was a member of the Rothschild banking family of France. Her immediate family, however, also was deeply immersed in the arts. Her paternal grandfather, Baron Henri de Rothschild, was a playwright and theatrical producer who wrote under the names Charles des Fontaines and Andr\u00e9 Pascal and owned Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Antoine and Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Pigalle. Her first cousin Philippine de Rothschild was an actress with the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, using the name Philippine Pascal. And her father's brother, the vintner Philippe de Rothschild, wrote plays, owned theatres and produced films."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Anthony Gustav de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (26 June 1887 \u2013 5 February 1961) was a British banker and member of the Rothschild family."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Baron Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild (16 May 1828 \u2013 25 January 1901) was a banker and financier of the Frankfurt House of Rothschild."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Palais Albert Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "The Palais Albert Rothschild was a palatial residence in Vienna, Austria. It was one of five Palais Rothschild in the city that were owned by members of the Rothschild banking family of Austria, a branch of the international Rothschild family. It was located at Heugasse 26 (today Prinz-Eugen-Stra\u00dfe 20-22), in the 4th (Wieden) district of Vienna. Commissioned by Baron Albert von Rothschild, it was designed and built by the French architect Gabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur between 1876 and 1884, and demolished in 1954."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ferdinand de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, how he was referred to in the UK, or Ferdinand James Anselm, Freiherr von Rothschild (17 December 1839 \u2013 17 December 1898) was a British banker, art collector and politician, who was a member of the prominent Rothschild family of bankers. He identified as a Liberal, later Liberal Unionist, MP who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1898. Ferdinand had a sister, Miss Alice, who like her brother was a keen horticulturalist and collector. She inherited Ferdinand's property, Waddesdon Manor, in 1898 after he died and likewise continued the tradition of using the house as a place to keep his impressive collections."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James Mayer de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "James Mayer de Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild (15 May 1792 \u2013 15 November 1868), born Jakob Mayer Rothschild, was a German-French banker and the founder of the French branch of the Rothschild family."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "782 Montefiore", "paragraph_text": "782 Montefiore is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on 18 March 1914 and named for Clarice Sebag-Montefiore, wife of Alfons von Rothschild of Vienna."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rothschild family", "paragraph_text": "The second French branch was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812\u20131870). Born in London, he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777\u20131836). In 1850 Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris to work with his uncle James Mayer Rothschild. In 1853 Nathaniel acquired Ch\u00e2teau Brane Mouton, a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde d\u00e9partement.  Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate Ch\u00e2teau Mouton Rothschild, and it would become one of the best known labels in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer de Rothschild, acquired the neighbouring Ch\u00e2teau Lafite vineyard."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lionel de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "In 1836, Lionel de Rothschild married his first cousin Baroness Charlotte von Rothschild (1819\u20131884), the daughter of Baron Carl Mayer Rothschild of the Rothschild banking family of Naples. They had the following children:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nathaniel Meyer von Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Nathaniel Meyer von Rothschild (26 October 1836 \u2013 16 June 1905) was a member of the Rothschild banking family of Austria, known as art collector and patron."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Philippine de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Philippine Mathilde Camille, Baroness de Rothschild (22 November 1933 \u2013 23 August 2014) was the owner of the French winery Ch\u00e2teau Mouton Rothschild. She acted under the stage name Philippine Pascale. She was the only daughter of the vintner Baron Philippe de Rothschild, a member of the Rothschild banking dynasty."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miriam Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Miriam Rothschild was born in 1908 in Ashton Wold, near Oundle in Northamptonshire, the daughter of Charles Rothschild of the Rothschild family of Jewish bankers and Rozsika Edle Rothschild (\"n\u00e9e\" von Wertheimstein), a Hungarian sportswoman, of Austrian Jewish descent. Her brother was Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild and one of her sisters (Kathleen Annie) Pannonica Rothschild (Baroness Nica de Koenigswarter) would later be a bebop jazz enthusiast and patroness of Thelonious Monk and Charlie Parker."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad", "paragraph_text": "My Dad Is Better than Your Dad was a reality sports TV show on NBC that premiered on February 18, 2008. The show was produced by Mark Burnett, producer of other shows like \"Survivor\", \"The Apprentice\", and \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\", and was hosted by actor Dan Cortese. Four teams of children and their fathers competed in each episode, with the winning team having the chance to win up to $50,000."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anselm Salomon von Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, baron (29 January 1803 \u2013 27 July 1874) was an Austrian banker, founder of the Creditanstalt, and a member of the Vienna branch of the Rothschild family."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Evelina de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Evelina de Rothschild was the daughter of Baron Lionel de Rothschild (1808\u20131879), the first openly unconverted Jew to sit in the British House of Commons. Her mother was Charlotte von Rothschild (1819\u20131884), a cousin from the Naples branch of the family."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Salomon Mayer von Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Salomon Mayer von Rothschild (9 September 1774 \u2013 28 July 1855) was a German-born banker in the Austrian Empire and the founder of the Austrian branch of the prominent Mayer Amschel Rothschild family."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild, (31 October 1910 \u2013 20 March 1990) was a senior executive with Royal Dutch Shell and N M Rothschild & Sons, an advisor to the Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher governments of the UK, as well as a member of the prominent Rothschild family."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild, (8 February 1868 \u2013 27 August 1937), was a British banker, politician, zoologist and scion of the Rothschild family. As a prominent Zionist leader, he was presented with the famous Balfour Declaration which pledged to a Jewish national home in Palestine. Rothschild was the President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews from 1925 to 1926."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Amschel Moses Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Amschel Moses Rothschild died in a smallpox epidemic in the Frankfurt ghetto in 1755. He was buried in the Frankfurt Battonnstra\u00dfe cemetery."}], "question": "Who is the father of Salomon Mayer von Rothschild's dad?"}
{"id": "2hop__131939_526810", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sudbury Dam Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Sudbury Dam Historic District is a historic district on the southeastern end of Sudbury Reservoir off MA 30 in Framingham and Southborough, Massachusetts. The district encompasses the Sudbury Dam (also known as the Fayville Dam for the nearby neighborhood of Southborough), which impounds the reservoir, and an area encompassing several historic structures located below the dam. The area includes water-supply-related structures from three phases of development of the Greater Boston water supply system. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mulholland Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Mulholland Dam is a Los Angeles Department of Water and Power dam located in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, California. Designed with a storage capacity of of water at a maximum depth of , the dam forms the Hollywood Reservoir, which collects water from various aqueducts and impounds the creek of Weid Canyon."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Stagecoach Dam", "paragraph_text": "Stagecoach Dam is a gravity dam on the Yampa River in Routt County, Colorado, located about south of Steamboat Springs. Built of roller-compacted concrete, the dam is high and long. The impounded water forms Stagecoach Reservoir, with a storage capacity of and a surface area of at maximum pool. The dam serves for irrigation, municipal water supply, and flood control, and it also supports a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 800 kilowatts."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River", "paragraph_text": "This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hanabanilla Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Hanabanilla Dam is an embankment dam on the Hanabanilla River near the village of El Salto del Hanabanilla in Villa Clara Province, Cuba. The purpose of the dam is to provide water for irrigation and municipal uses and to generate hydroelectric power."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pa Sak Jolasid Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Pa Sak Jolasid Dam or Pa Sak Cholasit Dam (, ) impounds the Pa Sak River at Ban Kaeng Suea Ten, Tambon Nong Bua, Phatthana Nikhom District, Lopburi Province, Thailand. It is the biggest reservoir in central Thailand."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mtetengwe River", "paragraph_text": "The Mtetengwe River is a tributary of the Mzingwane River in Beitbridge District, Zimbabwe. There are two dams on its tributaries: Tongwe Dam on the Tongwe River, which provides water for an irrigation scheme, and Giraffe Dam which supplies water for cattle."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chaffey Dam", "paragraph_text": "Chaffey Dam is a minor ungated rock fill with clay core embankment dam with an uncontrolled \"morning glory\" spillway across the Peel River, located upstream of the city of Tamworth, in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. The dam's purpose includes flood mitigation, irrigation, water supply, and water conservation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gongsan Dam", "paragraph_text": "Gongsan Dam is a dam in Jimyo-dong, Dong-gu, Daegu, South Korea. Built across the Donghwacheon stream flowing south from Palgongsan, the dam is responsible for securing the water supply for much of northern Daegu."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Xinfengjiang Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Xinfengjiang Dam (\"also known as the\" Xinfeng Dam) is a gravity dam on the Xinfeng River, upstream of its confluence with the Dong River, and just west of Heyuan City in Guangdong Province, China. The dam's power station has a 292.5 MW installed capacity and its reservoir supplies water for farming along with drinking water to Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Construction on the dam began in 1958, the first generator was operational in 1960 and the dam complete in 1962. The dam's reservoir-filling is attributed to several earthquakes within the project area including a 6.1-magnitude (M) on March 19, 1962."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bisalpur Dam", "paragraph_text": "Bisalpur Dam is a gravity dam on the Banas River near Deoli in Tonk district, Rajasthan, India. The dam was completed in 1999 for the purpose of irrigation and water supply."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sol Plaatje Dam", "paragraph_text": "Sol Plaatje Dam (or Saulspoort Dam) is an earth-fill type dam located at the confluence of the As and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers near Bethlehem, Free State, South Africa. It was established in 1968 and serves mainly for municipal and domestic water supply. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high. The reservoir receives water from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project via the As River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Santiago Dam", "paragraph_text": "Santiago Dam (also known as Santiago Creek Dam) is an earth/rockfill dam across Santiago Creek in Orange County, in the U.S. state of California, forming Irvine Lake. The earth dam and its reservoir serve for flood control and recreational purposes. It lies upstream (southeast) from the city of Orange and north of Irvine. Irvine Lake is the largest body of fresh water entirely in Orange County."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Daguangba Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Daguangba Dam is a multi-purpose dam on the Changhua River in Hainan Province, China. It is located east of Dongfang. As the primary component of the Daguangba Multipurpose Project, the dam was constructed between 1990 and 1995. It serves to provide water for both hydroelectric power generation and agriculture. It supports a 240 MW power station and supplies water for the irrigation of . It is also the largest dam and hydroelectric power station in Hainan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Foum Gleita Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Foum Gleita Dam is an arch dam on the Gorgol River near Foum Gleita in the Gorgol Region of Mauritania. The dam was completed in 1988 with the primary purpose of supplying water for the irrigation of up to of crops."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lanka Sagar Dam", "paragraph_text": "Lanka Sagar is a water project centered on an earth-fill dam on the Kuttalair River (Krishna Godavari Basin) near Adivimallala village in Andhra Pradesh, India. The villages of Rajugudem, Chowdavaram, Pallewada, Lankasagar are located around this project. It was built in 1968. The purpose of the dam is water supply for irrigation and drinking water. The project affords the irrigation of ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of tributaries of the Chao Phraya River", "paragraph_text": "The principal tributaries of the Chao Phraya River of Thailand are the Pa Sak River, the Sakae Krang River, the Nan River (along with its principal confluent the Yom River), the Ping River (with its principal confluent the Wang River), and the Tha Chin River. Each of these tributaries (and the Chao Phraya itself) is further tributed by additional minor tributaries often referred to as \"khwae\". All of the tributaries, including the lesser khwae, form an extensive tree-like pattern, with branches flowing through nearly every province in central and northern Thailand.. None of the tributaries of the Chao Phraya extend beyond the nation's borders. The Nan and the Yom River flow nearly parallel from Phitsanulok to Chumsaeng in the north of Nakhon Sawan province. The Wang River enters the Ping River near Sam Ngao district in Tak province."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Theewaterskloof Dam", "paragraph_text": "Theewaterskloof Dam is an earth-fill type dam located on the Sonderend River near Villiersdorp, Western Cape, South Africa. Administratively it is located within Theewaterskloof Local Municipality. It was established in 1978 and is the largest dam in the Western Cape Water Supply System with a capacity of 480 million cubic metres, about 41% of the water storage capacity available to Cape Town, which has a population of over 4 million people. The dam mainly serves for municipal and industrial use as well as for irrigation purposes. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high (3)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Barrett Dam", "paragraph_text": "Barrett Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in southern San Diego County, California in the United States, forming Barrett Lake on Cottonwood Creek. The dam is part of the city of San Diego's local water supply system."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ankang Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Ankang Dam is gravity dam on the Hanjiang (Han) River near Ankang in Shaanxi Province, China. The main purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production along with other purposes such as flood control and navigation. The dam withholds a reservoir which supplies water to its powerhouse located on the right toe. The power station contains 4 x 200 MW generators for a total installed capacity of 800 MW. On the dam's surface adjacent to the power house are five controlled spillway chutes. The dam also houses five mid-level openings and four base openings for discharging water as well."}], "question": "What is the mouth of the body of water by Pa Sak Jolasid Dam?"}
{"id": "2hop__95675_609737", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saving Face (2012 film)", "paragraph_text": "Saving Face features two women attacked by acid and their struggle for justice and healing. It follows London-based Pakistani plastic surgeon Dr. Mohammad Jawad as he journeys to Pakistan to perform reconstructive surgery on survivors of acid violence. Saving Face broaches the subject of the under-reporting of acid violence against women due to cultural and structural inequalities towards women from Pakistani men. The Acid Survivors Foundation of Pakistan, which is featured in the film, had documented more than 100 acid attacks a year in Pakistan but estimates far more due to lack of reporting."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ralph Breaks the Internet", "paragraph_text": "Ralph Breaks the Internet is an upcoming American 3D computer - animated comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. The sequel to the 2012 film Wreck - It Ralph, and the 57th Disney animated feature film, it features the voices of John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, Jane Lynch, Taraji P. Henson, Alan Tudyk and Gal Gadot. The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on November 21, 2018, by Walt Disney Pictures."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jessica Brown Findlay", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Rose Brown Findlay (born 14 September 1989) is an English actress, most widely known for her role as Lady Sybil Crawley in the ITV (UK) and PBS (U.S.) television period drama series Downton Abbey, and for her role as Emelia Conan Doyle in the 2011 British comedy - drama feature film Albatross."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Hanging Tree", "paragraph_text": "The Hanging Tree is a 1959 Technicolor Western film directed by Delmer Daves, based on the novelette, \"The Hanging Tree\", written by Dorothy M. Johnson in 1957. Karl Malden took over directing duties for several days when Daves fell ill. The film stars Gary Cooper, Maria Schell, George C. Scott and Malden and is set in the gold fields of Montana during the gold rush of the 1860s and '70s. The story follows a doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, then learns of the man's past and tries to manipulate him."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Mother of Invention", "paragraph_text": "The Mother of Invention is a 2009 American mockumentary-style comedy film directed by Joseph M. Petrick and Andrew Bowser, with screenplay by Petrick. The film stars Jimmi Simpson, Kevin Corrigan, Mark Boone Junior, Dee Wallace, Craig Anton, Ruby Wendell, F. Jason Whitaker and Chris Hardwick. It features cameos by Dave Allen, Chris Franjola, Keir O'Donnell, Martha Madison and Ron Lynch. The film premiered at the 2009 Sci-Fi-London film festival internationally and the Hollywood Film Festival domestically. The original score was composed and performed by Jim Hanft and the credits feature an original song by the band Copeland."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Father and the Boys", "paragraph_text": "Father and the Boys is a 1915 American silent comedy film directed by Joe De Grasse and featuring Lon Chaney. The film is now considered to be lost. Louise Lovely's American film debut after emigrating from Australia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ladies of the Mob", "paragraph_text": "Ladies of the Mob (1928) is a silent film directed by William Wellman, produced by Jesse L. Lasky and Adolph Zukor for Famous Players-Lasky, and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film is based on a story by Ernest Booth. This gangster-themed romantic thriller about a criminal's daughter who tries to reform a petty crook whom she loves featured Clara Bow, Richard Arlen, Mary Alden and Helen Lynch."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Buy Now... Saved Later", "paragraph_text": "Buy Now... Saved Later is One Minute Silence's second album, the follow-up to \"Available In All Colours\". It was released in April 2000 on V2 Records and was dedicated \"to the memory of Neville Anthony Lynch\". In contrast to the hip-hop-metal tinge the first album had, \"Buy Now... Saved Later\" has a more traditional guitar-metal sound, produced by Colin Richardson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fetching Cody", "paragraph_text": "Fetching Cody is a 2005 Canadian drama/science-fiction film written and directed by David Ray. The film takes place in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside and follows the story of Art Frankel (played by Jay Baruchel) as he desperately tries to save his girlfriend Cody Wesson (Sarah Lind) who is in the hospital after an overdose on drugs. Art discovers a time machine and decides to use it to save Cody by attempting to rewrite her past. The film also features local drag queen Robert Kaiser as Sabrina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ernest Saves Christmas", "paragraph_text": "Ernest Saves Christmas is a 1988 American Christmas comedy film directed by John R. Cherry III and starring Jim Varney. This is the first film to feature Gailard Sartain's character, Chuck along with Bill Byrge as his brother, Bobby. They made their first appearance in the television series \"Hey Vern, It's Ernest!\", which was in production at the same time as this film. \"Ernest Saves Christmas\" is the third film to feature Varney's character Ernest P. Worrell, and chronicles Ernest's attempt to help find a replacement for an aging Santa Claus."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wreck-It Ralph", "paragraph_text": "Wreck-It Ralph is a 2012 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 52nd Disney animated feature film. The film was directed by Rich Moore, who also directed episodes of \"The Simpsons\" and \"Futurama\", and the screenplay was written by Phil Johnston and Jennifer Lee from a story by Moore, Johnston, and Jim Reardon. John Lasseter served as the executive producer. The film features the voices of John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer and Jane Lynch and tells the story of the eponymous arcade game villain who rebels against his \"bad-guy\" role and dreams of becoming a hero."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Man Who Saved the World", "paragraph_text": "The Man Who Saved the World is a 2014 feature - length Danish documentary film by film maker Peter Anthony about Stanislav Petrov, a former lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Air Defence Forces and his role in preventing the 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident from leading to nuclear holocaust."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saving Jessica Lynch", "paragraph_text": "Saving Jessica Lynch is a 2003 American television film that aired on NBC and featured Canadian actress Laura Regan in the title role. The film begins with the ambush of Jessica Lynch's convoy in the middle of an Iraqi city and follows a version of events that credits an Iraqi citizen, Mohammed Odeh al-Rehaief, with being responsible for helping to arrange a daring rescue by US special operations forces."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mark Salzman", "paragraph_text": "In 2007, Mark Salzman, along with three other men, was featured in the documentary \"Protagonist\", directed by his wife, Jessica Yu."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Erin Cahill", "paragraph_text": "Erin Jessica Cahill (born January 4, 1980) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Jen Scotts in Power Rangers Time Force, Ted Mosby's sister, Heather, in How I Met Your Mother, and Kendra Burke in Saving Grace. She had a recurring role as Felicity in the ABC series Red Widow. She is also noted to be the first lead female character for the Call of Duty franchise, as Chloe 'Karma' Lynch in Call of Duty: Black Ops II."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nancy Regan", "paragraph_text": "She is the daughter of Anita Carole Thomas (n\u00e9e Harrison) and former Nova Scotia Premier Gerald Regan, and the sister of both actress Laura Regan, and Nova Scotia MP (and House of Commons Speaker) Geoff Regan. Her maternal grandfather, John Harrison, was a Member of Parliament from Saskatchewan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pagaivan", "paragraph_text": "Pagaivan (; ) is a 1997 Tamil action comedy film directed by Ramesh Balakrishnan, starring Ajith Kumar, Sathyaraj and Anjala Zhaveri in the leading roles. The film revolves around a kidnapping undertaken by Ajith and the actions that the victim's father take to save his daughter. The film also featured Ranjitha, Nagesh, K. S. Ravikumar and Vivek who all appear in supporting roles. It was released in August 1997 to mixed reviews. The film was commercially failed at the box office"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Chronicles", "paragraph_text": "\"American Chronicles\" was produced by Mark Frost through Lynch/Frost Productions, the company that he founded with David Lynch. Featured many of the same quirky camera angles, unusual music, and a focus on violence and sexuality that were hallmarks of their ABC program, \"Twin Peaks\". The half-hour weekly program was narrated by Richard Dreyfuss."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The A-Team (film)", "paragraph_text": "Liam Neeson as Colonel John ``Hannibal ''Smith Bradley Cooper as First Lieutenant Templeton`` Face'' Peck Quinton Jackson as Sergeant First Class Bosco ``B.A. ''Baracus Sharlto Copley as Captain H.M.`` Howling Mad'' Murdock Jessica Biel as Charissa Sosa Patrick Wilson as Agent Vance Burress a.k.a. Agent Lynch Brian Bloom as Brock Pike. Bloom was also a writer on the film. Gerald McRaney as General Russell Morrison Jon Hamm as Lynch (uncredited) Terry Chen as Ravech C. Ernst Harth as Crematorium Attendant Corey Burton as Narrator Yul Vazquez as General Javier Tuco"}], "question": "Who is the father of the actress who featured in the film Saving Jessica Lynch?"}
{"id": "2hop__6897_590407", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pure Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Pure Michigan began as an advertising campaign launched in 2008 by the state of Michigan, featuring the voice of actor and comedian Tim Allen. The Pure Michigan campaign, which aims to market the state of Michigan as a travel and tourism destination, received state and international attention beginning in 2008 when Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm approved $45 million in additional funding for the Pure Michigan campaign from the 21st Century Jobs Trust Fund. The unprecedented tourism fund amount for the state allowed the Pure Michigan campaign to be broadcast on a national level beginning in March 2009. Annual funding for fiscal 2014 was $29 million."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The People's Court", "paragraph_text": "The losing party does not actually need to pay the judgment, as such. Instead (as is stated in the disclaimer at the end of each show), both parties are paid from a fund (set up by Ralph Edwards - Stu Billett Productions). This fund was based on the amount of the lawsuit claim, but an exact formula was not stated. The fund was to be first divided equally, then any monetary judgment ordered was subtracted from the loser's half (and presumably both halves in the case of cross judgments). Each litigant received at least what remained of their half in shows concluding with that disclaimer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rel Dowdell", "paragraph_text": "Rel Dowdell is an American screenwriter, film director, film producer, and English/screenwriting educator. Born and raised in Philadelphia, he received his Bachelor's degree in English with Magna Cum Laude honors from Fisk University and a master's degree in Film and Screenwriting with highest distinction from Boston University."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greeley Park", "paragraph_text": "Greeley Park is a public park in Nashua, New Hampshire, United States, occupying extending from the Merrimack River, across Concord Street, to Manchester Street. The property was originally bought in 1801 by Joseph Greeley, who passed it on to his son after his death. The land was deeded to the city of Nashua in 1896 by Joseph Thornton Greeley, the grandson of the original Joseph Greeley. In 1908, John E. Cotton donated $5000, an amount that was \"matched by city funds\", to change the Greeley Farm into a public park. The money was used to create a \"stone and cement rest house, a fountain, a shallow pond, a gravel walk, and flower beds\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Boston's colleges and universities have a significant effect on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than $4.8 billion annually to the city's economy. The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country. Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Other important industries are financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center \u2014 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers\u2014the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront. The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Milingimbi Airport", "paragraph_text": "Milingimbi Airport is an airport located east northeast of Milingimbi on Milingimbi Island, Northern Territory in Australia. The airport received funding for security upgrades in 2006."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne is also an important financial centre. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the $109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008), second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre. It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing, truck-makers Kenworth and Iveco, Cadbury as well as Bombardier Transportation and Jayco, among many others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing. The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also boasts a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota respectively."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Institut fran\u00e7ais des relations internationales", "paragraph_text": "Ifri\u2019s budget amounted to about 6.5 million Euros in 2011. Ifri's sources of funding are various: subsidies or State contracts, private funding from individuals or companies. The members list is available online under the Ifri\u2019s Partners section."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Economy of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The nation's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well - developed infrastructure, and high productivity. It has the second - highest total - estimated value of natural resources, valued at $45 trillion in 2016. Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations, and in 2010, they had the fourth - highest median household income, down from second - highest in 2007. The United States has held the world's largest national economy (not including colonial empires) since at least the 1890s. It is the world's third - largest producer of oil and natural gas. In 2016, it was the world's largest trading nation as well as its second - largest manufacturer, representing a fifth of the global manufacturing output. The U.S. also has both the largest economy and the largest industrial sector, at 2005 prices according to the UNCTAD. The U.S. not only has the largest internal market for goods, but also dominates the trade in services. U.S. total trade amounted to $4.92 trillion in 2016. Of the world's 500 largest companies, 134 are headquartered in the US."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located in the Boston area. Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area. Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone. Its largest private universities include Boston University (the city's fourth-largest employer) with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End; Northeastern University in the Fenway area; Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school; and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)\u2013Newton border. Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston, on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ over 42,600 people, accounting for nearly 7 percent of the city's workforce."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Conscience Fund", "paragraph_text": "The Conscience Fund is one of three gift funds maintained by the United States Department of the Treasury and is used for voluntary contributions from people who have stolen from or defrauded the United States Government. The fund was created in 1811 and received US$5 during its first year and over US$5.7million during its first 175 years. The fund's name comes from a letter sent with a US$1500 check for previously misappropriated funds saying, \"Suppose we call this a contribution to the conscience fund and get it announced in the newspapers, and perhaps we will get some more\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "In November, Seattle averages more rainfall than any other U.S. city of more than 250,000 people; it also ranks highly in winter precipitation. Conversely, the city receives some of the lowest precipitation amounts of any large city from June to September. Seattle is one of the five rainiest major U.S. cities as measured by the number of days with precipitation, and it receives some of the lowest amounts of annual sunshine among major cities in the lower 48 states, along with some cities in the Northeast, Ohio and Michigan. Thunderstorms are rare, as the city reports thunder on just seven days per year. By comparison, Fort Myers, Florida reports thunder on 93 days per year, Kansas City on 52, and New York City on 25."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "William A. Gahl", "paragraph_text": "William A. Gahl is the current Clinical Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute at the NIH main campus in Bethesda, MD."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Between 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the US for cycling; regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting. In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its \"Five for the Future\" list as a \"Future Best City\" for biking, and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009. The bikeshare program called Hubway launched in late July 2011, logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season. The neighboring municipalities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline joined the Hubway program in summer 2012."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Corus Quay", "paragraph_text": "Corus Quay, originally named First Waterfront Place, is an eight-storey commercial office tower located on a waterfront site in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The building is the first major development planned for the East Bayfront district, and completed construction at the foot of Jarvis Street. Corus Quay is Corus Entertainment's new Toronto headquarters, consolidating its 10 locations and 1,200 employees into one site. The building was being developed by the Toronto Economic Development Corporation (TEDCO), a city agency. Funding for the project came from TEDCO's equity, city loans and a million contribution from the city contributed via Waterfront Toronto."}], "question": "Where is the organization from which Boston received the highest amount of funding out of all cities in the U.S. headquartered?"}
{"id": "2hop__15033_37182", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eritrean\u2013Ethiopian War", "paragraph_text": "Eritrean -- Ethiopian War Part of the conflicts in the Horn of Africa Date 6 May 1998 -- 18 June 2000 (2 years, 1 month, 1 week and 5 days) Location Eritrean -- Ethiopian border, southern Eritrea, Tigray Result Ethiopian military victory Eritrean international courts victory Eritrean failure to push out Ethiopian occupation of some disputed territories and the border town of Badme and Tsorona Refugee displacement and humanitarian crises of Eritreans and Ethiopians Algiers Agreement (2000) Territorial changes Ethiopia occupies all disputed territories Belligerents Eritrea Ethiopia Commanders and leaders Isaias Afewerki Sebhat Ephrem Negasso Gidada Meles Zenawi Tsadkan Gebre - Tensae Strength 100,000 -- 120,000 (1998) 150,000 (2000) 300,000 -- 350,000 Casualties and losses 19,000 killed (Eritrean claim) 123,000 killed (Ethiopian clandestine opposition claim) 150,000 killed (other estimates) 70,000 -- 100,000 killed on both sides (ICG estimate) 300,000 killed on both sides (other estimates)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip", "paragraph_text": "Justin Long as Alvin Seville, leader of the Chipmunks Matthew Gray Gubler as Simon Seville, member of the Chipmunks Jesse McCartney as Theodore Seville, member of the Chipmunks Christina Applegate as Brittany, leader of the Chipettes Anna Faris as Jeanette, member of the Chipettes Kaley Cuoco as Eleanor, member of the Chipettes"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and he or she may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections. One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal. However, immediately following the elections, the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy, Aung San Suu Kyi, and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the military's movement toward more openness. After unexpected reforms in 2011, NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Logo Anseba Subregion", "paragraph_text": "Logo Anseba Subregion is a subregion in the western Gash-Barka Region (Zoba Anseba) of Eritrea. Its capital lies at Logo Anseba."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait", "paragraph_text": "Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (1922\u20132005) was an Indian politician, former Member of parliament, Lok Sabha and founding leader of Indian National League He belongs to Cutchi Memon. He was fondly called \"Mehboob -e -Millath\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United Nations General Assembly", "paragraph_text": "All 193 members states of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly. Further, the United Nations General Assembly may grant observer status to an international organization, entity or non-member state, which entitles the entity to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Eritrea (/\u02cc\u025br\u1d7b\u02c8tre\u026a.\u0259/ or /\u02cc\u025br\u1d7b\u02c8tri\u02d0\u0259/;, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in East Africa. With its capital at Asmara, it is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its name Eritrea is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea (\u1f18\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Erythra Thalassa), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference, depending on whichever party has more voting members. The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Eritrea (/ \u02cc\u025br\u026a\u02c8tre\u026a. \u0259 / or / \u02cc\u025br\u026a\u02c8tri\u02d0\u0259 /; Tigrinya: \u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b, listen (help info)), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its toponym Eritrea is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea (\u1f18\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Erythra Thalassa), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Dogali", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Dogali was fought on 26 January 1887 between Italy and Ethiopia in Dogali near Massawa, in present-day Eritrea."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed] In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States congressional delegations from California", "paragraph_text": "List of members of the Californian United States House delegation, their terms in office, district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has 53 members, with 39 Democrats and 14 Republicans, including both the Republican majority leader, Kevin McCarthy, and the Democratic minority leader, Nancy Pelosi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League. The nation holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones, is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aung San Oo", "paragraph_text": "Aung San Oo () is the elder brother of State Counsellor of Myanmar and Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi; the two are the only surviving children of Burmese independence leader Aung San. Aung San Oo is an engineer. Aung San Oo has been described by the Burmese Lawyers' Council and the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma as a potential surrogate of the junta in an attempt to humiliate Aung San Suu Kyi and place her in an untenable position. \"Time\" magazine reports that, according to Burmese exiles and observers in Rangoon, the junta used the alleged surrogacy of Aung San Oo and his lawsuit as an act of spite against the National League for Democracy leader."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United Nations Regional Groups", "paragraph_text": "the African Group, with 54 member states the Asia - Pacific Group, with 53 member states the Eastern European Group, with 23 member states the Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC), with 33 member states the Western European and Others Group (WEOG), with 28 member states, plus 1 member state (the United States) as an observer state."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "During the Middle Ages, the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri (\"sea-land\"). The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient Greek name for Red Sea (\u1f18\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective \u1f10\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 erythros \"red\"). It was first formally adopted in 1890, with the formation of Italian Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea). The territory became the Eritrea Governorate within Italian East Africa in 1936. Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 (nominally within a federation until 1962) and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960. Eritrea gained independence following the 1993 referendum, and the name of the new state was defined as State of Eritrea in the 1997 constitution.[citation needed]"}], "question": "Who is the leader of the league Eritrea is an observing member of?"}
{"id": "2hop__10380_37182", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Duple Metsec", "paragraph_text": "The factory of Duple Metsec was closed after the formation of TransBus International in 2001, And after that TransBus International still manufacture DM5000 body until 2002, than the previous Duple Metsec body department is merged with previous Walter Alexander Coachbuilders and Plaxton, which are also acquired by Transbus International, and finally Transbus International remerged into Alexander Dennis since 2004"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mali", "paragraph_text": "Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional government, and a new constitution. Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traor\u00e9 grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the country's population, while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth. Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants. Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Broomball Australia", "paragraph_text": "Broomball Australia is the national governing body for the ice sport of broomball in Australia. It was incorporated in October 2004 after a number of years unofficially operating under other varied names, such as the \"Australian Broomball Association\". Broomball Australia is a member of the International Federation of Broomball Associations (IFBA)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings, along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas. Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government. The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition. Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kofi Annan", "paragraph_text": "Annan died on the morning of 18 August 2018 in Bern, Switzerland, at the age of 80 after a short illness. Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, the current UN Secretary-General, said that \"Kofi Annan was a champion for peace and a guiding force for good.\" The body of Kofi Annan was returned to his native Ghana from Geneva in a brief and solemn ceremony at the Kotoka International Airport in Accra, on 10 September 2018. His coffin, draped in the blue UN flag, was accompanied by his widow Nane Annan, his children and senior diplomats from the international organisation.On 13 September 2018, a state funeral was held for Annan in Ghana at the Accra International Conference Centre.  The ceremony was attended by several political leaders from across Africa as well as Ghanaian traditional rulers, European royalty and dignitaries from the international community, including the U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres. Prior to the funeral service, his body lay in state in the foyer of the same venue, from 11\u201312 September 2018. A private burial followed the funeral service at the new Military Cemetery at Burma Camp, with full military honours \u2013 the sounding of the Last Post by army buglers and a 17-gun salute."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brazil national football team", "paragraph_text": "The Brazil national football team (Portuguese: Sele\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Futebol) represents Brazil in international men's association football. Brazil is administered by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF), the governing body for football in Brazil."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "International Press Telecommunications Council", "paragraph_text": "The International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC), based in London, United Kingdom, is a consortium of the world's major news agencies, other news providers and news industry vendors and acts as the global standards body of the news media."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Douglas Horton", "paragraph_text": "Douglas Horton (July 27, 1891, Brooklyn, New York \u2013 August 21, 1968, Randolph, New Hampshire) was an American Protestant clergyman and academic leader who was noted for his work in ecumenical relations among major Protestant bodies of his day. In his roles as a denominational executive, international ecclesiastical figure, and academic leader, Horton strongly advocated efforts undertaken by churches to unite organizationally with each other, even those of unlike theological and governmental persuasion."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand from 10 December 1999 to 19 November 2008. Labour Party leader Helen Clark negotiated a coalition with Jim Anderton, leader of the Alliance Party and later the Progressive Party, and New Zealand First. While undertaking a number of substantial reforms, it was not particularly radical compared to previous Labour governments."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federation of Australian Historical Societies", "paragraph_text": "The Federation of Australian Historical Societies (FAHS) is the peak body for historical societies throughout Australia. It has eight constituent members, one in each of the Australian states and internal self-governing territories. It lobbies governments on behalf of the sector and has formed alliances with other related bodies. It promotes uniform national standards through guides and other publications and fosters historical research, writing and education through fellowships and awards."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity. Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive \"statement of faith\", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society. Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose, and that such enlightenment or \"new light\" results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels. The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern \"deep truths\", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions. The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility, is said to provide \"divine guidance\" through its teachings described as \"based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Prime Minister of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The Prime Minister of New Zealand (M\u0101ori: Te Pirimia o Aotearoa) is the head of government of New Zealand. The incumbent Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern, leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, took office on 26 October 2017."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "26th government of Turkey", "paragraph_text": "The 26th government of Turkey (20 November 1961 \u2013 25 June 1962), also known as the \"first coalition government of Turkey\" and the \"eight government of \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\", was the first civilian government following the 1960 Turkish coup d'\u00e9tat. The prime minister, \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, was the leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and a former president of Turkey. The CHP was joined in coalition by the Justice Party (AP)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution, and comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The Leader of the Revolution (\"Supreme Leader\") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council are appointed by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federal government of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Federal government of Mexico (alternately known as the Government of the Republic or Gobierno de la Rep\u00fablica) is the national government of the United Mexican States, the central government established by its constitution to share sovereignty over the republic with the governments of the 31 individual Mexican states, and to represent such governments before international bodies such as the United Nations. The Mexican federal government has three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial and functions per the Constitution of the United Mexican States, as enacted in 1917, and as amended."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Field hockey", "paragraph_text": "Field hockey A 2005 men's field hockey international game between Argentina and Pakistan Highest governing body International Hockey Federation First played 19th century, England Characteristics Contact Limited Team members 11 field players Type outdoor and indoor Equipment Hockey ball, hockey stick, mouthguard, shinguards Presence Olympic 1908, 1920, 1928 -- present"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Roger Johnson (California)", "paragraph_text": "Roger Johnson (June 24, 1934 \u2013 February 21, 2005) was an American businessman and government official. Johnson was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of an AFL-CIO leader. Although he was initially influenced by his father's Democratic Party politics, young Roger decided to join the Republican Party, according to him, the first time he had to pay taxes."}], "question": "Who is the leader of the international body that the new govt joined?"}
{"id": "2hop__811681_264072", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Undergraduate BSBA students take 40\u201360% of their courses within the business school and are able to formally declare majors in eight areas: accounting, entrepreneurship, finance, healthcare management, marketing, managerial economics and strategy, organization and human resources, international business, and operations and supply chain management. Graduate students are able to pursue an MBA either full-time or part-time. Students may also take elective courses from other disciplines at Washington University, including law and many other fields. Mahendra R. Gupta is the Dean of the Olin Business School."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sanford J. Grossman", "paragraph_text": "Sanford \"Sandy\" Jay Grossman (born July 21, 1953) is an American economist and hedge fund manager specializing in quantitative finance. Grossman\u2019s research has spanned the analysis of information in securities markets, corporate structure, property rights, and optimal dynamic risk management. He has published widely in leading economic and business journals, including \"American Economic Review\", \"Journal of Econometrics\", \"Econometrica\", and \"Journal of Finance\". His research in macroeconomics, finance, and risk management has earned numerous awards. Grossman is currently Chairman and CEO of QFS Asset Management, an affiliate of which he founded in 1988. QFS Asset Management shut down its sole remaining hedge fund in January 2014."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chauss\u00e9e de Charleroi", "paragraph_text": "The Chauss\u00e9e de Charleroi (French) or Charleroisesteenweg (Dutch) is a major street in Brussels, Belgium connecting the Place St\u00e9phanie in the City of Brussels to the Ma Campagne crossroad in the municipality of Saint-Gilles. It forms the N261 road with the Avenue Brugmann, Rue de Stalle and Rue Prolong\u00e9e de Stalle. Many bars, restaurants, hotels and shops are located on the Chauss\u00e9e de Charleroi. The Brussels tram routes 92 and 97 run on this street. It is named after the city of Charleroi."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ume\u00e5 School of Business", "paragraph_text": "The Ume\u00e5 School of Business and Economics, USBE, or Handelsh\u00f6gskolan vid Umea Universitet, is the business school of Ume\u00e5 University in the north of Sweden, founded in 1989 \"to strengthen education in research and business while contributing to the community\". About 2000 students currently study at USBE. The School offers one Bachelor program, four undergraduate programs (Civilekonomprogram), seven Master's degree programs (including the Erasmus Mundus Master Program in Strategic Project Management) and doctoral programs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party. The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17, 2008 that, \"Brussels would take an attitude\". Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ulrich Hommel", "paragraph_text": "Hommel earned a Ph.D. in economics from The University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) in 1994 and successfully completed his habilitation in business administration at the WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management in 2002."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management", "paragraph_text": "The Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management (abbreviated as SBS-EM and also known as simply Solvay) is a school of economics and management and a Faculty of the Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles, a French-speaking private research university located in Brussels, Belgium. Business education started in 1899 and Solvay was established in 1903 through a donation from Ernest Solvay."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fernand Deschamps", "paragraph_text": "Fernand Deschamps (July 13, 1868 in Ch\u00e2telineau \u2013 March 15, 1957 in Brussels) was a Belgian intellectual who participated in the great socio-economic and ethical debates in the first half of the twentieth century."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Schuman-Josaphat tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The Schuman-Josaphat tunnel is a double track rail tunnel in Brussels, which entered into service on 4 April 2016. It links line 161 (Brussels-Namur) just after Meiser station and line 26 (Halle-Vilvoorde) at the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark tunnel just before Schuman station. The line is numbered L161A. A key component of the Brussels RER project, it passes beneath avenue Plasky/Plaskylaan, place de Jamblinne de Meux/Jamblinne de Meuxplein and the Cortenbergh/Kortenberg road tunnel. The position of the tunnel in the Brussels rail network is shown in the simplified map on the right. Benefits of the project include:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Victor Razafimahatratra", "paragraph_text": "Victor Razafimahatratra was born in Ambanitsilena-Ranomasina, and studied at the Major Seminary of Fianarantsoa before entering the Society of Jesus, more commonly known as the Jesuits, on 19 September 1945. He continued his education at the Jesuit schools in Fianarantsoa, and then went to Belgium to study at the Theological Faculty of Brussels and the Catechetical Center \"Lumen Gentium\", also in Brussels."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Edouard Agneessens", "paragraph_text": "Edouard Agneessens (24 August 1842, Brussels \u2013 20 August 1885, Uccle) was a Belgian painter born in Brussels. He studied under Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Portaels from 1859 at the Acad\u00e9mie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, and in 1869 won the Prix de Rome. In 1868, he was one of the founding members of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Libre des Beaux-Arts in Brussels."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cameron Hepburn", "paragraph_text": "Cameron Hepburn is an Australian Professor of Environmental Economics at the University of Oxford and the London School of Economics and Political Science, both in the United Kingdom. He is Director of the Economics of Sustainability Programme at the Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Glenn MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving to St. Louis to work at Washington University in St. Louis, Glenn MacDonald served as a Professor and Area Coordinator for Economics and Management at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester located in Rochester, New York from 1994 until 2001. Also while working at the University of Rochester, Glenn MacDonald worked as a professor of economics in the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration from 1992 until 2001. During this period he was also a Professor of Organizations and Markets (1992-1994). Beginning in 1985 he served as a Senior Research Associate at the Rochester Center for Economic Research."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Piero Sraffa", "paragraph_text": "Piero Sraffa (5 August 1898 \u2013 3 September 1983) was an influential Italian economist who served as lecturer of economics at the University of Cambridge. His book \"Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities\" is taken as founding the neo-Ricardian school of economics."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "In the fall of 2014, among the six undergraduate schools, 40.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 21.3% in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 14.3% in the School of Communication, 11.7% in the Medill School of Journalism, 5.7% in the Bienen School of Music, and 6.4% in the School of Education and Social Policy. The five most commonly awarded undergraduate degrees are in economics, journalism, communication studies, psychology, and political science. While professional students are affiliated with their respective schools, the School of Professional Studies offers master's and bachelor's degree, and certificate programs tailored to the professional studies. With 2,446 students enrolled in science, engineering, and health fields, the largest graduate programs by enrollment include chemistry, integrated biology, material sciences, electrical and computer engineering, neuroscience, and economics. The Kellogg School of Management's MBA, the School of Law's JD, and the Feinberg School of Medicine's MD are the three largest professional degree programs by enrollment."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bourse premetro station", "paragraph_text": "The Bourse/Beurs premetro station is an underground tram station in Brussels, Belgium located in the city centre under Boulevard Anspach, next to the Place de la Bourse and the Brussels Stock Exchange, after which it is named. It is also located metres from the Grand Place. Brussels trams stopping at that station are the lines 3 and 4 as well as evening services 31, 32 and 33. The station in part of the North-South axis between Brussels-North railway station and Albert premetro station. A connection with bus routes 46, 48, 86 and 95 is possible at ground level."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "H\u00f4tel Solvay", "paragraph_text": "The H\u00f4tel Solvay is a large Art Nouveau town house designed by Victor Horta on the Avenue Louise in Brussels. The house was commissioned by Armand Solvay, the son of the wealthy Belgian chemist and industrialist Ernest Solvay. For this wealthy patron Horta could spend a fortune on precious materials and expensive details. Horta designed every single detail; furniture, carpets, light fittings, tableware and even the door bell. He used expensive materials such as marble, onyx, bronze, tropic woods etc. For the decoration of the staircase Horta cooperated with the Belgian pointillist painter Th\u00e9o van Rysselberghe."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wayne Visser", "paragraph_text": "Wayne Visser completed his high school at Fairbairn College in 1987 and went on to study marketing and economics as part of a Business Science Honours degree at the University of Cape Town. In 1996, he studied at the Centre for Human Ecology, where he obtained an MSc with special commendation. In 2007, he qualified with a PhD in business and management from the International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at Nottingham University Business School, where he researched what motivates of sustainability managers, using existential psychology as his lens of analysis."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the Chicago school of economics, the school of economic thought supported by Milton Friedman and other economists. The university's sociology department was the first independent sociology department in the United States and gave birth to the Chicago school of sociology. In physics, the university was the site of the Chicago Pile-1 (the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction, part of the Manhattan Project), of Robert Millikan's oil-drop experiment that calculated the charge of the electron, and of the development of radiocarbon dating by Willard F. Libby in 1947. The chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth, the Miller\u2013Urey experiment, was conducted at the university. REM sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ernest Solvay", "paragraph_text": "Born at Rebecq, he was prevented by acute pleurisy from going to university. He worked in his uncle's chemical factory from the age of 21."}], "question": "What's the place of birth of the founder of Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management ?"}
{"id": "2hop__128411_647110", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shire of Taringa", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Taringa is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in western Brisbane. Its administrative centre was Taringa (now a suburb of City of Brisbane). It existed from 1890 to 1925."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "KOAI", "paragraph_text": "KOAI (95.1/94.9 FM \"The Oasis\") is a classic hits radio station serving the Phoenix metropolitan area and licensed to Sun City West, Arizona. The station is owned by Sun City Holdings under the name of \"Sun City Communications,\" and is part of the Great Hill Partners investment portfolio. It is licensed to and operated by Riviera Broadcast Group. Its studios are located on 7th Street in Midtown Phoenix, while its transmitter is located in Crown King, Arizona (producing a rimshot signal from 50 miles northwest of Phoenix)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sun City West, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Sun City West is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 24,535 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}], "question": "What county is KOAI located in?"}
{"id": "2hop__52289_848619", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arlington National Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "The government acquired Arlington at a tax sale in 1864 for $26,800, equal to $410,000 today. Mrs. Lee had not appeared in person but rather had sent an agent, attempting to pay the $92.07 in property taxes (equal to $1,400 today) assessed on the estate in a timely manner. The government turned away her agent, refusing to accept the tendered payment. In 1874, Custis Lee, heir under his grandfather's will passing the estate in trust to his mother, sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington. On December 9, 1882, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 in Lee's favor in United States v. Lee, deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process. After that decision, Congress returned the estate to him, and on March 3, 1883, Custis Lee sold it back to the government for $150,000 (equal to $3,271,364 in 2017) at a signing ceremony with Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln. The land then became a military reservation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "George Bomford", "paragraph_text": "George Bomford died in Boston, Massachusetts 25 March 1848 while on army business and was buried in a tomb in the family mausoleum on the \"Kalorama estate\" in Washington, D.C. In 1892, due to construction of Massachusetts Avenue on the site of the estate, the remains of George Bomford, his wife Clara, and son Henry Baldwin Bomford, were moved to Rock Creek Cemetery and placed under one headstone."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "George Washington Custis Lee", "paragraph_text": "George Washington Custis Lee (September 16, 1832 \u2013 February 18, 1913), also known as Custis Lee, was the eldest son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Custis Lee. His grandfather\u2014George Washington Custis\u2014was the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington. He served as a Confederate general in the American Civil War, primarily as an aide-de-camp to President Jefferson Davis, and succeeded his father as president of Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "George Washington on Horseback", "paragraph_text": "George Washington on Horseback is an equestrian statue by sculptor Herbert Haseltine. It is located south of the Washington National Cathedral."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eli Thomas Reich", "paragraph_text": "Vice Admiral Eli Thomas Reich (March 20, 1913 in New York \u2013 November 30, 1999 in Arlington, Virginia) was a highly decorated United States Navy officer and World War II submarine commander \u2014 the only one to sink a battleship during the war. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery (Section 30, Grave 950-A)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Robert E. Roeder", "paragraph_text": "Robert E. Roeder (July 25, 1917 \u2013 September 28, 1944) was a captain in the U.S. Army who received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during World War II, during which he was killed in action. Roeder is buried in Arlington National Cemetery."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bush Tower", "paragraph_text": "The New York firm of Helmle and Corbett (also designers of Bush House in London and the George Washington Masonic National Memorial (1922\u20131932) in Alexandria, Virginia)\u2014and specifically, architect Harvey Wiley Corbett\u2014gave Bush Tower a Neo-Gothic appearance, in some ways similar in style to New York's landmark Woolworth Building, a skyscraper that had been completed just three years earlier."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Barcroft Park", "paragraph_text": "Barcroft Park is a baseball venue located in Arlington, Virginia, US. The field is home to the George Washington Colonials baseball team of the NCAA Division I Atlantic 10 Conference. The field holds a capacity of 500 spectators. The field is officially designated Barcroft Park Field #6 and includes a new turf field by FieldTurf, bullpens, enclosed dugouts, bleachers, lights, scoreboard, and pressbox."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Charles Leonard", "paragraph_text": "Charles Leonard's brother, William N. Leonard, was a World War II flying ace. They were buried together in Arlington National Cemetery."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mary Anna Custis Lee", "paragraph_text": "Mary Anna Custis Lee was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis, George Washington's step-grandson and adopted son and founder of Arlington House, and Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, daughter of William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolph Fitzhugh. Her godmother, Mary Randolph, the first person recorded buried at Arlington, wrote an early book on housekeeping and cooking. Lee's birth year is usually given as 1808, but it appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother as 1807, and is also referred to in a letter her mother wrote in the autumn of 1807. She was born at Annefield in Clarke County, Virginia when her mother's coach stopped there during a journey. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arlington National Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "At the outbreak of the Civil War, most military personnel who died in battle near Washington, D.C., were buried at the United States Soldiers' Cemetery in Washington, D.C., or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia, but by late 1863 both were nearly full. On July 16, 1862, Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead, and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program. In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness. Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area. The property was high and free from floods (which might unearth graves), it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America, and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration. The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13, 1864, close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27. However, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15, 1864. Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bill Wise (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "William E. Wise (March 15, 1861 \u2013 May 5, 1940) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball for three seasons from 1882 to 1886, splitting his time between pitcher and the outfield. He played for the Baltimore Orioles of the American Association, the Washington Nationals of the Union Association, and the Washington Nationals of the National League. Wise died in his hometown of Washington, D.C. at the age of 79, and is interred at Glenwood Cemetery."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gracehill Moravian Church and Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "Gracehill Moravian Church and Cemetery is a historic church and cemetery located southwest of Washington, Iowa, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. In 1854 the Provincial Board of the Moravian Church provided the funds to Amos Miksch to buy a substantial amount of property to create a Moravian settlement. Lots of various sizes were sold to colony members. Gracehill was organized in 1866, and the church building was completed the next year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rembrandt C. Robinson", "paragraph_text": "Rembrandt Cecil Robinson (October 2, 1924May 8, 1972) was a United States Navy officer who was stationed in the Tonkin Gulf during the Vietnam War. Robinson died in 1972, in a helicopter crash; he was the only Navy flag officer killed during the Vietnam War. His remains were cremated and the ashes were spread at sea from off San Diego, California. Admiral Robinson has a memorial cross in Arlington National Cemetery."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William Cogswell", "paragraph_text": "Cogswell was born in Bradford, Massachusetts, to George Cogswell and Abigail (Parker) Cogswell. Cogswell's father was a well-respected surgeon and one of the founders of the Massachusetts Republican Party. His grandfather, William Cogswell, was a surgeon's mate in the Revolutionary War who practiced medicine in Atkinson, New Hampshire, and gave land for the Atkinson Academy. Abigail's mother died when he was about 7 years old."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution", "paragraph_text": "The School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution (S-CAR) is a division of George Mason University based near Washington, D.C., United States with locations in Arlington, Fairfax, and Lorton, Virginia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arlington Ridge, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Arlington Ridge is an unincorporated community in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. It is bordered on the north by The Pentagon, on the west by the Army Navy Country Club, and on the south the City of Alexandria. The main thoroughfare is the eponymous Arlington Ridge Road, a mansion-lined boulevard that, due to its high elevation, offers picturesque views of Washington D.C. and the surrounding areas. Also known simply as \"The Ridge\", this community is home to two historical points of interest: the Hume School (National Register of Historic Places), currently the site of the Arlington Country Historical Society and Museum, and Fort Scott (Historic District), currently the site of Fort Scott Park."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Carl Gamborg-Andresen", "paragraph_text": "He retired as a colonel in the United States Marine Corps during 1925, with more than 30 years of service. He died in 1936 in Seattle, Washington, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mount Vernon", "paragraph_text": "Mount Vernon was the plantation of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and his wife, Martha Washington. The estate is situated on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, across from Prince George's County, Maryland. The Washington family had owned land in the area since the time of Washington's great-grandfather in 1674. Around 1734 they embarked on an expansion of the estate that continued under George Washington, who began leasing the estate in 1754, but did not become its sole owner until 1761."}], "question": "Who is the mother of the individual who gave the land for Arlington National Cemetery?"}
{"id": "2hop__66254_29309", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of \"John Ewards\"  [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president (John Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president). This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr, but under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president (and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event, as it violated Electoral College rules)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Drumheller-Stettler", "paragraph_text": "Drumheller-Stettler is a provincial electoral district (riding) in Alberta, Canada. The electoral district is mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting. The district was created in the 2003 boundary redistribution and came into force in 2004 from the old districts of Drumheller-Chinook and Lacombe-Stettler."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1824 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the popular vote was recorded, and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Edmonton-South West", "paragraph_text": "Edmonton-South West is a provincial electoral district in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The district was created in the 2010 boundary redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post voting system."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1936 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Roosevelt won in a landslide, carrying 46 of the 48 states and bringing in many additional Democratic members of Congress. After Lyndon B. Johnson's 61.1 percent share of the popular vote in 1964, Roosevelt's 60.8 percent is the second - largest percentage in U.S. history since the nearly unopposed election of James Monroe in 1820, and his 98.5% of the electoral vote is the highest in two - party competition. Roosevelt won the largest number of electoral votes ever recorded at that time, so far only surpassed by Ronald Reagan in 1984, when seven more electoral votes were available to contest. Garner won the highest percentage of the electoral vote of any vice president. Landon became the second official major - party candidate since the current system was established to win fewer than ten electoral votes by tying William Howard Taft, who won eight votes in his unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1912. No major - party candidate has won so few electoral votes since this election. The closest anyone has come was Reagan's 1984 opponent Walter Mondale, who won only thirteen electoral votes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Including Kerry, the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates, including attorney Paul J. Sheehy, State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy. Kerry ran a \"very expensive, sophisticated campaign\", financed by out-of-state backers and supported by many young volunteers. DiFruscia's campaign headquarters shared the same building as Kerry's. On the eve of the September 19 primary, police found Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, breaking into where the building's telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with \"breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny\", but the charges were dropped a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that the two were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1928 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "United States presidential election, 1928 \u2190 1924 November 6, 1928 1932 \u2192 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 56.9% 8.0 pp Nominee Herbert Hoover Al Smith Party Republican Democratic Home state California New York Running mate Charles Curtis Joseph T. Robinson Electoral vote 444 87 States carried 40 8 Popular vote 21,427,123 15,015,464 Percentage 58.2% 40.8% Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Hoover / Curtis, blue denotes those won by Smith / Robinson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. President before election Calvin Coolidge Republican Elected President Herbert Hoover Republican"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Calgary-Lougheed", "paragraph_text": "Calgary-Lougheed is a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada. It is one of 87 districts mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first-past-the-post method of voting."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1860 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "United States presidential election, 1860 \u2190 1856 November 6, 1860 1864 \u2192 All 303 electoral votes of the Electoral College 152 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 81.2% 2.3 pp Nominee Abraham Lincoln John C. Breckinridge Party Republican Southern Democratic Home state Illinois Kentucky Running mate Hannibal Hamlin Joseph Lane Electoral vote 180 72 States carried 18 11 Popular vote 1,865,908 848,019 Percentage 39.8% 18.1% Nominee John Bell Stephen A. Douglas Party Constitutional Union Northern Democratic Home state Tennessee Illinois Running mate Edward Everett Herschel V. Johnson Electoral vote 39 12 States carried Popular vote 590,901 1,380,202 Percentage 12.6% 29.5% Presidential Election 1860. Red shows states won by Lincoln / Hamlin, green by Breckinridge / Lane, orange by Bell / Everett, and blue by Douglas / Johnson Numbers are Electoral College votes in each state by the 1850 Census. President before election James Buchanan Democratic Elected President Abraham Lincoln Republican"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1936 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "United States presidential election, 1936 \u2190 1932 November 3, 1936 1940 \u2192 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 61.0% 4.1 pp Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Alf Landon Party Democratic Republican Home state New York Kansas Running mate John Nance Garner Frank Knox Electoral vote 523 8 States carried 46 Popular vote 27,747,636 16,679,543 Percentage 60.8% 36.5% Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt / Garner, red denotes states won by Landon / Knox. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. President before election Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic Elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "After receiving his J.D. from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked in Massachusetts as an Assistant District Attorney. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran\u2013Contra affair. Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. In 2002, Kerry voted to authorize the President \"to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein\", but warned that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States Electoral College", "paragraph_text": "Under the Twenty - third Amendment, Washington, D.C., is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state, but no more electors than the least populous state. The least populous state (which is Wyoming, according to the 2010 census) has three electors; thus, D.C. can not have more than three electors. Even if D.C. were a state, its population would entitle it to only three electors; based on its population per electoral vote, D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation, after Wyoming."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000, while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerry's 252."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "During his bid to be elected president in 2004, Kerry frequently criticized President George W. Bush for the Iraq War. While Kerry had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force in dealing with Saddam Hussein, he voted against an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war. His statement on March 16, 2004, \"I actually did vote for the $87 billion before I voted against it,\" helped the Bush campaign to paint him as a flip-flopper and has been cited as contributing to Kerry's defeat."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269\u2013269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Most analyses place Kerry's voting record on the left within the Senate Democratic caucus. During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative groups and the Bush campaign, who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal's top Senate liberal. However, that rating was based only upon voting on legislation within that past year. In fact, in terms of career voting records, the National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate. Most analyses find that Kerry is at least slightly more liberal than the typical Democratic Senator. Kerry has stated that he opposes privatizing Social Security, supports abortion rights for adult women and minors, supports same-sex marriage, opposes capital punishment except for terrorists, supports most gun control laws, and is generally a supporter of trade agreements. Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China, but opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Airdrie-Chestermere", "paragraph_text": "Airdrie-Chestermere was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada. It was mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elections in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Elections in the United States are held for government officials at the federal, state, and local levels. At the federal level, the nation's head of state, the President, is elected indirectly by the people of each state, through an Electoral College. Today, these electors almost always vote with the popular vote of their state. All members of the federal legislature, the Congress, are directly elected by the people of each state. There are many elected offices at state level, each state having at least an elective Governor and legislature. There are also elected offices at the local level, in counties, cities, towns, townships, boroughs, and villages. According to a study by political scientist Jennifer Lawless, there were 519,682 elected officials in the United States as of 2012."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Calgary-Mackay-Nose Hill", "paragraph_text": "Calgary-Mackay-Nose Hill is a provincial electoral district in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The district was created in the 2010 boundary redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post voting system."}], "question": "How many votes did Kerry receive in the political entity that is the basis of the US electoral system?"}
{"id": "2hop__90271_29309", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "During his bid to be elected president in 2004, Kerry frequently criticized President George W. Bush for the Iraq War. While Kerry had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force in dealing with Saddam Hussein, he voted against an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war. His statement on March 16, 2004, \"I actually did vote for the $87 billion before I voted against it,\" helped the Bush campaign to paint him as a flip-flopper and has been cited as contributing to Kerry's defeat."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2000 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 2000. Republican candidate George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st President George H.W. Bush, narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Al Gore, the incumbent vice president. It was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "1824 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the popular vote was recorded, and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000, while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerry's 252."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1860 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "United States presidential election, 1860 \u2190 1856 November 6, 1860 1864 \u2192 All 303 electoral votes of the Electoral College 152 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 81.2% 2.3 pp Nominee Abraham Lincoln John C. Breckinridge Party Republican Southern Democratic Home state Illinois Kentucky Running mate Hannibal Hamlin Joseph Lane Electoral vote 180 72 States carried 18 11 Popular vote 1,865,908 848,019 Percentage 39.8% 18.1% Nominee John Bell Stephen A. Douglas Party Constitutional Union Northern Democratic Home state Tennessee Illinois Running mate Edward Everett Herschel V. Johnson Electoral vote 39 12 States carried Popular vote 590,901 1,380,202 Percentage 12.6% 29.5% Presidential Election 1860. Red shows states won by Lincoln / Hamlin, green by Breckinridge / Lane, orange by Bell / Everett, and blue by Douglas / Johnson Numbers are Electoral College votes in each state by the 1850 Census. President before election James Buchanan Democratic Elected President Abraham Lincoln Republican"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1936 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "United States presidential election, 1936 \u2190 1932 November 3, 1936 1940 \u2192 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 61.0% 4.1 pp Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Alf Landon Party Democratic Republican Home state New York Kansas Running mate John Nance Garner Frank Knox Electoral vote 523 8 States carried 46 Popular vote 27,747,636 16,679,543 Percentage 60.8% 36.5% Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt / Garner, red denotes states won by Landon / Knox. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. President before election Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic Elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Most analyses place Kerry's voting record on the left within the Senate Democratic caucus. During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative groups and the Bush campaign, who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal's top Senate liberal. However, that rating was based only upon voting on legislation within that past year. In fact, in terms of career voting records, the National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate. Most analyses find that Kerry is at least slightly more liberal than the typical Democratic Senator. Kerry has stated that he opposes privatizing Social Security, supports abortion rights for adult women and minors, supports same-sex marriage, opposes capital punishment except for terrorists, supports most gun control laws, and is generally a supporter of trade agreements. Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China, but opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269\u2013269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "National American Woman Suffrage Association", "paragraph_text": "Elections were held at the convention's opening. Stanton received 131 votes for president, Anthony received 90, and 2 votes were cast for other candidates. Anthony was elected vice president at large with 213 votes, with 9 votes for other candidates. Stone was unanimously elected chair of the executive committee."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "President-elect of the United States", "paragraph_text": "No constitutional provision or federal law requires electors to vote according to the results of their state's popular vote, though some states bind their electors to their pledges by state law. Historically, there have been only a few instances of ``faithless electors ''casting their ballots for a candidate to whom they were not pledged, and such instances have never resulted in changing the final outcome of a presidential election. The popular vote does not declare the presidency but the Electoral College vote does. Even if the popular vote goes to one candidate, another may win the electoral vote and the presidency, as has happened in 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "President of the Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution. The vice president, as President of the Senate, has the authority (ex officio, for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie - breaking vote. Other than this, the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power (in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of the House of Representatives)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of \"John Ewards\"  [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president (John Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president). This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr, but under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president (and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event, as it violated Electoral College rules)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Including Kerry, the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates, including attorney Paul J. Sheehy, State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy. Kerry ran a \"very expensive, sophisticated campaign\", financed by out-of-state backers and supported by many young volunteers. DiFruscia's campaign headquarters shared the same building as Kerry's. On the eve of the September 19 primary, police found Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, breaking into where the building's telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with \"breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny\", but the charges were dropped a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that the two were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "After receiving his J.D. from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked in Massachusetts as an Assistant District Attorney. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran\u2013Contra affair. Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. In 2002, Kerry voted to authorize the President \"to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein\", but warned that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2017 Ecuadorian general election", "paragraph_text": "General elections were held in Ecuador on 19 February 2017 alongside a referendum on tax havens. Voters elected a new President and National Assembly. Incumbent President Rafael Correa of the PAIS Alliance was not eligible for re-election, having served two terms. In the first round of the presidential elections, PAIS Alliance candidate Len\u00edn Moreno received 39% of the vote. Although he was more than 10% ahead of his nearest rival, Guillermo Lasso of the Creating Opportunities party, Moreno was just short of the 40% threshold required to avoid a run - off. As a result, a second round was held on 2 April. In the second round Moreno was elected President with 51.16% of the vote."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "1920 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs received 913,664 popular votes (3.4 percent), despite the fact that he was in prison at the time for advocating non-compliance with the draft during World War I. This was the largest number of popular votes ever received by a Socialist Party candidate in the United States, although not the largest percentage of the popular vote. Debs received double this percentage in the election of 1912. The 1920 election was Debs' fifth and last attempt to become president."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1988 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "United States presidential election, 1988 \u2190 1984 November 8, 1988 1992 \u2192 All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 50.2% 3.1 pp Nominee George H.W. Bush Michael Dukakis Party Republican Democratic Home state Texas Massachusetts Running mate Dan Quayle Lloyd Bentsen Electoral vote 426 111 States carried 40 10 + DC Popular vote 48,886,597 41,809,074 Percentage 53.4% 45.6% Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Bush / Quayle, blue denotes those won by Dukakis / Bentsen, light blue is the electoral vote for Bentsen / Dukakis by a West Virginia faithless elector. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. President before election Ronald Reagan Republican Elected President George H.W. Bush Republican"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld, a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71% of the vote. The race was covered nationwide as one of the most closely watched Senate races that year. Kerry and Weld held several debates and negotiated a campaign spending cap of $6.9 million at Kerry's Beacon Hill townhouse. Both candidates spent more than the cap, with each camp accusing the other of being first to break the agreement. During the campaign, Kerry spoke briefly at the 1996 Democratic National Convention. Kerry won re-election with 53 percent to Weld's 45 percent."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2017 Ecuadorian general election", "paragraph_text": "General elections were held in Ecuador on 19 February 2017 alongside a referendum on tax havens. Voters elected a new President and National Assembly. Incumbent President Rafael Correa of the PAIS Alliance was not eligible for re-election, having served two terms. In the first round of the presidential elections, PAIS Alliance candidate Len\u00edn Moreno received 39% of the vote. Although he was more than 10% ahead of his nearest rival, Guillermo Lasso of the Creating Opportunities party, Moreno was just short of the 40% threshold required to avoid a run - off. As a result a second round was held on 2 April. In the second round Moreno was elected President with 51.16% of the vote."}], "question": "How many votes did Kerry receive in the body where the president of the U.S. is elected?"}
{"id": "2hop__300853_816528", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cort\u00e9bert", "paragraph_text": "Cort\u00e9bert is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking part of the canton in the Jura mountains."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cormoret", "paragraph_text": "Cormoret is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking part of the canton in the Jura mountains."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "German military administration in occupied France during World War II", "paragraph_text": "Military Administration in France Milit\u00e4rverwaltung in Frankreich Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne 1940 -- 1944 Flag Emblem German (pink) and Italian (green) occupation zones of France: the zone occup\u00e9e, the zone libre, the zone interdite, the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France, and annexed Alsace - Lorraine. Status Territory under German military administration Capital Paris Military Commander 1940 -- 1942 Otto von St\u00fclpnagel 1942 -- 1944 Carl - Heinrich von St\u00fclpnagel 1944 Karl Kitzinger Historical era World War II Second Compi\u00e8gne armistice 22 June 1940 Case Anton 11 November 1942 Liberation of Paris 25 August 1944 Preceded by Succeeded by French Third Republic Provisional Government of the French Republic"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bann Na Mohra", "paragraph_text": "Bann Na Mohra is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 27' 50N 73\u00b0 22' 10E with an altitude of 562 metres (1847 feet)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Green Mountain, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Green Mountain is an unincorporated community in Yancey County, North Carolina, United States. Its elevation is 2,159\u00a0feet (658\u00a0m). Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 28740."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yancey County News", "paragraph_text": "The Yancey County News was a weekly newspaper in Burnsville, North Carolina, serving Yancey County. In operation from 2011 to 2014, it was owned and operated by Jonathan and Susan Austin."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes", "paragraph_text": "Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (; Arpitan: \"\"; ; ) was an administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes. It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south. The region was named after the Rh\u00f4ne and the Alps mountain range. Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris. Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Darial, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 23' 35N 73\u00b0 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Green Party of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Green Party of the United States Chairperson Green National Committee Founded April 2001; 17 years ago (2001 - 04) Split from Greens / Green Party USA Preceded by Citizens Party Association of State Green Parties Headquarters 6411 Orchard Avenue, Suite 101, Takoma Park, Maryland 20912 Newspaper Green Pages Youth wing Young Greens Women's wing National Women's Caucus LGBT wing Lavender Greens Latinx wing Latinx Caucus Black wing Black Caucus Ideology Anti-capitalism Eco-socialism Green politics Political position Left - wing International affiliation Global Greens Continental affiliation Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas Colors Green Seats in the Senate 0 / 100 Seats in the House 0 / 435 Governorships 0 / 50 State Upper House Seats 0 / 1,972 State Lower House Seats 2 / 5,411 Territorial Governorships 0 / 6 Territorial Upper Chamber Seats 0 / 97 Territorial Lower Chamber Seats 0 / 91 Other elected offices 156 (2018) Website gp.org Politics of United States Political parties Elections"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Belprahon", "paragraph_text": "Belprahon is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking part of the canton in the Jura mountains."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mian Haji Sahib", "paragraph_text": "Mian Haji Sahib is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 22' 50N 73\u00b0 20' 40E with an altitude of 479 metres (1574 feet)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county where Green Mountain is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__78568_29309", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the Yes vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "During his bid to be elected president in 2004, Kerry frequently criticized President George W. Bush for the Iraq War. While Kerry had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force in dealing with Saddam Hussein, he voted against an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war. His statement on March 16, 2004, \"I actually did vote for the $87 billion before I voted against it,\" helped the Bush campaign to paint him as a flip-flopper and has been cited as contributing to Kerry's defeat."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "President of the Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution. The vice president, as President of the Senate, has the authority (ex officio, for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie - breaking vote. Other than this, the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power (in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of the House of Representatives)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Liberia", "paragraph_text": "The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators. Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote. The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of \"John Ewards\"  [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president (John Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president). This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr, but under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president (and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event, as it violated Electoral College rules)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Section 41 of the Constitution of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Section 41 of the Australian Constitution is a provision of the Constitution of Australia which states that \"no adult person who has or acquires a right to vote at elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of a State shall, while the right continues, be prevented by any law of the Commonwealth from voting at elections for either House of the Parliament of the Commonwealth.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: P\u00f5hiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alexander Lukashenko", "paragraph_text": "A new Belarusian constitution enacted in early 1994 paved the way for the first democratic presidential election on 23 June and 10 July. Six candidates stood in the first round, including Lukashenko, who campaigned as an independent on a populist platform. Shushkevich and Kebich also ran, with the latter regarded as the clear favorite. Lukashenko won 45.1% of the vote while Kebich received 17.4%, Zyanon Paznyak received 12.9% and Shushkevich, along with two other candidates, received less than 10% of votes. Lukashenko won the second round of the election on 10 July with 80.1% of the vote. Shortly after his election, he addressed the State Duma of the Russian Federation in Moscow proposing a new Union of Slavic states, which would culminate in the creation of the Union of Russia and Belarus in 1999."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1824 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the popular vote was recorded, and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2017 Ecuadorian general election", "paragraph_text": "General elections were held in Ecuador on 19 February 2017 alongside a referendum on tax havens. Voters elected a new President and National Assembly. Incumbent President Rafael Correa of the PAIS Alliance was not eligible for re-election, having served two terms. In the first round of the presidential elections, PAIS Alliance candidate Len\u00edn Moreno received 39% of the vote. Although he was more than 10% ahead of his nearest rival, Guillermo Lasso of the Creating Opportunities party, Moreno was just short of the 40% threshold required to avoid a run - off. As a result, a second round was held on 2 April. In the second round Moreno was elected President with 51.16% of the vote."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "President-elect of the United States", "paragraph_text": "No constitutional provision or federal law requires electors to vote according to the results of their state's popular vote, though some states bind their electors to their pledges by state law. Historically, there have been only a few instances of ``faithless electors ''casting their ballots for a candidate to whom they were not pledged, and such instances have never resulted in changing the final outcome of a presidential election. The popular vote does not declare the presidency but the Electoral College vote does. Even if the popular vote goes to one candidate, another may win the electoral vote and the presidency, as has happened in 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269\u2013269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced the procedure provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, by which the Electoral College originally functioned. Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College. The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite three - fourths of state legislatures on June 15, 1804."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "National American Woman Suffrage Association", "paragraph_text": "Elections were held at the convention's opening. Stanton received 131 votes for president, Anthony received 90, and 2 votes were cast for other candidates. Anthony was elected vice president at large with 213 votes, with 9 votes for other candidates. Stone was unanimously elected chair of the executive committee."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2005\u201306 Chilean presidential election", "paragraph_text": "A presidential election took place in Chile on Sunday, December 11, 2005. None of the four candidates received an absolute majority, thus a runoff election among the top two candidates -- Michelle Bachelet from the Coalition of Parties for Democracy and Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era from National Renewal -- was held on Sunday, January 15, 2006. Bachelet was victorious with 53.49% of the vote. She succeeded President Ricardo Lagos on March 11, 2006 for a period of four years, after Congress reformed the Constitution in September 2005 and reduced the term from six years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000, while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerry's 252."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "After receiving his J.D. from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked in Massachusetts as an Assistant District Attorney. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran\u2013Contra affair. Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. In 2002, Kerry voted to authorize the President \"to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein\", but warned that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld, a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71% of the vote. The race was covered nationwide as one of the most closely watched Senate races that year. Kerry and Weld held several debates and negotiated a campaign spending cap of $6.9 million at Kerry's Beacon Hill townhouse. Both candidates spent more than the cap, with each camp accusing the other of being first to break the agreement. During the campaign, Kerry spoke briefly at the 1996 Democratic National Convention. Kerry won re-election with 53 percent to Weld's 45 percent."}], "question": "How many votes did Kerry receive from the body that elects the president, according to the Constitution?"}
{"id": "2hop__802662_586094", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Brooke Astor", "paragraph_text": "Roberta Brooke Astor (n\u00e9e Russell; March 30, 1902 \u2013 August 13, 2007) was an American philanthropist, socialite, and writer who was the chairwoman of the Vincent Astor Foundation, which had been established by her third husband, Vincent Astor, son of John Jacob Astor IV and great-great grandson of America's first multi-millionaire, John Jacob Astor. Brooke Astor was the author of two novels and two volumes of personal memoirs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Christopher Robin Milne", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Robin Milne (21 August 1920 \u2013 20 April 1996) was an English bookseller and the only son of author A. A. Milne. As a child, he was the basis of the character Christopher Robin in his father's Winnie-the-Pooh stories and in two books of poems."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aaron Robinson (composer)", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Robinson is an American composer, conductor, and musicologist. He is the author of \"Does God Sing? \u2013 A Musical Journey\". He created the musical work \"Black Nativity \u2013 In Concert: A Gospel Celebration\". He also served as conductor and musical director in the PBS documentary \"On This Island\". In 2013, he was nominated for an Emmy Award for composing Maine Public Broadcasting Network's \"Maine Arts\" series theme music."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Child labour in India", "paragraph_text": "As per the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016 (``CLPR Act ''), a`` Child'' is defined as any person below the age of 14 and the CLPR Act prohibits employment of a Child in any employment including as a domestic help. It is a cognizable criminal offence to employ a Child for any work. Children between age of 14 and 18 are defined as ``Adolescent ''and the law allows Adolescent to be employed except in the listed hazardous occupation and processes which include mining, inflammable substance and explosives related work and any other hazardous process as per the Factories Act, 1948. In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 120,000 children in India were in a hazardous job. Notably, the Constitution of India prohibits child labour in hazardous industries (but not in non-hazardous industries) as a Fundamental Right under Article 24. UNICEF estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-Saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labourers. The International Labour Organisation estimates that agriculture, at 60 percent, is the largest employer of child labour in the world, while the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates 70% of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities. Outside of agriculture, child labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Around the world sailing record", "paragraph_text": "The first around the world sailing record for circumnavigation of the world was Juan Sebasti\u00e1n Elcano and the remaining members of Ferdinand Magellan's crew who completed their journey in 1522. The first solo record was set by Joshua Slocum in the Spray (1898)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Peter Shockey", "paragraph_text": "Peter Shockey is an American filmmaker and screenwriter. He has received a New York City Film Festival award for his television film \"Life After Life\" (1992). In addition, both he and his works have appeared on talk shows and television shows such as Oprah and the 700 Club. Peter co-wrote the book \"Journey of Light\" with Stowe D. Shockey and its focus is to implement her experience as an abused child in order to help others. Peter and Stowe both live in Nashville, Tennessee."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Journey Through the Night", "paragraph_text": "Journey Through the Night (orig. Dutch: \"Reis door de nacht\") is a novel, originally in four volumes (1951\u20131958), by Dutch author Anne de Vries centering on the impact of the Second World War in the Netherlands on a Christian family. It was translated by Harry der Nederlanden in 1960."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tara Bray Smith", "paragraph_text": "Tara Bray Smith (born September 1970) is an American author. She has produced the books \"West of Then: A Mother, a Daughter, and a Journey Past Paradise\" (2004) and \"Betwixt\" (2007)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Don't Wanna Fall in Love", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''Single by Jane Child from the album Jane Child Released February 10, 1990 (USA) April 11, 1990 (UK) Format CD single Recorded 1988 - 1989 Genre R&B, synthpop, new jack swing Length 4: 07 Label Warner Bros. Songwriter (s) Jane Child Producer (s) Jane Child Jane Child singles chronology`` Welcome to the Real World'' (1990) ``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''(1990)`` Welcome to the Real World (reissue)'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World ''(1990)`` Do n't Wanna Fall in Love'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World (reissue) ''(1990)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (\u59b9\u4ed4), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, \"it is a way to save these children from a worse fate.\" Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Santa Claus: The Movie", "paragraph_text": "David Huddleston as Santa Claus, the Christmas figure who delivers presents to every child in the world on Christmas Eve."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wu Cheng'en", "paragraph_text": "Wu Cheng'en (, c. 1500\u20131582 or 1505\u20131580), courtesy name Ruzhong (), was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty, and is considered by many to be the author of \"Journey to the West\", one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "How to Train Your Dragon is a series of twelve children's books, written by British author Cressida Cowell. The books are set in a fictional Viking world and focus on the experiences of protagonist Hiccup as he overcomes great obstacles on his journey of Becoming a Hero, the Hard Way. The books were published by Hodder Children's Books in the UK and by Little, Brown and Company in the US. The first book was published in 2003 and the last one in 2015. As of 2015, the series has sold more than seven million copies around the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Brandon Bays", "paragraph_text": "Brandon Bays (born August 21, 1953) is an American motivational author and speaker. She has authored New Thought self-help books, and is best known for her 1999 book, \"The Journey\", which became a bestseller in England and Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A Journey in Other Worlds", "paragraph_text": "A Journey in Other Worlds: A Romance of the Future is a science fiction novel by John Jacob Astor IV, published in 1894."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia\u2019s child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour. Due to a large number of children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lou Reizner", "paragraph_text": "Lou Reizner (born Chicago 1934, died London 26 June 1977) was a record producer, A&R executive and head of Mercury Records European operations. As a producer, he is perhaps best known for Rod Stewart's first two solo albums, for the orchestral version of The Who's rock opera Tommy, and Rick Wakeman's \"Journey to the Centre of the Earth\". As an A&R executive, he signed Van der Graaf Generator and arranged a US deal for David Bowie. He had one child, Claudia Collingbourne."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Henry de Monfreid", "paragraph_text": "Henry de Monfreid (14 November 1879 in Leucate \u2013 13 December 1974) was a French adventurer and author. Born in Leucate, Aude, France, he was the son of artist painter Georges-Daniel de Monfreid and knew Paul Gauguin as a child."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Russell Young", "paragraph_text": "John Russell Young (November 20, 1840 \u2013 January 17, 1899) was an American journalist, author, diplomat, and the seventh Librarian of the United States Congress from 1897 to 1899. He was invited by Ulysses S. Grant to accompany him on a world tour for purposes of recording the two-year journey, which he published in a two-volume work."}], "question": "Who is the child of the author of A Journey in Other Worlds?"}
{"id": "2hop__29718_10599", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Palermo metropolitan railway service", "paragraph_text": "The Palermo metropolitan railway service is a commuter rail system operated by Trenitalia. It serves the city of Palermo in Sicily, Italy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "Palermo (Italian: [pa\u02c8l\u025brmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, Panormos, Arabic: \u0628\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0645\u200e, Balarm; Phoenician: \u05d6\u05b4\u05d9\u05d6, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects (or zimmi) of the Islamic Ottoman state, the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce, and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "Carthage was Palermo\u2019s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2) from which the current name is derived, meaning \"all port\" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. Palermo was the preferred city of the Emperor Frederick II. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Holy Roman rule. After an interval of Angevin rule (1266\u20131282), Sicily came under control of the Aragon and Barcelona dynasties. By 1330, Palermo's population had declined to 51,000. From 1479 until 1713 Palermo was ruled by the Kingdom of Spain, and again between 1717 and 1718. Palermo was also under Savoy control between 1713 and 1717 and 1718\u20131720 as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht. It was also ruled by Austria between 1720 and 1734."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the \u00cele-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035\u20131087), conquered England (r. 1066\u201387) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II (r. 1154\u201389) and his son Richard I (r. 1189\u201399), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France,[W] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France.[X] Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199\u20131216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180\u20131223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta, a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216\u201372), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under their personal rule and centralising the royal administration. Under Louis IX (r. 1226\u201370), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe.[Y]"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "There are seven current masjids in the Greater Richmond area, with three more currently in construction, accommodating the growing Muslim population, the first one being Masjid Bilal. In the 1950s, Muslims from the East End got organized under Nation of Islam (NOI). They used to meet in Temple #24 located on North Avenue. After the NOI split in 1975, the Muslims who joined mainstream Islam, start meeting at Shabaaz Restaurant on Nine Mile Road. By 1976, the Muslims used to meet in a rented church. They tried to buy this church, but due to financial difficulties the Muslims instead bought an old grocery store at Chimbarazoo Boulevard, the present location of Masjid Bilal. Initially, the place was called \"Masjid Muhammad #24\". Only by 1990 did the Muslims renamed it to \"Masjid Bilal\". Masjid Bilal was followed by the Islamic Center of Virginia, ICVA masjid. The ICVA was established in 1973 as a non profit tax exempt organization. With aggressive fundraising, ICVA was able to buy land on Buford road. Construction of the new masjid began in the early 1980s. The rest of the five current masjids in the Richmond area are Islamic Center of Richmond (ICR) in the west end, Masjid Umm Barakah on 2nd street downtown, Islamic Society of Greater Richmond (ISGR) in the west end, Masjidullah in the north side, and Masjid Ar-Rahman in the east end."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English gained New Amsterdam (New York) in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run, an Indonesian island. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nathan Hale", "paragraph_text": "Nathan Hale (June 6, 1755 -- September 22, 1776) was an American soldier and spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He volunteered for an intelligence - gathering mission in New York City but was captured by the British and executed. Hale has long been considered an American hero and, in 1985, he was officially designated the state hero of Connecticut."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Much Ado About Nothing", "paragraph_text": "In Much Ado About Nothing, there are many examples of deception and self - deception. The games and tricks played on people often have the best intentions -- to make people fall in love, to help someone get what they want, or to lead someone to realize their mistake. However, not all are meant well, such as when Don John convinces Claudio that Don Pedro wants Hero for himself, or when Borachio meets' Hero '(who is actually Margaret, pretending to be Hero) in Hero's bedroom window. These modes of deceit play into a complementary theme of emotional manipulation and the ease with which the characters' sentiments are redirected and their propensities exploited as a means to an end. The characters' feelings for each other are played as vehicles to reach an ultimate goal of engagement rather than seen as an end in themselves."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Islam in Russia", "paragraph_text": "There was much evidence of official conciliation toward Islam in Russia in the 1990s. The number of Muslims allowed to make pilgrimages to Mecca increased sharply after the embargo of the Soviet era ended in 1991. In 1995 the newly established Union of Muslims of Russia, led by Imam Khatyb Mukaddas of Tatarstan, began organizing a movement aimed at improving inter-ethnic understanding and ending Russians' lingering misconception of Islam. The Union of Muslims of Russia is the direct successor to the pre-World War I Union of Muslims, which had its own faction in the Russian Duma. The post-Communist union formed a political party, the Nur All-Russia Muslim Public Movement, which acts in close coordination with Muslim imams to defend the political, economic, and cultural rights of Muslims. The Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, which includes a madrassa (religious school), opened in Moscow in 1991. In the 1990s, the number of Islamic publications has increased. Among them are few magazines in Russian, namely: \"\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\" (transliteration: Islam), \"\u042d\u0445\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\" (Ekho Kavkaza) and \"\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\" (Islamsky Vestnik), and the Russian-language newspaper \"\u0410\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\" (Assalam), and \"\u041d\u0443\u0440\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\" (Nurul Islam), which are published in Makhachkala, Dagestan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Silent Witness", "paragraph_text": "A Silent Witness is a 1912 Australian silent film directed by Franklyn Barrett. It is considered a lost film. It was a drama set in Sydney with Cyril Mackay as the hero."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ivan Mane Jarnovi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Jarnovi\u0107 was reputedly born at sea \"en route\" from Dubrovnik to Palermo, Sicily (or was possibly born in Palermo), where he was baptised in the church \"San Antonio Abate\" on 29 October 1747. He died in St Petersburg, Russia on 23 November 1804."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "After dynastic quarrels however, there was a Christian reconquest in 1072. The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles, including Robert Guiscard and his army, who is regarded as a hero by the natives. It was under Roger II of Sicily that Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula were promoted from the County of Sicily into the Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom's capital was Palermo, with the King's Court held at the Palazzo dei Normanni. Much construction was undertaken during this period, such as the building of Palermo Cathedral. The Kingdom of Sicily became one of the wealthiest states in Europe."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Religion in Kuwait", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the official religion in Kuwait, and the majority of the citizen population are Muslim. There are also small native Christian and Bah\u00e1'\u00ed populations. Most expatriates in Kuwait are Muslim, Hindu, Christian or Buddhist."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Said Ramadan", "paragraph_text": "He was the son-in-law of Hassan al-Banna, the Muslim Brotherhood's founder, and emerged as one of the brotherhood's main leaders in the 1950s. Ramadan was often accused by the Egyptian government of Gamal Abdul Nasser of being in the CIA's pay; after being expelled from Egypt for his activities, Ramadan moved to Saudi Arabia where he was one of the original members of the constituent council of the Muslim World League, a charity and missionary group funded by the Saudi government. From the 1950s, he was considered the Muslim Brotherhood's unofficial \"foreign minister.\" He reestablished branches of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia between 1956 and 1958."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of Vietnam", "paragraph_text": "The Ming Empire conquered the Red River valley for a while before native Vietnamese regained control and the French Empire reduced Vietnam to a French dependency for nearly a century, followed by an occupation by the Japanese Empire. Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchy after World War II, and the country was proclaimed a republic."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "110th United States Congress", "paragraph_text": "The Democratic Party controlled a majority in both chambers for the first time since the end of the 103rd Congress in 1995. Although the Democrats held fewer than 50 Senate seats, they had an operational majority because the two independent senators caucused with the Democrats for organizational purposes. No Democratic - held seats had fallen to the Republican Party in the 2006 elections. Democrat Nancy Pelosi became the first woman Speaker of the House. The House also received the first Muslim (Keith Ellison) and Buddhist (Hank Johnson and Mazie Hirono) members of Congress."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the \u201cThousands\u201d) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861)."}], "question": "When did the person considered a hero by natives for ending Muslim control in Palermo die?"}
{"id": "2hop__170095_64428", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Emily McLaughlin", "paragraph_text": "Emily McLaughlin (December 1, 1928 \u2013 April 26, 1991) was an American actress known for her long-standing role as Nurse Jessie Brewer on the ABC daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of 7th Heaven characters", "paragraph_text": "Martin Brewer (2003 -- 2007) (Tyler Hoechlin) is the only son of the Marine, Bill Brewer. His mother died when he was young and, until he was 16, he lived with his Aunt Betsy, when his dad was deployed. During his sophomore year in high school, the Brewers moved to Glenoak."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Saved by the Bell characters", "paragraph_text": "From sophomore year until the end of the series, Jessie dates athlete A.C. Slater in an ``opposites attract ''relationship, which causes friction between the both of them. Slater's pet name for Jessie is`` Mama.'' Jessie and Slater's relationship is put to the test several times over the course of the series. Jessie also has a brief romantic encounter with Zack when the two are forced to endure a kissing scene in a school play. Additionally, she has a crush on one - time character Graham (played by David Kreigel), with whom she spends cut day. (This last encounter ultimately leads to her and Slater's break up)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lair of the Lion", "paragraph_text": "Lair of the Lion is a paranormal/romance written by American author Christine Feehan. Unlike most for her other works, this novel is not part of an ongoing series and isn\u2019t set in the present day. \"Lair of the Lion\" is set in Italy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jessie Willcox Smith", "paragraph_text": "Jessie Willcox Smith was born in the Mount Airy neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was the youngest girl born to Charles Henry Smith, an investment broker, and Katherine DeWitt Willcox Smith. Jessie attended private elementary schools. At the age of sixteen she was sent to Cincinnati, Ohio to live with her cousins and finish her education. She trained to be a teacher and taught kindergarten in 1883. However, Smith found that the physical demands of working with children were too strenuous for her. Due to back problems, she had difficulty bending down to their level. Persuaded to attend one of her friend's or cousin's art classes, Smith realized she had a talent for drawing."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Table Table", "paragraph_text": "Table Table is a brand of restaurants set up by Whitbread in 2008, the brand actually started in 2006 but was unnamed. The brand was created following a rethink of the former Whitbread brand Out & Out. The majority of Table Tables are converted Brewers Fayres. This was during a time where Brewers Fayre was in decline."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Milwaukee Brewers", "paragraph_text": "The team's only World Series appearance came in 1982. After winning the ALCS against the California Angels, the Brewers faced off against the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series, losing 4 -- 3. In 2011, the Brewers defeated the Arizona Diamondbacks to win the NLDS 3 -- 2, but lost in the NLCS to the eventual World Series champion Cardinals 4 -- 2."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Helfaer Field", "paragraph_text": "Helfaer Field, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is a Little League baseball field located next to Miller Park, home of the Milwaukee Brewers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Way Things Work (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Way Things Work is the debut album by American improvisational band Unknown Instructors, featuring Mike Watt (Minutemen, Firehose, The Stooges, Dos, Banyan), George Hurley (Minutemen, Firehose, Red Krayola), Joe Baiza (Saccharine Trust, Universal Congress Of), Jack Brewer (Saccharine Trust), and poet Dan McGuire."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Brewer & Shipley", "paragraph_text": "Brewer & Shipley are an American folk rock duo who enjoyed their peak success in the late 1960s through the 1970s, consisting of singer - songwriters Mike Brewer and Tom Shipley. They were known for their intricate guitar work, vocal harmonies, and socially conscious lyrics which reflected the concerns of their generation -- especially the Vietnam War, and the struggles for personal and political freedom. Their greatest commercial success was the song ``One Toke Over the Line ''from their 1970 album Tarkio. They had two other singles on the Billboard charts:`` Tarkio Road'' (1970) and ``Shake Off The Demon ''(1971). They continue to perform, both separately and together, usually in the Midwest of the USA."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "We're an American Band (song)", "paragraph_text": "``We're an American Band ''(from the album of the same name) became Grand Funk Railroad's first # 1 single on September 29, 1973, Mark Farner's 25th birthday. Written by Don Brewer and produced by Todd Rundgren, its huge chart success broadened Grand Funk's appeal. It was sung by Brewer rather than Farner, who usually took lead vocals."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jessie Bernard Award", "paragraph_text": "The Jessie Bernard Award is given by the American Sociological Association in recognition of scholarly work that has enlarged the horizons of sociology to encompass fully the role of women in society. The contribution may be in empirical research, theory or methodology. It is presented for significant cumulative work done throughout a professional career, and is open to women or men and is not restricted to sociologists.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lucy Brewer", "paragraph_text": "Lucy Brewer (also known as Eliza Bowen or Louisa Baker) is the pen name of a writer who purported to be the first woman in the United States Marines, serving aboard the USS \"Constitution\" as a sharpshooter. Brewer's adventures were probably written by Nathaniel Hill Wright (1787\u20131824) or Wright's publisher, Nathaniel Coverly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jessie MacLaren MacGregor", "paragraph_text": "Jessie MacLaren MacGregor (7 May 1863 \u2013 22 March 1906) was one of the first women to be awarded an MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1899. Along with Elsie Inglis she was instrumental in setting up the Muir Hall of Residence for Women Students in Edinburgh, and the Hospice, a nursing home and maternity hospital for poor women."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "General Hospital", "paragraph_text": "General Hospital has aired on ABC Television and has been filmed in Hollywood since its inception. The show was filmed in the Sunset Gower Studios from 1963 to the mid-1980s. It relocated in the 1980s to The Prospect Studios, where it remains."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Night Light (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Night Light\" is a song by British singer Jessie Ware from her debut studio album, \"Devotion\". The song was released in the United Kingdom as a digital download on 25 September 2012. The song was written by Jessie Ware, Kid Harpoon and Dave Okumu. The song peaked at number 95 on the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jessie Brewer", "paragraph_text": "Jessie Brewer R.N. (maiden name Murray) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\". She was played by actress Emily McLaughlin, from the show's premiere on April 1, 1963, until McLaughlin's death in 1991. On April 1, 2015, Rebecca Herbst portrayed the character in a flashback for the show's 52nd anniversary."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Claudelle Inglish", "paragraph_text": "Pretty and shy young Georgia farmgirl Claudelle Inglish (Diane McBain), the daughter of a poor sharecropper Clyde Inglish (Arthur Kennedy) and his wife Jessie (Constance Ford), starts dating the poor neighbor, handsome farmboy Linn Varner (Chad Everett) during the spring of their senior year in high school. Claudelle and Linn instantly hit it off together, and soon they fall in love. Her mother objects to the relationship, fearing Claudelle will end up in the same rut she is, being married to a poor farmer, resulting in a stormy marriage. Claudelle is forced to endure her parents' many arguments stemming from Jessie's unhappiness having to be married to Clyde, a poor but hard-working farmer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Location, Location, Location", "paragraph_text": "Location, Location, Location is a Channel 4 property programme, presented by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer and produced by IWC Media, part of the RDF Media Group. The reality show follows Allsopp and Spencer as they try to find the perfect home for a different set of buyers each week. It first aired in May 2000."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jessabelle", "paragraph_text": "After Preston leaves from tending to Jessie, Jessie discovers a fourth tape that she opts not to watch. The next day, Jessie and Preston head across a nearby bayou, which Jessie has suspected ever since she saw glittering light and flames appearing there. The two discover voodoo icons and effects, as well as a grave of \"Jessabelle\" with a baby's skeleton, dated on Jessie's birthday, whom they give to Sheriff Pruitt (Chris Ellis) for DNA testing. Jessie and Preston then visit the house of Mrs. Davis (Fran Bennett), the mother of one of their friends, who speaks about Moses. Thinking that Moses is involved, the two head to Moses' voodoo shrine, but are attacked by a group of men who force them to leave. The two return to Jessie's home where Preston confesses that, despite being married, he is still in love with Jessie. Just before he leaves, the mysterious woman attacks and knocks him unconscious."}], "question": "Where is the set of the show Jessie Brewer is a character on?"}
{"id": "2hop__840837_64428", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Matthew 6:28", "paragraph_text": "Two verses earlier at Matthew 6: 26 Jesus told his followers not to worry about food, because even the birds are provided for by God. In this verse Jesus presents the example of the lilies, who also do no labour. Spin in this verse is a reference to spinning thread, a labour - intensive but necessary part of making clothing. Spinning was traditionally women's work, something made explicit in Luke's version of this verse. This then is one of the few pieces of evidence that Jesus' message is meant equally for women as for men."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Luke station", "paragraph_text": "Luke station is a flag stop station in Luke, Manitoba, Canada. The stop is served by Via Rail's Winnipeg \u2013 Churchill train. Luke is part of the Town of Gillam, in northeastern Manitoba."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen, BWV 11", "paragraph_text": "Bach had composed his \"Christmas Oratorio\", based on the gospels of Luke and Matthew, in 1734. He had composed an \"Easter Oratorio\" already in 1725. The text for the \"Ascension Oratorio\", a compilation of several biblical sources, free poetry and chorales, was presumably written by Picander who had worked on the libretto for the \"Christmas Oratorio\". It follows the story of the Ascension as told in Luke, Mark and the Acts of the Apostles. The oratorio is structured in eleven movements in two parts, taking about half an hour to perform. It is framed by extended choral movements, Part I is concluded by the fourth stanza of Johann Rist's hymn \"\" in a four-part setting. The closing chorale on the seventh stanza of Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer's \"\" is set as a chorale fantasia. The work is richly scored for the feast day, exactly like the \"Christmas Oratorio\" for four vocal parts, three trumpets, timpani, two flauti traversi, two oboes, strings and continuo. While the recitatives and the first chorale were new compositions, Bach based the other choral movements and the two arias on parts of earlier cantatas. He used the model for the alto aria again much later for the of his Mass in B minor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Acts of the Apostles", "paragraph_text": "Acts and the Gospel of Luke make up a two - part work, Luke -- Acts, by the same anonymous author, usually dated to around 80 -- 90 AD. The first part, the Gospel of Luke, tells how God fulfilled his plan for the world's salvation through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, the promised Messiah. Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century, beginning with Jesus's Ascension to Heaven. The early chapters, set in Jerusalem, describe the Day of Pentecost (the coming of the Holy Spirit) and the growth of the church in Jerusalem. Initially, the Jews are receptive to the Christian message, but soon they turn against the followers of Jesus. Rejected by the Jews, under the guidance of the Apostle Peter the message is taken to the Gentiles. The later chapters tell of Paul's conversion, his mission in Asia Minor and the Aegean, and finally his imprisonment in Rome, where, as the book ends, he awaits trial."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Laura Blundy", "paragraph_text": "Laura Blundy (2000) is a historical novel by Julie Myerson set in Victorian London. It is the story of a woman whose life takes a turn for the worse."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Luke and Laura", "paragraph_text": "Luke Spencer and Laura Webber are fictional characters, and the signature supercouple from the American daytime drama \"General Hospital\". Luke is portrayed by Anthony Geary, and Laura is portrayed by Genie Francis. Though other supercouples came before them, Luke and Laura are the best known outside of the soap opera medium and are credited with defining the term \"supercouple\" and leading other soap operas to try to duplicate their success."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A London Life", "paragraph_text": "A London Life is a novella by Henry James, first published in \"Scribner's Magazine\" in 1888. The plot revolves around a crumbling marriage and its impact on many other people, especially Laura Wing, the sister of the soon-to-be-divorced wife. Laura is a classic Jamesian \"central consciousness,\" whose reflections and emotions color the presentation of the storyline and the other characters. The tale is notable for its straightforward, even hard-edged approach to sexuality and divorce. This might reflect the influence of French naturalism on James during the 1880s."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lair of the Lion", "paragraph_text": "Lair of the Lion is a paranormal/romance written by American author Christine Feehan. Unlike most for her other works, this novel is not part of an ongoing series and isn\u2019t set in the present day. \"Lair of the Lion\" is set in Italy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Florante at Laura", "paragraph_text": "Florante at Laura (\"Florante and Laura\") (full title: Pinagdaanang Buhay nina Florante at Laura sa Kahariang Albanya Kinuha sa madlang \"cuadro hist\u00f3rico\" o pinturang nagsasabi sa mga nangyari nang unang panahon sa Imperyo ng Gresya at tinula ng isang matuwain sa bersong Tagalog; English: \"The History of Florante and Laura in the Kingdom of Albania: Adapted from some \"historical pictures\" or paintings that tell of what happened in early times in the Greek Empire, and were set to rhyme by one delighting in Tagalog verse\"), written by Francisco Balagtas, is considered as one of the masterpieces of Philippine literature. Balagtas wrote the epic during his imprisonment. He dedicated it to his sweetheart Mar\u00eda Asuncion Rivera, whom he nicknamed \"M.A.R.\" and is referenced to as \"Selya\" in the dedication \"\"Kay Selya\"\" (\"For Celia\")."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Miracle at St. Anna", "paragraph_text": "Miracle at St. Anna is a 2008 AmericanItalian epic war film adapted by James McBride from his 2003 novel of the same name. Directed by Spike Lee, it stars Derek Luke, Michael Ealy, Laz Alonso, Omar Benson Miller, Pierfrancesco Favino and Valentina Cervi. Set primarily in Italy during German-occupied Europe in World War II, the film tells the story of four Buffalo Soldiers of the 92nd Infantry Division who seek refuge in a small Tuscan village, where they form a bond with the residents. The story is presented as a flashback, as one survivor, Hector Negron (Alonso), reflects upon his experiences in a frame story set in 1980s New York. Several real-life events that occurred during the war, such as the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre, are re-enacted, placing \"Miracle at St. Anna\" within the genre of historical fiction."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Luke Skywalker", "paragraph_text": "In the Hand of Thrawn Duology, Luke, now a Jedi Master, works again with Mara Jade, who has learned to better her Force knowledge since her training at Luke's Jedi Academy. He falls in love with her and they eventually marry. Later, in Edge of Victory: Rebirth, they have a son whom they name Ben after Obi - Wan Kenobi's pseudonym Ben."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Laura Solari", "paragraph_text": "Laura Camaur (5 January 1913 \u2013 13 September 1984), known by the stage name Laura Solari, was an Italian film actress."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Luke Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Mandy and Luke reconcile after she can see how hard he's trying to redeem himself, and in the process Mandy proposes. Luke agrees, even though he is already married to Scarlett Morgan (Susie Amy). Luke seeks help from lawyer Sami Maalik (Rishi Nair) to get a divorce from Scarlett, but they are unable to track her down. Luke damages Mandy's dress in a bid to delay the wedding, but she find another dress. On the day of the wedding, Scarlett arrives in the village and confronts Luke, demanding that he give her money. He offers her \u00a3500 and a promise to find more money so Scarlett leaves. Luke and Mandy marry, but Luke's son, Oliver Morgan (Aedan Duckworth), crashes the wedding reception and reveals that Luke is his father and that he is still married to Scarlett. Luke bonds with Oliver over their shared interest in football. Later, Luke calls Mandy to apologise, unaware that she is sleeping with Darren."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Real McCoys", "paragraph_text": "The Real McCoys revolves around the lives of a family from the Appalachian Mountains who originally hailed from fictional Smokey Corners, West Virginia. The McCoys moved to California to live and work on a farm they inherited from a relative. The family consists of Grandpa Amos McCoy (Walter Brennan); his grandson Luke (Richard Crenna), Luke's new wife Kate (Kathleen Nolan), Luke's teenage sister Tallahassie ``Hassie ''(Lydia Reed), and his 11 - year - old brother`` Little Luke'' (Michael Winkelman). The double - naming of the brothers is explained in the first full episode, when the elder Luke introduces Little Luke to Pepino Garcia (Tony Martinez) and says, ``Well, you see, in the excitement of having him, Ma and Pa 'plum' forgot they already had me. ''Only Crenna appeared in all 225 episodes."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Luke Munana", "paragraph_text": "Luke Munana (born January 10, 1979) is an American former competitive ice dancer who represented Mexico in international competition with his sister Laura Munana. The two competed for the United States until 2004. After that, they competed at the Four Continents Championships and the World Figure Skating Championships for Mexico, as well as competing on the Grand Prix circuit. The Munanas were the first ice dancers to compete internationally for Mexico. They retired after the 2006-2007 season."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "467 Laura", "paragraph_text": "Laura (minor planet designation: 467 Laura) (1901 FY) is Main-belt asteroid discovered on 9 January 1901 by Max Wolf at Heidelberg. The semi-major axis of the orbit of 467 Laura lies just inside the 7/3 Kirkwood gap, located at 2.95\u00a0AU. It's named after the character Laura from Amilcare Ponchielli's opera \"La Gioconda\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Making a Murderer", "paragraph_text": "Making a Murderer Genre Documentary Written by Laura Ricciardi Moira Demos Directed by Laura Ricciardi Moira Demos Theme music composer Gustavo Santaolalla Composer (s) Kevin Kiner Jared Forman Dean Kiner Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Laura Ricciardi Moira Demos Lisa Nishimura Adam Del Deo Location (s) Manitowoc County, Wisconsin Cinematography Moira Demos Iris Ng Editor (s) Moira Demos Mary Manhardt Running time 47 -- 66 minutes Production company (s) Netflix Synthesis Films Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format Digital (HDTV) Original release December 18, 2015 (2015 - 12 - 18) -- present External links Netflix"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Henry Luke Bolley", "paragraph_text": "Henry Luke Bolley (February 1, 1865 \u2013 November 9, 1956) was an American botanist and plant pathologist known for his work that led to the control or eradication of several major crop diseases. He was also a pioneering college football player and coach."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "General Hospital", "paragraph_text": "General Hospital has aired on ABC Television and has been filmed in Hollywood since its inception. The show was filmed in the Sunset Gower Studios from 1963 to the mid-1980s. It relocated in the 1980s to The Prospect Studios, where it remains."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Location, Location, Location", "paragraph_text": "Location, Location, Location is a Channel 4 property programme, presented by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer and produced by IWC Media, part of the RDF Media Group. The reality show follows Allsopp and Spencer as they try to find the perfect home for a different set of buyers each week. It first aired in May 2000."}], "question": "Where is the set of the show that Luke and Laura are present in located?"}
{"id": "2hop__16632_210248", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of current ships of the United States Navy", "paragraph_text": "The United States Navy has 461 ships in both active service and the reserve fleet, with approximately 70 more in either the planning stages or under construction, according to the Naval Vessel Register and published reports. This list includes ships that are owned and leased by the U.S. Navy; ships that are formally commissioned, by way of ceremony, and non-commissioned. Ships denoted with the prefix ``USS ''are commissioned ships. Prior to commissioning, ships may be described as a`` pre-commissioning unit'' or PCU, but are officially referred to by name with no prefix. US Navy support ships are often non-commissioned ships organized and operated by Military Sealift Command. Among these support ships, those denoted ``USNS ''are owned by the US Navy. Those denoted by`` MV'' or ``SS ''are chartered."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as \"oil sands\" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar \"tar sands\" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4\u00d710^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. and produce over 2.3 million barrels per day (370\u00d710^3 m3/d) of heavy crude oil and synthetic crude oil. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the bitumen is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also \"instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)\". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring \"bituminous rock\", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen. In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa. Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek \u1f04\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u00e1sphaltos, \u00e1sphalton), a word meaning \"asphalt/bitumen/pitch\", which perhaps derives from \u1f00-, \"without\" and \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9 (sfall\u014d), \"make fall\". Note that in French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the \"asphaltic concrete\" used to pave roads. It is a significant fact that the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English (\"asphaltum\" and \"asphalt\")."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Queen Anne's Revenge", "paragraph_text": "Queen Anne's Revenge was an early - 18th - century frigate, most famously used as a flagship by the pirate Blackbeard (Edward Thatch). Although the date and place of the ship's construction are unclear, it is believed she was built in Bristol in 1710 and named Concord. One year later she was captured by the French and renamed La Concorde de Nantes. She was captured by Blackbeard and his pirates in 1717. Blackbeard used the ship for less than a year, but captured numerous prizes using her as his flagship."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing. This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline. By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels (210\u00d710^3 m3) per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160\u00d710^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring & ball) around 120 \u00b0C. The insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17%."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 \u00b0C (302 \u00b0F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called \"bitumen feedstock\", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Observations (Pierre Belon)", "paragraph_text": "Les observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables trouv\u00e9es en Gr\u00e8ce, Asie, Jud\u00e9e, Egypte, Arabie et autres pays estranges is a work of ethnographical, botanical and zoological exploration by Pierre Belon (1517\u20131564), a French naturalist from Le Mans. Starting in 1546, Belon travelled through Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, Arabia and Palestine, returning to France in 1549."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by \"a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel\", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways \u2013 \"principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth\", which at that time made the water unusable. \"He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces\" in palaces, \"the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation\". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used \"for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes\". Its rise in Europe was \"a sudden phenomenon\", after natural deposits were found \"in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)\", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 \u00b0C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants. Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry. Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form \"cutbacks\" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "The expression \"bitumen\" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning \"pitch,\" and jatu-krit, meaning \"pitch creating\", \"pitch producing\" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada."}], "question": "Where was the man who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships born?"}
{"id": "2hop__380043_54730", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of The West Wing characters", "paragraph_text": "Andrea 'Andy' Wyatt is a fictional character in the television serial drama The West Wing, played by Kathleen York. She is a recurring character throughout the first five seasons and final seventh season. A Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives for the state of Maryland, she is a strong ally of the Bartlett White House and former wife of communications director, Toby Ziegler."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gentleman on Time", "paragraph_text": "Gentleman on Time (German:Gentleman auf Zeit) is a 1924 German silent film directed by Karl Gerhardt and starring  Carlo Aldini."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Merry Gentleman", "paragraph_text": "The Merry Gentleman is a 2008 drama film directed by Michael Keaton (in his directorial debut), and starring Keaton and Kelly Macdonald. It is about a woman who leaves an abusive relationship to start a new life in Chicago, where she forms a friendship with a hitman who is undergoing his own emotional crisis."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pep\u00e9 Le Pew", "paragraph_text": "Pep\u00e9 Le Pew is a fictional character from the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons, first introduced in 1945. Depicted as a French striped skunk, Pep\u00e9 is constantly in search of love and appreciation. However, his offensive skunk odor and his aggressive pursuit of romance typically cause other characters to flee from him in fear."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pierre Renoir", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Renoir (21 March 1885 \u2013 11 March 1952) was a French stage and film actor. He was the son of the impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir and elder brother of the film director Jean Renoir. He is also noted for being the first actor to play Georges Simenon's character Inspector Jules Maigret."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Amateur Cracksman", "paragraph_text": "The Amateur Cracksman was the original short story collection by E. W. Hornung featuring his most famous character, A. J. Raffles, a gentleman thief in late Victorian Great Britain. It was first published in 1899. The book was very well received and spawned three follow-ups: two more short story collections, \"The Black Mask\" (1901) and \"A Thief in the Night\" (1904), as well as a full-length novel, \"Mr. Justice Raffles\" in 1909."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Merry company with two men and two women", "paragraph_text": "Merry company with two men and two women (1657) is an oil on panel painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch; it is an example of a Merry Company, a popular form of genre painting in Dutch Golden Age painting, showing a group of figures who are not meant to be identified as portraits enjoying each other's company. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bill Orr (Nebraska first gentleman)", "paragraph_text": "William Dayton Orr (March 15, 1935 \u2013 May 5, 2013) was an American insurance executive and author. The husband of former Nebraska Governor Kay Orr, he served as the state's first and only First Gentleman to date from 1987 to 1991. Orr's position as a state First Gentleman, an unusual political occupation for a man at the time, earned him national attention. In 1989, Orr published a popular cookbook, the \"First Gentleman's Cookbook\", which sold thousands of copies nationwide. Orr's cookbook included recipes contributed by Nancy Reagan, Warren Buffett, Johnny Carson, and Katharine Hepburn."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tyler James Williams", "paragraph_text": "Tyler James Williams (born October 9, 1992) is an American actor, hip hop recording artist, martial artist, musician, music video director, film director and graphic designer. He is most recognizable for having played the title character of the Chris Rock - inspired sitcom Everybody Hates Chris, and songwriter Cyrus DeBarge in the Disney Channel movie Let It Shine. He has also had a supporting role as Noah on AMC's The Walking Dead, and on Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Looney Tunes", "paragraph_text": "Looney Tunes' name was inspired by Walt Disney's musical series Silly Symphonies. They initially showcased Warner - owned musical compositions through the adventures of cartoon characters such as Bosko and Buddy. The animation studio rose to greater fame, however, following their addition of directors Tex Avery and Chuck Jones and voice actor Mel Blanc. From 1942 to 1964, Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were the most popular animated shorts in movie theaters."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Granny (Looney Tunes)", "paragraph_text": "Emma Webster, better known as Granny, is a Warner Bros. Cartoons character created by Friz Freleng, best known from Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies animated shorts of the 1950s and 1960s. She is the owner of Tweety (and more often than not, Sylvester and Hector). Her voice was first provided by Bea Benaderet from 1950 through 1955, then by June Foray for almost 60 years."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Michael Keaton", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 1978 Rabbit Test Sailor A Different Approach Filmmaker Short film 1982 Night Shift Bill Blazejowski Mr. Mom Jack Butler 1984 Johnny Dangerously Johnny Kelly / Johnny Dangerously 1986 Gung Ho Hunt Stevenson Touch and Go Robert ``Bobby ''Barbato The Squeeze Harold`` Harry'' Berg She's Having a Baby Himself Uncredited cameo Beetlejuice Betelgeuse Clean and Sober Daryl Poynter The Dream Team William ``Billy ''Caufield Batman Bruce Wayne / Batman 1990 Pacific Heights Carter Hayes / James Danforth 1991 One Good Cop Arthur`` Artie'' Lewis Batman Returns Bruce Wayne / Batman Much Ado About Nothing Dogberry My Life Robert ``Bob ''Jones The Paper Henry Hackett Speechless Kevin Vallick Multiplicity Doug Kinney Inventing the Abbotts Narrator / Older Doug Uncredited Jackie Brown Raymond`` Ray'' Nicolette 1998 Desperate Measures Peter J. McCabe Out of Sight Raymond ``Ray ''Nicolette Uncredited Jack Frost Jack Frost 1999 Body Shots Executive producer 2002 A Shot at Glory Peter Cameron Quicksand Martin Raikes First Daughter President Mackenzie 2005 White Noise Jonathan Rivers Porco Rosso Porco Rosso Voice role (English dub) Herbie: Fully Loaded Raymond`` Ray'' Peyton, Sr. 2006 Game 6 Nicholas ``Nicky ''Rogan Cars Chick Hicks Voice 2007 The Last Time Ted Riker Also executive producer 2009 The Merry Gentleman Franklin`` Frank'' Logan Also director Post Grad Walter Malby Toy Story 3 Ken Voice role The Other Guys Captain Gene Mauch 2011 Hawaiian Vacation Ken Voice role; short film 2012 Noah's Ark: The New Beginning Noah Voice role 2014 Blindsided Hollander Also executive producer RoboCop Raymond Sellars Need for Speed Monarch Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) Riggan Thomson 2015 Minions Walter Nelson Voice role Spotlight Walter ``Robby ''Robinson 2016 The Founder Ray Kroc 2017 Spider - Man: Homecoming Adrian Toomes / Vulture American Assassin Stan Hurley 2019 Dumbo V.A. Vandemere Filming"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Lamb (1915 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Lamb is a 1915 American silent adventure comedy/Western film featuring Douglas Fairbanks in his first starring role. Directed by W. Christy Cabanne, the film is based on the popular 1913 Broadway play \"The New Henrietta\", in which Fairbanks co-starred with William H. Crane, Amelia Bingham and a very young Patricia Collinge. D. W. Griffith, writing under the pseudonym Granville Barker, along with director Christy Cabanne, essentially expanded the play beyond the plush nouveau riche apartment setting of the play, and provided a western element to the story. This would give Fairbanks a chance to show his physical prowess cinematically and loosen the play from what would be stage bound constraints. Griffith also altered characters; Fairbanks' character's name is changed to Gerald, with his parent being his mother (Kate Toncray), whereas in the play his character was named Nick with his parent being his father played by Crane."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "As of 2015, Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7, Jurassic World and Minions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Katy Mixon", "paragraph_text": "From 2010 to 2016, Mixon starred as Victoria Flynn, Melissa McCarthy's sister, on the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly. She had dramatic parts in films Take Shelter (2011), Drive Angry (2011), and Hell or High Water (2016), and did voice over work in Minions (2015). In 2016, Mixon began starring as Katie Otto, the leading character in the ABC comedy series American Housewife."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nick Merry", "paragraph_text": "Until 2 October 2008, Nick Merry was chairman of Oxford United Football Club, the club he has supported all his life. He played youth football for the club in the 1970s before a knee injury ended his career prematurely. He also played football for England at schoolboy level."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hair-Raising Hare", "paragraph_text": "Hair-Raising Hare is a Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon, released in 1946. It was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Tedd Pierce. It stars Bugs Bunny and features the first appearance of Chuck Jones' imposing orange monster character, unnamed here, but in later cartoons named \"Rudolph\" and then \"Gossamer\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lady, Play Your Mandolin!", "paragraph_text": "Lady, Play Your Mandolin! is the first Warner Bros. \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon, directed by Rudolf Ising of Harman and Ising. It was originally released in August 1931."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Apur Panchali", "paragraph_text": "Apur Panchali is a 2013 Bengali film directed by Kaushik Ganguly and produced by Shree Venkatesh Films. It is based on the life of Subir Banerjee, the actor who played Apu in \"Pather Panchali\" (1955), the first film of Satyajit Ray's Apu trilogy. Director Kaushik Ganguly won the award of best director for \"Apur Panchali\" in the 44th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in November 2013. The director mentioned in an interview that he found similarities between certain parts of the life of Subir Banerjee and the iconic character Apu. The film uses several minutes of footage from \"Pather Panchali\" in its narrative."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai", "paragraph_text": "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (English: What Is This Relationship Called?) is a Hindi language television drama that premiered on January 12, 2009 in India and airs every Monday through Friday at 9: 30 pm on Star Plus. The show, which focuses on the daily happenings within the household of an Udaipur based Rajasthani family, is produced by Rajan Shahi's Director's Kut Productions. It is the longest running Hindi series on Indian television by episode count, surpassing Balika Vadhu. The show stars Naira, played by Shivangi Joshi; Kartik, played by Mohsin Khan; and Naksh, played by Rishi Dev, as the lead characters. The series initially starred Naira's parents Hina Khan and Karan Mehra and Rohan Mehra as the lead characters."}], "question": "What character in Minions is played by the director of The Merry Gentleman?"}
{"id": "2hop__40183_10599", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. There they continued the tradition of singing."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Gregorio Magno al Celio", "paragraph_text": "San Gregorio Magno al Celio, also known as San Gregorio al Celio or simply San Gregorio, is a church in Rome, Italy, which is part of a monastery of monks of the Camaldolese branch of the Benedictine Order. On March 10, 2012, the 1,000th anniversary of the founding of the Camaldolese in 1012 was celebrated here at a Vespers service attended by Anglican and Catholic prelates and jointly led by Pope Benedict XVI and Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic blends of official, unofficial, local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion. In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Craig Monk", "paragraph_text": "Craig Monk born in Stratford, New Zealand) is a competitive sailor who won a Bronze medal in the Finn Class at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. Monk also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta after narrowly beating future America's Cup skipper Dean Barker for selection to the New Zealand team. He finished 13th."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Monk", "paragraph_text": "James Monk was born in 1745 at Boston, Massachusetts, and christened at King's Chapel. He was the son of Judge James Monk (1717-1768) of Halifax, Nova Scotia and his wife Ann, daughter of Henry Deering of Boston. Sir James Monk was a grandson of George Monk (b.1666) of Blatchingley, who was one of the three illegitimate sons of George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle. James was educated in Halifax where his father had settled in 1749. He studied law with his father from 1761 to 1767 and was admitted to the bar in 1768. After his father died leaving the family in debt, Monk took over the family's finances. In 1771, he studied law in London and on the recommendation of Lord Hillsborough he was appointed Solicitor-General of Nova Scotia in 1772, while continuing his law studies in London. In 1774, he married Ann Elizabeth Adams of St James's Street, London, who was said to be 'well connected'."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Monk and the Woman", "paragraph_text": "The Monk and the Woman is a 1917 Australian silent film directed by Franklyn Barrett. It is considered to be lost."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ponte degli Scalzi", "paragraph_text": "The Ponte degli Scalzi (or Ponte dei Scalsi, in Venetian; literally, \"bridge of the barefoot [monks]\"), is one of only four bridges in Venice, Italy, to span the Grand Canal."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Military saint", "paragraph_text": "The Eastern Orthodox Church considers Demetrius of Thessaloniki, Theodore Stratelates, Theodore of Amasea, and John the Warrior to be the patron saints of the military. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of the Russian navy; all naval cathedrals are dedicated to this saint. Finally Prophet Elijah is the patron Saint of the Hellenic Army Aviation Arm."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister", "paragraph_text": "``Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister ''is a soliloquy written by Robert Browning, first published in his collection Dramatic Lyrics (1842). It is written in the voice of an unnamed Spanish monk. The poem consists of nine eight - line stanzas and is written in trochaic tetrameter. The plot of the poem centers around the speaker's hatred for`` Brother Lawrence'', a fellow monk in the cloister."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200\u20131600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Mus\u014d Soseki (1275\u20131351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304\u201358). Mus\u014d, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Mus\u014d was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the \u00cele-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035\u20131087), conquered England (r. 1066\u201387) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II (r. 1154\u201389) and his son Richard I (r. 1189\u201399), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France,[W] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France.[X] Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199\u20131216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180\u20131223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta, a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216\u201372), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under their personal rule and centralising the royal administration. Under Louis IX (r. 1226\u201370), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe.[Y]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hekla", "paragraph_text": "After the eruption of 1104, stories, probably spread deliberately through Europe by Cistercian monks, told that Hekla was the gateway to Hell. The Cistercian monk Herbert of Clairvaux wrote in his \"De Miraculis\" (without naming Hekla): A poem by the monk Benedeit from circa 1120 about the voyages of Saint Brendan mentions Hekla as the prison of Judas."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Short Life of Barbara Monk", "paragraph_text": "Short Life of Barbara Monk is an album by the American jazz pianist Ran Blake featuring saxophonist Ricky Ford recorded in 1986 and released on the Italian Soul Note label. The album's dedicatee (1953\u201384) died from cancer and was the daughter of the jazz pianist Thelonious Monk."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "It's a Jungle Out There (song)", "paragraph_text": "``It's a Jungle Out There ''is a song written by Randy Newman and used as the theme song for the TV series Monk starting in its second season. In 2004, it won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music. As the first season's theme song`` Monk Theme'' had won the same award the previous year, Monk became the first series to have two different theme songs win an Emmy for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music in consecutive years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Foligno Cathedral", "paragraph_text": "Foligno Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral situated on the Piazza della Repubblica in the center of Foligno, Italy. The cathedral, built on the site of an earlier basilica, is dedicated to the patron saint of the city, the martyr Felician of Foligno (San Feliciano), who was buried here in 251 AD. It is the seat of the Bishop of Foligno."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Silvester of Troina", "paragraph_text": "Silvester of Troina was a Basilian monk, who originally entered the monastery at Bari, Italy, but fled when he was to be appointed abbot. Silvester then lived the rest of his life as a hermit."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pilgrim von Puchheim", "paragraph_text": "Pilgrim von Puchheim ( \u2013 5 April 1396) was Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg (as Pilgrim II) from 1365 until his death. From 1393 onwards, he also was administrator of the Berchtesgaden Provostry. Pilgrim is known as a patron of literature and music with a \"magnificent court\". The Monk of Salzburg lived there for a time, if indeed they are not one and the same person."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Judas Cyriacus", "paragraph_text": "\"'Judas Cyriacus (Cyriacus of Ancona, Cyriacus of Jerusalem, Quiriacus, Quiricus, Kyriakos)\"; , ), d. ca. AD 360, is the patron saint of Ancona, Italy. His feast day is celebrated in the Catholic Church on May 4."}], "question": "When did the man who patronized the monks in Italy die?"}
{"id": "2hop__622108_54730", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Casablanca (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dooley Wilson as Sam. He was one of the few American - born members of the cast. A drummer, he had to fake playing the piano. Even after shooting had been completed, producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs. He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott, Lena Horne, or Ella Fitzgerald."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Callum Kane", "paragraph_text": "Callum Kane is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Laurie Duncan. The character and Duncan's casting was announced on 25 August 2011. Callum was introduced to the show along with five other regular characters. He made his first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 6 September 2011. While appearing in the sixth series of \"Hollyoaks Later\" in October 2013, Callum was killed off. His exit came as part of a \"cast cull\", which coincided with the show's 18th anniversary. Duncan's departure from the show was kept secret to ensure viewers would be surprised. The actor later admitted that he cried when he learned that he was leaving."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ecstasy (play)", "paragraph_text": "Ecstasy is a 1979 play by British playwright Mike Leigh with a six-character cast. It covers the life of four blue-collar friends living in a ratty area of London near Kilburn High Road and the drunken frustration in their lives, particularly that of the lead character Jean."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Clean and Sober", "paragraph_text": "Clean and Sober is a 1988 American drama film directed by Glenn Gordon Caron and starring Michael Keaton as a real estate agent struggling with an awful substance abuse problem. This film served as Keaton's first dramatic departure from comedies. The supporting cast includes Kathy Baker, M. Emmet Walsh, Morgan Freeman, Luca Bercovici and Tate Donovan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Andreas (film)", "paragraph_text": "On October 14, 2013, Dwayne Johnson closed a deal to star in the film, playing the role of a helicopter pilot searching for his daughter after an earthquake. On February 4, 2014, Alexandra Daddario joined the cast. On March 12, 2014, Carla Gugino joined the cast, reuniting with Dwayne Johnson, with whom she starred in Race to Witch Mountain and Faster. On March 14, 2014, Game of Thrones actor Art Parkinson joined the film's cast. On April 1, 2014, Archie Panjabi joined the earthquake film. On April 5, 2014, Todd Williams also joined the film, to play Marcus Crowlings, an old Army friend of Johnson's character. On April 15, 2014, Colton Haynes was added to the cast of the film. On April 29, Ioan Gruffudd joined the cast of the film. Gruffudd played Daniel Reddick, a wealthy real estate developer who is dating Johnson's character's estranged wife. On May 28, Will Yun Lee joined the cast to play Dr. Kim Park, the co-director of the Caltech Seismology Lab in the film. On June 11, Australian singer and actress Kylie Minogue joined the film to play Gruffudd's sister."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gino Esposito", "paragraph_text": "Gino Esposito is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Shane McNamara. The character made his first appearance during the episode broadcast on 11 August 2000. The character was originally played by Claude Stevens. McNamara was cast in the role when the character was reintroduced in 2001. Gino owned a hair salon called A Good Hair Day, which employed both Lyn Scully (Janet Andrewartha) and Janelle Timmins (Nell Feeney). Script producer Luke Devenish called Gino \"a [gay] stereotype\" and a comedic character, similar to Mr. Humphries from British sitcom \"Are You Being Served?\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Michael Keaton", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 1978 Rabbit Test Sailor A Different Approach Filmmaker Short film 1982 Night Shift Bill Blazejowski Mr. Mom Jack Butler 1984 Johnny Dangerously Johnny Kelly / Johnny Dangerously 1986 Gung Ho Hunt Stevenson Touch and Go Robert ``Bobby ''Barbato The Squeeze Harold`` Harry'' Berg She's Having a Baby Himself Uncredited cameo Beetlejuice Betelgeuse Clean and Sober Daryl Poynter The Dream Team William ``Billy ''Caufield Batman Bruce Wayne / Batman 1990 Pacific Heights Carter Hayes / James Danforth 1991 One Good Cop Arthur`` Artie'' Lewis Batman Returns Bruce Wayne / Batman Much Ado About Nothing Dogberry My Life Robert ``Bob ''Jones The Paper Henry Hackett Speechless Kevin Vallick Multiplicity Doug Kinney Inventing the Abbotts Narrator / Older Doug Uncredited Jackie Brown Raymond`` Ray'' Nicolette 1998 Desperate Measures Peter J. McCabe Out of Sight Raymond ``Ray ''Nicolette Uncredited Jack Frost Jack Frost 1999 Body Shots Executive producer 2002 A Shot at Glory Peter Cameron Quicksand Martin Raikes First Daughter President Mackenzie 2005 White Noise Jonathan Rivers Porco Rosso Porco Rosso Voice role (English dub) Herbie: Fully Loaded Raymond`` Ray'' Peyton, Sr. 2006 Game 6 Nicholas ``Nicky ''Rogan Cars Chick Hicks Voice 2007 The Last Time Ted Riker Also executive producer 2009 The Merry Gentleman Franklin`` Frank'' Logan Also director Post Grad Walter Malby Toy Story 3 Ken Voice role The Other Guys Captain Gene Mauch 2011 Hawaiian Vacation Ken Voice role; short film 2012 Noah's Ark: The New Beginning Noah Voice role 2014 Blindsided Hollander Also executive producer RoboCop Raymond Sellars Need for Speed Monarch Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) Riggan Thomson 2015 Minions Walter Nelson Voice role Spotlight Walter ``Robby ''Robinson 2016 The Founder Ray Kroc 2017 Spider - Man: Homecoming Adrian Toomes / Vulture American Assassin Stan Hurley 2019 Dumbo V.A. Vandemere Filming"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Imogen Willis", "paragraph_text": "Imogen Willis is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Ariel Kaplan. The actress was cast in the role after a quick process, in which she auditioned once and attended a screen test. She began filming her first scenes in early February 2013. Kaplan's character and her family were created and introduced to \"Neighbours\", as part of an ongoing overhaul of the show's cast and renewed focus on family units within the show. She made her first screen appearance during \"Episode 6646\", which was broadcast on 20 May 2013."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Archie Carpenter", "paragraph_text": "Archie Carpenter is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Stephen Beard. The character first appeared on-screen on 3 November 2008 until his exit on 28 May 2010. He was introduced as the younger brother of then established Zoe Carpenter (Zo\u00eb Lister), when he moved into the college halls of residence. In March 2010, series producer Paul Marquess axed the character as part of his cast cull and major revamp of the series."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mr. Bean (animated TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Mr. Bean (voiced by Rowan Atkinson) -- the title character who serves as the protagonist of the series. He wants every environment around him to be clean and out of trouble."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jason Morgan (General Hospital)", "paragraph_text": "Jason Morgan is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. Created by Thom Racina and Leah Laiman, he is most notably played by Daytime Emmy Award - winning actor Steve Burton, who joined the cast in 1991 and vacated the role in 2012. Jason was born offscreen in September 1981 and the character made his onscreen debut in November 1981 as the son of Dr. Alan Quartermaine (Stuart Damon) and his mistress, Susan Moore (Gail Ramsey), later adopted by Alan's wife Dr. Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson). As one of the longest - running characters on the show, the role was played by various child actors from 1982 to 1986. In 2014, actor Billy Miller was cast in the role."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Heavenly Days", "paragraph_text": "Heavenly Days is a 1944 film starring Fibber McGee and Molly. It was the third and final feature film to feature the popular radio characters; unlike the two previous entries, none of the radio show's supporting cast members appeared in this film."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "EastEnders", "paragraph_text": "As of May 2018, Adam Woodyatt, Gillian Taylforth and Letitia Dean are the only members of the original cast remaining in the show, in their roles of Ian Beale, Kathy Beale and Sharon Watts respectively. Ian Beale is the only character to have appeared continuously from the first episode without officially leaving, and is the longest - serving character in EastEnders. Dot Cotton is the longest - serving female character in the show having served since 1985, whilst Pat Butcher is the longest - serving former character, appearing from 1986 until 2012."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gus (Psych)", "paragraph_text": "Burton \"Gus\" Guster is a fictional character on the USA Network television comedy \"Psych\" played by American actor Dul\u00e9 Hill. He functions as the straight man for Shawn Spencer's antics, and provides sobering advice, helpful knowledge, steady support, and friendship. Over the course of the show, Gus evolves from nothing more than a conventional, uptight pharmaceutical representative to a strong support system through all Shawn Spencer's crazy antics. He frequently tries to pass himself off as \"fearless\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi", "paragraph_text": "On January 14, 2015, John Krasinski was cast in the film, to play one of the lead roles, a former US Navy SEAL. On February 3, Pablo Schreiber also signed on to star in the film, playing Kris \"Tanto\" Paronto, one of the six-man security team. On February 6, James Badge Dale was set to star, as the leader of the security team. Max Martini was cast as another member of the security team on February 17, 2015. David Denman signed on to star in the film on March 3, 2015, playing Boon, an elite sniper. On March 5, 2015, THR reported that Dominic Fumusa also signed on, to play John \"Tig\" Tiegen, one of the members of the security team, who is also a former Marine with weapons expertise. Freddie Stroma was added to the cast on March 17, 2015 to play the role of an undercover CIA officer in Libya. On May 7, 2015, Toby Stephens was set to play Glen \"Bub\" Doherty, another of the security team members."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "David Hale (Sons of Anarchy)", "paragraph_text": "Deputy Chief David Hale is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy, played by Taylor Sheridan. He was the Deputy Chief of Police in the small Northern Californian town of Charming. The Chief, Wayne Unser, nicknamed him ``Captain America ''for his black and white views, and squeaky - clean adherence to the law, and possibly because of his square jawed all - American looks."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Katy Mixon", "paragraph_text": "From 2010 to 2016, Mixon starred as Victoria Flynn, Melissa McCarthy's sister, on the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly. She had dramatic parts in films Take Shelter (2011), Drive Angry (2011), and Hell or High Water (2016), and did voice over work in Minions (2015). In 2016, Mixon began starring as Katie Otto, the leading character in the ABC comedy series American Housewife."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Deepwater Horizon (film)", "paragraph_text": "On August 19, 2014, casting began, with actor Mark Wahlberg added in the lead role of the film. Wahlberg plays Mike Williams, a real - life electronics technician on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. On March 18, 2015, Gina Rodriguez was set to play a woman named Andrea Fleytas, who was on the bridge on board the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the blowout, and frantically tried to contact the Coast Guard. On April 10, 2015, Deadline reported that Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Caleb Holloway. Kurt Russell joined the film on the same day O'Brien was in talks. Soon after, John Malkovich was confirmed cast, as a BP representative who fatally underestimates the dangers of working on the rig. Kate Hudson was announced as a cast member in May, 2015, and playing the wife of Wahlberg's character; her role will be her first on - screen pairing with Russell, her stepfather, although they shared no dialogue in the film."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cristina Yang", "paragraph_text": "Oh originally auditioned for the role of Miranda Bailey, although Chandra Wilson was ultimately cast in the part. Oh has received generally positive reviews for her portrayal, with Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considering her friendship with Meredith to be ``the secret core of Grey's ''. Oh has also garnered numerous awards and nominations for her role as Yang, including Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award wins in 2006. She was additionally nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series each year, from 2005 to 2009. Characterizing the character, ABC noted her competitiveness, ambition, and intelligence as her main traits, while her aggressive, and tactless attitude was highlighted as her main weakness. In May 2012, E! Online reported that Oh had signed on for two more years, along with her fellow cast members. Oh left the show after season 10, and her character Cristina Yang was written out of the storyline as a main cast member."}], "question": "What character in Minions is played by a cast member of Clean and Sober?"}
{"id": "2hop__125536_10599", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Children of General Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Emma Grace Scorpio - Drake is the daughter of Patrick Drake and Robin Scorpio. The role is most notably played by child actress, Brooklyn Rae Silzer, who won a Young Artist Award in 2013 for Best Young Actress 10 And Under In A TV Series, for her role as Emma. She was born onscreen in November 2008. When Emma comes down with a fever, she and Robin get stranded in a snowstorm when she tries to take her to a doctor. Robin leaves her in the care of Maxie Jones, who brings Emma to the hospital where she is diagnosed with pneumonia. When Lisa Niles became obsessed with Patrick, she kidnapped Emma many times, but Robin and Patrick managed to save her. After Robin is presumed dead in a lab explosion, Patrick raises Emma alone. Robin is alive and calls home, but Patrick believes Emma is playing pretend when she tells him about the phone call. Emma does not approve of her father's new girlfriend, Dr. Britt Westbourne, and Patrick breaks up with Britt when he realizes she has been treating Emma poorly. When Robin finally returns, Emma is excited to have her mother back. Robin left town again, and Emma was upset at losing her mother again. After Robin returned, she and Patrick reunited, and Emma and her parents relocated soon after to Berkeley, California. Emma makes periodic returns with her mother, or to visit her grandmother, Anna Devane."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Neoptolemus", "paragraph_text": "Neoptolemus (; Ancient Greek: \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \"Neoptolemos\", \"new warrior\"), also called Pyrrhus (; \u03a0\u03cd\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \"Pyrrhos\", \"red\", for his red hair), was the son of the warrior Achilles and the princess Deidamia in Greek mythology, and also the mythical progenitor of the ruling dynasty of the Molossians of ancient Epirus."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "William Iron Arm", "paragraph_text": "William I of Hauteville (before 1010 \u2013 1046), known as William Iron Arm, was a Norman adventurer who was the founder of the fortunes of the Hauteville family. One of twelve sons of Tancred of Hauteville, he journeyed to the Mezzogiorno with his younger brother Drogo in the first half of the eleventh century (c.1035), in response to requests for help made by fellow Normans under Rainulf Drengot, count of Aversa."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Emma (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Emma is confident that Frank's engagement will devastate Harriet, but instead, Harriet tells her that she loves Mr. Knightley, although she knows the match is too unequal, Emma's encouragement and Mr. Knightley's kindness have given her hope. Emma is startled and realizes that she is the one who wants to marry Mr. Knightley. Mr. Knightley returns to console Emma from Frank and Jane's engagement thinking her heartbroken. When she admits her foolishness, he proposes, and she accepts. Now Harriet accepts Robert Martin's second proposal, and they are the first couple to marry. Jane and Emma reconcile, and Frank and Jane visit the Westons. Once the period of deep mourning ends, they will marry. Before the end of November, Emma and Mr. Knightley are married with the prospect of ``perfect happiness. ''"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Benjamin", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin () was the last-born of Jacob's thirteen children (12 sons and 1 daughter), and the second and last son of Rachel in Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition. He was the progenitor of the Israelite Tribe of Benjamin. In the Hebrew Bible unlike Rachel's first son, Joseph, Benjamin was born in Canaan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Emma Peel", "paragraph_text": "Emma Peel is a fictional spy played by Diana Rigg in the British 1960s adventure television series The Avengers, and by Uma Thurman in the 1998 film version. She was born Emma Knight, the daughter of an industrialist, Sir John Knight."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "No. Title Performer (s) Length 1. ``Overture ''(Score) Alan Menken 3: 05 2.`` Main Title: Prologue Pt. 1'' Hattie Morahan (narration) 0: 42 3. ``Aria ''Audra McDonald 1: 02 4.`` Main Title: Prologue Pt. 2'' Hattie Morahan (narration) 2: 21 5. ``Belle ''Emma Watson, Luke Evans, Ensemble 5: 33 6.`` How Does a Moment Last Forever (Music Box)'' Kevin Kline 1: 03 7. ``Belle (Reprise) ''Emma Watson 1: 15 8.`` Gaston'' Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble 4: 25 9. ``Be Our Guest ''Ewan McGregor, Emma Thompson, Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Ian McKellen 4: 48 10.`` Days in the Sun'' Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha - Raw, Emma Thompson, Audra McDonald, Emma Watson, Ian McKellen, Clive Rowe 2: 40 11. ``Something There ''Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Emma Thompson, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha - Raw 2: 54 12.`` How Does a Moment Last Forever (Montmartre)'' Emma Watson 1: 55 13. ``Beauty and the Beast ''Emma Thompson 3: 19 14.`` Evermore'' Dan Stevens 3: 14 15. ``The Mob Song ''Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble, Emma Watson, Ian McKellen, Stanley Tucci, Nathan Mack, Gugu Mbatha - Raw, Ewan McGregor, Gerard Horan, Haydn Gwynne 2: 28 16.`` Beauty and the Beast (Finale)'' Audra McDonald, Emma Thompson, Ensemble 2: 14 17. ``How Does a Moment Last Forever ''Celine Dion 3: 37 18.`` Beauty and the Beast'' Ariana Grande & John Legend 3: 47 19. ``Evermore ''Josh Groban 3: 09 Total length: 53: 31"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Blue Lagoon: The Awakening", "paragraph_text": "Indiana Evans as Emmaline ``Emma ''Robinson Brenton Thwaites as Dean McMullen Denise Richards as Barbara Robinson (Emma's mother) Patrick St. Esprit as Jack McMullen (Dean's widowed father) Frank John Hughes as Phil Robinson (Emma's father) Alix Elizabeth Gitter as Lizzie (one of Emma's friends) Carrie Wampler as Stacey Robinson (Emma's younger sister) Hayley Kiyoko as Helen (one of Emma's friends) Aimee Carrero as Jude (one of Emma's friends) Annie Tedesco as Ms. Collier (one of the teachers on the trip) Christopher Atkins as Mr. Christiansen (one of the teachers on the trip)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "William L. Kenly", "paragraph_text": "William Lacy Kenly (February 18, 1865 \u2013 January 10, 1928) was a major general in the United States Army. During World War I, he was a leader of a progenitor of the United States Air Force, the United States Army Air Service."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jordan of Hauteville", "paragraph_text": "Jordan of Hauteville (after 1055 \u2013 12/18/19 September 1092) was the eldest son and bastard of Roger I of Sicily. A fighter, he took part, from an early age, in the conquests of his father in Sicily."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Once Upon a Time (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Emma soon discovers that writer August W. Booth (Eion Bailey), who is the first stranger ever to arrive in town after she did, is from the Enchanted Forest as well and that he is Pinocchio, who was sent to our world through the same wardrobe that brought Emma to watch over her. But he abandoned her out of fear and is slowly turning back into a wooden puppet. Emma then makes an attempt to take Henry out of Storybrooke forever, but is then forced to reconsider when he refuses to go. Emma makes a deal with Regina in which she leaves but still visits Henry on occasion."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Civitate", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Civitate was fought on 18 June 1053 in southern Italy, between the Normans, led by the Count of Apulia Humphrey of Hauteville, and a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army, organised by Pope Leo IX and led on the battlefield by Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, and Rudolf, Prince of Benevento. The Norman victory over the allied papal army marked the climax of a conflict between the Norman mercenaries who came to southern Italy in the eleventh century, the de Hauteville family, and the local Lombard princes. By 1059 the Normans would create an alliance with the papacy, which included a formal recognition by Pope Nicholas II of the Norman conquest in south Italy, investing Robert Guiscard as Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and Count of Sicily."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Emma of Hauteville", "paragraph_text": "Emma of Hauteville (fl. c. 1080\u2013c. 1120) was a daughter of Robert Guiscard and Alberada of Buonalbergo. According to Ralph of Caen, she married Odo the Good Marquis and had two sons: Tancred and William, both of whom participated in the First Crusade. Tancred became Prince of Galilee and William died in the Holy Land. Her daughter Altrude married Richard of the Principate and was the mother of Roger of Salerno."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the \u00cele-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035\u20131087), conquered England (r. 1066\u201387) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II (r. 1154\u201389) and his son Richard I (r. 1189\u201399), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France,[W] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France.[X] Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199\u20131216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180\u20131223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta, a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216\u201372), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under their personal rule and centralising the royal administration. Under Louis IX (r. 1226\u201370), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe.[Y]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Henry Hickmott", "paragraph_text": "Henry Edward Hickmott was born at Mount Barker in South Australia on 17 May 1853, the only son of Henry Hickmott (1825\u20131914) and Sophia Goldsmith (1828\u20131853). His parents and two older sisters, Emma and Eliza Hickmott, had sailed from London to Port Adelaide on the Emily in 1849 and then travelled to Mount Barker where Henry Edward's father worked at the local brick works. Another daughter Rebecca was born 1851. Henry Edward's paternal grandfather, Samuel Hickmott (1799-c1872) had earlier been transported to Van Diemen's Land in 1840 for sheep-stealing. There is some evidence that Samuel may have travelled to South Australia to join his youngest son and his family there."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Havell family", "paragraph_text": "The Havell family of Reading, Berkshire, England, included a number of notable engravers, etchers and painters, as well as writers, publishers, educators, and musicians. In particular, members of this family were among the foremost practitioners of aquatint; and had a long association with Indian art and culture. They are the English descendants of the aristocratic Hauteville family of Normandy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lawrence Lasker", "paragraph_text": "Lasker was born in Los Angeles County, California. He is the son of actress Jane Greer and producer Edward Lasker. His paternal grandfather was businessman Albert Lasker and his paternal step-grandmothers were actress Doris Kenyon and Mary Woodard Lasker. He graduated from the Phillips Exeter Academy in 1967 and attended Yale University, as did his father."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Chrodegang", "paragraph_text": "Saint Chrodegang (; ; died 6 March 766 AD) was the Frankish Bishop of Metz from 742 or 748 until his death. He served as chancellor for his kinsman, Charles Martel. Chrodegang is claimed to be a progenitor of the Frankish dynasty of the Robertians."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Emma Carus", "paragraph_text": "Emma Carus (March 18, 1879\u00a0\u2013 November 18, 1927) was a contralto singer from New York City who was in the cast of the original Ziegfeld Follies in 1907. Her given name was Emma Carus."}], "question": "When did thefather of Emma of Hauteville die?"}
{"id": "2hop__791448_340328", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pohang Baseball Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Pohang Baseball Stadium is a baseball stadium in Pohang, South Korea. The stadium is currently being used as a second home of the KBO League team Samsung Lions."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Central Stadium (Astrakhan)", "paragraph_text": "Central Stadium (, \"Tsentralnyi Stadion\") is a multi-purpose stadium in Astrakhan, Russia. It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Volgar Astrakhan. The stadium holds 17,712 people, all seated."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "30 June Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The 30 June Stadium is a stadium used mostly for football matches and also sometimes for athletics located in Cairo. It was built by the Egyptian Air Defense Forces. The stadium is the main venue of the Air Defense Sport Village. The stadium has a capacity of 30,000 and it is one of the venues of the Egyptian Premier League. It is the home ground of the Egyptian Premier League side Pyramids F.C."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "TCF Bank Stadium", "paragraph_text": "TCF Bank Stadium is an outdoor stadium located on the campus of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Opened in 2009, it is the home field of the Minnesota Golden Gophers of the Big Ten Conference, and was the temporary home of Minnesota United FC of Major League Soccer. The stadium also served as the temporary home of the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 and 2015 seasons during the construction of U.S. Bank Stadium. The 50,805-seat \"horseshoe\" style stadium cost $303.3\u00a0million to build and is designed to support future expansion to seat up to 80,000."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shahid Bahonar Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Shahid Bahonar Kerman Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium, located in central Kerman, Iran. It is used mostly for football matches. The stadium is able to hold 15,430 people and was opened in 2007. Shahid Bahonar Stadium is home venue of Azadegan League side, Mes Kerman Athletic and Cultural Club. It is named in honour of former Iranian Prime Minister, Mohammad-Javad Bahonar who was assassinated in 1981."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hristo Botev Stadium (Vratsa)", "paragraph_text": "Hristo Botev Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Vratsa, Bulgaria. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It has been the home of Botev Vratsa for 60 years. The stadium was built in 1948 and has a seating capacity of 8,000 spectators. After the approval of a project worth \u20ac 150 000, in 2008 the stadium was renovated and had 3,000 seats, spread in the 3 central sectors. In June 2009, the Botev Vratsa management approved a second project, worth \u20ac 120 000 for reconstruction of sector \"V\", opposite the central building of the stadium. The second renovation was completed in 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hafezieh Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Hafeziyeh Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium in Shiraz, Iran. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Azadegan League side, Fajr Sepasi F.C. The stadium also is used for some matches of Bargh Shiraz F.C. in Azadegan League. The stadium holds 20,000 people and is all-seater. The stadium was the host venue of 2012 Hazfi Cup Final. The stadium is located in the Center of Shiraz in the Hafezieh district, near the Tomb of Hafez and is easily accessible for most people living in the city."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "TD Place Stadium", "paragraph_text": "TD Place Stadium (originally Lansdowne Park and formerly Frank Clair Stadium) is an outdoor stadium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located at Lansdowne Park, on the southern edge of The Glebe neighbourhood, where Bank Street crosses the Rideau Canal. It is the home of the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Ottawa Fury FC of the United Soccer League (USL)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sigourney Bandjar", "paragraph_text": "Sigourney Bandjar (born 18 August 1984 in Paramaribo) is a Surinamese footballer who most recently played as a defender for Kazakhstan Premier League club Taraz. He previously played five years for Excelsior. He also holds Dutch citizenship."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Stadion Banja Ilid\u017ea (Grada\u010dac)", "paragraph_text": "Stadion Banja Ilid\u017ea is a football stadium in Grada\u010dac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the home stadium of NK Zvijezda Grada\u010dac of the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The stadium holds 5,000 spectators."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Huntington Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Huntington Stadium (formerly Ryedale Stadium) is the former stadium of English rugby league teams York Wasps, and York City Knights."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bunamwaya Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Bunamwaya Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Wakiso Town, Uganda. It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as the home venue of Bunamwaya SC of the Ugandan Super League. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 people."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Taraz Central Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Taraz Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Taraz, Kazakhstan. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Taraz."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tennessee Titans", "paragraph_text": "Tennessee Titans Current season Established August 3, 1959; 58 years ago (August 3, 1959) First season: 1960 Play in Nissan Stadium Nashville, Tennessee Headquartered in Saint Thomas Sports Park, Nashville, Tennessee Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League Eastern Division (1960 -- 1969) National Football League (1970 -- present) American Football Conference (1970 -- present) AFC Central (1970 -- 2001) AFC South (2002 -- present) Current uniform Team colors Navy, Titans Blue, Red, Silver Mascot T - Rac Personnel Owner (s) KSA Industries Chairman Susie Adams Smith Amy Adams Strunk CEO Steve Underwood President Steve Underwood General manager Jon Robinson Head coach Mike Mularkey Team history Houston Oilers (1960 -- 1996) Tennessee Oilers (1997 -- 1998) Tennessee Titans (1999 -- present) Championships League championships (2) AFL Championships 1960, 1961 Conference championships (1) AFC: 1999 Division championships (9) AFL East: 1960, 1961, 1962, 1967 AFC Central: 1991, 1993, 2000 AFC South: 2002, 2008 Playoff appearances (21) AFL: 1960, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1969 NFL: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2008 Home fields Jeppesen Stadium (1960 -- 1964) Rice Stadium (1965 -- 1967) Houston Astrodome (1968 -- 1996) Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium (1997) Vanderbilt Stadium (1998) Nissan Stadium (1999 -- present)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wilderspool Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Wilderspool Stadium was a rugby league stadium in Warrington, England. The ground was Warrington RLFC's old ground before moving to the Halliwell Jones Stadium."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "MUSC Health Stadium", "paragraph_text": "MUSC Health Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium located in the Daniel Island area of Charleston, South Carolina that serves as the home of the Charleston Battery of the United Soccer League."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "DU Stadium", "paragraph_text": "DU Stadium (sometimes referred to as Hilltop Stadium) was a stadium in the western United States, on the campus of the University of Denver in Denver, Colorado. Built in 1926, the crescent-shaped main grandstand design on the west sideline was based on other similar-sized stadiums from the same the time period, Brown Stadium and Cornell's Schoellkopf Field, both in the Ivy League."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cincinnati Bengals", "paragraph_text": "Cincinnati Bengals Current season Established May 23, 1967; 50 years ago (May 23, 1967) First season: 1968 Play in and headquartered in Paul Brown Stadium Cincinnati, Ohio Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League (1968 -- 1969) AFL West (1968 -- 1969) National Football League (1970 -- present) American Football Conference (1970 -- present) AFC Central (1970 -- 2001) AFC North (2002 -- present) Current uniform Team colors Black, Orange, White Fight song Bengals Growl Mascot Who Dey Personnel Owner (s) Mike Brown Head coach Marvin Lewis Team history Cincinnati Bengals (1968 -- present) Championships League championships (0) Conference championships (2) AFC: 1981, 1988 Division championships (9) AFC Central: 1970, 1973, 1981, 1988, 1990 AFC North: 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015 Playoff appearances (14) NFL: 1970, 1973, 1975, 1981, 1982, 1988, 1990, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Home fields Nippert Stadium (1968 -- 1969) Riverfront Stadium (1970 -- 1999) Paul Brown Stadium (2000 -- present)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bat Yam Municipal Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Bat Yam Municipal Stadium (, \"HaEtztadion HaIroni Bat Yam\") is a football stadium in Bat Yam in central Israel. It is home to Hapoel Bat Yam. It has a capacity of 3,100."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "As of the 2015\u201316 season, Premier League football has been played in 53 stadiums since the formation of the Premier League in 1992. The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater. Since the formation of the Premier League, football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities, with some clubs moving to new-build stadiums. Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished. The stadiums for the 2010\u201311 season show a large disparity in capacity: Old Trafford, the home of Manchester United has a capacity of 75,957 with Bloomfield Road, the home of Blackpool, having a capacity of 16,220. The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2010\u201311 season is 770,477 with an average capacity of 38,523."}], "question": "In what league does the occupant of Taraz Central Stadium play?"}
{"id": "2hop__134170_292889", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jules Bigot", "paragraph_text": "Jules Bigot (22 October 1915, Bully-les-Mines, Pas-de-Calais \u2013 24 October 2007) was a French association football player. He played club football most notably with Lille; he was then manager in France and Belgium."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Amad Butt", "paragraph_text": "Amad Butt (born 10 May 1995) is a cricketer from Punjab, Pakistan. He was the leading wicket-taker for Habib Bank Limited in the 2017\u201318 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, with 39 dismissals in eight matches."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "FIFA World Cup qualification", "paragraph_text": "The FIFA World Cup qualification is the process that a national association football team goes through to qualify for the FIFA World Cup finals. The FIFA World Cup is the largest international team sport competition in the world with a qualification process required to reduce the large field of countries from 211 to just 32 for the World Cup finals."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Josh Seefried", "paragraph_text": "Josh Seefried (born February 6, 1986) is an LGBT rights activist, a former captain in the United States Air Force, and a former co-chairman on the Board of Directors of \"OutServe-SLDN,\" an association of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender members of the U.S. Military. A graduate from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 2009, Josh was formerly known by his pseudonym JD Smith during his campaign to end the discrimination against lesbians, gays and bisexuals serving openly in the United States military."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pennsylvania Route 128", "paragraph_text": "Pennsylvania Route 128 (PA 128) is a state highway located in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 356 in Freeport. The northern terminus is at PA 66 in Ford City."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "L'important c'est la rose", "paragraph_text": "L'important c'est la rose is a song written by Louis Amade and Gilbert B\u00e9caud, and recorded by Gilbert B\u00e9caud, released 1967."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term \"Sunday League Football\". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gai pied", "paragraph_text": "Gai pied or Gai pied hebdo was a monthly French gay magazine, founded by Jean Le Bitoux. Its name, which literally means \"Gay foot\", is a homophone of \"gu\u00eapier\", which means a hornet's nest or, figuratively, a trap or pitfall \u2014 a reference to the magazine's determination to torment the status-quo."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "PA-8000", "paragraph_text": "The PA-8000 (PCX-U), code-named \"Onyx\", is a microprocessor developed and fabricated by Hewlett-Packard (HP) that implemented the PA-RISC 2.0 instruction set architecture (ISA). It was a completely new design with no circuitry derived from previous PA-RISC microprocessors. The PA-8000 was introduced on 2 November 1995 when shipments began to members of the Precision RISC Organization (PRO). It was used exclusively by PRO members and was not sold on the merchant market. All follow-on PA-8x00 processors (PA-8200 to PA-8900, described further below) are based on the basic PA-8000 processor core."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2022 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup held in Asia since 2002 and also this will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Middle East, and in an Arab and a majority - Muslim country. This tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled from the 2026 tournament."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rex Wockner", "paragraph_text": "Rex Wockner (born 1957) is an American freelance journalist who has reported news for the gay press and mainstream periodicals since 1985. His work has appeared in more than 325 gay publications in 38 countries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Piper PA-31 Navajo", "paragraph_text": "The Piper PA-31 Navajo is a family of cabin-class, twin-engined aircraft designed and built by Piper Aircraft for the general aviation market, most using Lycoming engines. It was also license-built in a number of Latin American countries. Targeted at small-scale cargo and feeder liner operations and the corporate market, the aircraft was a success. It continues to prove a popular choice, but due to greatly decreased demand across the general aviation sector in the 1980s, production of the PA-31 ceased in 1984."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Routledge. It is the official journal for the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists. The editors-in-chief are Philip Bialer and Chris Mcintosh. Former editors include Mary E. Barber (Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons), Alan Schwartz (William Alanson White Institute), and Jack Drescher The journal was established in 1988 as the \"Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy\", before obtaining its current title in 2007. It covers LGBT mental health with a focus on clinical issues. The journal is abstracted and indexed in: PsychInfo, LGBT Life, SOCIndex, Academic Search Premier, Family Index Abstracts, Studies in Women & Gender Abstracts, and Gender Watch-Softline."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pa Amadou Gai", "paragraph_text": "Pa Amadou Gai (born June 18, 1984 in Bakau) is a Gambian soccer player who currently plays for ASC HLM,"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Stade de ASC HLM", "paragraph_text": "Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal. It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jean Tigana", "paragraph_text": "Amadou Jean Tigana (born 23 June 1955) is a former French international footballer, having played in midfield and managed professional football extensively throughout France, including 52 appearances and one goal for the France national football team during the 1980s. He most recently coached Chinese Super League outfit Shanghai Shenhua. In his prime, he was a tireless central midfielder, renowned as one of the best midfielders in the world during the 1980s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2016\u201317 Vancouver Canucks season", "paragraph_text": "Western Conference Wild Card Pos Div Team GP OTL ROW GF GA GD Pts PA x -- Calgary Flames 82 45 33 41 226 221 + 5 94 CE x -- Nashville Predators 82 41 29 12 39 240 224 + 16 94 CE Winnipeg Jets 82 40 35 7 37 249 256 \u2212 7 87 PA Los Angeles Kings 82 39 35 8 37 201 205 \u2212 4 86 5 CE Dallas Stars 82 34 37 11 33 223 262 \u2212 39 79 6 PA Arizona Coyotes 82 30 42 10 24 197 260 \u2212 63 70 7 PA Vancouver Canucks 82 30 43 9 26 182 243 \u2212 61 69 8 CE Colorado Avalanche 82 22 56 21 166 278 \u2212 112 48"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sports in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The most popular team sports in the United States are American football, basketball, baseball / softball, ice hockey, and soccer (association football). All five of these team sports are popular with fans, are widely watched on television, have a fully professional league, are played by millions of Americans, enjoy varsity status at many Division I colleges, and are played in high schools throughout the country."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pennsylvania Route 254", "paragraph_text": "Pennsylvania Route 254 (PA 254) is a state highway located in Northumberland, Montour, and Columbia counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 405 in Milton. The eastern terminus is at PA 487 near Benton."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mohammad Ranjbar", "paragraph_text": "Mohammad Ranjbar (1 January 1935 \u2013 29 June 2004) was an Iranian footballer and coach. Ranjbar played for Taj Tehran and Pas Tehran. He was a member and captain of Iran national football team. He was also head coach of national team in 1972."}], "question": "What country has the team that Pa Amadou Gai is most associated with?"}
{"id": "2hop__22354_22335", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Teresa Lewis", "paragraph_text": "Lewis was executed on September 23, 2010, at 9 p.m. by lethal injection, at Greensville Correctional Center near Jarratt. This made her the 12th woman to be executed in the United States since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976. Lewis was the first woman to be executed in Virginia by lethal injection; the last woman to be executed in the state was Virginia Christian, who died in the electric chair in 1912. Lewis was also the first woman to be executed in the U.S. since Frances Newton in 2005 in the state of Texas, and the second woman to be executed since serial killer Aileen Wuornos in 2002 in the state of Florida. She was cremated after her execution."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Government of Florida", "paragraph_text": "The Governor of Florida is the chief executive of the government of Florida and the chief administrative officer of the state responsible for the planning and budgeting for the state, and serves as chair when the Governor and the Florida Cabinet sit as a decision - making body in various constitutional roles. The Governor has the power to execute Florida's laws and to call out the state militia to preserve the public peace, being Commander - in - Chief of the state's military forces that are not in active service of the United States. At least once every legislative session, the Governor is required to deliver the ``State of the State Address ''to the Florida Legislature regarding the condition and operation of the state government and to suggest new legislation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of female Indian governors and lieutenant governors", "paragraph_text": "Sarojini Naidu was the first female to become the governor of an Indian state. She governed Uttar Pradesh from 15 August 1947 to 2 March 1949. Her daughter, Padmaja Naidu, is the longest - serving governor with 11 - year tenure in West Bengal. Anandiben Patel was recently appointed as the second woman governor of Madhya Pradesh."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "E. Denise Simmons", "paragraph_text": "E. Denise Simmons is the former mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, having served her first mayoral term during the 2008\u20132009 term and she was the first openly lesbian African-American mayor in the United States. The previous mayor of Cambridge, Kenneth Reeves, was the first openly gay African-American mayor in the United States. As Cambridge mayor, Simmons served as head of the city's legislative body\u2014while the non-elected city manager serves as the city's chief executive officer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Joan Finney", "paragraph_text": "Joan Finney (February 12, 1925 \u2013 July 28, 2001) was an American politician who served as the 42nd Governor of Kansas from 1991 to 1995, the first woman to hold that office. She had previously served four terms as the Kansas State Treasurer from 1975 to 1991, the first woman to hold that office as well."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "In 1815 the Congress of Vienna fully re-established Swiss independence and the European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality. Swiss troops still served foreign governments until 1860 when they fought in the Siege of Gaeta. The treaty also allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the admission of the cantons of Valais, Neuch\u00e2tel and Geneva. Switzerland's borders have not changed since, except for some minor adjustments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Velma Barfield", "paragraph_text": "Margie Velma Barfield (n\u00e9e Bullard) (October 29, 1932 \u2013 November 2, 1984) was an American serial killer who was convicted of one murder, but who eventually confessed to six murders in total. Barfield was the first woman in the United States to be executed after the 1976 resumption of capital punishment and the first since 1962. She was also the first woman to be executed by lethal injection."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Federal government of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Federal government of Mexico (alternately known as the Government of the Republic or Gobierno de la Rep\u00fablica) is the national government of the United Mexican States, the central government established by its constitution to share sovereignty over the republic with the governments of the 31 individual Mexican states, and to represent such governments before international bodies such as the United Nations. The Mexican federal government has three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial and functions per the Constitution of the United Mexican States, as enacted in 1917, and as amended."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Morton M. McCarver", "paragraph_text": "\"General\" Morton Matthew McCarver (January 14, 1807 \u2013 April 17, 1875) was an American politician and pioneer in the West. A native of Kentucky, he helped found cities in Iowa, Oregon, and Washington while also involved in the early government of California. He served in the Provisional Legislature of Oregon, including as the first speaker of that body, and also fought in the Rogue River Wars."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state. It is among the oldest constitutions in the world. A new Constitution was adopted in 1999, but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. There are three main governing bodies on the federal level: the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984\u20131989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Villa Jeanneret-Perret", "paragraph_text": "The Villa Jeanneret-Perret (also known as \"Maison blanche\") is the first independent project by Swiss architect Le Corbusier. Built in 1912 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret's hometown, it was designed for his parents. Open to the public since 2005, the house is under the patronage of the Swiss National Commission for UNESCO and has been proposed by the Swiss Government for inscription on the World Heritage List."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alan Stephenson Boyd", "paragraph_text": "Alan Stephenson Boyd (born July 20, 1922) is an American attorney and transportation executive who led several large corporations and also served the U.S. Government in various transportation-related positions. He was the first United States Secretary of Transportation, appointed by Lyndon Johnson. Additionally, he served in executive positions with the Civil Aeronautics Board, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and was a president of Amtrak."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Ministerpr\u00e4sident (Minister-President), together with a unicameral legislative body known as the Landtag (State Diet). The states are parliamentary republics and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the Minister-President is then chosen by a majority vote among the Landtag's members. The Minister-President appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of female Indian governors and lieutenant governors", "paragraph_text": "Sarojini Naidu was the first female to become the governor of an Indian state. She governed Uttar Pradesh from 15 August 1947 to 2 March 1949. Her daughter, Padmaja Naidu, is the longest - serving governor with 11 - year tenure in West Bengal. Draupadi Murmu was recently appointed as the first woman governor of Jharkhand."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bahamas Association of Athletic Associations", "paragraph_text": "The Bahamas Association of Athletic Associations (BAAA) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in the Bahamas. Current president is Rosamunde Carey. She was elected on November 28 2015 for the period 2015-2018. She becomes the first woman elected to the position"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Christine Lieberknecht", "paragraph_text": "Christine Lieberknecht (born 7 May 1958 in Weimar) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). From 2009 to 2014 she served as the Minister President of Thuringia. Lieberknecht was the first woman to become head of government in Thuringia and the second woman to govern a german state."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ikhlas Khouli", "paragraph_text": "Ikhlas Khouli was a 35-year-old resident of Tulkarm, West Bank, and mother of seven who was executed in 2002, without trial, by Fatah's Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade for allegedly collaborating with Israel. She was the first Palestinian woman to be executed for such a crime."}], "question": "Who was the first woman to serve on the executive body of the Swiss government?"}
{"id": "2hop__22358_22335", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chief Judge of Rivers State", "paragraph_text": "As of 2016, Adama Lamikanra is currently the acting Chief Judge of Rivers State. She is preceded by Daisy W. Okocha, the first woman to ever serve in that office."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Catherine Mackin", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Patricia \"Cassie\" Mackin (August 28, 1939 \u2013 November 20, 1982) was a pioneer woman journalist in United States television network In the early 1970s she anchored a WRC-TV newscast and in 1972 became NBC's first female correspondent to serve as a floor reporter at the national political conventions. In 1976, she became the first woman to regularly anchor an evening network newscast alone."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sandra Day O'Connor", "paragraph_text": "Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan to 2006. She was the first woman to serve on the Court."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984\u20131989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of female Indian governors and lieutenant governors", "paragraph_text": "Sarojini Naidu was the first female to become the governor of an Indian state. She governed Uttar Pradesh from 15 August 1947 to 2 March 1949. Her daughter, Padmaja Naidu, is the longest - serving governor with 11 - year tenure in West Bengal. Anandiben Patel was recently appointed as the second woman governor of Madhya Pradesh."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Carole Hillard", "paragraph_text": "Carole Hillard (August 14, 1936 \u2013 October 25, 2007) was the first woman to serve as Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christine Lieberknecht", "paragraph_text": "Christine Lieberknecht (born 7 May 1958 in Weimar) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). From 2009 to 2014 she served as the Minister President of Thuringia. Lieberknecht was the first woman to become head of government in Thuringia and the second woman to govern a german state."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nino Burjanadze", "paragraph_text": "Nino Burjanadze (Georgian: \u10dc\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4 , also romanized Burdzhanadze or Burdjanadze, born 16 July 1964) is a Georgian politician and lawyer who served as Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia from November 2001 to June 2008. As the first woman she has served as the acting head of state of Georgia twice; the first time from 23 November 2003 to 25 January 2004 in the wake of Eduard Shevardnadze's resignation during the Rose Revolution, and again from 25 November 2007 to 20 January 2008, when Mikheil Saakashvili stepped down to rerun in the early presidential elections. She withdrew into opposition to Saakashvili as the leader of the Democratic Movement-United Georgia party in 2008. In October 2013, she ran for president in the October 2013 election. She ran against 22 candidates and ended third with 10 percent of the vote."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lucy Brewer", "paragraph_text": "Lucy Brewer (also known as Eliza Bowen or Louisa Baker) is the pen name of a writer who purported to be the first woman in the United States Marines, serving aboard the USS \"Constitution\" as a sharpshooter. Brewer's adventures were probably written by Nathaniel Hill Wright (1787\u20131824) or Wright's publisher, Nathaniel Coverly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of female Indian governors and lieutenant governors", "paragraph_text": "Sarojini Naidu was the first female to become the governor of an Indian state. She governed Uttar Pradesh from 15 August 1947 to 2 March 1949. Her daughter, Padmaja Naidu, is the longest - serving governor with 11 - year tenure in West Bengal. Draupadi Murmu was recently appointed as the first woman governor of Jharkhand."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sandra Day O'Connor", "paragraph_text": "Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, who served from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006. She is the first woman to serve on the Court."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alfred Walton Hinds", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Walton Hinds (July 25, 1874 \u2013 December 25, 1957) was a United States Navy captain who served as the 17th Naval Governor of Guam. His early naval service included serving as Assistant Engineer aboard , the United States Navy's first battleship, where he was reprimanded for an accident aboard in 1896. In 1911, Hinds joined the staff of the United States Naval Academy, heading the Department of Marine Engineering and Naval Construction, writing a textbook on the subject while there."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chair of the Federal Reserve", "paragraph_text": "The current chair is Janet Yellen, the first woman to hold the position. She began her term on February 1, 2014, and previously served as the Vice-Chair from 2010 to 2014. The current term will end on or about February 1, 2018. On November 2, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Jerome Powell to serve as the next Chairman."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Aleka Papariga", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra \"Aleka\" Papariga (n\u00e9e Drosou; ; born 5 November 1945) is a communist Greek politician who served the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) as its General Secretary from 1991 to 2013. She is the first woman who has taken on the office of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of KKE, and thus becoming the first woman to head a major political party in Greece."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "E. Denise Simmons", "paragraph_text": "E. Denise Simmons is the former mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, having served her first mayoral term during the 2008\u20132009 term and she was the first openly lesbian African-American mayor in the United States. The previous mayor of Cambridge, Kenneth Reeves, was the first openly gay African-American mayor in the United States. As Cambridge mayor, Simmons served as head of the city's legislative body\u2014while the non-elected city manager serves as the city's chief executive officer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joan Finney", "paragraph_text": "Joan Finney (February 12, 1925 \u2013 July 28, 2001) was an American politician who served as the 42nd Governor of Kansas from 1991 to 1995, the first woman to hold that office. She had previously served four terms as the Kansas State Treasurer from 1975 to 1991, the first woman to hold that office as well."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kathy Davis", "paragraph_text": "Katherine L. Davis (born June 24, 1956) is an American politician and entrepreneur. She was the 48th lieutenant governor of Indiana, and the first woman to serve in that office."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jackie Lacey", "paragraph_text": "Jackie Lacey (born February 27, 1957) is an American politician who has served as the District Attorney of Los Angeles County since December 3, 2012. Lacey is the first woman, and first African-American, to serve as LA District Attorney since the office was created in 1850."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nathaniel Head", "paragraph_text": "Nathaniel Head (May 20, 1828 \u2013 November 12, 1883), also known as Natt Head, was an American construction material supplier and Republican politician from Hooksett, New Hampshire. Head served as a member of the House of Representatives, Adjutant General of the New Hampshire Militia, State Senator, and Governor."}], "question": "Who was the first woman to serve on the collective Head of State?"}
{"id": "2hop__745009_749601", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Seven Swans", "paragraph_text": "Seven Swans is a folk rock music album by Sufjan Stevens, released on March 16, 2004 on Sounds Familyre Records. It was recorded and produced by Daniel C. Smith, Sufjan's close friend. It includes songs about Christian spiritual themes, figures such as Abraham, and Christ's Transfiguration. The songs are primarily \"lush acoustic compositions\" with Stevens' banjo. The album was released on compact disc by Sounds Familyre Records and vinyl LP; the vinyl was released by Burnt Toast Vinyl."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hard Rock Cafe", "paragraph_text": "The chain began to expand worldwide in 1982 with locations in (among others) Toronto, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Paris, and Berlin. Hard Rock Cafe locations in the United States vary from smaller, more tourist driven markets (Biloxi, Pigeon Forge, Key West, etc.) to large metropolises (Houston, Philadelphia, New York City, Chicago, Boston, Washington, D.C., etc.). Hard Rock Cafe typically does not franchise cafe locations in the United States. All US cafes are corporate owned and operated, except for cafes in Tampa and Four Winds New Buffalo casino. However, in the transition of the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel property originally owned and then later sold to Rank by founder Peter Morton, Morton retained hotel naming rights west of the Mississippi. When Morton sold his Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel to the Morgans Hotel Group, he also sold those naming rights, which then gave rise to two US franchised hotels (without cafes) in Albuquerque and Tulsa. The Albuquerque hotel no longer pays for the Hard Rock rights and reverted to its former name in June 2013. More hotels franchised from Morgan's are planned for Sioux City and Vancouver."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Laurie Rosenwald", "paragraph_text": "Her work has appeared in \"The New Yorker\", \"The New York Times\", \"New York Magazine\", and many other publications. She has authored and illustrated three books: \"All the Wrong People Have Self-Esteem\", \"And to name but just a few: Red, Yellow, Green, Blue\", and \"New York Notebook\". She is also a painter, and has had solo exhibitions in France at \"Galerie Pixi\", and in Sweden at \"Galleri Konstepidemin\". A large mural in encaustic has been installed at Target Corporation's New York City headquarters."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cafe Gurzuf", "paragraph_text": "Cafe Gurzuf () is a painting by Alexander Nikolayevich Samokhvalov () (1894-1971), well-known Russian painter, watercolorists, graphic artist, illustrator, and art teacher, Honored Arts Worker of the Russian Federation, lived and worked in Leningrad, regarded as one of the founders and brightest representative of the Socialist Realism style. In picture artist has depicted a view of summer cafe in Gurzuf, Crimea, in the middle of the 1950s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Atomic Cafe", "paragraph_text": "The Atomic Cafe is a 1982 American documentary film produced and directed by Jayne Loader, Kevin Rafferty and Pierce Rafferty."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Top Pot Doughnuts", "paragraph_text": "Top Pot Doughnuts is a chain of coffee and doughnut cafes started in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Phonograph record", "paragraph_text": "New or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180\u2013220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformation caused by normal play. 180 g vinyl is more expensive to produce only because it uses more vinyl. Manufacturing processes are identical regardless of weight. In fact, pressing lightweight records requires more care. An exception is the propensity of 200 g pressings to be slightly more prone to non-fill, when the vinyl biscuit does not sufficiently fill a deep groove during pressing (percussion or vocal amplitude changes are the usual locations of these artifacts). This flaw causes a grinding or scratching sound at the non-fill point."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Haji Lane", "paragraph_text": "Haji Lane is in the Kampong Glam neighbourhood of Singapore. Young people frequent the shophouses along this lane for the independent fashion boutiques and Middle Eastern cafes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Notebooks of Memory", "paragraph_text": "The Notebooks of Memory is the third documentary film in a trilogy by Anne Aghion examining the aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Phonograph record", "paragraph_text": "Vinyl's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten, nor was its durability. In the late 1930s, radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl, so they would not break in the mail. In the mid-1940s, special DJ copies of records started being made of vinyl also, for the same reason. These were all 78 rpm. During and after World War II, when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac, particularly the six-minute 12-inch (30 cm) 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to United States troops in World War II. In the 1940s, radio transcriptions, which were usually on 16-inch records, but sometimes 12-inch, were always made of vinyl, but cut at 33 1\u20443 rpm. Shorter transcriptions were often cut at 78 rpm."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Grand Teddy tea-rooms paintings", "paragraph_text": "The Grand Teddy tea-rooms paintings are three oval paintings in glue distemper on canvas by \u00c9douard Vuillard commissioned by interior designer Francis Jourdain to hang on the walls of the Grand Teddy bar and cafe in Paris. They were painted in 1918. With the closure of the cafe in 1922, the paintings were bought by Jos Hessel, Vuillard's friend and art dealer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Morningside World of Stuart McLean", "paragraph_text": "The Morningside World of Stuart McLean (1989) is a collection of radio essays that first aired on CBC Radio's national weekday morning show \"\"Morningside\"\" hosted by Peter Gzowski. In the 1980s Stuart McLean appeared as a regular contributor and occasional host on the show and his slice-of-life storytelling charmed listeners across the country. The book became a Canadian bestseller."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Vinyl Cafe Notebooks", "paragraph_text": "Vinyl Cafe Notebooks: a collection of essays from The Vinyl Cafe (2010) is Stuart McLean's ninth book and each one has been a Canadian bestseller. McLean has sold over 1 million books in Canada. Unlike the other \"Vinyl Cafe\" books, these are not \"Dave and Morley stories\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Big Chief tablet", "paragraph_text": "The Big Chief tablet is a popular writing notebook designed for young children in the United States. The notebook is made with newsprint paper and features widely spaced lines, easier to use for those learning to write. The tablet has a prominent representation of a Native American in full headdress on the cover, hence the name \"Big Chief.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sean Meenan", "paragraph_text": "Sean Meenan is an American entrepreneur from New York. He conceived and owns Cafe Habana in the Nolita section of Manhattan, Habana Outpost in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, Cafe Habana Malibu in Malibu, California and Cafe Habana Dubai in Dubai, UAE. He is the initial investor in Etsy as well as the initial investor in The Elder Statesman."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Twelfth Apostle", "paragraph_text": "\"Twelfth Apostle\" carries a lot of baggage, being as it marked both the start of the \"second acoustic phase\" and the last vinyl LP to be released by Corwood Industries. Because of the latter fact, it was only available a short time when first released - not long after the first Corwood CDs came out, all vinyl was removed from the catalog with Corwood saying \"vinyl LPs no longer available.\" This seems to coincide both with a major flood in Houston and a period of time when customers received \"wet\" CDs, so the theory is that a flood may have destroyed Corwood's remaining vinyl inventory, but that has not been confirmed."}], "question": "Who is the employer of the author of The Vinyl Cafe Notebooks?"}
{"id": "2hop__136148_446338", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Johann Christian Bach", "paragraph_text": "Johann Christian Bach was born to Johann Sebastian and Anna Magdalena Bach in Leipzig, Germany. His distinguished father was already 50 at the time of his birth\u2014an age gap exemplified by the sharp differences in the musical styles of father and son. Even so, father Bach instructed Johann Christian in music until his death in 1750. After his father's death, he worked (and lived) with his second-oldest half brother Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, who was twenty-one years his senior and considered at the time to be the most musically gifted of Bach's sons."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Caveman (film)", "paragraph_text": "Caveman is a 1981 American slapstick comedy film written and directed by Carl Gottlieb and starring Ringo Starr, Dennis Quaid, Shelley Long and Barbara Bach."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Weber Inlet", "paragraph_text": "Weber Inlet () is a broad ice-filled inlet, which indents the south part of the Beethoven Peninsula, lying southwest of Bennett Dome, forming the northwest arm of Bach Ice Shelf in the southwest portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The inlet was first mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947\u201348, by Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Carl Maria von Weber (1786\u20131826), a German composer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Louis Philippe I", "paragraph_text": "Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 \u2013 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848. His father Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans had taken the name \"Philippe \u00c9galit\u00e9\" because he initially supported the French Revolution. However, following the deposition and execution of his cousin King Louis XVI, Louis Philippe fled the country. His father denounced his actions and voted for his death, but was imprisoned and executed that same year. Louis Philippe spent the next 21 years in exile before returning during the Bourbon Restoration. He was proclaimed king in 1830 after his cousin Charles X was forced to abdicate by the July Revolution. The reign of Louis Philippe is known as the July Monarchy and was dominated by wealthy industrialists and bankers. He followed conservative policies, especially under the influence of French statesman Fran\u00e7ois Guizot during the period 1840\u201348. He also promoted friendship with Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria. His popularity faded as economic conditions in France deteriorated in 1847, and he was forced to abdicate after the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1848. He lived out his life in exile in the United Kingdom. His supporters were known as Orl\u00e9anists, as opposed to Legitimists who supported the main line of the House of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Carl-Philipp-Emanuel-Bach-Stra\u00dfe", "paragraph_text": "Named after the 18th-century German musician and composer Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, \"Carl-Philipp-Emanuel-Bach-Stra\u00dfe\" is indeed one of the longest street names in the world, certainly Germany."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gemmersdorf", "paragraph_text": "Gemmersdorf is a village in Austria with 687 inhabitants and is a district of the municipality Sankt Andr\u00e4. It's situated on the Gemmersdorfer Stra\u00dfe at the foot of Koralpe, six kilometres east of Sankt Andr\u00e4."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Frankfurter Tor", "paragraph_text": "The previously unnamed square received the name \u201cFrankfurter Tor\u201d on 8 November 1957 in the course of its reconstruction after World War II. The designation recalls both the historic city gate of the Berlin Customs Wall, providing access to the road to the city of Frankfurt (Oder), as well as two former street names, Gro\u00dfe Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe and Frankfurter Allee, for the Wilhelmine east\u2013west axis of the major intersection at this location. The original location of the gate, however, was approximately west of today\u2019s Frankfurter Tor intersection, near Weberwiese station. The densely built-up area was largely destroyed by the bombing of Berlin in World War II and the Battle of Berlin in 1945."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Children of the Street", "paragraph_text": "Children of the Street (German: Kinder der Stra\u00dfe) is a 1929 German silent film directed by Carl Boese and starring Lissy Arna, Heinrich George and Rudolf Biebrach."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach", "paragraph_text": "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (8 March 1714 \u2013 14 December 1788), also formerly spelled Karl Philipp Emmanuel Bach, was a German Classical period musician and composer, the fifth child and second (surviving) son of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach. His second name was given in honor of his godfather Georg Philipp Telemann, a friend of Johann Sebastian Bach."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jean-Christophe Mitterrand", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Christophe Mitterrand was freed three weeks later, on 11 January 2001, after his mother, Danielle Mitterrand, managed to post a bail 5 million francs (\u20ac762,000). However, he was indicted again on July 4, 2001, on charges of \"complicity of arms traffic\" by the magistrates Philippe Courroye and Isabelle Pr\u00e9vost-Desprez, following a complaint filed in January 2001 by the Socialist Minister of Defence Alain Richard."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shostakovich Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "Shostakovich Peninsula is an ice-covered peninsula lying north of Stravinsky Inlet and extending into Bach Ice Shelf in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica. The peninsula was first mapped by Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery of Antarctica supplied by U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (1906-1975). Shostakovich Peninsula is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Karel Hal\u00ed\u0159", "paragraph_text": "Karel Hal\u00ed\u0159 was born in Hohenelbe, Bohemia (now Vrchlab\u00ed, Czech Republic), and studied with Anton\u00edn Bennewitz in Prague (1867\u201373) and with Joseph Joachim in Berlin (1874\u201376). For the next four years (1876-1879) he was part of the Benjamin BilseKapelle in Berlin. He was concertmaster of the orchestras at K\u00f6nigsberg (1879), Mannheim (1881) and Weimar (1884\u201394). He first started getting attention as a soloist with his playing of the Bach Double Concerto with Joseph Joachim at the Bach Festival at Eisenach in 1884. In 1893 Hal\u00ed\u0159 took over as concert master with the Berlin opera orchestra, the K\u00f6nigliche Kapelle, and joined the faculty of the Berlin K\u00f6nigliche Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik. At that time he started his own quartet in Berlin with Carl Markees, Adolf M\u00fcller, and Hugo Dechert.\u00a0 Later he also founded a Piano Trio group with his Hochschule colleague Georg Schumann on piano and Hugo Dechert on cello. Hal\u00ed\u0159 became the second violinist of the Joachim Quartet in 1897, joining Joachim, Emanuel Wirth on viola, and Robert Hausmann on cello."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Joseph Friedrich Hummel", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Friedrich Hummel (14 August 1841 in Innsbruck \u2013 29 August 1919 in Salzburg) was an Austrian choral conductor, composer and music teacher. Father of musicologist Walter Hummel, he was a musician and promoter of the works of Wagner, Bruckner and Strauss, a representative of the more creative sounding musical culture of his time. The Josef-Friedrich-Hummel-Stra\u00dfe, a street in Salzburg located in close proximity to the main building of the Mozarteum, was named after him."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lori Grimes", "paragraph_text": "Lori Grimes is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies in the American television series of the same name in the show's first three seasons. Created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Tony Moore, the character made her debut in The Walking Dead # 2 in 2003. In both forms of media, she is the wife of protagonist Rick Grimes and mother of Carl, and serves as the emotional core of the group. The character escaped the zombie apocalypse with Carl and Rick's partner Shane Walsh, and, believing her husband to be dead, started a relationship with Shane."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Reichstag (North German Confederation)", "paragraph_text": "The Reichstag was the Parliament of the North German Confederation (), founded after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It functioned until the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. Parliamentary sessions were held in the same building as the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, the Prussian House of Lords, located at 3 Leipziger Stra\u00dfe in Berlin, Germany. The same location is now the home of the German Federal Bundesrat."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Portrait of P. D. Q. Bach", "paragraph_text": "Portrait of P. D. Q. Bach was released in 1977 on Vanguard Records. The album features mostly the work of Peter Schickele writing as P. D. Q. Bach, with one contribution under his own name."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Franz Carl M\u00fcller-Lyer", "paragraph_text": "Franz Carl M\u00fcller-Lyer, born Francis Xavier Hermann M\u00fcller (5 February 1857 - 29 October 1916) was a German psychologist and sociologist. The M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion is named after him."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Carl, Duke of W\u00fcrttemberg", "paragraph_text": "Carl Maria Peter Ferdinand Philipp Albrecht Joseph Michael Pius Konrad Robert Ulrich Herzog von W\u00fcrttemberg (born 1 August 1936) is the current head of the House of W\u00fcrttemberg."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Emanuelle and the White Slave Trade", "paragraph_text": "\"Emanuelle and the White Slave Trade\" features the investigative journalist character known to her readers as 'Emanuelle' (Laura Gemser). Like most films directed or produced by Joe D'Amato, it is an attempt to capitalise on the commercial success of another film - in this case the 1977 film \"The French Woman\" (). The film is one of the Black Emanuelle films with the heaviest censorship, eight minutes cut in a theatrical release."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Philippe Parrot", "paragraph_text": "Philippe Parrot (born 13 May 1831 in Excideuil, died 1894) was a French painter. A street in P\u00e9rigueux is named after him."}], "question": "Who was the mother of the person the Carl-Philipp-Emanuel-Bach-Stra\u00dfe is named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__107806_652060", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Scugnizzi", "paragraph_text": "Scugnizzi is a 1989 Italian musical drama, directed by Nanni Loy. The film is also called \"Street Kids\" in the American market."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Opening Day of Close-Up", "paragraph_text": "Opening Day of Close-Up () is a 1996 Italian short film directed by Nanni Moretti. It was screened out of competition at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Michael Rowe", "paragraph_text": "Michael \"Mike\" Rowe is an American television writer, producer and comedian. He has written for \"Becker\", \"The Nanny\", \"Futurama\", \"Paranormal Action Squad\" and \"Family Guy\", as well as writing the episode of \"The PJs\", \"A Race to His Credit\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Watch House", "paragraph_text": "The Watch House is a 1977 fiction book by Robert Westall. The main story is about a teenager called Anne, who is left to spend the summer with her mother's old nanny. While there she explores the watch house, writes a guidebook for the watch house and is haunted by a ghost. It is split up into three parts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang", "paragraph_text": "Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang (released in the United States and Canada as Nanny McPhee Returns) is a 2010 fantasy comedy family film directed by Susanna White, produced by Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Lindsay Doran with music by James Newton Howard and co-produced by StudioCanal, Relativity Media, Working Title Films and Three Strange Angels. It is a sequel to the 2005 film \"Nanny McPhee\". It was adapted by Emma Thompson from Christianna Brand's \"Nurse Matilda\" books. Thompson reprises her role as Nanny McPhee, and the film also stars Maggie Gyllenhaal, Ralph Fiennes, Rhys Ifans, Ewan McGregor, Asa Butterfield and Maggie Smith. The film was theatrically released on August 20, 2010 by Universal Pictures."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "April (1998 film)", "paragraph_text": "April () is a 1998 Italian semi-autobiographical film directed by Nanni Moretti. Moretti also played the central character, a filmmaker who has to deal with Italy's political situation, his own goals as an artist and becoming a father."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Nanny", "paragraph_text": "The Nanny is an American television sitcom which originally aired on CBS from 1993 to 1999, starring Fran Drescher as Fran Fine, a Jewish fashion queen from Flushing, New York, who becomes the nanny of three children from the New York/British high society."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Annie Esmond", "paragraph_text": "Esmond was born in Surrey, England. She made her stage debut in pantomime in Sheffield in 1891 and later appeared on the American as well as British stage for many years before going into silent films and later talkies. She became a prolific supporting actress in films, often playing servants and nannies, as in \"Dear Octopus\" (1943)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Happily Divorced episodes", "paragraph_text": "\"Happily Divorced\" is an American sitcom created for TV Land by Fran Drescher and Peter Marc Jacobson, based upon their own real-life experiences. It is TV Land's third sitcom after \"Hot in Cleveland\" and \"Retired at 35\". Fran Drescher stars as Fran, a Los Angeles florist who finds out her husband Peter (John Michael Higgins), to whom she has been married for eighteen years, is gay. Naturally, they get a divorce but, because of their tight financial situation, they continue to live in the same house together. The series is based on Drescher and Jacobson's real-life divorce and his eventual coming out. The series ran from June 15, 2011 to February 13, 2013. On August 23, 2013, TV Land cancelled the series after two seasons. A total of thirty-four episodes were produced and aired."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "25th Torino Film Festival", "paragraph_text": "The 25th Torino Film Festival was held 23 November\u00a0\u2013 1 December 2007 in Turin, Italy and was directed by Nanni Moretti."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Nanny Plum is Holly, Daisy and Poppy's nanny and 'teacher', and a general housekeeper for the King and Queen. She is very good at magic and capable of speaking many animal languages (including ones which she claims to be a bit difficult such as Mole, Aardvark, Ant, Centipede and Alien). She often ends up in all kinds of trouble when trying to help Holly and friends. She is also a tooth fairy. Although being quite bossy, she is very good at cleaning with magic. She rivals the Wise Old Elf mainly due to their differing opinions over the use of magic. She is a teacher at the Fairy School and also works as a maid. Nanny Plum is voiced by Sarah Ann Kennedy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Michael McCoy", "paragraph_text": "Michael McCoy (born September 16, 1944 in Eaton Rapids, Michigan) is an American industrial designer and educator who has made significant contributions to American design and design education in the latter half of the 20th century. McCoy is best known as the co-chair of the graduate program in Design at Cranbrook Academy of Art where he and spouse Katherine McCoy pioneered semantic approaches to design."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Live-In", "paragraph_text": "Live-In is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from March 20, 1989 to May 29, 1989. The series stars Australian actress Lisa Patrick and was described as an updated version of \"Nanny and the Professor\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Deanwood", "paragraph_text": "Deanwood is a neighborhood in Northeast Washington, D.C., bounded by Eastern Avenue to the northeast, Kenilworth Avenue to the northwest, Division Avenue to the southeast, and Nannie Helen Burroughs Avenue to the south."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "All My Friends Part 2", "paragraph_text": "All My Friends Part 2 () is a 1982 Italian comedy film directed by Mario Monicelli. It is the sequel to \"Amici miei\" of 1975. The movie features Paolo Stoppa in one of his last roles. The last chapter of this saga is \"Amici miei - Atto III\", directed by Nanni Loy (1985)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service", "paragraph_text": "The Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service serves as the head of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also commonly known as MI6), which is part of the United Kingdom intelligence community. The Chief is appointed by the Foreign Secretary, to whom he directly reports. Annual reports are also made to the Prime Minister."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mary Poppins (film)", "paragraph_text": "In Edwardian London, 1910, Bert entertains a crowd as a one - man band when he senses a change in the wind. Afterwards, he directly addresses the audience, and gives them a tour of Cherry Tree Lane, stopping outside the Banks family's home. George Banks returns home to learn from Winifred that Katie Nanna has left their service after Jane and Michael ran away again. They are returned shortly after by Constable Jones, who reveals the children were chasing a lost kite. The children ask their father to help build a better kite, but he dismisses them. Taking it upon himself to hire a new nanny, Mr. Banks advertises for a stern, no - nonsense nanny. Instead, Jane and Michael present their own advertisement for a kinder, sweeter nanny. Mr. Banks rips up the letter, and throws the scraps in the fireplace, but the remains of the advertisement magically float up, and out into the air."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Interracial marriage", "paragraph_text": "Interracial marriage is a form of exogamy that involves a marriage between spouses who belong to different races. It was historically a taboo in the United States of America and outlawed in South Africa. It was formally declared legal in the United States in 1967 when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case Loving v. Virginia that race - based restrictions on the set of individuals whom an individual is eligible to marry violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gregoire Boonzaier", "paragraph_text": "Gregoire Boonzaier was the fifth child of political cartoonist Dani\u00ebl Cornelis Boonzaier and his cousin Maria Elizabeth Boonzaier. Early on Gregoire made the acquaintance of the artists Pieter Wenning, Nita Spilhaus, Moses Kottler and Anton van Wouw, all of whom were close family friends."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the actress playing the nanny in The Nanny?"}
{"id": "2hop__22354_22359", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federation of Australian Historical Societies", "paragraph_text": "The Federation of Australian Historical Societies (FAHS) is the peak body for historical societies throughout Australia. It has eight constituent members, one in each of the Australian states and internal self-governing territories. It lobbies governments on behalf of the sector and has formed alliances with other related bodies. It promotes uniform national standards through guides and other publications and fosters historical research, writing and education through fellowships and awards."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Ministerpr\u00e4sident (Minister-President), together with a unicameral legislative body known as the Landtag (State Diet). The states are parliamentary republics and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the Minister-President is then chosen by a majority vote among the Landtag's members. The Minister-President appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "All Recognized Student Organizations, from the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt to Model UN, in addition to academic teams, sports club, arts groups, and more are funded by The University of Chicago Student Government. Student Government is made up of graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit. It is led by an Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration and the other for Student Life, elected together as a slate by the student body each spring. Its annual budget is greater than $2 million."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Government of Texas", "paragraph_text": "Partly because of many elected officials, the governor's powers are quite limited in comparison to other state governors or the U.S. President. In popular lore and belief the lieutenant governor, who heads the Senate and appoints its committees, has more power than the governor. The governor commands the state militia and can veto bills passed by the Legislature and call special sessions of the Legislature (this power is exclusive to the governor and can be exercised as often as desired). The governor also appoints members of various executive boards and fills judicial vacancies between elections. All members of the executive branch are elected statewide except for the Secretary of State (appointed) and the State Board of Education (each of its 15 members are elected from single - member districts)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Composition of the human body", "paragraph_text": "There are many species of bacteria and other microorganisms that live on or inside the healthy human body. In fact, 90% of the cells in (or on) a human body are microbes, by number (much less by mass or volume). Some of these symbionts are necessary for our health. Those that neither help nor harm humans are called commensal organisms."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "National People's Congress", "paragraph_text": "The National People's Congress (usually abbreviated NPC) is the national legislature of the People's Republic of China. With 2,924 members in 2017, it is the largest parliamentary body in the world. Under China's current Constitution, the NPC is structured as a unicameral legislature, with the power to legislate, the power to oversee the operations of the government, and the power to elect the major officers of state. The NPC and the National Committee of the People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), a consultative body whose members represent various social groups, are the main deliberative bodies of China, and are often referred to as the Lianghui (Two Assemblies)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state. It is among the oldest constitutions in the world. A new Constitution was adopted in 1999, but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. There are three main governing bodies on the federal level: the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Federal government of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Federal government of Mexico (alternately known as the Government of the Republic or Gobierno de la Rep\u00fablica) is the national government of the United Mexican States, the central government established by its constitution to share sovereignty over the republic with the governments of the 31 individual Mexican states, and to represent such governments before international bodies such as the United Nations. The Mexican federal government has three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial and functions per the Constitution of the United Mexican States, as enacted in 1917, and as amended."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Government of Florida", "paragraph_text": "The Governor of Florida is the chief executive of the government of Florida and the chief administrative officer of the state responsible for the planning and budgeting for the state, and serves as chair when the Governor and the Florida Cabinet sit as a decision - making body in various constitutional roles. The Governor has the power to execute Florida's laws and to call out the state militia to preserve the public peace, being Commander - in - Chief of the state's military forces that are not in active service of the United States. At least once every legislative session, the Governor is required to deliver the ``State of the State Address ''to the Florida Legislature regarding the condition and operation of the state government and to suggest new legislation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. \"People's Courts\" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Iceland", "paragraph_text": "Iceland is a representative democracy and a parliamentary republic. The modern parliament, Al\u00feingi (English: Althing), was founded in 1845 as an advisory body to the Danish monarch. It was widely seen as a re-establishment of the assembly founded in 930 in the Commonwealth period and yet temporaily suspended from 1799 to 1845. Consequently, \"it is arguably the world's oldest parliamentary democracy.\" It currently has 63 members, elected for a maximum period of four years.The head of government is the prime minister who, together with the cabinet, is responsible for executive government."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "James Baldwin (Los Angeles)", "paragraph_text": "James Baldwin was an early settler and blacksmith in Los Angeles, California, arriving some time after 1858. He was a member of the Los Angeles Common Council, the governing body of that city, in 1859\u201360."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "Although the European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has laws which \"constitute\" its basic governance structure. The EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states. The Treaties establish the EU's institutions, list their powers and responsibilities, and explain the areas in which the EU can legislate with Directives or Regulations. The European Commission has the initiative to propose legislation. During the ordinary legislative procedure, the Council (which are ministers from member state governments) and the European Parliament (elected by citizens) can make amendments and must give their consent for laws to pass. The Commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce EU law. The \"European Council\" (rather than the Council, made up of different government Ministers) is composed of the Prime Ministers or executive Presidents of the member states. It appoints the Commissioners and the board of the European Central Bank. The European Court of Justice is the supreme judicial body which interprets EU law, and develops it through precedent. The Court can review the legality of the EU institutions' actions, in compliance with the Treaties. It can also decide upon claims for breach of EU laws from member states and citizens."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, but is not a member of the European Economic Area. An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but not advanced since the EEA was rejected in December 1992 when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum on the EEA. There have since been several referenda on the EU issue; due to a mixed reaction from the population the membership application has been frozen. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to conform with that of the EU, and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been completely surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland, a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "FIFA Women's World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The FIFA Women's World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior women's national teams of the members of F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The competition has been held every four years since 1991, when the inaugural tournament, then called the FIFA Women's World Championship, was held in China."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cantonal police", "paragraph_text": "The 26 cantonal police agencies and numerous municipal police agencies are the backbone of Swiss law enforcement. They are not subordinate to federal authorities. Their commanding officers report to the head of the respective cantonal or municipal department of police, who is a member of the cantonal or municipal governing council."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Missouri", "paragraph_text": "The current Constitution of Missouri, the fourth constitution for the state, was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government: the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch consists of two bodies: the House of Representatives and the Senate. These bodies comprise the Missouri General Assembly."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nonprofit organization", "paragraph_text": "The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these \"board-only\" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks \"members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?\"."}], "question": "How many members are in the executive body of the Swiss government?"}
{"id": "2hop__109129_310309", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society", "paragraph_text": "A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society is an 1831 oil on canvas work by English painter Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting a Newfoundland dog. The original was damaged in a flood whilst on loan to the Tate Gallery in 1928, and was returned to public view for the first time in 50 years after it was restored in 2009."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Thomas Hurka", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Hurka (born 1952) is a Canadian philosopher who holds the Jackman Distinguished Chair in Philosophical Studies at the University of Toronto and who taught previously, from 1978 to 2002, at the University of Calgary. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2001."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oleg Petrovich Orlov", "paragraph_text": "Oleg Petrovich Orlov (born April 4, 1953 in Moscow) is a biologist, participator in post-soviet human rights movements in Russia, chairman of the Board of Human Rights Center \u201cMemorial,\u201d executive board member of the Center's International, Historic-Educational Society. From 2004-2006 was in the President of the Russian Federation's council for the development of civil society and human rights institutions. Laureate of the \u201cFor Freedom of Thought\u201d award, given in honor of Andrei Sakharov (2009). Member of the federal political council movement \u201cSolidarity.\u201d"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dennis Hightower", "paragraph_text": "He spent his formative years in Washington, D.C., and graduated from McKinley High School in 1958, at age 16, as class president. He entered Howard University that same year and graduated in 1962, at age 20, with a B.S. degree. While at Howard, he was a student leader; a student athlete (swimming, riflery and rowing); the top graduating senior and a Distinguished Military Graduate of the Army ROTC program; and a member of Kappa Delta Pi (National Education Honor Society), Scabbard and Blade (National Military Honor Society), and Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Simon Blackburn", "paragraph_text": "He retired as the professor of philosophy at the University of Cambridge in 2011, but remains a distinguished research professor of philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, teaching every fall semester. He is also a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and a member of the professoriate of New College of the Humanities. He was previously a Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford and has also taught full-time at the University of North Carolina as an Edna J. Koury Professor. He is a former president of the Aristotelian Society, having served the 2009\u20132010 term. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2002 and a Foreign Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2008."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Binny Yanga", "paragraph_text": "Binny Yanga (7 July 1958 \u2013 3 September 2015) was an Indian social worker, a member of the National Planning Commission of India and the founder of Oju Welfare Association (OWA), a non governmental organization based in Arunachal Pradesh, working for the welfare of the weaker sections of the society and campaigning against social Illnesses such as child marriage, forced marriage and dowry. She was honored by the Government of India, in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bruce Lincoln", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Lincoln (born 1948) is Caroline E. Haskell Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of the History of Religions in the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, where he also holds positions in the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Committee on the Ancient Mediterranean World, Committee on the History of Culture, and in the departments of Anthropology and Classics (Associate Member). Before his arrival at the University of Chicago, Lincoln taught at the University of Minnesota (1976\u20131994), where he co-founded the Program in Comparative Studies in Discourse and Society."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Neville A. Stanton", "paragraph_text": "Neville A. Stanton is a British Professor of Human Factors and Ergonomics at the University of Southampton. Prof Stanton is a Chartered Engineer (C.Eng), Chartered Psychologist (C.Psychol) and Chartered Ergonomist (C.ErgHF). He has written and edited over a forty books and over three hundered peer-reviewed journal papers on applications of the subject. Stanton is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society, a Fellow of The Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors and a member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology. He has been published in academic journals including \"Nature\". He has also helped organisations design new human-machine interfaces, such as the Adaptive Cruise Control system for Jaguar Cars."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "European Journal of Human Genetics", "paragraph_text": "The European Journal of Human Genetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group on behalf of the European Society of Human Genetics. It covers all aspects of human genetics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charles A. Kraus", "paragraph_text": "He was awarded several medals from the American Chemical Society, including the Priestley Medal in 1950. He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1938, the Navy Distinguished Public Service Award in 1948, and the Willard Gibbs Award in 1935."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "King Olav V's Prize for Cancer Research", "paragraph_text": "The King Olav V's Prize for Cancer Research is a research award given annually by the Norwegian Cancer Society to a researcher who has distinguished himself through his scientific contributions to Norwegian cancer research. It was established in 1992."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "William Luxton", "paragraph_text": "Luxton was a founder of the Winnipeg Humane Society. He served as chairman of the Winnipeg School Board from 1885-87."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Leroy P. Steele Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Leroy P. Steele Prizes are awarded every year by the American Mathematical Society, for distinguished research work and writing in the field of mathematics. Since 1993 there has been a formal division into three categories."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Culture", "paragraph_text": "In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious \u2013 discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Linda Greenhouse", "paragraph_text": "Linda Joyce Greenhouse (born January 9, 1947) is the Knight Distinguished Journalist in Residence and Joseph M. Goldstein Lecturer in Law at Yale Law School. She is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter who covered the United States Supreme Court for nearly three decades for \"The New York Times\". She is President of the American Philosophical Society (since 2017), and a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Senate."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Maria Goranova", "paragraph_text": "Maria Goranova (Bulgarian: \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430) is an associate professor of management at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. She conducts research on shareholder empowerment and activism, corporate governance, and corporate strategy. She serves on the editorial board of Journal of Management, and is a member of the Academy of Management, International Association for Business and Society, and Strategic Management Society. Her research has been published in a number of leading journals including Strategic Management Journal, Organization Science, Academy of Management Perspectives, Journal of Business Research, and Academy of Management Proceedings. She is also recipient of Distinguished Paper and Best Reviewer Awards from the Academy of Management."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Edwin Lutyens", "paragraph_text": "Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, (; ; 29 March 1869 \u2013 1 January 1944) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses, war memorials and public buildings. In his biography, the writer Christopher Hussey wrote, \"In his lifetime (Lutyens) was widely held to be our greatest architect since Wren if not, as many maintained, his superior\". The architectural historian Gavin Stamp described him as \"surely the greatest British architect of the twentieth (or of any other) century\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Erwin Planck", "paragraph_text": "Born in Charlottenburg (today part of Berlin), Erwin Planck was the fourth child of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Max Planck (1858\u20131947) and his first wife Marie, n\u00e9e Merck (1861\u20131909). His father held a professorship at the Berlin Frederick William University since 1889 and had become a notable member of the German Physical Society (DPG); his children grew up in the wealthy environment of the Grunewald mansions colony."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lord Lewis Prize", "paragraph_text": "The Lord Lewis Prize is awarded by the Royal Society of Chemistry for distinctive and distinguished chemical or scientific achievements together with significant contributions to the development of science policy. The recipient receives a medal, a certificate and a prize of \u00a35,000."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anthropology", "paragraph_text": "Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history."}], "question": "Who is the child of the painter of A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society?"}
{"id": "2hop__42066_199412", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Infitah", "paragraph_text": "Infitah ( \"\", \"openness\") was Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's policy of \"opening the door\" to private investment in Egypt in the years following the 1973 October War (Yom Kippur War) with Israel. Infitah was accompanied by a break with longtime ally and aid-giver the USSR \u2014 which was replaced by the United States \u2014 and by a peace process with Israel symbolized by Sadat's dramatic flight to Jerusalem in 1977. Infitah ended the domination of Egypt's economy by the public sector and encouraged both domestic and foreign investment in the private sector. The Egyptian Army's cross through the Suez canal in the October 1973/Yom Kippur War, which most Egyptians considered a strategic victory, gave Sadat the prestige to initiate a major reversal of Gamal Abdel Nasser's policies."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a \"golden age\" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, \"We are your soldiers, Gamal!\" Nasser retracted his decision the next day."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty, Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Despite that, Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians. Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East, most notably its handling of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the peace process. Egypt's ceasefire and truce brokering efforts in Gaza have hardly been challenged following Israel's evacuation of its settlements from the strip in 2005, despite increasing animosity towards the Hamas government in Gaza following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi, and despite recent attempts by countries like Turkey and Qatar to take over this role."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Reda Shehata", "paragraph_text": "Reda Shehata (born January 24, 1981 in Egypt) is an Egyptian football midfielder. He is a member of the Egypt national football team."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u200e, IPA: [\u0261\u00e6\u02c8m\u00e6\u02d0l \u0295\u00e6bden\u02c8n\u0251\u02d0s\u02e4e\u027e \u0127e\u02c8se\u02d0n]; 15 January 1918 \u2013 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Iraq War", "paragraph_text": "The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States - led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3 -- 4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred as part of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush following the September 11 terrorist attacks."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Iraq War", "paragraph_text": "The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States - led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3 -- 4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred under the pretext of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of US President George W. Bush following the September 11 terror attacks."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into \"a nonstop shouting match\". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser\u2013Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ancient Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Following the death of Ramesses XI in 1078 BC, Smendes assumed authority over the northern part of Egypt, ruling from the city of Tanis. The south was effectively controlled by the High Priests of Amun at Thebes, who recognized Smendes in name only. During this time, Libyans had been settling in the western delta, and chieftains of these settlers began increasing their autonomy. Libyan princes took control of the delta under Shoshenq I in 945 BC, founding the so-called Libyan or Bubastite dynasty that would rule for some 200 years. Shoshenq also gained control of southern Egypt by placing his family members in important priestly positions. Libyan control began to erode as a rival dynasty in the delta arose in Leontopolis, and Kushites threatened from the south. Around 727 BC the Kushite king Piye invaded northward, seizing control of Thebes and eventually the Delta.Egypt's far-reaching prestige declined considerably toward the end of the Third Intermediate Period. Its foreign allies had fallen under the Assyrian sphere of influence, and by 700 BC war between the two states became inevitable. Between 671 and 667 BC the Assyrians began their attack on Egypt. The reigns of both Taharqa and his successor, Tanutamun, were filled with constant conflict with the Assyrians, against whom Egypt enjoyed several victories. Ultimately, the Assyrians pushed the Kushites back into Nubia, occupied Memphis, and sacked the temples of Thebes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Egypt II: The Heliopolis Prophecy", "paragraph_text": "Egypt 2: The Heliopolis Prophecy is an adventure video game developed and published by Cryo Interactive for the PC and PlayStation in 2000. It was released for Mac OS X in May 2012. \"Egypt 2\" follows \"Egypt 1156 B.C.\" and is followed by \"Egypt III\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of US economic sanctions, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah) (two Muslim countries that also have large Shiite populations). During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, the Iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly Sunni \"Arab street,\" due to its support for Hezbollah and to President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's vehement opposition to the United States and his call that Israel shall vanish."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic world, particularly in the Arab world. For many years it was described as \"semi-legal\" and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections. In the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011\u20132012, the political parties identified as \"Islamist\" (the Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, Salafi Al-Nour Party and liberal Islamist Al-Wasat Party) won 75% of the total seats. Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. He was deposed during the 2013 Egyptian coup d'\u00e9tat."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States; and making peace with Israel \u2013 released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His \"encouraging of the emergence of the Islamist movement\" was said to have been \"imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed.\"  This \"gentlemen's agreement\" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions. Sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in Egypt in the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers \"in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Days of Sadat", "paragraph_text": "Ayyam El Sadat (, English: \"The Days of Sadat\") is a 2001 Egyptian biographical film about President of Egypt Anwar Al Sadat. The movie starred several prominent actors, with Ahmad Zaki as the Egyptian president. It is considered to be one of Zaki's greatest performances, capturing intimate details about the president in great accuracy. One notable characteristic of Sadat was his speech pattern, which Ahmad Zaki captured strongly in his performance."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fawzia Mohamed", "paragraph_text": "Fawzia Mohamed (; born 1983 in Cairo, Egypt) is an Egyptian beauty queen and model. She was the official Pantene Miss Egypt 2006 titleholder, at age 22. She represented Egypt in the Miss Universe 2006 pageant."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Faiza Abou el-Naga", "paragraph_text": "Faiza Abou el-Naga is an Egyptian politician who served as minister of planning and international cooperation of Egypt during the Mubarak era and the transition period. She was appointed as Egypt's national security advisor by President Abdelfattah El Sisi."}], "question": "What conflict did the president of Egypt take part in?"}
{"id": "2hop__37136_199412", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War, a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. it presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be \"baseless\". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "On 5 March, Nasser's security coterie arrested thousands of participants in the uprising. As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics. The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution, namely the workers, peasants, and petty bourgeois, to oppose the decrees, with one million transport workers launching a strike and thousands of peasants entering Cairo in protest in late March. Naguib sought to crackdown on the protesters, but his requests were rebuffed by the heads of the security forces. On 29 March, Nasser announced the decrees' revocation in response to the \"impulse of the street.\" Between April and June, hundreds of Naguib's supporters in the military were either arrested or dismissed, and Mohieddin was informally exiled to Switzerland to represent the RCC abroad. King Saud of Saudi Arabia attempted to mend relations between Nasser and Naguib, but to no avail."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as \"leader of the Arabs\". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the \"parochialism\" of successive Arab leaders \"transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the \"Final Communique\" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, \"nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today\". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him\u2014although Nasser's involvement was never established\u2014and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being \"a tool of the imperialists\". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease\u2014two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September. Consequently, Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967. Most of Nasser's old colleagues had questioned the wisdom of continuing the war, but Amer reassured Nasser of their coming victory. Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a \"miscalculation\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Infitah", "paragraph_text": "Infitah ( \"\", \"openness\") was Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's policy of \"opening the door\" to private investment in Egypt in the years following the 1973 October War (Yom Kippur War) with Israel. Infitah was accompanied by a break with longtime ally and aid-giver the USSR \u2014 which was replaced by the United States \u2014 and by a peace process with Israel symbolized by Sadat's dramatic flight to Jerusalem in 1977. Infitah ended the domination of Egypt's economy by the public sector and encouraged both domestic and foreign investment in the private sector. The Egyptian Army's cross through the Suez canal in the October 1973/Yom Kippur War, which most Egyptians considered a strategic victory, gave Sadat the prestige to initiate a major reversal of Gamal Abdel Nasser's policies."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March, after Qasim's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul, launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities. Nasser had considered dispatching troops to aid his Iraqi sympathizers, but decided against it. He clamped down on Egyptian communist activity due to the key backing Iraqi communists provided Qasim. Several influential communists were arrested, including Nasser's old comrade Khaled Mohieddin, who had been allowed to re-enter Egypt in 1956."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces. Nasser berated Amer and Salem, and vowed, \"Nobody is going to surrender.\" Nasser assumed military command. Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied, Nasser's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged. To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease\u2014two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training\u2014short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a \"special case\", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 27 August. Nasser was tipped off about their activities and, after several invitations, he convinced Amer to meet him at his home on 24 August. Nasser confronted Amer about the coup plot, which he denied before being arrested by Mohieddin. Amer committed suicide on 14 September. Despite his souring relationship with Amer, Nasser spoke of losing \"the person closest to [him]\". Thereafter, Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces, arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the \"Arab notion of glory\", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to \"Glory of the Arabs\"\u2014a rare name in Egypt."}], "question": "Which conflict is a victory for the successor of Nasser?"}
{"id": "2hop__10840_199412", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Aziz Abaza", "paragraph_text": "Aziz Abaza (, born 13 August 1898 \u2013 11 July 1973) was an Egyptian poet. He is known as one of the prominent poets in modern Egyptian and Arab literature."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egyptian Ratscrew", "paragraph_text": "Egyptian Ratscrew (also known as Egyptian Ratslap, Egyptian Ratkiller, Egyptian War, ERS and by other names) is a card game of the matching family of games. The game is similar to the 19th century British card game Beggar - My - Neighbour, with the added concept of ``slapping ''cards when certain combinations are played, similar to and perhaps borrowed from Slapjack."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat", "paragraph_text": "The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981. Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel - Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The assassination was undertaken by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hala El Badry", "paragraph_text": "Hala El Badry (born 1954 in Cairo), a graduate of Cairo University, is an Egyptian journalist and novelist. She is deputy editor of an Egyptian radio and television magazine."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Iraq War", "paragraph_text": "The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States - led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3 -- 4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred under the pretext of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of US President George W. Bush following the September 11 terror attacks."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Infitah", "paragraph_text": "Infitah ( \"\", \"openness\") was Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's policy of \"opening the door\" to private investment in Egypt in the years following the 1973 October War (Yom Kippur War) with Israel. Infitah was accompanied by a break with longtime ally and aid-giver the USSR \u2014 which was replaced by the United States \u2014 and by a peace process with Israel symbolized by Sadat's dramatic flight to Jerusalem in 1977. Infitah ended the domination of Egypt's economy by the public sector and encouraged both domestic and foreign investment in the private sector. The Egyptian Army's cross through the Suez canal in the October 1973/Yom Kippur War, which most Egyptians considered a strategic victory, gave Sadat the prestige to initiate a major reversal of Gamal Abdel Nasser's policies."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into \"a nonstop shouting match\". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser\u2013Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mary G. Steiner Egyptian Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Egyptian Theatre is located at 328 Main Street in Park City, Utah in the United States. It has also been referred to as the Mary J. Steiner Egyptian Theatre or Egyptian Theatre in Park City."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, \"nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today\". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, \"I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic. Arabic was adopted by the Egyptians after the Arab invasion of Egypt. The spoken languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%), Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi and others. Additionally, Greek, Armenian and Italian are the main languages of immigrants. In Alexandria in the 19th century there was a large community of Italian Egyptians and Italian was the \"lingua franca\" of the city."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ala'ab Damanhour SC", "paragraph_text": "Damanhour Sporting Club (), is an Egyptian football club based in Damanhour, Egypt. The club is currently playing in the Egyptian Second Division, the second-highest league in the Egyptian football league system."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Faiza Abou el-Naga", "paragraph_text": "Faiza Abou el-Naga is an Egyptian politician who served as minister of planning and international cooperation of Egypt during the Mubarak era and the transition period. She was appointed as Egypt's national security advisor by President Abdelfattah El Sisi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Egyptian pound", "paragraph_text": "The Egyptian pound (Egyptian Arabic: \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649\u200e Gen\u0113h Ma\u1e63ri [\u0261e\u02c8ne\u02d0(h) \u02c8m\u0251s\u02e4\u027ei]; sign: E\u00a3, L.E. \u062c.\u0645; code: EGP) is the currency of Egypt. It is divided into 100 piastres, or ersh (Egyptian Arabic: \u0642\u0631\u0634\u200e [\u0294e\u027e\u0283]; plural \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0634 [\u0294\u028a\u02c8\u027eu\u02d0\u0283]), or 1,000 milliemes (Egyptian Arabic: \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0645\u200e  [m\u00e6l\u02c8li\u02d0m]; French: milli\u00e8me)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Coptic language", "paragraph_text": "Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: \u03ef\u2c99\u2c89\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c89\u2c99\u2c9b\u0300\u2cad\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c93 ti. met. rem. \u0259n. k \u0113mi and Sahidic: \u2ca7\u2c99\u2c9b\u0304\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c99\u0304\u2c9b\u0304\u2c95\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c89 t. m\u0259nt. r\u0259m. \u0259n. k\u0113me) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro - Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet, an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from demotic to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have, in the first century AD."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Days of Sadat", "paragraph_text": "Ayyam El Sadat (, English: \"The Days of Sadat\") is a 2001 Egyptian biographical film about President of Egypt Anwar Al Sadat. The movie starred several prominent actors, with Ahmad Zaki as the Egyptian president. It is considered to be one of Zaki's greatest performances, capturing intimate details about the president in great accuracy. One notable characteristic of Sadat was his speech pattern, which Ahmad Zaki captured strongly in his performance."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Asyut Petroleum SC", "paragraph_text": "Asyut Petroleum or Petrol Asyout is an Egyptian club from the city of Asyut, currently competing in the Egyptian Second Division."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic world, particularly in the Arab world. For many years it was described as \"semi-legal\" and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections. In the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011\u20132012, the political parties identified as \"Islamist\" (the Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, Salafi Al-Nour Party and liberal Islamist Al-Wasat Party) won 75% of the total seats. Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. He was deposed during the 2013 Egyptian coup d'\u00e9tat."}], "question": "In what conflict was the Egyptian president involved?"}
{"id": "2hop__83670_83833", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Eve of St. Mark", "paragraph_text": "The Eve of St Mark is a 1942 play by Maxwell Anderson set during World War II. It later became a 1944 film by 20th Century Fox that featured some of the same actors who repeated their roles in the film. The title is derived from the legend of St Mark's Eve and the title of an uncompleted 1819 poem by John Keats."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Thor (film)", "paragraph_text": "In July 2011, Marvel Studios and Paramount Pictures announced the release of Thor on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray Disc and DVD. The discs were released by Paramount Home Media Distribution on September 13, 2011 in three editions: a single-disc DVD, a 2-disc Blu-ray-DVD combo pack, and a 3-disc Blu-ray/DVD/3D combo pack. All sets come with deleted scenes and a \"Road to The Avengers featurette. The 2-disc and 3-disc packs includes a digital copy, the first in a series of Marvel One-Shots, The Consultant, and 7 behind-the-scenes featurettes.Branagh said that the DVD includes at least 20 minutes of deleted scenes. Branagh stated the footage contains \"things like the Asgardian parents, Odin and Frigga, played by the beautiful Rene Russo, there's some beautiful scenes in there that I think people will enjoy. And certainly Thor and Loki interacting in different ways that just fill in a little bit of a back story, that was part of our rehearsal and research.\" In its first week of release, Thor took the number one spot on Blu-ray/DVD sales chart and topped Home Media Magazine's rental chart for the week.The film was also collected in a 10-disc box set titled \"Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One \u2013 Avengers Assembled\" which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on April 2, 2013."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Home and Away", "paragraph_text": "Home and Away (often abbreviated as H&A) is an Australian television soap opera. It was created by Alan Bateman and commenced broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. Bateman came up with the concept of the show during a trip to Kangaroo Point, New South Wales, where he noticed locals were complaining about the construction of a foster home and against the idea of foster children from the city living in the area. The soap opera was initially going to be called \"Refuge\", but the name was changed to the \"friendlier\" title of \"Home and Away\" once production began. The show premiered with a ninety-minute pilot episode (subsequently in re-runs and on VHS known as \"Home and Away: The Movie\"). Since then, each subsequent episode has aired for a duration of twenty-two minutes and \"Home and Away\" has become the second longest-running drama series in Australian television. In Australia, it is currently broadcast from Mondays to Thursdays at 7:00 pm."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "See the Sea", "paragraph_text": "See the Sea (original title: Regarde la mer) is a 1997 French film written and directed by Fran\u00e7ois Ozon and starring Sasha Hails as a young British mother living in a small seaside village in France who takes in a malevolent homeless drifter (played by Marina de Van) while her husband is away on business."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lori Petty", "paragraph_text": "Lori Petty (born October 14, 1963) is an American actress and director. Her roles include playing Tyler Endicott in the 1991 film Point Break, Kit Keller in A League of Their Own (1992), and the title role in Tank Girl in 1995."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jerry Mathers", "paragraph_text": "Gerald Patrick ``Jerry ''Mathers (born June 2, 1948) is an American television, film, and stage actor. Mathers is best known for his role in the television sitcom Leave It to Beaver, originally broadcast from 1957 to 1963, in which he played Theodore`` Beaver'' Cleaver, the younger son of the suburban couple June and Ward Cleaver (played by Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont) and the brother of Wally Cleaver (played by Tony Dow)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Leroux", "paragraph_text": "Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Leroux (born 30 December 1982) is a French actress, best known for her role in the 2006 film, \"Flanders\". She also played prominent roles in a number of other films, including Martin Provost's \"S\u00e9raphine\" (2008), Ursula Meier's \"Home\" (2008), and Andrew K\u00f6tting's \"Ivul\" (2009), and has appeared in numerous short films and stage roles."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kat Chapman", "paragraph_text": "Katarina ``Kat ''Chapman is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Pia Miller. The actress joined the cast in July 2014 following a successful audition. She began filming during the following month, and initially commuted from her home in Melbourne to the set in Sydney. Home and Away marked Miller's first major acting role. She made her first appearance during the episode broadcast on 5 February 2015. The actress was drawn to the part after reading that her character was a strong and resilient policewoman, who was not sexualised in any way. Miller wanted viewers to focus on Kat and not her appearance. The actress filmed her final scenes in August 2017 and Kat was killed off in the season finale, broadcast on 18 December 2017."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Why Girls Leave Home (1921 film)", "paragraph_text": "Why Girls Leave Home is a lost 1921 American silent drama film produced by Harry Rapf for Warner Bros. It was the only film from the studio to make a profit in 1921. The poster for the film was featured in the 1962 film \"Gypsy\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Valentine Tessier", "paragraph_text": "Valentine Tessier (1892\u20131981) was a French actress who appeared in around thirty films during her career. She played the title role in Jean Renoir's 1934 film version of \"Madame Bovary\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thor: Ragnarok", "paragraph_text": "The Grandmaster orders 142 and Loki to find Thor and Hulk, but the pair come to blows and Loki forces her to relive the deaths of her fellow Valkyrior at the hands of Hela. Deciding to help Thor, she takes Loki captive. Unwilling to be left behind, Loki provides the group with the means to steal one of the Grandmaster's ships. They then liberate the other gladiators who, incited by two aliens named Korg and Miek, stage a revolution. Loki again attempts to betray his brother, but Thor anticipates this and leaves him behind, where Korg, Miek, and the gladiators soon find him. Thor, Banner, and 142 escape through a wormhole to Asgard, where Hela's forces are attacking Heimdall and the remaining Asgardians in pursuit of the sword that controls the Bifr\u00f6st. Banner transforms into Hulk again, defeating Fenris, while Thor and 142 fight Hela and her warriors. Loki and the gladiators arrive to rescue the citizens, and a repentant Skurge sacrifices himself to enable their escape. Thor, facing Hela, loses his right eye and then has a vision of Odin that helps him realize only Ragnar\u00f6k can stop her. He sends Loki to retrieve Surtur's crown and place it in the Eternal Flame. Surtur is reborn and destroys Asgard, killing Hela."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kim Hyde", "paragraph_text": "Kimberly Jonathan ``Kim ''Hyde was a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Chris Hemsworth. He made his first on screen appearance on 17 February 2004 and departed on 3 July 2007."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thor (film)", "paragraph_text": "Thor is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the fourth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Kenneth Branagh, written by the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz along with Don Payne, and stars Chris Hemsworth as the title character, alongside Natalie Portman, Tom Hiddleston, Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd, Colm Feore, Ray Stevenson, Idris Elba, Kat Dennings, Rene Russo, and Anthony Hopkins. The film sees Thor banished to Earth from Asgard, stripped of his powers and his hammer Mj\u00f6lnir, after reigniting a dormant war. As his brother Loki plots to take the Asgardian throne, Thor must prove himself worthy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chris Hemsworth", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Hemsworth (born 11 August 1983) is an Australian actor. He is known for playing Kim Hyde in the Australian TV series Home and Away (2004 -- 07) and Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2011. Hemsworth has also appeared in the science fiction action film Star Trek (2009), the thriller adventure A Perfect Getaway (2009), the horror comedy The Cabin in the Woods (2012), the dark - fantasy action film Snow White and the Huntsman (2012), the war film Red Dawn (2012), and the biographical sports drama film Rush (2013)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thor: The Dark World", "paragraph_text": "Development of Thor: The Dark World began in April 2011, when producer Kevin Feige announced plans for a sequel to follow the crossover film The Avengers. In July 2011, Kenneth Branagh, the director of Thor, withdrew from the project. Brian Kirk and Patty Jenkins were considered to direct the film before Taylor was hired in January 2012. The supporting cast filled out in August 2012, with the hiring of Eccleston and Akinnuoye-Agbaje. Principal photography began in September 2012 in Surrey, England with filming continuing in Iceland and London, before wrapping up in December 2012. Thor: The Dark World was converted to 3D in post-production."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Josh Dallas", "paragraph_text": "Joshua Paul Dallas (born December 18, 1978) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Prince Charming / David Nolan in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time and Fandral in the Marvel Comics film adaptation Thor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Thor: Ragnarok", "paragraph_text": "Thor: Ragnarok is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2011's Thor and 2013's Thor: The Dark World, and the seventeenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Taika Waititi from a screenplay by Eric Pearson and the writing team of Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost, and stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor alongside Tom Hiddleston, Cate Blanchett, Idris Elba, Jeff Goldblum, Tessa Thompson, Karl Urban, Mark Ruffalo, and Anthony Hopkins. In Thor: Ragnarok, Thor must escape the alien planet Sakaar in time to save Asgard from Hela and the impending Ragnar\u00f6k."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Andrew Scott (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Scott (born October 21, 1976) is an Irish film, television, and stage actor. In 2010, he achieved widespread recognition playing the role of Jim Moriarty in the BBC series Sherlock, a dramatic role which continued until 2017. In 2017 he won acclaim playing the title role of Hamlet in a production first staged at the Almeida Theatre, directed by Robert Icke, and for which he has been nominated for a 2018 Olivier Award for Best Actor."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Melissa George", "paragraph_text": "Melissa Suzanne George (born 6 August 1976) is an Australian - American actress. A former national rollerskating champion and model in Australia, George began her acting career playing Angel Parrish on the Australian soap opera Home and Away from 1993 to 1996. After moving to the United States, George made her film debut in the neo-noir science fiction feature Dark City (1998) and later appeared in supporting roles in Steven Soderbergh's crime film The Limey (1999) and David Lynch's Mulholland Drive (2001)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "Madonna starred in the film Swept Away, directed by Ritchie. Released direct-to-video in the UK, the film was a commercial and critical failure. In May 2002 she appeared in London in the West End play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre (billed as 'Madonna Ritchie'), to universally bad reviews and was described as \"the evening's biggest disappointment\" by one. That October, she released \"Die Another Day\", the title song of the James Bond film Die Another Day, in which she had a cameo role, described by The Guardian film reviewer as \"incredibly wooden\". The song reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry for Worst Song."}], "question": "When did the actor who plays the title role in the Thor films leave Home and Away?"}
{"id": "2hop__47258_83833", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "500 Miles", "paragraph_text": "``500 Miles Away From Home ''Single by Bobby Bare from the album 500 Miles Away From Home B - side`` It All Depends on Linda'' Released September 1963 Format 7 ''single Genre Country, Easy Listening Label RCA Victor Songwriter (s) Hedy West Bobby Bare singles chronology ``Detroit City'' (1963)`` 500 Miles Away From Home ''(1963) ``Miller's Cave'' (1964)`` Detroit City ''(1963) ``500 Miles Away From Home'' (1963)`` Miller's Cave ''(1964)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alexey Brodovitch", "paragraph_text": "Alexey Brodovitch was born in Ogolichi, Russian Empire (now Belarus) to a wealthy family in 1898. His father, Vyacheslav or Cheslau Brodovitch, was a respected physician, psychiatrist and huntsman. His mother was an amateur painter. During the Russo-Japanese War, his family moved to Moscow, where his father worked in a hospital for Japanese prisoners. Alexey was sent to study at the Prince Tenisheff School, a prestigious institution in Saint Petersburg, with the intentions of eventually enrolling in the Imperial Art Academy. He had no formal training in art through his childhood, but often sketched noble profiles in the audience at concerts in the city."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kim Hyde", "paragraph_text": "Kimberly Jonathan ``Kim ''Hyde was a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Chris Hemsworth. He made his first on screen appearance on 17 February 2004 and departed on 3 July 2007."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969\u201370 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their \"lucky\" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982\u201383. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Snow White and the Huntsman", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Stewart as Snow White Raffey Cassidy as young Snow White Chris Hemsworth as Eric the Huntsman Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Snow White's evil stepmother Izzy Meikle - Small as young Ravenna Sam Claflin as William, son of Duke Hammond Xavier Atkins as young William Sam Spruell as Finn, Ravenna's brother and enforcer Elliot Reeve as young Finn Vincent Regan as Duke Hammond, William's father Lily Cole as Greta, a young girl who befriends Snow White Noah Huntley as King Magnus, Snow White's father Liberty Ross as Queen Eleanor, Snow White's mother Chris Obi as the voice of Mirror Man, the physical form of the Magic Mirror Rachael Stirling as Anna Hattie Gotobed as Lily Greg Hicks as Black Knight General Peter Ferdinando as Black Knight Anastasia Hille as Ravenna's Mother"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tony Lee (pianist)", "paragraph_text": "Lee was born in Whitechapel, London. He learned the rudiments of the piano from his elder brother, who was self-taught and preferred to use the black keys rather than the white. As a consequence, he became fluent in keys such as G flat and B natural, before moving on to more standard keys, leaving him with the ability to transpose effortlessly his entire repertoire into any key. He played for many years at The Bull's Head in Barnes, South West London, a few miles from his home in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Snow White and the Huntsman", "paragraph_text": "The cast includes Kristen Stewart as Snow White, Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Chris Hemsworth as Eric, the huntsman, Sam Claflin as William, Snow White's childhood friend, and Bob Hoskins as the dwarf seer in his final film appearances. The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards. It was a success at the box office, earning $396.6 million worldwide against a $170 million budget. Although critics praised the production design, visual effects, Theron and Hemsworth's performances, musical score, and action sequences; Stewart and Claflin's performances received mixed reviews, and the screenplay was heavily criticized."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Goliath birdeater", "paragraph_text": "The Goliath birdeater (Theraphosa blondi) belongs to the tarantula family Theraphosidae. Found in northern South America, it is the largest spider in the world by mass and size, but it is second to the giant huntsman spider by leg - span. It is also called the Goliath bird - eating spider; the practice of calling theraphosids ``bird - eating ''derives from an early 18th - century copper engraving by Maria Sibylla Merian that shows one eating a hummingbird. Despite the spider's name, it only rarely preys on birds."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ada Nicodemou", "paragraph_text": "Ada Nicodemou (born 14 May 1977) is a Greek Cypriot - born Australian actress, best known for her role as Leah Patterson - Baker in the soap opera Home and Away, as host of the reality series Please Marry My Boy, and as Dujour (the ``white rabbit ''girl) in The Matrix."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alloy", "paragraph_text": "While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "K\u0131rklarelispor", "paragraph_text": "K\u0131rklarelispor is a Turkish sports club founded in 1968 is currently playing in TFF Second League. K\u0131rklarelispor's colours are green and white. They plays home matches K\u0131rklareli Atat\u00fcrk Stadium in K\u0131rklareli."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "You Can Leave Your Hat On", "paragraph_text": "``You Can Leave Your Hat On ''is a song written by Randy Newman and appearing on his 1972 album Sail Away."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alfred Needler", "paragraph_text": "Born in Huntsville, Ontario, Alfred Needler attended the University of Toronto beginning in 1922, where he was influenced by the pioneer Canadian oceanographer and fishery biologist Professor A.G. Huntsman, who encouraged Needler to pursue a career in fishery research. Needler completed undergraduate and graduate studies during the 1920s; his doctorate research was based at the Atlantic Biological Station in St. Andrews, New Brunswick during the summers, although much of his work took him to fishing ports of Nova Scotia, where he boarded with fishing families and understood the economic and social impact of marine resources."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)", "paragraph_text": "Adriana Caselotti as Snow White: Snow White is a young princess. Her wicked stepmother has forced her to work as a scullery maid in the castle. Despite this, she retains a cheerful but na\u00efve demeanor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "La Paz F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The team's motto is 'Plus Altus', meaning \"something higher\" a reference both to the team's aspirations as well as to the team's high altitude home. (The City of La Paz is located at an elevation of 3,600 meters above sea level and is the highest capital in the world.) The team colors are blue, red and white. Blue symbolizes the perennial cobalt skies over the City of La Paz and the loyalty of its fans; red symbolizes the passion and love of football; and white symbolizes the snow cap of Mt. Illimani (the symbol of the City of La Paz) and the purity of Our Lady of Peace, patroness of the team. The uniform design is similar to that of Barcelona F.C. (Spain). La Paz F.C. plays its home matches at Estadio Hernando Siles."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John A. Huntsman", "paragraph_text": "John A. Huntsman (March 20, 1867 - July 10, 1902) was a United States Army sergeant who received the Medal of Honor for action in 1899 during the Philippine-American War."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Huntsman: Winter's War", "paragraph_text": "The Huntsman: Winter's War is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film based on characters from the German fairy tale ``Snow White ''compiled by the Brothers Grimm, as well as`` The Snow Queen'' by Hans Christian Andersen. Both a prequel and sequel to Snow White and the Huntsman, the film takes place before and after the events of the first film. The film is written by Craig Mazin and Evan Spiliotopoulos and is the directorial debut of Cedric Nicolas - Troyan, who acted as visual effects supervisor on the first film."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Home and Away characters (1991)", "paragraph_text": "Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in Home and Away in 1991, by order of first appearance. They were all introduced by the show's executive producer Des Monaghan. The 4th season of Home and Away began airing on the Seven Network on 7 January 1991. The first introduction of the year was Josh Webb in February. Bruce Roberts began appearing as Nick Parrish in March. The following month, Ryan Clark made his debut as Sam Nicholls as did Naomi Watts as Revhead's sister Julie Gibson. Dee Smart began playing Lucinda Croft in June. Her brother David, played by Guy Pearce appeared from July. Alistair MacDougall arrived as Ryan Lee in August. In September, Tina Thomsen, Ross Newton, and Richard Norton joined the cast as Finlay Roberts, Greg Marshall and Simon Fitzgerald, respectively. Finlay's mother, Irene made her debut in October, followed by her son Damian, played by Matt Doran in November."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "England national football team", "paragraph_text": "Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Once Upon a Time characters", "paragraph_text": "David Nolan, also known as Prince Charming, is a fictional character in ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. He is portrayed by Josh Dallas, who also happens to be married to series co-star Ginnifer Goodwin, who plays David's wife Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard."}], "question": "When did the actor of the Huntsman in Snow White and the Huntsman leave Home and Away?"}
{"id": "2hop__616766_231535", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106\u2013125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (\u674e\u958f) and Jiang Jing (\u6c5f\u4eac) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125\u2013144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengn\u00fc (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengn\u00fc resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fakhr-un-Nissa", "paragraph_text": "Fakhr-un-Nissa (died 1501) was a Mughal princess as the eldest child of the first Mughal Emperor Babur and his Empress consort Aisha Sultan Begum."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Empress of Mijak", "paragraph_text": "Empress of Mijak (known as Empress in North America and the United Kingdom) is the first novel in the \"Godspeaker\" series by Karen Miller."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Marshua", "paragraph_text": "Marshua (foaled 1962) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse sired by father Nashua out of Emardee, by Heliopolis. Marshua was ranked second in her class of two-year-olds. She made 16 starts in 1964 and was in the money 15 times,94% of the time. The highlight of that season was her victory in the prestigious Selima Stakes at Laurel Park Racecorse in Maryland. Having led all the way around the 1-1/16 mile event, she battled Queen Empress through the stretch to win by a fading neck. Queen Empress was later named champion two-year-old filly. In addition to the Selima, Marshua won the Schuylerville Stakes, the Gardenia Stakes and the Marguerite Stakes in her freshman year."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wang Yacheng", "paragraph_text": "However, although Wang Xi was said to both favor and fear Empress Li, he later took the daughter of the general Shang Baoyin (\u5c1a\u4fdd\u6bb7) as a concubine, and was said to favor her greatly on account of her beauty. Jealous of the favor that Consort Shang was receiving, Empress Li wanted to have Wang Xi assassinated so that Wang Yacheng could be emperor. Knowing that the imperial guard commanders Zhu Wenjin and Lian Chongyu were already having mutual suspicions with Wang Xi, she sent messengers to inform Zhu and Lian of Wang Xi's suspicions toward them. In summer 944, when Wang Yacheng's grandfather Li Zhen was ill, Wang Xi went to visit him, and Zhu and Lian took this opportunity to have him assassinated. They then slaughtered the imperial Wang clan, including Empress Li and Wang Yacheng."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria (4 December 1808 \u2013 15 November 1888), known informally as Max in Bayern, was a member of a junior branch of the House of Wittelsbach and a promoter of Bavarian folk-music. He is most famous today as the father of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (\"Sisi\") and great-grandfather of King Leopold III of Belgium."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger", "paragraph_text": "Varus was a member of the gens, Quinctilia. He was the only child born to the Roman general and politician Publius Quinctilius Varus from his third wife Claudia Pulchra. Through his mother, Varus was a cousin to the future Roman empress Valeria Messalina. Claudia Pulchra was the sister of Messallina's father, the short-lived Marcus Valerius Messala Barbatus (died ca. AD 20). Messallina had no brothers, but did have a younger half-brother Faustus Cornelius Sulla. Varus the younger was a generation removed from the children of Messalina, Claudia Octavia and Britannicus."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Li Ke", "paragraph_text": "Zhangsun also had Consort Yang and Li Yin reduced to commoner rank and exiled to Ba Prefecture (\u5df4\u5dde, roughly modern Bazhong, Sichuan), and Li Ke's four sons, Li Ren (\u674e\u4ec1), Li Wei (\u674e\u744b), Li Kun (\u674e\u7428), and Li Jing (\u674e\u7484) were exiled to the modern Guangdong region. Li Ke's young fourth daughter was sent to Xianling (tomb of Emperor Gaozu of Tang) to be kept under house arrest till 689, upon which time she was created Princess Xin'an. In 660, after Zhangsun's own downfall (at the hands of Emperor Gaozong's wife Empress Wu and her associates), Li Ke was posthumously created the Prince of Yulin, but was not given a posthumous name, nor was his son permitted to inherit the title; rather, Li Rong (\u674e\u69ae), the grandson of Li Xiaogong the Prince of Hejian, was adopted into Li Ke's line and took the title of Marquess of Yulin. Eventually, however, after Li Rong was deposed for an unrelated reason, Li Ren (later known as Li Qianli (\u674e\u5343\u91cc)) was permitted to inherit the title, and around 705, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong's son Emperor Zhongzong, Li Ke was posthumously honored again with the title of \"Sikong\" and reburied with honor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Li Na", "paragraph_text": "Li Na was born on 26 February 1982 in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Her mother is Li Yanping (\u674e\u8c54\u840d); her father, Li Shengpeng (\u674e\u76db\u9d6c), was a professional badminton player and later worked as a sales rep for an Wuhan-based company. He died from a rare cardiovascular disease when Li was fourteen. Her mother didn't tell Li Na that her father had died for many weeks, thinking it would affect her game."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Li Congrong", "paragraph_text": "Li Congrong (\u674e\u5f9e\u69ae) (d. December 9, 933), formally the Prince of Qin (\u79e6\u738b), was a son of Li Siyuan, the second emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Tang. During Li Siyuan's reign, he, as Li Siyuan's oldest surviving biological son, was commonly expected to be Li Siyuan's heir. When his father became deathly ill, however, he, worried that his father's officials might try to divert succession away from him, tried to seize power by force, but was then defeated and killed."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Last Empress (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Last Empress is a historical novel by Anchee Min that provides a sympathetic account of the life of Empress Dowager Cixi (referred to as Empress Orchid), from her rise to power as Empress Tzu-Hsi, until her death at 72 years of age. Akin to the bestselling and preceding novel in the series Empress Orchid, names within the story are different in spelling but retain the same pronunciation - allowing the reader to identify each relevant character to his or her real life counterpart."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Empress Qiang", "paragraph_text": "Empress Qiang (\u5f37\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) (died 356), formally Empress Mingde (\u660e\u5fb7\u7687\u540e, literally \"the understanding and virtuous empress\"), was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Former Qin's founding emperor, Fu Ji\u00e0n (Emperor Jingming)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Empress Li (Later Jin)", "paragraph_text": "Empress Li (\u674e\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) (d. October 7, 950) was a princess of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Tang (as a daughter of its emperor Li Siyuan) and an empress of the succeeding Later Jin (as the wife of its founding emperor Shi Jingtang)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shi Jingtang", "paragraph_text": "The region that Li Keyong ruled subsequently became the state of Jin after Tang's fall in 907 (as Li Keyong carried the Tang-bestowed title of Prince of Jin), and after Li Keyong's death in 908, Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin, in rivalry with Tang's main successor state Later Liang. Li Cunxu subsequently made his adoptive brother (Li Keyong's adoptive son) Li Siyuan, a major general, the prefect of Dai Prefecture (\u4ee3\u5dde, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). While Li Siyuan served as the prefect of Dai, he became impressed with Shi Jingtang and gave his Empress Li to Shi in marriage. Shi subsequently served under Li Siyuan in campaigns, becoming one of the two prominent officers under Li Siyuan (along with Li Siyuan's adoptive son Li Congke) due to his battlefield accomplishments. (Despite the familial relationship between Shi and Li Congke and their serving together under Li Siyuan, the two did not like each other and had a rivalry, although not overtly.)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Empress Gou", "paragraph_text": "Empress Gou (\u82df\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Ji\u0101n, who created her empress in 355 after seizing the throne from his violent and cruel cousin Fu Sheng even though he claimed only the title of \"Heavenly Prince\" (\"Tian Wang\")."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Liliana Mumy", "paragraph_text": "Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 The Twilight Zone episode ``It's a Good Life '', and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series' 2003 sequel episode`` It's Still a Good Life''. She currently voices Beth Tezuka, in the animated web series Bravest Warriors and Leni Loud in the Nickelodeon TV series The Loud House, and has been joined by her father on some episodes of both shows."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Empress Sh\u014dshi", "paragraph_text": ", also known as , the eldest daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga, was Empress of Japan from c. 1000 to c. 1011. Her father sent her to live in the Emperor Ichij\u014d's harem at age 12. Because of his power, influence and political machinations she quickly achieved the status of . As empress she was able to surround herself with a court of talented and educated ladies-in-waiting such as Murasaki Shikibu, author of \"The Tale of Genji\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wang Yuanji", "paragraph_text": "Wang Yuanji (217\u2013268) was the wife of Sima Zhao, a regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She became the empress dowager during the reign of her son Sima Yan, who ended the Wei regime and founded the Jin dynasty. She was posthumously honoured as \"Empress Wenming\" (literally \"civil and understanding empress\") after her death."}], "question": "Who is the child of Empress Li's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__88217_83833", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Thor: Ragnarok", "paragraph_text": "Thor: Ragnarok had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on October 10, 2017, and its Australian premiere took place on October 13, on the Gold Coast. It was released in the United Kingdom on October 24, 2017, with additional international releases on October 25, and in Australia on October 26. The film was released in the United States and Canada on November 3, in 4,080 theaters, of which over 3,400 were 3D, 381 were IMAX and IMAX 3D, and 204 were D - Box. The film opened in 1,187 IMAX theaters globally, which was a November opening weekend record. It was originally scheduled for release on July 28, 2017."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Thor: The Dark World", "paragraph_text": "Development of Thor: The Dark World began in April 2011, when producer Kevin Feige announced plans for a sequel to follow the crossover film The Avengers. In July 2011, Kenneth Branagh, the director of Thor, withdrew from the project. Brian Kirk and Patty Jenkins were considered to direct the film before Taylor was hired in January 2012. The supporting cast filled out in August 2012, with the hiring of Eccleston and Akinnuoye-Agbaje. Principal photography began in September 2012 in Surrey, England with filming continuing in Iceland and London, before wrapping up in December 2012. Thor: The Dark World was converted to 3D in post-production."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thor: Ragnarok", "paragraph_text": "Thor: Ragnarok is scheduled to be released in the United States on November 3, 2017, in 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Thor: Ragnarok", "paragraph_text": "Thor: Ragnarok is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2011's Thor and 2013's Thor: The Dark World, and is the seventeenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Taika Waititi from a screenplay by Eric Pearson and the writing team of Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost, and stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor alongside Tom Hiddleston, Cate Blanchett, Idris Elba, Jeff Goldblum, Tessa Thompson, Karl Urban, Mark Ruffalo, and Anthony Hopkins. In Thor: Ragnarok, Thor must escape the alien planet Sakaar in time to save Asgard from Hela and the impending Ragnar\u00f6k."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Otto K\u00e4hler", "paragraph_text": "Otto K\u00e4hler (3 March 1894 \u2013 2 November 1967) was a German admiral during World War II. He commanded the , a merchant raider, on two combat patrols and sank or captured 12 ships, for a combined tonnage of of Allied shipping. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. K\u00e4hler relinquished command of \"Thor\" on 20 July 1941 to G\u00fcnther Gumprich."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Thor: Ragnarok", "paragraph_text": "The Grandmaster orders 142 and Loki to find Thor and Hulk, but the pair come to blows and Loki forces her to relive the deaths of her fellow Valkyrior at the hands of Hela. Deciding to help Thor, she takes Loki captive. Unwilling to be left behind, Loki provides the group with the means to steal one of the Grandmaster's ships. They then liberate the other gladiators who, incited by two aliens named Korg and Miek, stage a revolution. Loki again attempts to betray his brother, but Thor anticipates this and leaves him behind, where Korg, Miek, and the gladiators soon find him. Thor, Banner, and 142 escape through a wormhole to Asgard, where Hela's forces are attacking Heimdall and the remaining Asgardians in pursuit of the sword that controls the Bifr\u00f6st. Banner transforms into Hulk again, defeating Fenris, while Thor and 142 fight Hela and her warriors. Loki and the gladiators arrive to rescue the citizens, and a repentant Skurge sacrifices himself to enable their escape. Thor, facing Hela, loses his right eye and then has a vision of Odin that helps him realize only Ragnar\u00f6k can stop her. He sends Loki to retrieve Surtur's crown and place it in the Eternal Flame. Surtur is reborn and destroys Asgard, killing Hela."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kim Hyde", "paragraph_text": "Kimberly Jonathan ``Kim ''Hyde was a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Chris Hemsworth. He made his first on screen appearance on 17 February 2004 and departed on 3 July 2007."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He has played Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Munder in Ghost Ship, Kirill in The Bourne Supremacy, Black Hat in Priest, John Grimm in Doom, William Cooper in Red, Gavin in Pete's Dragon, Vincent in The Loft, Vaako in the second and third installments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He plays Skurge in the 2017 Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in second and third installments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He will play Skurge in the Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok set for a November 3, 2017 release."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thor (film)", "paragraph_text": "Thor is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the fourth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Kenneth Branagh, written by the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz along with Don Payne, and stars Chris Hemsworth as the title character, alongside Natalie Portman, Tom Hiddleston, Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd, Colm Feore, Ray Stevenson, Idris Elba, Kat Dennings, Rene Russo, and Anthony Hopkins. The film sees Thor banished to Earth from Asgard, stripped of his powers and his hammer Mj\u00f6lnir, after reigniting a dormant war. As his brother Loki plots to take the Asgardian throne, Thor must prove himself worthy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eye of Agamotto", "paragraph_text": "The Eye of Agamotto appeared in Doctor Strange (2016). The Eye has the ability to manipulate probabilities and time, as it contains the Time Stone, which is one of the Infinity Stones. The Eye reappears in Strange's possession during Thor: Ragnarok (2017) when Thor seeks the whereabouts of his father. The Eye once again appears in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), in which it is targeted by Thanos, who is collecting the Infinity Stones. After arriving and fighting against Thanos on Titan, Thanos manages to snatch and crush the eye, revealing it as a fake as the Time Stone is not present in it. Strange ultimately surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos in exchange for sparing Tony Stark's life."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thor: Ragnarok", "paragraph_text": "Thor crash-lands on Sakaar, a garbage planet surrounded by wormholes. A slave trader designated Scrapper 142 subdues him with an obedience disk and sells him as a gladiator to Sakaar's ruler, the Grandmaster, with whom Loki has already ingratiated himself. Thor recognizes 142 as one of the Valkyrior, a legendary force of female warriors who were killed fighting Hela eons ago. Thor is forced to compete in the Grandmaster's Contest of Champions, facing his old friend Hulk. Summoning lightning, Thor gets the upper hand, but the Grandmaster sabotages the fight to ensure Hulk's victory. Still enslaved after the fight, Thor attempts to convince Hulk and 142 to help him save Asgard, but neither is willing. He soon manages to escape the palace and finds the Quinjet that brought Hulk to Sakaar. Hulk follows Thor to the Quinjet, where a recording of Natasha Romanoff causes him to transform back into Bruce Banner for the first time since Sokovia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Thor (Marvel Comics) enemies", "paragraph_text": "The Fenris Wolf appears in Thor: Tales of Asgard, voiced by Brian Drummond. Fenris is seen as a patron at a bar. The Fenris Wolf appears in the film Thor: Ragnarok. This iteration of the character is female. She is the loyal pet of Hela, and is resurrected alongside Hela's army to aid Hela in ruling Asgard. During the film's climax, Fenris battles the Hulk and gets tossed off the side of Asgard into the void below."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "LOFTI-1", "paragraph_text": "The launch of LOFTI-1 was conducted at 03:45 UTC on 22 February 1961, using a Thor DM-21 Ablestar rocket flying from Launch Complex 17B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. It was a secondary payload aboard the rocket, with the primary payload being the Transit 3B prototype navigation satellite. The rocket and upper stage used had the serial numbers Thor 313 and Ablestar 007 respectively. The launch resulted in a partial failure, with the spacecraft being placed in a more eccentric orbit than planned, and failing to separate from the upper stage."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films", "paragraph_text": "Captain America: Civil War (2016) is the first film in the franchise's Phase Three, and is followed by Doctor Strange (2016), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Spider - Man: Homecoming (2017), and Thor: Ragnarok (2017), with Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Ant - Man and the Wasp (2018), Captain Marvel (2019), and an untitled Avengers film (2019) scheduled for the phase. Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films, which they continue to own, finance, and have final creative control over."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thor (film)", "paragraph_text": "In July 2011, Marvel Studios and Paramount Pictures announced the release of Thor on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray Disc and DVD. The discs were released by Paramount Home Media Distribution on September 13, 2011 in three editions: a single-disc DVD, a 2-disc Blu-ray-DVD combo pack, and a 3-disc Blu-ray/DVD/3D combo pack. All sets come with deleted scenes and a \"Road to The Avengers featurette. The 2-disc and 3-disc packs includes a digital copy, the first in a series of Marvel One-Shots, The Consultant, and 7 behind-the-scenes featurettes.Branagh said that the DVD includes at least 20 minutes of deleted scenes. Branagh stated the footage contains \"things like the Asgardian parents, Odin and Frigga, played by the beautiful Rene Russo, there's some beautiful scenes in there that I think people will enjoy. And certainly Thor and Loki interacting in different ways that just fill in a little bit of a back story, that was part of our rehearsal and research.\" In its first week of release, Thor took the number one spot on Blu-ray/DVD sales chart and topped Home Media Magazine's rental chart for the week.The film was also collected in a 10-disc box set titled \"Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One \u2013 Avengers Assembled\" which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on April 2, 2013."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third instalments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in the second and third instalments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He plays Skurge in the 2017 Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chris Hemsworth", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Hemsworth (born 11 August 1983) is an Australian actor. He is known for playing Kim Hyde in the Australian TV series Home and Away (2004 -- 07) and Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2011. Hemsworth has also appeared in the science fiction action film Star Trek (2009), the thriller adventure A Perfect Getaway (2009), the horror comedy The Cabin in the Woods (2012), the dark - fantasy action film Snow White and the Huntsman (2012), the war film Red Dawn (2012), and the biographical sports drama film Rush (2013)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thor: The Dark World", "paragraph_text": "Thor: The Dark World premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22, 2013, and was released on November 8, 2013, in the United States. Many critics praised it for its visual effects and performances (particularly Hemsworth and Hiddleston), but criticized its story, villain, and pacing; many critics declare it the weakest of the MCU films. The film was a commercial success, grossing over $644 million worldwide and making it the 10th highest-grossing film of 2013. A third film, Thor: Ragnarok, was released on November 3, 2017."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films", "paragraph_text": "Captain America: Civil War (2016) is the first film in the franchise's Phase Three, and is followed by Doctor Strange (2016), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Spider - Man: Homecoming (2017), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Ant - Man and the Wasp (2018), with Captain Marvel (2019) and an untitled Avengers film (2019) still scheduled for the phase. Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films, which they continue to own, finance, and have final creative control over."}], "question": "When did the Thor Ragnarok actor leave Home and Away?"}
{"id": "2hop__223659_446338", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jonathan Downes", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Downes (born 1959) is a naturalist, cryptozoologist, author, editor, film-maker, poet, novelist, activist, journalist, composer and singer-songwriter, with a background in radical politics and mental health care. He is Director of the Centre for Fortean Zoology. His father, the explorer and Colonial Service Officer J. T. Downes (1925\u20132006), wrote several books on a wide range of subjects, such as African history, theology and the Devonshire dialect. His mother Mary Downes (n\u00e9e Rawlins) (1922\u20132002) was a broadcaster and author who published several collections of Nigerian folklore under the pen-name `Yar Kunama`."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Angham", "paragraph_text": "Angham was born in Alexandria, Egypt, the eldest child of Mohammad Suleiman, a former violinist, music composer, orchestra chief, and singer, while her mother, Mageda Abdel Haleem, is a well-known artist. She grew up in a very religious Islamic family."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)", "paragraph_text": "The Benedictus (also Song of Zechariah or Canticle of Zachary), given in Gospel of Luke 1: 68 - 79, is one of the three canticles in the opening chapters of this Gospel, the other two being the ``Magnificat ''and the`` Nunc dimittis''. The Benedictus was the song of thanksgiving uttered by Zechariah on the occasion of the circumcision of his son, John the Baptist."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Novus Magnificat", "paragraph_text": "Novus Magnificat: Through the Stargate (1986) is an album by American musician Constance Demby, with additional sonic textures by composer Michael Stearns. The album sold over 200,000 copies worldwide It was voted in 2002 one of \"The 25 Most Influential Ambient Albums of All Time\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "We Are Acid Mothers Afrirampo!", "paragraph_text": "We Are Acid Mothers Afrirampo! is an album by members of Afrirampo and Acid Mothers Temple, under the band name Acid Mothers Afrirampo."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pratar med min m\u00fcsli (hur det \u00e4n verkar)", "paragraph_text": "\"Pratar med min m\u00fcsli (hur det \u00e4n verkar)\" (\"Talking to my muesli (however that goes)\") is a pop song written by Swedish singer and composer Per Gessle. It is the third single released from the album \"En h\u00e4ndig man\". It was originally intended as a promo-only single to be out on the beginning of October 2007. It was delayed and finally released alongside \"Shopping With Mother\" as a double A-side single. It wasn't as successful as previous singles from the album, spending only 2 weeks in the Swedish Singles Chart, eventually peaking at #47."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mission: Impossible \u2013 Fallout", "paragraph_text": "The musical score for Mission: Impossible -- Fallout was composed by Lorne Balfe. Balfe was confirmed by McQuarrie to be the composer for the film in April 2018, replacing the previous composer Joe Kraemer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cecilia Young", "paragraph_text": "Cecilia Young (also Cecilia Arne) (January 1712 \u2013 6 October 1789) was one of the greatest English sopranos of the eighteenth century, the wife of composer Thomas Arne, and the mother of composer Michael Arne. According to music historian Charles Burney, she had \"a good natural voice and a fine shake [and] had been so well taught, that her style of singing was infinitely superior to that of any other English woman of her time\". She was part of a well-known English family of musicians that included several professional singers and organists. Young enjoyed a large amount of success through her close association with George Frideric Handel. She appeared in several of his oratorios and operas including the premieres of \"Ariodante\" (1735), \"Alcina\" (1735), \"Alexander's Feast\" (1736) and \"Saul\" (1739)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday", "paragraph_text": "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday is a 1996 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Pressman and starring Peter Gallagher and Claire Danes as a father and daughter struggling to come to terms with the tragic death of wife and mother, Gillian (Michelle Pfeiffer). The original score was composed by James Horner."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach", "paragraph_text": "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (8 March 1714 \u2013 14 December 1788), also formerly spelled Karl Philipp Emmanuel Bach, was a German Classical period musician and composer, the fifth child and second (surviving) son of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach. His second name was given in honor of his godfather Georg Philipp Telemann, a friend of Johann Sebastian Bach."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hannah Davis (filmmaker)", "paragraph_text": "Hannah Davis is the daughter of actress Jean Boht and film composer Carl Davis. She is a writer, director, and actress, who has two feature-length films under her production company, Mansion Pictures called \"Mothers & Daughters\" and \"The Understudy\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Polemon II of Pontus", "paragraph_text": "Polemon II's father died in 8 BC. His mother then married King Archelaus of Cappadocia, and the family had moved to Cappadocia, where Polemon II was raised, along with his siblings, at the court of his stepfather. Archelaus died in 17, whereupon Polemon II and his mother moved back to Pontus. From 17 until 38, Polemon II lived as a private citizen in Pontus and assisted his mother in the administration of their realm. When his mother died in 38, Polemon II succeeded his mother as the sole ruler of Pontus, Colchis and Cilicia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mothering Sunday", "paragraph_text": "During the 16th century, people returned to their mother church for a service to be held on Laetare Sunday; in this context, one's' mother church 'was either the church where they were baptised, or the local parish church, or the nearest cathedral (the latter being the mother church of all the parish churches in a diocese). Anyone who did this was commonly said to have gone ``a-mothering '', although whether this term preceded the observance of Mothering Sunday is unclear. In later times, Mothering Sunday became a day when domestic servants were given a day off to visit their mother church, usually with their own mothers and other family members. It was often the only time that whole families could gather together, since on other days they were prevented by conflicting working hours, and servants were not given free days on other occasions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mother's Day", "paragraph_text": "In 1908, the U.S. Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, joking that they would also have to proclaim a ``Mother - in - law's Day ''. However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all U.S. states observed the holiday, with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday (the first being West Virginia, Jarvis' home state, in 1910). In 1914, Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother's Day, held on the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dorian Rudnytsky", "paragraph_text": "Dorian Rudnytsky (born July 9, 1944) is an American cellist and composer. He was born in New York City to a Ukrainian family. His father is composer/conductor Antin Rudnytsky, and his mother is soprano Maria Sokil."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi", "paragraph_text": "Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi (Bengali: \u098f\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be \u0998\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09bf, ``Bid me goodbye Mother '') is a Bengali patriotic song written by Pitambar Das. This song was composed in honour of Khudiram Bose. This song is still very popular in West Bengal (India), Khudiram Bose is highly revered as a hero in India particularly West Bengal."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Claudio Abbado", "paragraph_text": "Born in Milan, Italy on June 26, 1933, Claudio Abbado was the son of violinist and composer conductor Michelangelo Abbado, and the brother of the musician Marcello Abbado (born 1926). His father, a professional violinist and a professor at the Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory, was his first piano teacher. His mother also was an adept pianist. Marcello Abbado later became a concert pianist and teacher at the Rossini Conservatory in Pesaro. His sister also exhibited talent in music, but did not pursue a musical career after her marriage. His other brother later became a successful architect."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Magnificat (C. P. E. Bach)", "paragraph_text": "The Magnificat, Wq 215, H.772, by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach is a musical setting of the biblical canticle Magnificat as an extended composition for voices and orchestra in nine movements, composed in Berlin in 1749. It is the composer's first extant major choral composition."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition."}], "question": "Who is the mother of Magnificat's composer?"}
{"id": "2hop__88058_48374", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants", "paragraph_text": "Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants is the second of 12 Indiana Jones novels published by Bantam Books. Rob MacGregor, the author of this book, also wrote five of the other Indiana Jones books for Bantam. Published on May 1, 1991, it is preceded by \"Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi\" and followed by \"Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Farm (The Office)", "paragraph_text": "The episode guest stars Majandra Delfino, Blake Garrett Rosenthal, Thomas Middleditch, Matt Jones, and Tom Bower as members of Dwight's family; Delfino plays Dwight's sister Fannie, Rosenthal plays Dwight's nephew Cammy, Middleditch portrays Dwight's brother Jeb, Jones portrays Dwight's cousin Zeke, and Bower appears as Dwight's great uncle Heinrich, in a deleted scene. Jones had previously appeared in the ninth season entry, ``Junior Salesman ''."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sean Patrick Flanery", "paragraph_text": "Sean Patrick Flanery (born October 11, 1965) is an American actor, author, and martial artist, known for playing Connor MacManus in The Boondock Saints, Greg Stillson in The Dead Zone, Jeremy ``Powder ''Reed in Powder, Indiana Jones in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, as well as Bobby Dagen in Saw: The Final Chapter. He is also known for his role as Sam Gibson on The Young and the Restless in 2011. He starred in Devil's Carnival, a short film which was screened on tour beginning in April, 2012. In 2016, he released his first novel, Jane Two, a coming - of - age story drawing inspiration from his own childhood and early experiences. It was released to generally positive acclaim."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ensign O'Toole", "paragraph_text": "Ensign O'Toole is a military comedy that aired on NBC from September 23, 1962, to May 5, 1963, with Dean Jones in the title role of a nonchalant United States Navy ensign during the early 1960s. Jones played an officer aboard the fictional U.S. Navy destroyer USS \"Appleby\", which roamed the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "All by Myself", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 motion picture Bridget Jones's Diary featured a cover version performed by Jamie O'Neal showing actress Ren\u00e9e Zellweger singing to it in the famous pajamas scene. This track is also played over the other Bridget Jones's Films Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film) and Bridget Jones's Baby."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sophie Ramsay", "paragraph_text": "Sophie Ramsay is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Kaiya Jones. The actress was cast in the role following a competitive audition process. Jones began filming her first scenes in February 2009. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 18 May 2009. The character was created as part of a new generation of the Ramsay family, along with her brother Harry (Will Moore) and sister Kate (Ashleigh Brewer). Sophie is the youngest of three siblings introduced to the show. Sophie departed on 29 March 2013, after Jones decided to leave to concentrate on her schooling. The actress briefly reprised the role for two episodes from 7 April 2014."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Robert Taylor (Australian actor)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Taylor (born 7 July 1963) is an Australian actor who has appeared in many films and television series in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On television, he is known for playing the lead role of Walt Longmire in the A&E / Netflix television series Longmire. On film, he is known for playing ``Agent Jones ''in The Matrix (1999); he also starred in Vertical Limit (2000)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom", "paragraph_text": "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action - adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as the title character. After arriving in North India, Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery, black magic and ritual human sacrifice in honor of the goddess Kali."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alison Doody", "paragraph_text": "Alison Doody (born 11 November 1966) is an Irish actress and model. After making her feature film debut with a small part in Bond film A View to a Kill (1985), she went on to play Nazi - sympathising archaeologist Elsa Schneider, in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Other roles include Siobhan Donavan in A Prayer for the Dying (1987), Charlotte in Taffin (1988) and Rebecca Flannery in Major League II (1994)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sallah", "paragraph_text": "Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tutte Lemkow", "paragraph_text": "Tutte Lemkow (28 August 1918\u00a0\u2013 10 November 1991) was a Norwegian actor and dancer, who played mostly villainous roles in British television and films. His chief claims to mainstream familiarity were his roles as the fiddler in the film version of \"Fiddler on the Roof\" and the old man (\"Imam\") who translates the Staff of Ra for Indiana Jones in \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tessa Peake-Jones", "paragraph_text": "Tessa Peake - Jones (born 9 May 1957) is an English actress. She is known for her role as Raquel in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, whom she played from December 1988 until it ended in 2003."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Indiana Jones", "paragraph_text": "Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton ``Indiana ''Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "paragraph_text": "Raiders of the Lost Ark (also known as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark) is a 1981 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, with a screenplay written by Lawrence Kasdan, from a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It was produced by Frank Marshall for Lucasfilm Ltd., with Lucas and Howard Kazanjian as executive producers. Starring Harrison Ford, it was the first installment in the Indiana Jones film franchise to be released, though it is the second in internal chronological order. It pits Indiana Jones (Ford) against a group of Nazis who are searching for the Ark of the Covenant, which Adolf Hitler believes will make his army invincible. The film co-stars Karen Allen as Indiana's former lover, Marion Ravenwood; Paul Freeman as Indiana's rival, French archaeologist Ren\u00e9 Belloq; John Rhys - Davies as Indiana's sidekick, Sallah; Ronald Lacey as Gestapo agent Arnold Toht; and Denholm Elliott as Indiana's colleague, Marcus Brody."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "paragraph_text": "Released on June 12, 1981, Raiders of the Lost Ark became the year's top - grossing film and remains one of the highest - grossing films ever made. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards in 1982, including Best Picture, and won four for Best Art Direction, Film Editing, Sound, and Visual Effects with a fifth Academy Award: a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing. The film's critical and popular success led to three additional films, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), with a fifth slated for 2020; the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992 -- 1996), and 15 video games as of 2009."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Beethoven (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Beethoven is an American animated television series loosely based on the 1992 motion picture of the same name. The series was produced by Northern Lights Entertainment, Universal Cartoon Studios and Universal Television, and aired for one season (1994\u20131995) on CBS, with 26 fifteen-minute episodes produced. Dean Jones, who played Dr. Varnick in the movie, voiced the role of George Newton; Nicholle Tom, who played teenage daughter Ryce in the movie and Beethoven's 2nd, was the only cast member from the films to reprise her role in the series."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Indiana Jones", "paragraph_text": "Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his ``Bobby De Niro ''(in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films). During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark. However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role. One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders, both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Till There Was You", "paragraph_text": "``Till There Was You ''is a song written by Meredith Willson for his musical play The Music Man (1957), and which also appeared in the 1962 movie version. It is sung by librarian Marian Paroo (Barbara Cook on Broadway, Shirley Jones in the film) to`` Professor'' Harold Hill (portrayed in the film by Robert Preston) toward the end of Act Two."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Terry Jones (ice hockey)", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1946, Jones was selected by the New York Rangers in the second round (tenth overall) of the 1963 NHL Amateur Draft. Although he never played in the National Hockey League, Jones went on to play professional hockey in the Eastern Hockey League with the New Haven Blades, and also in Western International Hockey League with the Nelson Maple Leafs and Trail Smoke Eaters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Richard Pool-Jones", "paragraph_text": "Richard Pool-Jones (born 22 October 1969) is an English former rugby union player and current coach. He earned one cap for England in 1998, playing in the record 76-0 loss to Australia. Pool-Jones, who played club rugby in France for Biarritz Olympique and Stade Fran\u00e7ais, played for the latter in the 2001 Heineken Cup Final."}], "question": "Who was supposed to play Indiana jones before the person who ended up playing him?"}
{"id": "2hop__83669_48374", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Terry Jones (ice hockey)", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1946, Jones was selected by the New York Rangers in the second round (tenth overall) of the 1963 NHL Amateur Draft. Although he never played in the National Hockey League, Jones went on to play professional hockey in the Eastern Hockey League with the New Haven Blades, and also in Western International Hockey League with the Nelson Maple Leafs and Trail Smoke Eaters."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Indiana Central Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Indiana Central Canal was a canal intended to connect the Wabash and Erie Canal to the Ohio River. It was funded by the Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, Indiana's attempt to take part in the canal-building craze, started by the Erie Canal. $3.5 million was allocated for the project, the largest piece of the entire $10 million Act. However, due to the Panic of 1837, Indiana suffered financial difficulties and had to turn over the canal to the state's creditors, and building of the canal was stopped in 1839. The canal was supposed to extend , from Peru, Indiana, to Evansville, Indiana, where it would reach the Ohio River. It was originally divided into two sections, North and South. Later, a third section was designated, called the Indianapolis section. Only eight miles were completed, with eighty additional miles between Anderson, Indiana, and Martinsville, Indiana, having been partially built."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Blade Runner", "paragraph_text": "In 2019 Los Angeles, former police officer Rick Deckard is detained by officer Gaff, and brought to his former supervisor, Bryant. Deckard, whose job as a \"blade runner\" was to track down bioengineered beings known as replicants and \"retire\" (kill) them, is informed that four are on Earth illegally. Deckard starts to leave, but Bryant ambiguously threatens him, and he stays. The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the \"Voigt-Kampff\" test, which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional response to questions. The test subject, Leon, shoots Holden on the second question. Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and the other three Tyrell Corporation Nexus-6 replicants: Roy Batty, Zhora, and Pris."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "paragraph_text": "Raiders of the Lost Ark (also known as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark) is a 1981 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, with a screenplay written by Lawrence Kasdan, from a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It was produced by Frank Marshall for Lucasfilm Ltd., with Lucas and Howard Kazanjian as executive producers. Starring Harrison Ford, it was the first installment in the Indiana Jones film franchise to be released, though it is the second in internal chronological order. It pits Indiana Jones (Ford) against a group of Nazis who are searching for the Ark of the Covenant, which Adolf Hitler believes will make his army invincible. The film co-stars Karen Allen as Indiana's former lover, Marion Ravenwood; Paul Freeman as Indiana's rival, French archaeologist Ren\u00e9 Belloq; John Rhys - Davies as Indiana's sidekick, Sallah; Ronald Lacey as Gestapo agent Arnold Toht; and Denholm Elliott as Indiana's colleague, Marcus Brody."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sallah", "paragraph_text": "Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts, The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), with Uma Thurman, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf. The filming of Crystal Skull involved an extensive chase sequence through the streets of New Haven. Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a \"makeover\" to look like streets of 1957, when the film is set. 500 locals were cast as extras for the film. In Everybody's Fine (2009), Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station; the scene was filmed in New Haven's Union Station."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Blade II", "paragraph_text": "Blade II is a 2002 American superhero film based on the fictional character Blade from Marvel Comics. It is the sequel of the first film and the second part of the \"Blade\" film series, followed by \"\". It was written by David S. Goyer, who also wrote the previous film, directed by Guillermo del Toro, and had Wesley Snipes returning as the lead character and producer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "What the Deaf Man Heard", "paragraph_text": "What the Deaf Man Heard is a 1997 \"Hallmark Hall of Fame\" television movie that aired on CBS television on November 23, 1997. It concerns Sammy, a man who pretends to be deaf and mute, when in reality he can hear and speak perfectly well. The movie starred Matthew Modine and James Earl Jones."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "...Ready for It?", "paragraph_text": "On October 23, 2017, Swift released a teaser of the official music video for the song. The full video premiered on October 26. It was directed by Joseph Kahn. The video features homage references to sci - fi and anime, including Blade Runner, Ghost in the Shell, Ex Machina, Tron, Sailor Moon and Species. It earned 20.4 million views in its first 24 hours. As of November 2017, the video has over 140 million views."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Indiana Jones", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Henry Walton ``Indiana ''Jones, Jr. is the title character and protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise. George Lucas created the character in homage to the action heroes of 1930s film serials. The character first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, to be followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in 1984, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles from 1992 to 1996, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008. The character is also featured in novels, comics, video games, and other media. Jones is also featured in several Disney theme parks, including the Indiana Jones Adventure, Indiana Jones et le Temple du P\u00e9ril, and Epic Stunt Spectacular! attractions."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Blade Runner", "paragraph_text": "Blade Runner is a 1982 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos. The script was written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. It is a loose adaptation of the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. Set in a dystopian Los Angeles in 2019, the story depicts a future in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bioengineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on off - world colonies. When a fugitive group of replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escape back to Earth, burnt - out Los Angeles cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly accepts one last assignment to hunt them down. During his investigations, Deckard meets Rachael (Young), an advanced replicant who causes him to question his mission."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "William Ragsdale", "paragraph_text": "Robert William Ragsdale (he later stopped using his first name) was born in El Dorado, Arkansas, and attended Hendrix College, where he appeared in plays opposite future \"Sling Blade\" actress, fellow Arkansan Natalie Canerday. He garnered attention as the young hero of \"Fright Night\" and \"Fright Night Part 2\" and onstage in Neil Simon's plays, \"Biloxi Blues\" and \"Brighton Beach Memoirs\", two of the three parts of Simon's trilogy, which ends with \"Broadway Bound\". Ragsdale featured in the romance comedy movie \"\" (1991)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dragon Blade (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dragon Blade is a 2015 Chinese-Hong Konger historical action film written and directed by Daniel Lee and starring Jackie Chan. In the film, Chan plays Huo An, the commander of the Protection Squad of the Western Regions during the Han Dynasty. \"Dragon Blade\" was released in IMAX 3D on 19 February 2015, the first day of the Chinese New Year holiday period. The film was released in the United States on 4 September 2015 by Lionsgate Premiere."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2019 NBA All-Star Game", "paragraph_text": "The 2019 NBA All - Star Game will be an exhibition basketball game played on February 17, 2019. It will be the 68th edition of the event. This will be the 2nd time the format will not be East / West. The game will be held at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, home of the Charlotte Hornets. Charlotte was announced as host on May 24, 2017. It will be the second time that Charlotte will host the All - Star Game, the first time was in 1991, at the Hornets' previous home arena Charlotte Coliseum. The game was supposed to be played in Charlotte in 2017, but was moved to New Orleans because of controversy surrounding the Public Facilities Privacy and Security Act. The game will be televised by TNT for the 17th straight year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Indiana Jones", "paragraph_text": "Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his ``Bobby De Niro ''(in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films). During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark. However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role. One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders, both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "paragraph_text": "Released on June 12, 1981, Raiders of the Lost Ark became the year's top - grossing film and remains one of the highest - grossing films ever made. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards in 1982, including Best Picture, and won four for Best Art Direction, Film Editing, Sound, and Visual Effects with a fifth Academy Award: a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing. The film's critical and popular success led to three additional films, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), with a fifth slated for 2020; the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992 -- 1996), and 15 video games as of 2009."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reclaiming the Blade", "paragraph_text": "Reclaiming the Blade is a documentary written and directed by Daniel McNicoll and produced by Galatia Films on the topic of swords. \"Reclaiming the Blade\" was a number one movie rental on ITunes. The feature-length film was distributed by Starz and Anchor Bay Entertainment."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Farm (The Office)", "paragraph_text": "The episode guest stars Majandra Delfino, Blake Garrett Rosenthal, Thomas Middleditch, Matt Jones, and Tom Bower as members of Dwight's family; Delfino plays Dwight's sister Fannie, Rosenthal plays Dwight's nephew Cammy, Middleditch portrays Dwight's brother Jeb, Jones portrays Dwight's cousin Zeke, and Bower appears as Dwight's great uncle Heinrich, in a deleted scene. Jones had previously appeared in the ninth season entry, ``Junior Salesman ''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants", "paragraph_text": "Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants is the second of 12 Indiana Jones novels published by Bantam Books. Rob MacGregor, the author of this book, also wrote five of the other Indiana Jones books for Bantam. Published on May 1, 1991, it is preceded by \"Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi\" and followed by \"Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sean Patrick Flanery", "paragraph_text": "Sean Patrick Flanery (born October 11, 1965) is an American actor, author, and martial artist, known for playing Connor MacManus in The Boondock Saints, Greg Stillson in The Dead Zone, Jeremy ``Powder ''Reed in Powder, Indiana Jones in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, as well as Bobby Dagen in Saw: The Final Chapter. He is also known for his role as Sam Gibson on The Young and the Restless in 2011. He starred in Devil's Carnival, a short film which was screened on tour beginning in April, 2012. In 2016, he released his first novel, Jane Two, a coming - of - age story drawing inspiration from his own childhood and early experiences. It was released to generally positive acclaim."}], "question": "Who was supposed to play Indiana Jones before the star of the first Blade Runner movie?"}
{"id": "2hop__240271_629175", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pectoralis major", "paragraph_text": "The pectoralis major (/ \u02ccp\u025bkt\u0259\u02c8re\u026al\u026as \u02c8me\u026ad\u0292\u0259r /) (from Latin: pectus, breast) is a thick, fan - shaped muscle, situated at the chest (anterior) of the human body. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles and lies under the breast. Below (deep to) the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a thin, triangular muscle. In sports as well as bodybuilding, the pectoral muscles may colloquially be referred to as ``pecs '',`` pectoral muscle'' or ``chest muscle ''due to its being the larger and most superficial muscle in the chest area."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chun Bo-geun", "paragraph_text": "Chun Bo-geun (born August 23, 2002) is a South Korean actor. He first garnered attention in a KTF commercial in 2008, then began his career as a child actor in 2009. Chun has starred in the films \"Hello Ghost\" (2010) and \"The Grand Heist\" (2012), as well as the television series \"Wish Upon a Star\" (2010) and \"The Queen's Classroom\" (2013)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Udder", "paragraph_text": "An udder is an organ formed of the mammary glands of female four - legged mammals, particularly ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep and deer. It is equivalent to the breast in primates. The udder is a single mass hanging beneath the animal, consisting of pairs of mammary glands. In cattle there are normally two pairs, in sheep, goats and deer there is one pair, and in some animals such as pigs there are many pairs. In animals with udders, the mammary glands develop on the milk line near the groin, and mammary glands that develop on the chest (such as in humans and apes) are generally referred to as breasts."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Charity with Four Children", "paragraph_text": "Charity with Four Children is a sculpture by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Executed between 1627 and 1628, the work is housed in the Vatican Museums in Vatican City. The small terracotta sculpture represents \"Charity\" breast-feeding a child, with three other children playing. There is an imprint of the artist's thumbprint in the clay."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Breast hypertrophy", "paragraph_text": "The indication is a breast weight that exceeds approximately 3% of the total body weight. There are varying definitions of what is considered to be excessive breast tissue, that is the expected breast tissue plus extraordinary breast tissue, ranging from as little as 0.6 kilograms (1.3 lb) up to 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb) with most physicians defining macromastia as excessive tissue of over 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb). Some resources distinguish between macromastia (Greek, macro: large, mastos: breast), where excessive tissue is less than 2.5 kg, and gigantomastia (Greek, gigantikos: giant), where excessive tissue is more than 2.5 kg. The enlargement can cause muscular discomfort and over-stretching of the skin envelope, which can lead in some cases to ulceration.Hypertrophy of the breast can affect the breasts equally, but usually affects one breast more than the other, thereby causing asymmetry, when one breast is larger than the other. The condition can also individually affect the nipples and areola instead of or in addition to the entire breast. The effect can produce a minor size variation to an extremely large breast asymmetry. Breast hypertrophy is classified in one of five ways: as either pubertal (virginal hypertrophy), gestational (gravid macromastia), in adult women without any obvious cause, associated with penicillamine therapy, and associated with extreme obesity. Many definitions of macromastia and gigantomastia are based on the term of \"excessive breast tissue\", and are therefore somewhat arbitrary."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dana Brown", "paragraph_text": "Dana Brown (born December 11, 1959 in Dana Point, California) is an American surfer and filmmaker, and is the oldest son of filmmaker Bruce Brown. His films include \"The Endless Summer Revisited\" (2000) which is made up of unused footage from \"The Endless Summer\" (1964) and \"The Endless Summer II\" (1994), as well as some original interviews with the stars of those films. His first all-original film was \"Step Into Liquid\" (2003) followed by a documentary on the Baja 1000 titled \"Dust to Glory\" (2005). In 2009, he debuted a new film called \"Highwater\" during the 100th anniversary of the Santa Monica Pier; the film follows life on the North Shore and the surfers who compete in the Vans Triple Crown of Surfing. In 2014, the movie \"On Any Sunday, The Next Chapter\" continues the saga of motocross documentaries which began with the 1972 Academy Award for Documentary Feature nominated film \"On Any Sunday\" (1971)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Syed A. Hoda", "paragraph_text": "Syed A. Hoda is a professor of pathology at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University, and an Attending Pathologist at the New York Presbyterian Hospital. Hoda is a surgical pathologist with a particular interest in diagnostic breast pathology."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bebe's Boobs Destroy Society", "paragraph_text": "\"Bebe's Boobs Destroy Society\" is episode 89 of the Comedy Central series \"South Park\". It originally aired on July 17, 2002. The episode focuses on and satirizes men's fascination over women's breasts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fibrocystic breast changes", "paragraph_text": "Fibrocystic breast changes Micrograph showing fibrocystic breast changes. H&E stain. Classification and external resources Specialty obstetrics gynecology ICD - 10 N60. 1 ICD - 9 - CM 610.1 DiseasesDB 4799 MedlinePlus 000912 MeSH D005348 (edit on Wikidata)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Poly Implant Proth\u00e8se", "paragraph_text": "Poly Implant Proth\u00e8se (PIP) was a French company founded in 1991 that produced silicone gel breast implants. The company was preemptively liquidated in 2010 following the revelation that they had been illegally manufacturing and selling breast implants made from cheaper industrial-grade silicone since 2001 (instead of the mandated medical-grade silicone they had previously used). The hundreds of thousands of unapproved implants sold globally by PIP from 2001 to 2010 were found to have a 500% higher risk of rupturing or leaking than approved models, as well as being implicated in several deaths due to systemic toxicity and several cases of induced breast cancer. The scandal, which produced fears of a massive health disaster, prompted a full recall of the company's implants by the French health ministry in 2010, by which time the company was already defunct."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Angham", "paragraph_text": "Angham was born in Alexandria, Egypt, the eldest child of Mohammad Suleiman, a former violinist, music composer, orchestra chief, and singer, while her mother, Mageda Abdel Haleem, is a well-known artist. She grew up in a very religious Islamic family."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wish Upon a Star", "paragraph_text": "Wish Upon a Star is a 1996 television film directed by Blair Treu, written by Jessica Barondes, and starring Katherine Heigl and Danielle Harris. It focuses on two teenage sisters that magically swap bodies because of a wish made on a shooting star. They spend several days living each other's life, sometimes with the intent to sabotage the other's reputation and achievements, but they learn to appreciate and help each other along the way. The tagline to this movie is \"I Wish I May, I Wish I Might, Become My Sister For A Night!\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Breast Wishes", "paragraph_text": "Breast Wishes is an Australian musical comedy produced by Anne Looby, Simone Parrott and Neil Gooding with music and lyrics by Bruce Brown and a book by an ensemble of Australian writers: Merridy Eastman, Jonathan Gavin, Richard Glover, Wendy Harmer, Sheridan Jobbins, James Millar and Debra Oswald. It is a funny, tender and fully clothed look at breasts and those who support them."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nipple stimulation", "paragraph_text": "The male or female breast, nipple and areola develop similarly in the fetus and during infancy. At puberty, the male's breasts remain rudimentary but the female's develop further, mainly due to the presence of estrogen and progesterone, and become much more sensitive than the male ones. Smaller female breasts, however, are more sensitive than larger ones."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Breast pump", "paragraph_text": "On June 20, 1854, the United States Patent Office issued Patent No. 11,135 to O.H. Needham for a breast pump. Scientific American (1863) credits L.O. Colbin as the inventor and patent applicant of a breast pump. In 1921 - 23, engineer and chess master Edward Lasker produced a mechanical breast pump that imitated an infant's sucking action and was regarded by physicians as a marked improvement on existing hand - operated breast pumps, which failed to remove all the milk from the breast. The U.S. Patent Office issued U.S. Patent 1,644,257 for Lasker's breast pump. In 1956 Einar Egnell published his groundbreaking work, ``Viewpoints on what happens mechanically in the female breast during various methods of milk collection ''. This article provided insight into the technical aspects of milk extraction from the breast. Many Egnell SMB breast pumps designed through this research are still in operation over 50 years after publication."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ebenezer Child", "paragraph_text": "Child was an American composer and compiler of sacred music in the early nineteenth century. He was also a farmer and town official in Vermont."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover", "paragraph_text": "``Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover ''is a song written, composed, recorded, and released by singer - songwriter Sophie B. Hawkins. Released in 1992 from her debut album Tongues and Tails, it achieved success in many countries worldwide; in the United States alone, it reached No. 5 on Billboard Magazine's Hot 100 charts."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd song)", "paragraph_text": "``Wish You Were Here ''is the title track on Pink Floyd's 1975 album Wish You Were Here. David Gilmour and Roger Waters collaborated to write the music, and Gilmour sang the lead vocal."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cordon bleu (dish)", "paragraph_text": "There are many variations of the recipe, all of which involve a cutlet, cheese, and meat. A popular way to prepare chicken cordon bleu is to butterfly cut a chicken breast, place a thin slice of ham inside, along with a thin slice of a soft, easily melted cheese such as Swiss. The chicken breast is then rolled into a roulade, coated in bread crumbs and then deep fried. Other variations exist with the chicken baked rather than fried."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "VE-cadherin", "paragraph_text": "VE-cadherin is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily and the gene is located in a six-cadherin cluster in a region on the long arm of chromosome 16 that is involved in loss of heterozygosity events in breast and prostate cancer. The encoded protein is a calcium-dependent cell\u2013cell adhesion glycoprotein composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Functioning as a classic cadherin by imparting to cells the ability to adhere in a homophilic manner, the protein may play an important role in endothelial cell biology through control of the cohesion and organization of the intercellular junctions."}], "question": "Who is the child of the Breast Wishes composer?"}
{"id": "2hop__32045_48374", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "All by Myself", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 motion picture Bridget Jones's Diary featured a cover version performed by Jamie O'Neal showing actress Ren\u00e9e Zellweger singing to it in the famous pajamas scene. This track is also played over the other Bridget Jones's Films Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film) and Bridget Jones's Baby."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Indiana Central Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Indiana Central Canal was a canal intended to connect the Wabash and Erie Canal to the Ohio River. It was funded by the Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, Indiana's attempt to take part in the canal-building craze, started by the Erie Canal. $3.5 million was allocated for the project, the largest piece of the entire $10 million Act. However, due to the Panic of 1837, Indiana suffered financial difficulties and had to turn over the canal to the state's creditors, and building of the canal was stopped in 1839. The canal was supposed to extend , from Peru, Indiana, to Evansville, Indiana, where it would reach the Ohio River. It was originally divided into two sections, North and South. Later, a third section was designated, called the Indianapolis section. Only eight miles were completed, with eighty additional miles between Anderson, Indiana, and Martinsville, Indiana, having been partially built."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Richard Pool-Jones", "paragraph_text": "Richard Pool-Jones (born 22 October 1969) is an English former rugby union player and current coach. He earned one cap for England in 1998, playing in the record 76-0 loss to Australia. Pool-Jones, who played club rugby in France for Biarritz Olympique and Stade Fran\u00e7ais, played for the latter in the 2001 Heineken Cup Final."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "paragraph_text": "In 1936, archaeologist Indiana Jones braves an ancient booby - trapped temple in Peru and retrieves a golden idol. He is confronted by rival archaeologist Ren\u00e9 Belloq and the indigenous Hovito people. Surrounded and outnumbered, Indy surrenders the idol to Belloq and escapes aboard a waiting floatplane."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "After two forays into more serious dramatic films, Spielberg then directed the third Indiana Jones film, 1989's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Once again teaming up with Lucas and Ford, Spielberg also cast actor Sean Connery in a supporting role as Indy's father. The film earned generally positive reviews and was another box office success, becoming the highest grossing film worldwide that year; its total box office receipts even topped those of Tim Burton's much-anticipated film Batman, which had been the bigger hit domestically. Also in 1989, he re-united with actor Richard Dreyfuss for the romantic comedy-drama Always, about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires. Spielberg's first romantic film, Always was only a moderate success and had mixed reviews."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alison Doody", "paragraph_text": "Alison Doody (born 11 November 1966) is an Irish actress and model. After making her feature film debut with a small part in Bond film A View to a Kill (1985), she went on to play Nazi - sympathising archaeologist Elsa Schneider, in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Other roles include Siobhan Donavan in A Prayer for the Dying (1987), Charlotte in Taffin (1988) and Rebecca Flannery in Major League II (1994)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sean Patrick Flanery", "paragraph_text": "Sean Patrick Flanery (born October 11, 1965) is an American actor, author, and martial artist, known for playing Connor MacManus in The Boondock Saints, Greg Stillson in The Dead Zone, Jeremy ``Powder ''Reed in Powder, Indiana Jones in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, as well as Bobby Dagen in Saw: The Final Chapter. He is also known for his role as Sam Gibson on The Young and the Restless in 2011. He starred in Devil's Carnival, a short film which was screened on tour beginning in April, 2012. In 2016, he released his first novel, Jane Two, a coming - of - age story drawing inspiration from his own childhood and early experiences. It was released to generally positive acclaim."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hammond Pros", "paragraph_text": "The Hammond Pros from Hammond, Indiana played in the National Football League from 1920 to 1926 as a traveling team."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants", "paragraph_text": "Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants is the second of 12 Indiana Jones novels published by Bantam Books. Rob MacGregor, the author of this book, also wrote five of the other Indiana Jones books for Bantam. Published on May 1, 1991, it is preceded by \"Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi\" and followed by \"Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Next, Spielberg teamed with Star Wars creator and friend George Lucas on an action adventure film, Raiders of the Lost Ark, the first of the Indiana Jones films. The archaeologist and adventurer hero Indiana Jones was played by Harrison Ford (whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars films as Han Solo). The film was considered an homage to the cliffhanger serials of the Golden Age of Hollywood. It became the biggest film at the box office in 1981, and the recipient of numerous Oscar nominations including Best Director (Spielberg's second nomination) and Best Picture (the second Spielberg film to be nominated for Best Picture). Raiders is still considered a landmark example of the action-adventure genre. The film also led to Ford's casting in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Glenn Chapman", "paragraph_text": "Glenn Justice Chapman (January 21, 1906, in Cambridge City, Indiana \u2013 November 5, 1988, in Richmond, Indiana) was an American Major League Baseball player. Nicknamed \"Pete\", he played in 67 games for the Brooklyn Dodgers during the 1934 season."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "paragraph_text": "Raiders of the Lost Ark (also known as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark) is a 1981 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, with a screenplay written by Lawrence Kasdan, from a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It was produced by Frank Marshall for Lucasfilm Ltd., with Lucas and Howard Kazanjian as executive producers. Starring Harrison Ford, it was the first installment in the Indiana Jones film franchise to be released, though it is the second in internal chronological order. It pits Indiana Jones (Ford) against a group of Nazis who are searching for the Ark of the Covenant, which Adolf Hitler believes will make his army invincible. The film co-stars Karen Allen as Indiana's former lover, Marion Ravenwood; Paul Freeman as Indiana's rival, French archaeologist Ren\u00e9 Belloq; John Rhys - Davies as Indiana's sidekick, Sallah; Ronald Lacey as Gestapo agent Arnold Toht; and Denholm Elliott as Indiana's colleague, Marcus Brody."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "paragraph_text": "Released on June 12, 1981, Raiders of the Lost Ark became the year's top - grossing film and remains one of the highest - grossing films ever made. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards in 1982, including Best Picture, and won four for Best Art Direction, Film Editing, Sound, and Visual Effects with a fifth Academy Award: a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing. The film's critical and popular success led to three additional films, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), with a fifth slated for 2020; the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992 -- 1996), and 15 video games as of 2009."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Indiana Jones Adventure", "paragraph_text": "The attraction premiered as Temple of the Forbidden Eye at Disneyland in Anaheim, California on March 3, 1995, and opened to the general public on March 4, 1995. A second, and nearly identical, version of the ride opened as Temple of the Crystal Skull on September 4, 2001 at Tokyo DisneySea in Chiba, Japan, unrelated to the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Indiana Jones", "paragraph_text": "Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his ``Bobby De Niro ''(in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films). During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark. However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role. One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders, both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tutte Lemkow", "paragraph_text": "Tutte Lemkow (28 August 1918\u00a0\u2013 10 November 1991) was a Norwegian actor and dancer, who played mostly villainous roles in British television and films. His chief claims to mainstream familiarity were his roles as the fiddler in the film version of \"Fiddler on the Roof\" and the old man (\"Imam\") who translates the Staff of Ra for Indiana Jones in \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory", "paragraph_text": "Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory is a 2008 American feature length documentary fan film written and directed by Brandon Kleyla to examine interest in the Indiana Jones films through interviews and profiles of more than 50 devotees of the films."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Farm (The Office)", "paragraph_text": "The episode guest stars Majandra Delfino, Blake Garrett Rosenthal, Thomas Middleditch, Matt Jones, and Tom Bower as members of Dwight's family; Delfino plays Dwight's sister Fannie, Rosenthal plays Dwight's nephew Cammy, Middleditch portrays Dwight's brother Jeb, Jones portrays Dwight's cousin Zeke, and Bower appears as Dwight's great uncle Heinrich, in a deleted scene. Jones had previously appeared in the ninth season entry, ``Junior Salesman ''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sallah", "paragraph_text": "Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom", "paragraph_text": "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action - adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as the title character. After arriving in North India, Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery, black magic and ritual human sacrifice in honor of the goddess Kali."}], "question": "Who was supposed to play Indiana Jones before the person who eventually did?"}
{"id": "2hop__327991_661447", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lin Xin", "paragraph_text": "Lin Xin (\u5ee9\u8f9b) was king of the Shang dynasty of China. His name by \"Bamboo Annals\" is Feng Xin (\u51af\u8f9b), another book The Historic People of Han Book (\u6c49\u4e66, \u53e4\u4eca\u4eba\u8868) also called him Feng Xin."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lover's Grief over the Yellow River", "paragraph_text": "Lover's Grief over the Yellow River () is a 1999 Chinese film directed by Feng Xiaoning. It was China's official Best Foreign Language Film submission at the 72nd Academy Awards, but did not receive a nomination. Feng considers it the second of his \"War and Peace\" (\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73) trilogy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Crimson Charm", "paragraph_text": "The Crimson Charm is a 1971 Hong Kong \"wuxia\" film directed by Huang Feng and produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Northern Dynasties tombs of Ci County", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Dynasties tombs of Ci County, Handan, Hebei, China consist of the tombs of members of the royalty and nobility of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi, two of the Northern Dynasties of Chinese history. The tombs, dating from 386-581, were discovered in 1974. In 1992, the State Council named the group a national key cultural relic."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Feng Xi", "paragraph_text": "Feng Xi (died 222), courtesy name Xiuyuan, was a military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William George Nicholson Geddes", "paragraph_text": "William George Nicholson Geddes CBE DSc FRSE FEng (29 July 1913 \u2013 10 November 1993) was a Scottish civil engineer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Feng Jianming", "paragraph_text": "Feng Jianming (born October, 1963 simplified Chinese:\u51af\u5efa\u660e; traditional Chinese:\u99ae\u5efa\u660e; pinyin: F\u00e9ng Ji\u00e0nm\u00edng; his English name: Jim; his Gaelic name: S\u00e9amus, birthplace: Handan City, Hebei Province) completed his post-doctoral program in Fudan University with a major in Comparative Literature and World Literature, finished his doctoral program in Shanghai International Studies University with a major in English Language and Literature, and got his master's degree of English Language and Literature in Hebei Normal University. Now, he is a professor of English, the director of the Centre for Irish Studies, and a supervisor of postgraduate students at Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade. His research areas focus on Irish literature, British and American literature, and the Bible as literature. His recent publications include academic books on James Joyce and critical essays on Irish literature. He keeps a diary entitled Ming Ze Zhu (Writing as a Part of Jim's Life)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}], "question": "In which county was Feng Jianming born?"}
{"id": "2hop__122813_42308", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "University of Magallanes", "paragraph_text": "University of Magallanes (UMAG) is a university in the southern Chilean city of Punta Arenas. It is a public state university and it is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. The University of Magallanes was established in 1981 during the neoliberal reforms of the Chile's military regime as the successor of Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Estado's Punta Arenas section. Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Estado had established the Punta Arenas section in 1961. The University of Magallanes have campuses in Punta Arenas and Puerto Natales as well as a university centre in Puerto Williams. University of Magallanes publishes the humanities and social sciences journal \"Magallania\" twice a year."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zahi Hawass", "paragraph_text": "Hawass was born in a small village near Damietta, Egypt. Although he originally dreamed of becoming an attorney, he obtained a bachelor of arts degree in Greek and Roman Archaeology from Alexandria University in Alexandria, Egypt in 1967.  In 1979, Hawass earned a diploma in Egyptology from Cairo University.  Hawass then worked at the Great Pyramids as an inspector\u2014a combination of administrator and archaeologist.  When he was 33 years old, Hawass was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to attend the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia to study Egyptology, earning a master of arts degree in Egyptology and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology in 1983, and his PhD in Egyptology in 1987 from the Graduate Group in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World (AAMW), concentrating on \"The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Khafra and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "A. Carl Helmholz", "paragraph_text": "Helmholz was born in Evanston, Illinois on May 24, 1915. He attended the Shattuck School military academy in Faribault, Minnesota, following which he went to Harvard University for his undergraduate education. In 1936, Helmholz won a fellowship to study at the Cambridge University for one year. On the advice of his family neighbour and future Nobel laureate Luis Alvarez, Helmolz moved to the University of California, Berkeley for his graduate education."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5. There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%, and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, specialist colleges, and w\u0101nanga, in addition to private training establishments. In the adult population 14.2% have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4% have no formal qualification. The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anthony Tucker", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Glenn Tucker (April 4, 1969) is a retired American professional basketball small forward who played one season in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Washington Bullets. Tuckers signed with the Bullets as a non-drafted free agent. He attended Georgetown University his freshman year before transferring to Wake Forest University for his final three years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Katarzyna Kawa", "paragraph_text": "Katarzyna Kawa was born in Krynica-Zdr\u00f3j, Poland but moved in 2013 to Pozna\u0144, Poland. She started tennis at age 7 and is currently coached by Grzegorz Garczy\u0144ski."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Johannes von Hanstein", "paragraph_text": "He attended classes at the \"G\u00e4rtnerlehranstalt\" (Institute of Horticulture) in Potsdam, and later studied sciences in Berlin, obtaining his doctorate in 1848. In 1855 he was a lecturer of botany at the University of Berlin, and six years later became curator of the royal herbarium. In 1865 he was appointed professor of botany at the University of Bonn and director of the botanical garden."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Reynold C. Fuson", "paragraph_text": "Born in Wakefield, Illinois, Fuson attended Central Normal College in Danville, Indiana, where after one year in 1914 he was certified as a teacher. He received a Bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Montana, a Master's degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. He accepted a postdoctoral appointment at Harvard University with E. P. Kohler and remained there to serve briefly as an instructor. He joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois in 1927. He retired in 1963 after thirty-five years as a distinguished teacher and researcher. After retirement from the University of Illinois, Fuson spent fourteen years at the University of Nevada as a distinguished visiting professor and then as a professor emeritus."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jason Kipnis", "paragraph_text": "Jason Michael Kipnis (born April 3, 1987; nicknamed \"Kip\") is an American professional baseball second baseman and center fielder for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB). He attended Glenbrook North High School in the suburbs of Chicago, where he earned three letters playing baseball for the Glenbrook North Spartans. He attended the University of Kentucky, but transferred to Arizona State University after two years. In college, Kipnis was an All-American and the 2009 Pacific-10 Conference Player of the Year for the Sun Devils."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cindy Marano", "paragraph_text": "Cindy Marano was born in Philadelphia in 1947. Her family moved frequently due to her father's work, and she attended nine different schools before she graduated high school. She was inspired by her 8th grade teacher and joined the Peace Corps in the 1960s, serving for two years in Ecuador. The work she did in Ecuador with poor women and children affected her deeply, and she would go on to establish a distribution network for the hand-woven goods the women made. She attended Northwestern University for two years. She went on to join the Peace Corps and served two years in Ecuador. She went on to George Mason University where she graduated in 1972 with a degree in English. At the time of her death in 2005 from adenoid cystic carcinoma she lived in Oakland, California."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "The University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Krak\u00f3w. Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors. Other institutions for higher education include the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious, the National Defence University, highest military academic institution in Poland, the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music the oldest and largest music school in Poland, and one of the largest in Europe, the Warsaw School of Economics, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country, and the Warsaw University of Life Sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gustav Schwab", "paragraph_text": "Gustav Schwab was born in Stuttgart, the son of the philosopher Johann Christoph Schwab: he was introduced to the humanities early in life. After attending Gymnasium Illustre, he studied as a scholar of \"T\u00fcbinger Stift\" at University of T\u00fcbingen, his first two years studying Philology and Philosophy, and thereafter Theology. While at university he established a literary club and became a close friend of Ludwig Uhland, Karl Varnhagen and Justinus Kerner, with whom he published a collection of poems under the title \"Deutscher Dichterwald\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kasia Adamik", "paragraph_text": "Katarzyna Adamik was born on 28 December 1972 in Warsaw to Polish film director Agnieszka Holland and Laco Adam\u00edk, a Slovak opera director. She is a niece of the famous Polish director Magdalena \u0141azarkiewicz."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Katarzyna Cha\u0142asi\u0144ska-Macukow", "paragraph_text": "Katarzyna Cha\u0142asi\u0144ska-Macukow (born 20 March 1946) is a physicist and professor at the University of Warsaw, in 2005 and again in 2008 elected for the post of the rector of the University of Warsaw."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Flora Nwapa", "paragraph_text": "Nwapa was born in Oguta, in south-eastern Nigeria, the eldest of the six children of Christopher Ijeoma (an agent with the United Africa Company) and Martha Nwapa, a teacher of drama. Flora Nwapa attended school in Oguta, Secondary School at Elelenwa in Port Harcourt and Lagos. At the age of 22 years she entered the university in 1953 and earned a B.A degree at the age of 26 years from University College, Ibadan, in 1957. She then went to Scotland, where she earned a Diploma in Education from Edinburgh University in 1958."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Robert McGill Loughridge", "paragraph_text": "Robert McGill Loughridge (December 24, 1809 \u2013 July 8, 1900) was an American Presbyterian missionary who served among the Creek Indians in Indian Territory. He attended Miami University, Ohio, and graduated in 1837; Loughridge was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in October 1842. In 1843 Loughridge entered Indian Territory and established the Koweta Mission. Seven years later, in 1850, he also established the Tullahassee Mission. During his ministry to the Creek Indians he became skilled in their language, and with help from Legus Perryman translated and transcribed portions of the Bible, along with hymns and catechisms, assisted by Ann Eliza Robertson. In 1890, Loughridge published an English and Muskogee Dictionary, the first dictionary of the Creek language, with David M. Hodge."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Twists of Fate", "paragraph_text": "Korow\u00f3d, or Twists of Fate, is a 2007 Polish drama film directed by Jerzy Stuhr. It stars Kamil Mackowiak, Karolina Gorczyca and Katarzyna Maciag. Supporting roles are played by Jan Frycz, Aleksandra Konieczna, Maciej Stuhr and Matylda Baczynska."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mbarara University School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "Mbarara University School of Medicine (MUSM), also known as Mbarara University Medical School (MUMS) is the school of medicine of Mbarara University of Science and Technology, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school was founded in 1989, the same year that the university was established."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Levale Speigner", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy Levale Speigner (born September 24, 1980 in Thomasville, Georgia) is an American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for the Washington Nationals. Speigner attended college, and played NCAA ball for four years, at Auburn University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bob Bennett (swimmer)", "paragraph_text": "Bennett attended the University of Southern California (USC), where he competed for the USC Trojans swimming and diving team from 1963 to 1965. He received All-American honors for three consecutive years, and graduated in 1965."}], "question": "In what year was Katarzyna Cha\u0142asi\u0144ska-Macukow's university founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__121585_42308", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Restored Church of God", "paragraph_text": "RCG's founder and leader is David C. Pack (born 1948). As Pastor General of the Restored Church of God, David C. Pack oversees the operations of the church. He attended Ambassador College and entered WCG's ministry in 1971. Following the 1995 schism in WCG, Pack became a minister in the Global Church of God, but was fired on May 3, 1999, and established his own church. Since then, he has established over 50 congregations, authored more than 20 books, written hundreds of booklets and articles, and appeared on The History Channel. The church attendance is claimed to be in the thousands, but no reliable numbers have been published."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Levale Speigner", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy Levale Speigner (born September 24, 1980 in Thomasville, Georgia) is an American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for the Washington Nationals. Speigner attended college, and played NCAA ball for four years, at Auburn University."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jason Kipnis", "paragraph_text": "Jason Michael Kipnis (born April 3, 1987; nicknamed \"Kip\") is an American professional baseball second baseman and center fielder for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB). He attended Glenbrook North High School in the suburbs of Chicago, where he earned three letters playing baseball for the Glenbrook North Spartans. He attended the University of Kentucky, but transferred to Arizona State University after two years. In college, Kipnis was an All-American and the 2009 Pacific-10 Conference Player of the Year for the Sun Devils."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "St Mary MacKillop College, Albury", "paragraph_text": "St Mary MacKillop College (formerly Blessed Mary MacKillop Colleges Albury) is an independent school, located in Jindera, New South Wales, Australia. The school was established in 2009 offering enrolments for Kinder to Year 12."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hugh Arnold", "paragraph_text": "Hugh Arnold (1872\u20131915) was born in Wimbledon, the son of a solicitor. Arnold was educated at the Slade School of Fine Art before attending the London County Council (LCC) Central School of Arts and Crafts where he studied under Christopher Whall from 1989 to 1903. He designed stained glass windows for James Powell & Sons and also did some independent work. While an officer in the Northumberland Fusiliers, Arnold died on active service at Gallipoli in 1915."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Derek Boshier", "paragraph_text": "Derek Boshier attended Yeovil School of art in Somerset, England from 1953-1957 (B.F.A.). He attended the Royal College of Art in London, 1959-1962 alongside David Hockney, Allen Jones and Peter Phillips, receiving his M.F.A. in 1962. The boredom of the previous few years of National Service in the [Royal Engineers] had been alleviated by reading the works of Marshall McLuhan. During his college years, his work was didactic, commenting on the space race, the all-powerful multinationals and the increasing Americanisation of English culture."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mich Dulce", "paragraph_text": "She graduated from the Poveda Learning Center in Quezon City (now St. Pedro Poveda College), and attended the Ateneo de Manila University where she earned a college degree in Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Management and Communications Track. She worked with professional designers like Jessica Ogden, Marjan Pejoski and Cecile Zamora. After college she attended a series of short Courses at the London College of Fashion and Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design both in London."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Billy Wasmund", "paragraph_text": "Wasmund was born in December 1887 in Michigan. His father, Lebrecht Wasmund, was a stone contractor born in Germany. Wasmund attended Lafayette College where he played fullback for the school's college football team for two years. Wasmund's play at Lafayette attracted the attention of Fielding H. Yost of the University of Michigan. Wasmund transferred to Michigan where Yost developed him into a quarterback. Wasmund was the Wolverines' starting quarterback for three years, from 1907 to 1909."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ryan Catholic College", "paragraph_text": "Ryan Catholic College is a combined, co-educational, primary and secondary school in what is now the City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was established by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Townsville in 1979. Ryan is the largest catholic school in Townsville."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie", "paragraph_text": "Arnold (Mason Vale Cotton) and his best friend Gerald (Benjamin Flores Jr.) plan to make a humanitarian video during the summer, after their fifth grade year, to win a trip to San Lorenzo, where Arnold's parents were last seen. They try to record themselves making a home out of junk for one of their friends, eccentric Monkeyman (Craig Bartlett), but that backfires; Arnold leaves, heartbroken."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Perry Belmont", "paragraph_text": "He attended Everest Military Academy in Hamden, Connecticut; and graduated from Harvard College in 1872; attended the law school in the University of Berlin; and graduated from the Columbia Law School in 1876. He was admitted to the bar that same year."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Karen Guthrie", "paragraph_text": "Karen Guthrie attended the Edinburgh College of Art from 1987 to 1991, receiving a BA in Printmaking. She attended the Royal College of Art in London from 1991 to 1993, receiving a MA in Printmaking."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ethan Place", "paragraph_text": "Ethan Place grew up in Lake St. Louis, Missouri and graduated from Wentzville Holt High School in 2001. He played varsity quarterback for three years in high school. He entertained some offers to play college football, but he was not sure he was ready to attend college. Ethan chose instead to enlist in the Marine Corps."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stanis\u0142aw Paklepka", "paragraph_text": "Stanis\u0142aw Paklepka, Latin Paclesius (d. Lublin 1565) was one of the first generation of Polish Calvinists, then later an Arian. At the Synods of Pi\u0144cz\u00f3w in 1562 Stanis\u0142aw Paklepka and Gregory Paul of Brzeziny rejected the doctrine of the Trinity as a \"papal\" concept, without Biblical support, as also infant baptism."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "The University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Krak\u00f3w. Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors. Other institutions for higher education include the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious, the National Defence University, highest military academic institution in Poland, the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music the oldest and largest music school in Poland, and one of the largest in Europe, the Warsaw School of Economics, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country, and the Warsaw University of Life Sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stanis\u0142aw Lorentz", "paragraph_text": "Stanis\u0142aw Lorentz (28 April 1899 \u2013 15 March 1991) was Polish scholar of museology and history of art. Director of the National Museum in Warsaw in the years 1936-1982, deputy to Sejm - the Polish Parliament (1965\u201369), an UNESCO expert for the protection of monuments and historic sites."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arnold, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Arnold is a suburb of Annapolis and a census-designated place (CDP) in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. The population was 23,106 at the 2010 census. Neighborhoods straddle College Parkway and Maryland Route 2 (Ritchie Highway). Arnold is located on the scenic Broadneck peninsula. The ZIP code is 21012."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stanis\u0142aw Arnold", "paragraph_text": "Stanis\u0142aw Arnold (20 December 1895 in D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza \u2013 3 November 1973 in Warszawa) was a Polish historian, professor of the University of Warsaw, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, chief of Marksistowskie Zrzeszenie Historyk\u00f3w (Marxist Association of Historians)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909. As a freshman, he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin, and which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening. The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it, and miraculously recovered, though he had to repeat his freshman year. He and brother Edgar both wanted to attend college, though they lacked the funds. They made a pact to take alternate years at college while the other worked to earn the tuitions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dark Reflections", "paragraph_text": "\"Dark Reflections\" tells the story of Arnold Hawley, a gay, African-American poet who lives most of his life in New York City. The novel is divided into three sections, each illustrating a period in Arnold's life. Where most novels would start in youth and move towards old age, \"Dark Reflections\" begins, instead, with Arnold between the ages of 52 and 68, then moves backwards to his middle 30s, and finally recounts his early college days."}], "question": "What year was the institution where Stanis\u0142aw Arnold worked established?"}
{"id": "2hop__536556_592949", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Plenty, Plenty Soul", "paragraph_text": "Plenty, Plenty Soul is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1957 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tijuana Jazz", "paragraph_text": "Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label. The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Three for Shepp", "paragraph_text": "Three for Shepp is the debut album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Clo\u00e9 Vidiane", "paragraph_text": "Clo\u00e9 Vidiane was a French singer who performed in operetta, cabaret shows and films in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s. She played the title role, alternating with Madeline Masse, in the Paris production of \"Rose-Marie\" in 1927, which ran for a record 1,250 performances."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album)", "paragraph_text": "Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Soundsigns", "paragraph_text": "Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Jazz Skyline", "paragraph_text": "The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Groovin' with Golson", "paragraph_text": "Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rosa Valetti", "paragraph_text": "Rosa Valetti was born in Berlin, the daughter of industrialist Felix Vallentin and sister of actor Hermann Vallentin. She played her first roles in the theatres of suburban Berlin. Inspired by the November Revolution and her meeting with political satirist Kurt Tucholsky, Valetti began performing in cabarets. In 1920, she founded the \"Caf\u00e9 Gr\u00f6ssenwahn\" (\"Caf\u00e9 Megalomania\"), which has been recognized as one of the most important literary and political cabarets in 1920s Berlin. Caf\u00e9 Megalomania was frequented by Expressionist writers, and the program of sketch comedy and political songs reflected Valetti's belief in the cabaret as an instrument of political and social criticism."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Waterfalls (album)", "paragraph_text": "Waterfalls is a live album by American saxophonist and composer John Klemmer featuring studio enhanced live performances recorded in Los Angeles for the Impulse! label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Main Attraction (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm", "paragraph_text": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances with Ernie Henry recorded in 1957 and released on the Riverside label. This was Henry's last recording session."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cabaret (Das Ich album)", "paragraph_text": "Cabaret is the thirteenth album by Das Ich. All tracks were written by Stefan Ackermann and the music, backing vocals, and instruments were by Bruno Kramm."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Danse Macabre Records", "paragraph_text": "Danse Macabre Records is a record label based in Wirsberg, Germany and founded by members of Das Ich. It gained popularity in the early 1990s, at the same time that the German Dark Wave movement experienced a marked upswing."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "It's What's Happenin'", "paragraph_text": "It's What's Happenin' (subtitled The Varitone Sound of Clark Terry) is an album by American jazz trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1967 for the Impulse! label. Remastered in 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Impulse! Records, it was reissued together with Terry's only other record for the label as a solo leader, \"The Happy Horns of Clark Terry\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Something Personal", "paragraph_text": "Something Personal is an album by American jazz pianist Jack Wilson featuring performances recorded and released on the Blue Note label in 1967."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Foolin' Myself", "paragraph_text": "Foolin' Myself is an album of trio performances by the American jazz pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1988 and released on the Italian Soul Note label."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Extended Play (Cabaret Voltaire EP)", "paragraph_text": "Extended Play is an extended play and the debut release by English industrial band Cabaret Voltaire. It was released in November 1978, through record label Rough Trade."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jazz Contemporary", "paragraph_text": "Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label. The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn."}], "question": "What is the record label of the performer of Cabaret?"}
{"id": "2hop__123077_42308", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Maria Wasiak", "paragraph_text": "Maria Wasiak was born in Radom and lived and studied there until matriculating at the University of Warsaw where she studied law. In 1990 her application to become a legal counsellor (solicitor) was approved. In 1994 Wasiak became a founding member of the Democratic Union, from which she later went on to head the regional branch of the Freedom Union party. She stayed in her position as leader of the party's regional branch until 1997. Wasiak is a graduate of the Pozna\u0144 University of Economics's business school."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "University of Magallanes", "paragraph_text": "University of Magallanes (UMAG) is a university in the southern Chilean city of Punta Arenas. It is a public state university and it is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. The University of Magallanes was established in 1981 during the neoliberal reforms of the Chile's military regime as the successor of Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Estado's Punta Arenas section. Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Estado had established the Punta Arenas section in 1961. The University of Magallanes have campuses in Punta Arenas and Puerto Natales as well as a university centre in Puerto Williams. University of Magallanes publishes the humanities and social sciences journal \"Magallania\" twice a year."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Levale Speigner", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy Levale Speigner (born September 24, 1980 in Thomasville, Georgia) is an American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for the Washington Nationals. Speigner attended college, and played NCAA ball for four years, at Auburn University."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Glenn Chadbourne", "paragraph_text": "Glenn Chadbourne attended Lincoln Academy before continuing his education at The Portland School of Art. He also attended the University of Maine at Augusta, as well as the University of Southern Maine."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jason Kipnis", "paragraph_text": "Jason Michael Kipnis (born April 3, 1987; nicknamed \"Kip\") is an American professional baseball second baseman and center fielder for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB). He attended Glenbrook North High School in the suburbs of Chicago, where he earned three letters playing baseball for the Glenbrook North Spartans. He attended the University of Kentucky, but transferred to Arizona State University after two years. In college, Kipnis was an All-American and the 2009 Pacific-10 Conference Player of the Year for the Sun Devils."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cobie Smulders", "paragraph_text": "Jacoba Francisca Maria ``Cobie ''Smulders (born April 3, 1982) is a Canadian actress and model. She is best known for her roles as Robin Scherbatsky on the television series How I Met Your Mother (2005 -- 2014) and Maria Hill in the Marvel Cinematic Universe."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "The University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Krak\u00f3w. Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors. Other institutions for higher education include the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious, the National Defence University, highest military academic institution in Poland, the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music the oldest and largest music school in Poland, and one of the largest in Europe, the Warsaw School of Economics, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country, and the Warsaw University of Life Sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Reynold C. Fuson", "paragraph_text": "Born in Wakefield, Illinois, Fuson attended Central Normal College in Danville, Indiana, where after one year in 1914 he was certified as a teacher. He received a Bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Montana, a Master's degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. He accepted a postdoctoral appointment at Harvard University with E. P. Kohler and remained there to serve briefly as an instructor. He joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois in 1927. He retired in 1963 after thirty-five years as a distinguished teacher and researcher. After retirement from the University of Illinois, Fuson spent fourteen years at the University of Nevada as a distinguished visiting professor and then as a professor emeritus."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mina Arndt", "paragraph_text": "Arndt was born at Thurlby Domain, near Queenstown on 18 April 1885, the daughter of Maria and Herman Arndt. As a girl, Arndt's family moved to Dunedin where she attended Otago Girls' High School."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mbarara University School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "Mbarara University School of Medicine (MUSM), also known as Mbarara University Medical School (MUMS) is the school of medicine of Mbarara University of Science and Technology, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school was founded in 1989, the same year that the university was established."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Robert McGill Loughridge", "paragraph_text": "Robert McGill Loughridge (December 24, 1809 \u2013 July 8, 1900) was an American Presbyterian missionary who served among the Creek Indians in Indian Territory. He attended Miami University, Ohio, and graduated in 1837; Loughridge was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in October 1842. In 1843 Loughridge entered Indian Territory and established the Koweta Mission. Seven years later, in 1850, he also established the Tullahassee Mission. During his ministry to the Creek Indians he became skilled in their language, and with help from Legus Perryman translated and transcribed portions of the Bible, along with hymns and catechisms, assisted by Ann Eliza Robertson. In 1890, Loughridge published an English and Muskogee Dictionary, the first dictionary of the Creek language, with David M. Hodge."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bob Bennett (swimmer)", "paragraph_text": "Bennett attended the University of Southern California (USC), where he competed for the USC Trojans swimming and diving team from 1963 to 1965. He received All-American honors for three consecutive years, and graduated in 1965."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Perry Belmont", "paragraph_text": "He attended Everest Military Academy in Hamden, Connecticut; and graduated from Harvard College in 1872; attended the law school in the University of Berlin; and graduated from the Columbia Law School in 1876. He was admitted to the bar that same year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution; a campus of the University of Phoenix; and Cleary University, a private business school. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township. In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009, and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cindy Marano", "paragraph_text": "Cindy Marano was born in Philadelphia in 1947. Her family moved frequently due to her father's work, and she attended nine different schools before she graduated high school. She was inspired by her 8th grade teacher and joined the Peace Corps in the 1960s, serving for two years in Ecuador. The work she did in Ecuador with poor women and children affected her deeply, and she would go on to establish a distribution network for the hand-woven goods the women made. She attended Northwestern University for two years. She went on to join the Peace Corps and served two years in Ecuador. She went on to George Mason University where she graduated in 1972 with a degree in English. At the time of her death in 2005 from adenoid cystic carcinoma she lived in Oakland, California."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Johannes von Hanstein", "paragraph_text": "He attended classes at the \"G\u00e4rtnerlehranstalt\" (Institute of Horticulture) in Potsdam, and later studied sciences in Berlin, obtaining his doctorate in 1848. In 1855 he was a lecturer of botany at the University of Berlin, and six years later became curator of the royal herbarium. In 1865 he was appointed professor of botany at the University of Bonn and director of the botanical garden."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5. There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%, and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, specialist colleges, and w\u0101nanga, in addition to private training establishments. In the adult population 14.2% have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4% have no formal qualification. The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Anthony Tucker", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Glenn Tucker (April 4, 1969) is a retired American professional basketball small forward who played one season in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Washington Bullets. Tuckers signed with the Bullets as a non-drafted free agent. He attended Georgetown University his freshman year before transferring to Wake Forest University for his final three years."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Grazia Maria Pinto", "paragraph_text": "Grazia Maria Pinto (born Catania, 22 April 1988) is an Italian model. She was crowned Miss Universe Italy 2012 on 31 August 2012 at the Rainbow MagicLand Theme Park in Rome. She is 1.77 m tall (5'9.5\"). By winning the title, Grazia Maria earned the right to represent her country at the Miss Universe 2012 pageant."}], "question": "What year was the university attended by Maria Wasiak established?"}
{"id": "2hop__480269_683518", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ivo Werner", "paragraph_text": "Ivo Werner (born 19 August 1960) is a former professional tennis player originally from Czechoslovakia who competed for both his native country as well as West Germany. Werner, who is now a tennis coach, immigrated to West Germany in 1982 and got citizenship two years later."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Citizenship Counts", "paragraph_text": "Citizenship Counts is a non-partisan 501(c)(3) organization based in Arizona that is dedicated to inspiring American youth with a civic education curriculum that teaches them the value and responsibilities of citizenship, promotes pride in American citizenship, and encourages students to be involved in their communities."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zhen Zhen", "paragraph_text": "Zhen Zhen () is a female giant panda born on August 3, 2007 to Bai Yun and Gao Gao at the San Diego Zoo. Her name means \"Precious\". She is Bai Yun's fourth cub, and Gao Gao's third. Zhen Zhen has one half sibling, Hua Mei, and four full siblings, Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu. Like her full siblings, Zhen Zhen was conceived via natural mating."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Peter Mutharika", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Peter Mutharika (; born 18 July 1940) is a Malawian politician, educator and lawyer who has been President of Malawi since 31 May 2014. Mutharika has worked globally in the field of international justice. He is an expert on international economic law, international law and comparative constitutional law. He informally served as an adviser to his older brother, President Bingu wa Mutharika, on issues of foreign and domestic policy from the onset of his election campaign until the President's death on 5 April 2012."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)", "paragraph_text": "The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a political party in Malawi. The party was formed in February 2005 by Malawian President Bingu wa Mutharika after a dispute with the United Democratic Front (UDF), which was led by his predecessor, Bakili Muluzi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fawzi Benkhalidi", "paragraph_text": "Fawzi Benkhalidi (born 3 February 1963) is an Algerian football forward who played for Algeria in the 1986 FIFA World Cup. He also played for WA Boufarik."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Faithfully Yours", "paragraph_text": "Faithfully Yours is a 1988 Hong Kong romantic comedy film directed by Wong Wa-kei and starring Jacky Cheung, Max Mok, Stephen Chow and Sharla Cheung."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "People's Party (Malawi)", "paragraph_text": "Joyce Banda created the People's Party after being expelled from the ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) when she refused to endorse President Bingu wa Mutharika's younger brother Peter Mutharika as the successor to the presidency for the 2014 general election."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lilith Saintcrow", "paragraph_text": "Lilith Saintcrow is an American author of urban fantasy, historical fantasy, paranormal romance and steampunk novels. Saintcrow was born in New Mexico. She currently resides in Vancouver, WA."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Stade Akid Lotfi", "paragraph_text": "Stade Akid Lotfi () is a multi-use stadium in Tlemcen, Algeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of WA Tlemcen. The stadium holds 18,000 people."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lon Wa Buddhist Temple", "paragraph_text": "The Longhua Temple, also known as the Lon Wa Buddhist Temple is one of the biggest Buddhist temples in the Philippines and the biggest in the island of Mindanao. It is located in the Agdao District, 3-4 kilometers northeast of the center of Davao City at Cabagiuo Avenue."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Pok\u00e9mon the Series: Sun & Moon episodes", "paragraph_text": "987 980 ``Hoshigumo Panic! A Sudden Teleport!! ''`` Hoshigumo panikku! Terep\u014dto wa totsuzen ni!!'' (\u307b\u3057\u3050\u3082\u30d1\u30cb\u30c3\u30af! \u30c6\u30ec\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u306f\u7a81\u7136\u306b!!) October 12, 2017 --"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cliff Garrett", "paragraph_text": "John Clifford \"Cliff\" Garrett (1908 in Seattle, WA - 1963) was an American entrepreneur who founded a company in Los Angeles in 1936 which came to be known as Garrett AiResearch."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Abdelhadi Kada Benyacine", "paragraph_text": "Abdelhadi Kada Benyacine (born August 5, 1990, in Tlemcen) is an Algerian football player who plays for WA Tlemcen in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sophia (robot)", "paragraph_text": "On October 11, 2017, Sophia was introduced to the United Nations with a brief conversation with the United Nations Deputy Secretary - General, Amina J. Mohammed. On October 25, at the Future Investment Summit in Riyadh, the robot was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, becoming the first robot ever to have a nationality. This attracted controversy as some commentators wondered if this implied that Sophia could vote or marry, or whether a deliberate system shutdown could be considered murder. Social media users used Sophia's citizenship to criticize Saudi Arabia's human rights record. As explained by Ali Al - Ahmed, director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs, ``Women (in Saudi Arabia) have since committed suicide because they could n't leave the house, and Sophia is running around (without a male guardian). Saudi law does n't allow non-Muslims to get citizenship. Did Sophia convert to Islam? What is the religion of this Sophia and why is n't she wearing hijab? If she applied for citizenship as a human she would n't get it. ''In December 2017, Sophia's creator David Hanson said in an interview that Sophia will use her citizenship to advocate for women's rights in her now country of citizenship; Newsweek criticized that`` What (Hanson) means, exactly, is unclear ''.."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "WA Weekender", "paragraph_text": "WA Weekender is a travel and lifestyle show featuring destinations throughout Western Australia. It airs on Sundays at 5:30pm on the Seven Network in that state. The program visits various locations in Western Australia and looks at accommodation, dining and entertainment. It was created by The Digital Imagineers Company for Channel 7 Perth. The Digital Imagineers Company managing director and executive producer, Stephen Aspinall said \"The idea behind \"WA Weekender\" is to educate and inspire all West Australians to look up from their phone or get off the couch and have some genuine and authentic experiences.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Camp Verde, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Camp Verde (Yavapai: \u02bcMatthi: wa; Western Apache: Gamb\u00fadih) is a town in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city is 10,873."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2009 Malawian general election", "paragraph_text": "General elections were held in Malawi on 19 May 2009. Incumbent President Bingu wa Mutharika ran for re-election; his main opponent was John Tembo, the president of the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Five other candidates also ran. The election was won by Mutharika, who was re-elected to the Presidency with around two-thirds of the vote. Mutharika's DPP also won a strong parliamentary majority."}], "question": "What is the country of citizenship of Bingu wa Mutharika's sibling?"}
{"id": "2hop__32372_10949", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bench Around the Lake", "paragraph_text": "Bench Around the Lake is a public artwork by Danish artist Jeppe Hein, located in the , in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The artwork consists of fifteen individually designed yellow interactive bench installations strategically placed throughout the park location. Some of the benches consist of multiple components or sections within one site."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as \"servants\", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan's Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described as a \"hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Debub Bench", "paragraph_text": "Debub Bench is one of the woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. It is named for the Bench people. Part of the Bench Maji Zone, Debub Bench is bordered on the south by Meinit Shasha, on the west by Guraferda, on the north by Sheko, on the northeast by Semien Bench, on the east by She Bench, and on the southeast by Meinit Goldiya. Town of Mizan Aman is surrounded by Debub Bench. Debub Bench is part of former Bench woreda."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battle of Sullivan's Island", "paragraph_text": "Battle of Sullivan's Island Part of the American Revolutionary War Sergeant William Jasper raising the flag over the fort, painted by Johannes Adam Simon Oertel, 1858 Date June 28, 1776 Location Sullivan's Island, South Carolina 32 \u00b0 45 \u2032 32 ''N 79 \u00b0 51 \u2032 28'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 32.7590 \u00b0 N 79.8579 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 32.7590; - 79.8579 Coordinates: 32 \u00b0 45 \u2032 32 ''N 79 \u00b0 51 \u2032 28'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 32.7590 \u00b0 N 79.8579 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 32.7590; - 79.8579 Result South Carolinian victory Belligerents South Carolina Great Britain Commanders and leaders Charles Lee William Moultrie Peter Parker (WIA) Henry Clinton Strength Fort Sullivan: 435 militia 31 cannons Other defences: 3 shore batteries 6,000 + regulars and militia 2,200 infantry 2 fourth - rates 6 frigates 1 bomb vessel Casualties and losses 12 killed 25 wounded 220 killed and wounded 2 fourth - rates severely damaged 2 frigates moderately damaged 1 frigate grounded, later scuttled"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Didier Van Cauwelaert", "paragraph_text": "Didier Van Cauwelaert (born 29 July 1960) is a French author of Belgian descent who was born in Nice. In 1994 his novel \"Un Aller simple\" won the Prix Goncourt."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Semien Bench", "paragraph_text": "Semien Bench is one of the woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. It is named for the Bench people. Part of the Bench Maji Zone, Semien Bench is bordered on the southwest by Debub Bench, on the west by Sheko, on the northwest by the Sheka Zone, on the east by the Keffa Zone, and on the southeast by She Bench. Semien Bench is part of former Bench woreda."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sullivan, New York", "paragraph_text": "Sullivan is a town in Madison County, New York, United States. The population was 15,339 at the 2010 census. The town is named after General John Sullivan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed \"almost every trope of blackness\". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, \"Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same.\" Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sullivan Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Sullivan Glacier () is a glacier flowing west into Gilbert Glacier, immediately south of Elgar Uplands in the north part of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The glacier was first sighted from a distance by the British Graham Land Expedition during a flight in 1937 and roughly mapped. Remapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947\u201348, by Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960. In association with the names of other composers in this area, named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Sir Arthur Sullivan (1842\u20131900), English composer."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Flagstone Bench", "paragraph_text": "Flagstone Bench () is a large rock bench which is littered with flaggy slabs of sandstone, bordering the southeast sides of Radok Lake and Beaver Lake in the Prince Charles Mountains of Antarctica. It was visited by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions survey parties in 1957 and 1958; the descriptive name was applied by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The 5th Wave (film)", "paragraph_text": "Chlo\u00eb Grace Moretz as Cassie Sullivan Nick Robinson as Ben Thomas Parish Ron Livingston as Oliver Sullivan Maggie Siff as Lisa Sullivan Alex Roe as Evan Walker Maria Bello as Sergeant Reznik Maika Monroe as Ringer Zackary Arthur as Sam Sullivan Liev Schreiber as Colonel Alexander Vosch Tony Revolori as ``Dumbo ''Talitha Bateman as`` Teacup'' Nadji Jeter as ``Poundcake ''Alex MacNicoll as`` Flintstone''"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Matt Barr", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Jerome Barr (born February 14, 1984) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Johnse Hatfield in Hatfields & McCoys with Kevin Costner, Mike Fleming in Commander in Chief, Ian Banks in One Tree Hill, Christopher Sullivan in the mystery - horror limited series Harper's Island, and Dan Patch in The CW's series Hellcats."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bench Talkies", "paragraph_text": "Bench Talkies \u2013 The First Bench is a 2015 Indian Tamil language independent anthology film written and directed by six directors\u2014Karthik Subbaraj, Anil Krishnan, Gopakumar, Charukesh Sekar, Monesh lucky and Rathnakumar R M. The film features an ensemble cast including Vijay Sethupathi, Guru Somasundharam, Sananth Reddy, Rishikanth Rajendran."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dushore, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Dushore is a borough in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The population was 608 at the 2010 census. Dushore is home to Sullivan County's only traffic light."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Palace of Westminster", "paragraph_text": "At the north end of the Chamber is the Speaker's Chair, a present to Parliament from the Commonwealth of Australia. The current British Speaker's Chair is an exact copy of the Speaker's Chair given to Australia, by the House of Commons, to celebrate the opening of Old Parliament House, Canberra. In front of the Speaker's Chair is the Table of the House, at which the clerks sit, and on which is placed the Commons' ceremonial mace. The Table was a gift from Canada. The dispatch boxes, which front-bench Members of Parliament (MPs) often lean on or rest notes on during Questions and speeches, are a gift from New Zealand. There are green benches on either side of the House; members of the Government party occupy benches on the Speaker's right, while those of the Opposition occupy benches on the Speaker's left. There are no cross-benches as in the House of Lords. The Chamber is relatively small, and can accommodate only 427 of the 650 Members of Parliament\u2014during Prime Minister's Questions and in major debates MPs stand at either end of the House."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Milan, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Milan is a city in Sullivan County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,960 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Sullivan County. It is pronounced MY-lun."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lord Wilton", "paragraph_text": "The Lord Wilton Guarnerius, sometimes called the ex-Yehudi Menuhin, is an antique and valuable violin fabricated by Italian luthier Giuseppe Antonio Guarneri (1698\u20131744), usually called Guarneri del Ges\u00f9. The violin was made in 1742 in the city of Cremona. It was named after Seymour Egerton, 4th Earl of Wilton, a musician, associate of Arthur Sullivan, and 19th century owner of the instrument. It was owned and played by the celebrated violinist Yehudi Menuhin from 1978 to 1999. After Menuhin's death in 1999, the instrument was sold for US$6 million to the collector David L. Fulton, the highest price paid for a violin to that date."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo", "paragraph_text": "The first public military tattoo in Edinburgh was entitled ``Something About a Soldier ''and took place at the Ross Bandstand, Princes Street Gardens, in 1949. The first official Edinburgh Military Tattoo was held in 1950 with eight items in the programme. It drew some 6,000 spectators seated in simple bench and scaffold structures around the north, south, and east sides of the Edinburgh Castle esplanade. In 1952, the capacity of the stands was increased to accommodate a nightly audience of 7,700, allowing 160,000 to watch the multiple live performances."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear claims between the U.S. and the Marshall Islands are ongoing, and health effects from these nuclear tests linger. Project 4.1 was a medical study conducted by the United States of those residents of the Bikini Atoll exposed to radioactive fallout. From 1956 to August 1998, at least $759 million was paid to the Marshallese Islanders in compensation for their exposure to U.S. nuclear weapon testing."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court reviewed the decision in Golaknath v. State of Punjab, and considered the validity of the 24th, 25th, 26th and 29th amendments. The case was heard by the largest ever Constitution Bench of 13 Judges. The bench gave eleven separate judgements, which agreed on some points and differed on others. Nanabhoy Palkhivala, assisted by Fali Nariman, presented the case against the government in both cases."}], "question": "Who is the author that paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?"}
{"id": "2hop__654115_10949", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Paradise and Hell", "paragraph_text": "Paradise and Hell is the left and right panels of a minor diptych by a follower of Hieronymus Bosch based on \"The Haywain Triptych\". The image is oil on panel and is 135 x 45\u00a0cm. It was painted c. 1510 and is now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. Paradise is depicted darker than in the Haywain, which possibly represents the darkness of original sin."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed \"almost every trope of blackness\". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, \"Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same.\" Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bachelor in Paradise (Australian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Bachelor in Paradise Australia is an Australian elimination - style reality competition television series which is an adaptation of the U.S. series of the same name. It is a spin - off of The Bachelor Australia and The Bachelorette Australia and features previous contestants who have been featured on those shows. Bachelor in Paradise Australia is hosted by Osher G\u00fcnsberg and was first premiered on Network Ten on 25 March 2018."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Paradise (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Paradise is a 1997 novel by Toni Morrison, and her first novel since winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. According to the author, it completes a \"trilogy\" that begins with \"Beloved\" (1987) and includes \"Jazz\" (1992)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Atlantis Paradise Island", "paragraph_text": "Atlantis Paradise Island is an ocean - themed resort on Paradise Island in the Bahamas. It features a variety of accommodations built around Aquaventure, a 141 - acre waterscape, which includes fresh and saltwater lagoons, pools, marine habitats, and water slides and river rides."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pals in Paradise", "paragraph_text": "Pals in Paradise is a lost 1926 American silent drama film directed by George B. Seitz. The film was shot in Europe."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Paradise Papers", "paragraph_text": "The documents were acquired by the German newspaper S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung, which had also obtained the Panama Papers in 2016. According to the BBC, the name ``Paradise Papers ''reflects`` the idyllic profiles of many of the offshore jurisdictions whose workings are unveiled'', so - called tax havens, or ``tax paradises ''."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kingston Paradise", "paragraph_text": "Kingston Paradise is a 2013 Jamaican feature-length film written and directed by Mary Wells and starring popular Jamaican entertainer Christopher 'Johnny' Daley."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Humphrey Goodman", "paragraph_text": "Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series Death in Paradise, portrayed by Kris Marshall."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paradise Township, Coles County, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Paradise Township is one of twelve townships in Coles County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,351 and it contained 679 housing units."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Color of Paradise", "paragraph_text": "The Color of Paradise (Persian: \u0631\u0646\u06af \u062e\u062f\u0627, Rang-e Khod\u0101, literally The Color of God) is a 1999 Iranian film directed by Majid Majidi."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Whiskey Flat (Paradise East), California", "paragraph_text": "Whiskey Flat is a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States. It was located on Feather River north-northeast of Paradise."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Two Tickets to Paradise", "paragraph_text": "``Two Tickets to Paradise ''Artwork for the German vinyl release Single by Eddie Money from the album Eddie Money B - side`` Do n't Worry'' Released June 1978 Format 7 ''single Recorded 1977 Genre Hard rock, power pop Length 4: 00 (Album Version) 3: 09 (Single Remix) Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Eddie Money Producer (s) Bruce Botnick Eddie Money singles chronology ``Baby Hold On'' (1978)`` Two Tickets to Paradise ''(1978) ``You've Really Got a Hold on Me'' (1979)`` Baby Hold On ''(1978) ``Two Tickets to Paradise'' (1978)`` You've Really Got a Hold on Me ''(1979)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paradise (John Prine song)", "paragraph_text": "``Paradise ''is a song written by John Prine for his father, and recorded for his 1971 debut album, John Prine. Prine also re-recorded the song for his 1986 album, German Afternoons. The song is about the devastating impact of strip mining for coal, whereby the top layers of soil are blasted off with dynamite to reach the coal seam below. The song is also about what happened to the area around the Green River in Kentucky because of the strip mining. The song references the Peabody Coal Company, and a town called Paradise in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky where Tennessee Valley Authority now operates a coal - fired power plant. The area has suffered serious economic downturn because of the decline of coal mining."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mark Cahill", "paragraph_text": "Mark Cahill (born March 16, 1962) is an American author, speaker, and evangelist. He is the founder of Mark Cahill Ministries and is the author of seven books. \"One Thing You Can\u2019t Do in Heaven\" has over 600,000 copies in print. It has been translated into Russian, Chinese, Spanish, German, Romanian and Nepalese. \"One Heartbeat Away\" has over 800,000 copies in print. The Watchmen was released in August 2012. His first novel, \"Paradise \"was released in mid 2013 his novel, \"Reunion\" was released in June 2014. His last two books released were 2015's \"The Last Ride\" and his latest book was released in the fall of 2017 entitled \"Ten Questions from the King\" Mark Cahill currently resides in Stone Mountain, Georgia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Paradise (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Paradise is a British television costume drama series co-produced by BBC Worldwide America and Masterpiece. The Paradise premiered in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 25 September 2012 and premiered in the United States on PBS on 6 October 2013. The series is an adaptation of \u00c9mile Zola's novel Au Bonheur des Dames that relocates the story to North East England. (Zola's novel itself is a retelling of the story of Aristide Boucicaut, the Bell\u00eame - born founder of Le Bon March\u00e9.)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ostrander, California", "paragraph_text": "Ostrander is a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States. It was located northeast of Paradise on the Southern Pacific Railroad."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Forever Eden", "paragraph_text": "Forever Eden is a Fox reality show that shared many similarities with FOX's 2003 summer television show \"Paradise Hotel\", including the show's producers. Unlike \"Paradise Hotel\", the contestants could live in a resort not for weeks or months, but for years. It was hosted by Ruth England. In the end, contestants Shawna and Wallace won a combined total of $260,000. Brooke and Adam were runners-up."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paradise, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Paradise is an unincorporated community in Coles County, Illinois, United States. Paradise is located near the south shore of Lake Paradise, south-southwest of Mattoon."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tara Bray Smith", "paragraph_text": "Tara Bray Smith (born September 1970) is an American author. She has produced the books \"West of Then: A Mother, a Daughter, and a Journey Past Paradise\" (2004) and \"Betwixt\" (2007)."}], "question": "Who is the author of Paradise?"}
{"id": "2hop__789324_10949", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Original Dixieland Jass Band", "paragraph_text": "ODJB billed itself as the ``Creators of Jazz ''. It was the first band to record jazz commercially and to have hit recordings in the new genre. Band leader and cornetist Nick LaRocca argued that ODJB deserved recognition as the first band to record jazz commercially and the first band to establish jazz as a musical idiom or genre."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Impressions (Mal Waldron album)", "paragraph_text": "Impressions is an album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron, recorded in 1959 and released on the New Jazz label."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Frank Kofsky", "paragraph_text": "Frank Kofsky (1935\u20131997) was an American Marxist historian, author, and Professor of History at California State University, Sacramento, from 1969 until his death. A musician himself, Kofsky also wrote several books on jazz, mainly concentrating on the avant-garde of the 1960s and the relationship between musicians and the industry on which they depend."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jazz (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Jazz is a 1992 historical novel by Pulitzer and Nobel Prize-winning American author Toni Morrison. The majority of the narrative takes place in Harlem during the 1920s; however, as the pasts of the various characters are explored, the narrative extends back to the mid-19th-century American South."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "At Mister Kelly's", "paragraph_text": "At Mister Kelly's is a 1957 live album by American jazz singer Sarah Vaughan, recorded at Mister Kelly's jazz club in Chicago."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sunset/Sunside", "paragraph_text": "The Sunset/Sunside is one of the main jazz clubs in Paris, France. It was founded in 1983 and is the first jazz club to settle in the rue des Lombards which hosts several other famous jazz clubs such as Le Baiser Sal\u00e9 and Le Duc des Lombards."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed \"almost every trope of blackness\". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, \"Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same.\" Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Richard M. Jones", "paragraph_text": "Richard M. Jones, born Richard Marigny Jones (sometimes written Richard Mariney Jones), (13 June 1892 \u2013 8 December 1945) was a jazz pianist, composer, band leader, and record producer. Numerous songs bear his name as author, including \"Trouble in Mind\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Utah Jazz", "paragraph_text": "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Western Conference Northwest Division. Since 1991, the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena. The franchise began play in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz (as a tribute to New Orleans' history of originating Jazz music), an expansion team based in New Orleans; the Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jonas Kullhammar", "paragraph_text": "Jonas Kullhammar (September 2, 1978 in Nacka, Sweden) is a Swedish jazz composer, saxophonist and is one of Sweden's most established jazz musicians."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Johnny Griffin's Studio Jazz Party", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Griffin's Studio Jazz Party is an album by jazz saxophonist Johnny Griffin which was recorded in 1960 and released on the Riverside label."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Olle Helander", "paragraph_text": "Olle Helander (2 August 1919 in Stockholm \u2013 15 April 1976), Swedish music journalist, author, producer and presenter of radio and TV. From 1950 he was head of jazz at Sveriges Radio and 1956 took the initiative to Radiobandet. Material from the radio series Blueskvarter has since been released on CD. From 1965 he was hired as a TV producer responsible for the Swedish outtakes to Melodifestivalen during the end of the 60s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ralph de Toledano", "paragraph_text": "Ralph de Toledano (1916\u20132007) was a 20th-century American writer in the conservative movement in the United States throughout the second half of the 20th century. A friend of Richard Nixon, he was a journalist and editor of \"Newsweek\" and the \"National Review\", and the author of 26 books, including two novels and a book of poetry. Besides his political contributions, he also wrote about music, particularly jazz."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lewis Nash", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Nash (born December 30, 1958) is an American jazz drummer. According to \"Modern Drummer\" magazine, Nash has one of the longest discographies in jazz and has played on over 400 records , earning him the honor of Jazz's Most Valuable Player by the magazine in its May 2009 issue."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spring in Prague", "paragraph_text": "Spring in Prague is an album by jazz pianist Mal Waldron recorded in 1990 and released on the Japanese Alfa Jazz label."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Yury Kazakov", "paragraph_text": "Yuri Pavlovich Kazakov () (August 8, 1927 \u2013 November 29, 1982) was a Russian author of short stories, often compared to Anton Chekhov and Ivan Bunin. Born in Moscow, he started out as a jazz musician, but turned to publishing his stories in 1952. He attended the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute, graduating in 1958."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alone with the Blues (Ray Bryant album)", "paragraph_text": "Alone with the Blues is a solo album recorded by American jazz pianist Ray Bryant in 1958 for the New Jazz label."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Jazz Skyline", "paragraph_text": "The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Scotty Barnhart", "paragraph_text": "William \"Scotty\" Barnhart (born October 27, 1964) is an American jazz trumpeter. A two-time Grammy winner, he has played since 1993 as a featured soloist with Count Basie Orchestra. In September 2013, Barnhart was announced as the new director of the Basie Orchestra. He has multiple recordings with pianist Marcus Roberts, as well as recordings with Tony Bennett, Diana Krall, Ray Charles, and Tito Puente. A solo CD, released with Unity Music, is titled \"Say It Plain\" and features Clark Terry, Ellis and Wynton Marsalis, Marcus Roberts, Jamie Davis and Etienne Charles; it achieved number 3 in the Jazz Charts. Also active as an educator and clinician, he is author of \"The World of Jazz Trumpet - A Comprehensive History and Practical Philosophy\" (published by Hal Leonard). He is a professor in the College of Music at Florida State University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland", "paragraph_text": "Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland is a live album by jazz bassist and composer Charles Mingus recorded in 1959 and released on the United Artists label. The original release was titled Jazz Portraits and a subsequent edition titled Wonderland."}], "question": "Who is Jazz's author?"}
{"id": "2hop__51561_48653", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mitchell Trubisky", "paragraph_text": "Mitchell David Trubisky (born August 20, 1994) is an American football quarterback for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at North Carolina, and was drafted by the Bears with the second overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Edge of Love", "paragraph_text": "The Edge of Love is a 2008 British biographical romantic drama film directed by John Maybury and starring Keira Knightley, Sienna Miller, Cillian Murphy and Matthew Rhys. The script was written by Knightley's mother, Sharman Macdonald. Originally titled \"The Best Time of Our Lives\", the fictional story concerns Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (played by Rhys), his wife Caitlin Macnamara (played by Miller) and their married friends, the Killicks (played by Knightley and Murphy). The film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "A Caixa", "paragraph_text": "A Caixa is a 1994 Portuguese comedy film adapted from the play by Prista Monteiro by Manoel de Oliveira, who also directed the film. It was screened in competition at the 1994 Tokyo International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Secretly, Greatly", "paragraph_text": "Secretly, Greatly () is a 2013 South Korean action comedy-drama film starring Kim Soo-hyun, Park Ki-woong, and Lee Hyun-woo, who play North Korean spies who infiltrate South Korea as a village idiot, a rock musician, and a high school student, respectively. They assimilate to small town life while awaiting their orders, until one day, due to a sudden power shift in the North, their mission turns out to be an order to commit suicide."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Viktors Hatu\u013cevs", "paragraph_text": "Viktors Hatu\u013cevs (17 February 1955\u00a0\u2013 7 October 1994) was a Latvian ice hockey defenseman and left winger who played for Dinamo Riga in the Soviet Hockey League. He was the first Soviet player drafted in the National Hockey League (NHL) Amateur Draft but never had a chance to play in North America since Soviet players were not allowed to play for foreign teams."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gu Sung-yun", "paragraph_text": "Gu Sung-yun (, born 27 June 1994) is a South Korean professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Japanese club Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo. He also played for the South Korea National Under-23 team."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Honeymooners", "paragraph_text": "Alice (n\u00e9e Alice Gibson), played in the first nine skits, starting in 1951, and ending in January 1952 by Pert Kelton, and by Audrey Meadows for all remaining episodes, is Ralph's patient but sharp - tongued wife of roughly 12 years. She often finds herself bearing the brunt of Ralph's insults, which she returns with biting sarcasm. She is levelheaded, in contrast to Ralph's pattern of inventing various schemes to enhance his wealth or his pride. In each case, she sees the current one's un-workability, but he becomes angry and ignores her advice (and by the end of the episode, her misgivings almost always are proven to have been well - founded). She has grown accustomed to his empty threats -- such as ``One of these days, POW!!! Right in the kisser! '',`` BANG, ZOOM!'' or ``You're going to the moon! ''-- to which she usually replies,`` Ahhh, shaddap!'' Alice studied to be a secretary before her marriage and works briefly in that capacity when Ralph is laid off. Wilma Flintstone is based on Alice Kramden."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shadowrun (1994 video game)", "paragraph_text": "Shadowrun is an action role-playing game for the Sega Genesis, released in 1994 in North America only. It was adapted from the cyberpunk role-playing game \"Shadowrun\" by FASA, and was developed by BlueSky Software. The game is the second video game adapted from \"Shadowrun\", and has a more open ended style of gameplay than its 1993 Super NES counterpart, \"Shadowrun\" by Beam Software."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oleanna (film)", "paragraph_text": "Oleanna is a 1994 drama film written and directed by David Mamet based on his play and starring William H. Macy and Debra Eisenstadt. The film was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Flintstones (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Flintstones is a 1994 American buddy comedy film directed by Brian Levant and written by Tom S. Parker, Jim Jennewein, and Steven E. de Souza. It is a live - action motion picture adaptation of the 1960 -- 1966 animated television series of the same name. The film stars John Goodman as Fred Flintstone, Rick Moranis as Barney Rubble, Elizabeth Perkins as Wilma Flintstone, and Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rubble, along with Kyle MacLachlan as a villainous executive - vice president of Fred's company, Halle Berry as his seductive secretary and Elizabeth Taylor (in her final theatrical film appearance), as Pearl Slaghoople, Wilma's mother. The B - 52's (as The BC - 52's in the film) performed their version of the cartoon's theme song."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Megamol", "paragraph_text": "Megamol is a film published in 1994 in the Philippines by Viva Films. The film was directed by Eddie Rodriguez. The film's title is a play on the second largest shopping mall in the Philippines, SM Megamall, which is located in Mandaluyong City."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Flintstones", "paragraph_text": "Wilma Flintstone is Fred's wife. She is more intelligent and level - headed than her husband, though she often has a habit of spending money (with Betty and her catchphrase being ``Da - da - da duh da - da CHARGE IT!! ''). She often is a foil to Fred's poor behavior."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North and South (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "North and South (1985) also featured many well - known actors as guest stars, including Elizabeth Taylor as bordello proprietor Madam Conti, David Carradine as the sadistic Justin LaMotte, Hal Holbrook as Abraham Lincoln, Gene Kelly as Bent's father Senator Charles Edwards, Robert Mitchum as Colonel Patrick Flynn, M.D., Johnny Cash as abolitionist John Brown, Jean Simmons as Orry's mother Clarissa Main, Mitchell Ryan as Orry's father Tillet Main, John Anderson as George's father William Hazard, Jonathan Frakes as George's older brother Stanley Hazard, Inga Swenson as George's mother Maude Hazard, Robert Guillaume as abolitionist Frederick Douglass, Morgan Fairchild as Burdetta Halloran, David Ogden Stiers as Congressman Sam Greene, and Olivia Cole as Madeline's devoted but doomed servant Maum Sally. John Jakes' wife Rachel also made an appearance in Episode 6 as Lincoln's wife Mary. North and South: Book II (1986) saw the return of Carradine as LaMotte, Holbrook as Lincoln, and Stiers as Congressman Greene, as well as new guests Lloyd Bridges as Jefferson Davis, Anthony Zerbe as Ulysses S. Grant, Nancy Marchand as Dorothea Dix, James Stewart as Miles Colbert, Wayne Newton as Captain Thomas Turner, and William Schallert as Robert E. Lee, with Linda Evans as Rose Sinclair and Olivia de Havilland as Mrs. Neal. 1994's Heaven and Hell featured Peter O'Toole as ``louche actor ''Sam Trump and Billy Dee Williams as Francis Cardozo."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mark Addy", "paragraph_text": "Mark Ian Addy (born 14 January 1964) is an English actor. He is known for portraying Detective Constable Gary Boyle in the British sitcom The Thin Blue Line, Dave in the film The Full Monty, Bill Miller in the American sitcom Still Standing, King Robert Baratheon in the HBO medieval fantasy series Game of Thrones, Fred Flintstone in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, and Hercules in the British fantasy drama series Atlantis."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kristen Johnston", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Johnston (born September 20, 1967) is an American actress. She is most famous for her role as Sally Solomon in the television series 3rd Rock from the Sun. She also starred as Wilma Flintstone in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas and as Holly Franklin in the sitcom The Exes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Flintstones Chewable Vitamins", "paragraph_text": "The vitamins can be purchased in pharmacies, grocery stores, and on the Internet. They feature pills in the shapes of the following characters: Fred Flintstone, Wilma Flintstone, Pebbles Flintstone, Barney Rubble, Betty Rubble, Bamm - Bamm Rubble, Dino, and The Great Gazoo. For over twenty years, Betty was not included as one of the vitamins. However, after a grassroots campaign and the results of a Bayer telephone poll came in favor of including Betty, the character was added to the lineup in 1995, replacing the Flintstone car. The rock band Betty's Not a Vitamin was named after this situation, but their first album was released in 2007, long after Betty was added."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Amma Cheppindi", "paragraph_text": "Amma Cheppindi (English: \"Mother Said So\") is a 2006 Tollywood drama film written, screenplay, dialogues and direction by Gangaraju Gunnam. Sharwanand, Shriya Reddy and Suhasini play the lead roles while Nagendra Babu and Pavan Malhotra play supporting roles. While M. M. Keeravani provided the Music & background score for the film, cinematography was by Gunnam's son, Sandeep and editing by Mohan Rama Rao."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sam Humphrey", "paragraph_text": "Sam Humphrey (born 1994) is a New Zealand born actor from Frankston, Victoria, Australia. He is best known for playing Charles Stratton in the 2017 film The Greatest Showman."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Billy Redden", "paragraph_text": "Billy Redden (born 1956) is an American actor, best known for his role as a backwoods, mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance. He played Lonnie, a banjo - playing teenager of the country in north Georgia, who played the noted ``Dueling Banjos ''with Drew Ballinger, played by Ronnie Cox. The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tiny Furniture", "paragraph_text": "Tiny Furniture is a 2010 American independent comedy-drama film written, directed by, and starring Lena Dunham. The film premiered at South by Southwest, where it won the award for Best Narrative Feature, screened at such festivals as Maryland Film Festival, and was released theatrically in the United States on November 12, 2010. Dunham\u2019s own mother, the artist Laurie Simmons, plays Aura\u2019s mother, while her real sister, Grace, plays Aura\u2019s on-screen sibling. The actors Jemima Kirke and Alex Karpovsky would also appear in Dunham's television series \"Girls\"."}], "question": "What was the character of the actress who played Wilma's mother in the Flintstones in the movie North and South?"}
{"id": "2hop__840664_740943", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James McIlroy (surgeon)", "paragraph_text": "James Archibald McIlroy (3 November 1879 \u2013 27 July 1968) was a British surgeon and a member of Ernest Shackleton's crew on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914-1916). He was born in the Irish province of Ulster, almost certainly in the County Antrim market town Ballyclare where his father hailed from."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Coll MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Coll MacDonald was a son of James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg and Agnes Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll. Upon mistakenly hearing that his brother, Ranald MacDonald of Smerby, had been killed at Duart Castle under orders of Sir Lachlan Mor Maclean, he executed 86 of Maclean's kinsfolk and servants at Mullintrae. Coll died at Eilean Mor, Knapdale. The rumour had been deliberately started by Allan Maclean, a magnate among the Macleans, who had hoped the rumour would cause Lachlan's death, which would have enabled him to increase his own influence."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ranald MacDonald of Smerby", "paragraph_text": "Ranald MacDonald of Smerby, also known as Ranald MacJames () was a son of James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg and Agnes Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll. He was granted Smerby Castle from his father. He was a hostage for the good behaviour of his family together with his nephew James held by Sir Lachlan Mor Maclean. He was in charge of the garrison of troops within Loch Gorm Castle and surrendered the castle to Sir John Campbell of Cawdor on 28 January 1615. Ranald died in 1616, and was buried at Saddell Abbey."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lew Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Campbell (1831\u20131910) was a pioneer rancher in the Kamloops area of western Canada. Campbell and James Todd were the first settlers in what is now Barnhartvale, British Columbia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James Archibald Campbell House", "paragraph_text": "James Archibald Campbell House is a historic home located at Buies Creek, Harnett County, North Carolina. It was built in 1891, and is a 1 1/2-story, rectangular frame dwelling with projecting pavilions at the front corners of the main facade. It was the home of James Archibald Campbell (1862\u20131934) who founded Campbell University (originally Buies Creek Academy) in 1887."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alexander Carragh MacDonald of Glenarm", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Carragh MacDonald of Glenarm was a son of James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg and Agnes Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll. Alexander, obtained possession of the barony of Glenarm. He was killed"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Archibald Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Archibald Armstrong (died March 1672), court jester, called \"Archy,\" was a native of Cumberland, and according to tradition first distinguished himself as a sheep thief; afterwards he entered the service of James VI, with whom he became a favourite."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Assault on Dome 4", "paragraph_text": "Assault on Dome 4 is a 1997 American science-fiction film, starring Joseph Culp, Bruce Campbell, Jocelyn Seagrave, and Brion James. The film was directed by Gilbert Po, and written by Hesh Rephun."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Claryville, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Claryville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Campbell County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,355 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Edward T. Archibald House", "paragraph_text": "The Edward T. Archibald House is a historic farmhouse in Dundas, Minnesota, United States. The private home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 17, 1976. Built in the 1860s, the farmhouse is significant for its association with the prominent miller Edward T. Archibald, whose nearby Archibald Mill was an important mill in the history of Minnesota's flour milling industry."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "James Archibald Campbell", "paragraph_text": "James Archibald Campbell (January 13, 1862 \u2013 March 18, 1934) founded Campbell University (originally Buies Creek Academy) in Buies Creek, North Carolina in 1887."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Marin County Civic Center", "paragraph_text": "The Marin County Civic Center, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is located in San Rafael, California, United States. Groundbreaking for the Civic Center Administration Building took place in 1960, after Wright's death and under the watch of Wright's prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Aaron Green; it was completed in 1962. The Hall of Justice was begun in 1966 and completed in 1969. Veterans Memorial Auditorium opened in 1971, and the Exhibit Hall opened in 1976."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Antelope Valley-Crestview, Wyoming", "paragraph_text": "Antelope Valley-Crestview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Campbell County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 1,658 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Calhoun, Louisiana", "paragraph_text": "Calhoun is a Census-designated place (CDP) in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is named after Archibald Calhoun, who was an original settler and landowner. Its elevation is 177\u00a0feet (54\u00a0m), and it is located at (32.5126469, -92.3584744). Calhoun is unincorporated (no local government) and is governed by the parish through a board of commissioners known as the Police Jury. It is a census designated place and at the time of the most recent United States Census Survey, the population was 1,965."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rollo Graham Campbell", "paragraph_text": "The Rt Revd Archibald Rollo Graham Campbell CBE (18 February 1903 - 11 April 1978) was an Anglican Bishop in the mid 20th century."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Archibald Buchanan (RAF officer)", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant Archibald Buchanan (born October 5, 1892, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories."}], "question": "In which county did James Archibald Campbell die?"}
{"id": "2hop__48161_48653", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "In the Name of the People (2000 film)", "paragraph_text": "In the Name of the People is an American television movie drama. It was released in 2000 by CBS Productions and Jaffe/Braunstein Films. The movie was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was based on the play by Tim Boland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Durham Bulls", "paragraph_text": "The Durham Bulls are a professional minor league baseball team that currently plays in the International League. The Bulls play their home games at Durham Bulls Athletic Park in the downtown area of Durham, North Carolina. Durham Bulls Athletic Park is often called the \"DBAP\" or \"D-Bap\". The Bulls are the Triple-A affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays. Established in 1902 as the Durham Tobacconists and disbanded many times over the years, the Bulls became internationally famous following the release of the 1988 movie \"Bull Durham\" starring Kevin Costner, Tim Robbins, and Susan Sarandon."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shane Zantuck", "paragraph_text": "Shane Zantuck (born 20 May 1955) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne Football Club, North Melbourne Football Club and the South Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Playing House (2006 film)", "paragraph_text": "Playing House is a 2006 television film that was originally shown on CTV in Canada. It was produced by Blueprint Entertainment. The movie is based on the book of the same name by Patricia Pearson."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Flintstones", "paragraph_text": "Wilma Flintstone is Fred's wife. She is more intelligent and level - headed than her husband, though she often has a habit of spending money (with Betty and her catchphrase being ``Da - da - da duh da - da CHARGE IT!! ''). She often is a foil to Fred's poor behavior."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "North and South (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "North and South (1985) also featured many well - known actors as guest stars, including Elizabeth Taylor as bordello proprietor Madam Conti, David Carradine as the sadistic Justin LaMotte, Hal Holbrook as Abraham Lincoln, Gene Kelly as Bent's father Senator Charles Edwards, Robert Mitchum as Colonel Patrick Flynn, M.D., Johnny Cash as abolitionist John Brown, Jean Simmons as Orry's mother Clarissa Main, Mitchell Ryan as Orry's father Tillet Main, John Anderson as George's father William Hazard, Jonathan Frakes as George's older brother Stanley Hazard, Inga Swenson as George's mother Maude Hazard, Robert Guillaume as abolitionist Frederick Douglass, Morgan Fairchild as Burdetta Halloran, David Ogden Stiers as Congressman Sam Greene, and Olivia Cole as Madeline's devoted but doomed servant Maum Sally. John Jakes' wife Rachel also made an appearance in Episode 6 as Lincoln's wife Mary. North and South: Book II (1986) saw the return of Carradine as LaMotte, Holbrook as Lincoln, and Stiers as Congressman Greene, as well as new guests Lloyd Bridges as Jefferson Davis, Anthony Zerbe as Ulysses S. Grant, Nancy Marchand as Dorothea Dix, James Stewart as Miles Colbert, Wayne Newton as Captain Thomas Turner, and William Schallert as Robert E. Lee, with Linda Evans as Rose Sinclair and Olivia de Havilland as Mrs. Neal. 1994's Heaven and Hell featured Peter O'Toole as ``louche actor ''Sam Trump and Billy Dee Williams as Francis Cardozo."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ask My Mom", "paragraph_text": "Ask My Mom is an American comedy web series created by American Stand up comedian Maria Bamford. The series is broadcast on the internet and premiered on May 22, 2013. So far, 6 episodes have been made and the show can be found distributed across the web including on Blip. Ask My Mom is about Maria playing both herself and her mother, whilst answering questions from viewers on just about anything and everything."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bradfield, Norfolk", "paragraph_text": "Bradfield is a village within the civil parish of Swafield , in the English county of Norfolk. The village is south south east of Cromer, north north east of Norwich and north east of London. The village lies north north west of the town of North Walsham. The nearest railway station is at Gunton for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. As with some Norfolk villages, Bradfield stretches across many square miles and merges into other villages on the edges.Bradfield Cricket Club has roots dating back to the late 1800s when a group of farm workers were allowed to play cricket on one of Bradfield Hall Farm fields. Over the years the ground has developed and now boasts one of the best playing surfaces and outfields in the whole of the Norfolk Cricket Alliance"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Flintstones (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Flintstones is a 1994 American buddy comedy film directed by Brian Levant and written by Tom S. Parker, Jim Jennewein, and Steven E. de Souza. It is a live - action adaptation of the 1960 -- 1966 animated television series of the same name. The film stars John Goodman as Fred Flintstone, Rick Moranis as Barney Rubble, Elizabeth Perkins as Wilma Flintstone, and Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rubble, along with Kyle MacLachlan as a villainous executive - vice president of Fred's company, Halle Berry as his seductive secretary and Elizabeth Taylor (in her final theatrical film appearance), as Pearl Slaghoople, Wilma's mother. The B - 52's (as The BC - 52's in the film) performed their version of the cartoon's theme song."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Virginia Williams", "paragraph_text": "Williams made her professional acting debut in the ABC daytime soap One Life to Live as Lorna Van Skyver, a role she played from 1995 to 1996. She also played Brandy Taylor on the CBS daytime soap As the World Turns from 2001 to 2002. With those experience in daytime soaps, she parlayed her talents into several primetime roles, including the leading role of Bianca on Lifetime's Monarch Cove, Claudia on five episodes of the hit series How I Met Your Mother, Shelley Long's daughter who was snubbed at the altar in the film Honeymoon with Mom, and two seasons on Comedy Central's Strangers with Candy. She also played the role of Caitlin McNabb who is a gold digger in the 2010 ABC Family TV movie Revenge of the Bridesmaids."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Possum Paddock", "paragraph_text": "Possum Paddock is a 1921 Australian film based on a popular play by Kate Howarde. It was the first Australian movie to be directed by a woman. Only portions of it survive today."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hurricane Wilma", "paragraph_text": "Hurricane Wilma was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, as well as the most intense recorded in the western hemisphere until Hurricane Patricia in 2015. Part of the record - breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which included three of the top ten most intense Atlantic hurricanes ever (along with # 4 Rita and # 7 Katrina), Wilma was the twenty - second storm, thirteenth hurricane, sixth major hurricane, fourth Category 5 hurricane, and second-most destructive hurricane of the 2005 season. A tropical depression formed in the Caribbean Sea near Jamaica on October 15, headed westward, and two days later intensified into a tropical storm which turned abruptly southward and was named Wilma. Wilma continued to strengthen, and eventually became a hurricane on October 18. Shortly thereafter, explosive intensification occurred, and in only 24 hours, Wilma became a Category 5 hurricane with wind speeds of 185 miles per hour (298 km / h)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "North Sydney Bears", "paragraph_text": "The North Sydney Bears are an Australian rugby league football club based in North Sydney, New South Wales. They compete in the New South Wales Cup, having exited the National Rugby League following the 1999 NRL season after 92 years of top - grade competition. The Bears are based on Sydney's Lower North Shore, and have played at North Sydney Oval since 1910. There is a bid supporting a resurrection of the club in the NRL as the Central Coast Bears, based in Gosford, New South Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Honeymooners", "paragraph_text": "Alice (n\u00e9e Alice Gibson), played in the first nine skits, starting in 1951, and ending in January 1952 by Pert Kelton, and by Audrey Meadows for all remaining episodes, is Ralph's patient but sharp - tongued wife of roughly 12 years. She often finds herself bearing the brunt of Ralph's insults, which she returns with biting sarcasm. She is levelheaded, in contrast to Ralph's pattern of inventing various schemes to enhance his wealth or his pride. In each case, she sees the current one's un-workability, but he becomes angry and ignores her advice (and by the end of the episode, her misgivings almost always are proven to have been well - founded). She has grown accustomed to his empty threats -- such as ``One of these days, POW!!! Right in the kisser! '',`` BANG, ZOOM!'' or ``You're going to the moon! ''-- to which she usually replies,`` Ahhh, shaddap!'' Alice studied to be a secretary before her marriage and works briefly in that capacity when Ralph is laid off. Wilma Flintstone is based on Alice Kramden."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Geoff Wegerle", "paragraph_text": "Wegerle scored 20 goals when his club Arcadia Shepherds won the South African treble in 1974. He played for Feyenoord from 1975 to 1976, along with his brother Steve. In 1978, Wegerle played for the Oakland Stompers of the North American Soccer League. He returned to the league in 1983 for two seasons with the Toronto Blizzard. Wegerle played for the independent Tampa Bay Rowdies in 1986. In January 1987, he signed with the Rowdies as they were playing in the American Indoor Soccer Association. In December 1987, the Rowdies signed Wegerle for the upcoming American Soccer League season. Both of his brothers, Steve and Roy, have also played for the Rowdies over the course of their careers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Planet of the Apes characters", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Zira is a chimpanzee psychologist and veterinarian, who specializes in the study of humans, in the novel and subsequent movie series Planet of the Apes. Zira was played in the first three Apes movies by actress Kim Hunter. Unique among the Apes characters, Zira has blue eyes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kristen Johnston", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Johnston (born September 20, 1967) is an American actress. She is most famous for her role as Sally Solomon in the television series 3rd Rock from the Sun. She also starred as Wilma Flintstone in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas and as Holly Franklin in the sitcom The Exes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marius Weyers", "paragraph_text": "Marius Weyers (born 3 February 1945, in Johannesburg) is a South African actor. He lives with his wife Yvette, an artist in her own right, in Rooi-Els in the Western Cape. He received international attention playing Andrew Steyn, a bumbling scientist in the movie \"The Gods Must Be Crazy\" (1980). He starred in \"Blood Diamond\" (2006)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bob Elkins", "paragraph_text": "Bob Elkins (born 1932) is an American character actor who has appeared in movies, plays and television productions. He is sometimes credited as Robert Elkins."}], "question": "Who did the actress of Wilma's mom in the Flintstones movie play in North and South?"}
{"id": "2hop__79456_48653", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "White Cliffs Solar Power Station", "paragraph_text": "White Cliffs Solar Power Station was Australia's first solar power station. It is located at White Cliffs, New South Wales, which was chosen as it has the highest insolation in New South Wales, and in 1981 when the station was constructed had no grid connection."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HMS Mohawk (1907)", "paragraph_text": "During the First World War she served in the North Sea and the English Channel with the 6th Destroyer Flotilla, being damaged by a mine in 1915 and fighting in the Battle of Dover Strait in 1916."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A Delicate Balance (film)", "paragraph_text": "A Delicate Balance is a 1973 American-Canadian-British drama film directed by Tony Richardson, and starring Katharine Hepburn, Paul Scofield, Lee Remick, Kate Reid, Joseph Cotten, and Betsy Blair. The screenplay by Edward Albee is based on his 1966 Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bonnyrigg White Eagles FC", "paragraph_text": "Bonnyrigg White Eagles FC is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in Bonnyrigg, Sydney, New South Wales, playing in the National Premier Leagues NSW. The club was founded in 1968 as Avala Sports Club and took its current name in 1992."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Croaghaun", "paragraph_text": "Croaghaun is the most westerly peak of Achill Island, and its highest mountain. Its cliffs lie on the northern slope of the mountain. The cliffs at Croaghaun can only be seen by hiking around or to the summit of the mountain, or from the sea. They are part of a sequence of sheer rock faces which start south of Keem Bay and loop around the uninhabited north-west of the island, by Achill Head and Saddle Head, and east to Slievemore, occasionally dropping vertically into the waters of the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "North and South (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "North and South (1985) also featured many well - known actors as guest stars, including Elizabeth Taylor as bordello proprietor Madam Conti, David Carradine as the sadistic Justin LaMotte, Hal Holbrook as Abraham Lincoln, Gene Kelly as Bent's father Senator Charles Edwards, Robert Mitchum as Colonel Patrick Flynn, M.D., Johnny Cash as abolitionist John Brown, Jean Simmons as Orry's mother Clarissa Main, Mitchell Ryan as Orry's father Tillet Main, John Anderson as George's father William Hazard, Jonathan Frakes as George's older brother Stanley Hazard, Inga Swenson as George's mother Maude Hazard, Robert Guillaume as abolitionist Frederick Douglass, Morgan Fairchild as Burdetta Halloran, David Ogden Stiers as Congressman Sam Greene, and Olivia Cole as Madeline's devoted but doomed servant Maum Sally. John Jakes' wife Rachel also made an appearance in Episode 6 as Lincoln's wife Mary. North and South: Book II (1986) saw the return of Carradine as LaMotte, Holbrook as Lincoln, and Stiers as Congressman Greene, as well as new guests Lloyd Bridges as Jefferson Davis, Anthony Zerbe as Ulysses S. Grant, Nancy Marchand as Dorothea Dix, James Stewart as Miles Colbert, Wayne Newton as Captain Thomas Turner, and William Schallert as Robert E. Lee, with Linda Evans as Rose Sinclair and Olivia de Havilland as Mrs. Neal. 1994's Heaven and Hell featured Peter O'Toole as ``louche actor ''Sam Trump and Billy Dee Williams as Francis Cardozo."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bow Street F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Bow Street F.C. are based at Rhydypennau near Bow Street in Ceredigion, Wales, about north-east of Aberystwyth, and are currently playing in the Mid Wales Football League. The team are nicknamed the Magpies (), from the time when their strip was black and white stripes."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The White Cliffs of Dover (film)", "paragraph_text": "The White Cliffs of Dover is a 1944 American war drama film based on the verse novel \"The White Cliffs\" by Alice Duer Miller. It was made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Clarence Brown, and produced by Clarence Brown and Sidney Franklin. The screenplay was by Claudine West, and George Froeschel, with the credit for additional poetry by Robert Nathan. Nathan stated in an interview that he wrote the screenplay as his first work as a contract writer for MGM but the studio credited Claudine West who died in 1943 as a tribute to her."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minnesota North Stars", "paragraph_text": "The Minnesota North Stars were a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 26 seasons, from 1967 to 1993. The North Stars played their home games at the Met Center in Bloomington, and the team's colors for most of its history were green, yellow, gold and white. The North Stars played 2,062 regular season games and made the NHL playoffs 17 times, including two Stanley Cup Finals appearances, but were ultimately unable to win the Stanley Cup. In the fall of 1993, the franchise moved to Dallas, and is now known as the Dallas Stars."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Garden Park, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Garden Park is a paleontological site in Fremont County, Colorado, known for its Jurassic dinosaurs and the role the specimens played in the infamous Bone Wars of the late 19th century. Located north of Ca\u00f1on City, the name originates from the area providing vegetables to the miners at nearby Cripple Creek in the 19th century. Garden Park proper is a triangular valley surrounded by cliffs on the southeast and southwest and by mountains to the north; however, the name is also refers to the dinosaur sites on top and along the cliffs. The dinosaur sites now form the Garden Park Paleontological Resource Area, which is overseen by the Bureau of Land Management."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wellingore", "paragraph_text": "Wellingore is a village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 356. It is situated on the A607 road, approximately south from Lincoln. It conjoins the village of Navenby to the north. The Viking Way traverses through the village, passing from the side of the cliff edge to Ermine Street."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "999 ABC Broken Hill", "paragraph_text": "999 ABC Broken Hill is an ABC Local Radio station based in Broken Hill and broadcasting to the surrounding outback region in New South Wales, including the towns of Menindee, White Cliffs and Silverton."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cliff Rankin", "paragraph_text": "Cliff Rankin (4 December 1896 \u2013 12 February 1975) was an Australian rules footballer, who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) from 1915 to 1928."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Red Cliffs, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Red Cliffs is a town in Victoria, Australia in the Sunraysia region. It is located on the Calder Highway, 16\u00a0km south of Mildura and 544\u00a0km north-west of Melbourne."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover", "paragraph_text": "``(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover ''is a popular World War II song composed in 1941 by Walter Kent to lyrics by Nat Burton. Made famous in Vera Lynn's 1942 version, it was one of Lynn's best - known recordings and among the most popular World War II tunes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Padraig Pearses GAA Roscommon", "paragraph_text": "Padraig Pearses GAA Club (Padraig Mac Phiarsaigh) is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the parishes of Moore, Taughmaconnell and Rural Creagh in South County Roscommon, Ireland. They play in Red and White colours and their home pitch is at Woodmount (Ton na lig), Ballinasloe."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The White Cliffs of Dover (film)", "paragraph_text": "Susan and young John (Roddy McDowall) live in the Ashwood manor house with Lady Jean. Having inherited the baronetcy, he is addressed as ``Sir John '', even as a boy, and takes seriously his duties as proprietor of the manor. He develops a childhood infatuation with Betsy Kenney (Elizabeth Taylor), daughter of a tenant farmer. Young John invites two visiting German boys to the manor for tea. The German boys shock the Ashwoods by spouting bellicose militaristic sentiments."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Frog Buttress", "paragraph_text": "Frog Buttress is a cliff on the north-west side of Mount French, in the Moogerah Peaks National Park near the town of Boonah in Queensland, Australia. It became famous when local rock climbers Rick White and Chris Meadows discovered it in 1968. Since then, 400 routes have been established by climbers including Henry Barber, Kim Carrigan and Tobin Sorenson."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Corner Cliffs", "paragraph_text": "The Corner Cliffs () are a rocky mass surmounted by two flat-topped summits , immediately south of Saturn Glacier and lying northeast of Coal Nunatak in the southeast part of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The rocks of these cliffs were hidden from the line of sight by intervening ice slopes to the west, but the two rock ridges forming the northwest shoulder of this feature were first seen and photographed from the air by Lincoln Ellsworth on November 23, 1935, and mapped from these photos by W.L.G. Joerg. The cliffs were first surveyed in 1949 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, who gave this name to mark the point where the exposed rock of eastern Alexander Island turns from a north-south direction toward the southwest."}], "question": "Who did the actress who played Betsy in the White Cliffs of Dover play in North and South?"}
{"id": "2hop__460225_427885", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sofia Petrovna", "paragraph_text": "Sofia Petrovna is a novella by Russian author Lydia Chukovskaya, written in the late 1930s in the Soviet Union. It is notable as one of the few surviving accounts of the Great Purge actually written during the purge era."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Open Boat", "paragraph_text": "Crane subsequently adapted his report into narrative form, and the resulting short story \"The Open Boat\" was published in \"Scribner's Magazine\". The story is told from the point of view of an anonymous correspondent, with Crane as the implied author, the action closely resembles the author's experiences after the shipwreck. A volume titled \"The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure\" was published in the United States in 1898; an edition entitled \"The Open Boat and Other Stories\" was published simultaneously in England. Praised for its innovation by contemporary critics, the story is considered an exemplary work of literary Naturalism, and is one of the most frequently discussed works in Crane's canon. It is notable for its use of imagery, irony, symbolism, and the exploration of such themes as survival, solidarity, and the conflict between man and nature. H. G. Wells considered \"The Open Boat\" to be \"beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Qian Chunqi", "paragraph_text": "He was most notable for being one of the main translators into Chinese of the works of the German writer Friedrich Nietzsche."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arthur Thomson (naturalist)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Arthur Thomson FRSE LLD (8 July 1861 \u2013 12 February 1933) was a Scottish naturalist who authored several notable books and was an expert on soft corals."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Javier Pulido", "paragraph_text": "Javier Pulido is a Spanish comic book artist working primarily for the American market. His notable works include \"Human Target\", \"\", \"She-Hulk\" and \"The Amazing Spider-Man\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Moshe Carmeli", "paragraph_text": "Moshe Carmeli (, 1933\u20132007) was the Albert Einstein Professor of Theoretical Physics, Ben Gurion University (BGU), Beer Sheva, Israel and President of the Israel Physical Society. He received his D.Sc. from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in 1964. He became the first full professor at BGU's new Department of Physics. He did significant theoretical work in the fields of cosmology, astrophysics, general and special relativity, gauge theory, and mathematical physics, authoring 4 books, co-authoring 4 others, and publishing 128 refereed research papers in various journals and forums, plus assorted other publications (146 in all). He is most notable for his work on gauge theory and his development of the theory of cosmological general relativity, which extends Einstein's theory of general relativity from a four-dimensional spacetime to a five-dimensional space-velocity framework."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Asima Chatterjee", "paragraph_text": "Asima Chatterjee (23 September 1917 \u2013 22 November 2006) was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ilyasah Shabazz", "paragraph_text": "Ilyasah Shabazz (born July 22, 1962) is the third daughter of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz. She is an author, most notably of a memoir, \"Growing Up X\", community organizer, social activist, and motivational speaker."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "G\u00f6mda", "paragraph_text": "G\u00f6mda (Buried Alive) is the 1995 literary debut of Swedish author Liza Marklund. It is the first novel in the Maria Eriksson series."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Piper Kerman", "paragraph_text": "Piper Kerman Kerman at the University of Missouri in 2014 Piper Eressea Kerman (1969 - 09 - 28) September 28, 1969 (age 49) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Alma mater Smith College Occupation Writer, author, memoirist Notable work Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison Spouse (s) Larry Smith (m. 2006) Website piperkerman.com www.thepipebomb.com"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Robert de Boron", "paragraph_text": "Robert de Boron (also spelled in the manuscripts \"Roberz\", \"Borron\", \"Bouron\", \"Beron\") was a French poet of the late 12th and early 13th centuries who is most notable as the author of the poems \"Joseph d'Arimathe\" and \"Merlin\". Though little is known about him outside of the poems he allegedly wrote, his works and their subsequent prose redactions impacted later incarnations of the Arthurian legend and its prose cycles, particularly due to his Christian backstory for the Holy Grail."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "James Redfield", "paragraph_text": "James Redfield is an American author, lecturer, screenwriter and film producer. He is notable for his novel \"The Celestine Prophecy\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir (\"Truths of Exegesis\") which is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis. From the 11th century onwards several other works appear, including commentaries by Qushayri (d. 1074), Daylami (d. 1193), Shirazi (d. 1209) and Suhrawardi (d. 1234). These works include material from Sulami's books plus the author's contributions. Many works are written in Persian such as the works of Maybudi (d. 1135) kash al-asrar (\"the unveiling of the secrets\"). Rumi (d. 1273) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book Mathnawi. Rumi makes heavy use of the Quran in his poetry, a feature that is sometimes omitted in translations of Rumi's work. A large number of Quranic passages can be found in Mathnawi, which some consider a kind of Sufi interpretation of the Quran. Rumi's book is not exceptional for containing citations from and elaboration on the Quran, however, Rumi does mention Quran more frequently. Simnani (d. 1336) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran. He reconciled notions of God's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam. Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ruh al-Bayan (the Spirit of Elucidation) is a voluminous exegesis. Written in Arabic, it combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably Ibn Arabi and Ghazali), all woven together in Hafiz, a Persian poetry form."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Glenn Anders", "paragraph_text": "Glenn Anders (September 1, 1889 \u2013 October 26, 1981) was an American actor, most notable for his work on the stage."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sword of God (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Sword of God was the third novel by \"New York Times\" bestselling author Chris Kuzneski. First published in September 2007 by Penguin Group (USA), the action thriller followed the exploits of Jonathon Payne and David \"D.J.\" Jones as they slipped into the Islamic city of Mecca in order to rescue an American archaeologist. The book was endorsed by several notable authors, including Nelson DeMille, Vince Flynn, James Rollins, and Douglas Preston."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Annika Bengtzon", "paragraph_text": "Annika Bengtzon is a fictional character in a Scandinavian noir book and film series created by the Swedish journalist, publisher and crime writer Liza Marklund. With the Annika Bengtzon series, Marklund introduced a female tabloid journalist as the protagonist, in a genre where the main characters had often been men. Current events, like political scandals or women's issues, are often intertwined with the plot, or introduced in subplots."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mavro Orbini", "paragraph_text": "Mavro Orbini (1563\u20131614) was a Ragusan chronicler, notable for his work \"The Realm of the Slavs\" (1601) which influenced Slavic ideology and historiography in the later centuries."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Shawqi Shafiq", "paragraph_text": "Shawqi Shafiq (born 1955 in Aden) is a Yemeni poet and translator. The author's work has been published in Banipal magazine. The author of 8 books of poetry, some of his works have been published in several languages."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vlastimil Pt\u00e1k", "paragraph_text": "Vlastimil Pt\u00e1k (; November 8, 1925 in Prague \u2013 May 5 1999) was a Czech mathematician, who worked in functional analysis, theoretical numerical analysis, and linear algebra. Notable early work include generalizations of the open mapping theorem ."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Deborah Halpern", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Halpern (born 1957 in Melbourne) is a sculptor, mosaic artist and ceramic artist working in Victoria Australia, notable for her prominent and popular works of public art."}], "question": "What is a notable work of the Gomda author?"}
{"id": "2hop__46076_254643", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "You're So Good to Me", "paragraph_text": "\"You're So Good to Me\" is a song by American rock band The Beach Boys. It was originally released on June 5, 1965 by Capitol Records, on the album \"Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)\". The track was later included as the B-side of the group's single \"Sloop John B\", which was released on March 21, 1966. \"MOJO\" later wrote that the song was the closest the group had come to northern soul. Wilson wrote in 1990 that the track was \"spearheaded by a guitar sent through a Leslie organ speaker. It gave it an eerie effect.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jan Ligthart", "paragraph_text": "Jan Ligthart (11 January 1859 - 16 February 1916) was a Dutch teacher and philosopher. He became known for his innovative educational methods and the modernisation of the Dutch education system. He wrote many articles and books about education."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Carl Sigman wrote the words and music for the theme song which was sung by Dick James. The song is still fondly remembered:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "All Creatures of Our God and King", "paragraph_text": "``All Creatures of Our God and King ''is an English Christian Easter hymn by William Henry Draper, based on a poem by St Francis of Assisi. It was first published in a hymn book in 1919."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thine Be the Glory", "paragraph_text": "In 1957 in the Netherlands, Calvin Seerveld used \"Thine Be the Glory\", with his favourite hymn tune, as a basis to write \"Praised Be the Father\" for his wedding. A church choir in Hoorn helped the congregation to sing it. In the Netherlands, it is used as a wedding hymn. In Germany, it is an Advent hymn called Zion's Daughter. It was written by Friedrich-Heinrich Ranke using the same tune as Thine Be the Glory and published in Evangelisches Gesangbuch fur Elsass-Lothringern. It has been argued that Thine Be the Glory was based on this hymn. In Spain it is used as a wedding hymn with the lyrics \"Canticorum iubilo\", probably based on Psalm 96. The hymn was translated into Danish in 1993 and is currently no. 240 in Den Danske Salmebog with the title \"Dig v\u00e6re \u00e6re, Herre over d\u00f8dens magt\". It is listed under Easter psalms, but it also considered appropriate for funerals."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hello My Name Is...", "paragraph_text": "Hello My Name Is... is the debut studio album by American singer and songwriter Bridgit Mendler released on October 22, 2012, through Hollywood Records. Mendler began planning the project in 2011. The album incorporates elements of reggae fusion, R&B, soul, and pop. Mendler co-wrote all fifteen of its tracks."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hymn Sing", "paragraph_text": "Hymn Sing was a Canadian television series produced in Winnipeg, Manitoba, for CBC Television. The program featured hymns, spirituals and inspirational music sung by a sixteen voice choir. The series was broadcast nationally on Sunday afternoons from October 3, 1965 to May 1995."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "How Great Thou Art", "paragraph_text": "``How Great Thou Art ''is a Christian hymn based on a Swedish traditional melody and a poem written by Carl Gustav Boberg (1859 -- 1940) in M\u00f6nster\u00e5s, Sweden in 1885. It was translated into German and then into Russian and became a hymn. It was translated into English from the Russian by English missionary Stuart K. Hine, who also added two original verses of his own. The composition was set to a Russian melody. It was popularised by George Beverly Shea and Cliff Barrows during the Billy Graham crusades. It was voted the United Kingdom's favourite hymn by BBC's Songs of Praise.`` How Great Thou Art'' was ranked second (after ``Amazing Grace '') on a list of the favourite hymns of all time in a survey by Today's Christian magazine in 2001."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Call Me by My Name", "paragraph_text": "Call Me by My Name is the sixth studio album by British soul singer Ruby Turner, released in October 1998. Turner co-wrote five songs and enlisted the help of rhythm and blues luminaries Bobby Tench, Zoot Money, Stan Webb and Bad Company bassist Boz Burrell."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 177", "paragraph_text": "Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata (I call to You, Lord Jesus Christ), 177. He wrote the chorale cantata in Leipzig for the fourth Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 6 July 1732. The cantata text is formed by the unchanged five stanzas of Johann Agricola's hymn."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Samuel Drew", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Drew (6 March 1765 \u2013 29 March 1833) was a Cornish Methodist theologian. A native of Cornwall, England, he was nicknamed the \"Cornish metaphysician\" for his works on the human soul, the nature of God, and the deity of Christ. He also wrote on historical and biographical themes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Finlandia hymn", "paragraph_text": "The Finlandia hymn (Finnish: Finlandia - hymni) refers to a serene hymn - like section of the patriotic symphonic poem Finlandia, written in 1899 and 1900 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. It was later re-worked by the composer into a stand - alone piece."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bethany Hamilton", "paragraph_text": "Bethany Meilani Hamilton-Dirks (born February 8, 1990) is an American professional surfer who survived a 2003 shark attack in which her left arm was bitten off but who ultimately returned to professional surfing. She wrote about her experience in the 2004 autobiography \"Soul Surfer: A True Story of Faith, Family, and Fighting to Get Back on the Board\". In April 2011, the feature film \"Soul Surfer\" was released."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "O Sacred Head, Now Wounded", "paragraph_text": "``O Sacred Head, Now Wounded ''is a Christian Passion hymn based on a Latin text written during the Middle Ages. Paul Gerhardt wrote a German version which is known by its incipit,`` O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Christian Sibelius", "paragraph_text": "Sibelius became a bachelor of arts in 1889 and a doctor of medicine in 1897, and in the same year became an associate professor of pathological anatomy at the University of Helsinki. He studied under Ernst Alexander Hom\u00e9n. His doctoral thesis, \"Bidrag till k\u00e4nnedomen om de histologiska f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringarna i ryggm\u00e4rgen, de spinala r\u00f6tterna och ganglierna vid progressiv paralysi\" (\"Contribution to the knowledge of the histological changes in the spinal cord, the spinal roots and ganglia in progressive paralysis\"), discussed both normal histological and pathological conditions, and demonstrated the relationship between paralysis and spinal cord damage. It placed him at once at the forefront of contemporary pathological anatomists."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey", "paragraph_text": "Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey (; 31 May 1711\u2013 7 March 1797) was a German churchman, educator, author, and journalist. The son of an immigrant French family, he preached, taught, and wrote in French. A founding member of the Berlin Academy, he wrote thousands of letters, popularized scientific and philosophical ideas, and also contributed to Diderot's \"Encyclop\u00e9die\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Johann Theodor Jablonski", "paragraph_text": "Johann Theodor Jablonski (15 December 1654, in Danzig \u2013 28 April 1731, in Berlin) was a German educator and lexicographer who also wrote under the name Pierre Rondeau."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Aretha Franklin", "paragraph_text": "Just after her mother's death, Franklin began singing solos at New Bethel, debuting with the hymn, ``Jesus, Be a Fence Around Me ''. Four years later, when Franklin was 14, her father began managing her, bringing her on the road with him during his so - called`` gospel caravan'' tours for her to perform in various churches. He helped his daughter get signed to her first recording deal with J.V.B. Records, where her first album, Songs of Faith, was issued in 1956. Two singles were released to gospel radio stations including ``Never Grow Old ''and`` Precious Lord, Take My Hand''. Franklin sometimes traveled with The Caravans and The Soul Stirrers during this time and developed a crush on Sam Cooke, who was then singing with the Soul Stirrers before his secular career."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Adult contemporary music", "paragraph_text": "A more elaborate form of urban AC is the rhythmic oldies format, which focuses primarily on \"old school\" R&B and soul hits from the 1960s to the 1990s, including Motown and disco hits. The format includes soul or disco artists such as ABBA, The Village People, The Jackson 5, Donna Summer, Tina Charles, Gloria Gaynor and the Bee Gees. Rhythmic oldies stations still exist today, but target African-Americans as opposed to a mass audience."}], "question": "Where was the composer of the hymn Be Still My Soul educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__135814_254643", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Instituto Piaget", "paragraph_text": "Instituto Piaget is a Portuguese private institution of higher education. It provides both university and polytechnic higher education in a number of fields. Instituto Piaget was named after the Swiss philosopher and developmental psychologist Jean Piaget."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sibelius Hall", "paragraph_text": "The Sibelius Hall () is a concert hall in Lahti, Finland, named after the composer Jean Sibelius. The concert hall was completed in 2000. Architects Kimmo Lintula and Hannu Tikka designed the hall, which is made out of glulam. The acoustics were engineered by Artec Consultants, New York. Its acoustics are one of its strongest points, while the architecture follows the Scandinavian tradition of sophisticated design. The concert hall has a capacity of 1,250 seats."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Auditori Enric Granados", "paragraph_text": "Auditori Enric Granados is the main concert hall in Lleida (Catalonia, Spain) also hosting the city's music conservatory. It contains a symphonic hall with 803 seats and a chamber music hall with a capacity of 245. This music institution is named after the composer Enric Granados, who was born in Lleida in 1867. Located on Pla\u00e7a Moss\u00e8n Cinto Verdaguer, the building was designed by local architects Ramon Artigues and Ramon Sanabria and opened in 1994 after ten years of construction and was officially inaugurated by Queen Sof\u00eda of Spain on 14 February 1995. Ancient remains of Lleida were found under the venue."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christian Sibelius", "paragraph_text": "Sibelius became a bachelor of arts in 1889 and a doctor of medicine in 1897, and in the same year became an associate professor of pathological anatomy at the University of Helsinki. He studied under Ernst Alexander Hom\u00e9n. His doctoral thesis, \"Bidrag till k\u00e4nnedomen om de histologiska f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringarna i ryggm\u00e4rgen, de spinala r\u00f6tterna och ganglierna vid progressiv paralysi\" (\"Contribution to the knowledge of the histological changes in the spinal cord, the spinal roots and ganglia in progressive paralysis\"), discussed both normal histological and pathological conditions, and demonstrated the relationship between paralysis and spinal cord damage. It placed him at once at the forefront of contemporary pathological anatomists."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cobo Center", "paragraph_text": "Cobo Center, formerly Cobo Hall, is a convention center along Jefferson and Washington avenues in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was named after Albert Cobo, who served as the beloved mayor of Detroit from 1950 to 1957."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sibelius (film)", "paragraph_text": "Sibelius is a 2003 Finnish film biography of Jean Sibelius directed and written by Timo Koivusalo. It is the first full-length feature film about the famous composer."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eberly Hall", "paragraph_text": "Eberly Hall is an academic building on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Designed by architect Benno Janssen and dedicated in 1921, Eberly Hall was originally named Alumni Hall, and is still sometimes referred to as \"Old Alumni Hall\" (Alumni Hall is now the name of another University Building)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Carnegie Hall", "paragraph_text": "Carnegie Hall is named after Andrew Carnegie, who funded its construction. It was intended as a venue for the Oratorio Society of New York and the New York Symphony Society, on whose boards Carnegie served. Construction began in 1890, and was carried out by Isaac A. Hopper and Company. Although the building was in use from April 1891, the official opening night was May 5, with a concert conducted by maestro Walter Damrosch and great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Originally known simply as ``Music Hall ''(the words`` Music Hall founded by Andrew Carnegie'' still appear on the fa\u00e7ade above the marquee), the hall was renamed Carnegie Hall in 1893 after board members of the Music Hall Company of New York (the hall's original governing body) persuaded Carnegie to allow the use of his name. Several alterations were made to the building between 1893 and 1896, including the addition of two towers of artists' studios, and alterations to the smaller auditorium on the building's lower level."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alexander Military Law Academy", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Military Law Academy () (1867\u20131917) was an educational institution in Russian Empire that provided military law education for officers of Russian Army and Fleet. It was established in 1867 and named after his founder, Emperor Alexander II of Russia in 1908. The Academy was situated in St. Petersburg by 96 Moika Embankment, along with many other institutions of military education."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hall Bluff", "paragraph_text": "Hall Bluff () is a prominent rock bluff, high, that forms the east end of Dais and marks the valley entrances to North Fork and South Fork in Wright Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (1997) after Brenda Hall, a Research Assistant at the Department of Geological Sciences, University of Maine from 1990, and a field party geologist in six United States Antarctic Program supported field seasons, 1990\u201391 to 1995\u201396, including work in Wright Valley in the proximity of this bluff."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anthony Masiello", "paragraph_text": "A Buffalo native, who was educated in Buffalo Cardinal Dougherty Catholic high school, Anthony Masiello graduated from Canisius College in 1969 after a Hall of Fame career as a basketball standout for the Division I Golden Griffins. The Indiana Pacers subsequently drafted him in the American Basketball Association's third round."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Harris Peak (Victoria Land)", "paragraph_text": "Harris Peak () is a peak rising to south of Mount Weyant in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It is located between Mount Hall and Ball Peak, with which this naming is associated. It was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board in 1998 after A.M. \"Andy\" Harris (who died on Mount Everest with Rob Hall), a guide and New Zealand Antarctic Research Program field leader, 1987\u201392, including two trips to Marie Byrd Land."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WCW Hall of Fame", "paragraph_text": "The World Championship Wrestling (WCW) Hall of Fame was an American professional wrestling hall of fame maintained by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was established in 1993 to honor wrestlers who began their careers long before the 1990s, mostly alumni of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the predecessors of WCW. Inductees received commemorative plaques that had their names & portraits inscribed on it. Wrestlers were inducted by Gordon Solie, a senior announcer in professional wrestling, and received their plaque during the \"Legends Reunion\" segment at WCW's May pay-per-view event, Slamboree. The WCW Hall of Fame was the second hall of fame established to honor professional wrestlers, after the creation of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Hall of Fame in February 1993. After the 1995 Hall of Fame ceremony, WCW stopped the production of the Hall of Fame without a formal announcement. In 2001, the WWF acquired all of its assets; this led to the formal stoppage of the WCW Hall of Fame. The WWF, however, stopped producing its Hall of Fame ceremony after 1996. In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the WWF's successor, reinstated the WWE Hall of Fame, which included inductees that were alumni of WWE, NWA, JCP, and WCW."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pearson Spur", "paragraph_text": "Pearson Spur () is a spur extending southeast from Elgar Uplands toward the head of Sibelius Glacier, situated in the northern portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. Photographed from the air by Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) in 1947, roughly mapped from air photographs by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1959, and surveyed by British Antarctic Survey (BAS), 1973-77. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1980 after Martin Robert Pearson, BAS glaciologist, 1970\u201373, who worked on Alexander Island, in years 1971 and 1972."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "One Night Stand (opera)", "paragraph_text": "One Night Stand is a 2011 opera by Finnish composer Olli Kortekangas and librettist Michael Baran. It was commissioned by the Sibelius Academy and premiered in the Helsinki Music Center in October 2011."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Veli-Matti Puumala", "paragraph_text": "Veli-Matti Puumala (born 18 July 1965, Kaustinen, Finland) is a Finnish composer. He is currently (since 2005) the professor of composition at the Sibelius Academy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sibelius Academy", "paragraph_text": "The Sibelius Academy is one of the organizers of the International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition held every five years in Helsinki."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Martin Wegelius", "paragraph_text": "Martin Wegelius (10 November 1846 \u2013 22 March 1906) was a Finnish composer and musicologist, primarily remembered as the founder, in 1882, of the Helsinki Music Institute, now known as the Sibelius Academy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Christian Sibelius", "paragraph_text": "Christian Sibelius (28 March 1869 in H\u00e4meenlinna \u2013 2 July 1922 in Helsinki) was a Finnish doctor and professor of psychiatry."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Timo Andres", "paragraph_text": "After growing up in rural Connecticut, an environment that greatly influences his work, Timo Andres attended Yale University for both his undergraduate and graduate education. He is also a graduate of Juilliard's pre-college program. Andres first rose to prominence at the age of 24 when his work \"Nightjar\" was commissioned and performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic and John Adams. Since that time, he has been commissioned by Wigmore Hall, Carnegie Hall, the Concertgebouw Amsterdam, San Francisco Performances, the Gilmore Foundation and the Library of Congress. Andres has performed solo recitals at (Le) Poisson Rouge, Wigmore Hall and Lincoln Center and alongside artists such as Gabriel Kahane, Philip Glass, and David Kaplan."}], "question": "The person Sibelius Hall is named after attended which university?"}
{"id": "2hop__29212_124315", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Siege of Tsingtao", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Tsingtao, sometimes Siege of Tsingtau, was the attack on the German port of Tsingtao (now Qingdao) in China during World War I by Japan and the United Kingdom. The siege took place between 31 October and 7 November 1914 against Imperial Germany. The siege was the first encounter between Japanese and German forces, the first Anglo-Japanese operation of the war, and the only major land battle in the Asian and Pacific theatre during World War I."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Siege of Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Strasbourg took place during the Franco-Prussian War, and resulted in the French surrender of the fortress on 28 September 1870."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Siege of Vicksburg", "paragraph_text": "Siege of Vicksburg The Siege of Vicksburg by Kurz and Allison Date May 18 -- July 4, 1863 Location Warren County, Mississippi 32 \u00b0 20 \u2032 36.96 ''N 90 \u00b0 51 \u2032 3.96'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 32.3436000 \u00b0 N 90.8511000 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 32.3436000; - 90.8511000 Coordinates: 32 \u00b0 20 \u2032 36.96 ''N 90 \u00b0 51 \u2032 3.96'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 32.3436000 \u00b0 N 90.8511000 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 32.3436000; - 90.8511000 Result Union victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton Units involved Army of the Tennessee Army of Mississippi Strength \u223c 77,000 \u223c 33,000 Casualties and losses 4,835 total (766 killed 3,793 wounded 276 captured / missing) 32,697 total (3,202 killed / wounded / missing 29,495 surrendered) Vicksburg Location within the state of Mississippi Vicksburg Location within the state of Mississippi Show map of Mississippi Show map of the US Show all"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Siege of Godesberg", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Godesberg, 18 November \u2013 17 December 1583, was the first major siege of the Cologne War (1583\u20131589). Seeking to wrest control of an important fortification, Bavarian and mercenary soldiers surrounded the Godesberg, and the village then of the same name, now Bad Godesberg, located at its foot. On top of the mountain sat a formidable fortress, similarly named Godesburg, built in the early 13th century during a contest over the election of two competing archbishops."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (1187)", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Jerusalem was a siege on the city of Jerusalem that lasted from September 20 to October 2, 1187, when Balian of Ibelin surrendered the city to Saladin. Citizens wishing to leave paid a ransom. The defeat of Jerusalem signalled the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Europe responded in 1189 by launching the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus, and Frederick Barbarossa separately."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes \u00e9coles \u2013 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands \u00e9tablissements. Most of the grandes \u00e9coles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement. There are a high number of engineering schools, led by the Paris Institute of Technology which comprises several colleges such as \u00c9cole Polytechnique, \u00c9cole des Mines, AgroParisTech, T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris, Arts et M\u00e9tiers, and \u00c9cole des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es. There are also many business schools, including HEC, INSEAD, ESSEC, and ESCP Europe. The administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' 7th arrondissement and the most prestigious university of economics and finance, Paris-Dauphine, is located in Paris' 16th. The Parisian school of journalism CELSA department of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Paris is also home to several of France's most famous high-schools such as Lyc\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand, Lyc\u00e9e Henri-IV, Lyc\u00e9e Janson de Sailly and Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet. The National Institute of Sport and Physical Education, located in the 12th arrondissement, is both a physical education institute and high-level training centre for elite athletes."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city, with the first theatre, the Pavilion, opening in 1841. The city's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s, including the Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, Her Majesty's Theatre, Forum Theatre, Comedy Theatre, and the Athenaeum Theatre. The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio. The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre (principal home of the MTC, which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces) are also located in Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, which dates from 1955, is located in the gardens of Kings Domain; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ena Hadi", "paragraph_text": "Ena Hadi (Greek: \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9; ) is the title of the third studio album by the popular Greek artist Peggy Zina, released in 2001 by Nitro Music."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2016 US Open (tennis)", "paragraph_text": "2016 US Open Date August 29 -- September 11 Edition 136th Grand Slam (ITF) Draw 128S / 64D / 32X Prize money $46,300,000 Surface Hard Location New York City, New York, United States Venue USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Champions Men's Singles Stan Wawrinka Women's Singles Angelique Kerber Men's Doubles Bruno Soares / Jamie Murray Women's Doubles Bethanie Mattek - Sands / Lucie \u0160af\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1 Mixed Doubles Laura Siegemund / Mate Pavi\u0107 Boys' Singles F\u00e9lix Auger - Aliassime Girls' Singles Kayla Day Boys' Doubles Juan Carlos Aguilar / Felipe Meligeni Alves Girls' Doubles Jada Hart / Ena Shibahara Men's Champions Invitational Pat Cash / Mark Philippoussis Women's Champions Invitational Lindsay Davenport / Mary Joe Fern\u00e1ndez \u2190 2015 US Open 2017 \u2192"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Siege of Ninety-Six", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Ninety Six was a siege in western South Carolina late in the American Revolutionary War. From May 22 to June 18, 1781, Continental Army Major General Nathanael Greene led 1,000 troops in a siege against the 550 Loyalists in the fortified village of Ninety Six, South Carolina. The 28-day siege centered on an earthen fortification known as Star Fort. Despite having more troops, Greene was unsuccessful in taking the town, and was forced to lift the siege when Lord Rawdon approached from Charleston with British troops."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two - thirds of the year. The 2007 U.S. change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy - consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change -- to provide extra daylight on October 31."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sou Hrostao Akoma Ena Klama", "paragraph_text": "Sou Hrostao Akoma Ena Klama (Greek: \"\u03a3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9 \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\"; English: \"I owe you one more cry\") is the title of the twelfth studio album by the popular Greek artist Peggy Zina, released on 4 October 2012 by Minos EMI in Greece and Cyprus."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "U.S. national anthem protests (2016\u2013present)", "paragraph_text": "U.S. national anthem protests Colin Kaepernick with San Francisco 49ers (2013) Date August 14, 2016 -- ongoing Location National Football League stadiums Goals End police brutality and racial inequality Methods Protest"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery (Russian: \u041f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0451\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0301\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0449\u0435) is located in Saint Petersburg, on the Avenue of the Unvanquished (\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u041d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445), dedicated mostly to the victims of the Siege of Leningrad."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Islamic Golden Age", "paragraph_text": "The Islamic Golden Age is the era in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during which much of the historically Islamic world was ruled by various caliphates, and science, economic development and cultural works flourished. This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al - Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the Arabic language. This period is traditionally said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to Mongol invasions and the Siege of Baghdad in 1258 AD. A few contemporary scholars place the end of the Islamic Golden Age as late as the end of 15th to 16th centuries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (1099)", "paragraph_text": "After the successful siege of Antioch in June 1098, the Crusaders remained in the area for the rest of the year. The papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy had died, and Bohemond of Taranto had claimed Antioch for himself. Baldwin of Boulogne remained in Edessa, captured earlier in 1098. There was dissent among the princes over what to do next; Raymond of Toulouse, frustrated, left Antioch to capture the fortress at Ma'arrat al-Numan in the Siege of Maarat. By the end of the year, the minor knights and infantry were threatening to march to Jerusalem without them. Eventually, on January 13, 1099 Raymond began the march south, down the coast of the Mediterranean, followed by Robert of Normandy and Bohemond's nephew Tancred, who agreed to become his vassals."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Iliad", "paragraph_text": "Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' imminent death and the fall of Troy, although the narrative ends before these events take place. However, as these events are prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, when it reaches an end the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Siege of Germanicia", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Germanicia or Marash was led by Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate during their campaigns in Anatolia in 638. The city surrendered without much bloodshed. This expedition is important because it marks the end of the military career of the legendary Arab Muslim general Khalid ibn Walid, who was dismissed from the army a few months after his return from the expedition."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Space Siege", "paragraph_text": "Space Siege is an action role-playing game developed by Chris Taylor and Gas Powered Games, published by Sega. The title is a play on the \"Dungeon Siege\" series, which is also produced by Gas Powered Games."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olm\u00fctz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olm\u00fctz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war."}], "question": "When did the siege of the fortress in the city where ENA is now located end?"}
{"id": "2hop__29212_732013", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Space Siege", "paragraph_text": "Space Siege is an action role-playing game developed by Chris Taylor and Gas Powered Games, published by Sega. The title is a play on the \"Dungeon Siege\" series, which is also produced by Gas Powered Games."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Sureau", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Sureau (born 19 September 1957) is a French writer, lawyer and technocrat. He was born in the 14th arrondissement of Paris and educated at the \u00c9cole nationale d'administration (ENA). He is a co-founder and co-director of the French Review of Economics. He is also the founding president of the Association Pierre Claver which assists refugees and displaced persons who have arrived in France. He is also a member of the editorial board of the journal Commentary."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Siege of Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Strasbourg took place during the Franco-Prussian War, and resulted in the French surrender of the fortress on 28 September 1870."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Siege of Ninety-Six", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Ninety Six was a siege in western South Carolina late in the American Revolutionary War. From May 22 to June 18, 1781, Continental Army Major General Nathanael Greene led 1,000 troops in a siege against the 550 Loyalists in the fortified village of Ninety Six, South Carolina. The 28-day siege centered on an earthen fortification known as Star Fort. Despite having more troops, Greene was unsuccessful in taking the town, and was forced to lift the siege when Lord Rawdon approached from Charleston with British troops."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Barrosa", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Barrosa (Chiclana, 5 March 1811, also known as the Battle of Chiclana or Battle of Cerro del Puerco) was part of an unsuccessful manoeuvre to break the siege of C\u00e1diz in Spain during the Peninsular War. During the battle, a single British division defeated two French divisions and captured a regimental eagle."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dungeon Siege III", "paragraph_text": "Dungeon Siege III is an action role-playing game developed by Obsidian Entertainment. It was published by Square Enix for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows in June 2011. It is the third full and fifth overall release in the \"Dungeon Siege\" series of video games and the first since \"\" in 2006. The game is set in the pseudo-medieval kingdom of Ehb, 150 years after the events of \"Dungeon Siege\" and follows descendants of survivors of the 10th Legion in their quest to reestablish their military force."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canon lourd de 8 Gribeauval", "paragraph_text": "The Canon lourd de 8 Gribeauval (Gribeauval heavy 8-pounder cannon) was a French canon and part of the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. It was part of the siege artillery."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery (Russian: \u041f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0451\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0301\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0449\u0435) is located in Saint Petersburg, on the Avenue of the Unvanquished (\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u041d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445), dedicated mostly to the victims of the Siege of Leningrad."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Siege of Vicksburg", "paragraph_text": "Siege of Vicksburg The Siege of Vicksburg by Kurz and Allison Date May 18 -- July 4, 1863 Location Warren County, Mississippi 32 \u00b0 20 \u2032 36.96 ''N 90 \u00b0 51 \u2032 3.96'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 32.3436000 \u00b0 N 90.8511000 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 32.3436000; - 90.8511000 Coordinates: 32 \u00b0 20 \u2032 36.96 ''N 90 \u00b0 51 \u2032 3.96'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 32.3436000 \u00b0 N 90.8511000 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 32.3436000; - 90.8511000 Result Union victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton Units involved Army of the Tennessee Army of Mississippi Strength \u223c 77,000 \u223c 33,000 Casualties and losses 4,835 total (766 killed 3,793 wounded 276 captured / missing) 32,697 total (3,202 killed / wounded / missing 29,495 surrendered) Vicksburg Location within the state of Mississippi Vicksburg Location within the state of Mississippi Show map of Mississippi Show map of the US Show all"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes \u00e9coles \u2013 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands \u00e9tablissements. Most of the grandes \u00e9coles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement. There are a high number of engineering schools, led by the Paris Institute of Technology which comprises several colleges such as \u00c9cole Polytechnique, \u00c9cole des Mines, AgroParisTech, T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris, Arts et M\u00e9tiers, and \u00c9cole des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es. There are also many business schools, including HEC, INSEAD, ESSEC, and ESCP Europe. The administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' 7th arrondissement and the most prestigious university of economics and finance, Paris-Dauphine, is located in Paris' 16th. The Parisian school of journalism CELSA department of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Paris is also home to several of France's most famous high-schools such as Lyc\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand, Lyc\u00e9e Henri-IV, Lyc\u00e9e Janson de Sailly and Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet. The National Institute of Sport and Physical Education, located in the 12th arrondissement, is both a physical education institute and high-level training centre for elite athletes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Siege of Godesberg", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Godesberg, 18 November \u2013 17 December 1583, was the first major siege of the Cologne War (1583\u20131589). Seeking to wrest control of an important fortification, Bavarian and mercenary soldiers surrounded the Godesberg, and the village then of the same name, now Bad Godesberg, located at its foot. On top of the mountain sat a formidable fortress, similarly named Godesburg, built in the early 13th century during a contest over the election of two competing archbishops."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Third Siege of Missolonghi", "paragraph_text": "The Third Siege of Missolonghi (, often erroneously referred to as the Second Siege) was fought in the Greek War of Independence, between the Ottoman Empire and the Greek rebels, from 15 April 1825 to 10 April 1826. The Ottomans had already tried and failed to capture the city in 1822 and 1823, but returned in 1825 with a stronger force of infantry and a stronger navy supporting the infantry. The Greeks held out for almost a year before they ran out of food and attempted a mass breakout, which however resulted in a disaster, with the larger part of the Greeks slain. This defeat was a key factor leading to intervention by the Great Powers who, hearing about the atrocities, felt sympathetic to the Greek cause."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canon de 24 Gribeauval", "paragraph_text": "The Canon de 24 Gribeauval was a French 24-pounder cannon and part of the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. It was part of the siege artillery."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Siege of Prague (1742)", "paragraph_text": "The 1742 Siege of Prague was an extended blockade of the Bohemian capital during the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sou Hrostao Akoma Ena Klama", "paragraph_text": "Sou Hrostao Akoma Ena Klama (Greek: \"\u03a3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9 \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\"; English: \"I owe you one more cry\") is the title of the twelfth studio album by the popular Greek artist Peggy Zina, released on 4 October 2012 by Minos EMI in Greece and Cyprus."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Suleiman the Magnificent (1520\u20131566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman\u2013Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of G\u00fcns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768\u201374). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ena Hadi", "paragraph_text": "Ena Hadi (Greek: \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9; ) is the title of the third studio album by the popular Greek artist Peggy Zina, released in 2001 by Nitro Music."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Siege of Phasis", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Phasis took place in 555\u2013556 during the Lazic War between the Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Persia. The Persians besieged the town of Phasis in Lazica, held by the Byzantines, but failed to take it. The main source for the siege is the 6th-century historian Agathias."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Siege of Tsingtao", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Tsingtao, sometimes Siege of Tsingtau, was the attack on the German port of Tsingtao (now Qingdao) in China during World War I by Japan and the United Kingdom. The siege took place between 31 October and 7 November 1914 against Imperial Germany. The siege was the first encounter between Japanese and German forces, the first Anglo-Japanese operation of the war, and the only major land battle in the Asian and Pacific theatre during World War I."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Ena Oniro", "paragraph_text": "San Ena Oniro (Greek: \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u038c\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf; English: Like a dream) is the first studio album by Greek Cypriot singer Ivi Adamou, released in Greece and Cyprus on 22 July 2011 by Sony Music Greece. The album was re-released as a \"Euro Edition\" featuring the three songs that Adamou competed with in the Cypriot national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, as well as a Greek-language version of one of the songs."}], "question": "Which war had a siege named for a city local to ENA?"}
{"id": "2hop__29212_26798", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pasua", "paragraph_text": "Pasua is a town and ward in the Moshi Urban district of the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. Its population according to the 2012 census was 13,460."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven (local /nu\u02d0 \u02c8he\u026av\u0259n/, noo-HAY-v\u0259n), in the U.S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut, which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut (after Bridgeport), with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census. According to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Casanova & Co.", "paragraph_text": "Casanova & Co. is a 1977 fictional period soft porn comedy film starring Tony Curtis. It had many titles during its international release. These are \"Casanova & Company\" (Italy), \"Casanova - s\u00e4nkykamarivaras\" (Finland), \"Enas trellos, poly trellos Kazanovas\" (Greece), \"Hilfe, ich bin eine m\u00e4nnliche Jungfrau\" (West Germany), \"Sex on the Run\" (United States) (reissue title), \"Some Like It Cool\" (USA), \"The Amorous Mis-Adventures of Casanova\" (United States) (video title), \"The Rise and Rise of Casanova\" (United Kingdom), and \"Treize femmes pour Casanova\" (France))."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Villanueva de Jiloca", "paragraph_text": "Villanueva de Jiloca is a municipality on the river Jiloca, located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2012 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 60 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ko\u00e7marl\u0131, Tarsus", "paragraph_text": "Ko\u00e7marl\u0131 is a village in Tarsus district of Mersin Province, Turkey. It is situated at in the southern slopes of the Toros Mountains. Its distance to Tarsus is and to Mersin is . Its population was 167 as of 2012. as of 2012."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Santa Mar\u00eda Chiquimula", "paragraph_text": "Santa Mar\u00eda Chiquimula is a municipality in the Totonicap\u00e1n department of Guatemala. Located in the western highlands of Guatemala at an altitude of 2130 meters. The municipality has a territory of 211 km2 and a population of around 48,525 people in 2012. The Mayan K\u2019iche\u2019 language is spoken among the indigenous people here, but Spanish is also widely spoken. The main products of the region are corn and black beans."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Ena Oniro", "paragraph_text": "San Ena Oniro (Greek: \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u038c\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf; English: Like a dream) is the first studio album by Greek Cypriot singer Ivi Adamou, released in Greece and Cyprus on 22 July 2011 by Sony Music Greece. The album was re-released as a \"Euro Edition\" featuring the three songs that Adamou competed with in the Cypriot national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, as well as a Greek-language version of one of the songs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sou Hrostao Akoma Ena Klama", "paragraph_text": "Sou Hrostao Akoma Ena Klama (Greek: \"\u03a3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9 \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\"; English: \"I owe you one more cry\") is the title of the twelfth studio album by the popular Greek artist Peggy Zina, released on 4 October 2012 by Minos EMI in Greece and Cyprus."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "Strasbourg (/\u02c8str\u00e6zb\u025c\u02d0r\u0261/, French pronunciation: \u200b[st\u0281az.bu\u0281, st\u0281as.bu\u0281]; Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Stra\u00dfburg, [\u02c8\u0283t\u0281a\u02d0sb\u028a\u0250\u032fk]) is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL) region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin d\u00e9partement. The city and the region of Alsace were historically predominantly Alemannic-speaking, hence the city's Germanic name. In 2013, the city proper had 275,718 inhabitants, Eurom\u00e9tropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) had 475,934 inhabitants and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 482,384 inhabitants. With a population of 768,868 in 2012, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France and home to 13% of the ACAL region's inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chipiona", "paragraph_text": "Chipiona is a town and municipality located on the Atlantic coast in the province of C\u00e1diz, Spain. According to the 2012 census, the city has a population of 18,849 inhabitants, but this amount increases greatly during the summer holiday period. The town covers an area of 33 km\u00b2. Being in the lower valley of the River Guadalquivir it is very flat with a maximum terrestrial height of 4 metres. It is bordered on the north-west by Sanl\u00facar de Barrameda and on the south-east by the port of Rota."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kariba, Zimbabwe", "paragraph_text": "Kariba is a town in Mashonaland West province, Zimbabwe, located close to the Kariba Dam at the north-western end of Lake Kariba, near the Zambian border. According to the 2012 Population Census, the town had a population of 26,451."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Colorado Springs metropolitan area", "paragraph_text": "The Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado. The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012, a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States. The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County, Colorado. Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA's population live in cities or CDPs. The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Sureau", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Sureau (born 19 September 1957) is a French writer, lawyer and technocrat. He was born in the 14th arrondissement of Paris and educated at the \u00c9cole nationale d'administration (ENA). He is a co-founder and co-director of the French Review of Economics. He is also the founding president of the Association Pierre Claver which assists refugees and displaced persons who have arrived in France. He is also a member of the editorial board of the journal Commentary."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "St. Augustine, Florida", "paragraph_text": "The county seat of St. Johns County, it is part of Florida's First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area. According to the 2010 census, the city population was 12,975. The United States Census Bureau's 2013 estimate of the city's population was 13,679, while the urban area had a population of 71,379 in 2012."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Diamondhead, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Diamondhead is a city in southeastern Hancock County, Mississippi, United States. The city is located just over northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is part of the Gulfport\u2212Biloxi Metropolitan Statistical Area. In February 2012, Diamondhead was officially incorporated as a city. At the time of the 2010 census, when Diamondhead was an unincorporated census-designated place, the population was 8,425. The city population, with slightly different boundaries, was estimated at 8,217 in 2016."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Helsem", "paragraph_text": "Helsem is a small village in Stranda Municipality in M\u00f8re og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located just a couple kilometres south of the municipal centre of Stranda, along the Storfjorden, just north of where the Norddalsfjorden and Sunnylvsfjorden split off. The village has a population (2012) of 257, giving the village a population density of ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ena Hadi", "paragraph_text": "Ena Hadi (Greek: \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9; ) is the title of the third studio album by the popular Greek artist Peggy Zina, released in 2001 by Nitro Music."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Marangu Magharibi", "paragraph_text": "Marangu Magharibi is a town and ward in the Moshi Rural district of the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. Its population according to the 2012 census was 18,976."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sand, Hedmark", "paragraph_text": "Sand is the administrative centre of Nord-Odal municipality, Norway. It is located at between two lakes; R\u00e5sen and the northwestern arm of Storsj\u00f8en. Its population (SSB 2012) is 1019."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes \u00e9coles \u2013 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands \u00e9tablissements. Most of the grandes \u00e9coles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement. There are a high number of engineering schools, led by the Paris Institute of Technology which comprises several colleges such as \u00c9cole Polytechnique, \u00c9cole des Mines, AgroParisTech, T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris, Arts et M\u00e9tiers, and \u00c9cole des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es. There are also many business schools, including HEC, INSEAD, ESSEC, and ESCP Europe. The administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' 7th arrondissement and the most prestigious university of economics and finance, Paris-Dauphine, is located in Paris' 16th. The Parisian school of journalism CELSA department of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Paris is also home to several of France's most famous high-schools such as Lyc\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand, Lyc\u00e9e Henri-IV, Lyc\u00e9e Janson de Sailly and Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet. The National Institute of Sport and Physical Education, located in the 12th arrondissement, is both a physical education institute and high-level training centre for elite athletes."}], "question": "What was the 2012 population of the city where ENA is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__546800_262512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Heavy Seas of Love", "paragraph_text": "\"Heavy Seas of Love\" is the fifth single by Damon Albarn, from his solo debut album, \"Everyday Robots\". It was released as a single in digital formats on 27 April 2014, via Warner Bros. Records in the US. The song features Brian Eno and The Leytonstone City Mission Choir."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Born to Be Wild", "paragraph_text": "``Born to Be Wild ''is a song first performed by the band Steppenwolf, written by Mars Bonfire. The song is often invoked in both popular and counter culture to denote a biker appearance or attitude. It is sometimes described as the first heavy metal song, and the second verse lyric`` heavy metal thunder'' marks the first use of this term in rock music (although not as a description of a musical style)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Rebelde characters", "paragraph_text": "In season three, Celina meets and falls in love with Max, who in turn becomes enamored with her. They later consummate their relationship, resulting in Celina getting pregnant. Max accepts it and says he will be a responsible father because he loves Celina. Only Celina's father accepts her pregnancy with Max and her mother disowns her."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Parable of the Prodigal Son", "paragraph_text": "The Parable of the Prodigal Son (also known as the Two Brothers, Lost Son, Loving Father, or Lovesick Father) is one of the parables of Jesus and appears in Luke 15: 11 -- 32. Jesus Christ shares it with his disciples, the Pharisees and others."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Heavy Traffic (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Heavy Traffic OST is the soundtrack to Ralph Bakshi's 1973 film \"Heavy Traffic\". The film's score was performed by Ed Bogas and Ray Shanklin. The soundtrack album was released on Fantasy Records in 1973. The album was released on compact disc in 1996 as part of a compilation that featured both the soundtracks to \"Fritz the Cat\" and \"Heavy Traffic\" on the same disc."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "ARA Almirante Brown (C-1)", "paragraph_text": "Almirante Brown was a heavy cruiser in service with the Argentine Navy during the Second World war. The ship was named in honour of Admiral Guillermo Brown, the Father of the Argentine Navy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Frederick Handley Page", "paragraph_text": "Sir Frederick Handley Page, CBE, FRAeS (15 November 1885\u00a0\u2013 21 April 1962) was an English industrialist who was a pioneer in the aircraft industry and became known as the father of the heavy bomber."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shout at the Devil", "paragraph_text": "Shout at the Devil is the second studio album by American heavy metal band M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, released on September 26, 1983. It was the band's breakthrough album, establishing M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce as one of the top selling heavy metal acts of the 1980s. The singles ``Looks That Kill ''and`` Too Young to Fall in Love'' were moderate hits for the band."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Shout at the Devil", "paragraph_text": "Shout at the Devil is the second studio album by American heavy metal band M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, released on September 26, 1983. It was the band's breakthrough album, establishing M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce as one of the top selling heavy metal acts of the 1980s. The singles \"Looks That Kill\" and \"Too Young to Fall in Love\" were moderate hits for the band."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Eighth Fleet", "paragraph_text": "The United States Eighth Fleet was a numbered fleet of the United States Navy established 15 March 1943 from Northwest African Force. It operated in the Mediterranean Sea during World War II with a main mission of amphibious warfare, and then was active in 1946\u201347 as the heavy striking arm of the United States Atlantic Fleet."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Keith Albarn", "paragraph_text": "Keith Albarn (born 28 January 1939 in Nottingham) is an English artist and the father of the musician, Damon Albarn and the artist, Jessica Albarn."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Platonic love", "paragraph_text": "The English term dates back to William Davenant's The Platonic Lovers (performed in 1635); a critique of the philosophy of platonic love which was popular at Charles I's court. It is derived from the concept in Plato's Symposium of the love of the idea of good which lies at the root of all virtue and truth. For a brief period, Platonic love was a fashionable subject at the English royal court, especially in the circle around Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of King Charles I. Platonic love was the theme of some of the courtly masques performed in the Caroline era -- though the fashion soon waned under pressures of social and political change."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "All I Want for Christmas Is You", "paragraph_text": "``All I Want for Christmas Is You ''is a Christmas song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. She wrote and produced the song with Walter Afanasieff. Columbia Records released it on November 1, 1994, as the lead single from her first holiday album and fourth studio album, Merry Christmas.`` Christmas'' is an uptempo love song that includes bell chimes and heavy back - up vocals, as well as use of synthesizers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of Baltimore", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Baltimore was a sea/land battle fought between British invaders and American defenders in the War of 1812. American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British forces. The British and Americans first met at the Battle of North Point. Though the Americans retreated, the battle was a successful delaying action that inflicted heavy casualties on the British, halting their advance consequently allowing the defenders at Baltimore to properly prepare for an attack."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Journey 2: The Mysterious Island", "paragraph_text": "Vanessa Hudgens as Kailani Laguatan Gabato's daughter whom Sean falls in love with and who is part of the father - daughter tour guide team."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Sea Lion", "paragraph_text": "The Sea Lion is a 1921 American silent adventure film directed by Rowland V. Lee, and starring Hobart Bosworth, Bessie Love, and Emory Johnson. The same staff on this film produced Rowland Lee's previous directed film \"Blind Hearts\", released just before \"The Sea Lion\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Why Women Love", "paragraph_text": "Why Women Love (also known as Sea Woman) is a 1925 American silent drama film produced and directed by Edwin Carewe and distributed by First National Pictures. Blanche Sweet starred in the film which was based on the Broadway play \"The Sea Woman\", by Willard Robertson. The film is now considered lost."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "I Do Love You (Billy Stewart song)", "paragraph_text": "``I Do Love You ''is a song written and performed by Billy Stewart. It reached # 6 on the U.S. R&B chart and # 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1965. The song was featured on his 1965 album, I Do Love You."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres, 3 feet (0.91 m) above sea level. On Christmas morning in 2008, the government declared a state of emergency. In 2013, heavy waves once again breached the city walls of Majuro."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Back to the Future (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "``The Washington Post ''- Composed by John Philip Sousa`` Mr. Sandman'' - Performed by The Four Aces ``The Ballad of Davy Crockett ''- Performed by Fess Parker`` Pledging My Love'' - Performed by Johnny Ace ``Out the Window ''- Performed by Edward Van Halen"}], "question": "Who is the father of the Heavy Seas of Love performer?"}
{"id": "2hop__558134_135813", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "St. Xavier's College, Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "St. Xavier's College is a private, co-educational college located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Founded in 1860 by Fr. Henri Depelchin S.J., it is named after St. Francis Xavier, a Navarre Jesuit of the 16th century, who ministered in India. In 2006, it became the first autonomous college in West Bengal, India, and is affiliated to the University of Calcutta. Currently, the college offers Undergraduate and Postgraduate degrees, Ph. D.s, Diplomas and certificates."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Verseghy Ferenc Grammar School", "paragraph_text": "Verseghy Ferenc Grammar School (\"Verseghy Ferenc Gimn\u00e1zium\" in Hungarian) is a co-educational secondary state school in Szolnok, Northern Great Plain, Hungary. It is one of the oldest grammar schools in the region and is rich in traditions. The school was founded in 1831 and was named after the famous native of Szolnok, Ferenc Verseghy in 1922. At present (2011) 552 pupils attending 17 classes are taught by 46 teachers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Education in Kenya", "paragraph_text": "Kenya began a campaign for free primary education after independence in 1963. Since then, the system of education has undergone transformation twice. Before independence elementary education was based on the colonial system of education."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sibelius Academy", "paragraph_text": "The Sibelius Academy is one of the organizers of the International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition held every five years in Helsinki."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Morarji Desai Residential Schools for Minorities", "paragraph_text": "Morarji Desai Residential Schools for Minorities are the schools in Karnataka state in India. These are run by Directorate of Minorities department of the Government of Karnataka. The schools are set up to provide free residential education from Standards VI to X to the students from minority communities. These are named after former prime minister of India Morarji Desai."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Instituto Piaget", "paragraph_text": "Instituto Piaget is a Portuguese private institution of higher education. It provides both university and polytechnic higher education in a number of fields. Instituto Piaget was named after the Swiss philosopher and developmental psychologist Jean Piaget."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rama Krishna Puram", "paragraph_text": "Ramakrishna Puram popularly known as R.K. Puram, is a Central Government Employees residential colony in South West Delhi. Named after the saint Sri Ramakrishna, it houses many high profile corporate houses. There are many educational institutions like Ramjas school, Blind school, Kendriya Vidyalaya Sec 8 & 2, Sarvodaya vidyalaya, Delhi Public School etc."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "He Named Me Malala", "paragraph_text": "He Named Me Malala is a 2015 American documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim. The film presents the young Pakistani female activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Malala Yousafzai, who has spoken out for the rights of girls, especially the right to education, since she was very young. The film also recounts how she miraculously survived and has become even more eloquent in her quest after being hunted down and shot by a Taliban gunman as part of the organization's violent opposition to girls' education in the Swat Valley in Pakistan. The title refers to the Afghani folk hero Malalai of Maiwand, after whom her father named her"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Solander Point", "paragraph_text": "Solander Point is at the north end of the west-southwestern ridgeline of Endeavour crater on the planet Mars. It is named after the Swedish scientist Daniel Solander, who was the first university-educated scientist to set foot on Australian soil at Botany Bay in 1770."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "South African History Project", "paragraph_text": "The South African History Project (2001-2004) was established and initiated by Professor Kader Asmal, former Minister of Education in South Africa. This initiative followed after the publication of the Manifesto on Values, Education and Democracy and the Report of the History and Archaeology Panel in South Africa in 2001.This report was written by leading scholars who advised the then Minister of Education on the strengthening of the teaching of history in South African schools after the end of apartheid. The South African History Project addressed the challenges of revitalising the teaching and learning of history by setting up provincial networks which brought stakeholders in education, heritage, tourism and publishing together for the first time in post-apartheid South Africa."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Department of Higher Education and Training", "paragraph_text": "The Department of Higher Education and Training is one of the departments of the South African government. It oversees universities and other post-secondary education in South Africa. It was created in 2009 after the election of President Jacob Zuma, when the former Department of Education was divided."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Franklin Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Emil Molt", "paragraph_text": "Emil Molt (born 14 April 1876 in Schw\u00e4bisch Gm\u00fcnd, Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg, died 16 June 1936 in Stuttgart) was a German businessman, social reformer and anthroposophist. He was the director of the Waldorf-Astoria-Zigarettenfabrik, and with Rudolf Steiner co-founded the first Waldorf school. Hence, Waldorf education was named after the company."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alexander Military Law Academy", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Military Law Academy () (1867\u20131917) was an educational institution in Russian Empire that provided military law education for officers of Russian Army and Fleet. It was established in 1867 and named after his founder, Emperor Alexander II of Russia in 1908. The Academy was situated in St. Petersburg by 96 Moika Embankment, along with many other institutions of military education."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pete Harman", "paragraph_text": "Harman was born in 1919 in Granger, now a part of West Valley City, a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah to David Reese Harman (1874\u20131924) and Grace May Hemenway (1879\u20131919) . Harman was the youngest of 14 children in a Mormon family. Harman's mother died two days after he was born, and his father later married Caroline Hemenway Harman, the widow of Pete's uncle. Harman was a major donor to the construction of the Caroline Hemenway Harman Continuing Education Building at Brigham Young University, named after his step-mother."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Atso Almila", "paragraph_text": "For many years he has been teaching in Sibelius Academy. Almost all conducting students who have studied there in 1980-s, 1990-s and in 21st century have also studied with him. He also has many masterclasses, the annual one is in August in Sein\u00e4joki."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Raja Lakhamgouda Law College", "paragraph_text": "Raja Lakhamgouda Law College is an institution for legal education located in Belgaum, Karnataka, India. It was established in 1939 by the Karnataka Law Society, and is one of the oldest Indian Law Colleges. The college is named after Raja Lakhamgouda Sirdesai, the head of the former princely state of Vantamuri who has served as a mentor and donor to the school."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thurgood Marshall College", "paragraph_text": "Thurgood Marshall College (TMC) is one of the six undergraduate colleges at the University of California, San Diego. The college, named after Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court Justice and lawyer for the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, emphasizes \"scholarship, social responsibility and the belief that a liberal arts education must include an understanding of [one's] role in society.\" Marshall College's general education requirements emphasize the culture of community involvement and multiculturalism; accordingly Marshall houses the minors in Public Service and Film Studies for the campus. Significant academic programs and departments have come out of the college over many decades: Communication, Ethnic Studies, Third World Studies, African American Studies, Urban Studies & Planning, and Education Studies."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kannur University", "paragraph_text": "Kannur University was established in 1996 to provide development of higher education in Kasaragod, Kannur, and Wayanad districts of Kerala, India. It was established after the passing of Act No. 22 of 1996 of the Kerala Legislative Assembly. A university by the name of \"Malabar University\" had come into existence even earlier by the passing of an ordinance by the Governor of Kerala, on 9 November 1995."}], "question": "Who is the institution where Atso Almila teaches named after?"}
{"id": "2hop__40833_26867", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Welfare Party", "paragraph_text": "In 1998, the Welfare Party was banned from politics by the Constitutional Court of Turkey for violating the separation of religion and state as mandated by the constitution. The ban was upheld by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on 13 February 2003. The ECtHR's decision was criticized by Human Rights Watch for lack of consistency, as the ECtHR had refused disbanding of other parties on several occasions, but the ECtHR defended its decision."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Seneca Falls Convention", "paragraph_text": "The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as ``a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman ''. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19 -- 20, 1848. Attracting widespread attention, it was soon followed by other women's rights conventions, including the Rochester Women's Rights Convention in Rochester, New York, two weeks later. In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women's Rights Conventions met in Worcester, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United Nations Human Rights Council", "paragraph_text": "The General Assembly established the UNHRC by adopting a resolution (A / RES / 60 / 251) on 15 March 2006, in order to replace the previous CHR, which had been heavily criticised for allowing countries with poor human rights records to be members. However, many of the current 47 UNHRC member states are criticised for poor human rights."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Right to family life", "paragraph_text": "The right to family life is the right of all individuals to have their established family life respected, and to have and maintain family relationships. This right is recognised in a variety of international human rights instruments, including Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia. The Qing response, successful for a time, was in 1756 to establish the Canton System, which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Anne Van Lancker", "paragraph_text": "Anne Van Lancker was the only Belgian MEP in the European Convention, that presented a draft constitution for the EU in 2003. Her work during that convention earned her the title 'tireless battler for a social Europe' from Financial Times journalist Peter Norman."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hungarian Helsinki Committee", "paragraph_text": "The Hungarian Helsinki Committee (HHC) is a non-governmental human rights organization founded in 1989 and based in Budapest, Hungary. The HHC is a member of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights and the European Council on Refugees and Exiles."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Zimeray", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, at the request of Emma Bonino, former Humanitarian Aid Commissioner, Fran\u00e7ois Zimeray went to Laos in order to defend and free a member of the European Parliament, as well as four other human rights defenders."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jaroslav Hutka", "paragraph_text": "Jaroslav Hutka (born 21 April 1947 in Olomouc) is a Czech musician, composer, songwriter, and democracy and human rights activist. He was a signatory of Charter 77 and the 2008 Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights, hence the establishment of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights. The European Court of Justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of European Union law as the need to ensure that European Union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states' constitution became ever more apparent. In 1999 the European Council set up a body tasked with drafting a European Charter of Human Rights, which could form the constitutional basis for the European Union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the European Union and its institutions. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union draws a list of fundamental rights from the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration on Fundamental Rights produced by the European Parliament in 1989 and European Union Treaties."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Temple of Human Passions", "paragraph_text": "The Temple of Human Passions (, ), also known as Pavillon Horta-Lambeaux, is a neoclassical pavilion in the form of a Greek temple that was built by Victor Horta in 1896 in the Cinquantenaire Park of Brussels. Although classical in appearance, the building shows the first steps of the young Victor Horta towards Art Nouveau. It was designed to serve as a permanent showcase for a large marble relief \"Human Passions\" by Jef Lambeaux. Since its completion the building has remained almost permanently closed. Since 2014, the building is accessible during the summer time."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn on a variety of sources, including: public international law and legal doctrines and principles present in the legal systems of European Union member states and in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Accepted general principles of European Union Law include fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Capital punishment in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used from ancient times until the second half of the 20th century. The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging, and took place in 1964, prior to capital punishment being abolished for murder (in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland). Although unused, the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998. In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom, prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Morten Kj\u00e6rum", "paragraph_text": "Morten Kj\u00e6rum (born 30 March 1957) is a Danish lawyer, who is the new head of the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Sweden. From 2008 to 2015 he directed the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA),based in Vienna, Austria. He is also a former director of the Danish Institute for Human Rights and of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Human Rights Act 1998", "paragraph_text": "The Human Rights Act places a duty on all courts and tribunals in the United Kingdom to interpret legislation so far as possible in a way compatible with the rights laid down in the European Convention on Human Rights (section 3 (1)). Where this is not possible, the court may issue a ``declaration of incompatibility ''. The declaration does not invalidate the legislation, but permits the amendment of the legislation by a special fast - track procedure under section 10 of the Act. As of August 2006, 20 declarations had been made, of which six were overturned on appeal."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des F\u00eates and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and H\u00f4tel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cit\u00e9 Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Europ\u00e9en, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cit\u00e9 de la Musique et de la Danse, the Mus\u00e9e d'Art moderne et contemporain and the H\u00f4tel du D\u00e9partement facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kastrup V\u00e6rk", "paragraph_text": "Kastrup V\u00e6rk was founded around 1750 by Jacob Fortling, a German sculptor who had emigrated to Denmark in 1729 and established a successful career as Royal Master Builder in Copenhagen. As one of several operators, he was granted rights to extract limestone on Saltholm, a smaller island in \u00d8resund otherwise mainly used for summer grazing, and built an extensive complex of buildings between 1749 and 1753. Constructed on reclaimed land, it included a lime plant, a tile works and a faience factory as well as a main building and gate houses."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Truth serum", "paragraph_text": "the European Court of Human Rights arguing that use of a truth serum could be considered a violation of a human right to be free from degrading treatment, or could be considered a form of torture. It has been noted to be a violation of the Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture.\"Truth serum\" was abused against psychotic patients as part of old, discredited practices of psychiatry and is no longer used. In a therapeutic context, the controlled administration of intravenous hypnotic medications is called \"narcosynthesis\" or \"narcoanalysis\". Such application was first documented by Dr. William Bleckwenn. Reliability and suggestibility of patients are concerns, and the practice of chemically inducing an involuntary mental state is now widely considered to be a form of torture."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "European Court of Human Rights", "paragraph_text": "In 1999, 8,400 applications were allocated to be heard. In 2003, 27,200 cases were filed and the number of pending applications rose to approximately 65,000. In 2005, the Court opened 45,500 case files. In 2009, 57,200 applications were allocated, with the number of pending applications rose to 119,300. At the time, more than 90% of them were declared to be inadmissible, and the majority of cases decided\u2014around 60% of the decisions by the Court\u2014related to what is termed repetitive cases: where the Court has already delivered judgment finding a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights or where well established case law exists on a similar case."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties.\" Therefore, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law, codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of European Union law. In effect, after the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under European Union law, though the former is enforced by the European Court of Justice in relation to European Union measures, and the latter by the European Court of Human Rights in relation to measures by member states."}], "question": "Who built the building housing the organization established at the same time as the European Convention on Human Rights?"}
{"id": "2hop__768298_26867", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Karel Kula", "paragraph_text": "Karel Kula (born 10 August 1963) is a Czech retired football midfielder and former general manager of Karvin\u00e1 and FK Fotbal T\u0159inec."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hollywood Apartments", "paragraph_text": "It is significant as a representative example of more than 180 apartment buildings built in Salt Lake City during 1900-1933 that were part of transformation of the city into an urban environment. The building was built and owned by J.M. Wilfley."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "MidAmerican Energy Building", "paragraph_text": "Mid-American Energy Building is a high-rise office building located in the downtown Davenport, Iowa. The building was designed by Shive-Hattery Engineers & Architects and built by Iowa-Illinois Gas and Electric Company in 1995. It is a 9-story office building that stands on top of a six story parking ramp. The building stands , and is the second tallest building in the city after the Wells Fargo Bank Building. The building is also the home to a couple of peregrine falcons."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "National Transit Building", "paragraph_text": "National Transit Building is a historic commercial building located at 206 Seneca Street, Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania. The main block was built in 1890, and is a four-story, stone and brick building. An adjacent annex building was built in 1896. The annex is connected by an enclosed bridgeway at the second, third, and fourth levels. The main entrance features a sandstone archway."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "E. C. Peery Building", "paragraph_text": "The E. C. Peery Building is a historic building in Scio, Oregon, United States that was built in 1881 in the Italianate style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des F\u00eates and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and H\u00f4tel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cit\u00e9 Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Europ\u00e9en, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cit\u00e9 de la Musique et de la Danse, the Mus\u00e9e d'Art moderne et contemporain and the H\u00f4tel du D\u00e9partement facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Looking for Nicolas Sarkozy", "paragraph_text": "Looking for Nicolas Sarkozy is a 2011 French documentary film directed by William Karel. The film records the reactions of 18 non-French Paris-based journalists when Karel asked their opinions of Nicolas Sarkozy, the 23rd President of France. It was released on TV network Arte on December 21, 2011 and pitched at the 2011 MeetMarket as part of Sheffield Doc/Fest."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Youth Service Corps", "paragraph_text": "Nigerian Graduates are ineligible for employment in governmental establishments (and few private establishments) till they have completed the mandatory one year service. Graduates who are exempted from the service include those above the age of thirty (30) and those with physical disability, therefore completing the service year entitles one to employment. During the service year, Corps members have the opportunity of learning of the cultures of other people, an opportunity many Nigerians never get in their lifetime. The program has also helped in creating entry - level jobs for many Nigerian youth. An NYSC forum dedicated to the NYSC members was built to bridge the gap amongst members serving across Nigeria and also an avenue for corpers to share job information and career resources as well as getting loans from the National Directorate Of Employment."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Karel V\u00edt\u011bzslav Ma\u0161ek", "paragraph_text": "Karel V\u00edt\u011bzslav Ma\u0161ek (1 September 1865, Prague - 24 July 1927, Prague) was a Czech painter, architect, illustrator and art professor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Grand Army of the Republic Hall (Johnstown, Pennsylvania)", "paragraph_text": "Grand Army of the Republic Hall is a historic clubhouse building located at Johnstown, Cambria County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1893, and is a three-story brick building with a flat roof, three bays by seven bays. The front facade features two carved stone insets with a cannon and crossed sword motif. It was built by the local chapter of the Grand Army of the Republic and later converted to offices. The building was damaged in the Flood of 1977."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spilosoma virgulae", "paragraph_text": "Spilosoma virgulae is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Karel \u010cern\u00fd in 2011. It is found in the Philippines."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York Tribune Building", "paragraph_text": "The New York Tribune Building was a building built by Richard Morris Hunt in 1875 in New York City. It was built as the headquarters of the New York Tribune, and was a brick and masonry structure topped by a Clock Tower. It was tall and when new the second-tallest building in New York, after Trinity Church. It was demolished in 1966."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Robot", "paragraph_text": "The term comes from a Czech word, robota, meaning ``forced labor ''; the word 'robot' was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R.U.R. by the Czech writer, Karel \u010capek but it was Karel's brother Josef \u010capek who was the word's true inventor. Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and Frank L. Stulen. The first commercial, digital and programmable robot was built by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate. It was sold to General Motors in 1961 where it was used to lift pieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township, New Jersey."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Construction", "paragraph_text": "New techniques of building construction are being researched, made possible by advances in 3D printing technology. In a form of additive building construction, similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts, building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in around 20 hours, with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities, in one continuous build, using large 3D printers. Working versions of 3D-printing building technology are already printing 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of building material per hour as of January 2013[update], with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week. Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars's performative architecture 3D-printed building is scheduled to be built in 2014."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Karel Domin", "paragraph_text": "Karel Domin (4 May 1882, Kutn\u00e1 Hora, Kingdom of Bohemia \u2013 10 June 1953, Prague) was a Czech botanist and politician."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Karel Jungwiert", "paragraph_text": "Karel Jungwiert (born 1 November 1944) is a Czech lawyer, and has been the Judge of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of the Czech Republic since the country's accession to the Council of Europe in 1993. His term at the Court ended on 31 October 2012."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hutzler Brothers Palace Building", "paragraph_text": "The Hutzler Brothers Palace Building is a historic flagship department store building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States and built by Hutzler's. It was constructed in 1888, with a south bay added in 1924."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "National House, Prost\u011bjov", "paragraph_text": "The National House (Czech: \"N\u00e1rodn\u00ed d\u016fm\") in Prost\u011bjov, Czech Republic, is a building designed by the Czech architect Jan Kot\u011bra. It was built up between 1905-1907 in Art Nouveau style. Many famous artists, such as Stanislav Sucharda, Karel Petr, Franti\u0161ek Kysela and Jan Preisler collaborated on designing the building."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town. Henry V's famous warship HMS Grace Dieu was built in Southampton. Walter Taylor's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution. From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton, building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars."}], "question": "Who built the building of the entity employing Karel Jungwiert?"}
{"id": "2hop__39133_26867", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Euskirchen court shooting", "paragraph_text": "The Euskirchen court shooting was an act of mass murder that occurred at the district court in Euskirchen, Germany on March 9, 1994. Just after his appeal against a sentence for assaulting his former girlfriend, Vera Lamesic, had ended with an upholding of his conviction, 39-year-old Erwin Mikolajczyk re-entered the court building armed with .45-caliber Colt pistol and a homemade bomb in a backpack. In the hallway he fatally shot Lamesic, two women who had accompanied her, as well as two other people, and then entered the court room where he killed 33-year-old Alexander Sch\u00e4fer, the judge who had convicted him. When he ran out of ammunition, Mikolajczyk killed himself by detonating the bomb. A total of eight people were also wounded in the attack."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts, despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump", "paragraph_text": "As of October 11, 2018, the United States Senate has confirmed 84 Article III judges nominated by President Trump, including 2 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, 29 judges for the United States Courts of Appeals, 53 judges for the United States District Courts, and 0 judges for the United States Court of International Trade. There are currently 57 nominations to Article III courts awaiting Senate action, including 7 for the Courts of Appeals, 48 for the District Courts, and 2 for the Court of International Trade. There are currently 11 vacancies on the U.S. Courts of Appeals, 108 vacancies on the U.S. District Courts, 2 vacancies on the U.S. Court of International Trade, and 23 announced federal judicial vacancies that will occur before the end of Trump's first term (4 for the Courts of Appeals and 19 for District Courts). Trump has not made any recess appointments to the federal courts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Genocide", "paragraph_text": "On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgi\u0107 against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century \"Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor \"With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Judiciary of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the ``Full Court ''of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "The United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (in case citations, W.D. Pa.) sits in Pittsburgh, Erie, and Johnstown, Pennsylvania. It is composed of ten judges as authorized by federal law. Appeals from this court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Derek Pang", "paragraph_text": "He was educated at the University of East Anglia (LLB, 1985), the University of Hong Kong (MPA, 1990), and Peking University (LLB, 1995). He was called to the English and Hong Kong Bar in 1986 and 1987 respectively, and was appointed a Judge of the Court of First Instance of the High Court in 2009. He was made a Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal in 2015."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Biographical Directory of Federal Judges", "paragraph_text": "These include justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and judges of United States courts of appeals, district courts, and the now-obsolete circuit courts."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des F\u00eates and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and H\u00f4tel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cit\u00e9 Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Europ\u00e9en, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cit\u00e9 de la Musique et de la Danse, the Mus\u00e9e d'Art moderne et contemporain and the H\u00f4tel du D\u00e9partement facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "The city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jose V. Toledo Federal Building and United States Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Jose V. Toledo Federal Building and United States Courthouse is a historic post office and courthouse located at Old San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is a courthouse for the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico. It is also the site for oral argument before the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, when that court sits in Puerto Rico."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to $T10,000. The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu. From the Court of Appeal there is a right of appeal to Her Majesty in Council, i.e., the Privy Council in London."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Courts of England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the House of Lords. The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters, a role previously held by the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Howard T. Markey National Courts Building", "paragraph_text": "The Howard T. Markey National Courts Building (formerly the National Courts Building) is a courthouse in Washington, D.C., which houses the United States Court of Federal Claims and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. It is located at 717 Madison Place NW, east of Lafayette Square and north of the White House, and borders the Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House at 721 Madison Place NW, the former Cosmos Club building at 725 Madison Place NW, and the Cutts-Madison House at 1520 H Street NW."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal", "paragraph_text": "In December 2001 Judge William H. Yohn, Jr. of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania affirmed Abu-Jamal's conviction but quashed his original punishment and ordered resentencing. Both Abu-Jamal and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appealed. On March 27, 2008, a three-judge panel in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit issued its opinion upholding the decision of the District Court. In April 2009, the case was declined by the United States Supreme Court, allowing the July 1982 conviction to stand."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serves one county. The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts: a Court of Impeachment and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}], "question": "Who built the building of the court which dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?"}
{"id": "2hop__755397_287694", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jesse Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 -- July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sky Mirror", "paragraph_text": "Sky Mirror is a public sculpture by artist Anish Kapoor. Commissioned by the Nottingham Playhouse, it is installed outside the theatre in Wellington Circus, Nottingham, England. \"Sky Mirror\" is a -wide concave dish of polished stainless steel weighing and angled up towards the sky. Its surface reflects the ever-changing environment."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors. This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary, who, working with the designer Sir Charles Allom, created a more \"binding\" Chinese theme in the late 1920s, although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873. Running the length of the piano nobile of the east wing is the great gallery, modestly known as the Principal Corridor, which runs the length of the eastern side of the quadrangle. It has mirrored doors, and mirrored cross walls reflecting porcelain pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton. The Chinese Luncheon Room and Yellow Drawing Room are situated at each end of this gallery, with the Centre Room obviously placed in the centre."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Black Mirror episodes", "paragraph_text": "As of 29 December 2017, 19 episodes of Black Mirror have been released, including one special, concluding the fourth series. On 5 March 2018, Netflix ordered a fifth series of Black Mirror."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera", "paragraph_text": "A mirrorless interchangeable lens camera (MILC) is called mirrorless since it does not have an optical mirror as in SLR (single lens reflex) cameras. Interchangeable lens means it has a capacity to interchange different lenses to shoot photos at different depths of field. MILC is a further evolution phase of SLR cameras in which the optical mirror is replaced with a digital mirror."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Memory", "paragraph_text": "However, memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context, even when learning occurs under stress. A separate study by cognitive psychologists Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task (i.e., in the same room), memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated. Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to the SECPT stress test or to a control group, were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards \u2013 a computerized version of the card game \"Concentration\" or \"Memory\". The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla, as odour is a strong cue for memory. Retention testing took place the following day, either in the same room with the vanilla scent again present, or in a different room without the fragrance. The memory performance of subjects who experienced stress during the object-location task decreased significantly when they were tested in an unfamiliar room without the vanilla scent (an incongruent context); however, the memory performance of stressed subjects showed no impairment when they were tested in the original room with the vanilla scent (a congruent context). All participants in the experiment, both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)", "paragraph_text": "A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton (Lloyd Webber's home) in 1985, starring Colm Wilkinson (later the star of the Toronto production) as the Phantom, Sarah Brightman as Kristin (later Christine), and Clive Carter (later a member of the London cast) as Raoul. This very preliminary production used Richard Stilgoe's original unaltered lyrics, and many songs sported names that were later changed, such as ``What Has Time Done to Me ''(`` Think of Me''), and ``Papers ''(`` Notes''). The Phantom's original mask covered the entire face and remained in place throughout the performance, obscuring the actor's vision and muffling his voice. Bj\u00f6rnson designed the now - iconic half - mask to replace it, and the unmasking sequence was added. Clips of this preview performance were included on the DVD of the 2004 film production."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pink Cream 69", "paragraph_text": "Pink Cream 69 is a German hard rock/heavy metal band founded in 1987 in Karlsruhe, Germany by Andi Deris, Dennis Ward, Kosta Zafiriou and Alfred Koffler. The band gained their first contract by winning music magazine \"Metal Hammer\" 's newcomer competition in Ludwigsburg one year after forming. In 1994, Andi Deris left the band to join German power metal band Helloween. He was replaced by British singer David Readman."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Anita Finlay", "paragraph_text": "Anita Finlay is an American film and television actress who played the recurring role of \"Dr. Nora Thompson\" on \"The Young and the Restless\" for seven years. Born, raised and trained as an actress in New York, Finlay's television credits include guest appearances on \"Grey's Anatomy\", \"Perception\", \"Castle\", \"Brothers and Sisters\", \"24\", \"Gilmore Girls\", \"Judging Amy\",\"The Guardian\", \"Melrose Place\", \"Matlock\", \"L.A. Law\" and \"Hannah Montana\". Finlay starred in a number of feature films and made-for-television movies including \"Alternate Endings\", \"The Last Place on Earth\", \"Two Voices\", \"Prison of Secrets\" and \"Visions of Murder\". In addition, Finlay has done scores of commercial campaigns and worked in the theatre as a solo artist, writing and performing \"The Devil Takes a Wife\" to acclaim in Los Angeles theaters. She has also performed in regional theatres throughout the United States and had long running spokesperson contracts for a number of Fortune 500 companies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sing for Your Supper", "paragraph_text": "\"Sing for Your Supper\" is an American popular song by composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Lorenz Hart. The song debuted in their 1938 Broadway musical \"The Boys from Syracuse\" where it was done as a trio, with Muriel Angelus, Marcy Westcott, and Wynn Murray performing an arrangement specially created for the production by Hugh Martin. The lyrics describe a singer performing to earn her meals: \"Sing for your supper, /And you'll get breakfast./Songbirds always eat/If their song is sweet to hear.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Childbirth", "paragraph_text": "substantial degree of cervical effacement and more rapid cervical dilatation from 5 cm until full dilatation for first and subsequent labours. In the US, the definition of active labour was changed from 3 to 4 cm, to 5 cm of cervical dilation for multiparous women, mothers who had given birth previously, and at 6 cm for nulliparous women, those who had not given birth before. This was done in an effort to increase the rates of vaginal delivery.Health care providers may assess a labouring mother's progress in labour by performing a cervical exam to evaluate the cervical dilation, effacement, and station. These factors form the Bishop score. The Bishop score can also be used as a means to predict the success of an induction of labour."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side", "paragraph_text": "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on 12 November 1962 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company in September 1963 under the shorter title of The Mirror Crack'd and with a copyright date of 1962. The UK edition retailed at fifteen shillings (15/-) and the US edition at $3.75."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Done by Mirrors", "paragraph_text": "Done by Mirrors is the second solo album of Andi Deris, vocalist of the power metal band Helloween. In Japan, it was released in 1999, but due to record company conflicts, had to be released in 2000 in the rest of the world. The sound is different from Helloween, and from the previous album, \"Come in from the Rain\", with the dark thematic who would come in 2000 with Helloween's album \"The Dark Ride\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Live in Paris and Toronto", "paragraph_text": "Live in Paris and Toronto is a two CD live album by Loreena McKennitt, released in 1999. Disc one is a live performance of the studio album \"The Book of Secrets\"; disc two features songs from her albums \"The Visit\" and \"The Mask and Mirror\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "State of the art", "paragraph_text": "The origin of the concept of ``state of the art ''took place in the beginning of the twentieth century. The earliest use of the term`` state of the art'' documented by the Oxford English Dictionary dates back to 1910, from an engineering manual by Henry Harrison Suplee (1856 - post 1943), an engineering graduate (University of Pennsylvania, 1876), titled Gas Turbine: progress in the design and construction of turbines operated by gases of combustion. The relevant passage reads: ``In the present state of the art this is all that can be done ''. The term,`` art'', itself refers to the useful arts, skills and methods relating to practical subjects such as manufacture and craftsmanship, rather than in the sense of the performing arts and the fine arts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Santos Place", "paragraph_text": "Santos Place was designed by Donovan Hill Architect, and constructed by Hutchinson Builders (in a Design & Construct procurement method). The total cost of the building's construction is A$270 million and it provides 33 000 m2 of floor area. Santos Place is Australia's largest building to receive a 6 star green building design rating. It features energy efficiency measures such as \"high performance double glazing, substantial external sun shading, state of the art ventilation and an energy-efficient gas-powered trigeneration system\". Sensored lighting switches off automatically if no movement is detected after five minutes. Rainwater is collected on the roof and stored in tanks on the top of the building. Construction of the building was done with 20% recycled concrete and 90% recycled steel. It includes a two-level gymnasium and 280 secured basement bicycle parks."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1938", "paragraph_text": "The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1938 took place February 24\u201328, 1938 in Lahti, Finland. This was the Finnish city's second time hosting the championships after having done so in 1926."}], "question": "Where was the performer of Done By Mirrors born?"}
{"id": "2hop__31215_531931", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Inventors' Day", "paragraph_text": "In recognition of the enormous contribution inventors make to the nation and the world, the Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97 -- 198), has designated 11 February, the anniversary of the birth of the inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who held over 1,000 patents, as National Inventors' Day."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gatling gun", "paragraph_text": "The Gatling gun was designed by the American inventor Dr. Richard J. Gatling in 1861 and patented on November 4, 1862. Gatling wrote that he created it to reduce the size of armies and so reduce the number of deaths by combat and disease, and to show how futile war is."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Or\u00e9al National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fernando Villapol", "paragraph_text": "Fernando Villapol Parapar (born 26 February 1953 in San Tirso de Abres, Asturias Spain) is a museum curator and art critic, most famous as a contemporary Galician sculptor. He currently lives and works in the town of Breto\u00f1a (Lugo) located in Galicia. He is also the founder of the Ethnographic-Pedagogic Museum in Breto\u00f1a. He studied at the College of Applied Arts in Lugo, Spain, although can be considered an autodidact, attributing most of his knowledge and acquired skills through his self-funded travels and investigations of sculpture across the globe (e.g. Africa, Cuba, Canada, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Sweden)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1936 Grand National", "paragraph_text": "The 1936 Grand National was the 95th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 27 March 1936."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1904 Grand National", "paragraph_text": "The 1904 Grand National was the 66th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 25 March 1904."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pierre d'Arc", "paragraph_text": "Pierre d'Arc (1408 \u2013 1467) was a French soldier whose place in history is due to his service in the army made famous by his younger sister Joan of Arc."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fred Ott", "paragraph_text": "Frederick P. Ott (1860; New Jersey \u2013 October 24, 1936; West Orange, New Jersey) was an employee of Thomas Edison's laboratory in the 1890s. His likeness appears in two of the earliest surviving motion pictures \u2013 \"Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze\" (a.k.a. \"Fred Ott's Sneeze\") and \"Fred Ott Holding a Bird\" \u2013 both from 1894."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Open Inventor", "paragraph_text": "Open Inventor, originally IRIS Inventor, is a C++ object oriented retained mode 3D graphics toolkit designed by SGI to provide a higher layer of programming for OpenGL. Its main goals are better programmer convenience and efficiency. Open Inventor exists as both proprietary software and free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paul-Louis Halley", "paragraph_text": "The inquest into the death of Paul-Louis Halley took place in Oxford, England, in late October 2005. A jury returned a verdict of accidental death."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alberto II della Scala", "paragraph_text": "Alberto II della Scala (1306 \u2013 13 September 1352) was lord of Verona from 1329 until his death. He was a member of the famous Scaliger family of northern Italy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nallila", "paragraph_text": "Nallila is a small town in Kollam district of Kerala, India. This place is known for famous churches like Bethel Pilgrim Churich, Nallila Valliyapally, Nallila pally and many other."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Education", "paragraph_text": "Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of \"learning on your own\" or \"by yourself\", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Roy Oxley", "paragraph_text": "Roy Oxley (c. 1899, date of death unknown) was a production designer at BBC television who became famous after the BBC chose him to model for a photo to be shown during their adaptation of George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty Four\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Computer mouse", "paragraph_text": "Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) has been credited in published books by Thierry Bardini, Paul Ceruzzi, Howard Rheingold, and several others as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1886 Grand National", "paragraph_text": "The 1886 Grand National was the 48th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 26 March 1886."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Percy Spencer", "paragraph_text": "Percy Lebaron Spencer (July 19, 1894 \u2013 September 8, 1970) was an American physicist and inventor. He became known as the inventor of the microwave oven."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nat Wolff as Light Turner / ``Kira '': A high - school student who discovers the titular`` Death Note'' and uses it to kill criminals by writing their names and causes of death, and thus, alongside Mia Sutton, becoming the world - famous serial killer known as ``Kira '', while praised by law enforcement."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alain Tasso", "paragraph_text": "Alain Tasso (born July 22, 1962 in Beirut) is a Lebanese-French poet, painter and essayist. An autodidact, his prolific intense literary work is largely acclaimed by critics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1958 Grand National", "paragraph_text": "The 1958 Grand National was the 112th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 29 March 1958."}], "question": "Where did the famous inventor and Autodidact die?"}
{"id": "2hop__70579_56367", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1860 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States Presidential Election of 1860 was the nineteenth quadrennial presidential election to select the President and Vice President of the United States. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860. In a four - way contest, the Republican Party ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin emerged triumphant. The election of Lincoln served as the primary catalyst of the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elections in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The restriction and extension of voting rights to different groups has been a contested process throughout United States history. The federal government has also been involved in attempts to increase voter turnout, by measures such as the National Voter Registration Act of 1993. The financing of elections has also long been controversial, because private sources make up substantial amounts of campaign contributions, especially in federal elections. Voluntary public funding for candidates willing to accept spending limits was introduced in 1974 for presidential primaries and elections. The Federal Elections Commission, created in 1975 by an amendment to the Federal Election Campaign Act, has the responsibility to disclose campaign finance information, to enforce the provisions of the law such as the limits and prohibitions on contributions, and to oversee the public funding of U.S. presidential elections."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United States, established in 1789, is the highest Federal court in the United States, with powers of judicial review first asserted in Calder v. Bull (1798) in Justice Iredell's dissenting opinion. The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803). There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship Final", "paragraph_text": "The 2000 FIFA Club World Championship Final was a football match that took place at Est\u00e1dio do Maracan\u00e3, Rio de Janeiro on 14 January 2000. It was an all-Brazilian final between Corinthians and Vasco da Gama to determine the winner of the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship. After a goalless draw during the 120 minutes, Corinthians won the penalty shoot-out 4\u20133, becoming the first club to lift the FIFA Club World Cup, and the first side to beat a side from their home country in the final."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2020 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 2020, scheduled for Tuesday, November 3, 2020, will be the 59th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will either elect a new president and vice president through the electoral college or re-elect the incumbents. The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses are likely to be held during the first six months of 2020. This nominating process is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots selecting a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who then in turn elect their party's presidential nominee."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2018 Alaska gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Alaska gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Alaska. Incumbent Governor Bill Walker is running for re-election to a second term again as an Independent candidate. In the primaries for recognized political parties, candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor run separately. The winners of each respective primary for Governor and Lieutenant Governor then become a joint ticket in the general election for their political party."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2006 French Socialist Party presidential primary", "paragraph_text": "The Socialist Party presidential primary of 2006 was the selection process by which members of the Socialist Party of France chose their candidate for the 2007 French presidential election. In a nationwide vote on 16 November 2006, members of the party chose S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal over Dominique Strauss-Kahn and Laurent Fabius, making Royal the first female nominee of a major party for the office of President of France."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "At the invitation of the United States government, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) sent a team of observers to monitor the presidential elections in 2004. It was the first time the OSCE had sent observers to a U.S. presidential election, although they had been invited in the past. In September 2004 the OSCE issued a report on U.S. electoral processes and the election final report. The report reads: \"The November 2, 2004 elections in the United States mostly met the OSCE commitments included in the 1990 Copenhagen Document. They were conducted in an environment that reflects a long-standing democratic tradition, including institutions governed by the rule of law, free and generally professional media, and a civil society intensively engaged in the election process. There was exceptional public interest in the two leading presidential candidates and the issues raised by their respective campaigns, as well as in the election process itself.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United States presidential primary", "paragraph_text": "The first binding event, in which a candidate can secure convention delegates, is traditionally the Iowa caucus, usually held in late January or early February of the presidential election year. It is generally followed by the New Hampshire primary, the first primary by tradition since 1920 and by New Hampshire state law. New Hampshire law states the primary shall be held ``on the Tuesday at least seven days immediately preceding the date on which any other state shall hold a similar election. ''The Iowa caucuses are not considered to be`` a similar election'' under New Hampshire's law because the former uses caucuses instead of primary elections. Should any other state move its primary too close to New Hampshire's, or before, the New Hampshire Secretary of State is required to reschedule the primary accordingly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the \"cadre through which we will realize our revolution\". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2017 Charlotte mayoral election", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 Charlotte mayoral election took place on Tuesday, November 7, 2017. Party primary elections were held on Tuesday, September 12, 2017. Second - round primaries would have been held on Tuesday, October 10, 2017, if they had been necessary, but both primary winners received more than the minimum 40 percent of the vote needed to avoid a runoff. The incumbent, Democrat Jennifer Roberts, was eligible to run for a second two - year term. She ran but lost the Democratic nomination in the primary. Two members of the City Council, Democrat Vi Lyles and Republican Kenny Smith, won the primaries and advanced to face each other in the general election. Vi Lyles defeated Kenny Smith in the general election, and became the 59th mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1796 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1796 was the third quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 4 to Wednesday, December 7, 1796. It was the first contested American presidential election, the first presidential election in which political parties played a dominant role, and the only presidential election in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets. Incumbent Vice President John Adams of the Federalist Party defeated former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic - Republican Party."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2000 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 2000. Republican candidate George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st President George H.W. Bush, narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Al Gore, the incumbent vice president. It was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "An Unreasonable Man", "paragraph_text": "An Unreasonable Man is a 2006 documentary film that traces the life and career of political activist Ralph Nader, the founder of modern consumer protection in America and perennial presidential candidate. The film was created to defend Nader and restore his reputation after his controversial role in the 2000 U.S. presidential election."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana", "paragraph_text": "Elections were held on November 2, 2010 to determine Louisiana's seven members of the United States House of Representatives. Representatives were elected for two-year terms to serve in the 112th United States Congress from January 3, 2011 until January 3, 2013. Primary elections were held on August 28, 2010, and a runoff election for the Republican Party nomination in the 3rd district took place on October 2, 2010."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, political commentators often refer to the \"red states\", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections, and \"blue states\", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the 2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of \"red states\" versus \"blue states\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving lay people. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader. The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed. The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 \"virtuous and learned\" clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms. As with the presidential and parliamentary elections, the Guardian Council determines candidates' eligibility. The Assembly elects the Supreme Leader and has the constitutional authority to remove the Supreme Leader from power at any time. It has not challenged any of the Supreme Leader's decisions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "In the race for individual contributions, economist Lyndon LaRouche dominated the pack leading up to the primaries. According to the Federal Election Commission statistics, LaRouche had more individual contributors to his 2004 presidential campaign than any other candidate, until the final quarter of the primary season, when John Kerry surpassed him. As of the April 15 filing, LaRouche had 7834 individual contributions, of those who have given cumulatively, $200 or more, as compared to 6257 for John Kerry, 5582 for John Edwards, 4090 for Howard Dean, and 2744 for Gephardt."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2000 United States presidential election in Florida", "paragraph_text": "The 2000 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 7, 2000, as part of the nationwide presidential election. Florida, a swing state, had a major recount dispute that took center stage in the election. The outcome of the 2000 United States presidential election was not known for more than a month after balloting because of the extended process of counting and recounting Florida's presidential ballots. State results tallied on election night gave 246 electoral votes to Republican nominee Texas Governor George W. Bush and 255 to Democratic nominee Vice President Al Gore, with New Mexico (5), Oregon (7), and Florida (25) too close to call that evening. Gore won New Mexico and Oregon over the following few days, but the result in Florida would have been decisive however those two states had voted."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2000 United States presidential election in Florida", "paragraph_text": "After an intense recount process and the United States Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, Bush won Florida's electoral votes by a margin of only 537 votes out of almost six million cast and as a result became the president - elect. The process was extremely divisive, and led to calls for electoral reform in Florida."}], "question": "What is the primary function of the body that determined the winner of the 2000 presidential election?"}
{"id": "2hop__75920_531931", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wilhelm Emil Fein", "paragraph_text": "Wilhelm Emil Fein (born 16 January 1842 in Ludwigsburg; died 6 October 1898 in Stuttgart) was a German inventor. He invented the worldwide first portable electric drill."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted from the filament, producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light. Manufacturers may add pigments to the kaolin to adjust the characteristics of the final light emitted from the bulb. Kaolin diffused bulbs are used extensively in interior lighting because of their comparatively gentle light. Other kinds of colored bulbs are also made, including the various colors used for \"party bulbs\", Christmas tree lights and other decorative lighting. These are created by coloring the glass with a dopant; which is often a metal like cobalt (blue) or chromium (green). Neodymium-containing glass is sometimes used to provide a more natural-appearing light."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "In 1835, James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric light at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland. He stated that he could ``read a book at a distance of one and a half feet ''. However, having perfected the device to his own satisfaction, he turned to the problem of wireless telegraphy and did not develop the electric light any further. His claims are not well documented, although he is credited in Challoner et al. with being the inventor of the`` Incandescent Light Bulb''."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lighting", "paragraph_text": "Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fan (machine)", "paragraph_text": "Between 1882 and 1886 Schuyler Wheeler invented a fan powered by electricity. It was commercially marketed by the American firm Crocker & Curtis electric motor company. In 1882, Philip Diehl developed the world's first electric ceiling fan. During this intense period of innovation, fans powered by alcohol, oil, or kerosene were common around the turn of the 20th century. In 1909, KDK of Japan pioneered the invention of mass - produced electric fans for home use. In the 1920s, industrial advances allowed steel fans to be mass - produced in different shapes, bringing fan prices down and allowing more homeowners to afford them. In the 1930s, the first art deco fan (the ``swan fan '') was designed. By the 1940s, Crompton Greaves of India became the world's largest manufacturer of electric ceiling fans mainly for sale in India, Asia and the Middle East. By the 1950s, table and stand fans were manufactured in colors that were bright and eye catching."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of street lighting in the United States", "paragraph_text": "After Thomas Edison pioneered electric use, light bulbs were developed for the streetlights as well. The first city to use electric street lights was Wabash, Indiana. Charles F. Brush of Cleveland, Ohio wanted to publicly test his new invention the ``Brush Light ''and needed a city to do so. The City Council of Wabash agreed to testing the lights and on March 31, 1880, Wabash became the`` First Electrically Lighted City in the World'' as a flood of light engulfed the town from four Brush Lights mounted atop the courthouse. One of the original Brush Lights is on display at the Wabash County Courthouse. By the beginning of the 20th century, the number of fire - based streetlights was dwindling as developers were searching for safer and more effective ways to illuminate their streets. Fluorescent and incandescent lights became popular during the 1930s and 1940s, when automobile travel began to flourish. A street with lights was referred to as a white way during the early 20th century. Part of New York City's Broadway was nicknamed the Great White Way due to the massive number of electric lights used on theater marquees lining the street."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed. Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fred Ott", "paragraph_text": "Frederick P. Ott (1860; New Jersey \u2013 October 24, 1936; West Orange, New Jersey) was an employee of Thomas Edison's laboratory in the 1890s. His likeness appears in two of the earliest surviving motion pictures \u2013 \"Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze\" (a.k.a. \"Fred Ott's Sneeze\") and \"Fred Ott Holding a Bird\" \u2013 both from 1894."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Electricity", "paragraph_text": "Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus (``of amber ''or`` like amber'', from \u1f24\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, elektron, the Greek word for ``amber '') to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words`` electric'' and ``electricity '', which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of \"ribbon machine\" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour. The filament and its supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Light-emitting diode", "paragraph_text": "In the US, one kilowatt-hour (3.6 MJ) of electricity currently causes an average 1.34 pounds (610 g) of CO\n2 emission. Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds (89 kg) of CO\n2 emission per year. The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds (14 kg) of CO\n2 over the same time span. A building\u2019s carbon footprint from lighting can therefore be reduced by 85% by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs if a building previously used only incandescent bulbs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thomas Edison", "paragraph_text": "In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J.P. Morgan, Spencer Trask, and the members of the Vanderbilt family. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. It was during this time that he said: ``We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles. ''"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thomas Edison", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long - lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed ``The Wizard of Menlo Park '', he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large - scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Imre Br\u00f3dy", "paragraph_text": "Imre Br\u00f3dy (1891, Gyula, Hungary\u20131944, M\u00fchldorf) was a Hungarian physicist who invented in 1930 the krypton-filled fluorescent lamps (also known as the krypton electric bulb)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zamboni pile", "paragraph_text": "The Zamboni pile (also referred to as a \"Duluc Dry Pile\") is an early electric battery, invented by Giuseppe Zamboni in 1812."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Benjamin Franklin", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Franklin FRS FRSE (January 17, 1706 (O.S. January 6, 1705) -- April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He founded many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and the University of Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Electric motor", "paragraph_text": "In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887\u201388 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the \"L\". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Washing machine", "paragraph_text": "Electric washing machines were advertised and discussed in newspapers as early as 1904. Alva J. Fisher has been incorrectly credited with the invention of the electric washer. The US Patent Office shows at least one patent issued before Fisher's US patent number 966677 (e.g. Woodrow's US patent number 921195). The ``inventor ''of the electric washing machine remains unknown."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ebenezer Kinnersley", "paragraph_text": "Ebenezer Kinnersley (November 30, 1711 in Gloucester, England \u2013 July 4, 1778 in Lower Dublin Township, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a scientist, inventor and lecturer, specializing in the investigation of electricity."}], "question": "Where did the inventor of the light bulb die?"}
{"id": "2hop__45314_531931", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of street lighting in the United States", "paragraph_text": "After Thomas Edison pioneered electric use, light bulbs were developed for the streetlights as well. The first city to use electric street lights was Wabash, Indiana. Charles F. Brush of Cleveland, Ohio wanted to publicly test his new invention the ``Brush Light ''and needed a city to do so. The City Council of Wabash agreed to testing the lights and on March 31, 1880, Wabash became the`` First Electrically Lighted City in the World'' as a flood of light engulfed the town from four Brush Lights mounted atop the courthouse. One of the original Brush Lights is on display at the Wabash County Courthouse. By the beginning of the 20th century, the number of fire - based streetlights was dwindling as developers were searching for safer and more effective ways to illuminate their streets. Fluorescent and incandescent lights became popular during the 1930s and 1940s, when automobile travel began to flourish. A street with lights was referred to as a white way during the early 20th century. Part of New York City's Broadway was nicknamed the Great White Way due to the massive number of electric lights used on theater marquees lining the street."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lost Light", "paragraph_text": "Lost Light is the ninth novel in Michael Connelly's Harry Bosch series. It is the first Bosch novel to be narrated in first person; all prior Bosch novels had utilized an omniscient third-person style."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Times Square Ball", "paragraph_text": "The ball's design has been updated over the years to reflect improvements in lighting technology; the ball was initially constructed from wood and iron, and lit with 100 incandescent light bulbs. The current incarnation, designed by Harlem - based architectural lighting firm Focus Lighting, features a computerized LED lighting system and an outer surface consisting of triangular crystal panels. These panels are produced by Waterford Crystal, and contain inscriptions representing a yearly theme. Since 2009, the current ball has been displayed atop One Times Square year - round, while the original, smaller version of the current ball that was used in 2008 has been on display inside the Times Square visitor's center."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Imre Br\u00f3dy", "paragraph_text": "Imre Br\u00f3dy (1891, Gyula, Hungary\u20131944, M\u00fchldorf) was a Hungarian physicist who invented in 1930 the krypton-filled fluorescent lamps (also known as the krypton electric bulb)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Death Note: Light Up the New World", "paragraph_text": "Death Note: Light Up the New World (\u30c7\u30b9\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8 Light up the NEW world, Desu N\u014dto Light up the NEW world) is a 2016 Japanese detective supernatural psychological horror thriller film directed by Shinsuke Sato. The film is based on the manga series Death Note written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata and is a sequel to Death Note 2: The Last Name (2006), but thematically takes place after the Death Note: New Generation mini series. It premiered in Japan on October 29, 2016, by Warner Bros."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Easy-Bake Oven", "paragraph_text": "The Easy - Bake Oven is a working toy oven which Kenner introduced in 1963, and which Hasbro still manufactured as of late April 2016. The original toy used an ordinary incandescent light bulb as a heat source; current versions use a true heating element. Kenner sold 500,000 Easy - Bake Ovens in the first year of production. By 1997, more than 16 million Easy - Bake Ovens (in 11 models) had been sold."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic \"M\" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company. Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs, mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production. LED lamps are even more efficient, and are free of mercury. They are regarded as the best solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "In 1835, James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric light at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland. He stated that he could ``read a book at a distance of one and a half feet ''. However, having perfected the device to his own satisfaction, he turned to the problem of wireless telegraphy and did not develop the electric light any further. His claims are not well documented, although he is credited in Challoner et al. with being the inventor of the`` Incandescent Light Bulb''."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fred Ott", "paragraph_text": "Frederick P. Ott (1860; New Jersey \u2013 October 24, 1936; West Orange, New Jersey) was an employee of Thomas Edison's laboratory in the 1890s. His likeness appears in two of the earliest surviving motion pictures \u2013 \"Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze\" (a.k.a. \"Fred Ott's Sneeze\") and \"Fred Ott Holding a Bird\" \u2013 both from 1894."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "The relationships above are valid for only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions, but they do indicate that a lamp operated at much lower than rated voltage could last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions, albeit with greatly reduced light output. The \"Centennial Light\" is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore, California, since 1901. However, the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb. A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908. It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thomas Edison", "paragraph_text": "In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J.P. Morgan, Spencer Trask, and the members of the Vanderbilt family. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. It was during this time that he said: ``We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Electric Light dress", "paragraph_text": "The Electric Light dress was a masquerade gown made of gold and silver thread designed by Charles Frederick Worth for Alice Vanderbilt for the 1883 masquerade ball thrown by her sister-in-law on the occasion of her housewarming for the new William K. Vanderbilt House on Fifth Avenue, NY. It was yellow satin decorated with glass pearls and beads in a lightning-bolt pattern. A built-in battery lit a light bulb she carried that she could raise over her head like the Statue of Liberty."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38. The letters represent the shape of the bulb. The numbers represent the maximum diameter, either in 1\u20448 of an inch, or in millimeters, depending on the shape and the region. For example, 63 mm reflectors are designated R63, but in the US, they are known as R20 (2.5 in). However, in both regions, a PAR38 reflector is known as PAR38."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of \"ribbon machine\" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour. The filament and its supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thomas Edison", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long - lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed ``The Wizard of Menlo Park '', he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large - scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lighting", "paragraph_text": "Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed. Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted from the filament, producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light. Manufacturers may add pigments to the kaolin to adjust the characteristics of the final light emitted from the bulb. Kaolin diffused bulbs are used extensively in interior lighting because of their comparatively gentle light. Other kinds of colored bulbs are also made, including the various colors used for \"party bulbs\", Christmas tree lights and other decorative lighting. These are created by coloring the glass with a dopant; which is often a metal like cobalt (blue) or chromium (green). Neodymium-containing glass is sometimes used to provide a more natural-appearing light."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fluorescent lamp", "paragraph_text": "A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low - pressure mercury - vapor gas - discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, which produces short - wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 50 -- 100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output."}], "question": "Where did the person who first invented the light bulb die?"}
{"id": "2hop__75871_56367", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oil City Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Oil City Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge is a truss bridge that carries the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad (WNY&P) across the Allegheny River between Cranberry Township and Oil City, Pennsylvania. The bridge was originally built to serve the Pennsylvania Railroad as part of its Buffalo Line. WNY&P is the fourth owner of the structure. After the breakup of the Pennsy, Conrail took ownership of the line. The breakup of these company saw Norfolk Southern assigned the rights; the WNY&P took ownership in 2006 as they extended their trackage from Meadville, Pennsylvania to Oil City. Because the bridge once served as a major junction point for several Pennsylvania Railroad lines, it features a unique approach structure. One section went from Oil City through Tidioute, Pennsylvania and then on to Warren, Pennsylvania. Conrail abandoned this line in 1976, but it may re-open so that the WNYP has a direct route to Warren."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jabez A. Bostwick", "paragraph_text": "Jabez Abel Bostwick (September 23, 1830 \u2013 August 16, 1892) was an American businessman who was a founding partner of Standard Oil."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wealth Against Commonwealth", "paragraph_text": "Wealth Against Commonwealth is a book published by muckraking journalist Henry Demarest Lloyd. It was published after he had written several essays to \"The Atlantic Monthly\" concerning issues with dominating monopolies. It was written in an effort to expose the wrongdoings mainly of the monopoly Standard Oil but also discusses others. It contributed significantly to further rallying the Progressive Movement in the early twentieth century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Intelligence", "paragraph_text": "Reuven Feuerstein The theory of Structural Cognitive Modifiability describes intelligence as ``the unique propensity of human beings to change or modify the structure of their cognitive functioning to adapt to the changing demands of a life situation ''."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps", "paragraph_text": "The primary function of the NSCDC is to protect lives and properties in conjunction with Nigeria police. One of the crucial function of the corp is to protect pipelines from vandalism. The agency also involves in crisis resolutions. They protect the country"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Transformer oil", "paragraph_text": "Transformer oil's primary functions are to insulate and cool a transformer. It must therefore have high dielectric strength, thermal conductivity, and chemical stability, and must keep these properties when held at high temperatures for extended periods. Typical specifications are: flash point 140 \u00b0 C or greater, pour point \u2212 30 \u00b0 C or lower, dielectric breakdown voltage 28 kV (RMS) or greater."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Standard Oil", "paragraph_text": "Standard Oil's pre-history began in 1863 as an Ohio partnership formed by industrialist John D. Rockefeller, his brother William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, chemist Samuel Andrews, silent partner Stephen V. Harkness, and Oliver Burr Jennings, who had married the sister of William Rockefeller's wife. In 1870, Rockefeller abolished the partnership and incorporated Standard Oil in Ohio. Of the initial 10,000 shares, John D. Rockefeller received 2,667; Harkness received 1,334; William Rockefeller, Flagler, and Andrews received  1,333 each; Jennings received 1,000, and the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler received 1,000. Rockefeller chose the \"Standard Oil\" name as a symbol of the reliable \"standards\" of quality and service that he envisioned for the nascent oil industry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ISO 1000", "paragraph_text": "International standard ISO 1000 (\"SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units\", International Organization for Standardization, 1992) is the ISO standard describing the International System of Units (SI)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cross of Gold speech", "paragraph_text": "The Cross of Gold speech was delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representative from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or ``free silver '', which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He decried the gold standard, concluding the speech,`` you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold''. Bryan's address helped catapult him to the Democratic Party's presidential nomination; it is considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "ISO 3103", "paragraph_text": "ISO 3103 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (commonly referred to as ISO), specifying a standardized method for brewing tea, possibly sampled by the standardized methods described in ISO 1839. It was originally laid down in 1980 as BS 6008:1980 by the British Standards Institution. It was produced by ISO Technical Committee 34 (Food products), Sub-Committee 8 (Tea)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "McDonald's Monopoly", "paragraph_text": "The promotion has used other names, such as Monopoly: Pick Your Prize! (2001), Monopoly Best Chance Game (2003 -- 2005), Monopoly / Millionaire Game, Prize Vault (2013 - 2014), Money Monopoly (2016 -), Coast To Coast (2015 -) in Canada, Golden Chances in the UK (2015 -), Prize Choice in the UK (2016 -) and Win Win in the UK (2017 -)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Standard Oil", "paragraph_text": "Standard Oil Co. Inc. was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller and Henry Flagler as a corporation in Ohio, it was the largest oil refinery in the world of its time. Its controversial history as one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations ended in 1911, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bhilkati", "paragraph_text": "Bhilkati is a village in Phaltan tehsil of Satara district in Maharashtra state of India. The main profession of the community is farming. The village has a primary school up to the fifth standard."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Plumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the \"non-breeding\" plumage, or\u2014in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology\u2014\"basic\" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as \"alternate\" plumages. Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines, flight feathers are replaced one at a time with the innermost primary being the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermost tertiaries begin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, the secondaries starting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primary coverts are moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap. A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless. As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair. Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in the Phasianidae. The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers of woodpeckers and treecreepers, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail. The general pattern seen in passerines is that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from center outward. Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare brood patch by losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Packet switching", "paragraph_text": "Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States. It was founded by former ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts as a means of making ARPANET technology public. He had tried to interest AT&T in buying the technology, but the monopoly's reaction was that this was incompatible with their future. Bolt, Beranack and Newman (BBN) provided the financing. It initially used ARPANET technology but changed the host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29. Telenet designed these protocols and helped standardize them in the CCITT. Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "I Love It (Icona Pop song)", "paragraph_text": "The song's lyrics describe breaking up with an older boyfriend. In its chorus, Icona Pop and Charli XCX shout in unison ``I do n't care / I love it ''. Critics compared the song's breakup narrative to Kelly Clarkson's 2004 single`` Since U Been Gone'', and journalist Chuck Eddy wrote in a piece for Spin that the track's brattiness was similar to British band Shampoo."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "BP", "paragraph_text": "Under John Browne, British Petroleum acquired other oil companies, transforming BP into the third largest oil company in the world. British Petroleum merged with Amoco (formerly Standard Oil of Indiana) in December 1998, becoming BP Amoco plc. Most Amoco stations in the United States were converted to BP's brand and corporate identity. In 2000, BP Amoco acquired Arco (Atlantic Richfield Co.) and Burmah Castrol. As part of the merger's brand awareness, the company helped the Tate Modern gallery of British Art launch RePresenting Britain 1500 -- 2000. In 2001, in response to negative press on British Petroleum's poor safety standards, the company adopted a green sunburst logo and rebranded itself as BP (``Beyond Petroleum '') plc."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United States, established in 1789, is the highest Federal court in the United States, with powers of judicial review first asserted in Calder v. Bull (1798) in Justice Iredell's dissenting opinion. The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803). There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court."}], "question": "Describe the primary function of the branch of government that brought about the breakup of the standard oil monopoly."}
{"id": "2hop__544798_210104", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Szar\u0142at\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Szar\u0142at\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek Ma\u0142y, within Ko\u0142o County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Osiek Ma\u0142y, north-west of Ko\u0142o, and east of the regional capital Pozna\u0144."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zielenie", "paragraph_text": "Zielenie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek Ma\u0142y, within Ko\u0142o County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Osiek, Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Osiek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Osiek, which lies approximately south of Starogard Gda\u0144ski and south of the regional capital Gda\u0144sk."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gmina Limanowa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Limanowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Limanowa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nowy Budzis\u0142aw", "paragraph_text": "Nowy Budzis\u0142aw is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek Ma\u0142y, within Ko\u0142o County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Soko\u0142\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Soko\u0142\u00f3w Podlaski, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Osiek, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Osiek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brodnica County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Osiek, which lies approximately south of Brodnica and east of Toru\u0144."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina Gorlice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Gorlice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Gorlice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "KP Sopot", "paragraph_text": "KP Sopot is a Polish football club based in Sopot, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of northern Poland. In the 2015\u201316 season, they play in the sixth tier of Polish football, Klasa A, grupa Gda\u0144sk I. In the 2007\u201308 season, they came through multiple rounds of regional qualification to reach the national rounds of the Polish Cup."}], "question": "In which county is Sopot located?"}
{"id": "2hop__125004_29048", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Statue of Father C\u00edcero", "paragraph_text": "The Statue of Father C\u00edcero on the Garden's hill is a monument built in homage to Father C\u00edcero, located in Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil. The total height of the statue plus the pedestal is 27m."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chen Peisi", "paragraph_text": "Chen's father Chen Qiang named him Chen Peisi after Pest, when he performed \"The White-Haired Girl\" in Budapest, Hungary in 1951. The pronunciation of \"Budapest\" in Mandarin Chinese is \"\". Chen's father named his elder brother Chen Buda ()."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peavey Memorial Library", "paragraph_text": "Peavey Memorial Library is an historic public library in downtown Eastport, Maine, United States. Built in 1893, it was named for Albert Peavey, an Eastport resident whose son, Frank Peavey, left Eastport and eventually owned a major grain company in Minnesota in the late 1800s. Frank Peavey left money to Eastport for the establishment of the Peavey Memorial Library in his father's honor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Valenzuela, Paraguay", "paragraph_text": "Valenzuela is a town and district of the Cordillera Department, Paraguay, located some 107\u00a0km from Asunci\u00f3n. It was founded in 1783 in an area previously known as Yvyraity. The full name of the settlement was Capilla de Valenzuela de los Naranjos because it was formed around a Chapel of San Jose, built by father Antonio Fernandez de Valenzuela."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sapphire Princess", "paragraph_text": "\"Sapphire Princess\" was built in Japan by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the second Princess Cruises ship to be built in a Japanese shipyard. Her only sister ship is \"Diamond Princess\", with whom she swapped names during construction."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Josef Traxel", "paragraph_text": "Josef Traxel (29 September 1916 in Mainz \u2013 8 October 1975 in Stuttgart) was a German operatic tenor, particularly associated with Mozart roles and the German repertory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kahr P series", "paragraph_text": "The Kahr P series is a product line of double action only (DAO) hammerless, striker-fired, short recoil operated, semi-automatic pistols manufactured by Kahr Arms."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hadriacus Mons", "paragraph_text": "Hadriacus Mons is an ancient, low-relief volcanic mountain on the planet Mars, located in the southern hemisphere just northeast of the impact basin Hellas and southwest of the similar volcano Tyrrhenus Mons. Hadriacus Mons is in the Hellas quadrangle. It has a diameter of . The name was approved in 2007. The flanks of Hadriacus Mons have been eroded into gullies; its southern slopes are incised by the outflow channel Dao Vallis. The large extent of volcanic deposits and the caldera size leads some researchers to suggest that these features were the result of an explosive event caused by a contact between magma and groundwater."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alexandre et Roxane", "paragraph_text": "Alexandre et Roxane was a two-act French language opera to be written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1778 in Paris. The opera never came to fruition, although it has been suggested that the music for Jean-Georges Noverre's ballet \"Les petits riens\", K. Anh. 10/299b, also from 1778, was originally composed for the projected opera."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father\u2019s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons. Although surnames in mainland Greece are static today, dynamic and changing patronymic usage survives in middle names where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name (this usage having been passed on to the Russians). In Cyprus, by contrast, surnames follow the ancient tradition of being given according to the father\u2019s name. Finally, in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kahr K series", "paragraph_text": "The Kahr K series is a series of semi-automatic pistols manufactured by Kahr Arms. The original weapon in the series, the K9, was introduced in 1995 and features a double action only (DAO) trigger mechanism with a Locked breech recoil operated action. It was intended to address the police backup / off duty and civilian concealed carry markets."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Albacore-class gunboat (1883)", "paragraph_text": "The \"Albacore\"-class gunboat was a class of three gunboats built for the Royal Navy in 1883. The name had already been used for a class of 98 gunboats built during the Great Armament of the Crimean War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Beit Berl", "paragraph_text": "Beit Berl was named after Berl Katznelson, the spiritual leader of the Labor movement in Mandate Palestine. The cornerstone was laid on 21 August 1946 and was used as an area base for the Haganah forces, and later by the Israel Defense Forces. It was built on the site of the Qalmaniya estate founded by Moshe Gredinger, a British businessman, who visited Palestine in April 1926. In 1927, he purchased land for the establishment of a large plantation north of Kfar Saba. He named the estate for his father, Kalman Gredinger. The farm, which grew citrus and then established a dairy barn, was not successful. In 1945, Gredinger wrote to Avraham Harzfeld, a founder of the Histadrut Labor Federation in Palestine, who proposed establishing a training institute there commemorating Berl Katznelson."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anh Dao Traxel", "paragraph_text": "Anh Dao Traxel \"(Vietnamese spelling: Anh \u0110\u00e0o Traxel, born D\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh \u0110\u00e0o)\" (Born c. 1958 in South Vietnam) is the foster daughter of former French President Jacques Chirac. She was a boat-person refugee, and met Jacques Chirac at Roissy Airport in 1979. He told her \"Don\u2019t cry, ma ch\u00e9rie. You are coming home with us\" and took her home. She was then 21 and her adoptive father was 47."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "FT PGB", "paragraph_text": "FT PGB is an abbreviation for a family of Chinese built precision guided munitions named To-Fly Precision Guided Bomb (Fei-Teng Jing-Que Zhi-Dao Zha-Dan, \u98de\u817e\u7cbe\u786e\u5236\u5bfc\u70b8\u5f39), developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT), a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Leonard Ngoma", "paragraph_text": "Ngoma qualified for the men's 200 m breaststroke at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, by receiving a Universality place from FINA, in an entry time of 2:23.00. He participated in heat one against two other swimmers Andr\u00e9s Bicocca of Argentina and Nguyen Ngoc Anh of Vietnam. He closed out a small field to last place by almost 12 seconds behind winner Bicocca with a slowest time of 2:32.90. Ngoma failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed forty-seventh overall in the prelims."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Doi Chiang Dao", "paragraph_text": "Doi Chiang Dao (, ), also known as Doi Luang Chiang Dao (, ), is a 2,175 m high mountain in Chiang Dao District of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. It is one of the highest peaks of the Daen Lao Range on the Thai side of the border."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "The name Shell is linked to The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "HMS Aid (1809)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Aid\" was a Royal Navy transport ship launched in 1809 at Kings Lynn. She was the name ship of a six-vessel class of purpose built storeships, the only vessels built as such during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing began the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (1986); President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Op\u00e9ra Bastille (1985-1989), the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la D\u00e9fense (1985-1989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly."}], "question": "What did the father of Anh Dao Traxel have built?"}
{"id": "2hop__32150_29048", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Post (film)", "paragraph_text": "In October 2016 Amy Pascal won a bid for the rights to the screenplay The Post, written by Liz Hannah. In February 2017, Steven Spielberg had halted pre-production on The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara after a casting setback, and consequently opened his schedule to other potential films to direct. The following month, it was announced that Spielberg was in negotiations to direct and produce the film, with Meryl Streep and Tom Hanks in talks for the roles of Katharine Graham and Ben Bradlee, respectively. The Post is the first time that Spielberg, Streep, and Hanks had all worked together on a film."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "G\u00e9rard C\u00f4t\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "C\u00f4t\u00e9 has been inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame (1955) and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (1956). In 1989, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec and in 1990, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. C\u00f4t\u00e9 died in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec at age 79."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do four TV films. The first was a Richard Matheson adaptation called Duel. The film is about a psychotic Peterbilt 281 tanker truck driver who chases the terrified driver (Dennis Weaver) of a small Plymouth Valiant and tries to run him off the road. Special praise of this film by the influential British critic Dilys Powell was highly significant to Spielberg's career. Another TV film (Something Evil) was made and released to capitalize on the popularity of The Exorcist, then a major best-selling book which had not yet been released as a film. He fulfilled his contract by directing the TV film-length pilot of a show called Savage, starring Martin Landau. Spielberg's debut full-length feature film was The Sugarland Express, about a married couple who are chased by police as the couple tries to regain custody of their baby. Spielberg's cinematography for the police chase was praised by reviewers, and The Hollywood Reporter stated that \"a major new director is on the horizon.\":223 However, the film fared poorly at the box office and received a limited release."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "In 1985, Spielberg released The Color Purple, an adaptation of Alice Walker's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name, about a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America. Starring Whoopi Goldberg and future talk-show superstar Oprah Winfrey, the film was a box office smash and critics hailed Spielberg's successful foray into the dramatic genre. Roger Ebert proclaimed it the best film of the year and later entered it into his Great Films archive. The film received eleven Academy Award nominations, including two for Goldberg and Winfrey. However, much to the surprise of many, Spielberg did not get a Best Director nomination."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Since the mid-1980s, Spielberg has increased his role as a film producer. He headed up the production team for several cartoons, including the Warner Bros. hits Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!, for which he collaborated with Jean MacCurdy and Tom Ruegger. Due to his work on these series, in the official titles, most of them say, \"Steven Spielberg presents\" as well as making numerous cameos on the shows. Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animated features, An American Tail and The Land Before Time, which were released by Universal Studios. He also served as one of the executive producers of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and its three related shorts (Tummy Trouble, Roller Coaster Rabbit, Trail Mix-Up), which were all released by Disney, under both the Walt Disney Pictures and the Touchstone Pictures banners. He was furthermore, for a short time, the executive producer of the long-running medical drama ER. In 1989, he brought the concept of The Dig to LucasArts. He contributed to the project from that time until 1995 when the game was released. He also collaborated with software publishers Knowledge Adventure on the multimedia game Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair, which was released in 1996. Spielberg appears, as himself, in the game to direct the player. The Spielberg name provided branding for a Lego Moviemaker kit, the proceeds of which went to the Starbright Foundation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nathan Graham", "paragraph_text": "Graham played for the Bradford Bulls at in their 1996 Challenge Cup Final loss to St Helens. He made 26 appearances for York City Knights in 2004."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Rejecting offers to direct Jaws 2, King Kong and Superman, Spielberg and actor Richard Dreyfuss re-convened to work on a film about UFOs, which became Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). One of the rare films both written and directed by Spielberg, Close Encounters was a critical and box office hit, giving Spielberg his first Best Director nomination from the Academy as well as earning six other Academy Awards nominations. It won Oscars in two categories (Cinematography, Vilmos Zsigmond, and a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing, Frank E. Warner). This second blockbuster helped to secure Spielberg's rise. His next film, 1941, a big-budgeted World War II farce, was not nearly as successful and though it grossed over $92.4 million worldwide (and did make a small profit for co-producing studios Columbia and Universal) it was seen as a disappointment, mainly with the critics."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing began the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (1986); President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Op\u00e9ra Bastille (1985-1989), the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la D\u00e9fense (1985-1989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg's next film, Schindler's List, was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. Schindler's List earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg used the profits to set up the Shoah Foundation, a non-profit organization that archives filmed testimony of Holocaust survivors. In 1997, the American Film Institute listed it among the 10 Greatest American Films ever Made (#9) which moved up to (#8) when the list was remade in 2007."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "In terms of casting and production itself, Spielberg has a known penchant for working with actors and production members from his previous films. For instance, he has cast Richard Dreyfuss in several films: Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Always. Aside from his role as Indiana Jones, Spielberg also cast Harrison Ford as a headteacher in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (though the scene was ultimately cut). Although Spielberg directed veteran voice actor Frank Welker only once (in Raiders of the Lost Ark, for which he voiced many of the animals), Welker has lent his voice in a number of productions Spielberg has executive produced from Gremlins to its sequel Gremlins 2: The New Batch, as well as The Land Before Time, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, and television shows such as Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, and SeaQuest DSV. Spielberg has used Tom Hanks on several occasions and has cast him in Saving Private Ryan, Catch Me If You Can, The Terminal, and Bridge of Spies. Spielberg has collaborated with Tom Cruise twice on Minority Report and War of the Worlds, and cast Shia LaBeouf in five films: Transformers, Eagle Eye, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, and Transformers: Dark of the Moon."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "In 2011, Spielberg launched Falling Skies, a science fiction television series, on the TNT network. He developed the series with Robert Rodat and is credited as an executive producer. Spielberg is also producing the Fox TV series Terra Nova. Terra Nova begins in the year 2149 when all life on the planet Earth is threatened with extinction resulting in scientists opening a door that allows people to travel back 85 million years to prehistoric times. Spielberg also produced The River, Smash, Under the Dome, Extant and The Whispers, as well as a TV adaptation of Minority Report."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director's chair for Jaws, a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark. Spielberg has often referred to the gruelling shoot as his professional crucible. Despite the film's ultimate, enormous success, it was nearly shut down due to delays and budget over-runs. But Spielberg persevered and finished the film. It was an enormous hit, winning three Academy Awards (for editing, original score and sound) and grossing more than $470 million worldwide at the box office. It also set the domestic record for box office gross, leading to what the press described as \"Jawsmania.\":248 Jaws made Spielberg a household name and one of America's youngest multi-millionaires, allowing him a great deal of autonomy for his future projects.:250 It was nominated for Best Picture and featured Spielberg's first of three collaborations with actor Richard Dreyfuss."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler's List (1993) and Saving Private Ryan (1998). Three of Spielberg's films\u2014Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Jurassic Park (1993)\u2014achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $9 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history. His personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion. He has been associated with composer John Williams since 1974, who composed music for all save five of Spielberg's feature films."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "In 2004 he was admitted as knight of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur by president Jacques Chirac. On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival, and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3. The tribute to Spielberg featured a short, filmed biography narrated by Tom Hanks and included thank-yous from World War II veterans for Saving Private Ryan, as well as a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein's Candide, conducted by John Williams (Spielberg's frequent composer).[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Color Purple (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Color Purple is a 1985 American coming - of - age period drama film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Menno Meyjes, based on the Pulitzer Prize - winning novel of the same name by Alice Walker. It was Spielberg's eighth film as a director, and was a change from the summer blockbusters for which he had become famous. The film was also the first feature - length film directed by Spielberg for which John Williams did not compose the music. The film starred Danny Glover, Desreta Jackson, Margaret Avery, Oprah Winfrey (in her film debut), Adolph Caesar, Rae Dawn Chong, and featured Whoopi Goldberg (also in her film debut) as Celie Harris - Johnson."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Knights for a Day", "paragraph_text": "Knights for a Day is a 1937 British comedy film directed by Norman Lee and starring Nelson Keys, John Garrick and Nancy Burne. It was made as a quota quickie at Welwyn Studios."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg has filmed and is currently in post-production on an adaptation of Roald Dahl's celebrated children's story The BFG. Spielberg's DreamWorks bought the rights in 2010, originally intending John Madden to direct. The film was written by E.T. screenwriter Melissa Mathison and is co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg. The BFG is set to premiere out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2016, before its wide release in the US on July 1, 2016."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and, with financial backing from Columbia Pictures, released Close Encounters: The Special Edition in 1980. For this, Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also, at the behest of Columbia, and as a condition of Spielberg revising the film, shot additional footage showing the audience the interior of the mothership seen at the end of the film (a decision Spielberg would later regret as he felt the interior of the mothership should have remained a mystery). Nevertheless, the re-release was a moderate success, while the 2001 DVD release of the film restored the original ending."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg's film Munich, about the events following the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games, was his second film essaying Jewish relations in the world (the first being Schindler's List). The film is based on Vengeance, a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas. It was previously adapted into the 1986 made-for-TV film Sword of Gideon. The film received strong critical praise, but underperformed at the U.S. and world box-office; it remains one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date. Munich received five Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture, Film Editing, Original Music Score (by John Williams), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Director for Spielberg. It was Spielberg's sixth Best Director nomination and fifth Best Picture nomination."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Knights of Labor", "paragraph_text": "The Knights' primary demand was for an eight - hour day; they also called for legislation to end child and convict labor, as well as a graduated income tax. They were eager supporters of cooperatives. The only woman to hold office in the Knights of Labor, Leonora Barry worked as an investigator and described the horrific conditions in factories, conditions tantamount to the abuse of women and children. These reports made Barry the first person to collect national statistics on the American working woman."}], "question": "What did the person who knighted Spielberg have built?"}
{"id": "2hop__558134_548976", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Early Childhood Education Act", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1965 by Jule sugarman, Head start was one of the first programs initiated as a result of the Early Childhood Education Act. Its goal is to enhance the social and cognitive development of children offering services in the area of education, health, social and nutrition."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "PCK Aryan Vedic Hindu Aided School", "paragraph_text": "The P.C.K Aryan Vedic Hindu Aided School is a primary school in Vacoas-Phoenix, Mauritius that prepares its students for the Certificate of Primary Education (CPE). It was founded in 1918 by Pandit Cashinath Kistoe, and is part of the Arya Samaj in Mauritius."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Workers' Education Bureau of America", "paragraph_text": "Workers' Education Bureau of America (1921\u20131951) was an organization established to assist labor colleges and other worker training centers involved in the American labor movement. The Workers Education Bureau of America was an important development in labor education in the 1920s. Founded in 1921, it served as an informational clearinghouse for labor education organizing forums around the country and assisting local programs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Harvard Graduate School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States. It was founded in 1920, when it was the first school to establish the Ed.D. degree."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "paragraph_text": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 for the purposes of opening a museum to bring art and art education to the American people. It opened on February 20, 1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Atso Almila", "paragraph_text": "For many years he has been teaching in Sibelius Academy. Almost all conducting students who have studied there in 1980-s, 1990-s and in 21st century have also studied with him. He also has many masterclasses, the annual one is in August in Sein\u00e4joki."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pennsylvania German Society", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania German Society is a non-profit, educational organization dedicated to studying the Pennsylvania German people and their 330-year history in the United States and Canada. The Society works to preserve and promote the history, culture, religion, and dialect of the Pennsylvania Germans (also commonly known as the \"Pennsylvania Dutch\"). It was founded in 1891 and became a founding member of the Pennsylvania Federation of Historical Societies."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Millicent Mackenzie", "paragraph_text": "Millicent Hughes Mackenzie (1863 in Bristol \u2013 10 December 1942 in Brockweir) was a British professor of education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, the first female professor in Wales and the first appointed to a fully chartered university in the United Kingdom. She wrote on the philosophy of education, founded the Cardiff Suffragette branch, became the only woman Parliamentary Candidate in Wales for 1918, and was a key initiator of Steiner-Waldorf education in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Camlann Medieval Village", "paragraph_text": "Camlann Medieval Village is a living history museum which recreates rural life in England in 1376, located in Carnation, Washington; it is run by the Camlann Medieval Association, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit educational corporation founded in 1981."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Escuela Nacional de Cine", "paragraph_text": "The Escuela Nacional de Cine (ENC) (National Film School) is a private educational institution located in Venezuela Caracas Metropolitan District. Founded at the initiative of Bol\u00edvar Films as house specializing in cinema studies March 1, 2009."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Stanis\u0142aw Jachowicz", "paragraph_text": "Stanis\u0142aw Jachowicz (17 April 1796 in Dzik\u00f3w near Tarnobrzeg - 24 December 1857 in Warsaw) was a Polish educator, poet and children books author. He is regarded as the founding father of children literature in Poland."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Association of Reproductive Health Professionals", "paragraph_text": "The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals (ARHP) is a non-profit organization founded in 1963 by Alan Frank Guttmacher. It is a membership association of nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, pharmacists, physician assistants, physicians, researchers, educators, and other professionals."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brothers of Christian Instruction", "paragraph_text": "The Brothers of Christian Instruction (, F.I.C.P.), commonly known as the La Mennais Brothers, is a Catholic educational organization founded in 1819 by Gabriel Deshayes and Jean-Marie de la Mennais for the instruction of youth. Their aim remains that of their Founder: \"to educate the young and to make Jesus Christ better known and better loved\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur\u2019anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia\u2019s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage \u2018Self\u2019 and \u2018System\u2019: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Martin Wegelius", "paragraph_text": "Martin Wegelius (10 November 1846 \u2013 22 March 1906) was a Finnish composer and musicologist, primarily remembered as the founder, in 1882, of the Helsinki Music Institute, now known as the Sibelius Academy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Franklin Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Porto Editora", "paragraph_text": "the leading educational publisher in Portugal in the areas of educational books, dictionaries and multimedia products, both off-line and on-line. Porto Editora was founded in 1944 in Porto by a group of teachers within different areas of education."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thrive Africa", "paragraph_text": "Thrive Africa is a Ghanaian nonprofit registered charitable body, founded in United Kingdom in 2009 with the aim of assisting local communities across Ghana to improve living standards and educational level through a range of self-sustainable projects."}], "question": "Who founded the place where Atso Almila was educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__217544_29048", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Valenzuela, Paraguay", "paragraph_text": "Valenzuela is a town and district of the Cordillera Department, Paraguay, located some 107\u00a0km from Asunci\u00f3n. It was founded in 1783 in an area previously known as Yvyraity. The full name of the settlement was Capilla de Valenzuela de los Naranjos because it was formed around a Chapel of San Jose, built by father Antonio Fernandez de Valenzuela."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kahr K series", "paragraph_text": "The Kahr K series is a series of semi-automatic pistols manufactured by Kahr Arms. The original weapon in the series, the K9, was introduced in 1995 and features a double action only (DAO) trigger mechanism with a Locked breech recoil operated action. It was intended to address the police backup / off duty and civilian concealed carry markets."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing began the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (1986); President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Op\u00e9ra Bastille (1985-1989), the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la D\u00e9fense (1985-1989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Janette Carter", "paragraph_text": "Janette Carter (July 2, 1923 \u2013 January 22, 2006) was the last surviving child of A.P. and Sara Carter, of Carter Family musical fame. In 1976, she and community members built an 880-seat amphitheater, the Carter Family Fold, beside the store her father operated in Southwestern Virginia. Today, the Carter Family Fold attracts more than 50,000 visitors a year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kahr P series", "paragraph_text": "The Kahr P series is a product line of double action only (DAO) hammerless, striker-fired, short recoil operated, semi-automatic pistols manufactured by Kahr Arms."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Peavey Memorial Library", "paragraph_text": "Peavey Memorial Library is an historic public library in downtown Eastport, Maine, United States. Built in 1893, it was named for Albert Peavey, an Eastport resident whose son, Frank Peavey, left Eastport and eventually owned a major grain company in Minnesota in the late 1800s. Frank Peavey left money to Eastport for the establishment of the Peavey Memorial Library in his father's honor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "So You Think You Can Dance (Vietnam season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y: So You Think You Can Dance is a Vietnamese televised dance competition and an entry in the international \"So You Think You Can Dance\" television franchise. The show is produced by Dong Tay Promotion Company and begins broadcasting its first season on September 15, 2012. Ch\u00ed Anh from B\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y ho\u00e0n v\u0169 is set to be a permanent judge, with additional permanent judges yet to be announced. Guest judges include Ng\u00f4 Thanh V\u00e2n, broadway staff John Huy Tr\u1ea7n, choreographer Tr\u1ea7n Ly Ly, rapper Vi\u1ec7t Max, and MC Thanh B\u1ea1ch. The show's winner will receive 400 million \u0111\u1ed3ng and a choice between several career advancement opportunities."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josef Traxel", "paragraph_text": "Josef Traxel (29 September 1916 in Mainz \u2013 8 October 1975 in Stuttgart) was a German operatic tenor, particularly associated with Mozart roles and the German repertory."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of V\u0129nh Y\u00ean", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of V\u0129nh Y\u00ean (), also called Tran Hung Dao Campaign by Vietminh, which occurred from 13 to 17 January 1951, was a major engagement in the First Indochina War between the French Union and the Vi\u1ec7t Minh. The French Union forces, led by World War II hero Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, inflicted a decisive defeat on the Vi\u1ec7t Minh forces, which were commanded by V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p. The victory marked a turn in the tide of the war, which was previously characterized by a number of Vi\u1ec7t Minh victories."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alexandre et Roxane", "paragraph_text": "Alexandre et Roxane was a two-act French language opera to be written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1778 in Paris. The opera never came to fruition, although it has been suggested that the music for Jean-Georges Noverre's ballet \"Les petits riens\", K. Anh. 10/299b, also from 1778, was originally composed for the projected opera."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Statue of Father C\u00edcero", "paragraph_text": "The Statue of Father C\u00edcero on the Garden's hill is a monument built in homage to Father C\u00edcero, located in Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil. The total height of the statue plus the pedestal is 27m."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Doi Chiang Dao", "paragraph_text": "Doi Chiang Dao (, ), also known as Doi Luang Chiang Dao (, ), is a 2,175 m high mountain in Chiang Dao District of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. It is one of the highest peaks of the Daen Lao Range on the Thai side of the border."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alps", "paragraph_text": "After the fall of Napol\u00e9on, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombarts. The later indeed became very popular after the construction of a paved road ordered by Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. The Barri\u00e8re de l'Esseillon is a serie of forts with heavy batteries, built on a cliff with a perfect view on the valley, a gorge on one side and steep mountains on the other side."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cao (state)", "paragraph_text": "Later on, the States of Cao and Song became hostile towards each other. Duke Jing of Song captured Duke Dao of Cao in 515 BC and held him prisoner until his death. Thereafter, disorder broke out in Cao and Duke Dao's successors Duke Sheng of Cao and Duke Yin of Cao were killed one after another. Duke Fei of Cao became ruler and betrayed the State of Jin by invading the State of Song. As a result, Duke Jing of Song attacked Cao. No troops from the State of Jin came to the rescue such that the State of Cao was exterminated in 487 BC after the capture of Duke Fei of Cao."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "\u00c6gidius Elling", "paragraph_text": "Jens William \u00c6gidius Elling (also Aegidus or Aegidius) (26 July 1861 \u2013 27 May 1949) was a Norwegian researcher, inventor and pioneer of gas turbine who is considered to be the father of the gas turbine. He built the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "FT PGB", "paragraph_text": "FT PGB is an abbreviation for a family of Chinese built precision guided munitions named To-Fly Precision Guided Bomb (Fei-Teng Jing-Que Zhi-Dao Zha-Dan, \u98de\u817e\u7cbe\u786e\u5236\u5bfc\u70b8\u5f39), developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT), a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Leonard Ngoma", "paragraph_text": "Ngoma qualified for the men's 200 m breaststroke at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, by receiving a Universality place from FINA, in an entry time of 2:23.00. He participated in heat one against two other swimmers Andr\u00e9s Bicocca of Argentina and Nguyen Ngoc Anh of Vietnam. He closed out a small field to last place by almost 12 seconds behind winner Bicocca with a slowest time of 2:32.90. Ngoma failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed forty-seventh overall in the prelims."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hadriacus Mons", "paragraph_text": "Hadriacus Mons is an ancient, low-relief volcanic mountain on the planet Mars, located in the southern hemisphere just northeast of the impact basin Hellas and southwest of the similar volcano Tyrrhenus Mons. Hadriacus Mons is in the Hellas quadrangle. It has a diameter of . The name was approved in 2007. The flanks of Hadriacus Mons have been eroded into gullies; its southern slopes are incised by the outflow channel Dao Vallis. The large extent of volcanic deposits and the caldera size leads some researchers to suggest that these features were the result of an explosive event caused by a contact between magma and groundwater."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "GER Class G69", "paragraph_text": "The GER Class G69 was a class of twenty 2-4-2T steam locomotives built by for the Great Eastern Railway by S. D. Holden in 1911\u201312 following the design of two rebuilt examples of the GER Class M15 designed by James Holden, his father, in 1904. They all passed to the London and North Eastern Railway at the 1923 grouping and received the classification F6."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anh Dao Traxel", "paragraph_text": "She spent two years in the home of the Chiracs. Mrs Traxel was married twice. Her second husband, Emmanuel Traxel, is a police lieutenant. She has four children, Bernard-Jacques, Laurence-Claude, Jacques and Cassandre. The children call Jacques Chirac \"Grandpa\". She is now the President of a European association of assistance to the families of civil servants who died during their service (\"\u00c9toile europ\u00e9enne du d\u00e9vouement civil et militaire\")."}], "question": "What did the legal father of Anh Dao Traxel have built?"}
{"id": "2hop__362878_17229", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War", "paragraph_text": "On 15 May 1948, the ongoing civil war transformed into an inter-state conflict between Israel and the Arab states, following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. A combined invasion by Egypt, Jordan and Syria, together with expeditionary forces from Iraq, entered Palestine -- Jordan having declared privately to Yishuv emissaries on 2 May that it would abide by a decision not to attack the Jewish state. The invading forces took control of the Arab areas and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The 10 months of fighting, interrupted by several truce periods, took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Parfino", "paragraph_text": "Parfino () is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Parfinsky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located along the Lovat River, east of Staraya Russa. Municipally, it is incorporated as Parfinskoye Urban Settlement, the only urban settlement in the district. Population:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pushkinskiye Gory", "paragraph_text": "Pushkinskiye Gory () is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Pushkinogorsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Pushkinogorye Urban Settlement, the only urban settlement in the district. Population:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Batetsky (rural locality)", "paragraph_text": "Batetsky () is a rural locality (a settlement of rural type) and the administrative center of Batetsky District, Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located in the northwest of the oblast, on the banks of the Udrayka River (a right tributary of the Luga). It also serves as the administrative center of Batetskoye Settlement, one of the three settlements into which the district is administratively divided. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Batetskoye Rural Settlement in Batetsky Municipal District. Population:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shayta", "paragraph_text": "Shayta, also spelled Suhayta, \"S'heita\" or \"Su\u2019heita\", was a Syrian village located in the Golan Heights. It was one of only six Syrian villages in the Golan Heights still populated following the Six-Day War. After Israel occupied the area in 1967, Shayta's population census was 176 people, down from 200 in 1960. In 1967, Shayta was partially destroyed and a military post built in its place. Israel completely destroyed the village in 1971-72 and its population was forcibly transferred to the neighboring village of Mas'ade. Today, its former inhabitants are still campaigning for the return to their village. Shayta was located near the ceasefire line between Syrian and Israeli forces."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mevo'ot Yeriho", "paragraph_text": "Mevo'ot Yericho (, \"lit.\" Doorway to Jericho), founded in 1999, is an Israeli settlement and a community settlement located in the West Bank's southern Jordan Valley just north of Jericho, in the Yitav Valley. The site is 150m below sea level. It falls under the municipal jurisdiction of the Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "``Palestinian territories ''and`` occupied Palestinian territories'' (OPT or oPt) are descriptions often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lyubytino", "paragraph_text": "Lyubytino () is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Lyubytinsky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Msta River. Municipally, it serves as the administrative center of Lyubytinskoye Urban Settlement, one of the two urban settlements in the district. Population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Etz Efraim", "paragraph_text": "The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ramot Mall", "paragraph_text": "Ramot Mall (, \"Kenyon Ramot\") is an indoor/outdoor shopping mall in Ramot, a neighborhood or Israeli settlement in northwest East Jerusalem. Opened in September 2011, it is the second-largest shopping center in Jerusalem (after Malha Mall)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 2009[update], over 300,000 Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel, including settlements that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War, in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion. In 2011, there were 250,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem. 20,000 Israelis live in Golan Heights settlements. The total number of Israeli settlers is over 500,000 (6.5% of the Israeli population). Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip, until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}], "question": "How many Israelis lived in the settlements in the region that includes Shayta?"}
{"id": "2hop__16695_16853", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Victoria, Labuan", "paragraph_text": "Victoria () or Victoria Town () is the capital of the Federal Territory of Labuan in Malaysia, an island group off the north coast of Borneo. It is in the southeast corner of Labuan and its Malay name, \"Bandar Labuan\" is more commonly used by the locals than Victoria. The town is an urban district within the wider city limits of Victoria which includes Labuan Port, a sheltered deep-water harbour which is an important trans-shipment point for Brunei Darussalam, northern Sarawak and western Sabah."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "HMAS Benalla (J323)", "paragraph_text": "HMAS \"Benalla\" (J323/M323), named for the city of Benalla, Victoria, was one of 60 \"Bathurst\"-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Built by HMA Naval Dockyard in Victoria, \"Benalla\" was fitted out as armed survey ship instead of a minesweeper like the rest of the class, and was commissioned into the RAN in 1943."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mount Mahony", "paragraph_text": "Mount Mahony () is a massive mountain, high, standing just east of the head of Victoria Upper Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the Western Geological Party, led by Thomas Griffith Taylor, of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910\u201313, and was named for Daniel James Mahony, a geologist of Melbourne, Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe VC (12 January 1826 \u2013 12 April 1876) was the first South African-born recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was, however, the second South African recipient of the Victoria Cross, since the first recipient was born abroad and arrived in South Africa as a young child."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Barwick Valley", "paragraph_text": "Barwick Valley is an ice-free valley north of Apocalypse Peaks, extending from Webb Glacier to Victoria Valley in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1958\u201359) for R.E. Barwick, summer biologist with the New Zealand party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956\u201358) who worked in this area in 1957\u201358 and as a member of the VUWAE, 1958\u201359."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Black Hill, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Black Hill is a suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia in the northeast of the city. It is named after the major landmark, Black Hill, on which there was extensive and highly profitable open-cut gold mining from the early 1850s during the Victoria gold rush. The hill was originally given its indigenous name, Bowdun, by surveyor William Urquhart."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Victoria Falls", "paragraph_text": "Victoria Falls (Tokaleya Tonga: Mosi - oa - Tunya, ``The Smoke that Thunders '') is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is clearly visible from the Zimbabwean side, which also has the town Victoria Falls named after the falls."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lanyon Peak", "paragraph_text": "Lanyon Peak () is a sharp rock peak east of Victoria Upper Glacier in the Saint Johns Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Margaret C. Lanyon, a New Zealand national who for many years in the 1960s and 1970s served in a secretarial and administrative capacity with the U.S. Antarctic Research Program, in Christchurch."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia", "paragraph_text": "Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia () (25 January 1719 \u2013 13 November 1765) was the ninth child and fifth daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover. By marriage, she was a Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Victorian era", "paragraph_text": "Victorian era 1837 -- 1901 Queen Victoria by Bassano (1887) Preceded by Regency era Followed by Edwardian era Monarch Victoria Leader (s) Lord Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Lord Derby Lord Aberdeen Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone Lord Salisbury Lord Rosebery"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mount Hercules", "paragraph_text": "Mount Hercules () is a large, flat-topped, elevated feature between Mount Aeolus and Mount Jason in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958\u201359) for Hercules, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Jason", "paragraph_text": "Mount Jason () is a peak just west of Bull Pass in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958\u201359) for Jason, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "On 17 March 1883, she fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter. Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown. Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair. The manuscript was destroyed. In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\". On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was \"the dearest of my dear sons\", she lamented. The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by Henry and Beatrice's promise to remain living with and attending her."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Dido", "paragraph_text": "Mount Dido () is a prominent peak, high, between Mount Electra and Mount Boreas in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition of 1958\u201359 for Queen Dido, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "J. T. Hellstrom", "paragraph_text": "Victoria's father, Victor Newman, hires J.T. to investigate Nikki's fiance David Chow. When J.T. inadvertently tips Nikki off by the way he is questioning her, Victor fires J.T. He has some unease about the strong role Victor plays in the lives of the Newman family, but when Victor offers him a job as head of Newman Enterprises security, J.T. accepts. Victoria wakes up and reunites with J.T. and Reed. He and Victoria are married several days later. Victor then asks J.T. to investigate Colleen in order to take away her seat on the Newman Board. J.T quits his job at Newman and begins working with Paul. Colleen dies in October 2009 from drowning. J.T. is heartbroken and admits to Colleen that he loves her, which ultimately brings the end to his marriage with Victoria as they decide to divorce. During this time, he relies more and more on the pregnant Mackenzie, his former high school girlfriend for support. He seeks and receives full custody of his son, Reed. He especially does not want Reed to be around his maternal grandfather, Victor. Victoria has vowed to fight and overturn the judge's ruling, with the help of her family. J.T. reunites with Mac, however, J.T.'s current job, spying on Newman Enterprises and gaining information on it for Tucker McCall, puts a strain on their relationship. In September, Mac tells J.T. that she may be pregnant with their second child, the first ending in a miscarriage."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "McKelvey Valley", "paragraph_text": "McKelvey Valley () is a valley between the western part of the Olympus Range and the Insel Range, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1958\u201359) for B.C. McKelvey, a geologist of the Victoria University of Wellington, who, with P.N. Webb, undertook the first geological exploration of this area (1957\u201358), and was again in Wright Valley with the VUWAE in 1958\u201359."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Princess Alice of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (Alice Maud Mary; 25 April 1843 \u2013 14 December 1878) was the Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine from 1877 to 1878. She was the third child and second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Alice was the first of Queen Victoria's nine children to die, and one of three to be outlived by their mother, who died in 1901."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "HMAS Warrnambool (J202)", "paragraph_text": "HMAS \"Warrnambool\" (J202), named for the city of Warrnambool, Victoria was one of 60 \"Bathurst\"-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). \"Warrnambool\" sank after she hit a mine in the Great Barrier Reef on 13 September 1947. She was one of only four \"Bathurst\" class corvettes lost while in Australian service, and the only one lost after World War II."}], "question": "Victoria initially opposed the marriage of Victoria's ninth child to whom?"}
{"id": "2hop__16692_16853", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "HMAS Warrnambool (J202)", "paragraph_text": "HMAS \"Warrnambool\" (J202), named for the city of Warrnambool, Victoria was one of 60 \"Bathurst\"-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). \"Warrnambool\" sank after she hit a mine in the Great Barrier Reef on 13 September 1947. She was one of only four \"Bathurst\" class corvettes lost while in Australian service, and the only one lost after World War II."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Victoria Falls", "paragraph_text": "Victoria Falls (Tokaleya Tonga: Mosi - oa - Tunya, ``The Smoke that Thunders '') is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is clearly visible from the Zimbabwean side, which also has the town Victoria Falls named after the falls."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Barwick Valley", "paragraph_text": "Barwick Valley is an ice-free valley north of Apocalypse Peaks, extending from Webb Glacier to Victoria Valley in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1958\u201359) for R.E. Barwick, summer biologist with the New Zealand party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956\u201358) who worked in this area in 1957\u201358 and as a member of the VUWAE, 1958\u201359."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Princess Alice of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (Alice Maud Mary; 25 April 1843 \u2013 14 December 1878) was the Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine from 1877 to 1878. She was the third child and second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Alice was the first of Queen Victoria's nine children to die, and one of three to be outlived by their mother, who died in 1901."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Lama", "paragraph_text": "Mount Lama () is a bare rock peak over high, culminating the ridge north of Miers Glacier and forming the south rampart of the valley named Shangri-la in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in association with Shangri-la by the New Zealand Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition, 1960\u201361."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mount Hercules", "paragraph_text": "Mount Hercules () is a large, flat-topped, elevated feature between Mount Aeolus and Mount Jason in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958\u201359) for Hercules, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "HMAS Benalla (J323)", "paragraph_text": "HMAS \"Benalla\" (J323/M323), named for the city of Benalla, Victoria, was one of 60 \"Bathurst\"-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Built by HMA Naval Dockyard in Victoria, \"Benalla\" was fitted out as armed survey ship instead of a minesweeper like the rest of the class, and was commissioned into the RAN in 1943."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe VC (12 January 1826 \u2013 12 April 1876) was the first South African-born recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was, however, the second South African recipient of the Victoria Cross, since the first recipient was born abroad and arrived in South Africa as a young child."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Black Hill, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Black Hill is a suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia in the northeast of the city. It is named after the major landmark, Black Hill, on which there was extensive and highly profitable open-cut gold mining from the early 1850s during the Victoria gold rush. The hill was originally given its indigenous name, Bowdun, by surveyor William Urquhart."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Victoria Park Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Victoria Park Stadium is soccer venue located in Brampton, Ontario and is home to Brampton United of the Canadian Soccer League. The stadium is located on 20 Victoria Crescent, Brampton. The stadium is part of the James F. McCurry Victoria Park Arena. The stadium hosted the 2004 CPSL Championship final which featured Vaughan Shooters against Toronto Croatia. On May 27, 2016 a fire erupted at the Victoria Park arena."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Jason", "paragraph_text": "Mount Jason () is a peak just west of Bull Pass in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958\u201359) for Jason, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Victoria, Labuan", "paragraph_text": "Victoria () or Victoria Town () is the capital of the Federal Territory of Labuan in Malaysia, an island group off the north coast of Borneo. It is in the southeast corner of Labuan and its Malay name, \"Bandar Labuan\" is more commonly used by the locals than Victoria. The town is an urban district within the wider city limits of Victoria which includes Labuan Port, a sheltered deep-water harbour which is an important trans-shipment point for Brunei Darussalam, northern Sarawak and western Sabah."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "On 17 March 1883, she fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter. Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown. Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair. The manuscript was destroyed. In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\". On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was \"the dearest of my dear sons\", she lamented. The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by Henry and Beatrice's promise to remain living with and attending her."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lanyon Peak", "paragraph_text": "Lanyon Peak () is a sharp rock peak east of Victoria Upper Glacier in the Saint Johns Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Margaret C. Lanyon, a New Zealand national who for many years in the 1960s and 1970s served in a secretarial and administrative capacity with the U.S. Antarctic Research Program, in Christchurch."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A2 road (Jersey)", "paragraph_text": "The A2 road in Jersey is a dual carriageway also known as Victoria Avenue, and named after Queen Victoria. This coastal road runs east to west from St. Helier to the area known as \"Bel Royal\" in St. Lawrence, spanning part of St Aubin's Bay."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mount Mahony", "paragraph_text": "Mount Mahony () is a massive mountain, high, standing just east of the head of Victoria Upper Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the Western Geological Party, led by Thomas Griffith Taylor, of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910\u201313, and was named for Daniel James Mahony, a geologist of Melbourne, Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Victorian era", "paragraph_text": "Victorian era 1837 -- 1901 Queen Victoria by Bassano (1887) Preceded by Regency era Followed by Edwardian era Monarch Victoria Leader (s) Lord Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Lord Derby Lord Aberdeen Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone Lord Salisbury Lord Rosebery"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "McKelvey Valley", "paragraph_text": "McKelvey Valley () is a valley between the western part of the Olympus Range and the Insel Range, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1958\u201359) for B.C. McKelvey, a geologist of the Victoria University of Wellington, who, with P.N. Webb, undertook the first geological exploration of this area (1957\u201358), and was again in Wright Valley with the VUWAE in 1958\u201359."}], "question": "Victoria initially opposed the marriage of her final child to what man?"}
{"id": "2hop__490803_574405", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of \"manor farms\" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kym Tollenaere", "paragraph_text": "Kym Tollenaere (born Queensland, Australia) is an Australian softball catcher who lives in Queensland, whom she represents in national competitions. She has represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national softball team. She made the training squad but ultimately did not represent Australia at the 2004 Summer Olympics. As a member of the national team, she earned a gold medal at the 2005 Canada Cup, a silver at the 2005 Pacific Rim tournament and a bronze medal at the 2005 World Cup. She is trying to secure a sport on the squad that will compete at the 2012 ISF XIII Women's World Championships. She has played softball professionally in Japan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as \"The Big House\". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Sport forms an integral part of German life, as demonstrated by the fact that 27 million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually. Football is by far the most popular sport, and the German Football Federation (Deutscher Fu\u00dfballbund) with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country. It also attracts the greatest audience, with hundreds of thousands of spectators attending Bundesliga matches and millions more watching on television."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy", "paragraph_text": "Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy is a 1955 horror comedy film directed by Charles Lamont and starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. It is the 28th and final Abbott and Costello film produced by Universal-International."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Charlotte 49ers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A founding member of Conference USA (C-USA), Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. Previously, Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Joseph Cogels", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Hubert Cogels (14 January 1894 \u2013 26 July 1978) was a Belgian sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Belgian team in the team clay pigeons competition."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Binnaz Uslu", "paragraph_text": "Binnaz Uslu (born March 12, 1985 in Ankara) is a retired Turkish middle-distance and long-distance runner. She was banned from sport for life in 2014, after her second doping violation. The tall athlete at is a member of Enkaspor athletics team, where she was coached by Yahya Sev\u00fcktekin. Uslu is a student at the Gazi \u00dcniversitesi in Ankara."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Mummy's Shroud", "paragraph_text": "It stars Andr\u00e9 Morell and David Buck as explorers who uncover the tomb of an ancient Egyptian mummy. It also starred John Phillips, Maggie Kimberly, Elizabeth Sellars and Michael Ripper as Longbarrow. Stuntman Eddie Powell (Christopher Lee's regular stunt double) played the Mummy, brought back to life to wreak revenge on his enemies. The uncredited narrator in the prologue, sometimes incorrectly assumed to be Peter Cushing, is British actor Tim Turner."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket. A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is Ano, which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter. Ano is a localised version of volleyball, in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground. Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David Buck (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "David Colin Buck (25 August 1946 \u2013 1996) was an English footballer who played as a wing half in the Football League for Colchester United."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}], "question": "What sports team has a player who shares a name with a cast member of The Mummy's Shroud?"}
{"id": "2hop__16694_16853", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Black Hill, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Black Hill is a suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia in the northeast of the city. It is named after the major landmark, Black Hill, on which there was extensive and highly profitable open-cut gold mining from the early 1850s during the Victoria gold rush. The hill was originally given its indigenous name, Bowdun, by surveyor William Urquhart."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "HMAS Warrnambool (J202)", "paragraph_text": "HMAS \"Warrnambool\" (J202), named for the city of Warrnambool, Victoria was one of 60 \"Bathurst\"-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). \"Warrnambool\" sank after she hit a mine in the Great Barrier Reef on 13 September 1947. She was one of only four \"Bathurst\" class corvettes lost while in Australian service, and the only one lost after World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HMAS Benalla (J323)", "paragraph_text": "HMAS \"Benalla\" (J323/M323), named for the city of Benalla, Victoria, was one of 60 \"Bathurst\"-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Built by HMA Naval Dockyard in Victoria, \"Benalla\" was fitted out as armed survey ship instead of a minesweeper like the rest of the class, and was commissioned into the RAN in 1943."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Victoria Park Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Victoria Park Stadium is soccer venue located in Brampton, Ontario and is home to Brampton United of the Canadian Soccer League. The stadium is located on 20 Victoria Crescent, Brampton. The stadium is part of the James F. McCurry Victoria Park Arena. The stadium hosted the 2004 CPSL Championship final which featured Vaughan Shooters against Toronto Croatia. On May 27, 2016 a fire erupted at the Victoria Park arena."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "McKelvey Valley", "paragraph_text": "McKelvey Valley () is a valley between the western part of the Olympus Range and the Insel Range, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1958\u201359) for B.C. McKelvey, a geologist of the Victoria University of Wellington, who, with P.N. Webb, undertook the first geological exploration of this area (1957\u201358), and was again in Wright Valley with the VUWAE in 1958\u201359."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe VC (12 January 1826 \u2013 12 April 1876) was the first South African-born recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was, however, the second South African recipient of the Victoria Cross, since the first recipient was born abroad and arrived in South Africa as a young child."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Barwick Valley", "paragraph_text": "Barwick Valley is an ice-free valley north of Apocalypse Peaks, extending from Webb Glacier to Victoria Valley in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1958\u201359) for R.E. Barwick, summer biologist with the New Zealand party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956\u201358) who worked in this area in 1957\u201358 and as a member of the VUWAE, 1958\u201359."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Princess Alice of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (Alice Maud Mary; 25 April 1843 \u2013 14 December 1878) was the Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine from 1877 to 1878. She was the third child and second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Alice was the first of Queen Victoria's nine children to die, and one of three to be outlived by their mother, who died in 1901."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mount Hercules", "paragraph_text": "Mount Hercules () is a large, flat-topped, elevated feature between Mount Aeolus and Mount Jason in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958\u201359) for Hercules, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "On 17 March 1883, she fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter. Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown. Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair. The manuscript was destroyed. In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\". On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was \"the dearest of my dear sons\", she lamented. The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by Henry and Beatrice's promise to remain living with and attending her."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "J. T. Hellstrom", "paragraph_text": "Victoria's father, Victor Newman, hires J.T. to investigate Nikki's fiance David Chow. When J.T. inadvertently tips Nikki off by the way he is questioning her, Victor fires J.T. He has some unease about the strong role Victor plays in the lives of the Newman family, but when Victor offers him a job as head of Newman Enterprises security, J.T. accepts. Victoria wakes up and reunites with J.T. and Reed. He and Victoria are married several days later. Victor then asks J.T. to investigate Colleen in order to take away her seat on the Newman Board. J.T quits his job at Newman and begins working with Paul. Colleen dies in October 2009 from drowning. J.T. is heartbroken and admits to Colleen that he loves her, which ultimately brings the end to his marriage with Victoria as they decide to divorce. During this time, he relies more and more on the pregnant Mackenzie, his former high school girlfriend for support. He seeks and receives full custody of his son, Reed. He especially does not want Reed to be around his maternal grandfather, Victor. Victoria has vowed to fight and overturn the judge's ruling, with the help of her family. J.T. reunites with Mac, however, J.T.'s current job, spying on Newman Enterprises and gaining information on it for Tucker McCall, puts a strain on their relationship. In September, Mac tells J.T. that she may be pregnant with their second child, the first ending in a miscarriage."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mount Mahony", "paragraph_text": "Mount Mahony () is a massive mountain, high, standing just east of the head of Victoria Upper Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the Western Geological Party, led by Thomas Griffith Taylor, of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910\u201313, and was named for Daniel James Mahony, a geologist of Melbourne, Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Dido", "paragraph_text": "Mount Dido () is a prominent peak, high, between Mount Electra and Mount Boreas in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition of 1958\u201359 for Queen Dido, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A2 road (Jersey)", "paragraph_text": "The A2 road in Jersey is a dual carriageway also known as Victoria Avenue, and named after Queen Victoria. This coastal road runs east to west from St. Helier to the area known as \"Bel Royal\" in St. Lawrence, spanning part of St Aubin's Bay."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Victoria, Labuan", "paragraph_text": "Victoria () or Victoria Town () is the capital of the Federal Territory of Labuan in Malaysia, an island group off the north coast of Borneo. It is in the southeast corner of Labuan and its Malay name, \"Bandar Labuan\" is more commonly used by the locals than Victoria. The town is an urban district within the wider city limits of Victoria which includes Labuan Port, a sheltered deep-water harbour which is an important trans-shipment point for Brunei Darussalam, northern Sarawak and western Sabah."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Jason", "paragraph_text": "Mount Jason () is a peak just west of Bull Pass in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958\u201359) for Jason, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Victoria Falls", "paragraph_text": "Victoria Falls (Tokaleya Tonga: Mosi - oa - Tunya, ``The Smoke that Thunders '') is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is clearly visible from the Zimbabwean side, which also has the town Victoria Falls named after the falls."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Victorian era", "paragraph_text": "Victorian era 1837 -- 1901 Queen Victoria by Bassano (1887) Preceded by Regency era Followed by Edwardian era Monarch Victoria Leader (s) Lord Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Lord Derby Lord Aberdeen Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone Lord Salisbury Lord Rosebery"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\"."}], "question": "What man did Victoria initially oppose her final child from marrying?"}
{"id": "2hop__566981_831940", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Michael Miltenberger", "paragraph_text": "J. Michael Miltenberger (born March 17, 1951 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is a former carpenter and a former territorial level politician from northern Canada."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Emil J. Husak", "paragraph_text": "Husak was born in Toledo, Iowa. He is a farmer and former school bus driver. Husak served as a Democrat in the Iowa House from 1971 to 1981, and in the State Senate from 1981 to 1997."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Garret J. Durie House", "paragraph_text": "Garret J. Durie House is located in Haworth, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1811 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 9, 1983."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Toledo, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Toledo is a city in and the county seat of Tama County, Iowa, United States. The population was 2,341 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Erick J. Thompson House", "paragraph_text": "The Erick J. Thompson House is located in New Richmond, Wisconsin, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "J. J. Carlock House", "paragraph_text": "J. J. Carlock House, is located in Saddle River, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1825 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1986."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}], "question": "In which county was Emil J. Husak born?"}
{"id": "2hop__28618_36381", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "As with the spoken languages, the ethnic group composition also remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity. The CIA's World Factbook has estimated that around 79% of the population of Iran are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages, with Persians constituting 53% of the population, Gilaks and Mazanderanis 7%, Kurds 10%, Lurs 6%, and Balochs 2%. Peoples of the other ethnicities in Iran make up the remaining 22%, with Azerbaijanis constituting 16%, Arabs 2%, Turkmens and Turkic tribes 2%, and others 2% (such as Armenians, Talysh, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Languages of Singapore", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution of Singapore, the four official languages of Singapore are English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil while the symbolic national language is Malay. The three languages other than English were chosen to correspond with the major ethnic groups present in Singapore at the time: Mandarin had gained status since the introduction of Chinese - medium schools; Malay was deemed the ``most obvious choice ''for the Malay community; and Tamil for the largest Indian ethnic group in Singapore, in addition to being`` the language with the longest history of education in Malaysia and Singapore''. In 2009, more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore, reflecting a rich linguistic diversity in the city. Singapore's historical roots as a trading settlement gave rise to an influx of foreign traders, and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore's modern day linguistic repertoire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Numbulwar", "paragraph_text": "Numbulwar is a small, primarily Aboriginal community on the Gulf of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory of Australia. The major language group of the community is Nunggubuyu and their language, Wubuy, is used by older generations. Kriol is also widely spoken."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Banggai Island", "paragraph_text": "Banggai Island is the second largest of the Banggai Islands, an archipelago located at the far eastern end of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The largest island is Peleng, smaller islands of the group are Bowokan, Labobo, Kebongan, Kotudan, Tropettenando, Timpau, Salue Besar, Salue Kecil, Masepe, and Bangkulu."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Most Portuguese and Mesti\u00e7os speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages. French is also taught in schools because Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations. Guinea-Bissau is a full member of the Francophonie."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Guyana", "paragraph_text": "Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language. The majority of the population, however, speak Guyanese Creole, an English - based creole language, as a first language. Guyana is part of the Anglophone Caribbean. CARICOM, of which Guyana is a member, is headquartered in Guyana's capital and largest city, Georgetown. In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "English grammar", "paragraph_text": "Eight ``word classes ''or`` parts of speech'' are commonly distinguished in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Nouns form the largest word class, and verbs the second - largest. Unlike many Indo - European languages, English nouns do not have grammatical gender."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tomendeh", "paragraph_text": "Tomendeh is a village in Kono District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. Virtually all homes in the village were burned during the Sierra Leone civil war. The Kono make up the largest ethnic group in the village and their Kono language is most widely spoken language in the village."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Syria", "paragraph_text": "Syria (Arabic: \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u200e S\u016briy\u0101), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u200e al - Jumh\u016br\u012byah al - \u02bbArab\u012byah as - S\u016br\u012byah) is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria's capital and largest city is Damascus. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Syrian Arabs, Greeks, Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, Circassians, Mandeans and Turks. Religious groups include Sunnis, Christians, Alawites, Druze, Isma'ilis, Mandeans, Shiites, Salafis, Yazidis, and Jews. Sunni make up the largest religious group in Syria."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 members. Thus, the number of adherents of Lutheranism and Orthodoxy, without regard to citizenship or ethnicity, is roughly equal. Refer to the Table below. The Catholics have their Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "paragraph_text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (known as the LDS Church or, informally, the Mormon Church) is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of nearly 16 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth - largest Christian denomination in the United States. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "The word \"Im\u0101m\" denotes a person who stands or walks \"in front\". For Sunni Islam, the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque. It also means the head of a madhhab (\"school of thought\"). However, from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage, the word \"Imam\" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "TrueMajority", "paragraph_text": "TrueMajority was a progressive advocacy group in the United States. In September 2007, TrueMajority and its related organization TrueMajorityACTION merged with USAction. By 2008, the combined groups had over 700,000 members, making it, together with MoveOn, one of the two largest liberal advocacy groups in the United States."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mahindra Tractors", "paragraph_text": "Mahindra Tractors is an international farm equipment manufacturer of Mahindra & Mahindra. In 2010, Mahindra became the world's highest - selling tractor brand by volume. Mahindra's largest consumer base is in India, China, North America, and a growing market in Australia. The company is the largest manufacturer in India and has the capacity to build 150,000 tractors a year."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yoruba people", "paragraph_text": "The Yoruba people (Yoruba: \u00ccran Yor\u00f9b\u00e1, lit. 'Yoruba lineage'; also known as \u00c0won omo Yor\u00f9b\u00e1, lit. 'Children of Yoruba', or simply as the Yoruba) are an ethnic group of southwestern and north - central Nigeria, as well as southern and central Benin. Together, these regions are known as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute over 40 million people in total. The majority of this population is from Nigeria, and the Yoruba make up 21% of the country's population, according to the CIA World Factbook, making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba language, which is tonal, and is the Niger - Congo language with the largest number of native speakers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish language in the United States has forty - five million Hispanic and Latino Americans that speak Spanish as their first, second or heritage language, and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States, making it the second most spoken language of the United States. With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish - speaking population in the world after Mexico, although it is not an official language of the country. Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second - language speakers. About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English ``very well ''in the 2000 U.S. Census. The United States is among the Spanish - speaking countries that has its own Academy of the Spanish Language."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active. Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. \"BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world\" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}], "question": "What language is used by the religious group that is the second largest with 150,000 members?"}
{"id": "2hop__666752_36381", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alexandr Bolsacov", "paragraph_text": "Alexandr Bolsacov (born 19 November 1994) is a Moldovan footballer who plays for Moldovan National Division club FC Dinamo-Auto Tiraspol as a defender."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Anatol Cheptine", "paragraph_text": "Anatol Cheptine (born 20 May 1990 in Tiraspol, Moldova) is a footballer who currently plays as a Midfielder for Fortuna Liga club MFK Ru\u017eomberok. Previously he played for FC Zimbru Chi\u0219in\u0103u in the Divizia Na\u0163ional\u0103 and the Moldova national football team."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Episcopal Diocese of Oregon", "paragraph_text": "The Episcopal Diocese of Oregon is a diocese of The Episcopal Church which consists of the western portion of the State of Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean, the Columbia River, the Cascade Range and the Oregon-California border. Major cities in the diocese are Portland, Salem, Eugene and Medford. The diocese is a part of Province VIII of the Episcopal Church."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington", "paragraph_text": "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the eastern United States and comprises the entire state of Delaware and the Eastern Shore of Maryland (i.e. the parts of the Delmarva Peninsula not in Virginia). The Diocese of Wilmington is one of three Roman Catholic Dioceses in the United States to have territory in more than one state, the others being the Diocese of Gallup and the Diocese of Norwich. It is led by Bishop William Francis Malooly, whose seat is the Cathedral of Saint Peter in the City of Wilmington."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Subotica", "paragraph_text": "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Subotica (Latin: \"Dioecesis Suboticana\", , , , Bunjevac: \"Suboti\u010dka biskupija\") is a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Serbia. It is subject to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Belgrade. The Diocese is centered in the city of Subotica. J\u00e1nos P\u00e9nzes currently serves as bishop."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Canadians", "paragraph_text": "Canadians National Flag of Canada Total population Canada: 36,963,854 by the Q1 of 2018 Regions with significant populations United States 1,062,640 Hong Kong 300,000 United Kingdom 73,000 France 60,000 Lebanon 45,000 United Arab Emirates 40,000 Australia 27,289 China 19,990 Germany 15,750 South Korea 14,210 Japan 11,016 Egypt 10,000 Mexico 9,816 New Zealand 7,770 Philippines 7,500 Haiti 6,000 Switzerland 5,243 Singapore 5,140 Thailand 5,000 Trinidad and Tobago 5,000 Belgium 4,145 Languages Primarily English and French Numerous indigenous languages are also recognized Various other languages Religion Primarily Christian (Protestantism and Catholicism) Various other religions"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Igor Bonciucov", "paragraph_text": "Igor Bonciucov (born 1973) in Dub\u0103sari, Transnistria, Moldova. Bonciucov has served as a professional cyclist in three non consecutive years."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ousmane Oumar Kane", "paragraph_text": "Ousmane Oumar Kane holds the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Chair on Contemporary Islamic Religion and Society at the Harvard Divinity School and the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization at Harvard University since July 2012."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \"Norman\" culture in the north of France. The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'o\u00efl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the regional language that survives today."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Diocese of Tiraspol and Dub\u0103sari", "paragraph_text": "The diocese was established on October 6, 1998, by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church to organize the Orthodox Church in the breakaway Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language\u2014that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a \"national religion\"\u2014was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general \"religion\" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists, the very word \"national\" was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown. During the debate over the establishment clause, Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government (in which the states retained their individual sovereignty), which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Glory (religion)", "paragraph_text": "Glory (from the Latin gloria, ``fame, renown '') is used to describe the manifestation of God's presence as perceived by humans according to the Christian religion."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gheorghe Anton", "paragraph_text": "Gheorghe Anton (born 27 January 1993, Chi\u021bcanii Vechi, Telene\u0219ti) is a footballer from Moldova, who currently plays for Sheriff Tiraspol."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bishop of Brixworth", "paragraph_text": "The Bishop of Brixworth is an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Peterborough, in the Province of Canterbury, England. The title takes its name after the village of Brixworth in Northamptonshire and has shared responsibility (with the diocesan bishop) over the whole diocese. Following a proposal initiated by Bill Westwood, Bishop of Peterborough in 1985, and with the agreement of the General Synod of the Church of England in July 1987, the See was erected by Queen-in-Council on 26 July 1988."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "According to Pew Research, 7% of the population identifies as Christian; 4% as Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions, including Mahayana Buddhism, Hinduism, and East Asian religions. However, according to a US State Department's 2010 international religious freedom report, official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population. Independent researchers put the Muslim population at 6 to 10% of the population[citation needed]. Jehovah's Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages. A tiny Jewish community in Rangoon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Diocese of Lapua", "paragraph_text": "The Diocese of Lapua is one of nine dioceses within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. The diocese was founded in 1956 and its current bishop is Simo Peura."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Ceuta", "paragraph_text": "The diocese of Tanger was united to it, in 1570. In 1851, upon the signature of the concordat between the Holy See and Spain, the diocese of Ceuta was agreed to be suppressed, being combined into the diocese of C\u00e1diz y Ceuta (up to then diocese of C\u00e1diz y Algeciras). The agreement was implemented in 1879."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kristen Rudisill", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Rudisill completed her B.A. in Religion at Bryn Mawr College in 1997. She got her A.M. in the History of Religion at the University of Chicago Divinity School. She completed her Ph.D. in Asian Cultures and Languages at the University of Texas at Austin in 2007\u20132008."}], "question": "What language is used by the church that is the religion of the Diocese of Tiraspol and Dub\u0103sari?"}
{"id": "2hop__97024_36381", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Karl Kaspar von der Leyen", "paragraph_text": "Karl Kaspar von der Leyen (18 December 1618 \u2013 1 June 1676) was Archbishop-Elector of Trier and a Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1652 to 1676."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hasan Eren", "paragraph_text": "Hasan Eren (March 15, 1919, Vidin, Bulgaria \u2013 May 26, 2007, Ankara, Turkey) was a Turkish academic etymologist, linguist, Turkologist, and Hungarologist specializing in Turkish language, other Turkic languages, and Hungarian language who served as head of the Turkish Language Association from 1983 to 1993. He is member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1988. Eren was working on etymology of Turkish for tens of years. He also wrote the \"Dictionary of Turkish Etymology\". Viktor Orb\u00e1n awarded Hasan Eren by a medal (Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary) for his contributions to the Hungarian language on June 24, 2000."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow", "paragraph_text": "The Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow (Russian: \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) is an award of the Russian Orthodox Church, established in 1978. There are three classes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Der Bockerer", "paragraph_text": "Der Bockerer is a 1981 Austrian drama film directed by Franz Antel. It was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival where Karl Merkatz won the award for Best Actor. The film was also selected as the Austrian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 54th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Electorate of Baden", "paragraph_text": "The Electorate of Baden was a State of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803 to 1806. In 1803, Napoleon bestowed the office of Prince-elector to Charles Frederick. This only lasted until 1806, when Francis II dissolved the Empire. When the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, Baden achieved sovereignty, and Charles Frederick became Grand Duke."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alla Demidova", "paragraph_text": "Alla Sergeyevna Demidova (; born 29 September 1936, Moscow) is a Russian actress internationally acclaimed for the tragic parts in innovative plays staged by Yuri Lyubimov in the Taganka Theatre. She was awarded the USSR State Prize (1977) and the Order of Merit for the Fatherland (twice, 2007, 2001)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ruben Simonov", "paragraph_text": "Ruben Simonov ( (1 April 1899 in Moscow \u2013 5 December 1968 in Moscow) was a Soviet actor and director, People's Artist of the USSR, Professor. Awarded by the State Prize of the USSR title (1943, 1947, 1950)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Archbishopric of Magdeburg", "paragraph_text": "The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was a Roman Catholic archdiocese (969\u20131552) and Prince-Archbishopric (1180\u20131680) of the Holy Roman Empire centered on the city of Magdeburg on the Elbe River."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ripa Hits the Skids", "paragraph_text": "Ripa Hits the Skids () is a 1993 Finnish comedy film directed by Christian Lindblad. It was entered into the 18th Moscow International Film Festival. The film was selected as the Finnish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Prince Henry, Order of Independence, Order of Merit, Order of the Nile, Order of the Condor of the Andes, Order of the Star of Romania, Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, Croix de Guerre, Order of the Cross of Grunwald, Czechoslovak War Cross, Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Military Order of the White Lion, Nishan-e-Pakistan, Order of Al Rafidain, Order of Carol I, Order of Georgi Dimitrov, Order of Karl Marx, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Michael the Brave, Order of Pahlavi, Order of Sukhbaatar, Order of Suvorov, Order of the Liberator, Order of the October Revolution, Order of the Queen of Sheba, Order of the White Rose of Finland, Partisan Cross, Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Francesco Suriano", "paragraph_text": "Francesco Suriano (1445-after 1481) was an Italian friar of the Franciscan order, who wrote a guide for travel to the Holy Land."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Vsevolod Miller", "paragraph_text": "Vsevolod Miller graduated from the Moscow State University in 1870. In 1884, he became a professor at his alma mater. In 1881, Vsevolod Miller was elected chairman of the ethnographic department of the Moscow Naturalists Society. He was one of the founders of the \"Ethnographic Review\" magazine (1889\u20131916), keeper of the Dashkova Ethnographic Museum in Moscow (1884\u20131897), and director of the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages (1897\u20131911). Vsevolod Miller was involved in the study of Indo-Iranian languages (especially Ossetian language), Russian language and folklore."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Francisco Rovira Beleta", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Rovira Beleta (Barcelona, 1913 \u2013 23 June 1999) was a twice Academy Award nominee Spanish screenwriter and film director. His film \"Los atracadores\" was entered into the 12th Berlin International Film Festival. His 1963 film \"Los Tarantos\" was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Foreign Film category. Four years later, his film \"El amor brujo\" was also nominated for the Best Foreign Language Oscar and was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dersu Uzala (1975 film)", "paragraph_text": "The film won the 1976 Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film, the Golden Prize and the Prix FIPRESCI at the 9th Moscow International Film Festival and a number of other awards. It sold 20.4 million tickets in the Soviet Union and made $1.2 million in the US and Canada."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Prince of Fire", "paragraph_text": "The Prince of Fire is a 2005 spy novel by Daniel Silva. It spent four weeks as a New York Times Bestseller. || ||"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saint Maurice", "paragraph_text": "Maurice is traditionally depicted in full armor, in Italy emblasoned with a red cross. In folk culture he has become connected with the legend of the Holy Lance, which he is supposed to have carried into battle; his name is engraved on the Holy Lance of Vienna, one of several relics claimed as the spear that pierced Jesus' side on the cross. Saint Maurice gives his name to the town St. Moritz as well as to numerous places called Saint-Maurice in French speaking countries. The Indian Ocean island state of Mauritius was named after Maurice, Prince of Orange, and not directly after Maurice himself."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Wanton of Spain", "paragraph_text": "The Wanton of Spain () is a 1969 Spanish drama film directed by C\u00e9sar Fern\u00e1ndez Ardav\u00edn. The film was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 42nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. It was also entered into the 6th Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Famous Paparazzo", "paragraph_text": "The Famous Paparazzo () is a 1999 Romanian drama film directed by Nicolae M\u0103rgineanu. It was Romania's official Best Foreign Language Film submission at the 72nd Academy Awards, but did not manage to receive a nomination. It was also entered into the 22nd Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Andronikov Monastery", "paragraph_text": "Andronikov Monastery of the Saviour (, or ) is a former monastery on the left bank of the Yauza River in Moscow, consecrated to the Holy Image of Saviour Not Made by Hands and containing the oldest extant (i.e. outside the Kremlin) building in Moscow. It is home to Andrei Rublev Museum of Old Russian Art, named after the most famous monk of this abbey."}], "question": "What language does the group which gives out the Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow award use?"}
{"id": "2hop__685117_424894", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "RAF Pocklington", "paragraph_text": "RAF Pocklington was an operational flying station of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, forming part of Bomber Command, and operating primarily Wellington and Halifax bombers. The station, adjacent to the town of Pocklington at , opened in 1941, and was closed in 1946. After a return to agricultural use, the station now forms an industrial estate and a restricted use airfield for a gliding club."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941\u201342 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bob's Burgers (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of the animated comedy series \"Bob's Burgers\" began airing on Fox in the United States on September 29, 2013, and concluded on May 18, 2014. The show was once again part of Fox's Sunday night lineup, initially airing in its usual timeslot of 8:30 PM Eastern. Beginning on March 9 and continuing for the rest of the season, \"Bob's Burgers\" moved to 7:00 PM Eastern; the move came as a result of the addition of \"\" to the network's lineup."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Operation Menu", "paragraph_text": "Operation Menu was the codename of a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 until 26 May 1970 as part of both the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and Base Areas of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN \u2014 commonly referred to during the Vietnam War as the North Vietnamese Army [NVA]) and forces of the Viet Cong (NLF), which utilized them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The impact of the bombing campaign on the Khmer Rouge guerrillas, the PAVN, and Cambodian civilians in the bombed areas is disputed by historians."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lynwood E. Clark", "paragraph_text": "Lynwood Edgerton Clark (born March 1, 1929) was an American Air Force lieutenant general who was commander of the Alaskan Air Command, with additional duty as commander of Alaskan North American Aerospace Defense Region, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. The mission of the Alaskan Air Command is to provide top cover for America and air support in the defense of Alaska."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lagoinha", "paragraph_text": "Lagoinha is a municipality in the eastern part of the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Para\u00edba e Litoral Norte. The population is 4,954 (2015 est.) in an area of 255.47 km\u00b2. The elevation is 913 m."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vev\u010de", "paragraph_text": "Vev\u010de (; in older sources also \"Vel\u010de\") is a formerly independent settlement in the eastern part of the capital Ljubljana in central Slovenia. It was part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: Hot Desert (BWh) and Cool Desert (BWk) which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation. There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "County of Moira", "paragraph_text": "The County of Moira is one of the 37 counties of Victoria which are part of the cadastral divisions of Australia, used for land titles. It is located to the east of the Goulburn River, south of the Murray River, and west of part of the Ovens River. Part of Wangaratta is in the county, on the eastern end of it. It also includes Shepparton. The Shire of Moira is in a similar area."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern Air Command (India)", "paragraph_text": "The Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram, which is in the southern side of India. This is one among the seven commands of IAF. This command was started on 19 July 1984 and is relatively new among the other commands. The conflicts in Sri Lanka and the need for establishing a strong base over the Indian Ocean resulted to the formation of this new command. The SAC was inaugurated by Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hjart Island", "paragraph_text": "Hjart Island is an island lying west of the Skallen Hills in the eastern part of L\u00fctzow-Holm Bay, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936\u201337, and named Hjartoy (heart island) because of its shape."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "James M. Breedlove", "paragraph_text": "James Montgomery Breedlove (September 8, 1922 \u2013 January 9, 2016) was an American air force major general who was commander, U.S. Air Force Southern Air Division of the Tactical Air Command and deputy commander in chief, United States Southern Command, Quarry Heights, Canal Zone."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Belgrade Observatory", "paragraph_text": "Belgrade Observatory is an astronomical observatory located in the eastern part of Belgrade, Serbia, in the natural environment of Zvezdara Forest."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fliegerf\u00fchrer Afrika", "paragraph_text": "Fliegerf\u00fchrer Afrika was part of Luftflotte 2 (Air Fleet 2), one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. It operated in the Mediterranean and Libya from 1941\u20131942. The commanders were Generalmajor Stefan Fr\u00f6hlich and Generalleutnant Otto Hoffmann von Waldau, who led the German air support to the German \"Afrika Korps\" campaign during the winter of 1941\u20131942."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Glopeflya Plain", "paragraph_text": "Glopeflya Plain () is a narrow, ice-covered plain between the eastern part of the Orvin Mountains and the interior ice plateau which rises close southward, in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956\u201360) and named Glopeflya (the ravine plateau)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Harvey Nunataks", "paragraph_text": "The Harvey Nunataks () are four nunataks standing west of Mount Ryder, in the eastern part of the Tula Mountains in Enderby Land, Antarctica. They were plotted from air photos taken from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions aircraft in 1956 and 1957, and were named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for D.J. Harvey, an electronics engineer at Mawson Station in 1961."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kibungo Province", "paragraph_text": "Kibungo was a south-eastern province of Rwanda known for its production of bananas. In 2006, it became part of the new Eastern Province."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Western Air Defense Sector", "paragraph_text": "The WADS is one of two Sectors responsible to the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the Continental NORAD Region for peacetime air sovereignty, strategic air defense, and airborne counter-drug operations in the continental United States. The other sector is the Eastern Air Defense Sector (EADS). There was a third Sector, the Southeast Air Defense Sector, located at Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida; but it was closed in 2006."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Woody Island (Tasmania)", "paragraph_text": "Woody Island is an island in south-eastern Australia. It is part of the Sloping Island Group, lying close to the south-eastern coast of Tasmania around the Tasman and Forestier Peninsulas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eastern Air Command (India)", "paragraph_text": "The Eastern Air Command is one of the five operational commands of the Indian Air Force. Currently headquartered in Shillong in Meghalaya. Named No 1 Operational Group at the time of its inception, 27 May 1958, it was based at Ranikutir in Kolkata as a part of the Govt's increasing emphasis on defence of the eastern borders. The Operational Group was upgraded as Command on 1 December 1959 with headquarters at Fort William, Kolkata and Air Vice Marshal KL Sondhi as the first AOC-in-C of the Eastern Command Indian Air Force#Rank structure. After the 1962 Indo-Chinese War, The decision was made to raise a full-fledged command at Shillong. The area of responsibility of the command now covers 11 states, and is bound by the international boundaries of Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Bangladesh incorporating 6300\u00a0km of common border. Eastern Air Command now has permanent airbases at Chabua, Guwahati, Bagdogra, Barrackpore, Hasimara, Jorhat, Kalaikunda and Tezpur with forward airbases at Agartala, Kolkata, Panagarh and Shillong. Eastern Air Command consists of Air Defence squadrons consisting of the MiG-21 and Ground attack squadrons consisting of the MiG-27. It holds the motto Samareshu Parakramaha (\"Lit: Valour in battle\"),"}], "question": "What is a part of the air force that also contains the Eastern Air Command?"}
{"id": "2hop__387814_17229", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lyubytino", "paragraph_text": "Lyubytino () is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Lyubytinsky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Msta River. Municipally, it serves as the administrative center of Lyubytinskoye Urban Settlement, one of the two urban settlements in the district. Population:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Batetsky (rural locality)", "paragraph_text": "Batetsky () is a rural locality (a settlement of rural type) and the administrative center of Batetsky District, Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located in the northwest of the oblast, on the banks of the Udrayka River (a right tributary of the Luga). It also serves as the administrative center of Batetskoye Settlement, one of the three settlements into which the district is administratively divided. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Batetskoye Rural Settlement in Batetsky Municipal District. Population:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 2009[update], over 300,000 Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel, including settlements that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War, in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion. In 2011, there were 250,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem. 20,000 Israelis live in Golan Heights settlements. The total number of Israeli settlers is over 500,000 (6.5% of the Israeli population). Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip, until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mount Stephenson", "paragraph_text": "Mount Stephenson a mountain in Antarctica. It is located within the central portion of the Douglas Range, standing at the heads of Toynbee Glacier and Sedgwick Glacier 8 miles west of George VI Sound, near the east coast of Alexander Island within the British Antarctic Territory. At an elevation of , Mount Stephenson is the highest mountain in the Douglas Range and the highest point on Alexander Island. Mount Egbert ranks second, standing at 2,895 m and lies south-southeast of Mount Stephenson."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kadomsky District", "paragraph_text": "Kadomsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Kadom. Population: 8,494 (2010 Census); The population of Kadom accounts for 64.5% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Price (British Columbia)", "paragraph_text": "Mount Price is a small stratovolcano in the Garibaldi Ranges of the Pacific Ranges in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located southeast of the abandoned settlement of Garibaldi above the eastern flank of the Cheakamus River valley. With a summit elevation of and a topographic prominence of , it rises above the surrounding landscape on the western shore of Garibaldi Lake. A large provincial park surrounds Mount Price and other volcanoes in its vicinity."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Parfino", "paragraph_text": "Parfino () is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Parfinsky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located along the Lovat River, east of Staraya Russa. Municipally, it is incorporated as Parfinskoye Urban Settlement, the only urban settlement in the district. Population:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pushkinskiye Gory", "paragraph_text": "Pushkinskiye Gory () is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Pushkinogorsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Pushkinogorye Urban Settlement, the only urban settlement in the district. Population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mount Peres", "paragraph_text": "Mount Peres (, \"Tall al-Faras\", , \"Har Peres\") is a volcanic mountain located in central Golan Heights, some east of Moshav Keshet. Its highest point is above sea level, or about above ground level. The mountain is the southernmost of a series of dormant volcanoes that stretch up to the northern parts of the Golan Heights. On top of the mountain is a well-preserved crater, 200 meters in diameter and deep."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Longido District", "paragraph_text": "Longido District is one of the six districts in the Arusha Region of Tanzania. It was created in 2007 from part of Monduli District. The administrative seat is the town of Longido. Mount Longido is located within the boundaries of the district."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Meigs Campus", "paragraph_text": "The Mount Meigs Campus is a juvenile corrections facility of the Alabama Department of Youth Services located in Mount Meigs, unincorporated Montgomery County; the campus serves as the agency's administrative headquarters. The campus, which can house 264 boys, is next to Interstate 85 North and about east of Downtown Montgomery. Since 2015, the separate J. Walter Wood Treatment facility for 24 girls is also located in the Mount Meigs Campus."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War", "paragraph_text": "On 15 May 1948, the ongoing civil war transformed into an inter-state conflict between Israel and the Arab states, following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. A combined invasion by Egypt, Jordan and Syria, together with expeditionary forces from Iraq, entered Palestine -- Jordan having declared privately to Yishuv emissaries on 2 May that it would abide by a decision not to attack the Jewish state. The invading forces took control of the Arab areas and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The 10 months of fighting, interrupted by several truce periods, took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Matveyevo-Kurgansky District", "paragraph_text": "Matveyevo-Kurgansky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Matveyev Kurgan. Population: 43,446 (2010 Census); The population of Matveyev Kurgan accounts for 35.9% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mevo'ot Yeriho", "paragraph_text": "Mevo'ot Yericho (, \"lit.\" Doorway to Jericho), founded in 1999, is an Israeli settlement and a community settlement located in the West Bank's southern Jordan Valley just north of Jericho, in the Yitav Valley. The site is 150m below sea level. It falls under the municipal jurisdiction of the Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council."}], "question": "How many Israelis live in the settlements where Mount Teon is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__13222_19144", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "Because of its limited land area, Bermuda has had difficulty with over-population. In the first two centuries of settlement, it relied on steady human emigration to keep the population manageable.[citation needed] Before the American Revolution more than ten thousand Bermudians (over half of the total population through the years) gradually emigrated, primarily to the Southern United States. As Great Britain displaced Spain as the dominant European imperial power, it opened up more land for colonial development. A steady trickle of outward migration continued. With seafaring the only real industry in the early decades, by the end of the 18th century, at least a third of the island's manpower was at sea at any one time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Miniature golf", "paragraph_text": "The first standardized minigolf courses to enter commercial mass - production were the Thistle Dhu (``This'll Do '') course 1916 in Pinehurst, North Carolina, and the 1927 Tom Thumb patent of Garnet Carter from Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Thomas McCulloch Fairbairn (inventor), a golf fanatic, revolutionized the game in 1922 with his formulation of a suitable artificial green -- a mixture of cottonseed hulls, sand, oil, and dye. With this discovery, miniature golf became accessible everywhere; by the late 1920s there were over 150 rooftop courses in New York City alone, and tens of thousands across the United States. This American minigolf boom of early 20th century came to an end during the economic depression in the late 1930s. Nearly all minigolf courses in the United States were closed and demolished before the end of the 1930s. A rare surviving example from this period is the Parkside Whispering Pines Miniature Golf Course located near Rochester, New York, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tintype", "paragraph_text": "A tintype, also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion. Tintypes enjoyed their widest use during the 1860s and 1870s, but lesser use of the medium persisted into the early 20th century and it has been revived as a novelty in the 21st."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mormon pioneers", "paragraph_text": "The journey was taken by about 70,000 people beginning with advance parties sent out by church leaders in March 1846 after the 1844 assassination of the Mormon leader Joseph Smith made it clear the group could not remain in Nauvoo, Illinois -- which the church had recently purchased, improved, renamed, and developed because of the Missouri Mormon War, setting off the Illinois Mormon War. The well - organized wagon train migration began in earnest in April 1847, and the period (including the flight from Missouri in 1838 to Nauvoo), known as the Mormon Exodus is, by convention among social scientists, traditionally assumed to have ended with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869. Not everyone could afford to transport a family by railroad, and the transcontinental railroad network only serviced limited main routes, so wagon train migrations to the far west continued sporadically until the 20th century."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of coal mining", "paragraph_text": "The history of coal mining goes back thousands of years. It became important in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was primarily used to power steam engines, heat buildings and generate electricity. Coal mining continues as an important economic activity today. Compared to wood fuels, coal yields a higher amount of energy per mass and can often be obtained in areas where wood is not readily available. Though it was used historically as a domestic fuel, coal is now used mostly in industry, especially in smelting and alloy production as well as electricity generation. Large - scale coal mining developed during the Industrial Revolution, and coal provided the main source of primary energy for industry and transportation in industrial areas from the 18th century to the 1950s. Coal remains an important energy source because of its low cost and abundance compared to other fuels, particularly for electricity generation. Coal is also mined today on a large scale by open pit methods wherever the coal strata strike the surface or are relatively shallow. Britain developed the main techniques of underground coal mining from the late 18th century onward, with further progress being driven by 19th century and early 20th century progress. However, oil and gas were increasingly used as alternatives from the 1860s onward."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "French people", "paragraph_text": "Elsewhere in the Americas, French settlement took place in the 16th to 20th centuries. They can be found in Haiti, Cuba (refugees from the Haitian Revolution) and Uruguay. The Betancourt political families who influenced Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Bolivia and Panama have some French ancestry."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rosary", "paragraph_text": "From the 16th to the early 20th century, the structure of the rosary remained essentially unchanged. There were 15 mysteries, one for each of the 15 decades. During the 20th century, the addition of the Fatima Prayer to the end of each decade became more common. There were no other changes until 2002, when John Paul II instituted five optional new Luminous Mysteries, although variations of these had already been proposed by the likes of St. Louis de Montfort and were implemented during the mid-20th Century by figures such as Patrick Peyton."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits, as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels. The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of Jewish Holocaust survivors and refugees sought a new life far from their destroyed communities in Europe. The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British. Escalating violence culminated with the 1946 King David Hotel bombing which Bruce Hoffman characterized as one of the \"most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century\". In 1947, the British government announced it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ms.", "paragraph_text": "Ms. began to be used as early as the 17th century, along with Miss and Mrs., as a title derived from the then formal Mistress, which, like Mister, did not originally indicate marital status. Ms., however, fell into disuse in favor of the other two titles and was not revived until the 20th century."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "The Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700, saw (generally European) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power.[citation needed] Although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term \"Age of Imperialism\" generally refers to the activities of European powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century, for example, the \"The Great Game\" in Persian lands, the \"Scramble for Africa\" and the \"Open Door Policy\" in China."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Leonidas Papazoglou", "paragraph_text": "Leonidas Papazoglou (, 1872\u20131918) was a Greek photographer of Macedonia, at the end of the 19th till the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mandolin", "paragraph_text": "The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mandolin, the carved-top or arched-top mandolin, the mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin. Musicians began playing it in Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles \u2014 and Classical too."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Albania (periodical)", "paragraph_text": "Albania was an Albanian periodical published by Faik Konitza, one of the most important figures of Albanian culture in the early decades of the twentieth century. \"Albania\" was published from 1896-7 to 1910 and is widely regarded as the most important Albanian periodical in the beginning of the 20th century and one of the most important Albanian periodicals to have existed until the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Plastic", "paragraph_text": "The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century led to environmental concerns regarding its slow decomposition rate after being discarded as trash due to its composition of large molecules. Toward the end of the century, one approach to this problem was met with wide efforts toward recycling."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Novel", "paragraph_text": "The genre has been described as having ``a continuous and comprehensive history of about two thousand years, ''with its origins in classical Greece and Rome, in medieval and early modern romance, and in the tradition of the novella. The latter, an Italian word for a short story to distinguish it from a novel, has been used in English since the 18th century for a work that falls somewhere in between. Ian Watt, in The Rise of the Novel, suggested in 1957 that the novel first came into being in the early 18th century."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Mexican Revolution involved a civil war with hundreds of thousands of deaths and large numbers fleeing combat zones. Tens of thousands fled to the U.S. President Wilson sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914. It was designed to show the U.S. was keenly interested in the civil war and would not tolerate attacks on Americans, especially the April 9, 1914, \"Tampico Affair\", which involved the arrest of American sailors by soldiers of the regime of Mexican President Victoriano Huerta. In early 1916 Pancho Villa a Mexican general ordered 500 soldiers on a murderous raid on the American city of Columbus New Mexico, with the goal of robbing banks to fund his army. The German Secret Service encouraged Pancho Villa in his attacks to involve the United States in an intervention in Mexico which would distract the United States from its growing involvement in the war and divert aid from Europe to support the intervention. Wilson called up the state militias (National Guard) and sent them and the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition. Villa fled, with the Americans in pursuit deep into Mexico, thereby arousing Mexican nationalism. By early 1917 President Venustiano Carranza had contained Villa and secured the border, so Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tl\u00e1huac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by Jos\u00e9 de Le\u00f3n Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San \u00c1ngel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obreg\u00f3n and culminated the Mexican Revolution."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bustle", "paragraph_text": "The bustle then survived into the 1890s and early 20th century as a skirt support was still needed and the stylish shape dictated a curve in the back of the skirt to balance the curve of the bust in front. The bustle had completely disappeared by 1905, as the long corset of the early 20th century was now successful in shaping the body to protrude behind."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Invacar", "paragraph_text": "Early vehicles were powered by an air-cooled Villiers 147 cc engine, but when production of that engine ceased in the early 1970s it was replaced by a much more powerful 4-stroke 500 cc or 600 cc Steyr-Puch engine, giving a reported top speed of . During the 1960s and 70s the Invacar, with its modern fibreglass shell and ice-blue colouring\u2014nicknamed Ministry Blue after the Ministry of Health\u2014was produced in the tens of thousands. Developments\u2014including an extended wheelbase, widened track and use of Austin Mini wheels\u2014saw the Invacars right through to the end of the final DHSS contract in 1977. More than 50 variants were produced."}], "question": "Who was the leader at the end of the early 20th century conflict that sent tens of thousands of refugees to the US?"}
{"id": "2hop__585745_17229", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 2009[update], over 300,000 Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel, including settlements that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War, in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion. In 2011, there were 250,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem. 20,000 Israelis live in Golan Heights settlements. The total number of Israeli settlers is over 500,000 (6.5% of the Israeli population). Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip, until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Parfino", "paragraph_text": "Parfino () is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Parfinsky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located along the Lovat River, east of Staraya Russa. Municipally, it is incorporated as Parfinskoye Urban Settlement, the only urban settlement in the district. Population:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mevo'ot Yeriho", "paragraph_text": "Mevo'ot Yericho (, \"lit.\" Doorway to Jericho), founded in 1999, is an Israeli settlement and a community settlement located in the West Bank's southern Jordan Valley just north of Jericho, in the Yitav Valley. The site is 150m below sea level. It falls under the municipal jurisdiction of the Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Etz Efraim", "paragraph_text": "The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Umm al Kilab", "paragraph_text": "Umm al Kilab is a settlement in Qatar, located in the municipality of Ash Shamal. Owing to its propensity for vegetation, various farms are based in the area."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Al-Shamiyah", "paragraph_text": "Al-Shamiyah () is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Latakia Governorate, located north of Latakia. Nearby localities include Burj Islam to the north, Burj al-Qasab and Kirsana to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Al-Shamiyah had a population of 2,982 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Al-Ahmadiyah", "paragraph_text": "El-Ahmediye (; ) also known as el-Hamediyeh or Ammudiya, is a former Syrian village in the central Golan Heights, 15 kilometers southeast of Lake Hula. It was populated during the Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights during the 1967 Six-Day War. The village spread over two low-lying hills surrounded by springs. The Israeli settlement of Qatzrin was established two kilometers to the south. Al-Ahmadiyah's previous inhabitants had predominantly been Turkomans."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "El Al Flight 1862", "paragraph_text": "On 4 October 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing 747 cargo aircraft of the state-owned Israeli airline El Al, crashed into the Groeneveen and Klein-Kruitberg flats in the Bijlmermeer (colloquially \"Bijlmer\") neighbourhood (part of Amsterdam-Zuidoost) of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. From the location in the Bijlmermeer, the crash is known in Dutch as the (Bijlmer disaster)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bimalkah", "paragraph_text": "Bimalkah (, also spelled Bmalkyeh) is a village and suburb in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Tartus Governorate, located 10 kilometers northeast of Tartus. Nearby localities include Dweir al-Shaykh Saad to the west, al-Shaykh Saad and al-Khreibat to the southwest, Tayshur to the southeast, al-Baqaa and Hamin to the east, Khawabi and Khirbet al-Faras to the northeast, Awaru and al-Sawda to the north and Husayn al-Baher to the northwest."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Batetsky (rural locality)", "paragraph_text": "Batetsky () is a rural locality (a settlement of rural type) and the administrative center of Batetsky District, Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located in the northwest of the oblast, on the banks of the Udrayka River (a right tributary of the Luga). It also serves as the administrative center of Batetskoye Settlement, one of the three settlements into which the district is administratively divided. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Batetskoye Rural Settlement in Batetsky Municipal District. Population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ja\u02bf\u0101r", "paragraph_text": "Jaar (Arabic: \u062c\u0639\u0627\u0631 \"Ja\u02bf\u0101r\") is a small town and capital of Khanfir District in south-western Yemen. One of the largest settlements in the Abyan Governorate, it is located in the south of the Abyan Governorate to the north of Al Kawd and the regional capital of Zinjibar. The town is located about 2 kilometres east of the right bank of the Wadi Bana."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War", "paragraph_text": "On 15 May 1948, the ongoing civil war transformed into an inter-state conflict between Israel and the Arab states, following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. A combined invasion by Egypt, Jordan and Syria, together with expeditionary forces from Iraq, entered Palestine -- Jordan having declared privately to Yishuv emissaries on 2 May that it would abide by a decision not to attack the Jewish state. The invading forces took control of the Arab areas and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The 10 months of fighting, interrupted by several truce periods, took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Issa Batran", "paragraph_text": "Issa Abdul-Hadi Al-Batran was one of the leaders of Al-Qassam Brigades, Hamas' armed wing. He was killed by Israeli airstrike on July 30, 2010 at the Nuseirat refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip. The Israeli army said that the targets were 'terror infrastructure' in Gaza.His second wife reported that he went knowingly to his death, since he was incapable of overcoming his mourning for the loss of his first wife Manal Sha\u2019rawi, and their five children: Bilal, Izz Ad-Din, Ihsan, Islam and Eyman, who had been wiped out in an earlier attempt to kill him, when an Israeli shell struck their balcony in Al-Bureij refugee camp on 26 January 2009."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lyubytino", "paragraph_text": "Lyubytino () is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Lyubytinsky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Msta River. Municipally, it serves as the administrative center of Lyubytinskoye Urban Settlement, one of the two urban settlements in the district. Population:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Khan Tuman", "paragraph_text": "Khan Tuman () is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of Aleppo Governorate, located southwest of Aleppo. Nearby localities include Urum al-Kubrah, Urum al-Sughrah, al-Shaykh Ali and al-Zurbah. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Khan Tuman had a population of 2,781 in the 2004 census. The village is built on a hill located just east of the Queiq River. It is known for its historical \"caravanserai\" which dates back to 1189."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Burj Islam", "paragraph_text": "Burj Islam () is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Latakia Governorate, located north of Latakia. Nearby localities include Salib al-Turkman to the north, al-Shabatliyah to the northeast, Ayn al-Bayda to the east and al-Shamiyah to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 5,652 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims from Turkmen ethnicity."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "How many Israelis lived in the settlements where Al-Ahmadiyah is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__19141_19144", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Other Woman (2014 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Other Woman is a 2014 American comedy film directed by Nick Cassavetes and written by Melissa Stack. The film stars Cameron Diaz, Leslie Mann and Kate Upton. Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Nicki Minaj and Taylor Kinney appear in supporting roles. The film follows three women -- Carly (Diaz), Kate (Mann), and Amber (Upton) -- who are all romantically involved with the same man, Mark (Coster - Waldau). After finding out about each other, the trio take revenge on Mark."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Victoria Memorial, London", "paragraph_text": "The Victoria Memorial is a monument to Queen Victoria, located at the end of The Mall in London, and designed and executed by the sculptor (Sir) Thomas Brock. Designed in 1901, it was unveiled on 16 May 1911, though it was not completed until 1924. It was the centrepiece of an ambitious urban planning scheme, which included the creation of the Queen\u2019s Gardens to a design by Sir Aston Webb, and the refacing of Buckingham Palace (which stands behind the memorial) by the same architect."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hymany Way", "paragraph_text": "The Hymany Way is a long-distance trail in County Galway, Ireland. It is long and begins in Portumna and ends in Aughrim. It is typically completed in two days. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by the Aughrim Development Company Limited. The trail was developed with funding assistance from the NTR Foundation, a philanthropic organisation of NTR plc. It was officially opened on 24 September 2010 by Councillor Jimmy McClearn, Mayor of County Galway. It is planned to extend the trail from Aughrim to Ballygar where it will join with the Suck Valley Way."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Luis Terrazas", "paragraph_text": "Luis Terrazas, born Jos\u00e9 Luis Gonzaga Jes\u00fas Daniel Terrazas Fuentes  (20 July 1829 in Chihuahua, Mexico \u2013 18 June 1923 in Chihuahua), was a Mexican politician, businessman, rancher and soldier. He was a pivotal figure in the history of the state of Chihuahua from the middle of the 19th century through the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution. He was a leader of the Cientificos during the regime of Porfirio Diaz and was the founder of the influential Creel-Terrazas Family."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Carlos Diaz (theater director)", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Diaz (born 1957) is a Cuban theatre director. Diaz studied dramaturgy and theatre at Havana's Superior Institute of Art (ISA). He started his career as a theatre and art critic and only later took on the role of director. His work is often described as unique and unexpected."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell\u2019s founder and CEO Michael Dell to \u2018drop the toxics\u2019 and claiming that Dell\u2019s aspiration to be \u2018the greenest technology company on the planet\u2019 was \u2018hypocritical\u2019. Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "California High-Speed Rail", "paragraph_text": "The CAHSRA was established by an act of the California State Legislature and tasked with presenting a high - speed rail plan to the voters. This plan, Proposition 1A, was presented to and approved by voters in 2008 and included a $9 - billion bond to begin construction on the initial leg of the network. Construction began in 2015 after a groundbreaking ceremony in Fresno. Completion of the initial operating segment between San Jose Diridon Station and Bakersfield is expected in 2027, and the complete first phase between San Francisco and Anaheim is expected in 2033. Phase 2 extensions to Sacramento and San Diego are still in the planning stages."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canada Fund for Africa", "paragraph_text": "The Canada Fund for Africa was a program operated by the government of Canada through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). Established in June 2002 with a budget of five hundred million dollars, its stated purpose was to support the G8 Africa Action Plan in response to priorities established in the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). The fund officially ended on March 31, 2008. As of 2010, all but one of its targeted projects have been completed."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tl\u00e1huac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by Jos\u00e9 de Le\u00f3n Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San \u00c1ngel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obreg\u00f3n and culminated the Mexican Revolution."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Albany Plan", "paragraph_text": "The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 45) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York. More than twenty representatives of several Northern and Mid-Atlantic colonies had gathered to plan their defense related to the French and Indian War, the front in North America of the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France. The Plan represented one of multiple early attempts to form a union of the colonies ``under one government as far as might be necessary defense and other general important purposes. ''"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart", "paragraph_text": "The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart is an American political news talk show that aired on MSNBC. The show premiered on January 11, 2010, and hosted by Jose Diaz-Balart. The program aired in the 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. timeslot on weekdays."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Society Hill Towers", "paragraph_text": "In the late 1950s, Society Hill was considered a slum neighborhood, which was targeted for redevelopment by the Philadelphia City Planning Commission and the Redevelopment Authority. From 1957\u20131959, the Greater Philadelphia Movement, the Redevelopment Authority and the Old Philadelphia Development Corporation bought around Dock Street. They relocated and demolished the Dock Street Market, setting aside of land that would become the Society Hill Towers. In 1957, Edmund Bacon, the executive director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, awarded developer-architect firm Webb and Knapp the competition for the redevelopment of Society Hill. Architect I. M. Pei and his team created a plan for three 31-story Society Hill Towers as well as the Society Hill Townhouses, a low-rise project. The Towers and Townhouses project was completed in 1964, while the entire plan was completed in 1977."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Still Star-Crossed", "paragraph_text": "Torrance Coombs as Count Paris, the heir to Mantua and the leader of ``The Fiends ''. After being wounded by Romeo and taken in by Lady Capulet, he plans to annex Verona to Mantua by taking a Capulet bride."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Germany", "paragraph_text": "In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor of Germany as the leader of a grand coalition. In 2009 the German government approved a \u20ac50\u00a0billion economic stimulus plan to protect several sectors from a downturn."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "He Wasn't Man Enough", "paragraph_text": "\"He Wasn't Man Enough\" is a song by American R&B recording artist and songwriter Toni Braxton and released by LaFace Records on March 7, 2000 as the lead single from her third studio album, \"The Heat\" (2000). The song was produced by Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins. \"He Wasn't Man Enough\" is an uptempo dance-pop and R&B inspired song that differs in genre from Braxton's previous ballads."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "Between October 14\u201316, 1964, Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high-ranking Communist Party officials, deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed, in what was called the \"Wednesday conspiracy\". The new political leaders, along with Korolev, ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program, cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4, which were in the planning stages, and started concentrating on the race to the Moon. Voskhod 2 would end up being Korolev's final achievement before his death on January 14, 1966, as it would become the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s. According to historian Asif Siddiqi, Korolev's accomplishments marked \"the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program, one never, ever attained since.\" There would be a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Doomsday Clock (comics)", "paragraph_text": "The first issue of Doomsday Clock was released on November 22, 2017, and is planned to last 12 issues. The series was originally scheduled to release monthly and end in December 2018, with planned breaks in March and August 2018. However, in January 2018, it was announced that the series would take a break in March and April 2018, before releasing again in May 2018 and switching to a bi-monthly schedule, with the series now ending in July 2019."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "350 Mission Street", "paragraph_text": "Salesforce East is a skyscraper in the South of Market district of San Francisco, California. Current designs call for 30 stories and above street level. Upon completion, the building plans to attain LEED Gold status."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hildesheim Cathedral", "paragraph_text": "The Cathedral was built in 872 under Bishop Altfrid as a cruciform three - aisled basilica with a two - story westwork. It is an example of Ottonian architecture, with alternating column support and semi circular apses completing the naves. The building suffered severe fire damage in 1046. Bishop Azelin planned to erect a new, larger building further to the west and to extend the nave. His successor, Hezilo of Hildesheim, abandoned this plan and instead built on the old foundations, incorporating the surviving walls into the new building. Further important renovations occurred up to the end of the fourteenth century but did not deviate from the ground plan of Bishop Altfrid's basilica. The north and south side chapels date from the gothic period and the tower above the crossing from the baroque period. In the nineteenth century, the original westwork was replaced by a Neo-Romanesque two - tower facade, which stood until 1945."}], "question": "Who was the leader at the end of the event that stopped the completion of Diaz's plans?"}
{"id": "2hop__808031_609737", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Buy Now... Saved Later", "paragraph_text": "Buy Now... Saved Later is One Minute Silence's second album, the follow-up to \"Available In All Colours\". It was released in April 2000 on V2 Records and was dedicated \"to the memory of Neville Anthony Lynch\". In contrast to the hip-hop-metal tinge the first album had, \"Buy Now... Saved Later\" has a more traditional guitar-metal sound, produced by Colin Richardson."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "300 save club", "paragraph_text": "Mariano Rivera holds the MLB save record with 652. Only Rivera and Trevor Hoffman have exceeded 500 or 600 saves, and Hoffman was the first to achieve either. Rivera, Hoffman, Lee Smith, Francisco Rodr\u00edguez, John Franco, and Billy Wagner are the only pitchers to have recorded 400 or more saves. Rollie Fingers was the first player to record 300 saves, reaching the mark on April 21, 1982. Craig Kimbrel is the most recent, achieving his 300th on May 5, 2018. In total, 29 players have recorded 300 or more saves in their career. Only six relievers -- Dennis Eckersley, Fingers, Goose Gossage, Hoffman, Bruce Sutter, and Wilhelm -- have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame; all but Wilhelm are also members of the 300 saves club. Kimbrel, Fernando Rodney, and Rodr\u00edguez are the only members of the 300 save club who are still active players. Of them, Rodr\u00edguez is the active leader in saves with 437."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Driving Miss Daisy (play)", "paragraph_text": "Character 1987 Off - Broadway cast 1st National Tour cast 2nd National Tour cast 1989 Film cast Original West End cast 2010 Broadway cast West End revival cast Australian Tour Cast Daisy Werthan Dana Ivey Julie Harris Rosemary Prinz Jessica Tandy Wendy Hiller Vanessa Redgrave Angela Lansbury Hoke Coleburn Morgan Freeman Brock Peters Ted Lange Morgan Freeman Clarke Peters James Earl Jones Boolie Werthan Ray Gill Stephen Root Fred Sanders Dan Aykroyd Barry Foster Boyd Gaines"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem ``The Man from Snowy River ''. Released by 20th Century Fox, the film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison (a character who appeared frequently in Paterson's poems) and Spur, Jack Thompson as Clancy, Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig, Sigrid Thornton as Harrison's daughter Jessica, Terence Donovan as Jim's father Henry Craig, and Chris Haywood as Curly. Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel, The Man from Snowy River II, which was released by Walt Disney Pictures."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Home and Away characters (2016)", "paragraph_text": "Hope Morrison, played by Jessica Falkholt, made her first screen appearance on 19 September 2016. Jessica Aquilina of the Daily Mail Australia announced Falkholt's casting on 17 May with on - set photographs showing her filming scenes for the show. A writer for The Sun's TV Soap magazine commented, ``They may be new arrivals to Summer Bay, but Hope and Raffy are n't half causing a stir. ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arizona Robbins", "paragraph_text": "Arizona Robbins Grey's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins First appearance ``Wish You Were Here ''(5.11) January 8, 2009 (as recurring cast)`` Good Mourning'' (6.01) September 24, 2009 (as series regular) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Jessica Capshaw Information Occupation Attending pediatric surgeon and fetal surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Attending Pediatric Surgeon Chief of Fetal Surgery Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Chief of Pediatric Surgery (former) M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Daniel Robbins (father) Barbera Robbins (mother) Timothy Robbins (brother, deceased) Spouse (s) Callie Torres (divorced) Significant other (s) Lauren Boswell Leah Murphy Eliza Minnick Carina DeLuca Children Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Name Game (American Horror Story)", "paragraph_text": "``The Name Game ''is the tenth episode of the second season of the FX anthology television series American Horror Story. The episode, written by Jessica Sharzer and directed by Michael Lehmann, originally aired on January 2, 2013. The episode is named for the 1964 song`` The Name Game'' which is performed by the cast in the episode. The cast version of ``The Name Game ''was available for purchase through iTunes. This episode is rated TV - MA (LSV)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Saving Jessica Lynch", "paragraph_text": "Saving Jessica Lynch is a 2003 American television film that aired on NBC and featured Canadian actress Laura Regan in the title role. The film begins with the ambush of Jessica Lynch's convoy in the middle of an Iraqi city and follows a version of events that credits an Iraqi citizen, Mohammed Odeh al-Rehaief, with being responsible for helping to arrange a daring rescue by US special operations forces."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The A-Team (film)", "paragraph_text": "Liam Neeson as Colonel John ``Hannibal ''Smith Bradley Cooper as First Lieutenant Templeton`` Face'' Peck Quinton Jackson as Sergeant First Class Bosco ``B.A. ''Baracus Sharlto Copley as Captain H.M.`` Howling Mad'' Murdock Jessica Biel as Charissa Sosa Patrick Wilson as Agent Vance Burress a.k.a. Agent Lynch Brian Bloom as Brock Pike. Bloom was also a writer on the film. Gerald McRaney as General Russell Morrison Jon Hamm as Lynch (uncredited) Terry Chen as Ravech C. Ernst Harth as Crematorium Attendant Corey Burton as Narrator Yul Vazquez as General Javier Tuco"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nancy Regan", "paragraph_text": "She is the daughter of Anita Carole Thomas (n\u00e9e Harrison) and former Nova Scotia Premier Gerald Regan, and the sister of both actress Laura Regan, and Nova Scotia MP (and House of Commons Speaker) Geoff Regan. Her maternal grandfather, John Harrison, was a Member of Parliament from Saskatchewan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Erin Cahill", "paragraph_text": "Erin Jessica Cahill (born January 4, 1980) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Jen Scotts in Power Rangers Time Force, Ted Mosby's sister, Heather, in How I Met Your Mother, and Kendra Burke in Saving Grace. She had a recurring role as Felicity in the ABC series Red Widow. She is also noted to be the first lead female character for the Call of Duty franchise, as Chloe 'Karma' Lynch in Call of Duty: Black Ops II."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ryan Michelle Bathe", "paragraph_text": "This Is Us as Yvette (Season 1) (2016) Army Wives as Charlie (Season 6 recurring character) (2012) One for the Money as Jackie (hooker) (2011) Retired at 35 as Jessica (Season 1 main cast member) (2011) Private Practice (2010) Trauma (2009) Leaving Barstow (2008) How I Met Your Mother (April 2008) as Lily's friend Michelle Boston Legal as Sara Holt (2005 -- 2006) Good Fences (2003) Bones (2009)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Arizona Robbins", "paragraph_text": "Arizona Robbins Grey's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins First appearance ``Wish You Were Here ''(5.11) January 8, 2009 (as recurring cast)`` Good Mourning'' (6.01) September 24, 2009 (as series regular) Last appearance ``All of Me ''(14.24) May 17, 2018 (as main cast) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Jessica Capshaw Information Occupation Attending pediatric surgeon and fetal surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Attending Pediatric Surgeon Chief of Fetal Surgery Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Chief of Pediatric Surgery (former) M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Daniel Robbins (father) Barbera Robbins (mother) Timothy Robbins (brother, deceased) Spouse (s) Callie Torres (ex-wife, dating again) Significant other (s) Lauren Boswell Leah Murphy Eliza Minnick Carina DeLuca Children Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Horror Story: Hotel", "paragraph_text": "M\u00e4dchen Amick as Mrs. Ellison Christine Estabrook as Marcy Alexandra Daddario as Natacha Rambova Roxana Brusso as Dr. Kohan David Naughton as Mr. Samuels John Carroll Lynch as John Wayne Gacy Seth Gabel as Jeffrey Dahmer Anthony Ruivivar as Richard Ramirez Nico Evers - Swindell as Craig Robert Knepper as Lieutenant Jessica Lu as Babe Kristen Ariza as Mrs. Pritchard Mouzam Makkar as Nurse Leena Matt Ross as Dr. Charles Montgomery Charles Melton as Mr. Wu David Barrera as Dr. Kaplan"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Matt Lynch", "paragraph_text": "Matt Lynch (born June 11, 1951) is a Judge in the Ohio Court of Appeals Eleventh District, he ran for Judge in the Republican primary in 2018 beating the incumbent, he then won the general election in November, easily winning in all 5 counties of the 11th District, Republican Lynch was formerly a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, serving in the position From 2012 through 2014, . he considered running for the seat in 2010, but decided not to when his wife was diagnosed with breast cancer, In November 2012 Lynch was elected as representative for the 76th District, which replaces the 98th District."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Jessica Jones characters", "paragraph_text": "Roy Healy (portrayed by Joseph Ragno): A bartender working for Cage. Reva Connors (portrayed by Parisa Fitz - Henley): Cage's wife, who was killed by Jones under Kilgrave's control. Dorothy Walker (portrayed by Rebecca De Mornay): Trish Walker's abusive mother and talent agent who becomes Jessica's foster mother when she was young. Alisa Jones (portrayed by Miriam Shor): Jessica's mother who was killed in a car crash when she was young. Brian Jones (portrayed by James Colby): Jessica's father who was killed in a car crash when she was young. Phillip Jones (portrayed by Billy McFadden): Jessica's younger brother who was killed in a car crash when she was young. Len Sirkes (portrayed by Brett Azar): A loan shark who Jessica and Cage encounter during a case. Kozlov (portrayed by Thomas Kopache): A doctor who ran the program that gave Simpson his experimental pills. Samantha Reyes (portrayed by Michelle Hurd): A district attorney."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}], "question": "Who is the father of a cast member on Saving Jessica Lynch?"}
{"id": "2hop__11858_97176", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of San Jacinto", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of San Jacinto, fought on April 21, 1836, in present - day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texian Army engaged and defeated General Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna's Mexican army in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces had swelled into an army of thousands, called the Divisi\u00f3n del Norte (Northern Division). Villa and his army, along with Emiliano Zapata and \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n, united with Carranza to fight against Huerta. In March 1914 Carranza traveled to Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, which served as rebellion's capital for the remainder of the struggle with Huerta. In April 1914 U.S. opposition to Huerta had reached its peak, blockading the regime's ability to resupply from abroad. Carranza trying to keep his nationalistic credentials threatened war with the United States. In his spontaneous response to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Carranza asked \"that the president withdraw American troops from Mexico.\u201d"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of Lens", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Lens (20 August 1648) was a French victory under Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Cond\u00e9 against the Spanish army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in the Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648). It was the last major battle of the war and a French victory. The battle cemented the reputation of Cond\u00e9 as one of the greatest generals of his age."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Venustiano Carranza", "paragraph_text": "Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 \u2013 21 May 1920) was one of the main leaders of the Mexican Revolution, whose victorious northern revolutionary Constitutionalist Army defeated the counter-revolutionary regime of Victoriano Huerta (February 1913 \u2013 July 1914) and then defeated fellow revolutionaries after Huerta's ouster. He secured power in Mexico, serving as head of state from 1915\u20131917. With the promulgation of a new revolutionary Mexican Constitution of 1917, he was elected president, serving from 1917 to 1920."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "VMF-511", "paragraph_text": "Marine Fighting Squadron 511 (VMF-511) was a fighter squadron of the Marine Corps and Marine Forces Reserve during World War II and the Cold War which flew aircraft types such as the F6F Hellcat, F4U Corsair, and the F-8 Crusader. They were originally activated during World War II and fought during the Battle of Okinawa and the Battle of Balikpapan (1945). They specialized in close air support and during the course of the war were credited with only one plane shot down."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Luis Firm\u00edn de Carvajal, Conde de la Uni\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Luis Ferm\u00edn de Carvajal, Conde de la Uni\u00f3n (1752 \u2013 20 November 1794) became a general officer in the army of the Kingdom of Spain. In 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded the Spanish Army in a mostly unsuccessful effort to hold back the army of the First French Republic. He died in battle fighting the French."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of Paju", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Paju () was fought in Paju, near Valga, Estonia, on 31 January 1919 during the Estonian War of Independence. After heavy fighting, the Tartu-Valga group of the Estonian Army pushed the Red Latvian Riflemen out of the Paju Manor. It was the fiercest battle in the early period of war. Estonian commander Julius Kuperjanov fell in the fighting."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Contreras", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Contreras, also known as the Battle of Padierna, took place on 19\u201320 August 1847, in the final encounters of the Mexican\u2013American War. In the Battle of Churubusco, fighting continued the following day."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fury in the Pacific", "paragraph_text": "Fury in the Pacific is a 1945 American documentary short film about a pair of World War II battles in the Pacific: the Battle of Peleliu and the Battle of Angaur. It was co-produced by the United States Army, United States Navy, and the United States Marines, and directed by a series of combat cameraman \u2014 of whom nine became casualties of the battles they were filming. The film is especially noteworthy for its praise of the fighting abilities of Japanese soldiers (a rarity for American propaganda during World War II), and its fast-paced editing."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of Verdun", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Verdun (French: Bataille de Verdun [bataj d\u0259 v\u025b\u0281d\u0153\u0303]; German: Schlacht um Verdun [\u0283laxt \u0294\u028am \u02c8v\u025b\u0250\u032fd\u0153\u0303]), was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on the Western Front. The battle was the longest of the First World War and took place on the hills north of Verdun-sur-Meuse in north-eastern France. The German 5th Army began by attacking the defences of the Fortified Region of Verdun (RFV, R\u00e9gion Fortifi\u00e9e de Verdun) and those of the French Second Army on the right (east) bank of the Meuse. Inspired by the experience of the Second Battle of Champagne in 1915, the Germans planned to capture the Meuse Heights, an excellent defensive position with good observation for artillery-fire on Verdun. The Germans hoped that the French would commit their strategic reserve to recapture the position and suffer catastrophic losses in a battle of annihilation, at little cost to the Germans, dug in on tactically advantageous positions on the heights."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of the Saintes", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Saintes (known to the French as the Bataille de la Dominique), or Battle of Dominica, was an important naval battle in the Caribbean between the British and the French that took place 9 April 1782 \u2013 12 April 1782, during the American Revolutionary War. The British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeated a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse, forcing the French and Spanish to abandon a planned invasion of Jamaica."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "V-42 stiletto", "paragraph_text": "The V-42 stiletto was a stiletto and fighting knife issued during World War II to the First Special Service Force (1st SSF, a.k.a. Devil's Brigade), a joint Canadian/American commando unit."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "AMX", "paragraph_text": "Armored Vehicles produced by GIAT Industries of France (from Atelier de Construction d'Issy - Les - Moulineaux) AMX - 50, heavy tank AMX - 30, main battle tank AMX - 13, light tank AMX 10 RC, armored fighting vehicle AMX Leclerc, main battle tank"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "HMS Mohawk (1907)", "paragraph_text": "During the First World War she served in the North Sea and the English Channel with the 6th Destroyer Flotilla, being damaged by a mine in 1915 and fighting in the Battle of Dover Strait in 1916."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish), officially entitled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican -- American War (1846 -- 48). The treaty came into force on July 4, 1848."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Battle of Saint-Mathieu", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu took place on 10 August 1512 during the War of the League of Cambrai, near Brest, France, between an English fleet of 25 ships commanded by Sir Edward Howard and a Franco-Breton fleet of 22 ships commanded by Ren\u00e9 de Clermont. It is possibly the first battle between ships using cannon through ports, although this played a minor role in the fighting. This was one of only two full-fledged naval battles fought by King Henry\u00a0VIII's Tudor navy. During the battle, each navy's largest and most powerful ship\u2014\"Regent\" and \"Marie-la-Cordeli\u00e8re\" (or simply \"Cordeli\u00e8re\")\u2014was destroyed by a large explosion aboard the latter."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18\u201323, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Francisco Antonio de Guerrero y Torres", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Antonio de Guerrero y Torres (\"Villa de Guadalupe\", 1727 \u2013 \"Muy Noble y Leal Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\", 1792) was a Mexican Baroque architect who was prominent in Mexico City, the capital of New Spain. He built several palaces and buildings at the basilica devoted to Our Lady of Guadalupe."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sierra de Villuercas", "paragraph_text": "Sierra de Villuercas or Sierra de las Villuercas, also known as Sierra de Guadalupe after nearby Guadalupe town, is a mountain range in the greater Montes de Toledo range, Spain. It is located in province of C\u00e1ceres, autonomous community of Extremadura."}], "question": "What war or battle did the person who issued the Plan de Guadalupe fight in?"}
{"id": "2hop__51858_174137", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either obligate brood parasites, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, or non-obligate brood parasites, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young. One hundred bird species, including honeyguides, icterids, and ducks, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are the cuckoos. Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brad Dourif", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Claude Dourif (/ \u02c8d\u0254\u02d0r\u026af /; born March 18, 1950) is an American character, stage and film actor, known for playing Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (which won him a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Chucky in the Chucky franchise, Gr\u00edma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings, Deputy Clinton Pell in Mississippi Burning, Piter De Vries in Dune and Doc Cochran in Deadwood (for which he earned an Emmy Award nomination)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Charulata", "paragraph_text": "Charulata ( \"C\u0101rulat\u0101\"; in English also known as The Lonely Wife) is a 1964 Indian Bengali drama film written and directed by Satyajit Ray based upon the novella \"Nastanirh\" (\"The Broken Nest\") by Rabindranath Tagore. It features Soumitra Chatterjee, Madhabi Mukherjee and Sailen Mukherjee. The film is considered one of Ray\u2019s highest achievements."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jan Ligthart", "paragraph_text": "Jan Ligthart (11 January 1859 - 16 February 1916) was a Dutch teacher and philosopher. He became known for his innovative educational methods and the modernisation of the Dutch education system. He wrote many articles and books about education."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Citipati", "paragraph_text": "Citipati (pronounced [\u02c8t\u0283i\u02d0t\u032a\u026ap\u0259t\u032ai] in Hindi, meaning 'funeral pyre lord') is a genus of oviraptorid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Mongolia (specifically, the Djadokhta Formation of Ukhaa Tolgod, in the Gobi Desert). It is one of the best-known oviraptorids, thanks to a number of well-preserved skeletons, including several specimens found in brooding positions atop nests of eggs. These nesting specimens have helped to solidify the link between non-avian dinosaurs and birds."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brad Dourif", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Claude Dourif (/ \u02c8d\u0254\u02d0r\u026af /; born March 18, 1950) is an American stage and film actor, known for playing Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (which won him a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Chucky in the Chucky franchise, Gr\u00edma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings, Deputy Clinton Pell in Mississippi Burning, Piter De Vries in Dune and Doc Cochran in Deadwood (for which he earned an Emmy Award nomination)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Appointment in London", "paragraph_text": "Appointment in London (known as Raiders in the Sky in the U.S.) is a 1953 British war film set during the Second World War and starring Dirk Bogarde. The film was directed by Philip Leacock and based on a story by John Wooldridge, who as an RAF bomber pilot flew 108 operational sorties over Europe. Wooldridge, who after the war established himself as a successful film composer before being killed in a car accident in 1958, also wrote the film score and participated in writing the screenplay."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Home of the Gentry", "paragraph_text": "Home of the Gentry ( \"Dvory\u00e1nskoye gnezd\u00f3\" ), also translated as A Nest of the Gentlefolk and A Nest of the Gentry, is a novel by Ivan Turgenev published in the January 1859 issue of \"Sovremennik\". It was enthusiastically received by the Russian society and remained his least controversial and most widely read novel until the end of the 19th century. It was turned into a movie by Andrey Konchalovsky in 1969."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy - drama film directed by Milo\u0161 Forman, based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson, and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson, and Brad Dourif."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Caverns (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Caverns is a 1989 novel written collaboratively as an experiment by Ken Kesey and a creative writing class that he taught at the University of Oregon. The cover of the book says it was written by O.U. Levon\u2014the name of this supposed author, spelled backwards, is \"novel U.O.\" (University of Oregon). The full list of authors is: Robert Blucher, Ben Bochner, James Finley, Jeff Forester, Bennett Huffman, Lynn Jeffress, Ken Kesey, Neil Lidstrom, H. Highwater Powers, Jane Sather, Charles Varani, Meredith Wadley, Lidia Yukman and Ken Zimmerman."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Carrow Road", "paragraph_text": "The club originally played at Newmarket Road before moving to The Nest. When The Nest was deemed inadequate for the size of crowds it was attracting, the Carrow Road ground, named after the road on which it is located, was purpose-built by Norwich City in just 82 days and opened on 31 August 1935."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Crows Nest, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Crows Nest is a town in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia. The town is located on the New England Highway, from the state capital, Brisbane and from the nearby city of Toowoomba. It is within the Toowoomba Region local government area. At the 2016 Census, Crows Nest had a population of 2,160."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nurse Ratched", "paragraph_text": "The role in the film version of the novel was turned down by Anne Bancroft, Angela Lansbury, Geraldine Page, Colleen Dewhurst, and Ellen Burstyn before Louise Fletcher received it. Fletcher had only acted once in the 13 years before appearing in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. She was thought of for the role after Shelley Duvall was suggested for an alternative role and Milo\u0161 Forman saw Fletcher appear with her in Robert Altman's Thieves Like Us."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Matryoshka doll", "paragraph_text": "A matryoshka doll (Russian: \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0451\u0448\u043a\u0430, IPA: (m\u0250\u02c8trj\u0275\u0282k\u0259) (listen)), also known as a Russian nesting doll, Stacking dolls, or Russian doll, is a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside another. The name ``matryoshka ''(\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0451\u0448\u043a\u0430), literally`` little matron'', is a diminutive form of Russian female first name ``Matryona ''(\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0451\u043d\u0430) or`` Matriosha''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey", "paragraph_text": "Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey (; 31 May 1711\u2013 7 March 1797) was a German churchman, educator, author, and journalist. The son of an immigrant French family, he preached, taught, and wrote in French. A founding member of the Berlin Academy, he wrote thousands of letters, popularized scientific and philosophical ideas, and also contributed to Diderot's \"Encyclop\u00e9die\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Kenneth Haviland", "paragraph_text": "John Kenneth Haviland DFC (19 January 1921 \u2013 1 July 2002) was an American pilot who flew for the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain. He was one of 11 American pilots who flew with RAF Fighter Command between 10 July and 31 October 1940, thereby qualifying for the Battle of Britain clasp to the 1939\u201345 campaign star."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nurse Ratched", "paragraph_text": "Nurse Ratched (also known as \"Big Nurse\") is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Ken Kesey's 1962 novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" as well as the 1975 film of the same name. A cold, heartless, and passive-aggressive tyrant, Nurse Ratched became the stereotype of the nurse as a battleaxe. She has also become a popular metaphor for the corrupting influence of institutional power and authority in bureaucracies such as the psychiatric treatment center in which the novel is set."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Millicent Mackenzie", "paragraph_text": "Millicent Hughes Mackenzie (1863 in Bristol \u2013 10 December 1942 in Brockweir) was a British professor of education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, the first female professor in Wales and the first appointed to a fully chartered university in the United Kingdom. She wrote on the philosophy of education, founded the Cardiff Suffragette branch, became the only woman Parliamentary Candidate in Wales for 1918, and was a key initiator of Steiner-Waldorf education in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nested", "paragraph_text": "Nested is the seventh studio album by Bronx-born singer, songwriter and pianist Laura Nyro, released in 1978 on Columbia Records."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Johann Theodor Jablonski", "paragraph_text": "Johann Theodor Jablonski (15 December 1654, in Danzig \u2013 28 April 1731, in Berlin) was a German educator and lexicographer who also wrote under the name Pierre Rondeau."}], "question": "Where did the author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__77318_174137", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962) is a novel written by Ken Kesey. Set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, the narrative serves as a study of the institutional processes and the human mind as well as a critique of behaviorism and a celebration of humanistic principles. It was adapted into the Broadway play One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Dale Wasserman in 1963. Bo Goldman adapted the novel into a 1975 film directed by Milo\u0161 Forman, which won five Academy Awards."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Home of the Gentry", "paragraph_text": "Home of the Gentry ( \"Dvory\u00e1nskoye gnezd\u00f3\" ), also translated as A Nest of the Gentlefolk and A Nest of the Gentry, is a novel by Ivan Turgenev published in the January 1859 issue of \"Sovremennik\". It was enthusiastically received by the Russian society and remained his least controversial and most widely read novel until the end of the 19th century. It was turned into a movie by Andrey Konchalovsky in 1969."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David Noel Ram\u00edrez Padilla", "paragraph_text": "David Noel Ram\u00edrez Padilla (born January 12, 1950) was the dean of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education university system (ITESM) which has thirty one campuses in various parts of Mexico. Ramirez\u2019s education and career as both an educator and administrator have all been around this university system, culminating to his former position beginning in January 2011. In addition, he has authored eight books, numerous articles, served as keynote speaker at various conferences and advised outside institutions on matters regarding accounting, finance and human development."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brad Dourif", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Claude Dourif (/ \u02c8d\u0254\u02d0r\u026af /; born March 18, 1950) is an American character, stage and film actor, known for playing Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (which won him a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Chucky in the Chucky franchise, Gr\u00edma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings, Deputy Clinton Pell in Mississippi Burning, Piter De Vries in Dune and Doc Cochran in Deadwood (for which he earned an Emmy Award nomination)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy - drama film directed by Milo\u0161 Forman, based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson, and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson, and Brad Dourif."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Caverns (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Caverns is a 1989 novel written collaboratively as an experiment by Ken Kesey and a creative writing class that he taught at the University of Oregon. The cover of the book says it was written by O.U. Levon\u2014the name of this supposed author, spelled backwards, is \"novel U.O.\" (University of Oregon). The full list of authors is: Robert Blucher, Ben Bochner, James Finley, Jeff Forester, Bennett Huffman, Lynn Jeffress, Ken Kesey, Neil Lidstrom, H. Highwater Powers, Jane Sather, Charles Varani, Meredith Wadley, Lidia Yukman and Ken Zimmerman."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eugene Tobin", "paragraph_text": "Flying Officer Eugene Quimby \"Red\" Tobin (4 January 1917 \u2013 7 September 1941) was an American pilot who flew with the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain in World War II. He was one of 11 American pilots who flew with RAF Fighter Command between 10 July and 31 October 1940, thereby qualifying for the Battle of Britain clasp to the 1939\u201345 campaign star."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy - drama film directed by Milo\u0161 Forman, based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson, and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson and Brad Dourif."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades", "paragraph_text": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades, also referred to as PSAT, is a government institution of technical vocation education and training higher learning located in Alvear Street, Lingayen, Pangasinan, Philippines. PSAT is duly registered by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. All PSAT programs are accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy - drama film directed by Milo\u0161 Forman, based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson, and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson, and Brad Dourif. The film also featured Christopher Lloyd in his film debut."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Will Sampson", "paragraph_text": "William ``Will ''Sampson, Jr. (September 27, 1933 -- June 3, 1987) was a Native American painter, actor, and rodeo performer. He is best known for his performance as the apparent deaf and mute Native American`` Chief Bromden'' in the Academy Award winning film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, as ``Worm ''in the 1977 Charles Bronson western The White Buffalo, as well as his role as`` Taylor'' in Poltergeist II: The Other Side and ``Ten Bears ''in the Clint Eastwood 1976 classic The Outlaw Josey Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nurse Ratched", "paragraph_text": "Nurse Ratched (also known as \"Big Nurse\") is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Ken Kesey's 1962 novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" as well as the 1975 film of the same name. A cold, heartless, and passive-aggressive tyrant, Nurse Ratched became the stereotype of the nurse as a battleaxe. She has also become a popular metaphor for the corrupting influence of institutional power and authority in bureaucracies such as the psychiatric treatment center in which the novel is set."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brad Dourif", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Claude Dourif (/ \u02c8d\u0254\u02d0r\u026af /; born March 18, 1950) is an American stage and film actor, known for playing Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (which won him a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Chucky in the Chucky franchise, Gr\u00edma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings, Deputy Clinton Pell in Mississippi Burning, Piter De Vries in Dune and Doc Cochran in Deadwood (for which he earned an Emmy Award nomination)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur\u2019anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia\u2019s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage \u2018Self\u2019 and \u2018System\u2019: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Theatrical release poster Directed by Milo\u0161 Forman Produced by Saul Zaentz Michael Douglas Screenplay by Lawrence Hauben Bo Goldman Based on One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey Starring Jack Nicholson Louise Fletcher William Redfield Music by Jack Nitzsche Cinematography Haskell Wexler Bill Butler Edited by Richard Chew Sheldon Kahn Lynzee Klingman Production company Fantasy Films Distributed by United Artists Release date November 19, 1975 (1975 - 11 - 19) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.4 million Box office $109 million"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nurse Ratched", "paragraph_text": "The role in the film version of the novel was turned down by Anne Bancroft, Angela Lansbury, Geraldine Page, Colleen Dewhurst, and Ellen Burstyn before Louise Fletcher received it. Fletcher had only acted once in the 13 years before appearing in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. She was thought of for the role after Shelley Duvall was suggested for an alternative role and Milo\u0161 Forman saw Fletcher appear with her in Robert Altman's Thieves Like Us."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Theatrical release poster Directed by Milo\u0161 Forman Produced by Saul Zaentz Michael Douglas Screenplay by Lawrence Hauben Bo Goldman Based on One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey Starring Jack Nicholson Louise Fletcher William Redfield Music by Jack Nitzsche Cinematography Haskell Wexler Edited by Richard Chew (sup) Lynzee Klingman Sheldon Kahn Production company Fantasy Films Distributed by United Artists Release date November 19, 1975 (1975 - 11 - 19) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $109 million (North America)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Citipati", "paragraph_text": "Citipati (pronounced [\u02c8t\u0283i\u02d0t\u032a\u026ap\u0259t\u032ai] in Hindi, meaning 'funeral pyre lord') is a genus of oviraptorid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Mongolia (specifically, the Djadokhta Formation of Ukhaa Tolgod, in the Gobi Desert). It is one of the best-known oviraptorids, thanks to a number of well-preserved skeletons, including several specimens found in brooding positions atop nests of eggs. These nesting specimens have helped to solidify the link between non-avian dinosaurs and birds."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Carrow Road", "paragraph_text": "The club originally played at Newmarket Road before moving to The Nest. When The Nest was deemed inadequate for the size of crowds it was attracting, the Carrow Road ground, named after the road on which it is located, was purpose-built by Norwich City in just 82 days and opened on 31 August 1935."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Kenneth Haviland", "paragraph_text": "John Kenneth Haviland DFC (19 January 1921 \u2013 1 July 2002) was an American pilot who flew for the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain. He was one of 11 American pilots who flew with RAF Fighter Command between 10 July and 31 October 1940, thereby qualifying for the Battle of Britain clasp to the 1939\u201345 campaign star."}], "question": "Where was the author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest educated?"}
{"id": "2hop__65529_174137", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La M\u00e9canique du c\u0153ur (novel)", "paragraph_text": "La M\u00e9canique du c\u0153ur (English version: \"The Boy with the Cuckoo-Clock Heart\") is a book written by Mathias Malzieu, lead singer of the French rock band Dionysos (who have recorded a concept album based upon the story). The book has sold well in Malzieu's native France."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jan Ligthart", "paragraph_text": "Jan Ligthart (11 January 1859 - 16 February 1916) was a Dutch teacher and philosopher. He became known for his innovative educational methods and the modernisation of the Dutch education system. He wrote many articles and books about education."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cuckoo (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Following the success of series one, BBC ordered a second series, but it looked uncertain due to Samberg's busy schedule. In February 2014, it was announced that Samberg would not return for the second series, with Taylor Lautner replacing him as Cuckoo's long - lost lovechild Dale. The second series began on 7 August 2014. On 4 April 2016, Cuckoo was commissioned for two more series. Series 4 wrapped up production on 18 March 2018, confirmed by Lautner via social media. It was released on 2 August 2018."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Theatrical release poster Directed by Milo\u0161 Forman Produced by Saul Zaentz Michael Douglas Screenplay by Lawrence Hauben Bo Goldman Based on One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey Starring Jack Nicholson Louise Fletcher William Redfield Music by Jack Nitzsche Cinematography Haskell Wexler Edited by Richard Chew (sup) Lynzee Klingman Sheldon Kahn Production company Fantasy Films Distributed by United Artists Release date November 19, 1975 (1975 - 11 - 19) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $109 million (North America)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Satyavrata Siddhantalankar", "paragraph_text": "Prof. Satyavrata Siddhantalankar (1898\u20131992) was an Indian educationist and parliamentarian. He was the Vice-Chancellor of the Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya and wrote a number of books on education & social science. He was nominated as a member of Rajya Sabha in 1964 and served till 1968."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Tale of Little Pig Robinson", "paragraph_text": "The Tale of Little Pig Robinson is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter as part of the Peter Rabbit series. The book contains eight chapters and numerous illustrations. Though the book was one of Potter's last publications in 1930, it was one of the first stories she wrote."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nurse Ratched", "paragraph_text": "The role in the film version of the novel was turned down by Anne Bancroft, Angela Lansbury, Geraldine Page, Colleen Dewhurst, and Ellen Burstyn before Louise Fletcher received it. Fletcher had only acted once in the 13 years before appearing in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. She was thought of for the role after Shelley Duvall was suggested for an alternative role and Milo\u0161 Forman saw Fletcher appear with her in Robert Altman's Thieves Like Us."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Will Sampson", "paragraph_text": "William ``Will ''Sampson, Jr. (September 27, 1933 -- June 3, 1987) was a Native American painter, actor, and rodeo performer. He is best known for his performance as the apparent deaf and mute Native American`` Chief Bromden'' in the Academy Award winning film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, as ``Worm ''in the 1977 Charles Bronson western The White Buffalo, as well as his role as`` Taylor'' in Poltergeist II: The Other Side and ``Ten Bears ''in the Clint Eastwood 1976 classic The Outlaw Josey Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Brad Dourif", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Claude Dourif (/ \u02c8d\u0254\u02d0r\u026af /; born March 18, 1950) is an American stage and film actor, known for playing Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (which won him a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Chucky in the Chucky franchise, Gr\u00edma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings, Deputy Clinton Pell in Mississippi Burning, Piter De Vries in Dune and Doc Cochran in Deadwood (for which he earned an Emmy Award nomination)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spiritism", "paragraph_text": "Spiritism (also called Kardecism) is a spiritualistic philosophy and religious movement started in the 19th century by the French educator Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail, who, under the pen name Allan Kardec, wrote books on \"the nature, origin, and destiny of spirits, and their relation with the corporeal world\". Spiritists refer to Kardec as the religion's codifier."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy - drama film directed by Milo\u0161 Forman, based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson, and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson, and Brad Dourif."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Officer Buckle and Gloria", "paragraph_text": "Officer Buckle and Gloria is the name of the 1995 picture book by Peggy Rathmann that won the 1996 Caldecott Medal. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children.\" It was one of the \"Top 100 Picture Books\" of all time in a 2012 poll by \"School Library Journal\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Theatrical release poster Directed by Milo\u0161 Forman Produced by Saul Zaentz Michael Douglas Screenplay by Lawrence Hauben Bo Goldman Based on One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey Starring Jack Nicholson Louise Fletcher William Redfield Music by Jack Nitzsche Cinematography Haskell Wexler Bill Butler Edited by Richard Chew Sheldon Kahn Lynzee Klingman Production company Fantasy Films Distributed by United Artists Release date November 19, 1975 (1975 - 11 - 19) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.4 million Box office $109 million"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)", "paragraph_text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962) is a novel written by Ken Kesey. Set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, the narrative serves as a study of the institutional processes and the human mind as well as a critique of behaviorism and a celebration of humanistic principles. It was adapted into the Broadway play One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Dale Wasserman in 1963. Bo Goldman adapted the novel into a 1975 film directed by Milo\u0161 Forman, which won five Academy Awards."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brad Dourif", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Claude Dourif (/ \u02c8d\u0254\u02d0r\u026af /; born March 18, 1950) is an American character, stage and film actor, known for playing Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (which won him a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Chucky in the Chucky franchise, Gr\u00edma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings, Deputy Clinton Pell in Mississippi Burning, Piter De Vries in Dune and Doc Cochran in Deadwood (for which he earned an Emmy Award nomination)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen", "paragraph_text": "Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen (1 May 1735 \u2013 24 May 1819), or Count of Doggersbank, was a Dutch naval officer. Having had a good scientific education, Van Kinsbergen was a proponent of fleet modernization and wrote many books about naval organization, discipline and tactics."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either obligate brood parasites, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, or non-obligate brood parasites, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young. One hundred bird species, including honeyguides, icterids, and ducks, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are the cuckoos. Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nurse Ratched", "paragraph_text": "Nurse Ratched (also known as \"Big Nurse\") is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Ken Kesey's 1962 novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" as well as the 1975 film of the same name. A cold, heartless, and passive-aggressive tyrant, Nurse Ratched became the stereotype of the nurse as a battleaxe. She has also become a popular metaphor for the corrupting influence of institutional power and authority in bureaucracies such as the psychiatric treatment center in which the novel is set."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Caverns (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Caverns is a 1989 novel written collaboratively as an experiment by Ken Kesey and a creative writing class that he taught at the University of Oregon. The cover of the book says it was written by O.U. Levon\u2014the name of this supposed author, spelled backwards, is \"novel U.O.\" (University of Oregon). The full list of authors is: Robert Blucher, Ben Bochner, James Finley, Jeff Forester, Bennett Huffman, Lynn Jeffress, Ken Kesey, Neil Lidstrom, H. Highwater Powers, Jane Sather, Charles Varani, Meredith Wadley, Lidia Yukman and Ken Zimmerman."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Are You My Mother?", "paragraph_text": "Are You My Mother? is a children's book by P.D. Eastman published by Random House Books for Young Readers on June 12, 1960 as part of its Beginner Books series. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its ``Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children. ''It was one of the`` Top 100 Picture Books'' of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal."}], "question": "What higher education facility did the author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo Nest attend?"}
{"id": "2hop__224194_40683", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hofmann voltameter", "paragraph_text": "A Hofmann voltameter is often used as a demonstration of stoichiometric principles, as the two - to - one ratio of the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen gas produced by the apparatus illustrates the chemical formula of water, H O. However, this is only true if oxygen and hydrogen gases are assumed to be diatomic. If hydrogen gas were monatomic and oxygen diatomic, the gas volume ratio would be 4: 1. The volumetric composition of water is the ratio by volume of hydrogen to oxygen present. This value is 2: 1 experimentally; this value is determined using Hofmann's water voltameter."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "The School of Architecture was established in 1899, although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898. Today the school, housed in Bond Hall, offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree. All undergraduate students study the third year of the program in Rome. The university is globally recognized for its Notre Dame School of Architecture, a faculty that teaches (pre-modernist) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning (e.g. following the principles of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture). It also awards the renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Claudia Rankine", "paragraph_text": "Claudia Rankine (; born 1963) is a poet, essayist, playwright, and the editor of several anthologies. She is the author of five volumes of poetry, two plays, and various essays."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Civil disobedience", "paragraph_text": "Following the Peterloo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time\u2014and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action. It is perhaps the first modern[vague] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest. A version was taken up by the author Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience, and later by Gandhi in his doctrine of Satyagraha. Gandhi's Satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by Shelley's nonviolence in protest and political action. In particular, it is known that Gandhi would often quote Shelley's Masque of Anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free India."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Thomas Ligotti Reader: Essays and Explorations", "paragraph_text": "The Thomas Ligotti Reader: Essays and Explorations is a collection of essays on horror writer Thomas Ligotti and his works, edited by Darrell Schweitzer. It was first published in trade paperback in April 2003 by Wildside Press, with a hardcover edition from the same publisher following in July of the same year."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Essay on the First Principles of Government", "paragraph_text": "Essay on the First Principles of Government (1768) is an early work of modern liberal political theory by 18th-century British polymath Joseph Priestley."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Conservation of energy", "paragraph_text": "The mechanical equivalence principle was first stated in its modern form by the German surgeon Julius Robert von Mayer in 1842. Mayer reached his conclusion on a voyage to the Dutch East Indies, where he found that his patients' blood was a deeper red because they were consuming less oxygen, and therefore less energy, to maintain their body temperature in the hotter climate. He discovered that heat and mechanical work were both forms of energy and in 1845, after improving his knowledge of physics, he published a monograph that stated a quantitative relationship between them."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Age of Enlightenment", "paragraph_text": "Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler's habitual authority and force. It is precisely because of the ruler's authority over-and-against the subject, that the subject tacitly consents; Hume says that the subjects would \"never imagine that their consent made him sovereign\", rather the authority did so. Similarly, Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state, rather polities grew out of social development. In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Ferguson uses the four stages of progress, a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time, to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without \"signing\" a social contract."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Justice as Fairness", "paragraph_text": "\"Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical\" is an essay by John Rawls, published in 1985. In it he describes his conception of justice. It comprises two main principles of liberty and equality; the second is subdivided into Fair Equality of Opportunity and the Difference Principle."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay", "paragraph_text": "The PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay is awarded by the PEN American Center to an author for a book of original collected essays. The award was founded by PEN Member and author Barbaralee Diamonstein and Carl Spielvogel, former \"New York Times\" columnist, \"to preserve the dignity and esteem that the essay form imparts to literature.\" The winner receives a cash award of $10,000."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Orthodox Judaism", "paragraph_text": "However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: \"Deracheha Darchei Noam\" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, \"Kavod Habriyot\" - basic respect for human beings, \"Pikuach Nefesh\" - the sanctity of human life."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion. Its name derives from the Greek roots \u1f40\u03be\u03cd\u03c2 oxys, \"acid\", literally \"sharp\", referring to the sour taste of acids and -\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 -genes, \"producer\", literally \"begetter\", because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. Common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Articles of Confederation", "paragraph_text": "The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Robert C. Clark", "paragraph_text": "Robert C. Clark (born 1944) is Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor of the Harvard Law School. He previously served as dean and professor of law at Harvard Law School from 1989 to 2003. Clark is recognized as a leading authority in corporate law and corporate governance."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion (O\u2212\n2) and hydrogen peroxide (H\n2O\n2), are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Directive Principles", "paragraph_text": "The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are the guidelines or principles given to the federal institutes governing the state of India, to be kept in citation while framing laws and policies. These provisions, contained in Part IV (Article 36 - 51) of the Constitution of India, are not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down therein are considered irrefutable in the governance of the country, making it the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws to establish a just society in the country. The principles have been inspired by the Directive Principles given in the Constitution of Ireland relate to social justice, economic welfare, foreign policy, and legal and administrative matters."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aziz Dweik", "paragraph_text": "Aziz Dweik ( ; ) (born January 12, 1948) is the Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) since his election to that post on 18 January 2006. Dweik, as speaker of the PLC, is recognized by many Palestinians including those living in Gaza, as being the Interim President of the Palestinian National Authority since 19 October 2016 when the national unity government was dissolved. He was also recognized as the interim president from 15 January 2009, when the elected term of Mahmoud Abbas officially expired, until 2 June 2014, when the national unity government was formed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Balance of power (international relations)", "paragraph_text": "The principle involved in preserving the balance of power as a conscious goal of foreign policy, as David Hume pointed out in his Essay on the Balance of Power, is as old as history, and was used by Greeks such as Thucydides both as political theorists and as practical statesmen."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Age of Enlightenment", "paragraph_text": "The \"Radical Enlightenment\" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632\u20131704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority."}], "question": "In what year did the author of Essay on the First Principles of Government recognize oxygen?"}
{"id": "2hop__747974_40683", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The History and Present State of Electricity", "paragraph_text": "The History and Present State of Electricity (1767), by eighteenth-century British polymath Joseph Priestley, is a survey of the study of electricity up until 1766 as well as a description of experiments by Priestley himself."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alpo Rusi", "paragraph_text": "Rusi was from 2009-2014 the ambassador of Finland to Switzerland, with accreditation also to Liechtenstein and the Holy See. Rusi is a recognized scholar in the field of international relations and history of Finland, and has published several books in Finland, and in the United States and Great Britain."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages. Since approximately 600,000 years ago, six major Ice Ages have occurred, in which sea level dropped 120 m (390 ft) and much of the continental margins became exposed. In the Early Pleistocene, the Rhine followed a course to the northwest, through the present North Sea. During the so-called Anglian glaciation (~450,000 yr BP, marine oxygen isotope stage 12), the northern part of the present North Sea was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed, that overflowed through the English Channel. This caused the Rhine's course to be diverted through the English Channel. Since then, during glacial times, the river mouth was located offshore of Brest, France and rivers, like the Thames and the Seine, became tributaries to the Rhine. During interglacials, when sea level rose to approximately the present level, the Rhine built deltas, in what is now the Netherlands."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tribal sovereignty in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Tribal sovereignty in the United States is the concept of the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States. The U.S. federal government recognizes tribal nations as ``domestic dependent nations ''and has established a number of laws attempting to clarify the relationship between the federal, state and tribal governments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dave Barry's History of the Millennium (So Far)", "paragraph_text": "Dave Barry's History of the Millennium (So Far) is a book written by humorist author Dave Barry and published in 2007 by G. P. Putnam's Sons. The book is a collection of Barry's \"Year in Review\" articles for the years 2000 through 2006, as well as an introductory chapter that covers the events of the previous millennium."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Immune system", "paragraph_text": "Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a \"non-self\" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a \"self\" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. There are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells which have a role in modulating immune response. Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules. These two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of T cell. A third, minor subtype are the \u03b3\u03b4 T cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to MHC receptors."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Benjamin Franklin", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Franklin FRS FRSE (January 17, 1706 (O.S. January 6, 1705) -- April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He founded many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and the University of Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Renewable energy commercialization", "paragraph_text": "Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation \u2013 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydroelectric plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion (O\u2212\n2) and hydrogen peroxide (H\n2O\n2), are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "The Oklahoma History Center is the history museum of the state of Oklahoma. Located across the street from the governor's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City, the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from the prehistoric to the present day."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "39th Daytime Emmy Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 39th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards presented by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), \u2033recognizes outstanding achievement in all fields of daytime television production and are presented to individuals and programs broadcast from 2:00\u00a0a.m.\u20146:00\u00a0p.m. during the 2011 calendar year\u2033. The ceremony took place on June 23, 2012 at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, in Beverly Hills, California beginning at 5:00\u00a0p.m. PST / 8:00\u00a0p.m. EST. The ceremony was televised in the United States by HLN and produced by LocoDistro and Executive Producer Gabriel Gornell."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular O\n2 in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. It is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength, and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen. Carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly also in animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Wood Beyond the World", "paragraph_text": "The Wood Beyond the World is a fantasy novel by William Morris, perhaps the first modern fantasy writer to unite an imaginary world with the element of the supernatural, and thus the precursor of much of present-day fantasy literature. It was first published in hardcover by Morris's Kelmscott Press, in 1894. The book's importance in the history of fantasy literature was recognized by its republication by Ballantine Books as the third volume of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in July, 1969. The Ballantine edition includes an introduction by Lin Carter."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nightbirds on Nantucket", "paragraph_text": "Nightbirds on Nantucket is a children's novel by Joan Aiken, first published in 1966. Taking place in an alternate history, the story presents the further adventures of Dido Twite, an eleven-year-old Victorian tomboy, aboard a whaling ship and in Nantucket."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hofmann voltameter", "paragraph_text": "A Hofmann voltameter is often used as a demonstration of stoichiometric principles, as the two - to - one ratio of the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen gas produced by the apparatus illustrates the chemical formula of water, H O. However, this is only true if oxygen and hydrogen gases are assumed to be diatomic. If hydrogen gas were monatomic and oxygen diatomic, the gas volume ratio would be 4: 1. The volumetric composition of water is the ratio by volume of hydrogen to oxygen present. This value is 2: 1 experimentally; this value is determined using Hofmann's water voltameter."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water\u2013ammonia ocean. The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. At a depth of 7000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones. Very-high-pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A People's History of the United States", "paragraph_text": "A People's History of the United States is a 1980 non-fiction book by American historian and political scientist Howard Zinn. In the book, Zinn seeks to present an alternate interpretation of the history of the United States. According to the author, American history is to a large extent the exploitation of the majority by an elite minority."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion. Its name derives from the Greek roots \u1f40\u03be\u03cd\u03c2 oxys, \"acid\", literally \"sharp\", referring to the sour taste of acids and -\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 -genes, \"producer\", literally \"begetter\", because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. Common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) -- Spanish: Autoridad de Energ\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica (AEE) -- is an electric power company and the government - owned corporation of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation, power distribution, and power transmission on the island. PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, making it a government monopoly. The authority is ruled by a board of directors appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. Since 2014, PREPA is subject to the Puerto Rico Energy Commission, another government agency whose board of directors is also appointed by the governor."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year."}], "question": "In what year was oxygen recognized by the author of The History and Present State of Electricity?"}
{"id": "2hop__159214_40683", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "William Randolph Barbee", "paragraph_text": "William Randolph Barbee (January 17, 1818 \u2013 June 16, 1868) was an American sculptor recognized for creating idealized, sentimental classical figures. Barbee's most notable works were the marble sculptures entitled \"Coquette\" and \"Fisher Girl.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular O\n2 in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. It is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength, and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen. Carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly also in animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Fisher (activist)", "paragraph_text": "Peter Fisher (May 19, 1944 \u2013 July 10, 2012) was an American author and gay rights activist. An alumnus of Amherst College and Columbia University, he served in the US Air Force prior to becoming an early member of the Gay Activists Alliance, a protest group that split off from the Gay Liberation Front after the Stonewall riots with the goal of \"writing the revolution into law.\" Fisher led a number of the \"zaps\", or protests targeted at public figures, organized by the GAA, as well as serving as an unofficial historian for the group."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Riot on Sunset Strip", "paragraph_text": "Riot on Sunset Strip is a 1967 counterculture-era exploitation movie, released by American International Pictures. It was filmed and released within four months of the late-1966 Sunset Strip curfew riots."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O\n2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend, because of fossil-fuel burning. Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide, making up almost half of the crust's mass."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hofmann voltameter", "paragraph_text": "A Hofmann voltameter is often used as a demonstration of stoichiometric principles, as the two - to - one ratio of the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen gas produced by the apparatus illustrates the chemical formula of water, H O. However, this is only true if oxygen and hydrogen gases are assumed to be diatomic. If hydrogen gas were monatomic and oxygen diatomic, the gas volume ratio would be 4: 1. The volumetric composition of water is the ratio by volume of hydrogen to oxygen present. This value is 2: 1 experimentally; this value is determined using Hofmann's water voltameter."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Immune system", "paragraph_text": "Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a \"non-self\" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a \"self\" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. There are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells which have a role in modulating immune response. Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules. These two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of T cell. A third, minor subtype are the \u03b3\u03b4 T cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to MHC receptors."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Eisenhower Range", "paragraph_text": "The Eisenhower Range is a mountain range, about 72\u00a0km (45\u00a0mi) long and rising to 3,070 m (10,072\u00a0ft), which rises between Reeves N\u00e9v\u00e9 on the west, Reeves Glacier on the south, and Priestley Glacier on the north and east, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The range is flat topped and descends gradually to Reeves N\u00e9v\u00e9, but is steep cliffed and marked by sharp spurs along the Priestley Glacier."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Radical (chemistry)", "paragraph_text": "A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (: CH 2) which have two unpaired electrons. In contrast, the hydroxyl anion (HO \u2212) is not a radical, since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Priestley Riots", "paragraph_text": "The Priestley Riots (also known as the Birmingham Riots of 1791) took place from 14 July to 17 July 1791 in Birmingham, England; the rioters' main targets were religious dissenters, most notably the politically and theologically controversial Joseph Priestley.  Both local and national issues stirred the passions of the rioters, from disagreements over public library book purchases, to controversies over Dissenters' attempts to gain full civil rights and their support of the French Revolution."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "Many religions are practised in Myanmar. Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years. Festivals can be held on a grand scale. The Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution and it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs, the main route to success in the country. Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in Eastern Myanmar, where over 3000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years. More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh over the last 20 years to escape Islamophobic persecution."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bohr effect", "paragraph_text": "The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr: hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity (see oxygen\u2013haemoglobin dissociation curve) is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide. That is, the Bohr effect refers to the shift in the oxygen dissociation curve caused by changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide or the pH of the environment. Since carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, an increase in CO results in a decrease in blood pH, resulting in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of oxygen. Conversely, a decrease in carbon dioxide provokes an increase in pH, which results in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion. Its name derives from the Greek roots \u1f40\u03be\u03cd\u03c2 oxys, \"acid\", literally \"sharp\", referring to the sour taste of acids and -\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 -genes, \"producer\", literally \"begetter\", because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. Common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion (O\u2212\n2) and hydrogen peroxide (H\n2O\n2), are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "paragraph_text": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele (German: (\u02c8\u0283e\u02d0l\u0259), Swedish: (2\u0267e\u02d0l\u025b); 9 December 1742 -- 21 May 1786) was a Swedish Pomeranian and German pharmaceutical chemist. Isaac Asimov called him ``hard - luck Scheele ''because he made a number of chemical discoveries before others who are generally given the credit. For example, Scheele discovered oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), and identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium, hydrogen, and chlorine before Humphry Davy, among others. Scheele discovered organic acids tartaric, oxalic, uric, lactic, and citric, as well as hydrofluoric, hydrocyanic, and arsenic acids. He preferred speaking German to Swedish his whole life, as German was commonly spoken among Swedish pharmacists."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air\". He noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it. After breathing the gas himself, he wrote: \"The feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air, but I fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards.\" Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled \"An Account of Further Discoveries in Air\" which was included in the second volume of his book titled Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air. Because he published his findings first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Donald Priestley", "paragraph_text": "Donald Priestley (28 July 1887 \u2013 30 October 1917) was an English cricketer. He played for Gloucestershire between 1909 and 1910. He was killed in action in the Battle of Passchendaele during World War I."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eden End", "paragraph_text": "Eden End is a play by J. B. Priestley, first produced by Irene Hentschel at the Duchess Theatre, London, on 13 September 1934."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Out of the Ashes (book)", "paragraph_text": "Out of the Ashes: Britain After the Riots is a 2011 book by the British Labour Party politician David Lammy about the 2011 England riots."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year."}], "question": "In what year did the most notable target for the Priestley Riots recognize oxygen?"}
{"id": "2hop__43436_2785", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Branigan 2", "paragraph_text": "\"Branigan 2\" also included the ballad \"Find Me\", uptempo tracks \"I'm Not The Only One\" and \"Don't Show Your Love\", and a cover of The Who's \"Squeeze Box\". One of the album's tracks, \"Deep In The Dark\", was a newly written song to the music of Falco's \"Der Kommissar\". Allmusic called Branigan's version \"sexy\" and \"welcome\" despite a competing English-language remake of the German version the same year by After the Fire."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "ArcGIS", "paragraph_text": "In late 1999, Esri released ArcMap 8.0, which ran on the Microsoft Windows operating system. ArcGIS combined the visual user-interface aspect of ArcView GIS 3.x interface with some of the power from the Arc/INFO version 7.2 workstation. This pairing resulted in a new software suite called ArcGIS including the command-line ArcInfo workstation (v8.0) and a new graphical user interface application called ArcMap (v8.0). This ArcMAP incorporating some of the functionality of ArcInfo with a more intuitive interface, as well as a file management application called ArcCatalog (v8.0). The release of the ArcMap constituted a major change in Esri's software offerings, aligning all their client and server products under one software architecture known as ArcGIS, developed using Microsoft Windows COM standards. While the interface and names of ArcMap 8.0 are similar to later versions of ArcGIS Desktop, they are different products. ArcGIS 8.1 replaced ArcMap 8.0 in the product line but was not an update to it."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), also known as the Super NES or Super Nintendo, is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Australasia (Oceania), and 1993 in South America. In Japan, the system is called the Super Famicom (SFC). In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. The system was released in Brazil on August 30, 1993, by Playtronic. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent the different versions from being compatible with one another."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Travelers and Thieves", "paragraph_text": "Travelers and Thieves is Blues Traveler's second album, released on A&M Records in 1991. The album was released in two different versions: an album-only version, and an extremely limited two-CD pressing. The bonus disc was called \"On Tour Forever\". On iTunes the album is listed only as \"Travelers\" due to the full name being split across two drawings, one on the cover and one inside the CD liner notes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hindu philosophy", "paragraph_text": "Hindu philosophy refers to a group of dar\u015banas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (\u1e63a\u1e0ddar\u015bana) \u2013 Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as authoritative, important source of knowledge.[note 1][note 2] Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas, and these have been called n\u0101stika (heterodox or non-orthodox) Indian philosophies. N\u0101stika Indian philosophies include Buddhism, Jainism, C\u0101rv\u0101ka, \u0100j\u012bvika, and others."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Determinism", "paragraph_text": "In the philosophical schools of India, the concept of precise and continual effect of laws of Karma on the existence of all sentient beings is analogous to western deterministic concept. Karma is the concept of ``action ''or`` deed'' in Indian religions. It is understood as that which causes the entire cycle of cause and effect (i.e., the cycle called sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) originating in ancient India and treated in Hindu, Jain, and Sikh. Karma is considered predetermined and deterministic in the universe, and in combination with the decisions (free will) of living beings, accumulates to determine futuristic situations that the living being encounters. See Karma in Hinduism."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") is the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\u2014the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: \"kusala\") and bad, unskillful (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") actions produce \"seeds\" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called s\u012bla. Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetan\u0101), and bring about a consequence or phala \"fruit\" or vip\u0101ka \"result\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Driven by You", "paragraph_text": "Besides the original album / single version, there are three other known studio versions of the song. One was used in a Ford commercial. The second is an instrumental remix of the song, called Driven by You Two. The other known version of this song has a new drum track from Cozy Powell as a bonus track on the US release of Back to the Light."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jacques Lacarri\u00e8re", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Lacarri\u00e8re (; 2 December 1925 \u2013 17 September 2005) was a French writer, born in Limoges. He studied moral philosophy, classical literature, and Hindu philosophy and literature. Professionally, he was known as a prominent critic, journalist, and essayist."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Political philosophy", "paragraph_text": "Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization, grouped by Plato into four categories: timocracy, tyranny, democracy and oligarchy. One of the first, extremely important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's Republic, which was followed by Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and Politics. Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, including the Roman statesman Cicero."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John Stevens (scholar)", "paragraph_text": "Stevens formerly taught Eastern philosophy at Tohoku Fukushi University in Japan. His Aikido rank is 7th dan Aikikai. He lived in Sendai from 1973 to 2013."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Time", "paragraph_text": "Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities. Time is used to define other quantities\u2014such as velocity\u2014so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Call of Duty", "paragraph_text": "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a remastered version of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare that was released alongside the Legacy Edition, Legacy Pro Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare on November 4, 2016 for PS4, Xbox One, and PC. It was later released standalone on June 27, 2017 for the PlayStation 4, and July 27, 2017 for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows. The game was developed by Raven Software and executive produced by Infinity Ward."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mark Rowlands", "paragraph_text": "Mark Rowlands (born 1962) is a Welsh writer and philosopher. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Miami, and the author of several books on the philosophy of mind, the moral status of non-human animals, and cultural criticism. He is known within academic philosophy for his work on the animal mind and is one of the principal architects of the view known as vehicle externalism, or the extended mind, the view that thoughts, memories, desires and beliefs can be stored outside the brain and the skull. His works include \"Animal Rights\" (1998), \"The Body in Mind\" (1999), \"The Nature of Consciousness\" (2001), \"Animals Like Us\" (2002), and a personal memoir, \"The Philosopher and the Wolf\" (2008)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joel Feinberg", "paragraph_text": "Joel Feinberg (October 19, 1926 in Detroit, Michigan \u2013 March 29, 2004 in Tucson, Arizona) was an American political and legal philosopher. He is known for his work in the fields of ethics, action theory, philosophy of law, and political philosophy as well as individual rights and the authority of the state. Feinberg was one of the most influential figures in American jurisprudence of the last fifty years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Keith DeRose", "paragraph_text": "Keith DeRose (born April 24, 1962) is an American philosopher teaching at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he is currently Allison Foundation Professor of Philosophy. He taught previously at New York University and Rice University. His primary interests include epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of religion, and history of modern philosophy. He is best known for his work on contextualism in epistemology, especially as a response to the traditional problem of skepticism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society", "paragraph_text": "Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society is a lecture given by Swami Vivekananda on 25 March 1896 at the Graduate Philosophical Society of Harvard University. After this lecture, the university offered Vivekananda the chair of Eastern Philosophy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charles Parsons (philosopher)", "paragraph_text": "Charles Dacre Parsons (born April 13, 1933) is an American philosopher best known for his work in the philosophy of mathematics and the study of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. He is professor emeritus at Harvard University."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rh\u00f4ne", "paragraph_text": "The Rh\u00f4ne (, ; ; ; ; ; ) is one of the major rivers of Europe and has twice the average discharge of the Loire (which is the longest French river), rising in the Rh\u00f4ne Glacier in the Swiss Alps at the far eastern end of the Swiss canton of Valais, passing through Lake Geneva and running through southeastern France. At Arles, near its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea, the river divides into two branches, known as the Great Rh\u00f4ne () and the Little Rh\u00f4ne (). The resulting delta constitutes the Camargue region."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921. Although Hayek met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought. In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein, when both were officers during World War I. After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials; and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein."}], "question": "What is the result of one version of determinism from eastern philosophy called?"}
{"id": "2hop__184834_655095", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "MediaGX", "paragraph_text": "The MediaGX CPU is an x86 compatible processor that was manufactured and designed by Cyrix and later after merger manufactured by National Semiconductor, and was introduced in 1997. The core is based on the integration of the Cyrix Cx5x86 CPU core with hardware to process video and audio output (XpressRAM, XpressGRAPHICS, XpressAUDIO). Following the buyout of Cyrix by National Semiconductor and the sale of the Cyrix name and trademarks to VIA Technologies, the core was developed by National Semiconductor into the Geode line of processors, which was subsequently sold to Advanced Micro Devices."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A\u011flama Bebe\u011fim", "paragraph_text": "A\u011flama Bebe\u011fim is Ahmet Kaya's first album, released in 1985, but censored in Turkey shortly following the release. It features a number of Kaya's own poems, but also includes settings of poems by Ahmed Arif, Sebahattin Ali, Naz\u0131m Hikmet, and Mehmet Akif Ersoy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hey, That's No Way to Say Goodbye", "paragraph_text": "``Hey, That's No Way to Say Goodbye ''is a song by Leonard Cohen. It was first released in November 1967, in a version by Judy Collins on her album Wildflowers. The following month, Cohen's own version was issued on his debut album Songs of Leonard Cohen."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Moskvitch-class motorship", "paragraph_text": "The first Moskvich ships were built in 1948 in the Moscow factory of shipbuilding. Moskvich ships did not receive names, only numbers. They were identified by the letter M followed by the ship's number, for example M-270. Later though, some ships owned by private operators have received their own names. Moskvichs were built in Moscow until the 1960s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of August 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 244 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 140 million followers. Eleven accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Adventures in Your Own Backyard", "paragraph_text": "Adventures in Your Own Backyard is the fourth studio album by Canadian musician Patrick Watson, released in April 2012. It is the band's follow-up to the Polaris Music Prize-nominated 2009 release \"Wooden Arms\", but by comparison is a musically simpler and more emotional album."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of December 2017, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 230 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 132 million followers. Eight accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of June 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 239 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 138 million followers. Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Freeglader", "paragraph_text": "Freeglader is a children's fantasy novel by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell, first published in 2004. It is the seventh volume of \"The Edge Chronicles\" and the third of the \"Rook Saga\" trilogy; within the stories' own chronology it is the ninth novel, following the \"Quint Saga\" and \"Twig Saga\" trilogies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of November 2017, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 228 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 130 million followers. Seven accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of August 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 247 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 141 million followers. Eleven accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of May 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 235 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 137 million followers. Nine accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cecil Noble", "paragraph_text": "He was 23 years old, and an Acting Corporal in the 2nd Battalion, The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A Shadow on the Glass", "paragraph_text": "The series follows the characters Llian, a brilliant chronicler from the College of Histories in Chanthed, and Karan, a young woman who owns the humble lands of Gothryme. \"A Shadow on the Glass\" was published in 1998 by Penguin Books."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Trenitalia", "paragraph_text": "Trenitalia is the primary train operator in Italy. A subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, itself owned by the Italian government, it was established in 2000 following a European Union directive on the deregulation of rail transport."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "LM3875", "paragraph_text": "LM3875 is a 56 watt amplifier chip made by Texas Instruments (previously National Semiconductor) that has become very popular in the DIY audio community for its low parts count and its high-performance audio capabilities. It is the main chip inside many gainclone amplifiers which are based on the Gaincard amplifier which surprised many high-end audio reviewers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Keeping Company", "paragraph_text": "Keeping Company is a 1940 drama film directed by S. Sylvan Simon and starring Frank Morgan as a real estate broker with three daughters who all have their own problems. The film was followed by \"This Time for Keeps\" (1942)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list of most followed users on Instagram contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of October 2017, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with more than 226 million followers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Finishing Line", "paragraph_text": "Finishing Line (\u51fa\u4eba\u5934\u5730) is a Singaporean Chinese drama series produced by the former Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) in 1990. The story begins in 1983 and follows a group of friends as they grow up and forge their own paths in adulthood."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of most-followed Instagram accounts", "paragraph_text": "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of February 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 232 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 133 million followers. Nine accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."}], "question": "What company owns the successor to Cyrix?"}
{"id": "2hop__2791_2785", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zack Kopplin", "paragraph_text": "Zachary \"Zack\" Sawyer Kopplin (born July 20, 1993) is an American political activist, journalist, and television personality from Louisiana. Kopplin has campaigned to keep creationism out of public school science classrooms and been involved with other separation of church and state causes. He has opposed school vouchers because they provide public money to schools which may teach creationism. As a high school student, he organized seventy-eight Nobel laureate scientists in a campaign against the Louisiana Science Education Act, a creationism law. He is also involved with science funding policy and curriculum and textbook policy. His new campaign calls for a launching Second Giant Leap for Humankind, calling for Barack Obama to invest $1 trillion in research and education."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Julien Chouinard", "paragraph_text": "Born in Quebec City, the son of Joseph Julien Chouinard and Berthe Cloutier, he received a BA in 1948 and a LL.L. in 1951 from Universit\u00e9 Laval. As a Rhodes Scholar, he received a BA in 1953 from Oxford University. In 1953, he was called to the Quebec Bar and started to practice law. He also taught law at Universit\u00e9 Laval."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "999 (emergency telephone number)", "paragraph_text": "The pan-European 112 code was introduced in the UK in April 1995 with little publicity. It connects to existing 999 circuits. The GSM standard mandates that the user of a GSM phone can dial 112 without unlocking the keypad, a feature that can save time in emergencies but that also causes some accidental calls. All mobile telephones will make emergency calls with the keypad locked. Originally a valid SIM card was not required to make a 999 / 112 emergency call in the UK. However, as a result of high numbers of untraceable hoax calls being made, this feature is now blocked by all UK networks. Most UK mobile telephone handsets will dial 999 / 112 without a SIM inserted (or with a locked / invalid SIM), but the call will not be connected. Following the blocking of SIM-less calls, in 2009 the UK networks introduced emergency call roaming. This allows a user with a valid SIM of a UK network to make emergency calls on any network for which they have coverage."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Gillett", "paragraph_text": "The denying of Pardee's renomination caused immediate controversy and outrage. Pardee, due to his efficient bureaucracy and direction of the state government's response to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, remained an enormously popular politician. His replacement by Gillett, a Railroad Republican, caused anger both in the press and within political circles. The San Francisco Call printed a photograph taken at the convention's end of Gillett among top party bosses entitled ``the Shame of California. ''Gillett's nomination by special interests would fuel calls for a direct primary law in the state."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "End Conscription Campaign", "paragraph_text": "On 24 August 1993 Minister of Defence Kobie Coetsee announced the end of conscription. In 1994 there would be no more call - ups for the one - year initial training. But although conscription was suspended it was not entirely abandoned. Indeed, in January 1994 for the first time there was no call - up for initial training, but at the same time conscripts who had already undergone training could be subject to ``camp ''call - ups, as they were technically subject to military law rather than civilian law. Actually`` camp'' call - ups reached record proportions over the period of the April 1994 elections, and for the first time in history the ECC called on conscripts to consider these call - ups to be different from previous call - ups."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. The doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit an\u0101tman) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe. Buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine\u2014Nairatmyavadin or Anattavadin. Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic, ever-changing process of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da (\"dependent arising\") determined by the laws of cause and effect (karma) rather than that of one being, reincarnating from one existence to the next."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,[Note 3] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body. Whenever a first body exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force \u2212F on the first body. F and \u2212F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law, with F called the \"action\" and \u2212F the \"reaction\". The action and the reaction are simultaneous:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "La Tour-Blanche Anticline", "paragraph_text": "The La Tour-Blanche Anticline, also called Chapdeuil Anticline or Chapdeuil-La Tour-Blanche Anticline, is a tectonically caused, dome-like upwarp in the sedimentary succession of the northeastern Aquitaine Basin in France. The structure is oriented west-northwest-east-southeast."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "False Claims Act", "paragraph_text": "The False Claims Act, also called the ``Lincoln Law '') is an American federal law that imposes liability on persons and companies (typically federal contractors) who defraud governmental programs. It is the federal Government's primary litigation tool in combating fraud against the Government. The law includes a qui tam provision that allows people who are not affiliated with the government, called`` relators'' under the law, to file actions on behalf of the government (informally called ``whistleblowing ''especially when the relator is employed by the organization accused in the suit). Persons filing under the Act stand to receive a portion (usually about 15 -- 25 percent) of any recovered damages. As of 2012, over 70 percent of all federal Government FCA actions were initiated by whistleblowers. Claims under the law have typically involved health care, military, or other government spending programs, and dominate the list of largest pharmaceutical settlements. The government recovered $38.9 billion under the False Claims Act between 1987 and 2013 and of this amount, $27.2 billion or 70% was from qui tam cases brought by relators."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") is the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\u2014the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: \"kusala\") and bad, unskillful (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") actions produce \"seeds\" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called s\u012bla. Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetan\u0101), and bring about a consequence or phala \"fruit\" or vip\u0101ka \"result\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Indian People's Tribunal", "paragraph_text": "The Indian People's Tribunal (IPT), also called the Indian People's Tribunal on Environmental and Human Rights or Independent People's Tribunal, was set up by the Human Rights Law Network (HRLN) on 5 June 1993."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "State legislature (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Nebraska originally had a bicameral legislature like the other states, but the lower house was abolished following a referendum, effective with the 1936 elections. The remaining unicameral (one - chamber) legislature is called the Nebraska Legislature, but its members continue to be called senators."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National Do Not Call Registry", "paragraph_text": "On June 27, 2003, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) opened the National Do Not Call Registry in order to comply with the Do - Not - Call Implementation Act of 2003 (Pub. L. 108 -- 10, was H.R. 395, and codified at 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 6101 et. seq.), sponsored by Representatives Billy Tauzin and John Dingell and signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 11, 2003. The law established the FTC's National Do Not Call Registry in order to facilitate compliance with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called \"inquisitorial\", from the Latin \"inquirere\", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Black Death", "paragraph_text": "The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague, the Black Plague, or simply the Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. The bacterium Yersinia pestis, which results in several forms of plague, is believed to have been the cause. The plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11\u03b2-hydroxylase deficiency", "paragraph_text": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11\u03b2-hydroxylase deficiency is a form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) which produces a higher than normal amount of androgen, resulting from a defect in the gene encoding the enzyme steroid 11\u03b2-hydroxylase (11\u03b2-OH) which mediates the final step of cortisol synthesis in the adrenal. 11\u03b2-OH CAH results in hypertension due to excessive mineralocorticoid effects. It also causes excessive androgen production both before and after birth and can virilize a genetically female fetus or a child of either sex."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bohr effect", "paragraph_text": "The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr: hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity (see oxygen\u2013haemoglobin dissociation curve) is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide. That is, the Bohr effect refers to the shift in the oxygen dissociation curve caused by changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide or the pH of the environment. Since carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, an increase in CO results in a decrease in blood pH, resulting in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of oxygen. Conversely, a decrease in carbon dioxide provokes an increase in pH, which results in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters", "paragraph_text": "The Featherduster is a maid of the castle, who is also Lumi\u00e8re's girlfriend. She is transformed into a feather duster as a cause of the Enchantress' spell. She appears in Beauty and the Beast and Belle's Magical World. She also makes a cameo in Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas. There have been some changes to her name throughout the different shows produced; in the musical, she is called Babette; and in Belle's Magical World, she is called Fifi. In the 2017 live - action film, she is portrayed by Gugu Mbatha - Raw and is called Plumette and was transformed into a swan - shaped feather duster."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Black Death", "paragraph_text": "The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague, the Black Plague, or the Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. The bacterium Yersinia pestis, which results in several forms of plague, is believed to have been the cause. The plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sam Seaborn", "paragraph_text": "Although Sam is mentioned occasionally following his departure -- most notably calling Josh to tell him to ``roll with the punches ''after the latter unwittingly caused the defection of a Democratic Senator -- he is not seen in the series until the last episodes of the seventh and final season, following the election of Congressman Matt Santos as President. Resolving the debate over the result of the California 47th's special election, it is implied that Sam was defeated by Congressman Webb and declined the promotion to Senior Counselor to the President that had been suggested by Toby. After summarily quitting politics, Sam remained in his home state of California and joined an unnamed law firm in Los Angeles which pays him a salary that would`` make (Josh) puke''."}], "question": "What is the result of the laws of cause and effect called?"}
{"id": "2hop__762400_704937", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Japan Air Self-Defense Force", "paragraph_text": "The , JASDF, also referred to as the Japanese Air Force, is the air warfare branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, responsible for the defense of Japanese airspace and for other aerospace operations. The JASDF carries out combat air patrols around Japan, while also maintaining a network of ground and air early-warning radar systems. The branch also has an aerobatic team known as Blue Impulse and has provided air transport in UN peacekeeping missions."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fuji T-7", "paragraph_text": "The Fuji T-7 (previously T-3 Kai) is a Japanese primary trainer aircraft built by Fuji Heavy Industries for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. A development of Fuji's earlier T-3 trainer, it is a single-engined monoplane powered by a turboprop engine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Digimon Adventure", "paragraph_text": ", known as Digimon: Digital Monsters in English-speaking territories, is a Japanese anime television series created by Akiyoshi Hongo, and produced by Toei Animation in cooperation with WiZ, Bandai and Fuji Television. It is the first anime installment in the \"Digimon\" media franchise, based on the virtual pet of the same name. The series aired in Japan from March 7, 1999 to March 26, 2000. It follows a group of children and their partners attempting to save both worlds from evil, after arriving in the \"Digital World\" for the first time."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fireworks, Should We See It from the Side or the Bottom?", "paragraph_text": "BULLET::::- \"Fireworks, Should We See It from the Side or the Bottom?\" (1993 film), a Japanese television film by writer/director Shunji Iwai and shown on Fuji TV"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "AT&T Communications", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, AT&T Communications (and subsidiary AT&T Communications of New England) was merged into AT&T Corp. In 2012, 17 more of the AT&T Communications companies were dissolved into AT&T Corp., leaving only the companies in Indiana, New York, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. as the last remnants of the 1984-created structure. On July 28, 2017, AT&T announced a new AT&T Communications corporate division, which will house AT&T Mobility, DirecTV, U-verse, AT&T Business, and Technology and Operations Group."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Agent Orange", "paragraph_text": "Agent Orange is an herbicide and defoliant chemical, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides. It is widely known for its use by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It is a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides, 2, 4, 5 - T and 2, 4 - D. In addition to its damaging environmental effects, traces of dioxin found in the mixture have caused major health problems for many individuals who were exposed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Film speed", "paragraph_text": "Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate that the 3200 number is an ISO rating on their packaging. Kodak and Fuji also marketed E6 films designed for pushing (hence the \"P\" prefix), such as Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600, both with a base speed of ISO 400."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Subaru", "paragraph_text": "Fuji Heavy Industries started out as The Aircraft Research Laboratory in 1915, headed by Chikuhei Nakajima. In 1932, the company was reorganized as Nakajima Aircraft Company, Ltd and soon became a major manufacturer of aircraft for Japan during World War II. At the end of the Second World War Nakajima Aircraft was again reorganized, this time as Fuji Sangyo Co, Ltd. In 1946, the company created the Fuji Rabbit motor scooter with spare aircraft parts from the war. In 1950, Fuji Sangyo was divided into 12 smaller corporations according to the Japanese Government's 1950 Corporate Credit Rearrangement Act, anti-zaibatsu legislation. Between 1953 and 1955, four of these corporations and a newly formed corporation decided to merge to form Fuji Heavy Industries. These companies were: Fuji Kogyo, a scooter manufacturer; coachbuilders Fuji Jidosha; engine manufacturers Omiya Fuji Kogyo; chassis builders Utsunomiya Sharyo and the Tokyo Fuji Dangyo trading company."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kings & Queens (Jamie T album)", "paragraph_text": "Kings & Queens is the second album by Londoner singer-songwriter Jamie T, released on 7 September 2009. The album reached No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marion T. Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Marion T. Anderson (November 13, 1839 - February 7, 1904) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ghost Soup", "paragraph_text": "Ghost Soup is a 1992 Japanese TV drama produced for Fuji TV as part of their part of the food-themed drama series, La Cuisine by Shunji Iwai."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2008 Japanese Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 Japanese Grand Prix (formally the XXXIV Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 12 October 2008, at the Fuji Speedway, Oyama, Japan. It was the 16th race of the 2008 Formula One season. The 67-lap race was won by Fernando Alonso for the Renault team from fourth position on the starting grid. Robert Kubica finished second for BMW Sauber, and Kimi R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen third for Ferrari."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "49th Fighter Training Squadron", "paragraph_text": "The 49th Fighter Training Squadron is part of the 14th Flying Training Wing based at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi. It operates T-38 Talon aircraft conducting flight training."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "TracFone Wireless", "paragraph_text": "TracFone Wireless, Inc. is a prepaid mobile virtual network operator in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. TracFone Wireless is a subsidiary of Mexico's largest telecommunications company Am\u00e9rica M\u00f3vil, and offers products and services under multiple brands which include TracFone, NET10 Wireless, Total Wireless, Straight Talk, SafeLink Wireless, Telcel Am\u00e9rica, SIMPLE Mobile, Page Plus Cellular, GoSmart Mobile, and Walmart Family Mobile. TracFone Wireless operates as a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), holding agreements with the United States' largest wireless network operators to provide service using their networks, including Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, T - Mobile US, Sprint Corporation, and U.S. Cellular. TracFone Wireless had 25.668 million subscribers in 2015."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rijpje", "paragraph_text": "Rijpje or 't Rijpje is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Immune system", "paragraph_text": "Gamma delta T cells (\u03b3\u03b4 T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (\u03b1\u03b2) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The conditions that produce responses from \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are not fully understood. Like other 'unconventional' T cell subsets bearing invariant TCRs, such as CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells straddle the border between innate and adaptive immunity. On one hand, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are a component of adaptive immunity as they rearrange TCR genes to produce receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype. On the other hand, the various subsets are also part of the innate immune system, as restricted TCR or NK receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors. For example, large numbers of human V\u03b39/V\u03b42 T cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes, and highly restricted V\u03b41+ T cells in epithelia respond to stressed epithelial cells."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "T-28", "paragraph_text": "The Soviets had 411 T-28 tanks when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. A large majority of these were lost during the first two months of the invasion, many of them abandoned after mechanical breakdown. Some T-28s took part in the 1941 winter defence of Leningrad and Moscow, but after late 1941, they were rare in Red Army service; a few were operated by enemy forces."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "T-80", "paragraph_text": "T-80B and T-80BV MBTs were never used in Afghanistan in the 1980s to maintain the tank's characteristics secret, but they were first used during the First Chechen War. This first real combat experience for T-80 MBTs was unsuccessful, as the tanks were used for capturing cities, a task for which they were not very well suited. The biggest tank losses were suffered during the ill-fated assault on the city of Grozny. During the two-days battle for the railway station, more than 450 Chechen terrorists were killed. During three months of combat, 84 T-80 tanks were used. The 133rd Tank Battalion used 53 T-80s and lost 12 of them. The 3rd Tank Battalion used 31 T-80s and lost 6 of them. The forces selected to capture Grozny were not prepared for such an operation, while the city was defended by, among others, veterans of the Soviet\u2013Afghan War. The T-80 tanks used in this operation either did not have reactive armour (T-80B) or they were not fitted with explosive inserts before the start of the operation (T-80BV), and the T-80 crews lacked sufficient training before the war."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "T-Mobile US", "paragraph_text": "T - Mobile US provides wireless voice and data services in the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands under the T - Mobile and MetroPCS brands (which it acquired in a reverse takeover in 2013, resulting in the company going public on the NASDAQ stock exchange), and also serves as the host network for many mobile virtual network operators. The company has annual revenues of over $40 billion. In 2015, Consumer Reports named T - Mobile the number one American wireless carrier. In 2017, T - Mobile was ranked # 1 in Customer Service Satisfaction by Nielsen."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Comcast", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was \"AT&T Comcast\", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center."}], "question": "The operator of the Fuji T-7 is part of what?"}
{"id": "2hop__2883_2785", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Architecture", "paragraph_text": "The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as \"world realm\", between the various schools of Buddhism."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "The Gospel of John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus. This Gospel in itself is the greatest support of Athanasius's stand. The Gospel of John's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass, we believe as a result of Athanasius, and his life's stand, but quietly. The Last Gospel of The Mass, The Eucharist, St John[1:1\u201314], together with the prayer; \"Placeat tibi\", the Blessing, are all private devotions that have been gradually absorbed by the liturgical service. The beginning of John's Gospel was much used as an object of special devotion throughout the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, the practice of saying it at the altar grew; eventually Pius V made this practice universal for the Roman Rite in his edition of the Missal (1570). It became a firm custom with exceptions in using an other Gospel in use from 1920. So the Missals showed different last Gospel for certain Feast days. A Prayer Card for the St John's Gospel. Also:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Declaration of war by the United States", "paragraph_text": "For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says ``Congress shall have power to... declare War ''. However, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a`` declaration of war'' nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In the courts, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in Doe v. Bush, said: ``(T) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war. ''in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional`` Declaration of War'' was not required by the Constitution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") is the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\u2014the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: \"kusala\") and bad, unskillful (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") actions produce \"seeds\" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called s\u012bla. Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetan\u0101), and bring about a consequence or phala \"fruit\" or vip\u0101ka \"result\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "NTFS", "paragraph_text": "For historical reasons, the versions of Windows that do not support NTFS all keep time internally as local zone time, and therefore so do all file systems \u2013 other than NTFS \u2013 that are supported by current versions of Windows. This means that when files are copied or moved between NTFS and non-NTFS partitions, the OS needs to convert timestamps on the fly. But if some files are moved when daylight saving time (DST) is in effect, and other files are moved when standard time is in effect, there can be some ambiguities in the conversions. As a result, especially shortly after one of the days on which local zone time changes, users may observe that some files have timestamps that are incorrect by one hour. Due to the differences in implementation of DST in different jurisdictions, this can result in a potential timestamp error of up to 4 hours in any given 12 months."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Sa\u1e45gha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Edmund Burke", "paragraph_text": "The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5\u20136 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was \"pure foppery\". Edward Gibbon, however, reacted differently: \"I adore his chivalry\". Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron, that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage, she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it. Price had rejoiced that the French king had been \"led in triumph\" during the October Days, but to Burke this symbolised the opposing revolutionary sentiment of the Jacobins and the natural sentiments of those who shared his own view with horror\u2014that the ungallant assault on Marie-Antoinette\u2014was a cowardly attack on a defenceless woman."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Santa Monica, California", "paragraph_text": "Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portol\u00e0, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Cresp\u00ed on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium. In mammals, the pallium evolves into a complex six-layered structure called neocortex or isocortex. Several areas at the edge of the neocortex, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called \"extremely credible\" the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as \"discriminatory\". According to surveys, only 5% of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity \u2013 more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia. When comparing the result with a survey from 2000, then Russians' attitude toward the future is much more positive."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "High-definition television", "paragraph_text": "50 Hz systems support three scanning rates: 50i, 25p and 50p. 60 Hz systems support a much wider set of frame rates: 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p and 60p. In the days of standard definition television, the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers, e.g. 23.976p was often called 24p, or 59.94i was often called 60i. 60 Hz high definition television supports both fractional and slightly different integer rates, therefore strict usage of notation is required to avoid ambiguity. Nevertheless, 29.97i/59.94i is almost universally called 60i, likewise 23.976p is called 24p."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Empiricism", "paragraph_text": "In his Harvard \"Lectures on Pragmatism\" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the \"three cotary propositions of pragmatism\" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they \"put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism\". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed that this link between sensory perception and intellectual conception is a two-way street. That is, it can be taken to say that whatever we find in the intellect is also incipiently in the senses. Hence, if theories are theory-laden then so are the senses, and perception itself can be seen as a species of abductive inference, its difference being that it is beyond control and hence beyond critique \u2013 in a word, incorrigible. This in no way conflicts with the fallibility and revisability of scientific concepts, since it is only the immediate percept in its unique individuality or \"thisness\" \u2013 what the Scholastics called its haecceity \u2013 that stands beyond control and correction. Scientific concepts, on the other hand, are general in nature, and transient sensations do in another sense find correction within them. This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research, most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Euclidean geometry", "paragraph_text": "Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to the Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the Elements. Euclid's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, and deducing many other propositions (theorems) from these. Although many of Euclid's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians, Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system. The Elements begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of formal proof. It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Much of the Elements states results of what are now called algebra and number theory, explained in geometrical language."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William E. Slemmons", "paragraph_text": "He gave the Master's Oration at the Princeton commencement in 1880, a speech entitled \"Literary and Academic Exclusiveness.\" The New York Times called it an \"extremely practical view of the caste feeling existing between high institutions of learning and the common every-day world.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "SaulPaul", "paragraph_text": "SaulPaul is an American artist and most widely known as a rapper from Houston, Texas. He has garnered much attention with his unique talent to \"make songs up on the spot,\" aka freestyle. He is not your ordinary rapper in that his message is very different from what you would typically hear in rap music."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Borobudur", "paragraph_text": "At first glance, all the Buddha statues appear similar, but there is a subtle difference between them in the mudras, or the position of the hands. There are five groups of mudra: North, East, South, West and Zenith, which represent the five cardinal compass points according to Mahayana. The first four balustrades have the first four mudras: North, East, South and West, of which the Buddha statues that face one compass direction have the corresponding mudra. Buddha statues at the fifth balustrades and inside the 72 stupas on the top platform have the same mudra: Zenith. Each mudra represents one of the Five Dhyani Buddhas; each has its own symbolism.Following the order of Pradakshina (clockwise circumumbulation) starting from the East, the mudras of the Borobudur buddha statues are:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, \"the Buddha at first sought \"the deathless\" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.\" Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha \"introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time.\" According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "The Noble Eightfold Path\u2014the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths\u2014consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration."}], "question": "What is the result of the thing Buddha had a much different view of than people today?"}
{"id": "2hop__94522_215191", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Cable Guy", "paragraph_text": "The Cable Guy is a 1996 American black comedy film directed by Ben Stiller, starring Jim Carrey and Matthew Broderick. It was released in the United States on June 14, 1996. The film co-stars Leslie Mann, Jack Black, George Segal, Diane Baker, Eric Roberts, Owen Wilson, Janeane Garofalo, David Cross, Andy Dick, Amy Stiller, and Bob Odenkirk."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bob McTavish", "paragraph_text": "Bob McTavish (born 1944 Mackay, Queensland) is an Australian surfboard designer who is often credited with the invention of the V-bottom surfboard and was one of a number of pioneering surfer/shapers considered instrumental in the development of shortboard surfing. Without his contributions to the world of surfing, the revolutionary nature of shortboard surfing wouldn't have been as effective. Through the combined efforts of Bob McTavish and George Greenough, the shortboard was created in 1966. McTavish was voted the most influential shaper of all time by \"Australia\u2019s Surfing Life\" magazine in 1992."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bob and George", "paragraph_text": "Bob and George was a sprite-based webcomic which parodied the fictional universe of Mega Man. It is written by David Anez, who at the time was a physics instructor living in the American Midwest. The comic first appeared on April 1, 2000 and ran until July 28, 2007. It was updated daily, with there being only 29 days without a comic in its seven years of production and with 2568 comics being made altogether."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803, following a failed attempt to settle at Sullivan Bay in what is now Victoria. Other British settlements followed, at various points around the continent, many of them unsuccessful. The East India Trade Committee recommended in 1823 that a settlement be established on the coast of northern Australia to forestall the Dutch, and Captain J.J.G. Bremer, RN, was commissioned to form a settlement between Bathurst Island and the Cobourg Peninsula. Bremer fixed the site of his settlement at Fort Dundas on Melville Island in 1824 and, because this was well to the west of the boundary proclaimed in 1788, proclaimed British sovereignty over all the territory as far west as longitude 129\u00b0 East.The new boundary included Melville and Bathurst Islands, and the adjacent mainland. In 1826, the British claim was extended to the whole Australian continent when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (the basis of the later town of Albany), but the eastern border of Western Australia remained unchanged at longitude 129\u00b0 East. In 1824, a penal colony was established near the mouth of the Brisbane River (the basis of the later colony of Queensland). In 1829, the Swan River Colony and its capital of Perth were founded on the west coast proper and also assumed control of King George Sound. Initially a free colony, Western Australia later accepted British convicts, because of an acute labour shortage."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Price Is Right (American game show)", "paragraph_text": "The program premiered on September 4, 1972 on CBS. Bob Barker was the series' longest - running host from its 1972 debut until his retirement in June 2007, when Drew Carey took over. Barker was accompanied by a series of announcers, beginning with Johnny Olson, followed by Rod Roddy and then Rich Fields. In April 2011, George Gray became the announcer. The show has used several models, most notably Anitra Ford, Janice Pennington, Dian Parkinson, Holly Hallstrom and Kathleen Bradley. While retaining some elements of the original version of the show, the 1972 version has added many new distinctive gameplay elements."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "What a Wonderful World", "paragraph_text": "``What a Wonderful World ''is a pop ballad written by Bob Thiele (as`` George Douglas'') and George David Weiss. It was first recorded by Louis Armstrong and released in 1967 as a single, which topped the pop charts in the United Kingdom. Thiele and Weiss were both prominent in the music world (Thiele as a producer and Weiss as a composer / performer). Armstrong's recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The publishing for this song is controlled by Memory Lane Music Group, Carlin Music Corp. and BMG Rights Management."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Price Is Right (American game show)", "paragraph_text": "The program premiered on September 4, 1972, on CBS. Bob Barker was the series' longest - running host from its 1972 debut until his retirement in June 2007, when Drew Carey took over. Barker was accompanied by a series of announcers, beginning with Johnny Olson, followed by Rod Roddy and then Rich Fields. In April 2011, George Gray became the announcer. The show has used several models, most notably Anitra Ford, Janice Pennington, Dian Parkinson, Holly Hallstrom and Kathleen Bradley. While retaining some elements of the original version of the show, the 1972 version has added many new distinctive gameplay elements."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Golden State Warriors", "paragraph_text": "Coaching history Coach Tenure Edward Gottlieb 1946 -- 1955 George Senesky 1955 -- 1958 Al Cervi 1958 -- 1959 Neil Johnston 1959 -- 1961 Frank McGuire 1961 -- 1962 Bob Feerick 1962 -- 1963 Alex Hannum 1963 -- 1966 Bill Sharman 1966 -- 1968 George Lee 1968 -- 1970 Al Attles 1970 -- 1980 Johnny Bach 1980 Al Attles 1980 -- 1983 Johnny Bach 1983 -- 1986 George Karl 1986 -- 1988 Ed Gregory Don Nelson 1988 -- 1995 Bob Lanier 1995 Rick Adelman 1995 -- 1997 P.J. Carlesimo 1997 -- 1999 Garry St. Jean 1999 -- 2000 Dave Cowens 2000 -- 2001 Brian Winters 2001 -- 2002 Eric Musselman 2002 -- 2004 Mike Montgomery 2004 -- 2006 Don Nelson 2006 -- 2010 Keith Smart 2010 -- 2011 Mark Jackson 2011 -- 2014 Steve Kerr 2014 -- present"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", "paragraph_text": "``Knockin 'on Heaven's Door ''Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side`` Turkey Chase'' Released July 13, 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock, gospel Length 2: 32 Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Bob Dylan Producer (s) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology ``George Jackson ''(1971)`` Knockin' on Heaven's Door'' (1973) ``A Fool Such as I ''(1973)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz", "paragraph_text": "The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz is a 1968 DeLuxe Color (Deluxe Entertainment Services Group) American comedy film directed by George Marshall and starring Elke Sommer, Bob Crane, Werner Klemperer and Leon Askin. The screenplay concerns an East German athlete who defects to the West by pole-vaulting over the Berlin Wall."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Schoolhouse Rock!", "paragraph_text": "Episode title Subject Music by Lyrics by Performed by First aired A Noun Is A Person, Place Or Thing noun Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens September 15, 1973 Verb: That's What's Happenin 'verb Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Zachary Sanders September 22, 1973 Conjunction Junction conjunction Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Jack Sheldon, Terry Morel and Mary Sue Berry November 17, 1973 Interjections! interjection Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens Essra Mohawk February 23, 1974 Unpack Your Adjectives adjective George R. Newall George R. Newall Blossom Dearie March 2, 1974 Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, Get Your Adverbs Here adverb Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Bob Dorough April 13, 1974 Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla pronoun Bob Dorough Kathy Mandary Jack Sheldon April 27, 1976 Busy Prepositions preposition Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Jack Sheldon and Bob Dorough September 11, 1993 The Tale of Mr. Morton subject and predicate Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens Jack Sheldon September 11, 1993"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mega Man X (video game)", "paragraph_text": "With the transition to more advanced gaming hardware, series artist Keiji Inafune explained that the development of \"Mega Man X\" involved reinventing \"Mega Man\" through gameplay expansion and a more mature storyline while still maintaining the basic concepts on which the franchise was built. Much like the NES \"Mega Man\" games that came before it, \"Mega Man X\" is a standard action-platform game where the player takes control of the eponymous character and must complete a set of eight, initial stages in any order desired. Defeating the boss character at the end of each stage grants the player one new weapon that can then be toggled and used at will for the remainder of the game. However, \"Mega Man X\" adds a number of new features and makes radical changes to the original gameplay mechanics of previous releases in the series. These include allowing the player to dash along the ground, scale walls, and obtain armor attachments which grant special abilities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Count of Monte Cristo (1954 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Count of Monte Cristo () is a French drama romance film from 1954, directed by Robert Vernay, written by Georges Neveux, starring Daniel Ivernel and Jean Marais. The scenario was written on a basis of novel of Alexandre Dumas. The film was known under the title \"Il tesoro di Montecristo\" (Italy)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Seven Little Foys", "paragraph_text": "The Seven Little Foys is a Technicolor in VistaVision 1955 comedy film directed by Melville Shavelson starring Bob Hope as Eddie Foy. One highlight of the film is an energetic tabletop dance showdown sequence with Bob Hope as Eddie Foy and James Cagney, who reprises his role as George M. Cohan. The story of Eddie Foy Sr. and the Seven Little Foys inspired a TV version in 1964 and a stage musical version, which premiered in 2007, in addition to this film in 1955."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Turkey in a Can", "paragraph_text": "Bob is determined not to let the culprit prevent him from cooking a turkey and purchases one more at the grocery store. The butcher once again mistakes this for Bob's affection toward him, and breaks down, stating that things with his boyfriend, Tony, have n't been good for a long time and that perhaps he is indeed ready for a change. He excitedly asks Bob where he wants to go for a date, but Bob, flustered, tells him that he's ``straight... well, mostly straight ''and not romantically interested in him, but that even if he was, the butcher is way out of his league. Bob runs away, saying that he probably wo n't see him tomorrow, but that he'll call him. Tina continues to try to win her way into the adults' table, while Bob successfully cooks the turkey in time for dinner. Before dinner starts, Gayle and Linda sing their sexually euphemistic Thanksgiving carol, but Bob, exhausted from staying up late, falls asleep and begins sleepwalking with the turkey. The family follows him, where he takes the turkey into the toilet, referring to the turkey as Tina, and trying to potty train it, causing it to fall into the toilet."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", "paragraph_text": "``Knockin 'on Heaven's Door ''Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side`` Turkey Chase'' Released July 13, 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock, gospel Length 2: 32 Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Bob Dylan Producer (s) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology ``George Jackson ''(1971)`` Knockin' on Heaven's Door'' (1973) ``A Fool Such as I ''(1973)`` George Jackson'' (1971) ``Knockin 'on Heaven's Door ''(1973)`` A Fool Such as I'' (1973)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bob Russell (The West Wing)", "paragraph_text": "Robert ``Bob ''Russell is a fictional character played by Gary Cole on the television serial drama The West Wing. He is introduced as a member of Congress from Colorado, and succeeds to the vice presidency after President Bartlet nominates him following the resignation of incumbent John Hoynes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Monuments Men", "paragraph_text": "The Monuments Men is a 2014 war film directed by George Clooney, and written and produced by Clooney and Grant Heslov. The film stars an ensemble cast including Clooney, Matt Damon, Bill Murray, John Goodman, Jean Dujardin, Bob Balaban, Hugh Bonneville, and Cate Blanchett."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "What a Wonderful World", "paragraph_text": "``What a Wonderful World ''Single by Louis Armstrong from the album What a Wonderful World B - side`` Cabaret'' Released October 18, 1967 Format 7 ''Recorded August 16, 1967 Genre Traditional pop jazz Length 2: 21 Label ABC 10982, HMV Songwriter (s) Bob Thiele (as George Douglas) George David Weiss Producer (s) Bob Thiele Louis Armstrong singles chronology ``Mi va de cantare'' (1967)`` What a Wonderful World ''(1967) ``Hello Brother'' (1968)`` Mi va de cantare ''(1967) ``What a Wonderful World'' (1967)`` Hello Brother ''(1968)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "Hulu has produced a 10 - episode series of the novel starring Elisabeth Moss as Offred. The first three episodes were released on April 26, 2017, with subsequent episodes following on a weekly basis. Margaret Atwood served as consulting producer. The show has been renewed for a second season, coming out in early 2018."}], "question": "What is the game that follows the one that Bob and George is based on?"}
{"id": "2hop__94522_859067", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Count of Monte Cristo (1954 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Count of Monte Cristo () is a French drama romance film from 1954, directed by Robert Vernay, written by Georges Neveux, starring Daniel Ivernel and Jean Marais. The scenario was written on a basis of novel of Alexandre Dumas. The film was known under the title \"Il tesoro di Montecristo\" (Italy)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Golden State Warriors", "paragraph_text": "Coaching history Coach Tenure Edward Gottlieb 1946 -- 1955 George Senesky 1955 -- 1958 Al Cervi 1958 -- 1959 Neil Johnston 1959 -- 1961 Frank McGuire 1961 -- 1962 Bob Feerick 1962 -- 1963 Alex Hannum 1963 -- 1966 Bill Sharman 1966 -- 1968 George Lee 1968 -- 1970 Al Attles 1970 -- 1980 Johnny Bach 1980 Al Attles 1980 -- 1983 Johnny Bach 1983 -- 1986 George Karl 1986 -- 1988 Ed Gregory Don Nelson 1988 -- 1995 Bob Lanier 1995 Rick Adelman 1995 -- 1997 P.J. Carlesimo 1997 -- 1999 Garry St. Jean 1999 -- 2000 Dave Cowens 2000 -- 2001 Brian Winters 2001 -- 2002 Eric Musselman 2002 -- 2004 Mike Montgomery 2004 -- 2006 Don Nelson 2006 -- 2010 Keith Smart 2010 -- 2011 Mark Jackson 2011 -- 2014 Steve Kerr 2014 -- present"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "What a Wonderful World", "paragraph_text": "``What a Wonderful World ''Single by Louis Armstrong from the album What a Wonderful World B - side`` Cabaret'' Released October 18, 1967 Format 7 ''Recorded August 16, 1967 Genre Traditional pop jazz Length 2: 21 Label ABC 10982, HMV Songwriter (s) Bob Thiele (as George Douglas) George David Weiss Producer (s) Bob Thiele Louis Armstrong singles chronology ``Mi va de cantare'' (1967)`` What a Wonderful World ''(1967) ``Hello Brother'' (1968)`` Mi va de cantare ''(1967) ``What a Wonderful World'' (1967)`` Hello Brother ''(1968)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bob and George", "paragraph_text": "Bob and George was a sprite-based webcomic which parodied the fictional universe of Mega Man. It is written by David Anez, who at the time was a physics instructor living in the American Midwest. The comic first appeared on April 1, 2000 and ran until July 28, 2007. It was updated daily, with there being only 29 days without a comic in its seven years of production and with 2568 comics being made altogether."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Schoolhouse Rock!", "paragraph_text": "Episode title Subject Music by Lyrics by Performed by First aired A Noun Is A Person, Place Or Thing noun Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens September 15, 1973 Verb: That's What's Happenin 'verb Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Zachary Sanders September 22, 1973 Conjunction Junction conjunction Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Jack Sheldon, Terry Morel and Mary Sue Berry November 17, 1973 Interjections! interjection Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens Essra Mohawk February 23, 1974 Unpack Your Adjectives adjective George R. Newall George R. Newall Blossom Dearie March 2, 1974 Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, Get Your Adverbs Here adverb Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Bob Dorough April 13, 1974 Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla pronoun Bob Dorough Kathy Mandary Jack Sheldon April 27, 1976 Busy Prepositions preposition Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Jack Sheldon and Bob Dorough September 11, 1993 The Tale of Mr. Morton subject and predicate Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens Jack Sheldon September 11, 1993"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series garnered extremely positive reviews and won the 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, along with seven other Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an ``Outstanding Series ''Emmy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bob Lyon", "paragraph_text": "Bob Lyon, an American politician, is a former Kansas State Senator from the city of Winchester. A civil engineer, Lyon is a graduate of the University of Virginia and George Washington University."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Monuments Men", "paragraph_text": "The Monuments Men is a 2014 war film directed by George Clooney, and written and produced by Clooney and Grant Heslov. The film stars an ensemble cast including Clooney, Matt Damon, Bill Murray, John Goodman, Jean Dujardin, Bob Balaban, Hugh Bonneville, and Cate Blanchett."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shepherds railway station, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Shepherds is a closed railway platform on the Main South railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The platform opened in 1893 and closed in 1975. No trace now remains of the platform."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "A. den Doolaard", "paragraph_text": "A. den Doolaard (, , , Zwolle, February 7, 1901 \u2013 Hoenderloo, June 26, 1994) is the pseudonym of the Dutch writer and journalist Cornelis Johannes George (Bob) Spoelstra Jr."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KDE Platform 4", "paragraph_text": "KDE Platform 4 was a collection of libraries and software frameworks by KDE that served as technological foundation for KDE Software Compilation 4 distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). KDE Platform 4 was the successor to KDElibs and the predecessor of KDE Frameworks. KDE Platform 4 is the only version of KDE Platform, see KDE\u2019s brand repositioning."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, the series was renewed for a second season scheduled to premiere on April 25, 2018. The Handmaid's Tale received widespread critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from 13 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, becoming the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series. It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", "paragraph_text": "``Knockin 'on Heaven's Door ''Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side`` Turkey Chase'' Released July 13, 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock, gospel Length 2: 32 Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Bob Dylan Producer (s) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology ``George Jackson ''(1971)`` Knockin' on Heaven's Door'' (1973) ``A Fool Such as I ''(1973)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", "paragraph_text": "``Knockin 'on Heaven's Door ''Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side`` Turkey Chase'' Released July 13, 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock, gospel Length 2: 32 Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Bob Dylan Producer (s) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology ``George Jackson ''(1971)`` Knockin' on Heaven's Door'' (1973) ``A Fool Such as I ''(1973)`` George Jackson'' (1971) ``Knockin 'on Heaven's Door ''(1973)`` A Fool Such as I'' (1973)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz", "paragraph_text": "The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz is a 1968 DeLuxe Color (Deluxe Entertainment Services Group) American comedy film directed by George Marshall and starring Elke Sommer, Bob Crane, Werner Klemperer and Leon Askin. The screenplay concerns an East German athlete who defects to the West by pole-vaulting over the Berlin Wall."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in April 2018. The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mega Man (Game Gear video game)", "paragraph_text": "Mega Man is a video game for the Sega Game Gear. It was developed by Freestyle, licensed by Capcom, and published by U.S. Gold only in North America in 1995. Despite sharing a title with the original \"Mega Man\" on NES, it bears no relation to that title."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "DirectX", "paragraph_text": "Microsoft DirectX is a collection of application programming interfaces (APIs) for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially game programming and video, on Microsoft platforms. Originally, the names of these APIs all began with Direct, such as Direct3D, DirectDraw, DirectMusic, DirectPlay, DirectSound, and so forth. The name DirectX was coined as a shorthand term for all of these APIs (the X standing in for the particular API names) and soon became the name of the collection. When Microsoft later set out to develop a gaming console, the X was used as the basis of the name Xbox to indicate that the console was based on DirectX technology. The X initial has been carried forward in the naming of APIs designed for the Xbox such as XInput and the Cross-platform Audio Creation Tool (XACT), while the DirectX pattern has been continued for Windows APIs such as Direct2D and DirectWrite."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "What a Wonderful World", "paragraph_text": "``What a Wonderful World ''is a pop ballad written by Bob Thiele (as`` George Douglas'') and George David Weiss. It was first recorded by Louis Armstrong and released in 1967 as a single, which topped the pop charts in the United Kingdom. Thiele and Weiss were both prominent in the music world (Thiele as a producer and Weiss as a composer / performer). Armstrong's recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The publishing for this song is controlled by Memory Lane Music Group, Carlin Music Corp. and BMG Rights Management."}], "question": "On what platform is the game serving as the basis of Bob and George?"}
{"id": "2hop__94522_585697", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Let It Be", "paragraph_text": "The master take was recorded on 31 January 1969, as part of the ``Apple studio performance ''for the project. McCartney played Bl\u00fcthner piano, Lennon played six - string electric bass (replaced by McCartney's own bass part on the final version at the behest of George Martin), George Harrison and Ringo Starr assumed their conventional roles, on guitar and drums respectively, and Billy Preston contributed on organ. This was one of two performances of`` Let It Be'' that day. The first version, designated take 27 - A, would serve as the basis for all officially released versions of the song. The other version, take 27 - B, was performed as part of the ``live studio performance '', along with`` Two of Us'' and ``The Long and Winding Road ''. This performance, in which Lennon and Harrison harmonised with McCartney's lead vocal and Harrison contributed a subdued guitar solo, can be seen in the film Let It Be."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chris McClaren", "paragraph_text": "Christopher McClaren (born 14 March 1963) is an English former footballer who played three matches on a non-contract basis for Darlington in the latter part of the 1986\u201387 Football League season. A defender, he also played non-league football for Walton & Hersham."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Boggywell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Boggywell Creek, an urban gully that is part of the Georges River catchment, is located in the southern Sydney district of St George, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bob Thorpe (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Bob Thorpe is an American politician and a Republican member of the Arizona House of Representatives representing District 6 since January 14, 2013. He is also a part of the Tea Party Movement."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "What a Wonderful World", "paragraph_text": "``What a Wonderful World ''is a pop ballad written by Bob Thiele (as`` George Douglas'') and George David Weiss. It was first recorded by Louis Armstrong and released in 1967 as a single, which topped the pop charts in the United Kingdom. Thiele and Weiss were both prominent in the music world (Thiele as a producer and Weiss as a composer / performer). Armstrong's recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The publishing for this song is controlled by Memory Lane Music Group, Carlin Music Corp. and BMG Rights Management."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "What a Wonderful World", "paragraph_text": "``What a Wonderful World ''Single by Louis Armstrong from the album What a Wonderful World B - side`` Cabaret'' Released October 18, 1967 Format 7 ''Recorded August 16, 1967 Genre Traditional pop jazz Length 2: 21 Label ABC 10982, HMV Songwriter (s) Bob Thiele (as George Douglas) George David Weiss Producer (s) Bob Thiele Louis Armstrong singles chronology ``Mi va de cantare'' (1967)`` What a Wonderful World ''(1967) ``Hello Brother'' (1968)`` Mi va de cantare ''(1967) ``What a Wonderful World'' (1967)`` Hello Brother ''(1968)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", "paragraph_text": "``Knockin 'on Heaven's Door ''Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side`` Turkey Chase'' Released July 13, 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock, gospel Length 2: 32 Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Bob Dylan Producer (s) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology ``George Jackson ''(1971)`` Knockin' on Heaven's Door'' (1973) ``A Fool Such as I ''(1973)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bob's Burgers (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of the animated comedy series \"Bob's Burgers\" began airing on Fox in the United States on September 29, 2013, and concluded on May 18, 2014. The show was once again part of Fox's Sunday night lineup, initially airing in its usual timeslot of 8:30 PM Eastern. Beginning on March 9 and continuing for the rest of the season, \"Bob's Burgers\" moved to 7:00 PM Eastern; the move came as a result of the addition of \"\" to the network's lineup."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Seven Little Foys", "paragraph_text": "The Seven Little Foys is a Technicolor in VistaVision 1955 comedy film directed by Melville Shavelson starring Bob Hope as Eddie Foy. One highlight of the film is an energetic tabletop dance showdown sequence with Bob Hope as Eddie Foy and James Cagney, who reprises his role as George M. Cohan. The story of Eddie Foy Sr. and the Seven Little Foys inspired a TV version in 1964 and a stage musical version, which premiered in 2007, in addition to this film in 1955."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Count of Monte Cristo (1954 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Count of Monte Cristo () is a French drama romance film from 1954, directed by Robert Vernay, written by Georges Neveux, starring Daniel Ivernel and Jean Marais. The scenario was written on a basis of novel of Alexandre Dumas. The film was known under the title \"Il tesoro di Montecristo\" (Italy)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bob and George", "paragraph_text": "Bob and George was a sprite-based webcomic which parodied the fictional universe of Mega Man. It is written by David Anez, who at the time was a physics instructor living in the American Midwest. The comic first appeared on April 1, 2000 and ran until July 28, 2007. It was updated daily, with there being only 29 days without a comic in its seven years of production and with 2568 comics being made altogether."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Back to the Future characters", "paragraph_text": "George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz", "paragraph_text": "The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz is a 1968 DeLuxe Color (Deluxe Entertainment Services Group) American comedy film directed by George Marshall and starring Elke Sommer, Bob Crane, Werner Klemperer and Leon Askin. The screenplay concerns an East German athlete who defects to the West by pole-vaulting over the Berlin Wall."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mega Man 8", "paragraph_text": "The plot begins as Mega Man is called to investigate a mysterious energy reading coming from a recent meteor crash on an island. Mega Man discovers that his nemesis Dr. Wily has beaten him there and immediately retreats with the energy source. Mega Man is charged with stopping Wily's evil plans to use the energy, as well as discover the purpose of a mysterious, alien robot found at the crash site. Along with new animated full-motion videos (FMVs) and voice acting, \"Mega Man 8\" features improved graphics and sound when compared to previous iterations in the series. Aside from a few minor conventions, the game utilizes the same 2D side-scrolling and platforming formula established by its predecessors on the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Nintendo Entertainment Systems."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Schoolhouse Rock!", "paragraph_text": "Episode title Subject Music by Lyrics by Performed by First aired A Noun Is A Person, Place Or Thing noun Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens September 15, 1973 Verb: That's What's Happenin 'verb Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Zachary Sanders September 22, 1973 Conjunction Junction conjunction Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Jack Sheldon, Terry Morel and Mary Sue Berry November 17, 1973 Interjections! interjection Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens Essra Mohawk February 23, 1974 Unpack Your Adjectives adjective George R. Newall George R. Newall Blossom Dearie March 2, 1974 Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, Get Your Adverbs Here adverb Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Bob Dorough April 13, 1974 Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla pronoun Bob Dorough Kathy Mandary Jack Sheldon April 27, 1976 Busy Prepositions preposition Bob Dorough Bob Dorough Jack Sheldon and Bob Dorough September 11, 1993 The Tale of Mr. Morton subject and predicate Lynn Ahrens Lynn Ahrens Jack Sheldon September 11, 1993"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", "paragraph_text": "``Knockin 'on Heaven's Door ''Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side`` Turkey Chase'' Released July 13, 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock, gospel Length 2: 32 Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Bob Dylan Producer (s) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology ``George Jackson ''(1971)`` Knockin' on Heaven's Door'' (1973) ``A Fool Such as I ''(1973)`` George Jackson'' (1971) ``Knockin 'on Heaven's Door ''(1973)`` A Fool Such as I'' (1973)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Monuments Men", "paragraph_text": "The Monuments Men is a 2014 war film directed by George Clooney, and written and produced by Clooney and Grant Heslov. The film stars an ensemble cast including Clooney, Matt Damon, Bill Murray, John Goodman, Jean Dujardin, Bob Balaban, Hugh Bonneville, and Cate Blanchett."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bob McTavish", "paragraph_text": "Bob McTavish (born 1944 Mackay, Queensland) is an Australian surfboard designer who is often credited with the invention of the V-bottom surfboard and was one of a number of pioneering surfer/shapers considered instrumental in the development of shortboard surfing. Without his contributions to the world of surfing, the revolutionary nature of shortboard surfing wouldn't have been as effective. Through the combined efforts of Bob McTavish and George Greenough, the shortboard was created in 1966. McTavish was voted the most influential shaper of all time by \"Australia\u2019s Surfing Life\" magazine in 1992."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George Burns Comedy Week", "paragraph_text": "George Burns Comedy Week is a comedy anthology television series broadcast in the United States by CBS as part of its 1985 fall lineup, hosted by George Burns."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bob Lyon", "paragraph_text": "Bob Lyon, an American politician, is a former Kansas State Senator from the city of Winchester. A civil engineer, Lyon is a graduate of the University of Virginia and George Washington University."}], "question": "What is part of the series on which Bob and George is based?"}
{"id": "2hop__67213_705527", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad", "paragraph_text": "The break - up of the centralised Mughal empire by 1750, led to the creation of numerous semi-independent kingdoms (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Nawab Siraj ud - Daulah was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Thereafter the Nawab of Bengal became a ``puppet ruler ''depending on military support from British East India company to secure their throne. Siraj - ud - Daulah was replaced by Mir Jaffer. He was personally led to the throne by Robert Clive, after triumph of the British in the battle. He briefly tried to re-assert his power by allying with the Dutch, but this plan was ended by the Battle of Chinsurah. After the defeat at Battle of Buxar and grant of the Diwani (revenue collection) of Bengal by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, to the British East India Company in August 1765 and the appointment of Warren Hastings by the East India Company as their first Governor General of Bengal in 1773, the Nawabs authority became restricted. By 1773, British East India company asserted much authority and formed the Bengal Presidency over areas ruled by the Nawabs i.e. the Bengal subah, along with some other regions and abolished the system of Dual Government. In 1793 (during Nawab Mubarak ud - Daulah's reign), the Nizamat (military power, civil and criminal justice) was abolished, British East India company thus annexed this former Mughal province as part of their empire and took complete control of the region, and the Nawabs of Bengal became mere pensioners of the British East India Company. All the Diwan offices except the Diwan Ton were also abolished."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zubdat-un-Nissa", "paragraph_text": "Shahzadi Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum (2 September 1651 \u2013 17 February 1707) was a Mughal princess and the third daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb and his Empress consort Dilras Banu Begum."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yekuno Amlak", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Yekuno Amlak (; throne name Tasfa Iyasus) was an Amhara prince from Bet Amhara province (in today's Wollo region) who became king of kings of Ethiopia following the defeat of the last Zagwe king. He was \"n\u0259gus\u00e4 n\u00e4g\u00e4st\" (r. 10 August 1270 \u2013 19 June 1285) of Ethiopia and restorer of the Solomonic dynasty. He traced his ancestry through his father, Tasfa Iyasus, to Dil Na'od, the last King of Axum."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fakhr-un-Nissa", "paragraph_text": "Fakhr-un-Nissa (died 1501) was a Mughal princess as the eldest child of the first Mughal Emperor Babur and his Empress consort Aisha Sultan Begum."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mughal emperors", "paragraph_text": "In the next decades, the Afghans, Sikhs, and Marathas battled against each other and the Mughals, only to prove the fragmented state of the empire. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline, and ultimately had to seek the protection of outside powers. In 1784, the Marathas under Mahadji Scindia won acknowledgement as the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until after the Second Anglo - Maratha War. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. After a crushed rebellion which he nominally led in 1857 - 58, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British government, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire, marking the start of the British Raj."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Khanwa", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Khanwa was fought near the village of Khanwa, in Bharatpur District of Rajasthan, on March 17, 1527. It was fought between the invading forces of the first Mughal Emperor Babur and the Rajput forces led by Rana Sanga of Mewar, after the Battle of Panipat. The victory in the battle consolidated the new Mughal dynasty in India."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Azim-ush-Shan", "paragraph_text": "Prince Azim-us-Shan (15 December 1664 \u2013 18 March 1712) was the second son of Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I, by his second wife, Maharajkumari Amrita Bai Sahiba. He was the grandson of Emperor Aurangzeb, during whose reign, he was the \"subahdar\" (viceroy) of Bengal Subah, Bihar and Odisha from 1697 to his death in 1712, and the great grandson of Emperor Shah Jahan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kashi Vishwanath Temple", "paragraph_text": "The temple has been referred to in Hindu scriptures for a very long time as a central part of worship in the Shaiva philosophy. It has been destroyed and re-constructed a number of times in history. The last structure was demolished by Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor who constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque on its site. The current structure was built on an adjacent site by the Maratha ruler, Ahilya Bai Holkar of Indore in 1780."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Buland Darwaza", "paragraph_text": "Buland Darwaza (Hindi: \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0902\u0926 \u0926\u0930\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e, Urdu: \u0628\u064f\u0644\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200e), or the \"Gate of victory\", was built in 1601 A.D. by Mughal emperor Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat. It is the main entrance to the palace at Fatehpur Sikri, which is 43 km from Agra, India.Buland Darwaza is the highest gateway in the world and is an example of Mughal architecture. It displays Akbar's empire."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "L\u00fd Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng", "paragraph_text": "L\u00fd Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng was born in September of Lunar calendar 1218 as L\u00fd Ph\u1eadt Kim (\u674e\u4f5b\u91d1), courtesy name Thi\u00ean Hinh (\u5929\u99a8), pen name Chi\u00eau Th\u00e1nh (\u662d\u8056), second child of the Emperor L\u00fd Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng and the Empress Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Dung. She had an elder sister, Princess Thu\u1eadn Thi\u00ean, who was born in 1216 and later married to Prince Ph\u1ee5ng C\u00e0n (Vietnamese: Ph\u1ee5ng C\u00e0n v\u01b0\u01a1ng) Tr\u1ea7n Li\u1ec5u, L\u00fd Ph\u1eadt Kim herself was entitled as Princess Chi\u00eau Th\u00e1nh (\u662d\u8056\u516c\u4e3b), the only available successor for the throne."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Peacock Throne", "paragraph_text": "Nadir Shah's invasion of India culminated in the Battle of Karnal, on 13 February 1739, and the defeat of Muhammad Shah. Nadir Shah entered Delhi and sacked the city, in the course of which tens of thousands of inhabitants were massacred. Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739, taking with them the throne as a war trophy, their haul of treasure amounting to a large reduction in Mughal wealth and an irreplaceable loss of cultural artefacts. Among the known precious stones that Nadir Shah looted were the Akbar Shah, Great Mughal, Great Table, Koh - i - Noor, and Shah diamonds, as well as the Samarian spinel and the Timur ruby. These stones were either part of the Peacock Throne or were in possession of the Mughal emperors. The Akbar Shah Diamond was said to form one of the eyes of a peacock, as did the Koh - i - Noor. The Shah diamond was described by Jean - Baptiste Tavernier as being on the side of the throne. Many of these stones ended up becoming part of the Persian crown jewels or were taken later by the British colonialists."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the M\u0101ori's legendary Pou\u0101kai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent Peacock Throne of the Mughal and Persian emperors. With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists was John James Audubon, whose paintings of North American birds were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the National Audubon Society. Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, Homer incorporated nightingales into his Odyssey, and Catullus used a sparrow as an erotic symbol in his Catullus 2. The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which led to the use of the term as a metaphor for a 'burden'. Other English metaphors derive from birds; vulture funds and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Constantine VI", "paragraph_text": "Constantine VI (, \"K\u014dnstantinos VI\"; 771 \u2013 before 805) was Byzantine Emperor from 780 to 797. The only child of Emperor Leo IV, Constantine was named co-emperor with him at the age of five in 776 and succeeded him as sole Emperor in 780, aged nine. His mother Irene exercised control over him as regent until 790, assisted by her chief minister Staurakios and eventually only the Byzantine emperor ruled without motherhood."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Murad Bakhsh", "paragraph_text": "(9 October 1624 \u2013 14 December 1661) was a Mughal prince as the youngest son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and Empress Mumtaz Mahal. He was the Subedar of Balkh until he was replaced by his elder brother Aurangzeb in the year 1647."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bahadur Shah Zafar", "paragraph_text": "Mirza Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar (24 October 1775 -- 7 November 1862) was the last Mughal emperor. He was the second son of Akbar ll of and became the successor to his father, Akbar II, upon his death on 28 September 1837. He was a nominal Emperor, as the Mughal Empire existed in name only and his authority was limited only to the city of Delhi (Shahjahanabad). Following his involvement in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British exiled him to Rangoon in British - controlled Burma, after convicting him on conspiracy charges."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Qudsia Begum", "paragraph_text": "Qudsia Begum (died 1765), was a wife of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah and mother of emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur. She was an administrator and served as de facto regent of India from 1748 to 1754."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zewditu", "paragraph_text": "Upon the death of Emperor Yohannis IV at the Battle of Metemma against the Mahdists of the Sudan, Negus Menelik of Shewa assumed power and became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. This restored the direct male line succession of the dynasty, as Emperor Yohannes's claim to the throne was through a female link to the line. As the daughter of Menelik II, Zewditu would be the last monarch in direct agnatic descent from the Solomonic dynasty. Her successor Haile Selassie was also linked in the female line. Menelik died in 1913, and \"Lij\" Iyazu, the son of Zewditu's half-sister Shewa Regga, who had been publicly declared heir apparent in 1909, took the throne. Iyasu considered Zewditu a potential threat to his rule, and exiled her and her husband to the countryside."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gulbadan Begum", "paragraph_text": "Gulbadan Begum ( 1523 \u2013 7 February 1603) was a Mughal princess and the youngest daughter of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire and the first Mughal emperor. She is best known as the author of \"Humayun-Nama\", the account of the life of her half-brother, Emperor Humayun, which she wrote on the request of her nephew, Emperor Akbar."}], "question": "Who was the child of the last Mughal emperor to sit on the Peacock Throne?"}
{"id": "2hop__13784_32914", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Marie-Ren\u00e9e Roudaut", "paragraph_text": "Marie-Ren\u00e9e Roudaut (3 March 1847 - 18 October 1930) was a Catholic missionary nun. With the name Mother Marie-Salom\u00e9 she was the first Superior General of the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa (White Sisters)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title \"Blessed\", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rachel", "paragraph_text": "Rachel's son, Joseph, was destined to be the leader of Israel's tribes between exile and nationhood. This role is exemplified in the Biblical story of Joseph, who prepared the way in Egypt for his family's exile there, and in the future figure of Mashiach ben Yosef (Messiah, son of Joseph), who, in the Rabbinic Jewish view, will fight the apocalyptic Wars of Gog and Magog, preparing the way for the kingship of Mashiach ben David (Messiah, son of David) and the messianic age."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James Nicholas Joubert", "paragraph_text": "Reverend James Mary Hector Nicholas Joubert de la Muraille, of the Society of Saint-Sulpice, was born in France, on September 6, 1777. A teacher at St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore, he co-founded the Oblate Sisters of Providence along with Mother Mary Lange. He died in 1843."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "IPad (1st generation)", "paragraph_text": "The device was announced and unveiled on January 27, 2010 at a media conference. On April 3, 2010, the Wi - Fi variant of the device was released in the United States, followed by the release of the Wi - Fi + Cellular variant on April 30. On May 28, it was released in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wallah (disambiguation)", "paragraph_text": "Wallah (Arabic: \u0648\u064e\u0671\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647 \u200e, i.e. by God) is an Arabic expression meaning ``I swear on Gods name ''used to make a promise or express great credibility on an expression typically used as arabic slang. The literal translation is' certainly 'or to be certain. It is considered a sin among Muslims to use this phrase and follow it up with a lie. Also, some Muslims argue that this is one of the few valid ways of making a promise, the variant`` I promise on myself'' or ``I promise on my own soul ''not being allowed, in contrast to`` I promise by the one who holds my soul''. i.e. God. An alternative is Wallaahi (\u0648\u064e\u0671\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647\u0650), ``By my God '', often contracted by non-Arab populations in Africa to Wallai. Another meaning is`` Really?'', ``Is that so? ''(referring to`` Do you swear on it?'', used in spoken Arabic), ``By God! ''(this meaning has been adopted by Modern Hebrew slang as well)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the \"Arab notion of glory\", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to \"Glory of the Arabs\"\u2014a rare name in Egypt."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1987 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 13th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards were announced on 19 December 1987 and given on 21 January 1988."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eve Frank", "paragraph_text": "Eve Frank or Eva Frank (1754 \u2013 1816 or 1817), born in Nikopol, Ottoman Empire (now Bulgaria) under the name Rebecca or Rachel, was a mystic cult leader, and the only woman to have been declared a Jewish messiah. She was the daughter of Jacob Frank, the claimant to the position of Jewish messiah in the 18th century, and, allegedly, Sophie Ascania/Catherine the Great."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ahmet Zappa", "paragraph_text": "Ahmet Zappa was born in Los Angeles, California, the third of four children born to musician Frank Zappa and businesswoman Gail Zappa (n\u00e9e Sloatman). His father was of Italian (Sicilian), Greek, Arab, and French descent, and his mother was of French, Irish, and mostly Danish ancestry. He is said to be named after music executive Ahmet Erteg\u00fcn, whom his father greatly admired. This is contradicted by Neil Slaven in \"Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story Of Frank Zappa\", who notes:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Maseeha", "paragraph_text": "Maseeha (Messiah), is a 2002 Indian action film written by Pradeep Ghatak and directed by Partho Ghosh. The film stars Sunil Shetty and Namrata Shirodkar."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eva Marie Veigel", "paragraph_text": "Eva Marie Veigel (also Eva Maria Violette, with variants Eva Maria and Ava-Maria) (29 February 1724, Vienna - 16 October 1822, London) was a dancer and the wife of actor David Garrick."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, \"We are your soldiers, Gamal!\" Nasser retracted his decision the next day."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood, and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad. The word \"Quran\" occurs some 70 times in the text of the Quran, although different names and words are also said to be references to the Quran."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Mary resided in \"her own house\"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal \u2014 the first stage of a Jewish marriage \u2014 the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, \"I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word.\" After a number of months, when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by \"an angel of the Lord\", he planned to divorce her; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.[Mt 1:18-25]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kourtney Kardashian", "paragraph_text": "Kourtney Mary Kardashian was born in Los Angeles, California on April 18, 1979 to Robert and Kris. She has two younger sisters, Kim and Khlo\u00e9, and a younger brother, Robert (Rob). In 1991, her parents got divorced and her mother married Bruce Jenner, a 1976 Summer Olympics decathlon winner (Jenner later changed her name to Caitlyn) in 1991. Through their marriage, Kardashian gained stepbrothers Burton ``Burt '', Brandon, and Brody; stepsister Casey; and half - sisters Kendall and Kylie."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Salah St\u00e9ti\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Salah St\u00e9ti\u00e9 () is a Lebanese writer and poet who writes in the French language. He has also served in various diplomatic positions for Lebanon in countries such as Morocco and France. Although his mother tongue is Arabic, Stetie chooses to write in French due to the sentiment that the Arabic language is outdated."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Annunziata", "paragraph_text": "Annunziata is the Italian word for (feminine) Annunciation. It is generally understood to refer to the Virgin Mary, receiving the word of the Angel Gabriel that she is to bear the Christ child; that is, the Virgin Mary after the Annunciation. It is a common theme for iconic reverence in Roman Catholicism (see Immaculate Conception)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Delta Force: Angel Falls", "paragraph_text": "Delta Force: Angel Falls is the title of a first-person shooter game by NovaLogic originally announced in 2008, now generally regarded as vaporware."}], "question": "What is the Arabic variant of the name of the angel who announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?"}
{"id": "2hop__86750_705527", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Peacock Throne", "paragraph_text": "After Shah Jahan's death, his son Aurangzeb, who had the regnal name of Alamgir, ascended the Peacock Throne. Aurangzeb was the last of the strong Mughal emperors. After his death, in 1707, his son Bahadur Shah I reigned from 1707 -- 1712. Bahadur Shah I was able to keep the empire stable, by maintaining a relaxed religious policy; however, after his death the empire was in inexorable decline. A period of political instability, military defeats, and court intrigues led to a succession of weak emperors: Jahandar Shah ruled for one year from 1712 -- 1713, Farrukhsiyar from 1713 -- 1719, Rafi ud - Darajat and Shah Jahan II only for a couple of months in 1719. By the time Muhammad Shah came to power, Mughal power was in serious decline and the empire was vulnerable. Nevertheless, under the generous patronage of Muhammad Shah, the court at Delhi became again a beacon of the arts and culture. Administrative reforms could not however stop the later Mughal - Maratha Wars, which greatly sapped the imperial forces. It was only a question of time until forces from neighbouring Persia saw their chance to invade."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zubdat-un-Nissa", "paragraph_text": "Shahzadi Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum (2 September 1651 \u2013 17 February 1707) was a Mughal princess and the third daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb and his Empress consort Dilras Banu Begum."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shah Alam II", "paragraph_text": "After the Battle of Delhi (1803), during the Second Anglo - Maratha War, on 14 September 1803 British troops entered Delhi ending the Maratha rule on the Mughals, bringing Shah Alam, then a blind old man, seated under a tattered canopy, under British protection. The Mughal Emperor no longer had the military power to enforce his will, but he commanded respect as a dignified member of the House of Timur in the length and breadth of the country. The Nawabs and Subedars still sought formal sanction of the Mughal Emperor on their accession and valued the titles he bestowed upon them. They struck coins and read the khutba (Friday sermons) in his name. The Marathas in 1804 under Yashwantrao Holkar tried to snatch Delhi from the British in Siege of Delhi (1804), but failed."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Azim-ush-Shan", "paragraph_text": "Prince Azim-us-Shan (15 December 1664 \u2013 18 March 1712) was the second son of Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I, by his second wife, Maharajkumari Amrita Bai Sahiba. He was the grandson of Emperor Aurangzeb, during whose reign, he was the \"subahdar\" (viceroy) of Bengal Subah, Bihar and Odisha from 1697 to his death in 1712, and the great grandson of Emperor Shah Jahan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the M\u0101ori's legendary Pou\u0101kai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent Peacock Throne of the Mughal and Persian emperors. With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists was John James Audubon, whose paintings of North American birds were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the National Audubon Society. Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, Homer incorporated nightingales into his Odyssey, and Catullus used a sparrow as an erotic symbol in his Catullus 2. The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which led to the use of the term as a metaphor for a 'burden'. Other English metaphors derive from birds; vulture funds and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Yekuno Amlak", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Yekuno Amlak (; throne name Tasfa Iyasus) was an Amhara prince from Bet Amhara province (in today's Wollo region) who became king of kings of Ethiopia following the defeat of the last Zagwe king. He was \"n\u0259gus\u00e4 n\u00e4g\u00e4st\" (r. 10 August 1270 \u2013 19 June 1285) of Ethiopia and restorer of the Solomonic dynasty. He traced his ancestry through his father, Tasfa Iyasus, to Dil Na'od, the last King of Axum."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Qudsia Begum", "paragraph_text": "Qudsia Begum (died 1765), was a wife of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah and mother of emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur. She was an administrator and served as de facto regent of India from 1748 to 1754."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zewditu", "paragraph_text": "Upon the death of Emperor Yohannis IV at the Battle of Metemma against the Mahdists of the Sudan, Negus Menelik of Shewa assumed power and became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. This restored the direct male line succession of the dynasty, as Emperor Yohannes's claim to the throne was through a female link to the line. As the daughter of Menelik II, Zewditu would be the last monarch in direct agnatic descent from the Solomonic dynasty. Her successor Haile Selassie was also linked in the female line. Menelik died in 1913, and \"Lij\" Iyazu, the son of Zewditu's half-sister Shewa Regga, who had been publicly declared heir apparent in 1909, took the throne. Iyasu considered Zewditu a potential threat to his rule, and exiled her and her husband to the countryside."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Murad Bakhsh", "paragraph_text": "(9 October 1624 \u2013 14 December 1661) was a Mughal prince as the youngest son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and Empress Mumtaz Mahal. He was the Subedar of Balkh until he was replaced by his elder brother Aurangzeb in the year 1647."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fakhr-un-Nissa", "paragraph_text": "Fakhr-un-Nissa (died 1501) was a Mughal princess as the eldest child of the first Mughal Emperor Babur and his Empress consort Aisha Sultan Begum."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad", "paragraph_text": "The break - up of the centralised Mughal empire by 1750, led to the creation of numerous semi-independent kingdoms (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Nawab Siraj ud - Daulah was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Thereafter the Nawab of Bengal became a ``puppet ruler ''depending on military support from British East India company to secure their throne. Siraj - ud - Daulah was replaced by Mir Jaffer. He was personally led to the throne by Robert Clive, after triumph of the British in the battle. He briefly tried to re-assert his power by allying with the Dutch, but this plan was ended by the Battle of Chinsurah. After the defeat at Battle of Buxar and grant of the Diwani (revenue collection) of Bengal by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, to the British East India Company in August 1765 and the appointment of Warren Hastings by the East India Company as their first Governor General of Bengal in 1773, the Nawabs authority became restricted. By 1773, British East India company asserted much authority and formed the Bengal Presidency over areas ruled by the Nawabs i.e. the Bengal subah, along with some other regions and abolished the system of Dual Government. In 1793 (during Nawab Mubarak ud - Daulah's reign), the Nizamat (military power, civil and criminal justice) was abolished, British East India company thus annexed this former Mughal province as part of their empire and took complete control of the region, and the Nawabs of Bengal became mere pensioners of the British East India Company. All the Diwan offices except the Diwan Ton were also abolished."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Buland Darwaza", "paragraph_text": "Buland Darwaza (Hindi: \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0902\u0926 \u0926\u0930\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e, Urdu: \u0628\u064f\u0644\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200e), or the \"Gate of victory\", was built in 1601 A.D. by Mughal emperor Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat. It is the main entrance to the palace at Fatehpur Sikri, which is 43 km from Agra, India.Buland Darwaza is the highest gateway in the world and is an example of Mughal architecture. It displays Akbar's empire."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bahadur Shah Zafar", "paragraph_text": "Mirza Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar (24 October 1775 -- 7 November 1862) was the last Mughal emperor. He was the second son of Akbar ll of and became the successor to his father, Akbar II, upon his death on 28 September 1837. He was a nominal Emperor, as the Mughal Empire existed in name only and his authority was limited only to the city of Delhi (Shahjahanabad). Following his involvement in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British exiled him to Rangoon in British - controlled Burma, after convicting him on conspiracy charges."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kashi Vishwanath Temple", "paragraph_text": "The temple has been referred to in Hindu scriptures for a very long time as a central part of worship in the Shaiva philosophy. It has been destroyed and re-constructed a number of times in history. The last structure was demolished by Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor who constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque on its site. The current structure was built on an adjacent site by the Maratha ruler, Ahilya Bai Holkar of Indore in 1780."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Khanwa", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Khanwa was fought near the village of Khanwa, in Bharatpur District of Rajasthan, on March 17, 1527. It was fought between the invading forces of the first Mughal Emperor Babur and the Rajput forces led by Rana Sanga of Mewar, after the Battle of Panipat. The victory in the battle consolidated the new Mughal dynasty in India."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mughal emperors", "paragraph_text": "In the next decades, the Afghans, Sikhs, and Marathas battled against each other and the Mughals, only to prove the fragmented state of the empire. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline, and ultimately had to seek the protection of outside powers. In 1784, the Marathas under Mahadji Scindia won acknowledgement as the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until after the Second Anglo - Maratha War. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. After a crushed rebellion which he nominally led in 1857 - 58, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British government, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire, marking the start of the British Raj."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (\u96cd\u89aa\u738b), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's brother Yingzhen (Kangxi's 14th son) is the real successor of Kangxi Emperor, the reason why Yingzhen failed to sit on the throne is because Yongzheng and his confidant Keduo Long tampered the content of Kangxi's testament at the night when Kangxi passed away), a charge for which there is little evidence. In fact, his father had trusted him with delicate political issues and discussed state policy with him. When Yongzheng came to power at the age of 45, he felt a sense of urgency about the problems which had accumulated in his father's later years and did not need instruction in how to exercise power. In the words of one recent historian, he was \"severe, suspicious, and jealous, but extremely capable and resourceful,\" and in the words of another, turned out to be an \"early modern state-maker of the first order.\""}], "question": "Who is the child of the last mughal emperor to sit on the peacock throne?"}
{"id": "2hop__45887_32914", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "SA80", "paragraph_text": "The SA80 is a British family of 5.56 \u00d7 45mm NATO small arms, all of which are selective fire, gas - operated assault rifle s. The L85 rifle variant of the SA80 family has been the standard issue service rifle of the British Armed Forces since 1987, replacing the L1A1 variant of the FN FAL. The first prototypes were created in 1976, with production ending in 1994. The A1 variant was significantly upgraded in the early 2000s by Heckler & Koch as the SA80A2 and remains in service as of 2017. In mid-2016 a prototype A3 variant was showcased which further improved on the weapon and is reportedly being considered to extend the out of service date beyond 2025."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood, and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad. The word \"Quran\" occurs some 70 times in the text of the Quran, although different names and words are also said to be references to the Quran."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS, 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS, and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ms. Vanity", "paragraph_text": "\"Ms. Vanity\" is the debut single by former Australian Idol contestant Rob Mills. \"Ms. Vanity\" was released as the lead single from Rob's debut album \"Up All Night\", and reached a peak position of #6 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. It is to date Rob's first and only top ten single. \"Ms. Vanity\" lasted a relatively short 8 weeks on the chart."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the Arab League."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "Far from the Madding Crowd is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed by Thomas Vinterberg and starring Carey Mulligan, Matthias Schoenaerts, Michael Sheen, Tom Sturridge and Juno Temple. It is an adaptation of the 1874 novel of the same name by Thomas Hardy, the fourth time this novel has been filmed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Show Boat", "paragraph_text": "In 1887, the show boat Cotton Blossom arrives at the river dock in Natchez, Mississippi. The Reconstruction era had ended a decade earlier, and white - dominated Southern legislatures have imposed racial segregation and Jim Crow rules. The boat's owner, Cap'n Andy Hawks, introduces his actors to the crowd on the levee. A fistfight breaks out between Steve Baker, the leading man of the troupe, and Pete, a rough engineer who had been making passes at Steve's wife, the leading lady Julie La Verne, a mixed - race woman who passes as white. Steve knocks Pete down, and Pete swears revenge, suggesting he knows a dark secret about Julie. Cap'n Andy pretends to the shocked crowd that the fight was a preview of one of the melodramas to be performed. The troupe exits with the showboat band, and the crowd follows."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Last Porno Flick", "paragraph_text": "The Last Porno Flick (also known as Those Mad, Mad Moviemakers) is an American 1974 film starring Marianna Hill and directed by Ray Marsh."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Willow Shields", "paragraph_text": "Willow Shields is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Primrose Everdeen in The Hunger Games film series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A Mad World, My Masters", "paragraph_text": "A Mad World, My Masters is a Jacobean stage play written by Thomas Middleton, a comedy first performed around 1605 and first published in 1608. The title is proverbial, and was used by a pamphleteer, Nicholas Breton, in 1603. The title later became the basis for the title of Stanley Kramer's 1963 film, \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Far from the Madding Crowd", "paragraph_text": "Throughout her tribulations, Bathsheba comes to rely increasingly on her oldest and, as she admits to herself, only real friend, Gabriel. When he gives notice that he is leaving her employ, she realises how important he has become to her well - being. That night, she goes alone to visit him in his cottage, to find out why he is deserting her. Pressed, he reluctantly reveals that it is because people have been injuring her good name by gossiping that he wants to marry her. She exclaims that it is ``... too absurd -- too soon -- to think of, by far! ''He bitterly agrees that it is absurd, but when she corrects him, saying that it is only`` too soon'', he is emboldened to ask once again for her hand in marriage. She accepts, and the two are quietly wed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wallah (disambiguation)", "paragraph_text": "Wallah (Arabic: \u0648\u064e\u0671\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647 \u200e, i.e. by God) is an Arabic expression meaning ``I swear on Gods name ''used to make a promise or express great credibility on an expression typically used as arabic slang. The literal translation is' certainly 'or to be certain. It is considered a sin among Muslims to use this phrase and follow it up with a lie. Also, some Muslims argue that this is one of the few valid ways of making a promise, the variant`` I promise on myself'' or ``I promise on my own soul ''not being allowed, in contrast to`` I promise by the one who holds my soul''. i.e. God. An alternative is Wallaahi (\u0648\u064e\u0671\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647\u0650), ``By my God '', often contracted by non-Arab populations in Africa to Wallai. Another meaning is`` Really?'', ``Is that so? ''(referring to`` Do you swear on it?'', used in spoken Arabic), ``By God! ''(this meaning has been adopted by Modern Hebrew slang as well)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of High School Musical characters", "paragraph_text": "Ms. Darbus is the overly - dramatic musical director at East High. Her classroom serves as homeroom for Troy Bolton, Gabriella Montez, Sharpay Evans, Ryan Evans, Chad Danforth, Taylor McKessie, Kelsi Nielsen, and other students. She has an intense dislike of cell phones, particularly when they ring in the theater. She and coworked Coach Jack Bolton do not always see eye - to - eye. In the first film, Ms. Darbus is convinced that Troy and Gabriella only auditioned for the musical to mock it. In the end, she casts them as the leads. In High School Musical 3: Senior Year, Ms. Darbus submits Troy's name for a scholarship to the Juilliard School without his knowledge. Ms. Darbus is portrayed by Alyson Reed in the films."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "It's a Man's Man's Man's World", "paragraph_text": "\"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\" is a song by James Brown and Betty Jean Newsome. Brown recorded it on February 16, 1966 in a New York City studio and released it as a single later that year. It reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart and No. 8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Its title is a word play on the 1963 comedy film \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Electric eel", "paragraph_text": "In the electric eel, some 5,000 to 6,000 stacked electroplaques can make a shock up to 860 volts and 1 ampere of current (860 watts) for two milliseconds (ms). Such a shock is extremely unlikely to be deadly for an adult human, due to the very short duration of the discharge. Atrial fibrillation requires that roughly 700 mA be delivered across the heart muscle for 30 ms or more, far longer than the eel can produce. Still, this level of current is reportedly enough to produce a brief and painful numbing shock likened to a stun gun discharge, which due to the voltage can be felt for some distance from the fish; this is a common risk for aquarium caretakers and biologists attempting to handle or examine electric eels."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Madness Ends", "paragraph_text": "\"Madness Ends\" is the thirteenth episode and season finale of the of the FX anthology television series \"American Horror Story\". The episode, written by executive producer Tim Minear and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon, originally aired on January 23, 2013. This episode is rated TV-MA (LSV)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tamara Drewe (film)", "paragraph_text": "Tamara Drewe is a 2010 British comedy film directed by Stephen Frears. The screenplay was written by Moira Buffini, based on the newspaper comic strip of the same name (which was then re-published as a graphic novel) written by Posy Simmonds. The comic strip which serves as source material was a modern reworking of Thomas Hardy's nineteenth century novel \"Far from the Madding Crowd\"."}], "question": "What is the Arabic variant of the first name of the character Ms. Everdeen ends up with in Far from the Madding Crowd?"}
{"id": "2hop__513433_426910", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Copano Bay", "paragraph_text": "Copano Bay is a northwestern extension of Aransas Bay, west of Rockport, Texas in Refugio and Aransas counties. It is supplied with seawater from the Gulf of Mexico via Aransas Bay, and fed freshwater from the Aransas River, Mission River and Copano Creek. As an estuary, the bay is home to a diverse ecosystem consisting of various birds including the endangered whooping crane, and numerous finfish including the redfish as well as shellfish such as oysters. It is classified as a nursery for shrimp, which prohibits production from the bay. Copano Bay is also a historic location for human usage and settlement that dates back to the 18th century, beginning with the historic port of \"El Copano\" and the 19th century settlements of St. Mary's of Aransas and Copano. The present-day towns of Bayside, Copano Village and Holiday Beach were all founded in the 20th century. Oil and natural gas are pumped from below the bay's surface, and contribute to the livelihood of the local economies. Recently, areas around the bay were affected by Hurricane Harvey which crossed over the bay as a Category 3 hurricane."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fulton, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Fulton is a town in Aransas County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, this South Texas coastal fishing community had a population of 1,358. The town is named for George Ware Fulton, a land developer in the area."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "Which city is near Fulton?"}
{"id": "2hop__27426_42077", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Amig\u00f3 Ferrer", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Amig\u00f3 Ferrer was born on 17 October 1854 in Valencia. He made his First Communion in 1866 at the age of twelve and became a member of several associations that promoted apostolic work among the marginalized. He often visited the sick to cheer them up with his friends. It was doing this that matured within him the vocation to religious life."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al Banna. His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political/religious organization. Under the motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,\" it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like Maududi, Al Banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the Muslim world."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him\u2014although Nasser's involvement was never established\u2014and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being \"a tool of the imperialists\". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease\u2014two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia. Nasser had used al-Azhar's most willing ulema (scholars) as a counterweight to the Brotherhood's Islamic influence, starting in 1953."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September. Consequently, Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967. Most of Nasser's old colleagues had questioned the wisdom of continuing the war, but Amer reassured Nasser of their coming victory. Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a \"miscalculation\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The court noted that it \"is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America.\" The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to the court's embrace of the \"wall of separation\" metaphor: \"I think that the Court's task, in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication, is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the \"wall of separation,\" a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces. Nasser berated Amer and Salem, and vowed, \"Nobody is going to surrender.\" Nasser assumed military command. Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied, Nasser's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged. To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'\u00e9tat in past. The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks, seeking to abolish the state of Israel. Radical Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and groups such as the Taliban, entirely reject democracy, often declaring as kuffar those Muslims who support it (see takfirism), as well as calling for violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his \"energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement\", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the \"Arab notion of glory\", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to \"Glory of the Arabs\"\u2014a rare name in Egypt."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as \"leader of the Arabs\". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the \"parochialism\" of successive Arab leaders \"transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Humanism", "paragraph_text": "Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of \"humanism\" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic religions paired with human-centred ethical philosophy have a long history. The Cult of Reason (French: Culte de la Raison) was a religion based on deism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques H\u00e9bert, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette and their supporters. In 1793 during the French Revolution, the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was turned into a \"Temple to Reason\" and for a time Lady Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. In the 1850s, Auguste Comte, the Father of Sociology, founded Positivism, a \"religion of humanity\". One of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered humanist organisations was the Humanistic Religious Association formed in 1853 in London. This early group was democratically organised, with male and female members participating in the election of the leadership and promoted knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts. The Ethical Culture movement was founded in 1876. The movement's founder, Felix Adler, a former member of the Free Religious Association, conceived of Ethical Culture as a new religion that would retain the ethical message at the heart of all religions. Ethical Culture was religious in the sense of playing a defining role in people's lives and addressing issues of ultimate concern."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease\u2014two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, \"I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack\", and wished for \"calamity\" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them."}], "question": "Who founded the religious group Nasser was seeking to marginalize?"}
{"id": "2hop__549154_190555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mian Haji Sahib", "paragraph_text": "Mian Haji Sahib is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 22' 50N 73\u00b0 20' 40E with an altitude of 479 metres (1574 feet)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sandasar", "paragraph_text": "Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Darial, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 23' 35N 73\u00b0 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of barangays in Sorsogon City", "paragraph_text": "Sorsogon City is politically sub-divided into 64 barangays \u2013 a combination of barangays from both former towns of Sorsogon and Bacon, now both considered as districts of the city."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hoyos", "paragraph_text": "Hoyos is a municipality located in the province of C\u00e1ceres, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 988 inhabitants. It is the administrative capital of the Sierra de Gata."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lake Aguingay", "paragraph_text": "Lake Aguingay is a vast plain at the center of Bulusan Volcano National Park located near Bulusan Lake at the Municipality of Bulusan, South central part of the Sorsogon Province, Southern Luzon, Bicol Region, Philippines. It is called \"The Lake\" because it is occasionally flooded during wet season and dries up during summer. When it is wet it resembles a big lake located right at the foot of Mt. Bulusan. The area is home to various endemic birds, reptiles and other mammals. It is surrounded by lush vegetation and a tropical rain forest. It is only accessible by foot from Bulusan Lake and from the villages of Kapangihan and San Roque."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Coquimbito", "paragraph_text": "Coquimbito is a rural district in the Maip\u00fa Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina. It is located in the southeast of the metropolitan area of Mendoza (the provincial capital), and is administratively part of the municipality of Maip\u00fa. The name refers to the Chilean port city of Coquimbo."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Belconnen Remand Centre", "paragraph_text": "Belconnen Remand Centre, or BRC, was an Australian remand custody facility located in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The centre opened in 1976 and closed in 2009. At times, it held a small number of illegal immigrants."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bann Na Mohra", "paragraph_text": "Bann Na Mohra is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 27' 50N 73\u00b0 22' 10E with an altitude of 562 metres (1847 feet)."}], "question": "What is the capital of the province that contains Bulusan?"}
{"id": "2hop__177050_42077", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mostafa Mussad", "paragraph_text": "Mostafa El Said Mussad is the former minister of higher education of Egypt. He was part of the Qandil Cabinet and is a member of the Freedom and Justice Party. He is described as Islamist engineering professor by Ashraf Khaled."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yvon Marcoux", "paragraph_text": "Yvon Marcoux (born March 26, 1941 in L\u00e9vis, Quebec) is a politician and administrator in Quebec, Canada. He was the Member of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNA) for the riding of Vaudreuil from 1998 to 2014, as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. He is also a former Minister of Justice in the Jean Charest government."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "\u0130dris G\u00fcll\u00fcce", "paragraph_text": "\u0130dris G\u00fcll\u00fcce (born 11 February 1950) is a Turkish civil engineer and politician who served as the Minister of Environment and Urban Planning of Turkey between 2013 and 2015. As a member of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), he served as a Member of Parliament for \u0130stanbul's first electoral district between 2007 and November 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Justice Party (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Justice Party USA is a political party in the United States. It was organized in November 2011 by a group of political activists including former mayor of Salt Lake City Rocky Anderson as an alternative to what he saw as a duopoly of the two major political parties. One of the major goals of the Justice Party is removing corporate influence and other concentrated wealth from politics."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "\u0130hsan Sabri \u00c7a\u011flayangil", "paragraph_text": "\u0130hsan Sabri \u00c7a\u011flayangil (1908, Istanbul \u2013 December 30, 1993, Ankara, Turkey) was a Turkish politician, being a member of the Justice Party (). He also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs three times in the 1960s and 1970s and as the Acting President of Turkey."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shiromaniam Madhavan", "paragraph_text": "Shiromaniam Madhavan (1944 - 29 June 1994), son of a founding member of the National Federation Party (NFP), was a Fiji Indian politician who served in the Labasa Town Council and the House of Representatives. He contested numerous elections for different political parties."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al Banna. His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political/religious organization. Under the motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,\" it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like Maududi, Al Banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the Muslim world."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zeki Ergezen", "paragraph_text": "Zeki Ergezen (born 2 December 1949, Bitlis, Turkey) is a Turkish politician. He is a founding member of the ruling Justice and Development Party. He was the Minister of Public Works and Housing from 2002 to 2005 in the cabinet of Abdullah G\u00fcl and the first cabinet of Recep Tayyip Erdogan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ar-Namys", "paragraph_text": "Ar-Namys (, meaning \"Dignity\") is a political party in Kyrgyzstan founded on July 9, 1999 by former Prime Minister Felix Kulov. The party quickly became the nation's leading opposition party but was barred from the 2000 parliamentary elections. However, since the party was barred its members formed a bloc with the Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan. With Kulov serving time for criminal charges, the party's members worked over the next years to both clear his name and establish a broad opposition coalition."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Party for the Netherlands", "paragraph_text": "Party for the Netherlands () (PVN) is a Dutch right-wing Fortuynist political party founded in August 2006 by Hilbrand Nawijn, a member of the Dutch House of Representatives."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Reza Khelili Dylami", "paragraph_text": "Reza Khelili Dylami born in 1967, is a Swedish politician of the Moderate Party. He was a member of the Riksdag from 2006 to 2010, replacing Beatrice Ask due to her service as the Minister for Justice from 2006 to 2008 and as ordinarie member from 2008 to 2010."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oskar Hergt", "paragraph_text": "Oskar Gustav Rudolf Hergt (22 October 1869, Naumburg \u2013 9 May 1967, G\u00f6ttingen) was a German nationalist politician, who served simultaneously as Minister of Justice and vice-chancellor from 28 January 1927 to 12 June 1928. Hergt attended the prestigious Domgymnasium Naumburg before reading law at W\u00fcrzburg, Munich and Berlin. He worked as a Gerichtsassessor in Saxony, and also as a judge in Liebenwerda. Hergt held various senior offices at the Prussian Ministry of Finance from 1904 to 1914. Previously a member of the FKP, which was dissolved after the First World War, Hergt was a founding member of the right-wing monarchist DNVP and the first party chairman. First elected to the Reichstag in 1920, he was seen as one of the more moderate members of the party, and his support for the Dawes Plan in 1924 was seen as a betrayal of the party's line and led to his replacement with the more hardline conservative Kuno von Westarp. As vice-chancellor, Hergt was the most senior DNVP politician in Wilhelm Marx's coalition government, but after losing the DNVP's leadership election in October 1928 to Alfred Hugenberg, he became an increasingly minor figure in the radicalised DNVP. After the rise of the Nazi Party, Hergt retired from politics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kamarul Baharin Abbas", "paragraph_text": "Dato' Kamarul Baharin bin Abbas (born 12 June 1947) is a Malaysian politician and the Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Telok Kemang constituency in the state of Negeri Sembilan for two terms from 2008 to 2018. He is a member of the People's Justice Party (PKR), a component party in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "National Progressive Party (Finland)", "paragraph_text": "The National Progressive Party finished its existence in early 1951, as most of its active members had joined the People's Party of Finland. A minority group including Sakari Tuomioja founded the Liberal League."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ludovic-Oscar Frossard", "paragraph_text": "Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (5 March 1889 \u2013 11 February 1946), also known as L.-O. Frossard or Oscar Frossard, was a French socialist and communist politician. He was a founding member in 1905 and Secretary-General of the French Socialist Party (SFIO) from 1918 to 1920, as well as a founding member and Secretary-General of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1920 to 1922."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Justice and Construction Party", "paragraph_text": "The Justice and Construction Party or Justice and Development Party (, \"\") is the political party in Libya associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. It was officially founded on 3 March 2012 in Tripoli. The party advocates Islamism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William H. Boyce", "paragraph_text": "William Henry Boyce, (November 28, 1855 \u2013 February 6, 1942) was an American lawyer and politician from Georgetown, in Sussex County, Delaware, and later from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as Associate Justice of the Delaware Superior Court and U. S. Representative from Delaware."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Emil Maurice", "paragraph_text": "Emil Maurice (19 January 1897 \u2013 6 February 1972) was an early member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) and a founding member of the \"Schutzstaffel\" (SS). He was Hitler's first personal chauffeur, succeeded first by Julius Schreck and then Erich Kempka. He was one of the few persons of mixed Jewish and ethnic German ancestry to serve in the SS."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "National Human Rights Commission of India", "paragraph_text": "Justice JS Kehar is going to be next chairman after H.L. Dattu The chairman of the NHRC is Justice H.L. Dattu and the other members are:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pirate Party (Belgium)", "paragraph_text": "The Pirate Party of Belgium (, ) is a political party in Belgium. Based on the model of the Swedish Pirate Party, it supports reform of copyright law, the abolition of patents, and respect for privacy. It was a founding member of Pirate Parties International."}], "question": "Who founded the organization that the Justice and Construction Party is associated with?"}
{"id": "2hop__37099_42077", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Phil Prendergast", "paragraph_text": "Philomena Prendergast (\"n\u00e9e\" Foley; born 20 September 1959) is a former Irish Labour Party politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the South constituency from 2011 to 2014, Leader of the Labour Party in the Seanad in 2011 and a Senator for the Labour Panel from 2007 to 2011."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "S. Muthu", "paragraph_text": "S. Muthu (1915-1984) was a Tamil Social activist of the Dravidar Kazhagam and one of the five founding leaders along with CN Annadurai, Nedunchezhian, NV Natarajan and Mathiazhgan of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and emerged a king maker when CN Annadurai died during DMK's first term in power and helped his then ally Muthuvel Karunanidhi to emerge as the leader of the party and Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. He was the chief ally of Karunanidhi when the later ousted MG Ramachandran (MGR) from DMK. When Karunanidhi consolidated his power base and increasingly eliminated the old horses of the party Mr Muthu was disillusioned with the party and later joined MGR's the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam just less than two years into the existence of ADMK in 1976. He was a powerful leader in the southern districts and helped MGR in his election campaign with his depth of knowledge of the electorate across the length and breadth of Tamil Nadu and helped ADMK storm into power in 1977. He served as the popular Mayor of Madurai from 1971 to 1981. He also served as a member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Congress of the New Right", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of the New Right (, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland. The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR). The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015. The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Workers and Peasants Party", "paragraph_text": "The party was founded in Bengal on 1 November 1925, as the Labour Swaraj Party of the Indian National Congress. The founding leaders of the party were Kazi Nazrul Islam, Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, Qutubuddin Ahmad and Shamsuddin Hussain. The founding manifesto was signed by Kazi Nazrul Islam. During the first three month of existence, the party organisation was very provisional."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor. Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Colin Craig", "paragraph_text": "Colin Craig (born 8 January 1968) is a New Zealand businessman who was the founding leader of the Conservative Party of New Zealand."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bruce Golding", "paragraph_text": "Orette Bruce Golding (born 5 December 1947) is a former Jamaican politician who served as eighth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 11 September 2007 to 23 October 2011. He is a member of the Jamaica Labour Party which he led from 2005 to his resignation in 2011."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947\u201349 and 1953\u201355, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965, Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash, and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. Since 1995, the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic world, particularly in the Arab world. For many years it was described as \"semi-legal\" and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections. In the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011\u20132012, the political parties identified as \"Islamist\" (the Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, Salafi Al-Nour Party and liberal Islamist Al-Wasat Party) won 75% of the total seats. Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. He was deposed during the 2013 Egyptian coup d'\u00e9tat."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, \"We are your soldiers, Gamal!\" Nasser retracted his decision the next day."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al Banna. His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political/religious organization. Under the motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,\" it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like Maududi, Al Banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the Muslim world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Antipas Mbusa", "paragraph_text": "Antipas Mbusa Nyamwisi (born November 15, 1959 in North Kivu) is a politician and former rebel leader in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He leads the Forces for Renewal political party and was Minister of Decentralization and Urban and Regional Planning until September 2011 when he resigned to run for president. He was previously the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2007 to 2008."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Morkos Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Ordained to the priesthood in 1955, Hakim was appointed the first bishop of the Coptic Catholic Eparchy of Sohag, Egypt in 1982. In 2003, Hakim resigned."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984\u201385 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party, and negative coverage in most of the press. Tabloid vilification of the so-called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of 'extra-parliamentary' militants in local government."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Besim Kuka", "paragraph_text": "Besim Kuka is the current candidate for Dajt municipality for Democratic Party of Albania in the local elections of 2011. He was chosen in 2002 as leader of Dajt."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Unisonic (band)", "paragraph_text": "Unisonic is a German hard rock/power metal supergroup, founded in 10 November 2009 by Helloween singer Michael Kiske alongside Dennis Ward and Kosta Zafiriou from Pink Cream 69 and Mandy Meyer, formerly in Asia and Gotthard. In 2011 the band was joined by Gamma Ray leader and Helloween co-founder, Kai Hansen."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27, 2017. Party members chose Andrew Scheer as leader, replacing Stephen Harper, who led the Conservative Party of Canada as its leader from 2004 following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties. Harper led the party through five federal elections: the party increased its seat count in the House of Commons in 2004, formed two minority governments in 2006, and 2008, and then a majority government in 2011. Following the defeat of the party in the 2015 federal election on October 19, Harper tendered his resignation as party leader. In a statement, Conservative Party President Harry Walsh said he had spoken to Harper, ``and he has instructed me to reach out to the newly elected parliamentary caucus to appoint an Interim Leader and to implement the leadership selection process. ''"}], "question": "Who founded the party that rose to power after the 2011 resignation of the leader of Egypt?"}
{"id": "2hop__855130_771610", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Noomi Rapace", "paragraph_text": "Noomi Rapace (Swedish pronunciation: (\u02c8nu\u02d0m\u026a ra\u02c8pas\u02d0) (listen); n\u00e9e Nor\u00e9n; born 28 December 1979) is a Swedish actress. She achieved fame with her portrayal of Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish film adaptations of the Millennium series: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Girl Who Played with Fire, and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest. In 2011, she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "This Gigantic Robot Kills", "paragraph_text": "Lars has stated that he worked with \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, the Rondo Brothers, Nick Rowe and Mike Kennedy of Bloodsimple, James Bourne of Busted, Daniel Dart of Time Again, Donal Finn of Flash Bastard, Pierre Bouvier of Simple Plan, MC Bat Commander of The Aquabats, Suburban Legends, Worm Quartet, Gabriel Saporta of Cobra Starship, Brett Anderson of The Donnas, MC Frontalot, Amie Miriello of Dirtie Blonde, Jesse Dangerously, Linus Dotson of Size 14, Parry Gripp of Nerf Herder, Jonathan Coulton, Aesias Finale, Sebastian Reynolds, Brendan B. Brown of Wheatus, and classical musician Walt Ribeiro on songs for the new album."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old \"umchwasho\" custom. In \"umchwasho\", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, when the girls had reached a marriageable age, they would perform labour service for the Queen Mother, ending with dancing and feasting. The country was under the chastity rite of \"umchwasho\" until 19 August 2005."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bobby's Girl (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Bobby's Girl\" is a song and single written by Gary Klein and Henry Hoffman and performed by American teenage singer, Marcie Blane."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The General Died at Dawn", "paragraph_text": "The General Died at Dawn is a 1936 American drama film that tells the story of a mercenary who meets a beautiful girl while trying to keep arms from getting to a vicious warlord in war-torn China. The movie was written by Charles G. Booth and Clifford Odets, and directed by Lewis Milestone."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Secrets of a Windmill Girl", "paragraph_text": "Secrets of a Windmill Girl is a 1966 British exploitation film directed by Arnold L Miller. It recounts the road to ruin of a young woman (Pauline Collins) who becomes involved with the striptease scene after becoming a dancer at the Windmill Theatre in London. The film features fan dances by former Windmill Theatre Company performers. It was originally released in Britain as part of a double bill with \"Naked as Nature Intended\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Peyton Meyer", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Meyer (born November 24, 1998) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Lucas Friar on the Disney Channel television series Girl Meets World, and his earlier recurring role as Wes Manning on Disney Channel's Dog with a Blog."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Boy Meets Girl (1938 film)", "paragraph_text": "Boy Meets Girl is a 1938 American screwball comedy film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring James Cagney and Pat O'Brien. The supporting cast features Marie Wilson, Ralph Bellamy, Frank McHugh, Dick Foran and Ronald Reagan. The screenplay by Bella and Sam Spewack is based on their 1935 stage play of the same name, which ran for 669 performances on Broadway. The two zany screenwriters played by Cagney and O'Brien were based on Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur, while Ralph Bellamy's part as the producer was based on Darryl Zanuck of 20th Century Fox."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lee Norris", "paragraph_text": "Lee Michael Norris (born September 25, 1981) is an American actor, best known for his roles as Stuart Minkus on Boy Meets World and its spin - off Girl Meets World, as well as Marvin ``Mouth ''McFadden on One Tree Hill."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Girl in White", "paragraph_text": "Girl in White (also known as Young Girl Standing Against a Background of Wheat and Woman in a Cornfield) was painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1890 in Auvers-sur-Oise, France, during the last months of his life. \"Girl in White\" has been part of the Chester Dale Collection in the National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. since 1963."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Boy Meets World characters", "paragraph_text": "Angela later returns in the sequel series Girl Meets World in a guest appearance. Prior to her debut, she is mentioned in the program's season one episode ``Girl Meets Master Plan ''when Cory and Topanga explain to their daughter Riley, and her friend Maya, how Shawn and Angela met. It's also revealed that Angela and Shawn never spoke again after she left (unwittingly fulfilling her prediction that she would leave Shawn after all). She is similarly referenced in season two's`` Girl Meets Pluto''. Angela finally makes an appearance in the episode ``Girl Meets Hurricane ''where she not only reveals to Shawn the tragic news that her father Sgt. Maj. Moore (Julius Carry) died in a fishing accident, but she has also gotten married to a man in the military much like her father was. Her reason for meeting up with Shawn is to get some advice and council about her fears of becoming a mother out of fear that she may end up like her own. Shawn encourages Angela to start a family with her husband, and experience the joy of being a parent (subtly implying how he feels about being a father figure for Maya in the process). After this, Angela encourages Shawn to pursue a relationship with Katy -- Maya's mother -- and leaves to go back home."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Slide (Goo Goo Dolls song)", "paragraph_text": "In a 2002 performance on VH1 Storytellers, Rzeznik explained that the song refers to a teenage girl in a strict Catholic environment who has become pregnant. She and her boyfriend are debating as to the possibility of abortion or marriage."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Forrest Gump", "paragraph_text": "In 1951 in Greenbow, Alabama, young Forrest is fitted with leg braces to correct a curved spine, and is not able to walk. He lives alone with his mother, who runs a boarding house out of their home that attracts many tenants, including a young Elvis Presley, who plays the guitar for Forrest and incorporates his jerky dance movements into his famous performances. On the first day in school, Forrest meets a girl  called Jenny Curran, and the two become good friends."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elsie Spain", "paragraph_text": "Elsie Spain (1879 \u2013 28 May 1970), born Elsie Rickets, was an English opera singer and actress, best known for her performances in soprano roles of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company from 1908 to 1910 and in operettas and Edwardian musical comedies. She was one of the last leading ladies in the Gilbert and Sullivan roles personally trained by W. S. Gilbert. Among her roles in musicals, she originated the part of Princess Mathilde in the long-running \"The Quaker Girl\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Girl", "paragraph_text": "Gender influences the pattern of child labor. Girls tend to be asked by their families to perform more domestic work in their parental home than boys are, and often at younger ages than boys. Employment as a paid domestic worker is the most common form of child labor for girls. In some places, such as East and Southeast Asia, parents often see work as a domestic servant as a good preparation for marriage. Domestic service, however, is among the least regulated of all professions, and exposes workers to serious risks, such as violence, exploitation and abuse by the employers, because the workers are often isolated from the outside world. Child labor has a very negative effect on education. Girls either stop their education, or, when they continue it, they are often subjected to a double burden, or a triple burden of work outside the home, housework in the parental home, and schoolwork. This situation is common in places such as parts of Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Girls' Generation's Romantic Fantasy", "paragraph_text": "Girls' Generation's Romantic Fantasy was a 2013 New Year's Day comeback special broadcast on Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) at 23:15 on 1 January 2013, starring South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. The special follows the group in preparation of their fourth Korean-language album \"I Got A Boy\", released on the same day, along with an accompanying live concert featuring songs from the album, the group's previous hits, and solo performances from members."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Danny McNulty", "paragraph_text": "Danny Brian McNulty (born May 28, 1972) is an American actor and producer who is best known for playing Harvey ``Harley ''Keiner on Boy Meets World and later on its spinoff Girl Meets World."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Anthony Tyler Quinn", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Tyler Quinn (born July 25, 1962) is an American actor best known for his role as Jonathan Turner on Boy Meets World from 1994 -- 1997, a role he reprised in 2015 in Girl Meets World."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "How to Meet Girls", "paragraph_text": "How to Meet Girls is the follow-up to Nerf Herder's self-titled release. The album was released in 2000 on Honest Don's Records. The track \"Courtney\" was written about Courtney Love, containing humorous references to her life. Likewise, \"Jonathan\" is based on the life of Jonathan Richman, and contains references to his lyrics."}], "question": "Who is a member of the How to Meet Girls album's band?"}
{"id": "2hop__36826_67036", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Victoria Sharp", "paragraph_text": "Educated at North London Collegiate School and the University of Bristol, Victoria Sharp was called to the Bar, Inner Temple in 1979. She became a Recorder in 1998 and was also a made a QC in 1986."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bernhard Salin", "paragraph_text": "Bernhard Salin took the matriculation examination at the Public Grammar School in Nyk\u00f6ping 28May 1880 and then became a student at Uppsala University, where he became in 1885 Bachelor in Scandinavian languages, the aesthetics of art and literature, Latin, history, political science and astronomy. He became in 1888 Licentiate of Philosophy in Art History and PhD in aesthetics in 1890. Salin was admitted as assistant at the State Historical Museum in 1889, where he was promoted to second assistant curator in 1902. Salin became curator of the Nordic Museum in 1903 and was director of the Nordic Museum from 1905 to 1913 and from 1905 to 1912."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eastland Center (Detroit)", "paragraph_text": "Eastland Center is an enclosed shopping mall located in the city of Harper Woods, an inner-ring suburb of Detroit, Michigan, United States. Opened in 1957, the mall has been expanded several times since. It currently features over 88 stores, as well as a small food court, with K&G Fashion Superstore and Shoppers World serving as anchor stores. Eastland Center is managed by Spinoso Real Estate Group."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England, as well as a number of museums such as Tudor House Museum, reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement; Southampton Maritime Museum; God's House Tower, an archaeology museum about the city's heritage and located in one of the tower walls; the Medieval Merchant's House; and Solent Sky, which focuses on aviation. The SeaCity Museum is located in the west wing of the civic centre, formerly occupied by Hampshire Constabulary and the Magistrates' Court, and focuses on Southampton's trading history and on the RMS Titanic. The museum received half a million pounds from the National Lottery in addition to interest from numerous private investors and is budgeted at \u00a328 million."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Georg Christian Benedict Ackermann", "paragraph_text": "In 1792, Ackermann collaborated at the regional teacher seminary in Ludwigslust. Later, he became teacher of Frederick Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck and controller of the court. In 1801 second preacher of the court, in 1808 superintendent in Schwerin and rector of the \"Domschule\". In 1819 councillor of the consistory, in 1830 first preacher of the court."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Permanent Court of International Justice", "paragraph_text": "The Permanent Court of International Justice, often called the World Court, existed from 1922 to 1946. It was an international court attached to the League of Nations. Created in 1920 (although the idea of an international court was several centuries old), the Court was initially well-received from states and academics alike, with many cases submitted to it for its first decade of operation. With the heightened international tension of the 1930s, the Court became less used. By a resolution from the League of Nations on 18 April 1946, the Court and the League both ceased to exist and were replaced by the International Court of Justice and the United Nations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ibrahim Pasha Palace", "paragraph_text": "The Ibrahim Pasha Palace ( is an Ottoman imperial court residence of Pargal\u0131 Ibrahim Pasha. It is located in Sultanahmet Square of Fatih district in Istanbul, Turkey. Currently, the building is mainly used as the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum ()."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "The United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (in case citations, D. Mass.) is the federal district court whose territorial jurisdiction is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. The first court session was held in Boston in 1789. The second term was held in Salem in 1790 and court session locations alternated between the two cities until 1813. That year, Boston became the court's permanent home. A western division was opened in Springfield in 1979 and a central division was opened in Worcester in 1987. The court's main building is the John Joseph Moakley Federal Courthouse on Fan Pier in South Boston."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mauritshuis", "paragraph_text": "The Mauritshuis was a state museum until 1995, when it became independent. The Prince William V Gallery is also managed by the organization.The museum has a staff of around 50 people. Emilie E. S. Gordenker has been the museum director since 2008, and Victor Moussault has been the deputy director since 2007.In the period 2005\u20132011, the Mauritshuis had between 205,000 and 262,000 visitors per year. In 2011, the museum was the 13th most visited museum in the Netherlands. In 2012, when the museum closed for renovation on 1 April, it received 45,981 visitors. The museum was closed all of 2013 and was reopened on 27 June 2014."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the \"Inner Court,\" which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council.[g] It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown. The Grand Councillors[h] served as a sort of privy council to the emperor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pilgrim Hall Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Pilgrim Hall Museum at 75 Court Street in Plymouth, Massachusetts is the oldest public museum in the United States in continuous operation, having opened in 1824."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lion of Knidos", "paragraph_text": "The Lion of Knidos is the name for a colossal ancient Greek statue that was discovered in 1858 near the ancient port of Knidos, south-west Asia Minor (now near Dat\u00e7a in Turkey). Soon after its discovery, the statue was shipped to London where it became part of the British Museum's collection. Although there is some debate about the age of the sculpture, in general, scholarly opinion dates it to the 2nd century BC. Since 2000, it has been prominently displayed on a plinth under the roof of the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the Forbidden City", "paragraph_text": "Built from 1406 to 1420, the palace complex has undergone many changes. After serving as the imperial palace for some five hundred years, the Forbidden City became a museum, the Palace Museum, in 1925. In 1987, it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Antoine Bourdelle", "paragraph_text": "His studio became the Mus\u00e9e Bourdelle, an art museum dedicated to his work, located at 18, rue Antoine Bourdelle, in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, France."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Portrait of Jacopo Strada", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Jacopo Strada is a 1567-68 portrait of the court librarian Jacopo Strada by Titian, now held in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Marie Wadley", "paragraph_text": "Marie L. Wadley (December 16, 1906 \u2013 September 23, 2009) was an American co-founder of the Five Civilized Tribes Museum in Muskogee, Oklahoma. Wadley became the museum's first president after its opening."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wikipedian in residence", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Australian Liam Wyatt became the first Wikipedian in residence when he volunteered at the British Museum for a period of five weeks. He noted the need for Wikipedia to strengthen partnerships with museums to create the most up-to-date and accurate information, saying \"we are doing the same thing for the same reason, for the same people, in the same medium. Let's do it together.\" The Children's Museum of Indianapolis became involved with the program after Wikipedian Lori Phillips volunteered for a GLAM event in 2010, becoming the second Wikipedian in residence. The third, Beno\u00eet Evellin, spent six months at the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France. The Museu Picasso in Barcelona, Spain and the Derby Museum and Art Gallery in Derby, England were also early adopters of the idea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Timothy Gallwey", "paragraph_text": "W. Timothy Gallwey (born 1938 in San Francisco) is an author who has written a series of books in which he has set forth a new methodology for coaching and for the development of personal and professional excellence in a variety of fields that he calls \"the Inner Game\". Since he began writing in the 1970s, his books include \"The Inner Game of Tennis\", \"The Inner Game of Golf\", \"The Inner Game of Music\" (with Barry Green), \"Inner Skiing\" and \"The Inner Game of Work\". Gallwey's seminal work is \"The Inner Game of Tennis\", with more than one million copies in print. Besides sports, his training methods have been applied to the fields of business, health, and education."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum. and Supreme Court of India Museum."}], "question": "When did the palace containing the Inner Court become a museum?"}
{"id": "2hop__542297_67036", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fort Vredeburg Museum", "paragraph_text": "Fort Vredeburg Museum (Official Indonesian name, Museum Benteng Vredeburg Yogyakarta), was a former colonial fortress located in the city of Yogyakarta. The military complex has been converted into an Independence Struggle Museum which was opened in 1992. It is located in front of Gedung Agung and Kraton Yogyakarta (Sultan's Palace)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China. Nanjing Museum, formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period, is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection,. The museum is notable for enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain, which is among the largest in the world. Other museums include the City Museum of Nanjing in the Chaotian Palace, the Oriental Metropolitan Museum, the China Modern History Museum in the Presidential Palace, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, the Taiping Kingdom History Museum, Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum, Nanjing Yunjin Museum, Nanjing City Wall Cultural Museum, Nanjing Customs Museum in Ganxi House, Nanjing Astronomical History Museum, Nanjing Paleontological Museum, Nanjing Geological Museum, Nanjing Riverstones Museum, and other museums and memorials such Zheng He Memorial, Jinling Four Modern Calligraphers Memorial."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shuvalov Palace", "paragraph_text": "The Shuvalov Palace or Naryshkin-Shuvalov Palace () is a neoclassical palace on the Fontanka River in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Once home to the noble Shuvalov and Naryshkin families, the building has housed the Faberg\u00e9 Museum since 2013."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Palace of Heavenly Purity", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Heavenly Purity, or Qianqing Palace (; Manchu:; M\u00f6llendorff: \"kiyan cing gung\") is a palace in the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. It is the largest of the three halls of the Inner Court (the other two being the Hall of Union and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility), located at the northern end of the Forbidden City. During the Qing dynasty, the palace often served as the Emperor's audience hall, where he held council with the Grand Council."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of the Forbidden City", "paragraph_text": "Built from 1406 to 1420, the palace complex has undergone many changes. After serving as the imperial palace for some five hundred years, the Forbidden City became a museum, the Palace Museum, in 1925. In 1987, it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Amar Mahal Palace", "paragraph_text": "The Amar Mahal Palace is a palace in Jammu, in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, India, which has now been converted into a Museum. It was built in the nineteenth century for Raja Amar Singh, a Dogra king by a French architect on the lines of a French Chateau. The palace was donated to the Hari-Tara charitable trust by Dr. Karan Singh for use as a museum. It has many exhibits including a golden throne weighing 120\u00a0kg, Pahari miniature and Kangra miniature paintings, a library of 25,000 antique books and many rare art collections."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "The Palacio Taranco is located in front of the Plaza Zabala, in the heart of Ciudad Vieja. It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo's first theatre (of 1793), during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture. The palace was designed by French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n who also designed the Petit Palais and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It passed to the city from the heirs of the Tarancos in 1943, along with its precious collection of Uruguayan furniture and draperies and was deemed by the city as an ideal place for a museum; in 1972 it became the Museum of Decorative Arts of Montevideo and in 1975 it became a National Heritage Site. The Decorative Arts Museum has an important collection of European paintings and decorative arts, ancient Greek and Roman art and Islamic ceramics of the 10th\u201318th century from the area of present-day Iran. The palace is often used as a meeting place by the Uruguayan government."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mohatta Palace", "paragraph_text": "The Mohatta Palace () is a museum located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It was built in the posh seaside locale of Clifton by \"Shivratan Chandraratan Mohatta\", a Hindu Marwari businessman from modern day Rajasthan in India, in 1927, as his summer home. The architect of the palace was Agha Ahmed Hussain. However, Mohatta could enjoy this building for only about two decades before independence, after which he left Karachi for India. He built the Palace in the tradition of stone palaces in Rajasthan, using pink Jodhpur stone in combination with the local yellow stone from Gizri. The amalgam gave the palace a distinctive presence in an elegant neighbourhood, characterised by Indo-Saracenic architecture which was located not far from the sea."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. \"Narayanhity\" comes from Narayana, a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti, meaning \"water spout\" (Vishnu's temple is located opposite the palace, and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the precinct). Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah, then heir apparent to the throne. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Darbar Marg roads. The palace area covers (30 hectares (74 acres)) and is fully secured with gates on all sides. This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it was converted to a museum."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National Museum of Kandy", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Kandy in Kandy, Sri Lanka is located next to the Temple of the Tooth in part of the former Royal Palace of Kandy. The primary exhibits are housed in the \"Palle Vahala\" building, which was the former home of the King's harem. A secondary exhibition is located in the main palace building. The museum is maintained by the Department of National Museums."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum is the presidential museum and burial site of Gerald Ford, the 38th President of the United States (1974\u20131977), and his wife Betty Ford. It is located near the Pew Campus of Grand Valley State University in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Ford's presidential museum is the only such facility under the auspices of the National Archives and Records Administration to be separate from the presidential library, which is located approximately to the east in Ann Arbor. Despite the separation, the library and museum are a single institution with one director."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ibrahim Pasha Palace", "paragraph_text": "The Ibrahim Pasha Palace ( is an Ottoman imperial court residence of Pargal\u0131 Ibrahim Pasha. It is located in Sultanahmet Square of Fatih district in Istanbul, Turkey. Currently, the building is mainly used as the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum ()."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lapidarium, Prague", "paragraph_text": "Lapidarium is a part of the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. It was opened in 1905. It has been located in a summer palace on the exhibition area \"V\u00fdstavi\u0161t\u011b\" in Prague 7 - Hole\u0161ovice. It houses valuable stone sculptures dating from the 11th to the 20th century. The museum has a collection of around 2000 artefacts, 420 of which are on permanent display in eight halls of approximative area of 1500 square meters."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wikipedian in residence", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Australian Liam Wyatt became the first Wikipedian in residence when he volunteered at the British Museum for a period of five weeks. He noted the need for Wikipedia to strengthen partnerships with museums to create the most up-to-date and accurate information, saying \"we are doing the same thing for the same reason, for the same people, in the same medium. Let's do it together.\" The Children's Museum of Indianapolis became involved with the program after Wikipedian Lori Phillips volunteered for a GLAM event in 2010, becoming the second Wikipedian in residence. The third, Beno\u00eet Evellin, spent six months at the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France. The Museu Picasso in Barcelona, Spain and the Derby Museum and Art Gallery in Derby, England were also early adopters of the idea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "National Museum of Haiti", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Haiti (Mus\u00e9e National d'Ha\u00efti) in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, was completed in 1938. It is located at Route Nationale No. 1 in the neighborhood of Montrouis. It is not to be confused with the Mus\u00e9e du Panth\u00e9on National Haitien (MUPANAH) (built in 1983), which is located across the street from the National Palace."}], "question": "When did the administrative territorial entity where the Palace of Heavenly Purity is located become a museum?"}
{"id": "2hop__360158_120370", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Combat Missions", "paragraph_text": "Combat Missions was a one-hour-long reality TV show produced by Mark Burnett and hosted by former \"Survivor\" castaway Rudy Boesch that aired from January to April in 2002 on the USA Network. It pits four teams of highly experienced military and police operatives against each other in physical challenges and \"mission\" scenarios. Each team has a call sign and corresponding color. The four teams are Alpha (Red), Bravo (Blue), Charlie (Yellow) and Delta (Green). The team members were past and present members of SWAT, the United States Army Special Forces, the Navy SEALs, Marine Recon, the CIA Special Operations Group, Delta Force, and the U.S. Army Rangers. The mission scenarios has each team face off against the opposing \"Shadow force\" (not another team) using MILES gear in real-life combat situations. The show was not picked up for a second season."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Good Luck Charlie", "paragraph_text": "Good Luck Charlie is an American sitcom that originally aired on Disney Channel from April 4, 2010, to February 16, 2014. The series' creators, Phil Baker and Drew Vaupen, wanted to create a program that would appeal to entire families, not just children. It focuses on the Duncan family of Denver as they adjust to the births of their fourth and fifth children, Charlotte \"Charlie\" (Mia Talerico) and Toby (Logan Moreau). In each episode, Teddy Duncan (Bridgit Mendler) adds to a video diary that contains advice for Charlie about their family and life as a teenager. Teddy tries to show Charlie what she might go through when she is older for future reference. Each video diary ends with Teddy (or another family member, even Charlie) saying the eponymous phrase, \"\"Good luck, Charlie\"\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hamilton Tigers", "paragraph_text": "The Hamilton Tigers were a professional ice hockey team based in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. They competed in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1920 to 1925. The Tigers were formed by the sale of the Quebec Bulldogs NHL franchise to Hamilton interests. After years of struggling, the franchise finished first in the league in the 1924\u201325 NHL season, but a players' strike before the playoffs resulted in the franchise's dissolution. The players' contracts were sold to New York City interests to stock the expansion New York Americans. A namesake amateur team existed prior to and during the NHL team's existence, and a minor league professional team named the Hamilton Tigers existed from 1926 to 1930."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "What a Nightmare, Charlie Brown!", "paragraph_text": "What a Nightmare, Charlie Brown! is the 17th primetime animated TV special based upon the comic strip \"Peanuts\", created by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally aired on Thursday, February 23, 1978, at 8:00 P.M. ET/PT on CBS. The special is unusual in that Snoopy and Charlie Brown are the only members of the \"Peanuts\" cast to appear in it. The plot is similar to that of Jack London's \"Call of the Wild\". This was the first special Bill Melendez directed since 1973's \"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket. A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is Ano, which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter. Ano is a localised version of volleyball, in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground. Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Numbers episodes", "paragraph_text": "\"Numbers\" is an American television series produced by brothers Ridley and Tony Scott. It premiered on CBS on Sunday, January 23, 2005 at 10:00\u00a0pm with its pilot episode then moved to its Friday slot five days later. It remained in that slot for the rest of its run. The series is set in Los Angeles, California, and follows the stories of a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) team and a mathematics professor, focusing on relationships between FBI Special Agent in Charge Don Eppes (Rob Morrow), his brother Professor Charlie Eppes (David Krumholtz) and their father, Alan Eppes (Judd Hirsch), and on the brothers' efforts to fight crime. A typical episode begins with a crime, which is subsequently investigated by Don's team and mathematically described by Charlie. The insights provided by Charlie's mathematics are almost always crucial to solving the crime."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vermont Lady Voltage", "paragraph_text": "Vermont Lady Voltage was a professional American women\u2019s soccer team, founded in 2005, which is a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League. Voltage played in the Northern Division of the Central Conference. They play their home games at the Collins-Perley Sports Complex in the city of St. Albans, Vermont, 27 miles north of the state's largest city, Burlington. The team's colors are black and white, and gold and blue. The team was a sister organization of the men's Vermont Voltage team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Charlie Cotch", "paragraph_text": "Charles M. Cotch (February 21, 1900 \u2013 November 14, 1932) was a Canadian professional Hockey Left Winger who played one season in the National Hockey League for the Hamilton Tigers and Toronto St. Pats. His place of birth has been recorded as Sarnia, Ontario, though his World War I attestation papers show a stricken out birthplace of Lobaugh (Liep\u0101ja), Russian Empire (now Latvia)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Joseph Cogels", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Hubert Cogels (14 January 1894 \u2013 26 July 1978) was a Belgian sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Belgian team in the team clay pigeons competition."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Amita Ramanujan", "paragraph_text": "In the season 5 finale, ``Angels and Devils '', Charlie proposes to Amita at the end of the episode after she had been kidnapped at gunpoint in front of him by the leader of a cult. After Don and the rest of team get her home safely, Charlie proposes to her saying that he has learned this past year (5th season) that life turns on a dime and he does n't want the things that matter (Amita) to disappear because he waited to see what could happen. Her response is not heard as the episode ends, but it is implied in the first episode of season 6, Charlie and Amita announce to Alan and Don, Charlie's father and brother, that they have decided to get married. Amita and Charlie attempt to find a wedding date that fits them and their families' schedules, finally accepting Alan's suggestion of using his and Margaret's anniversary date as Amita and Charlie's wedding date."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Good Sports", "paragraph_text": "Good Sports is an American sitcom that aired on the CBS network in 1991, starring Farrah Fawcett and Ryan O'Neal. It was Fawcett's only scripted TV series after \"Charlie's Angels\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sacramento Kings", "paragraph_text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento. The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wes Schulmerich", "paragraph_text": "Edward Wesley Schulmerich (August 21, 1901 \u2013 June 26, 1985) was an American Major League Baseball player from the state of Oregon. A native of the state, he played baseball and football at what is now Oregon State University where he participated in three sports. On the football team, he played three positions and earned the nickname of Ironhorse and all-conference honors. In baseball, he was a right-handed outfielder and after leaving school started his professional career in the minor leagues. Schulmerich then became the first player from the school to make it to the Major Leagues, playing for three teams in the early 1930s. He is a member of the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as \"The Big House\". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Charlotte 49ers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A founding member of Conference USA (C-USA), Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. Previously, Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bennigsen Beavers", "paragraph_text": "The Bennigsen Beavers were established in 1993 as a department of FC Bennigsen, and became an independent sporting team on January 1, 2004. The club fielded 7 teams for the 2005 season, including three men's teams, a women's team, a junior team, a youth team and a student team. As of mid-2005, the Beavers claimed a total of 97 Members."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sports in Canada", "paragraph_text": "Ice hockey, referred to as simply ``hockey '', is Canada's most prevalent winter sport, its most popular spectator sport, and its most successful sport in international competition. It is Canada's official national winter sport. Lacrosse, a sport with Indigenous origins, is Canada's oldest and official summer sport. Canadian football is Canada's second most popular spectator sport, being the most popular in the prairie provinces. The Canadian Football League's annual championship, the Grey Cup, is one of the country's largest annual sports events. While other sports have a larger spectator base, Association football, known in Canada as soccer in both English and French, has the most registered players of any team sport in Canada. Professional teams exist in many cities in Canada. Statistics Canada reports that the top ten sports that Canadians participate in are golf, ice hockey, swimming, soccer, basketball, baseball, volleyball, skiing (downhill and alpine), cycling and tennis."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Charlie Hoag", "paragraph_text": "Charles Monroe \"Charlie\" Hoag (July 19, 1931 \u2013 March 8, 2012) was an American basketball player who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics. Hoag was also an important player on the University of Kansas 1952 National Championship basketball team. He starred on the KU football team and baseball team while at KU as well."}], "question": "When was Charlie Cotch's sports team abolished?"}
{"id": "2hop__147310_670230", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of 7th Heaven characters", "paragraph_text": "Martin Brewer (2003 -- 2007) (Tyler Hoechlin) is the only son of the Marine, Bill Brewer. His mother died when he was young and, until he was 16, he lived with his Aunt Betsy, when his dad was deployed. During his sophomore year in high school, the Brewers moved to Glenoak."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Caesar's Hour", "paragraph_text": "Caesar's Hour is a live, hour-long American sketch-comedy television program that aired on NBC from 1954 until 1957. The program starred, among others, Sid Caesar, Nanette Fabray, Carl Reiner, Howard Morris, Janet Blair, and Milt Kamen, and featured a number of cameo roles by famous entertainers such as Joan Crawford and Peggy Lee."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Palazzo Sormani", "paragraph_text": "Palazzo Sormani (also known as Palazzo Sormani-Andreani) is a historic building of Milan, Italy, and the seat of the central public library of Milan. It is located at number 6 in Corso di Porta Vittoria, in the Zone 1 administrative division of the city."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Martin Kamen", "paragraph_text": "Martin Kamen died August 31, 2002, at the age of 89 in Montecito (Santa Barbara), California. He was a longtime resident of Casa Dorinda retirement home, where he was well-liked and admired for helping others."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sironia", "paragraph_text": "Sironia is a drama film directed by Brandon Dickerson and starring Amy Acker, Wes Cunningham, Tony Hale, Robyn Lively, Carrie Preston and Meaghan Martin. It was shot on location in Waco, Texas and Los Angeles, California."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "During the administration of U.S. President Martin Van Buren, nearly 17,000 Cherokees\u2014along with approximately 2,000 black slaves owned by Cherokees\u2014were uprooted from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and were forced by the U.S. military to march from \"emigration depots\" in Eastern Tennessee (such as Fort Cass) toward the more distant Indian Territory west of Arkansas. During this relocation an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way west. In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi\u2014\"the Trail Where We Cried.\" The Cherokees were not the only American Indians forced to emigrate as a result of the Indian removal efforts of the United States, and so the phrase \"Trail of Tears\" is sometimes used to refer to similar events endured by other American Indian peoples, especially among the \"Five Civilized Tribes\". The phrase originated as a description of the earlier emigration of the Choctaw nation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Martin Gaffney", "paragraph_text": "Martin Gaffney was awarded $3.8 million by a jury but the Federal government was initially slow in paying the judgment. By 1991 Martin Gaffney had come down with lymphoma. On October 10, 1991 the Federal government decided not to appeal the judgment. Less than a month later, Martin Gaffney died in a Boston Massachusetts hospital."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Westmont College", "paragraph_text": "Westmont College, founded in 1937, is an interdenominational Christian liberal arts college in Montecito near Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, California."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Licence to Kill (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Licence to Kill Soundtrack album by Michael Kamen Released 1989 Recorded 1989 Label MCA Records Producer Joel Sill Michael Kamen chronology Renegades (1989) Renegades 1989 Licence to Kill (1989) Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) Lethal Weapon 2 1989 James Bond soundtrack chronology The Living Daylights (1987) The Living Daylights 1987 Licence to Kill (1989) Licence to Kill1989 GoldenEye (1995) GoldenEye 1995 Singles from Licence to Kill ``Licence To Kill ''Released: 1989`` If You Asked Me To'' Released: 12 June 1989"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "DEKA (company)", "paragraph_text": "DEKA Research & Development Corporation is a technology company based in New Hampshire, founded in 1982 by Dean Kamen, consisting of nearly 400 engineers, technicians, and support staff. DEKA is an acronym derived from Dean Kamen. The company is located in a series of old Amoskeag Falls Millyard buildings in Manchester, New Hampshire; Kamen has real estate investments in the neighborhood beyond DEKA offices, contributing to revitalization of the neighborhood along with other major investors."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kamener Kreuz", "paragraph_text": "The Kamener Kreuz was formerly a full cloverleaf interchange near Dortmund in North Rhine-Westphalia Germany where the Autobahnen A1 and A2 meet. It lies between the towns of Kamen and Bergkamen in the west and the city of Hamm and the municipality B\u00f6nen in the east. The Kamener Kreuz, opened in 1937, was the second interchange between two Reichsautobahnen, the first one being the Schkeuditzer Kreuz. It is used by 160,000 vehicles per day."}], "question": "What county is the city where Martin Kamen died located in?"}
{"id": "2hop__28411_84813", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Philip Giraldi", "paragraph_text": "Philip Giraldi (born c. 1946) is a former counter-terrorism specialist and military intelligence officer of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and a columnist and television commentator who is the Executive Director of the Council for the National Interest.. As an author and analyst, Giraldi writes a regular column for the alternative media outlet Unz Review. He is especially controversial for the many articles he has written denouncing Judaism and Jews whom he has compared to \"a bottle of rat poison\" and for his denial of the Nazi Holocaust."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Faqir Mohammed", "paragraph_text": "Maulvi Faqir Mohammed (Pashto/Urdu: ; 1970) is a member of the Mamund tribe in Bajaur Agency and, until March 2012, a deputy leader of the Pakistani Taliban umbrella group Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan. He was reported as killed on 5 March 2010 during a helicopter gunship attack on militants by the Pakistani military although he denied the reports as false. In July 2011, he resurfaced on the air broadcasting radio shows out of Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Desert Hot Springs, California", "paragraph_text": "Desert Hot Springs, also known as DHS, is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. The city is located within the Coachella Valley geographic region, sometimes referred to as the \"Desert Empire\". The population was 25,938 at the 2010 census, up from 16,582 at the 2000 census. The city has undergone rapid development and high population growth since the 1970s, when there were 2,700 residents."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Personnel recovery", "paragraph_text": "The United States Armed Forces defines personnel recovery as ``The sum of military, DOD civilian, DOD contractor personnel, or other personnel designated by the President or Secretary of Defense, who are isolated, missing, detained, or captured (IMDC) in an operational environment. Also called PR. ''The Joint Personnel Recovery Agency is the Chairman's Controlled Activity and is designated as DoD's office of primary responsibility for DoD - wide personnel recovery (PR) matters, less policy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the \"Central Intelligence Agency\" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1958 Channel Airways de Havilland DH.104 Dove crash", "paragraph_text": "The 1958 Channel Airways de Havilland DH.104 Dove crash occurred on 15 January 1958, when a de Havilland DH.104 Dove of Channel Airways crashed on approach to Ferryfield Airport, Lydd, Kent due to mismanagement of the aircraft's fuel system by the pilot. All seven people on board survived, but the aircraft was written off."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases", "paragraph_text": "NIH is the primary federal agency that conducts and supports basic, clinical and translational medical research. The institute investigates the prevention, diagnosis, causes, treatments and cures (PDCTC) for both common and rare diseases."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Schmidt Artist Lofts", "paragraph_text": "The Schmidt Artist Lofts, located in the West Seventh neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, was originally built to brew beer for Schmidt Brewery. The Schmidt Brewery was vacant for 11 years until a massive community and developer effort resulted in a plan for a revitalization of the brewery's historic building into the creation of the Schmidt Artist Lofts in 2013."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Department of State", "paragraph_text": "The Executive Branch and the U.S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visiernational crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests", "paragraph_text": "During the 1989 student demonstrations in Beijing, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) played a decisive role in enforcing martial law, suppressing the demonstrations by force and upholding the authority of the Chinese Communist Party. The subject of the Tiananmen protests in general and the military's role in the crackdown remains forbidden from public discussion in China. The killings in Beijing continue to taint the legacies of the party elders, led by Deng Xiaoping, and weigh on the generation of leaders whose careers advanced as their more moderate colleagues were purged or sidelined at the time. Within China, the role of the military in 1989 remains a subject of private discussion within the ranks of the party leadership and PLA."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash", "paragraph_text": "The 1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash occurred on 14 September 1923 when a de Havilland DH.34 of Daimler Airway operating a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Croydon to Manchester crashed at Ivinghoe, Buckinghamshire, England, killing all five people on board."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Department of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Nebraska Avenue Complex, DHS headquarters Agency overview Formed November 25, 2002; 15 years ago (2002 - 11 - 25) Jurisdiction United States Headquarters Nebraska Avenue Complex, Washington, D.C., U.S. 38 \u00b0 56 \u2032 17 ''N 77 \u00b0 4 \u2032 56'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.93806 \u00b0 N 77.08222 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.93806; - 77.08222 Employees 229,000 (2017) Annual budget $40.6 billion (2017) Agency executives Kirstjen Nielsen, Secretary Elaine Duke, Deputy Secretary Child agencies United States Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Transportation Security Administration United States Coast Guard National Protection and Programs Directorate United States Secret Service Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Management Directorate Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Office of General Counsel Office of Health Affairs Office of Intelligence & Analysis Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Operations Coordination Office of Partnership & Engagement Office of Policy Office of Public Affairs Office of the Inspector General Privacy Office Science & Technology Directorate Website www.dhs.gov ``The DHS March ''"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boston Police Department", "paragraph_text": "The Boston Police Department (BPD), dating back to 1838, holds the primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the American city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is the first in the nation. The BPD is also the 20th largest law enforcement agency in the country and the 3rd largest in New England behind the Massachusetts State Police (2,300 officers) and the Massachusetts Department of Correction (4,000 officers)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Department of Defense", "paragraph_text": "United States Department of Defense Department overview Formed September 18, 1947; 70 years ago (1947 - 09 - 18) (as National Military Establishment) Preceding Department U.S. Department of War U.S. Department of the Navy Type Executive Department Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County, Virginia, US 38 \u00b0 52 \u2032 16 ''N 77 \u00b0 3 \u2032 21'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.87111 \u00b0 N 77.05583 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.87111; - 77.05583 Coordinates: 38 \u00b0 52 \u2032 16 ''N 77 \u00b0 3 \u2032 21'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.87111 \u00b0 N 77.05583 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.87111; - 77.05583 Employees 742,000 (civilian) 1,300,000 (active duty military) 826,000 (National Guard and reserve): 2.87 million total (2016) Annual budget US $530.1 billion (2010) US $549.1 billion (2011) US $553.0 billion (est. 2012) US $496.1 billion (2015) US $534.3 billion (base FY2016) Department executives James Mattis, Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan, Deputy Secretary Child agencies U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Website www.defense.gov"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sound barrier", "paragraph_text": "Meanwhile, test pilots achieved high velocities in the tailless, swept - wing de Havilland DH 108. One of them was Geoffrey de Havilland, Jr. who was killed on 27 September 1946 when his DH 108 broke up at about Mach 0.9. John Derry has been called ``Britain's first supersonic pilot ''because of a dive he made in a DH 108 on 6 September 1948."}], "question": "Who is the primary military leader within the massive agency that DHS was compared to?"}
{"id": "2hop__28411_418973", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "National Fire Academy", "paragraph_text": "The National Fire Academy (NFA) is one of two schools in the United States operated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) at the National Emergency Training Center (NETC) in Emmitsburg, Maryland. Operated and governed by the United States Fire Administration (USFA) as part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the NFA is the country\u2019s pre-eminent federal fire training and education institution. The original purpose of the NFA as detailed in a 1973 report to Congress was to \u201cfunction as the core of the Nation\u2019s efforts in fire service education\u2014feeding out model programs, curricula, and information\u2026\u201d"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "National Security Law Unit", "paragraph_text": "Within the American Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Security Law Unit forms part of the Office of the General Counsel It was previously led by Michael J. Woods."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sound barrier", "paragraph_text": "Meanwhile, test pilots achieved high velocities in the tailless, swept - wing de Havilland DH 108. One of them was Geoffrey de Havilland, Jr. who was killed on 27 September 1946 when his DH 108 broke up at about Mach 0.9. John Derry has been called ``Britain's first supersonic pilot ''because of a dive he made in a DH 108 on 6 September 1948."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "General Counsel of the Department of Defense", "paragraph_text": "The General Counsel of the Department of Defense is the chief legal officer of the Department of Defense (DoD), advising both the Secretary and Deputy Secretary on all legal matters and services, and providing legal advice to Office of the Secretary of Defense organizations and, as appropriate, other DOD components."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jesse Laslovich", "paragraph_text": "As a lawyer, Jesse Laslovich has worked in the private sector as an Attorney for Datsopoulos, MacDonald & Lind PC of Missoula; he was an adjunct professor at the University of Montana School of Law; he was assistant attorney general to Attorney General Mike McGrath; and he currently serves as Chief Legal Counsel to Montana's State Auditor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its \"organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed.\" It created the program \"PL-110\", to handle defectors and other \"essential aliens\" who fell outside normal immigration procedures."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash", "paragraph_text": "The 1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash occurred on 14 September 1923 when a de Havilland DH.34 of Daimler Airway operating a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Croydon to Manchester crashed at Ivinghoe, Buckinghamshire, England, killing all five people on board."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Combat Zones That See", "paragraph_text": "Combat Zones That See, or CTS, is a project of the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) whose goal is to \"track everything that moves\" in a city by linking up a massive network of surveillance cameras to a centralised computer system. Artificial intelligence software will then identify and track all movement throughout the city."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Counseling Association", "paragraph_text": "The nonprofit organization serves more than 55,000 members from various practice settings, including mental health counseling, marriage and family counseling, addictions and substance use disorder counseling, school counseling, rehabilitation counseling, and career and employment counseling. Counseling professors and students are also represented."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois d'Amboise", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois d'Amboise (1550 \u2013 1619) was a French jurist and writer. He was counseller to the Parlement of Brittany and advocate general to the Grand Conseil."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "National Human Rights Commission of India", "paragraph_text": "National Human Rights Commission \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 national human rights commission logo Agency overview Formed 12 October 1993 Legal personality Governmental: Government agency Jurisdictional structure Federal agency India General nature Federal law enforcement Civilian agency Operational structure Headquarters New Delhi, India Agency executives Justice H.L. Dattu, Chairman Satynarayan Mohanty, Secretary General Website Official website"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Isaac Melson Meekins", "paragraph_text": "Born in Tyrrell County, North Carolina, Meekins received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Wake Forest University in 1896 and entered private practice in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. He was Mayor of Elizabeth City in 1897, and city attorney of Elizabeth City in 1898. He was postmaster of Elizabeth City from 1903 to 1908. He was an Assistant United States Attorney of the Eastern District of North Carolina from 1910 to 1914. He was general counsel for the Alien Property Custodian in Washington, D.C. from 1921 to 1922. He was general counsel and manager for the Enemy Insurance Company in 1922."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", "paragraph_text": "The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope that is part of NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope program, developed in coordination between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency. It is scheduled to launch in 2019 and will be located near the Earth -- Sun L lagrangian point. The telescope will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from the long - wavelength (orange to red) visible light through the mid-infrared (0.6 to 27 micrometer) range."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "Although many of FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mary L. Smith", "paragraph_text": "Mary L. Smith (born August 28, 1962) is an American lawyer and former principal deputy director and acting agency head of Indian Health Services. Previously she was general counsel for the Illinois Department of Insurance. From 2009 until August 2010, she had been a presidential nominee to be the Assistant Attorney General for the Tax Division of the United States Department of Justice. However, she was never confirmed by the Senate, and the White House in 2010 decided not to renominate her to the post."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Schmidt Artist Lofts", "paragraph_text": "The Schmidt Artist Lofts, located in the West Seventh neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, was originally built to brew beer for Schmidt Brewery. The Schmidt Brewery was vacant for 11 years until a massive community and developer effort resulted in a plan for a revitalization of the brewery's historic building into the creation of the Schmidt Artist Lofts in 2013."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the \"Coalition of the Willing\" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as \"the 51st state\" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Department of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Nebraska Avenue Complex, DHS headquarters Agency overview Formed November 25, 2002; 15 years ago (2002 - 11 - 25) Jurisdiction United States Headquarters Nebraska Avenue Complex, Washington, D.C., U.S. 38 \u00b0 56 \u2032 17 ''N 77 \u00b0 4 \u2032 56'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.93806 \u00b0 N 77.08222 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.93806; - 77.08222 Employees 229,000 (2017) Annual budget $40.6 billion (2017) Agency executives Kirstjen Nielsen, Secretary Elaine Duke, Deputy Secretary Child agencies United States Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Transportation Security Administration United States Coast Guard National Protection and Programs Directorate United States Secret Service Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Management Directorate Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Office of General Counsel Office of Health Affairs Office of Intelligence & Analysis Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Operations Coordination Office of Partnership & Engagement Office of Policy Office of Public Affairs Office of the Inspector General Privacy Office Science & Technology Directorate Website www.dhs.gov ``The DHS March ''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment. A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement as well as major Jewish academic centers. After two centuries of comparative tolerance in the new nations, massive westward emigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries in response to pogroms in the east and the economic opportunities offered in other parts of the world. Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since 1750."}], "question": "What organization includes the General Counsel of the massive agency whose creation was compared to that of the DHS?"}
{"id": "2hop__28411_33811", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United Nations Population Fund", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it \"is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled.\"  Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Public Health Service", "paragraph_text": "The Public Health Service Act of 1944 structured the United States Public Health Service (PHS), founded in 1798, as the primary division of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW; which was established in 1953), which later became the United States Department of Health and Human Services in 1979 -- 1980 (when the Education agencies were separated into their own U.S. Department of Education). The Office of the Surgeon General was created in 1871. The PHS comprises all Agency Divisions of Health and Human Services and the Commissioned Corps. The Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH) oversees the PHS and the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Department of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Nebraska Avenue Complex, DHS headquarters Agency overview Formed November 25, 2002; 15 years ago (2002 - 11 - 25) Jurisdiction United States Headquarters Nebraska Avenue Complex, Washington, D.C., U.S. 38 \u00b0 56 \u2032 17 ''N 77 \u00b0 4 \u2032 56'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.93806 \u00b0 N 77.08222 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.93806; - 77.08222 Employees 229,000 (2017) Annual budget $40.6 billion (2017) Agency executives Kirstjen Nielsen, Secretary Elaine Duke, Deputy Secretary Child agencies United States Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Transportation Security Administration United States Coast Guard National Protection and Programs Directorate United States Secret Service Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Management Directorate Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Office of General Counsel Office of Health Affairs Office of Intelligence & Analysis Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Operations Coordination Office of Partnership & Engagement Office of Policy Office of Public Affairs Office of the Inspector General Privacy Office Science & Technology Directorate Website www.dhs.gov ``The DHS March ''"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vikram Sood", "paragraph_text": "Vikram Sood is the former head of India's foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), and an advisor to the Observer Research Foundation, an independent public policy think tank in New Delhi. Sood was an officer of the Indian Postal Service (IPoS) before he joined the intelligence organisation R&AW and later served as its spymaster from 2000 to 2003. He retired as a career intelligence officer with 31 years of service on 31 March 2003. He trained under the mentorship of B. Raman. He is the author of the book \"The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage\" published in 2018, which according to Sood is not a memoir but a beginner's guide to intelligence and espionage."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mohammad Mosaddegh", "paragraph_text": "Mohammad Mosaddegh (Persian: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u200e \u200e; IPA: (moh\u00e6m\u02c8m\u00e6d (- e) mos\u00e6d\u02c8de\u0263) (listen); 16 June 1882 -- 5 March 1967), was an Iranian politician. He was the head of a democratically elected government, holding office as the Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953, when his government was overthrown in a coup d'\u00e9tat aided by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency and the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sherman Kent", "paragraph_text": "Sherman Kent (December 6, 1903 \u2013 March 11, 1986), was a Yale University history professor who, during World War II and through 17 years of Cold War-era service in the Central Intelligence Agency, pioneered many of the methods of intelligence analysis. He is often described as \"\"the father of intelligence analysis\".\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Philip Giraldi", "paragraph_text": "Philip Giraldi (born c. 1946) is a former counter-terrorism specialist and military intelligence officer of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and a columnist and television commentator who is the Executive Director of the Council for the National Interest.. As an author and analyst, Giraldi writes a regular column for the alternative media outlet Unz Review. He is especially controversial for the many articles he has written denouncing Judaism and Jews whom he has compared to \"a bottle of rat poison\" and for his denial of the Nazi Holocaust."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Ext\u00e9rieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National Fire Academy", "paragraph_text": "The National Fire Academy (NFA) is one of two schools in the United States operated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) at the National Emergency Training Center (NETC) in Emmitsburg, Maryland. Operated and governed by the United States Fire Administration (USFA) as part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the NFA is the country\u2019s pre-eminent federal fire training and education institution. The original purpose of the NFA as detailed in a 1973 report to Congress was to \u201cfunction as the core of the Nation\u2019s efforts in fire service education\u2014feeding out model programs, curricula, and information\u2026\u201d"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Combat Zones That See", "paragraph_text": "Combat Zones That See, or CTS, is a project of the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) whose goal is to \"track everything that moves\" in a city by linking up a massive network of surveillance cameras to a centralised computer system. Artificial intelligence software will then identify and track all movement throughout the city."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its \"organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed.\" It created the program \"PL-110\", to handle defectors and other \"essential aliens\" who fell outside normal immigration procedures."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "Although many of FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Service de Documentation Ext\u00e9rieure et de Contre-Espionnage", "paragraph_text": "The Service de Documentation Ext\u00e9rieure et de Contre-Espionnage (, \"External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service\"), abbreviated SDECE, was France's external intelligence agency from 6 November 1944 to 2 April 1982, when it was replaced by the Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE). It should not be confused with the Deuxi\u00e8me Bureau which was intended to pursue purely military intelligence."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Brian Kelley (CIA officer)", "paragraph_text": "Brian Kelley (January 8, 1943 \u2013 September 19, 2011) was an American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent. Kelley received the Distinguished Career Intelligence Medal for his service."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gert Korthof", "paragraph_text": "Gert Korthof is a Dutch biologist who was trained at Utrecht University. He has reviewed various books of evolution, creationism, and intelligent design, including Michael Behe's \"The Edge of Evolution\". He contributed to \"Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "paragraph_text": "The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the \"Central Intelligence Agency\" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Naval Criminal Investigative Service", "paragraph_text": "The United States Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) is the primary law enforcement agency of the United States Department of the Navy. Its primary function is to investigate criminal activities involving the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps, though its broad mandate includes national security, counter-intelligence, counter-terrorism, cyber warfare, and the protection of U.S. naval assets worldwide. NCIS is the successor organization to the former Naval Investigative Service (NIS), which was established by the Office of Naval Intelligence after the Second World War."}], "question": "What intelligence service was recently created by the massive agency whose formation was compared to that of the DHS?"}
{"id": "2hop__488923_202387", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tabula Rasa (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Richard Garriott's Tabula Rasa was an MMORPG developed by Destination Games and published by NCsoft, designed in part by some of the creators of \"Ultima Online\" including Richard Garriott. The game was a role-playing video game that blended certain shooter aspects into the combat system. It was officially released to retail on November 2, 2007, with customers that pre-ordered the game allowed access to the live servers from October 30, 2007. The development team released updates, called \"Deployments,\" nearly every month following launch. The game required a monthly subscription."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tundra Publishing", "paragraph_text": "Tundra Publishing was a Northampton, Massachusetts-based comic book publisher founded by Kevin Eastman in 1990. The company was founded to provide a venue for adventurous, creator-owned work by talented cartoonists and illustrators. Its publications were noted in the trade for their high production values, including glossy paper stock, full-color printing, and square binding. Tundra was one of the earlier creator-owned companies, before the formation of Image Comics and Dark Horse Comics' Legends imprint."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Stephen Vail", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Vail (1780\u20131864) was a founding partner of the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia and the creator of the Speedwell Ironworks in Morristown, New Jersey."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Anders Holm", "paragraph_text": "Anders Holm (born May 29, 1981) is an American writer, comedian, actor and producer. He is one of the stars and creators of the Comedy Central show \"Workaholics\" and starred in the short-lived NBC series \"Champions\". He, along with fellow \"Workaholics\" creators Blake Anderson, Adam Devine, and Kyle Newacheck, formed the sketch group Mail Order Comedy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hundertwasserhaus", "paragraph_text": "The Hundertwasserhaus is an apartment house in Vienna, Austria, built after the idea and concept of Austrian artist Friedensreich Hundertwasser with architect Joseph Krawina as a co-creator."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Sopranos (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "The sixth and final season of the HBO drama series The Sopranos was broadcast in two parts, the first beginning on March 12, 2006 and ending after twelve episodes on June 4, 2006. The first of the final nine episodes premiered on April 8, 2007 with the series finale airing on June 10, 2007. The season was initially meant to consist of twenty episodes, but creator David Chase asked for one more to properly round out the story. The first part was released on DVD in region 1 on November 7, 2006, and on Blu - ray on December 19, 2006. The second part was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 23, 2007."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Directgov", "paragraph_text": "On 13 September 2012, through a notice on the Directgov homepage, it was announced that the GOV.UK project, built by the Government Digital Service, will replace Directgov as the primary website of the UK Government on 17 October 2012. Directgov was closed and redirected to the new website from that date, which included the job search database now called Universal Jobmatch, as well as information about benefits, pensions, passport applications and voting."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "I Am Unicorn", "paragraph_text": "\"I Am Unicorn\" is the second episode of the third season of the American musical television series \"Glee\", and the forty-sixth overall. The episode was written by series co-creator Ryan Murphy, directed by series co-creator Brad Falchuk, and first aired on September\u00a027, 2011 on Fox in the United States. It features the return of Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel) to the show to direct a rival glee club at William McKinley High even while New Directions, the current club, is having trouble recruiting members. Shelby also wants Quinn (Dianna Agron) and Puck (Mark Salling), the biological parents of her adopted daughter Beth, to be a part of Beth's life. The director of New Directions, Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) sets up a \"booty camp\" for the less capable dancers in the club, and auditions for the school musical, \"West Side Story\", begin."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Apple War", "paragraph_text": "The songs in \"The Apple War\" are composed and written by Evert Taube, who also makes a cameo in the film as the old man who dances with Monica Zetterlund at the end party, and while there also recites a part of one of his most famous songs, \"Calle Schewens vals\", performed by the cast in the same scene at the end. Winner of three Guldbagge Awards, \"The Apple War\" is a popular cult film in Sweden, and referred to as a \"Hasse & Tage\" film due to the creators Tage Danielsson and Hasse Alfredson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Sopranos (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "The sixth and final season of the HBO drama series \"The Sopranos\" was broadcast in two parts, the first beginning on March 12, 2006 and ending after twelve episodes on June 4, 2006. The first of the final nine episodes premiered on April 8, 2007 with the series finale airing on June 10, 2007. The season was initially meant to consist of twenty episodes, but creator David Chase asked for one more to properly round out the story. The first part was released on DVD in region 1 on November 7, 2006, and on Blu-ray on December 19, 2006. The second part was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 23, 2007."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ted Key", "paragraph_text": "Ted Key (born Theodore Keyser; August 25, 1912 \u2013 May 3, 2008), was an American cartoonist and writer. He is best known as the creator of the cartoon panel \"Hazel\", which was later the basis for a television series of the same name, and also the creator of \"Peabody's Improbable History\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Legacies (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Legacies is an American television drama series that premiered on October 25, 2018, on The CW. It is a spinoff of The Originals. It was created by Julie Plec, creator of The Originals and co-creator of The Vampire Diaries, and stars Danielle Rose Russell and Matt Davis."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Resig", "paragraph_text": "John Resig is an American software engineer and entrepreneur, best known as the creator and lead developer of the jQuery JavaScript library."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dreamscaperers", "paragraph_text": "``Dreamscaperers ''is the nineteenth episode of the first season in the animated series Gravity Falls. The episode is the first of the two - part season finale, the second being`` Gideon Rises''. It was first broadcast on July 12, 2013, on the Disney Channel. It was written by series creator Alex Hirsch, alongside Matt Chapman and Tim McKeon, and directed by Joe Pitt and John Aoshima. It marks the first appearance of Bill Cipher."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alphagov", "paragraph_text": "Alphagov was the project name of the experimental prototype website built by the Government Digital Service and launched on 11 May 2011 by the UK Cabinet Office that was open for public comment for two months in order to judge the feasibility of a single domain for British Government web services."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Viva Laughlin", "paragraph_text": "Viva Laughlin is an American musical comedy-drama series adapted by Bob Lowry and Peter Bowker (creator of the original series) from the popular BBC British serial, \"Blackpool\", and taking its name from the latter program's sequel, \"Viva Blackpool\". Lowry and Bowker also served as executive producers alongside Hugh Jackman, John Palermo, Paul Telegdy, and Gabriele Muccino. The latter also directed the pilot. It was filmed on location in part at the Morongo Casino Resort & Spa in Cabazon, California for most of the inside casino shots."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Steven Zirnkilton", "paragraph_text": "Steven M. Zirnkilton (born Stephen Morgan Zirnkilton; August 18, 1958) is an American voice - over actor and former politician from Maine. Zirnkilton is known for providing the opening narration of all US shows in the Law & Order franchise. He received the job after he was originally hired by series creator Dick Wolf for a small part on Law & Order."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jane Ace", "paragraph_text": "Jane Ace (October 12, 1897 \u2013 November 11, 1974) was the high-voiced, malaprop-mastering wife on legendary, low-keyed American radio comedy \"Easy Aces\" (1930\u201345). Playing herself opposite her real-life husband and the show's creator-writer, Goodman Ace (1899\u20131982), she delivered clever malaprops over the air in each episode of the urbane serial comedy, and many became part of the American vernacular."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Scorpion Swamp", "paragraph_text": "Scorpion Swamp is a single-player adventuring gamebook written by Steve Jackson (the American game designer, as opposed to the series co-creator), illustrated by Duncan Smith and originally published in 1984 by Puffin Books. It forms part of Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone's \"Fighting Fantasy\" series. It is the 8th in the series in the original Puffin series (). It was the first \"Fighting Fantasy\" book to be written by an author other than the co-creators of the series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dreamscaperers", "paragraph_text": "\"Dreamscaperers\" is the nineteenth episode of the first season in the animated series \"Gravity Falls\". The episode is the first of the two-part season finale, the second being \"Gideon Rises\". It was first broadcast on July 12, 2013, on the Disney Channel. It was written by series creator Alex Hirsch, alongside Matt Chapman and Tim McKeon, and directed by Joe Pitt and John Aoshima. It marks the first appearance of Bill Cipher."}], "question": "What is the agency that created gov.uk a part of?"}
{"id": "2hop__214732_793274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Executive Order 9066", "paragraph_text": "Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942. This order authorized the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones, clearing the way for the incarceration of Japanese Americans, German Americans, and Italian Americans in U.S. concentration camps."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Executive Order 11921", "paragraph_text": "Executive Order 11921 was an executive order approved by President of the United States Gerald Ford on June 11, 1976. It amends Executive Order 11490 of October 28, 1969, which calls for federal agencies to prepare plans for a state of emergency that would require \"over-all civilian manpower mobilization programs\" and related emergency measures."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts", "paragraph_text": "The Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts is an executive branch position created by the Texas Constitution. As with nearly every other executive branch head in Texas, the Comptroller is popularly elected every four years concurrently with the governor and the other elected executive branch positions (elections take place in even number years not divisible by four; e.g., 2006, 2010, and so on). The current Comptroller is Glenn Hegar, who took office on January 2, 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Women's suffrage in Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first woman elected to any Australian Parliament was Edith Cowan, elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921. Dame Enid Lyons, in the Australian House of Representatives and Senator Dorothy Tangney, became the first women in the federal Parliament in 1943. Lyons was in 1949 appointed Vice-President of the Executive Council by Robert Menzies. She was described as Minister without Portfolio, with no departmental duties, but the appointment gave her a seat in Cabinet. She held the position between 19 December 1949 and 7 March 1951, and is the only woman to have occupied the position."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Executive Order 9981", "paragraph_text": "Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Electoral history of Gerald Ford", "paragraph_text": "Electoral history of Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (1974\u20131977), 40th Vice President of the United States (1973\u20131974); United States Representative from Michigan (1949\u20131973)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canon law", "paragraph_text": "In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cabinet of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five level pay plan known as the Executive Schedule, which is codified in Title 5 of the United States Code. 21 positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level I pay are listed in 5 U.S.C. \u00a7 5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in 5 U.S.C. \u00a7 5313. As of January 2016, the Level I annual pay was set at $205,700."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ion Dic Dicescu", "paragraph_text": "Ion Dic-Dicescu (born Ion Dicescu; ; May 1893 \u2013 January 4, 1938) was a Romanian socialist journalist and officer and later Bolshevik activist who held command positions in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. After the war, he held research positions in the economical domain at several Soviet universities and research institutes, before being executed on accusations of espionage during the Great Purge."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States presidential line of succession", "paragraph_text": "The succession follows the order of vice president, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State, and followed by the rest in the order of their positions' creation. Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Henry Kyemba", "paragraph_text": "Henry Kyemba (born December 1939) is a Ugandan political figure who held several high positions and finally became Minister of Health during Uganda's rule by Idi Amin. He is also the author of \"State of Blood\", a 1977 book he wrote after his flight from Uganda that describes Amin's tyrannical rule."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Executive Order 12148", "paragraph_text": "Executive Order 12148 was an executive order enacted by President Jimmy Carter on July 20, 1979 to transfer and reassign duties to the newly formed agency, known as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), created by Executive Order 12127. The order combined several federal agencies tasked with emergency preparedness and civil defense spread across the executive departments into a unified entity that was established as an independent agency, free of Cabinet interference, with authority as the lead federal agency in a presidentially-declared disaster."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Medallion signature guarantee", "paragraph_text": "A medallion signature guarantee is a binding warranty, issued by an agent of the authorized guarantor institution, that: (a) the signature was genuine; (b) the signer was an appropriate person to endorse, and (c) the signer had legal capacity to sign. A medallion signature guarantee is not equivalent to an American Notarial act. One American Notarial act, called an acknowledgment, is a formal declaration made before an authorized public officer (i.e., notary public, judge, or justice). It is made by a person executing an instrument who states it was his ``free act and deed ''. The three essential components of an acknowledgment are: (a) the personal appearance before an authorized public officer; (b) positive identification; (c) the actual acknowledgment of signing. Unlike medallion signature guarantees, the person executing many legal documents does not have to sign his name in the physical presence of the issuing officer (i.e., notary public, judge, or justice)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "NBA draft lottery", "paragraph_text": "Under the current rules, only the top three picks are decided by the lottery, and are chosen from the 14 teams that do not make the playoffs. The team with the worst record, or the team that holds the draft rights of the team with the worst record, has the best chance to obtain a higher draft pick. After the top three positions are selected (from the lottery slotting system), the remainder of the first - round draft order is in inverse order of the win - loss record for the remaining teams, or the teams who originally held the lottery rights if they were traded. The lottery does not determine the draft order in the subsequent rounds of the draft."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that \"discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States\"; that \"it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity for all qualified persons, without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin, employed or seeking employment with the Federal Government and on government contracts\"; that \"it is the policy of the executive branch of the Government to encourage by positive measures equal opportunity for all qualified persons within the Government\"; and that \"it is in the general interest and welfare of the United States to promote its economy, security, and national defense through the most efficient and effective utilization of all available manpower\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jim Atchison", "paragraph_text": "Jim Atchison is an American business executive. He was the President and Chief Executive Officer of SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, positions he had held since 2009. On December 11, 2014 he resigned. SeaWorld acknowledged in August 2014 that the film \"Blackfish\" had hurt revenues at its San Diego, California park. At the time of Atchison's resignation the company's share price had fallen 44% that year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame", "paragraph_text": "The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York honors individuals who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport, and is the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displaying baseball - related artifacts and exhibits. Elections of worthy individuals to be honored by induction into the hall of fame commenced in 1936, although the first induction ceremonies were not held until the hall opened in 1939. Through the elections for 2017, a total of 319 people have been inducted, including 220 former major league players, 32 executives, 35 Negro League players and executives, 22 managers, and 10 umpires. Each is listed showing his primary position; that is, the position or role in which the player made his greatest contribution to baseball according to the Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Michael Bzdel", "paragraph_text": "In 1984 Bzdel was elected Provincial Superior of the Yorkton, Saskatchewan, Canada Province of the Redemptorist Order, a position he held until his elevation to the episcopate in 1992."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John P. Surma", "paragraph_text": "John P. Surma (born 1954 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American businessman. He was the executive chairman of the board of United States Steel Corporation. Surma retired as CEO of U.S. Steel effective September 1, 2013, and Chairman effective January 1, 2014, positions he held since 2004."}], "question": "What position was held by the author of Executive Order 11921?"}
{"id": "2hop__83645_90798", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Glia", "paragraph_text": "Neuroglia, also called glial cells, or simply glia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the central nervous system, glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia, and in the peripheral nervous system glial cells include Schwann cells and satellite cells. The term derives from Greek \u03b3\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 and \u03b3\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 ``glue ''; pronounced in English as either / \u02c8\u0261li\u02d0\u0259 / or / \u02c8\u0261la\u026a\u0259 /"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Neurilemma", "paragraph_text": "Neurilemma (also known as neurolemma, sheath of Schwann, or Schwann's sheath) is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes) that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Axon terminal", "paragraph_text": "Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles that cluster beneath the axon terminal membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse. The axonal terminals are specialized to release the neurotransmitters of the presynaptic cell. The terminals release transmitter substances into a gap called the synaptic cleft between the terminals and the dendrites of the next neuron. The information is received by the dendrite receptors of the postsynaptic cell that are connected to it. Neurons do n't touch each other, but communicate across the synapse."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pierre Auger Observatory", "paragraph_text": "The Pierre Auger Observatory is an international cosmic ray observatory in Argentina designed to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic rays: sub-atomic particles traveling nearly at the speed of light and each with energies beyond 10\u00a0eV. In Earth's atmosphere such particles interact with air nuclei and produce various other particles. These effect particles (called an \"air shower\") can be detected and measured. But since these high energy particles have an estimated arrival rate of just 1\u00a0per\u00a0km per\u00a0century, the Auger Observatory has created a detection area of \u2014the size of Rhode Island, or Luxembourg\u2014in order to record a large number of these events. It is located in the western Mendoza Province, Argentina, near the Andes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Energy", "paragraph_text": "This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (i.e., given new available energy states that are the same as existing states), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between \"new\" and \"old\" degrees. This mathematical result is called the second law of thermodynamics."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Photoelectric effect", "paragraph_text": "In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1900, while studying black - body radiation, the German physicist Max Planck suggested that the energy carried by electromagnetic waves could only be released in ``packets ''of energy. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect. This model contributed to the development of quantum mechanics. In 1914, Robert Millikan's experiment supported Einstein's model of the photoelectric effect. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for`` his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect'', and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for ``his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect ''."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Quantum", "paragraph_text": "The concept of quantization of radiation was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black - body radiation. By assuming that energy can only be absorbed or released in tiny, differential, discrete packets he called ``bundles ''or`` energy elements'', Planck accounted for certain objects changing colour when heated. On December 14, 1900, Planck reported his findings to the German Physical Society, and introduced the idea of quantization for the first time as a part of his research on black - body radiation. As a result of his experiments, Planck deduced the numerical value of h, known as the Planck constant, and could also report a more precise value for the Avogadro -- Loschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole and the unit of electrical charge, to the German Physical Society. After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1918."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sugar packet", "paragraph_text": "A typical sugar packet in the United States contains 2 to 4 grams of sugar. Some sugar packets in countries such as Poland contain 5 to 10 grams of sugar. Sugar packet sizes, shapes, and weights differ throughout different areas of the world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them\u2014neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptions, each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter, or combination of neurotransmitters, at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons; this rule is known as Dale's principle. Thus, a neuron can be characterized by the neurotransmitters that it releases. The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems. This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids, nicotine, heroin, cocaine, alcohol, fluoxetine, chlorpromazine, and many others."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Quantal neurotransmitter release", "paragraph_text": "Neurotransmitters are released into a synapse in packaged vesicles called quanta. One quantum generates what is known as a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) which is the smallest amount of stimulation that one neuron can send to another neuron. Quantal release is the mechanism by which most traditional endogenous neurotransmitters are transmitted throughout the body. The aggregate sum of many MEPPs is known as an end plate potential (EPP). A normal end plate potential usually causes the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold of excitation and elicit an action potential. Electrical synapses do not use quantal neurotransmitter release and instead use gap junctions between neurons to send current flows between neurons. The goal of any synapse is to produce either an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), which generate or repress the expression, respectively, of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. It is estimated that an action potential will trigger the release of approximately 20% of an axon terminal's neurotransmitter load."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Le Travel Store", "paragraph_text": "Le Travel Store, based in San Diego, California, was a retail store that sells travel gear. Founded in 1976, Le Travel Store claims to be the first business to call itself a \"travel store,\" and, the first retail store to cater to backpackers and other independent travelers, selling luggage, travel accessories, guidebooks, maps, and backpacks in a single retail location."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15\u201333 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shark Energy", "paragraph_text": "Shark Energy Drink is an energy drink sold by Osotspa Co., Ltd. of Thailand, which modified the ingredients from the pre-existing M-150 that launched in 1970, five years after it was appointed by Taisho Pharmaceutical with the licensees to manufacture the world\u2019s first energy drink from Japan called Lipovitan D."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Penrose process", "paragraph_text": "The Penrose process (also called Penrose mechanism) is theorised by Roger Penrose as a means whereby energy can be extracted from a rotating black hole. That extraction can occur if the rotational energy of the black hole is located not inside the event horizon but outside in a region of the Kerr spacetime called the ergosphere in which any particle is necessarily propelled in locomotive concurrence with the rotating spacetime. All objects in the ergosphere become dragged by a rotating spacetime."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "USB", "paragraph_text": "A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D\u2212 both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D\u2212 lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet. This extra bit can also result in a \"bit stuff violation\" if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Daubechies wavelet", "paragraph_text": "The Daubechies wavelets, based on the work of Ingrid Daubechies, are a family of orthogonal wavelets defining a discrete wavelet transform and characterized by a maximal number of vanishing moments for some given support. With each wavelet type of this class, there is a scaling function (called the \"father wavelet\") which generates an orthogonal multiresolution analysis."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alzheimer's disease", "paragraph_text": "Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease (proteopathy), caused by plaque accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein and tau protein in the brain. Plaques are made up of small peptides, 39\u201343 amino acids in length, called amyloid beta (A\u03b2). A\u03b2 is a fragment from the larger amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is a transmembrane protein that penetrates through the neuron's membrane. APP is critical to neuron growth, survival, and post-injury repair. In Alzheimer's disease, gamma secretase and beta secretase act together in a proteolytic process which causes APP to be divided into smaller fragments. One of these fragments gives rise to fibrils of amyloid beta, which then form clumps that deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques.AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein. Every neuron has a cytoskeleton, an internal support structure partly made up of structures called microtubules. These microtubules act like tracks, guiding nutrients and molecules from the body of the cell to the ends of the axon and back. A protein called tau stabilises the microtubules when phosphorylated, and is therefore called a microtubule-associated protein. In AD, tau undergoes chemical changes, becoming hyperphosphorylated; it then begins to pair with other threads, creating neurofibrillary tangles and disintegrating the neuron's transport system. Pathogenic tau can also cause neuronal death through transposable element dysregulation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ligand-gated ion channel", "paragraph_text": "When a presynaptic neuron is excited, it releases a neurotransmitter from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron. If these receptors are ligand - gated ion channels, a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels, which leads to a flow of ions across the cell membrane. This, in turn, results in either a depolarization, for an excitatory receptor response, or a hyperpolarization, for an inhibitory response."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Photon", "paragraph_text": "In 1900, the German physicist Max Planck was studying black - body radiation and suggested that the energy carried by electromagnetic waves could only be released in ``packets ''of energy. In his 1901 article in Annalen der Physik he called these packets`` energy elements''. The word quanta (singular quantum, Latin for how much) was used before 1900 to mean particles or amounts of different quantities, including electricity. In 1905, Albert Einstein suggested that electromagnetic waves could only exist as discrete wave - packets. He called such a wave - packet the light quantum (German: das Lichtquant). The name photon derives from the Greek word for light, \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 (transliterated ph\u00f4s). Arthur Compton used photon in 1928, referring to Gilbert N. Lewis. The same name was used earlier, by the American physicist and psychologist Leonard T. Troland, who coined the word in 1916, in 1921 by the Irish physicist John Joly, in 1924 by the French physiologist Ren\u00e9 Wurmser (1890 - 1993) and in 1926 by the French physicist Frithiof Wolfers (1891 - 1971). The name was suggested initially as a unit related to the illumination of the eye and the resulting sensation of light and was used later in a physiological context. Although Wolfers's and Lewis's theories were contradicted by many experiments and never accepted, the new name was adopted very soon by most physicists after Compton used it."}], "question": "Who named the discrete units of energy travelling in neurotransmitter filled packets within presynaptic neurons?"}
{"id": "2hop__10026_538992", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tang dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Zhu Wen, originally a salt smuggler who had served under the rebel Huang Chao, surrendered to Tang forces. By helping to defeat Huang, he was renamed Zhu Quanzhong and granted a series of rapid military promotions to military governor of Xuanwu Circuit. Zhu later conquered many circuits and became the most powerful warlord. In 903 he controlled the imperial court and forced Emperor Zhaozong of Tang moved the capital to Luoyang, preparing to take the throne himself. In 904 Zhu assassinated Emperor Zhaozong to replace him with the emperor's young son Emperor Ai of Tang. In 905 Zhu executed 9 brothers of Emperor Ai as well as many officials and Empress Dowager He. In 907 the Tang dynasty was ended when Zhu deposed the Emperor Ai and took the throne for himself (known posthumously as Emperor Taizu of Later Liang). He established the Later Liang, which inaugurated the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. A year later Zhu had the deposed Emperor Ai poisoned to death."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of The Emperor's New Groove characters", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Kuzco First appearance The Emperor's New Groove (2000) Created by Mark Dindal Roger Allers (original character from Kingdom of the Sun) Voiced by David Spade (Movies and Video Games in Movie Stock) J.P. Manoux (Video Games, TV Show and Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom) James Arnold Taylor (Occasionally) Occupation Emperor of the Incas Family Unnamed father (lost at sea) Significant other (s) Malina (girlfriend)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sima Yuanxian", "paragraph_text": "Sima Yuanxian was the son of Sima Daozi the Prince of Kuaiji, the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowu and son of Emperor Jianwen, and he was born during the reign of his uncle Emperor Xiaowu. When Emperor Xiaowu was murdered by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang in 396, he was succeeded by Emperor An, and Sima Daozi, as the emperor's uncle, became regent. Sima Daozi's trusted associates Wang Guobao (\u738b\u570b\u5bf6) and Wang Xu (\u738b\u7dd2), because of their corrupt ways, quickly drew the ires of provincial officials Wang Gong (\u738b\u606d) and Yin Zhongkan (\u6bb7\u4ef2\u582a), and in 397, Wang Gong and Yin started a rebellion, demanding that Wang Guobao and Wang Xu be killed. Sima Daozi, apprehensive of Wang Gong and Yin's power, executed Wang Guobao and Wang Xu, and Wang Gong and Yin withdrew. It was at this juncture that Sima Yuanxian, Sima Daozi's heir apparent, who was 15 but considered intelligent and capable, warned Sima Daozi that Wang Gong and Yin would one day again rebel. Sima Daozi, trusting his son, entrusted Sima Yuanxian with his personal guards."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Liu Yin (Han Zhao)", "paragraph_text": "Liu Yin (\u5289\u80e4) (died 329), courtesy name Yisun (\u7fa9\u5b6b), was an imperial prince of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao, who, following his father Liu Yao's capture by rival Later Zhao, tried to maintain the state with his brother, the crown prince Liu Xi, but was unsuccessful and killed by Later Zhao."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kong Qian", "paragraph_text": "Kong Qian (\u5b54\u8b19) (d. May 28, 926) was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang (and Later Tang's predecessor state Jin. He was credited with making sure that the campaigns of Later Tang's founding emperor Emperor Zhuangzong (Li Cunxu) was well-financed, but his methods of extracting funds from the people were also said to be so exacting that the people eventually became resentful of Emperor Zhuangzong, helping to lead to Emperor Zhuangzong's downfall."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Xavier d'Entrecolles", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7ois Xavier d'Entrecolles (1664 in Lyon \u2013 1741 in Beijing; Chinese name: \u6bb7\u5f18\u7eea, Yin Hongxu) was a French Jesuit priest, who learned the Chinese technique of manufacturing porcelain through his investigations in China at Jingdezhen with the help of Chinese Catholic converts between 1712 and 1722, during the rule of the Kangxi Emperor. His observations were published in a long letter in 1712, and carefully studied in several European countries, even though Meissen porcelain was already making hard-paste porcelain in Germany by then. The letter's author was given as P\u00e8re d'Entrecolles (\"Father d'Entrecolles\"), and he is still very often referred to as this."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Da Chu", "paragraph_text": "Da Chu was a short-lived Chinese dynasty in 1127 ruled by Zhang Bangchang (1081\u20131127), a puppet emperor enthroned with the support of the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234). The dynasty was abolished scarcely a month after its formation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In addition to his many other roles, the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven, the main deities known as the Five Powers, and the spirits (shen \u795e) of mountains and rivers. It was believed that the three realms of Heaven, Earth, and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual, ethics, and morals, he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, epidemics, and swarms of locusts."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shi Shi", "paragraph_text": "Shi Shi (; 339\u2013349) was briefly (for 33 days) the emperor of the Jie/Chinese Hun state Later Zhao following his father Shi Hu's death in 349. In the Chinese annals he is sometimes referred to by his title after removal as an Emperor, Prince of Qiao (\u8b59\u738b)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Li Ke", "paragraph_text": "Zhangsun also had Consort Yang and Li Yin reduced to commoner rank and exiled to Ba Prefecture (\u5df4\u5dde, roughly modern Bazhong, Sichuan), and Li Ke's four sons, Li Ren (\u674e\u4ec1), Li Wei (\u674e\u744b), Li Kun (\u674e\u7428), and Li Jing (\u674e\u7484) were exiled to the modern Guangdong region. Li Ke's young fourth daughter was sent to Xianling (tomb of Emperor Gaozu of Tang) to be kept under house arrest till 689, upon which time she was created Princess Xin'an. In 660, after Zhangsun's own downfall (at the hands of Emperor Gaozong's wife Empress Wu and her associates), Li Ke was posthumously created the Prince of Yulin, but was not given a posthumous name, nor was his son permitted to inherit the title; rather, Li Rong (\u674e\u69ae), the grandson of Li Xiaogong the Prince of Hejian, was adopted into Li Ke's line and took the title of Marquess of Yulin. Eventually, however, after Li Rong was deposed for an unrelated reason, Li Ren (later known as Li Qianli (\u674e\u5343\u91cc)) was permitted to inherit the title, and around 705, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong's son Emperor Zhongzong, Li Ke was posthumously honored again with the title of \"Sikong\" and reburied with honor."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Conqueror's Story", "paragraph_text": "The Conqueror's Story is a Hong Kong television series based on the events in the Chu\u2013Han Contention, an interregnum between the fall of the Qin dynasty and the founding of the Han dynasty in Chinese history. It was first broadcast in 2004 in Hong Kong on TVB Jade."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Liu Chengyou", "paragraph_text": "Liu Chengyou was only 16 years old when he succeeded his father Liu Zhiyuan, who died abruptly. His reign was marked by arbitrary killing of his important ministers, and it eventually led to his downfall. When he killed the entire family of general Guo Wei in 951, Guo's army attacked the capital, and Liu Chengyou was killed in the chaos."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jason Hu", "paragraph_text": "Hu attended, then known as Big Tiger. He had relatively low friends, but that didn't matter. All that Jason Hu cared about was success. After graduating from Taichung Municipal First High School, then known as Chu-jen (\u5c45\u4ec1, Hanyu Pinyin: Juren) High School, Jason Hu attended National Chengchi University where he studied in the Diplomatic Studies Department, graduating in 1970. He attended the University of South Carolina from 1971\u201373 and pursued a master's degree in international studies but had to withdraw due to his father's ailing health. He later studied in the United Kingdom, first to the University of Southampton, where he studied International Relations, then to Balliol College, University of Oxford, where he received his PhD in International Relations in 1984."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ma Xisheng", "paragraph_text": "Ma Xisheng was born in 899, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, as the second son of the warlord Ma Yin. At that time, Ma Yin had just taken control of Tan Prefecture (in modern Changsha, Hunan) following the assassination of Ma Yin's predecessor Liu Jianfeng, and was not yet fully in control of Wu'an Circuit (\u6b66\u5b89, headquartered at Tan Prefecture), which would eventually become the central circuit for the Chu state, but was in the process of gradually consolidating his control. Ma Xisheng's mother Lady Yin, while Ma Yin's favorite, was not Ma Yin's wife \u2014 as Ma Yin's first son, Ma Xizhen (\u99ac\u5e0c\u632f), was said to be born of his wife, who was not named in historical sources. (Ma Yin would eventually have at least 35 sons, and Consort Yuan bore at least one of those of Ma Xisheng's younger brothers, Ma Xiwang (\u99ac\u5e0c\u65fa), although none of the eventual rulers of Chu subsequent to Ma Xisheng \u2014 Ma Xifan, Ma Xiguang, Ma Xi'e, and Ma Xichong \u2014 was likely born of her, with Ma Xifan and Ma Xiguang clearly born of a different concubine, Lady Chen.) Ma Xisheng and Ma Xifan were born on the same day, but Ma Xisheng was born earlier on that day. (Another brother, unnamed in historical sources, was likely born on the same day of a different mother, between Ma Xisheng's and Ma Xifan's births, as Ma Xifan was said to be Ma Yin's fourth son.)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xiang Yu (d. 202 BC) of Chu and Liu Bang (d. 195 BC) of Han, engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China, which had fissured into 18 kingdoms, each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang. Although Xiang Yu proved to be a capable commander, Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia (202 BC), in modern-day Anhui. Liu Bang assumed the title \"emperor\" (huangdi) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu (r. 202\u2013195 BC). Chang'an was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jia'ao", "paragraph_text": "Jia'ao (, died 541 BC) was from 544 to 541 BC the king of Chu, a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. Born Xiong Yuan (), he succeeded his father King Kang of Chu who died in 545 BC."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Holy Roman Empire", "paragraph_text": "In 768 Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present - day France, Germany, northern Italy, and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands. On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty."}], "question": "Who was the father of Emperor Yin, of the later era of the dynasty that the kingdom of Chu fell to?"}
{"id": "2hop__142391_450615", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)", "paragraph_text": "In 1482 Paris, Clopin, a gypsy puppeteer, narrates the origin of the titular hunchback. A group of gypsies sneak illegally into Paris, but are ambushed by Judge Claude Frollo, the Minister of Justice of Paris, and his soldiers. A gypsy woman in the group attempts to flee with her deformed baby, but Frollo chases and kills her outside Notre Dame. He tries to kill the baby as well, but the cathedral's archdeacon intervenes and accuses Frollo of murdering an innocent woman. To atone for his sin, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the deformed child in Notre Dame as his son, naming him Quasimodo."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Denise Uyehara", "paragraph_text": "Denise Uyehara is an American performance artist and writer. She is the author of two full-length plays, \"Hobbies\" and \"Hiro\". Uyehara is a fellow of the Asian Cultural Council. She is the founding member of the performance group Sacred Naked Nature Girls, a group of four women of different ethnicities and sexual orientation, who use their bodies as a means to construct identities and inspire dialogue. Uyehara\u2019s art examines and explores immigration, race, sexuality, and gender. Her work is internationally recognized. and has been featured in exhibitions in Los Angeles, Helsinki, London, Tokyo, and Vancouver."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Boney M.", "paragraph_text": "Boney M. was a German vocal group created by German record producer Frank Farian. Originally based in West Germany, the four original members of the group's official line - up were Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett from Jamaica, Maizie Williams from Montserrat and Bobby Farrell from Aruba. The group was formed in 1976 and achieved popularity during the disco era of the late 1970s. Since the 1980s, various line - ups of the band have performed with different personnel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Let the Sun Catch You Crying ''is a song written and originally performed by British beat group Gerry and the Pacemakers. The songwriting is credited to Gerry Marsden and the other band members, Freddie Marsden, Les Chadwick and Les Maguire. It was first recorded by Louise Cordet, and then recorded by the group themselves in early 1964."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Destiny's Child", "paragraph_text": "Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best - known line - up comprised Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best - selling second album, The Writing's on the Wall (1999), which contained the number - one singles ``Bills, Bills, Bills ''and`` Say My Name''. Despite critical and commercial success, the group was plagued by internal conflict and legal turmoil, as Roberson and Luckett attempted to split from the group's manager Mathew Knowles, citing favoritism of Knowles and Rowland."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Generation of '36", "paragraph_text": "The Generation of '36 () is the name given to a group of Spanish artists, poets and playwrights who were working about the time of the Spanish Civil War (1936 and 1939)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Feist (singer)", "paragraph_text": "Leslie Feist (born 13 February 1976), known professionally as Feist, is a Canadian indie pop singer - songwriter and guitarist, performing both as a solo artist and as a member of the indie rock group Broken Social Scene."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (/bi\u02d0\u02c8j\u0252nse\u026a/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyonc\u00e9's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles - Carter (/ bi\u02d0\u02c8j\u0252nse\u026a /; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, performer, and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl - group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best - selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) and the release of her debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003). The album established her as a solo artist worldwide, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and earning five Grammy Awards, and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles ``Crazy in Love ''and`` Baby Boy''."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rex (Live at the Fillmore)", "paragraph_text": "The collaborative show features Williams, Keith Moseley (of The String Cheese Incident) and Jeff Austin (of Yonder Mountain String Band) performing bluegrass versions of Grateful Dead songs. The group performed under the name Grateful Grass."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Unbehagen", "paragraph_text": "Unbehagen is the second studio album by Nina Hagen Band released in 1979 by CBS Records. It is the last album released by the band, before Nina Hagen decided to pursue a solo career. The band kept on performing under the name Spliff."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Frederick Keep Monument", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Keep Monument is a public artwork by American artist James Earle Fraser, located at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C., United States. \"Frederick Keep Monument\" was originally surveyed as part of the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1993. This sculpture rests at the site of the grave of Frederick and Florence Keep and their child."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead is a 1995 compilation album of songs, performed by the original artists, that the American rock group the Grateful Dead covered and performed live throughout their career. Several of the tracks on this album can be found on no other compact disc, including \"Rain and Snow\" as performed by Obray Ramsey and \"Big Railroad Blues\" by Cannon's Jug Stompers. The eclectic nature of the Grateful Dead's music is highlighted on this album with the inclusion of songs from such diverse genres as folk (\"Morning Dew\", \"Goin' Down This Road Feelin' Bad\"), the blues (\"The Red Rooster\", \"Turn On Your Love Light\"), country (\"Mama Tried\", \"El Paso\"), gospel (\"Samson & Delilah\"), and straight out rock and roll (\"The Promised Land\", \"Not Fade Away\")."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Once Upon a Time characters", "paragraph_text": "Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption; Regina Mills adopted him. Henry was first portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore, who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012. Starting with the seventh season, Andrew J. West will take over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a ten - year - old girl named Lucy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "A self-described \"modern-day feminist\", Beyonc\u00e9 creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love, relationships, and monogamy, as well as female sexuality and empowerment. On stage, her dynamic, highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music. Throughout a career spanning 19 years, she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist, and a further 60 million with Destiny's Child, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has won 20 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award's history. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized her as the Top Certified Artist in America during the 2000s decade. In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s and their Artist of the Millennium in 2011. Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014. Forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tainted Love", "paragraph_text": "``Tainted Love ''is a song composed by Ed Cobb, formerly of American group the Four Preps, which was originally recorded by Gloria Jones in 1964. It attained worldwide fame after being covered by Soft Cell in 1981 and has since been covered by numerous groups and artists."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "With Me (Destiny's Child song)", "paragraph_text": "\"With Me\" is a song performed by the American group Destiny's Child for their eponymous debut studio album in 1998. The song was produced by Jermaine Dupri and Manuel Seal Jr., and received a positive reception from music critics. According to the group, \"With Me\" was meant to be an answer back to Usher's song \"You Make Me Wanna...\". The song contains elements of Master P's song \"Freak Hoes\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Once Upon a Time characters", "paragraph_text": "Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption; Regina Mills adopted him. Henry was originally portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore, who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012. For the show's seventh and final season, Andrew J. West later took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a eight - year - old girl named Lucy, with Gilmore also making three appearances as Henry during the season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nila Kaalam", "paragraph_text": "Nila Kaalam (Tamil) (2001) is a straight-to-TV Tamil film directed by Gandhi Krishna. The film was also released at film festivals and child artiste, Udayaraj went on to win National Film Award for Best Child Artist."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cosma Shiva Hagen", "paragraph_text": "Cosma Shiva Hagen (born May 17, 1981 in Los Angeles, California) is a German-American actress and the daughter of the German new wave/punk singer Nina Hagen and the Dutch musician Ferdinand Karmelk. Her grandmother is actress Eva-Maria Hagen, and her step-grandfather is the East German dissident writer Wolf Biermann. Eva-Maria Hagen was allowed to emigrate to West Germany during the 1970s. Shiva's unusual name was picked by her mother, who claimed she saw a UFO while pregnant. \"Cosma\" is a reference to Cosmos, and \"Shiva\" is a reference to the Hindu God Shiva."}], "question": "Who is the child of the artist whose group originally performed Unbehagen?"}
{"id": "2hop__142750_450615", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alla andra f\u00e5r varann", "paragraph_text": "The song was the winner of Melodifestivalen 1960, performed by both \u00d6sten Warnerbring and Inger Berggren. However it was decided by Sveriges Radio that Siw Malmkvist would perform the song at Eurovision. Siw Malmkvist never released her version either as a single or as an album track. The song was released by ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1100 Bel Air Place", "paragraph_text": "1100 Bel Air Place is an album of love songs performed by Julio Iglesias, and released by Columbia Records in 1984. It was the first of Iglesias' albums to be performed largely in English, and it is generally considered his breakthrough album in English speaking markets."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles - Carter (/ bi\u02d0\u02c8j\u0252nse\u026a /; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, performer, and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl - group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best - selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) and the release of her debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003). The album established her as a solo artist worldwide, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and earning five Grammy Awards, and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles ``Crazy in Love ''and`` Baby Boy''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Skagly", "paragraph_text": "Skagly is a 1979 album by jazz musician Freddie Hubbard released on the Columbia label which features performances by Hubbard, Hadley Caliman, Billy Childs, Phil Ranelin on all tracks except \"A Summer Knows\" with Paulinho da Costa guesting on two tracks and George Duke and Jeff \"Skunk\" Baxter guesting on one track."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Freedom in Fragments", "paragraph_text": "Freedom in Fragments is a studio album by English guitarist, composer and improvisor Fred Frith. It was composed by Frith in 1993 as \"a suite of 23 pieces for saxophone quartet\", and was performed by the Rova Saxophone Quartet between February 1999 and January 2000 in San Francisco. The album was released on Tzadik Records' Composer Series in 2002. Frith does not perform on this album."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lauren Daigle", "paragraph_text": "``You Say ''was released on July 13, 2018, as the lead single for second studio album Look Up Child. The song was released to Christian radio on July 9. The album was also available for pre order. It was released on September 7, 2018, via Centricity Music. It is her first studio album in three years and serves as a follow - up to her debut studio album, How Can It Be (2015). It became her third Hot Christian Songs No. 1 and charted on the mainstream Hot 100 at No. 53.`` Still Rolling Stones'' was released on August 10, 2018, as the first promotional single."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Miracle Inn", "paragraph_text": "The Miracle Inn is an album by Euros Childs, released in August 2007. It was his third solo album. It features a cover of The Turtles' \"Think I'll Run Away\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "BeeHappy", "paragraph_text": "BeeHappy is the ninth (seventh solo) studio album by Nina Hagen, released in 1996. It is the English version of the previous album, \"freuD Euch\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "FreuD euch", "paragraph_text": "FreuD euch is the ninth (seventh solo) studio album by Nina Hagen. It was released in 1995 on Ariola. The record has the punk feel of her first album, with short, caustic guitar-driven tracks. The cover artwork includes three holographic designs amongst holographic flowers, which when tilted from right to left show Hagen spelling something."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Happy Mystery Child", "paragraph_text": "Happy Mystery Child is the ninth studio album by Trisomie 21, a French electronic/coldwave group led by Herv\u00e9 and Philippe Lomprez. Released by Le Marquis Records on December 11, 2004, the record marked the return of Trisomie 21 5 years after their prior studio album."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "This Child", "paragraph_text": "This Child is the second album by Susan Aglukark, released in 1995. The album was Susan's commercial breakthrough in Canada, spawning chart hits with \"O Siem\" and \"Hina Na Ho (Celebration)\", and making Susan the first Inuk performer ever to have a Top 40 hit."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Monologue of Love", "paragraph_text": "Monologue of Love, sometimes called Monologue about Love is the studio album by Soviet singer Sofia Rotaru, released in 1987 by Melodiya. The long play album was simultaneously released for the Soviet and international market. The album includes songs performed in Russian with new rock style arrangements by leading Soviet pop and rock bands: Vesyolye Rebyata, Forum, Chervona Ruta. This album is a soundtrack album to the movie Monologue of Love released in 1986."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of Dangerously in Love, Beyonc\u00e9 had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled, the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200, Destiny Fulfilled included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Destiny's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour. The group released their first compilation album Number 1's on October 25, 2005, in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jazz Contemporary", "paragraph_text": "Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label. The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album)", "paragraph_text": "Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Live at the Lighthouse (Elvin Jones album)", "paragraph_text": "Live at the Lighthouse is a live album by jazz drummer Elvin Jones featuring performances recorded in 1972 at the Lighthouse Caf\u00e9 in California, and released on the Blue Note label. The album was originally released as a double LP and subsequently released on two CDs with additional material."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cosma Shiva Hagen", "paragraph_text": "Cosma Shiva Hagen (born May 17, 1981 in Los Angeles, California) is a German-American actress and the daughter of the German new wave/punk singer Nina Hagen and the Dutch musician Ferdinand Karmelk. Her grandmother is actress Eva-Maria Hagen, and her step-grandfather is the East German dissident writer Wolf Biermann. Eva-Maria Hagen was allowed to emigrate to West Germany during the 1970s. Shiva's unusual name was picked by her mother, who claimed she saw a UFO while pregnant. \"Cosma\" is a reference to Cosmos, and \"Shiva\" is a reference to the Hindu God Shiva."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hanns Sachs", "paragraph_text": "Hanns Sachs (; 10 January 1881, Vienna \u2013 10 January 1947, Boston) was one of the earliest psychoanalysts, and a close personal friend of Sigmund Freud. He became a member of Freud's Secret Committee of six in 1912, Freud describing him as one \"in whom my confidence is unlimited in spite of the shortness of our acquaintance\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Epsilon (Blood Stain Child album)", "paragraph_text": "Epsilon (stylized as \u03b5psilon) is Blood Stain Child's fifth studio album and first release on Coroner Records/Pony Canyon. It's also the first and only album to feature vocalist Sophia and drummer Gami (after the departure of vocalist Sadew and drummer/founding-member Violator). All compositions\u2014except \"Electricity,\" which is composed by Aki\u2014are by Ryu, while lyrics are co-written by Sophia. This album was pre-sold during A-Kon from June 10 to 12, 2011. And, in this event, nine of the new songs (including the European bonus track, \"Royal Sky\") were performed. As of June 7, 2011, Pony Canyon released forty-four second samples of each song in the album; a full sample of \"Sirius VI\" debuted, through Internet radio, on May 26, 2011."}], "question": "Who is the child of the FreuD euch album's artist?"}
{"id": "2hop__76084_33232", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dandridge McRae", "paragraph_text": "Dandridge McRae (October 10, 1829 \u2013 April 23, 1899) was an American lawyer, court official, and Inspector General of Arkansas State Troops, as well as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He served in several key battles that helped secure Arkansas for the Confederacy, prolonging the war in the Western Theater."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Rogers Cooke", "paragraph_text": "John Rogers Cooke (June 9, 1833 \u2013 April 10, 1891) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. He was the son of Union general Philip St. George Cooke and the brother-in-law of Confederate cavalry leader Jeb Stuart."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marcellus Augustus Stovall", "paragraph_text": "Marcellus Augustus Stovall (September 18, 1818 \u2013 August 4, 1895) was an American soldier and merchant. He served as a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and later he resumed business and civil interests."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Henry Marshall Ashby", "paragraph_text": "Henry Marshall Ashby (1836 \u2013 July 10, 1868) was a Confederate States Army colonel during the American Civil War (Civil War). Although he commanded a brigade from June 1864 and a division at the Battle of Bentonville and through the surrender of the Confederate force under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston, he was never appointed a brigadier general by Confederate President Jefferson Davis or confirmed as a general officer by the Confederate Senate."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thornsbury Bailey Brown", "paragraph_text": "Thornsbury Bailey Brown (May 15, 1829 \u2013 May 22, 1861) of Taylor County, Virginia (now West Virginia) is generally considered the first Union soldier killed by a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War. Brown, a member of a Virginia militia or volunteer company which supported the Union with the grade of private, was killed by a member of a Virginia militia or volunteer company which supported the Confederacy at Fetterman, Virginia (now West Virginia) on May 22, 1861. The members of both companies were from the same general vicinity of Taylor County."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alexander Alderman Semmes", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Alderman Semmes (1825 \u2013 September 22, 1885) was a career United States Navy officer, who served with distinction in the American Civil War. He was a cousin of Confederate naval hero Raphael Semmes, and also of Confederate general Paul Jones Semmes."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac", "paragraph_text": "Prince Camille Armand Jules Marie de Polignac (February 16, 1832 \u2013 November 15, 1913) was a French nobleman who served with the Confederates in the American Civil War, living on to become the last surviving Confederate major-general."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864\u201365, The Reconstruction Era (1863\u201377) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Danville Leadbetter", "paragraph_text": "Danville Leadbetter (August 26, 1811 \u2013 September 26, 1866) was a career U.S. Army officer and later he served as a Confederate general during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Samuel P. Moore", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Preston Moore (September 16, 1813 \u2013 May 31, 1889) was an American military physician, who served in the medical corps of the United States Army during the Mexican\u2013American War, and later as the Confederate Surgeon General throughout nearly all of the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John Baillie McIntosh", "paragraph_text": "John Baillie McIntosh (June 6, 1829 \u2013 June 29, 1888), although born in Florida, served as a Union Army brigadier general in the American Civil War. His brother, James M. McIntosh, served as a Confederate general until he was killed in the Battle of Pea Ridge."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Confederate States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Army (C.S.A.) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis (1808 - 1889), a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy on the Hudson River at West Point, New York, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War (1846 - 1848), later a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War in the administration of 14th President Franklin Pierce (1853 - 1857). By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Frank Crawford Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Francis \"Frank\" Crawford Armstrong (November 22, 1835 \u2013 September 8, 1909) was a United States Army cavalry officer and later a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He is also known for being the only Confederate general to fight on both sides during the Civil War."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Confederate States Army", "paragraph_text": "Army of the Confederate States Active February 28, 1861 -- May 26, 1865 (4 years, 2 months and 4 weeks) Country Confederate States Type Army Size 500,000 -- 1,500,000 Part of C.S. War Department Colors Cadet gray March ``Dixie ''Engagements American Indian Wars Cortina Troubles American Civil War Sumter First Manassas Wilson's Creek Henry and Donelson Shenandoah South Mills Richmond Harpers Ferry Munfordville Shepherdstown Chambersburg Raid Mississippi River Peninsula Shiloh Jackson's Valley Campaign Second Manassas Sharpsburg Hartsville Fredericksburg Murfreesborough Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Corydon Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Atlanta Spotsylvania New Hope Church Pickett's Mill Cold Harbor Sabine Pass Plymouth Fort Pillow Petersburg St. Albans Kennesaw Mountain Jonesborough Franklin Nashville Appomattox Court House Commanders Commander - in - Chief Jefferson Davis, (President of the Confederate States) General - in - Chief Robert E. Lee (General - in - Chief - January 1865) Insignia Flag"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Confederate States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Army (C.S.A.) was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis (1808 - 1889). Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy on the Hudson River at West Point, New York, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War (1846 - 1848). He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War in the administration of 14th President Franklin Pierce (1853 - 1857). On March 1, 1861, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina on behalf of the Confederate States government, where South Carolina state militia threatened to seize Fort Sumter, an island fortification in Charleston harbor from the small U.S. Army garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Conclusion of the American Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Army of Northern Virginia surrendered on April 9 around noon followed by General St. John Richardson Liddell's troops some six hours later. Mosby's Raiders disbanded on April 21, General Joseph E. Johnston and his various armies surrendered on April 26, the Confederate departments of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana surrendered on May 4, and the Confederate District of the Gulf, commanded by Major General Dabney Herndon Maury, surrendered on May 5. Confederate President Jefferson Davis was captured on May 10, along with the Confederate Departments of Florida and South Georgia, commanded by Confederate Major General Samuel Jones. Also on May 10, U.S. President Andrew Johnson declared the rebellion's armed resistance virtually ended. Thompson's Brigade surrendered on May 11, Confederate forces of North Georgia surrendered on May 12, and Kirby Smith surrendered on May 26 (officially signed June 2). The last battle of the American Civil War was the Battle of Palmito Ranch in Texas on May 12 and 13. The last significant Confederate active force to surrender was the Confederate allied Cherokee Brigadier General Stand Watie and his Indian soldiers on June 23. The last Confederate surrender occurred on November 6, 1865, when the Confederate warship CSS Shenandoah surrendered at Liverpool, England. President Johnson formally declared the end of the war on August 20, 1866."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William Whedbee Kirkland", "paragraph_text": "William Whedbee Kirkland (February 13, 1833 \u2013 May 12, 1915) was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was the only former US Marine to serve as a Confederate general."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Henry L. Benning", "paragraph_text": "Henry Lewis Benning (April 2, 1814 \u2013 July 10, 1875) was a general in the Confederate States Army. He also was a lawyer, legislator, and judge on the Georgia Supreme Court. He commanded the \"Benning's Brigade\" during the American Civil War. Following the Confederacy's defeat at the end of the war, he returned to his native Georgia, where he lived out the rest of his life. Fort Benning, Georgia, home of the Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoE) is named after him."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "St. John Richardson Liddell", "paragraph_text": "St. John Richardson Liddell (September 6, 1815 \u2013 February 14, 1870) was a prominent Louisiana planter who served as a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was an outspoken proponent of Southern emancipation of slaves. Liddell was murdered by a former Confederate officer near his home in 1870."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Reuben Lindsay Walker", "paragraph_text": "Reuben Lindsay Walker (May 29, 1827 \u2013 June 7, 1890) was a Confederate general who served in the artillery during the American Civil War."}], "question": "The general of the Confederate Forces during the Civil War controlled what sect of the confederacy?"}
{"id": "2hop__143307_450615", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Greatest Hits: The Sound of Money", "paragraph_text": "Greatest Hits: Sound of Money is a compilation of American rock singer Eddie Money's biggest hits plus three new tracks: \"Peace in Our Time\", \"Looking Through the Eyes of a Child\" and \"Stop Steppin' on My Heart\". The disc was originally released in 1989 by Columbia Records. A remastered CD surfaced in 2009, released by SPV."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Destiny's Child", "paragraph_text": "Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best - known line - up comprised Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best - selling second album, The Writing's on the Wall (1999), which contained the number - one singles ``Bills, Bills, Bills ''and`` Say My Name''. Despite critical and commercial success, the group was plagued by internal conflict and legal turmoil, as Roberson and Luckett attempted to split from the group's manager Mathew Knowles, citing favoritism of Knowles and Rowland."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Southern Child", "paragraph_text": "Southern Child is an unreleased album by Little Richard, scheduled to be released in 1972 as his fourth and final album for Reprise Records. For unconfirmed reasons the album was shelved, and the tracks comprising the album were released in 2005 from Rhino Records as part of their \"Complete Reprise Recordings\" collection."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cosma Shiva Hagen", "paragraph_text": "Cosma Shiva Hagen (born May 17, 1981 in Los Angeles, California) is a German-American actress and the daughter of the German new wave/punk singer Nina Hagen and the Dutch musician Ferdinand Karmelk. Her grandmother is actress Eva-Maria Hagen, and her step-grandfather is the East German dissident writer Wolf Biermann. Eva-Maria Hagen was allowed to emigrate to West Germany during the 1970s. Shiva's unusual name was picked by her mother, who claimed she saw a UFO while pregnant. \"Cosma\" is a reference to Cosmos, and \"Shiva\" is a reference to the Hindu God Shiva."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ray of Light", "paragraph_text": "Ray of Light is the seventh studio album by American recording artist Madonna, released on February 22, 1998 by Maverick Records. After giving birth to her first child, Madonna started working on the album with producers Babyface and Patrick Leonard. Following failed sessions with them, Madonna pursued a new musical direction with English producer William Orbit. The recording process was the longest of Madonna's career and experienced problems with Orbit's hardware arrangement, which would break down, and recording would have to be delayed until they could be repaired."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Don't Wanna Fall in Love", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''Single by Jane Child from the album Jane Child Released February 10, 1990 (USA) April 11, 1990 (UK) Format CD single Recorded 1988 - 1989 Genre R&B, synthpop, new jack swing Length 4: 07 Label Warner Bros. Songwriter (s) Jane Child Producer (s) Jane Child Jane Child singles chronology`` Welcome to the Real World'' (1990) ``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''(1990)`` Welcome to the Real World (reissue)'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World ''(1990)`` Do n't Wanna Fall in Love'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World (reissue) ''(1990)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Colin Petersen", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Colin Petersen (born 24 March 1946) is an Australian drummer, record producer and former child actor. He played as a member of the bands Steve and the Board, the Bee Gees and Humpy Bong. In August 1969, he left the Bee Gees and he was replaced by Pentangle drummer Terry Cox to record the songs for their 1970 album Cucumber Castle."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Caillou", "paragraph_text": "The series was originally broadcast in French in Canada, and the episodes were later translated into English, and re-runs in English began on PBS and PBS Kids Sprout in the United States. The original books were also in French. \"Caillou\" was designed primarily for toddlers. It was created by child developmental psychologists."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Doctor Who (series 11)", "paragraph_text": "Story Episode Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers (millions) AI 277 TBA Jamie Childs TBA October 2018 (2018 - 10) TBD TBD"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Don't You Worry Child", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't You Worry Child ''Single by Swedish House Mafia featuring John Martin from the album Until Now Released 14 September 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2011 -- 2012 Genre Progressive house Length 3: 32 (radio edit) 6: 43 (extended mix) Label Virgin EMI Polydor Songwriter (s) Axel Hedfors Steve Angello Sebastian Ingrosso John Martin Lindstr\u00f6m Michel Zitron Producer (s) Swedish House Mafia Swedish House Mafia singles chronology`` Greyhound'' (2012) ``Do n't You Worry Child ''(2012)`` Greyhound'' (2012) ``Do n't You Worry Child ''(2012) John Martin singles chronology`` Save the World'' (2011) Save the World 2011 ``Do n't You Worry Child ''(2012) Do n't You Worry Child2012`` Reload'' (2013) Reload 2013"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shadow Star", "paragraph_text": "Shadow Star, known in Japan as , is a Japanese manga series created by Mohiro Kitoh, originally serialized in Kodansha's seinen magazine \"Afternoon\". The Japanese name is an abbreviation of , which roughly translates to \"Corpse of a Star; A Precious Child\". In the United States, it was licensed by Dark Horse and serialized in \"Super Manga Blast!\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "BeeHappy", "paragraph_text": "BeeHappy is the ninth (seventh solo) studio album by Nina Hagen, released in 1996. It is the English version of the previous album, \"freuD Euch\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Happy Mystery Child", "paragraph_text": "Happy Mystery Child is the ninth studio album by Trisomie 21, a French electronic/coldwave group led by Herv\u00e9 and Philippe Lomprez. Released by Le Marquis Records on December 11, 2004, the record marked the return of Trisomie 21 5 years after their prior studio album."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Teach Me How to Dougie", "paragraph_text": "\"Teach Me How to Dougie\" is a song recorded by American hip hop group Cali Swag District featuring hook vocals from Fairburn\u2013based rapper Future and Canadian\u2013Nigerian actress Olunik\u00e9 Adeliyi. It was produced by Runway Star for Cali Swag District's debut studio album, \"The Kickback\" (2011). The song was written by Chanti Glee, Charon Childs, and Corey Fowler, and was released digitally on April 12, 2010 as the first single from the album through Capitol Records. The title refers to the Dougie dance, which originated in Dallas, Texas by a rapper named Lil' Wil from his song called \"My Dougie\".This is Adeliyi's first song release as a rapper."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "It's All Coming Back to Me Now", "paragraph_text": "In interviews, Meat Loaf has said that, in his mind, the song was always meant to be a duet. It was recorded as a duet by Meat Loaf and Marion Raven for the album Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose, produced by Desmond Child. Raven had been working on her solo album with Child, and was chosen because the timbre of her voice starkly contrasts to Meat Loaf's. In promotional interviews, Meat Loaf said that ``I believe that the version that Marion Raven and myself did on this album is the definitive version. ''"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shakuntala Devi", "paragraph_text": "Shakuntala Devi (Kannada: \u0cb6\u0c95\u0cc1\u0c82\u0ca4\u0cb2\u0cbe \u0ca6\u0cc7\u0cb5\u0cbf; 4 November 1929 -- 21 April 2013) was an Indian writer and mental calculator, popularly known as the ``human computer ''. A child prodigy, her talent earned her a place in the 1982 edition of The Guinness Book of World Records."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fiela's Child", "paragraph_text": "Fiela's Child is a South African drama written by Dalene Matthee and published in 1985. The book was originally written in Afrikaans under the name Fiela se Kind, and was later translated into English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Hebrew Icelandic and Sinhalese, among others."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "High Hopes (Frank Sinatra song)", "paragraph_text": "``High Hopes ''is a popular song first popularized by Frank Sinatra, with music written by James Van Heusen and lyrics by Sammy Cahn. It was introduced by Sinatra and child actor Eddie Hodges in the 1959 film A Hole in the Head, nominated for a Grammy and won an Oscar for Best Original Song at the 32nd Academy Awards."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lose My Breath", "paragraph_text": "\"Lose My Breath\" is a song by American group Destiny's Child. It was written by Beyonc\u00e9, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins, LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jerkins III, Sean Garrett and Jay-Z for the group's fourth studio album, \"Destiny Fulfilled\" (2004). Columbia Records released \"Lose My Breath\" as the first single from the album in late 2004. The song was partially developed by Jerkins before being presented to Destiny's Child and its chorus was afterwards written by Jay-Z."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "This Is God", "paragraph_text": "\"This Is God\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Phil Vassar. It was released in January 2003 as the second single to the album, \"American Child\". It peaked at number 17 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, and number 9 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart."}], "question": "Who is the child of the original composer of BeeHappy?"}
{"id": "2hop__124566_33232", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "William H. H. Miller", "paragraph_text": "William Henry Harrison Miller (September 6, 1840 \u2013 May 25, 1917) was an American lawyer and Attorney General of the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Charles Chanson", "paragraph_text": "Born on 18 February 1902 in Grenoble, France, Charles Marie Ferreol Chanson was educated at Ecole Polytechnique (entrance: 1922). His father was General Henri Chanson and his great grandfather was General Achille Chanson. All were artillery officers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "William Plumpton", "paragraph_text": "He was the grandson of Sir William Plumpton executed in 1405 for treason by Henry IV and the son of Sir Robert Plumpton of Plumpton Hall, Yorkshire. On the death of his father in 1421 he became the ward of Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William II, Prince of Orange", "paragraph_text": "William II, Prince of Orange, was the son of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and Amalia of Solms-Braunfels. Frederick Henry was the youngest son of William the Silent (stadtholder 1559-1584); his older half brother Maurits of Nassau was stadtholder (1585-1625); he was stadtholder from 1625 to 1647. The stadtholders governed in conjunction with the States-General, an assembly of representatives from each of the seven provinces, but usually dominated by the largest and wealthiest province, Holland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Money and the Woman", "paragraph_text": "Money and the Woman is a 1940 American drama film directed by William K. Howard and written by Robert Presnell Sr.. The film stars Jeffrey Lynn, Brenda Marshall, John Litel, Lee Patrick, Henry O'Neill and Roger Pryor. The film was released by Warner Bros. on August 17, 1940."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "William Henry Fitzhugh Lee", "paragraph_text": "William Henry Fitzhugh Lee (May 31, 1837 \u2013 October 15, 1891), known as Rooney Lee (often spelled \"Roony\" among friends and family) or W.H.F. Lee, was the second son of General Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Custis. He was a planter, a Confederate cavalry General in the American Civil War, and later a Congressman from Virginia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Henry Lee III", "paragraph_text": "Major-General Henry \"Light-Horse Harry\" Lee III (January 29, 1756 \u2013 March 25, 1818) was an early American Patriot and politician. He served as the ninth Governor of Virginia and as the Virginia Representative to the United States Congress. Lee's service during the American Revolution as a cavalry officer in the Continental Army earned him the nickname by which he is best known, \"Light-Horse Harry\". He was the father of Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate armies in the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Henry L. Benning", "paragraph_text": "Henry Lewis Benning (April 2, 1814 \u2013 July 10, 1875) was a general in the Confederate States Army. He also was a lawyer, legislator, and judge on the Georgia Supreme Court. He commanded the \"Benning's Brigade\" during the American Civil War. Following the Confederacy's defeat at the end of the war, he returned to his native Georgia, where he lived out the rest of his life. Fort Benning, Georgia, home of the Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoE) is named after him."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals, a railroad hub, and one of the South's largest slave markets, Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy, the Tredegar Iron Works, which turned out artillery and other munitions, including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia, the world's first ironclad used in war, as well as much of the Confederates' heavy ordnance machinery. The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol, with the Confederacy's executive mansion, the \"White House of the Confederacy\", located two blocks away. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond but ultimately failed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Henry William Stisted", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant-General Sir Henry William Stisted, (5 June 1817 \u2013 10 December 1875), served as the first Lieutenant Governor of Ontario after Confederation, from 1867 to 1868."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ash vs Evil Dead", "paragraph_text": "Lee Majors as Brock Williams (season 2, 3) Ash's father, whom Ash has not seen in 30 or so years, since the events of Evil Dead. It is from his father that Ash got his bad habits (debauchery, etc.), and it's hinted that he has stolen girls / women from Ash in the past (i.e. his son's old high school P.E. teacher, Lillian Pendergrast). His day job is as a hardware store owner; his slogan is ``Brock Williams - has wood - call me. ''He blames Ash for the death of his daughter, Cheryl, but then, minutes before being killed by his son's possessed Oldsmobile 88, comes to realize that his boy was actually a hero."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alice FitzHugh", "paragraph_text": "Alice FitzHugh (c. 1448 \u2013 10 July 1516) was the eldest daughter and co-heiress of Henry FitzHugh, 5th Baron FitzHugh, and Lady Alice Neville. Alice was born at the ancestral castle of Ravensworth. She married Sir John Fiennes, the son of Sir Richard Fiennes and Joan Dacre, 7th Baroness Dacre. Alice was a first cousin of Queen consort Anne Neville and great-aunt of Queen consort Catherine Parr."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "For the first two years Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states. The Confederates had the advantage of defending a very large country in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863 the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies fought well, but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River. In the famous Vicksburg Campaign of 1862\u201363, Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest. Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had Lee under siege in Richmond as William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas. The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House; all other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864\u201365, The Reconstruction Era (1863\u201377) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "William Henry Harrison Murray", "paragraph_text": "William Henry Harrison Murray (1840\u20131904), also known as Adirondack Murray, was an American clergyman and author of an influential series of articles and books which popularized the Adirondack Mountains in Upstate New York. He became known as the father of the Outdoor Movement."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sir William Maule", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Maule was the eldest son of Sir Peter Maule and Christina de Valognes, Baron and Baroness of Panmure and Benvie. William succeeded as Baron in 1254 on his father's death. He was married to Ethana de Vallibus, daughter of John Vaux, Lord of Dirleton, and left one son, Henry Maule, who succeeded him as Baron."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester", "paragraph_text": "Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, (Henry William Frederick Albert; 31 March 1900 \u2013 10 June 1974) was the third son and fourth child of King George V and Queen Mary. He served as Governor-General of Australia from 1945 to 1947, the only member of the British royal family to hold the post."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mary Anna Custis Lee", "paragraph_text": "Mary Anna Custis Lee was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis, George Washington's step-grandson and adopted son and founder of Arlington House, and Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, daughter of William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolph Fitzhugh. Her godmother, Mary Randolph, the first person recorded buried at Arlington, wrote an early book on housekeeping and cooking. Lee's birth year is usually given as 1808, but it appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother as 1807, and is also referred to in a letter her mother wrote in the autumn of 1807. She was born at Annefield in Clarke County, Virginia when her mother's coach stopped there during a journey. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "William Barraud", "paragraph_text": "William Barraud (1810 \u2013 1 October 1850) was an English animal painter and illustrator, the brother of Henry Barraud, with whom he collaborated on many works."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bramwell Booth", "paragraph_text": "William Bramwell Booth, CH (8 March 1856 \u2013 16 June 1929) was the first Chief of Staff (1881\u20131912) and the second General of The Salvation Army (1912\u20131929), succeeding his father, William Booth."}], "question": "The father of William Henry Fitzhugh Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy?"}
{"id": "2hop__429729_739969", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Qian Chunqi", "paragraph_text": "He was most notable for being one of the main translators into Chinese of the works of the German writer Friedrich Nietzsche."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James Redfield", "paragraph_text": "James Redfield is an American author, lecturer, screenwriter and film producer. He is notable for his novel \"The Celestine Prophecy\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cal (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Cal is a 1983 novel by Bernard MacLaverty, detailing the experiences of a young Irish Catholic involved with the IRA."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Piper Kerman", "paragraph_text": "Piper Kerman Kerman at the University of Missouri in 2014 Piper Eressea Kerman (1969 - 09 - 28) September 28, 1969 (age 49) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Alma mater Smith College Occupation Writer, author, memoirist Notable work Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison Spouse (s) Larry Smith (m. 2006) Website piperkerman.com www.thepipebomb.com"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Calorie", "paragraph_text": "A calorie is a unit of energy. Various definitions exist but fall into two broad categories. The first, the small calorie, or gram calorie (symbol: cal), is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere. The second, the large calorie or kilogram calorie (symbols: Cal, kcal), also known as the food calorie and similar names, is defined in terms of the kilogram rather than the gram. It is equal to 7003100000000000000 \u2660 1,000 small calories or 1 kilocalorie (symbol: kcal)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arthur Thomson (naturalist)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Arthur Thomson FRSE LLD (8 July 1861 \u2013 12 February 1933) was a Scottish naturalist who authored several notable books and was an expert on soft corals."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "California (novel)", "paragraph_text": "California is a novel by American author Edan Lepucki described as \"post-apocalyptic dystopian fiction\", in which characters Frida and Cal flee Los Angeles to live in the wilderness of post-apocalyptic California. The novel rose to prominence after Stephen Colbert urged his viewers to pre-order copies of the book from sellers other than Amazon.com \u2013 part of an ongoing dispute between the online bookseller and Colbert's own publisher, the Hachette Book Group. On 21 July 2014, Colbert announced that the novel would debut on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list at number 3."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dollar General", "paragraph_text": "In October 1939, James and Cal opened J.L. Turner and Son with an initial investment of $5,000 each. The switch to retailing resulted in annual sales above $2 million by the early 1950s. By the mid-1950s Turner had 35 department stores in Kentucky and Tennessee. In 1955 Cal Turner developed his idea of a retail store selling goods for a dollar, based on the Dollar Days promotions held at other department stores, by converting Turner's Department Store in Springfield, Kentucky into the first Dollar General Store. In 1964 J.L. Turner died leaving his son Cal Turner to succeed him."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Novair International Airways", "paragraph_text": "Novair International Airways was formed on 7 December 1988 following the sole acquisition of Cal Air International by the Rank Organisation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Glenda Goss", "paragraph_text": "Glenda Goss is an American author and music historian whose special interests are music and culture, early modernism, critical editing, and European-American points of cultural contact. Her most notable work has revolved around the life and works of the Finnish composer, Jean Sibelius."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Grace Notes", "paragraph_text": "Grace Notes is a novel by Bernard MacLaverty, first published in 1997. It was shortlisted for the prestigious Man Booker Prize for Fiction."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Asima Chatterjee", "paragraph_text": "Asima Chatterjee (23 September 1917 \u2013 22 November 2006) was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cal Smith", "paragraph_text": "Smith released his last album, \"Stories of Life by Cal Smith\", in 1986 on Step One Records, where he scored a minor hit that year with \"King Lear\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Open Boat", "paragraph_text": "Crane subsequently adapted his report into narrative form, and the resulting short story \"The Open Boat\" was published in \"Scribner's Magazine\". The story is told from the point of view of an anonymous correspondent, with Crane as the implied author, the action closely resembles the author's experiences after the shipwreck. A volume titled \"The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure\" was published in the United States in 1898; an edition entitled \"The Open Boat and Other Stories\" was published simultaneously in England. Praised for its innovation by contemporary critics, the story is considered an exemplary work of literary Naturalism, and is one of the most frequently discussed works in Crane's canon. It is notable for its use of imagery, irony, symbolism, and the exploration of such themes as survival, solidarity, and the conflict between man and nature. H. G. Wells considered \"The Open Boat\" to be \"beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Deborah Halpern", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Halpern (born 1957 in Melbourne) is a sculptor, mosaic artist and ceramic artist working in Victoria Australia, notable for her prominent and popular works of public art."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir (\"Truths of Exegesis\") which is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis. From the 11th century onwards several other works appear, including commentaries by Qushayri (d. 1074), Daylami (d. 1193), Shirazi (d. 1209) and Suhrawardi (d. 1234). These works include material from Sulami's books plus the author's contributions. Many works are written in Persian such as the works of Maybudi (d. 1135) kash al-asrar (\"the unveiling of the secrets\"). Rumi (d. 1273) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book Mathnawi. Rumi makes heavy use of the Quran in his poetry, a feature that is sometimes omitted in translations of Rumi's work. A large number of Quranic passages can be found in Mathnawi, which some consider a kind of Sufi interpretation of the Quran. Rumi's book is not exceptional for containing citations from and elaboration on the Quran, however, Rumi does mention Quran more frequently. Simnani (d. 1336) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran. He reconciled notions of God's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam. Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ruh al-Bayan (the Spirit of Elucidation) is a voluminous exegesis. Written in Arabic, it combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably Ibn Arabi and Ghazali), all woven together in Hafiz, a Persian poetry form."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Titanic (1997 film)", "paragraph_text": "On the night of the sinking the diamond changes hands a few times between Rose and Jack, resulting in Jack being framed of its theft by Rose's fianc\u00e9 Cal. As the ship starts to list dramatically it becomes quite clear that the unsinkable Titanic will indeed sink. With this in mind Rose's fianc\u00e9, Cal, returns to the suite and empties the safe placing the precious gem in his overcoat. Later on Cal puts this same coat on Rose as she enters a lifeboat, forgetting about the diamond in its pocket. It is not thoroughly stated whether or not Rose (Gloria Stuart) tells Brock Lovett about Cal emptying his safe along with the diamond, it is assumed she does n't as Lovett does n't have any follow up questions. At the end of the film, Rose walks alone to the stern of the salvage ship and opens her hands revealing both the necklace and Rose's identity as Rose Dewitt Bukater. While examining the necklace, Rose has a flashback to 1912 on her arrival in New York and discovers the necklace in the overcoat. Returning to the present, Rose, with a smile, drops the necklace from her hand into the water presumably above the Titanic wreck site."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "14.5\u00d7114mm", "paragraph_text": "The 14.5\u00d7114mm (.57 Cal) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Javier Pulido", "paragraph_text": "Javier Pulido is a Spanish comic book artist working primarily for the American market. His notable works include \"Human Target\", \"\", \"She-Hulk\" and \"The Amazing Spider-Man\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zachary DeVille", "paragraph_text": "Zachary DeVille (born 23 March 1993 in San Diego, California, United States) is a Guamanian international footballer who plays for the Cal State Northridge Matadors and the Guam national team."}], "question": "What was a notable work by the author of Cal?"}
{"id": "2hop__125458_33232", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Father of the Nation", "paragraph_text": "George Washington United States Father of his country George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the ``father of his country ''for his role as the commander - in - chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864\u201365, The Reconstruction Era (1863\u201377) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Purple Heart", "paragraph_text": "On January 7, 1931, Summerall's successor, General Douglas MacArthur, confidentially reopened work on a new design, involving the Washington Commission of Fine Arts. Elizabeth Will, an Army heraldic specialist in the Office of the Quartermaster General, was named to redesign the newly revived medal, which became known as the Purple Heart. Using general specifications provided to her, Will created the design sketch for the present medal of the Purple Heart. The new design, which exhibits a bust and profile of George Washington, was issued on the bicentennial of Washington's birth. Will's obituary, in the edition of February 8, 1975 of The Washington Post newspaper, reflects her many contributions to military heraldry."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "General George Washington (1732\u201399) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies. Washington's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but never were well organized. As the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them. Washington astonished the world when, instead of seizing power, he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alexander Stirling Calder", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Stirling Calder (January 11, 1870 \u2013 January 7, 1945) was an American sculptor and teacher. He was the son of sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and the father of sculptor Alexander (Sandy) Calder. His best-known works are \"George Washington as President\" on the Washington Square Arch in New York City, the \"Swann Memorial Fountain\" in Philadelphia, and the \"Leif Eriksson Memorial\" in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "George Washington Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The George Washington Bridge -- known informally as the GW Bridge, the GWB, the GW, or the George -- is a double - decked suspension bridge spanning the Hudson River between the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City and Fort Lee, New Jersey. As of 2016, the George Washington Bridge carried over 103 million vehicles per year, making it the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge. It is owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a bi-state government agency that operates several bridges, tunnels and airports, as well as marine seaports, and the PATH rapid transit system."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Purple Heart", "paragraph_text": "The Purple Heart award is a heart - shaped medal within a gold border, 1 \u2044 inches (35 mm) wide, containing a profile of General George Washington. Above the heart appears a shield of the coat of arms of George Washington (a white shield with two red bars and three red stars in chief) between sprays of green leaves. The reverse consists of a raised bronze heart with the words FOR MILITARY MERIT below the coat of arms and leaves."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of White Plains", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of White Plains was a battle in the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War fought on October 28, 1776, near White Plains, New York. Following the retreat of George Washington's Continental Army northward from New York City, British General William Howe landed troops in Westchester County, intending to cut off Washington's escape route. Alerted to this move, Washington retreated farther, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failed to establish firm control over local high ground. Howe's troops drove Washington's troops from a hill near the village; following this loss, Washington ordered the Americans to retreat farther north."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "French and Indian War Part of the Seven Years' War The war theater Date 1754 -- 1763 Location North America Result British victory Treaty of Paris Territorial changes France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and transfers Louisiana to Spain Belligerents Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Catawba Cherokee (before 1758) France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq militia Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock \u2020 James Wolfe \u2020 Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro Louis - Joseph de Montcalm \u2020 Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau (POW) Fran\u00e7ois - Marie de Lignery \u2020 Chevalier de L\u00e9vis (POW) Joseph de Jumonville \u2020 Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu \u2020 Strength 42,000 regulars and militia (peak strength, 1758) 10,000 regulars (troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine, peak strength, 1757)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals, a railroad hub, and one of the South's largest slave markets, Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy, the Tredegar Iron Works, which turned out artillery and other munitions, including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia, the world's first ironclad used in war, as well as much of the Confederates' heavy ordnance machinery. The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol, with the Confederacy's executive mansion, the \"White House of the Confederacy\", located two blocks away. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond but ultimately failed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tinkers (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Tinkers (2009) is the first novel by American author, Paul Harding. The novel tells the stories of George Washington Crosby, an elderly clock repairman, and of his father, Howard. On his deathbed, George remembers his father, who was a tinker selling household goods from a donkey-drawn cart and who struggled with epilepsy. The novel was published by Bellevue Literary Press, a sister organization of the Bellevue Literary Review."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Continental Army", "paragraph_text": "The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14, 1775, it was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander - in - chief of the army throughout the war."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Henry Lee III", "paragraph_text": "Major-General Henry \"Light-Horse Harry\" Lee III (January 29, 1756 \u2013 March 25, 1818) was an early American Patriot and politician. He served as the ninth Governor of Virginia and as the Virginia Representative to the United States Congress. Lee's service during the American Revolution as a cavalry officer in the Continental Army earned him the nickname by which he is best known, \"Light-Horse Harry\". He was the father of Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate armies in the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mary Anna Custis Lee", "paragraph_text": "Mary Anna Custis Lee was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis, George Washington's step-grandson and adopted son and founder of Arlington House, and Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, daughter of William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolph Fitzhugh. Her godmother, Mary Randolph, the first person recorded buried at Arlington, wrote an early book on housekeeping and cooking. Lee's birth year is usually given as 1808, but it appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother as 1807, and is also referred to in a letter her mother wrote in the autumn of 1807. She was born at Annefield in Clarke County, Virginia when her mother's coach stopped there during a journey. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "General Catalogue of Stellar Radial Velocities", "paragraph_text": "The General Catalogue of Stellar Radial Velocities is a star catalogue which lists radial velocities for 15,107 stars. It was compiled by Ralph Elmer Wilson and published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1953. Many of the velocity measurements were made at Mount Wilson Observatory."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "George Washington Custis Lee", "paragraph_text": "George Washington Custis Lee (September 16, 1832 \u2013 February 18, 1913), also known as Custis Lee, was the eldest son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Custis Lee. His grandfather\u2014George Washington Custis\u2014was the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington. He served as a Confederate general in the American Civil War, primarily as an aide-de-camp to President Jefferson Davis, and succeeded his father as president of Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John Parke Custis", "paragraph_text": "John Parke Custis (\"Jacky\") (27 November 1754 \u2013 5 November 1781) was a Virginia planter and the son of Martha Washington and stepson of George Washington."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "For the first two years Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states. The Confederates had the advantage of defending a very large country in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863 the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies fought well, but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River. In the famous Vicksburg Campaign of 1862\u201363, Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest. Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had Lee under siege in Richmond as William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas. The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House; all other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Douglass House (Trenton, New Jersey)", "paragraph_text": "The Douglass House in Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, was built in 1766. It served as George Washington's headquarters prior to the January 3, 1777 Battle of Princeton. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. As of 2017 the house was undergoing extensive renovation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B. Gordon's desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed. On April 1, General Philip Sheridan, assigned to interdict the Southside Railroad, met brigades commanded by George Pickett at the Five Forks junction, smashing them, taking thousands of prisoners, and encouraging General Grant to order a general advance. When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg, Confederate casualties exceeded 5000, or about a tenth of Lee's defending army. General Lee then informed Jefferson Davis that he was about to evacuate Richmond."}], "question": "What sect of the confederacy was controlled by George Washington Custis Lee's father?"}
{"id": "2hop__18090_683161", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship, with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999\u20132000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969\u201370 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their \"lucky\" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982\u201383. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football League in 1893, starting out in the Second Division, and won promotion to the First Division in 1904. The club's relative geographic isolation resulted in lower attendances than those of other clubs, which led to the club becoming mired in financial problems and effectively bankrupt by 1910, when they were taken over by businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall. Norris sought to move the club elsewhere, and in 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, north London; they dropped \"Woolwich\" from their name the following year. Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914\u201315, but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919\u201320, at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Some books have reported that this election to division 1 was achieved by dubious means."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2018 Challenge Cup", "paragraph_text": "The format of the competition is eight knock - out rounds followed by a final. The first two rounds are composed entirely of 48 amateur teams. The 12 winners of the second round ties are joined in round three by the 14 League 1 teams. For the fourth round, the 13 winners from round 3 are joined by 11 of the 12 Championship teams, (Toulouse Olympique who play in the Championship, have declined to enter the 2018 cup competition.) Round five will see four Super League teams entering the competition. These are the four teams that finished in the top four positions of the 2017 Qualifiers and are Warrington Wolves, Widnes Vikings, Hull Kingston Rovers and Catalan Dragons. The remaining eight Super League teams join in round six."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Manchester United F.C.", "paragraph_text": "First Division / Premier League Winners (20): 1907 -- 08, 1910 -- 11, 1951 -- 52, 1955 -- 56, 1956 -- 57, 1964 -- 65, 1966 -- 67, 1992 -- 93, 1993 -- 94, 1995 -- 96, 1996 -- 97, 1998 -- 99, 1999 -- 2000, 2000 -- 01, 2002 -- 03, 2006 -- 07, 2007 -- 08, 2008 -- 09, 2010 -- 11, 2012 -- 13 (record) Second Division Winners (2): 1935 -- 36, 1974 -- 75"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Manchester United F.C. in European football", "paragraph_text": "After their Champions League wins in 1999 and 2008, Manchester United also competed as UEFA's representatives at the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup. They were knocked out of the 2000 tournament at the group stage, but went on to win the 2008 competition, becoming the first English side to do so."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1872 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1872 FA Cup Final was a football match between Wanderers and Royal Engineers on 16 March 1872 at Kennington Oval in London. It was the final of the first staging of the Football Association Challenge Cup (known in the modern era as the FA Cup), which became the primary cup competition in English football and the oldest football competition in the world. Fifteen teams entered the competition in its first season and, due to the rules in place at the time, Wanderers reached the final having won only one match in the four preceding rounds. In the semi-finals, they drew with the Scottish club Queen's Park, but reached the final when the Scots withdrew from the competition as they could not afford to return to London for a replay."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first eleven seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title. As of July 2013, they were one of only five teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, and Manchester City, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992. Arsenal had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005\u201306; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2\u20131 by Barcelona. In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wales at the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been contested every four years since the first tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, due to World War II. The Wales national football team has entered every World Cup since the 1950 tournament, but to date has only qualified for one World Cup, in 1958. On that occasion, they reached the quarter - finals before being eliminated by eventual winners Brazil."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2006 UEFA Champions League Final", "paragraph_text": "The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final was an association football match between Barcelona of Spain and Arsenal of England at the Stade de France in Saint - Denis, Paris, France, on Wednesday, 17 May 2006. It was the final match of the 2005 -- 06 season of Europe's primary cup competition, the UEFA Champions League. Barcelona were appearing in their fifth final, having won the competition once in 1992, and lost the other three finals. Arsenal were appearing in the final for the first time and in doing so became the first club from London to feature in the final."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "As of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, a total of 79 national teams have entered the competition. Brazil are the only team to have appeared in all 21 tournaments to date, with Germany having participated in 19, Italy in 18, Argentina in 17 and Mexico in 16. To date, eight nations have won the tournament. The inaugural winners in 1930 were Uruguay; the current champions are France. The most successful nation in the competition are currently Brazil, who have won the cup on five occasions. Five teams have appeared in FIFA World Cup finals without winning, while twelve more have appeared in semi-finals."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sonia Rolland", "paragraph_text": "Sonia Rolland (born 11 February 1981) is a Rwandan-French actress and was Miss France in the year 2000. She was also a contestant in the Miss Universe competition. She was the first African-born winner of the Miss France pageant."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Arsenal F.C. (1966\u2013present)", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 / 17 season was one of Arsenal's most testing for competitions in Europe, having taken a race with Liverpool and Manchester City to the final day of the season. Despite winning 3 - 1 against Everton, results elsewhere meant they only finished fifth, missing out on a Champions League spot for the first time in two decades. However Arsenal won the FA Cup Final 2 - 1 against Chelsea. This was their third win in four seasons and made them the most successful club in the history of the competition."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1936 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1936 FA Cup Final was a football match between Arsenal and Sheffield United on 25 April 1936 at Wembley. The showpiece match of English football's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (better known as the FA Cup), it was the 61st Cup final, and the fourteenth at the national stadium."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (series 9)", "paragraph_text": "The winner of the competition was 23 - year - old Lauren Lambert from Wallington, Surrey, England. Lambert is the first winner of the series to have received a total of four first call - outs during the competition."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "America's Next Top Model (season 21)", "paragraph_text": "The winner of the competition was 26 - year - old Keith Carlos from Bridgeport, Connecticut. He was the show's first male winner."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (18), and they were the first club to reach 8 League Championships. They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, 12. The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015. Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup \"Doubles\" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999). They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993. Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2\u20131 to Barcelona."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League", "paragraph_text": "The competition was dominated by the Spanish teams, with three of the four semi-finalists coming from Spain, namely Real Madrid, Valencia and Barcelona. The final between Real Madrid and Valencia marked the first time that both finalists in the competition had come from the same country."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Miss USA 1990", "paragraph_text": "At the conclusion of the final competition, Carole Gist of Michigan was crowned by outgoing titleholder Gretchen Polhemus of Texas. Carole became the first African American winner ever and the first woman from Michigan to be crowned as Miss USA. Ending the streak of \"Texas Aces\" from 1985."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2005 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 2005 FA Cup Final was a football match played between Arsenal and Manchester United on 21 May 2005 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2004 -- 05 FA Cup, the 124th season of English football's primary cup competition, the FA Cup. Arsenal became the first team to win the FA Cup via a penalty shoot - out, despite being outplayed throughout the game, after neither side managed to score in the initial 90 minutes or in 30 minutes of extra time. The shoot - out finished 5 -- 4 to Arsenal, with Patrick Vieira scoring the winning penalty after Paul Scholes' shot was saved by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann."}], "question": "Who was the winner of the 1999-2000 competition, where the Arsenal was the first to enter the finals?"}
{"id": "2hop__18090_72383", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2005 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 2005 FA Cup Final was a football match played between Arsenal and Manchester United on 21 May 2005 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2004 -- 05 FA Cup, the 124th season of English football's primary cup competition, the FA Cup. Arsenal became the first team to win the FA Cup via a penalty shoot - out, despite being outplayed throughout the game, after neither side managed to score in the initial 90 minutes or in 30 minutes of extra time. The shoot - out finished 5 -- 4 to Arsenal, with Patrick Vieira scoring the winning penalty after Paul Scholes' shot was saved by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first eleven seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title. As of July 2013, they were one of only five teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, and Manchester City, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992. Arsenal had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005\u201306; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2\u20131 by Barcelona. In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2017\u201318 UEFA Europa League knockout phase", "paragraph_text": "Round Draw First leg Second leg Round of 32 11 December 2017 15 February 2018 22 February 2018 Round of 16 23 February 2018 8 March 2018 15 March 2018 Quarter - finals 16 March 2018 5 April 2018 12 April 2018 Semi-finals 13 April 2018 26 April 2018 3 May 2018 Final 16 May 2018 at Parc Olympique Lyonnais, D\u00e9cines - Charpieu"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football League in 1893, starting out in the Second Division, and won promotion to the First Division in 1904. The club's relative geographic isolation resulted in lower attendances than those of other clubs, which led to the club becoming mired in financial problems and effectively bankrupt by 1910, when they were taken over by businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall. Norris sought to move the club elsewhere, and in 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, north London; they dropped \"Woolwich\" from their name the following year. Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914\u201315, but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919\u201320, at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Some books have reported that this election to division 1 was achieved by dubious means."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred \"non-league\" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 2011\u201312. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "At the inception of the Premier League in 1992\u201393, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland. By 2000\u201301, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total. In the 2004\u201305 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent. On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up, and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match. By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2006 UEFA Champions League Final", "paragraph_text": "The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final was an association football match between Barcelona of Spain and Arsenal of England at the Stade de France in Saint - Denis, Paris, France, on Wednesday, 17 May 2006. It was the final match of the 2005 -- 06 season of Europe's primary cup competition, the UEFA Champions League. Barcelona were appearing in their fifth final, having won the competition once in 1992, and lost the other three finals. Arsenal were appearing in the final for the first time and in doing so became the first club from London to feature in the final."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2017 NBA Finals", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 2016 -- 17 season and conclusion of the season's playoffs. The Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors defeated the defending NBA champion and Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 1. This Finals was the first time in NBA history the same two teams had met for a third consecutive year. The Cavaliers sought to repeat as champions after winning the championship in 2016, while the Warriors won the first meeting in 2015. Golden State earned home court advantage with a 2016 -- 17 regular season record of 67 -- 15, while Cleveland finished the regular season with a 51 -- 31 record. The Warriors entered the 2017 Finals after becoming the first team in NBA playoff history to start 12 -- 0, while the Cavaliers entered the 2017 Finals with a 12 -- 1 record during the first three rounds of the postseason. The Warriors' 15 -- 0 start in the playoffs is the most consecutive postseason wins in NBA history and their 16 -- 1 record is the best winning percentage (. 941) in NBA Playoff history."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "Round New entrants at this round Month No of matches Qualifying Competition Extra-Preliminary Round Level 9 and 10 clubs August 184 Preliminary Round Level 8 clubs 160 First Round Level 7 clubs September 116 Second Round Level 6 clubs 80 Third Round none October 40 Fourth Round Level 5 clubs 32 Competition Proper First Round Level 3 and 4 clubs November 40 Second Round none December 20 Third Round Level 1 and 2 clubs January 32 Fourth Round none 16 Fifth Round February 8 Quarter - finals March Semi-Finals April Final May"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Switzerland at the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA 1930 Did not enter 1934 Quarter - finals 7 / 16 0 5 5 1938 7 / 15 5 5 1950 Group stage 6 / 13 6 1954 Quarter - finals 8 / 16 0 11 11 1958 Did not qualify 1962 Group stage 16 / 16 0 0 8 1966 16 / 16 0 0 9 1970 Did not qualify 1978 1982 1986 1994 Round of 16 16 / 24 5 7 1998 Did not qualify 2002 2006 Round of 16 10 / 32 0 0 Group stage 19 / 32 2014 Round of 16 11 / 32 0 7 7 2018 14 / 32 5 5 2022 To be determined 2026 Total Quarter - finals 11 / 21 37 12 8 17 50 64"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2011\u201312 Azerbaijan Cup", "paragraph_text": "The Azerbaijan Cup 2011\u201312 is the 20th season of the annual cup competition in Azerbaijan. It started on 26 October 2011 with five games of the Premiliary Round and will end in May 2012 with the Final. FC Inter Baku are the defending champions. Twenty-two teams are scheduled to compete in this year's competition."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of Arsenal F.C. (1966\u2013present)", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 / 17 season was one of Arsenal's most testing for competitions in Europe, having taken a race with Liverpool and Manchester City to the final day of the season. Despite winning 3 - 1 against Everton, results elsewhere meant they only finished fifth, missing out on a Champions League spot for the first time in two decades. However Arsenal won the FA Cup Final 2 - 1 against Chelsea. This was their third win in four seasons and made them the most successful club in the history of the competition."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1872 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1872 FA Cup Final was a football match between Wanderers and Royal Engineers on 16 March 1872 at Kennington Oval in London. It was the final of the first staging of the Football Association Challenge Cup (known in the modern era as the FA Cup), which became the primary cup competition in English football and the oldest football competition in the world. Fifteen teams entered the competition in its first season and, due to the rules in place at the time, Wanderers reached the final having won only one match in the four preceding rounds. In the semi-finals, they drew with the Scottish club Queen's Park, but reached the final when the Scots withdrew from the competition as they could not afford to return to London for a replay."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2018 Challenge Cup", "paragraph_text": "The format of the competition is eight knock - out rounds followed by a final. The first two rounds are composed entirely of 48 amateur teams. The 12 winners of the second round ties are joined in round three by the 14 League 1 teams. For the fourth round, the 13 winners from round 3 are joined by 11 of the 12 Championship teams, (Toulouse Olympique who play in the Championship, have declined to enter the 2018 cup competition.) Round five will see four Super League teams entering the competition. These are the four teams that finished in the top four positions of the 2017 Qualifiers and are Warrington Wolves, Widnes Vikings, Hull Kingston Rovers and Catalan Dragons. The remaining eight Super League teams join in round six."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2017\u201318 FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "Phase Round Draw date First match date Qualifying rounds Extra Preliminary Round 7 July 2017 5 August 2017 Preliminary Round 19 August 2017 First Round Qualifying 21 August 2017 2 September 2017 Second Round Qualifying 4 September 2017 16 September 2017 Third Round Qualifying 18 September 2017 30 September 2017 Fourth Round Qualifying 2 October 2017 14 October 2017 Main tournament First Round Proper 16 October 2017 3 November 2017 Second Round Proper 6 November 2017 1 December 2017 Third Round Proper 4 December 2017 5 January 2018 Fourth Round Proper 8 January 2018 26 January 2018 Fifth Round Proper 29 January 2018 16 February 2018 Quarter - finals 17 February 2018 17 March 2018 Semi-finals 18 March 2018 21 April 2018 Final 19 May 2018"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (18), and they were the first club to reach 8 League Championships. They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, 12. The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015. Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup \"Doubles\" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999). They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993. Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2\u20131 to Barcelona."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2017\u201318 UEFA Champions League knockout phase", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase began on 13 February and will end on 26 May 2018 with the final at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine, to decide the champions of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League. A total of 16 teams compete in the knockout phase."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "England at the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "Year Round Position GP D * GF GA 1930 to 1938 Did not enter 1950 Group Stage 8th 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 1974 to 1978 Did not qualify 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Fourth place 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 2014 Group stage 26th 0 2018 Qualified TBD 2022 TBD TBD Total 15 / 21 1 Title 62 26 20 16 79 56"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2018\u201319 FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "Round Clubs remaining Clubs involved Winners from previous round New entries this round Leagues entering at this round First Round Proper 124 80 32 48 EFL League One EFL League Two Second Round Proper 84 40 40 none none Third Round Proper 64 64 20 44 Premier League EFL Championship Fourth Round Proper 32 32 32 none none Fifth Round Proper 16 16 16 none none Quarter - finals 8 8 8 none none Semi-finals none none Final none none"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2017\u201318 FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "Phase Round Draw date First match date Qualifying rounds Extra Preliminary Round 7 July 2017 5 August 2017 Preliminary Round 19 August 2017 First Round Qualifying 21 August 2017 2 September 2017 Second Round Qualifying 4 September 2017 16 September 2017 Third Round Qualifying 18 September 2017 30 September 2017 Fourth Round Qualifying 2 October 2017 14 October 2017 Main tournament First Round Proper 16 October 2017 3 November 2017 Second Round Proper 6 November 2017 1 December 2017 Third Round Proper 4 December 2017 5 January 2018 Fourth Round Proper 8 January 2018 26 January 2018 Fifth Round Proper 29 January 2018 16 February 2018 Quarter - finals 17 February 2018 16 March 2018 Semi-finals TBC 21 April 2018 Final 19 May 2018"}], "question": "When does round of 16 start of the league in which Arsenal was the first to enter the finals?"}
{"id": "2hop__269323_307068", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Italy (Everybody Loves Raymond)", "paragraph_text": "\"Italy\" is the two-part season five premiere of the American television sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". Constituting the 100th and 101st overall episodes of the series, they were written by the creator Philip Rosenthal and directed by Gary Halvorson. In this episode of the show, which revolves around the life of Italian-American \"Newsday\" sportswriter Raymond Barone and his oddball family, his parents, Marie and Frank, announce that they're all going to Italy to visit the former's cousin Colletta, and everyone is excited to go except Raymond. Meanwhile, during the trip, Ray's brother Robert is attracted to a woman named Stefania, and tries to get past her father Signore Fogagnolo to meet her. With part one originally airing on October 2, 2000 and the concluding half on October 9, both on CBS, the episode has earned positive reviews from critics and received a Writers Guild of America Award."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Konstantinos Volanakis", "paragraph_text": "Konstantinos Volanakis (Greek: \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2; 1837, Heraklion - 29 June 1907, Piraeus) was a Greek painter who became known as the \"father of Greek seascape painting\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Geoffrey Burnand", "paragraph_text": "Geoffrey Burnand was born in Hastings, Sussex to an English father, a Colonel in the British Army, and an Irish mother. His first noted ambition was at the age of six, when he wished to be a composer. His father was not keen on such idea, as alluded to in Geoffrey's later recollection of his father's reaction when his ambitions turned towards painting: \"My father agreed I could become a painter because he felt there was more chance of making a career in that field.\" His love of classical music would remain and serve as the basis for a series of later expressionist paintings, particularly after 1980."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ann Paludan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Paludan was the daughter of Basil Murray. Her father was the second son of the eminent classical scholar Gilbert Murray and his wife Lady Mary Howard, and Ann would visit her grandparents at Yatscombe, on Boars Hill, particularly during her undergraduate years in St Hugh's College, Oxford when she cycled up to Yatscombe every Sunday. Her parents had split up when she was young and her father died in Spain when she was eight, so her visits to her grandparents gave a welcome sense of continuity. On her mother's side she was the granddaughter of the painter Algernon Newton RA, of the family which founded the Winsor and Newton paints company, and a niece of the actor Robert Newton."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tahitian Women on the Beach", "paragraph_text": "Tahitian Women on the Beach () is an 1891 painting by Paul Gauguin. The painting depicts two women on the Pacific island of Tahiti on the beach."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Portrait of D\u00fcrer's Father at 70", "paragraph_text": "Portrait of D\u00fcrer's Father at 70 (or The Painter's Father) is a 1497 oil on lime painting attributed to the German painter and printmaker Albrecht D\u00fcrer, now in the National Gallery, London. Along with the 1490 \"Albrecht D\u00fcrer the Elder with a Rosary\", it is the second of two portraits of the artist's Hungarian father Albrecht D\u00fcrer the Elder (1427\u20131502). The sitter's similarity to the earlier portrait, as well to a 1486 silverpoint drawing believed to be a self-portrait by his father, leave no doubt as to his identity. The London panel is thought to be one of a number of copies of a lost original. It is in poor condition, having suffered paint loss in the background and in areas of the cloak. It was cleaned in 1955, revealing especial quality in the description of the face, leading some to believe that it is a D\u00fcrer original. However this claim is not made by the National Gallery who display it as \"attributed to Albrecht D\u00fcrer\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gim Du-ryang", "paragraph_text": "Gim Du-ryang (1696\u20131763), also known as Kim Du-ryang, was a painter of the mid Joseon period. He was the son of Gim Hyogyeong, a \"Hwawon\" (royal court painter). Gim Duryang followed his father's career by entering the royal service as a member of the Dohwaseo, the official painters of the Joseon court. He was good at almost all genres of painting, including \"muninhwa\" (painting in the literal artistic style, \"sansuhwa\" (landscape painting), \"yeongmohwa\" (animal-and-bird painting) and \"inmuhwa\" (portrait painting)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Beauty and the Beast is an American fantasy - drama series which first aired on CBS in 1987. Creator Ron Koslow's updated version of the fairy tale has a double focus: the relationship between Vincent (Ron Perlman), a mythic, noble man - beast, and Catherine (Linda Hamilton), a savvy Assistant District Attorney in New York; and a secret Utopian community of social outcasts living in a subterranean sanctuary. Through an empathetic bond, Vincent senses Catherine's emotions, and becomes her guardian."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Architect's Dream", "paragraph_text": "The Architect's Dream is an 1840 oil painting created by Thomas Cole for New York architect Ithiel Town. Cole incorporated pieces of architecture from Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Gothic styles in various different parts of the painting, having dabbled in architecture previously. Cole finished the painting in only five weeks and showed it in the National Academy of Design annual exhibition that year. However, the painting was not well received by Ithiel, who refused to accept the painting because he claimed that it was \"exclusively architectural\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Five Senses (pair of paintings)", "paragraph_text": "The Five Senses are a pair of oil paintings made by Jan Brueghel the Elder and others in 1617\u201318, at the same time as he was working with Peter Paul Rubens on a series of five paintings on the same topic. The originals were lost in a fire in 1731; faithful copies dated to c.\u00a01620 were preserved and are in the Prado Museum in Madrid."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Karl Popper", "paragraph_text": "Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, being the physical world, or physical states; World Two, being the world of mind, or mental states, ideas, and perceptions; and World Three, being the body of human knowledge expressed in its manifold forms, or the products of the second world made manifest in the materials of the first world (i.e., books, papers, paintings, symphonies, and all the products of the human mind). World Three, he argued, was the product of individual human beings in exactly the same sense that an animal path is the product of individual animals, and that, as such, has an existence and evolution independent of any individual knowing subjects. The influence of World Three, in his view, on the individual human mind (World Two) is at least as strong as the influence of World One. In other words, the knowledge held by a given individual mind owes at least as much to the total accumulated wealth of human knowledge, made manifest, as to the world of direct experience. As such, the growth of human knowledge could be said to be a function of the independent evolution of World Three. Many contemporary philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett, have not embraced Popper's Three World conjecture, due mostly, it seems, to its resemblance to mind-body dualism."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jan Pieter Brueghel", "paragraph_text": "Jan Pieter Brueghel or Jan Pieter Breughel (29 August 1628 (baptised) \u2013 1664) was a Flemish Baroque painter specialised in flower still lifes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Deux fillettes, fond jaune et rouge", "paragraph_text": "Deux fillettes, fond jaune et rouge (Two Girls in a Yellow and Red Interior) (1947), oil on canvas, 61 x 49.8\u00a0cm (24 x 19 5/8\u00a0inches) is a painting by Henri Matisse in the collection of the Barnes Foundation, Merion, Pennsylvania. Albert Barnes became one of Matisse's most important patrons. In addition to a commissioned mural in 1932 \"Dance II, 1932\" Barnes acquired many paintings and drawings by Matisse. Pierre Matisse who was Matisse's son living in New York City was instrumental in facilitating Barnes in purchasing works from his father. During the early-to-mid-1940s Matisse was in poor health. Eventually by 1950 he stopped painting in favor of his paper cutouts. This painting in the Barnes collection is an example of one of the final group of oil paintings in Matisse's career."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Impression 5 Science Center", "paragraph_text": "The Impression 5 Science Center, is a science museum located in downtown Lansing, Michigan. Formerly known as the \"Impression 5 Museum\", the center is located in a historic wagon works factory on the Grand River. The name, \"Impression 5\", refers to the five senses."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Two Fridas", "paragraph_text": "The Two Fridas (\"Las dos Fridas\" in Spanish) is an oil painting by Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. The painting was the first large-scale work done by Kahlo and is considered one of her most notable paintings. It is a double self-portrait, depicting two versions of Kahlo seated together. One is wearing a white European-style Victorian dress while the other is wearing a traditional Tehuana dress. Kahlo painted \"The Two Fridas\" in 1939, the same year she divorced artist Diego Rivera, although they remarried a year later."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hans Jacob Hess", "paragraph_text": "John Jacob Hess was born in Wald, Zurich, Switzerland on May 17, 1584 to Hans Heinrich Hess, a bailiff, (1534\u20131587) and Adelheid Kuntz (1546\u20131585). He had eight older full siblings: Margaretha, Christian, Matheus, Hans, Elsy, Margaretha, Heinrich, and Dorothea; five older half-siblings from his father's first two marriages: Adelheid, Barbara, Veronica, Catharina and Anna; and one younger half-brother, Hans, from his father's fourth marriage."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Naked Dave", "paragraph_text": "Naked Dave (The Naked Dave Project) refers to a series of paintings created by Laura Molina, inspired by her relationship with the late illustrator and Rocketeer creator, Dave Stevens (1955-2008). A five-month-long relationship between the artists ended in early December, 1978 after she miscarried their child at eleven weeks. Molina started the series in 1993 after an attempted reconciliation initiated by Stevens failed to settle things between them."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Card Players", "paragraph_text": "The Card Players is a series of oil paintings by the French Post-Impressionist artist Paul C\u00e9zanne. Painted during C\u00e9zanne's final period in the early 1890s, there are five paintings in the series. The versions vary in size, the number of players, and the setting in which the game takes place. C\u00e9zanne also completed numerous drawings and studies in preparation for \"The Card Players\" series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Portrait of P\u00e8re Tanguy", "paragraph_text": "Portrait of P\u00e8re Tanguy, painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1887, is one of his three paintings of Julien Tanguy. The three works demonstrate a progression in van Gogh's artistic style after his arrival in Paris. The first is somber, and formed from a simple composition. The second introduces van Gogh's Japanese prints. The last and most advanced in style, skill and color integrates Japanese, Impressionist, and other influences on the Parisian artist community. This painting conveys a sense of serenity that van Gogh seeks for himself. This last painting of Tanguy is in the Mus\u00e9e Rodin, Paris."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}], "question": "Who is the father of the creator of The Five Senses in Two Paintings?"}
{"id": "2hop__34488_314972", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tulsa Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Tulsa Revolution was a professional indoor soccer team from Tulsa, Oklahoma, which began play in the Professional Arena Soccer League with the 2013\u201314 season then segued to the Major Arena Soccer League for the 2014\u201315 season. The team was co-owned by Adam Mellor and Shannon Clark."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The Premier League is an English professional league for men's association football clubs. At the top of the English football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League (EFL; known as ``The Football League ''before 2016 -- 17). Welsh clubs that compete in the English football league system can also qualify."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2013\u201314 Latvian Hockey League season", "paragraph_text": "The 2013\u201314 Latvian Hockey League season was the 23rd season of the Latvian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Latvia. Six teams participated in the league, and HS Prizma Riga won the championship."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "1892 Cincinnati Reds season", "paragraph_text": "The 1892 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The National League expanded to 12 teams in 1892, and it was announced that the season would be split into two halves, with the winner of each half meeting each other in a \"World's Championship Series\". The team finished with a combined record of 82\u201368, fifth-best in the National League, finishing in fourth place in the first half and in eighth place in the second half."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "\u00c7ine Madranspor", "paragraph_text": "\u00c7ine Madranspor is a football club located in Ayd\u0131n, Turkey. The team competes in the Regional Amateur League. The club was promoted to the TFF Third League after 2013\u201314 season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Manchester City F.C.", "paragraph_text": "First Division / Premier League Winners (5): 1936 -- 37, 1967 -- 68, 2011 -- 12, 2013 -- 14, 2017 -- 18"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers. UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing. However, for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League, this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league, it would qualify at the expense of the fourth-placed team in the league. At that time, no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League. This occurred in 2012, when Chelsea \u2013 who had won the Champions League that summer, but finished sixth in the league \u2013 qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur, who went into the Europa League."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2013 Cambodian League", "paragraph_text": "2013 Cambodian League is the 29th season of the Cambodian League. A total of 10 teams are competing in the league."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2014 UEFA Europa League Final", "paragraph_text": "The 2014 UEFA Europa League Final was the final match of the 2013\u201314 UEFA Europa League, the 43rd season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the fifth season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League. It was played at the Juventus Stadium in Turin, Italy on 14 May 2014, between Spanish side Sevilla and Portuguese side Benfica. Sevilla won the match 4\u20132 on penalties, following a 0\u20130 draw after extra time.Sevilla secured their third title in eight years, after winning the competition in 2006 and 2007. With this triumph, they joined Juventus (1977, 1990, 1993), Internazionale (1991, 1994, 1998) and Liverpool (1973, 1976, 2001) as the teams with the most wins. Benfica lost their second consecutive UEFA Europa League final, following their defeat against Chelsea in the 2013 final. Including their runner-up finish in 1983, Benfica are the team with the most lost finals in the competition."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Swansea City A.F.C. seasons", "paragraph_text": "Swansea have won the League Cup once, the Football League Trophy twice and the Welsh Cup 10 times. They have also qualified for UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 7 times and the UEFA Europa League once. In 2011, Swansea became the first Welsh club to play in the Premier League."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2012\u201313 Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The 2012\u201313 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 21st season of the Premier League, the English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The fixture schedule was released on 18 June 2012. The season began on 18 August 2012 and ended on 19 May 2013."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2010\u201311 UEFA Champions League", "paragraph_text": "The 2010\u201311 UEFA Champions League was the 56th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 19th under the current UEFA Champions League format. The final was held at Wembley Stadium in London on 28 May 2011, where Barcelona defeated Manchester United 3\u20131. Internazionale were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Schalke 04 in the quarter-finals. As winners, Barcelona earned berths in the 2011 UEFA Super Cup and the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league position, then the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place instead. FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they entered the Europa League, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage. From the 2015\u201316 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA will not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "FC Dynamo Khmelnytskyi (2009)", "paragraph_text": "FC Dynamo Khmelnytskyi was a Ukrainian football team based in Khmelnytskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine. The club withdrew from the Professional Football League during the 2013\u201314 Ukrainian Second League season due to their financial situation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2013\u201314 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1", "paragraph_text": "The 2013\u201314 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 will be the 50th season of the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 since its establishment in 1962. A total of 16 teams will contest the league, with ES S\u00e9tif as the defending champions for the second time consecutively. The league is scheduled to begin on August 24, 2013."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup (League Cup). Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament; if the winner of either the FA Cup or League Cup qualifies for the Champions League, then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League. A further place in the UEFA Europa League is also available via the Fair Play initiative. If the Premier League has one of the three highest Fair Play rankings in Europe, the highest ranked team in the Premier League Fair Play standings which has not already qualified for Europe will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world, with total club revenues of \u20ac2.48 billion in 2009\u201310. In 2013\u201314, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League had net profits in excess of \u00a378 million, exceeding all other football leagues. In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2001 Kazakhstan Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 Kazakhstan Premier League was the 10th season of the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan, and took place between 28 April and 22 October."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth \u00a31 billion a year domestically as of 2013\u201314, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates \u20ac2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of \u00a31.6 billion."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2015\u201316 Leicester City F.C. season", "paragraph_text": "Games played 43 (38 Premier League) (2 FA Cup) (3 League Cup) Games won 25 (23 Premier League) (0 FA Cup) (2 League Cup) Games drawn 12 (12 Premier League) (1 FA Cup) (1 League Cup) Games lost 4 (3 Premier League) (1 FA Cup) Goals scored 76 (67 Premier League) (2 FA Cup) (7 League Cup) Goals conceded 42 (35 Premier League) (4 FA Cup) (3 League Cup) Goal difference + 34 (+ 32 Premier League) (- 2 FA Cup) (+ 4 League Cup) Clean sheets 14 (14 Premier League) Most appearances 42 Appearances (Marc Albrighton) Top scorer 24 Goals (Jamie Vardy) Winning Percentage Overall: 21 / 36 (58.33%)"}], "question": "What is the 2013/2014 league that the fifth place Premier League is automatically qualified for, an instance of?"}
{"id": "2hop__38367_38370", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Co-op City, Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Co-op City Neighborhood of the Bronx Co-op City, as seen from the east, sits along the Hutchinson River. Co-op City Location of Co-op City in the Bronx Coordinates: 40 \u00b0 52 \u2032 26 ''N 73 \u00b0 49 \u2032 46'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.8738889 \u00b0 N 73.8294444 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.8738889; - 73.8294444 Coordinates: 40 \u00b0 52 \u2032 26 ''N 73 \u00b0 49 \u2032 46'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.8738889 \u00b0 N 73.8294444 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.8738889; - 73.8294444 Country United States State New York City New York City Borough The Bronx Community District The Bronx 10 Constructed 1973 Named for Short for Cooperative City Area Total 2.42 km (0.936 sq mi) Population (2010) Total 43,752 Density 18,000 / km (47,000 / sq mi) Ethnicity White 8.5% African - American 60.5% Hispanic and Latino Americans 27.7% Asian 1.2% Other 2.1% Economics Median income $43,431 ZIP code 10475 Area code (s) 718, 347, 929, and 646 Website http://www.coopcity.nyc/"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nick Sandow", "paragraph_text": "Nick Sandow (born August 3, 1966) is an American actor, writer, producer and director, best known for his role as Joe Caputo in Orange Is the New Black. He grew up in an Italian neighborhood in the Bronx."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cipha Sounds", "paragraph_text": "Cipha Sounds (born Luis Diaz on April 19, 1976 in Bronx, New York) is an American radio and television personality of Puerto Rican descent. He is mostly known for his work as a DJ, a VJ for MTV and as a comedian."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, \"From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale\". Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue \"an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway\" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "South Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The phrase ``The Bronx is burning, ''attributed to Howard Cosell during Game 2 of the 1977 World Series featuring the New York Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers, refers to the arson epidemic caused by the total economic collapse of the South Bronx during the 1970s. During the game, as ABC switched to a generic helicopter shot of the exterior of Yankee Stadium, an uncontrolled fire could clearly be seen burning in the ravaged South Bronx surrounding the park, leading Cosell to intone,`` There it is, ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning.''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History's Stranglers", "paragraph_text": "\"History's Stranglers\" is a song by the Los Angeles-based punk rock band The Bronx, released as the first single from their 2006 album \"The Bronx\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Jonas Bronck (c.\u20091600\u201343) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Sm\u00e5land, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont \"Little Italy\" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and \"Gunhill\" (a play off the name Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ruth Cohen", "paragraph_text": "Ruth Cohen (January 28, 1930\u00a0\u2013 August 23, 2008) was an American character actress. She was born in The Bronx, New York."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sol Shor", "paragraph_text": "Shor was born in the Bronx and graduated from the City College of New York. After working as general manager of the Novelty Manufacturing Company and as a freelancer, Shor was signed as a writer to Republic Pictures in 1937."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nested", "paragraph_text": "Nested is the seventh studio album by Bronx-born singer, songwriter and pianist Laura Nyro, released in 1978 on Columbia Records."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's \"Ten-Year Housing Plan\" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jonas Bronck", "paragraph_text": "Jonas Bronck (alternatively, \"Jonas Jonsson Brunk\", \"Jonas Jonasson Bronk\", \"Jonas Jonassen Bronck\") was born around year 1600 and died in 1643. Bronck was an immigrant to the Dutch colony of New Netherland after whom the Bronx River, and by extension, the county and New York City borough of the Bronx are named. A mural at the Bronx County Courthouse depicting Bronck's arrival was created in the early 1930s by James Monroe Hewlett."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that \"The Bronx is burning\": in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. Numerous fires had previously broken out in the Bronx prior to this fire. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, \"There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning\". Historians of New York City frequently point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline. A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning is in production in 2006, chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough."}], "question": "When was the person for whom the Bronx is named born?"}
{"id": "2hop__52462_190525", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sonnet 18", "paragraph_text": "Sonnet 18, often alternatively titled Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?, is one of the best - known of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. Part of the Fair Youth sequence (which comprises sonnets 1 -- 126 in the accepted numbering stemming from the first edition in 1609), it is the first of the cycle after the opening sequence now described as the procreation sonnets."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sonnet 110", "paragraph_text": "Sonnet 110 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. Sonnet 110 was published along with the other sonnets in the 1609 Quarto. The sonnet falls in place with the Fair Youth sequence of Shakespeare's sonnets, in which the poet expresses his love towards a young man. The mystery of the young man is still unknown today. However, there are many different theories by various scholars of who this young man may be. There has been much debate whether or not this sonnet was written about Shakespeare's disdain with the stage and actors. Whereas others have interpreted sonnet 110 as the poet confessing his love to a young man."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sonnet 98", "paragraph_text": "Sonnet 98 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It's a member of the Fair Youth sequence, in which the persona expresses his love towards a young man. It is the second of a group of three sonnets (97 to 99) to treat a separation of the speaker from his beloved."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Abdullahi Qarshe", "paragraph_text": "Abdullahi Qarshe (, ) (1924\u20131994) was a Somali musician, poet and playwright known as the \"Father of Somali music\". In 1957 he wrote and composed the Somali National Anthem, Qolobaa Calankeed."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Juan de Arguijo", "paragraph_text": "Juan de Arguijo was born into a wealthy family of Seville. He mostly wrote under the pen name of Arcicio. His poetry was markedly different from the other poets of his time, known for its cerebral quality and for the poet's striving for perfectionism. His letters are also valued as literary gems, and a number of them were collected and published. Many of his sonnets were regarded by critics to be superior to those of Quevedo, Lope and Argensola."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Clovis Hugues", "paragraph_text": "Clovis Hugues (November 3, 1851 \u2013 June 11, 1907) was a French poet, journalist, dramatist, novelist, and socialist activist. He wrote some of his works in Proven\u00e7al and was the \"majoral\" of \"F\u00e9librige\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Michele Pane", "paragraph_text": "Michele Pane (Adami of Decollatura, March 11, 1876 \u2013 Chicago, April 18, 1953) was an Italian American symbolist poet and journalist who wrote in northern Calabrese."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Emma Lazarus", "paragraph_text": "She is best known for ``The New Colossus '', a sonnet written in 1883; its lines appear inscribed on a bronze plaque in the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty installed in 1903, a decade and a half after Lazarus's death,. The last stanza of the sonnet was set to music by Irving Berlin as the song`` Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor'' for the 1949 musical Miss Liberty, which was based on the sculpting of the Statue of Liberty."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elizabeth Barrett Browning", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Barrett Browning (n\u00e9e Moulton - Barrett, / \u02c8bra\u028an\u026a\u014b /; 6 March 1806 -- 29 June 1861) was an English poet of the Victorian era, popular in Britain and the United States during her lifetime."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dennis Osadebay", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Chukude Osadebay (29 June 1911\u201426 December 1994) was a Nigerian politician, poet, journalist and former premier of the now defunct Mid-Western Region of Nigeria, which now comprises Edo and Delta State. He was one of the pioneering Nigerian poets who wrote in English."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sonnet 52", "paragraph_text": "Sonnet 52 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a member of the Fair Youth sequence, in which the poet expresses his love towards a young man."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Michael Hartnett", "paragraph_text": "Michael Hartnett () (18 September 1941 \u2013 13 October 1999) was an Irish poet who wrote in both English and Irish. He was one of the most significant voices in late 20th-century Irish writing and has been called \"Munster's de facto poet laureate\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Armstrong Browning Library", "paragraph_text": "The Armstrong Browning Library is located on the campus of Baylor University in Waco, Texas, USA and is the home of the largest collections of English poets Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Additionally it is thought to house the largest collection of secular stained glass in the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer Kostas Montis, poet Kyriakos Charalambides, poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas and Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot-Greek dialect. Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are Osman T\u00fcrkay, twice nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, \u00d6zker Ya\u015f\u0131n, Neriman Cahit, Urkiye Mine Balman, Mehmet Ya\u015f\u0131n and Ne\u015fe Ya\u015f\u0131n."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jules Barbier", "paragraph_text": "Paul Jules Barbier (8 March 182516 January 1901) was a French poet, writer and opera librettist who often wrote in collaboration with Michel Carr\u00e9. He was a noted Parisian bon vivant and man of letters."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The New Colossus", "paragraph_text": "``The New Colossus ''is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus (1849 -- 1887) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty. In 1903, the poem was cast onto a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jorge de Montemor", "paragraph_text": "Jorge de Montemor () (1520? \u2013 26 February 1561) was a Portuguese novelist and poet, who wrote almost exclusively in Spanish. His most famous work is a pastoral prose romance, the \"Diana\" (1559)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sonnet 116", "paragraph_text": "Sonnet 116 is one of Shakespeare's most famous love sonnets, but some scholars have argued the theme has been misunderstood. Hilton Landry believes the appreciation of 116 as a celebration of true love is mistaken, in part because its context in the sequence of adjacent sonnets is not properly considered. Landry acknowledges the sonnet ``has the grandeur of generality or a 'universal significance', ''but cautions that`` however timeless and universal its implications may be, we must never forget that Sonnet 116 has a restricted or particular range of meaning simply because it does not stand alone.'' Carol Thomas Neely writes that, ``Sonnet 116 is part of a sequence which is separate from all the other sonnets of Shakespeare because of their sense of detachment. They are n't about the action of love and the object of that love is removed in this sequence which consists of Sonnets 94, 116, and 129 ''. This group of three sonnets does not fit the mold of the rest of Shakespeare's sonnets, therefore, and they defy the typical concept and give a different perspective of what love is and how it is portrayed or experienced.`` Though 116 resolves no issues, the poet in this part of the sequence acknowledges and accepts the fallibility of his love more fully than he could acknowledge that of the young man's earlier''. Other critics of Sonnet 116 have argued that one can not rely on the context of the sonnet to understand its tone. They argue that since ``there is no indisputably authoritative sequence to them, we can not make use of context as positive evidence for one kind of tone or another. ''Shakespeare does not attempt to come to any significant conclusion within this particular sonnet because no resolution is needed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The New Colossus", "paragraph_text": "``The New Colossus ''is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus (1849 -- 1887) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty. In 1903, the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sonnet 9", "paragraph_text": "Sonnet 9 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a procreation sonnet within the Fair Youth sequence."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the poet of Sonnet 43?"}
{"id": "2hop__88242_219177", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title \"Blessed\", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's only direct creation, that everything else was created by means of Christ, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's \"only-begotten Son\". Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humanity. They believe Jesus died on a single upright post rather than the traditional cross. They believe that references in the Bible to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word all refer to Jesus. Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humanity, and appointed by God as the king and judge of his kingdom. His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is applied to the 'anointed' class, though the 'other sheep' are said to also benefit from the arrangement."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bole So Nihal", "paragraph_text": "Bole So Nihal... Sat Sri Akal is the Sikh slogan or jaikara (lit. shout of victory, triumph or exultation) which means one will be blessed eternally who says that God is the ultimate truth. Besides being a popular mode of expressing ebullient religious fervour or a mood of joy and celebration, it is an integral part of Sikh liturgy and is shouted at the end of ardas, Sikh prayer and said in sangat or holy congregation. The jaikara expresses the Sikh belief that all victory (jaya or jai) belongs to God, Waheguru, a belief that is also expressed in the Sikh salutation ``Waheguru ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru ji ki Fateh ''(`` Khalsa is of God and to God belongs the victory'', or ``Hail the Guru's Khalsa! Hail the Guru's victory! '')"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nearer, My God, to Thee", "paragraph_text": "``Nearer, My God, to Thee ''is a 19th - century Christian hymn by Sarah Flower Adams, which retells the story of Jacob's dream. Genesis 28: 11 -- 12 can be translated as follows:`` So he came to a certain place and stayed there all night, because the sun had set. And he took one of the stones of that place and put it at his head, and he lay down in that place to sleep. Then he dreamed, and behold, a ladder was set up on the earth, and its top reached to heaven; and there the angels of God were ascending and descending on it...''"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion. According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious. The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found that only 16% of Estonians profess a belief in a god, the lowest belief of all countries studied (EU study). According to the Lutheran World Federation, the historic Lutheran denomination remains a large presence with 180,000 registered members."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the \"greatest conceivable existent\". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "USS Helios (ARB-12)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Helios\" (ARB-12) was one of twelve \"Aristaeus\"-class battle damage repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for Helios (in Greek mythology, the sun-god, represented as driving a four-horse chariot through the heavens), she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "To a God Unknown", "paragraph_text": "To a God Unknown is a novel by John Steinbeck, first published in 1933. The book was Steinbeck's third novel (after \"Cup of Gold\" and \"The Pastures of Heaven\"). Steinbeck found \"To a God Unknown\" extremely difficult to write; taking him roughly five years to complete, the novel proved more time-consuming than either \"East of Eden\" or \"The Grapes of Wrath\", Steinbeck's longest novels."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Immaculate Conception", "paragraph_text": "The papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus, mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman, Mary, who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him. It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's \"wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence\" \"in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven, by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended, and on whose top the Lord himself leaned; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides, which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully; in that impregnable tower before the enemy, from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong; in that garden enclosed on all sides, which cannot be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots; in that resplendent city of God, which has its foundations on the holy mountains; in that most august temple of God, which, radiant with divine splendours, is full of the glory of God; and in very many other biblical types of this kind.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pippa Passes", "paragraph_text": "Besides the oft - quoted line ``God's in his Heaven / All's right with the world! ''above, the poem contains an error rooted in Robert Browning's unfamiliarity with vulgar slang. Right at the end of the poem, in her closing song, Pippa calls out the following:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Armstrong Browning Library", "paragraph_text": "The Armstrong Browning Library is located on the campus of Baylor University in Waco, Texas, USA and is the home of the largest collections of English poets Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Additionally it is thought to house the largest collection of secular stained glass in the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "God Only Knows", "paragraph_text": "The song inspired songwriter Margo Guryan to move into writing pop music. She said: ``I thought it was just gorgeous. I bought the record and played it a million times, then sat down and wrote 'Think of Rain'. That's really how I started writing that way. I just decided it was better than what was happening in jazz. ''Bob Stanley of Saint Etienne wrote that`` It's impossible to exaggerate how beautiful this song is. Everywhere, it takes risks.'' Bono said in October 2006 during Brian Wilson's induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame that ``the string arrangement on 'God Only Knows' is fact and proof of angels ''. Jimmy Webb, an American popular music composer, has also stated his love for the song, stating,`` I love 'God Only Knows' and its bow to the baroque that goes all the way back to 1740 and Johann Sebastian Bach. It represents the whole tradition of liturgical music that I feel is a spiritual part of Brian's music. And Carl's singing is pretty much at its pinnacle -- as good as it ever got.'' In a 2003 solo concert in Tel Aviv, Steven Wilson, frontman of Porcupine Tree, declared ``God Only Knows ''as his favorite song of all time. On the Insurgentes listening party that took place in Mexico City in 2009, Steven Wilson said it was a perfect song. Simon Neil of Scottish band Biffy Clyro has the lyrics`` God only knows what I'd be without you'' tattooed across his chest."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tower of Babel", "paragraph_text": "According to the story, a united humanity in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating eastward, comes to the land of Shinar (\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05e0\u05b0\u05e2\u05b8\u05e8 \u200e). There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other, and scatters them around the world."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wernher von Braun", "paragraph_text": "Von Braun died on June 16, 1977 of pancreatic cancer in Alexandria, Virginia at age 65. He was buried at the Ivy Hill Cemetery. His gravestone quotes Psalm 19:1: \"The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork.\" (KJV)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William Fennex", "paragraph_text": "William Fennex (born c.1763 at Gerrards Cross, Bucks; died 4 March 1838 at Stepney, London) was a famous English cricketer. He was a noted all-rounder and right arm fast bowler. As a batsman, Fennex was reputed to be one of the first to use forward play and was said to be a good driver of the ball."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging \u2013 it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, \"[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mandate of Heaven", "paragraph_text": "It was said that the peasant group of the Ming dynasty were the real selectors which allowed for the Mandate of Heaven to be claimed by the ruler. As a prospective candidate to the Mandate, they could please the peasantry group in order to win favor amongst the dynasty. It was solely politics from beginning to end and an attempt from the emperor to maintain a favorable act towards Heaven. Many emperors within the Qing dynasty looked immensely within themselves trying to come to terms with their ruling if natural disasters occurred within their time. This was interpreted as a warning of Heaven's displeased wrath towards an emperors ruling, such that the Mandate under their rule was unstable. Furthermore, Qing emperors would take their advisors feedback very seriously when pertaining to ruling and take it upon themselves to reflect on their current decisions of the dynastic overview in hopes that it favors Heaven. Towards the end of the Qing dynasty, as the Peoples Republic of China began to become established, there was no more Mandate to be claimed as it became a ritual of the past. Especially since there was no formal statement or writing of the Mandate of Heaven."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mandate of Heaven", "paragraph_text": "The prosperous Shang dynasty saw its rule filled with many outstanding accomplishments. Notably, the dynasty lasted for a considerable time during which 31 kings ruled over an extended period of 17 generations. During this period, the dynasty enjoyed a period of peace and tranquility in which citizens could make a good living. The government was originally able to control most of its internal affairs due to the firm support provided by the people. As time went on, however, the rulers' abuse of the other social classes led to social unrest and instability. The corruption in this dynasty created the conditions necessary for a new ruling house to rise -- the Zhou dynasty. Rebellion against the Shang was led by Zhou Wu. They created the Mandate of Heaven to explain their right to assume rule and presumed that the only way to hold the mandate was to rule well in the eyes of Heaven. They believed that the Shang ruling house had become morally corrupt, and that the Shang leaders' loss of virtue entitled their own house to take over. The overthrow of the Shang Dynasty, they said, was in accordance with the mandate given by Heaven."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the person who said God in his heaven all's right with the world?"}
{"id": "2hop__90304_190525", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Erich Fried", "paragraph_text": "Erich Fried (6 May 1921 \u2013 22 November 1988) was an Austrian-born poet, writer and translator. He initially became known to a broader public in both Germany and Austria for his political poetry, and later for his love poems. As a writer he mostly wrote plays and short novels. He also translated works by different English writers from English into German, most notably works by William Shakespeare."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Armstrong Browning Library", "paragraph_text": "The Armstrong Browning Library is located on the campus of Baylor University in Waco, Texas, USA and is the home of the largest collections of English poets Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Additionally it is thought to house the largest collection of secular stained glass in the world."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Albert Vandal", "paragraph_text": "Albert Count Vandal (7 July 1853, Paris \u2013 30 August 1910, Paris) was a French historian, born in Paris. He wrote:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mississippi Joe Callicott", "paragraph_text": "Callicott was born in Nesbit, Mississippi, United States. In 1929 he played second guitar in Garfield Akers' duet recording, \"Cottonfield Blues\". His \"Love Me Baby Blues\" has been covered by various artists, e.g. (under the title of \"France Chance\") by Ry Cooder. Arhoolie Records recorded Callicott commercially in the mid-1960s. Some of his 1967 recordings (recorded by the music historian, George Mitchell) were re-released in 2003, on the Fat Possum record label. His best known recordings are \"Great Long Ways From Home\" and \"Hoist Your Window and Let Your Curtain Down\". Callicott also recorded, as noted by one music journalist, \"his lilting \"Fare Thee Well Blues.\"\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird", "paragraph_text": "``Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird ''is a poem from Wallace Stevens' first book of poetry, Harmonium. The poem consists of thirteen short, separate sections, each of which mentions blackbirds in some way. Although inspired by haiku, none of the sections meet the traditional definition of haiku. It was first published in October 1917 by Alfred Kreymborg in Others: An Anthology of the New Verse and two months later in the December issue of Others: A Magazine of the New Verse."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sarojini Naidu", "paragraph_text": "Sarojini Naidu; n\u00e9e Chattopadhyay, (13 February 1879 -- 2 March 1949) was an Indian independence activist and poet. She was born in a Bengali Hindu family at Hyderabad and was educated in Chennai, London, and Cambridge. She married Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu and settled down in Hyderabad. She took part in the National Movement, became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and fought for the attainment of Swaraj. She became the President of Indian National Congress and later she was appointed to the Governor of the United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh. Known as the 'Nightingale of India', she was also a noted poet. Her poetry includes children's poems, nature poems, patriotic poems and poems of love and death. She also wrote poetry in praise of Muslim figures like Imam Hussain."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Can't Buy Me Love", "paragraph_text": "While in Paris, the Beatles stayed at the five star George V hotel and had an upright piano moved into one of their suites so that song writing could continue. It was here that McCartney wrote ``Ca n't Buy Me Love ''. The song was written under the pressure of the success achieved by`` I Want to Hold Your Hand'' which had just reached number one in America. When producer George Martin first heard ``Ca n't Buy Me Love ''he felt the song needed changing:`` I thought that we really needed a tag for the song's ending, and a tag for the beginning; a kind of intro. So I took the first two lines of the chorus and changed the ending, and said 'Let's just have these lines, and by altering the second phrase we can get back into the verse pretty quickly.''' And they said, ``That's not a bad idea, we'll do it that way ''. The song's verse is a twelve bar blues in structure, a formula that the Beatles seldom applied to their own material."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oodgeroo Noonuccal", "paragraph_text": "The Past (1970) Municipal Gum (1960) ``A Song of Hope ''(1960) We are Going: Poems (1964) The Dawn is at Hand: Poems (1966) My People: A Kath Walker collection (1970) No more boomerang (1985) Kath Walker in China (1988) The Colour Bar (1990) Oodgeroo (1994) Let Us Not Be Bitter (1990) White Australia (1970) All One Race (1970) Freedom (1970) The Unhappy Race (1989) Then and Now (1970) Last of His Tribe (1970)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Let's Go All the Way (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Let's Go All the Way ''Single by Sly Fox from the album Let's Go All the Way Released December 1985 Format 7``, 12'' Recorded 1985 Genre New wave, synthpop Length 5: 10 3: 54 (single edit) Label Capitol Songwriter (s) Gary ``Mudbone ''Cooper Producer (s) Ted Currier Sly Fox singles chronology`` Let's Go All the Way'' (1985) ``Stay True ''(1986)`` Let's Go All the Way'' (1985) ``Stay True ''(1986) Audio sample`` Sly Fox - Let's Go All The Way'' file help"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Let Me Count the Ways", "paragraph_text": "``How do I love thee, let me count the ways ''is a line from the 43rd sonnet of Sonnets from the Portuguese, a collection of 44 love sonnets written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oodgeroo Noonuccal", "paragraph_text": "She wrote many books, beginning with We Are Going (1964), the first book to be published by an Aboriginal woman. The title poem concludes:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chharpatra", "paragraph_text": "Chharpatra (1948) is a Bengali book of poems written by Sukanta Bhattacharya. Sukanta wrote the poems of this book from 1943\u20131947. He died at the age of 21 and this book was published few days before his death."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miriam Patchen", "paragraph_text": "Miriam Patchen (1914\u20132000) was the wife and muse of poet and novelist Kenneth Patchen, who dedicated each of his more than 40 books to his wife. He also wrote and published a large number of love poems for Miriam including well-known pieces like \"23rd Street Runs Into Heaven.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Let America be America Again", "paragraph_text": "``Let America Be America Again ''is a poem written in 1935 by American poet Langston Hughes. It was originally published in the July 1936 issue of Esquire Magazine. It was later republished in the 1937 to be read issue of Kansas Magazine and was revised and included in a small collection of Langston Hughes poems entitled A New Song, published by the International Workers Order in 1938."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I Vow to Thee, My Country", "paragraph_text": "``I Vow to Thee, My Country ''is a British patriotic hymn, created in 1921, when a poem by Sir Cecil Spring Rice was set to music by Gustav Holst."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd", "paragraph_text": "``The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd ''(1596), by Walter Raleigh, is a poem that responds to and parodies the poem`` The Passionate Shepherd to His Love'' (1593) by Christopher Marlowe. In her reply to the shepherd's invitation, the nymph presents her rejection of the shepherd's courtship for a life of pastoral idyll."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dark Night of the Soul", "paragraph_text": "Dark Night of the Soul (Spanish: La noche oscura del alma) is a poem written by the 16th - century Spanish mystic and poet St. John of the Cross. The author himself did not give any title to his poem, on which he wrote two book - length commentaries: Ascent of Mount Carmel (Subida del Monte Carmelo) and The Dark Night (Noche Oscura)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Let's Do Something", "paragraph_text": "\"Let's Do Something\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in September 1987 as the second single from the album \"The Way Back Home\". The song reached #16 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Gill wrote the song with Reed Nielsen."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Count von Count", "paragraph_text": "The Count debuted on Sesame Street in Season 4 (1972 -- 73), and was conceived by Norman Stiles, who wrote the first script. The Count was performed by Jerry Nelson, who brought the character to life. He was originally made out of the Large Lavender Live Hand Anything Muppet pattern. Nelson voiced the Count until his death on August 23, 2012. At that time, Matt Vogel had taken over performing the puppetry of the Count. Upon Nelson's death, Vogel started performing both the Count's voice and puppetry. His first performance of the Count was in a YouTube video called ``Counting the Yous in YouTube '', a song about the celebration of Sesame Street's YouTube channel reaching 1 billion views."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "paragraph_text": "Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it ``Defence of Fort M'Henry ''."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of who wrote the poem how do i love thee let me count the ways?"}
{"id": "2hop__364936_3292", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Project Runway Latin America", "paragraph_text": "Project Runway Latin America is a Latin American reality television series on Glitz* which focuses on fashion design and is hosted by model Rebecca de Alba. The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are usually restricted in time, materials and theme. Their designs are judged, and one or more designers are eliminated each week. The show was canceled after its third season."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The X Factor (British series 7)", "paragraph_text": "For their qualifying song, and their first as a group, at judges' houses, One Direction sang an acoustic version of ``Torn ''. In week 1 of the live shows, they performed`` Viva la Vida'' and were safe for the week. Week 2 was ``Musical Heroes ''and One Direction sang`` My Life Would Suck Without You'', which received positive comments from the judges; Minogue called them ``five heartthrobs ''and praised their performance, Cole called them`` cute'', and Cowell said ``You are the most exciting pop band in the country right now. ''They sang`` Nobody Knows'' in week 3 and ``Total Eclipse of the Heart ''in week 4. In week 4, girl band Belle Amie were eliminated, leaving One Direction as Cowell's last remaining act. They sang`` Kids in America'' in week 5, ``Something About the Way You Look Tonight ''in week 6, and`` All You Need Is Love'' in week 7. They were safe each week, never once being in the bottom two. For weeks 8 and 9, they performed ``Summer of 69 ''and`` You Are So Beautiful'' in week 8 and ``Only Girl (in the World) ''and`` Chasing Cars'' in week 9. They were safe both times, making it to the final live show, being the first ever manufactured group to do so. In week 10, they performed ``Your Song ''. After performing`` Torn'' in the final, One Direction finished in third place behind runner - up Rebecca Ferguson and winner Matt Cardle."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging \u2013 it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, \"[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance. The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of highest paid American television stars", "paragraph_text": "Name Program Role Salary Year Ref. Simon Cowell The X Factor Judge $75 million 2012 -- 13 Katy Perry American Idol $25 million 2017 -- 18 Jennifer Lopez $20 million 2011 -- 12 Mariah Carey $18 million 2012 -- 13 Hugh Laurie House Gregory House $15 million 2013 Ryan Seacrest American Idol Host 2013 -- 16 Britney Spears The X Factor Judge 2012 Miley Cyrus The Voice Coach $13 million 2016 -- 17 Adam Levine 2016 -- 18 Blake Shelton 2016 -- 18 Christina Aguilera $12.5 million 2013 Kelly Clarkson $12 million 2018 Nicki Minaj American Idol Judge 2012 -- 13 Shakira The Voice Coach 2013 Gwen Stefani 2017"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Change Nothing (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Change Nothing\" is the debut single of American recording artist and \"American Idol\" season 11 runner-up, Jessica Sanchez. The song was written by Jaden Michaels, Joleen Belle and Harry Sommerdahl. Sanchez first performed the song, her potential coronation song had she won the title, on May 22, 2012 \"American Idol\" final performance show. After the final performance show, her recording of \"Change Nothing\" was released as a single on May 23, 2012."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14, including the loss of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of American Idol would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "So You Think You Can Dance (American TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Following Vegas Week -- - which has, through video vignettes, made many of the dancers increasingly familiar to the audience as it observes their attempts to cope with the challenges of the week - -- the judge's panel selects their finalists from the remaining dancers, breaking the good or bad news to each dancer. Since Season six, the series has also featured a showcase episode that takes place immediately before the main competition. In this episode, dancers compete for the first time on the main SYTYCD stage in Los Angeles before a live audience, dancing duet or group routines, but only in their own styles. In seasons eight through ten, the finalist announcement episode and the dancer's showcase were combined into one episode, with groups of dancers taking to the stage for the first time immediately after they are revealed. In seasons six through nine, no dancers were in danger of elimination at this point and the first round of viewer voting and judge eliminations occurred the following week. In the slightly more compact format of the more recent seasons, the dancer showcase is often the first episode to be accompanied by viewer voting and a resulting elimination."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Britain's Got Talent (series 2)", "paragraph_text": "Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges' votes Result 0! Cowell 0! Holden 0! Morgan Mandy Ellen Dancers Dance Group Eliminated Iona Luvsandorj Contortionist Eliminated Cheeky Monkeys Junior Dance Duo 2nd (Won Judges' vote) Kay and Harvey Opera Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Bang On! 5 Urban Percussionists Eliminated Flava 6 Hip - Hop Dance Group 3rd (Lost Judges' vote) Sauris Nandi 7 Illusionist Eliminated Andrew Johnston 8 Boy soprano 1st (Won Public vote)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fashion Star", "paragraph_text": "Fashion Star is an American reality television series on NBC, created and executive produced by E.J. Johnston, James Deutch and Rick Ringbakk which focuses on fashion design and is hosted by Louise Roe. It was hosted by Elle Macpherson in the first season. The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are restricted in time, materials and theme. Their designs are judged, and one or more designers are eliminated each week."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}], "question": "Who was eliminated the week after judges saved the performer of Change Nothing on American Idol?"}
{"id": "2hop__713654_3292", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The X Factor (British series 7)", "paragraph_text": "For their qualifying song, and their first as a group, at judges' houses, One Direction sang an acoustic version of ``Torn ''. In week 1 of the live shows, they performed`` Viva la Vida'' and were safe for the week. Week 2 was ``Musical Heroes ''and One Direction sang`` My Life Would Suck Without You'', which received positive comments from the judges; Minogue called them ``five heartthrobs ''and praised their performance, Cole called them`` cute'', and Cowell said ``You are the most exciting pop band in the country right now. ''They sang`` Nobody Knows'' in week 3 and ``Total Eclipse of the Heart ''in week 4. In week 4, girl band Belle Amie were eliminated, leaving One Direction as Cowell's last remaining act. They sang`` Kids in America'' in week 5, ``Something About the Way You Look Tonight ''in week 6, and`` All You Need Is Love'' in week 7. They were safe each week, never once being in the bottom two. For weeks 8 and 9, they performed ``Summer of 69 ''and`` You Are So Beautiful'' in week 8 and ``Only Girl (in the World) ''and`` Chasing Cars'' in week 9. They were safe both times, making it to the final live show, being the first ever manufactured group to do so. In week 10, they performed ``Your Song ''. After performing`` Torn'' in the final, One Direction finished in third place behind runner - up Rebecca Ferguson and winner Matt Cardle."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Britain's Got Talent (series 2)", "paragraph_text": "Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges' votes Result 0! Cowell 0! Holden 0! Morgan Mandy Ellen Dancers Dance Group Eliminated Iona Luvsandorj Contortionist Eliminated Cheeky Monkeys Junior Dance Duo 2nd (Won Judges' vote) Kay and Harvey Opera Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Bang On! 5 Urban Percussionists Eliminated Flava 6 Hip - Hop Dance Group 3rd (Lost Judges' vote) Sauris Nandi 7 Illusionist Eliminated Andrew Johnston 8 Boy soprano 1st (Won Public vote)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance. The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "So You Think You Can Dance (American TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Following Vegas Week -- - which has, through video vignettes, made many of the dancers increasingly familiar to the audience as it observes their attempts to cope with the challenges of the week - -- the judge's panel selects their finalists from the remaining dancers, breaking the good or bad news to each dancer. Since Season six, the series has also featured a showcase episode that takes place immediately before the main competition. In this episode, dancers compete for the first time on the main SYTYCD stage in Los Angeles before a live audience, dancing duet or group routines, but only in their own styles. In seasons eight through ten, the finalist announcement episode and the dancer's showcase were combined into one episode, with groups of dancers taking to the stage for the first time immediately after they are revealed. In seasons six through nine, no dancers were in danger of elimination at this point and the first round of viewer voting and judge eliminations occurred the following week. In the slightly more compact format of the more recent seasons, the dancer showcase is often the first episode to be accompanied by viewer voting and a resulting elimination."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bring Me to Life", "paragraph_text": "According to the sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing on the website Musicnotes.com, ``Bring Me to Life ''is set in common time and performed in a moderate tempo of 95 beats per minute. It is written in the key of E minor and Lee's vocal range for the song runs from the low note of A to the high note of D. In the song, 12 Stones vocalist Paul McCoy sings the lines`` Wake me up / I ca n't wake up / Save me!'' in a rap style. The St. Petersburg Times' Brian Orloff called the song a ``boffo hit ''in which Lee sang the lines`` 'Call my name and save me from the dark' over surging guitars.'' Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote: ``'Bring Me to Life,' with its lyrical drama and crunchy guitars, branded the band as overdone nu - metal. ''Blender writer Nick Catucci called the song a`` crossover goth - metal smash''. Kristi Turnquist of The Oregonian called the song a power ballad."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Me, You & the Music", "paragraph_text": "Me, You & the Music is the debut studio album by American recording artist Jessica Sanchez, released on April 30, 2013 by Interscope Records and 19 Entertainment. The album's lead single, \"Tonight\" features American R&B singer Ne-Yo and was released to all digital retailers on March 21, 2013. The song's accompanying music video was shot in downtown Los Angeles on March 1, 2013 with director Justin Francis."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Project Runway Latin America", "paragraph_text": "Project Runway Latin America is a Latin American reality television series on Glitz* which focuses on fashion design and is hosted by model Rebecca de Alba. The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are usually restricted in time, materials and theme. Their designs are judged, and one or more designers are eliminated each week. The show was canceled after its third season."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Philippine Idol", "paragraph_text": "Philippine Idol is the first version of the Idol series in the Philippines, the 35th country in the world to air a local \"Idol\" adaptation and the sixth in Asia. The franchise was first awarded by FremantleMedia, 19 Entertainment and CKX, Inc. to ABC Development Corporation (ABC now The 5 Network) in 2006, then to GMA Network in 2008, then ABS-CBN in 2019. Just like the premise of original show \"Pop Idol\", \"Philippine Idol\" aims to find the best singer in the country who can be defined as the \"national\" singer. Local television personality Ryan Agoncillo hosted the program. Ryan Cayabyab (musical composer), Pilita Corrales (singer, known as Asia's Queen of Songs) and Francis Magalona (rapper and producer) were also judges of the show. Agoncillo, Corrales and Magalona auditioned to be part of the program, while Cayabyab was chosen by the program's producers. Meanwhile, actress Heart Evangelista hosted the daily updates program \"I \u2665 Philippine Idol: Exclusive\". Composer Mel Villena was the show's musical director."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of highest paid American television stars", "paragraph_text": "Name Program Role Salary Year Ref. Simon Cowell The X Factor Judge $75 million 2012 -- 13 Katy Perry American Idol $25 million 2017 -- 18 Jennifer Lopez $20 million 2011 -- 12 Mariah Carey $18 million 2012 -- 13 Hugh Laurie House Gregory House $15 million 2013 Ryan Seacrest American Idol Host 2013 -- 16 Britney Spears The X Factor Judge 2012 Miley Cyrus The Voice Coach $13 million 2016 -- 17 Adam Levine 2016 -- 18 Blake Shelton 2016 -- 18 Christina Aguilera $12.5 million 2013 Kelly Clarkson $12 million 2018 Nicki Minaj American Idol Judge 2012 -- 13 Shakira The Voice Coach 2013 Gwen Stefani 2017"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fashion Star", "paragraph_text": "Fashion Star is an American reality television series on NBC, created and executive produced by E.J. Johnston, James Deutch and Rick Ringbakk which focuses on fashion design and is hosted by Louise Roe. It was hosted by Elle Macpherson in the first season. The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are restricted in time, materials and theme. Their designs are judged, and one or more designers are eliminated each week."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}], "question": "Who was eliminated the week after the judges saved the performer of Me, You & the Music on American Idol?"}
{"id": "2hop__53867_91687", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Penitentiary, Coleman", "paragraph_text": "The United States Penitentiary, Coleman I and II (USP Coleman I and II) are high-security United States federal prisons for male inmates in Florida. It is part of the Coleman Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Coleman) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. USP Coleman 1 was opened in 2001 and in 2004 Clark Construction completed a major 555,000 square-foot additional component for USP Coleman II."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Williamsburg", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Williamsburg (FCI Williamsburg) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Salters, South Carolina. It is run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. It has an adjacent prison camp for minimum-security male offenders."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood (FCI Englewood) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Colorado. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an administrative detention center and an adjacent satellite prison camp for minimum-security offenders."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "National Security Law Unit", "paragraph_text": "Within the American Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Security Law Unit forms part of the Office of the General Counsel It was previously led by Michael J. Woods."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Berlin", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Berlin (FCI Berlin) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in New Hampshire. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp housing minimum-security male inmates."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bureau of Land Management", "paragraph_text": "The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior that administers more than 247.3 million acres (1,001,000 km) of public lands in the United States which constitutes one - eighth of the landmass of the country. President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies: the General Land Office and the Grazing Service. The agency manages the federal government's nearly 700 million acres (2,800,000 km) of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal, state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862. Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rex D. Davis", "paragraph_text": "Rex Darwin Davis (1924\u20132008) was a federal law enforcement officer in the United States, with a long career in the U.S. Treasury Department. He was the first director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, subsequently known as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federal Medical Center, Devens", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Medical Center, Devens (FMC Devens) is a United States federal prison in Massachusetts for male inmates requiring specialized or long-term medical or mental health care. It is designated as an administrative facility, which means it has inmates from different security classifications, from white-collar criminals to mobsters and sex offenders. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. FMC Devens also has a satellite camp housing minimum-security male inmates."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs", "paragraph_text": "The Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs is the head of the Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs within the United States Department of State, which handles U.S. foreign policy and relations in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Penitentiary, Florence High", "paragraph_text": "The United States Penitentiary, Florence High (USP Florence High) is a high-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Colorado. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. USP Florence High is part of the Florence Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Florence), which is situated on of land and houses different facilities with varying degrees of security. It is named \"Florence High\" in order to differentiate it from the United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX, the federal supermax prison located in the same complex."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federal Medical Center, Butner", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Medical Center, Butner (FMC Butner) is a United States federal prison in North Carolina for male inmates of all security levels who have special health needs. It is part of the Butner Federal Correctional Complex and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. An adjacent satellite prison camp houses minimum-security male inmates."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dennis Chavez Federal Building", "paragraph_text": "The Dennis Chavez Federal Building is a high-rise federal office building and courthouse located at 500 Gold Avenue SW in Downtown Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was completed in 1965 and was built with the purpose of housing the U.S. District Court as well as offices of various federal agencies including the U.S. Postal Service, Veterans Administration, U.S. Public Health Service, and Bureau of Indian Affairs. Originally known simply as the U.S. Courthouse and Federal Office Building, the building was renamed in honor of longtime U.S. Senator Dennis Chavez in 1976."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Secretary of State of California", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of State of California is the chief clerk of the U.S. State of California, overseeing a department of 500 people. The Secretary of State is elected for four year terms, like the state's other constitutional officers, and is restricted by term limits to only two terms. The current Secretary of State, Alex Padilla, took office on January 5, 2015."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Henry Strasak", "paragraph_text": "Henry Jindrich Strasak (January 8, 1901 \u2013 May 16, 1985) was an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Lompoc", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Lompoc (FCI Lompoc) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in California. It is part of the Lompoc Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Lompoc) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Department of Justice", "paragraph_text": "The department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Penitentiary, Lompoc", "paragraph_text": "The United States Penitentiary, Lompoc (USP Lompoc) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in California. It is part of the Lompoc Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Lompoc) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has a satellite prison camp for minimum-security male inmates. It was formerly a military disciplinary barracks on Camp Cooke."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Metropolitan Correctional Center, Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The Metropolitan Correctional Center, Chicago (MCC Chicago) is a United States federal prison in Chicago, Illinois, which holds male and female prisoners of all security levels prior to and during court proceedings in the Northern District of Illinois, as well as inmates serving brief sentences. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The University of Chicago is governed by a board of trustees. The Board of Trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts, and is composed of 50 members including the university President. Directly beneath the President are the Provost, fourteen Vice Presidents (including the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer, and Dean of Students of the university), the Directors of Argonne National Laboratory and Fermilab, the Secretary of the university, and the Student Ombudsperson. As of August 2009[update], the Chairman of the Board of Trustees is Andrew Alper, and the President of the university is Robert Zimmer. In December 2013 it was announced that the Director of Argonne National Laboratory, Eric Isaacs, would become Provost. Isaacs was replaced as Provost in March 2016 by Daniel Diermeier."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Federal Bureau of Prisons", "paragraph_text": "Federal Bureau of Prisons Seal of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Flag of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Agency overview Formed 1930; 88 years ago (1930) Headquarters Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building Washington, D.C., U.S. Motto Correctional Excellence. Respect. Integrity. Employees 40,060 Annual budget 7.3 billion USD (FY 2016) Agency executives Vacant, Director Vacant, Deputy Director Parent agency Department of Justice Website www.bop.gov"}], "question": "who is the secretary of that which manages the central office of the federal bureau of prisons?"}
{"id": "2hop__722874_3292", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol (season 16)", "paragraph_text": "The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11, 2018, on the ABC television network. It is the show's first season to air on ABC. Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show's host, while Katy Perry, Luke Bryan, and Lionel Richie joined as judges."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The X Factor (British series 7)", "paragraph_text": "For their qualifying song, and their first as a group, at judges' houses, One Direction sang an acoustic version of ``Torn ''. In week 1 of the live shows, they performed`` Viva la Vida'' and were safe for the week. Week 2 was ``Musical Heroes ''and One Direction sang`` My Life Would Suck Without You'', which received positive comments from the judges; Minogue called them ``five heartthrobs ''and praised their performance, Cole called them`` cute'', and Cowell said ``You are the most exciting pop band in the country right now. ''They sang`` Nobody Knows'' in week 3 and ``Total Eclipse of the Heart ''in week 4. In week 4, girl band Belle Amie were eliminated, leaving One Direction as Cowell's last remaining act. They sang`` Kids in America'' in week 5, ``Something About the Way You Look Tonight ''in week 6, and`` All You Need Is Love'' in week 7. They were safe each week, never once being in the bottom two. For weeks 8 and 9, they performed ``Summer of 69 ''and`` You Are So Beautiful'' in week 8 and ``Only Girl (in the World) ''and`` Chasing Cars'' in week 9. They were safe both times, making it to the final live show, being the first ever manufactured group to do so. In week 10, they performed ``Your Song ''. After performing`` Torn'' in the final, One Direction finished in third place behind runner - up Rebecca Ferguson and winner Matt Cardle."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance. The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Project Runway Latin America", "paragraph_text": "Project Runway Latin America is a Latin American reality television series on Glitz* which focuses on fashion design and is hosted by model Rebecca de Alba. The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are usually restricted in time, materials and theme. Their designs are judged, and one or more designers are eliminated each week. The show was canceled after its third season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tonight (Jessica Sanchez song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Tonight\" is a single by American recording artist Jessica Sanchez featuring Ne-Yo, taken from Sanchez's debut studio album \"Me, You & the Music\". It was written by Ne-Yo, Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor E. Hermansen and was produced by StarGate. \"Tonight\" was released to digital retailer on March 22, 2013, following her debut live performance of the single on the Top 9 results show on the twelfth season of \"American Idol\" on March 21, 2013, as the lead single from \"Me, You & the Music\". The song's accompanying music video was shot in downtown Los Angeles on March 1, 2013 with director Justin Francis and made its world premiere on Vevo on March 21, 2013."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fashion Star", "paragraph_text": "Fashion Star is an American reality television series on NBC, created and executive produced by E.J. Johnston, James Deutch and Rick Ringbakk which focuses on fashion design and is hosted by Louise Roe. It was hosted by Elle Macpherson in the first season. The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are restricted in time, materials and theme. Their designs are judged, and one or more designers are eliminated each week."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "So You Think You Can Dance (American TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Following Vegas Week -- - which has, through video vignettes, made many of the dancers increasingly familiar to the audience as it observes their attempts to cope with the challenges of the week - -- the judge's panel selects their finalists from the remaining dancers, breaking the good or bad news to each dancer. Since Season six, the series has also featured a showcase episode that takes place immediately before the main competition. In this episode, dancers compete for the first time on the main SYTYCD stage in Los Angeles before a live audience, dancing duet or group routines, but only in their own styles. In seasons eight through ten, the finalist announcement episode and the dancer's showcase were combined into one episode, with groups of dancers taking to the stage for the first time immediately after they are revealed. In seasons six through nine, no dancers were in danger of elimination at this point and the first round of viewer voting and judge eliminations occurred the following week. In the slightly more compact format of the more recent seasons, the dancer showcase is often the first episode to be accompanied by viewer voting and a resulting elimination."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Britain's Got Talent (series 2)", "paragraph_text": "Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges' votes Result 0! Cowell 0! Holden 0! Morgan Mandy Ellen Dancers Dance Group Eliminated Iona Luvsandorj Contortionist Eliminated Cheeky Monkeys Junior Dance Duo 2nd (Won Judges' vote) Kay and Harvey Opera Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Bang On! 5 Urban Percussionists Eliminated Flava 6 Hip - Hop Dance Group 3rd (Lost Judges' vote) Sauris Nandi 7 Illusionist Eliminated Andrew Johnston 8 Boy soprano 1st (Won Public vote)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Law Firm", "paragraph_text": "The Law Firm is an American reality competition series which aired on NBC from July 28, 2005, until August 4, 2005. It features up-and-coming lawyers competing against each other while trying real court cases with real clients, in front of real judges and juries, resulting in outcomes that are final, legal and binding for the parties. The grand prize is $250,000. Trial attorney and legal analyst Roy Black is the managing partner of \"The Law Firm\". As managing partner, Black decides who will be eliminated each week."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of highest paid American television stars", "paragraph_text": "Name Program Role Salary Year Ref. Simon Cowell The X Factor Judge $75 million 2012 -- 13 Katy Perry American Idol $25 million 2017 -- 18 Jennifer Lopez $20 million 2011 -- 12 Mariah Carey $18 million 2012 -- 13 Hugh Laurie House Gregory House $15 million 2013 Ryan Seacrest American Idol Host 2013 -- 16 Britney Spears The X Factor Judge 2012 Miley Cyrus The Voice Coach $13 million 2016 -- 17 Adam Levine 2016 -- 18 Blake Shelton 2016 -- 18 Christina Aguilera $12.5 million 2013 Kelly Clarkson $12 million 2018 Nicki Minaj American Idol Judge 2012 -- 13 Shakira The Voice Coach 2013 Gwen Stefani 2017"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}], "question": "Who was eliminated the week after the judges saved the performer of Tonight on American Idol?"}
{"id": "2hop__53867_78011", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federal Bureau of Prisons", "paragraph_text": "Currently, the Bureau of Prisons is headed by Hugh Hurwitz, who is the current acting director. Mark S. Inch held the post from September 2017 until May 2018."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federal government of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district -- Washington, D.C., and several territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federal Bureau of Prisons", "paragraph_text": "Federal Bureau of Prisons Seal of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Flag of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Agency overview Formed 1930; 88 years ago (1930) Headquarters Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building Washington, D.C., U.S. Motto Correctional Excellence. Respect. Integrity. Employees 40,060 Annual budget 7.3 billion USD (FY 2016) Agency executives Vacant, Director Vacant, Deputy Director Parent agency Department of Justice Website www.bop.gov"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federal Medical Center, Butner", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Medical Center, Butner (FMC Butner) is a United States federal prison in North Carolina for male inmates of all security levels who have special health needs. It is part of the Butner Federal Correctional Complex and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. An adjacent satellite prison camp houses minimum-security male inmates."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Berlin", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Berlin (FCI Berlin) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in New Hampshire. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp housing minimum-security male inmates."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Post Office Ltd", "paragraph_text": "There are currently around 11,500 post office branches across the UK, of which 300 are directly managed by Post Office Ltd (known as Crown offices). The majority of other branches are either run by various franchise partners or local subpostmaster or operators (who may be members of the National Federation of SubPostmasters or the CWU Postmasters Branch), as ``sub-postoffices ''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Lompoc", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Lompoc (FCI Lompoc) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in California. It is part of the Lompoc Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Lompoc) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Big Spring", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Big Spring (FCI Big Spring) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Texas. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has a satellite prison camp which houses minimum-security male offenders."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United States Department of Justice", "paragraph_text": "The department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood (FCI Englewood) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Colorado. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an administrative detention center and an adjacent satellite prison camp for minimum-security offenders."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Attorney General of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Attorney General of Mexico () (Attorney General of the Republic) is the head of the Attorney General's Office (\"Fiscal\u00eda General de la Rep\u00fablica, FGR\") and the Federal Public Ministry (\"Ministerio P\u00fablico de la Federaci\u00f3n\"), an institution belonging to the Federal Government's executive branch that is responsible for the investigation and prosecution of federal crimes. The office is governed mainly by the Constitution of Mexico and the Organic Law of the Attorney General's Office (\"Ley Org\u00e1nica de la Procuradur\u00eda General de la Rep\u00fablica\"). The Attorney General is a member of the President's Cabinet."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "President of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria. The President of Nigeria is also the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe, who took office on October 1, 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari, took office on May 29, 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts", "paragraph_text": "The Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts is an executive branch position created by the Texas Constitution. As with nearly every other executive branch head in Texas, the Comptroller is popularly elected every four years concurrently with the governor and the other elected executive branch positions (elections take place in even number years not divisible by four; e.g., 2006, 2010, and so on). The current Comptroller is Glenn Hegar, who took office on January 2, 2015."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Henry Strasak", "paragraph_text": "Henry Jindrich Strasak (January 8, 1901 \u2013 May 16, 1985) was an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Article Two of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Article Two of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, which carries out and enforces federal laws. The executive branch includes the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Metropolitan Correctional Center, Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The Metropolitan Correctional Center, Chicago (MCC Chicago) is a United States federal prison in Chicago, Illinois, which holds male and female prisoners of all security levels prior to and during court proceedings in the Northern District of Illinois, as well as inmates serving brief sentences. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Politics of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Politics of Mexico take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic whose government is based on a congressional system, whereby the President of Mexico is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The federal government represents the United Mexican States and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917. The constituent states of the federation must also have a republican form of government based on a congressional system as established by their respective constitutions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States Penitentiary, Lompoc", "paragraph_text": "The United States Penitentiary, Lompoc (USP Lompoc) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in California. It is part of the Lompoc Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Lompoc) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has a satellite prison camp for minimum-security male inmates. It was formerly a military disciplinary barracks on Camp Cooke."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved."}], "question": "Who is the head of the overseer and manager of the central office of the Federal Bureau of Prisons under the executive branch?"}
{"id": "2hop__539903_531260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mi\u0119tkie-Kolonia", "paragraph_text": "Mi\u0119tkie-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mircze, within Hrubiesz\u00f3w County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Urszulin, W\u0142odawa County", "paragraph_text": "Urszulin is a village in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Urszulin. It lies approximately south-west of W\u0142odawa and east of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Szelment", "paragraph_text": "Szelment is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Szypliszki, within Suwa\u0142ki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. Szelment is located 15\u00a0km north of Suwa\u0142ki. It is also home to a 1000m cable car line, the second-longest in Poland. It is located 6.0\u00a0km from the nearest city in Lithuania, Salaperaugis."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wytyczno", "paragraph_text": "Wytyczno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Urszulin, within W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of W\u0142odawa and north-east of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "\u015awiackie", "paragraph_text": "\u015awiackie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sejny, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mieleszkowce Zalesia\u0144skie", "paragraph_text": "Mieleszkowce Zalesia\u0144skie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ku\u017anica, within Sok\u00f3\u0142ka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ko\u0142acze", "paragraph_text": "Ko\u0142acze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stary Brus, within W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Stary Brus, south-west of W\u0142odawa, and north-east of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Xiangshui County", "paragraph_text": "Xiangshui County () is a coastal county under the administration of Yancheng, Jiangsu province, China. The northernmost county-level division of Yancheng, it borders the prefecture-level cities of Lianyungang to the northwest and Huai'an to the southwest. The county was founded in April 1966."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Klejwy PGR", "paragraph_text": "Klejwy PGR, is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Sejny, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Majm\u0142awki", "paragraph_text": "Majm\u0142awki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina S\u0119popol, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Polesie Landscape Park", "paragraph_text": "The Park lies within Lublin Voivodeship, in W\u0142odawa County (Gmina Stary Brus, Gmina Urszulin). It forms part of the buffer zone of Polesie National Park, which was previously a part of it."}], "question": "Which gmina shares a border with the gmina that Urszulin, Wlodawa County is located in?"}
{"id": "2hop__53867_63437", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rex D. Davis", "paragraph_text": "Rex Darwin Davis (1924\u20132008) was a federal law enforcement officer in the United States, with a long career in the U.S. Treasury Department. He was the first director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, subsequently known as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Metropolitan Correctional Center, Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The Metropolitan Correctional Center, Chicago (MCC Chicago) is a United States federal prison in Chicago, Illinois, which holds male and female prisoners of all security levels prior to and during court proceedings in the Northern District of Illinois, as well as inmates serving brief sentences. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States Penitentiary, Coleman", "paragraph_text": "The United States Penitentiary, Coleman I and II (USP Coleman I and II) are high-security United States federal prisons for male inmates in Florida. It is part of the Coleman Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Coleman) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. USP Coleman 1 was opened in 2001 and in 2004 Clark Construction completed a major 555,000 square-foot additional component for USP Coleman II."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Williamsburg", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Williamsburg (FCI Williamsburg) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Salters, South Carolina. It is run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. It has an adjacent prison camp for minimum-security male offenders."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Berlin", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Berlin (FCI Berlin) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in New Hampshire. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp housing minimum-security male inmates."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States Department of Justice", "paragraph_text": "The department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Big Spring", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Big Spring (FCI Big Spring) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Texas. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has a satellite prison camp which houses minimum-security male offenders."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Henry Strasak", "paragraph_text": "Henry Jindrich Strasak (January 8, 1901 \u2013 May 16, 1985) was an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Federal Bureau of Prisons", "paragraph_text": "Currently, the Bureau of Prisons is headed by Hugh Hurwitz, who is the current acting director. Mark S. Inch held the post from September 2017 until May 2018."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Penitentiary, Florence High", "paragraph_text": "The United States Penitentiary, Florence High (USP Florence High) is a high-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Colorado. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. USP Florence High is part of the Florence Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Florence), which is situated on of land and houses different facilities with varying degrees of security. It is named \"Florence High\" in order to differentiate it from the United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX, the federal supermax prison located in the same complex."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dennis Chavez Federal Building", "paragraph_text": "The Dennis Chavez Federal Building is a high-rise federal office building and courthouse located at 500 Gold Avenue SW in Downtown Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was completed in 1965 and was built with the purpose of housing the U.S. District Court as well as offices of various federal agencies including the U.S. Postal Service, Veterans Administration, U.S. Public Health Service, and Bureau of Indian Affairs. Originally known simply as the U.S. Courthouse and Federal Office Building, the building was renamed in honor of longtime U.S. Senator Dennis Chavez in 1976."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "International Community School Amman", "paragraph_text": "The International Community School (ICS) is an international school in Jordan. It is an independent, private and non-profit organisation and is led and managed along the lines of a British school. The Principal oversees a Senior Management Team consisting of the Heads of Primary and Secondary who in turn are supported by a number of deputies and other senior teachers or unit leaders. It is also home to many students. The current Principal is Mr Matthew Savage."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National Accountability Bureau", "paragraph_text": "The bureau has two principal officers: the Chairman; and the Prosecutor General of Accountability in Pakistan. The Chairman is the head of investigation, and serves a four - year term. Lt - Gen Syed Mohammad Amjad was the first chairman of the bureau. Justice (R) Javed Iqbal is the present chairman of NAB. The Prosecutor General is the head of prosecution, and serves a three - year term. Deputy Attorney General Waqas Qadeer Dar is current Prosecutor General of National Accountability Bureau (Nab)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States Penitentiary, Lompoc", "paragraph_text": "The United States Penitentiary, Lompoc (USP Lompoc) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in California. It is part of the Lompoc Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Lompoc) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has a satellite prison camp for minimum-security male inmates. It was formerly a military disciplinary barracks on Camp Cooke."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Lompoc", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Lompoc (FCI Lompoc) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in California. It is part of the Lompoc Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Lompoc) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Federal Medical Center, Devens", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Medical Center, Devens (FMC Devens) is a United States federal prison in Massachusetts for male inmates requiring specialized or long-term medical or mental health care. It is designated as an administrative facility, which means it has inmates from different security classifications, from white-collar criminals to mobsters and sex offenders. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. FMC Devens also has a satellite camp housing minimum-security male inmates."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federal Bureau of Prisons", "paragraph_text": "Federal Bureau of Prisons Seal of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Flag of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Agency overview Formed 1930; 88 years ago (1930) Headquarters Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building Washington, D.C., U.S. Motto Correctional Excellence. Respect. Integrity. Employees 40,060 Annual budget 7.3 billion USD (FY 2016) Agency executives Vacant, Director Vacant, Deputy Director Parent agency Department of Justice Website www.bop.gov"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "President of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria. The President of Nigeria is also the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe, who took office on October 1, 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari, took office on May 29, 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood (FCI Englewood) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Colorado. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an administrative detention center and an adjacent satellite prison camp for minimum-security offenders."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Post Office Ltd", "paragraph_text": "There are currently around 11,500 post office branches across the UK, of which 300 are directly managed by Post Office Ltd (known as Crown offices). The majority of other branches are either run by various franchise partners or local subpostmaster or operators (who may be members of the National Federation of SubPostmasters or the CWU Postmasters Branch), as ``sub-postoffices ''."}], "question": "Who is the current head of the department that oversees and manages the central office of the federal bureau of prisons?"}
{"id": "2hop__568234_84219", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "The fifth season of reality television singing competition American Idol began on January 17, 2006, and concluded on May 24, 2006. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell returned to judge, and Ryan Seacrest returned to host. It is the most successful season to date ratings-wise, and resulted in 18 contestants (including all of the top 10 and a few semifinalists) getting record deals -- nine of them with major labels. It was the first season with a male winner (Taylor Hicks) and a female runner - up (Katharine McPhee). It was also the first season of the series to be aired in high definition."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of American Idol premiered on June 11, 2002 (under the full title American Idol: The Search for a Superstar) and continued until September 4, 2002. It was won by Kelly Clarkson. The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman, the latter of whom left the show after the season ended."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Will the Circle Be Unbroken?", "paragraph_text": "``Will the Circle Be Unbroken? ''is a popular Christian hymn written in 1907 by Ada R. Habershon with music by Charles H. Gabriel. The song is often recorded unattributed and, because of its age, has lapsed into the public domain. Most of the chorus appears in the later songs`` Can the Circle Be Unbroken'' and ``Daddy Sang Bass ''."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Instigator", "paragraph_text": "The Instigator is the second studio album by American country/rock band performer, Rhett Miller, lead singer of the Old 97's. Miller's first album came more than a decade earlier. Miller is joined by idol Robyn Hitchcock on \"Point Shirley\" and the album's title comes from the song \"The El.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "JKT48", "paragraph_text": "JKT48 (read as \"J. K. T. Forty-eight\") is an Indonesian idol group whose name is derived from its based city of Jakarta and the Japanese idol group AKB48. Formed in 2011, it is the first AKB48 sister group outside Japan and adopts the concept of \"idols you can meet\", before switching to \"idols that will come to meet you\" since 8 April 2018. Fans can attend daily performances at the group's theater, which was built as a close replica to the AKB48 Theater in Akihabara."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Julie Dubela", "paragraph_text": "Julie Dubela (born January 16, 1991) is an American singer from Stratham, New Hampshire. She appeared on several television programs, including American Juniors and American Idol, and is known in the Boston, Massachusetts area for her live performances of \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Super Idol 2004", "paragraph_text": "\"Super Idol 2004\" is the debut single/EP by Stavros Konstantinou, the winner of \"Super Idol\", the Greek version of \"Pop Idol\". \"Super Idol\" runner up - Tamta duets on the song \u03a4\u03bf \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u039c\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chief Justice of India", "paragraph_text": "It has been an unbroken convention for decades now, to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Unbroken (Katharine McPhee album)", "paragraph_text": "Unbroken is the second studio album from \"American Idol\" season five runner-up Katharine McPhee. The album was released on January 5, 2010 by Verve Forecast Records, her first album on the label. It debuted at number 27 on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 15,000 copies in its first week. As of January 2011, the album has sold 45,000 copies in the US."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Moment Like This", "paragraph_text": "``A Moment Like This ''is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson, the winner of the first season of American Idol. It was released as a double - A side with`` Before Your Love'' and topped the Billboard Hot 100. The song was later included on her debut album, Thankful (2003). It is her coronation song from American Idol."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "On 11 April 2006, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the American singing contest television show American Idol. Each contestant was required to sing a Queen song during that week of the competition. Songs which appeared on the show included \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"The Show Must Go On\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", and \"Innuendo\". Brian May later criticised the show for editing specific scenes, one of which made the group's time with contestant Ace Young look negative, despite it being the opposite. Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009, performing \"We Are the Champions\" with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen. On 15 November 2009, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the singing contest television show X Factor in the UK."}], "question": "To whom did the Unbroken performer lose in American Idol?"}
{"id": "2hop__427253_84219", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Instigator", "paragraph_text": "The Instigator is the second studio album by American country/rock band performer, Rhett Miller, lead singer of the Old 97's. Miller's first album came more than a decade earlier. Miller is joined by idol Robyn Hitchcock on \"Point Shirley\" and the album's title comes from the song \"The El.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of American Idol premiered on June 11, 2002 (under the full title American Idol: The Search for a Superstar) and continued until September 4, 2002. It was won by Kelly Clarkson. The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman, the latter of whom left the show after the season ended."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Inhale (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Inhale\" is a song by American rock band Stone Sour, featured on their 2002 debut album \"Stone Sour\". Released as the third single by the band in July 2003, the song charted at number 18 on the American \"Billboard\" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, while reaching number 63 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 2004 ceremony, losing out to Metallica's \"St. Anger\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "On 11 April 2006, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the American singing contest television show American Idol. Each contestant was required to sing a Queen song during that week of the competition. Songs which appeared on the show included \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"The Show Must Go On\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", and \"Innuendo\". Brian May later criticised the show for editing specific scenes, one of which made the group's time with contestant Ace Young look negative, despite it being the opposite. Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009, performing \"We Are the Champions\" with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen. On 15 November 2009, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the singing contest television show X Factor in the UK."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Had It All", "paragraph_text": "\"Had It All\" is the first single from American singer Katharine McPhee's second studio album, \"Unbroken,\" which was released on January 5, 2010. The song was first released to McPhee's Myspace page and iTunes on August 25, 2009 and then to AC and Hot AC radio on September 21, 2009. The mid-tempo pop rock song was written by David Hodges, Mitch Allan, and Kara DioGuardi. McPhee describes the song as being about \"a girl that went out to look for a different love and thought that she could find something better and realized at the end 'Wow, I really had it all.'\" She also says the song is very much upbeat and with a \"positive vibe to it.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon is a reality-based first singing competition shown on MTV Pakistan and Indus TV. It is based on the popular British show Pop Idol and its American counterpart American Idol. The show aims to find the most talented young singer in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Super Idol 2004", "paragraph_text": "\"Super Idol 2004\" is the debut single/EP by Stavros Konstantinou, the winner of \"Super Idol\", the Greek version of \"Pop Idol\". \"Super Idol\" runner up - Tamta duets on the song \u03a4\u03bf \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u039c\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "The fifth season of reality television singing competition American Idol began on January 17, 2006, and concluded on May 24, 2006. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell returned to judge, and Ryan Seacrest returned to host. It is the most successful season to date ratings-wise, and resulted in 18 contestants (including all of the top 10 and a few semifinalists) getting record deals -- nine of them with major labels. It was the first season with a male winner (Taylor Hicks) and a female runner - up (Katharine McPhee). It was also the first season of the series to be aired in high definition."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A Moment Like This", "paragraph_text": "``A Moment Like This ''is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson, the winner of the first season of American Idol. It was released as a double - A side with`` Before Your Love'' and topped the Billboard Hot 100. The song was later included on her debut album, Thankful (2003). It is her coronation song from American Idol."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "JKT48", "paragraph_text": "JKT48 (read as \"J. K. T. Forty-eight\") is an Indonesian idol group whose name is derived from its based city of Jakarta and the Japanese idol group AKB48. Formed in 2011, it is the first AKB48 sister group outside Japan and adopts the concept of \"idols you can meet\", before switching to \"idols that will come to meet you\" since 8 April 2018. Fans can attend daily performances at the group's theater, which was built as a close replica to the AKB48 Theater in Akihabara."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Crumbling Idols", "paragraph_text": "Crumbling Idols is a collection of 12 essays written and completed by Hamlin Garland in 1894. Garland was one of the most prominent American authors of the early 20th century, and contributed heavily to the literary movement known as American Realism. His work, \"Crumbling Idols\", expresses his views and manifesto as a veritist (realist) artist. In it, he repeatedly emphasizes the importance of a uniquely American literature, one that breaks away from tradition and the past and focuses on the present in order to depict reality through the artists own eyes."}], "question": "Who did the performer of Had It All lose to in American Idol?"}
{"id": "2hop__375855_84219", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon is a reality-based first singing competition shown on MTV Pakistan and Indus TV. It is based on the popular British show Pop Idol and its American counterpart American Idol. The show aims to find the most talented young singer in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Something's Gotta Give (Johnny Mercer song)", "paragraph_text": "``Something's Gotta Give ''is a popular song with words and music by Johnny Mercer in 1954. It was published in 1955. It was written for and first performed by Fred Astaire in the 1955 musical film Daddy Long Legs, and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 as Best Original Song, losing to Love is a Many Splendored Thing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Love Guru", "paragraph_text": "Myers appeared in the seventh season finale of \"American Idol\" as Pitka, the \"spiritual director\" of that show. The finalists David Cook and David Archuleta got to visit the Paramount Pictures studio theatre to see \"The Love Guru\" a month prior to its release and then got to meet Myers dressed like Pitka and playing Sitar Hero."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "We Got Hood Love", "paragraph_text": "\"We Got Hood Love\" (or simply \"Hood Love\") is a song performed by American R&B recording artist Mary J. Blige and features American singer Trey Songz. It was released as the third American (fourth overall) and last single from her ninth studio album, \"Stronger with Each Tear\". The song was originally sung with Blige & Johnta Austin."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Idol (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "The fifth season of reality television singing competition American Idol began on January 17, 2006, and concluded on May 24, 2006. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell returned to judge, and Ryan Seacrest returned to host. It is the most successful season to date ratings-wise, and resulted in 18 contestants (including all of the top 10 and a few semifinalists) getting record deals -- nine of them with major labels. It was the first season with a male winner (Taylor Hicks) and a female runner - up (Katharine McPhee). It was also the first season of the series to be aired in high definition."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Love Story (Katharine McPhee song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Story\" is the second and final single from Katharine McPhee's eponymous debut album. The R&B song was written by Nate \"Danja\" Hills, Kara DioGuardi and Jean Hermanowski. The song was chosen as the second single for the album instead of \"Open Toes\". The single was released on May 22, 2007, in the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "JKT48", "paragraph_text": "JKT48 (read as \"J. K. T. Forty-eight\") is an Indonesian idol group whose name is derived from its based city of Jakarta and the Japanese idol group AKB48. Formed in 2011, it is the first AKB48 sister group outside Japan and adopts the concept of \"idols you can meet\", before switching to \"idols that will come to meet you\" since 8 April 2018. Fans can attend daily performances at the group's theater, which was built as a close replica to the AKB48 Theater in Akihabara."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Love Is All Around (Agnes Carlsson song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Is All Around\" is a song by Agnes Carlsson, who was the winner of Swedish Idol 2005. The song was composed by Fredrik Thomander and Anders Wikstr\u00f6m. It has been covered in at least 3 other continents."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I Hate Luv Storys", "paragraph_text": "Among Indian critics, Sukanya Verma of Rediff praised the lead performances and rated the movie 3/5 saying, \"It's Imran and Sonam's collective persona and their free-flowing chemistry that makes all the difference. Although the pair deserve better than an amateurishly written romance to scoop out their terrific potential as a combination\". Gaurav Malani of IndiaTimes rated the movie 2/5 and said, \"If you hate love stories this one's certainly not for you. Which means this ends up being another love story and that too a dull one!\" Nikhat Kazmi of Times of India also praised the lead performances but found the plot predictable and rated the movie 3/5 saying, \"Thematically, \"I Hate Luv Storys\" is extremely simplistic, uni-layered and terribly predictable\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "A Moment Like This", "paragraph_text": "``A Moment Like This ''is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson, the winner of the first season of American Idol. It was released as a double - A side with`` Before Your Love'' and topped the Billboard Hot 100. The song was later included on her debut album, Thankful (2003). It is her coronation song from American Idol."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol. McCreery released his first single, \"I Love You This Big\", as his coronation song, and Alaina released \"Like My Mother Does\". McCreery's debut album, Clear as Day, became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard's Soulful in 2003, and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Instigator", "paragraph_text": "The Instigator is the second studio album by American country/rock band performer, Rhett Miller, lead singer of the Old 97's. Miller's first album came more than a decade earlier. Miller is joined by idol Robyn Hitchcock on \"Point Shirley\" and the album's title comes from the song \"The El.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ted Daffan", "paragraph_text": "Theron Eugene \"Ted\" Daffan (September 21, 1912 \u2013 October 6, 1996) was an American country musician noted for composing the seminal \"Truck Driver's Blues\" and two much covered country anthems of unrequited love, \"Born to Lose\" and \"I'm a Fool to Care\"."}], "question": "Who did the performer of Love Story lose to in American Idol?"}
{"id": "2hop__813285_27525", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affairs and eastern theological controversies. The register, or archived copies of the letters, of Pope Gregory the Great (pope 590\u2013604) survived, and of those more than 850 letters, the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople. The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain, where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Irish missionaries were most active in Western Europe between the 5th and the 7th centuries, going first to England and Scotland and then on to the continent. Under such monks as Columba (d. 597) and Columbanus (d. 615), they founded monasteries, taught in Latin and Greek, and authored secular and religious works."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Theodor Schieffer", "paragraph_text": "Theodor Schieffer (11 June 1910 in Bad Godesberg \u2013 9 April 1992 in Bad Godesberg) was a German historian. He was professor of medieval history at the University of Mainz, then at the University of Cologne, and since 1952 he was president of the Association for Middle Rhine Church History. He is the author of \"Winfrid-Bonifatius und die christliche Grundlegung Europas\", the authoritative biography of Saint Boniface."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Molitor Stradivarius", "paragraph_text": "The Molitor Stradivarius is an antique violin made by Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona in 1697, the very beginning of the maker's celebrated \"Golden\" period. It bears the label \"Antonius Stradivarius Cremonensis / Faciebat Anno 1697\" and is branded to the lower rib, \"Curtis Phila.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "All in a Day", "paragraph_text": "All in a Day is a 1986 children's picture book by Mitsumasa Anno. It features illustrations by Anno and several other internationally known illustrators: Eric Carle, Raymond Briggs, Nicolai Ye. Popov, Akiko Hayashi, Gian Calvi, Leo and Diane Dillon, Zhu Chengliang and Ron Brooks."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Quadragesimo anno", "paragraph_text": "Quadragesimo anno (Latin for \"In the 40th Year\") is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical \"Rerum novarum,\" further developing Catholic social teaching. Unlike Leo XIII, who addressed the condition of workers, Pius XI discusses the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism, socialism, and totalitarian communism. He also calls for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principles of solidarity and subsidiarity."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pope Sixtus I", "paragraph_text": "Pope Sixtus I (42 \u2013 124, 125, 126 or 128), a Roman of Greek descent, was the Bishop of Rome from c. 115 to his death c. 124. He succeeded Pope Alexander I and was in turn succeeded by Pope Telesphorus. His feast is celebrated on 6 April."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "He was known affectionately as \"Good Pope John\". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared \"Blessed\" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Animal's People", "paragraph_text": "\"Try to imagine for a moment what it must be like to be the people of Bhopal who have lived for twenty plus years watching family and friends die, descend into madness or give birth to stillborn babies. \"Animal's People\", the latest offering from Indian author Indra Sinha available from Simon & Schuster Canada, does just that.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Tale of Two Lovers", "paragraph_text": "The Tale of Two Lovers () written in 1444 was one of the bestselling books of the fifteenth century, even before its author, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, became Pope Pius II. It is one of the earliest examples of an epistolary novel, full of erotic imagery. The first printed edition was published by Ulrich Zell in Cologne between 1467 and 1470."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anno Domini", "paragraph_text": "On the continent of Europe, Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by the English cleric and scholar Alcuin in the late eighth century. Its endorsement by Emperor Charlemagne and his successors popularizing the use of the epoch and spreading it throughout the Carolingian Empire ultimately lies at the core of the system's prevalence. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, popes continued to date documents according to regnal years for some time, but usage of AD gradually became more common in Roman Catholic countries from the 11th to the 14th centuries. In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius. Eastern Orthodox countries only began to adopt AD instead of the Byzantine calendar in 1700 when Russia did so, with others adopting it in the 19th and 20th centuries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "3rd millennium", "paragraph_text": "The 22nd century will be a century of the Anno Domini or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It will be the century following the current 21st century, beginning on January 1, 2101 and ending on December 31, 2200."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007, under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. In response to the directives of the Second Vatican Council, later editions of the Roman Missal present the 1970 form of the Roman Rite."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Stefano Porcari", "paragraph_text": "Stefano Porcari (early 15th century - 9 January 1453) was an Italian politician and humanist from Rome, known as the leader of a rebellion against Pope Nicholas V and the Papal secular authority in Rome."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pope John XXIII", "paragraph_text": "In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Trotta (film)", "paragraph_text": "Trotta is a 1971 West German film directed by Johannes Schaaf. It is based on the 1938 novel \"Die Kapuzinergruft\" (\"The Emperor's Tomb\") by Austrian author Joseph Roth. It was chosen as West Germany's official submission to the 45th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, but did not manage to receive a nomination. It was also entered into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ioseb Iremashvili", "paragraph_text": "Ioseb Iremashvili (, ) (1878\u20131944) was a Georgian politician and author. A boyhood friend, and later political adversary, of Joseph Stalin, he is primarily known for his book \"Stalin und die Trag\u00f6die Georgiens\" (\"Stalin and the Tragedy of Georgia', Berlin, 1932), the first memoir of Stalin's childhood."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hammer Stradivarius", "paragraph_text": "The Hammer Stradivarius is an antique violin made by Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari (1644\u20131737) of Cremona. The back measures 36\u00a0cm, bearing the label inside: \"\"Antonius Stradivarius Cremonensis/Faciebat Anno 1707\"\". Dating from 1707, it was made during Stradivari's 'golden' period."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Crown Snatchers", "paragraph_text": "The Crown Snatchers is a self-described \"superstorybook\" written by German authors F. K. Waechter and . It is the English translation of Die Kronenklauer, which was first published in 1972, by Rowohlt Verlag in Germany. Two years later, Pantheon Books and Random House of Canada, Ltd. published the English translation in the United States and Canada, respectively."}], "question": "When did the author of Quadragesimo Anno die?"}
{"id": "2hop__156617_576069", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ngadda River", "paragraph_text": "The Ngadda River is a river in Nigeria that flows into Lake Chad and the Chad Basin. The Alau dam built on the river has interfered with fertile seasonal floodplains in the region of Maiduguri."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kunwak River", "paragraph_text": "The Kunwak River is a river of Nunavut, Canada. It flows northeast out of Tulemalu Lake and enters Tebesjuak Lake, Mallery Lake and Princess Mary Lake before turning southeast and flowing into Thirty Mile Lake on the Kazan River."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brodribb River", "paragraph_text": "The Brodribb River is a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, located in the East Gippsland region of the Australian state of Victoria."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Indian River (New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "The Indian River is a long river located in western New Hampshire in the United States. The river is a tributary of the Mascoma River, which in turn flows to the Connecticut River and ultimately Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tranquille River", "paragraph_text": "Tranquille River is a river located in the Thompson Country region of British Columbia. The river is located on the north side of Kamloops Lake almost west of Kamloops, near Tranquille, Kamloops. The river was discovered as gold-bearing in 1852. The river has been mined and the total value of gold mined is estimated at $250,000."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yobe River", "paragraph_text": "The Yobe River, also known as the Komadougou Yobe or the Komadougou-Yobe (), is a river in West Africa that flows into Lake Chad through Nigeria and Niger."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oxley River", "paragraph_text": "Oxley River, a perennial river of the Tweed River catchment, is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jama'are River", "paragraph_text": "The Jama'are River, also known as the Bunga River in its upper reaches, starts in the highlands near Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria and flows northeast through Bauchi State and Yobe State before joining the Hadejia River to form the Yobe River. There has recently been controversy over a plan to build the Kafin Zaki Dam on this river, with concerns over the effect on seasonal flooding and the water table."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Metsimotlhabe River", "paragraph_text": "The Metsimotlhabe River is the largest river in the Kweneng District of Botswana, draining the area that lies to the south of Molepolole into the Notwane River, in turn a tributary of the Limpopo River."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cold River (Bearcamp River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "The Cold River is an long river located in the White Mountains of New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Bearcamp River, part of the Ossipee River and Saco River watersheds. The river lies entirely in the town of Sandwich."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pia\u00e7aca River", "paragraph_text": "Pia\u00e7aca River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River basin."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Utva River (Perm Krai)", "paragraph_text": "Utva () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Veslyana River, which in turn is a tributary of the Kama River. The river is long, and its drainage basin covers . The source of the river is in the extreme southwest of the Gaynsky District of Perm Krai, near the border with Kirov Oblast and the Komi Republic. The main tributaries are the Chugrum River (right) and the Yuzhnaya Anva River (left)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Johnstone River", "paragraph_text": "The Johnstone River, comprising the North Johnstone River and the South Johnstone River, is a river system located in Far North and North Queensland, Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pawnee River", "paragraph_text": "The Pawnee River is a river in southwestern Kansas in the United States, about long. It is a tributary of the Arkansas River, which in turn is a branch of the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tarka River", "paragraph_text": "The Tarka River is a river in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Along with the Baviaans River, Grootbrak River and Kat River it is a major eastern tributary of the Great Fish River. The Lake Arthur Dam and the Kommandodrif Dam are located in this river. The latter is included in the Commando Drift Nature Reserve."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Deddick River", "paragraph_text": "The Deddick River is a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, located in the Alpine region of the Australian state of Victoria."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Camaipi River do Vila Nova River", "paragraph_text": "Camaipi River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Balui River", "paragraph_text": "Balui River () is a river in Sarawak, Malaysia. It is a tributary of the Rajang River. The 2400 megawatt Bakun hydroelectric dam is located on the river."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Adamu Garba Talba", "paragraph_text": "Adamu Garba Talba (born 15 August 1952) was elected Senator for the Yobe South constituency of Yobe State, Nigeria, taking office on 29 May 2007. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP)."}], "question": "Which terrain feature contains the river turned into by Yobe River?"}
{"id": "2hop__89447_576069", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dreams Nightmares and Improvisations", "paragraph_text": "Dreams Nightmares and Improvisations is the fifth studio album by drummer Chad Wackerman, released independently in February 2012. For the first time since Wackerman's 1993 album \"The View\", Allan Holdsworth is featured on guitar and Jimmy Johnson on bass."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chad Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Chad Basin is the largest endorheic basin in Africa, centered on Lake Chad. It has no outlet to the sea and contains large areas of desert or semi-arid savanna. The drainage basin is roughly coterminous with the sedimentary basin of the same name, but extends further to the northeast and east. The basin spans eight countries, including most of Chad and a large part of Niger. The region has an ethnically diverse population of about 30 million people as of 2011, growing rapidly."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Sheik of Scrubby Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Sheik of Scrubby Creek is the debut album of country singer Chad Morgan, released in 1958 through Columbia Records. It is also Morgan's well known nickname."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "9th and 9th, Salt Lake City", "paragraph_text": "9th and 9th is a small retail and residential neighborhood in Salt Lake City, Utah located two blocks east of Liberty Park. The area gets its name from the intersection of 900 South and 900 East."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Box Elder (film)", "paragraph_text": "Box Elder is a 2008 American independent film. It was written and directed by Todd Sklar, his first feature film. The film stars Alex Rennie, Nick Renkoski, Chad Haas, as well as Sklar."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Drop It Like It's Hot", "paragraph_text": "``Drop It Like It's Hot ''Single by Snoop Dogg featuring Pharrell from the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece B - side`` Get 2 Know U'' Released September 12, 2004 Format 12 ''single CD single Recorded Genre Hip hop gangsta rap Length 4: 30 Label Doggystyle Star Trak Geffen Songwriter (s) Chad Hugo Calvin Broadus Pharrell Williams Tim Stahl John Guldberg Producer (s) The Neptunes Snoop Dogg singles chronology ``Beautiful'' (2003)`` Drop It Like It's Hot ''(2004) ``Let's Get Blown'' (2004)`` Beautiful ''(2003) ``Drop It Like It's Hot'' (2004)`` Let's Get Blown ''(2004) Pharrell Williams singles chronology ``Change Clothes'' (2003) Change Clothes 2003`` Drop It Like It's Hot ''(2004) Drop It Like It's Hot2004 ``Tit 4 Tat'' (2004) Tit 4 Tat2004 Music video`` Drop It Like It's Hot on YouTube Audio sample file help"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Moments That Matter", "paragraph_text": "Moments That Matter is the fourth studio album by Canadian country music singer Aaron Lines, released on June 12, 2007. It features the single \"Cheaper to Keep Her\". The song \"Let's Get Drunk and Fight\" was covered by Joe Nichols on his 2007 album \"Real Things\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Aram Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Aram Chaos, centered at 2.6\u00b0N, 21.5\u00b0W, is a heavily eroded impact crater on the planet Mars. It lies at the eastern end of the large canyon Valles Marineris and close to Ares Vallis. Various geological processes have reduced it to a circular area of chaotic terrain. Aram Chaos takes its name from Aram, one of the classical albedo features observed by Giovanni Schiaparelli, who named it after the Biblical land of Aram. Spectroscopic observation from orbit indicates the presence of the mineral hematite, likely a signature of a once aqueous environment."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Geographical feature", "paragraph_text": "Geographical features are man - made or naturally - created features of the Earth. Natural geographical features consist of landforms and ecosystems. For example, terrain types, physical factors of the environment) are natural geographical features. Conversely, human settlements or other engineered forms are considered types of artificial geographical features."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chad", "paragraph_text": "Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second - largest in Africa. The capital N'Djamena is the largest city."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ngadda River", "paragraph_text": "The Ngadda River is a river in Nigeria that flows into Lake Chad and the Chad Basin. The Alau dam built on the river has interfered with fertile seasonal floodplains in the region of Maiduguri."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Arecibo Catena", "paragraph_text": "Arecibo Catena (Arecibo Vallis until March 2013) is a catena on Mercury. It is located at latitude 27.5 S, longitude 28.4 W, in the hilly and chaotic terrain antipodal to Caloris Basin. It is named after Arecibo Observatory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Conamara Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Conamara Chaos is a region of chaotic terrain on Jupiter's moon Europa. It is named after Connemara () in Ireland due to its similarly rugged landscape."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nughu", "paragraph_text": "Nughu is an island in the Solomon Islands; it is located in Guadalcanal Province. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is some 12 metres."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "We Ended Right", "paragraph_text": "\"We Ended Right\" is the debut single by American singer-songwriter Debby Ryan, featuring rapper Chad Hively and Chase Ryan. It premiered on July 1, 2011 and was released as a digital download on July 3, 2011 as the first single of Debby Ryan's career on her own independent label, the Ryan River Studio and not being included on any album. Later the song was included on the soundtrack of the movie Radio Rebel. \"We Ended Right\" was written and produced by Debby Ryan, Chad Hively, Chase Ryan and Mark Grilliot."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lacus Excellentiae", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Excellentiae (Latin for \"Lake of Excellence\") is a relatively small, irregular lunar mare in the southern latitudes of the Moon, amidst the rugged terrain to the south of the larger Mare Humorum. The most prominent feature within the diameter of this basin is the small crater Clausius."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chad Brock", "paragraph_text": "Chad Brock (born July 31, 1963) is an American country music singer and disc jockey. Before beginning his musical career in the late 1990s, he was a professional wrestler in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), until an injury forced him to retire."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Aeolis Mensae", "paragraph_text": "Aeolis Mensae is tableland feature in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars. Its location is centered at 2.9\u00b0 south latitude and 219.6\u00b0 west longitude. It is long and was named after a classical albedo feature name."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Church of St Chad, Lichfield", "paragraph_text": "The Church of St Chad is a parish church in the area of Stowe in the north of the city of Lichfield, Staffordshire in the United Kingdom. It is a Grade II* Listed Building. The church is located to the north of Stowe Pool on St Chad's Road. The current building dates back to the 12th Century although extensive restorations and additions have been added in the centuries since."}], "question": "On what terrain feature is the lake where Chad gets its name located?"}
{"id": "2hop__542516_188360", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131", "paragraph_text": "Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 (The Chaos Class) is a 1975 Turkish comedy film, directed by Ertem E\u011filmez based on a novel by R\u0131fat Ilgaz, featuring an ensemble cast including Kemal Sunal, Tar\u0131k Akan and M\u00fcnir \u00d6zkul that tells the adventures of a private school class students who are challenged by the arrival of a new headmaster. The film, which went on nationwide general release on , was a success in Turkey and was followed by five direct sequels; \"Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 S\u0131n\u0131fta Kald\u0131\" (\"The Chaos Class Failed The Class\", 1975), \"Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Uyan\u0131yor\" (\"The Chaos Class is Waking Up\", 1976), \"Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Tatilde\" (\"The Chaos Class is On Vacation\", 1977), \"Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Dokuz Do\u011furuyor\" (\"The Chaos Class is fretting over\", 1978) and \"Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 G\u00fcle G\u00fcle\" (\"The Chaos Class: Bye Bye\", 1981). The enduring popularity of the series resulted in three later sequels; \"Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Merhaba\" (\"The Chaos Class Welcome\", 2004), \"Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Askerde\" (\"The Chaos Class in the Military\", 2005) and \"Hababam S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00dc\u00e7 Bu\u00e7uk\" (\"The Chaos Class Three and a Half,\" 2006)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Guan Daosheng", "paragraph_text": "She was born in Huzhou and was the wife of Zhao Mengfu, a renowned scholar-official and artist often considered the greatest artist of the earlier Yuan period. Likely a descendant of the high-ranking Wu Xing official Guan Zhong, she was well-educated in her youth, where she grew up on her family's ancestral lands, nicknamed \"The Roost of the Esteemed.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Darwinius", "paragraph_text": "The genus \"Darwinius\" was named in commemoration of the bicentenary of the birth of Charles Darwin, and the species name \"masillae\" honors Messel where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Empress Dowager Gou", "paragraph_text": "Empress Dowager Gou (\u82df\u592a\u540e, personal name unknown) was an empress dowager of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Xiong (\u82fb\u96c4), the Prince of Donghai and brother of the founding emperor Fu Ji\u00e0n. She became empress dowager in 357 after her son Fu Ji\u0101n (note different tone) seized power in a coup from his tyrannical cousin Fu Sheng (Fu Ji\u00e0n's son) and claimed the title \"Heavenly Prince\" (\"Tian Wang\"). In addition to Fu Ji\u0101n, she had at least one other son with Fu Xiong, Fu Shuang (\u82fb\u96d9) the Duke of Zhao."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aram Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Aram Chaos, centered at 2.6\u00b0N, 21.5\u00b0W, is a heavily eroded impact crater on the planet Mars. It lies at the eastern end of the large canyon Valles Marineris and close to Ares Vallis. Various geological processes have reduced it to a circular area of chaotic terrain. Aram Chaos takes its name from Aram, one of the classical albedo features observed by Giovanni Schiaparelli, who named it after the Biblical land of Aram. Spectroscopic observation from orbit indicates the presence of the mineral hematite, likely a signature of a once aqueous environment."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Queen Dong", "paragraph_text": "Queen Dong (17 October 1623 \u2013 30 July 1681), birth name Dong You, posthumous name Chaowu Wangfei, was the princess consort of Koxinga and mother of Zheng Jing."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rama VII Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Rama VII Bridge () is a bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok and Nonthaburi, in Thailand, connecting the Bang Sue District and Bang Phlat District. The roadway is in a dual carriageway configuration, with 3 lanes in each direction. The bridge was named in honour of King Prajadhipok."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rattanakosin Island", "paragraph_text": "Rattanakosin Island () is a historic area in the Phra Nakhon District in the city of Bangkok, Thailand. It is bordered by the Chao Phraya River to the west and various canals to the east that were dug to serve as moats for what was originally the fortified city center. Situated on the eastern convex bank of a meander in the Chao Phraya River, the island is the site of the Grand Palace and Bangkok's City Pillar Shrine, among other places of historical significance."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chinatown Kid", "paragraph_text": "Chinatown Kid () is a 1977 Shaw Brothers kung fu film directed by Chang Cheh, with action choreography by Robert Tai Chi Hsien and Lee Ka Ting, and starring Alexander Fu Sheng and the Venom Mob."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Empress Qiang", "paragraph_text": "Empress Qiang (\u5f37\u7687\u540e, personal name unknown) (died 356), formally Empress Mingde (\u660e\u5fb7\u7687\u540e, literally \"the understanding and virtuous empress\"), was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Former Qin's founding emperor, Fu Ji\u00e0n (Emperor Jingming)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Conamara Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Conamara Chaos is a region of chaotic terrain on Jupiter's moon Europa. It is named after Connemara () in Ireland due to its similarly rugged landscape."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Birth of the Dragon", "paragraph_text": "Birth of the Dragon is a 2016 martial arts action film directed by George Nolfi and written by Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele. The film stars Philip Ng, Xia Yu, and Billy Magnussen. The film is a fictional account on the supposedly true story revolving around the young martial artist Bruce Lee, who challenged kung fu master Wong Jack Man in 1965 in San Francisco. Principal photography began on November 17, 2015, in Vancouver. It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released on August 25, 2017, by Blumhouse Tilt and WWE Studios."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kung Fu Tai Chi", "paragraph_text": "Kung Fu Tai Chi (also commonly known as Kung Fu Magazine) is a United States magazine covering martial arts and combat sports (mainly Chinese Martial Arts). \"Kung Fu Tai Chi\" magazine began publication 1992 and is owned by TC Media, Inc. The magazine was started as a quarterly. In 1996 its frequency was switched to bimonthly and in 2000 to monthly. In 2001 it again became a bimonthly magazine. The headquarters is in Fremont, California. In 2009 Kung Fu Magazine started a YouTube account and posts videos on covering the full spectrum of Chinese martial arts and demonstrations."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Susan Banks", "paragraph_text": "Susan Banks Eileen Davidson as Susan Banks Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Eileen Davidson (1996 -- 98, 2014 -- 17) Brynn Thayer (2011) Stacy Haiduk (2018 --) Duration 1996 -- 98 2011 2014 2017 -- First appearance November 4, 1996 (1996 - 11 - 04) Created by James E. Reilly Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1996) Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng (2014) Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2017 -- 18) Classification Present; regular Profile Other names Susan Delilah Banks Kristen Blake Susan Crumb show Family Siblings Sister Mary Moira Banks Thomas Banks Penelope Kent Spouse John Black (1997) Edmund Crumb (1998 --?) Sons EJ DiMera Grandchildren Johnny DiMera Sydney DiMera"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Meng Yi", "paragraph_text": "Meng Yi's ancestors were from the Qi state of the Warring States period. His grandfather, Meng Ao (\u8499\u9a41), left Qi and came to the Qin state. Meng Ao served under King Zhaoxiang of Qin and his highest position was \"Senior Minister\" (\u4e0a\u537f). During the reign of King Zhuangxiang of Qin, Meng Ao was appointed as a general and he led Qin's armies to attack Qin's rival states Han, Zhao and Wei. Meng Yi's father, Meng Wu (\u8499\u6b66), served as a general during the reign of King Zhuangxiang's son, Ying Zheng. Meng Wu participated in the Qin campaign against the Chu state as a deputy to the general Wang Jian and succeeded in conquering Chu."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Breakup Guru", "paragraph_text": "The Breakup Guru () is a 2014 Chinese romantic-comedy-drama film directed by Deng Chao and Yu Baimei and also starring Deng Chao and Yang Mi. The film was released on June 27, 2014."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fu Rong", "paragraph_text": "Fu Rong (\u82fb\u878d) (died 383), courtesy name Boxiu (\u4f2f\u4f11), formally Duke Ai of Yangping (\u967d\u5e73\u54c0\u516c), was an official and general of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. He was a younger brother of Fu Ji\u0101n, the third emperor of the state."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chao Meng-Fu (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Chao Meng-Fu is a 167 kilometer-diameter crater on Mercury named after the Chinese painter and calligrapher Zhao Mengfu (1254\u20131322). Due to its location near Mercury's south pole (132.4\u00b0 west, 87.3\u00b0 south) and the planet's small axial tilt, an estimated 40% of the crater lies in permanent shadow. This combined with bright radar echoes from the location of the crater leads scientists to suspect that it may shelter large quantities of ice protected against sublimation into the near-vacuum by the constant -171\u00a0\u00b0C temperatures."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ister Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Ister Chaos is a broken up area in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars. It is located at 13.0\u00b0 N and 56.4\u00b0 W. It is 103.4\u00a0km across and was named after a classical albedo feature at 10N, 56W."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yang Meng", "paragraph_text": "Yang Meng was the third son of Yang Xingmi, a major warlord at the end of Tang Dynasty as the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Huainan Circuit (\u6dee\u5357, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). It is not known when he was born, although his immediately older brother Yang Longyan was born in 897 and his immediately younger brother Yang Pu was born in 900, placing a timeframe on his birth date. His mother's name was not recorded in history."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the person after whom Chao Meng-Fu was named?"}
{"id": "2hop__243285_157255", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ango River", "paragraph_text": "Ango River () is a tributary of the Omolon River in Russia's Magadan Oblast in northeast Siberia. It is Omolons right tributary and flows into it from its mouth. The total length of the Ango is ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "W\u00f6rbke", "paragraph_text": "W\u00f6rbke is a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The W\u00f6rbke is approximately 4\u00a0km long, a right tributary of the Werre in the Lippe district in Ostwestfalen-Lippe. The source of the river has an elevation of 260 metres and the mouth an elevation of 148 metres."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Moruya River", "paragraph_text": "The headwaters of the Deua River rise south of Braidwood and flow to the village of Kiora where the Deua River forms its confluence with the Moruya River. The Moruya River flows generally east, joined by two minor tributaries, past the town of Moruya, before reaching its mouth of the Tasman Sea at Moruya Heads. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Deua River", "paragraph_text": "The Deua River, being the main perennial river of the Moruya River catchment, is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pim River", "paragraph_text": "Pim is a river in the Khanty\u2013Mansi Autonomous Okrug in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Ob. It is long, with a drainage basin of . The average discharge from its mouth is . The river is frozen over from the end of November until May."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Visherka River", "paragraph_text": "Visherka River () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kolva River. It is long, and its drainage basin covers . It flows out of lake Chusovskoe in the north of the Cherdynsky District near its border with the Komi Republic. Its mouth is upstream of the uninhabited village of Bogatyryovo, from the mouth of the Kolva River. Its most significant tributaries are:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Powlett River", "paragraph_text": "The Powlett River rises on the southern slopes of the Strzelecki Ranges, near Ellerside, north of , and flows generally west, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth within Bass Strait, west of , within the Shire of Bass Coast. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tomaga River", "paragraph_text": "Tomaga River rises about northeast of Mogo Hill and flows generally southwest and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at Mossy Point. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Molunkus Stream", "paragraph_text": "Molunkus Stream is a tributary of the Mattawamkeag River in Maine. From the confluence of the stream's East Branch and West Branch () in Sherman, the river runs southeast to its mouth on the Mattawamkeag in Kingman."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Staaten River", "paragraph_text": "The river rises of the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range approximately west of Cairns. The river flows generally northwest to the Staaten River National Park and then west, joined by eleven minor tributaries before reaching its mouth and emptying into the Gulf of Carpentaria. From source to mouth the river's waters overflow into intertwining lagoons that create an enormous wetland sanctuary for a vast array of unique wildlife and plants. When the rains of the wet season cease, the Staaten River retreats from the floodplains and wetlands and becomes little more than a thread trickling down wide sand banks and a string of important lagoon refuges. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rufiji River", "paragraph_text": "The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania. The river is formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers. It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) long, with its source in southwestern Tanzania and its mouth on the Indian Ocean at a point between Mafia Island called Mafia Channel. Its principal tributary is the Great Ruaha River. It is navigable for about 100 kilometres (62 mi)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Willamette River", "paragraph_text": "The Willamette River ( ) is a major tributary of the Columbia River, accounting for 12 to 15\u00a0percent of the Columbia's flow. The Willamette's main stem is long, lying entirely in northwestern Oregon in the United States. Flowing northward between the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range, the river and its tributaries form the Willamette Valley, a basin that contains two-thirds of Oregon's population, including the state capital, Salem, and the state's largest city, Portland, which surrounds the Willamette's mouth at the Columbia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Klehini River", "paragraph_text": "The Klehini River is about long from its source in British Columbia to its mouth at the Chilkat River, of which it is the largest tributary. The Klehini River is renowned for its salmon runs, its biannual congregation of bald eagles\u2014the second largest in the Haines area after the Chilkat River's Council Grounds\u2014and for the Klehini Falls. The Klehini also delineates the northern boundary of the Chilkat Range."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Runde River", "paragraph_text": "The Runde River (formerly Lundi River) is a river in southeastern Zimbabwe. It is a tributary of the Save River and its major tributaries include the Ngezi River, Tokwe River, Mutirikwe River and Chiredzi River."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Loimijoki", "paragraph_text": "The river Loimijoki is a river in Finland and the longest tributary of the river Kokem\u00e4enjoki. The river originates at the lake Pyh\u00e4j\u00e4rvi in Tammela and joins the river Kokem\u00e4enjoki in Huittinen. There is a difference in elevation between the source and the mouth of the river, which is long. The river drains a catchment area of . The river has several dams at Forssa, Jokioinen and Loimaa."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Verde River", "paragraph_text": "The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona."}], "question": "What river is the watercourse with the Deua as its mouth a tributary of?"}
{"id": "2hop__157091_157255", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oliverian Brook", "paragraph_text": "Oliverian Brook is a long river in western New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Range Creek", "paragraph_text": "Range Creek, rising in the Book Cliffs in Emery County, Utah, is a high tributary of the Colorado River. It flows into the Green River, a major tributary of the Colorado. The creek flows year around."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tanyurer River", "paragraph_text": "The Tanyurer River () is a river in Chukotka in Russia, a left tributary of the Anadyr River. The length of the river is . The area of its drainage basin is . It flows roughly southwards from the Pekulney Mountains and passes through the sparsely populated areas of Chukotka. This river meets the Anadyr in the lower stretch of its course, being the last large tributary of the Anadyr river."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kaltenbach (D\u00fcrnach)", "paragraph_text": "Kaltenbach is a river of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. It is a right tributary of the D\u00fcrnach and belongs to the Danube river system. It is long and rises about east of Ringschnait. Most of the river flows through forest, and then flows into the D\u00fcrnach south-west of Wennedach."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hushe River", "paragraph_text": "The Hushe River is a tributary river to the Shyok River which itself is tributary to the Indus River. The main source of the Hushe River is the Gondogoro Glacier. Some streams also flow from other glaciers of the Hushe valley. The Hushe river joins with Saltoro River at Haldi village before joining the Shyok River. Both the Hushe and Saltoro rivers join the Shyok river at the Tsa thang Ghursa village."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gojeb River", "paragraph_text": "The Gojeb River is eastward-flowing tributary of the Omo River in Ethiopia. It rises in the mountains of Guma, flowing in almost a direct line its confluence with the Omo at"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Deua River", "paragraph_text": "The Deua River, being the main perennial river of the Moruya River catchment, is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lisitsa River", "paragraph_text": "The Lisitsa River, also known as Bolshaya Lisitsa River (), is a river in Tomsk Oblast in Russia, a right tributary of the Ket River (Ob basin). The river is long, and its basin covers . The Lisitsa River flows over the West Siberian Plain. Its biggest tributary is the Raiga River."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ango River", "paragraph_text": "Ango River () is a tributary of the Omolon River in Russia's Magadan Oblast in northeast Siberia. It is Omolons right tributary and flows into it from its mouth. The total length of the Ango is ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sleepy Eye Creek", "paragraph_text": "Sleepy Eye Creek is a tributary of the Cottonwood River of Minnesota, the United States. Via the Cottonwood River, its water flows to the Minnesota River and eventually the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Indian River (New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "The Indian River is a long river located in western New Hampshire in the United States. The river is a tributary of the Mascoma River, which in turn flows to the Connecticut River and ultimately Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Monocacy River", "paragraph_text": "The Monocacy River is a free-flowing left tributary to the Potomac River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Chesapeake Bay. The river is long, with a drainage area of about . It is the largest Maryland tributary to the Potomac."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tarbell Brook", "paragraph_text": "Tarbell Brook is a stream located in southwestern New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts in the United States. It is a tributary of the Millers River, itself a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tuya River", "paragraph_text": "The Tuya River is a major tributary of the Stikine River in far northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Rising at Tuya Lake, which is on the south side of Tuya Mountains Provincial Park, it flows south to meet the Stikine River where that river bisects the Tahltan Highland. Its main tributary is the Little Tuya River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Holitna River", "paragraph_text": "The Holitna River is a tributary of the Kuskokwim River in the U.S. state of Alaska. Formed by the confluence of Shotgun Creek and the Kogrukluk River east of the Kuskokwim Mountains, the river flows generally northeast to meet the larger river near Sleetmute."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Rafael River", "paragraph_text": "The San Rafael River is a tributary of the Green River, approximately long, in east central Utah, United States. The river flows across a sparsely populated arid region of the Colorado Plateau, and is known for the isolated, scenic gorge through which it flows."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Vytegra River", "paragraph_text": "The Vytegra () is a river in Vytegorsky District of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It nominally flows out of Lake Matkozero and is a tributary of Lake Onega. It is long, and the area of its basin . The principal tributary is the Tagazhma River (left)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cutato River", "paragraph_text": "The Cutato is a river of central Angola, tributary of the Cuanza River. It flows to the northeast of Benguela. The town of Cutato lies on the river."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Moruya River", "paragraph_text": "The headwaters of the Deua River rise south of Braidwood and flow to the village of Kiora where the Deua River forms its confluence with the Moruya River. The Moruya River flows generally east, joined by two minor tributaries, past the town of Moruya, before reaching its mouth of the Tasman Sea at Moruya Heads. The river descends over its course."}], "question": "What river is the body of water the Deua flows into a tributary of?"}
{"id": "2hop__773558_156454", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "South Bentinck", "paragraph_text": "South Bentinck is a locality on South Bentinck Arm in the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada, located on the north side of the mouth of the Noeick River on the east shore of that inlet."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arado River", "paragraph_text": "Arado (plow) River in the north of Portugal. The river's source is the Ger\u00eas Mountain, and the mouth cascades into the Fafi\u00e3o river, (41\u00b042'10.88\"N; 8\u00b0 6'33.50\"W), Fafi\u00e3o place, Cabril village, Montalegre municipality. From Arado cascate (41\u00b043'25.53\"N; 8\u00b0 7'46.98\"W) till the mouth, runs ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Swift River (Teslin Lake)", "paragraph_text": "The Swift River is a river that begins in Yukon Territory and flows southwest into British Columbia to its mouth at the east side of Teslin Lake on the Teslin River system. The river drains the uppermost portion of the Cassiar Mountains and in its lower reaches traverses the Nisutlin Plateau, which lies along the east side of Teslin Lake north of the mouth of the Jennings River, which is to the south of the Swift."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Taylors Arm (New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Taylors Arm is a perennial river of the Nambucca River catchment, located in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nambucca River", "paragraph_text": "Nambucca River rises below Killiekrankie Mountain on the Dorrigo Plateau, part of the Great Dividing Range, and flows generally east southeast, joined by four tributaries including Taylors Arm, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, at Nambucca Heads. The river descends over its course; adjacent to the towns of Bowraville, Macksville and Nambucca Heads."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bolshaya Lyampa", "paragraph_text": "Bolshaya Lyampa () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of Uls River which in turn is a tributary of Vishera River. The river is long. Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast. It flows into the Uls River from the larger river's mouth. The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Visherka River", "paragraph_text": "Visherka River () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kolva River. It is long, and its drainage basin covers . It flows out of lake Chusovskoe in the north of the Cherdynsky District near its border with the Komi Republic. Its mouth is upstream of the uninhabited village of Bogatyryovo, from the mouth of the Kolva River. Its most significant tributaries are:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}], "question": "What river does the mouth of Taylor's Arm turn into?"}
{"id": "2hop__763040_33357", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Warnawi Island", "paragraph_text": "Warnawi Island is a small island which is part of both the Wessel Islands group and the Cunningham Islands in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is one of two islands to do, the other being Bumaga Island."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Northern Islands Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Northern Islands Municipality is one of the four main political divisions of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. It consists of a long string of the northernmost islands of the Northern Marianas, including (from north to south) Farallon de Pajaros, the Maug Islands, Asuncion, Agrihan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, Zealandia Bank, Sarigan, Anatahan, and Farallon de Medinilla. The total land area of the islands, including offshore islets and rocks, is 154.755\u00a0km\u00b2 (59.75 sq mi)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968, when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.:242 Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories. The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate. Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner, but other than having a four - year term, the Resident Commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates; prior to 2011, they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tasov\u010di\u0107i", "paragraph_text": "Tasov\u010di\u0107i is a town in the municipality of \u010capljina, in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Guam (i/\u02c8\u0261w\u0251\u02d0m/ or /\u02c8\u0261w\u0252m/; Chamorro: Gu\u00e5h\u00e5n;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, and the most populous city is Dededo. In 2015, 161,785 people resided on Guam. Guamanians are American citizens by birth. Guam has an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi) and a density of 297/km\u00b2 (770/sq mi). It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 1,425/km\u00b2 (3,691/sq mi), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 47/km\u00b2 (119/sq mi). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters (1,332 ft) above sea level."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sjernar\u00f8y", "paragraph_text": "Sjernar\u00f8y is a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The island municipality existed from 1868 until its dissolution in 1965. The municipality was located in the Boknafjorden in the present-day municipality of Finn\u00f8y. The administrative centre of the municipality was located on the island of Kyrkj\u00f8y, where the Sjernar\u00f8y Church is located."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, due to it having clauses incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, the Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could both attempt to gain statehood. Some proposals call for the Virgin Islands to be admitted with Puerto Rico as one state (often known as the proposed \"Commonwealth of Prusvi\", for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands, or as \"Puerto Virgo\"), and for the amalgamation of U.S. territories or former territories in the Pacific Ocean, in the manner of the \"Greater Hawaii\" concept of the 1960s. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands would be admitted as one state, along with Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands (although these latter three entities are now separate sovereign nations, which have Compact of Free Association relationships with the United States). Such a state would have a population of 412,381 (slightly lower than Wyoming's population) and a land area of 911.82 square miles (2,361.6 km2) (slightly smaller than Rhode Island). American Samoa could possibly be part of such a state, increasing the population to 467,900 and the area to 988.65 square miles (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, in late May 2008, issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Heraclitus", "paragraph_text": "Heraclitus was famous for his insistence on ever - present change as being the fundamental essence of the universe, as stated in the famous saying, ``No man ever steps in the same river twice ''(see panta rhei below). This is commonly considered to be one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of becoming, and has been contrasted with Parmenides statement that`` what - is is'' as one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of being. As such, Parmenides and Heraclitus are commonly considered to be two of the founders of ontology. Scholars have generally believed that either Parmenides was responding to Heraclitus, or Heraclitus to Parmenides, though opinion on who was responding to whom changed over the course of the 20th century. Heraclitus' position was complemented by his stark commitment to a unity of opposites in the world, stating that ``the path up and down are one and the same ''. Through these doctrines Heraclitus characterized all existing entities by pairs of contrary properties, whereby no entity may ever occupy a single state at a single time. This, along with his cryptic utterance that`` all entities come to be in accordance with this Logos'' (literally, ``word '',`` reason'', or ``account '') has been the subject of numerous interpretations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Poronaysky District", "paragraph_text": "Poronaysky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia; one of the seventeen in the oblast. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Poronaysky Urban Okrug. It is located in the eastern central part of the Island of Sakhalin. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Poronaysk. Population (excluding the administrative center):"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Mariana Islands had become a Japanese protectorate before the war. It was the Chamorros from the Northern Marianas who were brought to Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities for the occupying Japanese force. The Guamanian Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military. After the war, this would cause resentment between the Guamanian Chamorros and the Chamorros of the Northern Marianas. Guam's Chamorros believed their northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them, whereas having been occupied for over 30 years, the Northern Mariana Chamorros were loyal to Japan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States federal judicial district", "paragraph_text": "For purposes of the federal judicial system, Congress has divided the United States into judicial districts. There are 94 federal judicial districts, including at least one district in each state, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Three territories of the United States -- the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands -- have district courts that hear federal cases, including bankruptcy cases. The breakdown of what is in each judicial district is at 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 \u00a7 81 -- 131."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}], "question": "What entity reported that Guam and the area that contains the Northern Islands Municipality became one again?"}
{"id": "2hop__489857_33357", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Guam (i/\u02c8\u0261w\u0251\u02d0m/ or /\u02c8\u0261w\u0252m/; Chamorro: Gu\u00e5h\u00e5n;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, and the most populous city is Dededo. In 2015, 161,785 people resided on Guam. Guamanians are American citizens by birth. Guam has an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi) and a density of 297/km\u00b2 (770/sq mi). It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 1,425/km\u00b2 (3,691/sq mi), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 47/km\u00b2 (119/sq mi). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters (1,332 ft) above sea level."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Heraclitus", "paragraph_text": "Heraclitus was famous for his insistence on ever - present change as being the fundamental essence of the universe, as stated in the famous saying, ``No man ever steps in the same river twice ''(see panta rhei below). This is commonly considered to be one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of becoming, and has been contrasted with Parmenides statement that`` what - is is'' as one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of being. As such, Parmenides and Heraclitus are commonly considered to be two of the founders of ontology. Scholars have generally believed that either Parmenides was responding to Heraclitus, or Heraclitus to Parmenides, though opinion on who was responding to whom changed over the course of the 20th century. Heraclitus' position was complemented by his stark commitment to a unity of opposites in the world, stating that ``the path up and down are one and the same ''. Through these doctrines Heraclitus characterized all existing entities by pairs of contrary properties, whereby no entity may ever occupy a single state at a single time. This, along with his cryptic utterance that`` all entities come to be in accordance with this Logos'' (literally, ``word '',`` reason'', or ``account '') has been the subject of numerous interpretations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, due to it having clauses incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Antena 2 (Portugal)", "paragraph_text": "Antena 2 is one of the three national radio channels produced by the Portuguese public broadcasting entity R\u00e1dio e Televis\u00e3o de Portugal, the others being Antena 1 and Antena 3."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United Nations General Assembly", "paragraph_text": "All 193 members states of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly. Further, the United Nations General Assembly may grant observer status to an international organization, entity or non-member state, which entitles the entity to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jaluit Airport", "paragraph_text": "Jaluit Airport is a public use airstrip located one nautical mile (1.85\u00a0km) southeast of the village of Jabor on Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands. This airstrip is assigned the location identifier N55 by the FAA and UIT by the IATA."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": ".org", "paragraph_text": "The domain name org is a generic top - level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used in the Internet. The name is truncated from organization. It was one of the original domains established in 1985, and has been operated by the Public Interest Registry since 2003. The domain was originally intended for non-profit entities, but this restriction was not enforced and has been removed. The domain is commonly used by schools, open - source projects, and communities, but also by some for - profit entities. The number of registered domains in org has increased from fewer than one million in the 1990s, to ten million as of June 2013."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pagan Airstrip", "paragraph_text": "Pagan Airstrip is a public airport located on Pagan Island in the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, near the village of Shomu-Shon. The airport is owned by Commonwealth Ports Authority."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, the Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could both attempt to gain statehood. Some proposals call for the Virgin Islands to be admitted with Puerto Rico as one state (often known as the proposed \"Commonwealth of Prusvi\", for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands, or as \"Puerto Virgo\"), and for the amalgamation of U.S. territories or former territories in the Pacific Ocean, in the manner of the \"Greater Hawaii\" concept of the 1960s. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands would be admitted as one state, along with Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands (although these latter three entities are now separate sovereign nations, which have Compact of Free Association relationships with the United States). Such a state would have a population of 412,381 (slightly lower than Wyoming's population) and a land area of 911.82 square miles (2,361.6 km2) (slightly smaller than Rhode Island). American Samoa could possibly be part of such a state, increasing the population to 467,900 and the area to 988.65 square miles (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, in late May 2008, issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state."}], "question": "What entity reported that Guam and the territorial entity that the Pagan Airstrip is located in were becoming one again?"}
{"id": "2hop__412628_33357", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Naut Aran", "paragraph_text": "Naut Aran () is a municipality in the \"comarca\" of the Aran in Catalonia, Spain. It is the second largest municipality in Catalonia in terms of surface area (225.8\u00a0km\u00b2, behind Tremp), and was created in 1967 by the merger of the municipalities of Arties, Salard\u00fa, Gessa, Tred\u00f2s and Bagergue: the former municipalities retain some privileges as \"decentralised municipal entities\" (\"entitats municipals descentralitzades\", EMD). The name literally means \"Upper Valley\" in Aranese, and both the Garonne (\"Garona\") and the Noguera Pallaresa have their sources on the territory of the municipality. The town hall is in Salard\u00fa. The municipality is linked to Vielha by the C-28 road, which continues to Alt \u00c0neu over the Port de la Bonaigua (2072\u00a0m). This road, the higher stretches of which are impassable in winter, was the only route between the Aran Valley and the rest of Spain before the opening of the Vielha tunnel in 1948."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Tinian", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Tinian was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Tinian in the Mariana Islands from 24 July until 1 August 1944. The 8,000-man Japanese garrison was eliminated, and the island joined Saipan and Guam as a base for the Twentieth Air Force."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Guam (i/\u02c8\u0261w\u0251\u02d0m/ or /\u02c8\u0261w\u0252m/; Chamorro: Gu\u00e5h\u00e5n;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, and the most populous city is Dededo. In 2015, 161,785 people resided on Guam. Guamanians are American citizens by birth. Guam has an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi) and a density of 297/km\u00b2 (770/sq mi). It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 1,425/km\u00b2 (3,691/sq mi), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 47/km\u00b2 (119/sq mi). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters (1,332 ft) above sea level."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tasov\u010di\u0107i", "paragraph_text": "Tasov\u010di\u0107i is a town in the municipality of \u010capljina, in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, the Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could both attempt to gain statehood. Some proposals call for the Virgin Islands to be admitted with Puerto Rico as one state (often known as the proposed \"Commonwealth of Prusvi\", for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands, or as \"Puerto Virgo\"), and for the amalgamation of U.S. territories or former territories in the Pacific Ocean, in the manner of the \"Greater Hawaii\" concept of the 1960s. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands would be admitted as one state, along with Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands (although these latter three entities are now separate sovereign nations, which have Compact of Free Association relationships with the United States). Such a state would have a population of 412,381 (slightly lower than Wyoming's population) and a land area of 911.82 square miles (2,361.6 km2) (slightly smaller than Rhode Island). American Samoa could possibly be part of such a state, increasing the population to 467,900 and the area to 988.65 square miles (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, in late May 2008, issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Antena 2 (Portugal)", "paragraph_text": "Antena 2 is one of the three national radio channels produced by the Portuguese public broadcasting entity R\u00e1dio e Televis\u00e3o de Portugal, the others being Antena 1 and Antena 3."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tinian Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Tinian Municipality is one of the four constituent municipalities of the Northern Mariana Islands. It consists of the islands of Tinian and Aguijan and their offshore islets. The municipality is the second southernmost in the Northern Marianas and has a land area of 108.1\u00a0km\u00b2 (41.738 sq mi). The 2000 census population was 3,540 persons, all living on the island of Tinian (Aguijan is uninhabited). The municipal seat and main village of the island of Tinian is San Jose, situated on the southwest coast."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles", "paragraph_text": "The 1940s would prove a tumultuous and ultimately triumphant decade for the young club. In 1940, the team moved from Philadelphia Municipal Stadium to Shibe Park. Lud Wray's half - interest in the team was purchased by Art Rooney, who had just sold the Pittsburgh Steelers to Alexis Thompson. Soon thereafter, Bell / Rooney and Thompson swapped franchises, but not teams. Bell / Rooney's entire Eagles' corporate organization, including most of the players, moved to Pittsburgh (The Steelers' corporate name remained ``Philadelphia Football Club, Inc. ''until 1945) and Thompson's Steelers moved to Philadelphia, leaving only the team nicknames in their original cities. Since NFL franchises are territorial rights distinct from individual corporate entities, the NFL does not consider this a franchise move and considers the current Philadelphia Eagles as a single unbroken entity from 1933. (1)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Heraclitus", "paragraph_text": "Heraclitus was famous for his insistence on ever - present change as being the fundamental essence of the universe, as stated in the famous saying, ``No man ever steps in the same river twice ''(see panta rhei below). This is commonly considered to be one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of becoming, and has been contrasted with Parmenides statement that`` what - is is'' as one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of being. As such, Parmenides and Heraclitus are commonly considered to be two of the founders of ontology. Scholars have generally believed that either Parmenides was responding to Heraclitus, or Heraclitus to Parmenides, though opinion on who was responding to whom changed over the course of the 20th century. Heraclitus' position was complemented by his stark commitment to a unity of opposites in the world, stating that ``the path up and down are one and the same ''. Through these doctrines Heraclitus characterized all existing entities by pairs of contrary properties, whereby no entity may ever occupy a single state at a single time. This, along with his cryptic utterance that`` all entities come to be in accordance with this Logos'' (literally, ``word '',`` reason'', or ``account '') has been the subject of numerous interpretations."}], "question": "What entity reported on Guam and the area where Tinian Municipality is located becoming one again?"}
{"id": "3hop1__778411_651504_408757", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bubbles in My Beer", "paragraph_text": "\"Bubbles in My Beer\" is a Western swing song that was originally recorded by Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys in 1947. It later became a standard that has been performed by many country music artists. One critic of drinking songs ranks it number 20, calls it \"the ultimate self-pity song,\" and credits it with \"setting the tone for a whole genre of songs about drowning sorrows in the barroom.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Juventas New Music Ensemble", "paragraph_text": "The Juventas New Music Ensemble is an instrumental ensemble located in Boston, Massachusetts devoted to performing musical works by composers under the age of 35. Their programming focuses on composers who actively blur the boundaries between popular musical genres and traditional art music. Since its inception, Juventas has received favorable reviews from several Boston publications."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Celtic Folkweave", "paragraph_text": "Celtic Folkweave is a studio album by Mick Hanly and M\u00edche\u00e1l \u00d3 Domhnaill, released in 1974 by Polydor Records. Considered a seminal album in the traditional Irish music genre, the musicians involved in the recording would go on to found some of the most innovative and important groups to perform traditional Irish music."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh's Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat (1982), an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style, anticipated the sounds of acid house music, but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album's rediscovery in the 21st century."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead is a 1995 compilation album of songs, performed by the original artists, that the American rock group the Grateful Dead covered and performed live throughout their career. Several of the tracks on this album can be found on no other compact disc, including \"Rain and Snow\" as performed by Obray Ramsey and \"Big Railroad Blues\" by Cannon's Jug Stompers. The eclectic nature of the Grateful Dead's music is highlighted on this album with the inclusion of songs from such diverse genres as folk (\"Morning Dew\", \"Goin' Down This Road Feelin' Bad\"), the blues (\"The Red Rooster\", \"Turn On Your Love Light\"), country (\"Mama Tried\", \"El Paso\"), gospel (\"Samson & Delilah\"), and straight out rock and roll (\"The Promised Land\", \"Not Fade Away\")."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tony Pastor", "paragraph_text": "Tony Pastor (May 28, 1837 \u2013 August 26, 1908) was an American impresario, variety performer and theatre owner who became one of the founding forces behind American vaudeville in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. He was sometimes referred to as the \"Dean of Vaudeville.\" The strongest elements of his entertainments were an almost jingoistic brand of United States patriotism and a strong commitment to attracting a \"mixed-gender\" audience, the latter being something revolutionary in the male-oriented variety halls of the mid-century. Although he was a performer and producer, Pastor is best known for \"cleaning up\" bawdy variety acts and presenting a clean and family friendly genre called vaudeville."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Douglas Metcalf", "paragraph_text": "Douglas Metcalf was born in Southwick, Massachusetts and studied with Michael Sussman and Allan Meyer, graduating with honors from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, in both Music Education and Clarinet Performance. He went on to do postgraduate studies at Indiana University in Bloomington with Eli Eban."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bossa Nova (Ramsey Lewis album)", "paragraph_text": "Bossa Nova is an album of Bossa nova compositions by Ramsey Lewis' Trio featuring tracks recorded in 1962 and released on the Argo label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elis Paprika", "paragraph_text": "Elis Paprika (real name Erika Elizabeth Nogues; May 8, 1980) is an independent singer-songwriter from Guadalajara, Mexico. She has been active in Mexico's Rock scene since 2004. She has performed 3 times at Auditorio Nacional in M\u00e9xico City, along with Julieta Venegas in 2007, Belanova in 2008, and Juan Gabriel in 2009. She has performed in three Vive Latino Festivals in M\u00e9xico City, first in 2006, in 2011, and again in 2014. Elis Paprika has also performed internationally in North America, South East and East Asia, and Europe. She was named \"Band of the Month\" on MTV Latin America in August 2006. Musicians in her band have varied with the years, and her current live and recording band is called The Black Pilgrims. Elis started her career in Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cirque Calder", "paragraph_text": "Cirque Calder is an artistic rendering of a circus created by the American artist Alexander Calder. It involves wire models rigged to perform the various functions of the circus performers they represent, from contortionists to sword eaters to lion tamers. The models are made of various items, generally wire and wood. Calder began improvising performances of this circus during his time in Paris. He would comment in French during the performance."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elis (1972 album)", "paragraph_text": "Elis is an album by Brazilian singer Elis Regina released in 1972, contains some successes as \"Bala Com Bala\", \"Nada Ser\u00e1 Como Antes\", \"Casa no Campo\" e \"Atr\u00e1s da Porta\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Havatum Em", "paragraph_text": "Havatum em is the fourth studio album by Armenian recording artist Sirusho, released on May 22, 2010. The album offers a variety of styles of music genres and styles such as Pop and R&B. The lead single is a ballad called \"Havatum em\" that she performed live both at the Armenian national selection for Eurovision 2010 and at the Maltese Eurovision selection 2010."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rajaton", "paragraph_text": "Rajaton performs primarily in Finland but also tours around Europe and the rest of the world, having performed in over 25 countries."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nelson Motta", "paragraph_text": "He was part of the bossa nova movement, collaborating with Edu Lobo, Dori Caymmi, Lulu Santos, Rita Lee, Djavan and others, and producer for several MPB artists, such as Elis Regina, Gal Costa, Daniela Mercury and others. He was Marisa Monte's first music producer in the late 1980s. Motta also produced early Brazilian rock shows and wrote lyrics in collaboration with rock artists, such as Lulu Santos."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Remember When: The Anthology", "paragraph_text": "Remember When: The Anthology is a DVD featuring a collection of live performances by Harry Chapin. It features commentary by his children Joshua and Jennifer, as well as his widow Sandy in between some performances. There are eleven performances by Harry, and one by his daughter, Jennifer (I Wonder What Would Happen to This World)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nurse with Wound", "paragraph_text": "Nurse with Wound (abbreviated NWW) is the main recording name for British musician Steven Stapleton. Nurse with Wound was originally a band, formed in 1978 by Stapleton, John Fothergill, and Heman Pathak. The band has performed in many genres such as avant-garde, experimental, industrial, noise, dark ambient, and drone."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "There Goes Rhymin' Simon", "paragraph_text": "There Goes Rhymin' Simon is the third solo studio album by American musician Paul Simon rush-released on May 5, 1973. It contains songs covering several styles and genres, such as gospel (\"Loves Me Like a Rock\") and Dixieland (\"Take Me to the Mardi Gras\"). It received two nominations at the Grammy Awards of 1974, including Best Male Pop Vocal performance and Album of the Year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Iron Giant", "paragraph_text": "Eli Marienthal as Hogarth Hughes, an intelligent, energetic and curious 9 - year - old boy with an active imagination. Marienthal's performances were videotaped and given to animators to work with, which helped develop expressions and acting for the character."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Del LaGrace Volcano", "paragraph_text": "Del LaGrace Volcano (born July 26th, 1957) is a genderqueer artist, performer, and activist from California. A formally trained photographer, Del's work includes installation, performance and film and interrogates the performance of gender on several levels, especially the performance of masculinity and femininity."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional \"kef\" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of \"kef music\" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry."}], "question": "Who is the artist that released an album titled after the genre that the performer of Elis worked in?"}
{"id": "3hop1__24839_552567_269318", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kharkiv River", "paragraph_text": "Kharkiv or Kharkov (, ) is a river in Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, a left tributary of the Lopan River. It originates from the town of Oktyabrsky in Belgorod Oblast, Russia and it falls into Lopan River in the city of Kharkiv."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917\u20131946), Council of Ministers (1946\u20131978) and Council of Ministers\u2013Government (1978\u20131991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as \"Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR\" and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title \"President\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jen\u0151 Fock", "paragraph_text": "Jen\u0151 Fock (; 17 May 1916 \u2013 22 May 2001) was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary from 1967 to 1975."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "C. Rangarajan", "paragraph_text": "C. Rangarajan or Chakravarthi Rangarajan (born 1932) is an Indian economist, a former Member of Parliament and 19th Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. He is the former Chairman of the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council, he resigned the day the UPA lost power. He is also the Chairman of the Madras School of Economics; President of the Indian Statistical Institute; the Founding Chairman of the CR Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science; and Chancellor of the University of Hyderabad."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fredrik Reinfeldt", "paragraph_text": "John Fredrik Reinfeldt (pronounced ; born 4 August 1965) is a Swedish economist, lecturer and former politician who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 2006 to 2014 and chairman of the liberal conservative Moderate Party from 2003 to 2015. He was the last rotating President of the European Council in 2009."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN). At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23, 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dmitri Solsky", "paragraph_text": "Count Dmitri Martynovich Solski (1833\u20131910) was an Imperial Russian Politician. He served in the position of Imperial State Controller (An Imperial Minister equivalent) in 1878\u20131889. After leaving that post he was appointed to the Imperial State Council. He served as Chairman of the Imperial State Council in 1905\u20131906. He was created a Count in 1902."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nikolai Tikhonov", "paragraph_text": "Nikolai Aleksandrovich Tikhonov (; Kharkiv, \u2013 Moscow, 1 June 1997) was a Soviet Russian-Ukrainian statesman during the Cold War. He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1980 to 1985, and as a First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, literally First Vice Premier, from 1976 to 1980. Tikhonov was responsible for the cultural and economic administration of the Soviet Union during the late era of stagnation. He was replaced as Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985 by Nikolai Ryzhkov. In the same year, he lost his seat in the Politburo; however, he retained his seat in the Central Committee until 1989."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lev Voronin", "paragraph_text": "Lev Alekseyevich Voronin (; 22 February 1928\u00a0\u2013 24 June 2008) was a Soviet Russian official. He served as a First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, literally the Vice-Premier of the Soviet Union, from 1989 to 1990. Responsible for the \"general issues\" of the cultural and economic administration of the Soviet Union during the late Gorbachev Era, Voronin became acting Chairman of the Council of Ministers in between Nikolai Ryzhkov's hospitalisation and Valentin Pavlov's election as Prime Minister. Voronin worked as a banker following the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wolfgang Rauchfu\u00df", "paragraph_text": "Wolfgang Rauchfu\u00df (27 November 1931, in \u2013 15 August 2005, in Berlin) was a member of the Politburo of East Germany's ruling SED (party). He was also a government minister and deputy chairman of the country's Ministerial Council."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On January 14, 1991, Nikolai Ryzhkov resigned from his post as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or premier of the Soviet Union, and was succeeded by Valentin Pavlov in the newly established post of Prime Minister of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Council of Economic Advisers", "paragraph_text": "Council of Economic Advisers Agency overview Formed 1946; 72 years ago (1946) Preceding agencies Office of Price Administration (World War II) Council on Wage and Price Stability (Carter era) Headquarters Eisenhower Executive Office Building Employees About 35 Agency executive Kevin Hassett, Chairman Parent agency Executive Office of the President of the United States Website Council of Economic Advisers"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "P\u00e4ivi\u00f6 Hetem\u00e4ki", "paragraph_text": "P\u00e4ivi\u00f6 Hetem\u00e4ki (8 July 1913 in Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 \u2013 12 May 1980) was a politician of the National Coalition Party in Finland. He served four times as a minister in the Finnish Council of State between 1953 and 1972. Hetem\u00e4ki was also the chairman of the Confederation of Finnish Industries."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Viktor Kochubey", "paragraph_text": "Count (subsequently Prince) Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey () (1768 \u2013 1834) was a Russian statesman and a close aide of Alexander I of Russia. Of Ukrainian birth, he was a great-grandson of Vasily Kochubey. He took part in the Privy Committee that outlined Government reform of Alexander I. He served in London and Paris embassies as counsel, then Ambassador to Turkey. In 1798 he was appointed to the board of College of Foreign Affairs and was created Count next year, but then Paul I of Russia exiled him. At the start of the reign of Alexander I of Russia, he joined the liberal Privy Committee that outlined Government reform of Alexander I. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1801\u20131802 and also Minister of the Interior until 1812, then in 1819\u20131825. Since 1827 he was the President of the State Council and Chairman of the Committee of Ministers. In 1834, he was granted the rank of Chancellor of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nicolaas Pierson", "paragraph_text": "Nicolaas Gerard Pierson (7 February 1839 \u2013 24 December 1909) was a Dutch economist and Liberal statesman who served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Netherlands from 1897 until 1901."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Districts of Sierra Leone", "paragraph_text": "The provinces of Sierra Leone are divided into 14 districts. The Western Area is divided into two districts. Sierra Leone's capital Freetown is located in the Western Area of the country and its makes up the Western Area Urban District. One traditional leader from each district occupies a seat in Sierra Leone's parliament. Each one of Sierra Leone's fourteen administrative districts (with the exception of the Western Area Urban District) is governed by a directly elected district council headed by a council chairman. The national capital Freetown, which makes up the Western Area Urban District, is governed by a directly elected city council headed by a mayor."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov located in?"}
{"id": "3hop1__272632_122818_88966", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Johan Munck", "paragraph_text": "Johan Munck was born in Malm\u00f6, Sk\u00e5ne County, the adopted son of the lawyer and former mayor of Malm\u00f6 Thomas Munck af Rosensch\u00f6ld. He received a Candidate of Law degree from Lund University in 1966. In 1974 he was employed as an associate judge (\"hovr\u00e4ttsassessor\") at the Sk\u00e5ne and Blekinge Court of Appeal in Malm\u00f6. The same year he was employed at the Ministry of Justice where he served as a legal adviser (\"sakkunnig\") until 1979, assistant undersecretary (\"departementsr\u00e5d\") and head of the criminal law unit (\"straffr\u00e4ttsenheten\") from 1979 to 1983, and as chief legal officer (\"r\u00e4ttschef\") from 1983 to 1987. In 1987 he was appointed as a judge of the Swedish Supreme Court. On February 1, 2007, he was appointed as chairman of the Supreme Court following the retirement of Bo Svensson."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert Walmsley", "paragraph_text": "Robert Walmsley was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, on 1 February 1941 and was educated at Fettes College in Edinburgh. He joined the Royal Navy as a Dartmouth Cadet in 1958, and went on to read Mechanical Sciences at Queens' College, Cambridge, before taking up a range of seagoing appointments, mainly in submarines, developing an expertise in nuclear propulsion. During his naval career he was at times Chairman of the Naval Nuclear Technical Safety Panel and Director General, Submarines. For three years, he was the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff for Communications, Command, Control and Information Systems. His final naval appointment (in 1994) was as Controller of the Navy and member of the Navy Board as a vice admiral. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1995."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Paul Wehrle", "paragraph_text": "Wehrle graduated from the University of Arizona and received his M.D. degree from Tulane University in 1947. He then became acting chairman of the Microbiology Department of the State University of New York Upstate Medical University at Syracuse, New York."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kenneth Wayne Bushnell", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Wayne Bushnell (born 1933) is an American visual artist, who was born in Los Angeles. He earned a BA from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1958, and then moved to Hawaii, where he received an MFA from the University of Hawai\u02bbi in 1961. He taught painting at the University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa from 1961 to 1981, and was appointed chairman of the Art Department in 1991. He married fellow artist Helen Gilbert (1922 - 8 April 2002) in 1995. Bushnell is now a professor emeritus, living in Honolulu."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Trinetra", "paragraph_text": "Trinetra is a 1991 Hindi-language Indian feature film directed by Harry Baweja, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Shilpa Shirodkar, Deepa Sahi, Gulshan Grover and Amrish Puri and Dharmendra. It took bumper opening when released and became among top ten highest grossing films of the year."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Union Public Service Commission", "paragraph_text": "The Commission consists of a chairman and other members appointed by The President of India. Usually, the Commission consists of 9 to 11 members including the chairman. Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty - five years, whichever is earlier."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "In late 2005, Viacom's Paramount Pictures acquired DreamWorks SKG after acquisition talks between GE and DreamWorks stalled. Universal's long time chairperson, Stacey Snider, left the company in early 2006 to head up DreamWorks. Snider was replaced by then-Vice Chairman Marc Shmuger and Focus Features head David Linde. On October 5, 2009, Marc Shmuger and David Linde were ousted and their co-chairperson jobs consolidated under former president of worldwide marketing and distribution Adam Fogelson becoming the single chairperson. Donna Langley was also upped to co-chairperson. In 2009, Stephanie Sperber founded Universal Partnerships & Licensing within Universal to license consumer products for Universal. In September 2013, Adam Fogelson was ousted as co-chairman of Universal Pictures, promoting Donna Langley to sole-chairman. In addition, NBCUniversal International Chairman, Jeff Shell, would be appointed as Chairman of the newly created Filmed Entertainment Group. Longtime studio head Ron Meyer would give up oversight of the film studio and appointed Vice Chairman of NBCUniversal, providing consultation to CEO Steve Burke on all of the company's operations. Meyers still retains oversight of Universal Parks and Resorts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ketan Mehta", "paragraph_text": "Born in Navsari in Gujarat, Ketan Mehta did his schooling from Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, Delhi and later graduated in film direction from Film and Television Institute of India, Pune."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tere Mere Phere", "paragraph_text": "\"Tere Mere Phere\" () is a 2011 Hindi romantic comedy, Road film directed by well known and respected actress Deepa Sahi, and produced by the internationally acclaimed producer director Ketan Mehta and renowned singer Anup Jalota. Presented by Sitara Productions, it is a Maya Movies Production. It stars Vinay Pathak. Riya Sen in the lead roles and introduces newcomers Jagrat Desai and Sasha Goradia. The story of the film has been written by Deepa Sahi and Jagrat Desai. The music is by Shivi R. Kashyap and the lyrics are penned by Manoj \u2018Muntashir\u2019 and Ketan Mehta. Most of the songs are choreographed by Bollywood choreographer . It was released on 30 September 2011 to a mixed but mostly positive reception from critics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league. The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 1999, and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore, appointed in November 1999. The former chairman and chief executive, John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance. The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National Commission for Scheduled Tribes", "paragraph_text": "The fourth Commission was constituted in November 2013 with Rameshwar Oraon getting re-appointed as the Chairperson. Shri Ravi Thakur, MLA in Himachal Pradesh Assembly has been appointed as Vice-Chairperson of the fourth Commission. present chairman of NCST is Nandakumar Sai"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Peter Arbo (academic)", "paragraph_text": "Arbo has served as a board member at the University of Troms\u00f8 and as a member of several government commissions, including the Government Commission for Higher Education 2006\u20132008 (also known as the Stjern\u00f8 Commission after its chairman Steinar Stjern\u00f8), which presented its report on the development of Norwegian higher education in a 20-year perspective in 2008, and of the EEA Review Committee, which was appointed by the government in 2010 to review Norway's agreements with the EU. He is the vice chairman of the board of the Industrial Development Corporation of Norway, appointed by the government. He is also the chairman of the programme board of the Research Council of Norway research programme Democracy and Governance in a Regional Context."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Turki bin Salman Al Saud", "paragraph_text": "Turki bin Salman Al Saud (born 1987) (Arabic: \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f) is a Saudi businessman and a member of the House of Saud and chairman of Tharawat Holding. On 9 February 2013, he was appointed chairman of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG) and served in the post until 6 April 2014. Prince Turki's term as chairman ended in April 2014 when he resigned from the post."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board", "paragraph_text": "The PCAOB has five Board members, including a Chairman, each of whom is appointed by the SEC, after consultation with the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Secretary of the Treasury. Two Board members must be Certified Public Accountants. If the PCAOB Chairman is one of them, he or she may not have been a practicing CPA for at least five years prior to being appointed to the board. Each member serves full - time, for staggered five - year terms. The Board's budget, approved by the SEC each year, is funded by fees paid by the companies and broker - dealers who rely on the audit firms overseen by the Board. The organization has a staff of about 800 and offices in 11 states in addition to its headquarters in Washington."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John M. Dorsey", "paragraph_text": "Born in Clinton, Iowa, Dorsey earned his M.D. from the University of Iowa in 1925. From 1930 to 1935 he taught in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. In 1935, Dorsey moved with his family to Vienna, Austria, to study under Sigmund Freud, a course of study which included psychoanalysis by Freud personally. In 1940 Dorsey accepted a position as psychiatrist and head of Mental Hygiene Services at Wayne University (later to become Wayne State) in Detroit. In 1946 he was appointed Chairman of Psychiatry. In 1960, Dorsey became the first professor at Wayne State to be honored with the title \u201cUniversity Professor\u201d. A bronze portrait relief by sculptor Marshall Fredericks honoring Dorsey is located on the Wayne State campus. Dorsey continued to teach at Wayne State until his death in 1978."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pauline Tompkins", "paragraph_text": "Tompkins was born in Rhinelander, Wisconsin and graduated from Pine Manor College in 1938 and Mount Holyoke College in 1941, Phi Beta Kappa. She received her Ph.D. from Tufts University in 1948. She was general director of the American Association of University Women from 1959 to 1967. She was appointed by President Johnson to the nine-member United States Advisory Commission on International Education and Cultural Affairs in 1964. She was chairman of the board of The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching from 1974 to 1976."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Film and Television Institute of India", "paragraph_text": "The Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) is an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of the Government of India and aided by the Central Government of India. It is situated on the premises of the erstwhile Prabhat Film Company in Pune. Since its inception in 1960, FTII has become India's premier film and television institute, with its alumni becoming technicians, actors and directors in the film and television industry. Anupam Kher is the current Chairman of this institute."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James Hardy Ropes", "paragraph_text": "James Hardy Ropes (September 3, 1866January 7, 1933) was an American theologian. He graduated from Harvard College in 1889 and was an instructor there from 1895 to 1898 and an assistant professor until 1903. Ropes was then appointed the Bussey Professor of New Testament criticism. He occupied the Hollis Chair at Harvard Divinity School starting in 1910. He was also the Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses and Dean of the University Extension."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mitch Daniels", "paragraph_text": "Born in Monongahela, Pennsylvania, Daniels is a graduate of Princeton University, and received his Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center after studying briefly at the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. Daniels began his career working as an assistant to Richard Lugar, working as his chief of staff in the Senate from 1977 to 1982, and was appointed executive director of the National Republican Senatorial Committee when Lugar was chairman from 1983 to 1984. He worked as a chief political adviser and as a liaison to President Ronald Reagan in 1985, before he was appointed president of the conservative think tank, the Hudson Institute. Daniels moved back to Indiana, joining Eli Lilly and Company, working as president of North American Pharmaceutical Operations from 1993 to 1997, and senior vice president of corporate strategy and policy from 1997 to 2001. In January 2001, Daniels was appointed by President George W. Bush as the director of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, where he served until June 2003."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Luiz Frias", "paragraph_text": "Luiz Frias (born 1964) is the chairman of the board of directors for both Grupo Folha and Universo Online (UOL Inc.) based in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. He is an economics graduate from University of S\u00e3o Paulo, with a master's degree from the University of Cambridge, England, and the Universit\u00e9 de Paris (Sorbonne), France. He joined Group Folha in June 1981, and was appointed chief executive officer (CEO) in 1989 and chairman in 1991. He has been president of UOL since it was founded and is also the president of Group Folha. Luiz is the son of Oct\u00e1vio Frias, president of Grupo Folha until his death in 2007, and the younger brother of Otavio Frias Filho, editorial director of both Grupo Folha and its main newspaper, \"Folha de S.Paulo\"."}], "question": "Who was appointed chairman of the university where Deepa Sahi's spouse attended?"}
{"id": "3hop1__796162_840093_26196", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Sacred Heart Major Seminary, originally founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Sacred Heart Major Seminary offers a variety of academic programs for both clerical and lay students. Other institutions in the city include the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn was established in neighboring Dearborn."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Industrial and Labor Relations Review", "paragraph_text": "Industrial and Labor Relations Review (ILR Review) is a publication of the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. It is an interdisciplinary journal publishing original research on all aspects of industrial relations. The editors are Rosemary Batt and Lawrence M. Kahn (Cornell University). The target audience is composed of academics and practitioners in labor and employment relations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Turkey Time (play)", "paragraph_text": "Turkey Time is a farce by Ben Travers. It was one of the series of Aldwych farces that ran nearly continuously at the Aldwych Theatre in London from 1923 to 1933. The story concerns two guests, staying at the Stoatt household for Christmas, who offer shelter to a pretty concert performer left stranded when her employer absconds, leaving his cast unpaid."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aleksandra Vrebalov", "paragraph_text": "She studied composition with Miroslav Statkic at Novi Sad University, then with Zoran Eri\u0107 at Belgrade University, Elinor Armer at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, and Ivana Loudova at the Prague Academy of Music. She obtained her Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the University of Michigan where she studied with Evan Chambers and Michael Daugherty."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wayback Machine", "paragraph_text": "The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the \"WABAC machine\" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "And the Hits Just Keep on Comin'", "paragraph_text": "And the Hits Just Keep on Comin 'is an album by Michael Nesmith. Recorded for RCA Records, it was the fifth solo album after leaving The Monkees. The album was recorded and released in 1972; all ten tracks had been composed by Nesmith prior to and during his time as a member of The Monkees."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a till plain composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor sit atop, rising approximately 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point. The highest elevation in the city is located directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of 8 Mile Road, at a height of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Working time", "paragraph_text": "In most European Union countries, working time is gradually decreasing. The European Union's working time directive imposes a 48 - hour maximum working week that applies to every member state except the United Kingdom and Malta (which have an opt - out, meaning that UK - based employees may work longer than 48 hours if they wish, but they can not be forced to do so). France has enacted a 35 - hour workweek by law, and similar results have been produced in other countries through collective bargaining. A major reason for the low annual hours worked in Europe is a relatively high amount of paid annual leave. Fixed employment comes with four to six weeks of holiday as standard. In the UK, for example, full - time employees are entitled to 28 days of paid leave a year. It is commonly understood working hours in the UK are 09.00 to 17.00."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jonathan Kearsley", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan Kearsley (1786\u20131859) was an American military officer and politician. He fought in the War of 1812 and was a two-time mayor of Detroit."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement called the Detroit Newspaper Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit. In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days a week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery. The Metro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "\"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period,\" said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the University of Minnesota. \"Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems.\" John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit, says, \"Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hot Tub Time Machine", "paragraph_text": "Hot Tub Time Machine is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Steve Pink and starring John Cusack, Rob Corddry, Craig Robinson, Clark Duke, Crispin Glover, Lizzy Caplan and Chevy Chase. The film was released on March 26, 2010. A sequel, \"Hot Tub Time Machine 2\", was released on February 20, 2015."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993", "paragraph_text": "The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) is a United States labor law requiring covered employers to provide employees with job - protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons. These include pregnancy, adoption, foster care placement of a child, personal or family illness, or family military leave. The FMLA is administered by the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "DeLorean time machine", "paragraph_text": "The DeLorean time machine is a fictional automobile - based time travel device featured in the Back to the Future franchise. In the feature film series, Dr. Emmett Brown builds a time machine based on a DeLorean DMC - 12 car, to gain insights into history and the future. Instead, he ends up using it to travel over 130 years of Hill Valley history (from 1885 to 2015) with Marty McFly to change the past for the better and to undo the negative effects of time travel. One of the cars used in filming is on display at Universal Studios Hollywood."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zaz\u00e0", "paragraph_text": "Zaz\u00e0 is an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo, with a libretto by the composer. The story concerns the French music hall singer, Zaz\u00e0, and her affair and subsequent decision to leave her lover, Milio, when she discovers that he is married. The music is influenced by the French music halls where Leoncavallo had spent his early years as a composer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Time Machine (composition)", "paragraph_text": "\"Time Machine\" for Three Conductors and Orchestra is a two-movement orchestral composition by the American composer Michael Daugherty. The piece was commissioned by the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra and premiered November 24, 2003, with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra led by the conductors Mariss Jansons, Lucas Richman, and Edward Cumming."}], "question": "When did the employer of the Time Machine composer leave Detroit?"}
{"id": "3hop1__419093_840551_80164", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Werder (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Werder is one of the woredas in the Somali Region of Ethiopia, named after its administrative center, Werder. Part of the Werder Zone Werder is bordered on the southwest by the Korahe Zone, on the north by Danot, and on the east by Geladin."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Clear Springs, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Clear Springs is a historic settlement in Guadalupe County, Texas, United States. It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area. It shares its name with the nearby Clear Springs Air Force Base."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aegean dispute", "paragraph_text": "Several of the Aegean issues deal with the delimitation of both countries' zones of influence in the air and on the sea around their respective territories. These issues owe their virulence to a geographical peculiarity of the Aegean sea and its territories. While the mainland coasts of Greece and Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea on both sides represent roughly equal shares of its total coastline, the overwhelming number of the many Aegean islands belong to Greece. In particular, there is a chain of Greek islands lined up along the Turkish west coast (Lesbos, Chios, Samos, and the Dodecanese islands), partly in very close proximity to the mainland. Their existence blocks Turkey from extending any of its zones of influence beyond a few nautical miles off its coastline. As the breadth of maritime and areal zones of influence, such as the territorial waters and national airspace, are measured from the nearest territory of the state in question, including its islands, any possible extension of such zones would necessarily benefit Greece much more than Turkey proportionally."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Elidar (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Elidar (also spelled Eli Da'ar) is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 1, Elidar is bordered on the south by the Awash River which separates it from Asayita, on the west by Dubti, on the northwest by Kori, on the north by the Administrative Zone 2, on the northeast by Eritrea, and on the east by Djibouti. Towns in Elidar include Bure, Diche Oto, Elidar and Manda."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple", "paragraph_text": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada, popularly known as Peruviruthy Malanada or Malanada is the only Duryodhana Temple in South India. It is located at Edakkad Ward (Kara) of Poruvazhy village in Kunnathoor Taluk of Kollam district (Kerala State), India. This place is the northern border of Kollam district which Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha districts share the boundaries. The temple is located equidistant from Adoor (M C Road) to the Northeast and Sasthamcottah to the Southeast. It is also reachable from Kayamkulam and Karunagappally on the NH 47 and Kottarakkara (via Puthoor or Enathu) on the MC road (approximately 25\u00a0km from each centre)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Antonio, Florida", "paragraph_text": "San Antonio, or unofficially San Ann as the locals call it, is a city in Pasco County, Florida, United States. It is a suburban city included in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. It lies within Florida's 5th congressional district. The population was 1,138 at the 2010 census. It was established as a Catholic colony by Judge Edmund F. Dunne. The city derives its name from Saint Anthony of Padua. Saint Leo University is located nearby."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gallaratese", "paragraph_text": "Gallaratese is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city. It is located about 7\u00a0km north-west of the city centre. It borders on the \"comune\" of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Malacat\u00e1n", "paragraph_text": "Malacat\u00e1n is a municipality in the San Marcos department of Guatemala, located to the west of San Marcos town. It is fairly close to the border with Mexico - the border-crossing point is in the nearby village of El Carmen."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Barrio San Antonio", "paragraph_text": "Barrio San Antonio is a historic barrio located adjacent to and east of downtown Tucson, Arizona, United States. The barrio is named after San Antonio, or Anthony of Padua, the Portuguese saint. The neighborhood is a federal empowerment zone and is home to multiple downtown Tucson elementary schools and businesses."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jimma Arjo", "paragraph_text": "Jimma Arjo is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It shares the name of one of the subgroups of the Oromo people, the Jimma Arjo. Part of the Misraq Welega Zone, Jimma Arjo is bordered on the southwest by the Didessa River which separates it from the Illubabor Zone, on the northwest by Diga Leka, on the northeast by Guto Wayu, and on the southeast by Nunu Kumba. The administrative center of this woreda is Arjo."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Menz Keya Gebreal", "paragraph_text": "Menz Keya Gebreal is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Shewa Zone, Menz Keya Gebreal is bordered on the southeast by Menz Lalo Midir, on the southwest by the Jamma River which separated it from Moretna Jiru, on the west by Merhabiete, on the northwest by the Qechene River which separates it from the Debub Wollo Zone, and on the northeast by Menz Gera Midir. The administrative center of this woreda is Zemero. Menz Keya Gebreal was part of the former Gera Midirna Keya Gebriel woreda."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas)", "paragraph_text": "Mission San Juan Capistrano (originally christened in 1716 as \"La Misi\u00f3n San Jos\u00e9 de los Nazonis\" and located in East Texas) was founded in 1731 by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order, on the eastern banks of the San Antonio River in present-day San Antonio, Texas. The new settlement (part of a chain of Spanish missions) was named for a 15th-century theologian and warrior priest who resided in the Abruzzo region of Italy. The mission San Juan was named after Saint John of Capestrano."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brooke Army Medical Center", "paragraph_text": "San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) \u2014 the inpatient capabilities at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC)\u2014 is situated at Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, and is part of the U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM). BAMC is the command element over all Army medical facilities in the San Antonio area, including SAMMC (SAMMC is no longer the term used; BAMC is the name of the hospital and is responsible for the administrative and clinical oversight of the Army healthcare facilities in San Antonio). The term SAMMC solely applies to the inpatient capabilities within the hospital at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC). The hospital as a whole as well as the outlying clinics are considered BAMC. It is a University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and USUHS teaching hospital and is home to the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center. The USAISR Burn Center is part of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command located at Fort Detrick, Maryland."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Temple Terrace, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Temple Terrace, Florida Tree City USA City Gazebo at Woodmont Park Logo Nickname (s): ``The Terrace ''Motto:`` Amazing City, Since 1925'' U.S. Census map of Temple Terrace, Florida Location in Hillsborough County and the U.S. state of Florida Coordinates: 28 \u00b0 02 \u2032 07 ''N 82 \u00b0 23 \u2032 21'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 28.03528 \u00b0 N 82.38917 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 28.03528; - 82.38917 Coordinates: 28 \u00b0 02 \u2032 07 ''N 82 \u00b0 23 \u2032 21'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 28.03528 \u00b0 N 82.38917 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 28.03528; - 82.38917 Country United States State Florida County Hillsborough Founded 1920 Incorporated May 28, 1925 Government Mayor Frank Chillura Area Total 7.41 sq mi (19.20 km) Land 7.16 sq mi (18.54 km) Water 0.25 sq mi (0.65 km) Elevation 59 ft (18 m) Population (2010) Total 24,541 Estimate (2016) 26,515 Density 3,703.73 / sq mi (1,429.95 / km) Time zone Eastern (EST) (UTC - 5) Summer (DST) EDT (UTC - 4) ZIP codes 33617, 33637, 33687 Area code (s) 813 FIPS code 12 - 71400 GNIS feature ID 0292103 Website www.templeterrace.com"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hillsborough River State Park", "paragraph_text": "Hillsborough River State Park is located in the northeast corner of Hillsborough County, Florida near Zephyrhills (which is itself in Pasco County). It is a popular park due to its proximity to the city of Tampa."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}], "question": "In what time zone is Temple Terrace in the county sharing a border with San Antonio's county?"}
{"id": "3hop1__496486_361492_746288", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nizampatnam mandal", "paragraph_text": "Nizampatnam mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is under the administration of Tenali Revenue Division and the headquarters are located at Nizampatnam. The mandal is bounded by Repalle, Nagaram, Pittalavanipalem and Karlapalem mandals. The mandals lies on the shore of Bay of Bengal and a portion of the mandal lies on the banks of Krishna River."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shofar (journal)", "paragraph_text": "Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Purdue University Press on behalf of the University's Jewish Studies Program. \"Shofar\" is the official journal of the Midwest and Western Jewish Studies Associations. The journal publishes original, scholarly work and reviews a wide range of recent books in Judaica."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: / \u02c8b\u028ck\u026a\u014b\u0259m \u02c8p\u00e6l\u026as /) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Meigs Campus", "paragraph_text": "The Mount Meigs Campus is a juvenile corrections facility of the Alabama Department of Youth Services located in Mount Meigs, unincorporated Montgomery County; the campus serves as the agency's administrative headquarters. The campus, which can house 264 boys, is next to Interstate 85 North and about east of Downtown Montgomery. Since 2015, the separate J. Walter Wood Treatment facility for 24 girls is also located in the Mount Meigs Campus."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Iranian Studies Series", "paragraph_text": "The Iranian Studies Series was founded in 2007 and is co-published by Rozenberg Publishers in Amsterdam and Purdue University Press in West Lafayette, Indiana. It publishes scholarship on various aspects of Iranian civilisation, covering both contemporary and classical cultures of the Persian cultural area."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Majura Training Area", "paragraph_text": "The Majura Training Area (MTA) is a facility belonging to the Australian Department of Defence located to the east of Mount Majura in the Majura district in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The MTA is used primarily by the Australian Army for the conduct of field exercises and weapon qualification shoots. The MTA is located near to the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy and is frequently used by these training establishments. Accommodation and support on the range is through 'Camp Blake', which consists of headquarters buildings, Q-Store, Mess, Staff accommodation and amenities and trainee accommodation and amenities."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "West Lafayette, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "West Lafayette () is a city in Wabash Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States, about northwest of the state capital of Indianapolis and southeast of Chicago. West Lafayette is directly across the Wabash River from its sister city, Lafayette. As of the 2010 census, its population was 29,596. It is the most densely populated city in Indiana and is home to Purdue University."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "NORC at the University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "NORC at the University of Chicago is one of the largest independent social research organizations in the United States. Established in 1941 as the National Opinion Research Center, its corporate headquarters is located in downtown Chicago, with offices in several other locations throughout the United States. Organized as an independent corporation, more than half its board comes from faculty and administration of the university, it also jointly staffs some university academic research centers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}], "question": "What county is the headquarters of Shofar's publisher located in?"}
{"id": "3hop1__668706_241811_319055", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Randy Babbitt", "paragraph_text": "Jerome Randolph \u201cRandy\u201d Babbitt, (born June 9, 1946) is an American businessman and former government administrator. He served as Administrator of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) from 2009 to 2011."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sanford, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Sanford is a city in Lee County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 28,518 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Lee County."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Deep River Park, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Deep River Park, formerly known as 'Community Park', is a private park open to the public in Chatham County, North Carolina and Lee County, North Carolina, USA, operated by the Deep River Park Association. The main features of the 40 acre park are the Deep River Camelback Truss Bridge and a canoe access ramp to the Deep River. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Randy Glover", "paragraph_text": "Glover was born in Sanford, North Carolina. He attended the University of Tennessee. He turned professional and joined the PGA Tour in 1962."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}], "question": "Which county borders the county where Randy Glover was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__628880_226151_274275", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hunger (Frankie & The Heartstrings album)", "paragraph_text": "Hunger is the first album released by Sunderland indie band Frankie & The Heartstrings. It was released on 21 February 2011 on the band's own label, Pop Sex Ltd., a subsidiary of Wichita Recordings. A live version of the album was available to redeem online when bought from HMV. The album, produced by Orange Juice's Edwyn Collins, was recorded at his West Heath Studios, in London."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Days Run Away", "paragraph_text": "The Days Run Away is the second studio album by indie rock band Frankie & The Heartstrings. It was released in June 2013 under Wichita Recordings."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kakisa Lake", "paragraph_text": "Kakisa Lake is a large lake located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is fed by the Kakisa River, and near to the community of Kakisa. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sikyona", "paragraph_text": "Sikyona () is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kiato. Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Concordia Station", "paragraph_text": "Concordia Research Station, which opened in 2005, is a French\u2013Italian research facility that was built above sea level at a location called Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau, Antarctica. It is located inland from the French research station at Dumont D'Urville, inland from Australia's Casey Station and inland from the Italian Zucchelli Station at Terra Nova Bay. Russia's Vostok Station is away. The Geographic South Pole is away. The facility is also located within Australia's claim on Antarctica, the Australian Antarctic Territory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o, Cear\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o is a municipality in the state of Cear\u00e1, in the Northeast region of Brazil. located 55\u00a0km away from Fortaleza, the capital of the state. Reden\u00e7\u00e3o in Portuguese means redemption, and the city has this name because it was the first city in Brazil that abolished its slaves."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canhotinho", "paragraph_text": "Canhotinho (\"Little Left-handed\") is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 223\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 24.381 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Beryslav Raion", "paragraph_text": "Beryslav Raion (, ) is one of the 18 administrative raions (a \"district\") of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Beryslav. Its population was 55,976 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tyne and Wear", "paragraph_text": "Tyne and Wear County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference, and as a ceremonial county."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Italian Tripolitania", "paragraph_text": "Italian Tripolitania was an Italian colony, located in present-day western Libya, that existed from 1911 to 1934. It was part of the territory conquered from the Ottoman Empire after the Italo-Turkish War in 1911. Italian Tripolitania included the western northern half of Libya, with Tripoli as its main city. In 1934, it was unified with Cyrenaica in the colony of Italian Libya."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tupanatinga", "paragraph_text": "Tupanatinga is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 306\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 19.026 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sjernar\u00f8y", "paragraph_text": "Sjernar\u00f8y is a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The island municipality existed from 1868 until its dissolution in 1965. The municipality was located in the Boknafjorden in the present-day municipality of Finn\u00f8y. The administrative centre of the municipality was located on the island of Kyrkj\u00f8y, where the Sjernar\u00f8y Church is located."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kansas City Symphony", "paragraph_text": "The Kansas City Symphony (KCS) is a United States symphony orchestra based in Kansas City, Missouri. The current music director is conductor Michael Stern. The Symphony performs at the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts, located at 1601 Broadway Boulevard."}], "question": "What county is the city where the The Days Run Away's performer was formed a part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__163852_255131_162499", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ulyanovsk Oblast", "paragraph_text": "Ulyanovsk Oblast (Russian: \u0423\u043b\u044c\u044f\u0301\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0301\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, Ulyanovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It is located in the Volga Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Ulyanovsk. Population: 1,292,799 (2010 Census)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Monument Valley Film Festival", "paragraph_text": "Monument Valley Film, Blues & Arts Festival is an annual film festival held in Kayenta, Arizona. Established in 2007 by filmmakers Shonie and Andee De La Rosa. They are most known prior for their collaborate effort in the groundbreaking documentary film \"G\" (2004) and the release of their first full-length feature film Mile Post 398 (2007). It is the only film festival of its kind on the Navajo Nation currently to date."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Navajo County, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Navajo County is located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Arizona.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 107,449. The county seat is Holbrook.Navajo County comprises the Show Low, Arizona Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Matveyevo-Kurgansky District", "paragraph_text": "Matveyevo-Kurgansky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Matveyev Kurgan. Population: 43,446 (2010 Census); The population of Matveyev Kurgan accounts for 35.9% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kadomsky District", "paragraph_text": "Kadomsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Kadom. Population: 8,494 (2010 Census); The population of Kadom accounts for 64.5% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kayenta, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Kayenta () is a U.S. census-designated place (CDP) which is part of the Navajo Nation and is in Navajo County, Arizona. The population was 5,189 at the 2010 census. Kayenta is located south of Monument Valley and contains a number of hotels and motels which service visitors to Monument Valley. Like other places on the Navajo Nation, it is illegal to serve alcohol. Arizona does not observe Daylight Time; however, the Navajo reservation does."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chualar, California", "paragraph_text": "Chualar is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Salinas Valley of Monterey County, California. Chualar is located southeast of Salinas, at an elevation of 115 feet (35 m). The population was 1,190 at the 2010 census, down from 1,444 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Buzuluksky District", "paragraph_text": "Buzuluksky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-five in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Buzuluk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 31,071 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Irkutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a084,322."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Round Valley, California", "paragraph_text": "Round Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States. Round Valley is located northeast of Mount Tom, at an elevation of 4692 feet (1430 m). The population was 435 at the 2010 census, up from 278 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ust-Tsilemsky District", "paragraph_text": "Ust-Tsilemsky District (; ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twelve in the Komi Republic, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Ust-Tsilma. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a013,036, with the population of Ust-Tsilma accounting for 37.4% of that number."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Khanty-Mansiysky District", "paragraph_text": "Khanty-Mansiysky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the nine in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located in the center of the autonomous okrug. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Khanty-Mansiysk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a019,362."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Matching Jack", "paragraph_text": "\"Matching Jack\" was produced by Tass and Parker's studio Cascade Films, in association with the film investment agencies Film Victoria and Screen Australia. It was filmed on location in Melbourne in 2009, and premiered at the 2010 Melbourne International Film Festival. 20th Century Fox distributed it to 185 national screens in August 2010, the widest Fox release of an Australian film since 2008's \"Australia\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Columbine Valley, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "The Town of Columbine Valley is a Statutory Town located in western Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 1256 at the 2010 United States Census. Columbine Valley is a part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Prokhladnensky District", "paragraph_text": "Prokhladnensky District (; ; ) is an administrative and a municipal district (raion), one of the ten in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Prokhladny (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a045,533."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Swoyersville, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Swoyersville is a borough in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,062 at the 2010 census. Swoyersville is located within the Wyoming Valley West School District."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}], "question": "What was the 2010 population of the county where the location of the Monument Valley Film Festival is found?"}
{"id": "3hop1__43836_109295_262594", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's team squads", "paragraph_text": "Twelve national teams competed in the Men's Olympic Hockey Tournament at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Sixteen players were officially enrolled in each squad. Two reserve players could also be nominated to be available should a player enrolled in the official squad become injured during the tournament. Official squad lists were released by the FIH on 24 July 2008."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wonder Woman", "paragraph_text": "Wonder Woman was created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston (pen name: Charles Moulton), and artist Harry G. Peter. Marston's wife, Elizabeth, and their life partner, Olive Byrne, are credited as being his inspiration for the character's appearance. Marston's comics featured his ideas on DISC theory, and the character drew a great deal of inspiration from early feminists, and especially from birth control pioneer Margaret Sanger; in particular, her piece \"Woman and the New Race\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje", "paragraph_text": "Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje (/ \u02cc\u00e6de\u026a\u02c8w\u0251\u02d0le\u026a \u02cc\u00e6k\u026a\u02c8nu\u02d0. e\u026a \u0251\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8b\u0251\u02d0d\u0292e\u026a /; born 22 August 1967) is an English actor and former fashion model. He is best known for his roles as Lock - Nah in The Mummy Returns, Nykwana Wombosi in The Bourne Identity, Mr. Eko on Lost, and Simon Adebisi on Oz. His more recent roles include Malko in the fifth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones, providing the voice to the title character on the animated series Major Lazer, Dave Duerson in the NFL biopic drama Concussion, and Killer Croc in Suicide Squad."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alt.suicide.holiday", "paragraph_text": "alt.suicide.holiday (a.s.h, ASH or ash) is a Usenet newsgroup. Its original purpose was to discuss the relationship between suicide rates and holiday seasons. However, it has since evolved into a broad discussion forum where suicidal people can openly share their thoughts. Some participants are not suicidal, but post to provide psychological support and other input to suicidal or depressed posters. The newsgroup is unmoderated and subject to a high level of trolling and a harsh and sometimes hostile atmosphere. According to its FAQ, its purpose is neither to encourage nor discourage suicide, maintaining the stance of pro-choice rather than pro-suicide. \"Living as a suicidal, in defense of ASH\" explains the ideologies and debate of ASH's 'voluntary life' concept."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing was a suicide bombing which occurred on May 18, 2001 in the HaSharon Mall in Netanya, Israel. Six people were killed in the attack."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior", "paragraph_text": "Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior is a peer-reviewed academic journal published six times per year by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Association of Suicidology. The journal was established in 1971 by Edwin S. Shneidman. Its current editor-in-chief is Thomas Joiner (Florida State University). The journal covers scientific research on suicidal and other life-threatening behaviors, including risk factors for suicide, ethical issues in intervention research, and mental health needs of those bereaved by suicide."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wonder Woman (Earth-Two)", "paragraph_text": "Wonder Woman of Earth-Two is a fictional DC Comics superheroine retconned from original stories by Wonder Woman writer and creator William Moulton Marston and his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston. This version of Wonder Woman first appeared in \"All Star Comics\" #8 (December 1941). This was after DC Comics established a multiverse in their published stories to explain how heroes could have been active before (and during) World War II and retain their youth and (subsequent) origins during the 1960s."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia's Next Top Model (season 8)", "paragraph_text": "The eighth cycle of Australia's Next Top Model began airing 9 July 2013 on Fox8. Former host Sarah Murdoch left the show and was replaced by Jennifer Hawkins. Alex Perry and Charlotte Dawson returned as judges for this season with Didier Cohen joining the show as a new judge. This is the last series of Australia's Next Top Model to feature Dawson, before she died of an apparent suicide five months after it ended."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "James Holmes (mass murderer)", "paragraph_text": "James Eagan Holmes (born December 13, 1987) is an American prisoner convicted of the murder of 12 people and the attempted murder of 70 others in the 2012 Aurora shooting at a Century movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, on July 20, 2012. Holmes surrendered outside the theater and informed offices he had booby - trapped his apartment with explosives, which were defused one day later by a bomb squad."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel", "paragraph_text": "The squad car contains another comedian who was also arrested: Lenny Bruce (Luke Kirby). Midge, who had seen Lenny perform, returns to jail the next morning to bail him out and ask him if he loves comedy. Bruce warns Midge that the comedy business is terrible, but Midge takes his warning as encouragement and teams with Susie (Alex Borstein), a comedy club employee, to hone her act."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "France at the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "FIFA World Cup finals record Qualifications record Year Round Position GP D * GF GA Squad GP GF GA 1930 Group stage 7th 0 Squad -- 1934 Round of 16 9th 0 0 Squad 0 0 6 1934 1938 Quarter - finals 6th 0 Squad Qualified as hosts 1938 1950 Originally did not qualify, then invited, later withdrew 0 5 1950 1954 Group stage 11th 0 Squad 0 0 20 1954 1958 Third place 3rd 6 0 23 15 Squad 0 19 1958 1962 Did not qualify 5 0 10 1962 1966 Group stage 13th 0 5 Squad 6 5 0 9 1966 1970 Did not qualify 0 6 1970 5 1978 Group stage 12th 0 5 5 Squad 7 1978 1982 Fourth place 4th 7 16 12 Squad 8 5 0 20 8 1982 1986 Third place 3rd 7 12 6 Squad 8 5 15 1986 1990 Did not qualify 8 10 7 1990 1994 10 6 17 10 1994 1998 Champions 1st 7 6 0 15 Squad Qualified as hosts 1998 2002 Group stage 28th 0 0 Squad Qualified as defending champions 2002 2006 Runners - up 2nd 7 0 9 Squad 10 5 5 0 14 2006 Group stage 29th 0 Squad 12 7 20 10 2014 Quarter - finals 7th 5 10 Squad 10 6 18 8 2014 2018 Champions 1st 7 6 0 14 6 Squad 10 7 18 6 2018 2022 To be determined To be determined 2022 2026 To be determined To be determined 2026 Total 15 / 21 2 Titles 66 34 13 * 19 120 77 N / A 111 65 23 23 216 88 Total"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bensley, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Bensley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States. The population was 5,819 at the 2010 census. Bensley Community building is inside of Bensley park. The community building is outside of Bensley, setting in walking distance of the CDP. The community is a old village with no active government. The community is over 100 years old. A new police Substation is in the village in the old Bensley Bermuda rescue squad Next door to dupont."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Heathens (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Heathens\" is a song by American musical duo Twenty One Pilots, released as the lead single for the motion picture soundtrack for the film Suicide Squad (2016) on June 16, 2016, through Atlantic Records. The song was written by Tyler Joseph and produced by him along with Mike Elizondo. \"Heathens\" peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, tying with \"Stressed Out\" for the duo's highest charting single to date. \"Heathens\" was nominated for three Grammy Awards at the 59th annual awards ceremony."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Neythukaran", "paragraph_text": "Neythukaran is a 2002 Malayalam movie directed by debutant Priyanandanan starring Murali. The movie told the story of a weaver, a supporter of E. M. S. Namboodiripad who dies the next day after his leader dies."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Harley Quinn", "paragraph_text": "The character was originally voiced by Arleen Sorkin in various tie - ins to the DC animated universe. Since then, she has also been voiced by Hynden Walch and Tara Strong in either DC Animated Showcases or in various video games. In the Birds of Prey television series, she was portrayed by actress Mia Sara. The character made her live - action cinematic debut in the 2016 film Suicide Squad, portrayed by Margot Robbie."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje", "paragraph_text": "Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje (/ \u02cc\u00e6de\u026a\u02c8w\u0251\u02d0le\u026a \u02cc\u00e6k\u026a\u02c8nu\u02d0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8b\u0251\u02d0d\u0292e\u026a /; born 22 August 1967) is a British - Nigerian actor and former fashion model best known for his roles as Lock - Nah in The Mummy Returns, Nykwana Wombosi in The Bourne Identity, Kurse in Thor: The Dark World, Killer Croc in Suicide Squad, Simon Adebisi in Oz, Mr. Eko on Lost, Malko in the fifth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones, and Dave Duerson in the NFL biopic drama Concussion."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Squad 51", "paragraph_text": "Squad 51 is a 1972 Dodge D-300 truck, one of 3 different rescue squad vehicles (\"squads\") that were used in the filming of the television series \"Emergency!\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harley Quinn", "paragraph_text": "Harley Quinn is a frequent accomplice and lover of the Joker, whom she met while working as a psychiatrist at Gotham City's Arkham Asylum, where the Joker was a patient. Her name is a play on the name ``Harlequin '', a character which originated in the commedia dell'arte. The character has teamed up with fellow villains Catwoman and Poison Ivy several times, the trio being known as the Gotham City Sirens. Poison Ivy is known to be a close friend, sometimes lover, and recurring ally of Harley. Since The New 52, she is now depicted as an antihero and has left her past as a supervillain behind. Harley Quinn has also been depicted as a member of the Suicide Squad."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "DC Extended Universe", "paragraph_text": "The first film in the DCEU was Man of Steel (2013) followed by Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), Suicide Squad (2016), Wonder Woman (2017), and Justice League (2017). Future films with scheduled release dates include: Aquaman (2018), Shazam! and Wonder Woman 1984 in 2019, as well as Birds of Prey and The Flash in 2020. A multitude of other projects are in various stages of development."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?", "paragraph_text": "Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? (English: \"Why did I fall in love?\") is a 2005 Indian Hindi romantic comedy film directed by David Dhawan. It stars Salman Khan, Sushmita Sen, Katrina Kaif and Sohail Khan in lead roles, with Arshad Warsi, Beena Kak, Rajpal Yadav and Isha Koppikar in supporting roles. Arbaaz Khan made a guest appearance in the movie. The film is about the relationships of a womanizing doctor who gets ultimately stuck between two women: a patient with suicidal tendencies and his nurse."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the creator of the comic book that shares a title with the next movie after Suicide Squad?"}
{"id": "3hop1__124473_203380_794430", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Clough Williams-Ellis", "paragraph_text": "Clough Williams-Ellis was born in Gayton, Northamptonshire, England, but his family moved back to his father's native North Wales when he was four. The family have strong Welsh roots and Clough Williams-Ellis claimed direct descent from Owain Gwynedd, Prince of North Wales. His father John Clough Williams Ellis (1833-1913) was a clergyman and noted mountaineer while his mother Ellen Mabel Greaves (1851-1941) was the daughter of the slate mine proprietor John Whitehead Greaves and sister of John Ernest Greaves."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A Free Soul", "paragraph_text": "A Free Soul is a 1931 American pre-Code drama film that tells the story of an alcoholic San Francisco defense attorney who must defend his daughter's ex-boyfriend on a charge of murdering the mobster she had started a relationship with, a mobster whom her father had previously got an acquittal for on a murder charge. \"A Free Soul\" stars Norma Shearer, Leslie Howard, Lionel Barrymore, and Clark Gable."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Sea Beast", "paragraph_text": "The Sea Beast is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by Millard Webb, starring John Barrymore, Dolores Costello and George O'Hara. The film was a major commercial success and one of the biggest pictures of 1926 becoming Warner Brothers' highest grossing film. \"The Sea Beast\" is the first adaptation of the novel \"Moby-Dick\" by Herman Melville, a story about a monomaniacal hunt for a great white whale. However, the film alters the novel's plotline by establishing prequel and sequel elements that are not in the original story\u2014such as the romancing of Esther and Ahab's safe return, respectively\u2014and substitutes a happy ending for Melville's original tragic one. Some of the characters in the film do not appear in Melville's original novel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Switched at Birth characters", "paragraph_text": "Played by D.W. Moffett, John is the biological father of Toby Kennish and Daphne Vasquez, and the adopted father of Bay Kennish. He used to play professional baseball, and he and Daphne share a love for athletics. John later becomes friends with Daphne's basketball coach, Melody Bledsoe. Toward the end of the first season, John announces his intention to run for office."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of Daredevil characters", "paragraph_text": "``Battlin ''Jack Murdock (portrayed by John Patrick Hayden): Matt Murdock's father, a professional boxer who was killed for refusing to take a dive, while Matt is young."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Blyth Barrymore", "paragraph_text": "John Blyth Barrymore III was born to John Drew Barrymore and Cara Williams. As such, he is from the famous Barrymore family: He is the half-brother of American actress Drew Barrymore, as well as the grandnephew of Ethel Barrymore and Lionel Barrymore. He is of partial Irish descent through his great-grandfather, actor Maurice Costello. John has stated that he does not remember if he met his aunt Diana Barrymore, who was also an actress."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Daddy's Home 2", "paragraph_text": "Following the events of the first film, Brad and Dusty (Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg) must deal with their intrusive fathers, Don and Kurt (John Lithgow and Mel Gibson) during the holidays, along with Dusty's conflict with his stepchild's biological father, Roger (John Cena)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John James Joass", "paragraph_text": "John James Joass (1868 \u2013 10 May 1952) was a Scottish architect, born in Dingwall, Scotland. His father William Cumming Joass was an established architect in that town."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Crescentius", "paragraph_text": "John Crescentius (Italian: \"Giovanni Crescenzio\") also John II Crescentius or Crescentius III (d. 1012) was the son of Crescentius the Younger (Crescentius II). He succeeded to his father's title of consul and patrician of Rome in 1002 and held it to his death."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Supernatural (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of Supernatural, an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on September 13, 2005, and concluded on May 4, 2006 after 22 episodes. It focuses on brothers Sam and Dean Winchester as they track down their father, John, who is on the trail of the demon who killed their mother and Sam's girlfriend. During their travels, they use their father's journal to help them carry on the family business -- saving people and hunting supernatural creatures. Jared Padalecki and Jensen Ackles star as Sam and Dean, with Jeffrey Dean Morgan recurring as their father, John, and Nicki Aycox as the demonic Meg Masters. This is the only season to air on The WB Television Network, with all subsequent seasons airing on The CW Television Network, a joint venture of The WB and UPN."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New College of California", "paragraph_text": "New College of California was a college founded in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1971 by former Gonzaga University President, Father John Leary. It ceased operations in early 2008."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Esther", "paragraph_text": "Esther Queen of Persia Queen Esther (1879) by Edwin Long Queen of Persia Reign c. 479 -- c. 465 BC Coronation c. 479 Predecessor Vashti Hadassah c. 492 BC Achaemenid Empire Burial Hamadan, Iran Spouse King Xerxes I of Persia House Persia Father Abihail (biological), Mordecai (adoptive) Religion Judaism"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Hawtrey", "paragraph_text": "He was born at Eton College, where his father, the Reverend John Hawtrey, was master of the lower school. His younger brother was the actor, Sir Charles Hawtrey."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Malcolm McKinnon", "paragraph_text": "McKinnon is the younger brother of former Commonwealth Secretary-General Don McKinnon, Wellington Deputy Mayor Ian McKinnon and twin brother of New Zealand Defence Secretary John McKinnon. McKinnon's father was Chief of General Staff, Major General Walter McKinnon, CB, CBE. The McKinnon brothers are great-great-grandsons of John Plimmer, known as the \"father of Wellington\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "paragraph_text": "Daddy's Home is a 2015 American comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders, Brian Burns, and John Morris. The film is about a mild - mannered step - father (Will Ferrell) who vies for the attention of his wife's (Linda Cardellini) children when their biological father (Mark Wahlberg) returns."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hold That Co-ed", "paragraph_text": "Hold That Co-ed is a 1938 comedy film directed by George Marshall, starring John Barrymore, George Murphy and Marjorie Weaver."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bulldog Drummond's Revenge", "paragraph_text": "Bulldog Drummond's Revenge is a 1937 black-and-white detective film directed by Louis King, produced by Stuart Walker, written by Edward T. Lowe Jr. and Herman C. McNeile (novel), and featuring John Barrymore. The picture stars John Howard in his second appearance as Bulldog Drummond; Howard previously appeared as Ronald Colman's (who had made the first talkie \"Bulldog Drummond\") brother in \"Lost Horizon\". Top-billed John Barrymore portrays his friend Colonel Nielsen."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Drew Barrymore", "paragraph_text": "John Drew Barrymore (born John Blyth Barrymore Jr.; June 4, 1932 \u2013 November 29, 2004) was an American film actor and member of the Barrymore family of actors, which included his father, John Barrymore, and his father's siblings, Lionel and Ethel. He was the father of four children, including actor John Blyth Barrymore and actress Drew Barrymore. Diana Barrymore was his half-sister from his father's second marriage."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Shrek characters", "paragraph_text": "King Harold (voiced by John Cleese) was the king of Far Far Away, husband of Queen Lillian, father of Princess Fiona, and father in - law of Shrek."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of John Blyth Barrymore's grandfather?"}
{"id": "3hop1__471363_387975_81399", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes", "paragraph_text": "The first The Seven Deadly Sins anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime, following their acquisition of Knights of Sidonia. All 24 episodes were released on November 1, 2015 in both subtitled or English dub formats. The Signs of Holy War arc of the series, labeled as Season 2, was added to the service on February 17, 2017. The Revival of the Commandments arc, labeled as Season 3, was released on October 15, 2018 in the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "S1ngles", "paragraph_text": "From October 2007 until February 2008 the series were named as S1ngles 2\u00bd, since the stories of the second season didn't come to a close yet. In February 2008 the first episode of the S1ngles 3 chapter introduced new characters and storylines."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Tokyo Ghoul episodes", "paragraph_text": "Tokyo Ghoul is an anime television series by Studio Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July and September 2014 with a second season titled Tokyo Ghoul \u221a A that aired January 8, 2015, to March 26, 2015, and a third season titled Tokyo Ghoul: re, currently airing from April 3, 2018. Studio Pierrot also produced an OVA for Tokyo Ghoul: JACK along with a portion of the light novel Tokyo Ghoul: Hibi titled Tokyo Ghoul: PINTO."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "KTHR", "paragraph_text": "KTHR (107.3 FM, \"ALT 107.3\") is a radio station operating in Wichita, Kansas. The station airs an alternative rock format. Its studios are located in Northeast Wichita and the transmitter is located outside Colwich, Kansas."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Odakyu 3000 series SE", "paragraph_text": "The or SE (Super Express), later becoming SSE (Short Super Express), was a \"Romancecar\" electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Odakyu Electric Railway in the Tokyo area of Japan. It was the recipient of the inaugural Blue Ribbon Award presented by the Japan Railfan Club in 1958."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Wire", "paragraph_text": "The Wire Intertitle from season 2 Genre Crime drama Serial drama Created by David Simon Starring see List of The Wire characters Theme music composer Tom Waits Opening theme ``Way Down in the Hole ''by The Blind Boys of Alabama (season 1) Tom Waits (season 2) The Neville Brothers (season 3) DoMaJe (season 4) Steve Earle (season 5) Ending theme`` The Fall'' by Blake Leyh Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 60 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) David Simon Robert F. Colesberry Nina Kostroff Noble Producer (s) Karen L. Thorson Ed Burns Joe Chappelle George Pelecanos Eric Overmyer Location (s) Baltimore, Maryland Camera setup Single - camera Running time 55 -- 60 minutes 93 minutes (series finale) Production company (s) Blown Deadline Productions HBO Distributor Warner Bros. Television HBO Enterprises Release Original network HBO Picture format 480i (4: 3 SDTV) (original broadcast) 1080p (16: 9 HDTV) (2014 remaster) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 2, 2002 (2002 - 06 - 02) -- March 9, 2008 (2008 - 03 - 09) External links Website"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Come to My Window", "paragraph_text": "``Come to My Window ''Single by Melissa Etheridge from the album Yes I Am B - side`` Ai n't It Heavy'' (Live) Released Format CD single Compact Cassette Recorded A&M Studios, Los Angeles Genre Rock Length 3: 55 (Album Version) 3: 35 (Edit) Label Island Songwriter (s) Melissa Etheridge Producer (s) Hugh Padgham Melissa Etheridge Melissa Etheridge singles chronology ``I'm the Only One ''(1993)`` Come to My Window'' (1993) ``All American Girl ''(1994)`` I'm the Only One'' (1993) ``Come to My Window ''(1994)`` All American Girl'' (1994)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2009 Indian Premier League", "paragraph_text": "As the second season of the IPL coincided with multi-phase 2009 Indian general elections, in the aftermath of the 3 March 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team the Government of India refused to commit security by Indian paramilitary forces. As a result, the BCCI decided to host the second season of the league outside India. On 24 March 2009, the BCCI officially announced that the second season of the IPL was to be held in South Africa. Though India did not host the second season, the format of the tournament remained unchanged from the 2008 season format."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Odakyu 50000 series VSE", "paragraph_text": "The or VSE (Vault Super Express) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train operated by Odakyu Electric Railway on \"Romancecar\" services in Japan. Two 10-car articulated sets were introduced in March 2005, manufactured by Nippon Sharyo."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Tokyo Ghoul characters", "paragraph_text": "The main protagonist of the story, Ken Kaneki (\u91d1\u6728\u7814, Kaneki Ken) is a 19 - year - old university freshman that receives an organ transplant from Rize, who was trying to kill him before she was struck by a fallen I - beam and seemingly killed. After the operation Kaneki develops ghoul - like tendencies and characteristics, and his rationality begins to wane. As one that now does n't belong to humans or ghouls he struggles to keep his ghoul identity secret, always fighting against his ghoul side while trying to continue to live like a normal human. He later works as a waiter for Anteiku under Yoshimura's guidance. After his fight with a CCG investigator named Amon he gains the name Eye Patch (\u773c\u5e2f) because of his mask's design and becomes somewhat famous after a ghoul saw him defeating the investigator. He loves to read and is normally quiet and reserved but can also be calculating when fighting. He has a bad trait of easily trusting strangers which sometimes puts him in life - threatening situations. After being kidnapped by the ghoul run organization known as Aogiri Tree, he is mercilessly tortured by a sadistic ghoul named Yakumo \u014cmori (Yamori), and later develops similar traits to his torturer. While being tortured he has hallucinations of Rize in which she mocks him about his mother, which leads to him finally embracing his inner ghoul. His view on strength changes and he goes on a power hungry path by cannibalizing other ghouls in order to get stronger. The continued cannibalization led him to become a half kakuja, where he develops a centipede shaped kagune and gains the alias Centipede (\u767e\u8db3). After the incident at Kan\u014d's Lab, Kaneki begins to regret this path and begins reflecting on his actions and motives."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "CFFR", "paragraph_text": "CFFR is a Canadian AM radio station broadcasting at 660 kHz in Calgary, Alberta and began broadcasting on January 10, 1984. As of April 3, 2006, it operates in an all-news format, branded 660News. It is a Class B, 50,000 watt station broadcasting on the clear-channel frequency of 660 AM. CFFR's studios are located on 7th Avenue Southwest in downtown Calgary, while its transmitters are located near Okotoks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Degrassi: The Next Generation", "paragraph_text": "The series premiered on CTV on October 14, 2001. During the ninth season in 2010, the series moved to MuchMusic. The tenth season marked a change in production style, which saw the series become a telenovela, a daily soap opera - style format, during the summer months, while the rest of the season aired during the standard fall - spring schedule on a weekly basis. The thirteenth season reverted to a weekly schedule and, part way through, moved to MTV Canada. The series has been syndicated on cable television, and episodes are available on DVD and in new media download formats from Puretracks, the iTunes Store, and the Xbox Live Marketplace. Internationally, Degrassi: The Next Generation has been highly successful in the US, where it was broadcast on TeenNick, as well as being broadcast in 140 other countries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Coming of Shadows", "paragraph_text": "\"The Coming of Shadows\" is a key episode from the second season of the science fiction television series \"Babylon 5\". It won the 1996 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Voice of Holland (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of Holland (season 3) was the third season of the Dutch reality singing competition, created by media tycoon John de Mol and the first sophomore season ever of the show's format. It was aired from August to December 2012 on RTL4."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Une grenade avec \u00e7a?", "paragraph_text": "Une grenade avec \u00e7a? () is a Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois sitcom for teenagers produced by Zone 3 and aired on VRAK.TV. The name of the series comes from the popular grenade-shaped candies offered by the restaurant in the show. It is now the most watched show on VRAK.TV. The series debuted in 2002 and ended in 2011, after its tenth season. It is about the everyday trials and tribulations at \"Captain Creighton\", a fictional Montreal fast-food restaurant."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Star Trek: The Original Series", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, 2007, CBS Home Entertainment (with distribution by Paramount Home Entertainment) announced that the remastered episodes of TOS would be released on an HD DVD / DVD hybrid format. Season 1 was released on November 20, 2007. Season 2 had been scheduled for release in the summer of 2008, but it was cancelled when Toshiba (which had been helping finance the remastering of the show) pulled out of the HD DVD business. On August 5, 2008, the remastered Season 2 was released on DVD only. For this release, CBS and Paramount used discs without any disc art, making them look like the ``Season 1 Remastered ''HD DVD / DVD combo discs, despite having content only on one side. Season 3 was released on DVD only on November 18, 2008. On February 17, 2009 -- Paramount announced the Season 1 of TOS on Blu - ray Disc for a May release to coincide with the new feature film coming from Paramount. The second season was released in a seven disc set on Blu - ray in the U.S. on September 22, 2009. The third season was released on Blu - ray in the U.S. on December 15. With the release of the`` Alternate Realities'' box set, remastered Original Series episodes were included in a multi-series compilation for the first time. It is unknown if future compilation releases will exclusively use the remastered episodes or not."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Come Along with Me (Adventure Time)", "paragraph_text": "``Come Along with Me ''is an American animated television special based on the animated television series Adventure Time. The special, comprising four episodes, serves as the series finale of Adventure Time, as well as its tenth season finale. The special first aired on September 3, 2018 on Cartoon Network."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Out of the Wild", "paragraph_text": "Out of the Wild (known in the first season solely as The Alaska Experiment) is a Discovery Channel reality television series. The first and second seasons followed volunteers from urbanized backgrounds as they use survival skills in the back-country of Alaska during the fall and winter. The third season saw a relocation of the series to Venezuela, while keeping the same general format of season 2. The series was produced by Ricochet in the first season, and by Pilgrim Films in seasons 2 and 3."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Britain's Got Talent", "paragraph_text": "The twelfth series was aired during 2018, between 14 April to 3 June. Following the previous series, the Judges' vote was brought back into the show's format, while the live episodes were aired from Hammersmith Apollo and presented solely by Declan Donnelly; although Anthony McPartlin had stepped down from his TV commitments in March 2018, he still appeared in the series' audition episodes, which had been filmed during January and February that year. Auditions were held within Manchester, Blackpool and London, with two of these cities holding open auditions in 2017, alongside a number of locations within the United Kingdom and Ireland, including Edinburgh, Perth, Dundee, Aberdeen, Glasgow, Dublin, and Inverness. The series was won by stand - up comedian Lost Voice Guy, with comedy singer / pianist Robert White coming second, and singer Donchez Dacres placing third."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tokyo Ghoul", "paragraph_text": "A third season, titled Tokyo Ghoul: re was announced on October 5, 2017, and started airing on April 3, 2018. Odahiro Watanabe will replace Shuhei Morita as the director, while Ch\u016bji Mikasano will return to write scripts. Pierrot will animate the series, while Pierrot+ is credited for animation assistance. Atsuko Nakajima will replace Kazuhiro Miwa as the character designer. The series will air 12 episodes."}], "question": "When did season 3 premiere of the show entitled city A Ghoul where city A contains the railway that operates the Odakyu 50000 series VSE?"}
{"id": "3hop1__343724_670005_836359", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mariquina, Chile", "paragraph_text": "Mariquina is a commune in southern Chile, Valdivia Province, Los R\u00edos Region. It is located about 40\u00a0km northeast of Valdivia, close to Cruces River. The capital is the city of San Jos\u00e9 de la Mariquina. The commune's main economic activities are agriculture, cattle farming and wood pulp manufacturing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Liqui\u00f1e", "paragraph_text": "Liqui\u00f1e is a town in Liqui\u00f1e Valley, in Panguipulli commune, Valdivia Province, Chile. The area around the village is home to South America's densest collection of hot springs. There are literally hundred of sites where geothermal waters flow up out of the earth. The water emerges from the ground at roughly 176\u00b0F (80\u00b0C). Therefore, the water must be cooled before being fed into pools for bathing."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Valdivia Pulp Mill", "paragraph_text": "The Valdivia Pulp Mill or Planta Valdivia is a pulp mill and biomass-fueled electrical generating station in San Jos\u00e9 de la Mariquina, Los R\u00edos Region, Chile. Although the main activity is wood pulp production, it also generates 61 MW of electricity from the burning of volatiles and black liquor. The plant was built in 2004 and is owned by Celulosa Arauco y Constituci\u00f3n also called CELCO."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "Which city is located in the same province as the city sharing a border with Valdivia?"}
{"id": "3hop2__237625_621_8421", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Martin Beaver", "paragraph_text": "Martin Beaver (born 10 November 1967) is a Canadian violinist best known as first violinist of the Tokyo String Quartet. Beaver joined the Tokyo String Quartet as its first violinist in 2002 and remained until they disbanded in 2013. As a part of the Tokyo String Quartet, he played the \"Paganini-Comte Cozio di Salabue\" violin (circa 1727) on loan from the Nippon Foundation, part of the Paganini Quartet collection of instruments made by Antonio Stradivari. BHe currently performs on a violin made by the luthier Nicola Bergonzi. Now on faculty at the Colburn School in Los Angeles, he remains active in both chamber music and as a soloist, and established the Montrose Trio with pianist Jon Kimura Parker and cellist Clive Greensmith."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lord Wilton", "paragraph_text": "The Lord Wilton Guarnerius, sometimes called the ex-Yehudi Menuhin, is an antique and valuable violin fabricated by Italian luthier Giuseppe Antonio Guarneri (1698\u20131744), usually called Guarneri del Ges\u00f9. The violin was made in 1742 in the city of Cremona. It was named after Seymour Egerton, 4th Earl of Wilton, a musician, associate of Arthur Sullivan, and 19th century owner of the instrument. It was owned and played by the celebrated violinist Yehudi Menuhin from 1978 to 1999. After Menuhin's death in 1999, the instrument was sold for US$6 million to the collector David L. Fulton, the highest price paid for a violin to that date."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chapman Stick", "paragraph_text": "The Chapman Stick is an electric musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s. A member of the guitar family, the Chapman Stick usually has ten or twelve individually tuned strings and has been used on music recordings to play bass lines, melody lines, chords, or textures. Designed as a fully polyphonic chordal instrument, it can also cover several of these musical parts simultaneously."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Stoessel lute", "paragraph_text": "The Stoessel lute () is a string instrument invented by Georg St\u00f6ssel in 1914 in Cologne (K\u00f6ln), Germany. Its steel strings are fingered not by putting one's hand round the neck, but over the end of it. To this end, most St\u00f6ssel lutes have very short necks. It is, in effect, a hybrid between a necked string instrument and a zither."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ellen Fullman", "paragraph_text": "Ellen Fullman (born 1957) is an American composer, instrument builder, and performer. She was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and is currently based in the San Francisco Bay Area. She is known for her 70-foot (21-meter) Long String instrument, tuned in just intonation and played with rosin-coated fingers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Antonio Stradivari", "paragraph_text": "Antonio Stradivari Italian pronunciation: (an\u02c8t\u0254\u02d0njo stradi\u02c8va\u02d0ri); (1644 -- December 18, 1737) was an Italian luthier and a crafter of string instruments such as violins, cellos, guitars, violas and harps. Stradivari is generally considered the most significant and greatest artisan in this field. The Latinized form of his surname, Stradivarius, as well as the colloquial ``Strad ''are terms often used to refer to his instruments. It is estimated that Stradivari produced 1,116 instruments, 960 of which were violins. Around 650 instruments survived, including 450 to 512 violins."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. \"As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers.\"  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ari Poutiainen", "paragraph_text": "Ari Poutiainen (born 1972 in Kaarlela, Finland) is a Finnish contemporary jazz violinist, violist, composer, and researcher. He is famous for employing a rare, hybrid 5-string viola (both acoustic and electric) beside violin, his main instrument. He often plucks either instrument with his fingers while holding it like a guitar. This instrumental approach enables him to produce unconventional chords and sounds on violin and viola."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "80-string koto", "paragraph_text": "The 80-string koto, called \"hachijugen\" (kanji: \u516b\u5341\u7d43; hiragana: \u306f\u3061\u3058\u3085\u3046\u3052\u3093) in Japanese, was an invention of Japanese composer Michio Miyagi which appeared In 1923. He added 67 strings to the traditional 13 string koto design, creating an instrument much like a western harp. Together, the 80 strings provide a far larger pitch range than the standard Koto. It is widely seen as a short-lived experimental instrument."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stomu Takeishi", "paragraph_text": "Stomu Takeishi (born 1964, in Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture) is a Japanese jazz bass player. He generally plays fretless five-string electric bass guitar, as well as a Klein five-string acoustic bass guitar. He often uses looping or other electronic techniques to enhance the sound of his instrument."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord and the fortepiano. While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use in the end of the century. Brass instruments included the buccin, the ophicleide (a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba) and the natural horn."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Basquiat Strings", "paragraph_text": "Basquiat Strings is a British chamber jazz quintet led by the cellist Ben Davis, who composes all the music. It features an innovative line-up which hybridises the classical string quartet (two violins, viola and cello) with the jazz rhythm section (double bass and drums)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "Typical stringed instruments of the early period include the harp, lute, vielle, and psaltery, while wind instruments included the flute family (including recorder), shawm (an early member of the oboe family), trumpet, and the bagpipes. Simple pipe organs existed, but were largely confined to churches, although there were portable varieties. Later in the period, early versions of keyboard instruments like the clavichord and harpsichord began to appear. Stringed instruments such as the viol had emerged by the 16th century, as had a wider variety of brass and reed instruments. Printing enabled the standardization of descriptions and specifications of instruments, as well as instruction in their use."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Knights (orchestra)", "paragraph_text": "The Knights are a New York-based orchestra. While music students in the late 1990s, brothers Eric and Colin Jacobsen began regular informal chamber music readings at their home, inviting friends with a shared enthusiasm for the discovery and performance of new and historical music. These gatherings turned into public recitals and the ensemble \u201cThe Knights of the Many-Sided Table\u201d was formed. As the number of performances increased and the group grew, the original collaborative spirit of chamber music remained. The name \u2013 now simply \u201cThe Knights\u201d \u2013 has symbolized the orchestra\u2019s quest: always searching out something bold and true to the music."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "PanKe Shava", "paragraph_text": "PanKe Shava is a Ukrainian rock band founded by Tymofiy Morokhovets in 2008 in Lviv. PanKe Shava plays music that can be described as \"rock'n'love\" with the elements of ethno music. The band uses such instrumental highlights as a violin, trumpet and xylophone."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chrome Hoof", "paragraph_text": "Chrome Hoof are an experimental chamber rock orchestra based in London, England. The group was formed in 2000 by Cathedral bassist Leo Smee and his brother Milo Smee. Initially performing as a duo, their music was mostly electronic. Since the start, however, the group have continuously recruited new members playing various instruments. As of 2007, the group had about ten members and instruments such as saxophone, trumpet, bassoon, violin, guitars, bass and drums."}], "question": "The violin, contrabass, and Auguste Franchomme's instrument along with what other instrument form the string section of a musical group which The Knights is an example of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__157296_155767_156185", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Monocacy River", "paragraph_text": "The Monocacy River is a free-flowing left tributary to the Potomac River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Chesapeake Bay. The river is long, with a drainage area of about . It is the largest Maryland tributary to the Potomac."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pigg River", "paragraph_text": "The Pigg River is a river in south-central Virginia in the United States. It is a tributary of the Roanoke River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean via Albemarle Sound."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gojeb River", "paragraph_text": "The Gojeb River is eastward-flowing tributary of the Omo River in Ethiopia. It rises in the mountains of Guma, flowing in almost a direct line its confluence with the Omo at"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Des Moines River", "paragraph_text": "The Des Moines River () is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the upper Midwestern United States that is approximately long from its farther headwaters. The largest river flowing across the state of Iowa, it rises in southern Minnesota and flows across Iowa from northwest to southeast, passing from the glaciated plains into the unglaciated hills near the capital city of Des Moines, named after the river, in the center of the state. The river continues to flow at a southeastern direction away from Des Moines, later flowing directly into the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rhonelle", "paragraph_text": "The Rhonelle is a river of northern France. It is a right tributary of the Scheldt. Its source is near Locquignol. It flows generally northwest along Le Quesnoy, Villers-Pol and Famars. It flows into the Scheldt in Valenciennes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Buchan River", "paragraph_text": "The Buchan River ( ) is a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, located in the Alpine region of the Australian state of Victoria."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lomami River", "paragraph_text": "The Lomami River is a major tributary of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The river is approximately long. It flows north, west of and parallel to the upper Congo."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Range Creek", "paragraph_text": "Range Creek, rising in the Book Cliffs in Emery County, Utah, is a high tributary of the Colorado River. It flows into the Green River, a major tributary of the Colorado. The creek flows year around."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Snowy River", "paragraph_text": "The Snowy River is a major river in south-eastern Australia. It originates on the slopes of Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest mainland peak, draining the eastern slopes of the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales, before flowing through the Alpine National Park and the Snowy River National Park in Victoria and emptying into Bass Strait."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kaltenbach (D\u00fcrnach)", "paragraph_text": "Kaltenbach is a river of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. It is a right tributary of the D\u00fcrnach and belongs to the Danube river system. It is long and rises about east of Ringschnait. Most of the river flows through forest, and then flows into the D\u00fcrnach south-west of Wennedach."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tarbell Brook", "paragraph_text": "Tarbell Brook is a stream located in southwestern New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts in the United States. It is a tributary of the Millers River, itself a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "San Rafael River", "paragraph_text": "The San Rafael River is a tributary of the Green River, approximately long, in east central Utah, United States. The river flows across a sparsely populated arid region of the Colorado Plateau, and is known for the isolated, scenic gorge through which it flows."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cutato River", "paragraph_text": "The Cutato is a river of central Angola, tributary of the Cuanza River. It flows to the northeast of Benguela. The town of Cutato lies on the river."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Vytegra River", "paragraph_text": "The Vytegra () is a river in Vytegorsky District of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It nominally flows out of Lake Matkozero and is a tributary of Lake Onega. It is long, and the area of its basin . The principal tributary is the Tagazhma River (left)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cagne", "paragraph_text": "The Cagne is a river that flows through the Alpes-Maritimes department of southeastern France. Its source is near Coursegoules, and it flows into the Mediterranean Sea in Cagnes-sur-Mer. The Malvan is one of its tributaries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Murrindal River", "paragraph_text": "The Murrindal River rises below Butchers Ridge, and flows generally south, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its confluence with the Buchan River west of Lucas Point in the Shire of East Gippsland. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sleepy Eye Creek", "paragraph_text": "Sleepy Eye Creek is a tributary of the Cottonwood River of Minnesota, the United States. Via the Cottonwood River, its water flows to the Minnesota River and eventually the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dinder River", "paragraph_text": "The Dinder River (, also spelled Dindar) is a tributary of the Blue Nile. It flows through Ethiopia and Sudan for ."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ni\u00e8vre (Loire)", "paragraph_text": "The Ni\u00e8vre () is a river in central France, a right tributary of the Loire. It flows through the \"d\u00e9partement\" Ni\u00e8vre."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ango River", "paragraph_text": "Ango River () is a tributary of the Omolon River in Russia's Magadan Oblast in northeast Siberia. It is Omolons right tributary and flows into it from its mouth. The total length of the Ango is ."}], "question": "What does the river into which flows the river of which Murrindal River is a tributary flow into?"}
{"id": "3hop1__374400_701171_645067", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bann Na Mohra", "paragraph_text": "Bann Na Mohra is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 27' 50N 73\u00b0 22' 10E with an altitude of 562 metres (1847 feet)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Holdenville, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Holdenville is a city in and county seat of Hughes County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 5,771 at the 2010 census, an increase of 22 percent from 4,732 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Guam (i/\u02c8\u0261w\u0251\u02d0m/ or /\u02c8\u0261w\u0252m/; Chamorro: Gu\u00e5h\u00e5n;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, and the most populous city is Dededo. In 2015, 161,785 people resided on Guam. Guamanians are American citizens by birth. Guam has an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi) and a density of 297/km\u00b2 (770/sq mi). It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 1,425/km\u00b2 (3,691/sq mi), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 47/km\u00b2 (119/sq mi). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters (1,332 ft) above sea level."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Darial, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 23' 35N 73\u00b0 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jim Skaggs", "paragraph_text": "James Lee Skaggs (born January 3, 1940 in Wetumka, Oklahoma) is a former professional American football offensive lineman in the National Football League who played ten seasons for the Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football at the University of Washington and was drafted in the tenth round of the 1962 NFL Draft. Skaggs was also selected in the 12th round of the 1962 AFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mian Haji Sahib", "paragraph_text": "Mian Haji Sahib is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 22' 50N 73\u00b0 20' 40E with an altitude of 479 metres (1574 feet)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wetumka, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Wetumka is a city in northern Hughes County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,282 at the 2010 census, a decline of 11.7 percent from 1,451 at the 2000 census. The town was named for a Creek town of Wetumpka in Alabama, which the Creeks were forced to leave during the Indian Removal. \"Wetumka\" is a Muscogee Creek word meaning \"tumbling water.\" It is the headquarters for two federally recognized tribes, the Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town and the Kialegee Tribal Town. It is the home of the Sucker Day, held every year on the last Saturday in September."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county where Jim Skaggs was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__566124_634735_676991", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jane Leslie Conly", "paragraph_text": "Jane Leslie Conly (born 1948) is an American author, the daughter of author Robert C. O'Brien. She started her literary work by finishing the manuscript for her father's \"Z for Zachariah\" in 1974 after his death."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Intel 8259", "paragraph_text": "The Intel 8259 is a Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) designed for the Intel 8085 and Intel 8086 microprocessors. The initial part was 8259, a later A suffix version was upward compatible and usable with the 8086 or 8088 processor. The 8259 combines multiple interrupt input sources into a single interrupt output to the host microprocessor, extending the interrupt levels available in a system beyond the one or two levels found on the processor chip. The 8259A was the interrupt controller for the ISA bus in the original IBM PC and IBM PC AT."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her office, a Vestal was emancipated from her father's authority. In archaic Roman society, these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man, instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Engleby", "paragraph_text": "Engleby is a novel by the author Sebastian Faulks. It tells the tale of a working-class boy who wins a place at an esteemed university and becomes a suspect in a murder investigation after the disappearance of a girl from a nearby college."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Black Cobain", "paragraph_text": "Black Cobain attended Virginia State University, graduated magna cum laude, and obtained employment at the Boys & Girls Club, uncertain he could make a viable living and income from his ambitions as an emcee. During this time, he linked with long-time friend and mentor, Le'Greg O. Harrison, and under his direction began to professionalize his sound and actively exploit his talent through local performances, collaborations, sets, and freestyles. In 2009, Black signed to The Board Administration as their first official signee and shortly thereafter left full-time employment to fully pursue emceeing as a career."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Terence Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Terence Morgan was born in Lewisham, London, and started work as a shipping clerk at Lloyd's of London before winning a scholarship to RADA. After training at RADA, Morgan began as a repertory theatre actor. His career was interrupted by two years in the army in World War II before he was invalided out. In 1948 he joined the Old Vic Company alongside Laurence Olivier, and played the role of Laertes in the 1948 film of \"Hamlet\". He was the first actor in such a role to get fan mail from teenage girls."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Tiger Who Came to Tea", "paragraph_text": "The Tiger Who Came to Tea is a short children's story, first published in 1968, written and illustrated by Judith Kerr. The book concerns a girl called Sophie, her mother, and an anthropomorphised tiger who interrupts their afternoon tea. The book remains extremely popular more than forty years after it was first published, and a theatrical adaptation of the story has been produced."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Not That Sort of Girl", "paragraph_text": "Not That Sort of Girl (1987) is a novel by British author Mary Wesley. The novel is set in Southern England and takes its beginning in the late 1930s and follows the life of Rose Peel throughout 48 years of marriage."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Philip Sendak", "paragraph_text": "Philip Sendak (September 15, 1894 \u2013 June 1970) was a children's literature author. He is the father of the author and illustrator Maurice Sendak, winner of the Caldecott Medal, and the children's author Jack Sendak."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chen Peisi", "paragraph_text": "Chen's father Chen Qiang named him Chen Peisi after Pest, when he performed \"The White-Haired Girl\" in Budapest, Hungary in 1951. The pronunciation of \"Budapest\" in Mandarin Chinese is \"\". Chen's father named his elder brother Chen Buda ()."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Powerpuff Girls", "paragraph_text": "The Powerpuff Girls is an American superhero animated television series created by animator Craig McCracken and produced by Hanna-Barbera (later Cartoon Network Studios) for Cartoon Network. The show centers on Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup, three kindergarten-aged girls with superpowers. The girls all live in the fictional city of Townsville, USA with their father and creator, a scientist named Professor Utonium, and are frequently called upon by the city's mayor to help fight nearby criminals and other enemies using their powers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Carl Kaysen", "paragraph_text": "Carl Kaysen worked for President John F. Kennedy as Deputy National Security Advisor, and was directly under National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy. Kaysen took over the position from Walt Rostow in 1961 and concentrated on the key issues of the Kennedy Administration such as nuclear weapons, foreign trade, international economic policy and international security policy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carl Kaysen", "paragraph_text": "Carl Kaysen (March 5, 1920 \u2013 February 8, 2010) was an American academic, policy advisor and international security specialist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and co-chair of the \"Committee on International Security Studies\" at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is the father of \"Girl, Interrupted\" author Susanna Kaysen. He was married for 50 years to Annette Neutra until her death in 1990. In 1994, he married Ruth Butler."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "One Call Away (Charlie Puth song)", "paragraph_text": "It begins with Puth playing Rachmaninoff's ``Morceaux de fantaisie, Op. 3, Prelude No. 2 in C - sharp minor ''on a grand piano in a college music classroom, before he's interrupted by a girl (played by Ellie Hahn) who comes into the room to watch, before she puts on headphones, and the actual song begins. It then cuts to clips of him walking to and sitting down in class. He nudges his friend as he sees the girl sit down behind him, still wearing her headphones. He looks back at her and she smiles, but her boyfriend then sits down next to her, which Puth sees, and then sinks down into his chair."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Caucasia (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Caucasia (1998) is the first novel written by American author, Danzy Senna. \"Caucasia\" is the coming-of-age story of Birdie Lee and her sister Cole, two multiracial girls with a white mother and black father as parents. The novel is set in Boston, Massachusetts during the turbulent mid-1970s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andrzej Trautman", "paragraph_text": "Trautman was born in Warsaw, Poland into an artistic family. His father, Mieczys\u0142aw, was a painter and taught drawing at a secondary school in Warsaw. His mother, Eliza Trautman (n\u00e9e Andr\u00e9), was French, though she was born in Spain, where her father, Marius Andr\u00e9, was working as a French consular officer. His schooling, at the elementary level, was interrupted by the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After spending about ten months in Germany, he returned, with his mother (his father had died in 1941) to Poland. In the fall of 1945, they both went to Paris, to stay with their family there. In France, Trautman attended a Polish secondary school from which he graduated in 1949 and returned to Poland shortly afterwards."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Girl, Interrupted", "paragraph_text": "Girl, Interrupted is a best-selling 1993 memoir by American author Susanna Kaysen, relating her experiences as a young woman in a psychiatric hospital in the 1960s after being diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. The memoir's title is a reference to the Vermeer painting \"Girl Interrupted at Her Music\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "She Had to Say Yes", "paragraph_text": "She Had to Say Yes is a 1933 American pre-Code film directed by George Amy and Busby Berkley. It was Berkley's directorial debut. Loretta Young stars as a secretary who receives unwanted sexual advances when she is sent out on dates with her employer's clients. The film was promoted with the teaser, \"We apologize to the men for the many frank revelations made by this picture, but we just had to show it as it was filmed. The true story of the working girl.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kithaab", "paragraph_text": "A Muslim girl wishes to become a muezzin like her father and to call out the azaan. She steals the fried fish her mother cooks for the men in the house and says that doing so is not morally wrong because Padachon (creator-god) would understand that girls are not given enough food. Her father then censures her, telling her that women should get only half of everything that men have. To this, the girl impishly asks why then women shouldn't wear only half of what men do.Amidst these struggles, she expresses her wish to call out the azaan. Her father answers all her queries by referring to a big book (Kithab), and he locks her away so she would not perform in a play (a play within the play) again. He tells her she will not reach heaven if she continues to do such things.\"If I'd lose entry to heaven because I sing and dance, then I don't want that heaven,\" she says. The father is even ready to kill the girl when she performs at the school play despite his wishes. When her mother reminds him that he is not just the muezzin, but also a father, he allows her to call out the azaan, and the drama ends with the girl calling out the azaan and the rest praying."}], "question": "What institution employs the father of the author of Girl, Interrupted?"}
{"id": "3hop1__459126_463229_442933", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jean-Pierre Fourcade", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Pierre Fourcade (born 18 October 1929 in Marmande, Lot-et-Garonne) is a French politician and a member of the Senate of France. He represents the Hauts-de-Seine department and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement Party. He is former minister for Economics and Finance (1974\u20131976), and equipment (1976\u20131981)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jean-Jacques Crenca", "paragraph_text": "Crenca was born in Marmande, Aquitaine. He played for SU Agen before moving to RC Toulon for the 2006/07 season. He was a member of France's 2003 Rugby World Cup squad playing at prop."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Villeneuve-sur-Lot", "paragraph_text": "Villeneuve-sur-Lot (; in the Languedocien dialect of Occitan language: \"Vilanu\u00e8va d'\u00d2lt\" ) is a town and commune in the southwestern French department of Lot-et-Garonne. The commune was formerly named \"Villeneuve-d'Agen\"."}], "question": "What town is located in the same department as the place where Jean-Jacques Crenca was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__700076_67583_135410", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Alienist", "paragraph_text": "The Alienist is a crime novel by Caleb Carr first published in 1994 and is the first book in the Kreizler series. It takes place in New York City in 1896, and includes appearances by many famous figures of New York society in that era, including Theodore Roosevelt and J. P. Morgan. The sequel to the novel is \"The Angel of Darkness\". The story follows Roosevelt, then New York City police commissioner, and Dr. Laszlo Kreizler, as their investigative team attempts to solve gruesome murders through new methods including fingerprinting and psychology. The first murder victim investigated is a 13-year-old immigrant who has had his eyes removed, his genitals removed and stuffed in his mouth, and other injuries. The investigators deal with various interest groups that wish to maintain the status quo regarding the poor immigrant population in New York City."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Paul Chomnycky", "paragraph_text": "Paul Chomnycky was born in Vancouver, Canada, the son of a Ukrainian-immigrant father and Canadian-born mother (both of whom died in 1996) and graduated from the University of British Columbia with a bachelor's degree in Commerce in 1980. After working as an accountant for two years, he entered the novitate of the Order of St. Basil the Great, working in the Basilian monastery in New York."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability, and as a world symbol of freedom and cultural diversity."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Angel Island Immigration Station", "paragraph_text": "Angel Island Immigration Station was an immigration station located in San Francisco Bay which operated from January 21, 1910 to November 5, 1940, where immigrants entering the United States were detained and interrogated. Angel Island (California) is an island in San Francisco Bay. It is currently a State Park administered by California State Parks and a California Historical Landmark. The island was originally a fishing and hunting site for Coastal Miwok Indians, then it was a haven for Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala. Later, it was developed as a cattle ranch, then, starting with the Civil War, the island served as a U.S. Army post. During the island's Immigration Station period, the island held hundreds of thousands of immigrants, the majority from China, Japan, India, Mexico and the Philippines. The detention facility was considered ideal because of its isolated location, making it very easy to control immigrants, contain outbreaks of disease, and enforce the new immigration laws. The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the title Angel Island, U.S. Immigration Station, and is a National Historic Landmark."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Port Johnston Coal Docks", "paragraph_text": "The Port Johnston Coal Docks were built on the Kill van Kull at Constable Hook in Bayonne, New Jersey in 1864 by the Central Railroad of New Jersey. The coal dock was named after the company's president John Taylor Johnston. (The former Johnston Yard and today's Johnston Avenue also bear his name). At the time of its completion in 1866, it was the largest coal dock in the world and employed 200 men, mostly Irish immigrants. Their job was to empty coal from railroad cars onto barges for shipment across Upper New York Bay to New York."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sons of Hermann", "paragraph_text": "The Order of the Sons of Hermann, also known as Hermann Sons and by its German name as Der Orden der Hermann's Soehne or Hermannss\u00f6hne, is a mutual aid society for German immigrants that was formed in New York City on July 20, 1840. The order provides low - cost insurance and mutual aid and has historically promoted the preservation of German language and traditions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "So This Is New York", "paragraph_text": "So This Is New York is a 1948 satirical movie comedy starring acerbic radio and television comedian Henry Morgan and directed by Richard Fleischer. The cynically sophisticated screenplay was written by Carl Foreman and Herbert Baker from the 1920 novel \"The Big Town\" by Ring Lardner. Foreman was blacklisted soon after."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Edward G. Robinson", "paragraph_text": "After one of his brothers was attacked by an anti-semitic mob, the family decided to immigrate to the United States. Robinson arrived in New York City on February 21, 1904. \"At Ellis Island I was born again\", he wrote. \"Life for me began when I was 10 years old.\" He grew up on the Lower East Side, had his Bar Mitzvah at First Roumanian-American Congregation, and attended Townsend Harris High School and then the City College of New York, planning to become a criminal attorney. An interest in acting and performing in front of people led to him winning an American Academy of Dramatic Arts scholarship, after which he changed his name to \"Edward G. Robinson\" (the G. standing for his original surname)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Buddhism in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism was introduced into the USA by Asian immigrants in the 19th century, when significant numbers of immigrants from East Asia began to arrive in the New World. In the United States, immigrants from China entered around 1820, but began to arrive in large numbers following the 1849 California Gold Rush."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Perrysburg (CDP), New York", "paragraph_text": "Perrysburg is a hamlet, census-designated place, and former village in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 401 at the 2010 census. It is named after Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. The community is in the south-central part of the town of Perrysburg. The hamlet is west of Gowanda."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lynn Crandall", "paragraph_text": "Lynn Crandall was reared on his father's farm before entering Cornell University on a Hiram Sibley Scholarship in 1906. He would be awarded this prestigious honor throughout his education. in Civil Engineering, the same field as taught by his uncle, Charles Lee Crandall, at that institution. Professor Crandall, who himself entered the freshman class at Cornell in 1868, would also see Lynn's brother, Carl Crandall, graduate C.E. 1912. It was Carl who was noted for stating \"Surveying is better than golf\". After Carl's death in 1968, it was noted that it had been 100 years since a member of the Crandall family had not either had a student or faculty member at Cornell. Lynn Crandall was honored in 1923 with the Fuertes Gold Medal"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gauss Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Gauss Glacier () is a steep glacier on the north side of Datum Peak, descending west from the southwestern extremity of Hobbs Ridge into Blue Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board in 1993 after the German mathematician and astronomer Carl Friedrich Gauss."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Death Note: Light Up the New World", "paragraph_text": "Death Note: Light Up the New World (\u30c7\u30b9\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8 Light up the NEW world, Desu N\u014dto Light up the NEW world) is a 2016 Japanese detective supernatural psychological horror thriller film directed by Shinsuke Sato. The film is based on the manga series Death Note written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata and is a sequel to Death Note 2: The Last Name (2006), but thematically takes place after the Death Note: New Generation mini series. It premiered in Japan on October 29, 2016, by Warner Bros."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carl Paivio", "paragraph_text": "Carl Paivio, born Karl Einar P\u00e4ivi\u00f6, 23 November 1893 in T\u00f6ys\u00e4, died April 1952 in Ellis Island, New York, was a Finnish American labor activist and anarchist. He became known in 1919 during the First Red Scare as Paivio and his fellow anarchist Gust Alonen were convicted of \"criminal anarchy\" for writing in a radical newspaper. Paivio and Alonen were the first activists convicted in the State of New York for violating the Criminal Anarchy law, although it was passed already in 1902 right after the assassination of the president William McKinley."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Castle Clinton", "paragraph_text": "By 1815, West Battery was renamed Castle Clinton, its current official name, in honor of New York City Mayor DeWitt Clinton (who eventually became Governor of New York). The castle itself was converted to administrative headquarters for the Army. Simultaneously, at the end of the war, there was a public movement to build a park in the Battery area. A 1816 proposal to construct two small office buildings at Castle Clinton was canceled due to public opposition, and the castle lay dormant for three years. Even in 1820, it was only being used as a paymaster's quarters and storage area. The United States Army stopped using the fort in 1821, and it was ceded to the city by an act of Congress in March 1822. By then, the bridge leading to Castle Clinton was frequently used by fishermen who were catching fish from the bridge."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jay, New York", "paragraph_text": "Jay is a town in Essex County, New York, United States. The population was 2,506 at the 2010 census. The town is named after John Jay, governor of New York when the town was formed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Glen Cao", "paragraph_text": "Glen Cao (born 1947) is also known by his Chinese name, Cao Guilin (\u66f9\u6842\u6797). He is the author of \"Beijinger in New York\". Mr. Cao wrote the book largely based on his own life experiences as an immigrant to New York City from Beijing in 1980. The novel sold millions of copies in China and went on to become serialized in a news paper, and then subsequently made into a TV series, aired on CCTV. He is also the founder of C & J Knitwear Company. He is married to director Ying Yeh (\u82f1\u4e1a)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Castle Clinton", "paragraph_text": "Castle Clinton or Fort Clinton, previously known as Castle Garden, is a circular sandstone fort now located in Battery Park, in Manhattan, New York City. It is perhaps best remembered as America's first immigration station (predating Ellis Island), where more than 8 million people arrived in the U.S. from 1855 to 1890. Over its active life, it has also functioned as a beer garden, exhibition hall, theater, and public aquarium, and currently is a national monument."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fragomen, Del Rey, Bernsen & Loewy", "paragraph_text": "Fragomen, Del Rey, Bernsen & Loewy LLP, (known as Fragomen), is an International immigration firm with headquarters in New York, established in 1951 and specialized in providing a range of immigration law services to corporate and individual clients, and is recognized as the world's largest firm that focuses its practice solely on global immigration law."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jonas Bronck", "paragraph_text": "Jonas Bronck (alternatively, \"Jonas Jonsson Brunk\", \"Jonas Jonasson Bronk\", \"Jonas Jonassen Bronck\") was born around year 1600 and died in 1643. Bronck was an immigrant to the Dutch colony of New Netherland after whom the Bronx River, and by extension, the county and New York City borough of the Bronx are named. A mural at the Bronx County Courthouse depicting Bronck's arrival was created in the early 1930s by James Monroe Hewlett."}], "question": "For whom is named the castle where immigrants entered New York before arriving where Carl Paivio died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__67439_527421_716337", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Secretary of Transportation", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Foxx was the 17th US Secretary of Transportation from 2013 - 2017, when Donald Trump was elected President. Elaine Chao, who served as Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush, was nominated by President - elect Donald Trump on November 29, 2016. On January 31, 2017 the Senate confirmed her appointment by a vote of 93 - 6."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gary L. Gregg", "paragraph_text": "Gary L. Gregg II (born October 2, 1967), holds the Mitch McConnell Chair in Leadership at the University of Louisville and is director of the McConnell Center. He is the author or editor of several books including The Presidential Republic, Patriot Sage: George Washington and the American Political Tradition, and Securing Democracy \u2013 Why We Have an Electoral College, which will be coming out in an updated version soon. He is an award-winning teacher and has been the national director of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Michael McCoy", "paragraph_text": "Michael McCoy (born September 16, 1944 in Eaton Rapids, Michigan) is an American industrial designer and educator who has made significant contributions to American design and design education in the latter half of the 20th century. McCoy is best known as the co-chair of the graduate program in Design at Cranbrook Academy of Art where he and spouse Katherine McCoy pioneered semantic approaches to design."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of highways in Jeff Davis County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of all state highways in Jeff Davis County, Texas maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation. All state highways in Texas are paved."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Department of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary. The Department contains the components listed below."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States Department of Health and Human Services", "paragraph_text": "The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in 1979, when its education functions were transferred to the newly created United States Department of Education under the Department of Education Organization Act. HHS was left in charge of the Social Security Administration, agencies constituting the Public Health Service, and Family Support Administration."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Department of Higher Education and Training", "paragraph_text": "The Department of Higher Education and Training is one of the departments of the South African government. It oversees universities and other post-secondary education in South Africa. It was created in 2009 after the election of President Jacob Zuma, when the former Department of Education was divided."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of highways in Lavaca County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of all state highways in Lavaca County, Texas maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation. All state highways in Texas are paved."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Brian Black", "paragraph_text": "Brian Black is an American professor of history and environmental studies at Pennsylvania State University at Altoona and head of its department of Arts and Humanities. He received a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1988 from Gettysburg College, a Master of Arts in American Civilization in 1991 from New York University and a Doctor of Education degree in American Studies from the University of Kansas in 1996."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States federal executive departments", "paragraph_text": "The heads of the executive departments receive the title of Secretary of their respective department, except for the Attorney - General who is head of the Justice Department (and the Postmaster General who until 1971 was head of the Post Office Department). The heads of the executive departments are appointed by the President and take office after confirmation by the United States Senate, and serve at the pleasure of the President. The heads of departments are members of the Cabinet of the United States, an executive organ that normally acts as an advisory body to the President. In the Opinion Clause (Article II, section 2, clause 1) of the U.S. Constitution, heads of executive departments are referred to as ``principal Officer in each of the executive Departments ''."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Department of Education", "paragraph_text": "The United States Department of Education (ED or DoED), also referred to as the ED for (the) Education Department, is a Cabinet - level department of the United States government. Recreated by the Department of Education Organization Act (Public Law 96 - 88) and signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 17, 1979, it began operating on May 4, 1980."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Harold Dexter", "paragraph_text": "Harold Dexter (7 October 1920 - 27 June 2000) was a British organist, Professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama (Head of General Musicianship Department, 1962\u201385). He was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys, Leicester and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Secretary of State for Transport", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State for Transport Royal Arms of Her Majesty's Government Incumbent Chris Grayling since 14 July 2016 Department for Transport Style Transport Secretary (informal) The Right Honourable (within the UK and the Commonwealth) Appointer The Monarch on advice of the Prime Minister Formation 19 May 1919 First holder Eric Campbell Geddes Website www.dft.gov.uk"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kevin S. Huffman", "paragraph_text": "Kevin S. Huffman (born September 22, 1970) is an American lawyer and education administrator who was the Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Education. He was appointed to the position by Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam and served from April 2011 to January 2015. Prior to his work at the Tennessee Department of Education, Huffman held a senior management position in Teach for America and had worked as an attorney specializing in education."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Former Presidents Act", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of the Treasury pays a taxable pension to the president. Former presidents receive a pension equal to the pay that the head of an executive department (Executive Level I) would be paid, as of 2017 $207,800 per year. The pension begins immediately after a president's departure from office. A former president's spouse may also be paid a lifetime annual pension of $20,000 if they relinquish any other statutory pension."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gregory R. Hancock", "paragraph_text": "Gregory Robert Hancock (born April 18, 1963 in Seattle, Washington, USA) is a Professor of Measurement, Statistics and Evaluation. He is the current University of Maryland head of the Educational Department of Measurement and Statistics (EDMS) program."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alan Stephenson Boyd", "paragraph_text": "Alan Stephenson Boyd (born July 20, 1922) is an American attorney and transportation executive who led several large corporations and also served the U.S. Government in various transportation-related positions. He was the first United States Secretary of Transportation, appointed by Lyndon Johnson. Additionally, he served in executive positions with the Civil Aeronautics Board, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and was a president of Amtrak."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wong Chan Tong", "paragraph_text": "Wong Chan Tong (Francis Wong Chan Tong) is a civil servant in Macau and the current Director under the Secretariat for Transport and Public Works (Macau) and works for Lau Si Io. He was former head of the Industry, Construction and External Trade Statistics Department of the Macau Statistics and Census Services."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Progress Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "In February 2013, Progress Kentucky drew criticism for tweets sent suggesting that the Senator Mitch McConnell's wife Elaine Chao's Chinese roots have led him to embrace anti-American policies. Progress Kentucky later apologized for the claims."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "British Waterways", "paragraph_text": "The British Waterways Board was initially established as a result of the Transport Act 1962 and took control of the inland waterways assets of the British Transport Commission in 1963. British Waterways was sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in England and Wales, and by the Scottish Government in Scotland."}], "question": "Where was the spouse of the head of the Department of Transportation educated?"}
{"id": "3hop1__175077_271674_504734", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gillette, Wyoming", "paragraph_text": "Gillette is a city in and the county seat of Campbell County, Wyoming, United States. The population was estimated at 30,560 as of July 1, 2017. Gillette is centrally located in an area involved with the development of vast quantities of American coal, oil, and coalbed methane gas. The city calls itself the \"Energy Capital of the Nation,\" noting that the state of Wyoming provides nearly 35% of the nation's coal. Over the last decade, Gillette had a population increase of 48% from the 2000 census of 19,646 residents."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Weston Ochse", "paragraph_text": "Weston Ochse (born 1965 in Gillette, Wyoming) is an American author and educator. He has won the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel and been nominated for the Pushcart Prize for his short fiction. His novel SEAL Team 666 is currently under development by MGM Films. Dwayne Johnson has attached himself to the film to executive produce as well as act in a leading role."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wyoming Highway 387", "paragraph_text": "Wyoming Highway 387 is a state road that travels from extreme northeast Natrona County, Wyoming through extreme southeast Johnson County, Wyoming and into southwest Campbell County, Wyoming."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yarramundi Reach", "paragraph_text": "Yarramundi Reach is a small peninsula on the western end of Lake Burley Griffin, in the Australian Capital Territory, close to Scrivener Dam. It is also the name for the area of water on Lake Burley Griffin between it and Weston Park."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Westons Mill Pond", "paragraph_text": "The Westons Mill Pond is a dammed section of the Lawrence Brook located in the Westons Mills section of East Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. It is one of a series of dams on the Lawrence Brook. The Westons Mill Pond Dam is the dam that controls reservoir output. The Westons Mill Pond is available for boating, although gasoline motors are prohibited due to the highly sensitive wildlife ecosystems found there."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county containing the birth city of Weston Ochse?"}
{"id": "3hop1__656921_93539_717188", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Big Electric Chair", "paragraph_text": "Created in 1967, the Stockholm Big Electric Chair is part of a series of works by Andy Warhol depicting an electric chair. Death by electrocution was a controversial subject in New York City, where the artist lived and worked, especially after the last two executions at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in 1963. Warhol obtained a photograph of the empty execution chamber, which became the basis for this series."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "I Just Wanna Know", "paragraph_text": "\"I Just Wanna Know '08\" is a re-release of Cruz' debut single that occurred on 10 November 2008. Following the success of the singles \"I Can Be\" and \"She's Like a Star\", Island Records made the decision to re-issue \"I Just Wanna Know\" in an attempt to gain a higher charting position for the single. Although the single was not officially issued physically, a promotional single containing the official remix of \"She's Like a Star\" became widely available. Despite mass promotion, the single only managed to peak at a mediocre #90."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "It Don't Hurt Like It Used To", "paragraph_text": "``It Do n't Hurt Like It Used To ''Single by Billy Currington from the album Summer Forever Released February 8, 2016 (2016 - 02 - 08) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Country Length 3: 05 Label Mercury Nashville Songwriter (s) Billy Currington Cary Barlowe Shy Carter Producer (s) Dann Huff Billy Currington singles chronology`` Drinkin 'Town with a Football Problem'' (2015) ``It Do n't Hurt Like It Used To ''(2016)`` Do I Make You Wanna'' (2016) ``Drinkin' Town with a Football Problem ''(2015)`` It Do n't Hurt Like It Used To'' (2016) ``Do I Make You Wanna ''(2016)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Danny Jacobs (actor)", "paragraph_text": "``Afro Circus / I Like to Move It, ''performing as King Julien XIII's singing voice, along with Marty (Chris Rock) (2012)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jerry O'Connell", "paragraph_text": "Jerry O'Connell O'Connell in June 2013 Jeremiah O'Connell (1974 - 02 - 17) February 17, 1974 (age 44) Manhattan, New York City, U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actor, director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse (s) Rebecca Romijn (m. 2007) Children Relatives Charlie O'Connell (brother)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Colonel Hathi's March (The Elephant Song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Colonel Hathi's March (The Elephant Song)\" is a song in the 1967 Walt Disney film, \"The Jungle Book\". The song was sung by J. Pat O'Malley, playing the part of \"Colonel Hathi\". The song was also sung by Thurl Ravenscroft and The Mellomen, originally Terry-Thomas and Disney Chorus. The song was written by Disney staff songwriters, Robert and Richard Sherman. It is written in the spirit of a light commentary on the pointlessness of constant military drilling."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!. In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing \"One-Nil to the Arsenal\" (to the tune of \"Go West\")."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gia Maione", "paragraph_text": "Gia Maione Prima (May 20, 1941 \u2013 September 23, 2013) was an American singer and wife of singer Louis Prima."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Love Yourself", "paragraph_text": "Lyrically, ``Love Yourself ''is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong, with Bieber singing in a snappy and spiteful tone while`` hating on a girl for loving herself too much.'' In the pre-chorus, he sings with a husky tone in the lower registers: ``My mama do n't like you, and she likes everyone, ''`` in a style that molds well to Sheeran's,'' according to Rolling Stone's Brittany Spanos. ``And I (never) like to admit that I was wrong. And I've been so caught up in my job, did n't see what's going on, and now I know, I'm better sleeping on my own, ''he continues. In the chorus, Bieber sings,`` Cause if you like the way you look that much, oh baby you should go and love yourself,'' which according to Digital Spy's Amy Davidson, ``'love yourself' means' go f * * k yourself 'in this context. ''On March 7, 2017, composer Ed Sheeran stated on the Howard Stern Show that he had Rihanna in mind for the song at first, and the original lyric was indeed`` fuck yourself.'' In the song's bridge, Bieber uses a ``brass - and - vocalese ''style."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Christel Khalil", "paragraph_text": "Christel Khalil Christel Adnana Mina Khalil (1987 - 11 - 30) November 30, 1987 (age 30) Los Angeles, California Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Known for The Young and the Restless as Lily Winters (2002 -- present) Spouse (s) Stephen Hensley (m. 2008 -- 2011) Children"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Norman Langen", "paragraph_text": "Norman Langen (born 7 March 1985 in Bardenberg, Germany) is a German singer and a participant in season 8 of Deutschland sucht den Superstar who finished in 7th place. He likes to sing in German. He likes Schlager, pop and dance music."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love", "paragraph_text": "``I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love ''is a hit song written by Diane Warren and Albert Hammond for the group Chicago and recorded for their album Chicago 19 (1988), with Bill Champlin singing lead vocals. The first single released from that album, it reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. The B - side of the single was`` I Stand Up'' written by Robert Lamm and Gerard McMahon. The song was featured in the Netflix original movie Death Note, which is based on the anime of the same name."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Taylor Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Armstrong Armstrong at the 2012 GQ Men of the Year Awards Shana Lynette Hughes (1971 - 06 - 10) June 10, 1971 (age 46) Independence, Kansas, United States Residence Beverly Hills, California, United States Other names Shana Taylor, Shana Ford, Taylor Ford Occupation Television personality, philanthropist Years active 2010 -- present Known for The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Spouse (s) Russell Armstrong (2005 -- 2011; his death) John Bluher (2014 -- present) Children"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dave Fennoy", "paragraph_text": "Dave Fennoy Fennoy in Phoenix, Arizona David Henderson Fennoy (1952 - 01 - 20) January 20, 1952 (age 65) Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Voice actor Years active 1990 -- present Known for The Walking Dead as Lee Everett Minecraft: Story Mode as Gabriel the Warrior Spouse (s) Monique Fennoy Children Michelle Fennoy"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Don't Wanna Fall in Love", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''Single by Jane Child from the album Jane Child Released February 10, 1990 (USA) April 11, 1990 (UK) Format CD single Recorded 1988 - 1989 Genre R&B, synthpop, new jack swing Length 4: 07 Label Warner Bros. Songwriter (s) Jane Child Producer (s) Jane Child Jane Child singles chronology`` Welcome to the Real World'' (1990) ``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''(1990)`` Welcome to the Real World (reissue)'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World ''(1990)`` Do n't Wanna Fall in Love'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World (reissue) ''(1990)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I Wan'na Be like You (The Monkey Song)", "paragraph_text": "``I Wan'na Be like You ''is a song from Walt Disney's 1967 film The Jungle Book. The song was written by songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman and was performed by Louis Prima."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Melissa Reeves", "paragraph_text": "Melissa Reeves Reeves (left) with Ty Treadway in 2010 Melissa Brennan (1967 - 03 - 14) March 14, 1967 (age 50) Eatontown, New Jersey, U.S. Other names Melissa Brennan Missy Brennan Melissa B. Reeves Melissa Brennan Reeves Missy Reeves Occupation Actress Years active 1983 -- present Spouse (s) Scott Reeves (m. 1990) Children"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lin Yu-chun", "paragraph_text": "Lin Yu - chun (Chinese: \u6797\u80b2\u7fa3; pinyin: L\u00edn Y\u00f9q\u00fan; Wade -- Giles: Lin Y\u00fc - ch'\u00fcn); born 9 March 1986 in Taipei) is a Taiwanese singer, who gained fame by appearing on a Taiwanese talent show, One Million Star (\u8d85\u7d1a\u661f\u5149\u5927\u9053), singing ``I Will Always Love You ''(written and originally sung by Dolly Parton) in the style of Whitney Houston's cover version. Lin is well known for his mezzo - soprano - like, and sometimes, contralto - like countertenor singing voice, although he has an adult speaking voice. According to many sources, Lin's voice is usually described as a mixture of Whitney Houston and Susan Boyle, with a dash of Cher. When Lin sings in his normal masculine voice rather than in a falsetto range, his voice actually somewhat sounds like Jamie Walters, or even possibly like Jackson Browne. In 2013, he competed in the second season of The Voice of China."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I Don't Wanna Know", "paragraph_text": "``I Do n't Wanna Know ''is a song by American R&B artist Mario Winans, featuring a rap by P. Diddy, re-recorded background vocals by Enya and sampling the synthesizer riff from Enya's song`` Boadicea''. It reached number 1 in the United Kingdom and in Netherlands, and number 2 in the United States, stuck for eight consecutive weeks behind the Usher singles ``Yeah ''and`` Burn'', respectively. It remains Winans' only major success to date. As a result of its eight weeks at number 2, ``I Do n't Wanna Know ''stands in joint fifth place for the most weeks at number 2 by a song which did not go to number 1, behind Foreigner's`` Waiting for a Girl Like You'', Missy Elliott's ``Work It '', Donna Lewis's`` I Love You Always Forever'' and Shania Twain's ``You're Still the One ''."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the singer of I Wanna Be Like You in the work that incudes Hathi?"}
{"id": "3hop1__209724_93539_717188", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "I Just Wanna Know", "paragraph_text": "\"I Just Wanna Know '08\" is a re-release of Cruz' debut single that occurred on 10 November 2008. Following the success of the singles \"I Can Be\" and \"She's Like a Star\", Island Records made the decision to re-issue \"I Just Wanna Know\" in an attempt to gain a higher charting position for the single. Although the single was not officially issued physically, a promotional single containing the official remix of \"She's Like a Star\" became widely available. Despite mass promotion, the single only managed to peak at a mediocre #90."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Melissa Reeves", "paragraph_text": "Melissa Reeves Reeves (left) with Ty Treadway in 2010 Melissa Brennan (1967 - 03 - 14) March 14, 1967 (age 50) Eatontown, New Jersey, U.S. Other names Melissa Brennan Missy Brennan Melissa B. Reeves Melissa Brennan Reeves Missy Reeves Occupation Actress Years active 1983 -- present Spouse (s) Scott Reeves (m. 1990) Children"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love", "paragraph_text": "``I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love ''is a hit song written by Diane Warren and Albert Hammond for the group Chicago and recorded for their album Chicago 19 (1988), with Bill Champlin singing lead vocals. The first single released from that album, it reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. The B - side of the single was`` I Stand Up'' written by Robert Lamm and Gerard McMahon. The song was featured in the Netflix original movie Death Note, which is based on the anime of the same name."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shibani Kashyap", "paragraph_text": "Shibani Kashyap is an India singer, who is actively working in Bollywood film industry. She has Judged a reality singing show named \"Bathroom Singer\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Big Electric Chair", "paragraph_text": "Created in 1967, the Stockholm Big Electric Chair is part of a series of works by Andy Warhol depicting an electric chair. Death by electrocution was a controversial subject in New York City, where the artist lived and worked, especially after the last two executions at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in 1963. Warhol obtained a photograph of the empty execution chamber, which became the basis for this series."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gia Maione", "paragraph_text": "Gia Maione Prima (May 20, 1941 \u2013 September 23, 2013) was an American singer and wife of singer Louis Prima."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dave Fennoy", "paragraph_text": "Dave Fennoy Fennoy in Phoenix, Arizona David Henderson Fennoy (1952 - 01 - 20) January 20, 1952 (age 65) Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Voice actor Years active 1990 -- present Known for The Walking Dead as Lee Everett Minecraft: Story Mode as Gabriel the Warrior Spouse (s) Monique Fennoy Children Michelle Fennoy"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Don't Wanna Fall in Love", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''Single by Jane Child from the album Jane Child Released February 10, 1990 (USA) April 11, 1990 (UK) Format CD single Recorded 1988 - 1989 Genre R&B, synthpop, new jack swing Length 4: 07 Label Warner Bros. Songwriter (s) Jane Child Producer (s) Jane Child Jane Child singles chronology`` Welcome to the Real World'' (1990) ``Do n't Wanna Fall in Love ''(1990)`` Welcome to the Real World (reissue)'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World ''(1990)`` Do n't Wanna Fall in Love'' (1990) ``Welcome to the Real World (reissue) ''(1990)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "I Wan'na Be like You (The Monkey Song)", "paragraph_text": "``I Wan'na Be like You ''is a song from Walt Disney's 1967 film The Jungle Book. The song was written by songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman and was performed by Louis Prima."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tami Roman", "paragraph_text": "Tami Roman Born Tamisha Akbar (1970 - 04 - 17) April 17, 1970 (age 47) Mount Vernon, New York, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Television personality model actress Years active 1992 -- present Known for Basketball Wives (2010 -- 2013); (2017 - present) Basketball Wives LA (2015 -- 2016) The Real World: Los Angeles (1992 -- 1993) Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars (2015) Spouse (s) Kenny Anderson (m. 1994; div. 2001) Partner (s) Reggie Youngblood (2014 -- present) Children Website officialtamiroman.com"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Danny Jacobs (actor)", "paragraph_text": "``Afro Circus / I Like to Move It, ''performing as King Julien XIII's singing voice, along with Marty (Chris Rock) (2012)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bagheera", "paragraph_text": "Bagheera (; \"Bagh\u012br\u0101\"/\"Bag\u012bdah\") is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories in the \"Jungle Book\" (coll. 1894) and the \"Second Jungle Book\" (coll. 1895). He is a black panther (melanistic Indian leopard) who serves as friend, protector and mentor to the \"man-cub\" Mowgli. The word \"bagheera\" is Hindi/Urdu for black panther\u2014although the root word bagh means tiger."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Norman Langen", "paragraph_text": "Norman Langen (born 7 March 1985 in Bardenberg, Germany) is a German singer and a participant in season 8 of Deutschland sucht den Superstar who finished in 7th place. He likes to sing in German. He likes Schlager, pop and dance music."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Taylor Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Armstrong Armstrong at the 2012 GQ Men of the Year Awards Shana Lynette Hughes (1971 - 06 - 10) June 10, 1971 (age 46) Independence, Kansas, United States Residence Beverly Hills, California, United States Other names Shana Taylor, Shana Ford, Taylor Ford Occupation Television personality, philanthropist Years active 2010 -- present Known for The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Spouse (s) Russell Armstrong (2005 -- 2011; his death) John Bluher (2014 -- present) Children"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jerry O'Connell", "paragraph_text": "Jerry O'Connell O'Connell in June 2013 Jeremiah O'Connell (1974 - 02 - 17) February 17, 1974 (age 44) Manhattan, New York City, U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actor, director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse (s) Rebecca Romijn (m. 2007) Children Relatives Charlie O'Connell (brother)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Jungle Book (1967 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Jungle Book is a 1967 American animated musical comedy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions. Inspired by Rudyard Kipling's book of the same name, it is the 19th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman, it was the last film to be produced by Walt Disney, who died during its production. The plot follows Mowgli, a feral child raised in the Indian jungle by wolves, as his friends Bagheera the panther and Baloo the bear try to convince him to leave the jungle before the evil tiger Shere Khan arrives."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "I Don't Wanna Know", "paragraph_text": "``I Do n't Wanna Know ''is a song by American R&B artist Mario Winans, featuring a rap by P. Diddy, re-recorded background vocals by Enya and sampling the synthesizer riff from Enya's song`` Boadicea''. It reached number 1 in the United Kingdom and in Netherlands, and number 2 in the United States, stuck for eight consecutive weeks behind the Usher singles ``Yeah ''and`` Burn'', respectively. It remains Winans' only major success to date. As a result of its eight weeks at number 2, ``I Do n't Wanna Know ''stands in joint fifth place for the most weeks at number 2 by a song which did not go to number 1, behind Foreigner's`` Waiting for a Girl Like You'', Missy Elliott's ``Work It '', Donna Lewis's`` I Love You Always Forever'' and Shania Twain's ``You're Still the One ''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Christel Khalil", "paragraph_text": "Christel Khalil Christel Adnana Mina Khalil (1987 - 11 - 30) November 30, 1987 (age 30) Los Angeles, California Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Known for The Young and the Restless as Lily Winters (2002 -- present) Spouse (s) Stephen Hensley (m. 2008 -- 2011) Children"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "It Don't Hurt Like It Used To", "paragraph_text": "``It Do n't Hurt Like It Used To ''Single by Billy Currington from the album Summer Forever Released February 8, 2016 (2016 - 02 - 08) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Country Length 3: 05 Label Mercury Nashville Songwriter (s) Billy Currington Cary Barlowe Shy Carter Producer (s) Dann Huff Billy Currington singles chronology`` Drinkin 'Town with a Football Problem'' (2015) ``It Do n't Hurt Like It Used To ''(2016)`` Do I Make You Wanna'' (2016) ``Drinkin' Town with a Football Problem ''(2015)`` It Do n't Hurt Like It Used To'' (2016) ``Do I Make You Wanna ''(2016)"}], "question": "Who is the wife of the performer of I Wanna be Like You from the Disney film which features the character Bagheera?"}
{"id": "3hop1__31802_159542_26700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Crawford High School (Texas)", "paragraph_text": "Crawford High School is a 2A high school located in Crawford, Texas (USA). It is part of the Crawford Independent School District located in northwestern McLennan County. In 2011, the school was rated \"Recognized\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Workers' Education Bureau of America", "paragraph_text": "Workers' Education Bureau of America (1921\u20131951) was an organization established to assist labor colleges and other worker training centers involved in the American labor movement. The Workers Education Bureau of America was an important development in labor education in the 1920s. Founded in 1921, it served as an informational clearinghouse for labor education organizing forums around the country and assisting local programs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of unrecognized higher education accreditation organizations", "paragraph_text": "Prerequisites and rules for higher education accreditation vary from country to country. In most countries, the function of quality assurance for higher education institutions is conducted by a government ministry of education. However in the United States, educational accreditation is performed primarily by private nonprofit membership associations, the legitimacy of which is validated through recognition by the United States Department of Education (USDE), the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), or both. USDE and CHEA recognize many of the independent accrediting organizations, but not all. Accreditors seek USDE or CHEA recognition for different reasons; for example, USDE recognition is required for accreditors whose institutions or programs seek eligibility for federal student aid funds. CHEA recognition confers an academic legitimacy on accrediting organizations, helping to solidify the place of these organizations and their institutions and programs in the national higher education community."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canadian Journalism Foundation", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1990, The Canadian Journalism Foundation (CJF) is a non-profit organization that promotes Canadian journalism by celebrating journalistic achievement through an annual awards program; by operating journalism websites, J-Source.ca (English) and ProjetJ.ca (French), in cooperation with the country's journalism schools; by organizing events that facilitate dialogue among journalists, business people, government officials, academics and students about the role of the media in Canadian society; and by fostering opportunities for journalism education, training and research."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federal government of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Federal Government of Nigeria Coat of arms of Nigeria Formation 1963; 55 years ago (1963) Founding document Constitution of Nigeria Jurisdiction Nigeria Legislative branch Legislature National Assembly Meeting place National Assembly Complex Executive branch Leader President of Nigeria Headquarters Aso Rock Presidential Villa Main organ Cabinet Judicial branch Court Supreme Court Seat Abuja, FCT"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating \"Operation Jerusalem\". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Summa Akron City Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Summa Akron City Hospital, part of Summa Health System, was founded in 1892 in Akron, Ohio, United States. From the first accredited radiology department in the country to the first adult open heart surgery in Akron (and one of the first in the country), Summa Akron City Hospital has achieved national recognition as a healthcare provider."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations", "paragraph_text": "The Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations (CoP; commonly Presidents' Conference) is an American non-profit organization that addresses issues of critical concern to the Jewish community. It comprises 51 national Jewish organizations. It was founded to develop a consensus voice among Jewish organizations in dealings with the executive branch."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Second Avenue Deli", "paragraph_text": "The Second Avenue Deli (also known as 2nd Ave Deli) is a certified-kosher delicatessen in Manhattan, New York City. In December 2007, it relocated to 162 East 33rd Street (between Lexington Avenue and Third Avenue) in Murray Hill. In August 2011, it opened a second branch at 1442 First Avenue (East 75th Street) on the Upper East Side. In November 2017, it opened a cocktail lounge called 2nd Floor above its Upper East Side branch."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Main Square (Maribor)", "paragraph_text": "The Main Square of Maribor, also known as \"Glavni trg\", is a square in Maribor, the second largest city in Slovenia, situated in the northeast of the country. It used to be home to Maribor Slovenia's merchants' and on the upper side of the square is home to an open market."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China. Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them. In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth. ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide. He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars, and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002. ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "paragraph_text": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 for the purposes of opening a museum to bring art and art education to the American people. It opened on February 20, 1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "In Fall 2008, Northwestern opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar, joining five other American universities: Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Georgetown University, Texas A&M University, and Virginia Commonwealth University. Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication, NU-Q offers bachelor's degrees in journalism and communication respectively. The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development provided funding for construction and administrative costs as well as support to hire 50 to 60 faculty and staff, some of whom rotate between the Evanston and Qatar campuses. In February 2016, Northwestern reached an agreement with the Qatar Foundation to extend the operations of the NU-Q branch for an additional decade, through the 2027-2028 academic year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Accusing the rebels of being \"drugged\" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a martyr rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be \"hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe\", the army opened fire on protests in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the protesters' side. The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half. By February's end, eastern cities like Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda and Tobruk were controlled by rebels, and the Benghazi-based National Transitional Council (NTC) had been founded to represent them."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is one of the world's largest and most active popular music research centers and the world's largest repository of country music artifacts. Early in the 1960s, as the Country Music Association's campaign to publicize country music was accelerating, CMA leaders determined that a new organization was needed to operate a country music museum and to carry out research and education activities beyond CMA's scope as a trade organization. Toward this end, the nonprofit Country Music Foundation (CMF) was chartered by the state of Tennessee in 1964 to collect, preserve, and publicize information and artifacts relating to the history of country music. Through CMF, industry leaders raised money to build the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, which opened on April 1, 1967. Located at the head of Music Row, the museum was erected on the site of a small Nashville city park. At this point, artifacts began to be displayed and a small library was begun in a loft above one of the museum's galleries."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Qatar", "paragraph_text": "Qatar also has bilateral relationships with a variety of foreign powers. Qatar is a strategic ally of China, with relationship between the two countries growing stronger. It also hosts the Al Udeid Air Base, a joint U.S.-British base, which acts as the hub for all American and British air operations in the Persian Gulf. It has allowed American and British forces to use an air base to send supplies to Iraq and Afghanistan.  According to leaked documents published in The New York Times, Qatar's record of counter-terrorism efforts was the \"worst in the region\". The cable suggested that Qatar's security service was \"hesitant to act against known terrorists out of concern for appearing to be aligned with the U.S. and provoking reprisals\".Qatar has mixed relations with its neighbours in the Persian Gulf region. Qatar signed a defence co-operation agreement with Iran, with whom it shares the largest single non-associated gas field in the world. It was the second nation, the first being France, to have publicly announced its recognition of the Libyan opposition's National Transitional Council as the legitimate government of Libya amidst the 2011 Libyan civil war.In 2014, Qatar's relations with Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates came to a boiling point over Qatar's support for the Muslim Brotherhood and reportedly funding extremist groups in Syria."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Internet Society", "paragraph_text": "The Internet Society (ISOC) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1992 to provide leadership in Internet-related standards, education, access, and policy. Its mission is \"to promote the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "Northwestern is a large, residential research university. Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry, psychology, business, education, journalism, music, engineering, law, and medicine, the university offers 124 undergraduate programs and 145 graduate and professional programs. Northwestern conferred 2,190 bachelor's degrees, 3,272 master's degrees, 565 doctoral degrees, and 444 professional degrees in 2012\u20132013."}], "question": "What branch did Northwestern open in Education City, Doha, in the second country to recognize the rebel organization founded in Benghazi?"}
{"id": "3hop1__31802_159542_45549", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup", "paragraph_text": "England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final. This meant England became the second nation, after Brazil in 2003, to win both of FIFA's under - age (U-20 and U-17) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year. England has also become the third country, after Brazil and North Korea, to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year, as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2008 World Cup (men's golf)", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 Omega Mission Hills World Cup took place from 27 November to 30 November at Mission Hills Golf Club in Shenzhen, China. It was the 54th World Cup. 28 countries competed and each country sent two players. The team purse was $5,000,000 with $1,600,000 going to the winner. The Swedish team of Robert Karlsson and Henrik Stenson won the tournament. This was the second time that Sweden won the World Cup."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Qatar", "paragraph_text": "Qatar also has bilateral relationships with a variety of foreign powers. Qatar is a strategic ally of China, with relationship between the two countries growing stronger. It also hosts the Al Udeid Air Base, a joint U.S.-British base, which acts as the hub for all American and British air operations in the Persian Gulf. It has allowed American and British forces to use an air base to send supplies to Iraq and Afghanistan.  According to leaked documents published in The New York Times, Qatar's record of counter-terrorism efforts was the \"worst in the region\". The cable suggested that Qatar's security service was \"hesitant to act against known terrorists out of concern for appearing to be aligned with the U.S. and provoking reprisals\".Qatar has mixed relations with its neighbours in the Persian Gulf region. Qatar signed a defence co-operation agreement with Iran, with whom it shares the largest single non-associated gas field in the world. It was the second nation, the first being France, to have publicly announced its recognition of the Libyan opposition's National Transitional Council as the legitimate government of Libya amidst the 2011 Libyan civil war.In 2014, Qatar's relations with Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates came to a boiling point over Qatar's support for the Muslim Brotherhood and reportedly funding extremist groups in Syria."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)", "paragraph_text": "Vincentian priest, Pedro Maria Boss, first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid 1850s to honor Princess Isabel, regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II, but the project was not approved. In 1889 the country became a republic, and due to the separation of church and state, the proposed statue was dismissed.The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920. The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento (\"Monument Week\") to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue. The organization was motivated by what they perceived as 'Godlessness' in the society. The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics. The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world. The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Accusing the rebels of being \"drugged\" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a martyr rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be \"hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe\", the army opened fire on protests in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the protesters' side. The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half. By February's end, eastern cities like Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda and Tobruk were controlled by rebels, and the Benghazi-based National Transitional Council (NTC) had been founded to represent them."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Association football", "paragraph_text": "After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa Am\u00e9rica (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ahmed Fakroun", "paragraph_text": "Ahmed Fakroun (; born 1953) is a singer and songwriter from Benghazi, Libya. He is a pioneer of modern Arabic World Music."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2022 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim - majority country. This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament. The reigning World Cup champions are France."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Benghazi al-Jadida", "paragraph_text": "Benghazi al-Jadida or New benghazi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. It is part of the city of Benghazi located east of the port and west of Al-Hawari."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1986 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 1986 FIFA World Cup, the 13th FIFA World Cup, was held in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June 1986. The tournament was the second to feature a 24 - team format. With European nations not allowed to host after the previous World Cup in Spain, Colombia had been originally chosen to host the competition by FIFA but, largely due to economic reasons, was not able to do so and officially resigned in 1982. Mexico was selected as the new host in May 1983. This was the third FIFA World Cup tournament in succession that was hosted by a Hispanophonic country, after Spain in 1982, and Argentina in 1978."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Vladislao Cap", "paragraph_text": "As a player he represented his native country at the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile. Twelve years later he was the manager of the Argentina national football team at the 1974 FIFA World Cup."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica", "paragraph_text": "Originally, it was to be hosted by Brazil, as suggested by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) in February 2011 due to CONMEBOL's rotation policy of tournaments being held in alphabetical order. However, due to the organization of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics in that country, Brazil decided against also hosting the Copa Am\u00e9rica. CONMEBOL\u2019s president Nicolas Leoz had mentioned the possibility of the tournament being organized in Mexico (despite this country not being a member of CONMEBOL) as part of the federation's centenary celebrations. Brazil and Chile's Football Federations discussed the idea of swapping around the order of being hosts of the 2015 and 2019 tournaments. The swap was made official in May 2012."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Conference of Protestant Churches in Latin Countries of Europe", "paragraph_text": "The Conference of Protestant Churches in Latin Countries of Europe (Conf\u00e9rence des \u00c9glises protestantes des pays latins d'Europe) is a Christian ecumenical organization founded in 1950. It is a member of the World Council of Churches. Its members belong to protestant churches in Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, and Switzerland."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "FIFA World Cup qualification", "paragraph_text": "The FIFA World Cup qualification is the process that a national association football team goes through to qualify for the FIFA World Cup finals. The FIFA World Cup is the largest international team sport competition in the world with a qualification process required to reduce the large field of countries from 211 to just 32 for the World Cup finals."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2022 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup held in Asia since 2002 and also this will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Middle East, and in an Arab and a majority - Muslim country. This tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled from the 2026 tournament."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arctic Ocean", "paragraph_text": "The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Sea. It is classified as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean, and it is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid", "paragraph_text": "President of FIFA Sepp Blatter endorsed the idea of having a World Cup in the Arab World, saying in April 2010: ``The Arabic world deserves a World Cup. They have 22 countries and have not had any opportunity to organize the tournament ''. Blatter also praised Qatar's progress:`` When I was first in Qatar there were 400,000 people here and now there are 1.6 million. In terms of infrastructure, when you are able to organise the Asian Games (in 2006) with more than 30 events for men and women, then that is not in question''. On 2 December 2010, it was announced that Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Day of Reconciliation", "paragraph_text": "The Day of Reconciliation is a public holiday in South Africa held annually on 16 December. The holiday came into effect in 1995 after the end of apartheid, with the intention of fostering reconciliation and national unity for the country. The date was chosen because it was significant to both Afrikaner and African cultures. The government chose a meaningful date for both ethnic groups because they recognize the need for racial harmony. The celebration of the Day of Reconciliation can take the form of remembering past history, recognizing veteran's contributions, marching and other festivities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2016 FIFA Club World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 FIFA Club World Cup (officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2016 presented by Alibaba YunOS Auto for sponsorship reasons) was the 13th edition of the FIFA Club World Cup, a FIFA - organised international club football tournament between the champion clubs from each of the six continental confederations, as well as the national league champion from the host country. The tournament was hosted by Japan. Real Madrid won their second Club World Cup, defeating hosts Kashima Antlers in the final."}], "question": "When was the second country to recognize the rebel organization founded in Benghazi chosen for the World Cup?"}
{"id": "3hop1__10612_367215_37356", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088\u201399) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081\u20131118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part. Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099. One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East. These were especially brutal during the First Crusade, when the Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed, and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction. Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order, the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers, which fused monastic life with military service."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Walls of Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "The Walls of Jerusalem (Arabic: \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u200e; Hebrew: \u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u202c) surround the Old City of Jerusalem (approx. 1 km2). In 1535, when Jerusalem was part of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Suleiman I ordered the ruined city walls to be rebuilt. The work took some four years, between 1537 and 1541."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "FIBT World Championships 1986", "paragraph_text": "The FIBT World Championships 1986 took place in K\u00f6nigssee, West Germany for the second time, having hosted the event previously in 1979."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Elisha Qimron", "paragraph_text": "Elisha Qimron is an academic in the study of ancient Hebrew, in which he took his Doctor of Philosophy in 1976 at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His dissertation was on \"The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, which had been captured by Saladin (d. 1193) in 1187.[Z] In 1203, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople, and captured the city in 1204, setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261, but never regained their former strength. By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland, although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alisea Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Alisea Airlines was a charter airline based in Italy, which was established in 1999 as Italfly. Flight operations only took place during a brief period between 2002 and 2003."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Statue of Saladin", "paragraph_text": "The Statue of Saladin () is an oversize equestrian bronze statue depicting the Kurdish Ayyubid Sultan Saladin located in front of the 11th century Citadel of Damascus in the Ancient City of Damascus in Damascus, Syria. The statue was designed by Syrian sculptor Abdallah al-Sayed. It was unveiled by the then Syrian president Hafez Assad in 1993, marking the 800th anniversary of Saladin's death."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gethsemane", "paragraph_text": "Gethsemane (Greek: \u0393\u03b5\u03b8\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae, Gethsemane; Hebrew: \u05d2\u05ea \u05e9\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u200e, Gat Shmanim; Classical Syriac: \u0713\u0715\u0723\u0721\u0722 \u200e, Ga\u1e0f \u0160m\u0101n\u00ea, lit. ``oil press '') is an urban garden at the foot of the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, most famous as the place where Jesus prayed and his disciples slept the night before his crucifixion; i.e. the site recorded as where the agony in the garden took place."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the \"Barada Panel\" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Old City (Jerusalem)", "paragraph_text": "In 1099, Jerusalem was captured by the Western Christian army of the First Crusade and it remained in their hands until recaptured by the Arab Muslims, led by Saladin, on October 2, 1187.  He summoned the Jews and permitted them to resettle in the city. In 1219, the walls of the city were razed by Mu'azzim Sultan of Damascus; in 1229, by treaty with Egypt, Jerusalem came into the hands of Frederick II of Germany. In 1239 he began to rebuild the walls, but they were demolished again by Da'ud, the emir of Kerak. In 1243, Jerusalem came again under the control of the Christians, and the walls were repaired. The Kharezmian Tatars took the city in 1244 and Sultan Malik al-Muazzam razed the walls, rendering it again defenseless and dealing a heavy blow to the city's status."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Time", "paragraph_text": "Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the second, is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value (\"time is money\") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Capital punishment in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used from ancient times until the second half of the 20th century. The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging, and took place in 1964, prior to capital punishment being abolished for murder (in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland). Although unused, the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998. In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom, prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Siege of Constantinople (1422)", "paragraph_text": "The first full-scale Ottoman Siege of Constantinople took place in 1422 as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421. This policy of the Byzantines was often used successfully in weakening their neighbours."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Paul-Louis Halley", "paragraph_text": "The inquest into the death of Paul-Louis Halley took place in Oxford, England, in late October 2005. A jury returned a verdict of accidental death."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (1187)", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Jerusalem was a siege on the city of Jerusalem that lasted from September 20 to October 2, 1187, when Balian of Ibelin surrendered the city to Saladin. Citizens wishing to leave paid a ransom. The defeat of Jerusalem signalled the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Europe responded in 1189 by launching the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus, and Frederick Barbarossa separately."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount, in the \"great, holy house\". In 1141 Spanish-Jewish poet, Yehuda Halevi, issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel, a journey he undertook himself. In 1187 Sultan Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine. In time, Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem, and according to Judah al-Harizi, they did: \"From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem, the Israelites inhabited it.\" Al-Harizi compared Saladin's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Vladimir IV Rurikovich", "paragraph_text": "Vladimir IV Rurikovich (; ) (1187 \u2013 March 3, 1239), Prince of Pereyaslavl (1206\u20131213), Smolensk (1213\u20131219) and Grand Prince of Kiev (1223\u20131235). Son of Rurik Rostislavich."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Craig Walton", "paragraph_text": "Walton competed in the triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He took twenty-seventh place with a total time of 1:50:57.66."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Execution of Louis XVI", "paragraph_text": "The execution of Louis XVI, by means of the guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la R\u00e9volution (``Revolution Square '', formerly Place Louis XV, and renamed Place de la Concorde in 1795) in Paris. The National Convention had convicted the king (17 January 1792) in a near - unanimous vote (while no one voted`` not guilty'', several deputies abstained) and condemned him to death by a simple majority."}], "question": "What was the significance of the place where the person who took Jerusalem in 1187 died during this time period?"}
{"id": "3hop1__161154_485312_59653", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants. Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry. Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sophia (robot)", "paragraph_text": "On October 11, 2017, Sophia was introduced to the United Nations with a brief conversation with the United Nations Deputy Secretary - General, Amina J. Mohammed. On October 25, at the Future Investment Summit in Riyadh, the robot was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, becoming the first robot ever to have a nationality. This attracted controversy as some commentators wondered if this implied that Sophia could vote or marry, or whether a deliberate system shutdown could be considered murder. Social media users used Sophia's citizenship to criticize Saudi Arabia's human rights record. As explained by Ali Al - Ahmed, director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs, ``Women (in Saudi Arabia) have since committed suicide because they could n't leave the house, and Sophia is running around (without a male guardian). Saudi law does n't allow non-Muslims to get citizenship. Did Sophia convert to Islam? What is the religion of this Sophia and why is n't she wearing hijab? If she applied for citizenship as a human she would n't get it. ''In December 2017, Sophia's creator David Hanson said in an interview that Sophia will use her citizenship to advocate for women's rights in her now country of citizenship; Newsweek criticized that`` What (Hanson) means, exactly, is unclear ''.."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia", "paragraph_text": "Saudi Arabian oil was first discovered by the Americans in commercial quantities at Dammam oil well No. 7 in 1938 in what is now modern day Dhahran."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sarir field", "paragraph_text": "The Sarir Field was discovered in southern Cyrenaica during 1961 and is considered to be the largest oil field in Libya, with estimated oil reserves of . Sarir is operated by the Arabian Gulf Oil Company (AGOCO), a subsidiary of the state-owned National Oil Corporation (NOC)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of the petroleum industry", "paragraph_text": "The use of petroleum dates back to ancient China more than 2000 years ago. In I Ching, one of the earliest Chinese writings cites the use of oil in its raw state without refining was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the first century BCE. In addition, the Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as the early as the fourth century BCE."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) proclaimed an oil embargo. By the end of the embargo in March 1974, the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices were significantly higher. The embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy. It was later called the \"first oil shock\", followed by the 1979 oil crisis, termed the \"second oil shock.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Waleed al-Shehri", "paragraph_text": "Born in Saudi Arabia, Shehri had been a student until he accompanied his mentally ill brother to Medina. He later went to fight in Chechnya along with his brother Wail, but was redirected to Afghanistan, where he was recruited for the attacks."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Days into Years", "paragraph_text": "Days Into Years is the third full-length album by Canadian alternative country band Elliott Brood, released September 27, 2011 on Paper Bag Records. The recording is also available on vinyl."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of countries by oil production", "paragraph_text": "The top three producers have in recent history been (alphabetically) Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Each of these countries experienced major production declines at different times in the past, but since 2014 all three have been producing near their peak rates of 9 to 11 million barrels per day. Saudi Arabia and Russia also top the list of oil exporting countries, while Russia is not a member of OPEC. The monthly U.S. oil production reached 10.07 million b / d in November 2017, the highest monthly level of crude oil production in U.S. history. In early 2018, the U.S. government forecast the country will become a net oil and gas exporter by 2022, the first time since 1953."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the petroleum industry in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Petroleum became a major industry following the oil discovery at Oil Creek Pennsylvania in 1859. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, the US was the largest oil producing country in the world. As of October 2015, the US was the world's third - largest producer of crude oil."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Check, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Check is an unincorporated community in Floyd County, Virginia, United States. Check is located on U.S. Route 221 northeast of Floyd. Check has a post office with ZIP code 24072, which opened on July 23, 1883. The origin of the name \"Check\" is obscure."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Airlines Flight 11", "paragraph_text": "Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the attacks, and a fellow hijacker, Abdulaziz al-Omari, arrived at Portland International Jetport at 05:41 Eastern Daylight Time on September 11, 2001. They boarded Colgan Air Flight 5930, which was scheduled to depart at 06:00 from Portland, Maine, and fly to Boston. Both hijackers had first class tickets with a connecting flight to Los Angeles; Atta checked in two bags, Omari none. When they checked in, the Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS) selected Atta for extra luggage scrutiny, but he boarded without incident. The flight from Portland departed on time and arrived in Boston at 06:45. Three other hijackers, Waleed al-Shehri, Wail al-Shehri, and Satam al-Suqami, arrived at Logan Airport at 06:45, having left their rental car in the airport parking facility. At 06:52, Marwan al-Shehhi, the hijacker pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, made a call from a pay phone in Logan Airport to Atta's cell phone.Since they were not given boarding passes for Flight 11 in Portland, Atta and Omari checked in and went through security in Boston. In the rushed check-in after the flight from Portland, airline officials did not load Atta's bags on Flight 11. Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed al-Shehri also checked in for the flight in Boston. Wail al-Shehri and Suqami each checked one bag; Waleed al-Shehri did not check any bags. CAPPS selected all three for a detailed luggage check. As the CAPPS' screening was only for luggage, the three hijackers did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yond\u00f3", "paragraph_text": "Yond\u00f3 is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. The first settlers arrived around 10,000 BC; archaeological site. The town was founded in 1941 for lodge the, at that time, discovered Casabe oilfield's workers. The town became a municipality in 1979. It is a Magdalena river port, across a river from Barrancabermeja, where Colombia's oldest and largest oil refinery is located."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sagara Oil Field", "paragraph_text": "Crude oil was discovered at Sagara Village in May 1873, and hand-pumping operations began almost immediately. From 1874, Nippon Oil (the predecessor to modern ENEOS) began mechanical pumping operations. The Sagara field was the only producing oil field on Japan's Pacific coast, and was the first in Japan to use oil pumps. At the height of its production (in 1884), some 600 people were employed, and the field was producing 43,000 barrels of oil (721 kiloliters) per year. The oil was very light, and could be used in automobiles without refining."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "In 2004, a large share of natural gas reserves in Iran were untapped. The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts. Of that amount, about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant is to come online in 2009. Iran is the third country in the world to have developed GTL technology."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "National Lampoon's Bag Boy", "paragraph_text": "National Lampoon's Bag Boy is a 2007 comedy film directed by Mort Nathan, starring Dennis Farina, Paul Campbell and Marika Dominczyk. The plot involves a teenager who enters the competitive world of grocery store bagging."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "King (chess)", "paragraph_text": "A king can move one square in any direction (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally) unless the square is already occupied by a friendly piece or the move would place the king in check. As a result, the opposing kings may never occupy adjacent squares (see opposition), but the king can give discovered check by unmasking a bishop, rook, or queen. The king is also involved in the special move of castling."}], "question": "When was oil first found in the country where the individual who didn't check any of the bags was a citizen?"}
{"id": "3hop1__161154_485312_162175", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "PDCA", "paragraph_text": "PDCA was made popular by W. Edwards Deming, who is considered by many to be the father of modern quality control; however, he always referred to it as the ``Shewhart cycle ''. Later in Deming's career, he modified PDCA to`` Plan, Do, Study, Act'' (PDSA) because he felt that ``check ''emphasized inspection over analysis. The PDSA cycle was used to create the model of know - how transfer process, and other models."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "National Lampoon's Bag Boy", "paragraph_text": "National Lampoon's Bag Boy is a 2007 comedy film directed by Mort Nathan, starring Dennis Farina, Paul Campbell and Marika Dominczyk. The plot involves a teenager who enters the competitive world of grocery store bagging."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marc Aryan", "paragraph_text": "Henri Markarian, better known as Marc Aryan (14 November 1926 in Valence, France \u2013 30 November 1985 in Ohain, Belgium), was a French-Belgian singer, songwriter, and record producer of Armenian descent born as a French citizen, who also acquired Belgian citizenship after a long residency in the country."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Waleed al-Shehri", "paragraph_text": "Born in Saudi Arabia, Shehri had been a student until he accompanied his mentally ill brother to Medina. He later went to fight in Chechnya along with his brother Wail, but was redirected to Afghanistan, where he was recruited for the attacks."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Emperor's New Groove", "paragraph_text": "Kuzco is the selfish, egotistical emperor of the Inca kingdom, who routinely punishes those that throw off ``his groove ''. When he lets go of his conniving adviser Yzma, she plots revenge to poison and kill him and take the throne herself. Her dim - witted henchman Kronk mistakes a transformation potion for the vial of poison, and Kuzco instead turns into a llama. Yzma improvises, knocks Kuzco out, and orders Kronk to bag him and take him out of the capital to kill him. While doing so, Kronk has a stroke of consciousness and decides not to go through with it, but unfortunately misplaces the bag on a cart belonging to Pacha, a man from a distant village. Pacha had come to see Kuzco earlier in the day to ask him to reconsider the plans to raze his village to build his resort`` Kuzcotopia'', but Kuzco waved off his concerns."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Chrysler Pacifica (1999 concept vehicle)", "paragraph_text": "The Chrysler Pacifica was a concept luxury minivan created by DaimlerChrysler under the Chrysler marque in 1999. The Pacifica was built in commemoration of the Chrysler minivan's 15th anniversary and was intended to be a more upscale variant of the Town & Country with an LHS inspired front fascia and a raised roof, which included a skylight and overhead storage bins. It could seat up to six, with four front and rear captain's chairs and fold-out jump seats on each of the rear seats. The 2nd row seats featured power footrests. The concept also had a golf bag rack in the trunk space that could hold up to four golf bags."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Citizenship Counts", "paragraph_text": "Citizenship Counts is a non-partisan 501(c)(3) organization based in Arizona that is dedicated to inspiring American youth with a civic education curriculum that teaches them the value and responsibilities of citizenship, promotes pride in American citizenship, and encourages students to be involved in their communities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2017\u201319 Qatar diplomatic crisis", "paragraph_text": "Hamad Saif al-Shamsi, the Attorney-General of the United Arab Emirates announced on 7 June that publishing expressions of sympathy towards Qatar through social media, or any type of written, visual or verbal form is considered illegal under UAE's Federal Penal Code and the Federal law on Combating Information Technology Crimes. Violators of this offense face between 3 and 15 years imprisonment, a fine of up to 500,000 emirati dirhams ($136,000) or both. Bahrain also issued a similar statement with a penalty up to 5 years imprisonment and a fine.Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain, and the UAE all blocked access to Qatari news agencies, including the controversial Qatar-based Al Jazeera. Saudi Arabia shut down the local office of Al Jazeera Media Network. The BBC speculated that changes to Al-Jazeera would be a necessary part of any peaceful resolution.The Qatar-based beIN Sports channels were also initially banned in June in the UAE. Over a month later, the UAE restored normal access to beIN Sports channels via its local telecom providers. In Saudi Arabia, the channels remain banned, while a large-scale signal piracy operation known as \"beoutQ\" has made the channels' content available.On March 12, 2019, Asian Football Confederation (AFC) streams a live football game in Saudi Arabia for free without BeIN Sports agreement who hold the rights to air. Yousef Al-Obaidly, BeIN\u2019s chief executive, said: \u201cThe AFC\u2019s decision to live stream directly into Saudi Arabia on the AFC\u2019s own digital platforms is a material breach of our multi-million dollar regional broadcast agreement and we will immediately be launching a major international dispute to recover damages and protect our position. Beinsports begin to take legal actions against the AFC."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Joey Heatherton Album", "paragraph_text": "The Joey Heatherton Album is a 1972 album by Joey Heatherton. Her cover of the 1957 Ferlin Husky song \"Gone\" became a minor hit, but the album didn't do particularly well. Tony Scotti and Tommy Oliver produced and arranged it. It was mixed by Michael Lloyd."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bootstrap aggregating", "paragraph_text": "Bagging (Bootstrap aggregating) was proposed by Leo Breiman in 1994 to improve classification by combining classifications of randomly generated training sets."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ivo Werner", "paragraph_text": "Ivo Werner (born 19 August 1960) is a former professional tennis player originally from Czechoslovakia who competed for both his native country as well as West Germany. Werner, who is now a tennis coach, immigrated to West Germany in 1982 and got citizenship two years later."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Check, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Check is an unincorporated community in Floyd County, Virginia, United States. Check is located on U.S. Route 221 northeast of Floyd. Check has a post office with ZIP code 24072, which opened on July 23, 1883. The origin of the name \"Check\" is obscure."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Days into Years", "paragraph_text": "Days Into Years is the third full-length album by Canadian alternative country band Elliott Brood, released September 27, 2011 on Paper Bag Records. The recording is also available on vinyl."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Airlines Flight 11", "paragraph_text": "Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the attacks, and a fellow hijacker, Abdulaziz al-Omari, arrived at Portland International Jetport at 05:41 Eastern Daylight Time on September 11, 2001. They boarded Colgan Air Flight 5930, which was scheduled to depart at 06:00 from Portland, Maine, and fly to Boston. Both hijackers had first class tickets with a connecting flight to Los Angeles; Atta checked in two bags, Omari none. When they checked in, the Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS) selected Atta for extra luggage scrutiny, but he boarded without incident. The flight from Portland departed on time and arrived in Boston at 06:45. Three other hijackers, Waleed al-Shehri, Wail al-Shehri, and Satam al-Suqami, arrived at Logan Airport at 06:45, having left their rental car in the airport parking facility. At 06:52, Marwan al-Shehhi, the hijacker pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, made a call from a pay phone in Logan Airport to Atta's cell phone.Since they were not given boarding passes for Flight 11 in Portland, Atta and Omari checked in and went through security in Boston. In the rushed check-in after the flight from Portland, airline officials did not load Atta's bags on Flight 11. Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed al-Shehri also checked in for the flight in Boston. Wail al-Shehri and Suqami each checked one bag; Waleed al-Shehri did not check any bags. CAPPS selected all three for a detailed luggage check. As the CAPPS' screening was only for luggage, the three hijackers did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cashier's check", "paragraph_text": "Cashier's checks deposited into a bank account are usually cleared the next day. The customer can request ``next - day availability ''when depositing a cashier's check in person."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Prison Break characters", "paragraph_text": "Rita Morgan (played by Heather McComb) is Gretchen's sister. She is introduced in ``Blow Out ''. Although she is taking care of Emily (Regan Licciardello), it is revealed that Gretchen is Emily's biological mother. Rita and Emily are later taken hostage by T - Bag and Self, and Rita is the catalyst of T - Bag's decision to seek redemption when she convinces him not to kill Ralph Becker."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stomp 442", "paragraph_text": "Stomp 442 is the seventh studio album by American thrash metal band Anthrax. It was released in 1995, by Elektra Records. The band and the Philadelphia-based producers Butcher Brothers produced the album, which includes the singles, \"Fueled\" and \"Nothing\". The album debuted at No. 47 on the \"Billboard\" 200 charts. Anthrax claimed that their label, Elektra Records, didn't do enough to promote the album, and they left soon after. \"Stomp 442\" is the only Anthrax album not featuring the traditional Anthrax logo on its artwork."}], "question": "What did the country where the person who didn't check any of the bags is from do?"}
{"id": "3hop1__128857_708989_717141", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shumerlinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shumerlinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 13,298 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gmina \u0141owicz", "paragraph_text": "Gmina \u0141owicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u0141owicz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of \u0141owicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tuymazinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Tuymazinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Sharansky District in the north, Buzdyaksky District in the east, Belebeyevsky District in the southeast and south, Yermekeyevsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Tuymazy (which is administratively separate from the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a064,389."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Perdido Bay", "paragraph_text": "Perdido Bay is a bay at the mouth of and draining the Perdido River, a designated Outstanding Florida Waters river, in Baldwin County, Alabama and Escambia County, Florida, United States. It is essentially a coastal lagoon enclosed by barrier islands, with an inlet, Perdido Pass."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WHEP", "paragraph_text": "WHEP (1310 AM, \"Radio Baldwin\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Foley, Alabama. The station was established in 1953 and is owned by Stewart Broadcasting Company, Inc."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina Pabianice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Pabianice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pabianice, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Brzeziny, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Brzeziny is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeziny County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brzeziny, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Foley, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Foley is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. The 2010 census lists the population of the city as 14,618. Foley is a principal city of the Daphne\u2013Fairhope\u2013Foley Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Baldwin County."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county where the town WHEP is licensed in is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__660199_708989_717141", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WHEP", "paragraph_text": "WHEP (1310 AM, \"Radio Baldwin\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Foley, Alabama. The station was established in 1953 and is owned by Stewart Broadcasting Company, Inc."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Perdido Bay", "paragraph_text": "Perdido Bay is a bay at the mouth of and draining the Perdido River, a designated Outstanding Florida Waters river, in Baldwin County, Alabama and Escambia County, Florida, United States. It is essentially a coastal lagoon enclosed by barrier islands, with an inlet, Perdido Pass."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "WFFG-FM", "paragraph_text": "WFFG-FM (100.3 FM), known as \"Froggy 100.3\", is a country music radio station in the United States, licensed to Warrensburg, New York, and owned by Pamal Broadcasting. The station broadcasts 24 hours a day on 100.3 MHz with 1,450 watts effective radiated power from a transmitter located near Black Spruce mountain in the town of Warrensburg, Warren County, New York. (shared with WCKM-FM, WCQL and the former location of WNYQ, now WQSH in the Albany market), and serves the Adirondack Region and the Capital District of New York."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "KAPE", "paragraph_text": "KAPE (1550 AM, \"Cape Radio 1550\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WRMN", "paragraph_text": "WRMN (1410 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Elgin, Illinois. The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WHOS", "paragraph_text": "WHOS (800 AM, \"The Big Talker\") is a radio station licensed to serve Decatur, Alabama, United States. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and the broadcast license is held by Capstar TX Limited Partnership. WHOS is one of five stations in the Huntsville, Alabama, market owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.. The station is also simulcast on WBHP at 1230 AM in Huntsville, a 106.5 FM broadcast translator in Huntsville, and on WQRV-HD2 (HD Radio). Its studios are located in Madison, Alabama and its transmitter is located in West Decatur, Alabama."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "CJXY-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJXY-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 107.9 FM and serving the Hamilton, Ontario market, licensed to the nearby city of Burlington. The station broadcasts an active rock format as \"Y108\". CJXY's studios are located on Main Street West (next to Highway 403) in Hamilton, while its transmitter is located atop the Niagara Escarpment near Burlington."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Foley, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Foley is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. The 2010 census lists the population of the city as 14,618. Foley is a principal city of the Daphne\u2013Fairhope\u2013Foley Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Baldwin County."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WRGV", "paragraph_text": "WRGV (107.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and the broadcast license is held by Clear Channel Broadcasting Licenses, Inc. WRGV broadcasts an urban contemporary music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area. Its studios are located located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "WJYM", "paragraph_text": "WJYM is an American radio station licensed to broadcast from Bowling Green, Ohio. Its studios and transmitter are located in Lime City near Perrysburg, and the station serves the Toledo metropolitan area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "KQSC", "paragraph_text": "KQSC (1530 AM) is a radio station licensed to broadcast from Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, with a daytime power of 15,000 watts, and can be heard by day from the outskirts of Denver to the state's border with New Mexico."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county home to the city WHEP is licensed to broadcast to?"}
{"id": "3hop1__598169_748541_724890", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hans M\u00fcnstermann", "paragraph_text": "Hans M\u00fcnstermann (born 1947 in Arnhem) is a Dutch novelist, writer of almost a dozen novels. About half of them form a generational novel sequence that follows the life of a baby boomer named Andreas Klein, the son of a Dutch mother and a German man. His 2006 novel, \"De Bekoring\", the fifth in that series, won the AKO Literatuurprijs in 2006; the sixth, \"Ik kom je halen als het zomer is\", was published in 2010. M\u00fcnstermann has a doctorate in theatrical studies and has worked at an academy in Maastricht since the 1980s, and from 1990 to 1995 he was a coordinator in actor training. He has also written a number of novels together with Jacques Hendrikx, under the pseudonym Jan Tetteroo."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "February 15, 1839", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Falardeau said that Telefilm Canada approved Michel Brault's 1999 movie \"Quand je serai parti... vous vivrez encore\" as an excuse to initially deny funds for \"15 f\u00e9vrier 1839\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fernand Sardou", "paragraph_text": "Sardou was the father of Michel Sardou, and he married Jackie Rollin (Jackie Sardou), an actress. His two grandsons are French novelist Romain Sardou and French actor Davy Sardou."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hannah Davis (filmmaker)", "paragraph_text": "Hannah Davis is the daughter of actress Jean Boht and film composer Carl Davis. She is a writer, director, and actress, who has two feature-length films under her production company, Mansion Pictures called \"Mothers & Daughters\" and \"The Understudy\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ainsi soit je... (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Ainsi soit je...\" (English: \"So Be I...\") is a 1988 song recorded by the French artist Myl\u00e8ne Farmer. The song was released as a single twice: as the second single from her second studio album \"Ainsi soit je...\" on 4 April 1988, and as the second single in a live version from her second live album \"Live \u00e0 Bercy\" on 20 August 1997. Both versions achieved a relative success on the charts, failing twice to reach the top ten in France."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cast of ER", "paragraph_text": "Jackie Robbins First appearance January 5, 1995 (Season 1: ``Happy New Year '') Last appearance December 13, 2001 (Season 8:`` I'll Be Home for Christmas'') Portrayed by Khandi Alexander Information Gender Female Spouse (s) Walt Robbins Children Joanie Robbins Steven Robbins Jesse Robbins Relatives Peter Benton (brother) Cleo Finch (sister - in - law) Reese Benton (nephew) Mae Benton (mother)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lucio San Pedro", "paragraph_text": "Lucio San Pedro Lucio D. San Pedro, Sr. (1913 - 02 - 11) February 11, 1913 Angono, Rizal, Philippine Islands March 31, 2002 (2002 - 03 - 31) (aged 89) Angono Medics Hospital, Angono, Rizal, Philippines Resting place Angono, Rizal Nationality Filipino Other names LDSP Occupation composer, teacher, conductor Known for National Artist of the Philippines for Music, composer of hymns like Nuestro Padre Jes\u00fas Nazareno Spouse (s) Gertrudes San Pedro (n\u00e9e D\u00edaz) Children Rhodora San Pedro Bienvenido San Pedro Ma. Conchita San Pedro Ma. Cristina San Pedro Lucio San Pedro, Jr. Awards National Artist of the Philippines"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Angham", "paragraph_text": "Angham was born in Alexandria, Egypt, the eldest child of Mohammad Suleiman, a former violinist, music composer, orchestra chief, and singer, while her mother, Mageda Abdel Haleem, is a well-known artist. She grew up in a very religious Islamic family."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dorian Rudnytsky", "paragraph_text": "Dorian Rudnytsky (born July 9, 1944) is an American cellist and composer. He was born in New York City to a Ukrainian family. His father is composer/conductor Antin Rudnytsky, and his mother is soprano Maria Sokil."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Je vole", "paragraph_text": "\"Je vole\" is a 1978 song by French singer Michel Sardou and the title track of the same titled album \"Je vole\" by Sardou. The B-side of the single was \"8 jours \u00e0 El Paso\". The lyrics of \"je vole\" were co-written by Michel Sardou and Pierre Billon and the music was composed by Sardou himself. The song was a big commercial success reaching number 3 in France selling approximately 500,000 copies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marshall Eriksen", "paragraph_text": "Marshall Eriksen How I Met Your Mother character Jason Segel in 2011 First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Last Forever'' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Jason Segel Information Gender Male Occupation Lawyer (2005 -- 2018), Judge (2018 --) Family Marvin Eriksen (father, deceased) Judy Eriksen (mother) Spouse (s) Lily Aldrin (2007 -- present) Children Marvin Waitforit Eriksen Daisy Eriksen Unnamed Third Child Nationality American"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jackie Sardou", "paragraph_text": "She was born Jacqueline Labb\u00e9 in Paris, and married Fernand Sardou, a singer. She is the mother of singer Michel Sardou; and grandmother of Romain Sardou, an author and of Davy Sardou an actor. She died in 1998 five days before her 79th birthday."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Southwestern water vole", "paragraph_text": "The southwestern water vole or southern water vole (\"Arvicola sapidus\") is a large amphibious vole found in most of France and south-westwards through Spain and Portugal. Although historically considered to be a member of the same species as the Eurasian water vole, Musser and Carleton (2005) considered it distinct enough to warrant full species status. It is listed on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable. It is threatened for many of the same reasons as the northern water vole, and a campaign is currently underway to seek protection for the species, both at a national level and at European Union level."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Je veux donner ma voix", "paragraph_text": "\"Je veux donner ma voix\" (\"I Want to Give My Voice\") was the French entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999, performed in French by Nayah."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tara Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance ``Pilot ''(2008) Last appearance`` A Mother's Work'' (2014) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname (s) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse (s) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Looking for Her", "paragraph_text": "Looking for Her (or Je vous souhaite d'\u00eatre follement aim\u00e9e) is a 2015 French drama film directed by Ounie Lecomte."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Amargosa vole", "paragraph_text": "The Amargosa vole (\"Microtus californicus scirpensis\") is one of 17 subspecies of the California vole (\"M. californicus\"). The most closely related subspecies is \"M. californicus vallicola\"."}], "question": "who is the spouse of the mother of Je vole's composer?"}
{"id": "3hop1__623877_748541_724890", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fernand Sardou", "paragraph_text": "Sardou was the father of Michel Sardou, and he married Jackie Rollin (Jackie Sardou), an actress. His two grandsons are French novelist Romain Sardou and French actor Davy Sardou."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Je veux donner ma voix", "paragraph_text": "\"Je veux donner ma voix\" (\"I Want to Give My Voice\") was the French entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999, performed in French by Nayah."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tara Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance ``Pilot ''(2008) Last appearance`` A Mother's Work'' (2014) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname (s) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse (s) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "February 15, 1839", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Falardeau said that Telefilm Canada approved Michel Brault's 1999 movie \"Quand je serai parti... vous vivrez encore\" as an excuse to initially deny funds for \"15 f\u00e9vrier 1839\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Marshall Eriksen", "paragraph_text": "Marshall Eriksen How I Met Your Mother character Jason Segel in 2011 First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Last Forever'' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Jason Segel Information Gender Male Occupation Lawyer (2005 -- 2018), Judge (2018 --) Family Marvin Eriksen (father, deceased) Judy Eriksen (mother) Spouse (s) Lily Aldrin (2007 -- present) Children Marvin Waitforit Eriksen Daisy Eriksen Unnamed Third Child Nationality American"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Je vole", "paragraph_text": "\"Je vole\" is a 1978 song by French singer Michel Sardou and the title track of the same titled album \"Je vole\" by Sardou. The B-side of the single was \"8 jours \u00e0 El Paso\". The lyrics of \"je vole\" were co-written by Michel Sardou and Pierre Billon and the music was composed by Sardou himself. The song was a big commercial success reaching number 3 in France selling approximately 500,000 copies."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mother Wore Tights", "paragraph_text": "Mother Wore Tights is a 1947 Technicolor musical film starring Betty Grable and Dan Dailey as married vaudeville performers, directed by Walter Lang."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hans M\u00fcnstermann", "paragraph_text": "Hans M\u00fcnstermann (born 1947 in Arnhem) is a Dutch novelist, writer of almost a dozen novels. About half of them form a generational novel sequence that follows the life of a baby boomer named Andreas Klein, the son of a Dutch mother and a German man. His 2006 novel, \"De Bekoring\", the fifth in that series, won the AKO Literatuurprijs in 2006; the sixth, \"Ik kom je halen als het zomer is\", was published in 2010. M\u00fcnstermann has a doctorate in theatrical studies and has worked at an academy in Maastricht since the 1980s, and from 1990 to 1995 he was a coordinator in actor training. He has also written a number of novels together with Jacques Hendrikx, under the pseudonym Jan Tetteroo."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rom\u00e9o et Juliette", "paragraph_text": "Rom\u00e9o et Juliette (\"Romeo and Juliet\") is an opera in five acts by Charles Gounod to a French libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carr\u00e9, based on \"Romeo and Juliet\" by William Shakespeare. It was first performed at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Lyrique (Th\u00e9\u00e2tre-Lyrique Imp\u00e9rial du Ch\u00e2telet), Paris on 27 April 1867. This opera is notable for the series of four duets for the main characters and the waltz song \"\"Je veux vivre\"\" for the soprano."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Amargosa vole", "paragraph_text": "The Amargosa vole (\"Microtus californicus scirpensis\") is one of 17 subspecies of the California vole (\"M. californicus\"). The most closely related subspecies is \"M. californicus vallicola\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Catherine Jagiellon", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Jagiellon was born in Krak\u00f3w as the youngest daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his wife Bona Sforza of Milan. Catherine became the spouse of King John III of Sweden and mother of the future Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. After the death of her father in 1548, she and her sisters Anna and Sophia moved to Masovia with their mother. After their mother's departure to Italy in 1558, they lived there alone. The sisters were not close to their brother Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Catherine could reportedly speak Italian and Latin, and was described as more attractive than Anna, and most marriage suggestions were directed toward her."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ik wil alles met je delen", "paragraph_text": "\"Ik wil alles met je delen\" (\"I want to share everything with you\") was the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1990, performed in Dutch by Maywood. The English language version was entitled \"No more winds to guide me\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Your Mother Wouldn't Like It", "paragraph_text": "Your Mother Wouldn't Like It is a children's sketch show broadcast on ITV between 1985 and 1988. A unique aspect of the show was that the performing cast were almost entirely children."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Prendre l'air", "paragraph_text": "Prendre l'air is the third album by French singer Shy'm. It was released in June 2010 and five singles (\"Je sais\", \"Je suis moi\", \"Prendre l'air\", \"Tourne\" and \"En apesanteur\") have been released. A departure from the R&B sound that Shy'm had previously been accustomed to, \"Prendre l'air\" showed a more pop-oriented side to her musical persona. The album debuted on the French album chart at #6, and has since gone on to be certified 3\u00d7 Platinum, becoming Shy'm's most successful album. It has been released in three editions: standard, collector and deluxe."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cast of ER", "paragraph_text": "Jackie Robbins First appearance January 5, 1995 (Season 1: ``Happy New Year '') Last appearance December 13, 2001 (Season 8:`` I'll Be Home for Christmas'') Portrayed by Khandi Alexander Information Gender Female Spouse (s) Walt Robbins Children Joanie Robbins Steven Robbins Jesse Robbins Relatives Peter Benton (brother) Cleo Finch (sister - in - law) Reese Benton (nephew) Mae Benton (mother)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ainsi soit je... (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Ainsi soit je...\" (English: \"So Be I...\") is a 1988 song recorded by the French artist Myl\u00e8ne Farmer. The song was released as a single twice: as the second single from her second studio album \"Ainsi soit je...\" on 4 April 1988, and as the second single in a live version from her second live album \"Live \u00e0 Bercy\" on 20 August 1997. Both versions achieved a relative success on the charts, failing twice to reach the top ten in France."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southwestern water vole", "paragraph_text": "The southwestern water vole or southern water vole (\"Arvicola sapidus\") is a large amphibious vole found in most of France and south-westwards through Spain and Portugal. Although historically considered to be a member of the same species as the Eurasian water vole, Musser and Carleton (2005) considered it distinct enough to warrant full species status. It is listed on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable. It is threatened for many of the same reasons as the northern water vole, and a campaign is currently underway to seek protection for the species, both at a national level and at European Union level."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jackie Sardou", "paragraph_text": "She was born Jacqueline Labb\u00e9 in Paris, and married Fernand Sardou, a singer. She is the mother of singer Michel Sardou; and grandmother of Romain Sardou, an author and of Davy Sardou an actor. She died in 1998 five days before her 79th birthday."}], "question": "Who is the father of Je vole's performer?"}
{"id": "3hop1__62775_198385_18321", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Genesis Motor", "paragraph_text": "Genesis Motors is the luxury vehicle division of the South Korean vehicle manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Initially envisioned along with the plan for Hyundai's new luxury sedan Hyundai Genesis in 2004, the Genesis brand was officially announced as a standalone marque on 4 November 2015."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Netherlands Film Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Netherlands Film Festival was founded in 1981 by the Dutch film maker Jos Stelling, who called it the \"Netherlands Film Days\" (\"Nederlandse Filmdagen\"). Initially the festival was oriented towards film makers only, but it gradually reached a broader audience."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Stevens-Duryea", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded after a falling-out between J. Frank Duryea and his brother Charles in 1898 over the affairs of the Duryea Motor Wagon Company. In 1900 Frank went on to form Hampden Automobile and Launch Company (Springfield) where he developed a new automobile and looked for a manufacturer to produce it. J. Stevens Arms and Tool Company, who were about to enter the developing car business, entered into a partnership with Frank and took over the factory of steam car and bicycle maker Overman (car company) (sharing the premises for several months)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hyundai Enercell", "paragraph_text": "Hyundai Enercell is an auto parts company, headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It was established in 1977 by its old name Kyungwon Industry, as sold as Hyundai Motor Group in 1999. The battery brand name is Solite."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Badge 373", "paragraph_text": "\"Badge 373\" was shot on location on the streets of New York City. At one point, in what film writer Jeff Stafford calls a deliberate attempt to recall the car-chase scene from \"The French Connection\", which was also based on the exploits of Eddie Egan, Robert Duvall as police detective Eddie Ryan attempts to chase down suspects in their car by hijacking a city bus, the 14th Street crosstown. The chase does not follow actual Manhattan geography, and passes locations including the West 125th viaduct and a meatpacking plant, and a branch of the record store King Karol at 460 West 42nd Street. Locations for other scenes include the Manhattan Bridge, with the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in the background, and the FDR Drive, with the United Nations headquarters visible."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sodom and Gomorrah", "paragraph_text": "According to the Torah, the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah, Zeboim and Bela. These five cities, also known as the ``cities of the plain '', (from Genesis in the Authorized Version) were situated on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan. The plain, which corresponds to the area just north of the modern - day Dead Sea, was compared to the garden of Eden as being well - watered and green, suitable for grazing livestock."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rolland-Pilain", "paragraph_text": "Rolland-Pilain was a French car maker formally established on 4 November 1905 at 95, rue Victor-Hugo in Tours by Fran\u00e7ois Rolland and \u00c9mile Pilain."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Toyota Land Cruiser", "paragraph_text": "The Toyota Land Cruiser (Japanese: \u30c8\u30e8\u30bf\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u30af\u30eb\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc, Toyota Rando - kur\u016bz\u0101) is a series of four - wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese car maker Toyota. It is Toyota's longest running series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dharwad", "paragraph_text": "Dharwad is the district headquarters of Dharwad district in the state of Karnataka, India. It was merged with the city of Hubballi in 1961 to form the twin cities of Hubballi-Dharwad. It covers an area of 200.23\u00a0km\u00b2 and is located 430\u00a0km northwest of Bengaluru, on NH-48, between Bengaluru and Pune."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Car 54, Where Are You?", "paragraph_text": "Car 54, Where Are You? is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from September 1961 to April 1963, is the story of two New York City police officers based in the fictional 53rd precinct in The Bronx. Car 54 was their patrol car. The series was filmed in black-and-white and had a rotating group of directors, including Al De Caprio, Stanley Prager and series creator Nat Hiken - who helmed several episodes. Filming was on location, and at Biograph Studios in the Bronx."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "We Buy Any Car", "paragraph_text": "We Buy Any Car Limited Type Limited company Industry Automotive industry Headquarters Manchester, United Kingdom Number of locations 210 + branches (2015) Revenue \u00a3557m (2014) Owner BCA Market Place PLC Number of employees 386 (2015) Parent BCA Website www.webuyanycar.com"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 27 June, Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government. On 28 June, at 2 am, the South Korean Army blew up the highway bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army. The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing the bridge, and hundreds were killed. Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River. In spite of such desperate measures, Seoul fell that same day. A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell, and forty-eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rolls-Royce Motor Cars", "paragraph_text": "Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is a British luxury automobile maker. A wholly owned subsidiary of German group BMW, it was established in 1998 after BMW was licensed the rights to the Rolls-Royce brand name and logo from Rolls-Royce plc and acquired the rights to the Spirit of Ecstasy and Rolls-Royce grill shape trademarks from Volkswagen AG. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited operates from purpose-built administrative and production facilities opened in 2003 across from the historic Goodwood Circuit in Goodwood, West Sussex, England, United Kingdom. Rolls-Royce Motors Cars Limited is the exclusive manufacturer of Rolls-Royce branded motor cars since 2003."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Place du Colonel Fabien", "paragraph_text": "The headquarters of the French Communist Party, designed by the Brazilian communist and utilitarian architect Oscar Niemeyer is located here, as is a station of the Paris M\u00e9tro. Nearby is the former location of the medieval Gibbet of Montfaucon, a multi-tiered gibbet that was for most of its history outside Paris' city walls."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Buc-ee's", "paragraph_text": "Buc - ee's Type Private Industry Retail (Convenience store) Founded 1982 Founder Arch ``Beaver ''Aplin III and Don Wasek Headquarters Lake Jackson, Texas, U.S. Number of locations 33 Products Fuel, coffee, beverages, beef jerky, snacks, car wash, prepared foods, and specialty gifts Website www.buc-ees.com"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne is also an important financial centre. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the $109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008), second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre. It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing, truck-makers Kenworth and Iveco, Cadbury as well as Bombardier Transportation and Jayco, among many others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing. The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also boasts a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota respectively."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "There are numerous community and international newspapers locally that cater to the city's ethnic mosaic; such as The Black Chronicle, headquartered in the Eastside, the OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times, located in Asia District, and various Hispanic community publications. The Campus is the student newspaper at Oklahoma City University. Gay publications include The Gayly Oklahoman."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Civil Liberties Union", "paragraph_text": "The ACLU is led by a president and an executive director, Susan N. Herman and Anthony Romero, respectively, in 2015. The president acts as chairman of the ACLU's board of directors, leads fundraising, and facilitates policy - setting. The executive director manages the day - to - day operations of the organization. The board of directors consists of 80 persons, including representatives from each state affiliate, as well as at - large delegates. The organization has its headquarters in 125 Broad Street, a 40 - story skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan, New York City."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vestergaard Frandsen", "paragraph_text": "Vestergaard is a company headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland that manufactures public health tools for people in developing countries. Founded as Vestergaard Frandsen in 1957 as a uniform maker, the company evolved into a social enterprise making products for humanitarian aid in the 1990s. It is now best known for inventing the LifeStraw water filter and the PermaNet mosquito net."}], "question": "What day was the city of where who makes the genesis car headquarters is located captured?"}
{"id": "3hop1__62775_198385_161032", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Buc-ee's", "paragraph_text": "Buc - ee's Type Private Industry Retail (Convenience store) Founded 1982 Founder Arch ``Beaver ''Aplin III and Don Wasek Headquarters Lake Jackson, Texas, U.S. Number of locations 33 Products Fuel, coffee, beverages, beef jerky, snacks, car wash, prepared foods, and specialty gifts Website www.buc-ees.com"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "We Buy Any Car", "paragraph_text": "We Buy Any Car Limited Type Limited company Industry Automotive industry Headquarters Manchester, United Kingdom Number of locations 210 + branches (2015) Revenue \u00a3557m (2014) Owner BCA Market Place PLC Number of employees 386 (2015) Parent BCA Website www.webuyanycar.com"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Automotive industry in Russia", "paragraph_text": "The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016. Lada cars accounted for 34.6% of the total, down from 41.6% five years earlier. Almost half of those cars were over ten years old, and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hyundai Enercell", "paragraph_text": "Hyundai Enercell is an auto parts company, headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It was established in 1977 by its old name Kyungwon Industry, as sold as Hyundai Motor Group in 1999. The battery brand name is Solite."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lee Raymond (racing driver)", "paragraph_text": "Lee Raymond (October 2, 1954 \u2013 December 12, 2013) was an American stock car racing driver. A two-time champion of the ARCA Super Car Series, he also competed in NASCAR racing in the 1989 Daytona 500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Genesis Motor", "paragraph_text": "Genesis Motors is the luxury vehicle division of the South Korean vehicle manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Initially envisioned along with the plan for Hyundai's new luxury sedan Hyundai Genesis in 2004, the Genesis brand was officially announced as a standalone marque on 4 November 2015."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rolland-Pilain", "paragraph_text": "Rolland-Pilain was a French car maker formally established on 4 November 1905 at 95, rue Victor-Hugo in Tours by Fran\u00e7ois Rolland and \u00c9mile Pilain."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Toyota Land Cruiser", "paragraph_text": "The Toyota Land Cruiser (Japanese: \u30c8\u30e8\u30bf\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u30af\u30eb\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc, Toyota Rando - kur\u016bz\u0101) is a series of four - wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese car maker Toyota. It is Toyota's longest running series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Vestergaard Frandsen", "paragraph_text": "Vestergaard is a company headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland that manufactures public health tools for people in developing countries. Founded as Vestergaard Frandsen in 1957 as a uniform maker, the company evolved into a social enterprise making products for humanitarian aid in the 1990s. It is now best known for inventing the LifeStraw water filter and the PermaNet mosquito net."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bruce Lee, My Brother", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Lee, My Brother (, also known in the United Kingdom as Young Bruce Lee) is a 2010 Hong Kong biographical martial arts drama film directed by Raymond Yip, and also written, produced and directed by Manfred Wong, and also storied, produced and narrated by Bruce Lee's real life younger brother Robert Lee. Starring Aarif Lee as Lee, Tony Leung Ka-fai and Christy Chung as Lee's parents, the film is based on the life of Bruce Lee in his teenage years to part of his adult years."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Badge 373", "paragraph_text": "\"Badge 373\" was shot on location on the streets of New York City. At one point, in what film writer Jeff Stafford calls a deliberate attempt to recall the car-chase scene from \"The French Connection\", which was also based on the exploits of Eddie Egan, Robert Duvall as police detective Eddie Ryan attempts to chase down suspects in their car by hijacking a city bus, the 14th Street crosstown. The chase does not follow actual Manhattan geography, and passes locations including the West 125th viaduct and a meatpacking plant, and a branch of the record store King Karol at 460 West 42nd Street. Locations for other scenes include the Manhattan Bridge, with the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in the background, and the FDR Drive, with the United Nations headquarters visible."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Samsung", "paragraph_text": "In 1938, Lee Byung-chul (1910\u20131987) of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe (\uc0bc\uc131\uc0c1\ud68c, \u4e09\u661f\u5546\u6703). Samsung started out as a small trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong (now Ingyo-dong). It dealt in dried-fish, locally-grown groceries and noodles. The company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, he was forced to leave Seoul. He started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang. In 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan-dong, Daegu. It was the largest woollen mill ever in the country.Samsung diversified into many different areas. Lee sought to establish Samsung as leader in a wide range of industries. Samsung moved into lines of business such as insurance, securities and retail."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1952 Ford", "paragraph_text": "The Ford line of cars was again refreshed for 1952, although remaining similar to the all-new 1949 Fords. This time, curved one-piece windshield glass joined a new \"Mileage Maker\" straight-6 engine with 101\u00a0hp. The 226\u00a0CID (3.7\u00a0L) \"L-head\" straight-6 was replaced by an overhead valve 215\u00a0CID (3.5\u00a0L) \"Mileage Maker\" with 101\u00a0hp (75\u00a0kW), while the old 239\u00a0CID (3.9\u00a0L) \"Flathead\" V8 remained with 110\u00a0hp (82\u00a0kW). This design would continue through the 1954 model year, with an updated design offered in 1955."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Missouri Western State University", "paragraph_text": "Missouri Western State University was founded in 1915 as a two-year institution called St. Joseph Junior College and held courses in the original location of Central High School at 13th and Patee. In 1933 when Central High School moved to its current location the junior college relocated to the Robidoux Polytechnic High School building at 10th Street between Edmond and Charles. In 1917 it adopted the Griffon as its mascot."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Southampton used to be home to a number of ferry services to the continent, with destinations such as San Sebastian, Lisbon, Tangier and Casablanca. A ferry port was built during the 1960s. However, a number of these relocated to Portsmouth and by 1996, there were no longer any car ferries operating from Southampton with the exception of services to the Isle of Wight. The land used for Southampton Ferry Port was sold off and a retail and housing development was built on the site. The Princess Alexandra Dock was converted into a marina. Reception areas for new cars now fill the Eastern Docks where passengers, dry docks and trains used to be."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "We Buy Any Car", "paragraph_text": "We Buy Any Car Limited Type Limited company Industry Automotive industry Headquarters Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom Number of locations 210 + branches (2015) Revenue \u00a3557m (2014) Owner BCA Market Place PLC Number of employees 386 (2015) Parent BCA Website www.webuyanycar.com"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Separation of Light from Darkness", "paragraph_text": "The Separation of Light from Darkness is, from the perspective of the Genesis chronology, the first of nine central panels that run along the center of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling and which depict scenes from the Book of Genesis. Michelangelo probably completed this panel in the summer of 1512, the last year of the Sistine ceiling project. It is one of five smaller scenes that alternate with four larger scenes that run along the center of the Sistine ceiling. The \"Separation of Light from Darkness\" is based on verses 3\u20135 from the first chapter of the Book of Genesis:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stevens-Duryea", "paragraph_text": "The company was founded after a falling-out between J. Frank Duryea and his brother Charles in 1898 over the affairs of the Duryea Motor Wagon Company. In 1900 Frank went on to form Hampden Automobile and Launch Company (Springfield) where he developed a new automobile and looked for a manufacturer to produce it. J. Stevens Arms and Tool Company, who were about to enter the developing car business, entered into a partnership with Frank and took over the factory of steam car and bicycle maker Overman (car company) (sharing the premises for several months)."}], "question": "What year did Lee relocate to the city where the Genesis carmaker is headquartered?"}
{"id": "3hop1__467968_665321_194354", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La cena delle beffe", "paragraph_text": "La cena delle beffe (\"The Jesters' Supper\") is an opera in four acts composed by Umberto Giordano to an Italian libretto by Sem Benelli adapted from his 1909 play of the same name. The opera premiered on 20 December 1924 at La Scala. Milan. The story, set in Florence at the time of Lorenzo de' Medici, recounts the rivalry between Giannetto Malespini and Neri Chiaramantesi for the affections of the beautiful Ginevra and Giannetto's thirst for revenge over a cruel joke played on him by Neri and his brother Gabriello. Giannetto's revenge \"joke\" ultimately leads Neri to murder both Ginevra and (by mistake) his own brother. The opera ends with Neri's descent into madness."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters. 100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000. In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360. Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions. Dell also had an option for 138,000 square feet (12,800 m2) of space in Las Cimas 3. After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex. In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured. By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock. It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2), for about a seven-year period after 2003. By that year roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of that space was absorbed by new subtenants."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dell Inspiron", "paragraph_text": "Dell Inspiron Dell Inspiron Logo Developer Dell Technologies Type Laptop / Notebook Desktop Computer Release date Mid 1990s CPU AMD APU, Intel Atom, Intel Celeron, Intel Pentium, Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Intel Core i7 Graphics Intel HD Graphics, ATI / AMD Radeon, NVIDIA GeForce Related articles Dell Vostro, Dell Latitude, Dell XPS Website Dell Inspiron"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin, Texas. In 1989 Dell occupied 127,000 square feet (11,800 m2) in the Arboretum complex. In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters. In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled \"Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design.\" Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters. In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum. The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room. Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock. Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Time Is Now (John Cena song)", "paragraph_text": "``The Time Is Now ''is a song by professional wrestler, actor, and hip hop musician John Cena. It is the current entrance theme Cena uses as he makes his entrance to the ring. Currently wrestling for WWE, Cena recorded the song in 2005 for his debut studio album, You Ca n't See Me."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Umberto Giordano", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Foggia in Apulia, southern Italy, and studied under Paolo Serrao at the Conservatoire of Naples. His first opera, \"Marina\", was written for a competition promoted by the music publishers Casa Sonzogno for the best one-act opera, remembered today because it marked the beginning of Italian \"verismo\". The winner was Mascagni's \"Cavalleria rusticana\". Giordano, the youngest contestant, was placed sixth among seventy-three entries with his \"Marina\", a work which generated enough interest for Sonzogno to commission the staging of an opera based on it in the 1891\u201392 season."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ivano Ciano", "paragraph_text": "Ivano Ciano (born 3 May 1983 in San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy) is an Italian footballer. He plays as a defender. He is currently playing for Italian Lega Pro Seconda Divisione team Catanzaro."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of WWE Champions", "paragraph_text": "Overall, there have been 50 different official champions, with John Cena having the most reigns at thirteen. Seven men in history have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year (365 days) or more: Bruno Sammartino, Pedro Morales, Bob Backlund, Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, John Cena and CM Punk."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Parc de la T\u00eate d'or", "paragraph_text": "1894: Universal, international and colonial Exhibition took place on the site of the Parc de la T\u00eate d'Or. After an act on 28 August 1884, forts of the Parc de la T\u00eate d'Or and Charpennes were demolished for the creation of the Boulevard du Nord, currently named Boulevard des Belges. The guards cottage, cottages, and the velodrome were built. That year, the Villeurbanne part of the park was annexed by the city of Lyon: the park was for a long time shared between Lyon and Villeurbanne, and the border between the two communities crossed the park. Quarrels and rivalries always arose between the two municipalities regarding expenditures and revenues of the park. French president under the Third Republic Jean Casimir-Perier promulgated on 17 December 1894 the law on the annexation of the section of the park in Villeurbanne to the 6th arrondissement of Lyon."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mandolin", "paragraph_text": "Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it. Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane in 1707 and George Frideric Handel composed Alexander Balus in 1748. Others include Giovani Battista Gervasio (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Giuseppe Giuliano (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Emanuele Barbella (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Domenico Scarlatti (Sonata n.54 (K.89) in D minor for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), and Addiego Guerra (Sonata in G major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "In late 2006[update], Dell lost its lead in the PC-business to Hewlett-Packard. Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did. Dell's 3.6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period. The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, when Gartner estimated that Dell PC shipments declined 8.9% (versus HP's 23.9% growth). As a result, at the end of 2006 Dell's overall PC market-share stood at 13.9% (versus HP's 17.4%)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of WWE Champions", "paragraph_text": "Overall, there have been 50 different official champions, with John Cena having the most reigns at thirteen. Seven men in history have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year (365 days) or more: Bruno Sammartino, Pedro Morales, Bob Backlund, Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, John Cena, and CM Punk."}], "question": "What town shares a border with the birthplace of the composer of La cena delle beffe?"}
{"id": "3hop1__269375_665321_194354", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ambrogio Minoja", "paragraph_text": "Ambrogio Minoja (22 October 1752 \u2013 3 August 1825) was a classical composer from Italy, born in Ospedaletto Lodigiano, in the territory of Lodi, in the region of Lombardy. He was professor of composition and writer on vocal music, having written \"Solfeggi,\" and \"Lettera sopra il canto\" (Luigi Mussi, Milan)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "\u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n Tapia", "paragraph_text": "\u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n Tapia (18 December 1916\u201427 September 1993) was a Mexican political figure who served as governor of the northwestern border state of Sonora from 1955 to 1961. He was a son of \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n Salido and Mar\u00eda Tapia Monteverde. Obreg\u00f3n Tapia's father was a brilliant Sonoran general in the Mexican Revolution, who became president of Mexico in 1920, re-elected in 1928, but assassinated before he could take office. Obreg\u00f3n Tapia's birth in 1916 was after his father's defeat of Pancho Villa in 1915 in the Battle of Celaya, a decisive victory for the Constitutionalists."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tevin Coleman", "paragraph_text": "Tevin Coleman Coleman in 2015 No. 26 -- Atlanta Falcons Position: Running back Date of birth: (1993 - 04 - 16) April 16, 1993 (age 24) Place of birth: Oak Forest, Illinois Height: 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Weight: 210 lb (95 kg) Career information High school: Oak Forest (IL) College: Indiana NFL Draft: 2015 / Round: 3 / Pick: 73 Career history Atlanta Falcons (2015 -- present) Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards Unanimous All - American (2014) First - team All - Big Ten (2014) Career NFL statistics as of Week 8, 2017 Rushing yards: 1,223 Rushing average: 4.7 Rushing touchdowns: 10 Receptions: 48 Receiving yards: 614 Receiving touchdowns: 4 Player stats at NFL.com"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kon Tum Province", "paragraph_text": "Kon Tum Province lies in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam and shares borders with Laos and Cambodia. It has an area of 9,934 square km and a population of approximately 530,000. The economy is primarily agricultural."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Umberto Giordano", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Foggia in Apulia, southern Italy, and studied under Paolo Serrao at the Conservatoire of Naples. His first opera, \"Marina\", was written for a competition promoted by the music publishers Casa Sonzogno for the best one-act opera, remembered today because it marked the beginning of Italian \"verismo\". The winner was Mascagni's \"Cavalleria rusticana\". Giordano, the youngest contestant, was placed sixth among seventy-three entries with his \"Marina\", a work which generated enough interest for Sonzogno to commission the staging of an opera based on it in the 1891\u201392 season."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Il re", "paragraph_text": "Il re (\"The king\") is a novella or opera in one act and three scenes by composer Umberto Giordano to an Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. The opera premiered at La Scala in Milan on 12 January 1929."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Conrad Friberg", "paragraph_text": "Conrad Friberg (1896-1989) was an American filmmaker, labor organizer and wallpaper hanger in Chicago, IL. Many of his films are credited to \"C.O. Nelson\". His best known work is \"Halsted Street\" which he produced when a member and lead organizer in the Chicago Workers' Film & Photo League. Portions of \"Halsted Street\" were re-used in ."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gaspard Manesse", "paragraph_text": "Gaspard Manesse (born March 25, 1975) is a French actor, composer and musician. He is best known for his starring role as Julien Quentin in the film \"Au revoir, les enfants\" (1987). He acted in and composed the music for the film \"Comme il vient\". Gaspard is a composer and musician - he tours throughout the heart of France playing the trumpet with a group called \"Surnatural Orchestra\" from the Ile-de-France."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ivano Ciano", "paragraph_text": "Ivano Ciano (born 3 May 1983 in San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy) is an Italian footballer. He plays as a defender. He is currently playing for Italian Lega Pro Seconda Divisione team Catanzaro."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hendron, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Hendron is a census-designated place (CDP) in McCracken County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 4,687 at the 2010 census, an increase from 4,239 in 2000. It is part of the Paducah, KY-IL Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Woodlawn-Oakdale, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Farley (formerly Woodlawn-Oakdale) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McCracken County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 4,701 at the 2010 census, a decline from 4,937 in 2000. It is part of the Paducah, KY-IL Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "In Moderation", "paragraph_text": "In Moderation is the second studio album by 8stops7 and the major label debut for the band. Four songs on this album were re-released and had been included on the band's debut album, \"Birth of a Cynic\". Their initial release on \"Birth of a Cynic\" fell below expectations with only 2,000 albums being produced and no songs from it being issued as a single."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}], "question": "What shares a border with the birthplace of the Il re composer?"}
{"id": "3hop1__145215_258726_685167", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marion Carpenter Yazdi", "paragraph_text": "Marion Bernice (n\u00e9e Carpenter) Yazdi, born October 9, 1902 at Marcellus, Cass County, Michigan, died February 2, 1996 at Natick, Middlesex County, Massachusetts or at Wellesley, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, was the first Bah\u00e1'\u00ed student at the University of California at Berkeley, and at Stanford University. She was a daughter of Crowell E. and Elizabeth Carpenter, natives of Michigan and Ohio, respectively, who moved from Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo County, Michigan to Santa Paula, Ventura County, California between the 1910 and 1920 censuses."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Austin Warren", "paragraph_text": "Edward Austin Warren Jr. was born in Waltham, Massachusetts on July 4, 1899 as the elder of two sons by Edward Austin Warren, city alderman of Waltham and expert butcher, and Nellie Myra Anderson Warren. He attended public grammar school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts and briefly attended Waltham High School, where he received instruction in Latin and studied Esperanto independently. At the age of thirteen, Warren and his family relocated to a lonely farm in Stow, Massachusetts. He attended Hale High School and received additional training in Latin; he would later consider this instruction responsible for his classical major at college."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Waltham, Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "Waltham () is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, and was an early center for the labor movement as well as a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. The original home of the Boston Manufacturing Company, the city was a prototype for 19th century industrial city planning, spawning what became known as the Waltham-Lowell system of labor and production. The city is now a center for research and higher education, home to Brandeis University and Bentley University. The population was 60,636 at the census in 2010."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tommy G. Warren", "paragraph_text": "Tommy G. Warren is an American Screenwriter, Award Winning Director and Producer. Warren began working in film and video in the 1970s. Tommy has worked on film / videos / TV with MGM and officed at Paramount Studios in Hollywood. In 2004 Tommy G. Warren founder of Spiderwood Productions[SpiderwoodStudios] & [Spiderwood Magic] - began creating feature Films / Videos / TV, Music and Media. Then in 2009 Warren opened Spiderwood Studios a full service Motion Picture & TV Studios and Back- Lot along the Lower Colorado River just outside Austin, Texas. Warren also is the founder and owner of T.Warren Investment,inc. [Twarreninvestments.com] / Other businesses includes: Director at Bold Ventures (High-Tech) / Projekt 202 Dallas, Austin & Seattle."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Warren, Vermont", "paragraph_text": "Warren is a town in Washington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,705 at the 2010 census. The center of population of Vermont is located in Warren. It is set between the two ranges of the Green Mountains, with approximately 25% of the town under Green Mountain National Forest ownership. Sugarbush Resort located here is a ski resort, and the town is traversed by the Long Trail, a hiking trail running from the border with Massachusetts to the Canada\u2013US border."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county where Austin Warren was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16581_16519_206007", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Communications in Somalia", "paragraph_text": "On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Poste Vaticane", "paragraph_text": "Poste Vaticane is an organization responsible for postal service in Vatican City. The organization is part of the Post and Telegraphy Service."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Postal Service", "paragraph_text": "The United States Postal Service (USPS; also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States, including its insular areas and associated states. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Postage stamps and postal history of India", "paragraph_text": "Although the Indian Post Office was established in 1837, Asia's first adhesive stamp, the Scinde Dawk, was introduced in 1852 by Sir Bartle Frere, the British East India Company's administrator of the province of Sind. The Indian postal system developed into an extensive, dependable and robust network providing connectivity to almost all parts of India, Burma, the Straits Settlements and other areas controlled by the British East India Company (EIC). Based on the model postal system introduced in England by the reformer, Rowland Hill, efficient postal services were provided at a low cost and enabled the smooth commercial, military and administrative functioning of the EIC and its successor, the British Raj. The Imperial Posts co-existed with the several postal systems maintained by various Indian states, some of which produced stamps for use within their respective dominions, while British Indian postage stamps were required for sending mail beyond the boundaries of these states. Telegraphy and telephony made their appearance as part of the Posts before becoming separate departments. After the Independence of India in 1947, the Indian postal service continues to function on a countrywide basis and provides many valuable, low cost services to the public of India."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "In 1903, after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland became a British protectorate. Much of its early administration (for example, postal services) being carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government. Following this, Swaziland was partitioned into European and non-European (or native reserves) areas with the former being two-thirds of the total land. Sobhuza's official coronation was in December 1921 after the regency of Labotsibeni after which he led an unsuccessful deputation to the Privy council in London in 1922 regarding the issue of the land."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James A. Farley Building", "paragraph_text": "The James A. Farley Building is the main United States Postal Service building in New York City. It is located in Midtown Manhattan and was built along with the original Pennsylvania Station in 1912. The building is famous for bearing the United States Postal Service creed: \"Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Stirling, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Stirling is an unincorporated community located within Long Hill Township in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 07980."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ZIP Code", "paragraph_text": "ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS) since 1963. The term ZIP is an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan; it was chosen to suggest that the mail travels more efficiently and quickly (zipping along) when senders use the code in the postal address. The basic format consists of five digits. An extended 'ZIP + 4' code was introduced in 1983 which includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, followed by a hyphen and four additional digits that determine a more specific location."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I. In the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya on the condition that he be just to the people and keep them safe and secure, and after his death he not establish a dynasty. This brought to an end the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs for the Sunnis, and Hasan ibn Ali was also the last Imam for the Shias to be a Caliph. Following this, Mu'awiyah broke the conditions of the agreement and began the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital in Damascus."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Assi Dayan", "paragraph_text": "Assaf (Assi) Dayan was the youngest son of Israeli general and defense minister Moshe Dayan and peace activist Ruth Dayan (n\u00e9e Schwartz). He had two siblings: politician and author Yael Dayan, born 1939, and sculptor Ehud (Udi) Dayan, born 1942. After military service and studying philosophy and English literature at Hebrew University, Dayan embarked on a career as film actor, which eventually also led to directing."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "On January 26, 2014, the postal service raised the price of First - class postage stamps to 49 cents. Rates for other mail, including postcards and packages, also increased."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740\u201350) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Communications in Somalia", "paragraph_text": "The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Adjona", "paragraph_text": "Adjona signed peace in 1490 with the governor of Gran Canaria, Pedro de Vera, ratifying the agreement with Alonso Fern\u00e1ndez de Lugo in 1494 shortly after his first landing, attaching his menceyato to the \"bando de paces\" (peace party) during the conquest. After this, Adjona was brought to Spain by Lugo to be presented to the Catholic Monarchs along with the rest of menceyes. As a mencey of the \"bando de paces\", he returned to Tenerife and integrated into the new society. He died before 1507."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "India Post", "paragraph_text": "India Post A typical Indian Post office in Tamil Nadu Native name India Post \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093e\u0915 Type Department under Ministry of Communications of Government of India Industry Postal services, courier Founded 1 April 1854; 164 years ago (1854 - 04 - 01) Headquarters Dak Bhawan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi - 110001 Number of locations 155,015 Key people Ananta Narayan Nanda, IPoS, Secretary, Department of Posts & Chairperson, Postal Services Board Director General, Postal Services Services Letter post, parcel service, EMS, delivery, freight forwarding, third - party logistics, deposit account Revenue \u20b9129.39 billion (US $1.8 billion) (2016) Net income \u20b9- 60.07 billion (US $\u2212 840 million) (2016) Number of employees 448,840 (As of 31 March 2016) Website www.indiapost.gov.in"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hinduism[citation needed] , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab.[citation needed] Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed] In the 11th century, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital[citation needed] of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of Fakhkh", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Fakhkh () on 11 June 786 CE was fought between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate, under Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far, one of the sons of Caliph al-Mansur, and the supporters of a pro-Alid rebellion in Mecca under Husayn ibn Ali, a grandson of Hasan ibn Ali, also known as Sahib al Fakh. The Abbasid army easily crushed the Alid rebellion at the \"wadi\" of Fakhkh near Mecca, and Husayn was executed along with many other members of the Alid house. One of the Alids, Idris ibn Abdallah, fled the battlefield to the Maghreb, and established there the Idrisid dynasty."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the person who made peace with the leader who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?"}
{"id": "3hop1__798170_339033_375122", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Boston Tea Party", "paragraph_text": "That evening, a group of 30 to 130 men, some dressed in the Mohawk warrior disguises, boarded the three vessels and, over the course of three hours, dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water. The precise location of the Griffin's Wharf site of the Tea Party has been subject to prolonged uncertainty; a comprehensive study places it near the foot of Hutchinson Street (today's Pearl Street)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "808s & Heartbreak, which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single \"Love Lockdown\" debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a \"Hot Shot Debut\", while follow-up single \"Heartless\" performed similarly and became his second consecutive \"Hot Shot Debut\" by debuting at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, 808s & Heartbreak had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "In Rococo - era France, an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host, a coldhearted prince, a rose for shelter. When he refuses, she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones. She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another, and earn their love in return, before the last petal falls."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Love Needs No Disguise", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Needs No Disguise\" is a 1981 single by Dramatis featuring Gary Numan on vocals. It charted at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart. It got its live debut on The Warriors Tour in 1983. Of the song, Numan recalled:\"This was just the break they needed; I didn\u2019t have anything to do with the writing of the song and I had a great time recording the video\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Girl Who Loves a Soldier", "paragraph_text": "The Girl Who Loves a Soldier is a 1916 British silent war film directed by Alexander Butler and starring Vesta Tilley, Sydney Folker and James Lindsay. It was made at Isleworth Studios. During the First World War a nurse disguises herself as a man and carries her wounded fianc\u00e9's important military dispatches."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "From earliest days, Virginia, and Richmond in particular, have welcomed live theatrical performances. From Lewis Hallam's early productions of Shakespeare in Williamsburg, the focus shifted to Richmond's antebellum prominence as a main colonial and early 19th century performance venue for such celebrated American and English actors as William Macready, Edwin Forrest, and the Booth family. In the 20th century, Richmonders' love of theater continued with many amateur troupes and regular touring professional productions. In the 1960s a small renaissance or golden age accompanied the growth of professional dinner theaters and the fostering of theater by the Virginia Museum, reaching a peak in the 1970s with the establishment of a resident Equity company at the Virginia Museum Theater (now the Leslie Cheek) and the birth of Theatre IV, a company that continues to this day."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Back to the Future (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "``The Washington Post ''- Composed by John Philip Sousa`` Mr. Sandman'' - Performed by The Four Aces ``The Ballad of Davy Crockett ''- Performed by Fess Parker`` Pledging My Love'' - Performed by Johnny Ace ``Out the Window ''- Performed by Edward Van Halen"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jesse Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 -- July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Disguise in Love", "paragraph_text": "Disguise in Love is the second studio album by John Cooper Clarke, first released in 1978. (It followed \"Ou est la maison de fromage?\"). Most of the tracks are spoken over musical accompaniment provided by Clarke's band The Invisible Girls, except \"Psycle Sluts 1&2\" and \"Salome Maloney\" \u2014 both live recordings from the Ritz Ballroom in Manchester on 8 May 1978, delivered in his trademark a cappella style."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Swinton, Greater Manchester", "paragraph_text": "Following the Local Government Act 1894, Swinton was united with neighbouring Pendlebury to become an urban district of Lancashire. Swinton and Pendlebury received a charter of incorporation in 1934, giving it honorific borough status. In the same year, the United Kingdom's first purpose-built intercity highway\u2014the major A580 road (East Lancashire Road), which terminates at Swinton and Pendlebury's southern boundary\u2014was officially opened by King George V. Swinton and Pendlebury became part of the City of Salford in 1974. Swinton has continued to grow as the seat of Salford City Council and as a commuter town, supported by its transport network and proximity to Manchester city centre."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "In Rococo - era France, an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host, a coldhearted prince, a rose for shelter. When he refuses, she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones. She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another, and earn their love in return, before the last petal falls."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lucy Goes to the Hospital", "paragraph_text": "\"Lucy Goes to the Hospital\" is an episode of the 1950s American television show \"I Love Lucy\" in which the title character, Lucy Ricardo, gives birth to her son, \"Little Ricky,\" after a \"predictably chaotic\" sequence of events. Twelve hours before the broadcast, the actress who played Lucy Ricardo, Lucille Ball, had given birth to Desi Arnaz, Jr. by cesarean section. The episode had actually been filmed on November 14, 1952."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cargo 360", "paragraph_text": "On July 30, 2007 Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired Southern Air and merged the two airlines into one, giving birth to Southern Air Holdings, Inc. Consequently, Cargo 360 was absorbed into Southern Air in January 2008 and ceased operating under its own colors."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarm\u00ea. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarm\u00ea is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarm\u00ea Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarm\u00ea is a \"street carnival\" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarm\u00ea of Malmedy are the Hagu\u00e8te, the Longu\u00e8s-Br\u00e8sses and the Long-N\u00e9."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1100 Bel Air Place", "paragraph_text": "1100 Bel Air Place is an album of love songs performed by Julio Iglesias, and released by Columbia Records in 1984. It was the first of Iglesias' albums to be performed largely in English, and it is generally considered his breakthrough album in English speaking markets."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Platonic love", "paragraph_text": "The English term dates back to William Davenant's The Platonic Lovers (performed in 1635); a critique of the philosophy of platonic love which was popular at Charles I's court. It is derived from the concept in Plato's Symposium of the love of the idea of good which lies at the root of all virtue and truth. For a brief period, Platonic love was a fashionable subject at the English royal court, especially in the circle around Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of King Charles I. Platonic love was the theme of some of the courtly masques performed in the Caroline era -- though the fashion soon waned under pressures of social and political change."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Invisible Girls", "paragraph_text": "The Invisible Girls were a British rock band, formed in Salford, Greater Manchester in 1978, to provide a musical backdrop to the recorded output of Salford punk poet John Cooper Clarke. The band's nucleus was Joy Division and New Order producer Martin Hannett and keyboardist Steve Hopkins, with contributions from, amongst others, Pete Shelley of Buzzcocks and Bill Nelson of Be-Bop Deluxe. The band also played on the first solo album by Pauline Murray (lead singer of Penetration), the eponymous \"Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls\" and some singles, and later with Nico for the single \"Procession\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Republic Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Firefly (operetta)", "paragraph_text": "The Firefly was the first operetta written by composer Rudolf Friml, with a libretto by Otto Harbach. The story concerns a young Italian girl, who is a street singer in New York. She disguises herself and serves as a cabin boy on a ship to Bermuda, where she falls in love. Complications arise, and eventually, she becomes a grand opera diva."}], "question": "What is the capital of the place where Disguise in Love's performer was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__409799_339033_375122", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sleen", "paragraph_text": "Sleen is a village in Drenthe, Netherlands of about 2500 people. Sleen has been inhabited for centuries. Much ancient history can be found in the area, particularly in the forests (which are planted, though). At birth and during the Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581\u20131795)). Sleen became the capital of one of the six \u201cdingspels\u201d (administrative areas) of Drenthe. When Drenthe was recognised as a province, Sleen became a municipality capital, before it merged into the municipality of Coevorden."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Swinton, Greater Manchester", "paragraph_text": "Following the Local Government Act 1894, Swinton was united with neighbouring Pendlebury to become an urban district of Lancashire. Swinton and Pendlebury received a charter of incorporation in 1934, giving it honorific borough status. In the same year, the United Kingdom's first purpose-built intercity highway\u2014the major A580 road (East Lancashire Road), which terminates at Swinton and Pendlebury's southern boundary\u2014was officially opened by King George V. Swinton and Pendlebury became part of the City of Salford in 1974. Swinton has continued to grow as the seat of Salford City Council and as a commuter town, supported by its transport network and proximity to Manchester city centre."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cargo 360", "paragraph_text": "On July 30, 2007 Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired Southern Air and merged the two airlines into one, giving birth to Southern Air Holdings, Inc. Consequently, Cargo 360 was absorbed into Southern Air in January 2008 and ceased operating under its own colors."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2017 United Kingdom general election", "paragraph_text": "The United Kingdom general election of 2017 took place on Thursday 8 June. Each of the 650 constituencies elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons. Under the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 an election had not been due until 7 May 2020, but a call by Prime Minister Theresa May for a snap election was ratified by the necessary supermajority in a 522 - 13 vote in the House of Commons on 19 April 2017."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Reflexos da Noite", "paragraph_text": "Reflexos da Noite (Portuguese for \"Reflections of the Night\") is an EP, and the first official release by the Brazilian psychedelic rock band Violeta de Outono. It came out in September 12, 1986 by now-defunct independent label Wop-Bop Records."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jesse Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 -- July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee", "paragraph_text": "Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee is an American web series talk show directed and hosted by comedian Jerry Seinfeld, distributed for the first nine seasons by digital network Crackle, then moving to Netflix for season ten (2018). The series premiered on July 19, 2012."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Republic Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of N\u00fai Bop", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Nui Bop (3\u20134 January 1885) was a French victory during the Sino-French War. The battle was fought to clear Chinese forces away from the French forward base at Chu, and was an essential preliminary to the L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n Campaign in February 1885."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chad Doreck", "paragraph_text": "Chad Doreck (born November 19, 1978) is an American actor. He took his first acting role at the age of six in the music video for Oingo Boingo's \"Weird Science\". Doreck is also the voice of Crackle for Rice Krispies. In 2007, he was one of the final 12 contestants on \"\", a televised competition to choose the leads for the revival of \"Grease\" by Kathleen Marshall."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Michael T. Scott", "paragraph_text": "Michael T. Scott is an American comedy writer, animation director and creator of the Happy Fatties online cartoon series, which has been featured on several notable web video sites including, YouTube, Dailymotion, Yahoo! Video, Openfilm, Animation World Network, Crackle, Aniboom, Funny or Die and Newgrounds."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Snap, Crackle & Bop", "paragraph_text": "Snap, Crackle & Bop is the fourth album by John Cooper Clarke, originally released in 1980. As with \"Disguise in Love\", the album featured The Invisible Girls as the backing band and was produced by Martin Hannett. Original first pressings of the LP included a booklet with the lyrics from John Cooper Clarke's 1978 album \"Disguise in Love\" together with photographs and artwork, the booklet was housed in a pocket that formed part of the jacket on the LP cover photograph. The album placed at No. 39 in NME's 1980 Albums Of The Year."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Invisible Girls", "paragraph_text": "The Invisible Girls were a British rock band, formed in Salford, Greater Manchester in 1978, to provide a musical backdrop to the recorded output of Salford punk poet John Cooper Clarke. The band's nucleus was Joy Division and New Order producer Martin Hannett and keyboardist Steve Hopkins, with contributions from, amongst others, Pete Shelley of Buzzcocks and Bill Nelson of Be-Bop Deluxe. The band also played on the first solo album by Pauline Murray (lead singer of Penetration), the eponymous \"Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls\" and some singles, and later with Nico for the single \"Procession\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The All Seeing Eye", "paragraph_text": "The All Seeing Eye is the ninth jazz album by saxophonist Wayne Shorter, recorded on October 15, 1965, and released on the Blue Note label as BLP 4219 and BST 84219. The album features performances by Shorter with Freddie Hubbard, Grachan Moncur III, James Spaulding, Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter and Joe Chambers with Shorter's brother Alan Shorter guesting on one track. The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow states: \"it is clear from the start that the music on this CD reissue is not basic bop and blues... the dramatic selections, and their brand of controlled freedom has plenty of subtle surprises. This is stimulating music that still sounds fresh over three decades later\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bugle Boy Bop", "paragraph_text": "Bugle Boy Bop is an album by trumpeter Lester Bowie and drummer Charles \"Bobo\" Shaw recorded in 1977 and released on the Muse label in 1983. It features seven duet performances by Bowie and Shaw."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federal Bureau of Prisons", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is a United States federal law enforcement agency. A subdivision of the U.S. Department of Justice, the BOP is responsible for the administration of the federal prison system. The system handles inmates who have violated, or are accused of violating, federal law. The BOP also holds inmates who have committed felonies in Washington, D.C."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roland Alexander", "paragraph_text": "Roland Alexander (September 25, 1935 \u2013 June 14, 2006) was an American post-bop jazz musician from Boston, Massachusetts. He grew up with his parents and sister Gloria in Cambridge, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "July 2007 Argentine winter storm", "paragraph_text": "The July 2007 Argentine winter storm resulted from the interaction of an area of low pressure systems across central Argentina and the entry of a massive polar cold snap during the 6\u20138 July 2007; it was the worst winter of Argentina in almost forty years. Severe snowfalls and blizzards affected the country. In Patagonia, several lakes were frozen. The cold snap advanced from the south towards the central zone of the country during Friday, July 6, continuing its displacement towards the north during Saturday, July 7 and Sunday, July 8. On Monday July 9, the simultaneous presence of very cold air, above the average levels of the atmosphere as in the surface, gave place to the occurrence of snowfalls even in localities where snow is very rare. This phenomenon left at least 46 people dead in Argentina, six in Chile, and 3 in Bolivia."}], "question": "What town is the capital of the birthplace of the performer of Snap, Crackle, & Bop?"}
{"id": "3hop1__93279_339033_375122", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "And Still I Rise", "paragraph_text": "And Still I Rise is author Maya Angelou's third volume of poetry, published by Random House in 1978. It was published during one of the most productive periods in Angelou's career; she had written three autobiographies and published two other volumes of poetry up to that point. Angelou considered herself a poet and a playwright, but was best known for her seven autobiographies, especially her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, although her poetry has also been successful. She began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Although her poetry collections have been best - sellers, they have not received serious critical attention."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elizabeth Willis", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Willis (born April 28, 1961, Bahrain) is an American poet and literary critic. She currently serves as Professor of Poetry at the Iowa Writers' Workshop. Willis has won several awards for her poetry including the National Poetry Series and the Guggenheim Fellowship. Susan Howe has called Elizabeth Willis \"an exceptional poet, one of the most outstanding of her generation.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jean-Luc Aotret", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Luc Aotret (born 8 November 1956, Bourges, Cher) is a French poet who has poetry in the French poetry journal La feuille du temps which is published by the An Amzer Poetry Association."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Swinton, Greater Manchester", "paragraph_text": "Following the Local Government Act 1894, Swinton was united with neighbouring Pendlebury to become an urban district of Lancashire. Swinton and Pendlebury received a charter of incorporation in 1934, giving it honorific borough status. In the same year, the United Kingdom's first purpose-built intercity highway\u2014the major A580 road (East Lancashire Road), which terminates at Swinton and Pendlebury's southern boundary\u2014was officially opened by King George V. Swinton and Pendlebury became part of the City of Salford in 1974. Swinton has continued to grow as the seat of Salford City Council and as a commuter town, supported by its transport network and proximity to Manchester city centre."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Post-punk", "paragraph_text": "Generally, post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s, although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music, only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles. Additionally, the accuracy of the term's chronological prefix \"post\" has been disputed, as various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement. Reynolds defined the post-punk era as occurring loosely between 1978 and 1984."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Apollonian and Dionysian", "paragraph_text": "Although the use of the concepts of the Apollonian and Dionysian is linked to Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, the terms were used before him in German culture. The poet H\u00f6lderlin spoke of them, while Winckelmann talked of Bacchus, the god of wine. Rudolf Steiner as well treated in depth of the Apollonian and Dionysian (called ``Apollinisches und Dionysisches ''in German) and placed them in the general history and spiritual evolution of mankind."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bob Kaufman", "paragraph_text": "Robert Garnell Kaufman (April 18, 1925 \u2013 January 1986) was an American Beat poet and surrealist as well as a jazz performance artist and satirist. In France, where his poetry had a large following, he was known as the \"black American Rimbaud.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Postmodern American Poetry", "paragraph_text": "Postmodern American Poetry is a poetry anthology edited by Paul Hoover and published by W. W. Norton & Company in 1994. A substantially revised second edition in 2012 removed some poets and added many others, incorporating additional American poetry movements which came to prominence in the 21st century."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Invisible Girls", "paragraph_text": "The Invisible Girls were a British rock band, formed in Salford, Greater Manchester in 1978, to provide a musical backdrop to the recorded output of Salford punk poet John Cooper Clarke. The band's nucleus was Joy Division and New Order producer Martin Hannett and keyboardist Steve Hopkins, with contributions from, amongst others, Pete Shelley of Buzzcocks and Bill Nelson of Be-Bop Deluxe. The band also played on the first solo album by Pauline Murray (lead singer of Penetration), the eponymous \"Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls\" and some singles, and later with Nico for the single \"Procession\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Richard Denner", "paragraph_text": "Richard Denner (born November 21, 1941) is an American poet associated with the Berkeley Street Poets and the Poets of the Pacific Northwest. He is the founder and operator of dPress, which has published over two hundred titles, mostly of poetry and most in chapbook format."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Post-punk", "paragraph_text": "In late 1977, music writers for Sounds first used the terms \"New Musick\" and \"post punk\" to describe British acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire, who began experimenting with sounds, lyrics and aesthetics that differed significantly from their punk contemporaries. Writer Jon Savage described some of these early developments as exploring \"harsh urban scrapings [,] controlled white noise\" and \"massively accented drumming\". In January 1978, singer John Lydon (then known as Johnny Rotten) announced the break-up of his pioneering punk band the Sex Pistols, citing his disillusionment with punk's musical predictability and cooption by commercial interests, as well as his desire to explore more diverse interests."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jackson Mac Low", "paragraph_text": "Jackson Mac Low (September 12, 1922 \u2013 December 8, 2004) was an American poet, performance artist, composer and playwright, known to most readers of poetry as a practioneer of systematic chance operations and other non-intentional compositional methods in his work, which Mac Low first experienced in the musical work of John Cage, Earle Brown, and Christian Wolff. He was married to the artist Iris Lezak from 1962 to 1978, and to the poet Anne Tardos from 1990 until his death."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nimett\u00f6mi\u00e4 lauluja", "paragraph_text": "Nimett\u00f6mi\u00e4 lauluja is a 1918 poetry collection by Finnish poet Aaro Hellaakoski. The poems use satirical tones reflecting feelings of inadequacy and loneliness."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lili Novy", "paragraph_text": "Lili Novy n\u00e9e Haumeder (24 December 1885 \u2013 7 March 1958) was a Slovene poet and translator of poetry. She is considered the first Slovene female lyric poet as well as one of the most important Slovene female poets in general."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Post-punk", "paragraph_text": "The scope of the term \"post-punk\" has been subject to controversy. While some critics, such as AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, have employed the term \"post-punk\" to denote \"a more adventurous and arty form of punk\", others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style. Music journalist and post-punk scholar Simon Reynolds has advocated that post-punk be conceived as \"less a genre of music than a space of possibility\", suggesting that \"what unites all this activity is a set of open-ended imperatives: innovation; willful oddness; the willful jettisoning of all things precedented or 'rock'n'roll'\". Nicholas Lezard, problematizing the categorization of post-punk as a genre, described the movement as \"so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ; Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ; and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ. Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Thomas Carper (poet)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Carper is an American poet. His work has appeared in \"Poetry, The American Scholar, The Formalist, and The Review\" (London)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Cooper Clarke", "paragraph_text": "John Cooper Clarke (born 25 January 1949) is an English performance poet who first became famous during the punk rock era of the late 1970s when he became known as a ``punk poet ''. He released several albums in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and continues to perform regularly."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gafil Swami", "paragraph_text": "Gafil Swami (born 22 July 1953, Aligarh) is an Indian poet of Hindi-language from Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. He is known for his poetry on corruption."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Candice James", "paragraph_text": "As New Westminster's Poet Laureate, James has also highlighted the poetic literary scene in New Westminster helping to bring local poets to the forefront through poetry readings and poetry anthologies. She gathered works from local poets and facilitated the publishing of poetry books, Royal City Poets Anthologies (2011; 2012; 2013; 2014;2015). The anthologies are available at the New Westminster Public Library and also distributed to libraries across Canada. James also features poems by various New Westminster poets in a monthly column \"Poet's Corner\" she ran for The Piffle Magazine for 5 years from 2010 - 2015."}], "question": "What is the capital of the birthplace of the artist known as the \"punk poet,\" who used poetry in his music?"}
{"id": "3hop1__794745_718959_24905", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jakub Sobieski", "paragraph_text": "Jakub Sobieski (May 5, 1590 \u2013 June 23, 1646) was a Polish noble, parliamentarian, diarist, political activist, military leader and father of King John III Sobieski. He was the son of castellan and voivode Marek Sobieski and Jadwiga Snopkowska."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Communism in Korea", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Kim, a Korean who lived in Russia, is sometimes credited as the first Korean communist. She had joined the Bolsheviks in 1916. In 1917, Vladimir Lenin sent her to Siberia to mobilize Koreans there against the counter-revolutionary forces and the Allied Expeditionary Forces. In Khabarovsk Kim was in charge of external affairs at the Far - Eastern Department of the Party. There she met with Yi Dong - Wi, Kim Rip and other Korean independence fighters. Together they founded the Korean People's Socialist Party, the first Korean communist party on June 28, 1918."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "One-child policy", "paragraph_text": "On October 29, 2015, it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two - child policy, citing a statement from the Communist Party of China. The new law became effective on January 1, 2016, following its passage in the standing committee of the National People's Congress on December 27, 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Communist Party of Lithuania", "paragraph_text": "The remainder of the Communist Party of Lithuania ('on platform of Communist Party of the Soviet Union') existed in 1990-91 under leadership of Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius after the \"traditional\" party declared independence from it's Soviet Union counterpart. The party played a major role in the January 1991 Events in Lithuania and initiating the creation of the National Salvation Committee. The Communist Party of Lithuania was eventually banned in August 1991. Although still illegal, the Communist Party of Lithuania is affiliated to the Union of Communist Parties \u2014 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP-CPSU) headed by Gennady Zyuganov."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional \"leading role\" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius, was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU. However, Lithuania\u2019s governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow's control \u2013 a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Convention on the Rights of the Child", "paragraph_text": "Convention on the Rights of the Child Parties to the convention Only signed, but not ratified Non-signatory Signed 20 November 1989 Location New York City Effective 2 September 1990 Condition 20 ratifications Signatories 140 Parties 196 (all eligible states except the United States) Depositary UN Secretary - General Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish UN Convention on the Rights of the Child at Wikisource"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "When anti-German demonstrations erupted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the Comintern ordered the Czech Communist Party to employ all of its strength to paralyze \"chauvinist elements.\" Moscow soon forced the Communist Parties of France and Great Britain to adopt an anti-war position. On 7 September, Stalin called Georgi Dimitrov,[clarification needed] and the latter sketched a new Comintern line on the war. The new line\u2014which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist\u2014was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September. Thus, the various western Communist parties now had to oppose the war, and to vote against war credits. Although the French Communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and on 19 September declared their \"unshakeable will\" to defend the country, on 27 September the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist. By 1 October the French Communists advocated listening to German peace proposals, and Communist leader Maurice Thorez deserted from the French Army on 4 October and fled to Russia. Other Communists also deserted from the army."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hans Modrow", "paragraph_text": "Hans Modrow (; born 27 January 1928) is a German left-wing politician, best known as the last communist premier of East Germany and the country's \"de facto\" leader from 1989 to 1990. He was convicted of electoral fraud by the Dresden District Court in 1995. He is currently the honorary Chairman of the Left Party."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu", "paragraph_text": "Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu (Romanian: (niko\u02c8la. e t\u0361\u0283e\u032fa. u\u02c8\u0283esku) (listen); 26 January 1918 -- 25 December 1989) was a Romanian Communist politician. He was general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, and hence the second and last Communist leader of Romania. He was also the country's head of state from 1967, serving as President of the State Council, from 1974 concurrently as President of the Republic, until his overthrow in the Romanian Revolution in 1989."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "James Louis Sobieski", "paragraph_text": "James Louis Sobieski (full name in Polish: \"Jakub Ludwik Henryk Sobieski\"; 2 November 1667 \u2013 19 December 1737) was a Polish nobleman, politician, diplomat, scholar, traveller and the son of King John III of Poland and Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On April 7, 1989, Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia. On April 9, 1989, troops attacked the demonstrators; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded. This event radicalized Georgian politics, prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule. On April 14, Gorbachev removed Jumber Patiashvili as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party and replaced him with former Georgian KGB chief Givi Gumbaridze."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Convention on the Rights of the Child", "paragraph_text": "The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 (the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child). It came into force on 2 September 1990, after it was ratified by the required number of nations. Currently, 196 countries are party to it, including every member of the United Nations except the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Communist Party of Kampuchea", "paragraph_text": "The Communist Party of Kampuchea ( or ; CPK, ), also known as the Khmer Communist Party (KCP), was a communist party in Cambodia. Its leader was Pol Pot and its followers were generally known as Khmer Rouge (Red Khmers). The party was underground for most of its existence and took power in the country in 1975 and established the state known as Democratic Kampuchea. The party lost power in 1979 with the establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea by leftists who were dissatisfied by the Pol Pot regime and by the intervention of Vietnamese military forces after a period of mass killing. The party was officially dissolved in 1981, with the Party of Democratic Kampuchea claiming its legacy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Valencian Marxist Front", "paragraph_text": "Valencian Marxist Front (in Valencian: \"Front Marxista Valenci\u00e0\"), an underground communist group in the Valencian Community, Spain, founded in 1954 by youth active in Lo Rat Penat. It disappeared in 1962, when its members joined either the Valencian Socialist Party or the Communist Party of Spain (later forming the Communist Party of the Valencian Country)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1989 Tiananmen Square protests", "paragraph_text": "Party and government leaders Name Position (s) in 1989 Deng Xiaoping Chairman of the Central Military Commission; de facto ``paramount leader ''Chen Yun Chairman of the CPC Central Advisory Commission Zhao Ziyang General Secretary of the Communist Party of China First Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission Li Peng Premier of the People's Republic of China Qiao Shi Secretary of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary of the CPC Political and Legislative Affairs Committee Hu Qili First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Communist Party Yao Yilin First Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China Yang Shangkun President of the People's Republic of China Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission Li Xiannian Chairman of the Conference National Committee Wan Li Chairman of the Congress Standing Committee Wang Zhen Vice President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin Communist Party Shanghai Municipal Secretary Li Ximing Communist Party Beijing Municipal Secretary Zhu Rongji Mayor of Shanghai Chen Xitong Mayor of Beijing Hu Jintao Communist Party Tibet Regional Secretary Wen Jiabao Chief of the General Office of the Communist Party of China Bold text indicates membership in the Politburo Standing Committee Italics text indicates Great Eminent Officials"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sam Carr", "paragraph_text": "Sam Carr (July 7, 1906\u20131989) was an organizer for the Communist Party of Canada and, its successor, the Labor-Progressive Party in the 1930s and 1940s. He was born Schmil Kogan in Tomashpil, Ukraine in 1906 and immigrated to Canada in 1924, living in Winnipeg and Regina before settling in Montreal in 1925. Carr became an organizer for the Young Communist League with Fred Rose."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chen Xitong", "paragraph_text": "Chen Xitong (; June 10, 1930 \u2013 June 2, 2013) was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and the Mayor of Beijing until he was removed from office on charges of corruption in 1995."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Teofila Ludwika Zas\u0142awska", "paragraph_text": "Teofila Ludwika Zas\u0142awska was an heiress of the Ostrogski family, one of the great Ruthenian princely families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. She was the fifth ordinate of the Ostrogski Ordination (one of the largest landed estates in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). Her father was the third, and one of her sons would become the sixth ordinate of it."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies (although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990)."}], "question": "Who was in charge of the Communist party of Jakub Sobieski's child's country of citizenship in 1989?"}
{"id": "3hop1__591826_718959_24905", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Communism in Korea", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Kim, a Korean who lived in Russia, is sometimes credited as the first Korean communist. She had joined the Bolsheviks in 1916. In 1917, Vladimir Lenin sent her to Siberia to mobilize Koreans there against the counter-revolutionary forces and the Allied Expeditionary Forces. In Khabarovsk Kim was in charge of external affairs at the Far - Eastern Department of the Party. There she met with Yi Dong - Wi, Kim Rip and other Korean independence fighters. Together they founded the Korean People's Socialist Party, the first Korean communist party on June 28, 1918."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Communist Party of Lithuania", "paragraph_text": "The remainder of the Communist Party of Lithuania ('on platform of Communist Party of the Soviet Union') existed in 1990-91 under leadership of Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius after the \"traditional\" party declared independence from it's Soviet Union counterpart. The party played a major role in the January 1991 Events in Lithuania and initiating the creation of the National Salvation Committee. The Communist Party of Lithuania was eventually banned in August 1991. Although still illegal, the Communist Party of Lithuania is affiliated to the Union of Communist Parties \u2014 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP-CPSU) headed by Gennady Zyuganov."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sam Carr", "paragraph_text": "Sam Carr (July 7, 1906\u20131989) was an organizer for the Communist Party of Canada and, its successor, the Labor-Progressive Party in the 1930s and 1940s. He was born Schmil Kogan in Tomashpil, Ukraine in 1906 and immigrated to Canada in 1924, living in Winnipeg and Regina before settling in Montreal in 1925. Carr became an organizer for the Young Communist League with Fred Rose."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "1989 Tiananmen Square protests", "paragraph_text": "Party and government leaders Name Position (s) in 1989 Deng Xiaoping Chairman of the Central Military Commission; de facto ``paramount leader ''Chen Yun Chairman of the CPC Central Advisory Commission Zhao Ziyang General Secretary of the Communist Party of China First Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission Li Peng Premier of the People's Republic of China Qiao Shi Secretary of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary of the CPC Political and Legislative Affairs Committee Hu Qili First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Communist Party Yao Yilin First Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China Yang Shangkun President of the People's Republic of China Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission Li Xiannian Chairman of the Conference National Committee Wan Li Chairman of the Congress Standing Committee Wang Zhen Vice President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin Communist Party Shanghai Municipal Secretary Li Ximing Communist Party Beijing Municipal Secretary Zhu Rongji Mayor of Shanghai Chen Xitong Mayor of Beijing Hu Jintao Communist Party Tibet Regional Secretary Wen Jiabao Chief of the General Office of the Communist Party of China Bold text indicates membership in the Politburo Standing Committee Italics text indicates Great Eminent Officials"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Qi Jinli", "paragraph_text": "Qi Jinli (; born September 1959) is a Chinese politician who spent most of his career in Henan province. As of December 2014 he was under investigation by the Communist Party's anti-corruption agency. Previously he served as the Communist Party Secretary of Kaifeng, Deputy Communist Party Secretary and Vice-Mayor of Luohe, and Deputy Communist Party Secretary of Zhengzhou."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jakub Sobieski", "paragraph_text": "Jakub Sobieski (May 5, 1590 \u2013 June 23, 1646) was a Polish noble, parliamentarian, diarist, political activist, military leader and father of King John III Sobieski. He was the son of castellan and voivode Marek Sobieski and Jadwiga Snopkowska."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Chen Xitong", "paragraph_text": "Chen Xitong (; June 10, 1930 \u2013 June 2, 2013) was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and the Mayor of Beijing until he was removed from office on charges of corruption in 1995."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional \"leading role\" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius, was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU. However, Lithuania\u2019s governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow's control \u2013 a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies (although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "James Louis Sobieski", "paragraph_text": "James Louis Sobieski was born on 2 November 1667 in Paris, France. He was named after his grandfather Jakub Sobieski, his godfather Louis XIV of France and his godmother Henrietta Maria of France. In 1683, the fifteen-year-old prince fought alongside his father against the Turks at the Battle of Vienna. James was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Teofila Ludwika Zas\u0142awska", "paragraph_text": "Teofila Ludwika Zas\u0142awska was an heiress of the Ostrogski family, one of the great Ruthenian princely families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. She was the fifth ordinate of the Ostrogski Ordination (one of the largest landed estates in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). Her father was the third, and one of her sons would become the sixth ordinate of it."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Communist Party of Kampuchea", "paragraph_text": "The Communist Party of Kampuchea ( or ; CPK, ), also known as the Khmer Communist Party (KCP), was a communist party in Cambodia. Its leader was Pol Pot and its followers were generally known as Khmer Rouge (Red Khmers). The party was underground for most of its existence and took power in the country in 1975 and established the state known as Democratic Kampuchea. The party lost power in 1979 with the establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea by leftists who were dissatisfied by the Pol Pot regime and by the intervention of Vietnamese military forces after a period of mass killing. The party was officially dissolved in 1981, with the Party of Democratic Kampuchea claiming its legacy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Valencian Marxist Front", "paragraph_text": "Valencian Marxist Front (in Valencian: \"Front Marxista Valenci\u00e0\"), an underground communist group in the Valencian Community, Spain, founded in 1954 by youth active in Lo Rat Penat. It disappeared in 1962, when its members joined either the Valencian Socialist Party or the Communist Party of Spain (later forming the Communist Party of the Valencian Country)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu", "paragraph_text": "Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu (Romanian: (niko\u02c8la. e t\u0361\u0283e\u032fa. u\u02c8\u0283esku) (listen); 26 January 1918 -- 25 December 1989) was a Romanian Communist politician. He was general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, and hence the second and last Communist leader of Romania. He was also the country's head of state from 1967, serving as President of the State Council, from 1974 concurrently as President of the Republic, until his overthrow in the Romanian Revolution in 1989."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Konstanty W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sobieski", "paragraph_text": "Konstanty W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sobieski (1 May 1680 \u2013 28 February 1726) was a Polish prince, nobleman, politician, diplomat, scholar and the son of John III Sobieski, King of Poland, and his wife, Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien. In 1708 he married Maria J\u00f3zefa Wessel."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Politics of Cuba", "paragraph_text": "Cuba has had a communist political system since 1959 based on the ``one state -- one party ''principle. Cuba is constitutionally defined as a Marxist -- Leninist socialist state guided by the political ideas of Marx, one of the fathers of historical materialism, Engels and Lenin. The present Constitution also ascribes the role of the Communist Party of Cuba to be the`` leading force of society and of the state'' and as such has the capability of setting national policy. The most recent leader was Ra\u00fal Castro, who held the title of First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba. As of 2018 Miguel D\u00edaz - Canel is now the president of Cuba."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hans Modrow", "paragraph_text": "Hans Modrow (; born 27 January 1928) is a German left-wing politician, best known as the last communist premier of East Germany and the country's \"de facto\" leader from 1989 to 1990. He was convicted of electoral fraud by the Dresden District Court in 1995. He is currently the honorary Chairman of the Left Party."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "When anti-German demonstrations erupted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the Comintern ordered the Czech Communist Party to employ all of its strength to paralyze \"chauvinist elements.\" Moscow soon forced the Communist Parties of France and Great Britain to adopt an anti-war position. On 7 September, Stalin called Georgi Dimitrov,[clarification needed] and the latter sketched a new Comintern line on the war. The new line\u2014which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist\u2014was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September. Thus, the various western Communist parties now had to oppose the war, and to vote against war credits. Although the French Communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and on 19 September declared their \"unshakeable will\" to defend the country, on 27 September the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist. By 1 October the French Communists advocated listening to German peace proposals, and Communist leader Maurice Thorez deserted from the French Army on 4 October and fled to Russia. Other Communists also deserted from the army."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Roger Waters", "paragraph_text": "Waters was born on 6 September 1943, the younger of two boys, to Mary (n\u00e9e Whyte; 1913\u20132009) and Eric Fletcher Waters (1914\u20131944), in Great Bookham, Surrey. His father, the son of a coal miner and Labour Party activist, was a schoolteacher, a devout Christian, and a Communist Party member. In the early years of the Second World War, Waters' father was a conscientious objector who drove an ambulance during the Blitz."}], "question": "Who was in charge of the Communist party of Konstanty W\u0142adys\u0142aw Filip Sobieski's father's country of citizenship in 1989?"}
{"id": "3hop1__125397_718959_24905", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies (although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Politics of Cuba", "paragraph_text": "Cuba has had a communist political system since 1959 based on the ``one state -- one party ''principle. Cuba is constitutionally defined as a Marxist -- Leninist socialist state guided by the political ideas of Marx, one of the fathers of historical materialism, Engels and Lenin. The present Constitution also ascribes the role of the Communist Party of Cuba to be the`` leading force of society and of the state'' and as such has the capability of setting national policy. The most recent leader was Ra\u00fal Castro, who held the title of First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba. As of 2018 Miguel D\u00edaz - Canel is now the president of Cuba."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "James Louis Sobieski", "paragraph_text": "James Louis Sobieski was born on 2 November 1667 in Paris, France. He was named after his grandfather Jakub Sobieski, his godfather Louis XIV of France and his godmother Henrietta Maria of France. In 1683, the fifteen-year-old prince fought alongside his father against the Turks at the Battle of Vienna. James was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Valencian Marxist Front", "paragraph_text": "Valencian Marxist Front (in Valencian: \"Front Marxista Valenci\u00e0\"), an underground communist group in the Valencian Community, Spain, founded in 1954 by youth active in Lo Rat Penat. It disappeared in 1962, when its members joined either the Valencian Socialist Party or the Communist Party of Spain (later forming the Communist Party of the Valencian Country)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional \"leading role\" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius, was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU. However, Lithuania\u2019s governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow's control \u2013 a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Konstanty W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sobieski", "paragraph_text": "Konstanty W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sobieski (1 May 1680 \u2013 28 February 1726) was a Polish prince, nobleman, politician, diplomat, scholar and the son of John III Sobieski, King of Poland, and his wife, Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien. In 1708 he married Maria J\u00f3zefa Wessel."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hans Modrow", "paragraph_text": "Hans Modrow (; born 27 January 1928) is a German left-wing politician, best known as the last communist premier of East Germany and the country's \"de facto\" leader from 1989 to 1990. He was convicted of electoral fraud by the Dresden District Court in 1995. He is currently the honorary Chairman of the Left Party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Qi Jinli", "paragraph_text": "Qi Jinli (; born September 1959) is a Chinese politician who spent most of his career in Henan province. As of December 2014 he was under investigation by the Communist Party's anti-corruption agency. Previously he served as the Communist Party Secretary of Kaifeng, Deputy Communist Party Secretary and Vice-Mayor of Luohe, and Deputy Communist Party Secretary of Zhengzhou."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Teofila Ludwika Zas\u0142awska", "paragraph_text": "Teofila Ludwika Zas\u0142awska was an heiress of the Ostrogski family, one of the great Ruthenian princely families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. She was the fifth ordinate of the Ostrogski Ordination (one of the largest landed estates in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). Her father was the third, and one of her sons would become the sixth ordinate of it."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Communist Party of Kampuchea", "paragraph_text": "The Communist Party of Kampuchea ( or ; CPK, ), also known as the Khmer Communist Party (KCP), was a communist party in Cambodia. Its leader was Pol Pot and its followers were generally known as Khmer Rouge (Red Khmers). The party was underground for most of its existence and took power in the country in 1975 and established the state known as Democratic Kampuchea. The party lost power in 1979 with the establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea by leftists who were dissatisfied by the Pol Pot regime and by the intervention of Vietnamese military forces after a period of mass killing. The party was officially dissolved in 1981, with the Party of Democratic Kampuchea claiming its legacy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu", "paragraph_text": "Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu (Romanian: (niko\u02c8la. e t\u0361\u0283e\u032fa. u\u02c8\u0283esku) (listen); 26 January 1918 -- 25 December 1989) was a Romanian Communist politician. He was general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, and hence the second and last Communist leader of Romania. He was also the country's head of state from 1967, serving as President of the State Council, from 1974 concurrently as President of the Republic, until his overthrow in the Romanian Revolution in 1989."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jakub Sobieski", "paragraph_text": "Jakub Sobieski (May 5, 1590 \u2013 June 23, 1646) was a Polish noble, parliamentarian, diarist, political activist, military leader and father of King John III Sobieski. He was the son of castellan and voivode Marek Sobieski and Jadwiga Snopkowska."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gurgacz", "paragraph_text": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gurgacz (2 April 1914 \u2013 14 September 1949) was a Polish Catholic priest, member of the Society of Jesus, and chaplain of the anti-communist underground."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Communist Party of Lithuania", "paragraph_text": "The remainder of the Communist Party of Lithuania ('on platform of Communist Party of the Soviet Union') existed in 1990-91 under leadership of Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius after the \"traditional\" party declared independence from it's Soviet Union counterpart. The party played a major role in the January 1991 Events in Lithuania and initiating the creation of the National Salvation Committee. The Communist Party of Lithuania was eventually banned in August 1991. Although still illegal, the Communist Party of Lithuania is affiliated to the Union of Communist Parties \u2014 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP-CPSU) headed by Gennady Zyuganov."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chen Xitong", "paragraph_text": "Chen Xitong (; June 10, 1930 \u2013 June 2, 2013) was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and the Mayor of Beijing until he was removed from office on charges of corruption in 1995."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Communism in Korea", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Kim, a Korean who lived in Russia, is sometimes credited as the first Korean communist. She had joined the Bolsheviks in 1916. In 1917, Vladimir Lenin sent her to Siberia to mobilize Koreans there against the counter-revolutionary forces and the Allied Expeditionary Forces. In Khabarovsk Kim was in charge of external affairs at the Far - Eastern Department of the Party. There she met with Yi Dong - Wi, Kim Rip and other Korean independence fighters. Together they founded the Korean People's Socialist Party, the first Korean communist party on June 28, 1918."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On April 7, 1989, Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia. On April 9, 1989, troops attacked the demonstrators; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded. This event radicalized Georgian politics, prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule. On April 14, Gorbachev removed Jumber Patiashvili as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party and replaced him with former Georgian KGB chief Givi Gumbaridze."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roger Waters", "paragraph_text": "Waters was born on 6 September 1943, the younger of two boys, to Mary (n\u00e9e Whyte; 1913\u20132009) and Eric Fletcher Waters (1914\u20131944), in Great Bookham, Surrey. His father, the son of a coal miner and Labour Party activist, was a schoolteacher, a devout Christian, and a Communist Party member. In the early years of the Second World War, Waters' father was a conscientious objector who drove an ambulance during the Blitz."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sam Carr", "paragraph_text": "Sam Carr (July 7, 1906\u20131989) was an organizer for the Communist Party of Canada and, its successor, the Labor-Progressive Party in the 1930s and 1940s. He was born Schmil Kogan in Tomashpil, Ukraine in 1906 and immigrated to Canada in 1924, living in Winnipeg and Regina before settling in Montreal in 1925. Carr became an organizer for the Young Communist League with Fred Rose."}], "question": "Who was in charge of the Communist party of Konstanty W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sobieski's father's country of citizenship in 1989?"}
{"id": "3hop1__156427_773369_33009", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Varzuga River", "paragraph_text": "Varzuga River () is a river in the south of the Kola Peninsula in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is 254\u00a0km in length. The area of its basin is 9,840\u00a0km\u00b2. The Varzuga River flows into the White Sea. It freezes up in October and stays under the ice until May."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It is from the United States side, that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region, with trees originally only along the watercourses. The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area, while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty, and in the south it is practically barren."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for \"blue-ribbon\" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tanyurer River", "paragraph_text": "The Tanyurer River () is a river in Chukotka in Russia, a left tributary of the Anadyr River. The length of the river is . The area of its drainage basin is . It flows roughly southwards from the Pekulney Mountains and passes through the sparsely populated areas of Chukotka. This river meets the Anadyr in the lower stretch of its course, being the last large tributary of the Anadyr river."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Humber River (Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "The Humber River is a river in Southern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Great Lakes Basin, is a tributary of Lake Ontario and is one of two major rivers on either side of the city of Toronto, the other being the Don River to the east. It was designated a Canadian Heritage River on September 24, 1999."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wind River (Wisconsin)", "paragraph_text": "The Wind River is a minor tributary of the Mississippi River in western Wisconsin in the United States. It flows for its entire length in western Pierce County. It rises in the town (unincorporated jurisdiction) of Trimbelle and flows southward through the towns of Oak Grove and Diamond Bluff. Wind River joins the Mississippi near the unincorporated community of Diamond Bluff, which is within the larger jurisdiction (the town). The confluence is from the Mississippi's mouth on the Gulf of Mexico."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Runde River", "paragraph_text": "The Runde River (formerly Lundi River) is a river in southeastern Zimbabwe. It is a tributary of the Save River and its major tributaries include the Ngezi River, Tokwe River, Mutirikwe River and Chiredzi River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jari River", "paragraph_text": "The Jari River, or Jary River (), is a northern tributary of the Amazon River on the border between the states of Par\u00e1 and Amap\u00e1 in northeastern Brazil. It is in the most downstream regions of the Amazon Basin and borders the Guiana Highlands and the Guianas to the northwest."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Imperial Valley", "paragraph_text": "The Imperial Valley extends southward for 50 miles (80 km) from the southern end of the Salton Sea into Mexico. Part of a trough stretching from the Coachella Valley to the Gulf of California, it is almost entirely below sea level -- 235 feet (72 m) below at the edge of the Salton Sea. Its hot desert climate is characterized by daily temperature extremes. It was once part of the Gulf of California, from which it was cut off by the dam - like deposits of the Colorado River Delta Fan as it carved out the Grand Canyon. Bordered by sand dunes and barren mountains, it was uninhabited until 1901, when the Imperial Canal was opened and diverted Colorado River water into the valley through Mexico. Flood - waters in 1905 -- 07 destroyed the irrigation channels and created the Salton Sea now filled by the New River and irrigation run - off. The rivers in the southern part of the Salton Sea river basin flow south to north."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gulf Stream", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about 40 \u00b0 0 \u2032 N 30 \u00b0 0 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.000 \u00b0 N 30.000 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.000; - 30.000, it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Cristobal River", "paragraph_text": "The San Cristobal River () commonly known as Matang Tubig River is a river system in the cities of Calamba and Cabuyao, Laguna, Philippines. The river forms as Calamba's northern boundary with Cabuyao. The river is one of 21 major tributaries of Laguna de Bay."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Order of battle for Convoy PQ 17", "paragraph_text": "Convoy PQ 17 was the penultimate of the PQ/QP series of arctic convoys, bound from British ports through the Arctic Ocean via Reykjav\u00edk to the White Sea ports of the Soviet Union, particularly Murmansk and Archangel. The convoy was heavily defended, but fearing an imminent attack by substantial German surface forces, the Admiralty made the decision to disperse the convoy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tuya River", "paragraph_text": "The Tuya River is a major tributary of the Stikine River in far northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Rising at Tuya Lake, which is on the south side of Tuya Mountains Provincial Park, it flows south to meet the Stikine River where that river bisects the Tahltan Highland. Its main tributary is the Little Tuya River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stari Vlah-Ra\u0161ka mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Stari Vlah-Ra\u0161ka Mountain Range (\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0448\u043a\u043e-\u0420\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0448\u043a\u043e-\u0420\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0458\u0430) is a highland in southwest Serbia, in the regions of Stari Vlah and Ra\u0161ka, which part of the Dinaric Alps. These highlands stretch from U\u017eice, Arilje and Ivanjica to the border with Montenegro."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mei River", "paragraph_text": "The Mei River (Chinese: \u6885\u6c5f; Pinyin: M\u00e9i Ji\u0101ng) is a river in Meizhou City in the eastern part of the Guangdong province in southern China and a tributary of the Han River. Major bridges over it include the Jianying Memorial Bridge."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Checheho River", "paragraph_text": "The Checheho River is a small river located in north-central Ethiopia. Part of the watershed of the Abay River, it rises to the east of Debre Zebit to flow south to join the Bashilo River. Its major tributary is the Zhit'a, which enters the Checheho on the left side."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Perdido River", "paragraph_text": "Perdido River, historically Rio Perdido (1763), is a river in the U.S. states of Alabama and Florida; the Perdido, a designated Outstanding Florida Waters river, forms part of the boundary between the two states along nearly its entire length and drains into the Gulf of Mexico. During the early 19th century it played a central role in a series of rotating boundary changes and disputes among France, Spain, Great Britain, and the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Krasnyi Mak", "paragraph_text": "Krasny Mak (; ; ) is a selo in Bakhchysarai Raion of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. It is located in the Crimean Mountains, southerly of Bakhchysarai. The village stretches along the Bystryanka creek, a tributary of the river Belbek. Population:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tijuana River Valley, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Tijuana River Valley is a rural community in the southern section of San Diego, California. It neighbors Imperial Beach to the north and west, Egger Highlands and Nestor to the north, San Ysidro to the east, and the U.S.-Mexico border to the south. Major thoroughfares include Hollister Street, Monument Road, and Dairy Mart Road."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brahmaputra River", "paragraph_text": "In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the Teesta River (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two distributary branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna (Jomuna) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the Padma River (P\u00f4dda). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or old Brahmaputra (Brommoputro). It curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka. The Padma and Meghna converge near Chandpur and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna."}], "question": "What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the Gulf of Mexico to the body of water a part of which Varzuga River is a tributary?"}
{"id": "3hop1__31126_19703_33167", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arto Haapala", "paragraph_text": "Arto Haapala (born 1959) is a Finnish philosopher, aesthetician and Professor of Aesthetics at the Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies at Helsinki University, Finland. Haapala received his PhD from Birkbeck, University of London in 1985. He is also active in the work of the Finnish Society for Aesthetics and the International Institute of Applied Aesthetics in Lahti, Finland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Engels helped develop communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notably Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, T\u00f6nnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Idealism", "paragraph_text": "Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimate mental reality or \"Absolute\". Leibniz' form of idealism, known as Panpsychism, views \"monads\" as the true atoms of the universe and as entities having perception. The monads are \"substantial forms of being\",elemental, individual, subject to their own laws, non-interacting, each reflecting the entire universe. Monads are centers of force, which is substance while space, matter and motion are phenomenal and their form and existence is dependent on the simple and immaterial monads. There is a pre-established harmony established by God, the central monad, between the world in the minds of the monads and the external world of objects. Leibniz's cosmology embraced traditional Christian Theism. The English psychologist and philosopher James Ward inspired by Leibniz had also defended a form of pluralistic idealism. According to Ward the universe is composed of \"psychic monads\" of different levels, interacting for mutual self- betterment."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shibani Kashyap", "paragraph_text": "Shibani Kashyap is an India singer, who is actively working in Bollywood film industry. She has Judged a reality singing show named \"Bathroom Singer\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Heraclitus", "paragraph_text": "Heraclitus was famous for his insistence on ever - present change as being the fundamental essence of the universe, as stated in the famous saying, ``No man ever steps in the same river twice ''(see panta rhei below). This is commonly considered to be one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of becoming, and has been contrasted with Parmenides statement that`` what - is is'' as one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of being. As such, Parmenides and Heraclitus are commonly considered to be two of the founders of ontology. Scholars have generally believed that either Parmenides was responding to Heraclitus, or Heraclitus to Parmenides, though opinion on who was responding to whom changed over the course of the 20th century. Heraclitus' position was complemented by his stark commitment to a unity of opposites in the world, stating that ``the path up and down are one and the same ''. Through these doctrines Heraclitus characterized all existing entities by pairs of contrary properties, whereby no entity may ever occupy a single state at a single time. This, along with his cryptic utterance that`` all entities come to be in accordance with this Logos'' (literally, ``word '',`` reason'', or ``account '') has been the subject of numerous interpretations."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "David Kimhi", "paragraph_text": "David Kimhi (, also Kimchi or Qim\u1e25i) (1160\u20131235), also known by the Hebrew acronym as the RaDaK () (Rabbi David Kimhi), was a medieval rabbi, biblical commentator, philosopher, and grammarian."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Admiral Tibet", "paragraph_text": "Admiral Tibet (sometimes Tibett), also known as \"Mr. Reality\" (born Kenneth Allen, Freehill, Saint Mary, Jamaica, 1960) is a Jamaican dancehall singer known for his \"cultural\" lyrics."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 \u2013 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart. Elisabeth of the Palatinate is a philosopher best known for her correspondence with Ren\u00e9 Descartes. She was critical of Descartes' dualistic metaphysics and her work anticipated the metaphysical concerns of later philosophers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Austin Nichols", "paragraph_text": "Austin Nichols (born April 24, 1980) is an American actor and director, known for his role as Julian Baker in The CW drama series One Tree Hill. He is also known for his roles in the films The Day After Tomorrow and Wimbledon. He starred as John Monad in the HBO drama series John from Cincinnati, and portrayed Spencer Monroe in the AMC horror drama series The Walking Dead."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Naughty Amateur Home Videos", "paragraph_text": "Naughty Amateur Home Videos (also known as NAHV) is an adult reality television series currently in its 15th season on Playboy TV. It is hosted in-studio by reality star Vikki Vikki. Daisy de la Hoya now serves as co-host, interviewing crowds and people on the street."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "James Edwin Creighton", "paragraph_text": "James Edwin Creighton (April 8, 1861, Pictou, Nova Scotia \u2013 October 8, 1924, Ithaca, NY), was an American philosopher who believed no system of thought can be the product of an isolated mind."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War (1654\u20131667). Finally, Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper, leaving the western part (or Right-bank Ukraine) under Polish rule and eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian. Later, in 1670\u201371 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "St. Anselm's approach was to define God as, \"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\". Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme: \"By God I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence.\" For Spinoza, the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature. His proof for the existence of God was a variation of the Ontological argument."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Reality and Fantasy", "paragraph_text": "Reality and Fantasy is the second studio album by Italian jazz singer Raphael Gualazzi, composed, produced and arranged by Gualazzi himself, it was released in Italy on 16 February 2011 on Sugar Music."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Introduction to Metaphysics (Bergson)", "paragraph_text": "\"Introduction to Metaphysics\" (French: \"\"Introduction \u00e0 la M\u00e9taphysique\"\") is a 1903 essay about the concept of reality by Henri Bergson. For Bergson, reality occurs not in a series of discrete states but as a process similar to that described by process philosophy or the Greek philosopher Heraclitus. Reality is fluid and cannot be completely understood through reductionistic analysis, which he said \"implies that we go around an object\", gaining knowledge from various perspectives which are relative. Instead, reality can be grasped absolutely only through intuition, which Bergson expressed as \"entering into\" the object."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Show with Vinny", "paragraph_text": "The Show with Vinny (also known as \"Show with Vinny\") is an American hybrid talk show reality television series on MTV. The series premiered on May 2, 2013, at 10:00 pm ET/PT."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Idealism", "paragraph_text": "Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as \"the assertion that we can never be certain whether all of our putative outer experience is not mere imagining\". He claimed that, according to idealism, \"the reality of external objects does not admit of strict proof. On the contrary, however, the reality of the object of our internal sense (of myself and state) is clear immediately through consciousness.\"  However, not all idealists restrict the real or the knowable to our immediate subjective experience. Objective idealists make claims about a transempirical world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to the mental. Thus Plato and Gottfried Leibniz affirm an objective and knowable reality transcending our subjective awareness\u2014a rejection of epistemological idealism\u2014but propose that this reality is grounded in ideal entities, a form of metaphysical idealism. Nor do all metaphysical idealists agree on the nature of the ideal; for Plato, the fundamental entities were non-mental abstract forms, while for Leibniz they were proto-mental and concrete monads."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Carl Erik Grenness", "paragraph_text": "Grenness has spent most of his career as a Professor at the University of Oslo, and has been active in many aspects of psychology, including philosophical psychology, behavioural analysis, organisational psychology and organisational studies. He was also a scientist at the Forsvarets institutt for ledelse, and has worked as head psychologist at Forsvaret."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works \u2013 particularly Process and Reality \u2013 are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism."}], "question": "The century when the philosopher who believed that the essence of reality to be composed of monads was active is also known as?"}
{"id": "3hop1__135571_694130_643670", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yarriambiack Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Yarriambiack Creek, an inland intermittent watercourse of the Wimmera catchment, is located in the Wimmera region of the Australian state of Victoria. Rising on the northern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, the Yarriambiack Creek flows generally north and drains into Lake Coorong, one of a series of ephemeral lakes, northeast of ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Boca a boca", "paragraph_text": "Boca a boca (released in English as Mouth to Mouth) is a 1995 Spanish film directed by Manuel G\u00f3mez Pereira. The film was released by Miramax in the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "IJsselstein", "paragraph_text": "IJsselstein () is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. IJsselstein received city rights in 1331. IJsselstein owes its name to the river Hollandse IJssel which flows through the city. It is a major commuting suburb for the Utrecht area, along with neighbouring towns Houten and Nieuwegein (in part due to the \"Sneltram\" light rail line serving the area). It's surrounded by the municipalities of Utrecht, Montfoort, Lopik, Vijfheerenlanden and Nieuwegein."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Het Scheur", "paragraph_text": "Het Scheur (; Dutch for \"The Rip\") is a branch of the Rhine-Meuse delta in South Holland, Netherlands, that flows west from the confluence of the Oude Maas and Nieuwe Maas branches past the towns of Rozenburg and Maassluis. It continues as the Nieuwe Waterweg (New Waterway) to the North Sea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sentinel Nunatak", "paragraph_text": "Sentinel Nunatak () is a high, black, pyramid-shaped nunatak at the mouth of Drygalski Glacier, on Nordenskj\u00f6ld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica. Charted by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1947 and so named because of its commanding position at the mouth of Drygalski Glacier."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hollandse IJssel", "paragraph_text": "The Hollandse (or Hollandsche) IJssel (; \"Holland IJssel\", as opposed to the 'regular' or Gelderland IJssel) is a branch of the Rhine delta that flows westward from Nieuwegein on river Lek through IJsselstein, Gouda and Capelle aan den IJssel to Krimpen aan den IJssel, where it ends in the Nieuwe Maas. Another branch called Enge IJssel (\"Narrow IJssel\") flows southwest from Nieuwegein. The name IJssel is thought to derive from the Germanic \"i sala\", meaning \"dark water\". Originally, the Hollandse IJssel forked off from river Lek at Nieuwegein, but the connection was cut off with the Hollandse IJssel nowadays only draining the surrounding pastures."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}], "question": "What is the mouth of the watercourse which serves as the mouth for the watercourse the IJsselstein is named for?"}
{"id": "3hop1__770704_25305_25312", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jebsen Group", "paragraph_text": "Jebsen & Co () is a marketing, distribution and manufacturing company based and headquartered in Lee Garden Two(), Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. It is the agent for a range of businesses throughout East Asia, including luxury products, beverages, electronic consumer goods, and industrial equipment. It serves as the main distributor of Porsche, Dyson, Casio and Raymond Weil in the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong. Since 1906, the company has owned the brand Blue Girl beer, which commands leading market share in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lost in Beijing", "paragraph_text": "\"Lost in Beijing\" was produced by Laurel Films, a small independent production company owned by Fang Li and based in Beijing, and is being released internationally by the French company Films Distribution. Distribution in the United States was picked up by New Yorker Films."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Face in the Fog", "paragraph_text": "The Face in the Fog is a 1922 American silent film produced by Cosmopolitan Productions and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was directed by Alan Crosland and starred Lionel Barrymore. An incomplete print is preserved at the Library of Congress."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "MinGW", "paragraph_text": "MinGW does not rely on third-party C runtime dynamic-link library (DLL) files, and because the runtime libraries are not distributed using the GNU General Public License (GPL), it is not necessary to distribute the source code with the programs produced, unless a GPL library is used elsewhere in the program."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "SModcast Pictures", "paragraph_text": "SModcast Pictures is an American film distribution company and a film and television production company founded by Kevin Smith in 2011. Kevin Smith announced at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival that he would release his latest movie \"Red State\" himself under his own distribution company \"SModcast Pictures\" by touring the film instead of having a traditional release."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Adorable Cheat", "paragraph_text": "The Adorable Cheat is a 1928 silent film starring Lila Lee and distributed by an independent film company, Chesterfield Motion Pictures. It was directed by Burton L. King with a copy being long held by The Library of Congress."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "GOVECS", "paragraph_text": "GOVECS GmbH, headquartered in Munich, Germany, manufactures a variety of electric vehicles distributed under its own brand or developed and produced for other brands. Production of all vehicles takes place in the company\u2019s own factory in Wroclaw, Poland. The main product line is one of electric scooters marketed to private users as well as to fleet operators, such as delivery services, in a transport version under the GOVECS GO! brand. The company markets its GOVECS GO! electric scooters in the US and 17 European countries. The core markets are Germany, France, Spain, and Portugal, as well as the Benelux countries. According to the company, it delivers some 3.500 vehicles every year, pursuing a strong growth course."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Westmont Hospitality Group", "paragraph_text": "Westmont Hospitality Group is a company nominally based in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada which owns and manages hotels. It was founded by the Mangalji family. It is one of the biggest hospitality management companies. It currently is managed by Majid Mangalji. The total revenue for this company is $700 million."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Vertical integration", "paragraph_text": "In microeconomics and management, vertical integration is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market - specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It is contrasted with horizontal integration, wherein a company produces several items which are related to one another. Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership, but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s when the Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its own steel rather than buying it from suppliers)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Australian Pharmaceutical Industries", "paragraph_text": "Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API) is a health and beauty company in Australia that is involved in pharmaceutical distribution, retailing and manufacturing. API is Australia's largest wholesale distributor of pharmaceutical and allied products. The company is involved in retailing through company-owned stores and franchise operations. API is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange and operates in the retail health and beauty industry under the following brands: Priceline, Priceline Pharmacy, Soul Pattinson and Pharmacist Advice."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "In the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except for the two first films it produced, Claude Chabrol's Le scandale (English title The Champagne Murders) and Romain Gary's Les oiseaux vont mourir au P\u00e9rou (English title Birds in Peru), it was only involved in French or other European co-productions, the most noticeable ones being Louis Malle's Lacombe, Lucien, Bertrand Blier's Les Valseuses (English title Going Places), and Fred Zinnemann's The Day of the Jackal. It was only involved in approximately 20 French film productions. In the early 1970s, the unit was incorporated into the French Cinema International Corporation arm."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through Sony Pictures Television); distribution of 20th Century Fox's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television, and the Walt Disney Studios (owned by The Walt Disney Company) has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Classic films released by 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Columbia Pictures are licensed individually for broadcast on Turner Classic Movies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Intermezzo (1939 film)", "paragraph_text": "Intermezzo (also called Intermezzo: A Love Story) (1939) is a romantic film made in the US by Selznick International Pictures and nominated for two Academy Awards. It was directed by Gregory Ratoff and produced by David O. Selznick. It is a remake of the Swedish film \"Intermezzo\" (1936) and features multiple orchestrations of the Heinz Provost's piece of the same name, which won a contest associated with the original film's production. The screenplay by George O'Neil was based on the screenplay of the original film by G\u00f6sta Stevens and Gustaf Molander. The scoring by Lou Forbes was nominated for an Academy Award, and music credit was given to Robert Russell Bennett, Max Steiner, Heinz Provost, and Christian Sinding. The cinematography by Gregg Toland who replaced Harry Stradling was also nominated for an Academy Award."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Myriad Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Based in Santa Monica, California, Myriad Pictures is a leading independent entertainment company specializing in production, financing and worldwide distribution of feature films and television programming. President and CEO Kirk D'Amico opened the company in 1999 and has built a diverse library of art house and mainstream programming. Mr. D'Amico was named one of the Top 50 independent producers in the annual list published by The Hollywood Reporter, and is a member of the Board of Directors of IFTA."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Plansee SE", "paragraph_text": "Plansee SE is a corporation which has its head office in Reutte, Austria, and is a fully owned division of the Plansee Group. This privately owned company manufactures products based on high-performance materials made from refractory metals such as molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium and their alloys. Its products are used in the lighting, electronics, medical, coatings, energy transmission and distribution, system and furnace construction sectors."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Test the Nation", "paragraph_text": "Test the Nation is a television programme, first broadcast in 2001 by BNN in the Netherlands where the concept is owned by Eyeworks Holding who license it to TV production companies around the world."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Trieste Centrale railway station", "paragraph_text": "Trieste Centrale is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI). However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni. Train services to and from the station are operated by Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Rise of Susan", "paragraph_text": "The Rise of Susan is a 1916 American silent film made by the Peerless Film Company and distributed by World Film which starred Clara Kimball Young. Remnants of a print survive in the Library of Congress missing several reels. A fuller version may exist at the George Eastman House."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Peavey Memorial Library", "paragraph_text": "Peavey Memorial Library is an historic public library in downtown Eastport, Maine, United States. Built in 1893, it was named for Albert Peavey, an Eastport resident whose son, Frank Peavey, left Eastport and eventually owned a major grain company in Minnesota in the late 1800s. Frank Peavey left money to Eastport for the establishment of the Peavey Memorial Library in his father's honor."}], "question": "Who manages TV distribution at the owner of Intermezzo's production company's library?"}
{"id": "3hop1__814329_419200_261688", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ro\u017eanci", "paragraph_text": "Ro\u017eanci (Serbian Cyrillic: \u0420\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438) is a suburban settlement of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in the municipality of Barajevo."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Noumena (band)", "paragraph_text": "Noumena is a melodic death metal band from Finland. The band's name comes from the word \"noumenon\", a philosophical term used by Immanuel Kant. The band consists of five members: vocalist Antti Haapanen, guitarists Tuukka Tuomela and Ville Lamminaho, bass guitarist Hannu Savolainen and drummer Ilkka Unnbom, a lineup they have maintained since their formation. Session member is female vocalist Suvi Uura. Hanna Leinonen and Tuomas Tuominen appear as guest vocalists on Absence and Anatomy of Life."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Beckwith, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Beckwith is a township in eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located in Lanark County on the Mississippi River. It is located within Canada's National Capital Region."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Luna Mortis", "paragraph_text": "The band was formed in late 2001 in Monroe, Wisconsin as The Ottoman Empire. In 2006, the band self-released their debut studio album, \"Way of the Blade\". In June 2007, Luna Mortis played the first Flight of the Valkyries female-fronted metal festival in St. Paul, MN under their original name, The Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Sentient beings always suffer throughout sa\u1e43s\u0101ra until they free themselves from this suffering (dukkha) by attaining Nirvana. Then the absence of the first Nid\u0101na\u2014ignorance\u2014leads to the absence of the others."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mother Ann (rock formation)", "paragraph_text": "Mother Ann is a rock formation located near the Eastern Point Lighthouse in Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States. When viewed at the correct angle, the formation appears to be the silhouette of a reclining Puritan woman. It is also believed locally that the formation represents the royal mother of King Charles I, Anne of Denmark, after whom Cape Ann is named."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Capital Talk", "paragraph_text": "Capital Talk is a flagship Geo News program which is a one-hour debate on current events hosted by Hamid Mir. Capital Talk looks at the challenges, issues and concerns facing Pakistan on a daily basis. The format includes a panelist who participate in a dialogue."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "York, Upper Canada", "paragraph_text": "The Town of York was the second capital of the district of Upper Canada and the predecessor to Toronto (1834). It was established in 1793 by Lieutenant - Governor John Graves Simcoe as a ``temporary ''location for the capital of Upper Canada, while he made plans to build a capital near today's London, Ontario. Simcoe renamed the location York after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, George III's second son. Simcoe gave up his plan to build a capital at London, and York became the permanent capital of Upper Canada on February 1, 1796. That year Simcoe returned to Britain and was temporarily replaced by Peter Russell."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "\u017delezni\u010dka Kolonija", "paragraph_text": "\u017delezni\u010dka Kolonija () is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Zemun."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Globalisation Is Good", "paragraph_text": "Globalisation is Good is a 2003 documentary film written and presented by Johan Norberg and produced by Freeform Productions for British Channel 4. The film, directed by Charlotte Metcalf, is based on Norberg's much celebrated book \"In Defense of Global Capitalism\" (published in 2001) that shows his view of the impact of globalisation, and the consequences of its absence. In the film, Norberg travels to countries like Taiwan, Vietnam and Kenya promoting ideas of global capitalism and attempting to prove why he feels protestors entering the anti-globalisation movement are ignorant and dangerously wrong."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "On February 6, 2016, one day before her performance at the Super Bowl, Beyonc\u00e9 released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called \"Formation\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ada Huja", "paragraph_text": "Ada Huja () is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Palilula."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mouloud", "paragraph_text": "Mouloud () is a town located in the southern Dikhil region of Djibouti. It is located around 102 kilometers south of the capital, Djibouti City."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WLAV-FM", "paragraph_text": "WLAV-FM (96.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It is the dominant classic rock-formatted radio station in the market and is generally a top ten performer in the Grand Rapids ratings."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Absence (Luna Mortis album)", "paragraph_text": "The Absence is the second studio album by the American metal band Luna Mortis. The album was released in 2009 by Century Media and is the first studio album that Luna Mortis released through that record label. Four of the tracks on the album were recorded in February 2008 with producer Jason Suecof at his Audio Hammer Studios and were used as a demo that was sent out only to record labels in hopes of acquiring a recording contract for the band. It was those four songs that led to Century Media to sign Luna Mortis and shortly after, the band returned to Audio Hammer Studios in September of that same year to record the six other songs that make up the album. In September 2009, the band released a music video for the song \"Forever More\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Casalarreina", "paragraph_text": "Casalarreina is a town located in the province of La Rioja, Spain. It is located 47 kilometers from Logro\u00f1o, the capital of La Rioja, in the north-west."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Monroe, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Monroe, known as \"the Swiss Cheese Capital of the USA\", is a city in and the county seat of Green County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 10,827 at the 2010 census. The city is bordered by the Town of Monroe to the north and the Town of Clarno to the south."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dra\u017eanj", "paragraph_text": "Dra\u017eanj (Serbian Cyrillic: \u0414\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u045a) is a suburban settlement of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in the municipality of Grocka."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary", "paragraph_text": "Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary and estuary located in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is one of the rarest eco-regions of the world because it harbors vast tracts of pristine mangrove forests. It is believed by conservationists to be one of the last remaining tracts of thick primary mangrove forests of South India, which is rapidly disappearing due to absence of protective measures."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ja\u02bf\u0101r", "paragraph_text": "Jaar (Arabic: \u062c\u0639\u0627\u0631 \"Ja\u02bf\u0101r\") is a small town and capital of Khanfir District in south-western Yemen. One of the largest settlements in the Abyan Governorate, it is located in the south of the Abyan Governorate to the north of Al Kawd and the regional capital of Zinjibar. The town is located about 2 kilometres east of the right bank of the Wadi Bana."}], "question": "What county is the city where the performer of The Absence formed, the capital of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__553201_419200_707421", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Monroe, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Monroe, known as \"the Swiss Cheese Capital of the USA\", is a city in and the county seat of Green County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 10,827 at the 2010 census. The city is bordered by the Town of Monroe to the north and the Town of Clarno to the south."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Delta Coronae Australis", "paragraph_text": "Delta Coronae Australis (\u03b4 CrA), is a star located in the constellation Corona Australis. Located around 179 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 53 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4801 K. It is an orange giant of spectral type K1III that is around 1.64 times as massive as the Sun."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Curse of the Sun", "paragraph_text": "Curse of the Sun EP is the first EP released by the band The Ottoman Empire (later known as Luna Mortis). It was self-released in 2004."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hainault Forest", "paragraph_text": "Hainault Forest Country Park is located in Greater London, with portions in: Hainault in the London Borough of Redbridge; the London Borough of Havering; and in the Lambourne parish of the Epping Forest District in Essex."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mu Ceti", "paragraph_text": "Mu Ceti (\u03bc Ceti) is a star in the constellation Cetus. The combined apparent magnitude of the system is +4.27, and is located 84 light years from the Sun."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kakisa Lake", "paragraph_text": "Kakisa Lake is a large lake located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is fed by the Kakisa River, and near to the community of Kakisa. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Niuva 20", "paragraph_text": "Niuva 20 is an EP released in 2005 by the band Turmion K\u00e4til\u00f6t. The name Niuva 20 is supposedly a reference to a mental asylum located in Niuvanniemi, Kuopio."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gibson Dam", "paragraph_text": "Gibson Dam is a concrete arch dam on the Sun River, a tributary of the Missouri River, about west of Great Falls, Montana in the United States. Located on the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains, the dam was built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) between 1926 and 1929 as part of the Sun River Project to develop about of irrigated land in the Sun River Valley."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sun Moon Lake Wen Wu Temple", "paragraph_text": "The Sun Moon Lake Wen Wu Temple () is a Wen Wu temple located on the perimeter of Sun Moon Lake in Yuchi Township, Nantou County, Taiwan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bodyguard (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Bodyguard Genre Drama Political thriller Created by Jed Mercurio Written by Jed Mercurio Directed by Thomas Vincent John Strickland Starring Richard Madden Keeley Hawes Composer (s) Ruth Barrett Ruskin Williamson Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of series No. of episodes 6 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Simon Heath Jed Mercurio Elizabeth Kilgarriff Producer (s) Priscilla Parish Eric Coulter Production location (s) London, UK Cinematography John Lee Editor (s) Steve Singleton (ep 1 -- 3) Andrew John McClelland (ep 4 -- 6) Running time 56 -- 75 minutes Production company (s) World Productions Distributor ITV Studios Global Entertainment Release Original network BBC One Picture format 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 26 August 2018 (2018 - 08 - 26) -- present External links BBC Website Production website"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Luna Mortis", "paragraph_text": "The band was formed in late 2001 in Monroe, Wisconsin as The Ottoman Empire. In 2006, the band self-released their debut studio album, \"Way of the Blade\". In June 2007, Luna Mortis played the first Flight of the Valkyries female-fronted metal festival in St. Paul, MN under their original name, The Ottoman Empire."}], "question": "What county contains the city where the band that released the Curse of the Sun EP was formed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__553201_419200_261688", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bodyguard (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Bodyguard Genre Drama Political thriller Created by Jed Mercurio Written by Jed Mercurio Directed by Thomas Vincent John Strickland Starring Richard Madden Keeley Hawes Composer (s) Ruth Barrett Ruskin Williamson Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of series No. of episodes 6 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Simon Heath Jed Mercurio Elizabeth Kilgarriff Producer (s) Priscilla Parish Eric Coulter Production location (s) London, UK Cinematography John Lee Editor (s) Steve Singleton (ep 1 -- 3) Andrew John McClelland (ep 4 -- 6) Running time 56 -- 75 minutes Production company (s) World Productions Distributor ITV Studios Global Entertainment Release Original network BBC One Picture format 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 26 August 2018 (2018 - 08 - 26) -- present External links BBC Website Production website"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gregory and the Hawk", "paragraph_text": "Meredith Godreau is an American singer-songwriter performing under the pseudonym Gregory and the Hawk. Active since 2003, Godreau initially enjoyed independent success with two EPs and a full-length album selling a total of 15,000 copies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Love Star", "paragraph_text": "The success of their debut EP has allowed them to tour extensively, performing shows at the Museum of Latin American Art, Fiesta en la Calle 2012, and sharing the stage with major acts like Dave Navarro, Los Prisioneros and Tommy Lee."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Among the Leaves", "paragraph_text": "Among the Leaves is the fifth studio album by American indie folk act Sun Kil Moon, released on May 29, 2012 on Caldo Verde Records. Similar to Sun Kil Moon's previous studio album, \"Admiral Fell Promises\" (2010), the album is predominantly performed by founding member Mark Kozelek on a nylon-string guitar."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bog\u00eb, Kosovo", "paragraph_text": "Bog\u00eb is a small mountainous village and also a holiday resort village in western Kosovo. Bog\u00eb is located in the Bjeshket e Nemuna ( cursed mountains"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tuscan Sun Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Tuscan Sun Festival is an annual music and lifestyle festival in Florence, the capital of Tuscany in Italy. \"The Independent\" called the festival \u201cOne of the Ten Best Summer Arts Festivals in Europe\u201d.\"\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Silicon Valley episodes", "paragraph_text": "Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 1.98 1.69 1.62 1.55 1.82 1.69 1.68 1.74 N / A 2.13 1.73 1.94 1.75 1.53 1.54 1.60 1.78 1.87 2.11 1.86 1.72 1.69 1.89 1.71 1.62 1.70 1.64 1.63 2.04 0.86 0.76 0.77 0.85 0.84 0.72 0.86 0.79 0.84 0.79"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Delta Coronae Australis", "paragraph_text": "Delta Coronae Australis (\u03b4 CrA), is a star located in the constellation Corona Australis. Located around 179 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 53 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4801 K. It is an orange giant of spectral type K1III that is around 1.64 times as massive as the Sun."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "CIBX-FM", "paragraph_text": "CIBX-FM is a radio station in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, broadcasting at 106.9 FM. The station is owned by Bell Media and plays a Top 40 radio format branded on-air as \"Capital FM\". (Fredericton is the capital city of the Province of New Brunswick.)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Your Love Is Strong", "paragraph_text": "\"Your Love Is Strong\" is a single from singer/songwriter Jon Foreman's \"Spring\" EP, as well as his first full album, the compilation entitled \"Limbs and Branches\". It was confirmed as a radio single by EMI/CMG's promotion blog, and was released to Christian radio formats only. Robbie Seay Band recorded a version of this song for their 2010 release \"Miracle\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Blackest Curse", "paragraph_text": "The Blackest Curse is a studio album by American hardcore punk band Integrity. it was released on June 8, 2010 through Deathwish Inc. \"The Blackest Curse\" is a concept album based on a book written by frontman Dwid."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sun Moon Lake Wen Wu Temple", "paragraph_text": "The Sun Moon Lake Wen Wu Temple () is a Wen Wu temple located on the perimeter of Sun Moon Lake in Yuchi Township, Nantou County, Taiwan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hainault Forest", "paragraph_text": "Hainault Forest Country Park is located in Greater London, with portions in: Hainault in the London Borough of Redbridge; the London Borough of Havering; and in the Lambourne parish of the Epping Forest District in Essex."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Luna Mortis", "paragraph_text": "The band was formed in late 2001 in Monroe, Wisconsin as The Ottoman Empire. In 2006, the band self-released their debut studio album, \"Way of the Blade\". In June 2007, Luna Mortis played the first Flight of the Valkyries female-fronted metal festival in St. Paul, MN under their original name, The Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Niuva 20", "paragraph_text": "Niuva 20 is an EP released in 2005 by the band Turmion K\u00e4til\u00f6t. The name Niuva 20 is supposedly a reference to a mental asylum located in Niuvanniemi, Kuopio."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Curse of the Sun", "paragraph_text": "Curse of the Sun EP is the first EP released by the band The Ottoman Empire (later known as Luna Mortis). It was self-released in 2004."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Monroe, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Monroe, known as \"the Swiss Cheese Capital of the USA\", is a city in and the county seat of Green County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 10,827 at the 2010 census. The city is bordered by the Town of Monroe to the north and the Town of Clarno to the south."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sol och v\u00e5r", "paragraph_text": "\"Sol och v\u00e5r\" is a song by Swedish singer Inger Berggren, that represented Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 1962, performed in Swedish. The title literally translates as \"Sun and Spring\", but the Swedish expression 'Att sol och v\u00e5ra n\u00e5gon', 'sun and spring'-ing somebody, means tricking a person out of money by false promises of love or marriage."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bebe Rexha", "paragraph_text": "Songs of hers performed by artists include Eminem's and Rihanna's single ``The Monster ''which won a Grammy Award for Best Rap / Sung Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, and songs for Selena Gomez and Nick Jonas. In 2015 she released her first solo EP, I Do n't Wanna Grow Up. In October 2016,`` I Got You'' was released as the lead single from her EP All Your Fault: Pt. 1. In August 2017, her third EP All Your Fault: Pt. 2 was released, which spawned the hit single ``Meant to Be ''with country duo Florida Georgia Line, which peaked at two on the Billboard Hot 100. The song is also included on her debut studio album, Expectations, which will be released on June 22, 2018."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gossip Candy", "paragraph_text": "Gossip Candy is an extended play by Japanese recording artist and songwriter Kumi Koda. It was released on July 7, 2010, by Koda's record label, Rhythm Zone. Koda's fifth extended play, \"Gossip Candy\" consists of five recordings; \"Lollipop, Inside Fishbowl, Outside Fishbowl, For You,\" and a cover of \"Got to Be Real\", originally performed by Cheryl Lynn. It was released in three different formats: Digital EP, CD and CD+DVD. The CD only version was re-released as the \"Dream Music Park\" edition with a bonus baseball cap. The \"Dream Music Park\" concert was later released on the CD+2DVD edition of \"Dejavu."}], "question": "The city where the formation that the 'Curse of the Sun' EP's performer is named after is the capital of what county?"}
{"id": "3hop1__814329_419200_707421", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Monroe, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Monroe, known as \"the Swiss Cheese Capital of the USA\", is a city in and the county seat of Green County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 10,827 at the 2010 census. The city is bordered by the Town of Monroe to the north and the Town of Clarno to the south."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Luna Mortis", "paragraph_text": "The band was formed in late 2001 in Monroe, Wisconsin as The Ottoman Empire. In 2006, the band self-released their debut studio album, \"Way of the Blade\". In June 2007, Luna Mortis played the first Flight of the Valkyries female-fronted metal festival in St. Paul, MN under their original name, The Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "KTHR", "paragraph_text": "KTHR (107.3 FM, \"ALT 107.3\") is a radio station operating in Wichita, Kansas. The station airs an alternative rock format. Its studios are located in Northeast Wichita and the transmitter is located outside Colwich, Kansas."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Washington University's North Campus and West Campus principally house administrative functions that are not student focused. North Campus lies in St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop. The University acquired the building and adjacent property in 2004, formerly home to the Angelica Uniform Factory. Several University administrative departments are located at the North Campus location, including offices for Quadrangle Housing, Accounting and Treasury Services, Parking and Transportation Services, Army ROTC, and Network Technology Services. The North Campus location also provides off-site storage space for the Performing Arts Department. Renovations are still ongoing; recent additions to the North Campus space include a small eatery operated by Bon App\u00e9tit Management Company, the University's on-campus food provider, completed during spring semester 2007, as well as the Family Learning Center, operated by Bright Horizons and opened in September 2010."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Absence (Luna Mortis album)", "paragraph_text": "The Absence is the second studio album by the American metal band Luna Mortis. The album was released in 2009 by Century Media and is the first studio album that Luna Mortis released through that record label. Four of the tracks on the album were recorded in February 2008 with producer Jason Suecof at his Audio Hammer Studios and were used as a demo that was sent out only to record labels in hopes of acquiring a recording contract for the band. It was those four songs that led to Century Media to sign Luna Mortis and shortly after, the band returned to Audio Hammer Studios in September of that same year to record the six other songs that make up the album. In September 2009, the band released a music video for the song \"Forever More\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kakisa Lake", "paragraph_text": "Kakisa Lake is a large lake located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is fed by the Kakisa River, and near to the community of Kakisa. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Caucasus Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Caucasus Governorate (, \"Kavkazskaya guberniya\") was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1802 until 1822. Its seat was located in Georgiyevsk. The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire. In 1822, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the administrative center in Stavropol."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jakar", "paragraph_text": "Jakar is located in Bumthang (Choekhor) Valley within Chhoekhor Gewog in central Bumthang. Administratively, however, Jakar is a separate thromde (municipality) inside the gewog. The administrative office for the Choekhor Gewog is located in the northern suburbs of Jakar. Just north of Jakar lies Wangchuck Centennial Park, a protected area of Bhutan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Motru Coal Mine", "paragraph_text": "Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County. The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}], "question": "In what county can the city where the group that performed The Absence was formed, be found?"}
{"id": "3hop1__128612_238058_226960", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Szelment", "paragraph_text": "Szelment is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Szypliszki, within Suwa\u0142ki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. Szelment is located 15\u00a0km north of Suwa\u0142ki. It is also home to a 1000m cable car line, the second-longest in Poland. It is located 6.0\u00a0km from the nearest city in Lithuania, Salaperaugis."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Erythronium propullans", "paragraph_text": "Erythronium propullans, the Minnesota dwarf trout lily, Minnesota adder's tongue or Minnesota fawnlily, is a rare plant endemic to the Cannon River and North Fork Zumbro River watersheds in Rice County, Goodhue County and the extreme northern edge of Steele County, Minnesota, in the United States. The plants are believed to be a mutation or sport of the white trout lily (\"Erythronium albidum\") and evolved following the most recent ice age."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fr\u00edas, Santiago del Estero", "paragraph_text": "Fr\u00edas is a city in Argentina, located southwest of the province of Santiago del Estero, near the border with the province of Catamarca, and is the head of the Choya Department. It is located on the banks of the river Albigasta at coordinates: 28 \u00b0 38'60 \"S 65 \u00b0 09'05\" W."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lake City, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Lake City is a city in Goodhue and Wabasha counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It lies along Lake Pepin, a wide portion of the Mississippi River. The population was 5,063 at the 2010 census. Most of Lake City is located within Wabasha County with only a small portion in Goodhue County."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "WOLR", "paragraph_text": "WOLR (91.3 FM) is a Christian contemporary music formatted radio station licensed to serve the community of Lake City, Florida, United States. The station's broadcast license is held by Faith Radio Network, Inc."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county that has the city where WOLR is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__84645_93601_86151", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders", "paragraph_text": "Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 217, most regular season wins with 192, and most postseason wins with 25, as of Week 12 of the 2017 NFL season. Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots, each of Brady's win records also apply to wins with a single team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Matt Light", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Charles Light (born June 23, 1978) is a former American football offensive tackle who spent his entire eleven-year career playing for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Purdue University. He was picked by the Patriots in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2008 New England Patriots season", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 New England Patriots season was the 39th season for the team in the National Football League and 49th season overall. The Patriots were defending AFC champions. Despite finishing the regular season with an 11 -- 5 record, the Patriots did not qualify for the playoffs -- becoming the first 11 - win team since the expansion to a 12 - team playoff in 1990 to not make the playoffs, as well as only the second team (after the 1985 Denver Broncos) since the NFL expanded to a 16 - game regular season in 1978. This came just one year after finishing with the only 16 -- 0 regular - season record in NFL history."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New York Giants", "paragraph_text": "Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena, CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa, FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale, AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis, IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 Total Super Bowls won: 4"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New England Patriots", "paragraph_text": "The Patriots became the first team to reach ten Super Bowls in the 2017 -- 18 playoffs but lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Elgin Davis", "paragraph_text": "Davis was drafted by the New England Patriots in 1987, becoming the second player ever drafted out of the University of Central Florida. Davis played two seasons with the Patriots before signing with the Pittsburgh Steelers and later the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Patrick Chung", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Christopher Chung (born August 19, 1987) is a Jamaican-born American football strong safety for the New England Patriots of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Patriots in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at Oregon and has also been a member of the Philadelphia Eagles."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders", "paragraph_text": "Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220, most regular season wins with 195, and most postseason wins with 25, as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season. Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots, each of Brady's win records also apply to wins with a single team."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Publishers Clearing House", "paragraph_text": "Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win. In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl. As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed. Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life, or $10 million. Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million. The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years, reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bret Lockett", "paragraph_text": "Bret Emanuel Lockett (born October 7, 1986) is a former NFL American football safety. He was signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He was picked up off waivers to the New England Patriots in 2009 and spent three years on the team. He signed to the New York Jets in 2013. Lockett played college football at UCLA."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Super Bowl XXXIX", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season. The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium (now known as EverBank Field) in Jacksonville, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "India national cricket team", "paragraph_text": "India recorded their first Test victory, in their 24th match, against England at Madras in 1952. Later in the same year, they won their first Test series, which was against Pakistan. They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956. However, they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides. On 24 August 1959, India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5 -- 0 whitewash ever inflicted by England. The next decade saw India's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home. They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961 -- 62 and also won a home series against New Zealand. They managed to draw home series against Pakistan and Australia and another series against England. In this same period, India also won its first series outside the subcontinent, against New Zealand in 1967 -- 68."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "England national football team manager", "paragraph_text": "On 22 July, Sam Allardyce was appointed England manager on a two - year contract. After only 67 days in the job, a video published by The Daily Telegraph showed Allardyce making insulting statements against former manager Roy Hodgson, and explaining how to circumvent regulations of The FA on third party ownership of players. He subsequently left the role as manager of England later that day. Former England international defender and England under - 21 coach Gareth Southgate was given the senior role on a caretaker basis for four matches while the FA considered their options. Two wins, including a 3 -- 0 victory over Scotland, and a draw in qualifying matches for the 2018 World Cup and a 2 -- 2 draw with Spain in a friendly followed under Southgate's temporary management, before he was formally appointed to the position full - time on 30 November 2016 on a four - year deal."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Super Bowl XXXVI", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XXXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion St. Louis Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2001 season. The Patriots defeated the Rams by the score of 20 -- 17. It was New England's first Super Bowl championship, and the franchise's first league championship of any kind, having suffered two previous losses. The game was also notable for snapping the AFC East's long streak of not being able to win a Super Bowl championship, as the division's teams had lost eight Super Bowls in total (prior to the Patriots victory in XXXVI)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tom Brady", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players to win five Super Bowls (the other being defensive player Charles Haley) and the only player to win them all playing for one team."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Philadelphia Eagles", "paragraph_text": "The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. They are Super Bowl champions, having won Super Bowl LII in 2018: their first Super Bowl in franchise history, and their fourth NFL title overall, after winning the Championship Game in 1948, 1949, and 1960."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sony Michel", "paragraph_text": "Sony Michel (born February 17, 1995) is an American football running back for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Georgia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tim Tebow", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Richard Tebow (/ \u02c8ti\u02d0bo\u028a /; born August 14, 1987) is a former professional American football quarterback and current professional baseball outfielder in the New York Mets organization. He played college football for the University of Florida, winning the Heisman Trophy in 2007 and appearing on BCS National Championship - winning teams during the 2006 and 2008 seasons. Tebow was selected by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft and spent two seasons with the team. He also played for the New York Jets in 2012. Additionally, he had preseason stints with the New England Patriots and the Philadelphia Eagles in 2013 and 2015 respectively."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Other House", "paragraph_text": "The Other House is a novel by Henry James, first published as a serial in the \"Illustrated London News\" in 1896 and then as a book later the same year. Set in England, this book is something of an oddity in the James canon for its plot revolving around a murder. The novel was originally planned as a play called \"The Promise\". James sketched a scenario for the play in 1893, but it didn't interest theater managers. In 1896 James converted the scenario into \"The Other House\" for publication in a popular weekly magazine. He converted the novel back into a play in 1909, but it again failed to be produced."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Super Bowl XLII", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XLII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2007 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 17 -- 14. The game was played on Sunday, February 3, 2008, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona."}], "question": "When did the team that the New England Patriots played this year, win the sporting event that immediately precedes the Publisher's Clearing House sweepstakes drawing?"}
{"id": "3hop2__93601_84645_86151", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York Giants", "paragraph_text": "Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena, CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa, FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale, AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis, IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 Total Super Bowls won: 4"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Super Bowl XXXVI", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XXXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion St. Louis Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2001 season. The Patriots defeated the Rams by the score of 20 -- 17. It was New England's first Super Bowl championship, and the franchise's first league championship of any kind, having suffered two previous losses. The game was also notable for snapping the AFC East's long streak of not being able to win a Super Bowl championship, as the division's teams had lost eight Super Bowls in total (prior to the Patriots victory in XXXVI)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Matt Light", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Charles Light (born June 23, 1978) is a former American football offensive tackle who spent his entire eleven-year career playing for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Purdue University. He was picked by the Patriots in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Super Bowl XXXIX", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season. The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium (now known as EverBank Field) in Jacksonville, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders", "paragraph_text": "Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 217, most regular season wins with 192, and most postseason wins with 25, as of Week 12 of the 2017 NFL season. Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots, each of Brady's win records also apply to wins with a single team."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders", "paragraph_text": "Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220, most regular season wins with 195, and most postseason wins with 25, as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season. Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots, each of Brady's win records also apply to wins with a single team."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tim Tebow", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Richard Tebow (/ \u02c8ti\u02d0bo\u028a /; born August 14, 1987) is a former professional American football quarterback and current professional baseball outfielder in the New York Mets organization. He played college football for the University of Florida, winning the Heisman Trophy in 2007 and appearing on BCS National Championship - winning teams during the 2006 and 2008 seasons. Tebow was selected by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft and spent two seasons with the team. He also played for the New York Jets in 2012. Additionally, he had preseason stints with the New England Patriots and the Philadelphia Eagles in 2013 and 2015 respectively."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Publishers Clearing House", "paragraph_text": "Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win. In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl. As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed. Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life, or $10 million. Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million. The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years, reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tom Brady", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players to win five Super Bowls (the other being defensive player Charles Haley) and the only player to win them all playing for one team."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "India national cricket team", "paragraph_text": "India recorded their first Test victory, in their 24th match, against England at Madras in 1952. Later in the same year, they won their first Test series, which was against Pakistan. They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956. However, they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides. On 24 August 1959, India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5 -- 0 whitewash ever inflicted by England. The next decade saw India's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home. They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961 -- 62 and also won a home series against New Zealand. They managed to draw home series against Pakistan and Australia and another series against England. In this same period, India also won its first series outside the subcontinent, against New Zealand in 1967 -- 68."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Super Bowl XLII", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XLII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2007 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 17 -- 14. The game was played on Sunday, February 3, 2008, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elgin Davis", "paragraph_text": "Davis was drafted by the New England Patriots in 1987, becoming the second player ever drafted out of the University of Central Florida. Davis played two seasons with the Patriots before signing with the Pittsburgh Steelers and later the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2008 New England Patriots season", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 New England Patriots season was the 39th season for the team in the National Football League and 49th season overall. The Patriots were defending AFC champions. Despite finishing the regular season with an 11 -- 5 record, the Patriots did not qualify for the playoffs -- becoming the first 11 - win team since the expansion to a 12 - team playoff in 1990 to not make the playoffs, as well as only the second team (after the 1985 Denver Broncos) since the NFL expanded to a 16 - game regular season in 1978. This came just one year after finishing with the only 16 -- 0 regular - season record in NFL history."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bret Lockett", "paragraph_text": "Bret Emanuel Lockett (born October 7, 1986) is a former NFL American football safety. He was signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He was picked up off waivers to the New England Patriots in 2009 and spent three years on the team. He signed to the New York Jets in 2013. Lockett played college football at UCLA."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Super Bowl XX", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46 -- 10, capturing their first NFL championship (and Chicago's first overall sports victory) since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tom Brady", "paragraph_text": "A lightly regarded prospect coming out of college, Brady was selected by the New England Patriots with the 199th overall pick in the sixth round of 2000 NFL Draft and has since spent his entire 18 - season career with the Patriots. Since Brady became their starting quarterback in 2001, the Patriots have never had a losing season and have won 14 division titles. The Patriots played in twelve AFC Championship Games from 2001 to 2017 -- including seven in a row from 2011 to 2017 -- and won eight of them. Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback - head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ray Costict", "paragraph_text": "Ray Costict (March 19, 1955 \u2013 January 3, 2012) was a linebacker for the New England Patriots from 1977 to 1979. Costict played collegiately at Mississippi State before being drafted the 11th round by the Patriots."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Philadelphia Eagles", "paragraph_text": "The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. They are Super Bowl champions, having won Super Bowl LII in 2018: their first Super Bowl in franchise history, and their fourth NFL title overall, after winning the Championship Game in 1948, 1949, and 1960."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New England Patriots", "paragraph_text": "The Patriots became the first team to reach ten Super Bowls in the 2017 -- 18 playoffs but lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "England national football team manager", "paragraph_text": "On 22 July, Sam Allardyce was appointed England manager on a two - year contract. After only 67 days in the job, a video published by The Daily Telegraph showed Allardyce making insulting statements against former manager Roy Hodgson, and explaining how to circumvent regulations of The FA on third party ownership of players. He subsequently left the role as manager of England later that day. Former England international defender and England under - 21 coach Gareth Southgate was given the senior role on a caretaker basis for four matches while the FA considered their options. Two wins, including a 3 -- 0 victory over Scotland, and a draw in qualifying matches for the 2018 World Cup and a 2 -- 2 draw with Spain in a friendly followed under Southgate's temporary management, before he was formally appointed to the position full - time on 30 November 2016 on a four - year deal."}], "question": "When did the team that played the New England Patriots this year win the event following which the Publishers Clearinghouse Sweepstakes drawing takes place?"}
{"id": "3hop1__443252_238058_226960", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lake City, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Lake City is a city in Goodhue and Wabasha counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It lies along Lake Pepin, a wide portion of the Mississippi River. The population was 5,063 at the 2010 census. Most of Lake City is located within Wabasha County with only a small portion in Goodhue County."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Erythronium propullans", "paragraph_text": "Erythronium propullans, the Minnesota dwarf trout lily, Minnesota adder's tongue or Minnesota fawnlily, is a rare plant endemic to the Cannon River and North Fork Zumbro River watersheds in Rice County, Goodhue County and the extreme northern edge of Steele County, Minnesota, in the United States. The plants are believed to be a mutation or sport of the white trout lily (\"Erythronium albidum\") and evolved following the most recent ice age."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paul Hinman", "paragraph_text": "Paul Hinman (born 1959 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a provincial politician and small business entrepreneur from Alberta, Canada. He was formerly the leader of the Wildrose Alliance. He served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 2004 to 2008 representing the electoral district of Cardston-Taber-Warner. On September 14, 2009, Hinman returned to the Legislative Assembly by winning a by-election in Calgary-Glenmore, but lost his bid for re-election on April 23, 2012."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Frank Hinman Waskey", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Lake City, Minnesota in Wabasha County. He attended the public schools of Minneapolis, moved to Alaska in February 1898, and settled in Nome. He engaged in mining and was the president of a mining company. He was also the director of a bank and a publishing company, both in Nome."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marin County Civic Center", "paragraph_text": "The Marin County Civic Center, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is located in San Rafael, California, United States. Groundbreaking for the Civic Center Administration Building took place in 1960, after Wright's death and under the watch of Wright's prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Aaron Green; it was completed in 1962. The Hall of Justice was begun in 1966 and completed in 1969. Veterans Memorial Auditorium opened in 1971, and the Exhibit Hall opened in 1976."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the other county where the birthplace of Frank Hinman Waskey is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__93601_45378_366536", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New England Patriots", "paragraph_text": "New England Patriots Current season Established November 16, 1959; 58 years ago (November 16, 1959) First season: 1960 Play in and headquartered in Gillette Stadium Foxborough, Massachusetts Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League (1960 -- 1969) Eastern Division (1960 -- 1969) National Football League (1970 -- present) American Football Conference (1970 -- present) AFC East (1970 -- present) Current uniform Team colors Navy blue, red, silver, white Mascot Pat Patriot Personnel Owner (s) Robert Kraft Chairman Robert Kraft CEO Robert Kraft President Jonathan Kraft General manager Bill Belichick (de facto) Head coach Bill Belichick Team history Boston Patriots (1960 -- 1970) Bay State Patriots (1971) New England Patriots (1971 -- present) Team nicknames The Pats Championships League championships (5) Super Bowl championships (5) 2001 (XXXVI), 2003 (XXXVIII), 2004 (XXXIX), 2014 (XLIX), 2016 (LI) Conference championships (10) AFC: 1985, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017 Division championships (20) AFL East: 1963 AFC East: 1978, 1986, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Playoff appearances (25) AFL: 1963 NFL: 1976, 1978, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Home fields Nickerson Field (1960 -- 1962) Fenway Park (1963 -- 1968) Alumni Stadium (1969) Harvard Stadium (1970) Foxboro Stadium (1971 -- 2001) Gillette Stadium (2002 -- present)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Publishers Clearing House", "paragraph_text": "Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win. In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl. As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed. Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life, or $10 million. Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million. The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years, reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Draw-a-Person test", "paragraph_text": "Developed originally by Florence Goodenough in 1926, this test was first known as the Goodenough Draw - a-Man test. It is detailed in her book titled Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings. Dr. Dale B. Harris later revised and extended the test and it is now known as the Goodenough -- Harris Drawing Test. The revision and extension is detailed in his book Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity (1963). Psychologist Julian Jaynes, in his 1976 book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, wrote that the test is ``routinely administered as an indicator of schizophrenia, ''and that while not all schizophrenic patients have trouble drawing a person, when they do, it is very clear evidence of a disorder. Specific signs could include a patient's neglect to include`` obvious anatomical parts like hands and eyes,'' with ``blurred and unconnected lines, ''ambiguous sex and general distortion. There has been no validation of this test as indicative of schizophrenia. Chapman and Chapman (1968), in a classic study of illusory correlation, showed that the scoring manual, e.g., large eyes as indicative of paranoia, could be generated from the naive beliefs of undergraduates."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Patriot (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Patriot is a strategy game about the Gulf War, developed by Artech Digital Entertainment and published by 360 Pacific Inc.. It was released in 1991 for all platforms supporting DOS. Both the Iraqi and Coalition forces can be played as."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Super Bowl XXXVIII", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XXXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2003 season. The Patriots defeated the Panthers by the score of 32 - 29. The game was played at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas, on February 1, 2004. At the time, this was the most watched Super Bowl ever with 144.4 million viewers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Super Bowl XXXIX", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season. The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium (now known as EverBank Field) in Jacksonville, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Plautus", "paragraph_text": "The Second Punic War occurred from 218\u2013201 BC; its central event was Hannibal's invasion of Italy. M. Leigh has devoted an extensive chapter about Plautus and Hannibal in his 2004 book, \"Comedy and the Rise of Rome\". He says that \"the plays themselves contain occasional references to the fact that the state is at arms...\". One good example is a piece of verse from the \"Miles Gloriosus,\" the composition date of which is not clear but which is often placed in the last decade of the 3rd century BC. A. F. West believes that this is inserted commentary on the Second Punic War. In his article \"On a Patriotic Passage in the \"Miles Gloriosus\" of Plautus\", he states that the war \"engrossed the Romans more than all other public interests combined\". The passage seems intended to rile up the audience, beginning with \"hostis tibi adesse\", or \"the foe is near at hand\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Temple of Terror", "paragraph_text": "Temple of Terror is a single-player role-playing game-book written by Ian Livingstone, illustrated by Bill Houston and originally published in 1985 by Puffin Books. It was later republished by Wizard Books in 2004. It forms part of Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone's \"Fighting Fantasy\" series. It is the fourteenth in the series in the original Puffin series () and 19th in the modern Wizard series ()."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Draw-a-Person test", "paragraph_text": "Developed originally by Florence Goodenough in 1926, this test was first known as the Goodenough Draw - a-Man test. It is detailed in her book titled Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings. Dr. Dale B. Harris later revised and extended the test and it is now known as the Goodenough -- Harris Drawing Test. The revision and extension is detailed in his book Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity (1963). Psychologist Julian Jaynes, in his 1976 book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, wrote that the test is ``routinely administered as an indicator of schizophrenia, ''and that while not all schizophrenic patients have trouble drawing a person, when they do, it is very clear evidence of a disorder. Specific signs could include a patient's neglect to include`` obvious anatomical parts like hands and eyes,'' with ``blurred and unconnected lines, ''ambiguous sexuality and general distortion. There has been no validation of this test as indicative of schizophrenia. Chapman and Chapman (1968), in a classic study of illusory correlation, showed that the scoring manual, e.g., large eyes as indicative of paranoia, could be generated from the naive beliefs of undergraduates."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Matt Light", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Charles Light (born June 23, 1978) is a former American football offensive tackle who spent his entire eleven-year career playing for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Purdue University. He was picked by the Patriots in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Echoes (Steel novel)", "paragraph_text": "Echoes is a novel by Danielle Steel, published by Random House in October 2004. The book is Steel's sixty-fourth novel."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nipissing (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Nipissing was a federal electoral district that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1896 to 2004. It was located in the northeastern part of Ontario, Canada."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guillermo McFarlane", "paragraph_text": "In 1992, McFarlane played for the El Paso Patriots in the USISL. He was All League that season. He also played for El Paso in 1995 and 1996. In 1995, he was a South Central Division All Star defender. From 1997 to 2004, McFarlane played 147 games for the Patriots.while with the patriots before the U.S open cup final against the Richmond Kikers , McFarlane was named Top Defender in the USA Today article on August 24 1995. During those year, the Patriots played in various USISL/USL leagues, including the USISL Select League, USL A-League and USL Premier Development League. In 1999, McFarlane signed with the Wichita Wings of the National Professional Soccer League, playing two seasons with them."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Murder House Trilogy", "paragraph_text": "The Murder House Trilogy is a three-part detective fiction mini-series in \"The Hardy Boys Undercover Brothers\", published by Aladdin Paperbacks (an imprint of Simon & Schuster). The first book in the trilogy, \"Deprivation House\", was published on May 20, 2008, with books #2 \"House Arrest\" and #3 \"Murder House\" published on July and September respectively."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brian Liebenberg", "paragraph_text": "Brian Liebenberg (born 19 September 1979 in Benoni) is a South Africa-born French former rugby union footballer. His usual position is at centre, where he plays for Top 14 club, Stade Fran\u00e7ais. He was a part of Stade Fran\u00e7ais' Top 16 victory of 2004, as well as the runner-up of the 2004-05 Top 16 season and the 2004-05 Heineken Cup. He was also a part of France's 2004 Six Nations Championship victory, as well as playing for them during the 2003 Rugby World Cup."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of the Liberal Party of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The Liberals are descended from the mid-19th century Reformers who agitated for responsible government throughout British North America. These included George Brown, Robert Baldwin, William Lyon Mackenzie and the Clear Grits in Upper Canada, Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia, and the Patriotes and Rouges in Lower Canada led by figures such as Louis - Joseph Papineau. The Clear Grits and Parti rouge sometimes functioned as a united bloc in the legislature of the Province of Canada beginning in 1854, and a united Liberal Party combining both English and French Canadian members was formed in 1861."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New England Patriots", "paragraph_text": "New England Patriots Current season Established November 16, 1959; 58 years ago (November 16, 1959) First season: 1960 Play in and headquartered in Gillette Stadium Foxborough, Massachusetts Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League (1960 -- 1969) Eastern Division (1960 -- 1969) National Football League (1970 -- present) American Football Conference (1970 -- present) AFC East (1970 -- present) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue, Red, Silver, White Mascot Pat Patriot Personnel Owner (s) Robert Kraft Chairman Robert Kraft CEO Robert Kraft President Jonathan Kraft General manager Bill Belichick (de facto) Head coach Bill Belichick Team history Boston Patriots (1960 -- 1970) Bay State Patriots (1971) New England Patriots (1971 -- present) Team nicknames The Pats Championships League championships (5) Super Bowl championships (5) 2001 (XXXVI), 2003 (XXXVIII), 2004 (XXXIX), 2014 (XLIX), 2016 (LI) Conference championships (9) AFC: 1985, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, 2016 Division championships (20) AFL East: 1963 AFC East: 1978, 1986, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Playoff appearances (25) AFL: 1963 NFL: 1976, 1978, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Home fields Nickerson Field (1960 -- 1962) Fenway Park (1963 -- 1968) Alumni Stadium (1969) Harvard Stadium (1970) Foxboro Stadium (1971 -- 2001) Gillette Stadium (2002 -- present)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sudeki", "paragraph_text": "Sudeki is an action role-playing game developed by Climax Solent and initially published by Microsoft Game Studios as an Xbox exclusive in 2004. It was later ported to Microsoft Windows, released by Zoo Digital Publishing."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Clear Springs, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Clear Springs is a historic settlement in Guadalupe County, Texas, United States. It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area. It shares its name with the nearby Clear Springs Air Force Base."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2014 Carolina Panthers season", "paragraph_text": "The Panthers captured their second straight NFC South division title and qualified for the postseason for the first time in back-to-back years despite failing to improve on a 12\u20134 record and finishing with a losing record of 7\u20138\u20131. Additionally, they became the first team in NFC South history to have back to back division titles and also became the second team to win a division title with a sub-.500 record, the first team being the 2010 Seattle Seahawks. The Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals in the Wild Card round, but lost to Seattle in the Divisional round."}], "question": "What is the division of the team who played the Patriots in the 2004 version of the event immediately preceding the Publisher's Clearing House sweepstakes?"}
{"id": "3hop1__77518_2213_45708", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "William Hendricks", "paragraph_text": "William Hendricks (November 12, 1782 \u2013 May 16, 1850) was a Democratic-Republican member of the House of Representatives from 1816 to 1822, the third Governor of Indiana from 1822 to 1825, and an Anti-Jacksonian member of the U.S. Senate from 1825 to 1837. He led much of his family into politics and founded one of the largest political families in Indiana. He was the uncle of Thomas Andrews Hendricks, who was also Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States. Hendricks County was named in his honor. His term as governor was spent repairing the state's finances to later enable large scale internal improvements. The establishment of the basic framework of the state's public school system and the transfer of the capital from Corydon to Indianapolis also occurred during his term."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2018 New York gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "New York gubernatorial election, 2018 \u2190 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 \u2192 Nominee Andrew Cuomo Marc Molinaro Howie Hawkins Party Democratic Republican Green Running mate Kathy Hochul Julie Killian Jia Lee Nominee Larry Sharpe Stephanie Miner Party Libertarian Serve America Movement Running mate Andrew Hollister Michael Volpe Incumbent Governor Andrew Cuomo Democratic"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dilipkumar Gandhi", "paragraph_text": "Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi (born 9 May 1951) is an Indian politician and a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party. He is a current member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2008, 67% of registered voters in the city are Democrats. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Deval Patrick", "paragraph_text": "Deval Laurdine Patrick (born July 31, 1956) is an American politician, civil rights lawyer, author and businessman who served as the 71st Governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015. He was first elected in 2006, succeeding Mitt Romney, who chose not to run, and was re-elected in 2010. He is the only African American to have served as governor of Massachusetts. A member of the Democratic Party, Patrick served from 1994 to 1997 as the United States assistant attorney general for the civil rights division under President Bill Clinton."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "E. Ponnuswamy", "paragraph_text": "E. Ponnuswamy (born 1 July 1936) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Chidambaram constituency of Tamil Nadu and is a member of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) political party. He translate and wrote many books"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Martin Van Buren", "paragraph_text": "Martin Van Buren (born Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 -- July 24, 1862) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A founder of the Democratic Party, he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government, including eighth Vice President (1833 -- 1837) and tenth Secretary of State (1829 -- 1831), both under Andrew Jackson. Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson's policies. The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection. During his half - century of public service, he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level; at the end of his life, he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln's policies during the American Civil War. Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen. Of Dutch descent, he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Li Yuanchao", "paragraph_text": "Li Yuanchao (born 20 November 1950) is a Chinese politician. He was the Vice President of the People's Republic of China from 2013 to 2018 and the Honorary President of the Red Cross Society of China. He was a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China and head of its Organization Department between 2007 and 2012. From 2002 to 2007, Li served as the Communist Party of China Secretary of Jiangsu, the top leader of an area of significant economic development. Between 2007 and 2017, he held a seat for two terms on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. Once considered a rising political star, Li gradually faded from the political scene."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Suresh Ganapat Wagmare", "paragraph_text": "Wagmare Suresh Ganapat (born 15 September 1961) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Wardha constituency of Maharashtra and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Republican National Committee", "paragraph_text": "The Republican National Committee (RNC) is a U.S. political committee that provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention. Similar committees exist in every U.S. state and most U.S. counties, although in some states party organization is structured by congressional district, allied campaign organizations being governed by a national committee. Ronna Romney McDaniel is the current committee chairwoman."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2018 Alaska gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Alaska gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Alaska. Incumbent Governor Bill Walker is running for re-election to a second term again as an Independent candidate. In the primaries for recognized political parties, candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor run separately. The winners of each respective primary for Governor and Lieutenant Governor then become a joint ticket in the general election for their political party."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Democratic Party of Oregon", "paragraph_text": "The Democratic Party of Oregon, based in Portland, is the official Oregon affiliate of the United States Democratic Party. It is recognized by the state of Oregon as a major political party, along with the Oregon Republican Party. The State Central Committee, made up of two delegates elected from each of Oregon's 36 counties and one additional delegate for every 15,000 registered Democrats, is the main authoritative body of the party. After Oregon was admitted into the Union in 1859, the Democratic party controlled the state. Oregon elected twice as many Democrats as Republicans between 1859 and 1879 in statewide elections for governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, and congressmen. The party holds 38 members in the State House that has 60 representatives total, and 18 members in the State Senate, out of 30 delegates total. The party also holds the Governor's office (Kate Brown), Attorney General (Ellen Rosenblum), Labor Commissioner (Val Hoyle), and State Treasurer (Tobias Read). The Democrats also have both U.S senate positions in their state and send four of the five U.S House representatives from Oregon to D.C."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Estonian Reform Party", "paragraph_text": "The Estonian Reform Party was founded on 18 November 1994, joining together the Reform Party \u2014 a splinter from the Pro Patria National Coalition (RKEI) \u2014 and the Estonian Liberal Democratic Party (ELDP). The new party, which had 710 members at its foundation, was led by Siim Kallas, who had been President of the Bank of Estonia and previously uninvolved in politics. Kallas was untainted by association with Mart Laar's government, but was widely seen as a proficient central bank governor, having overseen the successful introduction of the Estonian kroon. The party formed ties with the Free Democratic Party of Germany, the Liberal People's Party of Sweden, the Swedish People's Party of Finland, and Latvian Way."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chengara Surendran", "paragraph_text": "Chengara Surendran (born 31 January 1968) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Adoor constituency of Kerala and is a member of the Communist Party of India (CPI) political party."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oliver Max Gardner", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Max Gardner (March 22, 1882February 6, 1947) was an American politician who served as the 57th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1929 to 1933. A member of the Democratic Party, Gardner worked in the administrations of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alexander H. Stephens", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Hamilton Stephens (born February 11, 1812 -- March 4, 1883) was an American politician who served as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883. He also served as the only Vice President of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. A member of the Democratic Party, Stephens represented the state of Georgia in the United States House of Representatives prior to becoming governor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jim Singleton", "paragraph_text": "James Milton Singleton (born 1931 in Hazlehurst, Mississippi), a prime mover in the New Orleans political organization BOLD (Black Organization for Leadership Development), serves on the nine-member Louisiana Gaming Commission, having been nominated for the position by Xavier University of Louisiana president Norman Francis and appointed by Governor Bobby Jindal."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bhanwar Singh Dangawas", "paragraph_text": "Bhanwar Singh Dangawas (7 June 1929 \u2013 2 July 2012) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Nagaur constituency of Rajasthan and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paul Ryan", "paragraph_text": "Paul Davis Ryan Jr. (/ \u02c8ra\u026a\u0259n /; born January 29, 1970) is an American politician who is the 54th and current Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States, running alongside former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts, in the 2012 election."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Independence Day (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day."}], "question": "Who is the person from the same political party as the US president born on July 4th who is running for governor of NY?"}
{"id": "3hop1__403965_238058_226960", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Quiet Place (film)", "paragraph_text": "A Quiet Place is a production of Sunday Night and Platinum Dunes; it was produced on a budget of $17 million. Krasinski wrote the screenplay with story co-writers Scott Beck and Bryan Woods. Beck and Woods grew up together in the US state of Iowa, and had watched numerous silent films in college. By 2013, they began working on the story that would lead to the film. They used their experience growing up close to farmland as the basis, including a grain silo setting as a place considered dangerous in their upbringing. They initiated their approach with a 15 - page proof of concept. Initially, the writers had considered developing the film into a Cloverfield installment, but after pitching their ideas to the studio collectively, all of those involved decided to keep the film its own entity."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Erythronium propullans", "paragraph_text": "Erythronium propullans, the Minnesota dwarf trout lily, Minnesota adder's tongue or Minnesota fawnlily, is a rare plant endemic to the Cannon River and North Fork Zumbro River watersheds in Rice County, Goodhue County and the extreme northern edge of Steele County, Minnesota, in the United States. The plants are believed to be a mutation or sport of the white trout lily (\"Erythronium albidum\") and evolved following the most recent ice age."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lake City, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Lake City is a city in Goodhue and Wabasha counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It lies along Lake Pepin, a wide portion of the Mississippi River. The population was 5,063 at the 2010 census. Most of Lake City is located within Wabasha County with only a small portion in Goodhue County."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Reva Beck Bosone", "paragraph_text": "Bosone was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first and Eighty-second Congresses (January 3, 1949 \u2013 January 3, 1953). While in office, Bosone advocated for social welfare programs including extending Social Security for military personnel, and voted against the Subversive Activities Control and Communist Registration Act. In 1949-1951, Bosone served on the Public Lands Committee, and in 1951-1953, she also served on the House Administration Committee. She was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1952 to the Eighty-third Congress and for election in 1954 to the Eighty-fourth Congress. She served as delegate to Democratic National Conventions in 1952 and 1956. She resumed the practice of law in Salt Lake City from 1953 to 1957, and was legal counsel to Safety and Compensation Subcommittee of House Committee on Education and Labor 1957-1960. She was also a judicial officer of the Post Office Department in 1961-1968. Bosone was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Utah in 1977. She was a resident of Vienna, Virginia, until her death there July 21, 1983."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the other county containing the birthplace of Reva Beck Bosone?"}
{"id": "3hop1__77518_2213_31347", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Martin Van Buren", "paragraph_text": "Martin Van Buren (born Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 -- July 24, 1862) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A founder of the Democratic Party, he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government, including eighth Vice President (1833 -- 1837) and tenth Secretary of State (1829 -- 1831), both under Andrew Jackson. Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson's policies. The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection. During his half - century of public service, he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level; at the end of his life, he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln's policies during the American Civil War. Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen. Of Dutch descent, he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Green Party of Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "The Green Party of Tennessee is a state-level political party in Tennessee, and is a member of the Green Party of the United States. The party formed in 2001."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Louis McLane", "paragraph_text": "Louis McLane (May 28, 1786 \u2013 October 7, 1857) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware, and Baltimore, Maryland. He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and a member of the Federalist Party and later the Democratic Party. He served as the U.S. Representative from Delaware, U.S. Senator from Delaware, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, U.S. Secretary of State, Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom, and President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. As a member of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet, McLane was a prominent figure during the Bank War. McLane pursued a more moderate approach towards the Second Bank of the United States than the President, but agreed with Jackson's decision in 1832 to veto a Congressional bill renewing the Bank's charter. He also helped draft the Force Bill in 1833."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ignacio Milam Tang", "paragraph_text": "Ignacio Milam Tang (born 20 June 1940) is an Equatoguinean politician who was Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea from July 2008 to May 2012. He is a member of the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE). From May 2012 to June 2016, he was First Vice President of Equatorial Guinea, serving alongside President Obiang's son, Teodor\u00edn."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Luis Guillermo Sol\u00eds", "paragraph_text": "Luis Guillermo Sol\u00eds Rivera (born 25 April 1958) is a Costa Rican politician who has been President of Costa Rica since 2014. He is a member of the center - left Citizens' Action Party (PAC). Sol\u00eds led the field in the 2014 presidential election, and he was effectively handed the presidency after the runner - up in the first round, San Jos\u00e9 mayor Johnny Araya Monge, ceased active campaigning. Sol\u00eds has a long academic and political career, culminating in his election as the first President of Costa Rica to be a member of the PAC."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1928 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "United States presidential election, 1928 \u2190 1924 November 6, 1928 1932 \u2192 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 56.9% 8.0 pp Nominee Herbert Hoover Al Smith Party Republican Democratic Home state California New York Running mate Charles Curtis Joseph T. Robinson Electoral vote 444 87 States carried 40 8 Popular vote 21,427,123 15,015,464 Percentage 58.2% 40.8% Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Hoover / Curtis, blue denotes those won by Smith / Robinson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. President before election Calvin Coolidge Republican Elected President Herbert Hoover Republican"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2008, 67% of registered voters in the city are Democrats. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Clinton Oliver White", "paragraph_text": "Clinton Oliver White (born December 28, 1928) is an educator and former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Regina Wascana from 1978 to 1982 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a New Democratic Party (NDP) member."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "David Gardiner Tyler", "paragraph_text": "David Gardiner Tyler (July 12, 1846 \u2013 September 5, 1927), was a U.S. Democratic Party politician and the ninth child and fourth son of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "After disenfranchisement of blacks, the GOP in Tennessee was historically a sectional party supported by whites only in the eastern part of the state. In the 20th century, except for two nationwide Republican landslides of the 1920s (in 1920, when Tennessee narrowly supported Warren G. Harding over Ohio Governor James Cox, and in 1928, when it more decisively voted for Herbert Hoover over New York Governor Al Smith, a Catholic), the state was part of the Democratic Solid South until the 1950s. In that postwar decade, it twice voted for Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, former Allied Commander of the Armed Forces during World War II. Since then, more of the state's voters have shifted to supporting Republicans, and Democratic presidential candidates have carried Tennessee only four times."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pete Buttigieg", "paragraph_text": "Peter Paul Montgomery Buttigieg (/ \u02c8bu\u02d0t\u026ad\u0292\u025bd\u0292 /; born January 19, 1982) is an American politician serving as the 32nd and current Mayor of South Bend, Indiana since 2012. A member of the Democratic Party, Buttigieg is a graduate of Harvard University, a Rhodes Scholar, and a veteran of the War in Afghanistan. He has been mentioned as a possible candidate for President of the United States in the 2020 election. If elected, Buttigieg would be the first openly gay U.S. President."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Independence Day (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Li Yuanchao", "paragraph_text": "Li Yuanchao (born 20 November 1950) is a Chinese politician. He was the Vice President of the People's Republic of China from 2013 to 2018 and the Honorary President of the Red Cross Society of China. He was a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China and head of its Organization Department between 2007 and 2012. From 2002 to 2007, Li served as the Communist Party of China Secretary of Jiangsu, the top leader of an area of significant economic development. Between 2007 and 2017, he held a seat for two terms on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. Once considered a rising political star, Li gradually faded from the political scene."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos", "paragraph_text": "Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos (19 July 1871 \u2013 25 May 1935) was a Dominican political figure. He served as the 4th provisional president of the Dominican Republic between 1922 and 1924 under the U.S. military occupation."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Vice President of the United States Seal of the Vice President Flag of the Vice President Incumbent Mike Pence since January 20, 2017 Legislative branch of the U.S. government Executive branch of the U.S. government Office of the Vice President Style Mr. Vice President (informal) The Honorable (formal) Mr. President (as President of the Senate) His Excellency (international correspondence) Status Second - highest executive branch officer President of the Senate Member of Cabinet National Security Council United States Senate (Ex officio) Residence Number One Observatory Circle Seat Washington, D.C. Nominator President of the United States, Political parties Appointer Electoral College of the United States Term length 4 years, no term limit Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4, 1789 (229 years ago) (1789 - 03 - 04) First holder John Adams April 21, 1789 Succession First Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate (in the Senate) Salary US $230,700 annually Website www.whitehouse.gov"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In his sophomore year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union, and a year later he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield, who was himself a former President of the Political Union. His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and the New Frontier program. He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society, and traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ugo Cappellacci", "paragraph_text": "Ugo Cappellacci, also known as The Auger (\"it: Trivella)\" (born 27 November 1960 in Cagliari, Italy) is an Italian Sardinian politician and member of the Forza Italia (FI) political party. Cappellacci, a center-right, politician, was elected President of Sardinia in the 2009 regional election, held in February 2009, with 51.9% of the vote, ousting the incumbent left-wing coalition led by Renato Soru, who garnered 42.89%. He took office as President on 27 February 2009. He lost as incumbent to Francesco Pigliaru of the Democratic Party in the 2014 regional election."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "\u00d6zal family", "paragraph_text": "The \u00d6zal family is a political family in Turkey, the most prominent member being Turgut \u00d6zal, the 8th President (1989\u20131993) and Prime Minister of Turkey (1983\u20131989). The family has been active in Turkish politics since the 1970s. \u00d6zal was a popular political figure in Turkey and founded the Motherland Party in 1983, which won the general elections of the same year. After his death in 1993, his son Ahmet \u00d6zal succeeded him as the \"de facto\" patriarch of the family."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The President pro tempore of the United States Senate (also president pro tem) is the second - highest - ranking official of the United States Senate. Article One, Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the Vice President of the United States is, despite not being a U.S. Senator, the President of the Senate, and mandates that the Senate must choose a President pro tempore to act in the Vice President's absence. Unlike the Vice President, the President pro tempore is an elected member of the Senate, able to speak or vote on any issue. Selected by the Senate at large, the President pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers. During the Vice President's absence, the President pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. In practice, neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore usually presides; instead, the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. Senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure."}], "question": "Which person from the party of the president born on the 4th of July won the presidency while carrying Tennessee in 1928?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122962_173005_58590", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Carla Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Carla Taylor (born April 29, 1961) was the head women's basketball coach at Weber State University. In 23 seasons as a head coach, she has amassed a 308-341 record, including a 180-170 mark in Big Sky play. She owns the second most wins in Big Sky history. She was hired as one of the youngest college coach in the nation at age 26."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eric Nicks", "paragraph_text": "Eric Nicks graduated from New York University and began co-managing the sister of his best friend, up and coming rapper, Foxy Brown. In \u201896 Nicks received a call from Lyor Cohen and Chris Lighty, offering him an A&R position at Violator (company) Records and Management where he would help shape the careers of LL Cool J, Busta Rhymes, and Noreaga among others. After spending 5 years at Violator, Lighty named him President of the records division until he stepped off to start a management company, EVision, with LL Cool J as one of his clients."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Raphael Dinyando", "paragraph_text": "Born in Divundu in 1960, Dinyando attended Rundu Secondary School in Rundu in northern Namibia. He studied at the University of Zululand in South Africa from 1982 to 1985 and graduated with a Diploma in Local Government and Administration. He was a SWAPO activist since 1986."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Jo\u00e3o VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mick Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Mick Taylor Taylor performing with The Rolling Stones Background information Birth name Michael Kevin Taylor Also known as Little Mick (1949 - 01 - 17) 17 January 1949 (age 69) Welwyn Garden City, England Genres Rock blues Occupation (s) Musician, singer, songwriter Instruments Guitar Years active 1964 -- present Labels Columbia, Decca, Rolling Stones, Atlantic, EMI, Virgin, CBS, Maze Records Associated acts John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, The Rolling Stones, The Jack Bruce Band, Carla Olson, The Gods, Mike Oldfield"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eric Vanderburg", "paragraph_text": "Vanderburg attended Kent State University earning both a bachelor of Science in Technology and a Masters in Business Administration. He also has a Master of Business Administration (MBA), and pursued a doctorate in information assurance."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Louis F. Moench", "paragraph_text": "Louis Frederick Moench (July 29, 1847 \u2013 April 25, 1916) was the founding president of Weber Stake Academy and the father of education in Northern Utah, on the same level of importance as John R. Park and Karl G. Maeser to the development of education in Utah."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Taylor King", "paragraph_text": "Taylor King (born May 30, 1988) is an American retired professional basketball player. King played for the Villanova University Wildcats, where he played the forward position. King attended Mater Dei High School of Santa Ana, where he enjoyed a successful high school basketball career, posting the third highest career point total in California high school history."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Goodman Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Goodman Stadium is Lehigh University's 16,000-seat stadium located on its Goodman Campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It opened in 1988, replacing Taylor Stadium, which stood in the main academic campus from 1914 until 1987. The former Taylor Stadium site now holds the Rauch Business Center, the Zoellner Arts Center, and a parking garage."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Peter L\u00f6scher", "paragraph_text": "Peter L\u00f6scher graduated from Gymnasium Villach/Austria in 1978 and got a master's degree at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. Later he attended but did not obtain a degree from an MBA program at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and attended the six-week Advanced Management Program (AMP) at Harvard Business School. In 2007 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from Michigan State University."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Climate of Salt Lake City", "paragraph_text": "January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 29.2 \u00b0 F (\u2212 1.6 \u00b0 C). Salt Lake City's record low maximum temperature is 2 \u00b0 F (\u2212 16.7 \u00b0 C), set on December 22, 1990, during an extended period of frigid Arctic air, and its overall record low temperature is \u2212 30 \u00b0 F (\u2212 34.4 \u00b0 C), set on February 9, 1933 during a historic cold air surge from the north. During spring, temperatures warm steadily and rapidly. Wintry weather is usually last experienced by early - to - mid April. Summery weather first arrives in early to mid May; the earliest 90 \u00b0 F (32.2 \u00b0 C) temperature on record was on May 2. Major cold fronts typically stop arriving in late May or early June."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Risa Lavizzo-Mourey", "paragraph_text": "Born in Seattle, Washington, in 1954, Risa Lavizzo-Mourey attended The Bush School and obtained an undergraduate degree at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, her M.D. at Harvard Medical School and completed her internship and residency at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. In 1984, she was named a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania, and received her master of business administration degree in health care administration from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School in 1986. She is master and former regent of the American College of Physicians, where she chaired its committees on ethics and human rights."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nathan C. D. Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Nathan C. D. Taylor (1810 \u2013 March 20, 1887) was a politician from Minnesota Territory and a former member of the Minnesota Territory House of Representatives, representing Taylors Falls, Minnesota. He was born in Belknap County, New Hampshire and also lived in Alton, Illinois for a time. He settled near St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin in 1848 and was also involved in the development of Taylors Falls, Minnesota. He ran a mercantile business in Taylors Falls and was also engaged in the lumber industry. He was twice elected to the Minnesota Territory House of Representatives: first in 1854 (where he also served as speaker) and again in 1856 (in a disputed election with William Wallace Kingsbury). He later served as the treasurer for Chisago County, Minnesota from 1866 to 1876. He died in Taylors Falls in 1887."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Robert Wayman", "paragraph_text": "Robert Wayman attended Northwestern University where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in science engineering and a Master of Business Administration degree."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum (30 acres) is an arboretum and garden located at 10 Ridley Drive, Wallingford, Pennsylvania, United States, along Ridley Creek. It is open daily. Since May 2016 it has been administrated by Widener University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "High School Musical 3: Senior Year", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the musical, Ms. Darbus reveals that both Kelsi and Ryan have won the Juilliard scholarship and tells about everyone's future plans, in which Troy reveals he's chosen University of California, Berkeley so he can be close to Gabriella where he can play basketball and perform in theater. Taylor reveals that she will be attending Yale University with honors to study Political Science, and Sharpay and Chad revealed they would attend the University of Albuquerque, to study Performing Arts and for basketball, respectively. (``We're All in This Together '')."}], "question": "When does it start to cool down in the state that has the university that Carla Taylor attended?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122962_173005_19865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Louis F. Moench", "paragraph_text": "Louis Frederick Moench (July 29, 1847 \u2013 April 25, 1916) was the founding president of Weber Stake Academy and the father of education in Northern Utah, on the same level of importance as John R. Park and Karl G. Maeser to the development of education in Utah."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "BYU College of Health and Human Performance", "paragraph_text": "The BYU College of Health and Human Performance began as the College of Recreation, Physical Education, Health and Athletics in 1955. This college drew the Health, Physical Education and Recreation Department from the College of Education; the Intercollegiate Athletics and Intramural Sports department also from the College of Education; and incorporated the newly formed Scouting Department. The Health, P.E. and Recreation Department was split into four departments, Recreation, Health and Safety, Women's Physical Education and Dance, and Men's Physical Education and Pre-physical Therapy. In 1956 Intercollegiate Athletics and Intramural Sports were split into two programs. These programs were eventually moved outside of the academic structure of BYU to be non-college affiliated parts of the university."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum (30 acres) is an arboretum and garden located at 10 Ridley Drive, Wallingford, Pennsylvania, United States, along Ridley Creek. It is open daily. Since May 2016 it has been administrated by Widener University."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S. News & World Report's \"America\u2019s Best Colleges\" 2016 issue, KU\u2019s School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013. The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82. U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being \"more selective\" and compares it with such universities as the University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University. In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006. BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll (78 percent in 2010)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, the university's Marriott School of Management received a No. 5 ranking by BusinessWeek for its undergraduate programs, and its MBA program was ranked by several sources: No. 22 ranking by BusinessWeek, No. 16 by Forbes, and No. 29 by U.S. News & World Report. Among regional schools the MBA program was ranked No. 1 by The Wall Street Journal's most recent ranking (2007), and it was ranked No. 92 among business schools worldwide in 2009 by Financial Times. For 2009, the university's School of Accountancy, which is housed within the Marriott School, received two No. 3 rankings for its undergraduate program\u2014one by Public Accounting Report and the other by U.S. News & World Report. The same two reporting agencies also ranked the school's MAcc program No. 3 and No. 8 in the nation, respectively. In 2010, an article in the Wall Street Journal listing institutions whose graduates were the top-rated by recruiters ranked BYU No. 11. Using 2010 fiscal year data, the Association of University Technology Managers ranked BYU No. 3 in an evaluation of universities creating the most startup companies through campus research."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bob Schmitz", "paragraph_text": "Robert Joseph Schmitz (September 10, 1938 \u2013 June 8, 2004) was an American football linebacker who played professionally in the National Football League for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Schmitz graduated from New Holstein High School in New Holstein, Wisconsin. He then went on to initially attend college at University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, then at Montana State University where he earned a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world (alongside The University of Cambridge), University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 16th. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active. Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. \"BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world\" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Or\u00e9al National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Carla Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Carla Taylor (born April 29, 1961) was the head women's basketball coach at Weber State University. In 23 seasons as a head coach, she has amassed a 308-341 record, including a 180-170 mark in Big Sky play. She owns the second most wins in Big Sky history. She was hired as one of the youngest college coach in the nation at age 26."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (more than 98 percent) results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms; BYU was ranked by The Princeton Review in 2008 as 14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life. However, the quirkiness and sometimes \"too nice\" culture is often caricatured, for example, in terms of marrying early and being very conservative."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. to offer students study abroad opportunities. The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as tied for 66th for national universities in the United States. A 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study of where the nation's top high school students choose to enroll ranked BYU No. 21 in its peer-reviewed study. The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for college in 2007, and its library is consistently ranked in the nation's top ten \u2014 No. 1 in 2004 and No. 4 in 2007. BYU is also ranked No. 19 in the U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup, and No. 12 in lowest student-incurred debt. Due in part to the school's emphasis on undergraduate research, in rankings for 2008-2009, BYU was ranked No. 10 nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs, No. 1 nationally for students who go on to dental school, No. 6 nationally for students who go on to law school, and No. 10 nationally for students who go on to medical school. BYU is designated as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.]] Forbes Magazine ranked it as the No. 1 \"Top University to Work For in 2014\" and as the best college in Utah."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "The main campus in Provo, Utah, United States sits on approximately 560 acres (2.3 km2) nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 295 buildings. The buildings feature a wide variety of architectural styles, each building being built in the style of its time. The grass, trees, and flower beds on BYU's campus are impeccably maintained. Furthermore, views of the Wasatch Mountains, (including Mount Timpanogos) can be seen from the campus. BYU's Harold B. Lee Library (also known as \"HBLL\"), which The Princeton Review ranked as the No. 1 \"Great College Library\" in 2004, has approximately 8\u00bd million items in its collections, contains 98 miles (158 km) of shelving, and can seat 4,600 people. The Spencer W. Kimball Tower, shortened to SWKT and pronounced Swicket by many students, is home to several of the university's departments and programs and is the tallest building in Provo, Utah. Furthermore, BYU's Marriott Center, used as a basketball arena, can seat over 22,000 and is one of the largest on-campus arenas in the nation. Interestingly absent on the campus of this church owned university is a campus chapel. Notwithstanding, each Sunday LDS Church services for students are conducted on campus, but due to the large number of students attending these services, nearly all of the buildings and possible meeting spaces on campus are utilized (in addition, many students attend services off campus in LDS chapels in the surrounding communities)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James D. Gordon III", "paragraph_text": "James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. (Men typically serve for two-years, while women serve for 18 months.) An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, since \"a significant portion\" of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church's tithing funds."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ellis Clarke", "paragraph_text": "Clarke attended Saint Mary's College, winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938. Ellis Clarke attended University College London of the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port of Spain in 1941, taking up private practice there."}], "question": "Who ranked BYU as the best college in the state where Carla Taylor's university is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122962_173005_60922", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Utah Jazz", "paragraph_text": "The Jazz's attendance declined slightly after the team's move from New Orleans to Utah, due to a late approval for the move (June 1979) and poor marketing in the Salt Lake City area. The team's management made the first of several moves in 1979, bringing high - scoring forward Adrian Dantley to Utah in exchange for Spencer Haywood. Dantley averaged 28.0 points per game during the 1979 -- 80 season, allowing the team to waive Pete Maravich early in the year. The team struggled to a 24 -- 58 mark, but was rewarded with the second overall pick in the 1980 NBA draft, which they used to pick Darrell Griffith of Louisville, another piece of the rebuilding puzzle."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alvin Alcorn", "paragraph_text": "Alcorn was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He learned music from his brother, though not much is known about his youth. He played freelance in New Orleans in the late 1920s and early 1930s; he appears with Armand J. Piron's Sunny South Syncopators in 1930-31. He toured with Don Albert from 1932\u201337, but this ensemble only did one recording date and Alcorn does not solo on it. He returned to New Orleans in 1937, playing in the groups of Paul Barbarin, Sidney Desvigne, Oscar Celestin (1951), and Octave Crosby. He then moved to Los Angeles in 1954, where he played with Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band between 1954-56. Returning once again to New Orleans, he played regularly in local ensembles, and occasionally accompanied bands such as Chris Barber's on tours of Europe. He was a member of Louis Cottrell, Jr.'s Heritage Hall Jazz Band."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Louis F. Moench", "paragraph_text": "Louis Frederick Moench (July 29, 1847 \u2013 April 25, 1916) was the founding president of Weber Stake Academy and the father of education in Northern Utah, on the same level of importance as John R. Park and Karl G. Maeser to the development of education in Utah."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ryan Molloy", "paragraph_text": "Originally from North Shields in Tyneside, he attended Monkseaton High School. He left high school at the age of 16 in 1989. Molloy later moved to London to train as an actor. He attended The Poor School; and later also trained at the University of California, Los Angeles and New York City."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Santo Pecora", "paragraph_text": "Santo Pecora (born Santo Pecoraro, March 21, 1902, New Orleans \u2013 May 29, 1984, New Orleans) was an American jazz trombonist known for his longtime association with the New Orleans jazz scene. His nickname was \"Mr. Tailgate\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jazz Age", "paragraph_text": "From 1919, Kid Ory's Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans played in San Francisco and Los Angeles, where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band of New Orleans origin to make recordings. That year also saw the first recording by Bessie Smith, the most famous of the 1920s blues singers. Chicago, meanwhile, was the main center developing the new ``Hot Jazz '', where King Oliver joined Bill Johnson. Bix Beiderbecke formed The Wolverines in 1924."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Andrew Kaslow", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Kaslow attended Columbia University where he earned a B.A., a master's degree (M.A.) in Music and Music Education, and a Doctorate in Anthropology Ph.D.), with a specialization in ethnomusicology, African-American culture, and urban social networks. He also attended the Institut d'Etudes Politiques in Paris. Kaslow studied piano and clarinet in his early years, and later studied saxophone with legendary musicians Jimmy Heath, Eddie Barefield, Lee Konitz, and Eddie Daniels. He also studied flute with NY Philharmonic virtuoso John Wummer. Between 1973 and 1976 Kaslow played in various Ska, Calypso and Salsa bands throughout New York City. In the summer of 1974, under the auspices of the Columbia University School of International Affairs' Latin American Institute, he conducted fieldwork in Jamaica, researching the roots of reggae, and authored an ethnography about the social networks of the Jamaican musical community, later publishing a seminal article in Sing Out! Magazine on the subject. After moving to New Orleans in 1977 with his wife at the time Allison Miner, Kaslow began playing saxophone for and working as band leader and arranger to New Orleans piano legend Professor Longhair. Kaslow is credited with co-producing and playing on the seminal album of Longhair's career, Crawfish Fiesta. Kaslow also toured as a backing musician for James Booker and Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown until 1981. He was also on the faculty of the University of New Orleans Department of Anthropology and Geography as an assistant professor of anthropology, and was a researcher and writer for the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service's Jean Lafitte National Historical Park."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Utah Jazz", "paragraph_text": "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Western Conference Northwest Division. Since 1991, the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena. The franchise began play in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz (as a tribute to New Orleans' history of originating Jazz music), an expansion team based in New Orleans; the Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bud Scott", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Budd Scott (January 11, 1890\u00a0\u2013 July 2, 1949) was an American jazz guitarist, banjoist and singer. He was one of the earliest musicians associated with the New Orleans jazz scene. As a violinist he performed with James Reese Europe's Clef Club Orchestra at a historic 1912 concert at Carnegie Hall, and the following year worked with Europe's ensemble on the first jazz recordings on the Victor label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Andy Blakeney", "paragraph_text": "Andy Blakeney (June 10, 1898, Quitman, Mississippi \u2013 February 12, 1992, Baldwin Park, California) was an American jazz trumpeter. He was a fixture of the New Orleans jazz scene for decades."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "James Reese (author)", "paragraph_text": "James Reese is American author born on November 21, 1964 in Patchogue, New York. He attended the University of Notre Dame, and has an MA in Theatre from SUNY Stony Brook. Having lived in New Orleans and Key West, Florida, Reese now divides his time between St. Petersburg, Florida, and Paris, France."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Edna Karr High School", "paragraph_text": "Edna Karr High School is a public, open enrollment, coeducational charter school in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The school is a college preparatory high school and is a part of InspireNOLA Charter Schools and the New Orleans Public School System (NOPS). Edna Karr High School is located in Algiers, a small community of New Orleans located on the west bank of the Mississippi River in Orleans Parish."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Johnny Stein", "paragraph_text": "Following their departure he put together an entirely new band to finish his contract at the Schiller. Shortly after this he moved to New York City and played with Jimmy Durante's Original New Orleans Jazz Band in 1918-1920, also recording with them on Gennett Records. He continued to lead bands and play as a sideman in New York and Chicago until 1961, when he returned to New Orleans. He died there the following year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Bright Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "The Bright Mississippi is an album by New Orleans Jazz and R&B pianist Allen Toussaint released on Nonesuch Records in 2009."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Carla Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Carla Taylor (born April 29, 1961) was the head women's basketball coach at Weber State University. In 23 seasons as a head coach, she has amassed a 308-341 record, including a 180-170 mark in Big Sky play. She owns the second most wins in Big Sky history. She was hired as one of the youngest college coach in the nation at age 26."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of the New Orleans Saints", "paragraph_text": "The biggest news of the 1984 season was that John Mecom, the owner of the team for almost 20 years, was putting them up for sale. Speculation was rife that a new owner might move the Saints out of New Orleans, namely Jacksonville, Florida. But on May 31, 1985, negotiations were finalized to sell the team to Tom Benson, a native New Orleanian who owned numerous car dealerships throughout the New Orleans area. The team's future in New Orleans was safe for the time being."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Walter Payton (musician)", "paragraph_text": "Payton died in his hometown of New Orleans, after an illness, aged 68. He was the father of jazz trumpet player Nicholas Payton."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richard Taylor (colonel)", "paragraph_text": "Taylor was born in Orange County, Virginia in 1744 to Zachary Taylor and Elizabeth Lee. He was a graduate of the College of William and Mary. In 1769 he explored the Ohio River and Mississippi River with his older brother, Hancock Taylor, travelling from Pittsburgh to New Orleans."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum (30 acres) is an arboretum and garden located at 10 Ridley Drive, Wallingford, Pennsylvania, United States, along Ridley Creek. It is open daily. Since May 2016 it has been administrated by Widener University."}], "question": "When did the New Orleans Jazz move to the state where Carla Taylor's university is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122962_173005_92205", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Salt Sulphur Springs, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Salt Sulphur Springs is an unincorporated community in Monroe County, West Virginia, United States. Salt Sulphur Springs is located on U.S. Route 219 southwest of Union."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "High School Musical 3: Senior Year", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the musical, Ms. Darbus reveals that both Kelsi and Ryan have won the Juilliard scholarship and tells about everyone's future plans, in which Troy reveals he's chosen University of California, Berkeley so he can be close to Gabriella where he can play basketball and perform in theater. Taylor reveals that she will be attending Yale University with honors to study Political Science, and Sharpay and Chad revealed they would attend the University of Albuquerque, to study Performing Arts and for basketball, respectively. (``We're All in This Together '')."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Raphael Dinyando", "paragraph_text": "Born in Divundu in 1960, Dinyando attended Rundu Secondary School in Rundu in northern Namibia. He studied at the University of Zululand in South Africa from 1982 to 1985 and graduated with a Diploma in Local Government and Administration. He was a SWAPO activist since 1986."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Carla Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Carla Taylor (born April 29, 1961) was the head women's basketball coach at Weber State University. In 23 seasons as a head coach, she has amassed a 308-341 record, including a 180-170 mark in Big Sky play. She owns the second most wins in Big Sky history. She was hired as one of the youngest college coach in the nation at age 26."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Memorial Arboretum (30 acres) is an arboretum and garden located at 10 Ridley Drive, Wallingford, Pennsylvania, United States, along Ridley Creek. It is open daily. Since May 2016 it has been administrated by Widener University."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Strataca", "paragraph_text": "Strataca is a salt mine museum in Hutchinson, Kansas, United States. It was previously known as the \"Kansas Underground Salt Museum\". The museum is built within one of the world's largest deposits of rock salt and provides the opportunity to go beneath the Earth\u2019s surface. It is a unique destination attraction for exploring an environment carved from salt deposits formed 275 million years ago. The museum is located in the Hutchinson Salt Company mine which began operation in 1923 as Carey Salt Company. There are 14 other salt mines in the United States, but none of them are accessible to tourists."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Joe T. Ford", "paragraph_text": "Joe T. Ford graduated from the University of Arkansas in 1959 with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. While attending Arkansas, he was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Citt\u00e0 Studi", "paragraph_text": "Citt\u00e0 Studi (literally, \"city of the studies\") is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy, located within the Zone 3 administrative division. Its name comes from the fact that the Politecnico technical university, as well as most technical and scientific branches of the University of Milan, are based in this area. The area also houses several prominent hospitals of Milan, including the IRCCS National Cancer Foundation and the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Robert Wayman", "paragraph_text": "Robert Wayman attended Northwestern University where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in science engineering and a Master of Business Administration degree."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "NORC at the University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "NORC at the University of Chicago is one of the largest independent social research organizations in the United States. Established in 1941 as the National Opinion Research Center, its corporate headquarters is located in downtown Chicago, with offices in several other locations throughout the United States. Organized as an independent corporation, more than half its board comes from faculty and administration of the university, it also jointly staffs some university academic research centers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Louis F. Moench", "paragraph_text": "Louis Frederick Moench (July 29, 1847 \u2013 April 25, 1916) was the founding president of Weber Stake Academy and the father of education in Northern Utah, on the same level of importance as John R. Park and Karl G. Maeser to the development of education in Utah."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Peter L\u00f6scher", "paragraph_text": "Peter L\u00f6scher graduated from Gymnasium Villach/Austria in 1978 and got a master's degree at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. Later he attended but did not obtain a degree from an MBA program at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and attended the six-week Advanced Management Program (AMP) at Harvard Business School. In 2007 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from Michigan State University."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Great Salt Lake", "paragraph_text": "Great Salt Lake contributes an estimated $1.3 billion annually to Utah's economy, including $1.1 billion from industry (primarily mineral extraction), $136 million from recreation, and $57 million from the harvest of brine shrimp."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nathan C. D. Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Nathan C. D. Taylor (1810 \u2013 March 20, 1887) was a politician from Minnesota Territory and a former member of the Minnesota Territory House of Representatives, representing Taylors Falls, Minnesota. He was born in Belknap County, New Hampshire and also lived in Alton, Illinois for a time. He settled near St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin in 1848 and was also involved in the development of Taylors Falls, Minnesota. He ran a mercantile business in Taylors Falls and was also engaged in the lumber industry. He was twice elected to the Minnesota Territory House of Representatives: first in 1854 (where he also served as speaker) and again in 1856 (in a disputed election with William Wallace Kingsbury). He later served as the treasurer for Chisago County, Minnesota from 1866 to 1876. He died in Taylors Falls in 1887."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eddie Long", "paragraph_text": "Long was born in Huntersville, North Carolina, on May 12, 1953, the son of the Rev. Floyd M. Long, Jr. and Hattie Long. He attended North Carolina Central University in Durham, North Carolina, where he received a bachelor's degree in Business Administration in 1977. In 2008, Long donated $1 million to the university to establish a professorship in his name, saying \"I am making (the donation) from my own personal income,\" which comes from various real estate ventures and also as royalties from his books. Long then worked as a factory sales representative for the Ford Motor Corporation, but was fired after he submitted expense reports that included personal telephone calls."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Fitzpatrick", "paragraph_text": "Mount Fitzpatrick () is located in the Salt River Range in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The peak is the highest in the Salt River Range."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eric Vanderburg", "paragraph_text": "Vanderburg attended Kent State University earning both a bachelor of Science in Technology and a Masters in Business Administration. He also has a Master of Business Administration (MBA), and pursued a doctorate in information assurance."}], "question": "Where in the state that includes the university Carla Taylor attended does the salt come from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__167001_344608_437577", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fateh Ali Khan (Qawwali singer)", "paragraph_text": "Fateh Ali Khan was the leader of his family's Qawwali party but they were billed as Fateh Ali Khan, Mubarak Ali Khan & Party. Mubarak Ali Khan, his brother, shared both singing and harmonium-playing duties with him. They were regarded as among the foremost exponents of Qawwali in their time. They are credited with popularizing the poetry of Allama Iqbal through their singing. Iqbal's poetry was regarded as difficult to set musical tunes to, and while he was highly admired in academic circles and by intellectuals, Allama Iqbal did not have much of a popular following yet among the common people mainly due to the radio broadcasting technology still under development back then in British India. Fateh Ali Khan and Mubarak Ali Khan, more than anyone else, helped Iqbal achieve popular success as well:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fateh Singh (Sikhism)", "paragraph_text": "Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji (12 December 1699 \u2013 26 December 1705) was the fourth and youngest son of Guru Gobind Singh. He and his older brother, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh are among the most hallowed martyrs in Sikhism. He is also known as \"Baba\" Fateh Singh. The term \"Baba\" is used in India for an elder who is respected for his wisdom."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "NITI Aayog", "paragraph_text": "Vice Chairperson: Rajiv Kumar Ex-Officio Members: Rajnath Singh, Arun Jaitley, Suresh Prabhu and Radha Mohan Singh Special Invitees: Nitin Gadkari, Prakash Javadekar and Thawar Chand Gehlot Full - time Members: Bibek Debroy (Economist), V.K. Saraswat (former DRDO Chief), Ramesh Chand (Agriculture Expert) and Dr. Vinod Paul (Public Health expert) Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Amitabh Kant Governing Council: All Chief Ministers of States (and Delhi and Puducherry) and Lieutenant Governors of remaining Union Territories. Core Committee: Dr. Somdutta Singh"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Michelangelo", "paragraph_text": "Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese, known today as Caprese Michelangelo, a small town situated in Valtiberina, near Arezzo, Tuscany. For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence; but the bank failed, and his father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, briefly took a government post in Caprese, where Michelangelo was born. At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the town's Judicial administrator and podest\u00e0 or local administrator of Chiusi della Verna. Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Mathilde of Canossa\u2014a claim that remains unproven, but which Michelangelo believed.Several months after Michelangelo's birth, the family returned to Florence, where he was raised. During his mother's later prolonged illness, and after her death in 1481 (when he was six years old), Michelangelo lived with a nanny and her husband, a stonecutter, in the town of Settignano, where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm. There he gained his love for marble. As Giorgio Vasari quotes him:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gaj Singh", "paragraph_text": "Gaj Singh is the son of Maharaja Hanwant Singh of Jodhpur by his first wife, Maharani Krishna Kumari of Dhrangadhra. He succeeded to the titles and dignities of his father when only four years of age, in 1952, when his father died suddenly in a plane crash. He was enthroned shortly afterwards."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Islamia College University", "paragraph_text": "Haji Sahib of Turangzai, the most famous Pukhtun religious leader of the time was requested by Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum to lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. Haji Sahib agreed to the request, however, he had been declared a proclaimed offender by the British for his anti-British activities and his entry was banned into British controlled territory. He was residing in tribal territory, which was outside British control, so Nawab Sahib prevailed upon Sir George Roos - Keppel and the British to permit Haji Sahib to enter British controlled territory for one day so he could lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. The British agreed to this request with the understanding that Haji Sahib would return to tribal territory once he had laid the foundation stone. Haji Sahib was permitted to enter British controlled territory for the ceremony and spent the night in the 'Pokh' Mosque of Tehkal. At the foundation stone laying ceremony, Sir Roos Keppel and other British officials were present, so Haji Sahib hid his face in his sheet (Chadar) from them and was led by Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim to the place where he was to lay the foundation stone. After laying the stone Haji Sahib went to Tehkal and then returned to the tribal territory."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Patna Police", "paragraph_text": "Patna Police (Hindi: \u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0938) is the police service responsible for law enforcement within Patna district, including the capital city of Patna in an Indian state of Bihar. Patna Police is the largest police service in the state. Its headquarters are at Gandhi Maidan Marg in Patna."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jujhar Singh", "paragraph_text": "Sahibzada Jujhar Singh (14 March 1691 \u2013 22 December 1705), the second son of Guru Gobind Singh, was born to Mata Jito at Anandpur Sahib. This event is now celebrated on April 9 each year according to the Nanakshahi Calendar)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh", "paragraph_text": "About three kilometers east of Takht Sri Harmandir Sahib is where Guru Tegh Bahadur first alighted in a garden (bagh) belonging to Nawabs Rahim Bakhsh and Karim Bakhsh, nobles of Patna, and where the sangat of Patna along with the young Guru Gobind Singh came out to receive him back from his four-year-long odyssey. A shrine commemorative of the first meeting of Tegh Bahadur and Gobind Singh was established here. Its present building was constructed during the 1970s and 1980s. An old well which is still in use and a dried stump of the Imli tree under which the sangat met Guru Tegh Bahadur still exists."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Punjab and Haryana High Court", "paragraph_text": "Designation Name Court No Chief Justice Krishna Murari Justice Ajay Kumar Mittal Justice Surya Kant Justice T.P.S. Mann Justice Mahesh Grover Justice Rajesh Bindal 7 Justice M.M. Singh Bedi 8 Justice A.B. Chaudhari 9 Justice Rakesh Kumar Jain 13 Justice Jaswant Singh 14 Justice Daya Chaudhary 10 Justice Rajan Gupta 50 Justice Ajay Tewari 29 Justice Jitendra Chauhan 12 Justice Augustine George Masih 51 Justice Ritu Bahri 22 Justice Rajiv Narain Raina 25 Justice Tejinder Singh Dhindsa 53 Justice Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia 15 Justice Rekha Mittal 21 Justice Inderjit Singh 63 Justice Amol Rattan Singh 55 Justice Anita Chaudhry 58 Justice Fateh Deep Singh 16 Justice Jaspal Singh 23 Justice Surinder Gupta 19 Justice Sudip Ahluwalia 52 Justice Harinder Singh Sidhu 17 Justice Arun Palli 26 Justice Kuldip Singh 20 Justice Lisa Gill 61 Justice B.S. Walia 37 Justice Raj Mohan Singh 57 Justice Jaishree Thakur 59 Justice Amit Rawal 28 Justice Deepak Sibal 36 Justice Hari Pal Verma 24 Justice Anupinder Singh Grewal 56 Justice Dr. Shekher Dhawan 38 Justice P.B. Bajanthri 18 Justice Ramendra Jain 27 Justice Harminder Singh Madaan 65 Justice Raj Shekhar Attri 62 Justice Gurvinder Singh Gill 54 Justice Arvind Singh Sangwan 67 Justice Rajbir Sehrawat 39 Justice Anil Kshetarpal 41 Justice Avneesh Jhingan 42 Justice Mahabir Singh Sindhu 64 Justice Sudhir Mittal 66"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "National Mathematics Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "In India, the day 'December 22 has been declared as the National Mathematics Day. The Declaration was made by Dr Manmohan Singh, Former Prime Minister of India, during the inaugural ceremony of the celebrations to mark the 125th birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan held at the Madras University Centenary Auditorium on 26 February 2012. Dr Manmohan Singh also announced that the year 2012 would be celebrated as the National Mathematics Year."}], "question": "In which district was Sahibzada Fateh Singh's father born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__827519_97515_50634", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "God of War: Ascension", "paragraph_text": "God of War: Ascension is a third-person action-adventure video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE). The game was first released on March 12, 2013, for the PlayStation 3 (PS3) console. It is the seventh installment in the \"God of War\" series and prequel to the entire series. Loosely based on Greek mythology, the game is set in ancient Greece with vengeance as its central motif. The player controls the protagonist Kratos, the former servant of the God of War Ares, who tricked Kratos into killing his wife and daughter. In response to this tragedy, Kratos renounced Ares, breaking his blood oath to the god. Kratos was therefore imprisoned and tortured by the three Furies, guardians of honor and enforcers of punishment. Helped by the oath keeper Orkos, Kratos escapes his imprisonment and confronts the Furies to be completely free of his bond to Ares."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tennis scoring system", "paragraph_text": "A set is won by the first side to win 6 games, with a margin of at least 2 games over the other side (e.g. 6 -- 3 or 7 -- 5). There is usually a tie - break if the set is tied at six games per player."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or \"AUMF\" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. The Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng, also known as Front national de lib\u00e9ration du Sud - Vi\u00eat Nam or FNL (the National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare, and had launched armed struggles from 1959 onward. U.S. involvement escalated in 1960 under President John F. Kennedy, with troop levels gradually surging under the MAAG program from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Breaks of the Game", "paragraph_text": "The Breaks of the Game is a 1981 sports book written by Pulitzer Prize winning reporter David Halberstam about the Portland Trail Blazers' 1979\u20131980 season. The Trail Blazers are a professional basketball team which plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Aside from a recap of the Blazers' season, the book attempts to give a detailed history of the NBA, the 1976\u201377 Portland Trail Blazers championship team, the injuries faced by departed star Bill Walton, and the life of Kermit Washington after his two-month suspension for punching Rudy Tomjanovich. The book also puts basketball into a social context and contains extensive discussion on race in the NBA."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hornet Flight", "paragraph_text": "Hornet Flight is a Second World War-based spy thriller written by British author Ken Follett. It was published in 2002 by Macmillan in the UK and Dutton in the US."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890\u20131910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913\u201315 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dhanushkodi Tirtham", "paragraph_text": "Dhanushkodi Tirtham is one of the Tirthas in the island of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India. This is located beside the ghost town of Dhanushkodi at the easternmost tip of Rameswaram Island. Rama used his bow's (Dhanush) end (Kodi) to break the bridge - Adam's Bridge (hence the name). This bridge was used for his army to cross over to Lanka for the victorious war against Ravana."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Not Enough Rope", "paragraph_text": "Not Enough Rope were a five piece folk-rock band that came from Perth, starting in 1994 before their break-up in 2001."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Maze War", "paragraph_text": "Maze War (also known as The Maze Game, Maze Wars, Mazewar or simply Maze) is a 1973 computer game which originated or disseminated a number of concepts used in thousands of games to follow, and is considered one of the earliest examples of, or progenitor of, a first-person shooter. Uncertainty exists over its exact release date, with some accounts placing it before \"Spasim\", the earliest first-person shooter with a known time of publication."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gordon Welchman", "paragraph_text": "William Gordon Welchman (15 June 1906 \u2013 8 October 1985) was an English mathematician, university professor, Second World War codebreaker at Bletchley Park and author. After the war he moved to the US, and later took American citizenship."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Referee (association football)", "paragraph_text": "In association football, the referee is the person responsible for enforcing the Laws of the Game during the course of a match. He or she is the final decision - making authority on all facts connected with play, and is the only official on the pitch with the authority to start and stop play and impose disciplinary action against players during a match. At most levels of play the referee is assisted by two assistant referees (formerly known as linesmen), who are empowered to advise the referee in certain situations such as the ball leaving play or infringements of the Laws of the Game occurring out of the view of the referee; however, the assistant referees' decisions are not binding and the referee has authority to overrule an assistant referee. At higher levels of play the referee may also be assisted by a fourth official who supervises the teams' technical areas and assists the referee with administrative tasks."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Spring Break Challenge", "paragraph_text": "Spring Break Challenge is a one-off MTV reality game show spun off from MTV's long-running reality game show, \"The Challenge\". The spin-off series was somewhat cast-contestant dependent on \"The Challenge\" in that the \"Spring Break Challenge\" used various contestants from the precursor program. (To date, \"The Challenge\" has only used one contestant from \"Spring Break Challenge\".) \"Spring Break Challenge\" is also cast-contestant dependent on MTV's two flagship reality programs, \"The Real World\" and the now cancelled series \"Road Rules\". As with \"The Challenge\", T. J. Lavin was the host of \"Spring Break Challenge\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Raskulls", "paragraph_text": "Raskulls is an action platform game video game developed by Halfbrick Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade. It was released on December 29, 2010. In \"Raskulls\", players must navigate through platform-based levels filled with blocks of varying shape and size. The characters must use their brick-breaking wands to create the fastest route to the end of the level."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Halberstam", "paragraph_text": "David Halberstam (April 10, 1934 April 23, 2007) was an American journalist and historian, known for his work on the Vietnam War, politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement, business, media, American culture, and later, sports journalism. He won a Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1964. Halberstam was killed in a car crash in 2007, while doing research for a book."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chevrolet Avalanche", "paragraph_text": "The Chevrolet Avalanche was a four - door, five or six passenger pickup truck sharing GM's long - wheelbase chassis used on the Chevrolet Suburban and Cadillac Escalade ESV. Breaking with a long - standing tradition, the Avalanche was not available as a GMC, but only as a Chevrolet. Production of the Avalanche started in September 2001 and ended April 2013; producing two generations in its lifespan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Aerial warfare", "paragraph_text": "Airplanes were put to use for war starting in 1911, initially for aerial reconnaissance, and then for aerial combat to shoot down the recon planes. Aircraft continued to carry out these roles during World War I, but the use of planes and zeppelins for strategic bombing emerged in World War I."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Computer Fraud and Abuse Act", "paragraph_text": "The original 1984 bill was enacted in response to concern that computer - related crimes might go unpunished. The House Committee Report to the original computer crime bill characterized the 1983 techno - thriller film WarGames -- in which a young Matthew Broderick breaks into a U.S. military supercomputer programmed to predict possible outcomes of nuclear war and unwittingly almost starts World War III -- as ``a realistic representation of the automatic dialing and access capabilities of the personal computer. ''"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "19XX: The War Against Destiny", "paragraph_text": "19XX: The War Against Destiny is a vertical scrolling shooter arcade game released by Capcom in 1996. The story takes place before a fictional war (\"19XX\") as a lone pilot tries to defeat an entire army/evil organization from starting another World War, which soon escalates to a nuclear apocalypse."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Association football", "paragraph_text": "In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays. A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as \"kicks from the penalty mark\") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score)."}], "question": "When did the war the author of The Breaks of the Game participated in start for the US?"}
{"id": "3hop1__699869_97515_50634", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Fifties (book)", "paragraph_text": "The Fifties (1993) is a history book by David Halberstam centered on the decade of the 1950s in the United States. Rather than using a straightforward linear narrative, Halberstam separately profiles many of the notable trends and people of the post-World War II era, starting with Harry Truman's stunning Presidential victory in 1948 against Thomas E. Dewey. Halberstam chronicles political and cultural trends during the decade, including the beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement and the Cold War, the creation of rock and roll via the rise of Elvis Presley, the introduction of fast food and mass marketing via the rise of McDonald's, the Holiday Inn hotel chain, the transformation of General Motors into the center of new car culture through the work of designer Harley Earl, the beginnings of the sexual revolution with the creation of the birth control pill, and the beginnings of the American counterculture through the emergence of actors Marlon Brando and James Dean and Beat Generation writers Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. The book ends with an account of the first televised debate between Richard Nixon and John Kennedy, serving as a prelude to the 1960s."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Le Crapouillot", "paragraph_text": "Le Crapouillot was a French magazine started by Jean Galtier-Boissi\u00e8re as a satiric publication in France, during World War I. In the trenches during World War I, the affectionate term for \"le petit crapaud\", \"the little toad\" was used by French soldiers, the \"poilus\", to designate small trench-mortars."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The US's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gordon Welchman", "paragraph_text": "William Gordon Welchman (15 June 1906 \u2013 8 October 1985) was an English mathematician, university professor, Second World War codebreaker at Bletchley Park and author. After the war he moved to the US, and later took American citizenship."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fifty Shades of Grey", "paragraph_text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E.L. James, originally a Twilight fan fiction with Christian Grey as a non-vampire Edward Cullen and Anastasia Steele as a wan, gamine Bella Swan. It is the first instalment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey. It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage / discipline, dominance / submission, and sadism / masochism (BDSM). Originally self - published as an ebook and a print - on - demand, publishing rights were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "David Halberstam", "paragraph_text": "David Halberstam (April 10, 1934 April 23, 2007) was an American journalist and historian, known for his work on the Vietnam War, politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement, business, media, American culture, and later, sports journalism. He won a Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1964. Halberstam was killed in a car crash in 2007, while doing research for a book."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hornet Flight", "paragraph_text": "Hornet Flight is a Second World War-based spy thriller written by British author Ken Follett. It was published in 2002 by Macmillan in the UK and Dutton in the US."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890\u20131910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913\u201315 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Declaration of war by the United States", "paragraph_text": "For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says ``Congress shall have power to... declare War ''. However, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a`` declaration of war'' nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In the courts, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in Doe v. Bush, said: ``(T) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war. ''in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional`` Declaration of War'' was not required by the Constitution."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Genevi\u00e8ve Hasenohr", "paragraph_text": "Genevi\u00e8ve Hasenohr (born 3 July 1942) is a French philologist and prolific scholar of medieval and Renaissance French literature. She has authored or contributed to more than forty books, written at least fifty academic articles and reviews, and prepared numerous scholarly editions."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fifty Shades of Grey", "paragraph_text": "Fifty Shades of Grey 2012 paperback cover Author E.L. James Country United Kingdom Language English Series Fifty Shades trilogy Genre Erotic romance Published 20 June 2011 (Vintage Books) Media type Print (Hardcover, paperback) Pages 514 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61213 - 028 - 6 OCLC 780307033 Followed by Fifty Shades Darker"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Moment in Peking", "paragraph_text": "Moment in Peking is a novel originally written in English by Chinese author Lin Yutang. The novel, Lin's first, covers the turbulent events in China from 1900 to 1938, including the Boxer Uprising, the Republican Revolution of 1911, the Warlord Era, the rise of nationalism and communism, and the start of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ferguson Municipal Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Ferguson Municipal Public Library was founded in June 1930 as a volunteer community library. The Missouri Library Commission contacted Chapter FH of the P.E.O. Sisterhood about starting a public library in Ferguson and the Kirkwood Public Library provided guidance and gifted fifty books."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fifty Shades of Grey (film)", "paragraph_text": "It is the first film in the Fifty Shades film series and was followed by two sequels, Fifty Shades Darker (2017) and Fifty Shades Freed (2018)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or \"AUMF\" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "War Made Easy: How Presidents & Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death", "paragraph_text": "War Made Easy: How Presidents & Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death is a 2007 American documentary film. The film is narrated by Sean Penn and is adapted from the book of the same name, authored by Norman Solomon."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hieronymus of Cardia", "paragraph_text": "He wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323\u2013272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.\u2013xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "David Breakenridge Read", "paragraph_text": "David Breakenridge Read (13 June 1823 \u2013 11 May 1904) was a Canadian lawyer, educator, author, and Mayor of Toronto in 1858. Read was Mayor of Toronto from November 11, 1858 to December 31, 1858. He served a mere 50 fifty days, thus making him the shortest serving Mayor of that city."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gulf War", "paragraph_text": "Iraq's government made no secret that it would attack if invaded. Prior to the war's start, in the aftermath of the failed US\u2013Iraq peace talks in Geneva, Switzerland, a reporter asked Iraq's English-speaking Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz: \"Mr. Foreign Minister, if war starts ... will you attack?\" His response was: \"Yes, absolutely, yes.\"Five hours after the first attacks, Iraq's state radio broadcast declaring that \"The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins.\" Iraq fired eight missiles the next day. These missile attacks were to continue throughout the war. A total of 88 Scud missiles were fired by Iraq during the war's seven weeks."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. The Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng, also known as Front national de lib\u00e9ration du Sud - Vi\u00eat Nam or FNL (the National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare, and had launched armed struggles from 1959 onward. U.S. involvement escalated in 1960 under President John F. Kennedy, with troop levels gradually surging under the MAAG program from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963."}], "question": "When did the war that The Fifties' author was in start for the US?"}
{"id": "3hop1__124932_344608_437577", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "NITI Aayog", "paragraph_text": "Vice Chairperson: Rajiv Kumar Ex-Officio Members: Rajnath Singh, Arun Jaitley, Suresh Prabhu and Radha Mohan Singh Special Invitees: Nitin Gadkari, Prakash Javadekar and Thawar Chand Gehlot Full - time Members: Bibek Debroy (Economist), V.K. Saraswat (former DRDO Chief), Ramesh Chand (Agriculture Expert) and Dr. Vinod Paul (Public Health expert) Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Amitabh Kant Governing Council: All Chief Ministers of States (and Delhi and Puducherry) and Lieutenant Governors of remaining Union Territories. Core Committee: Dr. Somdutta Singh"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "National Mathematics Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "In India, the day 'December 22 has been declared as the National Mathematics Day. The Declaration was made by Dr Manmohan Singh, Former Prime Minister of India, during the inaugural ceremony of the celebrations to mark the 125th birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan held at the Madras University Centenary Auditorium on 26 February 2012. Dr Manmohan Singh also announced that the year 2012 would be celebrated as the National Mathematics Year."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gojra Tehsil", "paragraph_text": "Gojra () is a tehsil in Toba Tek Singh District, Punjab, Pakistan. The tehsil covers an area of 1,115\u00a0km\u00b2, and is administratively subdivided into 24 Union Councils, six of which form the tehsil capital Gojra."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh", "paragraph_text": "About three kilometers east of Takht Sri Harmandir Sahib is where Guru Tegh Bahadur first alighted in a garden (bagh) belonging to Nawabs Rahim Bakhsh and Karim Bakhsh, nobles of Patna, and where the sangat of Patna along with the young Guru Gobind Singh came out to receive him back from his four-year-long odyssey. A shrine commemorative of the first meeting of Tegh Bahadur and Gobind Singh was established here. Its present building was constructed during the 1970s and 1980s. An old well which is still in use and a dried stump of the Imli tree under which the sangat met Guru Tegh Bahadur still exists."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jujhar Singh", "paragraph_text": "Sahibzada Jujhar Singh (14 March 1691 \u2013 22 December 1705), the second son of Guru Gobind Singh, was born to Mata Jito at Anandpur Sahib. This event is now celebrated on April 9 each year according to the Nanakshahi Calendar)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Patna Police", "paragraph_text": "Patna Police (Hindi: \u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0938) is the police service responsible for law enforcement within Patna district, including the capital city of Patna in an Indian state of Bihar. Patna Police is the largest police service in the state. Its headquarters are at Gandhi Maidan Marg in Patna."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}], "question": "The birthplace of the dad of Jujhar Singh is located in which district?"}
{"id": "3hop2__16419_38022_34233", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Milli-", "paragraph_text": "Milli - (symbol m) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one thousandth (10). Proposed in 1793 and adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin mille, meaning ``one thousand ''(the Latin plural is milia). Since 1960, the prefix is part of the International System of Units (SI)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deci-", "paragraph_text": "Deci - (symbol d) is a decimal unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one tenth. Proposed in 1793 and adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin decimus, meaning ``tenth ''. Since 1960, the prefix is part of the International System of Units (SI). Its most frequent use, however, is in a non-SI unit, the decibel, used to measure sound intensity (relative to a reference) and many other ratios."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0581\u056b), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tajikistan at the 2006 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "Tajikistan participated at the 2006 Asian Games held in Doha from December 1 to December 15, 2006. Tajikistan ranked 24th with 2 gold medals in this edition of the Asiad."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Time", "paragraph_text": "Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based system, adopted to replace \"Greenwich Mean Time\" in 1928 by the International Astronomical Union. Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954, though the location is still used as the basis for the coordinate system. Because the rotational period of Earth is not perfectly constant, the duration of a second would vary if calibrated to a telescope-based standard like GMT or UT\u2014in which a second was defined as a fraction of a day or year. The terms \"GMT\" and \"Greenwich Mean Time\" are sometimes used informally to refer to UT or UTC."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "South Carolina in the American Civil War", "paragraph_text": "On November 10, 1860 the S.C. General Assembly called for a ``Convention of the People of South Carolina ''to consider secession. Delegates were to be elected on December 6. The secession convention convened in Columbia on December 17 and voted unanimously, 169 - 0, to declare secession from the United States. The convention then adjourned to Charleston to draft an ordinance of secession. When the ordinance was adopted on December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first slave state in the south to declare that it had seceded from the United States. James Buchanan, the United States president, declared the ordinance illegal but did not act to stop it."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", "paragraph_text": "Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization, countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented. In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration, which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies: via compulsory licensing or parallel imports, even before patent expiration."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "War Resisters' International", "paragraph_text": "\"War Resisters' International\" was founded in Bilthoven, Netherlands in 1921 under the name \"Paco\", which means \"peace\" in Esperanto. WRI adopted a founding declaration that has remained unchanged:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness", "paragraph_text": "The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and then edited by the Committee of Five, which consisted of Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. It was then further edited and adopted by the Committee of the Whole of the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The second paragraph of the first article in the Declaration of Independence contains the phrase ``Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ''."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bhutan at the 2006 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "Bhutan participated in the 15th Asian Games, officially known as the XV Asiad held in Doha from December 1 to December 15, 2006. The athletes represented Bhutan in archery, taekwondo, and tennis in this edition of the Asiad."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776. The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", "paragraph_text": "In 2016, Canada officially adopted and promised to implement the declaration fully. Speaking at the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada minister Carolyn Bennett announced, ``We are now a full supporter of the declaration, without qualification. We intend nothing less than to adopt and implement the declaration in accordance with the Canadian Constitution. ''Bennett described the Declaration as`` breathing life into Section 35 (of the Canadian Constitution) and recognizing it as a full box of rights for Indigenous Peoples in Canada.'' In July 2016, Kwakwaka'wakw Justice Minister Jody Wilson - Raybould gave a speech that stated that ``adopting the UNDRIP as being Canadian law are unworkable '', due to its incompatibility with the Indian Act, the current governing statute."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The final draft of the Declaration was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, although the date of its signing has long been disputed. Most historians have concluded that it was signed on August 2, 1776, nearly a month after its adoption, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Himachal Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814\u20131816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is \"In the lap of Himalayas\". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wadi Al Sail", "paragraph_text": "Wadi Al Sail () is a neighborhood of Doha, Qatar. The area has undergone much renovation and development in recent years. As its name suggests, the original settlement was built in a wadi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776. The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilizing the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Jefferson's concept of ``separation of church and state ''first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom,`` The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted.'' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the ``separation ''paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that,`` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured.''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Texas Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. It was adopted at the Convention of 1836 at Washington - on - the - Brazos on March 2, 1836, and formally signed the next day after mistakes were noted in the text."}], "question": "When did the country, that people from are referred to by the term Hayastantsis, join the organization that adopted the Doha Declaration?"}
{"id": "3hop2__296243_38022_34233", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Schunck's Kledingindustrie Bonaire", "paragraph_text": "In 1948, Pierre Schunck (1906-1993), stemming from a family of weavers and son of the builder of the famous Glaspaleis in Heerlen, the Netherlands (see Schunck), arrived in Bonaire to set up a clothing industry (Kledingindustrie). This clothing manufacturing would become Bonaire's first real industry, providing employment\u2014and health care\u2014for a large part of the young women who were left behind when many men had left as sailors or to work for the oil companies on Cura\u00e7ao and Aruba. Preparations for the operation of this company would also result in better electricity and water supplies; eventually it would account for half the exports of the island."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Roberto Irineu Marinho", "paragraph_text": "Roberto Irineu Marinho was born in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, the eldest son of three of the late Roberto Marinho."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Flynn", "paragraph_text": "Flynn is an Irish surname, an anglicised form of the Irish \u00d3 Floinn, meaning ``descendant of Flann ''(a byname meaning`` reddish (complexion)'' or ``ruddy ''). The name rose independently in several parts of Ireland."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Man with a Cross", "paragraph_text": "The Man with a Cross () is a 1943 Italian war film directed by Roberto Rossellini and starring Alberto Tavazzi, Roswita Schmidt and Attilio Dottesio. It was the final part of Rossellini's \"Fascist trilogy\" following \"The White Ship\" (1941) and \"A Pilot Returns\" (1942). It is loosely inspired by Reginaldo Giuliani, an Italian military chaplain who had been killed on active service."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0581\u056b), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Erastes Fulmen", "paragraph_text": "Erastes Fulmen is a fictional character in the HBO/BBC2 original television series \"Rome\", played by Irish actor Lorcan Cranitch. He is depicted as a ruthless businessman, who over the course of the first season becomes one of the leading figures in the Roman underworld. Erastes means \"lover\" and Fulmen means \"lightning\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Roberto Azev\u00eado", "paragraph_text": "Roberto Carvalho de Azev\u00eado (; born 3 October 1957) is a Brazilian career diplomat and the current Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Azev\u00eado was elected to succeed Pascal Lamy as Director-General of the World Trade Organization in May 2013. He assumed office on 1 September 2013. He is paid a salary of 300,000 Swiss francs and an allowance of 200,000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Edge of the Cloud", "paragraph_text": "\"The Edge of the Cloud\" is set in London where, after Will and Christina elope, Christina briefly stays with their Aunt Grace. Will finds a job as a mechanic and later as an instructor at a flying school, and Christina finds employment at a nearby hotel to be close to Will. Uncle Russel and Mr Dermont both die during the course of the story. One death fills Will with pain; the other indifference. Will and Christina become close friends with Sandy, another flying instructor, and his girlfriend, Dorothy, the spoiled daughter of Christina's employer. Will gives exhibition flights to make extra money and designs and builds his own airplane. Mark joins the army. At the end, Will becomes famous as a stunt pilot and is thinking of joining the army, which\u2014on the eve of their long-awaited wedding\u2014worries Christina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "SP-83", "paragraph_text": "The SP-83 is a highway in the southeastern part of the state of S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil. The highway is known as the Rodovia Anel Vi\u00e1rio Jos\u00e9 Roberto Magalh\u00e3es Teixeira in its entire length."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spaniards in Paris", "paragraph_text": "Spaniards in Paris () is a 1971 Spanish drama film directed by Roberto Bodegas. It was entered into the 7th Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy", "paragraph_text": "``All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy ''is a proverb. It means that without time off from work, a person becomes both bored and boring. The exact origins of the phrase remain unclear, though it was recorded as early as 1659."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Milan Cabrnoch", "paragraph_text": "Milan Cabrnoch (born 6 August 1962 in \u010c\u00e1slav) is a Czech physician and politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilizing the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}], "question": "When did the country, people from which are referred to by the term Hayastantsis, join the organization that employed Roberto Azev\u00eado?"}
{"id": "3hop2__38022_296243_34233", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy", "paragraph_text": "``All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy ''is a proverb. It means that without time off from work, a person becomes both bored and boring. The exact origins of the phrase remain unclear, though it was recorded as early as 1659."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Milan Cabrnoch", "paragraph_text": "Milan Cabrnoch (born 6 August 1962 in \u010c\u00e1slav) is a Czech physician and politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "World Trade Organization", "paragraph_text": "World Trade Organization Organisation mondiale du commerce (in French) Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial del Comercio (in Spanish) Members Members, dually represented by the EU Observers Non-participant states Formation 1 January 1995; 23 years ago (1995 - 01 - 01) Type International trade organization Purpose Regulate international trade Headquarters Centre William Rappard, Geneva, Switzerland Coordinates 46 \u00b0 13 \u2032 27 ''N 06 \u00b0 08 \u2032 58'' E \ufeff / \ufeff 46.22417 \u00b0 N 6.14944 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 46.22417; 6.14944 Coordinates: 46 \u00b0 13 \u2032 27 ''N 06 \u00b0 08 \u2032 58'' E \ufeff / \ufeff 46.22417 \u00b0 N 6.14944 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 46.22417; 6.14944 Region served Worldwide Membership 164 member states Official language English, French, Spanish Director - General Roberto Azev\u00eado Budget 197.2 million Swiss francs (approx. 209 million US $) in 2017. Staff 640 Website www.wto.org"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Schunck's Kledingindustrie Bonaire", "paragraph_text": "In 1948, Pierre Schunck (1906-1993), stemming from a family of weavers and son of the builder of the famous Glaspaleis in Heerlen, the Netherlands (see Schunck), arrived in Bonaire to set up a clothing industry (Kledingindustrie). This clothing manufacturing would become Bonaire's first real industry, providing employment\u2014and health care\u2014for a large part of the young women who were left behind when many men had left as sailors or to work for the oil companies on Cura\u00e7ao and Aruba. Preparations for the operation of this company would also result in better electricity and water supplies; eventually it would account for half the exports of the island."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "SP-83", "paragraph_text": "The SP-83 is a highway in the southeastern part of the state of S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil. The highway is known as the Rodovia Anel Vi\u00e1rio Jos\u00e9 Roberto Magalh\u00e3es Teixeira in its entire length."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Roberto Azev\u00eado", "paragraph_text": "Roberto Carvalho de Azev\u00eado (; born 3 October 1957) is a Brazilian career diplomat and the current Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Azev\u00eado was elected to succeed Pascal Lamy as Director-General of the World Trade Organization in May 2013. He assumed office on 1 September 2013. He is paid a salary of 300,000 Swiss francs and an allowance of 200,000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilizing the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Edge of the Cloud", "paragraph_text": "\"The Edge of the Cloud\" is set in London where, after Will and Christina elope, Christina briefly stays with their Aunt Grace. Will finds a job as a mechanic and later as an instructor at a flying school, and Christina finds employment at a nearby hotel to be close to Will. Uncle Russel and Mr Dermont both die during the course of the story. One death fills Will with pain; the other indifference. Will and Christina become close friends with Sandy, another flying instructor, and his girlfriend, Dorothy, the spoiled daughter of Christina's employer. Will gives exhibition flights to make extra money and designs and builds his own airplane. Mark joins the army. At the end, Will becomes famous as a stunt pilot and is thinking of joining the army, which\u2014on the eve of their long-awaited wedding\u2014worries Christina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Erastes Fulmen", "paragraph_text": "Erastes Fulmen is a fictional character in the HBO/BBC2 original television series \"Rome\", played by Irish actor Lorcan Cranitch. He is depicted as a ruthless businessman, who over the course of the first season becomes one of the leading figures in the Roman underworld. Erastes means \"lover\" and Fulmen means \"lightning\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Child labor laws in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The common legal opinion on federal child labor regulation reversed in the 1930s. Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 regulating the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age, and the Supreme Court upheld the law. After this shift, the amendment has been described as ``moot ''and effectively part of the Constitution."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0581\u056b), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Roberto Irineu Marinho", "paragraph_text": "Roberto Irineu Marinho was born in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, the eldest son of three of the late Roberto Marinho."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spaniards in Paris", "paragraph_text": "Spaniards in Paris () is a 1971 Spanish drama film directed by Roberto Bodegas. It was entered into the 7th Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Flynn", "paragraph_text": "Flynn is an Irish surname, an anglicised form of the Irish \u00d3 Floinn, meaning ``descendant of Flann ''(a byname meaning`` reddish (complexion)'' or ``ruddy ''). The name rose independently in several parts of Ireland."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Man with a Cross", "paragraph_text": "The Man with a Cross () is a 1943 Italian war film directed by Roberto Rossellini and starring Alberto Tavazzi, Roswita Schmidt and Attilio Dottesio. It was the final part of Rossellini's \"Fascist trilogy\" following \"The White Ship\" (1941) and \"A Pilot Returns\" (1942). It is loosely inspired by Reginaldo Giuliani, an Italian military chaplain who had been killed on active service."}], "question": "When did the country which people from are referred to by the term Hayastantsis, join the organization that employed Roberto Azev\u00eado?"}
{"id": "3hop2__38022_16419_34233", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deci-", "paragraph_text": "Deci - (symbol d) is a decimal unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one tenth. Proposed in 1793 and adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin decimus, meaning ``tenth ''. Since 1960, the prefix is part of the International System of Units (SI). Its most frequent use, however, is in a non-SI unit, the decibel, used to measure sound intensity (relative to a reference) and many other ratios."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tajikistan at the 2006 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "Tajikistan participated at the 2006 Asian Games held in Doha from December 1 to December 15, 2006. Tajikistan ranked 24th with 2 gold medals in this edition of the Asiad."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", "paragraph_text": "Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization, countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented. In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration, which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies: via compulsory licensing or parallel imports, even before patent expiration."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "War Resisters' International", "paragraph_text": "\"War Resisters' International\" was founded in Bilthoven, Netherlands in 1921 under the name \"Paco\", which means \"peace\" in Esperanto. WRI adopted a founding declaration that has remained unchanged:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wadi Al Sail", "paragraph_text": "Wadi Al Sail () is a neighborhood of Doha, Qatar. The area has undergone much renovation and development in recent years. As its name suggests, the original settlement was built in a wadi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Groundhog Day", "paragraph_text": "The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania, centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil, has become the most attended. Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well. Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness", "paragraph_text": "The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and then edited by the Committee of Five, which consisted of Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. It was then further edited and adopted by the Committee of the Whole of the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The second paragraph of the first article in the Declaration of Independence contains the phrase ``Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ''."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", "paragraph_text": "In 2016, Canada officially adopted and promised to implement the declaration fully. Speaking at the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada minister Carolyn Bennett announced, ``We are now a full supporter of the declaration, without qualification. We intend nothing less than to adopt and implement the declaration in accordance with the Canadian Constitution. ''Bennett described the Declaration as`` breathing life into Section 35 (of the Canadian Constitution) and recognizing it as a full box of rights for Indigenous Peoples in Canada.'' In July 2016, Kwakwaka'wakw Justice Minister Jody Wilson - Raybould gave a speech that stated that ``adopting the UNDRIP as being Canadian law are unworkable '', due to its incompatibility with the Indian Act, the current governing statute."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR, which was the beginning of the \"War of Laws\", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "South Carolina in the American Civil War", "paragraph_text": "On November 10, 1860 the S.C. General Assembly called for a ``Convention of the People of South Carolina ''to consider secession. Delegates were to be elected on December 6. The secession convention convened in Columbia on December 17 and voted unanimously, 169 - 0, to declare secession from the United States. The convention then adjourned to Charleston to draft an ordinance of secession. When the ordinance was adopted on December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first slave state in the south to declare that it had seceded from the United States. James Buchanan, the United States president, declared the ordinance illegal but did not act to stop it."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Jefferson's concept of ``separation of church and state ''first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom,`` The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted.'' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the ``separation ''paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that,`` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured.''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Himachal Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814\u20131816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is \"In the lap of Himalayas\". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0581\u056b), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Time", "paragraph_text": "Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based system, adopted to replace \"Greenwich Mean Time\" in 1928 by the International Astronomical Union. Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954, though the location is still used as the basis for the coordinate system. Because the rotational period of Earth is not perfectly constant, the duration of a second would vary if calibrated to a telescope-based standard like GMT or UT\u2014in which a second was defined as a fraction of a day or year. The terms \"GMT\" and \"Greenwich Mean Time\" are sometimes used informally to refer to UT or UTC."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Milli-", "paragraph_text": "Milli - (symbol m) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one thousandth (10). Proposed in 1793 and adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin mille, meaning ``one thousand ''(the Latin plural is milia). Since 1960, the prefix is part of the International System of Units (SI)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776. The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilizing the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Centi-", "paragraph_text": "Centi - (symbol c) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one hundredth. Proposed in 1793 and adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin centum, meaning ``hundred ''. Since 1960, the prefix is part of the International System of Units (SI). It is mainly used in combination with metre to form centimetre, a common unit of length."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nepal at the 2006 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "Nepal participated in the 15th Asian Games, officially known as the XV Asiad held in Doha from December 1 to December 15, 2006. Nepal ranked 35th with 3 bronze medals in this edition of the Asiad."}], "question": "When did the nation, people from which the term Hayastantsis refers to, join the organization that adopted the Doha Declaration?"}
{"id": "3hop1__296243_158830_28593", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "UB44", "paragraph_text": "UB44 is the third studio album of original material by UB40, released on the DEP International label in 1982. It was advertised as their 'fourth album' (hence the title)although Present Arms In Dub had been a remix album. The album reached No. 4 in the UK album chart and the early release of the packaging had a hologram cover. UB44 was the Department of Employment form letter sent to British unemployment benefit claimants when they missed their 'signing on' appointment."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Roberto Azev\u00eado", "paragraph_text": "Roberto Carvalho de Azev\u00eado (; born 3 October 1957) is a Brazilian career diplomat and the current Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Azev\u00eado was elected to succeed Pascal Lamy as Director-General of the World Trade Organization in May 2013. He assumed office on 1 September 2013. He is paid a salary of 300,000 Swiss francs and an allowance of 200,000."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Paolo Roberto", "paragraph_text": "Paolo Roberto (born 3 February 1969 in Upplands V\u00e4sby, Stockholms l\u00e4n) is a Swedish ex-boxer, actor, and TV host of partial Italian descent."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "World Trade Organization", "paragraph_text": "World Trade Organization Organisation mondiale du commerce (in French) Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial del Comercio (in Spanish) Members Members, dually represented by the EU Observers Non-participant states Formation 1 January 1995; 23 years ago (1995 - 01 - 01) Type International trade organization Purpose Regulate international trade Headquarters Centre William Rappard, Geneva, Switzerland Coordinates 46 \u00b0 13 \u2032 27 ''N 06 \u00b0 08 \u2032 58'' E \ufeff / \ufeff 46.22417 \u00b0 N 6.14944 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 46.22417; 6.14944 Coordinates: 46 \u00b0 13 \u2032 27 ''N 06 \u00b0 08 \u2032 58'' E \ufeff / \ufeff 46.22417 \u00b0 N 6.14944 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 46.22417; 6.14944 Region served Worldwide Membership 164 member states Official language English, French, Spanish Director - General Roberto Azev\u00eado Budget 197.2 million Swiss francs (approx. 209 million US $) in 2017. Staff 640 Website www.wto.org"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "In 1989, during the \"Singing Revolution\", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined the OECD in 2010."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kristjan Kais", "paragraph_text": "Kristjan Kais (born 3 March 1976) is an Estonian beach volleyball player. With teammate Rivo Vesik, he represented Estonia in beach volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "France", "paragraph_text": "As of 2009, the World Trade Organization (WTO) reported France was the world's sixth largest exporter and the fourth largest importer of manufactured goods. As of 2016, the World Factbook ranked France seventh largest exporter. In 2008, France was the third largest recipient of foreign direct investment among OECD countries at $118 billion, ranking behind Luxembourg (where foreign direct investment was essentially monetary transfers to banks located there) and the United States ($316 billion), but above the United Kingdom ($96.9 billion), Germany ($25 billion), or Japan ($24 billion). In the same year, French companies invested $220 billion outside France, ranking France as the second largest outward direct investor in the OECD, behind the United States ($311 billion), and ahead of the UK ($111 billion), Japan ($128 billion) and Germany ($157 billion).Financial services, banking and the insurance sector are an important part of the economy. Three largest financial institutions cooperatively owned by their customers are located in France. The Paris stock exchange (French: La Bourse de Paris) is an old institution, created by Louis XV in 1724. In 2000, the stock exchanges of Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels merged into Euronext. In 2007, Euronext merged with the New York stock exchange to form NYSE Euronext, the world's largest stock exchange. Euronext Paris, the French branch of the NYSE Euronext group is Europe's 2nd largest stock exchange market, behind the London Stock Exchange."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment. Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Logos and uniforms of the Los Angeles Lakers", "paragraph_text": "As the Minneapolis Lakers, their road uniform is powder blue with gold trim. It is notable that it featured the city name's abbreviation (MPLS) on their road uniforms; they later changed it to the team nickname in block lettering. Their home uniform is white with powder blue and gold trim, and features the team nickname. It was used from 1948 -- 58. The original MPLS uniforms were later used as throwback uniforms in the 2001 -- 02 and 2017 -- 18 seasons."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States Department of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Department of Education is administered by the United States Secretary of Education. It has approximately 4,400 employees and an annual budget of $68 billion (2016). Its official abbreviation is ``ED ''(`` DOE'' refers to the United States Department of Energy) and is also often abbreviated informally as ``DoEd ''."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ecker\u00f6 Line", "paragraph_text": "In 1992 Rederiaktiebolaget Ecker\u00f6 and Birka Line founded a jointly-owned subsidiary \"Eestin Linjat\" to operate MS \"Alandia\" on the fast-growing route between Helsinki and Tallinn. The name of the company was reportedly selected for practical reasons as it required the change of only a few letters to re-paint Ecker\u00f6linjen into Eestin Linjat (or vice versa). Similarly the livery of Eestin Linjat was very similar to that of Ecker\u00f6 Linjen. However, due to the use of the word Eesti (Estonian for \"Estonia\") instead of the Finnish word Viro, the Finnish public presumed the new company was an Estonian one. This was made worse after the \"Estonia\"-disaster in 1994 when many people in Finland began associating Eestin Linjat with EstLine, owners of the ill-fated MS \"Estonia\". As a result of this Eestin Linjat changed its name into Ecker\u00f6 Line in 1995 (with the livery of the ships made identical to those of Ecker\u00f6 Linjen). At the same time a second ship, MS \"Apollo\" (a sister ship the Alandia and Ecker\u00f6 Linjen's Roslagen) was added to the route."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cut Bank (film)", "paragraph_text": "Cut Bank is a 2014 American thriller film directed by Matt Shakman and written by Roberto Patino. Starring Liam Hemsworth, Billy Bob Thornton, John Malkovich, Teresa Palmer, and Michael Stuhlbarg, the film was selected to be screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. It was released in the United States on April 3, 2015, in a limited release and through video on demand by A24 Films."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oklahoma State Highway 150", "paragraph_text": "State Highway 150 (abbreviated SH-150) is a state highway in McIntosh County, Oklahoma, in the United States. It is long, running diagonally from U.S. Highway 69 north of Eufaula in the southeast to Interstate 40 west of Checotah in the northwest. SH-150 provides access to Lake Eufaula and Lake Eufaula State Park. It has no lettered spur routes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oklahoma State Highway 22", "paragraph_text": "State Highway 22 (abbreviated SH-22) is a state highway in Oklahoma. It runs in a west-to-east pattern through the south-central part of the state, running from SH-1 at Ravia to US-70 at Bokchito. There are no letter-suffixed spur highways branching from SH-22."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "ZIP Code", "paragraph_text": "By the early 1960s, a more organized system was needed, and non-mandatory five - digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide on July 1, 1963. The USPOD issued its Publication 59: Abbreviations for Use with ZIP Code on October 1, 1963, with the list of two - letter state abbreviations which are generally written with both letters capitalized. An earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. According to Publication 59, the two - letter standard was ``based on a maximum 23 - position line, because this has been found to be the most universally acceptable line capacity basis for major addressing systems '', which would be exceeded by a long city name combined with a multi-letter state abbreviation, such as`` Sacramento, Calif.'' along with the ZIP Code. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with the exception of Nebraska, which was changed from NB to NE in 1969 at the request of the Canadian postal administration, to avoid confusion with the Canadian province of New Brunswick."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ilon Wikland", "paragraph_text": "Wikland was born in Tartu, Estonia and raised in Haapsalu, L\u00e4\u00e4ne County on Estonia's Baltic coast. In 1944 she escaped with the family of a classmate from the second Soviet occupation of Estonia, to Sweden. She arrived in Sweden as a refugee."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oklahoma State Highway 79", "paragraph_text": "State Highway 79 (abbreviated SH-79 or OK-79) is a state highway in Jefferson County, Oklahoma. It runs for as a continuation of Texas State Highway 79 to U.S. Highway 70 on the outskirts of Waurika. It has no lettered spur routes."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1st Infantry Brigade (Estonia)", "paragraph_text": "The 1st Infantry Brigade () is an infantry brigade of the Estonian Land Forces. It is the primary military unit in Northern Estonia. The brigade headquarters is based at Tapa."}], "question": "When did Estonia unite with the organization that employs Roberto Azev\u00eado?"}
{"id": "3hop1__553366_344608_437577", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jujhar Singh", "paragraph_text": "Sahibzada Jujhar Singh (14 March 1691 \u2013 22 December 1705), the second son of Guru Gobind Singh, was born to Mata Jito at Anandpur Sahib. This event is now celebrated on April 9 each year according to the Nanakshahi Calendar)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "National Mathematics Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "In India, the day 'December 22 has been declared as the National Mathematics Day. The Declaration was made by Dr Manmohan Singh, Former Prime Minister of India, during the inaugural ceremony of the celebrations to mark the 125th birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan held at the Madras University Centenary Auditorium on 26 February 2012. Dr Manmohan Singh also announced that the year 2012 would be celebrated as the National Mathematics Year."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Michelangelo", "paragraph_text": "Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese, known today as Caprese Michelangelo, a small town situated in Valtiberina, near Arezzo, Tuscany. For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence; but the bank failed, and his father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, briefly took a government post in Caprese, where Michelangelo was born. At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the town's Judicial administrator and podest\u00e0 or local administrator of Chiusi della Verna. Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Mathilde of Canossa\u2014a claim that remains unproven, but which Michelangelo believed.Several months after Michelangelo's birth, the family returned to Florence, where he was raised. During his mother's later prolonged illness, and after her death in 1481 (when he was six years old), Michelangelo lived with a nanny and her husband, a stonecutter, in the town of Settignano, where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm. There he gained his love for marble. As Giorgio Vasari quotes him:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Islamia College University", "paragraph_text": "Haji Sahib of Turangzai, the most famous Pukhtun religious leader of the time was requested by Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum to lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. Haji Sahib agreed to the request, however, he had been declared a proclaimed offender by the British for his anti-British activities and his entry was banned into British controlled territory. He was residing in tribal territory, which was outside British control, so Nawab Sahib prevailed upon Sir George Roos - Keppel and the British to permit Haji Sahib to enter British controlled territory for one day so he could lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. The British agreed to this request with the understanding that Haji Sahib would return to tribal territory once he had laid the foundation stone. Haji Sahib was permitted to enter British controlled territory for the ceremony and spent the night in the 'Pokh' Mosque of Tehkal. At the foundation stone laying ceremony, Sir Roos Keppel and other British officials were present, so Haji Sahib hid his face in his sheet (Chadar) from them and was led by Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim to the place where he was to lay the foundation stone. After laying the stone Haji Sahib went to Tehkal and then returned to the tribal territory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Patna Police", "paragraph_text": "Patna Police (Hindi: \u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0938) is the police service responsible for law enforcement within Patna district, including the capital city of Patna in an Indian state of Bihar. Patna Police is the largest police service in the state. Its headquarters are at Gandhi Maidan Marg in Patna."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gojra Tehsil", "paragraph_text": "Gojra () is a tehsil in Toba Tek Singh District, Punjab, Pakistan. The tehsil covers an area of 1,115\u00a0km\u00b2, and is administratively subdivided into 24 Union Councils, six of which form the tehsil capital Gojra."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gaj Singh", "paragraph_text": "Gaj Singh is the son of Maharaja Hanwant Singh of Jodhpur by his first wife, Maharani Krishna Kumari of Dhrangadhra. He succeeded to the titles and dignities of his father when only four years of age, in 1952, when his father died suddenly in a plane crash. He was enthroned shortly afterwards."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Narinder Singh Kapany", "paragraph_text": "Narinder Singh Kapany (Punjabi: \u0a28\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a26\u0a30 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a18) (born 31 October 1926) is an Indian - born American physicist known for his work in fibre optics. He was named as one of the seven 'Unsung Heroes' by Fortune in their 'Businessmen of the Century' issue (1999 - 11 - 22). He is also known as ``Father of Fiber Optics ''. The term fibre optics was coined by Singh Kapany in 1956. He is a former IOFS officer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh", "paragraph_text": "About three kilometers east of Takht Sri Harmandir Sahib is where Guru Tegh Bahadur first alighted in a garden (bagh) belonging to Nawabs Rahim Bakhsh and Karim Bakhsh, nobles of Patna, and where the sangat of Patna along with the young Guru Gobind Singh came out to receive him back from his four-year-long odyssey. A shrine commemorative of the first meeting of Tegh Bahadur and Gobind Singh was established here. Its present building was constructed during the 1970s and 1980s. An old well which is still in use and a dried stump of the Imli tree under which the sangat met Guru Tegh Bahadur still exists."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)", "paragraph_text": "Sahibzada Zorawar Singh (, 17 November 1696 \u2013 26 December 1705) was the third of Guru Gobind Singh's four sons. He and his younger brother, Sahibzada Fateh Singh are among the most hallowed martyrs in Sikhism."}], "question": "In which district was Sahibzada Zorawar Singh's father born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__559684_74907_3109", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Julie Dubela", "paragraph_text": "Julie Dubela (born January 16, 1991) is an American singer from Stratham, New Hampshire. She appeared on several television programs, including American Juniors and American Idol, and is known in the Boston, Massachusetts area for her live performances of \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269\u2013269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday, January 19, 2004 and continued until May 26, 2004. The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino, who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2% (1.3 million votes); the vote total (65 million votes) was the highest recorded vote total in the show's history until the May 23, 2007, finale of the sixth season. This season also featured Jennifer Hudson, who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500 million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven - time Grammy - winning country megastar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "On My Way Here", "paragraph_text": "On My Way Here is the fourth studio album released by Clay Aiken on May 6, 2008. This album of both ballads and pop-rock is an eclectic mix of styles and tempos. Aiken wanted to get away from using multiple producers and chose Grammy Award-winning British producer Mark 'Kipper' Eldridge (Sting, Chris Botti) to produce the album. Jaymes Foster was the executive producer. This was his final studio album for RCA."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ari Koivunen", "paragraph_text": "Ari Koivunen was born in Kouvola, Finland on June 7, 1984, and developed an early interest in music. In 2005, he won the Finnish Karaoke Championships, and was placed third in the Karaoke World Championships the same year. The win of the Finnish \"Idols\" competition was his breakthrough in 2007. Unlike usual the pop music that dominated the show, he chose to perform mainly metal and rock songs in the contest."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Three points for a win", "paragraph_text": "Three points for a win is a standard used in many sports leagues and group tournaments, especially in association football, in which three (rather than two) points are awarded to the team winning a match, with no points awarded to the losing team. If the game is drawn, each team receives one point. The system places additional value on wins compared to draws such that teams with a higher number of wins may rank higher in tables than teams with a lower number of wins but more draws."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Congratulations (Cliff Richard song)", "paragraph_text": "During the voting, ``Congratulations ''was leading for much of the way until the penultimate vote when Germany gave Spain six points, putting them one point ahead of the United Kingdom. It finished second losing to Spain's entry`` La, la, la'' by just one point. But ``Congratulations ''went on to become a far more successful song and a huge hit throughout Europe. In 2008, documentary film - maker Montse Fernandez Vila claimed that the loss was the result of rigging of the Spanish vote by state television on behalf of the Francoist State."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "JKT48", "paragraph_text": "JKT48 (read as \"J. K. T. Forty-eight\") is an Indonesian idol group whose name is derived from its based city of Jakarta and the Japanese idol group AKB48. Formed in 2011, it is the first AKB48 sister group outside Japan and adopts the concept of \"idols you can meet\", before switching to \"idols that will come to meet you\" since 8 April 2018. Fans can attend daily performances at the group's theater, which was built as a close replica to the AKB48 Theater in Akihabara."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday, January 19, 2004 and continued until May 26, 2004. The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino, who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2% (1.3 million votes); the vote total (65 million votes) was the highest recorded vote total in the show's history until the May 23, 2007, finale of the sixth season. This season also featured Jennifer Hudson, who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. This is the last season to be aired in standard definition, with the only exception being the grand finale."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "It was won by Ruben Studdard. It was the first season to crown a male winner, and the first season to have a finale with two male contestants, Studdard and Clay Aiken."}], "question": "By how many votes did the person who beat the founder of the performer of On My Way Here in American Idol win?"}
{"id": "3hop1__522663_74907_3109", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Leo McGarry", "paragraph_text": "On Election Night, it is said that McGarry has gone up to his hotel room in Houston to take a nap before the results come in. He is later found unconscious by Annabeth Schott who alerts McGarry's Secret Service detail. He is rushed to the hospital, where he is pronounced dead. McGarry's death comes ninety minutes before the polls close in California and other Western states, thus giving some voters this information prior to casting their vote. A hard - line Republican strategist wants to bring up McGarry's death to benefit the Republican presidential nominee, Senator Arnold Vinick, but the visibly disgusted senator tells her that he has been friends with McGarry for decades and will do no such thing, win or lose. Despite McGarry's death, the Santos - McGarry ticket narrowly wins the election over the Vinick - Sullivan ticket by a 30,000 - vote margin in Nevada and McGarry posthumously becomes the Vice President - elect after Santos' victory."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "It was won by Ruben Studdard. It was the first season to crown a male winner, and the first season to have a finale with two male contestants, Studdard and Clay Aiken."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "White Heat", "paragraph_text": "On June 4, 2003, the American Film Institute named Cody Jarrett in its list of the best heroes and villains of the past 100 years. Furthermore, in June 2005, ``Made it, Ma! Top of the World! ''was voted 18th in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes; while, in June 2008, White Heat was voted 4th in AFI's 10 Top 10 list of gangster movies. The film was nominated for inclusion into three other lists by the American Film Institute."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269\u2013269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zalman Usiskin", "paragraph_text": "Usiskin's doctoral dissertation in mathematical education at the University of Michigan involved the field testing of his book, \"\", which was written with Arthur Coxford. This book has greatly influenced the way geometry is taught in many American high schools, according to the NCTM citation. With the founding of UCSMP in 1983, he became Director of the secondary component and has been the project's overall Director since 1987. The University School Mathematics Project has grown to become the nation's largest university-based curriculum project for kindergarten through 12th-grade mathematics, with several million students using its elementary and secondary textbooks and other materials."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1951\u201352 Indian general election", "paragraph_text": "The Indian National Congress (INC) won a landslide victory, winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45% of the total votes polled. This was over four times as many votes as the second - largest party. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country. In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951, India had around 173 million voters, out of an overall population of about 360 million. Voter turnout was 45.7%."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500 million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven - time Grammy - winning country megastar."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alabama Spirit", "paragraph_text": "Alabama Spirit is an American soccer team founded in 2007. The team is a member of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and will make their debut in the new Southeast Conference in 2008, playing a short season of \"exhibition games\" prior to a planned full inclusion into the league some time in the future."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Win Lose or Draw (album)", "paragraph_text": "Win Lose or Draw is the second studio album released by American rapper and former Fugee Pras Michel. The album was released on August 16, 2005. Only one single, \"Haven't Found\", was released from the album, on June 16, 2005. The album was entirely produced by Pras and Wyclef Jean."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Three points for a win", "paragraph_text": "Three points for a win is a standard used in many sports leagues and group tournaments, especially in association football, in which three (rather than two) points are awarded to the team winning a match, with no points awarded to the losing team. If the game is drawn, each team receives one point. The system places additional value on wins compared to draws such that teams with a higher number of wins may rank higher in tables than teams with a lower number of wins but more draws."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National Inclusion Project", "paragraph_text": "National Inclusion Project (formerly the Bubel/Aiken Foundation) is a non-profit organization, founded in 2003 by Clay Aiken and Diane Bubel, dedicated to promoting the inclusion of children with disabilities in activities with their non-disabled peers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Politics of Texas", "paragraph_text": "John Tower's 1961 election to the U.S. Senate made him the first statewide GOP officeholder since Reconstruction and the disenfranchisement of black Republicans. Republican Governor Bill Clements and Senator Phil Gramm (also a former Democrat) were elected after him. Republicans became increasingly dominant in national elections in white - majority Texas. The last Democratic presidential candidate to win the state was Jimmy Carter in 1976. Previously, a Democrat had to win Texas to win the White House, but in the 1992 election, Bill Clinton won the Oval Office while losing Texas electoral votes. This result significantly reduced the power of Texas Democrats at the national level, as party leaders believed the state had become unwinnable."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society", "paragraph_text": "The Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society at UC Berkeley was founded in 2010 through funding by the Evelyn and Walter Haas, Jr. Fund, as a part of the UC Berkeley Initiative for Equity, Inclusion, and Diversity. Organized into seven research clusters, the Haas Institute involves over 100 researchers and faculty across the University of California system. Eight endowed chairs focused on equity and inclusion form the core of the clusters."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Idol (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday, January 19, 2004 and continued until May 26, 2004. The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino, who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2% (1.3 million votes); the vote total (65 million votes) was the highest recorded vote total in the show's history until the May 23, 2007, finale of the sixth season. This season also featured Jennifer Hudson, who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. This is the last season to be aired in standard definition, with the only exception being the grand finale."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday, January 19, 2004 and continued until May 26, 2004. The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino, who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2% (1.3 million votes); the vote total (65 million votes) was the highest recorded vote total in the show's history until the May 23, 2007, finale of the sixth season. This season also featured Jennifer Hudson, who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress."}], "question": "By how many votes did the person who beat the founder of the National Inclusion Project in American Idol win?"}
{"id": "3hop1__503235_74907_3109", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fidelity Is the Enemy", "paragraph_text": "Fidelity is the Enemy is a 2001 studio album by pop singer-songwriter Jim Boggia. A track from the album, \"Several Thousand\" was featured in the ABC television show Men in Trees. The song was also recorded by American Idol contestant Constantine Maroulis for his debut album."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Three points for a win", "paragraph_text": "Three points for a win is a standard used in many sports leagues and group tournaments, especially in association football, in which three (rather than two) points are awarded to the team winning a match, with no points awarded to the losing team. If the game is drawn, each team receives one point. The system places additional value on wins compared to draws such that teams with a higher number of wins may rank higher in tables than teams with a lower number of wins but more draws."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "It was won by Ruben Studdard. It was the first season to crown a male winner, and the first season to have a finale with two male contestants, Studdard and Clay Aiken."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500 million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven - time Grammy - winning country megastar."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Julie Dubela", "paragraph_text": "Julie Dubela (born January 16, 1991) is an American singer from Stratham, New Hampshire. She appeared on several television programs, including American Juniors and American Idol, and is known in the Boston, Massachusetts area for her live performances of \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ari Koivunen", "paragraph_text": "Ari Koivunen was born in Kouvola, Finland on June 7, 1984, and developed an early interest in music. In 2005, he won the Finnish Karaoke Championships, and was placed third in the Karaoke World Championships the same year. The win of the Finnish \"Idols\" competition was his breakthrough in 2007. Unlike usual the pop music that dominated the show, he chose to perform mainly metal and rock songs in the contest."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269\u2013269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday, January 19, 2004 and continued until May 26, 2004. The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino, who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2% (1.3 million votes); the vote total (65 million votes) was the highest recorded vote total in the show's history until the May 23, 2007, finale of the sixth season. This season also featured Jennifer Hudson, who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Spamalot", "paragraph_text": "Monty Python's Spamalot is a musical comedy adapted from the 1975 film \"Monty Python and the Holy Grail\". Like the motion picture, it is a highly irreverent parody of the Arthurian legend, but it differs from the film in many ways. The original 2005 Broadway production, directed by Mike Nichols, received 14 Tony Awards nominations, winning in three categories, including Best Musical. During its initial run of 1,575 performances, it was seen by more than two million people and grossed over $175 million. Tim Curry stars as King Arthur in the original Broadway and West End productions. It was one of eight UK musicals commemorated on Royal Mail stamps, issued in February 2011."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Congratulations (Cliff Richard song)", "paragraph_text": "During the voting, ``Congratulations ''was leading for much of the way until the penultimate vote when Germany gave Spain six points, putting them one point ahead of the United Kingdom. It finished second losing to Spain's entry`` La, la, la'' by just one point. But ``Congratulations ''went on to become a far more successful song and a huge hit throughout Europe. In 2008, documentary film - maker Montse Fernandez Vila claimed that the loss was the result of rigging of the Spanish vote by state television on behalf of the Francoist State."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Thousand Different Ways", "paragraph_text": "A Thousand Different Ways is the third studio album by Clay Aiken. The album, which was executive produced by Jaymes Foster, consists of ten covers and four new songs. It was released by RCA on September 19, 2006. The first single was \"Without You\" and the second, \"A Thousand Days.\""}], "question": "How many votes did the person that A Thousand Different Ways' performer lost to in American Idol win by?"}
{"id": "3hop1__293080_74907_3109", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Congratulations (Cliff Richard song)", "paragraph_text": "During the voting, ``Congratulations ''was leading for much of the way until the penultimate vote when Germany gave Spain six points, putting them one point ahead of the United Kingdom. It finished second losing to Spain's entry`` La, la, la'' by just one point. But ``Congratulations ''went on to become a far more successful song and a huge hit throughout Europe. In 2008, documentary film - maker Montse Fernandez Vila claimed that the loss was the result of rigging of the Spanish vote by state television on behalf of the Francoist State."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Microsoft Spider Solitaire", "paragraph_text": "Spider Solitaire, also known as Microsoft Spider Solitaire (Spider in the About box in some versions), is a solitaire card game that is included in Microsoft Windows. It is a version of Spider. , it was the most played game on Windows PCs, surpassing the shorter and less challenging Klondike-based Windows Solitaire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ari Koivunen", "paragraph_text": "Ari Koivunen was born in Kouvola, Finland on June 7, 1984, and developed an early interest in music. In 2005, he won the Finnish Karaoke Championships, and was placed third in the Karaoke World Championships the same year. The win of the Finnish \"Idols\" competition was his breakthrough in 2007. Unlike usual the pop music that dominated the show, he chose to perform mainly metal and rock songs in the contest."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday, January 19, 2004 and continued until May 26, 2004. The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino, who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2% (1.3 million votes); the vote total (65 million votes) was the highest recorded vote total in the show's history until the May 23, 2007, finale of the sixth season. This season also featured Jennifer Hudson, who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269\u2013269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Three points for a win", "paragraph_text": "Three points for a win is a standard used in many sports leagues and group tournaments, especially in association football, in which three (rather than two) points are awarded to the team winning a match, with no points awarded to the losing team. If the game is drawn, each team receives one point. The system places additional value on wins compared to draws such that teams with a higher number of wins may rank higher in tables than teams with a lower number of wins but more draws."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Julie Dubela", "paragraph_text": "Julie Dubela (born January 16, 1991) is an American singer from Stratham, New Hampshire. She appeared on several television programs, including American Juniors and American Idol, and is known in the Boston, Massachusetts area for her live performances of \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday, January 19, 2004 and continued until May 26, 2004. The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino, who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2% (1.3 million votes); the vote total (65 million votes) was the highest recorded vote total in the show's history until the May 23, 2007, finale of the sixth season. This season also featured Jennifer Hudson, who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. This is the last season to be aired in standard definition, with the only exception being the grand finale."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Way/Solitaire", "paragraph_text": "\"The Way\"/\"Solitaire\" is the second commercial double A-side CD single by Clay Aiken released on March 16, 2004, on the RCA label. The record peaked at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and was certified platinum."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "It was won by Ruben Studdard. It was the first season to crown a male winner, and the first season to have a finale with two male contestants, Studdard and Clay Aiken."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500 million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven - time Grammy - winning country megastar."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}], "question": "How many votes did the performer of The Way / Solitaire lose by in American Idol?"}
{"id": "3hop1__224627_74907_3109", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "All I Want for Christmas Is You", "paragraph_text": "``All I Want for Christmas Is You ''is a Christmas song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. She wrote and produced the song with Walter Afanasieff. Columbia Records released it on November 1, 1994, as the lead single from her first holiday album and fourth studio album, Merry Christmas.`` Christmas'' is an uptempo love song that includes bell chimes and heavy back - up vocals, as well as use of synthesizers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "We Wish You a Merry Christmas", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol - based composer, conductor and organist Arthur Warrell is responsible for the popularity of the carol. Warrell arranged the tune for his own University of Bristol Madrigal Singers, and performed it with them in concert on December 6, 1935. That same year, his elaborate four - part arrangement was published by Oxford University Press, under the title ``A Merry Christmas: West Country traditional song ''."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Merry Christmas (Mariah Carey album)", "paragraph_text": "Merry Christmas is the first Christmas album, and the fourth studio album, by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. Released by Columbia Records on November 1, 1994, the album features cover versions of popular Christmas tunes and original material. Carey worked with Walter Afanasieff, with whom she wrote all of the original tracks, as well as producing Carey's interpretations of the covered material. The album contains a contemporary holiday theme, and featured ``authentic, gospel flavored background vocals ''. Three singles were released from the album, of which`` All I Want for Christmas Is You'' went on to become one of the best - selling singles of all time."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alyvia Alyn Lind", "paragraph_text": "Alyvia Alyn Lind is an American child actress. She is best known for roles of Faith Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless since 2011, and young 9 - year - old Dolly Parton in the made - for - television movies Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors and Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol (season 3)", "paragraph_text": "The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday, January 19, 2004 and continued until May 26, 2004. The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino, who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2% (1.3 million votes); the vote total (65 million votes) was the highest recorded vote total in the show's history until the May 23, 2007, finale of the sixth season. This season also featured Jennifer Hudson, who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. This is the last season to be aired in standard definition, with the only exception being the grand finale."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Merry Christmas with Love", "paragraph_text": "Merry Christmas with Love is Clay Aiken's first Christmas album, released by RCA Records on November 16, 2004. It was certified platinum and was recognized by \"Billboard\" as the best-selling Christmas/holiday album of 2004 and the best-selling Christian album of 2005."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Moment Like This", "paragraph_text": "``A Moment Like This ''is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson, the winner of the first season of American Idol. It was released as a double - A side with`` Before Your Love'' and topped the Billboard Hot 100. The song was later included on her debut album, Thankful (2003). It is her coronation song from American Idol."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", "paragraph_text": "``Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ''Song by Judy Garland in the 1944 musical Meet Me in St. Louis Released 1944 (1944) Genre Traditional pop Composer (s) Hugh Martin Lyricist (s) Ralph Blane"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Merry Christmas from London", "paragraph_text": "Merry Christmas from London is an album of Christmas music, released in 1993 by country music artist Lorrie Morgan. It features duets with guest stars Andy Williams (\"Little Snow Girl\"), Johnny Mathis (\"Blue Snowfall\"), and Tammy Wynette (\"A Christmas Festival,\" a medley of several traditional Christmas songs). The New World Philharmonic and Choir provide traditional orchestral and vocal backing throughout the album."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Something's Gotta Give (Johnny Mercer song)", "paragraph_text": "``Something's Gotta Give ''is a popular song with words and music by Johnny Mercer in 1954. It was published in 1955. It was written for and first performed by Fred Astaire in the 1955 musical film Daddy Long Legs, and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 as Best Original Song, losing to Love is a Many Splendored Thing."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500 million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven - time Grammy - winning country megastar."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Go Tell It on the Mountain (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Go Tell It on the Mountain ''is an African - American spiritual song, compiled by John Wesley Work, Jr., dating back to at least 1865, that has been sung and recorded by many gospel and secular performers. It is considered a Christmas carol because its original lyrics celebrate the Nativity of Jesus:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Merry Clayton", "paragraph_text": "Merry Clayton (born December 25, 1948) is an American soul and gospel singer and an actress. She provided a number of backing vocal tracks for major performing artists in the 1960s, most notably in her duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song ``Gimme Shelter. ''Clayton is featured in 20 Feet from Stardom, the Oscar - winning documentary about background singers and their contributions to the music industry. In 2013, she released The Best of Merry Clayton, a compilation of her favorite songs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "It was won by Ruben Studdard. It was the first season to crown a male winner, and the first season to have a finale with two male contestants, Studdard and Clay Aiken."}], "question": "By how many votes did the person who beat the Merry Christmas with Love performer on American Idol win?"}
{"id": "3hop1__548080_76279_22376", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Francisco Robles", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Robles Garc\u00eda (May 5, 1811 \u2013 March 7, 1893) was President of Ecuador from October 16, 1856 to August 31, 1859."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Stephen Dunn (sound engineer)", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Dunn (December 26, 1894 \u2013 February 3, 1980) was an American sound engineer. He won two Academy Awards in the category Best Sound Recording and was nominated twice more in the same category."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Disappearance of Garcia Lorca", "paragraph_text": "The Disappearance of Garcia Lorca is a 1997 Spanish-American drama-biographical film directed by Marcos Zurinaga. It is based on a book by Ian Gibson about the life and murder of Spanish poet Federico Garc\u00eda Lorca. It stars Andy Garc\u00eda as Lorca and Esai Morales as Ricardo, a journalist who investigates Lorca's disappearance during the early years of the Spanish Civil War. The film earned ALMA Award nominations for both Garcia and Morales, best feature film, and best Latino director for Zurinaga. It received an Imagen Award for Best Motion Picture."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Military Medal (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "The medal was established in 1918 by Alfonso XIII of Spain. Since then it is awarded to members of the Spanish military service independent of rank."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "RT\u00c9 Sports Person of the Year", "paragraph_text": "Three people have won the award multiple times: athlete Sonia O'Sullivan won the award five times, including a record three successive awards, and golfers P\u00e1draig Harrington, with three wins, and Rory McIlroy, who won it twice. The oldest recipient of the award is Christy O'Connor Jnr, who won in 1989 aged 41. Rory McIlroy, who first won in 2011, aged 22, is the youngest winner. Ten sporting disciplines have been represented; golf has the highest representation, with seven recipients."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2016, the prize has been awarded to 203 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Josiane Balasko", "paragraph_text": "Josiane Balasko (born Josiane Bala\u0161kovi\u0107; 15 April 1950) is a French actress, writer and director. She has been nominated seven times for C\u00e9sar Awards, and won twice."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Roble, California", "paragraph_text": "Roble (also, Roble Station and Robles) is an unincorporated community in Butte County, California. It lies at an elevation of 174 feet (53 m). It was founded along the railroad line from Durham."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Travis Holland", "paragraph_text": "Travis Holland is an American writer. His work has appeared in \"Ploughshares\", \"Glimmer Train\" and \"Five Points\", and his debut novel \"The Archivist's Story\" was nominated for the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. He holds an MFA from the University of Michigan where he twice received the Hopwood Award."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "A year before Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n. The second son, Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first Garc\u00eda died childless and Le\u00f3n passed to Ordo\u00f1o. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn", "paragraph_text": "Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career. Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken - word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work. She was five - times nominated for an Academy Award, and was awarded the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, post-humously, for her humanitarian work. She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and was the recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990. She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and received a Special Tony Award in 1968."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney", "paragraph_text": "Walt Disney (1901 -- 1966) won or received a total of twenty - six Academy Awards, and holds the record for most Academy Awards in history. He won twenty - two competitive Academy Awards from a total of fifty - nine nominations, and also holds the records for most wins and most nominations for an individual in history."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alfonso Garc\u00eda Robles", "paragraph_text": "Alfonso Garc\u00eda Robles (20 March 1911 \u2013 2 September 1991) was a Mexican diplomat and politician who, in conjunction with Sweden's Alva Myrdal, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "Since its inception, the award has been given to 21 different players. Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace have each won the award a record four times. Dwight Howard is the only player to ever win the award in three consecutive seasons. Sidney Moncrief, Mark Eaton, Dennis Rodman, Hakeem Olajuwon, Alonzo Mourning, and Kawhi Leonard have each won it twice. The most recent award recipient is Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "Hank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount have won at different positions, while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions. Barry Bonds has won the most often (seven times) and the most consecutively (2001 -- 04). Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times; 9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Francisco Bergam\u00edn y Garc\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Bergam\u00edn y Garc\u00eda (Campillos, Spain, 6 October 1855 \u2013 Madrid, Spain, 13 February 1937) was a Spanish lawyer, economist and politician who served as Minister of State in 1922, during the reign of King Alfonso XIII."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "NBA Sportsmanship Award", "paragraph_text": "Every year, each of the 30 NBA teams nominates one of its players to compete for this award. From these nominees, one player from each NBA division are selected by a panel as the divisional Sportsmanship Award winners. At the end of the regular season, players in the league cast votes for the award, with eleven points given for each first-place vote, nine for second-place vote, seven points for third, five points for fourth, three points for fifth and one point for each sixth place vote received. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award and presented with the Joe Dumars Trophy; named after the former Detroit Pistons player and the award's inaugural recipient.Grant Hill has won the award three times; the most in NBA history.  Kemba Walker, Jason Kidd and Mike Conley are the only other players to have won it multiple times, each having done so twice."}], "question": "What does the abbreviated name of the organization that twice won the award also received by Alfonso Garcia Robles stand for?"}
{"id": "3hop1__202150_76279_22376", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn", "paragraph_text": "Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career. Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken - word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work. She was five - times nominated for an Academy Award, and was awarded the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, post-humously, for her humanitarian work. She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and was the recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990. She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and received a Special Tony Award in 1968."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ernesto Formenti", "paragraph_text": "Ernesto Formenti (August 2, 1927 \u2013 October 5, 1989) was an Italian boxer who won the gold medal in the featherweight division at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ernesto Teodoro Moneta", "paragraph_text": "Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (September 20, 1833 in Milan, Lombardy \u2013 February 10, 1918) was an Italian journalist, nationalist, revolutionary soldier and later a pacifist and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. He adopted the motto \"In varietate unitas!\" which later inspired Motto of the European Union."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "Four people have won the award more than once: tennis player Andy Murray is the only person to have won the first place award three times (in addition to the Young Sports Personality and Team awards), while boxer Henry Cooper and Formula One drivers Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill have each won twice. Snooker player Steve Davis has finished in the top three a record five times. Jessica Ennis - Hill holds the record for most podiums without a win; having finished four times in the top three, after failing the make the shortlist for the 2016 award, having announced her retirement from athletics beforehand, Ennis - Hill is statistically the most successful sportsperson never to have won the award."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2018 Mexican general election", "paragraph_text": "L\u00f3pez Obrador won the election on 1 July 2018 with over 50% of the popular vote. In terms of states won, L\u00f3pez Obrador won in a landslide, carrying 31 out of 32 of the country's states, the most states won by a candidate since Ernesto Zedillo won every state in the 1994 election."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Francis Fagan", "paragraph_text": "Francis Fagan was a captain in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He served as commanding officer of Company G, Second Battalion, 9th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division. He was twice awarded the Navy Cross: once for his actions at the Battle of Guam, the other for his actions at the Battle of Iwo Jima. He received the second award posthumously."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Travis Holland", "paragraph_text": "Travis Holland is an American writer. His work has appeared in \"Ploughshares\", \"Glimmer Train\" and \"Five Points\", and his debut novel \"The Archivist's Story\" was nominated for the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. He holds an MFA from the University of Michigan where he twice received the Hopwood Award."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "RT\u00c9 Sports Person of the Year", "paragraph_text": "Three people have won the award multiple times: athlete Sonia O'Sullivan won the award five times, including a record three successive awards, and golfers P\u00e1draig Harrington, with three wins, and Rory McIlroy, who won it twice. The oldest recipient of the award is Christy O'Connor Jnr, who won in 1989 aged 41. Rory McIlroy, who first won in 2011, aged 22, is the youngest winner. Ten sporting disciplines have been represented; golf has the highest representation, with seven recipients."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2016, the prize has been awarded to 203 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "La La Land", "paragraph_text": "La La Land received critical acclaim. Critics praised Chazelle's screenplay and direction, Gosling and Stone's performances, Justin Hurwitz's score, and the film's musical numbers. It won in every category for which it was nominated at the 74th Golden Globe Awards, with a record - breaking seven wins, and received 11 nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards, winning five. It received 14 nominations at the 89th Academy Awards, tying the record for most nominations with All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997), and won six Academy Awards for Best Director, Best Actress (Stone), Best Cinematography, Best Original Score, Best Original Song (``City of Stars ''), and Best Production Design."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josiane Balasko", "paragraph_text": "Josiane Balasko (born Josiane Bala\u0161kovi\u0107; 15 April 1950) is a French actress, writer and director. She has been nominated seven times for C\u00e9sar Awards, and won twice."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "NBA Sportsmanship Award", "paragraph_text": "Every year, each of the 30 NBA teams nominates one of its players to compete for this award. From these nominees, one player from each NBA division are selected by a panel as the divisional Sportsmanship Award winners. At the end of the regular season, players in the league cast votes for the award, with eleven points given for each first-place vote, nine for second-place vote, seven points for third, five points for fourth, three points for fifth and one point for each sixth place vote received. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award and presented with the Joe Dumars Trophy; named after the former Detroit Pistons player and the award's inaugural recipient.Grant Hill has won the award three times; the most in NBA history.  Kemba Walker, Jason Kidd and Mike Conley are the only other players to have won it multiple times, each having done so twice."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "Since its inception, the award has been given to 21 different players. Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace have each won the award a record four times. Dwight Howard is the only player to ever win the award in three consecutive seasons. Sidney Moncrief, Mark Eaton, Dennis Rodman, Hakeem Olajuwon, Alonzo Mourning, and Kawhi Leonard have each won it twice. The most recent award recipient is Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "Hank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount have won at different positions, while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions. Barry Bonds has won the most often (seven times) and the most consecutively (2001 -- 04). Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times; 9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Defendant, Stand Up!", "paragraph_text": "Defendant, Stand Up! (Italian: Imputato, alzatevi!) is a 1939 Italian comedy film directed by Mario Mattoli and starring Erminio Macario, Ernesto Almirante and Greta Gonda. It was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stephen Dunn (sound engineer)", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Dunn (December 26, 1894 \u2013 February 3, 1980) was an American sound engineer. He won two Academy Awards in the category Best Sound Recording and was nominated twice more in the same category."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Molly Parker", "paragraph_text": "Molly Parker is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles in independent films, and for her roles in television as House Majority Whip Jacqueline Sharp on the Netflix original series House of Cards, for which she earned an Emmy nomination, and as Alma Garret on the HBO series Deadwood. She won a Genie Award in 1997 as Best Actress in a Leading Role for Kissed, was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award as best female lead in 2001 for her role in The Center of the World, and has twice been nominated for a Genie Award as best supporting actress (she won in 2002 for Last Wedding)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The King's Speech", "paragraph_text": "At the 83rd Academy Awards, \"The King's Speech\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Actor (Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler). The film had received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year. Besides the four categories it won, the film received nominations for Best Cinematography (Danny Cohen) and two for the supporting actors (Bonham Carter and Rush), as well as two for its mise-en-sc\u00e8ne: Art Direction and Costumes."}], "question": "What is the name of the organization with a five letter acronym that has won an award twice which Ernesto Teodoro Moneta has also received?"}
{"id": "3hop1__707349_76279_22376", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2005 Nobel Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "The 2005 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed ElBaradei \"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "RT\u00c9 Sports Person of the Year", "paragraph_text": "Three people have won the award multiple times: athlete Sonia O'Sullivan won the award five times, including a record three successive awards, and golfers P\u00e1draig Harrington, with three wins, and Rory McIlroy, who won it twice. The oldest recipient of the award is Christy O'Connor Jnr, who won in 1989 aged 41. Rory McIlroy, who first won in 2011, aged 22, is the youngest winner. Ten sporting disciplines have been represented; golf has the highest representation, with seven recipients."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "La La Land", "paragraph_text": "La La Land received critical acclaim. Critics praised Chazelle's screenplay and direction, Gosling and Stone's performances, Justin Hurwitz's score, and the film's musical numbers. It won in every category for which it was nominated at the 74th Golden Globe Awards, with a record - breaking seven wins, and received 11 nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards, winning five. It received 14 nominations at the 89th Academy Awards, tying the record for most nominations with All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997), and won six Academy Awards for Best Director, Best Actress (Stone), Best Cinematography, Best Original Score, Best Original Song (``City of Stars ''), and Best Production Design."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney", "paragraph_text": "Walt Disney (1901 -- 1966) won or received a total of twenty - six Academy Awards, and holds the record for most Academy Awards in history. He won twenty - two competitive Academy Awards from a total of fifty - nine nominations, and also holds the records for most wins and most nominations for an individual in history."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Josiane Balasko", "paragraph_text": "Josiane Balasko (born Josiane Bala\u0161kovi\u0107; 15 April 1950) is a French actress, writer and director. She has been nominated seven times for C\u00e9sar Awards, and won twice."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "PFA Players' Player of the Year", "paragraph_text": "The Professional Footballers' Association Players' Player of the Year (often called the PFA Players' Player of the Year, the Players' Player of the Year, or simply the Player of the Year) is an annual award given to the player who is adjudged to have been the best of the year in English football. The award has been presented since the 1973 -- 74 season and the winner is chosen by a vote amongst the members of the players' trade union, the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA). The current holder is Mohamed Salah, who won the award on 22 April 2018 for his displays throughout the 2017 -- 18 season, representing Liverpool."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers as a franchise have won six World Series titles and 22 National League pennants. 11 NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers, winning a total of 13 MVP Awards, Eight Cy Young Award winners have pitched for the Dodgers, winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards. The team has also produced 18 Rookie of the Year Award winners, twice as many as the next closest team, including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Stephen Dunn (sound engineer)", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Dunn (December 26, 1894 \u2013 February 3, 1980) was an American sound engineer. He won two Academy Awards in the category Best Sound Recording and was nominated twice more in the same category."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "Since its inception, the award has been given to 21 different players. Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace have each won the award a record four times. Dwight Howard is the only player to ever win the award in three consecutive seasons. Sidney Moncrief, Mark Eaton, Dennis Rodman, Hakeem Olajuwon, Alonzo Mourning, and Kawhi Leonard have each won it twice. The most recent award recipient is Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Francis Fagan", "paragraph_text": "Francis Fagan was a captain in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He served as commanding officer of Company G, Second Battalion, 9th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division. He was twice awarded the Navy Cross: once for his actions at the Battle of Guam, the other for his actions at the Battle of Iwo Jima. He received the second award posthumously."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The King's Speech", "paragraph_text": "At the 83rd Academy Awards, \"The King's Speech\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Actor (Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler). The film had received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year. Besides the four categories it won, the film received nominations for Best Cinematography (Danny Cohen) and two for the supporting actors (Bonham Carter and Rush), as well as two for its mise-en-sc\u00e8ne: Art Direction and Costumes."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Molly Parker", "paragraph_text": "Molly Parker is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles in independent films, and for her roles in television as House Majority Whip Jacqueline Sharp on the Netflix original series House of Cards, for which she earned an Emmy nomination, and as Alma Garret on the HBO series Deadwood. She won a Genie Award in 1997 as Best Actress in a Leading Role for Kissed, was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award as best female lead in 2001 for her role in The Center of the World, and has twice been nominated for a Genie Award as best supporting actress (she won in 2002 for Last Wedding)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nobel Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "As of 2016, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "NBA Sportsmanship Award", "paragraph_text": "Every year, each of the 30 NBA teams nominates one of its players to compete for this award. From these nominees, one player from each NBA division are selected by a panel as the divisional Sportsmanship Award winners. At the end of the regular season, players in the league cast votes for the award, with eleven points given for each first-place vote, nine for second-place vote, seven points for third, five points for fourth, three points for fifth and one point for each sixth place vote received. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award and presented with the Joe Dumars Trophy; named after the former Detroit Pistons player and the award's inaugural recipient.Grant Hill has won the award three times; the most in NBA history.  Kemba Walker, Jason Kidd and Mike Conley are the only other players to have won it multiple times, each having done so twice."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "Hank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount have won at different positions, while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions. Barry Bonds has won the most often (seven times) and the most consecutively (2001 -- 04). Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times; 9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Travis Holland", "paragraph_text": "Travis Holland is an American writer. His work has appeared in \"Ploughshares\", \"Glimmer Train\" and \"Five Points\", and his debut novel \"The Archivist's Story\" was nominated for the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. He holds an MFA from the University of Michigan where he twice received the Hopwood Award."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn", "paragraph_text": "Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career. Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken - word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work. She was five - times nominated for an Academy Award, and was awarded the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, post-humously, for her humanitarian work. She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and was the recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990. She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and received a Special Tony Award in 1968."}], "question": "What does the abbreviation of the organization that has twice won the award also received by Mohamed ElBaradei, stand for?"}
{"id": "3hop1__167686_76279_22376", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "RT\u00c9 Sports Person of the Year", "paragraph_text": "Three people have won the award multiple times: athlete Sonia O'Sullivan won the award five times, including a record three successive awards, and golfers P\u00e1draig Harrington, with three wins, and Rory McIlroy, who won it twice. The oldest recipient of the award is Christy O'Connor Jnr, who won in 1989 aged 41. Rory McIlroy, who first won in 2011, aged 22, is the youngest winner. Ten sporting disciplines have been represented; golf has the highest representation, with seven recipients."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Francis Fagan", "paragraph_text": "Francis Fagan was a captain in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He served as commanding officer of Company G, Second Battalion, 9th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division. He was twice awarded the Navy Cross: once for his actions at the Battle of Guam, the other for his actions at the Battle of Iwo Jima. He received the second award posthumously."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "La La Land", "paragraph_text": "La La Land received critical acclaim. Critics praised Chazelle's screenplay and direction, Gosling and Stone's performances, Justin Hurwitz's score, and the film's musical numbers. It won in every category for which it was nominated at the 74th Golden Globe Awards, with a record - breaking seven wins, and received 11 nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards, winning five. It received 14 nominations at the 89th Academy Awards, tying the record for most nominations with All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997), and won six Academy Awards for Best Director, Best Actress (Stone), Best Cinematography, Best Original Score, Best Original Song (``City of Stars ''), and Best Production Design."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "Since its inception, the award has been given to 21 different players. Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace have each won the award a record four times. Dwight Howard is the only player to ever win the award in three consecutive seasons. Sidney Moncrief, Mark Eaton, Dennis Rodman, Hakeem Olajuwon, Alonzo Mourning, and Kawhi Leonard have each won it twice. The most recent award recipient is Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The King's Speech", "paragraph_text": "At the 83rd Academy Awards, \"The King's Speech\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Actor (Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler). The film had received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year. Besides the four categories it won, the film received nominations for Best Cinematography (Danny Cohen) and two for the supporting actors (Bonham Carter and Rush), as well as two for its mise-en-sc\u00e8ne: Art Direction and Costumes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ralph Bunche", "paragraph_text": "Ralph Johnson Bunche (; August 7, 1904December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, academic, and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Israel. He was the first African American to be so honored. He was involved in the formation and administration of the United Nations and played a major role in numerous peacekeeping operations sponsored by the UN. In 1963, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President John F. Kennedy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kathryn Bigelow", "paragraph_text": "Bigelow next directed The Hurt Locker, which was first shown at the Venice Film Festival in September 2008, was the Closing Night selection for Maryland Film Festival in May 2009, and theatrically released in the US in June 2009. It qualified for the 2010 Oscars as it did not premiere in an Oscar - qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009. Set in post-invasion Iraq, the film received ``universal acclaim ''(according to Metacritic) and a 97%`` fresh'' rating from the critics aggregated by Rotten Tomatoes. The film stars Jeremy Renner, Brian Geraghty and Anthony Mackie, with cameos by Guy Pearce, David Morse and Ralph Fiennes. She won the Directors Guild of America award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (becoming the first woman to win the award) and also received a Golden Globe nomination for her direction. In 2010, she won the award for Best Director and The Hurt Locker won Best Picture at the 63rd British Academy Film Awards. She became the first woman to receive an Academy Award for Best Director for The Hurt Locker. She was the fourth woman in history to be nominated for the honor, and only the second American woman. She defeated her ex-husband James Cameron in the category, for his directorial work in his sci - fi film Avatar, with a budget of $200 million. The Hurt Locker was far less expensive to make, relying on the use of hand - held cameras, long takes, and diligent sound design."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn", "paragraph_text": "Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career. Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken - word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work. She was five - times nominated for an Academy Award, and was awarded the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, post-humously, for her humanitarian work. She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and was the recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990. She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and received a Special Tony Award in 1968."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers as a franchise have won six World Series titles and 22 National League pennants. 11 NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers, winning a total of 13 MVP Awards, Eight Cy Young Award winners have pitched for the Dodgers, winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards. The team has also produced 18 Rookie of the Year Award winners, twice as many as the next closest team, including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Molly Parker", "paragraph_text": "Molly Parker is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles in independent films, and for her roles in television as House Majority Whip Jacqueline Sharp on the Netflix original series House of Cards, for which she earned an Emmy nomination, and as Alma Garret on the HBO series Deadwood. She won a Genie Award in 1997 as Best Actress in a Leading Role for Kissed, was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award as best female lead in 2001 for her role in The Center of the World, and has twice been nominated for a Genie Award as best supporting actress (she won in 2002 for Last Wedding)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Stephen Dunn (sound engineer)", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Dunn (December 26, 1894 \u2013 February 3, 1980) was an American sound engineer. He won two Academy Awards in the category Best Sound Recording and was nominated twice more in the same category."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ann B. Davis", "paragraph_text": "Ann Bradford Davis (May 3, 1926 -- June 1, 2014) was an American actress. She achieved prominence for her role in the NBC situation comedy The Bob Cummings Show (1955 -- 1959), for which she twice won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, but she was best known for playing the part of Alice Nelson, the housekeeper in ABC's The Brady Bunch (1969 -- 1974)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "NBA Sportsmanship Award", "paragraph_text": "Every year, each of the 30 NBA teams nominates one of its players to compete for this award. From these nominees, one player from each NBA division are selected by a panel as the divisional Sportsmanship Award winners. At the end of the regular season, players in the league cast votes for the award, with eleven points given for each first-place vote, nine for second-place vote, seven points for third, five points for fourth, three points for fifth and one point for each sixth place vote received. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award and presented with the Joe Dumars Trophy; named after the former Detroit Pistons player and the award's inaugural recipient.Grant Hill has won the award three times; the most in NBA history.  Kemba Walker, Jason Kidd and Mike Conley are the only other players to have won it multiple times, each having done so twice."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2016, the prize has been awarded to 203 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Travis Holland", "paragraph_text": "Travis Holland is an American writer. His work has appeared in \"Ploughshares\", \"Glimmer Train\" and \"Five Points\", and his debut novel \"The Archivist's Story\" was nominated for the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. He holds an MFA from the University of Michigan where he twice received the Hopwood Award."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "Four people have won the award more than once: tennis player Andy Murray is the only person to have won the first place award three times (in addition to the Young Sports Personality and Team awards), while boxer Henry Cooper and Formula One drivers Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill have each won twice. Snooker player Steve Davis has finished in the top three a record five times. Jessica Ennis - Hill holds the record for most podiums without a win; having finished four times in the top three, after failing the make the shortlist for the 2016 award, having announced her retirement from athletics beforehand, Ennis - Hill is statistically the most successful sportsperson never to have won the award."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "Hank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount have won at different positions, while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions. Barry Bonds has won the most often (seven times) and the most consecutively (2001 -- 04). Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times; 9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues."}], "question": "What does the abbreviation of the organization that has twice won the award also received by Ralph Bunche stand for?"}
{"id": "3hop1__862841_76279_22376", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn", "paragraph_text": "Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career. Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken - word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work. She was five - times nominated for an Academy Award, and was awarded the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, post-humously, for her humanitarian work. She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and was the recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1990. She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and received a Special Tony Award in 1968."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "Hank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount have won at different positions, while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions. Barry Bonds has won the most often (seven times) and the most consecutively (2001 -- 04). Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times; 9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney", "paragraph_text": "Walt Disney (1901 -- 1966) won or received a total of twenty - six Academy Awards, and holds the record for most Academy Awards in history. He won twenty - two competitive Academy Awards from a total of fifty - nine nominations, and also holds the records for most wins and most nominations for an individual in history."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Josiane Balasko", "paragraph_text": "Josiane Balasko (born Josiane Bala\u0161kovi\u0107; 15 April 1950) is a French actress, writer and director. She has been nominated seven times for C\u00e9sar Awards, and won twice."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers as a franchise have won six World Series titles and 22 National League pennants. 11 NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers, winning a total of 13 MVP Awards, Eight Cy Young Award winners have pitched for the Dodgers, winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards. The team has also produced 18 Rookie of the Year Award winners, twice as many as the next closest team, including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Molly Parker", "paragraph_text": "Molly Parker is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles in independent films, and for her roles in television as House Majority Whip Jacqueline Sharp on the Netflix original series House of Cards, for which she earned an Emmy nomination, and as Alma Garret on the HBO series Deadwood. She won a Genie Award in 1997 as Best Actress in a Leading Role for Kissed, was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award as best female lead in 2001 for her role in The Center of the World, and has twice been nominated for a Genie Award as best supporting actress (she won in 2002 for Last Wedding)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "Since its inception, the award has been given to 21 different players. Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace have each won the award a record four times. Dwight Howard is the only player to ever win the award in three consecutive seasons. Sidney Moncrief, Mark Eaton, Dennis Rodman, Hakeem Olajuwon, Alonzo Mourning, and Kawhi Leonard have each won it twice. The most recent award recipient is Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The King's Speech", "paragraph_text": "At the 83rd Academy Awards, \"The King's Speech\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Actor (Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler). The film had received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year. Besides the four categories it won, the film received nominations for Best Cinematography (Danny Cohen) and two for the supporting actors (Bonham Carter and Rush), as well as two for its mise-en-sc\u00e8ne: Art Direction and Costumes."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Francis Fagan", "paragraph_text": "Francis Fagan was a captain in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He served as commanding officer of Company G, Second Battalion, 9th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division. He was twice awarded the Navy Cross: once for his actions at the Battle of Guam, the other for his actions at the Battle of Iwo Jima. He received the second award posthumously."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Travis Holland", "paragraph_text": "Travis Holland is an American writer. His work has appeared in \"Ploughshares\", \"Glimmer Train\" and \"Five Points\", and his debut novel \"The Archivist's Story\" was nominated for the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. He holds an MFA from the University of Michigan where he twice received the Hopwood Award."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award", "paragraph_text": "Four people have won the award more than once: tennis player Andy Murray is the only person to have won the first place award three times (in addition to the Young Sports Personality and Team awards), while boxer Henry Cooper and Formula One drivers Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill have each won twice. Snooker player Steve Davis has finished in the top three a record five times. Jessica Ennis - Hill holds the record for most podiums without a win; having finished four times in the top three, after failing the make the shortlist for the 2016 award, having announced her retirement from athletics beforehand, Ennis - Hill is statistically the most successful sportsperson never to have won the award."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy", "paragraph_text": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy (May 20, 1822 \u2013 June 12, 1912) was a French economist and a joint winner (together with Henry Dunant) of the first Nobel Peace Prize awarded in 1901."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "RT\u00c9 Sports Person of the Year", "paragraph_text": "Three people have won the award multiple times: athlete Sonia O'Sullivan won the award five times, including a record three successive awards, and golfers P\u00e1draig Harrington, with three wins, and Rory McIlroy, who won it twice. The oldest recipient of the award is Christy O'Connor Jnr, who won in 1989 aged 41. Rory McIlroy, who first won in 2011, aged 22, is the youngest winner. Ten sporting disciplines have been represented; golf has the highest representation, with seven recipients."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972. Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer (1963). As of 2016, the prize has been awarded to 203 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940 -- 1942)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "NBA Sportsmanship Award", "paragraph_text": "Every year, each of the 30 NBA teams nominates one of its players to compete for this award. From these nominees, one player from each NBA division are selected by a panel as the divisional Sportsmanship Award winners. At the end of the regular season, players in the league cast votes for the award, with eleven points given for each first-place vote, nine for second-place vote, seven points for third, five points for fourth, three points for fifth and one point for each sixth place vote received. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award and presented with the Joe Dumars Trophy; named after the former Detroit Pistons player and the award's inaugural recipient.Grant Hill has won the award three times; the most in NBA history.  Kemba Walker, Jason Kidd and Mike Conley are the only other players to have won it multiple times, each having done so twice."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Henry Dunant", "paragraph_text": "Henry Dunant (born Jean - Henri Dunant; 8 May 1828 -- 30 October 1910), also known as Henri Dunant, was a Swiss businessman and social activist, the founder of the Red Cross, and the first recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy, making Dunant the first Swiss Nobel laureate."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates", "paragraph_text": "The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) ``to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. ''It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway. The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three - time recipient) rather than an individual."}], "question": "What is the name of the organization with a five letter acronym that has won an award twice which Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy has also received?"}
{"id": "3hop1__94814_400098_425488", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "My Daddy, the Crocodile Hunter", "paragraph_text": "My Daddy, the Crocodile Hunter is a one-hour television documentary film that is hosted by Bindi Irwin and details her life and growing career and also serves as a memorial for her father, famed naturalist and conservationist Steve Irwin, better known as The Crocodile Hunter who died in 2006. She has inherited his legacy and continues his work."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A Very Short Life", "paragraph_text": "A Very Short Life () is a 2009 Hong Kong drama film written, produced and directed by Dennis Law. It is Law's fifth feature film as a writer and director. Centered on child abuse and child molestation, the film stars Maggie Shiu as a Hong Kong police commissioner who investigates the murder of an 11-year-old girl at the hands of her abusive mother (Leila Tong). The film was awarded a Category III rating in Hong Kong for its subject matter and was released in Hong Kong on 19 March 2008."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Odongo", "paragraph_text": "Odongo or Odongo Adventure on the African Frontier is a 1956 British Warwick Films CinemaScope African adventure drama film directed by John Gilling and starring Rhonda Fleming, Macdonald Carey and Juma. The screenplay concerns a white hunter who falls in love with a vet in Kenya."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Crocodile Hunter", "paragraph_text": "The Crocodile Hunter is a wildlife documentary television series that was hosted by Steve Irwin and his wife, Terri. The show became a popular franchise due to Irwin's unconventional approach to wildlife. It spawned a number of separate projects, including the feature film \"\" and two television spinoffs: \"Croc Files\" and \"The Crocodile Hunter Diaries\". The series was presented on Animal Planet, becoming the network's highest-rated series at the time, and was in international syndication on networks worldwide."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Official Story", "paragraph_text": "The film deals with the story of an upper middle class couple who lives in Buenos Aires with an illegally adopted child. The mother comes to realize that her daughter may be the child of a desaparecido, a victim of the forced disappearances that occurred during Argentina's last military dictatorship (1976 - 1983), which was marred by widespread human rights violations and a genocide."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paul Hogan", "paragraph_text": "Paul Hogan, AM (born 8 October 1939) is an Australian comedian, actor and television presenter. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance as outback adventurer Michael ``Crocodile ''Dundee in Crocodile Dundee (1986), the first in the Crocodile Dundee film series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bindi the Jungle Girl", "paragraph_text": "Bindi the Jungle Girl is an Australian children's television nature documentary series, presented by Bindi Irwin, the daughter of Steve and Terri Irwin. The series is produced and shot in Queensland by The Best Picture Show Company for Discovery Kids and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The first series was scheduled for 26 episodes, and ran from 9 June 2007 until 31 May 2008 on American networks Discovery Kids and simulcast on Animal Planet and on ABC1 in Australia from 18 July 2007. Also appearing on the show are Bindi's mother Terri, her younger brother Robert, and Steve Irwin's \"best mate\" and director of Australia Zoo, Wes Mannion. Bindi performs songs and dances with a group called the Crocmen, and answers questions from viewers in the \"Bindi's Blog\" segment."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Paul Hogan", "paragraph_text": "Paul Hogan, AM (born 8 October 1939) is an Australian comedian, actor and television presenter. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance as outback adventurer Michael ``Crocodile ''Dundee in Crocodile Dundee (1986), the first in the Dundee film franchise."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zombie Planet", "paragraph_text": "Zombie Planet is a 2004 American horror film directed and written by George Bonilla. Frank Farhat stars as a zombie hunter in a post-apocalyptic world. The film also stars Christopher Rose, Matt Perry, Rebecca Minton, and Karl Gustav Lindstrom."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Manglehorn", "paragraph_text": "Manglehorn is a 2014 American drama film directed by David Gordon Green and written by Paul Logan. The film stars Al Pacino, Holly Hunter, Harmony Korine and Chris Messina. It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 71st Venice International Film Festival. The film was released in theaters on June 19, 2015, by IFC Films."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "A Monster Calls (film)", "paragraph_text": "A Monster Calls is a 2016 dark fantasy drama film directed by J.A. Bayona and written by Patrick Ness, based on his novel of the same name. The film stars Sigourney Weaver, Felicity Jones, Toby Kebbell, Lewis MacDougall, and Liam Neeson, and tells the story of Conor (MacDougall), a child whose mother (Jones) is terminally ill; one night, he is visited by a giant tree - like monster (Neeson), who states that he will come back and tell Conor three stories."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Won by a Fish", "paragraph_text": "Won by a Fish is a 1912 silent film comedy directed by Mack Sennett and starring Mary Pickford. It was produced by the Biograph Company and released as split-reel with \"The Brave Hunter\" by General Film Company."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cleveland Smith: Bounty Hunter", "paragraph_text": "Cleveland Smith: Bounty Hunter (also known as Cleveland Smith: Bounty Hunter: Episode 36) is a 1982 short film written and directed by Josh Becker and starring Bruce Campbell."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jennifer Morrison", "paragraph_text": "Jennifer Marie Morrison (born April 12, 1979) is an American actress, producer, director, and former child model. She is known for her roles as Dr. Allison Cameron in the medical - drama series House (2004 -- 2012) and Emma Swan in the ABC adventure - fantasy series Once Upon a Time (2011 -- 2017). She also has portrayed Zoey Pierson, one of Ted Mosby's love interests on the comedy series How I Met Your Mother; Winona Kirk, mother of James T. Kirk in the 2009 science - fiction film Star Trek; and Tess Conlon in the 2011 sports drama film Warrior."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "West of the Water Tower", "paragraph_text": "West of the Water Tower is a lost 1923 American silent comedy drama film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was directed by Rollin Sturgeon and is based on the novel of the same name by Homer Croy. Glenn Hunter and May McAvoy are the stars of this film."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eva Ionesco", "paragraph_text": "Eva Ionesco (born 18 July 1965) is a French actress, film director and screenwriter. She is the daughter of Romanian-French photographer Irina Ionesco and came to international prominence as a child after being featured in her mother's works."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lilith (film)", "paragraph_text": "Lilith is a 1964 American drama film written and directed by Robert Rossen. It is based on a novel by J. R. Salamanca and stars Warren Beatty, Jean Seberg, Peter Fonda, Kim Hunter and Gene Hackman."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles", "paragraph_text": "Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles (also known as Crocodile Dundee III) is a 2001 Australian-American action comedy film, directed by Simon Wincer and starring Paul Hogan. It is the sequel to \"Crocodile Dundee II\" (1988) and the third film of the \"Crocodile Dundee\" series. Hogan and Linda Kozlowski reprise their roles as Michael \"Crocodile\" Dundee and Sue Charlton, respectively. The film was shot on location in Los Angeles and in Queensland. Actor Paul Hogan reported that the inspiration for the storyline came during a tour of Litomy\u0161l, Czech Republic in 1993."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Something Always Happens", "paragraph_text": "Something Always Happens is a 1934 British romantic comedy film directed by Michael Powell and starring Ian Hunter and Nancy O'Neil. It was made as a Quota quickie."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Invisible Child", "paragraph_text": "Invisible Child is a 1999 American television drama film starring Rita Wilson as a mother who imagines she has three children when she has only two. Fearing his wife may be institutionalized because of her delusional disorder, her husband goes along with this charade as though it is perfectly normal. The 10-year-old daughter assists her father in facilitating the delusion. The youngest child seems to really believe that he has a sister named \"Maggie.\" They hire a nanny who initially goes along with the family's unusual situation, but she becomes concerned about the effects on the real children and reports the family to child protective services."}], "question": "Who was the mother of The Crocodile Hunter's star's child?"}
{"id": "3hop1__521246_400098_425488", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nina Williams", "paragraph_text": "Though not appearing in Tekken 7's original arcade release, Nina returns in its updated title, Tekken 7: Fated Retribution. In the story mode, she was forcefully to work for the returning Heihachi in the first - half, until she began to concern about Lars' good reason on keeping Jin safe with him, deeming it very interesting to watch and resign from Zaibatsu, faking her death while setting her private assassination job for hire. She is later tasked with infiltrating a mafia wedding... posing as the bride. During the ceremony, a firefight broke out where Nina took out all her targets. However, the commotion had attracted the Tekken Force, who had been dispatched to suppress the violence, and they gave chase. With the Tekken Force in hot pursuit, Nina made her escape. That's when she bumped into a man she found vaguely familiar, who happens to be her son, Steve Fox. Steve would n't leave her alone. He seemed to have something he wanted to say to her... Nina decided that a confrontation was her best chance of escape. After being defeated by her son, Nina explains everything she knew when she was in a cryosleep by Doctor Abel, relating to Steve's childhood life as one of Zaibatsu's child guinea pig before Emma Kliesen covered up Steve's escape to orphanage, and the rejected Devil Gene experiment. Despite being confirmed that Nina being Steve's biological mother, Nina warns him that he will never be her son because she could n't care less about him. When the Tekken Force suddenly arrives, Steve helps Nina escape while holding them off."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Despicable Me 3", "paragraph_text": "In the film, Gru teams up with his long - lost twin brother Dru in order to defeat a new enemy named Balthazar Bratt, a 1980s child actor who grows up to become a villain. Steve Carell, Miranda Cosgrove and Dana Gaier reprise their roles of Gru, Margo and Edith from the first two films and Julie Andrews returns as Marlena, Gru's mother from Despicable Me (2010). Kristen Wiig and Steve Coogan return from Despicable Me 2, while Trey Parker, Jenny Slate and Nev Scharrel (replacing Elsie Fisher as Agnes) join the cast."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Official Story", "paragraph_text": "The film deals with the story of an upper middle class couple who lives in Buenos Aires with an illegally adopted child. The mother comes to realize that her daughter may be the child of a desaparecido, a victim of the forced disappearances that occurred during Argentina's last military dictatorship (1976 - 1983), which was marred by widespread human rights violations and a genocide."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Eva Ionesco", "paragraph_text": "Eva Ionesco (born 18 July 1965) is a French actress, film director and screenwriter. She is the daughter of Romanian-French photographer Irina Ionesco and came to international prominence as a child after being featured in her mother's works."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "My Steve", "paragraph_text": "My Steve is a biographical account of Terri Irwin's life with her late husband, the zoo owner and television personality Steve Irwin. It was published by Simon & Schuste Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid", "paragraph_text": "Mother with a Child and a Chambermaid (1665-1668) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Amsterdam Museum."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Scorpion Swamp", "paragraph_text": "Scorpion Swamp is a single-player adventuring gamebook written by Steve Jackson (the American game designer, as opposed to the series co-creator), illustrated by Duncan Smith and originally published in 1984 by Puffin Books. It forms part of Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone's \"Fighting Fantasy\" series. It is the 8th in the series in the original Puffin series (). It was the first \"Fighting Fantasy\" book to be written by an author other than the co-creators of the series."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Suzanne Farrington", "paragraph_text": "Suzanne Farrington (n\u00e9e Holman; 12 October 1933 \u2013 1 March 2015) was a British actress. She was the only child of Vivien Leigh and her first husband, Herbert Leigh Holman. Upon her mother's death, Farrington was bequeathed her mother's papers, including her letters, photographs, contracts and diaries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Halloween (2007 film)", "paragraph_text": "On Halloween in Haddonfield, Illinois, ten - year - old psychopath Michael Myers (Daeg Faerch) murders a school bully (Daryl Sabara). Later that evening, Michael murders his older sister Judith (Hanna R. Hall), his mother's boyfriend Ronnie (William Forsythe), and Judith's boyfriend Steve (Adam Weisman). Only his baby sister, Angel Myers, is spared. After one of the longest trials in the state's history, Michael is found guilty of first - degree murder and sent to Smith's Grove Sanitarium under the care of child psychologist Dr. Samuel Loomis (Malcolm McDowell)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mother's Day (2016 film)", "paragraph_text": "As Mother's Day nears, a group of seemingly - unconnected people in Atlanta come to terms with their relationships with their mothers. Sandy (Jennifer Aniston) is a divorced mother of two boys whose ex-husband has recently remarried a younger woman, Tina (Shay Mitchell). Sandy is still getting used to this when she meets Bradley (Jason Sudeikis), a former marine, in the supermarket. Bradley's wife, a Marine Lieutenant, has recently passed away, leaving him with their two daughters and missing her terribly. Miranda (Julia Roberts) is an accomplished author who gave up her only child Kristin (Britt Robertson) for adoption at birth; as the adult Kristin has her own child and mulls over marrying the father, she contemplates the missing part in her life and her friend Jesse (Kate Hudson) encourages her to search for her birthmother. Meanwhile, Jesse and her sister Gabi never see their own mother, so they're surprised when their parents suddenly show up, and plenty of catching - up is in order."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Steve Alcorn", "paragraph_text": "Steve Alcorn (born 1956) is an American entrepreneur, engineer, inventor, author and teacher best known for his involvement in the theme park industry. As a co-founder of MicroDaSys, he was an early pioneer of computer peripherals."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Kissing Hand", "paragraph_text": "The Kissing Hand is an American children's picture book written by Audrey Penn and illustrated by Ruth E. Harper and Nancy M. Leak. It features a mother raccoon comforting a child raccoon by kissing its paw. First published by the Child Welfare League of America in 1993, it has been used ``to reassure children upset by separation anxiety. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alfred Bester", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Bester was born in Manhattan, New York City, on December 18, 1913. His father, James J. Bester, owned a shoe store and was a first-generation American whose parents were both Austrian. Alfred's mother, Belle (n\u00e9e Silverman), was born in Russia and spoke Yiddish as her first language before coming to America as a youth. Alfred was James and Belle's second and final child, and only son. (Their first child, Rita, was born in 1908.) Though his mother was born Jewish, she became a Christian Scientist, and Alfred himself was not raised within any religious traditions; he wrote that \"his home life was completely liberal and iconoclastic.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alyson Hannigan", "paragraph_text": "Hannigan was born in Washington, D.C., the only child of Emilie (Posner) Haas, a real estate agent, and Alan Hannigan, a Teamsters trucker. Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is Jewish."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wo Fat", "paragraph_text": "In the 100th episode, ``Ina Paha '', Wo Fat abducts Steve and tortures him in order to try to learn where he believes the U.S. government is holding his father. During the torture, he tells Steve that Doris had adopted him from the streets after her op went bad and his mother was killed. Doris raised him for some time before she was forced by the CIA to abandon him. After a long fight, Steve kills Wo Fat. His last words were,`` You're not going to kill me. Are you... Brother?''"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geoffrey Keynes", "paragraph_text": "Geoffrey Keynes was born on 25 March 1887 in Cambridge, England. His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at the University of Cambridge and his mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer. Geoffrey Keynes was the third child, after his older brother, the prominent economist John Maynard Keynes, and his sister Margaret, who married the Nobel Prize\u2013winning physiologist Archibald Hill."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bindi the Jungle Girl", "paragraph_text": "Bindi the Jungle Girl is an Australian children's television nature documentary series, presented by Bindi Irwin, the daughter of Steve and Terri Irwin. The series is produced and shot in Queensland by The Best Picture Show Company for Discovery Kids and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The first series was scheduled for 26 episodes, and ran from 9 June 2007 until 31 May 2008 on American networks Discovery Kids and simulcast on Animal Planet and on ABC1 in Australia from 18 July 2007. Also appearing on the show are Bindi's mother Terri, her younger brother Robert, and Steve Irwin's \"best mate\" and director of Australia Zoo, Wes Mannion. Bindi performs songs and dances with a group called the Crocmen, and answers questions from viewers in the \"Bindi's Blog\" segment."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "My Daddy, the Crocodile Hunter", "paragraph_text": "My Daddy, the Crocodile Hunter is a one-hour television documentary film that is hosted by Bindi Irwin and details her life and growing career and also serves as a memorial for her father, famed naturalist and conservationist Steve Irwin, better known as The Crocodile Hunter who died in 2006. She has inherited his legacy and continues his work."}], "question": "Who is the mother of the child of the author of My Steve?"}
{"id": "3hop1__781930_295385_135373", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port, but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta", "paragraph_text": "The Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta is a river delta located where the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers empty into the Bering Sea on the west coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. At approximately in size, it is one of the largest deltas in the world. It is larger than the Mississippi River Delta (which varies between ), and comparable in size to the entire U.S. state of Louisiana (). The delta, which consists mostly of tundra, is protected as part of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Stony River (Alaska)", "paragraph_text": "The Stony River is a tributary of the Kuskokwim River in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river flows south from near Mount Mausolus in the Revelation Mountains of the Alaska Range through the northwestern corner of Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. From there, it flows generally westward to meet the larger river at the community of Stony River."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "River Rouge, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "River Rouge is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan and an industrial Downriver suburb of Detroit. The population was 7,903 at the 2010 census. It is named after the River Rouge (from the French \"rouge\" meaning red), which flows along the city's northern border and into the Detroit River. The city includes the heavily industrialized Zug Island at the mouth of the River Rouge."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Grey River, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Grey River is a rural locality in the Shire of Colac Otway, Victoria, Australia. It lies on the Great Ocean Road at the mouth of the Grey River, from which it derives its name."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bering Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the Alaska Peninsula. It covers over and is bordered on the east and northeast by Alaska, on the west by Russian Far East and the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the south by the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and on the far north by the Bering Strait, which connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean's Chukchi Sea. Bristol Bay is the portion of the Bering Sea which separates the Alaska Peninsula from mainland Alaska. The Bering Sea is named for Vitus Bering, a Danish navigator in Russian service, who in 1728 was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yukon River", "paragraph_text": "The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The river's source is in British Columbia, Canada, from which it flows through the Canadian Yukon Territory (itself named after the river). The lower half of the river lies in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta. The average flow is 6,430 m/s (227,000\u00a0ft/s). The total drainage area is 832,700\u00a0km (321,500\u00a0mi), of which 323,800\u00a0km (126,300\u00a0mi) is in Canada. The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}], "question": "For whom is named the sea which is emptied into by the river for which Stony River is a tributary?"}
{"id": "3hop1__12786_12795_120259", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris, while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain, Poland, several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies. The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever, and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and \"Glorious\" surge of Republicanism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "First Battle of Alton", "paragraph_text": "The First Battle of Alton was a skirmish in 1001 between the English and the Vikings. According to the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" it took place at somewhere called, in Old English, \"\u00c6thelingadene\". Traditionally, the site was believed to have been what is now Alton, Hampshire. However, it is thought more likely to have been in the East and West Dean area of modern-day West Sussex."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England. This included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island \u2013 Wales and most of Scotland \u2013 continued to use Celtic languages, except in the areas of Scandinavian settlements where Old Norse was spoken. Celtic speech also remained established in certain parts of England: Medieval Cornish was spoken all over Cornwall and in adjacent parts of Devon, while Cumbric survived perhaps to the 12th century in parts of Cumbria, and Welsh may have been spoken on the English side of the Anglo-Welsh border. Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Each of these four dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, Northumbria south of the Tyne, and most of Mercia, were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended, and all of Kent, were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the Great. From that time on, the West Saxon dialect (then in the form now known as Early West Saxon) became standardised as the language of government, and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warfare was exploited by Pippin (d. 640), the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne. Later members of his family inherited the office, acting as advisers and regents. One of his descendants, Charles Martel (d. 741), won the Battle of Poitiers in 732, halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees.[K] Great Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, and East Anglia, which were descended from the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Smaller kingdoms in present-day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the native Britons and Picts. Ireland was divided into even smaller political units, usually known as tribal kingdoms, under the control of kings. There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland, of varying importance."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "County Antrim", "paragraph_text": "In ancient times, Antrim was inhabited by a Celtic people called the Darini. In the early Middle Ages, southern County Antrim was part of the Kingdom of Ulidia, ruled by the D\u00e1l Fiatach clans Keenan and MacDonlevy/McDunlavey; the north was part of D\u00e1l Riada, which stretched into what is now western Scotland over the Irish Sea. D\u00e1l Riada was ruled by the O'Lynch clan, who were vassals of the Ulidians. Besides the Ulidians and D\u00e1l Riada, there were the D\u00e1l nAraide of lower County Antrim, and the Cruthin, who were pre-Gaelic Celts and probably related to the Picts of Britain. Between the 8th and 11th centuries Antrim was exposed to the inroads of the Vikings."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, after which Wales too gradually came under control of Anglo-Normans. The process was completed in the 13th century when the Principality of Wales became a client state of the English kingdom. Meanwhile, Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married them, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its greatest extent in 1921."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mercia", "paragraph_text": "When \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d died in 918, \u00c6lfwynn, her daughter by \u00c6thelred, succeeded as 'Second Lady of the Mercians', but within six months Edward had deprived her of all authority in Mercia and taken her into Wessex."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Burning Land", "paragraph_text": "The Burning Land is the fifth historical novel in The Saxon Stories by Bernard Cornwell, published in 2009. The story is set in the 9th-century Anglo-Saxon kingdoms Wessex, Northumbria and Mercia. The first half of Season 3 of the \"The Last Kingdom (TV series))\" is based on this novel."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lindisfarne", "paragraph_text": "In 793, a Viking raid on Lindisfarne caused much consternation throughout the Christian west and is now often taken as the beginning of the Viking Age. The D and E versions of the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle record:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and west-Saxon king, Alfred the Great in 886 AD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was \"refounded\" by Alfred the Great in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until about 950, after which activity increased dramatically."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jurmin", "paragraph_text": "Jurmin also known as Hiurmine of Blythburgh, was an Anglo-Saxon prince who was the son and heir of Anna of East Anglia, a 7th-century king of East Anglia, a kingdom which today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Jurmin was venerated as a saint: his feast day is 24 February."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple (r. 898\u2013922) to settle in what became Normandy.[Q] The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms, especially Germany and Italy, were under continual Magyar assault until the invader's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states, some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anglo-Saxon architecture", "paragraph_text": "Anglo-Saxon architecture was a period in the history of architecture in England, and parts of Wales, from the mid-5th century until the Norman Conquest of 1066. Anglo-Saxon secular buildings in Britain were generally simple, constructed mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. No universally accepted example survives above ground."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780\u20131839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Ellendun", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Ellendun or Battle of Wroughton was fought between Ecgberht of Wessex and Beornwulf of Mercia in September 825. Sir Frank Stenton described it as \"one of the most decisive battles of English history\". It effectively ended Mercian Supremacy over the southern kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England and established West Saxon dominance in southern England."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871\u2013899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Anglia. By the middle of the 10th century, Alfred's successors had conquered Northumbria, and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain. In northern Britain, Kenneth MacAlpin (d. c. 860) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba. In the early 10th century, the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany, and was engaged in driving back the Magyars. Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I (r. 936\u2013973) as Holy Roman Emperor. In 972, he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire, which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II (r. 967\u2013983) to Theophanu (d. 991), daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II (r. 959\u2013963). By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability; Otto III (r. 996\u20131002) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom. The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented, and although kings remained nominally in charge, much of the political power devolved to the local lords."}], "question": "When was the kingdom abolished which, along with the Anglo-Saxon kingdom that ruled parts of modern-day Scotland, was invaded by the Vikings?"}
{"id": "3hop1__735542_216091_135373", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Grey River, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Grey River is a rural locality in the Shire of Colac Otway, Victoria, Australia. It lies on the Great Ocean Road at the mouth of the Grey River, from which it derives its name."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yukon River", "paragraph_text": "The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The river's source is in British Columbia, Canada, from which it flows through the Canadian Yukon Territory (itself named after the river). The lower half of the river lies in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta. The average flow is 6,430 m/s (227,000\u00a0ft/s). The total drainage area is 832,700\u00a0km (321,500\u00a0mi), of which 323,800\u00a0km (126,300\u00a0mi) is in Canada. The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Yukon Flats", "paragraph_text": "The Yukon Flats are a vast area of wetlands, forest, bog, and low-lying ground centered on the confluence of the Yukon River, Porcupine River, and Chandalar River in the central portion of the U.S. state of Alaska. The Yukon Flats are bordered in the north by the Brooks Range, in the south by the White Mountains, and cover an area of approximately . The Yukon Flats are a critical waterfowl breeding ground due to the large area of wetland provided by the estimated 40,000 small lakes and streams in the area. In recognition of this fact, the area is protected under the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bering Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the Alaska Peninsula. It covers over and is bordered on the east and northeast by Alaska, on the west by Russian Far East and the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the south by the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and on the far north by the Bering Strait, which connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean's Chukchi Sea. Bristol Bay is the portion of the Bering Sea which separates the Alaska Peninsula from mainland Alaska. The Bering Sea is named for Vitus Bering, a Danish navigator in Russian service, who in 1728 was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta", "paragraph_text": "The Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta is a river delta located where the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers empty into the Bering Sea on the west coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. At approximately in size, it is one of the largest deltas in the world. It is larger than the Mississippi River Delta (which varies between ), and comparable in size to the entire U.S. state of Louisiana (). The delta, which consists mostly of tundra, is protected as part of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}], "question": "What is the sea that the river that is the mouth of the Chandalar empties into, named after?"}
{"id": "3hop1__797779_216091_135373", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cottonwood Canyon (British Columbia)", "paragraph_text": "Cottonwood Canyon is a canyon on the Skeena River in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located around the mouth of Sedan Creek, between the communities of Cedarvale and Kitwanga."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Trout Creek (Alaska)", "paragraph_text": "Trout Creek is a small tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is about long and is located about northwest of the town of Eagle. In winter, a small cabin at the creek's mouth is a hospitality stop for the Yukon Quest sled dog race."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mammoth, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Mammoth is an unincorporated community in Ozark County, Missouri, United States. Mammoth is located along Missouri Route T south-southeast of Gainesville. Mammoth is situated on the confluence of the Possum Walk Creek flowing into Lick Creek. The mouth of Little Creek is located northwest of Mammoth on Lick Creek."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bering Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the Alaska Peninsula. It covers over and is bordered on the east and northeast by Alaska, on the west by Russian Far East and the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the south by the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and on the far north by the Bering Strait, which connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean's Chukchi Sea. Bristol Bay is the portion of the Bering Sea which separates the Alaska Peninsula from mainland Alaska. The Bering Sea is named for Vitus Bering, a Danish navigator in Russian service, who in 1728 was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Little Yoho River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Yoho River is a short river in British Columbia that flows east from Kiwetinok Lake, which is the highest named lake in Canada, and into the Yoho River about upstream from the mouth of the creek that Takakkaw Falls is on. It is probably best known for Laughing Falls, an impressive plunge just above the river\u2019s mouth that is seen on the way to Twin Falls."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta", "paragraph_text": "The Yukon\u2013Kuskokwim Delta is a river delta located where the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers empty into the Bering Sea on the west coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. At approximately in size, it is one of the largest deltas in the world. It is larger than the Mississippi River Delta (which varies between ), and comparable in size to the entire U.S. state of Louisiana (). The delta, which consists mostly of tundra, is protected as part of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River", "paragraph_text": "This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Still Fork", "paragraph_text": "Still Fork is a tributary of the Sandy Creek, long, in eastern Ohio in the United States. Via the Sandy Creek, Tuscarawas, Muskingum and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of in Carroll County, Ohio. The source is at and the mouth is at ., with an average gradient of only 0.2%. From its source in eastern Carroll County the creek flows northwest through Fox, Washington, Augusta, and Brown Townships before reaching its mouth in Minerva, Ohio. The Ohi-Rail Corporation (OHIC) and Arbor road are situated in the creeks valley over most of its length."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Haskell Creek Homesites, California", "paragraph_text": "Haskell Creek Homesites is a USDA Forest Service Recreational Residence cabin tract in Sierra County, California, United States. Haskell Creek Homesites is northeast of Sierra City, near the mouth of Haskell Creek, a tributary of the North Fork of the Yuba River."}], "question": "What is the source of the name of the sea that the river that has Trout Creek as its mouth empties into?"}
{"id": "3hop1__83645_63075_602275", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alzheimer's disease", "paragraph_text": "Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease (proteopathy), caused by plaque accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein and tau protein in the brain. Plaques are made up of small peptides, 39\u201343 amino acids in length, called amyloid beta (A\u03b2). A\u03b2 is a fragment from the larger amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is a transmembrane protein that penetrates through the neuron's membrane. APP is critical to neuron growth, survival, and post-injury repair. In Alzheimer's disease, gamma secretase and beta secretase act together in a proteolytic process which causes APP to be divided into smaller fragments. One of these fragments gives rise to fibrils of amyloid beta, which then form clumps that deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques.AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein. Every neuron has a cytoskeleton, an internal support structure partly made up of structures called microtubules. These microtubules act like tracks, guiding nutrients and molecules from the body of the cell to the ends of the axon and back. A protein called tau stabilises the microtubules when phosphorylated, and is therefore called a microtubule-associated protein. In AD, tau undergoes chemical changes, becoming hyperphosphorylated; it then begins to pair with other threads, creating neurofibrillary tangles and disintegrating the neuron's transport system. Pathogenic tau can also cause neuronal death through transposable element dysregulation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG). EEG recordings, along with recordings made from electrodes implanted inside the brains of animals such as rats, show that the brain of a living animal is constantly active, even during sleep. Each part of the brain shows a mixture of rhythmic and nonrhythmic activity, which may vary according to behavioral state. In mammals, the cerebral cortex tends to show large slow delta waves during sleep, faster alpha waves when the animal is awake but inattentive, and chaotic-looking irregular activity when the animal is actively engaged in a task. During an epileptic seizure, the brain's inhibitory control mechanisms fail to function and electrical activity rises to pathological levels, producing EEG traces that show large wave and spike patterns not seen in a healthy brain. Relating these population-level patterns to the computational functions of individual neurons is a major focus of current research in neurophysiology."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "USB", "paragraph_text": "A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D\u2212 both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D\u2212 lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet. This extra bit can also result in a \"bit stuff violation\" if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Electromagnetic radiation", "paragraph_text": "Maxwell derived a wave form of the electric and magnetic equations, thus uncovering the wave - like nature of electric and magnetic fields and their symmetry. Because the speed of EM waves predicted by the wave equation coincided with the measured speed of light, Maxwell concluded that light itself is an EM wave. Maxwell's equations were confirmed by Heinrich Hertz through experiments with radio waves."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Planck constant", "paragraph_text": "First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck, it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy, E, of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation, and the frequency, f, of its associated electromagnetic wave. In 1905 the value E, the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator, was theoretically associated by Einstein with a \"quantum\" or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself. The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle, as opposed to an electromagnetic wave. It was eventually called the photon."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Evelyn Einstein", "paragraph_text": "Evelyn Einstein (28 March 1941 \u2013 13 April 2011) was the adopted daughter of Hans Albert Einstein, the son of Albert Einstein."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Glia", "paragraph_text": "Neuroglia, also called glial cells or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. In the central nervous system, glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia, and in the peripheral nervous system glial cells include Schwann cells and satellite cells. They have four main functions: (1) To surround neurons and hold them in place (2) To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons (3) To insulate one neuron from another (4) To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. They also play a role in neurotransmission and synaptic connections, and in physiological processes like breathing,."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Quantal neurotransmitter release", "paragraph_text": "Neurotransmitters are released into a synapse in packaged vesicles called quanta. One quantum generates what is known as a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) which is the smallest amount of stimulation that one neuron can send to another neuron. Quantal release is the mechanism by which most traditional endogenous neurotransmitters are transmitted throughout the body. The aggregate sum of many MEPPs is known as an end plate potential (EPP). A normal end plate potential usually causes the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold of excitation and elicit an action potential. Electrical synapses do not use quantal neurotransmitter release and instead use gap junctions between neurons to send current flows between neurons. The goal of any synapse is to produce either an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), which generate or repress the expression, respectively, of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. It is estimated that an action potential will trigger the release of approximately 20% of an axon terminal's neurotransmitter load."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Photon", "paragraph_text": "In most theories up to the eighteenth century, light was pictured as being made up of particles. Since particle models cannot easily account for the refraction, diffraction and birefringence of light, wave theories of light were proposed by Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1637), Robert Hooke (1665), and Christiaan Huygens (1678); however, particle models remained dominant, chiefly due to the influence of Isaac Newton. In the early nineteenth century, Thomas Young and August Fresnel clearly demonstrated the interference and diffraction of light and by 1850 wave models were generally accepted. In 1865, James Clerk Maxwell's prediction that light was an electromagnetic wave\u2014which was confirmed experimentally in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz's detection of radio waves\u2014seemed to be the final blow to particle models of light."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Photon", "paragraph_text": "The modern concept of the photon was developed gradually by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century to explain experimental observations that did not fit the classical wave model of light. The benefit of the photon model was that it accounted for the frequency dependence of light's energy, and explained the ability of matter and electromagnetic radiation to be in thermal equilibrium. The photon model accounted for anomalous observations, including the properties of black - body radiation, that others (notably Max Planck) had tried to explain using semiclassical models. In that model, light was described by Maxwell's equations, but material objects emitted and absorbed light in quantized amounts (i.e., they change energy only by certain particular discrete amounts). Although these semiclassical models contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, many further experiments beginning with the phenomenon of Compton scattering of single photons by electrons, validated Einstein's hypothesis that light itself is quantized. In 1926 the optical physicist Frithiof Wolfers and the chemist Gilbert N. Lewis coined the name photon for these particles. After Arthur H. Compton won the Nobel Prize in 1927 for his scattering studies, most scientists accepted that light quanta have an independent existence, and the term photon was accepted."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Photon", "paragraph_text": "In 1900, the German physicist Max Planck was studying black - body radiation and suggested that the energy carried by electromagnetic waves could only be released in ``packets ''of energy. In his 1901 article in Annalen der Physik he called these packets`` energy elements''. The word quanta (singular quantum, Latin for how much) was used before 1900 to mean particles or amounts of different quantities, including electricity. In 1905, Albert Einstein suggested that electromagnetic waves could only exist as discrete wave - packets. He called such a wave - packet the light quantum (German: das Lichtquant). The name photon derives from the Greek word for light, \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 (transliterated ph\u00f4s). Arthur Compton used photon in 1928, referring to Gilbert N. Lewis. The same name was used earlier, by the American physicist and psychologist Leonard T. Troland, who coined the word in 1916, in 1921 by the Irish physicist John Joly, in 1924 by the French physiologist Ren\u00e9 Wurmser (1890 - 1993) and in 1926 by the French physicist Frithiof Wolfers (1891 - 1971). The name was suggested initially as a unit related to the illumination of the eye and the resulting sensation of light and was used later in a physiological context. Although Wolfers's and Lewis's theories were contradicted by many experiments and never accepted, the new name was adopted very soon by most physicists after Compton used it."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear, or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they transmit their signals to a first-order sensory nucleus dedicated to one specific sensory modality. This primary sensory nucleus sends information to higher-order sensory areas that are dedicated to the same modality. Eventually, via a way-station in the thalamus, the signals are sent to the cerebral cortex, where they are processed to extract biologically relevant features, and integrated with signals coming from other sensory systems."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Glutamate (neurotransmitter)", "paragraph_text": "In neuroscience, glutamate refers to the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter: a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells. It is by a wide margin the most abundant neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It is used by every major excitatory function in the vertebrate brain, accounting in total for well over 90% of the synaptic connections in the human brain. It also serves as the primary neurotransmitter for some localized brain regions, such as cerebellum granule cells."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Photoelectric effect", "paragraph_text": "In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1900, while studying black - body radiation, the German physicist Max Planck suggested that the energy carried by electromagnetic waves could only be released in ``packets ''of energy. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect. This model contributed to the development of quantum mechanics. In 1914, Robert Millikan's experiment supported Einstein's model of the photoelectric effect. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for`` his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect'', and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for ``his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect ''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Calvin cycle", "paragraph_text": "The light - independent reactions, or dark reactions, of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid - filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light - dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light - independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1, 5 - bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Film speed", "paragraph_text": "Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the film will be developed to the same density. This rule is called reciprocity. The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds. In practice, reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second. However, this relationship breaks down outside these limits, a phenomenon known as reciprocity failure."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ligand-gated ion channel", "paragraph_text": "When a presynaptic neuron is excited, it releases a neurotransmitter from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron. If these receptors are ligand - gated ion channels, a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels, which leads to a flow of ions across the cell membrane. This, in turn, results in either a depolarization, for an excitatory receptor response, or a hyperpolarization, for an inhibitory response."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Radio wave", "paragraph_text": "Radio waves were first predicted by mathematical work done in 1867 by Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell noticed wavelike properties of light and similarities in electrical and magnetic observations. His mathematical theory, now called Maxwell's equations, described light waves and radio waves as waves of electromagnetism that travel in space, radiated by a charged particle as it undergoes acceleration. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the reality of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating radio waves in his laboratory, showing that they exhibited the same wave properties as light: standing waves, refraction, diffraction, and polarization. Radio waves, originally called ``Hertzian waves '', were first used for communication in the mid 1890s by Guglielmo Marconi, who developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Memory", "paragraph_text": "Stressful life experiences may be a cause of memory loss as a person ages. Glucocorticoids that are released during stress damage neurons that are located in the hippocampal region of the brain. Therefore, the more stressful situations that someone encounters, the more susceptible they are to memory loss later on. The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus are destroyed due to glucocorticoids decreasing the release of glucose and the reuptake of glutamate. This high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors which in return kills neurons. Stressful life experiences can also cause repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind. This directly relates to traumatic events in one's past such as kidnappings, being prisoners of war or sexual abuse as a child."}], "question": "Who is the child of the scientist, who determined that light waves behave similarly to neurotransmitter filled packets in the presynaptic neuron?"}
{"id": "3hop1__71966_591997_60904", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rangeelay", "paragraph_text": "Rangeelay is a 2013 Punjabi movie directed by Navaniat Singh, featuring Jimmy Sheirgill and Neha Dhupia in the lead roles. The movie is produced by Jimmy Shergill in association with Eros International, and it marks Neha Dhupia's debut in Punjabi cinema. The movie was released on 16 May 2013. The film opened to average opening in India and poor opening overseas. Rangeelay was also a critical failure."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at the First Couple's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, Obsessed. She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife who learns of a woman's obsessive behavior over her husband. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than Cadillac Records\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Und Jimmy ging zum Regenbogen", "paragraph_text": "Und Jimmy ging zum Regenbogen is a movie by Alfred Vohrer based on the novel The Caesar Code by Johannes Mario Simmel. It was filmed in Vienna and Munich in autumn 1970 and released in March 1971."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Victor Rabinowitz", "paragraph_text": "Clients have included: Julian Bond, Paul Robeson, Alger Hiss, Benjamin Spock, Daniel Ellsberg, Dashiell Hammett, the Church of Scientology, and Jimmy Hoffa. It has also represented the government of Chile under Salvador Allende, and the Cuban government since June 1960 and has been Cuba's only U.S. legal counsel in all U.S.-related matters. Other clients included: Rockwell Kent, other unions, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, and other non-union organizations."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ping Pong Playa", "paragraph_text": "Ping Pong Playa is a 2007 sports comedy film directed by Jessica Yu and written by Yu and Jimmy Tsai.The story centers on a Chinese ping pong family living in California with a buffoonish and irreverent son."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal", "paragraph_text": "Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Psychological Association. It was established in 1978 and covers research on the topics of \"rehabilitation, psychosocial treatment, and recovery of people with serious mental illnesses\". The current editor-in-chief is Sandra G. Resnick (Yale University)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hoffa", "paragraph_text": "Hoffa is a 1992 American biographical crime film directed by Danny DeVito and written by David Mamet, based on the life of Teamsters leader Jimmy Hoffa. Most of the story is told in flashbacks before ending with Hoffa's mysterious disappearance. Jack Nicholson plays Hoffa, and DeVito plays Robert Ciaro, an amalgamation of several Hoffa associates over the years. The film features John C. Reilly, Robert Prosky, Kevin Anderson, Armand Assante, and J.T. Walsh in supporting roles. The film received mixed reviews and grossed just $29 million against its $35 million budget."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Trip (1967 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Trip (1967) is a counterculture-era psychedelic film released by American International Pictures, directed by Roger Corman, written by Jack Nicholson, and shot on location in and around Los Angeles, including on top of Kirkwood in Laurel Canyon, Hollywood Hills, and near Big Sur, California in 1967. Peter Fonda stars as a young television commercial director named Paul Groves."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Israel Sports Center for the Disabled", "paragraph_text": "The Israel Sports Center for the Disabled (ISCD) is an Israeli institution operated by ILAN aimed at rehabilitation of the physically challenged."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WMJI", "paragraph_text": "WMJI (105.7 FM) \u2013 branded Majic 105.7 \u2013 is a commercial classic hits radio station licensed to Cleveland, Ohio, serving Greater Cleveland and much of surrounding Northeast Ohio. Owned by iHeartMedia, WMJI is the home of local personality Jimmy Malone. The WMJI studios are located in the Cleveland suburb of Independence, while the station transmitter resides in nearby Parma. Besides a standard analog transmission, WMJI broadcasts over two HD Radio channels, and is available online via iHeartRadio."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Islamic Centre Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "During a meeting at Atlantic Hotel (Hamburg) in 1953, a group of Iranian residents of Germany discussed the need to establish their own religious center. A letter was sent to the late Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi asking him for help; Grand Ayatollah agreed with the plan and donated 100,000 Rials to the center. The construction began in 1960 and by 1965 it was completed. In the same year Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti was appointed to lead the center."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mary E. Switzer", "paragraph_text": "Mary Elizabeth Switzer (February 16, 1900 - October 16, 1971) was an American public administrator and social reformer. She is best remembered for her work on the 1954 Vocational Rehabilitation Act, which provided a great expansion of vocational rehabilitation service for people with disabilities. She publicized the government's growing role in vocational rehabilitation and encouraged expansion of vocational rehabilitation projects among non-governmental organizations."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Craig Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Craig Hospital is a Rehabilitation Hospital in Englewood, Colorado specializing in spinal cord injury (SCI) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) rehabilitation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A Cure for Wellness", "paragraph_text": "A Cure for Wellness is a 2016 psychological horror film directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Justin Haythe, and starring Dane DeHaan, Jason Isaacs, and Mia Goth. Its plot follows a young executive who is sent to retrieve a colleague from a mysterious rehabilitation center in the Swiss Alps."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "David Xavier Cifu", "paragraph_text": "David Xavier Cifu (born July 17, 1962, New York City, New York) is an American physiatrist, researcher, and medical educator. He is the Associate Dean for Innovation and System Integration in the School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, the chairman and Herman J. Flax M.D. Professor of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in Richmond, Virginia, staff physiatrist at the Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center (HHM-VAMC), founding director of the VCU-Center for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering and senior TBI specialist in the Department of Veterans Affairs' Veterans Health Administration."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Matt Prokop", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Prokop (born July 29, 1990) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Jimmie ``The Rocket Man ''Zara in High School Musical 3: Senior Year and Josh Rosen in the Disney Channel Original Movie Geek Charming."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills", "paragraph_text": "The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills was a private nursing home located in Hollywood, Florida, United States with 152 beds. It was owned by Jack Michel and affiliated with Larkin Community Hospital. It was acquired by Hollywood Property Investments in 2015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lucy Lane", "paragraph_text": "Lucy Lane appears in the 1984 movie Supergirl as a friend and schoolmate of Supergirl's alter - ego Linda Lee. Fame actress Maureen Teefy portrayed her here as a peppy teenager with a burgeoning relationship with Jimmy Olsen vaguely mimicking their relationship in the comics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Santa Fe Scouts", "paragraph_text": "Santa Fe Scouts is a 1943 American Western \"Three Mesquiteers\" B-movie directed by Howard Bretherton and starring Bob Steele, Tom Tyler and Jimmie Dodd."}], "question": "Who owns the rehabilitation center located in the neighborhood where the actor who played Jimmy Hoffa in the movie Hoffa resides?"}
{"id": "3hop1__116597_591997_60904", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rehabilitation Act of 1973", "paragraph_text": "The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, (Pub. L. 93 -- 112, 87 Stat. 355, enacted September 26, 1973), is a federal law, codified as 29 U.S.C. \u00a7 701 et seq. The principal sponsor of the bill was Rep. John Brademas (IN - 3). The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 replaces the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973, to extend and revise the authorization of grants to States for vocational rehabilitation services, with special emphasis on services to those with the most severe disabilities, to expand special Federal responsibilities and research and training programs with respect to individuals with disabilities, to establish special responsibilities in the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare for coordination of all programs with respect to individuals with disabilities within the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and for other purposes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mary E. Switzer", "paragraph_text": "Mary Elizabeth Switzer (February 16, 1900 - October 16, 1971) was an American public administrator and social reformer. She is best remembered for her work on the 1954 Vocational Rehabilitation Act, which provided a great expansion of vocational rehabilitation service for people with disabilities. She publicized the government's growing role in vocational rehabilitation and encouraged expansion of vocational rehabilitation projects among non-governmental organizations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David Xavier Cifu", "paragraph_text": "David Xavier Cifu (born July 17, 1962, New York City, New York) is an American physiatrist, researcher, and medical educator. He is the Associate Dean for Innovation and System Integration in the School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, the chairman and Herman J. Flax M.D. Professor of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in Richmond, Virginia, staff physiatrist at the Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center (HHM-VAMC), founding director of the VCU-Center for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering and senior TBI specialist in the Department of Veterans Affairs' Veterans Health Administration."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Northeast Park, Minneapolis", "paragraph_text": "Northeast Park is a neighborhood in the Northeast community in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Its boundaries are 18th Avenue and New Brighton Boulevard to the north, the city limits to the northeast, Interstate 35W to the southeast, Broadway to the south, and Central Avenue to the west. The Quarry shopping center is located in this neighborhood. Northeast Athletic Field Park resides in the neighborhood with various baseball fields,"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills", "paragraph_text": "The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills was a private nursing home located in Hollywood, Florida, United States with 152 beds. It was owned by Jack Michel and affiliated with Larkin Community Hospital. It was acquired by Hollywood Property Investments in 2015."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Down the Road Again", "paragraph_text": "Down the Road Again is a 2011 Canadian drama film written and directed by Donald Shebib. The film is the sequel to Shebib's 1970 film \"Goin' Down the Road\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Trip (1967 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Trip (1967) is a counterculture-era psychedelic film released by American International Pictures, directed by Roger Corman, written by Jack Nicholson, and shot on location in and around Los Angeles, including on top of Kirkwood in Laurel Canyon, Hollywood Hills, and near Big Sur, California in 1967. Peter Fonda stars as a young television commercial director named Paul Groves."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital (TOSH) was founded in 1991 and is a facility located in Murray, Utah, United States, at the former Intermountain Healthcare Cottonwood Hospital location. It includes 36 clinical patient rooms, ten surgery suites, a human performance research laboratory, a 25-meter lap pool, a full weight and exercise room, and a rehabilitation center."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Komani Psychiatric Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Komani Psychiatric Hospital is a government funded psychiatric hospital and drug rehabilitation centre in Queenstown, Eastern Cape in South Africa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lake Ray Hubbard Transit Center", "paragraph_text": "Lake Ray Hubbard Transit Center is a small bus-only station located on Duck Creek Dr. west of Broadway (Belt Line Rd.) in Garland, Texas (U.S.A.). It is owned and operated by Dallas Area Rapid Transit, whose buses mostly serve Lake Ray Hubbard as well as South Garland Transit Center and Downtown Garland Station"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Island Packet", "paragraph_text": "The Island Packet is a daily morning broadsheet newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company serving primarily the residents of southern Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States, particularly the towns of Hilton Head Island and Bluffton. Its average circulation is 18,683 on weekdays and 20,260 on Sundays."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Goin' South", "paragraph_text": "Goin' South is a 1978 American western-comedy film, directed by and starring Jack Nicholson, with Mary Steenburgen, Christopher Lloyd, John Belushi, Richard Bradford, Veronica Cartwright, Danny DeVito and Ed Begley Jr."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Israel Sports Center for the Disabled", "paragraph_text": "The Israel Sports Center for the Disabled (ISCD) is an Israeli institution operated by ILAN aimed at rehabilitation of the physically challenged."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Goin' Ape!", "paragraph_text": "Goin' Ape! is an album by American comedian, comedy writer and radio personality Jackie Martling. The album was released in 1980 on the Off Hour Rockers label."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Carol Myers-Scotton", "paragraph_text": "She resided in Columbia, South Carolina until 2003, where she was Carolina Distinguished Professor at the University of South Carolina in the Linguistics Program and Department of English. She currently resides in Michigan, where she is an adjunct professor in the Department of Linguistics and Languages at Michigan State University, and also a visiting scholar at the MSU African Studies Center."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Donaldson Center Airport", "paragraph_text": "Donaldson Center Airport is a public airport six miles (10\u00a0km) south of the central business district of Greenville, a city in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States. It located at the Donaldson Center Industrial Air Park and is owned by the City and County of Greenville."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sung Wan Kim", "paragraph_text": "Sung Wan Kim (born August 21, 1940 in Pusan, South Korea) is a Distinguished Professor of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Distinguished Professor of Bioengineering at the University of Utah. He is the Founder and Co-Director of the University of Utah's Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (founded in 1986 under the auspices of the State of Utah's Centers of Excellence Program)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Over 50% of undergraduate students live on campus. Most of the residence halls on campus are located on the South 40, named because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres (160,000 m2). It is the location of all the freshman buildings as well as several upperclassman buildings, which are set up in the traditional residential college system. All of the residential halls are co-ed. The South 40 is organized as a pedestrian-friendly environment wherein residences surround a central recreational lawn known as the Swamp. Bear's Den (the largest dining hall on campus), the Habif Health and Wellness Center (Student Health Services), the Residential Life Office, University Police Headquarters, various student-owned businesses (e.g. the laundry service, Wash U Wash), and the baseball, softball, and intramural fields are also located on the South 40."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Geshe Sonam Thargye", "paragraph_text": "Geshe Sonam Thargye is Spiritual Director of the Drol Kar Buddhist Centre in Anglesea, Victoria, Australia. He was born in the province of Kham, in eastern Tibet in 1962. After many years of studying Buddhist philosophy and practicing at Sera Je Monastic University in South India, he graduated in 1994 with the degree of Geshe Lharumpa. He established residence in Australia in 1998."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Another group of residences, known as the Village, is located in the northwest corner of Danforth Campus. Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars, the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments, and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house, which is off campus and located just northwest of the South 40. Sororities at Washington University do not have houses by their own accord. The Village is a group of residences where students who have similar interests or academic goals apply as small groups of 4 to 24, known as BLOCs, to live together in clustered suites along with non-BLOCs. Like the South 40, the residences around the Village also surround a recreational lawn."}], "question": "Who owns the rehabilitation center in the neighborhood of the director of Goin' South?"}
{"id": "3hop1__73021_591997_60904", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year", "paragraph_text": "Year (Ceremony) Actor / Actress Category Film title used in nomination Result 1938 (11th) Fay Bainter Best Actress White Banners Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jezebel Academy Award! Won 1942 (15th) Teresa Wright Best Actress The Pride of the Yankees Nominated Best Supporting Actress Mrs. Miniver Academy Award! Won 1944 (17th) Barry Fitzgerald Best Actor Going My Way Nominated Best Supporting Actor Academy Award! Won 1982 (55th) Jessica Lange Best Actress Frances Nominated Best Supporting Actress Tootsie Academy Award! Won 1988 (61st) Sigourney Weaver Best Actress Gorillas in the Mist Nominated Best Supporting Actress Working Girl Nominated 1992 (65th) Al Pacino Best Actor Scent of a Woman Academy Award! Won Best Supporting Actor Glengarry Glen Ross Nominated 1993 (66th) Holly Hunter Best Actress The Piano Academy Award! Won Best Supporting Actress The Firm Nominated Emma Thompson Best Actress The Remains of the Day Nominated Best Supporting Actress In the Name of the Father Nominated 2002 (75th) Julianne Moore Best Actress Far from Heaven Nominated Best Supporting Actress The Hours Nominated (77th) Jamie Foxx Best Actor Ray Academy Award! Won Best Supporting Actor Collateral Nominated 2007 (80th) Cate Blanchett Best Actress Elizabeth: The Golden Age Nominated Best Supporting Actress I'm Not There Nominated"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Humphrey Bogart", "paragraph_text": "During a film career of almost 30 years, Bogart appeared in more than 75 feature films. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Bogart as the greatest male star of Classic American cinema. Over his career, he received three Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, winning one (for The African Queen)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brad Dourif", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Claude Dourif (/ \u02c8d\u0254\u02d0r\u026af /; born March 18, 1950) is an American stage and film actor, known for playing Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (which won him a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Chucky in the Chucky franchise, Gr\u00edma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings, Deputy Clinton Pell in Mississippi Burning, Piter De Vries in Dune and Doc Cochran in Deadwood (for which he earned an Emmy Award nomination)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Charlie Wilson's War (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film was directed by Mike Nichols (his final film) and written by Aaron Sorkin, who adapted George Crile III's 2003 book Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, and Philip Seymour Hoffman starred, with Amy Adams and Ned Beatty in supporting roles. It was nominated for five Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, but did not win in any category. Hoffman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The King's Speech", "paragraph_text": "At the 83rd Academy Awards, \"The King's Speech\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Actor (Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler). The film had received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year. Besides the four categories it won, the film received nominations for Best Cinematography (Danny Cohen) and two for the supporting actors (Bonham Carter and Rush), as well as two for its mise-en-sc\u00e8ne: Art Direction and Costumes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brave Little Tailor", "paragraph_text": "\"Brave Little Tailor\" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 11th Academy Awards in 1939, but lost to Disney's own \"Ferdinand the Bull\". In 1994 the film was chosen as the 26th greatest cartoon of all time by members of the animation field. The list was compiled in the book \"The 50 Greatest Cartoons\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Trip (1967 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Trip (1967) is a counterculture-era psychedelic film released by American International Pictures, directed by Roger Corman, written by Jack Nicholson, and shot on location in and around Los Angeles, including on top of Kirkwood in Laurel Canyon, Hollywood Hills, and near Big Sur, California in 1967. Peter Fonda stars as a young television commercial director named Paul Groves."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Roland Young", "paragraph_text": "Roland Young (11 November 1887 \u2013 5 June 1953) was an English-American actor. He began his acting career on the stage, but later found success and received an Academy Award nomination for his role in the film \"Topper\" (1937)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Justin Henry", "paragraph_text": "Justin Worthington Henry (born May 25, 1971) is an American actor, known for playing the object of the titular custody battle in the 1979 film Kramer vs. Kramer, a debut role that earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, when he was eight years old. As of 2016, he is the youngest actor to be nominated in any category, and the only actor ever nominated in the same decade as his or her birth. The performance later earned him a spot (No. 80) on VH1's list of 100 Greatest Kid Stars. Most of his film and television credits came as a child or teenager, although he has continued acting as an adult."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Inglourious Basterds", "paragraph_text": "Inglourious Basterds grossed over $321 million in theaters worldwide, making it Tarantino's highest-grossing film until the release of Django Unchained (2012); it remains his second-highest-grossing film. It received multiple awards and nominations, among them eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay. For his role as Landa, Waltz won the Cannes Film Festival's Best Actor Award, as well as the BAFTA, Screen Actors Guild, Golden Globe, and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Israel Sports Center for the Disabled", "paragraph_text": "The Israel Sports Center for the Disabled (ISCD) is an Israeli institution operated by ILAN aimed at rehabilitation of the physically challenged."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of accolades received by The Dark Knight", "paragraph_text": "The Dark Knight garnered numerous awards and nominations with particular praise for Heath Ledger's performance of the Joker. The film received eight Academy Award nominations at the 81st Academy Awards in 2009, winning two for Best Sound Editing and Best Supporting Actor (posthumously awarded to Ledger). Notably, the film's Best Sound Editing win prevented Best Picture winner Slumdog Millionaire from having a clean category - sweep."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Matt Damon", "paragraph_text": "Damon and Ben Affleck wrote \"Good Will Hunting\" (1997), a screenplay about a young math genius, which received nine Academy Awards nominations, earning Damon and Affleck Oscars and Golden Globes for Best Screenplay. Damon was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for the same film. Since then he has received dozens of nominations and awards for his work as an actor, screenwriter, and producer including the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor \u2013 Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his role in \"The Martian\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Denzel Washington", "paragraph_text": "Year Nominated work Category Result 1988 Cry Freedom Best Supporting Actor Nominated 1990 Glory Best Supporting Actor Won 1993 Malcolm X Best Actor Nominated 2000 The Hurricane Best Actor Nominated 2002 Training Day Best Actor Won 2013 Flight Best Actor Nominated 2017 Fences Best Actor Nominated Best Picture Nominated"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Million Dollar Baby", "paragraph_text": "Million Dollar Baby received the award for Best Picture of 2004 at the 77th Academy Awards. Clint Eastwood was awarded his second Best Director Oscar for the film, and also received a Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination. Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman received Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Actor in a Supporting Role Oscars, respectively. Joel Cox, Eastwood's editor for many years, was nominated for Best Film Editing, and Paul Haggis was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay award. The film was named the third ``Best Film of the 21st Century So Far ''in 2017 by The New York Times."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories", "paragraph_text": "As well as the record for total number of acting nominations, Streep holds the record for most Best Actress nominations with 17, ahead of Katharine Hepburn with 12 and Bette Davis with 10. Jack Nicholson is the most nominated male performer in the acting categories with 12 nominations. The most Best Actor nominations is nine, for both Spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier (Nicholson has eight). Thelma Ritter is the most nominated in the Best Supporting Actress category with six, while in the Best Supporting Actor category six actors have each received four nominations, they are Walter Brennan, Claude Rains, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, Robert Duvall and Jeff Bridges. The record for most nominations in the acting categories without a win, is eight by Peter O'Toole, followed by Richard Burton with seven, and Deborah Kerr, Thelma Ritter and Glenn Close all with six. Both O'Toole and Kerr did receive the Academy's Honorary Oscar."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones", "paragraph_text": "Actor Character Category Seasons 5 6 7 Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister Supporting Actor Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Nominated Won Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Guest Actress Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Nominated Kit Harington Jon Snow Supporting Actor Nominated Maisie Williams Arya Stark Supporting Actress Nominated Max von Sydow Three - eyed Raven Guest Actor Nominated Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Supporting Actor Nominated"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills", "paragraph_text": "The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills was a private nursing home located in Hollywood, Florida, United States with 152 beds. It was owned by Jack Michel and affiliated with Larkin Community Hospital. It was acquired by Hollywood Property Investments in 2015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Stand and Deliver", "paragraph_text": "Stand and Deliver is a 1988 American drama film based on the true story of high school math teacher Jaime Escalante. For portraying Escalante, Edward James Olmos was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 61st Academy Awards. The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brad Dourif", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Claude Dourif (/ \u02c8d\u0254\u02d0r\u026af /; born March 18, 1950) is an American character, stage and film actor, known for playing Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (which won him a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Chucky in the Chucky franchise, Gr\u00edma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings, Deputy Clinton Pell in Mississippi Burning, Piter De Vries in Dune and Doc Cochran in Deadwood (for which he earned an Emmy Award nomination)."}], "question": "Who owns the rehabilitation center in the place where the most nominated male actor in academy history lives?"}
{"id": "3hop1__580836_301104_51769", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Crazy Heart", "paragraph_text": "Crazy Heart is a 2009 American drama film, written and directed by Scott Cooper and based on the 1987 novel of the same name by Thomas Cobb. The film centers around a down-and-out country music singer-songwriter (Jeff Bridges) who tries to turn his life around after beginning a relationship with a young journalist (Maggie Gyllenhaal). Other supporting roles are played by Colin Farrell, Robert Duvall, and child actor Jack Nation. Bridges, Farrell, and Duvall also sing in the film."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ledyard Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ledyard Bridge crosses the Connecticut River to connect Hanover, New Hampshire to Norwich, Vermont. It is the third bridge at this crossing to bear the name of the adventurer John Ledyard."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "paragraph_text": "``The Star - Spangled Banner ''is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from`` Defence of Fort M'Henry'', a poem written on September 14, 1814, by the then 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known as the Star - Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the U.S. victory."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Marquette\u2013Joliet Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Marquette\u2013Joliet Bridge is a bridge crossing the Mississippi River, connecting Marquette, Iowa and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Local residents refer to the bridge as the Prairie Bridge or the Marquette Bridge; both terms are used equally."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wami Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Wami Bridge is a bridge in Tanzania that crosses the Wami River. It lies on the A14 highway between Chalinze and Segera junctions."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Patapsco River", "paragraph_text": "The Patapsco River mainstem is a river in central Maryland which flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The river's tidal portion forms the harbor for the city of Baltimore. With its South Branch, the Patapsco forms the northern border of Howard County, Maryland. The name \"Patapsco\" is derived from the Algonquian \"pota-psk-ut\", which translates to \"backwater\" or \"tide covered with froth.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Konrad Adenauer Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Konrad Adenauer Bridge (in German: Konrad-Adenauer-Br\u00fccke) is one of two road bridges crossing the Rhine between the German cities of Mannheim and Ludwigshafen am Rhein. The other bridge is the Kurt Schumacher Bridge."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "What to Expect When You're Expecting (film)", "paragraph_text": "What to Expect When You're Expecting is a 2012 American romantic comedy film that follows the lives of five interconnected couples in the Atlanta area as they experience the thrills and surprises of having a baby, and realize that no matter what you plan for, life does not always deliver what is expected. It was distributed by Lionsgate, produced by Mike Medavoy, Arnold Messer and David Thwaites, co-produced by Alcon Entertainment, Phoenix Pictures, What to Expect Productions and Georgia Public, edited by Michael Berenbaum, directed by Kirk Jones from a screenplay by Shauna Cross and Heather Hach with music by Mark Mothersbaugh and based on the pregnancy guide of the same name by Heidi Murkoff."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dartford Crossing", "paragraph_text": "The Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing, commonly known as the Dartford Crossing and until 1991 the Dartford Tunnel, is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, carrying the A282 road between Dartford in Kent in the south and Thurrock in Essex in the north. It consists of two bored tunnels and the cable-stayed Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. The only fixed road crossing of the Thames east of Greater London, it is the busiest estuarial crossing in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of over 130,000 vehicles. It opened in stages: the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980 and the bridge in 1991. The crossing, although not officially designated a motorway, is considered part of the M25 motorway's route, using the tunnels northbound and bridge southbound. Described as one of the most important road crossings in Britain, it suffers from heavy traffic and congestion."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hochdonn High Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Hochdonn High Bridge (\"Hochbr\u00fccke Hochdonn\" in German) is a railway bridge in the Marsh Railway crossing the Kiel Canal near Hochdonn, Germany. It is a riveted steel bridge, \"exposed to extreme railway traffic\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Little Conch Key", "paragraph_text": "Little Conch Key is an island in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is located in the middle Florida Keys. U.S. 1 (the Overseas Highway) crosses the key at approximately mile marker 62.2, between Duck Key and Conch Key. It is part of the census-designated place of Duck Key."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)", "paragraph_text": "The Francis Scott Key Bridge, also known as the Outer Harbor Bridge or simply the Key Bridge, is a steel arch-shaped continuous through truss bridge spanning the Patapsco River in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The main span of is the third longest span of any continuous truss in the world. It is also the longest bridge in the Baltimore area."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge is a railway bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and the Millennium Bridge."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Warren Covered Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Warren Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge that crosses the Mad River in Warren, Vermont on Covered Bridge Road. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River", "paragraph_text": "This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Golden Retriever", "paragraph_text": "The Golden Retriever was originally bred in Scotland in the mid-19th century. At that time, wildfowl hunting was a popular sport for the wealthy Scottish elite, but the existing retriever breeds were inadequate for retrieving downed game from both water and land. Retrieving from both land and water was necessary because the hunting grounds of the time were pocketed with marshy ponds and rivers. Consequently, the best water spaniels were crossed with the existing retrievers, resulting in the establishment of the breed today known as the Golden Retriever. The Golden Retriever was first developed near Glen Affric in Scotland, at ``Guisachan '', the highland estate of Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth. For many years, what breeds were originally crossed was disputed, but in 1952, the publication of Marjoribanks' breeding records from 1835 to 1890 dispelled the myth concerning the purchase of a whole troupe of Russian tracker sheepdogs from a visiting circus; instead it details a careful line - breeding program. Commonly, the breed is said to have originated from the Russian tracker."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dock Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Dock Bridge is a pair of vertical lift bridges crossing the Passaic River at Newark, Essex County and Harrison, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, used exclusively for railroad traffic. It is the seventh crossing from the river's mouth at Newark Bay and is upstream from it. Also known as the Amtrak Dock Vertical Lift, it carries Amtrak, NJ Transit, and PATH trains. It is listed on the state and federal registers of historic places."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chesapeake Bay Retriever", "paragraph_text": "A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of the breed at 10.75 years (average 9.85). A US breed club survey puts the average lifespan at 9.4 years. 1 in 4 lived to 13 years or more while 1 in 5 do n't live past 5 years."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Werra Viaduct, Hedem\u00fcnden", "paragraph_text": "The Werra viaducts near Hedem\u00fcnden, Germany are two bridges crossing the valley of the river Werra. They are located in southern Lower Saxony and provide crossings for the A 7 motorway and the Hanover-W\u00fcrzburg high-speed rail line. The bridges are located 33 metres apart from each other."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hartford Bridge, Cheshire", "paragraph_text": "The Hartford Bridge, or Blue Bridge, is a single-span road bridge crossing the River Weaver at Hartford, Cheshire in England. The bridge is located on the A556 as part of the Northwich bypass."}], "question": "What is the life expectancy of the retriever breed named after the bay which the river spanned by the Francis Scott Key Bridge flows into?"}
{"id": "3hop1__41299_122493_178493", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "HMAS Warrnambool (J202)", "paragraph_text": "HMAS \"Warrnambool\" (J202), named for the city of Warrnambool, Victoria was one of 60 \"Bathurst\"-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). \"Warrnambool\" sank after she hit a mine in the Great Barrier Reef on 13 September 1947. She was one of only four \"Bathurst\" class corvettes lost while in Australian service, and the only one lost after World War II."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federal Music Project", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Music Project (FMP), part of the Federal government of the United States New Deal program Federal Project Number One, employed musicians, conductors and composers during the Great Depression. In addition to performing thousands of concerts, offering music classes, organizing the Composers Forum Laboratory, hosting music festivals and creating 34 new orchestras, employees of the FMP researched American traditional music and folk songs, a practice now called ethnomusicology. In the latter domain the Federal Music Project did notable studies on cowboy, Creole, and what was then termed Negro music. During the Great Depression, many people visited these symphonies to forget about the economic hardship of the time. In 1939, the FMP transitioned to the Works Progress Administration's Music Program, which along with many other WPA projects, was phased out in the midst of World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Monument to the Revolution of the people of Moslavina", "paragraph_text": "Monument to the Revolution of the people of Moslavina or simply Monument to the Revolution () is a World War II memorial sculpture by Du\u0161an D\u017eamonja, located in Podgari\u0107, Berek, Croatia. It is dedicated to the people of Moslavina during World War II."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jakob Kaiser", "paragraph_text": "Jakob Kaiser (8 February 1888 \u2013 7 May 1961) was a German politician and resistance leader during World War II."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Gilbert Newton Brown", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Gilbert Newton Brown CBE (7 July 1916 \u2013 3 March 2003) was Publisher of the Oxford University Press and has been credited as one of the great leaders of British publishing throughout its post World War II recovery."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Demetz", "paragraph_text": "Andr\u00e9 Demetz was a French general, who fought in World War II and later rose to high rank after the war. Demetz was the first commander of the 25th Airborne Division during a period in which the French Army was redefining itself following the defeats and internal conflicts of World War II. He later commanded a military region, was Military Governor of Paris, and also served as the Chief of Staff for Administration and Logistics at NATO Headquarters."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era. America's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. The majority of countries set up relief programs, and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the left or right. In some world states, the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues\u2014the most infamous being Adolf Hitler\u2014setting the stage for the next era of war. The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regards to China."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and the Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869\u20131909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "James B. Conant", "paragraph_text": "James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893\u00a0\u2013 February 11, 1978) was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany. Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army, working on the development of poison gases. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919, and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929. He researched the physical structures of natural products, particularly chlorophyll, and he was one of the first to explore the sometimes complex relationship between chemical equilibrium and the reaction rate of chemical processes. He studied the biochemistry of oxyhemoglobin providing insight into the disease methemoglobinemia, helped to explain the structure of chlorophyll, and contributed important insights that underlie modern theories of acid-base chemistry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gerald Ewart Nash", "paragraph_text": "Group Captain Gerald Ewart Nash (12 May 1896 - 10 April 1976) was a World War I flying ace who went on to high command during World War II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Whitehall Court", "paragraph_text": "It was used as Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) headquarters until the end of World War I. A blue plaque in Mansfield Smith-Cumming's name at the SIS headquarters at 2 Whitehall Court was unveiled on 30 March 2015."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kensington Racecourse, Sydney", "paragraph_text": "Kensington racecourse is a now-closed pony racecourse on the current site of the University of New South Wales in the suburb of Kensington, Sydney, Australia. The course was in operation between 1893 and 1942, and during the Boer War and World Wars I and II it was taken over as a military camp. A migrant hostel was located on the site in the late 1940s. Construction of the University began in 1951."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "A former colony and then dominion of the United Kingdom, Newfoundland gave up its independence in 1933, following significant economic distress caused by the Great Depression and the aftermath of Newfoundland's participation in World War I. It became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31, 1949, as ``Newfoundland. ''On December 6, 2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the province's official name to Newfoundland and Labrador."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Great Depression", "paragraph_text": "The depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Riley Franklin McConnell", "paragraph_text": "Riley Franklin McConnell was a United States Navy officer who served during World War I and World War II. McConnell was awarded the Navy Cross for service during World War II. A US Navy destroyer escort was named in his honor in 1943."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Screwdriver", "paragraph_text": "Meanwhile, in Portland, Oregon, Henry F. Phillips patented his own invention, an improved version of a deep socket with a cruciform slot, today known as the Phillips Screw. Phillips offered his screw to the American Screw Company, and after a successful trial on the 1936 Cadillac, it quickly swept through the American auto industry. With the Industrial Revival at the end of the Great Depression and the upheaval of World War II, the Phillips screw quickly became, and remains, the most popular screw in the world. A main attraction for the screw was that conventional slotted screwdrivers could also be used on them, which was not possible with the Robertson Screw."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ivan Alexeyevich Polyakov", "paragraph_text": "Ivan Alexeyevich Polyakov (1886-1969) was a Cossack military leader who fought in World War I (on the Russian side), and in World War II (on the German side)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Douglas Huebler", "paragraph_text": "Douglas Huebler grew up in rural Michigan during the Depression and served in the Marines in World War II. After the war, funded by the GI Bill, Huebler earned his bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Michigan, and later went on to study at the Acad\u00e9mie Julian in Paris. He worked for several years as a commercial art illustrator in New York as he established himself as an artist."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of North Carolina State University", "paragraph_text": "After opening its doors in 1889, NC State saw its enrollment fluctuate and its mandate expand. Due to the Great Depression, the North Carolina government administratively combined the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the Woman's College at Greensboro, and NC State. This conglomeration later became the University of North Carolina system in 1971. After World War II, the university has constantly grown and changed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ren\u00e9e Green", "paragraph_text": "Green studied art at Wesleyan University, with an intermediary year at the School of Visual Arts in New York. Green also attended the Radcliffe Publishing Procedures Course at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. In 1989 she was a participant in the Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program (ISP)."}], "question": "What is the name of the city where the university of the leader through the Great Depression and World War II attended is found?"}
{"id": "3hop1__41319_122493_178493", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ren\u00e9e Green", "paragraph_text": "Green studied art at Wesleyan University, with an intermediary year at the School of Visual Arts in New York. Green also attended the Radcliffe Publishing Procedures Course at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. In 1989 she was a participant in the Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program (ISP)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Reed Wickner", "paragraph_text": "Reed Wickner graduated from Cornell University with a B.A. degree in 1962. He then went to medical school at Georgetown University and received his M.D. degree in 1966. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences [(AAAS)], and the American Academy of Microbiology, and has been a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is (as of 2012) Chief of the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics at the National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health. His research interests pertain to prions and amyloid diseases."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James B. Conant", "paragraph_text": "James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893\u00a0\u2013 February 11, 1978) was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany. Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army, working on the development of poison gases. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919, and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929. He researched the physical structures of natural products, particularly chlorophyll, and he was one of the first to explore the sometimes complex relationship between chemical equilibrium and the reaction rate of chemical processes. He studied the biochemistry of oxyhemoglobin providing insight into the disease methemoglobinemia, helped to explain the structure of chlorophyll, and contributed important insights that underlie modern theories of acid-base chemistry."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "James Bryant Conant (president, 1933\u20131953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "David L Peterson", "paragraph_text": "David L Peterson (born 1954) is a research biologist with the United States Forest Service and affiliate professor at the School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, at the University of Washington. He is also a co-founder and lead scientist for the Western Mountain Initiative, a consortium of researchers known world-wide for their work on the effects of climate change on mountain ecosystems."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Potsdam", "paragraph_text": "Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century. Today, there are three public colleges, the University of Potsdam, and more than 30 research institutes in the city."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vietnam University of Fine Arts", "paragraph_text": "Vietnam University of Fine Arts (formerly \"Hanoi College of Fine Arts\") is an art school in Hanoi, Vietnam. It was established under the French rule in 1925. The university has trained many of Vietnam\u2019s leading artists and each year it participates in many cultural exchanges with sister institutions overseas."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kate Bronfenbrenner", "paragraph_text": "Kate Bronfenbrenner (March 23, 1954) is the Director of Labor Education Research at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. She is a leading authority on successful strategies in labor union organizing, and on the effects of outsourcing and offshoring on workers and worker rights."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world (alongside The University of Cambridge), University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 16th. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The city's largest private school by number of students is Temple University, followed by Drexel University. Along with the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University make up the city's major research universities. The city is also home to five schools of medicine: Drexel University College of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rostec", "paragraph_text": "Rostec cooperates with 312 leading higher educational institutions, including, among others, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, and the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, through targeted training of specialists, development of cooperation in the framework of scientific and technological areas, joint research, design and technological work. There are 294 departments belonging to holding companies and enterprises under Rostec in these institutions.In 2015, Rostec started 165 projects in collaboration with these institutions at a cost amounted to 2.8 billion rubles."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Winston-Salem State University", "paragraph_text": "Winston-Salem State University (WSSU), a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina, is a historically black public research university located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States. It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. WSSU is an accredited university offering baccalaureate and graduate programs to a diverse student population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Virtually all faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research,[citation needed] offering opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students across the university's seven schools. Known for its interdisciplinarity and departmental collaboration, many of Washington University's research centers and institutes are collaborative efforts between many areas on campus.[citation needed] More than 60% of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research. According to the Center for Measuring University Performance, it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation. A dedicated Office of Undergraduate Research is located on the Danforth Campus and serves as a resource to post research opportunities, advise students in finding appropriate positions matching their interests, publish undergraduate research journals, and award research grants to make it financially possible to perform research."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warner P. Woodworth", "paragraph_text": "Warner P. Woodworth is a professor in the Department of Organizations Leadership and Strategy in the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University (BYU). He is a leading advocate of development of micro-credit and has been involved in researching as well as developing such programs."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anjul Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Nigam was born in Kanpur, India. He is a graduate of Cheshire High School and New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, and is known for his recurring role as \"Dr. Raj, the Psychiatric doctor\" on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", as a producer/writer/actor in the film \"Growing Up Smith\" and a producer of the film \"Louisiana Caviar\". He appeared as one of the supporting leads in the CBS/Hallmark Hall of Fame movie \"Back When We Were Grownups\" along with Faye Dunaway, Peter Fonda, Jack Palance and Blythe Danner and directed by Ron Underwood. Nigam was one of four leads in 20th Century Fox's \"The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest\" for director Mick Jackson and producers Harold Ramis and Trevor Albert. Nigam co-starred with Bill Murray and James Spader in the Universal/StudioCanal feature comedy \"Speaking of Sex\" for director John McNaughton."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "F\u0131rat University", "paragraph_text": "F\u0131rat University is a state university based in Elaz\u0131\u011f, Turkey. The university was founded in 1975 and named after the Turkish name of the Euphrates River which originates near Elaz\u0131\u011f. Being one of the major academic institutions in the Eastern Turkey, the university has twelve schools, four institutes, one state conservatory, three vocational high schools and twenty one research centers with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological advancement and research."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "University", "paragraph_text": "In Canada, \"college\" generally refers to a two-year, non-degree-granting institution, while \"university\" connotes a four-year, degree-granting institution. Universities may be sub-classified (as in the Macleans rankings) into large research universities with many PhD granting programs and medical schools (for example, McGill University); \"comprehensive\" universities that have some PhDs but aren't geared toward research (such as Waterloo); and smaller, primarily undergraduate universities (such as St. Francis Xavier)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "NORC at the University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "NORC at the University of Chicago is one of the largest independent social research organizations in the United States. Established in 1941 as the National Opinion Research Center, its corporate headquarters is located in downtown Chicago, with offices in several other locations throughout the United States. Organized as an independent corporation, more than half its board comes from faculty and administration of the university, it also jointly staffs some university academic research centers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Paul Tseng", "paragraph_text": "Paul Tseng ()was a Chinese-American (Hakka Taiwanese) and Canadian applied mathematician and a professor at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Washington, in Seattle, Washington. Tseng was recognized by his peers to be one of the leading optimization researchers of his generation. On August 13, 2009, Paul Tseng went missing while kayaking in the Yangtze River in the Yunnan province of China and is presumed dead."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters located of the university where who lead the school back to leading research institution in 2oth century went?"}
{"id": "3hop1__27799_413362_178493", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the \"sense data\" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "C. T. K. Chari", "paragraph_text": "C. T. K. Chari (5 June 1909 \u2013 5 January 1993) was Head of the Department of Philosophy at Madras Christian College from 1958 to 1969 and the most prominent among contemporary Indian philosophers who paid close attention to psi phenomena. Chari published extensively on extremely diverse topics, such as logic, linguistics, information theory, mathematics, quantum physics, philosophy of mind, and, of course, psi research."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "On July 16, 1945, with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel, von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast, code named Trinity, conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to 5 kilotons of TNT (21 TJ) but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federico Capasso", "paragraph_text": "Federico Capasso (born 1949, Rome, Italy), a prominent applied physicist, was one of the inventors of the quantum cascade laser during his work at Bell Laboratories. He is currently on the faculty of Harvard University. He has co-authored over 450 papers, edited four volumes, and holds over 60 US patents."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Il Monello", "paragraph_text": "\"Il Monello\" was founded in 1933 by the Del Duca brothers and initially offered only works by Italian cartoonists, introducing several American comic series just in 1936. The magazine was published weekly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Group (mathematics)", "paragraph_text": "The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Trait\u00e9 des substitutions et des \u00e9quations alg\u00e9briques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an \"abstract group\", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, \u00c9lie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper. The concept of a universal constructor was fleshed out in his posthumous work Theory of Self Reproducing Automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth. His rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems in calculus posed by Szeg\u0151, sketched out on his father's stationery, are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spiral model", "paragraph_text": "This model was first described by Barry Boehm in his 1986 paper ``A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement ''. In 1988 Boehm published a similar paper to a wider audience. These papers introduce a diagram that has been reproduced in many subsequent publications discussing the spiral model."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jerry L. Bona", "paragraph_text": "Bona received his PhD in 1971 from Harvard University under supervision of Garrett Birkhoff and worked from 1970 to 1972 at the Fluid Mechanics Research Institute University of Essex, where along with Brooke Benjamin and J. J. Mahony, he published on Model Equations for Long Waves in Non-linear Dispersive Systems, known as Benjamin\u2013Bona\u2013Mahony equation. He is probably best known for his statement about equivalent statements of the Axiom of Choice: \u201cThe Axiom of Choice is obviously true, the Well\u2013ordering theorem is obviously false; and who can tell about Zorn\u2019s Lemma?\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in Germany, which was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in Budapest, and so did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in that book and corrected them, for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras' Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that the profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (e.g., one horizontally and the other vertically), and therefore, a fortiori, it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added in between the other two, the photons will, indeed, pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the non-commutativity of conjunction . It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann's mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a short list of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he stated \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1966, John S. Bell published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. However, in 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation, and that von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ren\u00e9e Green", "paragraph_text": "Green studied art at Wesleyan University, with an intermediary year at the School of Visual Arts in New York. Green also attended the Radcliffe Publishing Procedures Course at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. In 1989 she was a participant in the Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program (ISP)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Officina Bodoni", "paragraph_text": "Mardersteig moved his press to Verona, Italy, in 1927, partly in order to print a state-funded edition of the complete works of Gabriele D'Annunzio, which was completed in 1936. Mardersteig quickly developed a reputation for very fine typographical work, and for his scholarly approach to book design and production. He printed with a Dingler hand press on hand or mould-made papers or vellum, and often had his books bound in quarter vellum or leather with a decorated paper on the boards, in the tradition of European private presses."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Humanism", "paragraph_text": "Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti \u2013 \"humanists\". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic. Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology. There were important centres of humanism at Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "W. Russell Neuman", "paragraph_text": "W. Russell Neuman is Professor of Media Technology, NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development and Professor (Emeritus), Communication Studies, University of Michigan. From 2001 to 2013, Dr. Neuman was the John Derby Evans Professor of Media Technology at the University of Michigan. Neuman received a Ph.D. And M.A. At the University of California, Berkeley Department of Sociology as well as a B.A. from Cornell University's Department of Government. He has an extensive teaching and research career at Yale University, Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Michigan. He is one of the earlier founding members at MIT Media Lab and taught at the department of political science where he acquainted with the late Ithiel de sola Pool."}], "question": "What is the location of the alma mater of the man that worked with von Neuman on a paper in 1936 that introduced quantum logic?"}
{"id": "3hop1__41319_122493_469557", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "James Bryant Conant (president, 1933\u20131953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eric Rhenman", "paragraph_text": "Eric Rhenman (1932\u20131993) was a business professor at Stockholm School of Economics and Lund University (1967-1976) in Sweden, and a guest professor at Harvard (1974-1976). He was named a Professor of Business Administration at Lund in 1967. He was offered a chair at Harvard, which he declined in order to focus on consulting at the Scandinavian Institutes of Administrative Research (SIAR)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kate Bronfenbrenner", "paragraph_text": "Kate Bronfenbrenner (March 23, 1954) is the Director of Labor Education Research at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. She is a leading authority on successful strategies in labor union organizing, and on the effects of outsourcing and offshoring on workers and worker rights."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Glenn MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving to St. Louis to work at Washington University in St. Louis, Glenn MacDonald served as a Professor and Area Coordinator for Economics and Management at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester located in Rochester, New York from 1994 until 2001. Also while working at the University of Rochester, Glenn MacDonald worked as a professor of economics in the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration from 1992 until 2001. During this period he was also a Professor of Organizations and Markets (1992-1994). Beginning in 1985 he served as a Senior Research Associate at the Rochester Center for Economic Research."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University", "paragraph_text": "Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University (also known as Bosphorus University, , \"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\" literally meaning Bosphorus in Turkish) is a major research university located on the European side of the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul, Turkey. It has four faculties and two schools offering undergraduate degrees, and six institutes offering graduate degrees. The language of instruction is English."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Institut industriel du Nord", "paragraph_text": "The Institut industriel du Nord (IDN) was the engineering school and research institute at \u00c9cole Centrale de Lille from 1872 to 1991, within the campus of the Lille University of Science and Technology (France)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A. Ledyard Smith", "paragraph_text": "Ledyard Smith went to school in Lausanne in Switzerland and later went to St. Paul's School in New England. He graduated from Harvard University in 1925. In 1927 he became involved in Maya archaeology and became a member of staff of the Carnegie Institution's Division of Archaeology. He took part in field research in the Maya region in the 1920s and 1930s at Uaxactun in the Pet\u00e9n Department of Guatemala. After excavating at Uaxactun he turned his attention to the Guatemalan Highlands. In 1950 he started work with the Carnegie archaeologists excavating at Mayapan in the Mexican state of Yucat\u00e1n."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world (alongside The University of Cambridge), University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 16th. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The city's largest private school by number of students is Temple University, followed by Drexel University. Along with the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University make up the city's major research universities. The city is also home to five schools of medicine: Drexel University College of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ren\u00e9e Green", "paragraph_text": "Green studied art at Wesleyan University, with an intermediary year at the School of Visual Arts in New York. Green also attended the Radcliffe Publishing Procedures Course at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. In 1989 she was a participant in the Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program (ISP)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "F\u0131rat University", "paragraph_text": "F\u0131rat University is a state university based in Elaz\u0131\u011f, Turkey. The university was founded in 1975 and named after the Turkish name of the Euphrates River which originates near Elaz\u0131\u011f. Being one of the major academic institutions in the Eastern Turkey, the university has twelve schools, four institutes, one state conservatory, three vocational high schools and twenty one research centers with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological advancement and research."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Virtually all faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research,[citation needed] offering opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students across the university's seven schools. Known for its interdisciplinarity and departmental collaboration, many of Washington University's research centers and institutes are collaborative efforts between many areas on campus.[citation needed] More than 60% of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research. According to the Center for Measuring University Performance, it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation. A dedicated Office of Undergraduate Research is located on the Danforth Campus and serves as a resource to post research opportunities, advise students in finding appropriate positions matching their interests, publish undergraduate research journals, and award research grants to make it financially possible to perform research."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Anjul Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Nigam was born in Kanpur, India. He is a graduate of Cheshire High School and New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, and is known for his recurring role as \"Dr. Raj, the Psychiatric doctor\" on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", as a producer/writer/actor in the film \"Growing Up Smith\" and a producer of the film \"Louisiana Caviar\". He appeared as one of the supporting leads in the CBS/Hallmark Hall of Fame movie \"Back When We Were Grownups\" along with Faye Dunaway, Peter Fonda, Jack Palance and Blythe Danner and directed by Ron Underwood. Nigam was one of four leads in 20th Century Fox's \"The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest\" for director Mick Jackson and producers Harold Ramis and Trevor Albert. Nigam co-starred with Bill Murray and James Spader in the Universal/StudioCanal feature comedy \"Speaking of Sex\" for director John McNaughton."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Winston-Salem State University", "paragraph_text": "Winston-Salem State University (WSSU), a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina, is a historically black public research university located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States. It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. WSSU is an accredited university offering baccalaureate and graduate programs to a diverse student population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shanghai University Law School", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai University Law School, operated by the Shanghai Judicial Bureau and Shanghai University, is one of the largest law schools under university in China. Authorized by the Shanghai Municipal Government, the Shanghai Administrative Institute of Politics & Law (SACIPL), and Shanghai University, the school is operated under one administration with multiple programs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Paul Tseng", "paragraph_text": "Paul Tseng ()was a Chinese-American (Hakka Taiwanese) and Canadian applied mathematician and a professor at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Washington, in Seattle, Washington. Tseng was recognized by his peers to be one of the leading optimization researchers of his generation. On August 13, 2009, Paul Tseng went missing while kayaking in the Yangtze River in the Yunnan province of China and is presumed dead."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James B. Conant", "paragraph_text": "James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893\u00a0\u2013 February 11, 1978) was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany. Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army, working on the development of poison gases. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919, and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929. He researched the physical structures of natural products, particularly chlorophyll, and he was one of the first to explore the sometimes complex relationship between chemical equilibrium and the reaction rate of chemical processes. He studied the biochemistry of oxyhemoglobin providing insight into the disease methemoglobinemia, helped to explain the structure of chlorophyll, and contributed important insights that underlie modern theories of acid-base chemistry."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warner P. Woodworth", "paragraph_text": "Warner P. Woodworth is a professor in the Department of Organizations Leadership and Strategy in the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University (BYU). He is a leading advocate of development of micro-credit and has been involved in researching as well as developing such programs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vietnam University of Fine Arts", "paragraph_text": "Vietnam University of Fine Arts (formerly \"Hanoi College of Fine Arts\") is an art school in Hanoi, Vietnam. It was established under the French rule in 1925. The university has trained many of Vietnam\u2019s leading artists and each year it participates in many cultural exchanges with sister institutions overseas."}], "question": "In what city is the location of the university attended by the man who led the school back to being a leading research institution in the 20th Century?"}
{"id": "3hop1__41299_122493_469557", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Douglas Huebler", "paragraph_text": "Douglas Huebler grew up in rural Michigan during the Depression and served in the Marines in World War II. After the war, funded by the GI Bill, Huebler earned his bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Michigan, and later went on to study at the Acad\u00e9mie Julian in Paris. He worked for several years as a commercial art illustrator in New York as he established himself as an artist."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election, and the Lyons Government went on to win three consecutive elections. It largely avoided Keynesian pump-priming and pursued a more conservative fiscal policy of debt reduction and balanced budgets as a means of stewarding Australia out of the Depression. Lyons' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war. Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority. The UAP, led by Billy Hughes, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Great Depression", "paragraph_text": "The depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Gilbert Newton Brown", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Gilbert Newton Brown CBE (7 July 1916 \u2013 3 March 2003) was Publisher of the Oxford University Press and has been credited as one of the great leaders of British publishing throughout its post World War II recovery."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marguerite Louis Blasingame", "paragraph_text": "Marguerite Louis Blasingame (1906\u20131947) was an American sculptor and painter. She was born Marguerite Louis in Honolulu in 1906. She graduated from the University of Hawaii and then went on to earn an M. A. in art from Stanford University in 1928. Marguerite returned to Hawaii, where she became an established sculptor of figural works, many of them bas-reliefs in wood and stone. Her depictions were usually sinuous in contour with simplified anatomy. During the Great Depression she was a Works Progress Administration artist and filled many commissions for architectural panels."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era. America's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. The majority of countries set up relief programs, and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the left or right. In some world states, the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues\u2014the most infamous being Adolf Hitler\u2014setting the stage for the next era of war. The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regards to China."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression, but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers. After World War II, the state's economy grew rapidly, highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte, Raleigh, and Durham in the Piedmont. Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill form the Research Triangle, a major area of universities and advanced scientific and technical research. In the 1990s, Charlotte became a major regional and national banking center. Tourism has also been a boon for the North Carolina economy as people flock to the Outer Banks coastal area and the Appalachian Mountains anchored by Asheville."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "A former colony and then dominion of the United Kingdom, Newfoundland gave up its independence in 1933, following significant economic distress caused by the Great Depression and the aftermath of Newfoundland's participation in World War I. It became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31, 1949, as ``Newfoundland. ''On December 6, 2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the province's official name to Newfoundland and Labrador."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Of the five original great powers recognised at the Congress of Vienna, only France and the United Kingdom have maintained that status continuously to the present day, although France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and occupied during World War II. After the Congress of Vienna, the British Empire emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories, which signalled the beginning of the Pax Britannica and of the Great Game between the UK and Russia. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say \"All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gerald Ewart Nash", "paragraph_text": "Group Captain Gerald Ewart Nash (12 May 1896 - 10 April 1976) was a World War I flying ace who went on to high command during World War II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Peter Self", "paragraph_text": "Born in Brighton to Henry Self, Self was educated at Lancing College and then Balliol College, Oxford, where he read Philosophy, Politics and Economics. In the Second World War he was a conscientious objector, working on a farm. He went on to become Professor of Public Administration at the London School of Economics, where he was a prominent member and leader of its Greater London Group research centre. He was also a prominent member of the Town and Country Planning Association. He then became Professor of Urban Research at the Australian National University. He died in Canberra on 29 March 1999."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James B. Conant", "paragraph_text": "James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893\u00a0\u2013 February 11, 1978) was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany. Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army, working on the development of poison gases. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919, and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929. He researched the physical structures of natural products, particularly chlorophyll, and he was one of the first to explore the sometimes complex relationship between chemical equilibrium and the reaction rate of chemical processes. He studied the biochemistry of oxyhemoglobin providing insight into the disease methemoglobinemia, helped to explain the structure of chlorophyll, and contributed important insights that underlie modern theories of acid-base chemistry."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Great Escape (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Escape is a 1963 American World War II epic film based on an escape by British Commonwealth prisoners of war from a German POW camp during World War II, starring Steve McQueen, James Garner, and Richard Attenborough, filmed in Panavision."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ren\u00e9e Green", "paragraph_text": "Green studied art at Wesleyan University, with an intermediary year at the School of Visual Arts in New York. Green also attended the Radcliffe Publishing Procedures Course at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. In 1989 she was a participant in the Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program (ISP)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Federal Music Project", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Music Project (FMP), part of the Federal government of the United States New Deal program Federal Project Number One, employed musicians, conductors and composers during the Great Depression. In addition to performing thousands of concerts, offering music classes, organizing the Composers Forum Laboratory, hosting music festivals and creating 34 new orchestras, employees of the FMP researched American traditional music and folk songs, a practice now called ethnomusicology. In the latter domain the Federal Music Project did notable studies on cowboy, Creole, and what was then termed Negro music. During the Great Depression, many people visited these symphonies to forget about the economic hardship of the time. In 1939, the FMP transitioned to the Works Progress Administration's Music Program, which along with many other WPA projects, was phased out in the midst of World War II."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jakob Kaiser", "paragraph_text": "Jakob Kaiser (8 February 1888 \u2013 7 May 1961) was a German politician and resistance leader during World War II."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ivan Alexeyevich Polyakov", "paragraph_text": "Ivan Alexeyevich Polyakov (1886-1969) was a Cossack military leader who fought in World War I (on the Russian side), and in World War II (on the German side)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and the Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869\u20131909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Cecil Jones", "paragraph_text": "John Cecil Jones was an honorably-discharged World War II corporal and veteran who was tortured and lynched near Minden, in Webster Parish, Louisiana by a mob in 1946. His 17-year-old cousin Albert Harris, Jr. was tortured and left for dead alongside Jones. This was the only known post-World War II lynching to occur in Louisiana, and it involved multiple well-known local individuals, politicians, and a cover-up by multiple law enforcement entities."}], "question": "What is the city where the university is located that is the alma mater of the man who led it through the Great Depression and World War II?"}
{"id": "3hop1__40880_90141_89386", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lethe Vallis", "paragraph_text": "Lethe Vallis is a valley in the Elysium Planitia on Mars, located at 4\u00b0 North and 206.5\u00b0 West. It is 225\u00a0km long and is named after river Lethe in Katmai National Monument, Alaska, USA. Lethe Vallis originates at the SE margin of the West Elysium Basin (Cerberus Palus). West Elysium Basin probably contained a lake that was 500 km across and received water from Athabasca Vallis. It was probably formed in just days or weeks and had a discharge about like the Mississippi. Some have suggested it was formed from lava flows, but lava would not be able to flow over such a low gradient for so long a distance."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "West Coast Customs", "paragraph_text": "During filming of Season 5 Episode 12 ``WCC's New Zip Part 1 ''of West Coast Customs, Friedlinghaus began moving the shop to its current location, a 60,000 square feet (5,600 m) auto shop on West Empire Avenue in Burbank, Los Angeles County, California. The grand opening of the new facility occurred in January 2015."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ferrar Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Ferrar Glacier is a glacier in Antarctica. It is about long, flowing from the plateau of Victoria Land west of the Royal Society Range to New Harbour in McMurdo Sound. The glacier makes a right (east) turn northeast of Knobhead, where it is apposed, i.e., joined in Siamese-twin fashion, to Taylor Glacier. From there, it continues east along the south side of the Kukri Hills to New Harbour."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Verizon Communications", "paragraph_text": "As part of a rebranding of the Baby Bells in the mid-1990s, all of Bell Atlantic's operating companies assumed the holding company's name. In 1997, Bell Atlantic expanded into New York and the New England states by merging with fellow Baby Bell NYNEX. Although Bell Atlantic was the surviving company name, the merged company moved its headquarters from Philadelphia to NYNEX's old headquarters in New York City. In 2000, Bell Atlantic acquired GTE, which operated telecommunications companies across most of the rest of the country that was not already in Bell Atlantic's footprint. Bell Atlantic, the surviving entity, changed its name to \"Verizon\", a portmanteau of \"\" (Latin for \"truth\") and \"horizon\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Amazon River", "paragraph_text": "At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second (7,400,000 cu ft / s; 209,000,000 L / s; 55,000,000 USgal / s) -- approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum (1,581 cu mi / a), greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean. The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world, with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,720,000 sq mi). The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river's basin. The Amazon enters Brazil with only one - fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Little Muncy Creek", "paragraph_text": "Little Muncy Creek is the major tributary of Muncy Creek in Lycoming and Sullivan Counties, Pennsylvania, United States. Via Muncy Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna River, it is part of the Susquehanna River drainage basin and waters from it flow ultimately into the Chesapeake Bay."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zanclean flood", "paragraph_text": "According to this model, water from the Atlantic Ocean refilled the dried up basin through the modern - day Strait of Gibraltar. The Mediterranean Basin flooded mostly during a period estimated to have been between several months and two years. Sea level rise in the basin may have reached rates at times greater than ten metres per day (thirty feet per day). Based on the erosion features preserved until modern times under the Pliocene sediment, Garcia - Castellanos et al. estimate that water rushed down a drop of more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) with a discharge of up to 2 \u00d7 10 m / s (7.1 \u00d7 10 cu ft / s), about 1,000 times that of the present day Amazon River. Studies of the underground structures at the Gibraltar Strait show that the flooding channel descended in a rather gradual way toward the bottom of the basin rather than forming a steep waterfall."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lake Michigan\u2013Huron", "paragraph_text": "Lake Michigan -- Huron (also Huron -- Michigan) is the combined waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, which are joined through the 5 - mile (8.0 km) wide, 20 - fathom (120 ft; 37 m) deep, open - water Straits of Mackinac. Huron and Michigan are hydrologically a single lake because the flow of water through the straits keeps their water levels in near - equilibrium. (Although the flow is generally eastward, the water moves in either direction depending on local conditions.) Combined, Lake Michigan -- Huron is the largest fresh water lake by area in the world. If Lake Huron and Lake Michigan are considered two separate lakes, Lake Superior is larger than either."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hudson River", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson River is a 315 - mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, and eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean, between New York City and Jersey City. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Tidal waters influence the Hudson's flow from as far north as Troy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nile", "paragraph_text": "The Nile (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u200e) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an ``international ''river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Panama Canal expansion project", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal expansion project, also called the Third Set of Locks Project, doubled the capacity of the Panama Canal by adding a new lane of traffic allowing for a larger number of ships, and increasing the width and depth of the lanes and locks allowing larger ships to pass. The new larger size of ships, called New Panamax, are about one and a half times the previous Panamax size and can carry over twice as much cargo. The expanded canal began commercial operation on 26 June 2016."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panam\u00e1) is an artificial 82 km (51 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Prince Alexander Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Prince Alexander Mountains are a mountain range in Papua New Guinea. The range is located on the northern coast of New Guinea. The Torricelli Mountains lie to the west, and the basin of the Sepik River lies to the south. Mount Turu is a notable peak, located towards the eastern end of the range."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boomi River", "paragraph_text": "The Boomi River, an anabranch of the Barwon River and part of the Macintyre catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the north\u2013western slopes region of New South Wales, flowing downstream into the South Downs region of Queensland, Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Great Lakes", "paragraph_text": "Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the east - central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called ``inland lakes, ''within the basin. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes: Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Little Wekiva River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Wekiva River is a stream in Greater Orlando area of Florida in the United States. The long, northward flowing stream is a tributary of the Wekiva River, which later joins the St. Johns River, the longest river in the state of Florida. The Little Wekiva drainage basin is about located in the urbanized area north and west of Downtown Orlando.."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}], "question": "When does the new version open of the link that joins the Atlantic to the ocean where the waters of the Amazon Basin flow towards when moving west?"}
{"id": "3hop1__162504_413362_178493", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Silver Meikar", "paragraph_text": "Silver Meikar was born in Tartu and received the basic and secondary school education in Tartu Miina H\u00e4rma Gymnasium. He graduated from the University of Tartu with a degree in economics in 2005."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ramananda College", "paragraph_text": "Ramananda College is an institution of higher education situated at Bishnupur, Bankura district, in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the only co-educational degree college at the headquarters of Bishnupur subdivision."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change shape, the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hermite constant", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, the Hermite constant, named after Charles Hermite, determines how short an element of a lattice in Euclidean space can be."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Paul Flory", "paragraph_text": "In 1938, after Carothers' death, Flory moved to the Basic Science Research Laboratory at the University of Cincinnati.  There he developed a mathematical theory for the polymerization of compounds with more than two functional groups and the theory of polymer networks or gels.  This led to the Flory-Stockmayer theory of gelation, which equivalent to percolation on the Bethe lattice and in fact represents the first paper in the percolation field."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "GGH signature scheme", "paragraph_text": "The Goldreich-Goldwasser-Halevi (GGH) signature scheme is a digital signature scheme proposed in 1995 and published in 1997, based on solving the closest vector problem (CVP) in a lattice. The signer demonstrates knowledge of a good basis for the lattice by using it to solve CVP on a point representing the message; the verifier uses a bad basis for the same lattice to verify that the signature under consideration is actually a lattice point and is sufficiently close to the message point."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jerry L. Bona", "paragraph_text": "Bona received his PhD in 1971 from Harvard University under supervision of Garrett Birkhoff and worked from 1970 to 1972 at the Fluid Mechanics Research Institute University of Essex, where along with Brooke Benjamin and J. J. Mahony, he published on Model Equations for Long Waves in Non-linear Dispersive Systems, known as Benjamin\u2013Bona\u2013Mahony equation. He is probably best known for his statement about equivalent statements of the Axiom of Choice: \u201cThe Axiom of Choice is obviously true, the Well\u2013ordering theorem is obviously false; and who can tell about Zorn\u2019s Lemma?\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ren\u00e9e Green", "paragraph_text": "Green studied art at Wesleyan University, with an intermediary year at the School of Visual Arts in New York. Green also attended the Radcliffe Publishing Procedures Course at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. In 1989 she was a participant in the Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program (ISP)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Law of multiple proportions", "paragraph_text": "In chemistry, the law of multiple proportions is one of the basic laws of stoichiometry used to establish the atomic theory, alongside the law of conservation of mass (matter) and the law of definite proportions. It is sometimes called Dalton's Law after its discoverer, the British chemist John Dalton, who published it in the first part of the first volume of his ``New System of Chemical Philosophy ''(1803). Here is the statement of the law:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Boveri\u2013Sutton chromosome theory", "paragraph_text": "The proposal that chromosomes carried the factors of Mendelian inheritance was initially controversial, but in 1913 it gained strong support when Eleanor Carothers documented definitive evidence of independent assortment of chromosomes in a species of grasshopper. Debate continued, however, until 1915 when Thomas Hunt Morgan's work on inheritance and genetic linkage in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provided incontrovertible evidence for the proposal. The unifying theory stated that inheritance patterns may be generally explained by assuming that genes are located in specific sites on chromosomes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Computational complexity theory", "paragraph_text": "Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Formal concept analysis", "paragraph_text": "The theory in its present form goes back to the early 1980s and a research group led by Rudolf Wille, Bernhard Ganter and Peter Burmeister at the Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt. Its basic mathematical definitions, however, were already introduced in the 1930s by Garrett Birkhoff as part of general lattice theory. Other previous approaches to the same idea arose from various French research groups, but the Darmstadt group normalised the field and systematically worked out both its mathematical theory and its philosophical foundations. The latter refer in particular to Charles S. Peirce, but also to the Port-Royal Logic."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Adams operation", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, an Adams operation, denoted \u03c8 for natural numbers \"k\", is a cohomology operation in topological K-theory, or any allied operation in algebraic K-theory or other types of algebraic construction, defined on a pattern introduced by Frank Adams. The basic idea is to implement some fundamental identities in symmetric function theory, at the level of vector bundles or other representing object in more abstract theories."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Theory of Evolution", "paragraph_text": "The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith, originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of \"The Origin of Species\" the following year. It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject, intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area. It has been highly successful, considered by many as the definitive publication of its type. The original version was updated several times, and a \"Canto\" edition, with a foreword by Richard Dawkins, and newly written introduction by the author, was published in 1996."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kaakie", "paragraph_text": "Kaakie had her basic education at \"St. Martin De Porres Basic School\" in Dansoman, she continued to Achimota School where she was a member of the Scripture Union. Kaakie holds a BSc Midwifery degree from the University of Ghana."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "North Rajupalem", "paragraph_text": "North Rajupalem is a major village in Kodavalur mandal, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India. North Rajupalem (NRP) is developed industrially, agriculturally. It is one of the major educational hubs in Kodavlur mandal. It is located 12\u00a0km from district headquarters Nellore."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Empiricism", "paragraph_text": "John Dewey (1859\u20131952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that reality is determined by past experience. Therefore, humans adapt their past experiences of things to perform experiments upon and test the pragmatic values of such experience. The value of such experience is measured experientially and scientifically, and the results of such tests generate ideas that serve as instruments for future experimentation, in physical sciences as in ethics. Thus, ideas in Dewey's system retain their empiricist flavour in that they are only known a posteriori."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "James Bryant Conant (president, 1933\u20131953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Group (mathematics)", "paragraph_text": "for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions. An advanced generalization of this idea, adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry, is the \u00e9tale fundamental group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Von Neumann worked on lattice theory between 1937 and 1939. Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices: \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\" Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\"."}], "question": "The headquarters of where who came up with the basic definition for the general lattice theory was educated is located where?"}
{"id": "3hop1__140844_272818_298609", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "CKO", "paragraph_text": "CKO was a Canadian radio news network which operated from 1977 to 1989. The CKO call sign was shared by twelve network-owned stations, as listed below."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "KBPN", "paragraph_text": "KBPN (88.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Brainerd, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"News and Information\" network, originating from KNOW in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "KNGA", "paragraph_text": "KNGA (90.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to St. Peter, Minnesota, serving the St. Peter, Mankato, New Ulm area. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"News and Information\" network, originating from KNOW in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Newspapers published in Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Newspapers published in Nigeria have a strong tradition of the principle of \"publish and be damned\" that dates back to the colonial era when founding fathers of the Nigerian press such as Nnamdi Azikiwe, Ernest Ikoli, Obafemi Awolowo and Lateef Jakande used their papers to fight for independence."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "KBPR", "paragraph_text": "KBPR (90.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Brainerd, Minnesota, United States. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and broadcasts MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "T-Mobile UK", "paragraph_text": "The network was originally launched as \"Mercury One2One\", a GSM mobile network operated by the now-defunct Mercury Communications. It was the world's first GSM 1800 network when it was launched in September 1993. It was later rebranded as simply \"One2One\", when it was operated for a short time as a joint venture between Cable & Wireless plc and American cable provider Mediaone Group, which had a number of investments in Britain dating back to its days as the US West Media Group. The network was purchased by Deutsche Telekom in 1999 and rebranded as \"T-Mobile\" in summer 2002."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of programs broadcast by TruTV", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of television programs currently and formerly broadcast by truTV, a cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of WarnerMedia. This list also covers programs that aired during the network's years as Court TV from its original launch in 1991 until its 2008 re-branding as truTV."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Love It or List It", "paragraph_text": "Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the \"Love it or List It\" franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Amazing World of Gumball (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of the British - American animated comedy children's television series The Amazing World of Gumball originally aired from May 3, 2011 to March 13, 2012 on Cartoon Network. Consisting of 36 episodes, the season premiered with the episode ``The DVD ''and concluded with the episode`` The Fight''. The season premiere was watched by 2.120 million viewers in the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Love It or List It", "paragraph_text": "Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hallmark Channel", "paragraph_text": "The Hallmark Channel is an American pay television network that is owned by Crown Media Holdings, Inc., which in turn is owned by Hallmark Cards, Inc. The channel's programming is primarily targeted at families, and features a mix of television movies and miniseries, original and acquired television series, and lifestyle programs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KCMF", "paragraph_text": "KCMF (89.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Fergus Falls, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of CNN (1980\u20132003)", "paragraph_text": "Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sexy Dance Fighting", "paragraph_text": "\"Sexy Dance Fighting\" is the fourth episode of the first season of the animated comedy series \"Bob's Burgers\". The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 13, 2011."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Food Network Star (season 13)", "paragraph_text": "Food Network Star (season 13) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network Food Network Original release June 4, 2017 (2017 - 06 - 04) Additional information No. of contestants 13 Winner Jason Smith Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 12 Next \u2192 Season 14"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "WMLS", "paragraph_text": "WMLS (88.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Grand Marais, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Glash\u00fctte Original", "paragraph_text": "Glash\u00fctte Original is a prestigious German watchmaking company founded in 1994 by the privatization of VEB Glash\u00fctter Uhrenbetriebe (GUB). GUB was an East German conglomerate formed in 1951 from the watch companies based in Glash\u00fctte. This included A. Lange & S\u00f6hne, founded in 1845 by Ferdinand Adolph Lange, and Glash\u00fctte Original is the only watchmaking company that has unbroken lineage to this venerable German watch manufacturer. Glash\u00fctte Original is one of the few watchmakers that uses its own movements, and has 10 proprietary movement innovations. Glash\u00fctte Original is currently owned by The Swatch Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "If(we)", "paragraph_text": "if(we) is a social and mobile technology company based in San Francisco, California. and owned by The Meet Group. It was originally known as Tagged Inc. and owns and operates social networks Tagged.com and Hi5.com and animated iOS messaging app Nod."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Speeders Fight Back", "paragraph_text": "Speeders Fight Back is a nontraditional court show on TruTV that began airing in the fall of 2008 and is a spin-off of \"Speeders\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Claymation Christmas Celebration", "paragraph_text": "Will Vinton's Claymation Christmas Celebration is a Christmas television special originally broadcast on the American CBS TV network on December 21, 1987. The special featured stop motion clay animation and was produced and directed by Will Vinton. The special debuted alongside \"A Garfield Christmas\" and the two continued to be aired back to back in subsequent years."}], "question": "Who founded the broadcast company that owns the original network of Speeders Fight Back?"}
{"id": "3hop1__40880_89644_89386", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lethe Vallis", "paragraph_text": "Lethe Vallis is a valley in the Elysium Planitia on Mars, located at 4\u00b0 North and 206.5\u00b0 West. It is 225\u00a0km long and is named after river Lethe in Katmai National Monument, Alaska, USA. Lethe Vallis originates at the SE margin of the West Elysium Basin (Cerberus Palus). West Elysium Basin probably contained a lake that was 500 km across and received water from Athabasca Vallis. It was probably formed in just days or weeks and had a discharge about like the Mississippi. Some have suggested it was formed from lava flows, but lava would not be able to flow over such a low gradient for so long a distance."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Atlantic white-sided dolphin", "paragraph_text": "The Atlantic white-sided dolphin (\"Lagenorhynchus acutus\") is a distinctively coloured dolphin found in the cool to temperate waters of the North Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Panama Canal expansion project", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal expansion project, also called the Third Set of Locks Project, doubled the capacity of the Panama Canal by adding a new lane of traffic allowing for a larger number of ships, and increasing the width and depth of the lanes and locks allowing larger ships to pass. The new larger size of ships, called New Panamax, are about one and a half times the previous Panamax size and can carry over twice as much cargo. The expanded canal began commercial operation on 26 June 2016."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elliott Bay", "paragraph_text": "Elliott Bay is a part of the Central Basin region of Puget Sound in the U.S. state of Washington that extends southeastward between West Point in the north and Alki Point in the south. Seattle was founded on this body of water in the 1850s and has since grown to encompass it completely. The waterway it provides to the Pacific Ocean has served as a key element of the city's economy, enabling the Port of Seattle to become one of the busiest ports in the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panam\u00e1) is an artificial 77 km (48 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tijuana River", "paragraph_text": "The Arroyo de las Palmas, the main tributary of the Tijuana River, flows out of the mountains to the east into the reservoir behind the Abelardo L. Rodr\u00edguez Dam. Downstream from the Rodr\u00edguez Dam, water flows through Tijuana in a concrete channel to the international border; there it continues west through the Tijuana River Valley for a distance of about nine miles to the estuary and then to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nile", "paragraph_text": "The Nile (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u200e) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an ``international ''river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lake Michigan\u2013Huron", "paragraph_text": "Lake Michigan -- Huron (also Huron -- Michigan) is the combined waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, which are joined through the 5 - mile (8.0 km) wide, 20 - fathom (120 ft; 37 m) deep, open - water Straits of Mackinac. Huron and Michigan are hydrologically a single lake because the flow of water through the straits keeps their water levels in near - equilibrium. (Although the flow is generally eastward, the water moves in either direction depending on local conditions.) Combined, Lake Michigan -- Huron is the largest fresh water lake by area in the world. If Lake Huron and Lake Michigan are considered two separate lakes, Lake Superior is larger than either."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf's basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hudson River", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson River is a 315 - mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, and eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean, between New York City and Jersey City. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Tidal waters influence the Hudson's flow from as far north as Troy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Great Lakes", "paragraph_text": "Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the east - central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called ``inland lakes, ''within the basin. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes: Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zanclean flood", "paragraph_text": "According to this model, water from the Atlantic Ocean refilled the dried up basin through the modern - day Strait of Gibraltar. The Mediterranean Basin flooded mostly during a period estimated to have been between several months and two years. Sea level rise in the basin may have reached rates at times greater than ten metres per day (thirty feet per day). Based on the erosion features preserved until modern times under the Pliocene sediment, Garcia - Castellanos et al. estimate that water rushed down a drop of more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) with a discharge of up to 2 \u00d7 10 m / s (7.1 \u00d7 10 cu ft / s), about 1,000 times that of the present day Amazon River. Studies of the underground structures at the Gibraltar Strait show that the flooding channel descended in a rather gradual way toward the bottom of the basin rather than forming a steep waterfall."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic."}], "question": "When is the new version of the body of water connecting the Atlantic and the body of water the Amazon Basin flows towards when moving west schedule to open?"}
{"id": "3hop1__140434_272818_298609", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of CNN (1980\u20132003)", "paragraph_text": "Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pixel Pinkie", "paragraph_text": "Pixel Pinkie is an Australian/Canadian and British animated television series produced and created by Blue Rocket Productions in association with the Nine Network and principally funded by The Film Finance Corporation Australia. It started airing on 29 August 2009."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "KNGA", "paragraph_text": "KNGA (90.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to St. Peter, Minnesota, serving the St. Peter, Mankato, New Ulm area. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"News and Information\" network, originating from KNOW in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New York Giants Radio Network", "paragraph_text": "The New York Giants Radio Network is a broadcast radio network based in New York City, the official radio broadcaster of the New York Giants. The network's radio broadcasts are currently flagshipped at WFAN, a station owned by CBS Radio. Overflow radio casts air on WCBS, WFAN's corporate sibling"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "CTV Morning Live", "paragraph_text": "CTV Morning Live is the name of the local morning newscasts airing on CTV's owned-and-operated stations in Western Canada, specifically, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Saskatoon, Regina and Winnipeg as well as on CTV 2 stations in Ottawa and Atlantic Canada. Each station produces its own version of the program. In areas where the program airs on a local CTV station, it airs in place of the network's national \"Your Morning\" (formerly \"Canada AM\") program."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Love It or List It", "paragraph_text": "Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "NBC", "paragraph_text": "After Mutual's appeals were rejected by the FCC, RCA filed its own appeal to overturn the divestiture order. However, in 1941, the company decided to sell NBC Blue in the event its appeal was denied. The Blue Network was formally named NBC Blue Network, Inc. and NBC Red became NBC Red Network, Inc. for corporate purposes. Both networks formally divorced their operations on January 8, 1942, with the Blue Network being referred to on-air as either \"Blue\" or \"Blue Network\", and Blue Network Company, Inc. serving as its official corporate name. NBC Red, meanwhile, became known on-air as simply \"NBC\". Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. placed a $7.5 million bid for NBC Blue, an offer that was rejected by NBC executive Mark Woods and RCA president David Sarnoff."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Love It or List It", "paragraph_text": "Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the \"Love it or List It\" franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "KCMF", "paragraph_text": "KCMF (89.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Fergus Falls, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Venevisi\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Venevisi\u00f3n () is a Venezuelan free-to-air television channel and one of Venezuela's largest television networks, owned by Gustavo Cisneros. In the United States, many of Venevisi\u00f3n's popular programs can be seen on Univision."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "KBPN", "paragraph_text": "KBPN (88.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Brainerd, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"News and Information\" network, originating from KNOW in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "WMLS", "paragraph_text": "WMLS (88.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Grand Marais, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group", "paragraph_text": "Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group, commonly abbreviated as VNPT, is a telecommunications company, owned by the Vietnamese Government, and the national post office of Vietnam. According to a list of UNDP in 2007, it is the second-largest company in Vietnam, just after the Vietnam Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development. It owns Vinaphone, one of the three largest mobile network operators in Vietnam."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Principal's Office", "paragraph_text": "The Principal's Office is a reality TV program on TruTV that began airing on August 21, 2008, released through Leftfield Pictures. It is set in American high schools and features dramatic and humorous encounters between students and principals. Some events that lead to such encounters are students being late to class, truancy, food fights, smoking, swearing, harassment, cheating on exams, use of cell phone, dress code in school, disrespecting teachers and other students, fighting or skateboarding/scootering in hallways, vandalizing school property and disruptive conduct in class. New episodes resumed on January 8, 2009. However, the series was abruptly cancelled on February 5, 2009."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of programs broadcast by TruTV", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of television programs currently and formerly broadcast by truTV, a cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of WarnerMedia. This list also covers programs that aired during the network's years as Court TV from its original launch in 1991 until its 2008 re-branding as truTV."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Transcontinental Air Transport", "paragraph_text": "Transcontinental Air Transport (T-A-T) was an airline founded in 1928 by Clement Melville Keys that merged in 1930 with Western Air Express to form what became TWA. Keys enlisted the help of Charles Lindbergh to design a transcontinental network to get government airmail contracts. Lindbergh established numerous airports across the country in this effort."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WNIJ", "paragraph_text": "WNIJ (89.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to DeKalb, Illinois. The station is owned by Northern Illinois University, and is the flagship of Northern Public Radio's news/talk network, airing NPR news and adult album alternative) music programming."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "LifeTalk Radio", "paragraph_text": "LifeTalk Radio's first radio station, KSOH in Yakima, Washington, began broadcasting in March 1992. The station was launched with an \"interactive talk radio\" format, airing Christian talk programming. In 1996, LifeTalk Radio purchased and launched several additional stations. In 2000, the network was heard on 15 stations, 8 of which were owned by the network. By 2004, LifeTalk Radio was airing on 35 stations, by 2005 it was airing on 65 stations, and by 2008 the network was airing on 70 stations. By 2015, the network was airing on over 100 stations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kenny vs. Spenny", "paragraph_text": "\"Kenny vs. Spenny\" was originally going to be aired on MTV, but MTV's broadcasters rejected the pilot (after purchasing it for $8,000). USA Network paid $40,000 for the production of a pilot as well, but pulled the plug during principal photography. The show first aired on CBC Television. CBC cancelled the show after the first season, and Showcase Television picked up the series in late 2005. The show has switched broadcasters and been cancelled many times, including by Showcase, and again by CBC, when one of its commercials aired by accident during the network's \"toddler block\". Spenny has stated in multiple interviews that the main reason for CBC's cancelling of the show was because it aired right before CBC News, and news viewers tuning in early were offended by the show's humiliation segment."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Animal Practice", "paragraph_text": "Animal Practice is an American sitcom which aired on NBC from August 12 to October 24, 2012, on the network's Fall 2012 television schedule. The series premiered after the end of the 2012 Olympic games (which the network was showing) and was produced by Universal Television and American Work. The series starred Justin Kirk and is set at a veterinary office."}], "question": "Who founded the company that owns the network that The Principal's Office airs on?"}
{"id": "3hop1__132931_538353_120537", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997", "paragraph_text": "The Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997 (Act No. 33 of 1997) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that abolished judicial corporal punishment. It followed the Constitutional Court's 1995 decision in the case of S v Williams and Others that caning of juveniles was unconstitutional. Although the ruling in S v Williams was limited to the corporal punishment of males under the age of 21, Justice Langa mentioned in dicta that there was a consensus that corporal punishment of adults was also unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Russell Motor Car Company", "paragraph_text": "The Russell Motor Car Company was an automobile manufacturer in Toronto, Canada, that produced cars from 1904 to 1916. The company is considered to have produced Canada's first successful automobile."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sea Wolf (missile)", "paragraph_text": "Sea Wolf is a naval guided missile system designed and built by BAC, later to become British Aerospace (BAe) Dynamics (now MBDA). It is an automated point-defence weapon system designed as a final line of defence against both sea-skimming and high angle anti-ship missiles and aircraft. The Royal Navy has fielded two versions, the GWS-25 Conventionally Launched Sea Wolf (CLSW) and the GWS-26 Vertically Launched Sea Wolf (VLSW) forms. In Royal Navy service Sea Wolf is being replaced by Sea Ceptor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Capital punishment in New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Capital punishment in New Zealand first appeared in a codified form when it became a British territory in 1840, and was first employed in 1842. It was last used in 1957, abolished for murder in 1961, and abolished altogether, including for treason, in 1989. During the period that it was in effect, 85 people were executed."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Amblin Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg, and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981. The company's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California. The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Poly Implant Proth\u00e8se", "paragraph_text": "Poly Implant Proth\u00e8se (PIP) was a French company founded in 1991 that produced silicone gel breast implants. The company was preemptively liquidated in 2010 following the revelation that they had been illegally manufacturing and selling breast implants made from cheaper industrial-grade silicone since 2001 (instead of the mandated medical-grade silicone they had previously used). The hundreds of thousands of unapproved implants sold globally by PIP from 2001 to 2010 were found to have a 500% higher risk of rupturing or leaking than approved models, as well as being implicated in several deaths due to systemic toxicity and several cases of induced breast cancer. The scandal, which produced fears of a massive health disaster, prompted a full recall of the company's implants by the French health ministry in 2010, by which time the company was already defunct."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slavery Abolition Act 1833", "paragraph_text": "The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV c. 73) was an 1833 Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire (with the exceptions ``of the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company '', Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, and Saint Helena; the exceptions were eliminated in 1843). The Act was repealed in 1998 as part of a wider rationalisation of English statute law, but later anti-slavery legislation remains in force."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (\u58eb\u65cf) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rhodesian Front", "paragraph_text": "Following the elections leading to the country's independence in 1980, as the Republic of Zimbabwe, the RF won all 20 parliamentary seats reserved for whites in the power-sharing agreement that it had forged. On June 6, 1981, the party changed its name to the Republican Front, and on July 21, 1984 it became the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe. Eleven of its twenty parliamentarians defected over the following four years, but the party again won 15 of the 20 parliamentary seats reserved for whites in the 1985 election. In 1986, the CAZ opened its membership to Zimbabweans of all races. In 1987 the ruling government abolished all reserved seats for whites.  When these were abolished many white MPs became independents or joined the ruling ZANU party."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'\u00e9tat followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wilderness Road", "paragraph_text": "In 1775, Daniel Boone blazed a trail for the Transylvania Company from Fort Chiswell in Virginia through the Cumberland Gap. It was later lengthened, following Native American trails, to reach the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville. The Wilderness Road was steep, rough and narrow, and could only be traversed on foot or horseback. By contrast, wagons could travel along the National Road route (originally the Braddock Road blazed by the competing Ohio Company and George Washington circa 1750), particularly after the improvements. Despite the adverse conditions, thousands of people used the Wilderness Road, particularly slaveholders after the states of Ohio, then Indiana and finally Illinois became free states (abolishing slavery) on the northern bank of the Ohio River, where travelers often embarked on boats to travel westward. In 1792, the new Kentucky legislature provided money to upgrade the road. In 1796, an improved all - weather road was opened for wagon and carriage travel. The road was abandoned around 1840 (construction on the National Road after Vandalia, Illinois also stopping due to the Panic of 1837 and early railroad construction), although modern highways follow much of its route."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Swingfire", "paragraph_text": "Swingfire was developed by Fairey Engineering Ltd and the British Aircraft Corporation, together with Wallop Industries Ltd and minor subcontractors. It replaced the Vickers Vigilant missile in British service. Its design incorporated elements from its predecessor the Vigilant and the experimental Orange William missile."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "State legislature (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Nebraska originally had a bicameral legislature like the other states, but the lower house was abolished following a referendum, effective with the 1936 elections. The remaining unicameral (one - chamber) legislature is called the Nebraska Legislature, but its members continue to be called senators."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Devil's Bait", "paragraph_text": "The Devil's Bait is an extant 1917 dramatic silent feature film starring Ruth Roland, an actress usually associated with serials. It was directed by Harry Harvey and produced by the Balboa Amusement Producing Company. General Film Company handled the distribution."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "British Aerospace", "paragraph_text": "The GEC merger to create a UK company compared to what would have been an Anglo-German firm, made the possibility of further penetration of the United States (US) defence market more likely. The company, initially called \"New British Aerospace\", was officially formed on 30 November 1999 and known as BAE Systems."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "An American Opera", "paragraph_text": "An American Opera: The Greatest Pet Rescue Ever! is a multi-award-winning documentary film by Tom McPhee chronicling the events following Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana when pet owners were forced to evacuate without their pets. \"An American Opera\" follows the pets, vets, owners, officials, rescuers, and adopters of animals as they try to remedy the situation, revealing that not everyone had the same goal of saving animals. Tom McPhee directed, narrated, and produced the film with the production companies Man Smiling Moving Pictures and Cave Studio."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad", "paragraph_text": "The break - up of the centralised Mughal empire by 1750, led to the creation of numerous semi-independent kingdoms (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Nawab Siraj ud - Daulah was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Thereafter the Nawab of Bengal became a ``puppet ruler ''depending on military support from British East India company to secure their throne. Siraj - ud - Daulah was replaced by Mir Jaffer. He was personally led to the throne by Robert Clive, after triumph of the British in the battle. He briefly tried to re-assert his power by allying with the Dutch, but this plan was ended by the Battle of Chinsurah. After the defeat at Battle of Buxar and grant of the Diwani (revenue collection) of Bengal by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, to the British East India Company in August 1765 and the appointment of Warren Hastings by the East India Company as their first Governor General of Bengal in 1773, the Nawabs authority became restricted. By 1773, British East India company asserted much authority and formed the Bengal Presidency over areas ruled by the Nawabs i.e. the Bengal subah, along with some other regions and abolished the system of Dual Government. In 1793 (during Nawab Mubarak ud - Daulah's reign), the Nizamat (military power, civil and criminal justice) was abolished, British East India company thus annexed this former Mughal province as part of their empire and took complete control of the region, and the Nawabs of Bengal became mere pensioners of the British East India Company. All the Diwan offices except the Diwan Ton were also abolished."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lincoln L series", "paragraph_text": "The Lincoln L series (also called the Lincoln Model L) is the first automobile that was produced by the Lincoln Motor Company. Introduced in 1920, the L series would continue to be produced after the bankruptcy of Lincoln in 1922 and its purchase by Ford Motor Company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Maher Zain", "paragraph_text": "Maher Zain (Arabic: \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u200e; born 16 July 1981) is a Swedish R&B singer, songwriter and music producer of Lebanese origin. He released his debut album Thank You Allah, an internationally successful album produced by Awakening Records, in 2009. He released his follow-up album Forgive Me in April 2012 under the same production company, and a third album One (Maher Zain album) in 2016."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Automeccanica", "paragraph_text": "Automeccanica was a Greek automobile producing company. Founded in 1979, it was one of the companies that produced the \"passenger-utility\" type of vehicle popular in Greece at the time for tax categorization reasons. Its creators were former executives of \"Autokinitoviomihania Ellados\" (meaning 'Greek Car Industry') a company founded in 1975 to also produce vehicles of this type \u2013 it assembled Italian Fissore models based on Fiat products, as well as other Fiat models and variants. Automeccanica followed a different path, building the \"Zebra\" model, a passenger-utility car based on the \"Daihatsu Charade\", as well as assembling the \"Charade\" itself. In 1985, when the law favoring the \"Zebra\"-type vehicles changed, Automeccanica stopped its production (after about 2,000 units had been built) and started licence production of the Soviet Lada Niva model, while it developed its own cabrio-version of the car. In 1988 it acquired its former \"father\" company, \"Autokinitoviomihania Ellados\" and the latter's factory in Thiva. Automeccanica went out of the car-construction business in 1995."}], "question": "When was the company that was preceded by the company which built the Swingfire abolished?"}
{"id": "3hop1__4785_300121_409819", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron. Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Harts of the West", "paragraph_text": "Harts of the West is an American Western/comedy\u2013drama series starring Beau Bridges and his father, Lloyd Bridges, set on a dude ranch in Nevada. The series aired on CBS from September 1993, to June 1994."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guerillas in Pink Lace", "paragraph_text": "Guerillas in Pink Lace is a 1964 Philippine Techniscope comedy set during the invasion of the Philippines during World War II. The film starred George Montgomery who also produced, directed and co-wrote the screenplay as well as featuring his own father in a role as a Priest."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fear Strikes Out", "paragraph_text": "Fear Strikes Out is a 1957 American biographical sports drama film depicting the life and career of American baseball player Jimmy Piersall. It is based on Piersall's 1955 memoir \"Fear Strikes Out: The Jim Piersall Story\", co-written with Al Hirshberg. The film stars Anthony Perkins as Piersall and Karl Malden as his father, and it was the first directed by Robert Mulligan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "'Neath the Arizona Skies", "paragraph_text": "'Neath the Arizona Skies is a 1934 Western film directed by Harry L. Fraser, produced by Lone Star Productions, released by Monogram Pictures and starring John Wayne. Wayne's character attempts to locate a little girl's father, so that she may claim a $50,000 Indian oil claim. The film co-stars Sheila Terry and Shirley Jean Rickert."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977), elements of which were dramatized; in 1991, he purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. In 1977, he also appeared in an episode of the ABC situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Terminator", "paragraph_text": "For the role of Kyle Reese, Orion wanted a star whose popularity was rising in the United States but who also would have foreign appeal. Orion co-founder Mike Medavoy had met Arnold Schwarzenegger and sent his agent the script for The Terminator. Cameron was dubious about casting Schwarzenegger as Reese as he felt he would need someone even bigger to play the Terminator. Sylvester Stallone and Mel Gibson were offered the Terminator role, but both turned it down. The studio suggested O.J. Simpson for the role, but Cameron did not feel that Simpson would be believable as a killer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "True Lies", "paragraph_text": "True Lies is a 1994 American action comedy thriller film written, directed and co-produced by James Cameron. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jamie Lee Curtis, Tom Arnold, Art Malik, Tia Carrere, Bill Paxton, Eliza Dushku, Grant Heslov and Charlton Heston. It is a remake of the 1991 French comedy film \"La Totale!\" The film follows U.S. government agent Harry Tasker (Schwarzenegger), who struggles to balance his life as a spy with his familial duties."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the \"International Star of the Decade\". His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof Last Action Hero, was released opposite Jurassic Park, and did not do well at the box office. His next film, the comedy drama True Lies (1994), was a popular spy film and saw Schwarzenegger reunited with James Cameron."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Sweeter Side of Life", "paragraph_text": "The Sweeter Side of Life is a 2013 American made-for-television romantic comedy film starring Kathryn Morris and James Best. The film was co-written and co-produced by Michael Damian and his wife Janeen Damian. \"The Sweeter Side of Life\" is the seventh film by the husband and wife team; continuing in the family film genre, and with family involvement, James Best, Janeen Damian's father, plays the father of the protagonist. Michael Damian's newest single, \"Rock My Heart\", is also featured in the film."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. Credited under the name \"Arnold Strong,\" his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production. His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry (1976), for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career. \"It was very difficult for me in the beginning \u2013 I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alan Ruck", "paragraph_text": "Alan Douglas Ruck (born July 1, 1956) is an American actor. He played Cameron Frye, Ferris Bueller's hypochondriac best friend in John Hughes' Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), and Stuart Bondek, the lecherous, power - hungry member of the mayor's staff in the ABC sitcom Spin City. His other notable films include Bad Boys (1983), Three Fugitives (1989), Young Guns II (1990), Speed (1994), Twister (1996), and Kickin 'It Old Skool (2007). In 2016, he co-starred with Geena Davis in an updated Fox TV adaptation of William Peter Blatty's best - selling novel The Exorcist."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected his sense of humor, separating him from more serious action hero films, such as the alternative universe poster for Terminator 2: Judgment Day starring Stallone in the comedy thriller Last Action Hero. He made a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), and Red Heat (1988)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Fabulous Baker Boys", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Baker Boys is a 1989 American romantic musical comedy-drama film written and directed by Steve Kloves and starring Jeff Bridges, Michelle Pfeiffer and Beau Bridges. It follows Jack and Frank Baker, two brothers struggling to make a living as lounge jazz pianists in Seattle. Desperate, they take on a female singer, Susie Diamond, who revitalizes their careers, causing the brothers to re-examine their relationship with each other and with their music."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "On May 20, 1971, his brother, Meinhard, died in a car accident. Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to emigrate to the United States. Gustav died the following year from a stroke. In Pumping Iron, Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image more cold and machine-like in order to fan controversy for the film. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: \"Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines\". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in The Expendables 2 (2012), and starred in The Last Stand (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and Escape Plan (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in Sabotage, released in March 2014, and appeared in The Expendables 3, released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie Terminator Genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Miss Tulip Stays the Night", "paragraph_text": "Miss Tulip Stays the Night is a 1955 British comedy crime film directed by Leslie Arliss and starring Diana Dors, Patrick Holt, Jack Hulbert and Cicely Courtneidge. The screenplay concerns a crime writer and his wife who stay at a country house, where a mysterious corpse appears."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Hungry Ghosts", "paragraph_text": "The Hungry Ghosts is a 2009 American dramatic film written and directed by Michael Imperioli. The film marked his directorial feature debut."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Conan the Destroyer", "paragraph_text": "Conan the Destroyer is a 1984 American sword and sorcery film directed by Richard Fleischer, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Mako Iwamatsu reprising their roles as Conan and Akiro the wizard, respectively. The cast also includes Grace Jones, Wilt Chamberlain, Tracey Walter, and Olivia d'Abo. It is the sequel to \"Conan the Barbarian\". The film grossed $31 million in the US."}], "question": "Who is the father of two sons, one of whom co-starred with Schwarzenegger in Stay Hungry?"}
{"id": "3hop1__214392_131471_40413", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Macorna, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Macorna is a small community town within the Shire of Gannawarra, Australia. The community has only a couple of houses, but it has a Football Netball Club, Cricket Club, Landcare Group, Fire Brigade Station and a Pony Club. The town is 85 metres above sea level."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shire of Loddon", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Loddon is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the northern part of the state. It covers an area of and at the 2016 Census had a population of approximately 7,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shire of Gannawarra", "paragraph_text": "The Shire is governed and administered by the Gannawarra Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Kerang, it also has a service centre located in Cohuna. The Shire is named after a small town, that is Gannawarra, located between Cohuna and Koondrook."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Abuja", "paragraph_text": "Abuja (/ \u0259\u02c8bu\u02d0d\u0292\u0259 /) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400 - metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792 - metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nandaly, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Nandaly is a small town in the Mallee region of Victoria, Australia. The town is located north-west of the state capital, Melbourne on the Calder Highway in the Shire of Buloke local government area. At the , Nandaly had a population of 39."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Newbridge, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Newbridge is a town in central Victoria, Australia. The town is located on the Loddon River and in the Shire of Loddon local government area, north of the state capital, Melbourne. At the , Newbridge had a population of 192."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Belconnen Remand Centre", "paragraph_text": "Belconnen Remand Centre, or BRC, was an Australian remand custody facility located in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The centre opened in 1976 and closed in 2009. At times, it held a small number of illegal immigrants."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cootharaba, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Cootharaba is a suburb of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It is within the local government area of Shire of Noosa (between 2008 and 2013 it was within Sunshine Coast Region). At the 2011 Australian Census Cootharaba and surrounding suburbs recorded a population of 791."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Porepunkah", "paragraph_text": "Porepunkah is a town in northeast Victoria, Australia on the Great Alpine Road, at the foot of Mount Buffalo northeast of the state capital, Melbourne and northwest of Bright. It is part of Alpine Shire local government area and on the banks of the Ovens River, near the Buckland River junction. At the , Porepunkah had a population of 941. The town is named for the Hindi word for \"gentle breeze\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Icy Creek, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Icy Creek is a locality in Victoria, Australia, located on Mount Baw Baw Road, in the Shire of Baw Baw."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Birnbrot", "paragraph_text": "Birnbrot (literally \"pear bread\") or \"Birnweggen\" (literally \"pear buns\") are a traditional pastry originating in Switzerland with a filling of dried pears. They exist throughout Switzerland and popular variations include \"B\u00fcndener Birnbrot\" (from the Kanton Graub\u00fcnden), \"Glarner Birnbrot\" (from the Kanton Glarus), \"Toggenburger Birnbrot\" (from Toggenburg (district) and \"Luzerner Birnweggen\" (from Luzern)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Coonamble Shire", "paragraph_text": "Coonamble Shire is a local government area in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire is located adjacent to the Castlereagh Highway and the Castlereagh River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kerang", "paragraph_text": "Kerang is a rural town on the Loddon River in northern Victoria in Australia. It is the commercial centre to an irrigation district based on livestock, horticulture, lucerne and grain. It is located north-west of Melbourne on the Murray Valley Highway a few kilometres north of its intersection with the Loddon Valley Highway, elevation . At the , Kerang had a population of 3,893. \"Kerang\" is believed to be an Aboriginal word for Cockatoo. It is home to the largest solar and battery farm in the country which was opened in June 2019. The 50-megawatt battery system is located outside of Kerang and stores 100 per cent renewable energy. The 2,000 solar panels have become a tourist attraction and are drawing many businesses to the town."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kyalite", "paragraph_text": "Kyalite is a locality on the Wakool River in the Riverina district of the Australian state of New South Wales. It is part of Balranald Shire and is approximately south west of the state capital Sydney and north west of Melbourne. Kyalite was formerly known as Wakool Crossing. At the 2006 census, Kyalite had a population of 108."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aboriginal Shire of Palm Island", "paragraph_text": "The Aboriginal Shire of Palm Island is a special local government area of Queensland, Australia, managed by the Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Council under a Deed of Grant in Trust granted to the community on 27 October 1986. It is located on Palm Island, near the north Queensland city of Townsville."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dareton, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Dareton is a town in the far west of New South Wales, Australia. The town is located on the Silver City Highway, 1,025 kilometres west of the state capital, Sydney and 20 kilometres from the regional centre, Mildura, across the border in Victoria. Part of the Wentworth Shire local government area, at the , Dareton had a population of 516."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland are sown for grain, mostly in the state's west. More than 50% of this area is sown for wheat, 33% for barley and 7% for oats. A further 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) is sown for hay. In 2003\u201304, Victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley. Victorian farms produce nearly 90% of Australian pears and third of apples. It is also a leader in stone fruit production. The main vegetable crops include asparagus, broccoli, carrots, potatoes and tomatoes. Last year, 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Balranald Shire", "paragraph_text": "Balranald Shire is a local government area in the Riverina area of western New South Wales, Australia on the Sturt Highway. It is the location of World Heritage listed Mungo National Park. It includes the towns of Balranald and Euston. Other localities in the Shire include Kyalite, Hatfield, Penarie, Clare and Oxley."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Shire of Korumburra", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Korumburra was a local government area located about southeast of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The shire covered an area of , and existed from 1891 until 1994."}], "question": "How much does the state where the capitol of the Shire of Gannawarra is located produce in Australian pears?"}
{"id": "3hop1__155966_763583_40413", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Belconnen Remand Centre", "paragraph_text": "Belconnen Remand Centre, or BRC, was an Australian remand custody facility located in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The centre opened in 1976 and closed in 2009. At times, it held a small number of illegal immigrants."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peta Gallagher", "paragraph_text": "Peta Gallagher (born 6 December 1977 in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory) is a female field hockey striker from Australia, who made her debut for the Australian women's national team during the Argentina Tour in 2001. Nicknamed \"Pete\" she was a member of the Hockeyroos at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, where the team ended up in fifth place in the overall-rankings."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Judith Brett", "paragraph_text": "Judith Brett (born 1949, Melbourne) is an Emeritus Professor of politics at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. She retired from professional life in 2013."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kerguelen Plateau", "paragraph_text": "The plateau was produced by the Kerguelen hotspot, starting with or following the breakup of Gondwana about 130 million years ago. A small portion of the plateau breaks sea level, forming the Kerguelen Islands (a French territory) plus the Heard and McDonald Islands (an Australian territory). Intermittent volcanism continues on the Heard and McDonald Islands."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland are sown for grain, mostly in the state's west. More than 50% of this area is sown for wheat, 33% for barley and 7% for oats. A further 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) is sown for hay. In 2003\u201304, Victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley. Victorian farms produce nearly 90% of Australian pears and third of apples. It is also a leader in stone fruit production. The main vegetable crops include asparagus, broccoli, carrots, potatoes and tomatoes. Last year, 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Comedy Company", "paragraph_text": "The Comedy Company was an Australian comedy television series first aired from 16 February 1988 until about 11 November 1990 on Network Ten, Sunday night and was created and directed by cast member Ian McFadyen, and co directed and produced by Jo Lane. The show largely consisted of sketch comedy in short segments, much in the tradition of earlier Sketch comedy shows, \"The Mavis Bramston Show\", \"The Naked Vicar Show\", \"Australia You're Standing In It\", and \"The D-Generation\". The majority of the filming took place in Melbourne. The show and characters had a significant effect on Australian pop culture, and had a cult following particularly on Australian youth. The word \"bogan\" was popularised by \"The Comedy Company\" character Kylie Mole, portrayed by Mary-Anne Fahey."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Birnbrot", "paragraph_text": "Birnbrot (literally \"pear bread\") or \"Birnweggen\" (literally \"pear buns\") are a traditional pastry originating in Switzerland with a filling of dried pears. They exist throughout Switzerland and popular variations include \"B\u00fcndener Birnbrot\" (from the Kanton Graub\u00fcnden), \"Glarner Birnbrot\" (from the Kanton Glarus), \"Toggenburger Birnbrot\" (from Toggenburg (district) and \"Luzerner Birnweggen\" (from Luzern)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Brian David Ellis", "paragraph_text": "Brian Ellis (born 1929) is an Emeritus Professor in the philosophy department at La Trobe University in Victoria, Australia, and Professional Fellow in philosophy at the University of Melbourne. He was the Editor of the \"Australasian Journal of Philosophy\" for twelve years. He is one of the major proponents of the New Essentialist school of philosophy of science (philosophy of nature)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brett Beavers", "paragraph_text": "Brett Beavers (born in Waco, Texas), is an American country music songwriter and producer and the co-author of the book \"Something Worth Leaving Behind\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Judith and the Head of Holofernes", "paragraph_text": "Judith and the Head of Holofernes (also known as Judith I) is an oil painting by Gustav Klimt created in 1901. It depicts the biblical character of Judith holding the severed head of Holofernes."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Department of Employment (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Department of Employment was a department of the Government of Australia charged with the responsibility for national policies and programs that help Australians find and keep employment and work in safe, fair and productive workplaces. On 20 December 2017 the department was dissolved and its functions assumed by the newly formed Department of Jobs and Small Business."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Majura Training Area", "paragraph_text": "The Majura Training Area (MTA) is a facility belonging to the Australian Department of Defence located to the east of Mount Majura in the Majura district in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The MTA is used primarily by the Australian Army for the conduct of field exercises and weapon qualification shoots. The MTA is located near to the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy and is frequently used by these training establishments. Accommodation and support on the range is through 'Camp Blake', which consists of headquarters buildings, Q-Store, Mess, Staff accommodation and amenities and trainee accommodation and amenities."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of extreme points of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island (167 \u00b0 57 'E) Excluding islands: Australian Antarctic Territory (160 \u00b0 00' E) Excluding islands and Australian Antarctic Territory: Cape Byron, New South Wales (153 \u00b0 38 'E)"}], "question": "How much does the region, which includes Judith Brett's place of employment, produce in Australian pears?"}
{"id": "3hop1__214392_131471_40418", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kyalite", "paragraph_text": "Kyalite is a locality on the Wakool River in the Riverina district of the Australian state of New South Wales. It is part of Balranald Shire and is approximately south west of the state capital Sydney and north west of Melbourne. Kyalite was formerly known as Wakool Crossing. At the 2006 census, Kyalite had a population of 108."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nandaly, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Nandaly is a small town in the Mallee region of Victoria, Australia. The town is located north-west of the state capital, Melbourne on the Calder Highway in the Shire of Buloke local government area. At the , Nandaly had a population of 39."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Antunes Sobrinho", "paragraph_text": "Bras\u00edlia has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the K\u00f6ppen system, with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from October to April, and a dry season, from May to September. The average temperature is 20.6 \u00b0C (69.1 \u00b0F). September, at the end of the dry season, has the highest average maximum temperature, 28.3 \u00b0C (82.9 \u00b0F), has major and minor lower maximum average temperature, of 25.1 \u00b0C (77.2 \u00b0F) and 12.9 \u00b0C (55.2 \u00b0F), respectively. Average temperatures from September through March are a consistent 22 \u00b0C (72 \u00b0F). With 247.4 mm (9.7 in), January is the month with the highest rainfall of the year, while June is the lowest, with only 8.7 mm (0.3 in)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kerang", "paragraph_text": "Kerang is a rural town on the Loddon River in northern Victoria in Australia. It is the commercial centre to an irrigation district based on livestock, horticulture, lucerne and grain. It is located north-west of Melbourne on the Murray Valley Highway a few kilometres north of its intersection with the Loddon Valley Highway, elevation . At the , Kerang had a population of 3,893. \"Kerang\" is believed to be an Aboriginal word for Cockatoo. It is home to the largest solar and battery farm in the country which was opened in June 2019. The 50-megawatt battery system is located outside of Kerang and stores 100 per cent renewable energy. The 2,000 solar panels have become a tourist attraction and are drawing many businesses to the town."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate, with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians, which are classified as having a mountain temperate climate or a humid continental climate due to cooler temperatures. The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in the climate of Tennessee, with winds from the south being responsible for most of the state's annual precipitation. Generally, the state has hot summers and mild to cool winters with generous precipitation throughout the year, with highest average monthly precipitation generally in the winter and spring months, between December and April. The driest months, on average, are August to October. On average the state receives 50 inches (130 cm) of precipitation annually. Snowfall ranges from 5 inches (13 cm) in West Tennessee to over 16 inches (41 cm) in the higher mountains in East Tennessee."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shire of Cobram", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Cobram was a local government area on the Murray River in the Goulburn Valley region, about north of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The shire covered an area of , and existed from 1953 until 1994."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shire of Gannawarra", "paragraph_text": "The Shire is governed and administered by the Gannawarra Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Kerang, it also has a service centre located in Cohuna. The Shire is named after a small town, that is Gannawarra, located between Cohuna and Koondrook."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Climate of North Dakota", "paragraph_text": "Being 1,000 miles (1,609 km) from any large body of water (with the exception of Lake Superior), temperatures and precipitation in North Dakota can vary widely. North Dakota is far enough north to experience \u2212 60 \u00b0 F (\u2212 51 \u00b0 C) temperatures and blizzards during the winter months, but far enough south to experience 121 \u00b0 F (49 \u00b0 C) temperatures and tornado outbreaks in the summer. The 181 \u00b0 F degree (100 \u00b0 C) variation between North Dakota's highest and lowest temperature is the 3rd largest variation of any U.S. State, and the largest of any non-mountainous state."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Newbridge, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Newbridge is a town in central Victoria, Australia. The town is located on the Loddon River and in the Shire of Loddon local government area, north of the state capital, Melbourne. At the , Newbridge had a population of 192."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Murray Land District", "paragraph_text": "Murray Land District is a land district (cadastral division) of Western Australia, located within the South-West Land Division on the state's west coast. It spans roughly 32\u00b025'S - 32\u00b056'S in latitude and 115\u00b025'E - 116\u00b030'E in longitude, and is located on the Indian Ocean coast, taking in the Shires of Murray and Waroona, the eastern part of the Serpentine-Jarrahdale and the western suburbs of Mandurah."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts. Average temperatures exceed 32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F) during summer and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) in winter. Except at cool mountain elevations, the inland monthly temperatures are 2\u20137 \u00b0C (4\u201313 \u00b0F) warmer than around Melbourne (see chart). Victoria's highest maximum temperature since World War II, of 48.8 \u00b0C (119.8 \u00b0F) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009, during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Macorna, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Macorna is a small community town within the Shire of Gannawarra, Australia. The community has only a couple of houses, but it has a Football Netball Club, Cricket Club, Landcare Group, Fire Brigade Station and a Pony Club. The town is 85 metres above sea level."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gal\u00e1pagos Islands", "paragraph_text": "Gal\u00e1pagos Islands Geography Location Pacific Ocean Coordinates 0 \u00b0 40 \u2032 S 90 \u00b0 33 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 0.667 \u00b0 S 90.550 \u00b0 W \ufeff / - 0.667; - 90.550 Coordinates: 0 \u00b0 40 \u2032 S 90 \u00b0 33 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 0.667 \u00b0 S 90.550 \u00b0 W \ufeff / - 0.667; - 90.550 Total islands 21 Major islands 18 Area 7,880 km (3,040 sq mi) Highest elevation 1,707 m (5,600 ft) Highest point Volc\u00e1n Wolf Administration Ecuador Province Gal\u00e1pagos Capital city Puerto Baquerizo Moreno Demographics Population 26,640 (2012) Pop. density 3 / km (8 / sq mi) Additional information Time zone GALT (UTC - 6) UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Gal\u00e1pagos Islands Type Natural Criteria vii, viii, ix, x Designated 1978 (2nd session) Reference no. Region Latin America and the Caribbean Extension 2001 and 2003 Endangered 2007 -- 2010"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "As with the rest of the UK, Southampton experiences an oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfb). Its southerly, low lying and sheltered location ensures it is among the warmer, sunnier cities in the UK. It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 \u00b0C (96.1 \u00b0F) since 1976."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Balsam Mountains, and Black Mountains. The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m) the highest point east of the Mississippi River. Although agriculture still remains important, tourism has become a dominant industry in the mountains. Growing Christmas trees has recently become an important industry as well. Because of the higher altitude, the climate in the mountains often differs markedly from that of the rest of the state. Winter in western North Carolina typically features high snowfall and subfreezing temperatures more akin to those of a midwestern state than of a southern state."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Highest temperature recorded on Earth", "paragraph_text": "According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest confirmed air temperature on Earth was 56.7 \u00b0 C (134.1 \u00b0 F) in Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in the Death Valley desert in the United States, on July 10, 1913. While measuring air temperature is standard, there are two other main ways that a temperature can be recorded."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Shire of Korumburra", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Korumburra was a local government area located about southeast of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The shire covered an area of , and existed from 1891 until 1994."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dareton, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Dareton is a town in the far west of New South Wales, Australia. The town is located on the Silver City Highway, 1,025 kilometres west of the state capital, Sydney and 20 kilometres from the regional centre, Mildura, across the border in Victoria. Part of the Wentworth Shire local government area, at the , Dareton had a population of 516."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Battle of the Strong", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Strong is an 1898 novel by Gilbert Parker. It was first published in serial format in \"The Atlantic Monthly\" starting in January 1898, and as a single volume late in the same year. It was ranked as the tenth-highest best selling book overall in the United States for 1898, and appeared as high as Number 2 on the monthly bestseller list published in \"The Bookman\" in early 1899. The book is set in the Channel Islands, primarily during the period 1781-95, and opens with attempted invasion of Jersey by France in the Battle of Jersey."}], "question": "What is the highest monthly temperature in the state where the Shire of Gannawarra is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__67600_300121_409819", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Harold Owen", "paragraph_text": "(William) Harold Owen (5 September 1897 - 26 November 1971) was the younger brother and biographer of the English poet and soldier, Wilfred Owen. He was born at the home of his paternal grandparents in Canon Street, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, where his parents and older siblings then lodged before his father moved on promotion to a station master's post at Birkenhead in 1898."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)", "paragraph_text": "``Dude (Looks Like a Lady) ''Single by Aerosmith from the album Permanent Vacation B - side`` Once is Enough'' or ``Simoriah ''Released September 1987 1990 (re-issue) Format Cassette, CD single, 12'' single Recorded Genre Hard rock, blues rock, glam metal Length 4: 24 (Album version) 5: 13 (Alternate mix) Label Geffen Songwriter (s) Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, Desmond Child Producer (s) Bruce Fairbairn Aerosmith singles chronology`` Darkness ''(1986) ``Dude (Looks Like a Lady)'' (1987)`` Hangman Jury ''(1988) ``Darkness'' (1986)`` Dude (Looks Like a Lady) ''(1987) ``Hangman Jury'' (1988)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Big Brother Canada (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "Big Brother Canada 4 was the fourth season of the Canadian reality television series Big Brother Canada. It was produced by Endemol Shine North America and Insight Productions for all episodes, and Shaw Media for 16 episodes prior to defunct. The season premiered on March 2, 2016 on Global, and ended after 77 days - the longest season to date - on May 12, 2016, where for the first time in Big Brother Canada history a set of siblings won the series after Nick & Philippe Paquette beat Kelsey Faith in a 7 -- 2 jury vote to be crowned the winners of Big Brother Canada 4."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "K-Dee", "paragraph_text": "K-Dee, formerly Kid Disaster, (born Darrel Johnson May 24, 1969), is an American rapper most known for his album \"Ass, Gas, or Cash (No One Rides for Free)\". He came into the hip hop scene with fellow West Coast rapper, Ice Cube in the group C.I.A. K-Dee was included in Cube's entourage Da Lench Mob making a few appearances on other members albums, by Ice Cube, Mack 10, Dazzie Dee, Westside Connection, Kausion. Other appearances including the compilation albums, \"The Lawhouse Experience, Volume One\", \"Dangerous Ground\" soundtrack, \"Big Thangs\" released in 1997 and the Devin the Dude album, \"The Dude\", released in 1998. In 2005 K-Dee released a song online titled \"Back On Deck\" and also a mixtape song over Rick Ross \"Hustlin\" titled \"Cuffin Em\". In 2012 he is featured on a new Dazzie Dee song called \"All The Time\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "David Kaonohiokala Bray", "paragraph_text": "David Kaonohiokala Bray was born 05 Mar 1889 in Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, to Missionary David Howard Hitchcock (1832\u20131899) and Hana Bray (-1889). Hana died when he was six months old so David had no full siblings, but there were five half siblings from his father's previous marriage to Almeda Eliza Widger (1828\u20131895): noted American painter D. Howard Hitchcock (1861 \u2013 1943), Ella Marian Hitchcock (1858 \u2013 1950), Cora Etta Hitchcock (1859 \u2013 1951), Almeda Eliza Hitchcock (1863 \u2013 1895), and Charles Henry Wetmore Hitchcock (1868 \u2013 1940)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Death of a Dude", "paragraph_text": "Death of a Dude is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1969."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hans Jacob Hess", "paragraph_text": "John Jacob Hess was born in Wald, Zurich, Switzerland on May 17, 1584 to Hans Heinrich Hess, a bailiff, (1534\u20131587) and Adelheid Kuntz (1546\u20131585). He had eight older full siblings: Margaretha, Christian, Matheus, Hans, Elsy, Margaretha, Heinrich, and Dorothea; five older half-siblings from his father's first two marriages: Adelheid, Barbara, Veronica, Catharina and Anna; and one younger half-brother, Hans, from his father's fourth marriage."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harts of the West", "paragraph_text": "Harts of the West is an American Western/comedy\u2013drama series starring Beau Bridges and his father, Lloyd Bridges, set on a dude ranch in Nevada. The series aired on CBS from September 1993, to June 1994."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Just Once", "paragraph_text": "\"Just Once\" is a 1981 single released from Quincy Jones' album \"The Dude\" on A&M Records. The song features James Ingram on vocals, and reached number 17 on the \"Billboard\" chart in the summer of 1981."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Natalie Horler", "paragraph_text": "Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to British parents who had moved to Germany in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her 2 siblings. Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney movies."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Big Lebowski", "paragraph_text": "The Big Lebowski is a 1998 American crime comedy film written, produced, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. It stars Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey ``The Dude ''Lebowski, a Los Angeles slacker and avid bowler. He is assaulted as a result of mistaken identity, after which The Dude learns that a millionaire also named Jeffrey Lebowski was the intended victim. The millionaire Lebowski's trophy wife is kidnapped, and he commissions The Dude to deliver the ransom to secure her release; but the plan goes awry when the Dude's friend Walter Sobchak (John Goodman) schemes to keep the ransom money. Julianne Moore and Steve Buscemi also star, with David Huddleston, John Turturro, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Sam Elliott, Tara Reid, David Thewlis and Flea appearing in supporting roles."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sam Elliott", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Pack Elliott (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor. His lanky physique, thick moustache, deep and resonant voice, and Western drawl have led to frequent roles as cowboys and ranchers. His other credits over the years have included playing The Stranger in The Big Lebowski (1998), Gar in Mask (1985), General John Buford in Gettysburg (1993), Virgil Earp in Tombstone (1993), Sergeant Major Basil L. Plumley in We Were Soldiers (2002) and Marvel Comics characters Thunderbolt Ross in Hulk (2003) and The Caretaker in Ghost Rider (2007)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wensicia", "paragraph_text": "As established in the appendix of \"Dune\" (1965), Wensicia is the third daughter of the 81st Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV and Anirul, a Bene Gesserit of Hidden Rank. Her oldest sister is the Princess Irulan; her three other siblings are sisters Chalice, Josifa and Rugi. Wensicia accompanies her father into exile on Salusa Secundus after he is deposed by Paul Atreides in \"Dune\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Heinrich Lossow", "paragraph_text": "Heinrich Lossow's father was Arnold Hermann Lossow, a Bremen sculptor. His father moved to Munich in 1820 to study under Ernst Mayer. In Munich, Arnold Hermann Lossow married and had three children: Carl Lossow in 1835, Friedrich Lossow in 1837, and Heinrich Lossow in 1843. The three boys had an affinity for art; Carl became a historical painter, while Friedrich became a wildlife painter. Heinrich would outlive all of his siblings."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "PolyGram Filmed Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (formerly known as PolyGram Films and PolyGram Pictures or simply PFE) was a British-American film studio founded in 1980 which became a European competitor to Hollywood, but was eventually sold to Seagram Company Ltd. in 1998 and was folded in 1999. Among its most successful and well known films were \"An American Werewolf in London\" (1981), \"Flashdance\" (1983), \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\" (1994), \"Dead Man Walking\" (1995), \"The Big Lebowski\" (1998), \"Fargo\" (1996), \"The Usual Suspects\" (1995), and \"Notting Hill\" (1999)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", "paragraph_text": "WWF Tag Team Championship (4 times) \u2013 with Shawn Michaels (1), Dude Love (1), The Undertaker (1), and Triple H (1)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "OTO Homestead and Dude Ranch", "paragraph_text": "The OTO Homestead and Dude Ranch was the first dude ranch in the US state of Montana. It was started by James Norris (Dick) Randall and his wife Dora after they purchased squatters rights on a small cabin along Cedar Creek in the Absaroka Mountains. The original cabin had a dirt floor cabin with a sod roof. Randall courted wealthy eastern clients (the Dudes) and by 1912 they came to the OTO to experience a \"genuine\" western ranch lifestyle. The property grew to meet the needs of guests and by the 1920s included an impressive lodge (1921), cabins, barns, post office, and outbuildings. Notable guests included Theodore Roosevelt and Marcellus Hartley Dodge, Jr."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Fabulous Baker Boys", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Baker Boys is a 1989 American romantic musical comedy-drama film written and directed by Steve Kloves and starring Jeff Bridges, Michelle Pfeiffer and Beau Bridges. It follows Jack and Frank Baker, two brothers struggling to make a living as lounge jazz pianists in Seattle. Desperate, they take on a female singer, Susie Diamond, who revitalizes their careers, causing the brothers to re-examine their relationship with each other and with their music."}], "question": "Who is the father of the sibling of who was the dude in the big lebowski?"}
{"id": "3hop1__604879_45953_56941", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gulf Stream", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about 40 \u00b0 0 \u2032 N 30 \u00b0 0 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.000 \u00b0 N 30.000 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.000; - 30.000, it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "West Sumatra", "paragraph_text": "West Sumatra lies in the middle of the western coast of Sumatra, and has an area of 42,130.82\u00a0km. Geographic features include plains, mountainous volcanic highlands formed by the Barisan mountain range that runs from north-west to south-east, and an offshore island archipelago called the Mentawai Islands. The West Sumatran coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375\u00a0km from North Sumatra province in the north-west to Bengkulu in the south-east. The lakes of West Sumatra include: Maninjau (99.5\u00a0km), Singkarak (130.1\u00a0km), Diatas (31.5\u00a0km), Dibawah (14.0\u00a0km), Talang (5.0\u00a0km). The rivers of West Sumatra include: Kuranji, Anai, Ombilin, Suliki, Agam, Sinamar, Arau. The mountains & volcanoes of West Sumatra include: Kerinci (3,805 m), Marapi (2,891 m), Sago (2,271 m), Singgalang (2,877 m), Talakmau (2,912 m), Talang (2,572 m), Tandikat (2,438 m)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cape Sterneck", "paragraph_text": "Cape Sterneck () is a bold, black cliff on a projecting point forming the west extremity of Chavdar Peninsula on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It is situated on the north side of the entrance to Hughes Bay and the west side of the entrance to Curtiss Bay, and separating Davis Coast to the northeast from Danco Coast to the southwest."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2014 West Coast Eagles season", "paragraph_text": "The 2014 season was the West Coast Eagles' 28th season in the Australian Football League (AFL), the premier Australian rules football competition. The 2014 season also marks the first season of the club's reserves affiliation with the East Perth Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). West Coast finished thirteenth in the previous season, despite having made the finals in the two preceding seasons. At the end of the 2013 season, previous coach John Worsfold retired, after twelve seasons in the position, and was replaced by Adam Simpson, who had not coached previously at AFL level. Darren Glass was retained as captain for a seventh season, with Josh Kennedy and Scott Selwood as vice-captains. However, Glass retired from football after round 12, and was replaced by five acting co-captains: Shannon Hurn, Kennedy, Eric Mackenzie, Matt Priddis, and Selwood. Undefeated in the 2014 pre-season competition (which used a different format to previous years), West Coast started its season against the on 23 March. The club failed to qualify for the 2014 finals series, finishing its season in ninth place, with 11 wins and 11 losses. Priddis won the highest individual award, the Brownlow Medal, Beau Waters won the Jim Stynes Community Leadership Award, and Mackenzie was the club champion winning the John Worsfold Medal. No players from West Coast were selected on the All-Australian team."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maskelyne Passage", "paragraph_text": "Maskelyne Passage () is a passage between Larrouy Island and Tadpole Island to the east, and Cat Island, Runnelstone Rock and Hummock Island to the west, off the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd in 1956\u201357, and mapped from these photos by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 for Englishman Nevil Maskelyne, Astronomer Royal for many years till his death in 1811, who started \"The Nautical Almanac\" in 1767."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ernest Hemingway House", "paragraph_text": "The Ernest Hemingway House was the residence of author Ernest Hemingway in Key West, Florida, United States. It is at 907 Whitehead Street, across from the Key West lighthouse, close to the southern coast of the island. On November 24, 1968, it was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Stinson Beach, California", "paragraph_text": "Stinson Beach is a census-designated place in Marin County, California, on the west coast of the United States. Stinson Beach is located east-southeast of Bolinas, at an elevation of 26 feet (8 m). The population of the Stinson Beach CDP (census-designated place) was 632 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "North-west Tasmanian Coast Important Bird Area", "paragraph_text": "The North-west Tasmanian Coast Important Bird Area comprises a 2438\u00a0km stretch of coastal and subcoastal land covering the northern section of the coast of western Tasmania, south-eastern Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ruppert Coast", "paragraph_text": "Ruppert Coast () is that portion of the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, between Brennan Point and Cape Burks, or between Saunders Coast in the west and Hobbs Coast in the east. It stretches from 146\u00b031'W to 136\u00b050'W. It was named by R. Admiral Richard Byrd for Col. Jacob Ruppert of New York, a supporter of the second Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933-35) that made the first aerial reconnaissance flight along this coast. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) completely mapped the coast from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959-65."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Western Region (Ghana)", "paragraph_text": "The Western Region is located in south Ghana, spreads from the Ivory Coast border in the west to the Central region in the east, includes the capital and large twin city of Sekondi - Takoradi on the coast, coastal Axim, and a hilly inland area including Elubo. It includes Ghana's southernmost location, Cape Three Points, where crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities in June 2007. The Western Region enjoys a long coastline that stretches from South Ghana's border with Ivory Coast to the Western region's boundary with the Central Region on the east."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Holmeswood", "paragraph_text": "Holmeswood is a small agricultural village in West Lancashire, in the north-west of England. It lies just north of the Martin Mere Wetland Centre and to the south of North Meols about six miles east of the Irish Sea coast at Southport."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Overseas Highway", "paragraph_text": "The Overseas Highway is a 113 - mile (181.9 km) highway carrying U.S. Route 1 (US 1) through the Florida Keys. Large parts of it were built on the former right - of - way of the Overseas Railroad, the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway. Completed in 1912, the Overseas Railroad was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. The Florida East Coast Railway was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections, so the roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the state of Florida for $640,000."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bakutis Coast", "paragraph_text": "The Bakutis Coast is that part of the coast of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, extending from a point opposite eastern Dean Island, at , to Cape Herlacher, or between Hobbs Coast in the west and Walgreen Coast in the east. It stretches between 127\u00b005'W and 114\u00b012'W. The coast in this area is bounded by several large ice-covered islands and the very extensive Getz Ice Shelf. This coast was sighted by members of the US Antarctic Service, 1939-41, and was charted in part from air photos taken by Operation Highjump, 1946-47, both expeditions led by Admiral Richard E. Byrd. The United States Geological Survey completely mapped the coast from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959-66."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Duxbury Bay (Massachusetts)", "paragraph_text": "Duxbury Bay is a bay on the coast of Massachusetts in the United States. The west shore of the bay is the town of Duxbury, Massachusetts; and the bay is formed by a sandbar called The Gurnet extending southeasterly from Marshfield, Massachusetts into Cape Cod Bay. The town of Marshfield was named for the estuarine wetland at the north end of the bay. The bay opens southerly toward Plymouth, Massachusetts between Captains Hill to the west and Saquish Head to the east."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jim Faulkner", "paragraph_text": "James Leroy Faulkner (July 27, 1899 in Beatrice, Nebraska \u2013 June 1, 1962 in West Palm Beach, Florida) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. He pitched from 1927 to 1930."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Herring Point", "paragraph_text": "Herring Point (, \u2018Nos Herring\u2019 \\'nos 'he-ring\\) is a point on the north coast of Rugged Island off the west coast of Byers Peninsula of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica forming the east side of the entrance to Hersilia Cove."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "West Palm Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "The area that was to become West Palm Beach was settled in the late 1870s and 1880s by a few hundred settlers who called the vicinity ``Lake Worth Country. ''These settlers were a diverse community from different parts of the United States and the world. They included founding families such at the Potters and the Lainharts, who would go on to become leading members of the business community in the fledgling city. The first white settlers in Palm Beach County lived around Lake Worth, then an enclosed freshwater lake, named for Colonel William Jenkins Worth, who had fought in the Second Seminole War in Florida in 1842. Most settlers engaged in the growing of tropical fruits and vegetables for shipment the north via Lake Worth and the Indian River. By 1890, the U.S. Census counted over 200 people settled along Lake Worth in the vicinity of what would become West Palm Beach. The area at this time also boasted a hotel, the`` Cocoanut House'', a church, and a post office. The city was platted by Henry Flagler as a community to house the servants working in the two grand hotels on the neighboring island of Palm Beach, across Lake Worth in 1893, coinciding with the arrival of the Florida East Coast railroad. Flagler paid two area settlers, Captain Porter and Louie Hillhouse, a combined sum of $45,000 for the original town site, stretching from Clear Lake to Lake Worth."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1934 West Coast waterfront strike", "paragraph_text": "The 1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike (also known as the 1934 West Coast Longshoremen's Strike, as well as a number of variations on these names) lasted eighty - three days, and began on May 9, 1934 when longshoremen in every West Coast port walked out. The strike peaked with ``Bloody Thursday ''and the San Francisco General Strike which stopped all work in the major port city for four days and led ultimately to the settlement of the West Coast Longshoremen's Strike."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century -- some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Transcontinental railroad", "paragraph_text": "A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845."}], "question": "The railroad that stretches from the area where Jim Faulkner died to the West Coast is called the what?"}
{"id": "3hop1__128993_45953_56941", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1934 West Coast waterfront strike", "paragraph_text": "The 1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike (also known as the 1934 West Coast Longshoremen's Strike, as well as a number of variations on these names) lasted eighty - three days, and began on May 9, 1934 when longshoremen in every West Coast port walked out. The strike peaked with ``Bloody Thursday ''and the San Francisco General Strike which stopped all work in the major port city for four days and led ultimately to the settlement of the West Coast Longshoremen's Strike."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "West Palm Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "The area that was to become West Palm Beach was settled in the late 1870s and 1880s by a few hundred settlers who called the vicinity ``Lake Worth Country. ''These settlers were a diverse community from different parts of the United States and the world. They included founding families such at the Potters and the Lainharts, who would go on to become leading members of the business community in the fledgling city. The first white settlers in Palm Beach County lived around Lake Worth, then an enclosed freshwater lake, named for Colonel William Jenkins Worth, who had fought in the Second Seminole War in Florida in 1842. Most settlers engaged in the growing of tropical fruits and vegetables for shipment the north via Lake Worth and the Indian River. By 1890, the U.S. Census counted over 200 people settled along Lake Worth in the vicinity of what would become West Palm Beach. The area at this time also boasted a hotel, the`` Cocoanut House'', a church, and a post office. The city was platted by Henry Flagler as a community to house the servants working in the two grand hotels on the neighboring island of Palm Beach, across Lake Worth in 1893, coinciding with the arrival of the Florida East Coast railroad. Flagler paid two area settlers, Captain Porter and Louie Hillhouse, a combined sum of $45,000 for the original town site, stretching from Clear Lake to Lake Worth."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yaiza (municipality)", "paragraph_text": "Yaiza is a municipality on the island of Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain. It lies in the southwest of the island and forms part of the province of Las Palmas. The municipality is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, south and east. To the north, the Timanfaya National Park is partly within the municipality. The eastern part of the municipality is mountainous and, south west of the mountains, the Rubicon plain stretches to the coast."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nordenham", "paragraph_text": "Nordenham () is a town in the Wesermarsch district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located at the mouth (on the west bank) of the Weser river on the Butjadingen peninsula on the coast of the North Sea. The seaport city of Bremerhaven is located on the other side (east bank) of the river. The Midgard-seaport in Nordenham is the largest private-owned harbor in Germany."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Patara (Lycia)", "paragraph_text": "Patara (Lycian: \ud800\ude93\ud800\ude97\ud800\ude97\ud800\ude80\ud800\ude95\ud800\ude80 \"Pttara\"; ), later renamed Arsinoe (), was a flourishing maritime and commercial city on the south-west coast of Lycia on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey near the modern small town of Gelemi\u015f, in Antalya Province. It is the birthplace of St. Nicholas, who lived most of his life in the nearby town of Myra (Demre)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Overseas Highway", "paragraph_text": "The Overseas Highway is a 113 - mile (181.9 km) highway carrying U.S. Route 1 (US 1) through the Florida Keys. Large parts of it were built on the former right - of - way of the Overseas Railroad, the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway. Completed in 1912, the Overseas Railroad was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. The Florida East Coast Railway was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections, so the roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the state of Florida for $640,000."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bakutis Coast", "paragraph_text": "The Bakutis Coast is that part of the coast of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, extending from a point opposite eastern Dean Island, at , to Cape Herlacher, or between Hobbs Coast in the west and Walgreen Coast in the east. It stretches between 127\u00b005'W and 114\u00b012'W. The coast in this area is bounded by several large ice-covered islands and the very extensive Getz Ice Shelf. This coast was sighted by members of the US Antarctic Service, 1939-41, and was charted in part from air photos taken by Operation Highjump, 1946-47, both expeditions led by Admiral Richard E. Byrd. The United States Geological Survey completely mapped the coast from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959-66."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WEAT", "paragraph_text": "WEAT (107.9 FM, \"Sunny 107-9\") is a radio station licensed to the West Palm Beach, Florida market. It is owned by Alpha Media, through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC. Its studios are in West Palm Beach and its transmitter is located west of Lake Worth, Florida."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Transcontinental railroad", "paragraph_text": "A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Farmington Canal Trail is a rail trail that will eventually run continuously from downtown New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts. The scenic trail follows the path of the historic New Haven and Northampton Company and the Farmington Canal. Currently, there is a continuous 14-mile (23 km) stretch of the trail from downtown, through Hamden and into Cheshire, making bicycle commuting between New Haven and those suburbs possible. The trail is part of the East Coast Greenway, a proposed 3,000-mile (4,800 km) bike path that would link every major city on the East Coast from Florida to Maine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Old Parish", "paragraph_text": "\"An Sean Phobal\", as it is known locally, is a large parish covering about 35 square kilometres with approximately 8\u00a0km of coastline along Muggort's Bay. It is the second largest parish in Waterford stretching west to east bordering the villages of Ardmore and Grange to the other Gaeltacht na nD\u00e9ise parish of An Rinn and north to south from slightly beyond the Cork-Waterford N25 roadway to the coast. The closest centres of population to An Sean Phobal are Dungarvan and the County Cork town of Youghal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Prikro", "paragraph_text": "Prikro is a town in east-central Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Prikro Department in Iffou Region, Lacs District. Prikro is also a commune. Bouak\u00e9 is 50 kilometres to the west."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "West Sumatra", "paragraph_text": "West Sumatra lies in the middle of the western coast of Sumatra, and has an area of 42,130.82\u00a0km. Geographic features include plains, mountainous volcanic highlands formed by the Barisan mountain range that runs from north-west to south-east, and an offshore island archipelago called the Mentawai Islands. The West Sumatran coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375\u00a0km from North Sumatra province in the north-west to Bengkulu in the south-east. The lakes of West Sumatra include: Maninjau (99.5\u00a0km), Singkarak (130.1\u00a0km), Diatas (31.5\u00a0km), Dibawah (14.0\u00a0km), Talang (5.0\u00a0km). The rivers of West Sumatra include: Kuranji, Anai, Ombilin, Suliki, Agam, Sinamar, Arau. The mountains & volcanoes of West Sumatra include: Kerinci (3,805 m), Marapi (2,891 m), Sago (2,271 m), Singgalang (2,877 m), Talakmau (2,912 m), Talang (2,572 m), Tandikat (2,438 m)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ruppert Coast", "paragraph_text": "Ruppert Coast () is that portion of the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, between Brennan Point and Cape Burks, or between Saunders Coast in the west and Hobbs Coast in the east. It stretches from 146\u00b031'W to 136\u00b050'W. It was named by R. Admiral Richard Byrd for Col. Jacob Ruppert of New York, a supporter of the second Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933-35) that made the first aerial reconnaissance flight along this coast. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) completely mapped the coast from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959-65."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Duxbury Bay (Massachusetts)", "paragraph_text": "Duxbury Bay is a bay on the coast of Massachusetts in the United States. The west shore of the bay is the town of Duxbury, Massachusetts; and the bay is formed by a sandbar called The Gurnet extending southeasterly from Marshfield, Massachusetts into Cape Cod Bay. The town of Marshfield was named for the estuarine wetland at the north end of the bay. The bay opens southerly toward Plymouth, Massachusetts between Captains Hill to the west and Saquish Head to the east."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Grainthorpe", "paragraph_text": "Grainthorpe is a small village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated north-east from the town of Louth, and approximately from the Lincolnshire coast. The civil parish includes the hamlets of Wragholme to the north-west, and Ludney to the south-east. The population of Conisholme is included in the 2011 census."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "North-west Tasmanian Coast Important Bird Area", "paragraph_text": "The North-west Tasmanian Coast Important Bird Area comprises a 2438\u00a0km stretch of coastal and subcoastal land covering the northern section of the coast of western Tasmania, south-eastern Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kh\u00f4r \u2018Angar", "paragraph_text": "Kh\u00f4r \u2018Angar () is a town in the northern Obock Region of Djibouti. It is situated on the west coast of the Bab el Mandeb Strait. The town is served by Herkale Airport, a desert airstrip northwest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sussex Inlet, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Sussex Inlet is a town in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. The town lies on the west bank of the waterway called Sussex Inlet, which divides New South Wales from the Jervis Bay Territory. The town lies within the City of Shoalhaven."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Inanwatan", "paragraph_text": "Inanwatan is a small coastal town in West Papua, Indonesia. The town is located on the southern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula."}], "question": "The railroad that stretches from the same region that WEAT serves to the west coast is called the what?"}
{"id": "3hop1__128851_45953_56941", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Duxbury Bay (Massachusetts)", "paragraph_text": "Duxbury Bay is a bay on the coast of Massachusetts in the United States. The west shore of the bay is the town of Duxbury, Massachusetts; and the bay is formed by a sandbar called The Gurnet extending southeasterly from Marshfield, Massachusetts into Cape Cod Bay. The town of Marshfield was named for the estuarine wetland at the north end of the bay. The bay opens southerly toward Plymouth, Massachusetts between Captains Hill to the west and Saquish Head to the east."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bakutis Coast", "paragraph_text": "The Bakutis Coast is that part of the coast of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, extending from a point opposite eastern Dean Island, at , to Cape Herlacher, or between Hobbs Coast in the west and Walgreen Coast in the east. It stretches between 127\u00b005'W and 114\u00b012'W. The coast in this area is bounded by several large ice-covered islands and the very extensive Getz Ice Shelf. This coast was sighted by members of the US Antarctic Service, 1939-41, and was charted in part from air photos taken by Operation Highjump, 1946-47, both expeditions led by Admiral Richard E. Byrd. The United States Geological Survey completely mapped the coast from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959-66."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Transcontinental railroad", "paragraph_text": "A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dominican Republic", "paragraph_text": "The Dominican Republic has four important mountain ranges. The most northerly is the Cordillera Septentrional (\"Northern Mountain Range\"), which extends from the northwestern coastal town of Monte Cristi, near the Haitian border, to the Saman\u00e1 Peninsula in the east, running parallel to the Atlantic coast. The highest range in the Dominican Republic \u2013 indeed, in the whole of the West Indies \u2013 is the Cordillera Central (\"Central Mountain Range\"). It gradually bends southwards and finishes near the town of Azua, on the Caribbean coast."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yaiza (municipality)", "paragraph_text": "Yaiza is a municipality on the island of Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain. It lies in the southwest of the island and forms part of the province of Las Palmas. The municipality is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, south and east. To the north, the Timanfaya National Park is partly within the municipality. The eastern part of the municipality is mountainous and, south west of the mountains, the Rubicon plain stretches to the coast."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Agar Panchaitan", "paragraph_text": "Agar Panchaitan is a town located in the state of Maharashtra, on the west coast of India. It is located approximately 60 miles south of Mumbai."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "West Palm Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "The area that was to become West Palm Beach was settled in the late 1870s and 1880s by a few hundred settlers who called the vicinity ``Lake Worth Country. ''These settlers were a diverse community from different parts of the United States and the world. They included founding families such at the Potters and the Lainharts, who would go on to become leading members of the business community in the fledgling city. The first white settlers in Palm Beach County lived around Lake Worth, then an enclosed freshwater lake, named for Colonel William Jenkins Worth, who had fought in the Second Seminole War in Florida in 1842. Most settlers engaged in the growing of tropical fruits and vegetables for shipment the north via Lake Worth and the Indian River. By 1890, the U.S. Census counted over 200 people settled along Lake Worth in the vicinity of what would become West Palm Beach. The area at this time also boasted a hotel, the`` Cocoanut House'', a church, and a post office. The city was platted by Henry Flagler as a community to house the servants working in the two grand hotels on the neighboring island of Palm Beach, across Lake Worth in 1893, coinciding with the arrival of the Florida East Coast railroad. Flagler paid two area settlers, Captain Porter and Louie Hillhouse, a combined sum of $45,000 for the original town site, stretching from Clear Lake to Lake Worth."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "North-west Tasmanian Coast Important Bird Area", "paragraph_text": "The North-west Tasmanian Coast Important Bird Area comprises a 2438\u00a0km stretch of coastal and subcoastal land covering the northern section of the coast of western Tasmania, south-eastern Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Western Region (Ghana)", "paragraph_text": "The Western Region is located in south Ghana, spreads from the Ivory Coast border in the west to the Central region in the east, includes the capital and large twin city of Sekondi - Takoradi on the coast, coastal Axim, and a hilly inland area including Elubo. It includes Ghana's southernmost location, Cape Three Points, where crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities in June 2007. The Western Region enjoys a long coastline that stretches from South Ghana's border with Ivory Coast to the Western region's boundary with the Central Region on the east."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sandbaai", "paragraph_text": "Sandbaai (or Sand Bay) is a town of approximately 4,000 people on the south coast of the Western Cape province in South Africa. A suburb of Hermanus, it lies between Onrusrivier to the west and Hermanus itself to the east. Sandbaai is governed as ward 7 of the Overstrand Local Municipality."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Overseas Highway", "paragraph_text": "The Overseas Highway is a 113 - mile (181.9 km) highway carrying U.S. Route 1 (US 1) through the Florida Keys. Large parts of it were built on the former right - of - way of the Overseas Railroad, the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway. Completed in 1912, the Overseas Railroad was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. The Florida East Coast Railway was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections, so the roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the state of Florida for $640,000."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Longview, British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "Longview was a cannery town on the South Coast of British Columbia, Canada, located near Langdale and Port Mellon on the west, mainland side of Thornbrough Channel, a side-channel of Howe Sound separating Gambier Island from the mainland Sunshine Coast. Another cannery town on the same bit of coast was just south, at Seaside Park."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "The Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is a wildlife conservation area along the coast of Texas (USA), west of the town of High Island, Texas. It borders East Bay, part of the Galveston Bay complex, behind Bolivar Peninsula at the Gulf of Mexico."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Old Parish", "paragraph_text": "\"An Sean Phobal\", as it is known locally, is a large parish covering about 35 square kilometres with approximately 8\u00a0km of coastline along Muggort's Bay. It is the second largest parish in Waterford stretching west to east bordering the villages of Ardmore and Grange to the other Gaeltacht na nD\u00e9ise parish of An Rinn and north to south from slightly beyond the Cork-Waterford N25 roadway to the coast. The closest centres of population to An Sean Phobal are Dungarvan and the County Cork town of Youghal."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Inanwatan", "paragraph_text": "Inanwatan is a small coastal town in West Papua, Indonesia. The town is located on the southern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ernest Hemingway House", "paragraph_text": "The Ernest Hemingway House was the residence of author Ernest Hemingway in Key West, Florida, United States. It is at 907 Whitehead Street, across from the Key West lighthouse, close to the southern coast of the island. On November 24, 1968, it was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WFTL", "paragraph_text": "WFTL (850 AM) is a News/Talk radio station licensed to West Palm Beach, Florida with studios located in West Palm Beach. The station operates with 50,000 watts daytime power and 24,000 watts nighttime power, providing coverage of Palm Beach, Broward, and part of Miami-Dade Counties. The station is currently owned by Alpha Media, through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Grainthorpe", "paragraph_text": "Grainthorpe is a small village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated north-east from the town of Louth, and approximately from the Lincolnshire coast. The civil parish includes the hamlets of Wragholme to the north-west, and Ludney to the south-east. The population of Conisholme is included in the 2011 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Chambers Covered Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Chambers Covered Bridge is a covered bridge located in Cottage Grove, Oregon, United States. It is long and spans the Coast Fork Willamette River. It was built in 1925 to carry rail traffic hauling logs from the Lorane Valley to the J.H. Chambers Mill, a lumber mill which was located on an area between South Highway 99 and the Coast Fork Willamette River. The mill closed in the 1950s after a second fire burned the mill down. The railroad tracks were removed and the bridge was left. The mill property is now being developed as a housing development called Riverwalk. The Chambers Covered Railroad Bridge is the only remaining fully covered railroad bridge west of the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Prikro", "paragraph_text": "Prikro is a town in east-central Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Prikro Department in Iffou Region, Lacs District. Prikro is also a commune. Bouak\u00e9 is 50 kilometres to the west."}], "question": "A railroad that stretches from the coast of Florida where the town WFTL is licensed in to the west coast is called what?"}
{"id": "3hop1__462795_272818_298609", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "C. J. Ponraj", "paragraph_text": "C. J. Ponraj is an Indian Administrative Service Officer from Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India. He serves at Nagaland, India. He is the Principal Law Secretary and former Chief Electoral Officer at Kohima, Nagaland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "TVNorge", "paragraph_text": "TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel. The channel was started with 50 000 NOK. The first broadcast was a live variety show from Oslo Cabaret with Swedish singer Lill-Babs and Norwegian pop group Tomboy as musical guests. Originally TVNorge broadcast via satellite and cable, later they have affiliated several local television broadcasters. The local broadcasters generally were allowed the 17.30-18.30 timeslot for local programming, along with a second slot from 19.30-20.30. The rest of the time was assigned to TVNorge's own schedule."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "CJLF-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJLF-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting a Contemporary Christian music format on 100.3 FM in Barrie, Ontario. Using the on-air brand name Life 100.3, the station was founded by Scott Jackson in August 1999 and is owned by Trust Communications Ministries, Inc, which is based in Barrie, Ontario."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "KBPR", "paragraph_text": "KBPR (90.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Brainerd, Minnesota, United States. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and broadcasts MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "3sat", "paragraph_text": "3sat was established to broadcast cultural programmes, originally by satellite. The network was founded as a cooperative network by Germany's ZDF, Austria's ORF and Switzerland's SRG SSR (formerly SRG SSR id\u00e9e suisse). 3sat began broadcasting on 1 December 1984. ZDF leads the cooperative, though decisions are reached through consensus of the cooperative's partners."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "WFPL", "paragraph_text": "WFPL is a 24-hour listener-supported, noncommercial radio station in Louisville, Kentucky, broadcasting at 89.3\u00a0MHz and focusing on news. The station is the flagship National Public Radio station for the Louisville market. WFPL is now owned by Louisville Public Media and was originally owned by the Louisville Free Public Library. When the station came on the air in 1950, it was the first library-owned radio station in the country."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vidiator", "paragraph_text": "Vidiator was a fully owned subsidiary of Hutchison Whampoa, founded by Connie Wong in 2002 to provide 3G video products to the Hutchison 3 group. The company's last president and CEO was Tae Sung Park who joined in 2009. Vidiator had offices in Hong Kong (headquarters), Seattle and London."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "CJXX-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJXX-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 93.1 FM in Grande Prairie, Alberta. Owned by the Jim Pattison Broadcast Group, the station is branded as Big Country 93.1 and broadcasts a country music format."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "CKHJ", "paragraph_text": "CKHJ is a Canadian radio station in Fredericton, New Brunswick broadcasting at 1260 on the AM dial. The station broadcasts a country music format under the \"Pure Country\" branding. The station is owned by Bell Media which also owns sister stations CFXY-FM and CIBX-FM."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WBTJ", "paragraph_text": "WBTJ is a Mainstream Urban formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Richmond, Virginia, serving the Richmond/Petersburg area. WBTJ is owned and operated by Entercom Communications, Inc. The station's studios and offices are located just north of Richmond proper on Basie Road in unincorporated Henrico County, and transmitter is in Bon Air in unincorporated Chesterfield County."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of programs broadcast by TruTV", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of television programs currently and formerly broadcast by truTV, a cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of WarnerMedia. This list also covers programs that aired during the network's years as Court TV from its original launch in 1991 until its 2008 re-branding as truTV."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Glash\u00fctte Original", "paragraph_text": "Glash\u00fctte Original is a prestigious German watchmaking company founded in 1994 by the privatization of VEB Glash\u00fctter Uhrenbetriebe (GUB). GUB was an East German conglomerate formed in 1951 from the watch companies based in Glash\u00fctte. This included A. Lange & S\u00f6hne, founded in 1845 by Ferdinand Adolph Lange, and Glash\u00fctte Original is the only watchmaking company that has unbroken lineage to this venerable German watch manufacturer. Glash\u00fctte Original is one of the few watchmakers that uses its own movements, and has 10 proprietary movement innovations. Glash\u00fctte Original is currently owned by The Swatch Group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The West Wing", "paragraph_text": "The West Wing is an American serial political drama television series created by Aaron Sorkin that was originally broadcast on NBC from September 22, 1999, to May 14, 2006. The series is set primarily in the West Wing of the White House, where the Oval Office and offices of presidential senior staff are located, during the fictitious Democratic administration of Josiah Bartlet."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WTVR-FM", "paragraph_text": "WTVR-FM (98.1 MHz) is an FM radio station licensed to Richmond, Virginia. WTVR-FM serves Central Virginia with an adult contemporary music format. The station is owned and operated by Entercom Communications with studios and offices on Basie Road, off West Broad Street in Richmond. It shares a nearby broadcasting tower with its formerly co-owned TV station, WTVR-TV Channel 6."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "KMRN", "paragraph_text": "KMRN (1360 AM, \"U.S. Country 1360\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cameron, Missouri. The station, founded in 1971, is owned by Alpha Media and the broadcast license is held by Alpha Media Licensee LLC."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Formosan languages", "paragraph_text": "The aboriginal languages of Taiwan have significance in historical linguistics since, in all likelihood, Taiwan was the place of origin of the entire Austronesian language family. According to linguist Robert Blust, the Formosan languages form nine of the ten principal branches of the Austronesian language family, while the one remaining principal branch contains nearly 1,200 Malayo-Polynesian languages found outside Taiwan. Although some other linguists disagree with some details of Blust's analysis, a broad consensus has coalesced around the conclusion that the Austronesian languages originated in Taiwan. The theory has been strengthened by recent studies in human population genetics, supporting also the matrilineal nature of the migration."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tuvalu Media Corporation", "paragraph_text": "Tuvalu Media Corporation (TMC) was a government-owned corporation established in 1999 to take over the radio and print based publications of the Broadcasting and Information Office (BIO) of the small Pacific Island nation of Tuvalu. However, in 2008 operating as a corporation was determined not to be commercial viable and the Tuvalu Media Corporation then became the Tuvalu Media Department (TMD) under the Office of the Prime Minister."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of CNN (1980\u20132003)", "paragraph_text": "Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Principal's Office", "paragraph_text": "The Principal's Office is a reality TV program on TruTV that began airing on August 21, 2008, released through Leftfield Pictures. It is set in American high schools and features dramatic and humorous encounters between students and principals. Some events that lead to such encounters are students being late to class, truancy, food fights, smoking, swearing, harassment, cheating on exams, use of cell phone, dress code in school, disrespecting teachers and other students, fighting or skateboarding/scootering in hallways, vandalizing school property and disruptive conduct in class. New episodes resumed on January 8, 2009. However, the series was abruptly cancelled on February 5, 2009."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Post Office (Jackson Heights, Queens)", "paragraph_text": "US Post Office-Jackson Heights Station is a historic post office building located at Jackson Heights in Queens County, New York, United States. The original section was built in 1936-1937, and was designed by architect Benjamin C. Flournoy (1876-ca. 1939) as a consultant to the Office of the Supervising Architect. The original section is a symmetrically massed one story brick building with a nine bay wide principal facade in the Colonial Revival style. It features a three bay entrance pavilion with four simple brick Doric order pilasters which support a limestone triangular pediment. The building was extended four bays to the east in 1964. The interior features a 1940 mural by Peppino Mangravite depicting scenes from the history of Jackson Heights."}], "question": "Who founded the owner of The Principal's Office's original broadcaster?"}
{"id": "3hop1__341708_428217_78984", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Daniel Brodhead IV", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Brodhead IV (October 17, 1736 \u2013 November 15, 1809) was an American military and political leader during the American Revolutionary War and early days of the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Josh Gracin", "paragraph_text": "After his elimination from the show, Gracin completed his service in the Marine Corps, and after his honorable discharge, he signed a record deal with Lyric Street Records. His self-titled debut album was released in 2004. It produced a number one hit, \"Nothin' to Lose\", and two more top five hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"We Weren't Crazy\", followed in 2008. This album produced five more chart singles, including a top ten in its title track. After signing with Average Joe's in 2010 with \"Cover Girl,\" he later reemerged with Private Label Studios in 2013, with his single, \"Drink it Gone.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Darwin Day", "paragraph_text": "Darwin Day is a celebration to commemorate the birthday of Charles Darwin on 12 February 1809. The day is used to highlight Darwin's contributions to science and to promote science in general. Darwin Day is celebrated around the world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States Marine Corps birthday", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November with a traditional ball and cake - cutting ceremony. On that day in 1775, the Continental Marines were established."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "North American T-28 Trojan", "paragraph_text": "The North American Aviation T-28 Trojan is a piston-engined military trainer aircraft used by the United States Air Force and United States Navy beginning in the 1950s. Besides its use as a trainer, the T-28 was successfully employed as a counter-insurgency aircraft, primarily during the Vietnam War. It has continued in civilian use as an aerobatics and Warbird performer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "We Weren't Crazy (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"We Weren't Crazy\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Josh Gracin. It was released in October 2007 as the third single and title track from his album \"We Weren't Crazy\". The song, which Gracin wrote with Bobby Pinson and Tony Lopacinski, is Gracin's fourth top ten hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts, with a peak of number ten, as well as his first top ten since \"Stay With Me (Brass Bed)\", which peaked at number five on October 22, 2005."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mandela Day", "paragraph_text": "Nelson Mandela International Day (or Mandela Day) is an annual international day in honour of Nelson Mandela, celebrated each year on 18 July, Mandela's birthday. The day was officially declared by the United Nations in November 2009, with the first UN Mandela Day held on 18 July 2010. However, other groups began celebrating Mandela Day on 18 July 2009."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Crazy Horse", "paragraph_text": "In September 1877, four months after surrendering to U.S. troops under General George Crook, Crazy Horse was fatally wounded by a bayonet-wielding military guard while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Camp Robinson in present-day Nebraska. He ranks among the most notable and iconic of Native American warriors and was honored by the U.S. Postal Service in 1982 with a 13\u00a2 Great Americans series postage stamp."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Philippe Favre", "paragraph_text": "Favre was killed in a skiing accident at Val Thorens in France five days before his 52nd birthday on 6 December 2013."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps is one of four premier musical organizations of the United States Army. Members perform using musical instruments and wearing uniforms similar to those used by military musicians of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canadian Grenadier Guards Band", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Grenadier Guards Band (sometimes referred to as His Majesty's Canadian Grenadier Guards Band) was a Canadian military band that was active for more than 60 years during the 20th century. In addition to performing for military events, the band had an active concert schedule which brought them to performance venues throughout North America. The group also made several recordings on a variety labels and appeared on numerous radio broadcasts in both Canada and the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new items. The budget funds four branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2017, the Congressional Budget Office reported spending of $590 billion for defense, about 15% of the federal budget. For the FY 2019 president Donald Trump proposed an increase to the military to $681.1 billion."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Washington's Birthday Marathon", "paragraph_text": "Washington's Birthday Marathon is an annual marathon in the United States that has been held nearly every February since 1962."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Armistice Day", "paragraph_text": "Other countries also changed the name of the holiday just prior to or after World War II, to honor veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. The United States chose All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day', to explicitly honor military veterans, including those participating in other conflicts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Article Three of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "National Security Strategy (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The National Security Strategy (NSS) is a document prepared periodically by the executive branch of the government of the United States for Congress which outlines the major national security concerns of the United States and how the administration plans to deal with them. The legal foundation for the document is spelled out in the Goldwater - Nichols Act. The document is purposely general in content (contrast with the National Military Strategy, NMS) and its implementation relies on elaborating guidance provided in supporting documents (including the NMS)."}], "question": "When is the birthday of the US military branch in which the singer of We Weren't Crazy served?"}
{"id": "3hop1__376491_428217_78984", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Temperance \"Bones\" Brennan", "paragraph_text": "In episode 22 of season 6, ``The Hole in the Heart '', which saw the death of Vincent Nigel - Murray (Brennan's favorite intern) at the hands of renegade sniper Jacob Broadsky, Booth has Brennan stay at his apartment for her safety. Later that night, Brennan, still overcome with shock and grief over Vincent's death, goes into Booth's bedroom and they talk about the events of that day, and then allows Booth to hold her in bed. It is implied in the following day that they had sex. In the last scene of the season 6 finale,`` The Change in the Game'', after the birth of Angela and Hodgins' son, Brennan tells Booth that she is pregnant and that he is the father."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Article Three of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Washington's Birthday Marathon", "paragraph_text": "Washington's Birthday Marathon is an annual marathon in the United States that has been held nearly every February since 1962."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Cottage House", "paragraph_text": "The Cottage House, formerly known as the White Horse Inn and Vernon Stiles Inn, is a historic bed and breakfast located in Thompson, Connecticut, United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rule of law", "paragraph_text": "All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals. Likewise, the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion, and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Stay with Me (Brass Bed)", "paragraph_text": "\"Stay with Me (Brass Bed)\" is a song written by Terry McBride, Brett James and Jedd Hughes, and recorded by American country music singer Josh Gracin. It was released in April 2005 as the third and final single from his self-titled CD. Originally titled just \"Brass Bed\" on the album, it gained the alternative title upon its release to radio."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Security Strategy (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The National Security Strategy (NSS) is a document prepared periodically by the executive branch of the government of the United States for Congress which outlines the major national security concerns of the United States and how the administration plans to deal with them. The legal foundation for the document is spelled out in the Goldwater - Nichols Act. The document is purposely general in content (contrast with the National Military Strategy, NMS) and its implementation relies on elaborating guidance provided in supporting documents (including the NMS)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Marine Corps birthday", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November with a traditional ball and cake - cutting ceremony. On that day in 1775, the Continental Marines were established."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Central Park Brass", "paragraph_text": "Central Park Brass is a performing Quintet formed in 2002 to play an annual series of brass chamber music concerts in New York City\u2019s Central Park."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Daniel Brodhead IV", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Brodhead IV (October 17, 1736 \u2013 November 15, 1809) was an American military and political leader during the American Revolutionary War and early days of the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Landmark Inn State Historic Site", "paragraph_text": "The Landmark Inn State Historic Site is a historic inn in Castroville, Texas, United States. It serves the general public as both a state historic site and a bed & breakfast with eight overnight rooms."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Marine Corps", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the United States Navy. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Josh Gracin", "paragraph_text": "After his elimination from the show, Gracin completed his service in the Marine Corps, and after his honorable discharge, he signed a record deal with Lyric Street Records. His self-titled debut album was released in 2004. It produced a number one hit, \"Nothin' to Lose\", and two more top five hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"We Weren't Crazy\", followed in 2008. This album produced five more chart singles, including a top ten in its title track. After signing with Average Joe's in 2010 with \"Cover Girl,\" he later reemerged with Private Label Studios in 2013, with his single, \"Drink it Gone.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Darwin Day", "paragraph_text": "Darwin Day is a celebration to commemorate the birthday of Charles Darwin on 12 February 1809. The day is used to highlight Darwin's contributions to science and to promote science in general. Darwin Day is celebrated around the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps is one of four premier musical organizations of the United States Army. Members perform using musical instruments and wearing uniforms similar to those used by military musicians of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mandela Day", "paragraph_text": "Nelson Mandela International Day (or Mandela Day) is an annual international day in honour of Nelson Mandela, celebrated each year on 18 July, Mandela's birthday. The day was officially declared by the United Nations in November 2009, with the first UN Mandela Day held on 18 July 2010. However, other groups began celebrating Mandela Day on 18 July 2009."}], "question": "What day is the birthday of the US military branch that the performer of Stay With Me (Brass Bed) served in?"}
{"id": "3hop1__3117_428217_78984", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1892 Cincinnati Reds season", "paragraph_text": "The 1892 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The National League expanded to 12 teams in 1892, and it was announced that the season would be split into two halves, with the winner of each half meeting each other in a \"World's Championship Series\". The team finished with a combined record of 82\u201368, fifth-best in the National League, finishing in fourth place in the first half and in eighth place in the second half."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bella Ferraro", "paragraph_text": "Bella Ferraro is an Australian singer most notable for finishing fourth on the fourth season of \"The X Factor Australia\" in 2012."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 18)", "paragraph_text": "The eighteenth season of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit debuted on Wednesday, September 21, 2016 on NBC and finished on Wednesday, May 24, 2017 with a two - hour season finale."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Marine Corps birthday", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November with a traditional ball and cake - cutting ceremony. On that day in 1775, the Continental Marines were established."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Baldwin Sr.", "paragraph_text": "John Baldwin Sr. was an American figure skater who competed in men's singles. He finished fourth at the United States Figure Skating Championships in 1972, narrowly missing a chance to compete in the Olympics that year."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1942 Cincinnati Reds season", "paragraph_text": "The 1942 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fourth in the National League with a record of 76\u201376, 29 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bits (album)", "paragraph_text": "Bits is the fourth and final album by Oxford Collapse. Two singles were released from the album, \"The Birthday Wars\" and \"Young Love Delivers\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1945 college football season", "paragraph_text": "The 1945 NCAA football season finished with the undefeated United States Military Academy, more popularly known as ``Army '', being the unanimous choice for the nation's number one team by the 116 voters in the Associated Press writers' poll. The runner up was the undefeated Alabama Crimson Tide, followed by the United States Naval Academy, more popularly known as`` Navy''. In 2016, the American Football Coaches Association retroactively named Oklahoma State Cowboys national champion for 1945."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Marshall", "paragraph_text": "John Marshall (September 24, 1755 -- July 6, 1835) was an American politician. He was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States (1801 -- 1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say he made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801 and, at the age of 45, became the last of the chief justices to be born in Colonial America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Article Two of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Article Two of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, which carries out and enforces federal laws. The executive branch includes the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1917 Cincinnati Reds season", "paragraph_text": "The 1917 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fourth in the National League with a record of 78\u201376, 20 games behind the New York Giants."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Missouri", "paragraph_text": "The current Constitution of Missouri, the fourth constitution for the state, was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government: the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch consists of two bodies: the House of Representatives and the Senate. These bodies comprise the Missouri General Assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "In La Liga, where Madrid finished second, Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season. For the first time in his career, he scored five goals in one game, including an eight - minute hat - trick, in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April. His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano. Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla, Espanyol, and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31, surpassing Di St\u00e9fano's club record of 28 trebles. As a result, Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals, two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season, despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a C\u00f3rdoba player. In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi, he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Jersey Shore episodes", "paragraph_text": "MTV renewed Jersey Shore for a fourth season on January 24, 2011. It was the first to be shot overseas, this time following the cast in Florence, Italy. Filming went from May to June 20, 2011 and the fourth season premiered on August 4, 2011. The fourth season aired for 12 episodes and finished airing on October 20, 2011."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Josh Gracin", "paragraph_text": "After his elimination from the show, Gracin completed his service in the Marine Corps, and after his honorable discharge, he signed a record deal with Lyric Street Records. His self-titled debut album was released in 2004. It produced a number one hit, \"Nothin' to Lose\", and two more top five hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"We Weren't Crazy\", followed in 2008. This album produced five more chart singles, including a top ten in its title track. After signing with Average Joe's in 2010 with \"Cover Girl,\" he later reemerged with Private Label Studios in 2013, with his single, \"Drink it Gone.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Baltimore Monumentals", "paragraph_text": "The Baltimore Monumentals were an American baseball team in the short-lived Union Association. In their lone season of 1884, they finished fourth in the UA with a 58-47 record."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "Eton's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called \"Fourth of June\", a celebration of the birthday of King George III, Eton's greatest patron. This day is celebrated with the Procession of Boats, in which the top rowing crews from the top four years row past in vintage wooden rowing boats. Similar to the Queen's Official Birthday, the \"Fourth of June\" is no longer celebrated on 4 June, but on the Wednesday before the first weekend of June. Eton also observes St. Andrew's Day, on which the Eton wall game is played.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer."}], "question": "What day is the birthday of the US military branch that the fourth-place finisher on season two belonged to?"}
{"id": "3hop1__43880_93245_159936", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Return of the Crimson Guard", "paragraph_text": "Return of the Crimson Guard is a fantasy novel by Canadian author Ian Cameron Esslemont, his second book set in the world of the \"Malazan Book of the Fallen\", co-created with friend and colleague Steven Erikson. Chronologically, \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" takes place after the events in Erikson's sixth \"Malazan\" novel, \"The Bonehunters\". \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" is the second of six planned novels by Esslemont to take place in the Malazan world, starting with \"Night of Knives\" and followed by \"Stonewielder\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Five Faces of Woman", "paragraph_text": "Five Faces of Woman (Spanish: Cinco rostros de mujer) is a 1947 Mexican musical film directed by Gilberto Mart\u00ednez Solares and starring Arturo de C\u00f3rdova, Pepita Serrador and Ana Mar\u00eda Campoy. The film's art direction was by Jorge Fernandez."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is the sixth - largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Festa Junina", "paragraph_text": "Festas Juninas (, \"June Festivals\"), also known as festas de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o for their part in celebrating the nativity of St. John the Baptist (June 24), are the annual Brazilian celebrations adapted from European Midsummer that take place in the southern midwinter. These festivities, which were introduced by the Portuguese during the colonial period (1500\u20131822), are celebrated during the month of June nationwide. The festival is mainly celebrated on the eves of the Catholic solemnities of Saint Anthony, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1886 United States House of Representatives elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico. More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico, the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Republic Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John J. Crittenden", "paragraph_text": "Lame duck president John Quincy Adams nominated Crittenden to the U.S. Supreme Court on December 17, 1828 but Senators who supported president-elect Jackson voted to postpone confirmation until Jackson could nominate his own man. After his brief service as Kentucky Secretary of State, the state legislature elected Crittenden to the second of his four non-consecutive stints in the U.S. Senate. Upon his election as president, William Henry Harrison appointed Crittenden as Attorney General, but 5 months after Harrison's death, political differences prompted him to resign rather than continue his service under Harrison's successor, John Tyler."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "Nominations take place at the chiefdoms. On the day of nomination, the name of the nominee is raised by a show of hand and the nominee is given an opportunity to indicate whether he or she accepts the nomination. If he or she accepts it, he or she must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom. The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament, Constituency Headman (Indvuna) and the Constituency Executive Committee (Bucopho). The minimum number of nominees is four and the maximum is ten."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lifest", "paragraph_text": "Lifest is an annual Christian music festival that takes place in Oshkosh, Wisconsin at the Sunnyview Expo Center. Lifest has the slogan \"A Party with a Purpose.\" It is one of the nation's largest Christian music festivals."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world. Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Quebec Winter Carnival", "paragraph_text": "The Quebec Winter Carnival or the Carnaval de Qu\u00e9bec is a pre-Lenten festival held in Quebec City. After being held intermittently since 1894, the Carnaval de Qu\u00e9bec has been celebrated annually since 1955. That year Bonhomme Carnaval, the mascot of the festival, made his first appearance. Up to one million people attended the Carnaval de Qu\u00e9bec in 2006 making it the largest winter festival in the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "Hospital Maciel is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay and stands on the block bounded by the streets Maciel, 25 de Mayo, Guaran\u00ed and Washington, with the main entrance at 25 de Mayo, 172. The land was originally donated in Spanish colonial times by philanthropist Francisco Antonio Maciel, who teamed up with Mateo Vidal to establish a hospital and charity. The first building was constructed between 1781 and 1788 and later expanded upon. The present building stems from the 1825 plans of Jos\u00e9 Toribio (son of Tom\u00e1s Toribio) and later Bernardo Poncini (wing on the Guaran\u00ed street, 1859), Eduardo Canstatt (corner of Guaran\u00ed and 25 de Mayo) and Juli\u00e1n Masquelez (1889). The hospital has a chapel built in Greek style by Miguel Est\u00e9vez in 1798."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "The Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo is a skyscraper in the city of Santa Cruz on the Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, located on Avenida Tres de Mayo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Quincy Adams", "paragraph_text": "John Quincy Adams (/ \u02c8kw\u026anzi / (listen); July 11, 1767 -- February 23, 1848) was an American statesman who served as a diplomat, minister and ambassador to foreign nations, and treaty negotiator, United States Senator, U.S. Representative (Congressman) from Massachusetts, and the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He was a member of the Federalists like his famous influential father, but later switched to the Jeffersonian Democratic - Republican, National Republican, and later the Anti-Masonic and Whig parties when they were organized. He was the son of second President John Adams (1735 - 1826, served 1797 - 1801), and his wife, Abigail Adams."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "In Mexico, Carnival is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns. The largest is in Mazatl\u00e1n and the city of Veracruz with others in Baja California and Yucat\u00e1n. The larger city Carnivals employ costumes, elected queens and parades with floats, but Carnival celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico's colonial period. The largest of these is in Huejotzingo, Puebla where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks, roughly based on the Battle of Puebla. Other important states with local traditions include Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "World Bank", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Bank is the president of the entire World Bank Group. The president, currently Jim Yong Kim, is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Boards of Directors and for overall management of the Bank. Traditionally, the President of the Bank has always been a US citizen nominated by the United States, the largest shareholder in the bank (the managing director of the International Monetary Fund having always been a European). The nominee is subject to confirmation by the Board of Executive Directors, to serve for a five - year, renewable term. While most World Bank presidents have had banking experience, some have not."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to Jos\u00e9 Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border. Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is a developing mixed economy. It is the world's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}], "question": "When was Crittenden nominated by the sixth president of the country which has the largest Cinco de Mayo celebrations?"}
{"id": "3hop1__211086_428217_78984", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Marine Corps birthday", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November with a traditional ball and cake - cutting ceremony. On that day in 1775, the Continental Marines were established."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan", "paragraph_text": "1962: Institution of Teacher's Day in India, yearly celebrated at 5 September, Radhakrishnan's birthday, in honour of Radhakrishnan's belief that ``teachers should be the best minds in the country ''."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Article Three of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Favorite State of Mind", "paragraph_text": "\"Favorite State of Mind\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Josh Gracin. It was released in February 2006 as the first single from his second album, \"We Weren't Crazy\". The song was written by Marcel and Blair Daly."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Article One of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress. The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Daniel Brodhead IV", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Brodhead IV (October 17, 1736 \u2013 November 15, 1809) was an American military and political leader during the American Revolutionary War and early days of the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps is one of four premier musical organizations of the United States Army. Members perform using musical instruments and wearing uniforms similar to those used by military musicians of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Security Strategy (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The National Security Strategy (NSS) is a document prepared periodically by the executive branch of the government of the United States for Congress which outlines the major national security concerns of the United States and how the administration plans to deal with them. The legal foundation for the document is spelled out in the Goldwater - Nichols Act. The document is purposely general in content (contrast with the National Military Strategy, NMS) and its implementation relies on elaborating guidance provided in supporting documents (including the NMS)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Marine Corps", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the United States Navy. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hits (Joni Mitchell album)", "paragraph_text": "Hits is a 1996 greatest hits compilation by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell. , it has sold 488,000 copies in the United States , and was certified Gold in the United Kingdom in 2013 for 100,000 copies sold. A counterpart album, \"Misses\", was released on the same day as \"Hits\". It consists of Mitchell's lesser known songs that she considers personal favorites."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Government Accountability Office", "paragraph_text": "The Government Accountability Office (GAO) is a legislative branch government agency that provides auditing, evaluation, and investigative services for the United States Congress. It is the supreme audit institution of the federal government of the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Armistice Day", "paragraph_text": "Other countries also changed the name of the holiday just prior to or after World War II, to honor veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. The United States chose All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day', to explicitly honor military veterans, including those participating in other conflicts."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "North American T-28 Trojan", "paragraph_text": "The North American Aviation T-28 Trojan is a piston-engined military trainer aircraft used by the United States Air Force and United States Navy beginning in the 1950s. Besides its use as a trainer, the T-28 was successfully employed as a counter-insurgency aircraft, primarily during the Vietnam War. It has continued in civilian use as an aerobatics and Warbird performer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Canadian Grenadier Guards Band", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Grenadier Guards Band (sometimes referred to as His Majesty's Canadian Grenadier Guards Band) was a Canadian military band that was active for more than 60 years during the 20th century. In addition to performing for military events, the band had an active concert schedule which brought them to performance venues throughout North America. The group also made several recordings on a variety labels and appeared on numerous radio broadcasts in both Canada and the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Josh Gracin", "paragraph_text": "After his elimination from the show, Gracin completed his service in the Marine Corps, and after his honorable discharge, he signed a record deal with Lyric Street Records. His self-titled debut album was released in 2004. It produced a number one hit, \"Nothin' to Lose\", and two more top five hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"We Weren't Crazy\", followed in 2008. This album produced five more chart singles, including a top ten in its title track. After signing with Average Joe's in 2010 with \"Cover Girl,\" he later reemerged with Private Label Studios in 2013, with his single, \"Drink it Gone.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Department of the Navy", "paragraph_text": "The United States Department of the Navy (DoN) was established by an Act of Congress on April 30, 1798 (initiated by the recommendation of James McHenry), to provide a government organizational structure to the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps (from 1834 onward) and, when directed by the President (or Congress during time of war), the United States Coast Guard, as a service within the Navy, though each remain independent service branches. The Department of the Navy was an Executive Department and the Secretary of the Navy was a member of the President's cabinet until 1949, when amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 changed the name of the National Military Establishment to the Department of Defense and made it an Executive Department. The Department of the Navy then became, along with the Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force, a Military Department within the Department of Defense: subject to the authority, direction and control of the Secretary of Defense."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Uniform Monday Holiday Act", "paragraph_text": "The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated Mondays, and established as a federal holiday Columbus Day -- which had previously been celebrated in some states on October 12 -- to a designated Monday. The Act was designed to increase the number of three - day weekends for federal employees, a favorite goal of the travel industry. Veterans Day was removed from this list of ``always - on - Monday ''holidays when it was moved back to its traditional date of November 11, by act of Congress in 1975, effective 1978."}], "question": "What day is the birthday of the U.S. military branch that the performer of Favorite State of Mind belonged to?"}
{"id": "3hop1__40880_89644_93130", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elliott Bay", "paragraph_text": "Elliott Bay is a part of the Central Basin region of Puget Sound in the U.S. state of Washington that extends southeastward between West Point in the north and Alki Point in the south. Seattle was founded on this body of water in the 1850s and has since grown to encompass it completely. The waterway it provides to the Pacific Ocean has served as a key element of the city's economy, enabling the Port of Seattle to become one of the busiest ports in the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lanka Sagar Dam", "paragraph_text": "Lanka Sagar is a water project centered on an earth-fill dam on the Kuttalair River (Krishna Godavari Basin) near Adivimallala village in Andhra Pradesh, India. The villages of Rajugudem, Chowdavaram, Pallewada, Lankasagar are located around this project. It was built in 1968. The purpose of the dam is water supply for irrigation and drinking water. The project affords the irrigation of ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tijuana River", "paragraph_text": "The Arroyo de las Palmas, the main tributary of the Tijuana River, flows out of the mountains to the east into the reservoir behind the Abelardo L. Rodr\u00edguez Dam. Downstream from the Rodr\u00edguez Dam, water flows through Tijuana in a concrete channel to the international border; there it continues west through the Tijuana River Valley for a distance of about nine miles to the estuary and then to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "On January 22, 1903, the Hay -- Herr\u00e1n Treaty was signed by United States Secretary of State John M. Hay and Colombian Charg\u00e9 Dr. Tom\u00e1s Herr\u00e1n. For $10 million and an annual payment it would have granted the United States a renewable lease in perpetuity from Colombia on the land proposed for the canal. The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate on March 14, 1903, but the Senate of Colombia did not ratify it. Bunau - Varilla told President Theodore Roosevelt and Hay of a possible revolt by Panamanian rebels who aimed to separate from Colombia, and hoped that the United States would support the rebels with U.S. troops and money. Roosevelt changed tactics, based in part on the Mallarino -- Bidlack Treaty of 1846, and actively supported the separation of Panama from Colombia and, shortly after recognizing Panama, signed a treaty with the new Panamanian government under similar terms to the Hay -- Herr\u00e1n Treaty."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zanclean flood", "paragraph_text": "According to this model, water from the Atlantic Ocean refilled the dried up basin through the modern - day Strait of Gibraltar. The Mediterranean Basin flooded mostly during a period estimated to have been between several months and two years. Sea level rise in the basin may have reached rates at times greater than ten metres per day (thirty feet per day). Based on the erosion features preserved until modern times under the Pliocene sediment, Garcia - Castellanos et al. estimate that water rushed down a drop of more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) with a discharge of up to 2 \u00d7 10 m / s (7.1 \u00d7 10 cu ft / s), about 1,000 times that of the present day Amazon River. Studies of the underground structures at the Gibraltar Strait show that the flooding channel descended in a rather gradual way toward the bottom of the basin rather than forming a steep waterfall."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panam\u00e1) is an artificial 77 km (48 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great Lakes", "paragraph_text": "Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the east - central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called ``inland lakes, ''within the basin. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes: Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne (\"Rhine Gutter\") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Amazon River", "paragraph_text": "At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second (7,400,000 cu ft / s; 209,000,000 L / s; 55,000,000 USgal / s) -- approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum (1,581 cu mi / a), greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean. The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world, with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,720,000 sq mi). The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river's basin. The Amazon enters Brazil with only one - fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lethe Vallis", "paragraph_text": "Lethe Vallis is a valley in the Elysium Planitia on Mars, located at 4\u00b0 North and 206.5\u00b0 West. It is 225\u00a0km long and is named after river Lethe in Katmai National Monument, Alaska, USA. Lethe Vallis originates at the SE margin of the West Elysium Basin (Cerberus Palus). West Elysium Basin probably contained a lake that was 500 km across and received water from Athabasca Vallis. It was probably formed in just days or weeks and had a discharge about like the Mississippi. Some have suggested it was formed from lava flows, but lava would not be able to flow over such a low gradient for so long a distance."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nile", "paragraph_text": "The Nile (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u200e) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an ``international ''river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Little Muncy Creek", "paragraph_text": "Little Muncy Creek is the major tributary of Muncy Creek in Lycoming and Sullivan Counties, Pennsylvania, United States. Via Muncy Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna River, it is part of the Susquehanna River drainage basin and waters from it flow ultimately into the Chesapeake Bay."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern Ocean", "paragraph_text": "By way of his voyages in the 1770s, Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Since then, geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean's northern boundary or even existence, considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, instead. However, according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), this situation has no scientific sense since it has different ecosystem and life from the three oceans mentioned before and is located on a southern portion of Earth, hence the name of an ocean. This remains the current official policy of the IHO, since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted. Others regard the seasonally - fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}], "question": "Who was the president during the construction of the connection between the Atlantic and the ocean where the waters of the Amazon Basin flow towards when moving west?"}
{"id": "3hop1__748719_272818_298609", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of CNN (1980\u20132003)", "paragraph_text": "Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "CKXC-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKXC-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 93.5 FM in Kingston, Ontario owned by Rogers Media. The station currently broadcasts a country music format branded as Country 93.5."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "CJXX-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJXX-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 93.1 FM in Grande Prairie, Alberta. Owned by the Jim Pattison Broadcast Group, the station is branded as Big Country 93.1 and broadcasts a country music format."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "CKHJ", "paragraph_text": "CKHJ is a Canadian radio station in Fredericton, New Brunswick broadcasting at 1260 on the AM dial. The station broadcasts a country music format under the \"Pure Country\" branding. The station is owned by Bell Media which also owns sister stations CFXY-FM and CIBX-FM."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Glash\u00fctte Original", "paragraph_text": "Glash\u00fctte Original is a prestigious German watchmaking company founded in 1994 by the privatization of VEB Glash\u00fctter Uhrenbetriebe (GUB). GUB was an East German conglomerate formed in 1951 from the watch companies based in Glash\u00fctte. This included A. Lange & S\u00f6hne, founded in 1845 by Ferdinand Adolph Lange, and Glash\u00fctte Original is the only watchmaking company that has unbroken lineage to this venerable German watch manufacturer. Glash\u00fctte Original is one of the few watchmakers that uses its own movements, and has 10 proprietary movement innovations. Glash\u00fctte Original is currently owned by The Swatch Group."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "KVNR", "paragraph_text": "KVNR is a Vietnamese-language AM radio station broadcasting at a frequency of 1480 kilohertz in Orange and Los Angeles counties in California. It is owned by Liberman Broadcasting, and broadcasts Little Saigon Radio, which is also broadcast to the San Jose (KSJX) and Houston (KJOZ, KYND) areas. The station used to be known as KWIZ, Santa Ana, and broadcast an adult contemporary format."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "CKMP-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKMP-FM is a Canadian radio station serving Calgary, Alberta broadcasting at 90.3 FM. Owned by Stingray Group, it broadcasts a CHR format branded as \"90.3 Amp Radio\". The station first signed on the air in 2007 as an alternative rock station branded as \"Fuel 90.3\" with its original call letters CFUL-FM, before adopting its current format in 2009. CKMP's studios are located on Centre Street in Eau Claire, while its transmitter is located on Old Banff Coach Road."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of programs broadcast by TruTV", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of television programs currently and formerly broadcast by truTV, a cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of WarnerMedia. This list also covers programs that aired during the network's years as Court TV from its original launch in 1991 until its 2008 re-branding as truTV."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "KAPE", "paragraph_text": "KAPE (1550 AM, \"Cape Radio 1550\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "KMRN", "paragraph_text": "KMRN (1360 AM, \"U.S. Country 1360\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cameron, Missouri. The station, founded in 1971, is owned by Alpha Media and the broadcast license is held by Alpha Media Licensee LLC."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "3sat", "paragraph_text": "3sat was established to broadcast cultural programmes, originally by satellite. The network was founded as a cooperative network by Germany's ZDF, Austria's ORF and Switzerland's SRG SSR (formerly SRG SSR id\u00e9e suisse). 3sat began broadcasting on 1 December 1984. ZDF leads the cooperative, though decisions are reached through consensus of the cooperative's partners."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "TVNorge", "paragraph_text": "TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel. The channel was started with 50 000 NOK. The first broadcast was a live variety show from Oslo Cabaret with Swedish singer Lill-Babs and Norwegian pop group Tomboy as musical guests. Originally TVNorge broadcast via satellite and cable, later they have affiliated several local television broadcasters. The local broadcasters generally were allowed the 17.30-18.30 timeslot for local programming, along with a second slot from 19.30-20.30. The rest of the time was assigned to TVNorge's own schedule."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WDBS", "paragraph_text": "WDBS is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Sutton, West Virginia, serving Central West Virginia. WDBS is owned and operated by Summit Media Broadcasting, LLC."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Heart Wirral", "paragraph_text": "The station, owned by Global Radio (originally by Marcher Radio Group), broadcast a mix of popular music and presenter chat. Launched in 1989 as \"MFM 97.1\" (an opt-out service from the main Marcher Sound output), the station relaunched as \"Wirral's Buzz\" on 14 February 1999, before becoming \"Heart Wirral\" in 2009. The station was broadcast from the Storeton transmitter on Storeton ridge in Higher Bebington. Although the area of the licence was Wirral, it could be received as far east as Warrington and as far west as Ruthin in the Heart Wrexham region."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "KBPR", "paragraph_text": "KBPR (90.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Brainerd, Minnesota, United States. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and broadcasts MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "WIVK-FM", "paragraph_text": "WIVK-FM is an FM radio station broadcasting at 107.7\u00a0MHz near Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by Cumulus Media and broadcasts in HD radio."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "CKUN-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKUN-FM is a First Nations/community radio station broadcasting at 101.3 FM in Christian Island, Ontario, Canada. The station began broadcasting in 2002 and is owned by Chimnissing Communications."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "CJLF-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJLF-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting a Contemporary Christian music format on 100.3 FM in Barrie, Ontario. Using the on-air brand name Life 100.3, the station was founded by Scott Jackson in August 1999 and is owned by Trust Communications Ministries, Inc, which is based in Barrie, Ontario."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "CKDH-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKDH-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 101.7 FM in Amherst, Nova Scotia, owned by the Maritime Broadcasting System, and currently offers a country music format."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Speeders Fight Back", "paragraph_text": "Speeders Fight Back is a nontraditional court show on TruTV that began airing in the fall of 2008 and is a spin-off of \"Speeders\"."}], "question": "Who founded the company that owns the original broadcaster of Speeders?"}
{"id": "3hop1__40880_90141_93130", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Great Lakes", "paragraph_text": "Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the east - central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called ``inland lakes, ''within the basin. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes: Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lisitsa River", "paragraph_text": "The Lisitsa River, also known as Bolshaya Lisitsa River (), is a river in Tomsk Oblast in Russia, a right tributary of the Ket River (Ob basin). The river is long, and its basin covers . The Lisitsa River flows over the West Siberian Plain. Its biggest tributary is the Raiga River."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zanclean flood", "paragraph_text": "According to this model, water from the Atlantic Ocean refilled the dried up basin through the modern - day Strait of Gibraltar. The Mediterranean Basin flooded mostly during a period estimated to have been between several months and two years. Sea level rise in the basin may have reached rates at times greater than ten metres per day (thirty feet per day). Based on the erosion features preserved until modern times under the Pliocene sediment, Garcia - Castellanos et al. estimate that water rushed down a drop of more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) with a discharge of up to 2 \u00d7 10 m / s (7.1 \u00d7 10 cu ft / s), about 1,000 times that of the present day Amazon River. Studies of the underground structures at the Gibraltar Strait show that the flooding channel descended in a rather gradual way toward the bottom of the basin rather than forming a steep waterfall."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cotuh\u00e9 River", "paragraph_text": "Cotuh\u00e9 River () is a river of Colombia. It is part of the Amazon River basin and is a tributary of the Putumayo River."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lethe Vallis", "paragraph_text": "Lethe Vallis is a valley in the Elysium Planitia on Mars, located at 4\u00b0 North and 206.5\u00b0 West. It is 225\u00a0km long and is named after river Lethe in Katmai National Monument, Alaska, USA. Lethe Vallis originates at the SE margin of the West Elysium Basin (Cerberus Palus). West Elysium Basin probably contained a lake that was 500 km across and received water from Athabasca Vallis. It was probably formed in just days or weeks and had a discharge about like the Mississippi. Some have suggested it was formed from lava flows, but lava would not be able to flow over such a low gradient for so long a distance."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Little Wekiva River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Wekiva River is a stream in Greater Orlando area of Florida in the United States. The long, northward flowing stream is a tributary of the Wekiva River, which later joins the St. Johns River, the longest river in the state of Florida. The Little Wekiva drainage basin is about located in the urbanized area north and west of Downtown Orlando.."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Otava (river)", "paragraph_text": "The Otava (German Wottawa) is a river in West and South Bohemia, Czech Republic. It is long and is a left tributary of the Vltava. It is long, and its basin area is about , of which in the Czech Republic. The river flows through several towns, including Su\u0161ice, Strakonice and P\u00edsek. The river's name is of Celtic origin. It is a popular river for water sports. The local dialect of Prachens also uses the name \"Wot\u0101va\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "On January 22, 1903, the Hay -- Herr\u00e1n Treaty was signed by United States Secretary of State John M. Hay and Colombian Charg\u00e9 Dr. Tom\u00e1s Herr\u00e1n. For $10 million and an annual payment it would have granted the United States a renewable lease in perpetuity from Colombia on the land proposed for the canal. The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate on March 14, 1903, but the Senate of Colombia did not ratify it. Bunau - Varilla told President Theodore Roosevelt and Hay of a possible revolt by Panamanian rebels who aimed to separate from Colombia, and hoped that the United States would support the rebels with U.S. troops and money. Roosevelt changed tactics, based in part on the Mallarino -- Bidlack Treaty of 1846, and actively supported the separation of Panama from Colombia and, shortly after recognizing Panama, signed a treaty with the new Panamanian government under similar terms to the Hay -- Herr\u00e1n Treaty."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Prince Alexander Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Prince Alexander Mountains are a mountain range in Papua New Guinea. The range is located on the northern coast of New Guinea. The Torricelli Mountains lie to the west, and the basin of the Sepik River lies to the south. Mount Turu is a notable peak, located towards the eastern end of the range."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tarnak River", "paragraph_text": "The Tarnak River is a river of Ghazni, Zabul and Kandahar provinces of Afghanistan. It rises in Hazarajat, near , south of the Lomar Pass. It flows towards the south-west for some 350\u00a0km before it joins the Dori River some 30\u00a0km downstream of the Dori-Arghastan confluence, and some 30\u00a0km upstream of the Dori-Arghandab confluence, at . The combined waters of these rivers join the Helmand at , near Lashkargah."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panam\u00e1) is an artificial 82 km (51 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nile", "paragraph_text": "The Nile (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u200e) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an ``international ''river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "From here, the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Two thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse, through the Hollands Diep and Haringvliet estuaries, into the North Sea. The Beneden Merwede branches off, near Hardinxveld-Giessendam and continues as the Noord, to join the Lek, near the village of Kinderdijk, to form the Nieuwe Maas; then flows past Rotterdam and continues via Het Scheur and the Nieuwe Waterweg, to the North Sea. The Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas to form Het Scheur."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hudson River", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson River is a 315 - mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, and eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean, between New York City and Jersey City. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Tidal waters influence the Hudson's flow from as far north as Troy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Little Muncy Creek", "paragraph_text": "Little Muncy Creek is the major tributary of Muncy Creek in Lycoming and Sullivan Counties, Pennsylvania, United States. Via Muncy Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna River, it is part of the Susquehanna River drainage basin and waters from it flow ultimately into the Chesapeake Bay."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mapiri River", "paragraph_text": "Mapiri River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Jari River which is part of the Amazon River basin."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Amazon River", "paragraph_text": "At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second (7,400,000 cu ft / s; 209,000,000 L / s; 55,000,000 USgal / s) -- approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum (1,581 cu mi / a), greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean. The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world, with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,720,000 sq mi). The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river's basin. The Amazon enters Brazil with only one - fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river."}], "question": "Who was president when the link that joins the Atlantic and where the Amazon Basin water flows when moving west was built?"}
{"id": "3hop1__691273_428217_78984", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Washington's Birthday Marathon", "paragraph_text": "Washington's Birthday Marathon is an annual marathon in the United States that has been held nearly every February since 1962."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "North American T-28 Trojan", "paragraph_text": "The North American Aviation T-28 Trojan is a piston-engined military trainer aircraft used by the United States Air Force and United States Navy beginning in the 1950s. Besides its use as a trainer, the T-28 was successfully employed as a counter-insurgency aircraft, primarily during the Vietnam War. It has continued in civilian use as an aerobatics and Warbird performer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Philippe Favre", "paragraph_text": "Favre was killed in a skiing accident at Val Thorens in France five days before his 52nd birthday on 6 December 2013."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Darwin Day", "paragraph_text": "Darwin Day is a celebration to commemorate the birthday of Charles Darwin on 12 February 1809. The day is used to highlight Darwin's contributions to science and to promote science in general. Darwin Day is celebrated around the world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Article Three of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States Marine Corps birthday", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November with a traditional ball and cake - cutting ceremony. On that day in 1775, the Continental Marines were established."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps is one of four premier musical organizations of the United States Army. Members perform using musical instruments and wearing uniforms similar to those used by military musicians of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United States Department of the Navy", "paragraph_text": "The United States Department of the Navy (DoN) was established by an Act of Congress on April 30, 1798 (initiated by the recommendation of James McHenry), to provide a government organizational structure to the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps (from 1834 onward) and, when directed by the President (or Congress during time of war), the United States Coast Guard, as a service within the Navy, though each remain independent service branches. The Department of the Navy was an Executive Department and the Secretary of the Navy was a member of the President's cabinet until 1949, when amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 changed the name of the National Military Establishment to the Department of Defense and made it an Executive Department. The Department of the Navy then became, along with the Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force, a Military Department within the Department of Defense: subject to the authority, direction and control of the Secretary of Defense."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mandela Day", "paragraph_text": "Nelson Mandela International Day (or Mandela Day) is an annual international day in honour of Nelson Mandela, celebrated each year on 18 July, Mandela's birthday. The day was officially declared by the United Nations in November 2009, with the first UN Mandela Day held on 18 July 2010. However, other groups began celebrating Mandela Day on 18 July 2009."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Redemption (Josh Gracin album)", "paragraph_text": "Redemption is the third studio album from American country music artist Josh Gracin. It was released on November 8, 2011."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Liberia", "paragraph_text": "On April 12, 1980, a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr.. Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members. The coup leaders formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC) to govern the country. A strategic Cold War ally of the West, Doe received significant financial backing from the United States while critics condemned the PRC for corruption and political repression."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canadian Grenadier Guards Band", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Grenadier Guards Band (sometimes referred to as His Majesty's Canadian Grenadier Guards Band) was a Canadian military band that was active for more than 60 years during the 20th century. In addition to performing for military events, the band had an active concert schedule which brought them to performance venues throughout North America. The group also made several recordings on a variety labels and appeared on numerous radio broadcasts in both Canada and the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Percy Heath", "paragraph_text": "Percy Heath died, after a second bout with bone cancer, two days short of his 82nd birthday, in Southampton, New York."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new items. The budget funds four branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2017, the Congressional Budget Office reported spending of $590 billion for defense, about 15% of the federal budget. For the FY 2019 president Donald Trump proposed an increase to the military to $681.1 billion."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Josh Gracin", "paragraph_text": "After his elimination from the show, Gracin completed his service in the Marine Corps, and after his honorable discharge, he signed a record deal with Lyric Street Records. His self-titled debut album was released in 2004. It produced a number one hit, \"Nothin' to Lose\", and two more top five hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"We Weren't Crazy\", followed in 2008. This album produced five more chart singles, including a top ten in its title track. After signing with Average Joe's in 2010 with \"Cover Girl,\" he later reemerged with Private Label Studios in 2013, with his single, \"Drink it Gone.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Marine Corps", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the United States Navy. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States."}], "question": "What day is the birthday of the United States military branch which Redemption's performer served in?"}
{"id": "3hop1__6827_45428_366536", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2007 Wellington Sevens", "paragraph_text": "The Wellington Sevens, also known as the New Zealand Sevens or for sponsorship reasons the NZI Sevens, is played annually as part of the IRB Sevens World Series for international rugby sevens (seven-a-side version of rugby union). The 2007 competition, which took place on 2 and 3 February was played at Westpac Stadium in Wellington as part of the 2006-07 IRB Sevens World Series."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2014 Carolina Panthers season", "paragraph_text": "The Panthers captured their second straight NFC South division title and qualified for the postseason for the first time in back-to-back years despite failing to improve on a 12\u20134 record and finishing with a losing record of 7\u20138\u20131. Additionally, they became the first team in NFC South history to have back to back division titles and also became the second team to win a division title with a sub-.500 record, the first team being the 2010 Seattle Seahawks. The Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals in the Wild Card round, but lost to Seattle in the Divisional round."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hassan Abyan", "paragraph_text": "Hassan () is a Yemeni football team currently playing in the Yemeni League, where they finished in 2nd place in the 2007 competition. It is based in Abyan. Their home stadium is Al-Shohada'a Stadium."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "PizzaExpress", "paragraph_text": "PizzaExpress was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1993 with franchises opening across the UK. UK franchises were then bought back en masse in 1996. TDR Capital and Capricorn Associates then bought the company in 2003 turning it private again. In 2005, PizzaExpress floated on the London Stock Exchange, as part of the Gondola Holdings PLC. It was then bought by private equity group Cinven as the Gondola Group in 2007. On 12 July 2014 it was announced that Chinese group Hony Capital had bought PizzaExpress for \u00a3900m."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bursaspor", "paragraph_text": "Bursaspor plays its home matches at Timsah Arena. Built in 2015, the stadium currently seats 43,761 spectators.The field measures 68 by 105 meters, and is covered with natural grass. Between 1979 and 2015 the club played at the Bursa Atat\u00fcrk Stadium."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Petro Sport Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Petrosport Stadium (, : Estad Petrosport) is a multi-use stadium with an all-seated capacity of 16,000 located in Cairo Governorate, Egypt. It was completed in 2006. It is the home for ENPPI and other Petrol clubs in Egypt. Zamalek also play the majority of their home games at the Petrosport Stadium."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "State Farm Stadium", "paragraph_text": "State Farm Stadium, formerly known as University of Phoenix Stadium, is a multi-purpose football stadium located in Glendale, Arizona, west of Phoenix. It is the home of the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL) and the annual Fiesta Bowl. It replaced Tempe's Sun Devil Stadium as the Valley of the Sun's main stadium. The stadium is adjacent to the Gila River Arena and it features the first fully retractable natural grass playing surface built in the United States on top of an AirField Systems drainage system. An opening on one side of the stadium allows the playing field to move to the exterior of the building, allowing the entire natural turf playing surface to be exposed to daylight and also allowing the floor of the stadium to be used for any other purpose (such as seating for concerts or to accommodate motorsports events) without damaging the turf."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Army\u2013Navy Game", "paragraph_text": "Venue Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia) 41 16 22 1936 1979 Franklin Field 18 11 7 0 1899 1935 Veterans Stadium 17 11 5 1980 2001 Lincoln Financial Field 11 10 0 2003 2017 Polo Grounds 9 5 1913 1927 Giants Stadium 0 1989 2002 M&T Bank Stadium 0 2000 2016 The Plain 0 0 1890 1892 Worden Field 0 1891 1893 Municipal Stadium (Baltimore) 0 0 1924 1944 Yankee Stadium 0 0 1930 1931 Osborne Field 0 0 1905 1905 Soldier Field 0 0 1926 1926 Thompson Stadium 0 0 1942 1942 Michie Stadium 0 0 1943 1943 Rose Bowl 0 0 FedExField 0 0 2011 2011"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "FA Cup semi-finals", "paragraph_text": "In 2003, it was announced that all future semi-finals would be played at the new Wembley Stadium, once it had opened; this took effect in 2008. The decision was mainly for financial reasons, to allow the FA to recoup some of the costs of rebuilding the stadium. However, the move was to the disappointment of traditionalists and drew criticism from some supporters' groups."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bank of America Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Stadium is a 75,523 - seat football stadium located on 33 acres (13 ha) in uptown Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It is the home facility and headquarters of the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League. The stadium opened in 1996 as Ericsson Stadium before Bank of America purchased the naming rights in 2004. Former Panthers president Danny Morrison called it ``(A) classic American stadium ''due to its bowl design and other features."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jofa", "paragraph_text": "Jofa was a subsidiary of Volvo 1973-1985 and in 1989 the company was bought by Karhu Canada Inc. Since 2004, Jofa is a part of Reebok."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Milwaukee County Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The National Football League's Green Bay Packers played two to four home games per year at Milwaukee County Stadium from 1953 to 1994, after using Wisconsin State Fair Park in nearby West Allis from 1934 through 1951 and Marquette Stadium in 1952. The Packers compiled a 76 -- 47 -- 3 (. 615) regular season record at County Stadium over 42 seasons. It hosted at least one pre-season game annually during this time as well (except 1983), including the Upper Midwest Shrine Game. Financial considerations prompted the Packers to move some of their games to Milwaukee starting with the 1933 season, with one game played at Borchert Field. By 1995, multiple renovations to Lambeau Field made it more lucrative for the Packers to play their full home slate in Green Bay again for the first time since 1932. Former Milwaukee ticket holders were offered tickets at Lambeau to one pre-season game and games 2 and 5 of the regular season schedule, in what is referred to as the ``Gold package. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sport Boys", "paragraph_text": "Sport Boys plays its home games at the Estadio Miguel Grau. It has a capacity of about 17,000. Before this stadium was built, they had to use the 5,000 spectator capacity Telmo Carbajo, a stadium that was in bad condition and unfit to host football matches. It was the first stadium in Callao. Sport Boys were forced to play their games in the Estadio Nacional, where they would be far away from their fans."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lincoln Financial Field", "paragraph_text": "Lincoln Financial Field is the home stadium of the National Football League's champions Philadelphia Eagles and the Temple Owls football team of Temple University. It has a seating capacity of 69,176. It is located in South Philadelphia on Pattison Avenue between 11th and South Darien streets, also alongside I - 95 as part of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex. Many locals refer to the stadium simply as ``The Linc ''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "FC AGMK", "paragraph_text": "Olmaliq FK played plays its matches at the Metallurg Stadium. Metallurg Stadium was built in 1960 and holds 11,000 spectators. In 2011 club started with building of new modern 12.000-all-seater stadium, \"New Olmaliq Stadium\" located not far from Metallurg Stadium. The sporting complex also includes indoor courts for volleyball, handball, basketball, kurash and outdoor and indoor tennis courts. The construction works were finished in February 2014. The old stadium remains and will be renovated. The whole sporting compplex with \"New Olmaliq Stadium\" was officially named \"OKMK Sport majmuasi\" or \"AGMK Sporting complex\" and stadium \"AGMK Stadium\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gazi-Stadion auf der Waldau", "paragraph_text": "The Waldau-Stadion, known as the Gazi-Stadion auf der Waldau for sponsorship purposes, is a multi-use stadium in the Degerloch district in Stuttgart, Germany. The stadium is situated approximately 200m southwest of the Fernsehturm Stuttgart and holds 11,410 spectators (of these, 1,068 canopied seats and 4,949 canopied stands), which makes it the second biggest stadium in Stuttgart. It is home to the Stuttgarter Kickers, as of 2013 playing in the 3. Liga. The American Football team Stuttgart Scorpions uses the stadium in the German Football League and, since 2008, the VfB Stuttgart II, also playing in the 3. Liga, plays its home games here."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Miami Marlins", "paragraph_text": "The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2011 season at Joe Robbie Stadium, which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). The stadium was later called Pro Player Park, Pro Player Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, Dolphins Stadium, Land Shark Stadium, and Sun Life Stadium during their tenancy. Since the 2012 season, they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami, on the site of the former Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. The new park, unlike Sun Life Stadium (which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations), was designed foremost as a baseball park. The new park's name is a temporary one until naming rights are purchased. Per an agreement with the city and Miami - Dade County (which owns the park), the Marlins officially changed their name to the ``Miami Marlins ''on November 11, 2011. They also adopted a new logo, color scheme, and uniforms."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati\u2013based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Princess Sirindhorn Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Princess Sirindhorn Stadium () is a sports stadium in Si Racha, Chonburi Province, Thailand. The name of the stadium come from the name of Princess Sirindhorn, Princess Royal of Thailand. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the formerly home stadium of Sriracha FC and formerly of Chonburi FC. The stadium holds 8,000 people. The Stadium is located near the city centre, on the ground of the Assumption College Sriracha. The stadium has a running track, as do most of the stadiums in Thailand. It is fitted with floodlights, enabling evening matches to be played."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Iron Bowl", "paragraph_text": "For much of the 20th century, the game was played every year in Birmingham at Legion Field, with Alabama winning 34 games and Auburn 19. Four games were played in Montgomery, Alabama, with each team winning two. Since 2000, the games have been played at Jordan -- Hare Stadium in Auburn every odd - numbered year and at Bryant -- Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa every even - numbered year. Auburn has a 9 -- 5 record in games played at Jordan -- Hare Stadium and a 7 -- 4 record in games played in Tuscaloosa, with 5 of those wins coming at Bryant - Denny."}], "question": "In what division does the team that plays at a stadium named after the buyer of FleetBoston Financial play?"}
{"id": "3hop1__76873_36635_87083", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Daytona International Speedway", "paragraph_text": "On January 22, 2013, the track unveiled artist depictions of a renovated speedway. On July 5, 2013, ground was broken on the project that removed backstretch seating and completely redevelop the frontstretch seating. The renovation to the speedway was constructed by Design - Builder Barton Malow Company in partnership with Rossetti Architects. The project, named ``Daytona Rising '', was completed in January 2016, and cost US $400 million, placing emphasis on improving fan experience with five expanded and redesigned fan entrances (called`` injectors''), as well as wider and more comfortable seating with more restrooms and concession stands. After the renovations were completed, the track's grandstands include 101,000 permanent seats with the ability to increase permanent seating to 125,000. The project was finished before the start of Speedweeks in 2016."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances\u2014the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the \"Big Three\". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\"  and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the \"Four Policemen\" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of members of the United Nations Security Council", "paragraph_text": "Membership of the United Nations Security Council is held by the five permanent members and ten elected, non-permanent members. Prior to 1966, there were six elected members, while the permanent members have in essence not changed since the creation of the United Nations in 1945, apart from the representation of China. Elected members hold their place on the Council for a two - year term, and half of these places are contested each year. To ensure geographical continuity, a certain number of members is allocated for each of the five UN regional groupings."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "British Grand Prix Trophy", "paragraph_text": "The original gold British Grand Prix trophy is awarded to the winner of the British Grand Prix and then returned to the Royal Automobile Club, where it is permanently housed. The winners of international Grands Prix are awarded with trophies from countries where the race took place, therefore international trophies may vary hugely in style and colour."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2008 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup was the fourth edition of the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, governed by FIFA. Previous editions before 2005 were not governed by FIFA and were held under the title \"Beach Soccer World Championships\". Overall, this was the fourteenth edition of the World Cup since its establishment in 1995. It took place in Marseille, France, in the Plages du Prado. It was the first tournament to take place outside Brazil, from 17\u201327 July 2008. The winners of the tournament were Brazil, who won their third consecutive FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup title and their twelfth title overall."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Big Brother 19 (American season)", "paragraph_text": "Following Mark's eviction, the HouseGuests were splattered in the Everyone's A Wiener Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests must brace themselves with handholds and footholds inside their hot dog bun. The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household. Jason was the winner. For being the first two people to drop in the Head of Household competition, Kevin and Matt became Have - Nots for the week. On Day 66, the Tree of Temptation turned red. However, nobody accepted the temptation. On Day 66, Jason nominated Matt and Raven, with Matt as the target. On Day 67, Jason, Matt, Raven, Josh, Paul, and Kevin went on the lookout in the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House. Then, one at a time, HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card. If a HouseGuest's veto card is found, they will be eliminated, though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition. The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto. Jason was the winner. On Day 69, Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 71, Matt broke the Have - Not rules and earned a penalty vote on eviction night. On Day 72, Matt was evicted by a 6 - 0 vote. He became the fourth member of the jury."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Memoirs of a Geisha", "paragraph_text": "Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical novel by American author Arthur Golden, published in 1997. The novel, told in first person perspective, tells the story of a fictional geisha working in Kyoto, Japan, before and after World War II."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Absolute monarchy in France", "paragraph_text": "With his skilful Prime Minister Richelieu, who vowed ``to make the royal power supreme in France and France supreme in Europe. ''(source: Cardinal Richelieu's Political Testament), Louis XIII established Absolute Monarchy in France during his reign. When his son and successor Louis XIV came to power, a period of trouble known as the Fronde occurred in France, taking advantage of Louis XIV's minority. This rebellion was driven by the great feudal lords and sovereign courts as a reaction to the rise of royal power in France."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members\u2014the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan\u2014because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Jo\u00e3o Bernardo \"Nino\" Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent, being declared winner of the second round by the CNE (Comit\u00e9 Nacional de Elei\u00e7\u00f5es). Vieira returned to power in 2005 six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for 19 years after taking power in 1980 in a bloodless coup. In that action, he toppled the government of Lu\u00eds Cabral."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "International Defence Industry Fair", "paragraph_text": "The International Defence Industry Fair (IDEF) is a defence industry fair held in Turkey and organized by the Turkish Armed Forces Foundation since 1993. The Foundation organizes the IDEF once in every two years and before each fair it chooses the organizer firm and exhibition venue by calling a tender. The exhibitions generally take place in Ankara or Istanbul."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with UN Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Security Council ``veto power ''refers to the power of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to veto any`` substantive'' resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to ``procedural ''votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary - General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place", "paragraph_text": "``A Clean, Well - Lighted Place ''is a short story by American author Ernest Hemingway, first published in Scribner's Magazine in 1933; it was also included in his collection Winner Take Nothing (1933)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recognized \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful maritime power."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Reduced level", "paragraph_text": "The most common and convenient datum which is internationally accepted is mean sea level. Countries take their nearby sea levels as datum planes for calculations of Reduced levels. For example, Pakistan takes sea near Karachi as its datum while India takes sea near Mumbai as its datum for calculation of Reduced levels of different places in their respective countries. The term Reduced Level is denoted shortly by 'RL'. National survey departments of each country determines RL's of significantly important locations or points. These points are called as permanent benchmarks and this survey process is known as Great Trigonometrical Surveying (GTS). The permanent bench marks act as reference points for determining RL's of other locations in a particular country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United Nations Security Council", "paragraph_text": "The Security Council consists of fifteen members. The great powers that were the victors of World War II -- the Soviet Union (now represented by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, France, the Republic of China (now represented by the People's Republic of China), and the United States -- serve as the body's five permanent members. These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary - General. The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two - year terms. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members."}], "question": "Who holds veto power in the organization whose permanent members are France and the winners of the war which occurred during the time that Memoirs of a Geisha is set?"}
{"id": "3hop1__360467_428217_78984", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "National Security Strategy (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The National Security Strategy (NSS) is a document prepared periodically by the executive branch of the government of the United States for Congress which outlines the major national security concerns of the United States and how the administration plans to deal with them. The legal foundation for the document is spelled out in the Goldwater - Nichols Act. The document is purposely general in content (contrast with the National Military Strategy, NMS) and its implementation relies on elaborating guidance provided in supporting documents (including the NMS)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Paul Telfer (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Paul Telfer (born 30 October 1979) in Paisley is a Scottish actor, who has lived and worked in both his native United Kingdom and the United States. He portrayed the role of Xander Kiriakis on the NBC's soap opera drama series Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Move Me Brightly", "paragraph_text": "Move Me Brightly is a music documentary film. It contains live performances of Grateful Dead songs from a 2012 concert by Bob Weir and a number of other musicians, called \"Move Me Brightly: Celebrating Jerry Garcia's 70th Birthday\". The film also includes interviews with some of the performers, other musicians, and members of the Grateful Dead extended family. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2013."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States Marine Corps birthday", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November with a traditional ball and cake - cutting ceremony. On that day in 1775, the Continental Marines were established."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Complex: How the Military Invades Our Everyday Lives", "paragraph_text": "The Complex: How the Military Invades Our Everyday Lives is a book about the United States military, written by journalist Nick Turse. It was published in 2008 in hardcover format by Metropolitan Books. The book describes the vast changes in the industrial complex of the U.S. military from the days of President Dwight D. Eisenhower to 2008, its effect on American society, and how the military and private business spheres interact with each other. The book received positive reviews in Mother Jones and \"Inter Press Service\", and critical reviews by Jeffrey St. Clair of \"CounterPunch\", and in \"Kirkus Reviews\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Marine Corps", "paragraph_text": "The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the United States Navy. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "I Want to Live (Josh Gracin song)", "paragraph_text": "\"I Want to Live\" is a debut song written by Brett James and Rivers Rutherford, and recorded by American country music singer Josh Gracin. It was released in March 2004 as the first single from his debut album \"Josh Gracin\". The song peaked at number 4 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts in mid-2004. It also peaked on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 57."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dr. Dolittle 2", "paragraph_text": "Also, Charisse's (Raven - Symon\u00e9) sixteenth birthday is coming today. She is also not doing well in her classes. As a punishment, John takes her phone away. Later on, Charisse's boyfriend, Eric (Lil Zane), comes over and decides to join the family at the birthday party. A possum (voice of Isaac Hayes) and a raccoon, Joey (voice of Michael Rapaport), tell the doctor that their boss, the Godbeaver, wants to see him."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paul Telfer (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Paul Telfer (born 30 October 1979) is a Scottish actor, who has lived and worked in both his native United Kingdom and the United States. He portrayed the role of Xander Kiriakis on the NBC's soap opera drama series Days of Our Lives."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Darwin Day", "paragraph_text": "Darwin Day is a celebration to commemorate the birthday of Charles Darwin on 12 February 1809. The day is used to highlight Darwin's contributions to science and to promote science in general. Darwin Day is celebrated around the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Washington's Birthday Marathon", "paragraph_text": "Washington's Birthday Marathon is an annual marathon in the United States that has been held nearly every February since 1962."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Article Three of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps is one of four premier musical organizations of the United States Army. Members perform using musical instruments and wearing uniforms similar to those used by military musicians of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Daniel Brodhead IV", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Brodhead IV (October 17, 1736 \u2013 November 15, 1809) was an American military and political leader during the American Revolutionary War and early days of the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Josh Gracin", "paragraph_text": "After his elimination from the show, Gracin completed his service in the Marine Corps, and after his honorable discharge, he signed a record deal with Lyric Street Records. His self-titled debut album was released in 2004. It produced a number one hit, \"Nothin' to Lose\", and two more top five hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"We Weren't Crazy\", followed in 2008. This album produced five more chart singles, including a top ten in its title track. After signing with Average Joe's in 2010 with \"Cover Girl,\" he later reemerged with Private Label Studios in 2013, with his single, \"Drink it Gone.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mandela Day", "paragraph_text": "Nelson Mandela International Day (or Mandela Day) is an annual international day in honour of Nelson Mandela, celebrated each year on 18 July, Mandela's birthday. The day was officially declared by the United Nations in November 2009, with the first UN Mandela Day held on 18 July 2010. However, other groups began celebrating Mandela Day on 18 July 2009."}], "question": "When is the birthday of the US military branch in which the singer of I Want to Live served?"}
{"id": "3hop1__263687_727300_14487", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jes\u00fas Fern\u00e1ndez Hern\u00e1ndez", "paragraph_text": "Jes\u00fas Fern\u00e1ndez Hern\u00e1ndez (born August 6, 1975 in Villena, Alicante) is a Spanish basketball player, playing the power forward position."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Santa Clara Island", "paragraph_text": "Santa Clara Island () is a tiny, uninhabited island in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Robinson Crusoe Island in a group of islands known as the Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Islands. The island is of volcanic origin and is approximately long and wide. The island group is politically part of the South American country Chile, and is administratively assigned to the Region of Valpara\u00edso."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Yet controlling the \"Mandate of Heaven\" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out for their contributions to the establishment of the Qing dynasty, ennobled as feudal princes (\u85e9\u738b), and given governorships over vast territories in Southern China. The chief of these was Wu Sangui, who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou, while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong were given Guangdong and Fujian provinces respectively."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Villena", "paragraph_text": "Villena () is a city in Spain, in the Valencian Community. It is located at the northwest part of Alicante, and borders to the west with Castilla-La Mancha and Murcia, to the north with the province of Valencia and to the east and south with the province of Alicante. It is the capital of the comarca of the Alto Vinalop\u00f3. The municipality has an area of 345.6\u00a0km\u00b2 and a population of 34,928 inhabitants as of INE 2008."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Khotan Fern\u00e1ndez", "paragraph_text": "Khotan Fern\u00e1ndez (born Khotan Fern\u00e1ndez Tapajos on April 27, 1973) in Mexico City, Distrito Federal, is a Mexican actor sometimes simply known as Khotan."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Siege of Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Strasbourg took place during the Franco-Prussian War, and resulted in the French surrender of the fortress on 28 September 1870."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean King, saying that the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uighurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bertha Hern\u00e1ndez Fern\u00e1ndez", "paragraph_text": "Bertha Hern\u00e1ndez Fern\u00e1ndez (17 April 1907 \u2013 11 September 1993) was the wife of the 17th President of Colombia, Mariano Ospina P\u00e9rez, and served as First Lady of Colombia from 1946 to 1950. A Conservative party politician, she was elected Senator of Colombia in 1970 and served until 1974."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pahi\u00f1o", "paragraph_text": "Manuel Fern\u00e1ndez Fern\u00e1ndez (21 January 1923 \u2013 12 June 2012), known as Pahi\u00f1o, was a Spanish footballer who played as a striker."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alonso Fern\u00e1ndez de Heredia", "paragraph_text": "Alonso Fern\u00e1ndez de Heredia (died March 19, 1782) was a Spanish Captain General and administrator who governed Honduras (1747), Florida (1751\u20131758), Yucatan (in modern-day Mexico; 1758\u2013?), the Captaincy General of Guatemala (1761\u20131771) and Nicaragua (1761\u20131771)."}], "question": "When did the province that contains the birthplace of Jes\u00fas Fern\u00e1ndez Hern\u00e1ndez surrender?"}
{"id": "3hop1__816226_3477_3323", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Superstar USA", "paragraph_text": "The WB's Superstar USA is a television show that spoofed the popular show \"American Idol\". Essentially its polar opposite, \"Superstar USA\" told contestants they were looking for the best singer when they were actually looking for the worst."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500 million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven - time Grammy - winning country megastar."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nativa", "paragraph_text": "Nativa was a carbonated beverage created by the Coca-Cola Company. It was released in November 2003 in Argentina, and discontinued in August 2004. The flavor of this drink was Yerba mate."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of highest paid American television stars", "paragraph_text": "Name Program Role Salary Year Ref. Simon Cowell The X Factor Judge $75 million 2012 -- 13 Katy Perry American Idol $25 million 2017 -- 18 Jennifer Lopez $20 million 2011 -- 12 Mariah Carey $18 million 2012 -- 13 Hugh Laurie House Gregory House $15 million 2013 Ryan Seacrest American Idol Host 2013 -- 16 Britney Spears The X Factor Judge 2012 Miley Cyrus The Voice Coach $13 million 2016 -- 17 Adam Levine 2016 -- 18 Blake Shelton 2016 -- 18 Christina Aguilera $12.5 million 2013 Kelly Clarkson $12 million 2018 Nicki Minaj American Idol Judge 2012 -- 13 Shakira The Voice Coach 2013 Gwen Stefani 2017"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alibi (Eddie Razaz song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Alibi\" is a pop / dance song released in 2013 by the Swedish singer of Persian origin Eddie Razaz. He had been a contestant in Swedish \"Idol 2009\" finishing sixth and eventually forming the duo REbound! with fellow \"Idol\" contestant Rabih Jaber. After breaking-up, Razaz had decided to go on with a solo career."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner\u200d\u2014\u200cthe executive producer and production leader\u200d\u2014\u200cand Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was a big success with the viewing public."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "On 11 April 2006, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the American singing contest television show American Idol. Each contestant was required to sing a Queen song during that week of the competition. Songs which appeared on the show included \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"The Show Must Go On\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", and \"Innuendo\". Brian May later criticised the show for editing specific scenes, one of which made the group's time with contestant Ace Young look negative, despite it being the opposite. Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009, performing \"We Are the Champions\" with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen. On 15 November 2009, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the singing contest television show X Factor in the UK."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven."}], "question": "In Nativa's manufacturer's last season sponsoring American Idol who did the judges save after they came last in the vote?"}
{"id": "3hop1__710232_3477_3013", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "In Death characters", "paragraph_text": "Peabody has a very close relationship with the heroine of the book, Eve. Upon being requested to be Eve's aide at the start of the series, Peabody was incredibly grateful for the opportunity as she had studied Eve's cases in the Police Academy and idolizes her. Their relationship grows over time, beyond mentor - mentee to deep friendship. It is for this reason that Eve tells Peabody about her childhood and subsequent act of patricide in Visions in Death."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon is a reality-based first singing competition shown on MTV Pakistan and Indus TV. It is based on the popular British show Pop Idol and its American counterpart American Idol. The show aims to find the most talented young singer in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kia Opirus", "paragraph_text": "The Kia Opirus was an executive car/full-size car manufactured and marketed by Kia Motors that was launched in April 2003 and was marketed globally under various nameplates, prominently as the Amanti. It was considered to be Kia's flagship vehicle."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in the tenth season[citation needed], permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance. Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons, former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season. The mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them, including Akon, Alicia Keys, Lady Gaga, and current judge Harry Connick, Jr.."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hyundai Trajet", "paragraph_text": "Hyundai stated that Hyundai Starex is not the Trajet's successor, because the Grand Starex is not a minivan. The Kia based Entourage is the closest thing to direct successor, but it is only available in a limited number of markets. The Trajet competed in the same market segment as Kia Carnival and Toyota Sienna."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kia-Ora", "paragraph_text": "Kia-Ora is a concentrated fruit soft drink brand, made by Atlantic Industries (a subsidiary of the Coca-Cola Company) and licensed for manufacturing in the UK by Coca-Cola Enterprises Ltd. The juice drink is sold in a concentrated state."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kia Challengers Field", "paragraph_text": "Kia Challengers Field (\uae30\uc544 \ucc4c\ub9b0\uc800\uc2a4 \ud544\ub4dc) is a baseball stadium in Hampyeong, South Korea and home to the Kia Tigers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Poker Star", "paragraph_text": "The Poker Star is an Australian reality game show broadcast on One from 26 September 2009. It is created and hosted by former World Series of Poker Champion Joe Hachem, who will also act as judge and mentor to the contestants. New Zealand poker champion Lee Nelson will also appear as a judge. The series is sponsored by PokerStars."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Colchester Racing Developments", "paragraph_text": "Colchester Racing Developments produced Merlyn racing cars from 1960 to 1979. The company was founded by Clive Maskrey, Selwyn Hayward and continued by Hayward's brother, Clive. When the manufacture of Merlyn racing cars stopped, Clive Hayward continued to manufacture Merlyn parts as CRD Tool and Engineering Ltd. This company stopped trading in November 2015, but Clive Hayward continues to run Colchester Racing Developments, manufacturing Merlyn components and carrying out chassis repairs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}], "question": "Who was the mentor for the season of American Idol when the company that manufactures Kia-Ora stopped sponsoring the show?"}
{"id": "3hop1__710232_3477_3323", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of highest paid American television stars", "paragraph_text": "Name Program Role Salary Year Ref. Simon Cowell The X Factor Judge $75 million 2012 -- 13 Katy Perry American Idol $25 million 2017 -- 18 Jennifer Lopez $20 million 2011 -- 12 Mariah Carey $18 million 2012 -- 13 Hugh Laurie House Gregory House $15 million 2013 Ryan Seacrest American Idol Host 2013 -- 16 Britney Spears The X Factor Judge 2012 Miley Cyrus The Voice Coach $13 million 2016 -- 17 Adam Levine 2016 -- 18 Blake Shelton 2016 -- 18 Christina Aguilera $12.5 million 2013 Kelly Clarkson $12 million 2018 Nicki Minaj American Idol Judge 2012 -- 13 Shakira The Voice Coach 2013 Gwen Stefani 2017"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner\u200d\u2014\u200cthe executive producer and production leader\u200d\u2014\u200cand Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was a big success with the viewing public."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alibi (Eddie Razaz song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Alibi\" is a pop / dance song released in 2013 by the Swedish singer of Persian origin Eddie Razaz. He had been a contestant in Swedish \"Idol 2009\" finishing sixth and eventually forming the duo REbound! with fellow \"Idol\" contestant Rabih Jaber. After breaking-up, Razaz had decided to go on with a solo career."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "On 11 April 2006, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the American singing contest television show American Idol. Each contestant was required to sing a Queen song during that week of the competition. Songs which appeared on the show included \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"The Show Must Go On\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", and \"Innuendo\". Brian May later criticised the show for editing specific scenes, one of which made the group's time with contestant Ace Young look negative, despite it being the opposite. Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009, performing \"We Are the Champions\" with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen. On 15 November 2009, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the singing contest television show X Factor in the UK."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kia-Ora", "paragraph_text": "Kia-Ora is a concentrated fruit soft drink brand, made by Atlantic Industries (a subsidiary of the Coca-Cola Company) and licensed for manufacturing in the UK by Coca-Cola Enterprises Ltd. The juice drink is sold in a concentrated state."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Superstar USA", "paragraph_text": "The WB's Superstar USA is a television show that spoofed the popular show \"American Idol\". Essentially its polar opposite, \"Superstar USA\" told contestants they were looking for the best singer when they were actually looking for the worst."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500 million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven - time Grammy - winning country megastar."}], "question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges on the season of American Idol in which the manufacturer of Kia-Ora was a sponsor for the last time?"}
{"id": "3hop1__816226_3477_3013", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Catrike", "paragraph_text": "Catrike is a brand of lightweight tadpole-design recumbent tricycles manufactured by Big Cat HPV, LLC, which is based in Orlando, Florida, United States. The company was founded in 1999 by Paulo Camasmie. Catrike riders have an annual factory-sponsored rally in March. Big Cat builds more trikes equipped with direct-steering than any other manufacturer in the world."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Moment Like This", "paragraph_text": "``A Moment Like This ''is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson, the winner of the first season of American Idol. It was released as a double - A side with`` Before Your Love'' and topped the Billboard Hot 100. The song was later included on her debut album, Thankful (2003). It is her coronation song from American Idol."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Poker Star", "paragraph_text": "The Poker Star is an Australian reality game show broadcast on One from 26 September 2009. It is created and hosted by former World Series of Poker Champion Joe Hachem, who will also act as judge and mentor to the contestants. New Zealand poker champion Lee Nelson will also appear as a judge. The series is sponsored by PokerStars."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in the tenth season[citation needed], permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance. Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons, former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season. The mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them, including Akon, Alicia Keys, Lady Gaga, and current judge Harry Connick, Jr.."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Super Idol 2004", "paragraph_text": "\"Super Idol 2004\" is the debut single/EP by Stavros Konstantinou, the winner of \"Super Idol\", the Greek version of \"Pop Idol\". \"Super Idol\" runner up - Tamta duets on the song \u03a4\u03bf \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u039c\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon is a reality-based first singing competition shown on MTV Pakistan and Indus TV. It is based on the popular British show Pop Idol and its American counterpart American Idol. The show aims to find the most talented young singer in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "In Death characters", "paragraph_text": "Peabody has a very close relationship with the heroine of the book, Eve. Upon being requested to be Eve's aide at the start of the series, Peabody was incredibly grateful for the opportunity as she had studied Eve's cases in the Police Academy and idolizes her. Their relationship grows over time, beyond mentor - mentee to deep friendship. It is for this reason that Eve tells Peabody about her childhood and subsequent act of patricide in Visions in Death."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of American Idol premiered on June 11, 2002 (under the full title American Idol: The Search for a Superstar) and continued until September 4, 2002. It was won by Kelly Clarkson. The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman, the latter of whom left the show after the season ended."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rosenlew", "paragraph_text": "Electrolux owns the brand in home appliances and uses it in Finland. Electrolux stopped the manufacturing of fridges in Pori, Finland, in 1998."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nativa", "paragraph_text": "Nativa was a carbonated beverage created by the Coca-Cola Company. It was released in November 2003 in Argentina, and discontinued in August 2004. The flavor of this drink was Yerba mate."}], "question": "Who was the mentor for the season of American Idol after which the Nativa manufacturer ceased sponsorship of the show?"}
{"id": "3hop1__727442_3477_3319", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon is a reality-based first singing competition shown on MTV Pakistan and Indus TV. It is based on the popular British show Pop Idol and its American counterpart American Idol. The show aims to find the most talented young singer in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A Moment Like This", "paragraph_text": "``A Moment Like This ''is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson, the winner of the first season of American Idol. It was released as a double - A side with`` Before Your Love'' and topped the Billboard Hot 100. The song was later included on her debut album, Thankful (2003). It is her coronation song from American Idol."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol (season 16)", "paragraph_text": "The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11, 2018, on the ABC television network. It is the show's first season to air on ABC. Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show's host, while Katy Perry, Luke Bryan, and Lionel Richie joined as judges."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Love Profusion", "paragraph_text": "The remixes were premiered by Warner Bros. Records at the 2003 Winter Music Conference in Miami, where Peter Rauhofer, Rosario and Blow-Up played their remixes of \"Love Profusion\". Blow-Up also debuted their own version of \"Good Boys\" (2003) by Blondie, and remixes of Madonna's previous single, \"Hollywood\". An extended version of the \"Love Profusion\" remix, titled \"Headcleanr Rock Mix\", was also included on Madonna's remix album \"Remixed & Revisited\" (2003). Michael Paoletta of \"Billboard\" named the remix (along with the \"Mount Sims Old School Mix\" of \"Nobody Knows Me\") as the highlight of \"Remixed and Revisited\", calling it \"a new-wave-styled-rock tune\", a \"blast of fresh air\" and an \"essential listening experience\". John Payne from \"LA Weekly\" compares the lyrics of the song (\"Only you make me feel good\") with the cautionary lyrics of \"X-Static Process\", in which the protagonist loses herself in her lover's ego. The \"Headcleanr Rock Mix\" was included on the setlist during the rehearsals of Madonna's 2004 Re-Invention World Tour, but it was ultimately not included in the show."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of American Idol premiered on June 11, 2002 (under the full title American Idol: The Search for a Superstar) and continued until September 4, 2002. It was won by Kelly Clarkson. The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman, the latter of whom left the show after the season ended."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rosenlew", "paragraph_text": "Electrolux owns the brand in home appliances and uses it in Finland. Electrolux stopped the manufacturing of fridges in Pori, Finland, in 1998."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Immortal Megamix", "paragraph_text": "\"Immortal Megamix: Can You Feel It/Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough/Billie Jean/Black or White (Immortal Version)\", often shortened to just \"Immortal Megamix\", is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was released on November 1, 2011 as the first single from the posthumous soundtrack remix album \"Immortal\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Tragedy Redux", "paragraph_text": "American Tragedy Redux is the second remix album by American rap rock band Hollywood Undead, taking songs exclusively off the band's 2011 studio album, \"American Tragedy\", and remixing them. The first remix album was the Black Dahlia Remixes album, featuring three remixes of Hollywood Undead's single, \"Black Dahlia\". The album was released on November 21, 2011 by A&M/Octone Records. The original tracks on the album, which were on \"American Tragedy\", were recorded following the induction of Daniel Murillo into the band in early 2010 and lasted until December. The tracks were then remixed by various DJ's and musicians during the band's \"World War III Tour\" with Asking Alexandria later in 2011. The album's first single, \"Levitate (Digital Dog club mix)\", was released on October 18, 2011, with a music video being released on October 24."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "The NES uses a custom-made Picture Processing Unit (PPU) developed by Ricoh. All variations of the PPU feature 2 kB of video RAM, 256 bytes of on-die \"object attribute memory\" (OAM) to store the positions, colors, and tile indices of up to 64 sprites on the screen, and 28 bytes of on-die palette RAM to allow selection of background and sprite colors. The console's 2 kB of onboard RAM may be used for tile maps and attributes on the NES board and 8 kB of tile pattern ROM or RAM may be included on a cartridge. The system has an available color palette of 48 colors and 6 grays. Up to 25 simultaneous colors may be used without writing new values mid-frame: a background color, four sets of three tile colors and four sets of three sprite colors. The NES palette is based on NTSC rather than RGB values. A total of 64 sprites may be displayed onscreen at a given time without reloading sprites mid-screen. The standard display resolution of the NES is 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Catrike", "paragraph_text": "Catrike is a brand of lightweight tadpole-design recumbent tricycles manufactured by Big Cat HPV, LLC, which is based in Orlando, Florida, United States. The company was founded in 1999 by Paulo Camasmie. Catrike riders have an annual factory-sponsored rally in March. Big Cat builds more trikes equipped with direct-steering than any other manufacturer in the world."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sprite Remix", "paragraph_text": "Sprite Remix was a line of colorless caffeine-free sodas and drink-flavoring packets made by the Coca-Cola company. Although based on Sprite, the Remixes were each flavored differently from the original. It was discontinued in 2005 in the United States. In Spring of 2015, the Tropical Sprite flavor was reintroduced into the Coca-Cola product line up."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Doritos", "paragraph_text": "Doritos was the main sponsor of Wolverhampton Wanderers for the 2002 / 03 and 2003 / 04 seasons, the latter of which was spent in the Premier League. Doritos officially sponsored the ``Hail to the Cheese Stephen Colbert's Nacho Cheese Doritos 2008 Presidential Campaign Coverage. ''The money given to Colbert could not be used to directly fund his campaign, so he used the money to fund The Colbert Report. He claimed that he would not use his show to plug Doritos, but plugged the chips during these claims. After the campaign flopped, Colbert joked that his`` body will stop producing bright orange waste.'' In March 2008, Colbert partnered with Doritos, specifically the Spicy Sweet Chili flavor, to promote his Philadelphia - based coverage of the Pennsylvania primaries."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Colchester Racing Developments", "paragraph_text": "Colchester Racing Developments produced Merlyn racing cars from 1960 to 1979. The company was founded by Clive Maskrey, Selwyn Hayward and continued by Hayward's brother, Clive. When the manufacture of Merlyn racing cars stopped, Clive Hayward continued to manufacture Merlyn parts as CRD Tool and Engineering Ltd. This company stopped trading in November 2015, but Clive Hayward continues to run Colchester Racing Developments, manufacturing Merlyn components and carrying out chassis repairs."}], "question": "When did the season after which Sprite Remix's manufacturer stopped sponsoring american Idol premiere?"}
{"id": "3hop1__816226_3477_3319", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was placed second overall amongst the 18\u201349 age group. The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest-rated ever American Idol episode at 38.1 million for the final hour. By season three, the show had become the top show in the 18\u201349 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten, and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings. By season four, American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time, with an average viewership of 26.8 million. The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million per episode, and season five remains the highest-rated season of the series."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500 million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven - time Grammy - winning country megastar."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Idol (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of American Idol premiered on June 11, 2002 (under the full title American Idol: The Search for a Superstar) and continued until September 4, 2002. It was won by Kelly Clarkson. The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman, the latter of whom left the show after the season ended."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol (season 16)", "paragraph_text": "The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11, 2018, on the ABC television network. It is the show's first season to air on ABC. Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show's host, while Katy Perry, Luke Bryan, and Lionel Richie joined as judges."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon is a reality-based first singing competition shown on MTV Pakistan and Indus TV. It is based on the popular British show Pop Idol and its American counterpart American Idol. The show aims to find the most talented young singer in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Armed & Famous", "paragraph_text": "Armed & Famous is an American reality television series that premiered January 10, 2007, on CBS. First-run episodes were also aired on VH1 in the United States. After the first episode aired, CBS moved the show into a time slot opposite \"American Idol\" on FOX. After four episodes, the show was pulled from the network on January 26, 2007 with broadcast rights for the series shifted to VH1. All six episodes of the series aired on VH1, including two previously unaired episodes from the original CBS run."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Doritos", "paragraph_text": "Doritos was the main sponsor of Wolverhampton Wanderers for the 2002 / 03 and 2003 / 04 seasons, the latter of which was spent in the Premier League. Doritos officially sponsored the ``Hail to the Cheese Stephen Colbert's Nacho Cheese Doritos 2008 Presidential Campaign Coverage. ''The money given to Colbert could not be used to directly fund his campaign, so he used the money to fund The Colbert Report. He claimed that he would not use his show to plug Doritos, but plugged the chips during these claims. After the campaign flopped, Colbert joked that his`` body will stop producing bright orange waste.'' In March 2008, Colbert partnered with Doritos, specifically the Spicy Sweet Chili flavor, to promote his Philadelphia - based coverage of the Pennsylvania primaries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rosenlew", "paragraph_text": "Electrolux owns the brand in home appliances and uses it in Finland. Electrolux stopped the manufacturing of fridges in Pori, Finland, in 1998."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mary Shelley's Frankenhole", "paragraph_text": "Mary Shelley's Frankenhole is an American adult stop-motion animated television series created by Dino Stamatopoulos. The series premiered on June 27, 2010 on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim. It ended on March 25, 2012, with a total of 20 episodes, over the course of 2 seasons."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Catrike", "paragraph_text": "Catrike is a brand of lightweight tadpole-design recumbent tricycles manufactured by Big Cat HPV, LLC, which is based in Orlando, Florida, United States. The company was founded in 1999 by Paulo Camasmie. Catrike riders have an annual factory-sponsored rally in March. Big Cat builds more trikes equipped with direct-steering than any other manufacturer in the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Colchester Racing Developments", "paragraph_text": "Colchester Racing Developments produced Merlyn racing cars from 1960 to 1979. The company was founded by Clive Maskrey, Selwyn Hayward and continued by Hayward's brother, Clive. When the manufacture of Merlyn racing cars stopped, Clive Hayward continued to manufacture Merlyn parts as CRD Tool and Engineering Ltd. This company stopped trading in November 2015, but Clive Hayward continues to run Colchester Racing Developments, manufacturing Merlyn components and carrying out chassis repairs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nativa", "paragraph_text": "Nativa was a carbonated beverage created by the Coca-Cola Company. It was released in November 2003 in Argentina, and discontinued in August 2004. The flavor of this drink was Yerba mate."}], "question": "When did the season of American Idol, following which the manufacturer of Nativa stopped being sponsor, premiere?"}
{"id": "3hop1__727442_3477_3013", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Poker Star", "paragraph_text": "The Poker Star is an Australian reality game show broadcast on One from 26 September 2009. It is created and hosted by former World Series of Poker Champion Joe Hachem, who will also act as judge and mentor to the contestants. New Zealand poker champion Lee Nelson will also appear as a judge. The series is sponsored by PokerStars."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Colchester Racing Developments", "paragraph_text": "Colchester Racing Developments produced Merlyn racing cars from 1960 to 1979. The company was founded by Clive Maskrey, Selwyn Hayward and continued by Hayward's brother, Clive. When the manufacture of Merlyn racing cars stopped, Clive Hayward continued to manufacture Merlyn parts as CRD Tool and Engineering Ltd. This company stopped trading in November 2015, but Clive Hayward continues to run Colchester Racing Developments, manufacturing Merlyn components and carrying out chassis repairs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rosenlew", "paragraph_text": "Electrolux owns the brand in home appliances and uses it in Finland. Electrolux stopped the manufacturing of fridges in Pori, Finland, in 1998."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "The NES uses a custom-made Picture Processing Unit (PPU) developed by Ricoh. All variations of the PPU feature 2 kB of video RAM, 256 bytes of on-die \"object attribute memory\" (OAM) to store the positions, colors, and tile indices of up to 64 sprites on the screen, and 28 bytes of on-die palette RAM to allow selection of background and sprite colors. The console's 2 kB of onboard RAM may be used for tile maps and attributes on the NES board and 8 kB of tile pattern ROM or RAM may be included on a cartridge. The system has an available color palette of 48 colors and 6 grays. Up to 25 simultaneous colors may be used without writing new values mid-frame: a background color, four sets of three tile colors and four sets of three sprite colors. The NES palette is based on NTSC rather than RGB values. A total of 64 sprites may be displayed onscreen at a given time without reloading sprites mid-screen. The standard display resolution of the NES is 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Johnny and the Sprites", "paragraph_text": "Johnny and the Sprites is an American musical television show aimed for preschoolers that aired every weekend on the \"Playhouse Disney\" block on Disney Channel. The show was created by, produced by, and starred John Tartaglia (most famous for his work on \"Avenue Q\"). The show's theme song was written by Stephen Schwartz. Each episode of the show features a musical number, many of which are written by various notable Broadway composers such as Gary Adler, Bobby Lopez, Laurence O'Keefe, Michael Patrick Walker, and others. The Sprites and all of the other creatures that inhabit Johnny's world were designed by Michael Schupbach. The set was designed by Laura Brock."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sprite Remix", "paragraph_text": "Sprite Remix was a line of colorless caffeine-free sodas and drink-flavoring packets made by the Coca-Cola company. Although based on Sprite, the Remixes were each flavored differently from the original. It was discontinued in 2005 in the United States. In Spring of 2015, the Tropical Sprite flavor was reintroduced into the Coca-Cola product line up."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "In Death characters", "paragraph_text": "Peabody has a very close relationship with the heroine of the book, Eve. Upon being requested to be Eve's aide at the start of the series, Peabody was incredibly grateful for the opportunity as she had studied Eve's cases in the Police Academy and idolizes her. Their relationship grows over time, beyond mentor - mentee to deep friendship. It is for this reason that Eve tells Peabody about her childhood and subsequent act of patricide in Visions in Death."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Immortal Megamix", "paragraph_text": "\"Immortal Megamix: Can You Feel It/Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough/Billie Jean/Black or White (Immortal Version)\", often shortened to just \"Immortal Megamix\", is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was released on November 1, 2011 as the first single from the posthumous soundtrack remix album \"Immortal\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Addicted to Music", "paragraph_text": "Addicted to Music is the fourth studio album by German DJ and remixer ATB. It was released in 2003 and includes songs such as \"I Don't Wanna Stop\", \"Long Way Home\" and \"In Love with the DJ/Sunset Girl\". The first two were released as singles from this album, both with promotional videos, while the third was released as a remix-single, from \"The DJ in the Mix\" compilation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in the tenth season[citation needed], permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance. Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons, former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season. The mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them, including Akon, Alicia Keys, Lady Gaga, and current judge Harry Connick, Jr.."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ella Spira", "paragraph_text": "Ella Spira is a composer based in London, United Kingdom. Spira co-founded the Production Company 'Sisters Grimm', alongside former Royal Ballet ballerina Pietra Mello-Pittman. Spira writes and composes music for ballet and film, and also works as an arranger making dance remixes for popular UK artists. She was born in Gloucester, and was mentored by film composer David Arnold."}], "question": "Who was the mentor for the season of American Idol after which the Sprite Remix manufacturer ceased sponsorship of the show?"}
{"id": "3hop1__710232_3477_3319", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rosenlew", "paragraph_text": "Electrolux owns the brand in home appliances and uses it in Finland. Electrolux stopped the manufacturing of fridges in Pori, Finland, in 1998."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Colchester Racing Developments", "paragraph_text": "Colchester Racing Developments produced Merlyn racing cars from 1960 to 1979. The company was founded by Clive Maskrey, Selwyn Hayward and continued by Hayward's brother, Clive. When the manufacture of Merlyn racing cars stopped, Clive Hayward continued to manufacture Merlyn parts as CRD Tool and Engineering Ltd. This company stopped trading in November 2015, but Clive Hayward continues to run Colchester Racing Developments, manufacturing Merlyn components and carrying out chassis repairs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kia Challengers Field", "paragraph_text": "Kia Challengers Field (\uae30\uc544 \ucc4c\ub9b0\uc800\uc2a4 \ud544\ub4dc) is a baseball stadium in Hampyeong, South Korea and home to the Kia Tigers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Doritos", "paragraph_text": "Doritos was the main sponsor of Wolverhampton Wanderers for the 2002 / 03 and 2003 / 04 seasons, the latter of which was spent in the Premier League. Doritos officially sponsored the ``Hail to the Cheese Stephen Colbert's Nacho Cheese Doritos 2008 Presidential Campaign Coverage. ''The money given to Colbert could not be used to directly fund his campaign, so he used the money to fund The Colbert Report. He claimed that he would not use his show to plug Doritos, but plugged the chips during these claims. After the campaign flopped, Colbert joked that his`` body will stop producing bright orange waste.'' In March 2008, Colbert partnered with Doritos, specifically the Spicy Sweet Chili flavor, to promote his Philadelphia - based coverage of the Pennsylvania primaries."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kia-Ora", "paragraph_text": "Kia-Ora is a concentrated fruit soft drink brand, made by Atlantic Industries (a subsidiary of the Coca-Cola Company) and licensed for manufacturing in the UK by Coca-Cola Enterprises Ltd. The juice drink is sold in a concentrated state."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Moment Like This", "paragraph_text": "``A Moment Like This ''is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson, the winner of the first season of American Idol. It was released as a double - A side with`` Before Your Love'' and topped the Billboard Hot 100. The song was later included on her debut album, Thankful (2003). It is her coronation song from American Idol."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan Sangeet Icon is a reality-based first singing competition shown on MTV Pakistan and Indus TV. It is based on the popular British show Pop Idol and its American counterpart American Idol. The show aims to find the most talented young singer in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hyundai Trajet", "paragraph_text": "Hyundai stated that Hyundai Starex is not the Trajet's successor, because the Grand Starex is not a minivan. The Kia based Entourage is the closest thing to direct successor, but it is only available in a limited number of markets. The Trajet competed in the same market segment as Kia Carnival and Toyota Sienna."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Idol (season 16)", "paragraph_text": "The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11, 2018, on the ABC television network. It is the show's first season to air on ABC. Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show's host, while Katy Perry, Luke Bryan, and Lionel Richie joined as judges."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Catrike", "paragraph_text": "Catrike is a brand of lightweight tadpole-design recumbent tricycles manufactured by Big Cat HPV, LLC, which is based in Orlando, Florida, United States. The company was founded in 1999 by Paulo Camasmie. Catrike riders have an annual factory-sponsored rally in March. Big Cat builds more trikes equipped with direct-steering than any other manufacturer in the world."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol Extra", "paragraph_text": "American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star! and billed as \"the show that picks up right where \"American Idol\" leaves off\". The program featured the first full-length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind-the-scenes material."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kia Cerato", "paragraph_text": "The Kia Cerato (also known as Kia Spectra in the United States) is a compact car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Kia Motors since 2003. In 2008, the Cerato was replaced by the Kia Forte, however, the \"Cerato\" name continues to be used in some markets."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}], "question": "When did the last season of American Idol, in which the manufacturer of Kia-Ora was was a sponsor, premiere?"}
{"id": "3hop1__686704_272818_298609", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Newspapers published in Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Newspapers published in Nigeria have a strong tradition of the principle of \"publish and be damned\" that dates back to the colonial era when founding fathers of the Nigerian press such as Nnamdi Azikiwe, Ernest Ikoli, Obafemi Awolowo and Lateef Jakande used their papers to fight for independence."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "CJLF-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJLF-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting a Contemporary Christian music format on 100.3 FM in Barrie, Ontario. Using the on-air brand name Life 100.3, the station was founded by Scott Jackson in August 1999 and is owned by Trust Communications Ministries, Inc, which is based in Barrie, Ontario."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "WFPL", "paragraph_text": "WFPL is a 24-hour listener-supported, noncommercial radio station in Louisville, Kentucky, broadcasting at 89.3\u00a0MHz and focusing on news. The station is the flagship National Public Radio station for the Louisville market. WFPL is now owned by Louisville Public Media and was originally owned by the Louisville Free Public Library. When the station came on the air in 1950, it was the first library-owned radio station in the country."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of programs broadcast by TruTV", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of television programs currently and formerly broadcast by truTV, a cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of WarnerMedia. This list also covers programs that aired during the network's years as Court TV from its original launch in 1991 until its 2008 re-branding as truTV."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "A Claymation Christmas Celebration", "paragraph_text": "Will Vinton's Claymation Christmas Celebration is a Christmas television special originally broadcast on the American CBS TV network on December 21, 1987. The special featured stop motion clay animation and was produced and directed by Will Vinton. The special debuted alongside \"A Garfield Christmas\" and the two continued to be aired back to back in subsequent years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ti\u00ebsto's Club Life", "paragraph_text": "Ti\u00ebsto's Club Life is Dutch DJ Ti\u00ebsto's weekly radio show that was formerly broadcast on Radio 538 in the Netherlands. It was broadcast on 3FM, but in 2015, Ti\u00ebsto came back to Radio 538. The show started broadcasting on 6 April 2007 every Friday evening, from 10 PM CET to midnight. The show is also frequently broadcast on the Sirius and XM satellite radio channel Electric AREA. The show was originally called Club Nouveau for the first five episodes, but was renamed as Club Life."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Speeders Fight Back", "paragraph_text": "Speeders Fight Back is a nontraditional court show on TruTV that began airing in the fall of 2008 and is a spin-off of \"Speeders\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Glash\u00fctte Original", "paragraph_text": "Glash\u00fctte Original is a prestigious German watchmaking company founded in 1994 by the privatization of VEB Glash\u00fctter Uhrenbetriebe (GUB). GUB was an East German conglomerate formed in 1951 from the watch companies based in Glash\u00fctte. This included A. Lange & S\u00f6hne, founded in 1845 by Ferdinand Adolph Lange, and Glash\u00fctte Original is the only watchmaking company that has unbroken lineage to this venerable German watch manufacturer. Glash\u00fctte Original is one of the few watchmakers that uses its own movements, and has 10 proprietary movement innovations. Glash\u00fctte Original is currently owned by The Swatch Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WIVK-FM", "paragraph_text": "WIVK-FM is an FM radio station broadcasting at 107.7\u00a0MHz near Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by Cumulus Media and broadcasts in HD radio."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "TVNorge", "paragraph_text": "TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel. The channel was started with 50 000 NOK. The first broadcast was a live variety show from Oslo Cabaret with Swedish singer Lill-Babs and Norwegian pop group Tomboy as musical guests. Originally TVNorge broadcast via satellite and cable, later they have affiliated several local television broadcasters. The local broadcasters generally were allowed the 17.30-18.30 timeslot for local programming, along with a second slot from 19.30-20.30. The rest of the time was assigned to TVNorge's own schedule."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Prescott Fire Department", "paragraph_text": "The Granite Mountain Hotshots were a group within the department whose mission was to fight wildfires. Founded in 2002 as a fuels mitigation crew, it transitioned to a handcrew (Type 2 I / A) in 2004, and ultimately to a hotshot crew in 2008. The crew had their own fire station, station 7, where equipment, including two 10 - person crew carriers, was housed. The 2017 film Only the Brave was based on the Granite Mountain Hotshots and the Yarnell Fire."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "3sat", "paragraph_text": "3sat was established to broadcast cultural programmes, originally by satellite. The network was founded as a cooperative network by Germany's ZDF, Austria's ORF and Switzerland's SRG SSR (formerly SRG SSR id\u00e9e suisse). 3sat began broadcasting on 1 December 1984. ZDF leads the cooperative, though decisions are reached through consensus of the cooperative's partners."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "KMRN", "paragraph_text": "KMRN (1360 AM, \"U.S. Country 1360\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cameron, Missouri. The station, founded in 1971, is owned by Alpha Media and the broadcast license is held by Alpha Media Licensee LLC."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Greek Civil War", "paragraph_text": "\u03a4he Greek Civil War (, \"o Emf\u00fdlios\" [\"P\u00f3lemos\"], \"the Civil War\") was fought in Greece from 1946 to 1949 between the Greek government army \u2014 backed by the United Kingdom and the United States \u2014 and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) \u2014 the military branch of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) \u2014 backed by Yugoslavia, Albania and Bulgaria. It is often considered the first proxy war of the Cold War, although the Soviet Union avoided sending aid. The fighting resulted in the defeat of the DSE by the Hellenic Army. Founded by the Communist Party of Greece and supported by neighboring and newly founded Socialist States such as Yugoslavia, Albania and Bulgaria, the Democratic Army of Greece included many personnel who had fought as partisans against German, Italian and Bulgarian occupation forces during the Second World War of 1939\u20131945."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "CKMP-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKMP-FM is a Canadian radio station serving Calgary, Alberta broadcasting at 90.3 FM. Owned by Stingray Group, it broadcasts a CHR format branded as \"90.3 Amp Radio\". The station first signed on the air in 2007 as an alternative rock station branded as \"Fuel 90.3\" with its original call letters CFUL-FM, before adopting its current format in 2009. CKMP's studios are located on Centre Street in Eau Claire, while its transmitter is located on Old Banff Coach Road."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "CKHJ", "paragraph_text": "CKHJ is a Canadian radio station in Fredericton, New Brunswick broadcasting at 1260 on the AM dial. The station broadcasts a country music format under the \"Pure Country\" branding. The station is owned by Bell Media which also owns sister stations CFXY-FM and CIBX-FM."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "KBPR", "paragraph_text": "KBPR (90.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Brainerd, Minnesota, United States. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and broadcasts MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of CNN (1980\u20132003)", "paragraph_text": "Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "KAPE", "paragraph_text": "KAPE (1550 AM, \"Cape Radio 1550\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "CJXX-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJXX-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 93.1 FM in Grande Prairie, Alberta. Owned by the Jim Pattison Broadcast Group, the station is branded as Big Country 93.1 and broadcasts a country music format."}], "question": "Who founded the cable network that owns the broadcaster of Speeders Fight Back?"}
{"id": "3hop1__80617_91467_54024", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Frozen Fury", "paragraph_text": "Frozen Fury was an annual pre-season ice hockey game between the Los Angeles Kings and the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL), held in Las Vegas, Nevada from 1997 to 2016. On three occasions, the Los Angeles Kings faced different teams instead of the Avalanche, once each against the Arizona Coyotes, the San Jose Sharks, and the New York Rangers. The 15th Frozen Fury was originally supposed to take place on September 29, 2012, but was cancelled due to the NHL lockout. It resumed September 27\u201328, 2013, with the New York Rangers making their debut in the series."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Canterbury Tales", "paragraph_text": "The Canterbury Tales (Middle English: Tales of Caunterbury) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 -- 1400. In 1386, Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and, three years later, Clerk of the King's work in 1389. It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text, The Canterbury Tales. The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story - telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bullet in a Bible", "paragraph_text": "Bullet in a Bible is a live album by American rock band Green Day, released on November 15, 2005 by Reprise Records. It was directed by Samuel Bayer, who was the director of all the videos from \"American Idiot\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Leroy (name)", "paragraph_text": "Leroy (/ l\u0259\u02c8r\u0254\u026a / l\u0259 - ROY), also Leeroy, LeeRoy, Lee Roy, LeRoy or Le Roy, is both a male given name in English - speaking countries and a family name of French origin. Leroy (l\u00f8rwa) is one of the most common surnames in northern France. As a surname it is sometimes written Le Roy, as a translation of Breton Ar Roue. It is an archaic spelling of le roi, meaning ``the king ''and is the equivalent of the English surname King."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Macbeth", "paragraph_text": "Macbeth (/ m\u0259k\u02c8b\u025b\u03b8 /; full title The Tragedy of Macbeth) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare; it is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I, who was patron of Shakespeare's acting company, Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwright's relationship with his sovereign. It was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book, and is Shakespeare's shortest tragedy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "The King James Version (KJV), also known as the King James Bible (KJB) or simply the Authorized Version (AV), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, begun in 1604 and completed / published in 1611. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha, and the 27 books of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Sound and the Fury", "paragraph_text": "The Sound and the Fury is a novel written by the American author William Faulkner. It employs a number of narrative styles, including stream of consciousness. Published in 1929, \"The Sound and the Fury\" was Faulkner's fourth novel, and was not immediately successful. In 1931, however, when Faulkner's sixth novel, \"Sanctuary\", was published\u2014a sensationalist story, which Faulkner later claimed was written only for money\u2014\"The Sound and the Fury\" also became commercially successful, and Faulkner began to receive critical attention."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow", "paragraph_text": "``Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow ''is the beginning of the second sentence of one of the more famous soliloquies in Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth. It takes place in the beginning of the 5th scene of Act 5, during the time when the Scottish troops, led by Malcolm and Macduff, are approaching Macbeth's castle to besiege it. Macbeth, the play's protagonist, is confident that he can withstand any siege from Malcolm's forces. He hears the cry of a woman and reflects that there was a time when his hair would have stood on end if he had heard such a cry, but he is now so full of horrors and slaughterous thoughts that it can no longer startle him."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bible translations into Greek", "paragraph_text": "The first known translation of the Bible into Greek is called the Septuagint (LXX; 3rd -- 1st centuries BC). The LXX was written in Koine Greek. It contains the Hebrew Bible translated from Hebrew and Aramaic. It also includes several other documents which are considered to have differing levels of authority by various Christian churches. Some of these other documents are believed to have been written originally in Greek."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Edward II (play)", "paragraph_text": "Edward II is a Renaissance or Early Modern period play written by Christopher Marlowe. It is one of the earliest English history plays. The full title of the first publication is The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Canterbury Tales", "paragraph_text": "The Canterbury Tales (Middle English: Tales of Caunterbury) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. In 1386, Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and, in 1389, Clerk of the King's work. It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text, The Canterbury Tales. The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story - telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "It was first printed by Robert Barker, the King's Printer, and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities: The first had been the Great Bible, commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII (1535), and the second had been the Bishops' Bible, commissioned in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1568). In January 1604, King James I convened the Hampton Court Conference, where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans, a faction of the Church of England. The translation is noted for its ``majesty of style '', and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gunhilde", "paragraph_text": "Gunhilde (or Gunnhild) (died 13 November 1002) is said to have been the sister of Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, and the daughter of Harald Bluetooth. She was married to Pallig, a Dane who served the King of England, \u00c6thelred the Unready, as ealdorman of Devonshire."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thomas Harrison (translator)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Harrison (1555, London \u2013 1631) was an English Puritan scholar, a Vice-Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and one of the translators for the King James Version of the Bible."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Partial Bible translations into languages of the English people can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English. More than 450 translations into English have been written."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "King James Version The title page to the 1611 first edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible by Cornelis Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally above the central text, which is flanked by Moses and Aaron. In the four corners sit Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, authors of the four gospels, with their symbolic animals. The rest of the Apostles (with Judas facing away) stand around Peter and Paul. At the very top is the Tetragrammaton ``\u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05b9\u05d5\u05b8\u05d4 ''written with Hebrew diacritics. Abbreviation KJV, KJB, or AV Complete Bible published 1611 Online as King James Version at Wikisource Textual basis OT: Masoretic Text, some LXX and Vulgate influence. NT: Textus Receptus, similar to the Byzantine text - type; some readings derived from the Vulgate. Apocrypha: Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate. Reading level US and Canada Grade 8 -- 10 Copyright Public domain due to age, publication restrictions in the United Kingdom (See Copyright status) Genesis 1: 1 -- 3 (show) In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. Genesis 1: 1 in other translations John 3: 16 (show) For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. John 3: 16 in other translations"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Angel of the Lord", "paragraph_text": "The term malakh YHWH occurs 65 times in the text of the Hebrew Bible. In English translation it is usually accompanied with the definite article, King James Version ``the angel of the LORD ''; less frequently it is accompanied by the indefinite article, King James Version,`` an angel of the LORD''."}], "question": "Which Bible translator was king of England when the play with the character who said it is a tale told by an idiot full of sound and fury was written?"}
{"id": "3hop1__859391_91467_54024", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bible translations into Greek", "paragraph_text": "The first known translation of the Bible into Greek is called the Septuagint (LXX; 3rd -- 1st centuries BC). The LXX was written in Koine Greek. It contains the Hebrew Bible translated from Hebrew and Aramaic. It also includes several other documents which are considered to have differing levels of authority by various Christian churches. Some of these other documents are believed to have been written originally in Greek."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "The King James Version (KJV), also known as the King James Bible (KJB) or simply the Authorized Version (AV), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, begun in 1604 and completed / published in 1611. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha, and the 27 books of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hunter King", "paragraph_text": "Hunter Haley King (born October 19, 1993 as Haley Ashley King) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Adriana Masters on Hollywood Heights (2012), Summer Newman on The Young and the Restless (2012 -- present) and Clementine Hughes on Life in Pieces (2015 -- present). Earlier in her career she was credited as Haley King, but she has since been credited as Hunter King."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Thomas Harrison (translator)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Harrison (1555, London \u2013 1631) was an English Puritan scholar, a Vice-Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and one of the translators for the King James Version of the Bible."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James Kleist", "paragraph_text": "Kleist joined with Joseph Lilly, C.M., to produce a more modern English translation of the Bible than the Douai Bible then in common usage among Catholics. Under their editorship the work was laid to produce to the \"Kleist-Lilly\" translation, published posthumously in 1954, although work was completed by Christmas 1948. It never gained widespread acceptance, though, and was later totally supplanted by the translations produced by the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, which culminated in the publication of the New American Bible in 1970."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Malcolm (Macbeth)", "paragraph_text": "Malcolm is a character in William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\" (c. 1603\u20131607). The character is based on the historical king Malcolm III of Scotland, and is derived largely from the account in \"Holinshed's Chronicles\" (1587), a history of Britain. He is the elder son of King Duncan, the heir to the throne, and brother to Donalbain. In the end, he regains the throne after mustering support to overthrow Macbeth."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Leroy (name)", "paragraph_text": "Leroy (/ l\u0259\u02c8r\u0254\u026a / l\u0259 - ROY), also Leeroy, LeeRoy, Lee Roy, LeRoy or Le Roy, is both a male given name in English - speaking countries and a family name of French origin. Leroy (l\u00f8rwa) is one of the most common surnames in northern France. As a surname it is sometimes written Le Roy, as a translation of Breton Ar Roue. It is an archaic spelling of le roi, meaning ``the king ''and is the equivalent of the English surname King."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "It was first printed by Robert Barker, the King's Printer, and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities: The first had been the Great Bible, commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII (1535), and the second had been the Bishops' Bible, commissioned in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1568). In January 1604, King James I convened the Hampton Court Conference, where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans, a faction of the Church of England. The translation is noted for its ``majesty of style '', and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Partial Bible translations into languages of the English people can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English. More than 450 translations into English have been written."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Early Modern English Bible translations are of between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. This, the first major period of Bible translation into the English language, began with the introduction of the Tyndale Bible. The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. Tyndale used the Greek and Hebrew texts of the New Testament (NT) and Old Testament (OT) in addition to Jerome's Latin translation. He was the first translator to use the printing press -- this enabled the distribution of several thousand copies of his New Testament translation throughout England. Tyndale did not complete his Old Testament translation. The first printed English translation of the whole bible was produced by Miles Coverdale in 1535, using Tyndale's work together with his own translations from the Latin Vulgate or German text. After much scholarly debate it is concluded that this was printed in Antwerp and the colophon gives the date as 4th October 1535. This first edition was adapted by Coverdale for his first ``authorised version '', known as the Great Bible, of 1539. Other early printed versions were the Geneva Bible (1560), notable for being the first Bible divided into verses; the Bishop's Bible (1568), which was an attempt by Elizabeth I to create a new authorised version; and the Authorized King James Version of 1611."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bible translations into Greek", "paragraph_text": "The New Testament part of the Christian Bible was originally written in Koine Greek, as most of the Church and scholars believe, and is therefore not a translation (notwithstanding that some reference material may have been from Aramaic). However, like other living languages, the Greek language has developed over time. Therefore, various translations have been completed over the centuries to make it easier for Greek speakers to understand Holy Scripture. Translations of the Old Testament, which is the other part of the Christian Bible, have been completed for similar reasons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Angel of the Lord", "paragraph_text": "The term malakh YHWH occurs 65 times in the text of the Hebrew Bible. In English translation it is usually accompanied with the definite article, King James Version ``the angel of the LORD ''; less frequently it is accompanied by the indefinite article, King James Version,`` an angel of the LORD''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Macbeth", "paragraph_text": "Macbeth (/ m\u0259k\u02c8b\u025b\u03b8 /; full title The Tragedy of Macbeth) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare; it is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I, who was patron of Shakespeare's acting company, Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwright's relationship with his sovereign. It was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book, and is Shakespeare's shortest tragedy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stephen Langton", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Langton (c. 1150\u00a0\u2013 9 July 1228) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228. The dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III over his election was a major factor in the crisis which produced Magna Carta in 1215. Cardinal Langton is also credited with having divided the Bible into the standard modern arrangement of chapters used today."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Skin of my teeth", "paragraph_text": "Skin of my teeth (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05a3\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05e0\u05b8\u05bc\u05bd\u05d9 \u200e \u200e '\u014d - wr \u0161in - n\u0101y) is a phrase from the Bible. In Job 19: 20, the King James Version of the Bible says, ``My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth. ''In the Geneva Bible, the phrase is rendered as`` I have escaped with the skinne of my tethe.''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York", "paragraph_text": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York KG (born 17 August 1473), was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after Richard III became king in 1483."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships. Malcolm submitted, paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage, beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940."}], "question": "Who is the king of England that translated the bible when that work that Malcolm is a character of was written?"}
{"id": "3hop1__445088_91467_54024", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Macbeth", "paragraph_text": "Macbeth (/ m\u0259k\u02c8b\u025b\u03b8 /; full title The Tragedy of Macbeth) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare; it is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I, who was patron of Shakespeare's acting company, Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwright's relationship with his sovereign. It was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book, and is Shakespeare's shortest tragedy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Partial Bible translations into languages of the English people can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English. More than 450 translations into English have been written."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New International Version", "paragraph_text": "The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Storm of the Century", "paragraph_text": "Storm of the Century, alternatively known as Stephen King's Storm of the Century, is a 1999 American horror television miniseries written by Stephen King and directed by Craig R. Baxley. Unlike many other King mini-series, \"Storm of the Century\" was not based upon a Stephen King novel\u2014King wrote it as a screenplay from the beginning. The screenplay was published in February 1999."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "King Cotton (play)", "paragraph_text": "King Cotton was a specially commissioned musical written by Jimmy McGovern and directed by Jude Kelly, based on an idea by Ian Brownbill and designed by Ti Green."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Tudors", "paragraph_text": "The Tudors is a historical fiction television series set primarily in the 16th - century Kingdom of England, created and entirely written by Michael Hirst and produced for the American premium cable television channel Showtime. The series was a collaboration between American, British, and Canadian producers, and was filmed mostly in Ireland. Although named after the Tudor dynasty as a whole, it is based specifically upon the reign of King Henry VIII."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Skin of my teeth", "paragraph_text": "Skin of my teeth (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05a3\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05e0\u05b8\u05bc\u05bd\u05d9 \u200e \u200e '\u014d - wr \u0161in - n\u0101y) is a phrase from the Bible. In Job 19: 20, the King James Version of the Bible says, ``My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth. ''In the Geneva Bible, the phrase is rendered as`` I have escaped with the skinne of my tethe.''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Stephen Langton", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Langton (c. 1150\u00a0\u2013 9 July 1228) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228. The dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III over his election was a major factor in the crisis which produced Magna Carta in 1215. Cardinal Langton is also credited with having divided the Bible into the standard modern arrangement of chapters used today."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The King of Ireland's Son", "paragraph_text": "The King of Ireland's Son is a children's novel published in Ireland in 1916 written by Padraic Colum, and illustrated by Willy Pogany. It is the story of the eldest of the King of Ireland's sons, and his adventures winning and then finding Fedelma, the Enchanter's Daughter, who after being won is kidnapped from him by the King of the Land of Mist. It is solidly based in Irish folklore, itself being originally a folktale."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bible translations into Greek", "paragraph_text": "The first known translation of the Bible into Greek is called the Septuagint (LXX; 3rd -- 1st centuries BC). The LXX was written in Koine Greek. It contains the Hebrew Bible translated from Hebrew and Aramaic. It also includes several other documents which are considered to have differing levels of authority by various Christian churches. Some of these other documents are believed to have been written originally in Greek."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "The King James Version (KJV), also known as the King James Bible (KJB) or simply the Authorized Version (AV), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, begun in 1604 and completed / published in 1611. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha, and the 27 books of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "It was first printed by Robert Barker, the King's Printer, and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities: The first had been the Great Bible, commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII (1535), and the second had been the Bishops' Bible, commissioned in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1568). In January 1604, King James I convened the Hampton Court Conference, where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans, a faction of the Church of England. The translation is noted for its ``majesty of style '', and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York", "paragraph_text": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York KG (born 17 August 1473), was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after Richard III became king in 1483."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Angel of the Lord", "paragraph_text": "The term malakh YHWH occurs 65 times in the text of the Hebrew Bible. In English translation it is usually accompanied with the definite article, King James Version ``the angel of the LORD ''; less frequently it is accompanied by the indefinite article, King James Version,`` an angel of the LORD''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bible translations into Greek", "paragraph_text": "The New Testament part of the Christian Bible was originally written in Koine Greek, as most of the Church and scholars believe, and is therefore not a translation (notwithstanding that some reference material may have been from Aramaic). However, like other living languages, the Greek language has developed over time. Therefore, various translations have been completed over the centuries to make it easier for Greek speakers to understand Holy Scripture. Translations of the Old Testament, which is the other part of the Christian Bible, have been completed for similar reasons."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rule of law", "paragraph_text": "There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, \"This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented....\" The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Maqbool", "paragraph_text": "The plot of the film is based on that of \"Macbeth\" with regard to events and characterisation. The film did not perform remarkably at the box office, but won director Vishal Bhardwaj international acclaim. Apart from directing it, he had also composed the background score and songs for the film. Bhardwaj then moved on to adapting William Shakespeare's \"Othello\" in his 2006 film \"Omkara\" which won him commercial as well as critical success. He then directed \"Haider\" in 2014 adapting \"Hamlet\", leading to what is now called his \"Shakespeare trilogy\"."}], "question": "What is the name of the English king that translated the Bible and was king when the play that the film Maqbool is based on was written?"}
{"id": "3hop1__94582_91467_54024", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Angel of the Lord", "paragraph_text": "The term malakh YHWH occurs 65 times in the text of the Hebrew Bible. In English translation it is usually accompanied with the definite article, King James Version ``the angel of the LORD ''; less frequently it is accompanied by the indefinite article, King James Version,`` an angel of the LORD''."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bible translations into Greek", "paragraph_text": "The New Testament part of the Christian Bible was originally written in Koine Greek, as most of the Church and scholars believe, and is therefore not a translation (notwithstanding that some reference material may have been from Aramaic). However, like other living languages, the Greek language has developed over time. Therefore, various translations have been completed over the centuries to make it easier for Greek speakers to understand Holy Scripture. Translations of the Old Testament, which is the other part of the Christian Bible, have been completed for similar reasons."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Partial Bible translations into languages of the English people can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English. More than 450 translations into English have been written."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Russian Synodal Bible", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Synodal Bible (Russian: \u0421\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434, The Synodal Translation) is a Russian non-Church Slavonic translation of the Bible commonly used by the Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Baptists and other Protestant as well as Roman Catholic communities in Russia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fire and brimstone", "paragraph_text": "Fire and brimstone (or, alternatively, brimstone and fire) is an idiomatic expression of referring to God's wrath in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and the New Testament. In the Bible, it often appears in reference to the fate of the unfaithful. Brimstone, an archaic term synonymous with sulfur, evokes the acrid odor of sulphur dioxide given off by lightning strikes. Lightning was understood as divine punishment by many ancient religions; the association of sulphur with God's retribution is common in the Bible. The English phrase ``fire and brimstone ''originates in the King James Bible."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "It was first printed by Robert Barker, the King's Printer, and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities: The first had been the Great Bible, commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII (1535), and the second had been the Bishops' Bible, commissioned in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1568). In January 1604, King James I convened the Hampton Court Conference, where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans, a faction of the Church of England. The translation is noted for its ``majesty of style '', and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New International Version", "paragraph_text": "The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "The King James Version (KJV), also known as the King James Bible (KJB) or simply the Authorized Version (AV), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, begun in 1604 and completed / published in 1611. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha, and the 27 books of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rule of law", "paragraph_text": "There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, \"This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented....\" The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Macbeth", "paragraph_text": "Macbeth (/ m\u0259k\u02c8b\u025b\u03b8 /; full title The Tragedy of Macbeth) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare; it is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I, who was patron of Shakespeare's acting company, Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwright's relationship with his sovereign. It was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book, and is Shakespeare's shortest tragedy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "King James Version The title page to the 1611 first edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible by Cornelis Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally above the central text, which is flanked by Moses and Aaron. In the four corners sit Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, authors of the four gospels, with their symbolic animals. The rest of the Apostles (with Judas facing away) stand around Peter and Paul. At the very top is the Tetragrammaton ``\u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05b9\u05d5\u05b8\u05d4 ''written with Hebrew diacritics. Abbreviation KJV, KJB, or AV Complete Bible published 1611 Online as King James Version at Wikisource Textual basis OT: Masoretic Text, some LXX and Vulgate influence. NT: Textus Receptus, similar to the Byzantine text - type; some readings derived from the Vulgate. Apocrypha: Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate. Reading level US and Canada Grade 8 -- 10 Copyright Public domain due to age, publication restrictions in the United Kingdom (See Copyright status) Genesis 1: 1 -- 3 (show) In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. Genesis 1: 1 in other translations John 3: 16 (show) For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. John 3: 16 in other translations"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thomas Harrison (translator)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Harrison (1555, London \u2013 1631) was an English Puritan scholar, a Vice-Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and one of the translators for the King James Version of the Bible."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Westminster Abbey", "paragraph_text": "Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Maqbool", "paragraph_text": "Maqbool (Favorite) is a 2003 Indian crime drama film directed by Vishal Bhardwaj and starring Pankaj Kapur, Irrfan Khan, Tabu and Masumeh Makhija in an adaptation of the play \"Macbeth\" by Shakespeare."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Skin of my teeth", "paragraph_text": "Skin of my teeth (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05a3\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05e0\u05b8\u05bc\u05bd\u05d9 \u200e \u200e '\u014d - wr \u0161in - n\u0101y) is a phrase from the Bible. In Job 19: 20, the King James Version of the Bible says, ``My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth. ''In the Geneva Bible, the phrase is rendered as`` I have escaped with the skinne of my tethe.''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stephen Langton", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Langton (c. 1150\u00a0\u2013 9 July 1228) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228. The dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III over his election was a major factor in the crisis which produced Magna Carta in 1215. Cardinal Langton is also credited with having divided the Bible into the standard modern arrangement of chapters used today."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Early Modern English Bible translations are of between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. This, the first major period of Bible translation into the English language, began with the introduction of the Tyndale Bible. The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. Tyndale used the Greek and Hebrew texts of the New Testament (NT) and Old Testament (OT) in addition to Jerome's Latin translation. He was the first translator to use the printing press -- this enabled the distribution of several thousand copies of his New Testament translation throughout England. Tyndale did not complete his Old Testament translation. The first printed English translation of the whole bible was produced by Miles Coverdale in 1535, using Tyndale's work together with his own translations from the Latin Vulgate or German text. After much scholarly debate it is concluded that this was printed in Antwerp and the colophon gives the date as 4th October 1535. This first edition was adapted by Coverdale for his first ``authorised version '', known as the Great Bible, of 1539. Other early printed versions were the Geneva Bible (1560), notable for being the first Bible divided into verses; the Bishop's Bible (1568), which was an attempt by Elizabeth I to create a new authorised version; and the Authorized King James Version of 1611."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York", "paragraph_text": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York KG (born 17 August 1473), was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after Richard III became king in 1483."}], "question": "Who translated the Bible and was King of England when the tale that is the basis of Maqbool was written?"}
{"id": "3hop1__287335_833251_562241", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Los Cabos International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Los Cabos International Airport (IATA: SJD, ICAO: MMSD) is the sixth - busiest airport in Mexico, located at San Jos\u00e9 del Cabo in Los Cabos Municipality, Baja California Sur state, Mexico."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Francisco Giants", "paragraph_text": "The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball franchise based in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams, and renamed three years later to the New York Giants, the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958. The Giants compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Francisco Armory", "paragraph_text": "The San Francisco Armory, also known as the San Francisco National Guard Armory and Arsenal or simply The Armory, is a historic building in the Mission District of San Francisco, California. As of 2018, it is owned by SF Armory LLC, an affiliate of AJ Capital Partners."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Doug DuBose", "paragraph_text": "Donald Douglas DuBose (born March 14, 1964) is a former American football running back who played two seasons with the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln and attended Montville High School in Oakdale, Connecticut. DuBose was also a member of the Sacramento Surge of the World League of American Football. He was a member of the San Francisco 49ers team that won Super Bowl XXIII."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hey, Landlord", "paragraph_text": "Hey, Landlord is an American sitcom that appeared on NBC during the 1966-1967 season, sponsored by Procter & Gamble in the 8:30-9pm Eastern time period on Sunday nights. It is notable for its casting director Fred Roos, who later became a producer for Francis Ford Coppola. Roos discovered the counterculture sketch group The Committee in San Francisco and cast all members in bit parts in \"Hey, Landlord.\" It also served as the first TV show for writer-director-producer Garry Marshall."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "George Treat", "paragraph_text": "George Treat (1819\u20131907) was an early Gold Rush-era pioneer in the Mission District, of San Francisco, a businessman, abolitionist, a member of the first Committee of Vigilance of San Francisco, and horse racing enthusiast. He was influential to the early physical development of the Mission District and its eventual shift to urbanization. Treat was responsible for the construction and management of the Pioneer Race Course, a horse racing track built in San Francisco in 1851 and in helping with the creation of the San Francisco-San Jose Railway when he sold the land."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Jose Airport (Mindoro)", "paragraph_text": "San Jose Airport (Filipino: \"Paliparan ng San Jose\") , formerly known as McGuire Field, is an airport serving the general area of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro in the Philippines. It is one of three airports in Occidental Mindoro, the others being Mamburao Airport and Lubang Airport. The airport is classified as a Principal class 1 domestic airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, an agency of the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines, except the major international airports."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hosfelt Gallery", "paragraph_text": "Hosfelt Gallery in San Francisco, California was founded in 1996 by Todd Hosfelt to exhibit contemporary international artists working in all media."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Marc Hayashi", "paragraph_text": "Marc Hayashi is an American actor from San Francisco. He was an early member of the Asian American Theater Company."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Marino national rugby union team", "paragraph_text": "The San Marino national rugby union team represents San Marino in international rugby union. San Marino are a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "India and the United Nations", "paragraph_text": "India was among the original members of the United Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington, D.C. on 1944 October and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions in implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "San Francisco\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge, known locally as the Bay Bridge or the Emperor Norton Bridge (after San Francisco personage Emperor Norton who originally advocated the bridge's construction), is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California. As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland, it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day on its two decks. It has one of the longest spans in the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Silver Cloud Caf\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The Silver Cloud Caf\u00e9 (1996) is the second novel by Alfredo V\u00e9a Jr.. Set primarily in modern-day San Francisco, \"The Silver Cloud Caf\u00e9\" has the narrative frame of a mystery, but utilizes postmodern devices, manipulating time and space. It begins simply enough, at the scene of a hideous crime in the Mission District in 1993 San Francisco, but the story quickly spins out into various levels, calling attention to political-working-class themes and racial boundaries by exploring the depths of its diverse cast of characters."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Adam Piper", "paragraph_text": "William Adam Piper (May 21, 1826, Pennsylvania \u2013 August 5, 1899, San Francisco) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives from California."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Fabulous Baker Boys", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Baker Boys is a 1989 American romantic musical comedy-drama film written and directed by Steve Kloves and starring Jeff Bridges, Michelle Pfeiffer and Beau Bridges. It follows Jack and Frank Baker, two brothers struggling to make a living as lounge jazz pianists in Seattle. Desperate, they take on a female singer, Susie Diamond, who revitalizes their careers, causing the brothers to re-examine their relationship with each other and with their music."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cabo San Lucas International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Cabo San Lucas International Airport (Spanish: Aer\u00f3dromo Internacional de Cabo San Lucas) (ICAO: MMSL) is a small international airfield (officially it's an ``aerodrome '') located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northwest of Cabo San Lucas in Baja California Sur, Mexico."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Harts of the West", "paragraph_text": "Harts of the West is an American Western/comedy\u2013drama series starring Beau Bridges and his father, Lloyd Bridges, set on a dude ranch in Nevada. The series aired on CBS from September 1993, to June 1994."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Melvyn I. Cronin", "paragraph_text": "Cronin was born in San Francisco in 1898 and worked in the city's Park and Recreation Department where as a youth he taught baseball to his cousin Joe Cronin of later Boston Red Sox fame. He graduated from St. Ignatius College, later the University of San Francisco, with a degree in law and started a partnership with controversial lawyer Vincent Hallinan. During World War I he served in the United States Army. He was later a member of the California legislature, but resigned from the California State Assembly on January 4, 1942. From 1953 to 1977, he was a Judge of the California Superior Court, and served in San Francisco as Judge of the Juvenile Court under the Superior Court of California. He was concurrently a member of the California Judicial Council. He died in San Francisco County in 1977."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Francisco", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco was founded on June 29, 1776, when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de As\u00eds a few miles away, all named for St. Francis of Assisi. The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city - county in 1856. After three - quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama - Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a major port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. It then became the birthplace of the United Nations in 1945. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, along with the rise of the ``hippie ''counterculture, the Sexual Revolution, the Peace Movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Francisco International Airport (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The series starred Lloyd Bridges as Jim Conrad, the manager of the gigantic San Francisco International Airport, which at the time the series aired was said to be handling over 15,000,000 passengers annually and employing over 35,000 persons. Bob Hatten (Clu Gulager) was his chief of security, an important role at a time when security was beginning to emerge as a real-life major issue in air transport. June (Barbara Werle) was Conrad's secretary. Airport situations drawn from real life were addressed, such as protesting demonstrators, mechanical malfunctions, and similar problems."}], "question": "Who is the brother of the son of the actor who appeared in San Francisco International Airport?"}
{"id": "3hop1__66086_481821_36418", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunication Union, World Meteorological Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, Universal Postal Union, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, International Organization for Standardization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, International Mathematical Olympiad. The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Ret.) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to make the first manned landing on its surface. He is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon. Collins was the fourth person, and third American, to perform an EVA; and is the first person to have performed more than one EVA."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Buzz Aldrin", "paragraph_text": "Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer and former astronaut. As the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 11, he was one of the first two humans to land on the Moon, and the second person to walk on it. He set foot on the Moon at 03: 15: 16 on July 21, 1969 (UTC), following mission commander Neil Armstrong. He is a former U.S. Air Force officer with the Command Pilot rating. He also went into orbit on the Gemini 12 mission, finally achieving the goals for EVA (space - walk work) that paved the way to the Moon and success for the Gemini program; he spent over five hours on EVA on that mission."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Apollo program", "paragraph_text": "Once Kennedy had defined a goal, the Apollo mission planners were faced with the challenge of designing a spacecraft that could meet it while minimizing risk to human life, cost, and demands on technology and astronaut skill. Four possible mission modes were considered:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Ret.) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to make the first manned landing on its surface. He is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of missions to the Moon", "paragraph_text": "Between 1968 and 1972, manned missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Apollo 8 was the first manned mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. Six missions landed men on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. Apollo 13 was intended to land, however it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. All nine manned missions returned safely to the Earth."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Apogee Books", "paragraph_text": "In March 1999 Apogee published the book \"Apollo 9 - The NASA Mission Reports\". Since that time Apogee has been the winner of the Space Frontier Foundation's media award and has published almost 100 books on space flight. Almost all of the Apogee titles were packaged with CDROMs or DVDs which included what was, at the time, the first digital release of seminal NASA footage, including the first commercial release of the uncut television broadcast of the Apollo 11 moonwalk. Notable contributors to the Apogee series include Sir Arthur C. Clarke, Tom Hanks, Ron Howard, Buzz Aldrin, Harrison Schmitt, William Pogue, Wernher von Braun, David Lasser, Sy Liebergot, Guenter Wendt, Robert Zubrin, Wally Schirra, David R. Scott, Rick Tumlinson and Winston Scott. Apogee Books has performed contracted work with or for, Lockheed, Boeing, Energia, NASA, Imax, Space Frontier Foundation, The Mars Society and The National Space Society."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shenzhou 9", "paragraph_text": "Shenzhou 9 () was the fourth crewed spacecraft flight of China's Shenzhou program, launched at 18:37:24 CST (10:37:24 UTC), 16 June 2012. \"Shenzhou 9\" was the second spacecraft and first crewed spacecraft to dock with the Tiangong 1 space station, which took place on 18 June. The Shenzhou 9 spacecraft landed at 10:01:16 CST (02:01:16 UTC) on 29 June in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The mission's crew included the first Chinese female astronaut, Liu Yang. The next mission was \"Shenzhou 10\", which launched on 11 June 2013."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Human mission to Mars", "paragraph_text": "The United States has robotic missions currently exploring Mars, with a sample - return planned for the future. The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is intended to serve as the launch / splashdown crew delivery vehicle, with a Deep Space Habitat module providing additional living - space for the 16 - month - long journey. The first manned Mars Mission, which will include sending astronauts to Mars, orbiting Mars, and a return to Earth, is scheduled for the 2030s. Technology development for US government missions to Mars is underway, but there is no well - funded approach to bring the conceptual project to completion with human landings on Mars by the mid-2030s, the stated objective. NASA is under presidential orders to land humans on Mars by 2033, and NASA - funded engineers are studying a way to build potential human habitats there by producing bricks from pressurized Martian soil."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Karen Nyberg", "paragraph_text": "Karen LuJean Nyberg (born October 7, 1969) is an American mechanical engineer and NASA astronaut. Nyberg became the 50th woman in space on her first mission in 2008."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "STS-41-G", "paragraph_text": "STS-41-G was the 13th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the sixth flight of Space Shuttle \"Challenger\". \"Challenger\" launched on 5 October 1984, and conducted the second shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center on 13 October. It was the first shuttle mission to carry a crew of seven, including the first crew with two women (Sally Ride and Kathryn Sullivan), the first American EVA involving a woman (Sullivan), the first Australian-born person to journey into space and the first astronaut with a beard (Paul Scully-Power) and the first Canadian astronaut (Marc Garneau)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Janet L. Kavandi", "paragraph_text": "Janet Lynn Kavandi, a native of Carthage, Missouri, (born July 17, 1959) is an American scientist and a NASA astronaut. She is a veteran of three Space Shuttle missions and has served as NASA's Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office. She is currently the Center Director at the NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "STS-35", "paragraph_text": "Position Astronaut Commander Vance D. Brand Fourth and last spaceflight Pilot Guy S. Gardner Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 1 Jeffrey A. Hoffman Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 2 John M. Lounge Third spaceflight Mission Specialist 3 Robert A. Parker Second spaceflight Payload Specialist 1 Samuel T. Durrance First spaceflight Payload Specialist 2 Ronald A. Parise First spaceflight"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mercury-Redstone 3", "paragraph_text": "Mercury - Redstone 3, or Freedom 7, was the first United States human spaceflight, on May 5, 1961, piloted by astronaut Alan Shepard. It was the first manned flight of Project Mercury, the objective of which was to put an astronaut into orbit around the Earth and return him safely. Shepard's mission was a 15 - minute suborbital flight with the primary objective of demonstrating his ability to withstand the high g - forces of launch and atmospheric re-entry."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Apollo program", "paragraph_text": "Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first manned flight in 1968. It achieved its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow - on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which destroyed the Service Module's capability to provide electrical power, crippling the CSM's propulsion and life support systems. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a ``lifeboat ''for these functions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles, which were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973 -- 74, and the Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project, a joint US - Soviet Union Earth - orbit mission in 1975."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Europa Report", "paragraph_text": "Europa Report is a 2013 science fiction film directed by Sebasti\u00e1n Cordero, starring Christian Camargo, Anamaria Marinca, Michael Nyqvist, Daniel Wu, Karolina Wydra and Sharlto Copley. A found footage film, it recounts the fictional story of the first crewed mission to Europa, one of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter. Despite a disastrous technical failure that causes the loss of all communications with Earth mission control and a series of crises, the crew continues its mission to Europa and finds mounting evidence of life on the moon."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sebastian Moran", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Sebastian Moran is a character in the stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. An enemy of Sherlock Holmes, he first appears in the short story \"The Adventure of the Empty House\". Holmes once described him as \"the second most dangerous man in London,\" the most dangerous being Professor Moriarty, Moran's employer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gene Cernan", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Andrew Cernan (/ \u02c8s\u025c\u02d0rn\u0259n /; March 14, 1934 -- January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the moon."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Explorers on the Moon", "paragraph_text": "Explorers on the Moon () is the seventeenth volume of \"The Adventures of Tintin\", the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Herg\u00e9. The story was serialised weekly in Belgium's \"Tintin\" magazine from October 1952 to December 1953 before being published in a collected volume by Casterman in 1954. Completing a story arc begun in the preceding volume, \"Destination Moon\" (1953), the narrative tells of the young reporter Tintin, his dog Snowy, and friends Captain Haddock, Professor Calculus, and Thomson and Thompson who are aboard humanity's first manned rocket mission to the Moon."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Claudie Haigner\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Out of 10,000 candidates, France's space center selected only six men and Claudie Haigner\u00e9. Claudie Haigner\u00e9 first qualified as an engineer and emergency pilot to the space shuttle. She first served as a back-up crew member for the 1993 Mir Alta\u00efr mission in which her future husband Jean-Pierre Haigner\u00e9 participated. The asteroid 135268 Haigner\u00e9 is named in their combined honour. In 1994, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 began training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia for the Franco-Russian Cassiop\u00e9e mission and learned Russian during her time there. On August 17, 1996, she became the first French woman to go to space as she and two Russian cosmonauts, commander Valery Korzun and flight engineer Aleksandr Kaleri, launched into space aboard the Soyuz TM-24 on the Russian-French Cassiop\u00e9e mission. While on the mission, visited the Mirspace stationfor 16 days and she conducted comprehensive experiments in the fields of physiologyand development biology, fluid physics, and technology. In 1999, Haigner\u00e9 commanded a Soyuz capsule during reentry and became the first woman qualified to do so. As the flight engineer on Soyuz TM-33 in 2001, she became the first European woman to visit the International Space Station. After the mission, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 continued her involvement in space science by attending scientific workshops and conferences. She also contributed to data analysis and constructions for the scientific programs of future projects. She eventually retired from ESA on June 18, 2002."}], "question": "For which mission did astronauts of the employer of the second man on the moon first learn Russian?"}
{"id": "3hop1__65284_481821_36418", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "STS-41-G", "paragraph_text": "STS-41-G was the 13th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the sixth flight of Space Shuttle \"Challenger\". \"Challenger\" launched on 5 October 1984, and conducted the second shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center on 13 October. It was the first shuttle mission to carry a crew of seven, including the first crew with two women (Sally Ride and Kathryn Sullivan), the first American EVA involving a woman (Sullivan), the first Australian-born person to journey into space and the first astronaut with a beard (Paul Scully-Power) and the first Canadian astronaut (Marc Garneau)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shenzhou 9", "paragraph_text": "Shenzhou 9 () was the fourth crewed spacecraft flight of China's Shenzhou program, launched at 18:37:24 CST (10:37:24 UTC), 16 June 2012. \"Shenzhou 9\" was the second spacecraft and first crewed spacecraft to dock with the Tiangong 1 space station, which took place on 18 June. The Shenzhou 9 spacecraft landed at 10:01:16 CST (02:01:16 UTC) on 29 June in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The mission's crew included the first Chinese female astronaut, Liu Yang. The next mission was \"Shenzhou 10\", which launched on 11 June 2013."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "STS-35", "paragraph_text": "Position Astronaut Commander Vance D. Brand Fourth and last spaceflight Pilot Guy S. Gardner Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 1 Jeffrey A. Hoffman Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 2 John M. Lounge Third spaceflight Mission Specialist 3 Robert A. Parker Second spaceflight Payload Specialist 1 Samuel T. Durrance First spaceflight Payload Specialist 2 Ronald A. Parise First spaceflight"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Ret.) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to make the first manned landing on its surface. He is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of missions to the Moon", "paragraph_text": "Between 1968 and 1972, manned missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Apollo 8 was the first manned mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. Six missions landed men on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. Apollo 13 was intended to land, however it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. All nine manned missions returned safely to the Earth."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Buzz Aldrin", "paragraph_text": "Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and Command Pilot in the United States Air Force. As Lunar Module Pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Aldrin set foot on the Moon at 03: 15: 16 on July 21, 1969 (UTC), 9 minutes after Armstrong first touched the surface. One of his first missions was on Gemini 12 where he successfully proved that extravehicular activity (EVA) could be performed by astronauts, spending over 5 hours outside the craft, thus achieving the goals of the Gemini program and paving the way for the Apollo program."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Karen Nyberg", "paragraph_text": "Karen LuJean Nyberg (born October 7, 1969) is an American mechanical engineer and NASA astronaut. Nyberg became the 50th woman in space on her first mission in 2008."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gene Cernan", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Andrew Cernan (/ \u02c8s\u025c\u02d0rn\u0259n /; March 14, 1934 -- January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the moon."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Ret.) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to make the first manned landing on its surface. He is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon. Collins was the fourth person, and third American, to perform an EVA; and is the first person to have performed more than one EVA."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Claudie Haigner\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Out of 10,000 candidates, France's space center selected only six men and Claudie Haigner\u00e9. Claudie Haigner\u00e9 first qualified as an engineer and emergency pilot to the space shuttle. She first served as a back-up crew member for the 1993 Mir Alta\u00efr mission in which her future husband Jean-Pierre Haigner\u00e9 participated. The asteroid 135268 Haigner\u00e9 is named in their combined honour. In 1994, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 began training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia for the Franco-Russian Cassiop\u00e9e mission and learned Russian during her time there. On August 17, 1996, she became the first French woman to go to space as she and two Russian cosmonauts, commander Valery Korzun and flight engineer Aleksandr Kaleri, launched into space aboard the Soyuz TM-24 on the Russian-French Cassiop\u00e9e mission. While on the mission, visited the Mirspace stationfor 16 days and she conducted comprehensive experiments in the fields of physiologyand development biology, fluid physics, and technology. In 1999, Haigner\u00e9 commanded a Soyuz capsule during reentry and became the first woman qualified to do so. As the flight engineer on Soyuz TM-33 in 2001, she became the first European woman to visit the International Space Station. After the mission, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 continued her involvement in space science by attending scientific workshops and conferences. She also contributed to data analysis and constructions for the scientific programs of future projects. She eventually retired from ESA on June 18, 2002."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Purdue University", "paragraph_text": "Purdue offers both undergraduate and graduate programs in over 211 major areas of study, and is well known for its competitive engineering curricula. The university has also been highly influential in America's history of aviation, having established the first college credit offered in flight training, the first four-year bachelor's degree in aviation, and the first university airport (Purdue University Airport). Purdue's aviation technology and aeronautical engineering programs remain among the most competitive aviation-specific programs in the world. In the mid-20th century, Purdue's aviation program expanded to encompass advanced spaceflight technology giving rise to Purdue's nickname, Cradle of Astronauts. Twenty-three Purdue graduates have gone on to become astronauts, including Gus Grissom (one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts), Neil Armstrong (the first person to walk on the moon), and Eugene Cernan (the last person to walk on the moon)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Neil Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 -- August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut, engineer, and the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also an aerospace engineer, naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong was an officer in the U.S. Navy and served in the Korean War. After the war, he earned his bachelor's degree at Purdue University and served as a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High - Speed Flight Station, where he logged over 900 flights. He later completed graduate studies at the University of Southern California."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Apogee Books", "paragraph_text": "In March 1999 Apogee published the book \"Apollo 9 - The NASA Mission Reports\". Since that time Apogee has been the winner of the Space Frontier Foundation's media award and has published almost 100 books on space flight. Almost all of the Apogee titles were packaged with CDROMs or DVDs which included what was, at the time, the first digital release of seminal NASA footage, including the first commercial release of the uncut television broadcast of the Apollo 11 moonwalk. Notable contributors to the Apogee series include Sir Arthur C. Clarke, Tom Hanks, Ron Howard, Buzz Aldrin, Harrison Schmitt, William Pogue, Wernher von Braun, David Lasser, Sy Liebergot, Guenter Wendt, Robert Zubrin, Wally Schirra, David R. Scott, Rick Tumlinson and Winston Scott. Apogee Books has performed contracted work with or for, Lockheed, Boeing, Energia, NASA, Imax, Space Frontier Foundation, The Mars Society and The National Space Society."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mercury-Redstone 3", "paragraph_text": "Mercury - Redstone 3, or Freedom 7, was the first United States human spaceflight, on May 5, 1961, piloted by astronaut Alan Shepard. It was the first manned flight of Project Mercury, the objective of which was to put an astronaut into orbit around the Earth and return him safely. Shepard's mission was a 15 - minute suborbital flight with the primary objective of demonstrating his ability to withstand the high g - forces of launch and atmospheric re-entry."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Apollo program", "paragraph_text": "Once Kennedy had defined a goal, the Apollo mission planners were faced with the challenge of designing a spacecraft that could meet it while minimizing risk to human life, cost, and demands on technology and astronaut skill. Four possible mission modes were considered:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunication Union, World Meteorological Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, Universal Postal Union, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, International Organization for Standardization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, International Mathematical Olympiad. The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lunokhod 1", "paragraph_text": "Lunokhod 1 (\u041b\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434, \"moon walker\" in Russian; \"\u0410\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442 8\u0415\u041b \u2116 203\", \"vehicle 8\u0415\u041b\u2116203\") was the first of two robotic lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program. The \"Luna 17\" spacecraft carried \"Lunokhod 1\" to the Moon in 1970. \"Lunokhod 1\" was the first remote-controlled robot \"rover\" to freely move across the surface of an astronomical object beyond the Earth. Lunokhod 0 (No.201), the previous and first attempt to do so, launched in February 1969 but failed to reach orbit."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dominican Order", "paragraph_text": "The spiritual tradition of Dominic's Order is punctuated not only by charity, study and preaching, but also by instances of mystical union. The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders. As the order first developed on the European continent, learning continued to be emphasized by these friars and their sisters in Christ. These religious also struggled for a deeply personal, intimate relationship with God. When the order reached England, many of these attributes were kept, but the English gave the order additional, specialized characteristics. This topic is discussed below."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Shower Your Love", "paragraph_text": "\"Shower Your Love\" is a song by Kula Shaker. It first appeared on their second album \"Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts\" in March 1999 and then as a single in its own right two months later. It reached #14 on the UK Singles Chart."}], "question": "For which mission did astronauts from the employer of the second person to reach the moon first learn Russian?"}
{"id": "3hop1__65284_481821_71778", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Grand Canyon National Park", "paragraph_text": "Despite Roosevelt's enthusiasm and strong interest in preserving land for public use, the Grand Canyon was not immediately designated as a national park. The first bill to establish Grand Canyon National Park was introduced in 1882 by then - Senator Benjamin Harrison, which would have established Grand Canyon as the second national park in the United States after Yellowstone. Harrison unsuccessfully reintroduced his bill in 1883 and 1886; after his election to the presidency, he established the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in 1893. Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Game Preserve by proclamation on 28 November 1906, and the Grand Canyon National Monument in 1908. Further Senate bills to establish the site as a national park were introduced and defeated in 1910 and 1911, before the Grand Canyon National Park Act was finally signed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1919. The National Park Service, established in 1916, assumed administration of the park."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two - thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Runnin' Down a Dream", "paragraph_text": "``Runnin 'Down a Dream ''is a song co-written and recorded by Tom Petty. It was released in July 1989 as the second single from his first solo album Full Moon Fever.`` Runnin' Down a Dream'' achieved reasonable chart success, reaching number 23 both in Canada and on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the top of the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. It has since garnered significant airplay on classic rock stations, and lent its name to the 2007 documentary on Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Transformers: Dark of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "In 1961, the Ark, a Cybertronian spacecraft carrying an invention capable of ending the war between the benevolent Autobots and the malevolent Decepticons, crash lands on the dark side of Earth's Moon. The crash is detected on Earth by NASA, and President John F. Kennedy authorizes a mission to put a man on the Moon as a cover for investigating the spacecraft. In 1969, the crew of Apollo 11 lands on the Moon."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of presidents of India", "paragraph_text": "There have been 14 presidents of India since the introduction of the post in 1950. The post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution. Apart from these fourteen, three acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time. Varahagiri Venkata Giri became the acting president in 1969 following the death of Zakir Husain, who died in office. Giri was elected President a few months later. He remains the only person to have held office both as a president and acting president as well as the only person to be elected as an independent candidate. They may remain in office for a tenure of five years, as stated by article 56, part V, of the constitution of India. In the case where a president's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president, the vice president assumes office. By article 70 of part V, the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the president where this is not possible, or in any other unexpected contingency. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, is the only person to have held office for two terms."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of presidents of the United States by age", "paragraph_text": "The median age upon accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months. This is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 7004156620000000000 \u2660 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination. The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000 \u2660 43 years, 236 days. The nation's oldest president - elect was Donald Trump, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004257880000000000 \u2660 70 years, 220 days. The oldest person to begin a new 4 - year term was Ronald Reagan, who was 7004270120000000000 \u2660 73 years, 349 days at the time of his second inauguration."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of presidents of the United States by age", "paragraph_text": "The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Moons of Uranus", "paragraph_text": "Uranus is the seventh planet of the Solar System; it has 27 known moons, all of which are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. Uranus's moons are divided into three groups: thirteen inner moons, five major moons, and nine irregular moons. The inner moons are small dark bodies that share common properties and origins with Uranus's rings. The five major moons are massive enough to have reached hydrostatic equilibrium, and four of them show signs of internally driven processes such as canyon formation and volcanism on their surfaces. The largest of these five, Titania, is 1,578 km in diameter and the eighth - largest moon in the Solar System, and about one - twentieth the mass the Earth's Moon. The orbits of the regular moons are nearly coplanar with Uranus's equator, which is tilted 97.77 \u00b0 to its orbit. Uranus's irregular moons have elliptical and strongly inclined (mostly retrograde) orbits at large distances from the planet."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Department of Labor", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Congress first established a Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1884 with the Bureau of Labor Act, to collect information about labor and employment. This bureau was under the Department of the Interior. The Bureau started collecting economic data in 1884, and published their first report in 1886. Later, the Bureau of Labor became an independent Department of Labor but lacked executive rank. It became a bureau again within the Department of Commerce and Labor, which was established February 15, 1903. President William Howard Taft signed the March 4, 1913 (the last day of his presidency) bill, establishing the Department of Labor as a Cabinet - level Department. William B. Wilson was appointed as the first Secretary of Labor on March 5, 1913 by President Wilson. Secretary Wilson chaired the first meeting of the International Labour Organization in October 1919, even though the U.S. was not yet a member."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Although the Twenty - second Amendment was clearly a reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt's service as President for an unprecedented four terms, the notion of presidential term limits has long - standing roots in American politics. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 considered the issue extensively, although it ultimately declined to restrict the amount of time a person could serve as president. But following George Washington's decision to retire after his second elected term, numerous public figures subsequently argued he had established a ``two - term tradition ''that served as a vital check against any one person, or the presidency as a whole, accumulating too much power."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lunokhod 2", "paragraph_text": "Lunokhod 2 (, \"moon walker\") was the second of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod programme."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Buzz Aldrin", "paragraph_text": "Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and Command Pilot in the United States Air Force. As Lunar Module Pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Aldrin set foot on the Moon at 03: 15: 16 on July 21, 1969 (UTC), 9 minutes after Armstrong first touched the surface. One of his first missions was on Gemini 12 where he successfully proved that extravehicular activity (EVA) could be performed by astronauts, spending over 5 hours outside the craft, thus achieving the goals of the Gemini program and paving the way for the Apollo program."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the \"policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment\".:72 Through this order, all federal funds, such as \"grants, loans, unions and employers who accepted taxpayer funds, and other forms of financial assistance to state and local governments,\" were forced to comply to the government's policies on affirmative action in employment practices.:72"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gene Cernan", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Andrew Cernan (/ \u02c8s\u025c\u02d0rn\u0259n /; March 14, 1934 -- January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the moon."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "NASA", "paragraph_text": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian (rather than military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29, 1958, disestablishing NASA's predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new agency became operational on October 1, 1958."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Apogee Books", "paragraph_text": "In March 1999 Apogee published the book \"Apollo 9 - The NASA Mission Reports\". Since that time Apogee has been the winner of the Space Frontier Foundation's media award and has published almost 100 books on space flight. Almost all of the Apogee titles were packaged with CDROMs or DVDs which included what was, at the time, the first digital release of seminal NASA footage, including the first commercial release of the uncut television broadcast of the Apollo 11 moonwalk. Notable contributors to the Apogee series include Sir Arthur C. Clarke, Tom Hanks, Ron Howard, Buzz Aldrin, Harrison Schmitt, William Pogue, Wernher von Braun, David Lasser, Sy Liebergot, Guenter Wendt, Robert Zubrin, Wally Schirra, David R. Scott, Rick Tumlinson and Winston Scott. Apogee Books has performed contracted work with or for, Lockheed, Boeing, Energia, NASA, Imax, Space Frontier Foundation, The Mars Society and The National Space Society."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that \"discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States\"; that \"it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity for all qualified persons, without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin, employed or seeking employment with the Federal Government and on government contracts\"; that \"it is the policy of the executive branch of the Government to encourage by positive measures equal opportunity for all qualified persons within the Government\"; and that \"it is in the general interest and welfare of the United States to promote its economy, security, and national defense through the most efficient and effective utilization of all available manpower\"."}], "question": "Who was US president when the organization that employed the second person to reach the moon was established?"}
{"id": "3hop1__66086_481821_71778", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Grand Canyon National Park", "paragraph_text": "Despite Roosevelt's enthusiasm and strong interest in preserving land for public use, the Grand Canyon was not immediately designated as a national park. The first bill to establish Grand Canyon National Park was introduced in 1882 by then - Senator Benjamin Harrison, which would have established Grand Canyon as the second national park in the United States after Yellowstone. Harrison unsuccessfully reintroduced his bill in 1883 and 1886; after his election to the presidency, he established the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in 1893. Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Game Preserve by proclamation on 28 November 1906, and the Grand Canyon National Monument in 1908. Further Senate bills to establish the site as a national park were introduced and defeated in 1910 and 1911, before the Grand Canyon National Park Act was finally signed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1919. The National Park Service, established in 1916, assumed administration of the park."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "NASA", "paragraph_text": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian (rather than military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29, 1958, disestablishing NASA's predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new agency became operational on October 1, 1958."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of missions to the Moon", "paragraph_text": "Between 1968 and 1972, manned missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Apollo 8 was the first manned mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. Six missions landed men on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. Apollo 13 was intended to land, however it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. All nine manned missions returned safely to the Earth."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gingerdead Man 3: Saturday Night Cleaver", "paragraph_text": "Gingerdead Man 3: Saturday Night Cleaver is a 2011 American sci-fi horror comedy film by Full Moon Features and is the third installment in \"The Gingerdead Man\" series. It was released on September 13, 2011, after many filming delays by director Charles Band. It was originally called \"Gingerdead Man 3: Roller Boogieman!\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Moon", "paragraph_text": "The usual English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is ``the Moon '', which in nonscientific texts is usually not capitalized. The noun moon is derived from Old English m\u014dna, which (like all Germanic language cognates) stems from Proto - Germanic * m\u0113n\u00f4, which comes from Proto - Indo - European * m\u1e17h1n\u0325s`` moon'', ``month '', which comes from the Proto - Indo - European root * meh1 -`` to measure'', the month being the ancient unit of time measured by the Moon. Occasionally, the name ``Luna ''is used. In literature, especially science fiction,`` Luna'' is used to distinguish it from other moons, while in poetry, the name has been used to denote personification of our moon."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the ``court - packing issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Department of Labor", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Congress first established a Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1884 with the Bureau of Labor Act, to collect information about labor and employment. This bureau was under the Department of the Interior. The Bureau started collecting economic data in 1884, and published their first report in 1886. Later, the Bureau of Labor became an independent Department of Labor but lacked executive rank. It became a bureau again within the Department of Commerce and Labor, which was established February 15, 1903. President William Howard Taft signed the March 4, 1913 (the last day of his presidency) bill, establishing the Department of Labor as a Cabinet - level Department. William B. Wilson was appointed as the first Secretary of Labor on March 5, 1913 by President Wilson. Secretary Wilson chaired the first meeting of the International Labour Organization in October 1919, even though the U.S. was not yet a member."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Apogee Books", "paragraph_text": "In March 1999 Apogee published the book \"Apollo 9 - The NASA Mission Reports\". Since that time Apogee has been the winner of the Space Frontier Foundation's media award and has published almost 100 books on space flight. Almost all of the Apogee titles were packaged with CDROMs or DVDs which included what was, at the time, the first digital release of seminal NASA footage, including the first commercial release of the uncut television broadcast of the Apollo 11 moonwalk. Notable contributors to the Apogee series include Sir Arthur C. Clarke, Tom Hanks, Ron Howard, Buzz Aldrin, Harrison Schmitt, William Pogue, Wernher von Braun, David Lasser, Sy Liebergot, Guenter Wendt, Robert Zubrin, Wally Schirra, David R. Scott, Rick Tumlinson and Winston Scott. Apogee Books has performed contracted work with or for, Lockheed, Boeing, Energia, NASA, Imax, Space Frontier Foundation, The Mars Society and The National Space Society."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dead Man's Walk", "paragraph_text": "Dead Man's Walk is a 1995 novel by American writer Larry McMurtry. It is the third book published in the \"Lonesome Dove\" series but the first installment in terms of chronology. McMurtry wrote a fourth segment to the \"Lonesome Dove\" chronicle, \"Comanche Moon\", which describes the events of the central characters' lives between \"Dead Man's Walk\" and \"Lonesome Dove\". The second novel in the \"Lonesome Dove\" series was the 1993 sequel to the original, called \"Streets of Laredo\". \"Dead Man\u2019s Walk\" was later adapted into a three-part miniseries of the same name, which aired in May, 1996."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Moon", "paragraph_text": "A 5,000-year-old rock carving at Knowth, Ireland, may represent the Moon, which would be the earliest depiction discovered. The contrast between the brighter highlands and the darker maria creates the patterns seen by different cultures as the Man in the Moon, the rabbit and the buffalo, among others. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Moon was personified as a deity or other supernatural phenomenon, and astrological views of the Moon continue to be propagated today."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Transformers: Dark of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "In 1961, the Ark, a Cybertronian spacecraft carrying an invention capable of ending the war between the benevolent Autobots and the malevolent Decepticons, crash lands on the dark side of Earth's Moon. The crash is detected on Earth by NASA, and President John F. Kennedy authorizes a mission to put a man on the Moon as a cover for investigating the spacecraft. In 1969, the crew of Apollo 11 lands on the Moon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town. Henry V's famous warship HMS Grace Dieu was built in Southampton. Walter Taylor's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution. From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton, building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Buzz Aldrin", "paragraph_text": "Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer and former astronaut. As the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 11, he was one of the first two humans to land on the Moon, and the second person to walk on it. He set foot on the Moon at 03: 15: 16 on July 21, 1969 (UTC), following mission commander Neil Armstrong. He is a former U.S. Air Force officer with the Command Pilot rating. He also went into orbit on the Gemini 12 mission, finally achieving the goals for EVA (space - walk work) that paved the way to the Moon and success for the Gemini program; he spent over five hours on EVA on that mission."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the \"policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment\".:72 Through this order, all federal funds, such as \"grants, loans, unions and employers who accepted taxpayer funds, and other forms of financial assistance to state and local governments,\" were forced to comply to the government's policies on affirmative action in employment practices.:72"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lunokhod 2", "paragraph_text": "Lunokhod 2 (, \"moon walker\") was the second of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod programme."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "USMLE Step 1", "paragraph_text": "The USMLE Step 1 (more commonly just Step 1 or colloquially, The Boards) is the first part of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. It aims to assess whether medical school students or graduates can apply important concepts of the foundational sciences fundamental to the practice of medicine. US medical students, as well as non-US medical students who wish to seek licensure to practice medicine in the US, typically take Step 1 at the end of the second year of medical school. Graduates of international medical schools (i.e., those outside the US or Canada) must also take Step 1 if they want to practice in the US. Graduates from international medical schools must apply through ECFMG, and the registration fee is $915. For 2016, the NBME registration fee for the test is $600, with additional charges for applicants who choose a testing region outside the United States or Canada."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Macho like Me", "paragraph_text": "Macho like Me is a documentary film directed and performed by Helie Lee. She performs a social experiment where she by cutting her hair and changing her wardrobe to men's clothes transforming her appearance from an established woman into a \u201cman\u201d, and takes a step into the masculine world. The documentary is a mix of raw documentary footage and a live presentation, and was presented at SDAFF and DC APA in 2010."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sebastian Moran", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Sebastian Moran is a character in the stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. An enemy of Sherlock Holmes, he first appears in the short story \"The Adventure of the Empty House\". Holmes once described him as \"the second most dangerous man in London,\" the most dangerous being Professor Moriarty, Moran's employer."}], "question": "Who was the US president when the organization that employed the second man on the moon was established?"}
{"id": "3hop1__706152_300121_409819", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Iron Man (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Iron Man ''Single by Black Sabbath from the album Paranoid B - side`` Electric Funeral'' Released October 1971 Format 45 RPM Recorded 1970 Genre Heavy metal Length 3: 33 (Single version) 5: 56 (Album version) Label Warner Bros. (US / Canada) Songwriter (s) Iommi, Osbourne, Butler, Ward Producer (s) Rodger Bain Black Sabbath singles chronology ``Children of the Grave ''(1971)`` Iron Man'' (1971) ``Tomorrow's Dream ''(1972)`` Children of the Grave'' (1971) ``Iron Man ''(1971)`` Tomorrow's Dream'' (1972) Paranoid track listing ``Planet Caravan ''(3)`` Iron Man'' (4) ``Electric Funeral ''(5)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "About Adam", "paragraph_text": "About Adam is a 2000 romantic comedy film written and directed by Gerard Stembridge. The screenplay focuses on the effect a seductive young man has on four siblings."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hans Jacob Hess", "paragraph_text": "John Jacob Hess was born in Wald, Zurich, Switzerland on May 17, 1584 to Hans Heinrich Hess, a bailiff, (1534\u20131587) and Adelheid Kuntz (1546\u20131585). He had eight older full siblings: Margaretha, Christian, Matheus, Hans, Elsy, Margaretha, Heinrich, and Dorothea; five older half-siblings from his father's first two marriages: Adelheid, Barbara, Veronica, Catharina and Anna; and one younger half-brother, Hans, from his father's fourth marriage."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dreams from My Father", "paragraph_text": "Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (1995) is a memoir by Barack Obama, who was elected as U.S. President in 2008. It explores events of his early years, up until his entry into law school in 1988. Obama published the memoir in July 1995, when he was starting his political campaign for Illinois Senate. He had been elected as the first African - American president of the Harvard Law Review in 1990. According to The New York Times, Obama modeled Dreams from My Father on Ralph Ellison's novel Invisible Man."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of Modern Family characters", "paragraph_text": "Merle Tucker (Barry Corbin) is Cameron's father. He first appeared in the episode ``The Last Walt. ''In that episode, he visits Cameron and Mitchell. Later in the episode, it is revealed that Jay (Mitchell's father) and Merle dislike each other. Cameron and Mitchell each believe that their father is the stronger of the two. It is made known that Merle wishes that the man his son lives with was,`` A little bit of a woman.'' Jay and Merle overcome their differences and bond while fixing the bed frame that Cameron had purchased and attempted to put together. In ``The Wedding, Part 1 ''and`` The Wedding, Part 2'', he attends his son's wedding to Mitchell and almost ends it with Barb, but Jay and Gloria manage to reconcile the two."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Harts of the West", "paragraph_text": "Harts of the West is an American Western/comedy\u2013drama series starring Beau Bridges and his father, Lloyd Bridges, set on a dude ranch in Nevada. The series aired on CBS from September 1993, to June 1994."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Magic Street", "paragraph_text": "Magic Street (2005) is an urban fantasy novel by Orson Scott Card. This book follows the magical events in the Baldwin Hills section of contemporary Los Angeles, including the life of protagonist Mack Street, his foster brother Cecil Tucker, a trickster identified variously as Bag Man, Puck, Mr. Christmas, and numerous other members of this upscale community of African-Americans."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Steve Condos", "paragraph_text": "Steve Condos (October 12, 1918September 16, 1990) was an American tap dancer. He was a member of the Condos Brothers, with siblings Nick and Frank."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dream Kitchen", "paragraph_text": "Dream Kitchen is a 1999 Irish short film directed by Barry Dignam in which a young man fantasises about coming out to his parents."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Fabulous Baker Boys", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Baker Boys is a 1989 American romantic musical comedy-drama film written and directed by Steve Kloves and starring Jeff Bridges, Michelle Pfeiffer and Beau Bridges. It follows Jack and Frank Baker, two brothers struggling to make a living as lounge jazz pianists in Seattle. Desperate, they take on a female singer, Susie Diamond, who revitalizes their careers, causing the brothers to re-examine their relationship with each other and with their music."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tucker: The Man and His Dream", "paragraph_text": "Tucker: The Man and His Dream is a 1988 American biographical comedy-drama film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Jeff Bridges. The film recounts the story of Preston Tucker and his attempt to produce and market the 1948 Tucker Sedan, which was met with scandal between the \"Big Three automobile manufacturers\" and accusations of stock fraud from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Joan Allen, Martin Landau, Elias Koteas, Frederic Forrest and Christian Slater appear in supporting roles."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Father's Day", "paragraph_text": "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. In Catholic Europe, it has been celebrated on March 19 (St. Joseph's Day) since the Middle Ages. This celebration was brought by the Spanish and Portuguese to Latin America, where March 19 is often still used for it, though many countries in Europe and the Americas have adopted the U.S. date, which is the third Sunday of June (falling June 18 in 2017). It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March, April and June. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Mother's Day, Siblings Day and Grandparents Day."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Father's Day", "paragraph_text": "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. In Catholic Europe, it has been celebrated on March 19 (St. Joseph's Day) since the Middle Ages. This celebration was brought by the Spanish and Portuguese to Latin America, where March 19 is often still used for it, though many countries in Europe and the Americas have adopted the U.S. date, which is the third Sunday of June. It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March, April and June. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Mother's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Edward Dozier", "paragraph_text": "Dozier was of Tewa ethnicity, from Santa Clara Pueblo. He spoke only Tewa to the age of 12. His father, Thomas Dozier, was an Anglo-American schoolteacher who was adopted into a Tewa clan. His mother, Maria Lucaria Gutierrez, was a member of the Tewa Badger clan (her Tewa name was P'oo kwi tsaawaa). Eduardo and his siblings were raised as members of the Winter moiety of the Santa Clara pueblo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anthony Tucker", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Glenn Tucker (April 4, 1969) is a retired American professional basketball small forward who played one season in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Washington Bullets. Tuckers signed with the Bullets as a non-drafted free agent. He attended Georgetown University his freshman year before transferring to Wake Forest University for his final three years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Barney Stinson", "paragraph_text": "Barney has three half - siblings: James (played by Wayne Brady), from his mother's side, a gay African American who is married to a man, with whom he has an adopted son and daughter (as revealed in the season seven episode ``The Rebound Girl ''); Carly (played by Ashley Benson), a university student from his father's side with whom Ted has a one - night stand in`` Ring Up!'', and Jerome Jr. (JJ), from his father's side, who is 11. He also has a female cousin named Leslie, with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub, as seen in the episode ``Okay Awesome ''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem ``The Man from Snowy River ''. Released by 20th Century Fox, the film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison (a character who appeared frequently in Paterson's poems) and Spur, Jack Thompson as Clancy, Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig, Sigrid Thornton as Harrison's daughter Jessica, Terence Donovan as Jim's father Henry Craig, and Chris Haywood as Curly. Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel, The Man from Snowy River II, which was released by Walt Disney Pictures."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Marshall Tucker Band", "paragraph_text": "The ``Marshall Tucker ''in the band's name does not refer to a band member, but rather a Spartanburg - area blind piano tuner. While the band was discussing possible band names one evening in an old warehouse they had rented for rehearsal space, someone noticed that the warehouse's door key had the name`` Marshall Tucker'' inscribed on it, and suggested they call themselves ``The Marshall Tucker Band, ''not realizing it referred to an actual person. It later came to light that Marshall Tucker, the blind piano tuner, had rented the space before the band, and his name was inscribed on the key. Music historian Joel Whitburn erroneously attributes`` Marshall Tucker'' to the owner of the band's rehearsal hall in his book, Top Pop Singles, 1955 - 2002."}], "question": "Who is the father of the sibling of the actor who starred in Tucker: The Man and His Dream?"}
{"id": "3hop1__32254_284934_71778", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Washington Escarpment", "paragraph_text": "Washington Escarpment () is the major west-facing escarpment of the Neptune Range, Pensacola Mountains in Antarctica, extending some 50 miles (80\u00a0km) and being the point of origin of a number of west-trending rock ridges. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1956-66. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for the University of Washington at Seattle. Several members of the Neptune Range field party of 1963-64 attended this university."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue, although Neptune's vivid azure differs from Uranus's milder cyan. Because Neptune's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus, some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune's colour."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Len Renery", "paragraph_text": "Renery moved to the United States when he was 13 years old, lived in Neptune Township, New Jersey and graduated from Neptune High School in 1966, where he was a varsity baseball and soccer player. In 2010, Neptune High School inducted Renery into its Athletics Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Environmental Protection Agency", "paragraph_text": "The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes U.S. EPA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA and it began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate. The agency is led by its Administrator, who is appointed by the President and approved by Congress. The current Administrator is Scott Pruitt. The EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the Administrator is normally given cabinet rank."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Model Secondary School for the Deaf", "paragraph_text": "The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89 - 694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nelson Peak", "paragraph_text": "Nelson Peak is a 1,605 m peak in Antarctica, standing at the eastern end of Drury Ridge and Brown Ridge where the two ridges abut Washington Escarpment, in the Neptune Range, Pensacola Mountains. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos from 1956-66. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Willis H. Nelson, a geologist with the Neptune Range field party of 1963-64."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around \u00b10.1 years. The perihelion distance is 29.81 AU; the aphelion distance is 30.33 AU.On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used, the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011.The elliptical orbit of Neptune is inclined 1.77\u00b0 compared to that of Earth."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Presidency of George W. Bush", "paragraph_text": "General Tommy Franks's autobiography states that, while the Afghanistan operation was only a few months old, he was told by Donald Rumsfeld on November 27, 2001 that President G.W. Bush ``... wants us to look at options for Iraq. What is the status of your planning.... ''In his meeting notes, Rumsfeld outlined strategic objectives, notably to`` focus on WMD.'' Rumsfeld demanded Franks -- then lead general in Afghanistan coordinating Army, Navy, Airforce and the CIA -- provide Rumsfeld with updated Iraq invasion plans within a week. Franks writes, ``At the time I was working with... operations staff on air support for Afghan units pushing into the spin mountains around Tora Bora. ''Id. The Tora Bora fortress was where intelligence placed Bin Laden; December 7, 2001, after Bin Laden was sighted near Tora Bora, CIA operative Gary Berntsen, made repeated requests for 800 rangers to block bin Laden's escape but they were refused. Shortly after Christmas, General Franks (having toured Afghanistan shortly before Christmas) was called to Texas to meet President Bush. President Bush briefly asked about Afghanistan -- and whether Bin Laden had been killed. General Franks then fully briefed Bush, Rumsfeld, Cheney and the other members of the Cabinet on plans for Desert Storm II, another Iraq invasion, which he had been updating since the end of November."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alexander Graham Bell", "paragraph_text": "Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, who were skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2). The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "At Bertram's Hotel", "paragraph_text": "At Bertram's Hotel is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on 15 November 1965 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company the following year. The UK edition retailed at sixteen shillings (16/-) and the US edition at $4.50. It features the detective Miss Marple."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics (AO). The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii. Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of this Outer Planet. Both the HST and AO telescopes on Earth has made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the Outer Planets for example. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Normandy landings", "paragraph_text": "The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day, it was the largest seaborne invasion in history. The operation began the liberation of German-occupied France (and later western Europe) from Nazi control, and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the Western Front."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Great Dark Spot", "paragraph_text": "The Great Dark Spot (also known as GDS-89, for Great Dark Spot - 1989) was one of a series of dark spots on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. GDS-89 was the first Great Dark Spot on Neptune to be observed in 1989 by NASA's \"Voyager 2\" spaceprobe. Like Jupiter's spot, Great Dark Spots are anticyclonic storms. However, their interiors are relatively cloud-free, and unlike Jupiter's spot, which has lasted for hundreds of years, their lifetimes appear to be shorter, forming and dissipating once every few years or so. Based on observations taken with \"Voyager 2\" and since then with the Hubble Space Telescope, Neptune appears to spend somewhat more than half its time with a Great Dark Spot."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Voyager 2", "paragraph_text": "Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets. Part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, \"Voyager 1\", on a trajectory that took longer to reach Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with Uranus and Neptune. It is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these two ice giant planets."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hard to Kill", "paragraph_text": "Hard to Kill is a 1990 American action thriller film directed by Bruce Malmuth, and starring Steven Seagal, Kelly LeBrock, William Sadler, and Frederick Coffin. Seagal plays Mason Storm, a detective who falls into a coma after being shot during a fire-fight that killed his wife. Reawakening seven years later, Storm embarks on a journey to avenge the death of his wife, and expose the corruption of Senator Vernon Trent."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Serpan Peak", "paragraph_text": "Serpan Peak is a small peak in Antarctica, 1,445 m, surmounting Washington Escarpment just west of Rivas Peaks in the Neptune Range, Pensacola Mountains. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos from 1956-66. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Robert D. Serpan, an aerologist with the Neptune Range field party of 1963-64."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "NASA", "paragraph_text": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian (rather than military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29, 1958, disestablishing NASA's predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new agency became operational on October 1, 1958."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)\u2014nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s westward. At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles. Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation. The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a \"skin effect\" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes. At 70\u00b0 S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m/s."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beck: The Eye of the Storm", "paragraph_text": "Beck: The Eye of the Storm () is a 2009 film about the Swedish police detective Martin Beck, directed by Harald Hamrell. It is the 25th film in the series of chief inspector Martin Beck with Peter Haber in the role of Beck and Mikael Persbrandt as Gunvald Larsson. The producer is Lars Blomgren and production company is Filmlance."}], "question": "Who was US President at the establishment of the organization that operates the spacecraft that detected storms on Neptune?"}
{"id": "3hop1__32254_284934_36418", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Voyager 2", "paragraph_text": "Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets. Part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, \"Voyager 1\", on a trajectory that took longer to reach Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with Uranus and Neptune. It is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these two ice giant planets."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2). The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Apollo program", "paragraph_text": "Once Kennedy had defined a goal, the Apollo mission planners were faced with the challenge of designing a spacecraft that could meet it while minimizing risk to human life, cost, and demands on technology and astronaut skill. Four possible mission modes were considered:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco", "paragraph_text": "The Consulate - General of Russia in San Francisco was a diplomatic mission in the 2790 Green Street building in Pacific Heights, San Francisco. It was operated by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The building of the former consulate remains government property of Russia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buzz Aldrin", "paragraph_text": "Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and Command Pilot in the United States Air Force. As Lunar Module Pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Aldrin set foot on the Moon at 03: 15: 16 on July 21, 1969 (UTC), 9 minutes after Armstrong first touched the surface. One of his first missions was on Gemini 12 where he successfully proved that extravehicular activity (EVA) could be performed by astronauts, spending over 5 hours outside the craft, thus achieving the goals of the Gemini program and paving the way for the Apollo program."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kathryn P. Hire", "paragraph_text": "Kathryn Patricia \"Kay\" Hire (born August 26, 1959 in Mobile, Alabama) is a former NASA astronaut and Captain in the U.S. Navy Reserve who has flown aboard two Space Shuttle missions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "STS-41-G", "paragraph_text": "STS-41-G was the 13th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the sixth flight of Space Shuttle \"Challenger\". \"Challenger\" launched on 5 October 1984, and conducted the second shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center on 13 October. It was the first shuttle mission to carry a crew of seven, including the first crew with two women (Sally Ride and Kathryn Sullivan), the first American EVA involving a woman (Sullivan), the first Australian-born person to journey into space and the first astronaut with a beard (Paul Scully-Power) and the first Canadian astronaut (Marc Garneau)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Deke Slayton", "paragraph_text": "Donald Kent \"Deke\" Slayton (March 1, 1924 \u2013 June 13, 1993) was an American World War II pilot, aeronautical engineer, and test pilot who was selected as one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts, and became NASA's first Chief of the Astronaut Office and Director of Flight Crew Operations, and was responsible for NASA crew assignments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Claudie Haigner\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Out of 10,000 candidates, France's space center selected only six men and Claudie Haigner\u00e9. Claudie Haigner\u00e9 first qualified as an engineer and emergency pilot to the space shuttle. She first served as a back-up crew member for the 1993 Mir Alta\u00efr mission in which her future husband Jean-Pierre Haigner\u00e9 participated. The asteroid 135268 Haigner\u00e9 is named in their combined honour. In 1994, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 began training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia for the Franco-Russian Cassiop\u00e9e mission and learned Russian during her time there. On August 17, 1996, she became the first French woman to go to space as she and two Russian cosmonauts, commander Valery Korzun and flight engineer Aleksandr Kaleri, launched into space aboard the Soyuz TM-24 on the Russian-French Cassiop\u00e9e mission. While on the mission, visited the Mirspace stationfor 16 days and she conducted comprehensive experiments in the fields of physiologyand development biology, fluid physics, and technology. In 1999, Haigner\u00e9 commanded a Soyuz capsule during reentry and became the first woman qualified to do so. As the flight engineer on Soyuz TM-33 in 2001, she became the first European woman to visit the International Space Station. After the mission, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 continued her involvement in space science by attending scientific workshops and conferences. She also contributed to data analysis and constructions for the scientific programs of future projects. She eventually retired from ESA on June 18, 2002."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Neil Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "A few people in the Astronaut Office, including Walter Cunningham, felt Armstrong and Scott \"had botched their first mission\". There was speculation that Armstrong could have salvaged the mission if he had turned on only one of the two RCS rings, saving the other for mission objectives. These criticisms were unfounded; no malfunction procedures had been written, and it was possible to turn on only both RCS rings, not one or the other. Gene Kranz wrote, \"The crew reacted as they were trained, and they reacted wrong because we trained them wrong.\" The mission planners and controllers had failed to realize that when two spacecraft were docked, they must be considered one spacecraft. Kranz considered this the mission's most important lesson. Armstrong was depressed that the mission was cut short, canceling most mission objectives and robbing Scott of his EVA. The Agena was later reused as a docking target by Gemini 10. Armstrong and Scott received the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, and the Air Force awarded Scott the Distinguished Flying Cross as well. Scott was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and Armstrong received a $678 raise in pay to $21,653 a year (equivalent to $167,206 in 2018), making him NASA's highest-paid astronaut."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Diamond Chariot", "paragraph_text": "The Diamond Chariot (, the Russian term for the \"Diamond Vehicle\" (\"kong\u014dj\u014d\") school of Tantric Buddhism) is a historical mystery novel by internationally acclaimed Russian detective story writer Boris Akunin, published originally in 2003. It is the tenth novel in Akunin's Erast Fandorin series of historical detective novels. As with all of the other Fandorin novels, \"The Diamond Chariot\" was hugely successful in Russia, selling out its first printing of 200,000 copies in a week."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sandra Magnus", "paragraph_text": "Sandra Hall Magnus (born October 30, 1964) is an American engineer and a former NASA astronaut. She returned to Earth with the crew of STS-119 \"Discovery\" on March 28, 2009, after having spent 134 days in orbit. She was assigned to the crew of STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle. She is also a licensed amateur radio operator with the call sign KE5FYE. From 2012 until 2018 Magnus was the executive director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunication Union, World Meteorological Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, Universal Postal Union, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, International Organization for Standardization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, International Mathematical Olympiad. The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kalpana Chawla", "paragraph_text": "Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962 -- February 1, 2003) was an American astronaut and the first woman of Indian origin in space. She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. In 2003, Chawla was one of the seven crew members who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster when the craft disintegrated during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. Chawla was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, and several streets, universities, and institutions have been named in her honor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Karen Nyberg", "paragraph_text": "Karen LuJean Nyberg (born October 7, 1969) is an American mechanical engineer and NASA astronaut. Nyberg became the 50th woman in space on her first mission in 2008."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Exploration of Neptune", "paragraph_text": "The exploration of Neptune has only begun with one spacecraft, Voyager 2 in 1989. Currently there are no approved future missions to visit the Neptunian system. NASA, ESA and also independent academic groups have proposed future scientific missions to visit Neptune. Some mission plans are still active, while others have been abandoned or put on hold."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "STS-35", "paragraph_text": "Position Astronaut Commander Vance D. Brand Fourth and last spaceflight Pilot Guy S. Gardner Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 1 Jeffrey A. Hoffman Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 2 John M. Lounge Third spaceflight Mission Specialist 3 Robert A. Parker Second spaceflight Payload Specialist 1 Samuel T. Durrance First spaceflight Payload Specialist 2 Ronald A. Parise First spaceflight"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mercury-Redstone 3", "paragraph_text": "Mercury - Redstone 3, or Freedom 7, was the first United States human spaceflight, on May 5, 1961, piloted by astronaut Alan Shepard. It was the first manned flight of Project Mercury, the objective of which was to put an astronaut into orbit around the Earth and return him safely. Shepard's mission was a 15 - minute suborbital flight with the primary objective of demonstrating his ability to withstand the high g - forces of launch and atmospheric re-entry."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kepler-4", "paragraph_text": "Kepler-4 is a sunlike star located about 1610 light-years away in the constellation Draco. It is in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA operation purposed with finding Earth-like planets. Kepler-4b, a Neptune-sized planet that orbits extremely close to its star, was discovered in its orbit and made public by the Kepler team on January 4, 2010. Kepler-4b was the first discovery by the Kepler satellite, and its confirmation helped to demonstrate the spacecraft's effectiveness."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Great Dark Spot", "paragraph_text": "The Great Dark Spot (also known as GDS-89, for Great Dark Spot - 1989) was one of a series of dark spots on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. GDS-89 was the first Great Dark Spot on Neptune to be observed in 1989 by NASA's \"Voyager 2\" spaceprobe. Like Jupiter's spot, Great Dark Spots are anticyclonic storms. However, their interiors are relatively cloud-free, and unlike Jupiter's spot, which has lasted for hundreds of years, their lifetimes appear to be shorter, forming and dissipating once every few years or so. Based on observations taken with \"Voyager 2\" and since then with the Hubble Space Telescope, Neptune appears to spend somewhat more than half its time with a Great Dark Spot."}], "question": "For which mission did the operator of what detected the storms on Neptune astronauts first learn Russian?"}
{"id": "3hop1__132030_158716_36418", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Neil Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "A few people in the Astronaut Office, including Walter Cunningham, felt Armstrong and Scott \"had botched their first mission\". There was speculation that Armstrong could have salvaged the mission if he had turned on only one of the two RCS rings, saving the other for mission objectives. These criticisms were unfounded; no malfunction procedures had been written, and it was possible to turn on only both RCS rings, not one or the other. Gene Kranz wrote, \"The crew reacted as they were trained, and they reacted wrong because we trained them wrong.\" The mission planners and controllers had failed to realize that when two spacecraft were docked, they must be considered one spacecraft. Kranz considered this the mission's most important lesson. Armstrong was depressed that the mission was cut short, canceling most mission objectives and robbing Scott of his EVA. The Agena was later reused as a docking target by Gemini 10. Armstrong and Scott received the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, and the Air Force awarded Scott the Distinguished Flying Cross as well. Scott was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and Armstrong received a $678 raise in pay to $21,653 a year (equivalent to $167,206 in 2018), making him NASA's highest-paid astronaut."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mission: Earth, Voyage to the Home Planet", "paragraph_text": "Mission: Earth, Voyage to the Home Planet is a children's literature book by science writer June A. English and astronaut Thomas David Jones that was published in 1996 by Scholastic. Jones was among the crew members of the Space Shuttle \"Endeavour\" during an eleven-day mission in space, which was launched in April 1994 to study the ecological well-being of Earth using specialized radar technology. The book, which is illustrated with radar images and picturesque photographs, chronicles the mission and Jones' experiences of it."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Claudie Haigner\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Out of 10,000 candidates, France's space center selected only six men and Claudie Haigner\u00e9. Claudie Haigner\u00e9 first qualified as an engineer and emergency pilot to the space shuttle. She first served as a back-up crew member for the 1993 Mir Alta\u00efr mission in which her future husband Jean-Pierre Haigner\u00e9 participated. The asteroid 135268 Haigner\u00e9 is named in their combined honour. In 1994, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 began training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia for the Franco-Russian Cassiop\u00e9e mission and learned Russian during her time there. On August 17, 1996, she became the first French woman to go to space as she and two Russian cosmonauts, commander Valery Korzun and flight engineer Aleksandr Kaleri, launched into space aboard the Soyuz TM-24 on the Russian-French Cassiop\u00e9e mission. While on the mission, visited the Mirspace stationfor 16 days and she conducted comprehensive experiments in the fields of physiologyand development biology, fluid physics, and technology. In 1999, Haigner\u00e9 commanded a Soyuz capsule during reentry and became the first woman qualified to do so. As the flight engineer on Soyuz TM-33 in 2001, she became the first European woman to visit the International Space Station. After the mission, Claudie Haigner\u00e9 continued her involvement in space science by attending scientific workshops and conferences. She also contributed to data analysis and constructions for the scientific programs of future projects. She eventually retired from ESA on June 18, 2002."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shenzhou 9", "paragraph_text": "Shenzhou 9 () was the fourth crewed spacecraft flight of China's Shenzhou program, launched at 18:37:24 CST (10:37:24 UTC), 16 June 2012. \"Shenzhou 9\" was the second spacecraft and first crewed spacecraft to dock with the Tiangong 1 space station, which took place on 18 June. The Shenzhou 9 spacecraft landed at 10:01:16 CST (02:01:16 UTC) on 29 June in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The mission's crew included the first Chinese female astronaut, Liu Yang. The next mission was \"Shenzhou 10\", which launched on 11 June 2013."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26, 1968. The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2. Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters (660 ft) of each other, then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control. He got within 40 meters (130 ft) of his target, but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel, due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft. The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realised in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions. It was the first-ever docking of two manned spacecraft, and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Conamara Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Conamara Chaos is a region of chaotic terrain on Jupiter's moon Europa. It is named after Connemara () in Ireland due to its similarly rugged landscape."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Parker Solar Probe", "paragraph_text": "Parker Solar Probe (previously Solar Probe, Solar Probe Plus, or Solar Probe+) is a planned NASA robotic spacecraft to probe the outer corona of the Sun. It will approach to within 8.5 solar radii (5.9 million kilometers or 3.67 million miles) to the 'surface' (photosphere) of the Sun. The project was announced as a new mission start in the fiscal 2009 budget year. On May 1, 2008 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory announced it will design and build the spacecraft, on a schedule to launch it in 2015. The launch date has since been pushed back to 2018. A Delta IV Heavy launch vehicle will enable the mission to become the fastest spacecraft to date. On May 31, 2017 the probe was renamed after solar astrophysicist Eugene Parker. This was the first time a NASA spacecraft was named after a living person."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Buzz Aldrin", "paragraph_text": "Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and Command Pilot in the United States Air Force. As Lunar Module Pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Aldrin set foot on the Moon at 03: 15: 16 on July 21, 1969 (UTC), 9 minutes after Armstrong first touched the surface. One of his first missions was on Gemini 12 where he successfully proved that extravehicular activity (EVA) could be performed by astronauts, spending over 5 hours outside the craft, thus achieving the goals of the Gemini program and paving the way for the Apollo program."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "STS-41-G", "paragraph_text": "STS-41-G was the 13th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the sixth flight of Space Shuttle \"Challenger\". \"Challenger\" launched on 5 October 1984, and conducted the second shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center on 13 October. It was the first shuttle mission to carry a crew of seven, including the first crew with two women (Sally Ride and Kathryn Sullivan), the first American EVA involving a woman (Sullivan), the first Australian-born person to journey into space and the first astronaut with a beard (Paul Scully-Power) and the first Canadian astronaut (Marc Garneau)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program, Neptune All Night."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "STS-35", "paragraph_text": "Position Astronaut Commander Vance D. Brand Fourth and last spaceflight Pilot Guy S. Gardner Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 1 Jeffrey A. Hoffman Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 2 John M. Lounge Third spaceflight Mission Specialist 3 Robert A. Parker Second spaceflight Payload Specialist 1 Samuel T. Durrance First spaceflight Payload Specialist 2 Ronald A. Parise First spaceflight"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunication Union, World Meteorological Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, Universal Postal Union, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, International Organization for Standardization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, International Mathematical Olympiad. The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Soyuz 5", "paragraph_text": "Soyuz 5 (, \"Union 5\") was a Soyuz mission using the Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union on 15 January 1969, which docked with Soyuz 4 in orbit. It was the first docking of two manned spacecraft of any nation, and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another of any nation, the only time a transfer was accomplished with a space walk \u2013 two months before the US Apollo 9 mission performed the first internal crew transfer."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Karen Nyberg", "paragraph_text": "Karen LuJean Nyberg (born October 7, 1969) is an American mechanical engineer and NASA astronaut. Nyberg became the 50th woman in space on her first mission in 2008."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Space rendezvous", "paragraph_text": "Rendezvous was first successfully accomplished by US astronaut Wally Schirra on December 15, 1965. Schirra maneuvered the Gemini 6 spacecraft within 1 foot (30 cm) of its sister craft Gemini 7. The spacecraft were not equipped to dock with each other, but maintained station - keeping for more than 20 minutes. Schirra later commented:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dmitri Kondratyev", "paragraph_text": "Dmitri Yur'yevich Kondrat'yev (born 25 May 1969 in Irkutsk, Russia) is a retired Russian cosmonaut. He served as a crewmember on the International Space Station long duration mission Expedition 27 as Commander, having also served as a Flight Engineer on Expedition 26 during the same stay in space. Kondratyev traveled to space for the first time aboard the Soyuz TMA-20 spacecraft in December 2010."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Callisto (moon)", "paragraph_text": "Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects. EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kepler-4", "paragraph_text": "Kepler-4 is a sunlike star located about 1610 light-years away in the constellation Draco. It is in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA operation purposed with finding Earth-like planets. Kepler-4b, a Neptune-sized planet that orbits extremely close to its star, was discovered in its orbit and made public by the Kepler team on January 4, 2010. Kepler-4b was the first discovery by the Kepler satellite, and its confirmation helped to demonstrate the spacecraft's effectiveness."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Soyuz 2", "paragraph_text": "Soyuz 2 (, Union 2) was an uncrewed spacecraft in the Soyuz family intended to be the target of a docking maneuver by the manned Soyuz 3 spacecraft. It was intended to be the first docking of a manned spacecraft in the Soviet space program. Although the two craft approached closely, the docking did not take place and the first successful Soviet docking of manned spacecraft took place in the joint Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 mission."}], "question": "For which mission did who lead the spacecraft heading to what planet Conamara Chaos is located on astronauts first learn Russian?"}
{"id": "3hop1__132030_158716_71778", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Callisto (moon)", "paragraph_text": "Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects. EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Saturn", "paragraph_text": "Pioneer 11 made the first flyby of Saturn in September 1979, when it passed within 20,000 km of the planet's cloud tops. Images were taken of the planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern surface detail. The spacecraft also studied Saturn's rings, revealing the thin F-ring and the fact that dark gaps in the rings are bright when viewed at high phase angle (towards the Sun), meaning that they contain fine light-scattering material. In addition, Pioneer 11 measured the temperature of Titan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kepler-4", "paragraph_text": "Kepler-4 is a sunlike star located about 1610 light-years away in the constellation Draco. It is in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA operation purposed with finding Earth-like planets. Kepler-4b, a Neptune-sized planet that orbits extremely close to its star, was discovered in its orbit and made public by the Kepler team on January 4, 2010. Kepler-4b was the first discovery by the Kepler satellite, and its confirmation helped to demonstrate the spacecraft's effectiveness."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Prime Minister of South Africa", "paragraph_text": "The position of Prime Minister was established in 1910, when the Union of South Africa was formed. He was appointed by the head of state -- the Governor - General until 1961 and the State President after South Africa became a republic in 1961. In practice, he was the leader of the majority party or coalition in the House of Assembly. The first Prime Minister was Louis Botha, a former Boer general and war hero during the Second Boer War. He was the country's leading political figure and de facto chief executive, with powers similar to those of his British counterpart."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Voyager 2", "paragraph_text": "Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets. Part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, Voyager 1, on a trajectory that took longer to reach Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with Uranus and Neptune. It is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these two ice giant planets."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cabinet of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the ``nuclear option ''during the 113th US Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by \u200b \u2044 supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "J. David Irwin", "paragraph_text": "J. David Irwin (born August 9, 1939 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American engineering educator and author of popular textbooks in electrical engineering and related areas. He is the Earle C. Williams Eminent Scholar and former Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Head at Auburn University. Irwin is one of the longest serving Department Heads of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) in the world, having been appointed to lead the (then Electrical Engineering) Department at Auburn in 1973. He had also served as President of the ECE honor society Eta Kappa Nu; President of the US National Electrical Engineering Department Head Association; and President of two IEEE technical societies, on Industrial Electronics and on Education."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "NASA", "paragraph_text": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian (rather than military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29, 1958, disestablishing NASA's predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new agency became operational on October 1, 1958."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Resolution Rupes", "paragraph_text": "Resolution Rupes is an escarpment on Mercury approximately 190 kilometers long located in the southern hemisphere of Mercury. Discovered by the \"Mariner 10\" spacecraft in 1974, it was formed by a thrust fault, thought to have occurred due to the shrinkage of the planet's core as it cooled over time."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of Gaykhatu. The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Transformers: Dark of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "In 1961, the Ark, a Cybertronian spacecraft carrying an invention capable of ending the war between the benevolent Autobots and the malevolent Decepticons, crash lands on the dark side of Earth's Moon. The crash is detected on Earth by NASA, and President John F. Kennedy authorizes a mission to put a man on the Moon as a cover for investigating the spacecraft. In 1969, the crew of Apollo 11 lands on the Moon."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aram Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Aram Chaos, centered at 2.6\u00b0N, 21.5\u00b0W, is a heavily eroded impact crater on the planet Mars. It lies at the eastern end of the large canyon Valles Marineris and close to Ares Vallis. Various geological processes have reduced it to a circular area of chaotic terrain. Aram Chaos takes its name from Aram, one of the classical albedo features observed by Giovanni Schiaparelli, who named it after the Biblical land of Aram. Spectroscopic observation from orbit indicates the presence of the mineral hematite, likely a signature of a once aqueous environment."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Iani Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Iani Chaos is a region of chaos terrain at the south end of the outflow channel Ares Vallis, of the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars, centered at approximately ~342\u00b0E, 2\u00b0S. This is the source region of Ares Vallis. The chaotic terrain is widely believed to have formed via the removal of subsurface water or ice, resulting in flooding at the surface, and the formation of Ares Vallis. Within Iani Chaos, deposited stratigraphically above the chaotic terrain, are smooth, low-slope, intermediate-to-light-toned deposits that are rich in a hydrated mineral that is most likely gypsum as well as hematite."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Politics of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Politics of Mexico take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic whose government is based on a congressional system, whereby the President of Mexico is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The federal government represents the United Mexican States and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917. The constituent states of the federation must also have a republican form of government based on a congressional system as established by their respective constitutions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chao Meng-Fu (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Chao Meng-Fu is a 167 kilometer-diameter crater on Mercury named after the Chinese painter and calligrapher Zhao Mengfu (1254\u20131322). Due to its location near Mercury's south pole (132.4\u00b0 west, 87.3\u00b0 south) and the planet's small axial tilt, an estimated 40% of the crater lies in permanent shadow. This combined with bright radar echoes from the location of the crater leads scientists to suspect that it may shelter large quantities of ice protected against sublimation into the near-vacuum by the constant -171\u00a0\u00b0C temperatures."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Adventure Rupes", "paragraph_text": "Adventure Rupes is an escarpment on Mercury approximately long located in the southern hemisphere of Mercury. Discovered by the \"Mariner 10\" spacecraft in 1974, it was formed by a thrust fault, thought to have occurred due to the shrinkage of the planet's core as it cooled over time."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cultural Center of the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "The Cultural Center of the Philippines (Filipino: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas, or CCP) is a government owned and controlled corporation established to preserve, develop and promote arts and culture in the Philippines. The CCP was established through Executive Order No. 30 s. 1966 by President Ferdinand Marcos. Although an independent corporation of the Philippine government, it receives an annual subsidy and is placed under the National Commission for Culture and the Arts for purposes of policy coordination. The CCP is headed by an 11 - member Board of Trustees, currently headed by Chairperson Emily Abrera. Its current president is Arsenio Lizaso."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Conamara Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Conamara Chaos is a region of chaotic terrain on Jupiter's moon Europa. It is named after Connemara () in Ireland due to its similarly rugged landscape."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program, Neptune All Night."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Security Council of Russia", "paragraph_text": "The Security Council of the Russian Federation (SCRF; Russian: \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0421\u0411\u0420\u0424); \"Sovet bezopasnosti Rossiiyskoiy Federatsii (SBRF)\") is a consultative body of the Russian President that works out the President's decisions on national security affairs. Composed of key ministers and agency heads and chaired by the President of Russia, the SCRF was established to be a forum for coordinating and integrating national security policy. It is the successor of the Security Council of the USSR."}], "question": "Who was the US president when the organization that led the spacecraft heading to the planet where Conamara Chaos is found was established?"}
{"id": "3hop1__564148_833251_562241", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Atlanta Pride", "paragraph_text": "Atlanta Pride, also colloquially (and formerly) called the Atlanta Gay Pride Festival, is a week-long annual lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) pride parade held in Atlanta, Georgia (United States). Established in 1971, it is one of the oldest and largest pride parades in the United States. According to the Atlanta Pride Committee, as of 2017, attendance had continually grown to around 300,000. Originally a pride held in June, Atlanta Pride has been held in October every year since 2008, typically on a weekend closest to National Coming Out Day."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jacques Polge", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Polge grew up near Avignon, France, where he says he was inspired as a child by the scent of air in the surroundings of Grasse, which was redolent with the scent of jasmine. After university, Jacques Polge began a traditional apprenticeship in Grasse under the guidance of Jean Carles."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Fabulous Baker Boys", "paragraph_text": "The Fabulous Baker Boys is a 1989 American romantic musical comedy-drama film written and directed by Steve Kloves and starring Jeff Bridges, Michelle Pfeiffer and Beau Bridges. It follows Jack and Frank Baker, two brothers struggling to make a living as lounge jazz pianists in Seattle. Desperate, they take on a female singer, Susie Diamond, who revitalizes their careers, causing the brothers to re-examine their relationship with each other and with their music."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Harts of the West", "paragraph_text": "Harts of the West is an American Western/comedy\u2013drama series starring Beau Bridges and his father, Lloyd Bridges, set on a dude ranch in Nevada. The series aired on CBS from September 1993, to June 1994."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of NCIS: New Orleans characters", "paragraph_text": "NCIS: New Orleans is an American television series, executive produced by Gary Glasberg and Mark Harmon. The series features an extensive regular cast, including Scott Bakula as Dwayne Cassius Pride, Lucas Black as Christopher LaSalle, Zoe McLellan as Meredith Brody and Vanessa Ferlito as Tammy Gregorio... Recurring actors, including Shanley Caswell as Laurel Pride, Rocky Carroll as Leon Vance, and Derek Webster as Raymond Isler, appear intermittently."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred as Ellie O'Brien in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Smokey Mayfield", "paragraph_text": "Smokey Mayfield resided in Hutchinson County near Spearman, which is the seat of Hansford County in the northern Panhandle. He and worked for a half century for the historic Turkey Track Ranch in Hutchinson County. Herb Mayfield was born in Erick, Oklahoma, but lived in Dimmitt and graduated from Dimmitt High School. During World War II, he participated in troop lifts in Normandy and, like Smokey, the Battle of the Bulge. Thereafter, he was a welder for cattle feedlots in Dimmitt. He was for many years the president of the Dimmitt Rodeo Association and a member of the Panhandle Blue Grass Association. He died some three months prior to the passing of Smokey."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Richard Keith (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Keith Thibodeaux (born December 1, 1950) is a former American child actor of television and film and a musician, best known for playing Little Ricky on the television sitcoms I Love Lucy and The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour. His last name, which was Cajun French, was changed by producer Desi Arnaz to ``Keith ''because`` Thibodeaux'' was too difficult to pronounce. He is the last living regular appearing cast member from I Love Lucy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Queen City Pride", "paragraph_text": "Queen City Pride is an LGBT pride festival, held annually in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The event is held mid-June each year, normally in the week following Saskatoon Pride. The festival is administered by Regina Pride Inc., a non-profit corporation in the province of Saskatchewan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Steve Condos", "paragraph_text": "Steve Condos (October 12, 1918September 16, 1990) was an American tap dancer. He was a member of the Condos Brothers, with siblings Nick and Frank."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chicago Pride Parade", "paragraph_text": "The Chicago Pride Parade, also colloquially (and formerly) called the Chicago Gay Pride Parade or PRIDE Chicago, is the annual pride parade held on the last Sunday of June in Chicago, Illinois in the United States. It is considered the culmination of the larger Gay and Lesbian Pride Month, as promulgated by the Chicago City Council and Mayor of Chicago. Chicago's Pride Parade is one of the largest, by attendance, in the world."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pride of the Blue Grass (1954 film)", "paragraph_text": "Pride of the Blue Grass is a 1954 American drama film directed by William Beaudine and starring Lloyd Bridges, Vera Miles and Margaret Sheridan. It is also known by the alternative title Prince of the Blue Grass."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Emily Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Emily Bront\u00eb was born on 30 July 1818 to Maria Branwell and an Irish father, Patrick Bront\u00eb. The family was living on Market Street in the village of Thornton on the outskirts of Bradford, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Northern England. Emily's older siblings included, eldest to youngest, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte and Branwell, making Emily the Bront\u00eb's fifth child. In 1820, Emily's younger sister Anne, the last Bront\u00eb child, was born. Shortly thereafter, the family moved eight miles away to Haworth, where Patrick was employed as perpetual curate In Haworth, the children would have opportunities to develop their literary talents."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1998)", "paragraph_text": "Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Leslie Carrara-Rudolph", "paragraph_text": "Leslie Carrara - Rudolph is known for performing the fairy Abby Cadabby on the PBS Kids show Sesame Street, for which she was nominated for a 2009 Emmy Award for best performer in a children's series. She is also known for her puppeteer role as Ginger on Playhouse Disney's Johnny and the Sprites. She performed the muppet Jesse for Sesame Street's military outreach project Touch, Listen, and Connect, which starred Katie Couric. Carrara - Rudolph plays various characters on Sesame Street throughout the season. She got her start on ABC's Muppets Tonight as Spamela Hamderson. Other puppeteering credits include Edi the Zebra on the Learning Channel's Animal Jam and the evil blonde vampire puppet in the movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Carrara - Rudolph is one of the founding members of the Henson improv group Puppet Up!, which was later renamed Stuffed and Unstrung. She was part of the improv cast for its debut at the Aspen Comedy Festival. She toured with them to the Australian comedy festival and was a cast member for the off - Broadway show at the Union Square Theater. She also played the main role of Blue, the female blue puppy in Nick Jr.'s Blue's Room."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Possum Trot, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Possum Trot is an unincorporated community in Highland County, Virginia, United States. The community is located northeast of Monterey, Virginia and southeast of Blue Grass, Virginia on State Route 635. Possum Trot is cradled by the long ridge line of Monterey Mountain to the west and Ginseng Mountain to the north."}], "question": "Who is the sibling of the Pride of the Blue Grass cast member's child?"}
{"id": "3hop1__843017_702573_158461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mumbai Cutting", "paragraph_text": "Mumbai Cutting is a 2010 anthology Indian film comprising eleven short films, telling eleven different stories based on life in Mumbai, which are directed by a host of eleven directors: Anurag Kashyap, Sudhir Mishra, Rahul Dholakia, Kundan Shah, Revathy, Jahnu Barua, Rituparno Ghosh, Shashanka Ghosh, Ruchi Narain, Ayush Raina and Manish Jha. Music for one of the stories was composed by Ilaiyaraja."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oliver Twist (character)", "paragraph_text": "Based in the 1820s, the orphan, young Oliver is born in a parish workhouse in an unnamed town. His unmarried mother dies during labour. Old Sally, who was present at the birth, takes from the dying woman a locket and ring. Mr Bumble, the Beadle, names the boy Oliver Twist. Oliver is sent to an orphanage, run by Mrs. Mann, until he is nine years old, when he is returned to the workhouse."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christina Alessi", "paragraph_text": "Christina Robinson (previously Alessi) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Gayle Blakeney. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 18 January 1990, when she moved into Ramsay Street with her twin sister, Caroline Alessi, played by Gayle's real-life twin, Gillian Blakeney. Christina marries Paul Robinson and gives birth to their son, Andrew Robinson. Christina departed on 5 August 1992 with Paul and Andrew, following Paul's relocation to Hawaii. Blakeney reprised the role in June 2019 and will make her on-screen return in September, alongside her sister."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Low vs Diamond", "paragraph_text": "Low vs Diamond was an American rock band formed in 2002 by Lucas Field, Howie Diamond, and Tad Moore (birth name: James Thaddeus Moore IV) while they were students at the University of Colorado. Following graduation, they relocated to Los Angeles, where they met up with the other two members of the band, Anthony Polcino and Jon Pancoast. Low vs Diamond released their debut EP, \"Life After Love\", in February 2007, and their self-titled debut album in April 2008."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Old Mother Riley Overseas", "paragraph_text": "Old Mother Riley Overseas is a 1943 British comedy film directed by Oswald Mitchell and starring Arthur Lucan, Kitty McShane and Anthony Holles. In the screenplay, Old Mother Riley relocates to Portugal."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Air Department", "paragraph_text": "Originally, British naval aviation came under the authority of the Commander-in-Chief, The Nore. In February 1915, the RNAS was placed under the command of the Director of the Air Department (Captain Murray Sueter), although disciplinary powers over RNAS personnel were not granted to the Director. In July 1915 a further reorganization occurred when the post of Director of the Air Department was abolished and replaced with that of the Director of the Air Service (Rear-Admiral Charles Vaughan-Lee)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Informed assent", "paragraph_text": "However, 45 CFR 46 does not specify an exact age at which informed assent must be obtained. Instead, it places responsibility for this determination with hospitals' own Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). Increasingly, many such IRBs are adopting the 'Rule of Sevens,' which has formed part of common law for centuries and divides a child's life into three sections: birth to seven, seven to fourteen, and fourteen to twenty one years old. Before 7 years old children are said to lack the cognitive development necessary for autonomous decision - making. At age 7 years children are considered able to distinguish right from wrong. Adolescents 14 years old and above are legally and socially accountable for their actions. Although not law, meaning physician can choose to ignore it, the rule of sevens is recommended by organizations including the American Academy of Pediatrics and in some areas, such as the state of California, has been written into local law."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "How Strange to Be Named Federico", "paragraph_text": "How Strange to Be Named Federico () is a 2013 documentary film directed by Ettore Scola. The film documents the director's relationship with his friend and inspiration, film director Federico Fellini. It begins with the 19-year-old Fellini arriving in Rome and walking into the office of the magazine \"Marc'Aurelio\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Color Purple", "paragraph_text": "Celie is a poor, uneducated, 14 - year - old girl living in the American South in the early 1900s. She writes letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats her harshly and rapes her continuously. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once, a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she called Adam. Alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth. Celie has a second child, a girl she called Olivia whom Alphonso also abducts. Celie's ailing mother dies after cursing Celie on her deathbed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Parent Trap (1998 film)", "paragraph_text": "Lindsay Lohan, as Annie James and Hallie Parker, 11 - year - old twin sisters who were separated after birth. Following their parents' divorce, they were raised separately with no knowledge of each other."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Human Development Index", "paragraph_text": "LE: Life expectancy at birth\nMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)\nEYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)\nGNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yao Defen", "paragraph_text": "Yao Defen was born to poor farmers in the town of Liuan in the Anhui province of Shucheng County. At birth she weighed . When she was eleven years old she was about 188 centimetres (6 ft 2 in) tall. She was 210 centimetres (6 ft 9 in) tall by the age of fifteen years."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sonu Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Sonu Nigam was born on 30 July 1973 to Agam Kumar Nigam and Shobha Nigam, in the city of Faridabad, Haryana. His father was from Agra and his mother was from Garhwal. His sister Teesha Nigam is also a professional singer.Nigam began his singing career at the age of four, when he joined his father Agam Kumar Nigam on stage to sing Mohammed Rafi's song \"Kya Hua Tera Wada\". Nigam began accompanying his father on his singing appearances at weddings and parties. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 18. He was trained by Hindustani classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.Nigam married Madhurima Mishra on 15 February 2002. He has a son named Nevaan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rajashri", "paragraph_text": "Rajashri (Telugu: \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40) (31 August 1934 \u2013 14 August 1994) was a famous dialogue and lyrics writer and Music director in Telugu cinema industry. His birth name is Indukuri Ramakrishnam Raju (\u0c07\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c42\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c15\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c23\u0c02\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c41). He has worked with nearly 1000 films, a majority of them are dubbing films. He was aptly called \"Anuvaada Brahma\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Parzania", "paragraph_text": "Parzania (translation: \"Heaven and hell on earth\") is a 2007 Indian drama film co-written and directed by Rahul Dholakia; David N. Donihue is the other co-writer. The film featured Naseeruddin Shah and Sarika in the lead roles, while Corin Nemec and Raj Zutshi played supporting roles. Made on a budget of US$700,000, the film was shot in Ahmedabad and Hyderabad."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bill Scholl", "paragraph_text": "Bill Scholl (born September 2, 1957) is the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics for Marquette University. Bill Scholl spent 23 years working in the University of Notre Dame athletics department before accepting a position at Ball State University as the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics. After three years at Ball State, Scholl relocated where he is now the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics at Marquette University."}], "question": "How old was he when he relocated to where the director of Parzania was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__141814_216221_158461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "West Point Cadet Chapel", "paragraph_text": "The Cadet Chapel at the United States Military Academy is a place of Protestant denomination worship for many members of the United States Corps of Cadets. The chapel is a classic example of gothic revival architecture, with its cross-shaped floor plan, soaring arches, and ornate stone carvings. It hosts the largest chapel pipe organ in the world, which consists of 23,511 individual pipes. The Cadet Chapel dominates the skyline and sets the architectural mood of the academy. Designed by architect Bertram Goodhue and completed in 1910, the neogothic Cadet Chapel replaced the Old Cadet Chapel which had been built in 1836. The Old Cadet Chapel was deconstructed and relocated to the entrance of the West Point Cemetery, where it stands today."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Go Rest High on That Mountain", "paragraph_text": "\"Go Rest High on That Mountain\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in August 1995 as the sixth single from his album \"When Love Finds You\". It is a eulogic ballad. Gill began writing the song following the death of country music superstar Keith Whitley, who died in 1989. Gill did not finish the song until a few years later following the death of his older brother Bob of a heart attack in 1993. Ricky Skaggs and Patty Loveless both sang background vocals on the record."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "She's Got a Single Thing in Mind", "paragraph_text": "\"She's Got a Single Thing in Mind\" is a song written by Walt Aldridge, and recorded by American country music artist Conway Twitty. It was released in April 1989 as the first single from the album \"House on Old Lonesome Road\". The song reached #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "You'll Always Be My Baby", "paragraph_text": "\"You'll Always Be My Baby\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Sara Evans. It was released in August 2006 as the fourth and final single from her 2005 album \"Real Fine Place\". The song peaked at number 13 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. The song is also included on Evans' 2007 \"Greatest Hits\" album. Evans wrote this song with Tony Martin and Tom Shapiro."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Light It Up (Luke Bryan song)", "paragraph_text": "``Light It Up ''is a song by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It is the lead single to his sixth studio album, What Makes You Country. Bryan wrote the song with Brad Tursi of the band Old Dominion."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jaane Jigar", "paragraph_text": "Jaane Jigar is a 1998 Indian Bollywood film directed by Arshad Khan and produced by B.R. Sahni. The film stars Jackie Shroff and Mamta Kulkarni."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Air Bud", "paragraph_text": "Norm Snively, an alcoholic clown, and his Golden Retriever, Old Blue, are doing a show at a child's birthday party. After Old Blue causes havoc at the party, Snively angrily takes him in a kennel to a dog pound, until the kennel falls out of his truck. Old Blue is homeless until he meets 12 - year - old Josh Framm. After the death of his father, a pilot who died in a plane crash during a test flight due to fuel shortage, Josh has relocated with his mother Jackie and two - year - old sister Andrea from Virginia to Fernfield, Washington. Due to heartbreak over his father's death, he is too shy to try out for his middle school's basketball team and to make any friends. He instead becomes the basketball team's manager, an awkward offer by Coach Joe Barker which he accepts. He practices basketball by himself in a makeshift court that he sets up in an abandoned allotment, where he meets Old Blue and renames him Buddy. Josh soon discovers that Buddy has the uncanny ability to play basketball, and decides to let Buddy come home with him."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sonu Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Sonu Nigam was born on 30 July 1973 to Agam Kumar Nigam and Shobha Nigam, in the city of Faridabad, Haryana. His father was from Agra and his mother was from Garhwal. His sister Teesha Nigam is also a professional singer.Nigam began his singing career at the age of four, when he joined his father Agam Kumar Nigam on stage to sing Mohammed Rafi's song \"Kya Hua Tera Wada\". Nigam began accompanying his father on his singing appearances at weddings and parties. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 18. He was trained by Hindustani classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.Nigam married Madhurima Mishra on 15 February 2002. He has a son named Nevaan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jaan Pehechan Ho", "paragraph_text": "\"Jaan Pehechan Ho\" is a popular Indian rock & roll Bollywood song, sung by Mohammed Rafi, composed by duo Shankar Jaikishan, and with lyrics by Shailendra. It was produced for the 1965 Bollywood film \"Gumnaam\", directed by Raja Nawathe, produced by N.N. Sippy, and starring Manoj Kumar and Nanda. The song has been widely \"remediated\" in North American circulation. \"Jaan pehechan ho\" is a Hindi phrase roughly translated as \"Let's know each other.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Trail of Tears", "paragraph_text": "Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears memorial monuments at the New Echota Historic Site in New Echota, Georgia, which honors the 4,000 Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears Date 1831 -- 1850 Location Southeastern United States and Indian Territory, present - day Oklahoma Participants U.S. Government, U.S. Army, state militias, Five Civilized Tribes of Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Ho - Chunk / Winnebago nations Outcome The forced relocation of most of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by U.S. president Andrew Jackson (Democrat) clearing former Native American lands for white settlement. The forced relocation included all tribes located of east of the Mississippi. All tribes were to be relocated west of the Mississippi under the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Deaths Cherokee (4,000) Creek Seminole (3,000 in Second Seminole War -- 1835 -- 1842) Chickasaw (3,500) Choctaw (2,500 -- 6,000)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Waitin' on a Woman", "paragraph_text": "Paisley has referred to ``Waitin 'on a Woman ''as`` one of the most important songs'' that he's ever recorded. Because of the importance that he places on the song, Paisley asked Andy Griffith to star in the music video, as he felt that Griffith's personality matched the personality of the older man in the song. Griffith speaks the old man's lines in the video as well. Jim Shea and Peter Tilden directed the video."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "H2O: Footprints in the Sand", "paragraph_text": "HO: Footprints in the Sand is a Japanese adult visual novel by Makura that was released on June 23, 2006 for Windows as a DVD; a version playable on the PlayStation 2 under the title \"HO +\" followed on April 24, 2008 with adult content removed, but in its place will be additional scenarios and graphics not seen in the original release. \"HO\" is Makura's first game; a sequel named \"Root After and Another\" was later produced in October 2007. The gameplay in \"HO\" follows a plot line that offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the three female main characters. There are two modes of gameplay, the Blindness Effect and Normal Effect, where the former plays on the fact that the protagonist is blind, and the latter mode removes the added element of gameplay the Blindness Effect has. The story is broken into three parts: the original introduction and meeting, following by a separation and reunion, and finally ending with the protagonist choosing one of the girls and spending the rest of the game with her."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Croatian Defence Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Croatian Defence Forces ( or HOS) were the paramilitary arm of the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP) from 1991 to 1992, during the first stages of the Yugoslav wars. During the Croatian War of Independence, the HOS organized several early companies and participated in Croatia's defense. At the peak of the war in Croatia, the HOS was several battalions in size. The first HOS units were headed by Ante Parad\u017eik, an HSP member who was killed by Croatian police in September 1991. After the November 1991 general mobilization in Croatia and the January 1992 cease-fire, the HOS was absorbed by the Croatian Army."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carl Ray", "paragraph_text": "Carl Ray (January 10, 1943 \u2013 September 26, 1978) was a First Nations artist who was active on the Canadian art scene from 1969 until his death in 1978. Considered primarily a Woodlands Style artist, he also painted European style wildlife and landscapes. He was a founding member of the Indian Group of Seven. He began painting when he was 30 years old."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?", "paragraph_text": "``Where Have All the Flowers Gone? ''is a modern folk - style song. The melody and the first three verses were written by Pete Seeger in 1955 and published in Sing Out! magazine. Additional verses were added in May 1960 by Joe Hickerson, who turned it into a circular song. Its rhetorical`` where?'' and meditation on death place the song in the ubi sunt tradition. In 2010, the New Statesman listed it as one of the ``Top 20 Political Songs ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New Way (To Light Up an Old Flame)", "paragraph_text": "\"New Way (To Light Up an Old Flame)\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Joe Diffie. It was released in June 1991 as the fourth and final single from his debut album \"A Thousand Winding Roads\". The song peaked at number 2 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart. The song was written by Diffie and Lonnie Wilson."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Go Rest High on That Mountain", "paragraph_text": "``Go Rest High on That Mountain ''is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in August 1995 as the sixth single from his album When Love Finds You. It is a eulogic ballad. Gill began writing the song following the death of country music superstar Keith Whitley, who died in 1989. Gill did not finish the song until a few years later following the death of his older brother Bob, in 1993, of a heart attack. Ricky Skaggs and Patty Loveless both sang background vocals on the record."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "We Were in Love", "paragraph_text": "\"We Were in Love\" is a song written by Chuck Cannon and Allen Shamblin, and performed by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in June 1997 as the first single from his album \"Dream Walkin'\". It peaked at number 2 in both the United States and Canada. The song was originally intended for country artist Faith Hill (who placed it on hold for a short period while recording her 1998 album, \"Faith\"), as reported by Keith on \"After MidNite with Blair Garner."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Restful Place", "paragraph_text": "Restful Place is a public artwork by Ho-Chunk artist Truman Lowe, located at Indianapolis Art Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. \"Restful Place\" was installed as part of the Center's ARTSPARK initiative."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mohammed Rafi Academy", "paragraph_text": "Mohammed Rafi Academy is a music school in Mumbai for Indian classical and contemporary music. It was launched by Shahid Rafi on 31 July 2010, the 30th death anniversary of his father and the legendary Hindi film singer, Mohammed Rafi."}], "question": "How old was he when he relocated to where the artist who sang Jaan Pehechan Ho died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__116631_702573_158461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Human Development Index", "paragraph_text": "LE: Life expectancy at birth\nMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)\nEYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)\nGNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Old Mother Riley Overseas", "paragraph_text": "Old Mother Riley Overseas is a 1943 British comedy film directed by Oswald Mitchell and starring Arthur Lucan, Kitty McShane and Anthony Holles. In the screenplay, Old Mother Riley relocates to Portugal."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pak Nam-gi", "paragraph_text": "Pak Nam-gi or Park Nam-ki (21 February 1934 \u2013 17 March 2010) was, until as late as January 2010, Director of the Planning and Finance Department of the ruling party of North Korea. There are doubts about his date of birth, with at least two unattributed sources reporting it as 21 February 1934 or sometime in 1928 respectively."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "How Strange to Be Named Federico", "paragraph_text": "How Strange to Be Named Federico () is a 2013 documentary film directed by Ettore Scola. The film documents the director's relationship with his friend and inspiration, film director Federico Fellini. It begins with the 19-year-old Fellini arriving in Rome and walking into the office of the magazine \"Marc'Aurelio\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bill Scholl", "paragraph_text": "Bill Scholl (born September 2, 1957) is the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics for Marquette University. Bill Scholl spent 23 years working in the University of Notre Dame athletics department before accepting a position at Ball State University as the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics. After three years at Ball State, Scholl relocated where he is now the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics at Marquette University."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Society Hill Towers", "paragraph_text": "In the late 1950s, Society Hill was considered a slum neighborhood, which was targeted for redevelopment by the Philadelphia City Planning Commission and the Redevelopment Authority. From 1957\u20131959, the Greater Philadelphia Movement, the Redevelopment Authority and the Old Philadelphia Development Corporation bought around Dock Street. They relocated and demolished the Dock Street Market, setting aside of land that would become the Society Hill Towers. In 1957, Edmund Bacon, the executive director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, awarded developer-architect firm Webb and Knapp the competition for the redevelopment of Society Hill. Architect I. M. Pei and his team created a plan for three 31-story Society Hill Towers as well as the Society Hill Townhouses, a low-rise project. The Towers and Townhouses project was completed in 1964, while the entire plan was completed in 1977."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rajashri", "paragraph_text": "Rajashri (Telugu: \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40) (31 August 1934 \u2013 14 August 1994) was a famous dialogue and lyrics writer and Music director in Telugu cinema industry. His birth name is Indukuri Ramakrishnam Raju (\u0c07\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c42\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c15\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c23\u0c02\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c41). He has worked with nearly 1000 films, a majority of them are dubbing films. He was aptly called \"Anuvaada Brahma\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mumbai Cutting", "paragraph_text": "Mumbai Cutting is a 2010 anthology Indian film comprising eleven short films, telling eleven different stories based on life in Mumbai, which are directed by a host of eleven directors: Anurag Kashyap, Sudhir Mishra, Rahul Dholakia, Kundan Shah, Revathy, Jahnu Barua, Rituparno Ghosh, Shashanka Ghosh, Ruchi Narain, Ayush Raina and Manish Jha. Music for one of the stories was composed by Ilaiyaraja."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sonu Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Sonu Nigam was born on 30 July 1973 to Agam Kumar Nigam and Shobha Nigam, in the city of Faridabad, Haryana. His father was from Agra and his mother was from Garhwal. His sister Teesha Nigam is also a professional singer.Nigam began his singing career at the age of four, when he joined his father Agam Kumar Nigam on stage to sing Mohammed Rafi's song \"Kya Hua Tera Wada\". Nigam began accompanying his father on his singing appearances at weddings and parties. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 18. He was trained by Hindustani classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.Nigam married Madhurima Mishra on 15 February 2002. He has a son named Nevaan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Parzania", "paragraph_text": "Parzania (translation: \"Heaven and hell on earth\") is a 2007 Indian drama film co-written and directed by Rahul Dholakia; David N. Donihue is the other co-writer. The film featured Naseeruddin Shah and Sarika in the lead roles, while Corin Nemec and Raj Zutshi played supporting roles. Made on a budget of US$700,000, the film was shot in Ahmedabad and Hyderabad."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Color Purple", "paragraph_text": "Celie is a poor, uneducated, 14 - year - old girl living in the American South in the early 1900s. She writes letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats her harshly and rapes her continuously. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once, a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she called Adam. Alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth. Celie has a second child, a girl she called Olivia whom Alphonso also abducts. Celie's ailing mother dies after cursing Celie on her deathbed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "West Point Cadet Chapel", "paragraph_text": "The Cadet Chapel at the United States Military Academy is a place of Protestant denomination worship for many members of the United States Corps of Cadets. The chapel is a classic example of gothic revival architecture, with its cross-shaped floor plan, soaring arches, and ornate stone carvings. It hosts the largest chapel pipe organ in the world, which consists of 23,511 individual pipes. The Cadet Chapel dominates the skyline and sets the architectural mood of the academy. Designed by architect Bertram Goodhue and completed in 1910, the neogothic Cadet Chapel replaced the Old Cadet Chapel which had been built in 1836. The Old Cadet Chapel was deconstructed and relocated to the entrance of the West Point Cemetery, where it stands today."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Parent Trap (1998 film)", "paragraph_text": "Lindsay Lohan, as Annie James and Hallie Parker, 11 - year - old twin sisters who were separated after birth. Following their parents' divorce, they were raised separately with no knowledge of each other."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Informed assent", "paragraph_text": "However, 45 CFR 46 does not specify an exact age at which informed assent must be obtained. Instead, it places responsibility for this determination with hospitals' own Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). Increasingly, many such IRBs are adopting the 'Rule of Sevens,' which has formed part of common law for centuries and divides a child's life into three sections: birth to seven, seven to fourteen, and fourteen to twenty one years old. Before 7 years old children are said to lack the cognitive development necessary for autonomous decision - making. At age 7 years children are considered able to distinguish right from wrong. Adolescents 14 years old and above are legally and socially accountable for their actions. Although not law, meaning physician can choose to ignore it, the rule of sevens is recommended by organizations including the American Academy of Pediatrics and in some areas, such as the state of California, has been written into local law."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oliver Twist (character)", "paragraph_text": "Based in the 1820s, the orphan, young Oliver is born in a parish workhouse in an unnamed town. His unmarried mother dies during labour. Old Sally, who was present at the birth, takes from the dying woman a locket and ring. Mr Bumble, the Beadle, names the boy Oliver Twist. Oliver is sent to an orphanage, run by Mrs. Mann, until he is nine years old, when he is returned to the workhouse."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yao Defen", "paragraph_text": "Yao Defen was born to poor farmers in the town of Liuan in the Anhui province of Shucheng County. At birth she weighed . When she was eleven years old she was about 188 centimetres (6 ft 2 in) tall. She was 210 centimetres (6 ft 9 in) tall by the age of fifteen years."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christina Alessi", "paragraph_text": "Christina Robinson (previously Alessi) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Gayle Blakeney. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 18 January 1990, when she moved into Ramsay Street with her twin sister, Caroline Alessi, played by Gayle's real-life twin, Gillian Blakeney. Christina marries Paul Robinson and gives birth to their son, Andrew Robinson. Christina departed on 5 August 1992 with Paul and Andrew, following Paul's relocation to Hawaii. Blakeney reprised the role in June 2019 and will make her on-screen return in September, alongside her sister."}], "question": "How old was he when he relocated to where the director of Parzania was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__47071_277999_158461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "USA-258", "paragraph_text": "Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-258 was launched at 17:21 UTC on 29 October 2014, atop a Atlas V 401 carrier rocket, vehicle number AV-050. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-258 directly into medium Earth orbit."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "America's Got Talent (season 12)", "paragraph_text": "Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "USA-35", "paragraph_text": "USA-35 was launched at 18:30 UTC on 14 February 1989, atop a Delta II carrier rocket, flight number D184, flying in the 6925 configuration. This was the maiden flight of the Delta II. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-35 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mark Holyoake", "paragraph_text": "Mark Holyoake is a New Zealand gymnast, born in Wellington. He was placed 25th at the 2005 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships and 11th at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. He was part of the New Zealand team that placed 4th at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and he also placed 4th on the Parallel bars at the same event. In 2010, Mark Holyoake retired and is now a personal trainer at Les Mills International."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marian Gilman", "paragraph_text": "Marian Ulman Gilman (July 2, 1914 \u2013 June 23, 1996), also known by her married name Marian Sharpe, was an American competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. As a 14-year-old, Gilman placed fourth in the event final of the women's 100-meter backstroke with a time of 1:24.2."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vaikom Satyagraha", "paragraph_text": "When the Raja unexpectedly died E. V. Ramasami was released from the Trivandrum prison because additional trouble was feared, since the death of the Raja somehow connected with E. V. Ramasami's imprisonment as a bad omen. Later, on the order of the Government, E. V. Ramasami was, for breaking public laws sent to prison again in Madras to be kept out of the way. The compromise to open the streets in the temple areas was the outcome of the negotiations between Gandhi and the two Ranis. Gandhi had unsuccessfully done everything to keep E. V. Ramasami out of Vaikom. E. V. Ramasami on his side had to accept that the \"Vaikom Satyagraha\" ended in a compromise. In 1925, the Madras Presidency (Tamil Nadu) Congress passed a resolution unanimously praising E. V. Ramasami's contribution to the \"Vaikom Satyagraha\" and hailing him as the \"Vaikom Veerar\" (Vaikom Hero) in the Kanchipuram Session."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bardoli Satyagraha", "paragraph_text": "The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, in the state of Gujarat, India during the period of the British Raj, was a major episode of civil disobedience and revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. The movement was eventually led by Vallabhbhai Patel, and its success gave rise to Patel becoming one of the main leaders of the independence movement."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Martin Bossange", "paragraph_text": "Martin Bossange (2 February 1765 \u2013 30 October 1865) was a , originally from Bordeaux, who relocated to Paris and created an international publishing business."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Business (record store)", "paragraph_text": "The Business is an independent music store in Anacortes, Washington, USA. Founded by Glen DesJardins, it opened on Commercial Avenue in Anacortes in 1978 as a bookstore, music shop and photography studio. In 1993 Bret Lunsford purchased The Business and ran it until selling it to Liz and Jensen Lovelett in 2004. From October 2008 through February 2016, The Business occupied a former bank on the corner of 4th Street and Commercial Ave. In March 2016, The Business relocated a couple blocks down to 216 Commercial Ave. The store regularly stocks vinyl records, CDs, and audio cassettes, both new and used."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "USA-79", "paragraph_text": "USA-79 was launched at 22:29:00 UTC on 23 February 1992, atop a Delta II carrier rocket, flight number D207, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-79 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Old Mother Riley Overseas", "paragraph_text": "Old Mother Riley Overseas is a 1943 British comedy film directed by Oswald Mitchell and starring Arthur Lucan, Kitty McShane and Anthony Holles. In the screenplay, Old Mother Riley relocates to Portugal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sonu Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Sonu Nigam was born on 30 July 1973 to Agam Kumar Nigam and Shobha Nigam, in the city of Faridabad, Haryana. His father was from Agra and his mother was from Garhwal. His sister Teesha Nigam is also a professional singer.Nigam began his singing career at the age of four, when he joined his father Agam Kumar Nigam on stage to sing Mohammed Rafi's song \"Kya Hua Tera Wada\". Nigam began accompanying his father on his singing appearances at weddings and parties. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 18. He was trained by Hindustani classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.Nigam married Madhurima Mishra on 15 February 2002. He has a son named Nevaan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Arnfinn Bergmann", "paragraph_text": "Arnfinn Bergmann (14 October 1928 \u2013 13 February 2011) was a ski jumper from Norway. He won the individual large hill event at the 1952 Olympics and 1952 Holmenkollen ski festival and placed third at the 1950 World Championships. In 1956 he was awarded the Holmenkollen medal (shared with Borghild Niskin and Arne Hoel)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sardar Patel College of Engineering", "paragraph_text": "Sardar Patel College of Engineering (SPCE) is an government-aided autonomous engineering college located in Mumbai, India. It is affiliated to the University of Mumbai and offers undergraduate (Bachelor) and graduate (Master) degrees in engineering. It is one of the few Mumbai University affiliated colleges that have received Grade \u2019A\u2019 rating from the Government of Maharashtra. The college is supported by government funds, and was granted autonomous status by the UGC in June 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "USA-248", "paragraph_text": "Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-248 was launched at 01:59 UTC on 21 February 2014, atop a Delta IV carrier rocket, flight number D365, flying in the Medium+(4,2) configuration. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-248 directly into medium Earth orbit."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Lake Okeechobee", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Lake Okeechobee was one of the major battles of the Second Seminole War. It was fought between 800 troops of the 1st, 4th, and 6th Infantry Regiments and 132 Missouri Volunteers (under the command of Colonel Zachary Taylor), and between 380 and 480 Seminoles led by Billy Bowlegs, Abiaca, and Alligator on 25 December 1837. The Seminole warriors were resisting forced relocation to a reservation in Oklahoma. Though both the Seminoles and Taylor's troops emerged from the battle claiming victory, Taylor was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General as a result, and his nickname of \"Old Rough and Ready\" came mostly due to this battle."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "USA-256", "paragraph_text": "Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-256 was launched at 03:23 UTC on 2 August 2014, atop a Atlas V 401 carrier rocket, vehicle number AV-048. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-256 directly into medium Earth orbit."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "USA-262", "paragraph_text": "Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-262 was launched at 15:36 UTC on 15 July 2015, atop a Atlas V 401 carrier rocket, vehicle number AV-055. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-262 directly into semi-synchronous orbit."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "USA-265", "paragraph_text": "Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-265 was launched at 16:13 UTC on 31 October 2015, atop a Atlas V 401 carrier rocket, vehicle number AV-060. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-265 directly into semi-synchronous orbit."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "USA-225", "paragraph_text": "A Minotaur I carrier rocket was used to launch USA-225, flying from Space Launch Complex 8 of the Vandenberg Air Force Base. The launch of was originally scheduled for March 2011; however, it was subsequently moved forwards to 5 February. During the attempt to launch on 5 February 2011, a transmitter malfunctioned, and the launch attempt was scrubbed. Another attempt was scheduled for the next day. At 12:26 on 6 February 2011, the Minotaur lifted off, carrying USA-225 into orbit. The launch was conducted by Orbital Sciences Corporation."}], "question": "How old was he when he relocated to the place where the launcher of the bardoli satyagraha on the 4th of February, 1928, died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__634455_503109_158461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's balance beam", "paragraph_text": "These are the results of the women's balance beam competition, one of six events for female competitors in artistic gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. The qualification and final rounds took place on September 17 and 25 at the Sydney SuperDome."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "V\u00e4ne-\u00c5saka", "paragraph_text": "V\u00e4ne-\u00c5saka is a locality situated in Trollh\u00e4ttan Municipality, V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland County, Sweden with 292 inhabitants in 2010. It locally known as \u00c5saka. V\u00e4ne is name of the old hundred, added to the name by authorities in 1885 to tell this place and four other \u00c5saka in V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland apart."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "West Point Cadet Chapel", "paragraph_text": "The Cadet Chapel at the United States Military Academy is a place of Protestant denomination worship for many members of the United States Corps of Cadets. The chapel is a classic example of gothic revival architecture, with its cross-shaped floor plan, soaring arches, and ornate stone carvings. It hosts the largest chapel pipe organ in the world, which consists of 23,511 individual pipes. The Cadet Chapel dominates the skyline and sets the architectural mood of the academy. Designed by architect Bertram Goodhue and completed in 1910, the neogothic Cadet Chapel replaced the Old Cadet Chapel which had been built in 1836. The Old Cadet Chapel was deconstructed and relocated to the entrance of the West Point Cemetery, where it stands today."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Society Hill Towers", "paragraph_text": "In the late 1950s, Society Hill was considered a slum neighborhood, which was targeted for redevelopment by the Philadelphia City Planning Commission and the Redevelopment Authority. From 1957\u20131959, the Greater Philadelphia Movement, the Redevelopment Authority and the Old Philadelphia Development Corporation bought around Dock Street. They relocated and demolished the Dock Street Market, setting aside of land that would become the Society Hill Towers. In 1957, Edmund Bacon, the executive director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, awarded developer-architect firm Webb and Knapp the competition for the redevelopment of Society Hill. Architect I. M. Pei and his team created a plan for three 31-story Society Hill Towers as well as the Society Hill Townhouses, a low-rise project. The Towers and Townhouses project was completed in 1964, while the entire plan was completed in 1977."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roar Kjernstad", "paragraph_text": "Roar Kjernstad (1975, Espa, Norway) is a painter who specialises in traditional figurative work. He trained at the Nansen Academy in Lillehammer and at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Antwerp, focusing at the latter on study of the Old Masters."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Old Mother Riley Overseas", "paragraph_text": "Old Mother Riley Overseas is a 1943 British comedy film directed by Oswald Mitchell and starring Arthur Lucan, Kitty McShane and Anthony Holles. In the screenplay, Old Mother Riley relocates to Portugal."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Benjamin Fine", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Fine (1905\u20131975) was an American journalist and author. He worked at \"The New York Times\" from 1938 to 1958. Fine was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts, and died while on vacation in Puson, South Korea."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "America's Got Talent (season 12)", "paragraph_text": "Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New Balance 99X Series", "paragraph_text": "The New Balance 99X Series is a series of athletic shoes produced by New Balance since the introduction of the first New Balance 990 in 1982."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sonu Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Sonu Nigam was born on 30 July 1973 to Agam Kumar Nigam and Shobha Nigam, in the city of Faridabad, Haryana. His father was from Agra and his mother was from Garhwal. His sister Teesha Nigam is also a professional singer.Nigam began his singing career at the age of four, when he joined his father Agam Kumar Nigam on stage to sing Mohammed Rafi's song \"Kya Hua Tera Wada\". Nigam began accompanying his father on his singing appearances at weddings and parties. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 18. He was trained by Hindustani classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.Nigam married Madhurima Mishra on 15 February 2002. He has a son named Nevaan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Trail of Tears", "paragraph_text": "The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west (usually west of the Mississippi River) that had been designated as Indian Territory. The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The relocated peoples suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve, and many died before reaching their destinations. The forced removals included members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Ponca nations. The phrase ``Trail of Tears ''originates from a description of the removal of many Native American tribes, including the infamous Cherokee Nation relocation in 1838."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Census of Quirinius", "paragraph_text": "The Census of Quirinius was a census of Judea taken by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria, upon the imposition of direct Roman rule in 6 CE. The Gospel of Luke uses it as the narrative means to establish the birth of Jesus (), but places it within the reign of Herod the Great, who died 9 years earlier. No satisfactory explanation of the contradiction seems possible, and most scholars think that the author of the gospel made an error."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tales from Firozsha Baag", "paragraph_text": "Tales From Firozsha Baag is a collection of 11 short stories by Rohinton Mistry about the residents of Firozsha Baag, a Parsi-dominated apartment complex in Mumbai (formerly Bombay). Mistry's first book, it was published by Penguin Canada in 1987. Although all the stories deal with the same location, many were written without the aim of being collected in the same volume."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Baby boomers", "paragraph_text": "The phrase baby boom refers to a noticeable increase in the birth rate. The post-war population increase was described as a ``boom ''by various newspaper reporters, including Sylvia F. Porter in a column for the May 4, 1951, edition of the New York Post, based on the increase in the population of the U.S. of 2,357,000 in 1950. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first recorded use of`` baby boomer'' is from 1970 in an article in The Washington Post. Various authors have delimited the baby boom period differently. Landon Jones, in his book Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation (1980), defined the span of the baby - boom generation as extending from 1943 through 1960, when annual births increased over 4,000,000. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe, well known for their generational theory, define the social generation of Boomers as that cohort born from 1943 to 1960, who were too young to have any personal memory of World War II, but old enough to remember the postwar American High."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Fine Balance", "paragraph_text": "A Fine Balance is the second novel by Rohinton Mistry. Set in \"an unidentified city\" in India, initially in 1975 and later in 1984 during the turmoil of The Emergency, the book concerns four characters from varied backgrounds \u2013 Dina Dalal, Ishvar Darji, his nephew Omprakash Darji and the young student Maneck Kohlah \u2013 who come together and develop a bond."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nicholas Montemarano", "paragraph_text": "Nicholas Montemarano (born 1970) is an American writer originally from Queens, New York. He is the author of three novels, \"The Senator's Children\", \"The Book of Why,\" and \"A Fine Place\", and the short story collection \"If the Sky Falls\". His fiction has been published widely in magazines such as \"Esquire, , Tin House, DoubleTake, The Gettysburg Review, The Antioch Review, The Southern Review\", and \"AGNI\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Balance of power (international relations)", "paragraph_text": "The principle involved in preserving the balance of power as a conscious goal of foreign policy, as David Hume pointed out in his Essay on the Balance of Power, is as old as history, and was used by Greeks such as Thucydides both as political theorists and as practical statesmen."}], "question": "How old was Sonu Nigam when he relocated to the birthplace of the author of A Fine Balance?"}
{"id": "3hop2__149694_152948_59919", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sarah Thomas (actress)", "paragraph_text": "Sarah Jane Thomas (born 5 June 1952) is a British actress, born in London, probably best known for her television appearances as Enid Simmons in Worzel Gummidge (1980), and as Glenda Wilkinson in Last of the Summer Wine (1986 -- 2010). Thomas also made a brief cameo appearance in the fifth episode of the original Blackadder series (1983), 'the Witchsmeller Pursuivant', as a peasant girl who dies of the Black Death in the pre-credit sequence. She also appeared in a Christmas episode of Heartbeat (December 29, 1996), called 'Charity Begins at Home.'"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sumer", "paragraph_text": "Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy. Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures depicts vultures pecking at the severed heads and other body parts of his enemies. His empire collapsed shortly after his death."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Have His Carcase", "paragraph_text": "Have His Carcase is a 1932 locked-room mystery by Dorothy L. Sayers, her seventh novel featuring Lord Peter Wimsey and the second in which Harriet Vane appears."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oxford University Press", "paragraph_text": "The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a major printer of Bibles, prayer books, and scholarly works. OUP took on the project that became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century, and expanded to meet the ever-rising costs of the work. As a result, the last hundred years has seen Oxford publish children's books, school text books, music, journals, the World's Classics series, and a range of English language teaching texts. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, beginning with New York City in 1896. With the advent of computer technology and increasingly harsh trading conditions, the Press's printing house at Oxford was closed in 1989, and its former paper mill at Wolvercote was demolished in 2004. By contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Death Car on the Freeway", "paragraph_text": "The cast features several TV veterans, including George Hamilton, Frank Gorshin, Peter Graves, Dinah Shore, Harriet Nelson, Barbara Rush and Abe Vigoda. Director Hal Needham appears in a supporting role. The face of the driver is never shown, and none of the stunt drivers who \"acted him out\" are credited for the role of \"The Freeway Fiddler\". \"Death Car on the Freeway\" first aired on CBS television on September 25, 1979."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tara Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance ``Pilot ''(2008) Last appearance`` A Mother's Work'' (2014) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname (s) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse (s) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Stephen Kemble", "paragraph_text": "He supported the careers of many leading actors of the time such as Master Betty, his wife Elizabeth Satchell, his sister Elizabeth Whitlock, George Frederick Cooke, Harriet Pye Esten, John Edwin, Joseph Munden, Grist, Elizabeth Inchbald, Pauline Hall, Wilson, Charles Incledon, Egan. His nephew Henry Siddons (Sarah Siddons' son) made his first appearance on stage in Sheffield (October 1792), his younger brother Charles Kemble, Thomas Apthorpe Cooper, John Liston, John Emery, Daniel Egerton, William Macready."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Peter Mitchell (golfer)", "paragraph_text": "Mitchell was born in London. He turned professional at an early age in 1974, working in a club job before embarking on a tournament career several years later. He made his first appearance on the European Tour in 1979 and his last in 2003. In the early years he had difficulties holding on to his tour card, but in the thirteen-year stretch from 1988 to 2000 he finished in the top eighty of the European Tour Order of Merit every season, with a highest ranking of 12th in 1996. That same year he made his only appearance in the World Cup of Golf. He won three European Tour events: the 1992 Mitsubishi Austrian Open, the 1997 Madeira Island Open and the 1998 Portuguese Open."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thomas Carper (poet)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Carper is an American poet. His work has appeared in \"Poetry, The American Scholar, The Formalist, and The Review\" (London)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Man-Eater", "paragraph_text": "The Man-Eater is a short adventure novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, written in May 1915, originally as a movie treatment. His working title for the piece was Ben, King of Beasts. \"The Man-Eater\" is one of Burrough's rarer works. It was first published as a serial in the \"New York Evening World\" newspaper under the present title from November 15\u201320, 1915, but did not appear in book form in Burroughs' lifetime. The first book edition was issued by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach's \"Fantasy Press\" fanzine in 1955; it then appeared in the collection \"Beyond Thirty and The Man-Eater\", published by Science-Fiction & Fantasy Publications in 1957. It was reprinted in paperback (without the hyphen in the title) as \"The Man Eater: Ben, King of Beasts\" by Fantasy House in 1974."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters", "paragraph_text": "Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters is the first film in the anime trilogy. The second film in the trilogy, titled Godzilla: City on the Edge of Battle was released on May 18, 2018. The third and final film in the trilogy, titled Gojira: Hoshi wo K\u016b Mono (GODZILLA - \u661f\u3092\u55b0\u3046\u8005), translation vary from Godzilla: Planet Eater to Godzilla: Eater of Stars, is scheduled to be released in November 2018."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Strong Poison", "paragraph_text": "Strong Poison is a 1930 mystery novel by Dorothy L. Sayers, her fifth featuring Lord Peter Wimsey and the first in which Harriet Vane appears."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Man-Eaters of Kumaon", "paragraph_text": "Man-Eaters of Kumaon is a 1944 book written by hunter-naturalist Jim Corbett. It details the experiences that Corbett had in the Kumaon region of India from the 1900s to the 1930s, while hunting man-eating Bengal tigers and Indian leopards. One tiger, for example, was responsible for over 400 human deaths. \"Man-Eaters of Kumaon\" is the best known of Corbett's books and contains 10 stories of tracking and shooting man-eaters in the Indian Himalayas during the early years of the twentieth century. The text also contains incidental information on flora, fauna and village life. Seven of the stories were first published privately as Jungle Stories."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)", "paragraph_text": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle, which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Universal's Islands of Adventure Status Operating Cost GBP \u00a3134 million USD $200 million Soft opening date June 1, 2010 Opening date June 18, 2010 (2010 - 06 - 18) Replaced Merlinwood (The Lost Continent) Universal Studios Florida Status Operating Cost USD $256 million Soft opening date July 3, 2014 Opening date July 8, 2014 Replaced Jaws General statistics Attraction type Themed zone Designer Universal Creative Theme Harry Potter Size Phase 1: 20 acres (8.1 ha)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Humanism", "paragraph_text": "Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles \u2013 a secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism. Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to \"vivre pour altrui\" (\"live for others\", from which comes the word \"altruism\"), and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cody Willis", "paragraph_text": "Cody Willis is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", originally played by Amelia Frid. She made her first on-screen appearance on 24 November 1989. The character departed in 1991, but returned in 1993 with Peta Brady in the role. Cody was last seen on-screen on 29 March 1996, following her death."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nellie Oleson", "paragraph_text": "After Nellie graduated from school, her mother, Harriet, bestowed her with a restaurant and hotel. At first, Nellie balked, showing great incompetence in the hospitality business. Eventually, Nels and Harriet hired Percival Dalton (played by Steve Tracy) to help Nellie learn how to cook and run the restaurant. During this time, Nellie began maturing -- thanks to Percy's work with her and Nels's values winning out over Harriet's -- and fell in love with Percival. The two eventually married, and Nellie gave birth to twin children (Benjamin and Jennifer)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Death Eater", "paragraph_text": "Death Eaters are characters featured in the \"Harry Potter\" series of novels and films. They are a group of dark wizard & witches, led by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort (Tom Riddle), who seek to purify the Wizarding community by eliminating the Muggle-borns (wizards and witches born to non-magical parents). They also try to create a new order through the Ministry of Magic and spread fear throughout the Wizarding community by terrorising and killing important officials and other enemies of the Death Eaters, chiefly the members of the Order of the Phoenix."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "F. B. McFarren Memorial Park", "paragraph_text": "F. B. McFarren Memorial Park is a park in the community of Streetsville in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, situated south of McFarren Blvd, which runs from Thomas Street south and west to Erin Mills Parkway. It was opened in and named after F. B. McFarren, on lands which were previously owned by the McFarren family who operated a brick plant and quarry in the area from 1945. McFarren bricks may be seen throughout the local architecture. There is a plaque in the park commemorating Mr. McFarren's involvement in the brick plant."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harriet Elam-Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Harriet Lee Elam-Thomas (born 1941) is a United States diplomat and university professor who directs the Diplomacy Program under International and Global Studies at the University of Central Florida (UCF) in Orlando, Florida. From 2000 to 2002, Thomas served as the United States Ambassador to Senegal."}], "question": "When did the attraction based on the books that featured Death Eaters open in Harriet Elam-Thomas's city?"}
{"id": "3hop1__726433_238423_158461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sol Bianca", "paragraph_text": "The name of the OVA is also the name of the ship that serves as both the home and the interstellar headquarters for an all-female band of notorious pirates. Thanks to a stowaway who hides himself aboard their ship following one of their raids, they learn of the ultimate treasure: the Gnosis (pronounced \"G'Nohsis\" in dialogue), an artifact reputedly from old Earth itself."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called \"New San Diego\", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called \"New Town\" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dodi Island", "paragraph_text": "Dodi Island is an island in Ghana, located off the shore of Lake Volta. It is a tourist destination and a land place for the cruise ship, Dodi Princess."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Samuel Lincoln", "paragraph_text": "Having grown up in meager circumstances due to a family squabble in which his wealthy grandfather disinherited his earlier children, Samuel Lincoln became an apprentice weaver under Francis Lawes of Norwich, England. Samuel Lincoln's father Edward had abandoned his home at Swanton Morley near Hingham after he was cut out of his father Richard's will, and relocated to some small acreage at Hingham. In 1637, Lincoln left England for the New World with Lawes' family, embarking on a ship named \"John & Dorothy\". Although most accounts indicate that he was 15 years old at the time, it has been suggested that he misrepresented his age in order to be permitted to make the voyage."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Valemax", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Vale placed orders for twelve 400,000-ton \"Valemax\" ships to be constructed by Jiangsu Rongsheng Heavy Industries (RSHI) in China and ordered seven more ships from South Korean Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) in 2009. In addition sixteen more ships of similar size were ordered from Chinese and South Korean shipyards for other shipping companies, and chartered to Vale under long-term contracts. The first vessel was delivered in 2011 and the last in 2016."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Parent Trap (1998 film)", "paragraph_text": "Lindsay Lohan, as Annie James and Hallie Parker, 11 - year - old twin sisters who were separated after birth. Following their parents' divorce, they were raised separately with no knowledge of each other."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Los Angeles Clippers", "paragraph_text": "In 1978, San Diego welcomed the relocation of the Buffalo Braves franchise because the city had lost their Rockets to Houston seven years earlier. San Diego team officials did not think Braves was a representative nickname for the club and a contest decided on ``Clippers '', because the city was known for the great sailing ships that passed through San Diego Bay. When the Clippers moved to Los Angeles in 1984, they kept their nickname."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "USS Horace Beals (1862)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Horace Beals\" (1862) was a barkentine acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was placed into service as a cargo ship assigned to support the fleet blockading the ports of the Confederate States of America. However, at times, \"Horace Beals\" was assigned extra tasks, such as that of a hospital ship as well as an ammunition ship."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Right Here, Right Now (film)", "paragraph_text": "Right Here Right Now (2003) is a short film written and directed by Mumbai based filmmaker Anand Gandhi. It won critical acclaim and wide audience appreciation in the years following its premiere at the Indo-British Film and Video Festival. It has achieved a near-cult status in the Indian parallel cinema."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oliver Twist (character)", "paragraph_text": "Based in the 1820s, the orphan, young Oliver is born in a parish workhouse in an unnamed town. His unmarried mother dies during labour. Old Sally, who was present at the birth, takes from the dying woman a locket and ring. Mr Bumble, the Beadle, names the boy Oliver Twist. Oliver is sent to an orphanage, run by Mrs. Mann, until he is nine years old, when he is returned to the workhouse."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Old Mother Riley Overseas", "paragraph_text": "Old Mother Riley Overseas is a 1943 British comedy film directed by Oswald Mitchell and starring Arthur Lucan, Kitty McShane and Anthony Holles. In the screenplay, Old Mother Riley relocates to Portugal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sonu Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Sonu Nigam was born on 30 July 1973 to Agam Kumar Nigam and Shobha Nigam, in the city of Faridabad, Haryana. His father was from Agra and his mother was from Garhwal. His sister Teesha Nigam is also a professional singer.Nigam began his singing career at the age of four, when he joined his father Agam Kumar Nigam on stage to sing Mohammed Rafi's song \"Kya Hua Tera Wada\". Nigam began accompanying his father on his singing appearances at weddings and parties. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 18. He was trained by Hindustani classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.Nigam married Madhurima Mishra on 15 February 2002. He has a son named Nevaan."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Enoch Poor", "paragraph_text": "Enoch Poor (June 21, 1736 (Old Style)? \u2013 September 8, 1780) was a brigadier general in the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. He was a ship builder and merchant from Exeter, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Low vs Diamond", "paragraph_text": "Low vs Diamond was an American rock band formed in 2002 by Lucas Field, Howie Diamond, and Tad Moore (birth name: James Thaddeus Moore IV) while they were students at the University of Colorado. Following graduation, they relocated to Los Angeles, where they met up with the other two members of the band, Anthony Polcino and Jon Pancoast. Low vs Diamond released their debut EP, \"Life After Love\", in February 2007, and their self-titled debut album in April 2008."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Reykjav\u00edk", "paragraph_text": "Reykjav\u00edk has two seaports, the old harbour near the city centre which is mainly used by fishermen and cruise ships, and Sundah\u00f6fn in the east city which is the largest cargo port in the country."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Helen of Troy", "paragraph_text": "Two Athenians, Theseus and Pirithous, thought that since they were both sons of gods, both of them should have divine wives; they thus pledged to help each other abduct two daughters of Zeus. Theseus chose Helen, and Pirithous vowed to marry Persephone, the wife of Hades. Theseus took Helen and left her with his mother Aethra or his associate Aphidnus at Aphidnae or Athens. Theseus and Pirithous then traveled to the underworld, the domain of Hades, to kidnap Persephone. Hades pretended to offer them hospitality and set a feast, but, as soon as the pair sat down, snakes coiled around their feet and held them there. Helen's abduction caused an invasion of Athens by Castor and Pollux, who captured Aethra in revenge, and returned their sister to Sparta."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "paragraph_text": "The play consists of four interconnecting plots, connected by a celebration of the wedding of Duke Theseus of Athens and the Amazon queen, Hippolyta, which is set simultaneously in the woodland and in the realm of Fairyland, under the light of the moon."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nightbirds on Nantucket", "paragraph_text": "Nightbirds on Nantucket is a children's novel by Joan Aiken, first published in 1966. Taking place in an alternate history, the story presents the further adventures of Dido Twite, an eleven-year-old Victorian tomboy, aboard a whaling ship and in Nantucket."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ship of Theseus (film)", "paragraph_text": "Ship of Theseus is a 2013 Indian drama film written and directed by Anand Gandhi, and produced by actor Sohum Shah. The film explores \"questions of identity, justice, beauty, meaning and death through the stories of an experimental photographer, an ailing monk and an enterprising stockbroker\", played by Aida El-Kashef, Neeraj Kabi and Sohum Shah."}], "question": "How old was Sonu Nigam when he relocated to the birthplace of the screenwriter of Ship of Theseus?"}
{"id": "3hop1__521509_238423_158461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Samuel Lincoln", "paragraph_text": "Having grown up in meager circumstances due to a family squabble in which his wealthy grandfather disinherited his earlier children, Samuel Lincoln became an apprentice weaver under Francis Lawes of Norwich, England. Samuel Lincoln's father Edward had abandoned his home at Swanton Morley near Hingham after he was cut out of his father Richard's will, and relocated to some small acreage at Hingham. In 1637, Lincoln left England for the New World with Lawes' family, embarking on a ship named \"John & Dorothy\". Although most accounts indicate that he was 15 years old at the time, it has been suggested that he misrepresented his age in order to be permitted to make the voyage."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "paragraph_text": "The play consists of four interconnecting plots, connected by a celebration of the wedding of Duke Theseus of Athens and the Amazon queen, Hippolyta, which is set simultaneously in the woodland and in the realm of Fairyland, under the light of the moon."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Enoch Poor", "paragraph_text": "Enoch Poor (June 21, 1736 (Old Style)? \u2013 September 8, 1780) was a brigadier general in the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. He was a ship builder and merchant from Exeter, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oliver Twist (character)", "paragraph_text": "Based in the 1820s, the orphan, young Oliver is born in a parish workhouse in an unnamed town. His unmarried mother dies during labour. Old Sally, who was present at the birth, takes from the dying woman a locket and ring. Mr Bumble, the Beadle, names the boy Oliver Twist. Oliver is sent to an orphanage, run by Mrs. Mann, until he is nine years old, when he is returned to the workhouse."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "USS Horace Beals (1862)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Horace Beals\" (1862) was a barkentine acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was placed into service as a cargo ship assigned to support the fleet blockading the ports of the Confederate States of America. However, at times, \"Horace Beals\" was assigned extra tasks, such as that of a hospital ship as well as an ammunition ship."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Old Mother Riley Overseas", "paragraph_text": "Old Mother Riley Overseas is a 1943 British comedy film directed by Oswald Mitchell and starring Arthur Lucan, Kitty McShane and Anthony Holles. In the screenplay, Old Mother Riley relocates to Portugal."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ship of Theseus (film)", "paragraph_text": "Ship of Theseus is a 2013 Indian drama film written and directed by Anand Gandhi, and produced by actor Sohum Shah. The film explores \"questions of identity, justice, beauty, meaning and death through the stories of an experimental photographer, an ailing monk and an enterprising stockbroker\", played by Aida El-Kashef, Neeraj Kabi and Sohum Shah."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tara (plantation)", "paragraph_text": "For the 1939 motion picture, the home was constructed by art director Lyle Wheeler. After filming concluded, the fa\u00e7ade of Tara sat on the Forty Acres backlot owned by RKO Pictures and then Desilu Productions. The Tara house fa\u00e7ade looks very similar to the home of Barbara Stanwyck's character Victoria Barkey in the CBS series The Big Valley. That set was built on the Republic studio lot in Encino for the John Wayne movie, ``The Fighting Kentuckian. ''In 1959, Southern Attractions, Inc. purchased the fa\u00e7ade, which was dismantled and shipped to Georgia with plans to relocate it to the Atlanta area as a tourist attraction. Producer David O. Selznick commented at the time,"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "West Point Cadet Chapel", "paragraph_text": "The Cadet Chapel at the United States Military Academy is a place of Protestant denomination worship for many members of the United States Corps of Cadets. The chapel is a classic example of gothic revival architecture, with its cross-shaped floor plan, soaring arches, and ornate stone carvings. It hosts the largest chapel pipe organ in the world, which consists of 23,511 individual pipes. The Cadet Chapel dominates the skyline and sets the architectural mood of the academy. Designed by architect Bertram Goodhue and completed in 1910, the neogothic Cadet Chapel replaced the Old Cadet Chapel which had been built in 1836. The Old Cadet Chapel was deconstructed and relocated to the entrance of the West Point Cemetery, where it stands today."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bill Scholl", "paragraph_text": "Bill Scholl (born September 2, 1957) is the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics for Marquette University. Bill Scholl spent 23 years working in the University of Notre Dame athletics department before accepting a position at Ball State University as the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics. After three years at Ball State, Scholl relocated where he is now the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics at Marquette University."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Helen of Troy", "paragraph_text": "Two Athenians, Theseus and Pirithous, thought that since they were both sons of gods, both of them should have divine wives; they thus pledged to help each other abduct two daughters of Zeus. Theseus chose Helen, and Pirithous vowed to marry Persephone, the wife of Hades. Theseus took Helen and left her with his mother Aethra or his associate Aphidnus at Aphidnae or Athens. Theseus and Pirithous then traveled to the underworld, the domain of Hades, to kidnap Persephone. Hades pretended to offer them hospitality and set a feast, but, as soon as the pair sat down, snakes coiled around their feet and held them there. Helen's abduction caused an invasion of Athens by Castor and Pollux, who captured Aethra in revenge, and returned their sister to Sparta."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Parent Trap (1998 film)", "paragraph_text": "Lindsay Lohan, as Annie James and Hallie Parker, 11 - year - old twin sisters who were separated after birth. Following their parents' divorce, they were raised separately with no knowledge of each other."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Right Here, Right Now (film)", "paragraph_text": "Right Here Right Now (2003) is a short film written and directed by Mumbai based filmmaker Anand Gandhi. It won critical acclaim and wide audience appreciation in the years following its premiere at the Indo-British Film and Video Festival. It has achieved a near-cult status in the Indian parallel cinema."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boyn Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Boyn Ridge () is the northernmost ridge of the Havre Mountains, north Alexander Island, Antarctica. Situated 5.6 km north-northwest of Satovcha Peak. Following geological work by the British Antarctic Survey, 1976\u201377, it was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1980 after Charles Boyn, Director, Agence General Maritime, France, who superintended the building of the expedition ship \"Pourquoi-Pas?\" of the French Antarctic Expedition, 1908\u201310."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Reykjav\u00edk", "paragraph_text": "Reykjav\u00edk has two seaports, the old harbour near the city centre which is mainly used by fishermen and cruise ships, and Sundah\u00f6fn in the east city which is the largest cargo port in the country."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Low vs Diamond", "paragraph_text": "Low vs Diamond was an American rock band formed in 2002 by Lucas Field, Howie Diamond, and Tad Moore (birth name: James Thaddeus Moore IV) while they were students at the University of Colorado. Following graduation, they relocated to Los Angeles, where they met up with the other two members of the band, Anthony Polcino and Jon Pancoast. Low vs Diamond released their debut EP, \"Life After Love\", in February 2007, and their self-titled debut album in April 2008."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sonu Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Sonu Nigam was born on 30 July 1973 to Agam Kumar Nigam and Shobha Nigam, in the city of Faridabad, Haryana. His father was from Agra and his mother was from Garhwal. His sister Teesha Nigam is also a professional singer.Nigam began his singing career at the age of four, when he joined his father Agam Kumar Nigam on stage to sing Mohammed Rafi's song \"Kya Hua Tera Wada\". Nigam began accompanying his father on his singing appearances at weddings and parties. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 18. He was trained by Hindustani classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.Nigam married Madhurima Mishra on 15 February 2002. He has a son named Nevaan."}], "question": "How old was he when he relocated to the birthplace of Ship of Theseus's director?"}
{"id": "3hop1__580231_277999_158461", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "How Death Came to Earth", "paragraph_text": "How Death Came to Earth is a 14-minute cutout animation film by Ishu Patel produced in 1971 by the National Film Board of Canada. The film deals with an Indian myth of creation, and is notable for its trippy visual style."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sonu Nigam", "paragraph_text": "Sonu Nigam was born on 30 July 1973 to Agam Kumar Nigam and Shobha Nigam, in the city of Faridabad, Haryana. His father was from Agra and his mother was from Garhwal. His sister Teesha Nigam is also a professional singer.Nigam began his singing career at the age of four, when he joined his father Agam Kumar Nigam on stage to sing Mohammed Rafi's song \"Kya Hua Tera Wada\". Nigam began accompanying his father on his singing appearances at weddings and parties. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 18. He was trained by Hindustani classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.Nigam married Madhurima Mishra on 15 February 2002. He has a son named Nevaan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ned Stark", "paragraph_text": "In season 1, King Robert Baratheon asks his old friend Eddard ``Ned ''Stark, Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North, to assume the position of Hand of the King after the sudden death of their mentor, Jon Arryn. Not interested in politics or the intrigues of the court, Ned accepts out of duty, as well as to discover how Arryn died. Robert is killed just as Ned discovers that his three children by Cersei were actually fathered by the queen's twin, Jaime. Before Ned is able to neutralize Cersei and place Robert's brother Stannis on the throne, he is betrayed by Littlefinger, and the queen has him imprisoned for treason. Ned makes a public confession to save his daughters from Cersei's wrath, but Joffrey has Ned beheaded anyway."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dahyabhai Patel", "paragraph_text": "Dahyabhai Patel (1906\u20131973) was the son of Indian leader Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, an and later a member of the Parliament of India. Educated in Bombay, Dahyabhai Patel graduated from the Gujarat Vidyapith and began working for an insurance company, and settled in Bombay. His first wife Yashoda died, leaving him his son Bipin. He later married Bhanumati and had another son, Gautam. His flat on Sandhurst Road and later Prabhadevi in Bombay was the frequent residence of Sardar Patel. Although primarily a businessman, Patel participated in the Quit India movement and was imprisoned from 1942 to 1944."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Paul-Louis Halley", "paragraph_text": "The inquest into the death of Paul-Louis Halley took place in Oxford, England, in late October 2005. A jury returned a verdict of accidental death."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Johann Christian Bach", "paragraph_text": "Johann Christian Bach was born to Johann Sebastian and Anna Magdalena Bach in Leipzig, Germany. His distinguished father was already 50 at the time of his birth\u2014an age gap exemplified by the sharp differences in the musical styles of father and son. Even so, father Bach instructed Johann Christian in music until his death in 1750. After his father's death, he worked (and lived) with his second-oldest half brother Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, who was twenty-one years his senior and considered at the time to be the most musically gifted of Bach's sons."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vallabhbhai Patel", "paragraph_text": "Vallabhbhai  Patel (31 October 1875 \u2013 15 December 1950), popularly known as Sardar Patel, was an Indian politician. He served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was an Indian barrister and statesman, a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and a founding father of the Republic of India who played a leading role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation. In India and elsewhere, he was often called Sardar, meaning \"chief\" in Hindi, Urdu, and Persian. He acted as Home Minister during the political integration of India and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.Patel was raised in the countryside of state of Gujarat. He was a successful lawyer. He subsequently organised peasants from Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against the British Raj, becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He was appointed as the 49th President of Indian National Congress, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937 while promoting the Quit India Movement."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beginners", "paragraph_text": "Beginners is a 2010 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Mike Mills. It tells the story of Oliver, a man reflecting on the life and death of his father, Hal, while trying to forge a new romantic relationship with a woman, Anna, dealing with father issues of her own. The film is based on the true-life coming out of Mills' father at the age of 75, five years before his death."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jantar-Mantar", "paragraph_text": "Jantar-Mantar is a public art work by sculptor Narendra Patel, located on the campus of the University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee (UWM) on the east side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Louis, Duke of Burgundy", "paragraph_text": "Louis, Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France (16 August 1682 \u2013 18 February 1712) was the eldest son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and father of Louis XV, and briefly heir-apparent to the throne from his father's death in April 1711 to his own death 10 months later. Until he became the official Dauphin of France upon his father's death in 1711, he was known as Le Petit Dauphin to distinguish him from his father, who was known as \"le Grand Dauphin\". His legitimate male progeny died out in 1883."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Air Bud", "paragraph_text": "Norm Snively, an alcoholic clown, and his Golden Retriever, Old Blue, are doing a show at a child's birthday party. After Old Blue causes havoc at the party, Snively angrily takes him in a kennel to a dog pound, until the kennel falls out of his truck. Old Blue is homeless until he meets 12 - year - old Josh Framm. After the death of his father, a pilot who died in a plane crash during a test flight due to fuel shortage, Josh has relocated with his mother Jackie and two - year - old sister Andrea from Virginia to Fernfield, Washington. Due to heartbreak over his father's death, he is too shy to try out for his middle school's basketball team and to make any friends. He instead becomes the basketball team's manager, an awkward offer by Coach Joe Barker which he accepts. He practices basketball by himself in a makeshift court that he sets up in an abandoned allotment, where he meets Old Blue and renames him Buddy. Josh soon discovers that Buddy has the uncanny ability to play basketball, and decides to let Buddy come home with him."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Samna (film)", "paragraph_text": "Samna is a 1974 Marathi-language crime drama directed by Jabbar Patel. It was entered into the 25th Berlin International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tirur Nambissan", "paragraph_text": "Tirur Nambissan (1942-1994) was a Kathakali singer. He was born as Narayanan Nambissan at Tirur in the Malappuram district of Kerala in southern India. He started learning music at the age of seven, while attending the local boys' high school. He could, however, not continue his formal education or his musical education because of the unexpected deaths of his mother, three brothers and father, as well as the suicide of his younger sister - all this before he was 15 years old."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sardar Patel College of Engineering", "paragraph_text": "Sardar Patel College of Engineering (SPCE) is an government-aided autonomous engineering college located in Mumbai, India. It is affiliated to the University of Mumbai and offers undergraduate (Bachelor) and graduate (Master) degrees in engineering. It is one of the few Mumbai University affiliated colleges that have received Grade \u2019A\u2019 rating from the Government of Maharashtra. The college is supported by government funds, and was granted autonomous status by the UGC in June 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oldest people", "paragraph_text": "Since the death of 117 - year - old Nabi Tajima of Japan on 21 April 2018, 117 - year - old Chiyo Miyako of Japan, born 2 May 1901, is the oldest living person in the world whose age has been documented. Since the death of 113 - year - old Francisco N\u00fa\u00f1ez Olivera of Spain on 29 January 2018, 112 - year - old Masaz\u014d Nonaka of Japan, born 25 July 1905, is the world's oldest living man."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dimitar Zograf", "paragraph_text": "Born in Samokov to the family of Hristo Dimitrov, the founder of the Samokov iconographic school, Dimitar was the elder brother of the better-known painter Zahari Zograf. Dimitar was taught iconography by his father in his workshop and by his father's death in 1819 he was already an accomplished painter, taking the leadership of his father's workshop and often working for the same monasteries and architects as his father."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ces\u00e1ria \u00c9vora", "paragraph_text": "\"Cise\" (as she was known to friends) was born on 27 August 1941 in Mindelo, S\u00e3o Vicente, Cape Verde. When she was seven years old her father, Justino da Cruz \u00c9vora, who was a part-time musician, died, and at the age of ten she was placed in an orphanage, as her mother Dona Joana could not raise all six children. At the age of 16, she was persuaded by a friend to sing in a sailors' tavern."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Samuel Lincoln", "paragraph_text": "Having grown up in meager circumstances due to a family squabble in which his wealthy grandfather disinherited his earlier children, Samuel Lincoln became an apprentice weaver under Francis Lawes of Norwich, England. Samuel Lincoln's father Edward had abandoned his home at Swanton Morley near Hingham after he was cut out of his father Richard's will, and relocated to some small acreage at Hingham. In 1637, Lincoln left England for the New World with Lawes' family, embarking on a ship named \"John & Dorothy\". Although most accounts indicate that he was 15 years old at the time, it has been suggested that he misrepresented his age in order to be permitted to make the voyage."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Old Grey Whistle Theft", "paragraph_text": "\"Old Grey Whistle Theft\" is the fourth episode of the second series of the Channel 4 sitcom \"Father Ted\". The title is a pun on the BBC TV music show \"The Old Grey Whistle Test\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "West Point Cadet Chapel", "paragraph_text": "The Cadet Chapel at the United States Military Academy is a place of Protestant denomination worship for many members of the United States Corps of Cadets. The chapel is a classic example of gothic revival architecture, with its cross-shaped floor plan, soaring arches, and ornate stone carvings. It hosts the largest chapel pipe organ in the world, which consists of 23,511 individual pipes. The Cadet Chapel dominates the skyline and sets the architectural mood of the academy. Designed by architect Bertram Goodhue and completed in 1910, the neogothic Cadet Chapel replaced the Old Cadet Chapel which had been built in 1836. The Old Cadet Chapel was deconstructed and relocated to the entrance of the West Point Cemetery, where it stands today."}], "question": "How old was he when he returned to the city where Dahyabhai Patel's father died?"}
{"id": "3hop2__741238_149694_59919", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "George Morrow (bassist)", "paragraph_text": "George Morrow (born August 15, 1925 in Pasadena, CA - died May 26, 1992 in Orlando, FL) was a jazz bassist."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Karen Page", "paragraph_text": "Karen's father, Dr. Paxton Page, fakes his own kidnapping and death so that he can assume the guise of the villain Death's - Head. Karen returns to her parents' home in Fagan Corners, Vermont to investigate her father's disappearance. Daredevil follows her. In the ensuing battle between Daredevil and Death's Head, Death's Head spills a vat of molten cobalt over Daredevil, but realizes that Karen is endangered. This brings him back to his senses, and he pushes Daredevil and Karen to safety. He appears to die in this act of self - sacrifice, when he is coated in the molten cobalt. After the battle with Death's Head, Daredevil reveals his true identity to Karen. She constantly fears for Matt's safety, but he can not give up fighting crime. Karen eventually leaves him and moves to California to pursue an acting career. She finds work as an actress in a daytime soap opera."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Han Lue", "paragraph_text": "Han's death is seen again in Furious 7 through archival footage from The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift and Fast & Furious 6, occurring the same time a bomb package delivered to Dominic's house goes off. Han's death was the reason Dominic appeared in Tokyo at the end of Tokyo Drift - to retrieve his body back to Los Angeles for burial. After racing with Sean Boswell, Dominic receives several of Han's personal items, including a photo of Gisele. The crew attended Han's funeral in Los Angeles a few days later, with Dominic spying Han's killer Deckard Shaw watching from a distance, and giving chase, leading to their confrontation."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marin County Civic Center", "paragraph_text": "The Marin County Civic Center, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is located in San Rafael, California, United States. Groundbreaking for the Civic Center Administration Building took place in 1960, after Wright's death and under the watch of Wright's prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Aaron Green; it was completed in 1962. The Hall of Justice was begun in 1966 and completed in 1969. Veterans Memorial Auditorium opened in 1971, and the Exhibit Hall opened in 1976."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Todd Haberkorn", "paragraph_text": "Todd Michael Haberkorn (born August 16, 1982) is an American voice actor and director. He has provided voices for a number of English - language versions of Japanese anime series, as well as video games and cartoons. While he was working in theater, he joined Funimation as a voice actor, with some minor bits in Black Cat and Peach Girl. Since then he has voiced many main characters including Yamato Akitsuki in Suzuka, Kimihiro Watanuki in xxxHolic, and Tsukune Aono in Rosario + Vampire, Death The Kid in Soul Eater, Allen Walker in D. Gray - man, and Natsu Dragneel in Fairy Tail. He has worked in Texas and California as an actor, director, producer, and writer."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Katey Sagal", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Louise Sagal (born January 19, 1954) is an American actress and singer - songwriter. She is known for playing Peggy Bundy on Married... with Children, Leela on Futurama, and Cate Hennesy on 8 Simple Rules. In the latter role, Sagal worked with John Ritter until his death, leading to Sagal's taking over as the series lead for the remainder of the show's run. She is also widely known for her role as Gemma Teller Morrow on the FX series Sons of Anarchy, for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama in 2011."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Man-Eaters of Kumaon", "paragraph_text": "Man-Eaters of Kumaon is a 1944 book written by hunter-naturalist Jim Corbett. It details the experiences that Corbett had in the Kumaon region of India from the 1900s to the 1930s, while hunting man-eating Bengal tigers and Indian leopards. One tiger, for example, was responsible for over 400 human deaths. \"Man-Eaters of Kumaon\" is the best known of Corbett's books and contains 10 stories of tracking and shooting man-eaters in the Indian Himalayas during the early years of the twentieth century. The text also contains incidental information on flora, fauna and village life. Seven of the stories were first published privately as Jungle Stories."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harry Davenport (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Harold George Bryant Davenport (January 19, 1866 -- August 9, 1949) was an American film and stage actor who worked in show business from the age of six until his death. After a long and prolific Broadway career, he came to Hollywood in the 1930s and appeared in films, including Gone with the Wind (1939), in which he played Dr. Meade."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Death Note: Light Up the New World", "paragraph_text": "Death Note: Light Up the New World (\u30c7\u30b9\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8 Light up the NEW world, Desu N\u014dto Light up the NEW world) is a 2016 Japanese detective supernatural psychological horror thriller film directed by Shinsuke Sato. The film is based on the manga series Death Note written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata and is a sequel to Death Note 2: The Last Name (2006), but thematically takes place after the Death Note: New Generation mini series. It premiered in Japan on October 29, 2016, by Warner Bros."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Weed Eater", "paragraph_text": "Weed Eater was a string trimmer company founded in 1971 in Houston, Texas by George C. Ballas, Sr., the inventor of the device."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gerard Manley Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "During his lifetime, Hopkins published few poems. It was only through the efforts of Robert Bridges that his works were seen. Despite Hopkins burning all his poems on entering the Jesuit novitiate, he had already sent some to Bridges who, with a few other friends, was one of the few people to see many of them for some years. After Hopkins's death they were distributed to a wider audience, mostly fellow poets, and in 1918 Bridges, by then poet laureate, published a collected edition; an expanded edition, prepared by Charles Williams, appeared in 1930, and a greatly expanded edition by William Henry Gardner appeared in 1948 (eventually reaching a fourth edition, 1967, with N.H. Mackenzie)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alfred Frith", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Frith (1885\u20131941) was a British-born stage comedian who worked extensively in India and Africa before settling in Australia. He often worked for J.C. Williamson Ltd and appeared opposite Zane Grey in the film \"White Death\" (1936)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bcl-2", "paragraph_text": "Cancer can be seen as a disturbance in the homeostatic balance between cell growth and cell death. Over-expression of anti-apoptotic genes, and under-expression of pro-apoptotic genes, can result in the lack of cell death that is characteristic of cancer. An example can be seen in lymphomas. The over-expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in lymphocytes alone does not cause cancer. But simultaneous over-expression of Bcl-2 and the proto-oncogene myc may produce aggressive B-cell malignancies including lymphoma. In follicular lymphoma, a chromosomal translocation commonly occurs between the fourteenth and the eighteenth chromosomes \u2014 t(14;18) \u2014 which places the Bcl-2 gene from chromosome 18 next to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus on chromosome 14. This fusion gene is deregulated, leading to the transcription of excessively high levels of Bcl-2. This decreases the propensity of these cells for apoptosis."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, one of Harry's two best friends. Emma Watson as Hermione Granger, one of Harry's two best friends. Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore, the headmaster of Hogwarts. Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange, one of Voldemort's principal Death Eaters and Draco Malfoy's aunt. Jim Broadbent as Horace Slughorn, the newly appointed Potions master who held the position before. Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid, the Hogwarts gamekeeper and Care of Magical Creatures teacher at Hogwarts. Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick, the Charms master and head of Ravenclaw. Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy, Harry's rival and recipient of Voldemort's secret mission. Alan Rickman as Severus Snape, the former Potions master, current Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher and head of Slytherin. Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall, the Hogwarts Transfiguration teacher, deputy headmistress and head of Gryffindor. Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew, the Death Eater who betrayed Harry's parents to Voldemort. Pettigrew has no lines in this film, but appears as a servant at Snape's house. David Thewlis as Remus Lupin, a member of the Order of the Phoenix and Harry's ex-Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. Julie Walters as Molly Weasley, the Weasley matriarch and a mother figure to Harry."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Man-Eater", "paragraph_text": "The Man-Eater is a short adventure novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, written in May 1915, originally as a movie treatment. His working title for the piece was Ben, King of Beasts. \"The Man-Eater\" is one of Burrough's rarer works. It was first published as a serial in the \"New York Evening World\" newspaper under the present title from November 15\u201320, 1915, but did not appear in book form in Burroughs' lifetime. The first book edition was issued by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach's \"Fantasy Press\" fanzine in 1955; it then appeared in the collection \"Beyond Thirty and The Man-Eater\", published by Science-Fiction & Fantasy Publications in 1957. It was reprinted in paperback (without the hyphen in the title) as \"The Man Eater: Ben, King of Beasts\" by Fantasy House in 1974."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ant & Dec", "paragraph_text": "McPartlin and Donnelly met while working on the BBC children's drama Byker Grove in 1989. After a shaky start, they soon became best friends. They have achieved such popularity as a duo that they are hardly seen apart on screen. It is reported that they are each insured against the other's death, with the amount reportedly being around \u00a31 million."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)", "paragraph_text": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle, which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Universal's Islands of Adventure Status Operating Cost GBP \u00a3134 million USD $200 million Soft opening date June 1, 2010 Opening date June 18, 2010 (2010 - 06 - 18) Replaced Merlinwood (The Lost Continent) Universal Studios Florida Status Operating Cost USD $256 million Soft opening date July 3, 2014 Opening date July 8, 2014 Replaced Jaws General statistics Attraction type Themed zone Designer Universal Creative Theme Harry Potter Size Phase 1: 20 acres (8.1 ha)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cody Willis", "paragraph_text": "Cody Willis is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", originally played by Amelia Frid. She made her first on-screen appearance on 24 November 1989. The character departed in 1991, but returned in 1993 with Peta Brady in the role. Cody was last seen on-screen on 29 March 1996, following her death."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Death Eater", "paragraph_text": "Death Eaters are characters featured in the \"Harry Potter\" series of novels and films. They are a group of dark wizard & witches, led by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort (Tom Riddle), who seek to purify the Wizarding community by eliminating the Muggle-borns (wizards and witches born to non-magical parents). They also try to create a new order through the Ministry of Magic and spread fear throughout the Wizarding community by terrorising and killing important officials and other enemies of the Death Eaters, chiefly the members of the Order of the Phoenix."}], "question": "When did the amusement park based on the work where Death Eater appears, open in the city where George Morrow died?"}
{"id": "3hop2__129119_149694_59919", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Woodbury Common Premium Outlets", "paragraph_text": "Woodbury Common Premium Outlets is an outlet center located in Central Valley, New York. The center is owned by Premium Outlets, a subsidiary of Simon Property Group, and takes its name from the town in which it is located. Opened in late 1985, expanded in 1993, and again in 1998, the center now has 220 stores occupying more than 800,000 square feet (72,000 m\u00b2) and is one of the largest contiguous outlet centers in the world. Due to its size, different areas are color-coded to help visitors orient themselves, and on weekends, trolleys are available to transport shoppers from the parking lots and around the center."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Burlington Outlet Village", "paragraph_text": "Burlington Outlet Village is an outlet shopping center located just off I-85/40 in Burlington, North Carolina, United States. Burlington Outlet Village, formerly known as the Burlington Manufacturers Outlet Center (BMOC), was the first factory outlet center to open in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Diamond Head Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Diamond Head Theatre is a cultural institution in the United States. Calling itself the \"Broadway of the Pacific\", it is located on the slopes of Diamond Head in Honolulu, Hawaii. Opened in 1915, it is Hawaii's oldest performing arts center."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Man-Eater", "paragraph_text": "The Man-Eater is a short adventure novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, written in May 1915, originally as a movie treatment. His working title for the piece was Ben, King of Beasts. \"The Man-Eater\" is one of Burrough's rarer works. It was first published as a serial in the \"New York Evening World\" newspaper under the present title from November 15\u201320, 1915, but did not appear in book form in Burroughs' lifetime. The first book edition was issued by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach's \"Fantasy Press\" fanzine in 1955; it then appeared in the collection \"Beyond Thirty and The Man-Eater\", published by Science-Fiction & Fantasy Publications in 1957. It was reprinted in paperback (without the hyphen in the title) as \"The Man Eater: Ben, King of Beasts\" by Fantasy House in 1974."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Boeing South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Boeing South Carolina (previously Boeing Charleston) is an assembly site for Boeing's Commercial Airplanes division, located in North Charleston, South Carolina. The site is the major manufacturing, assembly and delivery site for Boeing commercial aircraft in the eastern United States and is one of the largest employment centers in the state. The site currently serves as one of two final assembly and delivery points for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. The site has seen rapid investment and growth since Boeing made a number of purchases in 2008 and 2009 from its former suppliers Vought and Global Aeronautica who had factories there. The Boeing South Carolina Delivery Center, a 57,920 - square - foot (5,381 m) facility, opened on Nov. 12, 2011, and delivers South Carolina - built 787s to customers from around the world. As of September 28, 2017 the site employs 6,943 workers and contractors"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "CNL Center City Commons", "paragraph_text": "CNL Center City Commons is a complex of buildings in Downtown Orlando. The main building is a 250 foot tall skyscraper that is the headquarters of CNLBank, Alliance Bankshares before being acquired by the founder of CNL Financial Group."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)", "paragraph_text": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle, which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Universal's Islands of Adventure Status Operating Cost GBP \u00a3134 million USD $200 million Soft opening date June 1, 2010 Opening date June 18, 2010 (2010 - 06 - 18) Replaced Merlinwood (The Lost Continent) Universal Studios Florida Status Operating Cost USD $256 million Soft opening date July 3, 2014 Opening date July 8, 2014 Replaced Jaws General statistics Attraction type Themed zone Designer Universal Creative Theme Harry Potter Size Phase 1: 20 acres (8.1 ha)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jixi Xingkaihu Airport", "paragraph_text": "Jixi Xingkaihu Airport is an airport serving Jixi, a city in Heilongjiang Province, China. It is located 18 kilometers from the city center in Jidong County near the Russian border, and is named after Khanka Lake (\"Xingkaihu\" in Chinese). The airport cost 262 million yuan to build and was opened in October 2009."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cathedral of La Plata", "paragraph_text": "The Cathedral of La Plata in La Plata, Argentina, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, is the 58th tallest church in the world. This Neogothic edifice is located in the geographical center of the city, facing the central square, Plaza Moreno, and the City Hall."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1990 US Open (tennis)", "paragraph_text": "The 1990 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in the United States. It was the 110th edition of the US Open and was held from August 27 to September 9, 1990."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "The Oklahoma History Center is the history museum of the state of Oklahoma. Located across the street from the governor's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City, the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from the prehistoric to the present day."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "September 11 attacks", "paragraph_text": "On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated: \"We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again.\"The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks. The temporary World Trade Center PATH station opened in late 2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006. Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing. The construction of One World Trade Center began on April 27, 2006, and reached its full height on May 20, 2013. The spire was installed atop the building at that date, putting 1 WTC's height at 1,776 feet (541 m) and thus claiming the title of the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers are expected to be built one block east of where the original towers stood. Construction has begun on all three of these towers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Donaldson Center Airport", "paragraph_text": "Donaldson Center Airport is a public airport six miles (10\u00a0km) south of the central business district of Greenville, a city in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States. It located at the Donaldson Center Industrial Air Park and is owned by the City and County of Greenville."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bayshore (Miami Beach)", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore is a neighborhood of Mid-Beach in the city of Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is located in the center portion of the main island that the city occupies. Originally built around Carl Fisher's Bayshore Golf and Country Club, with a course designed by H.C. Tippet which opened in 1923, the area is roughly bound by the Collins Canal to the south, 41st Street to the north, Indian Creek to the east, and Biscayne Bay to the west. The neighborhood is characterized largely by single family homes and municipal uses (Miami Beach Golf Club, Miami Beach High School, Scott Rakow Youth Center)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Death Eater", "paragraph_text": "Death Eaters are characters featured in the \"Harry Potter\" series of novels and films. They are a group of dark wizard & witches, led by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort (Tom Riddle), who seek to purify the Wizarding community by eliminating the Muggle-borns (wizards and witches born to non-magical parents). They also try to create a new order through the Ministry of Magic and spread fear throughout the Wizarding community by terrorising and killing important officials and other enemies of the Death Eaters, chiefly the members of the Order of the Phoenix."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Al-Salam Mosque, Odessa", "paragraph_text": "The Al-Salam Mosque and Arabian Cultural Center are located in Odessa, Ukraine. The cultural center and mosque were opened in June 2001."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eastland Center (Detroit)", "paragraph_text": "Eastland Center is an enclosed shopping mall located in the city of Harper Woods, an inner-ring suburb of Detroit, Michigan, United States. Opened in 1957, the mall has been expanded several times since. It currently features over 88 stores, as well as a small food court, with K&G Fashion Superstore and Shoppers World serving as anchor stores. Eastland Center is managed by Spinoso Real Estate Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", "paragraph_text": "The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured the landmark Twin Towers, which opened on April 4, 1973 and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers -- the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m) -- were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex was located in New York City's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m) of office space."}], "question": "When did the world based on the work where Death Eaters appear open in the city where the CNL Center City Commons is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__149694_610835_59919", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vehicle audio", "paragraph_text": "In 1964 Philips launched the Compact Cassette, and in 1965 Ford and Motorola jointly introduced the 8 - track tape in - car tape player. In subsequent years cassettes supplanted the 8 - track, and improved with longer play times, better tape quality, auto - reverse, and Dolby noise reduction. They were popular throughout the 1970s and '80s. While the CD had been on the market since 1982, it was in 1984 that Pioneer introduced the CDX - 1, the world's first car CD player. It was known for its improved sound quality, instant track skipping and the formats increased durability over cassette tapes. Due to the ability that allowed drivers and passengers to change up to 10 CD's at a time, car CD changers started to gain popularity in the late 80s and continuing throughout the 90s. Stock and aftermarket compact disc players began appearing in the late 1980s, competing with the cassette. The first car with an OEM CD player was the 1987 Lincoln Town Car, and the last new cars in the American market to be factory - equipped with a cassette deck in the dashboard was the 2010 Lexus SC430, and the Ford Crown Victoria."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Peter Mitchell (golfer)", "paragraph_text": "Mitchell was born in London. He turned professional at an early age in 1974, working in a club job before embarking on a tournament career several years later. He made his first appearance on the European Tour in 1979 and his last in 2003. In the early years he had difficulties holding on to his tour card, but in the thirteen-year stretch from 1988 to 2000 he finished in the top eighty of the European Tour Order of Merit every season, with a highest ranking of 12th in 1996. That same year he made his only appearance in the World Cup of Golf. He won three European Tour events: the 1992 Mitsubishi Austrian Open, the 1997 Madeira Island Open and the 1998 Portuguese Open."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alfred Frith", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Frith (1885\u20131941) was a British-born stage comedian who worked extensively in India and Africa before settling in Australia. He often worked for J.C. Williamson Ltd and appeared opposite Zane Grey in the film \"White Death\" (1936)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "On Cassette", "paragraph_text": "On Cassette were an indie rock band formed in Orlando, FL in 2004. They released a self-titled 7\" on Post Records, and later self-released a posthumous \"Thanks EP\" containing the first 7\" as well as an unreleased EP and demos. The band later disbanded in 2006."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Man-Eaters of Kumaon", "paragraph_text": "Man-Eaters of Kumaon is a 1944 book written by hunter-naturalist Jim Corbett. It details the experiences that Corbett had in the Kumaon region of India from the 1900s to the 1930s, while hunting man-eating Bengal tigers and Indian leopards. One tiger, for example, was responsible for over 400 human deaths. \"Man-Eaters of Kumaon\" is the best known of Corbett's books and contains 10 stories of tracking and shooting man-eaters in the Indian Himalayas during the early years of the twentieth century. The text also contains incidental information on flora, fauna and village life. Seven of the stories were first published privately as Jungle Stories."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ant & Dec", "paragraph_text": "McPartlin and Donnelly met while working on the BBC children's drama Byker Grove in 1989. After a shaky start, they soon became best friends. They have achieved such popularity as a duo that they are hardly seen apart on screen. It is reported that they are each insured against the other's death, with the amount reportedly being around \u00a31 million."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cody Willis", "paragraph_text": "Cody Willis is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", originally played by Amelia Frid. She made her first on-screen appearance on 24 November 1989. The character departed in 1991, but returned in 1993 with Peta Brady in the role. Cody was last seen on-screen on 29 March 1996, following her death."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Todd Haberkorn", "paragraph_text": "Todd Michael Haberkorn (born August 16, 1982) is an American voice actor and director. He has provided voices for a number of English - language versions of Japanese anime series, as well as video games and cartoons. While he was working in theater, he joined Funimation as a voice actor, with some minor bits in Black Cat and Peach Girl. Since then he has voiced many main characters including Yamato Akitsuki in Suzuka, Kimihiro Watanuki in xxxHolic, and Tsukune Aono in Rosario + Vampire, Death The Kid in Soul Eater, Allen Walker in D. Gray - man, and Natsu Dragneel in Fairy Tail. He has worked in Texas and California as an actor, director, producer, and writer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gerard Manley Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "During his lifetime, Hopkins published few poems. It was only through the efforts of Robert Bridges that his works were seen. Despite Hopkins burning all his poems on entering the Jesuit novitiate, he had already sent some to Bridges who, with a few other friends, was one of the few people to see many of them for some years. After Hopkins's death they were distributed to a wider audience, mostly fellow poets, and in 1918 Bridges, by then poet laureate, published a collected edition; an expanded edition, prepared by Charles Williams, appeared in 1930, and a greatly expanded edition by William Henry Gardner appeared in 1948 (eventually reaching a fourth edition, 1967, with N.H. Mackenzie)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Camcorder", "paragraph_text": "Sony released the first consumer camcorder in 1983, the Betamovie BMC - 100P. It used a Betamax cassette and rested on the operator's shoulder, due to a design not permitting a single - handed grip. That year, JVC released the first VHS - C camcorder. Kodak announced a new camcorder format in 1984, the 8 mm video format. Sony introduced its compact 8 mm Video8 format in 1985. That year, Panasonic, RCA and Hitachi began producing camcorders using a full - size VHS cassette with a three - hour capacity. These shoulder - mount camcorders were used by videophiles, industrial videographers and college TV studios. Full - size Super-VHS (S - VHS) camcorders were released in 1987, providing an inexpensive way to collect news segments or other videographies. Sony upgraded Video8, releasing the Hi8 in competition with S - VHS."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Phonograph record", "paragraph_text": "Groove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century\u2014withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales. Vinyl records experienced a sudden decline in popularity between 1988 and 1991, when the major label distributors restricted their return policies, which retailers had been relying on to maintain and swap out stocks of relatively unpopular titles. First the distributors began charging retailers more for new product if they returned unsold vinyl, and then they stopped providing any credit at all for returns. Retailers, fearing they would be stuck with anything they ordered, only ordered proven, popular titles that they knew would sell, and devoted more shelf space to CDs and cassettes. Record companies also deleted many vinyl titles from production and distribution, further undermining the availability of the format and leading to the closure of pressing plants. This rapid decline in the availability of records accelerated the format's decline in popularity, and is seen by some as a deliberate ploy to make consumers switch to CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Death Cab for Cutie", "paragraph_text": "Death Cab for Cutie began in 1997 as a solo project by Ben Gibbard when he was a guitarist for the band Pinwheel. He recorded under the name All-Time Quarterback. As Death Cab for Cutie, he released a cassette titled \"You Can Play These Songs with Chords\" during the same year. The release was surprisingly successful, and he decided to expand the project into a band, hiring Chris Walla (who worked on the cassette) on guitar, Nick Harmer on bass guitar, and Nathan Good on drums. Death Cab for Cutie was formed at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington. Lyrics from early songs include local references that were important to the band's development. Many of the early songs were recorded in the basement of a house on Ellis Street in which Gibbard lived with several roommates."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Always Be My Baby", "paragraph_text": "``Always Be My Baby ''Standard artwork Single by Mariah Carey from the album Daydream B - side`` Slipping Away'' ``Long Ago ''Released March 9, 1996 (1996 - 03 - 09) Format 12'' CD cassette Recorded December 1994 Genre Pop R&B Length 4: 18 Label Columbia Songwriter (s) Mariah Carey Jermaine Dupri Manuel Seal Producer (s) Mariah Carey Jermaine Dupri Manuel Seal Mariah Carey singles chronology`` Open Arms ''(1995) ``Always Be My Baby'' (1996)`` Forever ''(1996) ``Open Arms'' (1995)`` Always Be My Baby ''(1996) ``Forever'' (1996)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)", "paragraph_text": "``I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Wo n't Do That) ''US commercial cassette single Single by Meat Loaf featuring Lorraine Crosby from the album Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell Released September 15, 1993 Format Vinyl CD cassette Recorded Ocean Way Recording (Los Angeles, California, US) Genre Progressive rock hard rock power ballad"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cascade Lakes Brewing Company", "paragraph_text": "Cascade Lakes Brewing Company is a brewery founded in 1994 in Redmond, Oregon, USA. Steady expansion in the Central Oregon area has seen the company opening two locations throughout the region. Their brews include:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)", "paragraph_text": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle, which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Universal's Islands of Adventure Status Operating Cost GBP \u00a3134 million USD $200 million Soft opening date June 1, 2010 Opening date June 18, 2010 (2010 - 06 - 18) Replaced Merlinwood (The Lost Continent) Universal Studios Florida Status Operating Cost USD $256 million Soft opening date July 3, 2014 Opening date July 8, 2014 Replaced Jaws General statistics Attraction type Themed zone Designer Universal Creative Theme Harry Potter Size Phase 1: 20 acres (8.1 ha)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of The Andy Griffith Show characters", "paragraph_text": "Elinor ``Ellie ''Walker is a fictional character in the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show. She is notable for being Andy Taylor's first regular girlfriend seen on the show. Ellie makes 12 appearances in the first season. Despite the paucity of her appearances, she was intended as a series regular. Unlike girlfriends that would follow, her portrayer, Elinor Donahue, is given opening credit billing, alongside Andy Griffith."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Man-Eater", "paragraph_text": "The Man-Eater is a short adventure novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, written in May 1915, originally as a movie treatment. His working title for the piece was Ben, King of Beasts. \"The Man-Eater\" is one of Burrough's rarer works. It was first published as a serial in the \"New York Evening World\" newspaper under the present title from November 15\u201320, 1915, but did not appear in book form in Burroughs' lifetime. The first book edition was issued by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach's \"Fantasy Press\" fanzine in 1955; it then appeared in the collection \"Beyond Thirty and The Man-Eater\", published by Science-Fiction & Fantasy Publications in 1957. It was reprinted in paperback (without the hyphen in the title) as \"The Man Eater: Ben, King of Beasts\" by Fantasy House in 1974."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Death Eater", "paragraph_text": "Death Eaters are characters featured in the \"Harry Potter\" series of novels and films. They are a group of dark wizard & witches, led by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort (Tom Riddle), who seek to purify the Wizarding community by eliminating the Muggle-borns (wizards and witches born to non-magical parents). They also try to create a new order through the Ministry of Magic and spread fear throughout the Wizarding community by terrorising and killing important officials and other enemies of the Death Eaters, chiefly the members of the Order of the Phoenix."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, one of Harry's two best friends. Emma Watson as Hermione Granger, one of Harry's two best friends. Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore, the headmaster of Hogwarts. Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange, one of Voldemort's principal Death Eaters and Draco Malfoy's aunt. Jim Broadbent as Horace Slughorn, the newly appointed Potions master who held the position before. Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid, the Hogwarts gamekeeper and Care of Magical Creatures teacher at Hogwarts. Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick, the Charms master and head of Ravenclaw. Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy, Harry's rival and recipient of Voldemort's secret mission. Alan Rickman as Severus Snape, the former Potions master, current Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher and head of Slytherin. Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall, the Hogwarts Transfiguration teacher, deputy headmistress and head of Gryffindor. Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew, the Death Eater who betrayed Harry's parents to Voldemort. Pettigrew has no lines in this film, but appears as a servant at Snape's house. David Thewlis as Remus Lupin, a member of the Order of the Phoenix and Harry's ex-Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. Julie Walters as Molly Weasley, the Weasley matriarch and a mother figure to Harry."}], "question": "When did the world based on the work where Death Eaters appear open in the city where the band On Cassette was formed?"}
{"id": "3hop2__149694_129119_59919", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "September 11 attacks", "paragraph_text": "On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated: \"We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again.\"The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks. The temporary World Trade Center PATH station opened in late 2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006. Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing. The construction of One World Trade Center began on April 27, 2006, and reached its full height on May 20, 2013. The spire was installed atop the building at that date, putting 1 WTC's height at 1,776 feet (541 m) and thus claiming the title of the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers are expected to be built one block east of where the original towers stood. Construction has begun on all three of these towers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jixi Xingkaihu Airport", "paragraph_text": "Jixi Xingkaihu Airport is an airport serving Jixi, a city in Heilongjiang Province, China. It is located 18 kilometers from the city center in Jidong County near the Russian border, and is named after Khanka Lake (\"Xingkaihu\" in Chinese). The airport cost 262 million yuan to build and was opened in October 2009."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", "paragraph_text": "The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured the landmark twin towers, which opened on April 4, 1973, and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the ``Twin Towers ''-- the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m) -- were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. All were built between 1975 and 1985, with a cost of $400 million ($2,300,000,000 in 2014 dollars). The complex was located in New York City's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m) of office space."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Al-Salam Mosque, Odessa", "paragraph_text": "The Al-Salam Mosque and Arabian Cultural Center are located in Odessa, Ukraine. The cultural center and mosque were opened in June 2001."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Donaldson Center Airport", "paragraph_text": "Donaldson Center Airport is a public airport six miles (10\u00a0km) south of the central business district of Greenville, a city in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States. It located at the Donaldson Center Industrial Air Park and is owned by the City and County of Greenville."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cathedral of La Plata", "paragraph_text": "The Cathedral of La Plata in La Plata, Argentina, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, is the 58th tallest church in the world. This Neogothic edifice is located in the geographical center of the city, facing the central square, Plaza Moreno, and the City Hall."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "CNL Center City Commons", "paragraph_text": "CNL Center City Commons is a complex of buildings in Downtown Orlando. The main building is a 250 foot tall skyscraper that is the headquarters of CNLBank, Alliance Bankshares before being acquired by the founder of CNL Financial Group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Woodbury Common Premium Outlets", "paragraph_text": "Woodbury Common Premium Outlets is an outlet center located in Central Valley, New York. The center is owned by Premium Outlets, a subsidiary of Simon Property Group, and takes its name from the town in which it is located. Opened in late 1985, expanded in 1993, and again in 1998, the center now has 220 stores occupying more than 800,000 square feet (72,000 m\u00b2) and is one of the largest contiguous outlet centers in the world. Due to its size, different areas are color-coded to help visitors orient themselves, and on weekends, trolleys are available to transport shoppers from the parking lots and around the center."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1990 US Open (tennis)", "paragraph_text": "The 1990 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in the United States. It was the 110th edition of the US Open and was held from August 27 to September 9, 1990."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)", "paragraph_text": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle, which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Universal's Islands of Adventure Status Operating Cost GBP \u00a3134 million USD $200 million Soft opening date June 1, 2010 Opening date June 18, 2010 (2010 - 06 - 18) Replaced Merlinwood (The Lost Continent) Universal Studios Florida Status Operating Cost USD $256 million Soft opening date July 3, 2014 Opening date July 8, 2014 Replaced Jaws General statistics Attraction type Themed zone Designer Universal Creative Theme Harry Potter Size Phase 1: 20 acres (8.1 ha)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bayshore (Miami Beach)", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore is a neighborhood of Mid-Beach in the city of Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is located in the center portion of the main island that the city occupies. Originally built around Carl Fisher's Bayshore Golf and Country Club, with a course designed by H.C. Tippet which opened in 1923, the area is roughly bound by the Collins Canal to the south, 41st Street to the north, Indian Creek to the east, and Biscayne Bay to the west. The neighborhood is characterized largely by single family homes and municipal uses (Miami Beach Golf Club, Miami Beach High School, Scott Rakow Youth Center)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Diamond Head Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Diamond Head Theatre is a cultural institution in the United States. Calling itself the \"Broadway of the Pacific\", it is located on the slopes of Diamond Head in Honolulu, Hawaii. Opened in 1915, it is Hawaii's oldest performing arts center."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Burlington Outlet Village", "paragraph_text": "Burlington Outlet Village is an outlet shopping center located just off I-85/40 in Burlington, North Carolina, United States. Burlington Outlet Village, formerly known as the Burlington Manufacturers Outlet Center (BMOC), was the first factory outlet center to open in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Marin County Civic Center", "paragraph_text": "The Marin County Civic Center, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is located in San Rafael, California, United States. Groundbreaking for the Civic Center Administration Building took place in 1960, after Wright's death and under the watch of Wright's prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Aaron Green; it was completed in 1962. The Hall of Justice was begun in 1966 and completed in 1969. Veterans Memorial Auditorium opened in 1971, and the Exhibit Hall opened in 1976."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Death Eater", "paragraph_text": "Death Eaters are characters featured in the \"Harry Potter\" series of novels and films. They are a group of dark wizard & witches, led by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort (Tom Riddle), who seek to purify the Wizarding community by eliminating the Muggle-borns (wizards and witches born to non-magical parents). They also try to create a new order through the Ministry of Magic and spread fear throughout the Wizarding community by terrorising and killing important officials and other enemies of the Death Eaters, chiefly the members of the Order of the Phoenix."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", "paragraph_text": "The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured the landmark Twin Towers, which opened on April 4, 1973 and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers -- the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m) -- were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex was located in New York City's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m) of office space."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eastland Center (Detroit)", "paragraph_text": "Eastland Center is an enclosed shopping mall located in the city of Harper Woods, an inner-ring suburb of Detroit, Michigan, United States. Opened in 1957, the mall has been expanded several times since. It currently features over 88 stores, as well as a small food court, with K&G Fashion Superstore and Shoppers World serving as anchor stores. Eastland Center is managed by Spinoso Real Estate Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "The Oklahoma History Center is the history museum of the state of Oklahoma. Located across the street from the governor's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City, the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from the prehistoric to the present day."}], "question": "When did the attraction based on the books that featured Death Eaters open in the city that contains the CNL Center City Commons?"}
{"id": "3hop1__780125_597018_323049", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Northwest Georgia Joint Development Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Northwest Georgia Joint Development Authority (NWGAJDA) is a joint development authority that serves Catoosa County, Chattooga County, Dade County, and Walker County in the U.S. state of Georgia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lago Verde (Queyras)", "paragraph_text": "Lago Verde (Italian for \"green lake\") is a lake which is located in Italy, close to the French border and the Queyras valley."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Middle Valley, Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Middle Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hamilton County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 12,684 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Chattanooga, TN\u2013GA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bobby Lee Cook", "paragraph_text": "Bobby Lee Cook (born February 12, 1925) is a defense attorney from Summerville, Georgia, in Chattooga County. He has practiced law since the late 1940s, and is known for combining a sharp legal mind with a folksy demeanor. He has represented a wide variety of clients, from rural Southerners to international businessmen and corporations. He is reputed to have been the inspiration for the television series \"Matlock\" main character Ben Matlock, which starred Andy Griffith as a Georgia attorney."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Confederate Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Confederate Arizona, commonly referred to as Arizona Territory, and officially the Territory of Arizona, was a territory claimed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border. The Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dahongliutan", "paragraph_text": "Dahongliutan () is a village and valley in Hotan County in the Xinjiang region of China. It is located near Xinjiang's border with the Tibet Autonomous Region."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chattanooga Valley, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Chattanooga Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Walker County, Georgia, United States. The population was 4,065 at the 2000 census and 3,846 in 2010. It is part of the Chattanooga, TN\u2013GA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county where Chattanooga Valley is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__805313_156202_72926", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hartford Bridge, Cheshire", "paragraph_text": "The Hartford Bridge, or Blue Bridge, is a single-span road bridge crossing the River Weaver at Hartford, Cheshire in England. The bridge is located on the A556 as part of the Northwich bypass."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Menidi, Aetolia-Acarnania", "paragraph_text": "Menidi (Greek: \u039c\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9) is a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Amfilochia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 107.730 km. It is located by the Ambracian Gulf. Its economy is based on tourism and agriculture. It was built in the 1950s under an official government plan to house victims of the Greek Civil War and other families who did not own houses. Today is a popular destination for Greek and foreign tourists."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ohio", "paragraph_text": "The state takes its name from the Ohio River, whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word  ohi\u02d0yo', meaning \"good river\", \"great river\" or \"large creek\". Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the Northwest Ordinance. Ohio is historically known as the \"Buckeye State\" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as \"Buckeyes\".Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier, to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union, to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transmogrifying to a more information and service based economy in the 21st."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Puente de los Peligros", "paragraph_text": "The Puente de los Peligros (Spanish for bridge of the hazards) or also known as the Puente Viejo (Spanish for old bridge) is an arched stone bridge, completed in 1742, that spans the River Segura in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Southern Nevada", "paragraph_text": "A major part of Southern Nevada's economy is based on tourism, including gambling. The primary drivers of the Las Vegas economy have been the confluence of tourism, gaming, and conventions which in turn feed the retail and dining industries. The city serves as world headquarters for the world's two largest Fortune 500 gaming companies, Harrah's Entertainment and MGM Mirage."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Millie P.", "paragraph_text": "Millie Puente (1968) is an American Latin jazz singer. She is cousin of Tito Puente and earned a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album nomination with her first album, \"Tito Puente Presents Millie P\" in 1991. In 2002 she was reported to be writing a book and working on a tribute album to Puente."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Petros Voulgaris", "paragraph_text": "Petros Voulgaris (, 13 September 1883 \u2013 26 November 1957) was a Greek Admiral who served briefly as Prime Minister of Greece in 1945. He was famous for his role in suppressing the 1944 Greek naval mutiny and restoring the fleet to combat readiness, for which he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Cross of Valour."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "West Thurrock", "paragraph_text": "West Thurrock is part of the unitary authority of Thurrock located on the north bank of the River Thames about from Charing Cross, London."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Camaipi River do Vila Nova River", "paragraph_text": "Camaipi River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River system."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aldan River", "paragraph_text": "The Aldan River () is the second-longest tributary of the Lena River in the Sakha Republic in eastern Siberia. The river is long, of which around is navigable. It was part of the River Route to Okhotsk. In 1639 Ivan Moskvitin ascended the Aldan and Maya Rivers and crossed to the Ulya River to reach the Sea of Okhotsk."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Segura", "paragraph_text": "The river begins at Santiago Pontones (province of Ja\u00e9n), passes Calasparra, Cieza, Blanca, Murcia, Murcia, Beniaj\u00e1n, Orihuela, Rojales and ends in the Mediterranean Sea near Guardamar del Segura in the province of Alicante. Some of its tributaries are the Mundo (which starts near Ri\u00f3par), the Alh\u00e1rabe (which starts in Moratalla), the Mula and the Guadalent\u00edn."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Valgej\u00f5e", "paragraph_text": "Valgej\u00f5e is a village in Kuusalu Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia. It's located on the crossing of the Tallinn\u2013Narva road (part of the E20) and the Valgej\u00f5gi River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a", "paragraph_text": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a or the Bridge of Spain was a bridge that spanned the Pasig River in the Philippines connecting the areas of Binondo and Santa Cruz on Calle Nueva (now E.T. Yuchengco St) with the central Manila. The span was the oldest established in the country before it was damaged by flood in 1914. The bridge was replaced by Jones Bridge that was started 1916 and completed in 1921, located one block downriver from Puente de Espa\u00f1a on Calle Rosario (now Quintin Paredes St)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rigio", "paragraph_text": "Rigio (Greek: \u03a1\u03ae\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf) is a village in the eastern part of Didymoteicho municipality, Evros regional unit, Greece. It is 13\u00a0km east of the centre of Didymoteicho, on the right bank of the river Evros, where it forms the border with Turkey."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Economy of ancient Greece", "paragraph_text": "The economy of ancient Greece was defined largely by the region's dependence on imported goods. As a result of the poor quality of Greece's soil, agricultural trade was of particular importance. The impact of limited crop production was somewhat offset by Greece's paramount location, as its position in the Mediterranean gave its provinces control over some of Egypt's most crucial seaports and trade routes. Beginning in the 6th century BC, trade craftsmanship and commerce, principally maritime, became pivotal aspects of Greek economic output."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Genil", "paragraph_text": "The Genil River is the main (left) tributary of the river Guadalquivir in Andalusia, Spain. The Roman \"Singilis\", its modern name derives from the Moorish rendering of the Roman name: \"Sinyil, Sannil\", and \"Sinnil\". The source of the Genil is in the Sierra Nevada, north of its highest peak Mulhac\u00e9n. The Genil flows through the towns Granada, Loja, Puente Genil and \u00c9cija. It flows into the Guadalquivir River near Palma del R\u00edo."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eel River Cove, New Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "Eel River Cove is a community in Restigouche County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is part of the village of Eel River Crossing."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "English River, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "English River is an unincorporated place on the border of geographic Corman Township, Kenora District and the Unorganized Part of Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It was a Hudson's Bay Company trading post between 1894 and 1911, and is located where Ontario Highway 17 crosses the English River at its confluence with the Scotch River."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Puente Nuevo (Murcia)", "paragraph_text": "El Puento Nuevo (Spanish for New Bridge) or Puente de Hierro (Spanish for Iron Bridge) is a parabolic metallic bridge spanning the Segura River, completed in 1903 and located in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain). As the second bridge built in the city across the river, was called \"New Bridge\" to distinguish it from the old bridge (Puente Viejo o Puente de los Peligros), even though today it is the second oldest of the city."}], "question": "What part did the sea turned into by the river crossed by Puente Nuevo play in Greek economy ?"}
{"id": "3hop1__619435_156202_72926", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Menidi, Aetolia-Acarnania", "paragraph_text": "Menidi (Greek: \u039c\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9) is a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Amfilochia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 107.730 km. It is located by the Ambracian Gulf. Its economy is based on tourism and agriculture. It was built in the 1950s under an official government plan to house victims of the Greek Civil War and other families who did not own houses. Today is a popular destination for Greek and foreign tourists."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Grand Prix Erik De Vlaeminck", "paragraph_text": "The Grand Prix Eric De Vlaeminck is a cyclo-cross race on and around the circuit Terlaemen in Heusden-Zolder, Belgium. The race is named after seven times world champion cyclo-cross Eric De Vlaeminck. It is a part of the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup and is traditionally held on 26 December. In 2003 and 2004, it was a summercross."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Camaipi River do Vila Nova River", "paragraph_text": "Camaipi River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River system."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Puente de los Peligros", "paragraph_text": "The Puente de los Peligros (Spanish for bridge of the hazards) or also known as the Puente Viejo (Spanish for old bridge) is an arched stone bridge, completed in 1742, that spans the River Segura in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Puente Hills Mall", "paragraph_text": "Puente Hills Mall, located in the City of Industry, California, United States, is a major regional shopping center in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County. It is most famous for serving as the filming site for the Twin Pines / Lone Pine Mall for the 1985 movie Back to the Future starring Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Santa Sof\u00eda, Boyac\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Santa Sof\u00eda is a town and municipality in the Department of Boyac\u00e1, part of the subregion of the Ricaurte Province, Colombia. The urban centre of Santa Sof\u00eda is located at an altitude of on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, with the highest elevated parts of the municipality, that have a p\u00e1ramo ecosystem, reaching . Santa Sof\u00eda borders Moniquir\u00e1 in the north, Gachantiv\u00e1 in the west, Villa de Leyva in the southeast, Sutamarch\u00e1n in the south, Saboy\u00e1 in the southwest, and Puente Nacional, Santander in the west."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Economy of ancient Greece", "paragraph_text": "The economy of ancient Greece was defined largely by the region's dependence on imported goods. As a result of the poor quality of Greece's soil, agricultural trade was of particular importance. The impact of limited crop production was somewhat offset by Greece's paramount location, as its position in the Mediterranean gave its provinces control over some of Egypt's most crucial seaports and trade routes. Beginning in the 6th century BC, trade craftsmanship and commerce, principally maritime, became pivotal aspects of Greek economic output."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Andrade Port of Entry", "paragraph_text": "The Andrade Port of Entry is the easternmost and lowest volume border crossing in California, USA. It is located 2 miles south of Interstate 8, and about 2000 feet west of the Colorado River, in Imperial County opposite the Los Algodones border crossing in Baja California, Mexico. It is a minor port in comparison to the larger Calexico West and Calexico East Ports of Entry. In spite of its remote desert location, it supports significant tourist traffic volume. The Andrade-Los Algodones border crossing is also Mexico's northernmost port of entry. The port ranked 11th for pedestrian crossings in 2010, with more than one million people processed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Economy of God", "paragraph_text": "The Economy of God, first published in 1968, is one of Witness Lee's principal works and is a compilation of messages he gave in the summer of 1964 in Los Angeles. These messages build on one of Watchman Nee's classics, \"The Spiritual Man\", which reveals that man is composed of three parts-spirit, soul, and body. \"The Economy of God\" shows how this understanding of the parts of man tie into the central revelation of the Bible, which is God's economy, God's plan to carry out His heart's desire of imparting Himself into man for His full expression. A mass-distribution edition of this book was published in 2004."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Assut de l'Or Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Assut de l'Or Bridge (Valencian: \"Pont de l'Assut de l'Or\", Spanish: \"Puente de la Presa del Oro\") is a white single-pylon cable-stayed bridge in Valencia, Spain designed by Valencian architect and civil engineer Santiago Calatrava and completed in December 2008. The name \"l'Assut de l'Or\" is Valencian for \"the Dam of the Gold\" and refers to a dam that was located nearby, although locally it is referred to as \"El Jamonero\" (The Ham Holder) or \"Pont de l'Arpa\", Spanish: \"Puente del Arpa\" (The Harp Bridge). Calatrava called it the Serreria Bridge."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Segura", "paragraph_text": "The river begins at Santiago Pontones (province of Ja\u00e9n), passes Calasparra, Cieza, Blanca, Murcia, Murcia, Beniaj\u00e1n, Orihuela, Rojales and ends in the Mediterranean Sea near Guardamar del Segura in the province of Alicante. Some of its tributaries are the Mundo (which starts near Ri\u00f3par), the Alh\u00e1rabe (which starts in Moratalla), the Mula and the Guadalent\u00edn."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aldan River", "paragraph_text": "The Aldan River () is the second-longest tributary of the Lena River in the Sakha Republic in eastern Siberia. The river is long, of which around is navigable. It was part of the River Route to Okhotsk. In 1639 Ivan Moskvitin ascended the Aldan and Maya Rivers and crossed to the Ulya River to reach the Sea of Okhotsk."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a", "paragraph_text": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a or the Bridge of Spain was a bridge that spanned the Pasig River in the Philippines connecting the areas of Binondo and Santa Cruz on Calle Nueva (now E.T. Yuchengco St) with the central Manila. The span was the oldest established in the country before it was damaged by flood in 1914. The bridge was replaced by Jones Bridge that was started 1916 and completed in 1921, located one block downriver from Puente de Espa\u00f1a on Calle Rosario (now Quintin Paredes St)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Millie P.", "paragraph_text": "Millie Puente (1968) is an American Latin jazz singer. She is cousin of Tito Puente and earned a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album nomination with her first album, \"Tito Puente Presents Millie P\" in 1991. In 2002 she was reported to be writing a book and working on a tribute album to Puente."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Genil", "paragraph_text": "The Genil River is the main (left) tributary of the river Guadalquivir in Andalusia, Spain. The Roman \"Singilis\", its modern name derives from the Moorish rendering of the Roman name: \"Sinyil, Sannil\", and \"Sinnil\". The source of the Genil is in the Sierra Nevada, north of its highest peak Mulhac\u00e9n. The Genil flows through the towns Granada, Loja, Puente Genil and \u00c9cija. It flows into the Guadalquivir River near Palma del R\u00edo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pia\u00e7aca River", "paragraph_text": "Pia\u00e7aca River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River basin."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Southern Nevada", "paragraph_text": "A major part of Southern Nevada's economy is based on tourism, including gambling. The primary drivers of the Las Vegas economy have been the confluence of tourism, gaming, and conventions which in turn feed the retail and dining industries. The city serves as world headquarters for the world's two largest Fortune 500 gaming companies, Harrah's Entertainment and MGM Mirage."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kcho", "paragraph_text": "Among the personal shows stand out La Jungla, exhibited at the Civic Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art in Turin, Italy; Los peligros del olvido (Perils of Oblivion) at Gabriela Mistral Gallery in Santiago de Chile; El Hurac\u00e1n (Hurricane) at the Museum of Sculpture in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; the exhibition Art\u00edssima 2002, organized by the Joan Guaita Art Gallery, in Palma de Mallorca, Spain; and Kcho, el hijo de Martha (Kcho, Son of Martha) at the Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed Memorial in Havana, Cuba, which opening was attended by Commander in Chief Fidel Castro Ruz."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Francisco Antonio Pinto", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Antonio Pinto y D\u00edaz de la Puente (; July 23, 1785 \u2013 July 18, 1858) was a Chilean politician who served as President of Chile between 1827 and 1829."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eel River Cove, New Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "Eel River Cove is a community in Restigouche County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is part of the village of Eel River Crossing."}], "question": "Puente de los Peligros crosses a river that flows into a sea. What role did that sea play in the Greek economy?"}
{"id": "3hop1__619435_156202_161041", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Francisco Antonio Pinto", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Antonio Pinto y D\u00edaz de la Puente (; July 23, 1785 \u2013 July 18, 1858) was a Chilean politician who served as President of Chile between 1827 and 1829."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a", "paragraph_text": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a or the Bridge of Spain was a bridge that spanned the Pasig River in the Philippines connecting the areas of Binondo and Santa Cruz on Calle Nueva (now E.T. Yuchengco St) with the central Manila. The span was the oldest established in the country before it was damaged by flood in 1914. The bridge was replaced by Jones Bridge that was started 1916 and completed in 1921, located one block downriver from Puente de Espa\u00f1a on Calle Rosario (now Quintin Paredes St)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dubois County, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Dubois County was formed on December 20, 1818, from Orange, Pike and Perry counties. It is named for Toussaint Dubois, a Frenchman who fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812. Dubois was a merchant who lived mainly in Vincennes. He drowned in 1816 while crossing the Little Wabash River near Lawrenceville, Illinois.In 1818, as many as half of the residents of the county died of milk sickness. There is one view that the mother of Abraham Lincoln, Nancy Hanks Lincoln died of this disease at that time.  It was caused by settlers drinking the milk or eating the meat of cows that had eaten the white snakeroot.  The plant contains the potent toxin temetrol, which is passed through the milk. The migrants from the East were unfamiliar with the Midwestern plant and its effects.Dubois County switched to the Central Time Zone on April 2, 2006, and returned to the Eastern Time Zone on November 4, 2007; both changes were controversial.The original county seat was Portersville. In 1830 the county seat was moved south to Jasper."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Conscription in South Korea", "paragraph_text": "By law, when a Korean man turns 18 years old, he is enlisted for ``first citizen service, ''meaning he is liable for military duty, but is not yet required to serve. When he turns 19 years old (or, in some instances, 20 years old), he is required to undergo a physical exam to determine whether he is suitable for military service. The table below shows the physical exam's possible grades and their outcomes, according to the Military Service Act. Men must enlist by the time they turn 28 (Korean age)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Woolwich foot tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The Woolwich foot tunnel crosses under the River Thames in Woolwich, in East London from Old Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich to North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham. The tunnel offers pedestrians and cyclists an alternative way to cross the river when the Woolwich Free Ferry service is not operating. Both entrances to the tunnel (north entrance at and south entrance at ) are Grade II listed buildings. The south entrance is somewhat hidden behind the Waterfront leisure centre. It is the oldest remaining building in the riverside area of Old Woolwich."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2014 Torneo de Promoci\u00f3n y Reserva", "paragraph_text": "The Torneo de Promoci\u00f3n y Reserva is a football tournament in Peru. There are currently 16 clubs in the league. Each team will have a roaster of twelve 21-year-old players, three 19-year-olds as three older reinforcements; whenever they be recorded in the club. The team champion in this tournament will offer two points and the runner-up a point of bonus to the respective regular team in the 2014 Torneo Descentralizado."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Union Jack", "paragraph_text": "The origins of the earlier flag of Great Britain date back to 1606. James VI of Scotland had inherited the English and Irish thrones in 1603 as James I, thereby uniting the crowns of England, Scotland, and Ireland in a personal union, although the three kingdoms remained separate states. On 12 April 1606, a new flag to represent this regal union between England and Scotland was specified in a royal decree, according to which the flag of England (a red cross on a white background, known as St George's Cross), and the flag of Scotland (a white saltire on a blue background, known as the Saltire or St Andrew's Cross), would be joined together, forming the flag of England and Scotland for maritime purposes. King James also began to refer to a ``Kingdom of Great Britaine '', although the union remained a personal one."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Segura", "paragraph_text": "The river begins at Santiago Pontones (province of Ja\u00e9n), passes Calasparra, Cieza, Blanca, Murcia, Murcia, Beniaj\u00e1n, Orihuela, Rojales and ends in the Mediterranean Sea near Guardamar del Segura in the province of Alicante. Some of its tributaries are the Mundo (which starts near Ri\u00f3par), the Alh\u00e1rabe (which starts in Moratalla), the Mula and the Guadalent\u00edn."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Andrade Port of Entry", "paragraph_text": "The Andrade Port of Entry is the easternmost and lowest volume border crossing in California, USA. It is located 2 miles south of Interstate 8, and about 2000 feet west of the Colorado River, in Imperial County opposite the Los Algodones border crossing in Baja California, Mexico. It is a minor port in comparison to the larger Calexico West and Calexico East Ports of Entry. In spite of its remote desert location, it supports significant tourist traffic volume. The Andrade-Los Algodones border crossing is also Mexico's northernmost port of entry. The port ranked 11th for pedestrian crossings in 2010, with more than one million people processed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tito Puente", "paragraph_text": "Puente served in the Navy for three years during World War II after being drafted in 1942. He was discharged with a Presidential Unit Citation for serving in nine battles on the escort carrier USS Santee (CVE-29). The GI Bill allowed him to study music at Juilliard School of Music, where he completed a formal education in conducting, orchestration and theory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and the Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kcho", "paragraph_text": "Among the personal shows stand out La Jungla, exhibited at the Civic Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art in Turin, Italy; Los peligros del olvido (Perils of Oblivion) at Gabriela Mistral Gallery in Santiago de Chile; El Hurac\u00e1n (Hurricane) at the Museum of Sculpture in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; the exhibition Art\u00edssima 2002, organized by the Joan Guaita Art Gallery, in Palma de Mallorca, Spain; and Kcho, el hijo de Martha (Kcho, Son of Martha) at the Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed Memorial in Havana, Cuba, which opening was attended by Commander in Chief Fidel Castro Ruz."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Luis Enrique Porozo", "paragraph_text": "Luis Enrique Porozo Mina (born June 30, 1990 in Santo Domingo de Los Colorados, Santo Domingo de los Ts\u00e1chilas) is a male amateur boxer from Ecuador who qualified in the men's featherweight division for the 2008 Summer Olympics as a seventeen-year-old."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Puente de los Peligros", "paragraph_text": "The Puente de los Peligros (Spanish for bridge of the hazards) or also known as the Puente Viejo (Spanish for old bridge) is an arched stone bridge, completed in 1742, that spans the River Segura in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anne-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se de Marguenat de Courcelles", "paragraph_text": "The only daughter of \u00c9tienne de Marguenat, Seigneur de Courcelles, and his wife, Monique Passart, Anne-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se de Marguenat de Courcelles was born and died in Paris. She lost her father, an officer of the fiscal court of Paris, in 1650, when she was just three years old. She was raised by her mother, who was distinguished by the lightness of her habits, and by her mother\u2019s second husband, the literary dilettante Fran\u00e7ois Le Coigneux de Bachaumont, who instilled in her a love of literature. At a young age, writes her friend Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle, \"she often stole away from the pleasures of youth to read alone, and she began, of her own accord, to write extracts of what struck her the most. It was either subtle reflections on the human heart, or ingenious turns of phrase, but most often reflections.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Danny De Bie", "paragraph_text": "Danny De Bie (born 23 January 1960 in Beersel, Belgium) is a former professional Belgian cyclo-cross cyclist. Both De Bie's brothers Eddy and Rudy also were cyclists. Danny de Bie won the silver medal at the World championships in 1987 at the age of 27. De Bie achieved several successes on the road but started to focus on cyclo-cross full-time after taking the silver medal in 1987. He went to Switzerland which was at that time the main place for cyclo-cross races. Two years later he achieved that. The World Cyclo-Cross Championships parcours in Pont-Ch\u00e2teau of in 1989 was a course that was suited to him. De Bie was able to cycle up a tough climb of almost 100 metres where his opponents such as Adri van der Poel had to walk and as a result De Bie was able to make a gap every time he went over the climb. After winning the rainbow jersey, De Bie became one of the best cyclo crossers of the world with a win in the Superprestige classification and increased popularity for the sport in Belgium. In 1991 De Bie was suspected of possible tampering with a doping control after a Superprestige race in Zillebeke and he was not allowed to take part in the World Championships that year in Gieten. De Bie was Belgium cyclo-cross champion for three years in a row and then beaten by Paul Herijgers. De Bie in his career won 11 Superprestige races. After his career he worked as directeur sportif for the Spaar select and Fidea Cycling Teams."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Death of Alan Kurdi", "paragraph_text": "Alan Kurdi (Kurdish: Alan Kurd\u00ee\u200e), initially reported as Aylan Kurdi, was a three-year-old  Syrian boy of Kurdish ethnic background whose image made global headlines after he drowned on 2 September 2015 in the Mediterranean Sea. He and his family were Syrian refugees trying to reach Europe amid the European refugee crisis (see timeline). Photographs of his body were taken by Turkish journalist Nil\u00fcfer Demir and quickly spread around the world, prompting international responses. Because Kurd\u00ee's family had reportedly been trying to reach Canada, his death and the wider refugee crisis immediately became an issue in the 2015 Canadian federal election."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Star of Life", "paragraph_text": "Originally, many ambulances used a safety orange cross on a square background of reflectorized white to designate them as emergency medical units. This logo was used before national standards for Emergency Medical Personnel or ambulances were established. Designed by Leo R. Schwartz, Chief of the EMS Branch, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Star of Life was created after the American Red Cross complained in 1973 that the orange cross too closely resembled their logo, the red cross on a white background; such usage was restricted by the Geneva Conventions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Severn Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Severn Bridge () is a motorway suspension bridge operated by Highways England that spans the River Severn and River Wye between Aust, South Gloucestershire in England, and Chepstow, Monmouthshire in South East Wales, via Beachley, Gloucestershire, which is a peninsula between the two rivers. It is the original Severn road crossing between England and Wales, and took three-and-a-half years to construct at a cost of \u00a38 million. It replaced the Aust Ferry."}], "question": "What was the background of the three year old migrant who drowned in the body of water that the river crossed by the Puente de los Peligros turns into?"}
{"id": "3hop1__805313_156202_161041", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shad Thames", "paragraph_text": "The street Shad Thames has Tower Bridge at its west end, and runs along the south side of the River Thames, set back behind a row of converted warehouses; it then takes a 90-degree turn south along St Saviour's Dock. The street is partly cobbled. The nearest stations are Tower Hill, Tower Gateway (both requiring one to cross the river to access them), Bermondsey and London Bridge."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a", "paragraph_text": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a or the Bridge of Spain was a bridge that spanned the Pasig River in the Philippines connecting the areas of Binondo and Santa Cruz on Calle Nueva (now E.T. Yuchengco St) with the central Manila. The span was the oldest established in the country before it was damaged by flood in 1914. The bridge was replaced by Jones Bridge that was started 1916 and completed in 1921, located one block downriver from Puente de Espa\u00f1a on Calle Rosario (now Quintin Paredes St)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Death of Alan Kurdi", "paragraph_text": "Alan Kurdi (Kurdish: Alan Kurd\u00ee\u200e), initially reported as Aylan Kurdi, was a three-year-old  Syrian boy of Kurdish ethnic background whose image made global headlines after he drowned on 2 September 2015 in the Mediterranean Sea. He and his family were Syrian refugees trying to reach Europe amid the European refugee crisis (see timeline). Photographs of his body were taken by Turkish journalist Nil\u00fcfer Demir and quickly spread around the world, prompting international responses. Because Kurd\u00ee's family had reportedly been trying to reach Canada, his death and the wider refugee crisis immediately became an issue in the 2015 Canadian federal election."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "My Best Friend's Wedding", "paragraph_text": "Julianne Potter (Julia Roberts), a 27 - year - old New York City restaurant critic, receives a call from her lifelong friend Michael O'Neal (Dermot Mulroney). In college, the two made an agreement that if neither of them were married by the time they turned 28, they would marry each other. Three weeks before her 28th birthday, Michael tells her that in four days, he will marry Kimmy Wallace (Cameron Diaz), a 20 - year - old University of Chicago student from a wealthy family."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dubois County, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Dubois County was formed on December 20, 1818, from Orange, Pike and Perry counties. It is named for Toussaint Dubois, a Frenchman who fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812. Dubois was a merchant who lived mainly in Vincennes. He drowned in 1816 while crossing the Little Wabash River near Lawrenceville, Illinois.In 1818, as many as half of the residents of the county died of milk sickness. There is one view that the mother of Abraham Lincoln, Nancy Hanks Lincoln died of this disease at that time.  It was caused by settlers drinking the milk or eating the meat of cows that had eaten the white snakeroot.  The plant contains the potent toxin temetrol, which is passed through the milk. The migrants from the East were unfamiliar with the Midwestern plant and its effects.Dubois County switched to the Central Time Zone on April 2, 2006, and returned to the Eastern Time Zone on November 4, 2007; both changes were controversial.The original county seat was Portersville. In 1830 the county seat was moved south to Jasper."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Segura", "paragraph_text": "The river begins at Santiago Pontones (province of Ja\u00e9n), passes Calasparra, Cieza, Blanca, Murcia, Murcia, Beniaj\u00e1n, Orihuela, Rojales and ends in the Mediterranean Sea near Guardamar del Segura in the province of Alicante. Some of its tributaries are the Mundo (which starts near Ri\u00f3par), the Alh\u00e1rabe (which starts in Moratalla), the Mula and the Guadalent\u00edn."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Puente de los Peligros", "paragraph_text": "The Puente de los Peligros (Spanish for bridge of the hazards) or also known as the Puente Viejo (Spanish for old bridge) is an arched stone bridge, completed in 1742, that spans the River Segura in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Star of Life", "paragraph_text": "Originally, many ambulances used a safety orange cross on a square background of reflectorized white to designate them as emergency medical units. This logo was used before national standards for Emergency Medical Personnel or ambulances were established. Designed by Leo R. Schwartz, Chief of the EMS Branch, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Star of Life was created after the American Red Cross complained in 1973 that the orange cross too closely resembled their logo, the red cross on a white background; such usage was restricted by the Geneva Conventions."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tito Puente", "paragraph_text": "Puente served in the Navy for three years during World War II after being drafted in 1942. He was discharged with a Presidential Unit Citation for serving in nine battles on the escort carrier USS Santee (CVE-29). The GI Bill allowed him to study music at Juilliard School of Music, where he completed a formal education in conducting, orchestration and theory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gasworks Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Gasworks Bridge, also known as the Old Gasworks Bridge, is an iron bridge across the River Thames at Oxford in England. It is a pedestrian bridge linking St Ebbes to the Grandpont nature reserve. It crosses the river on the reach between Iffley Lock and Osney Lock."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Woolwich foot tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The Woolwich foot tunnel crosses under the River Thames in Woolwich, in East London from Old Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich to North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham. The tunnel offers pedestrians and cyclists an alternative way to cross the river when the Woolwich Free Ferry service is not operating. Both entrances to the tunnel (north entrance at and south entrance at ) are Grade II listed buildings. The south entrance is somewhat hidden behind the Waterfront leisure centre. It is the oldest remaining building in the riverside area of Old Woolwich."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Severn Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Severn Bridge () is a motorway suspension bridge operated by Highways England that spans the River Severn and River Wye between Aust, South Gloucestershire in England, and Chepstow, Monmouthshire in South East Wales, via Beachley, Gloucestershire, which is a peninsula between the two rivers. It is the original Severn road crossing between England and Wales, and took three-and-a-half years to construct at a cost of \u00a38 million. It replaced the Aust Ferry."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Conscription in South Korea", "paragraph_text": "By law, when a Korean man turns 18 years old, he is enlisted for ``first citizen service, ''meaning he is liable for military duty, but is not yet required to serve. When he turns 19 years old (or, in some instances, 20 years old), he is required to undergo a physical exam to determine whether he is suitable for military service. The table below shows the physical exam's possible grades and their outcomes, according to the Military Service Act. Men must enlist by the time they turn 28 (Korean age)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Genil", "paragraph_text": "The Genil River is the main (left) tributary of the river Guadalquivir in Andalusia, Spain. The Roman \"Singilis\", its modern name derives from the Moorish rendering of the Roman name: \"Sinyil, Sannil\", and \"Sinnil\". The source of the Genil is in the Sierra Nevada, north of its highest peak Mulhac\u00e9n. The Genil flows through the towns Granada, Loja, Puente Genil and \u00c9cija. It flows into the Guadalquivir River near Palma del R\u00edo."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rostislav Vsevolodovich", "paragraph_text": "Rostislav Vsevolodovich () (1070\u20131093) was the Prince of Pereyaslavl (1078\u20131093), son of Vsevolod I of Kiev, and half brother of Vladimir Monomakh. He fought at Stugna river against the Cumans and drowned while fleeing the battle."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Millie P.", "paragraph_text": "Millie Puente (1968) is an American Latin jazz singer. She is cousin of Tito Puente and earned a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album nomination with her first album, \"Tito Puente Presents Millie P\" in 1991. In 2002 she was reported to be writing a book and working on a tribute album to Puente."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Strangers No More", "paragraph_text": "Strangers No More is a 2010 short documentary film about a school in Tel Aviv, Israel, where children from 48 different countries and diverse backgrounds come together to learn. The parents of these children are among over 300,000 transnational migrant workers who have arrived in Israel\u2014some with government authorization and others undocumented."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Union Jack", "paragraph_text": "The origins of the earlier flag of Great Britain date back to 1606. James VI of Scotland had inherited the English and Irish thrones in 1603 as James I, thereby uniting the crowns of England, Scotland, and Ireland in a personal union, although the three kingdoms remained separate states. On 12 April 1606, a new flag to represent this regal union between England and Scotland was specified in a royal decree, according to which the flag of England (a red cross on a white background, known as St George's Cross), and the flag of Scotland (a white saltire on a blue background, known as the Saltire or St Andrew's Cross), would be joined together, forming the flag of England and Scotland for maritime purposes. King James also began to refer to a ``Kingdom of Great Britaine '', although the union remained a personal one."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Puente Nuevo (Murcia)", "paragraph_text": "El Puento Nuevo (Spanish for New Bridge) or Puente de Hierro (Spanish for Iron Bridge) is a parabolic metallic bridge spanning the Segura River, completed in 1903 and located in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain). As the second bridge built in the city across the river, was called \"New Bridge\" to distinguish it from the old bridge (Puente Viejo o Puente de los Peligros), even though today it is the second oldest of the city."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zolt\u00e1n Husz\u00e1rik", "paragraph_text": "Husz\u00e1rik was born in the small village of Domony, Hungary. His father died when he was two years old. Being an only child, Husz\u00e1rik had an adoring relationship with his widowed mother. His background had a great influence on his work."}], "question": "What was the background of the 3 year old migrant who drowned in the sea that the river which crosses Puente Nuevo turns into?"}
{"id": "3hop1__252180_156202_161041", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ponte Vecchio", "paragraph_text": "The Ponte Vecchio (``Old Bridge '', Italian pronunciation: (\u02c8ponte \u02c8v\u025bkkjo)) is a medieval stone closed - spandrel segmental arch bridge over the Arno River, in Florence, Italy, noted for still having shops built along it, as was once common. Butchers initially occupied the shops; the present tenants are jewelers, art dealers and souvenir sellers. The Ponte Vecchio's two neighbouring bridges are the Ponte Santa Trinita and the Ponte alle Grazie."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "La Vicaria Arch Bridge", "paragraph_text": "La Vicaria Bridge is a through arch bridge that spans the Segura River, where it meets La Fuensanta Reservoir near Yeste, in the province of Albacete, Spain. It forms part of a future road that will join Yeste with Letur and the neighbouring area to the east. The bridge has 2 vehicle lanes and 2 sidewalks."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge () crosses the Yangtze River in Nanjing, Jiangsu. Construction of the bridge started in 2006 and it was completed in 2010. The bridge has two main spans of it is one of the largest arch bridges in the world. It carries six tracks: two for the Beijing\u2013Shanghai High-Speed Railway (opened on 30 June 2011), two for the Shanghai\u2013Wuhan\u2013Chengdu high-speed railway (opened on 22 January 2011) and two for line S3 of the Nanjing Metro (opened on 6 December 2017)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Old Trails Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Old Trails Bridge over the Colorado River, brought a now-abandoned portion of U.S. Route 66 across from Needles, California to Topock, Arizona. It is a brace-ribbed through arch bridge that was built in 1915-1916. It served as a highway bridge until 1947 when the Red Rock Bridge, formerly a railroad bridge, was modified for highway use. The Old Trails Bridge was later converted to a pipeline bridge."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Puente de los Peligros", "paragraph_text": "The Puente de los Peligros (Spanish for bridge of the hazards) or also known as the Puente Viejo (Spanish for old bridge) is an arched stone bridge, completed in 1742, that spans the River Segura in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charles Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Charles Bridge (Czech: Karl\u016fv most (\u02c8karlu\u02d0f \u02c8most) (listen)) is a historic bridge that crosses the Vltava river in Prague, Czech Republic. Its construction started in 1357 under the auspices of King Charles IV, and finished in the beginning of the 15th century. The bridge replaced the old Judith Bridge built 1158 -- 1172 that had been badly damaged by a flood in 1342. This new bridge was originally called Stone Bridge (Kamenn\u00fd most) or Prague Bridge (Pra\u017esk\u00fd most) but has been ``Charles Bridge ''since 1870. As the only means of crossing the river Vltava (Moldau) until 1841, Charles Bridge was the most important connection between Prague Castle and the city's Old Town and adjacent areas. This`` solid - land'' connection made Prague important as a trade route between Eastern and Western Europe."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge or Trezzo Bridge was a medieval bridge at Trezzo sull'Adda in Lombardy, Italy, spanning the Adda river. Completed in 1377, the single-arch bridge held the record for the largest span for over four hundred years, until the beginnings of the Industrial Age, while it was not until the early 20th century that masonry bridges with larger openings were constructed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ducharme Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ducharme Bridge (French: \"Pont Ducharme\") is a covered bridge with a lattice truss structure, which crosses the Bostonnais River in the center of La Bostonnais, Quebec. The bridge was built in 1946 and it is long. It was classified as a historic monument in 2006, because it was a late example of an elaborated town bridge, a truss developed by the Departement of colonization of Quebec at the turn of the 20th century. It was named after Romulus Ducharme, MLA of Laviolette in 1936-1939 and 1944-1966."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sauk Rapids Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Sauk Rapids Bridge was a steel spandrel braced arch bridge that spanned the Mississippi River between the cities of St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was built in 1942 and was designed by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The bridge consisted of three spans supported by two piers. It crossed the Mississippi River downstream from the rapids of the Sauk River. The river is still rough and fast-flowing at this location."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Death of Alan Kurdi", "paragraph_text": "Alan Kurdi (Kurdish: Alan Kurd\u00ee\u200e), initially reported as Aylan Kurdi, was a three-year-old  Syrian boy of Kurdish ethnic background whose image made global headlines after he drowned on 2 September 2015 in the Mediterranean Sea. He and his family were Syrian refugees trying to reach Europe amid the European refugee crisis (see timeline). Photographs of his body were taken by Turkish journalist Nil\u00fcfer Demir and quickly spread around the world, prompting international responses. Because Kurd\u00ee's family had reportedly been trying to reach Canada, his death and the wider refugee crisis immediately became an issue in the 2015 Canadian federal election."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "16th Avenue Bailey Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Old (16th Avenue) Bailey Bridge was a bailey bridge located on 16th Avenue (York Regional Road 73) east of Reesor Road within Rouge Park in Markham, Ontario, Canada. The bridge crossed the Little Rouge Creek, a tributary of the Rouge River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Richmond Bridge, London", "paragraph_text": "Richmond Bridge is an 18th-century stone arch bridge that crosses the River Thames at Richmond, connecting the two halves of the present-day London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It was designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "David McCullough Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The David McCullough Bridge, commonly and historically known as the 16th Street Bridge, is a steel trussed through arch bridge that spans the Allegheny River in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Severn Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Severn Bridge () is a motorway suspension bridge operated by Highways England that spans the River Severn and River Wye between Aust, South Gloucestershire in England, and Chepstow, Monmouthshire in South East Wales, via Beachley, Gloucestershire, which is a peninsula between the two rivers. It is the original Severn road crossing between England and Wales, and took three-and-a-half years to construct at a cost of \u00a38 million. It replaced the Aust Ferry."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Carroll Lee Cropper Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Carroll Lee Cropper Bridge is a continuous steel arch-shaped truss bridge over the Ohio River between Indiana and Kentucky. Built in 1977, the four-lane arched truss span provides a western Ohio River crossing for the Interstate 275 beltway around the Cincinnati area. The section of Interstate 275 on the Cropper bridge is the only Interstate highway in the Cincinnati, Ohio area that goes between Indiana and Kentucky. The bridge is the only highway bridge crossing for west of the Cincinnati downtown area. The Markland Locks and Dam, which carries Indiana State Road 101 and Kentucky Route 1039, is south and west of the Cropper Bridge."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bulkeley Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Bulkeley Bridge (also known as Hartford Bridge, Bridge No. 980A) is the oldest of three highway bridges over the Connecticut River in Hartford, Connecticut. A stone arch bridge composed of nine spans, the bridge carries Interstate\u00a084, U.S. Route\u00a06, and U.S. Route\u00a044 across the river, connecting Hartford to East Hartford. As of 2005 the bridge carried an average daily traffic of 142,500 cars. The arches are mounted on stone piers, and vary in length from to ; the total length of the bridge is ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Segura", "paragraph_text": "The river begins at Santiago Pontones (province of Ja\u00e9n), passes Calasparra, Cieza, Blanca, Murcia, Murcia, Beniaj\u00e1n, Orihuela, Rojales and ends in the Mediterranean Sea near Guardamar del Segura in the province of Alicante. Some of its tributaries are the Mundo (which starts near Ri\u00f3par), the Alh\u00e1rabe (which starts in Moratalla), the Mula and the Guadalent\u00edn."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wanxian Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Wanxian Bridge, or Wanzhou Bridge (), is a reinforced concrete arch bridge built over the Yangtze River in 1997. It is located in the vicinity of the Three Gorges Dam in Wanzhou, Chongqing, China. The arch span is and the total length of the bridge is . The clearance height to the river below is however the full clearance is no longer visible as the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water. During the bridge construction, a concrete-filled tubular arch truss frame was built to support the weight of the concrete arch and embedded into the concrete arch."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sherman Minton Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Sherman Minton Bridge is a double-deck through arch bridge spanning the Ohio River, carrying I-64 and US 150 over the river between Kentucky and Indiana. The bridge connects the west side of Louisville, Kentucky to downtown New Albany, Indiana."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wushan Yangtze River Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Wushan Yangtze River Bridge is an arch bridge, which carries S301 Provincial Road across the Yangtze River near Wushan, Chongqing, China. Completed in 2005, the high arch spans ranking it in the top ten longest arch bridges in the world. The bridge is also among the highest in the world however, the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge, and the full clearance is no longer visible."}], "question": "What was the ethnic background of the three year old migrant who drowned in the sea where the river spanned by the La Vicaria Arch Bridge ends?"}
{"id": "3hop1__617047_156202_161041", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Woolwich foot tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The Woolwich foot tunnel crosses under the River Thames in Woolwich, in East London from Old Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich to North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham. The tunnel offers pedestrians and cyclists an alternative way to cross the river when the Woolwich Free Ferry service is not operating. Both entrances to the tunnel (north entrance at and south entrance at ) are Grade II listed buildings. The south entrance is somewhat hidden behind the Waterfront leisure centre. It is the oldest remaining building in the riverside area of Old Woolwich."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Severn Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Severn Bridge () is a motorway suspension bridge operated by Highways England that spans the River Severn and River Wye between Aust, South Gloucestershire in England, and Chepstow, Monmouthshire in South East Wales, via Beachley, Gloucestershire, which is a peninsula between the two rivers. It is the original Severn road crossing between England and Wales, and took three-and-a-half years to construct at a cost of \u00a38 million. It replaced the Aust Ferry."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2014 Torneo de Promoci\u00f3n y Reserva", "paragraph_text": "The Torneo de Promoci\u00f3n y Reserva is a football tournament in Peru. There are currently 16 clubs in the league. Each team will have a roaster of twelve 21-year-old players, three 19-year-olds as three older reinforcements; whenever they be recorded in the club. The team champion in this tournament will offer two points and the runner-up a point of bonus to the respective regular team in the 2014 Torneo Descentralizado."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pointe-\u00e0-la-Croix, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Pointe-\u00e0-la-Croix (\"Cross Point\" in English) is a municipality located on the Restigouche River in the Gasp\u00e9sie region of eastern Quebec, Canada. It is situated across from the city of Campbellton, New Brunswick."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Francisco Antonio Pinto", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Antonio Pinto y D\u00edaz de la Puente (; July 23, 1785 \u2013 July 18, 1858) was a Chilean politician who served as President of Chile between 1827 and 1829."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Assut de l'Or Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Assut de l'Or Bridge (Valencian: \"Pont de l'Assut de l'Or\", Spanish: \"Puente de la Presa del Oro\") is a white single-pylon cable-stayed bridge in Valencia, Spain designed by Valencian architect and civil engineer Santiago Calatrava and completed in December 2008. The name \"l'Assut de l'Or\" is Valencian for \"the Dam of the Gold\" and refers to a dam that was located nearby, although locally it is referred to as \"El Jamonero\" (The Ham Holder) or \"Pont de l'Arpa\", Spanish: \"Puente del Arpa\" (The Harp Bridge). Calatrava called it the Serreria Bridge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Montcerf-Lytton, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Montcerf-Lytton is a municipality in La Vall\u00e9e-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada. Its territory spans both shores of the D\u00e9sert River, a tributary of the Gatineau River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Pearl and the Wave", "paragraph_text": "The Pearl and the Wave (French: La Perle et la vague), also known as The Wave and the Pearl, is a painting by the French artist Paul-Jacques-Aim\u00e9 Baudry created in 1862. The painting shows a nude woman lying on the edge of a rocky sea shore, with her head turned to gaze backward over her shoulder towards the viewer. Waves are breaking in the background."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la M\u00fasica, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect F\u00e9lix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Millie P.", "paragraph_text": "Millie Puente (1968) is an American Latin jazz singer. She is cousin of Tito Puente and earned a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album nomination with her first album, \"Tito Puente Presents Millie P\" in 1991. In 2002 she was reported to be writing a book and working on a tribute album to Puente."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Puente de los Peligros", "paragraph_text": "The Puente de los Peligros (Spanish for bridge of the hazards) or also known as the Puente Viejo (Spanish for old bridge) is an arched stone bridge, completed in 1742, that spans the River Segura in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gaetano Kagwa", "paragraph_text": "Gaetano was born Gaetano Jjuko Kagwa on 22 June 1972 in Kampala, Uganda. Gaetano moved to Kenya when he was five years old and then to Lesotho when he was nine. It was in Lesotho that he completed his high school education. In 1993, he joined the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, USA where he graduated with a degree in political science in 1997."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "George Fiott Day", "paragraph_text": "George Fiott Day was born in Southampton. He joined the Royal Navy as a First Class Volunteer in 1833. His first vessel sailed to the Pacific Ocean and was wrecked off the coast of Patagonia in 1835. After serving off the west coast of Africa, in 1838 he departed for six and a half years service in the Mediterranean Sea, taking part in the bombardment of St. John d'Acre on the Syrian coast in 1840. From 1845 to 1848, he served in Africa, before departing for the Cape of Good Hope and the coast of Brazil. During the hostilities between the Argentine Confederation and Buenos Aires, he patrolled the Rivers of Paraguay and the R\u00edo de la Plata. In 1854, he was sent to the Baltic Sea, and then back to the Mediterranean Fleet, and eventually to the Black Sea in 1855, where he won his Victoria Cross. He was 35 years old, and a lieutenant in the Royal Navy during the Crimean War:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Puente de la P\u00f3lvora", "paragraph_text": "El Puente de la P\u00f3lvora (Spanish for the Black-powder Bridge) was a metallic bridge with stone abutments spanning the Segura River. The structure was completed with five stone arches on the left side of the bridge designed to span the river flood plain. Built between 1870 and 1877 in the vicinity of Javal\u00ed Viejo and Alcantarilla, in the Regi\u00f3n de Murcia (Spain), the bridge was designed by the civil engineers Manuel Pardo S\u00e1nchez-Salvador (for the stone structure) and Jos\u00e9 Caunedo S\u00e1nchez (for the metallic structure). Both structures were built by Pedro D\u00edaz S\u00e1nchez y Francisco Pe\u00f1a y Baquero respectively."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Segura", "paragraph_text": "The river begins at Santiago Pontones (province of Ja\u00e9n), passes Calasparra, Cieza, Blanca, Murcia, Murcia, Beniaj\u00e1n, Orihuela, Rojales and ends in the Mediterranean Sea near Guardamar del Segura in the province of Alicante. Some of its tributaries are the Mundo (which starts near Ri\u00f3par), the Alh\u00e1rabe (which starts in Moratalla), the Mula and the Guadalent\u00edn."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jorge Galv\u00e1n", "paragraph_text": "Jorge Galv\u00e1n (born April 1966 in Mexico City) is a Mexican writer and engineer. He is best known for his historical novel \"El Hierro y la P\u00f3lvora\" (Iron and Gunpowder), for which he was awarded the First Novel UNAM \u2013 Alfaguara Prize in 2006"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Peace River, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Peace River, originally named Peace River Crossing, and known as Rivi\u00e8re-la-Paix in French, is a town in northwestern Alberta, Canada, situated along the banks of the Peace River, at its confluence with the Smoky River, the Heart River and Pat's Creek. It is located northwest of Edmonton, and northeast of Grande Prairie, along Highway 2. It was known as the Village of Peace River Crossing between 1914 and 1916."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a", "paragraph_text": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a or the Bridge of Spain was a bridge that spanned the Pasig River in the Philippines connecting the areas of Binondo and Santa Cruz on Calle Nueva (now E.T. Yuchengco St) with the central Manila. The span was the oldest established in the country before it was damaged by flood in 1914. The bridge was replaced by Jones Bridge that was started 1916 and completed in 1921, located one block downriver from Puente de Espa\u00f1a on Calle Rosario (now Quintin Paredes St)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Death of Alan Kurdi", "paragraph_text": "Alan Kurdi (Kurdish: Alan Kurd\u00ee\u200e), initially reported as Aylan Kurdi, was a three-year-old  Syrian boy of Kurdish ethnic background whose image made global headlines after he drowned on 2 September 2015 in the Mediterranean Sea. He and his family were Syrian refugees trying to reach Europe amid the European refugee crisis (see timeline). Photographs of his body were taken by Turkish journalist Nil\u00fcfer Demir and quickly spread around the world, prompting international responses. Because Kurd\u00ee's family had reportedly been trying to reach Canada, his death and the wider refugee crisis immediately became an issue in the 2015 Canadian federal election."}], "question": "What was the background of the three year old migrant who drowned in the body of water that the river crossed by the Puente de Polvora turns into?"}
{"id": "3hop1__252180_156202_72926", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La Vicaria Arch Bridge", "paragraph_text": "La Vicaria Bridge is a through arch bridge that spans the Segura River, where it meets La Fuensanta Reservoir near Yeste, in the province of Albacete, Spain. It forms part of a future road that will join Yeste with Letur and the neighbouring area to the east. The bridge has 2 vehicle lanes and 2 sidewalks."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cairo I-57 Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Cairo I-57 Bridge is a steel through arch bridge carrying 4 lanes of Interstate 57 across the Mississippi River at Cairo, Illinois. It was opened in 1978."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hartford Bridge, Cheshire", "paragraph_text": "The Hartford Bridge, or Blue Bridge, is a single-span road bridge crossing the River Weaver at Hartford, Cheshire in England. The bridge is located on the A556 as part of the Northwich bypass."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Luis Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The San Luis Bridge, also known as State Bridge or Bridge over Culebra Creek, is a historic open spandrel arch bridge that crosses Culebra Creek in San Luis, Colorado. It was built in 1911 as a road bridge, but now serves pedestrian traffic. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge () crosses the Yangtze River in Nanjing, Jiangsu. Construction of the bridge started in 2006 and it was completed in 2010. The bridge has two main spans of it is one of the largest arch bridges in the world. It carries six tracks: two for the Beijing\u2013Shanghai High-Speed Railway (opened on 30 June 2011), two for the Shanghai\u2013Wuhan\u2013Chengdu high-speed railway (opened on 22 January 2011) and two for line S3 of the Nanjing Metro (opened on 6 December 2017)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Carroll Lee Cropper Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Carroll Lee Cropper Bridge is a continuous steel arch-shaped truss bridge over the Ohio River between Indiana and Kentucky. Built in 1977, the four-lane arched truss span provides a western Ohio River crossing for the Interstate 275 beltway around the Cincinnati area. The section of Interstate 275 on the Cropper bridge is the only Interstate highway in the Cincinnati, Ohio area that goes between Indiana and Kentucky. The bridge is the only highway bridge crossing for west of the Cincinnati downtown area. The Markland Locks and Dam, which carries Indiana State Road 101 and Kentucky Route 1039, is south and west of the Cropper Bridge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Royal Tweed Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Tweed Bridge is a road bridge in Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England crossing the River Tweed. It was intended to divert traffic from the 17th century Berwick Bridge, and until the 1980s it formed part of the A1 road, the main route from London to Edinburgh. However, the construction of the A1 River Tweed Bridge to the west of Berwick has since reduced the Royal Tweed Bridge's importance."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ducharme Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ducharme Bridge (French: \"Pont Ducharme\") is a covered bridge with a lattice truss structure, which crosses the Bostonnais River in the center of La Bostonnais, Quebec. The bridge was built in 1946 and it is long. It was classified as a historic monument in 2006, because it was a late example of an elaborated town bridge, a truss developed by the Departement of colonization of Quebec at the turn of the 20th century. It was named after Romulus Ducharme, MLA of Laviolette in 1936-1939 and 1944-1966."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Borodinsky Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Borodinsky Bridge () is a steel plate girder bridge that spans Moskva River, connecting Dorogomilovo District and Kievsky Rail Terminal with the centre of Moscow, Russia (two kilometers due west from the Kremlin). The bridge was built in 1911\u20131912 as deck arch bridge by N.I. Oskolkov, M.I. Schekotov (structural engineering) and Roman Klein (architectural design). In 2001, the bridge was reconstructed, replacing arches and deck with a plate girder structure."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Segura", "paragraph_text": "The river begins at Santiago Pontones (province of Ja\u00e9n), passes Calasparra, Cieza, Blanca, Murcia, Murcia, Beniaj\u00e1n, Orihuela, Rojales and ends in the Mediterranean Sea near Guardamar del Segura in the province of Alicante. Some of its tributaries are the Mundo (which starts near Ri\u00f3par), the Alh\u00e1rabe (which starts in Moratalla), the Mula and the Guadalent\u00edn."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Economy of ancient Greece", "paragraph_text": "The economy of ancient Greece was defined largely by the region's dependence on imported goods. As a result of the poor quality of Greece's soil, agricultural trade was of particular importance. The impact of limited crop production was somewhat offset by Greece's paramount location, as its position in the Mediterranean gave its provinces control over some of Egypt's most crucial seaports and trade routes. Beginning in the 6th century BC, trade craftsmanship and commerce, principally maritime, became pivotal aspects of Greek economic output."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bulkeley Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Bulkeley Bridge (also known as Hartford Bridge, Bridge No. 980A) is the oldest of three highway bridges over the Connecticut River in Hartford, Connecticut. A stone arch bridge composed of nine spans, the bridge carries Interstate\u00a084, U.S. Route\u00a06, and U.S. Route\u00a044 across the river, connecting Hartford to East Hartford. As of 2005 the bridge carried an average daily traffic of 142,500 cars. The arches are mounted on stone piers, and vary in length from to ; the total length of the bridge is ."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Richmond Bridge, London", "paragraph_text": "Richmond Bridge is an 18th-century stone arch bridge that crosses the River Thames at Richmond, connecting the two halves of the present-day London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It was designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Taemas Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Taemas Bridge is a two-lane road bridge crossing the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. The bridge crosses on the river just before it enters Lake Burrinjuck, which has been created by the Burrinjuck Dam. The bridge is a key part of the road between Yass and Wee Jasper, and from there, to Tumut. The bridge is around 26 kilometres from Yass and 22 kilometres from Wee Jasper. The current bridge was completed in 1931 and is over 200 metres in length."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Neville Island Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Neville Island Bridge is a tied arch bridge which carries Interstate 79 and the Yellow Belt across the Ohio River and over Neville Island, west of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wushan Yangtze River Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Wushan Yangtze River Bridge is an arch bridge, which carries S301 Provincial Road across the Yangtze River near Wushan, Chongqing, China. Completed in 2005, the high arch spans ranking it in the top ten longest arch bridges in the world. The bridge is also among the highest in the world however, the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge, and the full clearance is no longer visible."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Blackfriars Railway Bridge is a railway bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and the Millennium Bridge."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sauk Rapids Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Sauk Rapids Bridge was a steel spandrel braced arch bridge that spanned the Mississippi River between the cities of St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was built in 1942 and was designed by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The bridge consisted of three spans supported by two piers. It crossed the Mississippi River downstream from the rapids of the Sauk River. The river is still rough and fast-flowing at this location."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David McCullough Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The David McCullough Bridge, commonly and historically known as the 16th Street Bridge, is a steel trussed through arch bridge that spans the Allegheny River in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wanxian Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Wanxian Bridge, or Wanzhou Bridge (), is a reinforced concrete arch bridge built over the Yangtze River in 1997. It is located in the vicinity of the Three Gorges Dam in Wanzhou, Chongqing, China. The arch span is and the total length of the bridge is . The clearance height to the river below is however the full clearance is no longer visible as the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water. During the bridge construction, a concrete-filled tubular arch truss frame was built to support the weight of the concrete arch and embedded into the concrete arch."}], "question": "What part did the sea that the river crossing La Vicaria Arch Bridge turns into, play in Greek economy?"}
{"id": "3hop1__617047_156202_72926", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pia\u00e7aca River", "paragraph_text": "Pia\u00e7aca River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River basin."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Segura", "paragraph_text": "The river begins at Santiago Pontones (province of Ja\u00e9n), passes Calasparra, Cieza, Blanca, Murcia, Murcia, Beniaj\u00e1n, Orihuela, Rojales and ends in the Mediterranean Sea near Guardamar del Segura in the province of Alicante. Some of its tributaries are the Mundo (which starts near Ri\u00f3par), the Alh\u00e1rabe (which starts in Moratalla), the Mula and the Guadalent\u00edn."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Puente de los Peligros", "paragraph_text": "The Puente de los Peligros (Spanish for bridge of the hazards) or also known as the Puente Viejo (Spanish for old bridge) is an arched stone bridge, completed in 1742, that spans the River Segura in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Puente de la P\u00f3lvora", "paragraph_text": "El Puente de la P\u00f3lvora (Spanish for the Black-powder Bridge) was a metallic bridge with stone abutments spanning the Segura River. The structure was completed with five stone arches on the left side of the bridge designed to span the river flood plain. Built between 1870 and 1877 in the vicinity of Javal\u00ed Viejo and Alcantarilla, in the Regi\u00f3n de Murcia (Spain), the bridge was designed by the civil engineers Manuel Pardo S\u00e1nchez-Salvador (for the stone structure) and Jos\u00e9 Caunedo S\u00e1nchez (for the metallic structure). Both structures were built by Pedro D\u00edaz S\u00e1nchez y Francisco Pe\u00f1a y Baquero respectively."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ducharme Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Ducharme Bridge (French: \"Pont Ducharme\") is a covered bridge with a lattice truss structure, which crosses the Bostonnais River in the center of La Bostonnais, Quebec. The bridge was built in 1946 and it is long. It was classified as a historic monument in 2006, because it was a late example of an elaborated town bridge, a truss developed by the Departement of colonization of Quebec at the turn of the 20th century. It was named after Romulus Ducharme, MLA of Laviolette in 1936-1939 and 1944-1966."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Montcerf-Lytton, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Montcerf-Lytton is a municipality in La Vall\u00e9e-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada. Its territory spans both shores of the D\u00e9sert River, a tributary of the Gatineau River."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Peace River, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Peace River, originally named Peace River Crossing, and known as Rivi\u00e8re-la-Paix in French, is a town in northwestern Alberta, Canada, situated along the banks of the Peace River, at its confluence with the Smoky River, the Heart River and Pat's Creek. It is located northwest of Edmonton, and northeast of Grande Prairie, along Highway 2. It was known as the Village of Peace River Crossing between 1914 and 1916."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Francisco Antonio Pinto", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Antonio Pinto y D\u00edaz de la Puente (; July 23, 1785 \u2013 July 18, 1858) was a Chilean politician who served as President of Chile between 1827 and 1829."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Millie P.", "paragraph_text": "Millie Puente (1968) is an American Latin jazz singer. She is cousin of Tito Puente and earned a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album nomination with her first album, \"Tito Puente Presents Millie P\" in 1991. In 2002 she was reported to be writing a book and working on a tribute album to Puente."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fiambal\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Fiambal\u00e1 is a town in the department of Tinogasta, located in the west part of Catamarca Province, Argentina. It is located at the beginning of the Altiplano at 1.505 m.a.s.l. and 320\u00a0km from the capital of Catamarca, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca. It is situated along the Abauc\u00e1n and La Troya rivers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Economy of ancient Greece", "paragraph_text": "The economy of ancient Greece was defined largely by the region's dependence on imported goods. As a result of the poor quality of Greece's soil, agricultural trade was of particular importance. The impact of limited crop production was somewhat offset by Greece's paramount location, as its position in the Mediterranean gave its provinces control over some of Egypt's most crucial seaports and trade routes. Beginning in the 6th century BC, trade craftsmanship and commerce, principally maritime, became pivotal aspects of Greek economic output."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pointe-\u00e0-la-Croix, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Pointe-\u00e0-la-Croix (\"Cross Point\" in English) is a municipality located on the Restigouche River in the Gasp\u00e9sie region of eastern Quebec, Canada. It is situated across from the city of Campbellton, New Brunswick."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southern Nevada", "paragraph_text": "A major part of Southern Nevada's economy is based on tourism, including gambling. The primary drivers of the Las Vegas economy have been the confluence of tourism, gaming, and conventions which in turn feed the retail and dining industries. The city serves as world headquarters for the world's two largest Fortune 500 gaming companies, Harrah's Entertainment and MGM Mirage."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tanggula Pass", "paragraph_text": "The Tanggu La, Tangla Pass, or Tanggu Pass () is a wide mountain pass over 5000 metres elevation in China used by the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Highway and Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway to cross the Tanggula Mountains. These mountains form part of the watershed separating the Yangtze River to the north and a zone of endorheic basins with internal drainage to the south. They also separate Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and the Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Barre, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Barre is a town in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,234 at the 2010 census. It is part of the La Crosse, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town hall is in the unincorporated community of Barre Mills."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gaston, Marquis de Galliffet", "paragraph_text": "Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet, Prince de Martigues (Paris, 23 January 1830 \u2013 8 July 1909), was a French general, best known for having taken part in the repression of the 1871 Paris Commune. He was Minister of War in Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet at the turn of the century, which caused a controversy in the socialist movement, since independent socialist Alexandre Millerand also took part in the same government, and was thus side by side with the \"Fusilleur de la Commune\" (the \"Commune's executioner\")."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jorge Galv\u00e1n", "paragraph_text": "Jorge Galv\u00e1n (born April 1966 in Mexico City) is a Mexican writer and engineer. He is best known for his historical novel \"El Hierro y la P\u00f3lvora\" (Iron and Gunpowder), for which he was awarded the First Novel UNAM \u2013 Alfaguara Prize in 2006"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eel River Cove, New Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "Eel River Cove is a community in Restigouche County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is part of the village of Eel River Crossing."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Camaipi River do Vila Nova River", "paragraph_text": "Camaipi River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River system."}], "question": "What part did the body of water that the river that Puente de la Polvora crosses turns into play in the greek economy?"}
{"id": "3hop1__555761_597018_323049", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Northwest Georgia Joint Development Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Northwest Georgia Joint Development Authority (NWGAJDA) is a joint development authority that serves Catoosa County, Chattooga County, Dade County, and Walker County in the U.S. state of Georgia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bobby Lee Cook", "paragraph_text": "Bobby Lee Cook (born February 12, 1925) is a defense attorney from Summerville, Georgia, in Chattooga County. He has practiced law since the late 1940s, and is known for combining a sharp legal mind with a folksy demeanor. He has represented a wide variety of clients, from rural Southerners to international businessmen and corporations. He is reputed to have been the inspiration for the television series \"Matlock\" main character Ben Matlock, which starred Andy Griffith as a Georgia attorney."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ciel\u0119tnik", "paragraph_text": "Ciel\u0119tnik () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Confederate Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Confederate Arizona, commonly referred to as Arizona Territory, and officially the Territory of Arizona, was a territory claimed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border. The Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chickamauga, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Chickamauga is a city in Walker County, Georgia, United States. The population was 2,245 at the 2000 census and 3,101 in 2010. It is part of the Chattanooga, TN\u2013GA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Krasnolipie", "paragraph_text": "Krasnolipie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the county where Chickamauga is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122163_714218_37678", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New College of California", "paragraph_text": "New College of California was a college founded in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1971 by former Gonzaga University President, Father John Leary. It ceased operations in early 2008."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Coll\u00e8ge de Beauvais", "paragraph_text": "The college was founded in 1370 by Jean de Dormans, Bishop of Beauvais and Chancellor of France. The Midsummer's Day Hall which remains standing today, was built in 1375 by Raymond du Temple, architect of Charles V of France. Later in 1381 he designed further buildings of the college."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pierre Jean \u00c9douard Desor", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Jean \u00c9douard Desor (13 February 1811, Friedrichsdorf, Grand Duchy of Hesse23 February 1882) was a German-Swiss geologist and naturalist."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jean-Pierre Samazeuilh", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Pierre Samazeuilh, best known as Jean Samazeuilh (17 January 1891, Bordeaux \u2013 13 April 1965, M\u00e9rignac) was a right-handed tennis player competing for France."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard (; ; 10 August 1924 \u2013 21 April 1998) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist. His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as epistemology and communication, the human body, modern art and postmodern art, literature and critical theory, music, film, time and memory, space, the city and landscape, the sublime, and the relation between aesthetics and politics. He is best known for his articulation of postmodernism after the late 1970s and the analysis of the impact of postmodernity on the human condition. He was a director of the International College of Philosophy which was founded by Jacques Derrida, Fran\u00e7ois Ch\u00e2telet, Jean-Pierre Faye and Dominique Lecourt."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jean-Pierre Sueur", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Pierre Sueur (born February 28, 1947) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Loiret department. He is a member of the Socialist Party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Loyola Marymount University", "paragraph_text": "Loyola Marymount University traces its history through Loyola College, founded in 1917 as the successor to St. Vincent's College which was founded in 1865, and Marymount College, founded in 1933 with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania State University (commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU) is a state - related, land - grant, doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Founded in 1855, the university has a stated threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery. Its University Park campus, the flagship campus, lies within the Borough of State College and College Township. It has two law schools: Penn State Law, on the school's University Park campus, and Dickinson Law, located in Carlisle, 90 miles south of State College. The College of Medicine is located in Hershey. Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state. Penn State has been labeled one of the ``Public Ivies, ''a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the \"fallen city\" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "University of Tasmania", "paragraph_text": "The University of Tasmania (UTAS) is a public research university and property developer, primarily located in Tasmania, Australia. Founded in 1890, it is Australia's fourth oldest university. Christ College, one of the university's residential colleges, was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country. The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Florida International University College of Arts and Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Florida International University College of Arts, Education and Sciences is the liberal arts college at Florida International University. Founded in 1965, it is the largest of FIU's 26 schools and colleges, and offers bachelor's degrees, master degree's, doctorates, and first professional degrees. As of 2009, the College of Arts and Sciences has 35,291 alumni, and awards approximately 2,342 degrees annually."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Un linceul n'a pas de poches", "paragraph_text": "Un linceul n'a pas de poches (English: No Pockets in a Shroud) is a French film directed by Jean-Pierre Mocky in 1974"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jean Haudry", "paragraph_text": "Jean Haudry (born 1934) is a linguist, and a founder of the Institut d'\u00e9tudes indo-europ\u00e9ennes at the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 (France) with Jean-Paul Allard and Jean Varenne. Under his leadership the Institut published, between 1982 and 1998, the \"\u00c9tudes indo-europ\u00e9ennes\". He was a professor of Sanskrit and dean of the faculty of letters at the University Lyon 3 and a \"directeur d'\u00e9tudes\" at the 4th section of the \u00c9cole Pratique des Hautes \u00c9tudes. He became professor emeritus in 2002. Jean Haudry was a member of the Groupement de recherche et d'\u00e9tudes pour la civilisation europ\u00e9enne, and acted as chairman of its 13th symposium in 1978. He contributed to the creation of the periodical Nouvelle \u00c9cole. He was also a member of the \"Scientific Council\" of the Front National of Jean-Marie Le Pen, till the split of the Front National, after which he followed Bruno M\u00e9gret in the new Mouvement National R\u00e9publicain. Jean Haudry also participates in the activities of the group Terre et Peuple founded by Pierre Vial, another professor of the University Lyon 3."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "University of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "It was founded in 1559 by John Calvin as a theological seminary and law school. It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for Enlightenment scholarship. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. Today, the university is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 2009, the University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jean-Pierre Eckmann", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Pierre Eckmann (born 27 January 1944) is a mathematical physicist in the department of theoretical physics at the University of Geneva and a pioneer of chaos theory and social network analysis."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Robinson College, Cambridge", "paragraph_text": "Robinson College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. Founded in 1977, Robinson is one of the newest Oxbridge colleges and is unique in having been intended, from its inception, for both undergraduate and graduate students of both sexes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "E. Jean Walker", "paragraph_text": "E. Jean Walker is an American academic, and the former President of Virginia Highlands Community College. Walker graduated with her bachelor's degree from Furman University in 1957. She received her master's degree from the University of Florida in 1959. In addition she received her Doctorate from Florida State University in 1968. In 1974 she was selected to be President of Virginia Highlands Community College, and she served in this position until 1984."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Charles Granval", "paragraph_text": "Charles Granval (December 21, 1882 \u2013 July 28, 1943) was a French stage and film actor. He was Jean-Pierre Granval's father."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "University of Montana Western", "paragraph_text": "The University of Montana Western (UMW) is a public university located in Dillon, Montana, United States. It is affiliated with The University of Montana and is part of the Montana University System. The school was founded in 1893 as Montana State Normal School. The college was founded as a center for training teachers. It was formerly known as Western Montana College before becoming part of the Montana University System in 2000. Enrollment of full-time, degree seeking students as of Fall 2018 was 1,221 students."}], "question": "When did the founder of the university related with Jean-Pierre Eckmann die?"}
{"id": "3hop1__90054_747134_78091", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Thirsty Boots", "paragraph_text": "\"Thirsty Boots\" is a Civil Rights era folksong by American singer-songwriter Eric Andersen that first appeared on his 1966 album \"'Bout Changes 'n' Things\". According to the album's liner notes, the song \"was written to a civil rights worker-friend. Having never gone down to Mississippi myself, I wrote the song about coming back.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Descent Pass", "paragraph_text": "Descent Pass () is a pass leading from Blue Glacier to Ferrar Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was so named by the party led by Albert Armitage of the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901\u201304, because of the adventurous descent to Ferrar Glacier made here via Descent Glacier in 1902."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Standing on the Edge of Goodbye", "paragraph_text": "\"Standing on the Edge of Goodbye\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist John Berry. It was released in February 1995 as the first single from the album \"Standing on the Edge\". The song reached number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was written by Berry and Stewart Harris."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Welcome to the Edge", "paragraph_text": "\"Welcome To The Edge\" is a song written by Roxanne Seeman, Billie Hughes, and Dominic Messinger. \"Welcome To The Edge\" was recorded by Billie Hughes and became a #1 hit in Japan. Concurrently it aired in the NBC television series \"Santa Barbara,\" garnering an Emmy nomination for Best Original Song."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "FIFA World Cup awards", "paragraph_text": "Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas M\u00fcller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodr\u00edguez 6 Thomas M\u00fcller 5 Neymar"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oklahoma Sunday Morning", "paragraph_text": "\"Oklahoma Sunday Morning\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay, Albert Hammond and Lee Hazlewood. It was recorded by American country music artist Glen Campbell and released in December 1971 as a single. The song peaked at number 15 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart and number 9 the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "You'll Always Be My Baby", "paragraph_text": "\"You'll Always Be My Baby\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Sara Evans. It was released in August 2006 as the fourth and final single from her 2005 album \"Real Fine Place\". The song peaked at number 13 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. The song is also included on Evans' 2007 \"Greatest Hits\" album. Evans wrote this song with Tony Martin and Tom Shapiro."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wolseley Buttress", "paragraph_text": "Wolseley Buttress () is a high buttress on the southern edge of Detroit Plateau, forming the west side of Albone Glacier on Nordenskj\u00f6ld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica. Mapped from surveys by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960\u201361). Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Co. which, in 1908-10, designed the experimental motor sledge used by Captain Scott's 1910-13 expedition."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)", "paragraph_text": "``Boom Boom ''is a song written by American blues singer / guitarist John Lee Hooker and recorded in 1961. Although a blues song, music critic Charles Shaar Murray calls it`` the greatest pop song he ever wrote''. ``Boom Boom ''was both an American R&B and pop chart success in 1962 as well as placing in the UK Singles Chart in 1992."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish made landfall in Mexico in 1517. A Spanish settler in Cuba, Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s, led an expedition (entrada) to Mexico, landing in February 1519, following an earlier expedition led by Juan de Grijalva to Yucat\u00e1n in 1517. Two years later Cort\u00e9s and his retinue set sail, thus beginning the expedition of exploration and conquest. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on August 13, 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Cort\u00e9s and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Look What You Made Me Do", "paragraph_text": "``Look What You Made Me Do ''is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift from her upcoming sixth studio album, Reputation (2017). The song was released on August 24, 2017, as the lead single from the album. Swift wrote the song with Jack Antonoff. The song samples the melody of the 1991 song`` I'm Too Sexy'' by the band Right Said Fred, therefore Fred Fairbrass, Richard Fairbrass, and Rob Manzoli of the band are credited as songwriters."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Magga Peak", "paragraph_text": "Magga Peak () is a triangular \"flatiron\" shaped wall of sheer rock forming the end of the northernmost of the Burnside Ridges in Antarctica, the summit being a sharp point. It was photographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump in 1947. A first landing from a ship was made on February 20, 1959 by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (\"Magga Dan\") led by Phillip Law."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", "paragraph_text": "``These Boots Are Made for Walkin '''is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra. It charted January 22, 1966, and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Touched by an Angel", "paragraph_text": "The lyrics to the show's theme song, ``Walk With You '', are sung at the beginning of each episode by Della Reese."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own \"take-charge attitude\". As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their \"feminine quality\". Madonna's major influences include Karen Carpenter, The Supremes and Led Zeppelin, as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev. She also grew up listening to David Bowie, whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Red River Expedition (1806)", "paragraph_text": "In 1805 and early 1806, the President began to appoint leaders for the expedition. For the scientists, he chose the astronomer / surveyor Thomas Freeman, (who had recently been with Andrew Ellicott on his survey of the southern boundary of the United States) and Peter Custis (the first academically trained naturalist to accompany an expedition, he was still a medical student in Philadelphia. He served as the group's botanist and ethnographer). Captain Richard Sparks was chosen to lead the military troops. As the departure date of the expedition grew closer, more soldiers were recruited until the group numbered twenty - four in all."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Black Boots on Latin Feet", "paragraph_text": "Black Boots on Latin Feet is the second studio album by Ezio, released in 1995. The album, which takes its name from the lyrics of its opening song, Saxon Street, was released on the Arista Records label. Much is made of the fact that Tony Blair picked track 4, \"Cancel Today\", as one of his Desert Island Discs when he appeared on that show in 1996, as at the time few people had heard of the band."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Athabasca Glacier", "paragraph_text": "The Athabasca Glacier is one of the six principal 'toes' of the Columbia Icefield, located in the Canadian Rockies. The glacier currently recedes at a rate of about per year and has receded more than and lost over half of its volume in the past 125 years. Easily accessible, it is the most visited glacier in North America. The leading edge of the glacier is within easy walking distance; however, travel onto the glacier is not recommended unless properly equipped. Hidden crevasses have led to the deaths of unprepared tourists."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 \u2013 February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Megaw Island", "paragraph_text": "Megaw Island () is the easternmost of the Bennett Islands in Hanusse Bay, Antarctica. It was mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (1947\u201348) and the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (1956\u201357). The island was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Irish physicist Helen Megaw, who in 1934 made accurate measurements of the cell dimensions of ice."}], "question": "Who led an expedition to the edge of the birth state of the songwriter of These Boots Were Made For Walking?"}
{"id": "3hop1__90054_747134_26965", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Look What You Made Me Do", "paragraph_text": "``Look What You Made Me Do ''is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift, released on August 24, 2017 by Big Machine Records as the lead single from her sixth studio album Reputation (2017). Swift wrote the song with her producer Jack Antonoff.`` Look What You Made Me Do'' is an electroclash and pop song, with lyrics that portray various issues that built her reputation. Right Said Fred band members Fred Fairbrass, Richard Fairbrass, and Rob Manzoli are also credited as songwriters since it samples the melody of their song ``I'm Too Sexy ''."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Toot It and Boot It", "paragraph_text": "``Toot It and Boot It ''(sometimes written as`` Toot It & Boot It'') is the debut song by American rapper YG, taken from his second mixtape The Real 4Fingaz (2010). The song was officially released as YG's commercial debut single on June 8, 2010, by Def Jam Recordings. The song features uncredited vocals and production from Los Angeles - based rapper Ty Dolla $ign. The song peaked at number 67 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. An official remix and its music video was released, which features the original artists, as well as rappers 50 Cent and Snoop Dogg. The song features samples of Songs In the Wind by The Association, part of their 1966 album Renaissance (albeit slowed down and in a lower pitch). The track was sampled on ``Young, Wild & Free ''by Snoop Dogg, Wiz Khalifa and Bruno Mars."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Unconditionally", "paragraph_text": "\"Unconditionally\" is a song by American singer Katy Perry. It was released as the second single from her fourth studio album \"Prism\" (2013) on October 16, 2013. Inspiration for the song came primarily from a humanitarian trip to Madagascar that Perry made in partnership with UNICEF. Having been surrounded by what she described as unconditional love, she co-wrote it with the song's producers Dr. Luke, Max Martin and Cirkut to reflect that feeling."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Peter Callander", "paragraph_text": "Peter Callander (10 October 1939 \u2013 25 February 2014) was an English songwriter and record producer. Active from the 1960s onwards, Callander wrote or co-wrote songs that have been performed by recording artists such as Cilla Black, Tom Jones, Cliff Richard, Shirley Bassey, and The Tremeloes, amongst many others. On some songs he was credited as Robin Conrad. Callander was also a founder member of the Society of Distinguished Songwriters (SODS), a director of PRS for Music, and formed a publishing company, Callander Family Music Ltd."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Look What You Made Me Do", "paragraph_text": "``Look What You Made Me Do ''is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift, released on August 24, 2017 by Big Machine Records as the lead single from her sixth studio album Reputation (2017). Swift wrote the song with her producer Jack Antonoff.`` Look What You Made Me Do'' is an electroclash and pop song, with lyrics about various issues that built Swift's reputation. Right Said Fred band members Fred Fairbrass, Richard Fairbrass, and Rob Manzoli are also credited as songwriters since it interpolates the melody of their song ``I'm Too Sexy ''(1991)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Black Boots on Latin Feet", "paragraph_text": "Black Boots on Latin Feet is the second studio album by Ezio, released in 1995. The album, which takes its name from the lyrics of its opening song, Saxon Street, was released on the Arista Records label. Much is made of the fact that Tony Blair picked track 4, \"Cancel Today\", as one of his Desert Island Discs when he appeared on that show in 1996, as at the time few people had heard of the band."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Young, Wild & Free", "paragraph_text": "``Young, Wild & Free ''is a song by American rappers Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa with American singer - songwriter Bruno Mars. It was released on October 11, 2011 by Atlantic Records as the lead single from the soundtrack of the film, Mac & Devin Go to High School. Mars, Philip Lawrence, and Ari Levine of The Smeezingtons co-wrote the track with Christopher Brown, Snoop Dogg, and Wiz Khalifa. Since the song samples two other songs (`` Toot It & Boot It'' and ``Sneakin 'in the Back ''), songwriting credits were added for a total of seventeen. Produced by the Smeezingtons, its composition begun during a Smeezingtons freestyle studio session; when progress on the song stalled, Aaron Bay - Shuck considered it a potential hit and asked them to finish it. After the song was finished, Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa were added."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ensign Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "Ensign Manufacturing Company, founded as Ensign Car Works in 1872, was a railroad car manufacturing company based in Huntington, West Virginia. In the 1880s and 1890s Ensign's production of wood freight cars made the company one of the three largest sawmill operators in Cabell County. In 1899, Ensign and twelve other companies were merged to form American Car and Foundry Company."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "You'll Always Be My Baby", "paragraph_text": "\"You'll Always Be My Baby\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Sara Evans. It was released in August 2006 as the fourth and final single from her 2005 album \"Real Fine Place\". The song peaked at number 13 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. The song is also included on Evans' 2007 \"Greatest Hits\" album. Evans wrote this song with Tony Martin and Tom Shapiro."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I.M. Meen", "paragraph_text": "I.M. Meen is a 1995 educational video game that runs on DOS, designed to teach grammar to children. In this game, the player must walk around a labyrinth, rescuing children and defeating monsters. The educational aspect of the game comes in the form of \"scrolls\", writings of I.M. Meen in which the player must correct the grammatical mistakes in order to rescue the children. The game is made by the Russo-American company Animation Magic, the same company that made the CD-i games \"\" and \",\" as well as working on the cancelled \"\". Peter Berkrot provided I.M. Meen's voice."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Call Me by My Name", "paragraph_text": "Call Me by My Name is the sixth studio album by British soul singer Ruby Turner, released in October 1998. Turner co-wrote five songs and enlisted the help of rhythm and blues luminaries Bobby Tench, Zoot Money, Stan Webb and Bad Company bassist Boz Burrell."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thirsty Boots", "paragraph_text": "\"Thirsty Boots\" is a Civil Rights era folksong by American singer-songwriter Eric Andersen that first appeared on his 1966 album \"'Bout Changes 'n' Things\". According to the album's liner notes, the song \"was written to a civil rights worker-friend. Having never gone down to Mississippi myself, I wrote the song about coming back.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sainsbury's", "paragraph_text": "J Sainsbury plc, trading as Sainsbury's, is the second largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, with a 16.9% share of the supermarket sector in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1869, by John James Sainsbury with a shop in Drury Lane, London, the company became the largest grocery retailer in 1922, was an early adopter of self - service retailing in the United Kingdom, and had its heyday during the 1980s. In 1995, Tesco overtook Sainsbury's to become the market leader, and Asda became the second largest in 2003, demoting Sainsbury's to third place for most of the subsequent period until January 2014, when Sainsbury's regained second place."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Look What You Made Me Do", "paragraph_text": "``Look What You Made Me Do ''is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift from her upcoming sixth studio album, Reputation (2017). The song was released on August 24, 2017, as the lead single from the album. Swift wrote the song with Jack Antonoff. The song samples the melody of the 1991 song`` I'm Too Sexy'' by the band Right Said Fred, therefore Fred Fairbrass, Richard Fairbrass, and Rob Manzoli of the band are credited as songwriters."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", "paragraph_text": "``These Boots Are Made for Walkin '''is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra. It charted January 22, 1966, and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oklahoma Sunday Morning", "paragraph_text": "\"Oklahoma Sunday Morning\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay, Albert Hammond and Lee Hazlewood. It was recorded by American country music artist Glen Campbell and released in December 1971 as a single. The song peaked at number 15 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart and number 9 the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "According to Forbes magazine, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation, and all of Oklahoma's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related. Tulsa's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine. The magazine also placed Devon Energy as the second-largest company in the mining and crude oil-producing industry in the nation, while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh respectively in that sector and Oklahoma Gas & Electric ranks as the 25th-largest gas and electric utility company."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Touched by an Angel", "paragraph_text": "The lyrics to the show's theme song, ``Walk With You '', are sung at the beginning of each episode by Della Reese."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "One (Harry Nilsson song)", "paragraph_text": "``One ''is a song written by Harry Nilsson and made famous by Three Dog Night whose recording reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1969 and number four in Canada. The song is known for its opening line`` One is the loneliest number that you'll ever do''. Nilsson wrote the song after calling someone and getting a busy signal. He stayed on the line listening to the ``beep, beep, beep, beep... ''tone, writing the song. The busy signal became the opening notes of the song."}], "question": "What is the largest company in the birthplace of the songwriter of These Boots Were Made For Walking?"}
{"id": "3hop1__91109_747134_26965", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Windows 8", "paragraph_text": "Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from free software supporters) for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft. Concerns were raised that secure boot could prevent or hinder the use of alternate operating systems such as Linux. In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that \"At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves.\" Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware. It also revealed that ARM devices (Windows RT) would be required to have secure boot permanently enabled, with no way for users to disable it. However, Tom Warren of The Verge noted that other vendors have implemented similar hardware restrictions on their own ARM-based tablet and smartphone products (including those running Microsoft's own Windows Phone platform), but still argued that Microsoft should \"keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run Android alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets.\" No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jackson Avery", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the eighth season, April and Jackson's friendship evolved into an intimate relationship: ``I thought they were going to be able to walk the line of staying on the friendship side of things. What they have is kind of really unique and organic in the world of Grey's Anatomy -- two genders in a completely platonic, wholesome, pleasant and productive relationship / friendship. Who is to say that has to end? ''In the ninth season, Jackson started a relationship with intern Stephanie Edward. Williams gave his insight:`` That's a relationship that is fun, light, and no strings attached. She's sweet. She's funny. They are n't bogged down by these big notions of each other. Jackson later declares his love for April at her wedding to EMT Matthew. They get married and have a child together, but he dies shortly after birth. They are now divorced, but April is newly pregnant. In the present, April has just given birth to a baby girl, and it seems to have made them closer."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "CEMIG", "paragraph_text": "CEMIG is a Brazilian power company headquartered in Belo Horizonte capital of the state of Minas Gerais. The company is one of the largest power generators and distributors in Brazil being responsible for 12% of the national distribution. The company is the fourth largest electricity company in Brazil by revenue after Eletrobras, Energisa and CPFL Energia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Carnegie Steel Company", "paragraph_text": "Carnegie Steel Company was a steel producing company primarily created by Andrew Carnegie and several close associates, to manage businesses at steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. The company formed in 1892 and was subsequently sold in 1901 in one of the largest ever business transactions of the early 20th century, to become the major component of the United States Steel Corporation. The subsequent sale made Carnegie one of the richest men in history."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Carnival Cruise Line", "paragraph_text": "Carnival Cruise Line is the world's largest cruise line based in Miami, Florida in the United States. It is a subsidiary of the American - British company Carnival Corporation & PLC, one of the largest travel and tourism companies in the world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "According to Forbes magazine, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation, and all of Oklahoma's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related. Tulsa's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine. The magazine also placed Devon Energy as the second-largest company in the mining and crude oil-producing industry in the nation, while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh respectively in that sector and Oklahoma Gas & Electric ranks as the 25th-largest gas and electric utility company."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Botines, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Botines is a census-designated place (CDP) in Webb County, Texas, United States. The population was 117 at the 2010 census. Botines is located 5 miles north of Laredo. The town's name originates from the Spanish term \"bot\u00edn\", which means buskin, boot, or legging."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sainsbury's", "paragraph_text": "J Sainsbury plc, trading as Sainsbury's, is the second largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, with a 16.9% share of the supermarket sector in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1869, by John James Sainsbury with a shop in Drury Lane, London, the company became the largest grocery retailer in 1922, was an early adopter of self - service retailing in the United Kingdom, and had its heyday during the 1980s. In 1995, Tesco overtook Sainsbury's to become the market leader, and Asda became the second largest in 2003, demoting Sainsbury's to third place for most of the subsequent period until January 2014, when Sainsbury's regained second place."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Henry H. Kendall", "paragraph_text": "Henry H. Kendall (1855 \u2013 February 29, 1943) was an American architect from Boston, Massachusetts. He wrote a letter to the U.S. Civil Service commission critiquing the low pay for government architects. Kendall was the senior partner in the firm Kendall, Taylor & Company. Several of his or the firm's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, for their architectural merit."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", "paragraph_text": "``These Boots Are Made for Walkin '''is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra. It charted January 22, 1966, and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "XTO Energy", "paragraph_text": "The acquisition of XTO Energy in 2010 made ExxonMobil the largest producer of natural gas in the U.S. Since then, XTO Energy's resource portfolio has tripled through several acquisitions. The company owns interests in approximately 40,000 active oil and natural gas sites across North America."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oklahoma Sunday Morning", "paragraph_text": "\"Oklahoma Sunday Morning\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay, Albert Hammond and Lee Hazlewood. It was recorded by American country music artist Glen Campbell and released in December 1971 as a single. The song peaked at number 15 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart and number 9 the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ensign Manufacturing Company", "paragraph_text": "Ensign Manufacturing Company, founded as Ensign Car Works in 1872, was a railroad car manufacturing company based in Huntington, West Virginia. In the 1880s and 1890s Ensign's production of wood freight cars made the company one of the three largest sawmill operators in Cabell County. In 1899, Ensign and twelve other companies were merged to form American Car and Foundry Company."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dead Man's Walk", "paragraph_text": "Dead Man's Walk is a 1995 novel by American writer Larry McMurtry. It is the third book published in the \"Lonesome Dove\" series but the first installment in terms of chronology. McMurtry wrote a fourth segment to the \"Lonesome Dove\" chronicle, \"Comanche Moon\", which describes the events of the central characters' lives between \"Dead Man's Walk\" and \"Lonesome Dove\". The second novel in the \"Lonesome Dove\" series was the 1993 sequel to the original, called \"Streets of Laredo\". \"Dead Man\u2019s Walk\" was later adapted into a three-part miniseries of the same name, which aired in May, 1996."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "FIFA World Cup awards", "paragraph_text": "Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas M\u00fcller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodr\u00edguez 6 Thomas M\u00fcller 5 Neymar"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Census of Quirinius", "paragraph_text": "The Census of Quirinius was a census of Judea taken by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria, upon the imposition of direct Roman rule in 6 CE. The Gospel of Luke uses it as the narrative means to establish the birth of Jesus (), but places it within the reign of Herod the Great, who died 9 years earlier. No satisfactory explanation of the contradiction seems possible, and most scholars think that the author of the gospel made an error."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wismut (mining company)", "paragraph_text": "SAG/SDAG Wismut was a uranium mining company in East Germany during the time of the cold war. It produced a total of 230,400 tonnes of uranium between 1947 and 1990 and made East Germany the fourth largest producer of uranium ore in the world at the time. It was the largest single producer of uranium ore in the entire sphere of control of the USSR. In 1991 after German reunification it was transformed into the Wismut GmbH company, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany, which is now responsible for the restoration and environmental cleanup of the former mining and milling areas. The head office of SDAG Wismut / Wismut GmbH is in Chemnitz-Siegmar."}], "question": "What is the largest company in the birthplace of the writer of These Boots Are Made for Walking?"}
{"id": "3hop1__89136_747134_78091", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Megaw Island", "paragraph_text": "Megaw Island () is the easternmost of the Bennett Islands in Hanusse Bay, Antarctica. It was mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (1947\u201348) and the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (1956\u201357). The island was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Irish physicist Helen Megaw, who in 1934 made accurate measurements of the cell dimensions of ice."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 \u2013 February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Red River Expedition (1806)", "paragraph_text": "In 1805 and early 1806, the President began to appoint leaders for the expedition. For the scientists, he chose the astronomer / surveyor Thomas Freeman, (who had recently been with Andrew Ellicott on his survey of the southern boundary of the United States) and Peter Custis (the first academically trained naturalist to accompany an expedition, he was still a medical student in Philadelphia. He served as the group's botanist and ethnographer). Captain Richard Sparks was chosen to lead the military troops. As the departure date of the expedition grew closer, more soldiers were recruited until the group numbered twenty - four in all."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish made landfall in Mexico in 1517. A Spanish settler in Cuba, Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s, led an expedition (entrada) to Mexico, landing in February 1519, following an earlier expedition led by Juan de Grijalva to Yucat\u00e1n in 1517. Two years later Cort\u00e9s and his retinue set sail, thus beginning the expedition of exploration and conquest. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on August 13, 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Cort\u00e9s and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", "paragraph_text": "``These Boots Are Made for Walkin '''is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra. It charted January 22, 1966, and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Descent Pass", "paragraph_text": "Descent Pass () is a pass leading from Blue Glacier to Ferrar Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was so named by the party led by Albert Armitage of the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901\u201304, because of the adventurous descent to Ferrar Glacier made here via Descent Glacier in 1902."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Young, Wild & Free", "paragraph_text": "``Young, Wild & Free ''is a song by American rappers Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa with American singer - songwriter Bruno Mars. It was released on October 11, 2011 by Atlantic Records as the lead single from the soundtrack of the film, Mac & Devin Go to High School. Mars, Philip Lawrence, and Ari Levine of The Smeezingtons co-wrote the track with Christopher Brown, Snoop Dogg, and Wiz Khalifa. Since the song samples two other songs (`` Toot It & Boot It'' and ``Sneakin 'in the Back ''), songwriting credits were added for a total of seventeen. Produced by the Smeezingtons, its composition begun during a Smeezingtons freestyle studio session; when progress on the song stalled, Aaron Bay - Shuck considered it a potential hit and asked them to finish it. After the song was finished, Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa were added."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John McCrae", "paragraph_text": "Among his papers in the John McCrae House in Guelph is a letter he wrote on July 18, 1893, to Laura Kains while he trained as an artilleryman at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario. \"I have a manservant ... Quite a nobby place it is, in fact ... My windows look right out across the bay, and are just near the water's edge; there is a good deal of shipping at present in the port; and the river looks very pretty.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Welcome to the Edge", "paragraph_text": "\"Welcome To The Edge\" is a song written by Roxanne Seeman, Billie Hughes, and Dominic Messinger. \"Welcome To The Edge\" was recorded by Billie Hughes and became a #1 hit in Japan. Concurrently it aired in the NBC television series \"Santa Barbara,\" garnering an Emmy nomination for Best Original Song."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Athabasca Glacier", "paragraph_text": "The Athabasca Glacier is one of the six principal 'toes' of the Columbia Icefield, located in the Canadian Rockies. The glacier currently recedes at a rate of about per year and has receded more than and lost over half of its volume in the past 125 years. Easily accessible, it is the most visited glacier in North America. The leading edge of the glacier is within easy walking distance; however, travel onto the glacier is not recommended unless properly equipped. Hidden crevasses have led to the deaths of unprepared tourists."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Magga Peak", "paragraph_text": "Magga Peak () is a triangular \"flatiron\" shaped wall of sheer rock forming the end of the northernmost of the Burnside Ridges in Antarctica, the summit being a sharp point. It was photographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump in 1947. A first landing from a ship was made on February 20, 1959 by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (\"Magga Dan\") led by Phillip Law."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Toot It and Boot It", "paragraph_text": "``Toot It and Boot It ''(sometimes written as`` Toot It & Boot It'') is the debut song by American rapper YG, taken from his second mixtape The Real 4Fingaz (2010). The song was officially released as YG's commercial debut single on June 8, 2010, by Def Jam Recordings. The song features uncredited vocals and production from Los Angeles - based rapper Ty Dolla $ign. The song peaked at number 67 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. An official remix and its music video was released, which features the original artists, as well as rappers 50 Cent and Snoop Dogg. The song features samples of Songs In the Wind by The Association, part of their 1966 album Renaissance (albeit slowed down and in a lower pitch). The track was sampled on ``Young, Wild & Free ''by Snoop Dogg, Wiz Khalifa and Bruno Mars."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Oklahoma Sunday Morning", "paragraph_text": "\"Oklahoma Sunday Morning\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay, Albert Hammond and Lee Hazlewood. It was recorded by American country music artist Glen Campbell and released in December 1971 as a single. The song peaked at number 15 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart and number 9 the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Madonna (entertainer)", "paragraph_text": "In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own \"take-charge attitude\". As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their \"feminine quality\". Madonna's major influences include Karen Carpenter, The Supremes and Led Zeppelin, as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev. She also grew up listening to David Bowie, whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thirsty Boots", "paragraph_text": "\"Thirsty Boots\" is a Civil Rights era folksong by American singer-songwriter Eric Andersen that first appeared on his 1966 album \"'Bout Changes 'n' Things\". According to the album's liner notes, the song \"was written to a civil rights worker-friend. Having never gone down to Mississippi myself, I wrote the song about coming back.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "You'll Always Be My Baby", "paragraph_text": "\"You'll Always Be My Baby\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Sara Evans. It was released in August 2006 as the fourth and final single from her 2005 album \"Real Fine Place\". The song peaked at number 13 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. The song is also included on Evans' 2007 \"Greatest Hits\" album. Evans wrote this song with Tony Martin and Tom Shapiro."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)", "paragraph_text": "``Boom Boom ''is a song written by American blues singer / guitarist John Lee Hooker and recorded in 1961. Although a blues song, music critic Charles Shaar Murray calls it`` the greatest pop song he ever wrote''. ``Boom Boom ''was both an American R&B and pop chart success in 1962 as well as placing in the UK Singles Chart in 1992."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Standing on the Edge of Goodbye", "paragraph_text": "\"Standing on the Edge of Goodbye\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist John Berry. It was released in February 1995 as the first single from the album \"Standing on the Edge\". The song reached number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was written by Berry and Stewart Harris."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Touched by an Angel", "paragraph_text": "The lyrics to the show's theme song, ``Walk With You '', are sung at the beginning of each episode by Della Reese."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wolseley Buttress", "paragraph_text": "Wolseley Buttress () is a high buttress on the southern edge of Detroit Plateau, forming the west side of Albone Glacier on Nordenskj\u00f6ld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica. Mapped from surveys by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960\u201361). Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Co. which, in 1908-10, designed the experimental motor sledge used by Captain Scott's 1910-13 expedition."}], "question": "Who led an expedition to the edge of the birthplace of the writer of These Boots Are Made for Walking?"}
{"id": "3hop1__91109_747134_78091", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", "paragraph_text": "``These Boots Are Made for Walkin '''is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra. It charted January 22, 1966, and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Exodus Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Exodus Glacier is a steep, smooth glacier northeast of Mount Ellis, flowing from the northern edge of Midnight Plateau to the southwest side of Island Arena, in the Darwin Mountains of Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition, 1962\u201363, in association with nearby Exodus Valley."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shackleton Coast", "paragraph_text": "Shackleton Coast is that portion of the coast along the west side of the Ross Ice Shelf between Cape Selborne and Airdrop Peak at the east side of Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Sir Ernest Shackleton. He accompanied Scott on the southern journey during the \"Discovery\" expedition (1901\u201304) and subsequently led three Antarctic expeditions. On the British Antarctic Expedition (1907\u201309), Shackleton discovered the area beyond Shackleton Inlet to the Beardmore Glacier, and was the first to find a practicable route to the South Pole. Lack of food stopped him 97 miles (180\u00a0km) from his goal."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wolseley Buttress", "paragraph_text": "Wolseley Buttress () is a high buttress on the southern edge of Detroit Plateau, forming the west side of Albone Glacier on Nordenskj\u00f6ld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica. Mapped from surveys by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960\u201361). Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Co. which, in 1908-10, designed the experimental motor sledge used by Captain Scott's 1910-13 expedition."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oklahoma Sunday Morning", "paragraph_text": "\"Oklahoma Sunday Morning\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay, Albert Hammond and Lee Hazlewood. It was recorded by American country music artist Glen Campbell and released in December 1971 as a single. The song peaked at number 15 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart and number 9 the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Thirsty Boots", "paragraph_text": "\"Thirsty Boots\" is a Civil Rights era folksong by American singer-songwriter Eric Andersen that first appeared on his 1966 album \"'Bout Changes 'n' Things\". According to the album's liner notes, the song \"was written to a civil rights worker-friend. Having never gone down to Mississippi myself, I wrote the song about coming back.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish made landfall in Mexico in 1517. A Spanish settler in Cuba, Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s, led an expedition (entrada) to Mexico, landing in February 1519, following an earlier expedition led by Juan de Grijalva to Yucat\u00e1n in 1517. Two years later Cort\u00e9s and his retinue set sail, thus beginning the expedition of exploration and conquest. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on August 13, 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Cort\u00e9s and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Magga Peak", "paragraph_text": "Magga Peak () is a triangular \"flatiron\" shaped wall of sheer rock forming the end of the northernmost of the Burnside Ridges in Antarctica, the summit being a sharp point. It was photographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump in 1947. A first landing from a ship was made on February 20, 1959 by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (\"Magga Dan\") led by Phillip Law."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 \u2013 February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Athabasca Glacier", "paragraph_text": "The Athabasca Glacier is one of the six principal 'toes' of the Columbia Icefield, located in the Canadian Rockies. The glacier currently recedes at a rate of about per year and has receded more than and lost over half of its volume in the past 125 years. Easily accessible, it is the most visited glacier in North America. The leading edge of the glacier is within easy walking distance; however, travel onto the glacier is not recommended unless properly equipped. Hidden crevasses have led to the deaths of unprepared tourists."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John McCrae", "paragraph_text": "Among his papers in the John McCrae House in Guelph is a letter he wrote on July 18, 1893, to Laura Kains while he trained as an artilleryman at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario. \"I have a manservant ... Quite a nobby place it is, in fact ... My windows look right out across the bay, and are just near the water's edge; there is a good deal of shipping at present in the port; and the river looks very pretty.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Red River Expedition (1806)", "paragraph_text": "In 1805 and early 1806, the President began to appoint leaders for the expedition. For the scientists, he chose the astronomer / surveyor Thomas Freeman, (who had recently been with Andrew Ellicott on his survey of the southern boundary of the United States) and Peter Custis (the first academically trained naturalist to accompany an expedition, he was still a medical student in Philadelphia. He served as the group's botanist and ethnographer). Captain Richard Sparks was chosen to lead the military troops. As the departure date of the expedition grew closer, more soldiers were recruited until the group numbered twenty - four in all."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "FIFA World Cup awards", "paragraph_text": "Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas M\u00fcller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodr\u00edguez 6 Thomas M\u00fcller 5 Neymar"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gaston de Gerlache", "paragraph_text": "Gaston de Gerlache was the son of Adrien de Gerlache and followed in the tracks of his father by leading the second Belgian expedition to Antarctica in 1957\u20131958, 60 years after his father led the 1897\u20131899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition with the ship Belgica."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Forbidden Rocks", "paragraph_text": "The Forbidden Rocks () are a linear rock outcrop, long, located on the western edge of the Christoffersen Heights and between Haskell Glacier and Walk Glacier, in the Jones Mountains of Antarctica. They were mapped by the University of Minnesota Jones Mountains Party, 1960\u201361, and so named by the party because the rocks were inaccessible from their northwest approach because of crevasse fields."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Veyo, Utah", "paragraph_text": "Veyo (also Glencove) is a census-designated place in western Washington County, Utah, United States, on the edge of the Dixie National Forest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Botines, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Botines is a census-designated place (CDP) in Webb County, Texas, United States. The population was 117 at the 2010 census. Botines is located 5 miles north of Laredo. The town's name originates from the Spanish term \"bot\u00edn\", which means buskin, boot, or legging."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Scott's Hut", "paragraph_text": "Scott's Hut is a building located on the north shore of Cape Evans on Ross Island in Antarctica. It was erected in 1911 by the British Antarctic Expedition of 1910\u20131913 (also known as the Terra Nova Expedition) led by Robert Falcon Scott. In selecting a base of operations for the 1910\u20131913 Expedition, Scott rejected the notion of reoccupying the hut he had built by McMurdo Sound during the Discovery Expedition of 1901\u20131904."}], "question": "Who led an expedition to the edge of the state where the songwriter for These Boots Are Made For Walking was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__91041_633930_157638", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Milwaukee", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city is $32,216, and the median income for a family is $37,879. Males have a median income of $32,244 versus $26,013 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,181. 21.3% of the population and 17.4% of families are below the poverty line. In 2010, rent increased an averaged 3% for home renters in Milwaukee. Out of the total population, 31.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Personal income in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Personal income is an individual's total earnings from wages, investment interest, and other sources. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full - time workers in 2017. The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016. Inflation - adjusted (``real '') per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008, but has since remained generally level."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Greenwood County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,702, and the median income for a family was $42,022. Males had a median income of $30,759 versus $23,820 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,446.  About 9.90% of families and 14.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.70% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Hope, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $46,795, and the median income for a family was $60,424. Males had a median income of $41,192 versus $29,454 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,562.  About 4.1% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Income in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "According to the OECD the average household net - adjusted disposable income per capita is $27,029 a year (in USD, ranked 14 / 36 OECD countries), the average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at $60,778 (in USD, ranked 8 / 36), and the average net - adjusted disposable income of the top 20% of the population is an estimated $57,010 a year, whereas the bottom 20% live on an estimated $10,195 a year giving a ratio of 5.6 (in USD, ranked 25 / 36)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fresno County, California", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,725, and the median income for a family was $38,455. Males had a median income of $33,375 versus $26,501 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,495. About 17.6% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Juliaetta, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $33,295, and the median income for a family was $39,250. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $18,594 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,606.  About 4.2% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cathcart, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Cathcart is a census-designated place (CDP) in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,458 at the 2010 census. Based on per capita income, one of the more reliable measures of affluence, Cathcart ranks 45th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked. Cathcart was named for Isaac Cathcart, a businessperson in the lumber industry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Monroe County, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $30,307, and the median income for a family was $36,749. Males had a median income of $30,232 versus $20,411 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,072.  About 13.60% of families and 17.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.30% of those under age 18 and 21.70% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "QWERTY", "paragraph_text": "The QWERTY layout was devised and created in the early 1870s by Christopher Latham Sholes, a newspaper editor and printer who lived in Kenosha, Wisconsin. In October 1867, Sholes filed a patent application for his early writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soul\u00e9."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Economic inequality", "paragraph_text": "In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of \"Health and Social Problems\" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems \"more common in countries with bigger income inequalities\", and more common among states in the US with larger income inequalities. Other studies have confirmed this relationship. The UNICEF index of \"child well-being in rich countries\", studying 40 indicators in 22 countries, correlates with greater equality but not per capita income."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Friend, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $34,833, and the median income for a family was $40,667. Males had a median income of $32,946 versus $17,829 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,422. About 4.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437 ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and \u043c\u044b\u0448\u044c ('mouse'), mysh or my\u0161'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs leveraging this Unicode extension are available which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sherman County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $33,179, and for a family was $38,821. Males had a median income of $27,481 versus $21,036 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,210.  About 11.90% of families and 16.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.90% of those under age 18 and 12.00% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gray County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,368, and the median income for a family was $40,019. Males had a median income of $32,401 versus $20,158 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,702.  About 11.20% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.60% of those under age 18 and 9.60% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Naples, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Naples is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States. As of 2015, the city's population was about 20,600. Naples is a principal city of the Naples - Marco Island, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a population of about 322,000 as of 2015. Naples is one of the wealthiest cities in the United States, with the sixth highest per capita income in the country, and the second highest proportion of millionaires per capita in the US. Real estate is among the most expensive in the country, with houses for sale in excess of $40 million."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Densmore", "paragraph_text": "James Densmore (February 3, 1820 - September 16, 1889) was an American businessman, inventor and vegetarian. He was a business associate of Christopher Sholes, who along with Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule helped contribute to inventing one of the first practical typewriters at a machine shop located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Darlington County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,087, and the median income for a family was $37,662. Males had a median income of $30,947 versus $20,998 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,283.  About 16.40% of families and 20.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.70% of those under age 18 and 22.10% of those age 65 or over."}], "question": "What is the per capita income in the city where the inventor of the first practical typewriter and the qwerty keyboard died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__3209_753040_74408", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jim Bob Morris", "paragraph_text": "Jim Bob Morris is a former professional American football player who played safety for the Green Bay Packers in 1987\u201388 in the NFL and played in the USFL for three years with the San Antonio Gunslingers and Memphis Showboats."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1998 Green Bay Packers season", "paragraph_text": "The 1998 Green Bay Packers season was their 80th season overall and their 78th in the National Football League. It ended with a 30\u201327 loss in the NFC Wild Card Game to the San Francisco 49ers, with Steve Young throwing a 25-yard touchdown pass to Terrell Owens with three seconds left. The season marked the end of an era in many ways for Green Bay; this was the last season for which both head coach Mike Holmgren and Hall of Fame defensive end Reggie White would find themselves on the Packers' sideline. This was the first time the Packers had not won the division in four years. In addition, the Minnesota Vikings brought an end to the Packers 25 game home winning streak in Week 5."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mike Neal", "paragraph_text": "Michael Jamel Neal (born June 26, 1987) is a former American football outside linebacker who played for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Purdue. Neal was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. With Green Bay, he won Super Bowl XLV in Arlington, Texas over the Pittsburgh Steelers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cowboys\u2013Packers rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Date Away Team Score Home Team Winner Competition Location Cowboys Starting QB Packers Starting QB Series November 6, 2010 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 45 Green Bay Packers Packers Regular Season Lambeau Field Jon Kitna Aaron Rodgers DAL 16 -- 14 December 15, 2013 Green Bay Packers 37 -- 36 Dallas Cowboys Packers Regular Season AT&T Stadium Tony Romo Matt Flynn DAL 16 -- 15 January 11, 2015 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 26 Green Bay Packers Packers NFC Divisional Round Lambeau Field Tony Romo Aaron Rodgers TIE 16 -- 16 December 13, 2015 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 28 Green Bay Packers Packers Regular Season Lambeau Field Matt Cassel Aaron Rodgers GB 17 -- 16 October 16, 2016 Dallas Cowboys 30 -- 16 Green Bay Packers Cowboys Regular Season Lambeau Field Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers TIE 17 -- 17 January 15, 2017 Green Bay Packers 34 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Packers NFC Divisional Round AT&T Stadium Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers GB 18 -- 17 October 8, 2017 Green Bay Packers 35 - 31 Dallas Cowboys Packers Regular Season AT&T Stadium Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers GB 19 -- 17"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Adam Timmerman", "paragraph_text": "He played for the Green Bay Packers and St. Louis Rams between 1995 and 2006. A Second-team All-Pro selection in 2001, Timmerman went to four Super Bowls in his career, winning Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers and Super Bowl XXXIV with the Rams."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wayne Davenport", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Wayne Davenport (December 16, 1906April 27, 2001) was an American football halfback in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Davenport played collegiate ball for Hardin\u2013Simmons University and played professionally in the NFL for one season, in 1931."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Allen Rice", "paragraph_text": "Allen Troy Rice (born April 5, 1962 in Houston, Texas) is a former professional American football player who played running back for eight seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and Green Bay Packers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Carl Zoll", "paragraph_text": "Carl Francis Zoll (January 29, 1899 \u2013 October 19, 1973) was a professional football player who was an original member of the Green Bay Packers. He played for the Packers beginning in 1919, two years before the team joined the National Football League. His career ended after the 1922 season. He was also the brother of teammate Martin Zoll and future-Packer Dick Zoll."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Milwaukee County Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The National Football League's Green Bay Packers played two to four home games per year at Milwaukee County Stadium from 1953 to 1994, after using Wisconsin State Fair Park in nearby West Allis from 1934 through 1951 and Marquette Stadium in 1952. The Packers compiled a 76 -- 47 -- 3 (. 615) regular season record at County Stadium over 42 seasons. It hosted at least one pre-season game annually during this time as well (except 1983), including the Upper Midwest Shrine Game. Financial considerations prompted the Packers to move some of their games to Milwaukee starting with the 1933 season, with one game played at Borchert Field. By 1995, multiple renovations to Lambeau Field made it more lucrative for the Packers to play their full home slate in Green Bay again for the first time since 1932. Former Milwaukee ticket holders were offered tickets at Lambeau to one pre-season game and games 2 and 5 of the regular season schedule, in what is referred to as the ``Gold package. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Allen Brown", "paragraph_text": "Allen Brown (born March 2, 1943) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers. He played college football at the University of Mississippi."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aaron Rodgers", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Charles Rodgers (born December 2, 1983) is an American football quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). Rodgers played college football for California, where he set several career passing records, including lowest single - season and career interception rates. He was selected in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Packers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Green Bay Packers", "paragraph_text": "The Green Bay Packers is a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third - oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919, and is the only non-profit, community - owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bernardo Harris", "paragraph_text": "Towards the end of the 1999 playoff game, a pass was caught by Hall of Fame wide-receiver Jerry Rice, following the catch, Bernardo Harris stripped Jerry Rice of the ball, and was recovered by the Green Bay Packers. The game appeared to be won by the Green Bay Packers. However, the call on the field was that Rice was down by contact and San Francisco retained possession. Video replay showed that Rice has fumbled the ball, however, at that time replay was not used in the NFL. The 49ers went on to defeat the Green Bay Packers on that drive, by a final score of 30-27. Due to the controversial Harris call, the NFL announced the following season that it would begin instituting video replay."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brent Moore", "paragraph_text": "Brent Allen Moore (born January 9, 1963) is a former linebacker in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Moore played collegiate ball for the University of Southern California before being drafted by the Packers in the 9th round of the 1986 NFL Draft. He played professionally for one season in 1987."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dave Osborn", "paragraph_text": "Dave Osborn (born March 18, 1943 in Everett, Washington) is a former professional American football player who played running back for twelve seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and the Green Bay Packers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bob Kercher", "paragraph_text": "Robert Fred Kercher (January 14, 1918 \u2013 January 4, 2004) was an American football defensive end in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Kercher played collegiate ball for Georgetown University and played professionally in the NFL for 1 season, in 1944."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Danny Gokey", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Jay Gokey (born April 24, 1980) is an American singer and former church music director from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the third-place finalist on the eighth season of \"American Idol\". After his placing on the show, Gokey signed to 19 Recordings and RCA Nashville at the beginning of a career in country music, releasing the single \"My Best Days Are Ahead of Me\". His debut album, \"My Best Days\", was released in March 2010."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Santana Dotson", "paragraph_text": "There are several other prominent football players in the Dotson family. Alphonse Dotson, father of Santana played at Grambling University then went on to play for several teams in the NFL, ending with the Oakland Raiders. Santana Dotson also has a nephew, Alonzo Dotson, who played for the Oklahoma Sooners, then was picked up as a free agent by the Washington Redskins, whom now is in his 5th season with the Green Bay Packers as a College Area Scout."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Abner Wimberly", "paragraph_text": "Abner Wimberly (May 4, 1926 \u2013 September 18, 1976) was an American football player who played three seasons for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He also played one season in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) with the Los Angeles Dons. He played college football at Louisiana State University. He was inducted into the LSU Athletics Hall of Fame in 1949."}], "question": "When did the Green Bay Packers play in the city where the season eight contestant who suffered the loss of a spouse was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__3209_753040_157638", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cathcart, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Cathcart is a census-designated place (CDP) in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,458 at the 2010 census. Based on per capita income, one of the more reliable measures of affluence, Cathcart ranks 45th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked. Cathcart was named for Isaac Cathcart, a businessperson in the lumber industry."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Danny Gokey", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Jay Gokey (born April 24, 1980) is an American singer and former church music director from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the third-place finalist on the eighth season of \"American Idol\". After his placing on the show, Gokey signed to 19 Recordings and RCA Nashville at the beginning of a career in country music, releasing the single \"My Best Days Are Ahead of Me\". His debut album, \"My Best Days\", was released in March 2010."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Monroe County, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $30,307, and the median income for a family was $36,749. Males had a median income of $30,232 versus $20,411 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,072.  About 13.60% of families and 17.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.30% of those under age 18 and 21.70% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gray County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,368, and the median income for a family was $40,019. Males had a median income of $32,401 versus $20,158 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,702.  About 11.20% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.60% of those under age 18 and 9.60% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Human Development Index", "paragraph_text": "LE: Life expectancy at birth\nMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)\nEYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)\nGNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New Hope, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $46,795, and the median income for a family was $60,424. Males had a median income of $41,192 versus $29,454 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,562.  About 4.1% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sherman County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $33,179, and for a family was $38,821. Males had a median income of $27,481 versus $21,036 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,210.  About 11.90% of families and 16.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.90% of those under age 18 and 12.00% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fresno County, California", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,725, and the median income for a family was $38,455. Males had a median income of $33,375 versus $26,501 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,495. About 17.6% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Greenwood County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,702, and the median income for a family was $42,022. Males had a median income of $30,759 versus $23,820 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,446.  About 9.90% of families and 14.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.70% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Juliaetta, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $33,295, and the median income for a family was $39,250. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $18,594 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,606.  About 4.2% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Darlington County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,087, and the median income for a family was $37,662. Males had a median income of $30,947 versus $20,998 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,283.  About 16.40% of families and 20.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.70% of those under age 18 and 22.10% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kerr County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,283, and the median income for a family was $40,713. Males had a median income of $27,425 versus $21,149 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,767.  About 10.30% of families and 14.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.60% of those under age 18 and 8.40% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Naples, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Naples is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States. As of 2015, the city's population was about 20,600. Naples is a principal city of the Naples - Marco Island, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a population of about 322,000 as of 2015. Naples is one of the wealthiest cities in the United States, with the sixth highest per capita income in the country, and the second highest proportion of millionaires per capita in the US. Real estate is among the most expensive in the country, with houses for sale in excess of $40 million."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Personal income in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Personal income is an individual's total earnings from wages, investment interest, and other sources. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full - time workers in 2017. The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016. Inflation - adjusted (``real '') per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008, but has since remained generally level."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Milwaukee", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city is $32,216, and the median income for a family is $37,879. Males have a median income of $32,244 versus $26,013 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,181. 21.3% of the population and 17.4% of families are below the poverty line. In 2010, rent increased an averaged 3% for home renters in Milwaukee. Out of the total population, 31.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Friend, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $34,833, and the median income for a family was $40,667. Males had a median income of $32,946 versus $17,829 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,422. About 4.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Income in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "According to the OECD the average household net - adjusted disposable income per capita is $27,029 a year (in USD, ranked 14 / 36 OECD countries), the average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at $60,778 (in USD, ranked 8 / 36), and the average net - adjusted disposable income of the top 20% of the population is an estimated $57,010 a year, whereas the bottom 20% live on an estimated $10,195 a year giving a ratio of 5.6 (in USD, ranked 25 / 36)."}], "question": "What is the per capita income of the city where the season eight contestant who suffered loss of a spouse was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__3213_753040_157638", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Danny Gokey", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Jay Gokey (born April 24, 1980) is an American singer and former church music director from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the third-place finalist on the eighth season of \"American Idol\". After his placing on the show, Gokey signed to 19 Recordings and RCA Nashville at the beginning of a career in country music, releasing the single \"My Best Days Are Ahead of Me\". His debut album, \"My Best Days\", was released in March 2010."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Juliaetta, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $33,295, and the median income for a family was $39,250. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $18,594 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,606.  About 4.2% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Personal income in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Personal income is an individual's total earnings from wages, investment interest, and other sources. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full - time workers in 2017. The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016. Inflation - adjusted (``real '') per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008, but has since remained generally level."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greenwood County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,702, and the median income for a family was $42,022. Males had a median income of $30,759 versus $23,820 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,446.  About 9.90% of families and 14.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.70% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Monroe County, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $30,307, and the median income for a family was $36,749. Males had a median income of $30,232 versus $20,411 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,072.  About 13.60% of families and 17.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.30% of those under age 18 and 21.70% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Friend, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $34,833, and the median income for a family was $40,667. Males had a median income of $32,946 versus $17,829 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,422. About 4.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Milwaukee", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city is $32,216, and the median income for a family is $37,879. Males have a median income of $32,244 versus $26,013 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,181. 21.3% of the population and 17.4% of families are below the poverty line. In 2010, rent increased an averaged 3% for home renters in Milwaukee. Out of the total population, 31.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Naples, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Naples is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States. As of 2015, the city's population was about 20,600. Naples is a principal city of the Naples - Marco Island, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a population of about 322,000 as of 2015. Naples is one of the wealthiest cities in the United States, with the sixth highest per capita income in the country, and the second highest proportion of millionaires per capita in the US. Real estate is among the most expensive in the country, with houses for sale in excess of $40 million."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Income in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "According to the OECD the average household net - adjusted disposable income per capita is $27,029 a year (in USD, ranked 14 / 36 OECD countries), the average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at $60,778 (in USD, ranked 8 / 36), and the average net - adjusted disposable income of the top 20% of the population is an estimated $57,010 a year, whereas the bottom 20% live on an estimated $10,195 a year giving a ratio of 5.6 (in USD, ranked 25 / 36)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Political corruption", "paragraph_text": "Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fresno County, California", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,725, and the median income for a family was $38,455. Males had a median income of $33,375 versus $26,501 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,495. About 17.6% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Per capita personal income in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The per capita personal income of the United States is the income that is received by persons from all sources. It is calculated as the sum of wage and salary disbursements, supplements to wages and salaries, proprietors' income with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments, rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustment, personal dividend income, personal interest income, and personal current transfer receipts, less contributions for government social insurance. This measure of income is calculated as the personal income of the residents of a given area divided by the resident population of the area. In computing per capita personal income, the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) uses the United States Census Bureau's annual midyear population estimates. In 2007 the total per capita personal income in the United States was US $38,611."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gray County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,368, and the median income for a family was $40,019. Males had a median income of $32,401 versus $20,158 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,702.  About 11.20% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.60% of those under age 18 and 9.60% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kerr County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,283, and the median income for a family was $40,713. Males had a median income of $27,425 versus $21,149 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,767.  About 10.30% of families and 14.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.60% of those under age 18 and 8.40% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cathcart, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Cathcart is a census-designated place (CDP) in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,458 at the 2010 census. Based on per capita income, one of the more reliable measures of affluence, Cathcart ranks 45th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked. Cathcart was named for Isaac Cathcart, a businessperson in the lumber industry."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Darlington County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,087, and the median income for a family was $37,662. Males had a median income of $30,947 versus $20,998 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,283.  About 16.40% of families and 20.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.70% of those under age 18 and 22.10% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Hope, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $46,795, and the median income for a family was $60,424. Males had a median income of $41,192 versus $29,454 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,562.  About 4.1% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over."}], "question": "What is the per capita income of the birthplace of the contestant who got a lot of attention because of his widowhood?"}
{"id": "3hop1__3213_753040_74408", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fred Cone (American football)", "paragraph_text": "Fred Cone (born June 21, 1926 in Pine Apple, Alabama) is a former professional American football fullback and placekicker in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Clemson University."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Milwaukee County Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The National Football League's Green Bay Packers played two to four home games per year at Milwaukee County Stadium from 1953 to 1994, after using Wisconsin State Fair Park in nearby West Allis from 1934 through 1951 and Marquette Stadium in 1952. The Packers compiled a 76 -- 47 -- 3 (. 615) regular season record at County Stadium over 42 seasons. It hosted at least one pre-season game annually during this time as well (except 1983), including the Upper Midwest Shrine Game. Financial considerations prompted the Packers to move some of their games to Milwaukee starting with the 1933 season, with one game played at Borchert Field. By 1995, multiple renovations to Lambeau Field made it more lucrative for the Packers to play their full home slate in Green Bay again for the first time since 1932. Former Milwaukee ticket holders were offered tickets at Lambeau to one pre-season game and games 2 and 5 of the regular season schedule, in what is referred to as the ``Gold package. ''"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aundra Thompson", "paragraph_text": "Aundra Thompson (born January 2, 1953 in Dallas, Texas) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 1976 NFL Draft. He played college football at Texas A&M-Commerce."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mike Neal", "paragraph_text": "Michael Jamel Neal (born June 26, 1987) is a former American football outside linebacker who played for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Purdue. Neal was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. With Green Bay, he won Super Bowl XLV in Arlington, Texas over the Pittsburgh Steelers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Danny Gokey", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Jay Gokey (born April 24, 1980) is an American singer and former church music director from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the third-place finalist on the eighth season of \"American Idol\". After his placing on the show, Gokey signed to 19 Recordings and RCA Nashville at the beginning of a career in country music, releasing the single \"My Best Days Are Ahead of Me\". His debut album, \"My Best Days\", was released in March 2010."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pahl Davis", "paragraph_text": "Pahl Davis (March 26, 1897 \u2013 April 13, 1946) was a player in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers in 1922. Davis served as a guard, end, and fullback. He played at the collegiate level at Marquette University and the University of Wisconsin\u2013Oshkosh."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cowboys\u2013Packers rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Date Away Team Score Home Team Winner Competition Location Cowboys Starting QB Packers Starting QB Series November 6, 2010 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 45 Green Bay Packers Packers Regular Season Lambeau Field Jon Kitna Aaron Rodgers DAL 16 -- 14 December 15, 2013 Green Bay Packers 37 -- 36 Dallas Cowboys Packers Regular Season AT&T Stadium Tony Romo Matt Flynn DAL 16 -- 15 January 11, 2015 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 26 Green Bay Packers Packers NFC Divisional Round Lambeau Field Tony Romo Aaron Rodgers TIE 16 -- 16 December 13, 2015 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 28 Green Bay Packers Packers Regular Season Lambeau Field Matt Cassel Aaron Rodgers GB 17 -- 16 October 16, 2016 Dallas Cowboys 30 -- 16 Green Bay Packers Cowboys Regular Season Lambeau Field Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers TIE 17 -- 17 January 15, 2017 Green Bay Packers 34 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Packers NFC Divisional Round AT&T Stadium Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers GB 18 -- 17 October 8, 2017 Green Bay Packers 35 - 31 Dallas Cowboys Packers Regular Season AT&T Stadium Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers GB 19 -- 17"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tod McBride", "paragraph_text": "Tod McBride (born January 26, 1976 in Los Angeles, California) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League. He was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at UCLA."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Adam Timmerman", "paragraph_text": "He played for the Green Bay Packers and St. Louis Rams between 1995 and 2006. A Second-team All-Pro selection in 2001, Timmerman went to four Super Bowls in his career, winning Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers and Super Bowl XXXIV with the Rams."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dominic Vairo", "paragraph_text": "Dominic Vairo (November 2, 1913 \u2013 July 31, 2002) was an American football end in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Vairo played collegiate ball for the University of Notre Dame before playing professionally in the NFL for 1 season and retired in 1935."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jim Bob Morris", "paragraph_text": "Jim Bob Morris is a former professional American football player who played safety for the Green Bay Packers in 1987\u201388 in the NFL and played in the USFL for three years with the San Antonio Gunslingers and Memphis Showboats."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Allen Brown", "paragraph_text": "Allen Brown (born March 2, 1943) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers. He played college football at the University of Mississippi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wayne Davenport", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Wayne Davenport (December 16, 1906April 27, 2001) was an American football halfback in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Davenport played collegiate ball for Hardin\u2013Simmons University and played professionally in the NFL for one season, in 1931."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Green Bay Packers", "paragraph_text": "The Green Bay Packers is a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third - oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919, and is the only non-profit, community - owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Baby Ray", "paragraph_text": "Buford Garfield \"Baby\" Ray (September 30, 1914 \u2013 January 21, 1986) was an American football player who played eleven seasons in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers from 1938 to 1948."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dave Osborn", "paragraph_text": "Dave Osborn (born March 18, 1943 in Everett, Washington) is a former professional American football player who played running back for twelve seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and the Green Bay Packers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Allen Rice", "paragraph_text": "Allen Troy Rice (born April 5, 1962 in Houston, Texas) is a former professional American football player who played running back for eight seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and Green Bay Packers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jayrone Elliott", "paragraph_text": "Jayrone Carez Elliott (born November 11, 1991) is an American football outside linebacker who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Toledo, and was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2014."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brent Moore", "paragraph_text": "Brent Allen Moore (born January 9, 1963) is a former linebacker in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Moore played collegiate ball for the University of Southern California before being drafted by the Packers in the 9th round of the 1986 NFL Draft. He played professionally for one season in 1987."}], "question": "When did the Green Bay Packers play in the birthplace of the contestant who received a lot of attention due to his widowhood?"}
{"id": "3hop1__387607_753040_157638", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Income in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "According to the OECD the average household net - adjusted disposable income per capita is $27,029 a year (in USD, ranked 14 / 36 OECD countries), the average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at $60,778 (in USD, ranked 8 / 36), and the average net - adjusted disposable income of the top 20% of the population is an estimated $57,010 a year, whereas the bottom 20% live on an estimated $10,195 a year giving a ratio of 5.6 (in USD, ranked 25 / 36)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Hope, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $46,795, and the median income for a family was $60,424. Males had a median income of $41,192 versus $29,454 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,562.  About 4.1% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Danny Gokey", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Jay Gokey (born April 24, 1980) is an American singer and former church music director from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the third-place finalist on the eighth season of \"American Idol\". After his placing on the show, Gokey signed to 19 Recordings and RCA Nashville at the beginning of a career in country music, releasing the single \"My Best Days Are Ahead of Me\". His debut album, \"My Best Days\", was released in March 2010."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "South Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "South Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) on Orchid Island in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,501 at the 2010 census. It is ranked tenth in Florida locations by per capita income as of 2010."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cathcart, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Cathcart is a census-designated place (CDP) in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,458 at the 2010 census. Based on per capita income, one of the more reliable measures of affluence, Cathcart ranks 45th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked. Cathcart was named for Isaac Cathcart, a businessperson in the lumber industry."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Darlington County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,087, and the median income for a family was $37,662. Males had a median income of $30,947 versus $20,998 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,283.  About 16.40% of families and 20.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.70% of those under age 18 and 22.10% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Milwaukee", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city is $32,216, and the median income for a family is $37,879. Males have a median income of $32,244 versus $26,013 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,181. 21.3% of the population and 17.4% of families are below the poverty line. In 2010, rent increased an averaged 3% for home renters in Milwaukee. Out of the total population, 31.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sherman County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $33,179, and for a family was $38,821. Males had a median income of $27,481 versus $21,036 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,210.  About 11.90% of families and 16.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.90% of those under age 18 and 12.00% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hope in Front of Me", "paragraph_text": "Hope in Front of Me is the second studio album from the Christian musician Danny Gokey. It was released on June 23, 2014 by BMG Records. The album was produced by Josh Crosby, Bernie Herms, Aaron Sprinkle, Keith Thomas."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Human Development Index", "paragraph_text": "LE: Life expectancy at birth\nMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)\nEYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)\nGNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Juliaetta, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $33,295, and the median income for a family was $39,250. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $18,594 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,606.  About 4.2% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Personal income in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Personal income is an individual's total earnings from wages, investment interest, and other sources. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full - time workers in 2017. The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016. Inflation - adjusted (``real '') per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008, but has since remained generally level."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Monroe County, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $30,307, and the median income for a family was $36,749. Males had a median income of $30,232 versus $20,411 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,072.  About 13.60% of families and 17.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.30% of those under age 18 and 21.70% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Friend, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $34,833, and the median income for a family was $40,667. Males had a median income of $32,946 versus $17,829 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,422. About 4.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gray County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,368, and the median income for a family was $40,019. Males had a median income of $32,401 versus $20,158 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,702.  About 11.20% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.60% of those under age 18 and 9.60% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Per capita personal income in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The per capita personal income of the United States is the income that is received by persons from all sources. It is calculated as the sum of wage and salary disbursements, supplements to wages and salaries, proprietors' income with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments, rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustment, personal dividend income, personal interest income, and personal current transfer receipts, less contributions for government social insurance. This measure of income is calculated as the personal income of the residents of a given area divided by the resident population of the area. In computing per capita personal income, the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) uses the United States Census Bureau's annual midyear population estimates. In 2007 the total per capita personal income in the United States was US $38,611."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chile", "paragraph_text": "The Central Bank of Chile in Santiago serves as the central bank for the country. The Chilean currency is the Chilean peso (CLP). Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations, leading Latin American nations in human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the World Bank as a ``high - income economy ''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fresno County, California", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,725, and the median income for a family was $38,455. Males had a median income of $33,375 versus $26,501 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,495. About 17.6% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Greenwood County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,702, and the median income for a family was $42,022. Males had a median income of $30,759 versus $23,820 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,446.  About 9.90% of families and 14.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.70% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}], "question": "What is the per capita income of the city where the Hope in Front of Me performer was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__252984_683229_74408", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Milwaukee County Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The National Football League's Green Bay Packers played two to four home games per year at Milwaukee County Stadium from 1953 to 1994, after using Wisconsin State Fair Park in nearby West Allis from 1934 through 1951 and Marquette Stadium in 1952. The Packers compiled a 76 -- 47 -- 3 (. 615) regular season record at County Stadium over 42 seasons. It hosted at least one pre-season game annually during this time as well (except 1983), including the Upper Midwest Shrine Game. Financial considerations prompted the Packers to move some of their games to Milwaukee starting with the 1933 season, with one game played at Borchert Field. By 1995, multiple renovations to Lambeau Field made it more lucrative for the Packers to play their full home slate in Green Bay again for the first time since 1932. Former Milwaukee ticket holders were offered tickets at Lambeau to one pre-season game and games 2 and 5 of the regular season schedule, in what is referred to as the ``Gold package. ''"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wayne Davenport", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Wayne Davenport (December 16, 1906April 27, 2001) was an American football halfback in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Davenport played collegiate ball for Hardin\u2013Simmons University and played professionally in the NFL for one season, in 1931."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Girls Gone Mild", "paragraph_text": "Girls Gone Mild: Young Women Reclaim Self-Respect and Find It's Not Bad to Be Good is a book by Wendy Shalit published by Random House in 2007."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tod McBride", "paragraph_text": "Tod McBride (born January 26, 1976 in Los Angeles, California) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League. He was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at UCLA."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Allen Brown", "paragraph_text": "Allen Brown (born March 2, 1943) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers. He played college football at the University of Mississippi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Allen Rice", "paragraph_text": "Allen Troy Rice (born April 5, 1962 in Houston, Texas) is a former professional American football player who played running back for eight seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and Green Bay Packers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fred Cone (American football)", "paragraph_text": "Fred Cone (born June 21, 1926 in Pine Apple, Alabama) is a former professional American football fullback and placekicker in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Clemson University."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Green Bay Packers", "paragraph_text": "The Green Bay Packers is a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third - oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919, and is the only non-profit, community - owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Adam Timmerman", "paragraph_text": "He played for the Green Bay Packers and St. Louis Rams between 1995 and 2006. A Second-team All-Pro selection in 2001, Timmerman went to four Super Bowls in his career, winning Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers and Super Bowl XXXIV with the Rams."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wendy Shalit", "paragraph_text": "Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, she is the sister of writer Ruth Shalit and Mina Shalit. She graduated from Williams College with a BA in Philosophy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Brent Moore", "paragraph_text": "Brent Allen Moore (born January 9, 1963) is a former linebacker in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Moore played collegiate ball for the University of Southern California before being drafted by the Packers in the 9th round of the 1986 NFL Draft. He played professionally for one season in 1987."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Carl Zoll", "paragraph_text": "Carl Francis Zoll (January 29, 1899 \u2013 October 19, 1973) was a professional football player who was an original member of the Green Bay Packers. He played for the Packers beginning in 1919, two years before the team joined the National Football League. His career ended after the 1922 season. He was also the brother of teammate Martin Zoll and future-Packer Dick Zoll."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mike Neal", "paragraph_text": "Michael Jamel Neal (born June 26, 1987) is a former American football outside linebacker who played for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Purdue. Neal was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. With Green Bay, he won Super Bowl XLV in Arlington, Texas over the Pittsburgh Steelers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jim Bob Morris", "paragraph_text": "Jim Bob Morris is a former professional American football player who played safety for the Green Bay Packers in 1987\u201388 in the NFL and played in the USFL for three years with the San Antonio Gunslingers and Memphis Showboats."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pahl Davis", "paragraph_text": "Pahl Davis (March 26, 1897 \u2013 April 13, 1946) was a player in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers in 1922. Davis served as a guard, end, and fullback. He played at the collegiate level at Marquette University and the University of Wisconsin\u2013Oshkosh."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aaron Rodgers", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Charles Rodgers (born December 2, 1983) is an American football quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). Rodgers played college football for California, where he set several career passing records, including lowest single - season and career interception rates. He was selected in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Packers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cowboys\u2013Packers rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Date Away Team Score Home Team Winner Competition Location Cowboys Starting QB Packers Starting QB Series November 6, 2010 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 45 Green Bay Packers Packers Regular Season Lambeau Field Jon Kitna Aaron Rodgers DAL 16 -- 14 December 15, 2013 Green Bay Packers 37 -- 36 Dallas Cowboys Packers Regular Season AT&T Stadium Tony Romo Matt Flynn DAL 16 -- 15 January 11, 2015 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 26 Green Bay Packers Packers NFC Divisional Round Lambeau Field Tony Romo Aaron Rodgers TIE 16 -- 16 December 13, 2015 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 28 Green Bay Packers Packers Regular Season Lambeau Field Matt Cassel Aaron Rodgers GB 17 -- 16 October 16, 2016 Dallas Cowboys 30 -- 16 Green Bay Packers Cowboys Regular Season Lambeau Field Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers TIE 17 -- 17 January 15, 2017 Green Bay Packers 34 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Packers NFC Divisional Round AT&T Stadium Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers GB 18 -- 17 October 8, 2017 Green Bay Packers 35 - 31 Dallas Cowboys Packers Regular Season AT&T Stadium Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers GB 19 -- 17"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baby Ray", "paragraph_text": "Buford Garfield \"Baby\" Ray (September 30, 1914 \u2013 January 21, 1986) was an American football player who played eleven seasons in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers from 1938 to 1948."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bob Kercher", "paragraph_text": "Robert Fred Kercher (January 14, 1918 \u2013 January 4, 2004) was an American football defensive end in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Kercher played collegiate ball for Georgetown University and played professionally in the NFL for 1 season, in 1944."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bernardo Harris", "paragraph_text": "Towards the end of the 1999 playoff game, a pass was caught by Hall of Fame wide-receiver Jerry Rice, following the catch, Bernardo Harris stripped Jerry Rice of the ball, and was recovered by the Green Bay Packers. The game appeared to be won by the Green Bay Packers. However, the call on the field was that Rice was down by contact and San Francisco retained possession. Video replay showed that Rice has fumbled the ball, however, at that time replay was not used in the NFL. The 49ers went on to defeat the Green Bay Packers on that drive, by a final score of 30-27. Due to the controversial Harris call, the NFL announced the following season that it would begin instituting video replay."}], "question": "When did the Green Bay Packers play in the city where the author of Girls Gone Mild was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__45500_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton Wanderers (1908); Barnsley (1912); West Bromwich Albion (1931); Sunderland (1973), Southampton (1976) and West Ham United (1980). With the exception of Tottenham, these clubs were all playing in the second tier (the old Second Division) - Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908, meaning they are the only non-league winners of the FA Cup. Other than Tottenham's victory, only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier, with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners-up: and none at all from the third tier or lower, Southampton (1902) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club\u2014nicknamed \"The Saints\"\u2014who play in the Premier League at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, \"The Dell\". They reached the top flight of English football (First Division) for the first time in 1966, staying there for eight years. They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27 years (becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992) before they were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in 2012 following a brief spell in the third-tier and severe financial difficulties. In 2015, \"The Saints\" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager Ronald Koeman. Their highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 Football League Cup final and 2003 FA Cup final. Notable former managers include Ted Bates, Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong rivalry between Portsmouth F.C. (\"South Coast derby\") which is located only about 30 km (19 mi) away."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Highbury, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It has won the second-most top flight matches in English football history, and is the only English club to go a 38 - match league season unbeaten."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1991\u201392 English Premiership (rugby union)", "paragraph_text": "The 1991\u201392 English Premiership, (known as the Courage League for sponsorship reasons) was the fifth season of top flight rugby union in England. Each team played each other once. Bath were the champions, winning their third title, beating Orrell by one point. Nottingham and Rosslyn Park were relegated."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jacob Moli", "paragraph_text": "Jacob Moli (born 11 May 1967) is a Solomon Islands former footballer and the current manager of the Solomon Islands national under-17 football team. He has also been the manager of the Solomon Islands national football team, a post he held from 2011 to 2014."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ariostea (cycling team)", "paragraph_text": "Ariostea () was an Italian professional cycling team from 1984 to 1993. Its first team manager was Giorgio Vannucci; he was replaced in 1986 by Giancarlo Ferretti, who remained manager until the team was disbanded in 1993."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Daniel Iftodi", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Iftodi (born 11 February 1968 in Be\u0219tepe, Tulcea County) is a Romanian former football player, who played as a midfielder. He played for all the major Bucharest-based teams (Steaua Bucure\u015fti, Dinamo Bucure\u015fti and Rapid Bucure\u015fti), making 372 appearances in Divizia A in the sixteen seasons in which he played top-flight football in Romania."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Manchester United F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Manchester United Football Club, commonly known as Man. United or simply United, is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. Nicknamed ``the Red Devils '', the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium, Old Trafford, in 1910."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton Football Club have a long and detailed history. The club's roots loosely lie with a Methodist New Connexion congregation who had a chapel on the corner of Breckfield Road North and St. Domingo Vale in Everton, Liverpool. Initially formed as St. Domingo FC, named after the location of the chapel, the football team was renamed Everton in 1878 after the district of Everton. Since then Everton have had a successful history winning the Cup Winners' Cup, the league title nine times and the FA Cup five times. They are the only club to have played over 100 seasons in the top flight of English football, the 2014 -- 15 season being their 112th."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John Reames", "paragraph_text": "Keith John Reames (19 February 1942 \u2013 6 May 2008) was an English football manager and administrator who was chairman of Lincoln City from 1985 to 2000. He remains, to date, their longest-serving chairman; he also managed the club from 1998 to 2000."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hurac\u00e1n Corrientes", "paragraph_text": "Club Atl\u00e9tico Hurac\u00e1n de Corrientes, known as Hurac\u00e1n de Corrientes is a football club from Corrientes, Corrientes Province, Argentina. The team currently plays in the Torneo Argentino C, the fifth division of the Argentine football league system. Hurac\u00e1n has only played one season in the Argentine top flight. Its first appearance was in the 1996 Apertura."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It is also the only English club to go a 38 - match league season unbeaten, receiving the nickname The Invincibles, and a special gold Premier League trophy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Football records and statistics in England", "paragraph_text": "Most seasons in top flight overall: 114 seasons, Everton Most consecutive seasons in top flight: 90 seasons, Arsenal (1919 -- present, though no League football was played due to World War II between 1939 and 1945 -- 46) Fewest seasons in top flight overall: 1 season, joint record, Glossop, Leyton Orient, Northampton Town, Carlisle United, Swindon Town and Barnsley have completed only one season in top flight in their history."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kendall Basin", "paragraph_text": "Kendall Basin () is an ice-free cirque at the northwest end of the Herbert Mountains, in the Shackleton Range, Antarctica. It was photographed from the air by the U.S. Navy, 1967, and surveyed by the British Antarctic Survey, 1968\u201371. In association with the names of glacial geologists grouped in this area, it was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1971 after Percy Fry Kendall, an English glacial geologist, Professor of Geology at Leeds University in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "FIFA World Rankings", "paragraph_text": "The FIFA World Ranking is a ranking system for men's national teams in association football, currently led by Germany. The teams of the member nations of FIFA, football's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest. The rankings were introduced in December 1992, and eight teams (Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain) have held the top position, of which Brazil have spent longest ranked first."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. seasons", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Park Avenue were formed in 1863 originally as a rugby union team, in 1895 they joined the breakaway Northern Rugby Football Union and played what would become known as rugby league until 1907 when they turned to football and joined the Southern League. The following season they successfully applied to join the Football League, becoming the second team from Bradford to join the league after Bradford City five years previously. The club won just one title during its 51 years in the Football League, when it topped Division Three (North) in 1927 -- 28, and also spent three seasons in the top flight of English football. In each of the four seasons from 1966 -- 67 to 1969 -- 70 the club had to apply for re-election and was eventually voted out of the league to be replaced by Cambridge United in 1970. For four seasons they competed in the Northern Premier League before the club folded in 1974."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the person who replaced Howard Kendall as manager for the English football team that's been in the top flight the longest?"}
{"id": "3hop1__34468_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers. UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing. However, for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League, this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league, it would qualify at the expense of the fourth-placed team in the league. At that time, no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League. This occurred in 2012, when Chelsea \u2013 who had won the Champions League that summer, but finished sixth in the league \u2013 qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur, who went into the Europa League."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Germany at the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "For Germany's World Cup history, FIFA considers only the teams managed by the Deutscher Fu\u00dfball - Bund, comprising three different periods: Germany (during Nazi era), West Germany and reunified Germany. The Germany national football team is one of the most successful national teams at the FIFA World Cup, winning four titles, earning second - place and third - place finishes four times each and one fourth - place finish. If you consider 3rd place or better for a winning campaign, Germany's 12 victories in 18 tournaments -- a 66.6667 percent success rate -- surpasses every other team. In addition, Germany are the only team which has stood on the podium (3rd place or better) every decade they entered the tournament -- 1930s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. Along with Argentina, Brazil and Spain, they are one of the four national teams to win outside their continental confederation, with the title of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in South America. The team was present in 19 out of the 21 tournaments, the second most frequent, and only once did not reach the quarterfinals, in 1938. With this, Germany's 8th place or better (quarterfinals) in 17 out of 18 tournaments (94%) ranks highest in FIFA World Cup Finals history. It makes Germany the better team in the history of the tournament in terms of final positions, if points were awarded proportionally for a title, runner - up finish, third - place finish, semi-final and quarter - final appearances."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2005\u201306 Chilean presidential election", "paragraph_text": "A presidential election took place in Chile on Sunday, December 11, 2005. None of the four candidates received an absolute majority, thus a runoff election among the top two candidates -- Michelle Bachelet from the Coalition of Parties for Democracy and Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era from National Renewal -- was held on Sunday, January 15, 2006. Bachelet was victorious with 53.49% of the vote. She succeeded President Ricardo Lagos on March 11, 2006 for a period of four years, after Congress reformed the Constitution in September 2005 and reduced the term from six years."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "R.A.G.T. Semences", "paragraph_text": "R.A.G.T. Semences was a French professional cycling team which existed from 2000 to 2005. It was created in 2000 as Jean Delatour, and started four times in the Tour de France(2001 to 2004), with two stage wins. The team was dissolved by the end of the 2005 season."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Super League", "paragraph_text": "Super League began in 1996, replacing the RFL Championship and switching from a winter to a summer season. Each team plays 23 games between February and July: 11 home games, 11 away games and a Magic Weekend game at a neutral venue. After 23 games, teams enter a Super 8 stage, the top eight play each other once more. The top four then enter the play - off series leading to the Grand Final (formerly the Championship Final) which determines the champions. The bottom four teams go on to play the top four Championship teams in The Qualifiers to determine who will play in Super League the following season."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament Teams 8 Finals site Patten Gymnasium Evanston, Illinois Champions Oregon Ducks (1st title, 1st title game, 1st Final Four) Runner - up Ohio State Buckeyes (1st title game, 1st Final Four) Semifinalists Oklahoma Sooners (1st Final Four) Villanova Wildcats (1st Final Four) Winning coach Howard Hobson (1st title) MOP Jimmy Hull, (Ohio State) Attendance 15,025 Top scorer Jimmy Hull, Ohio State (58 points) NCAA Division I Men's Tournaments 1940 ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2005\u201306 HockeyAllsvenskan season", "paragraph_text": "The 2005\u201306 HockeyAllsvenskan season was the first season of the HockeyAllsvenskan, the second level of ice hockey in Sweden. The season originally featured 16 teams, but due to Halmstad Hammers HC's bankruptcy mid-season in November 2005, the season only featured 15 teams. The top four teams qualified for the Kvalserien, with the opportunity to be promoted to the Elitserien."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2018 Challenge Cup", "paragraph_text": "The format of the competition is eight knock - out rounds followed by a final. The first two rounds are composed entirely of 48 amateur teams. The 12 winners of the second round ties are joined in round three by the 14 League 1 teams. For the fourth round, the 13 winners from round 3 are joined by 11 of the 12 Championship teams, (Toulouse Olympique who play in the Championship, have declined to enter the 2018 cup competition.) Round five will see four Super League teams entering the competition. These are the four teams that finished in the top four positions of the 2017 Qualifiers and are Warrington Wolves, Widnes Vikings, Hull Kingston Rovers and Catalan Dragons. The remaining eight Super League teams join in round six."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. As of 2012, it ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in Europe. They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005, and have reached the final four in two of the last four FIBA World Championships, taking the second place in the world in 2006 FIBA World Championship, after a spectacular 101\u201395 win against Team USA in the tournament's semifinal. The domestic top basketball league, A1 Ethniki, is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens and P.A.O.K. Greek basketball teams are the most successful in European basketball the last 25 years, having won as many as 9 Euroleagues since the establishment of the modern era Euroleague Final Four format in 1988, while no other nation has won more than 4 Euroleague championships in this period. Besides the 9 Euroleagues, Greek basketball teams (Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens, P.A.O.K, Maroussi) have won 3 Triple Crowns, 5 Saporta Cups, 2 Kora\u0107 Cups and 1 FIBA Europe Champions Cup. After the 2005 European Championship triumph of the Greek national basketball team, Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tuomas Tarkki", "paragraph_text": "After playing junior hockey with Lukko, including three SM-liiga games as a backup, Tarkki studied at the Northern Michigan University and played four years of college hockey, being named the top goalie in the NCAA in 2005. After college hockey he spent a year in the minor leagues before returning to Finland to replace the injured Andy Chiodo as the K\u00e4rp\u00e4t starting goaltender."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Magic 45 minutes", "paragraph_text": "The magic 45 minutes describes the duration of one of the most rewarding sporting periods in the history of New Zealand during which four New Zealand rowing teams won gold medals in four successive finals to be the most successful country at the 2005 World Rowing Championships in Gifu, Japan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the \"Big Four\" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four. In the 2009\u201310 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of \"super clubs\" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Manchester City won the title in the 2011\u201312 season, becoming the first club outside the \"Big Four\" to win since 1994\u201395. That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994\u201395."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "KPBD", "paragraph_text": "KPBD (89.3 FM) is a defunct American non-commercial educational radio station that was licensed to serve the community of Big Spring, the county seat of Howard County, Texas. The station's broadcast license was held by Paulino Bernal Evangelism. The station began broadcasting in June 2005 and went dark in May 2009 which led to the cancellation of the station's broadcast license in June 2011."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called \"Big Four\" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United. During this decade, and particularly from 2002 to 2009, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003\u201304 to 2008\u201309 inclusive, with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003\u201304, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League. In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that \"Big Four\" dominance threatened the division, \"This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world.\" Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence: \"There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you're at the top, in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Germany national football team", "paragraph_text": "Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996), and one Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976.Germany is the only nation to have won both the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.At the end of the 2014 World Cup, Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any national football team in history, with a record 2205 points. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas. The manager of the national team is Joachim L\u00f6w."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Little League World Series", "paragraph_text": "The Little League World Series consists of 16 teams -- 8 from the United States, and 8 from other countries. Prior to 2001 there were eight teams in the LLWS: four U.S. teams (Central, South, East, and West) and four international (Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Far East). It should be noted that in 1975 there were only four teams in the LLWS, all from the United States. The international teams returned in 1976. Starting in 1976, two brackets were established, with the four U.S. regions competing in the U.S. bracket and the four non-U.S. regions competing in the International bracket. The U.S. national champion and the International champion then compete for the World Series title."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the person who replaced Howard Kendall as manager for the the only non-\"Big Four\" team to break the top four in 2005?"}
{"id": "3hop1__89379_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Daniel Iftodi", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Iftodi (born 11 February 1968 in Be\u0219tepe, Tulcea County) is a Romanian former football player, who played as a midfielder. He played for all the major Bucharest-based teams (Steaua Bucure\u015fti, Dinamo Bucure\u015fti and Rapid Bucure\u015fti), making 372 appearances in Divizia A in the sixteen seasons in which he played top-flight football in Romania."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Department store", "paragraph_text": "Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester \u2013 although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "FIFA World Rankings", "paragraph_text": "The FIFA World Ranking is a ranking system for men's national teams in association football, currently led by Germany. The teams of the member nations of FIFA, football's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest. The rankings were introduced in December 1992, and eight teams (Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain) have held the top position, of which Brazil have spent longest ranked first."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kadri Ayta\u00e7", "paragraph_text": "Kadri Ayta\u00e7 (6 August 1931 \u2013 28 March 2003) was a former Turkish football player and then manager. He played for the Beyo\u011fluspor, Karag\u00fcmr\u00fck, Galatasaray, Fenerbah\u00e7e and Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu teams. He is the manager with the most titles earned in the Turkish Second Football League, having in the process promoted four teams to the Turkish First Football League."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mavila Vishwanathan Nair", "paragraph_text": "Previously a banker, Nair was one of the longest serving chairmen in the history of Indian banking, having served as chairman and managing director of Union Bank of India for six years and Dena Bank for one year."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Highbury, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It has won the second-most top flight matches in English football history, and is the only English club to go a 38 - match league season unbeaten."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Reames", "paragraph_text": "Keith John Reames (19 February 1942 \u2013 6 May 2008) was an English football manager and administrator who was chairman of Lincoln City from 1985 to 2000. He remains, to date, their longest-serving chairman; he also managed the club from 1998 to 2000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Randers FC", "paragraph_text": "Randers FC is a Danish professional football team based in Randers, which plays in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship. Founded on 1 January 2003, the club builds upon the license of Randers Freja, a former three-time Danish Cup winning team. Following the founding of Randers FC, the club has won the Danish Cup once. Randers plays its matches at the 10,300-capacity Cepheus Park Randers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jacob Moli", "paragraph_text": "Jacob Moli (born 11 May 1967) is a Solomon Islands former footballer and the current manager of the Solomon Islands national under-17 football team. He has also been the manager of the Solomon Islands national football team, a post he held from 2011 to 2014."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Zhang Honggen", "paragraph_text": "Despite being only being thirty years old when he retired, Zhang Honggen would eventually move to management with Beijing Youth Team in 1970. After several seasons he replaced Nian Weisi in 1977 as manager of the Chinese football team, however his reign was uneventful and he left after only a year. He would return twice to this position in 1979 and 1982 to help the team for short periods, however these were again uneventful. In the 1985 Summer Universiade he guided China to a third-place position before he moved away from football and took several sport positions that included the National Sports Commission Training Council Advisory Committee, the National Sports Commission and the Sports Services Inc. as well as a position in the Chinese Football Association coaches committee. In 1994, he returned to management with Dalian Wanda and won the league title with them in his first attempt, however after that victory he decided to become the teams advisor. Once more returning to management in 1999 with second tier club Chengdu Blades he only served for a short period because he was diagnosed of gastric cancer and had to resign, in 2003 he would later die of gastric pain."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. seasons", "paragraph_text": "Bradford Park Avenue were formed in 1863 originally as a rugby union team, in 1895 they joined the breakaway Northern Rugby Football Union and played what would become known as rugby league until 1907 when they turned to football and joined the Southern League. The following season they successfully applied to join the Football League, becoming the second team from Bradford to join the league after Bradford City five years previously. The club won just one title during its 51 years in the Football League, when it topped Division Three (North) in 1927 -- 28, and also spent three seasons in the top flight of English football. In each of the four seasons from 1966 -- 67 to 1969 -- 70 the club had to apply for re-election and was eventually voted out of the league to be replaced by Cambridge United in 1970. For four seasons they competed in the Northern Premier League before the club folded in 1974."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Liam Sammon", "paragraph_text": "Liam Sammon (born 1946 in Galway) is a former Irish Gaelic football manager and former player. He played football with his local clubs Father Griffins and Salthill-Knocknacarra and was a member of the Galway senior inter-county team from 1966 until 1979. Sammon later served as manager of the Galway senior inter-county team from 2007 until 2009."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ariostea (cycling team)", "paragraph_text": "Ariostea () was an Italian professional cycling team from 1984 to 1993. Its first team manager was Giorgio Vannucci; he was replaced in 1986 by Giancarlo Ferretti, who remained manager until the team was disbanded in 1993."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Richie Connor", "paragraph_text": "Richie Connor (born 1954 in Walsh Island, County Offaly) is an Irish retired sportsperson. He played Gaelic football with his local club Walsh Island and was a member of the Offaly senior inter-county team from 1975 until 1989. Walsh later served as manager of the Laois and Offaly senior football teams."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Top of the Pops presenters", "paragraph_text": "Upon its inception in 1964, Top of the Pops was presented by a team of disc jockeys in rotation: Alan Freeman, David Jacobs, Pete Murray and Jimmy Savile, who presented the very first episode from Manchester on 1 January 1964 and would continue as the longest - serving presenter until hosting his final show on 30 August 1984. Samantha Juste appeared as the disc girl for several episodes until 1967. Jacobs was replaced by Simon Dee in 1966."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Football records and statistics in England", "paragraph_text": "Most seasons in top flight overall: 114 seasons, Everton Most consecutive seasons in top flight: 90 seasons, Arsenal (1919 -- present, though no League football was played due to World War II between 1939 and 1945 -- 46) Fewest seasons in top flight overall: 1 season, joint record, Glossop, Leyton Orient, Northampton Town, Carlisle United, Swindon Town and Barnsley have completed only one season in top flight in their history."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hamad Al-Azani", "paragraph_text": "Hamad Khalifa Hamed Al-Azani commonly known as Hamad Al-Azani (; born 31 May 1973) is an Omani football manager and a former footballer who is currently the manager of Oman national under-23 football team."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the man who replaced Howard Kendall as the manager of the longest serving football team in the top flight?"}
{"id": "3hop1__12731_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later. Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup. The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success, with two League Championship successes, an FA Cup, and the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup. The club's supporters are known as Evertonians."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton's biggest rivalry is with neighbours Liverpool, against whom they contest the Merseyside derby. The Merseyside derby is usually a sellout fixture, and has been known as the \"friendly derby\" because both sets of fans can often be seen side by side red and blue inside the stadium both at Anfield and Goodison Park. Recently on the field, matches tend to be extremely stormy affairs; the derby has had more red cards than any other fixture in Premiership history. The rivalry stems from an internal dispute between Everton officials and the owners of Anfield, which was then Everton's home ground, resulting in Everton moving to Goodison Park, and the subsequent formation of Liverpool F.C., in 1892."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton Football Club have a long and detailed history. The club's roots loosely lie with a Methodist New Connexion congregation who had a chapel on the corner of Breckfield Road North and St. Domingo Vale in Everton, Liverpool. Initially formed as St. Domingo FC, named after the location of the chapel, the football team was renamed Everton in 1878 after the district of Everton. Since then Everton have had a successful history winning the Cup Winners' Cup, the league title nine times and the FA Cup five times. They are the only club to have played over 100 seasons in the top flight of English football, the 2014 -- 15 season being their 112th."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Spurs was one of the five clubs that pushed for the founding of Premier League, created with the approval of The Football Association as replacement for the Football League First Division as the highest division of English football. Despite a succession of managers and players such as Teddy Sheringham, J\u00fcrgen Klinsmann and David Ginola, for a long period in the Premier League until the late 2000s, Spurs finished mid-table most seasons with few trophies won. They won the League Cup in 1999 under George Graham, and in 2008 under Juande Ramos. From the late 2000s onwards, Spurs have finished in the top 6."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton have had many other nicknames over the years. When the black kit was worn Everton were nicknamed \"The Black Watch\", after the famous army regiment. Since going blue in 1901, Everton have been given the simple nickname \"The Blues\". Everton's attractive style of play led to Steve Bloomer calling the team \"scientific\" in 1928, which is thought to have inspired the nickname \"The School of Science\". The battling 1995 FA Cup winning side were known as \"The Dogs of War\". When David Moyes arrived as manager he proclaimed Everton as \"The People's Club\", which has been adopted as a semi-official club nickname."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "ISO 31000", "paragraph_text": "ISO 31000 is a family of standards relating to risk management codified by the International Organization for Standardization. The purpose of ISO 31000:2018 is to provide principles and generic guidelines on risk management. ISO 31000 seeks to provide a universally recognised paradigm for practitioners and companies employing risk management processes to replace the myriad of existing standards, methodologies and paradigms that differed between industries, subject matters and regions."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton's second successful era started when Harry Catterick was made manager in 1961. In 1962\u201363, his second season in charge, Everton won the League title and in 1966 the FA Cup followed with a 3\u20132 win over Sheffield Wednesday. Everton again reached the final in 1968, but this time were unable to overcome West Bromwich Albion at Wembley. Two seasons later in 1969\u201370, Everton won the League championship, nine points clear of nearest rivals Leeds United. During this period, Everton were the first English club to achieve five consecutive years in European competitions\u2014seasons 1961\u201362 to 1966\u201367."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Bramwell (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "John Bramwell (born 1 March 1937 in Ashton-in-Makerfield) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Everton and Luton Town."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton F.C. is a limited company with the board of directors holding a majority of the shares. The club's most recent accounts, from May 2014, show a net total debt of \u00a328.1 million, with a turnover of \u00a3120.5 million and a profit of \u00a328.2 million. The club's overdraft with Barclays Bank is secured against the Premier League's \"Basic Award Fund\", a guaranteed sum given to clubs for competing in the Premier League. Everton agreed a long-term loan of \u00a330 million with Bear Stearns and Prudential plc in 2002 over the duration of 25 years; a consolidation of debts at the time as well as a source of capital for new player acquisitions. Goodison Park is secured as collateral."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The club also owned and operated a professional basketball team, by the name of Everton Tigers, who compete in the elite British Basketball League. The team was launched in the summer of 2007 as part of the clubs' Community programme, and play their home games at the Greenbank Sports Academy. The team was an amalgam of the Toxteth Tigers community youth programme which started in 1968. The team quickly became one of the most successful in the league winning the BBL Cup in 2009 and the play-offs in 2010. However Everton withdrew funding before the 2010\u201311 season and the team was re launched as the Mersey Tigers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Everton da Silva Oliveira", "paragraph_text": "Everton used to play for several Brazilian football clubs before he came to China in 2007.He joined Shanghai Stars at first, and then moved to Anhui Jiufang.In February 2010, Hubei Greenery,which would play in China League One, confirmed that Everton had signed a contract with the club."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park, which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium, with the first official match taking place in 1879. In 1882, a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club's home before they moved to Anfield, which was Everton's home until 1892. At this time, a dispute of how the club was to be owned and run emerged with Anfield's owner and Everton's chairman, John Houlding. A dispute between Houlding and the club's committee over how the club should be run, led to Houlding attempting to gain full control of the club by registering the company, \"Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd\". In response, Everton left Anfield for a new ground, Goodison Park, where the club have played ever since. Houlding attempted to take over Everton's name, colours, fixtures and league position, but was denied by The Football Association. Instead, Houlding formed a new club, Liverpool F.C."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of Liverpool F.C. seasons", "paragraph_text": "Liverpool F.C. were formed in 1892, following a rent dispute between the leaseholder of Anfield, John Houlding, and Everton Football Club, which left Houlding with a ground but no club playing in it. In their first season Liverpool won the Lancashire League, and were elected to the Football League Second Division for the 1893 -- 94 season, going on to win the title without losing a match. Their first season in the First Division ended in relegation, before they were promoted back the following season. Liverpool won the First Division for the first time in the 1900 -- 01 season, and reached their first FA Cup Final in 1914, losing 1 -- 0 to Burnley. They won their first back - to - back titles in the 1921 -- 22 and 1922 -- 23 seasons; this was their last success until the 1946 -- 47 season, when they regained the league title. Relegated in the 1953 -- 54 season, they did not regain their place in the First Division until the 1962 -- 63 season under the management of Bill Shankly."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Premier League managers", "paragraph_text": "Sam Allardyce has managed the most teams in the Premier League, having taken charge of seven different clubs: Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, West Ham United, Sunderland, Crystal Palace and Everton."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1968 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "1968 FA Cup Final Event 1967 -- 68 FA Cup West Bromwich Albion Everton 0 After extra time Date 18 May 1968 Venue Wembley Stadium, London Referee Leo Callaghan (Merthyr Tydfil) Attendance 100,000 \u2190 1967 1969 \u2192"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Kirkby Project", "paragraph_text": "The Kirkby Project was a proposed new football stadium in Kirkby, England for Everton. The stadium, if built, would have replaced Goodison Park as Everton's home ground. The plan originated in 2006, was the subject of a Public Inquiry in December 2008, but was eventually rejected by central government in November 2009. The stadium had a planned all-seated capacity of 50,401 with a provision to be expanded to 60,000."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the person who replaced the Everton manager who won the most domestic and international trophies during his time?"}
{"id": "3hop1__252984_683229_157638", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Friend, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $34,833, and the median income for a family was $40,667. Males had a median income of $32,946 versus $17,829 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,422. About 4.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gray County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,368, and the median income for a family was $40,019. Males had a median income of $32,401 versus $20,158 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,702.  About 11.20% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.60% of those under age 18 and 9.60% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kerr County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $34,283, and the median income for a family was $40,713. Males had a median income of $27,425 versus $21,149 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,767.  About 10.30% of families and 14.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.60% of those under age 18 and 8.40% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "South Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "South Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) on Orchid Island in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,501 at the 2010 census. It is ranked tenth in Florida locations by per capita income as of 2010."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Personal income in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Personal income is an individual's total earnings from wages, investment interest, and other sources. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full - time workers in 2017. The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016. Inflation - adjusted (``real '') per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008, but has since remained generally level."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Hope, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $46,795, and the median income for a family was $60,424. Males had a median income of $41,192 versus $29,454 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,562.  About 4.1% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Milwaukee", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city is $32,216, and the median income for a family is $37,879. Males have a median income of $32,244 versus $26,013 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,181. 21.3% of the population and 17.4% of families are below the poverty line. In 2010, rent increased an averaged 3% for home renters in Milwaukee. Out of the total population, 31.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Human Development Index", "paragraph_text": "LE: Life expectancy at birth\nMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)\nEYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)\nGNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Income in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "According to the OECD the average household net - adjusted disposable income per capita is $27,029 a year (in USD, ranked 14 / 36 OECD countries), the average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at $60,778 (in USD, ranked 8 / 36), and the average net - adjusted disposable income of the top 20% of the population is an estimated $57,010 a year, whereas the bottom 20% live on an estimated $10,195 a year giving a ratio of 5.6 (in USD, ranked 25 / 36)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wendy Shalit", "paragraph_text": "Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, she is the sister of writer Ruth Shalit and Mina Shalit. She graduated from Williams College with a BA in Philosophy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Economic inequality", "paragraph_text": "In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of \"Health and Social Problems\" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems \"more common in countries with bigger income inequalities\", and more common among states in the US with larger income inequalities. Other studies have confirmed this relationship. The UNICEF index of \"child well-being in rich countries\", studying 40 indicators in 22 countries, correlates with greater equality but not per capita income."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sherman County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $33,179, and for a family was $38,821. Males had a median income of $27,481 versus $21,036 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,210.  About 11.90% of families and 16.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.90% of those under age 18 and 12.00% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Naples, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Naples is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States. As of 2015, the city's population was about 20,600. Naples is a principal city of the Naples - Marco Island, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a population of about 322,000 as of 2015. Naples is one of the wealthiest cities in the United States, with the sixth highest per capita income in the country, and the second highest proportion of millionaires per capita in the US. Real estate is among the most expensive in the country, with houses for sale in excess of $40 million."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Darlington County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the county was $31,087, and the median income for a family was $37,662. Males had a median income of $30,947 versus $20,998 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,283.  About 16.40% of families and 20.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.70% of those under age 18 and 22.10% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Per capita personal income in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The per capita personal income of the United States is the income that is received by persons from all sources. It is calculated as the sum of wage and salary disbursements, supplements to wages and salaries, proprietors' income with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments, rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustment, personal dividend income, personal interest income, and personal current transfer receipts, less contributions for government social insurance. This measure of income is calculated as the personal income of the residents of a given area divided by the resident population of the area. In computing per capita personal income, the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) uses the United States Census Bureau's annual midyear population estimates. In 2007 the total per capita personal income in the United States was US $38,611."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Juliaetta, Idaho", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city was $33,295, and the median income for a family was $39,250. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $18,594 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,606.  About 4.2% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Girls Gone Mild", "paragraph_text": "Girls Gone Mild: Young Women Reclaim Self-Respect and Find It's Not Bad to Be Good is a book by Wendy Shalit published by Random House in 2007."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cathcart, Washington", "paragraph_text": "Cathcart is a census-designated place (CDP) in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,458 at the 2010 census. Based on per capita income, one of the more reliable measures of affluence, Cathcart ranks 45th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked. Cathcart was named for Isaac Cathcart, a businessperson in the lumber industry."}], "question": "What is the per capita income in the city where Girls Gone Wild's author was born?"}
{"id": "3hop2__27343_324295_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ad\u00e9lie Land", "paragraph_text": "Ad\u00e9lie Land (\"French: Terre Ad\u00e9lie\") is a claimed territory on the continent of Antarctica. It stretches from a coastline area along the Great Southern Ocean inland all the way to the South Pole. France administrates it as one of five districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands since 1955 and apply the Antarctic Treaty System rules since 1961. Article 4 deals with territorial claims, and although it does not renounce or diminish any preexisting claims to sovereignty, it also does not prejudice the position of Contracting Parties in their recognition or non-recognition of territorial sovereignty. France has had a permanent station in Ad\u00e9lie Land since April 9, 1950. The current Dumont d'Urville Station has a winter population around 33, but this goes up to about 78 during the Antarctic summer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954\u201355, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an \"expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain\". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a \"foreign territory\". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Slingshot Hip Hop", "paragraph_text": "Slingshot Hip Hop is a 2008 documentary film directed by Jackie Reem Salloum which traces the history and development of Palestinian hip hop, in the Palestinian territories from the time DAM pioneered the art form in the late 1990s. It braids together the stories of young Palestinian artists living in Gaza, the West Bank and inside Israel as they discover Hip Hop and employ it as a tool to surmount divisions imposed by occupation and poverty."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Et-Tell", "paragraph_text": "Et-Tell is an archaeological site in the West Bank that is popularly thought to be the biblical city of Ai."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}], "question": "Who lives in the territory in which Et-Tell is located and the territory attacked by Israel in 1955?"}
{"id": "3hop2__529420_27343_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Slingshot Hip Hop", "paragraph_text": "Slingshot Hip Hop is a 2008 documentary film directed by Jackie Reem Salloum which traces the history and development of Palestinian hip hop, in the Palestinian territories from the time DAM pioneered the art form in the late 1990s. It braids together the stories of young Palestinian artists living in Gaza, the West Bank and inside Israel as they discover Hip Hop and employ it as a tool to surmount divisions imposed by occupation and poverty."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing was a suicide bombing which occurred on May 18, 2001 in the HaSharon Mall in Netanya, Israel. Six people were killed in the attack."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries. Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel: Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994, respectively, and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians. Under Israeli law, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, and Yemen are enemy countries, and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior. Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel under the Pahlavi dynasty but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the Islamic Revolution. As a result of the 2008\u201309 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry \u2013 the Kahan Commission \u2013 would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954\u201355, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an \"expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain\". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation. India is also the third-largest Asian economic partner of Israel and the two countries have military as well as extensive space technology ties. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year. Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests. Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy. It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic. On November 22, Japan issued a statement \"asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\". By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Adei Ad", "paragraph_text": "The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bradley Fish", "paragraph_text": "Bradley Fish (b. Bethesda, Maryland, 1970) is an American born musician based in Israel. He relocated to Israel in 2004, first living in Tel Aviv, and finally settling in Jerusalem."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War", "paragraph_text": "On 15 May 1948, the ongoing civil war transformed into an inter-state conflict between Israel and the Arab states, following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. A combined invasion by Egypt, Jordan and Syria, together with expeditionary forces from Iraq, entered Palestine -- Jordan having declared privately to Yishuv emissaries on 2 May that it would abide by a decision not to attack the Jewish state. The invading forces took control of the Arab areas and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The 10 months of fighting, interrupted by several truce periods, took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/\u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l/ or /\u02c8\u026azri\u02d0\u0259l/; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Yisr\u0101'el; Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medi\u02c8nat jis\u0281a\u02c8\u0294el] ( listen); Arabic: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Dawlat Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u02c8\u0294i\u02d0l]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "August 2012 Sinai attack", "paragraph_text": "The August 2012 Sinai attack occurred on 5 August 2012, when armed men ambushed an Egyptian military base in the Sinai Peninsula, killing 16 soldiers and stealing two armored cars, which they used to infiltrate into Israel. The attackers broke through the Kerem Shalom border crossing to Israel, where one of the vehicles exploded. They then engaged in a firefight with soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces, during which six of the attackers were killed. No Israelis were injured."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2012", "paragraph_text": "The following is a detailed list of Palestinian rocket and mortar attacks on Israel in 2012. All of the attacks originated in the Gaza Strip, unless stated otherwise."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}], "question": "Who lives on the area that contains Adei Ad, and in the territory that Israel attacked in 1955?"}
{"id": "3hop2__27343_841785_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954\u201355, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an \"expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain\". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Magain Shalome Synagogue", "paragraph_text": "The Magain Shalome Synagogue () () was the cornerstone of a former Jewish community in Karachi, Pakistan. The Synagogue was built by Soloman David Umerdekar in 1893. The synagogue was extended in 1912 by Umerdekar's two sons, Gershon Solomon Umerdekar and Rahamim Solomon Umerdekar. A community hall named \u201cShegulbai Hall\u201d was built by Abraham Reuben Kamerlekar in memory of Shegulabai Solomon Umerdekar. In 1916-18 the Karachi Jewish community opened a Hebrew school on the synagogue premises and in 1918 constructed the Nathan Abraham Hall. There was a signboard on the synagogue, reading as \u201cPakistan Bene Israel Association\u201d, \u201cBani Israel Masjid\u201d and also something like, \u201cOnly Jewish people are allowed to enter this place\u201d."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Great Synagogue of Florence", "paragraph_text": "The Great Synagogue of Florence or Tempio Maggiore is one of the largest synagogues in South-central Europe, situated in Florence, in Italy. The synagogue of Florence was one of the most important synagogues built in Europe in the age of the emancipation, reached by the Jewish communities living in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1848."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eshtemoa synagogue", "paragraph_text": "The Eshtemoa Synagogue, located 15\u00a0km south of Hebron in as-Samu, West Bank, refers to the remains of an ancient Jewish synagogue dating from around the 4th\u20135th century CE."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a \"foreign territory\". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ad\u00e9lie Land", "paragraph_text": "Ad\u00e9lie Land (\"French: Terre Ad\u00e9lie\") is a claimed territory on the continent of Antarctica. It stretches from a coastline area along the Great Southern Ocean inland all the way to the South Pole. France administrates it as one of five districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands since 1955 and apply the Antarctic Treaty System rules since 1961. Article 4 deals with territorial claims, and although it does not renounce or diminish any preexisting claims to sovereignty, it also does not prejudice the position of Contracting Parties in their recognition or non-recognition of territorial sovereignty. France has had a permanent station in Ad\u00e9lie Land since April 9, 1950. The current Dumont d'Urville Station has a winter population around 33, but this goes up to about 78 during the Antarctic summer."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Congregation Mishkan Israel", "paragraph_text": "Congregation Mishkan Israel, in Hamden, Connecticut, is the oldest Jewish congregation in Connecticut, the 14th oldest continuous operating synagogue in America as well as the oldest continuing synagogue in New England."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}], "question": "Who lives on the territory where Eshtemoa synagogue is found, as well as in the territory Israel attacked in 1955?"}
{"id": "3hop2__529420_17258_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Quneitra Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Quneitra Governorate ( / ALA-LC: \"Mu\u1e25\u0101fa\u1e93at Al-Qunay\u1e6drah\") is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in southern Syria, notable for the location of the Golan Heights. The governorate borders the countries of Lebanon, Jordan and Israel, and the Syrian governorates of Daraa and Rif Dimashq. Its area varies, according to different sources, from 685\u00a0km\u00b2 to 1,861\u00a0km\u00b2. The governorate had a population of 87,000 at the 2010 estimate. The nominal capital is the now abandoned city of Quneitra, destroyed by Israel before their withdrawal in June 1974 in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War; since 1986, the \"de facto\" capital is Ba'ath City."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Meir Pa'il", "paragraph_text": "Meir Pa'il (\u200e; 19 June 1926 \u2013 15 September 2015) was a colonel in the Israel Defense Forces, an Israeli politician, and military historian."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias\u2014frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "M.K. 22", "paragraph_text": "\"M.K. 22\" satirically deals with Israel Defense Forces manners and culture, and with general issues of Israeli society and current events in Israel. It is situated in the fictional top-secret logistics military base M.K. 22, in the south of Israel, storing the country's so called nuclear missiles. Two of the show's creators, Yaron Niski and Doron Tzur, actually served together as logistics soldiers in an Israeli military base and the show is influenced by their experiences there."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rebel Star", "paragraph_text": "Rebel Star is an alternative country/pop rock band, formed in 2006 by the former Eva Braun and Popcycle member Milan Glava\u0161ki with musicians from Be\u010dej, Serbia and Szentendre, Hungary, where he moved to live after the disbandment of Popcycle."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "LAR-160", "paragraph_text": "The LAR-160 was designed in the late 1970s by Israel Military Industries, it was adopted by the Israeli Defense Forces in 1983."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consist of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations\u2014chiefly the Haganah\u2014that preceded the establishment of the state. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with Mossad and Shabak. The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy. It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic. On November 22, Japan issued a statement \"asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\". By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation. India is also the third-largest Asian economic partner of Israel and the two countries have military as well as extensive space technology ties. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year. Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests. Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Since Israel's capture of these territories, Israeli settlements and military installations have been built within each of them. Israel has applied civilian law to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem and granted their inhabitants permanent residency status and the ability to apply for citizenship. The West Bank, outside of the Israeli settlements within the territory, has remained under direct military rule, and Palestinians in this area cannot become Israeli citizens. Israel withdrew its military forces and dismantled the Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip as part of its disengagement from Gaza though it continues to maintain control of its airspace and waters. The UN Security Council has declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem to be \"null and void\" and continues to view the territories as occupied. The International Court of Justice, principal judicial organ of the United Nations, asserted, in its 2004 advisory opinion on the legality of the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, that the lands captured by Israel in the Six-Day War, including East Jerusalem, are occupied territory."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Karameh", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Karameh () was a 15-hour military engagement between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and combined forces of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) in the Jordanian town of Karameh on 21 March 1968, during the War of Attrition. It was planned by Israel as one of two concurrent raids on PLO camps, one in Karameh and one in the distant village of Safi\u2014codenamed Operation Inferno () and Operation Asuta (\u05de\u05d1\u05e6\u05e2 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d0), respectively\u2014but the former turned into a full-scale battle."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ayelet Zurer", "paragraph_text": "Ayelet Zurer was born and raised in Tel Aviv, Israel, to a Jewish family. Her mother was born in Czechoslovakia and immigrated to Israel at 16 years old. Her mother was saved during World War II by hiding in a convent in Slovakia. During her military service in the Israel Defense Forces, Zurer was a member of the Northern Command's entertainment troupe. In 2003, she married her Israeli husband Gilad Londovski. She has a son."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "August 2012 Sinai attack", "paragraph_text": "The August 2012 Sinai attack occurred on 5 August 2012, when armed men ambushed an Egyptian military base in the Sinai Peninsula, killing 16 soldiers and stealing two armored cars, which they used to infiltrate into Israel. The attackers broke through the Kerem Shalom border crossing to Israel, where one of the vehicles exploded. They then engaged in a firefight with soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces, during which six of the attackers were killed. No Israelis were injured."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry \u2013 the Kahan Commission \u2013 would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "K. Chandana", "paragraph_text": "K. Chandana PWV, SF (, died June 2008) was a soldier in the Sri Lanka Army. He was part of a Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol from the army's elite Special Forces Regiment, which infiltrated deep behind territory held by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (commonly known as LTTE or Tamil Tigers) in June 2008. He was killed in a firefight during this operation and was posthumously awarded the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya, the country's highest military award for gallantry, for his actions which enabled the rest of his team to withdraw to safety."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Adei Ad", "paragraph_text": "The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90\u2013c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao."}], "question": "Who lives on the territory where Adei Ad is located and the territory where Israel withdrew and disbanded its military forces?"}
{"id": "3hop1__387607_753040_74408", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Allen Brown", "paragraph_text": "Allen Brown (born March 2, 1943) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers. He played college football at the University of Mississippi."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dominic Vairo", "paragraph_text": "Dominic Vairo (November 2, 1913 \u2013 July 31, 2002) was an American football end in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Vairo played collegiate ball for the University of Notre Dame before playing professionally in the NFL for 1 season and retired in 1935."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jim Bob Morris", "paragraph_text": "Jim Bob Morris is a former professional American football player who played safety for the Green Bay Packers in 1987\u201388 in the NFL and played in the USFL for three years with the San Antonio Gunslingers and Memphis Showboats."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Danny Gokey", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Jay Gokey (born April 24, 1980) is an American singer and former church music director from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the third-place finalist on the eighth season of \"American Idol\". After his placing on the show, Gokey signed to 19 Recordings and RCA Nashville at the beginning of a career in country music, releasing the single \"My Best Days Are Ahead of Me\". His debut album, \"My Best Days\", was released in March 2010."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Adam Timmerman", "paragraph_text": "He played for the Green Bay Packers and St. Louis Rams between 1995 and 2006. A Second-team All-Pro selection in 2001, Timmerman went to four Super Bowls in his career, winning Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers and Super Bowl XXXIV with the Rams."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Carl Zoll", "paragraph_text": "Carl Francis Zoll (January 29, 1899 \u2013 October 19, 1973) was a professional football player who was an original member of the Green Bay Packers. He played for the Packers beginning in 1919, two years before the team joined the National Football League. His career ended after the 1922 season. He was also the brother of teammate Martin Zoll and future-Packer Dick Zoll."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fred Cone (American football)", "paragraph_text": "Fred Cone (born June 21, 1926 in Pine Apple, Alabama) is a former professional American football fullback and placekicker in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Clemson University."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brent Moore", "paragraph_text": "Brent Allen Moore (born January 9, 1963) is a former linebacker in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Moore played collegiate ball for the University of Southern California before being drafted by the Packers in the 9th round of the 1986 NFL Draft. He played professionally for one season in 1987."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tod McBride", "paragraph_text": "Tod McBride (born January 26, 1976 in Los Angeles, California) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League. He was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at UCLA."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pahl Davis", "paragraph_text": "Pahl Davis (March 26, 1897 \u2013 April 13, 1946) was a player in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers in 1922. Davis served as a guard, end, and fullback. He played at the collegiate level at Marquette University and the University of Wisconsin\u2013Oshkosh."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dave Osborn", "paragraph_text": "Dave Osborn (born March 18, 1943 in Everett, Washington) is a former professional American football player who played running back for twelve seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and the Green Bay Packers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Milwaukee County Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The National Football League's Green Bay Packers played two to four home games per year at Milwaukee County Stadium from 1953 to 1994, after using Wisconsin State Fair Park in nearby West Allis from 1934 through 1951 and Marquette Stadium in 1952. The Packers compiled a 76 -- 47 -- 3 (. 615) regular season record at County Stadium over 42 seasons. It hosted at least one pre-season game annually during this time as well (except 1983), including the Upper Midwest Shrine Game. Financial considerations prompted the Packers to move some of their games to Milwaukee starting with the 1933 season, with one game played at Borchert Field. By 1995, multiple renovations to Lambeau Field made it more lucrative for the Packers to play their full home slate in Green Bay again for the first time since 1932. Former Milwaukee ticket holders were offered tickets at Lambeau to one pre-season game and games 2 and 5 of the regular season schedule, in what is referred to as the ``Gold package. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Baby Ray", "paragraph_text": "Buford Garfield \"Baby\" Ray (September 30, 1914 \u2013 January 21, 1986) was an American football player who played eleven seasons in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers from 1938 to 1948."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hope in Front of Me", "paragraph_text": "Hope in Front of Me is the second studio album from the Christian musician Danny Gokey. It was released on June 23, 2014 by BMG Records. The album was produced by Josh Crosby, Bernie Herms, Aaron Sprinkle, Keith Thomas."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wayne Davenport", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Wayne Davenport (December 16, 1906April 27, 2001) was an American football halfback in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. Davenport played collegiate ball for Hardin\u2013Simmons University and played professionally in the NFL for one season, in 1931."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mike Neal", "paragraph_text": "Michael Jamel Neal (born June 26, 1987) is a former American football outside linebacker who played for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Purdue. Neal was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. With Green Bay, he won Super Bowl XLV in Arlington, Texas over the Pittsburgh Steelers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cowboys\u2013Packers rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Date Away Team Score Home Team Winner Competition Location Cowboys Starting QB Packers Starting QB Series November 6, 2010 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 45 Green Bay Packers Packers Regular Season Lambeau Field Jon Kitna Aaron Rodgers DAL 16 -- 14 December 15, 2013 Green Bay Packers 37 -- 36 Dallas Cowboys Packers Regular Season AT&T Stadium Tony Romo Matt Flynn DAL 16 -- 15 January 11, 2015 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 26 Green Bay Packers Packers NFC Divisional Round Lambeau Field Tony Romo Aaron Rodgers TIE 16 -- 16 December 13, 2015 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 28 Green Bay Packers Packers Regular Season Lambeau Field Matt Cassel Aaron Rodgers GB 17 -- 16 October 16, 2016 Dallas Cowboys 30 -- 16 Green Bay Packers Cowboys Regular Season Lambeau Field Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers TIE 17 -- 17 January 15, 2017 Green Bay Packers 34 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Packers NFC Divisional Round AT&T Stadium Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers GB 18 -- 17 October 8, 2017 Green Bay Packers 35 - 31 Dallas Cowboys Packers Regular Season AT&T Stadium Dak Prescott Aaron Rodgers GB 19 -- 17"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jayrone Elliott", "paragraph_text": "Jayrone Carez Elliott (born November 11, 1991) is an American football outside linebacker who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Toledo, and was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2014."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Allen Rice", "paragraph_text": "Allen Troy Rice (born April 5, 1962 in Houston, Texas) is a former professional American football player who played running back for eight seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and Green Bay Packers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aaron Rodgers", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Charles Rodgers (born December 2, 1983) is an American football quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). Rodgers played college football for California, where he set several career passing records, including lowest single - season and career interception rates. He was selected in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Packers."}], "question": "When did the Green Bay Packers play in the city where the Hope in Front of Me performer was born?"}
{"id": "3hop2__27343_725053_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Slingshot Hip Hop", "paragraph_text": "Slingshot Hip Hop is a 2008 documentary film directed by Jackie Reem Salloum which traces the history and development of Palestinian hip hop, in the Palestinian territories from the time DAM pioneered the art form in the late 1990s. It braids together the stories of young Palestinian artists living in Gaza, the West Bank and inside Israel as they discover Hip Hop and employ it as a tool to surmount divisions imposed by occupation and poverty."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ad\u00e9lie Land", "paragraph_text": "Ad\u00e9lie Land (\"French: Terre Ad\u00e9lie\") is a claimed territory on the continent of Antarctica. It stretches from a coastline area along the Great Southern Ocean inland all the way to the South Pole. France administrates it as one of five districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands since 1955 and apply the Antarctic Treaty System rules since 1961. Article 4 deals with territorial claims, and although it does not renounce or diminish any preexisting claims to sovereignty, it also does not prejudice the position of Contracting Parties in their recognition or non-recognition of territorial sovereignty. France has had a permanent station in Ad\u00e9lie Land since April 9, 1950. The current Dumont d'Urville Station has a winter population around 33, but this goes up to about 78 during the Antarctic summer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954\u201355, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an \"expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain\". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Beth-zur", "paragraph_text": "Beth-Zur (also Beit Tzur, Bethsura) is a biblical site of historic and archaeological importance in the mountains of Hebron in southern Judea, now part of the West Bank. Beth Zur is mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible and the writings of the Roman Jewish historian Josephus. The Battle of Beth-Zur took place here in 164 BCE."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a \"foreign territory\". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}], "question": "Who lives in the area where Beth-zur is located and the territory attacked by Israel in 1955?"}
{"id": "3hop2__27343_228391_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dani\u00eblle Bekkering", "paragraph_text": "Dani\u00eblle Bekkering (born 25 December 1976 in Groningen) is a Dutch marathon speed skater, short track speed skater and cyclist who currently lives in Den Ham (Groningen). Bekkering has several nicknames like Beeks, Daantje and Dikkie Dik. Her sister Eyelien is also a cyclist."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/\u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l/ or /\u02c8\u026azri\u02d0\u0259l/; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Yisr\u0101'el; Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medi\u02c8nat jis\u0281a\u02c8\u0294el] ( listen); Arabic: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Dawlat Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u02c8\u0294i\u02d0l]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation. India is also the third-largest Asian economic partner of Israel and the two countries have military as well as extensive space technology ties. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year. Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests. Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of countries by Internet connection speeds", "paragraph_text": "Rank Country / Territory Avg. connection speed (Mb / s) Relative speed - Global 5.6 5.6 South Korea 26.7 26.7 Sweden 19.1 19.1 Norway 18.8 18.8 Japan 17.4 17.4 5 Netherlands 17.0 17 6 Hong Kong 16.8 16.8 7 Latvia 16.7 16.7 8 Switzerland 16.7 16.7 9 Finland 16.6 16.6 10 Denmark 16.1 16.1"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a \"foreign territory\". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Slingshot Hip Hop", "paragraph_text": "Slingshot Hip Hop is a 2008 documentary film directed by Jackie Reem Salloum which traces the history and development of Palestinian hip hop, in the Palestinian territories from the time DAM pioneered the art form in the late 1990s. It braids together the stories of young Palestinian artists living in Gaza, the West Bank and inside Israel as they discover Hip Hop and employ it as a tool to surmount divisions imposed by occupation and poverty."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954\u201355, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an \"expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain\". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry \u2013 the Kahan Commission \u2013 would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Speed Sisters", "paragraph_text": "The Speed Sisters are an all-female, Palestinian automobile racing team that compete on the West Bank's professional car racing circuit."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2012", "paragraph_text": "The following is a detailed list of Palestinian rocket and mortar attacks on Israel in 2012. All of the attacks originated in the Gaza Strip, unless stated otherwise."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War", "paragraph_text": "On 15 May 1948, the ongoing civil war transformed into an inter-state conflict between Israel and the Arab states, following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. A combined invasion by Egypt, Jordan and Syria, together with expeditionary forces from Iraq, entered Palestine -- Jordan having declared privately to Yishuv emissaries on 2 May that it would abide by a decision not to attack the Jewish state. The invading forces took control of the Arab areas and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The 10 months of fighting, interrupted by several truce periods, took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries. Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel: Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994, respectively, and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians. Under Israeli law, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, and Yemen are enemy countries, and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior. Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel under the Pahlavi dynasty but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the Islamic Revolution. As a result of the 2008\u201309 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "August 2012 Sinai attack", "paragraph_text": "The August 2012 Sinai attack occurred on 5 August 2012, when armed men ambushed an Egyptian military base in the Sinai Peninsula, killing 16 soldiers and stealing two armored cars, which they used to infiltrate into Israel. The attackers broke through the Kerem Shalom border crossing to Israel, where one of the vehicles exploded. They then engaged in a firefight with soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces, during which six of the attackers were killed. No Israelis were injured."}], "question": "Who lives in the country where The Speed Sisters takes place and the territory attacked by Israel in 1955?"}
{"id": "3hop2__27343_27436_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Uri Davis", "paragraph_text": "Uriel \"Uri\" Davis ( , born 8 June 1943 in Jerusalem) is an academic and a civil rights activist in Israel, Occupied Palestinian Territories and the Middle East. Davis has served as Vice-Chairman of the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights and as lecturer in Peace Studies at the University of Bradford. Davis describes himself as \"a Palestinian Hebrew national of Jewish origin, anti-Zionist, registered as Muslim and a citizen of an apartheid state - the State of Israel.\" A member of Fatah since 1984, he was elected to the Revolutionary Council for the Palestinian party in 2009."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. More than a thousand people were killed in the violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded US calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy. It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic. On November 22, Japan issued a statement \"asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\". By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2012", "paragraph_text": "The following is a detailed list of Palestinian rocket and mortar attacks on Israel in 2012. All of the attacks originated in the Gaza Strip, unless stated otherwise."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "August 2012 Sinai attack", "paragraph_text": "The August 2012 Sinai attack occurred on 5 August 2012, when armed men ambushed an Egyptian military base in the Sinai Peninsula, killing 16 soldiers and stealing two armored cars, which they used to infiltrate into Israel. The attackers broke through the Kerem Shalom border crossing to Israel, where one of the vehicles exploded. They then engaged in a firefight with soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces, during which six of the attackers were killed. No Israelis were injured."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)", "paragraph_text": "Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom until around 720 BCE, when it was again invaded by Assyria and the rest of the population deported. The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled, becoming known as the Ten Lost Tribes, leaving only the Tribe of Judah, the Tribe of Simeon (that was ``absorbed ''into Judah), the Tribe of Benjamin and the people of the Tribe of Levi who lived among them of the original Israelites nation in the southern Kingdom of Judah. However, in their book The Bible Unearthed, authors Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman estimate that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath - Pileser III and Sargon II. Many also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water (Siloam) to be provided by King Hezekiah."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954\u201355, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an \"expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain\". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Around 930 BCE, the kingdom split into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel. From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire. Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 BCE). An Israelite revolt (724\u2013722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of Samaria by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sargon's son, Sennacherib, tried and failed to conquer Judah. Assyrian records say he leveled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem, leaving after receiving extensive tribute."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Film that Wasn't", "paragraph_text": "The Film that Wasn't (\u05d4\u05e1\u05e8\u05d8 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4) is a two-part documentary series about interrogations in Israel and the Occupied Territories, including the use of torture in those interrogations. It aired on Israeli television in 1993 and 1994. The film was directed by Ram Loevy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be \"baseless\". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a \"foreign territory\". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with about half of its former arsenals and broke diplomatic relations with Israel. Nasser cut relations with the US following the war, and, according to Aburish, his policy of \"playing the superpowers against each other\" ended. In November, Nasser accepted UN Resolution 242, which called for Israel's withdrawal from territories acquired in the war. His supporters claimed Nasser's move was meant to buy time to prepare for another confrontation with Israel, while his detractors believed his acceptance of the resolution signaled a waning interest in Palestinian independence."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Slingshot Hip Hop", "paragraph_text": "Slingshot Hip Hop is a 2008 documentary film directed by Jackie Reem Salloum which traces the history and development of Palestinian hip hop, in the Palestinian territories from the time DAM pioneered the art form in the late 1990s. It braids together the stories of young Palestinian artists living in Gaza, the West Bank and inside Israel as they discover Hip Hop and employ it as a tool to surmount divisions imposed by occupation and poverty."}], "question": "Who lives on the territory King Hussein was afraid Israel would obtain and the territory attacked by Israel in 1955?"}
{"id": "3hop2__27343_529420_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy. It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic. On November 22, Japan issued a statement \"asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\". By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "August 2012 Sinai attack", "paragraph_text": "The August 2012 Sinai attack occurred on 5 August 2012, when armed men ambushed an Egyptian military base in the Sinai Peninsula, killing 16 soldiers and stealing two armored cars, which they used to infiltrate into Israel. The attackers broke through the Kerem Shalom border crossing to Israel, where one of the vehicles exploded. They then engaged in a firefight with soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces, during which six of the attackers were killed. No Israelis were injured."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slingshot Hip Hop", "paragraph_text": "Slingshot Hip Hop is a 2008 documentary film directed by Jackie Reem Salloum which traces the history and development of Palestinian hip hop, in the Palestinian territories from the time DAM pioneered the art form in the late 1990s. It braids together the stories of young Palestinian artists living in Gaza, the West Bank and inside Israel as they discover Hip Hop and employ it as a tool to surmount divisions imposed by occupation and poverty."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/\u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l/ or /\u02c8\u026azri\u02d0\u0259l/; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Yisr\u0101'el; Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medi\u02c8nat jis\u0281a\u02c8\u0294el] ( listen); Arabic: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Dawlat Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u02c8\u0294i\u02d0l]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Adei Ad", "paragraph_text": "The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation. India is also the third-largest Asian economic partner of Israel and the two countries have military as well as extensive space technology ties. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year. Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests. Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing was a suicide bombing which occurred on May 18, 2001 in the HaSharon Mall in Netanya, Israel. Six people were killed in the attack."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/ \u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l /; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954\u201355, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an \"expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain\". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry \u2013 the Kahan Commission \u2013 would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bradley Fish", "paragraph_text": "Bradley Fish (b. Bethesda, Maryland, 1970) is an American born musician based in Israel. He relocated to Israel in 2004, first living in Tel Aviv, and finally settling in Jerusalem."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War", "paragraph_text": "On 15 May 1948, the ongoing civil war transformed into an inter-state conflict between Israel and the Arab states, following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. A combined invasion by Egypt, Jordan and Syria, together with expeditionary forces from Iraq, entered Palestine -- Jordan having declared privately to Yishuv emissaries on 2 May that it would abide by a decision not to attack the Jewish state. The invading forces took control of the Arab areas and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The 10 months of fighting, interrupted by several truce periods, took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon."}], "question": "Who lives on the territory where Adei Ad is located and the territory attacked by Israel in 1955?"}
{"id": "3hop2__529420_186472_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party. Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state. In the two years that followed, Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Israel\u2013Egypt Peace Treaty (1979). In return, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967, and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Goodwood Festival of Speed", "paragraph_text": "The Goodwood Festival of Speed was founded in 1993 by Lord March in order to bring motor racing back to the Goodwood estate -- a location steeped in British motor racing history. Shortly after taking over the estate in the early 1990s, Lord March (as he is formally known) wanted to bring back motor racing to Goodwood Circuit, but did not have the necessary permit to host a race there. Therefore, he instead hosted it on his own grounds. With a small selection of entrants made up of invited historic vehicles, the first event that took place on Sunday 13 June proved to be a success, taking in a crowd of 25,000 despite a date clash with the 24 Hours of Le Mans that year. After the first event's date clash, Lord March would ensure that the event would never be allowed to clash with either Le Mans or Formula One races. In 1994, Saturday was added, making it a weekend event. In 1996, Friday was added, making it a three - day event. In 2010, the Moving Motor Show was added on the Thursday."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Juhor ad-Dik", "paragraph_text": "Juhor ad-Dik () is a Palestinian village in the Gaza Governorate, south of Gaza City, in the central Gaza Strip. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the village had a population of 3,200 inhabitants in 2006. In the 1997 census by the PCBS, Palestinian refugees made up 72.3% of the population which at the time was 2,275."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2012", "paragraph_text": "The following is a detailed list of Palestinian rocket and mortar attacks on Israel in 2012. All of the attacks originated in the Gaza Strip, unless stated otherwise."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ami'oz", "paragraph_text": "Ami'oz () is a moshav in southern Israel. Located in the Hevel Eshkol area of the north-western Negev desert near the border with the Gaza Strip, it falls under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In it had a population of ."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty, Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Despite that, Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians. Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East, most notably its handling of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the peace process. Egypt's ceasefire and truce brokering efforts in Gaza have hardly been challenged following Israel's evacuation of its settlements from the strip in 2005, despite increasing animosity towards the Hamas government in Gaza following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi, and despite recent attempts by countries like Turkey and Qatar to take over this role."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slingshot Hip Hop", "paragraph_text": "Slingshot Hip Hop is a 2008 documentary film directed by Jackie Reem Salloum which traces the history and development of Palestinian hip hop, in the Palestinian territories from the time DAM pioneered the art form in the late 1990s. It braids together the stories of young Palestinian artists living in Gaza, the West Bank and inside Israel as they discover Hip Hop and employ it as a tool to surmount divisions imposed by occupation and poverty."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries. Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel: Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994, respectively, and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians. Under Israeli law, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, and Yemen are enemy countries, and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior. Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel under the Pahlavi dynasty but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the Islamic Revolution. As a result of the 2008\u201309 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Adei Ad", "paragraph_text": "The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Iron Dome", "paragraph_text": "Iron Dome was declared operational and initially deployed on 27 March 2011 near Beersheba. On 7 April 2011, the system successfully intercepted a BM-21 Grad launched from Gaza for the first time. On 10 March 2012, \"The Jerusalem Post\" reported that the system shot down 90% of rockets launched from Gaza that would have landed in populated areas. By November 2012, official statements indicated that it had intercepted over 400 rockets. By late October 2014, the Iron Dome systems had intercepted over 1,200 rockets."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Hamas has continued to be a major player in Palestine. From 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or \"martyrdom operations\". In the January 2006 legislative election\u2014its first foray into the political process\u2014it won the majority of the seats, and in 2007 it drove the PLO out of Gaza. Hamas has been praised by Muslims for driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip, but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the 2008-9 and 2014 Gaza Wars despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Seven Jewish Children", "paragraph_text": "Seven Jewish Children: A Play for Gaza is a six-page, 10-minute play by British playwright Caryl Churchill, written in response to the 2008-2009 Israel military strike on Gaza, and first performed at London's Royal Court Theatre on 6 February 2009. Churchill, a patron of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, has said that anyone wishing to produce it may do so \"gratis\", so long as they hold a collection for the people of Gaza at the end."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/\u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l/ or /\u02c8\u026azri\u02d0\u0259l/; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Yisr\u0101'el; Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medi\u02c8nat jis\u0281a\u02c8\u0294el] ( listen); Arabic: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Dawlat Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u02c8\u0294i\u02d0l]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/ \u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l /; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "March 2012 Gaza\u2013Israel clashes", "paragraph_text": "Operation Returning Echo (\u05de\u05d1\u05e6\u05e2 \u05d4\u05d3 \u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05e8) was an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) military operation in the Gaza Strip from March 9 until March 14, 2012. It was the worst outbreak of violence covered by the media in the region since the 2008\u20132009 Gaza War (Operation Cast Lead)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a \"foreign territory\". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation. India is also the third-largest Asian economic partner of Israel and the two countries have military as well as extensive space technology ties. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year. Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests. Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014."}], "question": "Who lives in the territory where Adei Ad is located and the place where the March 2012 Gaza\u2013Israel clashes occurred?"}
{"id": "3hop2__529420_626534_56028", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ami'oz", "paragraph_text": "Ami'oz () is a moshav in southern Israel. Located in the Hevel Eshkol area of the north-western Negev desert near the border with the Gaza Strip, it falls under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In it had a population of ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty, Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Despite that, Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians. Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East, most notably its handling of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the peace process. Egypt's ceasefire and truce brokering efforts in Gaza have hardly been challenged following Israel's evacuation of its settlements from the strip in 2005, despite increasing animosity towards the Hamas government in Gaza following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi, and despite recent attempts by countries like Turkey and Qatar to take over this role."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a \"foreign territory\". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Palestinian territories", "paragraph_text": "Palestinian territories and occupied Palestinian territories (OPT or oPt) are terms often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel. Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute. The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/ \u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l /; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Operation Pillar of Defense", "paragraph_text": "Operation Pillar of Defense (, \"\u02bfAm\u00fad \u02bfAn\u00e1n\", literally: \"Pillar of Cloud\") was an eight-day Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operation in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, which began on 14 November 2012 with the killing of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas by an Israeli airstrike."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party. Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state. In the two years that followed, Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Israel\u2013Egypt Peace Treaty (1979). In return, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967, and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries. Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel: Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994, respectively, and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians. Under Israeli law, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, and Yemen are enemy countries, and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior. Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel under the Pahlavi dynasty but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the Islamic Revolution. As a result of the 2008\u201309 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Adei Ad", "paragraph_text": "The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 2009[update], over 300,000 Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel, including settlements that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War, in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion. In 2011, there were 250,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem. 20,000 Israelis live in Golan Heights settlements. The total number of Israeli settlers is over 500,000 (6.5% of the Israeli population). Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip, until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/\u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l/ or /\u02c8\u026azri\u02d0\u0259l/; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Yisr\u0101'el; Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medi\u02c8nat jis\u0281a\u02c8\u0294el] ( listen); Arabic: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Dawlat Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u02c8\u0294i\u02d0l]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2012", "paragraph_text": "The following is a detailed list of Palestinian rocket and mortar attacks on Israel in 2012. All of the attacks originated in the Gaza Strip, unless stated otherwise."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Juhor ad-Dik", "paragraph_text": "Juhor ad-Dik () is a Palestinian village in the Gaza Governorate, south of Gaza City, in the central Gaza Strip. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the village had a population of 3,200 inhabitants in 2006. In the 1997 census by the PCBS, Palestinian refugees made up 72.3% of the population which at the time was 2,275."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Slingshot Hip Hop", "paragraph_text": "Slingshot Hip Hop is a 2008 documentary film directed by Jackie Reem Salloum which traces the history and development of Palestinian hip hop, in the Palestinian territories from the time DAM pioneered the art form in the late 1990s. It braids together the stories of young Palestinian artists living in Gaza, the West Bank and inside Israel as they discover Hip Hop and employ it as a tool to surmount divisions imposed by occupation and poverty."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Hamas has continued to be a major player in Palestine. From 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or \"martyrdom operations\". In the January 2006 legislative election\u2014its first foray into the political process\u2014it won the majority of the seats, and in 2007 it drove the PLO out of Gaza. Hamas has been praised by Muslims for driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip, but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the 2008-9 and 2014 Gaza Wars despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Seven Jewish Children", "paragraph_text": "Seven Jewish Children: A Play for Gaza is a six-page, 10-minute play by British playwright Caryl Churchill, written in response to the 2008-2009 Israel military strike on Gaza, and first performed at London's Royal Court Theatre on 6 February 2009. Churchill, a patron of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, has said that anyone wishing to produce it may do so \"gratis\", so long as they hold a collection for the people of Gaza at the end."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "March 2010 Israel\u2013Gaza clashes", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Gaza clashes were military clashes in the Gaza Strip between Israeli forces and Palestinian armed groups that occurred in March 2010."}], "question": "Who lives on the location of the March 2010 Israel\u2013Gaza clashes and the territory where Adei Ad is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__43880_84501_68444", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Johnson Central High School", "paragraph_text": "Johnson Central High School is a public secondary school located at 257 North Mayo Trail on the northwest side of Paintsville, Kentucky, United States. The school serves as the Johnson County School District's consolidated high school."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "The city has an average elevation of 43 metres (141 ft). Its highest elevations are two hills: the Cerro de Montevideo and the Cerro de la Victoria, with the highest point, the peak of Cerro de Montevideo, crowned by a fortress, the Fortaleza del Cerro at a height of 134 metres (440 ft). Closest cities by road are Las Piedras to the north and the so-called Ciudad de la Costa (a conglomeration of coastal towns) to the east, both in the range of 20 to 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the city center. The approximate distances to the neighbouring department capitals by road are, 90 kilometres (56 mi) to San Jose de Mayo (San Jose Department) and 46 kilometres (29 mi) to Canelones (Canelones Department)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mayo GAA", "paragraph_text": "Mayo's unofficial supporters club is Mayo Club '51. Their crest is based on the current GAA crest, with the famous mountain Croagh Patrick in green and the sea beneath it in red, signifying the county's coastline. The name of the club commemorates the year that the Mayo senior footballers last won the Sam Maguire Cup, a year which is synonymous with Mayo football."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico. ``Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. ''"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "R\u00edo Fr\u00edo de Ju\u00e1rez", "paragraph_text": "R\u00edo Fr\u00edo de Ju\u00e1rez, originally R\u00edo Fr\u00edo (Cold River), a Mexican populated place, is located in the municipality of Ixtapaluca in the State of Mexico. R\u00edo Fr\u00edo de Ju\u00e1rez is located at the highest point on the highway between Mexico City to Puebla de Zaragoza being located at the top of the pass on the historic road between the two cities."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to Jos\u00e9 Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border. Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United States, established in 1789, is the highest federal court in the United States, with powers of judicial review first asserted in Calder v. Bull (1798) in Justice Iredell's dissenting opinion. The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803). There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Philippine Arena", "paragraph_text": "The Philippine Arena is the world's largest indoor arena. It is a multipurpose indoor arena with a maximum seating capacity of 55,000 at Ciudad de Victoria, a 140-hectare tourism enterprise zone in Bocaue and Santa Maria, Bulacan, Philippines about 30 kilometers north of Manila. It is one of the centerpieces of the many centennial projects of the Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC) for their centennial celebration on July 27, 2014. The legal owner of the arena is the INC's educational institution, New Era University."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4, 1789 (228 years ago) (1789 - 03 - 04) Country United States Location Washington, D.C., United States Coordinates 38 \u00b0 53 \u2032 26 ''N 77 \u00b0 00 \u2032 16'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.89056 \u00b0 N 77.00444 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.89056; - 77.00444 Coordinates: 38 \u00b0 53 \u2032 26 ''N 77 \u00b0 00 \u2032 16'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.89056 \u00b0 N 77.00444 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.89056; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9, by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John G. Roberts Since September 29, 2005"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Festa Junina", "paragraph_text": "Festas Juninas (, \"June Festivals\"), also known as festas de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o for their part in celebrating the nativity of St. John the Baptist (June 24), are the annual Brazilian celebrations adapted from European Midsummer that take place in the southern midwinter. These festivities, which were introduced by the Portuguese during the colonial period (1500\u20131822), are celebrated during the month of June nationwide. The festival is mainly celebrated on the eves of the Catholic solemnities of Saint Anthony, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Legal Services NYC", "paragraph_text": "Legal Services NYC (LSNYC) is a non-profit organization that provides free civil legal assistance to low-income people in New York City. The community-based organization serves more than 100,000 clients annually. It is the nation's largest organization exclusively devoted to providing free civil services to the poor, with programs located in low-income neighborhoods throughout New York City."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jagiellonian Library", "paragraph_text": "Jagiellonian Library (, popular nickname \"Jagiellonka\") is the library of the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w and with almost 6.7 million volumes, one of the largest libraries in Poland, serving as a public library, university library and part of the Polish national library system. It has a large collection of medieval manuscripts, for example Copernicus' \"De Revolutionibus\" and Jan D\u0142ugosz's \"Banderia Prutenorum\", and a large collection of underground literature (so-called \"drugi obieg\" or samizdat) from the period of communist rule in Poland (1945\u20131989). The Jagiellonian also houses the \"Berlinka\" art collection, whose legal status is in dispute with Germany."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Soltau", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Soltau () took place on 28 June 1519 and was the military climax of the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud which lasted from 1519\u20131523. Some sources describe it as \"the last knights' battle\" (\"Die letzte Ritterschlacht\")."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Next (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Next is a 2006 techno-thriller novel by Michael Crichton, the last to be published during his lifetime. \"Next\" takes place in the present world, where both the government and private investors spend billions of dollars every year on genetic research. The novel follows many characters, including transgenic animals, in the quest to survive in a world dominated by genetic research, corporate greed, and legal interventions."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico. More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico, the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Red Wing Medical Center", "paragraph_text": "Mayo Clinic Health System in Red Wing (part of Mayo Clinic Health System) is a 50-bed hospital located in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States. Opened in 2001, it combines a clinic and hospital in one facility."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2010 Belgian Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Belgian Grand Prix was the 66th Belgian Grand Prix and the thirteenth round of the 2010 Formula One season. It was held at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Spa, Belgium on 29 August 2010. Williams driver Rubens Barrichello celebrated his 300th Grand Prix. Lewis Hamilton claimed victory, to take the championship lead from pole-sitter Mark Webber, who finished second. Robert Kubica finished in third position, taking his last Formula One podium finish to date."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Danilo Alvim", "paragraph_text": "Danilo Alvim was an amateur playing with Am\u00e9rica when Fl\u00e1vio Costa's Rio de Janeiro squad practiced against them in 1941. He was asked to fill in for one of the injured players and so impressed the famous coach that he was asked to join the squad. At first he thought it was a joke, but when he realized it was true he went out to celebrate. On his way back home he was hit by a car and had his leg broken (in 39 places according to some sources)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "The Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo is a skyscraper in the city of Santa Cruz on the Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, located on Avenida Tres de Mayo."}], "question": "Where is the last or highest source for legal disputes in the country home to the largest Cinco de Mayo celebrations located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__145288_839279_77316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rogers Township, Cass County, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Rogers Township is a township in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 43 as of the 2000 census. Rogers Township was named for William A. Rogers, an early settler."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Franklin Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brondesbury Park", "paragraph_text": "Brondesbury Park is a suburb and electoral ward of the London Borough of Brent. It is the part of Brondesbury which is not interwoven with Kilburn due to the naming of a major tube station (Kilburn) and is centred on Brondesbury Park railway station and the street, an avenue, which shares its name. The area has a number of open spaces, primarily: Queen's Park and Tiverton Green."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roger Franklin", "paragraph_text": "Roger Franklin (born September 7, 1990) is a professional basketball player who was born in Duncanville, Texas. He currently plays for Black Star Mersch in the Luxembourgian Total League."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Roger L. Green", "paragraph_text": "Roger L. Green (born June 23, 1949) is an American legislator who served in the New York State Assembly for 26 years, from 1981 to 2007 (with a brief interruption in 2004), representing District 57 which, allowing for redistricting adjustments, has primarily comprised the New York City borough of Brooklyn neighborhoods Fort Greene, Clinton Hill, Prospect Heights, Park Slope and Bedford-Stuyvesant. He was the first Muslim member of the Assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dryhope", "paragraph_text": "Dryhope is a village in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, by St. Mary's Loch, on the A708. Known for its rolling green hills and ample walking paths. Also home of St Mary's Loch, the largest natural loch in the Scottish Borders."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Howard N. Potts Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Howard N. Potts Medal was one of The Franklin Institute Awards for science and engineering award presented by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named for Howard N. Potts. The awards program started in 1824. The first Howard N. Potts Medal was awarded in 1911. After 1991, the Franklin Institute merged many of their historical awards into the Benjamin Franklin Medal."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Leeds Permanent Building Society", "paragraph_text": "Then in 1995, the Leeds merged with the Halifax Building Society, which shortly afterwards converted to plc status. After its merger with the Halifax the use of the Leeds Building Society name had ceased. In turn the Halifax had merged with Bank of Scotland to form HBOS in 2001 which in turn became part of Lloyds Banking Group in 2009 due to the collapse of its share price and exposure to the credit crunch."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Moira, New York", "paragraph_text": "Moira is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States. The population was 2,934 at the 2010 census. Moira is located on the western border of Franklin County and is west of Malone. The town was named for the Earl of Moira. The correct pronunciation of Moira is mo\u028a-a\u026a-r\u028c (or moh-I-ruh)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Warren, Vermont", "paragraph_text": "Warren is a town in Washington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,705 at the 2010 census. The center of population of Vermont is located in Warren. It is set between the two ranges of the Green Mountains, with approximately 25% of the town under Green Mountain National Forest ownership. Sugarbush Resort located here is a ski resort, and the town is traversed by the Long Trail, a hiking trail running from the border with Massachusetts to the Canada\u2013US border."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lago Verde (Queyras)", "paragraph_text": "Lago Verde (Italian for \"green lake\") is a lake which is located in Italy, close to the French border and the Queyras valley."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Samuel Davis House (Mifflin Township, Franklin County, Ohio)", "paragraph_text": "The Samuel Davis House is a historic farmhouse located near the cities of Columbus and Dublin in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. One of the county's older buildings, it was home to a pioneer settler, and it has been named a historic site."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Martin Piller", "paragraph_text": "Piller was born in Dallas, Texas and grew up in Duncanville, Texas. He graduated from Texas A&M University. He turned professional in 2008 and won his first start as a pro at the Texas State Open."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "White House", "paragraph_text": "The building was originally variously referred to as the ``President's Palace '',`` Presidential Mansion'', or ``President's House ''. The earliest evidence of the public calling it the`` White House'' was recorded in 1811. A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered, giving the building its namesake hue. The name ``Executive Mansion ''was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having`` White House -- Washington'' engraved on the stationery in 1901. The current letterhead wording and arrangement ``The White House ''with the word`` Washington'' centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Plaza is a 72 - story, 280.7 m (921 ft) late - modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 30th tallest in the United States. It contains 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m) of office space. The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Toronto. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985."}], "question": "What is the name of the green building in the city that shares a border with where Roger Franklin was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__8202_391232_769830", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "K\u00e4figturm", "paragraph_text": "The K\u00e4figturm is a medieval tower in Bern, Switzerland. It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern and the tower is a Cultural Property of National Significance The original tower was built as a gate house during the second expansion of Bern in 1256. The tower was demolished in 1640 and completely rebuilt immediately thereafter."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2008 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix was the fifteenth round of the 2008 MotoGP Championship. It took place on the weekend of 26\u201328 September 2008 at the Twin Ring Motegi, located in Motegi, Japan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hubert Marischka", "paragraph_text": "Hubert Marischka (27 August 1882 \u2013 4 December 1959), brother of Ernst Marischka, was an Austrian operetta tenor, actor, film director and screenwriter."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Neuengasse", "paragraph_text": "The Neuengasse is one of the streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland. It is part of the \u00c4ussere Neustadt which was built during the third expansion of the city in 1344 to 1346. It runs from Waisenhausplatz in the east toward the main train station. It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [b\u025brn] ( listen); French: Berne [b\u025b\u0281n]; Italian: Berna [\u02c8b\u025brna]; Romansh: Berna  [\u02c8b\u025brn\u0250] (help\u00b7info); Bernese German: B\u00e4rn [b\u0325\u00e6\u02d0rn]) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or \"federal city\".[note 1] With a population of 140,634 (November 2015), Bern is the fifth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000. Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Texas Rangers (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "The franchise was established in 1961 as the Washington Senators, an expansion team awarded to Washington, D.C., after the city's first AL ballclub, the second Washington Senators, moved to Minnesota and became the Twins (the original Washington Senators played primarily in the National League during the 1890s). After the 1971 season, the new Senators moved to Arlington, Texas, and debuted as the Rangers the following spring."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kankroli", "paragraph_text": "(Rajsamand) is a city located in the district of Rajsamand in Rajasthan, India. It is located about north of Udaipur and forms a twin city with Rajsamand."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "V\u00edctor Manuel Mej\u00eda M\u00fanera", "paragraph_text": "V\u00edctor Manuel Mej\u00eda M\u00fanera (July 11, 1959 \u2013 April 29, 2008), aka \"El Mellizo (the twin)\" or \"Pablo Arauca\", was a Colombian drug lord and former paramilitary leader along twin brother Miguel \u00c1ngel of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) commanding the Bloque Vencedores de Arauca which demobilized in 2006."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Season in Salzburg (1952 film)", "paragraph_text": "Season in Salzburg (German:Saison in Salzburg) is a 1952 Austrian musical film directed by Ernst Marischka and starring Johanna Matz, Adrian Hoven and Walter M\u00fcller. It is based on the operetta \"Season in Salzburg\" by Fred Raymond, Kurt Feltz and Max Wallner. It depicts a number of misunderstandings during the musical season in Salzburg."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Supergirl characters", "paragraph_text": "Alura Zor - El (portrayed by Laura Benanti in season one and two, Erica Durance in season three) -- Kara's biological mother who is the twin sister of Astra In - Ze. Alura's guidance (both in flashbacks, and as a Kryptonian Artificial Intelligence which acts as Kara's holographic virtual ``mother '', whose advice Kara can access in the present day) proves invaluable in Kara's journey. Due to a fail - safe that Zor - El built around Argo City to protect it from Krypton's explosion, Alura is still alive and is part of Argo City's High Council."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The NBA's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City's Ford Center, now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena, for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics, a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC, a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clayton Bennett, relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008\u201309 season, becoming the state's first permanent major league franchise."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jerry Cram", "paragraph_text": "Gerald Allen Cram (born December 9, 1947 in Los Angeles, California) Cram spent parts of four seasons in the major leagues with the Kansas City Royals (1969, 1976) and New York Mets (1974\u201375) compiling an 0\u20133 record and 2.98 ERA over 23 career appearances. He began his professional career in the Minnesota Twins organization before selection in MLB expansion draft by the Kansas City Royals. He was traded to the New York Mets in 1973 and then was eventually dealt back to Kansas City three years later. He earned American Association All-Star honors in 1976. His Final professional season came in 1981 with Triple-A Omaha. Cram has spent the last nine years coaching in the San Francisco Giants Organization. First as pitching coach with Class A Advanced San Jose Giants from 2001 to 2003. Then as the pitching coach for the Short Season A Salem-Keizer Volcanoes from 2004 to 2008 before returning to the San Jose Giants as pitching coach for the 2009 season. In December 2009 it was announced he would be returning to the San Jose Giants as pitching coach for the 2010 season."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Biblioth\u00e8que nationale suisse, the Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der K\u00fcnste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst and the Hochschule der K\u00fcnste Bern, Musikbibliothek. There was a combined total (as of 2008[update]) of 10,308,336 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 2,627,973 items were loaned out."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Toffen", "paragraph_text": "Toffen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It lies approximately 10\u00a0km south of the city of Bern."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Junction City, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Junction City is a city in Union County, Arkansas, United States, and is the twin city of neighboring Junction City, Louisiana. The population was 721 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2009 Seattle Sounders FC season", "paragraph_text": "Seattle Sounders FC was given first negotiation rights to any player that was not drafted in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft and joined the USL Sounders for the 2008 season. The team was also allowed to promote as many players from the 2008 USL Sounders squad as they'd chose, as long as the player's rights were not controlled by another team. Seattle Sounders FC officially announced the 2007 USL First Division MVP and former USL Sounder S\u00e9bastien Le Toux as its first signing on May 7, 2008. On August 14, 2008, the Sounders announced in a press conference their second signing for the 2009 season, former United States men's national team goalkeeper Kasey Keller, a Washington native. On September 5, 2008, Seattle Sounders FC announced the third signee for the franchise to be Sanna Nyassi from Gambia. Nyassi, a 19 - year - old midfielder, was a member of the Gambia U-20 national team at the 2007 FIFA Championship. Sanna's twin brother, Sainey Nyassi, was signed by the Revolution and is a regular starter in MLS this season. On October 28, 2008, it was officially announced that the Sounders had signed Swedish midfielder Fredrik Ljungberg using the Designated Player Rule. He signed a two - year contract reported to be worth $2.5 million per season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mounds View, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Mounds View is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 12,155 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Samuel Schmid", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Schmid (born 8 January 1947 in R\u00fcti bei B\u00fcren, Canton of Bern) is a Swiss politician who was a member of the Swiss Federal Council from 2000 to 2008. He was the head of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports (notably acting as a defense minister for Switzerland)."}], "question": "Who is sibling of the screenwriter of season in the twinning city of Bern in 2008?"}
{"id": "3hop2__76873_19506_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jeroniki", "paragraph_text": "Jeroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Choroszcz and west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "British Antarctic Territory", "paragraph_text": "The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60\u00b0S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bia\u0142ystok Department", "paragraph_text": "The Bia\u0142ystok Department (German: \"Kammerdepartement Bialystok\", Polish:\"Departament bia\u0142ostocki\") was part of the New East Prussia Province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1795 to 1807. It was created out of territory annexed in the Third Partition of Poland and included parts of Podlaskie."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Macau", "paragraph_text": "Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire, after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557. Originally governing under Chinese authority and sovereignty, Portugal was given perpetual occupation rights for Macau in 1887. Macau remained under Portuguese control until 1999, when it was returned to China. As a special administrative region, Macau maintains a separate political and economic system apart from mainland China."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Juchnowiec Dolny", "paragraph_text": "Juchnowiec Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Return of the Crimson Guard", "paragraph_text": "Return of the Crimson Guard is a fantasy novel by Canadian author Ian Cameron Esslemont, his second book set in the world of the \"Malazan Book of the Fallen\", co-created with friend and colleague Steven Erikson. Chronologically, \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" takes place after the events in Erikson's sixth \"Malazan\" novel, \"The Bonehunters\". \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" is the second of six planned novels by Esslemont to take place in the Malazan world, starting with \"Night of Knives\" and followed by \"Stonewielder\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031'\u00a0E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011'\u00a0E. The region extends as a sector about 2600\u00a0km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000\u00a0km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Memoirs of a Geisha", "paragraph_text": "Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical novel by American author Arthur Golden, published in 1997. The novel, told in first person perspective, tells the story of a fictional geisha working in Kyoto, Japan, before and after World War II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina Micha\u0142owo", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Micha\u0142owo is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus. Its seat is the town of Micha\u0142owo, which lies approximately east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok. (Micha\u0142owo gained town status on 1 January 2009 \u2013 prior to that the district was classed as a rural gmina.)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Territory of the Saar Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Territory of the Saar Basin (, ; ) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. It had its own flag (adopted on July 28, 1920): a blue, white, and black horizontal tricolour. The blue and white stood for Bavaria, and white and black for Prussia, out of whose lands the Saar Territory was formed. Initially, the occupation was under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles. Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbr\u00fccken. The territory closely corresponds with the modern German state of Saarland, but was slightly smaller in area. After a plebiscite was held in 1935, it was returned to Germany."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "paragraph_text": "Raghunathrao, unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the British at Bombay and signed the Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein to the British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok", "paragraph_text": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok () is a Polish football club based in Bia\u0142ystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa, the top level of Polish football. The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Bia\u0142ystok. Jagiellonia play their home games at Bia\u0142ystok City Stadium."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ma\u0142ynka", "paragraph_text": "Ma\u0142ynka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Supra\u015bl", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Supra\u015bl is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Supra\u015bl, which lies approximately north-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}], "question": "Memoirs of a Geisha took place after a war. The regions of Bia\u0142ystok, Przemy\u015bl, and the territory given to the Poles in the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn were returned to what country after that war?"}
{"id": "3hop1__262158_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Department store", "paragraph_text": "Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester \u2013 although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spider-Man (2002 film)", "paragraph_text": "Norman, upon learning Oscorp's board members plan to sell the company, assassinates them at the World Unity Fair. Jameson quickly dubs the mysterious killer the Green Goblin. The Goblin offers Parker a place at his side, but Parker refuses. They fight, and Parker is wounded. At Thanksgiving dinner, May invites Mary Jane, Harry, and Norman. During the dinner, Norman sees the wound, and realizes Parker's identity. Shortly after he leaves, the Green Goblin attacks, and hospitalizes May."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ramblin' Wreck", "paragraph_text": "The Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech is the 1930 Ford Model A Sport coupe that serves as the official mascot of the student body at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The Wreck is present at all major sporting events and student body functions. Its most noticeable role is leading the football team into Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field, a duty which the Wreck has performed since 1961. The Ramblin' Wreck is mechanically and financially maintained on campus by students in Ramblin' Reck Club."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kendall County Courthouse (Illinois)", "paragraph_text": "The Kendall County Courthouse is a former courthouse in Yorkville, Kendall County, Illinois, United States. The original building was completed in 1864 but was later destroyed by fire. A replica of the Italianate structure was erected in 1887. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Frank Lampard", "paragraph_text": "Frank Lampard OBE Lampard with Chelsea in 2008 Full name Frank James Lampard Date of birth (1978 - 06 - 20) 20 June 1978 (age 40) Place of birth Romford, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.84 m) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Derby County (manager) Youth career 1994 -- 1995 West Ham United Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1995 -- 2001 West Ham United 148 (24) 1995 -- 1996 \u2192 Swansea City (loan) 9 (1) 2001 -- 2014 Chelsea 429 (147) 2014 -- 2015 Manchester City 32 (6) 2015 -- 2016 New York City 29 (15) Total 647 (193) National team 1997 -- 2000 England U21 19 (9) 1998 England B (0) 1999 -- 2014 England 106 (29) Teams managed 2018 -- Derby County * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Parent Trap (1998 film)", "paragraph_text": "Lindsay Lohan as Hallie Parker and Annie James, preteen twin sisters who were separated after birth. Following their parents' divorce, they were raised separately with no knowledge of each other -- until they meet at summer camp by chance. Dennis Quaid as Nicholas ``Nick ''Parker, Annie and Hallie's father, a wealthy American winemaker. Natasha Richardson as Elizabeth`` Liz'' James, Annie and Hallie's mother, a famous wealthy British wedding gown designer. Simon Kunz as Martin, the James family's butler, who falls in love with Chessy. Ronnie Stevens as Charles James, Elizabeth's father and Annie and Hallie's maternal grandfather. After he catches Hallie on the phone with Annie, she tells him about switching places. Lisa Ann Walter as Chessy, the Parker family's housekeeper, who meets and falls in love with Martin. She also discovers that ``Hallie ''is actually Annie after noticing her strange behavior. J. Patrick McCormack as Les Blake, Meredith's father. Joanna Barnes as Vicki Blake, Meredith's mother. Elaine Hendrix as Meredith Blake, a 26 - year - old publicist and child - hating gold - digger who is planning to marry Nick. Polly Holliday as Marva Kulp Sr., the owner and manager of Camp Walden. Maggie Wheeler as Marva Kulp Jr., Marva Kulp Sr.'s daughter and assistant."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chicago Tribune", "paragraph_text": "Chicago Tribune Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner (s) tronc, Inc. Founder (s) James Kelly, John E. Wheeler and Joseph K.C. Forrest Publisher Bruce Dold Editor Bruce Dold Associate editor Colin McMahon Managing editors Peter Kendall Director of Interactive Bill Adee (VP for Digital Development and Operations, Tribune Media Group) Opinion editor R. Bruce Dold Sports editor Joe Knowles Founded June 10, 1847; 171 years ago (1847 - 06 - 10) Political alignment Conservatism Language English Headquarters Tribune Tower 435 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 USA Country United States Circulation 448,930 daily 331,190 Saturday 853,324 Sunday ISSN 1085 - 6706 OCLC number 60639020 Website ChicagoTribune.com Media of the United States List of newspapers"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Steven Gerrard", "paragraph_text": "Steven Gerrard MBE Gerrard lining up for England at UEFA Euro 2012 Full name Steven George Gerrard Date of birth (1980 - 05 - 30) 30 May 1980 (age 37) Place of birth Whiston, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1989 -- 1998 Liverpool Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1998 -- 2015 Liverpool 504 (120) 2015 -- 2016 LA Galaxy 34 (5) Total 538 (125) National team 1999 -- 2000 England U21 (1) 2000 -- 2014 England 114 (21) Teams managed 2017 -- Liverpool U18s * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Henry H. Kendall", "paragraph_text": "Henry H. Kendall (1855 \u2013 February 29, 1943) was an American architect from Boston, Massachusetts. He wrote a letter to the U.S. Civil Service commission critiquing the low pay for government architects. Kendall was the senior partner in the firm Kendall, Taylor & Company. Several of his or the firm's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, for their architectural merit."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992; 26 years ago (1992 - 02 - 20) Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City (3rd title) (2017 -- 18) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) Most appearances Gareth Barry (653) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer (260 goals) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo with Portugal in June 2017 Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 33) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 290 (309) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 149 (81) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23: 30, 18 April 2018 (UTC) \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 50, 26 March 2018 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bobby Parker (footballer, born 1891)", "paragraph_text": "Born in Glasgow, Parker started off his career with spells at Ashfield and Rangers, before moving to play for Everton in 1913 for a fee of \u00a31,500. He finished top goalscorer for Everton in the 1913\u201314 and 1914\u201315 seasons, the latter of which he was top scorer overall in the First Division while Everton were crowned champions. The First World War robbed him from cementing a place amongst Everton's greats as he returned home with a bullet lodged in his back. The injury made him a shadow of his former self and he was later sold to Nottingham Forest."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "SS Josiah Parker", "paragraph_text": "SS Josiah Parker was a Liberty Ship built during World War II by Delta Shipbuilding Company, New Orleans, LA, of the EC2-S-C1 Type. The ship was named for Josiah Parker (1751 \u2013 1810), an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia in the First through Sixth United States Congresses."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 32) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 277 (289) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 147 (79) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15: 00, 23 December 2017 (UTC). \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 40, 10 October 2017 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "1966 FIFA World Cup 1966 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country England Dates 11 -- 30 July (20 days) Teams 16 (from 4 confederations) Venue (s) 8 (in 7 host cities) Final positions Champions England (1st title) Runners - up West Germany Third place Portugal Fourth place Soviet Union Tournament statistics Matches played 32 Goals scored 89 (2.78 per match) Attendance 1,563,135 (48,848 per match) Top scorer (s) Eus\u00e9bio (9 goals) Best player Bobby Charlton Best young player Franz Beckenbauer \u2190 1962 1970 \u2192"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea (5th title) (2016 -- 17) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League"}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the person who replaced Howard Kendall as manager for Bobby Parker's sports team?"}
{"id": "3hop2__19506_76873_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina Micha\u0142owo", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Micha\u0142owo is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus. Its seat is the town of Micha\u0142owo, which lies approximately east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok. (Micha\u0142owo gained town status on 1 January 2009 \u2013 prior to that the district was classed as a rural gmina.)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Antarctic Territory", "paragraph_text": "The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60\u00b0S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Macau", "paragraph_text": "Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire, after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557. Originally governing under Chinese authority and sovereignty, Portugal was given perpetual occupation rights for Macau in 1887. Macau remained under Portuguese control until 1999, when it was returned to China. As a special administrative region, Macau maintains a separate political and economic system apart from mainland China."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bia\u0142ystok Department", "paragraph_text": "The Bia\u0142ystok Department (German: \"Kammerdepartement Bialystok\", Polish:\"Departament bia\u0142ostocki\") was part of the New East Prussia Province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1795 to 1807. It was created out of territory annexed in the Third Partition of Poland and included parts of Podlaskie."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina Supra\u015bl", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Supra\u015bl is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Supra\u015bl, which lies approximately north-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Juchnowiec Dolny", "paragraph_text": "Juchnowiec Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Treaty of Sugauli", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 - 16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Koplany", "paragraph_text": "Koplany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south-west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Memoirs of a Geisha", "paragraph_text": "Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical novel by American author Arthur Golden, published in 1997. The novel, told in first person perspective, tells the story of a fictional geisha working in Kyoto, Japan, before and after World War II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "paragraph_text": "Raghunathrao, unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the British at Bombay and signed the Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein to the British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Return of the Crimson Guard", "paragraph_text": "Return of the Crimson Guard is a fantasy novel by Canadian author Ian Cameron Esslemont, his second book set in the world of the \"Malazan Book of the Fallen\", co-created with friend and colleague Steven Erikson. Chronologically, \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" takes place after the events in Erikson's sixth \"Malazan\" novel, \"The Bonehunters\". \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" is the second of six planned novels by Esslemont to take place in the Malazan world, starting with \"Night of Knives\" and followed by \"Stonewielder\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60\u00b0 S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jeroniki", "paragraph_text": "Jeroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Choroszcz and west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Territory of the Saar Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Territory of the Saar Basin (, ; ) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. It had its own flag (adopted on July 28, 1920): a blue, white, and black horizontal tricolour. The blue and white stood for Bavaria, and white and black for Prussia, out of whose lands the Saar Territory was formed. Initially, the occupation was under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles. Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbr\u00fccken. The territory closely corresponds with the modern German state of Saarland, but was slightly smaller in area. After a plebiscite was held in 1935, it was returned to Germany."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok", "paragraph_text": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok () is a Polish football club based in Bia\u0142ystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa, the top level of Polish football. The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Bia\u0142ystok. Jagiellonia play their home games at Bia\u0142ystok City Stadium."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}], "question": "To which country were Bialystok, Przemysl and the territory given to the Poles in the Treaty of Schonbrunn returned during which Memoirs of a Geisha took place?"}
{"id": "3hop1__438905_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992; 26 years ago (1992 - 02 - 20) Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City (3rd title) (2017 -- 18) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) Most appearances Gareth Barry (653) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer (260 goals) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "William Gackle", "paragraph_text": "William F. Gackle (born December 7, 1927), was an American politician who was a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives. As a Republican, he represented the 28th district from 1963 to 1964 and from 1967 to 1980. He attended Howard College in San Angelo, Texas and was later a farmer."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kendall County Courthouse (Illinois)", "paragraph_text": "The Kendall County Courthouse is a former courthouse in Yorkville, Kendall County, Illinois, United States. The original building was completed in 1864 but was later destroyed by fire. A replica of the Italianate structure was erected in 1887. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Steven Gerrard", "paragraph_text": "Steven Gerrard MBE Gerrard lining up for England at UEFA Euro 2012 Full name Steven George Gerrard Date of birth (1980 - 05 - 30) 30 May 1980 (age 37) Place of birth Whiston, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1989 -- 1998 Liverpool Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1998 -- 2015 Liverpool 504 (120) 2015 -- 2016 LA Galaxy 34 (5) Total 538 (125) National team 1999 -- 2000 England U21 (1) 2000 -- 2014 England 114 (21) Teams managed 2017 -- Liverpool U18s * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea (5th title) (2016 -- 17) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Frank Lampard", "paragraph_text": "Frank Lampard OBE Lampard with Chelsea in 2008 Full name Frank James Lampard Date of birth (1978 - 06 - 20) 20 June 1978 (age 40) Place of birth Romford, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.84 m) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Derby County (manager) Youth career 1994 -- 1995 West Ham United Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1995 -- 2001 West Ham United 148 (24) 1995 -- 1996 \u2192 Swansea City (loan) 9 (1) 2001 -- 2014 Chelsea 429 (147) 2014 -- 2015 Manchester City 32 (6) 2015 -- 2016 New York City 29 (15) Total 647 (193) National team 1997 -- 2000 England U21 19 (9) 1998 England B (0) 1999 -- 2014 England 106 (29) Teams managed 2018 -- Derby County * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The King's Cup", "paragraph_text": "The King's Cup is a 1933 British drama film directed by Alan Cobham, Donald Macardle, Herbert Wilcox and Robert Cullen and starring Chili Bouchier, Harry Milton and William Kendall. The film is named after the King\u2019s Cup Air Race, established by King George V in 1922 as an endurance race across Britain, to encourage development in engine design and the sport of aviation. Stars Chili Bouchier and Harry Milton were married at the time the film was made."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "George Farmer (footballer, born 1863)", "paragraph_text": "George Farmer (1863 \u2013 4 May 1905) was a Welsh footballer who played in the Football League for Everton. On signing from Oswestry Town he became Everton's first ever professional player, and was the first player to score in a recognised competitive match for the club - a 2\u20132 draw in an FA Cup First Round replay against Bolton Wanderers."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "St. Paul Saints", "paragraph_text": "St. Paul Saints Team logo Cap insignia Information League American Association (North Division) Location Saint Paul, Minnesota Ballpark CHS Field Year founded 1993 League championships 4 (1993, 1995, 1996, 2004) Division championships 6 (1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2015, 2016) Former league (s) Northern League (1993 -- 2005) Colors Blue, white Ownership Goldklang Group Manager George Tsamis General Manager Derek Sharrer Media Sean Aronson Website saintsbaseball.com"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 32) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 277 (289) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 147 (79) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15: 00, 23 December 2017 (UTC). \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 40, 10 October 2017 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo with Portugal in June 2017 Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 33) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 290 (309) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 149 (81) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23: 30, 18 April 2018 (UTC) \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 50, 26 March 2018 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chicago Tribune", "paragraph_text": "Chicago Tribune Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner (s) tronc, Inc. Founder (s) James Kelly, John E. Wheeler and Joseph K.C. Forrest Publisher Bruce Dold Editor Bruce Dold Associate editor Colin McMahon Managing editors Peter Kendall Director of Interactive Bill Adee (VP for Digital Development and Operations, Tribune Media Group) Opinion editor R. Bruce Dold Sports editor Joe Knowles Founded June 10, 1847; 171 years ago (1847 - 06 - 10) Political alignment Conservatism Language English Headquarters Tribune Tower 435 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 USA Country United States Circulation 448,930 daily 331,190 Saturday 853,324 Sunday ISSN 1085 - 6706 OCLC number 60639020 Website ChicagoTribune.com Media of the United States List of newspapers"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Albert Andrews", "paragraph_text": "Albert George Andrews (September 13, 1881 \u2013 October 25, 1960) was a provincial politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1922 to 1935 sitting with the United Farmers caucus in government."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Henry H. Kendall", "paragraph_text": "Henry H. Kendall (1855 \u2013 February 29, 1943) was an American architect from Boston, Massachusetts. He wrote a letter to the U.S. Civil Service commission critiquing the low pay for government architects. Kendall was the senior partner in the firm Kendall, Taylor & Company. Several of his or the firm's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, for their architectural merit."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Howard Lloyd Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "Howard Lloyd Kennedy (born April 13, 1928) was an American politician in the state of South Dakota. He was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from 1981 to 1992. He was a farmer and livestock feeder."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the person who replaced Howard Kendall as manager for George Farmer's team?"}
{"id": "3hop1__521763_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Frank Lampard", "paragraph_text": "Frank Lampard OBE Lampard with Chelsea in 2008 Full name Frank James Lampard Date of birth (1978 - 06 - 20) 20 June 1978 (age 40) Place of birth Romford, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.84 m) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Derby County (manager) Youth career 1994 -- 1995 West Ham United Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1995 -- 2001 West Ham United 148 (24) 1995 -- 1996 \u2192 Swansea City (loan) 9 (1) 2001 -- 2014 Chelsea 429 (147) 2014 -- 2015 Manchester City 32 (6) 2015 -- 2016 New York City 29 (15) Total 647 (193) National team 1997 -- 2000 England U21 19 (9) 1998 England B (0) 1999 -- 2014 England 106 (29) Teams managed 2018 -- Derby County * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Henry H. Kendall", "paragraph_text": "Henry H. Kendall (1855 \u2013 February 29, 1943) was an American architect from Boston, Massachusetts. He wrote a letter to the U.S. Civil Service commission critiquing the low pay for government architects. Kendall was the senior partner in the firm Kendall, Taylor & Company. Several of his or the firm's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, for their architectural merit."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea (5th title) (2016 -- 17) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "PEPO Lappeenranta", "paragraph_text": "PEPO Lappeenranta (abbreviated PEPO) is a football club from Lappeenranta in Finland. The club was formed in 1958 and their home ground is at the Kimpinen Sports Centre. The men's first team currently plays in the Kakkonen (Third Division). The chairman of PEPO is Kari Suninen and the men's first team is managed by Jyrki Saarela."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Steven Gerrard", "paragraph_text": "Steven Gerrard MBE Gerrard lining up for England at UEFA Euro 2012 Full name Steven George Gerrard Date of birth (1980 - 05 - 30) 30 May 1980 (age 37) Place of birth Whiston, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1989 -- 1998 Liverpool Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1998 -- 2015 Liverpool 504 (120) 2015 -- 2016 LA Galaxy 34 (5) Total 538 (125) National team 1999 -- 2000 England U21 (1) 2000 -- 2014 England 114 (21) Teams managed 2017 -- Liverpool U18s * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Very Brady Christmas", "paragraph_text": "A Very Brady Christmas is a 1988 American made - for - television comedy - drama film starring the original cast members of the 1969 -- 1974 sitcom The Brady Bunch, with the exception of Susan Olsen, who was on her honeymoon at the time of filming and was replaced by Jennifer Runyon in the role of Cindy. Ron Kuhlman and Jerry Houser both reprised their characters from the short - lived 1981 sitcom The Brady Brides."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ariostea (cycling team)", "paragraph_text": "Ariostea () was an Italian professional cycling team from 1984 to 1993. Its first team manager was Giorgio Vannucci; he was replaced in 1986 by Giancarlo Ferretti, who remained manager until the team was disbanded in 1993."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zhang Honggen", "paragraph_text": "Despite being only being thirty years old when he retired, Zhang Honggen would eventually move to management with Beijing Youth Team in 1970. After several seasons he replaced Nian Weisi in 1977 as manager of the Chinese football team, however his reign was uneventful and he left after only a year. He would return twice to this position in 1979 and 1982 to help the team for short periods, however these were again uneventful. In the 1985 Summer Universiade he guided China to a third-place position before he moved away from football and took several sport positions that included the National Sports Commission Training Council Advisory Committee, the National Sports Commission and the Sports Services Inc. as well as a position in the Chinese Football Association coaches committee. In 1994, he returned to management with Dalian Wanda and won the league title with them in his first attempt, however after that victory he decided to become the teams advisor. Once more returning to management in 1999 with second tier club Chengdu Blades he only served for a short period because he was diagnosed of gastric cancer and had to resign, in 2003 he would later die of gastric pain."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 32) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 277 (289) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 147 (79) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15: 00, 23 December 2017 (UTC). \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 40, 10 October 2017 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Department store", "paragraph_text": "Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester \u2013 although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alec Brady", "paragraph_text": "In August 1889 Brady had been convinced to join Everton by their captain Andrew Hannah, also from Alec's hometown of Renton. However a dispute with his player registration meant he was given a two-month suspension. After scoring twice on his debut against Stoke and a hat-trick in the 11-2 against Derby in the FA Cup, Everton's record victory they narrowly missed out on winning the league trophy to Preston North End. In his second season with Everton they were crowned English League Champions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo with Portugal in June 2017 Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 33) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 290 (309) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 149 (81) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23: 30, 18 April 2018 (UTC) \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 50, 26 March 2018 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992; 26 years ago (1992 - 02 - 20) Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City (3rd title) (2017 -- 18) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) Most appearances Gareth Barry (653) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer (260 goals) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Comebacks", "paragraph_text": "The Comebacks is a 2007 American satirical comedy film directed by Tom Brady (film director). This film is a parody of the clich\u00e9s and plots of the sports film genre. In the UK, Greece, Finland, Australia and New Zealand this film is called Sports Movie. The movie was released into theaters on October 19, 2007."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kendall County Courthouse (Illinois)", "paragraph_text": "The Kendall County Courthouse is a former courthouse in Yorkville, Kendall County, Illinois, United States. The original building was completed in 1864 but was later destroyed by fire. A replica of the Italianate structure was erected in 1887. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the person who replaced Howard Kendall as manager for Alec Brady's team?"}
{"id": "3hop1__42125_44360_74312", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wilderness Confederate order of battle", "paragraph_text": "The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5\u20137, 1864) of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization May 5\u20136, 1864, the army organization at beginning of the Campaign, the army organization during the Campaign and the reports."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ultimate Fighting Championship", "paragraph_text": "UFC matches vary in maximum length, depending on whether the match is for a Championship title, or is a fight card's ``main event ''fight. In all fights, each round can be no longer than five minutes. Championship fights last for a maximum of five rounds. Beginning with UFC 138 on November 5, 2011, non-championship`` main event'' fights (i.e. the final fight on the card) will also last for a maximum of five rounds. Non-main event bouts last for a maximum of three rounds. UFC on FX: Alves vs. Kampmann featured the organization's first two flyweight fights as part of its first flyweight tournament, which consists of bouts that, in the event of a draw, go to a fourth ``sudden victory ''round held to determine the winner, who advances. There is a one - minute rest period between rounds."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Department of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "The Department of Homeland Security was established on November 25, 2002, by the Homeland Security Act of 2002. It was intended to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to ``homeland security ''into a single Cabinet agency. The following 22 agencies were incorporated into the new department:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "War in Afghanistan (2001\u2013present)", "paragraph_text": "Immediately after the attacks, General Tommy Franks, then - commanding general of Central Command (CENTCOM), initially proposed to President George W. Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld that the U.S. invade Afghanistan using a conventional force of 60,000 troops, preceded by six months of preparation. Rumsfield and Bush feared that a conventional invasion of Afghanistan could bog down as had happened to the Soviets and the British. Rumsfield rejected Franks's plan, saying ``I want men on the ground now! ''Franks returned the next day with a plan utilizing U.S. Special Forces. On September 26, 2001, fifteen days after the 9 / 11 attack, the U.S. covertly inserted members of the CIA's Special Activities Division led by Gary Schroen as part of team Jawbreaker into Afghanistan, forming the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team. They linked up with the Northern Alliance as part of Task Force Dagger."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Leaders of the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "He left his country on a French steamer in 1911 and traveled extensively around the world participating actively in the Communist International before returning to Vietnam in 1941. He then organized and led the Viet Minh to fight for Vietnamese Independence. He became more popular for his declaration of Vietnam independence from France, which paraphrased a part of the U.S declaration of independence that says ``All men are created equal... ''Since 1945, he became a prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). In the late 1950s, Ho Chi Minh organized another communist guerrilla movement widely known as Viet Cong in South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of \"empowered caciques\" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted \"grassroots territorial organizations\" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lacanianism", "paragraph_text": "Lacanianism is the study of, and development of, the ideas and theories of the dissident French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. Beginning as a commentary on the writings of Freud, Lacanianism developed into a new psychoanalytic theory of humankind, and spawned a worldwide movement of its own."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Establishment of the World Health Organization", "paragraph_text": "The Establishment of World Health Organization occurred on 7 April 1948, when its new constitution was ratified by a twenty-sixth nation. Its establishment followed a period of discussions and consultation following World War II and the formation of the United Nations, of which it formed part."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Parker County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Parker County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 116,927. The county seat is Weatherford. The county was created in 1855 and organized the following year. It is named for Isaac Parker, a state legislator who introduced the bill that established the county in 1855."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15\u201333 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history. It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan on December 3, 2013; he cited its $18.5 billion debt and declared that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were unfeasible. On November 7, 2014, Judge Rhodes approved the city's bankruptcy plan, allowing the city to begin the process of exiting bankruptcy. The City of Detroit successfully exited Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy with all finances handed back to the city at midnight on December 11, 2014."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "European Documentation and Information Centre", "paragraph_text": "The European Documentation and Information Centre, abbreviated CEDI (), was a former think tank founded in 1952 on the occasion of an international congress held in Santander, Spain. The objective of the organization was to unite various European conservative and Christian Democratic political organizations which formed in several Western European states during postwar reconstruction, the emerging Cold War and the beginnings of what would later be called European integration. During the 1950s and the 1960s, the CEDI was an important contact pool for European politicians. During its early years the CEDI's ideology and program was dominated by its first president, Otto von Habsburg, son of the last emperor of Austria. It was dissolved in 1990 following the collapse of the Iron Curtain."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Running of the bulls", "paragraph_text": "The Pamplona encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE, the public Spanish national television channel, for over 30 years. It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival, which is held every year from 6 -- 14 July. The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 am. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the same direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls, and not be under the influence of alcohol."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}], "question": "When did the the U.S. begin fighting in the country from which in part emerged the organization spawned from thousands of madrasahs?"}
{"id": "3hop1__407357_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 32) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 277 (289) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 147 (79) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15: 00, 23 December 2017 (UTC). \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 40, 10 October 2017 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Merely Mrs. Stubbs", "paragraph_text": "Merely Mrs. Stubbs is a 1917 British silent drama film directed by Henry Edwards and starring Edwards, Alma Taylor and Lionelle Howard."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Frederick Winslow Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Winslow Taylor Taylor circa 1900 March 20, 1856 (1856 - 03 - 20) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. March 21, 1915 (1915 - 03 - 21) (aged 59) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Cause of death Pneumonia Resting place West Laurel Hill Cemetery Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, U.S. Nationality American Education Phillips Exeter Academy Alma mater Stevens Institute of Technology (BS) Occupation Efficiency expert Management consultant Known for ``Father ''of the Scientific management & Efficiency Movement, Father of Industrial Engineering Home town Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Spouse (s) Louise M. Spooner Children Kempton, Robert and Elizabeth (all adopted orphans) Parent (s) Franklin Taylor Emily Annette Winslow Awards Elliott Cresson Medal (1902)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Major League II", "paragraph_text": "Major League II also welcomes some new faces to the team. David Keith plays Jack Parkman, a selfish superstar catcher who is looking to replace the aging Jake Taylor (Tom Berenger) as the starter. Takaaki Ishibashi, of Japanese comedic duo Tunnels, is outfielder Isuro ``Kamikazi ''Tanaka who helps excite the team. Eric Bruskotter is rookie catcher Rube Baker who is getting used to the MLB life."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "America's Got Talent (season 8)", "paragraph_text": "America's Got Talent Season 8 Broadcast from June 4 -- September 18, 2013 Judges Howie Mandel Howard Stern Mel B Heidi Klum Host (s) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Kenichi Ebina Origin Japan Genre (s) Dancer Runner - up Taylor Williamson Chronology \u25c0 2013 \u25b6"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kendall County Courthouse (Illinois)", "paragraph_text": "The Kendall County Courthouse is a former courthouse in Yorkville, Kendall County, Illinois, United States. The original building was completed in 1864 but was later destroyed by fire. A replica of the Italianate structure was erected in 1887. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea (5th title) (2016 -- 17) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Steven Gerrard", "paragraph_text": "Steven Gerrard MBE Gerrard lining up for England at UEFA Euro 2012 Full name Steven George Gerrard Date of birth (1980 - 05 - 30) 30 May 1980 (age 37) Place of birth Whiston, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1989 -- 1998 Liverpool Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1998 -- 2015 Liverpool 504 (120) 2015 -- 2016 LA Galaxy 34 (5) Total 538 (125) National team 1999 -- 2000 England U21 (1) 2000 -- 2014 England 114 (21) Teams managed 2017 -- Liverpool U18s * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jack Taylor (footballer, born 1872)", "paragraph_text": "In the 1910 FA Cup semi-final against Barnsley Taylor was struck by the ball in the throat, damaging his larynx. This effectively ended his professional career and he was transferred to amateurs South Liverpool. Taylor is currently one of only 6 players to make 400 Football League appearances for Everton, making 456 in all competitions, 7th in the club's all-time appearance chart."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zhang Honggen", "paragraph_text": "Despite being only being thirty years old when he retired, Zhang Honggen would eventually move to management with Beijing Youth Team in 1970. After several seasons he replaced Nian Weisi in 1977 as manager of the Chinese football team, however his reign was uneventful and he left after only a year. He would return twice to this position in 1979 and 1982 to help the team for short periods, however these were again uneventful. In the 1985 Summer Universiade he guided China to a third-place position before he moved away from football and took several sport positions that included the National Sports Commission Training Council Advisory Committee, the National Sports Commission and the Sports Services Inc. as well as a position in the Chinese Football Association coaches committee. In 1994, he returned to management with Dalian Wanda and won the league title with them in his first attempt, however after that victory he decided to become the teams advisor. Once more returning to management in 1999 with second tier club Chengdu Blades he only served for a short period because he was diagnosed of gastric cancer and had to resign, in 2003 he would later die of gastric pain."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Frank Lampard", "paragraph_text": "Frank Lampard OBE Lampard with Chelsea in 2008 Full name Frank James Lampard Date of birth (1978 - 06 - 20) 20 June 1978 (age 40) Place of birth Romford, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.84 m) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Derby County (manager) Youth career 1994 -- 1995 West Ham United Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1995 -- 2001 West Ham United 148 (24) 1995 -- 1996 \u2192 Swansea City (loan) 9 (1) 2001 -- 2014 Chelsea 429 (147) 2014 -- 2015 Manchester City 32 (6) 2015 -- 2016 New York City 29 (15) Total 647 (193) National team 1997 -- 2000 England U21 19 (9) 1998 England B (0) 1999 -- 2014 England 106 (29) Teams managed 2018 -- Derby County * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mick Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Mick Taylor Taylor performing with The Rolling Stones Background information Birth name Michael Kevin Taylor Also known as Little Mick (1949 - 01 - 17) 17 January 1949 (age 69) Welwyn Garden City, England Genres Rock blues Occupation (s) Musician, singer, songwriter Instruments Guitar Years active 1964 -- present Labels Columbia, Decca, Rolling Stones, Atlantic, EMI, Virgin, CBS, Maze Records Associated acts John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, The Rolling Stones, The Jack Bruce Band, Carla Olson, The Gods, Mike Oldfield"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Department store", "paragraph_text": "Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester \u2013 although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chicago Tribune", "paragraph_text": "Chicago Tribune Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner (s) tronc, Inc. Founder (s) James Kelly, John E. Wheeler and Joseph K.C. Forrest Publisher Bruce Dold Editor Bruce Dold Associate editor Colin McMahon Managing editors Peter Kendall Director of Interactive Bill Adee (VP for Digital Development and Operations, Tribune Media Group) Opinion editor R. Bruce Dold Sports editor Joe Knowles Founded June 10, 1847; 171 years ago (1847 - 06 - 10) Political alignment Conservatism Language English Headquarters Tribune Tower 435 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 USA Country United States Circulation 448,930 daily 331,190 Saturday 853,324 Sunday ISSN 1085 - 6706 OCLC number 60639020 Website ChicagoTribune.com Media of the United States List of newspapers"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Henry H. Kendall", "paragraph_text": "Henry H. Kendall (1855 \u2013 February 29, 1943) was an American architect from Boston, Massachusetts. He wrote a letter to the U.S. Civil Service commission critiquing the low pay for government architects. Kendall was the senior partner in the firm Kendall, Taylor & Company. Several of his or the firm's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, for their architectural merit."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields."}], "question": "Where was was the next manager after Howard Kendall of the team Jack Taylor played for born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__42125_44360_28360", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stanley Theater (Jersey City, New Jersey)", "paragraph_text": "In 1983, the building was purchased by the Watch Tower Society for use as a convention and assembly hall for Jehovah's Witnesses. Thousands of Witness volunteers worked over a nine - month period to renovate the theater. Beginning in October 2012, the theater underwent further renovation by over 2,000 Witness volunteers from across the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Emergency Broadcast System", "paragraph_text": "The Emergency Broadcast System (EBS), occasionally called the Emergency Broadcasting System and sometimes called the Emergency Action Notification System (EANS), is a former emergency warning system used in the United States. It replaced the previous CONELRAD system and was used from 1963 to 1997, at which point it was replaced by the Emergency Alert System."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Al-Qaa airstrike", "paragraph_text": "The 2006 Qaa airstrike was an attack by the Israel Air Force (IAF) on a building in the area of al-Qaa around 10 kilometers (six miles) from Hermel in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon on 4 August 2006. The attack took place during the 2006 Lebanon War. Thirty-three farm workers, mostly Syrian and Lebanese Kurds, were killed during the airstrike."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Avicenna", "paragraph_text": "Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "East Bayfront", "paragraph_text": "East Bayfront, or the East Bayfront Precinct, is an emerging neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is currently undergoing a transformation from industrial use to mixed-use as part of Waterfront Toronto's plans to create a residential and commercial district urban core near the lake."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wilderness Confederate order of battle", "paragraph_text": "The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5\u20137, 1864) of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization May 5\u20136, 1864, the army organization at beginning of the Campaign, the army organization during the Campaign and the reports."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Establishment of the World Health Organization", "paragraph_text": "The Establishment of World Health Organization occurred on 7 April 1948, when its new constitution was ratified by a twenty-sixth nation. Its establishment followed a period of discussions and consultation following World War II and the formation of the United Nations, of which it formed part."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the Internet", "paragraph_text": "The Internet protocol suite (TCP / IP) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET, incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Substitute (association football)", "paragraph_text": "The origin of football substitutes goes back to at least the early 1860s as part of English public school football games. The original use of the term ``substitute ''in football was to describe the replacement of players who failed to turn up for matches. For example, in 1863, a match reports states:`` The Charterhouse eleven played a match in cloisters against some old Carthusians but in consequence of the non-appearance of some of those who were expected it was necessary to provide three substitutes. The substitution of absent players happened as early as the 1850s, for example from Eton College where the term ``emergencies'' is used. Numerous references to players acting as a`` substitute ''occur in matches in the mid-1860s where it is not indicated whether these were replacements of absent players or of players injured during the match."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Running of the bulls", "paragraph_text": "The Pamplona encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE, the public Spanish national television channel, for over 30 years. It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival, which is held every year from 6 -- 14 July. The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 am. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the same direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls, and not be under the influence of alcohol."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "European Documentation and Information Centre", "paragraph_text": "The European Documentation and Information Centre, abbreviated CEDI (), was a former think tank founded in 1952 on the occasion of an international congress held in Santander, Spain. The objective of the organization was to unite various European conservative and Christian Democratic political organizations which formed in several Western European states during postwar reconstruction, the emerging Cold War and the beginnings of what would later be called European integration. During the 1950s and the 1960s, the CEDI was an important contact pool for European politicians. During its early years the CEDI's ideology and program was dominated by its first president, Otto von Habsburg, son of the last emperor of Austria. It was dissolved in 1990 following the collapse of the Iron Curtain."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of \"empowered caciques\" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted \"grassroots territorial organizations\" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15\u201333 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples."}], "question": "When did the US begin airstrikes on the country out of which the organization spawned by thousands of madrasahs at least partially emerged?"}
{"id": "3hop1__174028_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 32) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 277 (289) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 147 (79) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15: 00, 23 December 2017 (UTC). \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 40, 10 October 2017 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ariostea (cycling team)", "paragraph_text": "Ariostea () was an Italian professional cycling team from 1984 to 1993. Its first team manager was Giorgio Vannucci; he was replaced in 1986 by Giancarlo Ferretti, who remained manager until the team was disbanded in 1993."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mohamed Fornah", "paragraph_text": "Mohamed Fornah (born November 20, 1987 in Freetown, Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean international footballer who is a defender and is currently playing for Perseta Tulungagung in the Liga Indonesia Premier Division. He is also a member of the Sierra Leone National team. He was a member of the Sierra Under-17 squad that participated at the 2005 Mediterranean Cup in Turkey."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zhang Honggen", "paragraph_text": "Despite being only being thirty years old when he retired, Zhang Honggen would eventually move to management with Beijing Youth Team in 1970. After several seasons he replaced Nian Weisi in 1977 as manager of the Chinese football team, however his reign was uneventful and he left after only a year. He would return twice to this position in 1979 and 1982 to help the team for short periods, however these were again uneventful. In the 1985 Summer Universiade he guided China to a third-place position before he moved away from football and took several sport positions that included the National Sports Commission Training Council Advisory Committee, the National Sports Commission and the Sports Services Inc. as well as a position in the Chinese Football Association coaches committee. In 1994, he returned to management with Dalian Wanda and won the league title with them in his first attempt, however after that victory he decided to become the teams advisor. Once more returning to management in 1999 with second tier club Chengdu Blades he only served for a short period because he was diagnosed of gastric cancer and had to resign, in 2003 he would later die of gastric pain."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Frank Lampard", "paragraph_text": "Frank Lampard OBE Lampard with Chelsea in 2008 Full name Frank James Lampard Date of birth (1978 - 06 - 20) 20 June 1978 (age 40) Place of birth Romford, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.84 m) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Derby County (manager) Youth career 1994 -- 1995 West Ham United Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1995 -- 2001 West Ham United 148 (24) 1995 -- 1996 \u2192 Swansea City (loan) 9 (1) 2001 -- 2014 Chelsea 429 (147) 2014 -- 2015 Manchester City 32 (6) 2015 -- 2016 New York City 29 (15) Total 647 (193) National team 1997 -- 2000 England U21 19 (9) 1998 England B (0) 1999 -- 2014 England 106 (29) Teams managed 2018 -- Derby County * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Department store", "paragraph_text": "Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester \u2013 although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (r. 1918\u20131922) was a direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I (r. 1299\u20131326), which was unparallelled in both Europe (e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal (male-line) descendance of the Ottoman sultans."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Henry H. Kendall", "paragraph_text": "Henry H. Kendall (1855 \u2013 February 29, 1943) was an American architect from Boston, Massachusetts. He wrote a letter to the U.S. Civil Service commission critiquing the low pay for government architects. Kendall was the senior partner in the firm Kendall, Taylor & Company. Several of his or the firm's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, for their architectural merit."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Leon Osman", "paragraph_text": "Leon Osman (born 17 May 1981) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He spent most of his career at Everton, making 433 appearances and scoring 57 goals. Earlier in his career he spent time on loan at Football League clubs Carlisle United and Derby County. Osman earned two international caps for the England national team, making his debut at the age of 31."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "PEPO Lappeenranta", "paragraph_text": "PEPO Lappeenranta (abbreviated PEPO) is a football club from Lappeenranta in Finland. The club was formed in 1958 and their home ground is at the Kimpinen Sports Centre. The men's first team currently plays in the Kakkonen (Third Division). The chairman of PEPO is Kari Suninen and the men's first team is managed by Jyrki Saarela."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Steven Gerrard", "paragraph_text": "Steven Gerrard MBE Gerrard lining up for England at UEFA Euro 2012 Full name Steven George Gerrard Date of birth (1980 - 05 - 30) 30 May 1980 (age 37) Place of birth Whiston, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1989 -- 1998 Liverpool Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1998 -- 2015 Liverpool 504 (120) 2015 -- 2016 LA Galaxy 34 (5) Total 538 (125) National team 1999 -- 2000 England U21 (1) 2000 -- 2014 England 114 (21) Teams managed 2017 -- Liverpool U18s * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chicago Tribune", "paragraph_text": "Chicago Tribune Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner (s) tronc, Inc. Founder (s) James Kelly, John E. Wheeler and Joseph K.C. Forrest Publisher Bruce Dold Editor Bruce Dold Associate editor Colin McMahon Managing editors Peter Kendall Director of Interactive Bill Adee (VP for Digital Development and Operations, Tribune Media Group) Opinion editor R. Bruce Dold Sports editor Joe Knowles Founded June 10, 1847; 171 years ago (1847 - 06 - 10) Political alignment Conservatism Language English Headquarters Tribune Tower 435 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 USA Country United States Circulation 448,930 daily 331,190 Saturday 853,324 Sunday ISSN 1085 - 6706 OCLC number 60639020 Website ChicagoTribune.com Media of the United States List of newspapers"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo with Portugal in June 2017 Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 33) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 290 (309) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 149 (81) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23: 30, 18 April 2018 (UTC) \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 50, 26 March 2018 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mohamed Sillah (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Mohamed Sillah (born August 15, 1983 in Bo, Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean international footballer (defender or defensive midfielder), who is currently playing for Scarborough Athletic in the English Northern Counties East Football League. He signed a short-term contract at the club after. Sillah has previously played in Turkey and Sweden. Sillah is also a member of the Leone Stars, the Sierra Leone national football team. He made his international debut for Sierra Leone in 2002. Before moving to Europe Sillah played for top Sierra Leone National Premier League club Bo Rangers and Diamond Stars. He is a member of the Susu ethnic group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea (5th title) (2016 -- 17) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992; 26 years ago (1992 - 02 - 20) Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City (3rd title) (2017 -- 18) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) Most appearances Gareth Barry (653) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer (260 goals) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the person who replaced Howard Kendall as manager for the team of Leon Osman?"}
{"id": "3hop1__718899_12696_165887", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Stewart Gordon \"Mike\" Walker (born 28 November 1945 in Colwyn Bay, Wales) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. After starting his career at Reading, Walker played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for five clubs, most notably Watford and Colchester United. He later managed Colchester, Norwich City, Everton and APOEL. In 2010, he was inducted into the Colchester United Football Club Hall of Fame."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 32) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 277 (289) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 147 (79) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15: 00, 23 December 2017 (UTC). \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 40, 10 October 2017 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2017\u201318 FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The draw for the quarter - finals took place on 17 February 2018 at 20: 00 GMT and was broadcast live on BT Sport, the BBC Sport website and app, and BBC Radio 5 Live. This round included one team from Level 3 still in the competition, Wigan Athletic, who were the lowest - ranked team in this round."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ariostea (cycling team)", "paragraph_text": "Ariostea () was an Italian professional cycling team from 1984 to 1993. Its first team manager was Giorgio Vannucci; he was replaced in 1986 by Giancarlo Ferretti, who remained manager until the team was disbanded in 1993."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Frank Lampard", "paragraph_text": "Frank Lampard OBE Lampard with Chelsea in 2008 Full name Frank James Lampard Date of birth (1978 - 06 - 20) 20 June 1978 (age 40) Place of birth Romford, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.84 m) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Derby County (manager) Youth career 1994 -- 1995 West Ham United Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1995 -- 2001 West Ham United 148 (24) 1995 -- 1996 \u2192 Swansea City (loan) 9 (1) 2001 -- 2014 Chelsea 429 (147) 2014 -- 2015 Manchester City 32 (6) 2015 -- 2016 New York City 29 (15) Total 647 (193) National team 1997 -- 2000 England U21 19 (9) 1998 England B (0) 1999 -- 2014 England 106 (29) Teams managed 2018 -- Derby County * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cinderella Man", "paragraph_text": "Cinderella Man is a 2005 American biographical sports drama film by Ron Howard, titled after the nickname of world heavyweight boxing champion James J. Braddock and inspired by his life story. The film was produced by Howard, Penny Marshall, and Brian Grazer. Damon Runyon is credited for giving Braddock this nickname. Russell Crowe, Ren\u00e9e Zellweger and Paul Giamatti star."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhang Honggen", "paragraph_text": "Despite being only being thirty years old when he retired, Zhang Honggen would eventually move to management with Beijing Youth Team in 1970. After several seasons he replaced Nian Weisi in 1977 as manager of the Chinese football team, however his reign was uneventful and he left after only a year. He would return twice to this position in 1979 and 1982 to help the team for short periods, however these were again uneventful. In the 1985 Summer Universiade he guided China to a third-place position before he moved away from football and took several sport positions that included the National Sports Commission Training Council Advisory Committee, the National Sports Commission and the Sports Services Inc. as well as a position in the Chinese Football Association coaches committee. In 1994, he returned to management with Dalian Wanda and won the league title with them in his first attempt, however after that victory he decided to become the teams advisor. Once more returning to management in 1999 with second tier club Chengdu Blades he only served for a short period because he was diagnosed of gastric cancer and had to resign, in 2003 he would later die of gastric pain."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Department store", "paragraph_text": "Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester \u2013 although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kendall County Courthouse (Illinois)", "paragraph_text": "The Kendall County Courthouse is a former courthouse in Yorkville, Kendall County, Illinois, United States. The original building was completed in 1864 but was later destroyed by fire. A replica of the Italianate structure was erected in 1887. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH, ComM Ronaldo with Portugal in June 2017 Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth (1985 - 02 - 05) 5 February 1985 (age 33) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B (0) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 (3) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 -- Real Madrid 290 (309) National team Portugal U15 9 (7) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 (5) 2003 Portugal U20 5 (1) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 (3) Portugal U23 (2) 2003 -- Portugal 149 (81) Honours (show) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23: 30, 18 April 2018 (UTC) \u2021 National team caps and goals correct as of 22: 50, 26 March 2018 (UTC)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brian Alexander (water polo)", "paragraph_text": "Brian Alexander (born May 3, 1983) is a former American water polo player who was a member of the United States men's national water polo team."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Steven Gerrard", "paragraph_text": "Steven Gerrard MBE Gerrard lining up for England at UEFA Euro 2012 Full name Steven George Gerrard Date of birth (1980 - 05 - 30) 30 May 1980 (age 37) Place of birth Whiston, England Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1989 -- 1998 Liverpool Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 1998 -- 2015 Liverpool 504 (120) 2015 -- 2016 LA Galaxy 34 (5) Total 538 (125) National team 1999 -- 2000 England U21 (1) 2000 -- 2014 England 114 (21) Teams managed 2017 -- Liverpool U18s * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chicago Tribune", "paragraph_text": "Chicago Tribune Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner (s) tronc, Inc. Founder (s) James Kelly, John E. Wheeler and Joseph K.C. Forrest Publisher Bruce Dold Editor Bruce Dold Associate editor Colin McMahon Managing editors Peter Kendall Director of Interactive Bill Adee (VP for Digital Development and Operations, Tribune Media Group) Opinion editor R. Bruce Dold Sports editor Joe Knowles Founded June 10, 1847; 171 years ago (1847 - 06 - 10) Political alignment Conservatism Language English Headquarters Tribune Tower 435 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 USA Country United States Circulation 448,930 daily 331,190 Saturday 853,324 Sunday ISSN 1085 - 6706 OCLC number 60639020 Website ChicagoTribune.com Media of the United States List of newspapers"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kendall Green, Pompano Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Kendall Green was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States, and is now a neighborhood of Pompano Beach, Florida. The population was 3,084 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Henry H. Kendall", "paragraph_text": "Henry H. Kendall (1855 \u2013 February 29, 1943) was an American architect from Boston, Massachusetts. He wrote a letter to the U.S. Civil Service commission critiquing the low pay for government architects. Kendall was the senior partner in the firm Kendall, Taylor & Company. Several of his or the firm's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, for their architectural merit."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Brian Labone", "paragraph_text": "Brian Leslie Labone (23 January 1940 \u2013 24 April 2006) was an English footballer who played for and captained Everton. A one-club man, Labone's professional career lasted from 1958 to 1971, during which he won the Football League championship twice and the FA Cup once. He also played 26 times for the England national football team."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club", "paragraph_text": "The Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club was formed in the mid-1960s as an attachment to St Patrick's Marist College Dundas' sports auxiliary for weekend rugby league within the Balmain Junior Rugby League competition. In the mid-1990s the school sports auxiliary ceased to exist and the club was rechristened the Dundas Shamrocks. The club has been a member of the Balmain Junior Rugby League since its inception in the 1960s and provides teams for age groups from under 6's to A-Grade."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England (19 teams) Other club (s) from Wales (1 team) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup (s) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup (s) EFL Cup International cup (s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea (5th title) (2016 -- 17) Most championships Manchester United (13 titles) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport (live matches) Sky Sports and BBC (highlights) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the man who replaced Howard Kendall as the manager of Brian Labone's team?"}
{"id": "3hop1__42125_44360_28358", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Emergency Broadcast System", "paragraph_text": "The Emergency Broadcast System (EBS), occasionally called the Emergency Broadcasting System and sometimes called the Emergency Action Notification System (EANS), is a former emergency warning system used in the United States. It replaced the previous CONELRAD system and was used from 1963 to 1997, at which point it was replaced by the Emergency Alert System."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Despite their initial reluctance, the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions, presumably in order to help maintain control of the population. In the Ptolemaic kingdom, we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards. The Indo-Greek kingdom, we find kings who were converts to Buddhism (e.g. Menander). The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. In this way, hybrid 'Hellenistic' cultures naturally emerged, at least among the upper echelons of society."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "WUOT", "paragraph_text": "The station began operations on October 27, 1949. Future U.S. Senator Howard Baker, then president of UT's student government, helped launch the station. Originally operating at only 3,000 watts, it now provides at least secondary coverage to most of central eastern Tennessee, extreme western North Carolina, and parts of southeastern Kentucky."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oxygen", "paragraph_text": "Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion (O\u2212\n2) and hydrogen peroxide (H\n2O\n2), are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (Pashupati). Located on the banks of the Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shivaratri, or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and sadhus.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Move Along", "paragraph_text": "Move Along is the second album by the American rock band The All-American Rejects, released on July 12, 2005 by Interscope Records. It spawned three top 15 singles which helped the album ship 2 million units to be certified double platinum by the RIAA."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "East Bayfront", "paragraph_text": "East Bayfront, or the East Bayfront Precinct, is an emerging neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is currently undergoing a transformation from industrial use to mixed-use as part of Waterfront Toronto's plans to create a residential and commercial district urban core near the lake."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Memory development", "paragraph_text": "Infants at as early as 7 - months - old can conceptually differentiate between categories such as animals and vehicles. Although infants' concepts may be crude by adult standards, they still allow infants to make meaningful semantic distinctions. An example is that infants can differentiate between items belonging to a kitchen and those items belonging to a bathroom. At the very least, these categories lay a foundation for early knowledge development, organizing information in storage and influence future encoding. Infants from 16 months old are able to draw on their semantic knowledge in generalization and inference. This knowledge can also be used by older toddlers, 24 - month - olds, to facilitate acquisition and retention of new information. Their knowledge of causal ordering of events can be used to help to recall the sequence of events."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hard rock", "paragraph_text": "Often categorised with the New Wave of British Heavy Metal, in 1981 Def Leppard released their second album High 'n' Dry, mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade. The follow-up Pyromania (1983), reached number two on the American charts and the singles \"Photograph\", \"Rock of Ages\" and \"Foolin'\", helped by the emergence of MTV, all reached the Top 40. It was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian glam metal scene. This was followed by US acts like M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, with their albums Too Fast for Love (1981) and Shout at the Devil (1983) and, as the style grew, the arrival of bands such as Ratt, White Lion, Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot. Quiet Riot's album Metal Health (1983) was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind, to reach number one in the Billboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hard rock", "paragraph_text": "Groups that emerged from the American psychedelic scene about the same time included Iron Butterfly, MC5, Blue Cheer and Vanilla Fudge. San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of Eddie Cochran's classic \"Summertime Blues\", from their 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum, that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound. The same month, Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album, including \"Born to Be Wild\", which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider (1969). Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), with its 17-minute-long title track, using organs and with a lengthy drum solo, also prefigured later elements of the sound."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vilhelm Aubert", "paragraph_text": "Vilhelm Aubert was born in Kristiania in 1922. He was the older brother of mathematician Karl Egil Aubert, born 1924. Vilhelm Aubert enrolled at the University of Oslo in 1940, the same year as Norway was invaded by Germany as a part of the Second World War. Aubert became a member of the illegal intelligence organization XU."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Narayan Singh Manaklao", "paragraph_text": "He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1991 by the Government of India in recognition of dedicated services rendered in helping to reduce the anti-social consumption of opium by organizing systematic and scientific de-addiction programmes, which have benefited thousands of rural and urban men, women and children drawn from all strata of society since 1980. He established Sucheta Kriplani Shiksha Niketan, a unique residential Senior Secondary School to impart free and quality education to the physically disabled children in 1991."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China. \"FEELS\" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\" This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Asthma", "paragraph_text": "Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% and increases by at least 200 milliliters following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mild asthma, not currently acting up. As caffeine is a bronchodilator in people with asthma, the use of caffeine before a lung function test may interfere with the results. Single-breath diffusing capacity can help differentiate asthma from COPD. It is reasonable to perform spirometry every one or two years to follow how well a person's asthma is controlled."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time."}], "question": "Who helped the US invade the country out of which the organization spawned by thousands of madrasahs at least partially emerged?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122163_714218_484444", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including Virginia Commonwealth University (public), University of Richmond (private), Virginia Union University (private), Virginia College (private), South University - Richmond (private, for-profit), Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education (private), and the Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond (BTSR\u2014private). Several community colleges are found in the metro area, including J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College and John Tyler Community College (Chesterfield County). In addition, there are several Technical Colleges in Richmond including ITT Technical Institute, ECPI College of Technology and Centura College. There are several vocational colleges also, such as Fortis College and Bryant Stratton College."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Corinthian Colleges", "paragraph_text": "Corinthian Colleges was founded in February 1995. The five founders \u2014 David Moore, Paul St. Pierre, Frank McCord, Dennis Devereux, and Lloyd Holland \u2014 were executives at National Education Centers, Inc. (NECI), a for-profit operator of vocational schools based in Irvine, California. The stated plan of these founders to acquire schools that were fundamentally sound, but which for one reason or another were performing below their potential."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Massachusetts Review", "paragraph_text": "The Massachusetts Review is a literary quarterly founded in 1959 by a group of professors from Amherst College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. It receives financial support from Five Colleges, Inc., a consortium which includes Amherst College and four other educational institutions in a short geographical radius."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jean-Pierre Eckmann", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Pierre Eckmann (born 27 January 1944) is a mathematical physicist in the department of theoretical physics at the University of Geneva and a pioneer of chaos theory and social network analysis."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Erastus Milo Cravath", "paragraph_text": "Erastus Milo Cravath (1833\u20131900) was a field secretary with the American Missionary Association (AMA) after the American Civil War, who helped found Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, and numerous other historically black colleges in Georgia and Tennessee for the education of freedmen. In addition, he served as president of Fisk University for more than 20 years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stanley Plumly", "paragraph_text": "Plumly grew up in Ohio and Virginia and was educated at Wilmington College in Ohio and at Ohio University. He taught for a number of years at Ohio University, where he helped found the Ohio Review. He taught the writing program at the University of Maryland."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "It was founded in 1559 by John Calvin as a theological seminary and law school. It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for Enlightenment scholarship. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. Today, the university is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 2009, the University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jean Haudry", "paragraph_text": "Jean Haudry (born 1934) is a linguist, and a founder of the Institut d'\u00e9tudes indo-europ\u00e9ennes at the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 (France) with Jean-Paul Allard and Jean Varenne. Under his leadership the Institut published, between 1982 and 1998, the \"\u00c9tudes indo-europ\u00e9ennes\". He was a professor of Sanskrit and dean of the faculty of letters at the University Lyon 3 and a \"directeur d'\u00e9tudes\" at the 4th section of the \u00c9cole Pratique des Hautes \u00c9tudes. He became professor emeritus in 2002. Jean Haudry was a member of the Groupement de recherche et d'\u00e9tudes pour la civilisation europ\u00e9enne, and acted as chairman of its 13th symposium in 1978. He contributed to the creation of the periodical Nouvelle \u00c9cole. He was also a member of the \"Scientific Council\" of the Front National of Jean-Marie Le Pen, till the split of the Front National, after which he followed Bruno M\u00e9gret in the new Mouvement National R\u00e9publicain. Jean Haudry also participates in the activities of the group Terre et Peuple founded by Pierre Vial, another professor of the University Lyon 3."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "George Henry Boker", "paragraph_text": "George Henry Boker was brought up in an atmosphere of ease and refinement, receiving his preparatory education in private schools, and entering Princeton University in 1840. While there he helped found, and was first editor of, the college literary magazine, the \"Nassau Monthly\" (now the \"Nassau Lit\")."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Millicent Mackenzie", "paragraph_text": "Millicent Hughes Mackenzie (1863 in Bristol \u2013 10 December 1942 in Brockweir) was a British professor of education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, the first female professor in Wales and the first appointed to a fully chartered university in the United Kingdom. She wrote on the philosophy of education, founded the Cardiff Suffragette branch, became the only woman Parliamentary Candidate in Wales for 1918, and was a key initiator of Steiner-Waldorf education in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania State University (commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU) is a state - related, land - grant, doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Founded in 1855, the university has a stated threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery. Its University Park campus, the flagship campus, lies within the Borough of State College and College Township. It has two law schools: Penn State Law, on the school's University Park campus, and Dickinson Law, located in Carlisle, 90 miles south of State College. The College of Medicine is located in Hershey. Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state. Penn State has been labeled one of the ``Public Ivies, ''a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Govindammal Aditanar College for Women", "paragraph_text": "Govindammal Aditanar College for Women is a college situated in Tiruchendur, Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is affiliated with Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. It teaches arts and science degrees for both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as certification courses and a research Ph.D. in Mathematics. The college was founded by Sivanthi Adithan in 1987 and is fully financed by the Aditanar Educational Trust, with no financial aid from the government."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "St. Xavier's College, Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "St. Xavier's College is a private, co-educational college located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Founded in 1860 by Fr. Henri Depelchin S.J., it is named after St. Francis Xavier, a Navarre Jesuit of the 16th century, who ministered in India. In 2006, it became the first autonomous college in West Bengal, India, and is affiliated to the University of Calcutta. Currently, the college offers Undergraduate and Postgraduate degrees, Ph. D.s, Diplomas and certificates."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Florida International University College of Arts and Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Florida International University College of Arts, Education and Sciences is the liberal arts college at Florida International University. Founded in 1965, it is the largest of FIU's 26 schools and colleges, and offers bachelor's degrees, master degree's, doctorates, and first professional degrees. As of 2009, the College of Arts and Sciences has 35,291 alumni, and awards approximately 2,342 degrees annually."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nicolas Cop", "paragraph_text": "Nicolas Cop (born circa 1501 in Paris and died 1540), rector of the University of Paris in late 1533, from 10 October 1533, was a Swiss Protestant Reformer and friend of John Calvin. Nicolas Cop and his brother Michel Cop, sons of the king's physician, had become Calvin's friends during their shared time at the Coll\u00e8ge de Montaigu. (Cop and Calvin were both French and not Swiss.)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications", "paragraph_text": "The Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications (NWC) is a division of the Mathematics Department in the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences devoted to research and education in pure and applied harmonic analysis. The center, named after acclaimed scientist Norbert Wiener was founded in 2004 and is based out of the Mathematics Building on the University of Maryland, College Park campus. It is supported by the University of Maryland, the National Science Foundation, and local industries with which it interacts."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard (; ; 10 August 1924 \u2013 21 April 1998) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist. His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as epistemology and communication, the human body, modern art and postmodern art, literature and critical theory, music, film, time and memory, space, the city and landscape, the sublime, and the relation between aesthetics and politics. He is best known for his articulation of postmodernism after the late 1970s and the analysis of the impact of postmodernity on the human condition. He was a director of the International College of Philosophy which was founded by Jacques Derrida, Fran\u00e7ois Ch\u00e2telet, Jean-Pierre Faye and Dominique Lecourt."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Higher education in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education. Higher education, also referred to as post-secondary education, third stage, third level, or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,726 Title IV degree - granting institutions, either colleges or universities in the country. These may be public universities, private universities, liberal arts colleges, community colleges, or for - profit colleges. High visibility issues include greater use of the Internet, such as massive open online courses, competency - based education, sexual assault, cutbacks in state and local spending, rapidly rising tuition and increasing student loan debt"}], "question": "Where was the founder of the university related with Jean-Pierre Eckmann educated?"}
{"id": "3hop1__42125_44360_82102", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Soviet\u2013Afghan War", "paragraph_text": "That operation began at 19: 00 hr., when the KGB - led Soviet Zenith Group destroyed Kabul's communications hub, paralyzing Afghan military command. At 19: 15, the assault on Tajbeg Palace began; as planned, president Hafizullah Amin was killed. Simultaneously, other objectives were occupied (e.g., the Ministry of Interior at 19: 15). The operation was fully complete by the morning of December 28, 1979."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Konstantin Chernenko", "paragraph_text": "The turning point in Chernenko\u2019s career was his assignment in 1948 to head the Communist Party\u2019s propaganda department in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. There, he met and won the confidence of Leonid Brezhnev, the first secretary of the Moldavian SSR from 1950 to 1952 and future leader of the Soviet Union. Chernenko followed Brezhnev in 1956 to fill a similar propaganda post in the CPSU Central Committee in Moscow. In 1960, after Brezhnev was named chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (titular head of state of the Soviet Union), Chernenko became his chief of staff."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I for a brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an independent republic. In late 1920, the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army, and in 1922, Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union, later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936 to September 21, 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kazakhstan at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Kazakhstan first participated at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then. Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakh athletes competed as part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics, and were also part of the Unified Team in 1992."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sianky", "paragraph_text": "Sianky (; ) is a village in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine on the San River. It is located a few kilometers from the border with Poland, in the south-eastern part of Bieszczady. During 966 - 1018, 1340 - 1772 and 1918 - 1939 Sianky was the part of Poland, while during 1772 - 1918 it belonged to the Austrian empire (later Austrian-Hungarian empire when double monarchy was introduced in Austria). On September 17, 1939, Sianky was incorporated into the Soviet Union, and since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, is part of independent Ukraine."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR", "paragraph_text": "Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR (, Spartakiada narodov SSSR) were mass multi-event competitions in the Soviet Union in 1956\u20131991, descendants of the 1928 All-Union Spartakiad that took place in Moscow. The competitions were conducted between constituent republics of the Soviet Union. The competitions also were organized as winter and summer. There were 10 summer Spartakiads and 7 winter Spartakiads."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", "paragraph_text": "Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Joseph Stalin waited until 17 September before launching his own invasion of Poland. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and the Salla region of Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertza region). It was only in 1989 that the Soviet Union admitted the existence of the secret protocol of the Nazi - Soviet pact regarding the planned divisions of these territories. The invasion of Bukovina violated the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere agreed with the Axis."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ukraine at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Previously, athletes of modern Ukraine mostly competed as part of the Russian Empire (1900\u20131912) and the Soviet Union from 1952 to 1988, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian athletes were part of the Unified Team in 1992. Tatiana Gutsu became the best athlete of the Unified Team in 1992 from the independent Ukraine."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lunokhod 2", "paragraph_text": "Lunokhod 2 (, \"moon walker\") was the second of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod programme."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet Union suffered greatly in the war, losing around 27 million people. Approximately 2.8 million Soviet POWs died of starvation, mistreatment, or executions in just eight months of 1941 -- 42. During the war, the Soviet Union together with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered as the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II and later became the Four Policemen which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council. It emerged as a superpower in the post-war period. Once denied diplomatic recognition by the Western world, the Soviet Union had official relations with practically every nation by the late 1940s. A member of the United Nations at its foundation in 1945, the Soviet Union became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, which gave it the right to veto any of its resolutions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi -- Soviet Pact, the German -- Soviet Non-aggression Pact or the Nazi German -- Soviet Pact of Aggression (officially: Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), was a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, respectively. The pact was followed by the German - Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of d\u00e9tente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo\u2013Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high - profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'\u00e9tat attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation -- formerly the Russian SFSR -- assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union. In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: ``The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. ''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jews", "paragraph_text": "Western Europe's largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in France, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants). The United Kingdom has a Jewish community of 292,000. In Eastern Europe, there are anywhere from 350,000 to one million Jews living in the former Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. In Germany, the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population, despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former Soviet Union since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Thousands of Israelis also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons."}], "question": "When did the Soviet Union take over the country from which in part emerged the organization spawned from thousands of madrasahs?"}
{"id": "3hop1__282668_714218_37678", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pierre Edmond Boissier", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Jacques Boissier (1784-1857) and Caroline Butini (1786-1836), daughter of Pierre Butini (1759-1838) a well-known physician and naturalist from Geneva. With his sister, Val\u00e9rie Boissier (1813-1894), he received a strict education with lessons delivered in Italian and Latin. Edmond's interest in natural history stemmed from holidays in the company of his mother and his grandfather, Pierre Butini at Valeyres-sous-Rances. His hikes in the Jura and the Alps laid the foundation of his zest for later exploration and adventure. He attended a course at the Academy of Geneva given by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hochschule f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums", "paragraph_text": "Hochschule f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums, or Higher Institute for Jewish Studies, was a rabbinical seminary, established in Berlin in 1872 and closed down by the Nazi government of Germany in 1942. Upon the order of the government, the name was officially changed (1883\u20131923 and 1933\u201342) to Lehranstalt f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alphonse Beau de Rochas", "paragraph_text": "Alphonse Eug\u00e8ne Beau de Rochas (9 April 1815, Digne-les-Bains, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence \u2013 27 March 1893) was a French engineer who originated the principle of the four-stroke internal-combustion engine. His achievement lay partly in his emphasizing the previously unappreciated importance of compressing the fuel\u2013air mixture before ignition. He published his results in 1861, a year after Christian Reithmann was granted a patent in Germany and 16 years before Nicolaus Otto obtained his patent."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Camille Alphonse Tr\u00e9zel", "paragraph_text": "Camille Alphonse Tr\u00e9zel (5 January 1780, Paris \u2013 11 April 1860, Paris) was a French g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de division, Minister for War and peer of France during the July Monarchy. He was the assistant chief of the general staff on the Morea expedition, and served in the 1830s in the French conquest of Algeria, where he suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Macta."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "University of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "It was founded in 1559 by John Calvin as a theological seminary and law school. It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for Enlightenment scholarship. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. Today, the university is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 2009, the University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sampiero Corso", "paragraph_text": "Sampiero Corso (, born Sampiero da Bastelica; 1498 \u2013 17 January 1567) was a Corsican soldier, father of the Marshal of France Alphonse d'Ornano."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "La Salle High School (Cincinnati, Ohio)", "paragraph_text": "La Salle High School is a Catholic, all-male, archdiocesan high school in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The school was opened September 6, 1960 and named in honor of Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, a French priest and educational reformer. The school was officially dedicated May 14, 1961. It was founded by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", "paragraph_text": "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (German: Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus) is a book written by Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician. Begun as a series of essays, the original German text was composed in 1904 and 1905, and was translated into English for the first time by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1930. It is considered a founding text in economic sociology and sociology in general."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alphonse Laurencic", "paragraph_text": "Alphonse Laurencic (Enghien-les-Bains, France, 2 July 1902 - Camp de la Bota, Barcelona, 9 July 1939) was a French painter and architect."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Brothers of Christian Instruction", "paragraph_text": "The Brothers of Christian Instruction (, F.I.C.P.), commonly known as the La Mennais Brothers, is a Catholic educational organization founded in 1819 by Gabriel Deshayes and Jean-Marie de la Mennais for the instruction of youth. Their aim remains that of their Founder: \"to educate the young and to make Jesus Christ better known and better loved\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Botany", "paragraph_text": "Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy, morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus had indicated. Adanson (1763), de Jussieu (1789), and Candolle (1819) all proposed various alternative natural systems of classification that grouped plants using a wider range of shared characters and were widely followed. The Candollean system reflected his ideas of the progression of morphological complexity and the later classification by Bentham and Hooker, which was influential until the mid-19th century, was influenced by Candolle's approach. Darwin's publication of the Origin of Species in 1859 and his concept of common descent required modifications to the Candollean system to reflect evolutionary relationships as distinct from mere morphological similarity."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Botany", "paragraph_text": "The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunki\u00e6r whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements. Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle, Nikolai Vavilov (1887\u20131943) produced accounts of the biogeography, centres of origin, and evolutionary history of economic plants."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alphonse Castex", "paragraph_text": "Alphonse Castex (January 6, 1899 \u2013 December 16, 1969) was a French rugby union player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the \"fallen city\" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alphonse Gu\u00e9pin", "paragraph_text": "Alphonse Gu\u00e9pin (17 February 1808 in Uzel \u2013 8 December 1878 in Saint-Brieuc) was a French architect and building restorer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Death Mills", "paragraph_text": "Death Mills (or Die Todesm\u00fchlen) is a 1945 American film directed by Billy Wilder and produced by the United States Department of War. The film was intended for German audiences to educate them about the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime. For the German version, \"Die Todesm\u00fchlen\", Hanus Burger is credited as the writer and director, while Wilder supervised the editing. Wilder is credited with directing the English-language version."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Source of the Danube", "paragraph_text": "As early as 1847 the following definition can already be found in the Universallexikon des Gro\u00dfherzogtums Baden (Universal Lexicon of the Grand Duchy of Baden): ``Danube, the biggest river of Germany, rises at the Martinskapelle in a wild and lonely area of the Black Forest, is called Brege at its origin and forms the river Danube in Donaueschingen where it is unified with the Brigach. ''(German original:`` Donau, der gr\u00f6\u00dfte Flu\u00df Deutschlands, entspringt bei der Martinskapelle in einer wilden und einsamen Gegend des Schwarzwaldes, hei\u00dft am Anfang Brege... und bildet erst in Donaueschingen, wo sie sich mit der Brigach vereinigt, die Donau. ``)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Escuela Nacional de Cine", "paragraph_text": "The Escuela Nacional de Cine (ENC) (National Film School) is a private educational institution located in Venezuela Caracas Metropolitan District. Founded at the initiative of Bol\u00edvar Films as house specializing in cinema studies March 1, 2009."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Augustin Pyramus de Candolle", "paragraph_text": "Augustin Pyramus de Candolle was born on 4 February 1778 in Geneva, Switzerland, to Augustin de Candolle, a former official, and his wife, Louise El\u00e9onore Bri\u00e8re. His family descended from one of the ancient families of Provence in France, but relocated to Geneva at the end of the 16th century to escape religious persecution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Heinrich Zollinger", "paragraph_text": "From 1837-1838 he studied botany at the University of Geneva under Augustin and Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle, but had to interrupt his studies due to financial problems."}], "question": "When did the founder of the university that Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle attended die?"}
{"id": "3hop1__342715_714218_37678", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oscar Mina", "paragraph_text": "Oscar Mina (born 24 September 1958) is a politician of San Marino. He was Captain Regent of San Marino for the term from 1 April 2009 to October 2009 together with Massimo Cenci."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia", "paragraph_text": "\"1 Decembrie 1918\" University, Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into the national higher education system, which functions based on the Romanian Constitution, the Law of Education, the University Charter and its own regulations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pierre Salvadori", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Salvadori (born 8 November 1964) is a French film director from Santo-Pietro-di-Venaco, known for works on romantic comedies such as \"Hors de prix\" (2006)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Die Zukunft", "paragraph_text": "Die Zukunft (\"\"The Future\"\") was a German social-democratic weekly (1892\u20131923) founded and edited by Maximilian Harden. It published allegations of homosexuality of Philip, Prince of Eulenburg, leading to the Harden\u2013Eulenburg affair in Wilhelmine Germany."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "University of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "It was founded in 1559 by John Calvin as a theological seminary and law school. It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for Enlightenment scholarship. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. Today, the university is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 2009, the University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Harvard Graduate School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States. It was founded in 1920, when it was the first school to establish the Ed.D. degree."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur\u2019anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia\u2019s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage \u2018Self\u2019 and \u2018System\u2019: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "K\u00f6lner Akademie", "paragraph_text": "Die K\u00f6lner Akademie - \"Damals und Heute\" are a German baroque and classical music orchestra founded in 1996 and based in Cologne. They are led by the American conductor Michael Alexander Willens who studied at the Juilliard School in New York."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Workers' Education Bureau of America", "paragraph_text": "Workers' Education Bureau of America (1921\u20131951) was an organization established to assist labor colleges and other worker training centers involved in the American labor movement. The Workers Education Bureau of America was an important development in labor education in the 1920s. Founded in 1921, it served as an informational clearinghouse for labor education organizing forums around the country and assisting local programs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Franklin Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Massimo Giacoppo", "paragraph_text": "Massimo Giacoppo (10 May 1983) is an Italian Water Polo player, part of the Italian team that won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Death Mills", "paragraph_text": "Death Mills (or Die Todesm\u00fchlen) is a 1945 American film directed by Billy Wilder and produced by the United States Department of War. The film was intended for German audiences to educate them about the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime. For the German version, \"Die Todesm\u00fchlen\", Hanus Burger is credited as the writer and director, while Wilder supervised the editing. Wilder is credited with directing the English-language version."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A Policewoman on the Porno Squad", "paragraph_text": "La poliziotta della squadra del buon costume (internationally released as A Policewoman on the Porno Squad) is a 1979 commedia sexy all'italiana directed by Michele Massimo Tarantini. It is the sequel of Tarantini's \"La poliziotta fa carriera\" and it is followed by \"La poliziotta a New York\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the \"fallen city\" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Luigi Riccardi", "paragraph_text": "Luigi Riccardi (Lione 1808\u2013 Milano 1877) was an Italian painter. He created landscapes and watercolors. He trained under Giuseppe Bisi, and was influenced by Massimo d'Azeglio He painted marine vistas and landscapes. In 1865, he began teaching at the Brera; his work is mostly found in Milan, including at the Galleria d'Arte Moderna and Poldi-Pezzoli Museum. Eugenio Gignous was one of his pupils."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Live Fast Die Young", "paragraph_text": "``Live fast, die young, and have a good - looking corpse '', an oft - repeated quotation from the 1947 book Knock on Any Door by Willard Motley, also found in the movie version of the book"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Massimo Scaligero", "paragraph_text": "Massimo Scaligero, born Antonio Sgabelloni in Veroli, Italy (1906\u20131980) an Italian spiritual teacher, member of \"Gruppo di Ur\", esotericist and anthroposophist."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Massimo Salvadori", "paragraph_text": "Salvadori was educated at the University of Geneva and the University of Rome. He was involved in the anti-Fascist movement in Italy before World War II. Imprisoned from 1931-32 as a result of his political activities, Salvadori fled Italy for Switzerland. In 1943 he joined the British army and after participating in landings at Salerno and Anzio, parachuted into Italy to organize resistance. As agent of the British Special Operations Executive, Salvadori played a central role in providing weapons supplies for partisan formations and in pushing the Action Party to cooperate with the Italian Monarchy after the \"svolta di Salerno\" (1944). For this service, he was awarded the Military Cross and Distinguished Service Order. He served on the faculty of Smith College from 1945 until his retirement in 1973, with two notable breaks: in 1948-49 he was director of the Division of Political Science of UNESCO in France and in 1952 he worked as a political analyst for the Information Service of the Secretariat of NATO."}], "question": "When did the founder of the school where Massimo Salvadori was educated die?"}
{"id": "3hop1__42125_44360_28343", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 25 September, Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces. American air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery. North Korean troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving Pyongyang vulnerable. During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers managed to rejoin the Northern KPA lines. On 27 September, Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo, in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Since the end of the World Wars, the term \"great power\" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T.R. Fox and according to him, there were three superpowers: the British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But by the mid-1950s the British Empire lost its superpower status, leaving the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's superpowers.[nb 2] The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. Regional powers are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ukraine", "paragraph_text": "Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia with their Ukrainian population became part of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.In 1940, the Soviets annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region. But it ceded the western part of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. These territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the Paris peace treaties of 1947."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Establishment of the World Health Organization", "paragraph_text": "The Establishment of World Health Organization occurred on 7 April 1948, when its new constitution was ratified by a twenty-sixth nation. Its establishment followed a period of discussions and consultation following World War II and the formation of the United Nations, of which it formed part."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15\u201333 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Leave No Trace", "paragraph_text": "These principles have been adapted to different activities, ecosystems and environments. Since 1994, Leave No Trace Center For Outdoor Ethics, a non-profit organization also known as Leave No Trace, exists to educate people about their recreational impact on nature as well as the principles of Leave No Trace to prevent and minimize such impacts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Uzbekistan at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Previously, Uzbek athletes competed as part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan was part of the Unified Team in 1992."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of Germany (1945\u20131990)", "paragraph_text": "The Cold War divided Germany between the Allies in the west and Soviets in the east. Germans had little voice in government until 1949 when two states emerged:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I for a brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an independent republic. In late 1920, the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army, and in 1922, Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union, later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936 to September 21, 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", "paragraph_text": "Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Joseph Stalin waited until 17 September before launching his own invasion of Poland. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and the Salla region of Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertza region). It was only in 1989 that the Soviet Union admitted the existence of the secret protocol of the Nazi - Soviet pact regarding the planned divisions of these territories. The invasion of Bukovina violated the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere agreed with the Axis."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Fatal Eggs", "paragraph_text": "The events of \"The Fatal Eggs\" were usually seen as a critique of Soviet Russia. Indeed, there was a case to be made for Professor Persikov's identification with Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (note the similarity in names), as both of them can be said to have unleashed destruction on Russia, and there seem to be similarities between them both in appearance and character. Chicken plague and the sanitary cordons that foreign countries established against it were seen as a parody of the ideas of internationalism and the policy of Antanta against it. Although Bulgakov was not repressed, from 1925 he was questioned by the GPU several times and was never allowed to leave the Soviet Union, possibly as a result of his negative image which was at least partly due to the publication of \"The Fatal Eggs\". Although there were positive responses, upon the whole the novel was viewed as dangerous and anti-Soviet."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arenal Volcano Emergency Forest Reserve", "paragraph_text": "Arenal Volcano Emergency Forest Reserve is a Forest Reserve, part of the Arenal Huetar Norte Conservation Area, in the northern part of Costa Rica in the emergency zone of the Arenal Volcano. It was created in 1972 covering an area of forest, and there are no public facilities at the reserve."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Painted turtle", "paragraph_text": "Incubation lasts 72 -- 80 days in the wild and for a similar period in artificial conditions. In August and September, the young turtle breaks out from its egg, using a special projection of its jaw called the egg tooth. Not all offspring leave the nest immediately, though. Hatchlings north of a line from Nebraska to northern Illinois to New Jersey typically arrange themselves symmetrically in the nest and overwinter to emerge the following spring."}], "question": "When did the Soviets leave the country out of which the organization spawned by thousands of madrasahs at least partially emerged?"}
{"id": "3hop1__421454_714218_37678", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ernst-Happel-Stadion", "paragraph_text": "The Ernst Happel Stadion \"()\" (Praterstadion until 1992, sometimes also called Wiener Stadion) is a football stadium in Leopoldstadt, the 2nd district of Austria's capital Vienna. With 50,865 seats, it is the largest stadium in Austria. It was built between 1929 and 1931 for the second Workers' Olympiad to the design of German architect Otto Ernst Schweizer. The stadium was renamed in honour of Austrian footballer Ernst Happel following his death in 1992. The stadium hosted seven games in UEFA Euro 2008, including the final which saw Spain triumph over Germany."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ernst, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen", "paragraph_text": "Ernst, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (Ernst, Prinz von Sachsen-Meiningen; 27 September 1859 \u2013 29 December 1941) was the head of the house of Saxe-Meiningen from 1928 until his death."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "IEEE Ernst Weber Engineering Leadership Recognition", "paragraph_text": "The IEEE Ernst Weber Engineering Leadership Recognition, now called the IEEE Ernst Weber Managerial Leadership Award, was established by the Board of Directors of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1985. This award is presented \"for exceptional managerial leadership in the fields of interest to the IEEE\". Recipients of this award will receive a certificate and a crystal sculpture."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Max Ernst", "paragraph_text": "Ernst developed a fascination with birds that was prevalent in his work. His alter ego in paintings, which he called Loplop, was a bird. He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans. He said that one night when he was young, he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died; a few minutes later, his father announced that his sister was born. Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists' work, such as \"Loplop presents Andr\u00e9 Breton\". Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting \"The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses: Andr\u00e9 Breton, Paul \u00c9luard, and the Painter\". In 1927, Ernst married and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of \"The Kiss\" and other works of that year. Ernst appeared in the 1930 film \"L'\u00c2ge d'Or\", directed by the Surrealist Luis Bu\u00f1uel. Ernst began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with Alberto Giacometti. In 1938, the American heiress and artistic patron Peggy Guggenheim acquired a number of Max Ernst's works, which she displayed in her new gallery in London. Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bride of the Regiment", "paragraph_text": "Bride of the Regiment is a 1930 American Pre-Code musical film directed by John Francis Dillon and filmed entirely in Technicolor. The screenplay by Ray Harris and Humphrey Pearson is based on the book of the 1922 stage musical \"The Lady in Ermine\" by Frederick Lonsdale and Cyrus Wood, which had been adapted from the operetta \"Die Frau im Hermelin\" by Rudolph Schanzer and Ernst Welisch. The story is a remake of a 1927 First National silent film, \"The Lady in Ermine\", that starred Corinne Griffith. It was later remade by 20th Century-Fox as \"That Lady in Ermine\" (1948) starring Betty Grable and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ernst & Young", "paragraph_text": "EY is the result of a series of mergers of ancestor organizations. The oldest originating partnership was founded in 1849 in England as Harding & Pullein. In that year the firm was joined by Frederick Whinney. He was made a partner in 1859 and with his sons in the business, it was renamed Whinney Smith & Whinney in 1894.In 1903, the firm of Ernst & Ernst was established in Cleveland, US by Alwin C. Ernst and his brother Theodore and in 1906, Arthur Young & Co.  was set up by the Scotsman Arthur Young in Chicago.As early as 1924, these American firms allied with prominent British firms, Young with Broads Paterson & Co. and Ernst with Whinney Smith & Whinney. In 1979, this led to the formation of Anglo-American Ernst & Whinney, creating the fourth largest accountancy firm in the world."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Trophy, Hypertrophied", "paragraph_text": "Trophy, Hypertrophied (1919) is a work of art by the German dadaist/surrealist Max Ernst. This is one of Ernst\u2019s earliest known works. It was created through a photomechanical process called line-block printing, rarely used in printmaking, to which drawing was added. It depicts a complex mechanical apparatus with celestial shapes as gears. Ernst created a similar piece the same year titled \"Farewell My Beautiful Land of Mary Laurencen. Help! Help!\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Die Zukunft", "paragraph_text": "Die Zukunft (\"\"The Future\"\") was a German social-democratic weekly (1892\u20131923) founded and edited by Maximilian Harden. It published allegations of homosexuality of Philip, Prince of Eulenburg, leading to the Harden\u2013Eulenburg affair in Wilhelmine Germany."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Live Fast Die Young", "paragraph_text": "``Live fast, die young, and have a good - looking corpse '', an oft - repeated quotation from the 1947 book Knock on Any Door by Willard Motley, also found in the movie version of the book"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the \"fallen city\" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Edge of the Cloud", "paragraph_text": "\"The Edge of the Cloud\" is set in London where, after Will and Christina elope, Christina briefly stays with their Aunt Grace. Will finds a job as a mechanic and later as an instructor at a flying school, and Christina finds employment at a nearby hotel to be close to Will. Uncle Russel and Mr Dermont both die during the course of the story. One death fills Will with pain; the other indifference. Will and Christina become close friends with Sandy, another flying instructor, and his girlfriend, Dorothy, the spoiled daughter of Christina's employer. Will gives exhibition flights to make extra money and designs and builds his own airplane. Mark joins the army. At the end, Will becomes famous as a stunt pilot and is thinking of joining the army, which\u2014on the eve of their long-awaited wedding\u2014worries Christina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Karl Ernst Osthaus", "paragraph_text": "In 1902, Osthaus founded the Folkwang Museum in Hagen, Germany. After his death, the city of Hagen was unable to purchase the museum collection and in 1922 Hagen was outbid by the neighbouring city of Essen which now houses the Folkwang Collection. A separate museum survives in Hagen, the Karl Ernst Osthaus-Museum."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Marcel Gu\u00e9nin", "paragraph_text": "He obtained his PhD in 1962 at the University of Geneva under the supervision of Ernst Stueckelberg with a thesis titled \"Op\u00e9rateurs de champ antilin\u00e9aires, T- et CP-covariance\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "C. E. A. Wichmann", "paragraph_text": "Carl Ernst Arthur Wichmann (9 April 1851 Hamburg \u2013 28 November 1927 Hamburg) was a German geologist and mineralogist. He was professor in geology at Utrecht University from 1879 to 1921, where he founded the geological institute. His daughter was the jurist and anarchist-socialist Clara Wichmann, his son the artist and fascist Erich Wichmann."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "University of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "It was founded in 1559 by John Calvin as a theological seminary and law school. It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for Enlightenment scholarship. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. Today, the university is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 2009, the University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Motorist Bride", "paragraph_text": "The Motorist Bride (German: Die Motorbraut) is a 1925 German silent romance film directed by Richard Eichberg and starring Hans Mierendorff, Lee Parry and Ernst Hofmann. The film is notable for the use of Lilian Harvey as a stunt double for Parry during the mountaineering scenes shot in Switzerland. Harvey quickly graduated to become the top star of Richard Eichberg's production company."}], "question": "When did the founder of the university that employed Ernst Stueckelberg die?"}
{"id": "3hop1__40070_40004_53677", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "From the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France, Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France, which the US contested as illegal under international law. To man the blockade, Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy. Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair inflamed anti-British sentiment in the US. In 1811, the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt affair, in which 11 British sailors died. Britain supplied Indians who raided American settlers on the frontier, which hindered American expansion and provoked resentment. Historians debate whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war. On June 18, 1812, US President James Madison, after heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress, signed the American declaration of war into law."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia's major science museums include the Franklin Institute, which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial; the Academy of Natural Sciences; the M\u00fctter Museum; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. History museums include the National Constitution Center, the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia History, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the African American Museum in Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in the state of Pennsylvania and The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania and Eastern State Penitentiary. Philadelphia is home to the United States' first zoo and hospital, as well as Fairmount Park, one of America's oldest and largest urban parks."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "First National State Bank Building", "paragraph_text": "The First National State Bank Building is located at 810 Broad Street in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was designed by Cass Gilbert and was built in 1912. The building stands and is twelve stories tall with a steel frame and with a facade of applied masonry. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 1977."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Queenstown Rosenwald School", "paragraph_text": "Queenstown Rosenwald School, also known as Sunnyside School, is a historic Rosenwald school building located at Severn in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. It was built in 1932 and is a plain, one-story, frame building. The building contained two classrooms and a library. The school closed in 1966 and subsequently became the Queenstown Community Center."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning \"the stone house of arms and ammunition\". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th\u201319th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Virginia Randolph Cottage", "paragraph_text": "The Virginia Randolph Cottage, now the Virginia E. Randolph Museum is a museum at 2200 Mountain Road in Glen Allen, Virginia. The museum is dedicated to the history of Virginia E. Randolph (1874\u20131958), an African-American vocational educator in the area for 55 years. The building, built in 1937 and housing Randolph's home economics classrooms, is a National Historic Landmark in recognition of her legacy as a trainer of vocational teachers, and her remains are interred on the grounds. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "National Air and Space Museum", "paragraph_text": "The National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, also called the NASM, is a museum in Washington, D.C.. It was established in 1946 as the National Air Museum and opened its main building on the National Mall near L'Enfant Plaza in 1976. In 2016, the museum saw approximately 7.5 million visitors, making it the second most visited museum in the world, and the most visited museum in the United States. The museum contains the Apollo 11 command module, the Friendship 7 capsule which was flown by John Glenn, Charles Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis, the Bell X-1 which broke the sound barrier, and the Wright brothers' plane near the entrance."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Crook County Bank Building", "paragraph_text": "The Crook County Bank is a historic bank building in Prineville, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1910 using stone blocks from a local quarry. The building was first use as a bank and then occupied by title and insurance business until 1971, when ownership was transferred to Crook County for use as a local history museum. Today, the Crook County Bank building is the home of the A. R. Bowman Memorial Museum. Because of its importance to the history of Prineville, the Crook County Bank Building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "E. C. Peery Building", "paragraph_text": "The E. C. Peery Building is a historic building in Scio, Oregon, United States that was built in 1881 in the Italianate style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "National Museum of the American People", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of the American People is a proposed museum to be built in Washington, D.C.. On July 7, 2011, Rep. Jim Moran (Democrat-Virginia), with the support of Rep. John Duncan (Republican-Tennessee) and others, introduced into the United States House of Representatives a concurrent resolution calling for a presidential commission to study the creation of this museum."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Smithsonian museums", "paragraph_text": "The Smithsonian museums are the most widely visible part of the United States' Smithsonian Institution and consist of nineteen museums and galleries as well as the National Zoological Park. Seventeen of these collections are located in Washington D.C., with eleven of those located on the National Mall. The remaining ones are in New York City and Chantilly, Virginia. As of 2010, one museum, the Arts and Industries Building, is closed in preparation for a substantial renovation, and its newest museum building, the National Museum of African American History and Culture, opened in 2016."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States. Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's most famous attractions. Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe, Betsy Ross, and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States, Fort Mifflin, and the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church. Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks, the third most of any city in the country."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The French and Indian War (1754\u20131763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Naval War College Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Naval War College Museum in Newport, Rhode Island, is one of 10 official museums operated by the United States Navy, under the direction of the Naval History & Heritage Command and in co-operation with the Naval War College. It is located at Building 10, Luce Avenue, Naval Station Newport. It is located in the building which first house the Naval War College, a structure built in the early 19th century to house Newport's poor. The building is a contributing element to a National Historic Landmark District, along with Luce Hall, the college's first purpose-built building, in recognition of the War College's historical significance."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alameda Apartments", "paragraph_text": "The Alameda Apartments is a historic building in Zanesville, Ohio, United States. Built in 1910, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "German declaration of war against the United States", "paragraph_text": "On 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire, Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II. The decision to declare war was made by Adolf Hitler, apparently offhand, almost without consultation. Later that day, the United States declared war on Germany."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West."}], "question": "When did the U.S. declare war on the country that was opposed by the man who built the National Museum in Kathmandu?"}
{"id": "3hop1__763272_234038_77316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mister Philippines 2009", "paragraph_text": "Mister Philippines 2009 is a male pageant in the Philippines. The winner of Mister Philippines 2009, Michael Manansala of Pampanga, Philippines, represented the Philippines in the 4th Mister International male pageant, was held in Plaza International Hotel, Taichung, Taiwan on December 19, 2009. 29 contestants competed for the title and for the first, the Philippines  did not place since the they sent a representative."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Send It to Me", "paragraph_text": "\"Send It to Me\" is a song by rock and roll band The Rolling Stones featured on the 1980 album \"Emotional Rescue\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Organ (born 1953 Carlisle, Indiana) is an American rock 'n' roll drummer best known for performing and recording with Sonny Landreth and Henry Lee Summer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mister Pip", "paragraph_text": "Mister Pip (2006) is a novel by Lloyd Jones, a New Zealand author. It is named after the chief character in, and shaped by the plot of, Charles Dickens' novel \"Great Expectations\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hot Pants (Gene Summers song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Hot Pants\" is a song recorded on February 2, 1971 in Dallas, Texas by Gene Summers & the Platinum Fog. Rush-released in the United States by Charay Records on February 5, 1971, it preceding the release of James Brown's song of the same name by several months. It was reviewed favorably by \"Cash Box\" and as a \"Personal Pick\" by the \"Gavin Report\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Plaza is a 72 - story, 280.7 m (921 ft) late - modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 30th tallest in the United States. It contains 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m) of office space. The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Toronto. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Musgrove Block", "paragraph_text": "The Musgrove Block is a historic commercial building at 2 Main Street in the center of Andover, Massachusetts. The three story brick building was built in 1895 on the site of a former town green, and forms part of Andover's central Elm Square intersection. The building exhibits Romanesque Revival styling, featuring granite trim elements and ornate brick detailing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Weight", "paragraph_text": "``The Weight ''is a song originally by the Canadian - American group the Band that was released as Capitol Records single 2269 in 1968 and on the group's debut album Music from Big Pink. Written by Band member Robbie Robertson, the song is about a visitor's experiences in a town mentioned in the lyric's first line as Nazareth.`` The Weight'' has significantly influenced American popular music, having been listed as # 41 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time published in 2004. Pitchfork Media named it the 13th best song of the Sixties, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named it one of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. PBS, which broadcast performances of the song in ``Ramble at the Ryman ''(2011),`` Austin City Limits'' (2012), and ``Quick Hits ''(2012), describes it as`` a masterpiece of Biblical allusions, enigmatic lines and iconic characters'' and notes its enduring popularity as ``an essential part of the American songbook. ''"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Motoharu Sano", "paragraph_text": ", is a Japanese singer-songwriter and musician. A graduate of Rikkyo University, Sano is a frontman with a history of performing in several bands which feature music both in Japanese and occasionally, English, playing songs that often have a rock and roll sound to them."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mister Rock and Roll", "paragraph_text": "Mister Rock and Roll is a 12\", vinyl record album (LP) by Gene Summers, issued by Lake County Records in 1977. It was Summers's second album released by the Swiss label."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rolling Green Township, Martin County, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Rolling Green Township is a township in Martin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 309 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Santos Place", "paragraph_text": "Santos Place was designed by Donovan Hill Architect, and constructed by Hutchinson Builders (in a Design & Construct procurement method). The total cost of the building's construction is A$270 million and it provides 33 000 m2 of floor area. Santos Place is Australia's largest building to receive a 6 star green building design rating. It features energy efficiency measures such as \"high performance double glazing, substantial external sun shading, state of the art ventilation and an energy-efficient gas-powered trigeneration system\". Sensored lighting switches off automatically if no movement is detected after five minutes. Rainwater is collected on the roof and stored in tanks on the top of the building. Construction of the building was done with 20% recycled concrete and 90% recycled steel. It includes a two-level gymnasium and 280 secured basement bicycle parks."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Magic School Bus (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The show's theme song called ``Ride on the Magic School Bus ''was written by Peter Lurye and performed by rock 'n' roll legend Little Richard."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pop music", "paragraph_text": "According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, called Grove Music Online, the term ``pop music ''`` originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced''. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's ``earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience... since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus (ic), usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc ''. Grove Music Online also states that``... in the early 1960s, (the term) 'pop music' competed terminologically with beat music (in England), while in the USA its coverage overlapped (as it still does) with that of 'rock and roll'''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WKNR", "paragraph_text": "Historically, the station is perhaps best known by its former WJW call letters. During the early 1950s, Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed began to popularize the term \"rock and roll\" as a name for the music genre both through his late night WJW radio show, and by what is often considered the first major rock and roll concert: the WJW-sponsored Moondog Coronation Ball."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Pie (song)", "paragraph_text": "The repeatedly mentioned ``day the music died ''refers to the 1959 plane crash which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens. (The crash was not known by that name until after McLean's song became a hit.) The meaning of the other lyrics has long been debated, and for decades, McLean declined to explain the symbolism behind the many characters and events mentioned. However, the overall theme of the song is the loss of innocence of the early rock and roll generation as symbolized by the plane crash which claimed the lives of three of its heroes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Johnny Kidd & the Pirates", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Kidd & the Pirates were an English rock and roll group led by singer/songwriter Johnny Kidd. They scored numerous hit songs from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, including \"Shakin' All Over\" and \"Please Don't Touch\", but their musical influence far outshines their chart performance."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dizzy, Miss Lizzy", "paragraph_text": "\"Dizzy, Miss Lizzy\" is a rock and roll song written and recorded by Larry Williams in 1958. Although identified as a \"genuine rock & roll classic\", it had limited success on the record charts. Seven years later, the Beatles recorded the song and John Lennon performed it with the Plastic Ono Band in 1969."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mick Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Mick Taylor Taylor performing with The Rolling Stones Background information Birth name Michael Kevin Taylor Also known as Little Mick (1949 - 01 - 17) 17 January 1949 (age 69) Welwyn Garden City, England Genres Rock blues Occupation (s) Musician, singer, songwriter Instruments Guitar Years active 1964 -- present Labels Columbia, Decca, Rolling Stones, Atlantic, EMI, Virgin, CBS, Maze Records Associated acts John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, The Rolling Stones, The Jack Bruce Band, Carla Olson, The Gods, Mike Oldfield"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dancing with Mr. D", "paragraph_text": "\"Dancing with Mr. D.\" is the opening track of rock and roll band The Rolling Stones' 1973 album \"Goats Head Soup\"."}], "question": "What is the name of the green building in the birth city of the performer of the album Mister Rock and Roll?"}
{"id": "3hop1__654962_234038_77316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oliver G. Traphagen", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Green Traphagen (3 September 1854 \u2013 21 October 1932) was an American architect who designed many notable buildings in Duluth, Minnesota, during the late 19th century and in the Territory of Hawaii during the early 20th century. Among his most famous landmarks are the Oliver G. Traphagen House in Duluth, called the Redstone, and the Moana Hotel in Honolulu, both of which are on the National Register of Historic Places, as are several other buildings he designed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "First Canadian Place", "paragraph_text": "First Canadian Place is named for Canada's first bank, the Bank of Montreal. Designed by Bregman + Hamann Architects with Edward Durell Stone as design consultant, First Canadian Place was constructed in 1975 and originally named \"First Bank Building\". The tower and associated buildings occupy a block once home to two major newspapers, the \"Toronto Star\u2019s\" Toronto Star Building and \"The Globe and Mail\"s William H. Wright Building. The site was the last of corners of King and Bay to be redeveloped in the 1960s and 1970s, and a major bidding war began over the property. The then little known firm of Olympia and York eventually obtained nearly the whole city block, though the election of reformist mayor David Crombie led to new rules banning skyscrapers and it took three years of lobbying before permission for First Canadian Place was granted. When completed, the building was nearly identical in appearance to Stone's Aon Center in Chicago, Illinois; completed two years previous as the Standard Oil Building, the Chicago tower is of the same floor plan and clad in the same marble, the only overtly visible difference being the vertical orientation of the windows, as opposed to the horizontal run of those on First Canadian Place."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Grant's First Stand", "paragraph_text": "Grant's First Stand is the debut album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances by Green recorded and released on the Blue Note label in 1961. Earlier recordings made by Green for Blue Note were released as \"First Session\" in 2001."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Santos Place", "paragraph_text": "Santos Place was designed by Donovan Hill Architect, and constructed by Hutchinson Builders (in a Design & Construct procurement method). The total cost of the building's construction is A$270 million and it provides 33 000 m2 of floor area. Santos Place is Australia's largest building to receive a 6 star green building design rating. It features energy efficiency measures such as \"high performance double glazing, substantial external sun shading, state of the art ventilation and an energy-efficient gas-powered trigeneration system\". Sensored lighting switches off automatically if no movement is detected after five minutes. Rainwater is collected on the roof and stored in tanks on the top of the building. Construction of the building was done with 20% recycled concrete and 90% recycled steel. It includes a two-level gymnasium and 280 secured basement bicycle parks."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Green Monster", "paragraph_text": "The wall was part of the original ballpark construction of 1912, along Fenway's north side facing Lansdowne Street. It is made of wood and was covered in tin and concrete in 1934. It was then covered with hard plastic in 1976. A manual scoreboard is set into the wall, which has been there, in one form or another, at least as far back as 1914 (see photo at right). Despite the name, the Green Monster was not painted green until 1947; before that, it was covered with advertisements. The Monster designation is relatively new. For most of its history it was simply called ``The Wall. ''"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Something's Gotta Give (Johnny Mercer song)", "paragraph_text": "``Something's Gotta Give ''is a popular song with words and music by Johnny Mercer in 1954. It was published in 1955. It was written for and first performed by Fred Astaire in the 1955 musical film Daddy Long Legs, and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 as Best Original Song, losing to Love is a Many Splendored Thing."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Old Greene County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Old Greene County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Eutaw, Alabama, United States. It housed the seat of government for Greene County from 1869 until 1993. The building is a two-story masonry structure in the Greek Revival style with Italianate influences. Architect Clay Lancaster proposed that it may be the last Greek Revival public building to be built in Alabama. It replaced an earlier wooden courthouse on the same site that was built in 1838. The prior courthouse was burned in 1868, in what is considered by most historians to have been a deliberate act of arson that was executed to destroy indictments brought by the recently installed Radical Reconstruction government against local citizens. The fire destroyed paperwork pertaining to some 1,800 suits by freedmen against planters which were about to be acted on. The courthouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1971, due to its architectural significance."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hot Pants (Gene Summers song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Hot Pants\" is a song recorded on February 2, 1971 in Dallas, Texas by Gene Summers & the Platinum Fog. Rush-released in the United States by Charay Records on February 5, 1971, it preceding the release of James Brown's song of the same name by several months. It was reviewed favorably by \"Cash Box\" and as a \"Personal Pick\" by the \"Gavin Report\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jesse Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 -- July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoys it the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)", "paragraph_text": "Big Daddy and Big Mama (Judith Anderson) arrive home from the hospital via their private aeroplane and are greeted by Gooper and his wife -- and all their kids -- along with Maggie. Despite the efforts of Mae, Gooper and their kids to draw his attention to them, Big Daddy has eyes only for Maggie. The news is that Big Daddy is not dying from cancer. However, the doctor later meets privately with first Gooper and then Brick where he divulges that it is a deception. Big Daddy has inoperable cancer and will likely be dead within a year, and the truth is being kept from him. Brick later confides in Maggie with the truth about Big Daddy's health, and she is heartbroken. Maggie wants Brick to take an interest in his father -- for both selfish and unselfish reasons, but Brick stubbornly refuses."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Shakin' It 4 Daddy", "paragraph_text": "\"Shakin' It 4 Daddy\" (sometime rendered as \"Shakin' It for Daddy\") is a song recorded by American singer Robin Thicke for his fourth studio album, \"\" (2009). It features rap verses by hip hop artist Nicki Minaj. The song was written by Thicke, Jamal Jones, Ester Dean and Minaj, while production was handled by Jones under his stage name Polow da Don."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Musgrove Block", "paragraph_text": "The Musgrove Block is a historic commercial building at 2 Main Street in the center of Andover, Massachusetts. The three story brick building was built in 1895 on the site of a former town green, and forms part of Andover's central Elm Square intersection. The building exhibits Romanesque Revival styling, featuring granite trim elements and ornate brick detailing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kinara", "paragraph_text": "The kinara is the candle holder used in Kwanzaa celebrations in the United States. During the week-long celebration of Kwanzaa, seven candles are placed in the kinara - three red on the left, three green on the right, and a single black candle in the center. The word \"kinara\" is a Swahili word that means \"candle holder.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Plaza is a 72 - story, 280.7 m (921 ft) late - modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 30th tallest in the United States. It contains 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m) of office space. The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Toronto. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Green Door Tavern", "paragraph_text": "The Green Door Tavern is reputedly Chicago's oldest surviving drinking establishment. It opened in 1921, but the building dates from 1872."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Do Right Daddy", "paragraph_text": "Do Right Daddy is an album by Gene Summers. It was recorded at Enviken Studios, Enviken, Sweden on August 5, 2002. The back-up band included Ulf Back, Jonas Olpers, Patrik Staffansson, Riley McOwen, Lars Sodervall, Ulf Torstensson and Henrik Eriksson. Two of the tracks on this album, \"Little Lu Ann\" and \"Boogie Rock,\" were written by James McClung who also composed \"School Of Rock 'n Roll\" \"Alabama Shake\" and \"Fancy Dan\" for Summers in the 1950s. McClung was also a founding member of \"Gene Summers and the Rebels\" in 1957."}], "question": "What is the name of the green building in the Do Right Daddy performer's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop1__40070_40004_45581", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Crook County Bank Building", "paragraph_text": "The Crook County Bank is a historic bank building in Prineville, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1910 using stone blocks from a local quarry. The building was first use as a bank and then occupied by title and insurance business until 1971, when ownership was transferred to Crook County for use as a local history museum. Today, the Crook County Bank building is the home of the A. R. Bowman Memorial Museum. Because of its importance to the history of Prineville, the Crook County Bank Building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "The Oklahoma City National Memorial in the northern part of Oklahoma City's downtown was created as the inscription on its eastern gate of the Memorial reads, \"to honor the victims, survivors, rescuers, and all who were changed forever on April 19, 1995\"; the memorial was built on the land formerly occupied by the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building complex prior to its 1995 bombing. The outdoor Symbolic Memorial can be visited 24 hours a day for free, and the adjacent Memorial Museum, located in the former Journal Record building damaged by the bombing, can be entered for a small fee. The site is also home to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a non-partisan, nonprofit think tank devoted to the prevention of terrorism."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Republic of Ireland", "paragraph_text": "The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo - Irish Treaty. It had the status of dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted, in which the state was named ``Ireland ''and effectively became a republic, with an elected non-executive president as head of state. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948. Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union, in 1973. The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the twentieth century, but during the 1980s and 1990s the British and Irish governments worked with the Northern Ireland parties towards a resolution to`` the Troubles''. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the Irish government and Northern Ireland Executive have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North - South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "N25 road (Ireland)", "paragraph_text": "The N25 road is a national primary road in Ireland, forming the route from Cork to Rosslare Europort via Waterford City. The road is part of the E30 European route and a short section is also part of the E01 European route. It forms part of the proposed Atlantic Corridor route."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Naval War College Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Naval War College Museum in Newport, Rhode Island, is one of 10 official museums operated by the United States Navy, under the direction of the Naval History & Heritage Command and in co-operation with the Naval War College. It is located at Building 10, Luce Avenue, Naval Station Newport. It is located in the building which first house the Naval War College, a structure built in the early 19th century to house Newport's poor. The building is a contributing element to a National Historic Landmark District, along with Luce Hall, the college's first purpose-built building, in recognition of the War College's historical significance."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "One World Trade Center", "paragraph_text": "The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high - rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street, as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild following the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Much of Richmond's early architecture was destroyed by the Evacuation Fire in 1865. It is estimated that 25% of all buildings in Richmond were destroyed during this fire. Even fewer now remain due to construction and demolition that has taken place since Reconstruction. In spite of this, Richmond contains many historically significant buildings and districts. Buildings remain from Richmond's colonial period, such as the Patteson-Schutte House and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum (Richmond, Virginia), both built before 1750."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "Ireland and the United Kingdom are both part of the European Union (EU). The Crown Dependencies are not a part of the EU however do participate in certain aspects that were negotiated as a part of the UK's accession to the EU. Neither the United Kingdom or Ireland are part of the Schengen area, that allow passport-free travel between EU members states. However, since the partition of Ireland, an informal free-travel area had existed across the region. In 1997, this area required formal recognition during the course of negotiations for the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union and is now known as the Common Travel Area."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dubai Museum", "paragraph_text": "Dubai Museum (Arabic: \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u062f\u0628\u064a\u200e) is the main museum in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is located in the Al Fahidi Fort (Arabic: \u062d\u0635\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u200e), built in 1787 and is the oldest existing building in Dubai."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Smithsonian museums", "paragraph_text": "The Smithsonian museums are the most widely visible part of the United States' Smithsonian Institution and consist of nineteen museums and galleries as well as the National Zoological Park. Seventeen of these collections are located in Washington D.C., with eleven of those located on the National Mall. The remaining ones are in New York City and Chantilly, Virginia. As of 2010, one museum, the Arts and Industries Building, is closed in preparation for a substantial renovation, and its newest museum building, the National Museum of African American History and Culture, opened in 2016."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National Air and Space Museum", "paragraph_text": "The National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, also called the NASM, is a museum in Washington, D.C.. It was established in 1946 as the National Air Museum and opened its main building on the National Mall near L'Enfant Plaza in 1976. In 2016, the museum saw approximately 7.5 million visitors, making it the second most visited museum in the world, and the most visited museum in the United States. The museum contains the Apollo 11 command module, the Friendship 7 capsule which was flown by John Glenn, Charles Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis, the Bell X-1 which broke the sound barrier, and the Wright brothers' plane near the entrance."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "National Museum of Aleppo", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Aleppo () is the largest museum in the city of Aleppo, Syria, and was founded in 1931. It is located in the heart of the northern city on Baron Street, adjacent to the famous Baron Hotel and near the Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower. The majority of the museum's exhibitions are devoted to the archaeology of Syria, with most of the finds coming from archaeological sites of the northern part of the country."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning \"the stone house of arms and ammunition\". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th\u201319th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Museum for the Macedonian Struggle (Thessaloniki)", "paragraph_text": "The Museum for the Macedonian Struggle is located in the centre of the city Thessaloniki in Central Macedonia, Greece. It occupies a neo-classical building designed by the renowned architect Ernst Ziller and built in 1893. In its six ground-floor rooms the museum graphically illustrates the modern and contemporary history of Greek Macedonia. It presents the social, economic, political and military developments that shaped the presence of Hellenism in the region. This approach enables the visitor to form a global picture, not only of the revolutionary movements in the area, but also of the rapidly changing society of the southern Balkans and its agonizing struggles to balance between tradition and modernization."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tarvasp\u00e4\u00e4", "paragraph_text": "The Gallen-Kallela Museum, located in Tarvasp\u00e4\u00e4, Espoo, Finland and built between 1911 and 1913 was a home and studio for Finnish painter Akseli Gallen-Kallela. The atelier building Tarvasp\u00e4\u00e4 has been a museum since 1961."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "National Museum of Kandy", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Kandy in Kandy, Sri Lanka is located next to the Temple of the Tooth in part of the former Royal Palace of Kandy. The primary exhibits are housed in the \"Palle Vahala\" building, which was the former home of the King's harem. A secondary exhibition is located in the main palace building. The museum is maintained by the Department of National Museums."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hospital de la Caridad (Algeciras)", "paragraph_text": "The Hospital de la Caridad or \"Charity Hospital\" in Algeciras, Spain was built as a hospital to serve the population but today the building is preserved as part of the town's cultural heritage. It has been an arts centre but is intended to become a municipal museum."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe are:"}], "question": "Why is southern Ireland not part of the country opposed by the person who built the building containing the National Museum?"}
{"id": "3hop1__709912_234038_77316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Old Greene County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Old Greene County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Eutaw, Alabama, United States. It housed the seat of government for Greene County from 1869 until 1993. The building is a two-story masonry structure in the Greek Revival style with Italianate influences. Architect Clay Lancaster proposed that it may be the last Greek Revival public building to be built in Alabama. It replaced an earlier wooden courthouse on the same site that was built in 1838. The prior courthouse was burned in 1868, in what is considered by most historians to have been a deliberate act of arson that was executed to destroy indictments brought by the recently installed Radical Reconstruction government against local citizens. The fire destroyed paperwork pertaining to some 1,800 suits by freedmen against planters which were about to be acted on. The courthouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1971, due to its architectural significance."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Garden of Death", "paragraph_text": "The Garden of Death () (1896) is a painting by Finnish symbolist painter Hugo Simberg. Like many of Simberg's paintings, it depicts a gloomy, otherworldly scene. The central figures are reminiscent of the classic black-clad Grim Reaper, but paradoxically are tending to gardens; traditionally symbols of birth or renewal."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Plaza is a 72 - story, 280.7 m (921 ft) late - modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 30th tallest in the United States. It contains 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m) of office space. The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Toronto. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chateau Neuf", "paragraph_text": "Chateau Neuf is a building in Oslo, Norway that houses Det Norske Studentersamfund (The Norwegian Students' Society), including cafes, bars, performance centers, and other facilities for student assembly. It is situated at Slemdalsveien 15 near Majorstuen just south of the main campus of the University of Oslo at Blindern."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jesse Bennett", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 -- July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oliver G. Traphagen", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Green Traphagen (3 September 1854 \u2013 21 October 1932) was an American architect who designed many notable buildings in Duluth, Minnesota, during the late 19th century and in the Territory of Hawaii during the early 20th century. Among his most famous landmarks are the Oliver G. Traphagen House in Duluth, called the Redstone, and the Moana Hotel in Honolulu, both of which are on the National Register of Historic Places, as are several other buildings he designed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Beaches of Agn\u00e8s", "paragraph_text": "The Beaches of Agn\u00e8s () is a 2008 French documentary film directed by Agn\u00e8s Varda. The film is an autobiographical essay where Varda revisits places from her past, reminisces about life and celebrates her 80th birthday on camera. Varda said it would most likely be her last film, but released the documentary Faces Places a decade later."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hot Pants (Gene Summers song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Hot Pants\" is a song recorded on February 2, 1971 in Dallas, Texas by Gene Summers & the Platinum Fog. Rush-released in the United States by Charay Records on February 5, 1971, it preceding the release of James Brown's song of the same name by several months. It was reviewed favorably by \"Cash Box\" and as a \"Personal Pick\" by the \"Gavin Report\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sean Meenan", "paragraph_text": "Sean Meenan is an American entrepreneur from New York. He conceived and owns Cafe Habana in the Nolita section of Manhattan, Habana Outpost in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, Cafe Habana Malibu in Malibu, California and Cafe Habana Dubai in Dubai, UAE. He is the initial investor in Etsy as well as the initial investor in The Elder Statesman."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hard Rock Cafe", "paragraph_text": "The chain began to expand worldwide in 1982 with locations in (among others) Toronto, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Paris, and Berlin. Hard Rock Cafe locations in the United States vary from smaller, more tourist driven markets (Biloxi, Pigeon Forge, Key West, etc.) to large metropolises (Houston, Philadelphia, New York City, Chicago, Boston, Washington, D.C., etc.). Hard Rock Cafe typically does not franchise cafe locations in the United States. All US cafes are corporate owned and operated, except for cafes in Tampa and Four Winds New Buffalo casino. However, in the transition of the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel property originally owned and then later sold to Rank by founder Peter Morton, Morton retained hotel naming rights west of the Mississippi. When Morton sold his Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel to the Morgans Hotel Group, he also sold those naming rights, which then gave rise to two US franchised hotels (without cafes) in Albuquerque and Tulsa. The Albuquerque hotel no longer pays for the Hard Rock rights and reverted to its former name in June 2013. More hotels franchised from Morgan's are planned for Sioux City and Vancouver."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Santos Place", "paragraph_text": "Santos Place was designed by Donovan Hill Architect, and constructed by Hutchinson Builders (in a Design & Construct procurement method). The total cost of the building's construction is A$270 million and it provides 33 000 m2 of floor area. Santos Place is Australia's largest building to receive a 6 star green building design rating. It features energy efficiency measures such as \"high performance double glazing, substantial external sun shading, state of the art ventilation and an energy-efficient gas-powered trigeneration system\". Sensored lighting switches off automatically if no movement is detected after five minutes. Rainwater is collected on the roof and stored in tanks on the top of the building. Construction of the building was done with 20% recycled concrete and 90% recycled steel. It includes a two-level gymnasium and 280 secured basement bicycle parks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Broadcasting from Home", "paragraph_text": "Broadcasting from Home is the fourth album by the Penguin Cafe Orchestra, and was released in 1984 on E.G. Records. The opening song was named after PCO leader Simon Jeffes found a discarded harmonium in an alleyway in Japan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fried Green Tomatoes", "paragraph_text": "Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer. Scouting for a location, she found Juliette, Georgia, a town that was, according to Avnet, nearly deserted. The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Caf\u00e9 was formerly an antique and hardware store. It was redesigned as a cafe, with a horseshoe shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Green", "paragraph_text": "Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks; it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green. Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Cafe terrace at night."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "La Nau", "paragraph_text": "La Nau (literally \"The Nave\") is the former building of the old Universidad Literaria in Valencia, and is today one of the smaller buildings of the modern Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia. The street itself is known as the \"carrer de la Nau\" after the building. It was built in 1497 and remodelled in 1830. The courtyard is now used for a cafe and exhibitions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Yarrow", "paragraph_text": "Through high school, Mitch Mallory frequently wrote music and performed with various friends. In 2008, he booked a show at Muse Music Cafe in Provo, Utah and recruited Jeff Harris to accompany him under the band name The Yarrow. He and Jeff continued to write music and play occasional shows in the following months. Over the next few months, Mallory and Harris recruited various members to join the band until a cohesive mix was found."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Musgrove Block", "paragraph_text": "The Musgrove Block is a historic commercial building at 2 Main Street in the center of Andover, Massachusetts. The three story brick building was built in 1895 on the site of a former town green, and forms part of Andover's central Elm Square intersection. The building exhibits Romanesque Revival styling, featuring granite trim elements and ornate brick detailing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Reminisce Cafe", "paragraph_text": "Reminisce Cafe is a landmark album by Gene Summers, released in 2008. It is his 50th anniversary Album (CD) issued by Seduction Records on February 1, 2008, exactly 50 years to the day of the release of his first hit single \"School Of Rock 'n Roll\"/ \"Straight Skirt\"."}], "question": "What is the name of the green building in the birth city of the performer of the album Reminisce Cafe?"}
{"id": "3hop1__273053_10012_60990", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Philip LaBatte", "paragraph_text": "Philip William \"Phil\" LaBatte (July 5, 1911 \u2013 September 6, 2002) was an American ice hockey player who played at the University of Minnesota and won a Bronze Medal in the 1936 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Martin Thomas (historian)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas did both his undergraduate and doctoral studies at Oxford University, completing his D.Phil in 1991. He joined the history department at the University of the West of England, Bristol in 1992 before leaving to take up a post at the History Department of Exeter University in 2003. He is the Director of the Centre for the Study of War, State and Society."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saija Tarkki", "paragraph_text": "Saija Katariina Tarkki (n\u00e9e Sirvi\u00f6) (born December 29, 1982 in Oulu, Finland) is a hockey player who competes for Finland. She won a bronze medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States men's national ice hockey team", "paragraph_text": "The United States won gold medals at the 1960 and 1980 Winter Olympics and more recently, silver medals at the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympics. The United States won the 1996 World Cup of Hockey. The team's most recent medal at the World Championships came with a bronze in 2015. They won the tournament in 1933 and 1960. Unlike other nations, the United States does n't typically use its best NHL players in the World Championships even when they're available. Instead, USA Hockey uses this tournament as a platform for young NHLers and college players."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buzz Schneider", "paragraph_text": "William Conrad \"Buzz\" Schneider (born September 14, 1954, in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, and raised in Babbitt, Minnesota) is an American former ice hockey player best remembered for his role on the US Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. He was also a member of the US Olympic hockey team at the 1976 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals (1,022 of them gold) at the Summer Olympic Games, the most of any nation, and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games, the second most behind Norway. The U.S. has topped the gold medal count (as the medals are listed on the IOC website, and internationally by tradition) at seventeen Summer Olympics, the most of any nation, and one Winter Olympics. The U.S. holds the record both for the most gold and overall medals won in a single Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Winter Olympic Games", "paragraph_text": "Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29. Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals, their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canada at the Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Canada (IOC country code CAN) has competed at every Winter Olympic Games, and has won at least one medal each time. By total medals, the country's best performance was in the 2018 Winter Olympic Games where Canadian athletes won 29 medals. Canada set a new record for most gold medals won by a country in a single Winter Olympics with 14 at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada. This achievement surpassed the previous record of 13 gold medals held by the Soviet Union (1976) and Norway (2002). Both Germany and Norway matched the record total of 14 gold metals in Pyeongchang in 2018."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Olga Fatkulina", "paragraph_text": "In the 2013 World Single Distance Championships she won the gold medal in the 1000 meters race, and a bronze medal in the 500 metres. At the 2014 Winter Olympics she won the silver medal in the 500 meters event. On 24 November 2017, she was disqualified from the 2014 Winter Olympics and had her silver medal stripped. On 1 February 2018, her results were restored and ban lifted as a result of the successful appeal."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thomas Florsch\u00fctz", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Florsch\u00fctz (born 20 February 1978 in Sonneberg) is a German bobsledder who has competed since 2006. He won a silver medal in the two-man event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great Britain at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Overall medals 1924 Chamonix 45 6 1928 St. Moritz 33 0 0 8 8 1932 Lake Placid 0 0 0 0 -- - 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 39 7 8 1948 St. Moritz 62 0 0 13 10 1952 Oslo 20 0 0 8 11 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 45 0 0 0 0 -- - 1960 Squaw Valley 17 0 0 0 0 -- - 1964 Innsbruck 49 0 0 11 12 1968 Grenoble 46 0 0 0 0 -- - 1972 Sapporo 40 0 0 0 0 -- - 1976 Innsbruck 50 0 0 12 14 1980 Lake Placid 50 0 0 11 14 1984 Sarajevo 54 0 0 11 14 1988 Calgary 57 0 0 0 0 -- - 1992 Albertville 54 0 0 0 0 -- - 1994 Lillehammer 35 0 0 21 20 1998 Nagano 33 0 0 22 22 2002 Salt Lake City 51 0 18 20 2006 Turin 40 0 0 21 22 2010 Vancouver 50 0 0 19 24 2014 Sochi 56 19 20 2018 Pyeongchang 58 0 5 19 17 2022 Beijing Future event Total 11 16 31 19 19"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John Petroske", "paragraph_text": "John Edward Petroske (born August 6, 1934 in Hibbing, Minnesota) is an ice hockey player who played for the American national team. He won a silver medal at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Adam Enright", "paragraph_text": "Adam Enright (born November 16, 1983, in Rosalind, Alberta) is a Canadian curler from Edmonton, Alberta. He is a former alternate for Kevin Martin's rink with whom he won a gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics as well as wins at the 2008 Tim Hortons Brier and the 2008 World Men's Curling Championship. Currently, Enright plays third for Kurt Balderston's rink."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A. J. Mleczko", "paragraph_text": "Allison Jaime \"A.J.\" Mleczko is an American ice hockey player and analyst. She won a gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers \"a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions.\" These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alisa Camplin", "paragraph_text": "Alisa Peta Camplin (born 10 November 1974) is an Australian aerial skier who won gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics, the second ever winter Olympic gold medal for Australia. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Camplin finished third to receive a bronze medal. She is the first Australian skier to win medals at consecutive Winter Olympics, making her one of Australia's best skiers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jouko Karjalainen", "paragraph_text": "Jouko Karjalainen (born 27 July 1956 in Kajaani) is a Finnish former nordic combined skier. He won two silver medals in the individual Nordic combined at the 1980 Winter Olympics and the 1984 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Petra Dallmann", "paragraph_text": "Petra Dallmann (born 21 November 1978 in Freiburg im Breisgau) is a German swimmer. She won a Bronze medal in 2004 Olympics. She has also won many other medals, including a Gold medal in 2001 World Aquatics Championships."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rudolf Potsch", "paragraph_text": "Rudolf Potsch (born May 15, 1937 in Brno, Czechoslovakia) is an ice hockey player who played for the Czechoslovak national team. He won a bronze medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kim So-hee (speed skater)", "paragraph_text": "Kim So-Hee (Hangul: \uae40\uc18c\ud76c, Hanja: \u91d1\u662d\u5e0c) (born September 16, 1976 in Daegu) is a retired female South Korean short track speed skater who competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and in the 1994 Winter Olympics. She won one Gold medal and one Bronze medal from the Olympics. She is the 1992 Overall World Champion for Short-track speed skating, and is the first Woman from South Korea to have become one."}], "question": "How many medals have been won in the Winter Olympics by the country where Martin Thomas was educated?"}
{"id": "3hop1__273053_10012_62279", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "KEPD 350", "paragraph_text": "Taurus KEPD 350 is a German air-launched cruise missile, manufactured by Taurus Systems and used by Germany, Spain, and South Korea. Taurus Systems GmbH is a partnership between MBDA Deutschland GmbH (formerly LFK) and Saab Bofors Dynamics."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 8", "paragraph_text": "Space Launch Complex 8 (SLC-8), is a launch pad at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, United States. It is used by Minotaur rockets. It was originally part of the California Spaceport, and was known as the Commercial Launch Facility (CLF) or Space Launch Facility (SLF)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of the Bulge (disambiguation)", "paragraph_text": "In a subterranean lair, it is revealed the officer is Col. Martin Hessler (Shaw), a fictional Panzer tank commander loosely based on SS - Standartenf\u00fchrer Jochen Peiper. Hessler is briefed by his superior, Gen. Kohler (Werner Peters), on a new German attack, piercing west against the American lines. Kohler points out a clock with a 50 - hour countdown, which is the time allotted for the operation, beyond which Germany has no resources for full - scale attack. At the same time German soldiers disguised as American troops, led by Lt. Schumacher (Ty Hardin), are tasked with seizing vital bridges and sowing confusion behind the Allied lines."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "AGM-169 Joint Common Missile", "paragraph_text": "The AGM-169 Joint Common Missile (JCM) was a tactical air-to-surface missile developed by the Lockheed Martin corporation for the United States military aircraft, such as attack and utility helicopters, strike fighters and fighter-bombers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "AGM-28 Hound Dog", "paragraph_text": "The North American Aviation AGM-28 Hound Dog was a supersonic, turbojet-propelled, air-launched cruise missile developed in 1959 for the United States Air Force. It was primarily designed to be capable of attacking Soviet ground-based air defense sites prior to a potential air attack by B-52 Stratofortress long range bombers during the Cold War. The Hound Dog was first given the designation B-77, then redesignated GAM-77, and finally as AGM-28. It was conceived as a temporary standoff missile for the B-52, to be used until the GAM-87 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile was available. Instead, the Skybolt was cancelled within a few years and the Hound Dog continued to be deployed for a total of 15 years until its replacement by newer missiles, including the AGM-69 SRAM and then the AGM-86 ALCM."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Declarations of war during World War II", "paragraph_text": "1941 - 06 - 22 Nazi Germany Italy Romania Soviet Union A timed - declaration of war was given by Germany at the time of the attack Invasion"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Menacers", "paragraph_text": "The Menacers, first published in 1968, was the eleventh novel in the Matt Helm spy series by Donald Hamilton and the first published since the launch of the \"Matt Helm\" film series starring Dean Martin."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers \"a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions.\" These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Type 80 Air-to-Ship Missile", "paragraph_text": "Type 80 Air-to-Ship Missile (80\u5f0f\u7a7a\u5bfe\u8266\u8a98\u5c0e\u5f3e, ASM-1) is an air-launched Air-to-ship missile developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. It entered service with the Japan Air Self-Defense Force in 1980. The major launch platforms for the Type 80 are the Mitsubishi F-1, JASDF F-4EJ \"Kai\" and Mitsubishi F-2."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi\u2013Soviet economic relations (1934\u201341) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as \"offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible\" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. OCA comprises attack operations, sweep, escort, and suppression/destruction of enemy air defense."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Japan during World War I", "paragraph_text": "In the first week of World War I Japan proposed to the United Kingdom, its ally since 1902, that Japan would enter the war if it could take Germany's Pacific territories. On 7 August 1914, the British government officially asked Japan for assistance in destroying the raiders from the Imperial German Navy in and around Chinese waters. Japan sent Germany an ultimatum on 23 August 1914, which went unanswered; Japan then formally declared war on Germany on 23 August 1914 in the name of the Emperor Taish\u014d. As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Qingdao, Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary, too, on 25 August 1914.Japanese forces quickly occupied German-leased territories in the Far East. On 2 September 1914, Japanese forces landed on China's Shandong province and surrounded the German settlement at Tsingtao (Qingdao).  During October, acting virtually independently of the civil government, the Imperial Japanese Navy seized several of Germany's island colonies in the Pacific - the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands - with virtually no resistance. The Japanese Navy conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids against German-held land targets in Shandong province and ships in Qiaozhou Bay from the seaplane-carrier Wakamiya. On 6 September 1914 a seaplane launched by Wakamiya unsuccessfully attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar with bombs.The Siege of Tsingtao concluded with the surrender of German colonial forces on 7 November 1914."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Britain", "paragraph_text": "Battle of Britain Part of the Second World War An Observer Corps spotter scans the skies of London. Date 10 July -- 31 October 1940 (3 months and 3 weeks) Location British airspace Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom Canada Germany Italy Commanders and leaders Hugh Dowding Keith Park T. Leigh - Mallory Quintin Brand Richard Saul L. Samuel Breadner Zdzis\u0142aw Krasnod\u0119bski Hermann G\u00f6ring Albert Kesselring Hugo Sperrle Hans - J\u00fcrgen Stumpff R.C. Fougier Units involved Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Foreign pilots from (show) Poland New Zealand Czechoslovakia Belgium Australia South Africa France Ireland United States Southern Rhodesia Jamaica Barbados Newfoundland Northern Rhodesia Luftwaffe Corpo Aereo Italiano Strength 1,963 serviceable aircraft 2,550 serviceable aircraft. Casualties and losses 1,542 aircrew killed 422 aircrew wounded 1,744 aircraft destroyed 2,585 aircrew killed and missing, 925 captured, 735 wounded 1,977 aircraft destroyed, 1,634 in combat and 343 non-combat Around 90,000 civilian casualties, 40,000 of them fatal."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Operational Silo Test Facility", "paragraph_text": "The Operational Silo Test Facility (OSTF) is a former United States Air Force intercontinental ballistic missile launch facility at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, United States. It was a developmental launch site for the silo-based Titan and Atlas missile series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as \"measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites.\" In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS (\"Man Portable AD Systems\": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced \"SAM\" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Timeline of World War II (1939)", "paragraph_text": "1: The Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany starts at 4: 45 a.m. with the Luftwaffe attacking several targets in Poland. The Luftwaffe launches air attacks against Krak\u00f3w, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, and Warsaw. Within five minutes of the Luftwaffe attacks, Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine orders the old Battleship Schleswig - Holstein to open fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea, but the attack is repulsed. By 8: 00 a.m., troops of the German Army, still without a formal declaration of war issued, launch an attack near the Polish town of Mokra."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Martin Thomas (historian)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas did both his undergraduate and doctoral studies at Oxford University, completing his D.Phil in 1991. He joined the history department at the University of the West of England, Bristol in 1992 before leaving to take up a post at the History Department of Exeter University in 2003. He is the Director of the Centre for the Study of War, State and Society."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elf (musical)", "paragraph_text": "Elf is a musical based on the motion picture of the same name, with a score by Matthew Sklar and Chad Beguelin. The book is adapted by Bob Martin and Thomas Meehan from the 2003 film. The musical ran on Broadway in the Christmas seasons of 2010-11 and 2012\u201313, and also toured the U.S. in 2012. A new tour launched in 2014."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Triple Alliance (1882)", "paragraph_text": "The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria - Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I. Germany and Austria - Hungary had been closely allied since 1879. Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost North African ambitions to the French. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power. The treaty provided that Germany and Austria - Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation. In turn, Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France. In the event of a war between Austria - Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to remain neutral."}], "question": "When did Germany launch an air attack on the nation that has the school where Martin Thomas was educated?"}
{"id": "3hop1__577648_234038_77316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mick Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Mick Taylor Taylor performing with The Rolling Stones Background information Birth name Michael Kevin Taylor Also known as Little Mick (1949 - 01 - 17) 17 January 1949 (age 69) Welwyn Garden City, England Genres Rock blues Occupation (s) Musician, singer, songwriter Instruments Guitar Years active 1964 -- present Labels Columbia, Decca, Rolling Stones, Atlantic, EMI, Virgin, CBS, Maze Records Associated acts John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, The Rolling Stones, The Jack Bruce Band, Carla Olson, The Gods, Mike Oldfield"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rock 'n' Roll Habits for the New Wave", "paragraph_text": "Rock 'n' Roll Habits for the New Wave is an album by the Huntingtons released in 2001 on the Burnt Toast Vinyl label. In 2011, the album was remastered and released digitally to improve clarity, dynamic range and song to song flow. This newly remastered edition includes new cover art."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rock 'n Roll Volume 2.", "paragraph_text": "Rock And Roll Volume 2. is a 12\" vinyl album by Gene Summers and five other artists. This was the first album ever released on Summers. It was issued in 1973 on the Collector Records imprint, a re-issue label located in the Netherlands. It is not available on CD."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", "paragraph_text": "``I Love Rock 'n' Roll ''is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version. The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982. Alan Merrill still plays the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home town New York City."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Unexploded", "paragraph_text": "Unexploded is the name of a one-man rock band as well as the alias of its singer-songwriter member. Founded in 2002, Unexploded was asked to perform at several festivals in 2004, but settled for releases on 2 compilations; one in Japan on Stargate Recordings Antenna Volume One in company with amongst others Bill Laswell."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Andy Hilfiger", "paragraph_text": "Andy Hilfiger (Andrew Charles Hilfiger) is an American businessman in the fashion industry and a musician. He is the creative director and namesake of Andrew Charles, a rock 'n' roll inspired fashion line, of which Steven Tyler is the face."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Organ (born 1953 Carlisle, Indiana) is an American rock 'n' roll drummer best known for performing and recording with Sonny Landreth and Henry Lee Summer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Land speed record", "paragraph_text": "Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed over 1 km Speed over 1 mile Comments mph km / h mph km / h August 5, 1963 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 407.447 655.722 Initially considered unofficial since the machine had 3 wheels. Later ratified by FIM. October 2, 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Tom Green Wingfoot Express Turbojet 413.2 665.0 October 5, 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 434.03 698.50 October 13, 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 468.719 754.330 October 15, 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 526.277 846.961 October 27, 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 536.710 863.751 November 2, 1965 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Craig Breedlove Spirit of America - Sonic 1 Turbojet 555.485 893.966 555.485 893.966 November 7, 1965 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 576.553 927.872 576.553 927.872 November 15, 1965 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Craig Breedlove Spirit of America - Sonic 1 Turbojet 594 955.950 600.601 966.574 October 23, 1970 Bonneville Salt Flats, USA Gary Gabelich Blue Flame Rocket 630.478 1014.656 622.407 1001.667 October 4, 1983 Black Rock Desert, USA Richard Noble Thrust2 Turbojet: 1 x Rolls - Royce Avon 634.051 1020.406 633.47 1019.47 September 25, 1997 Black Rock Desert, USA Andy Green ThrustSSC Turbofan: 2 x Rolls - Royce Spey 713.990 1149.055 714.144 1149.303 October 15, 1997 Black Rock Desert, USA Andy Green ThrustSSC Turbofan: 2 x Rolls - Royce Spey 760.343 1223.657 763.035 1227.986 First supersonic LSR"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hot Pants (Gene Summers song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Hot Pants\" is a song recorded on February 2, 1971 in Dallas, Texas by Gene Summers & the Platinum Fog. Rush-released in the United States by Charay Records on February 5, 1971, it preceding the release of James Brown's song of the same name by several months. It was reviewed favorably by \"Cash Box\" and as a \"Personal Pick\" by the \"Gavin Report\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Duckwalk", "paragraph_text": "The duckwalk is an unusual form of locomotion performed by assuming a low partial squatting position and walking forwards, maintaining the low stance. It is similar to stalking and prowling. It is most widely known as a stage element of guitar showmanship popularized by rock 'n' roll Legend Chuck Berry. It is also a physical exercise commonly used in military training."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Where Dead Voices Gather", "paragraph_text": "Where Dead Voices Gather is a book by Nick Tosches. It is, in part, a biography of Emmett Miller, one of the last minstrel singers. Just as importantly, it depicts Tosches' search for information about Miller, about whom he initially wrote in his book \"Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock and Roll\". It is also a study of minstrelsy and its connection to American folk music, country music, the blues and ultimately, rock and roll. In that way, it is a companion volume to his other books of music journalism, \"Country\" and \"Unsung Heroes of Rock N' Roll\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Musgrove Block", "paragraph_text": "The Musgrove Block is a historic commercial building at 2 Main Street in the center of Andover, Massachusetts. The three story brick building was built in 1895 on the site of a former town green, and forms part of Andover's central Elm Square intersection. The building exhibits Romanesque Revival styling, featuring granite trim elements and ornate brick detailing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Plaza is a 72 - story, 280.7 m (921 ft) late - modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 30th tallest in the United States. It contains 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m) of office space. The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Toronto. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Green Nunatak", "paragraph_text": "Green Nunatak () is a nunatak rising to approximately at the northern extreme of the Wallabies Nunataks, west of the Churchill Mountains of Antarctica. It was named in honor of E. N. Green, a member of the 1964 Cape Hallett winter-over team, working as a technician on the geomagnetic project."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Pie (song)", "paragraph_text": "The repeatedly mentioned ``day the music died ''refers to the 1959 plane crash which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens. (The crash was not known by that name until after McLean's song became a hit.) The meaning of the other lyrics has long been debated, and for decades, McLean declined to explain the symbolism behind the many characters and events mentioned. However, the overall theme of the song is the loss of innocence of the early rock and roll generation as symbolized by the plane crash which claimed the lives of three of its heroes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sex, Chips & Rock n' Roll", "paragraph_text": "Sex, Chips & Rock n' Roll is a six-part television mini-series which was written and created by Debbie Horsfield and directed by John Woods. It was produced by Wall to Wall for BBC One."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "21 Guns (song)", "paragraph_text": "``21 Guns ''addresses the topic of patriotism. Frontman and chief songwriter Billie Joe Armstrong told Q magazine, in May 2009:`` It brings up 21st Century Breakdown in a lot of ways, and the 21 - gun salute for someone that's fallen, but done in an arena rock 'n' roll sort of way.''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "That's Rock 'n' Roll Live", "paragraph_text": "To capture the sensation of teen-idol Shaun Cassidy, Warner Bros. Records released a live album of his 1979 concert tour named That's Rock 'N' Roll Live. The album featured tracks from his four studio albums (\"Shaun Cassidy\", \"Born Late\", \"Under Wraps\" and the then-forthcoming album \"Room Service\"). The album also featured a cover of The Righteous Brothers' hit song, \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dizzy, Miss Lizzy", "paragraph_text": "\"Dizzy, Miss Lizzy\" is a rock and roll song written and recorded by Larry Williams in 1958. Although identified as a \"genuine rock & roll classic\", it had limited success on the record charts. Seven years later, the Beatles recorded the song and John Lennon performed it with the Plastic Ono Band in 1969."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Magic School Bus (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The show's theme song called ``Ride on the Magic School Bus ''was written by Peter Lurye and performed by rock 'n' roll legend Little Richard."}], "question": "What is the name of the green building in the birthplace of the performer of Rock 'n Roll Volume 2?"}
{"id": "3hop1__40070_40004_60990", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States men's national ice hockey team", "paragraph_text": "The United States won gold medals at the 1960 and 1980 Winter Olympics and more recently, silver medals at the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympics. The United States won the 1996 World Cup of Hockey. The team's most recent medal at the World Championships came with a bronze in 2015. They won the tournament in 1933 and 1960. Unlike other nations, the United States does n't typically use its best NHL players in the World Championships even when they're available. Instead, USA Hockey uses this tournament as a platform for young NHLers and college players."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kristen Skjeldal", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Skjeldal (born 27 May 1967) is an Olympic champion and cross-country skier from Norway. He has won three olympic medals: two gold and one bronze. He won his first gold medal in the 4 \u00d7 10\u00a0km relay at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. He finished fourth in 30\u00a0km freestyle event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, but was awarded the bronze medal upon Spain's Johann M\u00fchlegg EPO-doping disqualification. Subsequently, devices for blood doping were found at the hotel room of the doctor for the Austrian cross-country team. Since Skjeldal won the bronze behind two Austrians, many regard him as the real olympic champion. Skjeldal also won a gold medal in 4 \u00d7 10\u00a0km relay at those same games."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A. J. Mleczko", "paragraph_text": "Allison Jaime \"A.J.\" Mleczko is an American ice hockey player and analyst. She won a gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Petroske", "paragraph_text": "John Edward Petroske (born August 6, 1934 in Hibbing, Minnesota) is an ice hockey player who played for the American national team. He won a silver medal at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Olga Fatkulina", "paragraph_text": "In the 2013 World Single Distance Championships she won the gold medal in the 1000 meters race, and a bronze medal in the 500 metres. At the 2014 Winter Olympics she won the silver medal in the 500 meters event. On 24 November 2017, she was disqualified from the 2014 Winter Olympics and had her silver medal stripped. On 1 February 2018, her results were restored and ban lifted as a result of the successful appeal."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bla\u017eena Knittlov\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Bla\u017eena Knittlov\u00e1 (born February 8, 1931) was a pairs figure skater who competed for Czechoslovakia. With partner Karel Vos\u00e1tka, she won the silver medal at the European Figure Skating Championships in 1948 and finished 16th at the 1948 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning \"the stone house of arms and ammunition\". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th\u201319th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population. Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the medal table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Anna-Lisa Eriksson", "paragraph_text": "Anna-Lisa Eriksson (21 June 1928 \u2013 26 May 2012) was a Swedish cross country skier who won a bronze medal in the 3\u00d75\u00a0km at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rudolf Potsch", "paragraph_text": "Rudolf Potsch (born May 15, 1937 in Brno, Czechoslovakia) is an ice hockey player who played for the Czechoslovak national team. He won a bronze medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gerard Kemkers", "paragraph_text": "Gerard Kemkers (born 8 March 1967) is a former speed skater from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada. There he won the bronze medal in the 5000 metres."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics medal table", "paragraph_text": "Athletes from 87 countries won medals, leaving 115 countries without a medal, and 54 of them won at least one gold medal. Both of these categories set new records until surpassed in 2016. Athletes from China won the most gold medals, with 48 gold medals. Athletes from the United States won the most total medals, with 112. Afghanistan, Mauritius, Sudan, Tajikistan and Togo won their first Olympic medals. Athletes from Mongolia (which previously held the record for most medals without a gold) and Panama won their first gold medals. Serbian swimmer Milorad \u010cavi\u0107 won the first medal for the country as an independent NOC. Serbian athletes have previously won medals as nationals of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro. Samoa won its first Olympic medal due to medals reallocation after the IOC retested doping samples in 2016."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Canada at the Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Canada (IOC country code CAN) has competed at every Winter Olympic Games, and has won at least one medal each time. By total medals, the country's best performance was in the 2018 Winter Olympic Games where Canadian athletes won 29 medals. Canada set a new record for most gold medals won by a country in a single Winter Olympics with 14 at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada. This achievement surpassed the previous record of 13 gold medals held by the Soviet Union (1976) and Norway (2002). Both Germany and Norway matched the record total of 14 gold metals in Pyeongchang in 2018."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Winter Olympic Games", "paragraph_text": "To date, twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the United States. The only country to have earned a gold medal at every Winter Olympics is the United States. Norway leads the all - time medal table for the Winter Olympics both on number of gold and overall medals, followed by the United States and Germany."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Winter Olympic Games", "paragraph_text": "Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29. Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals, their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Great Britain at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Overall medals 1924 Chamonix 45 6 1928 St. Moritz 33 0 0 8 8 1932 Lake Placid 0 0 0 0 -- - 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 39 7 8 1948 St. Moritz 62 0 0 13 10 1952 Oslo 20 0 0 8 11 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 45 0 0 0 0 -- - 1960 Squaw Valley 17 0 0 0 0 -- - 1964 Innsbruck 49 0 0 11 12 1968 Grenoble 46 0 0 0 0 -- - 1972 Sapporo 40 0 0 0 0 -- - 1976 Innsbruck 50 0 0 12 14 1980 Lake Placid 50 0 0 11 14 1984 Sarajevo 54 0 0 11 14 1988 Calgary 57 0 0 0 0 -- - 1992 Albertville 54 0 0 0 0 -- - 1994 Lillehammer 35 0 0 21 20 1998 Nagano 33 0 0 22 22 2002 Salt Lake City 51 0 18 20 2006 Turin 40 0 0 21 22 2010 Vancouver 50 0 0 19 24 2014 Sochi 56 19 20 2018 Pyeongchang 58 0 5 19 17 2022 Beijing Future event Total 11 16 31 19 19"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Albania at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Albania first participated at the Summer Olympic Games in 1972. They missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have appeared in all games since then. They made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. The country has not yet won an Olympic medal, and along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is the only European non-microstate without an Olympic medal. They have been represented by the Albanian National Olympic Committee since 1972."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ivory Coast at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Ivory Coast (also known as C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, its official IOC name) has sent athletes to all Summer Olympic Games held since 1964 except for 1980. The country first won a silver medal in the men's 400 metres in 1984. In 2016, the country won its first gold and bronze medals in Taekwondo. No athletes from C\u00f4te d'Ivoire have competed in any Winter Olympic Games."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals (1,022 of them gold) at the Summer Olympic Games, the most of any nation, and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games, the second most behind Norway. The U.S. has topped the gold medal count (as the medals are listed on the IOC website, and internationally by tradition) at seventeen Summer Olympics, the most of any nation, and one Winter Olympics. The U.S. holds the record both for the most gold and overall medals won in a single Summer Olympics."}], "question": "How many Winter Olympics medals have been won by the European country that was opposed by the builder of the structure containing the National Museum?"}
{"id": "3hop1__689311_234038_77316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Texas Rock and Roll", "paragraph_text": "Texas Rock And Roll is a 10\" vinyl album by American rockabilly singer Gene Summers. It was released by the French Big Beat label in 1981. It is a compilation of early rock 'n roll recordings by Gene Summers covering a time period from 1962 through 1975."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Johnny Kidd & the Pirates", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Kidd & the Pirates were an English rock and roll group led by singer/songwriter Johnny Kidd. They scored numerous hit songs from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, including \"Shakin' All Over\" and \"Please Don't Touch\", but their musical influence far outshines their chart performance."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Rose (film)", "paragraph_text": "In late 1969, Mary Rose Foster (Bette Midler) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose. Although a success, she is burnt out and lonely but is kept working by her gruff, greedy manager and promoter Rudge Campbell (Alan Bates). Though loud and brassy, Rose is an insecure alcoholic and former drug user who seems to crave approval in her life. As such, she is determined to return to her hometown, now as a superstar. After being humiliated by a country singing star named Billy Ray (Harry Dean Stanton) whose songs she performs in her show, Rose takes off with a limousine driver named Huston Dyer (Frederic Forrest) and begins a romance with him. Rudge thinks Huston is just another hanger on, but Rose thinks she has finally met her true love. Huston tells her that he is actually an AWOL sergeant from the Army, and she tells him of her past in Florida. They have a rocky relationship and her lifestyle of ``Sex, Drugs, and Rock & Roll '', constant touring, and Huston's jealousy over Rose's lesbian lover Sarah lead her to an inevitable breakdown at a tour stop in Memphis. Huston and Rose break up and she returns to her hometown of Jacksonville, Florida with PFC Mal, whom she met in Texas, as a security escort, telling him about her past."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Send It to Me", "paragraph_text": "\"Send It to Me\" is a song by rock and roll band The Rolling Stones featured on the 1980 album \"Emotional Rescue\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "WKNR", "paragraph_text": "Historically, the station is perhaps best known by its former WJW call letters. During the early 1950s, Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed began to popularize the term \"rock and roll\" as a name for the music genre both through his late night WJW radio show, and by what is often considered the first major rock and roll concert: the WJW-sponsored Moondog Coronation Ball."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dizzy, Miss Lizzy", "paragraph_text": "\"Dizzy, Miss Lizzy\" is a rock and roll song written and recorded by Larry Williams in 1958. Although identified as a \"genuine rock & roll classic\", it had limited success on the record charts. Seven years later, the Beatles recorded the song and John Lennon performed it with the Plastic Ono Band in 1969."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sixpence None the Richer", "paragraph_text": "Sixpence None the Richer (also known as Sixpence) is an American alternative Christian rock band that formed in New Braunfels, Texas, eventually settling in Nashville, Tennessee. They are best known for their songs \"Kiss Me\" and \"Breathe Your Name\" and their covers of \"Don't Dream It's Over\" and \"There She Goes\". The name of the band is inspired by a passage from the book \"Mere Christianity\" by C. S. Lewis. The band received two Grammy Award nominations, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"Kiss Me\" and Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album for \"Sixpence None the Richer\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Grateful Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. The band is known for its eclectic style, which fused elements of rock, folk, country, jazz, bluegrass, blues, gospel, and psychedelic rock; for live performances of lengthy instrumental jams; and for its devoted fan base, known as \"Deadheads\". \"Their music\", writes Lenny Kaye, \"touches on ground that most other groups don't even know exists\". These various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead \"the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world\". The band was ranked 57th by \"Rolling Stone\" magazine in its The Greatest Artists of All Time issue. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 and a recording of their May 8, 1977, performance at Cornell University's Barton Hall was added to the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2012. The Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Pie (song)", "paragraph_text": "The repeatedly mentioned ``day the music died ''refers to the 1959 plane crash which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens. (The crash was not known by that name until after McLean's song became a hit.) The meaning of the other lyrics has long been debated, and for decades, McLean declined to explain the symbolism behind the many characters and events mentioned. However, the overall theme of the song is the loss of innocence of the early rock and roll generation as symbolized by the plane crash which claimed the lives of three of its heroes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The King of Rock and Roll", "paragraph_text": "The King of Rock and Roll is Little Richard's second album for Reprise Records, a follow-up album that contained one original Little Richard song, the gospel rock \"In the Name\" and a new song co-written by Producer H. B. Barnum, \"Green Power\", the single release; and versions of tracks by artists as diverse as Hank Williams, The Temptations, Martha and the Vandellas, Three Dog Night, and The Rolling Stones. The title track, a mock braggadocio that referenced Tom Jones, Elvis Presley, Ike & Tina Turner, Sly and the Family Stone, and Aretha Franklin, amongst others, upset some fans, although the album's title tune got good airplay in New York - a 1950s style jump blues, with an exceptional Little Richard shouting vocal. But fans and critics were further upset that the album did not feature acoustic piano and that most tracks were badly mixed, with an intrusive girl group chorus."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Weight", "paragraph_text": "``The Weight ''is a song originally by the Canadian - American group the Band that was released as Capitol Records single 2269 in 1968 and on the group's debut album Music from Big Pink. Written by Band member Robbie Robertson, the song is about a visitor's experiences in a town mentioned in the lyric's first line as Nazareth.`` The Weight'' has significantly influenced American popular music, having been listed as # 41 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time published in 2004. Pitchfork Media named it the 13th best song of the Sixties, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named it one of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. PBS, which broadcast performances of the song in ``Ramble at the Ryman ''(2011),`` Austin City Limits'' (2012), and ``Quick Hits ''(2012), describes it as`` a masterpiece of Biblical allusions, enigmatic lines and iconic characters'' and notes its enduring popularity as ``an essential part of the American songbook. ''"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Santos Place", "paragraph_text": "Santos Place was designed by Donovan Hill Architect, and constructed by Hutchinson Builders (in a Design & Construct procurement method). The total cost of the building's construction is A$270 million and it provides 33 000 m2 of floor area. Santos Place is Australia's largest building to receive a 6 star green building design rating. It features energy efficiency measures such as \"high performance double glazing, substantial external sun shading, state of the art ventilation and an energy-efficient gas-powered trigeneration system\". Sensored lighting switches off automatically if no movement is detected after five minutes. Rainwater is collected on the roof and stored in tanks on the top of the building. Construction of the building was done with 20% recycled concrete and 90% recycled steel. It includes a two-level gymnasium and 280 secured basement bicycle parks."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Union Transfer and Storage Building", "paragraph_text": "The Union Transfer and Storage Building is a building in Houston, Texas, in the United States. Constructed in 1917, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 16, 2001."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dancing with Mr. D", "paragraph_text": "\"Dancing with Mr. D.\" is the opening track of rock and roll band The Rolling Stones' 1973 album \"Goats Head Soup\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Green Reef", "paragraph_text": "Green Reef () is a group of low rocks in Neumayer Channel, lying close east of Green Spur, Anvers Island, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was charted from HMS \"Snipe\" in January 1948 and so named because of its proximity to Green Spur."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hot Pants (Gene Summers song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Hot Pants\" is a song recorded on February 2, 1971 in Dallas, Texas by Gene Summers & the Platinum Fog. Rush-released in the United States by Charay Records on February 5, 1971, it preceding the release of James Brown's song of the same name by several months. It was reviewed favorably by \"Cash Box\" and as a \"Personal Pick\" by the \"Gavin Report\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mick Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Mick Taylor Taylor performing with The Rolling Stones Background information Birth name Michael Kevin Taylor Also known as Little Mick (1949 - 01 - 17) 17 January 1949 (age 69) Welwyn Garden City, England Genres Rock blues Occupation (s) Musician, singer, songwriter Instruments Guitar Years active 1964 -- present Labels Columbia, Decca, Rolling Stones, Atlantic, EMI, Virgin, CBS, Maze Records Associated acts John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, The Rolling Stones, The Jack Bruce Band, Carla Olson, The Gods, Mike Oldfield"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Plaza is a 72 - story, 280.7 m (921 ft) late - modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 30th tallest in the United States. It contains 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m) of office space. The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Toronto. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Organ (born 1953 Carlisle, Indiana) is an American rock 'n' roll drummer best known for performing and recording with Sonny Landreth and Henry Lee Summer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Motoharu Sano", "paragraph_text": ", is a Japanese singer-songwriter and musician. A graduate of Rikkyo University, Sano is a frontman with a history of performing in several bands which feature music both in Japanese and occasionally, English, playing songs that often have a rock and roll sound to them."}], "question": "What is the name of the green building in the city where the Texas Rock and Roll performer was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__40070_40004_62279", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Douma chemical attack", "paragraph_text": "European Union \u2013 In a statement, the EU said \"the evidence points towards yet another chemical attack by the regime\" and \"it is a matter of grave concern that chemical weapons continue to be used, especially on civilians. The European Union condemns in the strongest terms the use of chemical weapons and calls for an immediate response by the international community\". It also called for the United Nations Security Council to identify the perpetrators and for Russia and Iran to influence Assad against launching such attacks. United Nations \u2013 On 10 April 2018, the United Nations Security Council failed to adopt three competing resolutions on an inquiry into the chemical attack, with Russia and the United States clashing over the issue and exchanging military threats.The World Health Organization released a statement, with a reference to outside medical sources, that 43 people died while suffering \"symptoms consistent with exposure to highly toxic chemicals.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wythe Leigh Kinsolving", "paragraph_text": "Wythe Leigh Kinsolving (November 14, 1878 \u2013 December, 1964) was an American Episcopal priest, writer, poet, Democratic Party political advocate, sometime pacifist, and anti-Communist. He wrote nine books and dozens of letters and op-ed essays for the \"New York Times\", the \"Washington Post\", and regional papers. He gave an invocation for a national audience at the 1924 Democratic National Convention. Prior to the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941, he strongly opposed going to war against Nazi Germany."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Crook County Bank Building", "paragraph_text": "The Crook County Bank is a historic bank building in Prineville, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1910 using stone blocks from a local quarry. The building was first use as a bank and then occupied by title and insurance business until 1971, when ownership was transferred to Crook County for use as a local history museum. Today, the Crook County Bank building is the home of the A. R. Bowman Memorial Museum. Because of its importance to the history of Prineville, the Crook County Bank Building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "On the east side of the main park area is the National Museum of Visual Arts. On this side, a very popular street market takes place every Sunday. On the north side is an artificial lake with a little castle housing a municipal library for children. An area to its west is used as an open-air exhibition of photography. West of the park, across the coastal avenue Rambla Presidente Wilson, stretches Ramirez Beach. Directly west of the main park are, and belonging to Parque Rod\u00f3 barrio, is the former Parque Hotel, now called Edif\u00edcio Mercosur, seat of the parliament of the members countries of the Mercosur. During the guerilla war the Tupamaros frequently attacked buildings in this area, including the old hotel."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Smithsonian museums", "paragraph_text": "The Smithsonian museums are the most widely visible part of the United States' Smithsonian Institution and consist of nineteen museums and galleries as well as the National Zoological Park. Seventeen of these collections are located in Washington D.C., with eleven of those located on the National Mall. The remaining ones are in New York City and Chantilly, Virginia. As of 2010, one museum, the Arts and Industries Building, is closed in preparation for a substantial renovation, and its newest museum building, the National Museum of African American History and Culture, opened in 2016."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dubai Museum", "paragraph_text": "Dubai Museum (Arabic: \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u062f\u0628\u064a\u200e) is the main museum in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is located in the Al Fahidi Fort (Arabic: \u062d\u0635\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u200e), built in 1787 and is the oldest existing building in Dubai."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Timeline of World War II (1939)", "paragraph_text": "1: The Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany starts at 4: 45 a.m. with the Luftwaffe attacking several targets in Poland. The Luftwaffe launches air attacks against Krak\u00f3w, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, and Warsaw. Within five minutes of the Luftwaffe attacks, Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine orders the old Battleship Schleswig - Holstein to open fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea, but the attack is repulsed. By 8: 00 a.m., troops of the German Army, still without a formal declaration of war issued, launch an attack near the Polish town of Mokra."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Weald and Downland Gridshell", "paragraph_text": "The Weald and Downland Gridshell (2002) is a building designed by Buro Happold and Edward Cullinan Architects for the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum: it was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize in 2002. The building is a structural wooden gridshell, constructed of oak sourced from Normandy. Before constructing the gridshell, members of Buro Happold and the Cullinan practice-built a prototype during their own time on weekends. This was also a self-supporting gridshell, and was used as a temporary entrance canopy on the Pompidou Centre."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning \"the stone house of arms and ammunition\". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th\u201319th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of Britain", "paragraph_text": "Battle of Britain Part of the Second World War An Observer Corps spotter scans the skies of London. Date 10 July -- 31 October 1940 (3 months and 3 weeks) Location British airspace Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom Canada Germany Italy Commanders and leaders Hugh Dowding Keith Park T. Leigh - Mallory Quintin Brand Richard Saul L. Samuel Breadner Zdzis\u0142aw Krasnod\u0119bski Hermann G\u00f6ring Albert Kesselring Hugo Sperrle Hans - J\u00fcrgen Stumpff R.C. Fougier Units involved Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Foreign pilots from (show) Poland New Zealand Czechoslovakia Belgium Australia South Africa France Ireland United States Southern Rhodesia Jamaica Barbados Newfoundland Northern Rhodesia Luftwaffe Corpo Aereo Italiano Strength 1,963 serviceable aircraft 2,550 serviceable aircraft. Casualties and losses 1,542 aircrew killed 422 aircrew wounded 1,744 aircraft destroyed 2,585 aircrew killed and missing, 925 captured, 735 wounded 1,977 aircraft destroyed, 1,634 in combat and 343 non-combat Around 90,000 civilian casualties, 40,000 of them fatal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Much of Richmond's early architecture was destroyed by the Evacuation Fire in 1865. It is estimated that 25% of all buildings in Richmond were destroyed during this fire. Even fewer now remain due to construction and demolition that has taken place since Reconstruction. In spite of this, Richmond contains many historically significant buildings and districts. Buildings remain from Richmond's colonial period, such as the Patteson-Schutte House and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum (Richmond, Virginia), both built before 1750."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Virginia Randolph Cottage", "paragraph_text": "The Virginia Randolph Cottage, now the Virginia E. Randolph Museum is a museum at 2200 Mountain Road in Glen Allen, Virginia. The museum is dedicated to the history of Virginia E. Randolph (1874\u20131958), an African-American vocational educator in the area for 55 years. The building, built in 1937 and housing Randolph's home economics classrooms, is a National Historic Landmark in recognition of her legacy as a trainer of vocational teachers, and her remains are interred on the grounds. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tarvasp\u00e4\u00e4", "paragraph_text": "The Gallen-Kallela Museum, located in Tarvasp\u00e4\u00e4, Espoo, Finland and built between 1911 and 1913 was a home and studio for Finnish painter Akseli Gallen-Kallela. The atelier building Tarvasp\u00e4\u00e4 has been a museum since 1961."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "National Museum of Kandy", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Kandy in Kandy, Sri Lanka is located next to the Temple of the Tooth in part of the former Royal Palace of Kandy. The primary exhibits are housed in the \"Palle Vahala\" building, which was the former home of the King's harem. A secondary exhibition is located in the main palace building. The museum is maintained by the Department of National Museums."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (\u22121.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by \u22120.3% for 2009, averaged over the developed economies. On the same day, the Bank of England and the European Central Bank, respectively, reduced their interest rates from 4.5% down to 3%, and from 3.75% down to 3.25%. As a consequence, starting from November 2008, several countries launched large \"help packages\" for their economies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Naval War College Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Naval War College Museum in Newport, Rhode Island, is one of 10 official museums operated by the United States Navy, under the direction of the Naval History & Heritage Command and in co-operation with the Naval War College. It is located at Building 10, Luce Avenue, Naval Station Newport. It is located in the building which first house the Naval War College, a structure built in the early 19th century to house Newport's poor. The building is a contributing element to a National Historic Landmark District, along with Luce Hall, the college's first purpose-built building, in recognition of the War College's historical significance."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "German Alternative", "paragraph_text": "The group was banned in 1992 as were the Nationalist Front and National Offensive following an arson attack on an asylum seekers refuge in M\u00f6lln, Schleswig-Holstein. At the time, it had 340 members and affiliate organisations in Rhineland-Palatinate, Brandenburg, Saxony, Berlin and Bremen. In Cottbus, it even had more members than the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The decree banning it lists three attacks on hostel containing refugees for which DA members were arrested for participating in."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Eisenbahnmuseum Bochum-Dahlhausen is a railway museum situated south of the city of Bochum in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded by DGEG, the German Railway History Company in 1977 and is based in a locomotive depot that was built between 1916 and 1918 and ceased operation in 1969. Then DGEG took over the whole area of 46,000 square metres and built up the biggest railway museum in Germany. In the middle of the museum, there is an engine shed with fourteen tracks. A preserved turntable, coaling, watering, and sanding facilities are still in operation. This museum is integrated into The Industrial Heritage Trail (\"Route der Industriekultur\") a route of monuments from the history of the industry."}], "question": "When did Germany launch air attacks on the country that was opposed by the man who built the National Museum in Kathmandu?"}
{"id": "3hop1__344878_234038_77316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Anatomy of Addiction", "paragraph_text": "The Anatomy of Addiction is the second and final studio album by the experimental rock band God, released on 5 May 1994 by Big Cat Records."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Adventures of Milo and Otis", "paragraph_text": "The film opens in 1986 on Nippon Farm with a mother cat named Moth Ari who has given birth to kittens. One of the kittens is named Milo (``Chatran ''(\u30c1\u30e3\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3, Chatoran) in the Japanese version), and has a habit of being too curious and getting himself into trouble. He finds a pug - nosed pug puppy named Otis (`` Poosky'' (\u30d7\u30fc\u52a9, P\u016bsuke) in the Japanese version), and they soon become friends. When Milo is playing inside a box floating in the river, he accidentally drifts downstream. Otis runs after Milo. Milo goes on many adventures, escaping one incident after another."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hot Pants (Gene Summers song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Hot Pants\" is a song recorded on February 2, 1971 in Dallas, Texas by Gene Summers & the Platinum Fog. Rush-released in the United States by Charay Records on February 5, 1971, it preceding the release of James Brown's song of the same name by several months. It was reviewed favorably by \"Cash Box\" and as a \"Personal Pick\" by the \"Gavin Report\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Guyer Rock", "paragraph_text": "Guyer Rock is a low rock lying west of the Flyspot Rocks, Marguerite Bay, off the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was named in 1986 by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Captain Simon T.G. Guyer, Royal Marines, Officer of the Watch at the time HMS \"Endurance\" grounded on the rock in the 1985\u201386 season."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Plaza is a 72 - story, 280.7 m (921 ft) late - modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 30th tallest in the United States. It contains 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m) of office space. The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Toronto. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stauduhar House", "paragraph_text": "The Stauduhar House is an historic building located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The house is in the Highland Park Historic District."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Southern Cat Rocks On", "paragraph_text": "The Southern Cat Rocks On is a 12\" vinyl album by Gene Summers, his second album release. It is a compilation of tracks he recorded in Texas between 1962 and 1975."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cat Scratch Fever (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Cat Scratch Fever\" is a rock song by Ted Nugent that appears on the album of the same name. The song is well known for its signature riff, which is a 3-tone minor-key melody harmonized in parallel fourths. In 2009, it was named the 32nd best hard rock song of all time by VH1."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Green Reef", "paragraph_text": "Green Reef () is a group of low rocks in Neumayer Channel, lying close east of Green Spur, Anvers Island, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was charted from HMS \"Snipe\" in January 1948 and so named because of its proximity to Green Spur."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Cat and the Fiddle (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Cat and the Fiddle is Papa John Creach's sixth solo album and his first with DJM Records. Bryan Tilford and Mark Leon who performed in the band Midnight Sun on \"Rock Father\" return for this album, but Kevin Moore otherwise known as Keb' Mo' moved on and was replaced on this album with Joey Brasler."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cat's in the Cradle", "paragraph_text": "``Cat's in the Cradle ''is a 1974 folk rock song by Harry Chapin from the album Verities & Balderdash. The single topped the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1974. As Chapin's only No. 1 hit song, it became the best known of his work and a staple for folk rock music. Chapin's recording of the song was nominated for the 1975 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2011."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Final Rock", "paragraph_text": "Final Rock () is an isolated rock standing south of Mount Feldkotter at the southern extremity of the Neptune Range, Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1956\u201366, and so named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names because it is the southernmost rock of the Neptune Range."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Santos Place", "paragraph_text": "Santos Place was designed by Donovan Hill Architect, and constructed by Hutchinson Builders (in a Design & Construct procurement method). The total cost of the building's construction is A$270 million and it provides 33 000 m2 of floor area. Santos Place is Australia's largest building to receive a 6 star green building design rating. It features energy efficiency measures such as \"high performance double glazing, substantial external sun shading, state of the art ventilation and an energy-efficient gas-powered trigeneration system\". Sensored lighting switches off automatically if no movement is detected after five minutes. Rainwater is collected on the roof and stored in tanks on the top of the building. Construction of the building was done with 20% recycled concrete and 90% recycled steel. It includes a two-level gymnasium and 280 secured basement bicycle parks."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Historic Arkansas Museum", "paragraph_text": "The museum was created as part of the Arkansas Territorial Capitol Restoration Commission, by Act 388 of the 1939 Arkansas General Assembly. The act named Louise Loughborough as chairwoman of the commission. Loughborough had been named to the Little Rock Planning Commission in 1935. Several houses near Cumberland and East 3rd Streets in downtown Little Rock were going to be condemned, including the Hinderliter House, the oldest building in Little Rock and the last capitol building of Arkansas before statehood. Loughborough started a public relations campaign around Little Rock as a \"town of three Capitols\": the Hinderliter House, the Old State House, and the current Arkansas State Capitol Building. Loughborough then gained support from the Works Progress Administration, the Arkansas General Assembly, and private donors."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Launch Rock", "paragraph_text": "Launch Rock () is a submerged rock lying southwest of the Glover Rocks, off the south end of Adelaide Island, Antarctica. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee to commemorate the unnamed launch from RRS \"John Biscoe\" that was used by the Hydrographic Survey Unit which charted this area in 1963."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Musgrove Block", "paragraph_text": "The Musgrove Block is a historic commercial building at 2 Main Street in the center of Andover, Massachusetts. The three story brick building was built in 1895 on the site of a former town green, and forms part of Andover's central Elm Square intersection. The building exhibits Romanesque Revival styling, featuring granite trim elements and ornate brick detailing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frost Rocks", "paragraph_text": "The Frost Rocks () are a cluster of rocks situated southwest of the southern Argentine Islands and southwest of the Whiting Rocks, off the coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. They were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Richard Frost, a survey assistant of the Hydrographic Survey Unit from HMS \"Endurance\" working in the area in February 1969."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Old Main, Augustana College", "paragraph_text": "Old Main, Augustana College is an historic building located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was built between 1884 and 1893 on the campus of Augustana College, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rosetta Pebble", "paragraph_text": "Rosetta Pebble is an American rock band from Detroit, Michigan. Their name is a vague reference to the ancient Rosetta Stone. Rosetta Pebble achieved a small degree of popularity in Detroit, parts of Michigan, and northern Indiana during the first half of the 2000s due to the band's folky, pop songs. Influenced by folk rock (most notably the music of Cat Stevens, James Taylor, Jack Johnson, the Beatles and Pete Townshend), Rosetta Pebble play a more pop-oriented variation of folk rock. The band is also commonly classified into the category of acoustic/soft rock."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "In the Pit of the Stomach", "paragraph_text": "In the Pit of the Stomach is the second studio album by Scottish indie rock band We Were Promised Jetpacks, released on October 4, 2011 on Fat Cat Records."}], "question": "What is the name of the green building in the birthplace of the the performer of The Southern Cat Rocks On?"}
{"id": "3hop1__642999_839279_77316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brondesbury Park", "paragraph_text": "Brondesbury Park is a suburb and electoral ward of the London Borough of Brent. It is the part of Brondesbury which is not interwoven with Kilburn due to the naming of a major tube station (Kilburn) and is centred on Brondesbury Park railway station and the street, an avenue, which shares its name. The area has a number of open spaces, primarily: Queen's Park and Tiverton Green."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shandon, California", "paragraph_text": "Shandon is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. The population was 1,295 at the 2010 census, up from 986 at the 2000 census. Shandon lies by the San Juan River and is named for a town that appeared in \"Harper's Magazine\" in 1891."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ensanche Sur", "paragraph_text": "Ensanche Sur de Alcorc\u00f3n is a new neighbourhood, currently under construction, placed on the South of Alcorc\u00f3n (Madrid, Spain). It borders on the South with the city of Fuenlabrada and on the South-East with the city of M\u00f3stoles. The total area is 1,981,469 m, including 500,000 m for green zones, and around 300,000 m for social public purposes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Luis Y\u00e1\u00f1ez", "paragraph_text": "Luis Y\u00e1\u00f1ez (born October 25, 1988 in Duncanville, Texas) is a US-American amateur boxer. He is recognized for winning the Pan American title 2007 at junior flyweight. Yanez is best known for being a 2008 Olympian in Beijing."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa", "paragraph_text": "Father Serra sent an expedition down south to San Luis Obispo to start building the mission. On September 1, 1772, a cross was erected near San Luis Obispo Creek and Father Jun\u00edpero Serra celebrated the first mass, marking the site as the destination for yet another mission. However, briefly following the first mass, Father Jun\u00edpero Serra returned to San Diego and left the responsibility of the mission's construction to Father Jose Cavaller. Father Cavaller, five soldiers, and two neophytes began building what is now Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa. Father Cavaller received help in the building of the Mission from the local friendly tribe, the Chumash Indians. The Chumash helped construct palisades, which would serve as temporary buildings for the Mission. However, due to several Indian tribes which were determined to get rid of European settlers, they set these buildings ablaze. Because of this, Father Cavaller was forced to rebuild the buildings using adobe and tile structures."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alejandro Rodr\u00edguez Luis", "paragraph_text": "Alejandro Rodr\u00edguez Luis (born 23 January 1957) is a Mexican politician from the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico. From 2008 to 2009 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Durango."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Santos Place", "paragraph_text": "Santos Place was designed by Donovan Hill Architect, and constructed by Hutchinson Builders (in a Design & Construct procurement method). The total cost of the building's construction is A$270 million and it provides 33 000 m2 of floor area. Santos Place is Australia's largest building to receive a 6 star green building design rating. It features energy efficiency measures such as \"high performance double glazing, substantial external sun shading, state of the art ventilation and an energy-efficient gas-powered trigeneration system\". Sensored lighting switches off automatically if no movement is detected after five minutes. Rainwater is collected on the roof and stored in tanks on the top of the building. Construction of the building was done with 20% recycled concrete and 90% recycled steel. It includes a two-level gymnasium and 280 secured basement bicycle parks."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guadalupe (American TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Guadalupe is a Spanish-language telenovela produced by the United States-based television network, Telemundo, in conjunction with Capitalvision International Corp. and Televisi\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola (TVE), from 1993, starring Adela Noriega and Eduardo Y\u00e1\u00f1ez."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lago Verde (Queyras)", "paragraph_text": "Lago Verde (Italian for \"green lake\") is a lake which is located in Italy, close to the French border and the Queyras valley."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Justo Daract, San Luis", "paragraph_text": "Justo Daract is a town in the San Luis province of Argentina. The population is 9,680 (2001 est.). It is named after Justo Daract, the first governor of San Luis who served in the 1850s and 1860s."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Martin Piller", "paragraph_text": "Piller was born in Dallas, Texas and grew up in Duncanville, Texas. He graduated from Texas A&M University. He turned professional in 2008 and won his first start as a pro at the Texas State Open."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Howard T. Markey National Courts Building", "paragraph_text": "The Howard T. Markey National Courts Building (formerly the National Courts Building) is a courthouse in Washington, D.C., which houses the United States Court of Federal Claims and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. It is located at 717 Madison Place NW, east of Lafayette Square and north of the White House, and borders the Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House at 721 Madison Place NW, the former Cosmos Club building at 725 Madison Place NW, and the Cutts-Madison House at 1520 H Street NW."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Luis de Florez", "paragraph_text": "Luis de Florez died in November 1962, at the age of 73 in the cockpit of his airplane, which was ready for take-off at a Connecticut airport. The main building complex at the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division, Naval Support Activity Orlando, Florida, is named in his honor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oliver G. Traphagen", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Green Traphagen (3 September 1854 \u2013 21 October 1932) was an American architect who designed many notable buildings in Duluth, Minnesota, during the late 19th century and in the Territory of Hawaii during the early 20th century. Among his most famous landmarks are the Oliver G. Traphagen House in Duluth, called the Redstone, and the Moana Hotel in Honolulu, both of which are on the National Register of Historic Places, as are several other buildings he designed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Musgrove Block", "paragraph_text": "The Musgrove Block is a historic commercial building at 2 Main Street in the center of Andover, Massachusetts. The three story brick building was built in 1895 on the site of a former town green, and forms part of Andover's central Elm Square intersection. The building exhibits Romanesque Revival styling, featuring granite trim elements and ornate brick detailing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Plaza is a 72 - story, 280.7 m (921 ft) late - modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 30th tallest in the United States. It contains 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m) of office space. The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Toronto. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985."}], "question": "What is the name of the green building in the city that shares a border with the birthplace of Luis Y\u00e1\u00f1ez?"}
{"id": "3hop1__129377_830873_13158", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a", "paragraph_text": "Puente de Espa\u00f1a or the Bridge of Spain was a bridge that spanned the Pasig River in the Philippines connecting the areas of Binondo and Santa Cruz on Calle Nueva (now E.T. Yuchengco St) with the central Manila. The span was the oldest established in the country before it was damaged by flood in 1914. The bridge was replaced by Jones Bridge that was started 1916 and completed in 1921, located one block downriver from Puente de Espa\u00f1a on Calle Rosario (now Quintin Paredes St)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Estadio Crist\u00f3bal Labra", "paragraph_text": "Estadio Crist\u00f3bal Labra opened in the 1940s as Municipal Stadium, in Nueva Gerona on the Isla de la Juventud. With 5,000 seats, it is the smallest in the Cuban National Series and was the only stadium without lights."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Anzo\u00e1tegui", "paragraph_text": "Anzo\u00e1tegui State (, ) is one of the 23 component states of Venezuela, located in the northeastern region of the country. Anzo\u00e1tegui is well known for its beaches that attract many visitors. Its coast consists of a single beach approximately 100\u00a0km long. Its capital is the city of Barcelona, and significant cities include Puerto la Cruz and El Tigre."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "September 1950 -- Truman sends the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) Indochina to Vietnam to assist the French. The President claimed they were not sent as combat troops, but to supervise the use of $10 million worth of U.S. military equipment to support the French in their effort to fight the Viet Minh forces."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "AGS-17", "paragraph_text": "Development of the AGS-17 (\"Avtomaticheskiy Granatomyot Stankovyi\"\u2014Automatic Grenade launcher, Mounted) started in the USSR in 1965 by the OKB-16 design bureau (now known as the KBP Instrument Design Bureau, located in the city of Tula). Most probably its development was inspired by the Sino-Soviet border conflict of the late 1960s, as well as initial experience with several US automatic grenade launchers, learned from Vietnamese troops who were often on the receiving end of these weapons."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "La Grange (community), Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "La Grange is an unincorporated community located in the town of La Grange, Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. La Grange is located on U.S. Route 12."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States dollar", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Buscando a Timbiriche, La Nueva Banda", "paragraph_text": "Buscando a Timbiriche, La Nueva Banda was a Mexican reality show set to look for the new, re-make of the '80s and '90s Mexican band Timbiriche, hosted by Galilea Montijo. The show premiered on June 24, 2007, in Mexico on Canal de las Estrellas and on July 1, 2007 in the United States on Univision a week later from its original live air in Mexico. The show concluded on October 14, 2007, in Mexico, having Brisia, Fernanda, Alberto, Gaby, Eduardo, Taide, and Yurem as the seven new members of the brand new re-made band Timbiriche. Their first CD was released on November 30, 2007. The band announced their decision to split at their final concert in Nuevo Laredo in May 2009."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gastroenteritis", "paragraph_text": "Gastroenteritis is associated with many colloquial names, including \"Montezuma's revenge\", \"Delhi belly\", \"la turista\", and \"back door sprint\", among others. It has played a role in many military campaigns and is believed to be the origin of the term \"no guts no glory\".Gastroenteritis is the main reason for 3.7 million visits to physicians a year in the United States and 3 million visits in France. In the United States gastroenteritis as a whole is believed to result in costs of US$23 billion per year with that due to rotavirus alone resulting in estimated costs of US$1 billion a year."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Open Door Policy", "paragraph_text": "The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that would allow for a system of trade in China open to all countries equally. It was used mainly to mediate the competing interests of different colonial powers in China. In more recent times, Open Door policy describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open up China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. This later policy set into motion the economic transformation of modern China."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Deh Now-ye Khaleseh", "paragraph_text": "Deh Now-ye Khaleseh (, also Romanized as Deh Now-ye Kh\u0101le\u015feh, Deh Now-e Kh\u0101le\u015feh, and Deh Now Kh\u0101le\u015feh; also known as Deh-i-Nau, Deh Nau, Deh Now, and Deh Now-ye Ken\u0101r G\u016bsheh) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,519, in 657 families."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Subway (restaurant)", "paragraph_text": "As of June 2017, Subway has approximately 44,000 stores worldwide, all independently owned. located in 112 countries. These locations are largely concentrated in North America, with about 26,400 in the United States (plus about 3,300 in Canada and 1,000 in Mexico), which is almost as many U.S. locations as McDonald's and Starbucks combined. Outside North America, the countries with the most locations are Australia (approximately 1,400), Brazil (approximately 2,200) and the United Kingdom (approximately 2,300)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miguel Kast", "paragraph_text": "Upon getting his Master in Economics at University of Chicago, Miguel Kast joined Odeplan (1973), the state agency that led many public policy and economic changes after 1973. At Odeplan, Miguel Kast focused most of his energies on creating the \"map of extreme poverty\", which would become the cornerstone of Chile's social development programs. In 1978 he became the head of Odeplan and used his position to involve young professionals in the struggle against poverty by making them join Odeplan and by sending them to the country's outer regions to get insight into the real problems of Chile."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paul Marin de la Malgue", "paragraph_text": "Paul Marin de la Malgue (bap. 19 March 1692 \u2013 29 October 1753) was the eldest son of Charles-Paul Marin de la Malgue and Catherine Niquet. He was born in Montreal and, as many of the prominent historical figures of his time, had a military career in the colonial regular troops. He was commissioned an ensign in May 1722, and in the same year he was given command of a post near Ashland, Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "No Place for Me", "paragraph_text": "\"No Place for Me\" was the debut recording song of country singer-songwriter Willie Nelson. Nelson recorded the song while working as a disk jockey at KVAN in Vancouver, Washington, using a studio of the radio. Through a DJ he met during his time working on the radio in Texas, he contacted Starday Records, sending the tapes over to the label."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In January 2002, the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops (later raised to 2,000) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida, such as Abu Sayyaf, under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago, where terrorists and other groups are active. The majority of troops provide logistics. However, there are special forces troops that are training and assisting in combat operations against the terrorist groups."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guiuanon Island", "paragraph_text": "Guiuanon Island (or Guiwanon Island) is an island barangay located beside Panubulon Island southeast of Nueva Valencia, Guimaras in the Philippines. The island was affected by an oil spill on August 11, 2006."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Josef Naus", "paragraph_text": "Josef Naus (1793\u20131871) was an officer and surveying technician, known for leading the first ascent of Germany's highest mountain, the Zugspitze. Variations of his name are Karl Naus or Joseph Naus."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Treaty of Paris (1763)", "paragraph_text": "Spain ceded Florida to Britain. France had already secretly given Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). In addition, while France regained its factories in India, France recognized British clients as the rulers of key Indian native states, and pledged not to send troops to Bengal. Britain agreed to demolish its fortifications in British Honduras (now Belize), but retained a logwood - cutting colony there. Britain confirmed the right of its new subjects to practise Catholicism."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "La Nau", "paragraph_text": "La Nau (literally \"The Nave\") is the former building of the old Universidad Literaria in Valencia, and is today one of the smaller buildings of the modern Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia. The street itself is known as the \"carrer de la Nau\" after the building. It was built in 1497 and remodelled in 1830. The courtyard is now used for a cafe and exhibitions."}], "question": "How many troops did the US initially send to the country containing a municipality named after the Spanish state where La Nau is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__368041_839279_77316", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Roger Franklin", "paragraph_text": "Roger Franklin (born September 7, 1990) is a professional basketball player who was born in Duncanville, Texas. He currently plays for Black Star Mersch in the Luxembourgian Total League."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brondesbury Park", "paragraph_text": "Brondesbury Park is a suburb and electoral ward of the London Borough of Brent. It is the part of Brondesbury which is not interwoven with Kilburn due to the naming of a major tube station (Kilburn) and is centred on Brondesbury Park railway station and the street, an avenue, which shares its name. The area has a number of open spaces, primarily: Queen's Park and Tiverton Green."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Musgrove Block", "paragraph_text": "The Musgrove Block is a historic commercial building at 2 Main Street in the center of Andover, Massachusetts. The three story brick building was built in 1895 on the site of a former town green, and forms part of Andover's central Elm Square intersection. The building exhibits Romanesque Revival styling, featuring granite trim elements and ornate brick detailing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sophia Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Sophia Historic District is a national historic district located at Sophia, Raleigh County, West Virginia. It encompasses 22 contributing buildings located in the central business district of Sophia. The consist primarily of one and two story masonry buildings with storefronts on the first floor and housing in the upper stories. Notable buildings include the Filling Station (c. 1925), Reck's Place/The Chestnut Tree Caf\u00e9 and Art Gallery (c. 1936), Attili Building (1939), Visionz Lounge (c. 1955), LB & J Antiques (1937), Ben Franklin / Federated Department Store (c. 1937), and Sophia Theater (c. 1925)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Howard T. Markey National Courts Building", "paragraph_text": "The Howard T. Markey National Courts Building (formerly the National Courts Building) is a courthouse in Washington, D.C., which houses the United States Court of Federal Claims and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. It is located at 717 Madison Place NW, east of Lafayette Square and north of the White House, and borders the Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House at 721 Madison Place NW, the former Cosmos Club building at 725 Madison Place NW, and the Cutts-Madison House at 1520 H Street NW."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oliver G. Traphagen", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Green Traphagen (3 September 1854 \u2013 21 October 1932) was an American architect who designed many notable buildings in Duluth, Minnesota, during the late 19th century and in the Territory of Hawaii during the early 20th century. Among his most famous landmarks are the Oliver G. Traphagen House in Duluth, called the Redstone, and the Moana Hotel in Honolulu, both of which are on the National Register of Historic Places, as are several other buildings he designed."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rogers Township, Cass County, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Rogers Township is a township in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 43 as of the 2000 census. Rogers Township was named for William A. Rogers, an early settler."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Martin Piller", "paragraph_text": "Piller was born in Dallas, Texas and grew up in Duncanville, Texas. He graduated from Texas A&M University. He turned professional in 2008 and won his first start as a pro at the Texas State Open."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Santos Place", "paragraph_text": "Santos Place was designed by Donovan Hill Architect, and constructed by Hutchinson Builders (in a Design & Construct procurement method). The total cost of the building's construction is A$270 million and it provides 33 000 m2 of floor area. Santos Place is Australia's largest building to receive a 6 star green building design rating. It features energy efficiency measures such as \"high performance double glazing, substantial external sun shading, state of the art ventilation and an energy-efficient gas-powered trigeneration system\". Sensored lighting switches off automatically if no movement is detected after five minutes. Rainwater is collected on the roof and stored in tanks on the top of the building. Construction of the building was done with 20% recycled concrete and 90% recycled steel. It includes a two-level gymnasium and 280 secured basement bicycle parks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Moira, New York", "paragraph_text": "Moira is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States. The population was 2,934 at the 2010 census. Moira is located on the western border of Franklin County and is west of Malone. The town was named for the Earl of Moira. The correct pronunciation of Moira is mo\u028a-a\u026a-r\u028c (or moh-I-ruh)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Samuel Davis House (Mifflin Township, Franklin County, Ohio)", "paragraph_text": "The Samuel Davis House is a historic farmhouse located near the cities of Columbus and Dublin in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. One of the county's older buildings, it was home to a pioneer settler, and it has been named a historic site."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Plaza is a 72 - story, 280.7 m (921 ft) late - modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 30th tallest in the United States. It contains 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m) of office space. The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Toronto. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ensanche Sur", "paragraph_text": "Ensanche Sur de Alcorc\u00f3n is a new neighbourhood, currently under construction, placed on the South of Alcorc\u00f3n (Madrid, Spain). It borders on the South with the city of Fuenlabrada and on the South-East with the city of M\u00f3stoles. The total area is 1,981,469 m, including 500,000 m for green zones, and around 300,000 m for social public purposes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Franklin Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}], "question": "What is the name of the green building in the city bordering Roger Franklin's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop1__387468_10129_10095", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143) is from the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143\" (d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n Yu\u00e1n / \"Great is Qi\u00e1n, the Primal\") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qi\u00e1n (\u4e7e). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai \u00d6n Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan \u00dcls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai \u00d6n (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the \"Yeke Mongghul Ulus\" (lit. \"Great Mongol State\"), resulting in Dai \u00d6n Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning \"Great Yuan Great Mongol State\". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the \"Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty of China\", similar to the names \"Manchu dynasty\" or \"Manchu Dynasty of China\" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the \"Empire of the Great Khan\" or \"Khanate of the Great Khan\", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Paraguay", "paragraph_text": "Average life expectancy in Paraguay is rather high given its poverty: as of 2006, it was 75 years, equivalent to far wealthier Argentina, and the 8th highest in the Americas according to World Health Organization. Public expenditure on health is 2.6% of GDP, while private health expenditure is 5.1%. Infant mortality was 20 per 1,000 births in 2005. Maternal mortality was 150 per 100,000 live births in 2000."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yuan Can", "paragraph_text": "Yuan Can (420\u2013477), originally named Yuan Minsun, courtesy name Jingqian, was a high-level official of the Liu Song dynasty who, near the end of the dynasty, made a futile attempt to prevent the general Xiao Daocheng from gaining sufficient power to take the throne."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chen Yuan (prince)", "paragraph_text": "Chen Yuan was the fourth son of Chen Shubao, and the oldest son of Chen Shubao's favorite concubine Consort Zhang Lihua. His exact birth year is not known. At the time of Chen Yuan's birth, Chen Shubao was crown prince under Chen Yuan's grandfather Emperor Xuan. On her account, Chen Shubao also greatly favored Chen Yuan, but at the order of Emperor Xuan, Chen Yuan's older brother Chen Yin, Chen Shubao's oldest son, was designated heir. (Chen Yin was also not born of Chen Shubao's wife Crown Princess Shen Wuhua, but Crown Princess Shen raised him after Chen Yin's mother Consort Sun died in childbirth in 573)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wo Liu Hang", "paragraph_text": "Wo Liu Hang () is a place in Fo Tan, Hong Kong. The place was formerly a small plain at the shore of Sha Tin Hoi. The plain to the south has been transformed into an industrial area and a village has been erected in the hilly north. On the reclaimed land nearby, MTR Fo Tan Station has been built, along with the Ho Tung Lau Depot of the network."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dorney", "paragraph_text": "Dorney is a village and civil parish in the South Bucks district of Buckinghamshire, England, bordering on the River Thames to the west and south and bisected by the Jubilee River. In 2011 it had a population of 752 and it is west of neighbouring Eton which is a slightly larger parish."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Liu Piguang", "paragraph_text": "Liu Piguang (; died 154 BC) was the ninth son of Liu Fei and grandson of Emperor Gaozu of Han. When Liu Ze, Prince of Qi, died without an heir in 165 BC, Emperor Wen of Han divided the Qi territory in the land among the living sons of Liu Fei. In 164, Piguang was named Prince of Jinan and received part of the former Qi land. In 154 BC, he joined the Rebellion of the Seven States initiated by Liu Pi, Prince of Wu. Piguang was defeated and killed in battle with generals Dou Ying and Zhou Yafu. His land was returned to Han and his title was abolished."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a 2012 GDP of \u20ac624 billion (US$687 billion). In 2011, its GDP ranked second among the regions of Europe and its per-capita GDP was the 4th highest in Europe. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2011, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 30 percent of metropolitan France's GDP. In 2015 it hosts the world headquarters of 29 of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies located in France."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Han Zhao and Former Zhao", "paragraph_text": "The Han Zhao (; 304\u2013329), or Former Zhao, or Northern Han (\u5317\u6f22), was a Southern Xiongnu state during Sixteen Kingdoms period coeval with the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420). In the Chinese historiography it was given two conditional state titles, the Han state (\u6f22, pinyin H\u00e0n) for the state proclaimed in 304 by Liu Yuan, and the Former Zhao state (\u524d\u8d99, pinyin Qi\u00e1nzh\u00e0o) for the state proclaimed in 319 by Liu Yao. The reference to them as separate states should be considered clearly erroneous, given that when Liu Yao changed the name of the state from Han to Zhao in 319, he treated the state as having been continuous from the time that Liu Yuan founded it in 304; instead, he de-established royal lineage to the Han Dynasty and claimed ancestry directly from Yu the Great of the Xia Dynasty."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Liu Ying (cyclist)", "paragraph_text": "Liu Ying (born 23 November 1985 in Jiangsu) is a female Chinese Olympic cross-country mountain bike racer, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in where she finished 12th in the cross-country event."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is the sixth - largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of \u22120.3% in 2008, \u22124.3% in 2009, \u22125.5% in 2010, \u22129.1% in 2011, \u22127.3% in 2012 and \u22123.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached \u20ac356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to \u20ac280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the \"Zhejiang model\", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the \"Zhejiang spirit\" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Exhall, Stratford-on-Avon", "paragraph_text": "Exhall is a village and civil parish about south-south-east of Alcester in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. Its parish includes the hamlet of Little Britain and part of Ardens Grafton, the greater part of which is in the neighbouring civil parish of Temple Grafton. The 2011 Census recorded Exhall parish's population as 203."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is a developing mixed economy. It is the world's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}], "question": "What was the nominal GDP in yuan for 2011 in the place neighboring the south of Liu Ying's birthplace to the north?"}
{"id": "3hop1__387468_10129_10094", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cao Ang", "paragraph_text": "Cao Ang was the first son of Cao Cao and his concubine Lady Liu (\u5289\u592b\u4eba). Lady Liu also bore Cao Cao another son, Cao Shuo (\u66f9\u9460), and a daughter, Princess Qinghe (\u6e05\u6cb3\u516c\u4e3b). However, as Lady Liu died early, Cao Ang was raised by Cao Cao's first official spouse, Lady Ding (\u4e01\u592b\u4eba), who treated Cao Ang as though he was her real son."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ant Nation", "paragraph_text": "Ant Nation is a real time strategy video game from Konami for WiiWare and Nintendo DS. The WiiWare version was released on July 13, 2009 in North America and the Nintendo DS version was released on September 8, 2009."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350, when it was near 370 million. The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8% per year -- occurred between 1955 - 1975 peaking to 2.06% between 1965 - 1970. The growth rate has declined to 1.18% between 2010 - 2015 and is projected to decline to 0.13% by the year 2100. Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million, and are now expected to remain essentially constant at their 2011 level of 135 million, while deaths number 56 million per year and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040. World population reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011 according to the United Nations Population Fund, and on March 12, 2012 according to the United States Census Bureau."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Corn production in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The production of corn (Zea mays mays, also known as' maize ') plays a major role in the economy of the United States. The country is the largest producer of corn in the world, with 96,000,000 acres (39,000,000 ha) of land reserved for corn production. Corn growth is dominated by west / north central Iowa and east central Illinois. Approximately 13% of its annual yield is exported."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Event Gold Silver Bronze Men's singles details Ma Long China Zhang Jike China Jun Mizutani Japan Men's team details China (CHN) Zhang Jike Ma Long Xu Xin Japan (JPN) Koki Niwa Jun Mizutani Maharu Yoshimura Germany (GER) Timo Boll Dimitrij Ovtcharov Bastian Steger Women's singles details Ding Ning China Li Xiaoxia China Kim Song - i North Korea Women's team details China (CHN) Liu Shiwen Ding Ning Li Xiaoxia Germany (GER) Han Ying Petrissa Solja Shan Xiaona Japan (JPN) Ai Fukuhara Kasumi Ishikawa Mima Ito"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the \"Zhejiang model\", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the \"Zhejiang spirit\" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "La Liga", "paragraph_text": "A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 24 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (14 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. In the 2010s, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hartland, Lexington", "paragraph_text": "Hartland is a neighborhood in southeastern Lexington, Kentucky, United States. Its boundaries are Tates Creek Road to the west, Armstrong Mill Road to the east, the Lexington urban growth boundary to the south, and Kenesaw Drive to the north."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wood", "paragraph_text": "Wood, in the strict sense, is yielded by trees, which increase in diameter by the formation, between the existing wood and the inner bark, of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem, living branches, and roots. This process is known as secondary growth; it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem, and subsequent expansion of the new cells. Where there are clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern, leading to growth rings; these can usually be most clearly seen on the end of a log, but are also visible on the other surfaces. If these seasons are annual these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is no seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Liu Piguang", "paragraph_text": "Liu Piguang (; died 154 BC) was the ninth son of Liu Fei and grandson of Emperor Gaozu of Han. When Liu Ze, Prince of Qi, died without an heir in 165 BC, Emperor Wen of Han divided the Qi territory in the land among the living sons of Liu Fei. In 164, Piguang was named Prince of Jinan and received part of the former Qi land. In 154 BC, he joined the Rebellion of the Seven States initiated by Liu Pi, Prince of Wu. Piguang was defeated and killed in battle with generals Dou Ying and Zhou Yafu. His land was returned to Han and his title was abolished."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Liu Ying (cyclist)", "paragraph_text": "Liu Ying (born 23 November 1985 in Jiangsu) is a female Chinese Olympic cross-country mountain bike racer, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in where she finished 12th in the cross-country event."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "Economic growth in Swaziland has lagged behind that of its neighbours. Real GDP growth since 2001 has averaged 2.8%, nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union (SACU) member countries. Low agricultural productivity in the SNLs, repeated droughts, the devastating effect of HIV/AIDS and an overly large and inefficient government sector are likely contributing factors. Swaziland's public finances deteriorated in the late 1990s following sizeable surpluses a decade earlier. A combination of declining revenues and increased spending led to significant budget deficits."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of \u22120.3% in 2008, \u22124.3% in 2009, \u22125.5% in 2010, \u22129.1% in 2011, \u22127.3% in 2012 and \u22123.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached \u20ac356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to \u20ac280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Uphall Station", "paragraph_text": "Uphall Station, also known as Uphall Station Village, is a popular village located in the geographical county of West Lothian, Scotland. The name is derived from neighbouring town Uphall on account of there being an incredibly popular railway station located on the northeast perimeter of the village. The village is situated southeast of neighbouring Uphall, north of Pumpherston and northeast of Livingston. It is administered by West Lothian Council. It lies approximately a quarter of a mile from the A89 dual carriageway, which is a major road running between Greenock in the west of Scotland and Edinburgh in the east of Scotland. A gala day (an outdoor f\u00eate) is held annually, usually in June."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri", "paragraph_text": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Neighbouring districts are Zile on the north, Akda\u011fmadeni and Saraykent on the south, \u00c7ekerek on the west and Sulusaray on the east. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 23,317 of which 5,200 live in the town of Kad\u0131\u015fehri."}], "question": "In 2009, what was the annual real growth of urbanites in the place neighboring the south of Liu Ying's birthplace to the north?"}
{"id": "3hop1__369740_10129_10110", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Africanized bee", "paragraph_text": "The Africanized honey bee was first introduced to Brazil in the 1950s in an effort to increase honey production, but in 1957, 26 swarms accidentally escaped quarantine. Since then, the species has spread throughout South America and arrived in North America in 1985. Hives were found in south Texas of the United States in 1990."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krishnapur massacre", "paragraph_text": "Krishnapur massacre () took place on 18 September 1971 in Krishnapur and neighbouring villages in the district of Sylhet in Bangladesh. In Krishnapur, the Pakistani occupation army shot 127 Bengali Hindus to death. In the neighbouring villages more than a 100 Hindus were killed."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hilary Robinson", "paragraph_text": "Hilary Robinson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Anne Scott-Pendlebury. The character first appeared on-screen during the episode broadcast on 25 June 1987. Hilary departed the show on 28 February 1990, following Scott-Pendlebury's decision to quit in 1989. Scott-Pendlebury reprised her role in 2005 for the serial's 20th anniversary episode, and again in February 2015 ahead of the 30th anniversary. Writers established that Hilary is back living in Erinsborough, so she can continue to make sporadic appearances. She is characterised as a bossy and meddling woman who lacks romance and seeks comfort interfering with her Neighbours' personal lives. Hilary's main storyline was mothering an illegitimate child Matt Robinson (Ashley Paske). He arrives in Erinsborough to forge a relationship with his birth mother. The character's \"hard-edged approach to life\" mellowed during the storyline."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ned Parker", "paragraph_text": "Ned Parker is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Dan O'Connor. He made his first appearance on screen on 9 August 2005, arriving to see his brother, Stuart. He departed on 31 July 2008."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri", "paragraph_text": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Neighbouring districts are Zile on the north, Akda\u011fmadeni and Saraykent on the south, \u00c7ekerek on the west and Sulusaray on the east. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 23,317 of which 5,200 live in the town of Kad\u0131\u015fehri."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Transglobe Expedition", "paragraph_text": "Starting in 1979 from Greenwich in the United Kingdom, adventurers Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton went south, arriving at the South Pole on 15 December 1980. Over the next 14 months, they went north again, reaching the North Pole on 11 April 1982. Travelling south once more, they arrived again in Greenwich on 29 August 1982."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Low Fell (Lake District)", "paragraph_text": "Low Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It overlooks the lake of Loweswater to the south and to the north is bordered by its neighbour Fellbarrow. It is usually climbed from the villages of Loweswater or Thackthwaite. The fell is largely occupied by grassed enclosures, although there are some rocky outcrops near the top. Low Fell has fairly steep slopes to the south and east."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "MC Ren discography", "paragraph_text": "This is the discography for rapper MC Ren. This discography includes all of MC Ren's albums, including collaboration albums with N.W.A. He has sold more than 2 million albums in the USA alone as a solo artist."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Buddhism in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism was introduced into the USA by Asian immigrants in the 19th century, when significant numbers of immigrants from East Asia began to arrive in the New World. In the United States, immigrants from China entered around 1820, but began to arrive in large numbers following the 1849 California Gold Rush."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as \"civil religion\" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Religion in Cambodia", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism has existed in Cambodia since at least the 5th century AD, with some sources placing its origin as early as the 3rd century BC. Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century AD (excepting the Khmer Rouge period), and is currently estimated to be the religion of 96.9% of the population.The history of Buddhism in Cambodia spans nearly two thousand years, across a number of successive kingdoms and empires. Buddhism entered Cambodia through two different streams. The earliest forms of Buddhism, along with Hindu influences, entered the Funan kingdom with Hindu merchants. In later history, a second stream of Buddhism entered Khmer culture during the Angkor empire when Cambodia absorbed the various Buddhist traditions of the Mon kingdoms of Dvaravati and Haripunchai."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kylo Ren", "paragraph_text": "Kylo Ren first appears in The Force Awakens as a commander in the First Order, a sinister regime that has risen from the remains of the old Galactic Empire. After arriving at Jakku to retrieve a map containing the coordinates where Luke Skywalker is to be found, Ren kills an old vicar known as Lor San Tekka, and captures Resistance pilot Poe Dameron, who has also been sent to recover the map by General Leia Organa. Ren soon learns that the pilot had entrusted his astromech droid, BB - 8, with the map. Poe flees with the help of rogue stormtrooper Finn, who later finds BB - 8, and the scavenger Rey. Finn, Rey, and BB - 8 escape Jakku in the Millennium Falcon, and are soon intercepted by the ship's former owner, Han Solo, and his co-pilot Chewbacca."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ren Chengyuan", "paragraph_text": "Ren Chengyuan (born 1986-09-20 in Jiangsu) is a female Chinese Olympic cyclist, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands\u2014particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kylo Ren", "paragraph_text": "Abrams told Empire in August 2015, ``Kylo Ren is not a Sith. He works under Supreme Leader Snoke, who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force. ''Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character,`` came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren.'' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as ``a hot - headed, radicalised Dark Side jihadi, whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper ''. Abrams noted,`` The lightsaber is something that he built himself, and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character.'' The Telegraph also explains that Ren's wild and erratic temper and ``angsty ''instability make him dangerous. Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren's use of the Force as`` formidable'', citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air, immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "St Ives Chase, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "St Ives Chase is a bushland suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. St Ives Chase is 18\u00a0kilometres north-west of the Sydney Central Business District in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. St Ives is a more developed adjacent suburb and St Ives Chase covers the area approximately north of Toolang Road and west of Collins Road. The neighbouring suburb of North Turramurra is separated by a section of the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. It is a separate suburb from St Ives, which lies to its south."}], "question": "When did Buddhism arrive in the province immediately south of the birth province of Ren Chengyuan?"}
{"id": "3hop1__850526_10129_10095", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of the United States public debt", "paragraph_text": "Debt held by the public was $15.05 billion or 16.5% of GDP in 1930. When Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, the public debt was almost $20 billion, 20% of GDP. Decreased tax revenues and spending on social programs during the Great Depression increased the debt and by 1936, the public debt had increased to $33.7 billion, approximately 40% of GDP. During its first term, the Roosevelt administration ran large annual deficits of between 2 and 5% of GDP. By 1939, the debt held by the public had increased to $39.65 billion or 43% of GDP. The buildup and involvement in World War II during the presidencies of F.D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman led to the largest increase in public debt. Public debt rose over 100% of GDP to pay for the mobilization before and during the war. Public debt was $251.43 billion or 112% of GDP at the conclusion of the war in 1945 and was $260 billion in 1950."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Harrison (blood donor)", "paragraph_text": "Harrison was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) on 7 June 1999. He was nominated for Australian of the Year, though he did not win. In 2011, he was nominated in the New South Wales Local Hero division of the Australian of the Year awards."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143) is from the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143\" (d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n Yu\u00e1n / \"Great is Qi\u00e1n, the Primal\") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qi\u00e1n (\u4e7e). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai \u00d6n Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan \u00dcls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai \u00d6n (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the \"Yeke Mongghul Ulus\" (lit. \"Great Mongol State\"), resulting in Dai \u00d6n Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning \"Great Yuan Great Mongol State\". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the \"Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty of China\", similar to the names \"Manchu dynasty\" or \"Manchu Dynasty of China\" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the \"Empire of the Great Khan\" or \"Khanate of the Great Khan\", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is a developing mixed economy. It is the world's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the \"Zhejiang model\", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the \"Zhejiang spirit\" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zeng Jize", "paragraph_text": "Zeng Jize (1839\u201390), a native of Hunan province, was the eldest son of Zeng Guofan (\u66fe\u570b\u85e9), a leading reformist minister at the Qing court, who was a descendants of Zengzi. Zeng had inherited his father's title of Marquis in 1877. He received a traditional Chinese education, but was also one of the few Chinese officials who learned English and took an interest in European affairs. With these advantages he was persuaded to represent China's interests abroad as a diplomat."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zeng Shaoxuan", "paragraph_text": "Zeng Shaoxuan (also spelled as Zeng Shao-Xuan, ; ; born August 29, 1981 in Nanjing, Jiangsu) is a Chinese male tennis player. He competed for China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the men's singles and men's doubles with partner Yu Xinyuan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zeng Fanyi", "paragraph_text": "Zeng Fanyi obtained her Bachelor of Science from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and M.D. and Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) Medical School and the University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, respectively. Zeng also carried-out postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is the sixth - largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Exhall, Stratford-on-Avon", "paragraph_text": "Exhall is a village and civil parish about south-south-east of Alcester in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. Its parish includes the hamlet of Little Britain and part of Ardens Grafton, the greater part of which is in the neighbouring civil parish of Temple Grafton. The 2011 Census recorded Exhall parish's population as 203."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chen Yuan (prince)", "paragraph_text": "Chen Yuan was the fourth son of Chen Shubao, and the oldest son of Chen Shubao's favorite concubine Consort Zhang Lihua. His exact birth year is not known. At the time of Chen Yuan's birth, Chen Shubao was crown prince under Chen Yuan's grandfather Emperor Xuan. On her account, Chen Shubao also greatly favored Chen Yuan, but at the order of Emperor Xuan, Chen Yuan's older brother Chen Yin, Chen Shubao's oldest son, was designated heir. (Chen Yin was also not born of Chen Shubao's wife Crown Princess Shen Wuhua, but Crown Princess Shen raised him after Chen Yin's mother Consort Sun died in childbirth in 573)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri", "paragraph_text": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Neighbouring districts are Zile on the north, Akda\u011fmadeni and Saraykent on the south, \u00c7ekerek on the west and Sulusaray on the east. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 23,317 of which 5,200 live in the town of Kad\u0131\u015fehri."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dorney", "paragraph_text": "Dorney is a village and civil parish in the South Bucks district of Buckinghamshire, England, bordering on the River Thames to the west and south and bisected by the Jubilee River. In 2011 it had a population of 752 and it is west of neighbouring Eton which is a slightly larger parish."}], "question": "What was the 2011 nominal GDP, in yuan, of the province that is the southern neighbor of Zeng Shaoxuan's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop1__387468_10129_10110", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Buddhism in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism was introduced into the USA by Asian immigrants in the 19th century, when significant numbers of immigrants from East Asia began to arrive in the New World. In the United States, immigrants from China entered around 1820, but began to arrive in large numbers following the 1849 California Gold Rush."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Transglobe Expedition", "paragraph_text": "Starting in 1979 from Greenwich in the United Kingdom, adventurers Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton went south, arriving at the South Pole on 15 December 1980. Over the next 14 months, they went north again, reaching the North Pole on 11 April 1982. Travelling south once more, they arrived again in Greenwich on 29 August 1982."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Religion in Cambodia", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism has existed in Cambodia since at least the 5th century AD, with some sources placing its origin as early as the 3rd century BC. Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century AD (excepting the Khmer Rouge period), and is currently estimated to be the religion of 96.9% of the population.The history of Buddhism in Cambodia spans nearly two thousand years, across a number of successive kingdoms and empires. Buddhism entered Cambodia through two different streams. The earliest forms of Buddhism, along with Hindu influences, entered the Funan kingdom with Hindu merchants. In later history, a second stream of Buddhism entered Khmer culture during the Angkor empire when Cambodia absorbed the various Buddhist traditions of the Mon kingdoms of Dvaravati and Haripunchai."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wo Liu Hang", "paragraph_text": "Wo Liu Hang () is a place in Fo Tan, Hong Kong. The place was formerly a small plain at the shore of Sha Tin Hoi. The plain to the south has been transformed into an industrial area and a village has been erected in the hilly north. On the reclaimed land nearby, MTR Fo Tan Station has been built, along with the Ho Tung Lau Depot of the network."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Event Gold Silver Bronze Men's singles details Ma Long China Zhang Jike China Jun Mizutani Japan Men's team details China (CHN) Zhang Jike Ma Long Xu Xin Japan (JPN) Koki Niwa Jun Mizutani Maharu Yoshimura Germany (GER) Timo Boll Dimitrij Ovtcharov Bastian Steger Women's singles details Ding Ning China Li Xiaoxia China Kim Song - i North Korea Women's team details China (CHN) Liu Shiwen Ding Ning Li Xiaoxia Germany (GER) Han Ying Petrissa Solja Shan Xiaona Japan (JPN) Ai Fukuhara Kasumi Ishikawa Mima Ito"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ned Parker", "paragraph_text": "Ned Parker is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Dan O'Connor. He made his first appearance on screen on 9 August 2005, arriving to see his brother, Stuart. He departed on 31 July 2008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Africanized bee", "paragraph_text": "The Africanized honey bee was first introduced to Brazil in the 1950s in an effort to increase honey production, but in 1957, 26 swarms accidentally escaped quarantine. Since then, the species has spread throughout South America and arrived in North America in 1985. Hives were found in south Texas of the United States in 1990."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Liu Ying (cyclist)", "paragraph_text": "Liu Ying (born 23 November 1985 in Jiangsu) is a female Chinese Olympic cross-country mountain bike racer, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in where she finished 12th in the cross-country event."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Arrival Heights", "paragraph_text": "Arrival Heights are clifflike heights which extend in a north-east\u2013south-west direction along the west side of Hut Point Peninsula, just north of Hut Point in Ross Island, Antarctica. They were discovered and named by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901\u201304, under Robert Falcon Scott. The name suggests the expedition's arrival at its winter headquarters at nearby Hut Point."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hilary Robinson", "paragraph_text": "Hilary Robinson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Anne Scott-Pendlebury. The character first appeared on-screen during the episode broadcast on 25 June 1987. Hilary departed the show on 28 February 1990, following Scott-Pendlebury's decision to quit in 1989. Scott-Pendlebury reprised her role in 2005 for the serial's 20th anniversary episode, and again in February 2015 ahead of the 30th anniversary. Writers established that Hilary is back living in Erinsborough, so she can continue to make sporadic appearances. She is characterised as a bossy and meddling woman who lacks romance and seeks comfort interfering with her Neighbours' personal lives. Hilary's main storyline was mothering an illegitimate child Matt Robinson (Ashley Paske). He arrives in Erinsborough to forge a relationship with his birth mother. The character's \"hard-edged approach to life\" mellowed during the storyline."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri", "paragraph_text": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Neighbouring districts are Zile on the north, Akda\u011fmadeni and Saraykent on the south, \u00c7ekerek on the west and Sulusaray on the east. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 23,317 of which 5,200 live in the town of Kad\u0131\u015fehri."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Liu Piguang", "paragraph_text": "Liu Piguang (; died 154 BC) was the ninth son of Liu Fei and grandson of Emperor Gaozu of Han. When Liu Ze, Prince of Qi, died without an heir in 165 BC, Emperor Wen of Han divided the Qi territory in the land among the living sons of Liu Fei. In 164, Piguang was named Prince of Jinan and received part of the former Qi land. In 154 BC, he joined the Rebellion of the Seven States initiated by Liu Pi, Prince of Wu. Piguang was defeated and killed in battle with generals Dou Ying and Zhou Yafu. His land was returned to Han and his title was abolished."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tofu", "paragraph_text": "Tofu-making was first recorded during the Chinese Han dynasty some 2,000 years ago. Chinese legend ascribes its invention to Prince Liu An (179122BC) of Anhui province. Tofu and its production technique were introduced to Japan during the Nara period (710794). Some scholars believe tofu arrived in Vietnam during the 10th and 11th centuries. It spread to other parts of Southeast Asia as well. This probably coincided with the spread of Buddhism as it is an important source of protein in the vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism. Li Shizhen, during the Ming Dynasty, described a method of making tofu in the \"Compendium of Materia Medica\". Since then, tofu has become a staple in many countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, and Korea, with regional variations in production methods, texture, flavor, and usage."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as \"civil religion\" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Krishnapur massacre", "paragraph_text": "Krishnapur massacre () took place on 18 September 1971 in Krishnapur and neighbouring villages in the district of Sylhet in Bangladesh. In Krishnapur, the Pakistani occupation army shot 127 Bengali Hindus to death. In the neighbouring villages more than a 100 Hindus were killed."}], "question": "When did Buddhism arrive in the city that is the southern neighbor of the birthplace of Liu Ying?"}
{"id": "3hop1__704175_10129_10110", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "St Ives Chase, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "St Ives Chase is a bushland suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. St Ives Chase is 18\u00a0kilometres north-west of the Sydney Central Business District in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. St Ives is a more developed adjacent suburb and St Ives Chase covers the area approximately north of Toolang Road and west of Collins Road. The neighbouring suburb of North Turramurra is separated by a section of the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. It is a separate suburb from St Ives, which lies to its south."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as \"civil religion\" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pritchard Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Pritchard Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the north side of the South Thompson River between the communities of Monte Creek (W) and Chase (E)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mwanedi Game Reserve", "paragraph_text": "Mwanedi Game Reserve, is a neighbour of the Kruger Park, located in the northern (or Venda) part of the Limpopo, province, South Africa, and has an area of about 9300 Ha. One of the secrets of the Game Reserve is their spectacular waterfall, known as Tshihovhohovho Falls."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cobboboonee National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Cobboboonee National Park is a national park located in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia. The national park is situated approximately west of Melbourne city centre, with access via the town of near the junctions of the Princes and Henty highways, north of ."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Grande Ruine", "paragraph_text": "La Grande Ruine (3,765 m) is a mountain in Hautes-Alpes, France. It belongs to the Massif des \u00c9crins in the Dauphin\u00e9 Alps and is located in the heart of the wilderness of the \u00c9crins National Park roughly halfway between its illustrious neighbours Barre des \u00c9crins and Meije. The mountain has two different summits, the \"Pointe Brevoort\" at 3,765 m to the south and"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mount Royal National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Mount Royal National Park is a protected national park located in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Gazetted in 1997, the park is situated approximately north of Sydney."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dharawal National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Dharawal National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The national park is situated between the Illawarra Range and the Georges River and is approximately south west of Sydney. There are three entry points to the park: from the east through ; from the north through ; and from the south through ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jakar", "paragraph_text": "Jakar is located in Bumthang (Choekhor) Valley within Chhoekhor Gewog in central Bumthang. Administratively, however, Jakar is a separate thromde (municipality) inside the gewog. The administrative office for the Choekhor Gewog is located in the northern suburbs of Jakar. Just north of Jakar lies Wangchuck Centennial Park, a protected area of Bhutan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Trzcianne", "paragraph_text": "Trzcianne () is a village in Mo\u0144ki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Trzcianne. It lies approximately south-west of Mo\u0144ki and north-west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok. It is close to Biebrza National Park. The village has a population of 610."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kara Kara National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Kara Kara National Park is a national park located in the Wimmera/Goldfields region of Victoria, Australia. The national park is situated approximately north-west of Melbourne, west of the Sunraysia Highway, and to the south of the town of St Arnaud."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Banff National Park", "paragraph_text": "Banff National Park is Canada's oldest national park and was established in 1885. Located in the Rocky Mountains, 110 -- 180 kilometres (68 -- 112 mi) west of Calgary in the province of Alberta, Banff encompasses 6,641 square kilometres (2,564 sq mi) of mountainous terrain, with numerous glaciers and ice fields, dense coniferous forest, and alpine landscapes. The Icefields Parkway extends from Lake Louise, connecting to Jasper National Park in the north. Provincial forests and Yoho National Park are neighbours to the west, while Kootenay National Park is located to the south and Kananaskis Country to the southeast. The main commercial centre of the park is the town of Banff, in the Bow River valley."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dorset Park", "paragraph_text": "Dorset Park is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the western part of the district of Scarborough. The neighbourhood is bordered by Highway 401 to the north, Midland Avenue to the east, Lawrence Avenue to the south, and Birchmount Road to the west. Kennedy Road runs along the neighbourhood's centre north and south and Ellesmere Road runs along the centre east and west. The area south of Lawrence Avenue, north of the hydro corridor, is known as McGregor Park and is often included as part of Dorset Park."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lihu Park", "paragraph_text": "Lihu Park is a park located in Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China. It covers an area of 300 acres and it is free to the public. In the late Ming Dynasty, some scholars said that Fan Li and Xi Shi boated here. So, it becomes more popular because of this legend. There is a very big Ferris Wheel in the park which you can see the time you get into the park. There are also other interesting spots in it, such as carousel, maze and The Arctic World. There are many sculptures in it which are featured in the cold world. When you get into it, the guards will give you some thick clothes because it is very cold in it but there many beautiful things in it. The park also has many old buildings behind trees which make them look very mysterious and attractive. It is next to TaiHu, so you can just go there by boating."}], "question": "When did Buddhism arrive in the province immediately south of the province containing Lihu Park?"}
{"id": "3hop1__382414_10129_10094", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La Liga", "paragraph_text": "A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 25 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (15 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. In the 2010s, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Corn production in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The production of corn (Zea mays mays, also known as' maize ') plays a major role in the economy of the United States. The country is the largest producer of corn in the world, with 96,000,000 acres (39,000,000 ha) of land reserved for corn production. Corn growth is dominated by west / north central Iowa and east central Illinois. Approximately 13% of its annual yield is exported."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zhou Tianhua", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Tianhua (; born April 10, 1966 in Jiangsu) is a former female shot put athlete from China. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, finishing in fifth place in the overall-rankings."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hartland, Lexington", "paragraph_text": "Hartland is a neighborhood in southeastern Lexington, Kentucky, United States. Its boundaries are Tates Creek Road to the west, Armstrong Mill Road to the east, the Lexington urban growth boundary to the south, and Kenesaw Drive to the north."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhou Xiaochuan", "paragraph_text": "Born in Yixing, Jiangsu province, he was the son of Zhou Jiannan and Yang Weizhe (\u6768\u7ef4\u54f2). The elder Zhou was the head of Electric and Industrial Bureau of the North East district in 1949. He later became Vice Minister of First Department of Machinery Development in 1961. During the Cultural Revolution, Zhou Xiaochuan joined the Production and Construction Corps in Heilongjiang province while his father was persecuted. The family's fate changed when the elder Zhou returned to power, in 1973."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cordillera Real (Ecuador)", "paragraph_text": "The Cordillera Real (also Cordillera of Quito, Cordillera Central of Ecuador) is a chain of mountains in the Andes of Ecuador, the largest of them volcanic. They are continued by the Cordillera Central of Peru to the south and the Cordillera Central of Colombia to the north. The Cordillera Real includes Antisana, Cotopaxi, and Cayambe, while Chimborazo is in the Cordillera Occidental."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of \u22120.3% in 2008, \u22124.3% in 2009, \u22125.5% in 2010, \u22129.1% in 2011, \u22127.3% in 2012 and \u22123.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached \u20ac356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to \u20ac280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350, when it was near 370 million. The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8% per year -- occurred between 1955 - 1975 peaking to 2.06% between 1965 - 1970. The growth rate has declined to 1.18% between 2010 - 2015 and is projected to decline to 0.13% by the year 2100. Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million, and are now expected to remain essentially constant at their 2011 level of 135 million, while deaths number 56 million per year and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040. World population reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011 according to the United Nations Population Fund, and on March 12, 2012 according to the United States Census Bureau."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "La Liga", "paragraph_text": "A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 24 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (14 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. In the 2010s, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the \"Zhejiang model\", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the \"Zhejiang spirit\" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Uphall Station", "paragraph_text": "Uphall Station, also known as Uphall Station Village, is a popular village located in the geographical county of West Lothian, Scotland. The name is derived from neighbouring town Uphall on account of there being an incredibly popular railway station located on the northeast perimeter of the village. The village is situated southeast of neighbouring Uphall, north of Pumpherston and northeast of Livingston. It is administered by West Lothian Council. It lies approximately a quarter of a mile from the A89 dual carriageway, which is a major road running between Greenock in the west of Scotland and Edinburgh in the east of Scotland. A gala day (an outdoor f\u00eate) is held annually, usually in June."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2002, Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6% per annum. Since 2002 economic growth has slowed, with GDP growth of 1.5% in 2008. Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008, with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4%. The International Monetary Fund 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP, after the economy contracted by about 2% in 2009. On 5 August 2012, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Tuvalu, and assessed the economy of Tuvalu: \"A slow recovery is underway in Tuvalu, but there are important risks. GDP grew in 2011 for the first time since the global financial crisis, led by the private retail sector and education spending. We expect growth to rise slowly\". The IMF 2014 Country Report noted that real GDP growth in Tuvalu had been volatile averaging only 1 percent in the past decade. The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licenses, together with substantial foreign aid."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Low Fell (Lake District)", "paragraph_text": "Low Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It overlooks the lake of Loweswater to the south and to the north is bordered by its neighbour Fellbarrow. It is usually climbed from the villages of Loweswater or Thackthwaite. The fell is largely occupied by grassed enclosures, although there are some rocky outcrops near the top. Low Fell has fairly steep slopes to the south and east."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ant Nation", "paragraph_text": "Ant Nation is a real time strategy video game from Konami for WiiWare and Nintendo DS. The WiiWare version was released on July 13, 2009 in North America and the Nintendo DS version was released on September 8, 2009."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wood", "paragraph_text": "Wood, in the strict sense, is yielded by trees, which increase in diameter by the formation, between the existing wood and the inner bark, of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem, living branches, and roots. This process is known as secondary growth; it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem, and subsequent expansion of the new cells. Where there are clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern, leading to growth rings; these can usually be most clearly seen on the end of a log, but are also visible on the other surfaces. If these seasons are annual these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is no seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent."}], "question": "What was the 2009 annual real growth of urbanites in the region that is the southern neighbor of Zhou Tianhua's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop1__850526_10129_10094", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zeng Shaoxuan", "paragraph_text": "Zeng Shaoxuan (also spelled as Zeng Shao-Xuan, ; ; born August 29, 1981 in Nanjing, Jiangsu) is a Chinese male tennis player. He competed for China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the men's singles and men's doubles with partner Yu Xinyuan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zeng Fanyi", "paragraph_text": "Zeng Fanyi obtained her Bachelor of Science from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and M.D. and Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) Medical School and the University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, respectively. Zeng also carried-out postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri", "paragraph_text": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Neighbouring districts are Zile on the north, Akda\u011fmadeni and Saraykent on the south, \u00c7ekerek on the west and Sulusaray on the east. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 23,317 of which 5,200 live in the town of Kad\u0131\u015fehri."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "La Liga", "paragraph_text": "A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 24 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (14 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. In the 2010s, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Uphall Station", "paragraph_text": "Uphall Station, also known as Uphall Station Village, is a popular village located in the geographical county of West Lothian, Scotland. The name is derived from neighbouring town Uphall on account of there being an incredibly popular railway station located on the northeast perimeter of the village. The village is situated southeast of neighbouring Uphall, north of Pumpherston and northeast of Livingston. It is administered by West Lothian Council. It lies approximately a quarter of a mile from the A89 dual carriageway, which is a major road running between Greenock in the west of Scotland and Edinburgh in the east of Scotland. A gala day (an outdoor f\u00eate) is held annually, usually in June."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Corn production in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The production of corn (Zea mays mays, also known as' maize ') plays a major role in the economy of the United States. The country is the largest producer of corn in the world, with 96,000,000 acres (39,000,000 ha) of land reserved for corn production. Corn growth is dominated by west / north central Iowa and east central Illinois. Approximately 13% of its annual yield is exported."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "PEN Pinter Prize", "paragraph_text": "The PEN Pinter Prize and the Pinter International Writer of Courage Award both comprise an annual literary award launched in 2009 by English PEN in honour of the late Nobel Literature Prize-winning playwright Harold Pinter, who had been a Vice President of English PEN and an active member of the International PEN Writers in Prison Committee (WiPC). The award is given to \"a British writer or a writer resident in Britain of outstanding literary merit who, in the words of Pinter\u2019s Nobel speech ['Art, Truth and Politics'], casts an 'unflinching, unswerving' gaze upon the world and shows 'a fierce, intellectual determination \u2026 to define the real truth of our lives and our societies'.\" The Prize is shared with an \"International Writer of Courage,\" defined as \"someone who has been persecuted for speaking out about [his or her] beliefs,\" selected by English PEN's Writers at Risk Committee in consultation with the annual Prize winner, and announced during an award ceremony held at the British Library, on or around 10 October, the anniversary of Pinter's birth."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the \"Zhejiang model\", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the \"Zhejiang spirit\" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2002, Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6% per annum. Since 2002 economic growth has slowed, with GDP growth of 1.5% in 2008. Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008, with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4%. The International Monetary Fund 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP, after the economy contracted by about 2% in 2009. On 5 August 2012, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Tuvalu, and assessed the economy of Tuvalu: \"A slow recovery is underway in Tuvalu, but there are important risks. GDP grew in 2011 for the first time since the global financial crisis, led by the private retail sector and education spending. We expect growth to rise slowly\". The IMF 2014 Country Report noted that real GDP growth in Tuvalu had been volatile averaging only 1 percent in the past decade. The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licenses, together with substantial foreign aid."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350, when it was near 370 million. The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8% per year -- occurred between 1955 - 1975 peaking to 2.06% between 1965 - 1970. The growth rate has declined to 1.18% between 2010 - 2015 and is projected to decline to 0.13% by the year 2100. Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million, and are now expected to remain essentially constant at their 2011 level of 135 million, while deaths number 56 million per year and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040. World population reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011 according to the United Nations Population Fund, and on March 12, 2012 according to the United States Census Bureau."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hartland, Lexington", "paragraph_text": "Hartland is a neighborhood in southeastern Lexington, Kentucky, United States. Its boundaries are Tates Creek Road to the west, Armstrong Mill Road to the east, the Lexington urban growth boundary to the south, and Kenesaw Drive to the north."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of \u22120.3% in 2008, \u22124.3% in 2009, \u22125.5% in 2010, \u22129.1% in 2011, \u22127.3% in 2012 and \u22123.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached \u20ac356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to \u20ac280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "La Liga", "paragraph_text": "A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 25 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (15 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. In the 2010s, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "Economic growth in Swaziland has lagged behind that of its neighbours. Real GDP growth since 2001 has averaged 2.8%, nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union (SACU) member countries. Low agricultural productivity in the SNLs, repeated droughts, the devastating effect of HIV/AIDS and an overly large and inefficient government sector are likely contributing factors. Swaziland's public finances deteriorated in the late 1990s following sizeable surpluses a decade earlier. A combination of declining revenues and increased spending led to significant budget deficits."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Low Fell (Lake District)", "paragraph_text": "Low Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It overlooks the lake of Loweswater to the south and to the north is bordered by its neighbour Fellbarrow. It is usually climbed from the villages of Loweswater or Thackthwaite. The fell is largely occupied by grassed enclosures, although there are some rocky outcrops near the top. Low Fell has fairly steep slopes to the south and east."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}], "question": "What was the annual real growth of urbanites in the place neighboring the south of Zeng Shaoxuan's birthplace to the north?"}
{"id": "3hop1__850526_10129_10110", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Buddhism in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism was introduced into the USA by Asian immigrants in the 19th century, when significant numbers of immigrants from East Asia began to arrive in the New World. In the United States, immigrants from China entered around 1820, but began to arrive in large numbers following the 1849 California Gold Rush."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zeng Jize", "paragraph_text": "Zeng Jize (1839\u201390), a native of Hunan province, was the eldest son of Zeng Guofan (\u66fe\u570b\u85e9), a leading reformist minister at the Qing court, who was a descendants of Zengzi. Zeng had inherited his father's title of Marquis in 1877. He received a traditional Chinese education, but was also one of the few Chinese officials who learned English and took an interest in European affairs. With these advantages he was persuaded to represent China's interests abroad as a diplomat."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krishnapur massacre", "paragraph_text": "Krishnapur massacre () took place on 18 September 1971 in Krishnapur and neighbouring villages in the district of Sylhet in Bangladesh. In Krishnapur, the Pakistani occupation army shot 127 Bengali Hindus to death. In the neighbouring villages more than a 100 Hindus were killed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands\u2014particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as \"civil religion\" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hilary Robinson", "paragraph_text": "Hilary Robinson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Anne Scott-Pendlebury. The character first appeared on-screen during the episode broadcast on 25 June 1987. Hilary departed the show on 28 February 1990, following Scott-Pendlebury's decision to quit in 1989. Scott-Pendlebury reprised her role in 2005 for the serial's 20th anniversary episode, and again in February 2015 ahead of the 30th anniversary. Writers established that Hilary is back living in Erinsborough, so she can continue to make sporadic appearances. She is characterised as a bossy and meddling woman who lacks romance and seeks comfort interfering with her Neighbours' personal lives. Hilary's main storyline was mothering an illegitimate child Matt Robinson (Ashley Paske). He arrives in Erinsborough to forge a relationship with his birth mother. The character's \"hard-edged approach to life\" mellowed during the storyline."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arrival Heights", "paragraph_text": "Arrival Heights are clifflike heights which extend in a north-east\u2013south-west direction along the west side of Hut Point Peninsula, just north of Hut Point in Ross Island, Antarctica. They were discovered and named by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901\u201304, under Robert Falcon Scott. The name suggests the expedition's arrival at its winter headquarters at nearby Hut Point."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Africanized bee", "paragraph_text": "The Africanized honey bee was first introduced to Brazil in the 1950s in an effort to increase honey production, but in 1957, 26 swarms accidentally escaped quarantine. Since then, the species has spread throughout South America and arrived in North America in 1985. Hives were found in south Texas of the United States in 1990."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri", "paragraph_text": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Neighbouring districts are Zile on the north, Akda\u011fmadeni and Saraykent on the south, \u00c7ekerek on the west and Sulusaray on the east. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 23,317 of which 5,200 live in the town of Kad\u0131\u015fehri."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zeng Fanzhi", "paragraph_text": "Zeng Fanzhi (; born 1964) is a contemporary Chinese artist based in Beijing. From the earliest stages of his career, his paintings have been marked by their emotional directness, the artist's intuitive psychological sense, and his carefully calibrated expressionistic technique. Moving to Beijing in the early 1990s, Zeng's art displayed an immediate shift, responding to his immersion in a more superficial environment, his seminal Mask series displaying the tensions between the artist's dominant existential concerns and an ironic treatment of the pomposity and posturing inherent to his new contemporary urban life. Throughout, Zeng's expressionistic techniques run counter to such techniques' conventional usage. That is, Zeng's representation of raw, exposed flesh or awkwardly oversized hands is not an attempt at pure emotional expression, but instead play against the superficially composed appearances of his subjects, an ironic treatment of emotional performance as a metaphor for a lost self, of stunted self-realization."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Zeng Shaoxuan", "paragraph_text": "Zeng Shaoxuan (also spelled as Zeng Shao-Xuan, ; ; born August 29, 1981 in Nanjing, Jiangsu) is a Chinese male tennis player. He competed for China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the men's singles and men's doubles with partner Yu Xinyuan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zeng Fanyi", "paragraph_text": "Zeng Fanyi obtained her Bachelor of Science from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and M.D. and Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) Medical School and the University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, respectively. Zeng also carried-out postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chinese zodiac", "paragraph_text": "In Buddhism, legend has it that Gautama Buddha summoned all of the animals of the Earth to come before him before his departure from this Earth, but only 12 animals actually came to bid him farewell. To reward the animals who came to him, he named a year after each of them. The years were given to them in the order they had arrived."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ned Parker", "paragraph_text": "Ned Parker is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Dan O'Connor. He made his first appearance on screen on 9 August 2005, arriving to see his brother, Stuart. He departed on 31 July 2008."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Low Fell (Lake District)", "paragraph_text": "Low Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It overlooks the lake of Loweswater to the south and to the north is bordered by its neighbour Fellbarrow. It is usually climbed from the villages of Loweswater or Thackthwaite. The fell is largely occupied by grassed enclosures, although there are some rocky outcrops near the top. Low Fell has fairly steep slopes to the south and east."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Transglobe Expedition", "paragraph_text": "Starting in 1979 from Greenwich in the United Kingdom, adventurers Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton went south, arriving at the South Pole on 15 December 1980. Over the next 14 months, they went north again, reaching the North Pole on 11 April 1982. Travelling south once more, they arrived again in Greenwich on 29 August 1982."}], "question": "When did Buddhism arrive in the province north of Zeng Shaoxuan's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop1__824036_597018_323049", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lookout Mountain (New Jersey)", "paragraph_text": "Lookout Mountain is a mountain in Sussex County, New Jersey. The summit rises to , and is located in the Borough of Hopatcong, overlooking the River Styx, a bay of Lake Hopatcong. It is part of the New York\u2013New Jersey Highlands of the Appalachian Mountains."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lookout Mountain, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Lookout Mountain is a city in Walker County, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Chattanooga metropolitan statistical area. The population was 1,617 at the 2000 census and 1,602 at the 2010 census. The city is located on Lookout Mountain, home to such attractions as Rock City. This city is also home to Covenant College."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes", "paragraph_text": "Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (; Arpitan: \"\"; ; ) was an administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes. It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south. The region was named after the Rh\u00f4ne and the Alps mountain range. Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris. Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Upper Deadwood Lake", "paragraph_text": "Upper Deadwood Lake is an alpine lake in Camas County, Idaho, United States, located in the Soldier Mountains in the Sawtooth National Forest. While no trails lead to the lake, the lake is east of Iron Mountain, which has an old Forest Service lookout on the top."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Northwest Georgia Joint Development Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Northwest Georgia Joint Development Authority (NWGAJDA) is a joint development authority that serves Catoosa County, Chattooga County, Dade County, and Walker County in the U.S. state of Georgia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bobby Lee Cook", "paragraph_text": "Bobby Lee Cook (born February 12, 1925) is a defense attorney from Summerville, Georgia, in Chattooga County. He has practiced law since the late 1940s, and is known for combining a sharp legal mind with a folksy demeanor. He has represented a wide variety of clients, from rural Southerners to international businessmen and corporations. He is reputed to have been the inspiration for the television series \"Matlock\" main character Ben Matlock, which starred Andy Griffith as a Georgia attorney."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bear Mountain (South Dakota)", "paragraph_text": "Bear Mountain is a mountain located in western Pennington County, South Dakota. It is the 3rd highest point in the Black Hills. There is a fire lookout tower on the summit."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county that borders the other county where Lookout Mountain is found?"}
{"id": "3hop1__369740_10129_10095", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Exhall, Stratford-on-Avon", "paragraph_text": "Exhall is a village and civil parish about south-south-east of Alcester in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. Its parish includes the hamlet of Little Britain and part of Ardens Grafton, the greater part of which is in the neighbouring civil parish of Temple Grafton. The 2011 Census recorded Exhall parish's population as 203."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143) is from the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143\" (d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n Yu\u00e1n / \"Great is Qi\u00e1n, the Primal\") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qi\u00e1n (\u4e7e). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai \u00d6n Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan \u00dcls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai \u00d6n (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the \"Yeke Mongghul Ulus\" (lit. \"Great Mongol State\"), resulting in Dai \u00d6n Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning \"Great Yuan Great Mongol State\". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the \"Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty of China\", similar to the names \"Manchu dynasty\" or \"Manchu Dynasty of China\" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the \"Empire of the Great Khan\" or \"Khanate of the Great Khan\", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "James Harrison (blood donor)", "paragraph_text": "Harrison was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) on 7 June 1999. He was nominated for Australian of the Year, though he did not win. In 2011, he was nominated in the New South Wales Local Hero division of the Australian of the Year awards."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Paraguay", "paragraph_text": "Average life expectancy in Paraguay is rather high given its poverty: as of 2006, it was 75 years, equivalent to far wealthier Argentina, and the 8th highest in the Americas according to World Health Organization. Public expenditure on health is 2.6% of GDP, while private health expenditure is 5.1%. Infant mortality was 20 per 1,000 births in 2005. Maternal mortality was 150 per 100,000 live births in 2000."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ren Chengyuan", "paragraph_text": "Ren Chengyuan (born 1986-09-20 in Jiangsu) is a female Chinese Olympic cyclist, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of \u22120.3% in 2008, \u22124.3% in 2009, \u22125.5% in 2010, \u22129.1% in 2011, \u22127.3% in 2012 and \u22123.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached \u20ac356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to \u20ac280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a 2012 GDP of \u20ac624 billion (US$687 billion). In 2011, its GDP ranked second among the regions of Europe and its per-capita GDP was the 4th highest in Europe. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2011, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 30 percent of metropolitan France's GDP. In 2015 it hosts the world headquarters of 29 of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies located in France."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is the sixth - largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dorney", "paragraph_text": "Dorney is a village and civil parish in the South Bucks district of Buckinghamshire, England, bordering on the River Thames to the west and south and bisected by the Jubilee River. In 2011 it had a population of 752 and it is west of neighbouring Eton which is a slightly larger parish."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kylo Ren", "paragraph_text": "Abrams told Empire in August 2015, ``Kylo Ren is not a Sith. He works under Supreme Leader Snoke, who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force. ''Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character,`` came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren.'' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as ``a hot - headed, radicalised Dark Side jihadi, whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper ''. Abrams noted,`` The lightsaber is something that he built himself, and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character.'' The Telegraph also explains that Ren's wild and erratic temper and ``angsty ''instability make him dangerous. Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren's use of the Force as`` formidable'', citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air, immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the \"Zhejiang model\", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the \"Zhejiang spirit\" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is a developing mixed economy. It is the world's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of the United States public debt", "paragraph_text": "Debt held by the public was $15.05 billion or 16.5% of GDP in 1930. When Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, the public debt was almost $20 billion, 20% of GDP. Decreased tax revenues and spending on social programs during the Great Depression increased the debt and by 1936, the public debt had increased to $33.7 billion, approximately 40% of GDP. During its first term, the Roosevelt administration ran large annual deficits of between 2 and 5% of GDP. By 1939, the debt held by the public had increased to $39.65 billion or 43% of GDP. The buildup and involvement in World War II during the presidencies of F.D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman led to the largest increase in public debt. Public debt rose over 100% of GDP to pay for the mobilization before and during the war. Public debt was $251.43 billion or 112% of GDP at the conclusion of the war in 1945 and was $260 billion in 1950."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chen Yuan (prince)", "paragraph_text": "Chen Yuan was the fourth son of Chen Shubao, and the oldest son of Chen Shubao's favorite concubine Consort Zhang Lihua. His exact birth year is not known. At the time of Chen Yuan's birth, Chen Shubao was crown prince under Chen Yuan's grandfather Emperor Xuan. On her account, Chen Shubao also greatly favored Chen Yuan, but at the order of Emperor Xuan, Chen Yuan's older brother Chen Yin, Chen Shubao's oldest son, was designated heir. (Chen Yin was also not born of Chen Shubao's wife Crown Princess Shen Wuhua, but Crown Princess Shen raised him after Chen Yin's mother Consort Sun died in childbirth in 573)."}], "question": "What was the nominal GDP in yuan in 2011 for the place neighboring the south of Ren Chengyuan's birthplace to the north?"}
{"id": "3hop1__382414_10129_10095", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the \"Zhejiang model\", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the \"Zhejiang spirit\" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate", "paragraph_text": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate is a 2011 \"wuxia\" film directed by Tsui Hark and starring Jet Li, Zhou Xun, Chen Kun, Li Yuchun, Gwei Lun-mei, Louis Fan and Mavis Fan. The film is a remake of \"Dragon Gate Inn\" (1966) and \"New Dragon Gate Inn\" (1992) but takes place three years after. Production started on 10 October 2010 and is filmed in 3-D. The film screened out of competition at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012. The film received seven nominations at the 2012 Asian Film Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dorney", "paragraph_text": "Dorney is a village and civil parish in the South Bucks district of Buckinghamshire, England, bordering on the River Thames to the west and south and bisected by the Jubilee River. In 2011 it had a population of 752 and it is west of neighbouring Eton which is a slightly larger parish."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143) is from the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143\" (d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n Yu\u00e1n / \"Great is Qi\u00e1n, the Primal\") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qi\u00e1n (\u4e7e). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai \u00d6n Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan \u00dcls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai \u00d6n (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the \"Yeke Mongghul Ulus\" (lit. \"Great Mongol State\"), resulting in Dai \u00d6n Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning \"Great Yuan Great Mongol State\". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the \"Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty of China\", similar to the names \"Manchu dynasty\" or \"Manchu Dynasty of China\" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the \"Empire of the Great Khan\" or \"Khanate of the Great Khan\", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of \u22120.3% in 2008, \u22124.3% in 2009, \u22125.5% in 2010, \u22129.1% in 2011, \u22127.3% in 2012 and \u22123.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached \u20ac356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to \u20ac280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James Harrison (blood donor)", "paragraph_text": "Harrison was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) on 7 June 1999. He was nominated for Australian of the Year, though he did not win. In 2011, he was nominated in the New South Wales Local Hero division of the Australian of the Year awards."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is a developing mixed economy. It is the world's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is the sixth - largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2017 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhou Tianhua", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Tianhua (; born April 10, 1966 in Jiangsu) is a former female shot put athlete from China. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, finishing in fifth place in the overall-rankings."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Exhall, Stratford-on-Avon", "paragraph_text": "Exhall is a village and civil parish about south-south-east of Alcester in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. Its parish includes the hamlet of Little Britain and part of Ardens Grafton, the greater part of which is in the neighbouring civil parish of Temple Grafton. The 2011 Census recorded Exhall parish's population as 203."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the United States public debt", "paragraph_text": "Debt held by the public was $15.05 billion or 16.5% of GDP in 1930. When Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, the public debt was almost $20 billion, 20% of GDP. Decreased tax revenues and spending on social programs during the Great Depression increased the debt and by 1936, the public debt had increased to $33.7 billion, approximately 40% of GDP. During its first term, the Roosevelt administration ran large annual deficits of between 2 and 5% of GDP. By 1939, the debt held by the public had increased to $39.65 billion or 43% of GDP. The buildup and involvement in World War II during the presidencies of F.D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman led to the largest increase in public debt. Public debt rose over 100% of GDP to pay for the mobilization before and during the war. Public debt was $251.43 billion or 112% of GDP at the conclusion of the war in 1945 and was $260 billion in 1950."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zhou Xiaochuan", "paragraph_text": "Born in Yixing, Jiangsu province, he was the son of Zhou Jiannan and Yang Weizhe (\u6768\u7ef4\u54f2). The elder Zhou was the head of Electric and Industrial Bureau of the North East district in 1949. He later became Vice Minister of First Department of Machinery Development in 1961. During the Cultural Revolution, Zhou Xiaochuan joined the Production and Construction Corps in Heilongjiang province while his father was persecuted. The family's fate changed when the elder Zhou returned to power, in 1973."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Paraguay", "paragraph_text": "Average life expectancy in Paraguay is rather high given its poverty: as of 2006, it was 75 years, equivalent to far wealthier Argentina, and the 8th highest in the Americas according to World Health Organization. Public expenditure on health is 2.6% of GDP, while private health expenditure is 5.1%. Infant mortality was 20 per 1,000 births in 2005. Maternal mortality was 150 per 100,000 live births in 2000."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}], "question": "What was the 2011 nominal GDP in yuan in the place neighboring the south of Zhou Tianhua's birthplace to the north?"}
{"id": "3hop1__382414_10129_10110", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ned Parker", "paragraph_text": "Ned Parker is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Dan O'Connor. He made his first appearance on screen on 9 August 2005, arriving to see his brother, Stuart. He departed on 31 July 2008."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zhou Xiaochuan", "paragraph_text": "Born in Yixing, Jiangsu province, he was the son of Zhou Jiannan and Yang Weizhe (\u6768\u7ef4\u54f2). The elder Zhou was the head of Electric and Industrial Bureau of the North East district in 1949. He later became Vice Minister of First Department of Machinery Development in 1961. During the Cultural Revolution, Zhou Xiaochuan joined the Production and Construction Corps in Heilongjiang province while his father was persecuted. The family's fate changed when the elder Zhou returned to power, in 1973."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arrival Heights", "paragraph_text": "Arrival Heights are clifflike heights which extend in a north-east\u2013south-west direction along the west side of Hut Point Peninsula, just north of Hut Point in Ross Island, Antarctica. They were discovered and named by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901\u201304, under Robert Falcon Scott. The name suggests the expedition's arrival at its winter headquarters at nearby Hut Point."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri", "paragraph_text": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Neighbouring districts are Zile on the north, Akda\u011fmadeni and Saraykent on the south, \u00c7ekerek on the west and Sulusaray on the east. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 23,317 of which 5,200 live in the town of Kad\u0131\u015fehri."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Krishnapur massacre", "paragraph_text": "Krishnapur massacre () took place on 18 September 1971 in Krishnapur and neighbouring villages in the district of Sylhet in Bangladesh. In Krishnapur, the Pakistani occupation army shot 127 Bengali Hindus to death. In the neighbouring villages more than a 100 Hindus were killed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hilary Robinson", "paragraph_text": "Hilary Robinson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Anne Scott-Pendlebury. The character first appeared on-screen during the episode broadcast on 25 June 1987. Hilary departed the show on 28 February 1990, following Scott-Pendlebury's decision to quit in 1989. Scott-Pendlebury reprised her role in 2005 for the serial's 20th anniversary episode, and again in February 2015 ahead of the 30th anniversary. Writers established that Hilary is back living in Erinsborough, so she can continue to make sporadic appearances. She is characterised as a bossy and meddling woman who lacks romance and seeks comfort interfering with her Neighbours' personal lives. Hilary's main storyline was mothering an illegitimate child Matt Robinson (Ashley Paske). He arrives in Erinsborough to forge a relationship with his birth mother. The character's \"hard-edged approach to life\" mellowed during the storyline."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Low Fell (Lake District)", "paragraph_text": "Low Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It overlooks the lake of Loweswater to the south and to the north is bordered by its neighbour Fellbarrow. It is usually climbed from the villages of Loweswater or Thackthwaite. The fell is largely occupied by grassed enclosures, although there are some rocky outcrops near the top. Low Fell has fairly steep slopes to the south and east."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Buddhism in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism was introduced into the USA by Asian immigrants in the 19th century, when significant numbers of immigrants from East Asia began to arrive in the New World. In the United States, immigrants from China entered around 1820, but began to arrive in large numbers following the 1849 California Gold Rush."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period", "paragraph_text": "Although more stable than northern China as a whole, southern China was also torn apart by warfare. Wu quarrelled with its neighbours, a trend that continued as Wu was replaced with Southern Tang. In the 940s Min and Chu underwent internal crises which Southern Tang handily took advantage of, destroying Min in 945 and Chu in 951. Remnants of Min and Chu, however, survived in the form of Qingyuan Jiedushi and Wuping Jiedushi for many years after. With this, Southern Tang became the undisputedly most powerful regime in southern China. However, it was unable to defeat incursions by the Later Zhou between 956 and 958, and ceded all of its land north of the Yangtze River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Religion in Cambodia", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism has existed in Cambodia since at least the 5th century AD, with some sources placing its origin as early as the 3rd century BC. Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century AD (excepting the Khmer Rouge period), and is currently estimated to be the religion of 96.9% of the population.The history of Buddhism in Cambodia spans nearly two thousand years, across a number of successive kingdoms and empires. Buddhism entered Cambodia through two different streams. The earliest forms of Buddhism, along with Hindu influences, entered the Funan kingdom with Hindu merchants. In later history, a second stream of Buddhism entered Khmer culture during the Angkor empire when Cambodia absorbed the various Buddhist traditions of the Mon kingdoms of Dvaravati and Haripunchai."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhou Tianhua", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Tianhua (; born April 10, 1966 in Jiangsu) is a former female shot put athlete from China. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, finishing in fifth place in the overall-rankings."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as \"civil religion\" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Africanized bee", "paragraph_text": "The Africanized honey bee was first introduced to Brazil in the 1950s in an effort to increase honey production, but in 1957, 26 swarms accidentally escaped quarantine. Since then, the species has spread throughout South America and arrived in North America in 1985. Hives were found in south Texas of the United States in 1990."}], "question": "When did Buddhism arrive in the place neighboring the south of Zhou Tianhua's birthplace to the north?"}
{"id": "3hop1__369740_10129_10094", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kylo Ren", "paragraph_text": "Abrams told Empire in August 2015, ``Kylo Ren is not a Sith. He works under Supreme Leader Snoke, who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force. ''Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character,`` came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren.'' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as ``a hot - headed, radicalised Dark Side jihadi, whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper ''. Abrams noted,`` The lightsaber is something that he built himself, and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character.'' The Telegraph also explains that Ren's wild and erratic temper and ``angsty ''instability make him dangerous. Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren's use of the Force as`` formidable'', citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air, immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ren Chengyuan", "paragraph_text": "Ren Chengyuan (born 1986-09-20 in Jiangsu) is a female Chinese Olympic cyclist, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2002, Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6% per annum. Since 2002 economic growth has slowed, with GDP growth of 1.5% in 2008. Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008, with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4%. The International Monetary Fund 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP, after the economy contracted by about 2% in 2009. On 5 August 2012, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Tuvalu, and assessed the economy of Tuvalu: \"A slow recovery is underway in Tuvalu, but there are important risks. GDP grew in 2011 for the first time since the global financial crisis, led by the private retail sector and education spending. We expect growth to rise slowly\". The IMF 2014 Country Report noted that real GDP growth in Tuvalu had been volatile averaging only 1 percent in the past decade. The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licenses, together with substantial foreign aid."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "La Liga", "paragraph_text": "A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 25 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (15 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. In the 2010s, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ingleby Arncliffe", "paragraph_text": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kinyarwanda", "paragraph_text": "Kinyarwanda (), known as Urufumbira in Kisoro, Uganda, is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by at least 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (the mutually intelligible Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi). Kinyabwisha and Kinyamulenge are the mutually intelligible dialects spoken in North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hartland, Lexington", "paragraph_text": "Hartland is a neighborhood in southeastern Lexington, Kentucky, United States. Its boundaries are Tates Creek Road to the west, Armstrong Mill Road to the east, the Lexington urban growth boundary to the south, and Kenesaw Drive to the north."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri", "paragraph_text": "Kad\u0131\u015fehri is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Neighbouring districts are Zile on the north, Akda\u011fmadeni and Saraykent on the south, \u00c7ekerek on the west and Sulusaray on the east. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 23,317 of which 5,200 live in the town of Kad\u0131\u015fehri."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Low Fell (Lake District)", "paragraph_text": "Low Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It overlooks the lake of Loweswater to the south and to the north is bordered by its neighbour Fellbarrow. It is usually climbed from the villages of Loweswater or Thackthwaite. The fell is largely occupied by grassed enclosures, although there are some rocky outcrops near the top. Low Fell has fairly steep slopes to the south and east."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ant Nation", "paragraph_text": "Ant Nation is a real time strategy video game from Konami for WiiWare and Nintendo DS. The WiiWare version was released on July 13, 2009 in North America and the Nintendo DS version was released on September 8, 2009."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "Economic growth in Swaziland has lagged behind that of its neighbours. Real GDP growth since 2001 has averaged 2.8%, nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union (SACU) member countries. Low agricultural productivity in the SNLs, repeated droughts, the devastating effect of HIV/AIDS and an overly large and inefficient government sector are likely contributing factors. Swaziland's public finances deteriorated in the late 1990s following sizeable surpluses a decade earlier. A combination of declining revenues and increased spending led to significant budget deficits."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350, when it was near 370 million. The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8% per year -- occurred between 1955 - 1975 peaking to 2.06% between 1965 - 1970. The growth rate has declined to 1.18% between 2010 - 2015 and is projected to decline to 0.13% by the year 2100. Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million, and are now expected to remain essentially constant at their 2011 level of 135 million, while deaths number 56 million per year and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040. World population reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011 according to the United Nations Population Fund, and on March 12, 2012 according to the United States Census Bureau."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "PEN Pinter Prize", "paragraph_text": "The PEN Pinter Prize and the Pinter International Writer of Courage Award both comprise an annual literary award launched in 2009 by English PEN in honour of the late Nobel Literature Prize-winning playwright Harold Pinter, who had been a Vice President of English PEN and an active member of the International PEN Writers in Prison Committee (WiPC). The award is given to \"a British writer or a writer resident in Britain of outstanding literary merit who, in the words of Pinter\u2019s Nobel speech ['Art, Truth and Politics'], casts an 'unflinching, unswerving' gaze upon the world and shows 'a fierce, intellectual determination \u2026 to define the real truth of our lives and our societies'.\" The Prize is shared with an \"International Writer of Courage,\" defined as \"someone who has been persecuted for speaking out about [his or her] beliefs,\" selected by English PEN's Writers at Risk Committee in consultation with the annual Prize winner, and announced during an award ceremony held at the British Library, on or around 10 October, the anniversary of Pinter's birth."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "La Liga", "paragraph_text": "A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 24 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (14 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. In the 2010s, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the \"Zhejiang model\", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the \"Zhejiang spirit\" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wood", "paragraph_text": "Wood, in the strict sense, is yielded by trees, which increase in diameter by the formation, between the existing wood and the inner bark, of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem, living branches, and roots. This process is known as secondary growth; it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem, and subsequent expansion of the new cells. Where there are clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern, leading to growth rings; these can usually be most clearly seen on the end of a log, but are also visible on the other surfaces. If these seasons are annual these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is no seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Uphall Station", "paragraph_text": "Uphall Station, also known as Uphall Station Village, is a popular village located in the geographical county of West Lothian, Scotland. The name is derived from neighbouring town Uphall on account of there being an incredibly popular railway station located on the northeast perimeter of the village. The village is situated southeast of neighbouring Uphall, north of Pumpherston and northeast of Livingston. It is administered by West Lothian Council. It lies approximately a quarter of a mile from the A89 dual carriageway, which is a major road running between Greenock in the west of Scotland and Edinburgh in the east of Scotland. A gala day (an outdoor f\u00eate) is held annually, usually in June."}], "question": "In 2009, what was the annual real growth of urbanites in the place neighboring the south of Ren Chenguyan's birthplace to the north?"}
{"id": "3hop1__72209_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WRGV", "paragraph_text": "WRGV (107.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and the broadcast license is held by Clear Channel Broadcasting Licenses, Inc. WRGV broadcasts an urban contemporary music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area. Its studios are located located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dildo Key", "paragraph_text": "Dildo Key is a small island in the Florida Bay in the U.S. state of Florida, located in Everglades National Park. It is named for the Dildo Cactus (\"Acanthocereus tetragonus\"), a native species. Dildo Key has been noted for its unusual place name."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pinellas County, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Pinellas County is a county located in the state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 916,542. The county is part of the Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. Clearwater is the county seat, and St. Petersburg is the largest city."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Deep Creek, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Deep Creek is a deed restricted unincorporated community in Charlotte County, Florida, United States. It lies SouthWest of Port Charlotte. The community is part of the Punta Gorda Metropolitan Statistical Area. Deep Creek is served by utilities of both Punta Gorda and Port Charlotte. Deep Creek's mail is processed at the Punta Gorda post office, but telephone numbers in the area are registered as Port Charlotte."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Oasis of the Seas", "paragraph_text": "MS Oasis of the Seas is an Oasis - class cruise ship owned by Royal Caribbean International. Her hull was laid down in November 2007 and she was completed and delivered to Royal Caribbean in October 2009. At the time of construction, Oasis of the Seas set a new capacity record of carrying over 6,000 passengers. The first of her class, she was joined by sister ships MS Allure of the Seas in December 2010 and MS Harmony of the Seas in May 2016. Oasis of the Seas conducts cruises of the Caribbean from her home port of Port Canaveral in Cape Canaveral, Florida."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "45th Weather Squadron", "paragraph_text": "45th Weather Squadron (45 WS), 45th Operations Group (45 OG), 45th Space Wing, at Patrick Air Force Base, Florida performs weather assessments for air and space operations; specifically, weather observations, forecasts, advisories, and warnings. It specialized in the weather assessments for the Space Shuttle launches at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Batson, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Batson is an unincorporated community located on State Highway 105 in southwestern Hardin County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Beaumont\u2013Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Port Said Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Port Said Governorate ( \"\") is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. It is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Mediterranean Sea at the northern gate of the Suez Canal, making it the second most important harbor in Egypt. Its capital is the city of Port Said, and is the home of the Suez Canal Authority historical administrative building and the Lighthouse of Port Said."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eckerd Open", "paragraph_text": "The Eckerd Open is a defunct WTA Tour affiliated women's tennis tournament played from 1971 to 1990 in various locations in the Tampa Bay Area, Florida in the United States. It was held in St. Petersburg, Florida from 1971 to 1974, Palm Harbor, Florida in 1977, in Clearwater, Florida in 1978 and in Tampa, Florida from 1979 to 1990. The tournament was played on outdoor hard courts from 1977 to 1986 and on outdoor clay courts from 1971 to 1974 and from 1987 to 1990."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "USS Porter (DDG-78)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Porter\" (DDG-78) is an in the United States Navy. \"Porter\" is the fifth US Navy ship to be named after US Navy officers Commodore David Porter, and his son, Admiral David Dixon Porter. This ship is the 28th destroyer of her class. \"Porter\" was the 12th ship of this class to be built at Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was laid down on 2 December 1996, launched and christened on 12 November 1997, and commissioned 20 March 1999, in Port Canaveral, Florida."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Charlotte Rangers", "paragraph_text": "The Charlotte Rangers, based in Port Charlotte, Florida, were an American minor league baseball team that existed from 1987 through 2002. The team played at Charlotte County Stadium as a Class A Florida State League affiliate of the Texas Rangers, who at the time made their spring training base in Port Charlotte."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Florida Azalea Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Florida Azalea Festival is a two-day event held annually in Palatka, Florida, USA, on the first weekend of March. The festival celebrates the seasonal arrival of the azalea blossom to the northeast Florida region."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fruitville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Fruitville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sarasota County, Florida, United States. The population was 13,224 at the 2010 census. It is part of the North Port\u2013Sarasota\u2013Bradenton Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sunda Kelapa", "paragraph_text": "Sunda Kelapa () is the old port of Jakarta located on the estuarine of Ciliwung River. \"Sunda Kalapa\" (Sundanese: \"Coconut of Sunda\") is the original name, and it was the main port of Hindu Sunda Kingdom of Pajajaran. The port is situated in Penjaringan sub-district, of North Jakarta, Indonesia. Today the old port only accommodate pinisi, a traditional two masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Although it is now only a minor port, Jakarta has its origins in Sunda Kelapa and it played a significant role in the city's development. The port is currently operated by the state-owned Indonesia Port Corporations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kennedy Space Center", "paragraph_text": "Located on Merritt Island, Florida, the center is north - northwest of Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic Ocean, midway between Miami and Jacksonville on Florida's Space Coast, due east of Orlando. It is 34 miles (55 km) long and roughly six miles (9.7 km) wide, covering 219 square miles (570 km)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Affordable Aircraft", "paragraph_text": "American Affordable Aircraft was a firm based in Port Orange, Florida and prior to that in Daytona Beach, that marketed plans for a home-built aircraft, the AAA Vision."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Little Conch Key", "paragraph_text": "Little Conch Key is an island in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is located in the middle Florida Keys. U.S. 1 (the Overseas Highway) crosses the key at approximately mile marker 62.2, between Duck Key and Conch Key. It is part of the census-designated place of Duck Key."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Port Canaveral", "paragraph_text": "Port Canaveral is a cruise, cargo and naval port in Brevard County, Florida, United States. It is one of the busiest cruise ports in the world with 3.9 million cruise passengers passing through during 2014. Over 3,000,000 short tons (2,700,000 t) of bulk cargo moves through each year. Common cargo includes cement, petroleum and aggregate. The port has conveyors and hoppers for loading products directly into trucks, and facilities for bulk cargo containers. The channel is about 44 feet (13 m) deep."}], "question": "What was the position of the person after whom the county where Port Canaveral is located was named?"}
{"id": "3hop1__134716_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jagasits", "paragraph_text": "Jagasits \"(Jagasich, Jagasics)\" was a Hungarian noble family from Zala County, with parts of it in Vas and Esztergom Counties as well. The letters patent of nobility was issued to J\u00e1nos Jagasich and his children (Ferenc, \u00c1d\u00e1m, L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Gy\u00f6rgy, Katalin, M\u00e1ria-\u00c9va, Julianna) on 28 July 1715 from King Charles III (ruled 1711\u20131740) and publicly announced in Sopron on 1 October 1715."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gossip Girl", "paragraph_text": "The third season focuses on Blair, Dan and Vanessa getting into New York University along with movie star Olivia Burke (Hilary Duff), whom Dan starts dating; Nate getting into Columbia University; Serena taking a year off from school; Jenny becoming Queen Bee at Constance; and Chuck running Bass Industries, along with now adoptive mother Lily van der Woodsen. The first couple of episodes feature part of the summer vacation, respectively the week before the start of University classes and school. The role of ``Gossip Girl ''is slightly decreased throughout the season."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rosalie Loveling", "paragraph_text": "Rosalie Loveling was born in Nevele, Belgium, and was the older sister of Virginie Loveling, also an author, with whom she co-wrote part of her oeuvre. After the death of their father Herman Loveling, the family moved to Ghent where the sisters moved in circles of French-speaking, mainly anti-clerical intelligentsia before eventually returning to Nevele."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mansfield, New York", "paragraph_text": "Mansfield is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 808 at the 2010 census. The name was thought to be that of a noble family in England."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti", "paragraph_text": "Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti (December 14, 1853 \u2013 November 25, 1922) was an Italian physicist and inventor born in Lapedona, Italy, where his father, Icilio Calzecchi, a medical doctor from nearby Monterubbiano, was temporarily working at the time. His mother, Angela, was the last descendant of the ancient and noble Onesti family. His first name is the Italian version of the Athenian general Themistocles."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Enrico Berlinguer", "paragraph_text": "The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari on 15 May 1922 to a noble Sardinian family in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fujiwara no Otomuro", "paragraph_text": "Fujiwara no Otomuro was a daughter of a noble called Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu; her mother was the granddaughter of general Fujiwara no Umakai, who died in 737."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Angelina Jolie", "paragraph_text": "After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who had abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. Her mother raised her Catholic, but did not require her to go to church. As a child, she often watched films with her mother and it was this, rather than her father's successful career, that inspired her interest in acting, though at age five she had a bit part in Voight's Lookin' to Get Out (1982). When Jolie was six years old, Bertrand and her live-in partner, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. Jolie then decided she wanted to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham", "paragraph_text": "Born in France, he was marquis de Blanquefort and sixth son of Guy Aldonce (1605\u20131665), Marquis of Duras and Count of Rozan, from the noble Durfort family. His mother was Elizabeth de la Tour d'Auvergne, sister of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bridget of York", "paragraph_text": "Bridget of York (10 November 1480 \u2013 1517) was an English princess, the tenth child and seventh daughter of Edward IV of England and Queen Elizabeth Woodville."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Joy Luck Club (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film begins shortly before Bridget's mother's (Gemma Jones) annual Turkey Curry Buffet. Bridget (Ren\u00e9e Zellweger) is ecstatic about her relationship with Mark Darcy (Colin Firth). However, Bridget's confidence in her relationship is shattered when she meets Mark's assistant, a beautiful, slim and quick witted Australian named Rebecca Gillies (Jacinda Barrett). Bridget meets her ex, Daniel Cleaver (Hugh Grant), at her job for TV morning show Sit - Up Britain and is offered a position alongside Cleaver in a new travel tv series. Bridget initially refuses and declares that Daniel is a ``deceitful, sexist, disgusting specimen of humanity ''. Bridget eventually relents and agrees to sign on to the project, despite her friends' serious misgivings."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mary Kennedy Carter", "paragraph_text": "Mary Kennedy Carter, (January 13, 1934 \u2013 December 14, 2010) was a social studies teacher and civil rights activist in Ohio, United States. She took part in creating the award-winning curriculum \"New York and Slavery: Complicity and Resistance\". She was the wife of Donald W. Carter and mother of Keith B. Carter."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wilhelm K\u00fcchelbecker", "paragraph_text": "Born into a noble family of Baltic Germans, he was brought up in Estonia and attended the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum together with Alexander Pushkin and Anton Delvig, with whom he became friends. In 1821 he went to Paris to deliver courses in Russian literature, but his activity was deemed too liberal by the Russian administration and K\u00fcchelbecker had to return to Russia."}], "question": "What was the noble family of the mother of Bridget of York part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__135149_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Duke of York Column", "paragraph_text": "The Duke of York Column is a monument in London, England, to Prince Frederick, Duke of York, the second eldest son of King George III. The designer was Benjamin Dean Wyatt. It is sited where Regent Street meets The Mall, a purposefully wide endpoint of Regent Street known as Waterloo Place and Gardens, in between the two terraces of Carlton House Terrace and their tree-lined squares. The three very wide flights of steps down to The Mall adjoining are known as the Duke of York Steps. The column was completed in December 1832 and the statue of the Duke of York, by Sir Richard Westmacott, was raised on 10 April 1834."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham", "paragraph_text": "Born in France, he was marquis de Blanquefort and sixth son of Guy Aldonce (1605\u20131665), Marquis of Duras and Count of Rozan, from the noble Durfort family. His mother was Elizabeth de la Tour d'Auvergne, sister of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battle of Wakefield", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Wakefield took place in Sandal Magna near Wakefield in northern England, on 30 December 1460. It was a major battle of the Wars of the Roses. The opposing forces were an army led by nobles loyal to the captive King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster and his Queen Margaret of Anjou on one side, and the army of Richard, Duke of York, the rival claimant to the throne, on the other."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pierre de Coss\u00e9 Brissac", "paragraph_text": "Pierre de Coss\u00e9 Brissac, 12th Duke of Brissac (1900\u20131993), was a French aristocrat and author who wrote historical memoirs. He held the French noble title of Duke of Brissac from 1944 to 1993."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester", "paragraph_text": "Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, (born Alice Christabel Montagu Douglas Scott; 25 December 1901 \u2013 29 October 2004) was the wife of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the third son of King George V and Queen Mary. She was the mother of Prince William of Gloucester and Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Askham Bryan", "paragraph_text": "Askham Bryan is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south-west of York, west of Bishopthorpe, and close to Askham Richard and Copmanthorpe. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 582, reducing to 564 at the 2011 census. Before 1996 it formed part of the district of Selby."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Albertas Manvydas", "paragraph_text": "Albertas Manvydas or Albertas Vaitiekus Manvydas (; died in 1423) was a Lithuanian noble, the first Voivode of Vilnius and founder of the Manvydai family. During the turbulent disputes over Samogitia, he was sent as a negotiation to the Teutonic Knights. Along with Stanislovas \u010ciupurna, Manvydas was the most influential noble during the early reign of Grand Duke Vytautas."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors\u2014bajorai (\"nobles\"; see the cognate \"boyar\"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Go\u0161tautai, Radvilos, Astikai, K\u0119sgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The White Princess (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "Jodie Comer as Elizabeth ``Lizzie ''of York, the Queen of England Rebecca Benson as Margaret`` Maggie'' Plantagenet, the Queen's paternal cousin, sister of Teddy Jacob Collins - Levy as Henry VII, the King of England, Elizabeth's husband Kenneth Cranham as Bishop (later Cardinal) John Morton, a confidant of the King's mother Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville, the Queen's mother Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile, the Queen of Castile Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley, Margaret Beaufort's husband Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell, a Yorkist supporter Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English crown and husband of Cathy Gordon Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, the Queen's paternal grandmother. Goodall is the only actor appearing in both The White Queen and The White Princess. Amy Manson as Catherine ``Cathy ''Gordon, wife of Perkin Warbeck Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, husband of Eliza de la Pole Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor, the King's uncle Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, the Queen's sister Joanne Whalley as Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the Queen's paternal aunt Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole, husband of Maggie Plantagenet Michelle Fairley as Margaret Beaufort, the King's mother"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shark River Inlet", "paragraph_text": "The Shark River Inlet is an inlet that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Shark River, located entirely in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The Shark River Inlet acts as a border between the towns of Belmar and Avon-by-the-Sea at the Atlantic Ocean. The Shark River Inlet is the only river inlet exclusively in Monmouth County that drains directly into the Atlantic Ocean; the Shrewsbury and Navesink rivers drain into Sandy Hook Bay (part of the much larger Lower New York Bay), and the Manasquan River is shared with Ocean County."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Princes in the Tower", "paragraph_text": "``The Princes in the Tower ''is an expression frequently used to refer to Edward V, King of England and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. The two brothers were the only sons of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville surviving at the time of their father's death in 1483. When they were 12 and 9 years old, respectively, they were lodged in the Tower of London by the man appointed to look after them, their uncle, the Lord Protector: Richard, Duke of Gloucester. This was supposedly in preparation for Edward's forthcoming coronation as king. However, Richard took the throne for himself and the boys disappeared."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marino Caracciolo", "paragraph_text": "Born in Naples into one of the most important families in the Kingdom of Naples, he spent his youth and was educated under the tutelage of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza at the court of Milan. Ambassador of Duke Massimiliano Sforza to the Papal court in 1513 he was created an Apostolic Protonotary in 1515; in the same year he took part as \"orator\" of the Duke of Milan to the V Lateran Council."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edward Hall", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hall or Halle (1497\u20131547) was an English lawyer, historian, and member of parliament, best known for his \"The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke\", commonly known as \"Hall's Chronicle\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York", "paragraph_text": "Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York KG (born 17 August 1473), was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after Richard III became king in 1483."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Richard Howland Hunt", "paragraph_text": "Richard Howland Hunt (14 March 1862 \u2014 12 July 1931) was an American architect and member of the notable Hunt family of Vermont, who worked in partnership with his brother Joseph Howland Hunt (1870 \u2014 11 October 1924) in New York City, as Hunt & Hunt. The brothers were sons of the first American Beaux-Arts architect, Richard Morris Hunt (1827\u20131895). Richard practiced in his father's office until the elder Hunt's death in July 1895, and continued, not without initial resistance on the part of trustees, to carry out his father's designs for the central block of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. After a brief interval, the brothers formed a partnership in 1901 that was only terminated by Joseph's death in 1924."}], "question": "What was the House of the noble family of Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York's mother part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__135277_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Joy Luck Club (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The White Princess (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "In the eight episode series, the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York effectively ends the Wars of the Roses by uniting the houses of Lancaster and York. However, their mutual enmity and distrust -- as well as the political plots of their mothers -- threaten to tear both the marriage and the kingdom apart."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jagasits", "paragraph_text": "Jagasits \"(Jagasich, Jagasics)\" was a Hungarian noble family from Zala County, with parts of it in Vas and Esztergom Counties as well. The letters patent of nobility was issued to J\u00e1nos Jagasich and his children (Ferenc, \u00c1d\u00e1m, L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Gy\u00f6rgy, Katalin, M\u00e1ria-\u00c9va, Julianna) on 28 July 1715 from King Charles III (ruled 1711\u20131740) and publicly announced in Sopron on 1 October 1715."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Florence Meyer", "paragraph_text": "She was born in New York City, the eldest daughter of Eugene Meyer (1875\u20131959), future publisher of the Washington Post, and Agnes Elizabeth (Ernst) Meyer (1887\u20131970). Her younger sister was the future Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham. Her father was Jewish and her mother was Lutheran, from a family of German descent. Along with her four siblings, she was baptized as a Lutheran but attended an Episcopal church."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Enid A. Haupt Conservatory", "paragraph_text": "The Enid A. Haupt Conservatory is a greenhouse in the Bronx, New York, United States, a major part of the New York Botanical Garden (NYBG). Inspiration for the park and the conservatory stemmed from Nathaniel Lord Britton and his wife Elizabeth. The couple had visited the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew on their honeymoon and thought a similar park and conservatory should be built for New York City. The NYBG and the Conservatory were the result."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Algoa Bay Yacht Club", "paragraph_text": "The Algoa Bay Yacht Club (ABYC) is a yacht club in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Port Elizabeth forms part of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Port Elizabeth Provincial Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Port Elizabeth Provincial Hospital is a large Provincial government funded hospital situated in central Port Elizabeth in South Africa. It is a tertiary teaching hospital and forms part of the Port Elizabeth Hospital Complex."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mansfield, New York", "paragraph_text": "Mansfield is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 808 at the 2010 census. The name was thought to be that of a noble family in England."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Four-Story Mistake", "paragraph_text": "The Four-Story Mistake is a children's novel written and illustrated by Elizabeth Enright, published by Farrar & Rinehart in 1942. It is the second book in the Melendy family series which Enright inaugurated in 1941. The family leaves World War II-era New York City for a house in the country, a house that is an adventure in itself."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elizabeth of York", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth of York was born at the Palace of Westminster as the eldest child of King Edward IV and his wife, Elizabeth Woodville. Her christening was celebrated at Westminster Abbey, sponsored by her grandmothers, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Duchess of Bedford, and Cecily Neville, Duchess of York. Her third sponsor was her cousin Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Edward Hall", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hall or Halle (1497\u20131547) was an English lawyer, historian, and member of parliament, best known for his \"The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke\", commonly known as \"Hall's Chronicle\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cape Elizabeth, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Cape Elizabeth is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The town is part of the Portland\u2013South Portland\u2013Biddeford, Maine, metropolitan statistical area. As of the 2010 census, Cape Elizabeth had a population of 9,015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called \"Lilibet\" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery."}], "question": "What other noble House was the family of Elizabeth of York's mother part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__135012_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mary Kennedy Carter", "paragraph_text": "Mary Kennedy Carter, (January 13, 1934 \u2013 December 14, 2010) was a social studies teacher and civil rights activist in Ohio, United States. She took part in creating the award-winning curriculum \"New York and Slavery: Complicity and Resistance\". She was the wife of Donald W. Carter and mother of Keith B. Carter."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Joey Tribbiani", "paragraph_text": "Joey was presumably born in 1968 as he talks about being 13 in 1981. He comes from an Italian American family of eight children. His father Joseph Tribbiani, Sr. (Robert Costanzo), is a pipefitter and his mother's name is Gloria (Brenda Vaccaro). Joey has seven sisters: Mary Therese (Mimi Lieber) aka Mary Teresa Christina Ricci, Mary Angela (Holly Gagnier), Dina (Marla Sokoloff), Gina (Drea de Matteo), Tina (Lisa Maris), Veronica (Dena Miceli), and Cookie (Alex Meneses). Joey is from Queens, New York. As a child, he was extremely accident prone. He also had an imaginary friend, Maurice, who was a space cowboy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (\u5efa\u5eb7), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Angelina Jolie", "paragraph_text": "After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who had abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. Her mother raised her Catholic, but did not require her to go to church. As a child, she often watched films with her mother and it was this, rather than her father's successful career, that inspired her interest in acting, though at age five she had a bit part in Voight's Lookin' to Get Out (1982). When Jolie was six years old, Bertrand and her live-in partner, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. Jolie then decided she wanted to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marie Line", "paragraph_text": "Marie Line, also known as Marie Line Marolany or Maro Lany, is a French singer who took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 for France."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mansfield, New York", "paragraph_text": "Mansfield is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 808 at the 2010 census. The name was thought to be that of a noble family in England."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mary of York", "paragraph_text": "Mary of York (11 August 1467 \u2013 23 May 1482) was the second daughter of Edward IV of England and his queen consort Elizabeth Woodville."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fujiwara no Otomuro", "paragraph_text": "Fujiwara no Otomuro was a daughter of a noble called Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu; her mother was the granddaughter of general Fujiwara no Umakai, who died in 737."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti", "paragraph_text": "Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti (December 14, 1853 \u2013 November 25, 1922) was an Italian physicist and inventor born in Lapedona, Italy, where his father, Icilio Calzecchi, a medical doctor from nearby Monterubbiano, was temporarily working at the time. His mother, Angela, was the last descendant of the ancient and noble Onesti family. His first name is the Italian version of the Athenian general Themistocles."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham", "paragraph_text": "Born in France, he was marquis de Blanquefort and sixth son of Guy Aldonce (1605\u20131665), Marquis of Duras and Count of Rozan, from the noble Durfort family. His mother was Elizabeth de la Tour d'Auvergne, sister of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edward Hall", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hall or Halle (1497\u20131547) was an English lawyer, historian, and member of parliament, best known for his \"The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke\", commonly known as \"Hall's Chronicle\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Constance Marie", "paragraph_text": "Constance Marie Lopez (born September 9, 1965) known professionally as Constance Marie, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on George Lopez (2002 -- 2007) and her role as Marcela Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 film Selena. She portrayed Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family / Freeform drama Switched at Birth (2011 -- 2017)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Joy Luck Club (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Enrico Berlinguer", "paragraph_text": "The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari on 15 May 1922 to a noble Sardinian family in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon."}], "question": "What was the noble family of Mary of York's mother part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__602829_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Enrico Berlinguer", "paragraph_text": "The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari on 15 May 1922 to a noble Sardinian family in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jagasits", "paragraph_text": "Jagasits \"(Jagasich, Jagasics)\" was a Hungarian noble family from Zala County, with parts of it in Vas and Esztergom Counties as well. The letters patent of nobility was issued to J\u00e1nos Jagasich and his children (Ferenc, \u00c1d\u00e1m, L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Gy\u00f6rgy, Katalin, M\u00e1ria-\u00c9va, Julianna) on 28 July 1715 from King Charles III (ruled 1711\u20131740) and publicly announced in Sopron on 1 October 1715."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Charlotte de Turckheim", "paragraph_text": "Anne-Charlotte de Turckheim (born 5 April 1955) is a French actress, screenwriter, comedienne and film producer. Born in Montereau-Fault-Yonne, Seine-et-Marne, France, the daughter of Fran\u00e7oise Husson and Arnaud de Turckheim, a member of a noble Protestant family from Alsace, Charlotte de Turckheim studied theater after completing her baccalaur\u00e9at degree. She has appeared in numerous films."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fujiwara no Otomuro", "paragraph_text": "Fujiwara no Otomuro was a daughter of a noble called Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu; her mother was the granddaughter of general Fujiwara no Umakai, who died in 737."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Watch House", "paragraph_text": "The Watch House is a 1977 fiction book by Robert Westall. The main story is about a teenager called Anne, who is left to spend the summer with her mother's old nanny. While there she explores the watch house, writes a guidebook for the watch house and is haunted by a ghost. It is split up into three parts."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mother Ann (rock formation)", "paragraph_text": "Mother Ann is a rock formation located near the Eastern Point Lighthouse in Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States. When viewed at the correct angle, the formation appears to be the silhouette of a reclining Puritan woman. It is also believed locally that the formation represents the royal mother of King Charles I, Anne of Denmark, after whom Cape Ann is named."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Joy Luck Club (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Edward Hall", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hall or Halle (1497\u20131547) was an English lawyer, historian, and member of parliament, best known for his \"The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke\", commonly known as \"Hall's Chronicle\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mansfield, New York", "paragraph_text": "Mansfield is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 808 at the 2010 census. The name was thought to be that of a noble family in England."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Angelina Jolie", "paragraph_text": "After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who had abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. Her mother raised her Catholic, but did not require her to go to church. As a child, she often watched films with her mother and it was this, rather than her father's successful career, that inspired her interest in acting, though at age five she had a bit part in Voight's Lookin' to Get Out (1982). When Jolie was six years old, Bertrand and her live-in partner, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. Jolie then decided she wanted to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham", "paragraph_text": "Born in France, he was marquis de Blanquefort and sixth son of Guy Aldonce (1605\u20131665), Marquis of Duras and Count of Rozan, from the noble Durfort family. His mother was Elizabeth de la Tour d'Auvergne, sister of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "One Day at a Time", "paragraph_text": "After David takes a job in Los Angeles, the focus squarely rests on Ann's dilemmas as a single mother and career woman as well as the girls' growing pains, with Schneider becoming a more welcomed part of the family. Ann's strained relationship with her ex-husband Ed slowly mends, as does the girls' relationship with his new wife, Vickie. Julie and Barbara advance through high school and into the working world, and Julie eventually marries flight attendant Max Horvath. Alex, the orphaned son of Ann's deceased boyfriend, moves in, changing the dynamics in the female - dominated apartment. Later in the series run, Julie gives birth to a daughter, ``Little Annie ''Horvath, Barbara marries dental student Mark Royer, and Ann's mother Katherine moves nearby."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti", "paragraph_text": "Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti (December 14, 1853 \u2013 November 25, 1922) was an Italian physicist and inventor born in Lapedona, Italy, where his father, Icilio Calzecchi, a medical doctor from nearby Monterubbiano, was temporarily working at the time. His mother, Angela, was the last descendant of the ancient and noble Onesti family. His first name is the Italian version of the Athenian general Themistocles."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV)", "paragraph_text": "Anne of York (2 November 1475 \u2013 23 November 1511) was born in the Palace of Westminster, London, as the fifth daughter of King Edward IV of England and his wife, Elizabeth Woodville. She was First Lady of the Bedchamber to the queen in 1487-1494."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Book of Mercy", "paragraph_text": "Narrated in alternate chapters by Edmund Mueller, an 83-year-old retired Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania firefighter, and his daughter, Anne, a 42-year-old psychiatrist and single mother, the novel weaves a family saga of two Catholic German-Americans."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. There were 21 elementary schools, five middle schools (Forsythe, Slauson, Tappan, Scarlett, and Clague) three traditional high schools (Pioneer, Huron, and Skyline), and three alternative high schools (Community High, Stone School, and Roberto Clemente) in the district. The district also operates a K-8 open school program, Ann Arbor Open School, out of the former Mack School. This program is open to all families who live within the district. Ann Arbor Public Schools also operates a preschool and family center, with programs for at-risk infants and children before kindergarten. The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district."}], "question": "What was the House of the noble family of Anne of York's mother part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__135219_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sydenham, Grey County, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Sydenham was a township community in Grey County, Ontario, Canada, named in part for Lord Sydenham, governor of Canada from 1839 to 1841. The area is bounded on the north side by Owen Sound, a large inlet of Georgian Bay."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Richard Grey", "paragraph_text": "Richard Grey was the younger son of Sir John Grey of Groby and Elizabeth Woodville, later Queen Consort of King Edward IV. Richard was a 3-year-old child when his father was killed fighting for the House of Lancaster at the Second Battle of St Albans on 17 February 1461. When Richard was 6 his widowed mother married the Yorkist King, Edward IV, in secret, on 1 May 1464. Richard first appeared on the public scene when he took part in the jousts to celebrate the creation of his half-brother Richard as Duke of York in 1474, a feat he repeated at the Duke's marriage celebrations in 1478."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dharma & Greg", "paragraph_text": "Susan Sullivan as Katherine ``Kitty ''Montgomery, Greg's extravagant mother. In the beginning of the first season Kitty was generally represented as a manipulative, controlling woman who only had higher aspirations for her son. As an elite socialite, Kitty was initially quite displeased to have Dharma and her parents join the family, but over the course of the series, Kitty broadens her limited country club world to become part of a larger family, becoming a major part of Dharma's life, while remaining lovingly manipulative. Despite their vast differences, she recognizes Dharma's place in their family's life, once telling her`` We both know you're not the girl I would have picked for Greg. What matters is that you are the girl that Greg did pick.''"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Joy Luck Club (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Henry Cavendish", "paragraph_text": "Henry Cavendish was born on 10 October 1731 in Nice, where his family was living at the time. His mother was Lady Anne de Grey, fourth daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, and his father was Lord Charles Cavendish, the third son of William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire. The family traced its lineage across eight centuries to Norman times, and was closely connected to many aristocratic families of Great Britain. Henry's mother died in 1733, three months after the birth of her second son, Frederick, and shortly before Henry's second birthday, leaving Lord Charles Cavendish to bring up his two sons. Cavendish was styles as \"The Honourable Henry Cavendish\".From the age of 11 Henry attended Newcome's School, a private school near London. At the age of 18 (on 24 November 1748) he entered the University of Cambridge in St Peter's College, now known as Peterhouse, but left three years later on 23 February 1751 without taking a degree (at the time, a common practice). He then lived with his father in London, where he soon had his own laboratory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alexey Brodovitch", "paragraph_text": "Alexey Brodovitch was born in Ogolichi, Russian Empire (now Belarus) to a wealthy family in 1898. His father, Vyacheslav or Cheslau Brodovitch, was a respected physician, psychiatrist and huntsman. His mother was an amateur painter. During the Russo-Japanese War, his family moved to Moscow, where his father worked in a hospital for Japanese prisoners. Alexey was sent to study at the Prince Tenisheff School, a prestigious institution in Saint Petersburg, with the intentions of eventually enrolling in the Imperial Art Academy. He had no formal training in art through his childhood, but often sketched noble profiles in the audience at concerts in the city."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "\u00c9tienne Jodelle", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9tienne Jodelle, seigneur de Limodin (1532 \u2013 July 1573), French dramatist and poet, was born in Paris of a noble family."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Sound of Music (film)", "paragraph_text": "Later that night at the festival, during their final number, the von Trapp family slip away and seek shelter at the nearby abbey, where Mother Abbess hides them in the cemetery crypt. Brownshirts soon arrive and search the abbey, but the family is able to escape using the caretaker's car. When the soldiers attempt to pursue, they discover their cars will not start as two nuns have removed parts of the engines. The next morning, after driving to the Swiss border, the von Trapp family make their way on foot across the frontier into Switzerland to safety and freedom."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham", "paragraph_text": "Born in France, he was marquis de Blanquefort and sixth son of Guy Aldonce (1605\u20131665), Marquis of Duras and Count of Rozan, from the noble Durfort family. His mother was Elizabeth de la Tour d'Auvergne, sister of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jagasits", "paragraph_text": "Jagasits \"(Jagasich, Jagasics)\" was a Hungarian noble family from Zala County, with parts of it in Vas and Esztergom Counties as well. The letters patent of nobility was issued to J\u00e1nos Jagasich and his children (Ferenc, \u00c1d\u00e1m, L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Gy\u00f6rgy, Katalin, M\u00e1ria-\u00c9va, Julianna) on 28 July 1715 from King Charles III (ruled 1711\u20131740) and publicly announced in Sopron on 1 October 1715."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tyrone Crews", "paragraph_text": "A graduate of Kansas State University, Crews joined the Leos in 1981 and was part of their 1985 Grey Cup championship team. He was winner of the prestigious Tom Pate Memorial Award for community service. In 2010, he was elected into the BC Lions Wall of Fame."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Enrico Berlinguer", "paragraph_text": "The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari on 15 May 1922 to a noble Sardinian family in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (\u5efa\u5eb7), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fujiwara no Otomuro", "paragraph_text": "Fujiwara no Otomuro was a daughter of a noble called Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu; her mother was the granddaughter of general Fujiwara no Umakai, who died in 737."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}], "question": "What other noble House was the family of Richard Grey's mother part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__134943_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Edward Hall", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hall or Halle (1497\u20131547) was an English lawyer, historian, and member of parliament, best known for his \"The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke\", commonly known as \"Hall's Chronicle\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Angelina Jolie", "paragraph_text": "After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who had abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. Her mother raised her Catholic, but did not require her to go to church. As a child, she often watched films with her mother and it was this, rather than her father's successful career, that inspired her interest in acting, though at age five she had a bit part in Voight's Lookin' to Get Out (1982). When Jolie was six years old, Bertrand and her live-in partner, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. Jolie then decided she wanted to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors\u2014bajorai (\"nobles\"; see the cognate \"boyar\"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Go\u0161tautai, Radvilos, Astikai, K\u0119sgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Castorland, New York", "paragraph_text": "Castorland is a village in the southeast part of the Town of Denmark in Lewis County, New York, United States; it is north of Lowville and southeast of Carthage. The population was 351 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from the scientific name for \"Beaver\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Joy Luck Club (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fujiwara no Otomuro", "paragraph_text": "Fujiwara no Otomuro was a daughter of a noble called Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu; her mother was the granddaughter of general Fujiwara no Umakai, who died in 737."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti", "paragraph_text": "Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti (December 14, 1853 \u2013 November 25, 1922) was an Italian physicist and inventor born in Lapedona, Italy, where his father, Icilio Calzecchi, a medical doctor from nearby Monterubbiano, was temporarily working at the time. His mother, Angela, was the last descendant of the ancient and noble Onesti family. His first name is the Italian version of the Athenian general Themistocles."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elizabeth of York", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth of York was born at the Palace of Westminster as the eldest child of King Edward IV and his wife, Elizabeth Woodville. Her christening was celebrated at Westminster Abbey, sponsored by her grandmothers, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Duchess of Bedford, and Cecily Neville, Duchess of York. Her third sponsor was her cousin Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pete Harman", "paragraph_text": "Harman was born in 1919 in Granger, now a part of West Valley City, a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah to David Reese Harman (1874\u20131924) and Grace May Hemenway (1879\u20131919) . Harman was the youngest of 14 children in a Mormon family. Harman's mother died two days after he was born, and his father later married Caroline Hemenway Harman, the widow of Pete's uncle. Harman was a major donor to the construction of the Caroline Hemenway Harman Continuing Education Building at Brigham Young University, named after his step-mother."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham", "paragraph_text": "Born in France, he was marquis de Blanquefort and sixth son of Guy Aldonce (1605\u20131665), Marquis of Duras and Count of Rozan, from the noble Durfort family. His mother was Elizabeth de la Tour d'Auvergne, sister of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mansfield, New York", "paragraph_text": "Mansfield is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 808 at the 2010 census. The name was thought to be that of a noble family in England."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cecily of York", "paragraph_text": "Cecily of York, Viscountess Welles (20 March 1469 \u2013 24 August 1507) was an English princess and the third, but eventual second surviving, daughter of Edward IV, King of England and his queen consort Elizabeth Woodville, daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers and Jacquetta of Luxembourg. She was First Lady of the Bedchamber to the queen in 1485\u20131487."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The White Princess (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "Jodie Comer as Elizabeth ``Lizzie ''of York, the Queen of England Rebecca Benson as Margaret`` Maggie'' Plantagenet, the Queen's paternal cousin, sister of Teddy Jacob Collins - Levy as Henry VII, the King of England, Elizabeth's husband Kenneth Cranham as Bishop (later Cardinal) John Morton, a confidant of the King's mother Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville, the Queen's mother Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile, the Queen of Castile Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley, Margaret Beaufort's husband Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell, a Yorkist supporter Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English crown and husband of Cathy Gordon Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, the Queen's paternal grandmother. Goodall is the only actor appearing in both The White Queen and The White Princess. Amy Manson as Catherine ``Cathy ''Gordon, wife of Perkin Warbeck Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, husband of Eliza de la Pole Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor, the King's uncle Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, the Queen's sister Joanne Whalley as Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the Queen's paternal aunt Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole, husband of Maggie Plantagenet Michelle Fairley as Margaret Beaufort, the King's mother"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jagasits", "paragraph_text": "Jagasits \"(Jagasich, Jagasics)\" was a Hungarian noble family from Zala County, with parts of it in Vas and Esztergom Counties as well. The letters patent of nobility was issued to J\u00e1nos Jagasich and his children (Ferenc, \u00c1d\u00e1m, L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Gy\u00f6rgy, Katalin, M\u00e1ria-\u00c9va, Julianna) on 28 July 1715 from King Charles III (ruled 1711\u20131740) and publicly announced in Sopron on 1 October 1715."}], "question": "What noble house did the family of Cecily of York's mother also belong to?"}
{"id": "3hop1__135291_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton", "paragraph_text": "William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton, 1st Earl of Essex and 1st Baron Parr, KG (14 August 151328 October 1571) was the son of Sir Thomas Parr and his wife, Maud Green, daughter of Sir Thomas Green, of Broughton and Greens Norton. William Parr was brother of the Queen consort, Catherine Parr, the sixth and final wife of Henry VIII, and of Anne Parr."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tess of the D'Urbervilles (2008 TV serial)", "paragraph_text": "Tess of the D'Urbervilles is a 4-hour BBC television adaptation of Thomas Hardy's book of the same name. The script is by David Nicholls. It tells the story of Tess Durbeyfield, a low-born country girl whose family find they have noble connections."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, 7th Baron Ferrers of Groby, (145520 September 1501) was an English nobleman, courtier and the eldest son of Elizabeth Woodville and her first husband Sir John Grey of Groby. Her second marriage to King Edward IV made her Queen of England, thus elevating Grey's status at court and in the realm as the stepson of the King. Through his mother's assiduous endeavours, he made two materially advantageous marriages to wealthy heiresses, the King's niece Anne Holland and Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington. By the latter he had 14 children."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Royal Institute of British Architects", "paragraph_text": "Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Henry Cavendish", "paragraph_text": "Henry Cavendish was born on 10 October 1731 in Nice, where his family was living at the time. His mother was Lady Anne de Grey, fourth daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, and his father was Lord Charles Cavendish, the third son of William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire. The family traced its lineage across eight centuries to Norman times, and was closely connected to many aristocratic families of Great Britain. Henry's mother died in 1733, three months after the birth of her second son, Frederick, and shortly before Henry's second birthday, leaving Lord Charles Cavendish to bring up his two sons. Cavendish was styles as \"The Honourable Henry Cavendish\".From the age of 11 Henry attended Newcome's School, a private school near London. At the age of 18 (on 24 November 1748) he entered the University of Cambridge in St Peter's College, now known as Peterhouse, but left three years later on 23 February 1751 without taking a degree (at the time, a common practice). He then lived with his father in London, where he soon had his own laboratory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dorset Park", "paragraph_text": "Dorset Park is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the western part of the district of Scarborough. The neighbourhood is bordered by Highway 401 to the north, Midland Avenue to the east, Lawrence Avenue to the south, and Birchmount Road to the west. Kennedy Road runs along the neighbourhood's centre north and south and Ellesmere Road runs along the centre east and west. The area south of Lawrence Avenue, north of the hydro corridor, is known as McGregor Park and is often included as part of Dorset Park."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lot 56, Prince Edward Island", "paragraph_text": "Lot 56 is a township in Kings County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of St. George's Parish. Lot 56 was awarded to George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend in the 1767 Lottery. General Townshend had assumed command of the British forces after General James Wolfe fell at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham during the Seven Years' War. Townshend later became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. One quarter of the lot was granted to Loyalists in 1783."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Norman Grosvenor", "paragraph_text": "A member of the Grosvenor family headed by the Duke of Westminster, Grosvenor was a younger son of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Baron Ebury, third son of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster. Robert Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Ebury, was his elder brother. He was returned to parliament at an unopposed by-election in December 1869 as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Chester, succeeding his cousin Earl Grosvenor, who had succeeded to the peerage. He did not stand again at the 1874 general election."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tess of the d'Urbervilles", "paragraph_text": "The novel is set in impoverished rural England, Thomas Hardy's fictional Wessex, during the Long Depression of the 1870s. Tess is the oldest child of John and Joan Durbeyfield, uneducated peasants. However, John is given the impression by Parson Tringham that he may have noble blood, as ``Durbeyfield ''is a corruption of`` D'Urberville'', the surname of an extinct noble Norman family. Knowledge of this immediately goes to John's head."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster", "paragraph_text": "Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster, (22 March 1767\u00a0\u2013 17 February 1845) was the son of the 1st\u00a0Earl Grosvenor, whom he succeeded in 1802 as 2nd\u00a0Earl Grosvenor. He was created Marquess of Westminster in 1831. He was an English Member of Parliament (MP) and an ancestor of the modern-day Dukes of Westminster. Grosvenor continued to develop the family's London estates, he rebuilt their country house, Eaton Hall in Cheshire where he also restored the gardens, and built a new London home, Grosvenor House. He maintained and extended the family interests in the acquisition of works of art, and in horse racing and breeding racehorses."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lord Borthwick", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Nisbet relates that \"the first of this ancient and noble family came from Hungary to Scotland, in the retinue of Queen Margaret, in the reign of Malcolm Canmore, \"anno Domini\" 1057. A Thomas de Borthwick is mentioned in a charter of Sir Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood, in the reign of King Alexander II.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Belchalwell", "paragraph_text": "Belchalwell is a small village in the civil parish of Okeford Fitzpaine in the Blackmore Vale, North Dorset, England. It lies south of Sturminster Newton and northwest of Blandford Forum. It is sited on greensand beneath the north slopes of Bell Hill, part of the Dorset Downs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Church of Christ the Consoler", "paragraph_text": "The Church of Christ the Consoler is a Victorian Gothic Revival church built in the Early English style by William Burges. It is located in the grounds of Newby Hall at Skelton-on-Ure, in North Yorkshire, England. Burges was commissioned by George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, to build it as a tribute to the Marquess' brother-in-law, Frederick Vyner. The church is a Grade I listed building as of 6 March 1967, and was vested in the Churches Conservation Trust on 14 December 1991."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke, (born Prince Alexander of Battenberg; 23 November 1886 \u2013 23 February 1960) was a British Royal Navy officer, a member of the Hessian princely Battenberg family and a grandson of Queen Victoria."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bournemouth", "paragraph_text": "Before it was founded in 1810 by Lewis Tregonwell, the area was a deserted heathland occasionally visited by fishermen and smugglers. Initially marketed as a health resort, the town received a boost when it appeared in Augustus Granville's 1841 book, The Spas of England. Bournemouth's growth truly accelerated with the arrival of the railway and it became a recognised town in 1870. Historically part of Hampshire, it joined Dorset with the reorganisation of local government in 1974. Since 1997, the town has been administered by a unitary authority, meaning it is independent of Dorset County Council, although it remains part of that ceremonial county. The local council is Bournemouth Borough Council."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven", "paragraph_text": "Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven PC (20 October 1660 \u2013 26 July 1723), styled 17th Baron Willoughby de Eresby between 1666 and 1701 and known as 4th Earl of Lindsey between 1701 and 1706 and as 1st Marquess of Lindsey between 1706 and 1715, was a British statesman and nobleman."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath, KG, PC (13 September 1734 \u2013 19 November 1796), of Longleat in Wiltshire, was a British politician who held office under King George III. He served as Southern Secretary, Northern Secretary and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Between 1751 and 1789, he was known as the 3rd Viscount Weymouth. He is possibly best known for his role in the Falklands Crisis of 1770."}], "question": "What was the House of the noble family of Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset's mother part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__89595_67237_32086", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Rose for Emily", "paragraph_text": "The story opens with a brief first - person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family falls into hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily's father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, which takes her by surprise. She refuses to give up his corpse, and the townspeople write it off as her grieving process. The townspeople pity Emily not only after her father's death, but also during his life when he would n't let Emily marry."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lincoln (film)", "paragraph_text": "Lincoln is a 2012 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, starring Daniel Day - Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln. The film also features Sally Field, David Strathairn, Joseph Gordon - Levitt, James Spader, Hal Holbrook and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting performances. The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's biography Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, and covers the final four months of Lincoln's life, focusing on his efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rose Lodge, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Rose Lodge is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States, along the 45th parallel. The population was 1,708 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)", "paragraph_text": "The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 12 Stat. 755 (1863), entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill, introduced on December 5, 1862, releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3, 1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson, and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to his Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, the District of Columbia, and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States presidential eligibility legislation", "paragraph_text": "No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection. Narratives of the early prophets, ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and prayer also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Warren Wallace Beckwith", "paragraph_text": "Warren Wallace Beckwith (August 10, 1874 \u2013 September 24, 1955) was a historical figure and part of the Lincoln family, having been married to President Abraham Lincoln's granddaughter Jessie Harlan Lincoln. He is the father of the last undisputed direct Lincoln descendant, Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith. Beckwith was also a minor league baseball player during the late 1800s."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "In 1864, Andrew Johnson (a War Democrat from Tennessee) was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln. He became President after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Under Johnson's lenient re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress, on July 24, 1866. Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it was the only one of the formerly secessionist states that did not have a military governor during the Reconstruction period."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: P\u00f5hiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoys it the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York Times Co. v. United States", "paragraph_text": "President Richard Nixon had claimed executive authority to force the Times to suspend publication of classified information in its possession. The question before the court was whether the constitutional freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment, was subordinate to a claimed need of the executive branch of government to maintain the secrecy of information. The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did protect the right of The New York Times to print the materials."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Emily D. West", "paragraph_text": "Emily D. West (c. 1815 -- 1891), also known as Emily Morgan, is a folk heroine whose legendary activities during the Texas Revolution have come to be identified with the song ``The Yellow Rose of Texas ''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sedat Alp", "paragraph_text": "Outside Turkey, Prof. Alp was awarded the Italian Commandatore of the Order of Merit of the Republic in 1957, the Order of Merit of the Presidency of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1972, the French College of France medal in 1980, the German Great Cross of Merit with star and the Grande Ufficiale Order of Merit of the Italian Presidency of the Republic in 1991. From 1997 he held an honorary doctorate at the University of W\u00fcrzburg, and from the following year was made a member of the British Academy and, for the contributions he made to the promotion of knowledge on the region's historical treasures, an honorary citizen of the city of \u00c7orum in north-central Anatolia, where the Hittite capital was situated. He died in Ankara."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lincoln Plumer", "paragraph_text": "Lincoln Plumer (28 September 1875, Maryland - 14 February 1928, Hollywood, California) was an American silent film actor. He married fellow actor Rose Plumer. Lincoln Plumer died of heart disease in 1928."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had \"reached a turning point in the long history of our country's efforts to guarantee freedom and equality to all our citizens\u2026Each man must be guaranteed equality of opportunity.\" He proposed what black citizens had been calling for - an enhanced role of federal authority through the states. \"We must make the Federal government a friendly, vigilant defender of the rights and equalities of all Americans. And again I mean all Americans.\":40"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg next directed the historical drama film Lincoln, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln. Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's bestseller Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film covered the final four months of Lincoln's life. Written by Tony Kushner, the film was shot in Richmond, Virginia, in late 2011, and was released in the United States by Disney in November 2012. The film's international distribution was handled by 20th Century Fox. Upon release, Lincoln received widespread critical acclaim, and was nominated for twelve Academy Awards (the most of any film that year) including Best Picture and Best Director for Spielberg. It won the award for Best Production Design and Day-Lewis won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Lincoln, becoming the first three time winner in that category as well as the first to win for a performance directed by Spielberg."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Emergency (India)", "paragraph_text": "In India, ``the Emergency ''refers to a 21 - month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the Constitution because of the prevailing`` internal disturbance'', the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree, allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be curbed. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored. Several other human rights violations were reported from the time, including a forced mass - sterilization campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister's son. The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent India's history."}], "question": "Who starred in Lincoln as the president who suspended some basic rights of citizens during the historical time period before A Rose For Emily?"}
{"id": "3hop1__735379_597018_323049", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Northwest Georgia Joint Development Authority", "paragraph_text": "The Northwest Georgia Joint Development Authority (NWGAJDA) is a joint development authority that serves Catoosa County, Chattooga County, Dade County, and Walker County in the U.S. state of Georgia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Camden Fairview High School", "paragraph_text": "Camden Fairview High School is a secondary school located in Camden, Arkansas, United States. The school is a part of the Camden Fairview School District. The school houses grades 9 through 12. With an approximate enrollment of more than 750, the school is the largest in Camden. The current principal is Gary Steelman."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fairview (near Helvetia), Randolph County, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is an unincorporated community in Randolph County, West Virginia, United States. Fairview is west-southwest of Helvetia and west of Huttonsville."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fairview, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Walker County, Georgia, United States. The population was 6,601 at the 2000 census and 6,769 in 2010. It is part of the Chattanooga, TN\u2013GA Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bobby Lee Cook", "paragraph_text": "Bobby Lee Cook (born February 12, 1925) is a defense attorney from Summerville, Georgia, in Chattooga County. He has practiced law since the late 1940s, and is known for combining a sharp legal mind with a folksy demeanor. He has represented a wide variety of clients, from rural Southerners to international businessmen and corporations. He is reputed to have been the inspiration for the television series \"Matlock\" main character Ben Matlock, which starred Andy Griffith as a Georgia attorney."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with Fairview's county?"}
{"id": "3hop1__91248_67237_816845", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "School corporal punishment", "paragraph_text": "In state - run schools, and in private schools where at least part of the funding came from government, corporal punishment was outlawed by the British Parliament in 1986, following a 1982 ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that such punishment could not be administered without parental consent, and that a child's ``right to education ''could not be infringed by suspending children who, with parental approval, refused to submit to corporal punishment. In other private schools, it was banned in 1998 (England and Wales), 2000 (Scotland) and 2003 (Northern Ireland). Schools had to keep a record of punishments inflicted, and there are occasional press reports of examples of these`` punishment books'' having survived."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are \"respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union\" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of hospitals in Romania", "paragraph_text": "The list below is a database that contains hospitals in Romania. All public hospitals receive funding from the Ministry of Health. Romania has a universal healthcare system, hence all public hospitals are charge-free and available to each citizen of the European Union. There are 425 operational hospitals across the country. At the moment, there are 6.2 hospital beds available per 1000 citizens."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Two-child policy", "paragraph_text": "A two - child policy is a government - imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children. It has previously been used in Vietnam. In British Hong Kong in the 1970s, citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit (although it was not mandated by law), and it was used as part of the region's family planning strategies. Since 2015, it has been implemented in China."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)", "paragraph_text": "The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 12 Stat. 755 (1863), entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill, introduced on December 5, 1862, releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3, 1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson, and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to his Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, the District of Columbia, and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (French: La Charte canadienne des droits et libert\u00e9s), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, along with the rest of the Act."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, \"aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance.\" The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Ministerpr\u00e4sident (Minister-President), together with a unicameral legislative body known as the Landtag (State Diet). The states are parliamentary republics and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the Minister-President is then chosen by a majority vote among the Landtag's members. The Minister-President appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of health care reform in the United States", "paragraph_text": "After the Civil War, the federal government established the first system of medical care in the South, known as the Freedmen's Bureau. The government constructed 40 hospitals, employed over 120 physicians, and treated well over one million sick and dying former slaves. The hospitals were short lived, lasting from 1865 to 1870. Freedmen's Hospital in Washington, DC remained in operation until the late nineteenth century, when it became part of Howard University."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Government Information Awareness", "paragraph_text": "The GIA initiative was inspired by the Total Information Awareness project of the US government's Information Awareness Office, and was predicated on the premise that citizens have a right to maintain information on the government - similar to what information the government maintains on the citizens."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: P\u00f5hiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had \"reached a turning point in the long history of our country's efforts to guarantee freedom and equality to all our citizens\u2026Each man must be guaranteed equality of opportunity.\" He proposed what black citizens had been calling for - an enhanced role of federal authority through the states. \"We must make the Federal government a friendly, vigilant defender of the rights and equalities of all Americans. And again I mean all Americans.\":40"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States", "paragraph_text": "Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States is often made by government, public health and public policy analysts. The two countries had similar healthcare systems before Canada changed its system in the 1960s and 1970s. The United States spends much more money on healthcare than Canada, on both a per - capita basis and as a percentage of GDP. In 2006, per - capita spending for health care in Canada was US $3,678; in the U.S., US $6,714. The U.S. spent 15.3% of GDP on healthcare in that year; Canada spent 10.0%. In 2006, 70% of healthcare spending in Canada was financed by government, versus 46% in the United States. Total government spending per capita in the U.S. on healthcare was 23% higher than Canadian government spending, and U.S. government expenditure on healthcare was just under 83% of total Canadian spending (public and private) though these statistics do n't take into account population differences."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoys it the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New York Times Co. v. United States", "paragraph_text": "President Richard Nixon had claimed executive authority to force the Times to suspend publication of classified information in its possession. The question before the court was whether the constitutional freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment, was subordinate to a claimed need of the executive branch of government to maintain the secrecy of information. The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did protect the right of The New York Times to print the materials."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tad Lincoln", "paragraph_text": "Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln III (April 4, 1853 \u2013 July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln. The nickname \"Tad\" was given to him by his father, who observed that he had a large head and was \"as wiggly as a tadpole\" when he was a baby. Lincoln was known to be impulsive and unrestrained, and he did not attend school during his father's lifetime. He had free run of the White House, and there are stories of him interrupting presidential meetings, collecting animals, and charging visitors to see his father. He died at the age of 18 on July 15, 1871, in Chicago."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "President Benito Ju\u00e1rez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Ju\u00e1rez had another crisis on his hands; the Ju\u00e1rez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Ju\u00e1rez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio D\u00edaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Ju\u00e1rez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872."}], "question": "Who was the child of the president who suspended some civil rights during the war which immediately preceded government involvement in healthcare?"}
{"id": "3hop1__91248_67237_32086", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York Times Co. v. United States", "paragraph_text": "President Richard Nixon had claimed executive authority to force the Times to suspend publication of classified information in its possession. The question before the court was whether the constitutional freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment, was subordinate to a claimed need of the executive branch of government to maintain the secrecy of information. The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did protect the right of The New York Times to print the materials."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are \"respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union\" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "President Benito Ju\u00e1rez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Ju\u00e1rez had another crisis on his hands; the Ju\u00e1rez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Ju\u00e1rez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio D\u00edaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Ju\u00e1rez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (French: La Charte canadienne des droits et libert\u00e9s), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, along with the rest of the Act."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of health care reform in the United States", "paragraph_text": "After the Civil War, the federal government established the first system of medical care in the South, known as the Freedmen's Bureau. The government constructed 40 hospitals, employed over 120 physicians, and treated well over one million sick and dying former slaves. The hospitals were short lived, lasting from 1865 to 1870. Freedmen's Hospital in Washington, DC remained in operation until the late nineteenth century, when it became part of Howard University."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States", "paragraph_text": "Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States is often made by government, public health and public policy analysts. The two countries had similar healthcare systems before Canada changed its system in the 1960s and 1970s. The United States spends much more money on healthcare than Canada, on both a per - capita basis and as a percentage of GDP. In 2006, per - capita spending for health care in Canada was US $3,678; in the U.S., US $6,714. The U.S. spent 15.3% of GDP on healthcare in that year; Canada spent 10.0%. In 2006, 70% of healthcare spending in Canada was financed by government, versus 46% in the United States. Total government spending per capita in the U.S. on healthcare was 23% higher than Canadian government spending, and U.S. government expenditure on healthcare was just under 83% of total Canadian spending (public and private) though these statistics do n't take into account population differences."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Ministerpr\u00e4sident (Minister-President), together with a unicameral legislative body known as the Landtag (State Diet). The states are parliamentary republics and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the Minister-President is then chosen by a majority vote among the Landtag's members. The Minister-President appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Government Information Awareness", "paragraph_text": "The GIA initiative was inspired by the Total Information Awareness project of the US government's Information Awareness Office, and was predicated on the premise that citizens have a right to maintain information on the government - similar to what information the government maintains on the citizens."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had \"reached a turning point in the long history of our country's efforts to guarantee freedom and equality to all our citizens\u2026Each man must be guaranteed equality of opportunity.\" He proposed what black citizens had been calling for - an enhanced role of federal authority through the states. \"We must make the Federal government a friendly, vigilant defender of the rights and equalities of all Americans. And again I mean all Americans.\":40"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoys it the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)", "paragraph_text": "The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 12 Stat. 755 (1863), entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill, introduced on December 5, 1862, releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3, 1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson, and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to his Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, the District of Columbia, and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, \"aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance.\" The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Attorney General of India", "paragraph_text": "The Attorney General for India is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, and is primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. He can be said to be the lawyer from government's side. He is appointed by the President of India under Article 76(1) of the Constitution and holds office during the pleasure of the President. He must be a person qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court (He must have been a judge of some high court for five years or an advocate of some high court for ten years or an eminent jurist, in the opinion of the President and must be a citizen of India.)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Robert Aymar", "paragraph_text": "Aymar was born in 1936 in France. After studying at the \"\u00c9cole Polytechnique\", Robert Aymar entered the \"Corps des Poudres\" (a former government agency involved in basic and applied research). Following his secondment to the \"Commissariat \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie atomique\" (CEA) in 1959, his career has been focused on fundamental research in plasma physics and its application in controlled thermonuclear fusion research."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg next directed the historical drama film Lincoln, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln. Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's bestseller Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film covered the final four months of Lincoln's life. Written by Tony Kushner, the film was shot in Richmond, Virginia, in late 2011, and was released in the United States by Disney in November 2012. The film's international distribution was handled by 20th Century Fox. Upon release, Lincoln received widespread critical acclaim, and was nominated for twelve Academy Awards (the most of any film that year) including Best Picture and Best Director for Spielberg. It won the award for Best Production Design and Day-Lewis won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Lincoln, becoming the first three time winner in that category as well as the first to win for a performance directed by Spielberg."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of hospitals in Romania", "paragraph_text": "The list below is a database that contains hospitals in Romania. All public hospitals receive funding from the Ministry of Health. Romania has a universal healthcare system, hence all public hospitals are charge-free and available to each citizen of the European Union. There are 425 operational hospitals across the country. At the moment, there are 6.2 hospital beds available per 1000 citizens."}], "question": "Who starred in 'Lincoln' as the president who suspended some of citizens' basic rights, during the war that preceded government involvement in healthcare?"}
{"id": "3hop1__471693_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saxon feud", "paragraph_text": "The Saxon feud was a confrontation between the East Frisian Count Edzard I and George, Duke of Saxony in the years 1514-1517. The war took place predominantly on East Frisian soil and destroyed large parts of the region."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elizabeth Tailboys, 4th Baroness Tailboys of Kyme", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Tailboys, 4th Baroness Tailboys of Kyme () was the daughter of Elizabeth Blount and Gilbert Tailboys, 1st Baron Tailboys of Kyme, and the second wife of Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick. Through her mother she was a half-sister of Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, the only illegitimate child acknowledged by Henry VIII, King of England."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marino Caracciolo", "paragraph_text": "Born in Naples into one of the most important families in the Kingdom of Naples, he spent his youth and was educated under the tutelage of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza at the court of Milan. Ambassador of Duke Massimiliano Sforza to the Papal court in 1513 he was created an Apostolic Protonotary in 1515; in the same year he took part as \"orator\" of the Duke of Milan to the V Lateran Council."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William Banting", "paragraph_text": "In the early 19th century, the family business of William Banting of St. James\u2019s Street, London, was among the most eminent companies of funeral directors in Britain. As funeral directors to the Royal Household itself, the Banting family conducted the funerals of King George III in 1820, King George IV in 1830, the Duke of Gloucester in 1834, the Duke of Wellington in 1852, Prince Albert in 1861, Prince Leopold in 1884, Queen Victoria in 1901, and King Edward VII in 1910. The royal undertaking warrant for the Banting family eventually ended in 1928 with the retirement of William Westport Banting."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Enrico Berlinguer", "paragraph_text": "The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari on 15 May 1922 to a noble Sardinian family in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pierre de Coss\u00e9 Brissac", "paragraph_text": "Pierre de Coss\u00e9 Brissac, 12th Duke of Brissac (1900\u20131993), was a French aristocrat and author who wrote historical memoirs. He held the French noble title of Duke of Brissac from 1944 to 1993."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The White Princess (miniseries)", "paragraph_text": "Jodie Comer as Elizabeth ``Lizzie ''of York, the Queen of England Rebecca Benson as Margaret`` Maggie'' Plantagenet, the Queen's paternal cousin, sister of Teddy Jacob Collins - Levy as Henry VII, the King of England, Elizabeth's husband Kenneth Cranham as Bishop (later Cardinal) John Morton, a confidant of the King's mother Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville, the Queen's mother Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile, the Queen of Castile Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley, Margaret Beaufort's husband Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell, a Yorkist supporter Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English crown and husband of Cathy Gordon Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, the Queen's paternal grandmother. Goodall is the only actor appearing in both The White Queen and The White Princess. Amy Manson as Catherine ``Cathy ''Gordon, wife of Perkin Warbeck Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, husband of Eliza de la Pole Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor, the King's uncle Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, the Queen's sister Joanne Whalley as Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the Queen's paternal aunt Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole, husband of Maggie Plantagenet Michelle Fairley as Margaret Beaufort, the King's mother"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anne of Burgundy", "paragraph_text": "Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford () (30 September 1404 \u2013 13 November 1432) was a daughter of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (1371\u20131419) and his wife Margaret of Bavaria (1363\u20131423)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lot 35, Prince Edward Island", "paragraph_text": "Lot 35 is a township in Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Bedford Parish. Lot 35 was awarded to Sir Alexander Maitland, 1st Baronet in the 1767 land lottery. It was sold in 1792 to John MacDonald of Glenaladale."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick", "paragraph_text": "James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, 1st Duke of Liria and J\u00e9rica, 1st Duke of Fitz-James (21 August 1670 \u2013 12 June 1734) was an Anglo-French military leader, illegitimate son of King James II of England by Arabella Churchill, sister of the 1st Duke of Marlborough. Berwick was a successful general in the pay of Louis XIV of France."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of the Boyne", "paragraph_text": "Battle of the Boyne Part of the Williamite War in Ireland Painting of the battle by Jan Wyck c. 1693 Date 1 July 1690 O.S. Location Oldbridge, County Meath, Ireland Result Williamite victory Belligerents Jacobite forces France Williamite forces Dutch Republic Danish Auxiliary Corps Commanders and leaders James VII and II Earl of Tyrconnell Duc de Lauzun James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick William III Duke of Schomberg \u2020 Strength 23,500 36,000 Casualties and losses ~ 1,500 casualties ~ 750 casualties"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Paul Walsh Field", "paragraph_text": "Paul Walsh Field is a multi-purpose sports facility located in New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States. The field is part of the athletic facilities of nearby New Bedford High School. Its primary use is for baseball. Specifically, it serves as the home of the New Bedford Bay Sox of the New England Collegiate Baseball League, a collegiate summer baseball league. The Bay Sox hold a non-exclusive contract for usage of the field, allowing for interscholastic sporting events to continue to be played at the facility."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II. Matt Smith as Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister. Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother (season 1) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David Lia Williams as Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister (season 2) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret (season 2)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Bedford", "paragraph_text": "George of York, 1st Duke of Bedford (March 1477 \u2013 March 1479) was the eighth child and third son of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Albertas Manvydas", "paragraph_text": "Albertas Manvydas or Albertas Vaitiekus Manvydas (; died in 1423) was a Lithuanian noble, the first Voivode of Vilnius and founder of the Manvydai family. During the turbulent disputes over Samogitia, he was sent as a negotiation to the Teutonic Knights. Along with Stanislovas \u010ciupurna, Manvydas was the most influential noble during the early reign of Grand Duke Vytautas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant-General George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, KG, PC (28 December 1665 \u2013 28 June 1716) was the third and youngest illegitimate son of King Charles II of England; his mother was Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine (also known as Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland). On 1 October 1674, he was created Earl of Northumberland, Baron of Pontefract (Yorkshire) and Viscount Falmouth (Cornwall). On 6 April 1683, he was created Duke of Northumberland."}], "question": "What other noble House was the family of the mother of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Bedford, a part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__89595_67237_816845", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York Times Co. v. United States", "paragraph_text": "President Richard Nixon had claimed executive authority to force the Times to suspend publication of classified information in its possession. The question before the court was whether the constitutional freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment, was subordinate to a claimed need of the executive branch of government to maintain the secrecy of information. The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did protect the right of The New York Times to print the materials."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose", "paragraph_text": "The sentence ``Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. ''was written by Gertrude Stein as part of the 1913 poem`` Sacred Emily'', which appeared in the 1922 book Geography and Plays. In that poem, the first ``Rose ''is the name of a person. Stein later used variations on the sentence in other writings, and`` A rose is a rose is a rose'' is among her most famous quotations, often interpreted as meaning ``things are what they are '', a statement of the law of identity,`` A is A''. In Stein's view, the sentence expresses the fact that simply using the name of a thing already invokes the imagery and emotions associated with it, an idea also intensively discussed in the problem of universals debate where Peter Abelard and others used the rose as an example concept. As the quotation diffused through her own writing, and the culture at large, Stein once remarked, ``Now listen! I'm no fool. I know that in daily life we do n't go around saying 'is a... is a... is a...' Yes, I'm no fool; but I think that in that line the rose is red for the first time in English poetry for a hundred years. ''(Four in America)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alyson Hannigan", "paragraph_text": "Hannigan was born in Washington, D.C., the only child of Emilie (Posner) Haas, a real estate agent, and Alan Hannigan, a Teamsters trucker. Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is Jewish."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Flower Child (Once Upon a Time)", "paragraph_text": "``Flower Child ''Once Upon a Time episode Episode no. Season 7 Episode 19 Directed by Tessa Blake Written by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Original air date April 27, 2018 (2018 - 04 - 27) Guest appearance (s) Emma Booth as Eloise Gardener / Mother Gothel Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Daniel Francis as Facilier / Mr. Samdi Tiera Skovbye as Robin / Margot Jeff Pierre as Drew Gabrielle Miller as Flora Emily Tennant as Isla Naika Toussaint as Seraphina Bruce Blain as Desk Sergeant Kyra Leroux as Yarrow Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` The Guardian'' Next \u2192 ``Is This Henry Mills? ''Once Upon a Time (season 7) List of Once Upon a Time episodes"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Emily Bront\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Emily Bront\u00eb was born on 30 July 1818 to Maria Branwell and an Irish father, Patrick Bront\u00eb. The family was living on Market Street in the village of Thornton on the outskirts of Bradford, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Northern England. Emily's older siblings included, eldest to youngest, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte and Branwell, making Emily the Bront\u00eb's fifth child. In 1820, Emily's younger sister Anne, the last Bront\u00eb child, was born. Shortly thereafter, the family moved eight miles away to Haworth, where Patrick was employed as perpetual curate In Haworth, the children would have opportunities to develop their literary talents."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)", "paragraph_text": "The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 12 Stat. 755 (1863), entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill, introduced on December 5, 1862, releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3, 1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson, and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to his Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, the District of Columbia, and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tad Lincoln", "paragraph_text": "Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln III (April 4, 1853 \u2013 July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln. The nickname \"Tad\" was given to him by his father, who observed that he had a large head and was \"as wiggly as a tadpole\" when he was a baby. Lincoln was known to be impulsive and unrestrained, and he did not attend school during his father's lifetime. He had free run of the White House, and there are stories of him interrupting presidential meetings, collecting animals, and charging visitors to see his father. He died at the age of 18 on July 15, 1871, in Chicago."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoys it the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "School corporal punishment", "paragraph_text": "In state - run schools, and in private schools where at least part of the funding came from government, corporal punishment was outlawed by the British Parliament in 1986, following a 1982 ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that such punishment could not be administered without parental consent, and that a child's ``right to education ''could not be infringed by suspending children who, with parental approval, refused to submit to corporal punishment. In other private schools, it was banned in 1998 (England and Wales), 2000 (Scotland) and 2003 (Northern Ireland). Schools had to keep a record of punishments inflicted, and there are occasional press reports of examples of these`` punishment books'' having survived."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Emily D. West", "paragraph_text": "Emily D. West (c. 1815 -- 1891), also known as Emily Morgan, is a folk heroine whose legendary activities during the Texas Revolution have come to be identified with the song ``The Yellow Rose of Texas ''."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: P\u00f5hiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A Rose for Emily", "paragraph_text": "The story opens with a brief first - person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family falls into hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily's father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, which takes her by surprise. She refuses to give up his corpse, and the townspeople write it off as her grieving process. The townspeople pity Emily not only after her father's death, but also during his life when he would n't let Emily marry."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection. Narratives of the early prophets, ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and prayer also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States presidential eligibility legislation", "paragraph_text": "No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "International Day of the Girl Child", "paragraph_text": "International Day of the Girl Child Also called International Day of the Girl, Day of the Girl Type International Significance Raise awareness of issues facing girls internationally surrounding education, nutrition, child marriage, legal and medical rights Date 11 October Frequency annual First time 11 October 2012"}], "question": "Who was the child of the president who suspended some basic rights of citizens during the historical time period preceding A Rose for Emily?"}
{"id": "3hop1__570854_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (\u5efa\u5eb7), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Edward Hall", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hall or Halle (1497\u20131547) was an English lawyer, historian, and member of parliament, best known for his \"The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke\", commonly known as \"Hall's Chronicle\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Sound of Music (film)", "paragraph_text": "Later that night at the festival, during their final number, the von Trapp family slip away and seek shelter at the nearby abbey, where Mother Abbess hides them in the cemetery crypt. Brownshirts soon arrive and search the abbey, but the family is able to escape using the caretaker's car. When the soldiers attempt to pursue, they discover their cars will not start as two nuns have removed parts of the engines. The next morning, after driving to the Swiss border, the von Trapp family make their way on foot across the frontier into Switzerland to safety and freedom."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Joy Luck Club (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti", "paragraph_text": "Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti (December 14, 1853 \u2013 November 25, 1922) was an Italian physicist and inventor born in Lapedona, Italy, where his father, Icilio Calzecchi, a medical doctor from nearby Monterubbiano, was temporarily working at the time. His mother, Angela, was the last descendant of the ancient and noble Onesti family. His first name is the Italian version of the Athenian general Themistocles."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Catherine of York", "paragraph_text": "Catherine or Katherine of York (14 August 1479 \u2013 15 November 1527) was the ninth child and sixth daughter of King Edward IV by his wife Elizabeth Woodville. From birth to death, she was daughter to Edward IV, sister to Edward V, niece to Richard III, sister-in-law to Henry VII and aunt to Henry VIII."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Beauty and the Beast is an American fantasy - drama series which first aired on CBS in 1987. Creator Ron Koslow's updated version of the fairy tale has a double focus: the relationship between Vincent (Ron Perlman), a mythic, noble man - beast, and Catherine (Linda Hamilton), a savvy Assistant District Attorney in New York; and a secret Utopian community of social outcasts living in a subterranean sanctuary. Through an empathetic bond, Vincent senses Catherine's emotions, and becomes her guardian."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Catherine Seppala", "paragraph_text": "Catherine Seppala (1907 \u2013 July 4, 1975) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. She served as mayor of Fort William from 1959 to 1960, the first and only female mayor of the city before it became part of Thunder Bay."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jagasits", "paragraph_text": "Jagasits \"(Jagasich, Jagasics)\" was a Hungarian noble family from Zala County, with parts of it in Vas and Esztergom Counties as well. The letters patent of nobility was issued to J\u00e1nos Jagasich and his children (Ferenc, \u00c1d\u00e1m, L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Gy\u00f6rgy, Katalin, M\u00e1ria-\u00c9va, Julianna) on 28 July 1715 from King Charles III (ruled 1711\u20131740) and publicly announced in Sopron on 1 October 1715."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham", "paragraph_text": "Born in France, he was marquis de Blanquefort and sixth son of Guy Aldonce (1605\u20131665), Marquis of Duras and Count of Rozan, from the noble Durfort family. His mother was Elizabeth de la Tour d'Auvergne, sister of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mansfield, New York", "paragraph_text": "Mansfield is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 808 at the 2010 census. The name was thought to be that of a noble family in England."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Enrico Berlinguer", "paragraph_text": "The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari on 15 May 1922 to a noble Sardinian family in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fujiwara no Otomuro", "paragraph_text": "Fujiwara no Otomuro was a daughter of a noble called Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu; her mother was the granddaughter of general Fujiwara no Umakai, who died in 737."}], "question": "What was the House of the noble family of Catherine of York's mother part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__108143_145548_159832", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ribal al-Assad", "paragraph_text": "Ribal al-Assad was born in Damascus, the 13th of 16 siblings. He is the son of Rifaat al-Assad and his third wife Line Al-Khayer, sister in law of the late Saudi king Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, and is thus a member of the al-Assad family. His father, Rifaat al-Assad, a younger brother of the late President Hafez Al-Assad, was a powerful security chief and commander of the Defense Companies, who was responsible for the 1982 Hama massacre. After attempting a coup d'\u00e9tat, he and his family went into exile in France, then the UK. Ribal, at the age of 9, and his family then moved to Paris, where he continued to live until the age of 16. At the age of 16, Ribal al-Assad began High School in New York and Houston, before attending university in Boston."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sand Mountain (Florida)", "paragraph_text": "At 76 meters (250 feet) above sea level, Sand Mountain is one of the highest points in the state of Florida. Sand Mountain is located near the Floridian town of Wausau."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Philippine de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "When Philippine de Rothschild was ten years old, she witnessed the Gestapo arrest her mother, who later died at Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp, the only known member of the Rothschild family to die during World War II."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix", "paragraph_text": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix was born on 26 April 1798 at Charenton-Saint-Maurice in \u00cele-de-France, near Paris. His mother was named Victoire Oeben, the daughter of the cabinet-maker Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Oeben."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dances at a Gathering", "paragraph_text": "Dances at a Gathering is a ballet made by New York City Ballet ballet master Jerome Robbins to the music of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin and George Sand", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin and George Sand was an 1838 unfinished oil-on-canvas painting by French artist Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix. Originally a double portrait, it was later cut in two and sold off as separate pieces. It showed composer Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin (1810\u201349) playing piano while writer George Sand (1804\u201376) sits to his right, listening and sewing (a favorite activity of hers). The sitters were lovers at the time, and both were close friends of the artist."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Charles-Valentin Alkan", "paragraph_text": "Charles-Valentin Alkan (; 30 November 1813\u00a0\u2013 29 March 1888) was a French-Jewish composer and virtuoso pianist. At the height of his fame in the 1830s and 1840s he was, alongside his friends and colleagues Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin and Franz Liszt, among the leading pianists in Paris, a city in which he spent virtually his entire life."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (/\u02c8\u0283o\u028ap\u00e6n/; French pronunciation: \u200b[f\u0281e.de.\u0281ik f\u0281\u0251\u0303.swa \u0283\u0254.p\u025b\u0303]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 \u2013 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Autoportrait (Tamara in a Green Bugatti)", "paragraph_text": "Autoportrait (Tamara in a Green Bugatti) is a self-portrait by the Polish artist Tamara de Lempicka, which she painted in Paris in 1929. It was commissioned by the German fashion magazine 'Die Dame for the cover of the magazine, to celebrate the independence of women. It is one of the best-known examples of Art Deco portrait painting."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Asphalt", "paragraph_text": "The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Impromptu (1991 film)", "paragraph_text": "Impromptu is a 1991 British-American period drama film directed by James Lapine, written by Sarah Kernochan, produced by Daniel A. Sherkow and Stuart Oken, and starring Hugh Grant as Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin and Judy Davis as George Sand. The film was shot entirely on location in France as a British production by an American company. The main location used was at the Chateau des Briotti\u00e8res outside of Angers, in the Loire Valley."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soir\u00e9e at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Henryk Opie\u0144ski", "paragraph_text": "Henryk Opie\u0144ski (13 January 187021 January 1942) was a Polish composer, violinist, teacher, administrator and musicologist. His writings on, and collected letters by, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin, were considered of paramount importance in Chopin studies of the time."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them."}], "question": "How old was Ribal when he left the city where the painter of Portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin and George Sand died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__663924_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti", "paragraph_text": "Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti (December 14, 1853 \u2013 November 25, 1922) was an Italian physicist and inventor born in Lapedona, Italy, where his father, Icilio Calzecchi, a medical doctor from nearby Monterubbiano, was temporarily working at the time. His mother, Angela, was the last descendant of the ancient and noble Onesti family. His first name is the Italian version of the Athenian general Themistocles."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marie Line", "paragraph_text": "Marie Line, also known as Marie Line Marolany or Maro Lany, is a French singer who took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 for France."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mary of York", "paragraph_text": "Mary of York (11 August 1467 \u2013 23 May 1482) was the second daughter of Edward IV of England and his queen consort Elizabeth Woodville."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Joy Luck Club (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham", "paragraph_text": "Born in France, he was marquis de Blanquefort and sixth son of Guy Aldonce (1605\u20131665), Marquis of Duras and Count of Rozan, from the noble Durfort family. His mother was Elizabeth de la Tour d'Auvergne, sister of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Angelina Jolie", "paragraph_text": "After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who had abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. Her mother raised her Catholic, but did not require her to go to church. As a child, she often watched films with her mother and it was this, rather than her father's successful career, that inspired her interest in acting, though at age five she had a bit part in Voight's Lookin' to Get Out (1982). When Jolie was six years old, Bertrand and her live-in partner, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. Jolie then decided she wanted to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Constance Marie", "paragraph_text": "Constance Marie Lopez (born September 9, 1965) known professionally as Constance Marie, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on George Lopez (2002 -- 2007) and her role as Marcela Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 film Selena. She portrayed Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family / Freeform drama Switched at Birth (2011 -- 2017)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Edward Hall", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hall or Halle (1497\u20131547) was an English lawyer, historian, and member of parliament, best known for his \"The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke\", commonly known as \"Hall's Chronicle\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Joey Tribbiani", "paragraph_text": "Joey was presumably born in 1968 as he talks about being 13 in 1981. He comes from an Italian American family of eight children. His father Joseph Tribbiani, Sr. (Robert Costanzo), is a pipefitter and his mother's name is Gloria (Brenda Vaccaro). Joey has seven sisters: Mary Therese (Mimi Lieber) aka Mary Teresa Christina Ricci, Mary Angela (Holly Gagnier), Dina (Marla Sokoloff), Gina (Drea de Matteo), Tina (Lisa Maris), Veronica (Dena Miceli), and Cookie (Alex Meneses). Joey is from Queens, New York. As a child, he was extremely accident prone. He also had an imaginary friend, Maurice, who was a space cowboy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fujiwara no Otomuro", "paragraph_text": "Fujiwara no Otomuro was a daughter of a noble called Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu; her mother was the granddaughter of general Fujiwara no Umakai, who died in 737."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mansfield, New York", "paragraph_text": "Mansfield is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 808 at the 2010 census. The name was thought to be that of a noble family in England."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (\u5efa\u5eb7), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jagasits", "paragraph_text": "Jagasits \"(Jagasich, Jagasics)\" was a Hungarian noble family from Zala County, with parts of it in Vas and Esztergom Counties as well. The letters patent of nobility was issued to J\u00e1nos Jagasich and his children (Ferenc, \u00c1d\u00e1m, L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Gy\u00f6rgy, Katalin, M\u00e1ria-\u00c9va, Julianna) on 28 July 1715 from King Charles III (ruled 1711\u20131740) and publicly announced in Sopron on 1 October 1715."}], "question": "What was the House of the noble family of Mary of York's mother part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__107702_439648_29146", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Portrait of an Army Doctor", "paragraph_text": "Portrait of an Army Doctor (in French Portrait d'un m\u00e9decin militaire) is a 1914-15 painting by the French artist, theorist and writer Albert Gleizes. Painted at the fortress city of Toul (Lorraine) while Gleizes served in the military during the First World War, the paintings abstract circular rhythms and intersecting aslant planes announce the beginning of the second synthetic phase of Cubism. The work represents Gleizes's commanding officer, Major Mayer-Simon Lambert (1870-1943), the regimental surgeon in charge of the military hospital at Toul. At least eight preparatory sketches, gouaches and watercolors of the work have survived, though \"Portrait of an Army Doctor\" is one of the only major oil paintings of the period."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Biltmore Estate", "paragraph_text": "The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963, and remains a major tourist attraction in Western North Carolina with over 1 million visitors each year."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Devil Goblins from Neptune", "paragraph_text": "The Devil Goblins from Neptune is a BBC Books original novel written by Martin Day and Keith Topping (developed from an original idea by Day, Topping and Paul Cornell) and based on the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". It was the first novel published in the Past Doctor Adventures range and features the Third Doctor, UNIT, The Brigadier, and Liz."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "There were 72.1 million visitors to the city's museums and monuments in 2013. The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013. The Louvre museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013, making it the most visited museum in the world. The other top cultural attractions in Paris in 2013 were the Basilique du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur (10.5 million visitors); the Eiffel Tower (6,740,000 visitors); the Centre Pompidou (3,745,000 visitors) and Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (3,467,000 visitors). In the Paris region, Disneyland Paris, in Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, 32 km (20 miles) east of the centre of Paris, was the most visited tourist attraction in France, with 14.9 million visitors in 2013."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Krimulda Castle", "paragraph_text": "The Krimulda Castle () is located just outside Sigulda, Sigulda municipality, Latvia and is a tourist attraction. The castle dates from the 14th century and was destroyed in a war in 1601."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Original Starbucks", "paragraph_text": "The Pike Place Starbucks store, commonly called the Original Starbucks, is the first Starbucks store, established in 1971 at Pike Place Market in downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. The store has kept its early appearance over time and is subject to design guidelines due to its historic significance. The store is considered a tourist attraction and often hosts a crowd."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state, including the historic Biltmore Estate. The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013. The City of Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top places to visit and live in the United States, known for its rich art deco architecture, mountain scenery and outdoor activities, and liberal and happy residents."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Navy Pier", "paragraph_text": "Navy Pier is a 3,300 - foot - long (1,010 m) pier on the Chicago shoreline of Lake Michigan. It is located in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area. The Navy Pier currently encompasses more than fifty acres of parks, gardens, shops, restaurants, family attractions and exhibition facilities and is the top leisure destination in the Midwestern United States (``Midwest ''), drawing nearly nine million visitors annually. It is one of the most visited attractions in the entire Midwest and is Chicago's number one tourist attraction."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alps", "paragraph_text": "In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians had abbeys in the Savoy and one in the center of Interlaken, Switzerland. The Great St Bernard Hospice, built in the 9th or 10th centuries, at the summit of the Great Saint Bernard Pass was shelter for travelers and place for pilgrims since its inception; by the 19th century it became a tourist attraction with notable visitors such as author Charles Dickens and mountaineer Edward Whymper."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "B\u00ecnh Qu\u1edbi Tourist Village", "paragraph_text": "The Binh Quoi Tourist Village (L\u00e0ng Du L\u1ecbch B\u00ecnh Qu\u1edbi in Vietnamese) is a tourist attraction in the B\u00ecnh Th\u1ea1nh District of Ho Chi Minh City, in southern Vietnam."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kalabo District", "paragraph_text": "Kalabo District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province. The capital lies at Kalabo. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 114,806 people. The district has 3 Secondary Schools namely Kalabo Secondary School, Nalionwa Day School and Lukona Secondary School, of which Kalabo Secondary School is the main school established in 1966. The district has attractive places that attract tourists, places like the liuwa national Park, and Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital.The main Hospital in the district is Kalabo District Hospital seconded by Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, Yuka is sometimes refred to as UK."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece attracts more than 16 million tourists each year, thus contributing 18.2% to the nation's GDP in 2008 according to an OECD report. The same survey showed that the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was $1,073, ranking Greece 10th in the world. The number of jobs directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector were 840,000 in 2008 and represented 19% of the country's total labor force. In 2009, Greece welcomed over 19.3 million tourists, a major increase from the 17.7 million tourists the country welcomed in 2008."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jordan", "paragraph_text": "According to the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Jordan is home to around 100,000 archaeological and tourist sites. Some very well preserved historical cities include Petra and Jerash, the former being Jordan's most popular tourist attraction and an icon of the kingdom. Jordan is part of the Holy Land and has several biblical attractions that attract pilgrimage activities. Biblical sites include: Al - Maghtas -- a traditional location for the Baptism of Jesus, Mount Nebo, Umm ar - Rasas, Madaba and Machaerus. Islamic sites include shrines of the prophet Muhammad's companions such as' Abd Allah ibn Rawahah, Zayd ibn Harithah and Muadh ibn Jabal. Ajlun Castle built by Muslim Ayyubid leader Saladin in the 12th century AD during his wars with the Crusaders, is also a popular tourist attraction."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Tourism, especially religious tourism, is an important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological, other historical and biblical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound. In 2013, a record of 3.54 million tourists visited Israel with the most popular site of attraction being the Western Wall with 68% of tourists visiting there. Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Napier, New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Napier is a popular tourist city, with a unique concentration of 1930s Art Deco architecture, built after much of the city was razed in the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake. It also has one of the most photographed tourist attractions in the country, a statue on Marine Parade called Pania of the Reef. Thousands of people flock to Napier every February for the Tremains Art Deco Weekend event, a celebration of its Art Deco heritage and history. Other notable tourist events attracting many outsiders to the region annually include F.A.W.C! Food and Wine Classic events, and the Mission Estate Concert at Mission Estate and Winery in the suburb of Taradale."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Trollstigen", "paragraph_text": "It is part of Norwegian County Road 63 that connects the town of \u00c5ndalsnes in Rauma and the village of Valldal in Norddal Municipality. It is a popular tourist attraction due to its steep incline of 10% and eleven hairpin bends up a steep mountainside. During the top tourist season, about 2,500 vehicles pass daily. During the 2012 season, 161,421 vehicles traversed the route, compared to 155,230 vehicles during 2009."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of works by Albert Gleizes", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of works by the French artist, theoretician, philosopher Albert Gleizes; one of the founders of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Autorail", "paragraph_text": "One of the more sophisticated Autorails built was the Panoramique from Renault. The raised centre section was attractive to tourists in scenic areas."}], "question": "What is the top tourist attraction in the city where the creator of Portrait of an Army Doctor was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__108143_145548_29022", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Christian Wahl", "paragraph_text": "Christian Wahl is a public artwork by Italian artist Gaetano Trentanove located in Wahl Park, which is in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The bronze bust of Milwaukee businessman Christian Wahl was created in 1903, and is set atop a red granite pedestal. Altogether it measures 8 feet in height."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Henryk Opie\u0144ski", "paragraph_text": "Henryk Opie\u0144ski (13 January 187021 January 1942) was a Polish composer, violinist, teacher, administrator and musicologist. His writings on, and collected letters by, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin, were considered of paramount importance in Chopin studies of the time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Autoportrait (Tamara in a Green Bugatti)", "paragraph_text": "Autoportrait (Tamara in a Green Bugatti) is a self-portrait by the Polish artist Tamara de Lempicka, which she painted in Paris in 1929. It was commissioned by the German fashion magazine 'Die Dame for the cover of the magazine, to celebrate the independence of women. It is one of the best-known examples of Art Deco portrait painting."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (/\u02c8\u0283o\u028ap\u00e6n/; French pronunciation: \u200b[f\u0281e.de.\u0281ik f\u0281\u0251\u0303.swa \u0283\u0254.p\u025b\u0303]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 \u2013 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jean-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Poisson", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Poisson (born 22 January 1963 in Belfort) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Yvelines department, and is a member of the Christian Democratic Party."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzyma\u0142a to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Portrait of Do\u00f1a Isabel de Porcel", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Do\u00f1a Isabel de Porcel is an oil-on-canvas painting by Spanish painter Francisco Goya around 1805. The portrait depicts Isabel Lobo Velasco de Porcel, who was born at Ronda around 1780 and was the second wife of Antonio Porcel. Isabel's husband was 25 years older than she; they met when she was 20 years old. Antonio Porcel was a liberal and associate of Manuel Godoy, Prince of Peace, who was a friend of Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, who in turn brought him in contact with Goya, who lived nearby; the painting is said to have been a gift from the artist in return for hospitality. A Goya portrait of Antonio Porcel, though much larger and so not a matching piece, was lost in a fire when the Jockey Club in Buenos Aires was destroyed in a riot in 1953."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hortense Allart", "paragraph_text": "Hortense Allart de M\u00e9ritens (; pseudonym Prudence de Saman L'Esbatx; September 7, 1801 \u2013 28 February 1879) was an Italian-French feminist writer and essayist. Her novels, based on her adventures, did not have much success, except for \"Les enchantements de Prudence, Avec George Sand\" (\"The Enchantment of Prudence, with George Sand\") (1873), which had a \"succ\u00e8s de scandale\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin and George Sand", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin and George Sand was an 1838 unfinished oil-on-canvas painting by French artist Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix. Originally a double portrait, it was later cut in two and sold off as separate pieces. It showed composer Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin (1810\u201349) playing piano while writer George Sand (1804\u201376) sits to his right, listening and sewing (a favorite activity of hers). The sitters were lovers at the time, and both were close friends of the artist."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dances at a Gathering", "paragraph_text": "Dances at a Gathering is a ballet made by New York City Ballet ballet master Jerome Robbins to the music of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the \"Mountain of Martyrs\" (Mons Martyrum), eventually \"Montmartre\". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Two Open Rectangles, Excentric, Variation VI", "paragraph_text": "Two Open Rectangles, Excentric, Variation VI, is a public artwork by American artist George Rickey, located on the Middlebury College campus, outside of the Christian A. Johnson Memorial Building, in Middlebury, Vermont, United States. This kinetic sculpture of stainless steel consists of two rotating open rectangles attached with bearings on a u-shaped mount on an upright arm in a steel base. It measures approximately 12 feet high by 3 feet wide."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Impromptu (1991 film)", "paragraph_text": "Impromptu is a 1991 British-American period drama film directed by James Lapine, written by Sarah Kernochan, produced by Daniel A. Sherkow and Stuart Oken, and starring Hugh Grant as Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin and Judy Davis as George Sand. The film was shot entirely on location in France as a British production by an American company. The main location used was at the Chateau des Briotti\u00e8res outside of Angers, in the Loire Valley."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix", "paragraph_text": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix was born on 26 April 1798 at Charenton-Saint-Maurice in \u00cele-de-France, near Paris. His mother was named Victoire Oeben, the daughter of the cabinet-maker Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Oeben."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39."}], "question": "Who brought Christianity to the city where the creator of Portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin and George Sand died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__306874_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lord Borthwick", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Nisbet relates that \"the first of this ancient and noble family came from Hungary to Scotland, in the retinue of Queen Margaret, in the reign of Malcolm Canmore, \"anno Domini\" 1057. A Thomas de Borthwick is mentioned in a charter of Sir Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood, in the reign of King Alexander II.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Todd Corporation", "paragraph_text": "The Todd Corporation Ltd is a New Zealand company owned and controlled by the Todd family and based in Wellington. \"Forbes\" magazine estimated it to be worth at least $1 billion in 2001. Sir John Todd was chairman from 1987 until he retired in 2011. He succeeded his uncle Sir Bryan Todd when Sir Bryan died."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, 7th Baron Ferrers of Groby, (145520 September 1501) was an English nobleman, courtier and the eldest son of Elizabeth Woodville and her first husband Sir John Grey of Groby. Her second marriage to King Edward IV made her Queen of England, thus elevating Grey's status at court and in the realm as the stepson of the King. Through his mother's assiduous endeavours, he made two materially advantageous marriages to wealthy heiresses, the King's niece Anne Holland and Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington. By the latter he had 14 children."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (\u5efa\u5eb7), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arizona Robbins", "paragraph_text": "Arizona Robbins Grey's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins First appearance ``Wish You Were Here ''(5.11) January 8, 2009 (as recurring cast)`` Good Mourning'' (6.01) September 24, 2009 (as series regular) Last appearance ``All of Me ''(14.24) May 17, 2018 (as main cast) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Jessica Capshaw Information Occupation Attending pediatric surgeon and fetal surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Attending Pediatric Surgeon Chief of Fetal Surgery Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Chief of Pediatric Surgery (former) M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Daniel Robbins (father) Barbera Robbins (mother) Timothy Robbins (brother, deceased) Spouse (s) Callie Torres (ex-wife, dating again) Significant other (s) Lauren Boswell Leah Murphy Eliza Minnick Carina DeLuca Children Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to La Rochelle. Shortly afterwards, Philip won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy. A peace agreement was signed in which John returned Anjou to Philip and paid the French king compensation; the truce was intended to last for six years. John arrived back in England in October."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tess of the d'Urbervilles", "paragraph_text": "The novel is set in impoverished rural England, Thomas Hardy's fictional Wessex, during the Long Depression of the 1870s. Tess is the oldest child of John and Joan Durbeyfield, uneducated peasants. However, John is given the impression by Parson Tringham that he may have noble blood, as ``Durbeyfield ''is a corruption of`` D'Urberville'', the surname of an extinct noble Norman family. Knowledge of this immediately goes to John's head."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Matthew Brend", "paragraph_text": "Sir Matthew Brend (6 February 1600 \u2013 1659) inherited from his father, Nicholas Brend, the land on which the first and second Globe Theatres were built, and which Nicholas Brend had leased on 21 February 1599 for a 31-year term to Cuthbert Burbage, Richard Burbage, William Shakespeare, Augustine Phillips, Thomas Pope, John Heminges, and William Kempe. During much of the time he was the legal owner of the Globe, Matthew Brend was underage, and his properties were managed for him by Sir Matthew Browne, John Collet, Sir John Bodley, and Sir Sigismund Zinzan. In 1623 Brend conveyed the property on which the Globe was built to his wife, Frances, as part of her jointure. In 1632 he was sued in the Court of Requests by the remaining original lessee, Cuthbert Burbage, and others, for an extension of their original lease."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lot 35, Prince Edward Island", "paragraph_text": "Lot 35 is a township in Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Bedford Parish. Lot 35 was awarded to Sir Alexander Maitland, 1st Baronet in the 1767 land lottery. It was sold in 1792 to John MacDonald of Glenaladale."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Arizona Robbins", "paragraph_text": "Arizona Robbins Grey's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins First appearance ``Wish You Were Here ''(5.11) January 8, 2009 (as recurring cast)`` Good Mourning'' (6.01) September 24, 2009 (as series regular) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Jessica Capshaw Information Occupation Attending pediatric surgeon and fetal surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Attending Pediatric Surgeon Chief of Fetal Surgery Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Chief of Pediatric Surgery (former) M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Daniel Robbins (father) Barbera Robbins (mother) Timothy Robbins (brother, deceased) Spouse (s) Callie Torres (divorced) Significant other (s) Lauren Boswell Leah Murphy Eliza Minnick Carina DeLuca Children Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Longstock Park", "paragraph_text": "Longstock Park is in the civil parish of Longstock in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England, and forms part of the Leckford Estate (1520 ha.), wholly owned by the John Lewis Partnership. Formerly Longstock Manor, of medieval origins, the park was purchased by Sir Joshua East in 1849. On his death, the park passed to his sons Alfred and Arthur. In 1914, the park became the home of the Beddington family until 1945, when it was sold to John Spedan Lewis, founder of the John Lewis Partnership. Lewis lived at Longstock House throughout his retirement until his death in 1963, after which the house became a retreat for the company's executives. The park is today home to a retail horticultural emporium, the Longstock Park Nursery, and also accommodates an arboretum and water gardens."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Raglan Squire", "paragraph_text": "Raglan Squire, the eldest son of the poet and critic J C (later Sir John) Squire, was born in London and educated at Blundell's School in Tiverton and at St John's College, Cambridge to read Architecture. Upon graduation Rag spent a year working on building sites, followed by four years working in architects' offices and studying part-time for his RIBA exams at the Regent Street Polytechnic's evening classes in the early 1930s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Enrico Berlinguer", "paragraph_text": "The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari on 15 May 1922 to a noble Sardinian family in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bradgate House (16th century)", "paragraph_text": "Edward Grey's son Sir John Grey of Groby married Elizabeth Woodville, who, after John's death married King Edward IV. Their son Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset made preparations for building the first Bradgate House in the late 15th century but died before work began. It was his son, Thomas Grey, 2nd marquis of Dorset who built the first Bradgate House, completing it circa 1520. This is one of the first unfortified great houses in England and one of the earliest post-Roman use of bricks. It was lived in by the Grey family for the next 220 years. It is believed that the house was the birthplace of Lady Jane Grey, later Queen, ruling for a mere 9 days before being overthrown by Mary I. Jane was executed in 1553 and when her father was executed the following year the estate passed to the crown. Local history claims that groundskeepers marked the occasion of Jane's execution by pollarding the estate's oak trees in a symbolic beheading. Examples of pollarded oaks can still be seen in the park. In 1563 the family regained favour, and the Groby manor, including Bradgate, was restored to Jane's Uncle, Lord John Grey of Pirgo. His great-grandson was made Earl of Stamford. Later earls acquired estates in Enville, Staffordshire, and Dunham Massey, Cheshire."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}], "question": "What other House is the noble family that included the spouse of Sir John Grey of Groby, a part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__633003_139171_849556", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "House of York", "paragraph_text": "The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's senior line, being cognatic descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Sound of Music (film)", "paragraph_text": "Later that night at the festival, during their final number, the von Trapp family slip away and seek shelter at the nearby abbey, where Mother Abbess hides them in the cemetery crypt. Brownshirts soon arrive and search the abbey, but the family is able to escape using the caretaker's car. When the soldiers attempt to pursue, they discover their cars will not start as two nuns have removed parts of the engines. The next morning, after driving to the Swiss border, the von Trapp family make their way on foot across the frontier into Switzerland to safety and freedom."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti", "paragraph_text": "Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti (December 14, 1853 \u2013 November 25, 1922) was an Italian physicist and inventor born in Lapedona, Italy, where his father, Icilio Calzecchi, a medical doctor from nearby Monterubbiano, was temporarily working at the time. His mother, Angela, was the last descendant of the ancient and noble Onesti family. His first name is the Italian version of the Athenian general Themistocles."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hanxleden", "paragraph_text": "The House of Hanxleden is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (\"Amtm\u00e4nner\") of Fredeburg."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Edward Hall", "paragraph_text": "Edward Hall or Halle (1497\u20131547) was an English lawyer, historian, and member of parliament, best known for his \"The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke\", commonly known as \"Hall's Chronicle\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jagasits", "paragraph_text": "Jagasits \"(Jagasich, Jagasics)\" was a Hungarian noble family from Zala County, with parts of it in Vas and Esztergom Counties as well. The letters patent of nobility was issued to J\u00e1nos Jagasich and his children (Ferenc, \u00c1d\u00e1m, L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Gy\u00f6rgy, Katalin, M\u00e1ria-\u00c9va, Julianna) on 28 July 1715 from King Charles III (ruled 1711\u20131740) and publicly announced in Sopron on 1 October 1715."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fujiwara no Otomuro", "paragraph_text": "Fujiwara no Otomuro was a daughter of a noble called Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu; her mother was the granddaughter of general Fujiwara no Umakai, who died in 737."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Claus von Stauffenberg", "paragraph_text": "Stauffenberg's full name was Claus Philipp Maria Justinian, followed by the noble title of \"Count of Stauffenberg\". He was born in the Stauffenberg castle of Jettingen between Ulm and Augsburg, in the eastern part of Swabia, at that time in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was the third of four sons including the twins Berthold and Alexander and his own twin brother Konrad Maria, who died in Jettingen one day after birth on 16 November 1907. His father was Alfred Klemens Philipp Friedrich Justinian, the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. His mother was Caroline Schenk Gr\u00e4fin von Stauffenberg, n\u00e9e Gr\u00e4fin von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband, the daughter of Alfred Richard August Graf von \u00dcxk\u00fcll-Gyllenband and Valerie Gr\u00e4fin von Hohenthal.The titles \"Graf\" and \"Gr\u00e4fin\" mean count and countess, respectively. Schenk (i.e., cupbearer/butler) was an additional hereditary noble title. The ancestral castle of the nobility was the last part of the title, which was Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and used as part of the name. The Stauffenberg family is one of the oldest and most distinguished aristocratic Catholic families of southern Germany. Among his maternal Protestant ancestors were several famous Prussians, including Field Marshal August von Gneisenau.On 11 November 1919, a new constitutional law, as part of the Weimar Republic, abolished the privileges of nobility. Article 109 also stated, \"Legal privileges or disadvantages based on birth or social standing are to be abolished. Noble titles form part of the name only; noble titles may not be granted any more.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elizabeth Woodville", "paragraph_text": "Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (n\u00e9e Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mary Corleone", "paragraph_text": "Mary Corleone Sofia Coppola portraying Mary Corleone First appearance The Godfather Part II Last appearance The Godfather Part III Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Sofia Coppola Information Gender Female Family Corleone family Relatives Michael Corleone (father) Kay Adams - Corleone (mother) Vito Corleone (paternal grandfather; deceased) Anthony Corleone (brother) Sonny Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Fredo Corleone (paternal uncle; deceased) Vincent Mancini - Corleone (paternal cousin and lover) Connie Corleone (paternal aunt) Carmela Corleone (paternal grandmother; deceased) Carlo Rizzi (uncle; deceased)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mansfield, New York", "paragraph_text": "Mansfield is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 808 at the 2010 census. The name was thought to be that of a noble family in England."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bridget of York", "paragraph_text": "Bridget of York (10 November 1480 \u2013 1517) was an English princess, the tenth child and seventh daughter of Edward IV of England and Queen Elizabeth Woodville."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Enrico Berlinguer", "paragraph_text": "The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari on 15 May 1922 to a noble Sardinian family in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dharma & Greg", "paragraph_text": "Susan Sullivan as Katherine ``Kitty ''Montgomery, Greg's extravagant mother. In the beginning of the first season Kitty was generally represented as a manipulative, controlling woman who only had higher aspirations for her son. As an elite socialite, Kitty was initially quite displeased to have Dharma and her parents join the family, but over the course of the series, Kitty broadens her limited country club world to become part of a larger family, becoming a major part of Dharma's life, while remaining lovingly manipulative. Despite their vast differences, she recognizes Dharma's place in their family's life, once telling her`` We both know you're not the girl I would have picked for Greg. What matters is that you are the girl that Greg did pick.''"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Angelina Jolie", "paragraph_text": "After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who had abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. Her mother raised her Catholic, but did not require her to go to church. As a child, she often watched films with her mother and it was this, rather than her father's successful career, that inspired her interest in acting, though at age five she had a bit part in Voight's Lookin' to Get Out (1982). When Jolie was six years old, Bertrand and her live-in partner, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. Jolie then decided she wanted to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nobleboro, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Nobleboro, founded in 1788, is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,643 at the 2010 census. Nobleboro is named for Arthur Noble's son Arthur II and part of the town was part of the Drowne claim by Shem Drowne in the 1730s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Joy Luck Club (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mary Kennedy Carter", "paragraph_text": "Mary Kennedy Carter, (January 13, 1934 \u2013 December 14, 2010) was a social studies teacher and civil rights activist in Ohio, United States. She took part in creating the award-winning curriculum \"New York and Slavery: Complicity and Resistance\". She was the wife of Donald W. Carter and mother of Keith B. Carter."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Andrija Palta\u0161i\u0107 (; Kotor 1440 \u2013 Venice 1500) was a Venetian printer and publisher who was active from 1476 to 1492. He was born in Kotor and was part of the Palta\u0161i\u0107 noble family. He moved to Venice in the 1470s where he became one of the first printers. He died in Venice in ca. 1500. Palta\u0161i\u0107 is the first known South Slavic and Serbian printer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (\u5efa\u5eb7), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part."}], "question": "What other noble house is the family of Bridget of York's mother part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__107541_145548_29022", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Whom Shall I Fear (God of Angel Armies)", "paragraph_text": "\"Whom Shall I Fear [God of Angel Armies]\" is a song by Christian contemporary Christian-modern worship musician Chris Tomlin from his seventh studio album, \"Burning Lights\". It was released in the United States on November 9, 2012, as the first single from the album."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bucu", "paragraph_text": "Bucu or Buku is a hill island surrounded by the Trave and Wakenitz Rivers in L\u00fcbeck, Germany. It is also the name of a medieval Slavic castle, now ruined, on the island. Count Adolf II of Holstein founded L\u00fcbeck on the island in 1143. The \"Burgkloster\", or fortified monastery, of L\u00fcbeck is located atop the ruins of Bucu. \"Bucu\" is also the name of a hill."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it is a typical example of the attitudes of Edward. He appointed Robert of Jumi\u00e8ges archbishop of Canterbury and made Ralph the Timid earl of Hereford. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II, Count of Boulogne to his court in 1051, an event which resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between Saxon and Norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi", "paragraph_text": "Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi () is an 1826 oil painting by French painter Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and now preserved at the Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux. This painting was inspired by the Third Siege of Missolonghi by the Ottoman forces in 1826, during which many people of the city after the long-time siege (almost a year) decided to attempt a mass breakout (\"sortie\") to escape famine and epidemics. The attempt resulted in a disaster, with the larger part of the Greeks slain."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the \"Mountain of Martyrs\" (Mons Martyrum), eventually \"Montmartre\". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Die M\u00e4nner der Emden", "paragraph_text": "Die M\u00e4nner der Emden is a 2012 German film directed and co-written by Berengar Pfahl that is an account of members of the crew of SMS \"Emden\" making their way back to Germany after the Battle of Cocos. The film was shot in Greece, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Malta and Germany and appeared as both a miniseries and a feature film."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Diego Sarmiento de Acu\u00f1a, 1st Count of Gondomar", "paragraph_text": "The popular notion in England of his day painted him as privy to the inner thoughts of James I and VI, a fiendish schemer for Popery for whom \"Machiavellian\" was brought into common English usage and the head of a \"Spanish\" faction at the English court."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi\u2014put under siege by the Turks since April 1825\u2014fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy \u2014 are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Greece, Macedonia \u2014 are generally Greek Orthodox."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Slums of Berlin", "paragraph_text": "Slums of Berlin (German: Die Verrufenen) is a 1925 German silent drama film directed by Gerhard Lamprecht and starring Aud Egede-Nissen, Bernhard Goetzke and Mady Christians."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom he called \"Palestinian Syrians\", and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians. While Jewish monotheism was not deeply affected by Greek Polytheism, the Greek way of living was attractive for many wealthier Jews. The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE. The Stobi Synagogue in Macedonia, was built on the ruins of a more ancient synagogue in the 4th century, while later in the 5th century, the synagogue was transformed into Christian basilica."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sant Sebasti\u00e0 del Sull", "paragraph_text": "Sant Sebasti\u00e0 del Sull is a ruined Benedictine monastery in Saldes, Bergued\u00e0 comarca, Catalonia, Spain. Originally constructed in the 9th century in Romanesque style, the building was renovated several times. After it collapsed, it was rebuilt in the 15th century. Now in ruins, Dr. Manuel Riu Riu, made several excavations between 1971\u201377, which served to expose unique building architecture and important Catalan Romanesque necropolis."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix", "paragraph_text": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix was born on 26 April 1798 at Charenton-Saint-Maurice in \u00cele-de-France, near Paris. His mother was named Victoire Oeben, the daughter of the cabinet-maker Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Oeben."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings, but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Castra of Bumbe\u0219ti-Jiu \u2013 Gar\u0103", "paragraph_text": "The castra of Bumbe\u0219ti-Jiu now known as Gar\u0103 was a fort in the Roman province of Dacia in the 2nd and 3rd\u00a0centuries AD. A contemporary settlement was also unearthed at the fort. The ruins of the fort are located in Bumbe\u0219ti-Jiu (Romania). In the same town, the ruins of an other Roman fort were also unearthed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ruin Tan Arash Hospital, Tehran", "paragraph_text": "Ruin Tan Aresh Hospital, Tehran is a General Women's Hospital located in Tehranpars, an eastern suburb of Tehran in Iran."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives\u2019 deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to \"hide\" 2.8 billion Euros of debt, however, this affected deficit values after 2001 (when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone) and is not related to Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hendrik Frans de Cort", "paragraph_text": "Hendrik de Cort or Hendrik Frans de Cort (1742 in Antwerp \u2013 28 June 1810 in London) was a Flemish landscape painter and draughtsman. His international career brought him to Antwerp, Paris, England and Wales. He is mainly remembered for his topographical paintings and drawings of English castles, country houses, parks and ruins."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Religion in Cambodia", "paragraph_text": "The first known Christian mission in Cambodia was undertaken by Gaspar da Cruz, a Portuguese member of the Dominican Order, in 1555-1556. According to his own account, the enterprise was a complete failure; he found the country run by a \"Bramene\" king and \"Bramene\" officials, and discovered that \"the Bramenes are the most difficult people to convert\". He felt that no one would dare to convert without the King's permission, and left the country in disappointment, not having \"baptized more than one gentile whom I left in the grave\".Despite the French colonization in the 19th century, Christianity made little impact in the country. In 1972 there were probably about 20,000 Christians in Cambodia, most of whom were Roman Catholics. Before the repatriation of the Vietnamese in 1970 and 1971, possibly as many as 62,000 Christians lived in Cambodia. According to Vatican statistics, in 1953, members of the Roman Catholic Church in Cambodia numbered 120,000, making it at the time, the second largest religion; estimates indicate that about 50,000 Catholics were Vietnamese. Many of the Catholics remaining in Cambodia in 1972 were Europeans \u2013 chiefly French; and still, among Catholic Cambodians are whites and Eurasians of French descent. Steinberg reported, also in 1953, that an American Unitarian mission maintained a teacher-training school in Phnom Penh, and Baptist missions functioned in Battambang and Siem Reap provinces. A Christian and Missionary Alliance mission was founded in Cambodia in 1923; by 1962 the mission had converted about 2,000 people."}], "question": "Who brought Christianity to the city where the creator of Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__107541_145548_159832", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Old Main (Geneva College)", "paragraph_text": "Old Main is an academic building on the campus of Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States. The structure was also the first building constructed on the campus, after the college left its original location in Northwood, Ohio."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sant Sebasti\u00e0 del Sull", "paragraph_text": "Sant Sebasti\u00e0 del Sull is a ruined Benedictine monastery in Saldes, Bergued\u00e0 comarca, Catalonia, Spain. Originally constructed in the 9th century in Romanesque style, the building was renovated several times. After it collapsed, it was rebuilt in the 15th century. Now in ruins, Dr. Manuel Riu Riu, made several excavations between 1971\u201377, which served to expose unique building architecture and important Catalan Romanesque necropolis."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "La La Land", "paragraph_text": "Chazelle scouted for ``old L.A. ''locations that were in ruins, or were perhaps razed. One such example was the use of the Angels Flight trolley, built in 1901. The funicular had been closed in 2013 after a derailment. Attempts were made to repair and re-open the railway, but to no avail. However, the production team was able to secure permission to use it for a day. Chazelle and his crew then arranged to have it run for shooting (it was re-opened to the public in 2017). Mia works at a coffee shop on the Warner Bros. studio lot; Chazelle considered studio lots to be`` monuments'' of Hollywood. Production designer Wasco created numerous fake old film posters. Chazelle occasionally created names for them, deciding to use the title of his first feature, Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench (2009) for one poster, which reimagines it as a 1930s musical."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom he called \"Palestinian Syrians\", and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians. While Jewish monotheism was not deeply affected by Greek Polytheism, the Greek way of living was attractive for many wealthier Jews. The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE. The Stobi Synagogue in Macedonia, was built on the ruins of a more ancient synagogue in the 4th century, while later in the 5th century, the synagogue was transformed into Christian basilica."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives\u2019 deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to \"hide\" 2.8 billion Euros of debt, however, this affected deficit values after 2001 (when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone) and is not related to Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Palaio Loutro", "paragraph_text": "Palaio Loutro (Greek: \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc) is a small mountain village in Messenia, Peloponnese, Southern Greece. It is located a few kilometres from Chora, the site of Nestor's Palace, and the seaside port of Pylos. Palaio Loutro means \"old bath\" in reference to the river that runs between the village and a mountain the locals refer to as \"o koufieros\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Docks of Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Docks of Hamburg or The Carmen of St. Pauli (German: Die Carmen von St. Pauli) is a 1928 German silent drama film directed by Erich Waschneck and starring Jenny Jugo, Willy Fritsch and Fritz Rasp. It was made by UFA at their Babelsberg Studio with location shooting in Hamburg. Art direction was by Alfred Junge. The film was released in the United States in 1930."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Die M\u00e4nner der Emden", "paragraph_text": "Die M\u00e4nner der Emden is a 2012 German film directed and co-written by Berengar Pfahl that is an account of members of the crew of SMS \"Emden\" making their way back to Germany after the Battle of Cocos. The film was shot in Greece, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Malta and Germany and appeared as both a miniseries and a feature film."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ribal al-Assad", "paragraph_text": "Ribal al-Assad was born in Damascus, the 13th of 16 siblings. He is the son of Rifaat al-Assad and his third wife Line Al-Khayer, sister in law of the late Saudi king Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, and is thus a member of the al-Assad family. His father, Rifaat al-Assad, a younger brother of the late President Hafez Al-Assad, was a powerful security chief and commander of the Defense Companies, who was responsible for the 1982 Hama massacre. After attempting a coup d'\u00e9tat, he and his family went into exile in France, then the UK. Ribal, at the age of 9, and his family then moved to Paris, where he continued to live until the age of 16. At the age of 16, Ribal al-Assad began High School in New York and Houston, before attending university in Boston."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi", "paragraph_text": "Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi () is an 1826 oil painting by French painter Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and now preserved at the Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux. This painting was inspired by the Third Siege of Missolonghi by the Ottoman forces in 1826, during which many people of the city after the long-time siege (almost a year) decided to attempt a mass breakout (\"sortie\") to escape famine and epidemics. The attempt resulted in a disaster, with the larger part of the Greeks slain."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Andronikov Monastery", "paragraph_text": "Andronikov Monastery of the Saviour (, or ) is a former monastery on the left bank of the Yauza River in Moscow, consecrated to the Holy Image of Saviour Not Made by Hands and containing the oldest extant (i.e. outside the Kremlin) building in Moscow. It is home to Andrei Rublev Museum of Old Russian Art, named after the most famous monk of this abbey."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Farsa, Greece", "paragraph_text": "Farsa () is a village on the island of Kefalonia, Greece, part of the municipal unit of Argostoli. It is situated on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Argostoli. Farsa is 2\u00a0km northwest of Davgata, 4\u00a0km northeast of Lixouri (across the gulf) and 6\u00a0km north of Argostoli. Records exist in the Venetian archives for this village since the early Venetian period (16th century). During World War II many Italian soldiers were posted there and it was one of the places that the Massacre of the Acqui Division took place. The 1953 Ionian earthquake damaged many buildings in the old village of Farsa but did not totally destroy it. The remains of the old village are visible today. Dr. Nicholas Zaferatos, an environmental studies professor in the Huxley College at Western Washington University has made a study with his students on the renovation of the old village. The entire population that time as well as other parts of the island were homeless and part of the population left Farsa."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bucu", "paragraph_text": "Bucu or Buku is a hill island surrounded by the Trave and Wakenitz Rivers in L\u00fcbeck, Germany. It is also the name of a medieval Slavic castle, now ruined, on the island. Count Adolf II of Holstein founded L\u00fcbeck on the island in 1143. The \"Burgkloster\", or fortified monastery, of L\u00fcbeck is located atop the ruins of Bucu. \"Bucu\" is also the name of a hill."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mavria", "paragraph_text": "Mavria () is a village in the municipal unit of Gortyna, Arcadia, Greece. It is located near the left bank of the river Alfeios, 1\u00a0km north of Kyparissia, 4\u00a0km southeast of Karytaina and 9\u00a0km northwest of Megalopoli. Mavria had a population of 31 in 2011. There is a lignite mine east of the village."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix", "paragraph_text": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix was born on 26 April 1798 at Charenton-Saint-Maurice in \u00cele-de-France, near Paris. His mother was named Victoire Oeben, the daughter of the cabinet-maker Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Oeben."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi\u2014put under siege by the Turks since April 1825\u2014fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Castra of Bumbe\u0219ti-Jiu \u2013 Gar\u0103", "paragraph_text": "The castra of Bumbe\u0219ti-Jiu now known as Gar\u0103 was a fort in the Roman province of Dacia in the 2nd and 3rd\u00a0centuries AD. A contemporary settlement was also unearthed at the fort. The ruins of the fort are located in Bumbe\u0219ti-Jiu (Romania). In the same town, the ruins of an other Roman fort were also unearthed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Monument of the Eponymous Heroes", "paragraph_text": "The Monument of the Eponymous Heroes, located in the Ancient Agora of Athens, Greece and adjacently situated near the Metroon (old Bouleuterion), was a marble podium that bore the bronze statues of the ten heroes representing the tribes of Athens. Being an important information center for the ancient Athenians, it was used as a monument where proposed legislation, decrees and announcements were posted."}], "question": "How old was Ribal when he left the location where who made The Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__282668_714218_484444", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Early Childhood Education Act", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1965 by Jule sugarman, Head start was one of the first programs initiated as a result of the Early Childhood Education Act. Its goal is to enhance the social and cognitive development of children offering services in the area of education, health, social and nutrition."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Botany", "paragraph_text": "The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunki\u00e6r whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements. Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle, Nikolai Vavilov (1887\u20131943) produced accounts of the biogeography, centres of origin, and evolutionary history of economic plants."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Heinrich Zollinger", "paragraph_text": "From 1837-1838 he studied botany at the University of Geneva under Augustin and Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle, but had to interrupt his studies due to financial problems."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Escuela Nacional de Cine", "paragraph_text": "The Escuela Nacional de Cine (ENC) (National Film School) is a private educational institution located in Venezuela Caracas Metropolitan District. Founded at the initiative of Bol\u00edvar Films as house specializing in cinema studies March 1, 2009."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Franklin Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Workers' Education Bureau of America", "paragraph_text": "Workers' Education Bureau of America (1921\u20131951) was an organization established to assist labor colleges and other worker training centers involved in the American labor movement. The Workers Education Bureau of America was an important development in labor education in the 1920s. Founded in 1921, it served as an informational clearinghouse for labor education organizing forums around the country and assisting local programs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nicolas Cop", "paragraph_text": "Nicolas Cop (born circa 1501 in Paris and died 1540), rector of the University of Paris in late 1533, from 10 October 1533, was a Swiss Protestant Reformer and friend of John Calvin. Nicolas Cop and his brother Michel Cop, sons of the king's physician, had become Calvin's friends during their shared time at the Coll\u00e8ge de Montaigu. (Cop and Calvin were both French and not Swiss.)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia", "paragraph_text": "\"1 Decembrie 1918\" University, Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into the national higher education system, which functions based on the Romanian Constitution, the Law of Education, the University Charter and its own regulations."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Augustin Pyramus de Candolle", "paragraph_text": "Augustin Pyramus de Candolle was born on 4 February 1778 in Geneva, Switzerland, to Augustin de Candolle, a former official, and his wife, Louise El\u00e9onore Bri\u00e8re. His family descended from one of the ancient families of Provence in France, but relocated to Geneva at the end of the 16th century to escape religious persecution."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charles Delagrave", "paragraph_text": "Born in Quebec City, Quebec, Delagrave was educated at the S\u00e9minaire de Qu\u00e9bec and the Universit\u00e9 Laval before becoming a notary in 1903."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Brothers of Christian Instruction", "paragraph_text": "The Brothers of Christian Instruction (, F.I.C.P.), commonly known as the La Mennais Brothers, is a Catholic educational organization founded in 1819 by Gabriel Deshayes and Jean-Marie de la Mennais for the instruction of youth. Their aim remains that of their Founder: \"to educate the young and to make Jesus Christ better known and better loved\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pierre Edmond Boissier", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Jacques Boissier (1784-1857) and Caroline Butini (1786-1836), daughter of Pierre Butini (1759-1838) a well-known physician and naturalist from Geneva. With his sister, Val\u00e9rie Boissier (1813-1894), he received a strict education with lessons delivered in Italian and Latin. Edmond's interest in natural history stemmed from holidays in the company of his mother and his grandfather, Pierre Butini at Valeyres-sous-Rances. His hikes in the Jura and the Alps laid the foundation of his zest for later exploration and adventure. He attended a course at the Academy of Geneva given by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "University of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "It was founded in 1559 by John Calvin as a theological seminary and law school. It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for Enlightenment scholarship. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. Today, the university is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 2009, the University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de M\u00e9rida", "paragraph_text": "Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de M\u00e9rida is a public institution of higher education located in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. It has two campuses."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "La Salle High School (Cincinnati, Ohio)", "paragraph_text": "La Salle High School is a Catholic, all-male, archdiocesan high school in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The school was opened September 6, 1960 and named in honor of Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, a French priest and educational reformer. The school was officially dedicated May 14, 1961. It was founded by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lasallian educational institutions", "paragraph_text": "The De La Salle Brothers, say that, with the assistance of more than 73,000 lay colleagues, they teach over 900,000 students as they provide Christian value education worldwide to 1,500 Lasallian educational institutions and is globally established in 82 countries."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Millicent Mackenzie", "paragraph_text": "Millicent Hughes Mackenzie (1863 in Bristol \u2013 10 December 1942 in Brockweir) was a British professor of education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, the first female professor in Wales and the first appointed to a fully chartered university in the United Kingdom. She wrote on the philosophy of education, founded the Cardiff Suffragette branch, became the only woman Parliamentary Candidate in Wales for 1918, and was a key initiator of Steiner-Waldorf education in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Porto Editora", "paragraph_text": "the leading educational publisher in Portugal in the areas of educational books, dictionaries and multimedia products, both off-line and on-line. Porto Editora was founded in 1944 in Porto by a group of teachers within different areas of education."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pierre de Coubertin", "paragraph_text": "Pierre de Coubertin (French: (pj\u025b\u0281 d\u0259 kub\u025b\u0281t\u025b\u0303); 1 January 1863 -- 2 September 1937, born Pierre de Fr\u00e9dy, also known as Baron de Coubertin) was a French educator and historian, and founder of the International Olympic Committee. He is considered the father of the modern Olympic Games. Born into a French aristocratic family, he became an academic and studied a broad range of topics, most notably education and history."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Teresa Gonz\u00e1lez de Fanning", "paragraph_text": "Teresa Gonz\u00e1lez de Fanning (Nepe\u00f1a District, Ancash Region, Peru, 12 August 1836 - Miraflores District, Lima, 7 April 1918) was a Peruvian writer and journalist notable for her activism in the education of women. She founded the Liceo Fanning (1881), a women's college, where she implemented her educational approaches. She was the widow of Juan Fanning, a Peruvian war hero who perished during the Battle of Miraflores in the War of the Pacific."}], "question": "Where was the founder of the alma mater of Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle educated?"}
{"id": "3hop1__90054_747134_26961", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Some Boots", "paragraph_text": "Some Boots is the fifth studio album by Karate, released by Southern Records on October 8, 2002. Following the release of the Cancel/Sing EP earlier in the year, the band began recording material featuring longer songs and jazz and more active post-rock influences. The title is taken from the second verse of the lyrics of \"Ice or Ground?\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that \"A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Pankow", "paragraph_text": "James Pankow Pankow in 2008 Background information Birth name James Carter Pankow (1947 - 08 - 20) August 20, 1947 (age 70) St. Louis, Missouri United States Genres Rock, adult contemporary, jazz Occupation (s) Musician, songwriter, arranger Instruments Trombone, keyboards, vocals, percussion Years active 1967 (1967) -- present Associated acts Chicago; Toto; Three Dog Night; Earth, Wind, & Fire; The Doobie Brothers; Bee Gees"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the petroleum industry in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On August 28, 1859, George Bissell and Edwin L. Drake made the first successful use of a drilling rig on a well drilled especially to produce oil, at a site on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania. The Drake partners were encouraged by Benjamin Silliman (1779 - 1864), a chemistry professor at Yale, who tested a sample of the oil, and assured them that it could be distilled into useful products such as illuminating oil."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)", "paragraph_text": "``Walk on the Wild Side ''is a song by Lou Reed from his second solo album, Transformer (1972). It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson, and released as a double A-side with`` Perfect Day''. The song received wide radio coverage, despite its touching on taboo topics such as transgender people, drugs, male prostitution, and oral sex. In the United States, RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex. In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked it at number 223 in its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "GSP Prometeu", "paragraph_text": "GSP Prometeu is a jackup independent leg cantilever drilling rig operated by GSP Drilling, a Grup Servicii Petroliere subsidiary, and currently contracted by Melrose Resources for drilling in the Bulgarian section of the Black Sea. The drilling unit is registered in Malta."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tami Roman", "paragraph_text": "Tami Roman Born Tamisha Akbar (1970 - 04 - 17) April 17, 1970 (age 47) Mount Vernon, New York, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Television personality model actress Years active 1992 -- present Known for Basketball Wives (2010 -- 2013); (2017 - present) Basketball Wives LA (2015 -- 2016) The Real World: Los Angeles (1992 -- 1993) Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars (2015) Spouse (s) Kenny Anderson (m. 1994; div. 2001) Partner (s) Reggie Youngblood (2014 -- present) Children Website officialtamiroman.com"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Angels Among Us", "paragraph_text": "\"Angels Among Us\" is a song written by Don Goodman and Becky Hobbs and recorded by the American country music band Alabama. The song was released in December 1993 as a Christmas single from the band's 1993 album \"Cheap Seats\". It charted twice on the Hot Country Songs charts. The song features backing vocals from the Sanctuary Choir and Young Musicians Choir of the First Baptist Church of Fort Payne, Alabama. Hobbs also recorded the song on her album \"The Boots I Came to Town In\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barb\u00e9 Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, ``We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank. ''"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oklahoma Sunday Morning", "paragraph_text": "\"Oklahoma Sunday Morning\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay, Albert Hammond and Lee Hazlewood. It was recorded by American country music artist Glen Campbell and released in December 1971 as a single. The song peaked at number 15 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart and number 9 the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, fifth-largest producer of crude oil, and has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs, and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves. While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011, it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy, with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas. Oklahoma has no nuclear power. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, Oklahoma's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Botines, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Botines is a census-designated place (CDP) in Webb County, Texas, United States. The population was 117 at the 2010 census. Botines is located 5 miles north of Laredo. The town's name originates from the Spanish term \"bot\u00edn\", which means buskin, boot, or legging."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bensley, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Bensley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States. The population was 5,819 at the 2010 census. Bensley Community building is inside of Bensley park. The community building is outside of Bensley, setting in walking distance of the CDP. The community is a old village with no active government. The community is over 100 years old. A new police Substation is in the village in the old Bensley Bermuda rescue squad Next door to dupont."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thirsty Boots", "paragraph_text": "\"Thirsty Boots\" is a Civil Rights era folksong by American singer-songwriter Eric Andersen that first appeared on his 1966 album \"'Bout Changes 'n' Things\". According to the album's liner notes, the song \"was written to a civil rights worker-friend. Having never gone down to Mississippi myself, I wrote the song about coming back.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tabor Academy (Massachusetts)", "paragraph_text": "Tabor Academy is an independent preparatory school located in Marion, Massachusetts, United States. Tabor is known for its marine science courses. Tabor's location on Sippican Harbor, Buzzards Bay, has earned it the name of \"The School by the Sea\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" in 2007 ranked Tabor as one of the world's top 50 schools to prepare students to gain acceptance to America's most elite universities. Tabor participates in the Independent School League (ISL) and is a member of the New England Preparatory School Athletic Council and offers a wide range of extracurricular activities. Tabor's motto is \"All-A-Taut-O\", referring to the condition in which a sailing ship is fully rigged and everything is in place. This phrase is referenced in the school's songs, and is a tribute to Tabor's nautical background. The motto on Tabor's traditional crest, however, is \"Vincit Semper Veritas\" which in Latin translates to \"Truth Always Conquers\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Aker Drilling", "paragraph_text": "Aker Drilling, was a Norwegian drilling rig operation company; based in Stavanger, Norway and majority owned by the Aker Group. It was listed on Oslo Stock Exchange under the ticker - 'AKD'."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders", "paragraph_text": "The last player to bat. 400 in a season, Ted Williams, ranks tied for seventh on the all - time career BA list. Babe Ruth hit for a career. 342 average and is tied for ninth on the list. Miguel Cabrera holds the highest career batting average among active players."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", "paragraph_text": "``These Boots Are Made for Walkin '''is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra. It charted January 22, 1966, and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vincent (disambiguation)", "paragraph_text": "McLean wrote the lyrics in 1971 after reading a book about the life of the artist. The following year, the song became the number one hit in the UK Singles Chart and No. 12 in the US. It spent 12 weeks on the Hot 100. In the US, ``Vincent ''also hit number two on the Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 94 song for 1972."}], "question": "What rank is the birthplace of the songwriter of These Boots Were Made For Walking among states by active drilling rigs?"}
{"id": "3hop1__89136_747134_26961", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Devil's Cigarette Lighter", "paragraph_text": "After burning almost six months, the fire was extinguished by well fire expert Red Adair, who used explosives to deprive the flame of oxygen. The exploit made Adair a celebrity. Adair worked the fire with Asger ``Boots ''Hansen and Ed`` Coots'' Matthews, who later formed the Boots & Coots well control company. Preparations took five months while Adair's team cleared wreckage from near the wellhead with shielded bulldozers, dug wells, and excavated three reservoirs for water supplies. On April 28, 1962, Adair used a modified bulldozer with a 66 - foot (20 m) arm to move a metal drum containing a 550 - pound (250 kg) nitroglycerin charge to the well. Adair, Matthews, Hansen and Charlie Tolar rode the rig, protected by a metal heat shield and water sprays, with Adair driving and the others on a shielded platform while medical teams and evacuation helicopters stood by. After positioning the explosives, the team ran to a trench about 150 feet (46 m) from the well. The explosion extinguished the fire by displacing oxygen from the area of the ruptured well. Water from the reservoirs was used to flood the area for two days to cool the well. Drilling mud was pumped into the hole to control the flow of gas and the well was capped after four days of work."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "GSP Prometeu", "paragraph_text": "GSP Prometeu is a jackup independent leg cantilever drilling rig operated by GSP Drilling, a Grup Servicii Petroliere subsidiary, and currently contracted by Melrose Resources for drilling in the Bulgarian section of the Black Sea. The drilling unit is registered in Malta."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tami Roman", "paragraph_text": "Tami Roman Born Tamisha Akbar (1970 - 04 - 17) April 17, 1970 (age 47) Mount Vernon, New York, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Television personality model actress Years active 1992 -- present Known for Basketball Wives (2010 -- 2013); (2017 - present) Basketball Wives LA (2015 -- 2016) The Real World: Los Angeles (1992 -- 1993) Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars (2015) Spouse (s) Kenny Anderson (m. 1994; div. 2001) Partner (s) Reggie Youngblood (2014 -- present) Children Website officialtamiroman.com"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oklahoma Sunday Morning", "paragraph_text": "\"Oklahoma Sunday Morning\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay, Albert Hammond and Lee Hazlewood. It was recorded by American country music artist Glen Campbell and released in December 1971 as a single. The song peaked at number 15 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart and number 9 the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barb\u00e9 Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, ``We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank. ''"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Some Boots", "paragraph_text": "Some Boots is the fifth studio album by Karate, released by Southern Records on October 8, 2002. Following the release of the Cancel/Sing EP earlier in the year, the band began recording material featuring longer songs and jazz and more active post-rock influences. The title is taken from the second verse of the lyrics of \"Ice or Ground?\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of the petroleum industry in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On August 28, 1859, George Bissell and Edwin L. Drake made the first successful use of a drilling rig on a well drilled especially to produce oil, at a site on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania. The Drake partners were encouraged by Benjamin Silliman (1779 - 1864), a chemistry professor at Yale, who tested a sample of the oil, and assured them that it could be distilled into useful products such as illuminating oil."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bensley, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Bensley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States. The population was 5,819 at the 2010 census. Bensley Community building is inside of Bensley park. The community building is outside of Bensley, setting in walking distance of the CDP. The community is a old village with no active government. The community is over 100 years old. A new police Substation is in the village in the old Bensley Bermuda rescue squad Next door to dupont."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thirsty Boots", "paragraph_text": "\"Thirsty Boots\" is a Civil Rights era folksong by American singer-songwriter Eric Andersen that first appeared on his 1966 album \"'Bout Changes 'n' Things\". According to the album's liner notes, the song \"was written to a civil rights worker-friend. Having never gone down to Mississippi myself, I wrote the song about coming back.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, fifth-largest producer of crude oil, and has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs, and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves. While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011, it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy, with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas. Oklahoma has no nuclear power. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, Oklahoma's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "James Pankow", "paragraph_text": "James Pankow Pankow in 2008 Background information Birth name James Carter Pankow (1947 - 08 - 20) August 20, 1947 (age 70) St. Louis, Missouri United States Genres Rock, adult contemporary, jazz Occupation (s) Musician, songwriter, arranger Instruments Trombone, keyboards, vocals, percussion Years active 1967 (1967) -- present Associated acts Chicago; Toto; Three Dog Night; Earth, Wind, & Fire; The Doobie Brothers; Bee Gees"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that \"A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tabor Academy (Massachusetts)", "paragraph_text": "Tabor Academy is an independent preparatory school located in Marion, Massachusetts, United States. Tabor is known for its marine science courses. Tabor's location on Sippican Harbor, Buzzards Bay, has earned it the name of \"The School by the Sea\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" in 2007 ranked Tabor as one of the world's top 50 schools to prepare students to gain acceptance to America's most elite universities. Tabor participates in the Independent School League (ISL) and is a member of the New England Preparatory School Athletic Council and offers a wide range of extracurricular activities. Tabor's motto is \"All-A-Taut-O\", referring to the condition in which a sailing ship is fully rigged and everything is in place. This phrase is referenced in the school's songs, and is a tribute to Tabor's nautical background. The motto on Tabor's traditional crest, however, is \"Vincit Semper Veritas\" which in Latin translates to \"Truth Always Conquers\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Angels Among Us", "paragraph_text": "\"Angels Among Us\" is a song written by Don Goodman and Becky Hobbs and recorded by the American country music band Alabama. The song was released in December 1993 as a Christmas single from the band's 1993 album \"Cheap Seats\". It charted twice on the Hot Country Songs charts. The song features backing vocals from the Sanctuary Choir and Young Musicians Choir of the First Baptist Church of Fort Payne, Alabama. Hobbs also recorded the song on her album \"The Boots I Came to Town In\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", "paragraph_text": "``These Boots Are Made for Walkin '''is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra. It charted January 22, 1966, and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)", "paragraph_text": "``Walk on the Wild Side ''is a song by Lou Reed from his second solo album, Transformer (1972). It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson, and released as a double A-side with`` Perfect Day''. The song received wide radio coverage, despite its touching on taboo topics such as transgender people, drugs, male prostitution, and oral sex. In the United States, RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex. In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked it at number 223 in its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Botines, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Botines is a census-designated place (CDP) in Webb County, Texas, United States. The population was 117 at the 2010 census. Botines is located 5 miles north of Laredo. The town's name originates from the Spanish term \"bot\u00edn\", which means buskin, boot, or legging."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders", "paragraph_text": "The last player to bat. 400 in a season, Ted Williams, ranks tied for seventh on the all - time career BA list. Babe Ruth hit for a career. 342 average and is tied for ninth on the list. Miguel Cabrera holds the highest career batting average among active players."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aker Drilling", "paragraph_text": "Aker Drilling, was a Norwegian drilling rig operation company; based in Stavanger, Norway and majority owned by the Aker Group. It was listed on Oslo Stock Exchange under the ticker - 'AKD'."}], "question": "The state where the songwriter of \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" was born ranks where among states by active drilling rigs?"}
{"id": "3hop1__91109_747134_26961", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Botines, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Botines is a census-designated place (CDP) in Webb County, Texas, United States. The population was 117 at the 2010 census. Botines is located 5 miles north of Laredo. The town's name originates from the Spanish term \"bot\u00edn\", which means buskin, boot, or legging."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tabor Academy (Massachusetts)", "paragraph_text": "Tabor Academy is an independent preparatory school located in Marion, Massachusetts, United States. Tabor is known for its marine science courses. Tabor's location on Sippican Harbor, Buzzards Bay, has earned it the name of \"The School by the Sea\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" in 2007 ranked Tabor as one of the world's top 50 schools to prepare students to gain acceptance to America's most elite universities. Tabor participates in the Independent School League (ISL) and is a member of the New England Preparatory School Athletic Council and offers a wide range of extracurricular activities. Tabor's motto is \"All-A-Taut-O\", referring to the condition in which a sailing ship is fully rigged and everything is in place. This phrase is referenced in the school's songs, and is a tribute to Tabor's nautical background. The motto on Tabor's traditional crest, however, is \"Vincit Semper Veritas\" which in Latin translates to \"Truth Always Conquers\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bensley, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Bensley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States. The population was 5,819 at the 2010 census. Bensley Community building is inside of Bensley park. The community building is outside of Bensley, setting in walking distance of the CDP. The community is a old village with no active government. The community is over 100 years old. A new police Substation is in the village in the old Bensley Bermuda rescue squad Next door to dupont."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that \"A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Aker Drilling", "paragraph_text": "Aker Drilling, was a Norwegian drilling rig operation company; based in Stavanger, Norway and majority owned by the Aker Group. It was listed on Oslo Stock Exchange under the ticker - 'AKD'."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oklahoma Sunday Morning", "paragraph_text": "\"Oklahoma Sunday Morning\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay, Albert Hammond and Lee Hazlewood. It was recorded by American country music artist Glen Campbell and released in December 1971 as a single. The song peaked at number 15 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart and number 9 the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barb\u00e9 Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, ``We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank. ''"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gilbert Johnson", "paragraph_text": "Sergeant Major Gilbert \"Hashmark\" Johnson (October 30, 1905 \u2013 August 5, 1972) was one of the first African Americans to enlist in the United States Marine Corps, and one of the first African American drill instructors in the U.S. Marine Corps. Johnson was known as \u201cHashmark\u201d because he had more service stripes than rank stripes. He retired in 1959 after 32 years of service in the U.S. armed forces, including 17 years as a Marine."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Philippe Petit", "paragraph_text": "Philippe Petit (French pronunciation: \u200b (filip p\u0259ti); born 13 August 1949) is a French high - wire artist who gained fame for his high - wire walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, on the morning of August 7, 1974 as well as his high wire walk between the towers of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, 1971. For his unauthorized feat 400 metres (1,000 feet) above the ground -- which he referred to as ``le coup ''-- he rigged a 200 - kilogram (440 - pound) cable and used a custom - made 8 - metre (30 - foot) long, 25 - kilogram (55 - pound) balancing pole. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire. The following week, he celebrated his 25th birthday. All charges were dismissed in exchange for him doing a performance in Central Park for children."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", "paragraph_text": "``These Boots Are Made for Walkin '''is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra. It charted January 22, 1966, and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Devil's Cigarette Lighter", "paragraph_text": "After burning almost six months, the fire was extinguished by well fire expert Red Adair, who used explosives to deprive the flame of oxygen. The exploit made Adair a celebrity. Adair worked the fire with Asger ``Boots ''Hansen and Ed`` Coots'' Matthews, who later formed the Boots & Coots well control company. Preparations took five months while Adair's team cleared wreckage from near the wellhead with shielded bulldozers, dug wells, and excavated three reservoirs for water supplies. On April 28, 1962, Adair used a modified bulldozer with a 66 - foot (20 m) arm to move a metal drum containing a 550 - pound (250 kg) nitroglycerin charge to the well. Adair, Matthews, Hansen and Charlie Tolar rode the rig, protected by a metal heat shield and water sprays, with Adair driving and the others on a shielded platform while medical teams and evacuation helicopters stood by. After positioning the explosives, the team ran to a trench about 150 feet (46 m) from the well. The explosion extinguished the fire by displacing oxygen from the area of the ruptured well. Water from the reservoirs was used to flood the area for two days to cool the well. Drilling mud was pumped into the hole to control the flow of gas and the well was capped after four days of work."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tami Roman", "paragraph_text": "Tami Roman Born Tamisha Akbar (1970 - 04 - 17) April 17, 1970 (age 47) Mount Vernon, New York, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Television personality model actress Years active 1992 -- present Known for Basketball Wives (2010 -- 2013); (2017 - present) Basketball Wives LA (2015 -- 2016) The Real World: Los Angeles (1992 -- 1993) Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars (2015) Spouse (s) Kenny Anderson (m. 1994; div. 2001) Partner (s) Reggie Youngblood (2014 -- present) Children Website officialtamiroman.com"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dave Fennoy", "paragraph_text": "Dave Fennoy Fennoy in Phoenix, Arizona David Henderson Fennoy (1952 - 01 - 20) January 20, 1952 (age 65) Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S. Nationality American Occupation Voice actor Years active 1990 -- present Known for The Walking Dead as Lee Everett Minecraft: Story Mode as Gabriel the Warrior Spouse (s) Monique Fennoy Children Michelle Fennoy"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the petroleum industry in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On August 28, 1859, George Bissell and Edwin L. Drake made the first successful use of a drilling rig on a well drilled especially to produce oil, at a site on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania. The Drake partners were encouraged by Benjamin Silliman (1779 - 1864), a chemistry professor at Yale, who tested a sample of the oil, and assured them that it could be distilled into useful products such as illuminating oil."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "James Pankow", "paragraph_text": "James Pankow Pankow in 2008 Background information Birth name James Carter Pankow (1947 - 08 - 20) August 20, 1947 (age 70) St. Louis, Missouri United States Genres Rock, adult contemporary, jazz Occupation (s) Musician, songwriter, arranger Instruments Trombone, keyboards, vocals, percussion Years active 1967 (1967) -- present Associated acts Chicago; Toto; Three Dog Night; Earth, Wind, & Fire; The Doobie Brothers; Bee Gees"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, fifth-largest producer of crude oil, and has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs, and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves. While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011, it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy, with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas. Oklahoma has no nuclear power. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, Oklahoma's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)", "paragraph_text": "``Walk on the Wild Side ''Single by Lou Reed from the album Transformer A-side`` Perfect Day'' Released November 8, 1972 (1972 - 11 - 08) Format 7 - inch single Recorded August 1972, Trident Studios, London Length 4: 12 Label RCA Records Songwriter (s) Lou Reed Producer (s) David Bowie Mick Ronson Lou Reed singles chronology ``Walk and Talk It ''(1972)`` Walk on the Wild Side'' (1972) ``Satellite Of Love ''(1973)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders", "paragraph_text": "The last player to bat. 400 in a season, Ted Williams, ranks tied for seventh on the all - time career BA list. Babe Ruth hit for a career. 342 average and is tied for ninth on the list. Miguel Cabrera holds the highest career batting average among active players."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "GSP Prometeu", "paragraph_text": "GSP Prometeu is a jackup independent leg cantilever drilling rig operated by GSP Drilling, a Grup Servicii Petroliere subsidiary, and currently contracted by Melrose Resources for drilling in the Bulgarian section of the Black Sea. The drilling unit is registered in Malta."}], "question": "What is the rank of the birthplace of the songwriter of These Boots Were Made For Walking among states by active drilling rigs?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122086_159272_395260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ahron Daum", "paragraph_text": "In 1993, for family reasons, he resigned from his post as Chief Rabbi and moved to Antwerp, Belgium, where the largest part of his family already lived. There he started to teach Judaism within the state school system and in Jewish day schools. In 1995 he accepted a position as lecturer in Jewish Law at the Faculty for Comparative Religion in Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium. In recognition of his teaching there and his works on Halacha the Faculty awarded him a Professorship Honoris Causa in Jewish Law. Since 2001 he also started, along with his wife, a series of outreach projects for Baalei Tshuva, non-Jews interested in Jewish studies and prospective converts to Judaism. Today this takes up most of his time and efforts and as part of these outreach activities he regularly organizes, in cooperation with the Netherlands-based Shalom Centre, study days on various topics within the field of Jewish studies."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deb Sokolow", "paragraph_text": "Deb Sokolow graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1996, and received her MFA from the Art Institute of Chicago in 2004. Sokolow's solo museum shows include The Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art in Hartford, CT, The Kemper Museum in Kansas City; The Spertus Museum of Art, Chicago; a 12 x 12 show at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago; the Abrons Art Center in New York City; INOVA in Milwaukee; and The Moore College of Art in Philadelphia. She has been included in group show shows at the Van Abbemuseum in The Netherlands; Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art in Arizona; Smart Museum in Chicago; Voorkamer in Belgium; and the Invisible-Exports in New York City. Sokolow's work is in the permanent collections of the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art in Arizona, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, the Spertus Museum in Chicago and The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction in Bloomington, Indiana. She is represented by Western Exhibitions, a contemporary art gallery in Chicago."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "GE Lighting", "paragraph_text": "GE Lighting is a division of General Electric headquartered in Nela Park, East Cleveland, Ohio, United States, employing 17,000 people and tracing its origins to Thomas Edison's work on lighting."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cynthia Willett", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Willett is Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Philosophy at Emory University, where she is also affiliated faculty with Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and with the Psychoanalytic Studies Program. She has written influential books on intersectional feminism and founded Emory's Institute for the History of Philosophy. Willett was on the American Philosophical Association's Executive Board between 2008 and 2010, and was recently the co-director of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy. She earned her Ph.D. in 1988 from Pennsylvania State University."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eugene V. Debs", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 -- October 20, 1926) was an American democratic socialist political activist and trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best - known socialists living in the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mark Leier", "paragraph_text": "Mark Leier is a Professor of working class and left-wing history at Simon Fraser University. From 2000 to 2010, he was the director of the Centre for Labour Studies at SFU."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "David Lichtstein", "paragraph_text": "David Lichtstein is a full professor of Physiology at the Faculty of Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the incumbent of the Walter & Greta Stiel Chair in Heart Studies. He is the former Chairman of the Institute For Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC) (2008-2012) and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2013-2017)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "J\u00f3zef Kowalewski", "paragraph_text": "J\u00f3zef Kowalewski () (9 January 1801 \u2013 7 November 1878) was a Polish orientalist. Founder of the Philomatic Association, in 1824 convicted by the Russian authorities for pro-independence Polish activity and exiled into Russia. Allowed to study at the Kazan University, he studied Mongolia, particularly Mongolian language and Tibetan Buddhism. In 1833 he founded the Department of Mongolian Studies at Kazan University - the first in Europe. In the years 1844-1849 he published his major work - a Mongolian - Russian - French dictionary. In 1862 he was allowed to return to Poland (then a part of the Russian Empire); he refused to support the January Uprising and did not oppose Russification of Polish education, for which he became the dean of the Philological and Historical Faculty of the University of Warsaw."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elisabeth Lloyd", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (born September 3, 1956) is an American philosopher of biology. She currently holds the Arnold and Maxine Tanis Chair of History and Philosophy of Science and is also professor of biology, adjunct professor of philosophy at Indiana University, affiliated faculty scholar at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction and Adjunct Faculty at the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Charles Parsons (philosopher)", "paragraph_text": "Charles Dacre Parsons (born April 13, 1933) is an American philosopher best known for his work in the philosophy of mathematics and the study of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. He is professor emeritus at Harvard University."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Peggy Pascoe", "paragraph_text": "Peggy Ann Pascoe (October 18, 1954 \u2013 July 23, 2010) was an American historian. She was the Beekman Professor of Northwest and Pacific History and Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Oregon. She was a member of the University of Oregon History Department from 1996 until her death on July 23, 2010. Prior to her work at UO, Pascoe worked as an assistant professor and then associate professor at the University of Utah, where she taught courses on women\u2019s history, race, and sexuality. Pascoe\u2019s work centers on the history of race, gender, and sexuality, with a particular investment in law and the U.S. West. Together with George Lipsitz, Earl Lewis, George Sanchez, and Dana Takagi, Pascoe edited the influential American Crossroads book series in Ethnic Studies, published by the University of California Press. Pascoe held this position for fifteen years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oxyrhynchus", "paragraph_text": "Since the 1930s, work on the papyri has continued. For many years it was under the supervision of Professor Peter Parsons of Oxford. Eighty large volumes of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri have been published,  and these have become an essential reference work for the study of Egypt between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD. They are also extremely important for the history of the early Christian Church, since many Christian documents have been found at Oxyrhynchus in far earlier versions than those known elsewhere. At least another forty volumes are anticipated."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Glenn MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving to St. Louis to work at Washington University in St. Louis, Glenn MacDonald served as a Professor and Area Coordinator for Economics and Management at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester located in Rochester, New York from 1994 until 2001. Also while working at the University of Rochester, Glenn MacDonald worked as a professor of economics in the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration from 1992 until 2001. During this period he was also a Professor of Organizations and Markets (1992-1994). Beginning in 1985 he served as a Senior Research Associate at the Rochester Center for Economic Research."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "George Bermann", "paragraph_text": "George Bermann earned his B.A. \"summa cum laude\" from Yale College in 1967, studied at the University of Sussex on a Marshall Scholarship from 1967 to 1968, and received his J.D. from Yale Law School in 1971, where he was an editor of the Yale Law Journal. Bermann earned his LL.M. from Columbia Law School. After working at Davis Polk & Wardwell for four years, he joined Columbia Law School's faculty in 1975. He is married to Sandra Bermann, the Cotsen Professor of the Humanities at Princeton University."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eight-hour day", "paragraph_text": "The eight - hour day movement or 40 - hour week movement, also known as the short - time movement, was a social movement to regulate the length of a working day, preventing excesses and abuses. It was started by James Deb and had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life. The use of child labour was common. The working day could range from 10 to 16 hours, and the work week was typically six days a week."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Esko Valtaoja", "paragraph_text": "Esko Jorma Johannes Valtaoja (; 1951, Kemi) is a Finnish professional astronomer and writer. Valtaoja works as a professor at the University of Turku where he studies quasars."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}], "question": "In what year was the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty where Deb Sokolow studied formed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__315459_189907_82016", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La boh\u00e8me", "paragraph_text": "According to its title page, the libretto of \"La boh\u00e8me\" is based on Henri Murger's novel, \"Sc\u00e8nes de la vie de boh\u00e8me\", a collection of vignettes portraying young bohemians living in the Latin Quarter of Paris in the 1840s. Although usually called a novel, it has no unified plot. Like the 1849 play by Murger and Th\u00e9odore Barri\u00e8re, the opera's libretto focuses on the relationship between Rodolfo and Mim\u00ec, ending with her death. Also like the play, the libretto combines two characters from the novel, Mim\u00ec and Francine, into the single character of Mim\u00ec. Early in the composition stage Puccini was in dispute with the composer Leoncavallo, who said that he had offered Puccini a completed libretto and felt that Puccini should defer to him. Puccini responded that he had had no idea of Leoncavallo's interest and that having been working on his own version for some time, he felt that he could not oblige him by discontinuing with the opera. Leoncavallo completed his own version in which Marcello was sung by a tenor and Rodolfo by a baritone. It was unsuccessful and is now rarely performed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Green Shack", "paragraph_text": "The Green Shack was a restaurant located on Fremont Street in Las Vegas, Nevada that is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. It was opened by Mattie Jones and was famous for its fried chicken."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Latin Quarter, Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Latin Quarter of Paris (French: Quartier latin, IPA: (ka\u0281tje lat\u025b\u0303)) is an area in the 5th and the 6th arrondissements of Paris. It is situated on the left bank of the Seine, around the Sorbonne."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Place Beno\u00eet-Cr\u00e9pu", "paragraph_text": "The Place Beno\u00eet-Cr\u00e9pu is a stone-paved square, located in Saint-Georges quarter, on the banks of the Sa\u00f4ne (Vieux Lyon), in the 5th arrondissement of Lyon. It has fountains with dolphin heads, many benches and trees and a playground. The place belongs to the area classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarm\u00ea. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarm\u00ea is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarm\u00ea Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarm\u00ea is a \"street carnival\" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarm\u00ea of Malmedy are the Hagu\u00e8te, the Longu\u00e8s-Br\u00e8sses and the Long-N\u00e9."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "\u00dcber die Br\u00fccke geh'n", "paragraph_text": "The song was performed fourteenth on the night (following Belgium's Sandra Kim with \"J'aime la vie\" and preceding Cyprus' Elpida with \"Tora Zo\"). At the close of voting, it had received 62 points, placing 8th in a field of 20."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "James Valenti", "paragraph_text": "James Valenti (born September 2, 1977) is an American operatic tenor with an active international career specializing in leading roles in the Italian and French repertoire. Born and raised in New Jersey, in the United States, he is a graduate of West Virginia University and the Academy of Vocal Arts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Valenti made his professional debut in 2003 as Rodolfo in \"La boh\u00e8me\" at the Rome Opera, and was the 2010 winner of the Richard Tucker Award."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paris \u2014 Palais des Congr\u00e8s: Int\u00e9grale du spectacle", "paragraph_text": "Paris \u2014 Palais des Congr\u00e8s: Int\u00e9grale du spectacle is a 1995 live album featuring the performers Charles Aznavour and Liza Minnelli, recorded at the Palais des congr\u00e8s de Paris."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Adelina Stehle", "paragraph_text": "Adelina Stehle (born Graz, 30 June 1860 \u2013 died Milan, 24 December 1945) was an Austrian-born operatic soprano, associated almost entirely with the Italian repertory. She studied singing in Milan and debuted as Amina in 1881 in Broni in Lombardy. Her career eventually brought her to La Scala in 1890 where she flourished. She took part in a series of important premieres in the 1890s. In 1893 she was the first Nannetta in Verdi's \"Falstaff\" to the Fenton of her husband, Edoardo Garbin, and they were later important in the popularization of Puccini's \"La boh\u00e8me\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Celia Cruz", "paragraph_text": "\u00darsula Hilaria Celia de la Caridad Cruz Alfonso (October 21, 1925 -- July 16, 2003), better known as Celia Cruz, was a Cuban singer of Latin music. She was known for her powerful voice and her rhythm - centric musical style. She was the most popular Latin artist of the 20th century, gaining twenty - three gold albums during her career. US President Bill Clinton awarded her the National Medal of Arts in 1994. She was renowned internationally as the ``Queen of Salsa '',`` La Guarachera de Cuba'', as well as The Queen of Latin Music."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Latin Bit", "paragraph_text": "The Latin Bit is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1962 and released on the Blue Note label. It is a loose concept album inspired by Latin American music."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth Llewellyn", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Llewellyn, (born 1974) is a British opera singer who debuted with the English National Opera in 2010. She was named the \"Best newcomer\" in 2010 by the Daily Telegraph for her performance as Mimi in Giacomo Puccini's \"La boh\u00e8me\", and according to Mary Ann Seighart of the BBC is \"set to become one of the great stars of opera.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rue d'Austerlitz", "paragraph_text": "The Rue d'Austerlitz is a street in the 4th arrondissement of Lyon, in La Croix-Rousse quarter. It begins on the rue du Mail, at the corner of Place de la Croix-Rousse, crosses the rue du Pavilion, the rue de Belfort and the rue Aim\u00e9 Boussange, and ends on Place Bellevue. Its name refers to the Battle of Austerlitz, one of the greatest victories of Napoleon. There are metro and velo'v stations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kevin Short (singer)", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Short is an American operatic bass-baritone. A graduate of Morgan State University, the Curtis Institute of Music, and the Juilliard School, he won the bass-baritone award for the Middle Atlantic region Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions in 1989. From 1991-1998 he appeared annually at the Metropolitan Opera, singing in a total of 129 performances. He notably created the role of Joseph in the world premiere of John Corigliano's \"The Ghosts of Versailles\" in 1991. Some of the other roles he has performed at the Met are Colline in \"La Boh\u00e8me\", the Friar in \"Don Carlos\", Happy in \"La fanciulla del West\", the Jailer in \"Dialogues of the Carmelites\", Lackey in \"Ariadne auf Naxos\", Mandarin in \"Turandot\", Masetto in \"Don Giovanni\", Sciarrone in \"Tosca\", Pirro in \"I Lombardi alla prima crociata\", Yamadori in \"Madama Butterfly\", and Zaretsky in \"Eugene Onegin\". He also sang several roles with the New York City Opera during the 1980s and 1990s, including Nourabad in \"The Pearl Fishers\" and Raimondo in \"Lucia di Lammermoor\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Love Star", "paragraph_text": "The success of their debut EP has allowed them to tour extensively, performing shows at the Museum of Latin American Art, Fiesta en la Calle 2012, and sharing the stage with major acts like Dave Navarro, Los Prisioneros and Tommy Lee."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "5th arrondissement of Paris", "paragraph_text": "As part of the Latin Quarter, the 5th arrondissement is known for its high concentration of educational and research establishments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "La Boh\u00e8me (Charles Aznavour song)", "paragraph_text": "La Boh\u00e8me is a song written by French songwriter Jacques Plante and Armenian-French artist Charles Aznavour. It is Aznavour's signature song, as well as one of the most popular French-language songs and a staple of French chanson."}], "question": "Where is the latin quarter located in the birthplace of the La Boheme performer?"}
{"id": "3hop1__155684_159272_395260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "GE Lighting", "paragraph_text": "GE Lighting is a division of General Electric headquartered in Nela Park, East Cleveland, Ohio, United States, employing 17,000 people and tracing its origins to Thomas Edison's work on lighting."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Donald B. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Donald B. Campbell is an Australian-born astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University. Prior to joining the Cornell faculty he was Director of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico for seven years. Campbell's research work is in the general area of planetary studies with a concentration on the radio-wavelength-scattering properties of planets, planetary satellites, and small bodies. His work includes studies of Venus, the Moon, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Titan, as well as comets and asteroids. Campbell observed near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros, which was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory radar system."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elisabeth Lloyd", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (born September 3, 1956) is an American philosopher of biology. She currently holds the Arnold and Maxine Tanis Chair of History and Philosophy of Science and is also professor of biology, adjunct professor of philosophy at Indiana University, affiliated faculty scholar at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction and Adjunct Faculty at the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "California Faculty Association", "paragraph_text": "The California Faculty Association (CFA) is a labor union in California, United States. It represents lecturers, professors, counselors, librarians and coaches from the 23 campuses of the California State University (CSU). It is the exclusive collective bargaining agent for all faculty in the CSU system."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hans Mueh", "paragraph_text": "Hans Juergen Mueh (born January 8, 1944) was the director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, serving in that position from 2004 until January 2015. Prior to becoming the Director of Athletics for the USAF, Dr. Mueh served as permanent professor and head of the Department of Chemistry, and Vice Dean of Faculty at the Academy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ekrem Bu\u011fra Ekinci", "paragraph_text": "Ekrem Bu\u011fra Ekinci was graduated from the Faculty of Law of Ankara University in 1987. He completed his lawyer apprenticeship in 1988 and gained a master of laws degree in 1991. In 1996 he gained a degree of doctor of laws (Ph.D) at the Faculty of Law of Istanbul University. In 1999, Dr. Ekinci became an associate professor of history of law by his dissertation on Ottoman courts. In 2005, he was appointed as a full professor."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nikita Borisov", "paragraph_text": "Nikita Borisov is a cryptographer and computer security researcher, currently an associate professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). His notable work includes one of the first cryptanalyses of the WEP wireless encryption protocol together with Ian Goldberg and David Wagner, and the design of the Off-the-Record Messaging protocol with Goldberg."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "George W. Chang", "paragraph_text": "George W. Chang is a professor and a resident faculty member at the University of California, Berkeley. He resides on campus with his wife Abby, while he is currently an Associate Professor Emeritus in the Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Girl", "paragraph_text": "Gender influences the pattern of child labor. Girls tend to be asked by their families to perform more domestic work in their parental home than boys are, and often at younger ages than boys. Employment as a paid domestic worker is the most common form of child labor for girls. In some places, such as East and Southeast Asia, parents often see work as a domestic servant as a good preparation for marriage. Domestic service, however, is among the least regulated of all professions, and exposes workers to serious risks, such as violence, exploitation and abuse by the employers, because the workers are often isolated from the outside world. Child labor has a very negative effect on education. Girls either stop their education, or, when they continue it, they are often subjected to a double burden, or a triple burden of work outside the home, housework in the parental home, and schoolwork. This situation is common in places such as parts of Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Julius Frank", "paragraph_text": "Johann Julius Gottfried Ludwig Frank or Julius Frank (1808\u20131841) was a professor of history, geography and philosophy from Gotha, Germany. He taught at the Largo de S\u00e3o Francisco's Law School in S\u00e3o Paulo (today's Faculty of Law of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo)., Brazil. He was an advocator of a liberal philosophy and founded the Students League in Brazil (Burschenschaft)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez Samper (born 1950) is a Colombian architect, and Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Design of the University of the Andes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Borisov Arena", "paragraph_text": "Borisov Arena is a football-specific stadium in Barysaw, Belarus and is the home stadium of FC BATE Borisov and the Belarus national football team. The stadium's official capacity is 13,126."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mohammad Fadel", "paragraph_text": "Mohammad Fadel is an Associate Professor and Toronto Research Chair for the Law and Economics of Islamic Law at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}], "question": "Who founded the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty at Nikita Borisov's place of employment?"}
{"id": "3hop1__121814_159272_395260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hans Mueh", "paragraph_text": "Hans Juergen Mueh (born January 8, 1944) was the director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, serving in that position from 2004 until January 2015. Prior to becoming the Director of Athletics for the USAF, Dr. Mueh served as permanent professor and head of the Department of Chemistry, and Vice Dean of Faculty at the Academy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Benjamin Anastas", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Anastas (born 1969) is an American novelist, memoirist, journalist and book reviewer born in Gloucester, Massachusetts. He teaches literature at Bennington College and is part of the core faculty of the Bennington Writing Seminars."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. (born December 12, 1966 in Gary, Indiana) is a law professor at Harvard Law School. Sullivan graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Morehouse College in 1989 and received his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1994. Prior to joining the Harvard Law School faculty, Sullivan served as the Director of the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ranulph Glanville", "paragraph_text": "Ranulph Glanville (13 June 1946 \u2013 20 December 2014) was an Anglo-Irish cybernetician, design researcher, theorist, educator and multi-platform artist/designer/performer, who was professor of research in Innovation Design Engineering at the Royal College of Art, London, professor of research design in the Faculty of Architecture Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, and adjunct professor of design research at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne. He was known for his contributions in the field of design research, and cybernetics."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alastair Summerlee", "paragraph_text": "President Summerlee, whose career as a scholar, professor, researcher, and administrator spans nearly 30 years, joined the University of Guelph faculty in 1988 as a professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences. He was named an associate dean of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1992, dean of graduate studies in 1995, associate vice-president (academic) in 1999, and provost and vice-president (academic) in 2000."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Danilo Palomer Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Danilo Palomer Santiago (born November 27, 1951) is a Full-time Filipino Eclectic painter, professor and Department Chair of University of Santo Tomas - College of Fine Arts and Design (UST-CFAD), Painting Department. His murals are displayed at the Malaca\u0148ang Palace, UST Main Building - Faculty of Civil Law and Veterans Memoraila Medical Center and whose works won awards in various art competitions. He was born in Sorsogon, Philippines and now lives in Manila."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Roger Guindon", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ville-Marie, Quebec, he was ordained a priest in 1946. He joined the University of Ottawa as a Professor in the Faculty of Theology and later became Dean of the faculty. From 1964 to 1984 he was the Rector of the University of Ottawa. His uncle, Auguste Morisset, was also a member of the faculty at the college, having been director of libraries from 1934 to 1958 and founder and director of the university's Library School from 1958 to 1971. It was under Guindon's rectorship that Morisset Hall, named for his uncle, was opened."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Loring Danforth", "paragraph_text": "Loring M. Danforth is a professor of anthropology and epistemology, and an author working at Bates College in the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Portrait of P. D. Q. Bach", "paragraph_text": "Portrait of P. D. Q. Bach was released in 1977 on Vanguard Records. The album features mostly the work of Peter Schickele writing as P. D. Q. Bach, with one contribution under his own name."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Edward McCombie McGirr", "paragraph_text": "Edward McCombie McGirr was Muirhead professor of medicine at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, a former President of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and Dean of Faculties at the University of Glasgow."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bruce Katz", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Katz (born August 19, 1952) is an American musician, playing piano, organ and bass guitar. From 1996 to 2010, he was on the faculty at the Berklee College of Music in Boston as an associate professor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Donald B. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Donald B. Campbell is an Australian-born astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University. Prior to joining the Cornell faculty he was Director of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico for seven years. Campbell's research work is in the general area of planetary studies with a concentration on the radio-wavelength-scattering properties of planets, planetary satellites, and small bodies. His work includes studies of Venus, the Moon, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Titan, as well as comets and asteroids. Campbell observed near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros, which was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory radar system."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Remko Scha", "paragraph_text": "Remko Jan Hendrik Scha (15 September 1945 \u2013 9 November 2015) was a professor of computational linguistics at the faculty of humanities and Institute for Logic, Language and Computation at the University of Amsterdam. He made important contributions to semantics, in particular the treatment of plurals, and to discourse analysis, and laid the foundations for what became an important research paradigm in computational linguistics, Data Oriented Parsing."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jon Finn", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan M. Finn (born 1958) is an American rock musician and guitarist. He is the founder and leader of the Jon Finn Group, and is a professor at the Berklee College of Music; he joined the guitar faculty there in 1988. He is also the author of several books on the guitar, and was an instructional columnist for \"Guitar\" magazine for three years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "GE Lighting", "paragraph_text": "GE Lighting is a division of General Electric headquartered in Nela Park, East Cleveland, Ohio, United States, employing 17,000 people and tracing its origins to Thomas Edison's work on lighting."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jan Bach", "paragraph_text": "Jan Bach earned a Bachelor of Music degree in 1959 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition there in 1971. He also studied with Aaron Copland and Roberto Gerhard at Tanglewood in 1961 and with Thea Musgrave in Aldeburgh and London in 1974."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}], "question": "In what year was the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty at Jan Bach's university formed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122054_159272_395260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences (BUFHS), also known as the Busitema University Medical School (BUMS) and the Busitema University School of Medicine (BUSM), is the school of medicine of Busitema University, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school is one of the newer medical schools in the country, having been part of university since 2013. The school provides medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Velvet Brown", "paragraph_text": "Velvet Brown is professor of tuba and euphonium at Pennsylvania State University. Prior to joining the faculty at Penn State in 2003, she taught at Bowling Green State University (Ohio), Ball State University (Indiana), and served as an associate director of University Bands at Boston University. Ms. Brown is currently a member of the ITEA Board of Directors and has served as the secretary of the Executive Committee for the International Tuba and Euphonium Association (2001\u20132007). She is also a founding board member of the International Women\u2019s Brass Conference. Ms. Brown is noted for receiving the 1999-2000 William Fulbright Fellowship Vinciguerra Award. She has had many successful students who have won prestigious playing and teaching positions as well as prizewinners at various regional, national and international competitions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Glenn MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving to St. Louis to work at Washington University in St. Louis, Glenn MacDonald served as a Professor and Area Coordinator for Economics and Management at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester located in Rochester, New York from 1994 until 2001. Also while working at the University of Rochester, Glenn MacDonald worked as a professor of economics in the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration from 1992 until 2001. During this period he was also a Professor of Organizations and Markets (1992-1994). Beginning in 1985 he served as a Senior Research Associate at the Rochester Center for Economic Research."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Roy Harrisville", "paragraph_text": "Harrisville was educated at Luther Theological Seminary (in Saint Paul, Minnesota), Princeton University, and the University of T\u00fcbingen in Germany. He served as a pastor in Mason City, Iowa before joining the faculty of Luther Theological Seminary as professor of New Testament."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Millicent Mackenzie", "paragraph_text": "Millicent Hughes Mackenzie (1863 in Bristol \u2013 10 December 1942 in Brockweir) was a British professor of education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, the first female professor in Wales and the first appointed to a fully chartered university in the United Kingdom. She wrote on the philosophy of education, founded the Cardiff Suffragette branch, became the only woman Parliamentary Candidate in Wales for 1918, and was a key initiator of Steiner-Waldorf education in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Donald B. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Donald B. Campbell is an Australian-born astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University. Prior to joining the Cornell faculty he was Director of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico for seven years. Campbell's research work is in the general area of planetary studies with a concentration on the radio-wavelength-scattering properties of planets, planetary satellites, and small bodies. His work includes studies of Venus, the Moon, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Titan, as well as comets and asteroids. Campbell observed near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros, which was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory radar system."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Roger Guindon", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ville-Marie, Quebec, he was ordained a priest in 1946. He joined the University of Ottawa as a Professor in the Faculty of Theology and later became Dean of the faculty. From 1964 to 1984 he was the Rector of the University of Ottawa. His uncle, Auguste Morisset, was also a member of the faculty at the college, having been director of libraries from 1934 to 1958 and founder and director of the university's Library School from 1958 to 1971. It was under Guindon's rectorship that Morisset Hall, named for his uncle, was opened."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "GE Lighting", "paragraph_text": "GE Lighting is a division of General Electric headquartered in Nela Park, East Cleveland, Ohio, United States, employing 17,000 people and tracing its origins to Thomas Edison's work on lighting."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Berhane Abrehe", "paragraph_text": "In 1972, Berhane Abrehe graduated with a Master of Science in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has held the post of Director of Macro-Economic policy in the office of the President of Eritrea, subsequently advancing to his Cabinet position and becoming the third Minister of Finance in the 14 years since Eritrea's proclamation of independence in May 1993. His status was described as unclear in a 2007 leaked US cable."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ranulph Glanville", "paragraph_text": "Ranulph Glanville (13 June 1946 \u2013 20 December 2014) was an Anglo-Irish cybernetician, design researcher, theorist, educator and multi-platform artist/designer/performer, who was professor of research in Innovation Design Engineering at the Royal College of Art, London, professor of research design in the Faculty of Architecture Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, and adjunct professor of design research at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne. He was known for his contributions in the field of design research, and cybernetics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Michael Angold", "paragraph_text": "Michael Angold was educated at the University of Oxford (BA, D.Phil.). He has worked at the University of Edinburgh from 1970, serving as professor of Byzantine history from 1996 until 2005, when he was appointed professor emeritus."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez Samper (born 1950) is a Colombian architect, and Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Design of the University of the Andes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cairo University", "paragraph_text": "Cairo University (), known as the Egyptian University from 1908 to 1940, and King Fuad I University from 1940 to 1952) is Egypt's premier public university. Its main campus is in Giza, immediately across the Nile from Cairo. It was founded on 21 December 1908; however, after being housed in various parts of Cairo, its faculties, beginning with the Faculty of Arts, were established on its current main campus in Giza in October 1929. It is the second oldest institution of higher education in Egypt after Al Azhar University, notwithstanding the pre-existing higher professional schools that later became constituent colleges of the university. It was founded and funded as the Egyptian University by a committee of private citizens with royal patronage in 1908 and became a state institution under King Fuad I in 1925. In 1940, four years following his death, the University was renamed King Fuad I University in his honor. It was renamed a second time after the Egyptian revolution of 1952."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "J\u00f3zef Kowalewski", "paragraph_text": "J\u00f3zef Kowalewski () (9 January 1801 \u2013 7 November 1878) was a Polish orientalist. Founder of the Philomatic Association, in 1824 convicted by the Russian authorities for pro-independence Polish activity and exiled into Russia. Allowed to study at the Kazan University, he studied Mongolia, particularly Mongolian language and Tibetan Buddhism. In 1833 he founded the Department of Mongolian Studies at Kazan University - the first in Europe. In the years 1844-1849 he published his major work - a Mongolian - Russian - French dictionary. In 1862 he was allowed to return to Poland (then a part of the Russian Empire); he refused to support the January Uprising and did not oppose Russification of Polish education, for which he became the dean of the Philological and Historical Faculty of the University of Warsaw."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brian Weatherson", "paragraph_text": "Brian Weatherson is the Marshall Weinberg Professor of Philosophy at The University of Michigan. Prior to this, he was an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University, and also taught at Cornell's Sage School of Philosophy, Brown University, and Syracuse University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Norman Birnbaum", "paragraph_text": "He was educated in New York City's public schools, at Williams College, and has a doctorate in sociology from Harvard University. He taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Oxford University, the University of Strasbourg, Amherst College, served on the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research and was Distinguished Fulbright Professor at the University of Bologna."}], "question": "Who founded the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty at the university that educated Berhane Abrehe?"}
{"id": "3hop1__155518_159272_395260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Josep Torrellas", "paragraph_text": "Josep Torrellas (Montblanc, 1963) is Professor and Willett Faculty Scholar in the Department of Computer Science and a research faculty for the Universal Parallel Computing Research Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Torrellas' research area is computer architecture, focusing on speculative multithreading, multiprocessor organization, integration of processors and memory, and architectural support for software debuggability and machine reliability. He has been involved in the Stanford DASH and the Illinois Cedar multiprocessor projects, and led the Illinois Aggressive COMA and FlexRAM Intelligent Memory projects."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. (born December 12, 1966 in Gary, Indiana) is a law professor at Harvard Law School. Sullivan graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Morehouse College in 1989 and received his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1994. Prior to joining the Harvard Law School faculty, Sullivan served as the Director of the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "California Faculty Association", "paragraph_text": "The California Faculty Association (CFA) is a labor union in California, United States. It represents lecturers, professors, counselors, librarians and coaches from the 23 campuses of the California State University (CSU). It is the exclusive collective bargaining agent for all faculty in the CSU system."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hans Mueh", "paragraph_text": "Hans Juergen Mueh (born January 8, 1944) was the director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, serving in that position from 2004 until January 2015. Prior to becoming the Director of Athletics for the USAF, Dr. Mueh served as permanent professor and head of the Department of Chemistry, and Vice Dean of Faculty at the Academy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josep Vicen\u00e7 Foix", "paragraph_text": "Josep Vicen\u00e7 Foix i Mas (; 28 January 1893 in Barcelona \u2013 29 January 1987) was a Catalan poet, writer, and essayist in Catalan. He usually signed his work by using the abbreviation J.V. Foix."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "GE Lighting", "paragraph_text": "GE Lighting is a division of General Electric headquartered in Nela Park, East Cleveland, Ohio, United States, employing 17,000 people and tracing its origins to Thomas Edison's work on lighting."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ekrem Bu\u011fra Ekinci", "paragraph_text": "Ekrem Bu\u011fra Ekinci was graduated from the Faculty of Law of Ankara University in 1987. He completed his lawyer apprenticeship in 1988 and gained a master of laws degree in 1991. In 1996 he gained a degree of doctor of laws (Ph.D) at the Faculty of Law of Istanbul University. In 1999, Dr. Ekinci became an associate professor of history of law by his dissertation on Ottoman courts. In 2005, he was appointed as a full professor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Julius Frank", "paragraph_text": "Johann Julius Gottfried Ludwig Frank or Julius Frank (1808\u20131841) was a professor of history, geography and philosophy from Gotha, Germany. He taught at the Largo de S\u00e3o Francisco's Law School in S\u00e3o Paulo (today's Faculty of Law of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo)., Brazil. He was an advocator of a liberal philosophy and founded the Students League in Brazil (Burschenschaft)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Adelino, New Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Adelino is a census-designated place in Valencia County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 823 as of the 2010 census. Prior to 2010, the community was part of the Tome-Adelino CDP."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez Samper (born 1950) is a Colombian architect, and Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Design of the University of the Andes."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "George W. Chang", "paragraph_text": "George W. Chang is a professor and a resident faculty member at the University of California, Berkeley. He resides on campus with his wife Abby, while he is currently an Associate Professor Emeritus in the Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mohammad Fadel", "paragraph_text": "Mohammad Fadel is an Associate Professor and Toronto Research Chair for the Law and Economics of Islamic Law at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elisabeth Lloyd", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (born September 3, 1956) is an American philosopher of biology. She currently holds the Arnold and Maxine Tanis Chair of History and Philosophy of Science and is also professor of biology, adjunct professor of philosophy at Indiana University, affiliated faculty scholar at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction and Adjunct Faculty at the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Glenn MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving to St. Louis to work at Washington University in St. Louis, Glenn MacDonald served as a Professor and Area Coordinator for Economics and Management at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester located in Rochester, New York from 1994 until 2001. Also while working at the University of Rochester, Glenn MacDonald worked as a professor of economics in the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration from 1992 until 2001. During this period he was also a Professor of Organizations and Markets (1992-1994). Beginning in 1985 he served as a Senior Research Associate at the Rochester Center for Economic Research."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}], "question": "In what year was the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty at Josep Torrellas's place of employment?"}
{"id": "3hop1__245260_189907_82016", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hold Me Now (Thompson Twins song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Hold Me Now\" is a song by British band the Thompson Twins. Written by the band members, the song was produced by Alex Sadkin and the group's lead vocalist Tom Bailey. The song is a mid-tempo new wave song that uses a varied instrumentation, including keyboards, a xylophone, a piano and Latin percussion. It was released in November 1983 as the first single from their fourth studio album, \"Into the Gap\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Big Ben", "paragraph_text": "Along with the Great Bell, the belfry houses four quarter bells which play the Westminster Quarters on the quarter hours. The four quarter bells sound G\u266f, F\u266f, E, and B. They were cast by John Warner & Sons at their Crescent Foundry in 1857 (G\u266f, F\u266f and B) and 1858 (E). The Foundry was in Jewin Crescent, in what is now known as The Barbican, in the City of London. The bells are sounded by hammers pulled by cables coming from the link room\u2014a low-ceiling space between the clock room and the belfry\u2014where mechanisms translate the movement of the quarter train into the sounding of the individual bells."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Place Beno\u00eet-Cr\u00e9pu", "paragraph_text": "The Place Beno\u00eet-Cr\u00e9pu is a stone-paved square, located in Saint-Georges quarter, on the banks of the Sa\u00f4ne (Vieux Lyon), in the 5th arrondissement of Lyon. It has fountains with dolphin heads, many benches and trees and a playground. The place belongs to the area classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christian Quarter", "paragraph_text": "The Christian Quarter (, \"\u1e24\u0101rat al-Na\u1e63\u0101r\u0101\"; , \"Ha-Rova ha-Notsri\") is one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem, the other three being the Jewish Quarter, the Muslim Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. The Christian Quarter is situated in the northwestern corner of the Old City, extending from the New Gate in the north, along the western wall of the Old City as far as the Jaffa Gate, along the Jaffa Gate - Western Wall route in the south, bordering on the Jewish and Armenian Quarters, as far as the Damascus Gate in the east, where it borders on the Muslim Quarter. The Christian quarter contains about 40 Christian holy places. Among them is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of Christianity's holiest places. Most of its residents are Palestinian Christians, despite their dwindling numbers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)", "paragraph_text": "Principal photography on the film began November 2, 2016, in Los Angeles, California. Tobias A. Schliessler was the film's cinematographer, Naomi Shohan as production designer, Paco Delgado as costume designer, and Rich McBride as the film's visual effects supervisor. During production, DuVernay asked McBride to be as flexible as possible on visual effects sequences to enable her to make changes and incorporate new ideas during shooting. The director decided to put \"a certain Stephen King website\" in, and a \"colorful post-credits scene\" in it.Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in multiple locations including Eureka, California, in Humboldt County, starting November 29, 2016. Filming also took place at Eureka's Sequoia Park, located next to Sequoia Park Zoo.After Los Angeles, production moved to New Zealand for two weeks. During the last two weeks of February 2017, filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were in Central Otago, New Zealand. Actors and crew were in New Zealand for two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps, including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake H\u0101wea, with cast and crew treated to a traditional M\u0101ori powhiri and karakia. Filming wrapped in New Zealand's South Island after two weeks, and DuVernay declared the cast and crew's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Camp Randall Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Another tradition at UW football games is the ``Jump Around '', where fans dance to the House of Pain song of the same name. This takes place between the third and fourth quarters. The tradition began on Saturday, October 10, 1998, at the Badgers' Homecoming game against the Purdue Boilermakers. After no offensive points were scored in the third quarter, the Badgers' marketing agent in charge of sound piped the song through the loudspeakers. It stirred up fans and players and has become a tradition of the last decade."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Latin Quarter, Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Latin Quarter of Paris (French: Quartier latin, IPA: (ka\u0281tje lat\u025b\u0303)) is an area in the 5th and the 6th arrondissements of Paris. It is situated on the left bank of the Seine, around the Sorbonne."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Casablanca (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dooley Wilson as Sam. He was one of the few American - born members of the cast. A drummer, he had to fake playing the piano. Even after shooting had been completed, producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs. He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott, Lena Horne, or Ella Fitzgerald."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shoot the Piano Player", "paragraph_text": "Shoot the Piano Player (; UK title: Shoot the Pianist) is a 1960 French New Wave crime drama film directed by Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut and starring Charles Aznavour as the titular pianist. It is based on the novel \"Down There\" by David Goodis."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paris \u2014 Palais des Congr\u00e8s: Int\u00e9grale du spectacle", "paragraph_text": "Paris \u2014 Palais des Congr\u00e8s: Int\u00e9grale du spectacle is a 1995 live album featuring the performers Charles Aznavour and Liza Minnelli, recorded at the Palais des congr\u00e8s de Paris."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Descendants of the Sun", "paragraph_text": "On June 12, 2015, lead actors Song Joong - ki and Song Hye - kyo filmed their first scene in Seoul. On September 28, 2015, the entire cast and crew (including the four leads, Song Joong - ki, Song Hye - kyo, Jin Goo, Kim Ji - won, as well as supporting actors Kang Shin - il and Onew) departed for Greece. The team resided in the country for approximately a month to shoot episodes crucial to the drama's plot. According to Greek and South Korean news portals and blogs, filming mainly took place in Zakynthos, Arachova, Lemnos, and Navagio. The series' location was modelled after Iraq, a remote area located at the margin of Balkan Peninsula; but changed its name to Uruk to avoid diplomatic conflict."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Snowglobe (band)", "paragraph_text": "Snowglobe (band) is an American musical group based in the southern United States. While their music covers a range of styles and genres, they are generally referred to as an indie rock group. The band has had a rotating cast over the years, but the primary members are currently Brad Postlethwaite (vocals, guitar/piano), Nahshon Benford (horns, flute), Jeff Hulett (drums), Tim Regan (vocals, guitar/piano), Brandon Robertson (bass), and Luke White (vocals, guitar)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "NBA Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1955 -- 56 season to the best performing player of the regular season. The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy, which is named in honor of the first commissioner (then president) of the NBA, who served from 1946 until 1963. Until the 1979 -- 80 season, the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players. Since the 1980 -- 81 season, the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada, each of whom casts a vote for first to fifth place selections. Each first - place vote is worth 10 points; each second - place vote is worth seven; each third - place vote is worth five, fourth - place is worth three and fifth - place is worth one. Starting from 2010, one ballot was cast by fans through online voting. The player with the highest point total wins the award. As of June 2017, the current holder of the award is Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Don't Ask Me Why (Billy Joel song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Don't Ask Me Why\" is a Billy Joel song released in 1980. The track contains all acoustic and Latin percussion instruments performing in an Afro-Cuban rhythmic style. An eclectic, instrumental \"Latin Ballroom\" piano solo, played over the bridge section after the second verse, is also featured in part of the song; Joel states that the mix for the midsection includes \"fifteen pianos overdubbed on top of each other.\" The song spent two weeks at number one on the Adult Contemporary chart and peaked at number nineteen on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "NBA Sportsmanship Award", "paragraph_text": "Every year, each of the 30 NBA teams nominates one of its players to compete for this award. From these nominees, one player from each NBA division are selected by a panel as the divisional Sportsmanship Award winners. At the end of the regular season, players in the league cast votes for the award, with eleven points given for each first-place vote, nine for second-place vote, seven points for third, five points for fourth, three points for fifth and one point for each sixth place vote received. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award and presented with the Joe Dumars Trophy; named after the former Detroit Pistons player and the award's inaugural recipient.Grant Hill has won the award three times; the most in NBA history.  Kemba Walker, Jason Kidd and Mike Conley are the only other players to have won it multiple times, each having done so twice."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boy (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Waititi wanted to shoot the film in the place where he partly grew up, Waihau Bay. The story was set in summer, but it was challenging to shoot in the height of summer due to the area's popularity as a fishing and holiday destination. The film features the maize fields and the maize is harvested from late April. James Rolleston was not initially cast as the lead role of Boy. Another actor was already in place when Rolleston turned up for a costume fitting as an extra. Waititi gave him an audition and after reviewing the film clips, Rolleston was offered the role two days before shooting began."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "5th arrondissement of Paris", "paragraph_text": "As part of the Latin Quarter, the 5th arrondissement is known for its high concentration of educational and research establishments."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George Loveridge", "paragraph_text": "George Loveridge (15 October 1890 \u2013 28 November 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A wing three-quarter, Loveridge represented at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1913 and 1914. He played 11 matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indiana Jones", "paragraph_text": "Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his ``Bobby De Niro ''(in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films). During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark. However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role. One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders, both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded."}], "question": "Where is the Latin Quarter located in the city where the Shoot The Piano Player cast member was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122086_159272_14589", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ahron Daum", "paragraph_text": "In 1993, for family reasons, he resigned from his post as Chief Rabbi and moved to Antwerp, Belgium, where the largest part of his family already lived. There he started to teach Judaism within the state school system and in Jewish day schools. In 1995 he accepted a position as lecturer in Jewish Law at the Faculty for Comparative Religion in Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium. In recognition of his teaching there and his works on Halacha the Faculty awarded him a Professorship Honoris Causa in Jewish Law. Since 2001 he also started, along with his wife, a series of outreach projects for Baalei Tshuva, non-Jews interested in Jewish studies and prospective converts to Judaism. Today this takes up most of his time and efforts and as part of these outreach activities he regularly organizes, in cooperation with the Netherlands-based Shalom Centre, study days on various topics within the field of Jewish studies."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hans J. Hofmann", "paragraph_text": "Born in Germany, Hofmann immigrated to Montreal, Quebec, Canada and studied geology at McGill University, where he earned a Ph.D. under the supervision of T. H. Clark. He taught for three years at the University of Cincinnati and then worked at the Geological Survey of Canada. He was a professor in the geology department of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al for 31 years (1969\u20132000). He spent the last ten years of his life as a researcher in the Redpath Museum and an adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at McGill."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Carl Franz Robinow", "paragraph_text": "Carl Franz Robinow (10 April 1909 \u2013 20 October 2006) was a German researcher in bacterial and fungal cytology. He studied medicine in Freiburg and Vienna, obtained his M.D. in Hamburg in 1934. Following formative research experience in Denmark, England, and the U.S. he came to Canada in 1949 and worked in Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alastair Summerlee", "paragraph_text": "President Summerlee, whose career as a scholar, professor, researcher, and administrator spans nearly 30 years, joined the University of Guelph faculty in 1988 as a professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences. He was named an associate dean of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1992, dean of graduate studies in 1995, associate vice-president (academic) in 1999, and provost and vice-president (academic) in 2000."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eight-hour day", "paragraph_text": "The eight - hour day movement or 40 - hour week movement, also known as the short - time movement, was a social movement to regulate the length of a working day, preventing excesses and abuses. It was started by James Deb and had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life. The use of child labour was common. The working day could range from 10 to 16 hours, and the work week was typically six days a week."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Filipa C\u00e9sar", "paragraph_text": "Filipa C\u00e9sar (born 1975 in Portugal) is an artist and filmmaker who lives and works in Berlin, and studied at the Faculty of Arts in Porto and Lisbon (1996\u201399), the Academy of Arts in Munich (1999\u20132000) and MA Art in Context, University of Arts, Berlin (2007)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "J\u00f3zef Kowalewski", "paragraph_text": "J\u00f3zef Kowalewski () (9 January 1801 \u2013 7 November 1878) was a Polish orientalist. Founder of the Philomatic Association, in 1824 convicted by the Russian authorities for pro-independence Polish activity and exiled into Russia. Allowed to study at the Kazan University, he studied Mongolia, particularly Mongolian language and Tibetan Buddhism. In 1833 he founded the Department of Mongolian Studies at Kazan University - the first in Europe. In the years 1844-1849 he published his major work - a Mongolian - Russian - French dictionary. In 1862 he was allowed to return to Poland (then a part of the Russian Empire); he refused to support the January Uprising and did not oppose Russification of Polish education, for which he became the dean of the Philological and Historical Faculty of the University of Warsaw."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Esko Valtaoja", "paragraph_text": "Esko Jorma Johannes Valtaoja (; 1951, Kemi) is a Finnish professional astronomer and writer. Valtaoja works as a professor at the University of Turku where he studies quasars."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Glenn MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving to St. Louis to work at Washington University in St. Louis, Glenn MacDonald served as a Professor and Area Coordinator for Economics and Management at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester located in Rochester, New York from 1994 until 2001. Also while working at the University of Rochester, Glenn MacDonald worked as a professor of economics in the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration from 1992 until 2001. During this period he was also a Professor of Organizations and Markets (1992-1994). Beginning in 1985 he served as a Senior Research Associate at the Rochester Center for Economic Research."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elisabeth Lloyd", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (born September 3, 1956) is an American philosopher of biology. She currently holds the Arnold and Maxine Tanis Chair of History and Philosophy of Science and is also professor of biology, adjunct professor of philosophy at Indiana University, affiliated faculty scholar at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction and Adjunct Faculty at the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "George Bermann", "paragraph_text": "George Bermann earned his B.A. \"summa cum laude\" from Yale College in 1967, studied at the University of Sussex on a Marshall Scholarship from 1967 to 1968, and received his J.D. from Yale Law School in 1971, where he was an editor of the Yale Law Journal. Bermann earned his LL.M. from Columbia Law School. After working at Davis Polk & Wardwell for four years, he joined Columbia Law School's faculty in 1975. He is married to Sandra Bermann, the Cotsen Professor of the Humanities at Princeton University."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Deb Sokolow", "paragraph_text": "Deb Sokolow graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1996, and received her MFA from the Art Institute of Chicago in 2004. Sokolow's solo museum shows include The Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art in Hartford, CT, The Kemper Museum in Kansas City; The Spertus Museum of Art, Chicago; a 12 x 12 show at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago; the Abrons Art Center in New York City; INOVA in Milwaukee; and The Moore College of Art in Philadelphia. She has been included in group show shows at the Van Abbemuseum in The Netherlands; Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art in Arizona; Smart Museum in Chicago; Voorkamer in Belgium; and the Invisible-Exports in New York City. Sokolow's work is in the permanent collections of the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art in Arizona, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, the Spertus Museum in Chicago and The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction in Bloomington, Indiana. She is represented by Western Exhibitions, a contemporary art gallery in Chicago."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Peggy Pascoe", "paragraph_text": "Peggy Ann Pascoe (October 18, 1954 \u2013 July 23, 2010) was an American historian. She was the Beekman Professor of Northwest and Pacific History and Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Oregon. She was a member of the University of Oregon History Department from 1996 until her death on July 23, 2010. Prior to her work at UO, Pascoe worked as an assistant professor and then associate professor at the University of Utah, where she taught courses on women\u2019s history, race, and sexuality. Pascoe\u2019s work centers on the history of race, gender, and sexuality, with a particular investment in law and the U.S. West. Together with George Lipsitz, Earl Lewis, George Sanchez, and Dana Takagi, Pascoe edited the influential American Crossroads book series in Ethnic Studies, published by the University of California Press. Pascoe held this position for fifteen years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Blair Milan", "paragraph_text": "Following his death, the Theatre/Media Foundation of Charles Sturt University established the Blair Milan Fund to support a scholarship that encourages final year students of the faculty to demonstrate optimism, enthusiasm and a passion for their chosen field; and to support a touring production for the presentation of the work of final year faculty students before metropolitan and/or regional communities."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mark Leier", "paragraph_text": "Mark Leier is a Professor of working class and left-wing history at Simon Fraser University. From 2000 to 2010, he was the director of the Centre for Labour Studies at SFU."}], "question": "In what year was the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty at the university where Deb Sokolow studied formed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__256440_189907_82016", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Josef N\u011bmec", "paragraph_text": "Born in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czechoslovakia, he competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia, going out in the quarter finals of the heavyweight event. He returned to the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy, again as a heavyweight boxer where he went one better, going out in the semi final to finish in third place. In Moscow 1963 he became European champion."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Latin Quarter, Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Latin Quarter of Paris (French: Quartier latin, IPA: (ka\u0281tje lat\u025b\u0303)) is an area in the 5th and the 6th arrondissements of Paris. It is situated on the left bank of the Seine, around the Sorbonne."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Staritsky District", "paragraph_text": "Staritsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central and southern parts of the oblast and borders with Kuvshinovsky District in the north, Torzhoksky District in the northeast, Kalininsky District in the east, Lotoshinsky District of Moscow Oblast in the southeast, Zubtsovsky District in the south, Rzhevsky District in the southwest, and with Selizharovsky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Staritsa. Population: 24,056 (2010 Census); The population of Staritsa accounts for 35.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug", "paragraph_text": "Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug (), is one of the twelve administrative okrugs of Moscow. The okrug was created on July\u00a01, 2012."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sokolniki District", "paragraph_text": "Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Grand Cinema", "paragraph_text": "Grand Cinema is a 1989 Iranian comedy film directed by Hassan Hedayat. It was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Paris \u2014 Palais des Congr\u00e8s: Int\u00e9grale du spectacle", "paragraph_text": "Paris \u2014 Palais des Congr\u00e8s: Int\u00e9grale du spectacle is a 1995 live album featuring the performers Charles Aznavour and Liza Minnelli, recorded at the Palais des congr\u00e8s de Paris."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kalyazinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Kalyazinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast and borders with Uglichsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast in the northeast, Pereslavsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast in the southeast, Sergiyevo-Posadsky District of Moscow Oblast in the south, Taldomsky District, also of Moscow Oblast, in the southwest, Kimrsky District in the west, and with Kashinsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Kalyazin. Population: 21,688 (2010 Census); The population of Kalyazin accounts for 63.9% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yaroslavl", "paragraph_text": "Yaroslavl () is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. In 2010, the city had a population of 591,486."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "5th arrondissement of Paris", "paragraph_text": "As part of the Latin Quarter, the 5th arrondissement is known for its high concentration of educational and research establishments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Embassy of Kazakhstan in Moscow", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Moscow () is the chief diplomatic mission of Kazakhstan in the Russian Federation. It is located at 3a Chistoprudny Boulevard (Russian: \u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0440, 3\u0430) in the Basmanny District of Moscow."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Essex County Park Commission Administration Building", "paragraph_text": "The Essex County Park Commission Administration Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1916 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Moscow Cinema", "paragraph_text": "Moscow Cinema is the main venue of the Golden Apricot Yerevan International Film Festival, an international film festival held in Yerevan every year since 2004. The square in front of the cinema is named after Charles Aznavour as part of the celebrations of the 10th anniversary of Armenian independence in 2001."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lyuberetsky District", "paragraph_text": "Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Torre dello Sperone", "paragraph_text": "The Torre dello Sperone is a medieval tower in Cagliari, southern Sardinia, Italy. It is located in the Stampace historical quarter of the city."}], "question": "Where is the Latin Quarter located in the birthplace of the man who bears the name given to the area that houses the Moscow Cinema in Armenia?"}
{"id": "3hop1__121592_159272_395260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Envision EMI", "paragraph_text": "The company was originally founded as the Congressional Youth Leadership Council (CYLC) in 1985 by Barbara Harris and Richard Rossi. Prior to founding CYLC, Harris worked as both a classroom teacher and as a school administrator, and Rossi worked as a congressional staffer. The two met when Harris arranged a trip for her students to attend the second Presidential Inauguration of Ronald Reagan. The stated purpose of the company was to \"create unique experiences that create a lifetime advantage to high-achievers.\" , neither Harris nor Rossi were affiliated with the company."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Charles-\u00c9douard Brown-S\u00e9quard", "paragraph_text": "Brown-S\u00e9quard was born at Port Louis, Mauritius, to an American father and a French mother.  He attended the Royal College in Mauritius, and graduated in medicine at Paris in 1846. He then returned to Mauritius with the intention of practising there, but in 1852 he went to the United States. There he was appointed to the faculty of the Medical College of Virginia where he conducted experiments in the basement of the Egyptian Building."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "GE Lighting", "paragraph_text": "GE Lighting is a division of General Electric headquartered in Nela Park, East Cleveland, Ohio, United States, employing 17,000 people and tracing its origins to Thomas Edison's work on lighting."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Steve Orlen", "paragraph_text": "Steve Orlen (1942 \u2013 November 16, 2010) was an American poet and professor at the University of Arizona. He was visiting professor at the University of Houston, Goddard College, and Warren Wilson College. Orlen was a co-founder of the Creative Writing Program at the University of Arizona and a graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Danilo Palomer Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Danilo Palomer Santiago (born November 27, 1951) is a Full-time Filipino Eclectic painter, professor and Department Chair of University of Santo Tomas - College of Fine Arts and Design (UST-CFAD), Painting Department. His murals are displayed at the Malaca\u0148ang Palace, UST Main Building - Faculty of Civil Law and Veterans Memoraila Medical Center and whose works won awards in various art competitions. He was born in Sorsogon, Philippines and now lives in Manila."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Norman Birnbaum", "paragraph_text": "He was educated in New York City's public schools, at Williams College, and has a doctorate in sociology from Harvard University. He taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Oxford University, the University of Strasbourg, Amherst College, served on the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research and was Distinguished Fulbright Professor at the University of Bologna."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Syed A. Hoda", "paragraph_text": "Syed A. Hoda is a professor of pathology at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University, and an Attending Pathologist at the New York Presbyterian Hospital. Hoda is a surgical pathologist with a particular interest in diagnostic breast pathology."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Harry Carman", "paragraph_text": "Harry Carman's connection with Columbia University began in the fall of 1917, when he arrived on Morningside Heights to undertake his work for the doctorate, and, soon afterwards, his duties as an instructor in history in Columbia College. His Ph.D. came in 1919, followed by promotions through the academic grades to a full professorship in 1931. Eight years later, he was named Moore Collegiate Professor. In March 1933, he was appointed to a seat on the Faculty of Political Science."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Donald B. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Donald B. Campbell is an Australian-born astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University. Prior to joining the Cornell faculty he was Director of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico for seven years. Campbell's research work is in the general area of planetary studies with a concentration on the radio-wavelength-scattering properties of planets, planetary satellites, and small bodies. His work includes studies of Venus, the Moon, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Titan, as well as comets and asteroids. Campbell observed near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros, which was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory radar system."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Steve Dorner", "paragraph_text": "Steve Dorner is an American software engineer who developed the Eudora e-mail client in 1988 as a part of his work as a staff member at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Dorner was hired by Qualcomm in July 1992 and Eudora was subsequently acquired by Qualcomm. Dorner also developed a popular online directory/phone book in the early 1990s commonly referred to as the CCSO Nameserver."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bruce Katz", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Katz (born August 19, 1952) is an American musician, playing piano, organ and bass guitar. From 1996 to 2010, he was on the faculty at the Berklee College of Music in Boston as an associate professor."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alastair Summerlee", "paragraph_text": "President Summerlee, whose career as a scholar, professor, researcher, and administrator spans nearly 30 years, joined the University of Guelph faculty in 1988 as a professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences. He was named an associate dean of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1992, dean of graduate studies in 1995, associate vice-president (academic) in 1999, and provost and vice-president (academic) in 2000."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Edward McCombie McGirr", "paragraph_text": "Edward McCombie McGirr was Muirhead professor of medicine at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, a former President of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and Dean of Faculties at the University of Glasgow."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dalia Dorner", "paragraph_text": "Dalia Dorner (Hebrew: \u05d3\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05e0\u05e8; born March 3, 1934) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Israel from 1993 to 2004."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. (born December 12, 1966 in Gary, Indiana) is a law professor at Harvard Law School. Sullivan graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Morehouse College in 1989 and received his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1994. Prior to joining the Harvard Law School faculty, Sullivan served as the Director of the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Loring Danforth", "paragraph_text": "Loring M. Danforth is a professor of anthropology and epistemology, and an author working at Bates College in the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kenneth W. Mack", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth W. Mack (born December 14, 1964) is a historian and the inaugural Lawrence D. Biele Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, where he has been a member of the faculty since 2000. He is the author of Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer (2012), and co-editor of The New Black: What Has Changed--and What Has Not--With Race in America (2012)."}], "question": "Who founded the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty at the college Steve Dorner attended?"}
{"id": "3hop1__121814_159272_14589", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Edward McCombie McGirr", "paragraph_text": "Edward McCombie McGirr was Muirhead professor of medicine at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, a former President of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and Dean of Faculties at the University of Glasgow."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Harry Carman", "paragraph_text": "Harry Carman's connection with Columbia University began in the fall of 1917, when he arrived on Morningside Heights to undertake his work for the doctorate, and, soon afterwards, his duties as an instructor in history in Columbia College. His Ph.D. came in 1919, followed by promotions through the academic grades to a full professorship in 1931. Eight years later, he was named Moore Collegiate Professor. In March 1933, he was appointed to a seat on the Faculty of Political Science."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "George Bermann", "paragraph_text": "George Bermann earned his B.A. \"summa cum laude\" from Yale College in 1967, studied at the University of Sussex on a Marshall Scholarship from 1967 to 1968, and received his J.D. from Yale Law School in 1971, where he was an editor of the Yale Law Journal. Bermann earned his LL.M. from Columbia Law School. After working at Davis Polk & Wardwell for four years, he joined Columbia Law School's faculty in 1975. He is married to Sandra Bermann, the Cotsen Professor of the Humanities at Princeton University."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Roger Guindon", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ville-Marie, Quebec, he was ordained a priest in 1946. He joined the University of Ottawa as a Professor in the Faculty of Theology and later became Dean of the faculty. From 1964 to 1984 he was the Rector of the University of Ottawa. His uncle, Auguste Morisset, was also a member of the faculty at the college, having been director of libraries from 1934 to 1958 and founder and director of the university's Library School from 1958 to 1971. It was under Guindon's rectorship that Morisset Hall, named for his uncle, was opened."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Loring Danforth", "paragraph_text": "Loring M. Danforth is a professor of anthropology and epistemology, and an author working at Bates College in the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Norman Birnbaum", "paragraph_text": "He was educated in New York City's public schools, at Williams College, and has a doctorate in sociology from Harvard University. He taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Oxford University, the University of Strasbourg, Amherst College, served on the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research and was Distinguished Fulbright Professor at the University of Bologna."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alastair Summerlee", "paragraph_text": "President Summerlee, whose career as a scholar, professor, researcher, and administrator spans nearly 30 years, joined the University of Guelph faculty in 1988 as a professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences. He was named an associate dean of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1992, dean of graduate studies in 1995, associate vice-president (academic) in 1999, and provost and vice-president (academic) in 2000."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Overture in the French style, BWV 831", "paragraph_text": "The Overture in the French style, BWV 831, original title Ouvert\u00fcre nach Franz\u00f6sischer Art, also known as the French Overture and published as the second half of Clavier-\u00dcbung II in 1735 (paired with the \"Italian Concerto\"), is a suite in B minor for two-manual harpsichord written by Johann Sebastian Bach. An earlier version of this work exists, in the key of C minor (BWV 831a); the work was transposed into B minor to complete the cycle of tonalities in Parts One and Two of the Clavier-\u00dcbung. The keys of the six Partitas (B major, C minor, A minor, D major, G major, E minor) form a sequence of intervals going up and then down by increasing amounts: a second up (B to C), a third down (C to A), a fourth up (A to D), a fifth down (D to G), and finally a sixth up (G to E). The key sequence continues into \"Clavier-\u00dcbung II\" (1735) with two larger works: the Italian Concerto, a seventh down (E to F), and the French Overture, an augmented fourth up (F to B). Thus this sequence of customary tonalities for 18th-century keyboard compositions is complete, extending from the first letter of his name (Bach's \"home\" key, B, in German is B) to the last letter of his name (B in German is H)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Peggy Pascoe", "paragraph_text": "Peggy Ann Pascoe (October 18, 1954 \u2013 July 23, 2010) was an American historian. She was the Beekman Professor of Northwest and Pacific History and Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Oregon. She was a member of the University of Oregon History Department from 1996 until her death on July 23, 2010. Prior to her work at UO, Pascoe worked as an assistant professor and then associate professor at the University of Utah, where she taught courses on women\u2019s history, race, and sexuality. Pascoe\u2019s work centers on the history of race, gender, and sexuality, with a particular investment in law and the U.S. West. Together with George Lipsitz, Earl Lewis, George Sanchez, and Dana Takagi, Pascoe edited the influential American Crossroads book series in Ethnic Studies, published by the University of California Press. Pascoe held this position for fifteen years."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jan Bach", "paragraph_text": "Jan Bach earned a Bachelor of Music degree in 1959 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition there in 1971. He also studied with Aaron Copland and Roberto Gerhard at Tanglewood in 1961 and with Thea Musgrave in Aldeburgh and London in 1974."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Danilo Palomer Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Danilo Palomer Santiago (born November 27, 1951) is a Full-time Filipino Eclectic painter, professor and Department Chair of University of Santo Tomas - College of Fine Arts and Design (UST-CFAD), Painting Department. His murals are displayed at the Malaca\u0148ang Palace, UST Main Building - Faculty of Civil Law and Veterans Memoraila Medical Center and whose works won awards in various art competitions. He was born in Sorsogon, Philippines and now lives in Manila."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jon Finn", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan M. Finn (born 1958) is an American rock musician and guitarist. He is the founder and leader of the Jon Finn Group, and is a professor at the Berklee College of Music; he joined the guitar faculty there in 1988. He is also the author of several books on the guitar, and was an instructional columnist for \"Guitar\" magazine for three years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Johann Christian Bach", "paragraph_text": "Johann Christian Bach was born to Johann Sebastian and Anna Magdalena Bach in Leipzig, Germany. His distinguished father was already 50 at the time of his birth\u2014an age gap exemplified by the sharp differences in the musical styles of father and son. Even so, father Bach instructed Johann Christian in music until his death in 1750. After his father's death, he worked (and lived) with his second-oldest half brother Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, who was twenty-one years his senior and considered at the time to be the most musically gifted of Bach's sons."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bruce Katz", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Katz (born August 19, 1952) is an American musician, playing piano, organ and bass guitar. From 1996 to 2010, he was on the faculty at the Berklee College of Music in Boston as an associate professor."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hans Mueh", "paragraph_text": "Hans Juergen Mueh (born January 8, 1944) was the director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, serving in that position from 2004 until January 2015. Prior to becoming the Director of Athletics for the USAF, Dr. Mueh served as permanent professor and head of the Department of Chemistry, and Vice Dean of Faculty at the Academy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. (born December 12, 1966 in Gary, Indiana) is a law professor at Harvard Law School. Sullivan graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Morehouse College in 1989 and received his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1994. Prior to joining the Harvard Law School faculty, Sullivan served as the Director of the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia."}], "question": "In what year was the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty at Jan Bach's college formed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__342715_714218_484444", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Education", "paragraph_text": "Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Education in Kenya", "paragraph_text": "Kenya began a campaign for free primary education after independence in 1963. Since then, the system of education has undergone transformation twice. Before independence elementary education was based on the colonial system of education."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brothers of Christian Instruction", "paragraph_text": "The Brothers of Christian Instruction (, F.I.C.P.), commonly known as the La Mennais Brothers, is a Catholic educational organization founded in 1819 by Gabriel Deshayes and Jean-Marie de la Mennais for the instruction of youth. Their aim remains that of their Founder: \"to educate the young and to make Jesus Christ better known and better loved\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Workers' Education Bureau of America", "paragraph_text": "Workers' Education Bureau of America (1921\u20131951) was an organization established to assist labor colleges and other worker training centers involved in the American labor movement. The Workers Education Bureau of America was an important development in labor education in the 1920s. Founded in 1921, it served as an informational clearinghouse for labor education organizing forums around the country and assisting local programs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur\u2019anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia\u2019s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage \u2018Self\u2019 and \u2018System\u2019: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Massimo Salvadori", "paragraph_text": "Salvadori was educated at the University of Geneva and the University of Rome. He was involved in the anti-Fascist movement in Italy before World War II. Imprisoned from 1931-32 as a result of his political activities, Salvadori fled Italy for Switzerland. In 1943 he joined the British army and after participating in landings at Salerno and Anzio, parachuted into Italy to organize resistance. As agent of the British Special Operations Executive, Salvadori played a central role in providing weapons supplies for partisan formations and in pushing the Action Party to cooperate with the Italian Monarchy after the \"svolta di Salerno\" (1944). For this service, he was awarded the Military Cross and Distinguished Service Order. He served on the faculty of Smith College from 1945 until his retirement in 1973, with two notable breaks: in 1948-49 he was director of the Division of Political Science of UNESCO in France and in 1952 he worked as a political analyst for the Information Service of the Secretariat of NATO."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "paragraph_text": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 for the purposes of opening a museum to bring art and art education to the American people. It opened on February 20, 1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hadaf Educational Group", "paragraph_text": "Hadaf Educational Group (Goruh-e Farhangi-e Hadaf) was a pioneering private educational complex founded in Tehran in 1949-50 by Ahmad Birashk and a number of well-known high school teachers of mathematics and natural sciences, including Ahmad Anwari, Taqi Hurfar, Ali Motemadden and Ahmad Reza qoli-zada. Hadaf (lit. goal) was also an acronym for honar (art), danesh (science), and farhang (culture). The main objective of the Group was to offer high quality education from elementary to high school, comparable to that of American preparatory schools."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Studies in Higher Education", "paragraph_text": "Studies in Higher Education is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of higher education, published by Routledge on behalf of the Society for Research into Higher Education."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Donetsk State University of Management", "paragraph_text": "Donetsk State University of Management () is a Ukrainian University founded in 1992 as the Donetsk State Academy of Management (with 31 graduates) and was awarded the status of University in 2004 by the Ukrainian Ministry of Education and Science."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities", "paragraph_text": "ACSCU is a founding member of the Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations (COCOPEA). It cooperates with the COCOPEA member associations, namely: the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), and the Technical-Vocational Schools Association of the Philippines (TEVSAPHIL)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Harvard Graduate School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States. It was founded in 1920, when it was the first school to establish the Ed.D. degree."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia", "paragraph_text": "\"1 Decembrie 1918\" University, Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into the national higher education system, which functions based on the Romanian Constitution, the Law of Education, the University Charter and its own regulations."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "University of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "It was founded in 1559 by John Calvin as a theological seminary and law school. It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for Enlightenment scholarship. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. Today, the university is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 2009, the University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Franklin Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Porto Editora", "paragraph_text": "the leading educational publisher in Portugal in the areas of educational books, dictionaries and multimedia products, both off-line and on-line. Porto Editora was founded in 1944 in Porto by a group of teachers within different areas of education."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nicolas Cop", "paragraph_text": "Nicolas Cop (born circa 1501 in Paris and died 1540), rector of the University of Paris in late 1533, from 10 October 1533, was a Swiss Protestant Reformer and friend of John Calvin. Nicolas Cop and his brother Michel Cop, sons of the king's physician, had become Calvin's friends during their shared time at the Coll\u00e8ge de Montaigu. (Cop and Calvin were both French and not Swiss.)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Education in the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). DepEd is responsible for the K -- 12 basic education; it exercises full and exclusive control over public schools and nominal regulation over private schools, and it also enforces the national curriculum that has been put in place since 2013. CHED and TESDA, on the other hand, are responsible for higher education; CHED regulates the academically - oriented universities and colleges while TESDA oversees the development of technical and vocational education institutions and programs in the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pierre Salvadori", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Salvadori (born 8 November 1964) is a French film director from Santo-Pietro-di-Venaco, known for works on romantic comedies such as \"Hors de prix\" (2006)."}], "question": "When did the founder of the university where Massimo Salvadori was educated die?"}
{"id": "3hop1__155518_159272_14589", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Harry Carman", "paragraph_text": "Harry Carman's connection with Columbia University began in the fall of 1917, when he arrived on Morningside Heights to undertake his work for the doctorate, and, soon afterwards, his duties as an instructor in history in Columbia College. His Ph.D. came in 1919, followed by promotions through the academic grades to a full professorship in 1931. Eight years later, he was named Moore Collegiate Professor. In March 1933, he was appointed to a seat on the Faculty of Political Science."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rupert Emerson", "paragraph_text": "Rupert Emerson (August 20, 1899, in Rye, NY \u2013 February 9, 1979, in Cambridge, MA) was a professor of political science and international relations. He served on the faculty of Harvard University for forty-three years and served in various U.S government positions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hasanuddin University", "paragraph_text": "Hasanuddin University started its history as a part of the faculty of economics of University of Indonesia, which during the early years of its establishment had faculties scattered across the archipelago. These faculties later developed into full-fledged universities of their own, such as Bandung Institute of Technology (faculty of engineering), Bogor Agricultural Institute (faculty of agriculture), and Airlangga University (faculty of medicine and dentistry). Hasanuddin University was officially launched by the first vice President of Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Peggy Pascoe", "paragraph_text": "Peggy Ann Pascoe (October 18, 1954 \u2013 July 23, 2010) was an American historian. She was the Beekman Professor of Northwest and Pacific History and Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Oregon. She was a member of the University of Oregon History Department from 1996 until her death on July 23, 2010. Prior to her work at UO, Pascoe worked as an assistant professor and then associate professor at the University of Utah, where she taught courses on women\u2019s history, race, and sexuality. Pascoe\u2019s work centers on the history of race, gender, and sexuality, with a particular investment in law and the U.S. West. Together with George Lipsitz, Earl Lewis, George Sanchez, and Dana Takagi, Pascoe edited the influential American Crossroads book series in Ethnic Studies, published by the University of California Press. Pascoe held this position for fifteen years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Girl", "paragraph_text": "Gender influences the pattern of child labor. Girls tend to be asked by their families to perform more domestic work in their parental home than boys are, and often at younger ages than boys. Employment as a paid domestic worker is the most common form of child labor for girls. In some places, such as East and Southeast Asia, parents often see work as a domestic servant as a good preparation for marriage. Domestic service, however, is among the least regulated of all professions, and exposes workers to serious risks, such as violence, exploitation and abuse by the employers, because the workers are often isolated from the outside world. Child labor has a very negative effect on education. Girls either stop their education, or, when they continue it, they are often subjected to a double burden, or a triple burden of work outside the home, housework in the parental home, and schoolwork. This situation is common in places such as parts of Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Doraiswami Ramkrishna", "paragraph_text": "Ramkrishna earned his B. (Chem) Eng. Degree from the University Department of Chemical Technology of University of Mumbai in 1960, and his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1965 with doctoral advisor Arnold Fredrickson. Following his PhD, he was an Assistant Professor for two years at Minnesota before returning to the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur where he served on the faculty for nearly seven years. He returned to the United States in 1974 as a Visiting Associate Professor in 1974, thereafter as a visiting professor at Minnesota in 1975 before joining Purdue University as a Professor of Chemical Engineering in 1976."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hans Mueh", "paragraph_text": "Hans Juergen Mueh (born January 8, 1944) was the director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, serving in that position from 2004 until January 2015. Prior to becoming the Director of Athletics for the USAF, Dr. Mueh served as permanent professor and head of the Department of Chemistry, and Vice Dean of Faculty at the Academy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alastair Summerlee", "paragraph_text": "President Summerlee, whose career as a scholar, professor, researcher, and administrator spans nearly 30 years, joined the University of Guelph faculty in 1988 as a professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences. He was named an associate dean of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1992, dean of graduate studies in 1995, associate vice-president (academic) in 1999, and provost and vice-president (academic) in 2000."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Josep Torrellas", "paragraph_text": "Josep Torrellas (Montblanc, 1963) is Professor and Willett Faculty Scholar in the Department of Computer Science and a research faculty for the Universal Parallel Computing Research Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Torrellas' research area is computer architecture, focusing on speculative multithreading, multiprocessor organization, integration of processors and memory, and architectural support for software debuggability and machine reliability. He has been involved in the Stanford DASH and the Illinois Cedar multiprocessor projects, and led the Illinois Aggressive COMA and FlexRAM Intelligent Memory projects."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Donald B. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Donald B. Campbell is an Australian-born astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University. Prior to joining the Cornell faculty he was Director of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico for seven years. Campbell's research work is in the general area of planetary studies with a concentration on the radio-wavelength-scattering properties of planets, planetary satellites, and small bodies. His work includes studies of Venus, the Moon, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Titan, as well as comets and asteroids. Campbell observed near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros, which was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory radar system."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Blair Milan", "paragraph_text": "Following his death, the Theatre/Media Foundation of Charles Sturt University established the Blair Milan Fund to support a scholarship that encourages final year students of the faculty to demonstrate optimism, enthusiasm and a passion for their chosen field; and to support a touring production for the presentation of the work of final year faculty students before metropolitan and/or regional communities."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. (born December 12, 1966 in Gary, Indiana) is a law professor at Harvard Law School. Sullivan graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Morehouse College in 1989 and received his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1994. Prior to joining the Harvard Law School faculty, Sullivan served as the Director of the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}], "question": "What year saw the formation of the company that the professor worked for, prior to being part of the faculty at Josep Torrellas's place of employment?"}
{"id": "3hop1__447602_750490_58439", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Walt Patulski", "paragraph_text": "Walter George Patulski (born February 3, 1950) is a former American football defensive end at the University of Notre Dame and the National Football League."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Claude Frollo", "paragraph_text": "Monseigneur Claude Frollo ((klod f\u0281\u0254lo)) is the main antagonist from Victor Hugo's 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre - Dame (known in French as Notre - Dame de Paris). He is the Archdeacon of Notre Dame."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame", "paragraph_text": "The Hunchback of Notre - Dame (French: Notre - Dame de Paris) is a French Romantic / Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. The original French title refers to Notre Dame Cathedral, on which the story is centered. English translator Frederic Shoberl named the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1833 because at the time, Gothic novels were more popular than Romance novels in England. The story is set in Paris, France in the Late Middle Ages, during the reign of Louis XI."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame", "paragraph_text": "The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame is a 1901 oil on canvas painting by the French artist Maximilien Luce. Luce was part of the Neo-Impressionist movement between 1887 and 1897 and used the technique of employing separate dabs of color (divisionism), for the painting, which was one of ten he undertook of Notre Dame de Paris. The Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay in Paris, which holds the image , notes that this was painted by Luce when he was moving from his Neo-Impressionist period to his later Populist period. The Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay obtained the picture in 1981."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John McGreevy", "paragraph_text": "John McGreevy is an American historian and the dean of the College of Arts & Letters at the University of Notre Dame from 2008 until 2018. McGreevy earned his B.A. from Notre Dame and his Ph.D. from Stanford University. He has been on the Notre Dame faculty since 1997."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)", "paragraph_text": "In 1482 Paris, Clopin, a gypsy puppeteer, narrates the origin of the titular hunchback. A group of gypsies sneak illegally into Paris, but are ambushed by Judge Claude Frollo, the Minister of Justice of Paris, and his soldiers. A gypsy woman in the group attempts to flee with her deformed baby, but Frollo chases and kills her outside Notre Dame. He tries to kill the baby as well, but the cathedral's archdeacon intervenes and accuses Frollo of murdering an innocent woman. To atone for his sin, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the deformed child in Notre Dame as his son, naming him Quasimodo."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "\u00cele de la Cit\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 remains the heart of Paris. All road distances in France are calculated from the 0 km point located in the Place du Parvis de Notre - Dame, the square facing Notre - Dame's pair of western towers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Antonieta", "paragraph_text": "Antonieta is a 1982 film by Spanish director Carlos Saura, starring Isabelle Adjani and Hanna Schygulla. The film, a Mexican-Spanish French co production, was based on a novel by Andr\u00e9s Henestrosa. The plot centers on the life of Antonieta Rivas Mercado, a Mexican writer who killed herself inside Paris' Notre Dame in 1931."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "David Cortright", "paragraph_text": "David Cortright is an American scholar and peace activist. He is Director of Policy Studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame and Chair of the Board of the Fourth Freedom Forum."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and water.As of 2012[update] four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a \"B\" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dwayne Mars", "paragraph_text": "Dwayne Mars (born 9 February 1989) is a Barbadian international footballer who plays for Notre Dame SC, as a striker."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Edward Malloy", "paragraph_text": "The Rev. Edward Aloysius Malloy, C.S.C. (born May 3, 1941), nicknamed \"Monk\", served from 1987 to 2005 as the 16th president of the University of Notre Dame."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game", "paragraph_text": "The 1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, colloquially known as Catholics vs. Convicts, was played on October 15, 1988 at Notre Dame Stadium. Both the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Miami Hurricanes came into the game undefeated. Notre Dame won the closely contested game 31 -- 30."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Notre Dame Fighting Irish head football coaches", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football head coaches. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the football team of the University of Notre Dame, located in South Bend, Indiana, United States. The team competes as an Independent at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Notre Dame has produced more All - Americans than any other Football Bowl Subdivision school. Additionally, seven Fighting Irish football players have won the Heisman Trophy. Notre Dame is one of only two Catholic universities that field a team in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the other being Boston College, and one of a handful of programs independent of a football conference. The team plays its home games on Notre Dame's campus at Notre Dame Stadium, also known as the ``House that Rockne Built, ''which has a capacity of 80,795. The current head coach is Brian Kelly."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Murder in Eden (film)", "paragraph_text": "Murder in Eden is a 1961 British mystery film directed by Max Varnel and starring Ray McAnally, Catherine Feller and Yvonne Buckingham. The screenplay involves the murder of an art critic and subsequent hunt for the killer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The band entire will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across campus to the game."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok", "paragraph_text": "Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a school in Polomolok, South Cotabato, Philippines. It started as Notre Dame of Polomolok (NDP) but changed its name to Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok from the opening of its college department in 2004. Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok has been a member of the Notre Dame Educational Association, a group of Notre Dame Schools in the Philippines under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The college offers a complete pre-school, grade school, and high school education and a selected college education programs as follows:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Max Varnel", "paragraph_text": "Born Max Le Bozec in Paris, France, he was the son of the film director Marcel Varnel. He began his career as the assistant director of \"The Magic Box\" (1951) and continued in this capacity for \"The Card\" (1952), \"Devil Girl from Mars\" (1954), and \"The Cockleshell Heroes\" (1955), among others. His directing credits encompass a long string of B movies, including \"Moment of Indiscretion\", \"A Woman Possessed\" (both 1958), \"Top Floor Girl\", \"Web of Suspicion\", \"The Child and the Killer\", and \"Crash Drive\" (all 1959)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Michigan\u2013Notre Dame football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Notre Dame Fighting Irish First meeting November 23, 1887 Michigan 8, Notre Dame 0 Latest meeting September 1, 2018 Notre Dame 24, Michigan 17 Next meeting October 26, 2019 Statistics Meetings total 43 All - time series Michigan leads 24 -- 18 -- 1 Largest victory Michigan, 38 -- 0 Longest win streak Michigan, 8 (1887 -- 1908) Current win streak Notre Dame, 2 (2014 -- present)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /\u02ccno\u028at\u0259r\u02c8de\u026am/ NOH-t\u0259r-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means \"Our Lady of the Lake\" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the \"Word of Life\" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica."}], "question": "What part of the city of birth of the director of Murder in Eden is Notre Dame in?"}
{"id": "3hop1__635190_750490_58439", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States  and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok", "paragraph_text": "Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a school in Polomolok, South Cotabato, Philippines. It started as Notre Dame of Polomolok (NDP) but changed its name to Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok from the opening of its college department in 2004. Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok has been a member of the Notre Dame Educational Association, a group of Notre Dame Schools in the Philippines under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The college offers a complete pre-school, grade school, and high school education and a selected college education programs as follows:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game", "paragraph_text": "The 1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, colloquially known as Catholics vs. Convicts, was played on October 15, 1988 at Notre Dame Stadium. Both the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Miami Hurricanes came into the game undefeated. Notre Dame won the closely contested game 31 -- 30."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bill Scholl", "paragraph_text": "Bill Scholl (born September 2, 1957) is the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics for Marquette University. Bill Scholl spent 23 years working in the University of Notre Dame athletics department before accepting a position at Ball State University as the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics. After three years at Ball State, Scholl relocated where he is now the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics at Marquette University."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Claude Frollo", "paragraph_text": "Monseigneur Claude Frollo ((klod f\u0281\u0254lo)) is the main antagonist from Victor Hugo's 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre - Dame (known in French as Notre - Dame de Paris). He is the Archdeacon of Notre Dame."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Notre-Dame-du-Rocher", "paragraph_text": "Notre-Dame-du-Rocher is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Athis-Val-de-Rouvre."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and water.As of 2012[update] four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a \"B\" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /\u02ccno\u028at\u0259r\u02c8de\u026am/ NOH-t\u0259r-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means \"Our Lady of the Lake\" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the \"Word of Life\" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Antonieta", "paragraph_text": "Antonieta is a 1982 film by Spanish director Carlos Saura, starring Isabelle Adjani and Hanna Schygulla. The film, a Mexican-Spanish French co production, was based on a novel by Andr\u00e9s Henestrosa. The plot centers on the life of Antonieta Rivas Mercado, a Mexican writer who killed herself inside Paris' Notre Dame in 1931."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Darsee", "paragraph_text": "John Darsee obtained his undergraduate education at the University of Notre Dame, then went to medical school at Indiana University, where he received a degree in 1974."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "\u00cele de la Cit\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 remains the heart of Paris. All road distances in France are calculated from the 0 km point located in the Place du Parvis de Notre - Dame, the square facing Notre - Dame's pair of western towers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "David Cortright", "paragraph_text": "David Cortright is an American scholar and peace activist. He is Director of Policy Studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame and Chair of the Board of the Fourth Freedom Forum."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame", "paragraph_text": "The Hunchback of Notre - Dame (French: Notre - Dame de Paris) is a French Romantic / Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. The original French title refers to Notre Dame Cathedral, on which the story is centered. English translator Frederic Shoberl named the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1833 because at the time, Gothic novels were more popular than Romance novels in England. The story is set in Paris, France in the Late Middle Ages, during the reign of Louis XI."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Walt Patulski", "paragraph_text": "Walter George Patulski (born February 3, 1950) is a former American football defensive end at the University of Notre Dame and the National Football League."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Michigan\u2013Notre Dame football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Notre Dame Fighting Irish First meeting November 23, 1887 Michigan 8, Notre Dame 0 Latest meeting September 1, 2018 Notre Dame 24, Michigan 17 Next meeting October 26, 2019 Statistics Meetings total 43 All - time series Michigan leads 24 -- 18 -- 1 Largest victory Michigan, 38 -- 0 Longest win streak Michigan, 8 (1887 -- 1908) Current win streak Notre Dame, 2 (2014 -- present)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame", "paragraph_text": "The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame is a 1901 oil on canvas painting by the French artist Maximilien Luce. Luce was part of the Neo-Impressionist movement between 1887 and 1897 and used the technique of employing separate dabs of color (divisionism), for the painting, which was one of ten he undertook of Notre Dame de Paris. The Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay in Paris, which holds the image , notes that this was painted by Luce when he was moving from his Neo-Impressionist period to his later Populist period. The Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay obtained the picture in 1981."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The band entire will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across campus to the game."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Top Floor Girl", "paragraph_text": "Top Floor Girl is a 1959 British drama film directed by Max Varnel and starring Kay Callard, Neil Hallett and Robert Raikes. The screenplay was co-written by Brian Clemens."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Javin Hunter", "paragraph_text": "Javin Hunter (born May 9, 1980) is a former American football wide receiver from the University of Notre Dame, Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Max Varnel", "paragraph_text": "Born Max Le Bozec in Paris, France, he was the son of the film director Marcel Varnel. He began his career as the assistant director of \"The Magic Box\" (1951) and continued in this capacity for \"The Card\" (1952), \"Devil Girl from Mars\" (1954), and \"The Cockleshell Heroes\" (1955), among others. His directing credits encompass a long string of B movies, including \"Moment of Indiscretion\", \"A Woman Possessed\" (both 1958), \"Top Floor Girl\", \"Web of Suspicion\", \"The Child and the Killer\", and \"Crash Drive\" (all 1959)."}], "question": "What part of the birthplace of the director of Top Floor Girl is Notre Dame in?"}
{"id": "3hop1__121592_159272_14589", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Steve Dorner", "paragraph_text": "Steve Dorner is an American software engineer who developed the Eudora e-mail client in 1988 as a part of his work as a staff member at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Dorner was hired by Qualcomm in July 1992 and Eudora was subsequently acquired by Qualcomm. Dorner also developed a popular online directory/phone book in the early 1990s commonly referred to as the CCSO Nameserver."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elisabeth Camp", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Camp is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. Camp's work has focused on forms of thought and speech that do not fit standard propositional models. She has written extensively about figurative speech such as sarcasm and metaphor, arguing that these forms of speech force listeners to reconsider their standard methods of delineating the difference between what is meant and what is said."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Roger Guindon", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ville-Marie, Quebec, he was ordained a priest in 1946. He joined the University of Ottawa as a Professor in the Faculty of Theology and later became Dean of the faculty. From 1964 to 1984 he was the Rector of the University of Ottawa. His uncle, Auguste Morisset, was also a member of the faculty at the college, having been director of libraries from 1934 to 1958 and founder and director of the university's Library School from 1958 to 1971. It was under Guindon's rectorship that Morisset Hall, named for his uncle, was opened."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Harry Carman", "paragraph_text": "Harry Carman's connection with Columbia University began in the fall of 1917, when he arrived on Morningside Heights to undertake his work for the doctorate, and, soon afterwards, his duties as an instructor in history in Columbia College. His Ph.D. came in 1919, followed by promotions through the academic grades to a full professorship in 1931. Eight years later, he was named Moore Collegiate Professor. In March 1933, he was appointed to a seat on the Faculty of Political Science."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Donald B. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Donald B. Campbell is an Australian-born astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University. Prior to joining the Cornell faculty he was Director of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico for seven years. Campbell's research work is in the general area of planetary studies with a concentration on the radio-wavelength-scattering properties of planets, planetary satellites, and small bodies. His work includes studies of Venus, the Moon, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Titan, as well as comets and asteroids. Campbell observed near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros, which was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory radar system."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alastair Summerlee", "paragraph_text": "President Summerlee, whose career as a scholar, professor, researcher, and administrator spans nearly 30 years, joined the University of Guelph faculty in 1988 as a professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences. He was named an associate dean of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1992, dean of graduate studies in 1995, associate vice-president (academic) in 1999, and provost and vice-president (academic) in 2000."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Steve Orlen", "paragraph_text": "Steve Orlen (1942 \u2013 November 16, 2010) was an American poet and professor at the University of Arizona. He was visiting professor at the University of Houston, Goddard College, and Warren Wilson College. Orlen was a co-founder of the Creative Writing Program at the University of Arizona and a graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jon Finn", "paragraph_text": "Jonathan M. Finn (born 1958) is an American rock musician and guitarist. He is the founder and leader of the Jon Finn Group, and is a professor at the Berklee College of Music; he joined the guitar faculty there in 1988. He is also the author of several books on the guitar, and was an instructional columnist for \"Guitar\" magazine for three years."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Edward McCombie McGirr", "paragraph_text": "Edward McCombie McGirr was Muirhead professor of medicine at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, a former President of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and Dean of Faculties at the University of Glasgow."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Grant Gustin", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Grant Gustin was born in Norfolk, Virginia. He is the son of Tina Haney, a pediatric nurse, and Thomas Gustin, a college professor. During his high school years, he attended the Governor's School for the Arts program in Norfolk for musical theater. He also went to Hurrah Players Incorporated which is a theater organization in Virginia. In 2008, he graduated from Granby High School and went on to attend the BFA Music Theater Program at Elon University in North Carolina for two years. He has been a friend of actor Chris Wood since college."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. (born December 12, 1966 in Gary, Indiana) is a law professor at Harvard Law School. Sullivan graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Morehouse College in 1989 and received his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1994. Prior to joining the Harvard Law School faculty, Sullivan served as the Director of the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bruce Katz", "paragraph_text": "Bruce Katz (born August 19, 1952) is an American musician, playing piano, organ and bass guitar. From 1996 to 2010, he was on the faculty at the Berklee College of Music in Boston as an associate professor."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Charles-\u00c9douard Brown-S\u00e9quard", "paragraph_text": "Brown-S\u00e9quard was born at Port Louis, Mauritius, to an American father and a French mother.  He attended the Royal College in Mauritius, and graduated in medicine at Paris in 1846. He then returned to Mauritius with the intention of practising there, but in 1852 he went to the United States. There he was appointed to the faculty of the Medical College of Virginia where he conducted experiments in the basement of the Egyptian Building."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Derek Boshier", "paragraph_text": "Derek Boshier attended Yeovil School of art in Somerset, England from 1953-1957 (B.F.A.). He attended the Royal College of Art in London, 1959-1962 alongside David Hockney, Allen Jones and Peter Phillips, receiving his M.F.A. in 1962. The boredom of the previous few years of National Service in the [Royal Engineers] had been alleviated by reading the works of Marshall McLuhan. During his college years, his work was didactic, commenting on the space race, the all-powerful multinationals and the increasing Americanisation of English culture."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Philip Burton Moon", "paragraph_text": "Philip Burton Moon was born in 1907, attended Leyton Sixth Form College, and in 1925 entered Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He became a research student in the Cavendish Laboratory under Ernest Rutherford. From 1928 to 1931 he worked with Mark Oliphant on the collision of atoms with solids. Rutherford called him \"Oliphant's satellite\" and that influence remained with him for decades."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "George Bermann", "paragraph_text": "George Bermann earned his B.A. \"summa cum laude\" from Yale College in 1967, studied at the University of Sussex on a Marshall Scholarship from 1967 to 1968, and received his J.D. from Yale Law School in 1971, where he was an editor of the Yale Law Journal. Bermann earned his LL.M. from Columbia Law School. After working at Davis Polk & Wardwell for four years, he joined Columbia Law School's faculty in 1975. He is married to Sandra Bermann, the Cotsen Professor of the Humanities at Princeton University."}], "question": "What year was the formation of the company that the professor worked at. prior to being part of the faculty at the college Steve Dorner attended?"}
{"id": "3hop1__727783_750490_58439", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bill Scholl", "paragraph_text": "Bill Scholl (born September 2, 1957) is the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics for Marquette University. Bill Scholl spent 23 years working in the University of Notre Dame athletics department before accepting a position at Ball State University as the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics. After three years at Ball State, Scholl relocated where he is now the Director of Intercollegiate Athletics at Marquette University."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game", "paragraph_text": "The 1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, colloquially known as Catholics vs. Convicts, was played on October 15, 1988 at Notre Dame Stadium. Both the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Miami Hurricanes came into the game undefeated. Notre Dame won the closely contested game 31 -- 30."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David Cortright", "paragraph_text": "David Cortright is an American scholar and peace activist. He is Director of Policy Studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame and Chair of the Board of the Fourth Freedom Forum."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and water.As of 2012[update] four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a \"B\" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Francis Sch\u00fcssler Fiorenza", "paragraph_text": "Now Francis Sch\u00fcssler Fiorenza as a result of his marriage, he returned to the United States with his wife, where they obtained teaching positions at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. Subsequent to that, he taught at Villanova University in Pennsylvania, and The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Notre Dame Fighting Irish head football coaches", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football head coaches. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the football team of the University of Notre Dame, located in South Bend, Indiana, United States. The team competes as an Independent at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Notre Dame has produced more All - Americans than any other Football Bowl Subdivision school. Additionally, seven Fighting Irish football players have won the Heisman Trophy. Notre Dame is one of only two Catholic universities that field a team in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the other being Boston College, and one of a handful of programs independent of a football conference. The team plays its home games on Notre Dame's campus at Notre Dame Stadium, also known as the ``House that Rockne Built, ''which has a capacity of 80,795. The current head coach is Brian Kelly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Javin Hunter", "paragraph_text": "Javin Hunter (born May 9, 1980) is a former American football wide receiver from the University of Notre Dame, Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The band entire will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across campus to the game."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Notre-Dame-du-Rocher", "paragraph_text": "Notre-Dame-du-Rocher is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Athis-Val-de-Rouvre."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Antonieta", "paragraph_text": "Antonieta is a 1982 film by Spanish director Carlos Saura, starring Isabelle Adjani and Hanna Schygulla. The film, a Mexican-Spanish French co production, was based on a novel by Andr\u00e9s Henestrosa. The plot centers on the life of Antonieta Rivas Mercado, a Mexican writer who killed herself inside Paris' Notre Dame in 1931."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok", "paragraph_text": "Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a school in Polomolok, South Cotabato, Philippines. It started as Notre Dame of Polomolok (NDP) but changed its name to Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok from the opening of its college department in 2004. Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok has been a member of the Notre Dame Educational Association, a group of Notre Dame Schools in the Philippines under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The college offers a complete pre-school, grade school, and high school education and a selected college education programs as follows:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "\u00cele de la Cit\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 remains the heart of Paris. All road distances in France are calculated from the 0 km point located in the Place du Parvis de Notre - Dame, the square facing Notre - Dame's pair of western towers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Max Varnel", "paragraph_text": "Born Max Le Bozec in Paris, France, he was the son of the film director Marcel Varnel. He began his career as the assistant director of \"The Magic Box\" (1951) and continued in this capacity for \"The Card\" (1952), \"Devil Girl from Mars\" (1954), and \"The Cockleshell Heroes\" (1955), among others. His directing credits encompass a long string of B movies, including \"Moment of Indiscretion\", \"A Woman Possessed\" (both 1958), \"Top Floor Girl\", \"Web of Suspicion\", \"The Child and the Killer\", and \"Crash Drive\" (all 1959)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Walt Patulski", "paragraph_text": "Walter George Patulski (born February 3, 1950) is a former American football defensive end at the University of Notre Dame and the National Football League."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame", "paragraph_text": "The Hunchback of Notre - Dame (French: Notre - Dame de Paris) is a French Romantic / Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. The original French title refers to Notre Dame Cathedral, on which the story is centered. English translator Frederic Shoberl named the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1833 because at the time, Gothic novels were more popular than Romance novels in England. The story is set in Paris, France in the Late Middle Ages, during the reign of Louis XI."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John McGreevy", "paragraph_text": "John McGreevy is an American historian and the dean of the College of Arts & Letters at the University of Notre Dame from 2008 until 2018. McGreevy earned his B.A. from Notre Dame and his Ph.D. from Stanford University. He has been on the Notre Dame faculty since 1997."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Claude Frollo", "paragraph_text": "Monseigneur Claude Frollo ((klod f\u0281\u0254lo)) is the main antagonist from Victor Hugo's 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre - Dame (known in French as Notre - Dame de Paris). He is the Archdeacon of Notre Dame."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Darsee", "paragraph_text": "John Darsee obtained his undergraduate education at the University of Notre Dame, then went to medical school at Indiana University, where he received a degree in 1974."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Return of a Stranger (1961 film)", "paragraph_text": "Return of a Stranger is a 1961 British thriller film directed by Max Varnel and starring John Ireland, Susan Stephen, Cyril Shaps and Timothy Beaton."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Michigan\u2013Notre Dame football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Notre Dame Fighting Irish First meeting November 23, 1887 Michigan 8, Notre Dame 0 Latest meeting September 1, 2018 Notre Dame 24, Michigan 17 Next meeting October 26, 2019 Statistics Meetings total 43 All - time series Michigan leads 24 -- 18 -- 1 Largest victory Michigan, 38 -- 0 Longest win streak Michigan, 8 (1887 -- 1908) Current win streak Notre Dame, 2 (2014 -- present)"}], "question": "In what part of the director of Return of a Stranger's birth city is Notre Dame?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122054_159272_14589", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Roger Guindon", "paragraph_text": "Born in Ville-Marie, Quebec, he was ordained a priest in 1946. He joined the University of Ottawa as a Professor in the Faculty of Theology and later became Dean of the faculty. From 1964 to 1984 he was the Rector of the University of Ottawa. His uncle, Auguste Morisset, was also a member of the faculty at the college, having been director of libraries from 1934 to 1958 and founder and director of the university's Library School from 1958 to 1971. It was under Guindon's rectorship that Morisset Hall, named for his uncle, was opened."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Peggy Pascoe", "paragraph_text": "Peggy Ann Pascoe (October 18, 1954 \u2013 July 23, 2010) was an American historian. She was the Beekman Professor of Northwest and Pacific History and Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Oregon. She was a member of the University of Oregon History Department from 1996 until her death on July 23, 2010. Prior to her work at UO, Pascoe worked as an assistant professor and then associate professor at the University of Utah, where she taught courses on women\u2019s history, race, and sexuality. Pascoe\u2019s work centers on the history of race, gender, and sexuality, with a particular investment in law and the U.S. West. Together with George Lipsitz, Earl Lewis, George Sanchez, and Dana Takagi, Pascoe edited the influential American Crossroads book series in Ethnic Studies, published by the University of California Press. Pascoe held this position for fifteen years."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Harry Carman", "paragraph_text": "Harry Carman's connection with Columbia University began in the fall of 1917, when he arrived on Morningside Heights to undertake his work for the doctorate, and, soon afterwards, his duties as an instructor in history in Columbia College. His Ph.D. came in 1919, followed by promotions through the academic grades to a full professorship in 1931. Eight years later, he was named Moore Collegiate Professor. In March 1933, he was appointed to a seat on the Faculty of Political Science."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ilan Chet", "paragraph_text": "Ilan Chet (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05df \u05d7\u05ea) (born April 12, 1939) is an Israeli microbiologist and a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture in Rehovot. He was appointed Deputy Secretary General of the Union of the Mediterranean in 2010 with responsibility for its Higher Education and Research Division"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Roy Harrisville", "paragraph_text": "Harrisville was educated at Luther Theological Seminary (in Saint Paul, Minnesota), Princeton University, and the University of T\u00fcbingen in Germany. He served as a pastor in Mason City, Iowa before joining the faculty of Luther Theological Seminary as professor of New Testament."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Donald B. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Donald B. Campbell is an Australian-born astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University. Prior to joining the Cornell faculty he was Director of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico for seven years. Campbell's research work is in the general area of planetary studies with a concentration on the radio-wavelength-scattering properties of planets, planetary satellites, and small bodies. His work includes studies of Venus, the Moon, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Titan, as well as comets and asteroids. Campbell observed near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros, which was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory radar system."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez Samper (born 1950) is a Colombian architect, and Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Design of the University of the Andes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alastair Summerlee", "paragraph_text": "President Summerlee, whose career as a scholar, professor, researcher, and administrator spans nearly 30 years, joined the University of Guelph faculty in 1988 as a professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences. He was named an associate dean of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1992, dean of graduate studies in 1995, associate vice-president (academic) in 1999, and provost and vice-president (academic) in 2000."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Blair Milan", "paragraph_text": "Following his death, the Theatre/Media Foundation of Charles Sturt University established the Blair Milan Fund to support a scholarship that encourages final year students of the faculty to demonstrate optimism, enthusiasm and a passion for their chosen field; and to support a touring production for the presentation of the work of final year faculty students before metropolitan and/or regional communities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Berhane Abrehe", "paragraph_text": "In 1972, Berhane Abrehe graduated with a Master of Science in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has held the post of Director of Macro-Economic policy in the office of the President of Eritrea, subsequently advancing to his Cabinet position and becoming the third Minister of Finance in the 14 years since Eritrea's proclamation of independence in May 1993. His status was described as unclear in a 2007 leaked US cable."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hasanuddin University", "paragraph_text": "Hasanuddin University started its history as a part of the faculty of economics of University of Indonesia, which during the early years of its establishment had faculties scattered across the archipelago. These faculties later developed into full-fledged universities of their own, such as Bandung Institute of Technology (faculty of engineering), Bogor Agricultural Institute (faculty of agriculture), and Airlangga University (faculty of medicine and dentistry). Hasanuddin University was officially launched by the first vice President of Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Michael Angold", "paragraph_text": "Michael Angold was educated at the University of Oxford (BA, D.Phil.). He has worked at the University of Edinburgh from 1970, serving as professor of Byzantine history from 1996 until 2005, when he was appointed professor emeritus."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Glenn MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving to St. Louis to work at Washington University in St. Louis, Glenn MacDonald served as a Professor and Area Coordinator for Economics and Management at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester located in Rochester, New York from 1994 until 2001. Also while working at the University of Rochester, Glenn MacDonald worked as a professor of economics in the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration from 1992 until 2001. During this period he was also a Professor of Organizations and Markets (1992-1994). Beginning in 1985 he served as a Senior Research Associate at the Rochester Center for Economic Research."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Doraiswami Ramkrishna", "paragraph_text": "Ramkrishna earned his B. (Chem) Eng. Degree from the University Department of Chemical Technology of University of Mumbai in 1960, and his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1965 with doctoral advisor Arnold Fredrickson. Following his PhD, he was an Assistant Professor for two years at Minnesota before returning to the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur where he served on the faculty for nearly seven years. He returned to the United States in 1974 as a Visiting Associate Professor in 1974, thereafter as a visiting professor at Minnesota in 1975 before joining Purdue University as a Professor of Chemical Engineering in 1976."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Norman Birnbaum", "paragraph_text": "He was educated in New York City's public schools, at Williams College, and has a doctorate in sociology from Harvard University. He taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Oxford University, the University of Strasbourg, Amherst College, served on the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research and was Distinguished Fulbright Professor at the University of Bologna."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ranulph Glanville", "paragraph_text": "Ranulph Glanville (13 June 1946 \u2013 20 December 2014) was an Anglo-Irish cybernetician, design researcher, theorist, educator and multi-platform artist/designer/performer, who was professor of research in Innovation Design Engineering at the Royal College of Art, London, professor of research design in the Faculty of Architecture Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, and adjunct professor of design research at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne. He was known for his contributions in the field of design research, and cybernetics."}], "question": "In what year was the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty at Berhane Abrehe's university formed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__156762_159272_395260", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elisabeth Lloyd", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (born September 3, 1956) is an American philosopher of biology. She currently holds the Arnold and Maxine Tanis Chair of History and Philosophy of Science and is also professor of biology, adjunct professor of philosophy at Indiana University, affiliated faculty scholar at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction and Adjunct Faculty at the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "GE Lighting", "paragraph_text": "GE Lighting is a division of General Electric headquartered in Nela Park, East Cleveland, Ohio, United States, employing 17,000 people and tracing its origins to Thomas Edison's work on lighting."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Donald B. Campbell", "paragraph_text": "Donald B. Campbell is an Australian-born astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University. Prior to joining the Cornell faculty he was Director of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico for seven years. Campbell's research work is in the general area of planetary studies with a concentration on the radio-wavelength-scattering properties of planets, planetary satellites, and small bodies. His work includes studies of Venus, the Moon, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Titan, as well as comets and asteroids. Campbell observed near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros, which was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory radar system."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mohammad Fadel", "paragraph_text": "Mohammad Fadel is an Associate Professor and Toronto Research Chair for the Law and Economics of Islamic Law at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jasper A. Vrugt", "paragraph_text": "Jasper A. Vrugt (born 1976) is a Dutch scientist/engineer/applied mathematician known for his work in the earth sciences: surface hydrology, soil physics, hydrogeophysics, hydrometeorology, and geophysics. Vrugt is an assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth System Science. He also holds a part-time appointment as associate professor at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science (CGE)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Girl", "paragraph_text": "Gender influences the pattern of child labor. Girls tend to be asked by their families to perform more domestic work in their parental home than boys are, and often at younger ages than boys. Employment as a paid domestic worker is the most common form of child labor for girls. In some places, such as East and Southeast Asia, parents often see work as a domestic servant as a good preparation for marriage. Domestic service, however, is among the least regulated of all professions, and exposes workers to serious risks, such as violence, exploitation and abuse by the employers, because the workers are often isolated from the outside world. Child labor has a very negative effect on education. Girls either stop their education, or, when they continue it, they are often subjected to a double burden, or a triple burden of work outside the home, housework in the parental home, and schoolwork. This situation is common in places such as parts of Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Manu Bertin", "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Bertin known as Manu Bertin (19 March 1963, in Toulon in France) is one of the pioneers of the sport of Kite surfing. He began to develop the sport in the early 1990s and has worked with American big wave surfer Laird Hamilton. In 1996 Laird Hamilton and Manu Bertin were instrumental in demonstrating and popularising kitesurfing off the Hawaiian coast of Maui."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. (born December 12, 1966 in Gary, Indiana) is a law professor at Harvard Law School. Sullivan graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Morehouse College in 1989 and received his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1994. Prior to joining the Harvard Law School faculty, Sullivan served as the Director of the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "California Faculty Association", "paragraph_text": "The California Faculty Association (CFA) is a labor union in California, United States. It represents lecturers, professors, counselors, librarians and coaches from the 23 campuses of the California State University (CSU). It is the exclusive collective bargaining agent for all faculty in the CSU system."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez Samper (born 1950) is a Colombian architect, and Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Design of the University of the Andes."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Julius Frank", "paragraph_text": "Johann Julius Gottfried Ludwig Frank or Julius Frank (1808\u20131841) was a professor of history, geography and philosophy from Gotha, Germany. He taught at the Largo de S\u00e3o Francisco's Law School in S\u00e3o Paulo (today's Faculty of Law of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo)., Brazil. He was an advocator of a liberal philosophy and founded the Students League in Brazil (Burschenschaft)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Charlton Laird", "paragraph_text": "Charlton Grant Laird (1901\u20131984) was an American linguist, lexicographer, novelist, and essayist. Laird created the 1971 edition of the \"Webster's New World Thesaurus\" that became the standardized edition still used today. During his lifetime, he was probably best known for his language studies: books, textbooks, and reference works elucidating the English language for the layman along with his numerous contributions to dictionaries and thesauruses."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Glenn MacDonald", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving to St. Louis to work at Washington University in St. Louis, Glenn MacDonald served as a Professor and Area Coordinator for Economics and Management at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester located in Rochester, New York from 1994 until 2001. Also while working at the University of Rochester, Glenn MacDonald worked as a professor of economics in the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration from 1992 until 2001. During this period he was also a Professor of Organizations and Markets (1992-1994). Beginning in 1985 he served as a Senior Research Associate at the Rochester Center for Economic Research."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ekrem Bu\u011fra Ekinci", "paragraph_text": "Ekrem Bu\u011fra Ekinci was graduated from the Faculty of Law of Ankara University in 1987. He completed his lawyer apprenticeship in 1988 and gained a master of laws degree in 1991. In 1996 he gained a degree of doctor of laws (Ph.D) at the Faculty of Law of Istanbul University. In 1999, Dr. Ekinci became an associate professor of history of law by his dissertation on Ottoman courts. In 2005, he was appointed as a full professor."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Laird A. Thompson", "paragraph_text": "Laird A. Thompson (born 6 September 1947), is a professor of astronomy at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Thompson graduated with a B.A. in both physics and astronomy from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1969. He received his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Arizona in 1974."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hans Mueh", "paragraph_text": "Hans Juergen Mueh (born January 8, 1944) was the director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, serving in that position from 2004 until January 2015. Prior to becoming the Director of Athletics for the USAF, Dr. Mueh served as permanent professor and head of the Department of Chemistry, and Vice Dean of Faculty at the Academy."}], "question": "Who founded the company where the professor worked prior to being part of the faculty at Laird A. Thompson's place of employment?"}
{"id": "3hop1__421454_714218_484444", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ernst & Young", "paragraph_text": "EY is the result of a series of mergers of ancestor organizations. The oldest originating partnership was founded in 1849 in England as Harding & Pullein. In that year the firm was joined by Frederick Whinney. He was made a partner in 1859 and with his sons in the business, it was renamed Whinney Smith & Whinney in 1894.In 1903, the firm of Ernst & Ernst was established in Cleveland, US by Alwin C. Ernst and his brother Theodore and in 1906, Arthur Young & Co.  was set up by the Scotsman Arthur Young in Chicago.As early as 1924, these American firms allied with prominent British firms, Young with Broads Paterson & Co. and Ernst with Whinney Smith & Whinney. In 1979, this led to the formation of Anglo-American Ernst & Whinney, creating the fourth largest accountancy firm in the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Being identified as either \"black\" or \"white\" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians \u2013 where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or \"half-caste\" individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Porto Editora", "paragraph_text": "the leading educational publisher in Portugal in the areas of educational books, dictionaries and multimedia products, both off-line and on-line. Porto Editora was founded in 1944 in Porto by a group of teachers within different areas of education."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of Yale University further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital. Other large employers include St. Raphael Hospital, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Southern Connecticut State University, Assa Abloy Manufacturing, the Knights of Columbus headquarters, Higher One, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Covidien and United Illuminating. Yale and Yale-New Haven are also among the largest employers in the state, and provide more $100,000+-salaried positions than any other employer in Connecticut.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Disability Discrimination Act 1995", "paragraph_text": "The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c 50) (informally, and hereafter, the DDA) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which has now been repealed and replaced by the Equality Act 2010, except in Northern Ireland where the Act still applies. Formerly, it made it unlawful to discriminate against people in respect of their disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stanmore College", "paragraph_text": "Stanmore College is in the London Borough of Harrow and was established as a tertiary college in 1987. In 1993 all colleges in the post-16 sector ceased to be controlled by their local education authorities and Stanmore College became a Corporation funded by the Further Education Funding Council, and since 2001 by the Learning and Skills Council, which has been replaced by successor organisations: the Skills Funding Agency and the Young People\u2019s Learning Agency. The College facilitates learning from Further Education (the Sixth Form) to Part-Time (Courses for Adults) and Employer Training. Its Sixth Form provides education to an average of 1,500 16- to 19-year-old school leavers. Students come from the Borough of Harrow and a wide area beyond including a significant amount from Brent, Hertfordshire and Barnet."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur\u2019anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia\u2019s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage \u2018Self\u2019 and \u2018System\u2019: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Girl", "paragraph_text": "Gender influences the pattern of child labor. Girls tend to be asked by their families to perform more domestic work in their parental home than boys are, and often at younger ages than boys. Employment as a paid domestic worker is the most common form of child labor for girls. In some places, such as East and Southeast Asia, parents often see work as a domestic servant as a good preparation for marriage. Domestic service, however, is among the least regulated of all professions, and exposes workers to serious risks, such as violence, exploitation and abuse by the employers, because the workers are often isolated from the outside world. Child labor has a very negative effect on education. Girls either stop their education, or, when they continue it, they are often subjected to a double burden, or a triple burden of work outside the home, housework in the parental home, and schoolwork. This situation is common in places such as parts of Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Education", "paragraph_text": "Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Marcel Gu\u00e9nin", "paragraph_text": "He obtained his PhD in 1962 at the University of Geneva under the supervision of Ernst Stueckelberg with a thesis titled \"Op\u00e9rateurs de champ antilin\u00e9aires, T- et CP-covariance\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Trophy, Hypertrophied", "paragraph_text": "Trophy, Hypertrophied (1919) is a work of art by the German dadaist/surrealist Max Ernst. This is one of Ernst\u2019s earliest known works. It was created through a photomechanical process called line-block printing, rarely used in printmaking, to which drawing was added. It depicts a complex mechanical apparatus with celestial shapes as gears. Ernst created a similar piece the same year titled \"Farewell My Beautiful Land of Mary Laurencen. Help! Help!\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "University of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "It was founded in 1559 by John Calvin as a theological seminary and law school. It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for Enlightenment scholarship. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. Today, the university is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 2009, the University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Veterans Benefits Administration", "paragraph_text": "The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) is ``an organizational element of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ''. The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) is responsible for administering the Department's programs that provide financial and other forms of assistance to Veterans, their dependents, and survivors. Major benefits include Veterans' compensation, Veterans' pension, survivors' benefits, rehabilitation and employment assistance, education assistance, home loan guaranties, and life insurance coverage."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Confederation of Finnish Industries", "paragraph_text": "The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, , ) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations \"Palveluty\u00f6nantajat\" (Employers of the Service Sector) and \"Teollisuuden ja Ty\u00f6nantajain Keskusliitto\" (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Max Ernst", "paragraph_text": "Ernst developed a fascination with birds that was prevalent in his work. His alter ego in paintings, which he called Loplop, was a bird. He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans. He said that one night when he was young, he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died; a few minutes later, his father announced that his sister was born. Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists' work, such as \"Loplop presents Andr\u00e9 Breton\". Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting \"The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses: Andr\u00e9 Breton, Paul \u00c9luard, and the Painter\". In 1927, Ernst married and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of \"The Kiss\" and other works of that year. Ernst appeared in the 1930 film \"L'\u00c2ge d'Or\", directed by the Surrealist Luis Bu\u00f1uel. Ernst began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with Alberto Giacometti. In 1938, the American heiress and artistic patron Peggy Guggenheim acquired a number of Max Ernst's works, which she displayed in her new gallery in London. Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nicolas Cop", "paragraph_text": "Nicolas Cop (born circa 1501 in Paris and died 1540), rector of the University of Paris in late 1533, from 10 October 1533, was a Swiss Protestant Reformer and friend of John Calvin. Nicolas Cop and his brother Michel Cop, sons of the king's physician, had become Calvin's friends during their shared time at the Coll\u00e8ge de Montaigu. (Cop and Calvin were both French and not Swiss.)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harvard Graduate School of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States. It was founded in 1920, when it was the first school to establish the Ed.D. degree."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}], "question": "Where was the founder of the school that employed Ernst Stueckelberg educated?"}
{"id": "3hop1__155684_159272_14589", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rupert Emerson", "paragraph_text": "Rupert Emerson (August 20, 1899, in Rye, NY \u2013 February 9, 1979, in Cambridge, MA) was a professor of political science and international relations. He served on the faculty of Harvard University for forty-three years and served in various U.S government positions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Department of Employment (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Department of Employment was a department of the Government of Australia charged with the responsibility for national policies and programs that help Australians find and keep employment and work in safe, fair and productive workplaces. On 20 December 2017 the department was dissolved and its functions assumed by the newly formed Department of Jobs and Small Business."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Andrew Price-Smith", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Andrew Price-Smith (born 1968, Toronto, Canada - 2019) is a Professor of Political Science, and academic writer, best known for his work on 'health security' and 'environmental security.' An expert on the effects of Pandemic Influenza, and government efforts to contain it, his consilient works analyze the complex linkages among environmental change, infectious disease, history, economics and security. He has held prior appointments at Columbia University, and the University of South Florida. In 2005, he moved to Colorado College to join the faculty of Political Science there."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Berm\u00fadez Samper (born 1950) is a Colombian architect, and Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Design of the University of the Andes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Borisov Arena", "paragraph_text": "Borisov Arena is a football-specific stadium in Barysaw, Belarus and is the home stadium of FC BATE Borisov and the Belarus national football team. The stadium's official capacity is 13,126."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alastair Summerlee", "paragraph_text": "President Summerlee, whose career as a scholar, professor, researcher, and administrator spans nearly 30 years, joined the University of Guelph faculty in 1988 as a professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences. He was named an associate dean of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1992, dean of graduate studies in 1995, associate vice-president (academic) in 1999, and provost and vice-president (academic) in 2000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hans Mueh", "paragraph_text": "Hans Juergen Mueh (born January 8, 1944) was the director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, serving in that position from 2004 until January 2015. Prior to becoming the Director of Athletics for the USAF, Dr. Mueh served as permanent professor and head of the Department of Chemistry, and Vice Dean of Faculty at the Academy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Blair Milan", "paragraph_text": "Following his death, the Theatre/Media Foundation of Charles Sturt University established the Blair Milan Fund to support a scholarship that encourages final year students of the faculty to demonstrate optimism, enthusiasm and a passion for their chosen field; and to support a touring production for the presentation of the work of final year faculty students before metropolitan and/or regional communities."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hasanuddin University", "paragraph_text": "Hasanuddin University started its history as a part of the faculty of economics of University of Indonesia, which during the early years of its establishment had faculties scattered across the archipelago. These faculties later developed into full-fledged universities of their own, such as Bandung Institute of Technology (faculty of engineering), Bogor Agricultural Institute (faculty of agriculture), and Airlangga University (faculty of medicine and dentistry). Hasanuddin University was officially launched by the first vice President of Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Peggy Pascoe", "paragraph_text": "Peggy Ann Pascoe (October 18, 1954 \u2013 July 23, 2010) was an American historian. She was the Beekman Professor of Northwest and Pacific History and Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Oregon. She was a member of the University of Oregon History Department from 1996 until her death on July 23, 2010. Prior to her work at UO, Pascoe worked as an assistant professor and then associate professor at the University of Utah, where she taught courses on women\u2019s history, race, and sexuality. Pascoe\u2019s work centers on the history of race, gender, and sexuality, with a particular investment in law and the U.S. West. Together with George Lipsitz, Earl Lewis, George Sanchez, and Dana Takagi, Pascoe edited the influential American Crossroads book series in Ethnic Studies, published by the University of California Press. Pascoe held this position for fifteen years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Blei", "paragraph_text": "David M. Blei is a Professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments at Columbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University. His work is primarily in machine learning."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nikita Borisov", "paragraph_text": "Nikita Borisov is a cryptographer and computer security researcher, currently an associate professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). His notable work includes one of the first cryptanalyses of the WEP wireless encryption protocol together with Ian Goldberg and David Wagner, and the design of the Off-the-Record Messaging protocol with Goldberg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nick Holonyak", "paragraph_text": "Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emitted visible red light instead of infrared light; Holonyak was then working at General Electric's research laboratory in Syracuse, New York.  He is a John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he has been since leaving General Electric in 1963."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harry Carman", "paragraph_text": "Harry Carman's connection with Columbia University began in the fall of 1917, when he arrived on Morningside Heights to undertake his work for the doctorate, and, soon afterwards, his duties as an instructor in history in Columbia College. His Ph.D. came in 1919, followed by promotions through the academic grades to a full professorship in 1931. Eight years later, he was named Moore Collegiate Professor. In March 1933, he was appointed to a seat on the Faculty of Political Science."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Girl", "paragraph_text": "Gender influences the pattern of child labor. Girls tend to be asked by their families to perform more domestic work in their parental home than boys are, and often at younger ages than boys. Employment as a paid domestic worker is the most common form of child labor for girls. In some places, such as East and Southeast Asia, parents often see work as a domestic servant as a good preparation for marriage. Domestic service, however, is among the least regulated of all professions, and exposes workers to serious risks, such as violence, exploitation and abuse by the employers, because the workers are often isolated from the outside world. Child labor has a very negative effect on education. Girls either stop their education, or, when they continue it, they are often subjected to a double burden, or a triple burden of work outside the home, housework in the parental home, and schoolwork. This situation is common in places such as parts of Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Doraiswami Ramkrishna", "paragraph_text": "Ramkrishna earned his B. (Chem) Eng. Degree from the University Department of Chemical Technology of University of Mumbai in 1960, and his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1965 with doctoral advisor Arnold Fredrickson. Following his PhD, he was an Assistant Professor for two years at Minnesota before returning to the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur where he served on the faculty for nearly seven years. He returned to the United States in 1974 as a Visiting Associate Professor in 1974, thereafter as a visiting professor at Minnesota in 1975 before joining Purdue University as a Professor of Chemical Engineering in 1976."}], "question": "What year saw the formation of the company that the professor worked at, prior to being part of the faculty at Nikita Borisov's place of employmetnt?"}
{"id": "3hop1__151421_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Enola Gay", "paragraph_text": "The Enola Gay (/ \u026a\u02c8no\u028al\u0259 /) is a Boeing B - 29 Superfortress bomber, named after Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code - named ``Little Boy '', was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused the near - complete destruction of the city. Enola Gay participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Making of the Atomic Bomb", "paragraph_text": "The Making of the Atomic Bomb is a contemporary history book written by the American journalist and historian Richard Rhodes, first published by Simon & Schuster in 1987. It won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, the National Book Award for Nonfiction, and a National Book Critics Circle Award. The narrative covers people and events from early 20th century discoveries leading to the science of nuclear fission, through the Manhattan Project and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb, with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive \"witch-hunts\" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Day After Trinity", "paragraph_text": "The Day After Trinity (a.k.a. The Day After Trinity: J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb) is a 1980 documentary film directed and produced by Jon H. Else in association with KTEH public television in San Jose, California. The film tells the story of J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904\u20131967), the theoretical physicist who led the effort to build the first atomic bomb, tested in July 1945 at Trinity site in New Mexico. Featuring candid interviews with several Manhattan Project scientists, as well as newly declassified archival footage, \"The Day After Trinity\" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature of 1980, and received a Peabody Award in 1981."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Atom Bomb Blues", "paragraph_text": "Atom Bomb Blues is a BBC Books original novel written by Andrew Cartmel and based on the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". Published in late 2005, it features the Seventh Doctor and Ace. It is the last published Past Doctor Adventure to be issued by BBC Books, the company having decided in 2005 to focus on a new series of books tying into the television series and featuring the \"current\" Doctors."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Uranium", "paragraph_text": "Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Paul Tibbets", "paragraph_text": "Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 -- 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He is best known as the pilot who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union", "paragraph_text": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union is a daily, French-language newspaper published in R\u00e9union, a French overseas department. The newspaper, which was founded in 1951 is headquartered in Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, is owned by Groupe Hersant M\u00e9dia. There are four competing newspapers in R\u00e9union."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "paragraph_text": "The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing, the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government. At the time of the attack, the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000. Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing. Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters, others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima. More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long, straight firebreaks, beginning in 1944. Firebreaks continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6, 1945."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tsutomu Yamaguchi", "paragraph_text": "Tsutomu Yamaguchi (\u5c71\u53e3\u5f4a, Yamaguchi Tsutomu) (March 16, 1916 -- January 4, 2010) was a survivor of both the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings during World War II. Although at least 69 people are known to have been affected by both bombings, he is the only person to have been officially recognized by the government of Japan as surviving both explosions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Along with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Laplace's demon", "paragraph_text": "In the history of science, Laplace's demon was the first published articulation of causal or scientific determinism, by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1814. According to determinism, if someone (the demon) knows the precise location and momentum of every atom in the universe, their past and future values for any given time are entailed; they can be calculated from the laws of classical mechanics."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Richard Feynman", "paragraph_text": "Due to the top secret nature of the work, Los Alamos was isolated. In Feynman's own words, \"There wasn't anything to do there.\" Bored, he indulged his curiosity by learning to pick the combination locks on cabinets and desks used to secure papers. Feynman played many jokes on colleagues. In one case he found the combination to a locked filing cabinet by trying the numbers he thought a physicist would use (it proved to be 27\u201318\u201328 after the base of natural logarithms, e = 2.71828...), and found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague kept a set of atomic bomb research notes all had the same combination. He left a series of notes in the cabinets as a prank, which initially spooked his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking a spy or saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets. On several occasions, Feynman drove to Albuquerque to see his ailing wife in a car borrowed from Klaus Fuchs, who was later discovered to be a real spy for the Soviets, transporting nuclear secrets in his car to Santa Fe."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Technology during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The invention of the atomic bomb meant that a single aircraft could carry a weapon so powerful it could burn down entire cities, making conventional warfare against a nation with an arsenal of them suicidal. Following the conclusion of the European Theater in May 1945, two atomic bombs were then employed against the Empire of Japan in August during the Pacific Theater, effectively terminating the war, which averted the need for invading mainland Japan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Little Boy", "paragraph_text": "``Little Boy ''was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium - based detonation. It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ). The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "University of Liverpool", "paragraph_text": "Following a royal charter and act of Parliament in 1903, it became an independent university with the right to confer its own degrees called the University of Liverpool. The next few years saw major developments at the university, including Sir Charles Sherrington's discovery of the synapse and William Blair-Bell's work on chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. In the 1930s to 1940s Sir James Chadwick and Sir Joseph Rotblat made major contributions to the development of the atomic bomb. From 1943 to 1966 Allan Downie, Professor of Bacteriology, was involved in the eradication of smallpox."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "paragraph_text": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right) Date August 6 and August 9, 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project: United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District: 50 U.S., 2 British 509th Composite Group: 1,770 U.S. Second General Army: Hiroshima: 40,000 (5 Anti-aircraft batteries) Nagasaki: 9,000 (4 Anti-aircraft batteries) Casualties and losses 20 British, Dutch, and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima: 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki: 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total: 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the company that owns the publisher of The Making of the Atomic Bomb?"}
{"id": "3hop1__53122_152884_263523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "QDPR", "paragraph_text": "The QDPR gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 4 at position 15.31, from base pair 17,164,291 to base pair 17,189,981."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nobel Prize", "paragraph_text": "Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events. The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies' are held at the Stockholm Concert Hall, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at Stockholm City Hall. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905 -- 1946), at the auditorium of the University of Oslo (1947 -- 1989), and at Oslo City Hall (1990 -- present)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Barbara McClintock", "paragraph_text": "Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 -- September 2, 1992) was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. There she started her career as the leader in the development of maize cytogenetics, the focus of her research for the rest of her life. From the late 1920s, McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize. She developed the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas. One of those ideas was the notion of genetic recombination by crossing - over during meiosis -- a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information. She produced the first genetic map for maize, linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits. She demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere, regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information. She was recognized among the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gene", "paragraph_text": "Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates", "paragraph_text": "The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) ``to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. ''It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway. The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three - time recipient) rather than an individual."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "C11orf52", "paragraph_text": "C11orf52 is located on chromosome 11 at 11q23.1, starting at 111908620 and ending at 112064278. C11orf52 spans 155658 base pairs and is orientated on the positive strand. Gene C11orf52 has a molecular weight of 14kDa and is a protein coding gene of 7,995 bp containing four exons. The coding region is made up of 1,168 bp."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Barbara McClintock", "paragraph_text": "Barbara McClintock was born Eleanor McClintock on June 16, 1902 in Hartford, Connecticut, the third of four children born to homeopathic physician Thomas Henry McClintock and Sara Handy McClintock. Thomas McClintock was the child of British immigrants; Sara Ryder Handy was descended from an old American \"Mayflower\" family. Marjorie, the oldest child, was born in October 1898; Mignon, the second daughter, was born in November 1900. The youngest, Malcolm Rider (called Tom), was born 18 months after Barbara. As a young girl, her parents determined that Eleanor, a \"feminine\" and \"delicate\" name, was not appropriate for her, and chose Barbara instead. McClintock was an independent child beginning at a very young age, a trait she later identified as her \"capacity to be alone\". From the age of three until she began school, McClintock lived with an aunt and uncle in Brooklyn, New York in order to reduce the financial burden on her parents while her father established his medical practice. She was described as a solitary and independent child. She was close to her father, but had a difficult relationship with her mother, tension that began when she was young."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "LSMEM1", "paragraph_text": "In humans, LSMEM1 is located on chromosome 7q31.1. LSMEM1 neighbors the gene IFRD1 in humans. Aliases for LSMEM1 include C7orf53, chromosome 7 open reading frame 53, and FLJ39575. The human mRNA is 1686 base pairs long and the gene contains 5 exons. The human mRNA also has a 5' UTR and a 3' UTR. The 5' UTR goes from mRNA position 1 to 341, and the 3' UTR goes from mRNA position 738 to 1686."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gene", "paragraph_text": "The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lobotomy", "paragraph_text": "The originator of the procedure, Portuguese neurologist Ant\u00f3nio Egas Moniz, shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine of 1949 for the ``discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses '', although the awarding of the prize has been subject to controversy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "MEFV", "paragraph_text": "The \"MEFV\" gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 16 at position 13.3, from base pair 3,292,027 to 3,306,626."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "UBE3A", "paragraph_text": "The UBE3A gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 15 between positions 11 and 13, from base pair 23,133,488 to base pair 23,235,220."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, van' t Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Nobel laureates", "paragraph_text": "Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "TAS2R16", "paragraph_text": "The TAS2R16 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 7 at position 31.1 - 31.3, from base pair 122,228,764 to base pair 122,229,639."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "paragraph_text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "SCNN1G", "paragraph_text": "While the human gene SCNN1A is located in chromosome 12p, the human genes encoding SCNN1B and SCNN1G are located in juxtoposition in the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p12-p13). The structures of the human and rat SCNN1G genes were first reported by Thomas et al. Later studies by Saxena et al. reported the complete coding sequence of the human SCNN1G gene establishing that it has 13 exons The positions of introns are conserved in all three human ENaC genes, SCNN1A, SCNN1B and SCNN1G. The positions of the introns are also highly conserved across vertebrates See: Ensembl GeneTree."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry", "paragraph_text": "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "White River Junction Historic District", "paragraph_text": "White River Junction Historic District is a historic district in the unincorporated village of White River Junction, within the town of Hartford, Vermont. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and its boundaries were increased in 2002. It originally encompassed the central portion of the village's business district, and was then expanded to include a broader array of resources."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Heinrich-B\u00f6ll-Preis", "paragraph_text": "The Heinrich-B\u00f6ll-Preis is a literary prize of Germany, awarded by the City of Cologne in memory of Nobel Prize winner Heinrich B\u00f6ll."}], "question": "What is in the city where the Nobel Prize winner for the discovery that genes can change position on chromosomes is from?"}
{"id": "3hop2__33303_743126_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373", "paragraph_text": "The treaty was temporarily void during the Iberian Union from 1580 to 1640, when the monarchies of Spain and Portugal were in a dynastic union. However, with Portugal's restoration of independence, the alliance returned and came to a new height during the Napoleonic wars when the British sent their best general, the Duke of Wellington, to sap Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "British -- American relations, also referred to as Anglo - American relations, encompass many complex relations ranging from two early wars to competition for world markets. Since 1940 they have been close military allies enjoying the Special Relationship built as wartime allies, and NATO partners."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system", "paragraph_text": "The A-135 (NATO: ABM-3 Gorgon) anti-ballistic missile system is a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It is a successor to the previous A-35, and complies with the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}], "question": "What union, the type of which the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty is one instance of, was formed as a reaction to the organization represented by the term NATO?"}
{"id": "3hop1__150672_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Plain Dealer", "paragraph_text": "The newspaper was established in 1842, less than 50 years after Moses Cleaveland landed on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in The Flats, and is currently owned by Advance Publications (Newhouse Newspapers). The Plain Dealer Publishing Company is under the direction of George Rodrigue (president). The paper employs over 700 people."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Animal's People", "paragraph_text": "\"Try to imagine for a moment what it must be like to be the people of Bhopal who have lived for twenty plus years watching family and friends die, descend into madness or give birth to stillborn babies. \"Animal's People\", the latest offering from Indian author Indra Sinha available from Simon & Schuster Canada, does just that.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Other important industries are financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center \u2014 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers\u2014the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront. The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "El Pollo Loco", "paragraph_text": "El Pollo Loco, Inc. is a restaurant chain based in the United States, specializing in Mexican - style grilled chicken. Restaurant service consists of: dine - in, take - out, with some locations offering drive through options. The company is headquartered in Costa Mesa, California and operates over 400 (as of March 2014) company - owned and franchised restaurants in the Southwestern United States. ``El Pollo Loco ''is Spanish for`` The Crazy Chicken''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC Type Privately held company Founded 1983; 34 years ago (1983) Founder Jimmy John Liautaud Headquarters Champaign, Illinois, United States Number of locations 2,630 (December 2016) Key people James North (CEO) Owner Jimmy John Liautaud, Roark Capital Group Website jimmyjohns.com"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ibarapa East", "paragraph_text": "Ibarapa East is a Local Government Area in Oyo State, Nigeria, made up of the Ibarapa people. Its headquarters are in the town of Eruwa."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Family Dollar", "paragraph_text": "Family Dollar is an American variety store chain. With over 8,000 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington, it is the second largest retailer of its type in the United States. Family Dollar is headquartered in Matthews, a suburb of Charlotte, North Carolina, where it employs 1,400 people."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Animal Genetics", "paragraph_text": "Animal Genetics is a bi-monthly scientific journal published by the Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the International Society for Animal Genetics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The News Journal (Nigeria)", "paragraph_text": "The News Journal is a community development newspaper serving the area that used to be known as Western State, Nigeria now comprising the main Yoruba states of Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo and Ekiti. It is headquartered in the South East division of Ibadan and is owned by Layipo Concepts. Its stated aim is \"to publish news of developmental value to the Nigerian audience and other audiences who shall need high quality and unbiased information / news reports on and about Nigeria.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: / \u02c8b\u028ck\u026a\u014b\u0259m \u02c8p\u00e6l\u026as /) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Holland Group", "paragraph_text": "The John Holland Group is a construction, tunnelling, rail, building and services provider with operations in Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia and the Middle East. Headquartered in Melbourne, it is a 100% owned subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company, a Chinese state owned enterprise."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sony/ATV Music Publishing", "paragraph_text": "Sony / ATV Music Publishing LLC is an American music publishing company owned by Sony through Sony Entertainment. The company was founded as a division of Associated Television (ATV) in 1955 by Lew Grade. In 1985, Michael Jackson acquired ATV Music Publishing for $47.5 million. Paul McCartney, who had told Jackson about the importance of owning publishing, admitted he felt somewhat undercut by the purchase, because ATV Music Publishing owned the publishing rights to most of The Beatles' songs, although he did not enter the bidding when it came up for sale in 1984."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union", "paragraph_text": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union is a daily, French-language newspaper published in R\u00e9union, a French overseas department. The newspaper, which was founded in 1951 is headquartered in Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, is owned by Groupe Hersant M\u00e9dia. There are four competing newspapers in R\u00e9union."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jebsen Group", "paragraph_text": "Jebsen & Co () is a marketing, distribution and manufacturing company based and headquartered in Lee Garden Two(), Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. It is the agent for a range of businesses throughout East Asia, including luxury products, beverages, electronic consumer goods, and industrial equipment. It serves as the main distributor of Porsche, Dyson, Casio and Raymond Weil in the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong. Since 1906, the company has owned the brand Blue Girl beer, which commands leading market share in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Universal Pictures", "paragraph_text": "Universal owned the rights to the \"Oswald the Lucky Rabbit\" character, although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald, and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run. After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property, Mintz produced the films with his own group of animators. Instead, Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first \"sync\" sound animated short, Steamboat Willie. This moment effectively launched Walt Disney Studios' foothold, while Universal became a minor player in film animation. Universal subsequently severed its link to Mintz and formed its own in-house animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons headed by Walter Lantz."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the company that owns the publisher of Animal's People?"}
{"id": "3hop2__33303_476780_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Humanitarian response to the Russo-Georgian War", "paragraph_text": "On August 11, the Russian government allocated $200 million in urgent aid for South Ossetia, to tackle the growing humanitarian catastrophe, according to Russia's envoy to NATO."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Treaty of Nice (1892)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Nice was a military alliance treaty signed by Italy and France and revealed on September 5, 1892. The consequence of the treaty was that if one the signatories was attacked in an act of war, the other signatory must declare war on the attacker if requested."}], "question": "Which union, of the type that the Treaty of Nice is an instance of, was formed as reaction to the organization represented by the term NATO?"}
{"id": "3hop2__618700_33303_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Julie Payette", "paragraph_text": "Payette was selected by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) as one of four astronauts from a field of 5,330 applicants in June 1992. After undergoing basic training in Canada, she worked as a technical advisor for the Mobile Servicing System, an advanced robotics system and Canada's contribution to the International Space Station. In 1993, Payette established the Human-Computer Interaction Group at the Canadian Astronaut Program and served as a technical specialist on the NATO International Research Study Group on speech processing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system", "paragraph_text": "The A-135 (NATO: ABM-3 Gorgon) anti-ballistic missile system is a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It is a successor to the previous A-35, and complies with the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Canada\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian military, like forces of other NATO countries, fought alongside the United States in most major conflicts since World War II, including the Korean War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, and most recently the war in Afghanistan. The main exceptions to this were the Canadian government's opposition to the Vietnam War and the Iraq War, which caused some brief diplomatic tensions. Despite these issues, military relations have remained close."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Canadian\u2013American Reciprocity Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian\u2013American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, also known as the Elgin-Marcy Treaty, was a trade treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States, applying to British possessions in North America including the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland Colony. It covered raw materials and was in effect from 1854 to 1866. It represented a move toward free trade and so was opposed by protectionist elements in the United States. After the conclusion of the American Civil War, the protectionist elements were joined by Americans angry at British tacit support for the Confederate States of America during the war, and the alliance was successful in terminating the treaty in 1866. The response in much of British North America was to form Canada (1867), which was expected to both open up many new economic opportunities inside Canada and unify the colonies against growing expansionist sentiments in the United States, associated with the Alaska Purchase. Attempts by the Liberal Party of Canada to revive free trade in 1911 led to a political victory for the Conservative Party, which warned that Canada would be annexed by the Americans. Talk of reciprocity was ended for decades."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}], "question": "What union, the type of which the Canadian\u2013American Reciprocity Treaty is an example of, was formed as an reaction to the organization that the term NATO represents?"}
{"id": "3hop2__33303_337493_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Treaty of Wanghia", "paragraph_text": "Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire. Type Bilateral / Unequal Signed 3 July 1844 (1844 - 07 - 03) Location Kun Iam Temple in Macau, Portuguese Macau Parties China United States Languages English and Chinese Treaty of Wanghia at Wikisource"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States\u2013Sweden)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between the United States and Sweden (), was a treaty signed on April 3, 1783 in Paris, France between the United States and the Kingdom of Sweden. The treaty established a commercial alliance between these two nations and was signed during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}], "question": "Which instance of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce was formed as a reaction to what the term NATO represents?"}
{"id": "3hop2__33303_802244_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pacification of Ghent", "paragraph_text": "The Pacification of Ghent, signed on 8 November 1576, was an alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands for the purpose of driving mutinying Spanish mercenary troops from the country and promoting a peace treaty with the rebelling provinces of Holland and Zeeland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Felice Casson", "paragraph_text": "Felice Casson (born 5 August 1953 in Chioggia, Province of Venice) is an Italian magistrate and politician, who discovered the existence of Operation Gladio, a \"stay-behind\" NATO anti-communist army during the Cold War, while investigating on the Peteano bombing in 1972, for which two neo-fascists were convicted; the explosives used in the attack supposedly came from a NATO arms cache. 622 Gladio members, including two people who served as prime minister and president, were exposed in the course of the investigation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Humanitarian response to the Russo-Georgian War", "paragraph_text": "On August 11, the Russian government allocated $200 million in urgent aid for South Ossetia, to tackle the growing humanitarian catastrophe, according to Russia's envoy to NATO."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, \"EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism.\" NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": ".30-06 Springfield", "paragraph_text": "The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced \"thirty-aught-six\" or \"thirty-oh-six\"), 7.62\u00d763mm in metric notation and called \".30 Gov't '06\" by Winchester, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized; it remained in use until the late 1970s. The \".30\" refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches. The \"06\" refers to the year the cartridge was adopted, 1906. It replaced the .30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and .30-40 Krag cartridges. The .30-06 remained the U.S. Army's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO (commercial .308 Winchester) and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO (commercial .223 Remington), both of which remain in current U.S. and NATO service. It remains a very popular sporting round, with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}], "question": "Which entity of which the Pacification of Ghent is an instance was formed as a reaction to the organization represented by the acronym NATO?"}
{"id": "3hop1__151170_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ewan Dow", "paragraph_text": "He was educated at Kirkcaldy and Beath High Schools and attended the University of Aberdeen though left prior to graduating."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Aldino, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Aldino is an unincorporated community in Harford County, Maryland, United States. Aldino is located on Maryland Route 156 north-northwest of Aberdeen."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as charg\u00e9 d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853. There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, as compromising the independence of the Turks. The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons, Benjamin Disraeli, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855, over the war."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gods of Aberdeen", "paragraph_text": "Gods of Aberdeen is a novel written by Micah Nathan, published in June 2005 by Simon & Schuster. It was translated into Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Portuguese with the title \"The Last Alchemist\". The novel is written in first-person, and follows the freshman year of the narrator, Eric Dunne, a 16-year-old linguistic savant who attends fictional Aberdeen College, in the town of Fairwich, Connecticut. The novel achieved best-seller status in Italy, selling over 40k copies."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Conviasa", "paragraph_text": "Conviasa is under the authority of the Ministry of Aquatic and Air Transport. The airline is owned by the Venezuelan government (80%) and the regional government of Nueva Esparta (20%). Conviasa has its headquarters on the grounds of Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar International Airport in Maiquet\u00eda, Venezuela, near Caracas. Originally Conviasa had its headquarters on Margarita Island. At one time Conviasa had its headquarters in the East Tower of Parque Central in Caracas."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging \u2013 it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, \"[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Holland Group", "paragraph_text": "The John Holland Group is a construction, tunnelling, rail, building and services provider with operations in Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia and the Middle East. Headquartered in Melbourne, it is a 100% owned subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company, a Chinese state owned enterprise."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Economy of God", "paragraph_text": "The Economy of God, first published in 1968, is one of Witness Lee's principal works and is a compilation of messages he gave in the summer of 1964 in Los Angeles. These messages build on one of Watchman Nee's classics, \"The Spiritual Man\", which reveals that man is composed of three parts-spirit, soul, and body. \"The Economy of God\" shows how this understanding of the parts of man tie into the central revelation of the Bible, which is God's economy, God's plan to carry out His heart's desire of imparting Himself into man for His full expression. A mass-distribution edition of this book was published in 2004."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union", "paragraph_text": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union is a daily, French-language newspaper published in R\u00e9union, a French overseas department. The newspaper, which was founded in 1951 is headquartered in Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, is owned by Groupe Hersant M\u00e9dia. There are four competing newspapers in R\u00e9union."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The News Journal (Nigeria)", "paragraph_text": "The News Journal is a community development newspaper serving the area that used to be known as Western State, Nigeria now comprising the main Yoruba states of Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo and Ekiti. It is headquartered in the South East division of Ibadan and is owned by Layipo Concepts. Its stated aim is \"to publish news of developmental value to the Nigerian audience and other audiences who shall need high quality and unbiased information / news reports on and about Nigeria.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Conversations with God", "paragraph_text": "Conversations with God (CwG) is a sequence of books written by Neale Donald Walsch. It was written as a dialogue in which Walsch asks questions and God answers. The first book of the \"Conversations with God\" series, \"Conversations with God, Book 1: An Uncommon Dialogue\", was published in 1995 and became a publishing phenomenon, staying on \"The New York Times Best Sellers List\" for 137 weeks. The succeeding volumes in the nine book series also appeared prominently on the List."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Restored Church of God", "paragraph_text": "RCG's founder and leader is David C. Pack (born 1948). As Pastor General of the Restored Church of God, David C. Pack oversees the operations of the church. He attended Ambassador College and entered WCG's ministry in 1971. Following the 1995 schism in WCG, Pack became a minister in the Global Church of God, but was fired on May 3, 1999, and established his own church. Since then, he has established over 50 congregations, authored more than 20 books, written hundreds of booklets and articles, and appeared on The History Channel. The church attendance is claimed to be in the thousands, but no reliable numbers have been published."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Conversations with God", "paragraph_text": "Conversations with God (CwG) is a sequence of books written by Neale Donald Walsch. It was written as a dialogue in which Walsch asks questions and God answers. The first book of the Conversations with God series, Conversations with God, Book 1: An Uncommon Dialogue, was published in 1995 and became a publishing phenomenon, staying on the New York Times Best - Sellers List for 137 weeks. The succeeding volumes in the nine book series also appeared prominently on the List."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aberdeen", "paragraph_text": "The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary. The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I. In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially independent community. Granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the city's Common Good Fund which still benefits Aberdonians. During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert the Bruce laid siege to Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308, followed by the massacring of the English garrison. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended. The city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines."}], "question": "What is the headquarters location of the company that owns the publisher of Gods of Aberdeen?"}
{"id": "3hop2__743126_33303_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373", "paragraph_text": "The treaty was temporarily void during the Iberian Union from 1580 to 1640, when the monarchies of Spain and Portugal were in a dynastic union. However, with Portugal's restoration of independence, the alliance returned and came to a new height during the Napoleonic wars when the British sent their best general, the Duke of Wellington, to sap Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "British -- American relations, also referred to as Anglo - American relations, encompass many complex relations ranging from two early wars to competition for world markets. Since 1940 they have been close military allies enjoying the Special Relationship built as wartime allies, and NATO partners."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system", "paragraph_text": "The A-135 (NATO: ABM-3 Gorgon) anti-ballistic missile system is a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It is a successor to the previous A-35, and complies with the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}], "question": "which instance of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 was formed as a reaction to What does the term NATO represent?"}
{"id": "3hop2__337493_33303_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Treaty of Wanghia", "paragraph_text": "Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire. Type Bilateral / Unequal Signed 3 July 1844 (1844 - 07 - 03) Location Kun Iam Temple in Macau, Portuguese Macau Parties China United States Languages English and Chinese Treaty of Wanghia at Wikisource"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system", "paragraph_text": "The A-135 (NATO: ABM-3 Gorgon) anti-ballistic missile system is a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It is a successor to the previous A-35, and complies with the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States\u2013Sweden)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between the United States and Sweden (), was a treaty signed on April 3, 1783 in Paris, France between the United States and the Kingdom of Sweden. The treaty established a commercial alliance between these two nations and was signed during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}], "question": "Which union, of the type that the Treaty of Amity and Commerce is an instance of, was formed as reaction to the organization represented by the term NATO?"}
{"id": "3hop2__33303_286966_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Treaty of Copenhagen (1670)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Copenhagen or Treaty of 1670 was a treaty of commerce and alliance signed on July 11, 1670, between King Christian V of Denmark and of Norway and King Charles II of England and of Scots. It was written in Latin. It was expanded the next day on July 12, 1670, with the Third Article concerning contraband amended and clarified by a declaration in French signed at Copenhagen on July 4, 1780. The terms of the treaty were later reaffirmed by the Treaty of Kiel, following the defeat of Denmark-Norway during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Humanitarian response to the Russo-Georgian War", "paragraph_text": "On August 11, the Russian government allocated $200 million in urgent aid for South Ossetia, to tackle the growing humanitarian catastrophe, according to Russia's envoy to NATO."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system", "paragraph_text": "The A-135 (NATO: ABM-3 Gorgon) anti-ballistic missile system is a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It is a successor to the previous A-35, and complies with the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}], "question": "What union, the type of which the Treaty of Copenhagen is an example of, was formed as a reaction to the organization that the term NATO represents?"}
{"id": "3hop2__802244_33303_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pacification of Ghent", "paragraph_text": "The Pacification of Ghent, signed on 8 November 1576, was an alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands for the purpose of driving mutinying Spanish mercenary troops from the country and promoting a peace treaty with the rebelling provinces of Holland and Zeeland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Humanitarian response to the Russo-Georgian War", "paragraph_text": "On August 11, the Russian government allocated $200 million in urgent aid for South Ossetia, to tackle the growing humanitarian catastrophe, according to Russia's envoy to NATO."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 15, "title": ".30-06 Springfield", "paragraph_text": "The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced \"thirty-aught-six\" or \"thirty-oh-six\"), 7.62\u00d763mm in metric notation and called \".30 Gov't '06\" by Winchester, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized; it remained in use until the late 1970s. The \".30\" refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches. The \"06\" refers to the year the cartridge was adopted, 1906. It replaced the .30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and .30-40 Krag cartridges. The .30-06 remained the U.S. Army's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO (commercial .308 Winchester) and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO (commercial .223 Remington), both of which remain in current U.S. and NATO service. It remains a very popular sporting round, with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, \"EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism.\" NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Felice Casson", "paragraph_text": "Felice Casson (born 5 August 1953 in Chioggia, Province of Venice) is an Italian magistrate and politician, who discovered the existence of Operation Gladio, a \"stay-behind\" NATO anti-communist army during the Cold War, while investigating on the Peteano bombing in 1972, for which two neo-fascists were convicted; the explosives used in the attack supposedly came from a NATO arms cache. 622 Gladio members, including two people who served as prime minister and president, were exposed in the course of the investigation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}], "question": "Which union, of the type that the Treaty of Copenhagen is an instance of, was formed as reaction to the organization represented by the term NATO?"}
{"id": "3hop2__33303_618700_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canada\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian military, like forces of other NATO countries, fought alongside the United States in most major conflicts since World War II, including the Korean War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, and most recently the war in Afghanistan. The main exceptions to this were the Canadian government's opposition to the Vietnam War and the Iraq War, which caused some brief diplomatic tensions. Despite these issues, military relations have remained close."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canadian\u2013American Reciprocity Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian\u2013American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, also known as the Elgin-Marcy Treaty, was a trade treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States, applying to British possessions in North America including the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland Colony. It covered raw materials and was in effect from 1854 to 1866. It represented a move toward free trade and so was opposed by protectionist elements in the United States. After the conclusion of the American Civil War, the protectionist elements were joined by Americans angry at British tacit support for the Confederate States of America during the war, and the alliance was successful in terminating the treaty in 1866. The response in much of British North America was to form Canada (1867), which was expected to both open up many new economic opportunities inside Canada and unify the colonies against growing expansionist sentiments in the United States, associated with the Alaska Purchase. Attempts by the Liberal Party of Canada to revive free trade in 1911 led to a political victory for the Conservative Party, which warned that Canada would be annexed by the Americans. Talk of reciprocity was ended for decades."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system", "paragraph_text": "The A-135 (NATO: ABM-3 Gorgon) anti-ballistic missile system is a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It is a successor to the previous A-35, and complies with the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Julie Payette", "paragraph_text": "Payette was selected by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) as one of four astronauts from a field of 5,330 applicants in June 1992. After undergoing basic training in Canada, she worked as a technical advisor for the Mobile Servicing System, an advanced robotics system and Canada's contribution to the International Space Station. In 1993, Payette established the Human-Computer Interaction Group at the Canadian Astronaut Program and served as a technical specialist on the NATO International Research Study Group on speech processing."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}], "question": "Which union, of the type that the Canadian\u2013American Reciprocity Treaty is an instance of, was formed as reaction to the organization represented by the term NATO?"}
{"id": "3hop2__286966_33303_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system", "paragraph_text": "The A-135 (NATO: ABM-3 Gorgon) anti-ballistic missile system is a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It is a successor to the previous A-35, and complies with the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Allied Command Europe Mobile Force", "paragraph_text": "The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force was a small NATO quick reaction force, headquartered at Heidelberg, Germany, active from 1960 to 2002. It formed part of Allied Command Europe (ACE), headquartered at SHAPE at Casteau, Belgium. The land component of the force, consisting of a brigade-sized formation of about 5,000 personnel, was composed of units from 14 NATO states."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Treaty of Copenhagen (1670)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Copenhagen or Treaty of 1670 was a treaty of commerce and alliance signed on July 11, 1670, between King Christian V of Denmark and of Norway and King Charles II of England and of Scots. It was written in Latin. It was expanded the next day on July 12, 1670, with the Third Article concerning contraband amended and clarified by a declaration in French signed at Copenhagen on July 4, 1780. The terms of the treaty were later reaffirmed by the Treaty of Kiel, following the defeat of Denmark-Norway during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Humanitarian response to the Russo-Georgian War", "paragraph_text": "On August 11, the Russian government allocated $200 million in urgent aid for South Ossetia, to tackle the growing humanitarian catastrophe, according to Russia's envoy to NATO."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}], "question": "Which union, of the type that the Treaty of Copenhagen is an instance of, was formed as reaction to the organization represented by the term NATO?"}
{"id": "3hop2__476780_33303_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "AA-52 machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5\u00d754mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system", "paragraph_text": "The A-135 (NATO: ABM-3 Gorgon) anti-ballistic missile system is a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It is a successor to the previous A-35, and complies with the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2010 Lisbon summit", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 Lisbon summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of NATO held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 19 and 20 November 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "AGARD", "paragraph_text": "The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was an agency of NATO that existed from 1952 to 1996."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stoian Stelian", "paragraph_text": "Stoian Stelian (born 1 February 1965) is a Romanian diplomat and is currently the Permanent Representative of Romania to NATO. Previously he has been the Permanent Representative of Romania to the Council of Europe"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kosovo War", "paragraph_text": "The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Treaty of Nice (1892)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Nice was a military alliance treaty signed by Italy and France and revealed on September 5, 1892. The consequence of the treaty was that if one the signatories was attacked in an act of war, the other signatory must declare war on the attacker if requested."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}], "question": "Which agreement, of the type that the Treaty of Nice is an instance of, was formed as reaction to the organization represented by the term NATO?"}
{"id": "3hop2__276146_286966_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty. When determining the legal obligations of states, one party to the original treaty and one a party to the amended treaty, the states will only be bound by the terms they both agreed upon. Treaties can also be amended informally by the treaty executive council when the changes are only procedural, technical change in customary international law can also amend a treaty, where state behavior evinces a new interpretation of the legal obligations under the treaty. Minor corrections to a treaty may be adopted by a proc\u00e8s-verbal; but a proc\u00e8s-verbal is generally reserved for changes to rectify obvious errors in the text adopted, i.e. where the text adopted does not correctly reflect the intention of the parties adopting it."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "National Antarctic Program", "paragraph_text": "Till date 48 countries have signed the Antarctic Treaty which was drafted and negotiated back in 1959. Out of these, only 28 countries have the Consultative status i.e. these Parties have the right to participate in Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) and are accordingly known as Consultative Parties and their presence in Antarctica is shown by carrying substantial research there."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u20131718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and \"Little Walachia\" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian\u2013Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American theater is known as King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision. Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides. The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean, where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of United States treaties", "paragraph_text": "From 1778 to 1871, the United States government entered into more than 500 treaties with the Native American tribes; all of these treaties have since been violated in some way or outright broken by the US government, while at least one treaty was violated or broken by Native American tribes. However, violations by one party do not nullify the treaties under US law; the treaties still have legal effect today, and Native Americans and First Nations peoples are still fighting for their treaty rights in federal courts and at the United Nations."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Treaties of the European Union", "paragraph_text": "Two core functional treaties, the Treaty on European Union (originally signed in Maastricht in 1992) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (originally signed in Rome in 1957 as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community), lay out how the EU operates, and there are a number of satellite treaties which are interconnected with them. The treaties have been repeatedly amended by other treaties over the 65 years since they were first signed. The consolidated version of the two core treaties is regularly published by the European Commission."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Antarctic Treaty System", "paragraph_text": "The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60\u00b0S latitude. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and currently has 54 parties. The treaty sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation, and bans military activity on the continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. Since September 2004, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat headquarters has been located in Buenos Aires, Argentina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty, and \u2013 though it significantly altered the existing treaties \u2013 it did not completely replace them."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Exercise Reforger", "paragraph_text": "Exercise Campaign Reforger (from return of forces to Germany) was an annual exercise and campaign conducted, during the Cold War, by NATO. The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the Warsaw Pact. Although most troops deployed were from the United States, the operation also involved a substantial number of troops from other NATO countries including Canada and the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice. This was done to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties that occurred in the 19th and 20th century. Section 103 of the Charter also states that its members' obligations under it outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Treaty of Cession of Manu'a", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Cession of Manu\u02bba, also known as the Deed of Cession of Manu\u02bba, was a treaty between Tui Manu\u02bba Elisala and the United States signed on 16 July 1904 that ceded the islands of Manu\u02bba to the United States, which now forms part of American Samoa. It was ratified by the United States Congress by the Ratification Act of 1929."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Williamson ether synthesis", "paragraph_text": "The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction, forming an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol (alkoxide). This reaction was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. Typically it involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide via an S 2 reaction. This reaction is important in the history of organic chemistry because it helped prove the structure of ethers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Treaty of Copenhagen (1670)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Copenhagen or Treaty of 1670 was a treaty of commerce and alliance signed on July 11, 1670, between King Christian V of Denmark and of Norway and King Charles II of England and of Scots. It was written in Latin. It was expanded the next day on July 12, 1670, with the Third Article concerning contraband amended and clarified by a declaration in French signed at Copenhagen on July 4, 1780. The terms of the treaty were later reaffirmed by the Treaty of Kiel, following the defeat of Denmark-Norway during the Napoleonic Wars."}], "question": "What union, of the type that the Treaty of Copenhagen is an instance of, was formed as a reaction to the organization that participated in Exercise Reforger?"}
{"id": "3hop1__116625_802242_35865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Velocity Trap", "paragraph_text": "Velocity Trap is a 1999 television film directed by Phillip J. Roth and starring Olivier Gruner, Alicia Coppola, and Ken Olandt."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Les Tuche", "paragraph_text": "Les Tuche is a 2011 French comedy film directed by Olivier Baroux. A sequel, \"Les Tuche 2\", was released on 3 February 2016."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Laurence Olivier Award for Best Theatre Choreographer", "paragraph_text": "The Laurence Olivier Award for Best Theatre Choreographer is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre. The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976, and, renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Lord Olivier."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Clean (film)", "paragraph_text": "Clean is a 2004 drama film directed by French director Olivier Assayas, starring Maggie Cheung and Nick Nolte. It was jointly funded by Canada, France, and United Kingdom sources. It was released in the United States in 2006."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Olivier, Olivier", "paragraph_text": "Olivier, Olivier is a 1992 drama film directed by Agnieszka Holland. It entered the competition at the 49th Venice International Film Festival and won an award at the 1992 Valladolid International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)", "paragraph_text": "The film was directed and co-written by Franco Zeffirelli, and stars Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey. It won Academy Awards for Best Cinematography (Pasqualino De Santis) and Best Costume Design (Danilo Donati); it was also nominated for Best Director and Best Picture, making it the last Shakespearean film to be nominated for Best Picture to date. Sir Laurence Olivier spoke the film's prologue and epilogue and reportedly dubbed the voice of the Italian actor playing Lord Montague, but was not credited in the film."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ian McDiarmid", "paragraph_text": "Ian McDiarmid (/ m\u0259k\u02c8d\u025c\u02d0rm\u026ad /; born 11 August 1944) is an Olivier and Tony award - winning British character actor and director. He has appeared in 47 films since 1976. Internationally, he is most famous for his role as Palpatine in the Star Wars film series."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Time of the Wolf", "paragraph_text": "Time of the Wolf () is a 2003 French dystopian post-apocalyptic drama film written and directed by Austrian director Michael Haneke. It was released theatrically in 2003. Set in France at an undisclosed time, the film follows the story of a family: Georges, Anne (Isabelle Huppert), and their two children, Eva (Ana\u00efs Demoustier) and Ben (Lucas Biscombe). The film also stars Olivier Gourmet and Serge Riaboukine."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Germany", "paragraph_text": "German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian and English. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the North Germanic languages, and the extinct East Germanic languages, to an even lesser extent. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sindarin", "paragraph_text": "Sindarin is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves, called the \"Eledhrim\" or \"Edhellim\" in Sindarin. The word \"Sindarin\" is itself a Quenya form. The only known Sindarin word for this language is Eglathrin, a word probably only used in the First Age (see Eglath)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sentimental Destinies", "paragraph_text": "Sentimental Destinies () is a 2000 French drama film directed by Olivier Assayas. It was entered into the 2000 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel (\"present\", \"current\"), the Polish aktualny (\"present\", \"current,\" \"topical,\" \"timely,\" \"feasible\"), the Swedish aktuell (\"topical\", \"presently of importance\"), the Russian \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\"urgent\", \"topical\") or the Dutch actueel."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hokkien", "paragraph_text": "Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Olivier Azam", "paragraph_text": "Olivier Azam (born 21 October 1974 in Tarbes) is a retired French rugby union footballer. A hooker who could also cover prop, Azam spent most of his professional playing career in the English Premiership at Gloucester Rugby. Azam also had 10 caps for France."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anna (1987 film)", "paragraph_text": "Anna is a 1987 film directed by Yurek Bogayevicz, it was adapted by Agnieszka Holland from an unauthorized story by Holland and Bogayevicz, based on the real life of Polish actress El\u017cbieta Czy\u017cewska. The film stars Sally Kirkland, Robert Fields, Paulina Porizkova, Steven Gilborn and Larry Pine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ian McDiarmid", "paragraph_text": "Ian McDiarmid (/ m\u0259k\u02c8d\u025c\u02d0rm\u026ad /; born 11 August 1944) is an Olivier and Tony award - winning Scottish character actor and director. He has appeared in 47 films since 1976. Internationally, he is most famous for his role as Emperor Palpatine in the Star Wars film series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Olivier Masmonteil", "paragraph_text": "Olivier Masmonteil (born September 23, 1973, [Romilly-sur-Seine, France]) is a French [artist]. He studied at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux from 1996 to 1999. As a painter, Olivier Masmonteil dedicates his work exclusively to landscapes. While offering a variety of treatment, the paintings of Olivier Masmonteil assume a thematic unity which the landscape is both the substance and form, subject and object, the content and container."}], "question": "To indicate something is feasible in the language spoken, written, or signed by the director of Olivier, Olivier, what word could be used?"}
{"id": "3hop2__276146_476780_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Po\u017earevac was the peace treaty signed in Po\u017earevac (, ), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Austria of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice on the other."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single, internal market in the Single European Act 1986, to further the development of a more social Europe in the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the EU institutions in the Treaty of Nice 2001 and the Treaty of Lisbon 2007. Since its establishment, more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties, from the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining), Greece in 1979, Spain and Portugal 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 (though again Norway failed to join, because of lack of support in the referendum), the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004, Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia in 2013. Greenland signed a Treaty in 1985 giving it a special status."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Exercise Reforger", "paragraph_text": "Exercise Campaign Reforger (from return of forces to Germany) was an annual exercise and campaign conducted, during the Cold War, by NATO. The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the Warsaw Pact. Although most troops deployed were from the United States, the operation also involved a substantial number of troops from other NATO countries including Canada and the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Treaty of Cession of Manu'a", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Cession of Manu\u02bba, also known as the Deed of Cession of Manu\u02bba, was a treaty between Tui Manu\u02bba Elisala and the United States signed on 16 July 1904 that ceded the islands of Manu\u02bba to the United States, which now forms part of American Samoa. It was ratified by the United States Congress by the Ratification Act of 1929."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of United States treaties", "paragraph_text": "From 1778 to 1871, the United States government entered into more than 500 treaties with the Native American tribes; all of these treaties have since been violated in some way or outright broken by the US government, while at least one treaty was violated or broken by Native American tribes. However, violations by one party do not nullify the treaties under US law; the treaties still have legal effect today, and Native Americans and First Nations peoples are still fighting for their treaty rights in federal courts and at the United Nations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Treaty of Nice (1892)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Nice was a military alliance treaty signed by Italy and France and revealed on September 5, 1892. The consequence of the treaty was that if one the signatories was attacked in an act of war, the other signatory must declare war on the attacker if requested."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Williamson ether synthesis", "paragraph_text": "The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction, forming an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol (alkoxide). This reaction was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. Typically it involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide via an S 2 reaction. This reaction is important in the history of organic chemistry because it helped prove the structure of ethers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nepal\u2013Britain Treaty of 1923", "paragraph_text": "The Nepal -- Britain Treaty of 1923 is considered to be one of the most important treaties in the History of Nepal. The treaty was first discussed in 1921 and the final treaty was signed in 1923 December 21 in Singha Durbar. The treaty was the first formal acknowledgement by the British that Nepal as an independent nation had the right to conduct its foreign policy in anyway it seems fit and is considered to be ``A great achievement of 25 years of Chandra Shumsher's diplomacy ''. The treaty was recorded in 1925 in the League of Nations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice. This was done to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties that occurred in the 19th and 20th century. Section 103 of the Charter also states that its members' obligations under it outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American theater is known as King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision. Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides. The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean, where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u20131718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and \"Little Walachia\" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian\u2013Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "National Antarctic Program", "paragraph_text": "Till date 48 countries have signed the Antarctic Treaty which was drafted and negotiated back in 1959. Out of these, only 28 countries have the Consultative status i.e. these Parties have the right to participate in Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) and are accordingly known as Consultative Parties and their presence in Antarctica is shown by carrying substantial research there."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty, and \u2013 though it significantly altered the existing treaties \u2013 it did not completely replace them."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991."}], "question": "What type of union, one instance of which is the Treaty of Nice, was formed as a reaction to the organization that was a participant in Exercise Reforger?"}
{"id": "3hop1__143581_637373_42322", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u200e) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England. This included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island \u2013 Wales and most of Scotland \u2013 continued to use Celtic languages, except in the areas of Scandinavian settlements where Old Norse was spoken. Celtic speech also remained established in certain parts of England: Medieval Cornish was spoken all over Cornwall and in adjacent parts of Devon, while Cumbric survived perhaps to the 12th century in parts of Cumbria, and Welsh may have been spoken on the English side of the Anglo-Welsh border. Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Singapore", "paragraph_text": "Singaporeans are mostly bilingual, with English as their common language and usually the mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. The official languages amongst Singaporeans are English (80% literacy), Mandarin (65% literacy), Malay (17% literacy), and Tamil (4% literacy). Singapore English is based on British English, and forms of English spoken in Singapore range from Standard Singapore English to a colloquial form known as \"Singlish\". Singlish is discouraged by the government.English is the language spoken by most Singaporeans at home, 36.9% of the population, just ahead of Mandarin. Nearly half a million speak other varieties of Chinese, mainly Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin and English. Singapore Chinese characters are written using simplified Chinese characters."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts \u2013 the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Coptic language", "paragraph_text": "Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: \u03ef\u2c99\u2c89\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c89\u2c99\u2c9b\u0300\u2cad\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c93 ti. met. rem. \u0259n. k \u0113mi and Sahidic: \u2ca7\u2c99\u2c9b\u0304\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c99\u0304\u2c9b\u0304\u2c95\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c89 t. m\u0259nt. r\u0259m. \u0259n. k\u0113me) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro - Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet, an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from demotic to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have, in the first century AD."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Garden of Delights", "paragraph_text": "El jard\u00edn de las delicias, also known as The Garden of Delights in English language cinema, is a 1970 Spanish drama film co-written and directed by Carlos Saura."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Purisime\u00f1o language", "paragraph_text": "Purisime\u00f1o was one of the Chumashan languages traditionally spoken along the coastal areas of Southern California near Lompoc. It was also spoken at the La Purisima Mission."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mbugwe language", "paragraph_text": "Mbugwe or Mbuwe (Kimbugwe) is a Bantu language of spoken by the Mbugwe people of Lake Manyara in the Manyara Region of Central Tanzania. Mbugwe is estimated to be spoken by some 34,000 people."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools. English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status after the creation of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language, as may be seen in road signs and official documents. Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa (see Maghrebi Jews)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Abb\u00e0 Pater", "paragraph_text": "Abb\u00e0 Pater () is a devotional album from Pope John Paul II released in 1999 in anticipation of the Great Jubilee for Radio Vaticana. The album reached #175 on the \"Billboard\" album chart. The pontiff had reached #126 in 1979 with another album, \"Pope John Paul II Sings At The Festival Of Sacrosong.\" \"Abb\u00e0 Pater\" is made up entirely of original compositions. Many of the lyrics are derived from the Bible and Roman Catholic liturgy. The liner notes are composed in English, Italian, French and Spanish."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}], "question": "What is Saxon Garden in the native language of the singer of Abb\u00e0 Pater?"}
{"id": "3hop1__116625_802242_42322", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sentimental Destinies", "paragraph_text": "Sentimental Destinies () is a 2000 French drama film directed by Olivier Assayas. It was entered into the 2000 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Society of London Theatre Special Award", "paragraph_text": "The Laurence Olivier Award for Society of London Theatre Special Award is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre. The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976, and, renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Lord Olivier."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ian McDiarmid", "paragraph_text": "Ian McDiarmid (/ m\u0259k\u02c8d\u025c\u02d0rm\u026ad /; born 11 August 1944) is an Olivier and Tony award - winning British character actor and director. He has appeared in 47 films since 1976. Internationally, he is most famous for his role as Palpatine in the Star Wars film series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Olivier Saladin", "paragraph_text": "Olivier Saladin is a French actor. He is best known for playing in the cult TV series \"Les Deschiens\" (1993-2002), in which he play alongside Yolande Moreau."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Olivier Masmonteil", "paragraph_text": "Olivier Masmonteil (born September 23, 1973, [Romilly-sur-Seine, France]) is a French [artist]. He studied at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux from 1996 to 1999. As a painter, Olivier Masmonteil dedicates his work exclusively to landscapes. While offering a variety of treatment, the paintings of Olivier Masmonteil assume a thematic unity which the landscape is both the substance and form, subject and object, the content and container."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saint Fran\u00e7ois d'Assise", "paragraph_text": "Saint Fran\u00e7ois d'Assise is an opera in three acts and eight scenes by French composer and librettist Olivier Messiaen, written from 1975 to 1983. It concerns Saint Francis of Assisi, the title character, and displays the composer's devout Catholicism. The world premi\u00e8re was given by the Paris Opera at the Palais Garnier on 28 November 1983."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Velocity Trap", "paragraph_text": "Velocity Trap is a 1999 television film directed by Phillip J. Roth and starring Olivier Gruner, Alicia Coppola, and Ken Olandt."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Olivier, Olivier", "paragraph_text": "Olivier, Olivier is a 1992 drama film directed by Agnieszka Holland. It entered the competition at the 49th Venice International Film Festival and won an award at the 1992 Valladolid International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elli Medeiros", "paragraph_text": "Elli Medeiros appears in a number of French films and has worked with, among others, Olivier Assayas and Philippe Garrel."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Anna (1987 film)", "paragraph_text": "Anna is a 1987 film directed by Yurek Bogayevicz, it was adapted by Agnieszka Holland from an unauthorized story by Holland and Bogayevicz, based on the real life of Polish actress El\u017cbieta Czy\u017cewska. The film stars Sally Kirkland, Robert Fields, Paulina Porizkova, Steven Gilborn and Larry Pine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts \u2013 the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Clean (film)", "paragraph_text": "Clean is a 2004 drama film directed by French director Olivier Assayas, starring Maggie Cheung and Nick Nolte. It was jointly funded by Canada, France, and United Kingdom sources. It was released in the United States in 2006."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Laurence Olivier Award for Best Theatre Choreographer", "paragraph_text": "The Laurence Olivier Award for Best Theatre Choreographer is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre. The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976, and, renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Lord Olivier."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)", "paragraph_text": "The film was directed and co-written by Franco Zeffirelli, and stars Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey. It won Academy Awards for Best Cinematography (Pasqualino De Santis) and Best Costume Design (Danilo Donati); it was also nominated for Best Director and Best Picture, making it the last Shakespearean film to be nominated for Best Picture to date. Sir Laurence Olivier spoke the film's prologue and epilogue and reportedly dubbed the voice of the Italian actor playing Lord Montague, but was not credited in the film."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England. This included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island \u2013 Wales and most of Scotland \u2013 continued to use Celtic languages, except in the areas of Scandinavian settlements where Old Norse was spoken. Celtic speech also remained established in certain parts of England: Medieval Cornish was spoken all over Cornwall and in adjacent parts of Devon, while Cumbric survived perhaps to the 12th century in parts of Cumbria, and Welsh may have been spoken on the English side of the Anglo-Welsh border. Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Time of the Wolf", "paragraph_text": "Time of the Wolf () is a 2003 French dystopian post-apocalyptic drama film written and directed by Austrian director Michael Haneke. It was released theatrically in 2003. Set in France at an undisclosed time, the film follows the story of a family: Georges, Anne (Isabelle Huppert), and their two children, Eva (Ana\u00efs Demoustier) and Ben (Lucas Biscombe). The film also stars Olivier Gourmet and Serge Riaboukine."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Prince and the Showgirl", "paragraph_text": "The Prince and the Showgirl (originally called \"The Sleeping Prince\") is a 1957 British-American romantic comedy film starring Marilyn Monroe and Laurence Olivier. Olivier also served as director and producer. The screenplay by Terence Rattigan was based on his 1953 stage play \"The Sleeping Prince\". It was filmed at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Les Tuche", "paragraph_text": "Les Tuche is a 2011 French comedy film directed by Olivier Baroux. A sequel, \"Les Tuche 2\", was released on 3 February 2016."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Olivier-Napol\u00e9on Drouin", "paragraph_text": "Olivier-Napol\u00e9on Drouin (1862\u20131934) was a Canadian politician, the mayor of Quebec City from 1910 to 1916. He also initiated the Rock City Tobacco company."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ian McDiarmid", "paragraph_text": "Ian McDiarmid (/ m\u0259k\u02c8d\u025c\u02d0rm\u026ad /; born 11 August 1944) is an Olivier and Tony award - winning Scottish character actor and director. He has appeared in 47 films since 1976. Internationally, he is most famous for his role as Emperor Palpatine in the Star Wars film series."}], "question": "What is the Saxon Garden in the language of the director of Olivier, Olivier?"}
{"id": "3hop1__143581_637373_35865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chinese characters", "paragraph_text": "Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Allagash River", "paragraph_text": "The Allagash River is a tributary of the Saint John River, approximately long, in northern Maine in the United States. It drains in a remote and scenic area of wilderness in the Maine North Woods north of Mount Katahdin. The name \"Allagash\" comes from the Abenaki language, a dialect of the Algonquin languages, spoken by the Penobscot Tribe The word, \"/walak\u00e9sk\u02b8iht\u0259k\u02b8/\", means \"bark stream\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Qaumi Taranah", "paragraph_text": "The Urdu lyrics, written by the Pakistani Urdu - language poet, Hafeez Jullundhri in 1952, have commonality with Persian, making them understandable in both languages. No verse in the three stanza lyrics is repeated. The anthem has heavy Persian poetic vocabulary and only uses one exclusively Urdu word 'k\u0101'."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Queljata (Cusco)", "paragraph_text": "Queljata (possibly from Aymara \"qillqa\u00f1a\" to write, \"-ta\" a suffix to indicate the participle, \"written\" or \"something written\") is a mountain in the eastern extensions Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about high. It is located in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Marcapata District. Queljata lies northeast of the peaks of Quinsachata, Quehuesiri and Huayruruni."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Numbulwar", "paragraph_text": "Numbulwar is a small, primarily Aboriginal community on the Gulf of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory of Australia. The major language group of the community is Nunggubuyu and their language, Wubuy, is used by older generations. Kriol is also widely spoken."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Coptic language", "paragraph_text": "Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: \u03ef\u2c99\u2c89\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c89\u2c99\u2c9b\u0300\u2cad\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c93 ti. met. rem. \u0259n. k \u0113mi and Sahidic: \u2ca7\u2c99\u2c9b\u0304\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c99\u0304\u2c9b\u0304\u2c95\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c89 t. m\u0259nt. r\u0259m. \u0259n. k\u0113me) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro - Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet, an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from demotic to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have, in the first century AD."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a larger proportion derived from Arabic. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Phonology", "paragraph_text": "The word phonology comes from the Greek \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae, ph\u014dn\u1e17, \"voice, sound,\" and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, l\u00f3gos, \"word, speech, subject of discussion\"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundz\u00fcge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as \"the study of sound pertaining to the system of language,\" as opposed to phonetics, which is \"the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech\" (the distinction between language and speech being basically Saussure's distinction between langue and parole). More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, while in more narrow terms, \"phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items.\" According to Clark et al. (2007), it means the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Abb\u00e0 Pater", "paragraph_text": "Abb\u00e0 Pater () is a devotional album from Pope John Paul II released in 1999 in anticipation of the Great Jubilee for Radio Vaticana. The album reached #175 on the \"Billboard\" album chart. The pontiff had reached #126 in 1979 with another album, \"Pope John Paul II Sings At The Festival Of Sacrosong.\" \"Abb\u00e0 Pater\" is made up entirely of original compositions. Many of the lyrics are derived from the Bible and Roman Catholic liturgy. The liner notes are composed in English, Italian, French and Spanish."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel (\"present\", \"current\"), the Polish aktualny (\"present\", \"current,\" \"topical,\" \"timely,\" \"feasible\"), the Swedish aktuell (\"topical\", \"presently of importance\"), the Russian \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\"urgent\", \"topical\") or the Dutch actueel."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sindarin", "paragraph_text": "Sindarin is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves, called the \"Eledhrim\" or \"Edhellim\" in Sindarin. The word \"Sindarin\" is itself a Quenya form. The only known Sindarin word for this language is Eglathrin, a word probably only used in the First Age (see Eglath)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mariem Hassan", "paragraph_text": "Mariem Hassan (\u200e; May 1958 \u2013 22 August 2015) was a Sahrawi singer and lyricist from Western Sahara. She usually sang in Hassaniyya, an Arabic dialect spoken mostly in Western Sahara and Mauritania, and occasionally in Spanish. Her use of the Spanish language was related to the former status of Western Sahara as a Spanish colony."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u200e) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Germany", "paragraph_text": "German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian and English. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the North Germanic languages, and the extinct East Germanic languages, to an even lesser extent. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Swedish Sign Language", "paragraph_text": "Swedish Sign Language (\"Svenskt teckenspr\u00e5k\" or SSL) is the sign language used in Sweden. It is recognized by the Swedish government as the country's official sign language, and hearing parents of deaf children are required to learn it. There are fewer than 10,000 speakers, making the language officially endangered."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Singapore", "paragraph_text": "Singaporeans are mostly bilingual, with English as their common language and usually the mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. The official languages amongst Singaporeans are English (80% literacy), Mandarin (65% literacy), Malay (17% literacy), and Tamil (4% literacy). Singapore English is based on British English, and forms of English spoken in Singapore range from Standard Singapore English to a colloquial form known as \"Singlish\". Singlish is discouraged by the government.English is the language spoken by most Singaporeans at home, 36.9% of the population, just ahead of Mandarin. Nearly half a million speak other varieties of Chinese, mainly Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin and English. Singapore Chinese characters are written using simplified Chinese characters."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "Nowadays, Galician is resurgent, though in the cities it remains a \"second language\" for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the populace of Galicia understand the language, 91.04 percent speak it, 68.65 percent read it and 57.64 percent write it. The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) remain roughly the same as a decade earlier; the latter two (reading and writing) both show enormous gains: a decade earlier, only 49.3 percent of the population could read Galician, and only 34.85 percent could write it. This fact can be easily explained because of the impossibility of teaching Galician during the Francisco Franco era, so older people speak the language but have no written competence. Galician is the highest-percentage spoken language in its region among the regional languages of Spain."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}], "question": "To indicate something is feasible in the language of the Abba Pater singer, what word could be used?"}
{"id": "3hop2__276146_802244_46604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Exercise Reforger", "paragraph_text": "Exercise Campaign Reforger (from return of forces to Germany) was an annual exercise and campaign conducted, during the Cold War, by NATO. The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the Warsaw Pact. Although most troops deployed were from the United States, the operation also involved a substantial number of troops from other NATO countries including Canada and the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Copper", "paragraph_text": "Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products; as such, they are important in the field of organic synthesis. Copper(I) acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling. Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide, especially in the presence of amine ligands."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Williamson ether synthesis", "paragraph_text": "The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction, forming an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol (alkoxide). This reaction was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. Typically it involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide via an S 2 reaction. This reaction is important in the history of organic chemistry because it helped prove the structure of ethers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Seamount", "paragraph_text": "There are more seamounts in the Pacific Ocean than in the Atlantic, and their distribution can be described as comprising several elongate chains of seamounts superimposed on a more or less random background distribution. Seamount chains occur in all three major ocean basins, with the Pacific having the most number and most extensive seamount chains. These include the Hawaiian (Emperor), Mariana, Gilbert, Tuomotu and Austral Seamounts (and island groups) in the north Pacific and the Louisville and Sala y Gomez ridges in the southern Pacific Ocean. In the North Atlantic Ocean, the New England Seamounts extend from the eastern coast of the United States to the mid-ocean ridge. Craig and Sandwell noted that clusters of larger Atlantic seamounts tend to be associated with other evidence of hotspot activity, such as on the Walvis Ridge, Bermuda Islands and Cape Verde Islands. The mid-Atlantic ridge and spreading ridges in the Indian Ocean are also associated with abundant seamounts. Otherwise, seamounts tend not to form distinctive chains in the Indian and Southern Oceans, but rather their distribution appears to be more or less random."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eucinostomus", "paragraph_text": "Eucinostomus is a genus of fish in the family Gerreidae. They are native to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Americas."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oceanic crust", "paragraph_text": "The oldest large scale oceanic crust is in the west Pacific and north - west Atlantic - both are about up to 180 - 200 million years old. However, parts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea are remnants of the much older Tethys ocean, at about 270 and up to 340 million years old."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pacification of Ghent", "paragraph_text": "The Pacification of Ghent, signed on 8 November 1576, was an alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands for the purpose of driving mutinying Spanish mercenary troops from the country and promoting a peace treaty with the rebelling provinces of Holland and Zeeland."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kjeldahl method", "paragraph_text": "The Kjeldahl method or Kjeldahl digestion () in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of nitrogen contained in organic substances plus the nitrogen contained in the inorganic compounds ammonia and ammonium (NH/NH). Without modification, other forms of inorganic nitrogen, for instance nitrate, are not included in this measurement. This method was developed by Johan Kjeldahl in 1883."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Knoevenagel condensation", "paragraph_text": "The Knoevenagel condensation () reaction is an organic reaction named after Emil Knoevenagel. It is a modification of the aldol condensation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico (Spanish: Golfo de M\u00e9xico) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean,  largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the \"Third Coast\", in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Salmon", "paragraph_text": "The term ``salmon ''comes from the Latin salmo, which in turn might have originated from salire, meaning`` to leap''. The nine commercially important species of salmon occur in two genera. The genus Salmo contains the Atlantic salmon, found in the north Atlantic, as well as many species commonly named trout. The genus Oncorhynchus contains eight species which occur naturally only in the North Pacific. As a group, these are known as Pacific salmon. Chinook salmon have been introduced in New Zealand and Patagonia. Coho, freshwater sockeye, and Atlantic salmon have been established in Patagonia, as well."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American theater is known as King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision. Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides. The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean, where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "David Tilden Brown", "paragraph_text": "David Tilden Brown (August 11, 1823 - Greenfield, Massachusetts \u2013 September 4, 1889 - Batavia, Illinois) practiced psychiatry from 1844-1849 in various asylums in eastern United States. When gold was found in the Sierra Nevada's, Brown decided to cash in and travel to Central America in 1849, planning to establish a cheaper and faster commercial route west from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans across the isthmus of Nicaragua. He and his associates formed the Compania de Vapores de Nicaragua, but the company eventually was absorbed by Cornelius Vanderbilt's American Atlantic and Pacific Ship Canal Company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Animal", "paragraph_text": "The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however \u2014 for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures."}], "question": "What union, of the type that the Pacification of Ghent is an example of, was formed as a reaction to the organization that was a participant in Exercise Reforger?"}
{"id": "3hop1__94770_315940_35865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hindu philosophy", "paragraph_text": "P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism (P\u0101\u015bupata, \"of Pa\u015bupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Pa\u015bu in Pa\u015bupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to P\u0101\u015bupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chinese characters", "paragraph_text": "Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nine Days that Changed the World", "paragraph_text": "Nine Days that Changed the World is a 2010 documentary film produced by Newt Gingrich and his wife Callista that centers on the role played by Pope John Paul II in the fall of Communism in Europe and the rise of labour union Solidarity."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Saint's Vacation", "paragraph_text": "The Saint's Vacation is a 1941 adventure film produced by the British arm of RKO Pictures. The film stars Hugh Sinclair as Simon Templar, also known as \"The Saint\", a world-roving crimefighter who walks the fine edge of the law. This was the seventh of eight films in RKO's film series about the character created by Leslie Charteris. It was Sinclair's first appearance as Templar, having taken over the role from George Sanders, who then stepped into RKO's \"Falcon\" series. The film is the seventh of nine features produced by RKO Pictures featuring suave detective Simon Templar and it marks a major change in the series, shifting production to England."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Demographics of the world", "paragraph_text": "The world's largest ethnic group is Han Chinese with Mandarin being the world's most spoken language in terms of native speakers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel (\"present\", \"current\"), the Polish aktualny (\"present\", \"current,\" \"topical,\" \"timely,\" \"feasible\"), the Swedish aktuell (\"topical\", \"presently of importance\"), the Russian \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\"urgent\", \"topical\") or the Dutch actueel."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Name of Iran", "paragraph_text": "In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran (meaning land of Aryans in Persian language), the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word ``Iran ''has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from`` Persian'' to ``Iranian ''. In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both`` Persia'' and ``Iran ''could officially be used interchangeably."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bird migration", "paragraph_text": "The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043a (zamok, meaning a lock) and \u0437\u0430\u0301\u043c\u043e\u043a (zamok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mee bandung Muar", "paragraph_text": "Mee bandung Muar, or simply Mee bandung, is a traditional Southeast Asian cuisine originated from Muar, Johor, Malaysia. The word \"bandung\" in its name derives from the literal meaning of the word in the Malay language, which is \"mixed\" or \"pairs\", as in several Malay words like \"Sirap bandung\" (rose syrup beverage mixed with condensed milk) and \"Rumah berbandung\" (semi-detached house). It is a misconception to think that the name indicates that Mee bandung originated in Bandung, a city in Indonesia; the two are unrelated."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Preamble to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Preamble was placed in the Constitution during the last days of the Constitutional Convention by the Committee on Style, which wrote its final draft, with Gouverneur Morris leading the effort. It was not proposed or discussed on the floor of the convention beforehand. The initial wording of the preamble did not refer to the people of the United States, rather, it referred to people of the various states, which was the norm. In earlier documents, including the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France, the Articles of Confederation, and the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing American independence, the word ``people ''was not used, and the phrase the United States was followed immediately by a listing of the states, from north to south. The change was made out of necessity, as the Constitution provided that whenever the popularly elected ratifying conventions of nine states gave their approval, it would go into effect for those nine, irrespective of whether any of the remaining states ratified."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Japanese writing system", "paragraph_text": "The modern Japanese writing system is a combination of two character types: logographic kanji, which are adopted Chinese characters, and syllabic kana. Kana itself consists of a pair of syllabaries: hiragana, used primarily for native or naturalised Japanese words and grammatical elements, and katakana, used primarily for foreign words and names, loanwords, onomatopoeia, scientific names, and sometimes for emphasis. Almost all written Japanese sentences contain a mixture of kanji and kana. Because of this mixture of scripts, in addition to a large inventory of kanji characters, the Japanese writing system is often considered to be the most complicated in use anywhere in the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Barnard's Star", "paragraph_text": "At 7\u201312 billion years of age, Barnard's Star is considerably older than the Sun, which is 4.5 billion years old, and it might be among the oldest stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Barnard's Star has lost a great deal of rotational energy, and the periodic slight changes in its brightness indicate that it rotates once in 130 days (the Sun rotates in 25). Given its age, Barnard's Star was long assumed to be quiescent in terms of stellar activity. In 1998, astronomers observed an intense stellar flare, showing that Barnard's Star is a flare star. Barnard's Star has the variable star designation V2500 Ophiuchi. In 2003, Barnard's Star presented the first detectable change in the radial velocity of a star caused by its motion. Further variability in the radial velocity of Barnard's Star was attributed to its stellar activity."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sindarin", "paragraph_text": "Sindarin is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves, called the \"Eledhrim\" or \"Edhellim\" in Sindarin. The word \"Sindarin\" is itself a Quenya form. The only known Sindarin word for this language is Eglathrin, a word probably only used in the First Age (see Eglath)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "paragraph_text": "The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America, originally composed by Rear Admiral George Balch in 1887, later revised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942. The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The last change in language came on Flag Day 1954 when the words ``under God ''were added."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Words per minute", "paragraph_text": "Research done in 2012 measured the speed at which subjects read a text aloud, and found the average speed across 17 different languages to be 184 \u00b1 29 WPM or 863 \u00b1 234 CPM. However, for the languages that use the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets, the number of WPM varied, as low as 161 \u00b1 18 for Finnish and as high as 228 \u00b1 30 for English. The reason for this is different word structures in each language (longer words in such languages as Finnish and shorter words in English). However, the number of characters per minute tends to be around 1000 for all the tested languages. For the tested Asian languages that use particular writing systems (Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese) these numbers are lower."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2019 Rugby World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The IRB requested that any member unions wishing to host the 2019 or 2015 Rugby World Cup should indicate their interest by 15 August 2008. This would be purely to indicate interest; no details had to be provided at this stage. A record ten unions indicated interest in hosting either the 2015 and/or the 2019 events. The 2019 tournament received interest from nine different nations."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Martian (film)", "paragraph_text": "Korda Studios 26 kilometres (16 mi) west of Budapest, Hungary, in the wine-making village of Etyek was chosen for filming interior scenes of The Martian. It was favored for having one of the largest sound stages in the world. Filming began in Hungary on November 24, 2014. Around 20 sets were constructed for the film, which was filmed with 3D cameras. Actual potatoes were grown in a sound stage next to the one used for filming. They were planted at different times so that different stages of growth could be shown in film scenes. A team of six people built 15 suits for the film. External scenes, some with Matt Damon, were filmed in Wadi Rum, a UNESCO world heritage site located in Jordan, over eight days in March 2015. Wadi Rum had been used as a location for other films set on Mars, including Mission to Mars (2000), Red Planet (2000), and The Last Days on Mars (2013). Total filming time for the film lasted approximately 70 days."}], "question": "To indicate something is feasible in the native language of the star of Nine Days that Changed the World, what word could be used?"}
{"id": "3hop1__143581_315940_42322", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Ern\u0151 Pint\u00e9r", "paragraph_text": "L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Ern\u0151 Pint\u00e9r (born 6 March 1942 in Sopron, Hungary; died 18 May 2002 in Vienna, Austria), better known as Pater Ern\u00f5 L. Pint\u00e9r, was a Hungarian Franciscan priest and a malacologist (a person who studies mollusks)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "14% of the population speaks the official language Portuguese, the language of government and national communication during centuries of colonial rule. 44% speak Kriol, a Portuguese-based creole language, which is effectively a national language of communication among groups. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages unique to ethnicities."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Iranian languages", "paragraph_text": "As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spanish language", "paragraph_text": "It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language -- including speakers with limited competence -- and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of English", "paragraph_text": "English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo - Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo - Saxon settlers from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands, displacing the Celtic languages that previously predominated."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Mitchell Kemble", "paragraph_text": "John Mitchell Kemble (2 April 1807 \u2013 26 March 1857), English scholar and historian, was the eldest son of Charles Kemble the actor and Maria Theresa Kemble. He is notable for his major contribution to the history of the Anglo-Saxons and philology of the Old English language."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Abb\u00e0 Pater", "paragraph_text": "Abb\u00e0 Pater () is a devotional album from Pope John Paul II released in 1999 in anticipation of the Great Jubilee for Radio Vaticana. The album reached #175 on the \"Billboard\" album chart. The pontiff had reached #126 in 1979 with another album, \"Pope John Paul II Sings At The Festival Of Sacrosong.\" \"Abb\u00e0 Pater\" is made up entirely of original compositions. Many of the lyrics are derived from the Bible and Roman Catholic liturgy. The liner notes are composed in English, Italian, French and Spanish."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dyck Arboretum of the Plains", "paragraph_text": "The Dyck Arboretum of the Plains is a thirteen-acre (53,000 m\u00b2) botanical garden at Hesston College in Hesston, Kansas, United States. It was established October 11, 1981, to feature native Kansan plants and trees, and now contains more than 600 species of native and adaptable trees, shrubs, wildflowers, and grasses."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Languages of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in the United States. Today over 500 languages are used by the U.S. population. The most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language of the United States. Since the 1965 Immigration Act, Spanish is the second most common language in the country. The United States does not have an official language, but some state governments recognize specific languages. For instance, the state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French, as does New Mexico in Spanish. There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii. Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Santa Barbara Botanic Garden", "paragraph_text": "The Garden was founded in 1926 and designed by noted landscape architect Beatrix Farrand. By 1936 its focus had narrowed to plants native to the California Floristic Province (which includes a bit of southwestern Oregon and part of Baja California, as well as most of the state of California). The Garden became a Santa Barbara County Landmark in 1983 (the dam on Mission Creek was already designated as a State Historic Landmark)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ruth Bancroft Garden", "paragraph_text": "The Ruth Bancroft Garden is a 2.5\u00a0acre (10,000\u00a0m\u00b2) public dry garden established by Ruth Bancroft. It contains more than 2,000 cactus, succulents, trees, and shrubs native to California, Mexico, Chile, South Africa, and Australia. It is located at 1552 Bancroft Road in Walnut Creek, California, USA."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Garden of Delights", "paragraph_text": "El jard\u00edn de las delicias, also known as The Garden of Delights in English language cinema, is a 1970 Spanish drama film co-written and directed by Carlos Saura."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts \u2013 the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Prince of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Ofra Haza as Yocheved, the mother of Miriam and Aaron and birth mother of Moses. She also sang her character's number, ``Deliver Us '', in seventeen other languages for the film's dubbing)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens", "paragraph_text": "Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens, Australia are located in the Wagga Wagga suburb of Turvey Park on a 20 hectare site on the south western slopes of Willans Hill Reserve. Access to the gardens is via Macleay Street near the corner of Lord Baden Powell Drive. There is a camellia garden, a tree chapel, Island and Bamboo Garden, native flora section, Shakespearean garden and cactus and succulent garden. As well as many different types of garden, the Botanic Gardens are home to a music bowl, a small zoo with a walk through aviary, and Willans Hill Model Railway."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Each of these four dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, Northumbria south of the Tyne, and most of Mercia, were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended, and all of Kent, were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the Great. From that time on, the West Saxon dialect (then in the form now known as Early West Saxon) became standardised as the language of government, and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period."}], "question": "What is the Saxon Garden in the native language of the singer on the album Abb\u00e0 Pater?"}
{"id": "3hop1__143581_315940_35865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hindu philosophy", "paragraph_text": "P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism (P\u0101\u015bupata, \"of Pa\u015bupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Pa\u015bu in Pa\u015bupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to P\u0101\u015bupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Words per minute", "paragraph_text": "Research done in 2012 measured the speed at which subjects read a text aloud, and found the average speed across 17 different languages to be 184 \u00b1 29 WPM or 863 \u00b1 234 CPM. However, for the languages that use the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets, the number of WPM varied, as low as 161 \u00b1 18 for Finnish and as high as 228 \u00b1 30 for English. The reason for this is different word structures in each language (longer words in such languages as Finnish and shorter words in English). However, the number of characters per minute tends to be around 1000 for all the tested languages. For the tested Asian languages that use particular writing systems (Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese) these numbers are lower."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043a (zamok, meaning a lock) and \u0437\u0430\u0301\u043c\u043e\u043a (zamok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections, a synthetic language. Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use, but those that survived, to be sure, are basic elements of Modern English vocabulary."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mee bandung Muar", "paragraph_text": "Mee bandung Muar, or simply Mee bandung, is a traditional Southeast Asian cuisine originated from Muar, Johor, Malaysia. The word \"bandung\" in its name derives from the literal meaning of the word in the Malay language, which is \"mixed\" or \"pairs\", as in several Malay words like \"Sirap bandung\" (rose syrup beverage mixed with condensed milk) and \"Rumah berbandung\" (semi-detached house). It is a misconception to think that the name indicates that Mee bandung originated in Bandung, a city in Indonesia; the two are unrelated."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel (\"present\", \"current\"), the Polish aktualny (\"present\", \"current,\" \"topical,\" \"timely,\" \"feasible\"), the Swedish aktuell (\"topical\", \"presently of importance\"), the Russian \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\"urgent\", \"topical\") or the Dutch actueel."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Languages of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in the United States. Today over 500 languages are used by the U.S. population. The most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language of the United States. Since the 1965 Immigration Act, Spanish is the second most common language in the country. The United States does not have an official language, but some state governments recognize specific languages. For instance, the state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French, as does New Mexico in Spanish. There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii. Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043a/\u0437\u0430\u0301\u043c\u043e\u043a (lock/castle), \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0301\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439/\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0301\u0449\u0438\u0439 (worthwhile/standing), \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0301/\u0447\u0443\u0301\u0434\u043d\u043e (this is odd/this is marvelous), \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0301\u0446/\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0446 (attaboy/fine young man), \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0301\u044e/\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0301 (I shall learn it/I recognize it), \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0301\u0442\u044c/\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0301\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c (to be cutting/to have cut); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names (\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0301\u0440\u0430, \u0433\u0443\u0301\u0440\u0443, \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0301\u044f, \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0301\u0448\u0430, \u0424\u0435\u0301\u0440\u043c\u0438), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence (\u0422\u044b\u0301 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435?/\u0422\u044b \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0301\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435?/\u0422\u044b \u0441\u044a\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0301\u043d\u044c\u0435? \u2013 Was it you who ate the cookie?/Did you eat the cookie?/Was it the cookie that you ate?). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sindarin", "paragraph_text": "Sindarin is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves, called the \"Eledhrim\" or \"Edhellim\" in Sindarin. The word \"Sindarin\" is itself a Quenya form. The only known Sindarin word for this language is Eglathrin, a word probably only used in the First Age (see Eglath)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Abb\u00e0 Pater", "paragraph_text": "Abb\u00e0 Pater () is a devotional album from Pope John Paul II released in 1999 in anticipation of the Great Jubilee for Radio Vaticana. The album reached #175 on the \"Billboard\" album chart. The pontiff had reached #126 in 1979 with another album, \"Pope John Paul II Sings At The Festival Of Sacrosong.\" \"Abb\u00e0 Pater\" is made up entirely of original compositions. Many of the lyrics are derived from the Bible and Roman Catholic liturgy. The liner notes are composed in English, Italian, French and Spanish."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Czech language", "paragraph_text": "In Czech, nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases. Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence. A nominative\u2013accusative language, Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case. The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement. The remaining cases (instrumental, locative, vocative and dative) indicate semantic relationships, such as secondary objects, movement or position (dative case) and accompaniment (instrumental case). An adjective's case agrees with that of the noun it describes. When Czech children learn their language's declension patterns, the cases are referred to by number:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chinese characters", "paragraph_text": "Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people. Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory, in which he envisioned an all-Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Java keywords", "paragraph_text": "In the Java programming language, a keyword is one of 53 reserved words that have a predefined meaning in the language; because of this, programmers can not use keywords as names for variables, methods, classes, or as any other identifier. Due to their special functions in the language, most integrated development environments for Java use syntax highlighting to display keywords in a different colour for easy identification."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mariem Hassan", "paragraph_text": "Mariem Hassan (\u200e; May 1958 \u2013 22 August 2015) was a Sahrawi singer and lyricist from Western Sahara. She usually sang in Hassaniyya, an Arabic dialect spoken mostly in Western Sahara and Mauritania, and occasionally in Spanish. Her use of the Spanish language was related to the former status of Western Sahara as a Spanish colony."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Name of Iran", "paragraph_text": "In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran (meaning land of Aryans in Persian language), the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word ``Iran ''has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from`` Persian'' to ``Iranian ''. In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both`` Persia'' and ``Iran ''could officially be used interchangeably."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chinese characters", "paragraph_text": "Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character."}], "question": "To indicate something is feasible in the native language of the singer of Abba Pater, what word could be used?"}
{"id": "3hop1__94770_315940_42322", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "World Watch", "paragraph_text": "World Watch, or WorldWatch, is a program on SBS and SBS Viceland in Australia that carries news bulletins from countries around the world. The World Watch service gives viewers the opportunity to see news bulletins in their native language. The majority of these bulletins are produced by public or state broadcasters."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Saint's Vacation", "paragraph_text": "The Saint's Vacation is a 1941 adventure film produced by the British arm of RKO Pictures. The film stars Hugh Sinclair as Simon Templar, also known as \"The Saint\", a world-roving crimefighter who walks the fine edge of the law. This was the seventh of eight films in RKO's film series about the character created by Leslie Charteris. It was Sinclair's first appearance as Templar, having taken over the role from George Sanders, who then stepped into RKO's \"Falcon\" series. The film is the seventh of nine features produced by RKO Pictures featuring suave detective Simon Templar and it marks a major change in the series, shifting production to England."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nine Days that Changed the World", "paragraph_text": "Nine Days that Changed the World is a 2010 documentary film produced by Newt Gingrich and his wife Callista that centers on the role played by Pope John Paul II in the fall of Communism in Europe and the rise of labour union Solidarity."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Saxon", "paragraph_text": "John Saxon (born Carmine Orrico; August 5, 1935) is an American actor and martial artist who has worked on more than 200 projects during a span of 60 years. Saxon is known for his work in westerns and horror films as well as for his role as Roper in the 1973 film Enter the Dragon, in which he starred alongside Bruce Lee and Jim Kelly. He is well known for playing Lt. Donald Thompson in the 1984 slasher horror film A Nightmare on Elm Street."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts \u2013 the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Name of Iran", "paragraph_text": "In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran (meaning land of Aryans in Persian language), the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word ``Iran ''has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from`` Persian'' to ``Iranian ''. In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both`` Persia'' and ``Iran ''could officially be used interchangeably."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "SuperCl\u00e1sico", "paragraph_text": "SuperCl\u00e1sico is a 2011 Danish comedy film set in Argentina and directed by Ole Christian Madsen. The film was selected as the Danish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards. On 18 January 2012, the film was named as one of the nine shortlisted entries for the Oscars."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey", "paragraph_text": "Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey () is a 1983 Tamil-language Indian action film directed by S. P. Muthuraman, starring Kamal Haasan in double role, supported by Radha and Sulakshana. It was a blockbuster and completed a 263-day run at the box office. The film was dubbed into Telugu as \"Jalsa Rayudu\" and Malayalam as \"Vasantholsavam\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eternity and a Day", "paragraph_text": "Eternity and a Day (, \"\") is a 1998 Greek film starring Bruno Ganz, and directed by Theo Angelopoulos. The film won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the Greek entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 71st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Love and War in the Apennines", "paragraph_text": "Love and War in the Apennines is a 1971 Second World War memoir (with some changes of names and people and places, and some composite characters) by Eric Newby. It was dramatised as the 2001 film \"In Love and War\" starring Callum Blue and Barbora Bobu\u013eov\u00e1."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Garden of Delights", "paragraph_text": "El jard\u00edn de las delicias, also known as The Garden of Delights in English language cinema, is a 1970 Spanish drama film co-written and directed by Carlos Saura."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Natalia Toledo", "paragraph_text": "Natalia Toledo Paz (born 1968) is a Mexican poet who writes in Spanish and Zapotec. Her work has helped to revive interest in the Zapotec language. Ida Kozlowska-Day states that Toledo is \"one of the most recognized contemporary poets in the native languages of Mexico.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dr. Kildare Goes Home", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Kildare Goes Home is a 1940 American drama film directed by Harold S. Bucquet, starring Lew Ayres, Lionel Barrymore and Laraine Day. This was the fifth in the MGM series of nine Dr. Kildare, from 1938-1942 with Lew Ayres as Dr. Kildare. This was the sixth of a series of ten Dr. Kildare pictures; the first of which starred Joel McCrea as Kildare."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "X-Men Origins: Wolverine", "paragraph_text": "X-Men Origins: Wolverine was released on April 29, 2009, in the UK, Denmark, South Africa, and Australia; April 30, 2009 in the Philippines and in the Dominican Republic; and May 1, 2009 in the United States and Canada. A contest was held on the official website to determine the location of the world premiere on April 27. In the end, the Harkins at the Tempe Marketplace in Tempe, Arizona won the premiere.  The release in Mexico was delayed until the end of May due to an outbreak of H1N1 flu in the country. On April 22, nine days before the release of the film, it was reported that X-Men Origins: Wolverine was outselling Iron Man \"3-to-1 at the same point in the sales cycle (nine days prior to the film's release).\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English contained a certain number of loanwords from Latin, which was the scholarly and diplomatic lingua franca of Western Europe. It is sometimes possible to give approximate dates for the borrowing of individual Latin words based on which patterns of sound change they have undergone. Some Latin words had already been borrowed into the Germanic languages before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain. More entered the language when the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity and Latin-speaking priests became influential. It was also through Irish Christian missionaries that the Latin alphabet was introduced and adapted for the writing of Old English, replacing the earlier runic system. Nonetheless, the largest transfer of Latin-based (mainly Old French) words into English occurred after the Norman Conquest of 1066, and thus in the Middle English rather than the Old English period."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Siege of the Saxons", "paragraph_text": "Siege of the Saxons is a 1963 British film directed by Nathan H. Juran and released by Columbia Pictures. Starring Janette Scott and Ronald Lewis, the film is set in the time of King Arthur but as with many Arthurian themed films, the sets and style are from medieval England. The plot is also heavily influenced by Robin Hood."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]"}], "question": "What is the Saxon Garden in the native language of the star of the documentary Nine Days that Changed the World?"}
{"id": "3hop1__294477_802242_35865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel (\"present\", \"current\"), the Polish aktualny (\"present\", \"current,\" \"topical,\" \"timely,\" \"feasible\"), the Swedish aktuell (\"topical\", \"presently of importance\"), the Russian \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\"urgent\", \"topical\") or the Dutch actueel."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u200e) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chinese characters", "paragraph_text": "Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Numbulwar", "paragraph_text": "Numbulwar is a small, primarily Aboriginal community on the Gulf of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory of Australia. The major language group of the community is Nunggubuyu and their language, Wubuy, is used by older generations. Kriol is also widely spoken."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sindarin", "paragraph_text": "Sindarin is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves, called the \"Eledhrim\" or \"Edhellim\" in Sindarin. The word \"Sindarin\" is itself a Quenya form. The only known Sindarin word for this language is Eglathrin, a word probably only used in the First Age (see Eglath)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Olivier, Olivier", "paragraph_text": "Olivier, Olivier is a 1992 drama film directed by Agnieszka Holland. It entered the competition at the 49th Venice International Film Festival and won an award at the 1992 Valladolid International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Deafula", "paragraph_text": "Deafula is a 1975 horror movie done completely in American Sign Language. A voice over is provided for those who do not understand sign language. The movie starred Peter Wechsberg, who also serves as director and writer, under the pseudonym Peter Wolf."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Singapore", "paragraph_text": "Singaporeans are mostly bilingual, with English as their common language and usually the mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. The official languages amongst Singaporeans are English (80% literacy), Mandarin (65% literacy), Malay (17% literacy), and Tamil (4% literacy). Singapore English is based on British English, and forms of English spoken in Singapore range from Standard Singapore English to a colloquial form known as \"Singlish\". Singlish is discouraged by the government.English is the language spoken by most Singaporeans at home, 36.9% of the population, just ahead of Mandarin. Nearly half a million speak other varieties of Chinese, mainly Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin and English. Singapore Chinese characters are written using simplified Chinese characters."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sanskrit", "paragraph_text": "Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a larger proportion derived from Arabic. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Coptic language", "paragraph_text": "Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: \u03ef\u2c99\u2c89\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c89\u2c99\u2c9b\u0300\u2cad\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c93 ti. met. rem. \u0259n. k \u0113mi and Sahidic: \u2ca7\u2c99\u2c9b\u0304\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c99\u0304\u2c9b\u0304\u2c95\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c89 t. m\u0259nt. r\u0259m. \u0259n. k\u0113me) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro - Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet, an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from demotic to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have, in the first century AD."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Allagash River", "paragraph_text": "The Allagash River is a tributary of the Saint John River, approximately long, in northern Maine in the United States. It drains in a remote and scenic area of wilderness in the Maine North Woods north of Mount Katahdin. The name \"Allagash\" comes from the Abenaki language, a dialect of the Algonquin languages, spoken by the Penobscot Tribe The word, \"/walak\u00e9sk\u02b8iht\u0259k\u02b8/\", means \"bark stream\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "Nowadays, Galician is resurgent, though in the cities it remains a \"second language\" for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the populace of Galicia understand the language, 91.04 percent speak it, 68.65 percent read it and 57.64 percent write it. The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) remain roughly the same as a decade earlier; the latter two (reading and writing) both show enormous gains: a decade earlier, only 49.3 percent of the population could read Galician, and only 34.85 percent could write it. This fact can be easily explained because of the impossibility of teaching Galician during the Francisco Franco era, so older people speak the language but have no written competence. Galician is the highest-percentage spoken language in its region among the regional languages of Spain."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Phonology", "paragraph_text": "The word phonology comes from the Greek \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae, ph\u014dn\u1e17, \"voice, sound,\" and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, l\u00f3gos, \"word, speech, subject of discussion\"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundz\u00fcge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as \"the study of sound pertaining to the system of language,\" as opposed to phonetics, which is \"the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech\" (the distinction between language and speech being basically Saussure's distinction between langue and parole). More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, while in more narrow terms, \"phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items.\" According to Clark et al. (2007), it means the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Germany", "paragraph_text": "German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian and English. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the North Germanic languages, and the extinct East Germanic languages, to an even lesser extent. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043a (zamok, meaning a lock) and \u0437\u0430\u0301\u043c\u043e\u043a (zamok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Anna (1987 film)", "paragraph_text": "Anna is a 1987 film directed by Yurek Bogayevicz, it was adapted by Agnieszka Holland from an unauthorized story by Holland and Bogayevicz, based on the real life of Polish actress El\u017cbieta Czy\u017cewska. The film stars Sally Kirkland, Robert Fields, Paulina Porizkova, Steven Gilborn and Larry Pine."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hokkien", "paragraph_text": "Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments."}], "question": "To indicate something is feasible in the language spoken by the director of Olivier, what word could be used?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52472_730832_35865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel (\"present\", \"current\"), the Polish aktualny (\"present\", \"current,\" \"topical,\" \"timely,\" \"feasible\"), the Swedish aktuell (\"topical\", \"presently of importance\"), the Russian \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\"urgent\", \"topical\") or the Dutch actueel."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Reversals of Fortune", "paragraph_text": "\"Reversals of Fortune\" is the 44th episode of the CW television series, \"Gossip Girl\" and the third season premiere. The episode was written by Joshua Safran and directed by J. Miller Tobin. It originally aired on Monday, September 14, 2009 on the CW."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Father and the Bride", "paragraph_text": "\"Father and the Bride is the 12th episode of season 5 on the show, \"Gossip Girl\". The episode was directed by Amy Heckerling and written by Peter Elkoff. It was aired on January 23, 2012 on the CW."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Much 'I Do' About Nothing", "paragraph_text": "\"Much 'I Do' About Nothing\" is the 18th episode of the CW television series, \"Gossip Girl\" as well as the series first season finale. The episode was written by Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage and directed by Norman Buckley. It originally aired on Monday, May 19, 2008 on the CW."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Valley Girls", "paragraph_text": "\"Valley Girls\" is the twenty-fourth episode of the second season of The CW television series \"Gossip Girl\". The episode served as a backdoor pilot for a potential \"Gossip Girl\" spin-off series set in the 1980s, entitled \"Valley Girls\". The episode was directed by Mark Piznarski and written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage (this was the first episode of the series since \"Much 'I Do' About Nothing\" to be co-written by Schwartz). It was filmed on location in New York City, New York and in Los Angeles, California. References to elements of 1980s popular culture were heavily accentuated in the episode, which the producers hoped would bridge the generation gap between the characters and audience. \"Valley Girls\" aired on the CW in the United States on May 11, 2009 and was viewed live by an audience of 2.31 million Americans. Although the episode received generally positive reviews, the spin-off series was not picked up."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Gossip Girl episodes", "paragraph_text": "A total of 121 episodes of Gossip Girl were aired over six seasons, between September 19, 2007 and December 17, 2012."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Touch of Eva", "paragraph_text": "\"Touch of Eva\" is the 69th episode of the CW television series, \"Gossip Girl\", as well as the fourth episode of the show's fourth season. The episode was written by Leila Gerstein and directed by Andrew McCarthy. It aired on Monday, October 4, 2010 on the CW."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Java keywords", "paragraph_text": "In the Java programming language, a keyword is one of 53 reserved words that have a predefined meaning in the language; because of this, programmers can not use keywords as names for variables, methods, classes, or as any other identifier. Due to their special functions in the language, most integrated development environments for Java use syntax highlighting to display keywords in a different colour for easy identification."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Yes, Then Zero", "paragraph_text": "\"Yes, Then Zero\" is the 88th episode of the CW television series, \"Gossip Girl\", as well as the first episode of the show's fifth season. The episode was written by executive producer Joshua Safran and directed by Mark Piznarski. It aired on Monday,September 26, 2011 on the CW."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dorota", "paragraph_text": "Dorota is a Polish, Czech and Slovak feminine given name. It is a female version of Doroteusz, which originated from Greek Dorotheus."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of 16 and Pregnant episodes", "paragraph_text": "16 and Pregnant is an American reality television series that debuted on June 11, 2009, on MTV. It follows the stories of pregnant teenage girls in high school dealing with the hardships of teenage pregnancy. Each episode features a different teenage girl, with the episode typically beginning when she is \u200b 4 \u2044 -- 8 months into her pregnancy. The episode typically ends when the baby is a few months old. The series is produced in a documentary format, with an animation on notebook paper showing highlights during each episode preceding the commercial breaks. 16 and Pregnant has spawned three spin - off series: Teen Mom, Teen Mom 2 and Teen Mom 3. Each series follows the lives of four girls from their respective season of 16 and Pregnant as they navigate their first years of motherhood. Another spinoff, Teen Mom: Young and Pregnant, premiered in March, 2018."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gossip Girl (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "Gossip Girl (season 5) DVD cover art Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network The CW Original release September 26, 2011 -- May 14, 2012 Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 4 Next \u2192 Season 6"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gossip Girl (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "The sixth and final season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on October 8 and concluded on December 17, 2012, consisting of 10 episodes. Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. The CW officially renewed the series for a sixth season on May 11, 2012. The series finale was preceded by a special retrospective, including interviews with the cast and crew."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gossip Girl (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "While working as a production assistant in Hollywood, Serena makes a mistake while trying to impress her new boss (guest star Michael Michele). Chuck and Nate arrive in Los Angeles to visit Serena where Nate gets involved with a shady older woman (guest star Elizabeth Hurley) and Chuck has a meeting of minds with actress / stuntwoman Zo\u00eb Bell (playing herself) as he struggles to get over Blair. Meanwhile, Blair and Louis return to New York from Monaco after spending the summer planning their wedding. Louis' problem in supporting Blair's difficult choices and nearly impossible demands threatens their relationship when she begins to see him as weak. Also, Dan gets help from Louis in a desperate attempt to prevent his book from being published in a local magazine. It is revealed in this episode that Dorota is pregnant and expecting her second child. Towards the end of the episode, it is also hinted that Blair is the one that is pregnant in which Dorota lied for her. As she is fitted for her wedding dress, the dress fitter says that by the time of her wedding she will be showing. Also, Serena runs into Charlie in Los Angeles still unaware of her real identity: Ivy Dickens, who has moved to California with her boyfriend, Max."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mee bandung Muar", "paragraph_text": "Mee bandung Muar, or simply Mee bandung, is a traditional Southeast Asian cuisine originated from Muar, Johor, Malaysia. The word \"bandung\" in its name derives from the literal meaning of the word in the Malay language, which is \"mixed\" or \"pairs\", as in several Malay words like \"Sirap bandung\" (rose syrup beverage mixed with condensed milk) and \"Rumah berbandung\" (semi-detached house). It is a misconception to think that the name indicates that Mee bandung originated in Bandung, a city in Indonesia; the two are unrelated."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Name of Iran", "paragraph_text": "In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran (meaning land of Aryans in Persian language), the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word ``Iran ''has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from`` Persian'' to ``Iranian ''. In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both`` Persia'' and ``Iran ''could officially be used interchangeably."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Last Tango, Then Paris", "paragraph_text": "\"Last Tango, Then Paris\" is the 65th episode of the CW television series, \"Gossip Girl\". It's also the 22nd and the final episode of the show's third season. The episode was written by Joshua Safran and Stephanie Savage and directed by J. Miller Tobin. It aired on Monday, May 17, 2010 on The CW."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Secret Sense", "paragraph_text": "\"The Secret Sense\" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was written in 1939 and submitted to the magazine \"Astounding SF\", but was rejected by its editor John W. Campbell, Jr.. It could not be placed by Asimov's agent, Frederik Pohl, and eventually it was taken for no payment by a new and short-lived magazine, \"Cosmic Stories\" in March 1941, although Asimov did ask for a token payment of $5 from the editor, Donald A. Wollheim, or else for the story to be published under a pseudonym, before the story was published. This was requested on the grounds that \"even though the story might be worth nothing, my name was worth something\". Wollheim reluctantly agreed to a payment of $5, commenting that it was an effective word rate of $2.50 per word, since he was paying only for the use of Asimov's name. Asimov described the letter from Wollheim with the $5 payment as \"needlessly nasty\". He later commented to Damon Knight that he might have just given Wollheim the $5 back in cash after receiving the check, but that the option never occurred to him at the time. The story was reprinted in the collection \"The Early Asimov\" in 1972."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Ex Files", "paragraph_text": "\"The Ex Files\" is the 22nd episode of the CW television series, \"Gossip Girl\". It was also the fourth episode of the show's second season. The episode was written by Robby Hull and directed by Jim McKay. It originally aired on Monday, September 22, 2008 on the CW."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sindarin", "paragraph_text": "Sindarin is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves, called the \"Eledhrim\" or \"Edhellim\" in Sindarin. The word \"Sindarin\" is itself a Quenya form. The only known Sindarin word for this language is Eglathrin, a word probably only used in the First Age (see Eglath)."}], "question": "What word can be used to mean something is feasible in the language where the name of the pregnant character on season 5 of Gossip Girl comes from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__233060_40292_56186", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse in Shoreditch (in Curtain Road, part of the modern London Borough of Hackney), just outside the City of London. It was the second permanent theatre ever built in England, after the Red Lion, and the first successful one. Built by actor - manager James Burbage, near the family home in Holywell Street, The Theatre is considered the first theatre built in London for the sole purpose of theatrical productions. The Theatre's history includes a number of important acting troupes including the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which employed Shakespeare as actor and playwright. After a dispute with the landlord, the theatre was dismantled and the timbers used in the construction of the Globe Theatre on Bankside."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "6th Canadian Folk Music Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 6th Canadian Folk Music Awards were held on November 20, 2010, at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sohren", "paragraph_text": "Sohren is an \"Ortsgemeinde\" \u2013 a municipality belonging to a \"Verbandsgemeinde\", a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the Rhein-Hunsr\u00fcck-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Kirchberg, whose seat is in the like-named town. Sohren is a state-recognized tourism resort (\"Fremdenverkehrsort\") and is set out in state planning as a lower centre."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, founded in 1680. Run by the French government, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre.  of Other famous theaters include the Od\u00e9on-Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Europe, next to the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Mogador, and the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ga\u00eet\u00e9-Montparnasse."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nallila", "paragraph_text": "Nallila is a small town in Kollam district of Kerala, India. This place is known for famous churches like Bethel Pilgrim Churich, Nallila Valliyapally, Nallila pally and many other."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "DKW Monza", "paragraph_text": "The DKW Monza was a sports car built on an Auto Union DKW base. Named after the world-famous Italian Grand Prix circuit, the car set five world records in 1956."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Michael Hussar", "paragraph_text": "Michael Hussar is an American painter from Southern California. He was trained at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, CA."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pierre Bruno Bourla", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Bruno Bourla (19 December 1783 \u2013 31 December 1866) was a Paris-born Belgian architect. He was the city architect in Antwerp from 1819 to 1861, and a professor of architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp. His most famous work is the Royal Theatre built between 1827 and 1834, known popularly after him as the Bourla theatre. He also designed new buildings for the Antwerp Academy, built the entrance gate to the city's botanical gardens, expanded the St. Elizabeth's hospital, restored the cathedral, and renovated the town hall."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jaisinghpur", "paragraph_text": "Jaisinghpur is a small town and Sub-Division in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. There is only one tehsil under Sub-Division Jaisinghpur, which is situated at Jaisinghpur itself. Population of Jaisinghpur Town is 1,273 and overall population of Jaisinghpur Sub-Division is 58,623. It was named after the name of Katoch king of Princely ordered state Kangra-Lambagraon, Maharaja Jai Singh. It is situated on the bank of river Beas. It is known for its \"chaugan.\" There are several notable temples in the town such as Janaki Nath temple, Radhey Krishan temple near Bus Adda,Laxmi Narayan temple, Baba Mani Ram Temple, Neel Kanth Mahadev Temple, Dhudu Mahadev Mandir, Guga temple (Called Gangoti near Shitala Mata Mandir), Shitala Mata temple, a Dargah midtown, popularly known as Baba Shah Mast Ali Dargah and a Gurudwara on Jaisinghpur Lambagoan road. Shitala Mata temple is famous temple of the town on Tinbar-Palampur road. Another famous temple is Jankinath temple.One of the famous tourist place is Naguli Naag, there is swimming pool where you will enjoy in summer days.And also one more place is Basanti da patan near the beas river where you will enjoy the boating at very minimal cost."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thalia Theater (Hamburg)", "paragraph_text": "The Thalia Theater is one of the three state-owned theatres in Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1843 by Charles Maurice Schwartzenberger and named after the muse Thalia. Today, it is home to one of Germany's most famous ensembles and stages around 9 new plays per season. Current theatre manager is Joachim Lux, who in 2009/10 succeeded Ulrich Khuon."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hanna Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Hanna Theatre is a theater at Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is one of the original five venues built in the district, opening on March 28, 1921. The Hanna Theatre reopened in 2008 as the new home of Great Lakes Theater Festival after a major renovation by the classic theater company."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris", "paragraph_text": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris (\"n\u00e9e\" Elizabetta Lucia Bartolozzi; 3 March 1797 \u2013 8 August 1856) was an English actress and a contralto opera singer, appearing in works by, among others, Mozart and Rossini. While popular in her time, she was more notable as a theatre producer and manager. After accumulating a fortune from her performances, she leased the Olympic Theatre in London and produced a series of burlesques and extravaganzas, especially popular works by James Planch\u00e9, for which the house became famous. She also produced his work at other theatres she managed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollywood Pantages Theatre, formerly known as RKO Pantages Theatre, is located at Hollywood and Vine (6233 Hollywood Boulevard), in Hollywood. Designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca, it was the last theater built by the vaudeville impresario Alexander Pantages. The palatial Art Deco theater opened on June 4, 1930, as part of the Pantages Theatre Circuit."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Panchgani", "paragraph_text": "Panchgani also called Paachgani is a famous hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. It is renowned for the many premier residential educational institutions, which have produced notable lawyers."}], "question": "When was the Pantages Theatre built in the city for which the region where Michael Hussar was born is famous, in addition to tourism?"}
{"id": "3hop1__70673_40292_70544", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Puente Hills Mall", "paragraph_text": "Puente Hills Mall, located in the City of Industry, California, United States, is a major regional shopping center in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County. It is most famous for serving as the filming site for the Twin Pines / Lone Pine Mall for the 1985 movie Back to the Future starring Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Student Nurses", "paragraph_text": "The Student Nurses is a 1970 American film directed by Stephanie Rothman. It was the second film from New World Pictures and the first in the popular \"nurses\" cycle of exploitation movies. It has since become a cult film."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Big Broadcast of 1936", "paragraph_text": "The Big Broadcast of 1936 is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Norman Taurog, and is the second in the series of Big Broadcast movies."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Best Movie", "paragraph_text": "The Best Movie (, \"Samy luchshiy film\") is a 2008 Russian comedy film from TNT and Comedy Club Russia, spoofing such famous Russian films as \"Night Watch\" and \"Day Watch\", \"The 9th Company\", \"Heat\" and TV series: \"My Fair Nanny\", \"Dalnoboyshchiki\" and \"Brigada\". The movie includes numerous cameos by Russian celebrities, some of them involving a humorous touch on their public image. For instance, socialite Kseniya Sobchak appears as a luxury prostitute, and gay icon Boris Moiseev plays a rough-and-tumble policeman, his only line being: \"You gonna sign it all, you faggot!\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arthur Weiss", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Weiss (13 June 1912 \u2013 26 August 1980) was an American script writer for two decades on action/adventure TV shows like \"\", \"Mannix\", \"The Fugitive\", \"Super Friends\", \"The Time Tunnel\" and \"Sea Hunt\". His most famous creation was the script for the movie \"Flipper\" in 1963, which became a TV series and was remade as a movie in 1996. He also worked alongside Irwin Allen as a writer and producer for \"disaster\" TV films including \"Flood!\" and \"Fire!\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "SK8-TV", "paragraph_text": "SK8-TV is a program shown on Nickelodeon that began in 1990 and was originally hosted by Matthew Lillard (who went by the name Matthew Lynn at the time) and Skatemaster Tate. It was a skateboard variety show that featured on-set interviews as well as off site action segments. Various techniques were introduced to television in SK8-TV including hand-held cameras and the use of multi-format film and video. The set for the show was built on location at the Pink Motel in Sun Valley, California, which was famous for its large fish shaped pool that was ideal for skateboarding. It hosted a wide variety of skateboarders such as Christian Hosoi, Natas Kaupas, a young Tony Hawk and many others that went on to become famous and well known. It was created and produced by original Z-Boys Nathan Pratt and Mark Ashton Hunt from Binder Entertainment, directed by Stacy Peralta, who later went on to direct the retrospective documentary \"Dogtown and Z-Boys\" with production design by C. R. Stecyk III. It later resurfaced on the now-defunct Nick GAS channel in 1999 and aired until 2005."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hidden Hills", "paragraph_text": "Hidden Hills is an American sitcom that aired on NBC during the 2002\u201303 TV season. Based on the book \"Surviving Suburbia\", the series was created by Peter Segal and Ric Swartzlander. The theme song was \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\", made famous by The Monkees. Mark Mothersbaugh (co-founder of Devo) performed the version used on the show. The show was made by Ric Swartzlander's Rude Mood Productions and NBC."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Trevi Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Trevi Fountain () is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing high and wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and the most famous fountain in the world. The fountain has appeared in several notable films, including \"Roman Holiday\", Federico Fellini's \"La Dolce Vita\", the eponymous \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"The Lizzie McGuire Movie\", and \"Sabrina Goes to Rome\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Antoine de Maximy", "paragraph_text": "Antoine de Maximy (born May 21, 1959) is a French backpacker, television host and producer. He is best known as the TV host and producer of \"J'irai dormir chez vous\" (I'll come sleep in your house), a tourism TV show on France 5."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Big Valley", "paragraph_text": "While The Big Valley is set primarily in and near the city of Stockton, the filming of the series took place in Southern California."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Open Het Dorp", "paragraph_text": "Open Het Dorp (\"Open The Village\") was the first big fundraising TV show in the Netherlands. It aired on Dutch TV on 26 and 27 November 1962."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Famous Jett Jackson", "paragraph_text": "The Famous Jett Jackson is a joint Canadian-American coming-of-age television series for the Disney Channel. The show is about a boy named Jett Jackson (Lee Thompson Young) who plays a teenage secret agent on a fictional TV show-within-a-show called \"Silverstone\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Madurai district", "paragraph_text": "The Madurai district is the ninth largest in population of the 32 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu in southeastern India. The city of Madurai serves as the district headquarters. It houses the world-famous Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwarar temple and is situated on the banks of the river Vaigai and the oldest Islamic mosque in Madurai The Kazimar Big Mosque situated in the banks of Kiruthumal river. Thiruparankundram is one of the major tourist place in the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,038,252 with a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males. Aside from the city of Madurai, the larger towns are Melur, vadipatti, Peraiyur, Thirumangalam and Usilampatti. It is an important hub for various film shootings."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Carol Littleton", "paragraph_text": "Carol Littleton (born October 1948) is an American feature film editor. Her work includes \"Body Heat\" (1981), \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" (1982), and \"The Big Chill\" (1983). Carol Littleton was the recipient of an Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing (for a TV Miniseries, Movie or a Special) for \"Tuesdays with Morrie\" (1999)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Bandstand", "paragraph_text": "\"American Bandstand\" premiered locally in late March 1950 as Bandstand on Philadelphia television station WFIL-TV Channel 6 (now WPVI-TV), as a replacement for a weekday movie that had shown predominantly British films. Hosted by Bob Horn as a television adjunct to his radio show of the same name on WFIL radio, \"Bandstand\" mainly featured short musical films produced by Snader Telescriptions and Official Films, with occasional studio guests. This incarnation was an early predecessor of sorts of the music video shows that became popular in the 1980s, featuring films that are themselves the ancestors of music videos."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hollywood", "paragraph_text": "The first studio in Hollywood, the Nestor Company, was established by the New Jersey -- based Centaur Company in a roadhouse at 6121 Sunset Boulevard (the corner of Gower), in October 1911. Four major film companies -- Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia -- had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth - largest industry in the nation. By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully vertically integrated, as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fresno, California", "paragraph_text": "In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno\", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Little Big Soldier", "paragraph_text": "\"Little Big Soldier\" was a joint production of China's Polybona Films and Hong Kong's JCE Movies Limited, a company set up by Jackie Chan in 2003. The film is notable for having been in production for over 20 years. Chan had wanted to perform in and write a comedic film that took place in a historical background since the 1980s, when Hong Kong action cinema was rising in prominence."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Freddy Got Fingered", "paragraph_text": "Freddy Got Fingered is a 2001 American surrealist black comedy film directed by Tom Green and written by Green and Derek Harvie. The film follows Green as a 28-year-old slacker who wishes to become a professional cartoonist. The film's plot resembles Green's struggles as a young man trying to get his TV series picked up, which would later become the popular MTV show \"The Tom Green Show\"."}], "question": "When did the notably named district in the region where Big Valley was filmed become the movie capital of the world?"}
{"id": "3hop1__415342_315940_42322", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Ethnologue lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of the Austronesian language family.  One native language that is not classified as an Austronesian language are the various Spanish-based creole varieties collectively called Chavacano. There are also many Philippine Negrito languages that have unique vocabularies that survived Austronesian acculturation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Garden of Delights", "paragraph_text": "El jard\u00edn de las delicias, also known as The Garden of Delights in English language cinema, is a 1970 Spanish drama film co-written and directed by Carlos Saura."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of English", "paragraph_text": "English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo - Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo - Saxon settlers from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands, displacing the Celtic languages that previously predominated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Finland", "paragraph_text": "Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of \u00c5land. The native language of 89% of the population is Finnish, which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Estonian and more remotely to the Sami languages and Hungarian. Swedish is the native language of 5.3% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns).The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially treated in some contexts."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Mitchell Kemble", "paragraph_text": "John Mitchell Kemble (2 April 1807 \u2013 26 March 1857), English scholar and historian, was the eldest son of Charles Kemble the actor and Maria Theresa Kemble. He is notable for his major contribution to the history of the Anglo-Saxons and philology of the Old English language."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Centesimus Annus Pro Pontifice", "paragraph_text": "Pope John Paul II established the \"Fondazione Centesimus Annus - Pro Pontifice\" on 13 June 1993 along with lay Catholic business, academic and professional leaders. The Foundation is a lay-led non-profit organisation. Its purpose is to promote the Catholic social doctrine, especially Centesimus Annus, and the aims of the Apostolic See. It is headquartered in the state of Vatican City. The organization is subject to the civil law of Vatican City and the Canon Law of the Church."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tony Lord", "paragraph_text": "Tony Lord is a United Kingdom gardener, photographer and author. In 2005 the Royal Horticultural Society awarded him the Victoria Medal of Honour (V.M.H) for his work as a garden photographer, horticultural consultant and writer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Each of these four dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, Northumbria south of the Tyne, and most of Mercia, were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended, and all of Kent, were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the Great. From that time on, the West Saxon dialect (then in the form now known as Early West Saxon) became standardised as the language of government, and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "14% of the population speaks the official language Portuguese, the language of government and national communication during centuries of colonial rule. 44% speak Kriol, a Portuguese-based creole language, which is effectively a national language of communication among groups. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages unique to ethnicities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Santa Barbara Botanic Garden", "paragraph_text": "The Garden was founded in 1926 and designed by noted landscape architect Beatrix Farrand. By 1936 its focus had narrowed to plants native to the California Floristic Province (which includes a bit of southwestern Oregon and part of Baja California, as well as most of the state of California). The Garden became a Santa Barbara County Landmark in 1983 (the dam on Mission Creek was already designated as a State Historic Landmark)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens", "paragraph_text": "Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens, Australia are located in the Wagga Wagga suburb of Turvey Park on a 20 hectare site on the south western slopes of Willans Hill Reserve. Access to the gardens is via Macleay Street near the corner of Lord Baden Powell Drive. There is a camellia garden, a tree chapel, Island and Bamboo Garden, native flora section, Shakespearean garden and cactus and succulent garden. As well as many different types of garden, the Botanic Gardens are home to a music bowl, a small zoo with a walk through aviary, and Willans Hill Model Railway."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts \u2013 the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Iranian languages", "paragraph_text": "As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spanish language", "paragraph_text": "It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language -- including speakers with limited competence -- and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Discovery of the neutron", "paragraph_text": "The year 1932 was later referred to as the ``annus mirabilis ''for nuclear physics in the Cavendish Laboratory, with discoveries of the neutron, artificial nuclear disintegration by the Cockcroft -- Walton particle accelerator, and the positron."}], "question": "What is the Saxon Garden in the native language of the author of Centesimus Annus?"}
{"id": "3hop1__746827_315940_42322", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Mitchell Kemble", "paragraph_text": "John Mitchell Kemble (2 April 1807 \u2013 26 March 1857), English scholar and historian, was the eldest son of Charles Kemble the actor and Maria Theresa Kemble. He is notable for his major contribution to the history of the Anglo-Saxons and philology of the Old English language."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tony Lord", "paragraph_text": "Tony Lord is a United Kingdom gardener, photographer and author. In 2005 the Royal Horticultural Society awarded him the Victoria Medal of Honour (V.M.H) for his work as a garden photographer, horticultural consultant and writer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ecclesia in Asia", "paragraph_text": "Ecclesia in Asia is a document issued by Pope John Paul II to serve as a blueprint for the expansion of the Roman Catholic faith in Asia. It summarises ideas and conclusions of the Special Asian Synod held in Rome from April 18 to May 14, 1998. It was officially promulgated by John Paul II in New Delhi, India on November 6, 1999."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spanish language", "paragraph_text": "It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language -- including speakers with limited competence -- and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Finland", "paragraph_text": "Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of \u00c5land. The native language of 89% of the population is Finnish, which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Estonian and more remotely to the Sami languages and Hungarian. Swedish is the native language of 5.3% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns).The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially treated in some contexts."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Ethnologue lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of the Austronesian language family.  One native language that is not classified as an Austronesian language are the various Spanish-based creole varieties collectively called Chavacano. There are also many Philippine Negrito languages that have unique vocabularies that survived Austronesian acculturation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts \u2013 the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of English", "paragraph_text": "English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo - Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo - Saxon settlers from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands, displacing the Celtic languages that previously predominated."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "German is the fourth most commonly used language, with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population. Fifth is Vietnamese, spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%). In addition to Cherokee, more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California (though, it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ruth Bancroft Garden", "paragraph_text": "The Ruth Bancroft Garden is a 2.5\u00a0acre (10,000\u00a0m\u00b2) public dry garden established by Ruth Bancroft. It contains more than 2,000 cactus, succulents, trees, and shrubs native to California, Mexico, Chile, South Africa, and Australia. It is located at 1552 Bancroft Road in Walnut Creek, California, USA."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Each of these four dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, Northumbria south of the Tyne, and most of Mercia, were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended, and all of Kent, were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the Great. From that time on, the West Saxon dialect (then in the form now known as Early West Saxon) became standardised as the language of government, and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "14% of the population speaks the official language Portuguese, the language of government and national communication during centuries of colonial rule. 44% speak Kriol, a Portuguese-based creole language, which is effectively a national language of communication among groups. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages unique to ethnicities."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hokkien", "paragraph_text": "There are many Hokkien speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States. Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or L\u00e1n-l\u00e2ng-o\u0113 (\"Our people\u2019s language\"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Salix viminalis", "paragraph_text": "Salix viminalis, the basket willow, common osier or osier, is a species of willow native to Europe, Western Asia, and the Himalayas."}], "question": "What is Saxon Garden in the native language of the author of Ecclesia in Asia?"}
{"id": "3hop1__60503_40292_70544", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Panchgani", "paragraph_text": "Panchgani also called Paachgani is a famous hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. It is renowned for the many premier residential educational institutions, which have produced notable lawyers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Call of the Blood", "paragraph_text": "The Call of the Blood (French:L'appel du sang) is a 1920 French silent drama film directed by Louis Mercanton and starring Ivor Novello, Phyllis Neilson-Terry and Charles Le Bargy. The film is most notable for giving a screen debut to the Welsh actor Novello, who went on to become a major star in the 1920s. It is based on a novel of the same title by Robert Hichens."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Weiler, Cochem-Zell", "paragraph_text": "Weiler is an \"Ortsgemeinde\" \u2013 a municipality belonging to a \"Verbandsgemeinde\", a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Ulmen, whose seat is in the like-named town. Weiler is also a recognized tourism municipality (\"Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde\")."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Korinos", "paragraph_text": "Korinos () is a town and a former municipality in Pieria regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Katerini, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 70.909\u00a0km, the community 30.726\u00a0km. Korinos has approximately 5000 residents and it is located 5\u00a0km northeast of the city of Katerini (\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7), the capital of Pieria. Motorway 1 (Athens - Thessaloniki) is situated to the west. Korinos is famous for its beaches -lying to its east- and hotels in the area, which make the village an ideal place for tourism."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pike Place Fish Market", "paragraph_text": "The Pike Place Fish Market, founded in 1930, is an open air fish market located in Seattle, Washington's Pike Place Market, at the corner of Pike Street and Pike Place. It is known for their tradition of fishmongers throwing fish that customers have purchased, before they are wrapped. After nearing bankruptcy in 1986, the fish market owner and employees decided to become \"world famous\", changing their way of doing business by introducing their flying fish, games, and customer performances. Four years later, they were featured repeatedly in the national media and television shows. The store is now a popular tourist destination in Seattle, attracting up to 10,000 daily visitors, and is often billed as world-famous."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kalabo District", "paragraph_text": "Kalabo District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province. The capital lies at Kalabo. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 114,806 people. The district has 3 Secondary Schools namely Kalabo Secondary School, Nalionwa Day School and Lukona Secondary School, of which Kalabo Secondary School is the main school established in 1966. The district has attractive places that attract tourists, places like the liuwa national Park, and Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital.The main Hospital in the district is Kalabo District Hospital seconded by Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, Yuka is sometimes refred to as UK."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Voltron: Fleet of Doom", "paragraph_text": "This movie was released later on DVD by the company originally responsible for taking the Japanese source material and bringing it to American audiences, World Events Productions (WEP)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Miles Gloriosus (play)", "paragraph_text": "Miles Gloriosus is a comedic play written by Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254\u2013184 B.C.). The title can be translated as \"The Swaggering Soldier\" or \"Vainglorious Soldier\". His source for \"Miles Gloriosus\" was a Greek play, now lost, called \"Alazon\" or \"The Braggart\". Although the characters in \"Miles Gloriosus\" speak Latin, they are Greeks and largely have Greek names, clothing, and customs. The action takes place in Ephesus, a Greek city on the coast of Asia Minor, famous for its Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hollywood", "paragraph_text": "The first studio in Hollywood, the Nestor Company, was established by the New Jersey -- based Centaur Company in a roadhouse at 6121 Sunset Boulevard (the corner of Gower), in October 1911. Four major film companies -- Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia -- had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth - largest industry in the nation. By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully vertically integrated, as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Capital of the Netherlands", "paragraph_text": "Although the proper legal status of Amsterdam as capital of the Netherlands is of recent date, the city has been uniformly recognised as capital ever since 1814. This is partly because it is a Royal City, used not only for the inauguration of kings, but also for royal weddings (note though that royal burials take place in Delft), and also because of its dominant position in Dutch history. From the end of the 16th century the city grew rapidly to become the largest and most powerful city in the Netherlands and the main centre of trade, commerce, finance and culture."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Ghaziabad district (pronounced [\u0263a\u02d0zi\u02d0a\u02d0\u02c8ba\u02d0d\u032a \u02c8z\u026ala\u02d0]) is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India of National Capital Region.  The city of Ghaziabad is the administrative headquarters of the district. This district is part of Meerut Division.  It has become a major bedroom community for Delhi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Moritzburg, Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Moritzburg is a municipality in the district of Meissen in Saxony, Germany, between Meissen itself, an early centre of Saxony, and today's capital Dresden. It is most famous for its Baroque castle, Schloss Moritzburg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Trevi Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Trevi Fountain () is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing high and wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and the most famous fountain in the world. The fountain has appeared in several notable films, including \"Roman Holiday\", Federico Fellini's \"La Dolce Vita\", the eponymous \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"The Lizzie McGuire Movie\", and \"Sabrina Goes to Rome\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "There Will Be Blood", "paragraph_text": "There Will Be Blood is a 2007 American drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. It stars Daniel Day - Lewis and Paul Dano. The film was inspired by Upton Sinclair's novel Oil! It tells the story of a silver miner - turned - oilman (Day - Lewis) on a ruthless quest for wealth during Southern California's oil boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kevin J. O'Connor, Ciar\u00e1n Hinds, and Dillon Freasier are also featured in the film."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ox Baker", "paragraph_text": "Douglas A. Baker (April 19, 1934 -- October 20, 2014) was an American professional wrestler and actor, better known professionally as Ox Baker. He was famous for his finishing move, the Heart Punch, sometimes called the ``Hurt Punch '', after Baker's famous catchphrase`` I love to hurt people!''. He appeared in several movies including Blood Circus and Escape from New York."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nat Wolff as Light Turner / ``Kira '': A high - school student who discovers the titular`` Death Note'' and uses it to kill criminals by writing their names and causes of death, and thus, alongside Mia Sutton, becoming the world - famous serial killer known as ``Kira '', while praised by law enforcement."}], "question": "When did the district that, along with tourism, the location where There Will Be Blood took place is famous for, become the world's movie capital?"}
{"id": "3hop1__835811_315940_42322", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Ethnologue lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of the Austronesian language family.  One native language that is not classified as an Austronesian language are the various Spanish-based creole varieties collectively called Chavacano. There are also many Philippine Negrito languages that have unique vocabularies that survived Austronesian acculturation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spanish language", "paragraph_text": "It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language -- including speakers with limited competence -- and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tony Lord", "paragraph_text": "Tony Lord is a United Kingdom gardener, photographer and author. In 2005 the Royal Horticultural Society awarded him the Victoria Medal of Honour (V.M.H) for his work as a garden photographer, horticultural consultant and writer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vietnam Veterans Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The main part of the memorial, which was completed in 1982, is in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the National Mall, just northeast of the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial is maintained by the U.S. National Park Service, and receives around 3 million visitors each year. The Memorial Wall was designed by American architect Maya Lin. In 2007, it was ranked tenth on the ``List of America's Favorite Architecture ''by the American Institute of Architects. As a National Memorial, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Christus (Indianapolis)", "paragraph_text": "Christus is a public artwork by an unknown artist located in Oaklawn Memorial Gardens in Indianapolis, Indiana in the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professional music and led on to the formation of the Estonian national identity and the Age of Awakening. Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Memories of Ice", "paragraph_text": "Memories of Ice is the third volume of Steven Erikson's epic fantasy series, the \"Malazan Book of the Fallen\". The events of \"Memories of Ice\" begin just after the first book, \"Gardens of the Moon\", and at the same time as the second, \"Deadhouse Gates\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ruth Bancroft Garden", "paragraph_text": "The Ruth Bancroft Garden is a 2.5\u00a0acre (10,000\u00a0m\u00b2) public dry garden established by Ruth Bancroft. It contains more than 2,000 cactus, succulents, trees, and shrubs native to California, Mexico, Chile, South Africa, and Australia. It is located at 1552 Bancroft Road in Walnut Creek, California, USA."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish", "paragraph_text": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish (16 February 1771 \u2013 26 November 1814), was the spouse of Thomas Stamford Raffles, vice governor of Java (1811\u20131816), from 1805 to 1814. A memorial monument was erected to her memory in the botanical garden of Buitenzorg (Bogor)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "L'Immortelle", "paragraph_text": "\"L'Immortelle\" is set in Istanbul. The narrative does not run strict in chronological order, but rather uses extensive flashbacks, \"memory editing\", and dreamlike fantasy sequences which border on the surreal to tell its story. The characters are Turkish apart from the Man, who does not understand the native language. Thus, only the French dialogue is translated in the English subtitles for the film; the Turkish dialogue remains a mystery to western audiences, and to the Man, as well."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens", "paragraph_text": "Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens, Australia are located in the Wagga Wagga suburb of Turvey Park on a 20 hectare site on the south western slopes of Willans Hill Reserve. Access to the gardens is via Macleay Street near the corner of Lord Baden Powell Drive. There is a camellia garden, a tree chapel, Island and Bamboo Garden, native flora section, Shakespearean garden and cactus and succulent garden. As well as many different types of garden, the Botanic Gardens are home to a music bowl, a small zoo with a walk through aviary, and Willans Hill Model Railway."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts \u2013 the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Constitution Gardens", "paragraph_text": "Constitution Gardens is a park area in Washington, D.C., United States, located within the boundaries of the National Mall. The park is bounded on the west by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, on the east by 17th St NW, on the north by Constitution Avenue, and on the south by the Reflecting Pool. Constitution Gardens has a small pond, which contains an island open to pedestrians."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Memory of the Garden at Etten (Ladies of Arles)", "paragraph_text": "Memory of the Garden at Etten (Ladies of Arles) is an oil painting by Vincent van Gogh. It was executed in Arles around November 1888 and is in the collection of the Hermitage Museum. It was intended as decoration for his bedroom at the Yellow House."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Memory and Identity", "paragraph_text": "Memory and Identity is the last book written by Pope John Paul II. It was published in 2005. The work consists of 26 chapters, each opening with a short narrative paragraph, sometimes including one or more questions. The rest of the chapter consists of the Pope's answers or reactions to the opening paragraph."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Finland", "paragraph_text": "Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of \u00c5land. The native language of 89% of the population is Finnish, which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Estonian and more remotely to the Sami languages and Hungarian. Swedish is the native language of 5.3% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns).The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially treated in some contexts."}], "question": "What is Saxon Garden in the native language of the author of Memory and Identity?"}
{"id": "3hop1__66629_40292_70544", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hollywood", "paragraph_text": "The first studio in Hollywood, the Nestor Company, was established by the New Jersey -- based Centaur Company in a roadhouse at 6121 Sunset Boulevard (the corner of Gower), in October 1911. Four major film companies -- Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia -- had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth - largest industry in the nation. By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully vertically integrated, as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mahikeng Local Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Mahikeng Local Municipality is a local municipality in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, Capital City of North West Province, South Africa. Mahikeng is a Setswana name meaning \"place of rocks\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ox Baker", "paragraph_text": "Douglas A. Baker (April 19, 1934 -- October 20, 2014) was an American professional wrestler and actor, better known professionally as Ox Baker. He was famous for his finishing move, the Heart Punch, sometimes called the ``Hurt Punch '', after Baker's famous catchphrase`` I love to hurt people!''. He appeared in several movies including Blood Circus and Escape from New York."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Moritzburg, Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Moritzburg is a municipality in the district of Meissen in Saxony, Germany, between Meissen itself, an early centre of Saxony, and today's capital Dresden. It is most famous for its Baroque castle, Schloss Moritzburg."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Biskupice", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Biskupice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wieliczka County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It takes its name from the village of Biskupice, but its seat is the village of Tomaszkowice, which lies approximately south-east of Wieliczka and south-east of the regional capital Krak\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Weiler, Cochem-Zell", "paragraph_text": "Weiler is an \"Ortsgemeinde\" \u2013 a municipality belonging to a \"Verbandsgemeinde\", a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Ulmen, whose seat is in the like-named town. Weiler is also a recognized tourism municipality (\"Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde\")."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "There Will Be Blood", "paragraph_text": "There Will Be Blood is a 2007 American drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. It stars Daniel Day - Lewis and Paul Dano. The film was inspired by Upton Sinclair's novel Oil!. It tells the story of a silver miner - turned - oilman (Day - Lewis) on a ruthless quest for wealth during Southern California's oil boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kevin J. O'Connor, Ciar\u00e1n Hinds, and Dillon Freasier are also featured in the film."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Call of the Blood", "paragraph_text": "The Call of the Blood (French:L'appel du sang) is a 1920 French silent drama film directed by Louis Mercanton and starring Ivor Novello, Phyllis Neilson-Terry and Charles Le Bargy. The film is most notable for giving a screen debut to the Welsh actor Novello, who went on to become a major star in the 1920s. It is based on a novel of the same title by Robert Hichens."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "World Blood Donor Day", "paragraph_text": "Every year on 14 June, countries around the world celebrate World Blood Donor Day (WBDD). The event, established in 2004, serves to raise awareness of the need for safe blood and blood products, and to thank blood donors for their voluntary, life - saving gifts of blood."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nat Wolff as Light Turner / ``Kira '': A high - school student who discovers the titular`` Death Note'' and uses it to kill criminals by writing their names and causes of death, and thus, alongside Mia Sutton, becoming the world - famous serial killer known as ``Kira '', while praised by law enforcement."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Korinos", "paragraph_text": "Korinos () is a town and a former municipality in Pieria regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Katerini, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 70.909\u00a0km, the community 30.726\u00a0km. Korinos has approximately 5000 residents and it is located 5\u00a0km northeast of the city of Katerini (\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7), the capital of Pieria. Motorway 1 (Athens - Thessaloniki) is situated to the west. Korinos is famous for its beaches -lying to its east- and hotels in the area, which make the village an ideal place for tourism."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Panchgani", "paragraph_text": "Panchgani also called Paachgani is a famous hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. It is renowned for the many premier residential educational institutions, which have produced notable lawyers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Ghaziabad district (pronounced [\u0263a\u02d0zi\u02d0a\u02d0\u02c8ba\u02d0d\u032a \u02c8z\u026ala\u02d0]) is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India of National Capital Region.  The city of Ghaziabad is the administrative headquarters of the district. This district is part of Meerut Division.  It has become a major bedroom community for Delhi."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pike Place Fish Market", "paragraph_text": "The Pike Place Fish Market, founded in 1930, is an open air fish market located in Seattle, Washington's Pike Place Market, at the corner of Pike Street and Pike Place. It is known for their tradition of fishmongers throwing fish that customers have purchased, before they are wrapped. After nearing bankruptcy in 1986, the fish market owner and employees decided to become \"world famous\", changing their way of doing business by introducing their flying fish, games, and customer performances. Four years later, they were featured repeatedly in the national media and television shows. The store is now a popular tourist destination in Seattle, attracting up to 10,000 daily visitors, and is often billed as world-famous."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Voltron: Fleet of Doom", "paragraph_text": "This movie was released later on DVD by the company originally responsible for taking the Japanese source material and bringing it to American audiences, World Events Productions (WEP)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Trevi Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Trevi Fountain () is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing high and wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and the most famous fountain in the world. The fountain has appeared in several notable films, including \"Roman Holiday\", Federico Fellini's \"La Dolce Vita\", the eponymous \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"The Lizzie McGuire Movie\", and \"Sabrina Goes to Rome\"."}], "question": "When did the notably named district in the region where There Will Be Blood takes place become the movie capital of the world?"}
{"id": "3hop1__746827_315940_35865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chinese characters", "paragraph_text": "Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections, a synthetic language. Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use, but those that survived, to be sure, are basic elements of Modern English vocabulary."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043a/\u0437\u0430\u0301\u043c\u043e\u043a (lock/castle), \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0301\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439/\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0301\u0449\u0438\u0439 (worthwhile/standing), \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0301/\u0447\u0443\u0301\u0434\u043d\u043e (this is odd/this is marvelous), \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0301\u0446/\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0446 (attaboy/fine young man), \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0301\u044e/\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0301 (I shall learn it/I recognize it), \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0301\u0442\u044c/\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0301\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c (to be cutting/to have cut); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names (\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0301\u0440\u0430, \u0433\u0443\u0301\u0440\u0443, \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0301\u044f, \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0301\u0448\u0430, \u0424\u0435\u0301\u0440\u043c\u0438), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence (\u0422\u044b\u0301 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435?/\u0422\u044b \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0301\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435?/\u0422\u044b \u0441\u044a\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0301\u043d\u044c\u0435? \u2013 Was it you who ate the cookie?/Did you eat the cookie?/Was it the cookie that you ate?). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Java keywords", "paragraph_text": "In the Java programming language, a keyword is one of 53 reserved words that have a predefined meaning in the language; because of this, programmers can not use keywords as names for variables, methods, classes, or as any other identifier. Due to their special functions in the language, most integrated development environments for Java use syntax highlighting to display keywords in a different colour for easy identification."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Name of Iran", "paragraph_text": "In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran (meaning land of Aryans in Persian language), the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word ``Iran ''has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from`` Persian'' to ``Iranian ''. In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both`` Persia'' and ``Iran ''could officially be used interchangeably."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043a (zamok, meaning a lock) and \u0437\u0430\u0301\u043c\u043e\u043a (zamok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The pen is mightier than the sword", "paragraph_text": "``The pen is mightier than the sword ''is a metonymic adage, coined by English author Edward Bulwer - Lytton in 1839, indicating that communication (particularly written language), or in some interpretations, administrative power or advocacy of an independent press, is a more effective tool than direct violence."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Words per minute", "paragraph_text": "Research done in 2012 measured the speed at which subjects read a text aloud, and found the average speed across 17 different languages to be 184 \u00b1 29 WPM or 863 \u00b1 234 CPM. However, for the languages that use the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets, the number of WPM varied, as low as 161 \u00b1 18 for Finnish and as high as 228 \u00b1 30 for English. The reason for this is different word structures in each language (longer words in such languages as Finnish and shorter words in English). However, the number of characters per minute tends to be around 1000 for all the tested languages. For the tested Asian languages that use particular writing systems (Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese) these numbers are lower."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "German is the fourth most commonly used language, with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population. Fifth is Vietnamese, spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%). In addition to Cherokee, more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California (though, it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mee bandung Muar", "paragraph_text": "Mee bandung Muar, or simply Mee bandung, is a traditional Southeast Asian cuisine originated from Muar, Johor, Malaysia. The word \"bandung\" in its name derives from the literal meaning of the word in the Malay language, which is \"mixed\" or \"pairs\", as in several Malay words like \"Sirap bandung\" (rose syrup beverage mixed with condensed milk) and \"Rumah berbandung\" (semi-detached house). It is a misconception to think that the name indicates that Mee bandung originated in Bandung, a city in Indonesia; the two are unrelated."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel (\"present\", \"current\"), the Polish aktualny (\"present\", \"current,\" \"topical,\" \"timely,\" \"feasible\"), the Swedish aktuell (\"topical\", \"presently of importance\"), the Russian \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\"urgent\", \"topical\") or the Dutch actueel."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ecclesia in Asia", "paragraph_text": "Ecclesia in Asia is a document issued by Pope John Paul II to serve as a blueprint for the expansion of the Roman Catholic faith in Asia. It summarises ideas and conclusions of the Special Asian Synod held in Rome from April 18 to May 14, 1998. It was officially promulgated by John Paul II in New Delhi, India on November 6, 1999."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chinese characters", "paragraph_text": "Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hindu philosophy", "paragraph_text": "P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism (P\u0101\u015bupata, \"of Pa\u015bupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Pa\u015bu in Pa\u015bupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to P\u0101\u015bupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hokkien", "paragraph_text": "Hokkien dialects are analytic; in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning. A basic sentence follows the subject\u2013verb\u2013object pattern (i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent. Unlike synthetic languages, seldom do words indicate time, gender and plural by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sindarin", "paragraph_text": "Sindarin is one of the fictional languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves, called the \"Eledhrim\" or \"Edhellim\" in Sindarin. The word \"Sindarin\" is itself a Quenya form. The only known Sindarin word for this language is Eglathrin, a word probably only used in the First Age (see Eglath)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Love and Responsibility", "paragraph_text": "Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojty\u0142a before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981. A new, completely updated and original translation was published in 2013. Fr. Wojty\u0142a was originally inspired to write the book while being a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, through the experiences he had in teaching young Catholics."}], "question": "To indicate something is feasible in the native language of Ecclesia in Asia's author, what word could be used?"}
{"id": "3hop1__150990_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shandy Hall (Ohio)", "paragraph_text": "Shandy Hall is the name of a homestead museum located in Harpersfield, Ohio, owned and maintained by the Western Reserve Historical Society."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, originally published in 1985. It is set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy, which has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "EuroBancshares", "paragraph_text": "EuroBank used to offer financial and insurance services in Puerto Rico through its wholly owned subsidiaries Eurobank Puerto Rico and EuroSeguros, respectively. Founded on December 4, 1979, under the name of \"Espa\u00f1ola de Finanzas Trust Company\", it grew into a billion dollar financial institution, eventually operating through a network of 21 branches in 2005. Its headquarters were located at 270 Mu\u00f1oz Rivera Avenue, near the Golden Mile District or \"Milla de Oro\" of Hato Rey, San Juan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Random House", "paragraph_text": "Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial is Random House's Spanish-language division, targeting markets in Spain and South and Central America. It is headquartered in Barcelona with locations in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, and the United States. From 2001 until November 2012, it was a joint venture with Italian publisher Mondadori (Random House Mondadori). Upon Bertelsmann's acquisition of Mondadori's stake in the JV, the name was kept temporarily four months. Some authors published by Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial include Dr. C\u00e9sar Lozano, Yordi Rosado, Dr. Nancy Alvarez and Alberto Sardi\u00f1as."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Twentysix Gasoline Stations", "paragraph_text": "Twentysix Gasoline Stations is the first artist's book by the American pop artist Ed Ruscha. Published in April 1963 on his own imprint National Excelsior Press, it is often considered to be the first modern artist's book, and has become famous as a precursor and a major influence on the emerging artist's book culture, especially in America. The book delivers exactly what its title promises, reproducing 26 photographs of gasoline stations next to captions indicating their brand and location. From the first service station, 'Bob's Service' in Los Angeles where Ruscha lived, the book follows a journey back to Oklahoma City where he had grown up and where his mother still lived. The last image is of a Fina gasoline station in Groom, Texas, which Ruscha has suggested should be seen as the beginning of the return journey, 'like a coda'."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union", "paragraph_text": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union is a daily, French-language newspaper published in R\u00e9union, a French overseas department. The newspaper, which was founded in 1951 is headquartered in Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, is owned by Groupe Hersant M\u00e9dia. There are four competing newspapers in R\u00e9union."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Journey to Ixtlan", "paragraph_text": "Journey to Ixtlan is the third book by Carlos Castaneda, published as a work of non-fiction by Simon & Schuster in 1972. It is about an apprenticeship to the Yaqui \"shaman,\" Don Juan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Neverwinter Nights 2: Mysteries of Westgate", "paragraph_text": "Neverwinter Nights 2: Mysteries of Westgate (NWN2:MoW) is an expansion pack for the role-playing video game \"Neverwinter Nights 2\". It was developed by Ossian Studios and published by Atari on April 29, 2009. The player creates a character and controls it, along with a group of three pre-designed companions, journeying through the game world. The gameplay is very similar to that of the base game. \"Mysteries of Westgate\" also includes new monsters, music, and other tools, which can be used by players to create their own \"Neverwinter Nights 2\" levels."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow", "paragraph_text": "Journey From Petersburg to Moscow (in Russian: \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443), published in 1790, was the most famous work by the Russian writer Aleksander Nikolayevich Radishchev."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mount Keohane", "paragraph_text": "Mount Keohane () is a peak immediately northwest of Lake Fryxell, rising to between Canada Glacier and Huey Gully on the north side of Taylor Valley, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in 1997 by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Petty Officer Patrick Keohane, Royal Navy, of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910\u201313. Keohane was a member of Robert F. Scott's South Pole journey support party that reached the Upper Glacier Depot on Beardmore Glacier (85\u00b07\u2032S 163\u00b04\u2032E) before returning to headquarters on Cape Evans."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Abraham & Straus", "paragraph_text": "BULLET::::- 1900's - Federated Department Stores, Inc. was formed in 1900 as a holding company by several family-owned department stores, including Abraham & Straus, F&R Lazarus & Co. (along with its Cincinnati-based subsidiary, Shillito's), and Filene's of Boston. Corporate offices established in Columbus, Ohio, later moved to Cincinnati. In 1992, Federated Department Stores merges with Allied Stores Corporation. The A&S and Jordan Marsh divisions were consolidated, forming the A&S/Jordan Marsh division, headquartered in Brooklyn, NY. Early in the new year, Macy's files for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11. In 1994 the Federated Department Stores acquired the now bankrupt R.H. Macy & Company and combines Macy's, headquartered in New York City, with A&S/Jordan Marsh. In 1995, the name Abraham & Straus is dropped in favor of the more widely known name Macy's, and Macy's East is formed. Other A&S locations were converted to Stern's."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Journey to Saturn", "paragraph_text": "Journey to Saturn () is a 2008 Danish animated comedy-science-fiction film produced by A. Film A/S, loosely based on Claus Deleuran's comic from 1977 of the same name. The film revolves around a group of Danish astronauts who journey to Saturn on a quest for natural resources."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Spitfire Grill (musical)", "paragraph_text": "The Spitfire Grill is an American musical with music and book by James Valcq and lyrics and book by Fred Alley, based on the 1996 film of the same name by Lee David Zlotoff. The Off-Broadway production by Playwrights Horizons began previews at the Duke Theatre on 42nd Street on September 7, 2001 and concluded its scheduled run on October 14, 2001. It won the Richard Rodgers Production Award, administered by The American Academy of Arts and Letters. The musical depicts the journey of a young woman just released from prison who decides to start her life anew in a rural Wisconsin town. She participates in a journey within the town itself toward its own tenuous reawakening."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harry's Bar (Venice)", "paragraph_text": "Harry's Bar is, despite its name, mainly a restaurant located at Calle Vallaresso 1323, Venice, Italy, owned by Cipriani S.A.."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the company that owns the publisher of Journey to Ixtlan?"}
{"id": "3hop1__70673_40292_56186", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Big Valley", "paragraph_text": "While The Big Valley is set primarily in and near the city of Stockton, the filming of the series took place in Southern California."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hidden Hills", "paragraph_text": "Hidden Hills is an American sitcom that aired on NBC during the 2002\u201303 TV season. Based on the book \"Surviving Suburbia\", the series was created by Peter Segal and Ric Swartzlander. The theme song was \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\", made famous by The Monkees. Mark Mothersbaugh (co-founder of Devo) performed the version used on the show. The show was made by Ric Swartzlander's Rude Mood Productions and NBC."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ray Bolger", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Wallace Bolger (January 10, 1904 -- January 15, 1987) was an American film actor, vaudevillian, TV presenter, singer, and dancer (particularly of tap) and stage performer (particularly musical theatre) who started in the silent film era. He is best known for his portrayal of Hunk and the Scarecrow in MGM's classic The Wizard of Oz (1939). He was also the host of his eponymous television show, The Ray Bolger Show."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Consolevania", "paragraph_text": "Consolevania is a video games TV show filmed in and around Glasgow, Scotland. It is notable as one of very few online TV shows to make the leap onto broadcast TV as the show videoGaiden, which has had four series shown on BBC Scotland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lindenstra\u00dfe", "paragraph_text": "The creator of \"Lindenstra\u00dfe\" is Hans W. Gei\u00dfend\u00f6rfer, whose company \"Gei\u00dfend\u00f6rfer Film- und Fernsehproduktion GmbH\" (GFF - \"Gei\u00dfend\u00f6rfer film and TV productions\") still produces the series today. In the beginning, Gei\u00dfend\u00f6rfer also directed the series. It is set in Munich, but filmed at the WDR studios in Cologne-Bocklem\u00fcnd, where an entire outdoor street mock-up of the eponymous Lindenstra\u00dfe was built. An actual street named 'Lindenstra\u00dfe' exists in Munich's Harlaching district, but it has nothing to do with the series' fictional street."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Richard Armitage (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Richard Crispin Armitage (born 22 August 1971) is an English film, television, theatre and voice actor. He received notice in the UK with his first leading role as John Thornton in the British television programme North & South (2004). But it was his role as dwarf prince and leader Thorin Oakenshield in Peter Jackson's film trilogy adaptation of The Hobbit that first brought him international recognition. Other notable roles include John Proctor in Ya\u00ebl Farber's stage production of Arthur Miller's The Crucible, Francis Dolarhyde in the American TV series Hannibal, Lucas North in the British TV drama Spooks, John Porter in the British TV drama Strike Back, and Guy of Gisborne in the British TV drama Robin Hood. He more recently voiced Trevor Belmont in the Netflix adaptation of Castlevania."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Famous Jett Jackson", "paragraph_text": "The Famous Jett Jackson is a joint Canadian-American coming-of-age television series for the Disney Channel. The show is about a boy named Jett Jackson (Lee Thompson Young) who plays a teenage secret agent on a fictional TV show-within-a-show called \"Silverstone\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Valley of the Giants (1919 film)", "paragraph_text": "Valley of the Giants is a 1919 American silent romantic drama film directed by James Cruze and starring Wallace Reid and Grace Darmond. Based on Peter B. Kyne's popular 1918 novel of the same name, the film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed through Paramount Pictures."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Antoine de Maximy", "paragraph_text": "Antoine de Maximy (born May 21, 1959) is a French backpacker, television host and producer. He is best known as the TV host and producer of \"J'irai dormir chez vous\" (I'll come sleep in your house), a tourism TV show on France 5."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Barney in Concert", "paragraph_text": "Barney in Concert is a \"Barney and the Backyard Gang\" stage show, taped at Majestic Theatre in Dallas, Texas on March 14, 1991, and released on video four months later on July 1, 1991. It also features the TV show \"Barney & Friends\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nicole Grimaudo", "paragraph_text": "Nicole Grimaudo (born 22 April 1980, in Caltagirone, Sicily, Italy) is an Italian actress. She began her career on the Italian television show \"Non \u00e8 la Rai\" in 1994\u20131995, and later moved to TV and cinema films and theatre."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Orpheum Theatre (San Francisco)", "paragraph_text": "The SHN Orpheum Theatre, originally the Pantages Theatre, is located at 1192 Market at Hyde, Grove and 8th Streets in the Civic Center district of San Francisco, California. The theatre first opened in 1926 as one of the many designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca for theater - circuit owner Alexander Pantages. The interior features a vaulted ceiling, while the facade was patterned after a 12th - century French cathedral. The Orpheum seats 2,203 patrons. In 1998, after a previous renovation in the 1970s, a $20 million renovation was completed to make the Orpheum more suitable for Broadway shows. The theatre is a locally designated San Francisco landmark as determined by the San Francisco Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Open Het Dorp", "paragraph_text": "Open Het Dorp (\"Open The Village\") was the first big fundraising TV show in the Netherlands. It aired on Dutch TV on 26 and 27 November 1962."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Love It or List It", "paragraph_text": "Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "6th Canadian Folk Music Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 6th Canadian Folk Music Awards were held on November 20, 2010, at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre. The Theater am Aegi is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The Neues Theater (New Theatre) is the Boulevard Theatre of Hanover. The Theater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen is another big theatre in Hanover, which also has an own Musical-Company. Some of the most important Musical-Productions are the rock musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the Garden-Theatre in the Great Garden."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollywood Pantages Theatre, formerly known as RKO Pantages Theatre, is located at Hollywood and Vine (6233 Hollywood Boulevard), in Hollywood. Designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca, it was the last theater built by the vaudeville impresario Alexander Pantages. The palatial Art Deco theater opened on June 4, 1930, as part of the Pantages Theatre Circuit."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arthur Weiss", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Weiss (13 June 1912 \u2013 26 August 1980) was an American script writer for two decades on action/adventure TV shows like \"\", \"Mannix\", \"The Fugitive\", \"Super Friends\", \"The Time Tunnel\" and \"Sea Hunt\". His most famous creation was the script for the movie \"Flipper\" in 1963, which became a TV series and was remade as a movie in 1996. He also worked alongside Irwin Allen as a writer and producer for \"disaster\" TV films including \"Flood!\" and \"Fire!\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tato Bores", "paragraph_text": "Mauricio Borensztein (27 April 1927 \u2013 11 January 1996), known by the stage name Tato Bores, was an Argentine film, theatre and television comedian, who specialized in political humor. His ironic TV monologues, delivered at a fast pace, became a reference point for generations of Argentines."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}], "question": "When was the pantages theatre in the notably named district of the area where the tv show Big Valley was filmed built?"}
{"id": "3hop1__150622_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main Entrance on Exhibition Road were opened by The Queen. The UK Energy Research Centre was also established in 2004 and opened its headquarters at Imperial College. In November 2005 the Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged to become the Faculty of Natural Sciences."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Looking for Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Looking for Alaska is John Green's first novel, published in March 2005 by Dutton Juvenile. It won the 2006 Michael L. Printz Award from the American Library Association, and led the association's list of most - challenged books in 2015 due to profanity and sexually explicit scenes. Looking for Alaska is inspired by Green's own experiences as a high school student. The story is told through teenager Miles ``Pudge ''Halter, as he enrolls in a boarding school to try to gain a deeper perspective on life. He meets one student in particular, Alaska Young, whom he falls in love with as she guides him through his own`` labyrinth of suffering.'' After her unexpected death, he is forced to work through his internal ``labyrinth of suffering ''himself as he and his close friends attempt to uncover the truth behind Alaska's death."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Metropolis International", "paragraph_text": "Metropolis International Group Limited, established in 1994, is a predominantly UK-based media and technology group specialising in business, consumer and travel media including awards, events and websites, business software, and reward and benefit programmes. It currently has 300 employees and runs offices in West London, Croydon, Bolton, Chester, Dublin, Acton and New York City. The company's headquarters are currently located in Acton, West London."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Moe's Italian Sandwiches", "paragraph_text": "Moe's Italian Sandwiches is the name of an Italian submarine sandwich shop located in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The owners, the Paganos, also own the Moe's franchising business, MadMoe Corporation, which has begun placing Moe's Italian Sandwiches restaurants throughout New England."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Baedeker", "paragraph_text": "Verlag Karl Baedeker, founded by Karl Baedeker on July 1, 1827, is a German publisher and pioneer in the business of worldwide travel guides. The guides, often referred to simply as \"Baedekers\" (a term sometimes used to refer to similar works from other publishers, or travel guides in general), contain, among other things, maps and introductions; information about routes and travel facilities; and descriptions of noteworthy buildings, sights, attractions and museums, written by specialists."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New York Daily Graphic", "paragraph_text": "New York Daily Graphic was publisher of the New York Graphic the evening tabloid newspaper in New York City. It was located at 350 Hudson Street (Manhattan). The business became bankrupt in July 1932 during the Great Depression. Its $3,132,521 in liabilities was contingent upon multiple libel actions against the company. $2,908,479"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "CMS Energy", "paragraph_text": "CMS Energy (), based in Jackson, Michigan, is an energy company that is focused principally on utility operations in Michigan. Its principal business is Consumers Energy, a public utility that provides electricity and natural gas to more than 6 million of Michigan's 10 million residents. Its non-utility businesses are focused primarily on domestic independent power production. Consumers Energy has operated since 1886."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Consumer spending", "paragraph_text": "In 1929, consumer spending was 75% of the nation's economy. This grew to 83% in 1932, when business spending dropped. Consumer spending dropped to about 50% during World War II due to large expenditures by the government and lack of consumer products. Consumer spending in the US rose from about 62% of GDP in 1960, where it stayed until about 1981, and has since risen to 71% in 2013."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Weiker Airport", "paragraph_text": "Weiker Airport is a privately owned public-use airport in Seneca County, Ohio, United States. It is located two nautical miles (4\u00a0km) southeast of the central business district of the village Green Springs. It is privately owned by Wayne Weiker."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Freehold, New York", "paragraph_text": "Freehold is a hamlet in the town of Greenville in Greene County, New York, United States. It has the ZIP Code 12431, and its own fire district."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hewlett-Packard", "paragraph_text": "The Hewlett - Packard Company (commonly referred to as HP) or shortened to Hewlett - Packard (/ \u02c8hju\u02d0l\u026at \u02c8p\u00e6k\u0259rd / HEW - lit PAK - \u0259rd) was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. It developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components as well as software and related services to consumers, small - and medium - sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "L'Illustr\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "L'Illustr\u00e9 is a French language weekly consumer magazine published in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is one of the earliest magazines published in the country."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The News Journal (Nigeria)", "paragraph_text": "The News Journal is a community development newspaper serving the area that used to be known as Western State, Nigeria now comprising the main Yoruba states of Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo and Ekiti. It is headquartered in the South East division of Ibadan and is owned by Layipo Concepts. Its stated aim is \"to publish news of developmental value to the Nigerian audience and other audiences who shall need high quality and unbiased information / news reports on and about Nigeria.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Taobao", "paragraph_text": "Founded by Alibaba Group in 2003, Taobao Marketplace facilitates consumer-to-consumer (C2C) retail by providing a platform for small businesses and individual entrepreneurs to open online stores that mainly cater to consumers in Chinese-speaking regions (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) and abroad."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jebsen Group", "paragraph_text": "Jebsen & Co () is a marketing, distribution and manufacturing company based and headquartered in Lee Garden Two(), Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. It is the agent for a range of businesses throughout East Asia, including luxury products, beverages, electronic consumer goods, and industrial equipment. It serves as the main distributor of Porsche, Dyson, Casio and Raymond Weil in the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong. Since 1906, the company has owned the brand Blue Girl beer, which commands leading market share in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sky UK", "paragraph_text": "Sky UK Limited (formerly British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB) is a British telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers and businesses in the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015. It was the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation, which at the time did business as PC's Limited, while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family. In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the Turbo PC, which sold for $795. PC's Limited advertised its systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options. The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of operation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The New Green Consumer Guide", "paragraph_text": "The New Green Consumer Guide is a practical lifestyle book written by Julia Hailes and published by Simon & Schuster on May 21, 2007. The aim of the book is to make the ordinary layman engage in the role that he or she must play in the green mission of today."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the company that owns the publisher of The New Green Consumer Guide?"}
{"id": "3hop1__233060_40292_70544", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Trevi Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Trevi Fountain () is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing high and wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and the most famous fountain in the world. The fountain has appeared in several notable films, including \"Roman Holiday\", Federico Fellini's \"La Dolce Vita\", the eponymous \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"The Lizzie McGuire Movie\", and \"Sabrina Goes to Rome\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hollywood", "paragraph_text": "The first studio in Hollywood, the Nestor Company, was established by the New Jersey -- based Centaur Company in a roadhouse at 6121 Sunset Boulevard (the corner of Gower), in October 1911. Four major film companies -- Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia -- had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth - largest industry in the nation. By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully vertically integrated, as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Douglas Schwartz", "paragraph_text": "Douglas Schwartz is an American television screenwriter and series creator who, along with Michael Berk, worked as a writer on the television series Manimal, and multiple made for television movies. He is most famous for creating co-producing, and writing The Wizard (TV series), as well as creating and writing the earlier scripts of \"Baywatch\", a series which exceeded a global audience of 1 billion people. He also developed \"Sheena\", based on the comic book of the same name."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Panchgani", "paragraph_text": "Panchgani also called Paachgani is a famous hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. It is renowned for the many premier residential educational institutions, which have produced notable lawyers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "According to this narrative, shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama, an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince's father, Suddhodana, and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "House of Dust", "paragraph_text": "House of Dust is a 2014 supernatural thriller film directed by A.D. Calvo. The movie had its world premiere on May\u00a020,\u00a02014 and focuses on a group of college students that become possessed by the ghosts of former mental patients. Filming took place in Willimantic, Connecticut and Mansfield, Connecticut at the Mansfield Training School and Hospital, University of Connecticut, and Eastern Connecticut State University during the summer of 2011."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mahikeng Local Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Mahikeng Local Municipality is a local municipality in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, Capital City of North West Province, South Africa. Mahikeng is a Setswana name meaning \"place of rocks\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Michael Hussar", "paragraph_text": "Michael Hussar is an American painter from Southern California. He was trained at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, CA."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pike Place Fish Market", "paragraph_text": "The Pike Place Fish Market, founded in 1930, is an open air fish market located in Seattle, Washington's Pike Place Market, at the corner of Pike Street and Pike Place. It is known for their tradition of fishmongers throwing fish that customers have purchased, before they are wrapped. After nearing bankruptcy in 1986, the fish market owner and employees decided to become \"world famous\", changing their way of doing business by introducing their flying fish, games, and customer performances. Four years later, they were featured repeatedly in the national media and television shows. The store is now a popular tourist destination in Seattle, attracting up to 10,000 daily visitors, and is often billed as world-famous."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nat Wolff as Light Turner / ``Kira '': A high - school student who discovers the titular`` Death Note'' and uses it to kill criminals by writing their names and causes of death, and thus, alongside Mia Sutton, becoming the world - famous serial killer known as ``Kira '', while praised by law enforcement."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kalabo District", "paragraph_text": "Kalabo District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province. The capital lies at Kalabo. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 114,806 people. The district has 3 Secondary Schools namely Kalabo Secondary School, Nalionwa Day School and Lukona Secondary School, of which Kalabo Secondary School is the main school established in 1966. The district has attractive places that attract tourists, places like the liuwa national Park, and Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital.The main Hospital in the district is Kalabo District Hospital seconded by Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, Yuka is sometimes refred to as UK."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Moritzburg, Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Moritzburg is a municipality in the district of Meissen in Saxony, Germany, between Meissen itself, an early centre of Saxony, and today's capital Dresden. It is most famous for its Baroque castle, Schloss Moritzburg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Weiler, Cochem-Zell", "paragraph_text": "Weiler is an \"Ortsgemeinde\" \u2013 a municipality belonging to a \"Verbandsgemeinde\", a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Ulmen, whose seat is in the like-named town. Weiler is also a recognized tourism municipality (\"Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde\")."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Korinos", "paragraph_text": "Korinos () is a town and a former municipality in Pieria regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Katerini, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 70.909\u00a0km, the community 30.726\u00a0km. Korinos has approximately 5000 residents and it is located 5\u00a0km northeast of the city of Katerini (\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7), the capital of Pieria. Motorway 1 (Athens - Thessaloniki) is situated to the west. Korinos is famous for its beaches -lying to its east- and hotels in the area, which make the village an ideal place for tourism."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Johnny and the Sprites", "paragraph_text": "Johnny and the Sprites is an American musical television show aimed for preschoolers that aired every weekend on the \"Playhouse Disney\" block on Disney Channel. The show was created by, produced by, and starred John Tartaglia (most famous for his work on \"Avenue Q\"). The show's theme song was written by Stephen Schwartz. Each episode of the show features a musical number, many of which are written by various notable Broadway composers such as Gary Adler, Bobby Lopez, Laurence O'Keefe, Michael Patrick Walker, and others. The Sprites and all of the other creatures that inhabit Johnny's world were designed by Michael Schupbach. The set was designed by Laura Brock."}], "question": "When did the neighborhood in the birthplace of Michael Hussar, famous for tourism and a notable named district, become the movie capital of the world?"}
{"id": "3hop1__830431_40292_70544", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ahmadabad District (Afghanistan)", "paragraph_text": "Ahmadabad District (, ) is a district in Paktia Province, Afghanistan. It is located to the east of Gardez, the provincial capital of Paktia. Ahmadabad District was created in 2005 within Sayid Karam District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Koh Sotin District", "paragraph_text": "Koh Sotin District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road. The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arcadia (Odessa)", "paragraph_text": "Arcadia is a historical part of Odessa, Ukraine, which is known as a famous resort. It is located in the coastal part of the city, close to the quarters of 5th and 7th stations of Velyky Fontan. The quarter was named after a mountainous district in Greece, which was known as the home of pastoral villagers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Ghaziabad district (pronounced [\u0263a\u02d0zi\u02d0a\u02d0\u02c8ba\u02d0d\u032a \u02c8z\u026ala\u02d0]) is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India of National Capital Region.  The city of Ghaziabad is the administrative headquarters of the district. This district is part of Meerut Division.  It has become a major bedroom community for Delhi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nat Wolff as Light Turner / ``Kira '': A high - school student who discovers the titular`` Death Note'' and uses it to kill criminals by writing their names and causes of death, and thus, alongside Mia Sutton, becoming the world - famous serial killer known as ``Kira '', while praised by law enforcement."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Weiler, Cochem-Zell", "paragraph_text": "Weiler is an \"Ortsgemeinde\" \u2013 a municipality belonging to a \"Verbandsgemeinde\", a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Ulmen, whose seat is in the like-named town. Weiler is also a recognized tourism municipality (\"Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde\")."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", "paragraph_text": "The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope that is part of NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope program, developed in coordination between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency. It is scheduled to launch in 2019 and will be located near the Earth -- Sun L lagrangian point. The telescope will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from the long - wavelength (orange to red) visible light through the mid-infrared (0.6 to 27 micrometer) range."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Moritzburg, Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Moritzburg is a municipality in the district of Meissen in Saxony, Germany, between Meissen itself, an early centre of Saxony, and today's capital Dresden. It is most famous for its Baroque castle, Schloss Moritzburg."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Light and Space", "paragraph_text": "Light and Space denotes a loosely affiliated art movement related to op art, minimalism and geometric abstraction originating in Southern California in the 1960s and influenced by John McLaughlin. It was characterized by a focus on perceptual phenomena, such as light, volume and scale, and the use of materials such as glass, neon, fluorescent lights, resin and cast acrylic, often forming installations conditioned by the work's surroundings. Whether by directing the flow of natural light, embedding artificial light within objects or architecture, or by playing with light through the use of transparent, translucent or reflective materials, Light and Space artists made the spectator\u2019s experience of light and other sensory phenomena under specific conditions the focus of their work. They were incorporating into their work the latest technologies of the Southern California-based engineering and aerospace industries to their develop sensuous, light-filled objects. Turrell, who has spread the movement worldwide, summed up its philosophy in saying, \"We eat light, drink it in through our skins.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tourism in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world, is located in Nepal. Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors. The world heritage site Lumbini, birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is located in the south of the West region of Nepal (which despite the name is located in the centre of the country) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country. The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country. Tourism brings $471 ma year to Nepal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Trevi Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Trevi Fountain () is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing high and wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and the most famous fountain in the world. The fountain has appeared in several notable films, including \"Roman Holiday\", Federico Fellini's \"La Dolce Vita\", the eponymous \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"The Lizzie McGuire Movie\", and \"Sabrina Goes to Rome\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Coquimbito", "paragraph_text": "Coquimbito is a rural district in the Maip\u00fa Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina. It is located in the southeast of the metropolitan area of Mendoza (the provincial capital), and is administratively part of the municipality of Maip\u00fa. The name refers to the Chilean port city of Coquimbo."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gangammagudi", "paragraph_text": "Gangammagudi is a village located in SR Puram Mandalam of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The name of the village is derived from a famous local temple located in the village dedicated to Goddess Gangamma. It is a 40 min. drive from Chittoor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hollywood", "paragraph_text": "The first studio in Hollywood, the Nestor Company, was established by the New Jersey -- based Centaur Company in a roadhouse at 6121 Sunset Boulevard (the corner of Gower), in October 1911. Four major film companies -- Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia -- had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth - largest industry in the nation. By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully vertically integrated, as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saman\u00e1 (town)", "paragraph_text": "Saman\u00e1 (old spelling: Xaman\u00e1), in full Santa B\u00e1rbara de Saman\u00e1, is a town and municipality in northeastern Dominican Republic and is the capital of Saman\u00e1 Province. It is located on the northern coast of Saman\u00e1 Bay. The town is an important tourism destination and is the main center for whale-watching tours in the Caribbean region."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Isoka District", "paragraph_text": "Isoka District is a district of Zambia, located in Muchinga Province. The capital lies at Isoka. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 99,319 people."}], "question": "When did the notably named district in the location of Light and Space become the movie capital of the world?"}
{"id": "3hop1__150703_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Houchens Industries", "paragraph_text": "Houchens Industries is an American employee-owned company, in business since 1918 when it began as a small grocery operated by founder Ervin Houchens in rural Barren County, Kentucky. The company is headquartered in Bowling Green, Kentucky. The company runs about 425 grocery and convenience stores. Sales in 2006 were just under $2 billion, with approximately 10,500 employees."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "PetroChina", "paragraph_text": "PetroChina Company Limited (; ) is a Chinese oil and gas company and is the listed arm of state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), headquartered in Dongcheng District, Beijing. It is China's second biggest oil producer. Traded in Hong Kong and New York, the mainland enterprise announced its plans to issue stock in Shanghai in November 2007, and subsequently entered the constituent of SSE 50 Index."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Holland Group", "paragraph_text": "The John Holland Group is a construction, tunnelling, rail, building and services provider with operations in Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia and the Middle East. Headquartered in Melbourne, it is a 100% owned subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company, a Chinese state owned enterprise."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ssangnim-dong", "paragraph_text": "The headquarters of South Korean food company CJ Cheil Jedang is located in the CJ Cheiljedang Building near the Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union", "paragraph_text": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union is a daily, French-language newspaper published in R\u00e9union, a French overseas department. The newspaper, which was founded in 1951 is headquartered in Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, is owned by Groupe Hersant M\u00e9dia. There are four competing newspapers in R\u00e9union."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "El Pollo Loco", "paragraph_text": "El Pollo Loco, Inc. is a restaurant chain based in the United States, specializing in Mexican - style grilled chicken. Restaurant service consists of: dine - in, take - out, with some locations offering drive through options. The company is headquartered in Costa Mesa, California and operates over 400 (as of March 2014) company - owned and franchised restaurants in the Southwestern United States. ``El Pollo Loco ''is Spanish for`` The Crazy Chicken''."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vidiator", "paragraph_text": "Vidiator was a fully owned subsidiary of Hutchison Whampoa, founded by Connie Wong in 2002 to provide 3G video products to the Hutchison 3 group. The company's last president and CEO was Tae Sung Park who joined in 2009. Vidiator had offices in Hong Kong (headquarters), Seattle and London."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Flat World Knowledge", "paragraph_text": "FlatWorld is a publisher of college-level textbooks and educational supplements founded in 2007 as Flat World Knowledge by Eric Frank and Jeff Shelstad. It was acquired at the end of 2016 by Alastair Adam and John Eielson and its company headquarters was moved from Washington, DC to Boston, MA. The company originally offered every textbook published free using online delivery under the open content paradigm, but in November 2012, the company announced that it will no longer offer a free version citing financial concerns as the reason for the change."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guitar Center", "paragraph_text": "Guitar Center is an American music retailer chain. It is the largest company of its kind in the United States, with 269 locations. Its headquarters is in Westlake Village, California."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft", "paragraph_text": "Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (often abbreviated HDW) is a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Kiel. It is part of the ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) group, owned by ThyssenKrupp. The Howaldtswerke shipyard was founded in Kiel in 1838 and merged with Hamburg-based Deutsche Werft to form Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in 1968. The company's shipyard was formerly used by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft until the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sony/ATV Music Publishing", "paragraph_text": "Sony / ATV Music Publishing LLC is an American music publishing company owned by Sony through Sony Entertainment. The company was founded as a division of Associated Television (ATV) in 1955 by Lew Grade. In 1985, Michael Jackson acquired ATV Music Publishing for $47.5 million. Paul McCartney, who had told Jackson about the importance of owning publishing, admitted he felt somewhat undercut by the purchase, because ATV Music Publishing owned the publishing rights to most of The Beatles' songs, although he did not enter the bidding when it came up for sale in 1984."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Piping Technology and Products", "paragraph_text": "Piping Technology and Products is a privately owned pipe support manufacturing and engineering company headquartered in Houston, Texas, United States. Its wholly owned subsidiaries are US Bellows, Sweco Fab, Fronek Anchor/Darling Enterprise, and Pipe Shields. These companies provide pipe supports, expansion joints, shock and vibration controls, and pre-insulated supports to a variety of industries including LNG, chemical, petrochemical, pulp & paper, and aerospace."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Daria's Inferno", "paragraph_text": "Daria's Inferno is a 2000 computer game developed by Hypnotix and published by Simon & Schuster Interactive. The game is based on the animated TV show \"Daria\". Players control the character Daria Morgendorffer through the fictional town of Lawndale. Characters in the game are voiced by the same voice actors as on the TV show. The game is the only media ever to feature the TV series' entire theme song, \"You're Standing on My Neck\" by Splendora, only one verse of which is ever heard on the show."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Amblin Entertainment", "paragraph_text": "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg, and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981. The company's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City, California. The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tundra Publishing", "paragraph_text": "Tundra Publishing was a Northampton, Massachusetts-based comic book publisher founded by Kevin Eastman in 1990. The company was founded to provide a venue for adventurous, creator-owned work by talented cartoonists and illustrators. Its publications were noted in the trade for their high production values, including glossy paper stock, full-color printing, and square binding. Tundra was one of the earlier creator-owned companies, before the formation of Image Comics and Dark Horse Comics' Legends imprint."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "State Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational, public sector banking and financial services company. It is a government - owned corporation headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The company is ranked 217th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2017. It is the largest bank in India with a 23% market share in assets, besides a share of one - fourth of the total loan and deposits market."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Garden State Life Insurance Company", "paragraph_text": "Garden State Life Insurance Company is a small direct life insurance company located in League City, Texas. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Galveston, Texas based American National Insurance Company."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the company that owns the publisher of Daria's Inferno?"}
{"id": "3hop1__830431_40292_56186", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Panchgani", "paragraph_text": "Panchgani also called Paachgani is a famous hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. It is renowned for the many premier residential educational institutions, which have produced notable lawyers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tourism in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world, is located in Nepal. Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors. The world heritage site Lumbini, birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is located in the south of the West region of Nepal (which despite the name is located in the centre of the country) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country. The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country. Tourism brings $471 ma year to Nepal."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollywood Pantages Theatre, formerly known as RKO Pantages Theatre, is located at Hollywood and Vine (6233 Hollywood Boulevard), in Hollywood. Designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca, it was the last theater built by the vaudeville impresario Alexander Pantages. The palatial Art Deco theater opened on June 4, 1930, as part of the Pantages Theatre Circuit."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Weiler, Cochem-Zell", "paragraph_text": "Weiler is an \"Ortsgemeinde\" \u2013 a municipality belonging to a \"Verbandsgemeinde\", a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Ulmen, whose seat is in the like-named town. Weiler is also a recognized tourism municipality (\"Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde\")."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Timpanogos Cave Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Timpanogos Cave Historic District consists of support and administration buildings built in the 1920s and 1930s in Timpanogos Cave National Monument, Utah, USA. These structures are notable examples of the National Park Service Rustic style, designed to fit with their environment. The earliest trails and structures were built by Errol M. Halliday while the location was still under the administration of the U.S. Forest Service. The Old Cave Trail was built in 1921-22. The stone storage building was built in the 1920s, together with a frame custodian's residence that no longer exists. A stone confort station (Building 126) was built in 1928."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arbos \u2013 Company for Music and Theatre", "paragraph_text": "ARBOS \u2013 Company for Music and Theatre in Vienna, Salzburg and Klagenfurt, is a society specialized in the realisation of new forms of theatre especially of projects for contemporary new music theatre, scenic concerts, theatre for young people, theatre concerts, deaf theatre, directed space, theatrical exhibitions and other forms of the arts (crossover projects)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of the Goddard Space Flight Center", "paragraph_text": "Goddard Space Flight Center is NASA's first, and oldest, space center. It is named after Dr. Robert H. Goddard, the father of modern rocketry. Throughout its history, the center has managed, developed, and operated many notable missions, including the Cosmic Background Explorer, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the Solar Dynamics Observatory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gangammagudi", "paragraph_text": "Gangammagudi is a village located in SR Puram Mandalam of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The name of the village is derived from a famous local temple located in the village dedicated to Goddess Gangamma. It is a 40 min. drive from Chittoor."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pierre Bruno Bourla", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Bruno Bourla (19 December 1783 \u2013 31 December 1866) was a Paris-born Belgian architect. He was the city architect in Antwerp from 1819 to 1861, and a professor of architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp. His most famous work is the Royal Theatre built between 1827 and 1834, known popularly after him as the Bourla theatre. He also designed new buildings for the Antwerp Academy, built the entrance gate to the city's botanical gardens, expanded the St. Elizabeth's hospital, restored the cathedral, and renovated the town hall."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", "paragraph_text": "The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope that is part of NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope program, developed in coordination between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency. It is scheduled to launch in 2019 and will be located near the Earth -- Sun L lagrangian point. The telescope will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from the long - wavelength (orange to red) visible light through the mid-infrared (0.6 to 27 micrometer) range."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "6th Canadian Folk Music Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 6th Canadian Folk Music Awards were held on November 20, 2010, at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chester Heights Camp Meeting Historic District", "paragraph_text": "Chester Heights Camp Meeting Historic District is a historic Methodist camp meeting and national historic district located at Chester Heights, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 101 contributing buildings. The buildings are in a vernacular camp meeting style of architecture, with notable examples of the Gothic Revival and Queen Anne styles. Public buildings include the contributing Tabernacle (1878), Dining Hall (1900), Youth Tabernacle (1909, and dormitory. Most of the contributing buildings are cottages, built starting in 1876 and until about 1920."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Orpheum Theatre (San Francisco)", "paragraph_text": "The SHN Orpheum Theatre, originally the Pantages Theatre, is located at 1192 Market at Hyde, Grove and 8th Streets in the Civic Center district of San Francisco, California. The theatre first opened in 1926 as one of the many designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca for theater - circuit owner Alexander Pantages. The interior features a vaulted ceiling, while the facade was patterned after a 12th - century French cathedral. The Orpheum seats 2,203 patrons. In 1998, after a previous renovation in the 1970s, a $20 million renovation was completed to make the Orpheum more suitable for Broadway shows. The theatre is a locally designated San Francisco landmark as determined by the San Francisco Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Light and Space", "paragraph_text": "Light and Space denotes a loosely affiliated art movement related to op art, minimalism and geometric abstraction originating in Southern California in the 1960s and influenced by John McLaughlin. It was characterized by a focus on perceptual phenomena, such as light, volume and scale, and the use of materials such as glass, neon, fluorescent lights, resin and cast acrylic, often forming installations conditioned by the work's surroundings. Whether by directing the flow of natural light, embedding artificial light within objects or architecture, or by playing with light through the use of transparent, translucent or reflective materials, Light and Space artists made the spectator\u2019s experience of light and other sensory phenomena under specific conditions the focus of their work. They were incorporating into their work the latest technologies of the Southern California-based engineering and aerospace industries to their develop sensuous, light-filled objects. Turrell, who has spread the movement worldwide, summed up its philosophy in saying, \"We eat light, drink it in through our skins.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris", "paragraph_text": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris (\"n\u00e9e\" Elizabetta Lucia Bartolozzi; 3 March 1797 \u2013 8 August 1856) was an English actress and a contralto opera singer, appearing in works by, among others, Mozart and Rossini. While popular in her time, she was more notable as a theatre producer and manager. After accumulating a fortune from her performances, she leased the Olympic Theatre in London and produced a series of burlesques and extravaganzas, especially popular works by James Planch\u00e9, for which the house became famous. She also produced his work at other theatres she managed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arcadia (Odessa)", "paragraph_text": "Arcadia is a historical part of Odessa, Ukraine, which is known as a famous resort. It is located in the coastal part of the city, close to the quarters of 5th and 7th stations of Velyky Fontan. The quarter was named after a mountainous district in Greece, which was known as the home of pastoral villagers."}], "question": "When was the Pantages Theatre in the notably named district in the area where the Light and Space art movement was formed built?"}
{"id": "3hop1__62714_40292_56186", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Big Walnut High School", "paragraph_text": "Big Walnut High School is a public high school located in Sunbury, Ohio. It is the only high school in the Big Walnut Local School District. It was established in 1950. The current building was built in 1991 and has a student population of almost 1,000."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "The dominant economic sectors in the Middle Rhine area are viniculture and tourism. The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei. With its outstanding architectural monuments, the slopes full of vines, settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes, the Middle Rhine Valley can be considered the epitome of the Rhine romanticism."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pierre Bruno Bourla", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Bruno Bourla (19 December 1783 \u2013 31 December 1866) was a Paris-born Belgian architect. He was the city architect in Antwerp from 1819 to 1861, and a professor of architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp. His most famous work is the Royal Theatre built between 1827 and 1834, known popularly after him as the Bourla theatre. He also designed new buildings for the Antwerp Academy, built the entrance gate to the city's botanical gardens, expanded the St. Elizabeth's hospital, restored the cathedral, and renovated the town hall."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Panchgani", "paragraph_text": "Panchgani also called Paachgani is a famous hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. It is renowned for the many premier residential educational institutions, which have produced notable lawyers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre. The Theater am Aegi is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The Neues Theater (New Theatre) is the Boulevard Theatre of Hanover. The Theater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen is another big theatre in Hanover, which also has an own Musical-Company. Some of the most important Musical-Productions are the rock musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the Garden-Theatre in the Great Garden."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Orpheum Theatre (San Francisco)", "paragraph_text": "The SHN Orpheum Theatre, originally the Pantages Theatre, is located at 1192 Market at Hyde, Grove and 8th Streets in the Civic Center district of San Francisco, California. The theatre first opened in 1926 as one of the many designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca for theater - circuit owner Alexander Pantages. The interior features a vaulted ceiling, while the facade was patterned after a 12th - century French cathedral. The Orpheum seats 2,203 patrons. In 1998, after a previous renovation in the 1970s, a $20 million renovation was completed to make the Orpheum more suitable for Broadway shows. The theatre is a locally designated San Francisco landmark as determined by the San Francisco Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Madurai district", "paragraph_text": "The Madurai district is the ninth largest in population of the 32 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu in southeastern India. The city of Madurai serves as the district headquarters. It houses the world-famous Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwarar temple and is situated on the banks of the river Vaigai and the oldest Islamic mosque in Madurai The Kazimar Big Mosque situated in the banks of Kiruthumal river. Thiruparankundram is one of the major tourist place in the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,038,252 with a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males. Aside from the city of Madurai, the larger towns are Melur, vadipatti, Peraiyur, Thirumangalam and Usilampatti. It is an important hub for various film shootings."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "SK8-TV", "paragraph_text": "SK8-TV is a program shown on Nickelodeon that began in 1990 and was originally hosted by Matthew Lillard (who went by the name Matthew Lynn at the time) and Skatemaster Tate. It was a skateboard variety show that featured on-set interviews as well as off site action segments. Various techniques were introduced to television in SK8-TV including hand-held cameras and the use of multi-format film and video. The set for the show was built on location at the Pink Motel in Sun Valley, California, which was famous for its large fish shaped pool that was ideal for skateboarding. It hosted a wide variety of skateboarders such as Christian Hosoi, Natas Kaupas, a young Tony Hawk and many others that went on to become famous and well known. It was created and produced by original Z-Boys Nathan Pratt and Mark Ashton Hunt from Binder Entertainment, directed by Stacy Peralta, who later went on to direct the retrospective documentary \"Dogtown and Z-Boys\" with production design by C. R. Stecyk III. It later resurfaced on the now-defunct Nick GAS channel in 1999 and aired until 2005."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Star Theatre (film)", "paragraph_text": "Star Theatre (also known as Demolishing and Building Up the Star Theatre) is a 1901 short documentary film in which time-lapse photography is used to show the dismantling and demolition of New York City's Star Theatre over a period of about a month."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ein Kessel Buntes", "paragraph_text": "Ein Kessel Buntes (\"A Kettle of Colour\") was a television variety show in the former East Germany. It broadcast from 1972 to 1992. A total of 113 shows were made, six per year. As the name implies, it was broadcast in colour, first from the Friedrichstadtpalast theatre, and later from the Palast der Republik, as well as from other prominent music halls in other East German cities. Its title sequence showed a series of famous clocks in East Berlin, such as that on the Rotes Rathaus and the \"Weltzeituhr\" at Alexanderplatz displaying the time of broadcast, 8 p.m. (scheduled to clash with the main evening news on ARD)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hanna Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Hanna Theatre is a theater at Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is one of the original five venues built in the district, opening on March 28, 1921. The Hanna Theatre reopened in 2008 as the new home of Great Lakes Theater Festival after a major renovation by the classic theater company."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Big Valley", "paragraph_text": "While The Big Valley is set primarily in and near the city of Stockton, the filming of the series took place in Southern California."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "6th Canadian Folk Music Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 6th Canadian Folk Music Awards were held on November 20, 2010, at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma Sooners football", "paragraph_text": "Conference Years Championships won (by number) Independent 1895 -- 1913 None Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference 1914 -- 1919 None Southwest Conference 1915 -- 1919 Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association 1920 -- 1927 Big Six Conference * 1928 -- 1995 5 Big Seven Conference * 10 Big Eight Conference * 18 Big 12 Conference 1996 -- present 11 * Prior to 1964 when the Big Eight legally assumed the name Big Eight Conference the conference was informally known as the Big Six and Big Seven."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Valley of the Giants (1919 film)", "paragraph_text": "Valley of the Giants is a 1919 American silent romantic drama film directed by James Cruze and starring Wallace Reid and Grace Darmond. Based on Peter B. Kyne's popular 1918 novel of the same name, the film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed through Paramount Pictures."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollywood Pantages Theatre, formerly known as RKO Pantages Theatre, is located at Hollywood and Vine (6233 Hollywood Boulevard), in Hollywood. Designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca, it was the last theater built by the vaudeville impresario Alexander Pantages. The palatial Art Deco theater opened on June 4, 1930, as part of the Pantages Theatre Circuit."}], "question": "when was the pantages theatre in the notably named district in the region where Big Valley was filmed built?"}
{"id": "3hop1__151425_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alien (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "Several novelizations of each of the six films and some comic books as well as original canonical novels based on the franchise have been released. The original novels include Alien: Out of the Shadows, Alien: Sea of Sorrows, Alien: River of Pain, marketed as the Canonical Alien Trilogy and the short story collection Aliens: Bug Hunt. Out of the Shadows and River of Pain were adapted into audio dramas in 2016 & 2017 respectively released on the Alien Day of the respective year. Alan Dean Foster published Alien: Covenant -- Origins, a novel set between the events of Prometheus and Alien: Covenant"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Juan Vel\u00e1zquez Tlacotzin", "paragraph_text": "Tlacotzin was captured and later tortured by Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s, along with Cuauht\u00e9moc, to reveal the location of Royal Treasures and gold of the Imperial Family."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Spry Fox", "paragraph_text": "Spry Fox is a video game producing company headquartered in Seattle, United States, that was founded in 2010 by David Edery and Daniel Cook. The company produced the games Triple Town, a freemium strategy puzzle game with city-building game elements for social networks and mobile devices; Steambirds, a strategy flying game for mobile devices; Road Not Taken, a roguelike puzzle game; and co-created Realm of the Mad God with Wild Shadow Studios. When Wild Shadow Studios was acquired by Kabam in June 2012, Spry Fox sold its stake in the game to Kabam as part of the deal."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "El Pollo Loco", "paragraph_text": "El Pollo Loco, Inc. is a restaurant chain based in the United States, specializing in Mexican - style grilled chicken. Restaurant service consists of: dine - in, take - out, with some locations offering drive through options. The company is headquartered in Costa Mesa, California and operates over 400 (as of March 2014) company - owned and franchised restaurants in the Southwestern United States. ``El Pollo Loco ''is Spanish for`` The Crazy Chicken''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Strangers (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Strangers is a 2008 American slasher film written and directed by Bryan Bertino. Kristen (Liv Tyler) and James (Scott Speedman) are expecting a relaxing weekend at a family vacation home, but their stay turns out to be anything but peaceful as three masked torturers leave Kristen and James struggling for survival. Writer - director Bertino was inspired by real - life events: the Manson family Tate murders, a multiple homicide; the Keddie Cabin Murders, that occurred in California in 1981; and a series of break - ins that occurred in his own neighborhood as a child. Made on a budget of $9 million, the film was shot on location in rural South Carolina in the fall of 2006."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Shadow of the Torturer", "paragraph_text": "The Shadow of the Torturer is a science fantasy novel by American writer Gene Wolfe, published by Simon & Schuster in May 1980. It is the first of four volumes in \"The Book of the New Sun\" which Wolfe had completed in draft before \"The Shadow of the Torturer\" was published. It relates the story of Severian, an apprentice Seeker for Truth and Penitence (the guild of torturers), from his youth through his expulsion from the guild and subsequent journey out of his home city of Nessus."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Conviasa", "paragraph_text": "Conviasa is under the authority of the Ministry of Aquatic and Air Transport. The airline is owned by the Venezuelan government (80%) and the regional government of Nueva Esparta (20%). Conviasa has its headquarters on the grounds of Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar International Airport in Maiquet\u00eda, Venezuela, near Caracas. Originally Conviasa had its headquarters on Margarita Island. At one time Conviasa had its headquarters in the East Tower of Parque Central in Caracas."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet", "paragraph_text": "Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet is a shooter puzzle video game developed by Shadow Planet Productions (Fuelcell Games/Gagne International) and published by Microsoft Studios for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. A self-published DRM-free version with soundtrack included was featured in the Humble Indie Bundle 13."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Shadow on the Glass", "paragraph_text": "The series follows the characters Llian, a brilliant chronicler from the College of Histories in Chanthed, and Karan, a young woman who owns the humble lands of Gothryme. \"A Shadow on the Glass\" was published in 1998 by Penguin Books."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union", "paragraph_text": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union is a daily, French-language newspaper published in R\u00e9union, a French overseas department. The newspaper, which was founded in 1951 is headquartered in Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, is owned by Groupe Hersant M\u00e9dia. There are four competing newspapers in R\u00e9union."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Shadowers", "paragraph_text": "The Shadowers is a novel by Donald Hamilton first published in 1964, continuing the exploits of assassin Matt Helm. It was the seventh novel of the series."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Weird Shadows Over Innsmouth", "paragraph_text": "Weird Shadows Over Innsmouth is an anthology of Cthulhu Mythos stories edited by Stephen Jones. It was published by Fedogan & Bremer in 2005 in an edition of 2,100 copies of which 100 were signed. The anthology contains a discarded draft of the H. P. Lovecraft novella \"The Shadow Over Innsmouth\" and several stories by other authors written as sequels to the Lovecraft story. Eight of the stories are original to this collection. Others first appeared in the magazines \"The Acolyte\" and \"The Spook\" or in anthologies."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The News Journal (Nigeria)", "paragraph_text": "The News Journal is a community development newspaper serving the area that used to be known as Western State, Nigeria now comprising the main Yoruba states of Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo and Ekiti. It is headquartered in the South East division of Ibadan and is owned by Layipo Concepts. Its stated aim is \"to publish news of developmental value to the Nigerian audience and other audiences who shall need high quality and unbiased information / news reports on and about Nigeria.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Holland Group", "paragraph_text": "The John Holland Group is a construction, tunnelling, rail, building and services provider with operations in Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia and the Middle East. Headquartered in Melbourne, it is a 100% owned subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company, a Chinese state owned enterprise."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Revenge of the Shadow King", "paragraph_text": "The Revenge of the Shadow King is the first volume of three books in the Grey Griffins series written in collaborative writing by American authors Derek Benz and J.S. Lewis, and published by Orchard Books, an imprint of Scholastic Inc. The book follows the story of four friends who form The Order of the Grey Griffin."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Inju: The Beast in the Shadow", "paragraph_text": "Inju: The Beast in the Shadow (French: Inju, la b\u00eate dans l'ombre) is a 2008 film by Barbet Schroeder. The film stars Beno\u00eet Magimel and Lika Minamoto and was filmed on location in Tokyo."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}], "question": "What is the headquarters location of the company that owns the publisher of The Shadow of the Torturer?"}
{"id": "3hop1__62714_40292_70544", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lady Godiva Rides Again", "paragraph_text": "The film is most notable for the presence of actresses who were later to become famous. Diana Dors, who appears as a beauty queen, was later marketed as the film's star. It also features Joan Collins in her film debut as an uncredited beauty contestant. Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be executed in England, also appears as an uncredited beauty queen. Ruth, who was four months pregnant at the time, had dyed her hair black and had styled it into a bob."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Big Broadcast of 1936", "paragraph_text": "The Big Broadcast of 1936 is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Norman Taurog, and is the second in the series of Big Broadcast movies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Big Valley", "paragraph_text": "While The Big Valley is set primarily in and near the city of Stockton, the filming of the series took place in Southern California."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hollywood", "paragraph_text": "The first studio in Hollywood, the Nestor Company, was established by the New Jersey -- based Centaur Company in a roadhouse at 6121 Sunset Boulevard (the corner of Gower), in October 1911. Four major film companies -- Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia -- had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth - largest industry in the nation. By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully vertically integrated, as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Suzanne's Career", "paragraph_text": "Suzanne's Career is a 1963 film by \u00c9ric Rohmer. The original French title is \"La Carri\u00e8re de Suzanne\". It is the second movie in the series of the \"Six Moral Tales\". A flirty Guillaume seduces a woman named Suzanne, which becomes problematic to his friendship with the shy Bertrand, especially when Guillaume's and Suzanne's relationship becomes strained."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Trevi Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Trevi Fountain () is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing high and wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and the most famous fountain in the world. The fountain has appeared in several notable films, including \"Roman Holiday\", Federico Fellini's \"La Dolce Vita\", the eponymous \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"The Lizzie McGuire Movie\", and \"Sabrina Goes to Rome\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Big Broadcast", "paragraph_text": "The Big Broadcast is a 1932 American Pre-Code musical comedy film directed by Frank Tuttle and starring Bing Crosby, Stuart Erwin, and Leila Hyams. Based on the play \"Wild Waves\" by William Ford Manley, the film is about a radio-singer who becomes a popular hit with audiences, but takes a casual approach to his career. A casual affair leads to his dismissal, but his career is saved by the station manager who buys the station and gives him his job back. The film co-stars George Burns and Gracie Allen in supporting roles. \"The Big Broadcast\" was produced by Paramount Pictures and was the first in a series of four \"Big Broadcast\" movies."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Puente Hills Mall", "paragraph_text": "Puente Hills Mall, located in the City of Industry, California, United States, is a major regional shopping center in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County. It is most famous for serving as the filming site for the Twin Pines / Lone Pine Mall for the 1985 movie Back to the Future starring Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Little Big Soldier", "paragraph_text": "\"Little Big Soldier\" was a joint production of China's Polybona Films and Hong Kong's JCE Movies Limited, a company set up by Jackie Chan in 2003. The film is notable for having been in production for over 20 years. Chan had wanted to perform in and write a comedic film that took place in a historical background since the 1980s, when Hong Kong action cinema was rising in prominence."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Valley of the Giants (1919 film)", "paragraph_text": "Valley of the Giants is a 1919 American silent romantic drama film directed by James Cruze and starring Wallace Reid and Grace Darmond. Based on Peter B. Kyne's popular 1918 novel of the same name, the film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed through Paramount Pictures."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "SK8-TV", "paragraph_text": "SK8-TV is a program shown on Nickelodeon that began in 1990 and was originally hosted by Matthew Lillard (who went by the name Matthew Lynn at the time) and Skatemaster Tate. It was a skateboard variety show that featured on-set interviews as well as off site action segments. Various techniques were introduced to television in SK8-TV including hand-held cameras and the use of multi-format film and video. The set for the show was built on location at the Pink Motel in Sun Valley, California, which was famous for its large fish shaped pool that was ideal for skateboarding. It hosted a wide variety of skateboarders such as Christian Hosoi, Natas Kaupas, a young Tony Hawk and many others that went on to become famous and well known. It was created and produced by original Z-Boys Nathan Pratt and Mark Ashton Hunt from Binder Entertainment, directed by Stacy Peralta, who later went on to direct the retrospective documentary \"Dogtown and Z-Boys\" with production design by C. R. Stecyk III. It later resurfaced on the now-defunct Nick GAS channel in 1999 and aired until 2005."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Madurai district", "paragraph_text": "The Madurai district is the ninth largest in population of the 32 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu in southeastern India. The city of Madurai serves as the district headquarters. It houses the world-famous Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwarar temple and is situated on the banks of the river Vaigai and the oldest Islamic mosque in Madurai The Kazimar Big Mosque situated in the banks of Kiruthumal river. Thiruparankundram is one of the major tourist place in the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,038,252 with a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males. Aside from the city of Madurai, the larger towns are Melur, vadipatti, Peraiyur, Thirumangalam and Usilampatti. It is an important hub for various film shootings."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tarang (film)", "paragraph_text": "Tarang (Hindi: \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \"waves\") English title Wages and Profits, is a 1984 Indian Hindi-language drama film written and directed by Kumar Shahani. The film is Shahani's second feature film after his most famous work, \"Maya Darpan\", and took him more than 12 years to raise funding for. The movie is considered, along with Shahani's other features, to be a seminal work of India's Parallel Cinema movement. The movie stars several big actors who were prominent in the Indian art cinema scene of the early 80's, including Amol Palekar, Smita Patil, Girish Karnad, Om Puri, and Shreeram Lagoo."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Arthur Weiss", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Weiss (13 June 1912 \u2013 26 August 1980) was an American script writer for two decades on action/adventure TV shows like \"\", \"Mannix\", \"The Fugitive\", \"Super Friends\", \"The Time Tunnel\" and \"Sea Hunt\". His most famous creation was the script for the movie \"Flipper\" in 1963, which became a TV series and was remade as a movie in 1996. He also worked alongside Irwin Allen as a writer and producer for \"disaster\" TV films including \"Flood!\" and \"Fire!\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "The dominant economic sectors in the Middle Rhine area are viniculture and tourism. The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei. With its outstanding architectural monuments, the slopes full of vines, settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes, the Middle Rhine Valley can be considered the epitome of the Rhine romanticism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Char Dil Char Rahen", "paragraph_text": "Char Dil Char Rahen (English title: Four Hearts, Four Roads) is a 1959 Hindi film directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, and starring two big stars of the era, real-life brothers Shammi Kapoor and Raj Kapoor. The movie is based on a novel of the same name."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Heather Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Heather Morgan is an American actress and comedian. She was a cast member and writer on \"The Dana Carvey Show\", writing and performing such notable skits as Jenny and First Ladies as Dogs, the latter being called \"one of the two or three funniest things on the show\" by writer and producer Robert Smigel. Morgan wrote, produced and starred in the movie \"Bark!\" which was nominated for a Grand Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival. She is an alum of The Groundlings."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ranmuthu Duwa", "paragraph_text": "Ranmuthu Duwa () was the first colour full-length Sinhalese language film to be produced in Sri Lanka in 1962. It was produced by Shesha Palihakkara, Arthur C. Clarke and directed by Mike Wilson, who also made his debut as a feature director. The film stars some of those who would go on to become big names in the Sinhala Cinema, such as Gamini Fonseka, Joe Abeywickrema and \"Jeevarani Kurukulasooriya\" in the leading roles. Playback singing was by Nanda Malini, Narada Disasekara and W.D. Amaradeva. The lyrics were written by Chandrarathne Manawasinghe. It was an instant hit among the audiences and some of its songs are still famous today."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "His film appearances after becoming Governor of California included a three-second cameo appearance in The Rundown, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days. In 2005, he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I. He voiced Baron von Steuben in the Liberty's Kids episode \"Valley Forge\". He had been rumored to be appearing in Terminator Salvation as the original T-800; he denied his involvement, but he ultimately did appear briefly via his image being inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first Terminator movie. Schwarzenegger appeared in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables, where he made a cameo appearance."}], "question": "When did the notably named district in the area where Big Valley was filmed become the movie capital of the world?"}
{"id": "3hop1__803954_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anton Yelchin", "paragraph_text": "Anton Viktorovich Yelchin (11 March 1989 -- 19 June 2016) was an American actor. He played Pavel Chekov in three Star Trek films: Star Trek (2009), Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), and the posthumously released Star Trek Beyond (2016)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Deep Roy", "paragraph_text": "Deep Roy (born Mohinder Purba; 1 December 1957), sometimes credited as Roy Deep, is a Anglo - Indian actor, stuntman, puppeteer and comedian. Due to his diminutive size (stated by IMDB to be 4'4 ''or 132 cm), he has appeared in a number of similar - sized roles, such as the Oompa - Loompas in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Keenser in Star Trek and subsequent films (``Kelvin Timeline''), and in television series such as The X-Files, Doctor Who and Eastbound & Down."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wallace Shawn", "paragraph_text": "Wallace Michael Shawn (born November 12, 1943) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, playwright and essayist. His film roles have included those of Wally Shawn in the Louis Malle directed comedy - drama My Dinner with Andre (1981), Vizzini in The Princess Bride (1987), Mr. James Hall in Clueless (1995) and providing the voice of Rex in the Toy Story franchise. He has also appeared in a variety of television series, including recurring roles as Grand Nagus Zek in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993 -- 1999) and Cyrus Rose in Gossip Girl (2008 -- 2012)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of Star Trek films and television series", "paragraph_text": "Paramount originally began work on a Star Trek feature film in 1975 after lobbying by the creator of the franchise, Gene Roddenberry. The studio scrapped the project two years later in favor of creating a television series, Star Trek: Phase II, with the original cast. However, following the huge success of Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind in 1977, Paramount changed its mind again, halting production on the television series and adapting its pilot episode into a Star Trek feature film, Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979). Five more Star Trek feature films featuring the entire original cast followed. The cast of the 1987 -- 1994 Star Trek spin - off series Star Trek: The Next Generation starred in a further four films. Upon the release of Star Trek: Nemesis on December 13, 2002, the film had grossed $67 million, a meager amount compared to the box office of previous installments. Due to the film's poor reception and box office disappointment, the series was put on a hiatus until the franchise was rebooted with a new film, directed by J.J. Abrams and released on May 8, 2009, simply titled Star Trek, serving as a reboot to the franchise with a new cast portraying younger versions of the original series' characters. A sequel to Star Trek (2009), Star Trek Into Darkness, was released in theaters on May 16, 2013. A third film, Star Trek Beyond, was released on July 22, 2016, on the franchise's 50th anniversary."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "What You Leave Behind", "paragraph_text": "``What You Leave Behind ''is the series finale of the television show Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 175th and 176th overall episodes, and the 25th and 26th episodes of the seventh season. The episode was written by showrunner Ira Steven Behr and Hans Beimler and directed by Allan Kroeker. It originally aired on June 2, 1999."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Quark (Star Trek)", "paragraph_text": "Quark is a fictional character in the American television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. The character, which was played by Armin Shimerman, was depicted as a member of an extraterrestrial race known as the Ferengi, who are stereotypically capitalist and motivated only by profit."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "William Sadler (actor)", "paragraph_text": "William Thomas Sadler (born April 13, 1950) is an American film and television actor. His television and motion picture roles have included Chesty Puller in The Pacific, Luther Sloan in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Sheriff Jim Valenti in Roswell, convict Heywood in The Shawshank Redemption, Senator Vernon Trent in Hard to Kill, and the Grim Reaper in Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey, a role for which he won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor, and his role as Colonel Stuart opposite Bruce Willis in Die Hard 2. He played the character of President of the United States, Matthew Ellis, in Iron Man 3, in Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and in WHIH Newsfront. He also recurs as Steve McGarrett's murdered father, John McGarrett, in the 2010 remake of the 1968 television series, Hawaii Five - O. In 2015, Sadler had an appearance in the TV series Z Nation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Star Trek: Assignment: Earth", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Assignment: Earth is a five issue limited series written and drawn by John Byrne, based on the events in the Star Trek second season finale, titled \"\". The series was published by IDW Publishing."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: The Next Generation Genre Science fiction Drama Mystery Action adventure Created by Gene Roddenberry Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Patrick Stewart Jonathan Frakes Brent Spiner LeVar Burton Denise Crosby Michael Dorn Gates McFadden Marina Sirtis Wil Wheaton Theme music composer Alexander Courage Jerry Goldsmith Composer (s) Dennis McCarthy Jay Chattaway Ron Jones Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 178 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Gene Roddenberry (1987 -- 91) Rick Berman (1989 -- 94) Showrunners Maurice Hurley (1988 -- 89) Michael Piller (1989 -- 94) Jeri Taylor (1993 -- 94) Cinematography Edward R. Brown (1987 -- 89) Marvin V. Rush (1989 -- 92) Jonathan West (1992 -- 94) Running time 44 minutes Production company (s) Paramount Domestic Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget $1.3 million per episode Release Original network First - run syndication Picture format NTSC 480i 4: 3 1080p 4: 3 (Blu - ray) Audio format Dolby SR Dolby Digital 5.1 (DVD) DTS - HD Master Audio 7.1 Blu - ray Original release September 28, 1987 (1987 - 09 - 28) -- May 23, 1994 (1994 - 05 - 23) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek: The Animated Series Followed by Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek: The Next Generation at StarTrek.com"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Dominion Wars", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Dominion Wars is a 2001 space combat/real-time tactics video game for Microsoft Windows developed by Gizmo Games and published by Simon & Schuster. The game is based on the \"Star Trek\" TV show \"\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Faith of the Heart", "paragraph_text": "``Where My Heart Will Take Me ''is a reworked version of`` Faith of the Heart'' which was performed by English tenor Russell Watson as the theme song to the 2001 television series Star Trek: Enterprise. It was also used on four occasions as wake - up calls on Space Shuttle missions, and was performed by Watson at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. It was poorly received by some Star Trek fans who created petitions and protested against the use of the song as a theme."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "I'll Be Seeing You (song)", "paragraph_text": "It was also played in the 1989 Woody Allen film Crimes and Misdemeanors; in the end credits of the 1990 film Misery (Liberace's rendition); in the 1992 movie Shining Through; in two episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine; in the 1999 documentary Beyond the Mat (when the Rosemary Clooney version is heard), in the 2004 film The Aviator (sung by Martha Wainwright), and the Jimmy Durante version is heard in the 2004 film The Notebook as the song for Noah and Allie. It was featured and performed by Anne Shelton in ``Dance with the Dead '', a 2006 episode of Midsomer Murders, which was set near an old World War II airfield. It was also played in the closing credits for the final (until 2011) episode of Beavis and Butt - head; in the 2010 season 4 episodes of Eureka (`` Founder's Day'' ``A New World ''and`` I'll Be Seeing You''). On the final episode of The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson which was aired on May 22, 1992, Doc Severinsen and the NBC Orchestra closed the show with it, as it was one of Carson's favorite songs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "William Sadler (actor)", "paragraph_text": "William Thomas Sadler (born April 13, 1950) is an American film and television actor. His television and motion picture roles have included Lewis Burwell ``Chesty ''Puller in The Pacific, Luther Sloan in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Sheriff Jim Valenti in Roswell, convict Heywood in The Shawshank Redemption, Senator Vernon Trent in Hard To Kill, and the Grim Reaper in Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey, a role for which he won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor, and his role as Colonel Stuart opposite Bruce Willis in Die Hard 2. He played the character of President of the United States, Matthew Ellis, in Iron Man 3, in Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and in WHIH Newsfront, and recurs as Steve McGarrett's murdered father in the latter - day 2000's remake of Hawaii Five - O. In 2015, Sadler had an appearance in the TV series Z Nation."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John de Lancie", "paragraph_text": "John de Lancie (born March 20, 1948) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer, writer, singer, musician, and voice artist, best known for his role as Q in Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987 -- 94), Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993 -- 99), and Star Trek: Voyager (1995 -- 2001) and the voice of Discord in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (2010 -- present)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Star Trek composers and music", "paragraph_text": "Composer Movie score Series theme Incidental music Paul Baillargeon Deep Space Nine, Voyager, Enterprise David Bell Deep Space Nine, Voyager, Enterprise Velton Ray Bunch Enterprise Jay Chattaway The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager, Enterprise Alexander Courage Star Trek: The Original Series The Original Series George Duning The Original Series Cliff Eidelman Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country Gerald Fried The Original Series, including the famous ``Star Trek fight music ''introduced in the episode`` Amok Time'' Michael Giacchino Star Trek Star Trek Into Darkness Star Trek Beyond Jerry Goldsmith Star Trek: The Motion Picture Star Trek V: The Final Frontier Star Trek: First Contact (with son Joel) Star Trek: Insurrection Star Trek: Nemesis The Next Generation Voyager James Horner Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Ron Jones The Next Generation Sol Kaplan The Original Series, including the well - regarded score for the episode ``The Doomsday Machine ''. Dennis McCarthy Star Trek Generations Deep Space Nine The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager, Enterprise Leonard Rosenman Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home Fred Steiner The Original Series, The Next Generation (episode`` Code of Honor'') Diane Warren Enterprise"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Timeline of Star Trek", "paragraph_text": "2375 52000 -- 52999 Insurrection (1998) Deep Space Nine season 7 (1998 -- 1999) Voyager season 5 (1998 -- 1999)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wallace Shawn", "paragraph_text": "Wallace Michael Shawn (born November 12, 1943) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, playwright and essayist. His film roles have included those of Wally Shawn in the Louis Malle directed comedy - drama My Dinner with Andre (1981), Vizzini in The Princess Bride (1987), Mr. Wendell Hall in Clueless (1995) and providing the voice of Rex in the Toy Story franchise. He has also appeared in a variety of television series, including recurring roles as Grand Nagus Zek in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993 -- 1999) and Cyrus Rose in Gossip Girl (2008 -- 2012)."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the company that owns the publisher of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Dominion Wars?"}
{"id": "3hop1__338960_40292_56186", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "6th Canadian Folk Music Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 6th Canadian Folk Music Awards were held on November 20, 2010, at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city, with the first theatre, the Pavilion, opening in 1841. The city's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s, including the Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, Her Majesty's Theatre, Forum Theatre, Comedy Theatre, and the Athenaeum Theatre. The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio. The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre (principal home of the MTC, which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces) are also located in Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, which dates from 1955, is located in the gardens of Kings Domain; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tourism in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world, is located in Nepal. Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors. The world heritage site Lumbini, birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is located in the south of the West region of Nepal (which despite the name is located in the centre of the country) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country. The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country. Tourism brings $471 ma year to Nepal."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollywood Pantages Theatre, formerly known as RKO Pantages Theatre, is located at Hollywood and Vine (6233 Hollywood Boulevard), in Hollywood. Designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca, it was the last theater built by the vaudeville impresario Alexander Pantages. The palatial Art Deco theater opened on June 4, 1930, as part of the Pantages Theatre Circuit."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Panchgani", "paragraph_text": "Panchgani also called Paachgani is a famous hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. It is renowned for the many premier residential educational institutions, which have produced notable lawyers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pierre Bruno Bourla", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Bruno Bourla (19 December 1783 \u2013 31 December 1866) was a Paris-born Belgian architect. He was the city architect in Antwerp from 1819 to 1861, and a professor of architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp. His most famous work is the Royal Theatre built between 1827 and 1834, known popularly after him as the Bourla theatre. He also designed new buildings for the Antwerp Academy, built the entrance gate to the city's botanical gardens, expanded the St. Elizabeth's hospital, restored the cathedral, and renovated the town hall."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gangammagudi", "paragraph_text": "Gangammagudi is a village located in SR Puram Mandalam of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The name of the village is derived from a famous local temple located in the village dedicated to Goddess Gangamma. It is a 40 min. drive from Chittoor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hanna Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Hanna Theatre is a theater at Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is one of the original five venues built in the district, opening on March 28, 1921. The Hanna Theatre reopened in 2008 as the new home of Great Lakes Theater Festival after a major renovation by the classic theater company."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arcadia (Odessa)", "paragraph_text": "Arcadia is a historical part of Odessa, Ukraine, which is known as a famous resort. It is located in the coastal part of the city, close to the quarters of 5th and 7th stations of Velyky Fontan. The quarter was named after a mountainous district in Greece, which was known as the home of pastoral villagers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Greene, New York", "paragraph_text": "Greene is a town in Chenango County, New York, United States. The population was 5,604 at the 2010 census. The town is named after General Nathanael Greene. It is located in the southwest corner of the county and contains a village, also named Greene. The town and village are northeast of Binghamton."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Timpanogos Cave Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Timpanogos Cave Historic District consists of support and administration buildings built in the 1920s and 1930s in Timpanogos Cave National Monument, Utah, USA. These structures are notable examples of the National Park Service Rustic style, designed to fit with their environment. The earliest trails and structures were built by Errol M. Halliday while the location was still under the administration of the U.S. Forest Service. The Old Cave Trail was built in 1921-22. The stone storage building was built in the 1920s, together with a frame custodian's residence that no longer exists. A stone confort station (Building 126) was built in 1928."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people, and has quite a large stage with a proscenium opening of 19 by 55 feet (17 m). The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure. A smaller, black box theater, it allows a variety of seating and staging formats. It seats 125, and measures 30 by 50 feet (15 m). The Nelke Theatre, named for one of BYU's first drama teachers, is used largely for instruction in experimental theater. It seats 280."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris", "paragraph_text": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris (\"n\u00e9e\" Elizabetta Lucia Bartolozzi; 3 March 1797 \u2013 8 August 1856) was an English actress and a contralto opera singer, appearing in works by, among others, Mozart and Rossini. While popular in her time, she was more notable as a theatre producer and manager. After accumulating a fortune from her performances, she leased the Olympic Theatre in London and produced a series of burlesques and extravaganzas, especially popular works by James Planch\u00e9, for which the house became famous. She also produced his work at other theatres she managed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Green Shack", "paragraph_text": "The Green Shack was a restaurant located on Fremont Street in Las Vegas, Nevada that is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. It was opened by Mattie Jones and was famous for its fried chicken."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Litmus Green", "paragraph_text": "Litmus Green are a hardcore punk band from Southern California, USA, who played from 1991-2002 and 2009\u20132017. They play short, fast political themed songs. They were featured in the award winning documentary The Decline of Western Civilization III. They played their \"last\" show together on October 26, 2002 before reuniting in 2009."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Weiler, Cochem-Zell", "paragraph_text": "Weiler is an \"Ortsgemeinde\" \u2013 a municipality belonging to a \"Verbandsgemeinde\", a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Ulmen, whose seat is in the like-named town. Weiler is also a recognized tourism municipality (\"Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde\")."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thalia Theater (Hamburg)", "paragraph_text": "The Thalia Theater is one of the three state-owned theatres in Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1843 by Charles Maurice Schwartzenberger and named after the muse Thalia. Today, it is home to one of Germany's most famous ensembles and stages around 9 new plays per season. Current theatre manager is Joachim Lux, who in 2009/10 succeeded Ulrich Khuon."}], "question": "When was the pantages theatre in the notably named district famous for tourism in the location where Litmus Green is formed built?"}
{"id": "3hop1__60503_40292_56186", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nallila", "paragraph_text": "Nallila is a small town in Kollam district of Kerala, India. This place is known for famous churches like Bethel Pilgrim Churich, Nallila Valliyapally, Nallila pally and many other."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jaisinghpur", "paragraph_text": "Jaisinghpur is a small town and Sub-Division in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. There is only one tehsil under Sub-Division Jaisinghpur, which is situated at Jaisinghpur itself. Population of Jaisinghpur Town is 1,273 and overall population of Jaisinghpur Sub-Division is 58,623. It was named after the name of Katoch king of Princely ordered state Kangra-Lambagraon, Maharaja Jai Singh. It is situated on the bank of river Beas. It is known for its \"chaugan.\" There are several notable temples in the town such as Janaki Nath temple, Radhey Krishan temple near Bus Adda,Laxmi Narayan temple, Baba Mani Ram Temple, Neel Kanth Mahadev Temple, Dhudu Mahadev Mandir, Guga temple (Called Gangoti near Shitala Mata Mandir), Shitala Mata temple, a Dargah midtown, popularly known as Baba Shah Mast Ali Dargah and a Gurudwara on Jaisinghpur Lambagoan road. Shitala Mata temple is famous temple of the town on Tinbar-Palampur road. Another famous temple is Jankinath temple.One of the famous tourist place is Naguli Naag, there is swimming pool where you will enjoy in summer days.And also one more place is Basanti da patan near the beas river where you will enjoy the boating at very minimal cost."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollywood Pantages Theatre, formerly known as RKO Pantages Theatre, is located at Hollywood and Vine (6233 Hollywood Boulevard), in Hollywood. Designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca, it was the last theater built by the vaudeville impresario Alexander Pantages. The palatial Art Deco theater opened on June 4, 1930, as part of the Pantages Theatre Circuit."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hanna Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Hanna Theatre is a theater at Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is one of the original five venues built in the district, opening on March 28, 1921. The Hanna Theatre reopened in 2008 as the new home of Great Lakes Theater Festival after a major renovation by the classic theater company."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris", "paragraph_text": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris (\"n\u00e9e\" Elizabetta Lucia Bartolozzi; 3 March 1797 \u2013 8 August 1856) was an English actress and a contralto opera singer, appearing in works by, among others, Mozart and Rossini. While popular in her time, she was more notable as a theatre producer and manager. After accumulating a fortune from her performances, she leased the Olympic Theatre in London and produced a series of burlesques and extravaganzas, especially popular works by James Planch\u00e9, for which the house became famous. She also produced his work at other theatres she managed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse in Shoreditch (in Curtain Road, part of the modern London Borough of Hackney), just outside the City of London. It was the second permanent theatre ever built in England, after the Red Lion, and the first successful one. Built by actor - manager James Burbage, near the family home in Holywell Street, The Theatre is considered the first theatre built in London for the sole purpose of theatrical productions. The Theatre's history includes a number of important acting troupes including the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which employed Shakespeare as actor and playwright. After a dispute with the landlord, the theatre was dismantled and the timbers used in the construction of the Globe Theatre on Bankside."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "There Will Be Blood", "paragraph_text": "There Will Be Blood is a 2007 American drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. It stars Daniel Day - Lewis and Paul Dano. The film was inspired by Upton Sinclair's novel Oil! It tells the story of a silver miner - turned - oilman (Day - Lewis) on a ruthless quest for wealth during Southern California's oil boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kevin J. O'Connor, Ciar\u00e1n Hinds, and Dillon Freasier are also featured in the film."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, founded in 1680. Run by the French government, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre.  of Other famous theaters include the Od\u00e9on-Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Europe, next to the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Mogador, and the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ga\u00eet\u00e9-Montparnasse."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre. The Theater am Aegi is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The Neues Theater (New Theatre) is the Boulevard Theatre of Hanover. The Theater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen is another big theatre in Hanover, which also has an own Musical-Company. Some of the most important Musical-Productions are the rock musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the Garden-Theatre in the Great Garden."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Panchgani", "paragraph_text": "Panchgani also called Paachgani is a famous hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. It is renowned for the many premier residential educational institutions, which have produced notable lawyers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tampere Theatre Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Tampere Theatre Festival, or Tampereen Teatterikes\u00e4, takes place in Tampere, Finland, at the beginning of August and is the oldest annual theatre festival in the Nordic countries. The festival was started in 1969 with support from Tampereen Teatterikerho (Tampere Theatre Club). Today the festival features a couple of hundred theatre performances and hundreds of other events each year. The total number of visitors in 2005 was 92,000."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Weiler, Cochem-Zell", "paragraph_text": "Weiler is an \"Ortsgemeinde\" \u2013 a municipality belonging to a \"Verbandsgemeinde\", a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Ulmen, whose seat is in the like-named town. Weiler is also a recognized tourism municipality (\"Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde\")."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Orpheum Theatre (San Francisco)", "paragraph_text": "The SHN Orpheum Theatre, originally the Pantages Theatre, is located at 1192 Market at Hyde, Grove and 8th Streets in the Civic Center district of San Francisco, California. The theatre first opened in 1926 as one of the many designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca for theater - circuit owner Alexander Pantages. The interior features a vaulted ceiling, while the facade was patterned after a 12th - century French cathedral. The Orpheum seats 2,203 patrons. In 1998, after a previous renovation in the 1970s, a $20 million renovation was completed to make the Orpheum more suitable for Broadway shows. The theatre is a locally designated San Francisco landmark as determined by the San Francisco Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pozna\u0144\u2013\u0141awica Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pozna\u0144\u2013\u0141awica Henryk Wieniawski Airport (IATA: POZ, ICAO: EPPO), built in 1913, is one of the oldest airports in Poland. It is located 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Pozna\u0144 city centre. It takes its name from the neighborhood of \u0141awica, part of the city's Grunwald district while the airport actually lies in the Je\u017cyce district."}], "question": "When was the Pantages Theatre built in district of the area serving as the setting for There Will Be Blood?"}
{"id": "3hop1__747969_645305_70544", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India", "paragraph_text": "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India is a 2011 biography of Indian political and spiritual leader Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi written by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Joseph Lelyveld and published by Alfred A Knopf."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine and Syria, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences. Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in Allahabad as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his Allahabad Address on 29 December 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India. This address later inspired the Pakistan movement."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Puna Himene Te Rangimarie", "paragraph_text": "Puna Himene Te Rangimarie (fl. 1908\u20131911) was a New Zealand healer, nurse and spiritual leader. Of M\u0101ori descent, nothing is known of her early life. She was a spiritual healer who came into conflict with the authorities. Despite intensive lobbying of the native minister, James Carroll, she was prosecuted for her spiritual healing."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Saeb Mausoleum", "paragraph_text": "The Saeb mausoleum() is located in Isfahan, Iran. The mausoleum is the burial place of Saeb Tabrizi, the famous iranian poet of 17th century. His ancestry goes back to Shams Tabrizi, Rumi's spiritual instructor. Saeb's father was one of the famous merchants in Tabriz. When Isfahan became the capital city, he moved to Isfahan with his family. He tried for a long time to get the title of honor \"Malek osh-Shoara\" (Poet laureate) from the King Abbas I, but he was not successful and he immigrated to India. His mausoleum belongs to the Pahlavi era, but his gravestone has the date 1087(islamic calendar), which is equal to 1676(Gregorian calendar)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spiritual Heritage of India (book)", "paragraph_text": "The Spiritual Heritage of India is a book written by Swami Prabhavananda (1893\u20131976), founder and head of the Vedanta Society of Southern California from 1930 until his death. Originally published in 1962 by Doubleday, the book has been republished with the same title in several later editions, including hardcover, paperback, and sound recording. It has been reviewed in magazines and professional journals. A foreword by Huston Smith was first included in a 1979 edition."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cris de Vera", "paragraph_text": "De Vera made his first movie after World War II when war struck Manila in Death March, a film by Leopoldo Salcedo with Philippine Pictures, about a Prisoner of War when the Japanese invaded the Philippines and made a Death March from Bataan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Story of My Experiments with Truth", "paragraph_text": "The Story of My Experiments with Truth is the autobiography of Mohandas K. Gandhi, covering his life from early childhood through to 1921. It was written in weekly instalments and published in his journal Navjivan from 1925 to 1929. Its English translation also appeared in installments in his other journal Young India. It was initiated at the insistence of Swami Anand and other close co-workers of Gandhi, who encouraged him to explain the background of his public campaigns. In 1999, the book was designated as one of the ``100 Best Spiritual Books of the 20th Century ''by a committee of global spiritual and religious authorities."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "House of Dust", "paragraph_text": "House of Dust is a 2014 supernatural thriller film directed by A.D. Calvo. The movie had its world premiere on May\u00a020,\u00a02014 and focuses on a group of college students that become possessed by the ghosts of former mental patients. Filming took place in Willimantic, Connecticut and Mansfield, Connecticut at the Mansfield Training School and Hospital, University of Connecticut, and Eastern Connecticut State University during the summer of 2011."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Vedanta Society of Southern California", "paragraph_text": "The Vedanta Society of Southern California, with its headquarters in Hollywood, was founded in 1930 by Swami Prabhavananda. The society is a branch of the Ramakrishna Order, and maintains subcenters in South Pasadena, Santa Barbara, San Diego, and Trabuco Canyon. It also maintains an archive of important materials relating to the society's history and to the early years of the Vedanta movement in America."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Baijnath, Uttarakhand", "paragraph_text": "Baijnath is a small town on the banks of the Gomati river in the Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand, India. The place is most noted for its ancient temples, which have been recognized as Monuments of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India in Uttarakhand. Baijnath has been selected as one of the four places to be connected by the 'Shiva Heritage Circuit' in Kumaun, under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme of the Government of India."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The UNESCO World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. Portugal adopted the convention on 30 September 1980, making its historical sites eligible for inclusion on the list."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Day of the Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Day of the Dead (Spanish: D\u00eda de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican heritage elsewhere. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Republic Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Day of the Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Day of the Dead (Spanish: D\u00eda de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Day of the Dead", "paragraph_text": "Day of the Dead (Spanish: D\u00eda de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Delhi", "paragraph_text": "The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history, and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. Much of Delhi's ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history. Extensive coverage of Delhi's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century. Since then, Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms, making Delhi one of the longest serving Capitals and one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. It is considered to be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way. The core of Delhi's tangible heritage is Hindu, Islamic (spanning over seven centuries of Islamic rule over the city) with expansive British - era architecture in Lutyens' Delhi dating to the British rule in India."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Place Beno\u00eet-Cr\u00e9pu", "paragraph_text": "The Place Beno\u00eet-Cr\u00e9pu is a stone-paved square, located in Saint-Georges quarter, on the banks of the Sa\u00f4ne (Vieux Lyon), in the 5th arrondissement of Lyon. It has fountains with dolphin heads, many benches and trees and a playground. The place belongs to the area classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Care of Footpath", "paragraph_text": "C/o Footpath (or Care of Footpath) is the first film produced by the Kiran Movie Makers of Bangalore, India. It was directed by the world's youngest film director, Guinness Record Holder Kishan Shrikanth."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hollywood", "paragraph_text": "The first studio in Hollywood, the Nestor Company, was established by the New Jersey -- based Centaur Company in a roadhouse at 6121 Sunset Boulevard (the corner of Gower), in October 1911. Four major film companies -- Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia -- had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth - largest industry in the nation. By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully vertically integrated, as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year."}], "question": "When did the place of death of the author of Spiritual Heritage of India become the movie capital of the world?"}
{"id": "3hop1__66629_40292_56186", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse in Shoreditch (in Curtain Road, part of the modern London Borough of Hackney), just outside the City of London. It was the second permanent theatre ever built in England, after the Red Lion, and the first successful one. Built by actor - manager James Burbage, near the family home in Holywell Street, The Theatre is considered the first theatre built in London for the sole purpose of theatrical productions. The Theatre's history includes a number of important acting troupes including the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which employed Shakespeare as actor and playwright. After a dispute with the landlord, the theatre was dismantled and the timbers used in the construction of the Globe Theatre on Bankside."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hanna Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Hanna Theatre is a theater at Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is one of the original five venues built in the district, opening on March 28, 1921. The Hanna Theatre reopened in 2008 as the new home of Great Lakes Theater Festival after a major renovation by the classic theater company."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pierre Bruno Bourla", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Bruno Bourla (19 December 1783 \u2013 31 December 1866) was a Paris-born Belgian architect. He was the city architect in Antwerp from 1819 to 1861, and a professor of architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp. His most famous work is the Royal Theatre built between 1827 and 1834, known popularly after him as the Bourla theatre. He also designed new buildings for the Antwerp Academy, built the entrance gate to the city's botanical gardens, expanded the St. Elizabeth's hospital, restored the cathedral, and renovated the town hall."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pozna\u0144\u2013\u0141awica Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pozna\u0144\u2013\u0141awica Henryk Wieniawski Airport (IATA: POZ, ICAO: EPPO), built in 1913, is one of the oldest airports in Poland. It is located 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Pozna\u0144 city centre. It takes its name from the neighborhood of \u0141awica, part of the city's Grunwald district while the airport actually lies in the Je\u017cyce district."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "6th Canadian Folk Music Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 6th Canadian Folk Music Awards were held on November 20, 2010, at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Orpheum Theatre (San Francisco)", "paragraph_text": "The SHN Orpheum Theatre, originally the Pantages Theatre, is located at 1192 Market at Hyde, Grove and 8th Streets in the Civic Center district of San Francisco, California. The theatre first opened in 1926 as one of the many designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca for theater - circuit owner Alexander Pantages. The interior features a vaulted ceiling, while the facade was patterned after a 12th - century French cathedral. The Orpheum seats 2,203 patrons. In 1998, after a previous renovation in the 1970s, a $20 million renovation was completed to make the Orpheum more suitable for Broadway shows. The theatre is a locally designated San Francisco landmark as determined by the San Francisco Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nallila", "paragraph_text": "Nallila is a small town in Kollam district of Kerala, India. This place is known for famous churches like Bethel Pilgrim Churich, Nallila Valliyapally, Nallila pally and many other."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thalia Theater (Hamburg)", "paragraph_text": "The Thalia Theater is one of the three state-owned theatres in Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1843 by Charles Maurice Schwartzenberger and named after the muse Thalia. Today, it is home to one of Germany's most famous ensembles and stages around 9 new plays per season. Current theatre manager is Joachim Lux, who in 2009/10 succeeded Ulrich Khuon."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tenedos", "paragraph_text": "Tenedos ( \"Tenedhos\", ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of \u00c7anakkale province. With an area of it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) and Marmara. , the district had a population of 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, founded in 1680. Run by the French government, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre.  of Other famous theaters include the Od\u00e9on-Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Europe, next to the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Mogador, and the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ga\u00eet\u00e9-Montparnasse."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tampere Theatre Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Tampere Theatre Festival, or Tampereen Teatterikes\u00e4, takes place in Tampere, Finland, at the beginning of August and is the oldest annual theatre festival in the Nordic countries. The festival was started in 1969 with support from Tampereen Teatterikerho (Tampere Theatre Club). Today the festival features a couple of hundred theatre performances and hundreds of other events each year. The total number of visitors in 2005 was 92,000."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollywood Pantages Theatre, formerly known as RKO Pantages Theatre, is located at Hollywood and Vine (6233 Hollywood Boulevard), in Hollywood. Designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca, it was the last theater built by the vaudeville impresario Alexander Pantages. The palatial Art Deco theater opened on June 4, 1930, as part of the Pantages Theatre Circuit."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris", "paragraph_text": "Lucia Elizabeth Vestris (\"n\u00e9e\" Elizabetta Lucia Bartolozzi; 3 March 1797 \u2013 8 August 1856) was an English actress and a contralto opera singer, appearing in works by, among others, Mozart and Rossini. While popular in her time, she was more notable as a theatre producer and manager. After accumulating a fortune from her performances, she leased the Olympic Theatre in London and produced a series of burlesques and extravaganzas, especially popular works by James Planch\u00e9, for which the house became famous. She also produced his work at other theatres she managed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "There Will Be Blood", "paragraph_text": "There Will Be Blood is a 2007 American drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. It stars Daniel Day - Lewis and Paul Dano. The film was inspired by Upton Sinclair's novel Oil!. It tells the story of a silver miner - turned - oilman (Day - Lewis) on a ruthless quest for wealth during Southern California's oil boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kevin J. O'Connor, Ciar\u00e1n Hinds, and Dillon Freasier are also featured in the film."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Panchgani", "paragraph_text": "Panchgani also called Paachgani is a famous hill station and municipal council in Satara district in Maharashtra, India. It is renowned for the many premier residential educational institutions, which have produced notable lawyers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others."}], "question": "When was the pantages Theatre in the notably named district in the place where There Will Be Blood took place built?"}
{"id": "3hop1__747969_645305_56186", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Liverpool Olympia", "paragraph_text": "The Liverpool Olympia was built in 1905 For Moss Empires Ltd by architect Frank Matcham as a purpose built indoor circus and variety theatre. The theatre was a response to the enormous success of Thomas Barrasford's Royal Hippodrome Theatre (4,000 capacity, built 1902, demolished 1984) which stood a very short distance away; the Olympia never managed to meet the success of the Hippodrome, and never managed a profit."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "6th Canadian Folk Music Awards", "paragraph_text": "The 6th Canadian Folk Music Awards were held on November 20, 2010, at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Puna Himene Te Rangimarie", "paragraph_text": "Puna Himene Te Rangimarie (fl. 1908\u20131911) was a New Zealand healer, nurse and spiritual leader. Of M\u0101ori descent, nothing is known of her early life. She was a spiritual healer who came into conflict with the authorities. Despite intensive lobbying of the native minister, James Carroll, she was prosecuted for her spiritual healing."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Regent Theatre, Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "The Regent Theatre is a 2,143 seat theatre in Melbourne's East End Theatre District, Australia. It is listed by the National Trust of Australia and is on the Victorian Heritage Register."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vedanta Society of Southern California", "paragraph_text": "The Vedanta Society of Southern California, with its headquarters in Hollywood, was founded in 1930 by Swami Prabhavananda. The society is a branch of the Ramakrishna Order, and maintains subcenters in South Pasadena, Santa Barbara, San Diego, and Trabuco Canyon. It also maintains an archive of important materials relating to the society's history and to the early years of the Vedanta movement in America."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Baijnath, Uttarakhand", "paragraph_text": "Baijnath is a small town on the banks of the Gomati river in the Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand, India. The place is most noted for its ancient temples, which have been recognized as Monuments of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India in Uttarakhand. Baijnath has been selected as one of the four places to be connected by the 'Shiva Heritage Circuit' in Kumaun, under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme of the Government of India."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Spiritual Heritage of India (book)", "paragraph_text": "The Spiritual Heritage of India is a book written by Swami Prabhavananda (1893\u20131976), founder and head of the Vedanta Society of Southern California from 1930 until his death. Originally published in 1962 by Doubleday, the book has been republished with the same title in several later editions, including hardcover, paperback, and sound recording. It has been reviewed in magazines and professional journals. A foreword by Huston Smith was first included in a 1979 edition."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Soul Rush", "paragraph_text": "Soul Rush: The Odyssey of a Young Woman of the '70s is an autobiography written by Sophia Collier. The book describes the author's personal spiritual development, use of drugs and cultivating of Eastern spiritual practices. After going on a spiritual journey, Collier returned home to write the book in 1976, and sold it at the age of nineteen. The book was published by William Morrow & Co. in 1978."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Day of the Dead", "paragraph_text": "Day of the Dead (Spanish: D\u00eda de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India", "paragraph_text": "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India is a 2011 biography of Indian political and spiritual leader Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi written by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Joseph Lelyveld and published by Alfred A Knopf."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Theatre", "paragraph_text": "The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse in Shoreditch (in Curtain Road, part of the modern London Borough of Hackney), just outside the City of London. It was the second permanent theatre ever built in England, after the Red Lion, and the first successful one. Built by actor - manager James Burbage, near the family home in Holywell Street, The Theatre is considered the first theatre built in London for the sole purpose of theatrical productions. The Theatre's history includes a number of important acting troupes including the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which employed Shakespeare as actor and playwright. After a dispute with the landlord, the theatre was dismantled and the timbers used in the construction of the Globe Theatre on Bankside."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine and Syria, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences. Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in Allahabad as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his Allahabad Address on 29 December 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India. This address later inspired the Pakistan movement."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Orpheum Theatre (San Francisco)", "paragraph_text": "The SHN Orpheum Theatre, originally the Pantages Theatre, is located at 1192 Market at Hyde, Grove and 8th Streets in the Civic Center district of San Francisco, California. The theatre first opened in 1926 as one of the many designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca for theater - circuit owner Alexander Pantages. The interior features a vaulted ceiling, while the facade was patterned after a 12th - century French cathedral. The Orpheum seats 2,203 patrons. In 1998, after a previous renovation in the 1970s, a $20 million renovation was completed to make the Orpheum more suitable for Broadway shows. The theatre is a locally designated San Francisco landmark as determined by the San Francisco Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Story of My Experiments with Truth", "paragraph_text": "The Story of My Experiments with Truth is the autobiography of Mohandas K. Gandhi, covering his life from early childhood through to 1921. It was written in weekly instalments and published in his journal Navjivan from 1925 to 1929. Its English translation also appeared in installments in his other journal Young India. It was initiated at the insistence of Swami Anand and other close co-workers of Gandhi, who encouraged him to explain the background of his public campaigns. In 1999, the book was designated as one of the ``100 Best Spiritual Books of the 20th Century ''by a committee of global spiritual and religious authorities."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)", "paragraph_text": "The Hollywood Pantages Theatre, formerly known as RKO Pantages Theatre, is located at Hollywood and Vine (6233 Hollywood Boulevard), in Hollywood. Designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca, it was the last theater built by the vaudeville impresario Alexander Pantages. The palatial Art Deco theater opened on June 4, 1930, as part of the Pantages Theatre Circuit."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Plaza Theatre, Paddington", "paragraph_text": "Plaza Theatre is a heritage-listed cinema at 163\u2013169 Latrobe Terrace, Paddington, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey, Junior and built from 1929 to by John Hutchinson. It is now known as Empire Revival. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 March 2003."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Global Baba", "paragraph_text": "Global Baba () is a Bollywood film based on spiritual babas of India. India can arguably be named the land of the babas, with thousands of devotees blindly surrendering themselves to godmen. The idea behind \"Global Baba\" is to expose such babas is in the offing. Abhimanyu Singh plays a godman in the movie."}], "question": "When was the Pantages Theatre in the place of death of Spiritual Heritage of India's author built?"}
{"id": "3hop1__12589_836568_124496", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Charles Schomberg, Marquess of Harwich", "paragraph_text": "He was the only son of Meinhardt Schomberg and his second wife Raugravine Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine and Marie Luise von Degenfeld. His father entered the service of William III of England and was created Duke of Leinster and Earl of Bangor in 1691, before succeeding as 3rd Duke of Schomberg and Marquess of Harwich in 1693."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II. Matt Smith as Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister. Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother (season 1) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David Lia Williams as Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister (season 2) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret (season 2)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. Thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg's capital (see also: House of Hanover). Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain (and from 1801, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was William IV. Semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House of Hanover. Her descendants, however, bore her husband's titular name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were concurrently also Electoral Princes of Hanover."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Murong Jun", "paragraph_text": "Murong Jun was born in 319, while his father Murong Huang was still the heir apparent to his grandfather Murong Hui, the Jin-created Duke of Liaodong. In his youth, he was considered to be learned in both literary and military matters. Sometime after his father succeeded his grandfather in 333, he was made the heir apparent, a status that he retained after his father claimed the title Prince of Yan in 337 and after Jin retroactively acknowledged that title in 341."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William I of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "William I of Geneva ( \u2013 25 July 1195) was Count of Geneva from 1178 to 1195, in succession to his father, Count Amadeus I of Geneva. William's mother was Amadeus' wife, Matilda de Cuiseaux."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of H\u00f6chst", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of H\u00f6chst (20 June 1622) was fought between a combined Catholic League army led by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and Gonzalo Fern\u00e1ndez de C\u00f3rdoba and a Protestant army commanded by Christian the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, close to the town of H\u00f6chst, today a suburb of the city of Frankfurt am Main. The result was a one-sided Catholic League victory. . The action occurred during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gerhard VII, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg", "paragraph_text": "Gerhard VII, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (1404 \u2013 24 July 1433 in Emmerich am Rhein) was Count of Holstein-Rendsburg and by claim also Duke of Schleswig, as Gerhard III. He was the youngest son of Gerhard VI and his wife Elizabeth of Brunswick."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Childebrand I", "paragraph_text": "Childebrand I (678, Heristal - 751) was a Frankish duke (\"dux\"), son of Pepin of Heristal and Alpaida, brother of Charles Martel. He married Emma of Austrasia and was given Burgundy by his father. He distinguished himself in the expulsion of the Saracens from France."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Margaret of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Margaret of the Palatinate (German: \"Margarete von der Pfalz\"; 1376 \u2013 26 August 1434, Einville-au-Jard) was the daughter of Rupert of Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg. She married Charles II, Duke of Lorraine on 6 February 1393. Her maternal grandparents were Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg and Elisabeth of Meissen. One of her grandchildren was Margaret of Anjou, Queen Consort of King Henry VI of England."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin", "paragraph_text": "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin is a book published in 1887 edited by Francis Darwin about his father Charles Darwin. It contains a selection of 87 letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin, an autobiographical chapter written by Charles Darwin for his family, and an essay by Thomas Huxley \"On the reception of the 'Origin of Species'\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse Lusatia to close in on Bautzen. Meanwhile, Frederick and Field Marshal Keith would make for Dresden."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Duke Xian of Jin", "paragraph_text": "Duke Xian of Jin (, died 651 BC), ancestral name Ji (\u59ec), given name Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8), was the nineteenth ruler of the State of Jin. He was also the ninth ruler of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period and the second duke of Jin. When his father, Duke Wu of Jin, died in 677 BC, Guizhu ascended the throne of Jin and became Duke Xian of Jin. He reigned for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (\u66f2\u6c83) to Jiang (\u7d73). He was named after a Rongdi tribe (\u620e\u72c4\u65cf) leader Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8) whom his father, Duke Wu of Jin, captured alive."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r (or the Peace of Szatm\u00e1r) was a peace treaty concluded at Szatm\u00e1r (present-day Satu Mare, Romania) on 29 April 1711 between the House of Habsburg emperor Charles VI, the Hungarian estates and the Kuruc rebels. It formally ended R\u00e1k\u00f3czi's War of Independence, which had endured since 1703."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Peter Antonovich of Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "Peter Antonovich of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg (1745\u20131798), was the second son of Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick and Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia, and younger brother of Ivan VI."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alexei Antonovich of Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "Alexei Antonovich of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg (27 February 1746 \u2013 12 (23) October 1787), was the third son of Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick and Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia, and younger brother of Ivan VI."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Matilda of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Matilda of Habsburg or Melchilde (1253 in Rheinfelden \u2013 23 December 1304 in Munich, Bavaria) was the eldest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenburg. She was regent of Bavaria in the minority of her son."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Louise of Savoy", "paragraph_text": "Louise of Savoy was born at Pont-d'Ain, the eldest daughter of Philip II, Duke of Savoy and his first wife, Margaret of Bourbon. Her brother, Philibert II, Duke of Savoy, succeeded her father as ruler of the duchy and head of the House of Savoy. He was, in turn, succeeded by their half-brother Charles III, Duke of Savoy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Margaret of J\u00fclich", "paragraph_text": "Margaret of J\u00fclich ( \u2013 10 October 1425) was a daughter of Duke Gerhard VI of J\u00fclich and his wife, Margaret of Ravensberg (1315-1389)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gerhard VI of J\u00fclich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg", "paragraph_text": "Gerhard VI of J\u00fclich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg ( \u2013 18 May 1360) was the son of William V, Duke of J\u00fclich and Joanna of Hainaut."}], "question": "Who is the father of Matilda, of the family of Charles VI, who held the office that elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg?"}
{"id": "3hop1__796999_218681_35142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Robert Clive", "paragraph_text": "The land Clive arrived in was divided into a number of successor states to the Mughal Empire. Over the forty years, since the death of the Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the power of the emperor had gradually fallen into the hands of his provincial viceroys or Subahdars.  The dominant rulers on the Coromandel Coast were the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah I, and the Nawab of the Carnatic, Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan.  The nawab nominally owed fealty to the nizam, but in many respects acted independently.  Fort St. George and the French trading post at Pondicherry were both located in the nawab's territory.The relationship between the Europeans in the region was influenced by a series of wars and treaties in Europe, and by commercial rivalries for trade on the subcontinent.  Through the 17th and early 18th centuries, the French, Dutch, Portuguese, and British had vied for control of various trading posts, and for trading rights and favour with local Indian rulers.  The European merchant companies raised bodies of troops to protect their commercial interests and latterly to influence local politics to their advantage. Military power was rapidly becoming as important as commercial acumen in securing India's valuable trade, and increasingly it was used to appropriate territory and to collect land revenue."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rosalie Loveling", "paragraph_text": "Rosalie Loveling was born in Nevele, Belgium, and was the older sister of Virginie Loveling, also an author, with whom she co-wrote part of her oeuvre. After the death of their father Herman Loveling, the family moved to Ghent where the sisters moved in circles of French-speaking, mainly anti-clerical intelligentsia before eventually returning to Nevele."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Santiago Dam", "paragraph_text": "Santiago Dam (also known as Santiago Creek Dam) is an earth/rockfill dam across Santiago Creek in Orange County, in the U.S. state of California, forming Irvine Lake. The earth dam and its reservoir serve for flood control and recreational purposes. It lies upstream (southeast) from the city of Orange and north of Irvine. Irvine Lake is the largest body of fresh water entirely in Orange County."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mandelholz Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Mandelholz Dam () holds back the Kalte Bode Flood Control Basin (\"Hochwasserschutzbecken Kalte Bode\") which is a flood protection reservoir located between the villages of Elend and K\u00f6nigsh\u00fctte near Wernigerode in the Harz mountains of Germany. It impounds the waters of the Kalte Bode when water levels are high."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sol Plaatje Dam", "paragraph_text": "Sol Plaatje Dam (or Saulspoort Dam) is an earth-fill type dam located at the confluence of the As and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers near Bethlehem, Free State, South Africa. It was established in 1968 and serves mainly for municipal and domestic water supply. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high. The reservoir receives water from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project via the As River."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "HISWA", "paragraph_text": "The voluntary association HISWA is an industry trade group for the Netherlands water sports business. HISWA is famous for a twice-yearly organized consumer trade show for the water sports public."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Cell", "paragraph_text": "Serial killer Carl Rudolph Stargher (Vincent D'Onofrio) traps his victims in a cell in the form of a glass enclosure that slowly fills with water by means of an automatic timer, then uses a hoist in his basement to suspend himself above their bodies while watching the recorded video of their deaths. He succumbs to the same schizophrenic illness and falls into a coma just as the FBI identifies him, leaving them without any leads as to the location of his latest victim, Julia Hickson (Tara Subkoff). After learning of this experimental technology, Agent Peter Novak (Vince Vaughn) persuades Deane to enter Stargher's mind and discover Hickson's location."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wenceslas Bojer", "paragraph_text": "Wenceslas (V\u00e1clav, or Wenzel) Bojer (23 September 1795 in \u0158esanice, Bohemia, now Czech Republic \u2013 4 June 1856 in Port Louis, Mauritius) was a notable naturalist and botanist."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the ``East Indies ''(in present - day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}], "question": "Trading in the body of water adjacent to Wenceslas Bojer's place of death was mainly controlled by whom?"}
{"id": "3hop1__385743_218681_35142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mandelholz Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Mandelholz Dam () holds back the Kalte Bode Flood Control Basin (\"Hochwasserschutzbecken Kalte Bode\") which is a flood protection reservoir located between the villages of Elend and K\u00f6nigsh\u00fctte near Wernigerode in the Harz mountains of Germany. It impounds the waters of the Kalte Bode when water levels are high."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sol Plaatje Dam", "paragraph_text": "Sol Plaatje Dam (or Saulspoort Dam) is an earth-fill type dam located at the confluence of the As and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers near Bethlehem, Free State, South Africa. It was established in 1968 and serves mainly for municipal and domestic water supply. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high. The reservoir receives water from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project via the As River."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the ``East Indies ''(in present - day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dalton, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Dalton is an unincorporated census-designated place in the town of Kingston located in the southwestern corner of Green Lake County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on Wisconsin Highway 44. It uses ZIP code 53926. As of the 2010 census, its population was 206. The surrounding countryside is mainly occupied by dairy farmers and an Amish community. Dalton has an area of ; of this is land, and is water. Dalton was named for John Dalton, who emigrated from Ireland with his family in the early 1850s."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Birth control in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Birth control advocacy organizations around the world also began to collaborate. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international family planning organization. In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council. Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about pollution, food shortages, and quality of life, leading to well - funded birth control campaigns around the world. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "HISWA", "paragraph_text": "The voluntary association HISWA is an industry trade group for the Netherlands water sports business. HISWA is famous for a twice-yearly organized consumer trade show for the water sports public."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Adrien d'\u00c9pinay", "paragraph_text": "Despite his positive contributions to the country, he left Mauritius in 1839 under a cloud, the victim of colonial politics, and died prematurely in France on 9 December of the same year. His remains were returned to Mauritius and interred at the Pamplemousses Cemetery on 1 June 1840. His library of more than 3000 volumes was bequeathed to the Coll\u00e8ge Royal in Port Louis in 1839, and today forms part of the \"Biblioth\u00e8que Carnegie\", but is threatened by inadequate preservation and restoration."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cadillac Records", "paragraph_text": "The film stars Adrien Brody as Leonard Chess, Cedric the Entertainer as Willie Dixon, Mos Def as Chuck Berry, Columbus Short as Little Walter, Jeffrey Wright as Muddy Waters, Eamonn Walker as Howlin 'Wolf, and Beyonc\u00e9 as Etta James. The film was released in North America on December 5, 2008 by TriStar Pictures."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}], "question": "Trading in the body of water adjacent to Adrien d'Epinay's birthplace was mainly controlled by whom?"}
{"id": "3hop1__155358_83025_35142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nambucca River", "paragraph_text": "Nambucca River rises below Killiekrankie Mountain on the Dorrigo Plateau, part of the Great Dividing Range, and flows generally east southeast, joined by four tributaries including Taylors Arm, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, at Nambucca Heads. The river descends over its course; adjacent to the towns of Bowraville, Macksville and Nambucca Heads."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "River Swilly", "paragraph_text": "The River Swilly rises near \"Glendore\", a mountain in County Donegal, and flows for around through Letterkenny before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean at Lough Swilly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tijuana River", "paragraph_text": "The Arroyo de las Palmas, the main tributary of the Tijuana River, flows out of the mountains to the east into the reservoir behind the Abelardo L. Rodr\u00edguez Dam. Downstream from the Rodr\u00edguez Dam, water flows through Tijuana in a concrete channel to the international border; there it continues west through the Tijuana River Valley for a distance of about nine miles to the estuary and then to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Red Indian Lake", "paragraph_text": "Red Indian Lake is located in the western interior of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The lake drains into the Exploits River which flows through the interior of Newfoundland and exits into the Atlantic Ocean through the Bay of Exploits. Lloyds River, the Victoria River and Star River feed into the lake."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arabian Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Arabian Sea, also known as Sea of Oman, is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Peninsula, and on the east by India. Historically the sea has been known by other names including the Erythraean Sea and the Persian Sea. Its total area is 3,862,000 km (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 metres (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west, connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab - el - Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ishikari River", "paragraph_text": "It originates from Mount Ishikari in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group and flows through Asahikawa and Sapporo. Major tributaries of the river include the Ch\u016bbetsu, Ury\u016b, Sorachi and Toyohira rivers. Until 40,000 years ago, it flowed into the Pacific Ocean near Tomakomai. Lava from the volcanic Shikotsu mountains dammed the river and moved its mouth to the Ishikari Bay."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dragor (river)", "paragraph_text": "The river Dragor () is a small river situated in the south of the Republic of Macedonia. It flows mainly through the city of Bitola. Its spring is located near Sapun\u010dica, on the Baba Mountain. The Dragor is a right tributary of the Crna river."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Monocacy River", "paragraph_text": "The Monocacy River is a free-flowing left tributary to the Potomac River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Chesapeake Bay. The river is long, with a drainage area of about . It is the largest Maryland tributary to the Potomac."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lyari River", "paragraph_text": "Lyari River () is a small ephemeral stream that flows through the Pakistani megacity of Karachi from north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea at the Manora channel. It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other one being Malir River. The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long. As a seasonal river it carries the collected water after the rains in the catchment area."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Shark River Inlet", "paragraph_text": "The Shark River Inlet is an inlet that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Shark River, located entirely in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The Shark River Inlet acts as a border between the towns of Belmar and Avon-by-the-Sea at the Atlantic Ocean. The Shark River Inlet is the only river inlet exclusively in Monmouth County that drains directly into the Atlantic Ocean; the Shrewsbury and Navesink rivers drain into Sandy Hook Bay (part of the much larger Lower New York Bay), and the Manasquan River is shared with Ocean County."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pambula River", "paragraph_text": "Pambula River rises in timbered highlands near the locality of Lochiel and flows generally east, flowing through Pambula Lake, before reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean near the locality of Pambula Beach. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pager River", "paragraph_text": "The Pager River is a river of Uganda in eastern Africa. It flows through the northern part of the country and joins the Achwa River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Salmon River (Vancouver Island)", "paragraph_text": "The Salmon River is a river in the north of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. Its headwaters lie in Strathcona Park. It flows northwest, entering Johnstone Strait and the Pacific Ocean near the town of Kelsey Bay. The river supports steelhead and several species of Pacific salmon."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sella River (Bay of Biscay)", "paragraph_text": "The Sella is a river located in northwest Spain. It flows through the region of Asturias from the Picos de Europa to the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean at Ribadesella."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pigg River", "paragraph_text": "The Pigg River is a river in south-central Virginia in the United States. It is a tributary of the Roanoke River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean via Albemarle Sound."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Murrah River", "paragraph_text": "Formed by the confluence of the Mumbulla Creek and Dry River, approximately southeast by south of Quaama, the Murrah River flows generally east, before flowing into Murrah Lagoon and reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean north of Murrah Beach. The length of the course of the river varies between and ."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Little River (New Hampshire Atlantic coast)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River is a 4.6 mile long (7.4 km) river located in southeastern New Hampshire in the United States. It is located entirely in the town of North Hampton, and it flows directly into the Atlantic Ocean, south of Little Boars Head."}], "question": "Trading in the ocean that includes the sea that the Lyari River flows into, was mainly controlled by whom?"}
{"id": "3hop1__358320_218681_35142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the ``East Indies ''(in present - day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dalton, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Dalton is an unincorporated census-designated place in the town of Kingston located in the southwestern corner of Green Lake County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on Wisconsin Highway 44. It uses ZIP code 53926. As of the 2010 census, its population was 206. The surrounding countryside is mainly occupied by dairy farmers and an Amish community. Dalton has an area of ; of this is land, and is water. Dalton was named for John Dalton, who emigrated from Ireland with his family in the early 1850s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Muhammad Uteem", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Reza Cassam Uteem (born 1 December 1971) is a Mauritian politician who has served as Second Member for Constituency No.2 Port Louis South & Port Louis Central in the National Assembly since 6 May 2010. He was returned as First Member for the same constituency on 11 December 2014. He is the President of Mouvement Militant Mauricien. He was educated at the University of Buckingham (LLB) and King's College London where he graduated with an LLM in International Business Law and was a Chevening Scholar.He was called to the Bar in England and in MAuritius and is the founder and head of Uteem Chambers"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sol Plaatje Dam", "paragraph_text": "Sol Plaatje Dam (or Saulspoort Dam) is an earth-fill type dam located at the confluence of the As and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers near Bethlehem, Free State, South Africa. It was established in 1968 and serves mainly for municipal and domestic water supply. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high. The reservoir receives water from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project via the As River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mandelholz Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Mandelholz Dam () holds back the Kalte Bode Flood Control Basin (\"Hochwasserschutzbecken Kalte Bode\") which is a flood protection reservoir located between the villages of Elend and K\u00f6nigsh\u00fctte near Wernigerode in the Harz mountains of Germany. It impounds the waters of the Kalte Bode when water levels are high."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Robert Clive", "paragraph_text": "The land Clive arrived in was divided into a number of successor states to the Mughal Empire. Over the forty years, since the death of the Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the power of the emperor had gradually fallen into the hands of his provincial viceroys or Subahdars.  The dominant rulers on the Coromandel Coast were the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah I, and the Nawab of the Carnatic, Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan.  The nawab nominally owed fealty to the nizam, but in many respects acted independently.  Fort St. George and the French trading post at Pondicherry were both located in the nawab's territory.The relationship between the Europeans in the region was influenced by a series of wars and treaties in Europe, and by commercial rivalries for trade on the subcontinent.  Through the 17th and early 18th centuries, the French, Dutch, Portuguese, and British had vied for control of various trading posts, and for trading rights and favour with local Indian rulers.  The European merchant companies raised bodies of troops to protect their commercial interests and latterly to influence local politics to their advantage. Military power was rapidly becoming as important as commercial acumen in securing India's valuable trade, and increasingly it was used to appropriate territory and to collect land revenue."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "HISWA", "paragraph_text": "The voluntary association HISWA is an industry trade group for the Netherlands water sports business. HISWA is famous for a twice-yearly organized consumer trade show for the water sports public."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}], "question": "Trading in the body of water adjacent to Cassam Uteem's birthplace was mainly controlled by whom?"}
{"id": "3hop1__155358_83025_35143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pambula River", "paragraph_text": "Pambula River rises in timbered highlands near the locality of Lochiel and flows generally east, flowing through Pambula Lake, before reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean near the locality of Pambula Beach. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ishikari River", "paragraph_text": "It originates from Mount Ishikari in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group and flows through Asahikawa and Sapporo. Major tributaries of the river include the Ch\u016bbetsu, Ury\u016b, Sorachi and Toyohira rivers. Until 40,000 years ago, it flowed into the Pacific Ocean near Tomakomai. Lava from the volcanic Shikotsu mountains dammed the river and moved its mouth to the Ishikari Bay."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Murrah River", "paragraph_text": "Formed by the confluence of the Mumbulla Creek and Dry River, approximately southeast by south of Quaama, the Murrah River flows generally east, before flowing into Murrah Lagoon and reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean north of Murrah Beach. The length of the course of the river varies between and ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Red Indian Lake", "paragraph_text": "Red Indian Lake is located in the western interior of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The lake drains into the Exploits River which flows through the interior of Newfoundland and exits into the Atlantic Ocean through the Bay of Exploits. Lloyds River, the Victoria River and Star River feed into the lake."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shark River Inlet", "paragraph_text": "The Shark River Inlet is an inlet that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Shark River, located entirely in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The Shark River Inlet acts as a border between the towns of Belmar and Avon-by-the-Sea at the Atlantic Ocean. The Shark River Inlet is the only river inlet exclusively in Monmouth County that drains directly into the Atlantic Ocean; the Shrewsbury and Navesink rivers drain into Sandy Hook Bay (part of the much larger Lower New York Bay), and the Manasquan River is shared with Ocean County."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Salmon River (Vancouver Island)", "paragraph_text": "The Salmon River is a river in the north of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. Its headwaters lie in Strathcona Park. It flows northwest, entering Johnstone Strait and the Pacific Ocean near the town of Kelsey Bay. The river supports steelhead and several species of Pacific salmon."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Little River (New Hampshire Atlantic coast)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River is a 4.6 mile long (7.4 km) river located in southeastern New Hampshire in the United States. It is located entirely in the town of North Hampton, and it flows directly into the Atlantic Ocean, south of Little Boars Head."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Imo River", "paragraph_text": "The Imo River (Igbo: Mmiri Imo) is in southeastern Nigeria and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. In Akwa Ibom State, the river is sometimes called Imoh River, or locally as Inyang Imoh, which translates to River of Wealth (Ibibio: Inyang means River or Ocean, and Imoh means Wealth). Its estuary is around wide, and the river has an annual discharge of with 26,000 hectares of wetland. The Imo's tributary Rivers are the Otamiri and Oramirukwa. The Imo was cleared under the British colonial administration of Nigeria in 1907\u20131908 and 1911; first to Aba and then to Udo near Umuahia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pager River", "paragraph_text": "The Pager River is a river of Uganda in eastern Africa. It flows through the northern part of the country and joins the Achwa River."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pigg River", "paragraph_text": "The Pigg River is a river in south-central Virginia in the United States. It is a tributary of the Roanoke River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean via Albemarle Sound."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "River Swilly", "paragraph_text": "The River Swilly rises near \"Glendore\", a mountain in County Donegal, and flows for around through Letterkenny before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean at Lough Swilly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Toad River", "paragraph_text": "The Toad River flows generally north and northeast, passing through Muncho Lake Provincial Park, to join the Liard River. The Liard River is a tributary of the Mackenzie River, which empties into the Arctic Ocean. The community of Toad River, British Columbia is located in the lower reaches of the river where it is crossed by the Alaska Highway, near the Liard."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Arabian Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Arabian Sea, also known as Sea of Oman, is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Peninsula, and on the east by India. Historically the sea has been known by other names including the Erythraean Sea and the Persian Sea. Its total area is 3,862,000 km (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 metres (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west, connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab - el - Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Doghole River", "paragraph_text": "The Doghole River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The river is part of the James Bay drainage basin. It flows from Doghole Lake, where the outlet is part of the Mishkeegogamang First Nation Osnaburgh Indian Reserve No. 63B, to the northeast shore of Lake St. Joseph; oddly, the mouth is not on Doghole Bay, adjacent to the east. Lake St. Joseph is the source of the Albany River, which flows to James Bay."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tijuana River", "paragraph_text": "The Arroyo de las Palmas, the main tributary of the Tijuana River, flows out of the mountains to the east into the reservoir behind the Abelardo L. Rodr\u00edguez Dam. Downstream from the Rodr\u00edguez Dam, water flows through Tijuana in a concrete channel to the international border; there it continues west through the Tijuana River Valley for a distance of about nine miles to the estuary and then to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Monocacy River", "paragraph_text": "The Monocacy River is a free-flowing left tributary to the Potomac River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Chesapeake Bay. The river is long, with a drainage area of about . It is the largest Maryland tributary to the Potomac."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sella River (Bay of Biscay)", "paragraph_text": "The Sella is a river located in northwest Spain. It flows through the region of Asturias from the Picos de Europa to the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean at Ribadesella."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lyari River", "paragraph_text": "Lyari River () is a small ephemeral stream that flows through the Pakistani megacity of Karachi from north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea at the Manora channel. It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other one being Malir River. The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long. As a seasonal river it carries the collected water after the rains in the catchment area."}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the ocean of which the body of water the Lyari River flows into is part?"}
{"id": "3hop1__211826_218681_35142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mandelholz Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Mandelholz Dam () holds back the Kalte Bode Flood Control Basin (\"Hochwasserschutzbecken Kalte Bode\") which is a flood protection reservoir located between the villages of Elend and K\u00f6nigsh\u00fctte near Wernigerode in the Harz mountains of Germany. It impounds the waters of the Kalte Bode when water levels are high."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sol Plaatje Dam", "paragraph_text": "Sol Plaatje Dam (or Saulspoort Dam) is an earth-fill type dam located at the confluence of the As and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers near Bethlehem, Free State, South Africa. It was established in 1968 and serves mainly for municipal and domestic water supply. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high. The reservoir receives water from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project via the As River."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dalton, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Dalton is an unincorporated census-designated place in the town of Kingston located in the southwestern corner of Green Lake County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on Wisconsin Highway 44. It uses ZIP code 53926. As of the 2010 census, its population was 206. The surrounding countryside is mainly occupied by dairy farmers and an Amish community. Dalton has an area of ; of this is land, and is water. Dalton was named for John Dalton, who emigrated from Ireland with his family in the early 1850s."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rosalie Loveling", "paragraph_text": "Rosalie Loveling was born in Nevele, Belgium, and was the older sister of Virginie Loveling, also an author, with whom she co-wrote part of her oeuvre. After the death of their father Herman Loveling, the family moved to Ghent where the sisters moved in circles of French-speaking, mainly anti-clerical intelligentsia before eventually returning to Nevele."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Raouf Bundhun", "paragraph_text": "Abdool Raouf Bundhun (born 14 January 1937) was Vice President of Mauritius from 2002 to 2007. He was elected by National Assembly of Mauritius on 25 February 2002 for a term of five years. Prior to assuming office he had been Mauritius' ambassador to France. He has also been the member of National Assembly of Mauritius for two terms; from 1967 to 1976 and 1995 to 2000. From 1969 to 1975 he had been the Minister for youth and sports and appointed parliamentary secretary by Seewoosagur Ramgoolam in 1969. In 1976 he became the minister of energy of Mauritius. He has chaired the Development Works Corporation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the ``East Indies ''(in present - day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "HISWA", "paragraph_text": "The voluntary association HISWA is an industry trade group for the Netherlands water sports business. HISWA is famous for a twice-yearly organized consumer trade show for the water sports public."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Prime Minister of Mauritius", "paragraph_text": "Prime Minister of Mauritius Coat of arms of Mauritius Flag of Mauritius Incumbent Pravind Jugnauth since 23 January 2017 Style The Honourable Residence Clarisse House (Official) Nominator The President who must appoint the MP supporting a clear majority in the National Assembly Appointer Ameenah Gurib Term length At The President's Pleasure serving as long as the office holder has a majority in the National Assembly Inaugural holder Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Formation 12 March 1968; 50 years ago (1968 - 03 - 12) Salary Rs 3.66 Million Website Prime Minister Office"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Botanical Garden", "paragraph_text": "The Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Botanical Garden (sometimes shortened to the SSR Botanical Garden), commonly known as the Pamplemousses Botanical Garden, is a popular tourist attraction in Pamplemousses, near Port Louis, Mauritius, and the oldest botanical garden in the Southern Hemisphere. Famous for its long pond of giant water lilies (\"Victoria amazonica\"), the garden was first constructed by Pierre Poivre (17191786) in 1770, and it covers an area of around 37 hectares."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}], "question": "Trade in the body of water containing the place of death of Seewoosagur Ramgoolam was mainly controlled by whom?"}
{"id": "3hop1__570885_218681_35142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Robert Clive", "paragraph_text": "The land Clive arrived in was divided into a number of successor states to the Mughal Empire. Over the forty years, since the death of the Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the power of the emperor had gradually fallen into the hands of his provincial viceroys or Subahdars.  The dominant rulers on the Coromandel Coast were the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah I, and the Nawab of the Carnatic, Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan.  The nawab nominally owed fealty to the nizam, but in many respects acted independently.  Fort St. George and the French trading post at Pondicherry were both located in the nawab's territory.The relationship between the Europeans in the region was influenced by a series of wars and treaties in Europe, and by commercial rivalries for trade on the subcontinent.  Through the 17th and early 18th centuries, the French, Dutch, Portuguese, and British had vied for control of various trading posts, and for trading rights and favour with local Indian rulers.  The European merchant companies raised bodies of troops to protect their commercial interests and latterly to influence local politics to their advantage. Military power was rapidly becoming as important as commercial acumen in securing India's valuable trade, and increasingly it was used to appropriate territory and to collect land revenue."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mandelholz Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Mandelholz Dam () holds back the Kalte Bode Flood Control Basin (\"Hochwasserschutzbecken Kalte Bode\") which is a flood protection reservoir located between the villages of Elend and K\u00f6nigsh\u00fctte near Wernigerode in the Harz mountains of Germany. It impounds the waters of the Kalte Bode when water levels are high."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the ``East Indies ''(in present - day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "HISWA", "paragraph_text": "The voluntary association HISWA is an industry trade group for the Netherlands water sports business. HISWA is famous for a twice-yearly organized consumer trade show for the water sports public."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sol Plaatje Dam", "paragraph_text": "Sol Plaatje Dam (or Saulspoort Dam) is an earth-fill type dam located at the confluence of the As and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers near Bethlehem, Free State, South Africa. It was established in 1968 and serves mainly for municipal and domestic water supply. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high. The reservoir receives water from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project via the As River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Francis Thom\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Francis Thom\u00e9 (October 18, 1850, Port Louis, Mauritius \u2013 November 16, 1909, Paris), was a French pianist and composer. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire with Jules Duprato and Ambroise Thomas. After leaving the Conservatoire he became well known as a composer of salon pieces and was in demand as a pianist and teacher. His music was particularly successful in the French provinces, and two of his operas were first performed outside Paris. He became popular towards the end of the 19th century as a composer of accompanied poems, but is also known for his stage works which encompassed various genres, including ballet, pantomime, incidental music (for a wide range of plays), bleuettes, and operettas, such as \"Baron Fric\" (1886)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Birth control in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Birth control advocacy organizations around the world also began to collaborate. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international family planning organization. In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council. Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about pollution, food shortages, and quality of life, leading to well - funded birth control campaigns around the world. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}], "question": "Trade in the ocean that contains the birthplace of Francis Thom\u00e9 was mainly controlled by whom?"}
{"id": "3hop1__41579_465907_41573", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eberly Hall", "paragraph_text": "Eberly Hall is an academic building on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Designed by architect Benno Janssen and dedicated in 1921, Eberly Hall was originally named Alumni Hall, and is still sometimes referred to as \"Old Alumni Hall\" (Alumni Hall is now the name of another University Building)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Anthony Clark Arend", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Clark Arend (born October 24, 1958) is Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University. From August 1, 2015 until July 15, 2018, he served as Senior Associate Dean (later Vice Dean) for Graduate and Faculty Affairs in the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. In July 2018, he became Senior Advisor to the Dean. He served as Director of the Master of Science in Foreign Service Program at the Walsh School from 2008-2017. With Christopher C. Joyner, he founded the Institute for International Law and Politics (now called the Institute for Law, Science and Global Security) at Georgetown University and served as co-director of the Institute from 2003-2008. He is also an adjunct professor of law at the Georgetown University Law Center. From 2005-2009, he edited the blog, Exploring International Law. His blog can now be found at the website AnthonyClarkArend.com He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. In April 2017, Arend received the John Carroll Award from the Georgetown University Alumni Association. This award \"is conferred upon Georgetown alumni whose achievements and record of service exemplify the ideals and traditions of Georgetown and its founder\" and is the highest honor given by the Alumni Association."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James J. Schiro", "paragraph_text": "James Joseph Schiro (January 2, 1946 \u2013 August 13, 2014) was an American businessman who became CEO of PriceWaterhouseCoopers and Zurich Financial Services and was a director of number of multinational companies including of Pepsico, Philips and Goldman Sachs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer Saul Bellow, political philosopher, literary critic and author of the New York Times bestseller \"The Closing of the American Mind\" Allan Bloom, ''The Good War\" author Studs Terkel, American writer, essayist, filmmaker, teacher, and political activist Susan Sontag, analytic philosopher and Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature Richard Rorty, and American writer and satirist Kurt Vonnegut are notable alumni."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Angier Buchanan Duke", "paragraph_text": "Angier Buchanan Duke (1884\u20131923) was a trustee of Duke University from 1914\u20131923, as well as vice president and president of its Alumni Association."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alumni Field (Keene)", "paragraph_text": "Alumni Field is a baseball field located in Keene, New Hampshire, United States. The field, located on Arch Street, was constructed in 1948 and has served as the home of the Keene Swamp Bats of the New England Collegiate Baseball League since the 1997 NECBL season. The field is part of the athletic facilities at Keene High School and is owned by the Alumni Association. The football, soccer, and track & field teams of Keene High School also use the facility. It holds a capacity of approximately 4,100 fans."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In business, notable alumni include Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO as well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, McKinsey & Company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook James O. McKinsey, Arley D. Cathey, Bloomberg L.P. CEO Daniel Doctoroff, Credit Suisse CEO Brady Dougan, Morningstar, Inc. founder and CEO Joe Mansueto, Chicago Cubs owner and chairman Thomas S. Ricketts, and NBA commissioner Adam Silver."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet", "paragraph_text": "Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet is a 2008 New York Times bestseller book by economist Jeffrey Sachs. Sachs began promoting electric vehicles (PHEVs) in this book. In this book, Sachs states that the world of economics does not depend on the law of market-determined supply and demand."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gordon B. Hinckley Alumni and Visitors Center", "paragraph_text": "The Gordon B. Hinckley Alumni and Visitors Center is a three-story building which houses alumni association offices on the Brigham Young University (BYU) campus in Provo, Utah."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Florida International University Alumni Association", "paragraph_text": "The Florida International University Alumni Association is an alumni organization for former students of Florida International University. It is governed by a 32 volunteer member Board of Directors and currently has over 20,000 dues paying members made up of alumni, students, faculty/staff and friends of FIU."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lauren Oliver", "paragraph_text": "As she continued in her writing, Oliver eventually made the switch to writing her own stories and characters, to some success. Writing was not Oliver's only passion, though. She also enjoyed taking ballet, drawing, painting, making collages, singing, acting, experimenting with cooking, and as she puts it, \u201c(trying) to spend my time being as creative and useless as possible.\u201d After finishing high school and moving on to the University of Chicago, Oliver reveals, \u201cI continued to be as impractical as possible by majoring in philosophy and literature...inadvertently aided and abetted in my mission by my older sister, Lizzie, who pursued a Ph.D. in philosophy and cognitive science. This eventually led our parents to resign themselves to the fact that their children would never be lawyers, doctors, or even gainfully employed.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Global Alliance in Management Education", "paragraph_text": "The CEMS Alumni Association (CAA), founded in 1993 by CEMS graduates  is an international network throughout the world of CEMS graduates. To date, nearly 13,000 CEMS students have graduated and gone on to become CEMS alumni. For the year 2018, the graduation ceremony took place in Malta with CEMS students from CEMS schools on the global network. They numbered above 600 and came together to receive diplomas.The CAA is led by an alumni board and is present in many countries through local committees of CEMS alumni. The local committees  are responsible for keeping in contact with CEMS alumni and organizing professional and social activities. They meet on a regular basis to discuss the activities and development of the association. The alumni board comprises: the CAA President, the CEMS Executive Director, a representative of the CEMS Student Board, a representative of CEMS member schools, 3 local committee representatives, 2 senior alumni and 2 junior alumni. It proposes and develops initiatives to foster career and personal development opportunities of its alumni members and represents alumni interests on the CEMS Executive Board."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Florida International University College of Arts and Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Florida International University College of Arts, Education and Sciences is the liberal arts college at Florida International University. Founded in 1965, it is the largest of FIU's 26 schools and colleges, and offers bachelor's degrees, master degree's, doctorates, and first professional degrees. As of 2009, the College of Arts and Sciences has 35,291 alumni, and awards approximately 2,342 degrees annually."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute", "paragraph_text": "Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute (OSCVI), located in Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada, was one of the oldest schools in Canada having been founded in 1856 and in the late 1880s and early 1890s was the most academically successful school in Ontario. The school also boasted a number of famous alumni."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Charles Bonar Sirait", "paragraph_text": "Charles Bonar Sirait (born March 19, 1971 at Jakarta) is a television presenter in Indonesia. Besides, he also became a radio announcer off in some a private radio station in Jakarta. His role as a 'public figure' 'also brings the presenter of one of alumni of the Jakarta Arts Institute, became an honorary member of the \"World Wildlife Fund (WWF)\" for Indonesia since 2007 along with Nirina Zubir, Nadine Chandrawinata, Marcel Chandrawinata. Mischa Chandrawinata, Surya Saputra dan Indra Lesmana."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra is one of the oldest youth orchestra programs in the United States, having performed its first concert under the direction of Stanley H. Levin in 1945 at Carnegie Music Hall in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, PA. The idea of an independent youth orchestra in Pittsburgh originated with the student musicians that participated in the Music Festival of the In-and-About Pittsburgh Music Educators Club. It is most often represented by its initials, PYSO, affectionately pronounced \u201cPie-So\u201d by members, alumni and supporters."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "Non-academic alumni: Author, H. G. Wells, McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer, Nicholas Tombazis, CEO of Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, rock band Queen, Brian May, CEO of Singapore Airlines, Chew Choon Seng, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Julius Vogel, Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Teo Chee Hean, Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, Head Physician to the Queen, Huw Thomas, CEO of Moonfruit, Wendy Tan White, Businessman and philanthropist, Winston Wong, billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "HOSA (organization)", "paragraph_text": "HOSA - Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is a national career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post secondary / collegiate students, along with professional, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization which prepares students to enter the healthcare field."}], "question": "What Goldman Sachs CEO is also an alumni of the university that Before I Fall's author attended?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122147_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Havoc Pennington", "paragraph_text": "Havoc Pennington graduated from the University of Chicago in 1998. After graduation, he worked at Red Hat as a Desktop manager/engineer for nine years, ending in 2008. He also founded the project freedesktop.org in 2000. He promoted the idea of the Gnome Online Desktop in 2007. For a time, he led the development of the 2006\u20132009 Mugshot project. From 2008 until June 2011, he worked on a consumer product for the startup company Litl (hardware, and proprietary software and services). From 2011 to 2015 he worked for Typesafe (now Lightbend). In 2017 he cofounded Tidelift, which seeks to improve the ecosystem around open source software by providing support for professional teams using open source and helping maintainers build sustainable businesses around their projects."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Don't Cheat in Our Hometown", "paragraph_text": "\"Don't Cheat in Our Hometown\" is a song written by Ray Pennington and Roy E. Marcum, and recorded by American country music artist Ricky Skaggs. It was released in November 1983 as the first single and title track from the album \"Don't Cheat in Our Hometown\". The song was Ricky Skaggs' sixth number one country hit. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Miss USA 1981", "paragraph_text": "The pageant was won by Kim Seelbrede of Ohio, who was crowned by outgoing titleholder Jineane Ford of Arizona. Seelbrede was the second woman from Ohio to win the Miss USA title, and went on to place as a semi-finalist in Miss Universe 1981."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elmer Ellis", "paragraph_text": "Elmer Ellis (July 27, 1901 \u2013 August 27, 1989) was an American educator and fourteenth president of the University of Missouri, from 1955 to 1966, and first president of the University of Missouri System. He was instrumental in the expansion of the university to include the University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City and University of Missouri\u2013St. Louis. Ellis Library is named in his honor."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pennington Field", "paragraph_text": "The name \"Pennington Field\" was first given to an existing American football field near what was then L. D. Bell High School (now the site of Central Junior High). The field was named for Fred Pennington, the L.D. Bell High School football coach, after his accidental death in 1962."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alfred Whitney Griswold", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Whitney Griswold (October 27, 1906 \u2013 April 19, 1963), who went by his second given name, was an American historian and educator. He served as 16th President of Yale University from 1951 to 1963, during which he built much of Yale's modern scientific research infrastructure, especially on Science Hill."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rex Chapman", "paragraph_text": "Rex Everett Chapman (born October 5, 1967) is a retired American professional basketball player. Chapman was a college standout at the University of Kentucky and went on to play for four National Basketball Association (NBA) teams through his 12-year career in the league. He later served as the vice president of player personnel with the Denver Nuggets."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clark Kerr", "paragraph_text": "Clark Kerr (May 17, 1911 \u2013 December 1, 2003) was an American professor of economics and academic administrator. He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley, and twelfth president of the University of California."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Miss USA 1982", "paragraph_text": "The pageant was won by Terri Utley of Arkansas, who was crowned by outgoing titleholder Kim Seelbrede of Ohio. Utley was the first \u2013 and to date only \u2013 woman from Arkansas to win the Miss USA title, and went on to place as 4th runner-up at Miss Universe 1982."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rochford, South Dakota", "paragraph_text": "Rochford (founded May 1878) is an unincorporated community in Pennington County, South Dakota, United States. It is not tracked by the U.S. Census Bureau."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bear Mountain (South Dakota)", "paragraph_text": "Bear Mountain is a mountain located in western Pennington County, South Dakota. It is the 3rd highest point in the Black Hills. There is a fire lookout tower on the summit."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Goodridge Township, Pennington County, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Goodridge Township is a township in Pennington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 54 at the 2000 census. the city of Goodridge is located within the township, but is politically independent."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pennington Gap, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Pennington Gap is the most populous town in Lee County, Virginia, United States. The population was 1,781 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pennington (surname)", "paragraph_text": "Pennington is a surname indicating a family origin in Pennington, Cumbria. Other branches include members from an area of Surrey, London, Yorkshire, Hampshire and North America. This surname was originally spelled Penington; some members of the family changed the spelling in the 14th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "University of Alabama traditions", "paragraph_text": "According to a November 25, 1926 article in The Crimson White, football was first introduced at the University of Alabama in 1892 by W.G. Little of Livingston, Alabama, who had been a student at Andover, Massachusetts and ``went to the University for the game. ''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}], "question": "Where was the first president of the university where Havoc Pennington went born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__41579_465907_48091", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pritzker School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "As one of the most selective medical schools in the United States, it is currently ranked 18th among research universities for medical education by the US News & World Report."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Carlson School of Management", "paragraph_text": "The Curtis L. Carlson School of Management is a business school at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. The Carlson School offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degrees, as well as an executive education program. The Carlson School also offers dual degrees with the colleges and schools of public affairs, law, medicine, and public health."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Roselyn J. Eisenberg", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Roselyn J. Eisenberg is a professor at The University of Pennsylvania, and is also a member of the University's School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Dental Medicine. The majority of Dr. Eisenberg's research is focused on the Herpes Simplex Virus and the Poxvirus and how they enter into susceptible cells. She also studies glycoproteins, vaccines, virology, and microbiology."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lauren Oliver", "paragraph_text": "As she continued in her writing, Oliver eventually made the switch to writing her own stories and characters, to some success. Writing was not Oliver's only passion, though. She also enjoyed taking ballet, drawing, painting, making collages, singing, acting, experimenting with cooking, and as she puts it, \u201c(trying) to spend my time being as creative and useless as possible.\u201d After finishing high school and moving on to the University of Chicago, Oliver reveals, \u201cI continued to be as impractical as possible by majoring in philosophy and literature...inadvertently aided and abetted in my mission by my older sister, Lizzie, who pursued a Ph.D. in philosophy and cognitive science. This eventually led our parents to resign themselves to the fact that their children would never be lawyers, doctors, or even gainfully employed.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Florida International University Alumni Association", "paragraph_text": "The Florida International University Alumni Association is an alumni organization for former students of Florida International University. It is governed by a 32 volunteer member Board of Directors and currently has over 20,000 dues paying members made up of alumni, students, faculty/staff and friends of FIU."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 (22nd largest in the UK out of 165). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around \u00a3160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has courses in maritime business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics. The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine. Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The city's largest private school by number of students is Temple University, followed by Drexel University. Along with the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University make up the city's major research universities. The city is also home to five schools of medicine: Drexel University College of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University", "paragraph_text": "The Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, the second oldest medical school in Thailand, was established in 1947 in accordance with the wishes of King Ananda Mahidol to educate a sufficient number of medical doctors to satisfy the public's demands. For more than half a century, this medical school has provided society with more than 5,000 medical doctors. The school accepts about 300 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. It has been ranked as one of the best medical schools in Thailand in 2016."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences (BUFHS), also known as the Busitema University Medical School (BUMS) and the Busitema University School of Medicine (BUSM), is the school of medicine of Busitema University, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school is one of the newer medical schools in the country, having been part of university since 2013. The school provides medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Global Alliance in Management Education", "paragraph_text": "The CEMS Alumni Association (CAA), founded in 1993 by CEMS graduates  is an international network throughout the world of CEMS graduates. To date, nearly 13,000 CEMS students have graduated and gone on to become CEMS alumni. For the year 2018, the graduation ceremony took place in Malta with CEMS students from CEMS schools on the global network. They numbered above 600 and came together to receive diplomas.The CAA is led by an alumni board and is present in many countries through local committees of CEMS alumni. The local committees  are responsible for keeping in contact with CEMS alumni and organizing professional and social activities. They meet on a regular basis to discuss the activities and development of the association. The alumni board comprises: the CAA President, the CEMS Executive Director, a representative of the CEMS Student Board, a representative of CEMS member schools, 3 local committee representatives, 2 senior alumni and 2 junior alumni. It proposes and develops initiatives to foster career and personal development opportunities of its alumni members and represents alumni interests on the CEMS Executive Board."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Emory University School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The Emory University School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of Emory University and a component of Emory\u2019s Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center. Formerly the Atlanta College for Physicians and Surgeons, it is located on the university's main campus in the Druid Hills neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. The medical school offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, Masters programs in Anesthesiology and Genetic Counseling, degrees in Physical Therapy and Physician Assistant training, joint degree programs with other Emory graduate divisions, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education. Emory University School of Medicine traces its origins back to 1915 when the Atlanta Medical College (founded 1854), the Southern Medical College (1878), and the Atlanta School of Medicine (founded 1905) merged."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer Saul Bellow, political philosopher, literary critic and author of the New York Times bestseller \"The Closing of the American Mind\" Allan Bloom, ''The Good War\" author Studs Terkel, American writer, essayist, filmmaker, teacher, and political activist Susan Sontag, analytic philosopher and Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature Richard Rorty, and American writer and satirist Kurt Vonnegut are notable alumni."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "France", "paragraph_text": "Nowadays, the schooling system in France is centralised, and is composed of three stages, primary education, secondary education, and higher education. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranked France's education as about the OECD average in 2015. Primary and secondary education are predominantly public, run by the Ministry of National Education. In France, education is compulsory from six to sixteen years old, and the public school is secular and free. While training and remuneration of teachers and the curriculum are the responsibility of the state centrally, the management of primary and secondary schools is overseen by local authorities. Primary education comprises two phases, nursery school (\u00e9cole maternelle) and elementary school (\u00e9cole \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire). Nursery school aims to stimulate the minds of very young children and promote their socialisation and development of a basic grasp of language and number. Around the age of six, children transfer to elementary school, whose primary objectives are learning about writing, arithmetic and citizenship. Secondary education also consists of two phases. The first is delivered through colleges (coll\u00e8ge) and leads to the national certificate (Dipl\u00f4me national du brevet). The second is offered in high schools (lyc\u00e9e) and finishes in national exams leading to a baccalaureate (baccalaur\u00e9at, available in professional, technical or general flavours) or certificate of professional competence (certificat d'aptitude professionelle)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions. Furthermore, each of the three schools has its own programs of graduate study. As of the Fall 2013 semester, there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med. The Medical Center also offers four year instruction at the Wichita campus, and features a medical school campus in Salina, Kansas that is devoted to rural health care."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work. It also offers an LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers, a Master of Juridical Studies (MJS), and a Juris Scientiae Doctoris (JSD). The law school offers 3 semesters of courses in the Spring, Summer, and Fall, and requires at least 85 hours of coursework for the JD."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In the fall quarter of 2014, the University of Chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the College, 3,468 students in its four graduate divisions, 5,984 students in its professional schools, and 15,244 students overall. In the 2012 Spring Quarter, international students comprised almost 19% of the overall study body, over 26% of students were domestic ethnic minorities, and about 44% of enrolled students were female. Admissions to the University of Chicago is highly selective. The middle 50% band of SAT scores for the undergraduate class of 2015, excluding the writing section, was 1420\u20131530, the average MCAT score for entering students in the Pritzker School of Medicine in 2011 was 36, and the median LSAT score for entering students in the Law School in 2011 was 171. In 2015, the College of the University of Chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8% for the Class of 2019, the lowest in the college's history."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mbarara University School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "Mbarara University School of Medicine (MUSM), also known as Mbarara University Medical School (MUMS) is the school of medicine of Mbarara University of Science and Technology, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school was founded in 1989, the same year that the university was established."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine is the largest veterinary school in the United States and is currently ranked #1 among veterinary schools in the USA by US News & World report. In addition it is ranked 1st in the world according to the QS World University Rankings for two consecutive years: 2015 and 2016. Established in 1948, the school is the primary health resource for California's various animal populations. It is located in the southwest corner of the main campus of the University of California, Davis. The current Dean of Veterinary Medicine is Dr. Michael Lairmore."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "HOSA (organization)", "paragraph_text": "HOSA - Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is a national career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post secondary / collegiate students, along with professional, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization which prepares students to enter the healthcare field."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Ivy League medical schools", "paragraph_text": "School name U.S. News - Research (2015) U.S. News - Primary Care (2015) NIH Awards Rank (2014) Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania 11 Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons 8 48 15 Harvard Medical School 17 20 Geisel School of Medicine (Dartmouth College) 34 18 49 Yale School of Medicine 7 68 6 Warren Alpert Medical School (Brown University) 32 34 77 Weill Cornell Medicine (Cornell University) 15 40 35"}], "question": "What is the ranking of the Pritzker School of Medicine, of the university where the alumni member who wrote the bestseller Before I Fall was educated?"}
{"id": "3hop1__123388_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fiz Brown", "paragraph_text": "Fiz initially appeared as a troubled teenager briefly fostered by Roy (David Neilson) and Hayley Cropper (Julie Hesmondhalgh) at the age of 15. She later started working at the Underworld factory. Fiz was involved in a murder storyline in which her husband John Stape (Graeme Hawley), committed three murders and had Fiz help him bury the bodies. She had to implicate other people in order to cover for John. She gave birth to her daughter Hope prematurely, in the live 50th anniversary episode with McAlpine becoming the first actress to act out a birth live on a soap opera."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Antonia Mills", "paragraph_text": "Antonia (Tonia) Mills is a professor in First Nations studies at the University of Northern British Columbia, Canada. Her current research interests include First Nations land claims, religion and law, and reincarnation research. Mills met Ian Stevenson (professor and psychiatrist) in Vancouver in 1984 and was impressed with his reincarnation case studies. Since 1964, she has done field work with the Beaver Indians."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Thinker", "paragraph_text": "The Thinker () is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin, usually placed on a stone pedestal. The work shows a nude male figure of heroic size sitting on a rock with his chin resting on one hand as though deep in thought, often used as an image to represent philosophy. There are about 28 full-sized castings, in which the figure is about 186 cm high, though not all were made during Rodin's lifetime and under his supervision. There are various other versions, as well, several in plaster, and studies and posthumous castings exist in a range of sizes. Rodin first conceived the figure as part of his work \"The Gates of Hell\" commissioned in 1880, but the first of the familiar monumental bronze castings did not appear until 1904."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Joe Mensah", "paragraph_text": "Mensah played an essential role in the creation of the Ghana Musicians Union and served as its first president. While in the United States he studied music at the Juilliard School and founded a radio show on WKCR at Columbia University featuring African music, which continues today."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Switched at Birth (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Switched at Birth is an American teen / family drama television series that premiered on ABC Family on June 6, 2011, at 9: 00 ET / PT. The one - hour scripted drama is set in the Kansas City metropolitan area, and revolves around two teenagers who were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments: one in an affluent suburb, and the other in working - class areas. According to ABC Family, it is ``the first mainstream television series to have multiple deaf and hard - of - hearing series regulars and scenes shot entirely in American Sign Language (ASL) ''."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mitch Daniels", "paragraph_text": "Born in Monongahela, Pennsylvania, Daniels is a graduate of Princeton University, and received his Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center after studying briefly at the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. Daniels began his career working as an assistant to Richard Lugar, working as his chief of staff in the Senate from 1977 to 1982, and was appointed executive director of the National Republican Senatorial Committee when Lugar was chairman from 1983 to 1984. He worked as a chief political adviser and as a liaison to President Ronald Reagan in 1985, before he was appointed president of the conservative think tank, the Hudson Institute. Daniels moved back to Indiana, joining Eli Lilly and Company, working as president of North American Pharmaceutical Operations from 1993 to 1997, and senior vice president of corporate strategy and policy from 1997 to 2001. In January 2001, Daniels was appointed by President George W. Bush as the director of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, where he served until June 2003."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Human sex ratio", "paragraph_text": "In a study around 2002, the natural sex ratio at birth was estimated to be close to 1.06 males / female. Some scholars suggest that countries considered to have significant practices of prenatal sex - selection are those with birth sex ratios of 108 and above (selection against females) and 102 and below (selection against males). This assumption has been questioned by some scholars."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hiroyuki Fukuyama", "paragraph_text": "Hiroyuki Fukuyama (\u798f\u5c71 \u535a\u4e4b, born March 27, 1989 in Unnan, Shimane) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981. Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which \"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1886 United States House of Representatives elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yoshio Fukuyama", "paragraph_text": "Yoshio Fukuyama (April 29, 1921 - April 3, 1995) was a theologian who held a doctorate in sociology from the University of Chicago and was a faculty member of the Chicago Theological Seminary. He is credited with beginning the scholarly discussion on how to define and measure religious commitment. Some of his works include \"The ministry in transition: a case study of theological education\" (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1972) and \"The fragmented layman; an empirical study of lay attitudes\" (Pilgrim Press, 1970, co-author). Some of his academic roles performed during his career include \"Director of Research\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Caroline de Barrau", "paragraph_text": "Caroline de Barrau thought that women were prohibited from attending public universities in France more by custom than for legal reasons. The solution was to prepare women adequately for university study, and then enroll them. Her daughter Emilie, with other young women \"intellectually prepared for work of university grade, appeared at the proper time and place for enrollment.\" They were admitted to study medicine at the University of Paris."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Streams of Expression", "paragraph_text": "Streams of Expression is the 20th studio album by American jazz musician Joe Lovano to be released on the Blue Note label. It was released in 2006 and features a five-part \"Streams of Expression Suite,\" three-part \"Birth of the Cool Suite,\" and three other shorter works. The \"Birth of the Cool Suite\" was conducted by Gunther Schuller and utilizes melodic themes inspired by Miles Davis' work from his 1948 and 1950 nonet. The album also features George Garzone, Ralph Lalama, Gary Smulyan, and Tim Hagans."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "\u00c1rp\u00e1d G\u00f6ncz", "paragraph_text": "\u00c1rp\u00e1d G\u00f6ncz (; 10 February 1922 \u2013 6 October 2015) was a Hungarian writer, translator, agronomist and liberal politician, who served as President of Hungary from 2 May 1990 to 4 August 2000. G\u00f6ncz played a role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, for he was imprisoned for six years. After his release, he worked as translator of English-language literary works. He was also founding member of the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) and Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary (de facto Acting President) before becoming President. He was Hungary's first freely elected head of state, as well as the first in 42 years who was not a Communist or a fellow traveler."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the first president of the school where Yoshio Fukuyama studied or worked?"}
{"id": "3hop1__434362_218681_35142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Parc de la V\u00e9rendrye (Le Domaine) Water Aerodrome", "paragraph_text": "Parc de la V\u00e9rendrye (Le Domaine) Water Aerodrome, , was located on Lac Jean-P\u00e9r\u00e9, Quebec, Canada and is open from June until October."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "La Joute", "paragraph_text": "La Joute (\"the joust\") (1969) is a public sculptural installation by Quebec artist Jean-Paul Riopelle, a member of the Automatiste movement. It is currently located in Place Jean-Paul-Riopelle in the Quartier international de Montr\u00e9al."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Freaky Friday (2003 film)", "paragraph_text": "Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel of the same name by Mary Rodgers. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "HISWA", "paragraph_text": "The voluntary association HISWA is an industry trade group for the Netherlands water sports business. HISWA is famous for a twice-yearly organized consumer trade show for the water sports public."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sol Plaatje Dam", "paragraph_text": "Sol Plaatje Dam (or Saulspoort Dam) is an earth-fill type dam located at the confluence of the As and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers near Bethlehem, Free State, South Africa. It was established in 1968 and serves mainly for municipal and domestic water supply. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high. The reservoir receives water from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project via the As River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mandelholz Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Mandelholz Dam () holds back the Kalte Bode Flood Control Basin (\"Hochwasserschutzbecken Kalte Bode\") which is a flood protection reservoir located between the villages of Elend and K\u00f6nigsh\u00fctte near Wernigerode in the Harz mountains of Germany. It impounds the waters of the Kalte Bode when water levels are high."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near \"the disciple whom Jesus loved\" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds \"the mother of the sons of Zebedee\", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a \"piet\u00e0\" or \"pity\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jean-Marie Dayot", "paragraph_text": "Originally from a Britany family settled in Ile Bourbon, Jean-Marie Dayot was born in Port Louis, Ile Maurice. He became a \"Lieutenant de vaisseau auxiliaire\" in the French Royal Navy. He met with Pigneau de B\u00e9haine either in the Ile Bourbon or Pondicherry, and is thought to have commanded one of the two commercial ships which accompanied the warship \"M\u00e9duse\" with Pigneau de Behaine to Vietnam."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Birth control in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Birth control advocacy organizations around the world also began to collaborate. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international family planning organization. In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council. Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about pollution, food shortages, and quality of life, leading to well - funded birth control campaigns around the world. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dalton, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Dalton is an unincorporated census-designated place in the town of Kingston located in the southwestern corner of Green Lake County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on Wisconsin Highway 44. It uses ZIP code 53926. As of the 2010 census, its population was 206. The surrounding countryside is mainly occupied by dairy farmers and an Amish community. Dalton has an area of ; of this is land, and is water. Dalton was named for John Dalton, who emigrated from Ireland with his family in the early 1850s."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint - stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the ``East Indies ''(in present - day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}], "question": "Trade in the body of water that contains the birthplace of Jean-Marie Dayot was mainly controlled by whom?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122899_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Torre El Pedregal", "paragraph_text": "Torre El Pedregal is the tallest building in El Salvador by Mexican architect Ricardo Legorreta, located in Antiguo Cuscatlan. It was built by Grupo Roble. It is"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Samuel Robles", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Robles holds degrees from the Universidad Cat\u00f3lica Santa Mar\u00eda La Antigua, the College-Conservatory of Music at the University of Cincinnati, the University of Chicago, and North-West University (South Africa). He began music studies at 10, and has been a pupil of Hannes Taljaard, Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon, Allen Otte, Joel Hoffman, Rodney Winther, Aristides \"Tille\" Valderrama, and Dino Nugent. He has taught at Florida State University - Panama, Balboa Academy, and The International School of Panama."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Samuel Webber", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Webber (1759 \u2013 July 17, 1810) was an American clergyman, mathematician, academic, and president of Harvard University from 1806 until his death in 1810."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Samuel Olatunde Fadahunsi", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Olatunde Fadahunsi OFR and CON (March 1920 - August 2014) was a Nigerian Civil engineer and former President of COREN, an engineering regulation body in Nigeria."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "El Se\u00f1or de los Cielos", "paragraph_text": "El Se\u00f1or de los Cielos is an American telenovela created by Luis Zelkowicz, based on an original idea by Mariano Calasso, and Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez and it started airing on American broadcast channel Telemundo on April 15, 2013. Produced by Argos Comunicaci\u00f3n and Telemundo Studios, and Caracol Internacional in the first season, and distributed by Telemundo Internacional. The series is based on the life and work of Amado Carrillo Fuentes, the former leader of the Juarez Cartel. The program features an ensemble cast, headed by its longest - serving actors Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas and Fernanda Castillo as M\u00f3nica Robles."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sam Richards (sociologist)", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Martell \"Sam\" Richards (born September 3, 1960) is a sociologist working at the Pennsylvania State University. His work focuses on race and ethnicity."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, with work initiated the next year. By 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, \"Atlantic City's Godfather\" Nelson Johnson describes the inspiration of Dr. Jonathan Pitney (the \"Father of Atlantic City\") to develop Atlantic City as a health resort, his efforts to convince the municipal authorities that a railroad to the beach would be beneficial, his successful alliance with Samuel Richards (entrepreneur and member of the most influential family in southern New Jersey at the time) to achieve that goal, the actual building of the railroad, and the experience of the first 600 riders, who \"were chosen carefully by Samuel Richards and Jonathan Pitney\":"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Books of Samuel", "paragraph_text": "Samuel begins with the prophet Samuel's birth and God's call to him as a boy. The story of the Ark of the Covenant that follows tells of Israel's oppression by the Philistines, which brought about Samuel's anointing of Saul as Israel's first king. But Saul proved unworthy and God's choice turned to David, who defeated Israel's enemies and brought the Ark to Jerusalem. God then promised David and his successors an everlasting dynasty."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Francisco Robles", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Robles Garc\u00eda (May 5, 1811 \u2013 March 7, 1893) was President of Ecuador from October 16, 1856 to August 31, 1859."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Elizabeth Rona", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Rona was born on 20 March 1890 in Budapest, Hungary, to Ida, (n\u00e9e Mahler) and Samuel R\u00f3na. Her father was a prosperous Jewish physician who worked with Louis Wickham and Henri-August Dominici, founders of radium therapy, to introduce the techniques to Budapest, and installed one of the first x-ray machines there. Elizabeth wanted to become a physician like her father, but Samuel believed that it would be too difficult for a woman to attain. Though he died when she was in her second year of university, Rona's father had encouraged her and spurred her interest in science from a young age. She enrolled in the Philosophy Faculty at the University of Budapest, studying chemistry, geochemistry, and physics, receiving her PhD in 1912."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Gil-Robles", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Gil-Robles y Gil-Delgado (17 June 1935 in Madrid) is a Spanish politician. He was formerly a Member of the European Parliament in the European People's Party group, and was President of the European Parliament from 1997 to 1999."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dina Melicov", "paragraph_text": "Dina Melicov (1905\u20131969) was an American sculptor, and painter who studied at The Educational Alliance Art School. She graduated from Wadleigh High School for Girls, and studied with Solon Borglum. She married Samuel Gould."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Roble, California", "paragraph_text": "Roble (also, Roble Station and Robles) is an unincorporated community in Butte County, California. It lies at an elevation of 174 feet (53 m). It was founded along the railroad line from Durham."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "James Hardy Ropes", "paragraph_text": "He led the funeral of Henry Bradford Endicott, for whom Ropes' boss, Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell, served as a pall bearer with Governors Calvin Coolidge and Samuel W. McCall."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Samuel Palmer Brooks", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Palmer Brooks (December 4, 1863 \u2013 May 4, 1931) was the President of Baylor University from 1902 to 1931."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Samuel Nott", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Nott (11 September 1788 \u2013 1 June 1869) was one of the pioneers of American foreign missions. He was one of the first five foreign missionaries under American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to India, and established \"Bombay Mission\" station, the first Americans overseas mission station at Bombay, then-headquarters of Bombay Presidency."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}], "question": "Where was the first president of the university where Samuel Robles works born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__35633_273811_48091", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arusha School", "paragraph_text": "Arusha School is a government school located in Arusha, Tanzania. Originally the school was opened in 1934 as a private co-educational school for European children, but in 1972 it was taken over by the government. The school educates students from Nursery to Primary 7. It is both a boarding school and day school."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Feinberg School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, located in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago, in the U.S. state of Illinois and situated near Lake Michigan and the Magnificent Mile, is one of Northwestern University's 12 schools and colleges. The medical school offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, multiple joint degree programs, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as tied for 66th for national universities in the United States. A 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study of where the nation's top high school students choose to enroll ranked BYU No. 21 in its peer-reviewed study. The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for college in 2007, and its library is consistently ranked in the nation's top ten \u2014 No. 1 in 2004 and No. 4 in 2007. BYU is also ranked No. 19 in the U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup, and No. 12 in lowest student-incurred debt. Due in part to the school's emphasis on undergraduate research, in rankings for 2008-2009, BYU was ranked No. 10 nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs, No. 1 nationally for students who go on to dental school, No. 6 nationally for students who go on to law school, and No. 10 nationally for students who go on to medical school. BYU is designated as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.]] Forbes Magazine ranked it as the No. 1 \"Top University to Work For in 2014\" and as the best college in Utah."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ancient Greek medicine", "paragraph_text": "Ancient Greek medicine began to revolve around the theory of humors. The humoral theory states that good health comes from a perfect balance of the four humors blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Consequently, poor health resulted from improper balance of the four humors. Hippocrates, known as the ``Father of Modern Medicine '', established a medical school at Cos and is the most important figure in ancient Greek medicine. Hippocrates and his students documented numerous illnesses in the Hippocratic Corpus, and developed the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, which is still in use today. The contributions to ancient Greek medicine of Hippocrates, Socrates and others had a lasting influence on Islamic medicine and medieval European medicine until many of their findings eventually became obsolete in the 14th century."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Albany Options School", "paragraph_text": "Albany Options School is a public alternative school in Albany, Oregon, United States. It provides alternative education for students who are working below or above state benchmark standards. These opportunities include transitional programs, credit-recovery programs, higher-education courses and education through contracted services. Albany Options School is an accredited alternative school serving middle school, high school and GED students."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16  The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul\u2019s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pritzker School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "As one of the most selective medical schools in the United States, it is currently ranked 18th among research universities for medical education by the US News & World Report."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Franklinton Elementary School (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "Franklinton Elementary School is a public school for primary education located in Franklinton, North Carolina, United States. The multi-building complex was originally known as B.F. Person-Albion High School, which had educated African-American students, before schools were fully integrated in 1969. This school currently serves pre-kindergarten through 5th grade for students residing in the Franklinton area."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Richard Rorty", "paragraph_text": "Educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University, he had strong interests and training in both the history of philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy, the latter of which came to comprise the main focus of his work at Princeton University in the 1960s. He subsequently came to reject the tradition of philosophy according to which knowledge involves correct representation (a \"mirror of nature\") of a world whose existence remains wholly independent of that representation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "In the fall of 2014, among the six undergraduate schools, 40.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 21.3% in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 14.3% in the School of Communication, 11.7% in the Medill School of Journalism, 5.7% in the Bienen School of Music, and 6.4% in the School of Education and Social Policy. The five most commonly awarded undergraduate degrees are in economics, journalism, communication studies, psychology, and political science. While professional students are affiliated with their respective schools, the School of Professional Studies offers master's and bachelor's degree, and certificate programs tailored to the professional studies. With 2,446 students enrolled in science, engineering, and health fields, the largest graduate programs by enrollment include chemistry, integrated biology, material sciences, electrical and computer engineering, neuroscience, and economics. The Kellogg School of Management's MBA, the School of Law's JD, and the Feinberg School of Medicine's MD are the three largest professional degree programs by enrollment."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Emory University School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The Emory University School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of Emory University and a component of Emory\u2019s Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center. Formerly the Atlanta College for Physicians and Surgeons, it is located on the university's main campus in the Druid Hills neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. The medical school offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, Masters programs in Anesthesiology and Genetic Counseling, degrees in Physical Therapy and Physician Assistant training, joint degree programs with other Emory graduate divisions, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education. Emory University School of Medicine traces its origins back to 1915 when the Atlanta Medical College (founded 1854), the Southern Medical College (1878), and the Atlanta School of Medicine (founded 1905) merged."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "USMLE Step 1", "paragraph_text": "The USMLE Step 1 (more commonly just Step 1 or colloquially, The Boards) is the first part of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. It aims to assess whether medical school students or graduates can apply important concepts of the foundational sciences fundamental to the practice of medicine. US medical students, as well as non-US medical students who wish to seek licensure to practice medicine in the US, typically take Step 1 at the end of the second year of medical school. Graduates of international medical schools (i.e., those outside the US or Canada) must also take Step 1 if they want to practice in the US. Graduates from international medical schools must apply through ECFMG, and the registration fee is $915. For 2016, the NBME registration fee for the test is $600, with additional charges for applicants who choose a testing region outside the United States or Canada."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In the fall quarter of 2014, the University of Chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the College, 3,468 students in its four graduate divisions, 5,984 students in its professional schools, and 15,244 students overall. In the 2012 Spring Quarter, international students comprised almost 19% of the overall study body, over 26% of students were domestic ethnic minorities, and about 44% of enrolled students were female. Admissions to the University of Chicago is highly selective. The middle 50% band of SAT scores for the undergraduate class of 2015, excluding the writing section, was 1420\u20131530, the average MCAT score for entering students in the Pritzker School of Medicine in 2011 was 36, and the median LSAT score for entering students in the Law School in 2011 was 171. In 2015, the College of the University of Chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8% for the Class of 2019, the lowest in the college's history."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences (BUFHS), also known as the Busitema University Medical School (BUMS) and the Busitema University School of Medicine (BUSM), is the school of medicine of Busitema University, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school is one of the newer medical schools in the country, having been part of university since 2013. The school provides medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University", "paragraph_text": "The Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, the second oldest medical school in Thailand, was established in 1947 in accordance with the wishes of King Ananda Mahidol to educate a sufficient number of medical doctors to satisfy the public's demands. For more than half a century, this medical school has provided society with more than 5,000 medical doctors. The school accepts about 300 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. It has been ranked as one of the best medical schools in Thailand in 2016."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The city's largest private school by number of students is Temple University, followed by Drexel University. Along with the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University make up the city's major research universities. The city is also home to five schools of medicine: Drexel University College of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "In the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools, the law school is ranked 18th nationally, out of over 180 law schools. In particular, its Clinical Education Program is currently ranked 4th in the nation. This year, the median score placed the average student in the 96th percentile of test takers. The law school offers a full-time day program, beginning in August, for the J.D. degree. The law school is located in a state-of-the-art building, Anheuser-Busch Hall (opened in 1997). The building combines traditional architecture, a five-story open-stacks library, an integration of indoor and outdoor spaces, and the latest wireless and other technologies. National Jurist ranked Washington University 4th among the \"25 Most Wired Law Schools.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "No Child Left Behind Act", "paragraph_text": "Supporters of the NCLB claim one of the strong positive points of the bill is the increased accountability that is required of schools and teachers. According to the legislation, schools must pass yearly tests that judge student improvement over the fiscal year. These yearly standardized tests are the main means of determining whether schools live up to required standards. If required improvements are not made, the schools face decreased funding and other punishments that contribute to the increased accountability. According to supporters, these goals help teachers and schools realize the significance and importance of the educational system and how it affects the nation. Opponents of this law say that the punishments only hurt the schools and do not contribute to the improvement of student education."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Ivy League medical schools", "paragraph_text": "School name U.S. News - Research (2015) U.S. News - Primary Care (2015) NIH Awards Rank (2014) Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania 11 Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons 8 48 15 Harvard Medical School 17 20 Geisel School of Medicine (Dartmouth College) 34 18 49 Yale School of Medicine 7 68 6 Warren Alpert Medical School (Brown University) 32 34 77 Weill Cornell Medicine (Cornell University) 15 40 35"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism."}], "question": "What is the ranking of the pritzker school of medicine that is part of the university that educated a neopragmatist student of Hawthorne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__35633_273811_41478", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eighth grade", "paragraph_text": "Eighth grade is the term used for the year of education in the US. In England, the equivalent is Year 9 and in Scotland the equivalent is S2. Usually, students will be 13 - 14 years old. Students are usually in their ninth year (Kindergarten included) of education at the time they enter eighth grade. It is typically the last year for Middle school."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores. Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education. An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HOSA (organization)", "paragraph_text": "HOSA - Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is a national career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post secondary / collegiate students, along with professional, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization which prepares students to enter the healthcare field."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "SAT", "paragraph_text": "Anyone involved in education should be concerned about how overemphasis on the SAT is distorting educational priorities and practices, how the test is perceived by many as unfair, and how it can have a devastating impact on the self-esteem and aspirations of young students. There is widespread agreement that overemphasis on the SAT harms American education."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16  The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul\u2019s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Students Rowing Flanders", "paragraph_text": "Students Rowing in Flanders is a rowing association in Flanders, Belgium. Only in 2004 the first students rowing club started up in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is envisaged that it will become an association in the near future. Below is a list of any student club or institution of higher education that operates as a students rowing club in Flanders."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "FBLA-PBL", "paragraph_text": "The Future Business Leaders of America-Phi Beta Lambda, or FBLA-PBL (FBLA-\u03a6\u0392\u039b), is an American career and technical student organization headquartered in Reston, Virginia. Established in 1940, FBLA-PBL is a non-profit organization of high school (\"FBLA\"), middle school (\"Middle Level\"), and college (\"PBL\") students, as well as professional members (\"Professional Division\"), who primarily help students transition to the business world. FBLA-PBL is one of the largest student organizations in the United States, with 253,365 members, and the largest career student organization in the world. Local FBLA-PBL chapters are often connected to their school's business education department, and most advisers are business education teachers. It is one of the top 10 organizations listed by the U.S. Department of Education. FBLA's national charity partner is the March of Dimes, and the March of Dimes provides grants of $1,000 for local chapters and $2,500 for state chapters to promote their goals."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tshwane University of Technology", "paragraph_text": "As the number of students registering annually grows rapidly, records show that Tshwane University of Technology caters for approximately 60,000 students and it has become the largest residential higher education institution in South Africa."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Albany Options School", "paragraph_text": "Albany Options School is a public alternative school in Albany, Oregon, United States. It provides alternative education for students who are working below or above state benchmark standards. These opportunities include transitional programs, credit-recovery programs, higher-education courses and education through contracted services. Albany Options School is an accredited alternative school serving middle school, high school and GED students."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The College, various graduate programs, interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools. Beyond the arts and sciences, Chicago is also well known for its professional schools, which include the Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, the Law School, the School of Social Service Administration, the Harris School of Public Policy Studies, the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies and the Divinity School. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the College and around 15,000 students overall."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "National Open University of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The NOUN operates an e-library at the headquarters situated at Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria which all students have access to after providing a valid student's identity card. Students have access to both Internet facilities, books, journals, projects, thesis of past students and other educational materials."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Private school", "paragraph_text": "In many parts of the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States schools desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\", local families organized a wave of private \"Christian academies\". In much of the U.S. South, many white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students (see List of private schools in Mississippi). The academic content of the academies was usually College Preparatory. Since the 1970s, many of these \"segregation academies\" have shut down, although some continue to operate.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Richard Rorty", "paragraph_text": "Educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University, he had strong interests and training in both the history of philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy, the latter of which came to comprise the main focus of his work at Princeton University in the 1960s. He subsequently came to reject the tradition of philosophy according to which knowledge involves correct representation (a \"mirror of nature\") of a world whose existence remains wholly independent of that representation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Student loans in the United States", "paragraph_text": "United States Government - backed student loans were first offered in 1958 under the National Defense Education Act (NDEA), and were only available to select categories of students, such as those studying toward engineering, science, or education degrees. The student loan program, along with other parts of the Act, which subsidized college professor training, was established in response to the Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite, and a widespread perception that the United States was falling behind in science and technology, in the middle of the Cold War. Student loans were extended more broadly in the 1960s under the Higher Education Act of 1965, with the goal of encouraging greater social mobility and equality of opportunity."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nutrition", "paragraph_text": "Nutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall within the Family and Consumer Science or Health departments. In some American schools, students are required to take a certain number of FCS or Health related classes. Nutrition is offered at many schools, and, if it is not a class of its own, nutrition is included in other FCS or Health classes such as: Life Skills, Independent Living, Single Survival, Freshmen Connection, Health etc. In many Nutrition classes, students learn about the food groups, the food pyramid, Daily Recommended Allowances, calories, vitamins, minerals, malnutrition, physical activity, healthful food choices, portion sizes, and how to live a healthy life."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and Taipei, with 489 points (493 is the average). Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WCUC-FM", "paragraph_text": "91.7 WCUC FM is a fully operational, FCC-licensed, non-commercial educational, student-run radio station under the Department of Communication that is operated with the intention of being a student learning lab for Clarion University of Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "No Child Left Behind Act", "paragraph_text": "Supporters of the NCLB claim one of the strong positive points of the bill is the increased accountability that is required of schools and teachers. According to the legislation, schools must pass yearly tests that judge student improvement over the fiscal year. These yearly standardized tests are the main means of determining whether schools live up to required standards. If required improvements are not made, the schools face decreased funding and other punishments that contribute to the increased accountability. According to supporters, these goals help teachers and schools realize the significance and importance of the educational system and how it affects the nation. Opponents of this law say that the punishments only hurt the schools and do not contribute to the improvement of student education."}], "question": "How many students does the college where an important neopragmatist that was Harthorne's student educated have enlisted?"}
{"id": "3hop1__41579_465907_41478", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores. Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education. An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Other historical points of interest include St. John's Church, the site of Patrick Henry's famous \"Give me liberty or give me death\" speech, and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, features many of his writings and other artifacts of his life, particularly when he lived in the city as a child, a student, and a successful writer. The John Marshall House, the home of the former Chief Justice of the United States, is also located downtown and features many of his writings and objects from his life. Hollywood Cemetery is the burial grounds of two U.S. Presidents as well as many Civil War officers and soldiers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,597 students in fall 2014; an additional 3,371 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for a total enrollment of 26,968 students across the three campuses. The university overall employed 2,663 faculty members in fall 2012."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "HOSA (organization)", "paragraph_text": "HOSA - Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is a national career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post secondary / collegiate students, along with professional, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization which prepares students to enter the healthcare field."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nutrition", "paragraph_text": "Nutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall within the Family and Consumer Science or Health departments. In some American schools, students are required to take a certain number of FCS or Health related classes. Nutrition is offered at many schools, and, if it is not a class of its own, nutrition is included in other FCS or Health classes such as: Life Skills, Independent Living, Single Survival, Freshmen Connection, Health etc. In many Nutrition classes, students learn about the food groups, the food pyramid, Daily Recommended Allowances, calories, vitamins, minerals, malnutrition, physical activity, healthful food choices, portion sizes, and how to live a healthy life."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lauren Oliver", "paragraph_text": "As she continued in her writing, Oliver eventually made the switch to writing her own stories and characters, to some success. Writing was not Oliver's only passion, though. She also enjoyed taking ballet, drawing, painting, making collages, singing, acting, experimenting with cooking, and as she puts it, \u201c(trying) to spend my time being as creative and useless as possible.\u201d After finishing high school and moving on to the University of Chicago, Oliver reveals, \u201cI continued to be as impractical as possible by majoring in philosophy and literature...inadvertently aided and abetted in my mission by my older sister, Lizzie, who pursued a Ph.D. in philosophy and cognitive science. This eventually led our parents to resign themselves to the fact that their children would never be lawyers, doctors, or even gainfully employed.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Student loans in the United States", "paragraph_text": "United States Government - backed student loans were first offered in 1958 under the National Defense Education Act (NDEA), and were only available to select categories of students, such as those studying toward engineering, science, or education degrees. The student loan program, along with other parts of the Act, which subsidized college professor training, was established in response to the Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite, and a widespread perception that the United States was falling behind in science and technology, in the middle of the Cold War. Student loans were extended more broadly in the 1960s under the Higher Education Act of 1965, with the goal of encouraging greater social mobility and equality of opportunity."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The College, various graduate programs, interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools. Beyond the arts and sciences, Chicago is also well known for its professional schools, which include the Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, the Law School, the School of Social Service Administration, the Harris School of Public Policy Studies, the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies and the Divinity School. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the College and around 15,000 students overall."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Delta Chi", "paragraph_text": "Delta Chi (\u0394\u03a7) is an international Greek letter collegiate social fraternity formed on October 13, 1890, at Cornell University, initially as a professional fraternity for law students. On April 30, 1922, Delta Chi became a general membership social fraternity, eliminating the requirement for men to be studying law, and opening membership to all areas of study. Delta Chi became one of the first international fraternities to abolish \"hell week\", when it did so on April 22, 1929. Delta Chi is a charter member of the North-American Interfraternity Conference (NIC). As of Fall 2016, Delta Chi has initiated over 113,000 members at over 120 Chapters and Colonies, with 29 Alumni Chapters. Its headquarters is in Iowa City, Iowa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer Saul Bellow, political philosopher, literary critic and author of the New York Times bestseller \"The Closing of the American Mind\" Allan Bloom, ''The Good War\" author Studs Terkel, American writer, essayist, filmmaker, teacher, and political activist Susan Sontag, analytic philosopher and Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature Richard Rorty, and American writer and satirist Kurt Vonnegut are notable alumni."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "SAT", "paragraph_text": "Anyone involved in education should be concerned about how overemphasis on the SAT is distorting educational priorities and practices, how the test is perceived by many as unfair, and how it can have a devastating impact on the self-esteem and aspirations of young students. There is widespread agreement that overemphasis on the SAT harms American education."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Global Alliance in Management Education", "paragraph_text": "The CEMS Alumni Association (CAA), founded in 1993 by CEMS graduates  is an international network throughout the world of CEMS graduates. To date, nearly 13,000 CEMS students have graduated and gone on to become CEMS alumni. For the year 2018, the graduation ceremony took place in Malta with CEMS students from CEMS schools on the global network. They numbered above 600 and came together to receive diplomas.The CAA is led by an alumni board and is present in many countries through local committees of CEMS alumni. The local committees  are responsible for keeping in contact with CEMS alumni and organizing professional and social activities. They meet on a regular basis to discuss the activities and development of the association. The alumni board comprises: the CAA President, the CEMS Executive Director, a representative of the CEMS Student Board, a representative of CEMS member schools, 3 local committee representatives, 2 senior alumni and 2 junior alumni. It proposes and develops initiatives to foster career and personal development opportunities of its alumni members and represents alumni interests on the CEMS Executive Board."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Northwestern University", "paragraph_text": "Two annual productions are especially notable: the Waa-Mu show, and the Dolphin show. Waa-Mu is an original musical, written and produced almost entirely by students. Children's theater is represented on campus by Griffin's Tale and Purple Crayon Players. Its umbrella organization\u2014the Student Theatre Coalition, or StuCo, organizes nine student theatre companies, multiple performance groups and more than sixty independent productions each year. Many Northwestern alumni have used these productions as stepping stones to successful television and film careers. Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre Company, for example, which began life in the Great Room in Jones Residential College, was founded in 1988 by several alumni, including David Schwimmer; in 2011, it won the Regional Tony Award."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "For many years, Sudan had an Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979. Turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign Islamist banking systems, especially those linked with Saudi Arabia. He also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Women's colleges in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Women's colleges in the United States are single - sex U.S. institutions of higher education that only admit female students. They are often liberal arts colleges. There were approximately 37 active women's colleges in the United States in the fall of 2016."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Washington University supports four major student-run media outlets. The university's student newspaper, Student Life, is available for students. KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station; the station also attracts an audience in the immediately surrounding community due to its eclectic and free-form musical programming. WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. The university's main student-run political publication is the Washington University Political Review (nicknamed \"WUPR\"), a self-described \"multipartisan\" monthly magazine. Washington University undergraduates publish two literary and art journals, The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine. A variety of other publications also serve the university community, ranging from in-house academic journals to glossy alumni magazines to WUnderground, campus' student-run satirical newspaper."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Florida International University Alumni Association", "paragraph_text": "The Florida International University Alumni Association is an alumni organization for former students of Florida International University. It is governed by a 32 volunteer member Board of Directors and currently has over 20,000 dues paying members made up of alumni, students, faculty/staff and friends of FIU."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Knoxville College", "paragraph_text": "Knoxville College is a historically black liberal arts college in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, which was founded in 1875 by the United Presbyterian Church of North America. It is a United Negro College Fund member school. A slow period of decline began in the 1970s, and by 2015, the school had an enrollment of just 11 students. In May 2015, the College suspended classes until Fall 2016 term in hopes of reorganizing. On May 17, 2018, the Tennessee Higher Education Commission gave its approval for Knoxville College to once again reopen its doors and offer classes. On 1 July 2018 Knoxville College website announced resumption of enrolling students, for fall 2018 semester."}], "question": "How many students are enrolled at the university that educated the author of Before I Fall?"}
{"id": "3hop1__28025_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "President of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria. The President of Nigeria is also the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe, who took office on October 1, 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari, took office on May 29, 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Group (mathematics)", "paragraph_text": "The University of Chicago's 1960\u201361 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein, John G. Thompson and Walter Feit, laying the foundation of a collaboration that, with input from numerous other mathematicians, classified all finite simple groups in 1982. This project exceeded previous mathematical endeavours by its sheer size, in both length of proof and number of researchers. Research is ongoing to simplify the proof of this classification. These days, group theory is still a highly active mathematical branch, impacting many other fields.a[\u203a]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stephen Tan", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Tan (born in 1961), () is first son of Robin Chan (Chairman of the Asia Financial Group), and a grandson of Chin Sophonpanich (founder and former president of Bangkok Bank). He serves as the Executive Director of the Asia Financial Group. He has a brother Bernard Chan, who is a Hong Kong politician and businessman, President of Asia Financial Group and its main subsidiary, Asia Insurance."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Parliament of Ghana", "paragraph_text": "Parliament of Ghana 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic Type Type Unicameral Leadership Speaker Aaron Mike Oquaye Since 7 January 2017 Structure Seats 275 Political groups NPP (169) NDC (106) Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election 7 December 2016 Meeting place Parliament House Accra, Greater Accra Republic of Ghana Website www.parliament.gh"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "JKT48", "paragraph_text": "JKT48 (read as \"J. K. T. Forty-eight\") is an Indonesian idol group whose name is derived from its based city of Jakarta and the Japanese idol group AKB48. Formed in 2011, it is the first AKB48 sister group outside Japan and adopts the concept of \"idols you can meet\", before switching to \"idols that will come to meet you\" since 8 April 2018. Fans can attend daily performances at the group's theater, which was built as a close replica to the AKB48 Theater in Akihabara."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "UEFA Champions League", "paragraph_text": "The tournament proper begins with a group stage of 32 teams, divided into eight groups. Seeding is used whilst making the draw for this stage, whilst teams from the same nation may not be drawn into groups together. Each team meets the others in its group home and away in a round-robin format. The winning team and the runners-up from each group then progress to the next round. The third-placed team enters the UEFA Europa League."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the ``court - packing ''issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Surat Split", "paragraph_text": "The Indian National Congress (INC) which was established in 1885 was divided into two groups (in the year 1907) mainly by extremists and moderates at the Surat Session of the Congress. The period 1885 - 1905 was known as the period of the moderates as moderates dominated the INC. These Moderates used petition, prayers, and protest to influence the (British) colonial government. Moderates were not able to achieve their goals. This created dis - satisfaction among the people. In 1907 the INC meeting was to be held in Nagpur and the extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Bal Gangadhar Tilak as president. But moderates wanted Rash Behari Ghosh to be president. Gopal Krishna Gokhale changed the meeting place from Nagpur to Surat fearing that if Nagpur was to be held as meeting place then tilak would become President. As Surat was hometown of tilak he could not preside the meeting. Hence it was decided that Ghosh would be president. Extremists protested in the INC meeting as tilak was not given permission even to speak by pandit Madanmohan Malviya extremists then reacted by throwing eggs, chappals etc and wanted the meeting to be cancelled. Moderates then held a secret meeting and decided to abdicate extremists."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The first item of business on Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of faith. This contrasts with the formal style of \"Prayers\", which is the first item of business in meetings of the House of Commons. Speakers are drawn from across Scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Constituent Assembly of India", "paragraph_text": "Constituent Assembly of India Seal of the Constituent Assembly. Type Type Unicameral History Founded 6 December 1946 (1946 - 12 - 06) Disbanded 24 January 1950 (1950 - 01 - 24) Preceded by Imperial Legislative Council Succeeded by Parliament of India Leadership Temporary Chairman Sachchidananda Sinha, INC President Dr. Rajendra Prasad, INC Chairman of the drafting committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, SCF Vice Presidents Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari Legal Advisor B.N. Rau Structure Seats 389 (Dec. 1946 - June 1947) 299 (June 1947 - Jan. 1950) Political groups INC: 208 seats AIML: 73 seats Others: 15 seats Princely States: 93 seats Elections Voting system First past the post Meeting place House of Parliament, New Delhi"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the ``court - packing issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Department of Labor", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Congress first established a Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1884 with the Bureau of Labor Act, to collect information about labor and employment. This bureau was under the Department of the Interior. The Bureau started collecting economic data in 1884, and published their first report in 1886. Later, the Bureau of Labor became an independent Department of Labor but lacked executive rank. It became a bureau again within the Department of Commerce and Labor, which was established February 15, 1903. President William Howard Taft signed the March 4, 1913 (the last day of his presidency) bill, establishing the Department of Labor as a Cabinet - level Department. William B. Wilson was appointed as the first Secretary of Labor on March 5, 1913 by President Wilson. Secretary Wilson chaired the first meeting of the International Labour Organization in October 1919, even though the U.S. was not yet a member."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "115th United States Congress", "paragraph_text": "The One Hundred Fifteenth United States Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It meets in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2017, to January 3, 2019, during the final weeks of the Obama presidency and the first two years of Donald Trump's presidency. The November 2016 elections maintained Republican control of both the House and Senate."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Constituent Assembly of India", "paragraph_text": "Constituent Assembly of India Seal of the Constituent Assembly. Type Type Unicameral History Founded 6 December 1946 (1946 - 12 - 06) Disbanded 24 January 1950 (1950 - 01 - 24) Preceded by Imperial Legislative Council Succeeded by Parliament of India Leadership Temporary Chairman Sachchidananda Sinha, INC President Dr. Rajendra Prasad, INC Chairman of the drafting committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, SCF Vice Presidents Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari Structure Seats 389 (Dec. 1946 - June 1947) 299 (June 1947 - Jan. 1950) Political groups INC: 208 seats AIML: 73 seats Others: 15 seats Princely States: 93 seats Elections Voting system First past the post Meeting place House of Parliament, New Delhi"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Texas Senate", "paragraph_text": "Texas State Senate Texas State Legislature Type Type Upper house of the Texas Legislature Term limits None History New session started January 10, 2017 Leadership President of the Senate Dan Patrick (R) Since January 20, 2015 President Pro Tempore Kel Seliger (R) Since January 13, 2017 Structure Seats 31 Political groups Majority Republican (20) Minority Democratic (10) Vacant (1) Vacant (1) Length of term 4 years Authority Article 3, Texas Constitution Salary $7,200 / year + per diem Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election November 8, 2016 (16 seats) Next election November 6, 2018 (15 seats) Redistricting Legislative Control Meeting place State Senate Chamber Texas State Capitol Austin, Texas Website Texas State Senate"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}], "question": "Where was the first president of the school where the group of theorists first met born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__35633_273811_41573", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "European Central Bank", "paragraph_text": "The European Central Bank (ECB; German: Europ\u00e4ische Zentralbank (EZB), French: Banque centrale europ\u00e9enne (BCE)) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states. The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015 the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002 -- 2005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra is one of the oldest youth orchestra programs in the United States, having performed its first concert under the direction of Stanley H. Levin in 1945 at Carnegie Music Hall in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, PA. The idea of an independent youth orchestra in Pittsburgh originated with the student musicians that participated in the Music Festival of the In-and-About Pittsburgh Music Educators Club. It is most often represented by its initials, PYSO, affectionately pronounced \u201cPie-So\u201d by members, alumni and supporters."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HOSA (organization)", "paragraph_text": "HOSA - Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is a national career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post secondary / collegiate students, along with professional, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization which prepares students to enter the healthcare field."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James J. Schiro", "paragraph_text": "James Joseph Schiro (January 2, 1946 \u2013 August 13, 2014) was an American businessman who became CEO of PriceWaterhouseCoopers and Zurich Financial Services and was a director of number of multinational companies including of Pepsico, Philips and Goldman Sachs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Washington University supports four major student-run media outlets. The university's student newspaper, Student Life, is available for students. KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station; the station also attracts an audience in the immediately surrounding community due to its eclectic and free-form musical programming. WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. The university's main student-run political publication is the Washington University Political Review (nicknamed \"WUPR\"), a self-described \"multipartisan\" monthly magazine. Washington University undergraduates publish two literary and art journals, The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine. A variety of other publications also serve the university community, ranging from in-house academic journals to glossy alumni magazines to WUnderground, campus' student-run satirical newspaper."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Education", "paragraph_text": "Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in predicting intelligence in later life, intelligence at 53 is more closely correlated to intelligence at 8 years old than to educational attainment."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives\u2019 deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to \"hide\" 2.8 billion Euros of debt, however, this affected deficit values after 2001 (when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone) and is not related to Greece\u2019s Eurozone entry."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In business, notable alumni include Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO as well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, McKinsey & Company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook James O. McKinsey, Arley D. Cathey, Bloomberg L.P. CEO Daniel Doctoroff, Credit Suisse CEO Brady Dougan, Morningstar, Inc. founder and CEO Joe Mansueto, Chicago Cubs owner and chairman Thomas S. Ricketts, and NBA commissioner Adam Silver."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Florida International University Alumni Association", "paragraph_text": "The Florida International University Alumni Association is an alumni organization for former students of Florida International University. It is governed by a 32 volunteer member Board of Directors and currently has over 20,000 dues paying members made up of alumni, students, faculty/staff and friends of FIU."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Erik \u00c5sbrink", "paragraph_text": "Erik \u00c5sbrink (born February 1, 1947 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish politician and former minister in two Social Democratic governments led by Ingvar Carlsson and G\u00f6ran Persson. Later \u00c5sbrink took part in shaping the informal guidelines called the 'business code of ethics'. Since July 2011 \u00c5sbrink has been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs. In this position \u00c5sbrink gives the bank strategic consultancy on growth opportunities in Sweden and the Nordic countries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Richard Rorty", "paragraph_text": "Educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University, he had strong interests and training in both the history of philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy, the latter of which came to comprise the main focus of his work at Princeton University in the 1960s. He subsequently came to reject the tradition of philosophy according to which knowledge involves correct representation (a \"mirror of nature\") of a world whose existence remains wholly independent of that representation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "Non-academic alumni: Author, H. G. Wells, McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer, Nicholas Tombazis, CEO of Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, rock band Queen, Brian May, CEO of Singapore Airlines, Chew Choon Seng, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Julius Vogel, Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Teo Chee Hean, Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, Head Physician to the Queen, Huw Thomas, CEO of Moonfruit, Wendy Tan White, Businessman and philanthropist, Winston Wong, billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nelly Sachs", "paragraph_text": "Leonie Sachs was born in Berlin-Sch\u00f6neberg, Germany, in 1891 to a Jewish family. Her parents were the wealthy natural rubber and gutta-percha manufacturers Georg William Sachs (1858\u20131930) and his wife Margarete, n\u00e9e Karger (1871\u20131950). She was educated at home because of frail health. She showed early signs of talent as a dancer, but her protective parents did not encourage her to pursue a profession. She grew up as a very sheltered, introverted young woman and never married. She pursued an extensive correspondence with her friends Selma Lagerl\u00f6f and Hilde Domin. As the Nazis took power, she became increasingly terrified, at one point losing the ability to speak, as she would remember in verse: \"When the great terror came/I fell dumb.\" Sachs fled with her aged mother to Sweden in 1940. It was her friendship with Lagerl\u00f6f that saved their lives: shortly before her own death Lagerl\u00f6f intervened with the Swedish royal family to secure their release from Germany. Sachs and her mother escaped on the last flight from Nazi Germany to Sweden, a week before Sachs was scheduled to report to a concentration camp. They settled in Sweden and Sachs became a Swedish citizen in 1952."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet", "paragraph_text": "Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet is a 2008 New York Times bestseller book by economist Jeffrey Sachs. Sachs began promoting electric vehicles (PHEVs) in this book. In this book, Sachs states that the world of economics does not depend on the law of market-determined supply and demand."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty, paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize winning physicist Yoichiro Nambu, Nobel prize winning physicist James Cronin, Nobel Prize winning economists Eugene Fama, James Heckman, Lars Peter Hansen, Roger Myerson and Robert Lucas, Jr., Freakonomics author and noted economist Steven Levitt, current governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Goldman Sachs Chairman and CEO Hank Paulson, former Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors Austan Goolsbee, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington, and renowned political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Global Alliance in Management Education", "paragraph_text": "The CEMS Alumni Association (CAA), founded in 1993 by CEMS graduates  is an international network throughout the world of CEMS graduates. To date, nearly 13,000 CEMS students have graduated and gone on to become CEMS alumni. For the year 2018, the graduation ceremony took place in Malta with CEMS students from CEMS schools on the global network. They numbered above 600 and came together to receive diplomas.The CAA is led by an alumni board and is present in many countries through local committees of CEMS alumni. The local committees  are responsible for keeping in contact with CEMS alumni and organizing professional and social activities. They meet on a regular basis to discuss the activities and development of the association. The alumni board comprises: the CAA President, the CEMS Executive Director, a representative of the CEMS Student Board, a representative of CEMS member schools, 3 local committee representatives, 2 senior alumni and 2 junior alumni. It proposes and develops initiatives to foster career and personal development opportunities of its alumni members and represents alumni interests on the CEMS Executive Board."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies."}], "question": "What Goldman Sachs CEO is an alumni of the same school as the important neopragmatist student of Harthorne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__385743_218681_35143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adrien d'\u00c9pinay", "paragraph_text": "Despite his positive contributions to the country, he left Mauritius in 1839 under a cloud, the victim of colonial politics, and died prematurely in France on 9 December of the same year. His remains were returned to Mauritius and interred at the Pamplemousses Cemetery on 1 June 1840. His library of more than 3000 volumes was bequeathed to the Coll\u00e8ge Royal in Port Louis in 1839, and today forms part of the \"Biblioth\u00e8que Carnegie\", but is threatened by inadequate preservation and restoration."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Powwow Pond", "paragraph_text": "Powwow Pond is a water body in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States. The outlet of the pond is located in the town of East Kingston, but most of the lake lies in the town of Kingston. The Powwow River, the outlet of the pond, flows to the Merrimack River in Amesbury, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Potamogeton amplifolius", "paragraph_text": "Potamogeton amplifolius, commonly known as largeleaf pondweed or broad-leaved pondweed, is an aquatic plant of North America. It grows in water bodies such as lakes, ponds, and rivers, often in deep water."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cadillac Records", "paragraph_text": "The film stars Adrien Brody as Leonard Chess, Cedric the Entertainer as Willie Dixon, Mos Def as Chuck Berry, Columbus Short as Little Walter, Jeffrey Wright as Muddy Waters, Eamonn Walker as Howlin 'Wolf, and Beyonc\u00e9 as Etta James. The film was released in North America on December 5, 2008 by TriStar Pictures."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Colonial Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Colonial Brazil () comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Falling Waters, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Falling Waters is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Potomac River in Berkeley County, West Virginia. It is located along Williamsport Pike (US 11) north of Martinsburg. According to the 2010 census, Falling Waters has a population of 876. An 1887 \"Scientific American\" article claimed that the first U.S. railroad was built in Falling Waters in 1814."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourteenth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 2\u20134 October 2009 at the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril located in Estoril, Portugal."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British\u2014who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619\u2014and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondich\u00e9ry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the body of water adjacent to Adrien d'Epinay's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop1__50353_456625_60935", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bartaman Bharat", "paragraph_text": "Bartaman Bharat (translated to English as Modern India or Present Day India) is a Bengali language essay written by Indian Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda. The essay was first published in the March 1899 issue of Udbodhan, the only Bengali language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. The essay was published as a book in 1905 and later it was compiled into the fourth volume of The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James Kleist", "paragraph_text": "Kleist joined with Joseph Lilly, C.M., to produce a more modern English translation of the Bible than the Douai Bible then in common usage among Catholics. Under their editorship the work was laid to produce to the \"Kleist-Lilly\" translation, published posthumously in 1954, although work was completed by Christmas 1948. It never gained widespread acceptance, though, and was later totally supplanted by the translations produced by the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, which culminated in the publication of the New American Bible in 1970."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bible translations into Greek", "paragraph_text": "The first known translation of the Bible into Greek is called the Septuagint (LXX; 3rd -- 1st centuries BC). The LXX was written in Koine Greek. It contains the Hebrew Bible translated from Hebrew and Aramaic. It also includes several other documents which are considered to have differing levels of authority by various Christian churches. Some of these other documents are believed to have been written originally in Greek."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vulgate", "paragraph_text": "The translation was largely the work of St Jerome, who in 382 had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Vetus Latina (``Old Latin '') Gospels then in use by the Roman Church. Jerome, on his own initiative, extended this work of revision and translation to include most of the Books of the Bible, and once published, the new version was widely adopted and eventually eclipsed the Vetus Latina; so that by the 13th century, it took over from the former version the appellation of`` versio vulgata'' (the ``version commonly used '') or vulgata for short, and in Greek as \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1 (`` Voulgata'')."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New International Version", "paragraph_text": "The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Quod scripsi, scripsi", "paragraph_text": "Quod scripsi, scripsi (Latin for ``What I have written, I have written '') is a Latin phrase. It was most famously used by Pontius Pilate in the Bible in response to the Jewish priests who objected to his writing on the sign (titulus) that was hung above Jesus at his Crucifixion. It is mostly found in the Latin Vulgate Bible."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bible translations into Greek", "paragraph_text": "The New Testament part of the Christian Bible was originally written in Koine Greek, as most of the Church and scholars believe, and is therefore not a translation (notwithstanding that some reference material may have been from Aramaic). However, like other living languages, the Greek language has developed over time. Therefore, various translations have been completed over the centuries to make it easier for Greek speakers to understand Holy Scripture. Translations of the Old Testament, which is the other part of the Christian Bible, have been completed for similar reasons."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Coptic language", "paragraph_text": "Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: \u03ef\u2c99\u2c89\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c89\u2c99\u2c9b\u0300\u2cad\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c93 ti. met. rem. \u0259n. k \u0113mi and Sahidic: \u2ca7\u2c99\u2c9b\u0304\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c99\u0304\u2c9b\u0304\u2c95\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c89 t. m\u0259nt. r\u0259m. \u0259n. k\u0113me) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro - Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet, an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from demotic to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have, in the first century AD."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Message (Bible)", "paragraph_text": "The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language was created by Eugene H. Peterson and published in segments from 1993 to 2002. It is an idiomatic translation of the original languages of the Bible. The Message was translated by Peterson from the original languages. It is a highly idiomatic translation, using contemporary slang from the US rather than a more neutral International English, and it falls on the extreme dynamic end of the dynamic and formal equivalence spectrum."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Complete Fairy Tales of Hermann Hesse", "paragraph_text": "The Complete Fairy Tales of Hermann Hesse is a collection of 22 fairy tales written by Hermann Hesse between the years of 1904 and 1918 and translated by Jack Zipes. A list of the individual fairy tales and the year in which they were written follows. This collection was published in 1995 and is the first English translation for most of the tales."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Let there be light", "paragraph_text": "``Let there be light ''is an English translation of the Hebrew \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05b4\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8 \u200e (yehi 'or) found in Genesis 1: 3 of the Torah, the first part of the Hebrew Bible. In Old Testament translations of the phrase, translations include the Greek phrase \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 (gen\u0113th\u0113t\u014d ph\u014ds) and the Latin phrase fiat lux."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Early Modern English Bible translations are of between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. This, the first major period of Bible translation into the English language, began with the introduction of the Tyndale Bible. The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. Tyndale used the Greek and Hebrew texts of the New Testament (NT) and Old Testament (OT) in addition to Jerome's Latin translation. He was the first translator to use the printing press -- this enabled the distribution of several thousand copies of his New Testament translation throughout England. Tyndale did not complete his Old Testament translation. The first printed English translation of the whole bible was produced by Miles Coverdale in 1535, using Tyndale's work together with his own translations from the Latin Vulgate or German text. After much scholarly debate it is concluded that this was printed in Antwerp and the colophon gives the date as 4th October 1535. This first edition was adapted by Coverdale for his first ``authorised version '', known as the Great Bible, of 1539. Other early printed versions were the Geneva Bible (1560), notable for being the first Bible divided into verses; the Bishop's Bible (1568), which was an attempt by Elizabeth I to create a new authorised version; and the Authorized King James Version of 1611."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Christoph Froschauer", "paragraph_text": "Christoph Froschauer (ca. 1490 \u2013 1 April 1564) was the first printer in Zurich, notably for printing the Froschauer Bible, the Zwinglian Bible translation. His workshop is the nucleus of the Orell F\u00fcssli publishing house."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Principle of double effect", "paragraph_text": "The principle of double effect -- also known as the rule of double effect; the doctrine of double effect, often abbreviated as DDE or PDE, double - effect reasoning; or simply double effect -- is a set of ethical criteria which Christian philosophers, and some others, have advocated for evaluating the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act (for example, relieving a terminally ill patient's pain) may also cause an effect one would otherwise be obliged to avoid (sedation and a slightly shortened life). The first known example of double - effect reasoning is Thomas Aquinas' treatment of homicidal self - defense, in his work Summa Theologica."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the \"Septuagint\", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Partial Bible translations into languages of the English people can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English. More than 450 translations into English have been written."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium", "paragraph_text": "\"Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium\" () is a Medieval Latin hymn written by Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225\u20131274) for the Feast of Corpus Christi. It is also sung on Maundy Thursday during the procession from the church to the place where the Blessed Sacrament is kept until Good Friday. The last two stanzas (called, separately, \"Tantum ergo\") are sung at Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. The hymn expresses the doctrine that the bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Christ during the celebration of the Eucharist."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jerome", "paragraph_text": "Jerome was a scholar at a time when that statement implied a fluency in Greek. He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project, but moved to Jerusalem to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary. A wealthy Roman aristocrat, Paula, funded his stay in a monastery in Bethlehem and he completed his translation there. He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin language version of the New Testament, commonly referred to as the Vetus Latina. By 390 he turned to translating the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew, having previously translated portions from the Septuagint which came from Alexandria. He believed that the mainstream Rabbinical Judaism had rejected the Septuagint as invalid Jewish scriptural texts because of what were ascertained as mistranslations along with its Hellenistic heretical elements. He completed this work by 405. Prior to Jerome's Vulgate, all Latin translations of the Old Testament were based on the Septuagint, not the Hebrew. Jerome's decision to use a Hebrew text instead of the previous translated Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians, including Augustine, who thought the Septuagint inspired. Modern scholarship, however, has sometimes cast doubts on the actual quality of Jerome's Hebrew knowledge. Many modern scholars believe that the Greek Hexapla is the main source for Jerome's ``iuxta Hebraeos ''translation of the Old Testament. However, detailed studies have shown that to a considerable degree Jerome was a competent Hebraist."}], "question": "Who was the first person to do a complete translation of the Bible into the language used by the man who came up with the principle of double effect?"}
{"id": "3hop1__50353_456625_8539", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Medieval literature", "paragraph_text": "Since Latin was the language of the Roman Catholic Church, which dominated Western and Central Europe, and since the Church was virtually the only source of education, Latin was a common language for medieval writings, even in some parts of Europe that were never Romanized. However, in Eastern Europe, the influence of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox Church made Greek and Old Church Slavonic the dominant written languages."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium", "paragraph_text": "\"Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium\" () is a Medieval Latin hymn written by Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225\u20131274) for the Feast of Corpus Christi. It is also sung on Maundy Thursday during the procession from the church to the place where the Blessed Sacrament is kept until Good Friday. The last two stanzas (called, separately, \"Tantum ergo\") are sung at Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. The hymn expresses the doctrine that the bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Christ during the celebration of the Eucharist."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Madagascar", "paragraph_text": "The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. The numerous dialects of Malagasy, which are generally mutually intelligible, can be clustered under one of two subgroups: eastern Malagasy, spoken along the eastern forests and highlands including the Merina dialect of Antananarivo, and western Malagasy, spoken across the western coastal plains. French became the official language during the colonial period, when Madagascar came under the authority of France. In the first national Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic. Madagascar is a francophone country, and French is mostly spoken as a second language among the educated population and used for international communication.No official languages were recorded in the Constitution of 1992, although Malagasy was identified as the national language. Nonetheless, many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French were official languages, eventually leading a citizen to initiate a legal case against the state in April 2000, on the grounds that the publication of official documents only in the French language was unconstitutional. The High Constitutional Court observed in its decision that, in the absence of a language law, French still had the character of an official language.In the Constitution of 2007, Malagasy remained the national language while official languages were reintroduced: Malagasy, French, and English. English was removed as an official language from the constitution approved by voters in the November 2010 referendum. The outcome of the referendum, and its consequences for official and national language policy, are not recognized by the political opposition, who cite lack of transparency and inclusiveness in the way the election was organized by the High Transitional Authority."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Numbulwar", "paragraph_text": "Numbulwar is a small, primarily Aboriginal community on the Gulf of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory of Australia. The major language group of the community is Nunggubuyu and their language, Wubuy, is used by older generations. Kriol is also widely spoken."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools. English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status after the creation of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language, as may be seen in road signs and official documents. Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa (see Maghrebi Jews)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Principle of double effect", "paragraph_text": "The principle of double effect -- also known as the rule of double effect; the doctrine of double effect, often abbreviated as DDE or PDE, double - effect reasoning; or simply double effect -- is a set of ethical criteria which Christian philosophers, and some others, have advocated for evaluating the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act (for example, relieving a terminally ill patient's pain) may also cause an effect one would otherwise be obliged to avoid (sedation and a slightly shortened life). The first known example of double - effect reasoning is Thomas Aquinas' treatment of homicidal self - defense, in his work Summa Theologica."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Singapore", "paragraph_text": "Singaporeans are mostly bilingual, with English as their common language and usually the mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. The official languages amongst Singaporeans are English (80% literacy), Mandarin (65% literacy), Malay (17% literacy), and Tamil (4% literacy). Singapore English is based on British English, and forms of English spoken in Singapore range from Standard Singapore English to a colloquial form known as \"Singlish\". Singlish is discouraged by the government.English is the language spoken by most Singaporeans at home, 36.9% of the population, just ahead of Mandarin. Nearly half a million speak other varieties of Chinese, mainly Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin and English. Singapore Chinese characters are written using simplified Chinese characters."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Peace of Westphalia", "paragraph_text": "The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westf\u00e4lischer Friede) was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabr\u00fcck and M\u00fcnster, effectively ending the European wars of religion. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618 -- 1648) in the Holy Roman Empire between the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies on one side and the Protestant powers (Sweden, Denmark, Dutch, and Holy Roman principalities) and their Catholic (France) Anti-Habsburg allies on the other. The treaties also ended the Eighty Years' War (1568 -- 1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognising the independence of the Dutch Republic."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Swedish Sign Language", "paragraph_text": "Swedish Sign Language (\"Svenskt teckenspr\u00e5k\" or SSL) is the sign language used in Sweden. It is recognized by the Swedish government as the country's official sign language, and hearing parents of deaf children are required to learn it. There are fewer than 10,000 speakers, making the language officially endangered."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Germany", "paragraph_text": "German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian and English. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the North Germanic languages, and the extinct East Germanic languages, to an even lesser extent. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u200e) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Greece in the Roman era", "paragraph_text": "The Greek peninsula first came under Roman rule in 146 BCE after the Battle of Corinth when Macedonia became a Roman province, while southern Greece came under the surveillance of Macedonia's prefect. However, some Greek poleis managed to maintain partial independence and avoid taxation. The Kingdom of Pergamon was in principle added to this territory in 133 BC when King Attalus III left his territories to the Roman people in his will. However, the Romans were slow in securing their claim and Aristonicus led a revolt with the help of Blossius. This was put down in 129 BC, when Pergamon was divided among Rome, Pontus, and Cappadocia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Old English", "paragraph_text": "Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England. This included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island \u2013 Wales and most of Scotland \u2013 continued to use Celtic languages, except in the areas of Scandinavian settlements where Old Norse was spoken. Celtic speech also remained established in certain parts of England: Medieval Cornish was spoken all over Cornwall and in adjacent parts of Devon, while Cumbric survived perhaps to the 12th century in parts of Cumbria, and Welsh may have been spoken on the English side of the Anglo-Welsh border. Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Languages of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in the United States. Today over 500 languages are used by the U.S. population. The most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language of the United States. Since the 1965 Immigration Act, Spanish is the second most common language in the country. The United States does not have an official language, but some state governments recognize specific languages. For instance, the state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French, as does New Mexico in Spanish. There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii. Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Coptic language", "paragraph_text": "Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: \u03ef\u2c99\u2c89\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c89\u2c99\u2c9b\u0300\u2cad\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c93 ti. met. rem. \u0259n. k \u0113mi and Sahidic: \u2ca7\u2c99\u2c9b\u0304\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c99\u0304\u2c9b\u0304\u2c95\u2c8f\u2c99\u2c89 t. m\u0259nt. r\u0259m. \u0259n. k\u0113me) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro - Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet, an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from demotic to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have, in the first century AD."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese."}], "question": "Besides Roman Catholics, who uses the language of the person who came up with the principle of double effect?"}
{"id": "3hop1__434362_218681_35143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jean-Marie Dayot", "paragraph_text": "Originally from a Britany family settled in Ile Bourbon, Jean-Marie Dayot was born in Port Louis, Ile Maurice. He became a \"Lieutenant de vaisseau auxiliaire\" in the French Royal Navy. He met with Pigneau de B\u00e9haine either in the Ile Bourbon or Pondicherry, and is thought to have commanded one of the two commercial ships which accompanied the warship \"M\u00e9duse\" with Pigneau de Behaine to Vietnam."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Colonial Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Colonial Brazil () comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alex Meyer", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Meyer (born July 5, 1988) is a former American competition swimmer who specialized in open water and long-distance swimming. He won a gold medal at the 2010 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships in the 25-kilometer open water event. He was a member of the 2012 United States Olympic team, and placed tenth in the 10-kilometer open water event at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Alex won his final race before retirement, the 62nd Travers\u00e9e internationale du lac St-Jean held on July 30, 2016."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourteenth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 2\u20134 October 2009 at the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril located in Estoril, Portugal."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Freaky Friday (2003 film)", "paragraph_text": "Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel of the same name by Mary Rodgers. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the body of water adjacent to Jean-Marie Dayot's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop2__10895_19506_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Treaty of Paris (1763)", "paragraph_text": "Spain ceded Florida to Britain. France had already secretly given Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). In addition, while France regained its factories in India, France recognized British clients as the rulers of key Indian native states, and pledged not to send troops to Bengal. Britain agreed to demolish its fortifications in British Honduras (now Belize), but retained a logwood - cutting colony there. Britain confirmed the right of its new subjects to practise Catholicism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "paragraph_text": "Raghunathrao, unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the British at Bombay and signed the Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein to the British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British \"returned\" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ellis Island", "paragraph_text": "After its opening, Ellis Island was again expanded, and additional structures were built. By the time it closed on November 12, 1954, 12 million immigrants had been processed by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration. It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, just across a narrow strait. Others would have used one of the other terminals along the North River (Hudson River) at that time. At first, the majority of immigrants arriving through the station were Northern and Western Europeans (Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Great Britain, and the Scandinavian countries). Eventually, these groups of peoples slowed in the rates that they were coming in, and immigrants came in from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews. Many reasons these immigrants came to the United States included escaping political and economic oppression, as well as persecution, destitution, and violence. Other groups of peoples being processed through the station were Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Greeks, Syrians, Turks, and Armenians."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "British Antarctic Territory", "paragraph_text": "The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60\u00b0S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031'\u00a0E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011'\u00a0E. The region extends as a sector about 2600\u00a0km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000\u00a0km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina Supra\u015bl", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Supra\u015bl is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Supra\u015bl, which lies approximately north-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as \"Black Caribbean\", 0.8% as \"Black African\", and 0.2% as \"Black other\". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is \"black and minority ethnic\" (BME), but sometimes the term \"black\" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of \"African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Treaty of Paris (1763)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Paris is frequently noted as the point at which France gave Louisiana to Spain. The transfer, however, occurred with the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) but was not publicly announced until 1764. The Treaty of Paris was to give Britain the east side of the Mississippi (including Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which was to be part of the British territory of West Florida). New Orleans on the east side remained in French hands (albeit temporarily). The Mississippi River corridor in what is modern day Louisiana was to be reunited following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Adams -- On\u00eds Treaty in 1819."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Juchnowiec Dolny", "paragraph_text": "Juchnowiec Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Territory of the Saar Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Territory of the Saar Basin (, ; ) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. It had its own flag (adopted on July 28, 1920): a blue, white, and black horizontal tricolour. The blue and white stood for Bavaria, and white and black for Prussia, out of whose lands the Saar Territory was formed. Initially, the occupation was under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles. Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbr\u00fccken. The territory closely corresponds with the modern German state of Saarland, but was slightly smaller in area. After a plebiscite was held in 1935, it was returned to Germany."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jeroniki", "paragraph_text": "Jeroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Choroszcz and west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Treaty of Sugauli", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 - 16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Koplany", "paragraph_text": "Koplany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south-west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}], "question": "To which country were Bialystok, Przemysl and the territory given to the Poles in the Treaty of Schonbrunn returned at the same time Britain encouraged immigration of workers?"}
{"id": "3hop1__796999_218681_35143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Cell", "paragraph_text": "Serial killer Carl Rudolph Stargher (Vincent D'Onofrio) traps his victims in a cell in the form of a glass enclosure that slowly fills with water by means of an automatic timer, then uses a hoist in his basement to suspend himself above their bodies while watching the recorded video of their deaths. He succumbs to the same schizophrenic illness and falls into a coma just as the FBI identifies him, leaving them without any leads as to the location of his latest victim, Julia Hickson (Tara Subkoff). After learning of this experimental technology, Agent Peter Novak (Vince Vaughn) persuades Deane to enter Stargher's mind and discover Hickson's location."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Colonial Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Colonial Brazil () comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Robert Clive", "paragraph_text": "The land Clive arrived in was divided into a number of successor states to the Mughal Empire. Over the forty years, since the death of the Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the power of the emperor had gradually fallen into the hands of his provincial viceroys or Subahdars.  The dominant rulers on the Coromandel Coast were the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah I, and the Nawab of the Carnatic, Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan.  The nawab nominally owed fealty to the nizam, but in many respects acted independently.  Fort St. George and the French trading post at Pondicherry were both located in the nawab's territory.The relationship between the Europeans in the region was influenced by a series of wars and treaties in Europe, and by commercial rivalries for trade on the subcontinent.  Through the 17th and early 18th centuries, the French, Dutch, Portuguese, and British had vied for control of various trading posts, and for trading rights and favour with local Indian rulers.  The European merchant companies raised bodies of troops to protect their commercial interests and latterly to influence local politics to their advantage. Military power was rapidly becoming as important as commercial acumen in securing India's valuable trade, and increasingly it was used to appropriate territory and to collect land revenue."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wenceslas Bojer", "paragraph_text": "Wenceslas (V\u00e1clav, or Wenzel) Bojer (23 September 1795 in \u0158esanice, Bohemia, now Czech Republic \u2013 4 June 1856 in Port Louis, Mauritius) was a notable naturalist and botanist."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Falling Waters, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Falling Waters is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Potomac River in Berkeley County, West Virginia. It is located along Williamsport Pike (US 11) north of Martinsburg. According to the 2010 census, Falling Waters has a population of 876. An 1887 \"Scientific American\" article claimed that the first U.S. railroad was built in Falling Waters in 1814."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourteenth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 2\u20134 October 2009 at the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril located in Estoril, Portugal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British\u2014who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619\u2014and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondich\u00e9ry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Powwow Pond", "paragraph_text": "Powwow Pond is a water body in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States. The outlet of the pond is located in the town of East Kingston, but most of the lake lies in the town of Kingston. The Powwow River, the outlet of the pond, flows to the Merrimack River in Amesbury, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alps", "paragraph_text": "In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as \u00d6tzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one place to another. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of \u00d6tzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1\u00f6 for \u00d6tzi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the ocean that contains the place of death of Wenceslas Bojer?"}
{"id": "3hop2__19506_3571_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Macau", "paragraph_text": "Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire, after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557. Originally governing under Chinese authority and sovereignty, Portugal was given perpetual occupation rights for Macau in 1887. Macau remained under Portuguese control until 1999, when it was returned to China. As a special administrative region, Macau maintains a separate political and economic system apart from mainland China."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "\"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brul\u00e9 bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota and Arapaho Nation signed on April 29, 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War. Animosities over the treaty rose quickly, with neither side fully honoring the terms. Open war again broke out in 1876, and the US Government unilaterally annexed land covered under the treaty in 1877."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)", "paragraph_text": "Kelley as Max, who is The Grinch's pet dog and only companion on Mt. Crumpit. It is unknown how or when The Grinch got him. Frank Welker as the voice of Max"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pet Rescue (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Pet Rescue was a British daytime TV series broadcast on Channel 4. Launched in January 1997, it chronicled various pets and animals being rescued, cared for, and then either rehoused or returned to the wild."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "British Antarctic Territory", "paragraph_text": "The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60\u00b0S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ma\u0142ynka", "paragraph_text": "Ma\u0142ynka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Indian Wars", "paragraph_text": "When the British made peace with the Americans in the Treaty of Paris (1783), they ceded a vast amount of Native American territory (without the consent of the indigenous peoples) to the United States. The United States treated the Native Americans who had fought with the British as enemy allies, a conquered people who had lost their land. The federal government of the United States was eager to expand, and the national government did so by purchasing Native American land in treaties and through warfare."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "paragraph_text": "Raghunathrao, unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the British at Bombay and signed the Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein to the British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jeroniki", "paragraph_text": "Jeroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Choroszcz and west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "You've Got Mail", "paragraph_text": "After both break up with their significant others, Joe realizes his feelings towards Kathleen after a conversation with his father and begins building a face - to - face relationship with her, still keeping his online identity a secret. He arranges a meeting between her and NY152, but just before she is about to meet the latter, he reveals his feelings for her. Confused with her feelings for Joe, Kathleen decides to go anyway. Upon arriving at the meeting place, she realizes that Joe and NY152 are the same person when he called for his pet dog Brinkley, whose name he initially revealed online, and admits that she ``wanted it to be him ''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Juchnowiec Dolny", "paragraph_text": "Juchnowiec Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031'\u00a0E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011'\u00a0E. The region extends as a sector about 2600\u00a0km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000\u00a0km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets.\" In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Supra\u015bl", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Supra\u015bl is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Supra\u015bl, which lies approximately north-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}], "question": "To which country were Bialystok, Przemysl and the territory given to the Poles in the Treaty of Schonbrunn returned at the same time more people began keeping dogs as pets?"}
{"id": "3hop1__358320_218681_35143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourteenth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 2\u20134 October 2009 at the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril located in Estoril, Portugal."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Brazil national football team", "paragraph_text": "The Brazil national football team (Portuguese: Sele\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Futebol) represents Brazil in international men's association football. Brazil is administered by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF), the governing body for football in Brazil."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Muhammad Uteem", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Reza Cassam Uteem (born 1 December 1971) is a Mauritian politician who has served as Second Member for Constituency No.2 Port Louis South & Port Louis Central in the National Assembly since 6 May 2010. He was returned as First Member for the same constituency on 11 December 2014. He is the President of Mouvement Militant Mauricien. He was educated at the University of Buckingham (LLB) and King's College London where he graduated with an LLM in International Business Law and was a Chevening Scholar.He was called to the Bar in England and in MAuritius and is the founder and head of Uteem Chambers"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Colonial Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Colonial Brazil () comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Powwow Pond", "paragraph_text": "Powwow Pond is a water body in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States. The outlet of the pond is located in the town of East Kingston, but most of the lake lies in the town of Kingston. The Powwow River, the outlet of the pond, flows to the Merrimack River in Amesbury, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Falling Waters, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Falling Waters is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Potomac River in Berkeley County, West Virginia. It is located along Williamsport Pike (US 11) north of Martinsburg. According to the 2010 census, Falling Waters has a population of 876. An 1887 \"Scientific American\" article claimed that the first U.S. railroad was built in Falling Waters in 1814."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Potamogeton amplifolius", "paragraph_text": "Potamogeton amplifolius, commonly known as largeleaf pondweed or broad-leaved pondweed, is an aquatic plant of North America. It grows in water bodies such as lakes, ponds, and rivers, often in deep water."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the ocean where the birthplace of Cassam Uteem is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__861369_218681_35143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sembawang Group Representation Constituency", "paragraph_text": "Sembawang Group Representation Constituency (; ; ) is a five-member Group Representation Constituency (GRC) located in the northern area of Singapore. The GRC consists of Sembawang, Woodlands, Admiralty, Canberra and Gambas. It also encompasses a section of Singapore's northern territorial waters in the Straits of Johor."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Le D\u00e9fi Media Group", "paragraph_text": "Le D\u00e9fi Media Group is a mass media company based in Port Louis, Mauritius. The group's operations include newspapers, magazines, radio and digital media. The newspapers, magazines and radio are mostly published and broadcast in French."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mount Meigs Campus", "paragraph_text": "The Mount Meigs Campus is a juvenile corrections facility of the Alabama Department of Youth Services located in Mount Meigs, unincorporated Montgomery County; the campus serves as the agency's administrative headquarters. The campus, which can house 264 boys, is next to Interstate 85 North and about east of Downtown Montgomery. Since 2015, the separate J. Walter Wood Treatment facility for 24 girls is also located in the Mount Meigs Campus."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals \"guanches\", \"guanchos\" or \"canarios\". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "L'Officiel Hommes", "paragraph_text": "L'Officiel Hommes is a French luxury fashion and lifestyle magazine for men, adapted from \"L'Officiel\", owned by a French media group \"Les \u00c9ditions Jalou\". It has been published in Paris since 2005 and targets men interested in fashion."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kuramo Beach", "paragraph_text": "Kuramo Beach is a sandy beach in Lagos, Nigeria, located at the south side of Victoria Island, just east of Bar Beach and south of the Kuramo Waters lagoon. It was the location of numerous illegal shanties and cabins, some of them being used for music entertainment, bars and prostitution. In August 2012, a surge of the Atlantic Ocean hit Kuramo Beach, destroying some of these shacks and killing 16 people. The next day government authorities evacuated the area, demolished the remaining shacks and began to refill the sand."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Parc de la V\u00e9rendrye (Le Domaine) Water Aerodrome", "paragraph_text": "Parc de la V\u00e9rendrye (Le Domaine) Water Aerodrome, , was located on Lac Jean-P\u00e9r\u00e9, Quebec, Canada and is open from June until October."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "KGLK", "paragraph_text": "KGLK (107.5 FM, \"The Eagle @ 107-5\") is a classic rock formatted radio station licensed to Lake Jackson, Texas, and simulcast on 106.9 KHPT in Conroe, Texas. The facility is owned by Cox Media Group, and is part of a four station cluster that includes KTHT, KHPT and KKBQ, in the surveyed Houston metropolitan area. \"The Eagle\" is headquartered in Suite 2300 at 1990 Post Oak Blvd in the Uptown district in Houston, Texas, United States. KGLK's main transmitter facilities are located near Liverpool, TX with a backup transmitter site co-located at the KKBQ backup site."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WRHI", "paragraph_text": "WRHI is a news/talk radio station in Rock Hill, South Carolina. It broadcasts on AM frequency 1340 kHz with a simulcast on 100.1 FM (via translator W261CP) and is under ownership of OTS Media Group. Its studios and transmitter are both located separately in Rock Hill."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Location, Location, Location", "paragraph_text": "Location, Location, Location is a Channel 4 property programme, presented by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer and produced by IWC Media, part of the RDF Media Group. The reality show follows Allsopp and Spencer as they try to find the perfect home for a different set of buyers each week. It first aired in May 2000."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Metropolis International", "paragraph_text": "Metropolis International Group Limited, established in 1994, is a predominantly UK-based media and technology group specialising in business, consumer and travel media including awards, events and websites, business software, and reward and benefit programmes. It currently has 300 employees and runs offices in West London, Croydon, Bolton, Chester, Dublin, Acton and New York City. The company's headquarters are currently located in Acton, West London."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Demsa", "paragraph_text": "Demsa is a Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria with headquarters located in Demsa. Demsa lies on the Benue River. Population is 180,251. It is inhabited by ethnic groups such as the Bachama, Batta, Yandang, Bille, Mbula, Maya, Bare and fulani."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Huahine", "paragraph_text": "Huahine is an island located among the Society Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Leeward Islands group \"(\u00celes sous le Vent).\" At the 2017 census it had a population of 6,075."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the body of water containing the headquarters location of Le D\u00e9fi Media Group?"}
{"id": "3hop2__19506_6035_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ma\u0142ynka", "paragraph_text": "Ma\u0142ynka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031'\u00a0E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011'\u00a0E. The region extends as a sector about 2600\u00a0km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000\u00a0km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy. It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic. On November 22, Japan issued a statement \"asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\". By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tank\u014dbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets\u2014in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British Antarctic Territory", "paragraph_text": "The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60\u00b0S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the north of the river Aras, among which the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Koplany", "paragraph_text": "Koplany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south-west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1\u20132 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern p\u00f4le antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Territory of the Saar Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Territory of the Saar Basin (, ; ) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. It had its own flag (adopted on July 28, 1920): a blue, white, and black horizontal tricolour. The blue and white stood for Bavaria, and white and black for Prussia, out of whose lands the Saar Territory was formed. Initially, the occupation was under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles. Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbr\u00fccken. The territory closely corresponds with the modern German state of Saarland, but was slightly smaller in area. After a plebiscite was held in 1935, it was returned to Germany."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Swedish Livonia", "paragraph_text": "Swedish Livonia () was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1629 until 1721. The territory, which constituted the southern part of modern Estonia (including the island of \u00d6sel ceded by Denmark after the Treaty of Br\u00f6msebro) and the northern part of modern Latvia (the Vidzeme region), represented the conquest of the major part of the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia during the 1600\u20131629 Polish-Swedish War. Parts of Livonia and the city of Riga were under Swedish control as early as 1621 and the situation was formalized in Truce of Altmark 1629, but the whole territory was not ceded formally until the Treaty of Oliva in 1660. The minority part of the Wenden Voivodeship retained by the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth was renamed the Inflanty Voivodeship (\"\"Livonian Principality\"\"), which today corresponds to the Latgale region of Latvia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jeroniki", "paragraph_text": "Jeroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Choroszcz and west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The Sino-French War began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A French invasion of Taiwan was halted and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the Battle of Bang Bo. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the Treaty of Tientsin (1885) and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina Supra\u015bl", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Supra\u015bl is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Supra\u015bl, which lies approximately north-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}], "question": "To which country were Bialystok, Przemysl and the territory given to the Poles in the Treaty of Schonbrunn returned at the same time modern comics started in Japan?"}
{"id": "3hop1__455466_218681_35143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Coloane Park", "paragraph_text": "Coloane Park is a large park located on the southern section of Coloane Island in the former Portuguese colony of Macau, now a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Seaport Village", "paragraph_text": "Seaport Village is a waterfront shopping and dining complex adjacent to San Diego Bay in downtown San Diego, California. It is located at 849 West Harbor Drive, at the intersection of Harbor Drive and Kettner."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Corinthia Hotel Khartoum", "paragraph_text": "The Corinthia Hotel Khartoum is a five-star hotel in central Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, on the meeting point of the Blue Nile and White Nile and in the centre of Khartoum\u2019s commercial, business, and administrative districts. It is located next to the Friendship Hall of Khartoum and the Tuti Bridge."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Caudan Waterfront", "paragraph_text": "Le Caudan Waterfront is a commercial development in Port Louis, the capital city of Mauritius. It includes shops, banking facilities, casinos, cinemas, restaurants, a marina and a five star hotel (Le Labourdonnais)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and/or personal reasons. Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975. By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot was built on the east side of the sheltered bay of Trou Fanfaron in Port Louis, the Mauritian capital. The historic complex currently consists of the partial remains of three stone buildings dating back to the 1860s, built on the spot of an earlier depot site. It consists of the entrance gateway and a hospital block, remnants of immigration sheds, and vestiges of the service quarters.Subsequent land reclamations as a result of urban development have moved the Immigration Depot's location further inland. The Caudan Waterfront, a marina being developed as an economic and tourist center, is situated beyond the site."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Visa requirements for British citizens", "paragraph_text": "Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom. As of 22 May 2018, British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 186 countries and territories, ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Austrian, Dutch, Luxembourgish, Norwegian, Portuguese and the United States passports) according to the Henley Passport Index. Additionally, the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world (tied with Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and Singapore) in terms of travel freedom, with a mobility index of 160 (out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1, visa on arrival weighted by 0.7, eVisa by 0.5, and traditional visa weighted by 0)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British\u2014who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619\u2014and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondich\u00e9ry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Powwow Pond", "paragraph_text": "Powwow Pond is a water body in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States. The outlet of the pond is located in the town of East Kingston, but most of the lake lies in the town of Kingston. The Powwow River, the outlet of the pond, flows to the Merrimack River in Amesbury, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Jo\u00e3o VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Corus Quay", "paragraph_text": "Corus Quay, originally named First Waterfront Place, is an eight-storey commercial office tower located on a waterfront site in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The building is the first major development planned for the East Bayfront district, and completed construction at the foot of Jarvis Street. Corus Quay is Corus Entertainment's new Toronto headquarters, consolidating its 10 locations and 1,200 employees into one site. The building was being developed by the Toronto Economic Development Corporation (TEDCO), a city agency. Funding for the project came from TEDCO's equity, city loans and a million contribution from the city contributed via Waterfront Toronto."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Macau", "paragraph_text": "Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire, after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557. Originally governing under Chinese authority and sovereignty, Portugal was given perpetual occupation rights for Macau in 1887. Macau remained under Portuguese control until 1999, when it was returned to China. As a special administrative region, Macau maintains a separate political and economic system apart from mainland China."}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the body of water home to the Caudan Waterfront?"}
{"id": "3hop2__19506_10895_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Territory of the Saar Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Territory of the Saar Basin (, ; ) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. It had its own flag (adopted on July 28, 1920): a blue, white, and black horizontal tricolour. The blue and white stood for Bavaria, and white and black for Prussia, out of whose lands the Saar Territory was formed. Initially, the occupation was under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles. Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbr\u00fccken. The territory closely corresponds with the modern German state of Saarland, but was slightly smaller in area. After a plebiscite was held in 1935, it was returned to Germany."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British \"returned\" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as \"Black Caribbean\", 0.8% as \"Black African\", and 0.2% as \"Black other\". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is \"black and minority ethnic\" (BME), but sometimes the term \"black\" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of \"African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Koplany", "paragraph_text": "Koplany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south-west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Treaty of Paris (1763)", "paragraph_text": "Spain ceded Florida to Britain. France had already secretly given Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). In addition, while France regained its factories in India, France recognized British clients as the rulers of key Indian native states, and pledged not to send troops to Bengal. Britain agreed to demolish its fortifications in British Honduras (now Belize), but retained a logwood - cutting colony there. Britain confirmed the right of its new subjects to practise Catholicism."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031'\u00a0E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011'\u00a0E. The region extends as a sector about 2600\u00a0km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000\u00a0km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Juchnowiec Dolny", "paragraph_text": "Juchnowiec Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clothing", "paragraph_text": "Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina Supra\u015bl", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Supra\u015bl is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Supra\u015bl, which lies approximately north-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Treaty of Sugauli", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 - 16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and/or personal reasons. Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975. By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Treaty of Paris (1763)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Paris is frequently noted as the point at which France gave Louisiana to Spain. The transfer, however, occurred with the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) but was not publicly announced until 1764. The Treaty of Paris was to give Britain the east side of the Mississippi (including Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which was to be part of the British territory of West Florida). New Orleans on the east side remained in French hands (albeit temporarily). The Mississippi River corridor in what is modern day Louisiana was to be reunited following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Adams -- On\u00eds Treaty in 1819."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ellis Island", "paragraph_text": "After its opening, Ellis Island was again expanded, and additional structures were built. By the time it closed on November 12, 1954, 12 million immigrants had been processed by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration. It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, just across a narrow strait. Others would have used one of the other terminals along the North River (Hudson River) at that time. At first, the majority of immigrants arriving through the station were Northern and Western Europeans (Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Great Britain, and the Scandinavian countries). Eventually, these groups of peoples slowed in the rates that they were coming in, and immigrants came in from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews. Many reasons these immigrants came to the United States included escaping political and economic oppression, as well as persecution, destitution, and violence. Other groups of peoples being processed through the station were Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Greeks, Syrians, Turks, and Armenians."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "British Antarctic Territory", "paragraph_text": "The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60\u00b0S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "paragraph_text": "Raghunathrao, unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the British at Bombay and signed the Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein to the British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers."}], "question": "To which country were Bialystok, Przemysl and the territory given to the Poles in the Treaty of Schonbrunn returned at the same time Britain encouraged immigration of workers?"}
{"id": "3hop1__211826_218681_35143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Falling Waters, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Falling Waters is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Potomac River in Berkeley County, West Virginia. It is located along Williamsport Pike (US 11) north of Martinsburg. According to the 2010 census, Falling Waters has a population of 876. An 1887 \"Scientific American\" article claimed that the first U.S. railroad was built in Falling Waters in 1814."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British\u2014who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619\u2014and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondich\u00e9ry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourteenth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 2\u20134 October 2009 at the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril located in Estoril, Portugal."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''(commonly referred to as`` plastination'') so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sedimentary rock", "paragraph_text": "Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Raouf Bundhun", "paragraph_text": "Abdool Raouf Bundhun (born 14 January 1937) was Vice President of Mauritius from 2002 to 2007. He was elected by National Assembly of Mauritius on 25 February 2002 for a term of five years. Prior to assuming office he had been Mauritius' ambassador to France. He has also been the member of National Assembly of Mauritius for two terms; from 1967 to 1976 and 1995 to 2000. From 1969 to 1975 he had been the Minister for youth and sports and appointed parliamentary secretary by Seewoosagur Ramgoolam in 1969. In 1976 he became the minister of energy of Mauritius. He has chaired the Development Works Corporation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Prime Minister of Mauritius", "paragraph_text": "Prime Minister of Mauritius Coat of arms of Mauritius Flag of Mauritius Incumbent Pravind Jugnauth since 23 January 2017 Style The Honourable Residence Clarisse House (Official) Nominator The President who must appoint the MP supporting a clear majority in the National Assembly Appointer Ameenah Gurib Term length At The President's Pleasure serving as long as the office holder has a majority in the National Assembly Inaugural holder Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Formation 12 March 1968; 50 years ago (1968 - 03 - 12) Salary Rs 3.66 Million Website Prime Minister Office"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Colonial Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Colonial Brazil () comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Cell", "paragraph_text": "Serial killer Carl Rudolph Stargher (Vincent D'Onofrio) traps his victims in a cell in the form of a glass enclosure that slowly fills with water by means of an automatic timer, then uses a hoist in his basement to suspend himself above their bodies while watching the recorded video of their deaths. He succumbs to the same schizophrenic illness and falls into a coma just as the FBI identifies him, leaving them without any leads as to the location of his latest victim, Julia Hickson (Tara Subkoff). After learning of this experimental technology, Agent Peter Novak (Vince Vaughn) persuades Deane to enter Stargher's mind and discover Hickson's location."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bodies: The Exhibition", "paragraph_text": "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called ``polymer preservation ''so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Botanical Garden", "paragraph_text": "The Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Botanical Garden (sometimes shortened to the SSR Botanical Garden), commonly known as the Pamplemousses Botanical Garden, is a popular tourist attraction in Pamplemousses, near Port Louis, Mauritius, and the oldest botanical garden in the Southern Hemisphere. Famous for its long pond of giant water lilies (\"Victoria amazonica\"), the garden was first constructed by Pierre Poivre (17191786) in 1770, and it covers an area of around 37 hectares."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the ocean that contains the place of death of Seewoosagur Ramgoolam?"}
{"id": "3hop1__570885_218681_35143", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Brazil national football team", "paragraph_text": "The Brazil national football team (Portuguese: Sele\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Futebol) represents Brazil in international men's association football. Brazil is administered by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF), the governing body for football in Brazil."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Valdes Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The coastline is inhabited by marine mammals, like sea lions, elephant seals and fur seals. Southern right whales can be found in Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San Jos\u00e9, protected bodies of water located between the peninsula and the Patagonian mainland. These baleen whales come here between May and December, for mating and giving birth, because the water in the gulf is quieter and warmer than in the open sea. Orcas can be found off the coast, in the open sea off the peninsula. In this area, they are known to beach themselves on shore to capture sea lions and elephant seals."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wapizagonke Lake", "paragraph_text": "The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector \"Lac-Wapizagonke\", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 1926 Men's European Water Polo Championship was the 1st edition of the event, organised by the Europe's governing body in aquatics, the Ligue Europ\u00e9enne de Natation. The event took place between 18\u201322 August in Budapest, Hungary as an integrated part of the 1926 European Aquatics Championships."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Potamogeton amplifolius", "paragraph_text": "Potamogeton amplifolius, commonly known as largeleaf pondweed or broad-leaved pondweed, is an aquatic plant of North America. It grows in water bodies such as lakes, ponds, and rivers, often in deep water."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Francis Thom\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Francis Thom\u00e9 (October 18, 1850, Port Louis, Mauritius \u2013 November 16, 1909, Paris), was a French pianist and composer. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire with Jules Duprato and Ambroise Thomas. After leaving the Conservatoire he became well known as a composer of salon pieces and was in demand as a pianist and teacher. His music was particularly successful in the French provinces, and two of his operas were first performed outside Paris. He became popular towards the end of the 19th century as a composer of accompanied poems, but is also known for his stage works which encompassed various genres, including ballet, pantomime, incidental music (for a wide range of plays), bleuettes, and operettas, such as \"Baron Fric\" (1886)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourteenth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 2\u20134 October 2009 at the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril located in Estoril, Portugal."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria. All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, Wast Water and Windermere."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Aapravasi Ghat", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration Depot (, \"Aapravasi Ghat\") is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire. The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations. In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry. The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "paragraph_text": "About 700 British Army regulars in Boston, under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord. Through effective intelligence gathering, Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations. On the night before the battle, warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders, including Paul Revere and Samuel Prescott, with information about British plans. The initial mode of the Army's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charlestown using lanterns to communicate ``one if by land, two if by sea ''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Colonial Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Colonial Brazil () comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Powwow Pond", "paragraph_text": "Powwow Pond is a water body in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States. The outlet of the pond is located in the town of East Kingston, but most of the lake lies in the town of Kingston. The Powwow River, the outlet of the pond, flows to the Merrimack River in Amesbury, Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Contoocook Lake", "paragraph_text": "Contoocook Lake () is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Jaffrey and Rindge. The lake, along with Pool Pond, forms the headwaters of the Contoocook River, which flows north to the Merrimack River in Penacook, New Hampshire."}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the body of water adjacent to Francis Thome's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop2__6035_19506_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Juchnowiec Dolny", "paragraph_text": "Juchnowiec Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize T\u00f6pffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tank\u014dbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jeroniki", "paragraph_text": "Jeroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Choroszcz and west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Koplany", "paragraph_text": "Koplany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south-west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Territory of the Saar Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Territory of the Saar Basin (, ; ) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. It had its own flag (adopted on July 28, 1920): a blue, white, and black horizontal tricolour. The blue and white stood for Bavaria, and white and black for Prussia, out of whose lands the Saar Territory was formed. Initially, the occupation was under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles. Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbr\u00fccken. The territory closely corresponds with the modern German state of Saarland, but was slightly smaller in area. After a plebiscite was held in 1935, it was returned to Germany."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "British Antarctic Territory", "paragraph_text": "The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60\u00b0S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Swedish Livonia", "paragraph_text": "Swedish Livonia () was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1629 until 1721. The territory, which constituted the southern part of modern Estonia (including the island of \u00d6sel ceded by Denmark after the Treaty of Br\u00f6msebro) and the northern part of modern Latvia (the Vidzeme region), represented the conquest of the major part of the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia during the 1600\u20131629 Polish-Swedish War. Parts of Livonia and the city of Riga were under Swedish control as early as 1621 and the situation was formalized in Truce of Altmark 1629, but the whole territory was not ceded formally until the Treaty of Oliva in 1660. The minority part of the Wenden Voivodeship retained by the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth was renamed the Inflanty Voivodeship (\"\"Livonian Principality\"\"), which today corresponds to the Latgale region of Latvia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031'\u00a0E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011'\u00a0E. The region extends as a sector about 2600\u00a0km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000\u00a0km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy. It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic. On November 22, Japan issued a statement \"asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\". By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the north of the river Aras, among which the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tank\u014dbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets\u2014in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina Supra\u015bl", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Supra\u015bl is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Supra\u015bl, which lies approximately north-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ma\u0142ynka", "paragraph_text": "Ma\u0142ynka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1\u20132 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern p\u00f4le antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole)."}], "question": "To which country were Bialystok, Przemysl and the territory given to the Poles in the Treaty of Schonbrunn returned at the same time modern comics started in Japan?"}
{"id": "3hop1__6035_36635_87083", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Big Brother 19 (American season)", "paragraph_text": "Following Mark's eviction, the HouseGuests were splattered in the Everyone's A Wiener Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests must brace themselves with handholds and footholds inside their hot dog bun. The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household. Jason was the winner. For being the first two people to drop in the Head of Household competition, Kevin and Matt became Have - Nots for the week. On Day 66, the Tree of Temptation turned red. However, nobody accepted the temptation. On Day 66, Jason nominated Matt and Raven, with Matt as the target. On Day 67, Jason, Matt, Raven, Josh, Paul, and Kevin went on the lookout in the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House. Then, one at a time, HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card. If a HouseGuest's veto card is found, they will be eliminated, though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition. The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto. Jason was the winner. On Day 69, Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 71, Matt broke the Have - Not rules and earned a penalty vote on eviction night. On Day 72, Matt was evicted by a 6 - 0 vote. He became the fourth member of the jury."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members\u2014the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan\u2014because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status. This era name means \"Enlightened Rule\". In Japan, the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s, marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines. Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period. In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi, reacted against the bureaucratic superstate, and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite, and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes. They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining. They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan. They enlarged history by using the methods of social history. It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously. Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations. The hyobusho (war office) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department. The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Superman", "paragraph_text": "Superman debuted as the cover feature of the anthology Action Comics # 1 (cover - dated June 1938 and published on April 18, 1938). The series was an immediate success, and reader feedback showed it was because of the Superman character. In June 1939, Detective Comics began a sister series, Superman, dedicated exclusively to the character. Action Comics eventually became dedicated to Superman stories too, and both it and Superman have been published without interruption since 1938 (ignoring changes to the titles and numbering). A large number of other series and miniseries have been published as well. Superman has also appeared as a regular or semi-regular character in a number of superhero team series, such as Justice League of America and World's Finest Comics, and in spin - off series such as Supergirl. Sales of Action Comics and Superman declined steadily from the 1950s, but rose again starting in 1987. Superman # 75 (Nov 1992) sold over 6 million copies, making it the best - selling issue of a comic book of all time, thanks to a media sensation over the possibly permanent death of the character in that issue. Sales declined from that point on. In February 2016, Action Comics sold just over 31,000 copies. The comic books are today considered a niche aspect of the Superman franchise due to low readership."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Orthodox Judaism", "paragraph_text": "Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda \"Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz\" for a more extensive listing.]"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Comic book", "paragraph_text": "A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, usually dialog contained in word balloons emblematic of the comics art form. Although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. The first modern comic book, Famous Funnies, was released in the United States in 1933 and was a reprinting of earlier newspaper humor comic strips, which had established many of the story - telling devices used in comics. The term comic book derives from American comic books once being a compilation of comic strips of a humorous tone; however, this practice was replaced by featuring stories of all genres, usually not humorous in tone."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinp\u014d newspaper\u2014the first use of the word \"manga\" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances\u2014the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the \"Big Three\". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\"  and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the \"Four Policemen\" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Security Council ``veto power ''refers to the power of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to veto any`` substantive'' resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to ``procedural ''votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary - General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recognized \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Exhibition game", "paragraph_text": "Various auto racing organizations hold exhibition events; these events usually award no championship points to participants, but they do offer prize money to participants. The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season. Both events carry a hefty purse of over USD $1,000,000. NASCAR has also held exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Ch\u014dj\u016b-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a \"grammar\" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a \"manga expression theory\",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean \"Japanese comics\" or \"Japanese-style comics\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize T\u00f6pffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tank\u014dbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Heian period", "paragraph_text": "The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-ky\u014d (present day Ky\u014dto\u4eac\u90fd), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-ky\u014d, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time, to Heian. The Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United Nations Security Council", "paragraph_text": "The Security Council consists of fifteen members. The great powers that were the victors of World War II -- the Soviet Union (now represented by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, France, the Republic of China (now represented by the People's Republic of China), and the United States -- serve as the body's five permanent members. These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary - General. The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two - year terms. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lady Saig\u014d", "paragraph_text": "During their relationship, Lady Saig\u014d influenced Ieyasu's philosophies, choice of allies, and policies as he rose to power during the late Sengoku period, and she thus had an indirect effect on the organization and composition of the Tokugawa shogunate. Although less is known of her than some other figures of the era, she is generally regarded as the \"power behind the throne\", and her life has been compared to a \"Cinderella story\" of feudal Japan. Her contributions were considered so significant that she was posthumously inducted to the Senior First Rank of the Imperial Court, the highest honor that could be conferred by the Emperor of Japan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Infinity Gems", "paragraph_text": "The Infinity Gems, originally referred to as Soul Gems and later referred to as Infinity Stones, are six immensely powerful fictional gems appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Whoever holds and uses all six Gems gains omnipotence, omnipresence and omniscience. The six primary Gems are the Mind Gem, the Soul Gem, the Space Gem, the Power Gem, the Time Gem and the Reality Gem. In later storylines, crossovers and other media, a seventh Gem is sometimes added."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tank\u014dbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets\u2014in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics."}], "question": "Who holds veto power in the body to which the winners of the conflict after which modern comics started in Japan were allotted permanent seats?"}
{"id": "3hop1__534755_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Conversations with God", "paragraph_text": "Conversations with God (CwG) is a sequence of books written by Neale Donald Walsch. It was written as a dialogue in which Walsch asks questions and God answers. The first book of the Conversations with God series, Conversations with God, Book 1: An Uncommon Dialogue, was published in 1995 and became a publishing phenomenon, staying on the New York Times Best - Sellers List for 137 weeks. The succeeding volumes in the nine book series also appeared prominently on the List."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union", "paragraph_text": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union is a daily, French-language newspaper published in R\u00e9union, a French overseas department. The newspaper, which was founded in 1951 is headquartered in Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, is owned by Groupe Hersant M\u00e9dia. There are four competing newspapers in R\u00e9union."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Conviasa", "paragraph_text": "Conviasa is under the authority of the Ministry of Aquatic and Air Transport. The airline is owned by the Venezuelan government (80%) and the regional government of Nueva Esparta (20%). Conviasa has its headquarters on the grounds of Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar International Airport in Maiquet\u00eda, Venezuela, near Caracas. Originally Conviasa had its headquarters on Margarita Island. At one time Conviasa had its headquarters in the East Tower of Parque Central in Caracas."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Restored Church of God", "paragraph_text": "RCG's founder and leader is David C. Pack (born 1948). As Pastor General of the Restored Church of God, David C. Pack oversees the operations of the church. He attended Ambassador College and entered WCG's ministry in 1971. Following the 1995 schism in WCG, Pack became a minister in the Global Church of God, but was fired on May 3, 1999, and established his own church. Since then, he has established over 50 congregations, authored more than 20 books, written hundreds of booklets and articles, and appeared on The History Channel. The church attendance is claimed to be in the thousands, but no reliable numbers have been published."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aberdeen Lifeboat Station", "paragraph_text": "Aberdeen Lifeboat Station is a Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) marine-rescue facility in Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom. Aberdeen was one of the first lifeboat stations to be established in Scotland, it was founded in 1802."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as charg\u00e9 d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853. There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, as compromising the independence of the Turks. The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons, Benjamin Disraeli, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855, over the war."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Economy of God", "paragraph_text": "The Economy of God, first published in 1968, is one of Witness Lee's principal works and is a compilation of messages he gave in the summer of 1964 in Los Angeles. These messages build on one of Watchman Nee's classics, \"The Spiritual Man\", which reveals that man is composed of three parts-spirit, soul, and body. \"The Economy of God\" shows how this understanding of the parts of man tie into the central revelation of the Bible, which is God's economy, God's plan to carry out His heart's desire of imparting Himself into man for His full expression. A mass-distribution edition of this book was published in 2004."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging \u2013 it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, \"[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ewan Dow", "paragraph_text": "He was educated at Kirkcaldy and Beath High Schools and attended the University of Aberdeen though left prior to graduating."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Aldino, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Aldino is an unincorporated community in Harford County, Maryland, United States. Aldino is located on Maryland Route 156 north-northwest of Aberdeen."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Aberdeen", "paragraph_text": "The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary. The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I. In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially independent community. Granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the city's Common Good Fund which still benefits Aberdonians. During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert the Bruce laid siege to Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308, followed by the massacring of the English garrison. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended. The city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gods of Aberdeen", "paragraph_text": "Gods of Aberdeen is a novel written by Micah Nathan, published in June 2005 by Simon & Schuster. It was translated into Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Portuguese with the title \"The Last Alchemist\". The novel is written in first-person, and follows the freshman year of the narrator, Eric Dunne, a 16-year-old linguistic savant who attends fictional Aberdeen College, in the town of Fairwich, Connecticut. The novel achieved best-seller status in Italy, selling over 40k copies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Conversations with God", "paragraph_text": "Conversations with God (CwG) is a sequence of books written by Neale Donald Walsch. It was written as a dialogue in which Walsch asks questions and God answers. The first book of the \"Conversations with God\" series, \"Conversations with God, Book 1: An Uncommon Dialogue\", was published in 1995 and became a publishing phenomenon, staying on \"The New York Times Best Sellers List\" for 137 weeks. The succeeding volumes in the nine book series also appeared prominently on the List."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Holland Group", "paragraph_text": "The John Holland Group is a construction, tunnelling, rail, building and services provider with operations in Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia and the Middle East. Headquartered in Melbourne, it is a 100% owned subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company, a Chinese state owned enterprise."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The News Journal (Nigeria)", "paragraph_text": "The News Journal is a community development newspaper serving the area that used to be known as Western State, Nigeria now comprising the main Yoruba states of Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo and Ekiti. It is headquartered in the South East division of Ibadan and is owned by Layipo Concepts. Its stated aim is \"to publish news of developmental value to the Nigerian audience and other audiences who shall need high quality and unbiased information / news reports on and about Nigeria.\""}], "question": "What is the headquarters location of the company that owns the publisher of Gods of Aberdeen?"}
{"id": "3hop2__81954_19506_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok", "paragraph_text": "Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok () is a Polish football club based in Bia\u0142ystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa, the top level of Polish football. The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Bia\u0142ystok. Jagiellonia play their home games at Bia\u0142ystok City Stadium."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Australian dollar", "paragraph_text": "The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931, was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966. The rate of conversion for the new decimal currency was two dollars per Australian pound, or ten Australian shillings per dollar. The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 = 8 shillings ($2.50 = UK \u00a31). In 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area, when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A $1 = US $1.12."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the Canadian dollar", "paragraph_text": "During the mid-19th century, there was a policy disagreement between the British and the colonial governments. The British wanted all the colonies to continue to use sterling, to facilitate trade within the Empire. The Canadian colonies, both in the east and British Columbia, increasingly favoured linking their currencies to the US dollar, given the strong local trade links. Eventually, the local trade won out and the Canadian colonies migrated to currencies linked to the US dollar."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "On August 15, 1971, the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to \"float\" (rise and fall according to market demand). Shortly thereafter, Britain followed, floating the pound sterling. The other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies. Anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before. The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies. Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased. In September 1971, OPEC issued a joint communiqu\u00e9 stating that, from then on, they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Namibian dollar", "paragraph_text": "The Namibian dollar (symbol: $; code: NAD) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively N $to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States ten-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The United States ten - dollar bill ($10) is a denomination of U.S. currency. The obverse of the bill features the portrait of Alexander Hamilton, who served as the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. The reverse features the U.S. Treasury Building. All $10 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New Zealand dollar", "paragraph_text": "The New Zealand dollar (sign: $; code: NZD) (M\u0101ori: T\u0101ra o Aotearoa) is the currency and legal tender of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, the Ross Dependency, Tokelau, and a British territory, the Pitcairn Islands. Within New Zealand, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with ``NZ $''sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies. In the context of currency trading, it is often informally called the`` Kiwi'', since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New Zealand dollar", "paragraph_text": "The New Zealand dollar (sign: $; code: NZD, also abbreviated NZ $) (M\u0101ori: T\u0101ra o Aotearoa) is the official currency and legal tender of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, the Ross Dependency, Tokelau, and a British territory, the Pitcairn Islands. Within New Zealand, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with ``NZ $''sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies. In the context of currency trading, it is often informally called the`` Kiwi'' or ``Kiwi dollar '', since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Reserve currency", "paragraph_text": "By the end of the 20th century, the United States dollar was considered the world's most dominant reserve currency. The world's need for dollars has allowed the United States government as well as Americans to borrow at lower costs, granting them an advantage in excess of $100 billion per year."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Reserve currency", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, the international financial system was governed by a formal agreement, the Bretton Woods System. Under this system the United States dollar was placed deliberately as the anchor of the system, with the US government guaranteeing other central banks that they could sell their US dollar reserves at a fixed rate for gold."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Federal Reserve Act", "paragraph_text": "The passing of the Federal Reserve act of 1913 carried implications both domestically and internationally for the United States economic system. The absence of a central banking structure in the U.S. previous to this act left a financial essence that was characterized by immobile reserves and inelastic currency. Creating the Federal Reserve gave the Federal Reserve control to regulate inflation, even though the government control over such powers would eventually lead to decisions that were controversial. Some of the most prominent implications include the internationalization of the U.S. Dollar as a global currency, the impact from the perception of the Central Bank structure as a public good by creating a system of financial stability (Parthemos 19 - 28), and the Impact of the Federal Reserve in response to economic panics. The Federal Reserve Act also permitted national banks to make mortgage loans for farm land, which had not been permitted previously."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States two-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862. The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all two dollar United States Notes from production. The $2 bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the $2 bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976 production of the two - dollar denomination was resumed and the two - dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then. It was estimated that if the two - dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one - dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($109 million adjusted for inflation) over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bahamian dollar", "paragraph_text": "The dollar (sign: $; code: BSD) has been the currency of The Bahamas since 1966. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign \"$\", or alternatively B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gold standard", "paragraph_text": "Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act on 30 January 1934; the measure nationalized all gold by ordering Federal Reserve banks to turn over their supply to the U.S. Treasury. In return the banks received gold certificates to be used as reserves against deposits and Federal Reserve notes. The act also authorized the president to devalue the gold dollar. Under this authority the president, on 31 January 1934, changed the value of the dollar from $20.67 to the troy ounce to $35 to the troy ounce, a devaluation of over 40%."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States dollar", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States two-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862. The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two - dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue production of all United States Notes, which included the two - dollar bill. The two - dollar denomination was not immediately reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the two - dollar bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976, production of the two - dollar denomination was resumed and the two - dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then. It was estimated that if the two - dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one - dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($112 million adjusted for inflation) over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole."}], "question": "To which country were Bialystok, Przemysl and the territory given to the Poles in the Treaty of Schonbrunn returned at the same time the US dollar became reserve currency?"}
{"id": "3hop1__743671_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Just the Best Party", "paragraph_text": "Just the Best Party is the second studio album by The World/Inferno Friendship Society. It was released on April 2, 2002 on Gern Blandsten Records. It is referred to by the band as 'Inferno #8', as it is the eighth release of new material by the band. The first six songs on the album originally appeared on the \"International Smashism!\" EP and two other songs, \"I Wouldn't Want to Live in a World Without Grudges\" and \"All the World Is a Stage (Dive)\", are re-recorded versions of songs that originally appeared on the \"I Wouldn't Want to Live in a World Without Grudges\" single."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Daria", "paragraph_text": "Daria is an American adult animated sitcom created by Glenn Eichler and Susie Lewis Lynn. The series ran from March 3, 1997 to January 21, 2002 on MTV."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Live in New York (James Brown album)", "paragraph_text": "Live in New York is a 1981 live double album by James Brown. It was recorded in 1980 at the Studio 54 nightclub. It includes two studio instrumentals, \"Brown's Inferno\" and \"Bay Ridge Boogy\", performed by the Bay Ridge Band."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union", "paragraph_text": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union is a daily, French-language newspaper published in R\u00e9union, a French overseas department. The newspaper, which was founded in 1951 is headquartered in Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, is owned by Groupe Hersant M\u00e9dia. There are four competing newspapers in R\u00e9union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "El Pollo Loco", "paragraph_text": "El Pollo Loco, Inc. is a restaurant chain based in the United States, specializing in Mexican - style grilled chicken. Restaurant service consists of: dine - in, take - out, with some locations offering drive through options. The company is headquartered in Costa Mesa, California and operates over 400 (as of March 2014) company - owned and franchised restaurants in the Southwestern United States. ``El Pollo Loco ''is Spanish for`` The Crazy Chicken''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "General Electric", "paragraph_text": "GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The News Journal (Nigeria)", "paragraph_text": "The News Journal is a community development newspaper serving the area that used to be known as Western State, Nigeria now comprising the main Yoruba states of Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo and Ekiti. It is headquartered in the South East division of Ibadan and is owned by Layipo Concepts. Its stated aim is \"to publish news of developmental value to the Nigerian audience and other audiences who shall need high quality and unbiased information / news reports on and about Nigeria.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Avatar: The Last Airbender \u2013 Into the Inferno", "paragraph_text": "Avatar: The Last Airbender \u2013 Into the Inferno (known as Avatar: The Legend of Aang \u2013 Into the Inferno in Europe) is a video game based on the Nickelodeon animated TV series \"\". Like the previous two games which were set in the and seasons, the game's setting is based upon the show's third and final season. The Wii version was released on October 13, 2008 in North America and on November 1, 2008 in the UK."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Millen Range", "paragraph_text": "The Millen Range () is a prominent northwest\u2013southeast trending mountain range, located west of the Cartographers Range in the Victory Mountains of Antarctica. Peaks in the range include Inferno, O'Donnell, Omega, Le Couteur, Head, Cirque, Gless, Turret and Crosscut, and Mount Aorangi. It was named by the New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition (NZFMCAE) of 1962\u201363, for John M. Millen, leader of the expedition."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Inferno Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Inferno Ridge () is a narrow ridge, long, rising between Schneider Glacier and Rennell Glacier in the Heritage Range, Antarctica. It was so named by the University of Minnesota Geological Party to these mountains, 1963\u201364, because the area is deeply dissected and composed of black rocks."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Conviasa", "paragraph_text": "Conviasa is under the authority of the Ministry of Aquatic and Air Transport. The airline is owned by the Venezuelan government (80%) and the regional government of Nueva Esparta (20%). Conviasa has its headquarters on the grounds of Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar International Airport in Maiquet\u00eda, Venezuela, near Caracas. Originally Conviasa had its headquarters on Margarita Island. At one time Conviasa had its headquarters in the East Tower of Parque Central in Caracas."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "KGLK", "paragraph_text": "KGLK (107.5 FM, \"The Eagle @ 107-5\") is a classic rock formatted radio station licensed to Lake Jackson, Texas, and simulcast on 106.9 KHPT in Conroe, Texas. The facility is owned by Cox Media Group, and is part of a four station cluster that includes KTHT, KHPT and KKBQ, in the surveyed Houston metropolitan area. \"The Eagle\" is headquartered in Suite 2300 at 1990 Post Oak Blvd in the Uptown district in Houston, Texas, United States. KGLK's main transmitter facilities are located near Liverpool, TX with a backup transmitter site co-located at the KKBQ backup site."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Daria Timoshenko", "paragraph_text": "Daria Timoshenko (born 1 August 1980) is a former competitive figure skater. She is the 1999 World Junior champion for Russia. Timoshenko represented Russia until 2000 and then began competing for Azerbaijan. When her coach, Igor Rusakov, died of cancer in July 2003, she was then coached by Marina Selitskaia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John Holland Group", "paragraph_text": "The John Holland Group is a construction, tunnelling, rail, building and services provider with operations in Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia and the Middle East. Headquartered in Melbourne, it is a 100% owned subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company, a Chinese state owned enterprise."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Daria's Inferno", "paragraph_text": "Daria's Inferno is a 2000 computer game developed by Hypnotix and published by Simon & Schuster Interactive. The game is based on the animated TV show \"Daria\". Players control the character Daria Morgendorffer through the fictional town of Lawndale. Characters in the game are voiced by the same voice actors as on the TV show. The game is the only media ever to feature the TV series' entire theme song, \"You're Standing on My Neck\" by Splendora, only one verse of which is ever heard on the show."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of who owns the publisher of Daria's Inferno?"}
{"id": "3hop1__10895_708300_33009", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that \"A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Comalcalco (archaeological site)", "paragraph_text": "Comalcalco is an ancient Mayan archaeological site in the State of Tabasco, Mexico, adjacent to the modern city of Comalcalco and near the southern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. It is the only major Maya city built with bricks rather than limestone masonry and was the westernmost city of the Mayan civilisation. Covering an area of , Comalcalco was founded in the Late Classic period and may have been a satellite or colony of Palenque based on architectural similarities between the two. The city was a center of the Chontal Maya people."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Velagoundampatti", "paragraph_text": "Velagoundampatti is a place in Tamil Nadu, India. It is located on the state highway connecting the district headquarters, Namakkal with the other major town of this area, Thiruchengode. It is located along the State Highways SH-94 stretch, connecting Namakkal with Erode, Tirupur, Coimbatore. Velagoundampatti have two panjayath Aniyar and Marukalampatti."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico (Spanish: Golfo de M\u00e9xico) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean,  largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the \"Third Coast\", in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as \"Black Caribbean\", 0.8% as \"Black African\", and 0.2% as \"Black other\". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is \"black and minority ethnic\" (BME), but sometimes the term \"black\" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of \"African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Perdido River", "paragraph_text": "Perdido River, historically Rio Perdido (1763), is a river in the U.S. states of Alabama and Florida; the Perdido, a designated Outstanding Florida Waters river, forms part of the boundary between the two states along nearly its entire length and drains into the Gulf of Mexico. During the early 19th century it played a central role in a series of rotating boundary changes and disputes among France, Spain, Great Britain, and the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Victoria, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Victoria is located 30 miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico. It is a regional hub for a seven - county area known as the ``Golden Crescent '', and serves a retail trade area of over 250,000 people. Victoria is known as`` The Crossroads'' because of its location within a two - hour drive of Corpus Christi, Houston, San Antonio, and Austin."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Angel Island Immigration Station", "paragraph_text": "Angel Island Immigration Station was an immigration station located in San Francisco Bay which operated from January 21, 1910 to November 5, 1940, where immigrants entering the United States were detained and interrogated. Angel Island (California) is an island in San Francisco Bay. It is currently a State Park administered by California State Parks and a California Historical Landmark. The island was originally a fishing and hunting site for Coastal Miwok Indians, then it was a haven for Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala. Later, it was developed as a cattle ranch, then, starting with the Civil War, the island served as a U.S. Army post. During the island's Immigration Station period, the island held hundreds of thousands of immigrants, the majority from China, Japan, India, Mexico and the Philippines. The detention facility was considered ideal because of its isolated location, making it very easy to control immigrants, contain outbreaks of disease, and enforce the new immigration laws. The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the title Angel Island, U.S. Immigration Station, and is a National Historic Landmark."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lanark Village, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Lanark Village is an unincorporated community in Franklin County, Florida, United States, located along U.S. 98 on St. James Island, on the Gulf of Mexico."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It is from the United States side, that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region, with trees originally only along the watercourses. The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area, while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty, and in the south it is practically barren."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low lying: the lowest point in the islands is Holme, Cambridgeshire at \u22122.75 m (\u22129.02 ft). The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis being the highest point on the islands at 1,343 m (4,406 ft). Other mountainous areas include Wales and parts of Ireland, however only seven peaks in these areas reach above 1,000 m (3,281 ft). Lakes on the islands are generally not large, although Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is an exception, covering 150 square miles (390 km2).[citation needed] The largest freshwater body in Great Britain (by area) is Loch Lomond at 27.5 square miles (71 km2), and Loch Ness, by volume whilst Loch Morar is the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles, with a maximum depth of 310 m (1,017 ft). There are a number of major rivers within the British Isles. The longest is the Shannon in Ireland at 224 mi (360 km).[citation needed] The river Severn at 220 mi (354 km)[citation needed] is the longest in Great Britain. The isles have a temperate marine climate. The North Atlantic Drift (\"Gulf Stream\") which flows from the Gulf of Mexico brings with it significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 \u00b0C (20 \u00b0F) above the global average for the islands' latitudes. Winters are cool and wet, with summers mild and also wet. Most Atlantic depressions pass to the north of the islands, combined with the general westerly circulation and interactions with the landmass, this imposes an east-west variation in climate."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Order of battle for Convoy PQ 17", "paragraph_text": "Convoy PQ 17 was the penultimate of the PQ/QP series of arctic convoys, bound from British ports through the Arctic Ocean via Reykjav\u00edk to the White Sea ports of the Soviet Union, particularly Murmansk and Archangel. The convoy was heavily defended, but fearing an imminent attack by substantial German surface forces, the Admiralty made the decision to disperse the convoy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gulf Stream", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about 40 \u00b0 0 \u2032 N 30 \u00b0 0 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.000 \u00b0 N 30.000 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.000; - 30.000, it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tigris\u2013Euphrates river system", "paragraph_text": "The Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries, form a major river system in Western Asia. From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands of eastern Turkey they flow by / through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf. The system is part of the Palearctic Tigris -- Euphrates ecoregion, which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for \"blue-ribbon\" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "HMS Sheffield (C24)", "paragraph_text": "She was occupied on Arctic convoys until hitting a mine off Iceland on 3 March 1942 and was under repair until July. After more Arctic convoys, Sheffield joined the forces supporting the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch) in November. In December 1942, Sheffield and Jamaica formed \"Force R\", under the command of Rear-Admiral Robert Burnett (in Sheffield), which provided cover for Convoy JW 51B. The convoy was attacked by a strong German surface force. In the ensuing action (Battle of the Barents Sea), the Germans withdrew and Sheffield sank the German destroyer Friedrich Eckoldt, while also damaging the cruiser Admiral Hipper, Eckoldt mistaking Sheffield for Hipper. During this engagement, the destroyer Achates and the minesweeper Bramble were sunk by gunfire of the two German vessels."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stari Vlah-Ra\u0161ka mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Stari Vlah-Ra\u0161ka Mountain Range (\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0448\u043a\u043e-\u0420\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0448\u043a\u043e-\u0420\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0458\u0430) is a highland in southwest Serbia, in the regions of Stari Vlah and Ra\u0161ka, which part of the Dinaric Alps. These highlands stretch from U\u017eice, Arilje and Ivanjica to the border with Montenegro."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Geography of Iran", "paragraph_text": "Geographically, Iran is located in West Asia and borders the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman. Its mountains have helped to shape both the political and the economic history of the country for several centuries. The mountains enclose several broad basins, on which major agricultural and urban settlements are located. Until the 20th century, when major highways and railroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population centers, these basins tended to be relatively isolated from one another."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jumeirah Beach", "paragraph_text": "Jumeira Beach is a white sand beach that is located and named after the Jumeirah district of Dubai, on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It stretches along the coast south of the city's historic district to the junction with The Palm Jumeirah and terminates between the southern end of the Jumeirah Beach Residence (adjacent to the Dubai Marina district) and the port facilities at Jebel Ali."}], "question": "What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the location of artic convoys of when Britain encouraged immigration of workers?"}
{"id": "3hop2__19506_81954_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States five-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The United States five - dollar bill ($5) is a denomination of United States currency. The current $5 bill features the 16th U.S. President (1861 - 65), Abraham Lincoln's portrait on the front and the Lincoln Memorial on the back. All $5 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bahamian dollar", "paragraph_text": "The dollar (sign: $; code: BSD) has been the currency of The Bahamas since 1966. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign \"$\", or alternatively B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States ten-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The United States ten - dollar bill ($10) is a denomination of U.S. currency. The obverse of the bill features the portrait of Alexander Hamilton, who served as the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. The reverse features the U.S. Treasury Building. All $10 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of the Canadian dollar", "paragraph_text": "During the mid-19th century, there was a policy disagreement between the British and the colonial governments. The British wanted all the colonies to continue to use sterling, to facilitate trade within the Empire. The Canadian colonies, both in the east and British Columbia, increasingly favoured linking their currencies to the US dollar, given the strong local trade links. Eventually, the local trade won out and the Canadian colonies migrated to currencies linked to the US dollar."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Namibian dollar", "paragraph_text": "The Namibian dollar (symbol: $; code: NAD) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively N $to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Guyanese dollar", "paragraph_text": "The Guyanese dollar (currency sign: $, G$ and GY$; ISO: GYD) has been the unit of account in Guyana (formerly British Guiana) since 29 January 1839. Originally it was intended as a transitional unit to facilitate the changeover from the Dutch guilder system of currency to the British pound sterling system. The Spanish dollar was already prevalent throughout the West Indies in general, and from 1839, the Spanish dollar unit operated in British Guiana in conjunction with British sterling coins at a standard conversion rate of one dollar for every four shillings and twopence. In 1951 the British sterling coinage was replaced with a new decimal coinage which was simultaneously introduced through all the British territories in the Eastern Caribbean. When sterling began to depreciate in the early 1970s, a switch to a US dollar peg became increasingly attractive as an anti-inflationary measure and the Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority (of which Guyana was a member) made the switch in October 1975. The Guyanese dollar is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively G$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New Zealand dollar", "paragraph_text": "The New Zealand dollar (sign: $; code: NZD, also abbreviated NZ $) (M\u0101ori: T\u0101ra o Aotearoa) is the official currency and legal tender of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, the Ross Dependency, Tokelau, and a British territory, the Pitcairn Islands. Within New Zealand, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with ``NZ $''sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies. In the context of currency trading, it is often informally called the`` Kiwi'' or ``Kiwi dollar '', since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The phrase \"51st state\" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term \"51st state\" in reference to their own countries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1973 oil crisis", "paragraph_text": "On August 15, 1971, the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to \"float\" (rise and fall according to market demand). Shortly thereafter, Britain followed, floating the pound sterling. The other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies. Anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before. The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies. Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased. In September 1971, OPEC issued a joint communiqu\u00e9 stating that, from then on, they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States dollar", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gold standard", "paragraph_text": "Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act on 30 January 1934; the measure nationalized all gold by ordering Federal Reserve banks to turn over their supply to the U.S. Treasury. In return the banks received gold certificates to be used as reserves against deposits and Federal Reserve notes. The act also authorized the president to devalue the gold dollar. Under this authority the president, on 31 January 1934, changed the value of the dollar from $20.67 to the troy ounce to $35 to the troy ounce, a devaluation of over 40%."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Reserve currency", "paragraph_text": "By the end of the 20th century, the United States dollar was considered the world's most dominant reserve currency. The world's need for dollars has allowed the United States government as well as Americans to borrow at lower costs, granting them an advantage in excess of $100 billion per year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New Zealand dollar", "paragraph_text": "The New Zealand dollar (sign: $; code: NZD) (M\u0101ori: T\u0101ra o Aotearoa) is the currency and legal tender of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, the Ross Dependency, Tokelau, and a British territory, the Pitcairn Islands. Within New Zealand, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with ``NZ $''sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies. In the context of currency trading, it is often informally called the`` Kiwi'', since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australian dollar", "paragraph_text": "The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931, was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966. The rate of conversion for the new decimal currency was two dollars per Australian pound, or ten Australian shillings per dollar. The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 = 8 shillings ($2.50 = UK \u00a31). In 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area, when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A $1 = US $1.12."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Reserve currency", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, the international financial system was governed by a formal agreement, the Bretton Woods System. Under this system the United States dollar was placed deliberately as the anchor of the system, with the US government guaranteeing other central banks that they could sell their US dollar reserves at a fixed rate for gold."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States two-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862. The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all two dollar United States Notes from production. The $2 bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the $2 bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976 production of the two - dollar denomination was resumed and the two - dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then. It was estimated that if the two - dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one - dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($109 million adjusted for inflation) over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs."}], "question": "The regions of Bia\u0142ystok, the territory given to the poles in the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn and Przemy\u015bl were returned to what country when the us dollar became the reserve currency?"}
{"id": "3hop1__10895_36635_87083", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Security Council ``veto power ''refers to the power of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to veto any`` substantive'' resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to ``procedural ''votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary - General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members\u2014the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan\u2014because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Terminology of the British Isles", "paragraph_text": "The word ``Great ''means`` larger'', in comparison with Brittany in modern - day France. One historical term for the peninsula in France that largely corresponds to the modern French province is Lesser or Little Britain. That region was settled by many British immigrants during the period of Anglo - Saxon migration into Britain, and named ``Little Britain ''by them. The French term`` Bretagne'' now refers to the French ``Little Britain '', not to the British`` Great Britain'', which in French is called Grande - Bretagne. In classical times, the Graeco - Roman geographer Ptolemy in his Almagest also called the larger island megale Brettania (great Britain). At that time, it was in contrast to the smaller island of Ireland, which he called mikra Brettania (little Britain). In his later work Geography, Ptolemy refers to Great Britain as Albion and to Ireland as Iwernia. These ``new ''names were likely to have been the native names for the islands at the time. The earlier names, in contrast, were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful maritime power."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances\u2014the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the \"Big Three\". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\"  and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the \"Four Policemen\" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict. France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida. (Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba.) France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Great Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United Farm Workers", "paragraph_text": "Although still in its infant stages, the organization lent its support to a strike by workers in the rose industry in 1965. This initial protest by the young organization resulted in a failed attempt to strike against the rose industry. That same year the farm workers who worked in the Delano fields of California wanted to strike against the growers in response to the grower's refusal to raise wages from $1.20 to $1.40 an hour, and they sought out Ch\u00e1vez and the National Farm Workers Association for support. The Delano agricultural workers were mostly Filipino workers affiliated with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, a charter of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. The unification of these two organizations, in an attempt to boycott table grapes which were grown in the Delano fields, resulted in the creation of the United Farm Workers of America. The AFL - CIO chartered the United Farm Workers, officially combining the AWOC and the NFWA, in August 1966."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Big Brother 19 (American season)", "paragraph_text": "Following Mark's eviction, the HouseGuests were splattered in the Everyone's A Wiener Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests must brace themselves with handholds and footholds inside their hot dog bun. The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household. Jason was the winner. For being the first two people to drop in the Head of Household competition, Kevin and Matt became Have - Nots for the week. On Day 66, the Tree of Temptation turned red. However, nobody accepted the temptation. On Day 66, Jason nominated Matt and Raven, with Matt as the target. On Day 67, Jason, Matt, Raven, Josh, Paul, and Kevin went on the lookout in the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House. Then, one at a time, HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card. If a HouseGuest's veto card is found, they will be eliminated, though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition. The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto. Jason was the winner. On Day 69, Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 71, Matt broke the Have - Not rules and earned a penalty vote on eviction night. On Day 72, Matt was evicted by a 6 - 0 vote. He became the fourth member of the jury."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Although Anglo - French skirmishes over their American colonies had begun with what became the French and Indian War in 1754, the large - scale conflict that drew in most of the European powers was centered on Austria's desire to recover Silesia from the Prussians. Seeing the opportunity to curtail Britain's and Prussia's ever - growing might, France and Austria put aside their ancient rivalry to form a grand coalition of their own, bringing most of the other European powers to their side. Faced with this sudden turn of events, Britain aligned itself with Prussia, in a series of political manoeuvres known as the Diplomatic Revolution. However, French efforts ended in failure when the Anglo - Prussian coalition prevailed, and Britain's rise as among the world's predominant powers destroyed France's supremacy in Europe, thus altering the European balance of power."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Plenary power", "paragraph_text": "In regard to immigration law, Congress, under the Plenary Power Doctrine, has the power to make immigration policy subject to judicial oversight. The Executive Branch is charged with enforcing the immigration laws passed by Congress. The doctrine is based on the concept that immigration is a question of national sovereignty, relating to a nation's right to define its own borders. Courts generally refrain from interfering in immigration matters. Historically, the U.S. Supreme Court has taken a hands - off approach when asked to review the political branches' immigration decisions and policy - making. The Center for Immigration Studies, an organization with a slant toward isolationism, suggests there is a movement to ``erode ''political - branch control over immigration in favor of a judge - administered system and that the results have created national security concerns. The U.S. Supreme Court case Zadvydas v. Davis is cited as an example of the U.S. Supreme Court not following plenary power precedent."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Le Populaire (French newspaper)", "paragraph_text": "Le Populaire was a socialist daily newspaper published in France. It was the main organ of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as \"Black Caribbean\", 0.8% as \"Black African\", and 0.2% as \"Black other\". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is \"black and minority ethnic\" (BME), but sometimes the term \"black\" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of \"African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ellis Island", "paragraph_text": "After its opening, Ellis Island was again expanded, and additional structures were built. By the time it closed on November 12, 1954, 12 million immigrants had been processed by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration. It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, just across a narrow strait. Others would have used one of the other terminals along the North River (Hudson River) at that time. At first, the majority of immigrants arriving through the station were Northern and Western Europeans (Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Great Britain, and the Scandinavian countries). Eventually, these groups of peoples slowed in the rates that they were coming in, and immigrants came in from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews. Many reasons these immigrants came to the United States included escaping political and economic oppression, as well as persecution, destitution, and violence. Other groups of peoples being processed through the station were Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Greeks, Syrians, Turks, and Armenians."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recognized \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Agricultural policy of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 1933, with many farmers losing money because of the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA). The AAA began to regulate agricultural production by destroying crops and artificially reducing supplies. It also offered subsidies to farmers to encourage them to willingly limit their production of crops. The Supreme Court later struck down the AAA as unconstitutional, so in 1938 the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act was passed, which essentially created a similar organization for distributing farmer subsidies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United Nations Security Council", "paragraph_text": "The Security Council consists of fifteen members. The great powers that were the victors of World War II -- the Soviet Union (now represented by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, France, the Republic of China (now represented by the People's Republic of China), and the United States -- serve as the body's five permanent members. These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary - General. The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two - year terms. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "ISO 26000", "paragraph_text": "ISO 26000 \"Guidance on social responsibility\" is launched from ISO, the International Organization for Standardization. Is an International Standard providing guidelines for social responsibility (SR) named ISO 26000 or simply \"ISO SR\". It was released on 1 November 2010. Its goal is to contribute to global sustainable development, by encouraging business and other organizations to practice social responsibility to improve their impacts on their workers, their natural environments and their communities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with UN Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea."}], "question": "Who holds veto power in the body to which the winners of the conflict after which Britain encouraged the immigration of workers were allotted permanent seats?"}
{"id": "3hop1__862474_570415_773512", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Allies of the Night", "paragraph_text": "Allies of the Night is the eighth book of The Saga of Darren Shan by Darren Shan (his real name, Darren O'Shaughnessy). It is part of the \"Vampire War\" trilogy, which comprises three books: \"Hunters of the Dusk\", \"Allies of the Night\" and \"Killers of the Dawn\". \"Allies of the Night\" was first published in Great Britain by HarperCollins in 2002. It was then published in the \"Vampire War\" Trilogy in 2005."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sobeys", "paragraph_text": "Sobeys Inc. is the second largest food retailer in Canada, with over 1,500 stores operating in Canada under a variety of banners. Headquartered in Stellarton, Nova Scotia, it operates stores in all ten provinces and accumulated sales of more than $24 billion CAD in the fiscal 2017 operating year. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Empire Company Limited, a Canadian conglomerate."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "CBS Building", "paragraph_text": "The CBS Building in New York City, also known as Black Rock, is the headquarters of CBS Corporation. Located at 51 West 52nd Street at the corner of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), the Eero Saarinen designed building opened in 1965. It is 38 stories and tall with approximately rentable of space. The interior and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and Florence Knoll."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Eternal Blood", "paragraph_text": "Eternal Blood (originally Sangre Eterna) is a 2002 Chilean vampire-horror film directed by Jorge Olgu\u00edn, written by Carolina Garc\u00eda and Olgu\u00edn, and starring Blanca Lewin, Juan Pablo Ogalde, Patricia L\u00f3pez, and Claudio Espinoza. A group of vampire enthusiasts become convinced that their subculture has been infiltrated by real vampires."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union", "paragraph_text": "Journal de l'\u00eele de La R\u00e9union is a daily, French-language newspaper published in R\u00e9union, a French overseas department. The newspaper, which was founded in 1951 is headquartered in Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, is owned by Groupe Hersant M\u00e9dia. There are four competing newspapers in R\u00e9union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pontianak Harum Sundal Malam", "paragraph_text": "Pontianak Harum Sundal Malam, also known as \"Pontianak Scent of the Tuber Rose\" or \"Fragrant Night Vampire\", is a 2004 Malaysian horror film directed and written by Shuhaimi Baba. Starring Maya Karin, the film is about a restless spirit (\"pontianak\") Meriam who seeks revenge upon those who killed her. The film was released on 20 May 2004 and was a major box office success in Malaysia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vampirates: Empire of Night", "paragraph_text": "Vampirates: Empire of Night is the fifth book in the Vampirates series, written by children's author Justin Somper It was published by Simon & Schuster in Britain on 4 March 2010, and by Little Brown Books in America on 1 August 2010."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lestat de Lioncourt", "paragraph_text": "Lestat de Lioncourt is a fictional character appearing in several novels by Anne Rice, including \"The Vampire Lestat\". He is a vampire who was the narrator and an antihero in the majority of \"The Vampire Chronicles\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jimmy John's", "paragraph_text": "Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,500 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years. As of 2014, 98% of the locations are franchise - owned."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WFAN-FM", "paragraph_text": "WFAN-FM (101.9 MHz), also known as \"Sports Radio 66 and 101.9 FM\" or \"The Fan\", is a commercial FM sports radio station licensed to New York City. The station is owned and operated by Entercom, and is simulcast with WFAN (660 AM). WFAN-FM's studios are located in the combined Entercom facility in the Hudson Square neighborhood of Manhattan and its transmitter is located at the Empire State Building."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Threshold Editions", "paragraph_text": "Threshold Editions is an imprint of Simon & Schuster \u2014 the publishing division of CBS Corporation \u2014 specializing in conservative non-fiction. Louise Burke is the publisher, and Mitchell Ivers is the VP & editorial director. Mary Matalin was its founding editor-in-chief."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (restaurant)", "paragraph_text": "La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 is a restaurant located on the Mink Mile on Bloor Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is a French Bistro operated by INK Entertainment and owned by Danny Soberano and Charles Khabouth. The opening night was June 15, 2011 which had celebrity guest attendees, including Stephen Wong of Greta Constantine and Kevin Brauch."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Le Frisson des Vampires", "paragraph_text": "Le Frisson des Vampires (English title: \"The Shiver of the Vampires\") is a 1971 film directed by Jean Rollin. It is his third vampire movie."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Conviasa", "paragraph_text": "Conviasa is under the authority of the Ministry of Aquatic and Air Transport. The airline is owned by the Venezuelan government (80%) and the regional government of Nueva Esparta (20%). Conviasa has its headquarters on the grounds of Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar International Airport in Maiquet\u00eda, Venezuela, near Caracas. Originally Conviasa had its headquarters on Margarita Island. At one time Conviasa had its headquarters in the East Tower of Parque Central in Caracas."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Welcome to Night Vale", "paragraph_text": "Welcome to Night Vale is a podcast presented as a radio show for the fictional town of Night Vale, reporting on the strange events that occur within it. The series was created in 2012 by Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor. Published by Night Vale Presents since March 15, 2015, the podcast was previously published by Commonplace Books. Cecil Gershwin Palmer -- the host, main character, and narrator -- is voiced by Cecil Baldwin, while secondary characters are sometimes voiced by guest stars -- such as Dylan Marron, who voices Carlos. The podcast typically airs on the first and fifteenth of every month, and consists of ``news, announcements and advertisements ''from the desert town, located`` somewhere in the Southwestern United States.'' In an interview with NPR, Joseph Fink said that he ``came up with this idea of a town in that desert where all conspiracy theories were real, and we would just go from there with that understood. ''"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Helen Lowe", "paragraph_text": "Helen Lowe is a New Zealand novelist. Her first novel, \"Thornspell\", was published in 2008. She has since published the first two books in \"The Wall of Night\" quartet, \"The Heir of Night\" and \"The Gathering of the Lost\". Lowe is a three-time winner of the Sir Julius Vogel Award, and won the David Gemmell Morningstar Award for Best Fantasy Newcomer in 2012."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Interview with the Vampire", "paragraph_text": "Interview with the Vampire First edition cover Author Anne Rice Country United States Language English Series The Vampire Chronicles Genre Gothic, horror, vampire Published May 5, 1976 Publisher Knopf Media type Print (hardcover, paperback) Pages 371 (hardcover) 342 (paperback) ISBN 0 - 394 - 49821 - 6 OCLC 2132415 Followed by The Vampire Lestat"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The News Journal (Nigeria)", "paragraph_text": "The News Journal is a community development newspaper serving the area that used to be known as Western State, Nigeria now comprising the main Yoruba states of Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo and Ekiti. It is headquartered in the South East division of Ibadan and is owned by Layipo Concepts. Its stated aim is \"to publish news of developmental value to the Nigerian audience and other audiences who shall need high quality and unbiased information / news reports on and about Nigeria.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "CKMX", "paragraph_text": "CKMX is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 1060 AM in Calgary, Alberta owned by Bell Media. The station broadcasts a comedy format branded on-air as Funny 1060AM. CKMX's studios are located on Centre Street in Eau Claire, while its transmitters are located near Southeast Calgary. At night it can be heard as far west as Battle Ground, Washington and Snohomish, Washington."}], "question": "What is the headquarters location of the company that owns the publisher of Vampirates: Empire of Night?"}
{"id": "3hop2__3571_19506_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Koplany", "paragraph_text": "Koplany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south-west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Macau", "paragraph_text": "Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire, after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557. Originally governing under Chinese authority and sovereignty, Portugal was given perpetual occupation rights for Macau in 1887. Macau remained under Portuguese control until 1999, when it was returned to China. As a special administrative region, Macau maintains a separate political and economic system apart from mainland China."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets.\" In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Territory of the Saar Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Territory of the Saar Basin (, ; ) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. It had its own flag (adopted on July 28, 1920): a blue, white, and black horizontal tricolour. The blue and white stood for Bavaria, and white and black for Prussia, out of whose lands the Saar Territory was formed. Initially, the occupation was under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles. Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbr\u00fccken. The territory closely corresponds with the modern German state of Saarland, but was slightly smaller in area. After a plebiscite was held in 1935, it was returned to Germany."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031'\u00a0E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011'\u00a0E. The region extends as a sector about 2600\u00a0km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000\u00a0km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Fredropol", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Fredropol is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemy\u015bl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Fredropol, which lies approximately south of Przemy\u015bl and south-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina Supra\u015bl", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Supra\u015bl is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Supra\u015bl, which lies approximately north-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jeroniki", "paragraph_text": "Jeroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Choroszcz and west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Indian Wars", "paragraph_text": "When the British made peace with the Americans in the Treaty of Paris (1783), they ceded a vast amount of Native American territory (without the consent of the indigenous peoples) to the United States. The United States treated the Native Americans who had fought with the British as enemy allies, a conquered people who had lost their land. The federal government of the United States was eager to expand, and the national government did so by purchasing Native American land in treaties and through warfare."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brul\u00e9 bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota and Arapaho Nation signed on April 29, 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War. Animosities over the treaty rose quickly, with neither side fully honoring the terms. Open war again broke out in 1876, and the US Government unilaterally annexed land covered under the treaty in 1877."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "paragraph_text": "Raghunathrao, unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the British at Bombay and signed the Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein to the British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "British Antarctic Territory", "paragraph_text": "The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60\u00b0S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pet Rescue (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Pet Rescue was a British daytime TV series broadcast on Channel 4. Launched in January 1997, it chronicled various pets and animals being rescued, cared for, and then either rehoused or returned to the wild."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "\"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Juchnowiec Dolny", "paragraph_text": "Juchnowiec Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}], "question": "Bialystok, Przemy\u015bl, and the territory given to the Poles in the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn, were returned to what country following the war, after which more people kept pet dogs?"}
{"id": "3hop1__600808_366773_857445", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Monticello, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Monticello is a city in Jones County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,796."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cascade, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Cascade is a city in Dubuque County and Jones County, Iowa, United States. The Dubuque County portion is part of Dubuque Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Jones County portion is part of Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,159 at the 2010 census, up from 1,958 at the 2000 census. The city is located within southwestern of Dubuque County and north-central Jones County."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Confederate Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Confederate Arizona, commonly referred to as Arizona Territory, and officially the Territory of Arizona, was a territory claimed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border. The Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tennessee, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Tennessee is an unincorporated community in Drew County, Arkansas, United States. Tennessee is located on U.S. Route 278 west of Monticello."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Monticello", "paragraph_text": "Monticello ( ) was the primary plantation of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, who began designing Monticello after inheriting land from his father at age 26. Located just outside Charlottesville, Virginia, in the Piedmont region, the plantation was originally , with Jefferson using the labor of enslaved Africans for extensive cultivation of tobacco and mixed crops, later shifting from tobacco cultivation to wheat in response to changing markets. Due to its architectural and historic significance, the property has been designated a National Historic Landmark. In 1987 Monticello and the nearby University of Virginia, also designed by Jefferson, were together designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The current nickel, a United States coin, features a depiction of Monticello on its reverse side."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nine-Mile Island (Mississippi River)", "paragraph_text": "Nine-Mile Island is a river island located in Mosalem Township, Dubuque County, Iowa, between Dubuque, Iowa and Bellevue, Iowa on the Upper Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county where Monticello is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__3571_36635_87083", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Central Stadium (Astrakhan)", "paragraph_text": "Central Stadium (, \"Tsentralnyi Stadion\") is a multi-purpose stadium in Astrakhan, Russia. It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Volgar Astrakhan. The stadium holds 17,712 people, all seated."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Security Council ``veto power ''refers to the power of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to veto any`` substantive'' resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to ``procedural ''votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary - General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "China and the United Nations", "paragraph_text": "People's Republic of China United Nations membership Represented by Republic of China (1945 -- 1949) Republic of China on Taiwan area (1949 -- 1971) People's Republic of China (1971 -- present) Membership Full member Since 24 October 1945 (1945 - 10 - 24) UNSC seat Permanent Permanent Representative Ma Zhaoxu"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Executive magistrates of the Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "The executive magistrates of the Roman Republic were officials of the ancient Roman Republic (c. 510 BC \u2013 44 BC), elected by the People of Rome. Ordinary magistrates (\"magistratus\") were divided into several ranks according to their role and the power they wielded: \"censors\", \"consuls\" (who functioned as the regular head of state), \"praetors\", \"curule aediles\", and finally \"quaestor\". Any magistrate could obstruct (veto) an action that was being taken by a magistrate with an equal or lower degree of magisterial powers. By definition, \"plebeian tribunes\" and \"plebeian aediles\" were technically not magistrates as they were elected only by the \"plebeians\", but no ordinary magistrate could veto any of their actions. \"Dictator\" was an extraordinary magistrate normally elected in times of emergency (usually military) for a short period. During this period, the dictator's power over the Roman government was absolute, as they were not checked by any institution or magistrate."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances\u2014the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the \"Big Three\". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\"  and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the \"Four Policemen\" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "IPod", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "You've Got Mail", "paragraph_text": "After both break up with their significant others, Joe realizes his feelings towards Kathleen after a conversation with his father and begins building a face - to - face relationship with her, still keeping his online identity a secret. He arranges a meeting between her and NY152, but just before she is about to meet the latter, he reveals his feelings for her. Confused with her feelings for Joe, Kathleen decides to go anyway. Upon arriving at the meeting place, she realizes that Joe and NY152 are the same person when he called for his pet dog Brinkley, whose name he initially revealed online, and admits that she ``wanted it to be him ''."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Big Brother 19 (American season)", "paragraph_text": "Following Mark's eviction, the HouseGuests were splattered in the Everyone's A Wiener Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests must brace themselves with handholds and footholds inside their hot dog bun. The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household. Jason was the winner. For being the first two people to drop in the Head of Household competition, Kevin and Matt became Have - Nots for the week. On Day 66, the Tree of Temptation turned red. However, nobody accepted the temptation. On Day 66, Jason nominated Matt and Raven, with Matt as the target. On Day 67, Jason, Matt, Raven, Josh, Paul, and Kevin went on the lookout in the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House. Then, one at a time, HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card. If a HouseGuest's veto card is found, they will be eliminated, though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition. The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto. Jason was the winner. On Day 69, Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 71, Matt broke the Have - Not rules and earned a penalty vote on eviction night. On Day 72, Matt was evicted by a 6 - 0 vote. He became the fourth member of the jury."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recognized \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)", "paragraph_text": "Kelley as Max, who is The Grinch's pet dog and only companion on Mt. Crumpit. It is unknown how or when The Grinch got him. Frank Welker as the voice of Max"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets.\" In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "\"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with UN Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Asthma", "paragraph_text": "The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication. Early pet exposure may be useful. Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet. Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended. Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective. It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations effects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by the World Health Organization. Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members\u2014the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan\u2014because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United Nations Security Council", "paragraph_text": "The Security Council consists of fifteen members. The great powers that were the victors of World War II -- the Soviet Union (now represented by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, France, the Republic of China (now represented by the People's Republic of China), and the United States -- serve as the body's five permanent members. These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary - General. The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two - year terms. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn."}], "question": "Who holds veto power in the organization in which the winners of the conflict after which more people began to keep dogs as pets were allotted seats?"}
{"id": "3hop1__604624_366773_857445", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Camden Fairview High School", "paragraph_text": "Camden Fairview High School is a secondary school located in Camden, Arkansas, United States. The school is a part of the Camden Fairview School District. The school houses grades 9 through 12. With an approximate enrollment of more than 750, the school is the largest in Camden. The current principal is Gary Steelman."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Confederate Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Confederate Arizona, commonly referred to as Arizona Territory, and officially the Territory of Arizona, was a territory claimed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border. The Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fairview, California", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. It borders on the city of Hayward and the census-designated place of Castro Valley. The population was 10,003 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nine-Mile Island (Mississippi River)", "paragraph_text": "Nine-Mile Island is a river island located in Mosalem Township, Dubuque County, Iowa, between Dubuque, Iowa and Bellevue, Iowa on the Upper Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fairview, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is an unincorporated community in Jones County, Iowa, United States. Fairview is north of the junction of U.S. Route 151 and Iowa Highway 1 and is southwest of Anamosa."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fairview (near Helvetia), Randolph County, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is an unincorporated community in Randolph County, West Virginia, United States. Fairview is west-southwest of Helvetia and west of Huttonsville."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cascade, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Cascade is a city in Dubuque County and Jones County, Iowa, United States. The Dubuque County portion is part of Dubuque Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Jones County portion is part of Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,159 at the 2010 census, up from 1,958 at the 2000 census. The city is located within southwestern of Dubuque County and north-central Jones County."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county where Fairview is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__395186_153002_75857", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Theme from New York, New York", "paragraph_text": "``Theme from New York, New York ''(or`` New York, New York'') is the theme song from the Martin Scorsese film New York, New York (1977), composed by John Kander, with lyrics by Fred Ebb. It was written for and performed in the film by Liza Minnelli. It remains one of the best - known songs about New York City. In 2004 it finished # 31 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Suite Life on Deck", "paragraph_text": "The show's theme song, ``Livin 'the Suite Life, ''was written by John Adair and Steve Hampton (who also wrote the themes for fellow Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, Phil of the Future, and Wizards of Waverly Place, as well as the theme for the ABC Kids series Power Rangers: RPM), with music composed by Gary Scott (who also composed the music cues to signal scene changes and promo breaks, some of which are styled similarly to the theme), and is performed by British singer Steve Rushton (who is only credited for performing the theme in the second season)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sweet William (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Sweet William is a 1975 novel written by Beryl Bainbridge, it was made into a 1980 film of the same name (starring Jenny Agutter and Sam Waterston) for which Bainbridge wrote the screenplay."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 8)", "paragraph_text": "Season eight features the return of the original opening credits and the original opening theme song ``I Do n't Want to Be ''covered by various artists each week, while the original version is featured sporadically. Schwahn wrote 13 out of the 22 episodes, including the final six episodes of the season."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marlo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Thomas was raised in Beverly Hills, California. Her parents called her Margo as a child, though she soon became known as Marlo, she told \"The New York Times\", because of her childhood mispronunciation of the nickname. She attended Marymount High School in Los Angeles. Thomas graduated from the University of Southern California with a teaching degree: \"I wanted a piece of paper that said I was qualified to do something in the world,\" she said. She also was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Heather Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Heather Morgan is an American actress and comedian. She was a cast member and writer on \"The Dana Carvey Show\", writing and performing such notable skits as Jenny and First Ladies as Dogs, the latter being called \"one of the two or three funniest things on the show\" by writer and producer Robert Smigel. Morgan wrote, produced and starred in the movie \"Bark!\" which was nominated for a Grand Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival. She is an alum of The Groundlings."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kath & Kim", "paragraph_text": "The title sequence shows the main five regular characters over a white background. In Series 3, it was amended to include Epponnee - Rae and Cujo. The five regular cast members are then credited over aerial shots of suburban houses. Szubanski is credited as ``Special Guest Star, ''despite appearing in every episode. The theme song is`` The Joker,'' performed by Gina Riley. A re-recording of it debuted in the telemovie opening sequence and has continued into Series 4."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Toinen", "paragraph_text": "\"Toinen\" () is a Finnish-language song by Finnish pop singer Jenni Vartiainen, released in Finland on December\u00a03,\u00a02007, by Warner Music Group. The first promotional single from her debut album \"Ihmisten edess\u00e4\", the song peaked at number 13 on the Finnish Singles Chart in early 2008. The song appeared also on the soundtrack album of the 2007 movie \"Sooloilua\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ann Hampton Callaway", "paragraph_text": "Ann Hampton Callaway (born May 30, 1958) is a jazz singer, songwriter, and actress. She wrote and sang the theme song for the TV series The Nanny."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Carl Sigman wrote the words and music for the theme song which was sung by Dick James. The song is still fondly remembered:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dad's Army", "paragraph_text": "The show's theme tune, ``Who do you think you are kidding, Mr Hitler? ''was Jimmy Perry's idea, intended as a gentle pastiche of wartime songs. It was the only pastiche in the series, as the other music used was contemporary to the 1940s. Perry wrote the lyrics himself and composed the music with Derek Taverner. Perry persuaded one of his childhood idols, wartime entertainer Bud Flanagan, to sing the theme for 100 guineas. Flanagan died less than a year after the recording. At the time it was widely believed to be a wartime song."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lethal Weapon (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "Lethal Weapon is an American buddy cop action comedy franchise created by Shane Black. It focuses on two Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) detectives, Martin Riggs and Roger Murtaugh. The franchise consists of four films released between 1987 and 1998, as well as a television series in 2016. All four films in the series were directed by Richard Donner and also share many of the same core cast members, while the television series recast the main roles with younger actors instead."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "It's a Jungle Out There (song)", "paragraph_text": "``It's a Jungle Out There ''is a song written by Randy Newman and used as the theme song for the TV series Monk starting in its second season. In 2004, it won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music. As the first season's theme song`` Monk Theme'' had won the same award the previous year, Monk became the first series to have two different theme songs win an Emmy for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music in consecutive years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Axel F", "paragraph_text": "``Axel F ''Single by Harold Faltermeyer from the album Beverly Hills Cop (soundtrack) B - side`` Discovery'', ``Shoot Out ''Released December 5, 1984 (US) Format 7``, 12'' Recorded June 23, 1984 Genre Synth - pop Length 3: 01 Label MCA Records MCA 949 Songwriter (s) Harold Faltermeyer Producer (s) Harold Faltermeyer Harold Faltermeyer singles chronology ``Axel F ''(1984)`` The Race Is On'' / ``Starlight Express ''(1987)`` Axel F'' (1984) ``The Race Is On ''/`` Starlight Express'' (1987)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Shooting Star (Owl City song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Shooting Star\" is a song by American electronica project Owl City from his second extended play \"Shooting Star\". It was released as the lead single from the EP on May 15, 2012. The song has so far peaked at No.\u00a0176 on the UK Singles Chart and No.\u00a049 on the Japan Hot 100. It was used as one of two theme songs for the 2013 computer-animated film \"Escape from Planet Earth\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The seventh series of the show began on 20 June 2017. This series was filmed on location on the island of Bali in Indonesia. The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017. The cast members for the series were confirmed on 23 May 2017 which include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna, Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie, as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay. Marty and Josh had previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Edgar Dearing", "paragraph_text": "Edgar Dearing (May 4, 1893 \u2013 August 17, 1974) was an American actor who became heavily type cast as a motorcycle cop in Hollywood films."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Right Kinda Lover", "paragraph_text": "\"The Right Kinda Lover\" is a song recorded by singer Patti LaBelle. It was released as a single from her 1994 album, \"Gems\", and appeared on the soundtrack to the film \"Beverly Hills Cop III\" starring Eddie Murphy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rawhide (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Rawhide ''is a Western song written by Ned Washington (lyrics) and composed by Dimitri Tiomkin in 1958. It was originally recorded by Frankie Laine. The song was used as the theme to Rawhide, a western television series that ran on CBS from 1959 to 1966. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jenny (1970 film)", "paragraph_text": "Jenny is a 1970 American drama film starring Marlo Thomas and Alan Alda, produced by ABC Pictures and released by Cinerama Releasing Corp. Singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson provided \"Jenny\" 's theme song, \"Waiting\"."}], "question": "Who wrote the theme song for the cop movie set in and titled after the city that the star of Jenny is from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__395186_153002_92170", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "Waldorf Astoria New York The hotel from the north General information Location 301 Park Avenue Manhattan, New York City Coordinates 40 \u00b0 45 \u2032 23 ''N 73 \u00b0 58 \u2032 27'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.75639 \u00b0 N 73.97417 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.75639; - 73.97417 Coordinates: 40 \u00b0 45 \u2032 23 ''N 73 \u00b0 58 \u2032 27'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.75639 \u00b0 N 73.97417 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.75639; - 73.97417 Opening 1893 (Waldorf Hotel) 1897 (Astoria Hotel) 1931 (Waldorf - Astoria Hotel) Closed 2017 (temporarily for renovations) Owner Anbang Insurance Group Management Hilton Worldwide Height 625 ft (191 m) Technical details Floor count 47 Design and construction Architect Schultze & Weaver Other information Number of rooms 1,413 Number of restaurants Peacock Alley Bull and Bear Steakhouse 'La Chine Website Official hotel website"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "McGowan, Washington", "paragraph_text": "McGowan was a stop on the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company's narrow gauge line that ran on the Long Beach Peninsula in Pacific County, Washington, USA from 1889 to 1930. In the late 19th century, P.J. McGowan bought land in the area for $1,200, and built his house, a dock and a salmon cannery on the site. During the railroad times, the main line and a passing siding ran through McGowan. McGowan is just west of the north end of the Astoria-Megler Bridge. The only prominent structure remaining is the old wooden Roman Catholic church. From 1925 to 1932, one of the docks of the Astoria-Megler Ferry route was located at McGowan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The hotel has been housed in two historic landmark buildings in New York. The first, bearing the same name, was built in two stages, as the Waldorf Hotel and the Astoria Hotel, which accounts for its dual name. That original site was situated on Astor family properties along Fifth Avenue, opened in 1893, and designed by Henry J. Hardenbergh. It was demolished in 1929 to make way for the construction of the Empire State Building. The present building, at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, is a 47 - story 190.5 m (625 ft) Art Deco landmark designed by architects Schultze and Weaver, which was completed in 1931. The current hotel was the world's tallest hotel from 1931 until 1963, when it was surpassed by Moscow's Hotel Ukraina by 7 metres (23 ft). An icon of glamour and luxury, the current Waldorf Astoria is one of the world's most prestigious and best known hotels. Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts is a division of Hilton Hotels, and a portfolio of high - end properties around the world now operate under the name, including in New York City."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Marlo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Thomas was raised in Beverly Hills, California. Her parents called her Margo as a child, though she soon became known as Marlo, she told \"The New York Times\", because of her childhood mispronunciation of the nickname. She attended Marymount High School in Los Angeles. Thomas graduated from the University of Southern California with a teaching degree: \"I wanted a piece of paper that said I was qualified to do something in the world,\" she said. She also was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New York Giants Radio Network", "paragraph_text": "The New York Giants Radio Network is a broadcast radio network based in New York City, the official radio broadcaster of the New York Giants. The network's radio broadcasts are currently flagshipped at WFAN, a station owned by CBS Radio. Overflow radio casts air on WCBS, WFAN's corporate sibling"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Statler and Waldorf", "paragraph_text": "Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters known for their cantankerous opinions and shared penchant for heckling. The two elderly men first appeared in The Muppet Show in 1975, where they consistently jeered the entirety of the cast and their performances from their balcony seats."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jenny Benson", "paragraph_text": "Jenny Benson (born January 25, 1978, in Fountain Valley, California) is a retired American soccer midfielder/defender who was a member of the United States women's national soccer team."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jenny Slate", "paragraph_text": "Jenny Sarah Slate (born March 25, 1982) is an American comedian, actress, voice actress and author, best known for her role as Donna Stern in Obvious Child, as well as being the co-creator of the Marcel the Shell with Shoes On short films and children's book series. She is also known for being a cast member on Saturday Night Live for the 2009 / 10 season and for her appearances in shows such as House of Lies, Married, Parks and Recreation, Bob's Burgers, Hello Ladies, Kroll Show, and Girls."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Donkey", "paragraph_text": "A male donkey or ass is called a jack, a female a jenny or jennet; a young donkey is a foal. Jack donkeys are often used to mate with female horses to produce mules; the biological ``reciprocal ''of a mule, from a stallion and jenny as its parents instead, is called a hinny."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jenny (1970 film)", "paragraph_text": "Jenny is a 1970 American drama film starring Marlo Thomas and Alan Alda, produced by ABC Pictures and released by Cinerama Releasing Corp. Singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson provided \"Jenny\" 's theme song, \"Waiting\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Heather Morgan", "paragraph_text": "Heather Morgan is an American actress and comedian. She was a cast member and writer on \"The Dana Carvey Show\", writing and performing such notable skits as Jenny and First Ladies as Dogs, the latter being called \"one of the two or three funniest things on the show\" by writer and producer Robert Smigel. Morgan wrote, produced and starred in the movie \"Bark!\" which was nominated for a Grand Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival. She is an alum of The Groundlings."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Beny Alagem", "paragraph_text": "Binyamin ``Beny ''Alagem (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dc\u05d2'\u05dd \u200e) (born 1953 in Israel) is an Israeli American entrepreneur, business executive, hotelier and philanthropist. He is the founder and former Chief Executive of Packard Bell Computers. He is the owner of the Beverly Hilton Hotel and the Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria in Beverly Hills, California."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Astoria City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Astoria City Hall is the current city hall for the town of Astoria, Oregon, United States. Built in 1923 to house a bank, the building became the city hall in 1939, and it has remained Astoria's seat of government for more than 75 years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Emil Molt", "paragraph_text": "Emil Molt (born 14 April 1876 in Schw\u00e4bisch Gm\u00fcnd, Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg, died 16 June 1936 in Stuttgart) was a German businessman, social reformer and anthroposophist. He was the director of the Waldorf-Astoria-Zigarettenfabrik, and with Rudolf Steiner co-founded the first Waldorf school. Hence, Waldorf education was named after the company."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Case of Jennie Brice", "paragraph_text": "The Case of Jennie Brice is a crime novel by the American writer Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876\u20131956) set in 1904 in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, which has been a part of the city of Pittsburgh since 1907."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Christian Leinenweber House", "paragraph_text": "The Christian Leinenweber House is a house located in Astoria, Oregon, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1874 by a local businessman named Christian Leinenweber. It is also known as the Otto Gramms House; Gramms and his family owned it from 1916 to 1965."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}], "question": "Who owns the Waldorf Astoria in the city the Jenny cast member is from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__76628_153002_92170", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Happiness Was Free", "paragraph_text": "Happiness Was Free is the 1976 album by the pioneer British Folk musician Wizz Jones. The standout tracks are \"Propinquity\", \"Happiness Was Free\", \"Womankind\" and \"City of the Angels\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Christian Leinenweber House", "paragraph_text": "The Christian Leinenweber House is a house located in Astoria, Oregon, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1874 by a local businessman named Christian Leinenweber. It is also known as the Otto Gramms House; Gramms and his family owned it from 1916 to 1965."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The hotel has been housed in two historic landmark buildings in New York. The first, bearing the same name, was built in two stages, as the Waldorf Hotel and the Astoria Hotel, which accounts for its dual name. That original site was situated on Astor family properties along Fifth Avenue, opened in 1893, and designed by Henry J. Hardenbergh. It was demolished in 1929 to make way for the construction of the Empire State Building. The present building, at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, is a 47 - story 190.5 m (625 ft) Art Deco landmark designed by architects Schultze and Weaver, which was completed in 1931. The current hotel was the world's tallest hotel from 1931 until 1963, when it was surpassed by Moscow's Hotel Ukraina by 7 metres (23 ft). An icon of glamour and luxury, the current Waldorf Astoria is one of the world's most prestigious and best known hotels. Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts is a division of Hilton Hotels, and a portfolio of high - end properties around the world now operate under the name, including in New York City."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Free to Be... You and Me", "paragraph_text": "Free to Be... You and Me was a children's entertainment project, conceived, created and executive - produced by actress and author Marlo Thomas. Produced in collaboration with the Ms. Foundation for Women, it was a record album and illustrated book first released in November 1972 featuring songs and stories sung or told by celebrities of the day (credited as ``Marlo Thomas and Friends '') including Alan Alda, Rosey Grier, Cicely Tyson, Carol Channing, Michael Jackson, Shirley Jones, Jack Cassidy, and Diana Ross. An ABC special, also created by Marlo Thomas, using poetry, songs, and sketches followed two years later in March 1974. The basic concept was to encourage post-1960s gender neutrality, saluting values such as individuality, tolerance, and comfort with one's identity. A major thematic message is that anyone -- whether a boy or a girl -- can achieve anything."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The Richmond Times-Dispatch, the local daily newspaper in Richmond with a Sunday circulation of 120,000, is owned by BH Media, a subsidiary of Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway company. Style Weekly is a standard weekly publication covering popular culture, arts, and entertainment, owned by Landmark Communications. RVA Magazine is the city's only independent art music and culture publication, was once monthly, but is now issued quarterly. The Richmond Free Press and the Voice cover the news from an African-American perspective."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis", "paragraph_text": "The Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Annaberg, Stollberg, the district-free city Chemnitz, and the district Freiberg. To the south it borders the Czech Republic (the Karlovy Vary Region)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Museu d'Art Jaume Morera", "paragraph_text": "The Museu d'Art Jaume Morera (Jaume Morera Art Museum) is a museum in Lleida (Catalonia) created by the Diputaci\u00f3 de Lleida and the Lleida City Council (\"La Paeria\") with the collaboration of the painter Jaume Morera i Gal\u00edcia. It is the museum of modern and contemporary art of the city of Lleida. Today is municipally owned and receives financial support from the \"Diputaci\u00f3 de Lleida\" and the Department of Culture of the Generalitat of Catalonia. Its entrance is free."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beny Alagem", "paragraph_text": "Binyamin ``Beny ''Alagem (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dc\u05d2'\u05dd \u200e) (born 1953 in Israel) is an Israeli American entrepreneur, business executive, hotelier and philanthropist. He is the founder and former Chief Executive of Packard Bell Computers. He is the owner of the Beverly Hilton Hotel and the Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria in Beverly Hills, California."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Emil Molt", "paragraph_text": "Emil Molt (born 14 April 1876 in Schw\u00e4bisch Gm\u00fcnd, Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg, died 16 June 1936 in Stuttgart) was a German businessman, social reformer and anthroposophist. He was the director of the Waldorf-Astoria-Zigarettenfabrik, and with Rudolf Steiner co-founded the first Waldorf school. Hence, Waldorf education was named after the company."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The city also had a large class of free people of color. By 1860, 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston, nearly 18% of the city's black population, and 8% of the total population. Free people of color were far more likely to be of mixed racial background than slaves. Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts, and some even owned substantial property, including slaves. In 1790, they established the Brown Fellowship Society for mutual aid, initially as a burial society. It continued until 1945."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Roger Freeing Angelica (Ingres)", "paragraph_text": "Roger Freeing Angelica or Ruggiero Freeing Angelica is an 1819 painting by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, inspired by \"Orlando Furioso\" by Ariosto. An oil painting on canvas measuring 147 x 199 cm, it is owned by the Louvre. Ingres subsequently painted several variants of the composition."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Every Storm (Runs Out of Rain)", "paragraph_text": "\"Every Storm (Runs Out of Rain)\" is a song co-written recorded by American country music artist Gary Allan. It was released in September 2012 as the first single from his album \"Set You Free\". Allan wrote the song with Hillary Lindsey and Matt Warren."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marlene Garcia-Esperat", "paragraph_text": "Marlene Garcia-Esperat (August 29, 1959 \u2013 March 24, 2005 in Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines) was a Filipina whistleblower and investigative journalist who wrote a weekly anti-graft column for local newspapers. As a result of her anti-corruption work, she was murdered in her own home."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marlo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Thomas was raised in Beverly Hills, California. Her parents called her Margo as a child, though she soon became known as Marlo, she told \"The New York Times\", because of her childhood mispronunciation of the nickname. She attended Marymount High School in Los Angeles. Thomas graduated from the University of Southern California with a teaching degree: \"I wanted a piece of paper that said I was qualified to do something in the world,\" she said. She also was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "McGowan, Washington", "paragraph_text": "McGowan was a stop on the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company's narrow gauge line that ran on the Long Beach Peninsula in Pacific County, Washington, USA from 1889 to 1930. In the late 19th century, P.J. McGowan bought land in the area for $1,200, and built his house, a dock and a salmon cannery on the site. During the railroad times, the main line and a passing siding ran through McGowan. McGowan is just west of the north end of the Astoria-Megler Bridge. The only prominent structure remaining is the old wooden Roman Catholic church. From 1925 to 1932, one of the docks of the Astoria-Megler Ferry route was located at McGowan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "Waldorf Astoria New York The hotel from the north General information Location 301 Park Avenue Manhattan, New York City Coordinates 40 \u00b0 45 \u2032 23 ''N 73 \u00b0 58 \u2032 27'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.75639 \u00b0 N 73.97417 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.75639; - 73.97417 Coordinates: 40 \u00b0 45 \u2032 23 ''N 73 \u00b0 58 \u2032 27'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.75639 \u00b0 N 73.97417 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.75639; - 73.97417 Opening 1893 (Waldorf Hotel) 1897 (Astoria Hotel) 1931 (Waldorf - Astoria Hotel) Closed 2017 (temporarily for renovations) Owner Anbang Insurance Group Management Hilton Worldwide Height 625 ft (191 m) Technical details Floor count 47 Design and construction Architect Schultze & Weaver Other information Number of rooms 1,413 Number of restaurants Peacock Alley Bull and Bear Steakhouse 'La Chine Website Official hotel website"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Astoria City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Astoria City Hall is the current city hall for the town of Astoria, Oregon, United States. Built in 1923 to house a bank, the building became the city hall in 1939, and it has remained Astoria's seat of government for more than 75 years."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints", "paragraph_text": "A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints is a 2006 American drama film based on a 2001 memoir of the same name by author, director, and musician Dito Montiel, which describes his youth in Astoria, New York during the 1980s."}], "question": "Who owns the Waldorf Astoria in the city the writer of Free to Be You and Me is from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__678020_366773_857445", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cascade, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Cascade is a city in Dubuque County and Jones County, Iowa, United States. The Dubuque County portion is part of Dubuque Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Jones County portion is part of Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,159 at the 2010 census, up from 1,958 at the 2000 census. The city is located within southwestern of Dubuque County and north-central Jones County."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oxford Mills, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Oxford Mills is an unincorporated community in Jones County, Iowa, United States. Oxford Mills is located on the Wapsipinicon River south of Oxford Junction."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nine-Mile Island (Mississippi River)", "paragraph_text": "Nine-Mile Island is a river island located in Mosalem Township, Dubuque County, Iowa, between Dubuque, Iowa and Bellevue, Iowa on the Upper Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "J. Percy Page High School", "paragraph_text": "J. Percy Page High School is a high school located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada in the southern neighbourhood of Mill Woods. It borders the Catholic High School of Holy Trinity, and the multi-recreational Mill Woods Park. The school offers many opportunities for students including an Advanced Placement (AP) program, CTS courses and a Registered Apprenticeship Program (R.A.P.)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Confederate Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Confederate Arizona, commonly referred to as Arizona Territory, and officially the Territory of Arizona, was a territory claimed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border. The Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lincoln Plantation, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Lincoln's Big Wood Plantation is a plantation in Oxford County, Maine, United States. It contains the village of Wilson's Mills. The population was 46 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mill City, Butte County, California", "paragraph_text": "Mill City is a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States. It was located adjacent to and shared a post office with Magalia (then, Dogtown)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county where Oxford Mills is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__634541_366773_857445", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Confederate Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Confederate Arizona, commonly referred to as Arizona Territory, and officially the Territory of Arizona, was a territory claimed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border. The Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ciel\u0119tnik", "paragraph_text": "Ciel\u0119tnik () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Morley, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Morley is a city in Jones County, Iowa, United States. The population was 115 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nine-Mile Island (Mississippi River)", "paragraph_text": "Nine-Mile Island is a river island located in Mosalem Township, Dubuque County, Iowa, between Dubuque, Iowa and Bellevue, Iowa on the Upper Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cascade, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Cascade is a city in Dubuque County and Jones County, Iowa, United States. The Dubuque County portion is part of Dubuque Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Jones County portion is part of Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,159 at the 2010 census, up from 1,958 at the 2000 census. The city is located within southwestern of Dubuque County and north-central Jones County."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with Morley's county?"}
{"id": "3hop1__456659_153002_92170", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "Waldorf Astoria New York The hotel from the north General information Location 301 Park Avenue Manhattan, New York City Coordinates 40 \u00b0 45 \u2032 23 ''N 73 \u00b0 58 \u2032 27'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.75639 \u00b0 N 73.97417 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.75639; - 73.97417 Coordinates: 40 \u00b0 45 \u2032 23 ''N 73 \u00b0 58 \u2032 27'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.75639 \u00b0 N 73.97417 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.75639; - 73.97417 Opening 1893 (Waldorf Hotel) 1897 (Astoria Hotel) 1931 (Waldorf - Astoria Hotel) Closed 2017 (temporarily for renovations) Owner Anbang Insurance Group Management Hilton Worldwide Height 625 ft (191 m) Technical details Floor count 47 Design and construction Architect Schultze & Weaver Other information Number of rooms 1,413 Number of restaurants Peacock Alley Bull and Bear Steakhouse 'La Chine Website Official hotel website"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Re'im", "paragraph_text": "Re'im was founded in 1949 by members of the Israel Boy and Girl Scouts Federation who were demobilized from the Palmach."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Christopher Masterson", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of That '70s Show cast member Danny Masterson, older brother of The Walking Dead cast member Alanna Masterson, and older brother of Last Man Standing cast member Jordan Masterson."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Marlo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Thomas was raised in Beverly Hills, California. Her parents called her Margo as a child, though she soon became known as Marlo, she told \"The New York Times\", because of her childhood mispronunciation of the nickname. She attended Marymount High School in Los Angeles. Thomas graduated from the University of Southern California with a teaching degree: \"I wanted a piece of paper that said I was qualified to do something in the world,\" she said. She also was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Las Vegas Valley", "paragraph_text": "Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas metropolitan area Metropolitan area Las Vegas -- Paradise - Henderson, NV MSA Left - right from top: Las Vegas Strip, Stratosphere Tower, Fremont Street Experience, Waldorf Astoria Las Vegas, Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, The District at Green Valley Ranch Las Vegas Valley Location within Nevada Las Vegas Valley Location within the United States Las Vegas Valley Location within North America Show map of Nevada Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates: 36 \u00b0 19 \u2032 N 115 \u00b0 14 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 36.317 \u00b0 N 115.233 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 36.317; - 115.233 Coordinates: 36 \u00b0 19 \u2032 N 115 \u00b0 14 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 36.317 \u00b0 N 115.233 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 36.317; - 115.233 Country United States State Nevada Principal city Las Vegas Other major cities - Henderson - North Las Vegas Population (2018 estimate) Total 2,227,053 Time zone UTC \u2212 8 (PST) Summer (DST) UTC \u2212 7 (PDT) Area code (s) 702 725"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New York Giants Radio Network", "paragraph_text": "The New York Giants Radio Network is a broadcast radio network based in New York City, the official radio broadcaster of the New York Giants. The network's radio broadcasts are currently flagshipped at WFAN, a station owned by CBS Radio. Overflow radio casts air on WCBS, WFAN's corporate sibling"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beny Alagem", "paragraph_text": "Binyamin ``Beny ''Alagem (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dc\u05d2'\u05dd \u200e) (born 1953 in Israel) is an Israeli American entrepreneur, business executive, hotelier and philanthropist. He is the founder and former Chief Executive of Packard Bell Computers. He is the owner of the Beverly Hilton Hotel and the Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria in Beverly Hills, California."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York, I Love You XOXO", "paragraph_text": "Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this final episode, the death of Bart Bass rushes Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) to marry Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and the identity of Gossip Girl is revealed. A five - year flash forward takes place and shows the wedding of Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) to Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Basketball Wives LA", "paragraph_text": "The sixth season of ``Basketball Wives LA ''was confirmed by VH1 with a premiere date of April 17, 2017. Filming started in October 2016 and Evelyn Lozada a former cast member of Basketball Wives has confirmed her return on social media and via The Real where she severed as a guest host for a week. Jennifer Williams also a former cast member of Basketball Wives has been spotted filming with cast member Tami Roman. Also this season four newbies Aja Metoyer, Keonna Green, Bonnie - Jill Laflil, and Evelyn Lozada taking on the main cast replacing departing cast members Angel Brinks, LaTosha Duffey, Angel Love."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The hotel has been housed in two historic landmark buildings in New York. The first, bearing the same name, was built in two stages, as the Waldorf Hotel and the Astoria Hotel, which accounts for its dual name. That original site was situated on Astor family properties along Fifth Avenue, opened in 1893, and designed by Henry J. Hardenbergh. It was demolished in 1929 to make way for the construction of the Empire State Building. The present building, at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, is a 47 - story 190.5 m (625 ft) Art Deco landmark designed by architects Schultze and Weaver, which was completed in 1931. The current hotel was the world's tallest hotel from 1931 until 1963, when it was surpassed by Moscow's Hotel Ukraina by 7 metres (23 ft). An icon of glamour and luxury, the current Waldorf Astoria is one of the world's most prestigious and best known hotels. Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts is a division of Hilton Hotels, and a portfolio of high - end properties around the world now operate under the name, including in New York City."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Emil Molt", "paragraph_text": "Emil Molt (born 14 April 1876 in Schw\u00e4bisch Gm\u00fcnd, Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg, died 16 June 1936 in Stuttgart) was a German businessman, social reformer and anthroposophist. He was the director of the Waldorf-Astoria-Zigarettenfabrik, and with Rudolf Steiner co-founded the first Waldorf school. Hence, Waldorf education was named after the company."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "McGowan, Washington", "paragraph_text": "McGowan was a stop on the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company's narrow gauge line that ran on the Long Beach Peninsula in Pacific County, Washington, USA from 1889 to 1930. In the late 19th century, P.J. McGowan bought land in the area for $1,200, and built his house, a dock and a salmon cannery on the site. During the railroad times, the main line and a passing siding ran through McGowan. McGowan is just west of the north end of the Astoria-Megler Bridge. The only prominent structure remaining is the old wooden Roman Catholic church. From 1925 to 1932, one of the docks of the Astoria-Megler Ferry route was located at McGowan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sam Denoff", "paragraph_text": "Denoff was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Esther (Rothbard) and Harry Denoff, a salesman. With his long-time collaborator Bill Persky he wrote and created the television show \"That Girl\" starring Marlo Thomas. Their writing collaboration on episodes of \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" resulted in some of the show's most popular episodes. Denoff also wrote for the 1976 Danny Thomas situation comedy \"The Practice\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Statler and Waldorf", "paragraph_text": "Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters known for their cantankerous opinions and shared penchant for heckling. The two elderly men first appeared in The Muppet Show in 1975, where they consistently jeered the entirety of the cast and their performances from their balcony seats."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Withington Girls' School", "paragraph_text": "Withington Girls' School is an independent day school in Fallowfield, Manchester, United Kingdom, providing education for girls between the ages of seven and eighteen. Withington is a member of the Girls' Schools Association."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Christian Leinenweber House", "paragraph_text": "The Christian Leinenweber House is a house located in Astoria, Oregon, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1874 by a local businessman named Christian Leinenweber. It is also known as the Otto Gramms House; Gramms and his family owned it from 1916 to 1965."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saturday Night Live (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello, Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel. Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the \"SNL\" band to become a cast member. Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold."}], "question": "Who owns the waldorf astoria in the city of the cast member of That girl is from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__649347_153002_92170", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "Waldorf Astoria New York The hotel from the north General information Location 301 Park Avenue Manhattan, New York City Coordinates 40 \u00b0 45 \u2032 23 ''N 73 \u00b0 58 \u2032 27'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.75639 \u00b0 N 73.97417 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.75639; - 73.97417 Coordinates: 40 \u00b0 45 \u2032 23 ''N 73 \u00b0 58 \u2032 27'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 40.75639 \u00b0 N 73.97417 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 40.75639; - 73.97417 Opening 1893 (Waldorf Hotel) 1897 (Astoria Hotel) 1931 (Waldorf - Astoria Hotel) Closed 2017 (temporarily for renovations) Owner Anbang Insurance Group Management Hilton Worldwide Height 625 ft (191 m) Technical details Floor count 47 Design and construction Architect Schultze & Weaver Other information Number of rooms 1,413 Number of restaurants Peacock Alley Bull and Bear Steakhouse 'La Chine Website Official hotel website"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marlo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Thomas was raised in Beverly Hills, California. Her parents called her Margo as a child, though she soon became known as Marlo, she told \"The New York Times\", because of her childhood mispronunciation of the nickname. She attended Marymount High School in Los Angeles. Thomas graduated from the University of Southern California with a teaching degree: \"I wanted a piece of paper that said I was qualified to do something in the world,\" she said. She also was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "City Lights", "paragraph_text": "City Lights is a 1931 American pre-Code silent romantic comedy film written, produced, directed by, and starring Charlie Chaplin. The story follows the misadventures of Chaplin's Tramp as he falls in love with a blind girl (Virginia Cherrill) and develops a turbulent friendship with an alcoholic millionaire (Harry Myers)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "City Girl (1984 film)", "paragraph_text": "City Girl is a 1984 film directed by Martha Coolidge. The film was produced in 1982, although it did not receive distribution until Coolidge's 1983 film \"Valley Girl\" became a surprise success."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sam Denoff", "paragraph_text": "Denoff was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Esther (Rothbard) and Harry Denoff, a salesman. With his long-time collaborator Bill Persky he wrote and created the television show \"That Girl\" starring Marlo Thomas. Their writing collaboration on episodes of \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" resulted in some of the show's most popular episodes. Denoff also wrote for the 1976 Danny Thomas situation comedy \"The Practice\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Get 'Em Girls", "paragraph_text": "Get 'Em Girls is the second studio album by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, released on 5 November 2010 by Sony Music Australia. Mauboy recorded the album in Los Angeles, New York City and Atlanta. She worked with various American songwriters and producers she had not worked with before, including Bangladesh, Harvey Mason, Jr., Chuck Harmony, Brian Kennedy, and Alex James, among others. Musically, \"Get 'Em Girls\" contains up-tempo and ballad-oriented songs, which derive from the genres of pop, hip hop and R&B. The album features guest vocal appearances from Snoop Dogg, Ludacris, Jay Sean, and Iyaz."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "What Them Girls Like", "paragraph_text": "\"What Them Girls Like\" is the first single from Ludacris's sixth studio album \"Theater of the Mind\". The single features Chris Brown and Sean Garrett and is produced by Darkchild."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Powerpuff Girls", "paragraph_text": "The Powerpuff Girls is an American superhero animated television series created by animator Craig McCracken and produced by Hanna-Barbera (later Cartoon Network Studios) for Cartoon Network. The show centers on Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup, three kindergarten-aged girls with superpowers. The girls all live in the fictional city of Townsville, USA with their father and creator, a scientist named Professor Utonium, and are frequently called upon by the city's mayor to help fight nearby criminals and other enemies using their powers."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New York, I Love You XOXO", "paragraph_text": "Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this final episode, the death of Bart Bass rushes Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) to marry Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and the identity of Gossip Girl is revealed. A five - year flash forward takes place and shows the wedding of Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) to Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Beny Alagem", "paragraph_text": "Binyamin ``Beny ''Alagem (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dc\u05d2'\u05dd \u200e) (born 1953 in Israel) is an Israeli American entrepreneur, business executive, hotelier and philanthropist. He is the founder and former Chief Executive of Packard Bell Computers. He is the owner of the Beverly Hilton Hotel and the Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria in Beverly Hills, California."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Emil Molt", "paragraph_text": "Emil Molt (born 14 April 1876 in Schw\u00e4bisch Gm\u00fcnd, Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg, died 16 June 1936 in Stuttgart) was a German businessman, social reformer and anthroposophist. He was the director of the Waldorf-Astoria-Zigarettenfabrik, and with Rudolf Steiner co-founded the first Waldorf school. Hence, Waldorf education was named after the company."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Astoria City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Astoria City Hall is the current city hall for the town of Astoria, Oregon, United States. Built in 1923 to house a bank, the building became the city hall in 1939, and it has remained Astoria's seat of government for more than 75 years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Statler and Waldorf", "paragraph_text": "Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters known for their cantankerous opinions and shared penchant for heckling. The two elderly men first appeared in The Muppet Show in 1975, where they consistently jeered the entirety of the cast and their performances from their balcony seats."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The hotel has been housed in two historic landmark buildings in New York. The first, bearing the same name, was built in two stages, as the Waldorf Hotel and the Astoria Hotel, which accounts for its dual name. That original site was situated on Astor family properties along Fifth Avenue, opened in 1893, and designed by Henry J. Hardenbergh. It was demolished in 1929 to make way for the construction of the Empire State Building. The present building, at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, is a 47 - story 190.5 m (625 ft) Art Deco landmark designed by architects Schultze and Weaver, which was completed in 1931. The current hotel was the world's tallest hotel from 1931 until 1963, when it was surpassed by Moscow's Hotel Ukraina by 7 metres (23 ft). An icon of glamour and luxury, the current Waldorf Astoria is one of the world's most prestigious and best known hotels. Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts is a division of Hilton Hotels, and a portfolio of high - end properties around the world now operate under the name, including in New York City."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Winkipop", "paragraph_text": "Winkipop was foaled in 1907 at the Cliveden Stud, a Thoroughbred breeding farm owned by Waldorf Astor at his family's estate near Taplow in Buckinghamshire. Winkipop was sired by William the Third, a good racehorse and sire that was second to Volodyovski in the 1901 Derby and won the 1902 Ascot Gold Cup. Lord Astor bought her dam, Conjure, for \u00a3100 when he was a student at Oxford as a potential producer of steeplechase and hunt horses. The mare eventually became an integral part of his Cliveden Stud, producing many top-class racers. Full-siblings to Winkipop include the filly Third Trick and the stallion Winkie. Winkie was not a successful racehorse and was exported to New Zealand as a breeding stallion, where he sired the mare Entreaty, the dam of the multiple stakes winner, Phar Lap."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "McGowan, Washington", "paragraph_text": "McGowan was a stop on the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company's narrow gauge line that ran on the Long Beach Peninsula in Pacific County, Washington, USA from 1889 to 1930. In the late 19th century, P.J. McGowan bought land in the area for $1,200, and built his house, a dock and a salmon cannery on the site. During the railroad times, the main line and a passing siding ran through McGowan. McGowan is just west of the north end of the Astoria-Megler Bridge. The only prominent structure remaining is the old wooden Roman Catholic church. From 1925 to 1932, one of the docks of the Astoria-Megler Ferry route was located at McGowan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Las Vegas Valley", "paragraph_text": "Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas metropolitan area Metropolitan area Las Vegas -- Paradise - Henderson, NV MSA Left - right from top: Las Vegas Strip, Stratosphere Tower, Fremont Street Experience, Waldorf Astoria Las Vegas, Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, The District at Green Valley Ranch Las Vegas Valley Location within Nevada Las Vegas Valley Location within the United States Las Vegas Valley Location within North America Show map of Nevada Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates: 36 \u00b0 19 \u2032 N 115 \u00b0 14 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 36.317 \u00b0 N 115.233 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 36.317; - 115.233 Coordinates: 36 \u00b0 19 \u2032 N 115 \u00b0 14 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 36.317 \u00b0 N 115.233 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 36.317; - 115.233 Country United States State Nevada Principal city Las Vegas Other major cities - Henderson - North Las Vegas Population (2018 estimate) Total 2,227,053 Time zone UTC \u2212 8 (PST) Summer (DST) UTC \u2212 7 (PDT) Area code (s) 702 725"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ring Them Bells", "paragraph_text": "Ring Them Bells is a live album taken from Joan Baez' April 1995 shows at New York's The Bottom Line. In addition to her own solo set, the album featured collaborations with Mary Chapin Carpenter, Mimi Farina, Dar Williams, the Indigo Girls and Mary Black. Though Baez and many of the collaborating artists were admirers of one another, this album marked the first time many of them had worked together. Baez' manager, Mark Spector, served as producer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gossip Girl (novel series)", "paragraph_text": "Blair Waldorf is described as having chestnut brown hair, cobalt blue eyes, a foxlike face, a small physique and being widely involved in extracurricular activities and having a tenacious attitude towards studies. She is considered quite intelligent and very pretty by her peers and elders. Blair uses her charm, cleverness, money and social status to get to where and what she wants. Blair attends Yale University after graduating from high school. Throughout the series, she has an on - off relationship with Nate Archibald, whom she always imagined marrying. At the end of the series, Nate admits he loves her, and always will. Gossip Girl herself says that the two are just meant to be together. Blair's style and attitude portrays her as being quite preppy."}], "question": "Who owns the Waldorf Astoria in the city where the That Girl producer comes from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__649347_153002_75857", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shooting Star (Owl City song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Shooting Star\" is a song by American electronica project Owl City from his second extended play \"Shooting Star\". It was released as the lead single from the EP on May 15, 2012. The song has so far peaked at No.\u00a0176 on the UK Singles Chart and No.\u00a049 on the Japan Hot 100. It was used as one of two theme songs for the 2013 computer-animated film \"Escape from Planet Earth\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Carl Sigman wrote the words and music for the theme song which was sung by Dick James. The song is still fondly remembered:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Axel F", "paragraph_text": "``Axel F ''Single by Harold Faltermeyer from the album Beverly Hills Cop (soundtrack) B - side`` Discovery'', ``Shoot Out ''Released December 5, 1984 (US) Format 7``, 12'' Recorded June 23, 1984 Genre Synth - pop Length 3: 01 Label MCA Records MCA 949 Songwriter (s) Harold Faltermeyer Producer (s) Harold Faltermeyer Harold Faltermeyer singles chronology ``Axel F ''(1984)`` The Race Is On'' / ``Starlight Express ''(1987)`` Axel F'' (1984) ``The Race Is On ''/`` Starlight Express'' (1987)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "City Girl (1984 film)", "paragraph_text": "City Girl is a 1984 film directed by Martha Coolidge. The film was produced in 1982, although it did not receive distribution until Coolidge's 1983 film \"Valley Girl\" became a surprise success."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Naked City", "paragraph_text": "The Naked City is a 1948 film noir directed by Jules Dassin. Based on a story by Malvin Wald, the film depicts the police investigation that follows the murder of a young model, incorporating heavy elements of police procedure. A veteran cop is placed in charge of the case and he sets about, with the help of other beat cops and detectives, to find the girl's killer. The movie, shot partially in documentary style, was filmed on location on the streets of New York City and features landmarks such as the Williamsburg Bridge, the Whitehall Building, and an apartment building on West 83rd Street in Manhattan as the scene of the murder."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sam Denoff", "paragraph_text": "Denoff was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Esther (Rothbard) and Harry Denoff, a salesman. With his long-time collaborator Bill Persky he wrote and created the television show \"That Girl\" starring Marlo Thomas. Their writing collaboration on episodes of \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" resulted in some of the show's most popular episodes. Denoff also wrote for the 1976 Danny Thomas situation comedy \"The Practice\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "She's like a Star", "paragraph_text": "\"She's like a Star\" is a song written, produced and performed by British singer and songwriter Taio Cruz. It was released on 18 August 2008 as the fifth single from his debut studio album \"Departure\" (2008). An R&B ballad, the lyrics of \"She's like a Star\" are about the theme of parenthood, an idea which inspired Cruz to compose the song. The song was remixed to feature vocals from English girl group Sugababes and American rapper K.R., and American rapper Busta Rhymes. It received generally mixed reviews from critics, who were ambivalent towards the composition. Upon release, it peaked at number twenty on the UK Singles Chart. The song's music video features \"Hollyoaks\" actress Roxanne McKee as Cruz's love interest. Cruz performed the song with the Sugababes at the 2008 MOBO Awards ceremony, and at Radio 1's Big Weekend 2011."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dad's Army", "paragraph_text": "The show's theme tune, ``Who do you think you are kidding, Mr Hitler? ''was Jimmy Perry's idea, intended as a gentle pastiche of wartime songs. It was the only pastiche in the series, as the other music used was contemporary to the 1940s. Perry wrote the lyrics himself and composed the music with Derek Taverner. Perry persuaded one of his childhood idols, wartime entertainer Bud Flanagan, to sing the theme for 100 guineas. Flanagan died less than a year after the recording. At the time it was widely believed to be a wartime song."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Omega Cop", "paragraph_text": "Omega Cop is a 1989 film starring Adam West, Ron Marchini, Stuart Whitman, and Troy Donahue. It was also released under the title \"John Travis: Solar Survivor\". This film was also written and produced by Ronald L. Marchini, and executive-produced by his wife, Jo Anne Marchini. Omega Cop was followed by a sequel, \"Karate Cop\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beverly Hills Cop (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Beverly Hills Cop is a series of American action comedy films and an unaired television pilot based on characters created by Daniel Petrie, Jr. and Danilo Bach. The films star Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley, a street - smart Detroit cop who travels to Beverly Hills, California to investigate crimes, even though it is out of his jurisdiction. There, he meets Detective Billy Rosewood (Judge Reinhold), Sergeant John Taggart (John Ashton), and Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil (Ronny Cox). Ashton and Cox do not appear in Beverly Hills Cop III. Murphy, Reinhold, and Gil Hill, who plays Axel's boss, Inspector Todd, are the only actors who appear in all three films. Harold Faltermeyer produced the now famous ``Axel F ''theme song heard throughout the series. The series as a whole have been distributed by Paramount Pictures. The films have made a total of $735,534,503 at the worldwide box office."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I Kissed a Girl", "paragraph_text": "``I Kissed a Girl ''is a song recorded by American singer Katy Perry for her second studio album, One of the Boys (2008). It was released on April 28, 2008, by Capitol Records as the lead single from the record. Perry co-wrote the song with its producers Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco, with additional songwriting provided by Max Martin and Cathy Dennis.`` I Kissed a Girl'' is a pop rock song with elements of new wave. Perry stated its lyrics are ``about the magical beauty of a woman ''. The song sparked controversy for its homosexual themes."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "We Don't Talk Anymore (Charlie Puth song)", "paragraph_text": "``We Do n't Talk Anymore ''is a song produced and performed by American singer Charlie Puth from his debut studio album Nine Track Mind (2016). It contains guest vocals from Selena Gomez. Jacob Kasher co-wrote the track with the artists. The song was released on May 24, 2016, as the third and final single from the album. Musically, it is a pop song with tropical - inspired production."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Right Kinda Lover", "paragraph_text": "\"The Right Kinda Lover\" is a song recorded by singer Patti LaBelle. It was released as a single from her 1994 album, \"Gems\", and appeared on the soundtrack to the film \"Beverly Hills Cop III\" starring Eddie Murphy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yellow (Coldplay song)", "paragraph_text": "``Yellow ''is a song by the British rock band Coldplay. The band wrote the song and co-produced it with British record producer Ken Nelson for their debut album, Parachutes (2000). The song's lyrics are a reference to the band's lead singer Chris Martin's unrequited love."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marlo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Thomas was raised in Beverly Hills, California. Her parents called her Margo as a child, though she soon became known as Marlo, she told \"The New York Times\", because of her childhood mispronunciation of the nickname. She attended Marymount High School in Los Angeles. Thomas graduated from the University of Southern California with a teaching degree: \"I wanted a piece of paper that said I was qualified to do something in the world,\" she said. She also was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Girl on Fire (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Girl on Fire ''is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Alicia Keys for her fifth studio album of the same name. Keys co-wrote and co-produced the hip hop / R&B ballad with Jeff Bhasker and Salaam Remi. The song contains an interpolation of the drums from the 1980 song`` The Big Beat'' by American rock guitarist Billy Squier, who received a writing credit on ``Girl on Fire ''. Released on September 4, 2012, as the lead single from the album of the same name,`` Girl on Fire'' is Keys' first release under RCA Records following the closure of J Records, after a reorganization at Sony Music Entertainment."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ann Hampton Callaway", "paragraph_text": "Ann Hampton Callaway (born May 30, 1958) is a jazz singer, songwriter, and actress. She wrote and sang the theme song for the TV series The Nanny."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Suite Life on Deck", "paragraph_text": "The show's theme song, ``Livin 'the Suite Life, ''was written by John Adair and Steve Hampton (who also wrote the themes for fellow Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, Phil of the Future, and Wizards of Waverly Place, as well as the theme for the ABC Kids series Power Rangers: RPM), with music composed by Gary Scott (who also composed the music cues to signal scene changes and promo breaks, some of which are styled similarly to the theme), and is performed by British singer Steve Rushton (who is only credited for performing the theme in the second season)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yo-Yo Girl Cop", "paragraph_text": "Yo-Yo Girl Cop, known in Japan as is a 2006 Japanese live-action feature film, the third to be based on the manga \"Sukeban Deka\", directed by Kenta Fukasaku."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bottle Pop", "paragraph_text": "\"Bottle Pop\" is a song by American girl group the Pussycat Dolls featuring American rapper Snoop Dogg from their second studio album, \"Doll Domination\" (2008). The song was written and produced by Sean \"The Pen\" Garrett and Fernando Garibay with additional writing from Nicole Scherzinger and additional production by Clubba Langg. Musically, the song features sexual innuendo, funky electronica and is backed by electro beats."}], "question": "Who wrote the theme song of the cop movie set in and named after the city that the producer of That Girl is from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__508306_70744_79108", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Roxbury High Fort", "paragraph_text": "Roxbury High Fort is a historic fort site on Beech Glen Street at Fort Avenue in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The site now contains a small park and the Cochituate Standpipe, also known as Fort Hill Tower, built in 1869. The fort site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The site inspired the name of the Fort Hill neighborhood which surrounds the area of the High Fort."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "WNSC-FM", "paragraph_text": "WNSC-FM is a National Public Radio station in Rock Hill, South Carolina. A member of ETV Radio, it carries programming from ETV Radio's all-news network."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brul\u00e9 bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota and Arapaho Nation signed on April 29, 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War. Animosities over the treaty rose quickly, with neither side fully honoring the terms. Open war again broke out in 1876, and the US Government unilaterally annexed land covered under the treaty in 1877."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of Atlantic Coast Conference national championships", "paragraph_text": "Institution Nickname Location Founded Joined Conference Varsity Sports NCAA Championships (as of January 9, 2017) Pre-ACC Championships Boston College Eagles Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 1863 2005 31 6 Clemson University Tigers Clemson, South Carolina 1889 1953 19 5 0 Duke University Blue Devils Durham, North Carolina 1838 1953 20 17 0 Florida State University Seminoles Tallahassee, Florida 1851 1991 17 7 Georgia Tech! Georgia Institute of Technology Yellow Jackets Atlanta, Georgia 1885 1978 17 0 Louisville! University of Louisville Cardinals Louisville, Kentucky 1798 2014 21 Miami! University of Miami Hurricanes Coral Gables, Florida 1925 17 21 21 North Carolina! University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Tar Heels Chapel Hill, North Carolina 1789 1953 27 38 0 North Carolina State University Wolfpack Raleigh, North Carolina 1887 1953 25 0 Notre Dame! University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish South Bend, Indiana 1842 2013 23 16 15 Pittsburgh! University of Pittsburgh Panthers Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1787 2013 19 9 (claimed) 0 Syracuse University Orange Syracuse, New York 1870 2013 20 12 12 Virginia! University of Virginia Cavaliers Charlottesville, Virginia 1819 1953 25 24 Virginia Tech! Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Hokies Blacksburg, Virginia 1872 21 0 0 Wake Forest University Demon Deacons Winston - Salem, North Carolina 1834 1953 18 8 0"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Creech Hill", "paragraph_text": "Creech Hill is a hill in south east Somerset, England, which is notable for a univallate Iron Age hill fort. The hill is situated approximately north west of the small town of Bruton."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rock Hill, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Rock Hill, South Carolina City City of Rock Hill Downtown Rock Hill Seal Nickname (s): The Gateway to South Carolina; Football City USA Motto (s): Always On. Location of Rock Hill in South Carolina Coordinates: 34 \u00b0 56 \u2032 17 ''N 81 \u00b0 1 \u2032 34'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 34.93806 \u00b0 N 81.02611 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 34.93806; - 81.02611 Coordinates: 34 \u00b0 56 \u2032 17 ''N 81 \u00b0 1 \u2032 34'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 34.93806 \u00b0 N 81.02611 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 34.93806; - 81.02611 Country United States State South Carolina County York Founded 1852 Incorporated 1892 Government Type Judicial Mayor John Gettys (D) Area Total 43.16 sq mi (111.8 km) Land 43.16 sq mi (111.8 km) Water 0.16 sq mi (0.4 km) 0.4% Elevation 676 ft (206 m) Population (2016) Total 72,937 Density 1,532.8 / sq mi (591.8 / km) Time zone Eastern (UTC - 5) Summer (DST) Eastern (UTC - 4) ZIP codes 29730 - 29733 Area code (s) 803 FIPS code 45 - 61405 GNIS feature ID 1250417 Website www.cityofrockhill.com"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Whitmell Hill", "paragraph_text": "Whitmell was the son of a John and Martha Hill, and was born in Bertie County, North Carolina. In 1760 he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and returned to North Carolina to begin developing his own plantation, \"Hill\u2019s Ferry\", in what was to become Martin County when it was established in 1774."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Horrell Hill, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Horrel Hill is an unincorporated community in Lower Richland County, South Carolina, United States. Situated south of Fort Jackson and northwest of McEntire Joint National Guard Base, it is centered at approximately the intersection of Garner's Ferry Road (U.S. Route 76/378) and Harmon Road/Horrel Hill Road (SC 86). Congaree Road (SC 769) meets Garner's Ferry Road about 120 meters to the east."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the University of South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The University was founded as South Carolina College on December 19, 1801 by an act of the General Assembly after Governor John Drayton pushed for its foundation on November 23, 1801. The establishment of a publicly funded college at the capital was intended to unite and promote harmony between the Lowcountry and the Backcountry. On January 10, 1805, having an initial enrollment of nine students, the college commenced classes with a traditional classical curriculum. Jonathan Maxcy was its first president and served until his death in 1820."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clemson\u2013South Carolina rivalry", "paragraph_text": "College comparison Clemson University University of South Carolina Location Clemson Columbia Students 23,406 34,618 School colors Clemson Orange and Regalia Garnet and Black Nickname Tigers Gamecocks Mascot The Tiger and The Tiger Cub Cocky National Championships 5 10"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent; it generally established North Carolina's borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665, a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owing to disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latter became a crown colony in 1729."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fort Hill (Clemson, South Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "Fort Hill, also known as the John C. Calhoun Mansion and Library, is a National Historic Landmark on the Clemson University campus in Clemson, South Carolina. The house is significant as the home from 1825-50 of John C. Calhoun, a leading national politician of the period, and is now a museum and library maintained in his memory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "WRHI", "paragraph_text": "WRHI is a news/talk radio station in Rock Hill, South Carolina. It broadcasts on AM frequency 1340 kHz with a simulcast on 100.1 FM (via translator W261CP) and is under ownership of OTS Media Group. Its studios and transmitter are both located separately in Rock Hill."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "NFC South", "paragraph_text": "NFC South Conference National Football Conference League National Football League Sport American football Founded 2002 Country United States Teams No. of teams Championships Most recent NFC South champion (s) New Orleans Saints (4th title) Most NFC South titles Carolina Panthers (5 titles)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Black Rainbow", "paragraph_text": "Black Rainbow is a 1989 British supernatural thriller film directed by Mike Hodges and filmed in Rock Hill, South Carolina and Charlotte, North Carolina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fort Meade National Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "Fort Meade National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located near the city of Sturgis in Meade County, South Dakota. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses . It is maintained by Black Hills National Cemetery."}], "question": "On what date was the establishment of the university that has more national championships than the university in the city where Fort Hill is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__489038_70744_79108", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Peace Center", "paragraph_text": "The Peace Center is a performing arts center located in Greenville, South Carolina. It is composed of a concert hall, theater, and amphitheatre. It is located adjacent to Falls Park. It hosts over 300 events each year, including classical music, Broadway shows, and appearances by popular artists such as David Copperfield."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "NFC South", "paragraph_text": "NFC South Conference National Football Conference League National Football League Sport American football Founded 2002 Country United States Teams No. of teams Championships Most recent NFC South champion (s) New Orleans Saints (4th title) Most NFC South titles Carolina Panthers (5 titles)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fike Recreation Center", "paragraph_text": "Fike Recreation Center, originally known as Clemson Field House, is an on-campus recreation facility at Clemson University in Clemson, South Carolina. It houses several gymnasiums, a pool, a fitness atrium, racquetball courts, an indoor walk/jog/run track, and a climbing wall. The basketball team played there from 1930 to 1968, when Littlejohn Coliseum opened."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pettit Lake", "paragraph_text": "Pettit Lake is a large alpine lake in Blaine County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Valley in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. The lake is approximately south of Stanley and northwest of Ketchum."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Caucasus Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Caucasus Governorate (, \"Kavkazskaya guberniya\") was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1802 until 1822. Its seat was located in Georgiyevsk. The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire. In 1822, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the administrative center in Stavropol."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of the University of South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The University was founded as South Carolina College on December 19, 1801 by an act of the General Assembly after Governor John Drayton pushed for its foundation on November 23, 1801. The establishment of a publicly funded college at the capital was intended to unite and promote harmony between the Lowcountry and the Backcountry. On January 10, 1805, having an initial enrollment of nine students, the college commenced classes with a traditional classical curriculum. Jonathan Maxcy was its first president and served until his death in 1820."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gera (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Gera is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the former Kingdom of Gera, whose territory was approximately the same as the modern woreda. Part of the Jimma Zone, Gera is bordered on the south by the Gojeb River which separates it from the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the northwest by Sigmo, on the north by Setema, on the northeast by Gomma, and on the east by Seka Chekorsa. The administrative center of this woreda is Chira; other towns in Gera include Cheriko and Dusta."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tashtagolsky District", "paragraph_text": "Tashtagolsky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Tashtagolsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Tashtagol (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,545 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clemson\u2013South Carolina rivalry", "paragraph_text": "College comparison Clemson University University of South Carolina Location Clemson Columbia Students 23,406 34,618 School colors Clemson Orange and Regalia Garnet and Black Nickname Tigers Gamecocks Mascot The Tiger and The Tiger Cub Cocky National Championships 5 10"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Donaldson Center Airport", "paragraph_text": "Donaldson Center Airport is a public airport six miles (10\u00a0km) south of the central business district of Greenville, a city in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States. It located at the Donaldson Center Industrial Air Park and is owned by the City and County of Greenville."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent; it generally established North Carolina's borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665, a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owing to disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latter became a crown colony in 1729."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "In the Final Four, North Carolina beat Oregon (making their first Final Four appearance since 1939) while Gonzaga defeated South Carolina (both making their first ever Final Four appearance). North Carolina then defeated Gonzaga 71 -- 65 to win the national championship."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rattlesnake National Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "Rattlesnake National Recreation Area is a United States National Recreation Area located 4 miles (6.4 kilometers) north of Missoula, Montana in the Rattlesnake Creek drainage area. It is administered by the Lolo National Forest and is adjacent to the Rattlesnake Wilderness. Both the recreation area and the wilderness area were established by the U.S. Congress on October 19, 1980."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "NORC at the University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "NORC at the University of Chicago is one of the largest independent social research organizations in the United States. Established in 1941 as the National Opinion Research Center, its corporate headquarters is located in downtown Chicago, with offices in several other locations throughout the United States. Organized as an independent corporation, more than half its board comes from faculty and administration of the university, it also jointly staffs some university academic research centers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Raleigh, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 public lakes, and 8 public aquatic facilities. The J. C. Raulston Arboretum, an 8-acre (32,000 m\u00b2) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University, maintains a year-round collection that is open daily to the public without charge."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tom Boswell", "paragraph_text": "A 6'9\" (2.06\u00a0m) forward/center from the University of South Carolina, Boswell played six seasons (1975\u20131980;1983\u20131984) in the National Basketball Association as a member of the Boston Celtics, Denver Nuggets, and Utah Jazz. He averaged 7.7 points per game in his NBA career and won an NBA Championship with Boston in 1976."}], "question": "When was the establishment of the university that has more national championships than the school containing Fike Recreation Center?"}
{"id": "3hop1__223278_366773_857445", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Scotch whisky", "paragraph_text": "Scotch whisky (; often simply called Scotch) is malt whisky or grain whisky made in Scotland. Scotch whisky must be made in a manner specified by law."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nine-Mile Island (Mississippi River)", "paragraph_text": "Nine-Mile Island is a river island located in Mosalem Township, Dubuque County, Iowa, between Dubuque, Iowa and Bellevue, Iowa on the Upper Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "English River, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "English River is an unincorporated place on the border of geographic Corman Township, Kenora District and the Unorganized Part of Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It was a Hudson's Bay Company trading post between 1894 and 1911, and is located where Ontario Highway 17 crosses the English River at its confluence with the Scotch River."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Scotch Grove, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Scotch Grove is an unincorporated community in Jones County, Iowa, United States. Scotch Grove is located on Iowa Highway 38 southeast of Monticello and north of Center Junction. The townsite was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cascade, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Cascade is a city in Dubuque County and Jones County, Iowa, United States. The Dubuque County portion is part of Dubuque Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Jones County portion is part of Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,159 at the 2010 census, up from 1,958 at the 2000 census. The city is located within southwestern of Dubuque County and north-central Jones County."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Confederate Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Confederate Arizona, commonly referred to as Arizona Territory, and officially the Territory of Arizona, was a territory claimed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border. The Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with Scotch Groves' county?"}
{"id": "3hop1__97317_181913_4924", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Xiong Shuang", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Shuang succeeded his father, the younger Xiong Yan, who died in 828 BC. Xiong Shuang had three younger brothers: Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun (\u718a\u5f87). When Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, his brothers fought one another for the throne. The youngest brother Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Third English Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Marquess of Montrose, under the direction of Charles II, made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650. But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters. When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April, delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May, and executed on 21 May 1650, Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "England in the Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Richard spent his reign focused on protecting his possessions in France and fighting in the Third Crusade; his brother, John, inherited England in 1199 but lost Normandy and most of Aquitaine after several years of war with France. John fought successive, increasingly expensive, campaigns in a bid to regain these possessions. John's efforts to raise revenues, combined with his fractious relationships with many of the English barons, led to confrontation in 1215, an attempt to restore peace through the signing of the Magna Carta, and finally the outbreak of the First Barons' War. John died having fought the rebel barons and their French backers to a stalemate, and royal power was re-established by barons loyal to the young Henry III. England's power structures remained unstable and the outbreak of the Second Barons' War in 1264 resulted in the king's capture by Simon de Montfort. Henry's son, Edward, defeated the rebel factions between 1265 and 1267, restoring his father to power."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James Edward Jouett", "paragraph_text": "Rear Admiral James Edward Jouett (7 February 1826 \u2013 30 September 1902), known as \"Fighting Jim Jouett of the American Navy\", was an officer in the United States Navy during the Mexican\u2013American War and the American Civil War. His father was Matthew Harris Jouett, a notable painter, and his grandfather was Revolutionary War hero Jack Jouett."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Edward Banker Willis", "paragraph_text": "Edward Banker Willis (January 9, 1831 - December 7, 1879) was a United States military officer during the American Civil War. He participated in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, fighting rebels and hostile native Americans in the frontier of Arizona and New Mexico."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Battle of Towton", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Towton was fought on 29 March 1461 during the English Wars of the Roses, near the village of Towton in Yorkshire. A culminating battle in the dynastic struggles between the houses of Lancaster and York for control of the English throne, the engagement ended in an overwhelming victory for the Yorkists. It brought about a change of monarchs in England, with the victor, the Yorkist Edward IV having displaced the Lancastrian Henry VI (on the throne since 1422) as king, and thus driving the head of the Lancastrians and his key supporters out of the country."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Princes in the Tower", "paragraph_text": "``The Princes in the Tower ''is an expression frequently used to refer to Edward V, King of England and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. The two brothers were the only sons of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville surviving at the time of their father's death in 1483. When they were 12 and 9 years old, respectively, they were lodged in the Tower of London by the man appointed to look after them, their uncle, the Lord Protector: Richard, Duke of Gloucester. This was supposedly in preparation for Edward's forthcoming coronation as king. However, Richard took the throne for himself and the boys disappeared."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Edward Whalley", "paragraph_text": "Edward Whalley (c. 1607 \u2013 c. 1675) was an English military leader during the English Civil War, and was one of the regicides who signed the death warrant of King Charles I of England."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Li Shangjin", "paragraph_text": "Li Shangjin (\u674e\u4e0a\u91d1) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (\u694a). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (\u675e\u738b). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (\u5bff\u5dde), then prefect of Lu (\u6f09\u5dde). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (\u6fa7\u5dde, in modern Changde, Hunan)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mswati III", "paragraph_text": "When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982\u20131983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983\u20131986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2013 London Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 London Marathon took place on Sunday 21 April 2013. It was the 33rd running of the annual mass-participation marathon race and the third World Marathon Major of the year. 34,631 people participated."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh", "paragraph_text": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh (1780\u20131801), also known as Prince C\u1ea3nh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigneau de B\u00e9haine to sign an alliance between France and Vietnam. Although Prince C\u1ea3nh was the legitimate heir to the throne, he died before his father, and none of his descendants ascended the throne after his half-brother Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea3m was chosen by Gia Long."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Edward VIII", "paragraph_text": "Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park, on the outskirts of London during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. He was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary). His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the eldest daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck (Francis and Mary Adelaide). At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind his grandfather and father."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "3rd Battalion (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The 3rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Originally raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force for service during World War I, the battalion formed part of the 1st Brigade, attached to the 1st Division. It was formed shortly after the war broke out and was among the first Australian units to be sent overseas, arriving in Egypt in December 1914. In April 1915 the battalion participated in the Landing at Anzac Cove, coming ashore in the second and third waves. In December 1915 the 3rd Battalion was evacuated from the Gallipoli peninsula and withdrawn to Egypt again, where it took part in the defence of the Suez Canal before being sent to France to fight on the Western Front in March 1916. For the next two and a half years the unit would serve in the trenches in France and Belgium and would take part in many of the major battles fought during that time. In May 1919, following the end of the war, the battalion was disbanded and its personnel repatriated back to Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Xiong Xun", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Xun's father, the younger Xiong Yan, had four sons: Xiong Shuang (\u718a\u971c), Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun, the youngest. When Xiong Yan died in 828 BC he was succeeded by his first son Xiong Shuang. However, when Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, the remaining three brothers fought one another for the throne. Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}], "question": "In what year did the participant of the Third war that Edward Whalley fought ascend to the throne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16970_664345_16809", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)", "paragraph_text": "Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated musical fantasy - adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based on the Alice books by Lewis Carroll. The 13th of Disney's animated features, the film premiered in New York City and London on July 26, 1951. The film features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont as Alice, Sterling Holloway as the Cheshire Cat, Verna Felton as the Queen of Hearts, and Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Philip Plisson", "paragraph_text": "Philip Plisson (born 27 January 1947, Orl\u00e9ans, France) is a French photographer best known for his maritime photography. Together with his son Guillaume, who is also a photographer, he set up the publishing company P\u00eacheur d'Images. He has produced numerous books including collections of photographs featuring Brittany, Ireland, Scotland and the ocean liner \"Queen Mary 2\". His 65th book, \"Les Mar\u00e9es\", was named Maritime Book of the Year at the 2012 Paris Boat Show."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "The group's second LP, Queen II, was released in 1974, and features rock photographer Mick Rock's iconic image of the band on the cover. This image would be used as the basis for the 1975 \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video production. The album reached number five on the British album chart and became the first Queen album to chart in the UK. The Freddie Mercury-written lead single \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" reached number ten in the UK, giving the band their first hit. The album is the first real testament to the band's distinctive layered sound, and features long complex instrumental passages, fantasy-themed lyrics, and musical virtuosity. Aside from its only single, the album also included the song \"The March of the Black Queen\", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus. The Daily Vault described the number as \"menacing\". Critical reaction was mixed; the Winnipeg Free Press, while praising the band's debut album, described Queen II as a \"over-produced monstrosity\". Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Milady de Winter", "paragraph_text": "Milady de Winter, often referred to as simply Milady, is a fictional character in the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" (1844) by Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re, set in 1625 France. She is a spy for Cardinal Richelieu and is one of the dominant antagonists of the story. Her role in the first part of the book is to seduce the English Prime Minister, the Duke of Buckingham, who is also the secret lover of Queen Anne of France. Hoping to blackmail the Queen, Richelieu orders Milady to steal two diamonds from a set of matched studs given to Buckingham by the Queen, which were a gift to her from her husband, King Louis XIII. Thwarted by d'Artagnan and the other musketeers, Milady's opposition of d'Artagnan carries much of the second half of the novel."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Nancy Drew books", "paragraph_text": "The character of Nancy Drew -- ghostwritten and credited to the pseudonymous Carolyn Keene -- has appeared in a number of series over the years. The first and longest - running of these is the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series, begun in 1930 and ended in 2003. The first spin - off series, The Nancy Drew Files, was begun in 1986. Since then, Nancy Drew has appeared in a number of other series and books, including a number of spin - offs where she investigates with the Hardy Boys."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Manhattan Projects", "paragraph_text": "The Manhattan Projects is a comic book series co-created by writer Jonathan Hickman and artist Nick Pitarra published by Image Comics. It is a story about an alternate history of the end of World War II in which the Manhattan Project was a front for other more esoteric science fiction ideas. The series is a monthly ongoing and began in March 2012 to much critical acclaim."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The E-mail Mystery", "paragraph_text": "The E-mail Mystery is the 144th book in the Nancy Drew series. It was published in 1998 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Scott Johnson (architect)", "paragraph_text": "Educated at Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley and the Harvard Graduate School of Design, Johnson has travelled widely and, in his early years, worked in a number of seminal firms. He is the co-founder and Design Partner of Johnson Fain, an international architecture, planning and interior design firm located in Los Angeles. Johnson is the author of several books, the most recent including \"Performative Skyscraper Tall Building Design Now\", \"The Big Idea: Criticality & Practice in Contemporary Architecture\" and \"Tall Building: Imagining the Skyscraper\". His third book on tall buildings will be released in 2017. He has lectured widely on architectural topics and has taught at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and the University of Southern California (USC) where he was, from 2003 to 2006, the Director of the Master of Architecture Programs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "I, the Supreme", "paragraph_text": "During the time the book was written, Paraguay was under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, who went on to rule the country even longer than Francia did. Many consider the book to be at least in part a thinly disguised attack on Stroessner who used methods similar to Francia\u2019s to achieve and maintain the effective control of the country, including the swift elimination of opposition, the employment of torture and intolerance of dissent. In its portrayal of Francia and criticism of Stroessner, \"I, the Supreme\" belongs to the genre of \"novelas de dictadores\" or dictator novels, and also to the Latin American Boom, a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The book was first published in Spanish in 1974, and in English (translation by Helen Lane) in 1986."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria was physically unprepossessing\u2014she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall\u2014but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kings and Queens (Thirty Seconds to Mars song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Kings and Queens\" received critical acclaim, with critics deeming it as an album highlight. Much of the praise went to the song's lyrics and the musical production; reviewers also complimented Leto's vocals. The song became the band's second number one single on the US Alternative Songs chart and attained moderate success in international markets. The accompanying music video, directed by Jared Leto, features Thirty Seconds to Mars and a group of followers on a critical mass movement through Los Angeles at night. Critics lauded the simplicity of the video, which was nominated for numerous accolades, including four awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "Although much of Thoughts is devoted to platitudes and advice common to all conduct books for women, a few passages anticipate Wollstonecraft's feminist arguments in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), such as her poignant description of the suffering single woman. However, several critics suggested that such passages only seem to have radical undertones in light of Wollstonecraft's later works."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I Know This Much Is True", "paragraph_text": "I Know This Much Is True is a novel by Wally Lamb, published in 1998. It was featured in Oprah's Book Club in June 1998."}], "question": "How tall was the employer of whom the queen featured in her book that drew so much criticism?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16959_664345_17873", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Victoria Memorial, London", "paragraph_text": "The Victoria Memorial is a monument to Queen Victoria, located at the end of The Mall in London, and designed and executed by the sculptor (Sir) Thomas Brock. Designed in 1901, it was unveiled on 16 May 1911, though it was not completed until 1924. It was the centrepiece of an ambitious urban planning scheme, which included the creation of the Queen\u2019s Gardens to a design by Sir Aston Webb, and the refacing of Buckingham Palace (which stands behind the memorial) by the same architect."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Queens Bridge (Melbourne)", "paragraph_text": "The Queens Bridge is a historic road bridge over the Yarra River in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bridge was built in 1889 and has five wrought iron plate girder spans, and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The bridge was built by contractor David Munro, and replaced a timber footbridge built in 1860."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yowalga Land District", "paragraph_text": "Yowalga Land District is a land district (cadastral division) of Western Australia, located within the Eastern Land Division in the Great Victoria Desert, north of the Nullarbor Plain. It spans roughly 26\u00b050'S - 29\u00b000'S in latitude and 125\u00b000'E - 129\u00b000'E in longitude."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Holiday Road", "paragraph_text": "``Holiday Road ''European picture sleeve Single by Lindsey Buckingham from the album National Lampoon's Vacation Original Motion Picture Sound Track B - side`` The Trip (Theme from Vacation)'' Released June 24, 1983 Format 7 ''Genre Rock Length 2: 11 Label Warner Bros. Songwriter (s) Lindsey Buckingham Producer (s) Lindsey Buckingham, Richard Dashut Lindsey Buckingham singles chronology ``It Was I'' (1981)`` Holiday Road ''(1983) ``Go Insane'' (1984)`` It Was I ''(1981) ``Holiday Road'' (1983)`` Go Insane ''(1984) Audio sample file help"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen's House. During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Grosvenor Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Grosvenor Bridge, originally known as, and alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge. Originally constructed in 1860, and widened in 1865 and 1907, the bridge was extensively rebuilt and widened again in the 1960s as an array of ten parallel bridges."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me", "paragraph_text": "``You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me ''Single by Ray Price from the album You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me B - side`` What Kind of Love is This'' Released July 1973 (U.S.) Format 7 ''Recorded ca. May 1973 Genre Country Length 3: 50 Label Columbia 45889 Songwriter (s) Jim Weatherly Producer (s) Don Law Ray Price singles chronology ``She's Got to Be a Saint'' (1972)`` You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me ''(1973) ``Storms of Troubled Times'' (1974)`` She's Got to Be a Saint ''(1972) ``You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me'' (1973)`` Storms of Troubled Times ''(1974)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alice Heron Maxwell", "paragraph_text": "Alice Heron Maxwell (9 October 1860\u201324 July 1949) was a New Zealand custodian. She was born in Kilmore, Victoria, Australia on 9 October 1860."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya", "paragraph_text": "The 1830s were the golden age of \"Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya\" which in its first two years published works by Alexander Pushkin. In the 1840s Andrey Krayevsky's \"Otechestvennye Zapiski\" became a strong rival. This, as well as the social changes in Russia contributed to \"BDC\"s decline. By 1847, when the subscription figures dropped to 3 thousand, Smirdin has already gone bankrupt. A year later the magazine was acquired by the book trader V.P.Pechatkin who invited Albert Starchevsky as a co-editor. In 1856 Alexander Druzhinin became its editor, to be joined by Alexei Pisemsky. As Druzhinin retired due to poor health, Pisemsky in November 1860 became \"BDC\"s editor-in-chief. He left the magazine in 1863 to be succeeded by Pyotr Boborykin and Nikolai Voskoboynikov. \"Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya\"s final issue came out in April 1865."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Black Cobain", "paragraph_text": "Black Cobain attended Virginia State University, graduated magna cum laude, and obtained employment at the Boys & Girls Club, uncertain he could make a viable living and income from his ambitions as an emcee. During this time, he linked with long-time friend and mentor, Le'Greg O. Harrison, and under his direction began to professionalize his sound and actively exploit his talent through local performances, collaborations, sets, and freestyles. In 2009, Black signed to The Board Administration as their first official signee and shortly thereafter left full-time employment to fully pursue emceeing as a career."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: \"These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business.\" Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings. Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's descendant, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for \u00a321,000. Sheffield's leasehold on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Out of the Cradle", "paragraph_text": "Out of the Cradle is the third solo album by the American singer/songwriter Lindsey Buckingham. Released in 1992, it was Buckingham's first album after his much-publicised departure from Fleetwood Mac in 1987 (though Buckingham rejoined the band in the mid-1990s). The album reached #128 on the US \"Billboard 200\" album chart, #51 on the UK Albums Chart, and #70 on the Canada Albums Chart. In Canada, three singles charted within the Top 60."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Victorian era", "paragraph_text": "Victorian era 1837 -- 1901 Queen Victoria by Bassano (1887) Preceded by Regency era Followed by Edwardian era Monarch Victoria Leader (s) Lord Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Lord Derby Lord Aberdeen Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone Lord Salisbury Lord Rosebery"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lawrence James Beck", "paragraph_text": "Larry Beck (May 20, 1938 \u2013 March 27, 1994), full name Lawrence James Beck, was an American sculptor born in Seattle, Washington. Beck was one quarter Native Alaskan, a cause of both conflict and inspiration during his career. His work ranged from industrial assemblages and happenings in the 60's to large, abstract public commissions in the 70's to Yup'ik masks inspired by traditional Yup'ik pieces, but rendered with modern industrial and manufactured materials which he began in the 80's and was working on up until his death."}], "question": "What happened to Buckinham palace after the employer of the manservent that VIctoria had in the 1860's left?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16970_664345_17873", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen's House. During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Milady de Winter", "paragraph_text": "Milady de Winter, often referred to as simply Milady, is a fictional character in the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" (1844) by Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re, set in 1625 France. She is a spy for Cardinal Richelieu and is one of the dominant antagonists of the story. Her role in the first part of the book is to seduce the English Prime Minister, the Duke of Buckingham, who is also the secret lover of Queen Anne of France. Hoping to blackmail the Queen, Richelieu orders Milady to steal two diamonds from a set of matched studs given to Buckingham by the Queen, which were a gift to her from her husband, King Louis XIII. Thwarted by d'Artagnan and the other musketeers, Milady's opposition of d'Artagnan carries much of the second half of the novel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "I, the Supreme", "paragraph_text": "During the time the book was written, Paraguay was under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, who went on to rule the country even longer than Francia did. Many consider the book to be at least in part a thinly disguised attack on Stroessner who used methods similar to Francia\u2019s to achieve and maintain the effective control of the country, including the swift elimination of opposition, the employment of torture and intolerance of dissent. In its portrayal of Francia and criticism of Stroessner, \"I, the Supreme\" belongs to the genre of \"novelas de dictadores\" or dictator novels, and also to the Latin American Boom, a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The book was first published in Spanish in 1974, and in English (translation by Helen Lane) in 1986."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Nancy Drew books", "paragraph_text": "The character of Nancy Drew -- ghostwritten and credited to the pseudonymous Carolyn Keene -- has appeared in a number of series over the years. The first and longest - running of these is the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series, begun in 1930 and ended in 2003. The first spin - off series, The Nancy Drew Files, was begun in 1986. Since then, Nancy Drew has appeared in a number of other series and books, including a number of spin - offs where she investigates with the Hardy Boys."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kings and Queens (Thirty Seconds to Mars song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Kings and Queens\" received critical acclaim, with critics deeming it as an album highlight. Much of the praise went to the song's lyrics and the musical production; reviewers also complimented Leto's vocals. The song became the band's second number one single on the US Alternative Songs chart and attained moderate success in international markets. The accompanying music video, directed by Jared Leto, features Thirty Seconds to Mars and a group of followers on a critical mass movement through Los Angeles at night. Critics lauded the simplicity of the video, which was nominated for numerous accolades, including four awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Drew Carey Show", "paragraph_text": "Kate left after the first two episodes of season 8, the same two episodes that introduced Kellie, an old high school friend of Drew's who had been working as a stripper. She eventually became a waitress at The Warsaw Tavern, Drew's girlfriend, and the carrier of his child. The plot of the final episode was Drew and Kellie attempting to get married before their child is born. Mr. Wick also returned and stayed on for the series finale."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I Know This Much Is True", "paragraph_text": "I Know This Much Is True is a novel by Wally Lamb, published in 1998. It was featured in Oprah's Book Club in June 1998."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Out of the Cradle", "paragraph_text": "Out of the Cradle is the third solo album by the American singer/songwriter Lindsey Buckingham. Released in 1992, it was Buckingham's first album after his much-publicised departure from Fleetwood Mac in 1987 (though Buckingham rejoined the band in the mid-1990s). The album reached #128 on the US \"Billboard 200\" album chart, #51 on the UK Albums Chart, and #70 on the Canada Albums Chart. In Canada, three singles charted within the Top 60."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The E-mail Mystery", "paragraph_text": "The E-mail Mystery is the 144th book in the Nancy Drew series. It was published in 1998 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "The group's second LP, Queen II, was released in 1974, and features rock photographer Mick Rock's iconic image of the band on the cover. This image would be used as the basis for the 1975 \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video production. The album reached number five on the British album chart and became the first Queen album to chart in the UK. The Freddie Mercury-written lead single \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" reached number ten in the UK, giving the band their first hit. The album is the first real testament to the band's distinctive layered sound, and features long complex instrumental passages, fantasy-themed lyrics, and musical virtuosity. Aside from its only single, the album also included the song \"The March of the Black Queen\", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus. The Daily Vault described the number as \"menacing\". Critical reaction was mixed; the Winnipeg Free Press, while praising the band's debut album, described Queen II as a \"over-produced monstrosity\". Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Victoria Memorial, London", "paragraph_text": "The Victoria Memorial is a monument to Queen Victoria, located at the end of The Mall in London, and designed and executed by the sculptor (Sir) Thomas Brock. Designed in 1901, it was unveiled on 16 May 1911, though it was not completed until 1924. It was the centrepiece of an ambitious urban planning scheme, which included the creation of the Queen\u2019s Gardens to a design by Sir Aston Webb, and the refacing of Buckingham Palace (which stands behind the memorial) by the same architect."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: \"These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business.\" Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Thus, Buckingham Palace is a symbol and home of the British monarchy, an art gallery and a tourist attraction. Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb's famous fa\u00e7ade, which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking \"like everybody's idea of a palace\", is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex. The palace also houses the offices of the Queen, Prince Philip, Duke of York, Earl and Countess of Wessex, Princess Royal, and Princess Alexandra, and is the workplace of more than 800 people."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."}], "question": "What happened to Buckingham after the employer of the person the queen drew so much criticism for by featuring him in her book left?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16959_664345_16806", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Jason", "paragraph_text": "Mount Jason () is a peak just west of Bull Pass in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958\u201359) for Jason, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Gap Scenic Reserve", "paragraph_text": "The Gap Scenic Reserve is situated in the state of Victoria in south eastern Australia. It is a small reserve in isolated forest country beside the Bonang Highway. The reserve features tall eucalyptus trees and ferny gullies. Significant tree species include mountain grey gum, messmate and the shining gum. Threatened fauna includes powerful owls, tiger quolls and long-footed potoroos."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria was physically unprepossessing\u2014she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall\u2014but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yowalga Land District", "paragraph_text": "Yowalga Land District is a land district (cadastral division) of Western Australia, located within the Eastern Land Division in the Great Victoria Desert, north of the Nullarbor Plain. It spans roughly 26\u00b050'S - 29\u00b000'S in latitude and 125\u00b000'E - 129\u00b000'E in longitude."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alice Heron Maxwell", "paragraph_text": "Alice Heron Maxwell (9 October 1860\u201324 July 1949) was a New Zealand custodian. She was born in Kilmore, Victoria, Australia on 9 October 1860."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mount Keohane", "paragraph_text": "Mount Keohane () is a peak immediately northwest of Lake Fryxell, rising to between Canada Glacier and Huey Gully on the north side of Taylor Valley, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in 1997 by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Petty Officer Patrick Keohane, Royal Navy, of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910\u201313. Keohane was a member of Robert F. Scott's South Pole journey support party that reached the Upper Glacier Depot on Beardmore Glacier (85\u00b07\u2032S 163\u00b04\u2032E) before returning to headquarters on Cape Evans."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "McClelland Ridge", "paragraph_text": "McClelland Ridge () is a high rock ridge between Sanford Valley and Thomas Valley in the eastern part of the Olympus Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1997 after topographic engineer Elias E. McClelland, leader of the 1971\u201372 United States Geological Survey (USGS) field party that established a network of horizontal and vertical control over a 6,000 square kilometer area of the McMurdo Dry Valleys to support compilation of eight topographic maps at 1:50,000 scale. These maps, bounded by 160\u00b0E and 164\u00b0E and 77\u00b015\u2032S and 77\u00b045\u2032S, were published by the USGS in 1977."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Justo Daract, San Luis", "paragraph_text": "Justo Daract is a town in the San Luis province of Argentina. The population is 9,680 (2001 est.). It is named after Justo Daract, the first governor of San Luis who served in the 1850s and 1860s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Queens Bridge (Melbourne)", "paragraph_text": "The Queens Bridge is a historic road bridge over the Yarra River in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bridge was built in 1889 and has five wrought iron plate girder spans, and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The bridge was built by contractor David Munro, and replaced a timber footbridge built in 1860."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "De Lange", "paragraph_text": "De Lange is a Dutch surname, meaning \"the tall one\". In 2007 about 11,000 people in the Netherlands carried the name. People with this surname include:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Lama", "paragraph_text": "Mount Lama () is a bare rock peak over high, culminating the ridge north of Miers Glacier and forming the south rampart of the valley named Shangri-la in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in association with Shangri-la by the New Zealand Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition, 1960\u201361."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "Prior to European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a large number of Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, an administrative division of New South Wales. Victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. The Victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony, and by the Federation of Australia in 1901, Melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in Australasia. Melbourne also served as capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927, with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Grosvenor Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Grosvenor Bridge, originally known as, and alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge. Originally constructed in 1860, and widened in 1865 and 1907, the bridge was extensively rebuilt and widened again in the 1960s as an array of ten parallel bridges."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Protectionist Party", "paragraph_text": "The Protectionist Party was an Australian political party, formally organised from 1887 until 1909, with policies centred on protectionism. It advocated protective tariffs, arguing it would allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most prominent leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime ministers of Australia."}], "question": "How tall was the employer of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860's?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16970_664345_16973", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Live Fast Die Young", "paragraph_text": "``Live fast, die young, and have a good - looking corpse '', an oft - repeated quotation from the 1947 book Knock on Any Door by Willard Motley, also found in the movie version of the book"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Nancy Drew books", "paragraph_text": "The character of Nancy Drew -- ghostwritten and credited to the pseudonymous Carolyn Keene -- has appeared in a number of series over the years. The first and longest - running of these is the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series, begun in 1930 and ended in 2003. The first spin - off series, The Nancy Drew Files, was begun in 1986. Since then, Nancy Drew has appeared in a number of other series and books, including a number of spin - offs where she investigates with the Hardy Boys."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "The group's second LP, Queen II, was released in 1974, and features rock photographer Mick Rock's iconic image of the band on the cover. This image would be used as the basis for the 1975 \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video production. The album reached number five on the British album chart and became the first Queen album to chart in the UK. The Freddie Mercury-written lead single \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" reached number ten in the UK, giving the band their first hit. The album is the first real testament to the band's distinctive layered sound, and features long complex instrumental passages, fantasy-themed lyrics, and musical virtuosity. Aside from its only single, the album also included the song \"The March of the Black Queen\", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus. The Daily Vault described the number as \"menacing\". Critical reaction was mixed; the Winnipeg Free Press, while praising the band's debut album, described Queen II as a \"over-produced monstrosity\". Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Discovery of Witches", "paragraph_text": "\"A Discovery of Witches\" was first published in hardcover on February 8, 2011, by Penguin Books, becoming a \"New York Times\" Best Seller upon its release. It has since been released in paperback and also as an ebook. The novel has been translated into more than 36 languages. The book received mostly positive feedback from literary critics. It was praised for its intelligence and the mixture of history and fantasy, although some critics felt the plot was trite and the pacing was slow. Comparisons were made between other popular fantasy series, namely \"Twilight\" and \"Harry Potter\". The novel began as a \"thought experiment\" for Harkness, who had previously only published works of historical non-fiction. She drew upon her academic background as a historian and her studies of alchemy, magic, and the occult."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "I Know This Much Is True", "paragraph_text": "I Know This Much Is True is a novel by Wally Lamb, published in 1998. It was featured in Oprah's Book Club in June 1998."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The E-mail Mystery", "paragraph_text": "The E-mail Mystery is the 144th book in the Nancy Drew series. It was published in 1998 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas is a video game developed by n-Space and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 2000. It is a sequel to \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which was based on the \"Die Hard\" series of action movies. Like its predecessor, the game features three distinct genres; a third-person shooter, a light gun game, and an action driving game. However, unlike \"Die Hard Trilogy\", which featured three separate storylines based on the first three \"Die Hard\" films, \"Die Hard Trilogy 2\" features a single original storyline that alternates between the three genres throughout the levels."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "Although much of Thoughts is devoted to platitudes and advice common to all conduct books for women, a few passages anticipate Wollstonecraft's feminist arguments in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), such as her poignant description of the suffering single woman. However, several critics suggested that such passages only seem to have radical undertones in light of Wollstonecraft's later works."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt \"weak and unwell\", and by mid-January she was \"drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused\". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bandit Queen", "paragraph_text": "Bandit Queen is a 1994 Indian biographical film based on the life of Phoolan Devi as covered in the book India's Bandit Queen: The True Story of Phoolan Devi by the Indian author Mala Sen. It was directed by Shekhar Kapur and starred Seema Biswas as the title character. The music was composed by Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie and Best Direction for that year. The film was premiered in the Directors' Fortnight section of the 1994 Cannes Film Festival, and was screened at the Edinburgh Film Festival. The film was selected as the Indian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and later, in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling says she found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Palo Congo", "paragraph_text": "Palo Congo is the first album by conguero Sabu Martinez, featuring Arsenio Rodr\u00edguez and his brothers Ra\u00fal and \"Kike\". It was recorded and released in 1957 through Blue Note Records. It was listed in the book \"1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die", "paragraph_text": "1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die is a literary reference book compiled by over one hundred literary critics worldwide and edited by Peter Boxall, Professor of English at Sussex University, with an introduction by Peter Ackroyd. Each title is accompanied by a brief synopsis and critique briefly explaining why the book was chosen. Some entries have illustrations. This book is part of a series from Quintessence Editions Ltd."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}], "question": "When did the employer of the person featured in the Queen's book that drew so much criticism die?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16970_664345_172972", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "I, the Supreme", "paragraph_text": "During the time the book was written, Paraguay was under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, who went on to rule the country even longer than Francia did. Many consider the book to be at least in part a thinly disguised attack on Stroessner who used methods similar to Francia\u2019s to achieve and maintain the effective control of the country, including the swift elimination of opposition, the employment of torture and intolerance of dissent. In its portrayal of Francia and criticism of Stroessner, \"I, the Supreme\" belongs to the genre of \"novelas de dictadores\" or dictator novels, and also to the Latin American Boom, a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The book was first published in Spanish in 1974, and in English (translation by Helen Lane) in 1986."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kings and Queens (Thirty Seconds to Mars song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Kings and Queens\" received critical acclaim, with critics deeming it as an album highlight. Much of the praise went to the song's lyrics and the musical production; reviewers also complimented Leto's vocals. The song became the band's second number one single on the US Alternative Songs chart and attained moderate success in international markets. The accompanying music video, directed by Jared Leto, features Thirty Seconds to Mars and a group of followers on a critical mass movement through Los Angeles at night. Critics lauded the simplicity of the video, which was nominated for numerous accolades, including four awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "In 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons by Charles\u2014Princes William and Harry\u2014wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning. After that single public appearance, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay. Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral. In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings \"as a grandmother\" for the two princes. As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and later, in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling says she found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Nancy Drew books", "paragraph_text": "The character of Nancy Drew -- ghostwritten and credited to the pseudonymous Carolyn Keene -- has appeared in a number of series over the years. The first and longest - running of these is the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series, begun in 1930 and ended in 2003. The first spin - off series, The Nancy Drew Files, was begun in 1986. Since then, Nancy Drew has appeared in a number of other series and books, including a number of spin - offs where she investigates with the Hardy Boys."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Children of Sanchez (book)", "paragraph_text": "The Children of Sanchez is a 1961 book by American anthropologist Oscar Lewis about a Mexican family living in the Mexico City slum of Tepito, which he studied as part of his program to develop his concept of culture of poverty. Due to criticisms expressed by members of the family regarding the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) government and Mexican presidents such as Adolfo Ruiz Cortines and Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, and its being written by a foreigner, the book was banned in Mexico for a few years before pressure from literary figures resulted in its publication."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "I Know This Much Is True", "paragraph_text": "I Know This Much Is True is a novel by Wally Lamb, published in 1998. It was featured in Oprah's Book Club in June 1998."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Manhattan Projects", "paragraph_text": "The Manhattan Projects is a comic book series co-created by writer Jonathan Hickman and artist Nick Pitarra published by Image Comics. It is a story about an alternate history of the end of World War II in which the Manhattan Project was a front for other more esoteric science fiction ideas. The series is a monthly ongoing and began in March 2012 to much critical acclaim."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The E-mail Mystery", "paragraph_text": "The E-mail Mystery is the 144th book in the Nancy Drew series. It was published in 1998 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "The group's second LP, Queen II, was released in 1974, and features rock photographer Mick Rock's iconic image of the band on the cover. This image would be used as the basis for the 1975 \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video production. The album reached number five on the British album chart and became the first Queen album to chart in the UK. The Freddie Mercury-written lead single \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" reached number ten in the UK, giving the band their first hit. The album is the first real testament to the band's distinctive layered sound, and features long complex instrumental passages, fantasy-themed lyrics, and musical virtuosity. Aside from its only single, the album also included the song \"The March of the Black Queen\", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus. The Daily Vault described the number as \"menacing\". Critical reaction was mixed; the Winnipeg Free Press, while praising the band's debut album, described Queen II as a \"over-produced monstrosity\". Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "Although much of Thoughts is devoted to platitudes and advice common to all conduct books for women, a few passages anticipate Wollstonecraft's feminist arguments in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), such as her poignant description of the suffering single woman. However, several critics suggested that such passages only seem to have radical undertones in light of Wollstonecraft's later works."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Discovery of Witches", "paragraph_text": "\"A Discovery of Witches\" was first published in hardcover on February 8, 2011, by Penguin Books, becoming a \"New York Times\" Best Seller upon its release. It has since been released in paperback and also as an ebook. The novel has been translated into more than 36 languages. The book received mostly positive feedback from literary critics. It was praised for its intelligence and the mixture of history and fantasy, although some critics felt the plot was trite and the pacing was slow. Comparisons were made between other popular fantasy series, namely \"Twilight\" and \"Harry Potter\". The novel began as a \"thought experiment\" for Harkness, who had previously only published works of historical non-fiction. She drew upon her academic background as a historian and her studies of alchemy, magic, and the occult."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "House of Hanover", "paragraph_text": "The formal name of the house was the House of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, Hanover line. The senior line of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, which ruled Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, became extinct in 1884. The House of Hanover is now the only surviving branch of the House of Welf, which is the senior branch of the House of Este. The current head of the House of Hanover is Ernst August, Prince of Hanover."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}], "question": "From which royal house was the employer of the person featured in the Queen's book that drew so much criticism?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16959_664345_17871", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Henry Scott Holland", "paragraph_text": "While at St Paul's Cathedral Holland delivered a sermon in May 1910 following the death of King Edward VII, titled Death the King of Terrors, in which he explores the natural but seemingly contradictory responses to death: the fear of the unexplained and the belief in continuity. It is from his discussion of the latter that perhaps his best - known writing, Death is nothing at all, is drawn:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alexis-Armand Charost", "paragraph_text": "Alexis-Armand Charost (14 November 1860 \u2013 7 November 1930) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Rennes from 1921 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1922."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Queens Bridge (Melbourne)", "paragraph_text": "The Queens Bridge is a historic road bridge over the Yarra River in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bridge was built in 1889 and has five wrought iron plate girder spans, and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The bridge was built by contractor David Munro, and replaced a timber footbridge built in 1860."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Grosvenor Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Grosvenor Bridge, originally known as, and alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge. Originally constructed in 1860, and widened in 1865 and 1907, the bridge was extensively rebuilt and widened again in the 1960s as an array of ten parallel bridges."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise. Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda. Cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament. It is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the Commonwealth's, by the Australian Constitution, such as education, health and law enforcement. The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "McClelland Ridge", "paragraph_text": "McClelland Ridge () is a high rock ridge between Sanford Valley and Thomas Valley in the eastern part of the Olympus Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1997 after topographic engineer Elias E. McClelland, leader of the 1971\u201372 United States Geological Survey (USGS) field party that established a network of horizontal and vertical control over a 6,000 square kilometer area of the McMurdo Dry Valleys to support compilation of eight topographic maps at 1:50,000 scale. These maps, bounded by 160\u00b0E and 164\u00b0E and 77\u00b015\u2032S and 77\u00b045\u2032S, were published by the USGS in 1977."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "National Food For Work Programme", "paragraph_text": "The National Food for Work Programme was launched by minister of rural development, central government on November 14, 2004 in 150 of the most backward districts of India with the objective of generating supplementary wage employment. The programme is open for all Indian poors who are prepared to do manual unskilled labour work and are in the need of wage employment. It is implemented as a centrally - sponsored scheme. Food grains are provided to the States free of cost. The transportation cost, handling charges, and taxes on food grains will, however, be the responsibility of the States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Walter Barnard Hill", "paragraph_text": "Walter Barnard Hill (September 5, 1851 \u2013 December 28, 1905) was chancellor of the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens from 1899 until his death in 1905 (The head of the university was referred to as chancellor instead of president, from 1860 until 1932)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: \"These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business.\" Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alice Heron Maxwell", "paragraph_text": "Alice Heron Maxwell (9 October 1860\u201324 July 1949) was a New Zealand custodian. She was born in Kilmore, Victoria, Australia on 9 October 1860."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 -- 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Department of Employment (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Department of Employment was a department of the Government of Australia charged with the responsibility for national policies and programs that help Australians find and keep employment and work in safe, fair and productive workplaces. On 20 December 2017 the department was dissolved and its functions assumed by the newly formed Department of Jobs and Small Business."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}], "question": "What did the employer of Victoria's manservant in the 1860s do in response to his death?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16970_664345_33207", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rodrigo Gonz\u00e1lez de Lara", "paragraph_text": "Rodrigo Gonz\u00e1lez de Lara (\"floruit\" 1078\u20131143) was a Castilian nobleman of the House of Lara. Early in his career he ruled that half of Asturias allocated to Castile. He was faithful to the crown throughout the reign of Queen Urraca (1109\u201326), during which time he was married to the queen's half-sister and ruled a large part of the old County of Castile. He and his elder brother, Pedro Gonz\u00e1lez, led the opposition to Alfonso VII early in his reign (1126\u201357). He led a revolt in 1130 and was exiled in 1137. He was a leader in the \"Reconquista\"\u2014about which the contemporary \"Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris\" has much to say\u2014and also took part in the military activities of the Crusader states on two occasions. He travelled widely throughout Spain, but ended his days in Palestine."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel, in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lord Borthwick", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Nisbet relates that \"the first of this ancient and noble family came from Hungary to Scotland, in the retinue of Queen Margaret, in the reign of Malcolm Canmore, \"anno Domini\" 1057. A Thomas de Borthwick is mentioned in a charter of Sir Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood, in the reign of King Alexander II.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The E-mail Mystery", "paragraph_text": "The E-mail Mystery is the 144th book in the Nancy Drew series. It was published in 1998 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "I Know This Much Is True", "paragraph_text": "I Know This Much Is True is a novel by Wally Lamb, published in 1998. It was featured in Oprah's Book Club in June 1998."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", "paragraph_text": "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money was written by the English economist John Maynard Keynes. The book, generally considered to be his magnum opus, is largely credited with creating the terminology and shape of modern macroeconomics. Published in February 1936, it sought to bring about a revolution, commonly referred to as the ``Keynesian Revolution '', in the way some economists believe. Especially in relation to the proposition that a market economy tends naturally to restore itself to full employment after temporary shocks."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 to January 1901. This was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period\u2014as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians\u2014back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "The group's second LP, Queen II, was released in 1974, and features rock photographer Mick Rock's iconic image of the band on the cover. This image would be used as the basis for the 1975 \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video production. The album reached number five on the British album chart and became the first Queen album to chart in the UK. The Freddie Mercury-written lead single \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" reached number ten in the UK, giving the band their first hit. The album is the first real testament to the band's distinctive layered sound, and features long complex instrumental passages, fantasy-themed lyrics, and musical virtuosity. Aside from its only single, the album also included the song \"The March of the Black Queen\", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus. The Daily Vault described the number as \"menacing\". Critical reaction was mixed; the Winnipeg Free Press, while praising the band's debut album, described Queen II as a \"over-produced monstrosity\". Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Nancy Drew books", "paragraph_text": "The character of Nancy Drew -- ghostwritten and credited to the pseudonymous Carolyn Keene -- has appeared in a number of series over the years. The first and longest - running of these is the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series, begun in 1930 and ended in 2003. The first spin - off series, The Nancy Drew Files, was begun in 1986. Since then, Nancy Drew has appeared in a number of other series and books, including a number of spin - offs where she investigates with the Hardy Boys."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kings and Queens (Thirty Seconds to Mars song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Kings and Queens\" received critical acclaim, with critics deeming it as an album highlight. Much of the praise went to the song's lyrics and the musical production; reviewers also complimented Leto's vocals. The song became the band's second number one single on the US Alternative Songs chart and attained moderate success in international markets. The accompanying music video, directed by Jared Leto, features Thirty Seconds to Mars and a group of followers on a critical mass movement through Los Angeles at night. Critics lauded the simplicity of the video, which was nominated for numerous accolades, including four awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I, the Supreme", "paragraph_text": "During the time the book was written, Paraguay was under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, who went on to rule the country even longer than Francia did. Many consider the book to be at least in part a thinly disguised attack on Stroessner who used methods similar to Francia\u2019s to achieve and maintain the effective control of the country, including the swift elimination of opposition, the employment of torture and intolerance of dissent. In its portrayal of Francia and criticism of Stroessner, \"I, the Supreme\" belongs to the genre of \"novelas de dictadores\" or dictator novels, and also to the Latin American Boom, a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The book was first published in Spanish in 1974, and in English (translation by Helen Lane) in 1986."}], "question": "What did the people consider the employer of who did the queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism reign to be?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16730_664345_172972", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Boerhavia dominii", "paragraph_text": "Boerhavia dominii, commonly known as tarvine, is a species of flowering plant in the four o'clock family. It is native to Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the \"pencil test\" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bow (music)", "paragraph_text": "A bow maker or archetier typically uses between 150 and 200 hairs from the tail of a horse for a violin bow. Bows for other members of the violin family typically have a wider ribbon, using more hairs. There is a widely held belief among string players, neither proven nor disproven scientifically, that white hair produces a ``smoother ''sound and black hair (used mainly for double bass bows) is coarser and thus produces a`` rougher'' sound. Lower quality (inexpensive) bows often use nylon or synthetic hair. Rosin, or colophony, a hard, sticky substance made from resin (sometimes mixed with wax), is regularly applied to the bow hair to increase friction."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hope I", "paragraph_text": "Hope I is an oil painting created by Gustav Klimt in 1903. It is 189\u00a0cm x 67\u00a0cm and currently located in the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. The main subject of this work is a pregnant, nude female. She is holding her hands together above her stomach and close to her chest. She gazes directly at the viewer and has a great mass of hair with a crown of forget-me-not flowers placed on her head. The scene is beautiful upon first glance but once the viewer's eyes move to the background, deathlike figures become noticeably present."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "VingCard Elsafe", "paragraph_text": "VingCard Elsafe, whose origin was in Moss, Norway, is an international producer of hotel locking systems, electronic in-room safes and energy management systems. After inventing the first mechanical holecard operated lock in 1976, VingCard was acquired in 1994 by ASSA ABLOY, and merged with the electronic safe producer Elsafe to form VingCard Elsafe in 2006. Since 2 June 2015 VingCard Elsafe is not an operating company, but a product brand within ASSA ABLOY Hospitality."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Left Hand of God", "paragraph_text": "The Left Hand of God is a 1955 drama film made by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Edward Dmytryk and produced by Buddy Adler, from a screenplay by Alfred Hayes, based on the novel \"The Left Hand of God\", by William Edmund Barrett."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James Sowerby", "paragraph_text": "James Sowerby was born in Lambeth, London, his parents were named John and Arabella. Having decided to become a painter of flowers his first venture was with William Curtis, whose \"Flora Londinensis\" he illustrated."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Calochortus venustus", "paragraph_text": "Calochortus venustus is a California species of flowering plants in the lily family known by the common name butterfly mariposa lily."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kahr K series", "paragraph_text": "The Kahr K series is a series of semi-automatic pistols manufactured by Kahr Arms. The original weapon in the series, the K9, was introduced in 1995 and features a double action only (DAO) trigger mechanism with a Locked breech recoil operated action. It was intended to address the police backup / off duty and civilian concealed carry markets."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)", "paragraph_text": "``San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair) ''is an American pop music song, written by John Phillips of The Mamas & the Papas, and sung by Scott McKenzie. The song was produced and released in May 1967 by Phillips and Lou Adler, who used it to promote their Monterey International Pop Music Festival held in June of that year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Severus Snape", "paragraph_text": "Severus Snape is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" series. He is an exceptionally wizard whose coldly sarcastic and controlled exterior conceals deep emotions and anguish. A Professor at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Snape is hostile to Harry due to his resemblance to his father James, who bullied Snape during their time at Hogwarts."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Drive (golf)", "paragraph_text": "However, the world record holder, Mike Dobbyn, whose longest drive is a world record 551 yards, is 6'8 ''and a muscular 310 pounds, implying that raw power is also very important, particularly in the left shoulder and right pectoral (for a right - handed golfer) and in the twitch muscles on the left side. Several of the past RE / MAX winners such as Sweden's Viktor Johansson have also been at least 6'5'' and near 300 pounds and five time winner Jason Zuback was an amateur powerlifter."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Flowering plant", "paragraph_text": "The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss or 11,000 species of pteridophytes, showing that the flowering plants are much more diverse. The number of families in APG (1998) was 462. In APG II (2003) it is not settled; at maximum it is 457, but within this number there are 55 optional segregates, so that the minimum number of families in this system is 402. In APG III (2009) there are 415 families."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Schunck's Kledingindustrie Bonaire", "paragraph_text": "In 1948, Pierre Schunck (1906-1993), stemming from a family of weavers and son of the builder of the famous Glaspaleis in Heerlen, the Netherlands (see Schunck), arrived in Bonaire to set up a clothing industry (Kledingindustrie). This clothing manufacturing would become Bonaire's first real industry, providing employment\u2014and health care\u2014for a large part of the young women who were left behind when many men had left as sailors or to work for the oil companies on Cura\u00e7ao and Aruba. Preparations for the operation of this company would also result in better electricity and water supplies; eventually it would account for half the exports of the island."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "House of Hanover", "paragraph_text": "The formal name of the house was the House of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, Hanover line. The senior line of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, which ruled Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, became extinct in 1884. The House of Hanover is now the only surviving branch of the House of Welf, which is the senior branch of the House of Este. The current head of the House of Hanover is Ernst August, Prince of Hanover."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ron Locke", "paragraph_text": "Ronald Thomas Locke (born April 4, 1942 in Wakefield, Rhode Island) is a retired American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, he appeared in 25 games for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball in , working as a starting pitcher in three and as a relief pitcher in the remainder. He was credited with the win in one game, the loss in two others, and posted an ERA of 3.48."}], "question": "In what house was the family of the employer of the person whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16959_664345_16809", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria was physically unprepossessing\u2014she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall\u2014but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Johl", "paragraph_text": "Peter Johl (died November 3, 2005) was an American actor who enjoyed a long career on Broadway, in touring companies, and off-Broadway as well. His most famous role was in \"Jekyll & Hyde\" as Poole, Jekyll's manservant, but he also had some other minor roles in the production. He also was in \"Luther\", \"Baker Street\", \"She Loves Me\", and \"Pousse Caf\u00e9\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "Prior to European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a large number of Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, an administrative division of New South Wales. Victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. The Victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony, and by the Federation of Australia in 1901, Melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in Australasia. Melbourne also served as capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927, with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Queens Bridge (Melbourne)", "paragraph_text": "The Queens Bridge is a historic road bridge over the Yarra River in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bridge was built in 1889 and has five wrought iron plate girder spans, and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The bridge was built by contractor David Munro, and replaced a timber footbridge built in 1860."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Justo Daract, San Luis", "paragraph_text": "Justo Daract is a town in the San Luis province of Argentina. The population is 9,680 (2001 est.). It is named after Justo Daract, the first governor of San Luis who served in the 1850s and 1860s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Yowalga Land District", "paragraph_text": "Yowalga Land District is a land district (cadastral division) of Western Australia, located within the Eastern Land Division in the Great Victoria Desert, north of the Nullarbor Plain. It spans roughly 26\u00b050'S - 29\u00b000'S in latitude and 125\u00b000'E - 129\u00b000'E in longitude."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Victorian era", "paragraph_text": "Victorian era 1837 -- 1901 Queen Victoria by Bassano (1887) Preceded by Regency era Followed by Edwardian era Monarch Victoria Leader (s) Lord Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Lord Derby Lord Aberdeen Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone Lord Salisbury Lord Rosebery"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Keohane", "paragraph_text": "Mount Keohane () is a peak immediately northwest of Lake Fryxell, rising to between Canada Glacier and Huey Gully on the north side of Taylor Valley, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in 1997 by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Petty Officer Patrick Keohane, Royal Navy, of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910\u201313. Keohane was a member of Robert F. Scott's South Pole journey support party that reached the Upper Glacier Depot on Beardmore Glacier (85\u00b07\u2032S 163\u00b04\u2032E) before returning to headquarters on Cape Evans."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mount Lama", "paragraph_text": "Mount Lama () is a bare rock peak over high, culminating the ridge north of Miers Glacier and forming the south rampart of the valley named Shangri-la in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in association with Shangri-la by the New Zealand Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition, 1960\u201361."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alice Heron Maxwell", "paragraph_text": "Alice Heron Maxwell (9 October 1860\u201324 July 1949) was a New Zealand custodian. She was born in Kilmore, Victoria, Australia on 9 October 1860."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Grosvenor Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Grosvenor Bridge, originally known as, and alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge. Originally constructed in 1860, and widened in 1865 and 1907, the bridge was extensively rebuilt and widened again in the 1960s as an array of ten parallel bridges."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mount Jason", "paragraph_text": "Mount Jason () is a peak just west of Bull Pass in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958\u201359) for Jason, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Protectionist Party", "paragraph_text": "The Protectionist Party was an Australian political party, formally organised from 1887 until 1909, with policies centred on protectionism. It advocated protective tariffs, arguing it would allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most prominent leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime ministers of Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Gap Scenic Reserve", "paragraph_text": "The Gap Scenic Reserve is situated in the state of Victoria in south eastern Australia. It is a small reserve in isolated forest country beside the Bonang Highway. The reserve features tall eucalyptus trees and ferny gullies. Significant tree species include mountain grey gum, messmate and the shining gum. Threatened fauna includes powerful owls, tiger quolls and long-footed potoroos."}], "question": "How tall was the employer of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860's?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16959_664345_16973", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Grosvenor Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Grosvenor Bridge, originally known as, and alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge. Originally constructed in 1860, and widened in 1865 and 1907, the bridge was extensively rebuilt and widened again in the 1960s as an array of ten parallel bridges."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Queens Bridge (Melbourne)", "paragraph_text": "The Queens Bridge is a historic road bridge over the Yarra River in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bridge was built in 1889 and has five wrought iron plate girder spans, and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The bridge was built by contractor David Munro, and replaced a timber footbridge built in 1860."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "McClelland Ridge", "paragraph_text": "McClelland Ridge () is a high rock ridge between Sanford Valley and Thomas Valley in the eastern part of the Olympus Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1997 after topographic engineer Elias E. McClelland, leader of the 1971\u201372 United States Geological Survey (USGS) field party that established a network of horizontal and vertical control over a 6,000 square kilometer area of the McMurdo Dry Valleys to support compilation of eight topographic maps at 1:50,000 scale. These maps, bounded by 160\u00b0E and 164\u00b0E and 77\u00b015\u2032S and 77\u00b045\u2032S, were published by the USGS in 1977."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hochschule f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums", "paragraph_text": "Hochschule f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums, or Higher Institute for Jewish Studies, was a rabbinical seminary, established in Berlin in 1872 and closed down by the Nazi government of Germany in 1942. Upon the order of the government, the name was officially changed (1883\u20131923 and 1933\u201342) to Lehranstalt f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yowalga Land District", "paragraph_text": "Yowalga Land District is a land district (cadastral division) of Western Australia, located within the Eastern Land Division in the Great Victoria Desert, north of the Nullarbor Plain. It spans roughly 26\u00b050'S - 29\u00b000'S in latitude and 125\u00b000'E - 129\u00b000'E in longitude."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Lama", "paragraph_text": "Mount Lama () is a bare rock peak over high, culminating the ridge north of Miers Glacier and forming the south rampart of the valley named Shangri-la in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in association with Shangri-la by the New Zealand Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition, 1960\u201361."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "Prior to European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a large number of Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, an administrative division of New South Wales. Victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. The Victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony, and by the Federation of Australia in 1901, Melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in Australasia. Melbourne also served as capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927, with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mount Jason", "paragraph_text": "Mount Jason () is a peak just west of Bull Pass in the Olympus Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958\u201359) for Jason, a figure in Greek mythology."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt \"weak and unwell\", and by mid-January she was \"drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused\". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shake Ya Ass", "paragraph_text": "``Shake Ya Ass ''Single by Mystikal from the album Let's Get Ready B - side`` Shake It Fast'' Released July 18, 2000 (2000 - 07 - 18) Format Vinyl, CD Recorded Master Sound Studios (Virginia Beach, Virginia) Genre Hip hop Length 4: 20 Label Jive Songwriter (s) Michael Tyler, Pharrell Williams, Chad Hugo Producer (s) The Neptunes Mystikal singles chronology ``Live or Die ''(1999)`` Shake Ya Ass'' (2000) ``Danger (Been So Long) ''(2000)`` Live or Die'' (1999) ``Shake Ya Ass ''(2000)`` Danger (Been So Long)'' (2000)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jigga My Nigga", "paragraph_text": "\"Jigga My Nigga\" is a single by Jay-Z from the Ruff Ryders Entertainment compilation \"Ryde or Die Vol. 1\". It also appeared as a hidden track on Jay-Z's fourth album, \"Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter\", contained within the final track \"Hova Song (Outro)\". Produced by Swizz Beatz, it reached number 28 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song interpolates \"Just Me, Just You\" by The Counts and \"What's My Name?\" by Snoop Dogg, using the line \"what's my motherfuckin' name?\". The beat was later remade for \"Scenario 2000\" by Eve featuring Ruff Ryders."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Protectionist Party", "paragraph_text": "The Protectionist Party was an Australian political party, formally organised from 1887 until 1909, with policies centred on protectionism. It advocated protective tariffs, arguing it would allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most prominent leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime ministers of Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Princess Alice of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (Alice Maud Mary; 25 April 1843 \u2013 14 December 1878) was the Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine from 1877 to 1878. She was the third child and second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Alice was the first of Queen Victoria's nine children to die, and one of three to be outlived by their mother, who died in 1901."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Victorian era", "paragraph_text": "Victorian era 1837 -- 1901 Queen Victoria by Bassano (1887) Preceded by Regency era Followed by Edwardian era Monarch Victoria Leader (s) Lord Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Lord Derby Lord Aberdeen Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone Lord Salisbury Lord Rosebery"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Edge of the Cloud", "paragraph_text": "\"The Edge of the Cloud\" is set in London where, after Will and Christina elope, Christina briefly stays with their Aunt Grace. Will finds a job as a mechanic and later as an instructor at a flying school, and Christina finds employment at a nearby hotel to be close to Will. Uncle Russel and Mr Dermont both die during the course of the story. One death fills Will with pain; the other indifference. Will and Christina become close friends with Sandy, another flying instructor, and his girlfriend, Dorothy, the spoiled daughter of Christina's employer. Will gives exhibition flights to make extra money and designs and builds his own airplane. Mark joins the army. At the end, Will becomes famous as a stunt pilot and is thinking of joining the army, which\u2014on the eve of their long-awaited wedding\u2014worries Christina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Peter Johl", "paragraph_text": "Peter Johl (died November 3, 2005) was an American actor who enjoyed a long career on Broadway, in touring companies, and off-Broadway as well. His most famous role was in \"Jekyll & Hyde\" as Poole, Jekyll's manservant, but he also had some other minor roles in the production. He also was in \"Luther\", \"Baker Street\", \"She Loves Me\", and \"Pousse Caf\u00e9\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}], "question": "When did the employer of a manservant in the 1860's die?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16959_664345_172972", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Neocollyris celebensis", "paragraph_text": "Neocollyris celebensis is a species of ground beetle in the genus \"Neocollyris\" in the family Carabidae. It was described by Chaudoir in 1860."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "Prior to European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a large number of Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, an administrative division of New South Wales. Victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. The Victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony, and by the Federation of Australia in 1901, Melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in Australasia. Melbourne also served as capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927, with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Victorian era", "paragraph_text": "Victorian era 1837 -- 1901 Queen Victoria by Bassano (1887) Preceded by Regency era Followed by Edwardian era Monarch Victoria Leader (s) Lord Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Lord Derby Lord Aberdeen Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone Lord Salisbury Lord Rosebery"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Madea's Family Reunion", "paragraph_text": "Victoria then states that she would not allow Vanessa to ruin her happiness, and that she would not apologize for the choices she'd made. She then turns on a horrified Lisa, demanding that Lisa begin taking care of her financially as she made sure that Lisa had the best of everything while she was growing up. Victoria then leaves and later lies to Lisa and tells her that Carlos has agreed to counseling. Lisa returns to Carlos and resumes her wedding plans. At the family reunion, held at the home of ninety - six - year - old Aunt Ruby (Georgia Allen), Vanessa and Victoria get into another verbal confrontation, eventually turning into a physical fight after Victoria insults Vanessa about her relationship with Frankie in front of the family. The fight is broken up when Myrtle, (Cicely Tyson) Madea's daughter - in - law, and Aunt May (Maya Angelou) gathers the family members to an old shack the family's ancestors grew up in. They, along with some of the older members of the family are appalled by how the family has turned out and Myrtle gives a long speech convincing them to act better to each other and to themselves."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Grosvenor Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Grosvenor Bridge, originally known as, and alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge. Originally constructed in 1860, and widened in 1865 and 1907, the bridge was extensively rebuilt and widened again in the 1960s as an array of ten parallel bridges."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia", "paragraph_text": "Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (Louise Margaret Alexandra Victoria Agnes; later Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn; 25 July 1860 \u2013 14 March 1917) was a German princess, and later a member of the British Royal Family, the wife of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. She also served as the Viceregal Consort of Canada, when her husband served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Queens Margrethe II of Denmark and Anne-Marie of Greece are among her great-grandchildren."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "McClelland Ridge", "paragraph_text": "McClelland Ridge () is a high rock ridge between Sanford Valley and Thomas Valley in the eastern part of the Olympus Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1997 after topographic engineer Elias E. McClelland, leader of the 1971\u201372 United States Geological Survey (USGS) field party that established a network of horizontal and vertical control over a 6,000 square kilometer area of the McMurdo Dry Valleys to support compilation of eight topographic maps at 1:50,000 scale. These maps, bounded by 160\u00b0E and 164\u00b0E and 77\u00b015\u2032S and 77\u00b045\u2032S, were published by the USGS in 1977."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Next Door's Baby", "paragraph_text": "Next Door's Baby is a musical with music and lyrics by Matthew Strachan and book by Bernie Gaughan (whose novels are published under the name Bernadette Strachan), based on Gaughan's radio play of the same name. Set in 1950's Dublin, it tells the story of two neighbouring families who attempt to reconcile their lives with secrets they have kept to avoid facing public shame. The two daughters of the families strike up an unlikely friendship which leads them to contemplate running away and leaving their families behind."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Edward Burd Grubb Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Grubb was born in Burlington, New Jersey, to a fourth-generation member of the Grubb Family Iron Dynasty, Edward Burd Grubb Sr. and his wife Euphemia Parker. The Grubb family was descended from John Grubb who came from Cornwall, England and settled in Delaware in the early 1680s. He was educated at Burlington College, later named St. Mary's Hall-Doane Academy and graduated in 1860, just five months before Abraham Lincoln was elected as President."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993", "paragraph_text": "The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) is a United States labor law requiring covered employers to provide employees with job - protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons. These include pregnancy, adoption, foster care placement of a child, personal or family illness, or family military leave. The FMLA is administered by the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yowalga Land District", "paragraph_text": "Yowalga Land District is a land district (cadastral division) of Western Australia, located within the Eastern Land Division in the Great Victoria Desert, north of the Nullarbor Plain. It spans roughly 26\u00b050'S - 29\u00b000'S in latitude and 125\u00b000'E - 129\u00b000'E in longitude."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alice Heron Maxwell", "paragraph_text": "Alice Heron Maxwell (9 October 1860\u201324 July 1949) was a New Zealand custodian. She was born in Kilmore, Victoria, Australia on 9 October 1860."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Peter Johl", "paragraph_text": "Peter Johl (died November 3, 2005) was an American actor who enjoyed a long career on Broadway, in touring companies, and off-Broadway as well. His most famous role was in \"Jekyll & Hyde\" as Poole, Jekyll's manservant, but he also had some other minor roles in the production. He also was in \"Luther\", \"Baker Street\", \"She Loves Me\", and \"Pousse Caf\u00e9\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Queens Bridge (Melbourne)", "paragraph_text": "The Queens Bridge is a historic road bridge over the Yarra River in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bridge was built in 1889 and has five wrought iron plate girder spans, and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The bridge was built by contractor David Munro, and replaced a timber footbridge built in 1860."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "House of Hanover", "paragraph_text": "The formal name of the house was the House of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, Hanover line. The senior line of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, which ruled Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, became extinct in 1884. The House of Hanover is now the only surviving branch of the House of Welf, which is the senior branch of the House of Este. The current head of the House of Hanover is Ernst August, Prince of Hanover."}], "question": "In which house is the family of the employer of Victoria's manservant in the 1860s?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16730_664345_16806", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Merritt Ranew", "paragraph_text": "Merritt Thomas Ranew (May 10, 1938 \u2013 October 18, 2011) was an American professional baseball catcher who appeared in 269 games over all or parts of five Major League Baseball seasons (1962\u201365; 1969) for five different teams. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed, and was listed as tall and ."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Euphorbia palustris", "paragraph_text": "Euphorbia palustris, the marsh spurge or marsh euphorbia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, native to marshland throughout much of mainland Europe and western Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial growing to tall and wide, with narrow leaves turning red and yellow in autumn, and persistent, bright acid yellow flower-heads (cyathia), across, in spring."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bevo LeBourveau", "paragraph_text": "DeWitt Wiley \"Bevo\" LeBourveau (August 24, 1896 \u2013 December 10, 1947) was an American professional baseball player, an outfielder who appeared in 280 Major League games played and 1,584 contests in Minor League Baseball over 17 seasons (1918\u20131934). Born in Dana, California, LeBourveau attended Santa Clara University. He stood tall, weighed , batted left-handed and threw right-handed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Larry Ciaffone", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence Thomas Ciaffone (August 17, 1924 \u2013 December 14, 1991), nicknamed \"Symphony Larry\", was an American professional baseball player whose ten-year playing career (1946\u201355), largely as an outfielder, catcher and first baseman, included a six-game trial with the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball during the opening weeks of the season. Ciaffone threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bill Connelly (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "William Wirt Connelly (June 29, 1925 \u2013 November 27, 1980) was an American professional baseball player. A right-handed pitcher, his pro career extended from 1945 to 1957, with appearances in Major League Baseball in 1945, 1950, and 1952\u201353. He batted left-handed, stood tall and weighed . The native of Alberta, Virginia, attended Hampden\u2013Sydney College."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aubrey Huff", "paragraph_text": "Aubrey Lewis Huff III (born December 20, 1976) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Houston Astros, Baltimore Orioles, Detroit Tigers, and San Francisco Giants. Huff is tall and weighs . He batted left-handed and threw right-handed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hope I", "paragraph_text": "Hope I is an oil painting created by Gustav Klimt in 1903. It is 189\u00a0cm x 67\u00a0cm and currently located in the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. The main subject of this work is a pregnant, nude female. She is holding her hands together above her stomach and close to her chest. She gazes directly at the viewer and has a great mass of hair with a crown of forget-me-not flowers placed on her head. The scene is beautiful upon first glance but once the viewer's eyes move to the background, deathlike figures become noticeably present."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Drive (golf)", "paragraph_text": "However, the world record holder, Mike Dobbyn, whose longest drive is a world record 551 yards, is 6'8 ''and a muscular 310 pounds, implying that raw power is also very important, particularly in the left shoulder and right pectoral (for a right - handed golfer) and in the twitch muscles on the left side. Several of the past RE / MAX winners such as Sweden's Viktor Johansson have also been at least 6'5'' and near 300 pounds and five time winner Jason Zuback was an amateur powerlifter."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kahr K series", "paragraph_text": "The Kahr K series is a series of semi-automatic pistols manufactured by Kahr Arms. The original weapon in the series, the K9, was introduced in 1995 and features a double action only (DAO) trigger mechanism with a Locked breech recoil operated action. It was intended to address the police backup / off duty and civilian concealed carry markets."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)", "paragraph_text": "``I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair) ''is the d\u00e9but single by Scottish singer - songwriter Sandi Thom. The song was written by Thom and Tom Gilbert."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marv Grissom", "paragraph_text": "Marvin Edward Grissom (March 31, 1918 \u2013 September 18, 2005) was an American professional baseball pitcher and pitching coach. During his active career he appeared in 356 games in Major League Baseball for the New York and San Francisco Giants (1946 and 1953\u201358), Detroit Tigers (1949), Chicago White Sox (1952), Boston Red Sox (1953) and St. Louis Cardinals (1959). Born in Los Molinos, California, he threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed . His elder brother, Lee, was a left-handed pitcher for four MLB teams between 1934 and 1941."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hosken Powell", "paragraph_text": "Hosken Powell (born May 14, 1955) is a former professional baseball player. He played from 1978 to 1983 for the Minnesota Twins and Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). An outfielder, he threw and batted left-handed, stood tall and weighed . He attended Chipola College, Marianna, Florida."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ron Locke", "paragraph_text": "Ronald Thomas Locke (born April 4, 1942 in Wakefield, Rhode Island) is a retired American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, he appeared in 25 games for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball in , working as a starting pitcher in three and as a relief pitcher in the remainder. He was credited with the win in one game, the loss in two others, and posted an ERA of 3.48."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)", "paragraph_text": "``San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair) ''is an American pop music song, written by John Phillips of The Mamas & the Papas, and sung by Scott McKenzie. The song was produced and released in May 1967 by Phillips and Lou Adler, who used it to promote their Monterey International Pop Music Festival held in June of that year."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Roy Weatherly", "paragraph_text": "Cyril Roy Weatherly (February 25, 1915 \u2013 January 19, 1991), nicknamed \"Stormy\", was an American professional baseball player whose career extended for two decades (1934\u20131943; 1946\u20131954; 1958). The native of Tyler County, Texas, an outfielder, appeared in 811 Major League games over ten seasons for the Cleveland Indians, New York Yankees and New York Giants. Weatherly batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Despite his relatively small size \u2014 he stood 5\u00a0ft 6\u00bd in (1.69 m) tall and weighed \u2014 he hit more than 100 home runs in minor league baseball."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria was physically unprepossessing\u2014she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall\u2014but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Howie Bedell", "paragraph_text": "Howard William Bedell (born September 29, 1935 in Clearfield, Pennsylvania) is an American former Major League Baseball player, coach and front-office administrator. An outfielder, Bedell played for the Milwaukee Braves in 1962 and the Philadelphia Phillies in 1968. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood tall and weighed . Bedell graduated from Pottstown Senior High School and attended West Chester University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hank Schenz", "paragraph_text": "Henry Leonard Schenz (April 11, 1919 \u2013 May 12, 1988) was an American professional baseball player whose career lasted 14 seasons (1939\u20131942; 1946\u20131955), including all or parts of six years (1946\u20131951) in Major League Baseball. An infielder, Schenz primarily played second base. The native of New Richmond, Ohio, threw and batted right-handed. He stood tall and weighed ."}], "question": "How tall was the employer of the person whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16730_664345_17873", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Amila Perera", "paragraph_text": "Gamage Amila Shiral Perera (born April 2, 1979 in Panadura, Sri Lanka) is a Sri Lankan professional cricketer who currently plays for Panadura SC. He is an aggressive left-handed middle-order batsmen and a left arm orthodox bowler. In the off-season, he is the overseas player for English club side East Molesey."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Emil Magnusson", "paragraph_text": "Emil Magnusson (23 November 1887 \u2013 26 July 1933) was a Swedish athlete who won a bronze medal at the 1912 Olympics in the two-handed discus throw. In this event the final result was a sum of best attempts with a right hand and with a left hand. He finished eighth in the traditional discus throw competition."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: \"These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business.\" Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Harold Nunley", "paragraph_text": "Harold Nunley (12 January 1912 \u2013 June 2005) was an English cricketer. Nunley was a left-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born at Raunds, Northamptonshire."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea", "paragraph_text": "\"The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea\" (, Skaz o Tulskom kosom Levshe i o stalnoy Blokhe), \"The Tale of the Crosseyed Lefthander from Tula and the Steel Flea\" or simply \"Levsha\" (, \"left-handed\"), sometimes called \"The Lefthander\", \"Lefty\", \"The Steel Flea\" or \"The Left-handed Craftsman\" is a well-known 1881 skaz (story) by Nikolai Leskov. Styled as a folk tale, it tells a story of a left-handed arms craftsman from Tula (traditionally a center of the Russian armaments industry) who outperformed his English colleagues by providing a clockwork steel flea they'd made with horseshoes and inscriptions on them."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Willard Graham", "paragraph_text": "Willard G. Graham (1882 \u2013 February 10, 1958) was an American cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and a left-arm spin bowler. He played seven first-class matches between 1901 and 1913. Six of these were for the Philadelphian cricket team, the other for a combined Canada/USA team against Australia in 1913, which was his final first-class match."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)", "paragraph_text": "``I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair) ''is the d\u00e9but single by Scottish singer - songwriter Sandi Thom. The song was written by Thom and Tom Gilbert."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Old Man of the Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Nevertheless, the formation collapsed to the ground between midnight and 2 a.m., May 3, 2003. Dismay over the collapse was so great that people left flowers at the base of the cliffs in tribute."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bernie Burger", "paragraph_text": "Kola Bernie Burger (born 5 May 1981 in Cape Town) is a South African-born Namibian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-pace bowler."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Left- and right-hand traffic", "paragraph_text": "In the late 1700s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no driver's seat, so the (typically right - handed) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Drive (golf)", "paragraph_text": "However, the world record holder, Mike Dobbyn, whose longest drive is a world record 551 yards, is 6'8 ''and a muscular 310 pounds, implying that raw power is also very important, particularly in the left shoulder and right pectoral (for a right - handed golfer) and in the twitch muscles on the left side. Several of the past RE / MAX winners such as Sweden's Viktor Johansson have also been at least 6'5'' and near 300 pounds and five time winner Jason Zuback was an amateur powerlifter."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Left Hand of God", "paragraph_text": "The Left Hand of God is a 1955 drama film made by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Edward Dmytryk and produced by Buddy Adler, from a screenplay by Alfred Hayes, based on the novel \"The Left Hand of God\", by William Edmund Barrett."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Vitali Karamnov", "paragraph_text": "Vitali Vladimirovich Karamnov (born July 6, 1968 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a retired professional hockey player who briefly played in the NHL with the St. Louis Blues. He played left wing and shot left-handed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ron Locke", "paragraph_text": "Ronald Thomas Locke (born April 4, 1942 in Wakefield, Rhode Island) is a retired American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, he appeared in 25 games for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball in , working as a starting pitcher in three and as a relief pitcher in the remainder. He was credited with the win in one game, the loss in two others, and posted an ERA of 3.48."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Faisceau", "paragraph_text": "The \"Faisceau\" ceased to exist in 1928. Valois himself, whose politics were becoming more left-wing, was excluded from the party, the remains of which founded the \"Parti Fasciste R\u00e9volutionnaire\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arati Vaidya", "paragraph_text": "Arati Vaidya (; born 2 July 1970 in Pune, India) is a former Test and One Day International cricketer who represented India. She is a left-hand batsman and bowls left-arm fast medium. She has played three Tests and six ODIs for India."}], "question": "What happened to Buckingham after the employer of the person whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers left?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16970_664345_17871", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", "paragraph_text": "\"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions\" was first published as a monograph in the \"International Encyclopedia of Unified Science\", then as a book by University of Chicago Press in 1962. In 1969, Kuhn added a postscript to the book in which he replied to critical responses to the first edition. A 50th Anniversary Edition (with an introductory essay by Ian Hacking) was published by the University of Chicago Press in April 2012."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "I Know This Much Is True", "paragraph_text": "I Know This Much Is True is a novel by Wally Lamb, published in 1998. It was featured in Oprah's Book Club in June 1998."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "The group's second LP, Queen II, was released in 1974, and features rock photographer Mick Rock's iconic image of the band on the cover. This image would be used as the basis for the 1975 \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video production. The album reached number five on the British album chart and became the first Queen album to chart in the UK. The Freddie Mercury-written lead single \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" reached number ten in the UK, giving the band their first hit. The album is the first real testament to the band's distinctive layered sound, and features long complex instrumental passages, fantasy-themed lyrics, and musical virtuosity. Aside from its only single, the album also included the song \"The March of the Black Queen\", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus. The Daily Vault described the number as \"menacing\". Critical reaction was mixed; the Winnipeg Free Press, while praising the band's debut album, described Queen II as a \"over-produced monstrosity\". Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ernest Newman", "paragraph_text": "Ernest Newman (30 November 1868 \u2013 7 July 1959) was an English music critic and musicologist. \"Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians\" describes him as \"the most celebrated British music critic in the first half of the 20th century.\" His style of criticism, aiming at intellectual objectivity in contrast to the more subjective approach of other critics, such as Neville Cardus, was reflected in his books on Richard Wagner, Hugo Wolf, Richard Strauss and others. He was music critic of \"The Sunday Times\" from 1920 until his death nearly forty years later."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dracula's Death", "paragraph_text": "Dracula's Death, or Drakula hal\u00e1la, sometimes translated as The Death of Dracula, was a 1921 Hungarian-Austrian silent horror film that was co-written and directed by K\u00e1roly Lajthay, and starred Paul Askonas and Lena Myl. It was presumed to be a lost film but critic Troy Howarth states in his reference book \"Tome of Terror\" that a print exists in a Hungarian archive."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Death of Aiyana Jones", "paragraph_text": "Aiyana Mo'Nay Stanley-Jones (July 20, 2002 \u2013 May 16, 2010), was a seven-year-old African-American girl from the east side of Detroit, Michigan who was shot and killed during a raid conducted by the Detroit Police Department's Special Response Team on May 16, 2010. Her death drew national media attention and led U.S. Representative John Conyers to ask U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder for a federal investigation into the incident."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "I, the Supreme", "paragraph_text": "During the time the book was written, Paraguay was under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, who went on to rule the country even longer than Francia did. Many consider the book to be at least in part a thinly disguised attack on Stroessner who used methods similar to Francia\u2019s to achieve and maintain the effective control of the country, including the swift elimination of opposition, the employment of torture and intolerance of dissent. In its portrayal of Francia and criticism of Stroessner, \"I, the Supreme\" belongs to the genre of \"novelas de dictadores\" or dictator novels, and also to the Latin American Boom, a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The book was first published in Spanish in 1974, and in English (translation by Helen Lane) in 1986."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The E-mail Mystery", "paragraph_text": "The E-mail Mystery is the 144th book in the Nancy Drew series. It was published in 1998 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: \"These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business.\" Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Death Note (2017 film)", "paragraph_text": "The film was released on Netflix on August 25, 2017. Upon release, Death Note received mixed to negative reviews from critics and audiences. Much of the criticism was directed towards the numerous changes from the source material; however, its direction and cast received some praise, particularly Dafoe's performance as Ryuk."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kings and Queens (Thirty Seconds to Mars song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Kings and Queens\" received critical acclaim, with critics deeming it as an album highlight. Much of the praise went to the song's lyrics and the musical production; reviewers also complimented Leto's vocals. The song became the band's second number one single on the US Alternative Songs chart and attained moderate success in international markets. The accompanying music video, directed by Jared Leto, features Thirty Seconds to Mars and a group of followers on a critical mass movement through Los Angeles at night. Critics lauded the simplicity of the video, which was nominated for numerous accolades, including four awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Department of Employment (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Department of Employment was a department of the Government of Australia charged with the responsibility for national policies and programs that help Australians find and keep employment and work in safe, fair and productive workplaces. On 20 December 2017 the department was dissolved and its functions assumed by the newly formed Department of Jobs and Small Business."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}], "question": "What did the employer of the man that the Queen received so much criticism for featuring in her book, do in response to his death?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16730_664345_16809", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria was physically unprepossessing\u2014she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall\u2014but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kahr K series", "paragraph_text": "The Kahr K series is a series of semi-automatic pistols manufactured by Kahr Arms. The original weapon in the series, the K9, was introduced in 1995 and features a double action only (DAO) trigger mechanism with a Locked breech recoil operated action. It was intended to address the police backup / off duty and civilian concealed carry markets."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Slim Emmerich", "paragraph_text": "William Peter \"Slim\" Emmerich (September 29, 1919 \u2013 September 17, 1998) was an American professional baseball player. The right-handed pitcher stood tall and weighed ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ron Locke", "paragraph_text": "Ronald Thomas Locke (born April 4, 1942 in Wakefield, Rhode Island) is a retired American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, he appeared in 25 games for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball in , working as a starting pitcher in three and as a relief pitcher in the remainder. He was credited with the win in one game, the loss in two others, and posted an ERA of 3.48."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aubrey Huff", "paragraph_text": "Aubrey Lewis Huff III (born December 20, 1976) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Houston Astros, Baltimore Orioles, Detroit Tigers, and San Francisco Giants. Huff is tall and weighs . He batted left-handed and threw right-handed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Roy Weatherly", "paragraph_text": "Cyril Roy Weatherly (February 25, 1915 \u2013 January 19, 1991), nicknamed \"Stormy\", was an American professional baseball player whose career extended for two decades (1934\u20131943; 1946\u20131954; 1958). The native of Tyler County, Texas, an outfielder, appeared in 811 Major League games over ten seasons for the Cleveland Indians, New York Yankees and New York Giants. Weatherly batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Despite his relatively small size \u2014 he stood 5\u00a0ft 6\u00bd in (1.69 m) tall and weighed \u2014 he hit more than 100 home runs in minor league baseball."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Marv Grissom", "paragraph_text": "Marvin Edward Grissom (March 31, 1918 \u2013 September 18, 2005) was an American professional baseball pitcher and pitching coach. During his active career he appeared in 356 games in Major League Baseball for the New York and San Francisco Giants (1946 and 1953\u201358), Detroit Tigers (1949), Chicago White Sox (1952), Boston Red Sox (1953) and St. Louis Cardinals (1959). Born in Los Molinos, California, he threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed . His elder brother, Lee, was a left-handed pitcher for four MLB teams between 1934 and 1941."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hosken Powell", "paragraph_text": "Hosken Powell (born May 14, 1955) is a former professional baseball player. He played from 1978 to 1983 for the Minnesota Twins and Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). An outfielder, he threw and batted left-handed, stood tall and weighed . He attended Chipola College, Marianna, Florida."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Larry Ciaffone", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence Thomas Ciaffone (August 17, 1924 \u2013 December 14, 1991), nicknamed \"Symphony Larry\", was an American professional baseball player whose ten-year playing career (1946\u201355), largely as an outfielder, catcher and first baseman, included a six-game trial with the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball during the opening weeks of the season. Ciaffone threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed ."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hank Schenz", "paragraph_text": "Henry Leonard Schenz (April 11, 1919 \u2013 May 12, 1988) was an American professional baseball player whose career lasted 14 seasons (1939\u20131942; 1946\u20131955), including all or parts of six years (1946\u20131951) in Major League Baseball. An infielder, Schenz primarily played second base. The native of New Richmond, Ohio, threw and batted right-handed. He stood tall and weighed ."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Howie Bedell", "paragraph_text": "Howard William Bedell (born September 29, 1935 in Clearfield, Pennsylvania) is an American former Major League Baseball player, coach and front-office administrator. An outfielder, Bedell played for the Milwaukee Braves in 1962 and the Philadelphia Phillies in 1968. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood tall and weighed . Bedell graduated from Pottstown Senior High School and attended West Chester University."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Merritt Ranew", "paragraph_text": "Merritt Thomas Ranew (May 10, 1938 \u2013 October 18, 2011) was an American professional baseball catcher who appeared in 269 games over all or parts of five Major League Baseball seasons (1962\u201365; 1969) for five different teams. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed, and was listed as tall and ."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Euphorbia palustris", "paragraph_text": "Euphorbia palustris, the marsh spurge or marsh euphorbia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, native to marshland throughout much of mainland Europe and western Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial growing to tall and wide, with narrow leaves turning red and yellow in autumn, and persistent, bright acid yellow flower-heads (cyathia), across, in spring."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Loren Babe", "paragraph_text": "The native of Pisgah, Iowa, was first signed by the New York Yankees in 1945 and was a longtime player and manager in the Bombers' minor league organization. During his two seasons in Major League Baseball, he played for the Yankees and the Philadelphia Athletics. He was traded back to the Yankees after the 1953 season but did not play another major league game. He registered 85 hits in 382 at bats, yielding a .223 batting average. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood tall and weighed ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bevo LeBourveau", "paragraph_text": "DeWitt Wiley \"Bevo\" LeBourveau (August 24, 1896 \u2013 December 10, 1947) was an American professional baseball player, an outfielder who appeared in 280 Major League games played and 1,584 contests in Minor League Baseball over 17 seasons (1918\u20131934). Born in Dana, California, LeBourveau attended Santa Clara University. He stood tall, weighed , batted left-handed and threw right-handed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)", "paragraph_text": "``San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair) ''is an American pop music song, written by John Phillips of The Mamas & the Papas, and sung by Scott McKenzie. The song was produced and released in May 1967 by Phillips and Lou Adler, who used it to promote their Monterey International Pop Music Festival held in June of that year."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bill Connelly (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "William Wirt Connelly (June 29, 1925 \u2013 November 27, 1980) was an American professional baseball player. A right-handed pitcher, his pro career extended from 1945 to 1957, with appearances in Major League Baseball in 1945, 1950, and 1952\u201353. He batted left-handed, stood tall and weighed . The native of Alberta, Virginia, attended Hampden\u2013Sydney College."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hope I", "paragraph_text": "Hope I is an oil painting created by Gustav Klimt in 1903. It is 189\u00a0cm x 67\u00a0cm and currently located in the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. The main subject of this work is a pregnant, nude female. She is holding her hands together above her stomach and close to her chest. She gazes directly at the viewer and has a great mass of hair with a crown of forget-me-not flowers placed on her head. The scene is beautiful upon first glance but once the viewer's eyes move to the background, deathlike figures become noticeably present."}], "question": "How tall was the employer of whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16730_664345_17871", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Drive (golf)", "paragraph_text": "However, the world record holder, Mike Dobbyn, whose longest drive is a world record 551 yards, is 6'8 ''and a muscular 310 pounds, implying that raw power is also very important, particularly in the left shoulder and right pectoral (for a right - handed golfer) and in the twitch muscles on the left side. Several of the past RE / MAX winners such as Sweden's Viktor Johansson have also been at least 6'5'' and near 300 pounds and five time winner Jason Zuback was an amateur powerlifter."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Imamate in Shia doctrine", "paragraph_text": "The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-al-Mutlaq (absolute missionary) who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment. Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq is His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (TUS) who succeeded his predessor the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq His Holiness Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (RA). Furthermore, there has been a split in the Dawoodi Bohra sect which has led to the formation of Qutbi Bohra sect which was formed and led by Khuzaima Qutbuddin."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Harold Nunley", "paragraph_text": "Harold Nunley (12 January 1912 \u2013 June 2005) was an English cricketer. Nunley was a left-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born at Raunds, Northamptonshire."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Department of Employment (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Australian Department of Employment was a department of the Government of Australia charged with the responsibility for national policies and programs that help Australians find and keep employment and work in safe, fair and productive workplaces. On 20 December 2017 the department was dissolved and its functions assumed by the newly formed Department of Jobs and Small Business."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)", "paragraph_text": "``San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair) ''is an American pop music song, written by John Phillips of The Mamas & the Papas, and sung by Scott McKenzie. The song was produced and released in May 1967 by Phillips and Lou Adler, who used it to promote their Monterey International Pop Music Festival held in June of that year."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Left Hand of God", "paragraph_text": "The Left Hand of God is a 1955 drama film made by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Edward Dmytryk and produced by Buddy Adler, from a screenplay by Alfred Hayes, based on the novel \"The Left Hand of God\", by William Edmund Barrett."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Old Man of the Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Nevertheless, the formation collapsed to the ground between midnight and 2 a.m., May 3, 2003. Dismay over the collapse was so great that people left flowers at the base of the cliffs in tribute."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "James Sowerby", "paragraph_text": "James Sowerby was born in Lambeth, London, his parents were named John and Arabella. Having decided to become a painter of flowers his first venture was with William Curtis, whose \"Flora Londinensis\" he illustrated."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Sick Child", "paragraph_text": "The Sick Child (Norwegian: Det syke barn) is the title given to a group of six paintings and a number of lithographs, drypoints and etchings completed by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch between 1885 and 1926. All record a moment before the death of his older sister Johanne Sophie (1862\u20131877) from tuberculosis at 14. Munch returned to this deeply traumatic event again and again in his art, over six completed oil paintings and many studies in various media, over a period of more than 40 years. In the works, Sophie is typically shown on her deathbed accompanied by a dark-haired, grieving woman assumed to be her aunt Karen; the studies often show her in a cropped head shot. In all the painted versions Sophie is sitting in a chair, obviously suffering from pain, propped by a large white pillow, looking towards an ominous curtain likely intended as a symbol of death. She is shown with a haunted expression, clutching hands with a grief-stricken older woman who seems to want to comfort her but whose head is bowed as if she cannot bear to look the younger girl in the eye."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kahr K series", "paragraph_text": "The Kahr K series is a series of semi-automatic pistols manufactured by Kahr Arms. The original weapon in the series, the K9, was introduced in 1995 and features a double action only (DAO) trigger mechanism with a Locked breech recoil operated action. It was intended to address the police backup / off duty and civilian concealed carry markets."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)", "paragraph_text": "``I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair) ''is the d\u00e9but single by Scottish singer - songwriter Sandi Thom. The song was written by Thom and Tom Gilbert."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Form I-9", "paragraph_text": "Every employee hired after November 6, 1986 must complete an I - 9 form at the time of hire. Employees must complete Section 1 of the form upon commencing employment. The employer must complete Section 2 within three days of the employee's starting date at work. The employer is responsible for ensuring that the forms are completed properly and in a timely manner."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Numerian", "paragraph_text": "Aper officially broke the news of Numerian's death in Nicomedia (\u0130zmit) in November 284, though Gibbon represents the occurrence of this event at Heraclea, in Thrace, and the discovery, which the prefect attempted to conceal, as due to the forwardness of the soldiery, who forced open the Imperial tent to investigate for themselves the situation of their invisible monarch. Numerian's generals and tribunes called a council for the succession, which met at Chalcedon across the Bosphorus, where they chose as emperor Diocletian, commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard, despite Aper's attempts to garner support. The army of the east unanimously saluted their new Augustus. Diocletian accepted the purple imperial vestments and raised his sword to the light of the sun, swearing an oath denying responsibility for Numerian's death. He asserted that Aper had killed Numerian and concealed the deed. In full view of the army, Diocletian then turned and killed Aper, who had been hauled bound before the assembly."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: \"These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business.\" Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dice", "paragraph_text": "Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called ``right - handed '', and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called`` left - handed''. Western dice are normally right - handed, and Chinese dice are normally left - handed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Employment Standards Act of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Severus Snape", "paragraph_text": "Severus Snape is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" series. He is an exceptionally wizard whose coldly sarcastic and controlled exterior conceals deep emotions and anguish. A Professor at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Snape is hostile to Harry due to his resemblance to his father James, who bullied Snape during their time at Hogwarts."}], "question": "What did the employer of whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers do in response to his death?"}
{"id": "3hop1__16970_664345_16806", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Scott Johnson (architect)", "paragraph_text": "Educated at Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley and the Harvard Graduate School of Design, Johnson has travelled widely and, in his early years, worked in a number of seminal firms. He is the co-founder and Design Partner of Johnson Fain, an international architecture, planning and interior design firm located in Los Angeles. Johnson is the author of several books, the most recent including \"Performative Skyscraper Tall Building Design Now\", \"The Big Idea: Criticality & Practice in Contemporary Architecture\" and \"Tall Building: Imagining the Skyscraper\". His third book on tall buildings will be released in 2017. He has lectured widely on architectural topics and has taught at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and the University of Southern California (USC) where he was, from 2003 to 2006, the Director of the Master of Architecture Programs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "I Know This Much Is True", "paragraph_text": "I Know This Much Is True is a novel by Wally Lamb, published in 1998. It was featured in Oprah's Book Club in June 1998."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Nancy Drew books", "paragraph_text": "The character of Nancy Drew -- ghostwritten and credited to the pseudonymous Carolyn Keene -- has appeared in a number of series over the years. The first and longest - running of these is the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series, begun in 1930 and ended in 2003. The first spin - off series, The Nancy Drew Files, was begun in 1986. Since then, Nancy Drew has appeared in a number of other series and books, including a number of spin - offs where she investigates with the Hardy Boys."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and later, in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling says she found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Brown (servant)", "paragraph_text": "John Brown (8 December 1826 \u2013 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries and continues to be controversial today."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bandit Queen", "paragraph_text": "Bandit Queen is a 1994 Indian biographical film based on the life of Phoolan Devi as covered in the book India's Bandit Queen: The True Story of Phoolan Devi by the Indian author Mala Sen. It was directed by Shekhar Kapur and starred Seema Biswas as the title character. The music was composed by Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie and Best Direction for that year. The film was premiered in the Directors' Fortnight section of the 1994 Cannes Film Festival, and was screened at the Edinburgh Film Festival. The film was selected as the Indian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", "paragraph_text": "Although much of Thoughts is devoted to platitudes and advice common to all conduct books for women, a few passages anticipate Wollstonecraft's feminist arguments in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), such as her poignant description of the suffering single woman. However, several critics suggested that such passages only seem to have radical undertones in light of Wollstonecraft's later works."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Milady de Winter", "paragraph_text": "Milady de Winter, often referred to as simply Milady, is a fictional character in the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" (1844) by Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re, set in 1625 France. She is a spy for Cardinal Richelieu and is one of the dominant antagonists of the story. Her role in the first part of the book is to seduce the English Prime Minister, the Duke of Buckingham, who is also the secret lover of Queen Anne of France. Hoping to blackmail the Queen, Richelieu orders Milady to steal two diamonds from a set of matched studs given to Buckingham by the Queen, which were a gift to her from her husband, King Louis XIII. Thwarted by d'Artagnan and the other musketeers, Milady's opposition of d'Artagnan carries much of the second half of the novel."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Samuel Estreicher", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Estreicher (born 1948) is Dwight D. Opperman Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, director of its Center for Labor and Employment and co-director of its Institute of Judicial Administration. He has published scores of articles and several books on labor law, employment law, employment discrimination law, U.S. foreign relations law, international law, and Supreme Court decisionmaking."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A Discovery of Witches", "paragraph_text": "\"A Discovery of Witches\" was first published in hardcover on February 8, 2011, by Penguin Books, becoming a \"New York Times\" Best Seller upon its release. It has since been released in paperback and also as an ebook. The novel has been translated into more than 36 languages. The book received mostly positive feedback from literary critics. It was praised for its intelligence and the mixture of history and fantasy, although some critics felt the plot was trite and the pacing was slow. Comparisons were made between other popular fantasy series, namely \"Twilight\" and \"Harry Potter\". The novel began as a \"thought experiment\" for Harkness, who had previously only published works of historical non-fiction. She drew upon her academic background as a historian and her studies of alchemy, magic, and the occult."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Manhattan Projects", "paragraph_text": "The Manhattan Projects is a comic book series co-created by writer Jonathan Hickman and artist Nick Pitarra published by Image Comics. It is a story about an alternate history of the end of World War II in which the Manhattan Project was a front for other more esoteric science fiction ideas. The series is a monthly ongoing and began in March 2012 to much critical acclaim."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria was physically unprepossessing\u2014she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall\u2014but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "The group's second LP, Queen II, was released in 1974, and features rock photographer Mick Rock's iconic image of the band on the cover. This image would be used as the basis for the 1975 \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video production. The album reached number five on the British album chart and became the first Queen album to chart in the UK. The Freddie Mercury-written lead single \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" reached number ten in the UK, giving the band their first hit. The album is the first real testament to the band's distinctive layered sound, and features long complex instrumental passages, fantasy-themed lyrics, and musical virtuosity. Aside from its only single, the album also included the song \"The March of the Black Queen\", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus. The Daily Vault described the number as \"menacing\". Critical reaction was mixed; the Winnipeg Free Press, while praising the band's debut album, described Queen II as a \"over-produced monstrosity\". Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kings and Queens (Thirty Seconds to Mars song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Kings and Queens\" received critical acclaim, with critics deeming it as an album highlight. Much of the praise went to the song's lyrics and the musical production; reviewers also complimented Leto's vocals. The song became the band's second number one single on the US Alternative Songs chart and attained moderate success in international markets. The accompanying music video, directed by Jared Leto, features Thirty Seconds to Mars and a group of followers on a critical mass movement through Los Angeles at night. Critics lauded the simplicity of the video, which was nominated for numerous accolades, including four awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The E-mail Mystery", "paragraph_text": "The E-mail Mystery is the 144th book in the Nancy Drew series. It was published in 1998 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I, the Supreme", "paragraph_text": "During the time the book was written, Paraguay was under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, who went on to rule the country even longer than Francia did. Many consider the book to be at least in part a thinly disguised attack on Stroessner who used methods similar to Francia\u2019s to achieve and maintain the effective control of the country, including the swift elimination of opposition, the employment of torture and intolerance of dissent. In its portrayal of Francia and criticism of Stroessner, \"I, the Supreme\" belongs to the genre of \"novelas de dictadores\" or dictator novels, and also to the Latin American Boom, a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The book was first published in Spanish in 1974, and in English (translation by Helen Lane) in 1986."}], "question": "How tall was the employer of the person who the Queen featured in her book and drew much criticism for?"}
{"id": "3hop1__79462_61309_560057", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Fitzgerald (1950s pitcher)", "paragraph_text": "John Francis Fitzgerald (born September 15, 1933 in Brooklyn, New York), is a retired American Major League Baseball player who pitched one game in the Majors with the 1958 San Francisco Giants. He pitched in one games, started it, and threw three innings. He struck out three batters, and gave up just one hit, a home run to Joe Cunningham."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "50 home run club", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season. Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928. He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent player to reach the milestone is Giancarlo Stanton."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jim Delsing", "paragraph_text": "His first professional contract was at the age of 16 in 1942 with Green Bay in the Wisconsin State League; he would spend five seasons in the minor leagues. During his career, which spanned 822 games over 10 seasons, he played for the Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, St. Louis Browns (whom he was playing for when he pinch ran for Gaedel), Detroit Tigers, and Kansas City Athletics. His best year with the bat was in 1953, when he hit .288 with 11 home runs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mike Trout", "paragraph_text": "He started his professional career in 2009 playing for the Arizona Angels of the rookie - level Arizona League, hitting. 360 with a. 418 OBP and. 506 SLG with one home run, 25 runs batted in (RBIs), and 13 stolen bases in 187 plate appearances over 39 games. He was beaten out in being named AZL Most Valuable Player by Cody Decker. He finished the season playing for the Cedar Rapids Kernels of the Class A Midwest League, hitting. 267 over 20 plate appearances in five games."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Erv Dusak", "paragraph_text": "Ervin Frank \"Four Sack\" Dusak (July 29, 1920 \u2013 November 6, 1994) was an American professional baseball outfielder and pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1941 to 1952. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals, and Pittsburgh Pirates. Born in Chicago, he was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1938 and got his nickname from a poem a fan wrote after he hit a home run in the minors. He was very briefly with the 1941 Houston Buffaloes of the Class A1 Texas League, who won 103 games. He earned cups of coffee in the majors with the Cards in 1941 and 1942 and then returned to the club from 1946 to 1951. He mostly played outfield for them, with some games at second base and third base. On July 7, 1946, he hit a game-winning, three-run home run to beat the Brooklyn Dodgers and to move his club within a half game of the National League lead. The Cardinals went on to win the World Series, and Dusak played in 4 Series games, getting 4 at-bats and hitting a double in Game 2."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Major League Baseball single-game grand slam leaders", "paragraph_text": "Every team which had a player hit two grand slams won their milestone games. These games have resulted in other single - game MLB records being set due to the extreme offensive performance. Lazzeri, for example, proceeded to hit a third home run in the game and finished with a total of eleven runs batted in, an American League record. Fernando Tat\u00eds became the only player to hit two grand slams in the same inning, when he attained the milestone, slugging two in the third inning for the St. Louis Cardinals on April 23, 1999. In achieving the feat, he also set a new major league record with eight runs batted in a single inning."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2017 American League Wild Card Game", "paragraph_text": "2017 American League Wild Card Game 5 6 7 8 9 Minnesota Twins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 New York Yankees 0 0 0 x 8 9 0 Date October 3, 2017 Venue Yankee Stadium City The Bronx, New York Managers Paul Molitor (Minnesota Twins) Joe Girardi (New York Yankees) Umpires HP: Alfonso M\u00e1rquez, 1B Mike Winters (crew chief), 2B Eric Cooper, 3B Lance Barksdale, LF Tripp Gibson, RF John Tumpane Attendance 49,280 Television ESPN TV announcers Dan Shulman, Jessica Mendoza, Aaron Boone, and Buster Olney Radio ESPN Radio announcers Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton \u2190 2016 AL Wild Card Game 2018 \u2192"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Charlie French", "paragraph_text": "Charles Calvin French (October 12, 1883 \u2013 March 30, 1962) started into baseball at the age of 25 with the Boston Red Sox. He played in 105 games with 377 at bats. He had 78 hits, 20 RBIs with no home runs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Claire Merritt Ruth", "paragraph_text": "Claire Merritt Hodgson Ruth, born Clara Mae Merritt (September 11, 1897 \u2013 October 25, 1976), was a native of Athens, Georgia, United States, who is most famous for having been the second wife of Babe Ruth."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)", "paragraph_text": "Many historic home runs have been hit at Yankee Stadium. Babe Ruth hit the ballpark's first home run on its Opening Day in 1923. Ruth also set the then - league record for most home runs in a single season by hitting his 60th home run in 1927. Roger Maris would later break this record in 1961 at Yankee Stadium on the final day of the season by hitting his 61st home run. In 1967, Mickey Mantle slugged his 500th career home run. Chris Chambliss won the 1976 ALCS by hitting a ``walk - off ''home run in which thousands of fans ran onto the field as Chambliss circled the bases. A year later, in the 1977 World Series, Reggie Jackson hit three home runs on three consecutive pitches in the championship - clinching Game 6. In 1983, the Pine Tar Incident involving George Brett occurred; Brett's go - ahead home run in the ninth inning of the game was overturned for his bat having too much pine tar, resulting in him furiously charging out of the dugout. In Game 1 of the 1996 ALCS, Derek Jeter hit a fly ball to right - field that was interfered with by fan Jeffrey Maier but ruled a home run. In Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS, Aaron Boone hit an extra-inning`` walk - off'' home run to send the Yankees to the World Series. On August 6, 2007, Alex Rodriguez hit his 500th home run against the Kansas City Royals at the Stadium."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of milestone home runs by Barry Bonds", "paragraph_text": "In baseball, the home run is one of the most popular aspects of the game. Thus, the career record for home runs is among the most important and respected records in baseball. The road to this record has been closely followed and each additional home run Bonds hits extends the current record further. On August 7, 2007, Barry Bonds became the major leagues' career home run champion by hitting his 756th career home run, which surpassed Hank Aaron's total. the ball was caught by Pistolay."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "50 home run club", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season. Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928. He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge, achieving the feat during the 2017 season."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bill Boyd (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "William J. Boyd (December 22, 1852 \u2013 October 1, 1912) was an American Major League Baseball player born in New York, New York. He mainly played third base and right field for three different teams during his four-year career in the National Association from through . He batted .290, hit three home runs, and drove in 93 runs in those four years. While with the 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics, he managed for a period of two games, losing both. When he wasn't playing in that final season, he filled in for the umpire on 20 occasions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders", "paragraph_text": "Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball (MLB) game as ``baseball's greatest single - game accomplishment ''. Eighteen players have accomplished the feat to date, the most recent being J.D. Martinez of the Arizona Diamondbacks on September 4, 2017 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. No player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game. Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four home runs in a single game, doing so on May 30, 1894. Fans were reportedly so excited that they threw $160 in silver coins ($4,400 today) onto the field after his fourth home run."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bob Hale (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "Born in Sarasota, Florida, Hale attended Lake View High School in Chicago, and was signed as an amateur free agent by the St. Louis Browns before the season. In the minor leagues, Hale showed promise in when he had a batting average of .332 with 30 doubles and had 100 RBI at Aberdeen of the Northern League. The following season, , Hale starred as a member of the York White Roses, leading the Piedmont League in doubles with 35. He also managed to hit 10 triples, 12 home runs, and drove in 101 runs in 142 games. Bob continued his offensive tear in the league with York in , hitting .355 with 12 triples and 65 RBI in just 61 games before being called up to the majors by the Baltimore Orioles."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arena Football League", "paragraph_text": "In 1993, the league staged its first All-Star Game in Des Moines, Iowa, the future home of the long-running Iowa Barnstormers, as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area. The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64\u201340 in front of a crowd of 7,189. The second Allstar game was in Oct. 2013, with two games, the first in Honolulu, Hawai'i, the second being in Beijing, China."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Little League Baseball", "paragraph_text": "1971: The aluminum baseball bat is first used. It was partly developed by Little League Baseball. Lloyd McClendon of Gary, Indiana, dominates the Little League World Series, hitting five home runs in five at - bats. He later played in the Major Leagues and become the first Little League graduate to manage an MLB club with the Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Municipal Stadium (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "After the 1972 baseball season, the Royals moved to Royals Stadium in the Truman Sports Complex. The Royals won the final game (and event) at Municipal Stadium, a 4 -- 0 win over the Texas Rangers on October 4, 1972, in also the final Major League game managed by Hall of Famer Ted Williams. Amos Otis scored the final run in Municipal Stadium history and Ed Kirkpatrick had the final hit. Four days prior Gene Tenace of the Oakland A's hit the final home run, and John Mayberry hit the final Royals home run the night before."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Great American Ball Park", "paragraph_text": "Statistic Player (s) / Team First game vs. Pittsburgh Pirates First hit Ken Griffey Jr. (a double) First home run Reggie Sanders, Pirates First Reds home run Austin Kearns, later in the same game First ceremonial first pitch George H.W. Bush First at - bat Kenny Lofton (a ground out)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dan Johnson (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Ryan \"Dan\" Johnson (born August 10, 1979) is an American professional baseball pitcher and designated hitter who is currently a free agent. He has played most of his ten seasons in Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball as a first baseman and pitcher, but has never held a Major League starting job for an entire season. He is perhaps best known for hitting a dramatic two-out, two-strike home run for the Tampa Bay Rays in the bottom of the ninth inning of the last game of the 2011 season, also known as Wild Card Wednesday. That home run tied the game, which the Rays eventually won, sending them to the playoffs. His clutch hitting for the Rays, along with his red hair and beard, earned him the nickname \"The Great Pumpkin\"."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the man who hit the first home run in the old location of the stadium where the AL wildcard game will be played?"}
{"id": "3hop1__88707_61309_560057", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)", "paragraph_text": "Many historic home runs have been hit at Yankee Stadium. Babe Ruth hit the ballpark's first home run on its Opening Day in 1923. Ruth also set the then - league record for most home runs in a single season by hitting his 60th home run in 1927. Roger Maris would later break this record in 1961 at Yankee Stadium on the final day of the season by hitting his 61st home run. In 1967, Mickey Mantle slugged his 500th career home run. Chris Chambliss won the 1976 ALCS by hitting a ``walk - off ''home run in which thousands of fans ran onto the field as Chambliss circled the bases. A year later, in the 1977 World Series, Reggie Jackson hit three home runs on three consecutive pitches in the championship - clinching Game 6. In 1983, the Pine Tar Incident involving George Brett occurred; Brett's go - ahead home run in the ninth inning of the game was overturned for his bat having too much pine tar, resulting in him furiously charging out of the dugout. In Game 1 of the 1996 ALCS, Derek Jeter hit a fly ball to right - field that was interfered with by fan Jeffrey Maier but ruled a home run. In Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS, Aaron Boone hit an extra-inning`` walk - off'' home run to send the Yankees to the World Series. On August 6, 2007, Alex Rodriguez hit his 500th home run against the Kansas City Royals at the Stadium."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yankee Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), and is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies, replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24 - acre (9.7 ha) former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8 - acre (3.2 ha) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mike Trout", "paragraph_text": "He started his professional career in 2009 playing for the Arizona Angels of the rookie - level Arizona League, hitting. 360 with a. 418 OBP and. 506 SLG with one home run, 25 runs batted in (RBIs), and 13 stolen bases in 187 plate appearances over 39 games. He was beaten out in being named AZL Most Valuable Player by Cody Decker. He finished the season playing for the Cedar Rapids Kernels of the Class A Midwest League, hitting. 267 over 20 plate appearances in five games."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers", "paragraph_text": "Wes Ferrell holds the all - time Major League Baseball record for home runs hit while playing the position of pitcher. He hit 37 as a pitcher. Baseball Hall of Famers Bob Lemon and Warren Spahn are tied for second with 35 career home runs apiece. Red Ruffing, Earl Wilson, and Don Drysdale are the only other pitchers to hit at least 25 home runs. Jack Stivetts hit a total of 35 home runs in his playing career, 21 as a pitcher."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "Near the end of the first decade of the double-Bills' guidance, the Cubs won the NL pennant in 1929 and then achieved the unusual feat of winning a pennant every three years, following up the 1929 flag with league titles in 1932, 1935, and 1938. Unfortunately, their success did not extend to the Fall Classic, as they fell to their AL rivals each time. The '32 series against the Yankees featured Babe Ruth's \"called shot\" at Wrigley Field in Game 3. There were some historic moments for the Cubs as well; In 1930, Hack Wilson, one of the top home run hitters in the game, had one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history, hitting 56 home runs and establishing the current runs-batted-in record of 191. That 1930 club, which boasted six eventual Hall of Famers (Wilson, Gabby Hartnett, Rogers Hornsby, George \"High Pockets\" Kelly, Kiki Cuyler and manager Joe McCarthy) established the current team batting average record of .309. In 1935 the Cubs claimed the pennant in thrilling fashion, winning a record 21 games in a row in September. The '38 club saw Dizzy Dean lead the team's pitching staff and provided a historic moment when they won a crucial late-season game at Wrigley Field over the Pittsburgh Pirates with a walk-off home run by Gabby Hartnett, which became known in baseball lore as \"The Homer in the Gloamin'\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charlie French", "paragraph_text": "Charles Calvin French (October 12, 1883 \u2013 March 30, 1962) started into baseball at the age of 25 with the Boston Red Sox. He played in 105 games with 377 at bats. He had 78 hits, 20 RBIs with no home runs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Erv Dusak", "paragraph_text": "Ervin Frank \"Four Sack\" Dusak (July 29, 1920 \u2013 November 6, 1994) was an American professional baseball outfielder and pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1941 to 1952. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals, and Pittsburgh Pirates. Born in Chicago, he was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1938 and got his nickname from a poem a fan wrote after he hit a home run in the minors. He was very briefly with the 1941 Houston Buffaloes of the Class A1 Texas League, who won 103 games. He earned cups of coffee in the majors with the Cards in 1941 and 1942 and then returned to the club from 1946 to 1951. He mostly played outfield for them, with some games at second base and third base. On July 7, 1946, he hit a game-winning, three-run home run to beat the Brooklyn Dodgers and to move his club within a half game of the National League lead. The Cardinals went on to win the World Series, and Dusak played in 4 Series games, getting 4 at-bats and hitting a double in Game 2."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dan Johnson (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Ryan \"Dan\" Johnson (born August 10, 1979) is an American professional baseball pitcher and designated hitter who is currently a free agent. He has played most of his ten seasons in Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball as a first baseman and pitcher, but has never held a Major League starting job for an entire season. He is perhaps best known for hitting a dramatic two-out, two-strike home run for the Tampa Bay Rays in the bottom of the ninth inning of the last game of the 2011 season, also known as Wild Card Wednesday. That home run tied the game, which the Rays eventually won, sending them to the playoffs. His clutch hitting for the Rays, along with his red hair and beard, earned him the nickname \"The Great Pumpkin\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oscar Taveras", "paragraph_text": "On May 31, 2014, Taveras homered in his major league debut against the San Francisco Giants and went on to hit .239 in 80 regular season games, playing mostly right field. He also hit a game-tying home run in Game 2 of the 2014 National League Championship Series against the Giants. On October 26, 2014, he died in a car accident in the Dominican Republic shortly after the Cardinals were eliminated from the playoffs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "On October 1, 1932, in game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees, Babe Ruth allegedly stepped to the plate, pointed his finger to Wrigley Field's center field bleachers and hit a long home run to center. There is speculation as to whether the \"facts\" surrounding the story are true or not, but nevertheless Ruth did help the Yankees secure a World Series win that year and the home run accounted for his 15th and last home run in the post season before he retired in 1935."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "50 home run club", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season. Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928. He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge, achieving the feat during the 2017 season."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jim Delsing", "paragraph_text": "His first professional contract was at the age of 16 in 1942 with Green Bay in the Wisconsin State League; he would spend five seasons in the minor leagues. During his career, which spanned 822 games over 10 seasons, he played for the Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, St. Louis Browns (whom he was playing for when he pinch ran for Gaedel), Detroit Tigers, and Kansas City Athletics. His best year with the bat was in 1953, when he hit .288 with 11 home runs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "50 home run club", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season. Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928. He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent player to reach the milestone is Giancarlo Stanton."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Municipal Stadium (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "After the 1972 baseball season, the Royals moved to Royals Stadium in the Truman Sports Complex. The Royals won the final game (and event) at Municipal Stadium, a 4 -- 0 win over the Texas Rangers on October 4, 1972, in also the final Major League game managed by Hall of Famer Ted Williams. Amos Otis scored the final run in Municipal Stadium history and Ed Kirkpatrick had the final hit. Four days prior Gene Tenace of the Oakland A's hit the final home run, and John Mayberry hit the final Royals home run the night before."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Astrodome", "paragraph_text": "On Opening Day, April 9, 1965, a sold - out crowd of 47,879 watched an exhibition game between the Houston Astros and the New York Yankees. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird were in attendance, as well as Texas Governor John Connally and Houston Mayor Louie Welch. Governor Connally tossed out the first ball for the first game ever played indoors. Dick ``Turk ''Farrell of the Astros threw the first pitch. Mickey Mantle had both the first hit (a single) and the first home run in the Astrodome. The Astros beat the Yankees that night, 2 - 1."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pel\u00e9, one of the world's most famous soccer players. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of New York Yankees team records", "paragraph_text": "Outfielder Babe Ruth holds the most franchise records, with 16, including career home runs, and career and single - season batting average and on - base percentage. Shortstop Derek Jeter has the second-most records among hitters, with eight. Jeter's marks include the records for career hits, singles, doubles, and stolen bases. Among pitchers, Whitey Ford has the most Yankees records with five, all of which are career totals. These include games won, games started, and innings pitched."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Claire Merritt Ruth", "paragraph_text": "Claire Merritt Hodgson Ruth, born Clara Mae Merritt (September 11, 1897 \u2013 October 25, 1976), was a native of Athens, Georgia, United States, who is most famous for having been the second wife of Babe Ruth."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Great American Ball Park", "paragraph_text": "Statistic Player (s) / Team First game vs. Pittsburgh Pirates First hit Ken Griffey Jr. (a double) First home run Reggie Sanders, Pirates First Reds home run Austin Kearns, later in the same game First ceremonial first pitch George H.W. Bush First at - bat Kenny Lofton (a ground out)"}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the man who hit the first home run in the old location of the stadium where the NY Yankees play home games?"}
{"id": "3hop1__67126_61309_560057", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yankee Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse section of the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies, replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24 - acre former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8 - acre site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field. The stadium incorporates replicas of some design elements from the original Yankee Stadium, and like its predecessor, it has hosted additional events, including college football games, soccer matches, two outdoor NHL games, and concerts. Although Yankee Stadium's construction began in August 2006, the project spanned many years and faced many controversies, including the high public cost and the loss of public parkland. The overall price tag makes the new Yankee Stadium the most expensive stadium ever built. It is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Municipal Stadium (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "After the 1972 baseball season, the Royals moved to Royals Stadium in the Truman Sports Complex. The Royals won the final game (and event) at Municipal Stadium, a 4 -- 0 win over the Texas Rangers on October 4, 1972, in also the final Major League game managed by Hall of Famer Ted Williams. Amos Otis scored the final run in Municipal Stadium history and Ed Kirkpatrick had the final hit. Four days prior Gene Tenace of the Oakland A's hit the final home run, and John Mayberry hit the final Royals home run the night before."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Home run", "paragraph_text": "Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit ``the longest home run ever ''at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history. The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium. Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double - deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks", "paragraph_text": "Length Team Seasons 5 New York Yankees 1949 -- 1953 New York Yankees 1936 -- 1939 Oakland Athletics 1972 -- 1974 New York Yankees 1998 -- 2000 Chicago Cubs 1907 -- 1908 Philadelphia Athletics 1910 -- 1911 Boston Red Sox 1915 -- 1916 New York Giants 1921 -- 1922 New York Yankees 1927 -- 1928 Philadelphia Athletics 1929 -- 1930 New York Yankees 1961 -- 1962 Cincinnati Reds 1975 -- 1976 New York Yankees 1977 -- 1978 Toronto Blue Jays 1992 -- 1993"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Claire Merritt Ruth", "paragraph_text": "Claire Merritt Hodgson Ruth, born Clara Mae Merritt (September 11, 1897 \u2013 October 25, 1976), was a native of Athens, Georgia, United States, who is most famous for having been the second wife of Babe Ruth."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Derek Jeter", "paragraph_text": "Derek Jeter Jeter as a player in 2008 at Camden Yards Shortstop Born: (1974 - 06 - 26) June 26, 1974 (age 43) Pequannock Township, New Jersey Batted: Right Threw: Right MLB debut May 29, 1995, for the New York Yankees Last MLB appearance September 28, 2014, for the New York Yankees MLB statistics Batting average. 310 Hits 3,465 Home runs 260 Runs batted in 1,311 Teams New York Yankees (1995 -- 2014) Career highlights and awards 14 \u00d7 All - Star (1998 -- 2002, 2004, 2006 -- 2012, 2014) 5 \u00d7 World Series champion (1996, 1998 -- 2000, 2009) World Series MVP (2000) AL Rookie of the Year (1996) 5 \u00d7 Gold Glove Award (2004 -- 2006, 2009 -- 2010) 5 \u00d7 Silver Slugger Award (2006 -- 2009, 2012) 2 \u00d7 AL Hank Aaron Award (2006, 2009) Roberto Clemente Award (2009) New York Yankees No. 2 retired New York Yankees captain (2003 -- 2014)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1922 World Series", "paragraph_text": "In the 1922 World Series, the New York Giants defeated the New York Yankees in five games (four games to none with one tie; starting this year the World Series was again best-of-seven). By now, the term \"World Series\" was being used frequently, as opposed to \"World's Series\". As with the 1921 World Series, every game was played at the Polo Grounds because it housed both teams, with the home team alternating; it was also the Yankees' final season at the Polo Grounds, as they would move into the then-under construction Yankee Stadium for the 1923 season, which ended in them winning the rematch."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Loren Babe", "paragraph_text": "The native of Pisgah, Iowa, was first signed by the New York Yankees in 1945 and was a longtime player and manager in the Bombers' minor league organization. During his two seasons in Major League Baseball, he played for the Yankees and the Philadelphia Athletics. He was traded back to the Yankees after the 1953 season but did not play another major league game. He registered 85 hits in 382 at bats, yielding a .223 batting average. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood tall and weighed ."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Astrodome", "paragraph_text": "On Opening Day, April 9, 1965, a sold - out crowd of 47,879 watched an exhibition game between the Houston Astros and the New York Yankees. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird were in attendance, as well as Texas Governor John Connally and Houston Mayor Louie Welch. Governor Connally tossed out the first ball for the first game ever played indoors. Dick ``Turk ''Farrell of the Astros threw the first pitch. Mickey Mantle had both the first hit (a single) and the first home run in the Astrodome. The Astros beat the Yankees that night, 2 - 1."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2000 World Series", "paragraph_text": "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 21 New York Mets -- 3, New York Yankees -- 4 (12 innings) Yankee Stadium 4: 51 55,913 October 22 New York Mets -- 5, New York Yankees -- 6 Yankee Stadium 3: 30 56,059 October 24 New York Yankees -- 2, New York Mets -- 4 Shea Stadium 3: 39 55,299 October 25 New York Yankees -- 3, New York Mets -- 2 Shea Stadium 3: 20 55,290 5 October 26 New York Yankees -- 4, New York Mets -- 2 Shea Stadium 3: 32 55,292"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pel\u00e9, one of the world's most famous soccer players. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elston Howard", "paragraph_text": "Elston Howard Catcher / Left fielder Born: (1929 - 02 - 23) February 23, 1929 St. Louis, Missouri Died: December 14, 1980 (1980 - 12 - 14) (aged 51) New York City, New York Batted: Right Threw: Right MLB debut April 14, 1955, for the New York Yankees Last MLB appearance September 29, 1968, for the Boston Red Sox MLB statistics Batting average. 274 Home runs 167 Runs batted in 762 Teams As player New York Yankees (1955 -- 1967) Boston Red Sox (1967 -- 1968) As coach New York Yankees (1969 -- 1979) Career highlights and awards 12 \u00d7 All - Star (1957, 1958, 19592 -- 1965) 6 \u00d7 World Series champion (1956, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1977, 1978) AL MVP (1963) 2 \u00d7 Gold Glove Award (1963, 1964) New York Yankees # 32 retired"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The New York Stadium, known as the AESSEAL New York Stadium for sponsorship purposes, is a football stadium in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. Opened in July 2012, it is the home ground of Rotherham United."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)", "paragraph_text": "Many historic home runs have been hit at Yankee Stadium. Babe Ruth hit the ballpark's first home run on its Opening Day in 1923. Ruth also set the then - league record for most home runs in a single season by hitting his 60th home run in 1927. Roger Maris would later break this record in 1961 at Yankee Stadium on the final day of the season by hitting his 61st home run. In 1967, Mickey Mantle slugged his 500th career home run. Chris Chambliss won the 1976 ALCS by hitting a ``walk - off ''home run in which thousands of fans ran onto the field as Chambliss circled the bases. A year later, in the 1977 World Series, Reggie Jackson hit three home runs on three consecutive pitches in the championship - clinching Game 6. In 1983, the Pine Tar Incident involving George Brett occurred; Brett's go - ahead home run in the ninth inning of the game was overturned for his bat having too much pine tar, resulting in him furiously charging out of the dugout. In Game 1 of the 1996 ALCS, Derek Jeter hit a fly ball to right - field that was interfered with by fan Jeffrey Maier but ruled a home run. In Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS, Aaron Boone hit an extra-inning`` walk - off'' home run to send the Yankees to the World Series. On August 6, 2007, Alex Rodriguez hit his 500th home run against the Kansas City Royals at the Stadium."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Roy Weatherly", "paragraph_text": "Cyril Roy Weatherly (February 25, 1915 \u2013 January 19, 1991), nicknamed \"Stormy\", was an American professional baseball player whose career extended for two decades (1934\u20131943; 1946\u20131954; 1958). The native of Tyler County, Texas, an outfielder, appeared in 811 Major League games over ten seasons for the Cleveland Indians, New York Yankees and New York Giants. Weatherly batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Despite his relatively small size \u2014 he stood 5\u00a0ft 6\u00bd in (1.69 m) tall and weighed \u2014 he hit more than 100 home runs in minor league baseball."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Major League Baseball runs records", "paragraph_text": "Runs Team Season 1220 Boston Beaneaters 1894 1143 Philadelphia Phillies 1894 1131 St. Louis Cardinals 1887 1068 Philadelphia Phillies 1895 1067 New York Yankees 1931 1065 New York Yankees 1936 1062 New York Yankees 1930 1041 Chicago Colts 1894 1027 Boston Red Sox 1950 1025 Boston Beaneaters 1897 1021 Brooklyn Grooms 1894 1011 Philadelphia Phillies 1893 1009 Cleveland Indians 1999 1008 Boston Beaneaters 1893 1004 St. Louis Cardinals 1930 1002 New York Yankees 1932"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dallas Texans (NFL)", "paragraph_text": "Although the NFL rapidly grew more prosperous during the latter part of the 1950s, (especially after the success of ``The Greatest Game Ever Played ''- the 1958 championship game in old Yankee Stadium between the vaunted New York Giants versus the developing Colts leading to a later profitable nationwide television contract), the fiasco in Dallas left the NFL leery of further expansion. Unable to persuade other NFL owners to reconsider, Texas oil scion Lamar Hunt with others, founded the American Football League as a direct competitor to the older NFL. When Hunt's new Dallas Texans were announced as charter members of the new league, the NFL quickly reconsidered its position on expansion and made a second venture into Dallas in 1960, establishing what would become a more successful and later world - wide famous team, the Dallas Cowboys, briefly known in the beginning as the Dallas Rangers. A minor league baseball team of that same name was expected to disband, but did n't and the`` Cowboys'' name was later adopted for the NFL team in mid-March 1960. Both franchises shared the Cotton Bowl (also the home of Southern Methodist University's (SMU) Mustangs) stadium for their first three seasons. The new AFL team moved after winning the 1962 AFL Championship in double overtime and became the Kansas City Chiefs for its fourth season in 1963."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jacoby Ellsbury", "paragraph_text": "Jacoby Ellsbury Ellsbury with the Yankees in 2014 New York Yankees -- No. 22 Center fielder Born: (1983 - 09 - 11) September 11, 1983 (age 34) Madras, Oregon Bats: Left Throws: Left MLB debut June 30, 2007, for the Boston Red Sox MLB statistics (through 2017 season) Batting average. 284 Home runs 104 Runs batted in 512 Stolen bases 343 Teams Boston Red Sox (2007 -- 2013) New York Yankees (2014 -- 2017) Career highlights and awards 2 \u00d7 World Series champion (2007, 2013) All - Star (2011) Gold Glove Award (2011) Silver Slugger Award (2011) AL Comeback Player of the Year (2011) 3 \u00d7 AL stolen base leader (2008, 2009, 2013) 30 -- 30 club (2011)"}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the man who hit the first home run in the old location of the New York Yankees stadium?"}
{"id": "3hop1__79462_61309_485547", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2017 American League Wild Card Game", "paragraph_text": "2017 American League Wild Card Game 5 6 7 8 9 Minnesota Twins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 New York Yankees 0 0 0 x 8 9 0 Date October 3, 2017 Venue Yankee Stadium City The Bronx, New York Managers Paul Molitor (Minnesota Twins) Joe Girardi (New York Yankees) Umpires HP: Alfonso M\u00e1rquez, 1B Mike Winters (crew chief), 2B Eric Cooper, 3B Lance Barksdale, LF Tripp Gibson, RF John Tumpane Attendance 49,280 Television ESPN TV announcers Dan Shulman, Jessica Mendoza, Aaron Boone, and Buster Olney Radio ESPN Radio announcers Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton \u2190 2016 AL Wild Card Game 2018 \u2192"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Major League Baseball single-game grand slam leaders", "paragraph_text": "Every team which had a player hit two grand slams won their milestone games. These games have resulted in other single - game MLB records being set due to the extreme offensive performance. Lazzeri, for example, proceeded to hit a third home run in the game and finished with a total of eleven runs batted in, an American League record. Fernando Tat\u00eds became the only player to hit two grand slams in the same inning, when he attained the milestone, slugging two in the third inning for the St. Louis Cardinals on April 23, 1999. In achieving the feat, he also set a new major league record with eight runs batted in a single inning."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mike Trout", "paragraph_text": "He started his professional career in 2009 playing for the Arizona Angels of the rookie - level Arizona League, hitting. 360 with a. 418 OBP and. 506 SLG with one home run, 25 runs batted in (RBIs), and 13 stolen bases in 187 plate appearances over 39 games. He was beaten out in being named AZL Most Valuable Player by Cody Decker. He finished the season playing for the Cedar Rapids Kernels of the Class A Midwest League, hitting. 267 over 20 plate appearances in five games."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Municipal Stadium (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "After the 1972 baseball season, the Royals moved to Royals Stadium in the Truman Sports Complex. The Royals won the final game (and event) at Municipal Stadium, a 4 -- 0 win over the Texas Rangers on October 4, 1972, in also the final Major League game managed by Hall of Famer Ted Williams. Amos Otis scored the final run in Municipal Stadium history and Ed Kirkpatrick had the final hit. Four days prior Gene Tenace of the Oakland A's hit the final home run, and John Mayberry hit the final Royals home run the night before."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Great American Ball Park", "paragraph_text": "Statistic Player (s) / Team First game vs. Pittsburgh Pirates First hit Ken Griffey Jr. (a double) First home run Reggie Sanders, Pirates First Reds home run Austin Kearns, later in the same game First ceremonial first pitch George H.W. Bush First at - bat Kenny Lofton (a ground out)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dan Johnson (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Ryan \"Dan\" Johnson (born August 10, 1979) is an American professional baseball pitcher and designated hitter who is currently a free agent. He has played most of his ten seasons in Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball as a first baseman and pitcher, but has never held a Major League starting job for an entire season. He is perhaps best known for hitting a dramatic two-out, two-strike home run for the Tampa Bay Rays in the bottom of the ninth inning of the last game of the 2011 season, also known as Wild Card Wednesday. That home run tied the game, which the Rays eventually won, sending them to the playoffs. His clutch hitting for the Rays, along with his red hair and beard, earned him the nickname \"The Great Pumpkin\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hitting streak", "paragraph_text": "Joe DiMaggio holds the Major League Baseball record with a streak of 56 consecutive games in 1941 which began on May 15 and ended July 17. DiMaggio hit. 408 during his streak (91 - for - 223), with 15 home runs and 55 runs batted in."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Charlie French", "paragraph_text": "Charles Calvin French (October 12, 1883 \u2013 March 30, 1962) started into baseball at the age of 25 with the Boston Red Sox. He played in 105 games with 377 at bats. He had 78 hits, 20 RBIs with no home runs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Fitzgerald (1950s pitcher)", "paragraph_text": "John Francis Fitzgerald (born September 15, 1933 in Brooklyn, New York), is a retired American Major League Baseball player who pitched one game in the Majors with the 1958 San Francisco Giants. He pitched in one games, started it, and threw three innings. He struck out three batters, and gave up just one hit, a home run to Joe Cunningham."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "50 home run club", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season. Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928. He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge, achieving the feat during the 2017 season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders", "paragraph_text": "Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball (MLB) game as ``baseball's greatest single - game accomplishment ''. Eighteen players have accomplished the feat to date, the most recent being J.D. Martinez of the Arizona Diamondbacks on September 4, 2017 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. No player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game. Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four home runs in a single game, doing so on May 30, 1894. Fans were reportedly so excited that they threw $160 in silver coins ($4,400 today) onto the field after his fourth home run."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Babe's Dream", "paragraph_text": "Ruth was born on February 6, 1895, to hardworking parents, who couldn't support a child that caused as much \u201cmischief\u201d as Babe. At age seven, his parents decided to \u201cstraighten him out\u201d by sending him to Baltimore's St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, where he could learn how to have more discipline. This turned out to be the beginning of the star's true love for the game of baseball."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)", "paragraph_text": "Many historic home runs have been hit at Yankee Stadium. Babe Ruth hit the ballpark's first home run on its Opening Day in 1923. Ruth also set the then - league record for most home runs in a single season by hitting his 60th home run in 1927. Roger Maris would later break this record in 1961 at Yankee Stadium on the final day of the season by hitting his 61st home run. In 1967, Mickey Mantle slugged his 500th career home run. Chris Chambliss won the 1976 ALCS by hitting a ``walk - off ''home run in which thousands of fans ran onto the field as Chambliss circled the bases. A year later, in the 1977 World Series, Reggie Jackson hit three home runs on three consecutive pitches in the championship - clinching Game 6. In 1983, the Pine Tar Incident involving George Brett occurred; Brett's go - ahead home run in the ninth inning of the game was overturned for his bat having too much pine tar, resulting in him furiously charging out of the dugout. In Game 1 of the 1996 ALCS, Derek Jeter hit a fly ball to right - field that was interfered with by fan Jeffrey Maier but ruled a home run. In Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS, Aaron Boone hit an extra-inning`` walk - off'' home run to send the Yankees to the World Series. On August 6, 2007, Alex Rodriguez hit his 500th home run against the Kansas City Royals at the Stadium."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oscar Taveras", "paragraph_text": "On May 31, 2014, Taveras homered in his major league debut against the San Francisco Giants and went on to hit .239 in 80 regular season games, playing mostly right field. He also hit a game-tying home run in Game 2 of the 2014 National League Championship Series against the Giants. On October 26, 2014, he died in a car accident in the Dominican Republic shortly after the Cardinals were eliminated from the playoffs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Little League Baseball", "paragraph_text": "1971: The aluminum baseball bat is first used. It was partly developed by Little League Baseball. Lloyd McClendon of Gary, Indiana, dominates the Little League World Series, hitting five home runs in five at - bats. He later played in the Major Leagues and become the first Little League graduate to manage an MLB club with the Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers", "paragraph_text": "Wes Ferrell holds the all - time Major League Baseball record for home runs hit while playing the position of pitcher. He hit 37 as a pitcher. Baseball Hall of Famers Bob Lemon and Warren Spahn are tied for second with 35 career home runs apiece. Red Ruffing, Earl Wilson, and Don Drysdale are the only other pitchers to hit at least 25 home runs. Jack Stivetts hit a total of 35 home runs in his playing career, 21 as a pitcher."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of milestone home runs by Barry Bonds", "paragraph_text": "In baseball, the home run is one of the most popular aspects of the game. Thus, the career record for home runs is among the most important and respected records in baseball. The road to this record has been closely followed and each additional home run Bonds hits extends the current record further. On August 7, 2007, Barry Bonds became the major leagues' career home run champion by hitting his 756th career home run, which surpassed Hank Aaron's total. the ball was caught by Pistolay."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bill Boyd (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "William J. Boyd (December 22, 1852 \u2013 October 1, 1912) was an American Major League Baseball player born in New York, New York. He mainly played third base and right field for three different teams during his four-year career in the National Association from through . He batted .290, hit three home runs, and drove in 93 runs in those four years. While with the 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics, he managed for a period of two games, losing both. When he wasn't playing in that final season, he filled in for the umpire on 20 occasions."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "50 home run club", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season. Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928. He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent player to reach the milestone is Giancarlo Stanton."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jim Delsing", "paragraph_text": "His first professional contract was at the age of 16 in 1942 with Green Bay in the Wisconsin State League; he would spend five seasons in the minor leagues. During his career, which spanned 822 games over 10 seasons, he played for the Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, St. Louis Browns (whom he was playing for when he pinch ran for Gaedel), Detroit Tigers, and Kansas City Athletics. His best year with the bat was in 1953, when he hit .288 with 11 home runs."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the man who hit the first home run in the old location of the stadium where the American League wildcard game will be played?"}
{"id": "3hop1__38426_61309_560057", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "50 home run club", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season. Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928. He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge, achieving the feat during the 2017 season."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yankee Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), and is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies, replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24 - acre (9.7 ha) former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8 - acre (3.2 ha) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Matatiele Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Matatiele Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Matatiele, Eastern Cape, South Africa. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Matat Professionals."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Claire Merritt Ruth", "paragraph_text": "Claire Merritt Hodgson Ruth, born Clara Mae Merritt (September 11, 1897 \u2013 October 25, 1976), was a native of Athens, Georgia, United States, who is most famous for having been the second wife of Babe Ruth."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's \"Ten-Year Housing Plan\" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2016 ICC World Twenty20 Final", "paragraph_text": "Both teams were drawn into Super 10s Group 1 alongside Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and South Africa. They played each other in their opening game on 16 March at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai, with the West Indies winning by six wickets with 11 balls to spare. West Indian opener Chris Gayle scored an unbeaten 100 runs off 47 balls, including 11 sixes, becoming the first player to hit two T20 International centuries."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Instant replay in Major League Baseball", "paragraph_text": "MLB was the last of the four major North American professional sports leagues to implement an instant replay review system. Instant replay review was first implemented during the 2008 season. Under that system, only the umpire crew chief could initiate a review, and one or more members of the umpiring crew would review the video at the stadium and render the decision to uphold or overturn the call. Only boundary home run calls could be reviewed, either if the initial call was a home run but might not have been (e.g., spectator interference or a foul ball near the foul pole) or if the initial call was not a home run but might have been (e.g., the ball hit an object such as a railing beyond the outfield wall and then bounced back onto the field)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers", "paragraph_text": "Wes Ferrell holds the all - time Major League Baseball record for home runs hit while playing the position of pitcher. He hit 37 as a pitcher. Baseball Hall of Famers Bob Lemon and Warren Spahn are tied for second with 35 career home runs apiece. Red Ruffing, Earl Wilson, and Don Drysdale are the only other pitchers to hit at least 25 home runs. Jack Stivetts hit a total of 35 home runs in his playing career, 21 as a pitcher."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bud Metheny Baseball Complex", "paragraph_text": "The Bud Metheny Baseball Complex is a stadium on the campus of Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. It is primarily used for baseball, and is the home field of the Old Dominion Monarchs baseball team. The Monarchs are members of Conference USA. The ballpark has seating for 2,500 spectators in three sections of raised aluminum bleachers. The stadium complex also includes locker rooms, a concession stand, offices, four batting cages, a picnic area and a fully enclosed press box. The facility replaced the university's football stadium, Foreman Field, as the home of the baseball team."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "South Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The phrase ``The Bronx is burning, ''attributed to Howard Cosell during Game 2 of the 1977 World Series featuring the New York Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers, refers to the arson epidemic caused by the total economic collapse of the South Bronx during the 1970s. During the game, as ABC switched to a generic helicopter shot of the exterior of Yankee Stadium, an uncontrolled fire could clearly be seen burning in the ravaged South Bronx surrounding the park, leading Cosell to intone,`` There it is, ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning.''"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pohang Baseball Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Pohang Baseball Stadium is a baseball stadium in Pohang, South Korea. The stadium is currently being used as a second home of the KBO League team Samsung Lions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders", "paragraph_text": "Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball (MLB) game as ``baseball's greatest single - game accomplishment ''. Eighteen players have accomplished the feat to date, the most recent being J.D. Martinez of the Arizona Diamondbacks on September 4, 2017 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. No player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game. Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four home runs in a single game, doing so on May 30, 1894. Fans were reportedly so excited that they threw $160 in silver coins ($4,400 today) onto the field after his fourth home run."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of milestone home runs by Barry Bonds", "paragraph_text": "In baseball, the home run is one of the most popular aspects of the game. Thus, the career record for home runs is among the most important and respected records in baseball. The road to this record has been closely followed and each additional home run Bonds hits extends the current record further. On August 7, 2007, Barry Bonds became the major leagues' career home run champion by hitting his 756th career home run, which surpassed Hank Aaron's total. the ball was caught by Pistolay."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Home run", "paragraph_text": "Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit ``the longest home run ever ''at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history. The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium. Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double - deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)", "paragraph_text": "Many historic home runs have been hit at Yankee Stadium. Babe Ruth hit the ballpark's first home run on its Opening Day in 1923. Ruth also set the then - league record for most home runs in a single season by hitting his 60th home run in 1927. Roger Maris would later break this record in 1961 at Yankee Stadium on the final day of the season by hitting his 61st home run. In 1967, Mickey Mantle slugged his 500th career home run. Chris Chambliss won the 1976 ALCS by hitting a ``walk - off ''home run in which thousands of fans ran onto the field as Chambliss circled the bases. A year later, in the 1977 World Series, Reggie Jackson hit three home runs on three consecutive pitches in the championship - clinching Game 6. In 1983, the Pine Tar Incident involving George Brett occurred; Brett's go - ahead home run in the ninth inning of the game was overturned for his bat having too much pine tar, resulting in him furiously charging out of the dugout. In Game 1 of the 1996 ALCS, Derek Jeter hit a fly ball to right - field that was interfered with by fan Jeffrey Maier but ruled a home run. In Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS, Aaron Boone hit an extra-inning`` walk - off'' home run to send the Yankees to the World Series. On August 6, 2007, Alex Rodriguez hit his 500th home run against the Kansas City Royals at the Stadium."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Ulsan Munsu Stadium, nicknamed Big Crown Stadium, is a stadium in Ulsan in South Korea. It is home to the Ulsan Hyundai FC."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Great American Ball Park", "paragraph_text": "Statistic Player (s) / Team First game vs. Pittsburgh Pirates First hit Ken Griffey Jr. (a double) First home run Reggie Sanders, Pirates First Reds home run Austin Kearns, later in the same game First ceremonial first pitch George H.W. Bush First at - bat Kenny Lofton (a ground out)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "50 home run club", "paragraph_text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season. Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928. He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent player to reach the milestone is Giancarlo Stanton."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center has earned itself a LEED \"Silver\" designation in its design."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the man who hit the first home run in the old location of the stadium now in the South Bronx?"}
{"id": "3hop1__2233_61309_485547", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Avanhard Stadium (Rivne)", "paragraph_text": "Avanhard Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Rivne, Ukraine. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home of FC Veres Rivne. The stadium holds 4,650 spectators."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)", "paragraph_text": "Many historic home runs have been hit at Yankee Stadium. Babe Ruth hit the ballpark's first home run on its Opening Day in 1923. Ruth also set the then - league record for most home runs in a single season by hitting his 60th home run in 1927. Roger Maris would later break this record in 1961 at Yankee Stadium on the final day of the season by hitting his 61st home run. In 1967, Mickey Mantle slugged his 500th career home run. Chris Chambliss won the 1976 ALCS by hitting a ``walk - off ''home run in which thousands of fans ran onto the field as Chambliss circled the bases. A year later, in the 1977 World Series, Reggie Jackson hit three home runs on three consecutive pitches in the championship - clinching Game 6. In 1983, the Pine Tar Incident involving George Brett occurred; Brett's go - ahead home run in the ninth inning of the game was overturned for his bat having too much pine tar, resulting in him furiously charging out of the dugout. In Game 1 of the 1996 ALCS, Derek Jeter hit a fly ball to right - field that was interfered with by fan Jeffrey Maier but ruled a home run. In Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS, Aaron Boone hit an extra-inning`` walk - off'' home run to send the Yankees to the World Series. On August 6, 2007, Alex Rodriguez hit his 500th home run against the Kansas City Royals at the Stadium."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Municipal Stadium (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "After the 1972 baseball season, the Royals moved to Royals Stadium in the Truman Sports Complex. The Royals won the final game (and event) at Municipal Stadium, a 4 -- 0 win over the Texas Rangers on October 4, 1972, in also the final Major League game managed by Hall of Famer Ted Williams. Amos Otis scored the final run in Municipal Stadium history and Ed Kirkpatrick had the final hit. Four days prior Gene Tenace of the Oakland A's hit the final home run, and John Mayberry hit the final Royals home run the night before."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Princess Sirindhorn Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Princess Sirindhorn Stadium () is a sports stadium in Si Racha, Chonburi Province, Thailand. The name of the stadium come from the name of Princess Sirindhorn, Princess Royal of Thailand. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the formerly home stadium of Sriracha FC and formerly of Chonburi FC. The stadium holds 8,000 people. The Stadium is located near the city centre, on the ground of the Assumption College Sriracha. The stadium has a running track, as do most of the stadiums in Thailand. It is fitted with floodlights, enabling evening matches to be played."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Borisov Arena", "paragraph_text": "Borisov Arena is a football-specific stadium in Barysaw, Belarus and is the home stadium of FC BATE Borisov and the Belarus national football team. The stadium's official capacity is 13,126."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yankee Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), and is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies, replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24 - acre (9.7 ha) former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8 - acre (3.2 ha) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Heidewaldstadion", "paragraph_text": "Heidewaldstadion is an association football stadium in G\u00fctersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the biggest football stadium in Kreis G\u00fctersloh and currently has a capacity of 12,500 spectators. It is the home stadium of the FC G\u00fctersloh football team playing in the Oberliga Westfalen. Officially called Energieversum Stadion, for sponsorship reason."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Home run", "paragraph_text": "Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit ``the longest home run ever ''at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history. The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium. Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double - deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kremin Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Kremin Stadium () is a football stadium in Kremenchuk, Ukraine. The stadium is a home arena for FC Kremin Kremenchuk."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Negoesco Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Negoesco Stadium is a 3,000 seat soccer stadium located in San Francisco, on the campus of University of San Francisco. Named for USF Soccer Coach Steve Negoesco. It is the home field for the men's and women's soccer teams. Negoesco is also the primary home field for San Francisco City FC of the Premier Development League. The stadium is also used by USF students and staff for recreational activities."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New York Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The New York Stadium, known as the AESSEAL New York Stadium for sponsorship purposes, is a football stadium in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. Opened in July 2012, it is the home ground of Rotherham United."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kerkyra Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Kerkyra Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kerkyra, Greece. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Kerkyra FC. The stadium holds 3.000 people and was built in 1961."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lokomotyv Stadium (Poltava)", "paragraph_text": "Lokomotyv Stadium is a football-only stadium in Poltava, Ukraine. It is currently used for football matches, and is the home of FC Poltava. The stadium's official maximum capacity is 2,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sportanlage Stapfen", "paragraph_text": "Sportanlage Stapfen is a stadium in Naters, Switzerland. It is currently used for football matches and is the home ground of FC Naters. The capacity is 3,000. The stadium was opened in 1997."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pel\u00e9, one of the world's most famous soccer players. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Babe's Dream", "paragraph_text": "Ruth was born on February 6, 1895, to hardworking parents, who couldn't support a child that caused as much \u201cmischief\u201d as Babe. At age seven, his parents decided to \u201cstraighten him out\u201d by sending him to Baltimore's St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, where he could learn how to have more discipline. This turned out to be the beginning of the star's true love for the game of baseball."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Ulsan Munsu Stadium, nicknamed Big Crown Stadium, is a stadium in Ulsan in South Korea. It is home to the Ulsan Hyundai FC."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Frankenstadion Heilbronn", "paragraph_text": "Frankenstadion Heilbronn is a multi-use stadium in Heilbronn, Germany. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Heilbronn. The stadium is able to hold 17,200 people."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the person who hit the first home run in the old stadium New York City FC calls home?"}
{"id": "3hop1__2233_61309_560057", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sportanlage Stapfen", "paragraph_text": "Sportanlage Stapfen is a stadium in Naters, Switzerland. It is currently used for football matches and is the home ground of FC Naters. The capacity is 3,000. The stadium was opened in 1997."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shinnik Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Shinnik Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Yaroslavl, Russia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Shinnik Yaroslavl. The stadium holds 22,990 people."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lokomotyv Stadium (Poltava)", "paragraph_text": "Lokomotyv Stadium is a football-only stadium in Poltava, Ukraine. It is currently used for football matches, and is the home of FC Poltava. The stadium's official maximum capacity is 2,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Claire Merritt Ruth", "paragraph_text": "Claire Merritt Hodgson Ruth, born Clara Mae Merritt (September 11, 1897 \u2013 October 25, 1976), was a native of Athens, Georgia, United States, who is most famous for having been the second wife of Babe Ruth."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Home run", "paragraph_text": "Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit ``the longest home run ever ''at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history. The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium. Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double - deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Municipal Stadium (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "After the 1972 baseball season, the Royals moved to Royals Stadium in the Truman Sports Complex. The Royals won the final game (and event) at Municipal Stadium, a 4 -- 0 win over the Texas Rangers on October 4, 1972, in also the final Major League game managed by Hall of Famer Ted Williams. Amos Otis scored the final run in Municipal Stadium history and Ed Kirkpatrick had the final hit. Four days prior Gene Tenace of the Oakland A's hit the final home run, and John Mayberry hit the final Royals home run the night before."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pel\u00e9, one of the world's most famous soccer players. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Borisov Arena", "paragraph_text": "Borisov Arena is a football-specific stadium in Barysaw, Belarus and is the home stadium of FC BATE Borisov and the Belarus national football team. The stadium's official capacity is 13,126."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Negoesco Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Negoesco Stadium is a 3,000 seat soccer stadium located in San Francisco, on the campus of University of San Francisco. Named for USF Soccer Coach Steve Negoesco. It is the home field for the men's and women's soccer teams. Negoesco is also the primary home field for San Francisco City FC of the Premier Development League. The stadium is also used by USF students and staff for recreational activities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Heidewaldstadion", "paragraph_text": "Heidewaldstadion is an association football stadium in G\u00fctersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the biggest football stadium in Kreis G\u00fctersloh and currently has a capacity of 12,500 spectators. It is the home stadium of the FC G\u00fctersloh football team playing in the Oberliga Westfalen. Officially called Energieversum Stadion, for sponsorship reason."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kerkyra Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Kerkyra Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kerkyra, Greece. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Kerkyra FC. The stadium holds 3.000 people and was built in 1961."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "MDCC-Arena", "paragraph_text": "MDCC-Arena is a multi-purpose stadium in Magdeburg, Germany. It has been completed and opened to the public in December 2006, replacing the old Ernst-Grube-Stadion. It is mostly used for football matches and hosts the home matches of 1. FC Magdeburg."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yankee Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), and is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies, replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24 - acre (9.7 ha) former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8 - acre (3.2 ha) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)", "paragraph_text": "Many historic home runs have been hit at Yankee Stadium. Babe Ruth hit the ballpark's first home run on its Opening Day in 1923. Ruth also set the then - league record for most home runs in a single season by hitting his 60th home run in 1927. Roger Maris would later break this record in 1961 at Yankee Stadium on the final day of the season by hitting his 61st home run. In 1967, Mickey Mantle slugged his 500th career home run. Chris Chambliss won the 1976 ALCS by hitting a ``walk - off ''home run in which thousands of fans ran onto the field as Chambliss circled the bases. A year later, in the 1977 World Series, Reggie Jackson hit three home runs on three consecutive pitches in the championship - clinching Game 6. In 1983, the Pine Tar Incident involving George Brett occurred; Brett's go - ahead home run in the ninth inning of the game was overturned for his bat having too much pine tar, resulting in him furiously charging out of the dugout. In Game 1 of the 1996 ALCS, Derek Jeter hit a fly ball to right - field that was interfered with by fan Jeffrey Maier but ruled a home run. In Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS, Aaron Boone hit an extra-inning`` walk - off'' home run to send the Yankees to the World Series. On August 6, 2007, Alex Rodriguez hit his 500th home run against the Kansas City Royals at the Stadium."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kremin Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Kremin Stadium () is a football stadium in Kremenchuk, Ukraine. The stadium is a home arena for FC Kremin Kremenchuk."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Frankenstadion Heilbronn", "paragraph_text": "Frankenstadion Heilbronn is a multi-use stadium in Heilbronn, Germany. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Heilbronn. The stadium is able to hold 17,200 people."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Instant replay in Major League Baseball", "paragraph_text": "MLB was the last of the four major North American professional sports leagues to implement an instant replay review system. Instant replay review was first implemented during the 2008 season. Under that system, only the umpire crew chief could initiate a review, and one or more members of the umpiring crew would review the video at the stadium and render the decision to uphold or overturn the call. Only boundary home run calls could be reviewed, either if the initial call was a home run but might not have been (e.g., spectator interference or a foul ball near the foul pole) or if the initial call was not a home run but might have been (e.g., the ball hit an object such as a railing beyond the outfield wall and then bounced back onto the field)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New York Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The New York Stadium, known as the AESSEAL New York Stadium for sponsorship purposes, is a football stadium in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. Opened in July 2012, it is the home ground of Rotherham United."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Avanhard Stadium (Rivne)", "paragraph_text": "Avanhard Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Rivne, Ukraine. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home of FC Veres Rivne. The stadium holds 4,650 spectators."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Ulsan Munsu Stadium, nicknamed Big Crown Stadium, is a stadium in Ulsan in South Korea. It is home to the Ulsan Hyundai FC."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the man who hit the first home run in the old location of the stadium that the New York City FC calls home?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52607_62438_161246", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hoberman sphere", "paragraph_text": "A Hoberman sphere is an isokinetic structure patented by Chuck Hoberman that resembles a geodesic dome, but is capable of folding down to a fraction of its normal size by the scissor-like action of its joints. Colorful plastic versions have become popular as children's toys: several toy sizes exist, with the original design capable of expanding from in diameter to ."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Vallis Inghirami", "paragraph_text": "Vallis Inghirami (latin for Inghirami Valley) is a valley on far side of the Moon which is a natural satellite of planet Earth. Diameter of the valley is about 145 km. Lunar co-ordinates of the valley are . Valley is named after Giovanni Inghirami. Valley was approved by IAU in 1964."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Coriolis force", "paragraph_text": "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term ``Coriolis effect '', the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth. Because the Earth spins, Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects. The Earth completes one rotation per day, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles, since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there, and decreases to zero at the equator. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sputnik 1", "paragraph_text": "Sputnik 1 (/ \u02c8sp\u028atn\u026ak / or / \u02c8sp\u028ctn\u026ak /; ``Satellite - 1 '', or`` PS - 1'', \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a - 1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik - 1, ``Elementary Satellite 1 '') was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957, orbiting for three weeks before its batteries died, then silently for two more months before falling back into the atmosphere. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio signal was easily detectable even by radio amateurs, and the 65 \u00b0 inclination and duration of its orbit made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth. This surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sputnik 1", "paragraph_text": "Sputnik 1 (/ \u02c8sp\u028atn\u026ak / or / \u02c8sp\u028ctn\u026ak /; ``Satellite - 1 '', or`` PS - 1'', \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a - 1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik - 1, ``Elementary Satellite 1 '') was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio signal was easily detectable even by amateurs, and the 65 \u00b0 inclination and duration of its orbit made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth. This surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "EuroCrypt", "paragraph_text": "EuroCrypt is a conditional access system for Multiplexed Analogue Components-encoded analogue satellite television. It had several versions (M, S and S2). It supported receivers with card slots and those with embedded keys. Its most widespread use was in Scandinavia, where the only EuroCrypt protected broadcasts remained until July 2006 (in France, they stopped in 1998)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Halimede (moon)", "paragraph_text": "Halimede is about 62 kilometers in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04) and appears neutral (grey) in the visible light. Given the very similar colour of the satellite to that of Nereid together with the high probability (41%) of collision in the past lifespan of the Solar System, it has been suggested that the satellite could be a fragment of Nereid.Halimede, like many of the outer satellites of Neptune, is named after one of the Nereids, the fifty daughters of Nereus and Doris. Before the announcement of its name on February 3, 2007 (IAUC 8802), Halimede was known by the provisional designation S/2002 N 1."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Maffei 1", "paragraph_text": "Maffei 1 is a massive elliptical galaxy classified as type E3 in the Hubble classification scheme. This means that it is slightly flattened, its semi-minor axis being 70% of its semi-major axis. Maffei 1 has also a boxy shape (E(b)3 type), while its central region (radius \u2248 34 pc) is deficient in light emission as compared to the r1/4 law, meaning that Maffei 1 is a core type elliptical. Both the boxy shape and the presence of an underluminous core are typical of intermediate to massive ellipticals.The apparent dimensions of Maffei 1 depend strongly on the wavelength of light because of the heavy obscuration by the Milky Way. In blue light it is 1\u20132\u2032 across while in the near infrared its major axis reaches 23\u2032\u2014more than 3/4 of the Moon's diameter. At a distance of 3 Mpc this corresponds to approximately 23 kpc. The total visible absolute magnitude of Maffei 1, MV=\u221220.8, is comparable to that of the Milky Way."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011. The station is expected to operate until at least 2028. Development and assembly of the station continues, with components scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019. The ISS is the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sputnik 1", "paragraph_text": "Sputnik 1 (/ \u02c8sp\u028ctn\u026ak /; ``Satellite - 1 '', or`` PS - 1'', Prosteyshiy Sputnik - 1, ``Elementary Satellite 1 '') was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses were detectable. This surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal", "paragraph_text": "The Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that was discovered in 1990 by Mike Irwin as the 8th satellite of the Milky Way, located in the constellation of Sextans. It is also an elliptical galaxy, and displays a redshift because it is receding from the Sun at 224\u00a0km/s (72\u00a0km/s from the Galaxy). The distance to the galaxy is 320,000 light-years and the diameter is 8,400 light-years along its major axis."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Natural satellite", "paragraph_text": "Because of this shift in meaning, the term moon, which had continued to be used in a generic sense in works of popular science and in fiction, has regained respectability and is now used interchangeably with natural satellite, even in scientific articles. When it is necessary to avoid both the ambiguity of confusion with Earth's natural satellite the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets on the one hand, and artificial satellites on the other, the term natural satellite (using ``natural ''in a sense opposed to`` artificial'') is used. To further avoid ambiguity, the convention is to capitalize the word Moon when referring to Earth's natural satellite, but not when referring to other natural satellites."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saturn", "paragraph_text": "Saturn's rings require at least a 15-mm-diameter telescope to resolve and thus were not known to exist until Galileo first saw them in 1610. He thought of them as two moons on Saturn's sides. It was not until Christiaan Huygens used greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted. Huygens discovered Saturn's moon Titan; Giovanni Domenico Cassini later discovered four other moons: Iapetus, Rhea, Tethys and Dione. In 1675, Cassini discovered the gap now known as the Cassini Division.No further discoveries of significance were made until 1789 when William Herschel discovered two further moons, Mimas and Enceladus. The irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion, which has a resonance with Titan, was discovered in 1848 by a British team.In 1899 William Henry Pickering discovered Phoebe, a highly irregular satellite that does not rotate synchronously with Saturn as the larger moons do. Phoebe was the first such satellite found and it takes more than a year to orbit Saturn in a retrograde orbit. During the early 20th century, research on Titan led to the confirmation in 1944 that it had a thick atmosphere \u2013 a feature unique among the Solar System's moons."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lebedinskiy (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Lebedinskiy is an impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It is attached to the eastern outer rim of the somewhat larger crater Zhukovskiy. About two crater diameters to the east-southeast lies the smaller Engel'gardt. The satellite crater Lebedinskiy P lies in the southern indentation of terrain between Lebedinskiy and Zhukovsky, and is nearly attached to the southwest rim of Lebedinskiy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Raoult's law", "paragraph_text": "Raoult's law ( law) is a law of thermodynamics established by French chemist Fran\u00e7ois-Marie Raoult in 1887. It states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of \"liquids\" is equal to the vapour pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture. In consequence, the relative lowering of vapour pressure of a dilute solution of nonvolatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of solute in the solution."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Avernus Colles", "paragraph_text": "Avernus Colles is a region of fractured terrain on Mars on the southeast margin of Elysium Planitia, at 1.6\u00b0S, 171\u00b0E. It is fairly large, being 244\u00a0km (152\u00a0mi) in diameter. Avernus Colles can be found in the Elysium quadrangle. It was named in 1985 after a lake in Campania, Italy, which is believed by some to be an entrance to the underworld."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011, and the station is expected to be used until 2028. Development and assembly of the station continues, with components scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019. The ISS is the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "NetJets", "paragraph_text": "NetJets Inc., a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, is an American company that sells part ownership or shares (called fractional ownership) of private business jets. NetJets was founded in 1964 as Executive Jet Aviation. It was the first private business jet charter and aircraft management company in the world."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gliese 268", "paragraph_text": "Gliese 268 (QY Aurigae) is a RS Canum Venaticorum variable (RS CVn) star in the Auriga constellation. RS CVn variables are binary star systems with a strong magnetic field influenced by each star's rotation, which is accelerated by the tidal effects of the other star in the system. Gliese 268 in particular is composed of a binary system of two M-type dwarfs, or red dwarfs, and is one of the one hundred closest star systems to the Earth. The primary component of the system has an apparent magnitude of 12.05, and the secondary component an apparent magnitude of 12.45. Neither is visible to the naked eye from Earth."}], "question": "What fraction of the diameter of the natural satellite of the planet where the coriolosis component of acceleration can be found is 23'?"}
{"id": "3hop1__345123_181913_4924", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mary II of England", "paragraph_text": "13 February 1689 \u2013 28 December 1694: Her Majesty The QueenThe joint style of William III and Mary II was \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\" when they ascended the English throne. From 11 April 1689\u2014when the Estates of Scotland recognised them as sovereigns\u2014the royal couple used the style \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh", "paragraph_text": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh (1780\u20131801), also known as Prince C\u1ea3nh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigneau de B\u00e9haine to sign an alliance between France and Vietnam. Although Prince C\u1ea3nh was the legitimate heir to the throne, he died before his father, and none of his descendants ascended the throne after his half-brother Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea3m was chosen by Gia Long."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Li Shangjin", "paragraph_text": "Li Shangjin (\u674e\u4e0a\u91d1) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (\u694a). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (\u675e\u738b). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (\u5bff\u5dde), then prefect of Lu (\u6f09\u5dde). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (\u6fa7\u5dde, in modern Changde, Hunan)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2013 London Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 London Marathon took place on Sunday 21 April 2013. It was the 33rd running of the annual mass-participation marathon race and the third World Marathon Major of the year. 34,631 people participated."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Batman (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Yvonne Craig as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl: Commissioner Gordon's daughter, Gotham City librarian and crime fighting partner for Batman and Robin for the third season. Occasionally this threesome was nicknamed the ``Terrific Trio ''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Armistice Day", "paragraph_text": "Other countries also changed the name of the holiday just prior to or after World War II, to honor veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. The United States chose All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day', to explicitly honor military veterans, including those participating in other conflicts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mswati III", "paragraph_text": "When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982\u20131983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983\u20131986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Antipater II of Macedon", "paragraph_text": "Antipater II of Macedon (Greek: \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u0392\u02b9 \u1f41 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd), was the son of Cassander and Thessalonike of Macedon, who was a half-sister of Alexander the Great. He was king of Macedon from 297 BC until 294 BC, jointly with his brother Alexander V. Eventually, he murdered his mother and ousted his brother from the throne. Alexander turned to Pyrrhus and Demetrius I Poliorcetes for help, and Demetrius I overthrew Antipater and then had Alexander murdered. Antipater was killed by Lysimachus, after he fled from Demetrius I to Thrace. His wife was Eurydice, his paternal cousin who was a daughter of Lysimachus."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "paragraph_text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Xiong Shuang", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Shuang succeeded his father, the younger Xiong Yan, who died in 828 BC. Xiong Shuang had three younger brothers: Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun (\u718a\u5f87). When Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, his brothers fought one another for the throne. The youngest brother Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Third English Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Marquess of Montrose, under the direction of Charles II, made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650. But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters. When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April, delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May, and executed on 21 May 1650, Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "King Wuling of Zhao", "paragraph_text": "Probably the son of Zhao Suhou (Marquess Su of Zhao, Simplified Chinese: \u8d75\u8083\u4faf), King Wuling of Zhao ascended to the throne at 325 BCE, about halfway into the Warring States Period. His reign coincided with the appearance of several other notable figures in the Warring States. He was also the first ruler of Zhao to style himself \"king\" (\u738b), but later reversed the decision. He would later receive the title as part of his posthumous name."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hundred Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession to the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Xiong Xun", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Xun's father, the younger Xiong Yan, had four sons: Xiong Shuang (\u718a\u971c), Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun, the youngest. When Xiong Yan died in 828 BC he was succeeded by his first son Xiong Shuang. However, when Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, the remaining three brothers fought one another for the throne. Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alexander Gordon (pioneer)", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Gordon (1635 in Aberdeen Scotland - 1697), fought as a Royalist and was captured by Oliver Cromwell's army at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 at the end of the English Civil War. He was imprisoned at Tothill Field outside London over the winter of 1651\u20131652. He was transported to the New World in 1652 and entered into indentured servitude. His later victory over servitude became the legal precedent in Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sir Alexander Cornewall Duff-Gordon, 3rd Baronet", "paragraph_text": "Sir Alexander Cornewall Duff-Gordon, 3rd Baronet (3 February 1811 \u2013 27 October 1872) was a British civil servant and Baronet of Halkin. He was the husband of Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon, the English writer on Egypt."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}], "question": "In what year did the participant in a series of conflicts, one of which involved Alexander Gordon, ascend to the throne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52607_62438_6354", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Printed circuit board", "paragraph_text": "Unpopulated boards are usually bare-board tested for \"shorts\" and \"opens\". A short is a connection between two points that should not be connected. An open is a missing connection between points that should be connected. For high-volume production a fixture or a rigid needle adapter is used to make contact with copper lands on the board. Building the adapter is a significant fixed cost and is only economical for high-volume or high-value production. For small or medium volume production flying probe testers are used where test probes are moved over the board by an XY drive to make contact with the copper lands. The CAM system instructs the electrical tester to apply a voltage to each contact point as required and to check that this voltage appears on the appropriate contact points and only on these."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011, and the station is expected to be used until 2028. Development and assembly of the station continues, with components scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019. The ISS is the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Electron", "paragraph_text": "With the development of the particle accelerator during the first half of the twentieth century, physicists began to delve deeper into the properties of subatomic particles. The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst. His initial betatron reached energies of 2.3 MeV, while subsequent betatrons achieved 300 MeV. In 1947, synchrotron radiation was discovered with a 70 MeV electron synchrotron at General Electric. This radiation was caused by the acceleration of electrons through a magnetic field as they moved near the speed of light.With a beam energy of 1.5 GeV, the first high-energy"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chang'e 2", "paragraph_text": "Chang'e 2 (; ) is a Chinese unmanned lunar probe that was launched on 1 October 2010. It was a follow-up to the Chang'e 1 lunar probe, which was launched in 2007. Chang'e 2 was part of the first phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, and conducted research from a 100-km-high lunar orbit in preparation for the December 2013 soft landing by the Chang'e 3 lander and rover. Chang'e 2 was similar in design to Chang'e 1, although it featured some technical improvements, including a more advanced onboard camera. Like its predecessor, the probe was named after Chang'e, an ancient Chinese moon goddess."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain", "paragraph_text": "No information about harbours or other landing - places was available to the Romans before Caesar's expeditions, so Caesar was able to make discoveries of benefit to Roman military and trading interests. Volusenus's reconnaissance voyage before the first expedition apparently identified the natural harbour at Dubris (Dover), although Caesar was prevented from landing there and forced to land on an open beach, as he did again the following year, perhaps because Dover was too small for his much larger forces. The great natural harbours further up the coast at Rutupiae (Richborough), which were used by Claudius for his invasion 100 years later, were not used on either occasion. Caesar may have been unaware of them, may have chosen not to use them, or they may not have existed in a form suitable for sheltering and landing such a large force at that time. Present knowledge of the period geomorphology of the Wantsum Channel that created that haven is limited."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System", "paragraph_text": "The first successful probe to fly by another Solar System body was Luna 1, which sped past the Moon in 1959. Originally meant to impact with the Moon, it instead missed its target and became the first artificial object to orbit the Sun. Mariner 2 was the first probe to fly by another planet, Venus, in 1962. The first successful flyby of Mars was made by Mariner 4 in 1965. Mariner 10 first passed Mercury in 1974."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "EuroCrypt", "paragraph_text": "EuroCrypt is a conditional access system for Multiplexed Analogue Components-encoded analogue satellite television. It had several versions (M, S and S2). It supported receivers with card slots and those with embedded keys. Its most widespread use was in Scandinavia, where the only EuroCrypt protected broadcasts remained until July 2006 (in France, they stopped in 1998)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ATS-6", "paragraph_text": "ATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6) was a NASA experimental satellite, built by Fairchild Space and Electronics Division It has been called the world's first educational satellite as well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite as part of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment between NASA and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was launched May 30, 1974, and decommissioned July 1979. At the time of launch, it was the most powerful telecommunication satellite in orbit. ATS - 6 carried no fewer than 23 different experiments, and introduced several breakthroughs. It was the first 3 - axis stabilized spacecraft in geostationary orbit. It was also the first to use experimentally with some success electric propulsion in geostationary orbit. It also carried several particle physics experiments, including the first heavy ion detector in geostationary orbit."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Parker Solar Probe", "paragraph_text": "Parker Solar Probe (previously Solar Probe, Solar Probe Plus, or Solar Probe+) is a planned NASA robotic spacecraft to probe the outer corona of the Sun. It will approach to within 8.5 solar radii (5.9 million kilometers or 3.67 million miles) to the 'surface' (photosphere) of the Sun. The project was announced as a new mission start in the fiscal 2009 budget year. On May 1, 2008 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory announced it will design and build the spacecraft, on a schedule to launch it in 2015. The launch date has since been pushed back to 2018. A Delta IV Heavy launch vehicle will enable the mission to become the fastest spacecraft to date. On May 31, 2017 the probe was renamed after solar astrophysicist Eugene Parker. This was the first time a NASA spacecraft was named after a living person."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Natural satellite", "paragraph_text": "Because of this shift in meaning, the term moon, which had continued to be used in a generic sense in works of popular science and in fiction, has regained respectability and is now used interchangeably with natural satellite, even in scientific articles. When it is necessary to avoid both the ambiguity of confusion with Earth's natural satellite the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets on the one hand, and artificial satellites on the other, the term natural satellite (using ``natural ''in a sense opposed to`` artificial'') is used. To further avoid ambiguity, the convention is to capitalize the word Moon when referring to Earth's natural satellite, but not when referring to other natural satellites."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of d\u00e9tente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo\u2013Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gliese 268", "paragraph_text": "Gliese 268 (QY Aurigae) is a RS Canum Venaticorum variable (RS CVn) star in the Auriga constellation. RS CVn variables are binary star systems with a strong magnetic field influenced by each star's rotation, which is accelerated by the tidal effects of the other star in the system. Gliese 268 in particular is composed of a binary system of two M-type dwarfs, or red dwarfs, and is one of the one hundred closest star systems to the Earth. The primary component of the system has an apparent magnitude of 12.05, and the secondary component an apparent magnitude of 12.45. Neither is visible to the naked eye from Earth."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "ICESat", "paragraph_text": "ICESat (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite) was a satellite mission for measuring ice sheet mass balance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics. It operated as part of NASA's Earth Observing System. ICESat was launched 13 January 2003 on a Delta II rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California into a near-circular, near-polar orbit with an altitude of approximately 600\u00a0km. It operated for seven years before being retired in February 2010, after its scientific payload shut down and scientists were unable to restart it."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Communications satellite", "paragraph_text": "The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station, where they are then transmitted to a geostationary satellite.  The downlink follows an analogous path.  Improvements in submarine communications cables through the use of fiber-optics caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011. The station is expected to operate until at least 2028. Development and assembly of the station continues, with components scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019. The ISS is the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jamestown, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Due to the aristocratic backgrounds of many of the new colonists, a historic drought and the communal nature of their work load, progress through the first few years was inconsistent at best. By 1613, six years after Jamestown's founding, the organizers and shareholders of the Virginia Company were desperate to increase the efficiency and profitability of the struggling colony. Without stockholder consent the Governor, Sir Thomas Dale, assigned 3 - acre (12,000 m) plots to its ``ancient planters ''and smaller plots to the`` settlement's'' later arrivals. Measurable economic progress was made, and the settlers began expanding their planting to land belonging to local native tribes. That this turnaround coincided with the end of a drought that had begun the year before the English settlers' arrival probably indicates multiple factors were involved besides the colonists' ineptitude."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mars Orbiter Mission", "paragraph_text": "The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted - off from the First Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota Range SHAR), Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket C25 at 09: 08 UTC on 5 November 2013. The launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October 2013. The MOM probe spent about a month in Earth orbit, where it made a series of seven apogee - raising orbital manoeuvres before trans - Mars injection on 30 November 2013 (UTC). After a 298 - day transit to Mars, it was successfully inserted into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Coriolis force", "paragraph_text": "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term ``Coriolis effect '', the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth. Because the Earth spins, Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects. The Earth completes one rotation per day, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles, since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there, and decreases to zero at the equator. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology)."}], "question": "In what year did the first probe land on the natural satellite of the location of the coriolosis component of acceleration?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52607_42463_161246", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lost in Space (2018 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson, Maureen's 18 - year - old biracial daughter and eldest child. She is a mission doctor, having received accelerated medical training."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word \"weak\" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thomson scattering", "paragraph_text": "In the low-energy limit, the electric field of the incident wave (photon) accelerates the charged particle, causing it, in turn, to emit radiation at the same frequency as the incident wave, and thus the wave is scattered. Thomson scattering is an important phenomenon in plasma physics and was first explained by the physicist J. J. Thomson. As long as the motion of the particle is non-relativistic (i.e. its speed is much less than the speed of light), the main cause of the acceleration of the particle will be due to the electric field component of the incident wave. In a first approximation, the influence of the magnetic field can be neglected. The particle will move in the direction of the oscillating electric field, resulting in electromagnetic dipole radiation. The moving particle radiates most strongly in a direction perpendicular to its acceleration and that radiation will be polarized along the direction of its motion. Therefore, depending on where an observer is located, the light scattered from a small volume element may appear to be more or less polarized."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Raoult's law", "paragraph_text": "Raoult's law ( law) is a law of thermodynamics established by French chemist Fran\u00e7ois-Marie Raoult in 1887. It states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of \"liquids\" is equal to the vapour pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture. In consequence, the relative lowering of vapour pressure of a dilute solution of nonvolatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of solute in the solution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maffei 1", "paragraph_text": "Maffei 1 is a massive elliptical galaxy classified as type E3 in the Hubble classification scheme. This means that it is slightly flattened, its semi-minor axis being 70% of its semi-major axis. Maffei 1 has also a boxy shape (E(b)3 type), while its central region (radius \u2248 34 pc) is deficient in light emission as compared to the r1/4 law, meaning that Maffei 1 is a core type elliptical. Both the boxy shape and the presence of an underluminous core are typical of intermediate to massive ellipticals.The apparent dimensions of Maffei 1 depend strongly on the wavelength of light because of the heavy obscuration by the Milky Way. In blue light it is 1\u20132\u2032 across while in the near infrared its major axis reaches 23\u2032\u2014more than 3/4 of the Moon's diameter. At a distance of 3 Mpc this corresponds to approximately 23 kpc. The total visible absolute magnitude of Maffei 1, MV=\u221220.8, is comparable to that of the Milky Way."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Bjorken", "paragraph_text": "James Daniel \"BJ\" Bjorken (born 1934) is an American theoretical physicist. He was a Putnam Fellow in 1954, received a BS in physics from MIT in 1956, and obtained his PhD from Stanford University in 1959. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in the fall of 1962. Bjorken is Emeritus Professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and was a member of the Theory Department of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (1979\u20131989)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "TRIUMF", "paragraph_text": "TRIUMF is Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics and accelerator - based science. TRIUMF is considered Canada's premier physics laboratory, and is consistently regarded as one of the leading subatomic physics research centers on the international level. Owned and operated by a consortium of universities as a joint venture, TRIUMF is located on the south campus of one of its founding members - the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia. TRIUMF houses the world's largest cyclotron, a source of 520 MeV protons, which was named an IEEE Milestone in 2010. TRIUMF's accelerator - focused activities involve particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, materials science, and detector and accelerator development."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Free fall", "paragraph_text": "Near the surface of the Earth, an object in free fall in a vacuum will accelerate at approximately 9.8 m / s, independent of its mass. With air resistance acting on an object that has been dropped, the object will eventually reach a terminal velocity, which is around 53 m / s (195 km / h or 122 mph) for a human skydiver. The terminal velocity depends on many factors including mass, drag coefficient, and relative surface area and will only be achieved if the fall is from sufficient altitude. A typical skydiver in a spread - eagle position will reach terminal velocity after about 12 seconds, during which time he will have fallen around 450 m (1,500 ft)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Coriolis force", "paragraph_text": "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term ``Coriolis effect '', the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth. Because the Earth spins, Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects. The Earth completes one rotation per day, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles, since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there, and decreases to zero at the equator. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as  and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of  will experience a force:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Funny Car", "paragraph_text": "Horsepower claims vary widely -- from 6,978 to 8,897 -- but are probably around 8,000 HP. Supercharged, nitromethane - fueled motors of this type also have a very high torque, which is estimated at about 7,000 ft \u22c5 lbf (9,500 N \u22c5 m). They routinely achieve a 6 G acceleration from a standing start."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "Environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems\u2014of the order of 1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Halbach array", "paragraph_text": "Physicist Klaus Halbach, while at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory during the 1980s, independently invented the Halbach array to focus particle accelerator beams."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Internet Download Accelerator", "paragraph_text": "Internet Download Accelerator, often called IDA, is a shareware download manager for Microsoft Windows, created by a Ukrainian software company, WestByte Software. The program's common name in the CIS region is Download Master (freeware)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Otolith", "paragraph_text": "An otolith (Greek: \u1f60\u03c4\u03bf -, \u014dto - ear + \u03bb\u1fd0\u0301\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, l\u00edthos, a stone), also called statoconium or otoconium or statolith, is a calcium carbonate structure in the saccule or utricle of the inner ear, specifically in the vestibular system of vertebrates. The saccule and utricle, in turn, together make the otolith organs. These organs are what allows an organism, including humans, to perceive linear acceleration, both horizontally and vertically (gravity). They have been identified in both extinct and extant vertebrates."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chris Klaus", "paragraph_text": "Christopher W. Klaus (born 1973 in Sarasota, Florida) is an American technology entrepreneur. He was founder and CTO of Internet Security Systems (ISS), a company which he started in the early 1990s, and then sold to IBM in 2006 for $1.3B. As of 2016, he is the CEO of Kaneva, a game company which he founded in 2004, and also the main financier for multiple business accelerators in the Atlanta area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Electron", "paragraph_text": "With the development of the particle accelerator during the first half of the twentieth century, physicists began to delve deeper into the properties of subatomic particles. The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst. His initial betatron reached energies of 2.3 MeV, while subsequent betatrons achieved 300 MeV. In 1947, synchrotron radiation was discovered with a 70 MeV electron synchrotron at General Electric. This radiation was caused by the acceleration of electrons through a magnetic field as they moved near the speed of light.With a beam energy of 1.5 GeV, the first high-energy"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gliese 268", "paragraph_text": "Gliese 268 (QY Aurigae) is a RS Canum Venaticorum variable (RS CVn) star in the Auriga constellation. RS CVn variables are binary star systems with a strong magnetic field influenced by each star's rotation, which is accelerated by the tidal effects of the other star in the system. Gliese 268 in particular is composed of a binary system of two M-type dwarfs, or red dwarfs, and is one of the one hundred closest star systems to the Earth. The primary component of the system has an apparent magnitude of 12.05, and the secondary component an apparent magnitude of 12.45. Neither is visible to the naked eye from Earth."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Formula One car", "paragraph_text": "The combination of light weight (642 kg in race trim for 2013), power (900 bhp with the 3.0 L V10, 780 bhp (582 kW) with the 2007 regulation 2.4 L V8, 950 + bhp with 2016 1.6 L V6 turbo), aerodynamics, and ultra-high - performance tyres is what gives the F1 car its high performance figures. The principal consideration for F1 designers is acceleration, and not simply top speed. Three types of acceleration can be considered to assess a car's performance:"}], "question": "What fraction of the diameter of the terrestrial body, that could be attributed to gravity acceleration around the planet where the coriolosis component of acceleration can be found, is 23'?"}
{"id": "3hop1__733411_181913_4924", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2013 London Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 London Marathon took place on Sunday 21 April 2013. It was the 33rd running of the annual mass-participation marathon race and the third World Marathon Major of the year. 34,631 people participated."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert Phelips (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Phelips (1 February 1619 \u2013 21 June 1707) was a Royalist officer during the English Civil War. After the Restoration he was a Member of Parliament, and from 25 May 1687 until 21 March 1689 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Robert Baratheon", "paragraph_text": "Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Robert Baratheon is the eldest son and heir of Lord Steffon Baratheon and Lady Cassana Estermont of Storm's End, the paramount of Stormlands, one of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, and brother to Stannis and Renly. Robert fought a rebellion which was named after him to win back his betrothed, Lyanna Stark, with the aid of her brother and his close friend, Eddard Stark, and their foster guardian Jon Arryn. After crushing the Targaryen dynasty and winning the war, Robert took the Iron Throne from his distant cousin Aerys II Targaryen (who is nicknamed ``The Mad King ''), and established the Baratheon dynasty as its first king. However, due to Lyanna's death during the war, Robert married Tywin Lannister's daughter Cersei instead to ensure political stability."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hundred Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession to the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Xiong Shuang", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Shuang succeeded his father, the younger Xiong Yan, who died in 828 BC. Xiong Shuang had three younger brothers: Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun (\u718a\u5f87). When Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, his brothers fought one another for the throne. The youngest brother Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh", "paragraph_text": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh (1780\u20131801), also known as Prince C\u1ea3nh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigneau de B\u00e9haine to sign an alliance between France and Vietnam. Although Prince C\u1ea3nh was the legitimate heir to the throne, he died before his father, and none of his descendants ascended the throne after his half-brother Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea3m was chosen by Gia Long."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Duke Xian of Jin", "paragraph_text": "Duke Xian of Jin (, died 651 BC), ancestral name Ji (\u59ec), given name Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8), was the nineteenth ruler of the State of Jin. He was also the ninth ruler of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period and the second duke of Jin. When his father, Duke Wu of Jin, died in 677 BC, Guizhu ascended the throne of Jin and became Duke Xian of Jin. He reigned for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (\u66f2\u6c83) to Jiang (\u7d73). He was named after a Rongdi tribe (\u620e\u72c4\u65cf) leader Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8) whom his father, Duke Wu of Jin, captured alive."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Qian Yuanguan", "paragraph_text": "Qian Yuanguan (\u9322\u5143\u74d8) (November 30, 887 \u2013 September 17, 941), born Qian Chuanguan (\u9322\u50b3\u74d8), formally King Wenmu of Wuyue (\u5433\u8d8a\u6587\u7a46\u738b), courtesy name Mingbao (\u660e\u5bf6), was the second king of the state of Wuyue, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China. During his reign, his kingdom was centred on modern Zhejiang. He ascended to the throne in 932, when his father Qian Liu (King Wusu) left the state in his hands, to 941. He was the father to all three of Wuyue's subsequent kings."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mswati III", "paragraph_text": "When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982\u20131983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983\u20131986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Xiong Xun", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Xun's father, the younger Xiong Yan, had four sons: Xiong Shuang (\u718a\u971c), Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun, the youngest. When Xiong Yan died in 828 BC he was succeeded by his first son Xiong Shuang. However, when Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, the remaining three brothers fought one another for the throne. Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Rains of Castamere", "paragraph_text": "\"The Rains of Castamere\" is the ninth and penultimate episode of the third season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 29th episode of the series. The episode was written by executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by David Nutter. It aired on ."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kaprun disaster", "paragraph_text": "The Kaprun disaster was a fire that occurred in an ascending train in the tunnel of the Gletscherbahn Kaprun 2 funicular in Kaprun, Austria, on 11 November 2000. The disaster killed 155 people (150 on the ascending train, 2 on the descending train and 3 in the mountain station). There were 12 survivors (10 Germans and two Austrians) from the burning ascending train. Most of the victims were skiers on their way to the Kitzsteinhorn Glacier."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The war has been described as the first \"world war\", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Li Shangjin", "paragraph_text": "Li Shangjin (\u674e\u4e0a\u91d1) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (\u694a). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (\u675e\u738b). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (\u5bff\u5dde), then prefect of Lu (\u6f09\u5dde). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (\u6fa7\u5dde, in modern Changde, Hunan)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Third English Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Marquess of Montrose, under the direction of Charles II, made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650. But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters. When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April, delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May, and executed on 21 May 1650, Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "paragraph_text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "King Wuling of Zhao", "paragraph_text": "Probably the son of Zhao Suhou (Marquess Su of Zhao, Simplified Chinese: \u8d75\u8083\u4faf), King Wuling of Zhao ascended to the throne at 325 BCE, about halfway into the Warring States Period. His reign coincided with the appearance of several other notable figures in the Warring States. He was also the first ruler of Zhao to style himself \"king\" (\u738b), but later reversed the decision. He would later receive the title as part of his posthumous name."}], "question": "In what year did the king involved in the third of a series of conflicts, one of which involved Robert Phelps, ascend to the throne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__109280_660302_161246", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Octantis Mons", "paragraph_text": "Octantis Mons is a mountain on the planet Mars. The name \"Octantis Mons\" is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of 19.09 km Kilometer. This mountain was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Henry (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Henry Crater is a large crater in the Arabia quadrangle of Mars, located at 10.9\u00b0 north latitude and 23.3\u00b0 east longitude. It is in diameter and was named after the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry, both of whom were French telescope makers and astronomers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tom Ayrton", "paragraph_text": "Tom Ayrton is a fictional character who appears in two novels by French author Jules Verne. He is first introduced as a major character in the novel \"In Search of the Castaways\" (1867\u20131868). He then reappears in a later novel, \"The Mysterious Island\" (1874), in which his fate, left unknown at the ending of the previous novel, is resolved, and during the course of which his character undergoes change and achieves a redemption."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal", "paragraph_text": "The Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that was discovered in 1990 by Mike Irwin as the 8th satellite of the Milky Way, located in the constellation of Sextans. It is also an elliptical galaxy, and displays a redshift because it is receding from the Sun at 224\u00a0km/s (72\u00a0km/s from the Galaxy). The distance to the galaxy is 320,000 light-years and the diameter is 8,400 light-years along its major axis."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lacus Aestatis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Aestatis (Latin for \"Summer Lake\") consists of two relatively small areas of lunar mare located near the western limb of the Moon. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 15.0\u00b0 S, 69.0\u00b0 W, and it lies within a diameter of 90\u00a0km. The lake has a combined surface area in the order of 1,000\u00a0km."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hibes Montes", "paragraph_text": "Hibes Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Hibes Montes\"is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1985."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2018 NHL Entry Draft", "paragraph_text": "2018 NHL Draft General information Date (s) June 22 -- 23, 2018 Location Dallas, Texas First selection Rasmus Dahlin Selected by: Buffalo Sabres NHL Entry Draft \u2190 2017 2019 \u2192"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lockyer (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Lockyer is a crater in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 28\u00b0 North and 199.5\u00b0 West. It is 71\u00a0km in diameter and was named after Norman Lockyer, a British astronomer (1836-1920). Lockyer is fairly easy to spot on Mars maps because it sits in the relatively young northern hemisphere, where there are few craters. It is close to Elysium Mons and Hecates Tholus, two large volcanoes."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Belgrade Observatory", "paragraph_text": "Belgrade Observatory is an astronomical observatory located in the eastern part of Belgrade, Serbia, in the natural environment of Zvezdara Forest."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hoberman sphere", "paragraph_text": "A Hoberman sphere is an isokinetic structure patented by Chuck Hoberman that resembles a geodesic dome, but is capable of folding down to a fraction of its normal size by the scissor-like action of its joints. Colorful plastic versions have become popular as children's toys: several toy sizes exist, with the original design capable of expanding from in diameter to ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Xanthe Montes", "paragraph_text": "Xanthe Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Xanthe Montes\" is a classical albedo feature name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 2006."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lacus Timoris", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Timoris (Latin for \"Lake of Fear\") is a small lunar mare on the Moon. It is located at 39.4\u00b0 S, 27.9\u00b0 W and is 154 km in diameter."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Far 3 kpc Arm", "paragraph_text": "The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA), while preparing a talk on the Galaxy's spiral arms for a meeting of the 212th American Astronomical Society. It is one of Milky Way's spiral arms and it is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10,000 ly) from the galactic center. Along with the Near 3 kpc Arm whose existence is known since the mid-1950s, the counterpart inner arms establish our Galaxy's simple symmetry."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mare Serenitatis", "paragraph_text": "Mare Serenitatis (\"Sea of Serenity\") is a lunar mare located to the east of Mare Imbrium on the Moon. Its diameter is ."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tanaica Montes", "paragraph_text": "Tanaica Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Tanaica Montes\" is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Montes Cordillera", "paragraph_text": "Montes Cordillera is a mountain range on the Moon. This feature forms the outer wall of peaks that surround the Mare Orientale impact basin, the inner ring being formed by the Montes Rook. The center of the range is located at selenographic coordinates 17.5\u00b0 S, 81.6\u00b0 W, and the diameter is ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Coronae Montes", "paragraph_text": "Coronae Montes is a mountain on the planet Mars. The name \"Coronae Montes\"is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Maffei 1", "paragraph_text": "Maffei 1 is a massive elliptical galaxy classified as type E3 in the Hubble classification scheme. This means that it is slightly flattened, its semi-minor axis being 70% of its semi-major axis. Maffei 1 has also a boxy shape (E(b)3 type), while its central region (radius \u2248 34 pc) is deficient in light emission as compared to the r1/4 law, meaning that Maffei 1 is a core type elliptical. Both the boxy shape and the presence of an underluminous core are typical of intermediate to massive ellipticals.The apparent dimensions of Maffei 1 depend strongly on the wavelength of light because of the heavy obscuration by the Milky Way. In blue light it is 1\u20132\u2032 across while in the near infrared its major axis reaches 23\u2032\u2014more than 3/4 of the Moon's diameter. At a distance of 3 Mpc this corresponds to approximately 23 kpc. The total visible absolute magnitude of Maffei 1, MV=\u221220.8, is comparable to that of the Milky Way."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jules Verne (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Jules Verne is a large lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, named after the French author. It is located to the west-southwest of the Mare Ingenii, one of the few lunar mares on the far side. To the southeast of Jules Verne is the crater Lundmark, while Koch is located to the south-southeast. To the northwest is the large walled plain Pavlov."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pickering (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Pickering Crater is a crater in the Phaethontis quadrangle on Mars, located at 33.1\u00b0 south latitude and 132.5\u00b0 west longitude. It is in diameter."}], "question": "What fraction of the diameter of the astronomical location of the vessel named for the author of Tom Ayrton is 23'?"}
{"id": "3hop1__559692_181913_4924", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2013 London Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 London Marathon took place on Sunday 21 April 2013. It was the 33rd running of the annual mass-participation marathon race and the third World Marathon Major of the year. 34,631 people participated."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or d\u014d)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mary II of England", "paragraph_text": "13 February 1689 \u2013 28 December 1694: Her Majesty The QueenThe joint style of William III and Mary II was \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\" when they ascended the English throne. From 11 April 1689\u2014when the Estates of Scotland recognised them as sovereigns\u2014the royal couple used the style \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Third English Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Marquess of Montrose, under the direction of Charles II, made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650. But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters. When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April, delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May, and executed on 21 May 1650, Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mswati III", "paragraph_text": "When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982\u20131983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983\u20131986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "10th Armored Division (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The 10th Armored Division (nicknamed \"Tiger Division\") was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. In the European Theater of Operations the 10th Armored Division was part of both the Twelfth United States Army Group and Sixth United States Army Group. Originally assigned to the Third United States Army under General George S. Patton, it saw action with the Seventh United States Army under General Alexander Patch near the conclusion of the war."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Duke Xian of Jin", "paragraph_text": "Duke Xian of Jin (, died 651 BC), ancestral name Ji (\u59ec), given name Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8), was the nineteenth ruler of the State of Jin. He was also the ninth ruler of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period and the second duke of Jin. When his father, Duke Wu of Jin, died in 677 BC, Guizhu ascended the throne of Jin and became Duke Xian of Jin. He reigned for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (\u66f2\u6c83) to Jiang (\u7d73). He was named after a Rongdi tribe (\u620e\u72c4\u65cf) leader Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8) whom his father, Duke Wu of Jin, captured alive."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Li Shangjin", "paragraph_text": "Li Shangjin (\u674e\u4e0a\u91d1) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (\u694a). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (\u675e\u738b). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (\u5bff\u5dde), then prefect of Lu (\u6f09\u5dde). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (\u6fa7\u5dde, in modern Changde, Hunan)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Xiong Shuang", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Shuang succeeded his father, the younger Xiong Yan, who died in 828 BC. Xiong Shuang had three younger brothers: Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun (\u718a\u5f87). When Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, his brothers fought one another for the throne. The youngest brother Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hundred Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession to the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh", "paragraph_text": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh (1780\u20131801), also known as Prince C\u1ea3nh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigneau de B\u00e9haine to sign an alliance between France and Vietnam. Although Prince C\u1ea3nh was the legitimate heir to the throne, he died before his father, and none of his descendants ascended the throne after his half-brother Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea3m was chosen by Gia Long."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nicholas Armorer", "paragraph_text": "Sir Nicholas Armorer (c.1620\u20131686) was a Royalist army officer during the English Civil War. During the Interregnum he was an active Royalist conspirator who ran a spy network in England and helped to ferment insurrection against the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. He took part in Booth's Rebellion in 1659 and was forced to flee back to the continent when the uprising failed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "King Wuling of Zhao", "paragraph_text": "Probably the son of Zhao Suhou (Marquess Su of Zhao, Simplified Chinese: \u8d75\u8083\u4faf), King Wuling of Zhao ascended to the throne at 325 BCE, about halfway into the Warring States Period. His reign coincided with the appearance of several other notable figures in the Warring States. He was also the first ruler of Zhao to style himself \"king\" (\u738b), but later reversed the decision. He would later receive the title as part of his posthumous name."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Armistice Day", "paragraph_text": "Other countries also changed the name of the holiday just prior to or after World War II, to honor veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. The United States chose All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day', to explicitly honor military veterans, including those participating in other conflicts."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Iraqi Light Armored Vehicle", "paragraph_text": "Iraqi Light Armored Vehicle or International Light Armored Vehicle is an armored fighting vehicle based on the Cougar and manufactured by Force Protection Industries, BAE Systems and General Dynamics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "White armored car", "paragraph_text": "The White armored car was a series of armored cars developed by the White Motor Company in Cleveland, Ohio from 1915."}], "question": "In what year did the ruler who participated in the third of the conflicts that also involved Nicholas Armorer, ascend to the throne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__340947_181913_4924", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Beware of a Holy Whore", "paragraph_text": "Beware of a Holy Whore () is a 1971 West German drama film written and directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder that features Lou Castel, Eddie Constantine, Hanna Schygulla and Fassbinder himself."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Xiong Shuang", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Shuang succeeded his father, the younger Xiong Yan, who died in 828 BC. Xiong Shuang had three younger brothers: Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun (\u718a\u5f87). When Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, his brothers fought one another for the throne. The youngest brother Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bad Subject", "paragraph_text": "Bad Subject () is a 1933 Italian comedy film directed by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia and starring Vittorio De Sica. It ia a remake of \"The Devil to Pay!\" (1930)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Devil's Wall", "paragraph_text": "The Devil's Wall () is a comic-romantic opera in three acts, with music by Bed\u0159ich Smetana and libretto by Eli\u0161ka Kr\u00e1snohorsk\u00e1, in their third operatic collaboration. The subtext of the plot is a Czech legend of a sheer rockface that overlooks the Vltava river, near the old monastery of Vy\u0161\u0161i Brod, where the Devil was said to have halted the building of the monastery by damming the Vltava, which then rose and flooded the site."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "paragraph_text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Devil's Whore", "paragraph_text": "The Devil's Whore (released as The Devil's Mistress in North America) is a four-part television series set during the English Civil War, produced by Company Pictures for Channel 4 in 2008. It centres on the adventures of the fictional Angelica Fanshawe and the historical Leveller soldier Edward Sexby and spans the years 1638 to 1660. It was written by Peter Flannery, who began working on the script in 1997. It is believed to have had a budget of \u00a37 million. It was followed by a sequel series, \"New Worlds\", in 2014."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Li Shangjin", "paragraph_text": "Li Shangjin (\u674e\u4e0a\u91d1) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (\u694a). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (\u675e\u738b). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (\u5bff\u5dde), then prefect of Lu (\u6f09\u5dde). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (\u6fa7\u5dde, in modern Changde, Hunan)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Third English Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Marquess of Montrose, under the direction of Charles II, made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650. But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters. When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April, delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May, and executed on 21 May 1650, Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2013 London Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 London Marathon took place on Sunday 21 April 2013. It was the 33rd running of the annual mass-participation marathon race and the third World Marathon Major of the year. 34,631 people participated."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Devil Inside (video game)", "paragraph_text": "The Devil Inside is a horror-themed third-person shooter video game developed by Gamesquad and published by Cryo Interactive for the PC Windows in 2000."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mary II of England", "paragraph_text": "13 February 1689 \u2013 28 December 1694: Her Majesty The QueenThe joint style of William III and Mary II was \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\" when they ascended the English throne. From 11 April 1689\u2014when the Estates of Scotland recognised them as sovereigns\u2014the royal couple used the style \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh", "paragraph_text": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh (1780\u20131801), also known as Prince C\u1ea3nh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigneau de B\u00e9haine to sign an alliance between France and Vietnam. Although Prince C\u1ea3nh was the legitimate heir to the throne, he died before his father, and none of his descendants ascended the throne after his half-brother Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea3m was chosen by Gia Long."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "In 1603, James VI, King of Scots, ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of private companies, most notably the English East India Company, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century, has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the \"First British Empire\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mswati III", "paragraph_text": "When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982\u20131983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983\u20131986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fran\u00e7oise Lebrun", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7oise Lebrun is a French actress. She has appeared in many movies, and is especially known for her role as Veronika in \"The Mother and the Whore\" (1973, directed by Jean Eustache). She also worked for, amongst others, Paul Vecchiali, Marguerite Duras and Lucas Belvaux, and is the subject of the documentary \"Fran\u00e7oise Lebrun, les voies singuli\u00e8res\" (2008). In a Variety review of the 2004 Vecchiali film \"A Vot' Bon Coeur\", Lisa Nesselson called her \"a supreme master of the sustained monologue.\""}], "question": "In what year did the participant of the Third what The Devil's Whore was a main subject of ascend to the throne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__693329_132274_161246", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Montes Cordillera", "paragraph_text": "Montes Cordillera is a mountain range on the Moon. This feature forms the outer wall of peaks that surround the Mare Orientale impact basin, the inner ring being formed by the Montes Rook. The center of the range is located at selenographic coordinates 17.5\u00b0 S, 81.6\u00b0 W, and the diameter is ."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9)", "paragraph_text": "RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 Broadcast from March 24 (2017 - 03 - 24) -- June 23, 2017 (2017 - 06 - 23) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Ross Mathews Carson Kressley Host (s) RuPaul Broadcaster VH1 Competitors 14 Finals venue Alex Theatre Runtime 45 minutes Winner Sasha Velour Origin Brooklyn, New York Runner - up Peppermint Chronology \u25c0 Season 9"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lacus Aestatis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Aestatis (Latin for \"Summer Lake\") consists of two relatively small areas of lunar mare located near the western limb of the Moon. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 15.0\u00b0 S, 69.0\u00b0 W, and it lies within a diameter of 90\u00a0km. The lake has a combined surface area in the order of 1,000\u00a0km."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Avernus Colles", "paragraph_text": "Avernus Colles is a region of fractured terrain on Mars on the southeast margin of Elysium Planitia, at 1.6\u00b0S, 171\u00b0E. It is fairly large, being 244\u00a0km (152\u00a0mi) in diameter. Avernus Colles can be found in the Elysium quadrangle. It was named in 1985 after a lake in Campania, Italy, which is believed by some to be an entrance to the underworld."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal", "paragraph_text": "The Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that was discovered in 1990 by Mike Irwin as the 8th satellite of the Milky Way, located in the constellation of Sextans. It is also an elliptical galaxy, and displays a redshift because it is receding from the Sun at 224\u00a0km/s (72\u00a0km/s from the Galaxy). The distance to the galaxy is 320,000 light-years and the diameter is 8,400 light-years along its major axis."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mare Nectaris", "paragraph_text": "Mare Nectaris (\"Sea of Nectar\") is a small lunar mare or sea (a volcanic lava plain noticeably darker than the rest of the Moon's surface) located south of Mare Tranquillitatis southwest of Mare Fecunditatis, on the near side of the moon. Montes Pyrenaeus borders the mare to the east and Sinus Asperitatis fuses to its northwestern edge. It is 84,000 square kilometers in size."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lacus Temporis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Temporis (Latin for \"Lake of Time\") is a small lunar mare that is located in the northeastern quadrant of the Moon's near side. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are , and it lies within a diameter of 117\u00a0km."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Geographical feature", "paragraph_text": "Geographical features are man - made or naturally - created features of the Earth. Natural geographical features consist of landforms and ecosystems. For example, terrain types, physical factors of the environment) are natural geographical features. Conversely, human settlements or other engineered forms are considered types of artificial geographical features."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nilo Syrtis", "paragraph_text": "Nilo Syrtis (or Nilosyrtis) is a region just north of Syrtis Major Planum on Mars, at approximately 23\u00b0N, 76\u00b0E and an elevation of \u22120.5\u00a0km. It marks a region of transition (a \"crustal dichotomy\") between southern highland and northern lowland terrain, and consists of isolated peaks and mesas. On average, the drop in elevation between the two terrains is 5,500 meters (18,000 feet)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Palus Somni", "paragraph_text": "Palus Somni (Latin for \"Marsh of Sleep\") is an area on the Moon of relatively level but somewhat uneven terrain that lies along the northeastern edge of Mare Tranquillitatis and the Sinus Concordiae. It has selenographic coordinates 14.1\u00b0 N, 45.0\u00b0 E, and has a diameter of 163 km."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rosse (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Rosse is a bowl-shaped lunar impact crater located in the southern part of Mare Nectaris. It was named after Irish astronomer Lord Rosse. To the southwest is the large, flooded crater Fracastorius."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lacus Solitudinis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Solitudinis (Latin for \"Lake of Solitude\") is a small lunar mare on the far side of the Moon. The selenographic coordinates of the lake are 27.8\u00b0 S, 104.3\u00b0 E, and it lies within a diameter of 139\u00a0km. It forms an arcing feature with the concave side oriented to the northwest. The eastern edge is relatively continuous, while the west is more irregular and disrupted by small craters."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lacus Excellentiae", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Excellentiae (Latin for \"Lake of Excellence\") is a relatively small, irregular lunar mare in the southern latitudes of the Moon, amidst the rugged terrain to the south of the larger Mare Humorum. The most prominent feature within the diameter of this basin is the small crater Clausius."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maffei 1", "paragraph_text": "Maffei 1 is a massive elliptical galaxy classified as type E3 in the Hubble classification scheme. This means that it is slightly flattened, its semi-minor axis being 70% of its semi-major axis. Maffei 1 has also a boxy shape (E(b)3 type), while its central region (radius \u2248 34 pc) is deficient in light emission as compared to the r1/4 law, meaning that Maffei 1 is a core type elliptical. Both the boxy shape and the presence of an underluminous core are typical of intermediate to massive ellipticals.The apparent dimensions of Maffei 1 depend strongly on the wavelength of light because of the heavy obscuration by the Milky Way. In blue light it is 1\u20132\u2032 across while in the near infrared its major axis reaches 23\u2032\u2014more than 3/4 of the Moon's diameter. At a distance of 3 Mpc this corresponds to approximately 23 kpc. The total visible absolute magnitude of Maffei 1, MV=\u221220.8, is comparable to that of the Milky Way."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lebedinskiy (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Lebedinskiy is an impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It is attached to the eastern outer rim of the somewhat larger crater Zhukovskiy. About two crater diameters to the east-southeast lies the smaller Engel'gardt. The satellite crater Lebedinskiy P lies in the southern indentation of terrain between Lebedinskiy and Zhukovsky, and is nearly attached to the southwest rim of Lebedinskiy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arecibo Catena", "paragraph_text": "Arecibo Catena (Arecibo Vallis until March 2013) is a catena on Mercury. It is located at latitude 27.5 S, longitude 28.4 W, in the hilly and chaotic terrain antipodal to Caloris Basin. It is named after Arecibo Observatory."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Wild Thing (Tone L\u014dc song)", "paragraph_text": "``Wild Thing ''Single by Tone L\u014dc from the album L\u014dc - ed After Dark Released January 1989 Recorded Genre Rap rock Length 4: 23 Label Delicious Vinyl Songwriter (s) Anthony Terrell Smith, Matt Dike, Marvin Young Producer (s) Matt Dike, Michael Ross Tone L\u014dc singles chronology`` Wild Thing'' (1989) ``Funky Cold Medina ''(1989)`` Wild Thing'' (1989) ``Funky Cold Medina ''(1989)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lacus Timoris", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Timoris (Latin for \"Lake of Fear\") is a small lunar mare on the Moon. It is located at 39.4\u00b0 S, 27.9\u00b0 W and is 154 km in diameter."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Raised on Radio", "paragraph_text": "Raised on Radio is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Journey, released in April 1986 on the Columbia Records label. It is the only album to feature bassists Randy Jackson and Bob Glaub and drummer Larrie Londin and also the only album not to feature founding bassist Ross Valory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": ".280 Ross", "paragraph_text": "The .280 Ross, also known as the .280 Nitro, .280 Rimless Nitro Express Ross (CIP) and .280 Rimless cartridge, is an approximately 7mm bullet diameter rifle round developed in Canada by F.W. Jones as a consultant to Sir Charles Ross, 9th Baronet, and his Ross Rifle Company of Quebec, Canada for use as a Canadian military cartridge as a replacement for the .303 British, and in a civilianised and sporterised version of his controversial Mark II and Mk III Ross rifle, and first commercially produced by Eley Brothers of London, England, in late 1907."}], "question": "What fraction of the diameter of the natural satellite, that has the terrain feature that includes Rosse, is 23'?"}
{"id": "3hop1__182988_181913_4924", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Xiong Xun", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Xun's father, the younger Xiong Yan, had four sons: Xiong Shuang (\u718a\u971c), Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun, the youngest. When Xiong Yan died in 828 BC he was succeeded by his first son Xiong Shuang. However, when Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, the remaining three brothers fought one another for the throne. Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Third English Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Marquess of Montrose, under the direction of Charles II, made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650. But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters. When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April, delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May, and executed on 21 May 1650, Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jesse Owens (film)", "paragraph_text": "Jesse Owens is a documentary created by PBS for the \"American Experience\" series. The documentary premiered on May 1, 2012. The documentary centers on Jesse Owens and his participation in the 1936 Summer Olympics. The documentary was directed by Laruens Grant."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "paragraph_text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mswati III", "paragraph_text": "When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982\u20131983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983\u20131986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Xiong Shuang", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Shuang succeeded his father, the younger Xiong Yan, who died in 828 BC. Xiong Shuang had three younger brothers: Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun (\u718a\u5f87). When Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, his brothers fought one another for the throne. The youngest brother Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Armistice Day", "paragraph_text": "Other countries also changed the name of the holiday just prior to or after World War II, to honor veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. The United States chose All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day', to explicitly honor military veterans, including those participating in other conflicts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bill Owen (actor)", "paragraph_text": "William John Owen Rowbotham, MBE (14 March 1914 -- 12 July 1999), known professionally as Bill Owen, was an English actor and songwriter. He was the father of actor Tom Owen. He is best known for portraying Compo Simmonite in the Yorkshire based BBC comedy series Last of the Summer Wine for 27 years. He died in July 1999, his last appearance on - screen being shown in April 2000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2013 London Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 London Marathon took place on Sunday 21 April 2013. It was the 33rd running of the annual mass-participation marathon race and the third World Marathon Major of the year. 34,631 people participated."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Li Shangjin", "paragraph_text": "Li Shangjin (\u674e\u4e0a\u91d1) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (\u694a). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (\u675e\u738b). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (\u5bff\u5dde), then prefect of Lu (\u6f09\u5dde). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (\u6fa7\u5dde, in modern Changde, Hunan)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John Owen (Royalist)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John Owen of Clenennau (1600\u20131666) was a Welsh Royalist officer during the English Civil War, who was described as \"a plain gentleman who would always obey the orders of the King\". He was a wealthy landowner in Carnarvonshire, having inherited large estates through both his parents (John Owen snr and Elin Maurice.) Married to Janet Vaughan of Corsygedol Merionenthshire, he was appointed High Sheriff of Carnarvonshire in 1631, and Merionethshire the following year."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Believe in the Boogie", "paragraph_text": "\"Believe in the Boogie\" is the second single from Take That band member Mark Owen's independently released third solo studio album, \"How the Mighty Fall\". The single was released on 22 August 2005. The single peaked at #57 on the UK Singles Chart, making it the lowest charting release of Owen's career up to that point. In the UK, the single was released on Owen's independent label, Sedna Records, while in the rest of the world, it was released on Edel Records."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hundred Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession to the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Owen Donaldson", "paragraph_text": "Captain John Owen Donaldson (May 14, 1897 \u2013 September 7, 1930) was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Capital punishment in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "England and in the United Kingdom: on 13 August 1964, Peter Anthony Allen, at Walton Prison in Liverpool, and Gwynne Owen Evans, at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, were executed for the murder of John Alan West on 7 April that year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Catherine of Aragon", "paragraph_text": "At an early age, Catherine was considered a suitable wife for Arthur, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the English throne, due to the English ancestry she inherited from her mother. By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and Constance of Castile. In contrast, Henry VII was the descendant of Gaunt's third marriage to Katherine Swynford, whose children were born out of wedlock and only legitimised after the death of Constance and the marriage of John to Katherine. The children of John and Katherine, while legitimised, were barred from inheriting the English throne, a stricture that was ignored in later generations. Because of Henry's descent through illegitimate children barred from succession to the English throne, the Tudor monarchy was not accepted by all European kingdoms. At the time, the House of Trast\u00e1mara was the most prestigious in Europe, due to the rule of the Catholic Monarchs, so the alliance of Catherine and Arthur validated the House of Tudor in the eyes of European royalty and strengthened the Tudor claim to the English throne via Catherine of Aragon's ancestry. It would have given a male heir an indisputable claim to the throne. The two were married by proxy on 19 May 1499 and corresponded in Latin until Arthur turned fifteen, when it was decided that they were old enough to be married."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Owen Gun", "paragraph_text": "The Owen went into production at the John Lysaght factories at Port Kembla and Newcastle. Between March 1942 and February 1943, Lysaght's produced 28,000 Owen Guns. However, the initial batch of ammunition turned out to be the wrong type and 10,000 guns could not be supplied with ammunition. Once again the government overrode military bureaucracy, and took the ammunition through the final production stages and into the hands of Australian troops, at that time fighting Japanese forces in New Guinea. Approximately 45,000 Owens were produced from 1942 to 1944. During the war, the average cost to manufacture the Owen submachine gun was $30."}], "question": "In what year did the participant in the conflict that involved Sir John Owen of Clenennau ascend to the throne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52607_42463_6424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Electron", "paragraph_text": "With the development of the particle accelerator during the first half of the twentieth century, physicists began to delve deeper into the properties of subatomic particles. The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst. His initial betatron reached energies of 2.3 MeV, while subsequent betatrons achieved 300 MeV. In 1947, synchrotron radiation was discovered with a 70 MeV electron synchrotron at General Electric. This radiation was caused by the acceleration of electrons through a magnetic field as they moved near the speed of light.With a beam energy of 1.5 GeV, the first high-energy"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "TRIUMF", "paragraph_text": "TRIUMF is Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics and accelerator - based science. TRIUMF is considered Canada's premier physics laboratory, and is consistently regarded as one of the leading subatomic physics research centers on the international level. Owned and operated by a consortium of universities as a joint venture, TRIUMF is located on the south campus of one of its founding members - the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia. TRIUMF houses the world's largest cyclotron, a source of 520 MeV protons, which was named an IEEE Milestone in 2010. TRIUMF's accelerator - focused activities involve particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, materials science, and detector and accelerator development."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gliese 268", "paragraph_text": "Gliese 268 (QY Aurigae) is a RS Canum Venaticorum variable (RS CVn) star in the Auriga constellation. RS CVn variables are binary star systems with a strong magnetic field influenced by each star's rotation, which is accelerated by the tidal effects of the other star in the system. Gliese 268 in particular is composed of a binary system of two M-type dwarfs, or red dwarfs, and is one of the one hundred closest star systems to the Earth. The primary component of the system has an apparent magnitude of 12.05, and the secondary component an apparent magnitude of 12.45. Neither is visible to the naked eye from Earth."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "UNK proton accelerator", "paragraph_text": "The UNK proton accelerator was a large particle accelerator under construction in Protvino, near Moscow, Russia, at the Institute for High Energy Physics. While progress in construction was announced in 1996, after the breakup of the Soviet Union and the economic changes in the country, government funding to the project was halted and only security and maintenance are funded."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Internet Download Accelerator", "paragraph_text": "Internet Download Accelerator, often called IDA, is a shareware download manager for Microsoft Windows, created by a Ukrainian software company, WestByte Software. The program's common name in the CIS region is Download Master (freeware)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Coriolis force", "paragraph_text": "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term ``Coriolis effect '', the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth. Because the Earth spins, Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects. The Earth completes one rotation per day, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles, since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there, and decreases to zero at the equator. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Otolith", "paragraph_text": "An otolith (Greek: \u1f60\u03c4\u03bf -, \u014dto - ear + \u03bb\u1fd0\u0301\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, l\u00edthos, a stone), also called statoconium or otoconium or statolith, is a calcium carbonate structure in the saccule or utricle of the inner ear, specifically in the vestibular system of vertebrates. The saccule and utricle, in turn, together make the otolith organs. These organs are what allows an organism, including humans, to perceive linear acceleration, both horizontally and vertically (gravity). They have been identified in both extinct and extant vertebrates."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Discovery of the neutron", "paragraph_text": "The year 1932 was later referred to as the ``annus mirabilis ''for nuclear physics in the Cavendish Laboratory, with discoveries of the neutron, artificial nuclear disintegration by the Cockcroft -- Walton particle accelerator, and the positron."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Metre per second squared", "paragraph_text": "As acceleration, the unit is interpreted physically as change in velocity or speed per time interval, i.e. metre per second per second and is treated as a vector quantity."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word \"weak\" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Free fall", "paragraph_text": "Near the surface of the Earth, an object in free fall in a vacuum will accelerate at approximately 9.8 m / s, independent of its mass. With air resistance acting on an object that has been dropped, the object will eventually reach a terminal velocity, which is around 53 m / s (195 km / h or 122 mph) for a human skydiver. The terminal velocity depends on many factors including mass, drag coefficient, and relative surface area and will only be achieved if the fall is from sufficient altitude. A typical skydiver in a spread - eagle position will reach terminal velocity after about 12 seconds, during which time he will have fallen around 450 m (1,500 ft)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Formula One car", "paragraph_text": "The combination of light weight (642 kg in race trim for 2013), power (900 bhp with the 3.0 L V10, 780 bhp (582 kW) with the 2007 regulation 2.4 L V8, 950 + bhp with 2016 1.6 L V6 turbo), aerodynamics, and ultra-high - performance tyres is what gives the F1 car its high performance figures. The principal consideration for F1 designers is acceleration, and not simply top speed. Three types of acceleration can be considered to assess a car's performance:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as  and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of  will experience a force:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Halbach array", "paragraph_text": "Physicist Klaus Halbach, while at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory during the 1980s, independently invented the Halbach array to focus particle accelerator beams."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thomson scattering", "paragraph_text": "In the low-energy limit, the electric field of the incident wave (photon) accelerates the charged particle, causing it, in turn, to emit radiation at the same frequency as the incident wave, and thus the wave is scattered. Thomson scattering is an important phenomenon in plasma physics and was first explained by the physicist J. J. Thomson. As long as the motion of the particle is non-relativistic (i.e. its speed is much less than the speed of light), the main cause of the acceleration of the particle will be due to the electric field component of the incident wave. In a first approximation, the influence of the magnetic field can be neglected. The particle will move in the direction of the oscillating electric field, resulting in electromagnetic dipole radiation. The moving particle radiates most strongly in a direction perpendicular to its acceleration and that radiation will be polarized along the direction of its motion. Therefore, depending on where an observer is located, the light scattered from a small volume element may appear to be more or less polarized."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lost in Space (2018 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson, Maureen's 18 - year - old biracial daughter and eldest child. She is a mission doctor, having received accelerated medical training."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "James Bjorken", "paragraph_text": "James Daniel \"BJ\" Bjorken (born 1934) is an American theoretical physicist. He was a Putnam Fellow in 1954, received a BS in physics from MIT in 1956, and obtained his PhD from Stanford University in 1959. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in the fall of 1962. Bjorken is Emeritus Professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and was a member of the Theory Department of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (1979\u20131989)."}], "question": "When was the second manned landing on the celestial body most accelerated by the gravity of planet where the Coriolis effect is most frequently observed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__499971_181913_4924", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2013 London Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 London Marathon took place on Sunday 21 April 2013. It was the 33rd running of the annual mass-participation marathon race and the third World Marathon Major of the year. 34,631 people participated."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Maurice Duhamel", "paragraph_text": "Maurice Duhamel (23 February 1884 \u2013 5 February 1940) was the pen-name of Maurice Bourgeaux, a Breton musician, writer and activist who was a leading figure in Breton nationalism and federalist politics in the years before World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mswati III", "paragraph_text": "When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982\u20131983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983\u20131986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh", "paragraph_text": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh (1780\u20131801), also known as Prince C\u1ea3nh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigneau de B\u00e9haine to sign an alliance between France and Vietnam. Although Prince C\u1ea3nh was the legitimate heir to the throne, he died before his father, and none of his descendants ascended the throne after his half-brother Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea3m was chosen by Gia Long."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Armistice Day", "paragraph_text": "Other countries also changed the name of the holiday just prior to or after World War II, to honor veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. The United States chose All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day', to explicitly honor military veterans, including those participating in other conflicts."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "King Wuling of Zhao", "paragraph_text": "Probably the son of Zhao Suhou (Marquess Su of Zhao, Simplified Chinese: \u8d75\u8083\u4faf), King Wuling of Zhao ascended to the throne at 325 BCE, about halfway into the Warring States Period. His reign coincided with the appearance of several other notable figures in the Warring States. He was also the first ruler of Zhao to style himself \"king\" (\u738b), but later reversed the decision. He would later receive the title as part of his posthumous name."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Third English Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Marquess of Montrose, under the direction of Charles II, made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650. But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters. When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April, delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May, and executed on 21 May 1650, Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Duke Xian of Jin", "paragraph_text": "Duke Xian of Jin (, died 651 BC), ancestral name Ji (\u59ec), given name Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8), was the nineteenth ruler of the State of Jin. He was also the ninth ruler of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period and the second duke of Jin. When his father, Duke Wu of Jin, died in 677 BC, Guizhu ascended the throne of Jin and became Duke Xian of Jin. He reigned for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (\u66f2\u6c83) to Jiang (\u7d73). He was named after a Rongdi tribe (\u620e\u72c4\u65cf) leader Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8) whom his father, Duke Wu of Jin, captured alive."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Li Shangjin", "paragraph_text": "Li Shangjin (\u674e\u4e0a\u91d1) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (\u694a). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (\u675e\u738b). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (\u5bff\u5dde), then prefect of Lu (\u6f09\u5dde). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (\u6fa7\u5dde, in modern Changde, Hunan)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Xiong Xun", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Xun's father, the younger Xiong Yan, had four sons: Xiong Shuang (\u718a\u971c), Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun, the youngest. When Xiong Yan died in 828 BC he was succeeded by his first son Xiong Shuang. However, when Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, the remaining three brothers fought one another for the throne. Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "paragraph_text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Catherine of Pfalz-Zweibr\u00fccken (1661\u20131720)", "paragraph_text": "Catherine of Pfalz-Zweibr\u00fccken (10 December 1661 \u2013 27 May 1720), was the daughter of Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg and Countess Elsa Elisabeth Brahe of Wisingsborg, cousin of Charles XI of Sweden and the sister of Adolph John II, Count Palatine of Kleeburg and Gustav, Duke of Zweibr\u00fccken. She is foremost known for the scandal involving herself and her siblings, when she, after a long ongoing conflict in 1686-88, escaped from the authority of her parents."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alt-Scharfeneck Castle", "paragraph_text": "Alt-Scharfeneck Castle is a castle ruin on the outskirts of the Palatinate Forest near Leinsweiler in the district S\u00fcdliche Weinstrasse in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibr\u00fccken", "paragraph_text": "Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibr\u00fccken-Birkenfeld (Strassburg, 7 November 1674 \u2013 Zweibr\u00fccken, 3 February 1735) was a German nobleman. He was a member of the House of Palatinate-Zweibr\u00fccken-Birkenfeld, a cadet branch of the House of Wittelsbach. He was the son of Christian II of Zweibr\u00fccken-Birkenfeld and Katharina Agathe, Countess of Rappoltstein. He was Duke and Count Palatine of Zweibr\u00fccken-Birkenfeld from 1717 to 1731. In 1731, he inherited the sovereign duchy of Palatinate-Zweibr\u00fccken and thus became Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibr\u00fccken. He was also Count of Rappoltstein from 1699 until his death."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Maurice of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "He accompanied his elder brother, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, to take the part of their uncle Charles I in the English Civil War in 1642. He served under Rupert with the cavalry at the Battle of Powick Bridge, where he was wounded, and the Battle of Edgehill. He commanded the army in Gloucestershire which engaged Sir William Waller in several battles in 1643, including the victory of Ripple Field (13 April), culminating in the Royalist victory at the Battle of Roundway Down (13 July). He took command of the army in Cornwall and campaigned in the southwest for the remainder of the year."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Xiong Shuang", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Shuang succeeded his father, the younger Xiong Yan, who died in 828 BC. Xiong Shuang had three younger brothers: Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun (\u718a\u5f87). When Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, his brothers fought one another for the throne. The youngest brother Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}], "question": "In what year did the participant of the Third conflict of Maurice of the Palatinate ascend to the throne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__693329_132274_54424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Forza Horizon", "paragraph_text": "The game revolves around the fictitious Horizon Festival, a street racing event set in the state of Colorado. The game incorporates many different game - play aspects from previous Forza Motorsport titles, like the large variety of cars, realistic physics and high definition graphics. The aim is to progress through the game by means of obtaining wristbands via winning races, while also increasing their popularity level by driving fast, destroying property, and performing other stunts and antics. It features the physics of Forza Motorsport 4, which have been optimised to work on the 65 variants of terrain said to be present in the game. Players can drive off - road in select areas, while others, such as large cliffs, are limited by guardrails or other means."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "HD 5388", "paragraph_text": "HD 5388 (78 G. Phoenicis) is a 7th magnitude F-type main sequence star located approximately 175 light years away in the constellation Phoenix. This star is larger, hotter, brighter, and more massive than our Sun. Also its metal content is half as much as the Sun. In 2009, a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star. This was later demonstrated to be a brown dwarf rather than a planet."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HD 28254", "paragraph_text": "HD 28254 is an 8th magnitude G-type main sequence star located approximately 178 light years away in the constellation Dorado. This star is larger, cooler, brighter, and more massive than our Sun. Also its metal content is 2.3 times as much as the Sun. In 2009, a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Orbit of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in about 27.32 days (a sidereal month) and one revolution relative to the Sun in about 29.53 days (a synodic month). Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycenter (common center of mass), which lies about 4,600 km (2,900 mi) from Earth's center (about 3 / 4 of the radius of Earth). On average, the distance to the Moon is about 385,000 km (239,000 mi) from Earth's center, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "HD 39225", "paragraph_text": "HD 39225, also known as HR 2028, is a variable star in the northern constellation Auriga, located around 620\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, red-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of around 6.04. This is a suspected runaway star that is moving away from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of 98\u00a0km/s."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sun City Hilton Head", "paragraph_text": "Del Webb's Sun City Hilton Head (often shortened to Sun City Hilton Head or Sun City locally) is an age-restricted master planned community located in the Okatie area of Beaufort and Jasper counties in the Lowcountry region of South Carolina. Although not a separate incorporated community or census-designated place, there are close to 10,000 permanent residents within three major phases of the community, which is clustered around its golf courses and community centers. The community is also renowned for its political activism, with many local, state, and national candidates for political office stopping in Sun City while in the area. Sun City is included within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Body Slam (film)", "paragraph_text": "Body Slam is a 1987 American comedy film directed by Hal Needham, starring Dirk Benedict, Roddy Piper, Tanya Roberts, Sam Fatu and Captain Lou Albano. The film revolves around a down-and-out music promoter who inadvertently becomes a successful professional wrestling manager. After being exiled from the business by a rival manager, he finds success in promoting shows that feature both wrestling and rock music. The film features many well-known wrestlers of the time and references the Rock 'n' Wrestling era of professional wrestling."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cr\u00e8vecoeur (film)", "paragraph_text": "Cr\u00e8vecoeur (also known as \"Heartbreak Ridge\") is a 1955 French documentary film directed by Jacques Dupont. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The plot revolves around French troops fighting under the United Nations Command in the Korean War."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Swallows and Amazons", "paragraph_text": "According to Ransome, every place in his book can be found in the Lake District, but he took different locations and placed them in different ways: the lake is a fictionalised version of Windermere but the surrounding countryside more closely resembles that around Coniston. Wild Cat Island, the location of the island camp, has elements from Peel Island in Coniston and Blake Holme (or Blakeholme) in Windermere. Holly Howe, the farmhouse where the Swallows stay, is based on Bank Ground Farm, which exists to this day. It was featured in the 1974 film."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mercury (planet)", "paragraph_text": "Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. It is named after the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger to the gods."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mare Nectaris", "paragraph_text": "Mare Nectaris (\"Sea of Nectar\") is a small lunar mare or sea (a volcanic lava plain noticeably darker than the rest of the Moon's surface) located south of Mare Tranquillitatis southwest of Mare Fecunditatis, on the near side of the moon. Montes Pyrenaeus borders the mare to the east and Sinus Asperitatis fuses to its northwestern edge. It is 84,000 square kilometers in size."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "NO Apodis", "paragraph_text": "NO Apodis (HD 156513) is semi-regular pulsating star located in the far southern constellation Apus. It varies between magnitudes 5.71 and 5.95, its pulsations of periods 26.2 and 26.6 days respectively. Located around 780 \u00b1 20 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 2059 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3568 K."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "SKA Brewing", "paragraph_text": "Ska Brewing Company is a brewery founded in 1995 by Bill Graham and Dave Thibodeau in Durango, Colorado, USA. Since 2008, the brewery has been located in its current Bodo Industrial Park location. Its beer names and branding revolve around ska and rude boy culture."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Skiing in New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Skiing in Australia began at the goldrush town of Kiandra, New South Wales around 1861. New South Wales has skiable terrain between elevations of around 1300m to 2200m, with viable winter snows generally found above 1500m: Thredbo, near mount Kosciuszko, has Australia's highest lifted point at 2037m and its base elevation is 1365m. Kiandra, in the Northern Skifields, has an elevation of 1400m."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Delta Coronae Australis", "paragraph_text": "Delta Coronae Australis (\u03b4 CrA), is a star located in the constellation Corona Australis. Located around 179 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 53 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4801 K. It is an orange giant of spectral type K1III that is around 1.64 times as massive as the Sun."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Drowning Pool", "paragraph_text": "The Drowning Pool is a 1950 mystery novel by American writer Ross Macdonald, his second book in the series revolving around the cases of private detective Lew Archer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Midnight sun", "paragraph_text": "At the poles themselves, the sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox. During the six months that the sun is above the horizon, it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer, gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rosse (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Rosse is a bowl-shaped lunar impact crater located in the southern part of Mare Nectaris. It was named after Irish astronomer Lord Rosse. To the southwest is the large, flooded crater Fracastorius."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Effect of Sun angle on climate", "paragraph_text": "The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to the Earth's orbit around the Sun and the Earth's rotation around its tilted axis. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter. Change in day length is another factor. (See also season.)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "HD 167042 b", "paragraph_text": "HD 167042 b is a gas giant extrasolar planet located approximately 163 light-years away in the constellation of Draco, orbiting the star HD 167042. The mass 1.7 M is only minimum since the inclination of the orbital plane is unknown. As it is typical for most known extrasolar planets, it orbits less than 3 AU from the parent star, hence taking less than 2,000 days (5.5 years) to revolve. For this planet, it orbits at 1.30 AU and taking 413 days to revolve around the star. Unlike most exoplanets, the eccentricity of the orbit is low, only 3%."}], "question": "How many days does it take the natural satellite that has the terrain feature where Rosse is located, to revolve around the sun?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52607_42463_6354", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gliese 268", "paragraph_text": "Gliese 268 (QY Aurigae) is a RS Canum Venaticorum variable (RS CVn) star in the Auriga constellation. RS CVn variables are binary star systems with a strong magnetic field influenced by each star's rotation, which is accelerated by the tidal effects of the other star in the system. Gliese 268 in particular is composed of a binary system of two M-type dwarfs, or red dwarfs, and is one of the one hundred closest star systems to the Earth. The primary component of the system has an apparent magnitude of 12.05, and the secondary component an apparent magnitude of 12.45. Neither is visible to the naked eye from Earth."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James Bjorken", "paragraph_text": "James Daniel \"BJ\" Bjorken (born 1934) is an American theoretical physicist. He was a Putnam Fellow in 1954, received a BS in physics from MIT in 1956, and obtained his PhD from Stanford University in 1959. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in the fall of 1962. Bjorken is Emeritus Professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and was a member of the Theory Department of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (1979\u20131989)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as  and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of  will experience a force:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Theory of everything", "paragraph_text": "Gravity and electromagnetism could always peacefully coexist as entries in a list of classical forces, but for many years it seemed that gravity could not even be incorporated into the quantum framework, let alone unified with the other fundamental forces. For this reason, work on unification, for much of the twentieth century, focused on understanding the three \"quantum\" forces: electromagnetism and the weak and strong forces. The first two were combined in 1967\u201368 by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam into the \"electroweak\" force."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "TRIUMF", "paragraph_text": "TRIUMF is Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics and accelerator - based science. TRIUMF is considered Canada's premier physics laboratory, and is consistently regarded as one of the leading subatomic physics research centers on the international level. Owned and operated by a consortium of universities as a joint venture, TRIUMF is located on the south campus of one of its founding members - the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia. TRIUMF houses the world's largest cyclotron, a source of 520 MeV protons, which was named an IEEE Milestone in 2010. TRIUMF's accelerator - focused activities involve particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, materials science, and detector and accelerator development."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Electron", "paragraph_text": "With the development of the particle accelerator during the first half of the twentieth century, physicists began to delve deeper into the properties of subatomic particles. The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst. His initial betatron reached energies of 2.3 MeV, while subsequent betatrons achieved 300 MeV. In 1947, synchrotron radiation was discovered with a 70 MeV electron synchrotron at General Electric. This radiation was caused by the acceleration of electrons through a magnetic field as they moved near the speed of light.With a beam energy of 1.5 GeV, the first high-energy"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Halbach array", "paragraph_text": "Physicist Klaus Halbach, while at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory during the 1980s, independently invented the Halbach array to focus particle accelerator beams."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "400 Years of the Telescope", "paragraph_text": "400 Years of the Telescope: A Journey of Science, Technology and Thought is a 2009 American documentary film that was created to coincide with the International Year of Astronomy in 2009. Directed by Kris Koenig, it chronicles the history of the telescope from the time of Galileo and features interviews with leading astrophysicists and cosmologists from around the world, who explain concepts ranging from Galileo's first use of the telescope to view the moons of Jupiter, to the latest discoveries in space, including new ideas about life on other planets and dark energy, a mysterious vacuum energy that is accelerating the expansion of the universe."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", "paragraph_text": "During the years 1940-1955, the rate of decline in the U.S. death rate accelerated from 2% per year to 8% per year, then returned to the historical rate of 2% per year. The dramatic decline in the immediate post-war years has been attributed to the rapid development of new treatments and vaccines for infectious disease that occurred during these years. Vaccine development continued to accelerate, with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The vaccine process was never patented, but was instead given to pharmaceutical companies to manufacture as a low-cost generic. In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus, which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species. It was later determined that SV40 was present as a contaminant in polio vaccine lots that had been administered to 90% of the children in the United States. The contamination appears to have originated both in the original cell stock and in monkey tissue used for production. In 2004 the United States Cancer Institute announced that it had concluded that SV40 is not associated with cancer in people."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Coriolis force", "paragraph_text": "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term ``Coriolis effect '', the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth. Because the Earth spins, Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects. The Earth completes one rotation per day, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles, since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there, and decreases to zero at the equator. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "UNK proton accelerator", "paragraph_text": "The UNK proton accelerator was a large particle accelerator under construction in Protvino, near Moscow, Russia, at the Institute for High Energy Physics. While progress in construction was announced in 1996, after the breakup of the Soviet Union and the economic changes in the country, government funding to the project was halted and only security and maintenance are funded."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lost in Space (2018 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson, Maureen's 18 - year - old biracial daughter and eldest child. She is a mission doctor, having received accelerated medical training."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word \"weak\" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Otolith", "paragraph_text": "An otolith (Greek: \u1f60\u03c4\u03bf -, \u014dto - ear + \u03bb\u1fd0\u0301\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, l\u00edthos, a stone), also called statoconium or otoconium or statolith, is a calcium carbonate structure in the saccule or utricle of the inner ear, specifically in the vestibular system of vertebrates. The saccule and utricle, in turn, together make the otolith organs. These organs are what allows an organism, including humans, to perceive linear acceleration, both horizontally and vertically (gravity). They have been identified in both extinct and extant vertebrates."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Metre per second squared", "paragraph_text": "As acceleration, the unit is interpreted physically as change in velocity or speed per time interval, i.e. metre per second per second and is treated as a vector quantity."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "Environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems\u2014of the order of 1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959."}], "question": "In what year did the first probe land on the body to which gravity acceleration around the source of the coriolosis component of acceleration could be attributed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__240087_181913_4924", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Li Shangjin", "paragraph_text": "Li Shangjin (\u674e\u4e0a\u91d1) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (\u694a). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (\u675e\u738b). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (\u5bff\u5dde), then prefect of Lu (\u6f09\u5dde). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (\u6fa7\u5dde, in modern Changde, Hunan)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Xiong Shuang", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Shuang succeeded his father, the younger Xiong Yan, who died in 828 BC. Xiong Shuang had three younger brothers: Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun (\u718a\u5f87). When Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, his brothers fought one another for the throne. The youngest brother Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Siege of York", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of York in 1644 was a prolonged contest for York during the English Civil War, between the Scottish Covenanter army and the Parliamentarian armies of the Northern Association and Eastern Association, and the Royalist Army under the Marquess of Newcastle. It lasted from 22 April until 1 July when the city was relieved by Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Rupert and Newcastle were defeated the next day at the decisive Battle of Marston Moor, and the siege resumed until the city was surrendered on easy terms on 16 July."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2013 London Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 London Marathon took place on Sunday 21 April 2013. It was the 33rd running of the annual mass-participation marathon race and the third World Marathon Major of the year. 34,631 people participated."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Xiong Xun", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Xun's father, the younger Xiong Yan, had four sons: Xiong Shuang (\u718a\u971c), Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun, the youngest. When Xiong Yan died in 828 BC he was succeeded by his first son Xiong Shuang. However, when Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, the remaining three brothers fought one another for the throne. Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mary II of England", "paragraph_text": "13 February 1689 \u2013 28 December 1694: Her Majesty The QueenThe joint style of William III and Mary II was \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\" when they ascended the English throne. From 11 April 1689\u2014when the Estates of Scotland recognised them as sovereigns\u2014the royal couple used the style \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "paragraph_text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mswati III", "paragraph_text": "When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982\u20131983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983\u20131986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canon de 24 Gribeauval", "paragraph_text": "The Canon de 24 Gribeauval was a French 24-pounder cannon and part of the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. It was part of the siege artillery."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dungeon Siege III", "paragraph_text": "Dungeon Siege III is an action role-playing game developed by Obsidian Entertainment. It was published by Square Enix for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows in June 2011. It is the third full and fifth overall release in the \"Dungeon Siege\" series of video games and the first since \"\" in 2006. The game is set in the pseudo-medieval kingdom of Ehb, 150 years after the events of \"Dungeon Siege\" and follows descendants of survivors of the 10th Legion in their quest to reestablish their military force."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh", "paragraph_text": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh (1780\u20131801), also known as Prince C\u1ea3nh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigneau de B\u00e9haine to sign an alliance between France and Vietnam. Although Prince C\u1ea3nh was the legitimate heir to the throne, he died before his father, and none of his descendants ascended the throne after his half-brother Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea3m was chosen by Gia Long."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Duke Xian of Jin", "paragraph_text": "Duke Xian of Jin (, died 651 BC), ancestral name Ji (\u59ec), given name Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8), was the nineteenth ruler of the State of Jin. He was also the ninth ruler of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period and the second duke of Jin. When his father, Duke Wu of Jin, died in 677 BC, Guizhu ascended the throne of Jin and became Duke Xian of Jin. He reigned for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (\u66f2\u6c83) to Jiang (\u7d73). He was named after a Rongdi tribe (\u620e\u72c4\u65cf) leader Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8) whom his father, Duke Wu of Jin, captured alive."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (1187)", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Jerusalem was a siege on the city of Jerusalem that lasted from September 20 to October 2, 1187, when Balian of Ibelin surrendered the city to Saladin. Citizens wishing to leave paid a ransom. The defeat of Jerusalem signalled the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Europe responded in 1189 by launching the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus, and Frederick Barbarossa separately."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Maria van Schooten", "paragraph_text": "Maria van Schooten (1555\u20131573) was a Dutch heroine from the Eighty Years' War. She died from the injuries she received after having participated in the defense during the Siege of Haarlem and was given a public funeral with full military honors. She is believed to have been one of the women led by Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer, a legendary heroine who helped defend Haarlem against the Spanish invaders."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Third Siege of Missolonghi", "paragraph_text": "The Third Siege of Missolonghi (, often erroneously referred to as the Second Siege) was fought in the Greek War of Independence, between the Ottoman Empire and the Greek rebels, from 15 April 1825 to 10 April 1826. The Ottomans had already tried and failed to capture the city in 1822 and 1823, but returned in 1825 with a stronger force of infantry and a stronger navy supporting the infantry. The Greeks held out for almost a year before they ran out of food and attempted a mass breakout, which however resulted in a disaster, with the larger part of the Greeks slain. This defeat was a key factor leading to intervention by the Great Powers who, hearing about the atrocities, felt sympathetic to the Greek cause."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Blue Bloods characters", "paragraph_text": "Ascended to the position of interim Mayor of New York City in 2017, succeeding Carter Poole as Mayor after his resignation. As Mayor she is aided by Carlton Miller who is portrayed by Mark Linn - Baker."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Third English Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Marquess of Montrose, under the direction of Charles II, made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650. But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters. When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April, delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May, and executed on 21 May 1650, Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile."}], "question": "What year did the participant of the war that the Siege of York is a part of ascend to the throne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52607_62438_54424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "SKA Brewing", "paragraph_text": "Ska Brewing Company is a brewery founded in 1995 by Bill Graham and Dave Thibodeau in Durango, Colorado, USA. Since 2008, the brewery has been located in its current Bodo Industrial Park location. Its beer names and branding revolve around ska and rude boy culture."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Venus", "paragraph_text": "Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second - brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of \u2212 4.6 -- bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely, visible to the naked eye in broad daylight. Orbiting within Earth's orbit, Venus is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun; its maximum angular distance from the Sun (elongation) is 47.8 \u00b0."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Astronomical unit", "paragraph_text": "The astronomical unit (symbol: au or ua) is a unit of length, roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun. However, that distance varies as Earth orbits the Sun, from a maximum (aphelion) to a minimum (perihelion) and back again once a year. Originally conceived as the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion, it is now defined as exactly 7011149597870700000 \u2660 149 597 870 700 metres (about 150 million kilometres, or 93 million miles). The astronomical unit is used primarily as a convenient yardstick for measuring distances within the Solar System or around other stars. However, it is also a fundamental component in the definition of another unit of astronomical length, the parsec."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Journey to Saturn", "paragraph_text": "Journey to Saturn () is a 2008 Danish animated comedy-science-fiction film produced by A. Film A/S, loosely based on Claus Deleuran's comic from 1977 of the same name. The film revolves around a group of Danish astronauts who journey to Saturn on a quest for natural resources."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mercury (planet)", "paragraph_text": "Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. It is named after the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger to the gods."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Heliocentrism", "paragraph_text": "Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Historically, Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos, but at least in the medieval world, Aristarchus's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Effect of Sun angle on climate", "paragraph_text": "The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to the Earth's orbit around the Sun and the Earth's rotation around its tilted axis. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter. Change in day length is another factor. (See also season.)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "HD 167042 b", "paragraph_text": "HD 167042 b is a gas giant extrasolar planet located approximately 163 light-years away in the constellation of Draco, orbiting the star HD 167042. The mass 1.7 M is only minimum since the inclination of the orbital plane is unknown. As it is typical for most known extrasolar planets, it orbits less than 3 AU from the parent star, hence taking less than 2,000 days (5.5 years) to revolve. For this planet, it orbits at 1.30 AU and taking 413 days to revolve around the star. Unlike most exoplanets, the eccentricity of the orbit is low, only 3%."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dai 7 Jikkenshitsu", "paragraph_text": "Dai 7 Jikkenshitsu is the first major label album of the band Cali Gari. The album has an expressive style that incorporates many different musical components and is not typical visual kei."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Circadian rhythm", "paragraph_text": "A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila \"period\" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Day", "paragraph_text": "In common usage, it is either an interval equal to 24 hours or daytime, the consecutive period of time during which the Sun is above the horizon. The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date, as in answer to the question, ``On which day? ''The life patterns (circadian rhythms) of humans and many other species are related to Earth's solar day and the day - night cycle."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Venus", "paragraph_text": "Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 Earth days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of \u22124.6 \u2013 bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely, visible to the naked eye in broad daylight. Orbiting within Earth's orbit, Venus is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun; its maximum angular distance from the Sun (elongation) is 47.8\u00b0."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Coriolis force", "paragraph_text": "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term ``Coriolis effect '', the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth. Because the Earth spins, Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects. The Earth completes one rotation per day, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles, since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there, and decreases to zero at the equator. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Natural satellite", "paragraph_text": "Because of this shift in meaning, the term moon, which had continued to be used in a generic sense in works of popular science and in fiction, has regained respectability and is now used interchangeably with natural satellite, even in scientific articles. When it is necessary to avoid both the ambiguity of confusion with Earth's natural satellite the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets on the one hand, and artificial satellites on the other, the term natural satellite (using ``natural ''in a sense opposed to`` artificial'') is used. To further avoid ambiguity, the convention is to capitalize the word Moon when referring to Earth's natural satellite, but not when referring to other natural satellites."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Orbit of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in about 27.32 days (a sidereal month) and one revolution relative to the Sun in about 29.53 days (a synodic month). Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycenter (common center of mass), which lies about 4,600 km (2,900 mi) from Earth's center (about 3 / 4 of the radius of Earth). On average, the distance to the Moon is about 385,000 km (239,000 mi) from Earth's center, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sun Java System Access Manager", "paragraph_text": "Sun Java System Access Manager is Sun Microsystems' web access management product and a component of Sun Java Enterprise System. Sun Java System Access Manager provides single sign-on, federation and secure Web service functionality."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "BY Draconis", "paragraph_text": "BY Draconis is a multiple star system in the constellation Draco, consisting of at least three components. Components A and B are main sequence stars, and form a close binary star system with a short orbital period of only 5.98 days. Their individual spectroscopic classifications are dK5e and dK7e. They form the prototype of a class of variable stars known as BY Draconis variables.The third component (C) is, by comparison, widely separated from the A-B pair by an angular distance of 17 arcseconds, which corresponds to  260 AU at the estimated distance of this star system\u2014where an AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. Component C is an M5 class red dwarf star. There may be a fourth component to the system, orbiting with a \u22641000\u2011day period, responsible for the eccentricity of the 5.98-day orbit, but this has not been visually confirmed.The variability of BY Draconis is caused by activity in the stellar photosphere called starspots, which are comparable to sunspots on the Sun, in combination with rapid rotation that changes the viewing angle of the activity relative to the observer. This variation has an average periodicity of 3.8285 days, but the brightness also changes over the course of several years\u2014depending on the level of surface activity. Most observers believe that the primary star (A) is responsible for the variability as the secondary produces only a third of the total luminosity from the system. However, the spots may occur on both stars. Unlike the Sun, these spots may occur in the polar regions of the stars."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Circadian rhythm", "paragraph_text": "Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. The NTSB cites this as contributing to many accidents[unreliable medical source?]  and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mercury (planet)", "paragraph_text": "Mercury is tidally locked with the Sun in a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, and rotates in a way that is unique in the Solar System. As seen relative to the fixed stars, it rotates on its axis exactly three times for every two revolutions it makes around the Sun.  As seen from the Sun, in a frame of reference that rotates with the orbital motion, it appears to rotate only once every two Mercurian years. An observer on Mercury would therefore see only one day every two Mercurian years."}], "question": "In how many days does the natural satellite of the place where the coriolosis component of acceleration can be found revolve around the sun?"}
{"id": "3hop1__169039_181913_4924", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Armistice Day", "paragraph_text": "Other countries also changed the name of the holiday just prior to or after World War II, to honor veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. The United States chose All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day', to explicitly honor military veterans, including those participating in other conflicts."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "King Wuling of Zhao", "paragraph_text": "Probably the son of Zhao Suhou (Marquess Su of Zhao, Simplified Chinese: \u8d75\u8083\u4faf), King Wuling of Zhao ascended to the throne at 325 BCE, about halfway into the Warring States Period. His reign coincided with the appearance of several other notable figures in the Warring States. He was also the first ruler of Zhao to style himself \"king\" (\u738b), but later reversed the decision. He would later receive the title as part of his posthumous name."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2013 London Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 London Marathon took place on Sunday 21 April 2013. It was the 33rd running of the annual mass-participation marathon race and the third World Marathon Major of the year. 34,631 people participated."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Henry Purcell", "paragraph_text": "Henry Purcell (/ \u02c8p\u025c\u02d0rs\u0259l / or / p\u025c\u02d0r\u02c8s\u025bl /; c. 10 September 1659 -- 21 November 1695) was an English composer. Although incorporating Italian and French stylistic elements into his compositions, Purcell's legacy was a uniquely English form of Baroque music. He is generally considered to be one of the greatest English composers; no other native - born English composer approached his fame until Edward Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams, William Walton and Benjamin Britten in the 20th century."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade\u2013Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850\u20131861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title \"Tongzhi\" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "paragraph_text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh", "paragraph_text": "Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ea3nh (1780\u20131801), also known as Prince C\u1ea3nh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigneau de B\u00e9haine to sign an alliance between France and Vietnam. Although Prince C\u1ea3nh was the legitimate heir to the throne, he died before his father, and none of his descendants ascended the throne after his half-brother Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea3m was chosen by Gia Long."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mswati III", "paragraph_text": "When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982\u20131983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983\u20131986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Xiong Shuang", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Shuang succeeded his father, the younger Xiong Yan, who died in 828 BC. Xiong Shuang had three younger brothers: Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun (\u718a\u5f87). When Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, his brothers fought one another for the throne. The youngest brother Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Norman D. Vaughan", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Norman Dane Vaughan (December 19, 1905 \u2013 December 23, 2005) was an American dogsled driver and explorer whose first claim to fame was participating in Admiral Byrd's first expedition to the South Pole. He also ran dog teams in a professional capacity as part of a search and rescue unit in World War II, in sporting events like the Olympics and the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, and in three Presidential Inauguration ceremonies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "King James Version", "paragraph_text": "In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hundred Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession to the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mary II of England", "paragraph_text": "13 February 1689 \u2013 28 December 1694: Her Majesty The QueenThe joint style of William III and Mary II was \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\" when they ascended the English throne. From 11 April 1689\u2014when the Estates of Scotland recognised them as sovereigns\u2014the royal couple used the style \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Third English Civil War", "paragraph_text": "The Marquess of Montrose, under the direction of Charles II, made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650. But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters. When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April, delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May, and executed on 21 May 1650, Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "David Mason (trumpeter)", "paragraph_text": "David Mason (2 April 1926 -- 29 April 2011) was an English orchestral, solo and session trumpet player. He played the flugelhorn for the premiere of Ralph Vaughan Williams's ninth symphony and the piccolo trumpet solo on the Beatles' song ``Penny Lane ''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "William Vaughan (royalist)", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Vaughan (died 1649) was an English royalist commander in the First English Civil War. He was killed at the Battle of Rathmines during the Irish Confederate Wars, fighting the English Republican army led by Michael Jones."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Duke Xian of Jin", "paragraph_text": "Duke Xian of Jin (, died 651 BC), ancestral name Ji (\u59ec), given name Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8), was the nineteenth ruler of the State of Jin. He was also the ninth ruler of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period and the second duke of Jin. When his father, Duke Wu of Jin, died in 677 BC, Guizhu ascended the throne of Jin and became Duke Xian of Jin. He reigned for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (\u66f2\u6c83) to Jiang (\u7d73). He was named after a Rongdi tribe (\u620e\u72c4\u65cf) leader Guizhu (\u8a6d\u8af8) whom his father, Duke Wu of Jin, captured alive."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Xiong Xun", "paragraph_text": "Xiong Xun's father, the younger Xiong Yan, had four sons: Xiong Shuang (\u718a\u971c), Xiong Xue (\u718a\u96ea), Xiong Kan (\u718a\u582a), and Xiong Xun, the youngest. When Xiong Yan died in 828 BC he was succeeded by his first son Xiong Shuang. However, when Xiong Shuang died in 822 BC, the remaining three brothers fought one another for the throne. Xiong Xun was ultimately victorious and ascended the throne, while Xiong Xue was killed and Xiong Kan escaped to Pu (\u6fee)."}], "question": "In what year did the participant of the conflict of William Vaughn ascend to the throne?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52607_62438_96335", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011, and the station is expected to be used until 2028. Development and assembly of the station continues, with components scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019. The ISS is the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011. The station is expected to operate until at least 2028. Development and assembly of the station continues, with components scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019. The ISS is the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger-M\u00fcller tube. It passed in and out of the Earth-encompassing radiation belt with its 194-by-1,368-nautical-mile (360 by 2,534 km) orbit, therefore saturating the tube's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen, a space scientist at the University of Iowa, had theorized. The belt, named the Van Allen radiation belt, is a doughnut-shaped zone of high-level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1. The satellite actually measured three phenomena: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. Two months later in March 1958, a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chinese characters", "paragraph_text": "Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term \"Square-Block Characters\" (\u65b9\u5757\u5b57 / \u65b9\u584a\u5b57, f\u0101ngku\u00e0iz\u00ec), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Coriolis force", "paragraph_text": "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term ``Coriolis effect '', the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth. Because the Earth spins, Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects. The Earth completes one rotation per day, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles, since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there, and decreases to zero at the equator. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Denise Uyehara", "paragraph_text": "Denise Uyehara is an American performance artist and writer. She is the author of two full-length plays, \"Hobbies\" and \"Hiro\". Uyehara is a fellow of the Asian Cultural Council. She is the founding member of the performance group Sacred Naked Nature Girls, a group of four women of different ethnicities and sexual orientation, who use their bodies as a means to construct identities and inspire dialogue. Uyehara\u2019s art examines and explores immigration, race, sexuality, and gender. Her work is internationally recognized. and has been featured in exhibitions in Los Angeles, Helsinki, London, Tokyo, and Vancouver."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Weather satellite", "paragraph_text": "As early as 1946, the idea of cameras in orbit to observe the weather was being developed. This was due to sparse data observation coverage and the expense of using cloud cameras on rockets. By 1958, the early prototypes for TIROS and Vanguard (developed by the Army Signal Corps) were created. The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2, was launched on February 17, 1959. It was designed to measure cloud cover and resistance, but a poor axis of rotation and its elliptical orbit kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data. The Explorer VI and VII satellites also contained weather - related experiments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thomson scattering", "paragraph_text": "In the low-energy limit, the electric field of the incident wave (photon) accelerates the charged particle, causing it, in turn, to emit radiation at the same frequency as the incident wave, and thus the wave is scattered. Thomson scattering is an important phenomenon in plasma physics and was first explained by the physicist J. J. Thomson. As long as the motion of the particle is non-relativistic (i.e. its speed is much less than the speed of light), the main cause of the acceleration of the particle will be due to the electric field component of the incident wave. In a first approximation, the influence of the magnetic field can be neglected. The particle will move in the direction of the oscillating electric field, resulting in electromagnetic dipole radiation. The moving particle radiates most strongly in a direction perpendicular to its acceleration and that radiation will be polarized along the direction of its motion. Therefore, depending on where an observer is located, the light scattered from a small volume element may appear to be more or less polarized."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charles Henry Dessalines d'Orbigny", "paragraph_text": "Charles Henry Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French botanist and geologist specializing in the Tertiary of France. He was the younger brother of French naturalist and South American explorer, Alcide d'Orbigny. At the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, d'Orbigny identified many of the flowering plant species returned to France from his brother's natural history collecting journeys through South America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Flash (2014 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "After witnessing his mother's supernatural murder, Barry Allen is taken in by Detective Joe West and his family. Barry becomes a brilliant but socially awkward crime scene investigator for the Central City Police Department. A particle accelerator malfunctions, bathing the city center with a radiation during a thunderstorm, and Barry is struck by lightning. Awakening after a coma, he discovers he can move at superhuman speeds. Harrison Wells, the accelerator's designer, describes Barry's nature as ``metahuman ''. Barry vows to use his gifts to protect Central City. As the Flash, Barry also pursues his mother's murderer, the Reverse - Flash."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fushimi-ku, Kyoto", "paragraph_text": "Although written with different characters now, the name Fushimi (which used to be its own \"town\") originally comes from \"fusu\" + \"mizu\", meaning \"hidden water\" or \"underground water\". In other words, the location was known for good spring water. The water of Fushimi has particularly soft characteristics, making it an essential component to the particular type of sake brewed in Fushimi. This also explains why the area developed as a sake-brewing center in Kyoto. Today, Fushimi is the second greatest area of Japan in terms of sake production, and is where the sake company Gekkeikan was founded."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gliese 268", "paragraph_text": "Gliese 268 (QY Aurigae) is a RS Canum Venaticorum variable (RS CVn) star in the Auriga constellation. RS CVn variables are binary star systems with a strong magnetic field influenced by each star's rotation, which is accelerated by the tidal effects of the other star in the system. Gliese 268 in particular is composed of a binary system of two M-type dwarfs, or red dwarfs, and is one of the one hundred closest star systems to the Earth. The primary component of the system has an apparent magnitude of 12.05, and the secondary component an apparent magnitude of 12.45. Neither is visible to the naked eye from Earth."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Windows 8", "paragraph_text": "Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a \"Compatibility View\" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default. The desktop version does not contain these limitations."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Steven Universe: Save the Light", "paragraph_text": "Save the Light features seven playable characters from the series, Steven, Garnet, Amethyst, Pearl, Connie, Greg and Peridot, with an eighth character to be added in a future content update; four characters can be equipped to a party at a time. The game has a ``blend of real - time and turn - based combat '', and more of a focus on exploration and puzzle - solving more than its predecessor. Players are able to explore Beach City and surrounding areas, and engage in battles with enemies. During battle, the players' actions, which include attacking and defending, will build up the star meter which allows the characters to pull off more powerful moves. A new feature allows characters to build up a relationship - based meter during battles and dialogue interactions; when filled, characters are able to fuse, such as Steven and Connie into Stevonnie."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vallis Inghirami", "paragraph_text": "Vallis Inghirami (latin for Inghirami Valley) is a valley on far side of the Moon which is a natural satellite of planet Earth. Diameter of the valley is about 145 km. Lunar co-ordinates of the valley are . Valley is named after Giovanni Inghirami. Valley was approved by IAU in 1964."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "EuroCrypt", "paragraph_text": "EuroCrypt is a conditional access system for Multiplexed Analogue Components-encoded analogue satellite television. It had several versions (M, S and S2). It supported receivers with card slots and those with embedded keys. Its most widespread use was in Scandinavia, where the only EuroCrypt protected broadcasts remained until July 2006 (in France, they stopped in 1998)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dark energy", "paragraph_text": "The coincidence problem asks why the acceleration of the Universe began when it did.  If acceleration began earlier in the universe, structures such as galaxies would never have had time to form, and life, at least as we know it, would never have had a chance to exist. Proponents of the anthropic principle view this as support for their arguments. However, many models of quintessence have a so-called \"tracker\" behavior, which solves this problem. In these models, the quintessence field has a density which closely tracks (but is less than) the radiation density until matter-radiation equality, which triggers quintessence to start behaving as dark energy, eventually dominating the universe. This naturally sets the low energy scale of the dark energy.In 2004, when scientists fit the evolution of dark energy with the cosmological data, they found that the equation of state had possibly crossed the cosmological constant boundary (w = \u22121) from above to below. A No-Go theorem has been proved that gives this scenario at least two degrees of freedom as required for dark energy models. This scenario is so-called Quintom scenario."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Natural satellite", "paragraph_text": "Because of this shift in meaning, the term moon, which had continued to be used in a generic sense in works of popular science and in fiction, has regained respectability and is now used interchangeably with natural satellite, even in scientific articles. When it is necessary to avoid both the ambiguity of confusion with Earth's natural satellite the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets on the one hand, and artificial satellites on the other, the term natural satellite (using ``natural ''in a sense opposed to`` artificial'') is used. To further avoid ambiguity, the convention is to capitalize the word Moon when referring to Earth's natural satellite, but not when referring to other natural satellites."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Explorers on the Moon", "paragraph_text": "Explorers on the Moon () is the seventeenth volume of \"The Adventures of Tintin\", the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Herg\u00e9. The story was serialised weekly in Belgium's \"Tintin\" magazine from October 1952 to December 1953 before being published in a collected volume by Casterman in 1954. Completing a story arc begun in the preceding volume, \"Destination Moon\" (1953), the narrative tells of the young reporter Tintin, his dog Snowy, and friends Captain Haddock, Professor Calculus, and Thomson and Thompson who are aboard humanity's first manned rocket mission to the Moon."}], "question": "The Explorers on what is the natural satellite of where coriolosis component of acceleration can be found in has what character?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52607_62438_6424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "BeiDou", "paragraph_text": "The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ch\u00e9 OVNI", "paragraph_text": "Ch\u00e9 OVNI was only the second space film to be made in Argentina, after \"El Satelite Chiflado\" (The Crazy Satellite). The film is about alien invaders who abduct a tango-singer. OVNI means \"UFO\"; a newspaper article from the \"Cine Herald\", July 17, 1968, depicted a cartoon Martian landing in the capital of Spain\" a part of the promotion to the film."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Communications satellite", "paragraph_text": "The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station, where they are then transmitted to a geostationary satellite.  The downlink follows an analogous path.  Improvements in submarine communications cables through the use of fiber-optics caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Normalman (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "NormalMan is an Italian radio and television series started in 2006. It became famous to the general public by comedians Lillo & Greg in their radio program \"\"610 (sei uno zero)\"\", broadcast on Rai Radio 2 from 2004. In 2006 it lands on television on satellite channel GXT enough to make a second season in 2007. It came available on K2 television channel in late 2009. It is starred by a character created for comics by Lillo in 1991."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "TRIUMF", "paragraph_text": "TRIUMF is Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics and accelerator - based science. TRIUMF is considered Canada's premier physics laboratory, and is consistently regarded as one of the leading subatomic physics research centers on the international level. Owned and operated by a consortium of universities as a joint venture, TRIUMF is located on the south campus of one of its founding members - the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia. TRIUMF houses the world's largest cyclotron, a source of 520 MeV protons, which was named an IEEE Milestone in 2010. TRIUMF's accelerator - focused activities involve particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, materials science, and detector and accelerator development."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Delaware Museum of Natural History", "paragraph_text": "The Delaware Museum of Natural History was founded in 1957 by John Eleuthere du Pont near Greenville, Delaware; it opened in 1972 on a site near Winterthur, Delaware. It is known for its extensive collections of seashells, birds, and bird eggs. The latter is the second largest collection in North America. It is the oldest natural history museum in Delaware."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011, and the station is expected to be used until 2028. Development and assembly of the station continues, with components scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019. The ISS is the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "ATS-6", "paragraph_text": "ATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6) was a NASA experimental satellite, built by Fairchild Space and Electronics Division It has been called the world's first educational satellite as well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite as part of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment between NASA and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was launched May 30, 1974, and decommissioned July 1979. At the time of launch, it was the most powerful telecommunication satellite in orbit. ATS - 6 carried no fewer than 23 different experiments, and introduced several breakthroughs. It was the first 3 - axis stabilized spacecraft in geostationary orbit. It was also the first to use experimentally with some success electric propulsion in geostationary orbit. It also carried several particle physics experiments, including the first heavy ion detector in geostationary orbit."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gliese 268", "paragraph_text": "Gliese 268 (QY Aurigae) is a RS Canum Venaticorum variable (RS CVn) star in the Auriga constellation. RS CVn variables are binary star systems with a strong magnetic field influenced by each star's rotation, which is accelerated by the tidal effects of the other star in the system. Gliese 268 in particular is composed of a binary system of two M-type dwarfs, or red dwarfs, and is one of the one hundred closest star systems to the Earth. The primary component of the system has an apparent magnitude of 12.05, and the secondary component an apparent magnitude of 12.45. Neither is visible to the naked eye from Earth."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Natural satellite", "paragraph_text": "Because of this shift in meaning, the term moon, which had continued to be used in a generic sense in works of popular science and in fiction, has regained respectability and is now used interchangeably with natural satellite, even in scientific articles. When it is necessary to avoid both the ambiguity of confusion with Earth's natural satellite the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets on the one hand, and artificial satellites on the other, the term natural satellite (using ``natural ''in a sense opposed to`` artificial'') is used. To further avoid ambiguity, the convention is to capitalize the word Moon when referring to Earth's natural satellite, but not when referring to other natural satellites."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "EuroCrypt", "paragraph_text": "EuroCrypt is a conditional access system for Multiplexed Analogue Components-encoded analogue satellite television. It had several versions (M, S and S2). It supported receivers with card slots and those with embedded keys. Its most widespread use was in Scandinavia, where the only EuroCrypt protected broadcasts remained until July 2006 (in France, they stopped in 1998)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Venus", "paragraph_text": "Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second - brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of \u2212 4.6 -- bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely, visible to the naked eye in broad daylight. Orbiting within Earth's orbit, Venus is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun; its maximum angular distance from the Sun (elongation) is 47.8 \u00b0."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thomson scattering", "paragraph_text": "In the low-energy limit, the electric field of the incident wave (photon) accelerates the charged particle, causing it, in turn, to emit radiation at the same frequency as the incident wave, and thus the wave is scattered. Thomson scattering is an important phenomenon in plasma physics and was first explained by the physicist J. J. Thomson. As long as the motion of the particle is non-relativistic (i.e. its speed is much less than the speed of light), the main cause of the acceleration of the particle will be due to the electric field component of the incident wave. In a first approximation, the influence of the magnetic field can be neglected. The particle will move in the direction of the oscillating electric field, resulting in electromagnetic dipole radiation. The moving particle radiates most strongly in a direction perpendicular to its acceleration and that radiation will be polarized along the direction of its motion. Therefore, depending on where an observer is located, the light scattered from a small volume element may appear to be more or less polarized."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Coriolis force", "paragraph_text": "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term ``Coriolis effect '', the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth. Because the Earth spins, Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects. The Earth completes one rotation per day, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles, since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there, and decreases to zero at the equator. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bluestone Wildlife Management Area", "paragraph_text": "The wildlife management area is operated by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Section to provide hunting and fishing opportunities to the public and to protect the natural resources of the land. The land is owned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and leased to WVDNR."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011. The station is expected to operate until at least 2028. Development and assembly of the station continues, with components scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019. The ISS is the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Metre per second squared", "paragraph_text": "As acceleration, the unit is interpreted physically as change in velocity or speed per time interval, i.e. metre per second per second and is treated as a vector quantity."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "International Space Station", "paragraph_text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles."}], "question": "When was the second landing on the natural satellite where coriolosis component of acceleration can be found in?"}
{"id": "3hop1__693329_132274_6424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elva (album)", "paragraph_text": "Elva is the fourth album by the San Diego-based rock band Unwritten Law, released in 2002 by Interscope Records. With it the band moved away from their previously established punk rock formula and towards a more accessible hard rock sound. The band found success with the song \"Seein' Red\", which reached #1 on US modern rock charts it was their last studio album to feature founding drummer Wade Youman who left the band in 2003 (though he return to the fold in 2013 and quit for second time in 2019)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mare Nectaris", "paragraph_text": "Mare Nectaris (\"Sea of Nectar\") is a small lunar mare or sea (a volcanic lava plain noticeably darker than the rest of the Moon's surface) located south of Mare Tranquillitatis southwest of Mare Fecunditatis, on the near side of the moon. Montes Pyrenaeus borders the mare to the east and Sinus Asperitatis fuses to its northwestern edge. It is 84,000 square kilometers in size."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nughu", "paragraph_text": "Nughu is an island in the Solomon Islands; it is located in Guadalcanal Province. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is some 12 metres."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Beaufort Island", "paragraph_text": "Beaufort Island is an island in Antarctica's Ross Sea. It is the northernmost feature of the Ross Archipelago, lying north of Cape Bird, Ross Island. It is approximately in area. It was first charted by James Clark Ross in 1841. Ross named the island for Sir Francis Beaufort, hydrographer to the British Royal Navy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Griffith Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Griffith Ridge () is a rock ridge long in the Bowers Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica, located just within the mouth of Champness Glacier, where the latter joins the larger Lillie Glacier. This geographical feature was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201362, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Harry G. Griffith, U.S. Navy, public works officer at McMurdo Station, Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island, 1967. This ridge lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Becky Creek Wildlife Management Area", "paragraph_text": "Becky Creek Wildlife Management Area is located on south of Huttonsville in Randolph County, West Virginia. The terrain at Becky Creek is steep, and is covered with second-growth hardwood forest. Camping is permitted in the designated area. Camping is also available at nearby Kumbrabow State Forest."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Raised on Radio", "paragraph_text": "Raised on Radio is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Journey, released in April 1986 on the Columbia Records label. It is the only album to feature bassists Randy Jackson and Bob Glaub and drummer Larrie Londin and also the only album not to feature founding bassist Ross Valory."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harbord Glacier Tongue", "paragraph_text": "Harbord Glacier Tongue () is a glacier tongue forming the seaward extension of Harbord Glacier on the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was first charted by the British Antarctic Expedition under Shackleton, 1907\u201309, at which time it extended about into the Ross Sea. It was named by Shackleton for A.E. Harbord, second officer of the \"Nimrod\" for the last year of the expedition."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ross Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica, between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land and within the Ross Embayment, and is the southernmost sea on Earth. It derives its name from the British explorer James Ross who visited this area in 1841. To the west of the sea lies Ross Island and Victoria Land, to the east Roosevelt Island and Edward VII Peninsula in Marie Byrd Land, while the southernmost part is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf, and is about from the South Pole. Its boundaries and area have been defined by the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research as having an area of ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Toyota Land Cruiser", "paragraph_text": "Production of the first generation Land Cruiser began in 1951 (90 units) as Toyota's version of a Jeep - like vehicle. The Land Cruiser has been produced in convertible, hardtop, station wagon and cab chassis versions. The Land Cruiser's reliability and longevity has led to huge popularity, especially in Australia where it is the best - selling body - on - frame, four - wheel drive vehicle. Toyota also extensively tests the Land Cruiser in the Australian outback -- considered to be one of the toughest operating environments in both temperature and terrain. In Japan, the Land Cruiser is exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Store."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rosse (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Rosse is a bowl-shaped lunar impact crater located in the southern part of Mare Nectaris. It was named after Irish astronomer Lord Rosse. To the southwest is the large, flooded crater Fracastorius."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Bierle", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bierle () is a mountain (2,360\u00a0m) rising 4.5\u00a0nautical miles (8\u00a0km) north of Mount Granholm in the Admiralty Mountains of the major geographical location, Victoria Land, Antarctica. The topographical feature was so mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201363. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Donald A. Bierle, United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) biologist at McMurdo Station, Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island, 1966\u201367 and 1967\u201368. The mountain lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geographical feature", "paragraph_text": "Geographical features are man - made or naturally - created features of the Earth. Natural geographical features consist of landforms and ecosystems. For example, terrain types, physical factors of the environment) are natural geographical features. Conversely, human settlements or other engineered forms are considered types of artificial geographical features."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ebbe Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Ebbe Glacier () is a tributary glacier about long, draining northwest from the Homerun Range and the Robinson Heights, and then west-northwest between the Everett Range and the Anare Mountains into Lillie Glacier, Victoria Land, Antarctica. This feature saddles with Tucker Glacier, the latter draining southeast to the Ross Sea. The glacier lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. Robertson Glacier is a tributary glacier to Ebbe Glacier."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Davis Ice Piedmont", "paragraph_text": "Davis Ice Piedmont () is an ice piedmont about long and wide, located along the north side of Missen Ridge on the north coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The name \"Cape Davis\", after John E. Davis, Second Master of the \"Terror\", was given to a cape in the immediate area by Captain James C. Ross in 1841. Since no significant cape exists here, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names and the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee have reapplied the name \"Davis\" to this ice piedmont. The geographical feature lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aram Chaos", "paragraph_text": "Aram Chaos, centered at 2.6\u00b0N, 21.5\u00b0W, is a heavily eroded impact crater on the planet Mars. It lies at the eastern end of the large canyon Valles Marineris and close to Ares Vallis. Various geological processes have reduced it to a circular area of chaotic terrain. Aram Chaos takes its name from Aram, one of the classical albedo features observed by Giovanni Schiaparelli, who named it after the Biblical land of Aram. Spectroscopic observation from orbit indicates the presence of the mineral hematite, likely a signature of a once aqueous environment."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Moubray Bay", "paragraph_text": "Moubray Bay () is a bay in the western Ross Sea, indenting the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica, between Cape Roget and Cape Hallett. It was discovered in 1841 by Sir James Clark Ross and named by him for George H. Moubray, clerk in charge of the expedition ship ."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ceraunius Fossae", "paragraph_text": "Ceraunius Fossae is an area of intensely fractured terrain in the northern Tharsis region of Mars. It lies directly south of the large volcano Alba Mons and consists of ancient highland crust that has been deformed by numerous parallel faults and tension cracks. In places, younger lava flows cover the fractured terrain, dividing it into several large patches or islands. It is found in the Tharsis quadrangle."}], "question": "When was the second successful landing on the terrestrial body that has the terrain feature that includes Rosse?"}
{"id": "3hop1__693329_132274_6354", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cape Wood", "paragraph_text": "Cape Wood () is a point marking the east extremity of Flat Island at the western entrance to Robertson Bay, Victoria Land, Antarctica. Discovered in January 1841 by Captain James Ross, Royal Navy, and named by him for Charles Wood, Esq., First Secretary to the Admiralty."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Moubray Bay", "paragraph_text": "Moubray Bay () is a bay in the western Ross Sea, indenting the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica, between Cape Roget and Cape Hallett. It was discovered in 1841 by Sir James Clark Ross and named by him for George H. Moubray, clerk in charge of the expedition ship ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ceraunius Fossae", "paragraph_text": "Ceraunius Fossae is an area of intensely fractured terrain in the northern Tharsis region of Mars. It lies directly south of the large volcano Alba Mons and consists of ancient highland crust that has been deformed by numerous parallel faults and tension cracks. In places, younger lava flows cover the fractured terrain, dividing it into several large patches or islands. It is found in the Tharsis quadrangle."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shave the Planet", "paragraph_text": "Shave the Planet is the ninth album by the Huntington Beach, California punk rock band Guttermouth, released in 2006 by Volcom Entertainment. It continued the band's style of fast, abrasive punk rock with tongue-in-cheek humor and sarcastic lyrics. The album was their first to feature drummer Ryan Farrell, and also marked the return of founding bassist Clint Weinrich, and was the final album to feature founding member Scott Sheldon and guitarist of four years Don Horne."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rosse (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Rosse is a bowl-shaped lunar impact crater located in the southern part of Mare Nectaris. It was named after Irish astronomer Lord Rosse. To the southwest is the large, flooded crater Fracastorius."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Geographical feature", "paragraph_text": "Geographical features are man - made or naturally - created features of the Earth. Natural geographical features consist of landforms and ecosystems. For example, terrain types, physical factors of the environment) are natural geographical features. Conversely, human settlements or other engineered forms are considered types of artificial geographical features."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Chang'e 2", "paragraph_text": "Chang'e 2 (; ) is a Chinese unmanned lunar probe that was launched on 1 October 2010. It was a follow-up to the Chang'e 1 lunar probe, which was launched in 2007. Chang'e 2 was part of the first phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, and conducted research from a 100-km-high lunar orbit in preparation for the December 2013 soft landing by the Chang'e 3 lander and rover. Chang'e 2 was similar in design to Chang'e 1, although it featured some technical improvements, including a more advanced onboard camera. Like its predecessor, the probe was named after Chang'e, an ancient Chinese moon goddess."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Davis Ice Piedmont", "paragraph_text": "Davis Ice Piedmont () is an ice piedmont about long and wide, located along the north side of Missen Ridge on the north coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The name \"Cape Davis\", after John E. Davis, Second Master of the \"Terror\", was given to a cape in the immediate area by Captain James C. Ross in 1841. Since no significant cape exists here, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names and the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee have reapplied the name \"Davis\" to this ice piedmont. The geographical feature lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Raised on Radio", "paragraph_text": "Raised on Radio is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Journey, released in April 1986 on the Columbia Records label. It is the only album to feature bassists Randy Jackson and Bob Glaub and drummer Larrie Londin and also the only album not to feature founding bassist Ross Valory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mare Nectaris", "paragraph_text": "Mare Nectaris (\"Sea of Nectar\") is a small lunar mare or sea (a volcanic lava plain noticeably darker than the rest of the Moon's surface) located south of Mare Tranquillitatis southwest of Mare Fecunditatis, on the near side of the moon. Montes Pyrenaeus borders the mare to the east and Sinus Asperitatis fuses to its northwestern edge. It is 84,000 square kilometers in size."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ross Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica, between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land and within the Ross Embayment, and is the southernmost sea on Earth. It derives its name from the British explorer James Ross who visited this area in 1841. To the west of the sea lies Ross Island and Victoria Land, to the east Roosevelt Island and Edward VII Peninsula in Marie Byrd Land, while the southernmost part is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf, and is about from the South Pole. Its boundaries and area have been defined by the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research as having an area of ."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Toyota Land Cruiser", "paragraph_text": "Production of the first generation Land Cruiser began in 1951 (90 units) as Toyota's version of a Jeep - like vehicle. The Land Cruiser has been produced in convertible, hardtop, station wagon and cab chassis versions. The Land Cruiser's reliability and longevity has led to huge popularity, especially in Australia where it is the best - selling body - on - frame, four - wheel drive vehicle. Toyota also extensively tests the Land Cruiser in the Australian outback -- considered to be one of the toughest operating environments in both temperature and terrain. In Japan, the Land Cruiser is exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Store."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System", "paragraph_text": "The first successful probe to fly by another Solar System body was Luna 1, which sped past the Moon in 1959. Originally meant to impact with the Moon, it instead missed its target and became the first artificial object to orbit the Sun. Mariner 2 was the first probe to fly by another planet, Venus, in 1962. The first successful flyby of Mars was made by Mariner 4 in 1965. Mariner 10 first passed Mercury in 1974."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "W. Ross Macdonald School", "paragraph_text": "The W. Ross Macdonald School was founded in March 1872 in Brantford, Ontario, Canada. Its first principal was Ezekiel Stone Wiggins."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Harbord Glacier Tongue", "paragraph_text": "Harbord Glacier Tongue () is a glacier tongue forming the seaward extension of Harbord Glacier on the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was first charted by the British Antarctic Expedition under Shackleton, 1907\u201309, at which time it extended about into the Ross Sea. It was named by Shackleton for A.E. Harbord, second officer of the \"Nimrod\" for the last year of the expedition."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Beaufort Island", "paragraph_text": "Beaufort Island is an island in Antarctica's Ross Sea. It is the northernmost feature of the Ross Archipelago, lying north of Cape Bird, Ross Island. It is approximately in area. It was first charted by James Clark Ross in 1841. Ross named the island for Sir Francis Beaufort, hydrographer to the British Royal Navy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nughu", "paragraph_text": "Nughu is an island in the Solomon Islands; it is located in Guadalcanal Province. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is some 12 metres."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Griffith Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Griffith Ridge () is a rock ridge long in the Bowers Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica, located just within the mouth of Champness Glacier, where the latter joins the larger Lillie Glacier. This geographical feature was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960\u201362, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Harry G. Griffith, U.S. Navy, public works officer at McMurdo Station, Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island, 1967. This ridge lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}], "question": "When did the first probe land on the planetary satellite where there is a lunar mare containing the Rosse crater?"}
{"id": "3hop1__666445_660302_161246", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sidmouth Rock", "paragraph_text": "The Sidmouth Rock is a rock islet or small island, located in the Southern Ocean, off the southern coast of Tasmania, Australia. The island is situated approximately south-east of South East Cape and is contained within the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site. An erosional remnant of the Tasmanian mainland with a diameter of , the island is estimated to have separated from the Tasmanian mainland at least 15,000 years ago."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pickering (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Pickering Crater is a crater in the Phaethontis quadrangle on Mars, located at 33.1\u00b0 south latitude and 132.5\u00b0 west longitude. It is in diameter."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lacus Timoris", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Timoris (Latin for \"Lake of Fear\") is a small lunar mare on the Moon. It is located at 39.4\u00b0 S, 27.9\u00b0 W and is 154 km in diameter."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hoberman sphere", "paragraph_text": "A Hoberman sphere is an isokinetic structure patented by Chuck Hoberman that resembles a geodesic dome, but is capable of folding down to a fraction of its normal size by the scissor-like action of its joints. Colorful plastic versions have become popular as children's toys: several toy sizes exist, with the original design capable of expanding from in diameter to ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lacus Aestatis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Aestatis (Latin for \"Summer Lake\") consists of two relatively small areas of lunar mare located near the western limb of the Moon. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 15.0\u00b0 S, 69.0\u00b0 W, and it lies within a diameter of 90\u00a0km. The lake has a combined surface area in the order of 1,000\u00a0km."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Flammarion (lunar crater)", "paragraph_text": "Flammarion is a lunar impact crater on the south edge of Sinus Medii. Its diameter is 76\u00a0km. It is named after the French astronomer Camille Flammarion. It is located between the crater M\u00f6sting to the northwest and Herschel to the southeast. The bowl-shaped M\u00f6sting A intersects the western rim of Flammarion."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mare Serenitatis", "paragraph_text": "Mare Serenitatis (\"Sea of Serenity\") is a lunar mare located to the east of Mare Imbrium on the Moon. Its diameter is ."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Henry (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Henry Crater is a large crater in the Arabia quadrangle of Mars, located at 10.9\u00b0 north latitude and 23.3\u00b0 east longitude. It is in diameter and was named after the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry, both of whom were French telescope makers and astronomers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mysterious Island (1961 film)", "paragraph_text": "Mysterious Island (UK: Jules Verne's Mysterious Island) is a 1961 science fiction adventure film about prisoners in the American Civil War who escape in a balloon and then find themselves stranded on a remote island populated by giant mutated animals."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lockyer (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Lockyer is a crater in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 28\u00b0 North and 199.5\u00b0 West. It is 71\u00a0km in diameter and was named after Norman Lockyer, a British astronomer (1836-1920). Lockyer is fairly easy to spot on Mars maps because it sits in the relatively young northern hemisphere, where there are few craters. It is close to Elysium Mons and Hecates Tholus, two large volcanoes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Belgrade Observatory", "paragraph_text": "Belgrade Observatory is an astronomical observatory located in the eastern part of Belgrade, Serbia, in the natural environment of Zvezdara Forest."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tanaica Montes", "paragraph_text": "Tanaica Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Tanaica Montes\" is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jules Verne (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Jules Verne is a large lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, named after the French author. It is located to the west-southwest of the Mare Ingenii, one of the few lunar mares on the far side. To the southeast of Jules Verne is the crater Lundmark, while Koch is located to the south-southeast. To the northwest is the large walled plain Pavlov."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maffei 1", "paragraph_text": "Maffei 1 is a massive elliptical galaxy classified as type E3 in the Hubble classification scheme. This means that it is slightly flattened, its semi-minor axis being 70% of its semi-major axis. Maffei 1 has also a boxy shape (E(b)3 type), while its central region (radius \u2248 34 pc) is deficient in light emission as compared to the r1/4 law, meaning that Maffei 1 is a core type elliptical. Both the boxy shape and the presence of an underluminous core are typical of intermediate to massive ellipticals.The apparent dimensions of Maffei 1 depend strongly on the wavelength of light because of the heavy obscuration by the Milky Way. In blue light it is 1\u20132\u2032 across while in the near infrared its major axis reaches 23\u2032\u2014more than 3/4 of the Moon's diameter. At a distance of 3 Mpc this corresponds to approximately 23 kpc. The total visible absolute magnitude of Maffei 1, MV=\u221220.8, is comparable to that of the Milky Way."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pindus Mons", "paragraph_text": "Pindus Mons is a mountain on the planet Mars which is located in Tempe Terra. It has a diameter of . The name was approved in 1991."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Coronae Montes", "paragraph_text": "Coronae Montes is a mountain on the planet Mars. The name \"Coronae Montes\"is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hibes Montes", "paragraph_text": "Hibes Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Hibes Montes\"is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1985."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "CRKSV Jong Colombia", "paragraph_text": "CRKSV Jong Colombia is a football club in Cura\u00e7ao, playing in the country's first division Cura\u00e7ao League. Located In Boka Sami Municipality Sint Michiel It was founded on 23 July 1951. Its name and its crest is a reference to Colombia, located 1045.8\u00a0km from the island."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal", "paragraph_text": "The Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that was discovered in 1990 by Mike Irwin as the 8th satellite of the Milky Way, located in the constellation of Sextans. It is also an elliptical galaxy, and displays a redshift because it is receding from the Sun at 224\u00a0km/s (72\u00a0km/s from the Galaxy). The distance to the galaxy is 320,000 light-years and the diameter is 8,400 light-years along its major axis."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Poum", "paragraph_text": "Poum is a commune in the North Province of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The town of Poum (Latitude: 20\u00b0 13' 59\" south, longitude: 164\u00b0 1' 23\" east) is located in the far northwest, located on the southern part of Banare Bay, with Mouac Island just offshore."}], "question": "What fraction of the astronomical location of the screenwriter of Mysterious Island diameter is 23'?"}
{"id": "3hop1__322912_660302_161246", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Henry (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Henry Crater is a large crater in the Arabia quadrangle of Mars, located at 10.9\u00b0 north latitude and 23.3\u00b0 east longitude. It is in diameter and was named after the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry, both of whom were French telescope makers and astronomers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2018 NHL Entry Draft", "paragraph_text": "2018 NHL Draft General information Date (s) June 22 -- 23, 2018 Location Dallas, Texas First selection Rasmus Dahlin Selected by: Buffalo Sabres NHL Entry Draft \u2190 2017 2019 \u2192"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kuiper quadrangle", "paragraph_text": "The Kuiper quadrangle, located in a heavily cratered region of Mercury, includes the young, 55-km-diameter crater Kuiper (11\u00b0 S., 31.5\u00b0 ), which has the highest albedo recorded on the planet, and the small crater Hun Kal (0.6\u00b0 S., 20.0\u00b0 ), which is the principal reference point for Mercurian longitude (Davies and Batson, 1975). Impact craters and basins, their numerous secondary craters, and heavily to lightly cratered plains are the characteristic landforms of the region. At least six multiringed basins ranging from 150\u00a0km to 440\u00a0km in diameter are present. Inasmuch as multiringed basins occur widely on that part of Mercury photographed by \"Mariner 10\", as well as on the Moon and Mars, they offer a potentially valuable basis for comparison between these planetary bodies."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lacus Aestatis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Aestatis (Latin for \"Summer Lake\") consists of two relatively small areas of lunar mare located near the western limb of the Moon. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 15.0\u00b0 S, 69.0\u00b0 W, and it lies within a diameter of 90\u00a0km. The lake has a combined surface area in the order of 1,000\u00a0km."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Belgrade Observatory", "paragraph_text": "Belgrade Observatory is an astronomical observatory located in the eastern part of Belgrade, Serbia, in the natural environment of Zvezdara Forest."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Xanthe Montes", "paragraph_text": "Xanthe Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Xanthe Montes\" is a classical albedo feature name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 2006."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hibes Montes", "paragraph_text": "Hibes Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Hibes Montes\"is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1985."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tom Ayrton", "paragraph_text": "Tom Ayrton is a fictional character who appears in two novels by French author Jules Verne. He is first introduced as a major character in the novel \"In Search of the Castaways\" (1867\u20131868). He then reappears in a later novel, \"The Mysterious Island\" (1874), in which his fate, left unknown at the ending of the previous novel, is resolved, and during the course of which his character undergoes change and achieves a redemption."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jules Verne (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Jules Verne is a large lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, named after the French author. It is located to the west-southwest of the Mare Ingenii, one of the few lunar mares on the far side. To the southeast of Jules Verne is the crater Lundmark, while Koch is located to the south-southeast. To the northwest is the large walled plain Pavlov."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lockyer (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Lockyer is a crater in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 28\u00b0 North and 199.5\u00b0 West. It is 71\u00a0km in diameter and was named after Norman Lockyer, a British astronomer (1836-1920). Lockyer is fairly easy to spot on Mars maps because it sits in the relatively young northern hemisphere, where there are few craters. It is close to Elysium Mons and Hecates Tholus, two large volcanoes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Coronae Montes", "paragraph_text": "Coronae Montes is a mountain on the planet Mars. The name \"Coronae Montes\"is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tanaica Montes", "paragraph_text": "Tanaica Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Tanaica Montes\" is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Montes Cordillera", "paragraph_text": "Montes Cordillera is a mountain range on the Moon. This feature forms the outer wall of peaks that surround the Mare Orientale impact basin, the inner ring being formed by the Montes Rook. The center of the range is located at selenographic coordinates 17.5\u00b0 S, 81.6\u00b0 W, and the diameter is ."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pickering (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Pickering Crater is a crater in the Phaethontis quadrangle on Mars, located at 33.1\u00b0 south latitude and 132.5\u00b0 west longitude. It is in diameter."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Far 3 kpc Arm", "paragraph_text": "The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA), while preparing a talk on the Galaxy's spiral arms for a meeting of the 212th American Astronomical Society. It is one of Milky Way's spiral arms and it is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10,000 ly) from the galactic center. Along with the Near 3 kpc Arm whose existence is known since the mid-1950s, the counterpart inner arms establish our Galaxy's simple symmetry."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mare Serenitatis", "paragraph_text": "Mare Serenitatis (\"Sea of Serenity\") is a lunar mare located to the east of Mare Imbrium on the Moon. Its diameter is ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pindus Mons", "paragraph_text": "Pindus Mons is a mountain on the planet Mars which is located in Tempe Terra. It has a diameter of . The name was approved in 1991."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Maffei 1", "paragraph_text": "Maffei 1 is a massive elliptical galaxy classified as type E3 in the Hubble classification scheme. This means that it is slightly flattened, its semi-minor axis being 70% of its semi-major axis. Maffei 1 has also a boxy shape (E(b)3 type), while its central region (radius \u2248 34 pc) is deficient in light emission as compared to the r1/4 law, meaning that Maffei 1 is a core type elliptical. Both the boxy shape and the presence of an underluminous core are typical of intermediate to massive ellipticals.The apparent dimensions of Maffei 1 depend strongly on the wavelength of light because of the heavy obscuration by the Milky Way. In blue light it is 1\u20132\u2032 across while in the near infrared its major axis reaches 23\u2032\u2014more than 3/4 of the Moon's diameter. At a distance of 3 Mpc this corresponds to approximately 23 kpc. The total visible absolute magnitude of Maffei 1, MV=\u221220.8, is comparable to that of the Milky Way."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Octantis Mons", "paragraph_text": "Octantis Mons is a mountain on the planet Mars. The name \"Octantis Mons\" is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of 19.09 km Kilometer. This mountain was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal", "paragraph_text": "The Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that was discovered in 1990 by Mike Irwin as the 8th satellite of the Milky Way, located in the constellation of Sextans. It is also an elliptical galaxy, and displays a redshift because it is receding from the Sun at 224\u00a0km/s (72\u00a0km/s from the Galaxy). The distance to the galaxy is 320,000 light-years and the diameter is 8,400 light-years along its major axis."}], "question": "What fraction of the diameter of the astronomical location of the vessel named for the creator of Tom Ayrton is 23'?"}
{"id": "3hop1__723608_660302_161246", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tanaica Montes", "paragraph_text": "Tanaica Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Tanaica Montes\" is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal", "paragraph_text": "The Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that was discovered in 1990 by Mike Irwin as the 8th satellite of the Milky Way, located in the constellation of Sextans. It is also an elliptical galaxy, and displays a redshift because it is receding from the Sun at 224\u00a0km/s (72\u00a0km/s from the Galaxy). The distance to the galaxy is 320,000 light-years and the diameter is 8,400 light-years along its major axis."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lockyer (Martian crater)", "paragraph_text": "Lockyer is a crater in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 28\u00b0 North and 199.5\u00b0 West. It is 71\u00a0km in diameter and was named after Norman Lockyer, a British astronomer (1836-1920). Lockyer is fairly easy to spot on Mars maps because it sits in the relatively young northern hemisphere, where there are few craters. It is close to Elysium Mons and Hecates Tholus, two large volcanoes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jules Verne (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Jules Verne is a large lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, named after the French author. It is located to the west-southwest of the Mare Ingenii, one of the few lunar mares on the far side. To the southeast of Jules Verne is the crater Lundmark, while Koch is located to the south-southeast. To the northwest is the large walled plain Pavlov."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Flammarion (lunar crater)", "paragraph_text": "Flammarion is a lunar impact crater on the south edge of Sinus Medii. Its diameter is 76\u00a0km. It is named after the French astronomer Camille Flammarion. It is located between the crater M\u00f6sting to the northwest and Herschel to the southeast. The bowl-shaped M\u00f6sting A intersects the western rim of Flammarion."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Maffei 1", "paragraph_text": "Maffei 1 is a massive elliptical galaxy classified as type E3 in the Hubble classification scheme. This means that it is slightly flattened, its semi-minor axis being 70% of its semi-major axis. Maffei 1 has also a boxy shape (E(b)3 type), while its central region (radius \u2248 34 pc) is deficient in light emission as compared to the r1/4 law, meaning that Maffei 1 is a core type elliptical. Both the boxy shape and the presence of an underluminous core are typical of intermediate to massive ellipticals.The apparent dimensions of Maffei 1 depend strongly on the wavelength of light because of the heavy obscuration by the Milky Way. In blue light it is 1\u20132\u2032 across while in the near infrared its major axis reaches 23\u2032\u2014more than 3/4 of the Moon's diameter. At a distance of 3 Mpc this corresponds to approximately 23 kpc. The total visible absolute magnitude of Maffei 1, MV=\u221220.8, is comparable to that of the Milky Way."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Montes Cordillera", "paragraph_text": "Montes Cordillera is a mountain range on the Moon. This feature forms the outer wall of peaks that surround the Mare Orientale impact basin, the inner ring being formed by the Montes Rook. The center of the range is located at selenographic coordinates 17.5\u00b0 S, 81.6\u00b0 W, and the diameter is ."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Xanthe Montes", "paragraph_text": "Xanthe Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Xanthe Montes\" is a classical albedo feature name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 2006."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United States Bill of Rights", "paragraph_text": "United States Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights Created September 25, 1789 Ratified December 15, 1791 Location National Archives Author (s) James Madison"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lacus Aestatis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Aestatis (Latin for \"Summer Lake\") consists of two relatively small areas of lunar mare located near the western limb of the Moon. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 15.0\u00b0 S, 69.0\u00b0 W, and it lies within a diameter of 90\u00a0km. The lake has a combined surface area in the order of 1,000\u00a0km."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pindus Mons", "paragraph_text": "Pindus Mons is a mountain on the planet Mars which is located in Tempe Terra. It has a diameter of . The name was approved in 1991."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Fur Country", "paragraph_text": "The Fur Country () is an adventure novel by Jules Verne in The Extraordinary Voyages series, first published in 1873. The novel was serialized in \"Magasin d\u2019\u00c9ducation et de R\u00e9cr\u00e9ation\" from September 1872 to December 1873. The two-volume first original French edition and the first illustrated large-format edition were published in 1873. The first English translation by N. D\u2019Anvers (pseudonym of Mrs. Arthur (Nancy) Bell) was also published in 1873."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hibes Montes", "paragraph_text": "Hibes Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Hibes Montes\"is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1985."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Coronae Montes", "paragraph_text": "Coronae Montes is a mountain on the planet Mars. The name \"Coronae Montes\"is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mare Serenitatis", "paragraph_text": "Mare Serenitatis (\"Sea of Serenity\") is a lunar mare located to the east of Mare Imbrium on the Moon. Its diameter is ."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Octantis Mons", "paragraph_text": "Octantis Mons is a mountain on the planet Mars. The name \"Octantis Mons\" is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of 19.09 km Kilometer. This mountain was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hoberman sphere", "paragraph_text": "A Hoberman sphere is an isokinetic structure patented by Chuck Hoberman that resembles a geodesic dome, but is capable of folding down to a fraction of its normal size by the scissor-like action of its joints. Colorful plastic versions have become popular as children's toys: several toy sizes exist, with the original design capable of expanding from in diameter to ."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Belgrade Observatory", "paragraph_text": "Belgrade Observatory is an astronomical observatory located in the eastern part of Belgrade, Serbia, in the natural environment of Zvezdara Forest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lacus Timoris", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Timoris (Latin for \"Lake of Fear\") is a small lunar mare on the Moon. It is located at 39.4\u00b0 S, 27.9\u00b0 W and is 154 km in diameter."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ganges Mensa", "paragraph_text": "Ganges Mensa is in the Coprates quadrangle of Mars, centered near the equator in the western hemisphere at 7.2\u00b0 S and 48.8\u00b0 W. The landform was named after a classical albedo feature that was published in a 1930 manuscript called \"La Plan\u00e9te Mars\" authored by the French-Greek astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Michel Antoniadi. The International Astronomical Union officially approved Ganges Mensa's name in 2006."}], "question": "What fraction of the diameter of the astronomical location of the vessel named for the author of The Fur Country is 23'?"}
{"id": "3hop1__52607_42463_54424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mercury (planet)", "paragraph_text": "Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. It is named after the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger to the gods."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Free fall", "paragraph_text": "Near the surface of the Earth, an object in free fall in a vacuum will accelerate at approximately 9.8 m / s, independent of its mass. With air resistance acting on an object that has been dropped, the object will eventually reach a terminal velocity, which is around 53 m / s (195 km / h or 122 mph) for a human skydiver. The terminal velocity depends on many factors including mass, drag coefficient, and relative surface area and will only be achieved if the fall is from sufficient altitude. A typical skydiver in a spread - eagle position will reach terminal velocity after about 12 seconds, during which time he will have fallen around 450 m (1,500 ft)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Bjorken", "paragraph_text": "James Daniel \"BJ\" Bjorken (born 1934) is an American theoretical physicist. He was a Putnam Fellow in 1954, received a BS in physics from MIT in 1956, and obtained his PhD from Stanford University in 1959. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in the fall of 1962. Bjorken is Emeritus Professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and was a member of the Theory Department of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (1979\u20131989)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "UNK proton accelerator", "paragraph_text": "The UNK proton accelerator was a large particle accelerator under construction in Protvino, near Moscow, Russia, at the Institute for High Energy Physics. While progress in construction was announced in 1996, after the breakup of the Soviet Union and the economic changes in the country, government funding to the project was halted and only security and maintenance are funded."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Effect of Sun angle on climate", "paragraph_text": "The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to the Earth's orbit around the Sun and the Earth's rotation around its tilted axis. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter. Change in day length is another factor. (See also season.)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "TRIUMF", "paragraph_text": "TRIUMF is Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics and accelerator - based science. TRIUMF is considered Canada's premier physics laboratory, and is consistently regarded as one of the leading subatomic physics research centers on the international level. Owned and operated by a consortium of universities as a joint venture, TRIUMF is located on the south campus of one of its founding members - the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia. TRIUMF houses the world's largest cyclotron, a source of 520 MeV protons, which was named an IEEE Milestone in 2010. TRIUMF's accelerator - focused activities involve particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, materials science, and detector and accelerator development."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "HD 217107 b", "paragraph_text": "As with the majority of extrasolar planet discoveries so far, it was found by detecting small variations in the radial velocity of the star it orbits, caused by the tug of its gravity. A study of the radial velocity of HD 217107 carried out in 1998 revealed that its motion along the line of sight varied over a 7.1 day cycle. The period and amplitude of this variation indicated that it was caused by a planetary companion in orbit around the star, with a minimum mass slightly greater than that of Jupiter. The planet's mean distance from the star is less than one fifth of Mercury's distance from the Sun."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Orbit of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in about 27.32 days (a sidereal month) and one revolution relative to the Sun in about 29.53 days (a synodic month). Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycenter (common center of mass), which lies about 4,600 km (2,900 mi) from Earth's center (about 3 / 4 of the radius of Earth). On average, the distance to the Moon is about 385,000 km (239,000 mi) from Earth's center, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Skol, Vikings", "paragraph_text": "``Skol, Vikings ''(IPA: / sk\u0252l /, / \u02c8va\u026ak\u026a\u014bs /) is the fight song of the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League. It was introduced around the time the team was founded in 1961. The words and music are attributed to James`` Red'' McLeod, a composer from Edina, Minnesota."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Large Hadron Collider", "paragraph_text": "The first beam was circulated through the collider on the morning of 10 September 2008. CERN successfully fired the protons around the tunnel in stages, three kilometres at a time. The particles were fired in a clockwise direction into the accelerator and successfully steered around it at 10: 28 local time. The LHC successfully completed its major test: after a series of trial runs, two white dots flashed on a computer screen showing the protons travelled the full length of the collider. It took less than one hour to guide the stream of particles around its inaugural circuit. CERN next successfully sent a beam of protons in an anticlockwise direction, taking slightly longer at one and a half hours due to a problem with the cryogenics, with the full circuit being completed at 14: 59."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Heliocentrism", "paragraph_text": "Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Historically, Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos, but at least in the medieval world, Aristarchus's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Funny Car", "paragraph_text": "Horsepower claims vary widely -- from 6,978 to 8,897 -- but are probably around 8,000 HP. Supercharged, nitromethane - fueled motors of this type also have a very high torque, which is estimated at about 7,000 ft \u22c5 lbf (9,500 N \u22c5 m). They routinely achieve a 6 G acceleration from a standing start."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as  and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of  will experience a force:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gliese 268", "paragraph_text": "Gliese 268 (QY Aurigae) is a RS Canum Venaticorum variable (RS CVn) star in the Auriga constellation. RS CVn variables are binary star systems with a strong magnetic field influenced by each star's rotation, which is accelerated by the tidal effects of the other star in the system. Gliese 268 in particular is composed of a binary system of two M-type dwarfs, or red dwarfs, and is one of the one hundred closest star systems to the Earth. The primary component of the system has an apparent magnitude of 12.05, and the secondary component an apparent magnitude of 12.45. Neither is visible to the naked eye from Earth."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Coriolis force", "paragraph_text": "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term ``Coriolis effect '', the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth. Because the Earth spins, Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects. The Earth completes one rotation per day, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles, since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there, and decreases to zero at the equator. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thomson scattering", "paragraph_text": "In the low-energy limit, the electric field of the incident wave (photon) accelerates the charged particle, causing it, in turn, to emit radiation at the same frequency as the incident wave, and thus the wave is scattered. Thomson scattering is an important phenomenon in plasma physics and was first explained by the physicist J. J. Thomson. As long as the motion of the particle is non-relativistic (i.e. its speed is much less than the speed of light), the main cause of the acceleration of the particle will be due to the electric field component of the incident wave. In a first approximation, the influence of the magnetic field can be neglected. The particle will move in the direction of the oscillating electric field, resulting in electromagnetic dipole radiation. The moving particle radiates most strongly in a direction perpendicular to its acceleration and that radiation will be polarized along the direction of its motion. Therefore, depending on where an observer is located, the light scattered from a small volume element may appear to be more or less polarized."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alcohol proof", "paragraph_text": "The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity. 50% alcohol was defined as 100 proof."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Electron", "paragraph_text": "With the development of the particle accelerator during the first half of the twentieth century, physicists began to delve deeper into the properties of subatomic particles. The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst. His initial betatron reached energies of 2.3 MeV, while subsequent betatrons achieved 300 MeV. In 1947, synchrotron radiation was discovered with a 70 MeV electron synchrotron at General Electric. This radiation was caused by the acceleration of electrons through a magnetic field as they moved near the speed of light.With a beam energy of 1.5 GeV, the first high-energy"}], "question": "In how many days does the body to which gravity acceleration around the source of the coriolosis component of acceleration could be attributed revolve around the sun?"}
{"id": "3hop1__467458_327680_772797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arbor Vitae, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Arbor Vitae is a town in Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,153 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Arbor Vitae is located in the town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gogebic County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Gogebic County Courthouse is a government building located on North Moore Street in Bessemer, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lac Vieux Desert", "paragraph_text": "Lac Vieux Desert is a lake in the United States divided between Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin. Fed primarily by springs in the surrounding swamps, it is the source of the Wisconsin River, which flows out of its southwest corner. The lake contains a number of small islands, especially in its northeastern lobe, including Draper Island in Michigan and Duck Island, in Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}], "question": "What city is in the county that shares a border with the other county where Arbor Vitae is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__122246_37759_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Margo Burns", "paragraph_text": "Margo Burns is a historian (A.B., Mount Holyoke College, 1980, M.A., University of New Hampshire, 1991) specializing in the Salem witch trials and related events, especially those in North Andover. She is an Associate Editor and Project Manager of the book \"Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt\" (Bernard Rosenthal, Editor, Cambridge University Press, 2009). She resides in New Hampshire."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Judah Waten", "paragraph_text": "Born in Odessa to a Russian-Jewish family, Judah Waten arrived in Western Australia in 1914. He attended Christian Brothers' College, Perth and, moving to Melbourne in 1926, University High School, Melbourne. He joined the Communist Party of Australia while still at school. Between 1931 and 1933, he visited Europe, became engaged in left-wing political activities in England, and spent three months in Wormwood Scrubs Prison."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oriel College, Oxford", "paragraph_text": "Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title formerly claimed by University College, whose claim of being founded by King Alfred is no longer promoted). In recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been known as King's College and King's Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (since 1952, Elizabeth II) is the official Visitor of the College."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Allison Fonte", "paragraph_text": "After her stint with \"the New Mickey Mouse Club\", Allison attended Stanford University and was a founding partner in a creative firm in New York City called Pompei A.D. She spun off part of that company into Allison Fonte Public Relations, also in New York. Allison attended the New Mouseketeers' reunion in May 2001, along with eight other 1970s Mouseketeers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania State University (commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU) is a state - related, land - grant, doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Founded in 1855, the university has a stated threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery. Its University Park campus, the flagship campus, lies within the Borough of State College and College Township. It has two law schools: Penn State Law, on the school's University Park campus, and Dickinson Law, located in Carlisle, 90 miles south of State College. The College of Medicine is located in Hershey. Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state. Penn State has been labeled one of the ``Public Ivies, ''a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools, including Lesley University College of Art and Design, Massachusetts College of Art, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, New England Institute of Art, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), Longy School of Music of Bard College, and the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States). Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Emory Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Emory Kristof (born November 19, 1942) is an American photographer. His work has been published in \"National Geographic Magazine\" and elsewhere."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "University of Montana Western", "paragraph_text": "The University of Montana Western (UMW) is a public university located in Dillon, Montana, United States. It is affiliated with The University of Montana and is part of the Montana University System. The school was founded in 1893 as Montana State Normal School. The college was founded as a center for training teachers. It was formerly known as Western Montana College before becoming part of the Montana University System in 2000. Enrollment of full-time, degree seeking students as of Fall 2018 was 1,221 students."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jerald Posman", "paragraph_text": "Jerald Posman is Vice President for Administration and Finance at the City College of New York, a senior college of the City University of New York. Prior to that, he served most recently as Senior Vice President and COO for six and a half years at York College, City University of New York. He received his undergraduate degree in English Literature from the City College of New York and MBA from the Harvard Business School, Harvard University."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Aurel Braun", "paragraph_text": "Aurel Braun is Professor of International Relations and Political Science at the University of Toronto. He is also a senior member of the Centre for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies and of the Centre for International Studies, and a Fellow and Senator of Trinity College at the University of Toronto. Braun has twice been appointed a Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Braun received his Ph.D. in international relations from the London School of Economics (London, England). He is a Canadian citizen."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New College of California", "paragraph_text": "New College of California was a college founded in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1971 by former Gonzaga University President, Father John Leary. It ceased operations in early 2008."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Raleigh, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "University of Tasmania", "paragraph_text": "The University of Tasmania (UTAS) is a public research university and property developer, primarily located in Tasmania, Australia. Founded in 1890, it is Australia's fourth oldest university. Christ College, one of the university's residential colleges, was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country. The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Robinson College, Cambridge", "paragraph_text": "Robinson College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. Founded in 1977, Robinson is one of the newest Oxbridge colleges and is unique in having been intended, from its inception, for both undergraduate and graduate students of both sexes."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the United States, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University, and Yeshiva University. The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation, comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other graduate/professional schools. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system also serves New York City, as well as the rest of the state. The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, Manhattan College, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, The New School, Pratt Institute, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, and Wagner College."}], "question": "When did the founders of the college related with Nicholas Kristof arrive in New England?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37663_5844_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Goobertown, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Goobertown is an unincorporated community in Craighead County, Arkansas, United States. Goobertown is located on U.S. Route 49, northeast of Jonesboro."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Plymell, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Plymell is an unincorporated community in Finney County, Kansas, United States. Plymell is located on U.S. Route 83, south of Garden City."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A pub /p\u028cb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Royal Oak Hotel", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Oak Hotel is a pub located in Balmain, a suburb in the inner west region of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The pub has historical links with the union movement and is one of a number of buildings which formed an integral part of the shipbuilding and industrial history of the local area."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Midway, DeKalb County, Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Midway is an unincorporated community in DeKalb County, Tennessee, United States. Midway is located along U.S. Route 70 and State Route 26 east of Smithville."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "First Great Awakening", "paragraph_text": "The First Great Awakening (sometimes Great Awakening) or Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its American Colonies between the 1730s and 1740s. The revival movement had a permanent impact on Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion. The Great Awakening marked the emergence of Anglo - American evangelicalism as a transdenominational movement within the Protestant churches. In the United States, the term Great Awakening is most often used, while in the United Kingdom, it is referred to as the Evangelical Revival."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fingerville, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Fingerville is a Census-designated place located in Spartanburg County in the U.S. State of South Carolina. According to the 2010 United States Census, the population was 134."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Monico (community), Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Monico is an unincorporated community located in the town of Monico, Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. Monico is located on Venus Lake at the junction of U.S. Route 8, U.S. Route 45, and Wisconsin Highway 47 east-southeast of Rhinelander."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hord, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Hord is an unincorporated community in Clay County, Illinois, United States. Hord is located on U.S. Route 45 north of Louisville."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "DeWitt, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "DeWitt is an unincorporated community in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, United States. DeWitt is located on U.S. Route 1 northeast of McKenney."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Baptist, Louisiana", "paragraph_text": "Baptist is an unincorporated community in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, United States. Baptist is located on U.S. Route 190, west of Hammond."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was \"tavern\", until the 1970s when the term \"bar\" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was \"public house\" as in England but \"pub culture\" did not spread to Canada. A fake \"English looking\" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, like regular bars. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central to student life, as it would be bad form just to serve alcohol to students without providing some type of basic food. Often these pubs are run by the student's union. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. There are now pubs in the large cities of Canada that cater to anyone interested in a \"pub\" type drinking environment.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wendel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Wendel is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located along U.S. Route 34, west of Mendota. Wendel is home to the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of Clarion, pastored by Kevin Weeks. It is the location of the Clarion Township building, as well as a handful of houses."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Curtis Howe Springer", "paragraph_text": "Curtis Howe Springer (December 2, 1896 \u2013 August 19, 1985) was an American radio evangelist, self-proclaimed medical doctor and Methodist minister best known for founding the Zzyzx Mineral Springs resort located within Southern California's Mojave Desert. He was also the host of well-known evangelical syndicated radio programs that were broadcast throughout the United States for several decades."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gramling, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Gramling is a census-designated place located in Spartanburg County in the U.S. state of South Carolina. According to the 2010 United States Census, the population was 86."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Historic Trinity Lutheran Church", "paragraph_text": "The Historic Trinity Lutheran Church is a church located in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It occupies the Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church complex, located at 1345 Gratiot Avenue. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1981 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Its current pastor is Rev. Darryl L. Andrzejewski."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tennessee, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Tennessee is an unincorporated community in Drew County, Arkansas, United States. Tennessee is located on U.S. Route 278 west of Monticello."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "La Grange (community), Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "La Grange is an unincorporated community located in the town of La Grange, Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. La Grange is located on U.S. Route 12."}], "question": "When did the religious sect that brought Evangelicalism to the U.S. arrive in the region of the U.S. that calls drinking establishments pubs?"}
{"id": "3hop1__797109_327680_772797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lac Vieux Desert", "paragraph_text": "Lac Vieux Desert is a lake in the United States divided between Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin. Fed primarily by springs in the surrounding swamps, it is the source of the Wisconsin River, which flows out of its southwest corner. The lake contains a number of small islands, especially in its northeastern lobe, including Draper Island in Michigan and Duck Island, in Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Phelps, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Phelps is a town in Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,350 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Phelps is located in the town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gogebic County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Gogebic County Courthouse is a government building located on North Moore Street in Bessemer, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}], "question": "What town is located in the county that shares a border with the county containing the town of Phelps?"}
{"id": "3hop2__49236_37663_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "In the near future, fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution. With this chaos in place, the totalitarian, Christian theonomic government of ``Gilead ''establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war. Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new, militarized, hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes, in which women are brutally subjugated, and by law are not allowed to work, own property, handle money, or read. Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead, called handmaids, according to an`` extremist interpretation'' of a Biblical account. They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite, where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. The book was originally published in 1985. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, for whom they serve."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yvonne Strahovski", "paragraph_text": "Yvonne Jaqueline Strzechowski (born 30 July 1982), known professionally as Yvonne Strahovski (), is an Australian actress. She is best known for her roles as CIA Agent Sarah Walker in the NBC spy drama series Chuck (2007\u20132012), Hannah McKay in the Showtime drama series Dexter (2012\u20132013), and CIA Agent Kate Morgan in the Fox event series 24: Live Another Day (2014). She currently stars as Serena Joy Waterford in the Hulu drama series The Handmaid's Tale (2017\u2013present), for which she has received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government, the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (``The Merchant's Tale '',`` The Parson's Tale'', etc.)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wartburg College", "paragraph_text": "Wartburg College is a four-year liberal arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America located in Waverly, Iowa. Wartburg West is in Denver, Colorado."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is an American web television series created by Bruce Miller, based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016. The plot follows a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War where women, called ``Handmaids '', are forced into sexual and child - bearing servitude."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Home (Robinson novel)", "paragraph_text": "Home is a novel written by the Pulitzer Prize-winning American author Marilynne Robinson. Published in 2008, it is Robinson's third novel, preceded by \"Housekeeping\" in 1980 and \"Gilead\" in 2004."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Radio in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government - subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Production location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Vaughan, Ontario Running time 47 -- 63 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present (present) External links Website"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Max Minghella as Nick Blaine, Commander Waterford's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June. June and Nick develop an intimate relationship, and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye, a spy for Gilead."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Puritan Passions", "paragraph_text": "Puritan Passions is a 1923 silent film directed by Frank Tuttle, based on Percy MacKaye's 1908 play \"The Scarecrow\", which was itself based on Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story \"Feathertop\". The film stars Glenn Hunter, Mary Astor, and stage actor Osgood Perkins. It follows the play faithfully, except that Osgood Perkins' character is called Dickon in the play and Dr. Nicholas in the movie, and Justice Gilead Merton is renamed Justice Gilead Wingate in the film. It is the only theatrical film version \u2013 so far \u2013 of Percy MacKaye's play, though there were previously two silent film versions of Hawthorne's original story."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gilead, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Gilead is a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States. Upon incorporation in 1804, it was named for the large quantity of Balm of Gilead trees in the town center. The population was 209 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sallah Shabati", "paragraph_text": "The film begins with Sallah Shabati, a Mizrahi Jewish immigrant, arriving in Israel with his family. Upon arrival he is brought to live in a \"ma'abara\", or transit camp. He is given a broken-down, one-room shack in which to live with his family and spends the rest of the movie attempting to make enough money to purchase adequate housing. His money-making schemes are often comical and frequently satirize the political and social stereotypes in Israel of the time."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}], "question": "When did the religious order that brought Evangelicalism to the U.S. arrive in the region where Gilead is located in The Handmaid's Tale?"}
{"id": "3hop1__422653_327680_772797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marlands, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Marlands is an unincorporated community in the town of Lac du Flambeau, Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. Marlands is located on the eastern shore of Fence Lake east-southeast of the community of Lac du Flambeau."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lac Vieux Desert", "paragraph_text": "Lac Vieux Desert is a lake in the United States divided between Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin. Fed primarily by springs in the surrounding swamps, it is the source of the Wisconsin River, which flows out of its southwest corner. The lake contains a number of small islands, especially in its northeastern lobe, including Draper Island in Michigan and Duck Island, in Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gogebic County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Gogebic County Courthouse is a government building located on North Moore Street in Bessemer, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}], "question": "What town is found in the county that shares a border with the county where Marlands, Wisconsin is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37663_80070_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Plum Lovin'", "paragraph_text": "In this Valentine's Day between the numbers novella bounty hunter Stephanie Plum is tracking down Annie Hart, a relationship expert, who was charged with armed robbery. According to Stephanie's file Hart stole a necklace from a pawn shop owned by Stanley Cramp and shot him in the foot. Vinnie is worried that if Hart isn't brought in soon he won't be able to afford the big champagne Valentine's Day cruise he is supposed to take with his wife Lucille."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, the series was renewed for a second season scheduled to premiere on April 25, 2018. The Handmaid's Tale received widespread critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from 13 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, becoming the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series. It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Last Crossing", "paragraph_text": "A rethinking of the genre of the \"western\", \"The Last Crossing\" is a tale of interwoven lives and stories taking place in the last half of the 19th century, travelling from England to the United States and the Canadian west."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Path of Totality", "paragraph_text": "Korn frontman Jonathan Davis describes the new album as \"very well-rounded, with a mix of mellow, upbeat tracks; possibly the most well-proportioned Korn album of all time.\" In a new biography on Roadrunner Records' official website, Jonathan Davis declares \"The Path of Totality\" as \"future metal.\" \"We're mixing metal and electro music, and you're not supposed to do that. Since day one, Korn has always been all about going against the grain, experimenting, and trying to take music different places.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is an American web television series created by Bruce Miller, based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016. The plot follows a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War where women, called ``Handmaids '', are forced into sexual and child - bearing servitude."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Radio in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government - subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Yvonne Strahovski", "paragraph_text": "Yvonne Jaqueline Strzechowski (born 30 July 1982), known professionally as Yvonne Strahovski (), is an Australian actress. She is best known for her roles as CIA Agent Sarah Walker in the NBC spy drama series Chuck (2007\u20132012), Hannah McKay in the Showtime drama series Dexter (2012\u20132013), and CIA Agent Kate Morgan in the Fox event series 24: Live Another Day (2014). She currently stars as Serena Joy Waterford in the Hulu drama series The Handmaid's Tale (2017\u2013present), for which she has received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ohrid Swimming Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The Ohrid Swimming Marathon (Macedonian: \u041e\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043d, \"Ohridski Pliva\u010dki Maraton\") is an international Open water swimming competition, established in always taking place in the waters of the Ohrid Lake, Republic of Macedonia. The swimmers are supposed to swim 30\u00a0km from Sveti Naum to the Ohrid harbor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1990 Recopa Sudamericana", "paragraph_text": "The 1990 Recopa Sudamericana was the second Recopa Sudamericana, an annual football match between the winners of the previous season's Copa Libertadores and Supercopa Sudamericana competitions. Originally, the title was to supposed to be disputed on a two-legged series. Due to security concerns on the eventual, first leg in Colombia and schedule congestion a neutral stadium was chosen for the match to take place. The Orange Bowl in Miami became the venue for this year's Recopa Sudamericana final."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Km. 0", "paragraph_text": "Km. 0 is a 2000 film from Spain that tells several intertwining tales of mistaken identity and coincidental meetings (that may not be coincidental) that take place near the Kilometre Zero marker in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Production location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Vaughan, Ontario Running time 47 -- 63 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present (present) External links Website"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, originally published in 1985. It is set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy, which has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Better Call Saul (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The first and second seasons mainly took place in 2002, with season three advancing the storyline to 2003. The fourth season also takes place mainly in 2003, with the last three episodes taking place in 2004. In season four, Jimmy (Bob Odenkirk) and Kim (Rhea Seehorn) struggle to cope with Chuck's (Michael McKean) death. Howard Hamlin (Patrick Fabian) believes that his decision to force Chuck out of HHM led to Chuck's death, and suffers with depression and disengagement from work. Mike (Jonathan Banks) performs security inspections at Madrigal, disregarding the fact that his consulting contract was supposed to be only a paper transaction. Gus (Giancarlo Esposito) has his suspicions about Nacho (Michael Mando) after Hector's (Mark Margolis) stroke. Nacho becomes a mole for Gus inside the Salamanca organization. Gus hires an engineer and construction crew to begin construction of the meth ``superlab ''under the industrial laundry. Lalo Salamanca (Tony Dalton) arrives to begin running the family's drug business."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government, the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (``The Merchant's Tale '',`` The Parson's Tale'', etc.)."}], "question": "When did the religious sect that brought Evangelicalism to the U.S. arrive in the region where The Handmaid's Tale is set?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37663_687329_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Radio in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government - subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sallah Shabati", "paragraph_text": "The film begins with Sallah Shabati, a Mizrahi Jewish immigrant, arriving in Israel with his family. Upon arrival he is brought to live in a \"ma'abara\", or transit camp. He is given a broken-down, one-room shack in which to live with his family and spends the rest of the movie attempting to make enough money to purchase adequate housing. His money-making schemes are often comical and frequently satirize the political and social stereotypes in Israel of the time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wendel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Wendel is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located along U.S. Route 34, west of Mendota. Wendel is home to the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of Clarion, pastored by Kevin Weeks. It is the location of the Clarion Township building, as well as a handful of houses."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Father's Day", "paragraph_text": "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. In Catholic Europe, it has been celebrated on March 19 (St. Joseph's Day) since the Middle Ages. This celebration was brought by the Spanish and Portuguese to Latin America, where March 19 is often still used for it, though many countries in Europe and the Americas have adopted the U.S. date, which is the third Sunday of June. It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March, April and June. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Mother's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Historic Trinity Lutheran Church", "paragraph_text": "The Historic Trinity Lutheran Church is a church located in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It occupies the Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church complex, located at 1345 Gratiot Avenue. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1981 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Its current pastor is Rev. Darryl L. Andrzejewski."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spanish missions in California", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of 21 religious outposts or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in today's U.S. State of California. Founded by Catholic priests of the Franciscan order to evangelize the Native Americans, the missions led to the creation of the New Spain province of Alta California and were part of the expansion of the Spanish Empire into the most northern and western parts of Spanish North America."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Joseph Turney", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Turney was born March 19, 1825 in New England. His parents moved to Cleveland, Ohio in 1834. He first was a blacksmith, and later worked in railroads and banking. In 1865 and 1867 he was elected Treasurer of Cuyahoga county. In 1879 and again in 1881, he was elected on the Republican ticket as Treasurer of Ohio. Afterward, he returned to Cleveland, where he died several years later."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Western civilization", "paragraph_text": "One major event that nearly brought the world to the brink of war was the Cuban Missile Crisis. In the 1950s a revolution in Cuba had brought the only Communist regime in the Western Hemisphere to power. In 1962, the Soviets began constructing missile sites in Cuba and sending nuclear missiles. Because of its close proximity to the U.S., the U.S. demanded the Soviets withdraw missiles from Cuba. The U.S. and Soviet Union came very close to attacking one another, but in the end came to a secret agreement in which the NATO withdrew missiles in exchange for a Soviet withdrawal of missiles from Cuba."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Shirley Abicair", "paragraph_text": "Shirley Abicair was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Some sources show her year of birth as 1935, but a contemporary account shows she was 23 or 24 on arrival in Britain and, as she had completed tertiary studies in Australia, the earlier date seems more likely. She was the only daughter of a Wing Commander in the RAAF."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "First Great Awakening", "paragraph_text": "The First Great Awakening (sometimes Great Awakening) or Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its American Colonies between the 1730s and 1740s. The revival movement had a permanent impact on Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion. The Great Awakening marked the emergence of Anglo - American evangelicalism as a transdenominational movement within the Protestant churches. In the United States, the term Great Awakening is most often used, while in the United Kingdom, it is referred to as the Evangelical Revival."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ilse Junkermann", "paragraph_text": "Ilse Junkermann (born May 31, 1957 in D\u00f6rzbach an der Jagst) is the current German bishop of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany, a member church of the Evangelical Church in Germany. She was the first woman to become Landesbischof there. She is a pacifist."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Books of Samuel", "paragraph_text": "Samuel begins with the prophet Samuel's birth and God's call to him as a boy. The story of the Ark of the Covenant that follows tells of Israel's oppression by the Philistines, which brought about Samuel's anointing of Saul as Israel's first king. But Saul proved unworthy and God's choice turned to David, who defeated Israel's enemies and brought the Ark to Jerusalem. God then promised David and his successors an everlasting dynasty."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of Australia (1788\u20131850)", "paragraph_text": "When the Bellona transport came to anchor in Sydney Cove on 16 January 1793, she brought with her the first immigrant free settlers. They were: Thomas Rose, a farmer from Dorset, his wife and four children; he was allowed a grant of 120 acres; Frederic Meredith, who had formerly been at Sydney with HMS Sirius; Thomas Webb (who had also been formerly at Sydney with the Sirius), his wife, and his nephew, Joseph Webb; Edward Powell, who had formerly been at Sydney with the Juliana transport, and who married a free woman after his arrival. Thomas Webb and Edward Powell each received a grant of 80 acres; and Joseph Webb and Frederic Meredith received 60 acres each."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of Easter Island", "paragraph_text": "The Austronesian Polynesians, who first settled the island, are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west. These settlers brought bananas, taro, sugarcane, and paper mulberry, as well as chickens and Polynesian rats. The island at one time supported a relatively advanced and complex civilization."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Wolverine (film)", "paragraph_text": "Mariko is brought before Shingen at Ichir\u014d's estate where he attempts to kill her. The Blackfoot Ninjas led by Harada and accompanied by Dr. Green arrive and attack the compound. Dr. Green stabs Shingen in the neck with a poisoned pen and the Ninjas whisk Mariko away. Logan and Yukio arrive later and, using Ichir\u014d's X-ray machine, discover a robotic parasite attached to Logan's heart, suppressing his healing ability. Logan cuts himself open and extracts the device. During the operation, Shingen, who survived Dr. Green's attack, attempts to kill Logan but Yukio holds Shingen off long enough for Logan to recover and kill Shingen. Logan follows Mariko's trail to the village of Ichir\u014d's birth, where he is captured by Harada's ninjas. Logan is placed in a machine by Dr. Green, who reveals her plans to extract his healing factor and introduces him to the Silver Samurai, an electromechanical suit of Japanese armor with energized swords made of adamantium. Harada tries to convince Mariko that the events happening are for her well being but Mariko escapes from Harada by stabbing him in the leg. Harada sees the error of his ways and while attempting to stop the Silver Samurai he is killed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as \"convinced atheists.\""}], "question": "When did who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S. arrive in the place of birth of Joseph Turney?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37663_61965_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to determine the governor and lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It will occur concurrently with the election of Wisconsin's Class I U.S. Senate seat, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, originally published in 1985. It is set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Iliad", "paragraph_text": "Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' imminent death and the fall of Troy, although the narrative ends before these events take place. However, as these events are prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, when it reaches an end the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wood thrush", "paragraph_text": "The wood thrush's breeding range extends from Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia in southern Canada to northern Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River and the eastern Great Plains. It migrates to southern Mexico through to Panama in Central America in the winter, mostly in the lowlands along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. It generally arrives on the U.S. Gulf Coast during the first week of April. Fall migration usually begins in mid-August and continues through mid-September. Migration takes place at night, allowing them to find their direction from the stars and orient themselves by detecting the Earth's magnetic field."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Seventeen (Tarkington novel)", "paragraph_text": "Seventeen: A Tale of Youth and Summer Time and the Baxter Family Especially William is a humorous novel by Booth Tarkington that gently satirizes first love, in the person of a callow 17-year-old, William Sylvanus Baxter. \"Seventeen\" takes place in a small city in the Midwestern United States shortly before World War I. It was published as sketches in the \"Metropolitan Magazine\" in 1914, and collected in a single volume in 1916, when it was the bestselling novel in the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea", "paragraph_text": "\"The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea\" (, Skaz o Tulskom kosom Levshe i o stalnoy Blokhe), \"The Tale of the Crosseyed Lefthander from Tula and the Steel Flea\" or simply \"Levsha\" (, \"left-handed\"), sometimes called \"The Lefthander\", \"Lefty\", \"The Steel Flea\" or \"The Left-handed Craftsman\" is a well-known 1881 skaz (story) by Nikolai Leskov. Styled as a folk tale, it tells a story of a left-handed arms craftsman from Tula (traditionally a center of the Russian armaments industry) who outperformed his English colleagues by providing a clockwork steel flea they'd made with horseshoes and inscriptions on them."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Una Maid en Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "Una Maid en Manhattan (\"Maid in Manhattan\") is a Spanish-language telenovela produced by United States-based television network Telemundo Studios, Miami. It is based on Columbia Pictures' 2002 movie \"Maid In Manhattan\", starring Jennifer Lopez and Ralph Fiennes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Huntsman: Winter's War", "paragraph_text": "The Huntsman: Winter's War is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film based on characters from the German fairy tale ``Snow White ''compiled by the Brothers Grimm, as well as`` The Snow Queen'' by Hans Christian Andersen. Both a prequel and sequel to Snow White and the Huntsman, the film takes place before and after the events of the first film. The film is written by Craig Mazin and Evan Spiliotopoulos and is the directorial debut of Cedric Nicolas - Troyan, who acted as visual effects supervisor on the first film."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wendel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Wendel is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located along U.S. Route 34, west of Mendota. Wendel is home to the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of Clarion, pastored by Kevin Weeks. It is the location of the Clarion Township building, as well as a handful of houses."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Once Upon a Time (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "Emma soon discovers that writer August W. Booth (Eion Bailey), who is the first stranger ever to arrive in town after she did, is from the Enchanted Forest as well and that he is Pinocchio, who was sent to our world through the same wardrobe that brought Emma to watch over her. But he abandoned her out of fear and is slowly turning back into a wooden puppet. Emma then makes an attempt to take Henry out of Storybrooke forever, but is then forced to reconsider when he refuses to go. Emma makes a deal with Regina in which she leaves but still visits Henry on occasion."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Seven enter Rose Creek and eliminate 22 Blackstone private military contractors on Bogue's payroll. Chisolm sends the corrupt sheriff Mr. Harp away to inform Bogue that they now control his holdings in Rose Creek. Chisolm surmises that Bogue will return with an army in seven days; the Seven (plus Emma) liberate forced laborers from a Bogue Mining digsite, and spend the next week fortifying the town and training the locals in combat. Meanwhile, Bogue receives the news of Rose Creek's liberation, murders Harp for his failure, and orders his Comanche enforcer Denali and his right - hand - man McCann to assemble an army. Robicheaux, haunted by his experiences in the Civil War and fearing his own death if he kills again, leaves the town the night before Bogue's arrival; Emma volunteers to take his place."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Last Crossing", "paragraph_text": "A rethinking of the genre of the \"western\", \"The Last Crossing\" is a tale of interwoven lives and stories taking place in the last half of the 19th century, travelling from England to the United States and the Canadian west."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Radio in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government - subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Schelf Church", "paragraph_text": "The Schelf Church of St. Nicholas () is an Evangelical Lutheran church dedicated to Saint Nicholas in the Schelfstadt quarter of Schwerin in Germany. The church is owned and used by a congregation within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany. It was originally built in 1238, but was rebuilt in 1713 in the Baroque style after destruction by a storm. It is the family burial place of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, including Sophia Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elections in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States has a presidential system of government, which means that the executive and legislature are elected separately. Article One of the United States Constitution requires that any election for the U.S. President must occur on a single day throughout the country; elections for Congressional offices, however, can be held at different times. Congressional and presidential elections take place simultaneously every four years, and the intervening Congressional elections, which take place every two years, are called Midterm elections."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves", "paragraph_text": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film. The film, an iteration of the legendary English folk tale, was directed by Kevin Reynolds. The film's principal cast includes Kevin Costner as Robin Hood, Morgan Freeman as Azeem, Christian Slater as Will Scarlet, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, and Alan Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Uzzah", "paragraph_text": "Uzzah was the son of Abinadab, in whose house the men of Kirjath - jearim placed the Ark when it was brought back from the land of the Philistines. With his brother Ahio, he drove the cart on which the ark was placed when David sought to bring it up to Jerusalem. When the oxen stumbled, Uzzah steadied the ark with his hand, in direct violation of the divine law, and he was immediately killed for his error. David, displeased because the Lord had killed Uzzah, called the place where this occurred Perez - uzzah, which means ``to burst out against Uzzah ''. David was afraid to bring the ark any further, and placed it in the house of Obed - edom the Gittite for three months. The Lord then blessed Obed - edom and David went and brought up the ark of God into the city of David."}], "question": "When did the bringers of Evangelicalism arrive in the place where The Handmaid's Tale takes place?"}
{"id": "3hop1__395420_327680_772797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Winchester, Vilas County, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Winchester is a town in Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 383 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated community of Winchester - locally known as the \"Winchester Townsite\" - is located in the town."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lac Vieux Desert", "paragraph_text": "Lac Vieux Desert is a lake in the United States divided between Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin. Fed primarily by springs in the surrounding swamps, it is the source of the Wisconsin River, which flows out of its southwest corner. The lake contains a number of small islands, especially in its northeastern lobe, including Draper Island in Michigan and Duck Island, in Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gogebic County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Gogebic County Courthouse is a government building located on North Moore Street in Bessemer, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971."}], "question": "What city is located in the county sharing a border with the county in which Winchester is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37663_49610_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elisabeth Moss", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Singleton Moss (born July 24, 1982) is an American actor. She is known for her roles as Zoey Bartlet, the youngest daughter of President Josiah Bartlet, on the NBC television series The West Wing (1999 -- 2006); Peggy Olson, secretary - turned - copywriter, on the AMC series Mad Men (2007 -- 2015), which earned her six Emmy Awards nominations and a Golden Globe nomination; Det. Robin Griffin in the BBC miniseries Top of the Lake (2013, 2017), which won her a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film; and Offred on the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series as a producer."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Seventeen (Tarkington novel)", "paragraph_text": "Seventeen: A Tale of Youth and Summer Time and the Baxter Family Especially William is a humorous novel by Booth Tarkington that gently satirizes first love, in the person of a callow 17-year-old, William Sylvanus Baxter. \"Seventeen\" takes place in a small city in the Midwestern United States shortly before World War I. It was published as sketches in the \"Metropolitan Magazine\" in 1914, and collected in a single volume in 1916, when it was the bestselling novel in the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Iliad", "paragraph_text": "Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' imminent death and the fall of Troy, although the narrative ends before these events take place. However, as these events are prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, when it reaches an end the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, the series was renewed for a second season scheduled to premiere on April 25, 2018. The Handmaid's Tale received widespread critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from 13 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, becoming the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series. It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Last Crossing", "paragraph_text": "A rethinking of the genre of the \"western\", \"The Last Crossing\" is a tale of interwoven lives and stories taking place in the last half of the 19th century, travelling from England to the United States and the Canadian west."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wood thrush", "paragraph_text": "The wood thrush's breeding range extends from Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia in southern Canada to northern Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River and the eastern Great Plains. It migrates to southern Mexico through to Panama in Central America in the winter, mostly in the lowlands along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. It generally arrives on the U.S. Gulf Coast during the first week of April. Fall migration usually begins in mid-August and continues through mid-September. Migration takes place at night, allowing them to find their direction from the stars and orient themselves by detecting the Earth's magnetic field."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is an American web television series created by Bruce Miller, based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016. The plot follows a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War where women, called ``Handmaids '', are forced into sexual and child - bearing servitude."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Radio in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government - subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government, the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (``The Merchant's Tale '',`` The Parson's Tale'', etc.)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Km. 0", "paragraph_text": "Km. 0 is a 2000 film from Spain that tells several intertwining tales of mistaken identity and coincidental meetings (that may not be coincidental) that take place near the Kilometre Zero marker in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Schelf Church", "paragraph_text": "The Schelf Church of St. Nicholas () is an Evangelical Lutheran church dedicated to Saint Nicholas in the Schelfstadt quarter of Schwerin in Germany. The church is owned and used by a congregation within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany. It was originally built in 1238, but was rebuilt in 1713 in the Baroque style after destruction by a storm. It is the family burial place of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, including Sophia Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elections in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States has a presidential system of government, which means that the executive and legislature are elected separately. Article One of the United States Constitution requires that any election for the U.S. President must occur on a single day throughout the country; elections for Congressional offices, however, can be held at different times. Congressional and presidential elections take place simultaneously every four years, and the intervening Congressional elections, which take place every two years, are called Midterm elections."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, originally published in 1985. It is set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy, which has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series."}], "question": "When did the religious sect that brought Evangelicalism to the U.S. arrive in the region where The Handmaid's Tale is set?"}
{"id": "3hop1__641018_327680_772797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Plum Lake, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Plum Lake is a town in Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 486 at the 2000 census. The census-designated place of Sayner and the unincorporated community of Star Lake are located in the town."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Northwest Territories", "paragraph_text": "Located in northern Canada, the territory borders Canada's two other territories, Yukon to the west and Nunavut to the east, as well as three provinces: British Columbia to the southwest, and Alberta and Saskatchewan to the south. It possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has a land area of 1,183,085 km2 (456,792 sq mi).Geographical features include Great Bear Lake, the largest lake entirely within Canada, and Great Slave Lake, the deepest body of water in North America at 614 m (2,014 ft), as well as the Mackenzie River and the canyons of the Nahanni National Park Reserve, a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island, and parts of Victoria Island and Melville Island. Its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m (9,098 ft)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gogebic County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Gogebic County Courthouse is a government building located on North Moore Street in Bessemer, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lac Vieux Desert", "paragraph_text": "Lac Vieux Desert is a lake in the United States divided between Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin. Fed primarily by springs in the surrounding swamps, it is the source of the Wisconsin River, which flows out of its southwest corner. The lake contains a number of small islands, especially in its northeastern lobe, including Draper Island in Michigan and Duck Island, in Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "What town is found in the county that shares a border with the county where Plum Lake is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37663_68802_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mill Tract Farm", "paragraph_text": "Mill Tract Farm, also known as the George Boone Homestead, is a historic house and farm complex located in Exeter Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. The original section of the house was built about 1750, with a western addition built about 1790 and rear additions completed between 1790 and 1820. It is a two-story, five-bay, L-shaped fieldstone dwelling in the Georgian style. Also on the property are a -story, stone grist mill (c. 1728); early-19th-century, -story, fieldstone tenant house; large, late-18th-century stone-and-frame barn; stone pig pen; and two-story, stone horse barn. The grist mill was purportedly built by George Boone, III, grandfather of frontiersman Daniel Boone, who received the original land grant."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Live in Oklahoma 1976", "paragraph_text": "Live in Oklahoma 1976 is a live album by the American Funk band Bootsy's Rubber Band. The album was released in 2001 and represents a collaborative effort between the Funk To The Max label, based in the Netherlands, and Bootzilla Records in the U.S.. The performance was recorded while Bootsy's Rubber Band was the support act (along with Sly and the Family Stone) for headliners Parliament-Funkadelic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eye of Agamotto", "paragraph_text": "The Eye of Agamotto appeared in Doctor Strange (2016). The Eye has the ability to manipulate probabilities and time, as it contains the Time Stone, which is one of the Infinity Stones. The Eye reappears in Strange's possession during Thor: Ragnarok (2017) when Thor seeks the whereabouts of his father. The Eye once again appears in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), in which it is targeted by Thanos, who is collecting the Infinity Stones. After arriving and fighting against Thanos on Titan, Thanos manages to snatch and crush the eye, revealing it as a fake as the Time Stone is not present in it. Strange ultimately surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos in exchange for sparing Tony Stark's life."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Different Strokes by Different Folks", "paragraph_text": "Different Strokes by Different Folks is a remix and cover album by American rock, funk, and soul band Sly and the Family Stone."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "On 9 July 2006, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used, at the World Day of Families, the Santo Caliz, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail. It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century, after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem. The Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added in Medieval Times and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Schelf Church", "paragraph_text": "The Schelf Church of St. Nicholas () is an Evangelical Lutheran church dedicated to Saint Nicholas in the Schelfstadt quarter of Schwerin in Germany. The church is owned and used by a congregation within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany. It was originally built in 1238, but was rebuilt in 1713 in the Baroque style after destruction by a storm. It is the family burial place of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, including Sophia Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Keedy House", "paragraph_text": "The Keedy House is a historic home located at Boonsboro, Washington County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story home, three bays wide and two deep, built of coursed gray stone about 1790. Also on the property is a small stone bank house with a two-story porch and a small stone springhouse."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sallah Shabati", "paragraph_text": "The film begins with Sallah Shabati, a Mizrahi Jewish immigrant, arriving in Israel with his family. Upon arrival he is brought to live in a \"ma'abara\", or transit camp. He is given a broken-down, one-room shack in which to live with his family and spends the rest of the movie attempting to make enough money to purchase adequate housing. His money-making schemes are often comical and frequently satirize the political and social stereotypes in Israel of the time."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "First Presbyterian Church (Parkersburg, West Virginia)", "paragraph_text": "First Presbyterian Church, also known as the Calvary Temple Evangelical Church, is a historic church at 946 Market Street in Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. It was built in 1894, and is a two-story, brick and stone church building in a combined Romanesque / Gothic Revival style. It features a corner bell tower."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Family Stone", "paragraph_text": "The plot follows the Christmas holiday misadventures of the Stone family in a small New England town when the eldest son, played by Mulroney, brings his uptight girlfriend (played by Parker) home with the intention of proposing to her with a cherished heirloom ring. Overwhelmed by the hostile reception, she begs her sister to join her for emotional support, triggering further complications."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Norman architecture", "paragraph_text": "In England, Norman nobles and bishops had influence before the Norman Conquest of 1066, and Norman influences affected late Anglo - Saxon architecture. Edward the Confessor was brought up in Normandy, and in 1042 brought masons to work on Westminster Abbey, the first Romanesque building in England. In 1051 he brought in Norman knights who built ``motte ''castles as a defence against the Welsh. Following the invasion Normans rapidly constructed motte - and - bailey castles, and in a burst of building activity built churches and abbeys, as well as more elaborate fortifications including Norman stone keeps."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Old Stone House (Pennsboro, West Virginia)", "paragraph_text": "Old Stone House, also known as the Webster-Martin-Ireland House, is a historic inn and boarding house, located at Pennsboro, Ritchie County, West Virginia. The main section was built about 1810, and is a -story stone structure, five bays wide and two bays deep, with a gable roof. Attached to it is a two-story frame addition with a hipped roof. It features a one-story porch across the front facade. It is open by the Ritchie County Historical Society as a historic house and local history museum."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "McCoy\u2013Shoemaker Farm", "paragraph_text": "McCoy\u2013Shoemaker Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Peters Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The property includes a main house dated to the 1820s or 1830s, a 1 1/2-story stone spring house and dwelling built about 1800 with frame addition, large stone end bank barn, frame wash house, stone smokehouse, and brick privy. The main house is a two-story, five bay, \"L\"-shaped brick building on a fieldstone foundation. The stone spring house may have also been used as a distillery."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Radio in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government - subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan on June 19, 1989, young men carrying guns, firebombs, iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen, causing a number of deaths. The youths tried to seize a police station and a water-supply station. They brought public transportation to a halt and shut down various shops and industries. By June 25, the rioting had spread to five other towns near the Caspian Sea. A mob of about 150 people armed with sticks, stones and metal rods attacked the police station in Mangishlak, about 90 miles from Zhanaozen, before they were dispersed by government troops flown in by helicopters. Mobs of young people also rampaged through Yeraliev, Shepke, Fort-Shevchenko and Kulsary, where they poured flammable liquid on trains housing temporary workers and set them on fire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stone of Scone", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, in a symbolic response to growing dissatisfaction among Scots at the prevailing constitutional settlement, the British Government decided that the stone should be kept in Scotland when not in use at coronations. On 3 July 1996, it was announced in the House of Commons that the stone would be returned to Scotland, and on 15 November 1996, after a handover ceremony at the border between representatives of the Home Office and of the Scottish Office, it was transported to Edinburgh Castle. The stone arrived in the Castle on 30 November 1996, St Andrew's Day, where the official handover ceremony occurred. Prince Andrew, Duke of York, representing Queen Elizabeth II, formally handed over the Royal Warrant transferring the stone into the safekeeping of the Commissioners for the Regalia. It currently remains alongside the crown jewels of Scotland, the Honours of Scotland, in the Crown Room."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Irving McDonald House", "paragraph_text": "The Irving McDonald House at 191 Booker in Tonopah, Nevada, United States, is a historic stone house that was built in 1906. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO)."}], "question": "When did the bringers of Evangelicalism to the U.S. arrive in the location of the house from The Family Stone?"}
{"id": "3hop2__6989_37663_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rainbow Six (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Rainbow Six is a techno-thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and released on August 3, 1998. It is the second book to primarily focus on John Clark, one of the recurring characters in the Jack Ryan universe, after \"Without Remorse\" (1993). \"Rainbow Six\" also features his son-in-law Domingo \"Ding\" Chavez, and explores the adventures of a multinational counter-terrorism unit that they formed, codenamed as \"Rainbow\". The title refers to Clark's title as commander of Rainbow. The book debuted at number one on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list, and has since been adapted into a series of video games."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wartburg College", "paragraph_text": "Wartburg College is a four-year liberal arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America located in Waverly, Iowa. Wartburg West is in Denver, Colorado."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "River of No Return", "paragraph_text": "Set in the Northwestern United States in 1875, the film focuses on taciturn widower Matt Calder (Robert Mitchum), who has recently been released from prison after serving time for killing one man while defending another. He arrives in a boomtown tent city in search of his ten - year - old son Mark (Tommy Rettig), who was left in the care of dance hall singer Kay (Marilyn Monroe) after the man who brought him there as Matt had arranged took off for the hills. Matt promises Mark, a virtual stranger to him, the two will enjoy a life of hunting, fishing and farming on their homestead."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William Lane Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig joined the faculty of Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in 1980, where he taught philosophy of religion for the next seven years. In 1982 Craig received an invitation to debate Kai Nielsen at the University of Calgary, Canada, on the question of God's existence, and has since then debated many philosophers, scientists, and biblical scholars After a one-year stint at Westmont College on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, Craig moved in 1987 with his wife and two young children back to Europe, where he pursued research for the next seven years as a visiting scholar at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Louvain) in Belgium. Out of that period of research issued seven books, among them God, Time, and Eternity (2001). In 1994, Craig joined the Department of Philosophy and Ethics at Talbot School of Theology in suburban Los Angeles as a Research Professor of Philosophy, a position he currently holds, and he went on to become a Professor of Philosophy at Houston Baptist University in 2014. In 2016, Craig was named Alumnus of the Year by Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. In 2017, Biola created a permanent faculty position and endowed chair, the William Lane Craig Endowed Chair in Philosophy, in honor of Craig's academic contributions.Craig served as president of the Philosophy of Time Society from 1999 to 2006. He helped found the Evangelical Philosophical Society and served as its president from 1996 to 2005."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Savior's Alliance for Lifting the Truth", "paragraph_text": "The Savior's Alliance for Lifting the Truth, commonly known as The SALT, is an evangelical Christian organization founded in 1996 by Christine O'Donnell, a Christian public relations and marketing consultant who ran for the United States Senate, hoping to represent the State of Delaware, in 2006, 2008, and 2010. O'Donnell served as president of The SALT from its founding and was still listed as its president as of July 2010. The organization sought to promote chastity in young people before marriage, preferring to avoid the use of the term sexual abstinence. The SALT was featured in the U.S. national media on many occasions during the 1990s, with O'Donnell appearing as its representative."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Old Trails Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Old Trails Bridge over the Colorado River, brought a now-abandoned portion of U.S. Route 66 across from Needles, California to Topock, Arizona. It is a brace-ribbed through arch bridge that was built in 1915-1916. It served as a highway bridge until 1947 when the Red Rock Bridge, formerly a railroad bridge, was modified for highway use. The Old Trails Bridge was later converted to a pipeline bridge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Quantztown, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Quantztown is an unincorporated community located in the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada, near McCowan Road and 16th Avenue. It is named for German settler Melchior Quantz (1751-1827), who arrived in 1794 after serving with the British Army."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Montauk, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Montauk is an unincorporated community in southwestern Dent County, Missouri, United States. It is located on Route 119, on the Current River and is in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways. Montauk State Park, famed for its rainbow and brown trout, is here."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wendel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Wendel is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located along U.S. Route 34, west of Mendota. Wendel is home to the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of Clarion, pastored by Kevin Weeks. It is the location of the Clarion Township building, as well as a handful of houses."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Crescenzio Sepe", "paragraph_text": "Crescenzio Sepe (born 2 June 1943) is an Italian Cardinal and Archbishop of Naples. He was Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples from 2001 to 2006. Earlier, he served as a priest in Italy and a diplomat in Brazil."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "According to the latest nationwide census, Roman Catholics constituted 30.8% of the total population of Germany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified constituted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among \"others\" are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church of Germany, and other Christians such as the Restorationist New Apostolic Church. Protestantism was more common among the citizens of Germany. The North and East Germany is predominantly Protestant, the South and West rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Since You Been Gone", "paragraph_text": "Rainbow's cover version, released in 1979 with Graham Bonnet on lead vocals, was a Top 10 single in the United Kingdom and was named the 82nd best hard rock song of all time by VH1. Rainbow's version was used in a 2009 T - Mobile advertisement filmed at Liverpool Street station in London, England."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as \"convinced atheists.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of Easter Island", "paragraph_text": "The Austronesian Polynesians, who first settled the island, are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west. These settlers brought bananas, taro, sugarcane, and paper mulberry, as well as chickens and Polynesian rats. The island at one time supported a relatively advanced and complex civilization."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Radio in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government - subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Willard, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Willard is an unincorporated community located in Logan County, Colorado, United States. The U.S. Post Office at Merino (ZIP Code 80741) now serves Willard postal addresses."}], "question": "When did the people who brought Evangelicalism to the US arrive in the area that the Rainbow Times currently serves?"}
{"id": "3hop1__738611_327680_772797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles", "paragraph_text": "The 1940s would prove a tumultuous and ultimately triumphant decade for the young club. In 1940, the team moved from Philadelphia Municipal Stadium to Shibe Park. Lud Wray's half - interest in the team was purchased by Art Rooney, who had just sold the Pittsburgh Steelers to Alexis Thompson. Soon thereafter, Bell / Rooney and Thompson swapped franchises, but not teams. Bell / Rooney's entire Eagles' corporate organization, including most of the players, moved to Pittsburgh (The Steelers' corporate name remained ``Philadelphia Football Club, Inc. ''until 1945) and Thompson's Steelers moved to Philadelphia, leaving only the team nicknames in their original cities. Since NFL franchises are territorial rights distinct from individual corporate entities, the NFL does not consider this a franchise move and considers the current Philadelphia Eagles as a single unbroken entity from 1933. (1)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eagle River, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Eagle River is a city in Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,398 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Vilas County. Because of the many lakes in the area, the city is a popular vacation and retirement destination. The area contains many condominiums, seasonal vacation homes, and hunting cabins."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gera (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Gera is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the former Kingdom of Gera, whose territory was approximately the same as the modern woreda. Part of the Jimma Zone, Gera is bordered on the south by the Gojeb River which separates it from the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the northwest by Sigmo, on the north by Setema, on the northeast by Gomma, and on the east by Seka Chekorsa. The administrative center of this woreda is Chira; other towns in Gera include Cheriko and Dusta."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gogebic County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Gogebic County Courthouse is a government building located on North Moore Street in Bessemer, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "First Army Division East", "paragraph_text": "First Army Division East was established by Department of the Army Permanent Order 156-7 to provide training and readiness oversight and mobilization operations for an area of responsibility spanning 27 states and territories east of the Mississippi River. First Army Division East is responsible for mobilizing, training, readiness oversight and deploying the United States' Reserve and National Guard Soldiers, and selected Sailors and Airmen along with members of multiple interagency and governmental entities."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lac Vieux Desert", "paragraph_text": "Lac Vieux Desert is a lake in the United States divided between Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin. Fed primarily by springs in the surrounding swamps, it is the source of the Wisconsin River, which flows out of its southwest corner. The lake contains a number of small islands, especially in its northeastern lobe, including Draper Island in Michigan and Duck Island, in Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}], "question": "What city is in the county sharing a border with Eagle River's county?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37663_49236_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yvonne Strahovski", "paragraph_text": "Yvonne Jaqueline Strzechowski (born 30 July 1982), known professionally as Yvonne Strahovski (), is an Australian actress. She is best known for her roles as CIA Agent Sarah Walker in the NBC spy drama series Chuck (2007\u20132012), Hannah McKay in the Showtime drama series Dexter (2012\u20132013), and CIA Agent Kate Morgan in the Fox event series 24: Live Another Day (2014). She currently stars as Serena Joy Waterford in the Hulu drama series The Handmaid's Tale (2017\u2013present), for which she has received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Production location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Vaughan, Ontario Running time 47 -- 63 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present (present) External links Website"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sallah Shabati", "paragraph_text": "The film begins with Sallah Shabati, a Mizrahi Jewish immigrant, arriving in Israel with his family. Upon arrival he is brought to live in a \"ma'abara\", or transit camp. He is given a broken-down, one-room shack in which to live with his family and spends the rest of the movie attempting to make enough money to purchase adequate housing. His money-making schemes are often comical and frequently satirize the political and social stereotypes in Israel of the time."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. The book was originally published in 1985. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, for whom they serve."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is an American web television series created by Bruce Miller, based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016. The plot follows a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War where women, called ``Handmaids '', are forced into sexual and child - bearing servitude."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, the series was renewed for a second season scheduled to premiere on April 25, 2018. The Handmaid's Tale received widespread critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from 13 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, becoming the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series. It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Puritan Passions", "paragraph_text": "Puritan Passions is a 1923 silent film directed by Frank Tuttle, based on Percy MacKaye's 1908 play \"The Scarecrow\", which was itself based on Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story \"Feathertop\". The film stars Glenn Hunter, Mary Astor, and stage actor Osgood Perkins. It follows the play faithfully, except that Osgood Perkins' character is called Dickon in the play and Dr. Nicholas in the movie, and Justice Gilead Merton is renamed Justice Gilead Wingate in the film. It is the only theatrical film version \u2013 so far \u2013 of Percy MacKaye's play, though there were previously two silent film versions of Hawthorne's original story."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wendel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Wendel is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located along U.S. Route 34, west of Mendota. Wendel is home to the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of Clarion, pastored by Kevin Weeks. It is the location of the Clarion Township building, as well as a handful of houses."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Radio in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government - subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Claridon, Marion County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Claridon is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Ohio, United States. Claridon is located on Ohio State Route 95, east of Marion, between Marion and Mt. Gilead. The community is served by River Valley Local School District."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "In the near future, fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution. With this chaos in place, the totalitarian, Christian theonomic government of ``Gilead ''establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war. Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new, militarized, hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes, in which women are brutally subjugated, and by law are not allowed to work, own property, handle money, or read. Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead, called handmaids, according to an`` extremist interpretation'' of a Biblical account. They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite, where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government, the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (``The Merchant's Tale '',`` The Parson's Tale'', etc.)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Home (Robinson novel)", "paragraph_text": "Home is a novel written by the Pulitzer Prize-winning American author Marilynne Robinson. Published in 2008, it is Robinson's third novel, preceded by \"Housekeeping\" in 1980 and \"Gilead\" in 2004."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}], "question": "When did the bringers of Evangelicalism to the US arrive where Gilead is located in The Handmaid's Tale?"}
{"id": "3hop1__577656_327680_772797", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lac Vieux Desert", "paragraph_text": "Lac Vieux Desert is a lake in the United States divided between Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin. Fed primarily by springs in the surrounding swamps, it is the source of the Wisconsin River, which flows out of its southwest corner. The lake contains a number of small islands, especially in its northeastern lobe, including Draper Island in Michigan and Duck Island, in Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Presque Isle, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Presque Isle is a town in Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 616 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated communities of Presque Isle and Katinka Village are located in the town."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gogebic County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Gogebic County Courthouse is a government building located on North Moore Street in Bessemer, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Allis Township, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Allis Township is a civil township of Presque Isle County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the township population was 1,035."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Lisnik", "paragraph_text": "John Lisnik is a former Maine politician and current University of Maine administrator. A Democrat, Lisnik ran in 1980 for the Maine House of Representatives; he replaced retiring Republican Bruce Roope. He was born in Presque Isle, Maine and graduated from area schools in 1965 before enlisting in the United States Army during the Vietnam War era. He was a paratrooper and was honorably discharged in 1968 after serving in the 101st Airborne Division. He graduated from the University of Maine at Presque Isle in 1972 and taught social studies in Falmouth, Maine for a year. He then received a fellowship to study at the University of Notre Dame, where he earned a M.A. in government and international affairs. He returned to Aroostook County thereafter and taught at Caribou High School. At the time of his announcement to run for the House of Representatives, Lisnik was vice chairman of the Presque Isle city democratic committee."}], "question": "what contains the administrative territorial entity of the Presque Isle administrative territorial entity shares a border with?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37663_159803_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "Initially, the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat, which was established as a trade transit point in 1608."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Easter Island", "paragraph_text": "The Austronesian Polynesians, who first settled the island, are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west. These settlers brought bananas, taro, sugarcane, and paper mulberry, as well as chickens and Polynesian rats. The island at one time supported a relatively advanced and complex civilization."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "When C\u00e9loron's expedition arrived at Logstown, the Native Americans in the area informed C\u00e9loron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. C\u00e9loron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as \"Old Briton\". C\u00e9loron threatened \"Old Briton\" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British. \"Old Briton\" ignored the warning. Disappointed, C\u00e9loron returned to Montreal in November 1749."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rasbora ornata", "paragraph_text": "Rasbora ornata is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Manipur in India where it occurs in two rivers, the Chatrickong River and Lokchao River, both tributaries of the Yu River. It is threatened by habitat destruction and is traded for the aquarium hobby."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wartburg College", "paragraph_text": "Wartburg College is a four-year liberal arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America located in Waverly, Iowa. Wartburg West is in Denver, Colorado."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wendel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Wendel is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located along U.S. Route 34, west of Mendota. Wendel is home to the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of Clarion, pastored by Kevin Weeks. It is the location of the Clarion Township building, as well as a handful of houses."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Colerain, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "The community had its start as a small trading post located on the St. Marys River. It served as the first location of the United States trading post for trade with the Creek Indians in the mid-1790s, until the factory was relocated to the newly constructed Fort Wilkinson in 1797. It was also the site of the signing of the Treaty of Colerain between the Creeks and the United States government on June 29, 1796. The treaty expanded the U.S.-Creek border westward, allowed for Fort Wilkinson's construction, and mandated the removal of the factory there."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Halabiye Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Halabiye Dam (or Zalabiye Dam) is a proposed dam on the Euphrates in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria. It will be the fourth and most southern dam on the Syrian Euphrates, after the Tishrin Dam, the Tabqa Dam and the Baath Dam. The proposed location for the dam is the narrow gap in the Euphrates valley northwest of Deir ez-Zor that is created by basalt outcrops on the left and right river banks. It is expected that dry areas will be brought under cultivation with irrigation water provided by the dam. In preparation of this project, the director of the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums (DGAM) appealed in 2009 to international teams of archaeologists to participate in the rescue excavations of the archaeological sites that would be threatened by the construction of the dam and the flooding of its reservoir. These excavations were expected to be carried out between 2010 and 2012. The sites that are threatened are located in the area that is projected to be flooded by the reservoir and in the area where construction works for the dam will take place. Important sites that are threatened include the Roman\u2013Byzantine sites of Halabiye and Zalabiye that were first fortified by the Palmyrene queen Zenobia in the 3rd century CE. The lower town of Halabiye will be partially flooded by the reservoir and the Syrian government is cooperating with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and UNESCO to limit the impact of the dam on this site as well as on Zalabiye. Other threatened sites include Bronze Age Tell Ma\u2019dan and Tell Humeyda with Ubaid, Uruk and Byzantine material. Given the current instability in the region, it can be assumed that the project has been postponed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so. Human remains and artifacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Division. The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay. Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BC and 200 AD. Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. In response, a combined bounty of \u00a31,000 was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Silk Road", "paragraph_text": "The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1207 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-established the Silk Road (via Karakorum). It also brought an end to the dominance of the Islamic Caliphate over world trade. Because the Mongols came to control the trade routes, trade circulated throughout the region, though they never abandoned their nomadic lifestyle."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang. Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Beaverlick, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Beaverlick is an unincorporated community in Boone County, Kentucky, United States. Beaverlick is located along U.S. Route 42 and U.S. Route 127 west of Walton. The community was established as a fur trading site between 1780 and 1820. The community was founded sometime in the early 1800s. A post office was established at Beaver Lick in 1854 with John Tucker its postmaster. The post office closed in 1944."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1689 Boston revolt", "paragraph_text": "In the early 1680s, King Charles II of England began taking steps to reorganize the colonies of New England.  The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was revoked in 1684 after its leaders refused to act on his demands for reforms in the colony, when Charles sought to streamline the administration of the colonies and bring them more closely under crown control. He died in 1685 but his successor continued the efforts, Roman Catholic James II, culminating in his creation of the Dominion of New England. He appointed former New York governor Sir Edmund Andros as dominion governor in 1686. The dominion was composed of the territories of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. In 1688, its jurisdiction was expanded to include New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey.Andros's rule was extremely unpopular in New England. He disregarded local representation, denied the validity of existing land titles in Massachusetts (which had been dependent on the old charter), restricted town meetings, and forced the Church of England into largely Puritan regions.  He also enforced the Navigation Acts which threatened the existence of certain trading practices of New England. The royal troops stationed in Boston were often mistreated by their officers, who were supporters of the governor and often either Anglican or Roman Catholic."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kievan Rus'", "paragraph_text": "The Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus'. In 1204 the forces of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople, making the Dnieper trade route marginal. At the same time the Teutonic Knights (of the Northern Crusades) were conquering the Baltic region and threatening the Lands of Novgorod. Concurrently with it the Ruthenian Federation of Kievan Rus' started to disintegrate into smaller principalities as the Rurik dynasty grew. The local Orthodox Christianity of Kievan Rus', while struggling to establish itself in the predominantly pagan state and losing its main base in Constantinople was on the brink of extinction. Some of the main regional centres that developed later were Novgorod, Chernigov, Galich, Kiev, Ryazan, Vladimir-upon-Klyazma, Vladimir of Volyn and Polotsk."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sallah Shabati", "paragraph_text": "The film begins with Sallah Shabati, a Mizrahi Jewish immigrant, arriving in Israel with his family. Upon arrival he is brought to live in a \"ma'abara\", or transit camp. He is given a broken-down, one-room shack in which to live with his family and spends the rest of the movie attempting to make enough money to purchase adequate housing. His money-making schemes are often comical and frequently satirize the political and social stereotypes in Israel of the time."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}], "question": "When did the people who brought Evangelicalism to the US arrive in the location where trading practices were threatened?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37663_6989_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sallah Shabati", "paragraph_text": "The film begins with Sallah Shabati, a Mizrahi Jewish immigrant, arriving in Israel with his family. Upon arrival he is brought to live in a \"ma'abara\", or transit camp. He is given a broken-down, one-room shack in which to live with his family and spends the rest of the movie attempting to make enough money to purchase adequate housing. His money-making schemes are often comical and frequently satirize the political and social stereotypes in Israel of the time."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wartburg College", "paragraph_text": "Wartburg College is a four-year liberal arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America located in Waverly, Iowa. Wartburg West is in Denver, Colorado."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Since You Been Gone", "paragraph_text": "Rainbow's cover version, released in 1979 with Graham Bonnet on lead vocals, was a Top 10 single in the United Kingdom and was named the 82nd best hard rock song of all time by VH1. Rainbow's version was used in a 2009 T - Mobile advertisement filmed at Liverpool Street station in London, England."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Rainbow Landscape", "paragraph_text": "The Rainbow Landscape or Landscape with Rainbow is a c.1636 landscape painting by Peter Paul Rubens, now in the Wallace Collection in London."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Rainbow Fairies", "paragraph_text": "The Rainbow Fairies are a series of fairies that organize the color in Fairyland, in the fictional children's books Rainbow Magic by Daisy Meadows."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Crescenzio Sepe", "paragraph_text": "Crescenzio Sepe (born 2 June 1943) is an Italian Cardinal and Archbishop of Naples. He was Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples from 2001 to 2006. Earlier, he served as a priest in Italy and a diplomat in Brazil."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as \"convinced atheists.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Quantztown, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Quantztown is an unincorporated community located in the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada, near McCowan Road and 16th Avenue. It is named for German settler Melchior Quantz (1751-1827), who arrived in 1794 after serving with the British Army."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "William Lane Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig joined the faculty of Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in 1980, where he taught philosophy of religion for the next seven years. In 1982 Craig received an invitation to debate Kai Nielsen at the University of Calgary, Canada, on the question of God's existence, and has since then debated many philosophers, scientists, and biblical scholars After a one-year stint at Westmont College on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, Craig moved in 1987 with his wife and two young children back to Europe, where he pursued research for the next seven years as a visiting scholar at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Louvain) in Belgium. Out of that period of research issued seven books, among them God, Time, and Eternity (2001). In 1994, Craig joined the Department of Philosophy and Ethics at Talbot School of Theology in suburban Los Angeles as a Research Professor of Philosophy, a position he currently holds, and he went on to become a Professor of Philosophy at Houston Baptist University in 2014. In 2016, Craig was named Alumnus of the Year by Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. In 2017, Biola created a permanent faculty position and endowed chair, the William Lane Craig Endowed Chair in Philosophy, in honor of Craig's academic contributions.Craig served as president of the Philosophy of Time Society from 1999 to 2006. He helped found the Evangelical Philosophical Society and served as its president from 1996 to 2005."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Old Trails Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Old Trails Bridge over the Colorado River, brought a now-abandoned portion of U.S. Route 66 across from Needles, California to Topock, Arizona. It is a brace-ribbed through arch bridge that was built in 1915-1916. It served as a highway bridge until 1947 when the Red Rock Bridge, formerly a railroad bridge, was modified for highway use. The Old Trails Bridge was later converted to a pipeline bridge."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Willard, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Willard is an unincorporated community located in Logan County, Colorado, United States. The U.S. Post Office at Merino (ZIP Code 80741) now serves Willard postal addresses."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wendel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Wendel is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located along U.S. Route 34, west of Mendota. Wendel is home to the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of Clarion, pastored by Kevin Weeks. It is the location of the Clarion Township building, as well as a handful of houses."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Savior's Alliance for Lifting the Truth", "paragraph_text": "The Savior's Alliance for Lifting the Truth, commonly known as The SALT, is an evangelical Christian organization founded in 1996 by Christine O'Donnell, a Christian public relations and marketing consultant who ran for the United States Senate, hoping to represent the State of Delaware, in 2006, 2008, and 2010. O'Donnell served as president of The SALT from its founding and was still listed as its president as of July 2010. The organization sought to promote chastity in young people before marriage, preferring to avoid the use of the term sexual abstinence. The SALT was featured in the U.S. national media on many occasions during the 1990s, with O'Donnell appearing as its representative."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "According to the latest nationwide census, Roman Catholics constituted 30.8% of the total population of Germany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified constituted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among \"others\" are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church of Germany, and other Christians such as the Restorationist New Apostolic Church. Protestantism was more common among the citizens of Germany. The North and East Germany is predominantly Protestant, the South and West rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "River of No Return", "paragraph_text": "Set in the Northwestern United States in 1875, the film focuses on taciturn widower Matt Calder (Robert Mitchum), who has recently been released from prison after serving time for killing one man while defending another. He arrives in a boomtown tent city in search of his ten - year - old son Mark (Tommy Rettig), who was left in the care of dance hall singer Kay (Marilyn Monroe) after the man who brought him there as Matt had arranged took off for the hills. Matt promises Mark, a virtual stranger to him, the two will enjoy a life of hunting, fishing and farming on their homestead."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rainbow Six (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Rainbow Six is a techno-thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and released on August 3, 1998. It is the second book to primarily focus on John Clark, one of the recurring characters in the Jack Ryan universe, after \"Without Remorse\" (1993). \"Rainbow Six\" also features his son-in-law Domingo \"Ding\" Chavez, and explores the adventures of a multinational counter-terrorism unit that they formed, codenamed as \"Rainbow\". The title refers to Clark's title as commander of Rainbow. The book debuted at number one on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list, and has since been adapted into a series of video games."}], "question": "When did who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S. arrive in the locations the Rainbow Times serves?"}
{"id": "3hop1__502381_422423_591346", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Carry On Pickpocket", "paragraph_text": "Carry On Pickpocket is a 1982 Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Sammo Hung, whom also stars in it alongside Frankie Chan, Deanie Ip and Richard Ng. Hung, along with his stunt team, the Sammo Hung Stuntmen's Association, Yuen Biao, Lam Ching-ying and Billy Chan served as action directors. For his performance in the film, Hung received the Best Actor award at the 2nd Hong Kong Film Awards and shared it with Karl Maka for \"Aces Go Places\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were \"read\" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman sacrifice, the exta and blood are reserved for the gods, while the meat (viscera) is shared among human beings in a communal meal. The exta of bovine victims were usually stewed in a pot (olla or aula), while those of sheep or pigs were grilled on skewers. When the deity's portion was cooked, it was sprinkled with mola salsa (ritually prepared salted flour) and wine, then placed in the fire on the altar for the offering; the technical verb for this action was porricere."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wei Haiying", "paragraph_text": "Wai Hoi-ying (also known as Wei Haiying, , born January 5, 1971) is a female Chinese and Hong Kong association football player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics for China women's national football team. She is the incumbent Sham Shui Po District (Nam Shan, Tai Hang Tung & Tai Hang Sai constituency) councillors in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tai Wai station", "paragraph_text": "Tai Wai () is an interchange station on the East Rail\u00a0Line and the Ma On Shan\u00a0Line of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system in Hong Kong. The station is located in Tai Wai, Sha Tin District."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lung", "paragraph_text": "Humans have two lungs, a right lung and a left lung. They are situated within the thoracic cavity of the chest. The right lung is bigger than the left, which shares space in the chest with the heart. The lungs together weigh approximately 1.3 kilograms (2.9 lb), and the right is heavier. The lungs are part of the lower respiratory tract that begins at the trachea and branches into the bronchi and bronchioles, and which receive air breathed in via the conducting zone. The conducting zone ends at the terminal bronchioles. These divide into the respiratory bronchioles of the respiratory zone which divide into alveolar ducts that give rise to the microscopic alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. Together, the lungs contain approximately 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) of airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli. Each lung is enclosed within a pleural sac which allows the inner and outer walls to slide over each other whilst breathing takes place, without much friction. This sac also divides each lung into sections called lobes. The right lung has three lobes and the left has two. The lobes are further divided into bronchopulmonary segments and lobules. The lungs have a unique blood supply, receiving deoxygenated blood from the heart in the pulmonary circulation for the purposes of receiving oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, and a separate supply of oxygenated blood to the tissue of the lungs, in the bronchial circulation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pingtung Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Airport () were two airports in Pingtung City, Pingtung County, Taiwan . The two airports were under the control of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Pingtung Airport was established on 28 November 1994 at the old art exhibition hall at the Pingtung Culture Centre. This northern terminal was designated the public airport terminal, while the south part became the Republic of China Air Force base."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kong Lung Store", "paragraph_text": "The Kong Lung Store in Kilauea, Hawaii was originally built, in c.1941, to be the Kilauea Plantation store. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pingtung Plain", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Plain () is a plain area including parts of Pingtung County and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. It includes the alluvial fan of Kaoping River, which forms the largest drainage area of rivers in Taiwan, and also passed by other shorter rivers such as Tungkang River, Linbian River and Shihwen River (\u58eb\u6587\u6eaa). The plain faces the Taiwan Strait on the southwest, lies to the east of Kaohsiung City, and at the west of Central Mountain Range."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sinzongo", "paragraph_text": "Sinzongo is a village in the Lobaye region in the Central African Republic southwest of the capital, Bangui and near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lung Ying-tai", "paragraph_text": "Lung Ying-tai (; born 13 February 1952 in Kaohsiung) is a Taiwanese essayist and cultural critic. She occasionally writes under the pen name 'Hu Meili' (). Lung's poignant and critical essays contributed to the democratization of Taiwan and as the only Taiwanese writer with a column in major mainland Chinese newspapers, she is an influential writer in Mainland China. She has written 17 books."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sima Ai", "paragraph_text": "Sima Ai became the effective regent, but in order to reduce opposition, he submitted all important matters to Sima Ying, still stationed at Yecheng. As regent, he paid attention to reforming the government, and he saw the importance of formally honoring Emperor Hui while maintaining resemblance to impartial governance. He continued to try to share power with Sima Ying. However, in fall 303, Sima Yong, dissatisfied that his plan did not come to fruition, persuaded Sima Ying to again join him against Sima Ai. While Sima Yong and Sima Ying had overwhelming force, their forces could not score a conclusive victory against Sima Ai. Sima Ai made overtures to try to achieve peace with Sima Ying, but after negotiations, those efforts failed. Sima Yong's forces were about to withdraw in spring 304 when Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai, the grandson of a great-granduncle of Emperor Hui, believing that Sima Ai could not win this war, arrested him and delivered him to Sima Yong's general Zhang Fang (\u5f35\u65b9), who executed Sima Ai cruelly by burning him to death. (Before he was executed, Sima Ai was able to write a touching letter of farewell to Emperor Hui.) As Sima Ai cried out in pain, even Zhang's forces were mourning for his fate."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia (i/n\u0259\u02c8m\u026abi\u0259/, /n\u00e6\u02c8-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German:  Republik Namibia (help\u00b7info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibi\u00eb) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tai Tham (Unicode block)", "paragraph_text": "Tai Tham is a Unicode block containing characters of the Lanna script used for writing the Northern Thai (Kam Mu'ang), Tai L\u00fc, and Kh\u00fcn languages."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve", "paragraph_text": "The Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve (), also called Tai Po Kau Special Area, is a nature reserve in the Tai Po area of the New Territories in northern Hong Kong. The area comprises a dense, hilly woodland with countless species of trees and numerous streams and rivers. It is noted by the Hong Kong Bird Watching Society and others as one of the best locations for seeing forest birds in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}], "question": "What is the capitol of the county sharing a border with Lung Ying-tai's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop2__68802_37663_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eye of Agamotto", "paragraph_text": "The Eye of Agamotto appeared in Doctor Strange (2016). The Eye has the ability to manipulate probabilities and time, as it contains the Time Stone, which is one of the Infinity Stones. The Eye reappears in Strange's possession during Thor: Ragnarok (2017) when Thor seeks the whereabouts of his father. The Eye once again appears in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), in which it is targeted by Thanos, who is collecting the Infinity Stones. After arriving and fighting against Thanos on Titan, Thanos manages to snatch and crush the eye, revealing it as a fake as the Time Stone is not present in it. Strange ultimately surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos in exchange for sparing Tony Stark's life."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wendel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Wendel is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located along U.S. Route 34, west of Mendota. Wendel is home to the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of Clarion, pastored by Kevin Weeks. It is the location of the Clarion Township building, as well as a handful of houses."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "First Presbyterian Church (Parkersburg, West Virginia)", "paragraph_text": "First Presbyterian Church, also known as the Calvary Temple Evangelical Church, is a historic church at 946 Market Street in Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. It was built in 1894, and is a two-story, brick and stone church building in a combined Romanesque / Gothic Revival style. It features a corner bell tower."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Norman architecture", "paragraph_text": "In England, Norman nobles and bishops had influence before the Norman Conquest of 1066, and Norman influences affected late Anglo - Saxon architecture. Edward the Confessor was brought up in Normandy, and in 1042 brought masons to work on Westminster Abbey, the first Romanesque building in England. In 1051 he brought in Norman knights who built ``motte ''castles as a defence against the Welsh. Following the invasion Normans rapidly constructed motte - and - bailey castles, and in a burst of building activity built churches and abbeys, as well as more elaborate fortifications including Norman stone keeps."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sallah Shabati", "paragraph_text": "The film begins with Sallah Shabati, a Mizrahi Jewish immigrant, arriving in Israel with his family. Upon arrival he is brought to live in a \"ma'abara\", or transit camp. He is given a broken-down, one-room shack in which to live with his family and spends the rest of the movie attempting to make enough money to purchase adequate housing. His money-making schemes are often comical and frequently satirize the political and social stereotypes in Israel of the time."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Keedy House", "paragraph_text": "The Keedy House is a historic home located at Boonsboro, Washington County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story home, three bays wide and two deep, built of coursed gray stone about 1790. Also on the property is a small stone bank house with a two-story porch and a small stone springhouse."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Live in Oklahoma 1976", "paragraph_text": "Live in Oklahoma 1976 is a live album by the American Funk band Bootsy's Rubber Band. The album was released in 2001 and represents a collaborative effort between the Funk To The Max label, based in the Netherlands, and Bootzilla Records in the U.S.. The performance was recorded while Bootsy's Rubber Band was the support act (along with Sly and the Family Stone) for headliners Parliament-Funkadelic."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Irving McDonald House", "paragraph_text": "The Irving McDonald House at 191 Booker in Tonopah, Nevada, United States, is a historic stone house that was built in 1906. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Family Stone", "paragraph_text": "The plot follows the Christmas holiday misadventures of the Stone family in a small New England town when the eldest son, played by Mulroney, brings his uptight girlfriend (played by Parker) home with the intention of proposing to her with a cherished heirloom ring. Overwhelmed by the hostile reception, she begs her sister to join her for emotional support, triggering further complications."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mill Tract Farm", "paragraph_text": "Mill Tract Farm, also known as the George Boone Homestead, is a historic house and farm complex located in Exeter Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. The original section of the house was built about 1750, with a western addition built about 1790 and rear additions completed between 1790 and 1820. It is a two-story, five-bay, L-shaped fieldstone dwelling in the Georgian style. Also on the property are a -story, stone grist mill (c. 1728); early-19th-century, -story, fieldstone tenant house; large, late-18th-century stone-and-frame barn; stone pig pen; and two-story, stone horse barn. The grist mill was purportedly built by George Boone, III, grandfather of frontiersman Daniel Boone, who received the original land grant."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Stone of Scone", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, in a symbolic response to growing dissatisfaction among Scots at the prevailing constitutional settlement, the British Government decided that the stone should be kept in Scotland when not in use at coronations. On 3 July 1996, it was announced in the House of Commons that the stone would be returned to Scotland, and on 15 November 1996, after a handover ceremony at the border between representatives of the Home Office and of the Scottish Office, it was transported to Edinburgh Castle. The stone arrived in the Castle on 30 November 1996, St Andrew's Day, where the official handover ceremony occurred. Prince Andrew, Duke of York, representing Queen Elizabeth II, formally handed over the Royal Warrant transferring the stone into the safekeeping of the Commissioners for the Regalia. It currently remains alongside the crown jewels of Scotland, the Honours of Scotland, in the Crown Room."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Different Strokes by Different Folks", "paragraph_text": "Different Strokes by Different Folks is a remix and cover album by American rock, funk, and soul band Sly and the Family Stone."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Radio in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government - subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Digging to America", "paragraph_text": "\"Digging to America\" is a story set in Baltimore, Maryland about two very different families\u2019 experiences with adoption and their relationships with each other. Sami and Ziba Yazdan, an Iranian-American family, and Brad and Bitsy Dickinson-Donaldson, an all-American suburban family, meet at the airport on the day their infant daughters arrive from Korea to begin life in America. The two families become friends and begin a tradition of celebrating the arrival of their adopted daughters each year."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mr. Edwards", "paragraph_text": "When Little House on the Prairie was picked up as a weekly television series, Victor French was returned to the role. In the time between the pilot movie and his first episode, ``Mr. Edwards' Homecoming, ''Mr. Edwards had become a drunken drifter, and eventually arrives in Mankato, Minnesota; there, he gets into a barroom brawl when by chance Charles Ingalls -- who was making a delivery run from Walnut Grove, where the Ingalls family had settled -- arrives and (upon hearing the commotion and recognizing Mr. Edwards) comes to his defense. Mr. Edwards is brought to the Ingalls' new home near Walnut Grove, and eventually gets a place of his own. It is about this time he reveals his past: He became an alcoholic after his first wife and young daughter died of smallpox, and renounced his Christian faith as a result. For the most part, Mr. Edwards is able to keep his drinking under control in episodes that aired during the first three seasons. Mr. Edwards frequently sang the song,`` Old Dan Tucker,'' and a musical cue sometimes introduced his character."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "On 9 July 2006, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used, at the World Day of Families, the Santo Caliz, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail. It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century, after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem. The Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added in Medieval Times and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "McCoy\u2013Shoemaker Farm", "paragraph_text": "McCoy\u2013Shoemaker Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Peters Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The property includes a main house dated to the 1820s or 1830s, a 1 1/2-story stone spring house and dwelling built about 1800 with frame addition, large stone end bank barn, frame wash house, stone smokehouse, and brick privy. The main house is a two-story, five bay, \"L\"-shaped brick building on a fieldstone foundation. The stone spring house may have also been used as a distillery."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Old Stone House (Pennsboro, West Virginia)", "paragraph_text": "Old Stone House, also known as the Webster-Martin-Ireland House, is a historic inn and boarding house, located at Pennsboro, Ritchie County, West Virginia. The main section was built about 1810, and is a -story stone structure, five bays wide and two bays deep, with a gable roof. Attached to it is a two-story frame addition with a hipped roof. It features a one-story porch across the front facade. It is open by the Ritchie County Historical Society as a historic house and local history museum."}], "question": "When did who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S. arrive in where the house from the family stone is from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__780097_422423_591346", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Goleszewo", "paragraph_text": "Goleszewo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ciel\u0119tnik", "paragraph_text": "Ciel\u0119tnik () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnolipie", "paragraph_text": "Krasnolipie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Siaogang District", "paragraph_text": "Siaogang District () is the southernmost district of Kaohsiung City in southern Taiwan. The second largest airport in Taiwan, Kaohsiung International Airport, is located here."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pietraszki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Pietraszki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Go\u0142dap within Go\u0142dap County Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Pietraszki lies close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. and is approximately west of Go\u0142dap and northeast of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sandasar", "paragraph_text": "Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tuymazinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Tuymazinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Sharansky District in the north, Buzdyaksky District in the east, Belebeyevsky District in the southeast and south, Yermekeyevsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Tuymazy (which is administratively separate from the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a064,389."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Koh Sotin District", "paragraph_text": "Koh Sotin District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road. The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Shumerlinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shumerlinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 13,298 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pingtung Plain", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Plain () is a plain area including parts of Pingtung County and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. It includes the alluvial fan of Kaoping River, which forms the largest drainage area of rivers in Taiwan, and also passed by other shorter rivers such as Tungkang River, Linbian River and Shihwen River (\u58eb\u6587\u6eaa). The plain faces the Taiwan Strait on the southwest, lies to the east of Kaohsiung City, and at the west of Central Mountain Range."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nazarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Nazarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai and borders with Achinsky District in the north, Kozulsky District in the east, Balakhtinsky District in the southeast, Uzhursky District in the south, Sharypovsky District in the west, and with Bogotolsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Nazarovo (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 24,265 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pingtung Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Airport () were two airports in Pingtung City, Pingtung County, Taiwan . The two airports were under the control of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Pingtung Airport was established on 28 November 1994 at the old art exhibition hall at the Pingtung Culture Centre. This northern terminal was designated the public airport terminal, while the south part became the Republic of China Air Force base."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the city that contains Siaogang District?"}
{"id": "3hop1__141003_727389_21523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "High-definition television", "paragraph_text": "The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great American Country", "paragraph_text": "Great American Country Launched December 31, 1995; 22 years ago (1995 - 12 - 31) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Knoxville, Tennessee Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network Science Channel TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.greatamericancountry.com Availability Satellite Dish Network 165 (HD / SD) DirecTV 326 (HD / SD) Cable Verizon FiOS 660 (HD) 160 (SD) Time Warner Cable 295 (HD) IPTV AT&T U-Verse 1529 (HD) 529 (SD)"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dejan Karaklaji\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Dejan Karaklaji\u0107 (born 1 May 1946 in Belgrade) is a Serbian television and film director. Karaklaji\u0107 was active from the late 1960s through to the early 1980s and mainly worked on television films made by Radiotelevizija Beograd (today called Radio Television of Serbia). He also directed two feature films, \"Beloved Love\" (\"Ljubavni \u017eivot Budimira Trajkovi\u0107a\", 1977; starring Milena Dravi\u0107 and Ljubi\u0161a Samard\u017ei\u0107) and \"Erogenous Zone\" (\"Erogena zona\", 1981)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "VTV2", "paragraph_text": "Launched on 1 January 1990, VTV2 is dedicated to the broadcast of education and cultural programs. Since 1 January 2012, the channel has broadcast for 24 hours a day. In 1993, Vietnam Television signed an accord with Canal France Television of France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions to broadcast selected programs of the latter channel. This channel has broadcasting HDTV version from 19 May 2015."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hallmark Movies & Mysteries", "paragraph_text": "Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Launched January 20, 2004; 14 years ago (2004 - 01 - 20) Owned by Crown Media Holdings Picture format 1080i (HDTV) (HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTVs) Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Studio City, Los Angeles, California Formerly called Hallmark Movie Channel (2004 -- 2014) Sister channel (s) Hallmark Channel Hallmark Drama Website Official website Availability Satellite DirecTV 565 (HD) Dish Network 187 (HD / SD) 9444 (HD) Cable Available on many cable systems check local listings IPTV Verizon FiOS 739 (HD) 239 (SD) AT&T U-verse 1366 (HD) 366 (SD) Sling TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "India Today (TV channel)", "paragraph_text": "India Today India Today logo Launched 7 April 2003 Owned by Living Media Picture format 4: 3 (576i, SDTV) Country India Language English Broadcast area India Worldwide Headquarters Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Formerly called Headlines Today Sister channel (s) Aaj Tak, Dilli Aaj Tak, Tez TV Website www.indiatoday.in Availability Satellite Airtel Digital TV (India) Channel 372 Reliance Digital TV (India) Channel 455 Sun Direct (India) Channel 557 Tata Sky (India) Channel 509 Videocon d2h (India) Channel 357 Cable Asianet Digital (India) Channel 424 Siti Cable (India) Channel 415"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WRFW", "paragraph_text": "WRFW (88.7 FM) is a Class A radio station licensed to the UW System Board of Regents and operates in River Falls, Wisconsin. WRFW is an affiliate of Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR), and airs news and talk programming from WPR's \"Ideas Network\". The station also broadcasts local news, sports information, and entertainment programming. The broadcast studios are located in North Hall on the University of Wisconsin-River Falls campus."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Olympic Channel (American TV channel)", "paragraph_text": "Olympic Channel Launched July 15, 2017 (2017 - 07 - 15) (as the Olympic Channel) Owned by NBC Olympics United States Olympic Committee NBC Sports Group (NBCUniversal) Picture format 1080i HDTV Slogan Home of Team USA Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters New York City, New York Colorado Springs, Colorado Formerly called Bravo HD+ (2003 -- 2004) Universal HD (2004 -- 2017) Sister channel (s) NBCSN Golf Channel NBC Sports Regional Networks Website Official website Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 624 Dish Network Channel 389 Cable Xfinity Channel 1419 Altice USA Channel 225 Available on some cable systems Channel slots vary on each provider IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 667 (SD) Channel 1667 (HD) Verizon FIOS Channel 91 (SD) Channel 591 (HD) Streaming media Hulu PlayStation Vue Sling TV DirecTV Now YouTube TV Fubo TV Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Du\u0161an had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Local media include the Southern Daily Echo newspaper based in Redbridge and BBC South, which has its regional headquarters in the city centre opposite the civic centre. From there the BBC broadcasts South Today, the local television news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent. The local ITV franchise is Meridian, which has its headquarters in Whiteley, around nine miles (14 km) from the city. Until December 2004, the station's studios were located in the Northam area of the city on land reclaimed from the River Itchen. That's Solent is an local television channel that began broadcasting in November 2014, which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are BRT, the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "CJON-DT, known on air as \"NTV\", is an independent station. The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global, rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic. CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts from University Avenue."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Investigation Discovery (Canadian TV channel)", "paragraph_text": "Investigation Discovery Investigation Discovery logo Launched September 7, 2001 (2001 - 09 - 07) Owned by Bell Media Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Country Canada Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Toronto, Ontario Formerly called Court TV Canada (2001 -- 2010) Sister channel (s) Animal Planet Discovery Channel Discovery Science Discovery Velocity Investigation Website Investigation Discovery Availability Satellite Bell TV Channel 528 (SD) Channel 1714 (HD) Shaw Direct Channel 557 (SD) Cable Available on many Canadian cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV Bell Aliant Fibe TV Channel 296 (SD) Channel 540 (HD) Bell Fibe TV Channel 528 (SD) Channel 1528 (HD) Bell MTS Channel 277 (SD) Channel 1277 (HD) Optik TV Channel 9378 (SD) Channel 378 (HD) SaskTel Channel 166 (SD) VMedia Channel 53 (HD) Zazeen Channel 96 (HD)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dimbangombe College of Wildlife, Agriculture and Conservation Management", "paragraph_text": "Dimbangombe College of Wildlife, Agriculture and Conservation Management is an accredited college by Zimbabwe\u2019s Ministry of Education located just outside Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe. It is situated on a property. Which is mainly used for research and training. It was established by Allan Savory's Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) in 1998 and is based at Dimbangombe ranch, near Victoria Falls which is the headquarters of ACHM."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fall of Constantinople", "paragraph_text": "The Fall of Constantinople (Greek: \u1f0d\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, Hal\u014dsis t\u0113s K\u014dnstantinoupole\u014ds; Turkish: \u0130stanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53 - day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WRGV", "paragraph_text": "WRGV (107.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and the broadcast license is held by Clear Channel Broadcasting Licenses, Inc. WRGV broadcasts an urban contemporary music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area. Its studios are located located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Turner Classic Movies Launched April 14, 1994; 23 years ago (1994 - 04 - 14) Owned by Turner Broadcasting System Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Let's Movie. Country United States Language English (imported feature films are broadcast in their native languages, provided with English subtitling) Broadcast area Nationwide (also available in Canada with substitutions; international versions in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, Nordic countries, Asia - Pacific, Spain, France, U.K. and Ireland, Malta) Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia, United States Sister channel (s) TBS TNT Cartoon Network Adult Swim Boomerang CNN HLN CNN International TruTV HBO Cinemax Website www.tcm.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 256 (HD / SD) Channel 1256 (VOD) Dish Network Channel 132 (HD / SD) Shaw Direct (Canada) Channel 178 / 531 (SD) Channel 138 / 638 (HD) Cable Spectrum Channel 631 (HD / SD) Available on most American and Canadian cable providers Check local listings for channels IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1790 (HD) Channel 790 (SD) Verizon FiOS Channel 230 (SD only) Unavailable in HD Bell Fibe TV (Canada) Channel 292 VMedia (Canada) 327 (HD) Streaming media Watch TCM Sling TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rockovnik", "paragraph_text": "Rockovnik (trans. \"Chrocknicle\") is a forty-episode documentary aired on Radio Television of Serbia in 2011, written by Sandra Ran\u010di\u0107 and Du\u0161an Vesi\u0107 and directed by Vesi\u0107. The series focuses on the history of former Yugoslav rock scene from its beginnings in the late 1950s until the year 2000. The name of the show is a bilingual pun based on the words \"rock\" and \"rokovnik\" (Serbian for \"planner\")."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Science Channel", "paragraph_text": "Science Channel Launched October 7, 1996; 21 years ago (1996 - 10 - 07) Owned by Discovery, Inc. Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Question Everything Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Silver Spring, Maryland Formerly called Discovery Science (1996 - 1998) Discovery Science Channel (1998 - 2002) The Science Channel / Science Channel (2002 - 2007 / 2007 - 2011) Sister channel (s) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Espa\u00f1ol Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network Great American Country HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.sciencechannel.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 284 (HD / SD) 1284 (VOD) Dish Network 193 (HD / SD) C - Band AMC 11 - Channel 612 (4DTV Digital) AMC 18 - Channel 255 (H2H 4DTV) Cable Available on most other U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV Verizon FiOS 622 (HD) 122 (SD) AT&T U-verse 1258 (HD) 258 (SD) Streaming media PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}], "question": "In what year did where the headquarters location of the channel that broadcast Rockovnik fall to the Ottomans?"}
{"id": "3hop1__38969_381842_54464", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2017 World Series", "paragraph_text": "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Houston Astros -- 1, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2: 28 54,253 000000002018 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 (11) Dodger Stadium 4: 19 54,293 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3, Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3: 46 43,282 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6, Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3: 06 43,322 5 000000002018 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12, Houston Astros -- 13 (10) Minute Maid Park 5: 17 43,300 6 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3: 22 54,128 7 000000002018 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3: 37 54,124"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Carl's Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Carl Karcher (1917 -- 2008) and his wife Margaret (1915 -- 2006) founded the predecessor of Carl's Jr. in 1941, starting as a hot - dog cart in Los Angeles. In 1945, the Karchers moved to Anaheim, California, and opened their first full - service restaurant, Carl's Drive - In Barbecue. As the restaurant became successful, Carl expanded his business by opening the first two Carl's Jr. restaurants in Anaheim and nearby Brea in 1956. They were so named because they were smaller versions of Carl's original drive - in restaurant. That same year, the chain was officially renamed Carl's Jr. and the fast - food chain took off."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League (founded 1876) from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, California, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals, the New York Giants, also in the National League, relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan). When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Carl von Rokitansky", "paragraph_text": "Baron Carl von Rokitansky (, ) (19 February 1804 \u2013 23 July 1878), was a Bohemian Physician, Pathologist, humanist philosopher and liberal politician."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Way You Move", "paragraph_text": "``The Way You Move ''Single by OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown from the album Speakerboxxx / The Love Below Released September 23, 2003 Format CD single Recorded Stankonia Studios, Atlanta, GA, 2002 Genre Hip hop, crunk, soul Length 3: 55 Label LaFace / RCA 55883 Songwriter (s) Big Boi, Carl - Mo, Sleepy Brown Producer (s) Big Boi, Carl - Mo OutKast singles chronology`` Land of a Million Drums'' (2002) ``The Way You Move ''(2003)`` Roses'' (2004) ``Land of a Million Drums ''(2002)`` The Way You Move'' (2003) ``Roses ''(2004)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1955 World Series", "paragraph_text": "The 1955 World Series matched the Brooklyn Dodgers against the New York Yankees, with the Dodgers winning the Series in seven games to capture their first championship in franchise history. It would be the only Series the Dodgers won in Brooklyn, as the team relocated to Los Angeles after the 1957 season. This was the fifth time in nine years that the Yankees and the Dodgers met in the World Series, with the Yankees having won in 1947, 1949, 1952, and 1953; the Yankees would also win in the 1956 rematch."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jeanne Herscher-Cl\u00e9ment", "paragraph_text": "Jeanne Herscher-Cl\u00e9ment (Vincennes, 1878 - Givry, 1941) was a French pianist and composer. In 1922 she provided the music for a staging of \"La Mort de Souper\" a farce by Roger Semichon originally published in 1913 after the 16th Century farce \"La Condamnation de Banquete\" by Nicole de La Chesnaye."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Edwin C. Nevis", "paragraph_text": "Edwin C. Nevis (May 20, 1926, Brooklyn, New York \u2013 May 20, 2011, Wellfleet, Massachusetts) was a gestalt therapist who identified Maslow's hierarchy of needs as culturally relative and formulated a hierarchy of needs for Chinese culture and a mode of classifying hierarchies of needs in different cultures. He co-founded the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland and founded the Gestalt International Study Center, and was a faculty member in management at the MIT Sloan School of Management."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Carl Albert Federal Building", "paragraph_text": "The Carl Albert Federal Building is a historic courthouse located in McAlester, Oklahoma. Built in 1914, the facility was renamed in 1985 in honor of former Speaker of the House Carl Albert, a native of the town. It previously served the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Carl Jaffe", "paragraph_text": "Carl Jaffe (21 March 1902 \u2013 12 April 1974) was a German actor. Jaffe trained on the stage in his native Hamburg, Kassel and Wiesbaden before moving to Berlin, where his career began to develop."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Erasmus", "paragraph_text": "Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (/ \u02ccd\u025bz\u026a\u02c8d\u026a\u0259ri\u0259s \u026a\u02c8r\u00e6zm\u0259s /; 28 October 1466 -- 12 July 1536), known as Erasmus or Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch Christian Humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance. Originally trained as a Catholic priest, Erasmus was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin style. Among humanists he enjoyed the sobriquet ``Prince of the Humanists '', and has been called`` the crowning glory of the Christian humanists''. Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament, which raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote On Free Will, In Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles, California. The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Established in 1883 in Brooklyn, New York, the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season. They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dodgers\u2013Yankees rivalry", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry is a Major League Baseball (MLB) rivalry between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Yankees. The Dodgers are a member club of the National League (NL) West division, and the Yankees are a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The rivalry between the Dodgers and Yankees is one of the most well - known rivalries in Major League Baseball. The two teams have met 11 times in the World Series, more times than any other pair of teams from the American and National Leagues. The initial significance was embodied in the two teams' proximity in New York City, when the Dodgers initially played in Brooklyn. After the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958, the rivalry retained its significance as the two teams represented the dominant cities on each coast of the United States, and since the 1980s, the two largest cities in the United States. The Dodgers currently lead the regular season series 7 - 6. Although the rivalry's significance arose from the two teams' numerous World Series meetings, the Yankees and Dodgers have not met in the World Series since 1981. They would not play each other in a non-exhibition game until 2004, when they played a 3 - game interleague series. Nevertheless, games between the two teams have become quite popular and draw sellout crowds."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Humanism", "paragraph_text": "Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Good Times", "paragraph_text": "By the end of season four, Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show's direction and decided to leave the series. In the final two episodes of the season, ``Love Has a Spot On His Lung '', Rolle's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon (Moses Gunn), a man she began dating toward the end of season four. In the season five premiere episode, it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl's health."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Roger Poupon", "paragraph_text": "Capitaine Roger Poupon was a World War I flying ace credited with eight aerial victories. He was a Chevalier de la L\u00e9gion d'Honneur effective July 30, 1918."}], "question": "When did the dodgers move from the birthplace of the person who worked with Carl rogers on humanistic psychology to LA?"}
{"id": "3hop1__78583_381842_54464", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Paul Flory", "paragraph_text": "In 1938, after Carothers' death, Flory moved to the Basic Science Research Laboratory at the University of Cincinnati.  There he developed a mathematical theory for the polymerization of compounds with more than two functional groups and the theory of polymer networks or gels.  This led to the Flory-Stockmayer theory of gelation, which equivalent to percolation on the Bethe lattice and in fact represents the first paper in the percolation field."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods that move \"the writer toward [the reader]\", i.e., transparency, and those that move the \"reader toward [the author]\", i.e., an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote German literature."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Economic inequality", "paragraph_text": "Plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak. Kuznets' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time. As an example, income inequality did fall in the United States during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.[citation needed] However, recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory.[citation needed] It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.[citation needed] This implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Edwin C. Nevis", "paragraph_text": "Edwin C. Nevis (May 20, 1926, Brooklyn, New York \u2013 May 20, 2011, Wellfleet, Massachusetts) was a gestalt therapist who identified Maslow's hierarchy of needs as culturally relative and formulated a hierarchy of needs for Chinese culture and a mode of classifying hierarchies of needs in different cultures. He co-founded the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland and founded the Gestalt International Study Center, and was a faculty member in management at the MIT Sloan School of Management."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Computational complexity theory", "paragraph_text": "The graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic. An important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in P, NP-complete, or NP-intermediate. The answer is not known, but it is believed that the problem is at least not NP-complete. If graph isomorphism is NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite level, it is believed that graph isomorphism is not NP-complete. The best algorithm for this problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks has run time 2O(\u221a(n log(n))) for graphs with n vertices."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Maslow's hierarchy of needs", "paragraph_text": "Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper ``A Theory of Human Motivation ''in Psychological Review. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms`` physiological'', ``safety '',`` belonging and love'', ``esteem '',`` self - actualization'', and ``self - transcendence ''to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through. The goal of Maslow's Theory is to attain the sixth level or stage: self transcendent needs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pain", "paragraph_text": "In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theory was gate control theory, introduced by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in the 1965 Science article \"Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory\". The authors proposed that both thin (pain) and large diameter (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell, the less pain is felt. Both peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory have been superseded by more modern theories of pain[citation needed]."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles, California. The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Established in 1883 in Brooklyn, New York, the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season. They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Two-factor theory", "paragraph_text": "The two - factor theory (also known as Herzberg's motivation - hygiene theory and dual - factor theory) states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. It was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg, who theorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act independently of each other."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hierarchy", "paragraph_text": "Degree of branching refers to the number of direct subordinates or children an object has (in graph theory, equivalent to the number of other vertices connected to via outgoing arcs, in a directed graph) a node has). Hierarchies can be categorized based on the ``maximum degree '', the highest degree present in the system as a whole. Categorization in this way yields two broad classes: linear and branching."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Serre's multiplicity conjectures", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, Serre's multiplicity conjectures, named after Jean-Pierre Serre, are certain purely algebraic problems, in commutative algebra, motivated by the needs of algebraic geometry. Since Andr\u00e9 Weil's initial definition of intersection numbers, around 1949, there had been a question of how to provide a more flexible and computable theory."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Social penetration theory", "paragraph_text": "The social penetration theory (SPT) proposes that, as relationships develop, interpersonal communication moves from relatively shallow, non-intimate levels to deeper, more intimate ones. The theory was formulated by psychologists Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973 to understand relationship development between individuals. Altman and Taylor notes that relationships ``involve different levels of intimacy of exchange or degree of social penetration ''. The social penetration theory is known as an objective theory, meaning that the theory is based on data drawn from experiments, and not from conclusions based on individuals' specific experiences."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Abraham Maslow", "paragraph_text": "Abraham Harold Maslow (/ \u02c8m\u00e6zlo\u028a /; April 1, 1908 -- June 8, 1970) was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self - actualization. Maslow was a psychology professor at Alliant International University, Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research, and Columbia University. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a ``bag of symptoms. ''A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Maslow as the tenth most cited psychologist of the 20th century."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Edo period", "paragraph_text": "Advanced studies and growing applications of neo-Confucianism contributed to the transition of the social and political order from feudal norms to class- and large-group-oriented practices. The rule of the people or Confucian man was gradually replaced by the rule of law. New laws were developed, and new administrative devices were instituted. A new theory of government and a new vision of society emerged as a means of justifying more comprehensive governance by the bakufu. Each person had a distinct place in society and was expected to work to fulfill his or her mission in life. The people were to be ruled with benevolence by those whose assigned duty it was to rule. Government was all-powerful but responsible and humane. Although the class system was influenced by neo-Confucianism, it was not identical to it. Whereas soldiers and clergy were at the bottom of the hierarchy in the Chinese model, in Japan, some members of these classes constituted the ruling elite."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bernard Weiner", "paragraph_text": "Bernard Weiner (born 1935) is an American social psychologist known for developing a form of attribution theory which seeks to explain the emotional and motivational entailments of academic success and failure. His contributions include linking attribution theory, the psychology of motivation, and emotion."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Need for achievement", "paragraph_text": "This personality trait is characterized by an enduring and consistent concern with setting and meeting high standards of achievement. This need is influenced by internal drive for action (intrinsic motivation), and the pressure exerted by the expectations of others (extrinsic motivation). Measured with the thematic apperception test (TAT), need for achievement motivates an individual to succeed in competition, and to excel in activities important to him or her."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers share a fierce rivalry with the San Francisco Giants, the oldest rivalry in baseball, dating back to when the two franchises played in New York City. Both teams moved west for the 1958 season. The Brooklyn Dodgers and Los Angeles Dodgers have collectively appeared in the World Series 19 times, while the New York Giants and San Francisco Giants have collectively appeared 20 times and have been invited 21 times. The Giants have won two more World Series (8); the Dodgers have won 22 National League pennants, while the Giants hold the record with 23. Although the two franchises have enjoyed near equal success, the city rivalries are rather lopsided and in both cases, a team's championships have predated to the other's first one in that particular location. When the two teams were based in New York, the Giants won five World Series championships, and the Dodgers one. After the move to California, the Dodgers have won five in Los Angeles, the Giants have won three in San Francisco."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League (founded 1876) from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, California, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals, the New York Giants, also in the National League, relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan). When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics."}], "question": "When did the dodgers move from the place of birth of who developed the hierarchy of needs motivational theory?"}
{"id": "3hop1__434271_357614_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Grrr... (Bishop Allen album)", "paragraph_text": "Grrr... is the third full-length album by the indie rock group Bishop Allen. It was released on March 10, 2009. It is the follow-up to their 2007 album, \"The Broken String\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Courts of England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the House of Lords. The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters, a role previously held by the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bishop Allen", "paragraph_text": "Bishop Allen is an American indie rock band from Brooklyn, New York. The band's core members are Justin Rice and Christian Rudder, who are supported both on stage and in the studio by a rotating cast of musical collaborators. The band was formed in 2003 and grew out of Rice and Rudder's friendship; it takes its name from Bishop Allen Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where the two lived together after attending Harvard University."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "India", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: India has a three-tier unitary independent judiciary comprising the supreme court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 24 high courts, and a large number of trial courts. The supreme court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre and has appellate jurisdiction over the high courts. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution, and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "R. Banumathi", "paragraph_text": "R. Banumathi (born 20 July 1955) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. She is from Tamil Nadu and the sixth woman to be a Judge of the Indian Supreme Court. Earlier, she had served as the Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court and judge at Madras High Court."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oswald Leslie De Kretser II", "paragraph_text": "Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser I a District Engineer of Public Works Department, Ceylon; he was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. In 1905 he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and began his legal practice."}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in the neighborhood where the performer of Grrr... was formed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__38969_381842_2072", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Central Library (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "The Central Library is the main library of the Kansas City Public Library system, which is located in the Library District of Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It is situated at 14 West 10th Street, at the corner of West 10th Street and Baltimore Avenue, across Baltimore Avenue from the Kansas City Club and up from the New York Life Building. It contains the administration of Kansas City's library system."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New York Public Library Main Branch", "paragraph_text": "The Stephen A. Schwarzman Building of the New York Public Library, originally called the Central Building and more widely known as the Main Branch or as the New York Public Library, is the flagship building in the New York Public Library system and a prominent historic landmark in Midtown Manhattan. The branch, opened in 1911, is one of four research libraries in the library system. It currently contains area of 646,680 square feet (60,079 m) and four stories open to public. The main entrance steps are on Fifth Avenue opposite East 41st Street."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jagiellonian Library", "paragraph_text": "Jagiellonian Library (, popular nickname \"Jagiellonka\") is the library of the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w and with almost 6.7 million volumes, one of the largest libraries in Poland, serving as a public library, university library and part of the Polish national library system. It has a large collection of medieval manuscripts, for example Copernicus' \"De Revolutionibus\" and Jan D\u0142ugosz's \"Banderia Prutenorum\", and a large collection of underground literature (so-called \"drugi obieg\" or samizdat) from the period of communist rule in Poland (1945\u20131989). The Jagiellonian also houses the \"Berlinka\" art collection, whose legal status is in dispute with Germany."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "East Lake Library", "paragraph_text": "East Lake Library is one of 15 branch libraries formerly in the Minneapolis Public Library System and now one of 41 branch libraries in the Hennepin County Library System in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Three different buildings have housed the library since 1924."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Davenport Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Davenport Public Library is a public library located in Davenport, Iowa. With a history dating back to 1839, the Davenport Public Library's Main Library is currently housed in a 1960s building designed by Kennedy Center architect Edward Durell Stone. The Davenport Public Library system is made up of three libraries\u2014the Main Library at 321 Main Street; the Fairmount Branch Library at 3000 N. Fairmount Street; and the Eastern Avenue Branch Library at 6000 Eastern Avenue."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jeffersonville Township Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Jeffersonville Township Public Library is a public library system in Jeffersonville, Indiana, United States comprising two locations: the main library at 211 East Court Avenue in Jeffersonville and the Clarksville Branch at 1312 Eastern Boulevard in Clarksville, Indiana. The rest of Clark County, Indiana is served by the Charlestown-Clark County Public Library system, with which the Jeffersonville library has a reciprocal borrowing agreement."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tacoma Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Tacoma Public Library system serves residents of Tacoma, Washington. It operates eight library branches, which include a central library in downtown Tacoma, two regional locations in north and south Tacoma, and five neighborhood branch locations. Tacoma Public Library has nearly 150,000 registered users, and over 2 million items in circulation. Tacoma Public Library serves a population of 198,100 people."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes. According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the United States, and one of the largest in the world. Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use, with easy access and central locations. There are rare books, manuscripts and other special collections throughout Harvard's libraries; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shortgrass Library System", "paragraph_text": "The Shortgrass Library System consists of fourteen member public libraries in Southeast Alberta, Canada. The system headquarters is located in Medicine Hat. It has the distinction of being the first regional library system in the province of Alberta to have all eligible municipalities as members of a library system. Shortgrass was created by the Alberta government in 1988 as the fifth library system in the province."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ludwig Dringenberg", "paragraph_text": "Born in Dringenberg in Westphalia, Ludwig probably attended the school of the Brethren of the Common Life, known as the Hieronymusschule in the monastery at B\u00f6ddeken. He began his studies at Heidelberg in 1430 and in 1441, he was appointed director of the Latin school at S\u00e9lestat. At S\u00e9lestat he founded the famous Humanist Library in 1442. He had the humanist Jakob Wimpfeling as a pupil."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Edwin C. Nevis", "paragraph_text": "Edwin C. Nevis (May 20, 1926, Brooklyn, New York \u2013 May 20, 2011, Wellfleet, Massachusetts) was a gestalt therapist who identified Maslow's hierarchy of needs as culturally relative and formulated a hierarchy of needs for Chinese culture and a mode of classifying hierarchies of needs in different cultures. He co-founded the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland and founded the Gestalt International Study Center, and was a faculty member in management at the MIT Sloan School of Management."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sistema Bibliotecario Consortile Antonio Panizzi", "paragraph_text": "The Sistema Bibliotecario Consortile Antonio Panizzi is a public library system in the Province of Varese, Italy. The system headquarters are in Gallarate. It is named after Sir Anthony Panizzi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Humanism", "paragraph_text": "Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Linden Hills Library", "paragraph_text": "Linden Hills Library is a public library in the Linden Hills neighborhood of southwest Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The branch library originally opened in 1911 on the first floor of the Lake Harriet Commercial Club building. In 1931, under the leadership of Minneapolis Public Library's chief librarian Gratia Countryman, the library moved into its own building on 2900 West 43rd Street. Area resident Joseph Victor Vanderbilt designed the library in the Tudor Revival style. Head librarian Edith Frost served for over thirty years. The library has also hosted community groups such as children's clubs, neighborhood groups, and women's organizations. The library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 and renovated in 2002."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Carl von Rokitansky", "paragraph_text": "Baron Carl von Rokitansky (, ) (19 February 1804 \u2013 23 July 1878), was a Bohemian Physician, Pathologist, humanist philosopher and liberal politician."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "James Weldon Johnson Community Library", "paragraph_text": "The James Weldon Johnson Community Library is a public library located in St. Petersburg, Florida. It is a branch of the St. Petersburg Library System, which services a large area in southern Pinellas County, Florida."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stockholm Public Library", "paragraph_text": "Stockholm Public Library (Swedish: \"Stockholms stadsbibliotek\" or \"Stadsbiblioteket\") is a library building in Stockholm, Sweden, designed by Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund, and one of the city's most notable structures. The name is today used for both the main library itself as well as the municipal library system of Stockholm."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Georgia Board of Regents", "paragraph_text": "The Georgia Board of Regents oversees the University System of Georgia as part of the state government of Georgia in the United States. The University System of Georgia is composed of all state public institutions of higher education in the state. The Board of Regents also preside over the Georgia Public Library Service."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cutter Expansive Classification", "paragraph_text": "The Cutter Expansive Classification system is a library classification system devised by Charles Ammi Cutter. The system was the basis for the top categories of the Library of Congress Classification."}], "question": "What is the public library system called of the birthplace of the man that worked with Carl Rogers on humanistic psychology?"}
{"id": "3hop1__78583_381842_2072", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bernard Weiner", "paragraph_text": "Bernard Weiner (born 1935) is an American social psychologist known for developing a form of attribution theory which seeks to explain the emotional and motivational entailments of academic success and failure. His contributions include linking attribution theory, the psychology of motivation, and emotion."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Library of Congress Classification", "paragraph_text": "The classification was invented by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress. With advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by his Cutter Expansive Classification, the Dewey Decimal System, and the Putnam Classification System (developed while Putnam was head librarian at the Minneapolis Public Library). It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson. By the time Putnam departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K (Law) and parts of B (Philosophy and Religion) were well developed."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shortgrass Library System", "paragraph_text": "The Shortgrass Library System consists of fourteen member public libraries in Southeast Alberta, Canada. The system headquarters is located in Medicine Hat. It has the distinction of being the first regional library system in the province of Alberta to have all eligible municipalities as members of a library system. Shortgrass was created by the Alberta government in 1988 as the fifth library system in the province."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "paragraph_text": "Melvil Dewey (1851 -- 1931) was an American librarian and self - declared reformer. He was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business. He developed the ideas for his library classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in that library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library. He used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, that of Ernest Cushing Richardson. His classification system was mentioned in an article in the first issue of the Library Journal and in an article by Dewey in the Department of Education publication ``Public Libraries in America ''in 1876. In March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index. The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, and was printed in 200 copies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New York Public Library Main Branch", "paragraph_text": "The Stephen A. Schwarzman Building of the New York Public Library, originally called the Central Building and more widely known as the Main Branch or as the New York Public Library, is the flagship building in the New York Public Library system and a prominent historic landmark in Midtown Manhattan. The branch, opened in 1911, is one of four research libraries in the library system. It currently contains area of 646,680 square feet (60,079 m) and four stories open to public. The main entrance steps are on Fifth Avenue opposite East 41st Street."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Serre's multiplicity conjectures", "paragraph_text": "In mathematics, Serre's multiplicity conjectures, named after Jean-Pierre Serre, are certain purely algebraic problems, in commutative algebra, motivated by the needs of algebraic geometry. Since Andr\u00e9 Weil's initial definition of intersection numbers, around 1949, there had been a question of how to provide a more flexible and computable theory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Maslow's hierarchy of needs", "paragraph_text": "Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper ``A Theory of Human Motivation ''in Psychological Review. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms`` physiological'', ``safety '',`` belonging and love'', ``esteem '',`` self - actualization'', and ``self - transcendence ''to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through. The goal of Maslow's Theory is to attain the sixth level or stage: self transcendent needs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "East Lake Library", "paragraph_text": "East Lake Library is one of 15 branch libraries formerly in the Minneapolis Public Library System and now one of 41 branch libraries in the Hennepin County Library System in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Three different buildings have housed the library since 1924."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tacoma Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Tacoma Public Library system serves residents of Tacoma, Washington. It operates eight library branches, which include a central library in downtown Tacoma, two regional locations in north and south Tacoma, and five neighborhood branch locations. Tacoma Public Library has nearly 150,000 registered users, and over 2 million items in circulation. Tacoma Public Library serves a population of 198,100 people."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Five laws of library science", "paragraph_text": "The Five laws of library science is a theory proposed by S.R. Ranganathan in 1931, detailing the principles of operating a library system. Many librarians worldwide accept them as the foundations of their philosophy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Edwin C. Nevis", "paragraph_text": "Edwin C. Nevis (May 20, 1926, Brooklyn, New York \u2013 May 20, 2011, Wellfleet, Massachusetts) was a gestalt therapist who identified Maslow's hierarchy of needs as culturally relative and formulated a hierarchy of needs for Chinese culture and a mode of classifying hierarchies of needs in different cultures. He co-founded the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland and founded the Gestalt International Study Center, and was a faculty member in management at the MIT Sloan School of Management."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Digital Public Library of America", "paragraph_text": "The Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) is a US project aimed at providing public access to digital holdings in order to create a large-scale public digital library. It officially launched on April 18, 2013, after 2.5 years of development."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Two-factor theory", "paragraph_text": "The two - factor theory (also known as Herzberg's motivation - hygiene theory and dual - factor theory) states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. It was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg, who theorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act independently of each other."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sistema Bibliotecario Consortile Antonio Panizzi", "paragraph_text": "The Sistema Bibliotecario Consortile Antonio Panizzi is a public library system in the Province of Varese, Italy. The system headquarters are in Gallarate. It is named after Sir Anthony Panizzi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "James Weldon Johnson Community Library", "paragraph_text": "The James Weldon Johnson Community Library is a public library located in St. Petersburg, Florida. It is a branch of the St. Petersburg Library System, which services a large area in southern Pinellas County, Florida."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Keller Plan", "paragraph_text": "The Keller Plan, also called the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI), was developed by Fred S. Keller with J. Gilmour Sherman, Carolina Bori, and Rodolpho Azzi in the middle 1960s as an innovative method of instruction for the then-new University of Bras\u00edlia. PSI was conceived of as an application of Skinner's theories of learning, grounded in operant conditioning strategies of behaviorism."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Central Library (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "The Central Library is the main library of the Kansas City Public Library system, which is located in the Library District of Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It is situated at 14 West 10th Street, at the corner of West 10th Street and Baltimore Avenue, across Baltimore Avenue from the Kansas City Club and up from the New York Life Building. It contains the administration of Kansas City's library system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Davenport Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Davenport Public Library is a public library located in Davenport, Iowa. With a history dating back to 1839, the Davenport Public Library's Main Library is currently housed in a 1960s building designed by Kennedy Center architect Edward Durell Stone. The Davenport Public Library system is made up of three libraries\u2014the Main Library at 321 Main Street; the Fairmount Branch Library at 3000 N. Fairmount Street; and the Eastern Avenue Branch Library at 6000 Eastern Avenue."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Java (programming language)", "paragraph_text": "The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Sun Microsystems in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy during the 2010's. The class library contains features such as:"}], "question": "What is the public library system called in the birthplace of the hierarchy of needs motivational theory developer?"}
{"id": "3hop2__35035_38496_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cesar Carrillo", "paragraph_text": "Cesar Carrillo (born April 29, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He was San Diego 2005 First Round pick #18 overall. He played in Major League Baseball with the San Diego Padres in 2009. Carrillo was released by the Detroit Tigers in 2013, after he was implicated in the Bio-Genesis scandal, he served a 100- game suspension under the Tigers minor league system. He was with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHTJB 3 (Once TV), XETV 6 (CW), KFMB 8 (CBS), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Telefutura), KNSD 39 (NBC), KZSD-LP 41 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (MNTV), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 57 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Milner Baily Schaefer", "paragraph_text": "Milner Baily (\"Benny\") Schaefer was born in Cheyenne, Wyoming, in 1912 and died at the age of 57 in San Diego, California in 1970. He is notable for his work on the population dynamics of fisheries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego Comic-Con", "paragraph_text": "San Diego Comic - Con International Status Active Genre Multi-genre Venue San Diego Convention Center (main) Downtown San Diego (various) Location (s) San Diego, California Country United States Inaugurated March 21, 1970; 48 years ago (1970 - 03 - 21) (as Golden State Comic Book Convention) Attendance Around 167,000 in 2015 Organized by Comic - Con International Filing status Non-profit Website www.comic-con.org"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast. The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}], "question": "What percent of the neighborhood that contains Validus Preparatory Academy, is of the ethnicity that made of 15.9% of San Diego's 2009 population?"}
{"id": "3hop1__494904_422423_591346", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shaolin Drunkard", "paragraph_text": "Shaolin Drunkard (; Orig. Tian shi zhuang xie, a.k.a. \"Wu Tang Master\", a.k.a. \"Miracle Fighters 2\") is a 1983 Kung Fu comedy directed by Yuen Woo-ping, written by Yuen Woo-ping and Chung Hing Chiu, and starring Cheung-Yan Yuen, Eddy Ko, and Shun-Yee Yuen."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ping Lu", "paragraph_text": "Lu Ping (), born in Kaohsiung in 1953, is a Taiwanese writer who writes under the pen name \u201cPing Lu\u201d. Her writing encompasses a broad range of genres, including novels, essays, poems, commentary, and theater plays. She is also known in the Chinese-language world for her critique of social phenomenon, ranging from cultural development to gender issues and human rights. Over the past two decades, Ms. Lu has successfully established herself as a prominent novelist, columnist, and commentator in Taiwan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pingtung Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Airport () were two airports in Pingtung City, Pingtung County, Taiwan . The two airports were under the control of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Pingtung Airport was established on 28 November 1994 at the old art exhibition hall at the Pingtung Culture Centre. This northern terminal was designated the public airport terminal, while the south part became the Republic of China Air Force base."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Payoneer", "paragraph_text": "Payoneer was founded in 2005 with $2 million in seed funding from founder and then-CEO Yuval Tal, an ex-officer in the Israeli army, and other private investors. 83North (Greylock Israel) led an additional $4 million in funding in 2007, with additional investors including Carmel Ventures, Crossbar Capital, Ping An, Wellington Management, Susquehanna Growth Equity and Nyca Partners."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pingtung Plain", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Plain () is a plain area including parts of Pingtung County and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. It includes the alluvial fan of Kaoping River, which forms the largest drainage area of rivers in Taiwan, and also passed by other shorter rivers such as Tungkang River, Linbian River and Shihwen River (\u58eb\u6587\u6eaa). The plain faces the Taiwan Strait on the southwest, lies to the east of Kaohsiung City, and at the west of Central Mountain Range."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ping Pong Playa", "paragraph_text": "Ping Pong Playa is a 2007 sports comedy film directed by Jessica Yu and written by Yu and Jimmy Tsai.The story centers on a Chinese ping pong family living in California with a buffoonish and irreverent son."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Iron Curtain", "paragraph_text": "The Iron Curtain took physical shape in the form of border defenses between the countries of western and eastern Europe. These were some of the most heavily militarised areas in the world, particularly the so - called ``inner German border ''-- commonly known as die Grenze in German -- between East and West Germany. The inner German border was marked in rural areas by double fences made of steel mesh (expanded metal) with sharp edges, while near urban areas a high concrete barrier similar to the Berlin Wall was built. The installation of the Wall in 1961 brought an end to a decade during which the divided capital of divided Germany was one of the easiest places to move west across the Iron Curtain."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Michael Paul Chan", "paragraph_text": "Chan was born in San Francisco, California. His television work has included roles like Judge Lionel Ping on \"Arrested Development\", Detective Ron Lu on \"Robbery Homicide Division\", the voice of Jimmy Ho on \"The PJ's\", Mr. Chong on \"The Wonder Years\", a Japanese investor in the 1990 \"Northern Exposure\" episode \"Dreams, Schemes and Putting Greens\", an agent of the C.I.A. (Chinese Intelligence Agency) on a 2011 episode of \"The Simpsons\", and roles on shows like \"Bones\", \"Babylon 5\", \"Nash Bridges\" and \"The Young and the Restless\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia (i/n\u0259\u02c8m\u026abi\u0259/, /n\u00e6\u02c8-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German:  Republik Namibia (help\u00b7info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibi\u00eb) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ping Pals", "paragraph_text": "Ping Pals is a chat/accessory program developed by WayForward Technologies and published by THQ for the Nintendo DS. It was released on December 8, 2004 in North America. The program allows the user to customise their \"Ping Pal\" avatar and game interface by selecting from over 1000 different items such as hairstyles, makeup, clothing, backdrops, music loops and sound effects."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Danny Lui", "paragraph_text": "Danny Lui (Lui Tam Ping) (7 January 1957 - 1 July 2012) was a Hong Kong entrepreneur and venture capitalist. He won the Hong Kong Young Industrialist Award in 1992 and maintained working relationships with governments in China and Hong Kong. He also had a network of venture capital connections on both sides of the Pacific."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county that shares a border with Ping Lu's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop2__606774_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast. The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cesar Carrillo", "paragraph_text": "Cesar Carrillo (born April 29, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He was San Diego 2005 First Round pick #18 overall. He played in Major League Baseball with the San Diego Padres in 2009. Carrillo was released by the Detroit Tigers in 2013, after he was implicated in the Bio-Genesis scandal, he served a 100- game suspension under the Tigers minor league system. He was with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sam Steinberg (artist)", "paragraph_text": "Sam Steinberg (1896\u20131982) was an American outsider art painter from The Bronx, New York, called the \"unofficial artist-in-residence\" at Columbia University by Peter Frank (art critic). His work was \"shown\" (and sold) exclusively on the Columbia campus, and his style was one of the first identified as \"outsider,\" an approach coined by art critic Roger Cardinal c. 1972, after Jean Dubuffet's \"art brut.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHTJB 3 (Once TV), XETV 6 (CW), KFMB 8 (CBS), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Telefutura), KNSD 39 (NBC), KZSD-LP 41 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (MNTV), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 57 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}], "question": "What percent of the birthplace of Sam Steinberg is the ethnicity which also made up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__349668_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cesar Carrillo", "paragraph_text": "Cesar Carrillo (born April 29, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He was San Diego 2005 First Round pick #18 overall. He played in Major League Baseball with the San Diego Padres in 2009. Carrillo was released by the Detroit Tigers in 2013, after he was implicated in the Bio-Genesis scandal, he served a 100- game suspension under the Tigers minor league system. He was with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kevin Towers", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Scott Towers (November 11, 1961 \u2013 January 30, 2018) was an American executive in Major League Baseball. He served as the general manager of the San Diego Padres from 1995 to 2009 and for the Arizona Diamondbacks from 2010 to 2014."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast. The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kevin Pasley", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Patrick Pasley (born July 22, 1953 in The Bronx, New York) is a retired professional baseball player whose career spanned 12 seasons. For parts of four seasons, Pasley, a catcher, played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Los Angeles Dodgers (1974, 1976\u201377), and the Seattle Mariners (1977\u201378). Over his career in the majors, he compiled a .254 batting average with eight runs scored, 31 hits, seven doubles, one home run, and nine runs batted in (RBIs). Pasley hit his only career major league home run in what would prove to be his final at-bat in the majors on October 1, 1978."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}], "question": "What percent of the borough where Kevin Pasley was born is from is the ethnicity making up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__1845_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Diego Comic-Con", "paragraph_text": "San Diego Comic - Con International Status Active Genre Multi-genre Venue San Diego Convention Center (main) Downtown San Diego (various) Location (s) San Diego, California Country United States Inaugurated March 21, 1970; 48 years ago (1970 - 03 - 21) (as Golden State Comic Book Convention) Attendance Around 167,000 in 2015 Organized by Comic - Con International Filing status Non-profit Website www.comic-con.org"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Seaport Village", "paragraph_text": "Seaport Village is a waterfront shopping and dining complex adjacent to San Diego Bay in downtown San Diego, California. It is located at 849 West Harbor Drive, at the intersection of Harbor Drive and Kettner."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and University City. Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eastlake High School (Chula Vista, California)", "paragraph_text": "Eastlake High School (ELH or EHS), in Chula Vista, California, United States, is a four-year high school which opened on September 8, 1992. The school is located just east of California State Route 125 near the eastern edge of Chula Vista in the neighborhood of Eastlake, a suburb located 20 minutes southeast of Downtown San Diego. The movie Bring It On, was partially filmed at the school's football stadium."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay. Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeast, surrounded by older, dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park. To the east and southeast lie City Heights, the College Area, and Southeast San Diego. To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8. The communities north of the valley and freeway, and south of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, include Clairemont, Kearny Mesa, Tierrasanta, and Navajo. Stretching north from Miramar are the northern suburbs of Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Pe\u00f1asquitos, and Rancho Bernardo. The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley, which holds an agricultural preserve. Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest corner of the city. To their south are Torrey Pines State Reserve and the business center of the Golden Triangle. Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla, Pacific Beach, Mission Beach, and Ocean Beach. Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown. The communities of South San Diego, such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, are located next to the Mexico\u2013United States border, and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista. A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called \"New San Diego\", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called \"New Town\" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Flatbush, Brooklyn", "paragraph_text": "Flatbush is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Founded in 1651 by Dutch colonists, the neighborhood, which consists of several subsections, had a population of 105,804 as of the 2010 United States Census."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Encanto, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Encanto is a hilly neighborhood located in the southeastern part of San Diego, California. The neighborhood of Encanto is split into two sections, North Encanto (which lies north of Broadway), and South Encanto (which lies south of Broadway)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Michael Ola", "paragraph_text": "Michael Ola (born April 19, 1988) is an American football offensive tackle for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Hampton University and attended Riverdale High School in Riverdale, Georgia. He has also been a member of the Jacksonville Sharks, Montreal Alouettes, Miami Dolphins, Chicago Bears, San Diego Chargers, Detroit Lions, Seattle Seahawks, and New York Giants."}], "question": "What percent of the borough where Riverdale's neighborhood is located is the same ethnicity that makes up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__704512_535840_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Supreme Court of California", "paragraph_text": "Supreme Court of California Seal of the Supreme Court of California Established 1849 Country United States Location San Francisco (Headquarters) Sacramento Los Angeles Authorized by California Constitution Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of the United States Judge term length 12 years No. of positions 7 Website Official website Chief Justice Currently Tani Cantil - Sakauye Since January 3, 2011 Lead position ends January 2, 2023"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "India", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: India has a three-tier unitary independent judiciary comprising the supreme court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 24 high courts, and a large number of trial courts. The supreme court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre and has appellate jurisdiction over the high courts. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution, and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oswald Leslie De Kretser II", "paragraph_text": "Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser I a District Engineer of Public Works Department, Ceylon; he was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. In 1905 he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and began his legal practice."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eleanor Swift", "paragraph_text": "Upon graduating from Yale Law School, Eleanor Swift clerked for Judge M. Joseph Blumenfeld of the U.S. District Court in Hartford and for Chief Judge David L. Bazelon of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. She then practiced in Houston with the firm of Vinson & Elkins."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Interracial marriage", "paragraph_text": "Interracial marriage is a form of exogamy that involves a marriage between spouses who belong to different races. It was historically a taboo in the United States of America and outlawed in South Africa. It was formally declared legal in the United States in 1967 when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case Loving v. Virginia that race - based restrictions on the set of individuals whom an individual is eligible to marry violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Charlotte Elkins", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte Elkins (born July 4, 1948) is an American author who teamed with her husband, writer Aaron Elkins, to write a series of mystery novels about Lee Ofsted, a struggling female professional golfer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aaron Elkins", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Elkins (born Brooklyn July 24, 1935) is an American mystery writer. He is best known for his series of novels featuring forensic anthropologist Gideon Oliver\u2014the 'skeleton detective'."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WCDE", "paragraph_text": "WCDE is a Christian Worship formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Elkins, West Virginia & serves Metro Elkins with programming from the Air 1 radio network. WCDE is owned and operated by Davis and Elkins College."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]"}], "question": "What numbered Supreme Court department is located in the place of birth of the husband of Charlotte Elkins?"}
{"id": "3hop1__434271_357614_54464", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "KYSE", "paragraph_text": "KYSE is a Regional Mexican radio station at 94.7 FM in El Paso, Texas, airing the \"La Tricolor \" format from its owner, Entravision Communications. The station has been an Alternative Rock station KHRO (Hero 94.7) and Country stations KATM and KSET. Its studio facilities are located on North Mesa Street/Highway 20 in northwest El Paso, and its transmitter is located atop the Franklin Mountains in the El Paso city limits."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Medici Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Medici Fountain (fr: \"La fontaine M\u00e9dicis\") is a monumental fountain in the Jardin du Luxembourg in the 6th arrondissement in Paris. It was built in about 1630 by Marie de' Medici, the widow of King Henry IV of France and regent of King Louis XIII of France. It was moved to its present location and extensively rebuilt in 1864-66."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "KOLL", "paragraph_text": "KOLL (106.3 FM, \"La Zeta\") is a radio station licensed in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas, area. KOLL airs Regional Mexican music format. The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located near Pettus."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dodgers\u2013Yankees rivalry", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry is a Major League Baseball (MLB) rivalry between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Yankees. The Dodgers are a member club of the National League (NL) West division, and the Yankees are a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The rivalry between the Dodgers and Yankees is one of the most well - known rivalries in Major League Baseball. The two teams have met 11 times in the World Series, more times than any other pair of teams from the American and National Leagues. The initial significance was embodied in the two teams' proximity in New York City, when the Dodgers initially played in Brooklyn. After the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958, the rivalry retained its significance as the two teams represented the dominant cities on each coast of the United States, and since the 1980s, the two largest cities in the United States. The Dodgers currently lead the regular season series 7 - 6. Although the rivalry's significance arose from the two teams' numerous World Series meetings, the Yankees and Dodgers have not met in the World Series since 1981. They would not play each other in a non-exhibition game until 2004, when they played a 3 - game interleague series. Nevertheless, games between the two teams have become quite popular and draw sellout crowds."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jack Wild", "paragraph_text": "Jack Wild (30 September 1952 -- 1 March 2006) was an English actor and singer, known for his teenage performances as the Artful Dodger in Oliver!, (1968) and as Jimmy in the NBC children's television series H.R. Pufnstuf (1969) and accompanying 1970 feature film. He played Much the Miller's Son in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League (founded 1876) from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, California, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals, the New York Giants, also in the National League, relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Grrr... (Bishop Allen album)", "paragraph_text": "Grrr... is the third full-length album by the indie rock group Bishop Allen. It was released on March 10, 2009. It is the follow-up to their 2007 album, \"The Broken String\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan). When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley, beginning over 10,000 years ago. Archaeologists have discovered baskets, petroglyphs, pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations, including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs. Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700, migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley, near Big Springs."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1955 World Series", "paragraph_text": "The 1955 World Series matched the Brooklyn Dodgers against the New York Yankees, with the Dodgers winning the Series in seven games to capture their first championship in franchise history. It would be the only Series the Dodgers won in Brooklyn, as the team relocated to Los Angeles after the 1957 season. This was the fifth time in nine years that the Yankees and the Dodgers met in the World Series, with the Yankees having won in 1947, 1949, 1952, and 1953; the Yankees would also win in the 1956 rematch."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Moonwalk (dance)", "paragraph_text": "The moonwalk is a dance move in which the dancer moves backwards while seemingly walking forwards. A popping move, it became popular around the world after Michael Jackson performed the dance move during a performance of ``Billie Jean ''on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever on March 25, 1983. This special was broadcast May 16, 1983. It subsequently became his signature move."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "La Grange (community), Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "La Grange is an unincorporated community located in the town of La Grange, Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. La Grange is located on U.S. Route 12."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles, California. The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Established in 1883 in Brooklyn, New York, the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season. They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "La Colonia Formation", "paragraph_text": "The La Colonia Formation is a geological formation in Argentina whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bishop Allen", "paragraph_text": "Bishop Allen is an American indie rock band from Brooklyn, New York. The band's core members are Justin Rice and Christian Rudder, who are supported both on stage and in the studio by a rotating cast of musical collaborators. The band was formed in 2003 and grew out of Rice and Rudder's friendship; it takes its name from Bishop Allen Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where the two lived together after attending Harvard University."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2017 World Series", "paragraph_text": "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Houston Astros -- 1, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2: 28 54,253 000000002018 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 (11) Dodger Stadium 4: 19 54,293 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3, Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3: 46 43,282 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6, Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3: 06 43,322 5 000000002018 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12, Houston Astros -- 13 (10) Minute Maid Park 5: 17 43,300 6 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3: 22 54,128 7 000000002018 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3: 37 54,124"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Professional sports teams in Southern California include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks); and MLS (LA Galaxy)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WWCT", "paragraph_text": "WWCT is an FM broadcasting station licensed for Bartonville, Illinois. Through most of its history, the WWCT callsign was associated with Peoria's 105.7 frequency allocation; the call sign and related format was moved to 96.5 (Farmington) in 2003, then 99.9 (Bartonville) in 2006. The original 99.9 callsign, WIXO, and its music format, had moved to 105.7 in 2006."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders (Mark Davis) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland, California to Las Vegas, Nevada. The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League (NFL) season (although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium), playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium. NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move, which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix, Arizona on March 27, 2017. The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s, following the Rams' move from St. Louis, Missouri to Los Angeles, California on January 12, 2016, and the Chargers' move from San Diego, California to Los Angeles on January 12, 2017. The Raiders' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum, which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL."}], "question": "When did the Dodgers move from the place where the Grrr... performer was formed to L. A.?"}
{"id": "3hop2__657129_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ernesto de Martino", "paragraph_text": "Ernesto de Martino (1 December 1908 \u2013 9 May 1965) was an Italian anthropologist, philosopher and historian of religions. He studied with Benedetto Croce and Adolfo Omodeo, and did field research with Diego Carpitella into the funeral rituals of Lucania and the \"tarantism\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Robert Mosher", "paragraph_text": "Robert Mosher (September 27, 1920 \u2013 July 26, 2015) was an American architect who operated primarily in Southern California. Mosher was an admirer of the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, and a pioneer of the post-war modernist architecture movement in San Diego. He is best known for designing the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, and the University of California, San Diego's John Muir College."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Giovanni Tebaldini", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Tebaldini (Brescia, September 7, 1864 \u2013 San Benedetto del Tronto May 11, 1952) was an Italian composer, organist and musicologist."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Robert Benedetto", "paragraph_text": "Robert Benedetto (born October 22, 1946 in The Bronx, New York) is an American luthier of archtop jazz guitars. In 1968, he made his first archtop guitar in New Jersey and has handcrafted nearly 850 musical instruments. His guitars appear on many recordings, videos, and TV and film soundtracks, and have been featured in books, magazines and museums (including the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History and the National Guitar Museum)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Polirone Abbey", "paragraph_text": "The Abbey of San Benedetto in Polirone is a large complex of Benedictine order monastic buildings, including a church and cloisters, located in town of San Benedetto Po, Province of Mantua, Region of Lombardy, Italy. The complex, now belonging to the city, houses offices, a museum, and is open to visitors."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}], "question": "What percent of the birthplace of Robert Benedetto is the ethnicity which also made up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__453886_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Harry Raymond (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "Harry H. Raymond (born as \"Harry H. Truman\" February 20, 1862 in Utica, New York \u2013 March 21, 1925 in San Diego, California), nicknamed \"Jack\", was a Major League Baseball player who played infielder from -. He would play for the Louisville Colonels, Washington Senators, and Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dan Friedkin", "paragraph_text": "Dan Friedkin was born in 1965 in San Diego, California, the son of Thomas H. Friedkin. He has a bachelor's degree from Georgetown University, and a master's from Rice University."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Courage of the West", "paragraph_text": "Courage of the West was a 1937 \"B\" movie directed by Joseph H. Lewis in which Bob Baker made his debut as a singing cowboy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "H. Joseph Allen", "paragraph_text": "H. Joseph Allen (born July 19, 1941 in The Bronx, New York) is an American businessman and Thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder."}], "question": "What percent of the birthplace of H. Joseph Allen is the ethnicity which also made up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__35035_38501_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast. The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking (\"rapping\") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as \"The Boogie Down Bronx\", or just \"The Boogie Down\". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Corey Gunz."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William Kettner", "paragraph_text": "William \"Bill\" Kettner (November 20, 1864 \u2013 November 11, 1930) was a former US Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served four terms in Congress from 1913 through 1921 and is credited with bringing many U.S. Navy facilities to San Diego."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kevin Towers", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Scott Towers (November 11, 1961 \u2013 January 30, 2018) was an American executive in Major League Baseball. He served as the general manager of the San Diego Padres from 1995 to 2009 and for the Arizona Diamondbacks from 2010 to 2014."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Big Mouth", "paragraph_text": "The Big Mouth is a 1967 American comedy film produced, directed, co-written, and starring Jerry Lewis released on July 12, 1967 by Columbia Pictures. It was filmed in San Diego and features Frank De Vol as an onscreen narrator."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}], "question": "What percent of the borough Big Pun is from is the ethnicity making up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__332951_351230_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oswald Leslie De Kretser II", "paragraph_text": "Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser I a District Engineer of Public Works Department, Ceylon; he was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. In 1905 he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and began his legal practice."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "India", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: India has a three-tier unitary independent judiciary comprising the supreme court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 24 high courts, and a large number of trial courts. The supreme court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre and has appellate jurisdiction over the high courts. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution, and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Courts of England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the House of Lords. The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters, a role previously held by the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a \"fundamental\" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training, should be more access, albeit with qualifying periods. In Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid \"structural, staffing and financial problems\" if (mainly German) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (musical)", "paragraph_text": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a musical with a book by George Abbott and Betty Smith, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, and music by Arthur Schwartz."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kansas Supreme Court", "paragraph_text": "The Kansas Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the state of Kansas. Composed of seven justices, led by Chief Justice Lawton Nuss, the court supervises the legal profession, administers the judicial branch, and serves as the state court of last resort in the appeals process."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Little Show", "paragraph_text": "The Little Show was a musical revue with lyrics by Howard Dietz and music by Arthur Schwartz. It was the first of 11 musicals that featured the songs of Dietz and Schwartz. The revue opened at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway on April 30, 1929 and ran for 321 performances until February 1930."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in The Little Show composer's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop1__625942_357614_54464", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Feist (singer)", "paragraph_text": "Leslie Feist (born 13 February 1976), known professionally as Feist, is a Canadian indie pop singer - songwriter and guitarist, performing both as a solo artist and as a member of the indie rock group Broken Social Scene."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bishop Allen", "paragraph_text": "Bishop Allen is an American indie rock band from Brooklyn, New York. The band's core members are Justin Rice and Christian Rudder, who are supported both on stage and in the studio by a rotating cast of musical collaborators. The band was formed in 2003 and grew out of Rice and Rudder's friendship; it takes its name from Bishop Allen Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where the two lived together after attending Harvard University."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Professional sports teams in Southern California include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks); and MLS (LA Galaxy)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WWCT", "paragraph_text": "WWCT is an FM broadcasting station licensed for Bartonville, Illinois. Through most of its history, the WWCT callsign was associated with Peoria's 105.7 frequency allocation; the call sign and related format was moved to 96.5 (Farmington) in 2003, then 99.9 (Bartonville) in 2006. The original 99.9 callsign, WIXO, and its music format, had moved to 105.7 in 2006."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2017 World Series", "paragraph_text": "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Houston Astros -- 1, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2: 28 54,253 000000002018 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 (11) Dodger Stadium 4: 19 54,293 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3, Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3: 46 43,282 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6, Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3: 06 43,322 5 000000002018 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12, Houston Astros -- 13 (10) Minute Maid Park 5: 17 43,300 6 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3: 22 54,128 7 000000002018 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3: 37 54,124"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dodgers\u2013Yankees rivalry", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry is a Major League Baseball (MLB) rivalry between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Yankees. The Dodgers are a member club of the National League (NL) West division, and the Yankees are a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The rivalry between the Dodgers and Yankees is one of the most well - known rivalries in Major League Baseball. The two teams have met 11 times in the World Series, more times than any other pair of teams from the American and National Leagues. The initial significance was embodied in the two teams' proximity in New York City, when the Dodgers initially played in Brooklyn. After the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958, the rivalry retained its significance as the two teams represented the dominant cities on each coast of the United States, and since the 1980s, the two largest cities in the United States. The Dodgers currently lead the regular season series 7 - 6. Although the rivalry's significance arose from the two teams' numerous World Series meetings, the Yankees and Dodgers have not met in the World Series since 1981. They would not play each other in a non-exhibition game until 2004, when they played a 3 - game interleague series. Nevertheless, games between the two teams have become quite popular and draw sellout crowds."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers share a fierce rivalry with the San Francisco Giants, the oldest rivalry in baseball, dating back to when the two franchises played in New York City. Both teams moved west for the 1958 season. The Brooklyn Dodgers and Los Angeles Dodgers have collectively appeared in the World Series 19 times, while the New York Giants and San Francisco Giants have collectively appeared 20 times and have been invited 21 times. The Giants have won two more World Series (8); the Dodgers have won 22 National League pennants, while the Giants hold the record with 23. Although the two franchises have enjoyed near equal success, the city rivalries are rather lopsided and in both cases, a team's championships have predated to the other's first one in that particular location. When the two teams were based in New York, the Giants won five World Series championships, and the Dodgers one. After the move to California, the Dodgers have won five in Los Angeles, the Giants have won three in San Francisco."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League (founded 1876) from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, California, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals, the New York Giants, also in the National League, relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ermitage (concert hall)", "paragraph_text": "Ermitage is a performance hall in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Built in 1914, the hall is located on the campus of the Coll\u00e8ge de Montr\u00e9al at the corner of C\u00f4te-des-Neiges Road and Doctor Penfield Avenue In addition to being used for student theatrical and musical performances, the hall has been used for a variety of professional commercial performances as well. From 1942-1952 the hall was the main performance venue of the Little Symphony of Montreal. Other artists to have performed in the hall include, Jean-Marie Beaudet, Alexander Brott, Elisabeth Schumann, the McGill String Quartet, and the Montreal String Quartet. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation used the hall frequently for broadcast performances from 1944-1967. Since the 1970s, the hall's activities have primarily been relegated to college productions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "La Corda d'Oro", "paragraph_text": "La Corda d'Oro (Japanese: \u91d1\u8272\u306e\u30b3\u30eb\u30c0, Hepburn: Kin'iro no Koruda) is a role-playing game series targeted at a female demographic audience under the Neoromance series from Koei. The title is Italian for The Golden String."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "KINT-FM", "paragraph_text": "KINT-FM (93.9 FM) is licensed to serve El Paso, Texas. The station is currently owned by Entravision Communications. The station is airing a format called \"La Suavecita\", licensed to El Paso. Its studio facilities are located on North Mesa Street/Highway 20 in northwest El Paso, and its transmitter is located atop the Franklin Mountains in the El Paso city limits."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan). When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Classical music", "paragraph_text": "One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles, California. The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Established in 1883 in Brooklyn, New York, the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season. They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders (Mark Davis) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland, California to Las Vegas, Nevada. The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League (NFL) season (although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium), playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium. NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move, which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix, Arizona on March 27, 2017. The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s, following the Rams' move from St. Louis, Missouri to Los Angeles, California on January 12, 2016, and the Chargers' move from San Diego, California to Los Angeles on January 12, 2017. The Raiders' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum, which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "La Colonia Formation", "paragraph_text": "The La Colonia Formation is a geological formation in Argentina whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Moonwalk (dance)", "paragraph_text": "The moonwalk is a dance move in which the dancer moves backwards while seemingly walking forwards. A popping move, it became popular around the world after Michael Jackson performed the dance move during a performance of ``Billie Jean ''on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever on March 25, 1983. This special was broadcast May 16, 1983. It subsequently became his signature move."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "KOLL", "paragraph_text": "KOLL (106.3 FM, \"La Zeta\") is a radio station licensed in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas, area. KOLL airs Regional Mexican music format. The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located near Pettus."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bishop Allen & The Broken String", "paragraph_text": "Bishop Allen and the Broken String is the second full-length album by the indie rock group Bishop Allen. It was released on July 24, 2007."}], "question": "When did the Dodgers leave the town that also gave rise to the band that plays The Broken String?"}
{"id": "3hop2__35035_38497_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jerry Sichting", "paragraph_text": "Jerry Sichting, the , guard from Martinsville, Indiana, attended Martinsville High School. In his junior year, he led the Artesians to a IHSAA Sectional title. He had an excellent senior season, leading his school to a 21\u20132 record and another IHSAA Sectional title; he averaged 21 points, while shooting 53 percent from the field and 83 percent at the line in three seasons. Chosen as a 1975 Indiana All-Star, the team toured Europe and Russia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy is a free and rapid publishing peer-reviewed, online-only, open access, scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics covering all areas of renewable and sustainable energy-related fields that apply to the physical science and engineering communities. Online submissions are posted daily and organized into bimonthly issues. The journal was established in 2009. Starting in 2019, the Editor-in-Chief is Carlos F. M. Coimbra (University of California San Diego) and the Deputy Editor is Jan Kleissl (University of California San Diego). Before that, the Co-Editors-in-Chief were P. Craig Taylor (Colorado School of Mines) and John A. Turner (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Westview High School (San Diego)", "paragraph_text": "Westview High School is a public comprehensive high school located in Torrey Highlands, a community of San Diego, California in the United States. It is part of the Poway Unified School District."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cuyamaca Outdoor School", "paragraph_text": "Opened in 1946, Cuyamaca Outdoor School, the first Outdoor School in California and the only Outdoor School in San Diego County that is certified by ROSS (Residential Outdoor Science Schools) and COSA (California Outdoor Schools Administration), is owned by San Diego County Office of Education and located in the Cuyamaca Rancho State Park and Cleveland National Forest in Descanso, California. During the school year students, generally 6th graders, come to learn subjects related to outdoor education, staying between four and five days. On campus there are several dormitory facilities, a dining hall, multipurpose room, activity building and infirmary. The construction of several new buildings on campus has been \"certified gold\" by the U.S. Green Building Council."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}], "question": "What percent of the people in the neighborhood containing the School for Excellence are of the ethnicity that made up 15.9.% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__704512_535840_54464", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers share a fierce rivalry with the San Francisco Giants, the oldest rivalry in baseball, dating back to when the two franchises played in New York City. Both teams moved west for the 1958 season. The Brooklyn Dodgers and Los Angeles Dodgers have collectively appeared in the World Series 19 times, while the New York Giants and San Francisco Giants have collectively appeared 20 times and have been invited 21 times. The Giants have won two more World Series (8); the Dodgers have won 22 National League pennants, while the Giants hold the record with 23. Although the two franchises have enjoyed near equal success, the city rivalries are rather lopsided and in both cases, a team's championships have predated to the other's first one in that particular location. When the two teams were based in New York, the Giants won five World Series championships, and the Dodgers one. After the move to California, the Dodgers have won five in Los Angeles, the Giants have won three in San Francisco."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan). When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Charlotte Harbor, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte Harbor is a census-designated place (CDP) in Charlotte County, Florida, United States. The name Charlotte Harbor also refers to Charlotte Harbor (estuary) and Charlotte Harbor Preserve State Park, a preserve with of shoreline along Charlotte Harbor in Charlotte County."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bob Elkins", "paragraph_text": "Bob Elkins (born 1932) is an American character actor who has appeared in movies, plays and television productions. He is sometimes credited as Robert Elkins."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "WCDE", "paragraph_text": "WCDE is a Christian Worship formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Elkins, West Virginia & serves Metro Elkins with programming from the Air 1 radio network. WCDE is owned and operated by Davis and Elkins College."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles, California. The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Established in 1883 in Brooklyn, New York, the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season. They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2019 NBA All-Star Game", "paragraph_text": "The 2019 NBA All - Star Game will be an exhibition basketball game played on February 17, 2019. It will be the 68th edition of the event. This will be the 2nd time the format will not be East / West. The game will be held at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, home of the Charlotte Hornets. Charlotte was announced as host on May 24, 2017. It will be the second time that Charlotte will host the All - Star Game, the first time was in 1991, at the Hornets' previous home arena Charlotte Coliseum. The game was supposed to be played in Charlotte in 2017, but was moved to New Orleans because of controversy surrounding the Public Facilities Privacy and Security Act. The game will be televised by TNT for the 17th straight year."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gabriela von Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Gabriela von Habsburg was born in Luxembourg, the fourth child of Otto von Habsburg, the erstwhile crown prince of Austria, and his wife, Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. She was baptised with the names \"Gabriela Maria Charlotte Felicitas Elisabeth Antonia\". According to her birth certificate, her last name is \"of Austria-Hungary\" (\"von \u00d6sterreich-Ungarn\")."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Charlotte of Bourbon", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte of Bourbon (1546/1547 \u2013 5 May 1582) was a Princess consort of Orange as the third spouse of William the Silent, Prince of Orange, the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish. She was the fourth daughter of Louis, Duke of Montpensier and Jacqueline de Longwy, Countess of Bar-sur-Seine."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League (founded 1876) from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, California, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals, the New York Giants, also in the National League, relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Canfield, Randolph County, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Canfield is an unincorporated community in Randolph County, West Virginia, United States. Canfield is located along U.S. Route 33 and West Virginia Route 55 east-southeast of Elkins."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charlotte Elkins", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte Elkins (born July 4, 1948) is an American author who teamed with her husband, writer Aaron Elkins, to write a series of mystery novels about Lee Ofsted, a struggling female professional golfer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aaron Elkins", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Elkins (born Brooklyn July 24, 1935) is an American mystery writer. He is best known for his series of novels featuring forensic anthropologist Gideon Oliver\u2014the 'skeleton detective'."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hicks, Washington County, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "Hicks is an unincorporated community in White River Township, Washington County, Arkansas, United States. It is located along Highway 74 south of Elkins."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Christine Charlotte of Solms-Braunfels", "paragraph_text": "Christine Charlotte of Solms-Braunfels (10 November 1690 in Greifenstein \u2013 16 October 1771 in Homburg) was a Countess of Solms-Braunfels by birth and by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby", "paragraph_text": "Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby (December 1599\u2013 March 31, 1664), born Charlotte de La Tr\u00e9moille, is famous for her robust defence of Lathom House during the English Civil War."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "William Brown (sailor)", "paragraph_text": "William Brown (birth name unknown) was a Black woman who joined the Royal Navy under a man's name in the early nineteenth century. It is undisputed that she was a sailor of HMS \"Queen Charlotte\", but historians have reached varying conclusions about her service record."}], "question": "When did the Dodgers move from where Charlotte Etkin's spouse was born to LA?"}
{"id": "3hop2__834529_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of the San Diego Chargers", "paragraph_text": "San Diego Chargers Established 1961 Ended 2016 Played in San Diego, California Headquartered in Chargers Park San Diego, California Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League (1961 -- 1969) Western Division (1961 -- 1969) National Football League (1970 -- 2016) American Football Conference (1970 -- 2017) AFC West (1970 -- 2017) Uniform Team colors Navy Blue, Powder Blue, White, Gold Fight song San Diego Super Chargers Personnel Owner (s) Barron Hilton (1961 -- 1966) Eugene Klein and Sam Schulman (1966 -- 1984) Alex Spanos (1984 -- 2017) General manager Sid Gillman (1961 -- 1970) Harland Svare (1971 -- 1975) Johnny Sanders (1976 -- 1986) Steve Ortmayer (1987 -- 1989) Bobby Beathard (1990 -- 2000) John Butler (2001 -- 2003) A.J. Smith (2003 -- 2013) Tom Telesco (2013 -- 2017) Head coach Sid Gillman (1961 -- 1969, 1971) Charlie Waller (1969 -- 1970) Harland Svare (1971 -- 1973) Ron Waller (1973) Tommy Prothro (1974 -- 1978) Don Coryell (1978 -- 1986) Al Saunders (1986 -- 1988) Dan Henning (1989 -- 1991) Bobby Ross (1992 -- 1996) Kevin Gilbride (1997 -- 1998) June Jones (1998) Mike Riley (1999 -- 2001) Marty Schottenheimer (2002 -- 2006) Norv Turner (2007 -- 2012) Mike McCoy (2013 -- 2017) Team history Los Angeles Chargers (1960, 2017 -- present) San Diego Chargers (1961 -- 2016) Team nicknames The Bolts, San Diego Super Chargers Championships League championships (1) AFL Championships: (1) 1963 Conference championships (1) AFC: 1994 Division championships (14) AFL West: 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965 AFC West: 1979, 1980, 1981, 1992, 1994, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Playoff appearances (17) AFL: 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965 NFL: 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013 Home fields Balboa Stadium (1961 -- 1966) Qualcomm Stadium (1967 -- 2017)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of the San Diego Chargers", "paragraph_text": "San Diego Chargers Established 1961 Ended 2016 Played in San Diego, California Headquartered in Chargers Park San Diego, California Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League (1961 -- 1969) Western Division (1961 -- 1969) National Football League (1970 -- 2016) American Football Conference (1970 -- 2017) AFC West (1970 -- 2017) Uniform Team colors Navy Blue, Powder Blue, White, Gold Fight song San Diego Super Chargers Personnel Owner (s) Barron Hilton (1961 -- 1966) Eugene Klein and Sam Schulman (1966 -- 1984) Alex Spanos (1984 -- 2017) General manager Sid Gillman (1961 -- 1970) Harland Svare (1971 -- 1975) Johnny Sanders (1976 -- 1986) Steve Ortmayer (1987 -- 1989) Bobby Beathard (1990 -- 2000) John Butler (2001 -- 2003) A.J. Smith (2003 -- 2013) Tom Telesco (2013 -- 2017) Head coach Sid Gillman (1961 -- 1969, 1971) Charlie Waller (1969 -- 1970) Harland Svare (1971 -- 1973) Ron Waller (1973) Tommy Prothro (1974 -- 1978) Don Coryell (1978 -- 1986) Al Saunders (1986 -- 1988) Dan Henning (1989 -- 1991) Bobby Ross (1992 -- 1996) Kevin Gilbride (1997 -- 1998) June Jones (1998) Mike Riley (1999 -- 2001) Marty Schottenheimer (2002 -- 2006) Norv Turner (2007 -- 2012) Mike McCoy (2013 -- 2017) Team history Los Angeles Chargers (1960, 2017 -- present) San Diego Chargers (1961 -- 2016) Team nicknames The Bolts, San Diego Super Chargers Championships League championships (1) AFL Championships: (1) 1963 Conference championships (1) AFC: 1994 Division championships (14) AFL West: 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965 AFC West: 1979, 1980, 1981, 1992, 1994, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Playoff appearances (17) AFL: 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965 NFL: 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013 Home fields Balboa Stadium (1961 -- 1966) Qualcomm Stadium (1967 -- 2016)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Welling, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Welling is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 771 at the 2010 census, an increase of 15.25 percent from 669 at the 2000 census. It is home to The Salvation Army's Heart o' Hills camp and conference center."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mike Hill (sportscaster)", "paragraph_text": "James Michael \"Mike\" Hill (born August 19, 1970, in The Bronx, New York) is a sportscaster currently with Fox Sports 1."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}], "question": "What percent of the place where Mike Hill died is the ethnicity which makes up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__1771_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called \"New San Diego\", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called \"New Town\" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay. Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeast, surrounded by older, dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park. To the east and southeast lie City Heights, the College Area, and Southeast San Diego. To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8. The communities north of the valley and freeway, and south of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, include Clairemont, Kearny Mesa, Tierrasanta, and Navajo. Stretching north from Miramar are the northern suburbs of Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Pe\u00f1asquitos, and Rancho Bernardo. The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley, which holds an agricultural preserve. Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest corner of the city. To their south are Torrey Pines State Reserve and the business center of the Golden Triangle. Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla, Pacific Beach, Mission Beach, and Ocean Beach. Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown. The communities of South San Diego, such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, are located next to the Mexico\u2013United States border, and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista. A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cattaraugus Reservation, Chautauqua County, New York", "paragraph_text": "Cattaraugus Reservation is an Indian reservation of the federally recognized Seneca Nation of Indians, located partly in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population of this portion of the reservation was 38 at the 2010 census, Most of the inhabitants are of the Seneca tribe."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including \"the seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and Santa Barbara.\" In 1999, the Times added a newer county\u2014Imperial\u2014to that list."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "It's Complicated (film)", "paragraph_text": "While the majority of the film is set in Santa Barbara, California, most of the filming -- including nearly all of the interiors -- took place in New York City. Principal photography began on February 18, 2009 at the Broadway Stages in the Brooklyn borough, where the interior scenes of Jane's house were shot. Several other key locations were used during the first portion of filming in New York, including Picnic House, a large, studio - sized structure in Brooklyn's Prospect Park, where Jane's bakery was built inside; the facilities at Sarabeth's Bakery in the Chelsea Market; and a commercial loft building in New York's Chelsea district, where scenes at Adam's architecture office were filmed in. As Martin was soon to embark on a concert tour to promote The Crow: New Songs for the Five - String Banjo (2009), his schedule required the team to complete shooting his scenes during the first two months of filming."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Orthodox Judaism", "paragraph_text": "Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alburtis, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Alburtis is a borough in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is a suburb of Allentown, in the Lehigh Valley region of the state. Alburtis is included in the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the New York City-Newark, New Jersey, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brooklyn", "paragraph_text": "Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of ``Greater New York '', Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities, boroughs, and counties to form the modern`` City of New York,'' surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as ``Unity makes strength ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and University City. Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}], "question": "What percent of the modern-day borough that is part of the County of New York is the ethnicity which also made up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__492972_422423_591346", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Climb (song)", "paragraph_text": "``The Climb ''Single by Miley Cyrus from the album Hannah Montana: The Movie and The Time of Our Lives (International Edition) Released February 21, 2009 Recorded 2008 Genre Country pop Length 3: 56 Label Hollywood Songwriter (s) Jessi Alexander Jon Mabe Producer (s) John Shanks Miley Cyrus singles chronology`` 7 Things'' (2008) ``The Climb ''(2009)`` Fly on the Wall'' (2009) ``7 Things ''(2008)''`` The Climb ''(2009) ``Fly on the Wall'' (2009) Music video`` The Climb ''on YouTube"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "A major sporting event is the \"Independence Day Sports Festival\" held annually on 1 October. The most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tuvalu Games, which are held yearly since 2008. Tuvalu first participated in the Pacific Games in 1978 and in the Commonwealth Games in 1998, when a weightlifter attended the games held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Two table tennis players attended the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England; Tuvalu entered competitors in shooting, table tennis and weightlifting at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia; three athletes participated in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India, entering the discus, shot put and weightlifting events; and a team of 3 weightlifters and 2 table tennis players attended the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Tuvaluan athletes have also participated in the men's and women's 100 metre sprints at the World Championships in Athletics from 2009."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Comcast Sports Southwest", "paragraph_text": "Comcast Sports Southwest (CSS) was an American regional sports network that served Greater Houston, Texas. It was owned by the NBC Sports Group unit of NBCUniversal. The channel was launched on September 1, 2009 and had a similar format to Comcast/Charter Sports Southeast, which launched ten years earlier. Both networks shared the same logo and focused primarily on collegiate and high school sports."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pingtung Plain", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Plain () is a plain area including parts of Pingtung County and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. It includes the alluvial fan of Kaoping River, which forms the largest drainage area of rivers in Taiwan, and also passed by other shorter rivers such as Tungkang River, Linbian River and Shihwen River (\u58eb\u6587\u6eaa). The plain faces the Taiwan Strait on the southwest, lies to the east of Kaohsiung City, and at the west of Central Mountain Range."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the annual host of the Big 12 Baseball Tournament, the World Cup of Softball, and the annual NCAA Women's College World Series. The city has held the 2005 NCAA Men's Basketball First and Second round and hosted the Big 12 Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments in 2007 and 2009. The major universities in the area \u2013 University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City University, and Oklahoma State University \u2013 often schedule major basketball games and other sporting events at Chesapeake Energy Arena and Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark, although most home games are played at their campus stadiums."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Widowmaker hill climb", "paragraph_text": "The Widowmaker hill climb is an outdoor motorcycle sport event held annually and sometimes semi-annually in Croydon, Utah, United States. It consists of two major professional competitions, the first being the motorcycle hill climb, which is held usually in the month of June of each year. The second competition is the snowmobile hill climb, which is usually held in the month of January. However, there are many more types of sub-competitions held, including competitions for amateur motorcyclist, ATV, and snowmobile riders."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "EA Sports", "paragraph_text": "Most EA Sports games are distinguished by year, as most games are released on a yearly basis. Nevertheless, as EA Sports is the leading purchaser of official licenses, it is not uncommon that in a short span several games of the same sport but with different licenses are released: FIFA: Road to World Cup 98 was shortly followed by FIFA 98 and then World Cup 98, all in the wake of FIFA Soccer Manager in 1997 (as EA has the license for the FIFA World Cup and the European Football Championship, each happening regularly in four-year intervals), and college football and basketball games are released that are based on Madden NFL and NBA Live, respectively."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Koh Sotin District", "paragraph_text": "Koh Sotin District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road. The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pingtung Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Airport () were two airports in Pingtung City, Pingtung County, Taiwan . The two airports were under the control of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Pingtung Airport was established on 28 November 1994 at the old art exhibition hall at the Pingtung Culture Centre. This northern terminal was designated the public airport terminal, while the south part became the Republic of China Air Force base."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sport climbing at the 2009 World Games", "paragraph_text": "The sport climbing competition at the World Games 2009 took place from July 18 to July 19, at the Shoushan Junior High School in Kaohsiung, Taiwan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wii Sports", "paragraph_text": "The game is a collection of five sports simulations, designed to demonstrate the motion-sensing capabilities of the Wii Remote. The five sports included are tennis, baseball, bowling, golf and boxing. Players use the Wii Remote to mimic actions performed in real-life sports, such as swinging a tennis racket. The rules for each game are simplified to make them more accessible to new players. The game also features training and fitness modes that monitor players' progress in the sports.Wii Sports was well received by critics and received a number of awards. Selling over 82 million copies by the end of 2017, it is the bestselling single-platform game of all time, and fourth best overall. Wii Sports has been featured on television in Wii commercials, news reports, as well as other programming. The game has become a popular means for social gatherings and competitions among players of varying ages. A sequel, Wii Sports Resort, was released in 2009, while a high-definition remake, Wii Sports Club, was released in 2013 for the Wii U."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practised on lakes, notably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "International Workers' Olympiads", "paragraph_text": "International Workers' Olympiads were an international sporting event arranged between 1925 and 1937 by Socialist Workers' Sport International (SASI). It was an organisation supported by social democratic parties and International Federation of Trade Unions. Workers' Olympiads were an alternate event for the Olympic Games. The participants were members of various labor sports associations and came mostly from Europe. Nowadays the CSIT World Sports Games are the successor sports events of the International Workers' Olympiads. The \"World Sports Games\" is the main highlight and a new Brand of the CSIT. It is a unique major sports event for thousands of workers and amateurs every two years. The CSIT (International Workers and Amateurs in Sports Confederation) is an international Multi-Sports Organization."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "World Series Baseball (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Sega Sports' World Series Baseball, or simply World Series Baseball, is a sports game developed by BlueSky Software and published by Sega for the Genesis/Mega Drive and Game Gear. It is the first game in the series and was originally released in 1994. A version for the Sega 32X, \"World Series Baseball starring Deion Sanders\", would follow in 1995."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rock N\u2019 Roll Climber", "paragraph_text": "Rock N\u2019 Roll Climber is a rock climbing simulation video game for WiiWare developed by Japan-based studio Vitei and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on August 10, 2009 and in the PAL regions on November 13, 2009."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county that shares a border with where the 2009 World Games for Sport climbing took place?"}
{"id": "3hop2__35035_38500_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Digestion", "paragraph_text": "Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHTJB 3 (Once TV), XETV 6 (CW), KFMB 8 (CBS), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Telefutura), KNSD 39 (NBC), KZSD-LP 41 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (MNTV), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 57 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking (\"rapping\") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as \"The Boogie Down Bronx\", or just \"The Boogie Down\". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Corey Gunz."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent. According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit. The number of integrated neighborhoods has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four. A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to white flight and resegregation. Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cesar Carrillo", "paragraph_text": "Cesar Carrillo (born April 29, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He was San Diego 2005 First Round pick #18 overall. He played in Major League Baseball with the San Diego Padres in 2009. Carrillo was released by the Detroit Tigers in 2013, after he was implicated in the Bio-Genesis scandal, he served a 100- game suspension under the Tigers minor league system. He was with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014."}], "question": "What percent of the place called The Boogie Down is the ethnicity making up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__771153_351230_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Supreme Court of California", "paragraph_text": "Supreme Court of California Seal of the Supreme Court of California Established 1849 Country United States Location San Francisco (Headquarters) Sacramento Los Angeles Authorized by California Constitution Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of the United States Judge term length 12 years No. of positions 7 Website Official website Chief Justice Currently Tani Cantil - Sakauye Since January 3, 2011 Lead position ends January 2, 2023"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federal government of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district -- Washington, D.C., and several territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gunnar S\u00f8nstevold", "paragraph_text": "Gunnar S\u00f8nstevold (26 November 1912 \u2013 18 October 1991) was a Norwegian composer. He was born in Elverum, and married composer Maj S\u00f8nstevold in 1941. He composed orchestral works, vocal music, chamber music, and music to a number of plays, ballets and films. He headed the Music Department of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation/Television from 1966 to 1974. He was awarded Filmkritikerprisen in 1955, for the film \"Det brenner i natt!\". He received the Arts Council Norway music prize in 1972, and Radioteatret's honorary prize in 1987."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (musical)", "paragraph_text": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a musical with a book by George Abbott and Betty Smith, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, and music by Arthur Schwartz."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kansas Supreme Court", "paragraph_text": "The Kansas Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the state of Kansas. Composed of seven justices, led by Chief Justice Lawton Nuss, the court supervises the legal profession, administers the judicial branch, and serves as the state court of last resort in the appeals process."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "India", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: India has a three-tier unitary independent judiciary comprising the supreme court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 24 high courts, and a large number of trial courts. The supreme court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre and has appellate jurisdiction over the high courts. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution, and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Revenge with Music", "paragraph_text": "Revenge with Music is a musical comedy with book and lyrics by Howard Dietz and music by Arthur Schwartz, that opened on Broadway in 1934. This was the first \"book\" musical by Dietz and Schwartz."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oswald Leslie De Kretser II", "paragraph_text": "Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser I a District Engineer of Public Works Department, Ceylon; he was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. In 1905 he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and began his legal practice."}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in the place of birth of the composer of Revenge with Music?"}
{"id": "3hop2__38496_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cesar Carrillo", "paragraph_text": "Cesar Carrillo (born April 29, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He was San Diego 2005 First Round pick #18 overall. He played in Major League Baseball with the San Diego Padres in 2009. Carrillo was released by the Detroit Tigers in 2013, after he was implicated in the Bio-Genesis scandal, he served a 100- game suspension under the Tigers minor league system. He was with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Milner Baily Schaefer", "paragraph_text": "Milner Baily (\"Benny\") Schaefer was born in Cheyenne, Wyoming, in 1912 and died at the age of 57 in San Diego, California in 1970. He is notable for his work on the population dynamics of fisheries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast. The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School."}], "question": "What percent of the borough containing the Validus Prepatory Academy is the ethnicity which also made up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__247974_349602_54464", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles, California. The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Established in 1883 in Brooklyn, New York, the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season. They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wilber Brotherton Huston", "paragraph_text": "Wilber Brotherton Huston (October 2, 1912 \u2013 May 25, 2006) was an American scientist and NASA mission director. He was the Deputy Project Manager of the Nimbus program and served as mission director for seven satellite launches. At the age of sixteen he had won the first Edison Scholarship Contest."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bobby Morgan (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "Bobby Morris Morgan (born June 29, 1926) is an American former professional baseball infielder. He played eight seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) between 1950 and 1958 for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, and Chicago Cubs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Rain (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Morris Fork, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Morris Fork is an unincorporated community in Breathitt County, Kentucky. Morris Fork is northwest of Buckhorn. The Morris Fork Presbyterian Church and Community Center, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in Morris Fork."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Professional sports teams in Southern California include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks); and MLS (LA Galaxy)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wilber Morris", "paragraph_text": "Wilber Morris recorded widely, and performed with such musicians as Pharoah Sanders, Sonny Simmons, Alan Silva, Joe McPhee, Horace Tapscott, Butch Morris, Arthur Blythe, Charles Gayle, William Parker, and Billy Bang, Charles Tyler, Dennis Charles, Roy Campbell, Avram Fefer, Alfred 23 Harth, Borah Bergman and Rashied Ali."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League (founded 1876) from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, California, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals, the New York Giants, also in the National League, relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kong Island", "paragraph_text": "Kong Island (original Italian title: \"Eva, la Venere selvaggia\"; translated as Eve, the Wild Woman) is a 1968 jungle adventure film (with a science fiction element) directed by Roberto Mauri (billed as Robert Morris). The film was promoted in the U.S. as King of Kong Island."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "La Cantuta massacre", "paragraph_text": "The La Cantuta massacre, in which supposed members of Sendero Luminoso, a university professor and nine students from Lima's La Cantuta University were abducted by a military death squad, took place in Peru on 18 July 1992 during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori. The incident occurred two days after the Shining Path's Tarata bombing left over 40 dead in Lima Province."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1955 World Series", "paragraph_text": "The 1955 World Series matched the Brooklyn Dodgers against the New York Yankees, with the Dodgers winning the Series in seven games to capture their first championship in franchise history. It would be the only Series the Dodgers won in Brooklyn, as the team relocated to Los Angeles after the 1957 season. This was the fifth time in nine years that the Yankees and the Dodgers met in the World Series, with the Yankees having won in 1947, 1949, 1952, and 1953; the Yankees would also win in the 1956 rematch."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dodgers\u2013Yankees rivalry", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry is a Major League Baseball (MLB) rivalry between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Yankees. The Dodgers are a member club of the National League (NL) West division, and the Yankees are a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The rivalry between the Dodgers and Yankees is one of the most well - known rivalries in Major League Baseball. The two teams have met 11 times in the World Series, more times than any other pair of teams from the American and National Leagues. The initial significance was embodied in the two teams' proximity in New York City, when the Dodgers initially played in Brooklyn. After the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958, the rivalry retained its significance as the two teams represented the dominant cities on each coast of the United States, and since the 1980s, the two largest cities in the United States. The Dodgers currently lead the regular season series 7 - 6. Although the rivalry's significance arose from the two teams' numerous World Series meetings, the Yankees and Dodgers have not met in the World Series since 1981. They would not play each other in a non-exhibition game until 2004, when they played a 3 - game interleague series. Nevertheless, games between the two teams have become quite popular and draw sellout crowds."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chris Lightcap", "paragraph_text": "Currently based in Brooklyn, New York, Lightcap has worked with Marc Ribot, Regina Carter, Craig Taborn, John Medeski, Tomasz Stanko, John Scofield, The Swell Season, Mark Turner, Joe Morris, Chris Potter, Glen Hansard, Sheila Jordan, James Carter, Butch Morris, Ben Monder, Tom Harrell and others. His playing is featured on over 70 albums."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan). When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dawson Trail (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Dawson Trail is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created by redistribution in 2008, out of parts of Morris and La Verendrye."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, then Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of the company on July 1, 2011. Sony Music underwent a restructuring after Morris' arrival. He was joined by L.A. Reid, who became the chairman and CEO of Epic Records. Under Reid, multiple artists from the Jive half of the former RCA/Jive Label Group moved to Epic. Peter Edge became the new CEO of the RCA Records unit. The RCA Music Group closed down Arista, J Records and Jive Records in October 2011, with the artists from those labels being moved to RCA Records."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Space Seed", "paragraph_text": "\"Space Seed\" is the twenty-second episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\". Written by Gene L. Coon and Carey Wilber and directed by Marc Daniels, it first aired on February 16, 1967."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "paragraph_text": "The Dodgers share a fierce rivalry with the San Francisco Giants, the oldest rivalry in baseball, dating back to when the two franchises played in New York City. Both teams moved west for the 1958 season. The Brooklyn Dodgers and Los Angeles Dodgers have collectively appeared in the World Series 19 times, while the New York Giants and San Francisco Giants have collectively appeared 20 times and have been invited 21 times. The Giants have won two more World Series (8); the Dodgers have won 22 National League pennants, while the Giants hold the record with 23. Although the two franchises have enjoyed near equal success, the city rivalries are rather lopsided and in both cases, a team's championships have predated to the other's first one in that particular location. When the two teams were based in New York, the Giants won five World Series championships, and the Dodgers one. After the move to California, the Dodgers have won five in Los Angeles, the Giants have won three in San Francisco."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas", "paragraph_text": "The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders (Mark Davis) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland, California to Las Vegas, Nevada. The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League (NFL) season (although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium), playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium. NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move, which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix, Arizona on March 27, 2017. The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s, following the Rams' move from St. Louis, Missouri to Los Angeles, California on January 12, 2016, and the Chargers' move from San Diego, California to Los Angeles on January 12, 2017. The Raiders' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum, which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL."}], "question": "When did the Dodgers move to LA from the place where Wilber Morris's sibling died?"}
{"id": "3hop2__38500_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Digestion", "paragraph_text": "Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cesar Carrillo", "paragraph_text": "Cesar Carrillo (born April 29, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He was San Diego 2005 First Round pick #18 overall. He played in Major League Baseball with the San Diego Padres in 2009. Carrillo was released by the Detroit Tigers in 2013, after he was implicated in the Bio-Genesis scandal, he served a 100- game suspension under the Tigers minor league system. He was with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHTJB 3 (Once TV), XETV 6 (CW), KFMB 8 (CBS), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Telefutura), KNSD 39 (NBC), KZSD-LP 41 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (MNTV), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 57 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking (\"rapping\") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as \"The Boogie Down Bronx\", or just \"The Boogie Down\". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Corey Gunz."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent. According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit. The number of integrated neighborhoods has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four. A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to white flight and resegregation. Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}], "question": "What percent of the place also known as 'The Boogie Down' is the same ethnicity that makes up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__379494_351230_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oswald Leslie De Kretser II", "paragraph_text": "Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser I a District Engineer of Public Works Department, Ceylon; he was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. In 1905 he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and began his legal practice."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme Court of California", "paragraph_text": "Supreme Court of California Seal of the Supreme Court of California Established 1849 Country United States Location San Francisco (Headquarters) Sacramento Los Angeles Authorized by California Constitution Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of the United States Judge term length 12 years No. of positions 7 Website Official website Chief Justice Currently Tani Cantil - Sakauye Since January 3, 2011 Lead position ends January 2, 2023"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "India", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: India has a three-tier unitary independent judiciary comprising the supreme court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 24 high courts, and a large number of trial courts. The supreme court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre and has appellate jurisdiction over the high courts. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution, and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (musical)", "paragraph_text": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a musical with a book by George Abbott and Betty Smith, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, and music by Arthur Schwartz."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Gay Life", "paragraph_text": "The Gay Life is a musical with a book by Fay and Michael Kanin, lyrics by Howard Dietz, and music by Arthur Schwartz."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Courts of England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the House of Lords. The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters, a role previously held by the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kansas Supreme Court", "paragraph_text": "The Kansas Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the state of Kansas. Composed of seven justices, led by Chief Justice Lawton Nuss, the court supervises the legal profession, administers the judicial branch, and serves as the state court of last resort in the appeals process."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department."}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in the birthplace of The Gay Life's composer?"}
{"id": "3hop2__38497_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy is a free and rapid publishing peer-reviewed, online-only, open access, scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics covering all areas of renewable and sustainable energy-related fields that apply to the physical science and engineering communities. Online submissions are posted daily and organized into bimonthly issues. The journal was established in 2009. Starting in 2019, the Editor-in-Chief is Carlos F. M. Coimbra (University of California San Diego) and the Deputy Editor is Jan Kleissl (University of California San Diego). Before that, the Co-Editors-in-Chief were P. Craig Taylor (Colorado School of Mines) and John A. Turner (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kevin Walker (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "Walker attended Grand Prairie High School in Texas. He was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the sixth round of the 1995 MLB draft and made his major league debut on April 14, 2000. On March 31, 2004, Walker was claimed off waivers by the San Francisco Giants. He became a free agent after the season and signed with the Chicago White Sox on November 23, 2004. The White Sox were the final team he appeared in MLB games with."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "School uniforms by country", "paragraph_text": "As of August 2013, almost one fifth of all American schools required their students to wear uniforms (Flam). This 20 percent of schools requiring uniforms is six percent higher than in 2003, the U.S. Department of Education reported. The uniform requirement is more common in lower socio - economic schools, where more than three - fourths of the school's student population receives free or reduced lunch (``Fast ''). Forty - seven percent of low income schools require uniforms, whereas only about six percent of high socio - economic schools require uniforms (`` Fast'')."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Westview High School (San Diego)", "paragraph_text": "Westview High School is a public comprehensive high school located in Torrey Highlands, a community of San Diego, California in the United States. It is part of the Poway Unified School District."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jerry Sichting", "paragraph_text": "Jerry Sichting, the , guard from Martinsville, Indiana, attended Martinsville High School. In his junior year, he led the Artesians to a IHSAA Sectional title. He had an excellent senior season, leading his school to a 21\u20132 record and another IHSAA Sectional title; he averaged 21 points, while shooting 53 percent from the field and 83 percent at the line in three seasons. Chosen as a 1975 Indiana All-Star, the team toured Europe and Russia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}], "question": "What percent of the city where The School for Excellence is located is the ethnicity that makes up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__625942_357614_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gauhati High Court", "paragraph_text": "Gauhati High Court High Court Building Established 5 April 1948 Country India Location Principal Seat: Guwahati, Assam Circuit Benches: Kohima, Aizawl & Itanagar Composition method Presidential with confirmation of Chief Justice of India and Governor of respective state. Authorized by Constitution of India Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of India Judge term length mandatory retirement by age of 62 No. of positions 24 (17 + 7) Website www.ghconline.gov.in Chief Justice Currently Ajit Singh Since 5 March 2016"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "India", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: India has a three-tier unitary independent judiciary comprising the supreme court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 24 high courts, and a large number of trial courts. The supreme court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre and has appellate jurisdiction over the high courts. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution, and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Supreme Court of California", "paragraph_text": "Supreme Court of California Seal of the Supreme Court of California Established 1849 Country United States Location San Francisco (Headquarters) Sacramento Los Angeles Authorized by California Constitution Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of the United States Judge term length 12 years No. of positions 7 Website Official website Chief Justice Currently Tani Cantil - Sakauye Since January 3, 2011 Lead position ends January 2, 2023"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bishop Allen & The Broken String", "paragraph_text": "Bishop Allen and the Broken String is the second full-length album by the indie rock group Bishop Allen. It was released on July 24, 2007."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Courts of England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the House of Lords. The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters, a role previously held by the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "R. Banumathi", "paragraph_text": "R. Banumathi (born 20 July 1955) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. She is from Tamil Nadu and the sixth woman to be a Judge of the Indian Supreme Court. Earlier, she had served as the Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court and judge at Madras High Court."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oswald Leslie De Kretser II", "paragraph_text": "Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser I a District Engineer of Public Works Department, Ceylon; he was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. In 1905 he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and began his legal practice."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ermitage (concert hall)", "paragraph_text": "Ermitage is a performance hall in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Built in 1914, the hall is located on the campus of the Coll\u00e8ge de Montr\u00e9al at the corner of C\u00f4te-des-Neiges Road and Doctor Penfield Avenue In addition to being used for student theatrical and musical performances, the hall has been used for a variety of professional commercial performances as well. From 1942-1952 the hall was the main performance venue of the Little Symphony of Montreal. Other artists to have performed in the hall include, Jean-Marie Beaudet, Alexander Brott, Elisabeth Schumann, the McGill String Quartet, and the Montreal String Quartet. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation used the hall frequently for broadcast performances from 1944-1967. Since the 1970s, the hall's activities have primarily been relegated to college productions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bishop Allen", "paragraph_text": "Bishop Allen is an American indie rock band from Brooklyn, New York. The band's core members are Justin Rice and Christian Rudder, who are supported both on stage and in the studio by a rotating cast of musical collaborators. The band was formed in 2003 and grew out of Rice and Rudder's friendship; it takes its name from Bishop Allen Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where the two lived together after attending Harvard University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in the borough where the band that made the album The Broken String formed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__570530_351230_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David Davis Mansion", "paragraph_text": "The David Davis Mansion, also known as Clover Lawn, is a Victorian home in Bloomington, Illinois that was the residence of David Davis, Supreme Court justice (1862\u20131877) and Senator from Illinois. The mansion has been a state museum since 1960. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "At Home Abroad", "paragraph_text": "At Home Abroad is a revue with music by Arthur Schwartz and lyrics by Howard Dietz. It introduced the songs \"Love Is a Dancing Thing\", \"What a Wonderful World\" and \"Got a Bran' New Suit\", among others. The revue follows a bored couple who flee America and go on a musical world tour."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "National Insurance number", "paragraph_text": "Persons from abroad who wish to work in the UK, or those to whom a number was not initially allocated as children, must apply for a number through the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). The prefixes used are typically different from those used in the normal run."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kansas Supreme Court", "paragraph_text": "The Kansas Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the state of Kansas. Composed of seven justices, led by Chief Justice Lawton Nuss, the court supervises the legal profession, administers the judicial branch, and serves as the state court of last resort in the appeals process."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "India", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: India has a three-tier unitary independent judiciary comprising the supreme court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 24 high courts, and a large number of trial courts. The supreme court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre and has appellate jurisdiction over the high courts. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution, and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Federal government of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district -- Washington, D.C., and several territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oswald Leslie De Kretser II", "paragraph_text": "Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser I a District Engineer of Public Works Department, Ceylon; he was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. In 1905 he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and began his legal practice."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (musical)", "paragraph_text": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a musical with a book by George Abbott and Betty Smith, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, and music by Arthur Schwartz."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:"}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in the place of birth of the composer of At Home Abroad?"}
{"id": "3hop2__38498_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rene Ortiz", "paragraph_text": "Rene Ortiz (born April 23, 1969 in Anaheim, California) is a retired Mexican-American soccer player who currently is a physical ed teacher at hilltop high school in San Diego, California. He spent most of his playing career in indoor soccer with two seasons in the Western Soccer Alliance and one season in Major League Soccer. He currently coaches the Mexican national futsal team and the Hilltop High School soccer teams."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chippewa Valley Schools", "paragraph_text": "Chippewa Valley Schools is a school district with its headquarters located in Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan. The Chippewa Valley School district covers 28 square miles serving in the Clinton and Macomb Townships. It is the eighth largest school district out of 788 public and charter schools in Michigan and the second largest school district in Macomb County. Chippewa Valley school district teaches 16,300 students each day. Those students attend school at twelve Elementary, four Middle, two ninth grade centers, three High Schools, one International Academy of Macomb (IAM) High School, and one preschool center."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eastlake High School (Chula Vista, California)", "paragraph_text": "Eastlake High School (ELH or EHS), in Chula Vista, California, United States, is a four-year high school which opened on September 8, 1992. The school is located just east of California State Route 125 near the eastern edge of Chula Vista in the neighborhood of Eastlake, a suburb located 20 minutes southeast of Downtown San Diego. The movie Bring It On, was partially filmed at the school's football stadium."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fast Times at Ridgemont High", "paragraph_text": "Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming - of - age comedy film directed by Amy Heckerling and written by Cameron Crowe, adapted from his 1981 book of the same name. Crowe went undercover at Clairemont High School in San Diego and wrote about his experiences."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "School uniforms by country", "paragraph_text": "As of August 2013, almost one fifth of all American schools required their students to wear uniforms (Flam). This 20 percent of schools requiring uniforms is six percent higher than in 2003, the U.S. Department of Education reported. The uniform requirement is more common in lower socio - economic schools, where more than three - fourths of the school's student population receives free or reduced lunch (``Fast ''). Forty - seven percent of low income schools require uniforms, whereas only about six percent of high socio - economic schools require uniforms (`` Fast'')."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Clinton, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Clinton is a town in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. The town was named for New York Governor DeWitt Clinton. The population was 3,486 at the 2010 census. The main village in town is the Clinton census-designated place, with a population of 1,419 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Carlos High School (Arizona)", "paragraph_text": "San Carlos High School is a high school in San Carlos, Arizona. It is part of the San Carlos Unified School District, which also includes a primary and intermediate school together known as Rice Elementary."}], "question": "What percentage of the city where DeWitt Clinton High School is located is the same ethnicity that makes up 15.9% of San Diego's 2009 population?"}
{"id": "3hop1__843635_351230_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "India", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: India has a three-tier unitary independent judiciary comprising the supreme court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 24 high courts, and a large number of trial courts. The supreme court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre and has appellate jurisdiction over the high courts. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution, and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme Court of California", "paragraph_text": "Supreme Court of California Seal of the Supreme Court of California Established 1849 Country United States Location San Francisco (Headquarters) Sacramento Los Angeles Authorized by California Constitution Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of the United States Judge term length 12 years No. of positions 7 Website Official website Chief Justice Currently Tani Cantil - Sakauye Since January 3, 2011 Lead position ends January 2, 2023"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Haunted Heart (Ren\u00e9e Fleming album)", "paragraph_text": "The title track is a 1948 song by Arthur Schwartz (music) and Howard Dietz (lyrics) which was the main hit from the musical revue \"Inside U.S.A.\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federal government of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district -- Washington, D.C., and several territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (musical)", "paragraph_text": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a musical with a book by George Abbott and Betty Smith, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, and music by Arthur Schwartz."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kansas Supreme Court", "paragraph_text": "The Kansas Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the state of Kansas. Composed of seven justices, led by Chief Justice Lawton Nuss, the court supervises the legal profession, administers the judicial branch, and serves as the state court of last resort in the appeals process."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in the place of birth of Inside the U.S.A. composer?"}
{"id": "3hop1__395580_351230_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "8th and 9th Streets run parallel to each other, beginning at Avenue D, interrupted by Tompkins Square Park at Avenue B, resuming at Avenue A and continuing to Sixth Avenue. West 8th Street is an important local shopping street. 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Mark's Place, but it is counted in the length below."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Supreme Court of California", "paragraph_text": "Supreme Court of California Seal of the Supreme Court of California Established 1849 Country United States Location San Francisco (Headquarters) Sacramento Los Angeles Authorized by California Constitution Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of the United States Judge term length 12 years No. of positions 7 Website Official website Chief Justice Currently Tani Cantil - Sakauye Since January 3, 2011 Lead position ends January 2, 2023"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (musical)", "paragraph_text": "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a musical with a book by George Abbott and Betty Smith, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, and music by Arthur Schwartz."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oswald Leslie De Kretser II", "paragraph_text": "Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser I a District Engineer of Public Works Department, Ceylon; he was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. In 1905 he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and began his legal practice."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kansas Supreme Court", "paragraph_text": "The Kansas Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the state of Kansas. Composed of seven justices, led by Chief Justice Lawton Nuss, the court supervises the legal profession, administers the judicial branch, and serves as the state court of last resort in the appeals process."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Park Avenue (musical)", "paragraph_text": "Park Avenue is a musical with a book by George S. Kaufman and Nunnally Johnson, music by Arthur Schwartz and lyrics by Ira Gershwin. It was produced by Max Gordon with costumes by Tina Leser. The plot focused on the many divorces and marriages of the rich and \"black tie\" set. The production performed poorly and was Gershwin's last work for Broadway."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Youth Olympic Park", "paragraph_text": "Youth Olympic Park is Singapore's very first art park. It is located at Raffles Avenue, at the junction of Raffles Avenue and Bayfront Bridge."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Federal government of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district -- Washington, D.C., and several territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "On 17th Street (40\u00b044\u203208\u2033N 73\u00b059\u203212\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.735532\u00b0N 73.986575\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.735532; -73.986575), traffic runs one way along the street, from east to west excepting the stretch between Broadway and Park Avenue South, where traffic runs in both directions. It forms the northern borders of both Union Square (between Broadway and Park Avenue South) and Stuyvesant Square. Composer Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k's New York home was located at 327 East 17th Street, near Perlman Place. The house was razed by Beth Israel Medical Center after it received approval of a 1991 application to demolish the house and replace it with an AIDS hospice. Time Magazine was started at 141 East 17th Street."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "90th Street is split into two segments. The first segment, West 90th Street begins at Riverside Drive and ends at Central Park West or West Drive, when it is open, in Central Park on the Upper West Side. The second segment of East 90th Street begins at East Drive, at Engineers Gate of Central Park. When East Drive is closed, East 90th Street begins at Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side and curves to the right at the FDR Drive becoming East End Avenue. Our Lady of Good Counsel Church, is located on East 90th Street between Third Avenue and Second Avenue, across the street from Ruppert Towers (1601 and 1619 Third Avenue) and Ruppert Park. Asphalt Green, which is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue."}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in the city where Park Avenue's composer was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__177427_354296_2257", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Supreme Court of California", "paragraph_text": "Supreme Court of California Seal of the Supreme Court of California Established 1849 Country United States Location San Francisco (Headquarters) Sacramento Los Angeles Authorized by California Constitution Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of the United States Judge term length 12 years No. of positions 7 Website Official website Chief Justice Currently Tani Cantil - Sakauye Since January 3, 2011 Lead position ends January 2, 2023"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Souled Out (Hezekiah Walker album)", "paragraph_text": "Souled Out is a live album from contemporary gospel singer Hezekiah Walker and the Love Fellowship Choir. The album was recorded at the Love Fellowship Tabernacle on June 7, 2008 and released on November 4, 2008 through Verity Records."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oswald Leslie De Kretser II", "paragraph_text": "Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser I a District Engineer of Public Works Department, Ceylon; he was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. In 1905 he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and began his legal practice."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hezekiah Walker", "paragraph_text": "Bishop Hezekiah Walker (born December 24, 1962) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch, Love Fellowship Tabernacle. Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "R. Banumathi", "paragraph_text": "R. Banumathi (born 20 July 1955) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. She is from Tamil Nadu and the sixth woman to be a Judge of the Indian Supreme Court. Earlier, she had served as the Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court and judge at Madras High Court."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Palace of Justice, Vienna", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (\"Oberster Gerichtshof\") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstra\u00dfe boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Courts of England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the House of Lords. The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters, a role previously held by the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ain't That Good News (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Ain't That Good News\", also known as \"Good News\", is a song written and performed by soul singer Sam Cooke, released on RCA Records in 1964. The song was recorded in three takes for the 1964 album of the same name and reached number eleven on the pop chart, and number one on the Cashbox Magazine's R&B charts as a single. Cooke performed the song live on American Bandstand on April 4 of the same year. It is a modern adaptation of an older gospel song of the same title. Cooke's version was later covered by many acts, such as Otis Rush, The Supremes (led by Florence Ballard), David Fathead Newman, King Curtis and Ian Moss."}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in the birthplace of the Souled Out performer?"}
{"id": "3hop2__446273_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cesar Carrillo", "paragraph_text": "Cesar Carrillo (born April 29, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He was San Diego 2005 First Round pick #18 overall. He played in Major League Baseball with the San Diego Padres in 2009. Carrillo was released by the Detroit Tigers in 2013, after he was implicated in the Bio-Genesis scandal, he served a 100- game suspension under the Tigers minor league system. He was with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Buddy Arnold", "paragraph_text": "Arnold Buddy Grishaver, better known as Buddy Arnold (April 30, 1926, The Bronx \u2013 November 9, 2003, Los Angeles), was an American jazz saxophonist."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast. The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas."}], "question": "What percent of the borough where Buddy Arnold was born is the ethnicity that makes up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__38501_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking (\"rapping\") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as \"The Boogie Down Bronx\", or just \"The Boogie Down\". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Corey Gunz."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Big Mouth", "paragraph_text": "The Big Mouth is a 1967 American comedy film produced, directed, co-written, and starring Jerry Lewis released on July 12, 1967 by Columbia Pictures. It was filmed in San Diego and features Frank De Vol as an onscreen narrator."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William Kettner", "paragraph_text": "William \"Bill\" Kettner (November 20, 1864 \u2013 November 11, 1930) was a former US Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served four terms in Congress from 1913 through 1921 and is credited with bringing many U.S. Navy facilities to San Diego."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast. The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}], "question": "What percent of the borough Big Pun is from is the ethnicity making up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__840027_771122_2072", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Davenport Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Davenport Public Library is a public library located in Davenport, Iowa. With a history dating back to 1839, the Davenport Public Library's Main Library is currently housed in a 1960s building designed by Kennedy Center architect Edward Durell Stone. The Davenport Public Library system is made up of three libraries\u2014the Main Library at 321 Main Street; the Fairmount Branch Library at 3000 N. Fairmount Street; and the Eastern Avenue Branch Library at 6000 Eastern Avenue."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Instant replay in Major League Baseball", "paragraph_text": "MLB was the last of the four major North American professional sports leagues to implement an instant replay review system. Instant replay review was first implemented during the 2008 season. Under that system, only the umpire crew chief could initiate a review, and one or more members of the umpiring crew would review the video at the stadium and render the decision to uphold or overturn the call. Only boundary home run calls could be reviewed, either if the initial call was a home run but might not have been (e.g., spectator interference or a foul ball near the foul pole) or if the initial call was not a home run but might have been (e.g., the ball hit an object such as a railing beyond the outfield wall and then bounced back onto the field)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sistema Bibliotecario Consortile Antonio Panizzi", "paragraph_text": "The Sistema Bibliotecario Consortile Antonio Panizzi is a public library system in the Province of Varese, Italy. The system headquarters are in Gallarate. It is named after Sir Anthony Panizzi."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Weldon Johnson Community Library", "paragraph_text": "The James Weldon Johnson Community Library is a public library located in St. Petersburg, Florida. It is a branch of the St. Petersburg Library System, which services a large area in southern Pinellas County, Florida."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "East Smithfield Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The East Smithfield Public Library is a public library in the village of Esmond, Rhode Island in the town of Smithfield."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arthur Altman", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Altman (1910, Brooklyn \u2013 January 18, 1994, Lake Worth, Florida) was an American songwriter whose credits include \"All or Nothing at All\", with lyrics by Jack Lawrence, and the lyrics for \"All Alone Am I\", \"I Will Follow Him\", and \"Truly, Truly True\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ferguson Municipal Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Ferguson Municipal Public Library was founded in June 1930 as a volunteer community library. The Missouri Library Commission contacted Chapter FH of the P.E.O. Sisterhood about starting a public library in Ferguson and the Kirkwood Public Library provided guidance and gifted fifty books."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shortgrass Library System", "paragraph_text": "The Shortgrass Library System consists of fourteen member public libraries in Southeast Alberta, Canada. The system headquarters is located in Medicine Hat. It has the distinction of being the first regional library system in the province of Alberta to have all eligible municipalities as members of a library system. Shortgrass was created by the Alberta government in 1988 as the fifth library system in the province."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jagiellonian Library", "paragraph_text": "Jagiellonian Library (, popular nickname \"Jagiellonka\") is the library of the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w and with almost 6.7 million volumes, one of the largest libraries in Poland, serving as a public library, university library and part of the Polish national library system. It has a large collection of medieval manuscripts, for example Copernicus' \"De Revolutionibus\" and Jan D\u0142ugosz's \"Banderia Prutenorum\", and a large collection of underground literature (so-called \"drugi obieg\" or samizdat) from the period of communist rule in Poland (1945\u20131989). The Jagiellonian also houses the \"Berlinka\" art collection, whose legal status is in dispute with Germany."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I Had a Ball", "paragraph_text": "I Had a Ball is a musical with a book by Jerome Chodorov and music and lyrics by Jack Lawrence and Stan Freeman. It starred Buddy Hackett, and featured Richard Kiley and Karen Morrow."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Georgia Board of Regents", "paragraph_text": "The Georgia Board of Regents oversees the University System of Georgia as part of the state government of Georgia in the United States. The University System of Georgia is composed of all state public institutions of higher education in the state. The Board of Regents also preside over the Georgia Public Library Service."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New York Public Library Main Branch", "paragraph_text": "The Stephen A. Schwarzman Building of the New York Public Library, originally called the Central Building and more widely known as the Main Branch or as the New York Public Library, is the flagship building in the New York Public Library system and a prominent historic landmark in Midtown Manhattan. The branch, opened in 1911, is one of four research libraries in the library system. It currently contains area of 646,680 square feet (60,079 m) and four stories open to public. The main entrance steps are on Fifth Avenue opposite East 41st Street."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cutter Expansive Classification", "paragraph_text": "The Cutter Expansive Classification system is a library classification system devised by Charles Ammi Cutter. The system was the basis for the top categories of the Library of Congress Classification."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "paragraph_text": "Melvil Dewey (1851 -- 1931) was an American librarian and self - declared reformer. He was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business. He developed the ideas for his library classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in that library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library. He used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, that of Ernest Cushing Richardson. His classification system was mentioned in an article in the first issue of the Library Journal and in an article by Dewey in the Department of Education publication ``Public Libraries in America ''in 1876. In March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index. The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, and was printed in 200 copies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stockholm Public Library", "paragraph_text": "Stockholm Public Library (Swedish: \"Stockholms stadsbibliotek\" or \"Stadsbiblioteket\") is a library building in Stockholm, Sweden, designed by Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund, and one of the city's most notable structures. The name is today used for both the main library itself as well as the municipal library system of Stockholm."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "East Lake Library", "paragraph_text": "East Lake Library is one of 15 branch libraries formerly in the Minneapolis Public Library System and now one of 41 branch libraries in the Hennepin County Library System in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Three different buildings have housed the library since 1924."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Central Library (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "The Central Library is the main library of the Kansas City Public Library system, which is located in the Library District of Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It is situated at 14 West 10th Street, at the corner of West 10th Street and Baltimore Avenue, across Baltimore Avenue from the Kansas City Club and up from the New York Life Building. It contains the administration of Kansas City's library system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Burlington County Library", "paragraph_text": "The Burlington County Library (BCLS) is a public library system that serves 37 out of the 40 municipalities of Burlington County, New Jersey. The central headquarters is in Westampton. The library collection contains approximately 770,000 volumes, and its annual circulation was 1.8 million in 2005. The libraries of Moorestown, Mount Laurel, and Willingboro are not affiliated with the Burlington County Library System."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tacoma Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Tacoma Public Library system serves residents of Tacoma, Washington. It operates eight library branches, which include a central library in downtown Tacoma, two regional locations in north and south Tacoma, and five neighborhood branch locations. Tacoma Public Library has nearly 150,000 registered users, and over 2 million items in circulation. Tacoma Public Library serves a population of 198,100 people."}], "question": "What is the public library system called in the place where I Had a Ball's composer was born?"}
{"id": "3hop2__532297_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Joyce Nizzari", "paragraph_text": "Joyce Nizzari (born May 20, 1940 in The Bronx, New York) is an American model, dancer, and actress. She was \"Playboy\" magazine's Playmate of the Month for its December 1958 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by Bunny Yeager. She is of Italian descent."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHTJB 3 (Once TV), XETV 6 (CW), KFMB 8 (CBS), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Telefutura), KNSD 39 (NBC), KZSD-LP 41 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (MNTV), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 57 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cesar Carrillo", "paragraph_text": "Cesar Carrillo (born April 29, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He was San Diego 2005 First Round pick #18 overall. He played in Major League Baseball with the San Diego Padres in 2009. Carrillo was released by the Detroit Tigers in 2013, after he was implicated in the Bio-Genesis scandal, he served a 100- game suspension under the Tigers minor league system. He was with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}], "question": "What percent of the birthplace of Joyce Nizzari is the ethnicity which also made up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop1__232720_771122_2072", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Burlington County Library", "paragraph_text": "The Burlington County Library (BCLS) is a public library system that serves 37 out of the 40 municipalities of Burlington County, New Jersey. The central headquarters is in Westampton. The library collection contains approximately 770,000 volumes, and its annual circulation was 1.8 million in 2005. The libraries of Moorestown, Mount Laurel, and Willingboro are not affiliated with the Burlington County Library System."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jeffersonville Township Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Jeffersonville Township Public Library is a public library system in Jeffersonville, Indiana, United States comprising two locations: the main library at 211 East Court Avenue in Jeffersonville and the Clarksville Branch at 1312 Eastern Boulevard in Clarksville, Indiana. The rest of Clark County, Indiana is served by the Charlestown-Clark County Public Library system, with which the Jeffersonville library has a reciprocal borrowing agreement."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New York Public Library Main Branch", "paragraph_text": "The Stephen A. Schwarzman Building of the New York Public Library, originally called the Central Building and more widely known as the Main Branch or as the New York Public Library, is the flagship building in the New York Public Library system and a prominent historic landmark in Midtown Manhattan. The branch, opened in 1911, is one of four research libraries in the library system. It currently contains area of 646,680 square feet (60,079 m) and four stories open to public. The main entrance steps are on Fifth Avenue opposite East 41st Street."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Davenport Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Davenport Public Library is a public library located in Davenport, Iowa. With a history dating back to 1839, the Davenport Public Library's Main Library is currently housed in a 1960s building designed by Kennedy Center architect Edward Durell Stone. The Davenport Public Library system is made up of three libraries\u2014the Main Library at 321 Main Street; the Fairmount Branch Library at 3000 N. Fairmount Street; and the Eastern Avenue Branch Library at 6000 Eastern Avenue."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Georgia Board of Regents", "paragraph_text": "The Georgia Board of Regents oversees the University System of Georgia as part of the state government of Georgia in the United States. The University System of Georgia is composed of all state public institutions of higher education in the state. The Board of Regents also preside over the Georgia Public Library Service."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes. According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the United States, and one of the largest in the world. Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use, with easy access and central locations. There are rare books, manuscripts and other special collections throughout Harvard's libraries; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "East Smithfield Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The East Smithfield Public Library is a public library in the village of Esmond, Rhode Island in the town of Smithfield."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Linden Hills Library", "paragraph_text": "Linden Hills Library is a public library in the Linden Hills neighborhood of southwest Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The branch library originally opened in 1911 on the first floor of the Lake Harriet Commercial Club building. In 1931, under the leadership of Minneapolis Public Library's chief librarian Gratia Countryman, the library moved into its own building on 2900 West 43rd Street. Area resident Joseph Victor Vanderbilt designed the library in the Tudor Revival style. Head librarian Edith Frost served for over thirty years. The library has also hosted community groups such as children's clubs, neighborhood groups, and women's organizations. The library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 and renovated in 2002."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arthur Altman", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Altman (1910, Brooklyn \u2013 January 18, 1994, Lake Worth, Florida) was an American songwriter whose credits include \"All or Nothing at All\", with lyrics by Jack Lawrence, and the lyrics for \"All Alone Am I\", \"I Will Follow Him\", and \"Truly, Truly True\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ferguson Municipal Public Library", "paragraph_text": "The Ferguson Municipal Public Library was founded in June 1930 as a volunteer community library. The Missouri Library Commission contacted Chapter FH of the P.E.O. Sisterhood about starting a public library in Ferguson and the Kirkwood Public Library provided guidance and gifted fifty books."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "paragraph_text": "Melvil Dewey (1851 -- 1931) was an American librarian and self - declared reformer. He was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business. He developed the ideas for his library classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in that library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library. He used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, that of Ernest Cushing Richardson. His classification system was mentioned in an article in the first issue of the Library Journal and in an article by Dewey in the Department of Education publication ``Public Libraries in America ''in 1876. In March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index. The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, and was printed in 200 copies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Central Library (Kansas City, Missouri)", "paragraph_text": "The Central Library is the main library of the Kansas City Public Library system, which is located in the Library District of Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It is situated at 14 West 10th Street, at the corner of West 10th Street and Baltimore Avenue, across Baltimore Avenue from the Kansas City Club and up from the New York Life Building. It contains the administration of Kansas City's library system."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Instant replay in Major League Baseball", "paragraph_text": "MLB was the last of the four major North American professional sports leagues to implement an instant replay review system. Instant replay review was first implemented during the 2008 season. Under that system, only the umpire crew chief could initiate a review, and one or more members of the umpiring crew would review the video at the stadium and render the decision to uphold or overturn the call. Only boundary home run calls could be reviewed, either if the initial call was a home run but might not have been (e.g., spectator interference or a foul ball near the foul pole) or if the initial call was not a home run but might have been (e.g., the ball hit an object such as a railing beyond the outfield wall and then bounced back onto the field)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cutter Expansive Classification", "paragraph_text": "The Cutter Expansive Classification system is a library classification system devised by Charles Ammi Cutter. The system was the basis for the top categories of the Library of Congress Classification."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shortgrass Library System", "paragraph_text": "The Shortgrass Library System consists of fourteen member public libraries in Southeast Alberta, Canada. The system headquarters is located in Medicine Hat. It has the distinction of being the first regional library system in the province of Alberta to have all eligible municipalities as members of a library system. Shortgrass was created by the Alberta government in 1988 as the fifth library system in the province."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "I Had a Ball", "paragraph_text": "I Had a Ball is a musical with a book by Jerome Chodorov and music and lyrics by Jack Lawrence and Stan Freeman. It starred Buddy Hackett, and featured Richard Kiley and Karen Morrow."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jagiellonian Library", "paragraph_text": "Jagiellonian Library (, popular nickname \"Jagiellonka\") is the library of the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w and with almost 6.7 million volumes, one of the largest libraries in Poland, serving as a public library, university library and part of the Polish national library system. It has a large collection of medieval manuscripts, for example Copernicus' \"De Revolutionibus\" and Jan D\u0142ugosz's \"Banderia Prutenorum\", and a large collection of underground literature (so-called \"drugi obieg\" or samizdat) from the period of communist rule in Poland (1945\u20131989). The Jagiellonian also houses the \"Berlinka\" art collection, whose legal status is in dispute with Germany."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Weldon Johnson Community Library", "paragraph_text": "The James Weldon Johnson Community Library is a public library located in St. Petersburg, Florida. It is a branch of the St. Petersburg Library System, which services a large area in southern Pinellas County, Florida."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stockholm Public Library", "paragraph_text": "Stockholm Public Library (Swedish: \"Stockholms stadsbibliotek\" or \"Stadsbiblioteket\") is a library building in Stockholm, Sweden, designed by Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund, and one of the city's most notable structures. The name is today used for both the main library itself as well as the municipal library system of Stockholm."}], "question": "What is the public library system called for the borough where the I Had a Ball lyricist was born?"}
{"id": "3hop2__682470_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called \"New San Diego\", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called \"New Town\" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast. The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "William Kettner", "paragraph_text": "William \"Bill\" Kettner (November 20, 1864 \u2013 November 11, 1930) was a former US Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served four terms in Congress from 1913 through 1921 and is credited with bringing many U.S. Navy facilities to San Diego."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "William Lustig", "paragraph_text": "William Lustig (born February 1, 1955 in The Bronx, New York), also known as Bill Lustig, is an American film director and producer who has worked primarily in the horror film genre. He is the nephew of former middleweight champion Jake LaMotta."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}], "question": "What percentage of the place of birth of William Lustig is the ethnicity that made up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__186405_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chester Feldman", "paragraph_text": "Chester Feldman (January 8, 1926 \u2013 May 25, 1997) was an American producer of game shows born in The Bronx, New York, who was also associated with Mark Goodson Productions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHTJB 3 (Once TV), XETV 6 (CW), KFMB 8 (CBS), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Telefutura), KNSD 39 (NBC), KZSD-LP 41 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (MNTV), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 57 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}], "question": "What percent of the birthplace of Chester Feldman is the ethnicity which makes up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__35035_1845_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La Playa, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "La Playa (Spanish for \"the beach\") is a bayfront neighborhood in the Point Loma community of San Diego, California. It is bordered by the San Diego Bay on the east, Naval Base Point Loma on the south, the Wooded Area neighborhood to the west and Point Loma Village/Roseville-Fleetridge to the north. It lies across a channel from Shelter Island."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called \"New San Diego\", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called \"New Town\" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eastlake High School (Chula Vista, California)", "paragraph_text": "Eastlake High School (ELH or EHS), in Chula Vista, California, United States, is a four-year high school which opened on September 8, 1992. The school is located just east of California State Route 125 near the eastern edge of Chula Vista in the neighborhood of Eastlake, a suburb located 20 minutes southeast of Downtown San Diego. The movie Bring It On, was partially filmed at the school's football stadium."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and University City. Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Marina, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The Marina district is a neighborhood in the southwest section of Downtown San Diego, California along the San Diego Bay."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Flatbush, Brooklyn", "paragraph_text": "Flatbush is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Founded in 1651 by Dutch colonists, the neighborhood, which consists of several subsections, had a population of 105,804 as of the 2010 United States Census."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Seaport Village", "paragraph_text": "Seaport Village is a waterfront shopping and dining complex adjacent to San Diego Bay in downtown San Diego, California. It is located at 849 West Harbor Drive, at the intersection of Harbor Drive and Kettner."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Diego Comic-Con", "paragraph_text": "San Diego Comic - Con International Status Active Genre Multi-genre Venue San Diego Convention Center (main) Downtown San Diego (various) Location (s) San Diego, California Country United States Inaugurated March 21, 1970; 48 years ago (1970 - 03 - 21) (as Golden State Comic Book Convention) Attendance Around 167,000 in 2015 Organized by Comic - Con International Filing status Non-profit Website www.comic-con.org"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Michael Ola", "paragraph_text": "Michael Ola (born April 19, 1988) is an American football offensive tackle for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Hampton University and attended Riverdale High School in Riverdale, Georgia. He has also been a member of the Jacksonville Sharks, Montreal Alouettes, Miami Dolphins, Chicago Bears, San Diego Chargers, Detroit Lions, Seattle Seahawks, and New York Giants."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Encanto, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Encanto is a hilly neighborhood located in the southeastern part of San Diego, California. The neighborhood of Encanto is split into two sections, North Encanto (which lies north of Broadway), and South Encanto (which lies south of Broadway)."}], "question": "What percent of the borough where the Riverdale neighborhood is located is the same ethnicity that makes up 15.9% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__2152_35035_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Scrubs (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "In the show, Sacred Heart is an inner - city teaching hospital located in California. The first eight seasons of Scrubs were filmed on location at the North Hollywood Medical Center, a decommissioned hospital located at 12629 Riverside Drive in North Hollywood, but the location of Sacred Heart Hospital within the fictional world of Scrubs is left ambiguous. Cast and crew on the show refer to the location as ``San DiFrangeles ''-- a portmanteau of San Diego, San Francisco, and Los Angeles that is meant to encompass a large part of California. In season four's episode nine,`` My Malpractice Decision'', Turk's new phone number has the Sacramento area code 916. For the ninth season, the show moved to Culver Studios. The building used for the exteriors of the new Sacred Heart Hospital is located at the intersection of Ince Boulevard and Lindblade Street in Culver City, California (34 \u00b0 01 \u2032 26 ''N 118 \u00b0 23 \u2032 29'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 34.023988 \u00b0 N 118.391414 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 34.023988; - 118.391414)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and University City. Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mountain View, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a community in the southeastern section of the city of San Diego. It is bordered by Mount Hope and Greenwood Memorial Park on the north, Interstate 15 and the neighborhoods of Stockton and Logan Heights on the west, Interstate 805 and Lincoln Park on the east, and Southcrest and National City on the south. Major thoroughfares include Imperial Avenue and Ocean View Boulevard."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Otay Mesa West, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Otay Mesa West is a residential neighborhood in the southern section of San Diego. It borders Interstate 805 to the east, Interstate 5 to the west, and California State Route 905 to the south. It neighbors Ocean View Hills to the east, Nestor and Palm City to the west and Chula Vista to the north. The northern boundary of Otay Mesa West roughly coincides with the Otay River. Just north of the Otay River the community of Otay resides within the city of Chula Vista. Major thoroughfares include Palm Avenue, Coronado Avenue, Picador Boulevard, Del Sol Boulevard, Beyer Boulevard, and Beyer Way."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Seaport Village", "paragraph_text": "Seaport Village is a waterfront shopping and dining complex adjacent to San Diego Bay in downtown San Diego, California. It is located at 849 West Harbor Drive, at the intersection of Harbor Drive and Kettner."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Meridian Condominiums", "paragraph_text": "Meridian Condominiums is the 19th tallest building in San Diego, California and is a prominent fixture in San Diego's skyline. It has a height of 371\u00a0ft (113 m) and contains 172 units. Located at 700 Front Street in the Horton Plaza district of Downtown San Diego, Meridian Condominiums is a 28-story building that utilizes a modern architectural style designed by the architect firm Maxwell Starkman & Associates. The skyscraper was built at a cost of $71.1 million."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego Comic-Con", "paragraph_text": "San Diego Comic - Con International Status Active Genre Multi-genre Venue San Diego Convention Center (main) Downtown San Diego (various) Location (s) San Diego, California Country United States Inaugurated March 21, 1970; 48 years ago (1970 - 03 - 21) (as Golden State Comic Book Convention) Attendance Around 167,000 in 2015 Organized by Comic - Con International Filing status Non-profit Website www.comic-con.org"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ahuntsic Park", "paragraph_text": "Ahuntsic Park () is an urban park in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located in the borough of Ahuntsic-Cartierville, and is bordered by Henri Bourassa Boulevard to the north, Saint Hubert Street to the east, Lajeunesse Street to the west and Fleury Street to the south. It is located next to Terminus Henri-Bourassa."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s, and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}], "question": "What percentage of the borough where Stickball Boulevard is located is the ethnicity that made up 15.9.% of San Diego's population in 2009?"}
{"id": "3hop2__35035_2152_38459", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard\u2013Thousand Oaks\u2013Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Demographics of California", "paragraph_text": "California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia. Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas. California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962. However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century. In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population. The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, San Diego, Riverside - San Bernardino, and Sacramento. Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Meridian Condominiums", "paragraph_text": "Meridian Condominiums is the 19th tallest building in San Diego, California and is a prominent fixture in San Diego's skyline. It has a height of 371\u00a0ft (113 m) and contains 172 units. Located at 700 Front Street in the Horton Plaza district of Downtown San Diego, Meridian Condominiums is a 28-story building that utilizes a modern architectural style designed by the architect firm Maxwell Starkman & Associates. The skyscraper was built at a cost of $71.1 million."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Some Like It Hot", "paragraph_text": "The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958. Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the ``Seminole Ritz Hotel ''in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Scrubs (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "In the show, Sacred Heart is an inner - city teaching hospital located in California. The first eight seasons of Scrubs were filmed on location at the North Hollywood Medical Center, a decommissioned hospital located at 12629 Riverside Drive in North Hollywood, but the location of Sacred Heart Hospital within the fictional world of Scrubs is left ambiguous. Cast and crew on the show refer to the location as ``San DiFrangeles ''-- a portmanteau of San Diego, San Francisco, and Los Angeles that is meant to encompass a large part of California. In season four's episode nine,`` My Malpractice Decision'', Turk's new phone number has the Sacramento area code 916. For the ninth season, the show moved to Culver Studios. The building used for the exteriors of the new Sacred Heart Hospital is located at the intersection of Ince Boulevard and Lindblade Street in Culver City, California (34 \u00b0 01 \u2032 26 ''N 118 \u00b0 23 \u2032 29'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 34.023988 \u00b0 N 118.391414 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 34.023988; - 118.391414)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ahuntsic Park", "paragraph_text": "Ahuntsic Park () is an urban park in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located in the borough of Ahuntsic-Cartierville, and is bordered by Henri Bourassa Boulevard to the north, Saint Hubert Street to the east, Lajeunesse Street to the west and Fleury Street to the south. It is located next to Terminus Henri-Bourassa."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called \"New San Diego\", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called \"New Town\" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mountain View, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a community in the southeastern section of the city of San Diego. It is bordered by Mount Hope and Greenwood Memorial Park on the north, Interstate 15 and the neighborhoods of Stockton and Logan Heights on the west, Interstate 805 and Lincoln Park on the east, and Southcrest and National City on the south. Major thoroughfares include Imperial Avenue and Ocean View Boulevard."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Seaport Village", "paragraph_text": "Seaport Village is a waterfront shopping and dining complex adjacent to San Diego Bay in downtown San Diego, California. It is located at 849 West Harbor Drive, at the intersection of Harbor Drive and Kettner."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Otay Mesa West, San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Otay Mesa West is a residential neighborhood in the southern section of San Diego. It borders Interstate 805 to the east, Interstate 5 to the west, and California State Route 905 to the south. It neighbors Ocean View Hills to the east, Nestor and Palm City to the west and Chula Vista to the north. The northern boundary of Otay Mesa West roughly coincides with the Otay River. Just north of the Otay River the community of Otay resides within the city of Chula Vista. Major thoroughfares include Palm Avenue, Coronado Avenue, Picador Boulevard, Del Sol Boulevard, Beyer Boulevard, and Beyer Way."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s, and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this."}], "question": "What percent of the borough containing Stickball Boulevard, is of the ethnicity that made of 15.9% of San Diego's 2009 population?"}
{"id": "3hop1__591585_422423_591346", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Goleszewo", "paragraph_text": "Goleszewo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Koh Sotin District", "paragraph_text": "Koh Sotin District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road. The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pingtung Plain", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Plain () is a plain area including parts of Pingtung County and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. It includes the alluvial fan of Kaoping River, which forms the largest drainage area of rivers in Taiwan, and also passed by other shorter rivers such as Tungkang River, Linbian River and Shihwen River (\u58eb\u6587\u6eaa). The plain faces the Taiwan Strait on the southwest, lies to the east of Kaohsiung City, and at the west of Central Mountain Range."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Krasnolipie", "paragraph_text": "Krasnolipie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pingtung Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Airport () were two airports in Pingtung City, Pingtung County, Taiwan . The two airports were under the control of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Pingtung Airport was established on 28 November 1994 at the old art exhibition hall at the Pingtung Culture Centre. This northern terminal was designated the public airport terminal, while the south part became the Republic of China Air Force base."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ciel\u0119tnik", "paragraph_text": "Ciel\u0119tnik () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nanpu Power Plant", "paragraph_text": "The Nanpu Power Plant () is a gas-fired power plant in Cianjhen District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. With the installed capacity of 1,118 MW, the plant is Taiwan's third largest gas-fired power plant after Tatan Power Plant and Tunghsiao Power Plant."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nazarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Nazarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai and borders with Achinsky District in the north, Kozulsky District in the east, Balakhtinsky District in the southeast, Uzhursky District in the south, Sharypovsky District in the west, and with Bogotolsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Nazarovo (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 24,265 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Shumerlinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shumerlinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 13,298 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tuymazinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Tuymazinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Sharansky District in the north, Buzdyaksky District in the east, Belebeyevsky District in the southeast and south, Yermekeyevsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Tuymazy (which is administratively separate from the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a064,389."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the region where Cianjhen District is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__558693_422423_591346", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sandasar", "paragraph_text": "Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Koh Sotin District", "paragraph_text": "Koh Sotin District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road. The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yancheng District, Kaohsiung", "paragraph_text": "Yancheng District () is a district in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. It is the smallest district in Kaohsiung City. It has been the least populous district of Kaohsiung since 2004. Yancheng District is also an old town of Kaohsiung."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tuymazinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Tuymazinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Sharansky District in the north, Buzdyaksky District in the east, Belebeyevsky District in the southeast and south, Yermekeyevsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Tuymazy (which is administratively separate from the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a064,389."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Krasnolipie", "paragraph_text": "Krasnolipie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shumerlinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shumerlinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 13,298 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pietraszki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Pietraszki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Go\u0142dap within Go\u0142dap County Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Pietraszki lies close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. and is approximately west of Go\u0142dap and northeast of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nazarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Nazarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai and borders with Achinsky District in the north, Kozulsky District in the east, Balakhtinsky District in the southeast, Uzhursky District in the south, Sharypovsky District in the west, and with Bogotolsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Nazarovo (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 24,265 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pingtung Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Airport () were two airports in Pingtung City, Pingtung County, Taiwan . The two airports were under the control of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Pingtung Airport was established on 28 November 1994 at the old art exhibition hall at the Pingtung Culture Centre. This northern terminal was designated the public airport terminal, while the south part became the Republic of China Air Force base."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pingtung Plain", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Plain () is a plain area including parts of Pingtung County and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. It includes the alluvial fan of Kaoping River, which forms the largest drainage area of rivers in Taiwan, and also passed by other shorter rivers such as Tungkang River, Linbian River and Shihwen River (\u58eb\u6587\u6eaa). The plain faces the Taiwan Strait on the southwest, lies to the east of Kaohsiung City, and at the west of Central Mountain Range."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Goleszewo", "paragraph_text": "Goleszewo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "What is the capitol of the county sharing a border with the municipality where Yancheng District is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__144428_680388_135145", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elisabeth of Austria (film)", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of Austria (German: Elisabeth von \u00d6sterreich) is a 1931 German historical drama film directed by Adolf Trotz and starring Lil Dagover, Paul Otto and Maria Matray. It is a biopic of Empress Elisabeth of Austria."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Essen-Borbeck station", "paragraph_text": "Essen-Borbeck is a railway station in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Essen\u2013Bottrop railway and is served by RE and S-Bahn services operated by NordWestBahn and DB Regio."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen", "paragraph_text": "Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen (23 September 1853 \u2013 22 February 1923) was the only daughter of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, by his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia. She was notable as a musician and composer. One of her most famous works is \"Romanze\" in F major for clarinet and piano."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Princess D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, Baroness Silfverschi\u00f6ld", "paragraph_text": "Princess D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, Baroness Silfverschi\u00f6ld (D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Elisabeth Sibylla; born 2 June 1938) is the third child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\u00e4sterbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and granddaughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden. Her younger brother is King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Marc Oechler", "paragraph_text": "Marc Oechler (born 11 February 1968 in Nuremberg) is a retired German football player. He is, as of October 2012, a board member at 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 \u2013 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart. Elisabeth of the Palatinate is a philosopher best known for her correspondence with Ren\u00e9 Descartes. She was critical of Descartes' dualistic metaphysics and her work anticipated the metaphysical concerns of later philosophers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (Mar\u00eda Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 \u2013 19 September 1785) was a Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia. She was the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria was born at Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, the second child and first daughter of Prince Franz of Bavaria (1875\u20131957), (son of Ludwig III of Bavaria and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este) and his wife, Princess Isabella Antonie of Cro\u00ff (1890\u20131982), (daughter of Karl Alfred, Duke of Cro\u00ff and Princess Ludmilla of Arenberg)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Maria Antonietta Giuseppina Leopoldina; 16 March 1851 \u2013 12 September 1938) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and by her marriage to Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta, claimant to the defunct throne of the Two Sicilies."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Essen-Borbeck S\u00fcd station", "paragraph_text": "Essen-Borbeck S\u00fcd is a railway station in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Essen\u2013Bottrop railway and is served by S-Bahn services operated by DB Regio."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elisabeth R\u00f6ckel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth R\u00f6ckel (15 March 1793, baptised \"Maria Eva\", Neunburg vorm Wald \u2013 3 March 1883 in Weimar) was a German soprano opera singer and the wife of the composer Johann Nepomuk Hummel."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria", "paragraph_text": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria (given names: \"G\u00e9za Ladislaus Euseb Gerhard Rafael Albert Maria\"; born 14 November 1940, in Budapest), in Austria and Hungary only known by law as G\u00e9za Habsburg-Lothringen, is the son of Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria (1895\u20131957) and his wife Princess Anna of Saxony (1903\u20131976); thus, he is a grandson of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and great-great-grandson (on his father's mother's side) of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Bavaria (Sissi). G\u00e9za is a Faberg\u00e9 expert and has published many books and articles on the jewellers Peter Carl Faberg\u00e9 and Victor Mayer. He is the curator of several major international Faberg\u00e9 exhibitions. Habsburg famously coined the term Fauxberg\u00e9."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elisabeth von Trapp", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth von Trapp is the granddaughter of Georg and Agatha von Trapp and the daughter of Werner von Trapp. The Trapp Family Singers, which Maria and Georg founded in Austria and brought with them to the United States when they escaped Austria in 1938, included Elisabeth's father, Werner von Trapp."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Princess Amalia of Sweden", "paragraph_text": "Princess Amalia of Sweden (Amalia Maria Charlotta; 22 February 1805 in Stockholm \u2013 31 August 1853 in Oldenburg) was a Swedish princess, daughter of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Strausberg Stadt station", "paragraph_text": "Strausberg Stadt is a railway station in the city of Strausberg in Brandenburg. Located on the Strausberg\u2013Strausberg Nord line, it is served by the S-Bahn line ."}], "question": "Maria Elisabeth was Princess of a region that currently has a railway to Crailsheim, and is the birthplace of Marc Oechler. Who was her mother?"}
{"id": "3hop1__145374_680388_111942", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kimanis", "paragraph_text": "Kimanis is a fully integrated township and also a parliamentary constituency in the West Coast Division of Sabah, Malaysia. It is located approximately 45 kilometres south of the city of Kota Kinabalu. Kimanis used to be the base for the American Trading Company of Borneo owned by Joseph William Torrey, Thomas Bradley Harris and Chinese investors, which obtained a lease over part of northern Borneo area from the Sultanate of Brunei in the late 19th century. The area was then taken over by the British under the administration of North Borneo. The British built a railway track with the Kimanis railway station became one of the stops for the present-day Sabah State Railway."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Manfred Niekisch", "paragraph_text": "Manfred Niekisch (* 14 July 1951 in Nuremberg, Germany) is a German biologist, expert in international nature conservation, former director of Frankfurt Zoo (2008-2017) and president of the Society for Tropical Ecology."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Master of the Tiburtine Sibyl", "paragraph_text": "The Master of the Tiburtine Sibyl (fl. 1475-1495) was an unidentified Early Netherlandish painter, probably from Haarlem, named after \"The Tiburtine Sibyl meets Augustus\", a work in the St\u00e4del in Frankfurt."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kranj railway station", "paragraph_text": "Kranj railway station () is the railway station in Kranj, the third largest municipality and fourth largest city in Slovenia. The station is located on the railway line between Ljubljana, the capital city of Slovenia, and Villach, Austria."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charles Ives House", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Ives House, also known as Charles Ives Birthplace, is located on Mountainville Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame structure built in 1780 and expanded on since. Over the course of the 19th century it was the residence of several generations of Iveses, a family important in the city's history. In 1874 it was the birthplace of Charles Ives, who became an internationally recognized composer in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tirusulam railway station", "paragraph_text": "Tirusulam railway station is one of the railway stations of the Chennai Beach -- Chengalpattu section of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network. It serves the neighbourhood of Tirusulam, a suburb of Chennai where the city's airport is located. It is located at a distance of 21 km from Chennai Beach terminus and is situated on the GST Road across the airport, with an elevation of 20 m above sea level."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Khanewal Junction railway station", "paragraph_text": "Khanewal Junction railway station ((Urdu and ) is located in the city of Khanewal, Punjab province of Pakistan. It is a major railway station of Pakistan Railways and the junction of Khanewal-Wazirabad branch railway line. It is the stop of all Express trains except Shalimar Express and Night Coach Express."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Joachim Winkelhock", "paragraph_text": "The younger brother of the late Manfred Winkelhock, Winkelhock was born in Waiblingen, near Stuttgart. The youngest brother, Thomas Winkelhock, and Manfred's son Markus Winkelhock are also racing drivers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sibylle of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle of Bavaria (16 June 1489 \u2013 18 April 1519 in Heidelberg) was a member of the House of Wittelsbach was a princess of Bavaria-Munich and by marriage Electress Palatine."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sochi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Sochi railway station () () is the largest of the four railway stations in Sochi, and one of the largest railway stations in Krasnodar Krai. It is part of North Caucasus Railway and located in the Tsentralny City District of Sochi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Santala railway station", "paragraph_text": "Santala railway station (abbrev. Sta, and ) is a railway stop in the city of Hanko, Finland along the Hanko-Hyvink\u00e4\u00e4 Railroad. The stop is located approximately 197 kilometers from Helsinki Central railway station. Local trains between Karis and Hanko stops there. The stop is located in the forest and its usage level is low though the Finnish national road 25 is near."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Virginia Dare", "paragraph_text": "Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587, date of death unknown) was the first English child born in a New World English overseas possession, and was named after the territory of Virginia, her birthplace. Her parents were Ananias Dare and Eleanor White (also spelled Ellinor or Elyonor)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Manfred Porsch", "paragraph_text": "Manfred Maria Porsch (born 14 April 1950 in Vienna) is a composer of Austrian contemporary worship music and a teacher."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sibylle Brauner", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle Brauner (born 16 March 1975 in Raubling) is a retired German alpine skier who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dinmore railway station", "paragraph_text": "Dinmore railway station is located on the Main line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the suburb of Dinmore in the City of Ipswich."}], "question": "When was Sibylle, of the state that has the railway connecting Crailsheim with the birthplace of Manfred Niekisch, born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__25550_680388_135145", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Princess D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, Baroness Silfverschi\u00f6ld", "paragraph_text": "Princess D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, Baroness Silfverschi\u00f6ld (D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Elisabeth Sibylla; born 2 June 1938) is the third child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\u00e4sterbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and granddaughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden. Her younger brother is King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Maria Antonietta Giuseppina Leopoldina; 16 March 1851 \u2013 12 September 1938) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and by her marriage to Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta, claimant to the defunct throne of the Two Sicilies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 \u2013 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart. Elisabeth of the Palatinate is a philosopher best known for her correspondence with Ren\u00e9 Descartes. She was critical of Descartes' dualistic metaphysics and her work anticipated the metaphysical concerns of later philosophers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Essen-Borbeck station", "paragraph_text": "Essen-Borbeck is a railway station in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Essen\u2013Bottrop railway and is served by RE and S-Bahn services operated by NordWestBahn and DB Regio."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Princess Amalia of Sweden", "paragraph_text": "Princess Amalia of Sweden (Amalia Maria Charlotta; 22 February 1805 in Stockholm \u2013 31 August 1853 in Oldenburg) was a Swedish princess, daughter of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria was born at Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, the second child and first daughter of Prince Franz of Bavaria (1875\u20131957), (son of Ludwig III of Bavaria and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este) and his wife, Princess Isabella Antonie of Cro\u00ff (1890\u20131982), (daughter of Karl Alfred, Duke of Cro\u00ff and Princess Ludmilla of Arenberg)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elisabeth von Trapp", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth von Trapp is the granddaughter of Georg and Agatha von Trapp and the daughter of Werner von Trapp. The Trapp Family Singers, which Maria and Georg founded in Austria and brought with them to the United States when they escaped Austria in 1938, included Elisabeth's father, Werner von Trapp."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (Mar\u00eda Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 \u2013 19 September 1785) was a Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia. She was the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dominican Order", "paragraph_text": "Because the nuns of the order did not preach among the people, the need to engage in study was not as immediate or intense as it was for men. They did participate, however, in a number of intellectual activities. Along with sewing and embroidery, nuns often engaged in reading and discussing correspondence from Church leaders. In the Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret, some of the nuns could converse fluently in Latin. Learning still had an elevated place in the lives of these religious. In fact, Margarette Reglerin, a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family, was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elisabeth of Austria (film)", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of Austria (German: Elisabeth von \u00d6sterreich) is a 1931 German historical drama film directed by Adolf Trotz and starring Lil Dagover, Paul Otto and Maria Matray. It is a biopic of Empress Elisabeth of Austria."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony (27 April 1796 \u2013 3 January 1865) was a daughter of Maximilian, Crown Prince of Saxony and his first wife Princess Carolina of Parma. She was by marriage Grand Duchess of Tuscany from 1821 to 1824."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Essen-Borbeck S\u00fcd station", "paragraph_text": "Essen-Borbeck S\u00fcd is a railway station in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Essen\u2013Bottrop railway and is served by S-Bahn services operated by DB Regio."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria", "paragraph_text": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria (given names: \"G\u00e9za Ladislaus Euseb Gerhard Rafael Albert Maria\"; born 14 November 1940, in Budapest), in Austria and Hungary only known by law as G\u00e9za Habsburg-Lothringen, is the son of Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria (1895\u20131957) and his wife Princess Anna of Saxony (1903\u20131976); thus, he is a grandson of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and great-great-grandson (on his father's mother's side) of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Bavaria (Sissi). G\u00e9za is a Faberg\u00e9 expert and has published many books and articles on the jewellers Peter Carl Faberg\u00e9 and Victor Mayer. He is the curator of several major international Faberg\u00e9 exhibitions. Habsburg famously coined the term Fauxberg\u00e9."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen", "paragraph_text": "Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen (23 September 1853 \u2013 22 February 1923) was the only daughter of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, by his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia. She was notable as a musician and composer. One of her most famous works is \"Romanze\" in F major for clarinet and piano."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lindhorst railway station", "paragraph_text": "Lindhorst is a railway station located in Lindhorst, Germany. The station is located on the Hannover to Minden railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn. Lindhorst is served by the S1. It is in the \"Region\" zone of Hannover. For Information see www.gvh.de"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}], "question": "Who was the mother of Princess Maria Elisabeth, of the region containing the railway that connects Crailsheim with the region that Margarette Reglerin was from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__480904_680388_111942", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Novate Milanese railway station", "paragraph_text": "Novate Milanese railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located in the Milan\u2013Saronno railway, it serves the town of Novate Milanese."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: / \u02c8b\u028ck\u026a\u014b\u0259m \u02c8p\u00e6l\u026as /) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zuidhorn railway station", "paragraph_text": "Zuidhorn (; abbreviation: Zh) is a railway station located in Zuidhorn in the Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 June 1866 and is located on the Harlingen\u2013Nieuweschans railway between Leeuwarden and Groningen. The train service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Digital Speech Standard", "paragraph_text": "DSS was originally developed in 1994 by Grundig with the University of Nuremberg. In 1997, the digital speech standard was released, which was based on the previous codec. It is commonly used on digital dictation recorders. Modern phycoacoustical codecs that perform nearly as well at only slightly higher bitrates have led to this speech coding standard being less used in modern voice recording equipment."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gare de Grenoble", "paragraph_text": "Grenoble is the main railway station located in Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France. The station was opened on 3 January 1849 and is located on the Lyon\u2013Marseille (via Grenoble) railway and Grenoble\u2013Montm\u00e9lian railway. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ylitornio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Ylitornio railway station is located in the municipality of Ylitornio in the Lapland Province of Finland. It is located about north from Tornio railway station. The station only serves passenger traffic; most trains are hauled by VR Class Dr16 locomotives. Ylitornio railway station was opened in 1927."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Emmen railway station", "paragraph_text": "Emmen is a terminus railway station located in Emmen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 November 1905 and is located on the Zwolle\u2013Emmen railway. Train services are operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gorakhpur Junction railway station", "paragraph_text": "The North east Gorakhpur Railway Station is located in the city of Gorakhpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway. The station offers Class A railway station facilities. On 6 October 2013, Gorakhpur became the world's longest railway platform, after inauguration of the remodelled Gorakhpur Yard, with a stretch of around 1.34 kilometres (0.84 mi)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kera railway station", "paragraph_text": "Kera is a station on the VR commuter rail network located in Karamalmi, a district of the city of Espoo in Finland. It is situated between stations Kilo railway station and Kauniainen railway station. It is located about to the northwest/west of Helsinki Central railway station."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sibylle of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle of Bavaria (16 June 1489 \u2013 18 April 1519 in Heidelberg) was a member of the House of Wittelsbach was a princess of Bavaria-Munich and by marriage Electress Palatine."}], "question": "When was Sibylle of the region where Grundig's headquarters is found born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__145650_680388_111942", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jobst Harrich", "paragraph_text": "Jobst Harrich (baptized 30 September 1579 \u2013 buried 11 April 1617) was a German painter best known as a copyist of Albrecht D\u00fcrer, born and dead in Nuremberg."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gare de Grenoble", "paragraph_text": "Grenoble is the main railway station located in Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France. The station was opened on 3 January 1849 and is located on the Lyon\u2013Marseille (via Grenoble) railway and Grenoble\u2013Montm\u00e9lian railway. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Mortara\u2013Milan railway, it serves the town of Trezzano sul Naviglio."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pivka railway station", "paragraph_text": "Pivka railway station () is a significant railway station in Pivka, Slovenia. It is located on the main railway line between Ljubljana, Slovenia and Trieste, Italy"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tavazzano railway station", "paragraph_text": "Tavazzano is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Bologna railway, it serves the municipality of Tavazzano con Villavesco."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Loppersum railway station", "paragraph_text": "Loppersum is a railway station located in Loppersum, The Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 June 1884 and is located on the Groningen\u2013Delfzijl railway. The service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ylitornio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Ylitornio railway station is located in the municipality of Ylitornio in the Lapland Province of Finland. It is located about north from Tornio railway station. The station only serves passenger traffic; most trains are hauled by VR Class Dr16 locomotives. Ylitornio railway station was opened in 1927."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nijmegen Dukenburg railway station", "paragraph_text": "Nijmegen Dukenburg is a railway station located in the south west of Nijmegen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 2 June 1973 and is located on the Tilburg\u2013Nijmegen railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. The main station of Nijmegen is Nijmegen railway station."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sibylle of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle of Bavaria (16 June 1489 \u2013 18 April 1519 in Heidelberg) was a member of the House of Wittelsbach was a princess of Bavaria-Munich and by marriage Electress Palatine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sibylle Brauner", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle Brauner (born 16 March 1975 in Raubling) is a retired German alpine skier who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hilter station", "paragraph_text": "Hilter is a railway station located in Hilter, Germany. The station is on the Osnabr\u00fcck\u2013Bielefeld railway. The train services are operated by NordWestBahn."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zuidhorn railway station", "paragraph_text": "Zuidhorn (; abbreviation: Zh) is a railway station located in Zuidhorn in the Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 June 1866 and is located on the Harlingen\u2013Nieuweschans railway between Leeuwarden and Groningen. The train service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kera railway station", "paragraph_text": "Kera is a station on the VR commuter rail network located in Karamalmi, a district of the city of Espoo in Finland. It is situated between stations Kilo railway station and Kauniainen railway station. It is located about to the northwest/west of Helsinki Central railway station."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Novate Milanese railway station", "paragraph_text": "Novate Milanese railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located in the Milan\u2013Saronno railway, it serves the town of Novate Milanese."}], "question": "When was Sibylle of the region where Jobst Harrich died born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__106175_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Twisted Obsession", "paragraph_text": "Twisted Obsession (original Spanish title: El sue\u00f1o del mono loco, literally \"The Dream of the Mad Monkey\") is a 1989 Spanish erotic thriller directed by Fernando Trueba and starring Jeff Goldblum and Miranda Richardson. It was written by Trueba, Manuel Matji (also known as Manolo Matji) and Menno Meyjes (uncredited), originally based on the novel \"The Dream of the Mad Monkey\" by Christopher Frank."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gian Maria Volont\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Gian Maria Volont\u00e8 (9 April 1933 -- 6 December 1994) was an Italian actor, remembered for his outspoken left - wing leanings and fiery temper on and off - screen. He is perhaps most famous outside of Italy for his roles in four Spaghetti Western films: Ramon Rojo and El Indio in Sergio Leone's A Fistful of Dollars (1965) and For a Few Dollars More (1965), El Chuncho Munoz in Damiano Damiani's A Bullet for the General (1966) and Professor Brad Fletcher in Sergio Sollima's Face to Face (1967)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "El Se\u00f1or de los Cielos", "paragraph_text": "El Se\u00f1or de los Cielos is an American telenovela created by Luis Zelkowicz, based on an original idea by Mariano Calasso, and Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez and it started airing on American broadcast channel Telemundo on April 15, 2013. Produced by Argos Comunicaci\u00f3n and Telemundo Studios, and Caracol Internacional in the first season, and distributed by Telemundo Internacional. The series is based on the life and work of Amado Carrillo Fuentes, the former leader of the Juarez Cartel. The program features an ensemble cast, headed by its longest - serving actors Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas and Fernanda Castillo as M\u00f3nica Robles."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Noli Me T\u00e1ngere (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Noli Me T\u00e1ngere The original front cover of the book. Author Jos\u00e9 Rizal Country Philippines (first printing in Berlin) Language Spanish Genre Novel, Fiction, Satire, Philippine History Publication date 1887 Media type Print (hardcover) Followed by El filibusterismo"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gran Hotel (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Gran Hotel Genre Historical drama Created by Ram\u00f3n Campos Gema R. Neira Starring Yon Gonz\u00e1lez Amaia Salamanca Adriana Ozores Pedro Alonso Concha Velasco Lloren\u00e7 Gonz\u00e1lez Pep Ant\u00f3n Mu\u00f1oz Country of origin Spain Original language (s) Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Ram\u00f3n Campos Teres Fern\u00e1ndez - Vald\u00e9s Producer (s) Bamb\u00fa Producciones Production location (s) Santander Running time 70 - 80 minutes Release Original network Antena 3 Original release 4 October 2011 (2011 - 10 - 04) -- 25 June 2013 (2013 - 06 - 25) Chronology Related shows El hotel de los secretos External links Website"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Amado Carrillo Fuentes", "paragraph_text": "Amado Carrillo Fuentes (December 17, 1956 -- July 4, 1997) was a Mexican drug lord who seized control of the Ju\u00e1rez Cartel after assassinating his boss Rafael Aguilar Guajardo. Amado Carrillo became known as ``El Se\u00f1or de Los Cielos ''(`` The Lord of the Skies''), because of the large fleet of jets he used to transport drugs. He was also known for laundering money via Colombia to finance his large fleet of airplanes."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Crime of Bordadores Street", "paragraph_text": "The Crime of Bordadores Street (Spanish: El crimen de la calle Bordadores) is a 1946 Spanish crime film written and directed by Edgar Neville."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Joan Vizcarra", "paragraph_text": "Joan Vizcarra Carreras (born 1967 in Montblanc, Tarragona) is a Spanish cartoonist. He has several books published by the Spanish language satirical magazine \"El Jueves\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Un Oso Rojo", "paragraph_text": "Un Oso Rojo (\"Red Bear\" or \"A Red Bear\") is a 2002 Argentine, Spanish, and French drama film, directed by Israel Adri\u00e1n Caetano."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dom\u00ednguez", "paragraph_text": "Dom\u00ednguez (do\u02c8mi\u014b\u0261e\u03b8) is a name of Spanish origin. It used to mean son of Domingo (i.e., son of Dominic). The surname is usually written Dominguez in the Philippines and United States. Written as Dom\u00ednguez in Spanish speaking countries like Spain, Mexico, Argentina, etc..."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Raging Sun, Raging Sky", "paragraph_text": "Raging Sun, Raging Sky (Spanish: \"Rabioso sol, rabioso cielo\") is a 2009 Mexican film, made in 2008, written and directed by Juli\u00e1n Hern\u00e1ndez. It is the last film in a trilogy by Hern\u00e1ndez that includes \"A Thousand Clouds of Peace\" (2003) and \"Broken Sky\" (2006). The film usually is over 3 hours long. It won the Teddy Award at the Berlin International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "El Socialista (newspaper)", "paragraph_text": "El Socialista is a Spanish language socialist newspaper published in Madrid, Spain. The paper is the organ of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "El Cielo Rojo", "paragraph_text": "El Cielo Rojo is a 2008 independent film from Costa Rica. Written and directed by Miguel Alejandro Gomez, the film stars Allan Obando (Roberto), Mauricio Dapena (Berny), Ricardo Rodriguez (Manuel), and Edgar Roman (Nestor)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "El Perro y el Gato", "paragraph_text": "El Perro y el Gato is a Spanish language animated educational television series airing on HBO since 2004. The program features both Spanish and English dialogue."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Dead Man (short story)", "paragraph_text": "\"The Dead Man\" (original Spanish title: \"El Muerto\") is a short story by Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges. It was first published in the magazine \"Sur\" (#145) in November 1946."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "El Se\u00f1or de los Cielos (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "The six season of El Se\u00f1or de los Cielos, an American television series created by Luis Zelkowicz, that premiered on Telemundo on May 8, 2018."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Central America", "paragraph_text": "Central America (Spanish: Am\u00e9rica Central or Centroam\u00e9rica) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "El Se\u00f1or de los Cielos (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "The six season of El Se\u00f1or de los Cielos, an American television series created by Luis Zelkowicz, that premiered on Telemundo on May 8 2018."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where El Cielo Rojo originated before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__504563_680388_111942", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gare de Grenoble", "paragraph_text": "Grenoble is the main railway station located in Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France. The station was opened on 3 January 1849 and is located on the Lyon\u2013Marseille (via Grenoble) railway and Grenoble\u2013Montm\u00e9lian railway. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Emmen railway station", "paragraph_text": "Emmen is a terminus railway station located in Emmen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 November 1905 and is located on the Zwolle\u2013Emmen railway. Train services are operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ylitornio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Ylitornio railway station is located in the municipality of Ylitornio in the Lapland Province of Finland. It is located about north from Tornio railway station. The station only serves passenger traffic; most trains are hauled by VR Class Dr16 locomotives. Ylitornio railway station was opened in 1927."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg", "paragraph_text": "Christkindlesmarkt is a Christmas market that is held annually in Nuremberg, Germany. It takes place during Advent in the Hauptmarkt, the central square in Nuremberg\u2019s old town, and in adjoining squares and streets. With about two million visitors a year the N\u00fcrnberger Christkindlesmarkt is one of the largest Christmas markets in Germany and one of the most famous in the world. Every year the Christmas market begins on the Friday preceding the first Sunday in Advent and ends on December 24, unless that day is a Sunday."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chamarande station", "paragraph_text": "Chamarande is a railway station located in Chamarande, Essonne, Paris, France. The station was opened in 1843 and is located on the Paris\u2013Bordeaux railway. The station is served by Paris' express suburban rail system, the RER. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sibylle of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle of Bavaria (16 June 1489 \u2013 18 April 1519 in Heidelberg) was a member of the House of Wittelsbach was a princess of Bavaria-Munich and by marriage Electress Palatine."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nijmegen Dukenburg railway station", "paragraph_text": "Nijmegen Dukenburg is a railway station located in the south west of Nijmegen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 2 June 1973 and is located on the Tilburg\u2013Nijmegen railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. The main station of Nijmegen is Nijmegen railway station."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sochi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Sochi railway station () () is the largest of the four railway stations in Sochi, and one of the largest railway stations in Krasnodar Krai. It is part of North Caucasus Railway and located in the Tsentralny City District of Sochi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tavazzano railway station", "paragraph_text": "Tavazzano is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Bologna railway, it serves the municipality of Tavazzano con Villavesco."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Novate Milanese railway station", "paragraph_text": "Novate Milanese railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located in the Milan\u2013Saronno railway, it serves the town of Novate Milanese."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hilter station", "paragraph_text": "Hilter is a railway station located in Hilter, Germany. The station is on the Osnabr\u00fcck\u2013Bielefeld railway. The train services are operated by NordWestBahn."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zuidhorn railway station", "paragraph_text": "Zuidhorn (; abbreviation: Zh) is a railway station located in Zuidhorn in the Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 June 1866 and is located on the Harlingen\u2013Nieuweschans railway between Leeuwarden and Groningen. The train service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sibylle Brauner", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle Brauner (born 16 March 1975 in Raubling) is a retired German alpine skier who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Loppersum railway station", "paragraph_text": "Loppersum is a railway station located in Loppersum, The Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 June 1884 and is located on the Groningen\u2013Delfzijl railway. The service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Mortara\u2013Milan railway, it serves the town of Trezzano sul Naviglio."}], "question": "When was Sibylle of administrative territorial entity where the location of Christkindlesmarkt-Crailsheim Railway is located born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__781357_680388_111942", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sandasar", "paragraph_text": "Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gorakhpur Junction railway station", "paragraph_text": "The North east Gorakhpur Railway Station is located in the city of Gorakhpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway. The station offers Class A railway station facilities. On 6 October 2013, Gorakhpur became the world's longest railway platform, after inauguration of the remodelled Gorakhpur Yard, with a stretch of around 1.34 kilometres (0.84 mi)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sibylle of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle of Bavaria (16 June 1489 \u2013 18 April 1519 in Heidelberg) was a member of the House of Wittelsbach was a princess of Bavaria-Munich and by marriage Electress Palatine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Maurer-Union", "paragraph_text": "Maurer-Union was a German car maker located in Nuremberg. From 1900-1910 Maurer-Union produced 300 to 400 cars per year. It was one of the first manufacturers that introduced continuously variable transmission using a friction drive."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yanam district", "paragraph_text": "Yanam district is one of the four districts of the Union Territory of Puducherry in India. It's headquarter is the town of Yanam."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Barkot, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", "paragraph_text": "Barkot is one of the 44 union councils, administrative subdivisions, of Haripur District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The town of Barkot is located at an altitude of 1379\u00a0m (4527\u00a0ft)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}], "question": "When was Sibylle of the region where Maurer-Union's headquarters is located born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__504698_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Garabito (canton)", "paragraph_text": "Garabito is the eleventh canton in Puntarenas Province in Costa Rica. The canton covers an area of 316.31\u00a0km\u00b2, and has a population of 21,473. Its capital city is Jac\u00f3."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ritzihorn", "paragraph_text": "The Ritzihorn is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Reckingen in the canton of Valais. It lies on the range south of the Galmihorn."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government and courts. However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graub\u00fcnden). The Cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities. Within Switzerland there are two enclaves: B\u00fcsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guadalupe, Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Guadalupe is a suburb of Costa Rica, the capital of the Goicoechea Canton, and now fully incorporated in the Metropolitan Area of San Jose. Located at an altitude of 1,204 meters, Guadalupe is represented as the central district of the canton, with 2.48\u00a0km 2 in area, 1 and according to the Census 2011, with a population of 21,013 inhabitants living in 7,004 dwellings."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canton of Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Z\u00fcrich ( ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of (as of ), it is the most populated canton in the country.. Its capital is the city of Z\u00fcrich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called \"Z\u00fcrit\u00fc\u00fctsch\", is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WNPQ", "paragraph_text": "WNPQ is a commercial FM radio station licensed to New Philadelphia, Ohio, United States, serving the Canton market. It broadcasts at 95.9 MHz with a contemporary Christian format. Previous formats include rock music in the 1980s as \"Quick 96\", later Top 40 hits as \"Hot 95.9\" and Country as \"Canton Country 95.9\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pregny-Chamb\u00e9sy", "paragraph_text": "Pregny-Chamb\u00e9sy is a commune in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. It is located directly north of the city of Geneva, on the south-western shore of Lake Geneva."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, with a complex patchwork of majorities over most of the country. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived there. One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Z\u00fcrich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic. The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants. A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters. Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, not because they were growing in members, quite the contrary, but only because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority became not affiliated with any church or other religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuch\u00e2tel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Z\u00fcrich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Canton of Ch\u00e2tellerault-Sud", "paragraph_text": "The canton of South Ch\u00e2tellerault is a former French canton of the Vienne \"d\u00e9partement\" in the Poitou-Charentes \"r\u00e9gion\" of France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of three communes: the primary town of Ch\u00e2tellerault (South Ch\u00e2tellerault), Naintr\u00e9, and Senill\u00e9."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye", "paragraph_text": "The Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye (GYB) is a secondary school (gymnasium) in Payerne, Vaud, Switzerland. The school serves students living in the Broye-Vully district in Vaud canton and Broye district in Fribourg canton."}], "question": "What percentage of who lived in the country that Garabito Canton is located before the spanish is South Tuscon?"}
{"id": "3hop1__167486_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Villajoyosa CF", "paragraph_text": "Villajoyosa Club de F\u00fatbol is a Spanish football team based in Vila Joiosa, in the autonomous community of Valencia. Founded in 1944 it currently plays in Regional Preferente \u2013 Group 4, holding home matches at the \"Estadio Nou Pla\", with a capacity of 4,000."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Carlos de Haes", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Sebasti\u00e1n Pedro Hubert de Haes (January 25, 1829 \u2013 June 17, 1898) was a Spanish painter from Belgium. He was noted for the Realism in his landscapes, and was considered to be the \"first contemporary Spanish artist able to capture something of a particularly Spanish 'essence' in his work\". He was cited along with Jenaro Perez Villaamil and Aureliano de Beruete as one of the three Spanish grand masters of landscape painting, the latter of which was his pupil."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Garden of Delights", "paragraph_text": "El jard\u00edn de las delicias, also known as The Garden of Delights in English language cinema, is a 1970 Spanish drama film co-written and directed by Carlos Saura."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gonzalo Favre", "paragraph_text": "Today he is retired with 40 years old and lives in San Carlos Norte, Argentina. He is married with four children: Luisina 19, August 18, Guillermina 11 and Bruno 15. He works in a rural area and now accompanies his two sons to football, in the Central Club San Carlos, San Carlos Centro, Argentina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Antequera CF", "paragraph_text": "Antequera Club de F\u00fatbol is a Spanish football team based in Antequera, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Founded in 1992, it currently plays in Tercera Divisi\u00f3n \u2013 Group 9, holding home games at \"Estadio El Maul\u00ed\", with a capacity of 8,000 seats."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Estadio Guillermo Vargas Rold\u00e1n", "paragraph_text": "Estadio Guillermo Vargas Rold\u00e1n is a multi-use stadium in Alajuela, Costa Rica. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Asociaci\u00f3n Deportiva Ramonense. The stadium holds up to 4,000 people."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla", "paragraph_text": "Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla was a Spanish cartographer. For many years, Cano was the cartographer of the king Carlos III of Spain."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charr\u00faa Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Charr\u00faa Ridge is an ice-free rocky ridge rising to along the northeast coast of Johnsons Dock in Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is narrow and precipitous, extending in a west-northwest to east-southeast direction, with triple heights of elevation 322, 333 and 332 m respectively, and linked to Castillo Nunatak by Charr\u00faa Gap. It surmounts Contell Glacier to the north, South Bay to the west, Johnsons Dock to the southwest and Johnsons Glacier to the south. It forms a prominent landmark in the area between the Spanish Antarctic base Juan Carlos I and the Bulgarian Antarctic base St. Kliment Ohridski."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Carlos Sala", "paragraph_text": "Carlos (\"Charli\") Sala Molera (born 20 March 1960 in Barcelona, Catalonia) is a retired Spanish sprint hurdler. He represented his country at five consecutive Summer Olympics starting in 1980. His best result at the Games is the 7th place in 1984."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hurd Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "Hurd Peninsula lies between South Bay and False Bay on the south coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The Spanish Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base and the Bulgarian St. Kliment Ohridski Base are situated on its west coast."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sporting Cristal", "paragraph_text": "Sporting Cristal plays its home games at the Estadio Alberto Gallardo. They also play at the Estadio Nacional for international competitions such as Copa Libertadores or Copa Sudamericana. The Estadio Nacional is also the venue for matches against Universitario and Alianza Lima."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carlos Miele", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Miele is a Brazilian fashion designer. His labels sell in more than 30 countries worldwide. He specializes in women's ready-to-wear collections. He established his own label, Carlos Miele, in 2002, and a second label, Miele, in 2006. Carlos Miele is based in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Estadio Nuevo Vivero", "paragraph_text": "Estadio Nuevo Vivero is a multi-use stadium in Badajoz, Spain. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of CD Badajoz. The stadium holds 15,198 and was built in 1999. They previously played at Estadio El Vivero, in the east of the city, before moving a few kilometres south of the Guadiana in 1999 to this purpose built arena. The stadium has hosted two full internationals for the Spanish national team and one of the women's team."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Carlos Asensio Cabanillas", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Asensio Cabanillas (14 November 1896, Madrid\u00a0\u2013 1969, Madrid) was a Spanish soldier and statesman who served during the Spanish Civil War, rising in command from Colonel to General in Franco's Army of Africa."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mount Reina Sof\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Mount Reina Sof\u00eda () is the mostly ice-free peak rising to 275 m on Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and surmounting Johnsons Glacier to the east and northeast, and the Spanish Antarctic base Juan Carlos Primero to the north-northwest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "El Dorado (1988 film)", "paragraph_text": "El Dorado is a 1988 Spanish film written and directed by Carlos Saura. It was entered into the 1988 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Carlos Mendo", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Mendo (26 June 1933 \u2013 23 August 2010) was a Spanish journalist. In 1972, Mendo co-founded \"El Pa\u00eds\", Spain's most widely circulated daily newspaper."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where Estadio Carlos Roldan is located before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__65883_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup and was held in England from 11 to 30 July 1966. England beat West Germany 4 -- 2 in the final, winning the Jules Rimet Trophy. It is England's only FIFA World Cup title. They were the fifth nation to win and the third host nation to win after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "England at the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950. The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament, first played in 1930, whose finals stage has been held every four years since, except 1942 and 1946, due to the Second World War."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cricket World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The first World Cup was organised in England in June 1975, with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier. However, a separate Women's Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men's tournament, and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912, when a triangular tournament of Test matches was played between Australia, England and South Africa. The first three World Cups were held in England. From the 1987 tournament onwards, hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system, with fourteen ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of supporting Harry Potter characters", "paragraph_text": "The Dursley family are Harry Potter's last living relatives. To ensure Harry's safety, Albus Dumbledore placed him in the Dursleys' care when he was a baby. The Dursleys live at Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England. They are all Muggles, and despise all things related to magic -- and anything out of the ordinary in general -- and the Wizarding World, especially the Potters."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2017 Women's Cricket World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup was an international women's cricket tournament that took place in England from 24 June to 23 July 2017. It was the eleventh edition of the Women's Cricket World Cup, and the third to be held in England (after the 1973 and 1993 tournaments). The 2017 World Cup was the first in which all participating players were fully professional. Eight teams qualified to participate in the tournament. England won the final against India at Lord's on 23 July by 9 runs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "FIFA World Cup awards", "paragraph_text": "World Cup FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners 1970 Mexico Peru 1974 West Germany West Germany 1978 Argentina Argentina 1982 Spain Brazil 1986 Mexico Brazil 1990 Italy England 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France England France 2002 Korea / Japan Belgium 2006 Germany Brazil Spain 2010 South Africa Spain 2014 Brazil Colombia"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2022 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim - majority country. This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1995 Rugby League World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 1995 Rugby League World Cup was held during October in the United Kingdom. It was the eleventh staging of the Rugby League World Cup and was marketed as the Halifax Centenary World Cup, reflecting the tournament's sponsorship and the fact that 1995 marked the centenary of the sport. Envisaged as a celebration of rugby league football, the size of the competition was doubled, with four additional teams invited and Great Britain split into England and Wales (Scotland and Ireland took part in the Emerging Nations Tournament that was held alongside the World Cup.)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Spanish Armada", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish Armada (Spanish: Grande y Felic\u00edsima Armada, literally ``Great and Most Fortunate Navy '') was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from La Coru\u00f1a in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. The strategic aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and her establishment of Protestantism in England, with the expectation that this would put a stop to English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to the harm caused to Spanish interests by English and Dutch privateering."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "England national football team", "paragraph_text": "England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2\u20130 up, but were eventually beaten 3\u20132 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "England at the FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay, both former world champions, which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group, along with Costa Rica. England lost to Italy and Uruguay, and were thus knocked out after two games. The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw. This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup, ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match, their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Under-19 Cricket World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup is an international cricket tournament organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC) contested by national under - 19 teams. First contested in 1988, as the Youth World Cup, it was not staged again until 1998. Since then, the World Cup has been held as a biennial event, organised by the ICC. The first edition of the tournament had only eight participants, but every subsequent edition has included sixteen teams. India, the current champions, has won the World Cup four times which is the highest amongst all teams, while Australia has won thrice, Pakistan twice and England, South Africa, and the West Indies once each. Two other teams -- New Zealand and Sri Lanka -- have made a tournament final without going on to win."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2022 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim - majority country. This will be the first World Cup held entirely in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one Asian venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2022 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim - majority country. This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament. The reigning World Cup champions are France."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Spanish Armada", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish Armada (Spanish: Grande y Felic\u00edsima Armada, literally ``Great and Most Fortunate Navy '') was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from La Coru\u00f1a in early summer 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. The strategic aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and her establishment of Protestantism in England, with the expectation that this would put a stop to English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to the harm caused to Spanish interests by English and Dutch privateering."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "England national football team", "paragraph_text": "Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non\u2013English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1995 Rugby World Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "1995 Rugby World Cup Final Event 1995 Rugby World Cup South Africa New Zealand 15 12 After extra time Date 24 June 1995 Venue Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa Referee Ed Morrison (England) Attendance 63,000 \u2190 1991 1999 \u2192"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "England national football team", "paragraph_text": "England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil and England defeated Germany 4\u20132 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2\u20131 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off after losing on penalties to champions Germany in the semi-final. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2002 and 2006. Previously, they reached this stage in 1954, 1962, 1970 and 1986."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country which put England out of the last World Cup?"}
{"id": "3hop1__145650_680388_763127", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zuidhorn railway station", "paragraph_text": "Zuidhorn (; abbreviation: Zh) is a railway station located in Zuidhorn in the Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 June 1866 and is located on the Harlingen\u2013Nieuweschans railway between Leeuwarden and Groningen. The train service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Novate Milanese railway station", "paragraph_text": "Novate Milanese railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located in the Milan\u2013Saronno railway, it serves the town of Novate Milanese."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Bordellos of Algiers", "paragraph_text": "The Bordellos of Algiers (German: Die Frauengasse von Algier) is a 1927 German silent drama film directed by Wolfgang Hoffmann-Harnisch and starring Maria Jacobini, Camilla Horn and Warwick Ward. The film was shot on location in North Africa. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hans Jacoby and Bruno Krauskopf."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jobst Harrich", "paragraph_text": "Jobst Harrich (baptized 30 September 1579 \u2013 buried 11 April 1617) was a German painter best known as a copyist of Albrecht D\u00fcrer, born and dead in Nuremberg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Santa Maria Assunta, Genoa", "paragraph_text": "Santa Maria Assunta is a Renaissance church in Genoa, Italy. It is located in a residential sector called Carignano located on the hills just above the city center, thus the church is also known as \"Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Emmen railway station", "paragraph_text": "Emmen is a terminus railway station located in Emmen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 November 1905 and is located on the Zwolle\u2013Emmen railway. Train services are operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "High River (N.W.T. electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "High River was a single member territorial electoral district in Northwest Territories Canada that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories from 1894 until 1905."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gare de Grenoble", "paragraph_text": "Grenoble is the main railway station located in Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France. The station was opened on 3 January 1849 and is located on the Lyon\u2013Marseille (via Grenoble) railway and Grenoble\u2013Montm\u00e9lian railway. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nijmegen Dukenburg railway station", "paragraph_text": "Nijmegen Dukenburg is a railway station located in the south west of Nijmegen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 2 June 1973 and is located on the Tilburg\u2013Nijmegen railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. The main station of Nijmegen is Nijmegen railway station."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria (; 22 October 1859 \u2013 23 November 1949), was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a General of Cavalry. Following his marriage to Infanta Maria da Paz of Spain, he also became Spanish infante."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kera railway station", "paragraph_text": "Kera is a station on the VR commuter rail network located in Karamalmi, a district of the city of Espoo in Finland. It is situated between stations Kilo railway station and Kauniainen railway station. It is located about to the northwest/west of Helsinki Central railway station."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chomedey (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Chomedey is a provincial electoral district in Quebec, Canada that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It is located in the western part of Laval. It takes in part of the Chomedey neighbourhood. It includes most of the territory bounded by the Rivi\u00e8re des Prairies to the south, Autoroute 15 to the east, Autoroute 440 to the north and Autoroute 13 to the west."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ylitornio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Ylitornio railway station is located in the municipality of Ylitornio in the Lapland Province of Finland. It is located about north from Tornio railway station. The station only serves passenger traffic; most trains are hauled by VR Class Dr16 locomotives. Ylitornio railway station was opened in 1927."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Mortara\u2013Milan railway, it serves the town of Trezzano sul Naviglio."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pivka railway station", "paragraph_text": "Pivka railway station () is a significant railway station in Pivka, Slovenia. It is located on the main railway line between Ljubljana, Slovenia and Trieste, Italy"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}], "question": "Jobst Harrich died in the city that is linked with the Crailsheim railway in Region A. What family does Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Region A, belong to?"}
{"id": "3hop1__464975_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cabo Matapalo", "paragraph_text": "The village of Cabo Matapalo is at the outermost point of the Osa Peninsula, in the southern Pacific coast area of Costa Rica."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Prevalence of circumcision", "paragraph_text": "The prevalence of circumcision is the percentage of males in a given population who have been circumcised. The rates vary widely by country, from 1% in Japan, to 2% in Spain and Sweden, to 58% in the United States, to more than 80% in Muslim - majority countries. Worldwide it is estimated that 25% to 33% of males are circumcised, by various sources."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cabo San Lucas", "paragraph_text": "During summer, Cabo San Lucas is cooler than San Jos\u00e9 del Cabo by about 1.5 to 3 \u00b0C (3 to 5 \u00b0F). Sometimes during the summer, when winds blow from the Pacific Ocean instead of the Gulf of California, the differences in temperatures between San Jos\u00e9 del Cabo and Cabo San Lucas are higher."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ibo District", "paragraph_text": "Ibo District is a small district of Cabo Delgado Province in northern Mozambique. Its principal town is Vila do Ibo on Ibo Island."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Los Cabos International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Los Cabos International Airport (IATA: SJD, ICAO: MMSD) is the sixth - busiest airport in Mexico, located at San Jos\u00e9 del Cabo in Los Cabos Municipality, Baja California Sur state, Mexico."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tamarindo Wildlife Refuge", "paragraph_text": "The Tamarindo Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife refuge of Costa Rica, part of the Tempisque Conservation Area, protects the estuary and river mouth of the Matapalo River near the Las Baulas National Marine Park."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Peru", "paragraph_text": "Peru ( (listen); Spanish: Per\u00fa [pe\u02c8\u027eu]; Quechua: Piruw Republika [p\u02b0\u026a\u027e\u028aw]; Aymara: Piruw Suyu [p\u026a\u027e\u028aw]), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa ), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures.  Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization in the 32nd century BC, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tebicuary River", "paragraph_text": "The Tebicuary River (Spanish: R\u00edo Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay. Located in the southwestern part of that country, it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45\u00a0km south of Formosa and 30\u00a0km north of Pilar."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Colegio Amaranto", "paragraph_text": "Colegio Amaranto Los Cabos, BCS is a private school in Cabo San Lucas in Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cabo San Lucas International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Cabo San Lucas International Airport (Spanish: Aer\u00f3dromo Internacional de Cabo San Lucas) (ICAO: MMSL) is a small international airfield (officially it's an ``aerodrome '') located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northwest of Cabo San Lucas in Baja California Sur, Mexico."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cape Verde", "paragraph_text": "Cape Verde ( (listen)) or Cabo Verde ( (listen), ) (Portuguese: Cabo Verde, pronounced [\u02c8kabu \u02c8ve\u027ed\u0268]), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean. It forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles. In ancient times these islands were referred to as \"the Islands of the Blessed\" or the \"Fortunate Isles\". Located 570 kilometres (350 mi) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula off the coast of Northwest Africa, the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where Cabo Matapalo is located before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__537276_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long - established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish - speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2012[update], the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15\u201349 was just 3.1 percent. As of 2014[update], Life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA, and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation; As of 2010[update], the Infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Grecia, Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Grecia (Spanish: meaning \"Greece\") is the capital city of the canton of Grecia in the province of Alajuela in Costa Rica. It is also the name of the \"distrito\" (Spanish, meaning \"district\") that includes the city. The district of Grecia covers an area of 6.86\u00a0km\u00b2, and has a population of 15,457."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a (es\u02c8pa\u0272a) (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with two large archipelagoes, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast, two cities, Ceuta and Melilla, in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the only European country to have a border with an African country (Morocco) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5% of its population, mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Robert Juan-Cantavella", "paragraph_text": "Robert Juan-Cantavella is a Spanish writer born in Almassora in 1976. Currently he lives in Barcelona. He worked as editor-in-chief at the Spanish cultural magazine \"Lateral\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Peru", "paragraph_text": "Peru ( (listen); Spanish: Per\u00fa [pe\u02c8\u027eu]; Quechua: Piruw Republika [p\u02b0\u026a\u027e\u028aw]; Aymara: Piruw Suyu [p\u026a\u027e\u028aw]), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa ), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures.  Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization in the 32nd century BC, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Mexico (Spanish: M\u00e9xico [\u02c8mexiko] (listen); Nahuatl languages: M\u0113xihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos [es\u02c8ta\u00f0os u\u02c8ni\u00f0oz mexi\u02c8kanos] (listen)), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the tenth most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and Le\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo", "paragraph_text": "Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo (Elena Mar\u00eda Isabel Dominica de Silos de Borb\u00f3n y de Grecia; born 20 December 1963) is the first child and elder daughter of King Juan Carlos I of Spain and Queen Sof\u00eda of Spain, and third in the line of succession to the Spanish throne. She has a younger sister, Infanta Cristina, and a younger brother, King Felipe VI."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tebicuary River", "paragraph_text": "The Tebicuary River (Spanish: R\u00edo Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay. Located in the southwestern part of that country, it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45\u00a0km south of Formosa and 30\u00a0km north of Pilar."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish language in the United States has forty - five million Hispanic and Latino Americans that speak Spanish as their first, second or heritage language, and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States, making it the second most spoken language of the United States. With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish - speaking population in the world after Mexico, although it is not an official language of the country. Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second - language speakers. About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English ``very well ''in the 2000 U.S. Census. The United States is among the Spanish - speaking countries that has its own Academy of the Spanish Language."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andes", "paragraph_text": "The Andes or Andean Mountains (Spanish: Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world. They form a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. This range is about 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long, about 200 to 700 km (120 to 430 mi) wide (widest between 18 \u00b0 south and 20 \u00b0 south latitude), and of an average height of about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}], "question": "What is the percentage of people who lived in Grecia's country before the Spanish arrived in South Tucson?"}
{"id": "3hop1__232977_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canton of Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Z\u00fcrich ( ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of (as of ), it is the most populated canton in the country.. Its capital is the city of Z\u00fcrich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called \"Z\u00fcrit\u00fc\u00fctsch\", is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, with a complex patchwork of majorities over most of the country. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived there. One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Z\u00fcrich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic. The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants. A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters. Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, not because they were growing in members, quite the contrary, but only because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority became not affiliated with any church or other religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuch\u00e2tel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Z\u00fcrich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bybee, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Bybee is a former settlement in Fulton County, Illinois, United States. The settlement was about south-southwest of Fairview and west-northwest of Canton."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Toffen", "paragraph_text": "Toffen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It lies approximately 10\u00a0km south of the city of Bern."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Canton of Ch\u00e2tellerault-Sud", "paragraph_text": "The canton of South Ch\u00e2tellerault is a former French canton of the Vienne \"d\u00e9partement\" in the Poitou-Charentes \"r\u00e9gion\" of France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of three communes: the primary town of Ch\u00e2tellerault (South Ch\u00e2tellerault), Naintr\u00e9, and Senill\u00e9."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Guadalupe, Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Guadalupe is a suburb of Costa Rica, the capital of the Goicoechea Canton, and now fully incorporated in the Metropolitan Area of San Jose. Located at an altitude of 1,204 meters, Guadalupe is represented as the central district of the canton, with 2.48\u00a0km 2 in area, 1 and according to the Census 2011, with a population of 21,013 inhabitants living in 7,004 dwellings."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye", "paragraph_text": "The Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye (GYB) is a secondary school (gymnasium) in Payerne, Vaud, Switzerland. The school serves students living in the Broye-Vully district in Vaud canton and Broye district in Fribourg canton."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ritzihorn", "paragraph_text": "The Ritzihorn is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Reckingen in the canton of Valais. It lies on the range south of the Galmihorn."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WNPQ", "paragraph_text": "WNPQ is a commercial FM radio station licensed to New Philadelphia, Ohio, United States, serving the Canton market. It broadcasts at 95.9 MHz with a contemporary Christian format. Previous formats include rock music in the 1980s as \"Quick 96\", later Top 40 hits as \"Hot 95.9\" and Country as \"Canton Country 95.9\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Quepos (canton)", "paragraph_text": "Quepos is the sixth canton in the province of Puntarenas in Costa Rica. The cant\u00f3n covers an area of 543.77\u00a0km\u00b2, and has a population of 29,569. Its capital city is Quepos, also known as Puerto Quepos."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where Quepos Canton is located before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__561407_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pure Jerry: Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium, San Rafael, California, February 28, 1986", "paragraph_text": "Pure Jerry: Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium, San Rafael, California, February 28, 1986 is a live album by Jerry Garcia and John Kahn. As the title suggests, it was recorded at the Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium in San Rafael, California, on February 28, 1986. It contains the entire concert from that date, on one CD. The eighth and penultimate entry in the \"Pure Jerry\" series of archival concert albums, it was released on March 25, 2009."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Rafael (canton)", "paragraph_text": "San Rafael is the fifth canton in the province of Heredia in Costa Rica. The canton covers an area of 48.39\u00a0km\u00b2, and has a population of 39,636. The capital city of the canton is also called San Rafael."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Industrial Light & Magic", "paragraph_text": "ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired ILM as part of its purchase of Lucasfilm."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marin Sais", "paragraph_text": "Born in San Rafael, California into a family that was allegedly descended from one of the earliest Spanish families to settle in California, Marin Sais began her acting career as a teenager after travelling to New York City where she appeared in vaudeville."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Manzanita, Marin County, California", "paragraph_text": "Manzanita (formerly, Manza Waldo and Manzanita Junction) is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. Manzanita is also known as the Unincorporated Sausalito Houseboat Community. It is located south of downtown San Rafael, at an elevation of 16 feet (5 m). It is located near Marin City."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "El Pisito", "paragraph_text": "El Pisito is a 1959 Spanish comedy film directed by Marco Ferreri. The Spanish Ministry of Culture forced the producers to sign the film as co-directed by Spaniard Isidoro M. Ferry. It was co-written by famous Spanish screenwriter Rafael Azcona, who collaborated with Ferreri throughout his career."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chuquihuta Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Chuquihuta Municipality, also Chuquihuta Ayllu Jucumani, is the fourth municipal section of the Rafael Bustillo Province in the Potos\u00ed Department in Bolivia. Its seat is Chuquihuta (hispanicized spelling \"Chuquiuta\", Aymara Chuqi Uta, \"gold house\"). The municipality was created on June 17, 2009. Formerly the area was a canton (Chuquiuta Canton, Chuquihuta Canton) of the Unc\u00eda Municipality."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sa\u00fclo Mercader", "paragraph_text": "Sa\u00fclo Mercader (born 1944 at San Vicente del Raspeig, Province of Alicante) is a Spanish artist, currently living and working in Greece, Spain and France."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Marar\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "Marar\u00eda (1973) is the most famous novel by the Spanish Canarian writer Rafael Arozarena. Published in Barcelona by Noguer in 1973 it has subsequently been turned into a successful film."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canton of Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Z\u00fcrich ( ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of (as of ), it is the most populated canton in the country.. Its capital is the city of Z\u00fcrich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called \"Z\u00fcrit\u00fc\u00fctsch\", is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rafael Fr\u00fchbeck de Burgos", "paragraph_text": "Rafael Fr\u00fchbeck de Burgos (born Rafael Fr\u00fchbeck; 15 September 1933, Burgos, Spain \u2013 11 June 2014, Pamplona, Spain) was a Spanish conductor and composer."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mikel Roteta", "paragraph_text": "Miguel \u00c1ngel 'Mikel' Roteta Lopetegui (born 16 January 1970 in San Sebasti\u00e1n, Basque Country) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a central defender."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "C.D. Maracan\u00e1 San Rafael", "paragraph_text": "Club Deportivo Maracan\u00e1 San Rafael is a Salvadoran professional football club based in San Rafael Obrajuelo, La Paz, El Salvador."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Spanish missions in Texas", "paragraph_text": "The first mission established within the boundaries of Spanish Texas was San Francisco de la Espada. In 1689, Spanish authorities found the remnants of a French settlement, Fort Saint Louis. During their expedition, the Spanish met representatives of the Caddo people, who lived between the Trinity and the Red Rivers. The Caddo expressed interest in learning about Christianity, and the following year Alonso De Le\u00f3n"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dead Men Don't Count", "paragraph_text": "Dead Men Don't Count (, , also known as \"Cry for Revenge\") is a 1968 Spanish-Italian Spaghetti Western film written and directed by Rafael Romero Marchent."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richmond\u2013San Rafael Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Richmond -- San Rafael Bridge (also officially named the John F. McCarthy Memorial Bridge) is the northernmost of the east -- west crossings of the San Francisco Bay in California, USA. Officially named after California State Senator John F. McCarthy, it bridges Interstate 580 from Richmond on the east to San Rafael on the west. It opened in 1956, replacing ferry service by the Richmond -- San Rafael Ferry Company."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Piz d'Arbeola", "paragraph_text": "Piz d'Arbeola (2,600 m) is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps, south of San Bernardino in the canton of Graub\u00fcnden. It lies between the Val Calanca and the Val Mesolcina, north of Piz Pian Grand."}], "question": "In South Tucson, what percentage of the population consists of the folk who preceded the Spanish in the country where San Rafael Canton is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__802058_680388_135145", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Madsen, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Madsen is an unincorporated community located in the town of Cato, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. Madsen is located on County Highway S and the Canadian National Railway near U.S. Route 151, west of Manitowoc."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gabriela von Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Gabriela von Habsburg was born in Luxembourg, the fourth child of Otto von Habsburg, the erstwhile crown prince of Austria, and his wife, Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. She was baptised with the names \"Gabriela Maria Charlotte Felicitas Elisabeth Antonia\". According to her birth certificate, her last name is \"of Austria-Hungary\" (\"von \u00d6sterreich-Ungarn\")."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gare de Grenoble", "paragraph_text": "Grenoble is the main railway station located in Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France. The station was opened on 3 January 1849 and is located on the Lyon\u2013Marseille (via Grenoble) railway and Grenoble\u2013Montm\u00e9lian railway. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lindhorst railway station", "paragraph_text": "Lindhorst is a railway station located in Lindhorst, Germany. The station is located on the Hannover to Minden railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn. Lindhorst is served by the S1. It is in the \"Region\" zone of Hannover. For Information see www.gvh.de"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Maria Antonietta Giuseppina Leopoldina; 16 March 1851 \u2013 12 September 1938) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and by her marriage to Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta, claimant to the defunct throne of the Two Sicilies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oberschlei\u00dfheim station", "paragraph_text": "Oberschlei\u00dfheim station is located in the town of Oberschlei\u00dfheim in the German state of Bavaria and is served by the Munich S-Bahn. It lies on the Munich\u2013Regensburg railway, about 20 kilometres from the Munich Central Station (\"Hauptbahnhof\")."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Loppersum railway station", "paragraph_text": "Loppersum is a railway station located in Loppersum, The Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 June 1884 and is located on the Groningen\u2013Delfzijl railway. The service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elisabeth von Trapp", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth von Trapp is the granddaughter of Georg and Agatha von Trapp and the daughter of Werner von Trapp. The Trapp Family Singers, which Maria and Georg founded in Austria and brought with them to the United States when they escaped Austria in 1938, included Elisabeth's father, Werner von Trapp."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bardentreffen", "paragraph_text": "The Bardentreffen (German for bards' meeting) is an annual open-air music festival in Nuremberg, Germany. The first Bardentreffen took place on the 400th anniversary of the death of meistersinger Hans Sachs in 1976."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 \u2013 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart. Elisabeth of the Palatinate is a philosopher best known for her correspondence with Ren\u00e9 Descartes. She was critical of Descartes' dualistic metaphysics and her work anticipated the metaphysical concerns of later philosophers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria", "paragraph_text": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria (given names: \"G\u00e9za Ladislaus Euseb Gerhard Rafael Albert Maria\"; born 14 November 1940, in Budapest), in Austria and Hungary only known by law as G\u00e9za Habsburg-Lothringen, is the son of Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria (1895\u20131957) and his wife Princess Anna of Saxony (1903\u20131976); thus, he is a grandson of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and great-great-grandson (on his father's mother's side) of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Bavaria (Sissi). G\u00e9za is a Faberg\u00e9 expert and has published many books and articles on the jewellers Peter Carl Faberg\u00e9 and Victor Mayer. He is the curator of several major international Faberg\u00e9 exhibitions. Habsburg famously coined the term Fauxberg\u00e9."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Essen-Borbeck station", "paragraph_text": "Essen-Borbeck is a railway station in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Essen\u2013Bottrop railway and is served by RE and S-Bahn services operated by NordWestBahn and DB Regio."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elisabeth of Austria (film)", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of Austria (German: Elisabeth von \u00d6sterreich) is a 1931 German historical drama film directed by Adolf Trotz and starring Lil Dagover, Paul Otto and Maria Matray. It is a biopic of Empress Elisabeth of Austria."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria was born at Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, the second child and first daughter of Prince Franz of Bavaria (1875\u20131957), (son of Ludwig III of Bavaria and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este) and his wife, Princess Isabella Antonie of Cro\u00ff (1890\u20131982), (daughter of Karl Alfred, Duke of Cro\u00ff and Princess Ludmilla of Arenberg)."}], "question": "Who was the mother of Princess Maria Elisabeth, of the region containing a railway connecting Crailsheim and the city where Bardentreffen is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__663980_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Mexico (Spanish: M\u00e9xico [\u02c8mexiko] (listen); Nahuatl languages: M\u0113xihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos [es\u02c8ta\u00f0os u\u02c8ni\u00f0oz mexi\u02c8kanos] (listen)), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the tenth most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and Le\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of health care reform in the United States", "paragraph_text": "After the Civil War, the federal government established the first system of medical care in the South, known as the Freedmen's Bureau. The government constructed 40 hospitals, employed over 120 physicians, and treated well over one million sick and dying former slaves. The hospitals were short lived, lasting from 1865 to 1870. Freedmen's Hospital in Washington, DC remained in operation until the late nineteenth century, when it became part of Howard University."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elis Paprika", "paragraph_text": "Elis Paprika (real name Erika Elizabeth Nogues; May 8, 1980) is an independent singer-songwriter from Guadalajara, Mexico. She has been active in Mexico's Rock scene since 2004. She has performed 3 times at Auditorio Nacional in M\u00e9xico City, along with Julieta Venegas in 2007, Belanova in 2008, and Juan Gabriel in 2009. She has performed in three Vive Latino Festivals in M\u00e9xico City, first in 2006, in 2011, and again in 2014. Elis Paprika has also performed internationally in North America, South East and East Asia, and Europe. She was named \"Band of the Month\" on MTV Latin America in August 2006. Musicians in her band have varied with the years, and her current live and recording band is called The Black Pilgrims. Elis started her career in Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed. In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn babies. In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.[disputed \u2013 discuss] Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%. The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of hospitals in Romania", "paragraph_text": "The list below is a database that contains hospitals in Romania. All public hospitals receive funding from the Ministry of Health. Romania has a universal healthcare system, hence all public hospitals are charge-free and available to each citizen of the European Union. There are 425 operational hospitals across the country. At the moment, there are 6.2 hospital beds available per 1000 citizens."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christiaan Barnard", "paragraph_text": "Christiaan Neethling Barnard (8 November 1922 -- 2 September 2001) was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first human - to - human heart transplant on 3 December 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Growing up in Beaufort West, Cape Province, he studied medicine and practised for several years in his native country. As a young doctor experimenting on dogs, Barnard developed a remedy for the infant defect of intestinal atresia. His technique saved the lives of ten babies in Cape Town and was adopted by surgeons in Britain and the United States. In 1955, he travelled to the United States and was initially assigned further gastrointestinal work by Owen Wangensteen. He was introduced to the heart - lung machine, and Barnard was allowed to transfer to the service run by open heart surgery pioneer Walt Lillehei. Upon returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department of Experimental Surgery at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hospital Central", "paragraph_text": "Hospital Central (Central Hospital) (previously L\u00ednea Roja) is a Spanish television series that follows the professional and personal lives of the staff of the fictitious Hospital Central in Madrid. New episodes are shown by Telecinco network in Spain, and cable/satellite channel \"Factor\u00eda de Ficci\u00f3n\" reruns them a couple of weeks later. Another cable/satellite channel, AXN, reruns the old episodes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico (Spanish: Golfo de M\u00e9xico) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean,  largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the \"Third Coast\", in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)", "paragraph_text": "The Prince of Wales Hospital is a 440 bed major public teaching hospital located in Sydney's eastern suburb of Randwick, providing a full range of hospital services to the people of New South Wales, Australia. The hospital has strong ties to the University of New South Wales."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Empilisweni District Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Empilisweni District Hospital is a Provincial government funded hospital for the Senqu Local Municipality area in Sterkspruit, Eastern Cape in South Africa. Empilisweni is a level 1 hospital situated near the Lesotho and Free State borders with 93 usable beds. It forms a cluster with Umlamli Hospital, Lady Grey and Cloete Joubert Hospitals."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hospital M\u00e9xico", "paragraph_text": "Hospital M\u00e9xico is a hospital located in the western part of San Jos\u00e9 in Costa Rica. The hospital, operated by the Costa Rican Social Security Fund, has 633 beds and it is certified for trauma and emergency medical services."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Komani Psychiatric Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Komani Psychiatric Hospital is a government funded psychiatric hospital and drug rehabilitation centre in Queenstown, Eastern Cape in South Africa."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Christiaan Barnard", "paragraph_text": "Christiaan Neethling Barnard (8 November 1922 -- 2 September 2001) was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first human - to - human heart transplant on 3 December 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Growing up in Beaufort West, Cape Province, he studied medicine and practised for several years in his native country. As a young doctor experimenting on dogs, Barnard developed a remedy for the infant defect of intestinal atresia. His technique saved the lives of ten babies in Cape Town and was adopted by surgeons in Britain and the United States. In 1955, he travelled to the United States and was initially assigned further gastrointestinal work by Owen Harding Wangensteen. He was introduced to the heart - lung machine, and Barnard was allowed to transfer to the service run by open heart surgery pioneer Walt Lillehei. Upon returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department of Experimental Surgery at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jozi-H", "paragraph_text": "Jozi-H is a one-hour hospital drama series set in Johannesburg, South Africa, set in the Johannesburg General Hospital. It is a Canada-South Africa co-production. It first aired in Canada on CBC Television on 13 October 2006, and in South Africa on SABC3 in 2007."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tenochtitlan", "paragraph_text": "Tenochtitlan (Spanish: Tenochtitlan, Spanish pronunciation: (\u02c8mexiko tenot\u0283\u02c8titlan) (listen)), originally known as M\u00e9xico - Tenochtitl\u00e1n (Classical Nahuatl: M\u0113xihco - Ten\u014dchtitlan (me\u02d0\u02c8\u0283\u00ed\u0294. ko te. no\u02d0t\u0361\u0283. \u02c8t\u00ed. t\u0361\u026can)), was a large Mexica city - state in what is now the center of Mexico City. Founded on June 20, 1325, the city was built on an island in what was then Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. The city was the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where Hospital Mexico is located before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__8101_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Languages of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in the United States. Today over 500 languages are used by the U.S. population. The most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language of the United States. Since the 1965 Immigration Act, Spanish is the second most common language in the country. The United States does not have an official language, but some state governments recognize specific languages. For instance, the state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French, as does New Mexico in Spanish. There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii. Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish language in the United States has forty - five million Hispanic and Latino Americans that speak Spanish as their first, second or heritage language, and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States, making it the second most spoken language of the United States. With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish - speaking population in the world after Mexico, although it is not an official language of the country. Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second - language speakers. About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English ``very well ''in the 2000 U.S. Census. The United States is among the Spanish - speaking countries that has its own Academy of the Spanish Language."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the user's frame of reference. For example, there is discussion about if the Lim\u00f3n Creole English must be considered as \"a kind\" of English or a different language. This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Central America) by descendant of Jamaican people. The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends on the University they belong."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of European countries by population", "paragraph_text": "The most populated country wholly within Europe is Germany. The largest city by total area is Paris. The most spoken languages are English, German, Russian, French, Turkish, Italian, Spanish, Ukrainian and Polish."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Guyana", "paragraph_text": "Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language. The majority of the population, however, speak Guyanese Creole, an English - based creole language, as a first language. Guyana is part of the Anglophone Caribbean. CARICOM, of which Guyana is a member, is headquartered in Guyana's capital and largest city, Georgetown. In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Languages of South America", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the majority language of South America, by a small margin. Spanish, with slightly fewer speakers than Portuguese, is the second most spoken language on the continent."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Czech language", "paragraph_text": "Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camar\u00f3n, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canarian Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Canarian Spanish (Spanish: espa\u00f1ol de las Canarias, espa\u00f1ol canario, habla canaria, isle\u00f1o, dialecto canario or vernacular canario) is a variant of standard Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands by the Canarian people. The variant is similar to the Andalusian Spanish variety spoken in Western Andalusia and (especially) to Caribbean Spanish and other Hispanic American Spanish vernaculars because of Canarian emigration to the Caribbean and Hispanic America over the years."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bislama", "paragraph_text": "During the period of \"blackbirding\" in the 1870s and 1880s, hundreds of thousands of Pacific islanders (many of them from the New Hebrides \u2013 now the Vanuatu archipelago) were taken as indentured labourers, often kidnapped, and forced to work on plantations, mainly in Queensland, Australia, and Fiji. With several languages being spoken in these plantations a localised pidgin was formed, combining English vocabulary with grammatical structures typical of languages in the region. This early plantation pidgin is the origin not only of Bislama, but also of Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea, and Pijin of the Solomon Islands; though not of Torres Strait Creole in the north of Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "\u00c9tienne de Bor\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Jean \u00c9tienne de Bor\u00e9 (27 December 1741 \u2013 1 February 1820) was a Creole French planter, born in Kaskaskia, Illinois Country, who was known for producing the first granulated sugar in Louisiana. At the time, the area was under Spanish rule. His innovation made sugar cane profitable as a commodity crop and planters began to cultivate it in quantity. He owned a large plantation upriver from New Orleans."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Virgin Islands Creole", "paragraph_text": "Virgin Islands Creole, or Virgin Islands Creole English, is an English - based creole consisting of several varieties spoken in the Virgin Islands and the nearby SSS islands of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius, where it is known as Saban English, Saint Martin English, and Statian English, respectively."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools. English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status after the creation of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language, as may be seen in road signs and official documents. Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa (see Maghrebi Jews)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of La Liga broadcasters", "paragraph_text": "Country Language Broadcasters Argentina Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Bolivia Spanish ESPN, Tigo Sports Brazil Portuguese ESPN, Fox Premium Canada English, Spanish beIN Sports Caribbean English SportsMax, ESPN Chile Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Colombia Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Costa Rica Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Cuba Spanish Tele Rebelde Dominican Republic Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro El Salvador Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Guatemala Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Honduras Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Mexico Spanish Sky Sports, TDN Nicaragua Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Panama Spanish Sky Sports, TD Centro Paraguay Spanish ESPN, Tigo Sports Peru Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Puerto Rico English, Spanish beIN Sports United States English, Spanish beIN Sports Uruguay Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports Venezuela Spanish ESPN, DIRECTV Sports"}], "question": "What is the percentage of who lived in the country that Lim\u00f3n Creole English is spoken before the spanish in South Tuscon?"}
{"id": "3hop1__480904_680388_135145", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Essen-Borbeck station", "paragraph_text": "Essen-Borbeck is a railway station in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Essen\u2013Bottrop railway and is served by RE and S-Bahn services operated by NordWestBahn and DB Regio."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (Mar\u00eda Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 \u2013 19 September 1785) was a Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia. She was the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Digital Speech Standard", "paragraph_text": "DSS was originally developed in 1994 by Grundig with the University of Nuremberg. In 1997, the digital speech standard was released, which was based on the previous codec. It is commonly used on digital dictation recorders. Modern phycoacoustical codecs that perform nearly as well at only slightly higher bitrates have led to this speech coding standard being less used in modern voice recording equipment."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Strausberg Stadt station", "paragraph_text": "Strausberg Stadt is a railway station in the city of Strausberg in Brandenburg. Located on the Strausberg\u2013Strausberg Nord line, it is served by the S-Bahn line ."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gabriela von Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Gabriela von Habsburg was born in Luxembourg, the fourth child of Otto von Habsburg, the erstwhile crown prince of Austria, and his wife, Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. She was baptised with the names \"Gabriela Maria Charlotte Felicitas Elisabeth Antonia\". According to her birth certificate, her last name is \"of Austria-Hungary\" (\"von \u00d6sterreich-Ungarn\")."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oberschlei\u00dfheim station", "paragraph_text": "Oberschlei\u00dfheim station is located in the town of Oberschlei\u00dfheim in the German state of Bavaria and is served by the Munich S-Bahn. It lies on the Munich\u2013Regensburg railway, about 20 kilometres from the Munich Central Station (\"Hauptbahnhof\")."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lindhorst railway station", "paragraph_text": "Lindhorst is a railway station located in Lindhorst, Germany. The station is located on the Hannover to Minden railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn. Lindhorst is served by the S1. It is in the \"Region\" zone of Hannover. For Information see www.gvh.de"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Madsen, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Madsen is an unincorporated community located in the town of Cato, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. Madsen is located on County Highway S and the Canadian National Railway near U.S. Route 151, west of Manitowoc."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria was born at Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, the second child and first daughter of Prince Franz of Bavaria (1875\u20131957), (son of Ludwig III of Bavaria and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este) and his wife, Princess Isabella Antonie of Cro\u00ff (1890\u20131982), (daughter of Karl Alfred, Duke of Cro\u00ff and Princess Ludmilla of Arenberg)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Essen-Borbeck S\u00fcd station", "paragraph_text": "Essen-Borbeck S\u00fcd is a railway station in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Essen\u2013Bottrop railway and is served by S-Bahn services operated by DB Regio."}], "question": "Who was the Princess Maria Elisabeth of the administrative territorial entity where the headquarters location of Grundig-\u2013Crailsheim railway is located mother?"}
{"id": "3hop1__361347_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Cruz Herrera", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 Cruz Herrera (1 October 1890 \u2013 11 August 1972) was a Spanish painter who concentrated principally on genre works and landscape art. He worked in Spain, Uruguay, Argentina, France and especially Morocco, where he lived for much of his life in Casablanca. Many of his works are displayed at the Museo Cruz Herrera in his home town of La L\u00ednea de la Concepci\u00f3n (C\u00e1diz)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Las Naves Canton", "paragraph_text": "Las Naves Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the Bol\u00edvar Province. Its capital is the town of Las Naves. Its population at the 2001 census was 5,265."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Las Palmas Glacier", "paragraph_text": "Las Palmas Glacier () is a glacier flowing west-northwest from Hurd Dome and terminating at Las Palmas Cove, South Bay, Livingston Island, Antarctica. The name was given by the Spanish Antarctic Expedition, about 1991, after the ship \"Las Palmas\" of the Spanish Antarctic campaigns since 1988."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bartolom\u00e9 Gonz\u00e1lez y Serrano", "paragraph_text": "Bartolom\u00e9 Gonz\u00e1lez y Serrano, (1564-1627) was a Spanish Baroque painter, specializing in painting portraits, which is shown as a continuation of Renaissance court portraits type practiced by Alonso S\u00e1nchez Coello and especially by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lucas Cruz", "paragraph_text": "Lucas Cruz Senra (born on 26 December 1974 in Barcelona) is a Spanish computer engineer, mostly known as a rally racing co-driver and experienced navigator."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canton of La Capelle", "paragraph_text": "The canton of La Capelle is a former administrative division in northern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It included the following communes:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Anzo\u00e1tegui", "paragraph_text": "Anzo\u00e1tegui State (, ) is one of the 23 component states of Venezuela, located in the northeastern region of the country. Anzo\u00e1tegui is well known for its beaches that attract many visitors. Its coast consists of a single beach approximately 100\u00a0km long. Its capital is the city of Barcelona, and significant cities include Puerto la Cruz and El Tigre."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Santa Cruz de la Sierra", "paragraph_text": "Santa Cruz de la Sierra Autonomous City Santa Cruz de la Sierra Equipetrol skyline. Flag Coat of arms Nickname (s): Santa Cruz Santa Cruz de la Sierra Location within Bolivia Coordinates: 17 \u00b0 48 \u2032 S 63 \u00b0 11 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 17.800 \u00b0 S 63.183 \u00b0 W \ufeff / - 17.800; - 63.183 Coordinates: 17 \u00b0 48 \u2032 S 63 \u00b0 11 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 17.800 \u00b0 S 63.183 \u00b0 W \ufeff / - 17.800; - 63.183 Country Bolivia Department Santa Cruz Province Andr\u00e9s Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez Municipality Santa Cruz de la Sierra Founded February 26, 1561 Government Type Municipal Autonomous Government Mayor Percy Fernandez Area Total 1,345 km (519 sq mi) Elevation 416 m (1,365 ft) Population (projected 2016) Total 1,640,615 Density 1,200 / km (3,200 / sq mi) Time zone BOT (UTC \u2212 4) Area code (s) (+ 591) 3 HDI (2001) 0.749 -- high Website www.gmsantacruz.gob.bo"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canton of Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Z\u00fcrich ( ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of (as of ), it is the most populated canton in the country.. Its capital is the city of Z\u00fcrich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called \"Z\u00fcrit\u00fc\u00fctsch\", is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aroldis Chapman", "paragraph_text": "Albert\u00edn Aroldis Chapman de la Cruz (Spanish: (a\u02c8\u027eoldis \u02c8t\u0283apman); born February 28, 1988) is a Cuban - American professional baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played in MLB for the Cincinnati Reds and Chicago Cubs and in the Cuban National Series for Holgu\u00edn. Chapman bats and throws left - handed, and is nicknamed the Cuban Missile or the Cuban Flame Thrower"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canton of Montfaucon-Montign\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Canton of Montfaucon-Montign\u00e9 is a former canton of France, located in the Maine-et-Loire \"d\u00e9partement\", in the Pays de la Loire \"r\u00e9gion\". It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 11 communes, which joined the new canton of Saint-Macaire-en-Mauges in 2015."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jaime Garc\u00eda (equestrian)", "paragraph_text": "Jaime Garc\u00eda Cruz (October 3, 1910 - May 16, 1959) was a Spanish equestrian who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "La Cruz (canton)", "paragraph_text": "La Cruz is the tenth canton in the province of Guanacaste in Costa Rica. The canton covers an area of 1,383.90\u00a0km\u00b2, and has a population of 23,598."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "La Serpentine", "paragraph_text": "La Serpentine (3,789 m) is a mountain of the Swiss Pennine Alps, located south of Arolla in the canton of Valais. It lies west of the Pigne d'Arolla, on the range between the valley of Bagnes and the valley of Arolla."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "La Luette", "paragraph_text": "La Luette is a mountain of the Pennine Alps, located between the valleys of Bagnes and H\u00e9rens in the canton of Valais. It lies just south of Le Pleureur."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Latin American Boom", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Fuentes was born on November 11, 1928 and began to publish in the 1950s.  He was the son of a Mexican diplomat and lived in cities such as Buenos Aires, Quito, Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro, as well as Washington, D. C..  His experiences with anti-Mexican discrimination in the United States led him to examine Mexican culture more closely.  His 1962 novel The Death of Artemio Cruz (La muerte de Artemio Cruz in Spanish), which employs innovative changes in narrative point-of-view, describes the life of a former Mexican revolutionary on his deathbed.  Other important works include Where the Air Is Clear (1959), Aura (1962), Terra Nostra (1975), and the post-Boom novella The Old Gringo (1985)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla", "paragraph_text": "Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla was a Spanish cartographer. For many years, Cano was the cartographer of the king Carlos III of Spain."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where La Cruz Canton is located before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__25550_680388_763127", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Baillie (railway engineer)", "paragraph_text": "John Baillie was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, on 10 May 1806. He joined the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway (\"Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn\" or \"KFNB\") in 1836 when the locomotives ordered by the company from George Stephenson arrived and instructed the Austrian staff of the KFNB on the locomotives."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chomedey (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Chomedey is a provincial electoral district in Quebec, Canada that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It is located in the western part of Laval. It takes in part of the Chomedey neighbourhood. It includes most of the territory bounded by the Rivi\u00e8re des Prairies to the south, Autoroute 15 to the east, Autoroute 440 to the north and Autoroute 13 to the west."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern (Ferdinand Maria Fidelis Leopold Meinrad Valentin; born 14 February 1960) is the youngest of three children of Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern and his wife Princess Margarita of Leiningen."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Galle Electoral District", "paragraph_text": "Galle electoral district is one of the 22 multi-member electoral districts of Sri Lanka created by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. The district is conterminous with the administrative district of Galle in the Southern province. The district currently elects 10 of the 225 members of the Sri Lankan Parliament and had 761,815 registered electors in 2010."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dominican Order", "paragraph_text": "Because the nuns of the order did not preach among the people, the need to engage in study was not as immediate or intense as it was for men. They did participate, however, in a number of intellectual activities. Along with sewing and embroidery, nuns often engaged in reading and discussing correspondence from Church leaders. In the Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret, some of the nuns could converse fluently in Latin. Learning still had an elevated place in the lives of these religious. In fact, Margarette Reglerin, a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family, was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Portrait of Mariana of Austria", "paragraph_text": "Portrait of Mariana of Austria is an oil-on-canvas painting by Diego Vel\u00e1zquez completed c. 1652\u201353. Dona Mariana (known as Maria Anna) was the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand III and the Infanta Maria Anna of Spain. She was nineteen years old when the painting was completed and had been intended to marry Prince Baltasar Carlos, her first cousin. After he died, his father -her uncle- Philip IV married her to preserve the hegemony of the Habsburg. As such she became Queen consort of Spain, and reigned from 1634\u20131696."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Richard Graf von Schaesberg-Tannheim", "paragraph_text": "Richard Ferdinand Maximilian Ignatius Joseph Valentin Hubertus Maria Graf von Schaesberg-Tannheim (January 7, 1884 in Tannheim \u2013 September 20, 1953 in Surenburg, H\u00f6rstel) was a German Graf and horse rider who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily", "paragraph_text": "Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 \u2013 13 April 1807) was the last Holy Roman Empress and the first Empress of Austria by marriage to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. She was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily (later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) (1751\u20131825) and Marie Caroline of Austria (1752\u20131814)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony (Maria Josepha Amalia Beatrix Xaveria Vincentia Aloysia Franziska de Paula Franziska de Chantal Anna Apollonia Johanna Nepomucena Walburga Theresia Ambrosia; 6 December 1803 \u2013 18 May 1829) was Queen consort of Spain as the wife of King Ferdinand VII of Spain. She was the youngest daughter of Prince Maximilian of Saxony (1759\u20131838) and his first wife, Princess Carolina of Parma (1770\u20131804), daughter of Duke Ferdinand of Parma. She was a member of the house of Wettin."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa (1822\u20131855)", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ferdinand of Savoy, 1st Duke of Genoa (Ferdinando Maria Alberto Amedeo Filiberto Vincenzo; 15 November 1822 \u2013 10 February 1855) was the founder of the Genoa branch of the House of Savoy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ferdinand de Rothschild", "paragraph_text": "Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, how he was referred to in the UK, or Ferdinand James Anselm, Freiherr von Rothschild (17 December 1839 \u2013 17 December 1898) was a British banker, art collector and politician, who was a member of the prominent Rothschild family of bankers. He identified as a Liberal, later Liberal Unionist, MP who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1898. Ferdinand had a sister, Miss Alice, who like her brother was a keen horticulturalist and collector. She inherited Ferdinand's property, Waddesdon Manor, in 1898 after he died and likewise continued the tradition of using the house as a place to keep his impressive collections."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "C. J. Ponraj", "paragraph_text": "C. J. Ponraj is an Indian Administrative Service Officer from Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India. He serves at Nagaland, India. He is the Principal Law Secretary and former Chief Electoral Officer at Kohima, Nagaland."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Barbara of Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Barbara of Portugal (Maria Madalena B\u00e1rbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Ant\u00f3nia Josefa; 4 December 1711 \u2013 27 August 1758) was an Infanta of Portugal, and a Queen of Spain by marriage to Ferdinand VI of Spain."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria (; 22 October 1859 \u2013 23 November 1949), was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a General of Cavalry. Following his marriage to Infanta Maria da Paz of Spain, he also became Spanish infante."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "What is the family of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of the region containing the railway that connects Crailsheim with the city that Margarette Reglerin was from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__144950_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Demographics of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "In June 2016, New Zealand has an estimated population of 4,693,000, up from the 4,027,947 recorded in the 2006 census. The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010. In M\u0101ori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8. In 2010 the age - standardised mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 (down from 4.8 in 2000) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births. The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2014 - 16 was 83.4 years for females, and 79.9 years for males. Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline. In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent. (The number of people aged 65 and over increased by 22 percent between the 2006 and 2013 censuses.) During early migration in 1858, New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females, but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women, females came to outnumber males in 1971. As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female, with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years and older range."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of Manila Bay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Manila Bay took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish -- American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Contraalmirante (Rear admiral) Patricio Montojo. The battle took place in Manila Bay in the Philippines, and was the first major engagement of the Spanish -- American War. The battle was one of the most decisive naval battles in history and marked the end of the Spanish colonial period in Philippine history."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy. According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 50% of women in Guinea Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation. In 2010, Guinea Bissau had the 7th highest maternal mortality rate in the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "R\u00f3nald Mar\u00edn", "paragraph_text": "R\u00f3nald Mar\u00edn Duran (born 2 November 1962) is a retired Costa Rican football defender who was a non-playing squad member for Costa Rica in the 1990 FIFA World Cup."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zorro", "paragraph_text": "Zorro (Spanish for ``fox '') is the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega, a fictional character created in 1919 by pulp writer Johnston McCulley. He is a Californio living in Los Angeles during the era of Mexican California (between 1821 and 1846), although some movie adaptations of Zorro's story have placed him during the earlier Spanish rule."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sexual orientation", "paragraph_text": "Estimates for the percentage of the population that are bisexual vary widely, at least in part due to differing definitions of bisexuality. Some studies only consider a person bisexual if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes, and others consider a person bisexual if they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons). A small percentage of people are not sexually attracted to anyone (asexuality). A study in 2004 placed the prevalence of asexuality at 1%."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Day of the Dead", "paragraph_text": "The Day of the Dead (Spanish: D\u00eda de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "R\u00f3nald Gonz\u00e1lez Brenes", "paragraph_text": "R\u00f3nald Alfonso Gonz\u00e1lez Brenes (born August 8, 1970 in San Carlos) is a retired Costa Rican footballer who was manager of Saprissa until September 30, 2014."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "South of Fifth", "paragraph_text": "During Miami Beach's early days, South of Fifth was a deplorable area that criminals and cast offs called home. It took visionaries and risk takers to believe in the potential of this plot of land. Because of their brave actions in investing in this space, South of Fifth has become a highly desired place to live."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2012[update], the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15\u201349 was just 3.1 percent. As of 2014[update], Life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA, and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation; As of 2010[update], the Infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Emilio Aceval", "paragraph_text": "Emilio Aceval Mar\u00edn was born in Asuncion on (October 16, 1853 \u2013 April 15, 1931), was President of Paraguay November 25, 1898 \u2013 January 9, 1902. He was a member of the Colorado Party."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Day of the Dead", "paragraph_text": "Day of the Dead (Spanish: D\u00eda de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Color Purple", "paragraph_text": "Celie is a poor, uneducated, 14 - year - old girl living in the American South in the early 1900s. She writes letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats her harshly and rapes her continuously. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once, a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she called Adam. Alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth. Celie has a second child, a girl she called Olivia whom Alphonso also abducts. Celie's ailing mother dies after cursing Celie on her deathbed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Carolina Mar\u00edn", "paragraph_text": "In 2013, she became the first Spanish badminton player to win a Grand Prix Gold title after winning the London Grand Prix Gold. In August 2013, Mar\u00edn played for the Bangalore-based team Banga Beats in the inaugural edition of the Indian Badminton League (IBL)."}], "question": "What percentage of the people who lived in the country where Ronald Martin was born before the Spanish make up the population in South Tucson?"}
{"id": "3hop1__102638_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Correa Point", "paragraph_text": "Correa Point is a point projecting 350 m into the south part of Discovery Bay from Parvomay Neck, Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica with an adjacent ice-free area of . The point forms the southwest side of the entrance to Rodr\u00edguez Cove and the southeast side of the entrance to Ramos Cove."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bali Rodr\u00edguez", "paragraph_text": "Bali Rodr\u00edguez (full name, B\u00e1rbara Laura Rodr\u00edguez Bonilla) was born on August 8, 1985 in San Jose Costa Rica. She is the daughter of ex-Miss Costa Rica Barbara Bonilla and Carlos Rodr\u00edguez, the owner of La Guacima racetrack."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Adrien-Jean Le Mayeur", "paragraph_text": "Adrien-Jean Le Mayeur de Merpres (9 February 1880 \u2013 31 May 1958) was a Belgian painter from Brussels who lived the last part of his life in Bali."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brem", "paragraph_text": "Brem is traditional Southeast Asian fermented food or fermented beverage from Indonesia. There are two types of brem, brem cake (solid) that is usually eaten as snack from Madiun and Wonogiri, and brem beverage (liquid) made of rice wine from Bali and Nusa Tenggara, but mostly known from Bali. The year of the appearance of brem in Java is estimated about 1000, based on investigations in the old Javanese inscriptions and literature."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rudolf Bonnet", "paragraph_text": "Johan Rudolf Bonnet (30 March 1895, Amsterdam - 18 April 1978, Laren) was a Dutch artist who lived much of his life in the town of Ubud on Bali, Indonesia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "La Entrevista", "paragraph_text": "La Entrevista () is a Spanish-language television news program aired by Radio Caracas Televisi\u00f3n (RCTV) in Venezuela. It is presented daily by journalist Miguel \u00c1ngel Rodr\u00edguez, and the invited interviewee, which are often either political personalities or other journalists. It broadcasts live from the \"Centro Nacional de Noticias\" (\"National Center for News\"), the same center where \"El Observador\", RCTV's newscast, set is located. In the past, the program had been hosted by Ana Vacarella and Luisana R\u00edos."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Peru", "paragraph_text": "Peru ( (listen); Spanish: Per\u00fa [pe\u02c8\u027eu]; Quechua: Piruw Republika [p\u02b0\u026a\u027e\u028aw]; Aymara: Piruw Suyu [p\u026a\u027e\u028aw]), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa ), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures.  Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization in the 32nd century BC, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Balinese language", "paragraph_text": "Balinese or simply Bali, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people (as of 2000) on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok and Eastern Java. Most Balinese speakers also know Indonesian. Balinese itself is not mutually intelligible with Indonesian but may be understood by Javanese speakers after some exposure.In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. But in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language.The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese: an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi, is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bali", "paragraph_text": "Bali (Balinese: \u1b29\u1b2e\u1b36, Indonesian: Pulau Bali, Provinsi Bali) is an island and province of Indonesia with the biggest Hindu population. The province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. It is located at the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with Java to the west and Lombok to the east. Its capital, Denpasar, is located in the southern part of the island."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Joan Blanch", "paragraph_text": "Joan Blanch Rodr\u00edguez (1937 \u2013 16 April 2014) was a Spanish politician from Catalonia, he was mayor of Badalona between 1983 and 1999. He also served in the Spanish Congress of Deputies and the Parliament of Catalonia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Humberto Fuentes", "paragraph_text": "Humberto Fuentes Rodr\u00edguez (born December 13, 1961) is a retired male weightlifter from Venezuela. He competed in three Summer Olympics for his native South American country during his career."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ram\u00f3n Aguirre Rodr\u00edguez", "paragraph_text": "Ram\u00f3n Aguirre Rodr\u00edguez (born 3 March 1953 in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish politician who belongs to the People's Party (PP)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel Jim\u00e9nez", "paragraph_text": "Miguel \u00c1ngel Jim\u00e9nez Rodr\u00edguez (born 5 January 1964) is a Spanish professional golfer. He has won 21 times on the European Tour and has been a member of two victorious Ryder Cup teams."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Emilio Zapico", "paragraph_text": "Emilio Rodr\u00edguez Zapico (27 May 1944 in Le\u00f3n, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Spain \u2013 6 August 1996 in Huete, Castile-La Mancha, Spain), was a Spanish racing driver. He entered one Formula One Grand Prix, the 1976 Spanish Grand Prix, with the then-struggling Williams team, but failed to qualify. The Williams FW04 that Zapico used was already a year old, and it was later used by Brian McGuire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Toti (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Garc\u00eda Rodr\u00edguez (born 21 September 1987), commonly known as Toti, is a Spanish footballer who plays for Thai club BG Pathum United F.C. as an attacking midfielder."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gelgel, Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Gelgel is a village (desa) that is situated in the regency (kabupaten) of Klungkung, on the Island of Bali, Indonesia. The village, which lies four kilometers south of the regency capital Semarapura, not far from the coast, contains a number of culturally interesting structures. It is known for its pottery and handwoven ceremonial songket cloth. The village mainly owes its fame to the kingdom of Gelgel, which dominated Bali from perhaps the early 16th century to 1686. There are no traces left today of the old royal palace (puri). The old ancestral shrine of the ruling dynasti, Pura Jero Agung, is still standing in the old palace area. To the east of Pura Jero Agung is another old temple, Pura Dasar, which is a lowland counterpart of the \"mother temple\" of Bali, Pura Besakih. The village also contains the oldest mosque of Bali, which was built by Javanese retainers of the old kings."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Diego Torres Rodr\u00edguez", "paragraph_text": "Diego Torres Rodr\u00edguez (born 19 September 1978 in Valladolid, Castile and Le\u00f3n) is a Spanish footballer who plays for CD Palencia Balompi\u00e9 as a striker."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in Bali Rodriguez's country before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__504563_680388_135145", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Essen-Borbeck S\u00fcd station", "paragraph_text": "Essen-Borbeck S\u00fcd is a railway station in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Essen\u2013Bottrop railway and is served by S-Bahn services operated by DB Regio."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Loppersum railway station", "paragraph_text": "Loppersum is a railway station located in Loppersum, The Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 June 1884 and is located on the Groningen\u2013Delfzijl railway. The service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Oberschlei\u00dfheim station", "paragraph_text": "Oberschlei\u00dfheim station is located in the town of Oberschlei\u00dfheim in the German state of Bavaria and is served by the Munich S-Bahn. It lies on the Munich\u2013Regensburg railway, about 20 kilometres from the Munich Central Station (\"Hauptbahnhof\")."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Essen-Borbeck station", "paragraph_text": "Essen-Borbeck is a railway station in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station is located on the Essen\u2013Bottrop railway and is served by RE and S-Bahn services operated by NordWestBahn and DB Regio."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg", "paragraph_text": "Christkindlesmarkt is a Christmas market that is held annually in Nuremberg, Germany. It takes place during Advent in the Hauptmarkt, the central square in Nuremberg\u2019s old town, and in adjoining squares and streets. With about two million visitors a year the N\u00fcrnberger Christkindlesmarkt is one of the largest Christmas markets in Germany and one of the most famous in the world. Every year the Christmas market begins on the Friday preceding the first Sunday in Advent and ends on December 24, unless that day is a Sunday."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Strausberg Stadt station", "paragraph_text": "Strausberg Stadt is a railway station in the city of Strausberg in Brandenburg. Located on the Strausberg\u2013Strausberg Nord line, it is served by the S-Bahn line ."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gabriela von Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Gabriela von Habsburg was born in Luxembourg, the fourth child of Otto von Habsburg, the erstwhile crown prince of Austria, and his wife, Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. She was baptised with the names \"Gabriela Maria Charlotte Felicitas Elisabeth Antonia\". According to her birth certificate, her last name is \"of Austria-Hungary\" (\"von \u00d6sterreich-Ungarn\")."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Maria Antonietta Giuseppina Leopoldina; 16 March 1851 \u2013 12 September 1938) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and by her marriage to Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta, claimant to the defunct throne of the Two Sicilies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lindhorst railway station", "paragraph_text": "Lindhorst is a railway station located in Lindhorst, Germany. The station is located on the Hannover to Minden railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn. Lindhorst is served by the S1. It is in the \"Region\" zone of Hannover. For Information see www.gvh.de"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria was born at Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, the second child and first daughter of Prince Franz of Bavaria (1875\u20131957), (son of Ludwig III of Bavaria and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este) and his wife, Princess Isabella Antonie of Cro\u00ff (1890\u20131982), (daughter of Karl Alfred, Duke of Cro\u00ff and Princess Ludmilla of Arenberg)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elisabeth von Trapp", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth von Trapp is the granddaughter of Georg and Agatha von Trapp and the daughter of Werner von Trapp. The Trapp Family Singers, which Maria and Georg founded in Austria and brought with them to the United States when they escaped Austria in 1938, included Elisabeth's father, Werner von Trapp."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria", "paragraph_text": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria (given names: \"G\u00e9za Ladislaus Euseb Gerhard Rafael Albert Maria\"; born 14 November 1940, in Budapest), in Austria and Hungary only known by law as G\u00e9za Habsburg-Lothringen, is the son of Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria (1895\u20131957) and his wife Princess Anna of Saxony (1903\u20131976); thus, he is a grandson of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and great-great-grandson (on his father's mother's side) of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Bavaria (Sissi). G\u00e9za is a Faberg\u00e9 expert and has published many books and articles on the jewellers Peter Carl Faberg\u00e9 and Victor Mayer. He is the curator of several major international Faberg\u00e9 exhibitions. Habsburg famously coined the term Fauxberg\u00e9."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (Mar\u00eda Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 \u2013 19 September 1785) was a Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia. She was the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 \u2013 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart. Elisabeth of the Palatinate is a philosopher best known for her correspondence with Ren\u00e9 Descartes. She was critical of Descartes' dualistic metaphysics and her work anticipated the metaphysical concerns of later philosophers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gare de Grenoble", "paragraph_text": "Grenoble is the main railway station located in Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France. The station was opened on 3 January 1849 and is located on the Lyon\u2013Marseille (via Grenoble) railway and Grenoble\u2013Montm\u00e9lian railway. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}], "question": "Who was the mother of Princess Maria Elisabeth from the region where Christkindlesmarkt is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__230837_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government and courts. However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graub\u00fcnden). The Cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities. Within Switzerland there are two enclaves: B\u00fcsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canton of Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Z\u00fcrich ( ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of (as of ), it is the most populated canton in the country.. Its capital is the city of Z\u00fcrich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called \"Z\u00fcrit\u00fc\u00fctsch\", is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pregny-Chamb\u00e9sy", "paragraph_text": "Pregny-Chamb\u00e9sy is a commune in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. It is located directly north of the city of Geneva, on the south-western shore of Lake Geneva."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ritzihorn", "paragraph_text": "The Ritzihorn is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Reckingen in the canton of Valais. It lies on the range south of the Galmihorn."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guadalupe, Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Guadalupe is a suburb of Costa Rica, the capital of the Goicoechea Canton, and now fully incorporated in the Metropolitan Area of San Jose. Located at an altitude of 1,204 meters, Guadalupe is represented as the central district of the canton, with 2.48\u00a0km 2 in area, 1 and according to the Census 2011, with a population of 21,013 inhabitants living in 7,004 dwellings."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, with a complex patchwork of majorities over most of the country. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived there. One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Z\u00fcrich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic. The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants. A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters. Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, not because they were growing in members, quite the contrary, but only because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority became not affiliated with any church or other religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuch\u00e2tel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Z\u00fcrich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canton of Ch\u00e2tellerault-Sud", "paragraph_text": "The canton of South Ch\u00e2tellerault is a former French canton of the Vienne \"d\u00e9partement\" in the Poitou-Charentes \"r\u00e9gion\" of France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of three communes: the primary town of Ch\u00e2tellerault (South Ch\u00e2tellerault), Naintr\u00e9, and Senill\u00e9."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bybee, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Bybee is a former settlement in Fulton County, Illinois, United States. The settlement was about south-southwest of Fairview and west-northwest of Canton."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Atenas (canton)", "paragraph_text": "Atenas () is the fifth canton in the province of Alajuela in Costa Rica. The canton covers an area of , and has a population of 27,112 (estimate as of 2013). The capital city of the canton is also called Atenas."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye", "paragraph_text": "The Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye (GYB) is a secondary school (gymnasium) in Payerne, Vaud, Switzerland. The school serves students living in the Broye-Vully district in Vaud canton and Broye district in Fribourg canton."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tebicuary River", "paragraph_text": "The Tebicuary River (Spanish: R\u00edo Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay. Located in the southwestern part of that country, it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45\u00a0km south of Formosa and 30\u00a0km north of Pilar."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where Atenas Canton is located before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__197220_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government and courts. However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graub\u00fcnden). The Cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities. Within Switzerland there are two enclaves: B\u00fcsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canton of Ch\u00e2tellerault-Sud", "paragraph_text": "The canton of South Ch\u00e2tellerault is a former French canton of the Vienne \"d\u00e9partement\" in the Poitou-Charentes \"r\u00e9gion\" of France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of three communes: the primary town of Ch\u00e2tellerault (South Ch\u00e2tellerault), Naintr\u00e9, and Senill\u00e9."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ritzihorn", "paragraph_text": "The Ritzihorn is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Reckingen in the canton of Valais. It lies on the range south of the Galmihorn."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Toffen", "paragraph_text": "Toffen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It lies approximately 10\u00a0km south of the city of Bern."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pregny-Chamb\u00e9sy", "paragraph_text": "Pregny-Chamb\u00e9sy is a commune in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. It is located directly north of the city of Geneva, on the south-western shore of Lake Geneva."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guadalupe, Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Guadalupe is a suburb of Costa Rica, the capital of the Goicoechea Canton, and now fully incorporated in the Metropolitan Area of San Jose. Located at an altitude of 1,204 meters, Guadalupe is represented as the central district of the canton, with 2.48\u00a0km 2 in area, 1 and according to the Census 2011, with a population of 21,013 inhabitants living in 7,004 dwellings."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Upala (canton)", "paragraph_text": "Upala is the 13th canton in the province of Alajuela in Costa Rica. The canton covers an area of , and has a population of 48,910 (estimate as of 2013)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tebicuary River", "paragraph_text": "The Tebicuary River (Spanish: R\u00edo Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay. Located in the southwestern part of that country, it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45\u00a0km south of Formosa and 30\u00a0km north of Pilar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye", "paragraph_text": "The Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye (GYB) is a secondary school (gymnasium) in Payerne, Vaud, Switzerland. The school serves students living in the Broye-Vully district in Vaud canton and Broye district in Fribourg canton."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, with a complex patchwork of majorities over most of the country. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived there. One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Z\u00fcrich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic. The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants. A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters. Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, not because they were growing in members, quite the contrary, but only because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority became not affiliated with any church or other religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuch\u00e2tel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Z\u00fcrich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%)."}], "question": "What percentage of the people who lived in the country where Upala Canton before the Spanish is found live in South Tucson?"}
{"id": "3hop1__200670_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Numerous immigrants have come as merchants and become a major part of the business community, including Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians of European descent reside in the country.[better source needed] The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of Black African descent."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tebicuary River", "paragraph_text": "The Tebicuary River (Spanish: R\u00edo Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay. Located in the southwestern part of that country, it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45\u00a0km south of Formosa and 30\u00a0km north of Pilar."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant. Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion. Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred. According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians. In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively. According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth. By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa. In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined. Almost as many lived in each of Nigeria and China as in all of Europe. China is home to world's largest Protestant minority.[af]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Life Begins at Midnight", "paragraph_text": "Life Begins at Midnight (Spanish:La vida empieza a medianoche ) is a 1944 Spanish comedy film written and directed by Juan de Ordu\u00f1a and starring Marta Santaolalla, Armando Calvo and Julia Lajos."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 91% of the total population. Ethnic minorities include the Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Sinai Peninsula, the Berber-speaking Siwis (Amazigh) of the Siwa Oasis, and the Nubian communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country, and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "James Otto", "paragraph_text": "James Allen Otto (born July 29, 1973) is an American country music artist who is a member of the MuzikMafia, a group of country musicians known for their \"country music without prejudice\". Otto began his career on Mercury Nashville Records in 2002, charting three minor singles on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts and recording his debut album \"Days of Our Lives\" for the label before being dropped in 2004."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as a Jewish state. The country's Law of Return grants all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry the right to Israeli citizenship. Over three quarters, or 75.5%, of the population are Jews from a diversity of Jewish backgrounds. Around 4% of Israelis (300,000), ethnically defined as \"others\", are Russian descendants of Jewish origin or family who are not Jewish according to rabbinical law, but were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return. Approximately 75% of Israeli Jews are born in Israel, 17% are immigrants from Europe and the Americas, and 8% are immigrants from Asia and Africa (including the Arab World). Jews from Europe and the former Soviet Union and their descendants born in Israel, including Ashkenazi Jews, constitute approximately 50% of Jewish Israelis. Jews who left or fled Arab and Muslim countries and their descendants, including both Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews, form most of the rest of the Jewish population. Jewish intermarriage rates run at over 35% and recent studies suggest that the percentage of Israelis descended from both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews increases by 0.5 percent every year, with over 25% of school children now originating from both communities."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minor Calvo", "paragraph_text": "Minor de Jesus Calvo is a Catholic priest and radio personality born in Costa Rica, convicted of fraud and accused of murder in 2007."}], "question": "What percentage of South Tucsonans belong to the ethnic group that lived in Minor Calvo's country before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__485229_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canton of Ch\u00e2tellerault-Sud", "paragraph_text": "The canton of South Ch\u00e2tellerault is a former French canton of the Vienne \"d\u00e9partement\" in the Poitou-Charentes \"r\u00e9gion\" of France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of three communes: the primary town of Ch\u00e2tellerault (South Ch\u00e2tellerault), Naintr\u00e9, and Senill\u00e9."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jen Taylor", "paragraph_text": "Jennifer Lee Taylor is an American voice actress best known for her roles as Cortana in various Halo games as well as the intelligent personal assistant of the same name. She also voices Zoey in Left 4 Dead; Princess Peach, Toad, and Toadette in various Mario games; Salem in RWBY, and Lina, Windranger, Puck and Medusa in Dota 2."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ritzihorn", "paragraph_text": "The Ritzihorn is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Reckingen in the canton of Valais. It lies on the range south of the Galmihorn."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye", "paragraph_text": "The Gymnase intercantonal de la Broye (GYB) is a secondary school (gymnasium) in Payerne, Vaud, Switzerland. The school serves students living in the Broye-Vully district in Vaud canton and Broye district in Fribourg canton."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Guadalupe, Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Guadalupe is a suburb of Costa Rica, the capital of the Goicoechea Canton, and now fully incorporated in the Metropolitan Area of San Jose. Located at an altitude of 1,204 meters, Guadalupe is represented as the central district of the canton, with 2.48\u00a0km 2 in area, 1 and according to the Census 2011, with a population of 21,013 inhabitants living in 7,004 dwellings."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Canton of Z\u00fcrich", "paragraph_text": "The canton of Z\u00fcrich ( ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of (as of ), it is the most populated canton in the country.. Its capital is the city of Z\u00fcrich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called \"Z\u00fcrit\u00fc\u00fctsch\", is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, with a complex patchwork of majorities over most of the country. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived there. One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Z\u00fcrich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic. The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants. A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters. Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, not because they were growing in members, quite the contrary, but only because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority became not affiliated with any church or other religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuch\u00e2tel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Z\u00fcrich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WNPQ", "paragraph_text": "WNPQ is a commercial FM radio station licensed to New Philadelphia, Ohio, United States, serving the Canton market. It broadcasts at 95.9 MHz with a contemporary Christian format. Previous formats include rock music in the 1980s as \"Quick 96\", later Top 40 hits as \"Hot 95.9\" and Country as \"Canton Country 95.9\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government and courts. However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graub\u00fcnden). The Cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities. Within Switzerland there are two enclaves: B\u00fcsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dota (canton)", "paragraph_text": "Dota is the 17th canton in the province of San Jos\u00e9 in Costa Rica. The canton covers an area of , and has a population of 6,940 (estimate as of 2003). The capital city of the canton is Santa Mar\u00eda."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}], "question": "What percentage of South Tucsonans belong to the ethnic group that, before the Spanish arrived, fully occupied the country that includes Dota Canton?"}
{"id": "3hop1__802058_680388_111942", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bardentreffen", "paragraph_text": "The Bardentreffen (German for bards' meeting) is an annual open-air music festival in Nuremberg, Germany. The first Bardentreffen took place on the 400th anniversary of the death of meistersinger Hans Sachs in 1976."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chamarande station", "paragraph_text": "Chamarande is a railway station located in Chamarande, Essonne, Paris, France. The station was opened in 1843 and is located on the Paris\u2013Bordeaux railway. The station is served by Paris' express suburban rail system, the RER. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tavazzano railway station", "paragraph_text": "Tavazzano is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Bologna railway, it serves the municipality of Tavazzano con Villavesco."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Emmen railway station", "paragraph_text": "Emmen is a terminus railway station located in Emmen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 November 1905 and is located on the Zwolle\u2013Emmen railway. Train services are operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gare de Grenoble", "paragraph_text": "Grenoble is the main railway station located in Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France. The station was opened on 3 January 1849 and is located on the Lyon\u2013Marseille (via Grenoble) railway and Grenoble\u2013Montm\u00e9lian railway. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hilter station", "paragraph_text": "Hilter is a railway station located in Hilter, Germany. The station is on the Osnabr\u00fcck\u2013Bielefeld railway. The train services are operated by NordWestBahn."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sibylle Brauner", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle Brauner (born 16 March 1975 in Raubling) is a retired German alpine skier who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Loppersum railway station", "paragraph_text": "Loppersum is a railway station located in Loppersum, The Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 June 1884 and is located on the Groningen\u2013Delfzijl railway. The service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Novate Milanese railway station", "paragraph_text": "Novate Milanese railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located in the Milan\u2013Saronno railway, it serves the town of Novate Milanese."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zuidhorn railway station", "paragraph_text": "Zuidhorn (; abbreviation: Zh) is a railway station located in Zuidhorn in the Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 June 1866 and is located on the Harlingen\u2013Nieuweschans railway between Leeuwarden and Groningen. The train service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sibylle of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Sibylle of Bavaria (16 June 1489 \u2013 18 April 1519 in Heidelberg) was a member of the House of Wittelsbach was a princess of Bavaria-Munich and by marriage Electress Palatine."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Mortara\u2013Milan railway, it serves the town of Trezzano sul Naviglio."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nijmegen Dukenburg railway station", "paragraph_text": "Nijmegen Dukenburg is a railway station located in the south west of Nijmegen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 2 June 1973 and is located on the Tilburg\u2013Nijmegen railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. The main station of Nijmegen is Nijmegen railway station."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sochi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Sochi railway station () () is the largest of the four railway stations in Sochi, and one of the largest railway stations in Krasnodar Krai. It is part of North Caucasus Railway and located in the Tsentralny City District of Sochi."}], "question": "Sibylle is from the region where Bardentreffen is held, which also has a railway to Crailsheim. When was she born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__162909_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long - established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish - speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2012[update], the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15\u201349 was just 3.1 percent. As of 2014[update], Life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA, and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation; As of 2010[update], the Infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "S\u00e1mara", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e1mara, situated along the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica's Guanacaste Province, has long been a favorite vacation spot for both Costa Ricans and foreigners. The town has approximately 1500 full-time residents and the district has a population of around 4,100 people."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Prevalence of circumcision", "paragraph_text": "The prevalence of circumcision is the percentage of males in a given population who have been circumcised. The rates vary widely by country, from 1% in Japan, to 2% in Spain and Sweden, to 58% in the United States, to more than 80% in Muslim - majority countries. Worldwide it is estimated that 25% to 33% of males are circumcised, by various sources."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "V\u00edctor Rodr\u00edguez N\u00fa\u00f1ez", "paragraph_text": "In addition to Cuba, he has lived in Nicaragua, Colombia, and the United States, where he is currently a Professor of Spanish at Kenyon College."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a (es\u02c8pa\u0272a) (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with two large archipelagoes, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast, two cities, Ceuta and Melilla, in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the only European country to have a border with an African country (Morocco) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5% of its population, mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tebicuary River", "paragraph_text": "The Tebicuary River (Spanish: R\u00edo Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay. Located in the southwestern part of that country, it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45\u00a0km south of Formosa and 30\u00a0km north of Pilar."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Robert Juan-Cantavella", "paragraph_text": "Robert Juan-Cantavella is a Spanish writer born in Almassora in 1976. Currently he lives in Barcelona. He worked as editor-in-chief at the Spanish cultural magazine \"Lateral\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Mexico (Spanish: M\u00e9xico [\u02c8mexiko] (listen); Nahuatl languages: M\u0113xihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos [es\u02c8ta\u00f0os u\u02c8ni\u00f0oz mexi\u02c8kanos] (listen)), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the tenth most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and Le\u00f3n."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where Samara is located before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__104921_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Linda McCarriston", "paragraph_text": "Linda McCarriston (born Lynn, Massachusetts) and holding dual citizenship of Ireland and the United States, is a poet and Professor in the Department of Creative Writing and Literature at the University of Alaska Anchorage, teaching creative writing and literary arts since 1994."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Randall Arauz", "paragraph_text": "Randall Arauz is an environmentalist working in Costa Rica. He was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2010 for his efforts on the protection of the sharks and banning of the shark finning industry. Arauz was awarded The Gothenburg Award for Sustainable Development for 2010, shared with Ken Sherman."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of National Basketball Association annual free throw percentage leaders", "paragraph_text": "In basketball, a free throw is an unopposed attempt to score points from behind the free throw line. The National Basketball Association's (NBA) free throw percentage leader is the player with the highest free throw percentage in a given season. Jos\u00e9 Calder\u00f3n holds the record for best free throw percentage in a season, which he accomplished with the Toronto Raptors in the 2008 -- 09 NBA season. To qualify as a free throw percentage leader, the player must have at least 125 free throws made. Aside from the strike shortened 1998 -- 99 and 2011 -- 12 seasons, this has been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kemal Alomerovi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Kemal Alomerovi\u0107 (, born 8 December 1980, in Skopje) is a Macedonian football midfielder playing with Akademija Pandev. He also holds Bosnian-Herzegovinian citizenship."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as a Jewish state. The country's Law of Return grants all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry the right to Israeli citizenship. Over three quarters, or 75.5%, of the population are Jews from a diversity of Jewish backgrounds. Around 4% of Israelis (300,000), ethnically defined as \"others\", are Russian descendants of Jewish origin or family who are not Jewish according to rabbinical law, but were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return. Approximately 75% of Israeli Jews are born in Israel, 17% are immigrants from Europe and the Americas, and 8% are immigrants from Asia and Africa (including the Arab World). Jews from Europe and the former Soviet Union and their descendants born in Israel, including Ashkenazi Jews, constitute approximately 50% of Jewish Israelis. Jews who left or fled Arab and Muslim countries and their descendants, including both Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews, form most of the rest of the Jewish population. Jewish intermarriage rates run at over 35% and recent studies suggest that the percentage of Israelis descended from both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews increases by 0.5 percent every year, with over 25% of school children now originating from both communities."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city. The city was listed as the most literate of the country's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Antonio de la Torre (soccer)", "paragraph_text": "Antonio de la Torre Garc\u00eda (born November 18, 1977 in Guadalajara, Mexico) is a former Mexican-American soccer defender, who recently played for the Atlanta Silverbacks of the USL First Division. De la Torre holds dual citizenship in Mexico and the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Numerous immigrants have come as merchants and become a major part of the business community, including Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians of European descent reside in the country.[better source needed] The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of Black African descent."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Christian Mendes Cavalcanti", "paragraph_text": "Christian Mendes Cavalcanti (born December 23, 1972) is a football goalkeeper from Brazil. The goalkeeper who also holds Austrian citizenship. He last played for FC 08 Villingen."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "If Loving You Is Wrong", "paragraph_text": "Andrea Frye as Louise Holmes (Seasons 2 -- 3), Randall's mother. who tries to be a peacemaker for Marcie and Randall."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bogdans \u0145esterenko", "paragraph_text": "Bogdans \u0145esterenko (born May 16, 1984) is a Latvian football defender who plays for J\u00f5hvi FC Lokomotiv. He also holds Russian citizenship."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jure Primorac", "paragraph_text": "Jure Primorac (born December 10, 1981 in Split, Croatia) is a Croatian-born French professional football player of Croatian descent. Currently, he plays in the Championnat de France amateur for US Ivry. He also holds Croatian citizenship."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "David McAllister", "paragraph_text": "A lawyer by profession, he served as chairman of the CDU parliamentary group in the Lower Saxon Parliament from 2003 to 2010 and was elected chairman of the state party in 2008. In November 2016 he left the chairman post, and announced that he sees his political future in Europe. McAllister holds both German and British citizenship."}], "question": "What percentage of South Tucson's population consists of the folk who preceded the Spanish in the country where Randall Arauz is a citizen."}
{"id": "3hop1__104316_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Marks of Identity", "paragraph_text": "Marks of Identity () is a 1966 novel by the Spanish writer Juan Goytisolo. It was published in Mexico through Editorial Joaqu\u00edn Mortiz. It is the first installment in the \u00c1lvaro Mendiola trilogy, which also includes \"Count Julian\" and \"Juan the Landless\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Joaqu\u00edn V\u00e1zquez", "paragraph_text": "Joaqu\u00edn V\u00e1zquez Fern\u00e1ndez (August 26, 1897 \u2013 October 21, 1965) was a Spanish footballer. He competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Joaqu\u00edn Calder\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Joaqu\u00edn Calder\u00f3n Vicente (born 10 October 1988 in Elche, Valencian Community) is a Spanish footballer who plays for FC Jove Espa\u00f1ol San Vicente as a right winger."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pahi\u00f1o", "paragraph_text": "Manuel Fern\u00e1ndez Fern\u00e1ndez (21 January 1923 \u2013 12 June 2012), known as Pahi\u00f1o, was a Spanish footballer who played as a striker."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Wanton of Spain", "paragraph_text": "The Wanton of Spain () is a 1969 Spanish drama film directed by C\u00e9sar Fern\u00e1ndez Ardav\u00edn. The film was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 42nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. It was also entered into the 6th Moscow International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "F\u00e9lix Mej\u00eda", "paragraph_text": "F\u00e9lix Mej\u00eda Fern\u00e1ndez-Pacheco (1776, Ciudad Real \u2013 1853) was a Spanish journalist, also remembered as a novelist, playwright and historian."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "M\u00f3ra la Nova", "paragraph_text": "M\u00f3ra la Nova (Mora la Nueva in Spanish) is a municipality in the \"comarca\", or district, of the Ribera d'Ebre in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Ebre river, facing the district capital M\u00f3ra d'Ebre."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sara Montiel", "paragraph_text": "Mar\u00eda Antonia Abad Fern\u00e1ndez (10 March 1928 \u2013 8 April 2013), known professionally as Sara Montiel , was a Spanish singer and actress."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Antonio Ben\u00edtez", "paragraph_text": "Antonio Ben\u00edtez Fern\u00e1ndez (2 June 1951 \u2013 19 February 2014) was a Spanish footballer who played as a left back."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Joaqu\u00edn Collar Serra", "paragraph_text": "Joaqu\u00edn Collar Serra (Figueras, Spain, 25 November 1906 - Vicinity of Villahermosa, Mexico, 20 June 1933) was a Spanish military aviator."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn de Olmedo International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn de Olmedo International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn de Olmedo; IATA: GYE, ICAO: SEGU) is an airport serving Guayaquil, the capital of the Guayas Province and the most populous city in Ecuador. It is the second busiest airport in Ecuador."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Iago D\u00edaz", "paragraph_text": "Iago D\u00edaz Fern\u00e1ndez (born 10 February 1993) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Recreativo de Huelva mainly as a left winger."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Parnaso Espa\u00f1ol", "paragraph_text": "The Parnaso Espa\u00f1ol: colecci\u00f3n de poes\u00edas escogidas de los m\u00e1s c\u00e9lebres poetas castellanos (\"Spanish Parnassus: collection of selected poems from the most famous Spanish poets\"), or simply Parnaso Espa\u00f1ol, is an anthology edited by Juan Jos\u00e9 L\u00f3pez de Sedano. It was published in nine volumes, between 1768 and 1778, by Joaqu\u00edn Ibarra and printed in the workshop of Antonio de Sancha in Madrid."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joaqu\u00edn Mora Fern\u00e1ndez", "paragraph_text": "Joaqu\u00edn Mora Fern\u00e1ndez (16 January 1786 \u2013 26 October 1862) was the provisional head of state of Costa Rica from 1 March to 17 April 1837."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Francisco Mora", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 Francisco 'Pepe' Mora Altava (born 11 June 1981 in Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Valencian Community) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for CF Borriol as a central defender."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Joaqu\u00edn Jovellar y Soler", "paragraph_text": "Joaqu\u00edn Jovellar y Soler (December 28, 1819 \u2013 April 17, 1892) was a Spanish general who served as the Prime Minister of Spain from September 12, 1875 \u2013 December 2, 1875 and governor and captain-general of the Philippines from April 7, 1883 \u2013 April 1, 1885."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David Ca\u00f1as", "paragraph_text": "David Ca\u00f1as Fern\u00e1ndez (born 26 August 1978) is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played mainly as a central defender but also as a defensive midfielder."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mora Church", "paragraph_text": "Mora Church () is a church building in Mora in Sweden. It belongs to Mora Parish of the Church of Sweden. It famous for being seen near the Vasaloppet finish line. The size and opulence of the church building, as compared to other churches in the region, is a result of the fact that in medieval times the whole of northern Dalarna was part of the Mora Parish and the church served as the seat of Mora Parish. The church has been dedicated to the archangel Saint Michael since before the protestant reformation and the establishment of the Church of Sweden in the 16th century. The effigy of Michael and the dragon, as seen in the statue south-west to the churches main gates, was adopted as the coat of arms of Mora in 1946 and continues to be in use to this day. The reason why the church is dedicated to Saint Michael is a mystery, the Mora Parish itself proposes a possible miss identification with the native Scandinavian Saint Olof but nothing conclusive has been put forward as to why this would be the case."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in Joaquin Mora Fernandez's country before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__756585_422423_591346", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shumerlinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shumerlinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 13,298 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sandasar", "paragraph_text": "Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pingtung Plain", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Plain () is a plain area including parts of Pingtung County and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. It includes the alluvial fan of Kaoping River, which forms the largest drainage area of rivers in Taiwan, and also passed by other shorter rivers such as Tungkang River, Linbian River and Shihwen River (\u58eb\u6587\u6eaa). The plain faces the Taiwan Strait on the southwest, lies to the east of Kaohsiung City, and at the west of Central Mountain Range."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nazarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Nazarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai and borders with Achinsky District in the north, Kozulsky District in the east, Balakhtinsky District in the southeast, Uzhursky District in the south, Sharypovsky District in the west, and with Bogotolsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Nazarovo (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 24,265 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ciel\u0119tnik", "paragraph_text": "Ciel\u0119tnik () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Meinong District", "paragraph_text": "Meinong District (WG: Meinung, Hakka: \u7030\u6fc3 M\u00ee-n\u00f9ng, ) is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the \"Top 10 Small Tourist Towns\" by the Tourism Bureau."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Krasnolipie", "paragraph_text": "Krasnolipie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Koh Sotin District", "paragraph_text": "Koh Sotin District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road. The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pietraszki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Pietraszki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Go\u0142dap within Go\u0142dap County Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Pietraszki lies close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. and is approximately west of Go\u0142dap and northeast of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tuymazinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Tuymazinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Sharansky District in the north, Buzdyaksky District in the east, Belebeyevsky District in the southeast and south, Yermekeyevsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Tuymazy (which is administratively separate from the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a064,389."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pingtung Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Airport () were two airports in Pingtung City, Pingtung County, Taiwan . The two airports were under the control of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Pingtung Airport was established on 28 November 1994 at the old art exhibition hall at the Pingtung Culture Centre. This northern terminal was designated the public airport terminal, while the south part became the Republic of China Air Force base."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the city that contains Meinong District?"}
{"id": "3hop1__585672_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Prevalence of circumcision", "paragraph_text": "The prevalence of circumcision is the percentage of males in a given population who have been circumcised. The rates vary widely by country, from 1% in Japan, to 2% in Spain and Sweden, to 58% in the United States, to more than 80% in Muslim - majority countries. Worldwide it is estimated that 25% to 33% of males are circumcised, by various sources."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Robert Juan-Cantavella", "paragraph_text": "Robert Juan-Cantavella is a Spanish writer born in Almassora in 1976. Currently he lives in Barcelona. He worked as editor-in-chief at the Spanish cultural magazine \"Lateral\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Peru", "paragraph_text": "Peru ( (listen); Spanish: Per\u00fa [pe\u02c8\u027eu]; Quechua: Piruw Republika [p\u02b0\u026a\u027e\u028aw]; Aymara: Piruw Suyu [p\u026a\u027e\u028aw]), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa ), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures.  Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization in the 32nd century BC, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long - established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish - speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tebicuary River", "paragraph_text": "The Tebicuary River (Spanish: R\u00edo Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay. Located in the southwestern part of that country, it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45\u00a0km south of Formosa and 30\u00a0km north of Pilar."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sixaola", "paragraph_text": "Sixaola is a small town in Talamanca of Lim\u00f3n Province, Costa Rica. The town is located on the Rio Sixaola (Sixaola River), which forms the Costa Rica-Panama border. Highway 36 ends in Sixaola. Sixaola is right across the river from Guabito, Panama. Both towns consist of homes, banana farms, and small businesses for locals. The Rio Sixaola is also the boundary between the Central and Eastern Time Zones. Costa Rica is one hour behind Panama."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Mexico (Spanish: M\u00e9xico [\u02c8mexiko] (listen); Nahuatl languages: M\u0113xihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos [es\u02c8ta\u00f0os u\u02c8ni\u00f0oz mexi\u02c8kanos] (listen)), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the tenth most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and Le\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Andes", "paragraph_text": "The Andes or Andean Mountains (Spanish: Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world. They form a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. This range is about 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long, about 200 to 700 km (120 to 430 mi) wide (widest between 18 \u00b0 south and 20 \u00b0 south latitude), and of an average height of about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a (es\u02c8pa\u0272a) (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with two large archipelagoes, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast, two cities, Ceuta and Melilla, in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the only European country to have a border with an African country (Morocco) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5% of its population, mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish language in the United States has forty - five million Hispanic and Latino Americans that speak Spanish as their first, second or heritage language, and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States, making it the second most spoken language of the United States. With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish - speaking population in the world after Mexico, although it is not an official language of the country. Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second - language speakers. About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English ``very well ''in the 2000 U.S. Census. The United States is among the Spanish - speaking countries that has its own Academy of the Spanish Language."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where Sixaola is located before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__355589_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Monagas", "paragraph_text": "Monagas State is surrounded by Sucre State in the north, Anzo\u00e1tegui State in the west and south, Bol\u00edvar State in the south, Delta Amacuro State in the south and east and the Paria Gulf in the northeast."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geography of Sweden", "paragraph_text": "Sweden is a country in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It borders Norway to the west; Finland to the northeast; and the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia to the south and east. At , Sweden is the 55th largest country in the world. It is the fifth largest in Europe and the largest in Northern Europe."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zorrita Martinez", "paragraph_text": "Zorrita Martinez (Spanish:Zorrita Mart\u00ednez) is a 1975 Spanish comedy drama film directed by Vicente Escriv\u00e1 and starring Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00f3pez V\u00e1zquez, Nadiuska and Manuel Zarzo. A Venazeulan performer living in Spain, gets married so she can get a permit to stay in the country."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Golfo Dulce () is a gulf in Costa Rica, located at the South of the Province of Puntarenas. The inlet starts on the Pacific Ocean side of Costa Rica and extends slightly northward before turning west. The most westward part is at the city of Rincon. The bay separates the Osa Peninsula from the mainland Costa Rica."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thailand", "paragraph_text": "Thailand (/ \u02c8ta\u026al\u00e6nd / TY - land), officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam (until 1939 and again from 1946 to 1948), is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The capital and largest city is Bangkok. With around 69 million people, Thailand is the 20th-most - populous country in the world."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668 with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod, who established the first Catholic church.:64 The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines, which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City. Other reminders of colonial times include the old Governor's Palace in Plaza de Espa\u00f1a and the Spanish Bridge, both in Hagat\u00f1a. Guam's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2, 1669, as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran.:68 Guam, along with the rest of the Mariana and Caroline Islands, were treated as part of Spain's colony in the Philippines. While Guam's Chamorro culture has indigenous roots, the cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas have many similarities with Spanish and Mexican culture due to three centuries of Spanish rule."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gulf of Aqaba", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Aqaba (Arabic: \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629\u200e, Khalij al-Aqabah) or Gulf of Eilat (Hebrew: \u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea, Mifrats Eilat) is a large gulf at the northern tip of the Red Sea, east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian mainland. Its coastline is divided between four countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Winding Gulf, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Winding Gulf is an unincorporated community in Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States. Winding Gulf is located on Winding Gulf south of Sophia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Pur\u00e9pecha in present-day Michoac\u00e1n and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s first landed at Veracruz."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Livingston, Guatemala", "paragraph_text": "Livingston is the name of a town in Izabal Department, eastern Guatemala, at the mouth of the R\u00edo Dulce at the Gulf of Honduras. The town serves as the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name. It was Guatemala's main port on the Caribbean Sea before the construction of nearby Puerto Barrios."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Thailand", "paragraph_text": "Thailand (/ \u02c8ta\u026al\u00e6nd / TY - land), officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a country at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces. At 513,120 km (198,120 sq mi) and over 68 million people, Thailand is the world's 50th largest country by total area and the 21st-most - populous country. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, a special administrative area. Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. Although nominally a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, the most recent coup in 2014 established a de facto military dictatorship."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico (Spanish: Golfo de M\u00e9xico) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean,  largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the \"Third Coast\", in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}], "question": "What is the percentage of the people who lived in the country where Gulf of Dulce is located before the Spanish in South Tucson?"}
{"id": "3hop1__75413_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2012[update], the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15\u201349 was just 3.1 percent. As of 2014[update], Life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA, and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation; As of 2010[update], the Infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Major depressive disorder", "paragraph_text": "Major depressive disorder affected approximately 216 million people (3% of the world's population) in 2015. The percentage of people who are affected at one point in their life varies from 7% in Japan to 21% in France. Lifetime rates are higher in the developed world (15%) compared to the developing world (11%). It causes the second most years lived with disability after low back pain. The most common time of onset is in a person in their 20s and 30s. Females are affected about twice as often as males. The American Psychiatric Association added ``major depressive disorder ''to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM - III) in 1980. It was a split of the previous depressive neurosis in the DSM - II which also encompassed the conditions now known as dysthymia and adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Those currently or previously affected may be stigmatized."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "V\u00edctor Rodr\u00edguez N\u00fa\u00f1ez", "paragraph_text": "In addition to Cuba, he has lived in Nicaragua, Colombia, and the United States, where he is currently a Professor of Spanish at Kenyon College."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Puerto Rican Spanish", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rican Spanish (espa\u00f1ol puertorrique\u00f1o (espa\u02c8\u0272ol pwe\u027etori\u02c8ke\u0272o)) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Robert Juan-Cantavella", "paragraph_text": "Robert Juan-Cantavella is a Spanish writer born in Almassora in 1976. Currently he lives in Barcelona. He worked as editor-in-chief at the Spanish cultural magazine \"Lateral\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of Puerto Rico", "paragraph_text": "Located in the northeastern Caribbean, Puerto Rico formed a key part of the Spanish Empire from the early years of the exploration, conquest and colonization of the New World. The island was a major military post during many wars between Spain and other European powers for control of the region in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The smallest of the Greater Antilles, Puerto Rico was a stepping - stone in the passage from Europe to Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the northern territories of South America. Throughout most of the 19th century until the conclusion of the Spanish -- American War, Puerto Rico and Cuba were the last two Spanish colonies in the New World; they served as Spain's final outposts in a strategy to regain control of the American continents. Realizing that it was in danger of losing its two remaining Caribbean territories, the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in Spanish, English and French in order to attract Europeans, with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity and strength with the arrival of new settlers. Free land was offered to those who wanted to populate the islands on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1920 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs received 913,664 popular votes (3.4 percent), despite the fact that he was in prison at the time for advocating non-compliance with the draft during World War I. This was the largest number of popular votes ever received by a Socialist Party candidate in the United States, although not the largest percentage of the popular vote. Debs received double this percentage in the election of 1912. The 1920 election was Debs' fifth and last attempt to become president."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Pineapple Incident", "paragraph_text": "The mystery of the pineapple was solved in a deleted scene from the season 9 episode ``Daisy ''. The scene was released online by BuzzFeed. In the clip, The Captain has a pineapple on his porch, and explains to the gang that he practices the tradition of putting one outside as a`` symbol of hospitality''. This leads Ted to remember stealing an identical pineapple from The Captain's house in New York when he was very drunk."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Amarte as\u00ed, Frijolito", "paragraph_text": "Amarte as\u00ed (\"To love you so\"), also known as Frijolito, is a Spanish-language telenovela produced by the American-based television network Telemundo. It stars Litzy, Mauricio Ochmann, Roberto Mateos, Alejandro Felipe, and Carla Peterson. It was written by Enrique Torres, directed by Heriberto Lopez de Anda, Cristina Palacios, Hugo A. Moser; with Cristina Palacios as General Producer. The network debuted it on April 5, 2005, at the 7 pm (6 pm central) timeslot. Telemundo provided both Spanish and English captions on CC1 and CC 3. This telenovela was aired in 20 countries around the world, including in Indonesia by the tv station Indosiar as midnight show during 2009."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Cadalso", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 de Cadalso y V\u00e1zquez (C\u00e1diz, 1741 \u2013 Gibraltar, 1782), Spanish, Colonel of the Royal Spanish Army, author, poet, playwright and essayist, one of the canonical producers of Spanish Enlightenment literature."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Decisiones", "paragraph_text": "Decisiones (, \"Decisions\") is a Telemundo-produced Spanish-language television anthology of steamy melodramas about passion and sex in the modern world. The hour-long series features impassioned people thrust into amorous adventures and pushed to their breaking points. Unlike much Spanish-language dramatic fare, each show contains a complete story."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pierre Michon", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Michon (born 28 March 1945, Ch\u00e2telus-le-Marcheix, Creuse) is a French writer. His first novel, \"Small lives\" (1984), is widely regarded as a genuine masterpiece in contemporary French literature. He has won several prizes for \"Small lives\" and for \"The Origin of the World\" (1996) as well as for his body of work. His novels and stories have been translated into German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Portuguese, Polish, Serbian, Czech, Norwegian and English."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pineapple", "paragraph_text": "Pineapple production -- 2016 Country (millions of tonnes) Costa Rica 2.9 Brazil 2.7 Philippines 2.6 Thailand 1.9 India 1.9 Indonesia 1.3 World 25.8 Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eon Kid", "paragraph_text": "Eon Kid is the English title of a South Korean-Spanish CGI animated television series Iron Kid () produced by Daiwon and Design Storm in South Korea, and BRB Internacional in Spain."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy. According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 50% of women in Guinea Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation. In 2010, Guinea Bissau had the 7th highest maternal mortality rate in the world."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}], "question": "What is the percentage of the people who lived in the country that produces the most pineapples before the Spanish in South Tucson?"}
{"id": "3hop1__186544_422423_591346", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Koh Sotin District", "paragraph_text": "Koh Sotin District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road. The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Goleszewo", "paragraph_text": "Goleszewo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Taoyuan District, Kaohsiung", "paragraph_text": "Taoyuan District (Bunun: Ngani; ) is a mountain indigenous district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. It is the largest district in Kaohsiung City by area."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Love Around", "paragraph_text": "\"Love Around\" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former \"Leo Ocean Resort\" now called \"EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan\", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nazarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Nazarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai and borders with Achinsky District in the north, Kozulsky District in the east, Balakhtinsky District in the southeast, Uzhursky District in the south, Sharypovsky District in the west, and with Bogotolsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Nazarovo (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 24,265 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pingtung Airport", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Airport () were two airports in Pingtung City, Pingtung County, Taiwan . The two airports were under the control of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Pingtung Airport was established on 28 November 1994 at the old art exhibition hall at the Pingtung Culture Centre. This northern terminal was designated the public airport terminal, while the south part became the Republic of China Air Force base."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Shumerlinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shumerlinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 13,298 (2002 Census);"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sandasar", "paragraph_text": "Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pingtung Plain", "paragraph_text": "Pingtung Plain () is a plain area including parts of Pingtung County and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. It includes the alluvial fan of Kaoping River, which forms the largest drainage area of rivers in Taiwan, and also passed by other shorter rivers such as Tungkang River, Linbian River and Shihwen River (\u58eb\u6587\u6eaa). The plain faces the Taiwan Strait on the southwest, lies to the east of Kaohsiung City, and at the west of Central Mountain Range."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}], "question": "What is the capitol of the county sharing a border with the municipality where Taoyuan District is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__529541_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arja Salafranca", "paragraph_text": "Salafranca was born in Spain to a Spanish father and a South African mother and has lived in South Africa since 1976. She has had fiction, poetry and essays published in a number of journals and anthologies."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2012 African Cross Country Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 2nd African Cross Country Championships was an international cross country running competition for African athletes which was held on 18 March 2012 in Cape Town's Keurboom Park in South Africa. Organised by the Confederation of African Athletics and Athletics South Africa, it was the first time that the competition represented that year's foremost event in the sport, as the IAAF World Cross Country Championships was not held. Twenty-one nations entered athletes into the event and 160 runners participated in the races."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bald Rock National Park", "paragraph_text": "Bald Rock National Park is a national park in northern New South Wales, Australia, just north of Tenterfield on the Queensland border. The border passes over the rock on the Western side. On the other side of the border national park continues as the Girraween National Park."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sabi Sabi", "paragraph_text": "Sabi Sabi is a private game reserve in South Africa, situated in the Sabi Sand Game Reserve which flanks the south western section of the Kruger National Park. The Sabi Sand Reserve is one of the parks that make up the Greater Kruger National Park."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shek O Country Park", "paragraph_text": "Shek O Country Park is a rural marine park located on Shek O, Southern District, Hong Kong and facing the South China Sea. The 701-hectare park opened in 1979."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "National Parks of Canada", "paragraph_text": "National Parks of Canada are protected natural spaces throughout the country that represent distinct geographical regions of the nation. Under the administration of Parks Canada, a government branch, National Parks allow for public enjoyment without compromising the area for future generations, including the management of wildlife and habitat within the ecosystems of the park. Within Parks Canada's administration is a wide range of protected areas, encompassing National Historic Sites, National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCA), and National Park Reserves."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kara Kara National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Kara Kara National Park is a national park located in the Wimmera/Goldfields region of Victoria, Australia. The national park is situated approximately north-west of Melbourne, west of the Sunraysia Highway, and to the south of the town of St Arnaud."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Caprivi Game Park", "paragraph_text": "Caprivi Game Park is a protected area in north eastern Namibia that is now called Bwabwata National Park. It was proclaimed as the Caprivi Game Reserve in 1966 and upgraded to the Caprivi Game Park in 1968. It was never managed as a game park as the area was a restricted security zone during Namibia\u2019s liberation struggle. The South African Police and later the South African Defence Force occupied the area until the implementation of U.N. Resolution 435 in April 1989. The then Department of Nature Conservation appointed the first nature conservation officer and other staff and started work in the area. Many of the area's original Khwe San inhabitants, were conscripted into the army and lived in military bases such as Omega. At independence approximately 5000 people were living in the Caprivi Game Park. Caprivi Game Park, Mahango Game Reserve and an area known as the Kwando Triangle were incorporated into the Bwabwata National Park, which was proclaimed in 2007."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sundown National Park", "paragraph_text": "Sundown is a national park in Queensland, Australia, 198\u00a0km south west of Brisbane. The park contains spectacular gorge country and a number of peaks higher than 1,000\u00a0m."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cocoparra National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Cocoparra National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Riverina region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The national park is situated southwest of Sydney and northeast of ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dharawal National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Dharawal National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The national park is situated between the Illawarra Range and the Georges River and is approximately south west of Sydney. There are three entry points to the park: from the east through ; from the north through ; and from the south through ."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Songnisan National Park", "paragraph_text": "Songnisan National Park (, sometimes spelled \"Sokrisan\") is located in the center of the Sobaek Mountains range, on the border between the provinces of Chungcheongbuk-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. The area comprises the valleys of Hwayang, Seonyu, and Ssanggok and the mountain Songnisan, which has given the park its name. It was designated as the country's 6th national park in 1970. The park's most popular attraction is one of Korea's largest temples, the Buddhist temple Beopjusa, initially constructed in 653."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Carara National Park", "paragraph_text": "Carara National Park is a national park in the Central Pacific Conservation Area located near the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. It was established on April 27, 1978 as a biological reserve, but its growing popularity after 1990 forced the government to upgrade its category to national park in November 1998."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Todagin South Slope Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Todagin South Slope Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the west side of Todagin Creek to the east of Kinaskan Lake in the Stikine Country, to the south of the community of Dease Lake. Created in 2001, it contains c. 3557 ha."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Murray-Sunset National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Murray-Sunset National Park is the second largest national park in Victoria, Australia, located in the Mallee district in the northwestern corner of the state, bordering South Australia. The national park is situated approximately northwest of Melbourne and was proclaimed on . It is in the northwestern corner of the state, bordering South Australia to the west and the Murray River to the north. The Sturt Highway passes through the northern part of the park, but most of the park is in the remote area between the Sturt Highway and the Mallee Highway, west of the Calder Highway."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cobboboonee National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Cobboboonee National Park is a national park located in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia. The national park is situated approximately west of Melbourne city centre, with access via the town of near the junctions of the Princes and Henty highways, north of ."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Camdeboo National Park", "paragraph_text": "Camdeboo National Park was proclaimed as South Africa's 22nd National Park under the management of South African National Parks on Sunday 30 October 2005. It covers an area of 194 square kilometers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mount Royal National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Mount Royal National Park is a protected national park located in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Gazetted in 1997, the park is situated approximately north of Sydney."}], "question": "What is the percentage of the people who live in the country where Carara National Park is located before the Spanish in South Tucson?"}
{"id": "3hop1__219416_79149_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico (Spanish: Golfo de M\u00e9xico) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean,  largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the \"Third Coast\", in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Geography of Sweden", "paragraph_text": "Sweden is a country in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It borders Norway to the west; Finland to the northeast; and the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia to the south and east. At , Sweden is the 55th largest country in the world. It is the fifth largest in Europe and the largest in Northern Europe."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Doha", "paragraph_text": "Doha (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u200e \u200e, ad - Daw\u1e25a or ad - D\u014d\u1e25a, pronounced (addaw\u0127a), literally in MSA: ``the big tree '', locally:`` rounded bays'') is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the population close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Monagas", "paragraph_text": "Monagas State is surrounded by Sucre State in the north, Anzo\u00e1tegui State in the west and south, Bol\u00edvar State in the south, Delta Amacuro State in the south and east and the Paria Gulf in the northeast."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Spain", "paragraph_text": "Spain (Spanish: Espa\u00f1a [es\u02c8pa\u0272a] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa\u00f1a), is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Winding Gulf, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Winding Gulf is an unincorporated community in Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States. Winding Gulf is located on Winding Gulf south of Sophia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Thailand", "paragraph_text": "Thailand (/ \u02c8ta\u026al\u00e6nd / TY - land), officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a country at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces. At 513,120 km (198,120 sq mi) and over 68 million people, Thailand is the world's 50th largest country by total area and the 21st-most - populous country. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, a special administrative area. Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. Although nominally a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, the most recent coup in 2014 established a de facto military dictatorship."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gulf of Aqaba", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Aqaba (Arabic: \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629\u200e, Khalij al-Aqabah) or Gulf of Eilat (Hebrew: \u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea, Mifrats Eilat) is a large gulf at the northern tip of the Red Sea, east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian mainland. Its coastline is divided between four countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Red Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Mexico (Spanish: M\u00e9xico [\u02c8mexiko] (listen); Nahuatl languages: M\u0113xihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos [es\u02c8ta\u00f0os u\u02c8ni\u00f0oz mexi\u02c8kanos] (listen)), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the tenth most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and Le\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "Costa Rica (/ \u02cck\u0252st\u0259 \u02c8ri\u02d0k\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (\u02c8kosta \u02c8rika); ``Rich Coast ''), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tebicuary River", "paragraph_text": "The Tebicuary River (Spanish: R\u00edo Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay. Located in the southwestern part of that country, it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45\u00a0km south of Formosa and 30\u00a0km north of Pilar."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Pur\u00e9pecha in present-day Michoac\u00e1n and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s first landed at Veracruz."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06", "paragraph_text": "Live at Irving Plaza 4.18.06 is an album by American country artist Shooter Jennings. This album was released on October 10, 2006 on the Universal South label."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Islam in India", "paragraph_text": "Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65% Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00% India 189,000,000 10.97% Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18% Egypt 80,024,000 4.94% World 1,619,300,000 100%"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Togo", "paragraph_text": "Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (), is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The sovereign state extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lom\u00e9 is located. Togo covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gulf of Papagayo", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Papagayo (, meaning \"gulf of the parrot\") is a large body of water off Guanacaste province and the northwestern coast of Costa Rica. The Gulf and its coastline are part of a major tourism project by Costa Rica's government. One of the major resorts in the area is the Allegro Papagayo. Among the most popular destinations on the Gulf of Papagayo are Ocotal Beach, Playas del Coco, Playa Hermosa, and Playa Panama. The Papagayo peninsula is the most developed area in the gulf region. The gulf waters are home to many wildlife including orcas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of Costa Rica", "paragraph_text": "In Pre-Columbian times, the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the ``Intermediate Area, ''between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions."}], "question": "What is the percentage in South Tucson of people who lived in the country where the Gulf of Papagayo is located before the Spanish arrived?"}
{"id": "3hop1__141003_727389_229688", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "CJON-DT, known on air as \"NTV\", is an independent station. The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global, rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic. CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts from University Avenue."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Unreported World", "paragraph_text": "Unreported World is a foreign affairs programme produced by Quicksilver Media Productions and broadcast by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom. Over the course of its thirty-one series, reporters have travelled to dangerous locations all over the world in an attempt to uncover stories usually ignored by the world media."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zehu Ze!", "paragraph_text": "Zehu Ze! (, lit. \"This is it!\") was a long-running Israeli entertainment television program produced by Israeli Educational Television (IETV) and broadcast on the Israeli Channel 1 (until 1994) and Channel 2 on which the IETV has special broadcasting hours. The program ran regularly from 1978 to 1998."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "18 Stone of Idiot", "paragraph_text": "18 Stone of Idiot is a British television programme broadcast on Channel 4 in 2005 designed as a vehicle for Johnny Vegas and produced by Chris Evans."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Artit Ching Duang", "paragraph_text": "Artit Ching Duang (; \"Feuding Sun\") is a Thai lakorn produced and broadcast in Royal Thai Army Radio and Television Channel 5. This TV series airs on Mondays to Thursdays at 20:25. Starring by Sinjai Plengpanich"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Big Ballet", "paragraph_text": "Big Ballet is a British documentary television programme produced by Rare Day and broadcast on Channel 4. The three-episode series was first broadcast on 6 February 2014. It followed Wayne Sleep and prima ballerina Monica Loughman as they worked with a troupe of amateur dancers to realise their dream of dancing Swan Lake."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Phoenix (German TV station)", "paragraph_text": "Phoenix (stylised as phoen\u0131x) is a German free-to-air television channel which is operated jointly by public-service broadcasters ARD and ZDF. It broadcasts documentaries, news, special events coverage and discussion programmes. Phoenix's headquarters are in Bonn, the former West German capital."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Grand Designs", "paragraph_text": "Grand Designs is a British television series produced by Boundless and broadcast on Channel 4 which features unusual and often elaborate architectural homebuilding projects."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Who Wants to Be a Superhero?", "paragraph_text": "Who Wants to Be a Superhero? was a super hero genre reality TV series broadcast on the Sci Fi Channel produced by Nash Entertainment and POW! Entertainment. The show was created by Stan Lee and Nash Entertainment. a junior version of the show was broadcast on BBC Two/CBBC in the UK."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cybernet", "paragraph_text": "Cybernet (also known as Interactive) is a weekly video gaming magazine programme, originally broadcast overnight on the ITV network in the United Kingdom. The programme was commissioned by \"Yorkshire Television\" and produced by \"Capricorn Programmes\" (who also produced the similar \"Movies, Games and Videos\") and also aired on GBC TV in Gibraltar. It was broadcast overseas in many countries on various television stations such as Dutch, Brazilian (MultiShow), Mexican (OnceTV), Chilean television (Canal 13), Ireland (TG4), Czech Republic (SuperMax), Israel (The Kids' Channel), Singapore (Premiere 12 and Mediacorp Channel 5), Estonia (TV3), Yugoslavia (NS+), the channel 2M TV in Morocco, the channel CNBC-e in Turkey, Australia (Fox Kids), the defunct children's cable channel Fun Channel in the Middle East, Channel 33 in the Emirates, Malaysia (TV2 and Astro Ria), the channels IBC 3 and UBC series in Thailand, the channel ATV Home and ATV World in Hong Kong, Bahrain TV Channel 55 in Bahrain, South Africa (Bop TV and SABC2), Brunei (RTB), Iceland (Skj\u00e1rEinn) and the 4 channel, ATV Stavropol in Russia, with local voice-overs, furthermore, in Middle-East, Kuwait Television channel 2 (KTV2) with original English voice-overs."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "VTV2", "paragraph_text": "Launched on 1 January 1990, VTV2 is dedicated to the broadcast of education and cultural programs. Since 1 January 2012, the channel has broadcast for 24 hours a day. In 1993, Vietnam Television signed an accord with Canal France Television of France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions to broadcast selected programs of the latter channel. This channel has broadcasting HDTV version from 19 May 2015."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are BRT, the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Turner Classic Movies Launched April 14, 1994; 23 years ago (1994 - 04 - 14) Owned by Turner Broadcasting System Picture format 1080i (HDTV) 480i (SDTV) Slogan Let's Movie. Country United States Language English (imported feature films are broadcast in their native languages, provided with English subtitling) Broadcast area Nationwide (also available in Canada with substitutions; international versions in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, Nordic countries, Asia - Pacific, Spain, France, U.K. and Ireland, Malta) Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia, United States Sister channel (s) TBS TNT Cartoon Network Adult Swim Boomerang CNN HLN CNN International TruTV HBO Cinemax Website www.tcm.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 256 (HD / SD) Channel 1256 (VOD) Dish Network Channel 132 (HD / SD) Shaw Direct (Canada) Channel 178 / 531 (SD) Channel 138 / 638 (HD) Cable Spectrum Channel 631 (HD / SD) Available on most American and Canadian cable providers Check local listings for channels IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1790 (HD) Channel 790 (SD) Verizon FiOS Channel 230 (SD only) Unavailable in HD Bell Fibe TV (Canada) Channel 292 VMedia (Canada) 327 (HD) Streaming media Watch TCM Sling TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dejan Karaklaji\u0107", "paragraph_text": "Dejan Karaklaji\u0107 (born 1 May 1946 in Belgrade) is a Serbian television and film director. Karaklaji\u0107 was active from the late 1960s through to the early 1980s and mainly worked on television films made by Radiotelevizija Beograd (today called Radio Television of Serbia). He also directed two feature films, \"Beloved Love\" (\"Ljubavni \u017eivot Budimira Trajkovi\u0107a\", 1977; starring Milena Dravi\u0107 and Ljubi\u0161a Samard\u017ei\u0107) and \"Erogenous Zone\" (\"Erogena zona\", 1981)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rockovnik", "paragraph_text": "Rockovnik (trans. \"Chrocknicle\") is a forty-episode documentary aired on Radio Television of Serbia in 2011, written by Sandra Ran\u010di\u0107 and Du\u0161an Vesi\u0107 and directed by Vesi\u0107. The series focuses on the history of former Yugoslav rock scene from its beginnings in the late 1950s until the year 2000. The name of the show is a bilingual pun based on the words \"rock\" and \"rokovnik\" (Serbian for \"planner\")."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Aktuellt", "paragraph_text": "Aktuellt (literally \"current; topical\" or \"actual\") is a Swedish nightly news programme produced by Sveriges Television (SVT) and broadcast on its second channel, SVT2 in Sweden."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Belgrade (film)", "paragraph_text": "Belgrade (also known as Belgrade with Boris Malagurski) is a 2013 Serbian documentary film directed by Boris Malagurski about Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. The documentary film had its world premiere on 19 October 2013 at Sava Centar in Belgrade and was aired on Radio Television Serbia on 20 October 2014."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "India Today (TV channel)", "paragraph_text": "India Today India Today logo Launched 7 April 2003 Owned by Living Media Picture format 4: 3 (576i, SDTV) Country India Language English Broadcast area India Worldwide Headquarters Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Formerly called Headlines Today Sister channel (s) Aaj Tak, Dilli Aaj Tak, Tez TV Website www.indiatoday.in Availability Satellite Airtel Digital TV (India) Channel 372 Reliance Digital TV (India) Channel 455 Sun Direct (India) Channel 557 Tata Sky (India) Channel 509 Videocon d2h (India) Channel 357 Cable Asianet Digital (India) Channel 424 Siti Cable (India) Channel 415"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "CFFR", "paragraph_text": "CFFR is a Canadian AM radio station broadcasting at 660 kHz in Calgary, Alberta and began broadcasting on January 10, 1984. As of April 3, 2006, it operates in an all-news format, branded 660News. It is a Class B, 50,000 watt station broadcasting on the clear-channel frequency of 660 AM. CFFR's studios are located on 7th Avenue Southwest in downtown Calgary, while its transmitters are located near Okotoks."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Local media include the Southern Daily Echo newspaper based in Redbridge and BBC South, which has its regional headquarters in the city centre opposite the civic centre. From there the BBC broadcasts South Today, the local television news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent. The local ITV franchise is Meridian, which has its headquarters in Whiteley, around nine miles (14 km) from the city. Until December 2004, the station's studios were located in the Northam area of the city on land reclaimed from the River Itchen. That's Solent is an local television channel that began broadcasting in November 2014, which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth."}], "question": "Who produced the film named after the city where the headquarters of the channel that broadcasts Rockovnik is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__96485_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)", "paragraph_text": "Ferrell portrays Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. Darrell Hammond also appeared in each sketch, usually portraying Sean Connery, in an impersonation that typically involves crass insults directed at Trebek. Norm Macdonald appeared as Burt Reynolds in six sketches. Jimmy Fallon also appeared six times, each time portraying a different character."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Saw (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "John Kramer -- known as The Jigsaw Killer or simply Jigsaw -- is a fictional character who appears in the Saw franchise as the main antagonist. Jigsaw made his debut in the first film of the series, Saw, and he later appeared in Saw II, Saw III, Saw IV, Saw V, Saw VI, Saw 3D and, eventually, Jigsaw. He is portrayed by American actor Tobin Bell."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Makkala Rajya", "paragraph_text": "Makkala Rajya () is a 1960 Kannada film directed and co-produced by B. R. Panthulu. The film starred Panthulu besides M. V. Rajamma who also was the producer, along with Narasimharaju and Balakrishna in other pivotal roles. The Tamil veteran actor Sivaji Ganesan made a brief guest appearance and actor Umesh made his film debut with this film. Another famous Tamil character actor Nagesh made his debut in Kannada films through this film. Acclaimed director Puttanna Kanagal had assisted Panthulu for this film."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Felix Silla", "paragraph_text": "Felix Anthony Silla (born Roccacasale, L'Aquila - Italy, January 11, 1937), also credited as Felix Cilla, is an Italian - born American film and television actor and stuntman, known for his role as the costumed character of ``Cousin Itt ''on television's The Addams Family, with the voice usually provided by Anthony Magro (1923 -- 2004). Silla also appeared in many other classic character roles."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Al Neri", "paragraph_text": "Albert ``Al ''Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's trilogy of films based on it. In all three motion pictures, he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright. He functions as Michael Corleone's personal enforcer and assassin."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jack McGee (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Jack McGee (born February 2, 1949) is an American television and film character actor. He has appeared in over 100 films and television series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Harry Potter cast members", "paragraph_text": "Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J.K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in all the films. When they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Complementing them on screen are such actors as Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Richard Griffiths, Richard Harris, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Miriam Margolyes, Helen McCrory, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Maggie Smith, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, David Thewlis, Emma Thompson, and Julie Walters, among others. Thirteen actors have appeared as the same character in all eight films of the series."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Attilio Dottesio", "paragraph_text": "Attilio Dottesio (16 July 1909 \u2013 12 February 1989) was an Italian film character actor. He appeared in 170 films between 1940 and 1985."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rachel Dawes", "paragraph_text": "Rachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2005 feature film Batman Begins. She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes, with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes. Holmes also voiced the character in the video game adaptation. Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role. Gyllenhaal also appeared as Dawes on the viral marketing website I Believe in Harvey Dent, giving Harvey Dent her endorsement in the District Attorney election."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zero Minus Ten", "paragraph_text": "Zero Minus Ten, published in 1997, is the first novel by Raymond Benson featuring Ian Fleming's James Bond following John Gardner's departure in 1996. Published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in America by Putnam, the book is set in Hong Kong, China, Jamaica, England, and some parts of Western Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zero Patience", "paragraph_text": "Zero Patience is a 1993 Canadian musical film written and directed by John Greyson. The film examines and refutes the urban legend of the alleged introduction of HIV to North America by a single individual, Ga\u00ebtan Dugas. Dugas, better known as Patient Zero, was tagged in the popular imagination with the blame in large measure because of Randy Shilts's history of the early days of the AIDS epidemic, \"And the Band Played On\" (1987). The film tells its story against the backdrop of a romance between a time-displaced Sir Richard Francis Burton and the ghost of \"Zero\" (the character is not identified by Dugas' name)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hal Gordon", "paragraph_text": "Hal Gordon (1894\u20131946) was a British film actor. A character actor, he appeared in over 90 films in both comic and straight roles."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 along with the film, Without Warning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christian Marin", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marin (8 February 1929 \u2013 5 September 2012) was a French film actor. Born in Lyon, he is best known for his role in \"Le gendarme series\" (as \"Merlot\"), although he did not appear in the last two sequels. In 1967 he appeared in the television serial \"Les Chevaliers du ciel\", in which he portrayed the character Ernest Laverdure."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth II in an Olympic ceremony film portrayed the character featured in the novel Zero Minus Ten?"}
{"id": "3hop1__177427_354296_88571", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chicago P.D. (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "Chicago P.D. (season 5) Chicago P.D. Season 5 poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network NBC Original release September 27, 2017 (2017 - 09 - 27) -- present Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 4 List of Chicago P.D. episodes"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A Place to Call Home (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "A Place to Call Home (season 5) Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 12 Release Original network Showcase Original release 8 October (2017 - 10 - 08) -- 24 December 2017 (2017 - 12 - 24) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 4 Next \u2192 Season 6 List of A Place to Call Home episodes"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Switched at Birth episodes", "paragraph_text": "Switched at Birth is an American television drama series which premiered on ABC Family on June 6, 2011. Created by Lizzy Weiss, the series follows two teenage girls who learn that they were switched at birth. On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Switched at Birth for a second season, which premiered on January 7, 2013. All of the episode titles take their names from pieces of artwork. On July 30, 2013, ABC Family renewed the series for a full 22 - episode third season, which premiered in January 2014. The second half of season 3 premiered on June 16, 2014. On August 13, 2014, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 6, 2015. ABC Family, which changed its name to Freeform in January 2016, announced on Wednesday October 21, 2015, that it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season. The fifth season began airing on January 31, 2017, and concluded on April 11, 2017. During the course of the series, 103 episodes of Switched at Birth aired over five seasons."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Switched at Birth (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "On October 21, 2015, Freeform announced that it has picked up a fifth season of its hit original drama series Switched at Birth. The fifth season premiered on January 31, 2017. On March 11, 2016, it was confirmed that the ten - episode fifth season would be the last."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Strongbox", "paragraph_text": "\"The Strongbox\" is the 170th episode of the NBC sitcom \"Seinfeld\". This was the 14th episode for the ninth and final season. It aired on February 5, 1998."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Drake of the 99 Dragons", "paragraph_text": "Drake of the 99 Dragons (also titled Drake) is a third-person shooter video game developed by Swedish studio Idol FX and published by Majesco Entertainment. It was released for the Xbox on November 3, 2003 and for Microsoft Windows PC systems on June 14, 2004. The game stars Drake, an undead assassin who is on a quest to avenge his murdered clan, the 99 Dragons, by recovering their ancient \"Soul Portal Artifact\" from antagonist Tang. Tang intends on using the artifact to harvest the souls of dead beings and power his undead cyborg army."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Bear King", "paragraph_text": "``The Bear King ''Once Upon a Time episode Episode no. Season 5 Episode 9 Directed by Geofrey Hildrew Written by Andrew Chambliss Production code 509 Original air date November 15, 2015 (2015 - 11 - 15) Guest appearance (s) Jamie Chung as Mulan Beverley Elliott as Granny / Widow Lucas Liam Garrigan as King Arthur Glenn Keogh as King Fergus Lily Knight as Witch Amy Manson as Merida Caroline Morahan as Queen Elinor Meghan Ory as Red Riding Hood / Ruby Lucas Paul Telfer as Lord Macintosh Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` Birth'' Next \u2192 ``Broken Heart ''Once Upon a Time (season 5) List of Once Upon a Time episodes"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "America's Got Talent (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "America's Got Talent Season 5 Broadcast from June 1 -- September 15, 2010 Judges Piers Morgan Sharon Osbourne Howie Mandel Host (s) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Website Official Website Winner Michael Grimm Michael Grimm performing in Los Angeles Origin Hancock County, Mississippi Genre (s) Soul singer Runner - up Jackie Evancho Chronology \u25c0 \u25b6"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Race Through Dark Places", "paragraph_text": "\"A Race Through Dark Places\" is an episode from the second season of the science fiction television series \"Babylon 5\". In the episode, the Psi Cop Bester comes to Babylon 5 chasing after a group of rogue telepaths. The station's personnel have to deal with Bester's arrival and the legal and moral issues surrounding the presence of the rogue telepaths on the station."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shades of Blue (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "On February 5, 2016, NBC renewed Shades of Blue for a 13 - episode second season, which premiered on March 5, 2017. On March 17, 2017, the series was renewed for a third season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wait Til You See My Smile", "paragraph_text": "\"Wait Til You See My Smile\" is a song performed by American recording artist Alicia Keys. It was released as the sixth single (fourth in the UK) from her fourth studio album, \"The Element of Freedom\" (2009). The soul-pop ballad was released on December 13, 2010. The Keys and \"Wait Till You See My Smile\" featured on the new Samsung DualView Commercial. The song was featured on the 13th episode of the sixth season of \"Grey's Anatomy\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Big Brother 20 (American season)", "paragraph_text": "The season premiered on June 27, 2018 on CBS in the United States and is set to conclude on September 26, 2018 consisting of forty episodes and lasting for 99 days, tying the eighteenth season to be the longest U.S. season to date. The season also received many controversies and criticisms throughout the season but received mostly positive viewing figures. Despite an uncertain future for the show, CBS began accepting applications for a future season in September 2018. After 99 days in the Big Brother House, the September 26, 2018 finale saw Kaycee Clark crowned the winner of Big Brother in a 5 -- 4 vote over Tyler Crispen."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "Brooklyn Nine - Nine (season 5) DVD cover Starring Andy Samberg Stephanie Beatriz Terry Crews Melissa Fumero Joe Lo Truglio Chelsea Peretti Andre Braugher Dirk Blocker Joel McKinnon Miller Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network Fox Original release September 26, 2017 (2017 - 09 - 26) -- May 20, 2018 (2018 - 05 - 20) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 4 Next \u2192 Season 6 List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Soul Mate", "paragraph_text": "\"The Soul Mate\" is the 136th episode of the American television sitcom \"Seinfeld\". This was the second episode for the eighth season. It was originally broadcast on the NBC network on September 26, 1996."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Adam Lambert", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Ten Commandments: The Musical Joshua Film debut 2009 -- 2010 American Idol Himself (contestant & mentor) Season 8, 2nd place; Season 9, Episode ``Top 9 -- Elvis Presley ''2011 Project Runway Himself (guest judge) Episode,`` Image is Everything'' Majors & Minors Himself (mentor) 2 episodes 2012 Pretty Little Liars Himself Episode, ``This Is a Dark Ride ''VH1 Divas Himself (host, performer) Live television benefit concert 2013 -- 2014 Glee Elliot`` Starchild'' Gilbert 5 episodes 2014 American Idol Himself (mentor) Season 13, ``Boot Camp ''RuPaul's Drag Race Himself (Guest Judge) Season 6, Episode 1:`` RuPaul's Big Opening (Part 1) Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film; interview clip 2015 American Idol Himself (guest judge) Season 14 Long Island Auditions 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again Eddie TV movie 2016 The X Factor Himself (Judge) Season 8"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nimue (Once Upon a Time)", "paragraph_text": "``Nimue ''Once Upon a Time episode Episode no. Season 5 Episode 7 Directed by Romeo Tirone Written by Jane Espenson Production code 507 Original air date November 8, 2015 (2015 - 11 - 08) Guest appearance (s) Beverley Elliott as Granny / Widow Lucas Caroline Ford as Nimue Liam Garrigan as King Arthur Elliot Knight as Merlin Joana Metrass as Queen Guinevere Darren Moore as Vortigan Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` The Bear and the Bow'' Next \u2192 ``Birth ''Once Upon a Time (season 5) List of Once Upon a Time episodes"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Don't Stop Believin'", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Stop Believin '''was recorded by the cast of American television series, Glee. It is the first single released from the soundtrack of the series, Glee: The Music, Volume 1 and was performed on the first episode of the initial season,`` Pilot''. A portion of the song was performed again in the episode ``The Rhodes Not Taken ''. A second version was performed by the cast in the first season's finale episode,`` Journey to Regionals'', for the glee club's Regionals competition; it is included in the EP soundtrack, Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals. A third version was performed by Lea Michele as Rachel Berry in the nineteenth episode of the fourth season of the show, ``Sweet Dreams ''; it was released as a single April 23, 2013. A fourth version was performed in the 2014 episode`` New Directions''. The Glee arrangement was adapted from Petra Haden's version. The ``Regionals Version ''earned a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for the 2011 ceremony. A reprise of the Pilot version is featured in the 2015 episode`` 2009''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Souled Out (Hezekiah Walker album)", "paragraph_text": "Souled Out is a live album from contemporary gospel singer Hezekiah Walker and the Love Fellowship Choir. The album was recorded at the Love Fellowship Tabernacle on June 7, 2008 and released on November 4, 2008 through Verity Records."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "No Compromises", "paragraph_text": "\"No Compromises\" is the first episode of the fifth season of the science-fiction television series \"Babylon 5\". This was the first episode of \"Babylon 5\" to air on TNT."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hezekiah Walker", "paragraph_text": "Bishop Hezekiah Walker (born December 24, 1962) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch, Love Fellowship Tabernacle. Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir."}], "question": "How many episodes are in season 5 of the '99' show named after the birthplace of the performer of Souled Out?"}
{"id": "3hop2__94557_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Michel Duchaussoy", "paragraph_text": "Michel Ren\u00e9 Jacques Duchaussoy (29 November 1938 \u2013 13 March 2012) was a French film actor, who appeared in more than 130 films between 1962 and 2012. At first a theater actor, he worked for many years in the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, where he started his career in 1964."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Macaulay Culkin", "paragraph_text": "Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor, author and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor, appearing in the films Rocket Gibraltar (1988) and Uncle Buck (1989). He became famous for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film Home Alone (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jacques Frantz", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Frantz (born 4 April 1947) is a French actor and voice actor. He is renowned for his voice, which he has lent to many well known actors such as Robert De Niro, Mel Gibson, John Goodman, and Nick Nolte. Frantz has also appeared in films. Since October 2013, he is the official voice of the radio station Nostalgie."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kurtwood Smith", "paragraph_text": "Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop (1987) and Red Forman in That '70s Show, as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in the seventh season of 24."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)", "paragraph_text": "Ferrell portrays Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. Darrell Hammond also appeared in each sketch, usually portraying Sean Connery, in an impersonation that typically involves crass insults directed at Trebek. Norm Macdonald appeared as Burt Reynolds in six sketches. Jimmy Fallon also appeared six times, each time portraying a different character."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine", "paragraph_text": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine (January 24, 1933 - January 5, 2013) was a Canadian actor who also appeared in many films and Canadian versions of cartoons. He died, aged 79, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "GoldenEye", "paragraph_text": "The film was released after a six-year hiatus in the series caused by legal disputes, during which Timothy Dalton resigned from the role of James Bond and was replaced by Pierce Brosnan. M was also recast, with actress Judi Dench becoming the first woman to portray the character, replacing Robert Brown. The role of Miss Moneypenny was also recast, with Caroline Bliss being replaced by Samantha Bond; Desmond Llewelyn was the only actor to reprise his role, as Q. It was the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, which provided a background for the plot. Principal photography for \"GoldenEye\" took place in the UK, Russia, Monte Carlo and Puerto Rico; it was the inaugural film production to be shot at Leavesden Studios. The first Bond film to utilise computer generated imagery, \"GoldenEye\" was also the final film of special effects supervisor Derek Meddings's career, and was dedicated to his memory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "GoldenEye", "paragraph_text": "GoldenEye is a 1995 spy film. It is the seventeenth in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 officer James Bond. It was directed by Martin Campbell and is the first in the series not to utilise any story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming. The story was conceived and written by Michael France, with later collaboration by other writers. In the film, Bond fights to prevent an ex-MI6 agent, gone rogue, from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jorge Salcedo (actor)", "paragraph_text": "He made over 40 film appearances in Argentina playing lead roles in films such as the 1949 Hardly a Criminal and \"Los Evadidos\" (1964) for which he won a Silver Condor for best actor. For a time, he served as the president of the Argentine Actors Association."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kathleen Lockhart", "paragraph_text": "She was born Kathleen Arthur in Southsea, Hampshire. She got her start on the stage in Britain and then emigrated to the United States in 1924, upon her marriage to Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart. She continued to appear on stage and in Hollywood films for almost forty years. Kathleen and her husband, Gene, occasionally starred opposite each other, most notably as Mr. and Mrs. Bob Cratchit in \"A Christmas Carol\" (1938). Their daughter, June Lockhart also appeared with them in that film, portraying their daughter. After her husband died in 1957, she retired from acting and made no more film appearances, except for a small role in \"The Purple Gang\" (1960)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stuart Wells", "paragraph_text": "Stuart Wells (born 18 September 1982) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Michael in the film \"Billy Elliot\" (2000). Wells was aged 18 at the time of filming, but he portrayed an 11-year-old."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the character that is the basis of GoldenEye in films?"}
{"id": "3hop1__781357_680388_763127", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria (; 22 October 1859 \u2013 23 November 1949), was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a General of Cavalry. Following his marriage to Infanta Maria da Paz of Spain, he also became Spanish infante."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chomedey (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Chomedey is a provincial electoral district in Quebec, Canada that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It is located in the western part of Laval. It takes in part of the Chomedey neighbourhood. It includes most of the territory bounded by the Rivi\u00e8re des Prairies to the south, Autoroute 15 to the east, Autoroute 440 to the north and Autoroute 13 to the west."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Phulrraa", "paragraph_text": "Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maurer-Union", "paragraph_text": "Maurer-Union was a German car maker located in Nuremberg. From 1900-1910 Maurer-Union produced 300 to 400 cars per year. It was one of the first manufacturers that introduced continuously variable transmission using a friction drive."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oblasts of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern (Ferdinand Maria Fidelis Leopold Meinrad Valentin; born 14 February 1960) is the youngest of three children of Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern and his wife Princess Margarita of Leiningen."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gorakhpur Junction railway station", "paragraph_text": "The North east Gorakhpur Railway Station is located in the city of Gorakhpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway. The station offers Class A railway station facilities. On 6 October 2013, Gorakhpur became the world's longest railway platform, after inauguration of the remodelled Gorakhpur Yard, with a stretch of around 1.34 kilometres (0.84 mi)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yanam district", "paragraph_text": "Yanam district is one of the four districts of the Union Territory of Puducherry in India. It's headquarter is the town of Yanam."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sandasar", "paragraph_text": "Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra."}], "question": "What family does Ferdinand Maria, Elector of the region where Maurer-Union's headquarters is located, belong to?"}
{"id": "3hop2__94641_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kathleen Lockhart", "paragraph_text": "She was born Kathleen Arthur in Southsea, Hampshire. She got her start on the stage in Britain and then emigrated to the United States in 1924, upon her marriage to Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart. She continued to appear on stage and in Hollywood films for almost forty years. Kathleen and her husband, Gene, occasionally starred opposite each other, most notably as Mr. and Mrs. Bob Cratchit in \"A Christmas Carol\" (1938). Their daughter, June Lockhart also appeared with them in that film, portraying their daughter. After her husband died in 1957, she retired from acting and made no more film appearances, except for a small role in \"The Purple Gang\" (1960)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lord Voldemort", "paragraph_text": "In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Voldemort's manifestation is as a face on the back of Quirrell's head, an effect achieved by computer generated imagery. Ian Hart, the actor who played Quirrell in the same film, provided the voice and the facial source for this character. Voldemort also appears in a scene in the Forbidden Forest where he is seen drinking the blood of a unicorn. As Voldemort's face was altered enough by CG work, and Hart's voice was affected enough, there was no confusion by Hart's playing of the two roles. In that film, he was also shown in a flashback sequence when he arrived at the home of James and Lily Potter to kill them. In this scene Voldemort is played by Richard Bremmer, though his face is never seen. His next appearance would be in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the 16 - year - old Tom Marvolo Riddle (portrayed by Christian Coulson)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christopher Plummer", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer CC (born December 13, 1929) is a Canadian actor. Often described as one of the greatest actors of all time, his film debut came in Stage Struck (1958), Plummer's career has spanned six decades. He is known for portraying Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music (1965), and has also portrayed several major historical figures, including Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington in Waterloo (1970), Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King (1975), Mike Wallace in The Insider (1999), Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station (2009), and J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World (2017)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kurtwood Smith", "paragraph_text": "Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop (1987) and Red Forman in That '70s Show, as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in the seventh season of 24."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The World Is Not Enough", "paragraph_text": "The World Is Not Enough is a 1999 spy film, the 19th in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the third to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. The film was directed by Michael Apted, with the original story and screenplay written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and Bruce Feirstein. It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli. The title is taken from a line in the 1963 novel \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jacques Frantz", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Frantz (born 4 April 1947) is a French actor and voice actor. He is renowned for his voice, which he has lent to many well known actors such as Robert De Niro, Mel Gibson, John Goodman, and Nick Nolte. Frantz has also appeared in films. Since October 2013, he is the official voice of the radio station Nostalgie."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Macaulay Culkin", "paragraph_text": "Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor, author and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor, appearing in the films Rocket Gibraltar (1988) and Uncle Buck (1989). He became famous for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film Home Alone (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine", "paragraph_text": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine (January 24, 1933 - January 5, 2013) was a Canadian actor who also appeared in many films and Canadian versions of cartoons. He died, aged 79, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Michel Duchaussoy", "paragraph_text": "Michel Ren\u00e9 Jacques Duchaussoy (29 November 1938 \u2013 13 March 2012) was a French film actor, who appeared in more than 130 films between 1962 and 2012. At first a theater actor, he worked for many years in the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, where he started his career in 1964."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jorge Salcedo (actor)", "paragraph_text": "He made over 40 film appearances in Argentina playing lead roles in films such as the 1949 Hardly a Criminal and \"Los Evadidos\" (1964) for which he won a Silver Condor for best actor. For a time, he served as the president of the Argentine Actors Association."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the character who is the basis of The World is Not Enough?"}
{"id": "3hop2__153245_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor best known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Robert Taylor (Australian actor)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Taylor (born 7 July 1963) is an Australian actor who has appeared in many films and television series in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On television, he is known for playing the lead role of Walt Longmire in the A&E / Netflix television series Longmire. On film, he is known for playing ``Agent Jones ''in The Matrix (1999); he also starred in Vertical Limit (2000)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ernest P. Worrell", "paragraph_text": "Ernest P. Worrell is a fictional character portrayed by American actor Jim Varney in a series of television commercials, primarily shot on digital video (a novelty at the time), and later in a television series (Hey Vern, It's Ernest!) as well as a series of feature films. Ernest was created by the Nashville advertising agency Carden & Cherry and was used in various local television ad campaigns. The only national products he promoted were The Coca - Cola Company's sodas, Chex, and Taco John's. The first Ernest commercial, filmed in 1980, advertised an appearance by the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders at Beech Bend Park, an amusement park near Bowling Green, Kentucky. The format of the commercials seldom varied."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Colonel Sun", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Sun is a novel by Kingsley Amis published by Jonathan Cape on 28 March 1968 under the pseudonym \"Robert Markham\". \"Colonel Sun\" is the first James Bond continuation novel published after Ian Fleming's 1964 death. Before writing the novel, Amis wrote two other Bond related works, the literary study \"The James Bond Dossier\" and the humorous \"The Book of Bond\". \"Colonel Sun\" centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond and his mission to track down the kidnappers of M, his superior at the Secret Service. During the mission he discovers a communist Chinese plot to cause an international incident. Bond, assisted by a Greek spy working for the Russians, finds M on a small Aegean island, rescues him and kills the two main plotters: Colonel Sun Liang-tan and a former Nazi commander, Von Richter."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Daniel Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play Ian Fleming's British secret agent James Bond in the eponymous film series, taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, was released internationally in November 2006 and was highly acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA nomination and becoming the highest grossing in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace followed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the 22nd-highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, Spectre, premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth Bond film, provisionally known as Bond 25, is scheduled for release in 2020.Since taking the role of Bond, Craig has continued to star in other films, including the fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007), World War II film Defiance (2008), science fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and the heist film Logan Lucky (2017)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jerry Dandrige", "paragraph_text": "Jerry Dandrige is a fictional vampire. He first appears in the 1985 film Fright Night portrayed by Chris Sarandon, which was later spun - off into a comic book series that utilized Sarandon's likeness. Dandrige, portrayed by Colin Farrell, also appears in the 2011 remake both of which he is the main antagonist. The original screenplay and film credits spell his last name ``Dandrige '', but some secondary sources, including the makers of the tie - in comics, use the spelling,`` Dandridge'' (with a third ``d '')."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of Harry Potter cast members", "paragraph_text": "Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J.K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in all the films. When they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Complementing them on screen are such actors as Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Richard Griffiths, Richard Harris, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Miriam Margolyes, Helen McCrory, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Maggie Smith, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, David Thewlis, Emma Thompson, and Julie Walters, among others. Thirteen actors have appeared as the same character in all eight films of the series."}], "question": "How many times in films has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the title character of the series The Colonel Sun was in?"}
{"id": "3hop2__15282_153245_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ernest P. Worrell", "paragraph_text": "Ernest P. Worrell is a fictional character portrayed by American actor Jim Varney in a series of television commercials, primarily shot on digital video (a novelty at the time), and later in a television series (Hey Vern, It's Ernest!) as well as a series of feature films. Ernest was created by the Nashville advertising agency Carden & Cherry and was used in various local television ad campaigns. The only national products he promoted were The Coca - Cola Company's sodas, Chex, and Taco John's. The first Ernest commercial, filmed in 1980, advertised an appearance by the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders at Beech Bend Park, an amusement park near Bowling Green, Kentucky. The format of the commercials seldom varied."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert Taylor (Australian actor)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Taylor (born 7 July 1963) is an Australian actor who has appeared in many films and television series in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On television, he is known for playing the lead role of Walt Longmire in the A&E / Netflix television series Longmire. On film, he is known for playing ``Agent Jones ''in The Matrix (1999); he also starred in Vertical Limit (2000)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Harry Potter cast members", "paragraph_text": "Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J.K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in all the films. When they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Complementing them on screen are such actors as Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Richard Griffiths, Richard Harris, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Miriam Margolyes, Helen McCrory, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Maggie Smith, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, David Thewlis, Emma Thompson, and Julie Walters, among others. Thirteen actors have appeared as the same character in all eight films of the series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jerry Dandrige", "paragraph_text": "Jerry Dandrige is a fictional vampire. He first appears in the 1985 film Fright Night portrayed by Chris Sarandon, which was later spun - off into a comic book series that utilized Sarandon's likeness. Dandrige, portrayed by Colin Farrell, also appears in the 2011 remake both of which he is the main antagonist. The original screenplay and film credits spell his last name ``Dandrige '', but some secondary sources, including the makers of the tie - in comics, use the spelling,`` Dandridge'' (with a third ``d '')."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christian Marin", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marin (8 February 1929 \u2013 5 September 2012) was a French film actor. Born in Lyon, he is best known for his role in \"Le gendarme series\" (as \"Merlot\"), although he did not appear in the last two sequels. In 1967 he appeared in the television serial \"Les Chevaliers du ciel\", in which he portrayed the character Ernest Laverdure."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Daniel Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play Ian Fleming's British secret agent James Bond in the eponymous film series, taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, was released internationally in November 2006 and was highly acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA nomination and becoming the highest grossing in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace followed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the 22nd-highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, Spectre, premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth Bond film, provisionally known as Bond 25, is scheduled for release in 2020.Since taking the role of Bond, Craig has continued to star in other films, including the fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007), World War II film Defiance (2008), science fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and the heist film Logan Lucky (2017)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Colonel Sun", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Sun is a novel by Kingsley Amis published by Jonathan Cape on 28 March 1968 under the pseudonym \"Robert Markham\". \"Colonel Sun\" is the first James Bond continuation novel published after Ian Fleming's 1964 death. Before writing the novel, Amis wrote two other Bond related works, the literary study \"The James Bond Dossier\" and the humorous \"The Book of Bond\". \"Colonel Sun\" centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond and his mission to track down the kidnappers of M, his superior at the Secret Service. During the mission he discovers a communist Chinese plot to cause an international incident. Bond, assisted by a Greek spy working for the Russians, finds M on a small Aegean island, rescues him and kills the two main plotters: Colonel Sun Liang-tan and a former Nazi commander, Von Richter."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the title character of the series The Colonel Sun was part of in films?"}
{"id": "3hop1__480904_680388_763127", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Loppersum railway station", "paragraph_text": "Loppersum is a railway station located in Loppersum, The Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 June 1884 and is located on the Groningen\u2013Delfzijl railway. The service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kera railway station", "paragraph_text": "Kera is a station on the VR commuter rail network located in Karamalmi, a district of the city of Espoo in Finland. It is situated between stations Kilo railway station and Kauniainen railway station. It is located about to the northwest/west of Helsinki Central railway station."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nijmegen Dukenburg railway station", "paragraph_text": "Nijmegen Dukenburg is a railway station located in the south west of Nijmegen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 2 June 1973 and is located on the Tilburg\u2013Nijmegen railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. The main station of Nijmegen is Nijmegen railway station."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Emmen railway station", "paragraph_text": "Emmen is a terminus railway station located in Emmen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 November 1905 and is located on the Zwolle\u2013Emmen railway. Train services are operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria (; 22 October 1859 \u2013 23 November 1949), was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a General of Cavalry. Following his marriage to Infanta Maria da Paz of Spain, he also became Spanish infante."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gorakhpur Junction railway station", "paragraph_text": "The North east Gorakhpur Railway Station is located in the city of Gorakhpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway. The station offers Class A railway station facilities. On 6 October 2013, Gorakhpur became the world's longest railway platform, after inauguration of the remodelled Gorakhpur Yard, with a stretch of around 1.34 kilometres (0.84 mi)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern (Ferdinand Maria Fidelis Leopold Meinrad Valentin; born 14 February 1960) is the youngest of three children of Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern and his wife Princess Margarita of Leiningen."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gare de Grenoble", "paragraph_text": "Grenoble is the main railway station located in Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France. The station was opened on 3 January 1849 and is located on the Lyon\u2013Marseille (via Grenoble) railway and Grenoble\u2013Montm\u00e9lian railway. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dunbar Hospital", "paragraph_text": "The Dunbar Hospital was the first hospital for the black community in Detroit, Michigan. It is located at 580 Frederick Street, and is currently the administrative headquarters of the Detroit Medical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Santa Maria Assunta, Genoa", "paragraph_text": "Santa Maria Assunta is a Renaissance church in Genoa, Italy. It is located in a residential sector called Carignano located on the hills just above the city center, thus the church is also known as \"Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Digital Speech Standard", "paragraph_text": "DSS was originally developed in 1994 by Grundig with the University of Nuremberg. In 1997, the digital speech standard was released, which was based on the previous codec. It is commonly used on digital dictation recorders. Modern phycoacoustical codecs that perform nearly as well at only slightly higher bitrates have led to this speech coding standard being less used in modern voice recording equipment."}], "question": "What family does Ferdinand Maria, Elector of the region where Grundig's headquarters is located, belong to?"}
{"id": "3hop2__153622_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Daniel Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play Ian Fleming's British secret agent James Bond in the eponymous film series, taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, was released internationally in November 2006 and was highly acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA nomination and becoming the highest grossing in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace followed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the 22nd-highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, Spectre, premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth Bond film, provisionally known as Bond 25, is scheduled for release in 2020.Since taking the role of Bond, Craig has continued to star in other films, including the fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007), World War II film Defiance (2008), science fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and the heist film Logan Lucky (2017)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alan Cumming", "paragraph_text": "Alan Cumming, OBE (born 27 January 1965), is a Scottish - American actor, singer / performer, author, and activist who has appeared in numerous films, television shows, and plays. His London stage appearances include Hamlet, the Maniac in Accidental Death of an Anarchist (for which he received an Olivier Award), the lead in Bent, and the National Theatre of Scotland's The Bacchae. On Broadway, he has appeared in The Threepenny Opera, as the master of ceremonies in Cabaret (for which he won a Tony Award), Design for Living and a one - man adaptation of Macbeth. His best - known film roles include his performances in Emma, GoldenEye, the Spy Kids trilogy, Son of the Mask, and X2. Cumming also introduces Masterpiece Mystery! for PBS and appeared on The Good Wife, for which he has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Golden Globe Awards and a Satellite Award. A filming of his Las Vegas cabaret show, Alan Cumming Sings Sappy Songs, aired on PBS stations in November 2016."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor best known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Christian Marin", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marin (8 February 1929 \u2013 5 September 2012) was a French film actor. Born in Lyon, he is best known for his role in \"Le gendarme series\" (as \"Merlot\"), although he did not appear in the last two sequels. In 1967 he appeared in the television serial \"Les Chevaliers du ciel\", in which he portrayed the character Ernest Laverdure."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "GoldenEye", "paragraph_text": "GoldenEye is a 1995 spy film. It is the seventeenth in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 officer James Bond. It was directed by Martin Campbell and is the first in the series not to utilise any story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming. The story was conceived and written by Michael France, with later collaboration by other writers. In the film, Bond fights to prevent an ex-MI6 agent, gone rogue, from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "GoldenEye", "paragraph_text": "The film was released after a six-year hiatus in the series caused by legal disputes, during which Timothy Dalton resigned from the role of James Bond and was replaced by Pierce Brosnan. M was also recast, with actress Judi Dench becoming the first woman to portray the character, replacing Robert Brown. The role of Miss Moneypenny was also recast, with Caroline Bliss being replaced by Samantha Bond; Desmond Llewelyn was the only actor to reprise his role, as Q. It was the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, which provided a background for the plot. Principal photography for \"GoldenEye\" took place in the UK, Russia, Monte Carlo and Puerto Rico; it was the inaugural film production to be shot at Leavesden Studios. The first Bond film to utilise computer generated imagery, \"GoldenEye\" was also the final film of special effects supervisor Derek Meddings's career, and was dedicated to his memory."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Harry Potter cast members", "paragraph_text": "Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J.K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in all the films. When they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Complementing them on screen are such actors as Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Richard Griffiths, Richard Harris, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Miriam Margolyes, Helen McCrory, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Maggie Smith, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, David Thewlis, Emma Thompson, and Julie Walters, among others. Thirteen actors have appeared as the same character in all eight films of the series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}], "question": "How many times in films has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the title character of the series GoldenEye was in?"}
{"id": "3hop2__96318_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saw (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "John Kramer -- known as The Jigsaw Killer or simply Jigsaw -- is a fictional character who appears in the Saw franchise as the main antagonist. Jigsaw made his debut in the first film of the series, Saw, and he later appeared in Saw II, Saw III, Saw IV, Saw V, Saw VI, Saw 3D and, eventually, Jigsaw. He is portrayed by American actor Tobin Bell."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Colonel Sun", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Sun is a novel by Kingsley Amis published by Jonathan Cape on 28 March 1968 under the pseudonym \"Robert Markham\". \"Colonel Sun\" is the first James Bond continuation novel published after Ian Fleming's 1964 death. Before writing the novel, Amis wrote two other Bond related works, the literary study \"The James Bond Dossier\" and the humorous \"The Book of Bond\". \"Colonel Sun\" centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond and his mission to track down the kidnappers of M, his superior at the Secret Service. During the mission he discovers a communist Chinese plot to cause an international incident. Bond, assisted by a Greek spy working for the Russians, finds M on a small Aegean island, rescues him and kills the two main plotters: Colonel Sun Liang-tan and a former Nazi commander, Von Richter."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227, along with the film Without Warning."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Christian Marin", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marin (8 February 1929 \u2013 5 September 2012) was a French film actor. Born in Lyon, he is best known for his role in \"Le gendarme series\" (as \"Merlot\"), although he did not appear in the last two sequels. In 1967 he appeared in the television serial \"Les Chevaliers du ciel\", in which he portrayed the character Ernest Laverdure."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pat Walshe", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Walshe (July 26, 1900 -- December 11, 1991) was an American dwarf character actor and circus performer who specialized portraying animals (animal impersonating). He is best known for playing Nikko, the head of the Winged Monkeys in The Wizard of Oz. He appeared in only a few films, as most of his work was in theater, vaudeville and circus."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jack McGee (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Jack McGee (born February 2, 1949) is an American television and film character actor. He has appeared in over 100 films and television series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hal Gordon", "paragraph_text": "Hal Gordon (1894\u20131946) was a British film actor. A character actor, he appeared in over 90 films in both comic and straight roles."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rachel Dawes", "paragraph_text": "Rachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2005 feature film Batman Begins. She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes, with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes. Holmes also voiced the character in the video game adaptation. Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role. Gyllenhaal also appeared as Dawes on the viral marketing website I Believe in Harvey Dent, giving Harvey Dent her endorsement in the District Attorney election."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)", "paragraph_text": "Ferrell portrays Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. Darrell Hammond also appeared in each sketch, usually portraying Sean Connery, in an impersonation that typically involves crass insults directed at Trebek. Norm Macdonald appeared as Burt Reynolds in six sketches. Jimmy Fallon also appeared six times, each time portraying a different character."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Attilio Dottesio", "paragraph_text": "Attilio Dottesio (16 July 1909 \u2013 12 February 1989) was an Italian film character actor. He appeared in 170 films between 1940 and 1985."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 along with the film, Without Warning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Makkala Rajya", "paragraph_text": "Makkala Rajya () is a 1960 Kannada film directed and co-produced by B. R. Panthulu. The film starred Panthulu besides M. V. Rajamma who also was the producer, along with Narasimharaju and Balakrishna in other pivotal roles. The Tamil veteran actor Sivaji Ganesan made a brief guest appearance and actor Umesh made his film debut with this film. Another famous Tamil character actor Nagesh made his debut in Kannada films through this film. Acclaimed director Puttanna Kanagal had assisted Panthulu for this film."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "\u00c9mile Genevois", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9mile Genevois (January 1, 1918 \u2013 September 19, 1962) was a French film actor. Genevois appeared in over ninety films and television programmes, generally in character roles."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the character from The Colonel Sun in films?"}
{"id": "3hop1__504563_680388_763127", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "High River (N.W.T. electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "High River was a single member territorial electoral district in Northwest Territories Canada that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories from 1894 until 1905."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Emmen railway station", "paragraph_text": "Emmen is a terminus railway station located in Emmen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 November 1905 and is located on the Zwolle\u2013Emmen railway. Train services are operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pivka railway station", "paragraph_text": "Pivka railway station () is a significant railway station in Pivka, Slovenia. It is located on the main railway line between Ljubljana, Slovenia and Trieste, Italy"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Novate Milanese railway station", "paragraph_text": "Novate Milanese railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located in the Milan\u2013Saronno railway, it serves the town of Novate Milanese."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Crailsheim station", "paragraph_text": "Crailsheim station is a junction station in the German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg where four railway lines converge. It lies at the 30.4\u00a0km point (from Goldsh\u00f6fe) on the Upper Jagst Railway, with the chainage continuing on the Hohenlohe Railway. The chainage on the Tauber Valley Railway and the line to Nuremberg starts at the station. With its four platform tracks and numerous passing tracks and sidings, it is the largest station in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is by served by Intercity and regional trains."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tavazzano railway station", "paragraph_text": "Tavazzano is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Bologna railway, it serves the municipality of Tavazzano con Villavesco."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gare de Grenoble", "paragraph_text": "Grenoble is the main railway station located in Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France. The station was opened on 3 January 1849 and is located on the Lyon\u2013Marseille (via Grenoble) railway and Grenoble\u2013Montm\u00e9lian railway. The train services are operated by SNCF."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kera railway station", "paragraph_text": "Kera is a station on the VR commuter rail network located in Karamalmi, a district of the city of Espoo in Finland. It is situated between stations Kilo railway station and Kauniainen railway station. It is located about to the northwest/west of Helsinki Central railway station."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chomedey (electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Chomedey is a provincial electoral district in Quebec, Canada that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It is located in the western part of Laval. It takes in part of the Chomedey neighbourhood. It includes most of the territory bounded by the Rivi\u00e8re des Prairies to the south, Autoroute 15 to the east, Autoroute 440 to the north and Autoroute 13 to the west."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Santa Maria Assunta, Genoa", "paragraph_text": "Santa Maria Assunta is a Renaissance church in Genoa, Italy. It is located in a residential sector called Carignano located on the hills just above the city center, thus the church is also known as \"Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg", "paragraph_text": "Christkindlesmarkt is a Christmas market that is held annually in Nuremberg, Germany. It takes place during Advent in the Hauptmarkt, the central square in Nuremberg\u2019s old town, and in adjoining squares and streets. With about two million visitors a year the N\u00fcrnberger Christkindlesmarkt is one of the largest Christmas markets in Germany and one of the most famous in the world. Every year the Christmas market begins on the Friday preceding the first Sunday in Advent and ends on December 24, unless that day is a Sunday."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria (; 22 October 1859 \u2013 23 November 1949), was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a General of Cavalry. Following his marriage to Infanta Maria da Paz of Spain, he also became Spanish infante."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway", "paragraph_text": "The Nuremberg\u2013Crailsheim railway is a major railway in the north of the German states of Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which links Nuremberg, Ansbach and Crailsheim. The line has the current timetable number of 891.7 and is an important German railway line. The Nuremberg\u2013Ansbach section is used as an alternative route when problems occur for long distance services between Nuremberg and W\u00fcrzburg (via Uffenheim) and Nuremberg and Treuchtlingen (via Gunzenhausen) and to relieve the Nuremberg\u2013W\u00fcrzburg railway of some of its freight traffic."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Trezzano sul Naviglio railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Mortara\u2013Milan railway, it serves the town of Trezzano sul Naviglio."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Loppersum railway station", "paragraph_text": "Loppersum is a railway station located in Loppersum, The Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 June 1884 and is located on the Groningen\u2013Delfzijl railway. The service is operated by Arriva."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ylitornio railway station", "paragraph_text": "Ylitornio railway station is located in the municipality of Ylitornio in the Lapland Province of Finland. It is located about north from Tornio railway station. The station only serves passenger traffic; most trains are hauled by VR Class Dr16 locomotives. Ylitornio railway station was opened in 1927."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Locate Triulzi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Locate Triulzi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Milan\u2013Genoa railway, it serves the municipality of Locate di Triulzi."}], "question": "What is the family of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of the region that has a railway connecting Crailsheim and the city containing Christkindlesmarkt?"}
{"id": "3hop2__15282_94631_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Living Daylights", "paragraph_text": "The Living Daylights is a 1987 British spy film, the fifteenth entry in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Timothy Dalton as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by John Glen, the film's title is taken from Ian Fleming's short story \"The Living Daylights\", the plot of which also forms the basis of the first act of the film. It was the last film to use the title of an Ian Fleming story until the 2006 instalment \"Casino Royale\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jacques Frantz", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Frantz (born 4 April 1947) is a French actor and voice actor. He is renowned for his voice, which he has lent to many well known actors such as Robert De Niro, Mel Gibson, John Goodman, and Nick Nolte. Frantz has also appeared in films. Since October 2013, he is the official voice of the radio station Nostalgie."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Macaulay Culkin", "paragraph_text": "Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor, author and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor, appearing in the films Rocket Gibraltar (1988) and Uncle Buck (1989). He became famous for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film Home Alone (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kathleen Lockhart", "paragraph_text": "She was born Kathleen Arthur in Southsea, Hampshire. She got her start on the stage in Britain and then emigrated to the United States in 1924, upon her marriage to Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart. She continued to appear on stage and in Hollywood films for almost forty years. Kathleen and her husband, Gene, occasionally starred opposite each other, most notably as Mr. and Mrs. Bob Cratchit in \"A Christmas Carol\" (1938). Their daughter, June Lockhart also appeared with them in that film, portraying their daughter. After her husband died in 1957, she retired from acting and made no more film appearances, except for a small role in \"The Purple Gang\" (1960)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters", "paragraph_text": "Lumi\u00e8re First appearance Beauty and the Beast (1991) Portrayed by Henri Lubatti (Once Upon a Time) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Voiced by Jerry Orbach (films, House of Mouse) Jeff Bennett (Kingdom Hearts II, theme parks) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Masashi Ebara (Japanese)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pusher II", "paragraph_text": "Pusher II (also known as Pusher II: With Blood on My Hands) is a 2004 Danish crime film written and directed by Nicolas Winding Refn. The film is the second film in the \"Pusher\" trilogy, portraying the lives of criminals in Copenhagen."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine", "paragraph_text": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine (January 24, 1933 - January 5, 2013) was a Canadian actor who also appeared in many films and Canadian versions of cartoons. He died, aged 79, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kurtwood Smith", "paragraph_text": "Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop (1987) and Red Forman in That '70s Show, as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in the seventh season of 24."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Matthew Garber", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Adam Garber (25 March 1956 -- 13 June 1977) was a British child actor, best known for his role as Michael Banks in the 1964 film Mary Poppins. He also starred in two other Disney films, The Three Lives of Thomasina and The Gnome - Mobile, all three times appearing alongside actress Karen Dotrice."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ray Baker (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Ray Baker (born July 9, 1948) is an American theater, television and film actor. Baker was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He is a long time character actor with over 100 credits on television and film. Baker is credited either as Ray or Raymond. He grew up in Denver, Colorado and graduated from Denver University, before moving to New York and living and working there for twenty years. Ray appeared on and off Broadway and in regional theatre. He currently lives in Los Angeles, is married to actress and playwright Colleen Dodson, and continues working in theatre, movies, and television."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stuart Wells", "paragraph_text": "Stuart Wells (born 18 September 1982) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Michael in the film \"Billy Elliot\" (2000). Wells was aged 18 at the time of filming, but he portrayed an 11-year-old."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Michel Duchaussoy", "paragraph_text": "Michel Ren\u00e9 Jacques Duchaussoy (29 November 1938 \u2013 13 March 2012) was a French film actor, who appeared in more than 130 films between 1962 and 2012. At first a theater actor, he worked for many years in the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, where he started his career in 1964."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}], "question": "How many times in films has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the title character of the series serving as the basis for The Living Daylights?"}
{"id": "3hop1__649046_558205_865128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WYAB", "paragraph_text": "WYAB 103.9 FM (formerly 93.1 FM) is a radio station serving the city of Jackson, Mississippi, including Madison County, Yazoo County, Rankin County, and Hinds County. The studios of WYAB are located within the Cotton Exchange Plaza in Flora, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Yazoo City, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Yazoo City is a U.S. city in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It was named after the Yazoo River, which, in turn was named by the French explorer Robert La Salle in 1682 as \"Rivi\u00e8re des Yazous\" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth. It is the county seat of Yazoo County and the principal city of the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Jackson\u2013Yazoo City Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the population was 11,403."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Midway, Hinds County, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Midway is an unincorporated community in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. Midway is located on Midway Road southwest of Jackson and is located within the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area. ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}], "question": "What city is located in the county that shares a border with the county where Midway is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__15282_153622_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "GoldenEye", "paragraph_text": "GoldenEye is a 1995 spy film. It is the seventeenth in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 officer James Bond. It was directed by Martin Campbell and is the first in the series not to utilise any story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming. The story was conceived and written by Michael France, with later collaboration by other writers. In the film, Bond fights to prevent an ex-MI6 agent, gone rogue, from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alan Cumming", "paragraph_text": "Alan Cumming, OBE (born 27 January 1965), is a Scottish - American actor, singer / performer, author, and activist who has appeared in numerous films, television shows, and plays. His London stage appearances include Hamlet, the Maniac in Accidental Death of an Anarchist (for which he received an Olivier Award), the lead in Bent, and the National Theatre of Scotland's The Bacchae. On Broadway, he has appeared in The Threepenny Opera, as the master of ceremonies in Cabaret (for which he won a Tony Award), Design for Living and a one - man adaptation of Macbeth. His best - known film roles include his performances in Emma, GoldenEye, the Spy Kids trilogy, Son of the Mask, and X2. Cumming also introduces Masterpiece Mystery! for PBS and appeared on The Good Wife, for which he has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Golden Globe Awards and a Satellite Award. A filming of his Las Vegas cabaret show, Alan Cumming Sings Sappy Songs, aired on PBS stations in November 2016."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jerry Dandrige", "paragraph_text": "Jerry Dandrige is a fictional vampire. He first appears in the 1985 film Fright Night portrayed by Chris Sarandon, which was later spun - off into a comic book series that utilized Sarandon's likeness. Dandrige, portrayed by Colin Farrell, also appears in the 2011 remake both of which he is the main antagonist. The original screenplay and film credits spell his last name ``Dandrige '', but some secondary sources, including the makers of the tie - in comics, use the spelling,`` Dandridge'' (with a third ``d '')."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor best known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Christian Marin", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marin (8 February 1929 \u2013 5 September 2012) was a French film actor. Born in Lyon, he is best known for his role in \"Le gendarme series\" (as \"Merlot\"), although he did not appear in the last two sequels. In 1967 he appeared in the television serial \"Les Chevaliers du ciel\", in which he portrayed the character Ernest Laverdure."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Robert Taylor (Australian actor)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Taylor (born 7 July 1963) is an Australian actor who has appeared in many films and television series in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On television, he is known for playing the lead role of Walt Longmire in the A&E / Netflix television series Longmire. On film, he is known for playing ``Agent Jones ''in The Matrix (1999); he also starred in Vertical Limit (2000)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "GoldenEye", "paragraph_text": "The film was released after a six-year hiatus in the series caused by legal disputes, during which Timothy Dalton resigned from the role of James Bond and was replaced by Pierce Brosnan. M was also recast, with actress Judi Dench becoming the first woman to portray the character, replacing Robert Brown. The role of Miss Moneypenny was also recast, with Caroline Bliss being replaced by Samantha Bond; Desmond Llewelyn was the only actor to reprise his role, as Q. It was the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, which provided a background for the plot. Principal photography for \"GoldenEye\" took place in the UK, Russia, Monte Carlo and Puerto Rico; it was the inaugural film production to be shot at Leavesden Studios. The first Bond film to utilise computer generated imagery, \"GoldenEye\" was also the final film of special effects supervisor Derek Meddings's career, and was dedicated to his memory."}], "question": "How many times in films has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the title character of the series GoldenEye was in?"}
{"id": "3hop2__94631_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ray Baker (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Ray Baker (born July 9, 1948) is an American theater, television and film actor. Baker was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He is a long time character actor with over 100 credits on television and film. Baker is credited either as Ray or Raymond. He grew up in Denver, Colorado and graduated from Denver University, before moving to New York and living and working there for twenty years. Ray appeared on and off Broadway and in regional theatre. He currently lives in Los Angeles, is married to actress and playwright Colleen Dodson, and continues working in theatre, movies, and television."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Matthew Garber", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Adam Garber (25 March 1956 -- 13 June 1977) was a British child actor, best known for his role as Michael Banks in the 1964 film Mary Poppins. He also starred in two other Disney films, The Three Lives of Thomasina and The Gnome - Mobile, all three times appearing alongside actress Karen Dotrice."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine", "paragraph_text": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine (January 24, 1933 - January 5, 2013) was a Canadian actor who also appeared in many films and Canadian versions of cartoons. He died, aged 79, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jorge Salcedo (actor)", "paragraph_text": "He made over 40 film appearances in Argentina playing lead roles in films such as the 1949 Hardly a Criminal and \"Los Evadidos\" (1964) for which he won a Silver Condor for best actor. For a time, he served as the president of the Argentine Actors Association."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jacques Frantz", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Frantz (born 4 April 1947) is a French actor and voice actor. He is renowned for his voice, which he has lent to many well known actors such as Robert De Niro, Mel Gibson, John Goodman, and Nick Nolte. Frantz has also appeared in films. Since October 2013, he is the official voice of the radio station Nostalgie."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters", "paragraph_text": "Lumi\u00e8re First appearance Beauty and the Beast (1991) Portrayed by Henri Lubatti (Once Upon a Time) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Voiced by Jerry Orbach (films, House of Mouse) Jeff Bennett (Kingdom Hearts II, theme parks) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Masashi Ebara (Japanese)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kathleen Lockhart", "paragraph_text": "She was born Kathleen Arthur in Southsea, Hampshire. She got her start on the stage in Britain and then emigrated to the United States in 1924, upon her marriage to Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart. She continued to appear on stage and in Hollywood films for almost forty years. Kathleen and her husband, Gene, occasionally starred opposite each other, most notably as Mr. and Mrs. Bob Cratchit in \"A Christmas Carol\" (1938). Their daughter, June Lockhart also appeared with them in that film, portraying their daughter. After her husband died in 1957, she retired from acting and made no more film appearances, except for a small role in \"The Purple Gang\" (1960)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kurtwood Smith", "paragraph_text": "Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop (1987) and Red Forman in That '70s Show, as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in the seventh season of 24."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Macaulay Culkin", "paragraph_text": "Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor, author and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor, appearing in the films Rocket Gibraltar (1988) and Uncle Buck (1989). He became famous for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film Home Alone (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stuart Wells", "paragraph_text": "Stuart Wells (born 18 September 1982) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Michael in the film \"Billy Elliot\" (2000). Wells was aged 18 at the time of filming, but he portrayed an 11-year-old."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Michel Duchaussoy", "paragraph_text": "Michel Ren\u00e9 Jacques Duchaussoy (29 November 1938 \u2013 13 March 2012) was a French film actor, who appeared in more than 130 films between 1962 and 2012. At first a theater actor, he worked for many years in the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, where he started his career in 1964."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Living Daylights", "paragraph_text": "The Living Daylights is a 1987 British spy film, the fifteenth entry in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Timothy Dalton as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by John Glen, the film's title is taken from Ian Fleming's short story \"The Living Daylights\", the plot of which also forms the basis of the first act of the film. It was the last film to use the title of an Ian Fleming story until the 2006 instalment \"Casino Royale\"."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who also appeared with Elizabeth in the film, portrayed the character that is the basis of The Living Daylights?"}
{"id": "3hop1__851067_558205_865128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Raymond, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Raymond is a city in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,933. Raymond is one of two county seats of Hinds County (along with Jackson) and is the home of the main campus of Hinds Community College."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WYAB", "paragraph_text": "WYAB 103.9 FM (formerly 93.1 FM) is a radio station serving the city of Jackson, Mississippi, including Madison County, Yazoo County, Rankin County, and Hinds County. The studios of WYAB are located within the Cotton Exchange Plaza in Flora, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yazoo City, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Yazoo City is a U.S. city in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It was named after the Yazoo River, which, in turn was named by the French explorer Robert La Salle in 1682 as \"Rivi\u00e8re des Yazous\" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth. It is the county seat of Yazoo County and the principal city of the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Jackson\u2013Yazoo City Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the population was 11,403."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}], "question": "What city is located in the county that shares a border with the county where Raymond is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__153810_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dylan and Cole Sprouse", "paragraph_text": "They both appeared in I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks, both of which were family films that received a direct - to - video release. David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said of their acting in Just for Kicks that the brothers ``are n't the worst child actors I've ever seen,... but they certainly leave a lot to be desired. ''Dylan and Cole were later cast in the Disney Channel original series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, where they portrayed identical twins Zack and Cody Martin, respectively. The series, which debuted in March 2005, became a ratings success. As part of their involvement with Disney, the brothers also became part of the 11 - member group, the Disney Channel Circle of Stars, and sang the song`` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes'' along with the members of the circle, for a video that was released as bonus material in the special edition version of the Disney film Cinderella. They also participated in the Disney Channel Games."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "For Special Services", "paragraph_text": "For Special Services, first published in 1982, was the second novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape and in the United States by Coward, McCann & Geoghegan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Daniel Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play Ian Fleming's British secret agent James Bond in the eponymous film series, taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, was released internationally in November 2006 and was highly acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA nomination and becoming the highest grossing in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace followed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the 22nd-highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, Spectre, premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth Bond film, provisionally known as Bond 25, is scheduled for release in 2020.Since taking the role of Bond, Craig has continued to star in other films, including the fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007), World War II film Defiance (2008), science fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and the heist film Logan Lucky (2017)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Christian Marin", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marin (8 February 1929 \u2013 5 September 2012) was a French film actor. Born in Lyon, he is best known for his role in \"Le gendarme series\" (as \"Merlot\"), although he did not appear in the last two sequels. In 1967 he appeared in the television serial \"Les Chevaliers du ciel\", in which he portrayed the character Ernest Laverdure."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Harry Potter cast members", "paragraph_text": "Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J.K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in all the films. When they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Complementing them on screen are such actors as Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Richard Griffiths, Richard Harris, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Miriam Margolyes, Helen McCrory, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Maggie Smith, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, David Thewlis, Emma Thompson, and Julie Walters, among others. Thirteen actors have appeared as the same character in all eight films of the series."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Christine Woods", "paragraph_text": "Christine Elizabeth Woods (born September 3, 1983) is an American actress who notably appeared in the HBO series \"Hello Ladies\". She previously portrayed FBI Special Agent Janis Hawk in the ABC series \"FlashForward\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pat Walshe", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Walshe (July 26, 1900 -- December 11, 1991) was an American dwarf character actor and circus performer who specialized portraying animals (animal impersonating). He is best known for playing Nikko, the head of the Winged Monkeys in The Wizard of Oz. He appeared in only a few films, as most of his work was in theater, vaudeville and circus."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film, portrayed the character from the series that For Special Services belongs to?"}
{"id": "3hop1__698453_558205_865128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dabney Crossroads, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Dabney Crossroads is an unincorporated community in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. Dabney Crossroads is west of Terry and is a part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area. ."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WYAB", "paragraph_text": "WYAB 103.9 FM (formerly 93.1 FM) is a radio station serving the city of Jackson, Mississippi, including Madison County, Yazoo County, Rankin County, and Hinds County. The studios of WYAB are located within the Cotton Exchange Plaza in Flora, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yazoo City, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Yazoo City is a U.S. city in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It was named after the Yazoo River, which, in turn was named by the French explorer Robert La Salle in 1682 as \"Rivi\u00e8re des Yazous\" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth. It is the county seat of Yazoo County and the principal city of the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Jackson\u2013Yazoo City Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the population was 11,403."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}], "question": "What city is found in the county that shares a border with Dabney Crossroads?"}
{"id": "3hop2__697283_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Daniel Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play Ian Fleming's British secret agent James Bond in the eponymous film series, taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, was released internationally in November 2006 and was highly acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA nomination and becoming the highest grossing in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace followed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the 22nd-highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, Spectre, premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth Bond film, provisionally known as Bond 25, is scheduled for release in 2020.Since taking the role of Bond, Craig has continued to star in other films, including the fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007), World War II film Defiance (2008), science fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and the heist film Logan Lucky (2017)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn \u2013 Part 2", "paragraph_text": "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 (commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn: Part 2) is a 2012 American romantic drama fantasy film directed by Bill Condon and based on the novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer. The second part of a two - part film forms the fifth and final installment in The Twilight Saga film series, and is the conclusion of the 2011 film Breaking Dawn: Part 1. All three main cast members, Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprise their roles, with Mackenzie Foy portraying Renesmee Cullen. Alongside Pattinson, Lautner, Stewart and Foy, the film also stars an ensemble cast including Billy Burke, Peter Facinelli, Elizabeth Reaser, Kellan Lutz, Nikki Reed, Jackson Rathbone, Ashley Greene, Michael Sheen, and Dakota Fanning."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mario Gaoa", "paragraph_text": "Mario Gaoa (born 1971) is a New Zealand actor, writer and director, best known as a member of the Naked Samoans comedy group. He is of Samoan descent. As part of the group he has appeared in the film Sione's Wedding; provided the voices of Sione Tapili and God in the animated series Bro'Town, which he also co-writes; and acted in various Naked Samoans comedic theatre performances. He has also appeared in the film Nightmare Man and briefly in the television series ."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dylan and Cole Sprouse", "paragraph_text": "They both appeared in I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks, both of which were family films that received a direct - to - video release. David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said of their acting in Just for Kicks that the brothers ``are n't the worst child actors I've ever seen,... but they certainly leave a lot to be desired. ''Dylan and Cole were later cast in the Disney Channel original series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, where they portrayed identical twins Zack and Cody Martin, respectively. The series, which debuted in March 2005, became a ratings success. As part of their involvement with Disney, the brothers also became part of the 11 - member group, the Disney Channel Circle of Stars, and sang the song`` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes'' along with the members of the circle, for a video that was released as bonus material in the special edition version of the Disney film Cinderella. They also participated in the Disney Channel Games."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The World Is Not Enough (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The World Is Not Enough, published in 1999, is the fifth novel by Raymond Benson featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond based on the 1999 film of the same name. It was only the second James Bond novel copyrighted by Ian Fleming Publications (formerly Glidrose Publications). It was published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor best known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elizabeth Dennehy", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Hannah Dennehy (born October 1, 1960) is an American television and film actress, best known for her role as Commander Shelby in the Star Trek: The Next Generation two - part episode ``The Best of Both Worlds ''. She has also appeared in such television series as Guiding Light, Seinfeld, Charmed, and Without a Trace, and films such as Clear and Present Danger, Gattaca, Soldier, Red Dragon, and True Blood."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Natalie Dormer", "paragraph_text": "She made her stage debut at the Young Vic in 2010 in the play Sweet Nothings (de; sh), and portrayed Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon, Duchess of York in Madonna's film W.E. (2011) and Private Lorraine in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011). In 2012, her lead performance in After Miss Julie at the Young Vic attracted widespread critical acclaim. Dormer gained international attention with her performance of Margaery Tyrell on the HBO series Game of Thrones (2012 -- 2016), for which she was nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards (2014 -- 2015). She is also known for playing Irene Adler / Moriarty on the CBS series Elementary (2013 -- 15), Cressida in the science - fiction adventure films The Hunger Games: Mockingjay -- Part 1 (2014) and Part 2 (2015), and Sara Price / Jess Price in The Forest (2016)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Robert Taylor (Australian actor)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Taylor (born 7 July 1963) is an Australian actor who has appeared in many films and television series in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On television, he is known for playing the lead role of Walt Longmire in the A&E / Netflix television series Longmire. On film, he is known for playing ``Agent Jones ''in The Matrix (1999); he also starred in Vertical Limit (2000)."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who also appeared with Elizabeth in the film, portrayed the main character of the series that includes The World Is Not Enough?"}
{"id": "3hop2__651055_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mario Gaoa", "paragraph_text": "Mario Gaoa (born 1971) is a New Zealand actor, writer and director, best known as a member of the Naked Samoans comedy group. He is of Samoan descent. As part of the group he has appeared in the film Sione's Wedding; provided the voices of Sione Tapili and God in the animated series Bro'Town, which he also co-writes; and acted in various Naked Samoans comedic theatre performances. He has also appeared in the film Nightmare Man and briefly in the television series ."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Matthew Garber", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Adam Garber (25 March 1956 -- 13 June 1977) was a British child actor, best known for his role as Michael Banks in the 1964 film Mary Poppins. He also starred in two other Disney films, The Three Lives of Thomasina and The Gnome - Mobile, all three times appearing alongside actress Karen Dotrice."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hans (Frozen)", "paragraph_text": "Prince Hans of the Southern Isles is a fictional character from Walt Disney Animation Studios' 53rd animated film, Frozen. Hans is voiced by Santino Fontana in the film, and later portrayed by Tyler Jacob Moore in the live action television series Once Upon a Time."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters", "paragraph_text": "Lumi\u00e8re First appearance Beauty and the Beast (1991) Portrayed by Henri Lubatti (Once Upon a Time) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Voiced by Jerry Orbach (films, House of Mouse) Jeff Bennett (Kingdom Hearts II, theme parks) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Masashi Ebara (Japanese)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Robert Taylor (Australian actor)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Taylor (born 7 July 1963) is an Australian actor who has appeared in many films and television series in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On television, he is known for playing the lead role of Walt Longmire in the A&E / Netflix television series Longmire. On film, he is known for playing ``Agent Jones ''in The Matrix (1999); he also starred in Vertical Limit (2000)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)", "paragraph_text": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) is the sixth spy film in the James Bond series, based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. Following Sean Connery's decision to retire from the role after You Only Live Twice, Eon Productions selected an unknown actor and model, George Lazenby, to play the part of James Bond. During the making of the film, Lazenby announced that he would play the role of Bond only once."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anson Mount", "paragraph_text": "Anson Adams Mount IV (born February 25, 1973) is an American actor. He portrayed the fictional character Cullen Bohannon in the AMC western drama series Hell on Wheels. He was also cast in the role of Jim Steele on the short - lived NBC series Conviction and appeared in the film Tully (2000). He was recently cast as the Marvel Comics superhero Black Bolt in Marvel's Inhumans (2017). On April 9, 2018, it was announced that Mount will have a recurring role as Captain Christopher Pike of the USS Enterprise in season 2 of Star Trek: Discovery."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth Dennehy", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Hannah Dennehy (born October 1, 1960) is an American television and film actress, best known for her role as Commander Shelby in the Star Trek: The Next Generation two - part episode ``The Best of Both Worlds ''. She has also appeared in such television series as Guiding Light, Seinfeld, Charmed, and Without a Trace, and films such as Clear and Present Danger, Gattaca, Soldier, Red Dragon, and True Blood."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor best known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "You Only Live Twice (novel)", "paragraph_text": "You Only Live Twice is the eleventh novel (and twelfth book) in Ian Fleming's James Bond series of stories. It was first published by Jonathan Cape in the United Kingdom on 26 March 1964 and sold out quickly. It was the last Fleming novel published in his lifetime. It is the concluding chapter in what is known as the \"Blofeld Trilogy\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn \u2013 Part 2", "paragraph_text": "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 (commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn: Part 2) is a 2012 American romantic drama fantasy film directed by Bill Condon and based on the novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer. The second part of a two - part film forms the fifth and final installment in The Twilight Saga film series, and is the conclusion of the 2011 film Breaking Dawn: Part 1. All three main cast members, Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprise their roles, with Mackenzie Foy portraying Renesmee Cullen. Alongside Pattinson, Lautner, Stewart and Foy, the film also stars an ensemble cast including Billy Burke, Peter Facinelli, Elizabeth Reaser, Kellan Lutz, Nikki Reed, Jackson Rathbone, Ashley Greene, Michael Sheen, and Dakota Fanning."}], "question": "How many times in films has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the title character of the series You Only Live Twice is in?"}
{"id": "3hop2__153875_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters", "paragraph_text": "Lumi\u00e8re First appearance Beauty and the Beast (1991) Portrayed by Henri Lubatti (Once Upon a Time) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Voiced by Jerry Orbach (films, House of Mouse) Jeff Bennett (Kingdom Hearts II, theme parks) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Masashi Ebara (Japanese)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Harry Potter cast members", "paragraph_text": "Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J.K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in all the films. When they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Complementing them on screen are such actors as Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Richard Griffiths, Richard Harris, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Miriam Margolyes, Helen McCrory, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Maggie Smith, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, David Thewlis, Emma Thompson, and Julie Walters, among others. Thirteen actors have appeared as the same character in all eight films of the series."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Matthew Garber", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Adam Garber (25 March 1956 -- 13 June 1977) was a British child actor, best known for his role as Michael Banks in the 1964 film Mary Poppins. He also starred in two other Disney films, The Three Lives of Thomasina and The Gnome - Mobile, all three times appearing alongside actress Karen Dotrice."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Living Daylights", "paragraph_text": "The Living Daylights is a 1987 British spy film, the fifteenth entry in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Timothy Dalton as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by John Glen, the film's title is taken from Ian Fleming's short story \"The Living Daylights\", the plot of which also forms the basis of the first act of the film. It was the last film to use the title of an Ian Fleming story until the 2006 instalment \"Casino Royale\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "E. G. Daily", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Ann Guttman (born September 11, 1961), known professionally as Elizabeth Daily and E.G. Daily, is an American voice, onscreen actress and singer. She is known for her portrayal of voicing Tommy Pickles in the Nickelodeon series Rugrats and its spin - off All Grown Up! and in the Rugrats film series and Buttercup in Cartoon Network's The Powerpuff Girls. Daily also provided the voice of the title pig in the live - action feature film Babe: Pig in the City."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor best known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Robert Taylor (Australian actor)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Taylor (born 7 July 1963) is an Australian actor who has appeared in many films and television series in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On television, he is known for playing the lead role of Walt Longmire in the A&E / Netflix television series Longmire. On film, he is known for playing ``Agent Jones ''in The Matrix (1999); he also starred in Vertical Limit (2000)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hans (Frozen)", "paragraph_text": "Prince Hans of the Southern Isles is a fictional character from Walt Disney Animation Studios' 53rd animated film, Frozen. Hans is voiced by Santino Fontana in the film, and later portrayed by Tyler Jacob Moore in the live action television series Once Upon a Time."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who also appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the character in the series that includes The Living Daylights?"}
{"id": "3hop2__561832_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn \u2013 Part 2", "paragraph_text": "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 (commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn: Part 2) is a 2012 American romantic drama fantasy film directed by Bill Condon and based on the novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer. The second part of a two - part film forms the fifth and final installment in The Twilight Saga film series, and is the conclusion of the 2011 film Breaking Dawn: Part 1. All three main cast members, Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprise their roles, with Mackenzie Foy portraying Renesmee Cullen. Alongside Pattinson, Lautner, Stewart and Foy, the film also stars an ensemble cast including Billy Burke, Peter Facinelli, Elizabeth Reaser, Kellan Lutz, Nikki Reed, Jackson Rathbone, Ashley Greene, Michael Sheen, and Dakota Fanning."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Scorpius (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Scorpius, first published in 1988, is the seventh novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton (the first original Bond novel not to be published by Jonathan Cape) and in the United States by Putnam."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elizabeth Dennehy", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Hannah Dennehy (born October 1, 1960) is an American television and film actress, best known for her role as Commander Shelby in the Star Trek: The Next Generation two - part episode ``The Best of Both Worlds ''. She has also appeared in such television series as Guiding Light, Seinfeld, Charmed, and Without a Trace, and films such as Clear and Present Danger, Gattaca, Soldier, Red Dragon, and True Blood."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dylan and Cole Sprouse", "paragraph_text": "They both appeared in I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks, both of which were family films that received a direct - to - video release. David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said of their acting in Just for Kicks that the brothers ``are n't the worst child actors I've ever seen,... but they certainly leave a lot to be desired. ''Dylan and Cole were later cast in the Disney Channel original series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, where they portrayed identical twins Zack and Cody Martin, respectively. The series, which debuted in March 2005, became a ratings success. As part of their involvement with Disney, the brothers also became part of the 11 - member group, the Disney Channel Circle of Stars, and sang the song`` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes'' along with the members of the circle, for a video that was released as bonus material in the special edition version of the Disney film Cinderella. They also participated in the Disney Channel Games."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Harry Potter cast members", "paragraph_text": "Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J.K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in all the films. When they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Complementing them on screen are such actors as Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Richard Griffiths, Richard Harris, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Miriam Margolyes, Helen McCrory, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Maggie Smith, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, David Thewlis, Emma Thompson, and Julie Walters, among others. Thirteen actors have appeared as the same character in all eight films of the series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor best known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Daniel Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play Ian Fleming's British secret agent James Bond in the eponymous film series, taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, was released internationally in November 2006 and was highly acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA nomination and becoming the highest grossing in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace followed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the 22nd-highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, Spectre, premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth Bond film, provisionally known as Bond 25, is scheduled for release in 2020.Since taking the role of Bond, Craig has continued to star in other films, including the fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007), World War II film Defiance (2008), science fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and the heist film Logan Lucky (2017)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mario Gaoa", "paragraph_text": "Mario Gaoa (born 1971) is a New Zealand actor, writer and director, best known as a member of the Naked Samoans comedy group. He is of Samoan descent. As part of the group he has appeared in the film Sione's Wedding; provided the voices of Sione Tapili and God in the animated series Bro'Town, which he also co-writes; and acted in various Naked Samoans comedic theatre performances. He has also appeared in the film Nightmare Man and briefly in the television series ."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Upbeat in Music", "paragraph_text": "Upbeat in Music is a 1943 short film produced as part of \"The March of Time\" series distributed theatrically by 20th Century Fox. The film has significant history as being early film appearances of Frank Sinatra and Perry Como. The film also features footage of Glenn Miller in uniform as a captain in the United States Army Air Forces leading the U.S. Army Training Command Band."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Natalie Dormer", "paragraph_text": "She made her stage debut at the Young Vic in 2010 in the play Sweet Nothings (de; sh), and portrayed Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon, Duchess of York in Madonna's film W.E. (2011) and Private Lorraine in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011). In 2012, her lead performance in After Miss Julie at the Young Vic attracted widespread critical acclaim. Dormer gained international attention with her performance of Margaery Tyrell on the HBO series Game of Thrones (2012 -- 2016), for which she was nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards (2014 -- 2015). She is also known for playing Irene Adler / Moriarty on the CBS series Elementary (2013 -- 15), Cressida in the science - fiction adventure films The Hunger Games: Mockingjay -- Part 1 (2014) and Part 2 (2015), and Sara Price / Jess Price in The Forest (2016)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in film portrayed the character in Scorpius?"}
{"id": "3hop1__234390_558205_865128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pocahontas, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Pocahontas is an unincorporated community located in northern Hinds County, Mississippi on U.S. Route 49. It is located south of Flora and north of Jackson and part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yazoo City, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Yazoo City is a U.S. city in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It was named after the Yazoo River, which, in turn was named by the French explorer Robert La Salle in 1682 as \"Rivi\u00e8re des Yazous\" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth. It is the county seat of Yazoo County and the principal city of the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Jackson\u2013Yazoo City Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the population was 11,403."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WYAB", "paragraph_text": "WYAB 103.9 FM (formerly 93.1 FM) is a radio station serving the city of Jackson, Mississippi, including Madison County, Yazoo County, Rankin County, and Hinds County. The studios of WYAB are located within the Cotton Exchange Plaza in Flora, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "What city is in the county that shares a border with the region where Pocahontas is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__15282_94641_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine", "paragraph_text": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine (January 24, 1933 - January 5, 2013) was a Canadian actor who also appeared in many films and Canadian versions of cartoons. He died, aged 79, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert Carlyle", "paragraph_text": "Robert Carlyle, OBE (born 14 April 1961) is a Scottish actor. His film work includes Trainspotting (1996), The Full Monty (1997), The World Is Not Enough (1999), and Angela's Ashes (1999). He has been in the television shows Hamish Macbeth, Stargate Universe, and Once Upon a Time. He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for The Full Monty and a Gemini Award for Stargate Universe."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Daniel Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play Ian Fleming's British secret agent James Bond in the eponymous film series, taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, was released internationally in November 2006 and was highly acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA nomination and becoming the highest grossing in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace followed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the 22nd-highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, Spectre, premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth Bond film, provisionally known as Bond 25, is scheduled for release in 2020.Since taking the role of Bond, Craig has continued to star in other films, including the fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007), World War II film Defiance (2008), science fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and the heist film Logan Lucky (2017)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christopher Plummer", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer CC (born December 13, 1929) is a Canadian actor. Often described as one of the greatest actors of all time, his film debut came in Stage Struck (1958), Plummer's career has spanned six decades. He is known for portraying Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music (1965), and has also portrayed several major historical figures, including Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington in Waterloo (1970), Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King (1975), Mike Wallace in The Insider (1999), Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station (2009), and J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World (2017)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jacques Frantz", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Frantz (born 4 April 1947) is a French actor and voice actor. He is renowned for his voice, which he has lent to many well known actors such as Robert De Niro, Mel Gibson, John Goodman, and Nick Nolte. Frantz has also appeared in films. Since October 2013, he is the official voice of the radio station Nostalgie."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jorge Salcedo (actor)", "paragraph_text": "He made over 40 film appearances in Argentina playing lead roles in films such as the 1949 Hardly a Criminal and \"Los Evadidos\" (1964) for which he won a Silver Condor for best actor. For a time, he served as the president of the Argentine Actors Association."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Macaulay Culkin", "paragraph_text": "Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor, author and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor, appearing in the films Rocket Gibraltar (1988) and Uncle Buck (1989). He became famous for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film Home Alone (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The World Is Not Enough", "paragraph_text": "The World Is Not Enough is a 1999 spy film, the 19th in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the third to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. The film was directed by Michael Apted, with the original story and screenplay written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and Bruce Feirstein. It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli. The title is taken from a line in the 1963 novel \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kathleen Lockhart", "paragraph_text": "She was born Kathleen Arthur in Southsea, Hampshire. She got her start on the stage in Britain and then emigrated to the United States in 1924, upon her marriage to Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart. She continued to appear on stage and in Hollywood films for almost forty years. Kathleen and her husband, Gene, occasionally starred opposite each other, most notably as Mr. and Mrs. Bob Cratchit in \"A Christmas Carol\" (1938). Their daughter, June Lockhart also appeared with them in that film, portraying their daughter. After her husband died in 1957, she retired from acting and made no more film appearances, except for a small role in \"The Purple Gang\" (1960)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Michel Duchaussoy", "paragraph_text": "Michel Ren\u00e9 Jacques Duchaussoy (29 November 1938 \u2013 13 March 2012) was a French film actor, who appeared in more than 130 films between 1962 and 2012. At first a theater actor, he worked for many years in the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, where he started his career in 1964."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kurtwood Smith", "paragraph_text": "Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop (1987) and Red Forman in That '70s Show, as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in the seventh season of 24."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lord Voldemort", "paragraph_text": "In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Voldemort's manifestation is as a face on the back of Quirrell's head, an effect achieved by computer generated imagery. Ian Hart, the actor who played Quirrell in the same film, provided the voice and the facial source for this character. Voldemort also appears in a scene in the Forbidden Forest where he is seen drinking the blood of a unicorn. As Voldemort's face was altered enough by CG work, and Hart's voice was affected enough, there was no confusion by Hart's playing of the two roles. In that film, he was also shown in a flashback sequence when he arrived at the home of James and Lily Potter to kill them. In this scene Voldemort is played by Richard Bremmer, though his face is never seen. His next appearance would be in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the 16 - year - old Tom Marvolo Riddle (portrayed by Christian Coulson)."}], "question": "How many times has the actor that appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed who is the basis of The World Is Not Enough in films?"}
{"id": "3hop2__153368_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Die Hard", "paragraph_text": "At the time, Willis was largely known for his comedic role as detective David Addison on the television series \"Moonlighting\". Willis initially turned down the role due to his contractual commitments to \"Moonlighting\". However, after his co-star Cybill Shepherd became pregnant, \"Moonlighting\" was shut down for 11 weeks which provided sufficient time for Willis to work on \"Die Hard\". Willis was paid $5 million to star in the film, a figure virtually unheard of at the time for an actor who had starred in only one moderately successful film, and normally only paid to major stars such as Dustin Hoffman and Warren Beatty. Then-20th Century Fox president Leonard Goldberg justified the cost, stating the film was reliant on its lead actor, while other sources within the studio would state that Fox was desperate for a star for \"Die Hard\", intended to be its big summer action blockbuster, especially since they had already been turned down by so many other suitable actors. As the studio didn't believe in Willis's action star appeal the marketing campaign's initial billboards and posters reflected this, and Willis's face was not a focal point, consistent with CinemaScore's suggestion to emphasize the film's action instead of a star without experience in such films."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor best known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Win, Lose or Die", "paragraph_text": "Win, Lose or Die, first published in 1989, was the eighth novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder and Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Back to the Future Part II", "paragraph_text": "In the 2015 scene, the film imagines the Chicago Cubs winning the 2015 World Series against the fictional Miami - based Gators, referencing the Cubs' longstanding failure to win a championship. In the actual 2015 season, the Cubs qualified for the postseason, their first postseason appearance since 2008, but the Cubs lost the National League Championship Series (not the World Series) to the New York Mets on October 21, 2015, which coincidentally was the same day as ``Back to the Future Day, ''the day Marty McFly arrived in 2015 in the film. Despite losing in 2015, one year later the Cubs did win the 2016 World Series against the Cleveland Indians. In the real 2015 World Series, the Kansas City Royals defeated the Mets to win their first World Series championship since 1985, the same year from which Marty and Doc time traveled in the film. As for the fictional Miami Gators, when the film was made Florida did not yet have a Major League Baseball team, but the state has since gained two franchises: the Florida Marlins (now the Miami Marlins) in 1993 and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now the Tampa Bay Rays) in 1998. Neither qualified for the postseason in 2015."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Robert Taylor (Australian actor)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Taylor (born 7 July 1963) is an Australian actor who has appeared in many films and television series in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On television, he is known for playing the lead role of Walt Longmire in the A&E / Netflix television series Longmire. On film, he is known for playing ``Agent Jones ''in The Matrix (1999); he also starred in Vertical Limit (2000)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aaron Paul", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Paul Sturtevant (born August 27, 1979), known as Aaron Paul, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad, for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him the only actor to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014), since its separation into drama and comedy. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ian McDiarmid", "paragraph_text": "Ian McDiarmid (/ m\u0259k\u02c8d\u025c\u02d0rm\u026ad /; born 11 August 1944) is an Olivier and Tony award - winning British character actor and director. He has appeared in 47 films since 1976. Internationally, he is most famous for his role as Palpatine in the Star Wars film series."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ian McDiarmid", "paragraph_text": "Ian McDiarmid (/ m\u0259k\u02c8d\u025c\u02d0rm\u026ad /; born 11 August 1944) is an Olivier and Tony award - winning Scottish character actor and director. He has appeared in 47 films since 1976. Internationally, he is most famous for his role as Emperor Palpatine in the Star Wars film series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Daniel Craig", "paragraph_text": "Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play Ian Fleming's British secret agent James Bond in the eponymous film series, taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, was released internationally in November 2006 and was highly acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA nomination and becoming the highest grossing in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace followed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the 22nd-highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, Spectre, premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth Bond film, provisionally known as Bond 25, is scheduled for release in 2020.Since taking the role of Bond, Craig has continued to star in other films, including the fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007), World War II film Defiance (2008), science fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and the heist film Logan Lucky (2017)."}], "question": "How many times in films has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the title character of the series Win, Lose or Die was in?"}
{"id": "3hop1__667551_558205_865128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WYAB", "paragraph_text": "WYAB 103.9 FM (formerly 93.1 FM) is a radio station serving the city of Jackson, Mississippi, including Madison County, Yazoo County, Rankin County, and Hinds County. The studios of WYAB are located within the Cotton Exchange Plaza in Flora, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yazoo City, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Yazoo City is a U.S. city in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It was named after the Yazoo River, which, in turn was named by the French explorer Robert La Salle in 1682 as \"Rivi\u00e8re des Yazous\" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth. It is the county seat of Yazoo County and the principal city of the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Jackson\u2013Yazoo City Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the population was 11,403."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brownsville, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Brownsville is an unincorporated community located on Mississippi Highway 22 in northern Hinds County, Mississippi. Brownsville is approximately southwest of Flora and approximately north of Bolton."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}], "question": "What city is located in the county that shares a border with the county that contains Brownsville?"}
{"id": "3hop2__94588_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Michel Duchaussoy", "paragraph_text": "Michel Ren\u00e9 Jacques Duchaussoy (29 November 1938 \u2013 13 March 2012) was a French film actor, who appeared in more than 130 films between 1962 and 2012. At first a theater actor, he worked for many years in the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, where he started his career in 1964."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Octopussy", "paragraph_text": "Octopussy is a 1983 British spy film, the thirteenth in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the sixth to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jorge Salcedo (actor)", "paragraph_text": "He made over 40 film appearances in Argentina playing lead roles in films such as the 1949 Hardly a Criminal and \"Los Evadidos\" (1964) for which he won a Silver Condor for best actor. For a time, he served as the president of the Argentine Actors Association."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Macaulay Culkin", "paragraph_text": "Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor, author and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor, appearing in the films Rocket Gibraltar (1988) and Uncle Buck (1989). He became famous for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film Home Alone (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kathleen Lockhart", "paragraph_text": "She was born Kathleen Arthur in Southsea, Hampshire. She got her start on the stage in Britain and then emigrated to the United States in 1924, upon her marriage to Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart. She continued to appear on stage and in Hollywood films for almost forty years. Kathleen and her husband, Gene, occasionally starred opposite each other, most notably as Mr. and Mrs. Bob Cratchit in \"A Christmas Carol\" (1938). Their daughter, June Lockhart also appeared with them in that film, portraying their daughter. After her husband died in 1957, she retired from acting and made no more film appearances, except for a small role in \"The Purple Gang\" (1960)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Al Neri", "paragraph_text": "Albert ``Al ''Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's trilogy of films based on it. In all three motion pictures, he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright. He functions as Michael Corleone's personal enforcer and assassin."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jacques Frantz", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Frantz (born 4 April 1947) is a French actor and voice actor. He is renowned for his voice, which he has lent to many well known actors such as Robert De Niro, Mel Gibson, John Goodman, and Nick Nolte. Frantz has also appeared in films. Since October 2013, he is the official voice of the radio station Nostalgie."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)", "paragraph_text": "Ferrell portrays Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. Darrell Hammond also appeared in each sketch, usually portraying Sean Connery, in an impersonation that typically involves crass insults directed at Trebek. Norm Macdonald appeared as Burt Reynolds in six sketches. Jimmy Fallon also appeared six times, each time portraying a different character."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kurtwood Smith", "paragraph_text": "Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop (1987) and Red Forman in That '70s Show, as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in the seventh season of 24."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine", "paragraph_text": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine (January 24, 1933 - January 5, 2013) was a Canadian actor who also appeared in many films and Canadian versions of cartoons. He died, aged 79, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stuart Wells", "paragraph_text": "Stuart Wells (born 18 September 1982) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Michael in the film \"Billy Elliot\" (2000). Wells was aged 18 at the time of filming, but he portrayed an 11-year-old."}], "question": "How many times in films has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the title character of the series serving as the basis for Octopussy?"}
{"id": "3hop1__205588_558205_865128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Utica, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Utica is a town in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 820 at the 2010 census, down from 966 at the 2000 census. Utica is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WYAB", "paragraph_text": "WYAB 103.9 FM (formerly 93.1 FM) is a radio station serving the city of Jackson, Mississippi, including Madison County, Yazoo County, Rankin County, and Hinds County. The studios of WYAB are located within the Cotton Exchange Plaza in Flora, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yazoo City, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Yazoo City is a U.S. city in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It was named after the Yazoo River, which, in turn was named by the French explorer Robert La Salle in 1682 as \"Rivi\u00e8re des Yazous\" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth. It is the county seat of Yazoo County and the principal city of the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Jackson\u2013Yazoo City Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the population was 11,403."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "What city is found in the county that shares a border with the county that Utica is part of?"}
{"id": "3hop2__96441_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Felix Silla", "paragraph_text": "Felix Anthony Silla (born Roccacasale, L'Aquila - Italy, January 11, 1937), also credited as Felix Cilla, is an Italian - born American film and television actor and stuntman, known for his role as the costumed character of ``Cousin Itt ''on television's The Addams Family, with the voice usually provided by Anthony Magro (1923 -- 2004). Silla also appeared in many other classic character roles."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Deadpool 2", "paragraph_text": "Stefan Kapi\u010di\u0107 voices Colossus, an X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel. Kapi\u010di\u0107 described Colossus as one of the most important characters in the film, requiring a more intense process for Kapi\u010di\u0107 during recording for the character. He explained that Colossus would continue to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the first film. Unlike the first film, Kapi\u010di\u0107 also provided performance capture for the character's face on the sequel, while Andre Tricoteux returned to stand - in for the character on set. Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni also return from the first film as Deadpool's elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder, respectively. Additionally, Eddie Marsan plays the headmaster of the Essex Home for Mutant Rehabilitation, an orphanage; Robert Maillet briefly appears as Sluggo, an inmate of the Ice Box who originally had a more prominent antagonistic role alongside Black Tom before both roles were reduced due to the number of villains in the film; Hayley Sales and Islie Hirvonen respectively appear as Cable's wife and Hope, their daughter, during a flashforward; and Shioli Kutsuna portrays Yukio, Negasonic Teenage Warhead's girlfriend and fellow X-Man. A version of Yukio previously appeared in the 2013 film The Wolverine, portrayed by Rila Fukushima. The film's version of the X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam, Lewis Tan as Shatterstar, Bill Skarsg\u00e5rd as Zeitgeist, Rob Delaney as Peter, and Brad Pitt as Vanisher. Pitt was considered for the role of Cable before scheduling issues prevented him from taking it; he filmed his Vanisher cameo in two hours during post-production."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Man from Barbarossa", "paragraph_text": "The Man from Barbarossa, first published in 1991, was the eleventh novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gwen Stacy", "paragraph_text": "The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", "paragraph_text": "Chris Cooper portrays Norman Osborn, the late founder of Oscorp and Harry Osborn's father, while B.J. Novak portrays Alistair Smythe. Denis Leary reprises his role as George Stacy from the first film, where he appears as a ghost in Peter's visions, while Kari Coleman, Charlie DePew, Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier reprise their roles as Helen Stacy, Philip Stacy, Howard Stacy and Simon Stacy respectively. Spider - Man co-creator, Stan Lee, has a cameo appearance as a guest at Peter and Gwen's graduation ceremony. Michael Massee reprises his role as the ``Man in the Shadows ''from the first film, with the character now credited as`` Gustav Fiers (The Gentleman)''. Aidy Bryant appears as a woman dressed as the Statue of Liberty. J.D. Walsh appears as an online instructor demonstrating how batteries work and an uncredited actor portrays the Oscorp hired assassin who was sent to kill Richard and Mary."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gwen Stacy", "paragraph_text": "The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2. In the upcoming 2018 film Spider - Man: Into the Spider - Verse, the character will be voiced by Hailee Steinfeld."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227, along with the film Without Warning."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)", "paragraph_text": "Ferrell portrays Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. Darrell Hammond also appeared in each sketch, usually portraying Sean Connery, in an impersonation that typically involves crass insults directed at Trebek. Norm Macdonald appeared as Burt Reynolds in six sketches. Jimmy Fallon also appeared six times, each time portraying a different character."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hal Gordon", "paragraph_text": "Hal Gordon (1894\u20131946) was a British film actor. A character actor, he appeared in over 90 films in both comic and straight roles."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Al Neri", "paragraph_text": "Albert ``Al ''Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's trilogy of films based on it. In all three motion pictures, he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright. He functions as Michael Corleone's personal enforcer and assassin."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Maria Stark", "paragraph_text": "Hope Davis portrays Maria Stark in Captain America: Civil War. In the film, it shows her death along with her husband's was carried out by the Winter Soldier for Hydra. Producer Kevin Feige revealed that another actress had been cast to appear as the character in Iron Man 3 in a flashback sequence that did not make the final cut of the film."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the character in The Man from Barbarossa in films?"}
{"id": "3hop2__15282_94588_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters", "paragraph_text": "Lumi\u00e8re First appearance Beauty and the Beast (1991) Portrayed by Henri Lubatti (Once Upon a Time) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Voiced by Jerry Orbach (films, House of Mouse) Jeff Bennett (Kingdom Hearts II, theme parks) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Masashi Ebara (Japanese)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Stuart Wells", "paragraph_text": "Stuart Wells (born 18 September 1982) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Michael in the film \"Billy Elliot\" (2000). Wells was aged 18 at the time of filming, but he portrayed an 11-year-old."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Al Neri", "paragraph_text": "Albert ``Al ''Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's trilogy of films based on it. In all three motion pictures, he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright. He functions as Michael Corleone's personal enforcer and assassin."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)", "paragraph_text": "Ferrell portrays Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. Darrell Hammond also appeared in each sketch, usually portraying Sean Connery, in an impersonation that typically involves crass insults directed at Trebek. Norm Macdonald appeared as Burt Reynolds in six sketches. Jimmy Fallon also appeared six times, each time portraying a different character."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine", "paragraph_text": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine (January 24, 1933 - January 5, 2013) was a Canadian actor who also appeared in many films and Canadian versions of cartoons. He died, aged 79, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jorge Salcedo (actor)", "paragraph_text": "He made over 40 film appearances in Argentina playing lead roles in films such as the 1949 Hardly a Criminal and \"Los Evadidos\" (1964) for which he won a Silver Condor for best actor. For a time, he served as the president of the Argentine Actors Association."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Michel Duchaussoy", "paragraph_text": "Michel Ren\u00e9 Jacques Duchaussoy (29 November 1938 \u2013 13 March 2012) was a French film actor, who appeared in more than 130 films between 1962 and 2012. At first a theater actor, he worked for many years in the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, where he started his career in 1964."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Octopussy", "paragraph_text": "Octopussy is a 1983 British spy film, the thirteenth in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the sixth to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kurtwood Smith", "paragraph_text": "Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop (1987) and Red Forman in That '70s Show, as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in the seventh season of 24."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Macaulay Culkin", "paragraph_text": "Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor, author and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor, appearing in the films Rocket Gibraltar (1988) and Uncle Buck (1989). He became famous for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film Home Alone (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kathleen Lockhart", "paragraph_text": "She was born Kathleen Arthur in Southsea, Hampshire. She got her start on the stage in Britain and then emigrated to the United States in 1924, upon her marriage to Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart. She continued to appear on stage and in Hollywood films for almost forty years. Kathleen and her husband, Gene, occasionally starred opposite each other, most notably as Mr. and Mrs. Bob Cratchit in \"A Christmas Carol\" (1938). Their daughter, June Lockhart also appeared with them in that film, portraying their daughter. After her husband died in 1957, she retired from acting and made no more film appearances, except for a small role in \"The Purple Gang\" (1960)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jacques Frantz", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Frantz (born 4 April 1947) is a French actor and voice actor. He is renowned for his voice, which he has lent to many well known actors such as Robert De Niro, Mel Gibson, John Goodman, and Nick Nolte. Frantz has also appeared in films. Since October 2013, he is the official voice of the radio station Nostalgie."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Atticus Shaffer", "paragraph_text": "Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008)."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the main character in Octopussy?"}
{"id": "3hop2__15282_96318_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rachel Dawes", "paragraph_text": "Rachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2005 feature film Batman Begins. She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes, with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes. Holmes also voiced the character in the video game adaptation. Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role. Gyllenhaal also appeared as Dawes on the viral marketing website I Believe in Harvey Dent, giving Harvey Dent her endorsement in the District Attorney election."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)", "paragraph_text": "Ferrell portrays Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. Darrell Hammond also appeared in each sketch, usually portraying Sean Connery, in an impersonation that typically involves crass insults directed at Trebek. Norm Macdonald appeared as Burt Reynolds in six sketches. Jimmy Fallon also appeared six times, each time portraying a different character."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Saw (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "John Kramer -- known as The Jigsaw Killer or simply Jigsaw -- is a fictional character who appears in the Saw franchise as the main antagonist. Jigsaw made his debut in the first film of the series, Saw, and he later appeared in Saw II, Saw III, Saw IV, Saw V, Saw VI, Saw 3D and, eventually, Jigsaw. He is portrayed by American actor Tobin Bell."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hal Gordon", "paragraph_text": "Hal Gordon (1894\u20131946) was a British film actor. A character actor, he appeared in over 90 films in both comic and straight roles."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pat Walshe", "paragraph_text": "Patrick Walshe (July 26, 1900 -- December 11, 1991) was an American dwarf character actor and circus performer who specialized portraying animals (animal impersonating). He is best known for playing Nikko, the head of the Winged Monkeys in The Wizard of Oz. He appeared in only a few films, as most of his work was in theater, vaudeville and circus."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Makkala Rajya", "paragraph_text": "Makkala Rajya () is a 1960 Kannada film directed and co-produced by B. R. Panthulu. The film starred Panthulu besides M. V. Rajamma who also was the producer, along with Narasimharaju and Balakrishna in other pivotal roles. The Tamil veteran actor Sivaji Ganesan made a brief guest appearance and actor Umesh made his film debut with this film. Another famous Tamil character actor Nagesh made his debut in Kannada films through this film. Acclaimed director Puttanna Kanagal had assisted Panthulu for this film."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Harry Potter cast members", "paragraph_text": "Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J.K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in all the films. When they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Complementing them on screen are such actors as Helena Bonham Carter, Jim Broadbent, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Richard Griffiths, Richard Harris, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Miriam Margolyes, Helen McCrory, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Maggie Smith, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, David Thewlis, Emma Thompson, and Julie Walters, among others. Thirteen actors have appeared as the same character in all eight films of the series."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Colonel Sun", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Sun is a novel by Kingsley Amis published by Jonathan Cape on 28 March 1968 under the pseudonym \"Robert Markham\". \"Colonel Sun\" is the first James Bond continuation novel published after Ian Fleming's 1964 death. Before writing the novel, Amis wrote two other Bond related works, the literary study \"The James Bond Dossier\" and the humorous \"The Book of Bond\". \"Colonel Sun\" centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond and his mission to track down the kidnappers of M, his superior at the Secret Service. During the mission he discovers a communist Chinese plot to cause an international incident. Bond, assisted by a Greek spy working for the Russians, finds M on a small Aegean island, rescues him and kills the two main plotters: Colonel Sun Liang-tan and a former Nazi commander, Von Richter."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jack McGee (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Jack McGee (born February 2, 1949) is an American television and film character actor. He has appeared in over 100 films and television series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Attilio Dottesio", "paragraph_text": "Attilio Dottesio (16 July 1909 \u2013 12 February 1989) was an Italian film character actor. He appeared in 170 films between 1940 and 1985."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227, along with the film Without Warning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Christian Marin", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marin (8 February 1929 \u2013 5 September 2012) was a French film actor. Born in Lyon, he is best known for his role in \"Le gendarme series\" (as \"Merlot\"), although he did not appear in the last two sequels. In 1967 he appeared in the television serial \"Les Chevaliers du ciel\", in which he portrayed the character Ernest Laverdure."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 along with the film, Without Warning."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Felix Silla", "paragraph_text": "Felix Anthony Silla (born Roccacasale, L'Aquila - Italy, January 11, 1937), also credited as Felix Cilla, is an Italian - born American film and television actor and stuntman, known for his role as the costumed character of ``Cousin Itt ''on television's The Addams Family, with the voice usually provided by Anthony Magro (1923 -- 2004). Silla also appeared in many other classic character roles."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the character in The Colonel Sun?"}
{"id": "3hop2__15282_94557_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stuart Wells", "paragraph_text": "Stuart Wells (born 18 September 1982) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Michael in the film \"Billy Elliot\" (2000). Wells was aged 18 at the time of filming, but he portrayed an 11-year-old."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Michel Duchaussoy", "paragraph_text": "Michel Ren\u00e9 Jacques Duchaussoy (29 November 1938 \u2013 13 March 2012) was a French film actor, who appeared in more than 130 films between 1962 and 2012. At first a theater actor, he worked for many years in the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, where he started his career in 1964."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kathleen Lockhart", "paragraph_text": "She was born Kathleen Arthur in Southsea, Hampshire. She got her start on the stage in Britain and then emigrated to the United States in 1924, upon her marriage to Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart. She continued to appear on stage and in Hollywood films for almost forty years. Kathleen and her husband, Gene, occasionally starred opposite each other, most notably as Mr. and Mrs. Bob Cratchit in \"A Christmas Carol\" (1938). Their daughter, June Lockhart also appeared with them in that film, portraying their daughter. After her husband died in 1957, she retired from acting and made no more film appearances, except for a small role in \"The Purple Gang\" (1960)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Colin O'Donoghue", "paragraph_text": "Colin Arthur O'Donoghue (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian ``Hook ''Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kurtwood Smith", "paragraph_text": "Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop (1987) and Red Forman in That '70s Show, as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in the seventh season of 24."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Macaulay Culkin", "paragraph_text": "Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor, author and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor, appearing in the films Rocket Gibraltar (1988) and Uncle Buck (1989). He became famous for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film Home Alone (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "GoldenEye", "paragraph_text": "The film was released after a six-year hiatus in the series caused by legal disputes, during which Timothy Dalton resigned from the role of James Bond and was replaced by Pierce Brosnan. M was also recast, with actress Judi Dench becoming the first woman to portray the character, replacing Robert Brown. The role of Miss Moneypenny was also recast, with Caroline Bliss being replaced by Samantha Bond; Desmond Llewelyn was the only actor to reprise his role, as Q. It was the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, which provided a background for the plot. Principal photography for \"GoldenEye\" took place in the UK, Russia, Monte Carlo and Puerto Rico; it was the inaugural film production to be shot at Leavesden Studios. The first Bond film to utilise computer generated imagery, \"GoldenEye\" was also the final film of special effects supervisor Derek Meddings's career, and was dedicated to his memory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters", "paragraph_text": "Lumi\u00e8re First appearance Beauty and the Beast (1991) Portrayed by Henri Lubatti (Once Upon a Time) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Voiced by Jerry Orbach (films, House of Mouse) Jeff Bennett (Kingdom Hearts II, theme parks) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Masashi Ebara (Japanese)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine", "paragraph_text": "Claude Pr\u00e9fontaine (January 24, 1933 - January 5, 2013) was a Canadian actor who also appeared in many films and Canadian versions of cartoons. He died, aged 79, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alan Cumming", "paragraph_text": "Alan Cumming, OBE (born 27 January 1965), is a Scottish - American actor, singer / performer, author, and activist who has appeared in numerous films, television shows, and plays. His London stage appearances include Hamlet, the Maniac in Accidental Death of an Anarchist (for which he received an Olivier Award), the lead in Bent, and the National Theatre of Scotland's The Bacchae. On Broadway, he has appeared in The Threepenny Opera, as the master of ceremonies in Cabaret (for which he won a Tony Award), Design for Living and a one - man adaptation of Macbeth. His best - known film roles include his performances in Emma, GoldenEye, the Spy Kids trilogy, Son of the Mask, and X2. Cumming also introduces Masterpiece Mystery! for PBS and appeared on The Good Wife, for which he has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Golden Globe Awards and a Satellite Award. A filming of his Las Vegas cabaret show, Alan Cumming Sings Sappy Songs, aired on PBS stations in November 2016."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "GoldenEye", "paragraph_text": "GoldenEye is a 1995 spy film. It is the seventeenth in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 officer James Bond. It was directed by Martin Campbell and is the first in the series not to utilise any story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming. The story was conceived and written by Michael France, with later collaboration by other writers. In the film, Bond fights to prevent an ex-MI6 agent, gone rogue, from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", "paragraph_text": "Henry VIII and His Six Wives is a 1972 British film adaptation, directed by Waris Hussein, of the BBC 1970 six-part miniseries \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Keith Michell, who plays Henry VIII in the TV series, also portrays the king in the film. His six wives are portrayed by different actresses, among them Frances Cuka as Catherine of Aragon, and Jane Asher as Jane Seymour. Donald Pleasence portrays Thomas Cromwell and Bernard Hepton portrays Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a role he had also played in the miniseries and briefly in its follow-up \"Elizabeth R\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He is also known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dennis Haysbert", "paragraph_text": "Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born June 2, 1954) is an American actor. In the U.S. he is best known for his appearances in commercials for Allstate Insurance. He portrayed baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, Secret Service Agent Tim Collin in the 1997 political thriller film Absolute Power, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama series The Unit. He is also known for playing U.S. Senator (later President) David Palmer on the first 5 seasons of 24 and has appeared in the films Love Field, Heat, Far from Heaven and the science fiction series Incorporated."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed the main character in GoldenEye?"}
{"id": "3hop2__15282_96441_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Maria Stark", "paragraph_text": "Hope Davis portrays Maria Stark in Captain America: Civil War. In the film, it shows her death along with her husband's was carried out by the Winter Soldier for Hydra. Producer Kevin Feige revealed that another actress had been cast to appear as the character in Iron Man 3 in a flashback sequence that did not make the final cut of the film."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 along with the film, Without Warning."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Felix Silla", "paragraph_text": "Felix Anthony Silla (born Roccacasale, L'Aquila - Italy, January 11, 1937), also credited as Felix Cilla, is an Italian - born American film and television actor and stuntman, known for his role as the costumed character of ``Cousin Itt ''on television's The Addams Family, with the voice usually provided by Anthony Magro (1923 -- 2004). Silla also appeared in many other classic character roles."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dylan Sprayberry", "paragraph_text": "Dylan Muse Sprayberry (born July 7, 1998) is an American actor who is known for portraying the young Clark Kent in the 2013 film Man of Steel. He also starred on the MTV show Teen Wolf as Liam Dunbar."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hal Gordon", "paragraph_text": "Hal Gordon (1894\u20131946) was a British film actor. A character actor, he appeared in over 90 films in both comic and straight roles."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Al Neri", "paragraph_text": "Albert ``Al ''Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's trilogy of films based on it. In all three motion pictures, he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright. He functions as Michael Corleone's personal enforcer and assassin."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He appears as a silhouette at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)", "paragraph_text": "Ferrell portrays Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. Darrell Hammond also appeared in each sketch, usually portraying Sean Connery, in an impersonation that typically involves crass insults directed at Trebek. Norm Macdonald appeared as Burt Reynolds in six sketches. Jimmy Fallon also appeared six times, each time portraying a different character."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)", "paragraph_text": "Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227, along with the film Without Warning."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", "paragraph_text": "Chris Cooper portrays Norman Osborn, the late founder of Oscorp and Harry Osborn's father, while B.J. Novak portrays Alistair Smythe. Denis Leary reprises his role as George Stacy from the first film, where he appears as a ghost in Peter's visions, while Kari Coleman, Charlie DePew, Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier reprise their roles as Helen Stacy, Philip Stacy, Howard Stacy and Simon Stacy respectively. Spider - Man co-creator, Stan Lee, has a cameo appearance as a guest at Peter and Gwen's graduation ceremony. Michael Massee reprises his role as the ``Man in the Shadows ''from the first film, with the character now credited as`` Gustav Fiers (The Gentleman)''. Aidy Bryant appears as a woman dressed as the Statue of Liberty. J.D. Walsh appears as an online instructor demonstrating how batteries work and an uncredited actor portrays the Oscorp hired assassin who was sent to kill Richard and Mary."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Deadpool 2", "paragraph_text": "Stefan Kapi\u010di\u0107 voices Colossus, an X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel. Kapi\u010di\u0107 described Colossus as one of the most important characters in the film, requiring a more intense process for Kapi\u010di\u0107 during recording for the character. He explained that Colossus would continue to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the first film. Unlike the first film, Kapi\u010di\u0107 also provided performance capture for the character's face on the sequel, while Andre Tricoteux returned to stand - in for the character on set. Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni also return from the first film as Deadpool's elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder, respectively. Additionally, Eddie Marsan plays the headmaster of the Essex Home for Mutant Rehabilitation, an orphanage; Robert Maillet briefly appears as Sluggo, an inmate of the Ice Box who originally had a more prominent antagonistic role alongside Black Tom before both roles were reduced due to the number of villains in the film; Hayley Sales and Islie Hirvonen respectively appear as Cable's wife and Hope, their daughter, during a flashforward; and Shioli Kutsuna portrays Yukio, Negasonic Teenage Warhead's girlfriend and fellow X-Man. A version of Yukio previously appeared in the 2013 film The Wolverine, portrayed by Rila Fukushima. The film's version of the X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam, Lewis Tan as Shatterstar, Bill Skarsg\u00e5rd as Zeitgeist, Rob Delaney as Peter, and Brad Pitt as Vanisher. Pitt was considered for the role of Cable before scheduling issues prevented him from taking it; he filmed his Vanisher cameo in two hours during post-production."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Man from Barbarossa", "paragraph_text": "The Man from Barbarossa, first published in 1991, was the eleventh novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jack Sparrow", "paragraph_text": "Captain Jack Sparrow is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. The character was created by screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, and is portrayed by Johnny Depp. The characterization of Sparrow is based on a combination of The Rolling Stones' guitarist Keith Richards and Looney Tunes cartoon character Pep\u00e9 Le Pew. He first appears in the 2003 film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. He later appears in the sequels Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007), On Stranger Tides (2011), and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who also appeared with Elizabeth in the film, portrayed the character that was in The Man from Barbarossa?"}
{"id": "3hop2__96377_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shraddha Arya", "paragraph_text": "Shraddha Arya (born 17 August 1987) is an Indian actress who has appeared in television shows like Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki, Tumhari Paakhi, Dream Girl. She has also done films such as Paathshaala and Nishabd. Arya has done a number of major ad campaigns with brands like TVS Scooty, Pears, Johnson & Johnson among many others. Since 2017, she is portraying the role of Preeta in Zee TV's popular series Kundali Bhagya."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hector Barbossa", "paragraph_text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Barbossa appears in all films of the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in \"\" (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of \"\" (2006), and appears as a Pirate Lord in \"\" (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in \"\" (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in \"\" (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a \"dark trickster\" and counterpart to Captain Jack Sparrow."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lady Godiva Rides Again", "paragraph_text": "The film is most notable for the presence of actresses who were later to become famous. Diana Dors, who appears as a beauty queen, was later marketed as the film's star. It also features Joan Collins in her film debut as an uncredited beauty contestant. Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be executed in England, also appears as an uncredited beauty queen. Ruth, who was four months pregnant at the time, had dyed her hair black and had styled it into a bob."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Never Dream of Dying", "paragraph_text": "Never Dream of Dying, first published in 2001, was the seventh novel by Raymond Benson featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond (including film novelizations). Carrying the Ian Fleming Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Freddy Krueger", "paragraph_text": "Frederick Charles ``Freddy ''Krueger is a character of the A Nightmare on Elm Street film series. He first appeared in Wes Craven's A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) as a burnt serial killer who uses a glove armed with razors to kill his victims in their dreams, causing their deaths in the real world as well. In the dream world, he is a powerful force and almost completely invulnerable. However, whenever Freddy is pulled into the real world, he has normal human vulnerabilities. Krueger was created by Wes Craven and had been consistently portrayed by Robert Englund since his first appearance. In the 2010 franchise reboot, he was portrayed by Jackie Earle Haley. In 2011, Freddy appeared as a playable character in the video game Mortal Kombat. Over the course of the series, Freddy has battled numerous survivors including Nancy Thompson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Al Neri", "paragraph_text": "Albert ``Al ''Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's trilogy of films based on it. In all three motion pictures, he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright. He functions as Michael Corleone's personal enforcer and assassin."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Attilio Dottesio", "paragraph_text": "Attilio Dottesio (16 July 1909 \u2013 12 February 1989) was an Italian film character actor. He appeared in 170 films between 1940 and 1985."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rachel Dawes", "paragraph_text": "Rachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2005 feature film Batman Begins. She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes, with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes. Holmes also voiced the character in the video game adaptation. Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role. Gyllenhaal also appeared as Dawes on the viral marketing website I Believe in Harvey Dent, giving Harvey Dent her endorsement in the District Attorney election."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dwier Brown", "paragraph_text": "Dwier Brown (born January 30, 1959) is an American film and television actor. In the 1989 film \"Field of Dreams\" he played John Kinsella, the father of Kevin Costner's character, and he played Henry Mitchell in \"Dennis the Menace Strikes Again\" in 1998. Brown has appeared in several horror films, such as \"House\" (1986) and \"The Guardian\" (1990), the latter directed by William Friedkin, who also directed \"The Exorcist\". He has also made appearances on several television series, including \"Firefly\", \"Criminal Minds\", and \"Ghost Whisperer\". In 2014, he wrote a memoir entitled \"If You Build It...\" described as a book about \"fathers, fate, and \"Field of Dreams.\"\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hal Gordon", "paragraph_text": "Hal Gordon (1894\u20131946) was a British film actor. A character actor, he appeared in over 90 films in both comic and straight roles."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jack McGee (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Jack McGee (born February 2, 1949) is an American television and film character actor. He has appeared in over 100 films and television series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 along with the film, Without Warning."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227, along with the film Without Warning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lord Voldemort", "paragraph_text": "In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Voldemort's manifestation is as a face on the back of Quirrell's head, an effect achieved by computer generated imagery. Ian Hart, the actor who played Quirrell in the same film, provided the voice and the facial source for this character. Voldemort also appears in a scene in the Forbidden Forest where he is seen drinking the blood of a unicorn. As Voldemort's face was altered enough by CG work, and Hart's voice was affected enough, there was no confusion by Hart's playing of the two roles. In that film, he was also shown in a flashback sequence when he arrived at the home of James and Lily Potter to kill them. In this scene Voldemort is played by Richard Bremmer, though his face is never seen. His next appearance would be in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the 16 - year - old Tom Marvolo Riddle (portrayed by Christian Coulson)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth in the film portrayed The Never Dream of Dying character in films?"}
{"id": "3hop2__96380_15282_1252", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hans (Frozen)", "paragraph_text": "Prince Hans of the Southern Isles is a fictional character from Walt Disney Animation Studios' 53rd animated film, Frozen. Hans is voiced by Santino Fontana in the film, and later portrayed by Tyler Jacob Moore in the live action television series Once Upon a Time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rachel Dawes", "paragraph_text": "Rachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2005 feature film Batman Begins. She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes, with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes. Holmes also voiced the character in the video game adaptation. Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role. Gyllenhaal also appeared as Dawes on the viral marketing website I Believe in Harvey Dent, giving Harvey Dent her endorsement in the District Attorney election."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nobody Lives for Ever", "paragraph_text": "Nobody Lives for Ever (published in American editions as \"Nobody Lives Forever\"), first published in 1986, was the fifth novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape and in the United States by Putnam."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters", "paragraph_text": "Lumi\u00e8re First appearance Beauty and the Beast (1991) Portrayed by Henri Lubatti (Once Upon a Time) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Voiced by Jerry Orbach (films, House of Mouse) Jeff Bennett (Kingdom Hearts II, theme parks) Ewan McGregor (live - action film) Masashi Ebara (Japanese)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ray Baker (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Ray Baker (born July 9, 1948) is an American theater, television and film actor. Baker was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He is a long time character actor with over 100 credits on television and film. Baker is credited either as Ray or Raymond. He grew up in Denver, Colorado and graduated from Denver University, before moving to New York and living and working there for twenty years. Ray appeared on and off Broadway and in regional theatre. He currently lives in Los Angeles, is married to actress and playwright Colleen Dodson, and continues working in theatre, movies, and television."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christian Marin", "paragraph_text": "Christian Marin (8 February 1929 \u2013 5 September 2012) was a French film actor. Born in Lyon, he is best known for his role in \"Le gendarme series\" (as \"Merlot\"), although he did not appear in the last two sequels. In 1967 he appeared in the television serial \"Les Chevaliers du ciel\", in which he portrayed the character Ernest Laverdure."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Al Neri", "paragraph_text": "Albert ``Al ''Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's trilogy of films based on it. In all three motion pictures, he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright. He functions as Michael Corleone's personal enforcer and assassin."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Carol Ferris", "paragraph_text": "Caroline ``Carol ''Ferris is a fictional character appearing in the DC Comics Universe. She is one of many characters who has used the name Star Sapphire, and was the long - time love interest of Hal Jordan, the Silver Age Green Lantern. In her role as Star Sapphire, Ferris has been active as both a supervillain and, more recently, as a superhero. Her original design was based on Elizabeth Taylor. In the 2011 feature film Green Lantern, actress Blake Lively plays the role of Ferris. Carol Ferris was ranked 36th in Comics Buyer's Guide's`` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics'' list."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Matthew Garber", "paragraph_text": "Matthew Adam Garber (25 March 1956 -- 13 June 1977) was a British child actor, best known for his role as Michael Banks in the 1964 film Mary Poppins. He also starred in two other Disney films, The Three Lives of Thomasina and The Gnome - Mobile, all three times appearing alongside actress Karen Dotrice."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kenneth Marshall", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth Marshall (born June 27, 1950 in New York City) is an American actor. He portrayed the character Michael Eddington in the television series \"\" and had a starring role as Prince/King Colwyn in \"Krull\" (1983). He also played the title role in Giuliano Montaldo's 1982 television miniseries \"Marco Polo\", and has appeared in films such as \"Tilt\" (1979), \"The Skin\" (1981), and \"Feds\" (1988)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hal Gordon", "paragraph_text": "Hal Gordon (1894\u20131946) was a British film actor. A character actor, he appeared in over 90 films in both comic and straight roles."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Peter Mayhew", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mayhew (born 19 May 1944) is an English - American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paula Shaw", "paragraph_text": "Paula Shaw (born July 17, 1941) is an American actress. A life member of the Actors Studio, Shaw has portrayed characters in numerous films and on television (including a role as prostitute on \"Barney Miller\", Season 3, Episodes 2 & 3, \"Quarantine\", and Season 4, Episode 3, \"Bugs\"). She is perhaps most well known for portraying the character of Mrs. Pamela Voorhees in the \"Freddy vs. Jason\" movie. She lives in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spectre (2015 film)", "paragraph_text": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rob Knox", "paragraph_text": "Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 -- 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince, and had signed to appear in the planned film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Emma Frost", "paragraph_text": "The character appears in many adaptations of the X-Men properties, such as video games, animated programs, and live - action films. January Jones portrayed Emma Frost in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class. Other portrayals of the character include actress Finola Hughes in the 1996 film Generation X."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 along with the film, Without Warning."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Felix Silla", "paragraph_text": "Felix Anthony Silla (born Roccacasale, L'Aquila - Italy, January 11, 1937), also credited as Felix Cilla, is an Italian - born American film and television actor and stuntman, known for his role as the costumed character of ``Cousin Itt ''on television's The Addams Family, with the voice usually provided by Anthony Magro (1923 -- 2004). Silla also appeared in many other classic character roles."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kevin Peter Hall", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227, along with the film Without Warning."}], "question": "How many times has the actor who appeared with Elizabeth II in an Olympic ceremony film portrayed the character featured in the novel Nobody Lives for Ever?"}
{"id": "3hop1__524436_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2012 Asian Beach Volleyball Championship", "paragraph_text": "The 2012 Asian Beach Volleyball Championship was a beach volleyball event, that was held from November 1 to 4, 2012 in Haikou, China."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named \"Melbourne\" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne is an international cultural centre, with cultural endeavours spanning major events and festivals, drama, musicals, comedy, music, art, architecture, literature, film and television. The climate, waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia. For five years in a row (as of 2015) it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings. The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including Australia's largest free community festival\u2014Moomba, the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Myrtle Beach, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Around 1900, a contest was held to name the area and Burroughs' wife suggested honoring the locally abundant shrub, the Southern Wax Myrtle (Myrica cerifera). The Withers post office changed its name to Myrtle Beach soon afterward. It incorporated as a town in 1938 and as a city in 1957."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sunset Beach, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Sunset Beach is a small unincorporated community located between the cities of Seaside and Warrenton in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Sunset Beach is located between U.S. Route 101, Neacoxie Lake and the Pacific Ocean. It serves as the northernmost access to the resort community of Surf Pines, and provides motor vehicle beach access. The \"Fort to Sea Trail\", which follows the route used by the Lewis and Clark Expedition when hiking from Fort Clatsop to the Pacific Ocean, ends at the beach access. A beach of the same name is west of the community."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Another recent environmental issue in Melbourne was the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay\u2014the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project. It was subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the disturbance of heavy metals and other industrial sediments. Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including E. coli in the Yarra River and its tributaries caused by septic systems, as well as litter. Up to 350,000 cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day. Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution. In February 2010, The Transition Decade, an initiative to transition human society, economics and environment towards sustainability, was launched in Melbourne."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Community Chapel of Melbourne Beach", "paragraph_text": "The Community Chapel of Melbourne Beach is a historic chapel at 501 Ocean Avenue, Melbourne Beach, Florida, United States. The local residents built the chapel in 1892 & made it non-denominational, which it remains today. On May 14, 1992, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spring Lake, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Spring Lake, originally named Edmonton Beach, is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is located on the eastern shore of Spring Lake, approximately and west of the cities of Spruce Grove and Edmonton respectively. Hasse Lake is located southwest of Spring Lake. It was known as the Summer Village of Edmonton Beach from 1959 to 1999."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Melbourne tram route 1", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne tram route 1 is operated by Yarra Trams on the Melbourne tram network. It operates from the corner of Nicholson and Bell Streets in East Coburg to the corner of Victoria Avenue and Beaconsfield Parade at South Melbourne Beach. The 13.2 kilometre route is operated by Z3 and B2 class trams from Brunswick depot."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Whihala Beach County Park", "paragraph_text": "Whihala Beach County Park is a park in Whiting, Indiana, United States, located at 1561 Park Rd. It is a public beach with available life guards. The beach was previously named Whiting Beach."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1997 Australian Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 1997 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 9 March 1997 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit in Albert Park, Melbourne. It was the first race of the 1997 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was the second Grand Prix to be hosted in Melbourne. The 58-lap race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after starting from fourth position. Michael Schumacher finished second for the Ferrari and Coulthard's teammate Mika H\u00e4kkinen was third."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's decathlon", "paragraph_text": "The Men's decathlon competition at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, was held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on November 29\u201330."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sylvan Beach Union Chapel", "paragraph_text": "Sylvan Beach Union Chapel is a historic interdenominational church building located at Sylvan Beach in Oneida County, New York. It opened on July 3, 1887 and worship services have been held there every summer since then. The film \"The Sterile Cuckoo\" starring Liza Minnelli was shot in part at the church."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dillon Beach, California", "paragraph_text": "Dillon Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Marin County, California, United States. Dillon Beach is located west of Tomales, at an elevation of 89 feet (27 m). The population was 283 at the 2010 census. Dillon Beach was named after the founder, George Dillon, who settled there in 1858. The area includes a public access beach, as well as a private beach resort, the only private beach in California."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Melbourne Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne Beach is a town in Brevard County, Florida. The population was 3,101 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the Palm Bay\u2013Melbourne\u2013Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pungo, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Pungo is a rural community located in the southern part of the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia and was one of the seven original boroughs when the City of Virginia Beach was created in 1963. The area derives its name from a local Indian tribe, the Machipungo, a branch of the Chesapeake tribe. It was named for a local Indian chief, Machiopungo. Because the community is located in an independent city, there is no individual census for the neighborhood, which was originally part of Princess Anne County until 1963, when the entire county became part of Virginia Beach. Like much of southern Virginia Beach, the area is surrounded by farmland."}], "question": "What was the position of the man after whom the county where Melbourne Beach is located was named?"}
{"id": "3hop1__193154_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 6", "paragraph_text": "Launch Complex 6 (LC-6) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida is a launch site used by Redstone and Jupiter series rockets and missiles. It is on the south end of Cape Canaveral, close to Launch Complex 5, with which it shared a blockhouse. With LC-5, it was the location of the first tests of the mobile launch concept designed by Kurt H. Debus. This concept was revised and improved and eventually used at LC-39 for the Saturn V and Space Shuttle."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James D. Gordon III", "paragraph_text": "James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cape Canaveral, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Cape Canaveral is a city in Brevard County, Florida. The population was 9,912 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the Palm Bay\u2013Melbourne\u2013Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cape Bathurst", "paragraph_text": "Cape Bathurst (Inuit: \"Awaq\") is a cape and a peninsula located on the northern coast of the Northwest Territories in Canada. Cape Bathurst is the northernmost point of mainland Northwest Territories and one of the few peninsulas in mainland North America protruding above the 70th parallel north. The first European to see the area was John Richardson, who also named it, in 1826. Some coast areas of Cape Bathurst are being eroded at a rate of a year."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Peter Mennin", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mennin (born Mennini) (May 17, 1923 in Erie, Pennsylvania \u2013 June 17, 1983 in New York City) was a prominent American composer, teacher and administrator. In 1958, he was named Director of the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore, and in 1962 became President of the Juilliard School, a position he held until his death in 1983. Under his leadership, Juilliard moved from Claremont Avenue to its present location at Lincoln Center. Mennin is responsible for the addition of drama and dance departments at Juilliard. He also started the Master Class Program, and brought many artists to teach including Maria Callas, Pierre Fournier and others."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "USA-262", "paragraph_text": "Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-262 was launched at 15:36 UTC on 15 July 2015, atop a Atlas V 401 carrier rocket, vehicle number AV-055. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-262 directly into semi-synchronous orbit."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cape Longing", "paragraph_text": "Cape Longing () is a rocky cape on the east coast of Graham Land, Antarctica, forming the south end of a large ice-covered promontory which marks the west side of the south entrance to Prince Gustav Channel. It was discovered by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenski\u00f6ld in 1902, and so named by him because from the position of his winter hut on Snow Hill Island the cape lay in the direction of his \"land of longing\" which he was anxious to explore."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oasis of the Seas", "paragraph_text": "MS Oasis of the Seas is an Oasis - class cruise ship owned by Royal Caribbean International. Her hull was laid down in November 2007 and she was completed and delivered to Royal Caribbean in October 2009. At the time of construction, Oasis of the Seas set a new capacity record of carrying over 6,000 passengers. The first of her class, she was joined by sister ships MS Allure of the Seas in December 2010 and MS Harmony of the Seas in May 2016. Oasis of the Seas conducts cruises of the Caribbean from her home port of Port Canaveral in Cape Canaveral, Florida."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "USA-258", "paragraph_text": "Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-258 was launched at 17:21 UTC on 29 October 2014, atop a Atlas V 401 carrier rocket, vehicle number AV-050. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-258 directly into medium Earth orbit."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "USA-256", "paragraph_text": "Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-256 was launched at 03:23 UTC on 2 August 2014, atop a Atlas V 401 carrier rocket, vehicle number AV-048. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-256 directly into medium Earth orbit."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "45th Weather Squadron", "paragraph_text": "45th Weather Squadron (45 WS), 45th Operations Group (45 OG), 45th Space Wing, at Patrick Air Force Base, Florida performs weather assessments for air and space operations; specifically, weather observations, forecasts, advisories, and warnings. It specialized in the weather assessments for the Space Shuttle launches at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Davis Ice Piedmont", "paragraph_text": "Davis Ice Piedmont () is an ice piedmont about long and wide, located along the north side of Missen Ridge on the north coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The name \"Cape Davis\", after John E. Davis, Second Master of the \"Terror\", was given to a cape in the immediate area by Captain James C. Ross in 1841. Since no significant cape exists here, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names and the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee have reapplied the name \"Davis\" to this ice piedmont. The geographical feature lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kennedy Space Center", "paragraph_text": "Located on Merritt Island, Florida, the center is north - northwest of Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic Ocean, midway between Miami and Jacksonville on Florida's Space Coast, due east of Orlando. It is 34 miles (55 km) long and roughly six miles (9.7 km) wide, covering 219 square miles (570 km)."}], "question": "What position did the person who the county where Cape Canaveral is located was named after hold?"}
{"id": "3hop1__626206_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pegangsaan, Menteng", "paragraph_text": "Pegangsaan is an administrative village in the Menteng district of Indonesia. It has a postal code of 10320. This administrative village is also known as the location of the house where the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne is an international cultural centre, with cultural endeavours spanning major events and festivals, drama, musicals, comedy, music, art, architecture, literature, film and television. The climate, waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia. For five years in a row (as of 2015) it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings. The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including Australia's largest free community festival\u2014Moomba, the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James D. Gordon III", "paragraph_text": "James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2018 Australian Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "2018 Australian Grand Prix Race details Race 1 of 21 in the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship Next race \u2192 Layout of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit Date 23 March to 25 March 2018 Official name Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix Location Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne, Australia Course Temporary street circuit Course length 5.303 km (3.295 mi) Distance 58 laps, 307.574 km (191.118 mi) Pole position Driver Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Time 1: 21.164 Fastest lap Driver Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer Time 1: 25.945 on lap 54 Podium First Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Second Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Third Kimi R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen Ferrari Lap leaders (show)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2008 Australian Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 Australian Grand Prix (formally the LXXIII ING Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 March 2008 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne, Australia. It was the first\u00a0race of the 2008 Formula One season. The 58\u00a0lap race was won by Lewis Hamilton for the McLaren team after starting from pole position. Nick Heidfeld finished second in a BMW Sauber car, with Nico Rosberg third in a Williams, his first ever F1 podium."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2018 Australian Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "2018 Australian Grand Prix Race 1 of 21 in the 2018 Formula One World Championship Next race \u2192 Layout of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit Race details Date 25 March 2018 Official name Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix Location Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne, Australia Course Temporary street circuit Course length 5.303 km (3.295 mi) Distance 58 laps, 307.574 km (191.118 mi) Pole position Driver Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Time 1: 21.164 Fastest lap Driver Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer Time 1: 25.945 on lap 54 Podium First Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Second Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Third Kimi R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen Ferrari Lap leaders (show)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1997 Australian Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 1997 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 9 March 1997 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit in Albert Park, Melbourne. It was the first race of the 1997 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was the second Grand Prix to be hosted in Melbourne. The 58-lap race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after starting from fourth position. Michael Schumacher finished second for the Ferrari and Coulthard's teammate Mika H\u00e4kkinen was third."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Per\u0219inari", "paragraph_text": "Per\u0219inari is a commune in D\u00e2mbovi\u021ba County, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Per\u0219inari. The commune was established in 2004, when the village was split off from V\u0103c\u0103re\u0219ti Commune to form a separate entity."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Melbourne Village, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne Village is a town in Brevard County, Florida. The population was 662 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the Palm Bay\u2013Melbourne\u2013Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is the smallest incorporated municipality (by population) in Brevard County."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named \"Melbourne\" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Menteng, Menteng", "paragraph_text": "Menteng is an administrative village in the Menteng district of Indonesia. It has a postal code of 10310. It is located on the southern area of the Menteng Project."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Uphall Station", "paragraph_text": "Uphall Station, also known as Uphall Station Village, is a popular village located in the geographical county of West Lothian, Scotland. The name is derived from neighbouring town Uphall on account of there being an incredibly popular railway station located on the northeast perimeter of the village. The village is situated southeast of neighbouring Uphall, north of Pumpherston and northeast of Livingston. It is administered by West Lothian Council. It lies approximately a quarter of a mile from the A89 dual carriageway, which is a major road running between Greenock in the west of Scotland and Edinburgh in the east of Scotland. A gala day (an outdoor f\u00eate) is held annually, usually in June."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "What position did the person that the county Melbourne Village is located in named after hold?"}
{"id": "3hop1__190289_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Beaufort Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cobboboonee National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Cobboboonee National Park is a national park located in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia. The national park is situated approximately west of Melbourne city centre, with access via the town of near the junctions of the Princes and Henty highways, north of ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "West Melbourne, Florida", "paragraph_text": "West Melbourne is a city in Brevard County, Florida, United States. It was created in 1959 to stop the area from being annexed into the City of Melbourne. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 18,355, reflecting an increase of 8,531 from the 9,824 counted in the 2000 Census. In 1970, the city's population was approximately 3,050. Since 2000, the city has experienced the highest population growth percentage of any municipality in Brevard County. It is part of the Palm Bay\u2013Melbourne\u2013Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James D. Gordon III", "paragraph_text": "James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina S\u0142awno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Gmina S\u0142awno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in S\u0142awno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of S\u0142awno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne is an international cultural centre, with cultural endeavours spanning major events and festivals, drama, musicals, comedy, music, art, architecture, literature, film and television. The climate, waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia. For five years in a row (as of 2015) it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings. The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including Australia's largest free community festival\u2014Moomba, the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Szczecinek", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Szczecinek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczecinek, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Red Cliffs, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Red Cliffs is a town in Victoria, Australia in the Sunraysia region. It is located on the Calder Highway, 16\u00a0km south of Mildura and 544\u00a0km north-west of Melbourne."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2008 Australian Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2008 Australian Grand Prix (formally the LXXIII ING Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 March 2008 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne, Australia. It was the first\u00a0race of the 2008 Formula One season. The 58\u00a0lap race was won by Lewis Hamilton for the McLaren team after starting from pole position. Nick Heidfeld finished second in a BMW Sauber car, with Nico Rosberg third in a Williams, his first ever F1 podium."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tottenham railway station", "paragraph_text": "Tottenham railway station is located on the Sunbury line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the western Melbourne suburbs of Tottenham and West Footscray, opening on 2 March 1891. It is located above the Ashley Street rail overpass, which provides station access."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "West Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The office of Governor of West Pakistan was a largely ceremonial position but later Governors wielded some executive powers as well. The first Governor was Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani, who was also the last Governor of West Punjab. Ayub Khan abolished the Governor's office and instead established the Martial Law Administrator of West Pakistan (MLA West)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1997 Australian Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 1997 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 9 March 1997 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit in Albert Park, Melbourne. It was the first race of the 1997 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was the second Grand Prix to be hosted in Melbourne. The 58-lap race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after starting from fourth position. Michael Schumacher finished second for the Ferrari and Coulthard's teammate Mika H\u00e4kkinen was third."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named \"Melbourne\" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name."}], "question": "What position did the person who the county where West Melbourne is located was named after hold?"}
{"id": "3hop1__398232_326948_86925", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Color Purple", "paragraph_text": "Celie is a poor, uneducated, 14 - year - old girl living in the American South in the early 1900s. She writes letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats her harshly and rapes her continuously. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once, a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she called Adam. Alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth. Celie has a second child, a girl she called Olivia whom Alphonso also abducts. Celie's ailing mother dies after cursing Celie on her deathbed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mother-in-Law (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Mother-in-Law\" is a 1961 song recorded by Ernie K-Doe. It was a number-one hit in the U.S. on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and the \"Billboard\" R&B chart. The song was written and produced by Allen Toussaint, who also played the piano solo. It was issued by Minit Records."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Michael Gerald Ford", "paragraph_text": "Michael Gerald Ford (born March 14, 1950) is the oldest of four children of U.S. President Gerald R. Ford and Betty Ford. Prior to his birth, Ford's mother wanted to name him after his father. However, Ford's father had always disliked being called \"Junior\" and he refused to \"inflict the nickname on any son.\" The Fords settled on his name as a compromise."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saint Mother Th\u00e9odore Gu\u00e9rin (Clark)", "paragraph_text": "Saint Mother Th\u00e9odore Gu\u00e9rin is a public artwork by American artist Teresa Clark, located at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., United States. This statue serves as a memorial to Saint Mother Th\u00e9odore Gu\u00e9rin and was a gift from the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Auguste Lev\u00eaque", "paragraph_text": "Auguste Lev\u00eaque (1866 in Nivelles, Walloon Brabant \u2013 1921 in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode) is a Belgian painter influenced both by realism and symbolism. Lev\u00eaque was also a sculptor, poet and art theoretician."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Childbirth", "paragraph_text": "substantial degree of cervical effacement and more rapid cervical dilatation from 5 cm until full dilatation for first and subsequent labours. In the US, the definition of active labour was changed from 3 to 4 cm, to 5 cm of cervical dilation for multiparous women, mothers who had given birth previously, and at 6 cm for nulliparous women, those who had not given birth before. This was done in an effort to increase the rates of vaginal delivery.Health care providers may assess a labouring mother's progress in labour by performing a cervical exam to evaluate the cervical dilation, effacement, and station. These factors form the Bishop score. The Bishop score can also be used as a means to predict the success of an induction of labour."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gartan", "paragraph_text": "Gartan () is a parish in County Donegal, Ireland. It is best known for being the birthplace of Columba, one of the three patron saints of Ireland and one of the most revered saints in the Christian world. Here he founded a monastery in 521. The popular song \"Gartan Mother's Lullaby\" comes from the area, and has been performed by many artists, including American actress Meryl Streep."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fleur-de-lis", "paragraph_text": "The fleur - de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag. This is true with the former Quebec Nordiques National Hockey League team and the former Montreal Expos Major League Baseball team, the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien -- The Lilies), the Major League Soccer team the Montreal Impact, the sports teams of New Orleans, Louisiana in the NFL, NBA and the Pacific Coast League, the Rugby League team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and the NPSL team Detroit City FC. Marc - Andr\u00e9 Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur - de-lis logo on his mask. The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St - Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur - de-lis on his right calf. The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F.C. has it in their logo. France used the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ellis Clarke", "paragraph_text": "Clarke attended Saint Mary's College, winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938. Ellis Clarke attended University College London of the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port of Spain in 1941, taking up private practice there."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Garden of Death", "paragraph_text": "The Garden of Death () (1896) is a painting by Finnish symbolist painter Hugo Simberg. Like many of Simberg's paintings, it depicts a gloomy, otherworldly scene. The central figures are reminiscent of the classic black-clad Grim Reaper, but paradoxically are tending to gardens; traditionally symbols of birth or renewal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Horton Park (Saint Paul, Minnesota)", "paragraph_text": "Horton Park is a small arboretum in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. Known primarily for its variety of trees, Horton Park has become a symbol of the Saint Paul Midway community."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Angwantibo", "paragraph_text": "The males mate with all available females whose territory overlaps with theirs. Copulation takes place hanging onto a branch. Gestation lasts 130 days and births are of a single offspring. The juvenile clasps itself first to the belly of the mother and later she may park her offspring on a branch while she goes searching for food. Within three to four months the young are weaned, at about six months it leaves its mother, and at an age of eight to ten months it becomes fully mature. The life expectancy of angwantibos is at most 13 years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mother-in-Law Lounge", "paragraph_text": "The Mother-in-Law Lounge is a live music venue, pub and a shrine in New Orleans, Louisiana dedicated to the memory of rhythm and blues singer, Ernie K-Doe. It is at the downtown river corner of Claiborne Avenue and Columbus Street in the 7th Ward of New Orleans. The exterior of the building is decorated with colorful murals depicting K-Doe and other prominent figures in New Orleans music, especially people who collaborated with K-Doe."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saint Joseph College and Mother Seton Shrine", "paragraph_text": "Saint Joseph College and Mother Seton Shrine are two closely related campuses in Emmitsburg, Maryland, United States. It forms a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Margaret Rutherford", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Rutherford was educated at Wimbledon High School (where she has a theatre space named after her; the Rutherford Centre) and, from the age of about 13, at Raven's Croft School, a boarding school at Sutton Avenue, Seaford. While there, she developed an interest in the theatre and performed in amateur dramatics. Upon leaving school, Nicholson paid for her to have private acting lessons. After Nicholson died, money from her legacy allowed Rutherford to secure entry to the Old Vic School. In her autobiography, Rutherford called her Aunt Bessie her \"adoptive mother and one of the saints of the world.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ina Coolbrith", "paragraph_text": "Ina Coolbrith was born Josephine Donna Smith in Nauvoo, Illinois, the last of three daughters of Agnes Moulton Coolbrith and Don Carlos Smith, brother to Joseph Smith Coolbrith's father died of malarial fever four months after her birth, and a sister died one month after that; Coolbrith's mother then married Joseph Smith, in 1842, becoming his sixth or seventh wife. No children came of the union\u2014Agnes felt neglected in her unfruitful Levirate marriage, the only such marriage of Smith. In June 1844, Smith was killed at the hands of an anti-Mormon mob. Losing her faith and fearful of her life, Coolbrith's mother left the Latter-day Saint community and moved to Saint Louis, Missouri, where she married a printer and lawyer named William Pickett. Twin sons were born to the couple, and in 1851 Pickett traveled overland with his new family to California in a wagon train. On the long trek, the young Ina read from a book of Shakespeare's works and from a collection of Byron's poems. As a ten-year-old girl, Ina entered California in front of the wagon train with the famous African-American scout Jim Beckwourth, riding with him on his horse, through what would later be named Beckwourth Pass. The family settled in Los Angeles, California, and Pickett established a law practice."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Prince of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Ofra Haza as Yocheved, the mother of Miriam and Aaron and birth mother of Moses. She also sang her character's number, ``Deliver Us '', in seventeen other languages for the film's dubbing)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sagrada Fam\u00edlia", "paragraph_text": "Constructed between 1894 and 1930, the Nativity fa\u00e7ade was the first fa\u00e7ade to be completed. Dedicated to the birth of Jesus, it is decorated with scenes reminiscent of elements of life. Characteristic of Gaud\u00ed's naturalistic style, the sculptures are ornately arranged and decorated with scenes and images from nature, each a symbol in its own manner. For instance, the three porticos are separated by two large columns, and at the base of each lies a turtle or a tortoise (one to represent the land and the other the sea; each are symbols of time as something set in stone and unchangeable). In contrast to the figures of turtles and their symbolism, two chameleons can be found at either side of the fa\u00e7ade, and are symbolic of change."}], "question": "What is the symbol that represents the football team whose home city is the birthplace of the Mother-in-Law performer?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153179_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chef Aid: The South Park Album", "paragraph_text": "Chef Aid: The South Park Album is a 1998 soundtrack/compilation album based on the American animated comedy series \"South Park\". Several well-known artists perform on the record, which was mainly produced by Rick Rubin. \"Chef Aid\" contains a number of songs from and inspired by the show, while other songs are largely independent from \"South Park\". The album was released during the show's second season, shortly after the broadcast of the episode called \"Chef Aid\", which features many of the stars and songs that appear on the recording. Soul singer Isaac Hayes appears in character as Chef throughout the album, which mimicks a live concert."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hell's Kitchen (American season 8)", "paragraph_text": "The eighth season of Hell's Kitchen, an American reality competition television series starring Gordon Ramsay, premiered on the Fox Network on September 22, 2010, and continued until December 15, 2010. Sous Chef Nona Sivley won the competition, earning a head chef position at the L.A. Market restaurant at the JW Marriott Hotel at L.A. Live in Los Angeles, as well as an opportunity to be a spokesperson for Rosemount Estate Wines."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Loud House", "paragraph_text": "Lynn Loud, Sr. (voiced by Brian Stepanek) -- He is the father of the Loud children. His whole face is unseen until ``11 Louds a Leapin '. ''Lynn Sr. often breaks up fights between his children before it goes too far. In addition, Lynn Sr. does all the cooking in the family as he dreams of being a chef and open his own restaurant someday. In`` Along Came a Sister'', it is revealed that he has a fear of spiders like Leni. In ``Anti-Social, ''it is revealed that he has a band called the Clang with Kotaro."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Chef School", "paragraph_text": "Chef School is a reality television series which airs on Food Network Canada. It is a 26-part docu-soap that follows the experiences of 12 students at the Stratford Chef School, one of Canada's most prestigious culinary schools."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chef (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "Jerome ``Chef ''McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes. A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more level - headed than the other adult residents of the town, and sympathetic to the children. His guidance is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists -- Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick -- as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted. To an inadvertent fault, he frequently gives inappropriate advice, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chef in Your Ear", "paragraph_text": "Chef in Your Ear is a Canadian cooking competition television series, that premiered on Food Network Canada on August 31, 2015."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Trolls: The Beat Goes On!", "paragraph_text": "Trolls: The Beat Goes On! is a 2018 American animated television series produced by DreamWorks Animation that is based on the 3D computer - animated musical romantic comedy film Trolls. The series premiered on Netflix on January 19, 2018 exclusively in the United States, Canada, Latin America, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, the Nordics, Benelux, and France. Amanda Leighton, Skylar Astin, Kari Wahlgren, Sam Lerner, David Kaye, David Fynn, Sean T. Krishnan, Kevin Michael Richardson, and Fryda Wolff provide the new voices for Poppy, Branch, Bridget, King Gristle, King Peppy, Biggie, Guy Diamond, Smidge, and DJ Suki and Satin & Chenille for this series respectively; only Ron Funches and Walt Dohrn reprise their roles as Cooper and Cloud Guy, also respectively. Matt Lowe also voices Creek in the series, who returns in ``Creek Week ''."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pulling Double Booty", "paragraph_text": "\"Pulling Double Booty\" is the sixth episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\", an episode produced for Season 3. It first aired in the United States on Fox on November 16, 2008. This story centers around Hayley, who goes on a rampage shortly after Jeff breaks up with her. Stan and Francine try to help their daughter get through the grief, and Hayley begins dating Bill, Stan's body-double and doppelg\u00e4nger. Meanwhile, Roger and Steve get summer jobs determining the sex of baby chicks in a factory, but Steve steals several specimens to rear in safety after learning their fate. Angered at their ruined summer, Roger steals the chickens to make money off of chicken fights."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chef Goes Nanners", "paragraph_text": "\"Chef Goes Nanners\" is the seventh episode of the fourth season of the animated television series \"South Park\", and the 55th episode of the series overall. \"Chef Goes Nanners\" originally aired in the United States on Comedy Central on July 5, 2000."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "MasterChef Australia (series 4)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth series of MasterChef Australia premiered on Sunday, 6 May 2012 at 7.30pm on Network Ten. Judges George Calombaris, Gary Mehigan and Matt Preston returned from the previous series. After the first week in Melbourne, the competition took the contestants to places nationally, such as Kangaroo Island and Tasmania, as well as the international destination, Italy. It also featured a number of guest chefs, including Jamie Oliver, Rick Stein and Buddy Valastro."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Michele Ragussis", "paragraph_text": "Michele Ragussis (born November 26, 1969 in Derby, Connecticut) is an American chef. She is best known as a finalist on the eighth season of the Food Network series \"Food Network Star\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kit Kat", "paragraph_text": "Use of the name Kit Kat or Kit Cat for a type of food goes back to the 18th century, when mutton pies known as a Kit - Kat were served at meetings of the political Kit - Cat Club in London owned by pastry chef Christopher Catling."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hell's Kitchen (American season 17)", "paragraph_text": "The seventeenth season of the reality series Hell's Kitchen (also called Hell's Kitchen All Stars) began airing on September 29, 2017 on Fox. This season marks the first in Hell's Kitchen history to have an all star edition as sixteen former contestants return to compete once again, and the winner of this season will receive the position as head chef at the first - ever Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. All of the returning chefs made it onto the Black Team in their respective seasons. Gordon Ramsay returns as host and head chef, Season 10 winner (and Season 15 sous - chef) Christina Wilson returns as the Red Team's sous - chef, and British Masterchef judge James ``Jocky ''Petrie makes his Hell's Kitchen debut as the Blue Team's sous - chef. Marino Monferrato returns as the ma\u00eetre d '."}], "question": "Where was the person who voices Stan from the series that The Chef Goes Nanners is an episode of born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153635_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Poor and Stupid", "paragraph_text": "\"Poor and Stupid\" is the eighth episode and mid-season premiere of the fourteenth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 203rd overall episode of the series. It aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 6, 2010. In the episode, Cartman wants to become a NASCAR racer, but he feels that he cannot because he is not \"poor and stupid enough\" to fulfill his dream. After some experiments, his dream comes true, and he receives his own race car after his consumption of Vagisil brings massive attention to the product, much to the dismay of his friend Kenny, who tries to stop Cartman from giving his favorite event a bad reputation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Stephen Russell", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Russell is an American actor, writer, theater director, and voice actor best known for his voice acting in the \"Thief\" video game series as the protagonist Garrett and the Mister Handys in the \"Fallout\" series."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yao Defen", "paragraph_text": "Yao Defen was born to poor farmers in the town of Liuan in the Anhui province of Shucheng County. At birth she weighed . When she was eleven years old she was about 188 centimetres (6 ft 2 in) tall. She was 210 centimetres (6 ft 9 in) tall by the age of fifteen years."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Poor Unfortunate Souls", "paragraph_text": "``Poor Unfortunate Souls ''is a song from the Walt Disney Pictures animated film The Little Mermaid. Written by Howard Ashman and Alan Menken and performed by Pat Carroll,`` Poor Unfortunate Souls'' is sung to Princess Ariel by Ursula the Sea Witch. In a style that combines Broadway theatre with Burlesque, Ursula uses the song to seduce Ariel into trading her voice for the chance to temporarily become human."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chef (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "Jerome ``Chef ''McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes. A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more level - headed than the other adult residents of the town, and sympathetic to the children. His guidance is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists -- Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick -- as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted. To an inadvertent fault, he frequently gives inappropriate advice, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Belchertown State School", "paragraph_text": "The Belchertown State School for the Feeble-Minded was established in 1922 in Belchertown, Massachusetts. It became known for inhumane conditions and poor treatment of its patients, and became the target of a series of lawsuits prior to its eventual closing in 1992. The building complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "David Cross", "paragraph_text": "David Cross (born April 4, 1964) is an American stand - up comedian, actor, director and writer, known primarily for his stand - up performances, the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show, and his role as Tobias F\u00fcnke in the sitcom Arrested Development. Cross created, wrote, executive produced, and starred in The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret, developed and had a prominent role in Freak Show, appeared on Modern Family, portrayed Ian Hawke in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise, and voiced Crane in the Kung Fu Panda film franchise."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Junie B. Jones", "paragraph_text": "Junie B. Jones is a children's book series written by Barbara Park and illustrated by Denise Brunkus. Published by Random House from 1992 to 2013, the stories begin with Junie B. Jones and the Stupid Smelly Bus, in which Junie B. is an ``almost six year old ''starting her first day of kindergarten."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}], "question": "Where was the voice actor for Stan in the series that had an episode titled Poor and Stupid born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__765565_326948_59893", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ieud Hill Church", "paragraph_text": "The Ieud Hill Church (), dedicated to the Nativity of the Virgin, is a Romanian Orthodox church in Ieud Commune, Maramure\u0219 County, Romania. Built in the early 17th century, it is one of eight buildings that make up the wooden churches of Maramure\u0219 UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is also listed as a historic monument by the country's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs. Its name comes from the fact that it is located on a hill, and is used to distinguish it from the Ieud Valley Church."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pitch Perfect 3", "paragraph_text": "The Bellas are left in disgrace after the incident with no hopes of winning the competition until Stacie calls the girls to inform she has given birth to a baby girl and named her Bella. This motivates the Bellas to just perform their hearts out without trying to win. Back at the USO competition, the Bellas perform tremendously to adoring crowds through different performances, repairing their reputation and chances to win in the process. Fergus is accepted by Amy, who believes he came to one of their performances to see her. He accidentally reveals that he has not seen her perform at all, while confessing that he is only trying to acquire an offshore account Amy's mother set up which contains US $180 million. After Amy shuts out Fergus again, Chicago and Zeke escort her away from her father, who swears revenge on her. Meanwhile, only Beca is asked personally by DJ Khaled to open for him, disregarding the other Bellas. Beca politely declines the offer and leaves to her room. Later, the Bellas are taken away by a Frenchman in a dark grey van out onto a yacht in a nearby harbor. The yacht belongs to Fergus, who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him. Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas. Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform ``Toxic ''for him and two of his men, just as Amy sets the yacht to explode. The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows. Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Monument to the Unknown Hero", "paragraph_text": "The Monument to the Unknown Hero ( / Spomenik Neznanom junaku) is a World War I memorial located atop Mount Avala, south-east of Belgrade, Serbia, and designed by the sculptor Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107. Memorial was built in 1934-1938 on the place where an unknown Serbian World War I soldier was buried. It is similar to many other tombs of the unknown soldier built by the allies after the war. The \u017drnov fortress was previously located on the same place."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Coming of age", "paragraph_text": "The Monday of the third week of May is ``coming - of - age day ''. There has been a traditional coming of age ceremony since before Goryeo dynasty, but it has mostly disappeared. In the traditional way, when boys or girls were between the ages of fifteen and twenty, boys wore gat, a Korean traditional hat made of bamboo and horsehair, and girls did their hair in chignon with binyeo, a Korean traditional ornamental hairpin. Both of them wore hanbok, and wearing hanbok on the coming of age ceremony can be sometimes seen even now."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tell Monument", "paragraph_text": "The 'Tell Monument' () is a memorial to William Tell in the market place of Altdorf, Canton of Uri, Switzerland."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Colosseum", "paragraph_text": "Colosseum Location Regio IV Templum Pacis (``Temple of Peace '') Built in 70 -- 80 AD Built by / for Vespasian, Titus Type of structure Amphitheatre Related List of ancient monuments in Rome The Colosseum"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1820 Settlers", "paragraph_text": "They are commemorated in Grahamstown by the 1820 Settlers National Monument, which opened in 1974. A living monument, it hosts plays, musical performances and cultural events, and is supported by the 1820 Settlers Association which was founded in 1920 by Sir Walter Stanford and other descendants."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Color Purple", "paragraph_text": "Celie is a poor, uneducated, 14 - year - old girl living in the American South in the early 1900s. She writes letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats her harshly and rapes her continuously. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once, a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she called Adam. Alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth. Celie has a second child, a girl she called Olivia whom Alphonso also abducts. Celie's ailing mother dies after cursing Celie on her deathbed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Here Come the Girls (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Here Come the Girls\" is a song written by Allen Toussaint and originally recorded by Ernie K-Doe and released in 1970. It failed to chart at that time."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mother-in-Law Lounge", "paragraph_text": "The Mother-in-Law Lounge is a live music venue, pub and a shrine in New Orleans, Louisiana dedicated to the memory of rhythm and blues singer, Ernie K-Doe. It is at the downtown river corner of Claiborne Avenue and Columbus Street in the 7th Ward of New Orleans. The exterior of the building is decorated with colorful murals depicting K-Doe and other prominent figures in New Orleans music, especially people who collaborated with K-Doe."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York, I Love You XOXO", "paragraph_text": "Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this final episode, the death of Bart Bass rushes Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) to marry Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and the identity of Gossip Girl is revealed. A five - year flash forward takes place and shows the wedding of Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) to Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Collyer Monument", "paragraph_text": "Collyer Monument is an historic monument to firefighters in Mineral Spring Park, at the corner of Mineral Spring Avenue and Main Street, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, United States. The monument was built in 1890 by the sculptor Charles Parker Dowler to honor Samuel Smith Collyer, a fallen Pawtucket Fire Chief. The life-size bronze sculpture stands atop a pedestal of Westerly granite, which has a bronze plaque depicting the fatal accident while the reverse bears an inscription. The memorial represents a significant example of monumental work of the period and an early example of local civic pride. The monument was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Col. Crawford Burn Site Monument", "paragraph_text": "The Colonel Crawford Burn Site Monument is a war monument in rural Wyandot County, Ohio, United States. Placed in the 1870s, it commemorates the death by burning of Colonel William Crawford during the concluding years of the American Revolution. The stone monument itself was long the subject of local interest, and it has been named a historic site."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)", "paragraph_text": "The monument was dedicated in 1884, at Tivoli Circle (since commonly called Lee Circle) on St. Charles Avenue. Dignitaries present at the dedication on February 22 -- George Washington's birthday -- included former Confederate President Jefferson Davis, two daughters of General Lee, and Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard. Efforts raise funds to build the statue began after Lee's death in 1870 by the Robert E. Lee Monument Association, which by 1876 had raised the $36,400 needed. The association's president was Louisiana Supreme Court Justice Charles E. Fenner. New York sculptor Alexander Doyle was hired to sculpt the statue, which was installed in 1884. Base and pedestal designed and built by John Ray (Roy), architect; contract dated 1877. Cost $26,474. John Hagan, a builder, was contracted to ``furnish and set ''the column. Cost $9,350."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Holy Transfiguration Church, Gjirokast\u00ebr", "paragraph_text": "Holy Transfiguration Church () is an orthodox church in Gjirokast\u00ebr, Albania. The church was built in 1784. It is a Cultural Monument of Albania since 1963."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old \"umchwasho\" custom. In \"umchwasho\", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, when the girls had reached a marriageable age, they would perform labour service for the Queen Mother, ending with dancing and feasting. The country was under the chastity rite of \"umchwasho\" until 19 August 2005."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Statue of Father C\u00edcero", "paragraph_text": "The Statue of Father C\u00edcero on the Garden's hill is a monument built in homage to Father C\u00edcero, located in Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil. The total height of the statue plus the pedestal is 27m."}], "question": "When were the monuments built in the Here Come the Girls performer's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153280_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2014 Japan Super Series", "paragraph_text": "The 2014 Japan Super Series will be the sixth super series tournament of the 2014 BWF Super Series. The tournament took place in Tokyo, Japan from 10\u201315 June 2014 with a total purse of $250,000."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Who Wants to Be a Superhero?", "paragraph_text": "Who Wants to Be a Superhero? was a super hero genre reality TV series broadcast on the Sci Fi Channel produced by Nash Entertainment and POW! Entertainment. The show was created by Stan Lee and Nash Entertainment. a junior version of the show was broadcast on BBC Two/CBBC in the UK."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Jeremy Shada", "paragraph_text": "Jeremy Shada / \u02c8\u0283e\u026ad\u0259 / (born January 21, 1997) is an American actor, voice actor, singer and musician who is best known for his work as the voice of Finn the Human from the American animated television series Adventure Time. He is also known for starring as various characters in the sketch - comedy series Incredible Crew and currently voice acts as Lance in Voltron: Legendary Defender."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Stephen Russell", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Russell is an American actor, writer, theater director, and voice actor best known for his voice acting in the \"Thief\" video game series as the protagonist Garrett and the Mister Handys in the \"Fallout\" series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Peppa Pig characters", "paragraph_text": "Danny Dog (voiced by George Woolford in series 1 -- 2, Jadon Mills in series 3 -- 4 and Joshua Morris in series 5) -- Danny is one of Peppa's friends. He wears purple clothes and has dark brown fur."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Super Best Friends", "paragraph_text": "\"Super Best Friends\" is the third episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 68th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on July 4, 2001. In the episode, Stan, Kyle, Cartman and Kenny discover the magician David Blaine performing in South Park and decide to join his cult, the Blaintologists. Stan quickly finds out that the Blaintologists are not as nice as everyone thinks and tries to convince the other boys they've been brainwashed, and have forsaken their friends and families. Teaming up with Jesus, Stan calls upon the Super Best Friends, a parody of the Super Friends, to destroy Blaine and thwart the mass suicide pact he has launched."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nelson Muntz", "paragraph_text": "Nelson Mandela Muntz is a fictional character and the lead school bully from the animated TV series The Simpsons, best known for his signature mocking laugh ``Ha - ha! ''. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright. Nelson was introduced in Season 1's`` Bart the General'' as an antagonist but later turned into an on - and - off friend of Bart Simpson."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Some of My Best Friends are Men", "paragraph_text": "Some of My Best Friends are Men is a Canadian women's issues television series which aired on CBC Television in 1975."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Robert Capron", "paragraph_text": "Robert B. Capron Jr. (born July 9, 1998) is an American actor, voice artist, film producer, comedian and film director who is best known for starring as Rowley Jefferson, Greg Heffley's best friend, in the first three installments of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Clarabelle Cow", "paragraph_text": "Clarabelle Cow is a Disney fictional character within the Mickey Mouse universe of characters. Clarabelle Cow was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks in 1928. Clarabelle is one of Minnie Mouse's best friends and is usually depicted as the girlfriend of Horace Horsecollar, although she has also been paired with Goofy occasionally (especially in the Super Goof comic book series). Clarabelle has remained a supporting character in the United States; only in Italy has she been treated as a major character."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven", "paragraph_text": "All Dogs Go to Heaven is a 1989 animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film directed and produced by Don Bluth, and released by United Artists and Goldcrest Films. It tells the story of Charlie B. Barkin (voiced by Burt Reynolds), a German Shepherd that is murdered by his former friend, Carface (voiced by Vic Tayback, in his penultimate film role), but withdraws from his place in Heaven to return to Earth, where his best friend, Itchy Itchiford (voiced by Dom DeLuise) still lives, and they team up with a young orphan girl named Anne-Marie (voiced by Judith Barsi in her last film role; movie released posthumously), who teaches them an important lesson about kindness, friendship and love."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "A to Z Mysteries", "paragraph_text": "The sequel series, A to Z Mysteries Super Edition, is set one year after the original series and in different places rather than at home in Connecticut. The books are about fifty pages longer than the original volumes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Best Friends Together", "paragraph_text": "Best Friends Together is the first part of the Best Friends series by Rosie Rushton. It was published in 1998 by Piccadilly Press Ltd."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Boomhauer", "paragraph_text": "Jeffrey Dexter ``Jeff ''Boomhauer III, commonly referred to as Boomhauer, is a fictional character in the Fox animated series King of the Hill. The character is voiced by series creator Mike Judge, and is best known for his fast - paced voice and nearly incomprehensible speech."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hotel Transylvania: The Series", "paragraph_text": "Mavis (voiced by Bryn McAuley) is Dracula's 114 - year - old daughter who wants to have fun with her friends. Wendy Blob (voiced by Evany Rosen) is a blob that is the daughter of Blobby and one of Mavis' friends. Hank N Stein (voiced by Gage Munroe) is the son of Frank and Eunice and one of Mavis' friends. Pedro (voiced by Joseph Motiki) is a fat mummy who resembles Murray and one of Mavis' friends. Aunt Lydia (voiced by Dan Chameroy) is Dracula's older sister who pushes more order and tradition at the Hotel when Mavis and her friends want to have fun. Diana is Aunt Lydia's pet chicken. Dracula (voiced by David Berni) is Mavis' dad and is away on ``official vampire business ''at the Vampire Council."}], "question": "What's the birthplace of the man who does the voice of Stan on the series that had The Super Best Friends?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153812_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dan Castellaneta", "paragraph_text": "Until 1998, Castellaneta was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices. The dispute was soon resolved and he received $125,000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode. The issue was resolved a month later, and Castellaneta earned $250,000 per episode. After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice actors received approximately $400,000 per episode. Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, Castellaneta and the other cast members accepted a 25 percent pay cut, down to over $300,000 per episode."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lucky Stars Go Places", "paragraph_text": "Lucky Stars Go Places (), also known as \"The Luckiest Stars\", is a 1986 Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Eric Tsang. It is the fourth film in the \"Lucky Stars\" series. It was an attempt to combine the original Lucky Stars troupe with the similar action comedy ensemble from the \"Aces Go Places\" series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Stephen Russell", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Russell is an American actor, writer, theater director, and voice actor best known for his voice acting in the \"Thief\" video game series as the protagonist Garrett and the Mister Handys in the \"Fallout\" series."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven", "paragraph_text": "All Dogs Go to Heaven is a 1989 animated musical comedy - drama film directed and produced by Don Bluth, and released by United Artists and Goldcrest Films. It tells the story of Charlie B. Barkin (voiced by Burt Reynolds), a German Shepherd that is murdered by his former friend, Carface (voiced by Vic Tayback, in his final film role), but withdraws from his place in Heaven to return to Earth, where his best friend, Itchy Itchiford (voiced by Dom DeLuise) still lives, and he teams up with a young orphan girl named Anne - Marie (voiced by Judith Barsi, in her final film role), who teaches them an important lesson about kindness, friendship and love."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Free Willzyx", "paragraph_text": "\"Free Willzyx\" ( ) is the thirteenth episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 138th overall episode, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 30, 2005. In the episode, Kyle, Stan, Cartman and Kenny go to an amusement park and a killer whale, which is being kept in a giant tank there, speaks to them, telling them that it will die if it is not returned to its real home on the moon. They attempt to do this, unaware that the whole thing is just a prank being played on them by workers at the amusement park. The episode parodies the \"Free Willy\" film."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Puppy Dog Pals", "paragraph_text": "Bingo (voiced by Issac Ryan Brown) is a black dog with a blue collar. He is the leader of the two and is Rolly's older brother. Rolly (voiced by Sam Lavagnino) is a light brown pup with a red collar. He is n't as smart as Bingo, and is very silly. He is Bingo's younger brother. In ``Bob Loves Mona '', he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find. Bob (voiced by Harland Williams) is the owner of Bingo, Rolly, Hissy, and A.R.F. He works as an inventor. Hissy (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is a sarcastic purple cat. In some episodes, she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions. These episodes are:`` A Pyramaid Scheme'', ``Hissy's Big Day '',`` Bob Loves Mona, ``Puzzling Pugs'',`` A Seat at the Theatre '', and ``Return to the Pumpkin Patch'', but only Collared up on Puzzling Pugs and Return to the Pumpkin Patch. She is the first and currently only female character to sing. A.R.F. (fully known as Auto - Doggy Robotic Friend; voiced by Tom Kenny) is a robotic dog that Bob invented. He first appears in the episode`` A.R.F. ''. Later in the series, he is updated by Bob in ``Go, Dog, Go!''"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls", "paragraph_text": "\"Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls\" is the third episode of the seventh season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\" It originally aired on Fox in the United States on November 7, 2010. The episode follows Stan as his title of having the best haunted house is threatened by a neighbor. To tempt people to come to his house, he uses serial killers as the house's main attraction. Meanwhile, Steve falls in love with Toshi's sister Akiko as they go trick-or-treating."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven", "paragraph_text": "All Dogs Go to Heaven is a 1989 animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film directed and produced by Don Bluth, and released by United Artists and Goldcrest Films. It tells the story of Charlie B. Barkin (voiced by Burt Reynolds), a German Shepherd that is murdered by his former friend, Carface (voiced by Vic Tayback, in his penultimate film role), but withdraws from his place in Heaven to return to Earth, where his best friend, Itchy Itchiford (voiced by Dom DeLuise) still lives, and they team up with a young orphan girl named Anne-Marie (voiced by Judith Barsi in her last film role; movie released posthumously), who teaches them an important lesson about kindness, friendship and love."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Going Native", "paragraph_text": "\"Going Native\" is the eleventh episode of the sixteenth season of the American animated sitcom \"South Park\", and the 234th episode of the series overall. It premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on October 17, 2012. In the episode, when Butters starts acting out at school, he learns that he was not born in South Park. He and Kenny journey to Butters' homeland for his coming of age ceremony."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}], "question": "Where was the person who voices Stan from the series that Going Native is an episode of born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153804_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of Switched at Birth episodes", "paragraph_text": "Switched at Birth is an American television drama series which premiered on ABC Family on June 6, 2011. Created by Lizzy Weiss, the series follows two teenage girls who learn that they were switched at birth. On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Switched at Birth for a second season, which premiered on January 7, 2013. All of the episode titles take their names from pieces of artwork. On July 30, 2013, ABC Family renewed the series for a full 22 - episode third season, which premiered in January 2014. The second half of season 3 premiered on June 16, 2014. On August 13, 2014, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 6, 2015. ABC Family, which changed its name to Freeform in January 2016, announced on Wednesday October 21, 2015, that it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season. The fifth season began airing on January 31, 2017, and concluded on April 11, 2017. During the course of the series, 103 episodes of Switched at Birth aired over five seasons."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jerry O'Connell", "paragraph_text": "Jeremiah O'Connell (born February 17, 1974) is an American actor, voice actor and director, known for his roles as Quinn Mallory in the television series \"Sliders\", Andrew Clements in \"My Secret Identity\", Vern Tessio in the film \"Stand by Me\" (1986), Joe in \"Joe's Apartment\" (1996), Frank Cushman in \"Jerry Maguire\" (1996), Derek in \"Scream 2\" (1997), Charlie Carbone in \"Kangaroo Jack\" (2003), and Detective Woody Hoyt on the drama \"Crossing Jordan\". He starred as Pete Kaczmarek in the CBS series \"The Defenders\", until its cancellation in 2011. He also had a starring role in the comedy horror film \"Piranha 3D\" (2010)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "High School Musical: Get in the Picture", "paragraph_text": "High School Musical: Get in the Picture is a reality-based TV series, which debuted July 20, 2008 on the television channel ABC. Stan Carrizosa was named the winner on September 8, 2008. Tierney Chamberlain was the runner-up."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alameda Apartments", "paragraph_text": "The Alameda Apartments is a historic building in Zanesville, Ohio, United States. Built in 1910, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Asspen", "paragraph_text": "\"Asspen\" is the second episode of the sixth season and the 82nd overall episode of the American animated television series \"South Park\". It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on March 13, 2002. In the episode, the boys go on vacation at Aspen, Colorado, where Stan is repeatedly tormented by an older skier named Tad. Meanwhile, the boys' parents become stuck at a meeting as two salesmen attempt to coax them to purchase timeshare property."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chef (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "Jerome ``Chef ''McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes. A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more level - headed than the other adult residents of the town, and sympathetic to the children. His guidance is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists -- Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick -- as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted. To an inadvertent fault, he frequently gives inappropriate advice, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Markeen Apartments", "paragraph_text": "Markeen Apartments is located in the Near Southside of Fort Worth, Texas. The apartments sit on two lots at the northwest corner of Daggett and St. Louis avenues. The two-building complex was constructed in 1910 and designed in the Prairie School Style. It was built by Charles W. Forbes. The complex was purchased in 1999 and renovated. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 2, 2001."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Admiral Apartments", "paragraph_text": "The Admiral Apartments, originally the Wheeldon Apartments and also known as the Admiral Hotel Apartments, is a five-story brick Tudor Revival apartment building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States, that was built in 1909. It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1990."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the voice actor of Stan in the series the episode Asspen is part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153113_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hotel Transylvania: The Series", "paragraph_text": "Mavis (voiced by Bryn McAuley) is Dracula's 114 - year - old daughter who wants to have fun with her friends. Wendy Blob (voiced by Evany Rosen) is a blob that is the daughter of Blobby and one of Mavis' friends. Hank N Stein (voiced by Gage Munroe) is the son of Frank and Eunice and one of Mavis' friends. Pedro (voiced by Joseph Motiki) is a fat mummy who resembles Murray and one of Mavis' friends. Aunt Lydia (voiced by Dan Chameroy) is Dracula's older sister who pushes more order and tradition at the Hotel when Mavis and her friends want to have fun. Diana is Aunt Lydia's pet chicken. Dracula (voiced by David Berni) is Mavis' dad and is away on ``official vampire business ''at the Vampire Council."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chef (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "Jerome ``Chef ''McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes. A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more level - headed than the other adult residents of the town, and sympathetic to the children. His guidance is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists -- Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick -- as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted. To an inadvertent fault, he frequently gives inappropriate advice, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fun with Veal", "paragraph_text": "\"Fun with Veal\" is the 4th episode of the sixth season of the animated television series \"South Park\", and the 83rd episode of the series overall. It originally aired in the United States on Comedy Central on March 27, 2002. This episode is rated TV-MA in the United States, except on syndicated broadcasts, where the episode is censored and is rated TV-14, instead. In the episode, Stan and the boys are horrified when they find out how veal is made, they then kidnap all the baby cows from a local ranch."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "But Hanover is not only one of the most important Exhibition Cities in the world, it is also one of the German capitals for marksmen. The Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover is the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world and takes place once a year (late June to early July) (2014 - July 4th to the 13th). It consists of more than 260 rides and inns, five large beer tents and a big entertainment programme. The highlight of this fun fair is the 12 kilometres (7 mi) long Parade of the Marksmen with more than 12.000 participants from all over the world, among them around 5.000 marksmen, 128 bands and more than 70 wagons, carriages and big festival vehicles. It is the longest procession in Europe. Around 2 million people visit this fun fair every year. The landmark of this Fun Fair is the biggest transportable Ferris Wheel in the world (60 m or 197 ft high). The origins of this fun fair is located in the year 1529."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Westwood Manor, Delaware", "paragraph_text": "Westwood Manor is an unincorporated community in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. Westwood Manor is located east of the intersection of Silverside Road and Veale Road northeast of Wilmington."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lige der hvor hjertet sl\u00e5r", "paragraph_text": "The song was performed thirteenth on the night, following Portugal's Dulce Pontes with \"Lusitana paix\u00e3o\" and preceding Norway's Just 4 Fun with \"Mrs. Thompson\". At the close of voting, it had received 8 points, placing 19th in a field of 22."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stephen Russell", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Russell is an American actor, writer, theater director, and voice actor best known for his voice acting in the \"Thief\" video game series as the protagonist Garrett and the Mister Handys in the \"Fallout\" series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}], "question": "The actor voicing the role of Stan in the series with the episode \"Fun with Veal\" was born where?"}
{"id": "3hop1__725742_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chef (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "Jerome ``Chef ''McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes. A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more level - headed than the other adult residents of the town, and sympathetic to the children. His guidance is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists -- Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick -- as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted. To an inadvertent fault, he frequently gives inappropriate advice, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jamieson Price", "paragraph_text": "Jamieson Kent Price (born April 28, 1961) is an American voice actor, best known for his deep and booming voice for numerous anime and video games. He is known as the voice of Largo the Black Lion in \"Tales of the Abyss\", Iron Tager from the \"BlazBlue\" series, the Count of Monte Cristo in \"Gankutsuou\", Ovan in \".hack//G.U.\", and Galbalan, the main villain of \"\" and Milton Grimm from \"Ever After High\". Price also had a part in the 2000 movie \"The Patriot\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Back to the Future characters", "paragraph_text": "The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin - off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Snuke", "paragraph_text": "\"The Snuke\" is the fourth episode of the eleventh season (or the 157th episode overall) of Comedy Central's animated comedy series \"South Park\". It is largely a parody of the television series \"24\" and was originally broadcast on March 28, 2007. The episode is rated TV-MA."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Stephen Russell", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Russell is an American actor, writer, theater director, and voice actor best known for his voice acting in the \"Thief\" video game series as the protagonist Garrett and the Mister Handys in the \"Fallout\" series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}], "question": "Where was the person who voices Stan from the series that The Snuke is an episode of born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153344_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Super Hornio Brothers", "paragraph_text": "Super Hornio Brothers and Super Hornio Brothers II are two 1993 pornographic parodies of the \"Super Mario\" video game series released at the same time as the series' official film, \"Super Mario Bros.\" Both films star director Buck Adams, along with T. T. Boy, Ron Jeremy and Chelsea Lynx together as the main characters. The films gained new interest after a write-up by a Something Awful reviewer. Nintendo bought the rights to the films to halt their distribution."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Who Wants to Be a Superhero?", "paragraph_text": "Who Wants to Be a Superhero? was a super hero genre reality TV series broadcast on the Sci Fi Channel produced by Nash Entertainment and POW! Entertainment. The show was created by Stan Lee and Nash Entertainment. a junior version of the show was broadcast on BBC Two/CBBC in the UK."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lin Dan career statistics", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of the main career statistics of professional badminton player, Lin Dan. To date, Lin has won fifty-seven singles titles, including three Super Series Premier titles, fourteen Super Series titles, and one Super Series Finals title. He is a two-time Olympic champion, five-time world champion and four-time Asian champion. Lin is currently ranked World No. 16 by the Badminton World Federation (BWF)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Super Bowl LV", "paragraph_text": "Super Bowl LV, the 55th Super Bowl and the 51st modern - era National Football League (NFL) championship game, will decide the league champion for the 2020 season. The game is scheduled to be played on February 7, 2021 in Tampa, Florida (with the exact date pending potential changes to the NFL calendar). This will be the fifth Super Bowl hosted by the Tampa area, with the last one being Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, and the third one held at Raymond James Stadium. The game will be televised nationally by NBC. It will be the third time that the Super Bowl is in the same state in back to back years with Super Bowl LIV taking place at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2014 Japan Super Series", "paragraph_text": "The 2014 Japan Super Series will be the sixth super series tournament of the 2014 BWF Super Series. The tournament took place in Tokyo, Japan from 10\u201315 June 2014 with a total purse of $250,000."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2010 China Masters Super Series", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 China Masters Super Series was a top level badminton competition which was held from September 14, 2010 to September 19, 2010 in Changzhou, China. It was the seventh BWF Super Series competition on the 2010 BWF Super Series schedule. The total purse for the event was $250,000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Atle Sk\u00e5rdal", "paragraph_text": "Atle Sk\u00e5rdal (born 17 February 1966, in Lunde, Telemark, Norway) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer in the speed events of Downhill and Super-G. Since 2012 he is FIS racing director for women races as successor of Kurt Hoch. A two-time world champion in the Super-G in 1996 and 1997, he was also the World Cup champion in Super-G in 1996. Sk\u00e5rdal competed at the 1988 and 1994 Winter Olympics, with a 6th place in the 1994 Super G his best finish."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters", "paragraph_text": "Avatar Aang (Chinese: \u5b89\u6602; pinyin: \u0100n \u00c1ng) (voiced by Mitchel Musso in the unaired pilot, voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen in Avatar: The Last Airbender, voiced by D.B. Sweeney in The Legend of Korra, and portrayed by Noah Ringer in The Last Airbender) is the protagonist of the original series and the current Avatar, a cyclically reincarnating being who maintains world balance. Aang often acts in a fun - loving, carefree manner. His pacifism and vegetarianism are primary traits of Buddhism. The creators intended Aang to ``defeat enemies with his wits ''and be a`` trickster hero''. Though Aang is often frivolous and enthusiastic, he becomes serious during a crisis."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Super Fun Time", "paragraph_text": "\"Super Fun Time\" is the seventh episode in the twelfth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 174th episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 23, 2008. In the episode, Cartman and Butters narrowly escape a horrific hostage situation at South Park's Pioneer Village, where historical reenactors take their jobs far too seriously."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hotel Transylvania: The Series", "paragraph_text": "Mavis (voiced by Bryn McAuley) is Dracula's 114 - year - old daughter who wants to have fun with her friends. Wendy Blob (voiced by Evany Rosen) is a blob that is the daughter of Blobby and one of Mavis' friends. Hank N Stein (voiced by Gage Munroe) is the son of Frank and Eunice and one of Mavis' friends. Pedro (voiced by Joseph Motiki) is a fat mummy who resembles Murray and one of Mavis' friends. Aunt Lydia (voiced by Dan Chameroy) is Dracula's older sister who pushes more order and tradition at the Hotel when Mavis and her friends want to have fun. Diana is Aunt Lydia's pet chicken. Dracula (voiced by David Berni) is Mavis' dad and is away on ``official vampire business ''at the Vampire Council."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "A to Z Mysteries", "paragraph_text": "The sequel series, A to Z Mysteries Super Edition, is set one year after the original series and in different places rather than at home in Connecticut. The books are about fifty pages longer than the original volumes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Super Chinese Fighter EX", "paragraph_text": "Super Chinese Fighter EX is a fighting video game for the Game Boy Color released by Culture Brain in 1999. It is part of the \"Super Chinese\" series and is the final \"Fighter\" game in the series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Super Smash Bros.", "paragraph_text": "On March 8, 2018, a Super Smash Bros. game for the Nintendo Switch was announced during a Nintendo Direct, in which Inkling characters from Splatoon appeared, suggesting that they would be new characters in the game. Sakurai later confirmed that he had worked on the game ``in silence, day after day. ''On March 22, 2018, Nintendo announced that they would host another Super Smash Bros. Invitational tournament, in which a selected group of players would get to play the game for the first time and compete in a series of matches before a winner is chosen. The tournament took place alongside the Splatoon 2 World Championship at E3 2018 and was held on June 11 -- 12. Both events were live streamed on Nintendo's official YouTube and Twitch channels. The title was later confirmed as Super Smash Bros. Ultimate at E3 2018, containing all playable characters from previous games in addition to Princess Daisy from the Mario series, the Inklings from the Splatoon series, and Ridley from the Metroid series. The game is scheduled to be released worldwide on December 7, 2018."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the man who does the voice of Stan on the series that includes Super Fun Time?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153626_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Imaginationland Episode I", "paragraph_text": "\"Imaginationland Episode I\" is the tenth episode of the eleventh season and the 163rd overall episode of the American animated television series \"South Park\". It premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on October 17, 2007. It is the first episode in a three-part story arc that won the 2008 Emmy for \"Outstanding Animated Program for One Hour or More\". The three episodes were later reissued together, along with previously unreleased footage, as the uncensored \"Imaginationland: The Movie\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Imaginationland Episode II", "paragraph_text": "\"Imaginationland Episode II\" is the eleventh episode in the eleventh season of Comedy Central's animated television series \"South Park\". It originally aired on October 24, 2007. It is the second episode in a three-part story arc that won the 2008 Emmy for Outstanding Animated Program for One Hour or More. The three episodes were later reissued together, along with previously unreleased footage, as the uncensored \"\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Switched at Birth (season 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first season of Switched at Birth, an American drama television series, began airing on ABC Family on June 6, 2011 and concluded on October 22, 2012 after 30 episodes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "With Apologies to Jesse Jackson", "paragraph_text": "\"With Apologies to Jesse Jackson\" is the eleventh season premiere of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 154th overall episode of the series. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on March 7, 2007 and was rated TV-MA-L. In the episode, Randy uses the racial slur \"niggers\" on \"Wheel of Fortune\", leading to widespread public outrage. Stan attempts to understand the epithet's impact on his black friend Token. Meanwhile, a dwarf has a hard time trying to teach Cartman to be sensitive."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dan Castellaneta", "paragraph_text": "Until 1998, Castellaneta was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices. The dispute was soon resolved and he received $125,000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode. The issue was resolved a month later, and Castellaneta earned $250,000 per episode. After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice actors received approximately $400,000 per episode. Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, Castellaneta and the other cast members accepted a 25 percent pay cut, down to over $300,000 per episode."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Switched at Birth episodes", "paragraph_text": "Switched at Birth is an American television drama series which premiered on ABC Family on June 6, 2011. Created by Lizzy Weiss, the series follows two teenage girls who learn that they were switched at birth. On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Switched at Birth for a second season, which premiered on January 7, 2013. All of the episode titles take their names from pieces of artwork. On July 30, 2013, ABC Family renewed the series for a full 22 - episode third season, which premiered in January 2014. The second half of season 3 premiered on June 16, 2014. On August 13, 2014, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 6, 2015. ABC Family, which changed its name to Freeform in January 2016, announced on Wednesday October 21, 2015, that it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season. The fifth season began airing on January 31, 2017, and concluded on April 11, 2017. During the course of the series, 103 episodes of Switched at Birth aired over five seasons."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Blagsnarst, a Love Story", "paragraph_text": "Critical reception for ``Blagsnarst, a Love Story ''was mostly positive. Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club gave this episode an A - stating:`` The episode features Kim Kardashian, a move that should feel like shameless stunt - casting, except she's on hand to play a furry pink alien; this is in keeping with American Dad's admirable habit of reeling in impressive guest voices and casting them in unrecognizable roles. The episode features Roger and Stan at their most casually sociopathic, yet both find just enough hidden emotional depth for the episode to not feel completely mean - spirited.''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Liliana Mumy", "paragraph_text": "Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 The Twilight Zone episode ``It's a Good Life '', and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series' 2003 sequel episode`` It's Still a Good Life''. She currently voices Beth Tezuka, in the animated web series Bravest Warriors and Leni Loud in the Nickelodeon TV series The Loud House, and has been joined by her father on some episodes of both shows."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mecha-Streisand", "paragraph_text": "\"Mecha-Streisand\" is the twelfth and penultimate episode of the first season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 18, 1998. In the episode, Barbra Streisand obtains the Diamond of Panthios from Stan, Cartman, Kyle and Kenny, and transforms into a giant mechanical dinosaur called Mecha-Streisand. She is ultimately defeated by The Cure frontman Robert Smith, who himself transforms into a giant moth monster."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Free Willzyx", "paragraph_text": "\"Free Willzyx\" ( ) is the thirteenth episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 138th overall episode, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 30, 2005. In the episode, Kyle, Stan, Cartman and Kenny go to an amusement park and a killer whale, which is being kept in a giant tank there, speaks to them, telling them that it will die if it is not returned to its real home on the moon. They attempt to do this, unaware that the whole thing is just a prank being played on them by workers at the amusement park. The episode parodies the \"Free Willy\" film."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "You're Getting Old", "paragraph_text": "\"You're Getting Old\" is the seventh episode and the mid-season finale of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 216th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 8, 2011. In the episode, Stan begins to develop a profound sense of cynicism after celebrating his tenth birthday, where he is literally seeing everything as \"crap\". Meanwhile, Randy latches onto a new music genre, \"tween wave,\" in an attempt to fit in, which causes problems in his marriage with Sharon."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}], "question": "What is the place of birth of the man who is the voice of Stan, on the series that includes Imaginationland Episode I?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153176_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of Underdog characters", "paragraph_text": "Voiced by Allen Swift, and based on the voice and looks of Lionel Barrymore, Simon appeared to be only two feet tall."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Look Who's Talking Too", "paragraph_text": "Look Who's Talking Too is a 1990 American romantic comedy film and a sequel to director Amy Heckerling's 1989 comedy Look Who's Talking. The film stars the original cast members John Travolta and Kirstie Alley as James and Mollie Ubriacco, the parents of Mikey (voiced by Bruce Willis), a toddler coping with the newest addition to the family, baby Julie (voiced by Roseanne Barr). In addition to this, he is having trouble using a potty, and the unorthodox advice he gets from his playmate, Eddie (voiced by Damon Wayans), does n't make his problem any better."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Viener", "paragraph_text": "John D. Viener (born July 10, 1972) is an American actor, voice actor, writer, and comedian. Viener was born in New York City, New York. He is a writer and producer on the television series \"Family Guy\", where he also voices many miscellaneous characters."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Britney's New Look", "paragraph_text": "\"Britney's New Look\" is the second episode in the twelfth season of the animated television series \"South Park\", and the 169th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on March 19, 2008. In the episode, Kyle Broflovski and Stan Marsh take pity on Britney Spears after a botched attempt at suicide that removes the upper two-thirds of her head, and try to save her from the cruel cycle of cultural martyrdom. The episode parodies the American short story \"The Lottery\". The episode also features cameos of all the one-off adult characters of the entire series throughout the episode, including Radiohead and Gene Hackman."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Made of Steel (novella)", "paragraph_text": "Made of Steel is a BBC Books original novella written by Terrance Dicks and based on the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". It features the Tenth Doctor and Martha. This paperback is part of the Quick Reads Initiative sponsored by the UK government, to encourage literacy. It has a similar look to BBC Books' other new series adventures, except for its much shorter word count, being a paperback and not being numbered as part of the same series. To date it is the one of only five novels based upon the revived series that have not been published in hardcover: the first, \"I am a Dalek\", was published in May 2006; the third, \"Revenge of the Judoon\", was published in March 2008; the fourth, \"The Sontaran Games\", was published in February 2009; and the fifth, \"Code of the Krillitanes\", was published in March 2010. These four books are also part of the Quick Reads Initiative."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lizzie McGuire", "paragraph_text": "The series was created by Terri Minsky. The show's working title was \"What's Lizzie Thinking?\" before being changed to \"Lizzie McGuire\". The show's producer Stan Rogow says the visual look of the show was partly inspired by the film \"Run Lola Run.\" The pilot was filmed in March 2000, and after the show was picked up, production of the episodes restarted in September 2000. Though production wrapped in June 2002, the show did not end its original run on Disney Channel until 2004. In 2014, Hilary Duff announced that she would be open to a \"Lizzie McGuire\" reunion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Long Lavender Look", "paragraph_text": "The Long Lavender Look (1970) is the twelfth novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald. After the preceding book, \"Dress Her in Indigo\", which was largely set in Mexico, \"The Long Lavender Look\" not only returns to McGee's usual haunt of Florida, but is almost entirely set in one tiny town deep in the rural part of the state."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2007 Wellington Sevens", "paragraph_text": "The Wellington Sevens, also known as the New Zealand Sevens or for sponsorship reasons the NZI Sevens, is played annually as part of the IRB Sevens World Series for international rugby sevens (seven-a-side version of rugby union). The 2007 competition, which took place on 2 and 3 February was played at Westpac Stadium in Wellington as part of the 2006-07 IRB Sevens World Series."}], "question": "The actor voicing the part of Stan in the series with an episode tiled \"Britney's new Look\" was born where?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153551_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lorenzo Regazzo", "paragraph_text": "Lorenzo Regazzo, (born in Venice) is an opera singer. His voice can be categorised as bass, bass-baritone or \"basso cantante\". He is especially well known for interpreting Baroque, Classical, and bel canto repertoire. Among the qualities frequently noted by the critical press are his virtuosic coloratura technique, sumptuous tone, and vivid stage presence."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "\u00c9douard de Reszke", "paragraph_text": "\u00c9douard de Reszke, originally Edward, (22 December 185325 May 1917) was a Polish bass from Warsaw. Born with an impressive natural voice and equipped with compelling histrionic skills, he became one of the most illustrious opera singers active in Europe and America during the late-Victorian era."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Trillian (character)", "paragraph_text": "Tricia Marie McMillan, also known as Trillian Astra, is a fictional character from Douglas Adams' series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. She is most commonly referred to simply as ``Trillian '', a modification of her birth name, which she adopted because it sounded more`` space - like''. According to the movie version, her middle name is Marie. Physically, she is described as ``a slim, darkish humanoid, with long waves of black hair, a full mouth, an odd little knob of a nose and ridiculously brown eyes, ''looking`` vaguely Arabic.''"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Thurl Ravenscroft", "paragraph_text": "Thurl Arthur Ravenscroft (/ \u02c8\u03b8\u025c\u02d0rl \u02c8re\u026av\u0259nzkr\u0252ft /; February 6, 1914 -- May 22, 2005) was an American voice actor and bass singer known as the booming voice behind Tony the Tiger in Kellogg's Frosted Flakes for more than five decades. He was also the uncredited vocalist for the song ``You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch ''from the classic Christmas television special, Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bass to Mouth", "paragraph_text": "\"Bass to Mouth\" is the tenth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 219th episode overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 19, 2011. Much of the episode's plot alludes to WikiLeaks and its surrounding controversy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Angels in the Outfield (1951 film)", "paragraph_text": "With baseball's Pittsburgh Pirates in last place, their combative, foul - mouthed manager Guffy McGovern has plenty to complain about. All this changes when, while wandering through Forbes Field in search of his good luck charm one night, Guffy is accosted by the voice of an angel (voice of James Whitmore), who hints at having been a ballplayer during his earthly life."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Big Mouth Billy Bass", "paragraph_text": "Big Mouth Billy Bass is an animatronic singing prop, representing a largemouth bass, invented on December 16, 1998, sold on January 1, 1999, and popular in the early 2000s. The fish is made of latex rubber with a plastic mechanical skeleton inside of it; at first glance, it appears to be a mounted game fish. The product was conceived by Gemmy Industries product development vice president Joe Pellettieri following a visit to a Bass Pro Shop. The device turns its head towards a person, facing them, and then wiggles its tail on its trophy plaque and sings kitschy cover songs, such as ``Do n't Worry, Be Happy ''by Bobby McFerrin and`` Take Me To The River'' by Al Green, who said he received more royalties from it than from any other recording of the song. The singing mechanism was originally activated by a motion sensor and intended to startle a passerby. Eventually, a button was added to activate it. In addition, many variants of Big Mouth Billy Bass were also produced by Gemmy using different types of game fish and other aquatic animals, with some of them being Travis the Rainbow Trout, Cool Catfish, and Rocky Lobster. The concept was even later adapted into a large mounted deer head, known as Buck the Animated Trophy, which is voiced by actor Clint Ford, and a medium - sized mounted bear head."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Powlett River", "paragraph_text": "The Powlett River rises on the southern slopes of the Strzelecki Ranges, near Ellerside, north of , and flows generally west, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth within Bass Strait, west of , within the Shire of Bass Coast. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Arado River", "paragraph_text": "Arado (plow) River in the north of Portugal. The river's source is the Ger\u00eas Mountain, and the mouth cascades into the Fafi\u00e3o river, (41\u00b042'10.88\"N; 8\u00b0 6'33.50\"W), Fafi\u00e3o place, Cabril village, Montalegre municipality. From Arado cascate (41\u00b043'25.53\"N; 8\u00b0 7'46.98\"W) till the mouth, runs ."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anglesea River", "paragraph_text": "The Anglesea River rises in the Otway Ranges east of and flows generally east by south before reaching its mouth and emptying into Bass Strait near the town of the same name."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jabba the Hutt", "paragraph_text": "Jabba the Hutt only speaks Huttese on film, but his lines are subtitled in English. His voice and Huttese - language dialogue were performed by voice actor Larry Ward, whose work is not listed in the end credits. A heavy, booming quality was given to Ward's voice by pitching it an octave lower than normal and processing it through a subharmonic generator. A soundtrack of wet, slimy sound effects was recorded to accompany the movement of the puppet's limbs and mouth."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the man who does the voice of Stan on the series that has the episode Bass to Mouth?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153332_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "High School Musical: Get in the Picture", "paragraph_text": "High School Musical: Get in the Picture is a reality-based TV series, which debuted July 20, 2008 on the television channel ABC. Stan Carrizosa was named the winner on September 8, 2008. Tierney Chamberlain was the runner-up."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Colonization Society", "paragraph_text": "The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, commonly known as the American Colonization Society (ACS), was a group established in 1816 by Robert Finley of New Jersey which supported the migration of free African Americans to the continent of Africa. The society in 1821 -- 22 helped to found a colony on the Pepper Coast of West Africa, as a place for free - born or manumitted American blacks. The ACS met with immediate and continuing objections from such African - Americans as James Forten and David Walker, who wished to remain in the land of their birth, saw colonization as a racist strategy for protecting slavery and purging the U.S. of its black citizens, and preferred to fight for equal rights at home. Colonizers were also met with resistance and attacks from those already living in and around the areas being colonized. There was some religious support and missionary efforts were part of the colonization. Disease was a major problem and took a deadly toll."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Free Willzyx", "paragraph_text": "\"Free Willzyx\" ( ) is the thirteenth episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 138th overall episode, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 30, 2005. In the episode, Kyle, Stan, Cartman and Kenny go to an amusement park and a killer whale, which is being kept in a giant tank there, speaks to them, telling them that it will die if it is not returned to its real home on the moon. They attempt to do this, unaware that the whole thing is just a prank being played on them by workers at the amusement park. The episode parodies the \"Free Willy\" film."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (film)", "paragraph_text": "The story begins in the gloomy city of Sombertown, ruled by the ill - tempered Burgermeister Meisterburger (voiced by Paul Frees). A baby arrives on his doorstep with a name tag reading ``Claus ''and note requesting that Burgermeister raise the child. He instead orders his lawkeeper Grimsley (also voiced by Paul Frees) to take the baby to the`` Orphan Asylum''. On the way there, a gust of wind blows both sled and baby to the Mountain of the Whispering Winds, where the animals hide him from the evil Winter Warlock (voiced by Keenan Wynn) and convey him to an Elvish family by the name of Kringle in Rainbow River Valley. Led by Tanta Kringle (voiced by Joan Gardner), the elf queen, she and the five Kringle elf brothers (Ringle, Dingle, Zingle, Tingle and Wingle, all voiced by Frees) adopt the baby and name him ``Kris ''. A few years later, Kris hopes to restore the Kringle family as`` The First Toymakers to the King''."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chef (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "Jerome ``Chef ''McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes. A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more level - headed than the other adult residents of the town, and sympathetic to the children. His guidance is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists -- Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick -- as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted. To an inadvertent fault, he frequently gives inappropriate advice, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Switched at Birth episodes", "paragraph_text": "Switched at Birth is an American television drama series which premiered on ABC Family on June 6, 2011. Created by Lizzy Weiss, the series follows two teenage girls who learn that they were switched at birth. On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Switched at Birth for a second season, which premiered on January 7, 2013. All of the episode titles take their names from pieces of artwork. On July 30, 2013, ABC Family renewed the series for a full 22 - episode third season, which premiered in January 2014. The second half of season 3 premiered on June 16, 2014. On August 13, 2014, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 6, 2015. ABC Family, which changed its name to Freeform in January 2016, announced on Wednesday October 21, 2015, that it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season. The fifth season began airing on January 31, 2017, and concluded on April 11, 2017. During the course of the series, 103 episodes of Switched at Birth aired over five seasons."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}], "question": "Where was the person who voices Stan from the series that Free Willzyx is an episode of born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__421614_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Casa Amatller", "paragraph_text": "Casa Amatller () is a building in the Modernisme style in Barcelona, designed by Josep Puig i Cadafalch. Along with Casa Batll\u00f3 and Casa Lle\u00f3-Morera, it makes up the three most important buildings in Barcelona's famous Illa de la Disc\u00f2rdia (\"Block of Discord\"), noted for its unique modernist buildings."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Casa Bonita (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "\"Casa Bonita\" is the eleventh episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 107th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 12, 2003. In the episode, Cartman misleads Butters into going missing in order to gain an invitation to Kyle's birthday party. The titular restaurant in the episode is based on the real-life Casa Bonita, a Mexican-themed restaurant in Denver, Colorado."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Casa Verona's Mosque", "paragraph_text": "Casa Verona's Mosque is a mosque in the Muthialpet area of Georgetown in Chennai, India. It is one of the oldest mosques in the city and was constructed by Casa Verona, a \"dubash\" of the British East India Company."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Casa Natal del General Santander", "paragraph_text": "The Casa Natal del General Santander (lit., \"Birth house of General Santander\") is the birthplace of the Colombian General Francisco de Paula Santander, and is where he lived until the age of 13."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mountain, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Mountain is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 860 at the 2000 census. The census-designated place of Mountain is located within the town. The unincorporated communities of Bonita and Mountain are located in the town."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brigden Ranch, Pasadena, California", "paragraph_text": "Brigden Ranch is a neighborhood in northeast Pasadena, California and unincorporated Los Angeles County, California. The Bridgen Ranch Neighborhood Association defines the borders of Bridgen Ranch as Galbreth Road on the north (including Westlyn Place and Eastlyn Place), Casa Grande Street on the south, North Allen Avenue on the west, and Martelo Avenue on the east."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the voice actor of Stan on the show the episode Casa Bonita is part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153503_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of Back to the Future characters", "paragraph_text": "The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin - off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Stephen Russell", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Russell is an American actor, writer, theater director, and voice actor best known for his voice acting in the \"Thief\" video game series as the protagonist Garrett and the Mister Handys in the \"Fallout\" series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chef (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "Jerome ``Chef ''McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes. A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more level - headed than the other adult residents of the town, and sympathetic to the children. His guidance is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists -- Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick -- as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted. To an inadvertent fault, he frequently gives inappropriate advice, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fatbeard", "paragraph_text": "\"Fatbeard\" is the seventh episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 188th overall episode of the series, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 22, 2009 and in the United Kingdom on April 24, 2009. It was the mid-season finale, marking the final \"South Park\" episode for six months. In the episode, Cartman misinterprets news reports about piracy in the Indian Ocean to mean the return of the classic era of swashbuckling pirates, and misleads a handful of South Park boys to voyage to Mogadishu to start a pirate crew."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Midsomer Murders", "paragraph_text": "Composed by Jim Parker, the iconic main theme is a moderate - tempo waltz, performed (primarily though not exclusively) on an unusual electronic musical instrument, the theremin, which has a sound not unlike a low whistle or a human voice. The theremin part was played by Celia Sheen (1940 -- 2011). From the 14th series onwards the soundtrack was altered so that during the closing titles a standardised version of the theme is played on a solo violin in place of the theremin. Occasionally a version with a longer introduction opens the show, using a flute rather than a theremin as the lead instrument."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jamieson Price", "paragraph_text": "Jamieson Kent Price (born April 28, 1961) is an American voice actor, best known for his deep and booming voice for numerous anime and video games. He is known as the voice of Largo the Black Lion in \"Tales of the Abyss\", Iron Tager from the \"BlazBlue\" series, the Count of Monte Cristo in \"Gankutsuou\", Ovan in \".hack//G.U.\", and Galbalan, the main villain of \"\" and Milton Grimm from \"Ever After High\". Price also had a part in the 2000 movie \"The Patriot\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the voice actor of Stan on the show the episode Fatbeard is part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__153877_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Poor Kid", "paragraph_text": "\"The Poor Kid\" is the fifteenth season finale of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 223rd episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 16, 2011. In the episode, Kenny and his brother and sister are sent to a foster home after police discover a meth lab in their house. As a result, Cartman is left with feelings of loss, since he no longer has someone to ridicule for their poverty."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Robert Capron", "paragraph_text": "Robert B. Capron Jr. (born July 9, 1998) is an American actor, voice artist, film producer, comedian and film director who is best known for starring as Rowley Jefferson, Greg Heffley's best friend, in the first three installments of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Todd Haberkorn", "paragraph_text": "Todd Michael Haberkorn (born August 16, 1982) is an American voice actor and director. He has provided voices for a number of English - language versions of Japanese anime series, as well as video games and cartoons. While he was working in theater, he joined Funimation as a voice actor, with some minor bits in Black Cat and Peach Girl. Since then he has voiced many main characters including Yamato Akitsuki in Suzuka, Kimihiro Watanuki in xxxHolic, and Tsukune Aono in Rosario + Vampire, Death The Kid in Soul Eater, Allen Walker in D. Gray - man, and Natsu Dragneel in Fairy Tail. He has worked in Texas and California as an actor, director, producer, and writer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bob the Builder", "paragraph_text": "In October 2014, Bob the Builder was revamped by Mattel for a new series to be aired on Channel 5's Milkshake! in 2015. Amongst the changes were a complete overhaul of the cast, with Harry Potter actor Lee Ingleby replacing Neil Morrissey as the voice of Bob, and Joanne Froggatt and Blake Harrison were also confirmed as the voices of Wendy and Scoop respectively. The setting and appearance of the characters also changed, with Bob and his team moving to the bustling metropolis of Spring City. An American localisation of the new series debuted on PBS Kids in November 2015. The changes have been censured by fans of the original version."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "All for Kids", "paragraph_text": "All for Kids is a half-hour pre-school television series produced by Media Farm, commissioned by the Seven Network with Southern Star Group responsible for the international distribution on Series 1. The second series of All For Kids is being distributed by Talefinn Entertainment and Media Farm."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ross Martin", "paragraph_text": "Ross Martin (born Martin Rosenblatt, March 22, 1920 -- July 3, 1981) was a Polish - born American radio, voice, stage, film and television actor. Martin was known for portraying Artemus Gordon on the CBS 'Western series The Wild Wild West, which aired from 1965 to 1969. He was the voice of Doctor Paul Williams in 1972's Sealab 2020, additional characters in 1973's Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kids, and additional character voices in 1978's Jana of the Jungle."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Belchertown State School", "paragraph_text": "The Belchertown State School for the Feeble-Minded was established in 1922 in Belchertown, Massachusetts. It became known for inhumane conditions and poor treatment of its patients, and became the target of a series of lawsuits prior to its eventual closing in 1992. The building complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids", "paragraph_text": "Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids (or Grizzly Tales) is a series of books by Jamie Rix and a TV series produced for ITV."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rachael MacFarlane", "paragraph_text": "Rachael Ann MacFarlane Laudiero (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress and singer best known as the voice of character Hayley Smith on the animated television show American Dad!, which was co-created by her older brother Seth MacFarlane. She also voiced Supreme Leader Numbuh 362 in Codename: Kids Next Door and Kate Lockwell in Starcraft II."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eon Kid", "paragraph_text": "Eon Kid is the English title of a South Korean-Spanish CGI animated television series Iron Kid () produced by Daiwon and Design Storm in South Korea, and BRB Internacional in Spain."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Todd Haberkorn", "paragraph_text": "Todd Michael Haberkorn (born August 16, 1982) is an American voice actor and director. He has provided voices for many English - language versions of Japanese anime series, as well as video games and cartoons. While he was working in theater, he joined Funimation as a voice actor, with some minor bits in Black Cat and Peach Girl. Since then he has voiced many main characters including Yamato Akitsuki in Suzuka, Kimihiro Watanuki in xxxHolic, and Tsukune Aono in Rosario + Vampire, Death The Kid in Soul Eater, Allen Walker in D. Gray - man, Hikaru in Ouran Highschool Host Club, Natsu Dragneel in Fairy Tail and Italy in Hetalia: Axis Powers. He has worked in Texas and California as an actor, director, producer and writer."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the man who does the voice of Stan on the series that includes The Poor Kid?"}
{"id": "3hop2__18031_399371_63959", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "JS Kabylie", "paragraph_text": "JS Kabylie has won the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 title 14 times and the Algerian Cup 5 times. The club has also won a number of African titles, including the CAF Champions League twice, the African Cup Winners' Cup once and the CAF Cup."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1981\u201382 European Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 1981\u201382 season of the European Cup football club tournament was won for the only time by Aston Villa in the final against Bayern Munich. The final is remembered mainly for the performance of young stand-in goalkeeper Nigel Spink who made a host of saves from the experienced Bayern players. Villa's winning goal came from Peter Withe who converted Tony Morley's cross in off the post. It was the sixth consecutive year that an English club won the competition."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "West Ham United F.C. in European football", "paragraph_text": "West Ham United Football Club is an English professional football club based in Stratford, Newham, East London. In 1965, they won the European Cup Winners Cup, and in 1999 the Intertoto Cup. They have also competed in the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League. Outside of major competitions, the club took part in the Anglo - Italian League Cup in 1975 -- 76, and the Anglo - Italian Cup in 1992 -- 93."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Celtic F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Celtic have won the Scottish league championship on 48 occasions, most recently in the 2016 -- 17 season, the Scottish Cup 37 times and the Scottish League Cup 17 times. The club's greatest season was 1966 -- 67, when Celtic became the first British team to win the European Cup, also winning the Scottish league championship, the Scottish Cup, the League Cup, and the Glasgow Cup. Celtic also reached the 1970 European Cup Final, and the 2003 UEFA Cup Final."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Highbury, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It has won the second-most top flight matches in English football history, and is the only English club to go a 38 - match league season unbeaten."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sika Manu", "paragraph_text": "Viliami Sikalamu \"Sika\" Manu (born 22 January 1987) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a forward for Hull F.C. in the Super League. He is both a Tonga and New Zealand international, being a member of the World Cup winning Kiwi team who beat Australia in the 2008 World Cup Final."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "They think it's all over", "paragraph_text": "``They think it's all over ''is a quote from Kenneth Wolstenholme's BBC TV commentary in the closing moments of the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final, when England beat West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the FIFA World Cup. In the final few seconds of the match, Wolstenholme said:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ipswich Town F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Ipswich have won the English league title once, in their first season in the top flight in 1961 -- 62, and have twice finished runners - up, in 1980 -- 81 and 1981 -- 82. They won the FA Cup in 1977 -- 78, and the UEFA Cup in 1980 -- 81. They have competed in the top two tiers of English football uninterrupted since 1957 -- 58. They have competed in all three European club competitions, and have never lost at home in European competition, defeating Real Madrid, A.C. Milan, Inter Milan, Lazio and Barcelona, among others."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Swansea City A.F.C. seasons", "paragraph_text": "Swansea have won the League Cup once, the Football League Trophy twice and the Welsh Cup 10 times. They have also qualified for UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 7 times and the UEFA Europa League once. In 2011, Swansea became the first Welsh club to play in the Premier League."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1985 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "Late in the second half, Kevin Moran of Manchester United was sent off for a professional foul on Peter Reid, who was clean through on goal. He became the first player to be dismissed in an FA Cup Final. Television cameras revealed that he had gone for the ball, and not for Peter Reid in the offending tackle. He was later presented with the winner's medal that had at first been withheld. Had Everton won the match they would have completed an unprecedented Treble of League, FA Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later. Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup. The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success, with two League Championship successes, an FA Cup, and the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup. The club's supporters are known as Evertonians."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2\u20131 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014, when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2\u20130 deficit to win the match 3\u20132. This qualified them for the 2014 FA Community Shield where they would play Premier League champions Manchester City. They recorded a resounding 3\u20130 win in the game, winning their second trophy in three months. Nine months after their Community Shield triumph, Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row, thrashing Aston Villa 4\u20130 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament's history with 12 titles. On 2 August 2015, Arsenal beat Chelsea 1\u20130 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Second City derby", "paragraph_text": "Date Venue Home team Score Competition Round Attendance 5 November 1887 Wellington Road Aston Villa 4 -- 0 FA Cup 2nd Round 23 March 1901 Muntz Street Small Heath 0 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final 27 March 1901 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final replay 23 May 1963 St Andrew's Birmingham City 3 -- 1 League Cup Final 1st leg 31,850 27 May 1963 Villa Park Aston Villa 0 -- 0 League Cup Final 2nd leg 37,921 27 September 1988 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 2 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 12 October 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 5 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 9 November 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 6 -- 0 Full Members Cup 1st Round 8,324 21 September 1993 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 1 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 27,815 6 October 1993 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 35,856 1 December 2010 St Andrew's Birmingham City 2 -- 1 League Cup Quarter Final 27,679 22 September 2015 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 3rd Round 34,442"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "In the 2005\u201306 season, Barcelona repeated their league and Supercup successes. The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium in a 3\u20130 win over Real Madrid. It was Frank Rijkaard's second victory at the Bernab\u00e9u, making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice. Ronaldinho's performance was so impressive that after his second goal, which was Barcelona's third, some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation. In the Champions League, Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final. Trailing 1\u20130 to a 10-man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes remaining, they came back to win 2\u20131, with substitute Henrik Larsson, in his final appearance for the club, setting up goals for Samuel Eto'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti, for the club's first European Cup victory in 14 years."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2017\u201318 Arsenal F.C. season", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal 2017 -- 18 season Chairman Sir Chips Keswick Manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger Stadium Emirates Stadium Premier League 6th Community Shield Winners FA Cup Third round EFL Cup Runners - up UEFA Europa League Semi-finals Top goalscorer League: Alexandre Lacazette (14) All: Alexandre Lacazette (17) Home colours Away colours Third colours \u2190 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 \u2192"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greece women's national water polo team have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world, becoming World Champions after their gold medal win against the hosts China at the 2011 World Championship. They have also won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, the gold medal at the 2005 World League and the silver medals at the 2010 and 2012 European Championships. The Greece men's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005, after their win against Croatia in the bronze medal game at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Canada. The domestic top water polo leagues, Greek Men's Water Polo League and Greek Women's Water Polo League are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions. In men's European competitions, Olympiacos has won the Champions League, the European Super Cup and the Triple Crown in 2002 becoming the first club in Water polo history to win every title in which it has competed within a single year (National championship, National cup, Champions League and European Super Cup), while NC Vouliagmeni has won the LEN Cup Winners' Cup in 1997. In women's European competitions, Greek water polo teams (NC Vouliagmeni, Glyfada NSC, Olympiacos, Ethnikos Piraeus) are amongst the most successful in European water pol\u03bf, having won as many as 4 LEN Champions Cups, 3 LEN Trophies and 2 European Supercups."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "1982 European Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1982 European Cup Final was played on 26 May 1982. English champions Aston Villa defeated West German league winners Bayern Munich 1 -- 0 at De Kuip in Rotterdam, Netherlands to win the European Cup for the first, and so far, only time, and continue the streak of English teams winning the competition, being the sixth consecutive victory by an English side."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Chelsea F.C. managers", "paragraph_text": "Name Nat Tenure Honours Ted Drake England 1952 -- 1961 1955 First Division 1955 FA Charity Shield Tommy Docherty Scotland 1961 -- 1967 1965 Football League Cup Dave Sexton England 1967 -- 1974 1970 FA Cup 1971 European Cup Winners' Cup John Neal England 1981 -- 1985 1984 Second Division John Hollins England 1985 -- 1988 1986 Full Members Cup Bobby Campbell England 1988 -- 1991 1989 Second Division 1990 Full Members Cup Ruud Gullit Netherlands 1996 -- 1998 1997 FA Cup Gianluca Vialli Italy 1998 -- 2000 1998 Football League Cup 1998 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1998 UEFA Super Cup 2000 FA Cup 2000 FA Charity Shield Jos\u00e9 Mourinho Portugal 2004 -- 2007 2013 -- 2015 2005 Football League Cup 2005 Premier League 2005 FA Community Shield 2006 Premier League 2007 Football League Cup 2007 FA Cup 2015 Football League Cup 2015 Premier League Guus Hiddink Netherlands 2009 2015 -- 2016 2009 FA Cup Carlo Ancelotti Italy 2009 -- 2011 2009 FA Community Shield 2010 Premier League 2010 FA Cup Roberto Di Matteo Italy 2012 2012 FA Cup 2012 UEFA Champions League Rafael Ben\u00edtez Spain 2012 -- 2013 2013 UEFA Europa League Antonio Conte Italy 2016 -- 2018 2017 Premier League 2018 FA Cup"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969\u201370 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their \"lucky\" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982\u201383. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league position, then the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place instead. FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they entered the Europa League, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage. From the 2015\u201316 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA will not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition."}], "question": "When was the last time the team that beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup, beat the winner of the 1981-1982 European Cup?"}
{"id": "3hop1__187888_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Too Close for Comfort", "paragraph_text": "During its second season, the series' principal stories are focused around Muriel's pregnancy. Additionally, Henry's niece April (Deena Freeman) comes from Delaware to live with the Rush family. The season concludes with Muriel giving birth to a son, Andrew (later played regularly by twins William and Michael Cannon from 1983 to 1984)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Coppin Heights, Baltimore", "paragraph_text": "Coppin Heights is a neighborhood in the western part of Baltimore, Maryland. Located above North Avenue, it is a working-class neighborhood home to Coppin State University."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Upper Brooklyn", "paragraph_text": "Upper Brooklyn or Brooklyn Heights is a neighborhood on South Hill in Minot, North Dakota. The neighborhood consists of the sections of the Brooklyn Addition that are not part of Downtown Minot. The High Third neighborhood, the Lower Brooklyn neighborhood and the area around the Minot Municipal Auditorium, which were part of the Brooklyn Addition, are considered part of the downtown area. Upper Brooklyn is bordered by downtown and the BNSF railroad tracks to the north, Minot High School's Magic City Campus to the west, Eleventh Avenue SW to the south and South Broadway and Lower Brooklyn to the east. The neighborhood is approximately 0.46 square kilometers. The neighborhood is home to the Scandinavian Heritage Park and Jim Hill Middle School."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Here Comes the Neighborhood", "paragraph_text": "\"Here Comes the Neighborhood\" is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of the animated television series \"South Park\", and the 77th episode of the series overall. \"Here Comes the Neighborhood\" originally aired in the United States on November 28, 2001 on Comedy Central. The title is a play on the expression \"There goes the neighborhood\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dave Lamb", "paragraph_text": "Dave Lamb was one of the main voice - over artists on satirical cartoon 2DTV alongside Jan Ravens and Jon Culshaw, but he gained cult status through his sarcastic voice - overs on dinner party show Come Dine With Me which began in 2005. In an interview he claimed that in the first series he did do quite a lot of ad - libbing but that the show's writers now know how to write for his voice. He also stated that he would never take part in a celebrity edition as he was n't famous enough to participate."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lewisdale, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Lewisdale is an unincorporated community in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. For statistical purposes, it is part of the Chillum census-designated place (CDP). Lewisdale is a neighborhood contained between the Northwest Branch Anacostia River to the east, East West Highway to the south, University Boulevard to the north, and Riggs Road to the west."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the man who does the voice of Stan on the series including Here Comes the Neighborhood?"}
{"id": "3hop2__18031_304722_63959", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league position, then the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place instead. FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they entered the Europa League, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage. From the 2015\u201316 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA will not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Manchester City F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The club's most successful period was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when they won the League Championship, FA Cup, League Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup under the management team of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison. After losing the 1981 FA Cup Final, the club went through a period of decline, culminating in relegation to the third tier of English football for the only time in their history in 1998. Having regained their Premier League status in the early 2000s, the club was purchased in 2008 by Abu Dhabi United Group and has since become one of the wealthiest in the world. Since 2011, the club have won five major honours, including the Premier League in 2012 and 2014."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Chelsea F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The 1963 -- 72 seasons saw Chelsea regularly challenge for honours for the first time, although they often narrowly missed out. The League Cup was won in 1965, the FA Cup in 1970 and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1971; they were also FA Cup runners - up in 1967 and League Cup runners - up in 1972. Several problems over the next decade, principally the debt burden caused by an ambitious attempt to redevelop Stamford Bridge, brought the club to the brink of extinction, before a revival under John Neal in the mid-1980s saw the club win the Second Division title and ultimately re-establish itself in the top flight."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969\u201370 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their \"lucky\" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982\u201383. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Second City derby", "paragraph_text": "Date Venue Home team Score Competition Round Attendance 5 November 1887 Wellington Road Aston Villa 4 -- 0 FA Cup 2nd Round 23 March 1901 Muntz Street Small Heath 0 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final 27 March 1901 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final replay 23 May 1963 St Andrew's Birmingham City 3 -- 1 League Cup Final 1st leg 31,850 27 May 1963 Villa Park Aston Villa 0 -- 0 League Cup Final 2nd leg 37,921 27 September 1988 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 2 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 12 October 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 5 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 9 November 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 6 -- 0 Full Members Cup 1st Round 8,324 21 September 1993 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 1 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 27,815 6 October 1993 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 35,856 1 December 2010 St Andrew's Birmingham City 2 -- 1 League Cup Quarter Final 27,679 22 September 2015 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 3rd Round 34,442"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2005 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 2005 FA Cup Final was a football match played between Arsenal and Manchester United on 21 May 2005 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2004 -- 05 FA Cup, the 124th season of English football's primary cup competition, the FA Cup. Arsenal became the first team to win the FA Cup via a penalty shoot - out, despite being outplayed throughout the game, after neither side managed to score in the initial 90 minutes or in 30 minutes of extra time. The shoot - out finished 5 -- 4 to Arsenal, with Patrick Vieira scoring the winning penalty after Paul Scholes' shot was saved by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1936 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1936 FA Cup Final was a football match between Arsenal and Sheffield United on 25 April 1936 at Wembley. The showpiece match of English football's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (better known as the FA Cup), it was the 61st Cup final, and the fourteenth at the national stadium."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Ladies are the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal. Founded in 1987, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are managed by Clare Wheatley. Arsenal Ladies are the most successful team in English women's football. In the 2008\u201309 season, they won all three major English trophies \u2013 the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2009, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup, having done so in the 2006\u201307 season as part of a unique quadruple. The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties; Arsenal Ladies are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2017\u201318 Arsenal F.C. season", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal 2017 -- 18 season Chairman Sir Chips Keswick Manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger Stadium Emirates Stadium Premier League 6th Community Shield Winners FA Cup Third round EFL Cup Runners - up UEFA Europa League Semi-finals Top goalscorer League: Alexandre Lacazette (14) All: Alexandre Lacazette (17) Home colours Away colours Third colours \u2190 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 \u2192"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1985 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "Late in the second half, Kevin Moran of Manchester United was sent off for a professional foul on Peter Reid, who was clean through on goal. He became the first player to be dismissed in an FA Cup Final. Television cameras revealed that he had gone for the ball, and not for Peter Reid in the offending tackle. He was later presented with the winner's medal that had at first been withheld. Had Everton won the match they would have completed an unprecedented Treble of League, FA Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Manchester United F.C. managers", "paragraph_text": "The longest - serving and most successful person to manage Manchester United is Sir Alex Ferguson, who won 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, four League Cups, 10 Community Shields, two UEFA Champions League titles, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup in his managerial reign of more than 26 years."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1894\u201395 FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W. Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a \u00a310 reward. According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer. The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Chelsea F.C. managers", "paragraph_text": "Name Nat Tenure Honours Ted Drake England 1952 -- 1961 1955 First Division 1955 FA Charity Shield Tommy Docherty Scotland 1961 -- 1967 1965 Football League Cup Dave Sexton England 1967 -- 1974 1970 FA Cup 1971 European Cup Winners' Cup John Neal England 1981 -- 1985 1984 Second Division John Hollins England 1985 -- 1988 1986 Full Members Cup Bobby Campbell England 1988 -- 1991 1989 Second Division 1990 Full Members Cup Ruud Gullit Netherlands 1996 -- 1998 1997 FA Cup Gianluca Vialli Italy 1998 -- 2000 1998 Football League Cup 1998 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1998 UEFA Super Cup 2000 FA Cup 2000 FA Charity Shield Jos\u00e9 Mourinho Portugal 2004 -- 2007 2013 -- 2015 2005 Football League Cup 2005 Premier League 2005 FA Community Shield 2006 Premier League 2007 Football League Cup 2007 FA Cup 2015 Football League Cup 2015 Premier League Guus Hiddink Netherlands 2009 2015 -- 2016 2009 FA Cup Carlo Ancelotti Italy 2009 -- 2011 2009 FA Community Shield 2010 Premier League 2010 FA Cup Roberto Di Matteo Italy 2012 2012 FA Cup 2012 UEFA Champions League Rafael Ben\u00edtez Spain 2012 -- 2013 2013 UEFA Europa League Antonio Conte Italy 2016 -- 2018 2017 Premier League 2018 FA Cup"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sika Manu", "paragraph_text": "Viliami Sikalamu \"Sika\" Manu (born 22 January 1987) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a forward for Hull F.C. in the Super League. He is both a Tonga and New Zealand international, being a member of the World Cup winning Kiwi team who beat Australia in the 2008 World Cup Final."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won", "paragraph_text": "England's first football competition, the FA Cup, began in the 1871 -- 72 season, making it the oldest football competition in the world. Arsenal hold the record number of wins, with 13. League football began in the next decade with the founding of The Football League in 1888 -- 89. The name First Division was adopted in 1892, when The Football League gained a second division. The First Division remained the highest division of the English football league system until 1992, when the Premier League was founded. Manchester United have won the most top division titles, with 20. The English equivalent of the super cup began in 1898 with the inauguration of the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, pitting the best professional and amateur sides of the year against each other. The trophy would develop into the FA Charity Shield in 1908, which was later renamed the FA Community Shield in 2002. Manchester United hold the record in the competition with 21 wins. The Football League created its own knockout competition in 1960, the League Cup. The Anglo - Italian League Cup was created in 1969 to match English cup winners against the winners of the Coppa Italia, and was permanently disbanded in 1976. In 1985, the Full Members Cup and Football League Super Cup were created as substitutes for UEFA competitions after UEFA responded to the Heysel Stadium disaster by banning English clubs. They finished in 1986 and 1992 respectively. The Football League Centenary Trophy marked The Football League's 100th birthday, in the 1988 -- 89 season."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2\u20131 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014, when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2\u20130 deficit to win the match 3\u20132. This qualified them for the 2014 FA Community Shield where they would play Premier League champions Manchester City. They recorded a resounding 3\u20130 win in the game, winning their second trophy in three months. Nine months after their Community Shield triumph, Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row, thrashing Aston Villa 4\u20130 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament's history with 12 titles. On 2 August 2015, Arsenal beat Chelsea 1\u20130 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Swansea City A.F.C. seasons", "paragraph_text": "Swansea have won the League Cup once, the Football League Trophy twice and the Welsh Cup 10 times. They have also qualified for UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 7 times and the UEFA Europa League once. In 2011, Swansea became the first Welsh club to play in the Premier League."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It is also the only English club to go a 38 - match league season unbeaten, receiving the nickname The Invincibles, and a special gold Premier League trophy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Highbury, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It has won the second-most top flight matches in English football history, and is the only English club to go a 38 - match league season unbeaten."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later. Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup. The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success, with two League Championship successes, an FA Cup, and the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup. The club's supporters are known as Evertonians."}], "question": "When was the last time the team that beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup beat the winner of the 1894-95 FA Cup?"}
{"id": "3hop2__304722_18031_63959", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It is also the only English club to go a 38 - match league season unbeaten, receiving the nickname The Invincibles, and a special gold Premier League trophy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Highbury, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It has won the second-most top flight matches in English football history, and is the only English club to go a 38 - match league season unbeaten."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sika Manu", "paragraph_text": "Viliami Sikalamu \"Sika\" Manu (born 22 January 1987) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a forward for Hull F.C. in the Super League. He is both a Tonga and New Zealand international, being a member of the World Cup winning Kiwi team who beat Australia in the 2008 World Cup Final."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arsenal F.C.\u2013Manchester United F.C. rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal F.C. v Manchester United F.C. Teams Arsenal Manchester United First meeting 13 October 1894 Newton Heath 3 -- 3 Woolwich Arsenal Latest meeting Arsenal 1 -- 3 Manchester United Premier League (2 December 2017) Next meeting Manchester United v Arsenal Premier League (28 April 2018) Stadiums Emirates Stadium (Arsenal) Old Trafford (Manchester United) Statistics Meetings total 227 Most wins Manchester United (95) Most player appearances Ryan Giggs (50) Top scorer Wayne Rooney (12) All - time series Arsenal: 82 Drawn: 50 Manchester United: 95 Largest victory Manchester United 8 -- 2 Arsenal (28 August 2011)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal Ladies are the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal. Founded in 1987, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are managed by Clare Wheatley. Arsenal Ladies are the most successful team in English women's football. In the 2008\u201309 season, they won all three major English trophies \u2013 the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2009, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup, having done so in the 2006\u201307 season as part of a unique quadruple. The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties; Arsenal Ladies are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Manchester City F.C.", "paragraph_text": "The club's most successful period was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when they won the League Championship, FA Cup, League Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup under the management team of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison. After losing the 1981 FA Cup Final, the club went through a period of decline, culminating in relegation to the third tier of English football for the only time in their history in 1998. Having regained their Premier League status in the early 2000s, the club was purchased in 2008 by Abu Dhabi United Group and has since become one of the wealthiest in the world. Since 2011, the club have won five major honours, including the Premier League in 2012 and 2014."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of Swansea City A.F.C. seasons", "paragraph_text": "Swansea have won the League Cup once, the Football League Trophy twice and the Welsh Cup 10 times. They have also qualified for UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 7 times and the UEFA Europa League once. In 2011, Swansea became the first Welsh club to play in the Premier League."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2005 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 2005 FA Cup Final was a football match played between Arsenal and Manchester United on 21 May 2005 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2004 -- 05 FA Cup, the 124th season of English football's primary cup competition, the FA Cup. Arsenal became the first team to win the FA Cup via a penalty shoot - out, despite being outplayed throughout the game, after neither side managed to score in the initial 90 minutes or in 30 minutes of extra time. The shoot - out finished 5 -- 4 to Arsenal, with Patrick Vieira scoring the winning penalty after Paul Scholes' shot was saved by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2\u20131 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014, when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2\u20130 deficit to win the match 3\u20132. This qualified them for the 2014 FA Community Shield where they would play Premier League champions Manchester City. They recorded a resounding 3\u20130 win in the game, winning their second trophy in three months. Nine months after their Community Shield triumph, Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row, thrashing Aston Villa 4\u20130 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament's history with 12 titles. On 2 August 2015, Arsenal beat Chelsea 1\u20130 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969\u201370 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their \"lucky\" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982\u201383. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1894\u201395 FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W. Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a \u00a310 reward. According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer. The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Second City derby", "paragraph_text": "Date Venue Home team Score Competition Round Attendance 5 November 1887 Wellington Road Aston Villa 4 -- 0 FA Cup 2nd Round 23 March 1901 Muntz Street Small Heath 0 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final 27 March 1901 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final replay 23 May 1963 St Andrew's Birmingham City 3 -- 1 League Cup Final 1st leg 31,850 27 May 1963 Villa Park Aston Villa 0 -- 0 League Cup Final 2nd leg 37,921 27 September 1988 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 2 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 12 October 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 5 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 9 November 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 6 -- 0 Full Members Cup 1st Round 8,324 21 September 1993 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 1 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 27,815 6 October 1993 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 35,856 1 December 2010 St Andrew's Birmingham City 2 -- 1 League Cup Quarter Final 27,679 22 September 2015 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 3rd Round 34,442"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of Manchester United F.C. managers", "paragraph_text": "The longest - serving and most successful person to manage Manchester United is Sir Alex Ferguson, who won 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, four League Cups, 10 Community Shields, two UEFA Champions League titles, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup in his managerial reign of more than 26 years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1936 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1936 FA Cup Final was a football match between Arsenal and Sheffield United on 25 April 1936 at Wembley. The showpiece match of English football's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (better known as the FA Cup), it was the 61st Cup final, and the fourteenth at the national stadium."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Liverpool F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football. The club has won 5 European Cups, more than any other English club, 3 UEFA Cups, 3 UEFA Super Cups, 18 League titles, 7 FA Cups, 8 League Cups, and 15 FA Community Shields."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "FA Cup", "paragraph_text": "The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league position, then the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place instead. FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they entered the Europa League, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage. From the 2015\u201316 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA will not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2017\u201318 Arsenal F.C. season", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal 2017 -- 18 season Chairman Sir Chips Keswick Manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger Stadium Emirates Stadium Premier League 6th Community Shield Winners FA Cup Third round EFL Cup Runners - up UEFA Europa League Semi-finals Top goalscorer League: Alexandre Lacazette (14) All: Alexandre Lacazette (17) Home colours Away colours Third colours \u2190 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 \u2192"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later. Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup. The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success, with two League Championship successes, an FA Cup, and the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup. The club's supporters are known as Evertonians."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1985 FA Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "Late in the second half, Kevin Moran of Manchester United was sent off for a professional foul on Peter Reid, who was clean through on goal. He became the first player to be dismissed in an FA Cup Final. Television cameras revealed that he had gone for the ball, and not for Peter Reid in the offending tackle. He was later presented with the winner's medal that had at first been withheld. Had Everton won the match they would have completed an unprecedented Treble of League, FA Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won", "paragraph_text": "England's first football competition, the FA Cup, began in the 1871 -- 72 season, making it the oldest football competition in the world. Arsenal hold the record number of wins, with 13. League football began in the next decade with the founding of The Football League in 1888 -- 89. The name First Division was adopted in 1892, when The Football League gained a second division. The First Division remained the highest division of the English football league system until 1992, when the Premier League was founded. Manchester United have won the most top division titles, with 20. The English equivalent of the super cup began in 1898 with the inauguration of the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, pitting the best professional and amateur sides of the year against each other. The trophy would develop into the FA Charity Shield in 1908, which was later renamed the FA Community Shield in 2002. Manchester United hold the record in the competition with 21 wins. The Football League created its own knockout competition in 1960, the League Cup. The Anglo - Italian League Cup was created in 1969 to match English cup winners against the winners of the Coppa Italia, and was permanently disbanded in 1976. In 1985, the Full Members Cup and Football League Super Cup were created as substitutes for UEFA competitions after UEFA responded to the Heysel Stadium disaster by banning English clubs. They finished in 1986 and 1992 respectively. The Football League Centenary Trophy marked The Football League's 100th birthday, in the 1988 -- 89 season."}], "question": "When was the last time the team that beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup defeated the 1894-95 FA Cup winner?"}
{"id": "3hop2__136925_223623_162182", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The World and Other Places", "paragraph_text": "The World and Other Places is a collection of short stories by Jeanette Winterson O.B.E in the style of postmodernism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "South Central Coast", "paragraph_text": "South Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Nam Trung B\u1ed9) is one of the regions of Vietnam. It consists of the independent municipality of \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng and seven other provinces. The two southern provinces Ninh Thu\u1eadn and B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region.The Paracel Islands (Ho\u00e0ng Sa District), and Spratly Islands (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa District), are also part of this region."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mount Patuha", "paragraph_text": "Mount Patuha is a twin stratovolcano about 50\u00a0km to the southwest of Bandung in West Java, Indonesia. It is located in the Bandung District of West Java. It is one of numerous volcanoes in this area; others in the region include Mt Malabar, Mt Wayang, and Mount Papandayan (placed on a warning alert in August 2011)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "John Phan", "paragraph_text": "Bon \"John\" Phan (born October 10, 1974 in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player based in Stockton, California who is a two time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and is a winner and four time final tablist of World Poker Tour Championships."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Short-Timers", "paragraph_text": "The Short-Timers is a 1979 semi-autobiographical novel by U.S. Marine Corps veteran Gustav Hasford, about his experience in the Vietnam War. Hasford served as a combat correspondent with the 1st Marine Division during the Tet Offensive of 1968. As a military journalist, he wrote stories for \"Leatherneck Magazine\", \"Pacific Stars and Stripes\", and \"Sea Tiger\". The novel was later adapted into the film \"Full Metal Jacket\" (1987) by Hasford, Michael Herr, and Stanley Kubrick."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hanan Wak'a", "paragraph_text": "Hanan Wak'a (Quechua \"hanan\" elevated, high, \"wak'a\" a local god of protection, a sacred object or place, \"high \"wak'a\"\", Hispanicized spelling \"Hananhuaca\") is a mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Amazonas Region, Utcubamba Province, Cumba District, near the little village of Tactago."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mueang Phan", "paragraph_text": "Mueang Phan () is a village and \"tambon\" (subdistrict) of Phan District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a total population of 19,326 people. The \"tambon\" contains 25 villages."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John W. Ferguson House", "paragraph_text": "John W. Ferguson House was located in Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1906 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 23, 1980. The house was demolished in September 1988."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Van Voorhis-Quackenbush House", "paragraph_text": "Van Voorhis-Quackenbush House is located in Wyckoff, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1784 by John A. Van Voorhis and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1984."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Casal Vasco", "paragraph_text": "Casal Vasco is a small village in Portugal. It belongs to the municipality of Fornos de Algodres, district of Guarda. It's also located in the former region of Beira Alta. The population in 2011 was 227, in an area of 6.73\u00a0km\u00b2. Includes the place of \"Ramir\u00e3o\" and the \"Quinta das Moitas\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Short track speed skating at the 2003 Asian Winter Games", "paragraph_text": "Short track speed skating at the 2003 Winter Asian Games took place at the Misawa Ice Arena located in Misawa, Aomori Prefecture, Japan from 6 to 7 February 2003 with ten events contested \u2014 five each for men and women."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John Zulberti", "paragraph_text": "John Zulberti was a four-time All-American NCAA lacrosse player at Syracuse University from 1986 to 1989. The Orange won NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championships in 1988 and 1989 with Zulberti teaming up perennial all-timers Gary Gait, Paul Gait and Tom Marechek."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge is a bridge spanning the Mississippi River in the U. S. city of Sauk Rapids, Minnesota. Construction began on September 26, 2005; the bridge was completed in September 2007 and opened to traffic on October 23, 2007. The official dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony took place on November 16, 2007. The bridge replaced the former Sauk Rapids Bridge, located a short distance downriver, which was demolished in the fall and winter of 2007-2008."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Di\u0107i", "paragraph_text": "Di\u0107i is a village situated in Ljig municipality in Serbia. The medieval church dedicated to St. John is located in the village. It was the burial place of 14th-century nobleman Vlgdrag."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John and Elizabeth Shaw Sundy House", "paragraph_text": "The John and Elizabeth Shaw Sundy House is a historic home in Delray Beach, Florida, United States. It is located at 106 South Swinton Avenue. On January 16, 1992, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elm Street Stone Arch Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Elm Street Stone Arch Bridge is located along that street in Pine Hill, New York, United States. It is a short bridge built over Alton Creek in the early 20th century using stonemasonry techniques and an arch bridge design that had been employed in the Catskills since the 18th century, one. As one of the few extant and intact bridges in that style in the region, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 along with the nearby Mill Street Stone Arch Bridge. It is located in the Pine Hill Historic District."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John W. Rea House", "paragraph_text": "The John W. Rea House is located in Hawthorne, Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1810 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1999."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Deere World Headquarters", "paragraph_text": "The John Deere World Headquarters is a complex of four buildings located on 1,400 acres (5.7\u00a0km\u00b2) of land at One John Deere Place, Moline, Illinois, United States. The complex serves as corporate headquarters for John Deere."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cove\u00f1as", "paragraph_text": "Cove\u00f1as is a town and municipality located in the Sucre Department, northern Colombia. It was established in the 16th century as a port for slave traders, then it became an oil port in the twentieth century . It became a municipality in 2002. The town is now a popular vacation place for the people of the Colombian Andean region."}], "question": "In what region of the country where The Short-Timers took place is John Phan's birthplace?"}
{"id": "3hop2__136925_467331_162182", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Marathon County Historical Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Marathon County Historical Museum is museum located in Wausau, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located in the Cyrus Carpenter Yawkey House, a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The house is a significant example of Classical Revival architecture."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fort Vredeburg Museum", "paragraph_text": "Fort Vredeburg Museum (Official Indonesian name, Museum Benteng Vredeburg Yogyakarta), was a former colonial fortress located in the city of Yogyakarta. The military complex has been converted into an Independence Struggle Museum which was opened in 1992. It is located in front of Gedung Agung and Kraton Yogyakarta (Sultan's Palace)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "J. Millard Tawes Historical Museum", "paragraph_text": "The J. Tawes Historical Museum is located on the Somers Cove Marina, Crisfield, Maryland, United States. The museum focuses on the history of the Lower Shore region, including the local people, towns and industry."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "South Central Coast", "paragraph_text": "South Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Nam Trung B\u1ed9) is one of the regions of Vietnam. It consists of the independent municipality of \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng and seven other provinces. The two southern provinces Ninh Thu\u1eadn and B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region.The Paracel Islands (Ho\u00e0ng Sa District), and Spratly Islands (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa District), are also part of this region."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zec de la Bessonne", "paragraph_text": "The Zec de la Bessonne is a \"zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (controlled harvesting area) (ZEC) near La Tuque in administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada. A territory of was assigned in 1978 to the Zec."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zec de la Rivi\u00e8re-Nouvelle", "paragraph_text": "The Zec de la Rivi\u00e8re-Nouvelle (River Nova) is a \"zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (controlled harvesting zone) (zec) in the unorganized territory of Rivi\u00e8re-Nouvelle, in Avignon Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region Gasp\u00e9sie-\u00celes-de-la-Madeleine, in Quebec, in Canada. The main purpose of the ZEC is the management of salmon fishing."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "German military administration in occupied France during World War II", "paragraph_text": "Military Administration in France Milit\u00e4rverwaltung in Frankreich Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne 1940 -- 1944 Flag Emblem German (pink) and Italian (green) occupation zones of France: the zone occup\u00e9e, the zone libre, the zone interdite, the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France, and annexed Alsace - Lorraine. Status Territory under German military administration Capital Paris Military Commander 1940 -- 1942 Otto von St\u00fclpnagel 1942 -- 1944 Carl - Heinrich von St\u00fclpnagel 1944 Karl Kitzinger Historical era World War II Second Compi\u00e8gne armistice 22 June 1940 Case Anton 11 November 1942 Liberation of Paris 25 August 1944 Preceded by Succeeded by French Third Republic Provisional Government of the French Republic"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lindhorst railway station", "paragraph_text": "Lindhorst is a railway station located in Lindhorst, Germany. The station is located on the Hannover to Minden railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn. Lindhorst is served by the S1. It is in the \"Region\" zone of Hannover. For Information see www.gvh.de"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zone 5 Military Museum, Danang", "paragraph_text": "The Zone 5 Military Museum (Bao Tang Khu 5) is a military museum located at 3 Duy T\u00e2n, Da Nang, Vietnam. It covers all Vietnamese resistance to foreign occupation from the Chinese occupation, the First Indochina War with the French, the Vietnam War and the current standoff with China over the Spratly Islands and the Paracel Islands."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zec Jeannotte, Qu\u00e9bec", "paragraph_text": "The ZEC Jeannotte is a zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e (Controlled harvesting area), located in Lac-\u00c9douard, in the administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Impression 5 Science Center", "paragraph_text": "The Impression 5 Science Center, is a science museum located in downtown Lansing, Michigan. Formerly known as the \"Impression 5 Museum\", the center is located in a historic wagon works factory on the Grand River. The name, \"Impression 5\", refers to the five senses."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Short-Timers", "paragraph_text": "The Short-Timers is a 1979 semi-autobiographical novel by U.S. Marine Corps veteran Gustav Hasford, about his experience in the Vietnam War. Hasford served as a combat correspondent with the 1st Marine Division during the Tet Offensive of 1968. As a military journalist, he wrote stories for \"Leatherneck Magazine\", \"Pacific Stars and Stripes\", and \"Sea Tiger\". The novel was later adapted into the film \"Full Metal Jacket\" (1987) by Hasford, Michael Herr, and Stanley Kubrick."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dila, Ethiopia", "paragraph_text": "Dilla () is a market town and separate woreda in southern Ethiopia. The administrative center of the Gedeo Zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR), it is located on the main road from Addis Ababa to Nairobi. The town has a longitude and latitude of , with an elevation of 1570 meters above sea level. It was part of Wenago woreda and is currently surrounded by Dila Zuria woreda."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Menz Keya Gebreal", "paragraph_text": "Menz Keya Gebreal is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Shewa Zone, Menz Keya Gebreal is bordered on the southeast by Menz Lalo Midir, on the southwest by the Jamma River which separated it from Moretna Jiru, on the west by Merhabiete, on the northwest by the Qechene River which separates it from the Debub Wollo Zone, and on the northeast by Menz Gera Midir. The administrative center of this woreda is Zemero. Menz Keya Gebreal was part of the former Gera Midirna Keya Gebriel woreda."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kersa, Arsi", "paragraph_text": "Kersa is a town in southeastern Ethiopia. Located in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 2784 meters above sea level. It is the administrative center of Munesa woreda."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zec Trinit\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The ZEC Trinity is a \"zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (controlled harvesting zone) (ZEC) in the municipality of the town of Baie-Trinit\u00e9, in the Manicouagan Regional County Municipality (RCM), in the administrative region of C\u00f4te-Nord (North Shore), in Quebec, in Canada."}], "question": "In what region of the country where The Short-Timers is located is the city where Zone 5 Military Museum is found?"}
{"id": "3hop1__649326_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sexual Healing (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "\"Sexual Healing\" is the fourteenth season premiere of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 196th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on March 17, 2010, and on Comedy Central UK on March 19, 2010. The title of the episode is derived from the song of the same name by soul singer Marvin Gaye. In the episode, the sex scandal of golf pro Tiger Woods has the media and public frantic to determine why rich and successful men would suddenly crave sex with multiple partners. Meanwhile, schools are screened for the condition and Kyle, Kenny and Butters are diagnosed with sexual addiction."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Joy of Teen Sex", "paragraph_text": "The Joy of Teen Sex is a British television show on Channel 4 that delves into the world of teenagers and sex. This includes sexual experiences, sexual health, trends and relationship issues. The first series ran from 19 January - 9 February 2011, and aired four episodes. The second series comprises six episodes and began on 27 October 2011."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Boys of St. Vincent", "paragraph_text": "The Boys of St. Vincent is a 1992 Canadian television miniseries directed by John N. Smith for the National Film Board of Canada. It is a two-part docudrama based on real events that took place at the Mount Cashel Orphanage in St. John's, Newfoundland, one of a number of child sexual abuse scandals in the Roman Catholic Church."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jamieson Price", "paragraph_text": "Jamieson Kent Price (born April 28, 1961) is an American voice actor, best known for his deep and booming voice for numerous anime and video games. He is known as the voice of Largo the Black Lion in \"Tales of the Abyss\", Iron Tager from the \"BlazBlue\" series, the Count of Monte Cristo in \"Gankutsuou\", Ovan in \".hack//G.U.\", and Galbalan, the main villain of \"\" and Milton Grimm from \"Ever After High\". Price also had a part in the 2000 movie \"The Patriot\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the man who voices Stan on the show who has an episode entitled Sexual Healing?"}
{"id": "3hop2__159036_467331_162182", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "J. Millard Tawes Historical Museum", "paragraph_text": "The J. Tawes Historical Museum is located on the Somers Cove Marina, Crisfield, Maryland, United States. The museum focuses on the history of the Lower Shore region, including the local people, towns and industry."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zec de la Bessonne", "paragraph_text": "The Zec de la Bessonne is a \"zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (controlled harvesting area) (ZEC) near La Tuque in administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada. A territory of was assigned in 1978 to the Zec."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kersa, Arsi", "paragraph_text": "Kersa is a town in southeastern Ethiopia. Located in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 2784 meters above sea level. It is the administrative center of Munesa woreda."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bike, Ethiopia", "paragraph_text": "Bike () is a town in central Ethiopia of the Somali Region in the Shinile Zone. It is located 72 km west of Shinile. The town is located on the main railway between Djibouti City and Addis Ababa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "South Central Coast", "paragraph_text": "South Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Nam Trung B\u1ed9) is one of the regions of Vietnam. It consists of the independent municipality of \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng and seven other provinces. The two southern provinces Ninh Thu\u1eadn and B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region.The Paracel Islands (Ho\u00e0ng Sa District), and Spratly Islands (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa District), are also part of this region."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zec de la Rivi\u00e8re-Nouvelle", "paragraph_text": "The Zec de la Rivi\u00e8re-Nouvelle (River Nova) is a \"zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (controlled harvesting zone) (zec) in the unorganized territory of Rivi\u00e8re-Nouvelle, in Avignon Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region Gasp\u00e9sie-\u00celes-de-la-Madeleine, in Quebec, in Canada. The main purpose of the ZEC is the management of salmon fishing."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jeju (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Jeju is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Arsi Zone, Jeju is bordered by Dodotana Sire to the west, the Misraq Shewa Zone to the north, Merti to the east, and Sude to the south. Its administrative centre is Arboye, located 168 kilometres southeast of Addis Ababa. Other towns in this woreda include Bolo."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Forlanini (district of Milan)", "paragraph_text": "Forlanini is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lindhorst railway station", "paragraph_text": "Lindhorst is a railway station located in Lindhorst, Germany. The station is located on the Hannover to Minden railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn. Lindhorst is served by the S1. It is in the \"Region\" zone of Hannover. For Information see www.gvh.de"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zone 5 Military Museum, Danang", "paragraph_text": "The Zone 5 Military Museum (Bao Tang Khu 5) is a military museum located at 3 Duy T\u00e2n, Da Nang, Vietnam. It covers all Vietnamese resistance to foreign occupation from the Chinese occupation, the First Indochina War with the French, the Vietnam War and the current standoff with China over the Spratly Islands and the Paracel Islands."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mankush", "paragraph_text": "Mankush is a town in western Ethiopia. Located in the Metekel Zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Mankush is the largest settlement in Guba woreda."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Impression 5 Science Center", "paragraph_text": "The Impression 5 Science Center, is a science museum located in downtown Lansing, Michigan. Formerly known as the \"Impression 5 Museum\", the center is located in a historic wagon works factory on the Grand River. The name, \"Impression 5\", refers to the five senses."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tiger Woods", "paragraph_text": "Woods was born in 1975 in Cypress, California, to Earl and Kultida \"Tida\" Woods. He is their only child and has two half-brothers, Earl Jr. and Kevin, as well as a half-sister named Royce from his father's first marriage.Kultida (n\u00e9e Punsawad) is originally from Thailand, where Earl had met her when he was on a tour of duty there in 1968. She is of mixed Thai, Chinese, and Dutch ancestry. Earl was a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran who reported African American, Chinese, and Native American descent. Earl's mother Maude Carter was light skinned. Tiger describes his ethnic make-up as \"Cablinasian\" (a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian, Black, American Indian, and Asian).Woods' first name, Eldrick, was coined by his mother because it began with \"E\" (for Earl) and ended with \"K\" (for Kultida). His middle name Tont is a traditional Thai name. He was nicknamed Tiger in honor of his father's friend Col. Vuong Dang Phong, who had also been known as Tiger.Woods has a niece, Cheyenne Woods, who played for the Wake Forest University golf team and turned professional in 2012 when she made her pro debut in the LPGA Championship."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Menz Keya Gebreal", "paragraph_text": "Menz Keya Gebreal is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Shewa Zone, Menz Keya Gebreal is bordered on the southeast by Menz Lalo Midir, on the southwest by the Jamma River which separated it from Moretna Jiru, on the west by Merhabiete, on the northwest by the Qechene River which separates it from the Debub Wollo Zone, and on the northeast by Menz Gera Midir. The administrative center of this woreda is Zemero. Menz Keya Gebreal was part of the former Gera Midirna Keya Gebriel woreda."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zec Jeannotte, Qu\u00e9bec", "paragraph_text": "The ZEC Jeannotte is a zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e (Controlled harvesting area), located in Lac-\u00c9douard, in the administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zec Trinit\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The ZEC Trinity is a \"zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (controlled harvesting zone) (ZEC) in the municipality of the town of Baie-Trinit\u00e9, in the Manicouagan Regional County Municipality (RCM), in the administrative region of C\u00f4te-Nord (North Shore), in Quebec, in Canada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dila, Ethiopia", "paragraph_text": "Dilla () is a market town and separate woreda in southern Ethiopia. The administrative center of the Gedeo Zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR), it is located on the main road from Addis Ababa to Nairobi. The town has a longitude and latitude of , with an elevation of 1570 meters above sea level. It was part of Wenago woreda and is currently surrounded by Dila Zuria woreda."}], "question": "In what region of the country with the same name as the war Earl participated in is where Zone 5 Military Museum can be found?"}
{"id": "3hop1__73167_831637_91775", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Operation FS", "paragraph_text": "Operation FS was the name of the Imperial Japanese plan to invade and occupy Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia in the south Pacific during the Pacific conflict of World War II. The operation was set to be executed in July or August 1942 following the \"MO\", \"RY\", and \"MI\" (Battle of Midway) operations."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "HMS Witch (D89)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Witch\" (D89) was a Modified W-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that saw service in World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of Hamburg (1945)", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Hamburg was one of the last battles of World War II, where the remaining troops of the German 1st Parachute Army fought the British VIII Corps for the control of Hamburg, between 18 April and 3 May 1945. British troops were met with fierce resistance inside the city as Hamburg was the last significant remaining pocket of resistance in the north. Once the British had captured the city, they continued their advance north-east and sealed off the remnants of the 1st Parachute Army and Army Group Northwest in the Jutland peninsula."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "USS Rhodes (DE-384)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Rhodes\" (DE-384) was an \"Edsall\"-class destroyer escort built for the United States Navy during World War II. She served in the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and provided destroyer escort protection against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys. Post-war she served the Navy as a radar picket ship."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "USS Macdonough (DD-351)", "paragraph_text": "The third USS \"Macdonough\" (DD-351) was a \"Farragut\"-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for Thomas Macdonough."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of the Bay of Biscay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Bay of Biscay was a naval action that took place on 28 December 1943 during World War II as part of the Atlantic campaign. The battle took place in the Bay of Biscay between two light cruisers of the British Royal Navy, and a destroyer and a torpedo boat flotilla of the German Kriegsmarine hoping to intercept and escort a blockade runner. The battle was fought as part of the Allied Operation Stonewall which was to intercept German blockade runners off the west coast of France. In the confused action that followed the two British cruisers HMS \"Enterprise\" and HMS \"Glasgow\" respectively sank \"T26\", together with her sister ship \"T25\" and the destroyer \"Z27\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "HMS Kelly (F01)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Kelly\" (pennant number F01) was a K-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy, and flotilla leader of her class. She served through the early years of the Second World War; in Home Waters, off Norway and in the Mediterranean. Throughout her service, \"Kelly\" was commanded by Lord Louis Mountbatten. She was lost in action in 1941 during the Battle of Crete. In addition, Mountbatten served as commander (Captain (D)) of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "USS Holder (DE-401)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Holder\" (DE-401) was an \"Edsall\"-class destroyer escort built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for Lieutenant (junior grade) Randolph Mitchell Holder (a naval aviator who was reported missing during the Battle of Midway), she was the first of two U.S. Naval vessels to bear the name."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "HMS Valkyrie (1917)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Valkyrie\" was a First World War V-class flotilla leader of the Royal Navy. She was one of two destroyers ordered in July of 1916 from William Denny & Bros. Ltd shipyard under the 9th Order for Destroyers of the Emergency War Program of 1916-17. She was originally to be called HMS \"Malcolm\" but was renamed before being completed. The name \"Malcolm\" was later assigned to another destroyer leader."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "USS Goff (DD-247)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Goff\" (DD-247) was a \"Clemson\"-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for Secretary of the Navy Nathan Goff, Jr."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "HMS Brecon (L76)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Brecon\" was a destroyer of the Royal Navy that saw service in the Second World War, one of two ships in the fourth subgroup of the class, built to a radically different design from other ships in the Hunt class."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "California Golden Seals", "paragraph_text": "The California Golden Seals were a team in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1967 to 1976. Initially named California Seals, the team was renamed Oakland Seals partway through the 1967 -- 68 season (on December 8, 1967), and then to California Golden Seals in 1970. The Seals were one of six teams added to the league as part of the 1967 NHL expansion. Based in Oakland, California, they played their home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Arena. However, the Seals were never successful at the gate, and eventually moved to Cleveland to become the Cleveland Barons in 1976."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Navy SEALs", "paragraph_text": "The United States Navy's ``Sea, Air, and Land ''Teams, commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from, and return to, a river, ocean, swamp, delta, or coastline. The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments (Sea, Air, and Land) for which they are named."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Italian destroyer Nicoloso da Recco", "paragraph_text": "Nicoloso da Recco was a built for the Royal Italian Navy (\"Regia Marina\") in 1930. Named after the Italian Renaissance seaman Nicoloso da Recco, she served during World War II in which she was the sole survivor of her destroyer class. She shot down three Beaufort bombers while escorting a two-freighter convoy on 21 June 1942 off Tunisia. On 2 December 1942 \"Nicoloso Da Recco\" took part of the Battle of Skerki Bank, where an Italo-German convoy carrying troops and supplies to Libya was obliterated by Allied naval forces. \"Nicoloso Da Recco\" was the only vessel of her class to survive the war, and was eventually scrapped in July 1954."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "USS Preble (DD-345)", "paragraph_text": "The fourth USS \"Preble\" (DD-345/DM-20/AG-99) was a \"Clemson\"-class destroyer in the United States Navy following World War I, and saw combat in World War II as a minelayer. She was named for Commodore Edward Preble."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "HMAS Bataan (I91)", "paragraph_text": "HMAS \"Bataan\" (D9/I91/D191) was a destroyer of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Laid down in 1942 and commissioned in 1945, the destroyer was originally to be named \"Chingilli\" or \"Kurnai\" but was renamed prior to launch in honour of the US stand during the Battle of Bataan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Battle of Midway", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II which occurred between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Ch\u016bichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kond\u014d near Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable. Military historian John Keegan called it ``the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare ''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rudy Boesch", "paragraph_text": "Boesch was born and raised in Rochester, New York, and enlisted in the United States Navy at age 17. He became a Underwater Demolition Team (UDT) Frogman in 1951, serving on two UDT Teams. He was chosen as one of the first SEALs, becoming Chief of the Boat of newly created SEAL Team TWO in 1962. Starting in 1968 and 1970, Boesch completed two combat deployments during the Vietnam War, where he earned the Bronze Star for heroic action. During that time and later, Boesch set physical and operational standards at SEAL Team TWO. In 1987, he became Senior Enlisted Advisor for United States Special Operations Command. Designated the \"Bullfrog\", the longest-serving SEAL still on active duty, Boesch achieved considerable renown within the force for his physical fitness training regimens and his military appearance. After 45 years of continuous service, he retired from the Navy in 1990 as a Master Chief Petty Officer."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "USS MacLeish (DD-220)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"MacLeish\" (DD-220/AG-87) was a \"Clemson\"-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for Lieutenant Kenneth MacLeish."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy", "paragraph_text": "The first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were \"frigates\"\u2014the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy."}], "question": "What does seal stand for in the U.S. military branch that operates a list of destroyer classes, and won the Battle of Midway in WWII?"}
{"id": "3hop1__12830_831637_91775", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of destroyer classes of the Royal Navy", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of destroyer classes of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom, organised chronologically by entry into service."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HMS Bristol (D23)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Bristol\" (D23) is a Type 82 destroyer, the only vessel of her class to be built for the Royal Navy. Originally intended as the first of a class of large destroyers to escort the CVA-01 aircraft carriers projected to come into service in the early 1970s, \"Bristol\" turned out to be a unique ship: the rest of the class were cancelled with the CVA-01 carriers in the 1966 Strategic Defence Review. Following a long career which included the Falklands War, she was converted into a training ship in 1987 and continues to serve in that role. HMS \"Bristol\" is named after the English city of Bristol."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rudy Boesch", "paragraph_text": "Boesch was born and raised in Rochester, New York, and enlisted in the United States Navy at age 17. He became a Underwater Demolition Team (UDT) Frogman in 1951, serving on two UDT Teams. He was chosen as one of the first SEALs, becoming Chief of the Boat of newly created SEAL Team TWO in 1962. Starting in 1968 and 1970, Boesch completed two combat deployments during the Vietnam War, where he earned the Bronze Star for heroic action. During that time and later, Boesch set physical and operational standards at SEAL Team TWO. In 1987, he became Senior Enlisted Advisor for United States Special Operations Command. Designated the \"Bullfrog\", the longest-serving SEAL still on active duty, Boesch achieved considerable renown within the force for his physical fitness training regimens and his military appearance. After 45 years of continuous service, he retired from the Navy in 1990 as a Master Chief Petty Officer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "HMS Brecon (L76)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Brecon\" was a destroyer of the Royal Navy that saw service in the Second World War, one of two ships in the fourth subgroup of the class, built to a radically different design from other ships in the Hunt class."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States v. Seale", "paragraph_text": "United States v. Seale is a federal criminal case in the United States, in which Ku Klux Klan member James Ford Seale was prosecuted and convicted for his role in the racially motivated murders in 1964 of two black teens."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group", "paragraph_text": "Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group, commonly abbreviated as VNPT, is a telecommunications company, owned by the Vietnamese Government, and the national post office of Vietnam. According to a list of UNDP in 2007, it is the second-largest company in Vietnam, just after the Vietnam Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development. It owns Vinaphone, one of the three largest mobile network operators in Vietnam."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "HMS Seal (1897)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Seal\" was a B-class torpedo boat destroyer of the British Royal Navy. She was completed by Laird, Son & Company, Birkenhead, in 1897."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "California Golden Seals", "paragraph_text": "The California Golden Seals were a professional ice hockey club that competed in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1967 to 1976. Initially named the California Seals, the team was renamed the Oakland Seals partway through the 1967\u201368 season (on December 8, 1967) and then to the California Golden Seals in 1970, after two games as the Bay Area Seals. The Seals were one of six teams added to the league as part of the 1967 NHL expansion. Based in Oakland, California, they played their home games at the Oakland\u2013Alameda County Coliseum Arena. The Seals were never successful at the gate, qualifying for the postseason in only two of their nine seasons and failing to obtain a winning record in each, and eventually moved to Cleveland to become the Cleveland Barons in 1976. They are the only franchise from the 1967 expansion to not reach the Stanley Cup Finals."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Northwest Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Northwest Airlines Corp. (abbreviated in initials as NWA; stylized in all lowercase) was a major United States airline founded in 1926 and absorbed into Delta Air Lines, Inc. by a merger. The merger, approved on October 29, 2008, made Delta the largest airline in the world until the American Airlines-US Airways merger on December 9, 2013. Northwest continued to operate under its own name and brand until the integration of the carriers was completed on January 31, 2010."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Holluschickie Bay", "paragraph_text": "Holluschickie Bay () is a bay on the west coast of James Ross Island, Antarctica, entered between Matkah Point and Kotick Point. It was probably first seen by Otto Nordenski\u00f6ld in 1903. The bay was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1945; the name arose during a subsequent visit by a FIDS party in 1952, when a large number of young seals was observed near the mouth of the bay, after the word used for the young seals in Rudyard Kipling's story \"The White Seal\" in \"The Jungle Book\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II\u2013era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same\u2014a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost, or even used in conflict."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Navy SEALs", "paragraph_text": "The United States Navy's ``Sea, Air, and Land ''Teams, commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from, and return to, a river, ocean, swamp, delta, or coastline. The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments (Sea, Air, and Land) for which they are named."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Seal River (Manitoba)", "paragraph_text": "The Seal River is a river in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It travels from Shethanei Lake to the Hudson Bay. The river was nominated for the Canadian Heritage Rivers System in 1987 and was officially listed in 1992."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lost Seal Stream", "paragraph_text": "Lost Seal Stream () is a glacial meltwater stream, long, draining from the west margin of Commonwealth Glacier into the northeast end of Lake Fryxell, in Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica. The name was suggested by Diane McKnight, leader of a United States Geological Survey team that studied the hydrology of streams flowing into Lake Fryxell in several seasons, 1987\u201394, and commemorates the encounter with a living Weddell seal. The seal wandered into the area north of Lake Fryxell during November 1990 and was evacuated by helicopter to New Harbour after it entered the camp area. A mummified seal is prominent at the mouth of the stream."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy", "paragraph_text": "The first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were \"frigates\"\u2014the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "HMS Express (1896)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Express\" was a B-class torpedo boat destroyer of the British Royal Navy. She was completed by Laird, Son & Company, Birkenhead, in 1896. Like many contemporary British destroyers, she was a \"builder's special\", designed to Admiralty specifications but built to the builder's own design."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States Navy SEALs", "paragraph_text": "The Navy needed to determine its role within the special operations arena. In March 1961, Admiral Arleigh Burke, the Chief of Naval Operations, recommended the establishment of guerrilla and counter-guerrilla units. These units would be able to operate from sea, air or land. This was the beginning of the Navy SEALs. All SEALs came from the Navy's Underwater Demolition Teams, who had already gained extensive experience in commando warfare in Korea; however, the Underwater Demolition Teams were still necessary to the Navy's amphibious force."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Opening of the Fifth Seal", "paragraph_text": "The Opening of the Fifth Seal (or The Fifth Seal of the Apocalypse or The Vision of Saint John) was painted in the last years of El Greco's life for a side-altar of the church of Saint John the Baptist outside the walls of Toledo. Before 1908 El Greco's painting was referred to as Profane Love. Cossio had doubts about the title and suggested the \"Opening of the Fifth Seal\". The Metropolitan Museum, where the painting is kept, comments: \"the picture is unfinished and much damaged and abraded.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Seal Online", "paragraph_text": "After two years, a website was created for Seal Online. It had a post announcing the arrival of Seal Online in English to the United States. The English Seal Online was finally released on 19 November 2007 at 8pm EST by YNK Interactive."}], "question": "What does seal stand for in the U.S. military branch that operates a list of destroyer classes and owns the largest carriers in the world?"}
{"id": "3hop1__540695_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ceraunius Tholus", "paragraph_text": "Ceraunius Tholus is a volcano on Mars located in the Tharsis quadrangle at 24.25\u00b0 north latitude and 262.75\u00b0 east longitude, part of the Uranius group of volcanoes. It is 130\u00a0km across, 5.5\u00a0km high and is named after a classical albedo feature name."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Uranius group of volcanoes", "paragraph_text": "The Uranius group of volcanoes is located on planet Mars in the northeast part of Tharsis and includes Uranius Mons, Ceraunius Tholus, and Uranius Tholus."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mauna Loa", "paragraph_text": "Mauna Loa's most recent eruption occurred from March 24 to April 15, 1984. No recent eruptions of the volcano have caused fatalities, but eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed villages, and the city of Hilo is partly built on lava flows from the late 19th century. Because of the potential hazards it poses to population centers, Mauna Loa is part of the Decade Volcanoes program, which encourages studies of the world's most dangerous volcanoes. Mauna Loa has been monitored intensively by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory since 1912. Observations of the atmosphere are undertaken at the Mauna Loa Observatory, and of the Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, both located near the mountain's summit. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park covers the summit and the southeastern flank of the volcano, and also incorporates K\u012blauea, a separate volcano."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Solomon Islands", "paragraph_text": "The Solomon Islands archipelago is part of two distinct terrestrial ecoregions. Most of the islands are part of the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion, which also includes the islands of Bougainville and Buka; these forests have come under pressure from forestry activities. The Santa Cruz Islands are part of the Vanuatu rain forests ecoregion, together with the neighbouring archipelago of Vanuatu. Soil quality ranges from extremely rich volcanic (there are volcanoes with varying degrees of activity on some of the larger islands) to relatively infertile limestone. More than 230 varieties of orchids and other tropical flowers brighten the landscape. Mammals are scarce on the islands, with the only terrestrial mammals being bats and small rodents. Birds and reptiles, however, are abundant.The islands contain several active and dormant volcanoes. The Tinakula and Kavachi volcanoes are the most active."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Volcano (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "\"Volcano\" is the third episode of the first season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on August 27, 1997. In the episode, Stan, Kyle, Cartman and Kenny go on a hunting trip with Stan's uncle Jimbo and his war buddy Ned. While on the trip, Stan is frustrated by his inability to shoot a living creature and Cartman tries to scare the hunting party with tales of a creature named Scuzzlebutt. Meanwhile, the group is unaware that a nearby volcano is about to erupt."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the voice actor of Stan in the series the episode Volcano is part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__115532_831637_91775", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy", "paragraph_text": "The first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were \"frigates\"\u2014the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Opening of the Fifth Seal", "paragraph_text": "The Opening of the Fifth Seal (or The Fifth Seal of the Apocalypse or The Vision of Saint John) was painted in the last years of El Greco's life for a side-altar of the church of Saint John the Baptist outside the walls of Toledo. Before 1908 El Greco's painting was referred to as Profane Love. Cossio had doubts about the title and suggested the \"Opening of the Fifth Seal\". The Metropolitan Museum, where the painting is kept, comments: \"the picture is unfinished and much damaged and abraded.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Short Mark 7 torpedo", "paragraph_text": "The Short Mark 7 torpedo was a variant of the Bliss-Leavitt Mark 7 torpedo developed by the Washington Navy Yard in order to fit certain submarine torpedo tubes in 1917. The Short Mark 7, also designated Torpedo Type D, had an air flask that was shortened and a reduced warhead weight. The fuel and water tanks were relocated to obtain more air flask capacity; the fuel tank was mounted in the aft air flask bulkhead, while the water tanks were mounted in the after-body. The overall weight of the warshot torpedo was 590 pounds lighter and 58 inches shorter than the Mark 7. The air, fuel and water capacities were approximately one-third of the capacities found on the full-size Mark 7. This torpedo was never produced in quantity."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "HMS Seal (1897)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Seal\" was a B-class torpedo boat destroyer of the British Royal Navy. She was completed by Laird, Son & Company, Birkenhead, in 1897."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Navy SEALs", "paragraph_text": "The Navy needed to determine its role within the special operations arena. In March 1961, Admiral Arleigh Burke, the Chief of Naval Operations, recommended the establishment of guerrilla and counter-guerrilla units. These units would be able to operate from sea, air or land. This was the beginning of the Navy SEALs. All SEALs came from the Navy's Underwater Demolition Teams, who had already gained extensive experience in commando warfare in Korea; however, the Underwater Demolition Teams were still necessary to the Navy's amphibious force."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mark 36 torpedo", "paragraph_text": "The Mark 36 torpedo was a submarine-launched Anti-surface ship torpedo designed by General Electric and the Naval Torpedo Station in 1946. Further development of the Mark 36 was discontinued due to the development of the Mark 42 torpedo."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Seal Online", "paragraph_text": "After two years, a website was created for Seal Online. It had a post announcing the arrival of Seal Online in English to the United States. The English Seal Online was finally released on 19 November 2007 at 8pm EST by YNK Interactive."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mark 25 torpedo", "paragraph_text": "The Mark 25 torpedo was an aircraft-launched anti-surface ship torpedo designed by the Division of War Research of Columbia University in 1943 as a replacement for the Mark 13 torpedo."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Type 89 torpedo", "paragraph_text": "The Type 89 torpedo (development name G-RX2) is a Japanese submarine-launched homing torpedo produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. It replaced the unguided Type 72 torpedo. Development was done by the Technical Research and Development Institute, a department of the Ministry of Defense, and began in 1970, with the design completed by 1984. Developed from the Type 80 torpedo, it is similar in its capabilities to the United States Mark 48 ADCAP torpedo. After being formally approved in 1989 and named \"Type 89\", it entered service and is currently carried aboard the \"Harushio\", \"Oyashio\", and \"S\u014dry\u016b\" class submarines. It was also carried by the \"Yuushio\" class submarines before they were retired from active service in 2006."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Navy SEALs", "paragraph_text": "The United States Navy's ``Sea, Air, and Land ''Teams, commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from, and return to, a river, ocean, swamp, delta, or coastline. The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments (Sea, Air, and Land) for which they are named."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "HMS Express (1896)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Express\" was a B-class torpedo boat destroyer of the British Royal Navy. She was completed by Laird, Son & Company, Birkenhead, in 1896. Like many contemporary British destroyers, she was a \"builder's special\", designed to Admiralty specifications but built to the builder's own design."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Seal River (Manitoba)", "paragraph_text": "The Seal River is a river in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It travels from Shethanei Lake to the Hudson Bay. The river was nominated for the Canadian Heritage Rivers System in 1987 and was officially listed in 1992."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mark 46 torpedo", "paragraph_text": "The Mark 46 torpedo is the backbone of the United States Navy's lightweight anti-submarine warfare torpedo inventory and is the NATO standard. These aerial torpedoes are designed to attack high-performance submarines. In 1989, an improvement program for the Mod 5 to the Mod 5A and Mod 5A(S) increased its shallow-water performance. The Mark 46 was initially developed as REsearch TORpedo Concept I (RETORC I), one of several weapons recommended for implementation by Project Nobska, a 1956 summer study on submarine warfare."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rudy Boesch", "paragraph_text": "Boesch was born and raised in Rochester, New York, and enlisted in the United States Navy at age 17. He became a Underwater Demolition Team (UDT) Frogman in 1951, serving on two UDT Teams. He was chosen as one of the first SEALs, becoming Chief of the Boat of newly created SEAL Team TWO in 1962. Starting in 1968 and 1970, Boesch completed two combat deployments during the Vietnam War, where he earned the Bronze Star for heroic action. During that time and later, Boesch set physical and operational standards at SEAL Team TWO. In 1987, he became Senior Enlisted Advisor for United States Special Operations Command. Designated the \"Bullfrog\", the longest-serving SEAL still on active duty, Boesch achieved considerable renown within the force for his physical fitness training regimens and his military appearance. After 45 years of continuous service, he retired from the Navy in 1990 as a Master Chief Petty Officer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "HMS Laforey (G99)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Laforey\" was a L-class destroyer of the Royal Navy. She was commissioned in and served during the Second World War, and was torpedoed and sunk by a U-boat in 1944. She had been adopted by the civil community of Northampton in November 1941."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "California Golden Seals", "paragraph_text": "The California Golden Seals were a professional ice hockey club that competed in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1967 to 1976. Initially named the California Seals, the team was renamed the Oakland Seals partway through the 1967\u201368 season (on December 8, 1967) and then to the California Golden Seals in 1970, after two games as the Bay Area Seals. The Seals were one of six teams added to the league as part of the 1967 NHL expansion. Based in Oakland, California, they played their home games at the Oakland\u2013Alameda County Coliseum Arena. The Seals were never successful at the gate, qualifying for the postseason in only two of their nine seasons and failing to obtain a winning record in each, and eventually moved to Cleveland to become the Cleveland Barons in 1976. They are the only franchise from the 1967 expansion to not reach the Stanley Cup Finals."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States v. Seale", "paragraph_text": "United States v. Seale is a federal criminal case in the United States, in which Ku Klux Klan member James Ford Seale was prosecuted and convicted for his role in the racially motivated murders in 1964 of two black teens."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mark 28 torpedo", "paragraph_text": "The Mark 28 torpedo was a submarine-launched, acoustic homing torpedo designed by Westinghouse Electric in 1944 for the United States Navy. The torpedo used all-electric controls. Service use of the Mark 28 ended after the introduction of the Mark 37 torpedo."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "HMS Kent (D12)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Kent\" was a batch-1 destroyer of the Royal Navy. She and her sisters were equipped with the Sea Slug Mk-1 medium-range surface-to-air missile SAM system, along with the short-range Sea Cat SAM, two twin 4.5-inch gun turrets, two single 20mm cannon, ASW torpedo tubes, and a platform and hangar that allowed her to operate one Wessex helicopter. The County class were large ships, with good seakeeping abilities and long range, and were ideal blue-water ships for their time."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mark 29 torpedo", "paragraph_text": "The Mark 29 torpedo was a submarine-launched, acoustic torpedo designed by Westinghouse Electric in 1945 for the United States Navy. It used the same acoustic system as the Mark 28 torpedo but was faster, operated at various depths, had an external depth setter, and could run as either a straight or a homing torpedo. The Mod 1 variant had two speeds, a remote-setting variable enabler and an anti-circular run device."}], "question": "What does seal stand for in the branch of the U.S. military that operates a list of destroyer classes, and also developed the Mark 46 torpedo?"}
{"id": "3hop1__143093_180107_126069", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament. From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust, who governed in Germany's first statewide \"black-green\" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on November, 28. 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ecce Ancilla Domini", "paragraph_text": "Ecce Ancilla Domini (Latin: \"Behold the handmaiden of the Lord\"), or The Annunciation, is an oil painting by the English artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti, first painted in 1850 and now in Tate Britain in London. The Latin title is a quotation from the Vulgate text of the first chapter of the Gospel of Saint Luke, describing the Annunciation, where Mary accepts the message brought to her by the Angel Gabriel that she would give birth to a child (Jesus) by God."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "USB", "paragraph_text": "Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off. Normally, when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down, preventing phones and other devices from charging. Sleep-and-charge USB ports remain powered even when the computer is off. On laptops, charging devices from the USB port when it is not being powered from AC drains the laptop battery faster; most laptops have a facility to stop charging if their own battery charge level gets too low."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "London congestion charge", "paragraph_text": "The London congestion charge is a fee charged on most motor vehicles operating within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) in Central London between 07: 00 and 18: 00 Mondays to Fridays. It is not charged on weekends, public holidays or between Christmas Day and New Year's Day (inclusive). The charge was introduced on 17 February 2003. As of 2017, the London charge zone remains as one of the largest congestion charge zones in the world, despite the cancellation of the Western Extension which operated between February 2007 and January 2011. The charge aims to reduce high traffic flow in the central area and raise investment funds for London's transport system."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Female reproductive system", "paragraph_text": "The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "C. W. W. Kannangara", "paragraph_text": "As Minister of Education Kannagara was placed in charge of implementing the recommendations. Among the reforms he introduced, which came into operation on 1 October 1945, were to make education free of charge for all students, to ensure that every student was provided with instruction in the religion of his / her parents, to prevent teachers from been exploited by managers of schools by having their wages paid directly by the government and to make adequate provisions for adult education in the country."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Apollonian and Dionysian", "paragraph_text": "Although the use of the concepts of the Apollonian and Dionysian is linked to Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, the terms were used before him in German culture. The poet H\u00f6lderlin spoke of them, while Winckelmann talked of Bacchus, the god of wine. Rudolf Steiner as well treated in depth of the Apollonian and Dionysian (called ``Apollinisches und Dionysisches ''in German) and placed them in the general history and spiritual evolution of mankind."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jardin botanique de Bordeaux", "paragraph_text": "The Jardin botanique de Bordeaux (0.5 hectares) is a municipal botanical garden located at Place Bardineau, Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France; it is open daily without charge. This historic garden has been recently supplemented by the Jardin botanique de la Bastide, located across the river."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s. The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, \"Detroit techno\". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past. Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as \"Movement\", occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza. In the early years (2000-2002), this was a landmark event, boasting over a million estimated attendees annually, coming from all over the world to celebrate Techno music in the city of its birth."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hinterm Ozean", "paragraph_text": "\"Hinterm Ozean\" (en: \"Far Beyond the Sea\") is a pop song released by German singer and actress Carolin Fortenbacher in 2008. The song was featured on Fortenbacher's second solo album \"Drama\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Carolin Fortenbacher", "paragraph_text": "Carolin Fortenbacher (born 26 June 1963 in Hamburg) is a German Musical actress and singer. She has had a leading role for five years in the musical \"Mamma Mia!\" in Hamburg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "Stage 1 is the first, or introductory stage of the bill, where the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents \u2013 Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it. Statements from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament. Stage 1 usually takes place, initially, in the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole Parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill. If the whole Parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill, it then proceeds to Stage 2."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation", "paragraph_text": "Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game was initially released on May 25, 1999 for Windows personal computers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Electric charge", "paragraph_text": "After finding the quantized character of charge, in 1891 George Stoney proposed the unit 'electron' for this fundamental unit of electrical charge. This was before the discovery of the particle by J.J. Thomson in 1897. The unit is today treated as nameless, referred to as ``elementary charge '',`` fundamental unit of charge'', or simply as ``e ''. A measure of charge should be a multiple of the elementary charge e, even if at large scales charge seems to behave as a real quantity. In some contexts it is meaningful to speak of fractions of a charge; for example in the charging of a capacitor, or in the fractional quantum Hall effect."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Image Expedition", "paragraph_text": "The Image Expedition was founded in 1990 by Daniel Lorenzetti, funded in part by a grant which Lorenzetti had recently been awarded by the South Florida Cultural Consortium's Visual Artist Fellowship. The editorial director of the Image Expedition is Daniel's wife, Linda Rice Lorenzetti, whose writing has been published in \"The Adventure of Food: True Stories of Eating Everything\" (Travelers' Tales, 1999), and \"The Birth of Coffee\" (Random House, 2001)."}], "question": "Who was in charge of the birthplace of the artist who created Hinterm Ozean?"}
{"id": "3hop1__8881_233592_27290", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into \"a nonstop shouting match\". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser\u2013Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease\u2014two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lee M. Russell", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Lafayette County, Mississippi and later attended the University of Mississippi. During his time as a student, he was the leader in a movement to abolish Greek fraternities. Russell graduated from the university in 1901 and enrolled in the University of Mississippi School of Law. After completing the course, he was admitted to the bar and practiced law in Oxford, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Omar Abdel-Rahman", "paragraph_text": "Abdel-Rahman was the leader of Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya (also known as \"The Islamic Group\"), a militant Islamist movement in Egypt that is considered a terrorist organization by the United States and Egyptian governments. The group was responsible for many acts of violence, including the November 1997 Luxor massacre, in which 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians were killed."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the \"positive neutralism\" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the \"Republic of U\u017eice\". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 on 19 September and 27 October 1941. It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: \u0408\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043f \u0411\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u0422\u0438\u0442\u043e, pronounced [j\u01d2sip br\u00f4\u02d0z t\u00eeto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] \u2013 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was \"seen by most as a benevolent dictator\" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Three Revolutions", "paragraph_text": "The Three Revolutions refers to a political theory of Gamal Abdel Nasser highlighted during a speech to the National Union (NU) in Cairo on July 9, 1960. The three revolutions were first a \"national revolution\" which involves the overthrow of colonialism, second, the \"Arab revolution\" which involves the defeat of division and false frontiers created by outsiders, and third the \"social revolution\" which involves the creation of an \"honorable living\" in \"fulfilment of social equality\" for every member of Arab society."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, \"nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today\". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was \"his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat\". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile\u2014more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his \"charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis\". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, \"Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio.\" Lebanese sympathizers of Nasser and the Egyptian embassy in Beirut\u2014the press center of the Arab world\u2014bought out Lebanese media outlets to further disseminate Nasser's ideals. Nasser also enjoyed the support of Arab nationalist organizations, both civilian and paramilitary, throughout the region. His followers were numerous and well-funded, but lacked any permanent structure and organization. They called themselves \"Nasserites\", despite Nasser's objection to the label (he preferred the term \"Arab nationalists\")."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces. Nasser berated Amer and Salem, and vowed, \"Nobody is going to surrender.\" Nasser assumed military command. Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied, Nasser's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged. To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease\u2014two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a \"man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective\". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled \"Voltaire, the Man of Freedom\". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution."}], "question": "What school did Nasser attend in the city where the Egyptian leader of the Non-Aligned Movement Tito worked with died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__34824_352414_52195", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Central African Republic", "paragraph_text": "In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes, and won every legislative seat, which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council. Within a year, he declared the establishment of the Central African Republic and served as the country's first prime minister. MESAN continued to exist, but its role was limited. After Boganda's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took control of MESAN and became the country's first president after the CAR had formally received independence from France. Dacko threw out his political rivals, including former Prime Minister and Mouvement d'\u00e9volution d\u00e9mocratique de l'Afrique centrale (MEDAC), leader Abel Goumba, whom he forced into exile in France. With all opposition parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States. Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's most famous attractions. Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe, Betsy Ross, and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States, Fort Mifflin, and the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church. Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks, the third most of any city in the country."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rule of law", "paragraph_text": "In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "In early 1942, the governments of smaller powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia-Pacific war council, based in Washington, D.C.. A council was established in London, with a subsidiary body in Washington. However, the smaller powers continued to push for an American-based body. The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington, on 1 April 1942, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, his key advisor Harry Hopkins, and representatives from Britain, China, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada. Representatives from India and the Philippines were later added. The council never had any direct operational control, and any decisions it made were referred to the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff, which was also in Washington. Allied resistance, at first symbolic, gradually began to stiffen. Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The Namibian Constitution adopted in February 1990 incorporated protection for human rights, compensation for state expropriations of private property, an independent judiciary and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990. Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. Walvis Bay was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of Apartheid in South Africa.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of colonial governors of Portuguese Timor", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of European (as well as Australian and Japanese) colonial administrators responsible for the territory of Portuguese Timor, an area equivalent to modern-day East Timor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the ``United States of America, ''and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers' names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Johan Ferrier", "paragraph_text": "Johan Henri Eliza Ferrier (12 May 1910 \u2013 4 January 2010) was a Surinamese politician who served as the 1st President of Suriname from 25 November 1975 to 13 August 1980. He was that country's last governor before independence, from 1968 to 1975, and first president after it gained independence from the Netherlands."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Executive Order 12148", "paragraph_text": "Executive Order 12148 was an executive order enacted by President Jimmy Carter on July 20, 1979 to transfer and reassign duties to the newly formed agency, known as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), created by Executive Order 12127. The order combined several federal agencies tasked with emergency preparedness and civil defense spread across the executive departments into a unified entity that was established as an independent agency, free of Cabinet interference, with authority as the lead federal agency in a presidentially-declared disaster."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (, or simply \"Proklamasi\") was read at 10:00 in the morning of Friday, 17 August 1945. The wording and declaration of the proclamation had to balance the interests of conflicting internal Indonesian and Japanese interests at the time. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949. In 2005, the Netherlands declared that it had decided to accept de facto 17 August 1945 as Indonesia's independence date. However, on 14 September 2011, a Dutch court ruled in the Rawagede massacre case that the Dutch state was responsible because it had the duty to defend its inhabitants, which also indicated that the area was part of the Dutch East Indies, in contradiction of the Indonesian claim of 17 August 1945 as its date of independence. In a 2013 interview the Indonesian historian Sukotjo, among others, asked the Dutch government to formally acknowledge the date of independence as 17 August 1945. The United Nations recognizes the date of 27 December 1949."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Independence Day (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Leaders of the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "He left his country on a French steamer in 1911 and traveled extensively around the world participating actively in the Communist International before returning to Vietnam in 1941. He then organized and led the Viet Minh to fight for Vietnamese Independence. He became more popular for his declaration of Vietnam independence from France, which paraphrased a part of the U.S declaration of independence that says ``All men are created equal... ''Since 1945, he became a prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). In the late 1950s, Ho Chi Minh organized another communist guerrilla movement widely known as Viet Cong in South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "In the 16th century, the Dutch rebelled against Philip II of Spain and his successors. The main reasons for the uprising were the imposition of new taxes, the tenth penny, and the religious persecution of Protestants by the newly introduced Inquisition. The revolt escalated into the Eighty Years' War, which ultimately led to Dutch independence. Strongly pushed by Dutch Revolt leader William the Silent, the Dutch Republic became known for its relative religious tolerance. Jews from the Iberian Peninsula, Huguenots from France, prosperous merchants and printers from Flanders, and economic and religious refugees from the Spanish-controlled parts of the Low Countries found safety in Amsterdam. The influx of Flemish printers and the city's intellectual tolerance made Amsterdam a centre for the European free press."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Belgian Revolution", "paragraph_text": "Dutch units saw the mass desertion of recruits from the southern provinces and pulled out. The States - General in Brussels voted in favour of secession and declared independence. In the aftermath, a National Congress was assembled. King William refrained from future military action and appealed to the Great Powers. The resulting 1830 London Conference of major European powers recognized Belgian independence. Following the installation of Leopold I as ``King of the Belgians ''in 1831, King William made a belated military attempt to reconquer Belgium and restore his position through a military campaign. This`` Ten Days' Campaign'' failed because of French military intervention. Not until 1839 did the Dutch accept the decision of the London conference and Belgian independence by signing the Treaty of London."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "In 1989, during the \"Singing Revolution\", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Maarten Schenck van Nydeggen", "paragraph_text": "He first served with William of Orange in the fight for Dutch independence from Spain then switched to serve with distinction in the Spanish army. In 1580 he changed his allegiance to the Dutch Republic and was declared Lord of Toutenburg in Gelderland, Knight and Marshall of the Camp by the Dutch States General."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Emergency (India)", "paragraph_text": "In India, ``the Emergency ''refers to a 21 - month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the Constitution because of the prevailing`` internal disturbance'', the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree, allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be curbed. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored. Several other human rights violations were reported from the time, including a forced mass - sterilization campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister's son. The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent India's history."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "East Timor", "paragraph_text": "Democratic Republic of Timor - Leste Rep\u00fablika Demokr\u00e1tika Tim\u00f3r Lorosa'e (Tetum) Rep\u00fablica Democr\u00e1tica de Timor - Leste (Portuguese) Flag Coat of arms Motto: Unidade, Ac\u00e7\u00e3o, Progresso (Portuguese) Unidade, Asaun, Progresu (Tetum) (English: ``Unity, Action, Progress '') Anthem: P\u00e1tria (Portuguese) (English:`` Fatherland'') Capital and largest city Dili 8 \u00b0 20 \u2032 S 125 \u00b0 20 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 8.34 \u00b0 S 125.34 \u00b0 E \ufeff / - 8.34; 125.34 Coordinates: 8 \u00b0 20 \u2032 S 125 \u00b0 20 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 8.34 \u00b0 S 125.34 \u00b0 E \ufeff / - 8.34; 125.34 Official languages Tetum Portuguese National languages 15 languages (show) Atauru Baikeno Bekais Bunak Fataluku Galoli Habun Idalaka Kawaimina Kemak Makalero Makasae Makuva Mambai Tokodede Religion (2010) 96.9% Roman Catholic 3.1% other religions Demonym East Timorese Timorese Maubere (informal) Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic President Francisco Guterres Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri Legislature National Parliament Formation Portuguese Timor 16th century Independence declared 28 November 1975 Annexation by Indonesia 17 July 1976 Administered by UNTAET 25 October 1999 Independence restored 20 May 2002 Area Total 15,410 km (5,950 sq mi) (154th) Water (%) negligible Population 2015 census 1,167,242 Density 78 / km (202.0 / sq mi) GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate Total $4.567 billion Per capita $5,479 (148th) GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate Total $2.498 billion Per capita $3,330 HDI (2015) 0.605 medium 133rd Currency United States Dollar (USD) Time zone (UTC + 9) Drives on the left Calling code + 670 ISO 3166 code TL Internet TLD. tl Website timor-leste.gov.tl Fifteen further ``national languages ''are recognised by the Constitution. Centavo coins also used.. tp has been phased out."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kibirige Mayanja", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Kibirige Mayanja is the founder and first President of the Justice Forum party in Uganda. His first attempt at Politics was in 1994 when he contested for a Constituent Assembly (CA) seat in Kawempe North constituency, where he finished in second position. In 1996, the then little known Kibirige Mayanja took the country by surprise when he rose up to challenge President Yoweri Museveni for the country's presidency . True to his promise, he traversed the country in a three-man presidential bid, putting up a spirited campaign to the end of the race in which he obtained at least 2.5 percent of the valid votes cast, and finishing behind the leading two candidates, Yoweri K. Museveni and Ssemwogerere Paul Kawanga. A director of Planning and development at Makerere University at the time, Mayanja returned to his University job, and laid new strategies for recruiting supporters to his newly found Party, Justice Forum, famously called JEEMA by most Ugandans. He bounced back in the presidential race in 2001, which attracted a double number of candidates than the earlier one of 1996. In the 2001 elections, he completed in the fourth position. Ugandan Presidency ."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1948 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "States' Rights Democratic Party Ticket, 1948 Strom Thurmond Fielding L. Wright for President for Vice President 103rd Governor of South Carolina (1947 -- 1951) 49th & 50th Governor of Mississippi (1946 -- 1952) Campaign"}], "question": "Who is the president of the newly declared independent country formerly governed under the name of the territory where the Australian and Dutch guerilla campaign was led?"}
{"id": "3hop1__399043_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spanish flu", "paragraph_text": "The 1918 flu pandemic (January 1918 -- December 1920) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus. It infected 500 million people around the world, including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic, and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million (three to five percent of the world's population), making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history. Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century. A considerable spike occurred at the time of the pandemic, specifically the year 1918. Life expectancy in the United States alone dropped by about 12 years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spanish flu", "paragraph_text": "The 1918 influenza pandemic (January 1918\u00a0\u2013 December 1920; colloquially known as Spanish flu) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus. It infected 500\u00a0million people around the world, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic, and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100\u00a0million (three to five percent of Earth's human population at the time), making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pandemrix", "paragraph_text": "Pandemrix is an influenza vaccine for influenza pandemics, such as the 2009 flu pandemic. The vaccine was developed by GlaxoSmithKline and patented in September 2006."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pandemic (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "\"Pandemic\" is the tenth episode in the twelfth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 177th episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 22, 2008."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2009 flu pandemic in Europe", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 flu pandemic in Europe was part of a pandemic involving a new strain of influenza, subtype H1N1. H1N1 is commonly called swine flu. The pandemic infected at least 125,550 people in Europe. There were 458 confirmed deaths in Turkey, 438 confirmed deaths in Russia, and 457 confirmed deaths in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute", "paragraph_text": "The Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute was held in Hyde Park, London on 27 June 2008 to commemorate Nelson Mandela's ninetieth birthday (18 July). The concert formed part of the 46664 concert series to promote awareness of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and came twenty years after the 1988 Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Concert at Wembley, held while Mandela was still in prison."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the man who does the voice of Stan, on the series that includes the episode Pandemic?"}
{"id": "3hop1__602579_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kevin S. Huffman", "paragraph_text": "Kevin S. Huffman (born September 22, 1970) is an American lawyer and education administrator who was the Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Education. He was appointed to the position by Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam and served from April 2011 to January 2015. Prior to his work at the Tennessee Department of Education, Huffman held a senior management position in Teach for America and had worked as an attorney specializing in education."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eucha, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Eucha, pronounced \"oochee\", is a small rural community located in Delaware County, Oklahoma, United States, north of Lake Eucha. The Eucha Post Office was established November 20, 1900, in District 5 of the old Indian Territory. The community was named for \"Oochelata\", a principal chief of the Cherokees. Eucha, well known for its Indian culture, often has Indian taco sales."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Red River War", "paragraph_text": "The Red River War was a military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and forcibly relocate them to reservations in Indian Territory. Lasting only a few months, the war had several army columns crisscross the Texas Panhandle in an effort to locate, harass, and capture highly mobile Indian bands. Most of the engagements were small skirmishes in which neither side suffered many casualties. The war wound down over the last few months of 1874, as fewer and fewer Indian bands had the strength and supplies to remain in the field. Though the last significantly sized group did not surrender until mid-1875, the war marked the end of free - roaming Indian populations on the southern Great Plains."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people. Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory, in which he envisioned an all-Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alamnagar", "paragraph_text": "Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58\u00a0km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Joseph Martin (general)", "paragraph_text": "General Martin held many positions during his public life. As a very young man he first tried his hand at farming, next he worked for three years as an overseer on the huge plantation of his local Virginia kin, next he was a longhunter, and an explorer on the frontier for friend Patrick Henry, then an early pioneer and builder of Martin's Station in the \"wild west,\" a surveyor of the KY/NC and TN/VA borders, an Indian agent/Indian fighter for Patrick Henry, a member at peace treaties with the Indians, and along with Dr. Thomas Walker, Joseph Martin named the Cumberland region and the Cumberland River, he served as a member of the legislatures of Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina, he was lifelong friends with Gen. Thomas Sumter, he was also friends and brothers-in-law with Col. Benjamin Cleveland (both married Graves sisters), he was unsuccessfully nominated by Patrick Henry to the position of the first governor of the Southwest Territory, was the holder of some 80,000 acres across the Southeastern U.S. at one point. The city of Martinsville, Virginia, was named in his honor during his lifetime."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anna Rajam Malhotra", "paragraph_text": "Anna Rajam Malhotra (n\u00e9e George; 17 July 1927 -- 17 September 2018) was an Indian Administrative Service officer. She was the first woman in India to hold this position. Malhotra belonged to the 1951 batch of the IAS and married R.N. Malhotra, her batchmate."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Indian Fields", "paragraph_text": "The Indian Fields are a collection of historic sites in Brevard County, Florida. They are located on the southeast bank of Ruth Lake, approximately eight miles west of Titusville. On April 14, 1994, they were added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "James D. Gordon III", "paragraph_text": "James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Peter Mennin", "paragraph_text": "Peter Mennin (born Mennini) (May 17, 1923 in Erie, Pennsylvania \u2013 June 17, 1983 in New York City) was a prominent American composer, teacher and administrator. In 1958, he was named Director of the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore, and in 1962 became President of the Juilliard School, a position he held until his death in 1983. Under his leadership, Juilliard moved from Claremont Avenue to its present location at Lincoln Center. Mennin is responsible for the addition of drama and dance departments at Juilliard. He also started the Master Class Program, and brought many artists to teach including Maria Callas, Pierre Fournier and others."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jackson Beardy", "paragraph_text": "From 1982 through 1983, Jackson Beardy was senior arts advisor for the Federal Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, now known as Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. He developed the \"Indian Fine Arts Guide\" which outlined procedures for the acquisition of Indigenous art. Additionally during this time, he held the position of art advisor and cultural consultant for the Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma (/ \u02cco\u028akl\u0259\u02c8ho\u028am\u0259 / (listen); Pawnee: Uukuhu\u00fawa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyo\u02c0geh) is a state in the South Central region of the United States. It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning ``red people. ''It is also known informally by its nickname,`` The Sooner State,'' in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which dramatically increased European - American settlement in the Indian Territory. Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally as Okies, and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C.D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "What was the position held by the man who had the county where Indian Fields is located named after him?"}
{"id": "3hop1__403703_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Maureen Payne", "paragraph_text": "Maureen Payne (date of birth unknown, died 1997, South Africa) was a South Africa Test cricketer. She captained the side for their second series, played against New Zealand in 1971\u201372. She appeared in five Tests for South Africa, claiming eight wickets."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chef (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "Jerome ``Chef ''McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes. A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more level - headed than the other adult residents of the town, and sympathetic to the children. His guidance is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists -- Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick -- as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted. To an inadvertent fault, he frequently gives inappropriate advice, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kenny Dies", "paragraph_text": "\"Kenny Dies\" is the thirteenth and penultimate episode of the fifth season of the animated television series \"South Park\", and the 78th episode of the series overall. \"Kenny Dies\" originally aired in the United States on December 5, 2001 on Comedy Central. In the episode, Cartman comes across a truckload of fetuses he cannot sell thanks to a recent government ruling on stem cell research. When Kenny is diagnosed with a terminal illness, Cartman uses it to lobby Congress to restore stem cell research."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)", "paragraph_text": "After Albert and Ray arrive at their place, TJ sneaks out of their van, calls Matt, and tells him the address. Albert garrottes Ray in the basement, and goes back upstairs to find Matt, Kenny, and TJ. Matt overpowers and cuffs Albert. He leaves Albert for Kenny and calls a cab for TJ. While Kenny goes down in the basement, Albert frees himself. Matt goes back inside the house and finds Kenny's corpse. Albert attacks Matt, and after a brief fight, Matt kills him."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kenny Lake School", "paragraph_text": "Kenny Lake School is a public school in Alaska that was honored by the Blue Ribbon Schools Program in 2005. Kenny Lake serves students in grades 1 through 12 as well as preschool and early childhood education.. The school is a part of the Copper River School District."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ice King", "paragraph_text": "The Ice King is a character in the American animated television series Adventure Time. A supposedly evil wizard capable of creating and manipulating ice and snow, he is the self - proclaimed king of the Ice Kingdom, a land of ice he claimed as his own where he lives in the company of many penguins. Although technically an antagonist, he sometimes helps the main characters and is the protagonist of several episodes focusing on his struggles or backstory. The character is voiced by Tom Kenny."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Free Willzyx", "paragraph_text": "\"Free Willzyx\" ( ) is the thirteenth episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". The 138th overall episode, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 30, 2005. In the episode, Kyle, Stan, Cartman and Kenny go to an amusement park and a killer whale, which is being kept in a giant tank there, speaks to them, telling them that it will die if it is not returned to its real home on the moon. They attempt to do this, unaware that the whole thing is just a prank being played on them by workers at the amusement park. The episode parodies the \"Free Willy\" film."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mecha-Streisand", "paragraph_text": "\"Mecha-Streisand\" is the twelfth and penultimate episode of the first season of the American animated television series \"South Park\". It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 18, 1998. In the episode, Barbra Streisand obtains the Diamond of Panthios from Stan, Cartman, Kyle and Kenny, and transforms into a giant mechanical dinosaur called Mecha-Streisand. She is ultimately defeated by The Cure frontman Robert Smith, who himself transforms into a giant moth monster."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Kassir", "paragraph_text": "John Kassir (born October 24, 1957) is an American actor and voice actor. He is known as the voice of the Crypt Keeper in HBO's Tales from the Crypt franchise. Kassir is also known for his role as Ralph in the Off - Broadway show Reefer Madness, as well as its film adaptation, as well as his voice over work as Buster Bunny (taking over for Charlie Adler late in the final season of Tiny Toon Adventures), Ray ``Raymundo ''Rocket on Rocket Power, the mischievous raccoon Meeko in Pocahontas and its direct - to - video sequel, Jibolba in the Tak and the Power of Juju video game series, Pete Puma in The Looney Tunes Show, and Deadpool in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse and the Marvel: Ultimate Alliance series. He has also done the voice of Rizzo for the Spyro game, Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure, and voiced Ghost Roaster in Skylanders: Giants, as well as Short Cut in Skylanders: Trap Team and Pit Boss in Skylanders: Imaginators. He is also known for his various roles in season 1 of The Amanda Show. He voiced the Ice King in the original Adventure Time pilot but was replaced by Tom Kenny for the series. He also provided additional voice over work for Sonic the Hedgehog, Eek! The Cat, The Brothers Flub, Dead Rising, Casper's Scare School, Spider - Man 3, Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!, Diablo III, Monsters University, The Prophet, Halo 5: Guardians and The Secret Life of Pets."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "You Have 0 Friends", "paragraph_text": "\"You Have 0 Friends\" is the fourth episode of the 14th season of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 199th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 7, 2010. In the episode, Kyle, Cartman and Kenny make Stan a Facebook profile against his will and he becomes extremely frustrated with everyone asking him for friend requests. After he gets fed up with Facebook, Stan tries to delete his profile but is sucked into a virtual Facebook world. Meanwhile, Kyle starts trying to find ways to get more friends on Facebook after he drastically starts losing them due to his befriending of a third-grade friendless Facebook user, whom everyone considers a loser."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Karen Walker (Will & Grace)", "paragraph_text": "In the fourth season, Stan is jailed for tax evasion and tells Karen to date other men. She can not bring herself to do so until she meets rich bachelor Lionel Banks (Rip Torn), but just as their affair begins, Stan is released from jail. However, after Karen catches Stan with his mistress Lorraine Finster (Minnie Driver) -- a cafeteria worker at the prison -- the couple separate, and Karen moves into the Palace hotel. After beginning divorce proceedings at the end of the fifth season, Stan dies suddenly. Despite cruelly mocking him for years, Karen is genuinely saddened by his death."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the voice actor of Stan in the series the episode Kenny Dies is part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__715416_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bread and butter pudding", "paragraph_text": "Bread and butter pudding Bread and butter pudding and custard Alternative names Whitepot Type Pudding Place of origin United Kingdom Main ingredients Buttered bread, raisins, egg, milk or cream, nutmeg Cookbook: Bread and butter pudding Media: Bread and butter pudding"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18\u201323, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Raisins (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "\"Raisins\" is the fourteenth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series \"South Park\", and the 110th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on December 10, 2003."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jamieson Price", "paragraph_text": "Jamieson Kent Price (born April 28, 1961) is an American voice actor, best known for his deep and booming voice for numerous anime and video games. He is known as the voice of Largo the Black Lion in \"Tales of the Abyss\", Iron Tager from the \"BlazBlue\" series, the Count of Monte Cristo in \"Gankutsuou\", Ovan in \".hack//G.U.\", and Galbalan, the main villain of \"\" and Milton Grimm from \"Ever After High\". Price also had a part in the 2000 movie \"The Patriot\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Back to the Future characters", "paragraph_text": "The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin - off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Stephen Russell", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Russell is an American actor, writer, theater director, and voice actor best known for his voice acting in the \"Thief\" video game series as the protagonist Garrett and the Mister Handys in the \"Fallout\" series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}], "question": "The place of birth of who does the voice of stan on the series that Raisins is a part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__232986_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Back to the Future characters", "paragraph_text": "The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin - off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Andronikos V Palaiologos", "paragraph_text": "Andronikos V Palaiologos was the only known son of Emperor John VII Palaiologos and Irene Gattilusio, daughter of Francesco II Gattilusio. At the time of his birth John VII was Regent of the Byzantine Empire for his uncle Manuel II Palaiologos. At an unknown date, probably after his father settled in Thessalonica, Andronikos V was proclaimed nominal co-emperor, probably by 1403/1404. He predeceased his father, dying probably in 1407 and with that ended the furthest line of descent of Byzantine (co-)emperors possible from his dynasty's founder, Michael VIII."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Foxy by Proxy", "paragraph_text": "Foxy by Proxy is a 1952 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and directed by Friz Freleng. Mel Blanc voices Bugs Bunny and one of the dogs that talks in the short, while an uncredited Stan Freberg voices the large hound. This cartoon is considered a remake to \"Of Fox and Hounds\" from 1940; in fact, the opening sequence was \"borrowed\" directly from the original."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arnaud Joyet", "paragraph_text": "Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director. He plays Stan in the series \"Hero Corp\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Probably (South Park)", "paragraph_text": "\"Probably\" is the tenth episode of the fourth season of the animated television series \"South Park\", and the 58th episode of the series overall. \"Probably\" originally aired in the United States on July 26, 2000, on Comedy Central. The episode was rated TV-MA. It is the second part of a two-part episode, which concludes the story-line from \"Do the Handicapped Go to Hell?\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jamieson Price", "paragraph_text": "Jamieson Kent Price (born April 28, 1961) is an American voice actor, best known for his deep and booming voice for numerous anime and video games. He is known as the voice of Largo the Black Lion in \"Tales of the Abyss\", Iron Tager from the \"BlazBlue\" series, the Count of Monte Cristo in \"Gankutsuou\", Ovan in \".hack//G.U.\", and Galbalan, the main villain of \"\" and Milton Grimm from \"Ever After High\". Price also had a part in the 2000 movie \"The Patriot\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mike Goldman", "paragraph_text": "Mike Goldman (born 7 November 1972 in Brisbane, Queensland), is an Australian television and radio host and voice over, probably best known for his various roles on \"Big Brother Australia\" series. He has appeared in television roles, mini-series and films."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the voice actor of Stan in the series the episode Probably is part of?"}
{"id": "3hop1__430504_55349_651302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Michael Smith House", "paragraph_text": "Michael Smith House is a historic home located near Cedarville, Braxton County, West Virginia. The original section, measuring 22 feet by 19 feet, was built in 1848, and constructed of large hand-hewn logs supported by a foundation of rock pillars spaced about ten feet apart. In 1878, a log addition, 18 feet by 19 feet, was added to the west end of the log house. The house has a six-foot porch across the entire front. The house was built as part of a settlement of German immigrants."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "paragraph_text": "Steven Anita ``Steve ''Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of South Park cast members", "paragraph_text": "Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jacob Highbarger House", "paragraph_text": "The Jacob Highbarger House was built \"circa\" 1832 in Sharpsburg, Maryland, United States. The Greek Revival-influenced house is a late example of limestone construction in the Cumberland Valley of Maryland, with an attached log workshop. The log structure is an unusual example of corner-post log construction with diagonal bracing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gamla stan metro station", "paragraph_text": "Gamla stan metro station is a station of the Stockholm metro, located in the district of Gamla stan. It is served by the Red and the Green lines. The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the connection between Slussen and H\u00f6torget which thereby connected east and west parts of the green line. On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fru\u00e4ngen, was opened."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rapture's Delight", "paragraph_text": "\"Rapture's Delight\" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series \"American Dad!\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 13, 2009. This episode centers around Stan and Francine's life after the vast majority of the church, including Hayley and Steve, are raptured. When Stan begins to blame Francine for not getting into heaven, Francine ends their relationship and befriends a man whom she later finds out to be Jesus. Francine becomes his bride, leaving Stan behind to participate in the armageddon."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Over Logging", "paragraph_text": "\"Over Logging\" is the sixth episode in the twelfth season of the American animated series \"South Park\". The 173rd episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 16, 2008. In the episode, the Marsh family joins a mass-migration west when internet access starts to \"dry up\" in Colorado."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of American Dad! characters", "paragraph_text": "Barry Robinson (voiced by Eddie Kaye Thomas for the normal voice, Craig Ferguson for the evil voice) -- Steve's morbidly obese friend, who has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Stan disdains Barry, often impulsively yelling insults at him about his weight without even knowing why. Like Snot, Barry can speak Klingon and seems to be able to read Quenya. Barry apparently has a fetish for Miss Piggy. His borderline mentally retarded and innocent personality is the result of powerful anti-psychotic pills. In ``one episode ''after stopping his medication regimen, Barry turns into a deranged and demonic mastermind, speaking in a low - pitched voice`` like Gary Oldman'', framing Steve for the destruction of Stan's beloved commemorative plates. Barry did this in an attempt to replace Steve within his immediate family. Barry's madness grows worse over the episode, culminating with him trying to eliminate everyone that might get between himself and Stan. Steve ultimately tricks Barry into taking his medication, reverting him back to his usual self. This facet of his personality is hinted at when he helps Snot and Toshi beat up a drugged Steve and screams that they should kill Steve's whole family. Barry describes his parents as ignorant and implies that they engage in bondage sex play and smoke pot. Other statements about his parents imply that they abuse him or are negligent, making him sleep in their basement and often forgetting he is their son (and that they even have a son)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire", "paragraph_text": "\"A Pi\u00f1ata Named Desire\" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series \"American Dad!\". It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011. This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house. Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities. Stan insists that he is better at Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting. Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor. Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills. Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gemini Division", "paragraph_text": "Gemini Division is an American science fiction series of five- to seven-minute long episodes created by Electric Farm Entertainment which went into production in March 2008. Based on an original story by Brent Friedman the online series was developed by Joshua Stern. The show currently airs on NBC.com as part of their online content lineup. The series began August 18, 2008. The series stars Rosario Dawson, who worked with Electric Farm Entertainment on the Webby nominated cult internet series \"Afterworld\". J Alex Reed and Duane Loose will be showrunners, while Brent Friedman and Stan Rowgow serve as executive producers. The writing staff includes Brent Friedman, Andy Black, Lawrence Frank, and Jacqui Zambrano. Stan Rogow is also credited as Director and is presumed to direct a number of the episodes with the rest being directed by Neal Israel. Web content development is being managed by producers Ben Raab and Deric Hugues web content producers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Spider-Man (1967 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Spider - Man is an animated television series in the superhero fiction genre. It was the original animated TV series based on the Spider - Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artist Steve Ditko, and was jointly produced in Canada (voice acting) and the United States (animation). The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. Grantray - Lawrence Animation produced the first season, and seasons two and three were produced by Krantz Films in New York City. The show starred Paul Soles as Peter Parker (Spider - Man). The series ran from September 9, 1967, to June 14, 1970."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Buzz Lightyear", "paragraph_text": "Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Line Describing a Cone", "paragraph_text": "Line Describing a Cone is a film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his \"solid light\" film series. McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dian Bachar", "paragraph_text": "Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970 in Denver, Colorado) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as \"Cannibal! The Musical\" (George Noon), \"Orgazmo\" (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny \"Squeak\" Scolari in 1998's \"BASEketball\", as well as making the occasional appearance on \"South Park\". He appeared as an alien engineer in \"Galaxy Quest\". Although the bulk of his scenes were cut, he can be seen on the DVD's \"Special Features\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dog with a Blog", "paragraph_text": "The Voice of ``Stan ''(Stephen Full) is the James - Jennings family's new dog who blogs and talks. He keeps his secret of talking from Ellen and Bennett, and the only people who know that Stan can talk are Avery, Tyler, Chloe, Karl, and Grandma James. Stan hates noisy pomeranians and has a deep love of poodles. It is shown that Avery is his favorite child which is also based on the fact they talk to each other the most of the three kids. As shown in`` World of Woofcraft'', he likes the game ``Realm of the Tower ''. Although at times he seems almost human, he is still a dog and has many dog qualities and is very sensitive about it. Stan, while he does not like to admit it, is also part cat and blames the fact that his dog ancestor`` married'' his one cat ancestor because it was the 1970s. Stan has a beloved toy monkey named Robert who is his companion. Grandma James found Robert while cleaning the family room and announced that the toy was so disgustingly filthy, it was going straight to the trash. Stan panicked and shouted Robert's name right in front of her, exposing his secret and making Grandma James faint. Stan is also very sensitive about being called ``just a dog '', which Avery called him in the episode`` Stan Runs Away''. After a year of secretly writing a blog about his experiences with the family, Avery, Chloe, and Tyler soon discover Stan's blog in ``The Kids Find Out Stan Blogs ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Seed of Chucky", "paragraph_text": "Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky Jennifer Tilly as herself / the voice of Tiffany Billy Boyd as the voice of Glen Beans El - Balawi as Human Glen Kristina Hewitt as Human Glenda Redman as himself Hannah Spearritt as Joan John Waters as Pete Peters Jason Flemyng as himself / Santa Steve Lawton as Stan Tony Gardner as himself Rebecca Santos as Fulvia Keith - Lee Castle as Bill ``Psychs ''Sykes Paul Grossman as Little Boy Simon James Morgan as Richard Stephanie Chambers as Claudia's mom Betty Simons - Denville as Claudia"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jamieson Price", "paragraph_text": "Jamieson Kent Price (born April 28, 1961) is an American voice actor, best known for his deep and booming voice for numerous anime and video games. He is known as the voice of Largo the Black Lion in \"Tales of the Abyss\", Iron Tager from the \"BlazBlue\" series, the Count of Monte Cristo in \"Gankutsuou\", Ovan in \".hack//G.U.\", and Galbalan, the main villain of \"\" and Milton Grimm from \"Ever After High\". Price also had a part in the 2000 movie \"The Patriot\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dog Star Man", "paragraph_text": "Dog Star Man is a series of short experimental films, all directed by Stan Brakhage, featuring Jane Wodening. It was released during 1961 to 1964 and comprises a prelude and four parts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Not What He Seems", "paragraph_text": "\"Not What He Seems\" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American animated television series \"Gravity Falls\", created by Alex Hirsch. The episode was written by Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Jeff Rowe, Matt Chapman, and Hirsch, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. The series follows twelve-year-old twins Dipper (voiced by Jason Ritter) and Mabel Pines (voiced by Kristen Schaal), who stay for the summer with their great uncle Grunkle Stan (voiced by Hirsch) in a tourist trap called the Mystery Shack, set within the fictional town of Gravity Falls, Oregon. In this episode, Dipper and Mabel begin to question who Stan really is after officers arrest him for stealing chemical waste. The episode, which breaks the show's status quo by introducing Stan's long-lost twin brother, ends with a cliffhanger to the second half of the season."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jad Saxton", "paragraph_text": "J\u0101d Brennon Saxton (); is an American voice actress who works for Funimation and Sentai Filmworks. Her name is an acronym of her parents' names, Jimmi and David, and is pronounced as Jade. Her singing led to her first voice role in \"\" as Eimi Mori, and her first major voice role was Masako Hara in \"Ghost Hunt\". She graduated summa cum laude from Texas Wesleyan University with a Bachelor of Arts in Music in 2005. Some of her other major roles in anime include Akatsuki in \"Log Horizon\", Carla in \"Fairy Tail\", Hatchin in \"Michiko & Hatchin\", Sena Kashiwazaki in \"Haganai\", Haruna in \"Is This a Zombie?\", and Koneko Tojo in \"High School DxD\"."}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of the voice actor of Stan in the series the episode Over Logging is part of?"}
{"id": "4hop1__547765_638670_393328_714184", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harry Collinge High School", "paragraph_text": "Harry Collinge High School (HCHS) is a public high school located in Hinton, Alberta, Canada. Founded in 1957 as Hardisty School, it was renamed in 1969 as Harry Collinge High School after Harry Collinge, the first manager of North Western Pulp and Power (now Hinton Pulp - A Division of West Fraser Mills Ltd)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Flag of New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "The flag is based on the defaced British Blue Ensign with the state badge located in the fly. The badge, based on the coat of arms, is a white disc with the cross of St George, a golden lion passant guardant in the centre of the cross and an eight-pointed gold star on each arm of the cross."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Blue Ensign", "paragraph_text": "The Blue Ensign is a flag, one of several British ensigns, used by certain organisations or territories associated with the United Kingdom. It is used either plain or defaced with a badge or other emblem."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Spring High School", "paragraph_text": "Spring High School is a public high school located in the Spring census-designated place in unincorporated Harris County, Texas, United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ashland Community High School", "paragraph_text": "Ashland Community High School was located in Ashland, Maine, USA. It was part of Maine School Administrative District 32, or MSAD\u00a032, which serves Ashland, Garfield Plantation, Masardis, Oxbow, Portage Lake and Sheridan, Maine. There was a student population of 200 in school grades 7\u201312, with eighteen faculty members as well as administrators, a counselor and three support personnel. The school had achieved accredited status with the New England Association of Schools and Colleges."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hinton, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Hinton is a suburb of the Port Stephens local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. Primarily rural, the largest population centre is the township of Hinton, which is situated on the Paterson River, near to the confluence of the Hunter and Paterson rivers."}], "question": "The flag of the territory that Harry Collinge High School is located in is a subclass of what?"}
{"id": "4hop1__382587_227558_618865_785009", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mingaladon Township", "paragraph_text": "Mingaladon Township ( ) is located in the northernmost part of Yangon, Myanmar. The township comprises 31 wards, and shares borders with Hmawbi Township in the north, North Okkalapa Township in the east, Insein Township and Shwepyitha Township in the west, and Mayangon Township in the south. Mingaladon is still relatively undeveloped and lacks basic municipal services."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Town Hill", "paragraph_text": "Town Hill is a mountain range located in Allegany County, Maryland and Bedford and Fulton Counties in Pennsylvania. Its southern end is 2.25 miles northwest of Kiefer in Allegany County. It trends northeasterly, and ends about 1.5 miles south of the town of Emmaville in Fulton County. Its highest elevation is 2000 feet."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kon Tum Province", "paragraph_text": "Kon Tum Province lies in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam and shares borders with Laos and Cambodia. It has an area of 9,934 square km and a population of approximately 530,000. The economy is primarily agricultural."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Amman Governorate", "paragraph_text": "The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "George B. Throop", "paragraph_text": "George Bliss Throop (April 12, 1793 in Johnstown, then in Montgomery Co., now in Fulton County, New York \u2013 February 23, 1854 in Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan) was an American lawyer and politician from New York and Michigan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "North Wales, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "North Wales is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a suburb of Philadelphia, and is one of the three historic population centers that make up the North Penn Valley, which is centered around the borough of Lansdale. The population was 3,250 as of the 2017 census."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple", "paragraph_text": "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada, popularly known as Peruviruthy Malanada or Malanada is the only Duryodhana Temple in South India. It is located at Edakkad Ward (Kara) of Poruvazhy village in Kunnathoor Taluk of Kollam district (Kerala State), India. This place is the northern border of Kollam district which Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha districts share the boundaries. The temple is located equidistant from Adoor (M C Road) to the Northeast and Sasthamcottah to the Southeast. It is also reachable from Kayamkulam and Karunagappally on the NH 47 and Kottarakkara (via Puthoor or Enathu) on the MC road (approximately 25\u00a0km from each centre)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Christie Shaner", "paragraph_text": "Christie Shaner (born September 7, 1984, in North Wales, Pennsylvania) is an American soccer defender who last played for Pali Blues of USL W-League."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alexey Chernyshyov", "paragraph_text": "Alexey Andreyevich Chernyshyov (; b.\u00a0March\u00a029, 1939) is the governor of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. He is a member of the Agrarian Party of Russia. He became the head of the oblast government in 1999. Chernyshyov is active in promoting Russia-Kazakhstan trade as Orenburg Oblast shares a long border with Kazakhstan."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county sharing a border with the county where Christie Shaner was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__770704_25305_25311_3498", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Texaco", "paragraph_text": "Texaco, Inc. (\"The Texas Company\") is an American oil subsidiary of Chevron Corporation. Its flagship product is its fuel \"Texaco with Techron\". It also owns the Havoline motor oil brand. Texaco was an independent company until its refining operations merged into Chevron Corporation in 2001, at which time most of its station franchises were divested to the Shell Oil Company. It began as the Texas Fuel Company, founded in 1901 in Beaumont, Texas, by Joseph S. Cullinan, Thomas J. Donoghue, Walter Benona Sharp, and Arnold Schlaet upon the discovery of oil at Spindletop."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Angelli Spumante & Aperitive", "paragraph_text": "Angelli Spumante & Aperitive is one of the most important producers of alcoholic beverages in Romania, holder of the Angelli brand, leader on the sparkling wine market with a 70% share. The company is based in Bucharest. It was established in 1994 as \"Astese Production SRL\" but changed its name to Angelli Spumante & Aperitive in 2009. The company owns a production facility located in Bucharest, that was built in 1999 with a capacity of 80,000 bottles per day."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Telecinco Cinema", "paragraph_text": "Telecinco Cinema, S.A.U. is a Spanish film production company owned by Mediaset Espa\u00f1a Comunicaci\u00f3n. It produces both feature films and television films."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lost in Beijing", "paragraph_text": "\"Lost in Beijing\" was produced by Laurel Films, a small independent production company owned by Fang Li and based in Beijing, and is being released internationally by the French company Films Distribution. Distribution in the United States was picked up by New Yorker Films."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Peavey Memorial Library", "paragraph_text": "Peavey Memorial Library is an historic public library in downtown Eastport, Maine, United States. Built in 1893, it was named for Albert Peavey, an Eastport resident whose son, Frank Peavey, left Eastport and eventually owned a major grain company in Minnesota in the late 1800s. Frank Peavey left money to Eastport for the establishment of the Peavey Memorial Library in his father's honor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Four Star Television", "paragraph_text": "Four Star Television, also called Four Star International, was an American television production company. The company was founded in 1952 as Four Star Productions, by prominent Hollywood actors Dick Powell, David Niven, Charles Boyer, and Joel McCrea, after they were inspired by Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz founded Desilu Productions a year earlier. McCrea left Four Star soon after its founding to continue acting in film, television and radio, before being replaced with Ida Lupino as the fourth star, even though Lupino did not own any stock in the company."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Short's Brewing Company", "paragraph_text": "Short's Brewing Company is a brewpub and microbrewery in Bellaire, Michigan, United States. Registered in 2002, the company opened its pub in 2004. In 2008, a production facility in Elk Rapids, Michigan was purchased and renovated to accommodate larger scale batches. July 2017, Short's announced it sold 19.9% of the company to Lagunitas Brewing Company, who in turn is owned by brewing giant Heineken International."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tundra Publishing", "paragraph_text": "Tundra Publishing was a Northampton, Massachusetts-based comic book publisher founded by Kevin Eastman in 1990. The company was founded to provide a venue for adventurous, creator-owned work by talented cartoonists and illustrators. Its publications were noted in the trade for their high production values, including glossy paper stock, full-color printing, and square binding. Tundra was one of the earlier creator-owned companies, before the formation of Image Comics and Dark Horse Comics' Legends imprint."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A Very Long Engagement", "paragraph_text": "\"A Very Long Engagement\" was filmed entirely in France over an 18-month period, with about 30 French actors, approximately 500 French technicians and more than 2,000 French extras. Right before the film's New York City and Hollywood debut, the film's production company (\"2003 Productions\"), which is one-third owned by Warner Brothers and two-thirds owned by Warner France, was ruled an American production company by a French court, denying the studio $4.8 million in government incentives. The ruling is consistent with the fact that Warner France is owned by Warner Spain, which is owned by Warner Nederland, itself a subsidiary of Warner Brothers. Warner Independent themselves released the film in the United States, and was released in the United States on VHS and DVD on July 12, 2005. It is known for being Warner Independent (The company themselves) final VHS release known."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Intermezzo (1939 film)", "paragraph_text": "Intermezzo (also called Intermezzo: A Love Story) (1939) is a romantic film made in the US by Selznick International Pictures and nominated for two Academy Awards. It was directed by Gregory Ratoff and produced by David O. Selznick. It is a remake of the Swedish film \"Intermezzo\" (1936) and features multiple orchestrations of the Heinz Provost's piece of the same name, which won a contest associated with the original film's production. The screenplay by George O'Neil was based on the screenplay of the original film by G\u00f6sta Stevens and Gustaf Molander. The scoring by Lou Forbes was nominated for an Academy Award, and music credit was given to Robert Russell Bennett, Max Steiner, Heinz Provost, and Christian Sinding. The cinematography by Gregg Toland who replaced Harry Stradling was also nominated for an Academy Award."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "SModcast Pictures", "paragraph_text": "SModcast Pictures is an American film distribution company and a film and television production company founded by Kevin Smith in 2011. Kevin Smith announced at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival that he would release his latest movie \"Red State\" himself under his own distribution company \"SModcast Pictures\" by touring the film instead of having a traditional release."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Garden State Life Insurance Company", "paragraph_text": "Garden State Life Insurance Company is a small direct life insurance company located in League City, Texas. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Galveston, Texas based American National Insurance Company."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rhythm in the Air", "paragraph_text": "Rhythm in the Air is a 1936 British comedy dance film directed by Arthur B. Woods and starring husband and wife dance partnership American Jack Donohue and Norwegian Tutta Rolf. The film was a quota quickie production, written by Donohue in collaboration with Vina de Vesci, and was reportedly largely autobiographical, as the events in the film closely mirrored Donohue own experience of coming to be a dancer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted \"The American Idol Experience\" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the Idol set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real Idol judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a \"finals\" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a \"Dream Ticket\" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future American Idol audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "GOVECS", "paragraph_text": "GOVECS GmbH, headquartered in Munich, Germany, manufactures a variety of electric vehicles distributed under its own brand or developed and produced for other brands. Production of all vehicles takes place in the company\u2019s own factory in Wroclaw, Poland. The main product line is one of electric scooters marketed to private users as well as to fleet operators, such as delivery services, in a transport version under the GOVECS GO! brand. The company markets its GOVECS GO! electric scooters in the US and 17 European countries. The core markets are Germany, France, Spain, and Portugal, as well as the Benelux countries. According to the company, it delivers some 3.500 vehicles every year, pursuing a strong growth course."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Test the Nation", "paragraph_text": "Test the Nation is a television programme, first broadcast in 2001 by BNN in the Netherlands where the concept is owned by Eyeworks Holding who license it to TV production companies around the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through Sony Pictures Television); distribution of 20th Century Fox's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television, and the Walt Disney Studios (owned by The Walt Disney Company) has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Classic films released by 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Columbia Pictures are licensed individually for broadcast on Turner Classic Movies."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vertical integration", "paragraph_text": "In microeconomics and management, vertical integration is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market - specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It is contrasted with horizontal integration, wherein a company produces several items which are related to one another. Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership, but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s when the Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its own steel rather than buying it from suppliers)."}], "question": "What company partnered with the owner of the company that owns the Intermezzo production company's library for The American Idol Experience?"}
{"id": "4hop1__770704_25305_25311_80324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dan Jinks", "paragraph_text": "Dan Jinks is an American film and television producer. In February 2010, Jinks launched his own film and television production company, the Dan Jinks Company. In July 2011, he signed an overall deal with CBS Television Studios."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Learning Company", "paragraph_text": "The Learning Company (TLC) was an American educational software company owned by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The company produced a grade-based system of learning software and tools to improve productivity. Products for preschoolers through second graders included \"Reader Rabbit\", and software for more advanced students included \"The ClueFinders\". The company was also known for publishing licensed educational titles featuring characters such as Arthur, Scooby-Doo, \"Zoboomafoo\", and \"Caillou\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Reese's Peanut Butter Cups", "paragraph_text": "Reese's Peanut Butter Cups Product type Confectionery Owner The Hershey Company (H.B. Reese Candy Company) Country United States Introduced 1928 Markets Worldwide Previous owners H.B. Reese Tagline Reese's... perfect Website www.reeses.com"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Intermezzo (1939 film)", "paragraph_text": "Intermezzo (also called Intermezzo: A Love Story) (1939) is a romantic film made in the US by Selznick International Pictures and nominated for two Academy Awards. It was directed by Gregory Ratoff and produced by David O. Selznick. It is a remake of the Swedish film \"Intermezzo\" (1936) and features multiple orchestrations of the Heinz Provost's piece of the same name, which won a contest associated with the original film's production. The screenplay by George O'Neil was based on the screenplay of the original film by G\u00f6sta Stevens and Gustaf Molander. The scoring by Lou Forbes was nominated for an Academy Award, and music credit was given to Robert Russell Bennett, Max Steiner, Heinz Provost, and Christian Sinding. The cinematography by Gregg Toland who replaced Harry Stradling was also nominated for an Academy Award."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Very Long Engagement", "paragraph_text": "\"A Very Long Engagement\" was filmed entirely in France over an 18-month period, with about 30 French actors, approximately 500 French technicians and more than 2,000 French extras. Right before the film's New York City and Hollywood debut, the film's production company (\"2003 Productions\"), which is one-third owned by Warner Brothers and two-thirds owned by Warner France, was ruled an American production company by a French court, denying the studio $4.8 million in government incentives. The ruling is consistent with the fact that Warner France is owned by Warner Spain, which is owned by Warner Nederland, itself a subsidiary of Warner Brothers. Warner Independent themselves released the film in the United States, and was released in the United States on VHS and DVD on July 12, 2005. It is known for being Warner Independent (The company themselves) final VHS release known."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "KUZZ", "paragraph_text": "KUZZ (550 AM) and KUZZ-FM (107.9 FM) are American radio stations licensed to serve Bakersfield, California, United States. The stations are owned by Buck Owens Production Company (which is controlled by the estate of Buck Owens) and the licenses are held by Owens One Company Inc."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vertical integration", "paragraph_text": "In microeconomics and management, vertical integration is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market - specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It is contrasted with horizontal integration, wherein a company produces several items which are related to one another. Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership, but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s when the Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its own steel rather than buying it from suppliers)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "paragraph_text": "Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through Sony Pictures Television); distribution of 20th Century Fox's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television, and the Walt Disney Studios (owned by The Walt Disney Company) has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Classic films released by 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Columbia Pictures are licensed individually for broadcast on Turner Classic Movies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Toblerone", "paragraph_text": "Toblerone (; German: ) is a Swiss chocolate bar brand currently owned by US confectionery company Mondel\u0113z International, Inc., which was formerly Kraft Foods, the company that acquired the product from former owner Jacobs Suchard in 1990. It is produced in the capital city of Switzerland, Bern, and the bear symbol of the city is still visible in the logo. Toblerone is known for its distinctive shape, which involves a series of joined triangular prisms."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Steve Bisciotti", "paragraph_text": "Stephen J. Bisciotti (born April 10, 1960) is the current majority owner of the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League. He founded a family of technical staffing companies known as Allegis Group, which owns Maxim Healthcare, Aerotek, Aston Carter, and TEKsystems."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Piping Technology and Products", "paragraph_text": "Piping Technology and Products is a privately owned pipe support manufacturing and engineering company headquartered in Houston, Texas, United States. Its wholly owned subsidiaries are US Bellows, Sweco Fab, Fronek Anchor/Darling Enterprise, and Pipe Shields. These companies provide pipe supports, expansion joints, shock and vibration controls, and pre-insulated supports to a variety of industries including LNG, chemical, petrochemical, pulp & paper, and aerospace."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WFPL", "paragraph_text": "WFPL is a 24-hour listener-supported, noncommercial radio station in Louisville, Kentucky, broadcasting at 89.3\u00a0MHz and focusing on news. The station is the flagship National Public Radio station for the Louisville market. WFPL is now owned by Louisville Public Media and was originally owned by the Louisville Free Public Library. When the station came on the air in 1950, it was the first library-owned radio station in the country."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tundra Publishing", "paragraph_text": "Tundra Publishing was a Northampton, Massachusetts-based comic book publisher founded by Kevin Eastman in 1990. The company was founded to provide a venue for adventurous, creator-owned work by talented cartoonists and illustrators. Its publications were noted in the trade for their high production values, including glossy paper stock, full-color printing, and square binding. Tundra was one of the earlier creator-owned companies, before the formation of Image Comics and Dark Horse Comics' Legends imprint."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lost in Beijing", "paragraph_text": "\"Lost in Beijing\" was produced by Laurel Films, a small independent production company owned by Fang Li and based in Beijing, and is being released internationally by the French company Films Distribution. Distribution in the United States was picked up by New Yorker Films."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Walt Disney Company", "paragraph_text": "The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Studios corporate headquarters in Burbank, California Formerly Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio (1923 -- 1929) The Walt Disney Studio (1929 -- 1940) Walt Disney Productions (1940 -- 1986) Type Public Traded as NYSE: DIS DJIA Component S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Mass media Entertainment Predecessor Laugh - O - Gram Studio Founded October 16, 1923; 94 years ago (1923 - 10 - 16) Founders Walt Disney Roy O. Disney Headquarters 500 South Buena Vista Street, Burbank, California, United States Area served Worldwide Key people Bob Iger (Chairman and CEO) Products Cable television, publishing, films, music, video games, amusement parks, broadcasting, radio, web portals Services Licensing Revenue US $55.137 billion (2017) Operating income US $14.775 billion (2017) Net income US $8.980 billion (2017) Total assets US $95.789 billion (2017) Total equity US $45.004 billion (2017) Number of employees 199,000 (September 30, 2017) Divisions Walt Disney Studios Disney Media Networks Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products Walt Disney Direct - to - Consumer and International Subsidiaries Marvel Entertainment Website www.thewaltdisneycompany.com"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Test the Nation", "paragraph_text": "Test the Nation is a television programme, first broadcast in 2001 by BNN in the Netherlands where the concept is owned by Eyeworks Holding who license it to TV production companies around the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gourmet (supermarket)", "paragraph_text": "Gourmet is a supermarket in Hong Kong owned by AS Watson, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hutchison Whampoa Limited. It has a branch in Lee Gardens, Causeway Bay, which was opened in 2005 based on the re-decoration of Park'n Shop, Gourmet's sister company. Its main customers are middle-class families. Its retail products are similar to those in Park'n Shop and Taste."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "GOVECS", "paragraph_text": "GOVECS GmbH, headquartered in Munich, Germany, manufactures a variety of electric vehicles distributed under its own brand or developed and produced for other brands. Production of all vehicles takes place in the company\u2019s own factory in Wroclaw, Poland. The main product line is one of electric scooters marketed to private users as well as to fleet operators, such as delivery services, in a transport version under the GOVECS GO! brand. The company markets its GOVECS GO! electric scooters in the US and 17 European countries. The core markets are Germany, France, Spain, and Portugal, as well as the Benelux countries. According to the company, it delivers some 3.500 vehicles every year, pursuing a strong growth course."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Peavey Memorial Library", "paragraph_text": "Peavey Memorial Library is an historic public library in downtown Eastport, Maine, United States. Built in 1893, it was named for Albert Peavey, an Eastport resident whose son, Frank Peavey, left Eastport and eventually owned a major grain company in Minnesota in the late 1800s. Frank Peavey left money to Eastport for the establishment of the Peavey Memorial Library in his father's honor."}], "question": "Who owns the company that owns the film Intermezzo?"}
{"id": "4hop1__830110_202077_391232_769830", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kosterhavet National Park", "paragraph_text": "Kosterhavet National Park is the first national marine park in Sweden, inaugurated on September 2009. It is part of the Skagerrak sea and is located in Str\u00f6mstad and Tanum municipalities in Bohusl\u00e4n, V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland County, Sweden. It consists of the sea and shores around the Koster Islands, excluding everything else on the islands. In the north, it borders the Norwegian marine park of Ytre Hvaler."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "K\u00f6nigssee", "paragraph_text": "Situated within the Berchtesgaden Alps in the municipality of Sch\u00f6nau am K\u00f6nigsee, just south of Berchtesgaden and the Austrian city of Salzburg, the K\u00f6nigssee is Germany's third deepest lake. Located at a Jurassic rift, it was formed by glaciers during the last ice age. It stretches about in a north-south direction, and is about across at its widest point. Except at its outlet, the K\u00f6nigsseer Ache at the village of K\u00f6nigssee, the lake is similar to a fjord, being surrounded by the steeply-rising flanks of mountains up to , including the Watzmann massif in the west."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hubert Marischka", "paragraph_text": "Hubert Marischka (27 August 1882 \u2013 4 December 1959), brother of Ernst Marischka, was an Austrian operetta tenor, actor, film director and screenwriter."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Toni Kurz", "paragraph_text": "Toni Kurz was born on 13 January 1913 in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria, Germany, where he was raised. He completed a brief apprenticeship as a pipefitter before joining the German \"Wehrmacht\" in 1934 as a professional soldier. Together with his childhood friend Andreas Hinterstoisser, he made numerous first ascents of peaks in the Berchtesgaden Alps, including some of the most difficult climbs of that time. The two young men climbed the southwest wall of the Berchtesgadener Hochthron in 1934, and the south wall of the straight pillar in 1936. They also made first ascents in the Reiter Alpe on the German\u2013Austrian border, and of the direct southern route up the Watzmannkinder in the Watzmann in 1935."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Berchtesgaden National Park", "paragraph_text": "Berchtesgaden National Park is in the south of Germany, on its border with Austria, in the municipalities of Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden and Sch\u00f6nau am K\u00f6nigsee, Berchtesgadener Land, Free State of Bavaria. The national park was established in 1978 to protect the landscapes of the Berchtesgaden Alps. Headquartered in the town of Berchtesgaden, the park was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1990."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "National Parks of Canada", "paragraph_text": "National Parks of Canada are protected natural spaces throughout the country that represent distinct geographical regions of the nation. Under the administration of Parks Canada, a government branch, National Parks allow for public enjoyment without compromising the area for future generations, including the management of wildlife and habitat within the ecosystems of the park. Within Parks Canada's administration is a wide range of protected areas, encompassing National Historic Sites, National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCA), and National Park Reserves."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Songnisan National Park", "paragraph_text": "Songnisan National Park (, sometimes spelled \"Sokrisan\") is located in the center of the Sobaek Mountains range, on the border between the provinces of Chungcheongbuk-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. The area comprises the valleys of Hwayang, Seonyu, and Ssanggok and the mountain Songnisan, which has given the park its name. It was designated as the country's 6th national park in 1970. The park's most popular attraction is one of Korea's largest temples, the Buddhist temple Beopjusa, initially constructed in 653."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bald Rock National Park", "paragraph_text": "Bald Rock National Park is a national park in northern New South Wales, Australia, just north of Tenterfield on the Queensland border. The border passes over the rock on the Western side. On the other side of the border national park continues as the Girraween National Park."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Season in Salzburg (1952 film)", "paragraph_text": "Season in Salzburg (German:Saison in Salzburg) is a 1952 Austrian musical film directed by Ernst Marischka and starring Johanna Matz, Adrian Hoven and Walter M\u00fcller. It is based on the operetta \"Season in Salzburg\" by Fred Raymond, Kurt Feltz and Max Wallner. It depicts a number of misunderstandings during the musical season in Salzburg."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Northwest Territories", "paragraph_text": "Located in northern Canada, the territory borders Canada's two other territories, Yukon to the west and Nunavut to the east, as well as three provinces: British Columbia to the southwest, and Alberta and Saskatchewan to the south. It possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has a land area of 1,183,085 km2 (456,792 sq mi).Geographical features include Great Bear Lake, the largest lake entirely within Canada, and Great Slave Lake, the deepest body of water in North America at 614 m (2,014 ft), as well as the Mackenzie River and the canyons of the Nahanni National Park Reserve, a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island, and parts of Victoria Island and Melville Island. Its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m (9,098 ft)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miami Marlins", "paragraph_text": "The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2011 season at Joe Robbie Stadium, which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). The stadium was later called Pro Player Park, Pro Player Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, Dolphins Stadium, Land Shark Stadium, and Sun Life Stadium during their tenancy. Since the 2012 season, they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami, on the site of the former Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. The new park, unlike Sun Life Stadium (which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations), was designed foremost as a baseball park. The new park's name is a temporary one until naming rights are purchased. Per an agreement with the city and Miami - Dade County (which owns the park), the Marlins officially changed their name to the ``Miami Marlins ''on November 11, 2011. They also adopted a new logo, color scheme, and uniforms."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Katavi National Park", "paragraph_text": "Katavi National Park is a Tanzanian national park created in 1974 and is located in Katavi Region, Tanzania. It is a very remote park that is less frequently visited than other Tanzanian national parks. The park is approximately in area, which makes it the third largest national park in Tanzania. The park encompasses the Katuma River and the seasonal Lake Katavi and Lake Chada floodplains."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Troutbeck, Manicaland", "paragraph_text": "Troutbeck is a village in the province of Manicaland, Zimbabwe located in the Eastern Highlands on the northern border of Nyanga National Park and situated on a highland plateau at an altitude of about 2100m."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Chown", "paragraph_text": "Mount Chown is Alberta's 36th highest peak. It is named after the Reverend Samuel Dwight Chown. It is located in the northwest corner of Jasper National Park on the border with the Willmore Wilderness Park. It lies between two glaciers the Chown Glacier and the Resthaven Glacier."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}], "question": "The Berchtesgaden National Park is found in land that neighbors a certain city. Who is the sibling of the screenwriter of the film Season in this certain city?"}
{"id": "4hop1__369368_670737_423982_8583", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stephen Holmes (CIA)", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Holmes (also known as Steven Hall) is a CIA officer who, as of 2013, was the Station Chief at the Embassy of the United States in Moscow, the top U.S. intelligence representative with Russia. Holmes's identity was revealed on May 17, 2013 by FSB in retaliation for Ryan Fogle's alleged attempts to recruit agents for the US."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Golden Cockerel", "paragraph_text": "The Golden Cockerel (, \"Zolotoy petushok\") is an opera in three acts, with short prologue and even shorter epilogue, composed by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Its libretto written by Vladimir Belsky derives from Alexander Pushkin's 1834 poem \"The Tale of the Golden Cockerel\". The opera was completed in 1907 and premiered in 1909 in Moscow, after the composer's death. Outside Russia it has often been performed in French as \"Le coq d'or\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yakiv Yatsynevych", "paragraph_text": "He studied with Mykola Lysenko in Kiev. From 1903 to 1906, he conducted the men's choir at Kiev University and a mixed choir at Odessa (1925-30). His works include the Symphony \"Year 1905,\" the Oratoria \"Skorbna Maty\" (with words by Pavlo Tychyna), church music (\"Sluzhba Bozha,\" Cantatas on the Themes of St. George, Basil, Peter, and Paul), choral works, and about 200 songs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lists of countries by mineral production", "paragraph_text": "Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mercury China Mexico List of countries by mercury production Mica India Russia Mica Nickel Philippines Russia Niobium Brazil Canada Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa (tied) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tara Hills, California", "paragraph_text": "Tara Hills is a census-designated place (CDP) in Contra Costa County, California, United States. The population was 5,126 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1964 Moscow protest", "paragraph_text": "On 18 March 1964 approximately 50 Moroccan students broke into the embassy of Morocco in the Soviet Union in Moscow and staged an all\u2010day sit-in protesting against death sentences handed down by a Moroccan court in Rabat four days earlier. The death sentences concerned 11 people who allegedly attempted to assassinate Moroccan King Hassan II."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia \u2013 such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Embassy of Canada in Moscow", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of Canada to Russia in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of Canada to Russia. Included in its mandate are the countries of Armenia and Uzbekistan. It also provides visa services to residents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "\u00d3lchobar mac Cin\u00e1eda", "paragraph_text": "\u00d3lchobar mac Cin\u00e1eda (died 851) was King of Munster from 847 until his death. He may be the \"king of the Irish\" who sent an embassy to Frankish Emperor Charles the Bald announcing a series of victories over Vikings in Ireland in 848."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lists of countries by mineral production", "paragraph_text": "Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mercury China Mexico List of countries by mercury production Mica China Russia List of countries by mica production Nickel Philippines Russia List of countries by nickel production Niobium Brazil Canada List of countries by niobium production Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa (tied) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Japanese embassy hostage crisis", "paragraph_text": "The Japanese embassy hostage crisis began on 17 December 1996 in Lima, Peru, when 14 members of the T\u00fapac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) took hostage hundreds of high-level diplomats, government and military officials and business executives who were attending a party at the official residence of the Japanese ambassador to Peru, Morihisa Aoki, in celebration of Emperor Akihito's 63rd birthday. Although strictly speaking the crisis took place at the ambassadorial residence in the upscale district of San Isidro rather than at the embassy proper, the media and others referred to it as the \"Japanese embassy\" hostage crisis, and that is how it is conventionally known."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Year of Living Dangerously (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film stars Mel Gibson as Australian journalist Guy Hamilton, and Sigourney Weaver as British Embassy officer Jill Bryant. It also stars Linda Hunt as the male dwarf Billy Kwan, Hamilton's local photographer contact, a role for which Hunt won the 1983 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. The film was shot in both Australia and the Philippines and includes Australian actors Bill Kerr as Colonel Henderson and Noel Ferrier as Wally O'Sullivan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Taras Bulba (opera)", "paragraph_text": "Taras Bulba is an opera in four acts by the Ukrainian composer Mykola Lysenko. The libretto was written by Mykhailo Starytsky (the composer's cousin) after the novel \"Taras Bulba\" by Nikolai Gogol. The opera, which was unrevised at the time of the composer's death in 1912, was first performed in 1924. Present-day performances are however based on thorough revisions, affecting the text, the music and the orchestration, carried out in the 1930s and 1950s."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Rebel Son", "paragraph_text": "The Rebel Son, The Barbarian and the Lady or The Rebel Son of Taras Bulba is a 1938 British film, notable as the first film appearance of Patricia Roc. It is a re-working by Alexander Korda of Granowski's 1935 French film adaptation of the Ukrainian novel \"Taras Bulba\" by Nikolai Gogol, set in the 17th century Ukraine."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Invocation of My Demon Brother", "paragraph_text": "Invocation of My Demon Brother (1969) is an 11-minute film directed, edited, and photographed by Kenneth Anger. The music was composed by Mick Jagger playing a Moog synthesizer. It was filmed in San Francisco at the Straight Theater on Haight Street and the William Westerfeld House (the former \"Russian Embassy\" nightclub)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "\u0218imand", "paragraph_text": "\u0218imand () is a commune in Arad County, Romania. It is situated in the contact zone of the Aradului and Cri\u0219urilor Plateaus, on the Morilor Ditch and stretches over 10,089 hectares. It is composed of a single village, \u0218imand, situated at 30\u00a0km from Arad."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Russia", "paragraph_text": "Judiciary: The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the President, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term, but not for a third consecutive term). Ministries of the government are composed of the Premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). Leading political parties in Russia include United Russia, the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, and A Just Russia. In 2017, Russia was ranked as 135th of 167 countries in the Democracy Index, compiled by The Economist Intelligence Unit, while the World Justice Project, as of 2014, ranked Russia 80th of 99 countries surveyed in terms of rule of law."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jire\u010dek Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period \u2013 although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Taras Bulba (2009 film)", "paragraph_text": "Taras Bulba () is a historical drama film, based on the novel \"Taras Bulba\" by Nikolai Gogol. The movie was filmed on different locations in Ukraine such as Zaporizhia, Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilsky as well as in Poland. The official release was rescheduled several times; at first for the spring of 2008 but was finally released on April 2, 2009, to coincide with Gogol\u2019s bicentennial. The author's edition of 1842 (considered more pro-Russian), expanded and rewritten (into the text most readers know), was used for the film."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Embassy of Russia in Kiev", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of Russia in Kiev is the diplomatic mission of the Russian Federation to Ukraine. The chancery is located at 27 Povitroflotskyi Prospekt in Ukraine's capital Kiev."}], "question": "Who did the Slavs have contact with in the country where an Embassy of Russia is located in the city where Taras Bulba's composer died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__369368_670737_423982_36424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Embassy of Canada in Moscow", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of Canada to Russia in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of Canada to Russia. Included in its mandate are the countries of Armenia and Uzbekistan. It also provides visa services to residents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yakiv Yatsynevych", "paragraph_text": "He studied with Mykola Lysenko in Kiev. From 1903 to 1906, he conducted the men's choir at Kiev University and a mixed choir at Odessa (1925-30). His works include the Symphony \"Year 1905,\" the Oratoria \"Skorbna Maty\" (with words by Pavlo Tychyna), church music (\"Sluzhba Bozha,\" Cantatas on the Themes of St. George, Basil, Peter, and Paul), choral works, and about 200 songs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Embassy of Russia in Kiev", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of Russia in Kiev is the diplomatic mission of the Russian Federation to Ukraine. The chancery is located at 27 Povitroflotskyi Prospekt in Ukraine's capital Kiev."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Taras Bulba (opera)", "paragraph_text": "Taras Bulba is an opera in four acts by the Ukrainian composer Mykola Lysenko. The libretto was written by Mykhailo Starytsky (the composer's cousin) after the novel \"Taras Bulba\" by Nikolai Gogol. The opera, which was unrevised at the time of the composer's death in 1912, was first performed in 1924. Present-day performances are however based on thorough revisions, affecting the text, the music and the orchestration, carried out in the 1930s and 1950s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Invocation of My Demon Brother", "paragraph_text": "Invocation of My Demon Brother (1969) is an 11-minute film directed, edited, and photographed by Kenneth Anger. The music was composed by Mick Jagger playing a Moog synthesizer. It was filmed in San Francisco at the Straight Theater on Haight Street and the William Westerfeld House (the former \"Russian Embassy\" nightclub)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. The websites of former Soviet Union nations also use high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian is the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German and Japanese."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Security Council of Russia", "paragraph_text": "The Security Council of the Russian Federation (SCRF; Russian: \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0421\u0411\u0420\u0424); \"Sovet bezopasnosti Rossiiyskoiy Federatsii (SBRF)\") is a consultative body of the Russian President that works out the President's decisions on national security affairs. Composed of key ministers and agency heads and chaired by the President of Russia, the SCRF was established to be a forum for coordinating and integrating national security policy. It is the successor of the Security Council of the USSR."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Viktor Kochubey", "paragraph_text": "Count (subsequently Prince) Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey () (1768 \u2013 1834) was a Russian statesman and a close aide of Alexander I of Russia. Of Ukrainian birth, he was a great-grandson of Vasily Kochubey. He took part in the Privy Committee that outlined Government reform of Alexander I. He served in London and Paris embassies as counsel, then Ambassador to Turkey. In 1798 he was appointed to the board of College of Foreign Affairs and was created Count next year, but then Paul I of Russia exiled him. At the start of the reign of Alexander I of Russia, he joined the liberal Privy Committee that outlined Government reform of Alexander I. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1801\u20131802 and also Minister of the Interior until 1812, then in 1819\u20131825. Since 1827 he was the President of the State Council and Chairman of the Committee of Ministers. In 1834, he was granted the rank of Chancellor of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Orange Is the New Black", "paragraph_text": "Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy - drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme ``You've Got Time ''Composer (s) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language (s) English (main language) Spanish No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman (pilot) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer (s) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Location (s) New York Camera setup Single - camera Running time 51 -- 92 minutes Production company (s) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p (16: 9 HDTV) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11, 2013 (2013 - 07 - 11) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/orangeisthenewblack"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ivan Puni", "paragraph_text": "Ivan Puni was born in Kuokkala (then Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, now Repino in Russia) to a family of Italian origins. He is the grandson of an eminent Italian composer of ballet music, Cesare Pugni."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eduard N\u00e1pravn\u00edk", "paragraph_text": "Eduard Francevi\u010d N\u00e1pravn\u00edk (Russian: \u042d\u0434\u0443\u0430\u0301\u0440\u0434 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a; 24 August 1839 \u2013 10 November 1916) was a Czech conductor and composer. N\u00e1pravn\u00edk settled in Russia and is best known for his leading role in Russian musical life as the principal conductor of the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg for many decades. In that capacity, he conducted the premieres of many operas by Russian composers, including those by Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky and Rimsky-Korsakov."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Taras Bulba (2009 film)", "paragraph_text": "Taras Bulba () is a historical drama film, based on the novel \"Taras Bulba\" by Nikolai Gogol. The movie was filmed on different locations in Ukraine such as Zaporizhia, Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilsky as well as in Poland. The official release was rescheduled several times; at first for the spring of 2008 but was finally released on April 2, 2009, to coincide with Gogol\u2019s bicentennial. The author's edition of 1842 (considered more pro-Russian), expanded and rewritten (into the text most readers know), was used for the film."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002", "paragraph_text": "Russia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia. The Russian entry was selected internally by the Russian broadcaster Russian Public Television (ORT). Prime Minister represented Russia with the song \"Northern Girl\", which placed 10th and scored 55 points at the contest."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Russia", "paragraph_text": "Russia (/ \u02c8r\u028c\u0283\u0259 / (listen); Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0301\u044f, tr. Rossiya; IPA: (r\u0250\u02c8sjij\u0259)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: (r\u0250\u02c8sijsk\u0259j\u0259 fj\u026adj\u026a\u02c8rats\u0268j\u0259)), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one - eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern; about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Ufa, and Kazan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Tukhmanov", "paragraph_text": "David Fyodorovich Tukhmanov PAR (, was born on July 20, 1940, in Moscow, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian composer. People's Artist of Russia (2000), State Prize of Russian Federation (2003)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships", "paragraph_text": "2017 IIHF World U20 Championships Tournament details Host country Canada Dates December 26, 2016 -- January 5, 2017 Teams 10 Venue (s) Centre Bell, Montreal Air Canada Centre, Toronto (in 2 host cities) Final positions Champions United States (4th title) Runner - up Canada Third place Russia Fourth place Sweden Tournament statistics Matches played 30 Goals scored 183 (6.1 per match) Attendance 257,882 (8,596 per match) Scoring leader (s) Kirill Kaprizov (12 points) MVP Thomas Chabot Website http://www.worldjunior2017.com \u2190 2016 2018 \u2192"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Embassy of Kazakhstan in Moscow", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Moscow () is the chief diplomatic mission of Kazakhstan in the Russian Federation. It is located at 3a Chistoprudny Boulevard (Russian: \u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0440, 3\u0430) in the Basmanny District of Moscow."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Rebel Son", "paragraph_text": "The Rebel Son, The Barbarian and the Lady or The Rebel Son of Taras Bulba is a 1938 British film, notable as the first film appearance of Patricia Roc. It is a re-working by Alexander Korda of Granowski's 1935 French film adaptation of the Ukrainian novel \"Taras Bulba\" by Nikolai Gogol, set in the 17th century Ukraine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vitaly Churkin", "paragraph_text": "Vitaly Ivanovich Churkin (Russian: \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0427\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d, IPA: [v\u02b2\u026a\u02c8tal\u02b2\u026aj \u026a\u02c8van\u0259v\u02b2\u026at\u0255 \u02c8t\u0255urk\u02b2\u026an]; 21 February 1952 \u2013 20 February 2017) was a Russian diplomat and former child actor. Churkin served as Russia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 2006 until his death in 2017."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rugrats", "paragraph_text": "Rugrats Genre Comedy Adventure Created by Arlene Klasky G\u00e1bor Csup\u00f3 Paul Germain Voices of E.G. Daily Christine Cavanaugh Nancy Cartwright Kath Soucie Cheryl Chase Tara Strong Cree Summer Jack Riley David Doyle Joe Alaskey Dionne Quan Dan Castellaneta (Complete list) Theme music composer Mark Mothersbaugh Opening theme ``Rugrats Theme ''Composer (s) Mark Mothersbaugh Denis M. Hannigan Bob Mothersbaugh Rusty Andrews Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 172 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Arlene Klasky G\u00e1bor Csup\u00f3 Vanessa Coffey Producer (s) Paul Germain Rick Gitelson Cella Nichols Duffy Geraldine Clarke David Blum Kate Boutilier Editor (s) Karl Garabedian John Bryant Running time 23 minutes Production company (s) Klasky Csupo Productions Nickelodeon Animation Studio Wang Film Productions Anivision Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format NTSC Audio format Surround Original release August 11, 1991 (1991 - 08 - 11) -- August 1, 2004 (2004 - 08 - 01) Chronology Followed by All Grown Up! Related shows Rugrats Pre-School Daze External links Website www.nicksplat.com/social-wall/rugrats"}], "question": "What percent of websites in the country where the Embassy of Russia is located in the city where the Taras Bulba composer died are in Russian?"}
{"id": "4hop1__364476_439408_39743_24526", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Winchester, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Winchester is a city in and the county seat of Scott County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,650 at the 2000 census. Winchester is part of the Jacksonville Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Trial of Daniel Dean", "paragraph_text": "The Daniel Dean Trial of Scott County, Virginia was a trial that took place in the town of Estiville (Gate City), Virginia in July 1877. What makes this trial unique is that it was the first and only time that an individual was convicted of murder in the state of Virginia based solely on circumstantial evidence."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Clearwater River (Quebec)", "paragraph_text": "The Clearwater River (in French: Rivi\u00e8re \u00e0 l'Eau Claire) is a river flowing on the east shore of Lake Guillaume-Delisle (formerly designated \"Richmond Gulf\"), which empties into the Hudson Bay. The \"Clearwater River\" is located in Nunavik, in the west of the Labrador peninsula, in the administrative region of Nord-du-Qu\u00e9bec, in Quebec, in Canada. This river drains Clearwater Lake into Lac Guillaume-Delisle."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F (8\u201312 \u00b0C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3\u20135 in (8\u201313 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Richmond is located at 37\u00b032\u2032N 77\u00b028\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff37.533\u00b0N 77.467\u00b0W\ufeff / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, \u221277.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zec de la Bessonne", "paragraph_text": "The Zec de la Bessonne is a \"zone d'exploitation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e\" (controlled harvesting area) (ZEC) near La Tuque in administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada. A territory of was assigned in 1978 to the Zec."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bucharest", "paragraph_text": "Bucharest has a humid continental climate (Dfa), with warm to hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the city's winters can get windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F), sometimes even to \u221220 \u00b0C (\u22124 \u00b0F). In summer, the average temperature is 23 \u00b0C (73 \u00b0F) (the average for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 \u00b0C (95 to 104 \u00b0F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer are low, occasional heavy storms occur. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 \u00b0C (63 and 72 \u00b0F), and precipitation during spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley massif, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing an estimated 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near \u221215 \u00b0C (5 \u00b0F), but can drop below \u221240 \u00b0C (\u221240 \u00b0F) with severe wind chills. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s \u00b0C (70s \u00b0F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 \u00b0C (77 to 86 \u00b0F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "French Algeria", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after Louis Philippe's constitutional monarchy was overthrown in the revolution of 1848, the new government of the Second Republic ended Algeria's status as a colony and declared in the 1848 Constitution the occupied lands an integral part of France. Three civil territories -- Alger, Oran, and Constantine -- were organized as Departments of France (local administrative units) under a civilian government. This made them a part of France proper as opposed to a colony. For the first time, French citizens in the civil territories elected their own councils and mayors; Muslims had to be appointed, could not hold more than one - third of council seats, and could not serve as mayors or assistant mayors. The administration of territories outside the zones settled by colons remained under the French Army. Local Muslim administration was allowed to continue under the supervision of French Army commanders, charged with maintaining order in newly pacified regions, and the bureaux arabes. Theoretically, these areas were closed to European colonization."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "What is the average winter daytime temperature in the region where Richmond is located in the state where Winchester can be found?"}
{"id": "4hop1__39871_314549_39743_24526", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 \u00b0F (24.2 \u00b0C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs even just a few miles west of Atlantic City exceed 85 \u00b0F (29 \u00b0C) in July. Near the coast, temperatures reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on an average of only 6.8 days a year, but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City Int'l.[a] Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.5 \u00b0F (2 \u00b0C). Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25, allowing a growing season of 239 days. Extreme temperatures range from \u22129 \u00b0F (\u221223 \u00b0C) on February 9, 1934 to 104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C) on August 7, 1918.[b]"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Finsbury Park station", "paragraph_text": "The interchange consists of a National Rail station, a London Underground station and two bus stations, all interconnected. The main entrances are by the eastern bus station on Station Place. The National Rail ticket office here lies in between one entrance marked by the Underground roundel symbol, while the other is marked by the National Rail symbol, and provides direct access to the main line platforms. There is another exit by the western bus station along Wells Terrace, incorporating the Underground ticket office, plus a narrow side entrance to the south on the A503 Seven Sisters Road. The complex is located in Travelcard Zone 2."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Climate of California", "paragraph_text": "During the cooler winter months (October -- March), the Coachella Valley regularly has the warmest winter temperatures out of any place west of the Rocky Mountains. East Los Angeles, the Gateway Cities, and parts of the San Gabriel Valley average the warmest winter high temps (72 \u00b0 F, 22 \u00b0 C) in all of the western U.S., and Santa Monica averages the warmest winter lows (52 \u00b0 F, 11 \u00b0 C) in all of the western U.S. Palm Springs, a city in the Coachella Valley, averages high / low / mean temperatures of 75 \u00b0 F / 50 \u00b0 F / 63 \u00b0 F, (24 \u00b0 C / 10 \u00b0 C / 17 \u00b0 C) respectively during the period of cooler weather from November to April."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley massif, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing an estimated 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near \u221215 \u00b0C (5 \u00b0F), but can drop below \u221240 \u00b0C (\u221240 \u00b0F) with severe wind chills. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s \u00b0C (70s \u00b0F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 \u00b0C (77 to 86 \u00b0F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kipling GO Station", "paragraph_text": "Kipling GO Station is a GO Transit railway station along the Milton line rail corridor in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 27 St. Albans Road in the Islington-City Centre West neighbourhood of Toronto (formerly Etobicoke), near Dundas Street. It is connected to the TTC's Kipling station on the Bloor-Danforth subway line which is right underneath it."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bucharest", "paragraph_text": "Bucharest has a humid continental climate (Dfa), with warm to hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the city's winters can get windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F), sometimes even to \u221220 \u00b0C (\u22124 \u00b0F). In summer, the average temperature is 23 \u00b0C (73 \u00b0F) (the average for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 \u00b0C (95 to 104 \u00b0F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer are low, occasional heavy storms occur. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 \u00b0C (63 and 72 \u00b0F), and precipitation during spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Phoenix, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Phoenix has a hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification BWh), typical of the Sonoran Desert. Phoenix has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild to warm winters. The city is located within the sunniest region in the world. Measuring 3,872 hours of bright sunshine annually, Phoenix receives the most sunshine of any major city on Earth. Average high temperatures in summer are the hottest of any major city in the United States. On average, there are 107 days annually with a high of at least 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C) including most days from late May through early October. Highs top 110 \u00b0 F (43 \u00b0 C) an average of 18 days during the year. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all - time recorded high of 122 \u00b0 F (50 \u00b0 C). Despite the city's claim to the most extreme heat in summer, however, it does not have the highest average annual temperature in the contiguous United States. In that respect, it comes second to Miami; Phoenix has an average daily temperature of 75 \u00b0 F (24 \u00b0 C), compared to Miami's 77 \u00b0 F (25 \u00b0 C)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh, just north of the city. It offers flights to UK and near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport (Parkway) railway station, and by bus services."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alvarado Transportation Center", "paragraph_text": "The Alvarado Transportation Center (ATC) is a multimodal transit hub located at 100 1st Street SW in Downtown Albuquerque, New Mexico. The complex was built as a hub for Albuquerque's regional transit system and as a replacement for Albuquerque's previous bus depot and train station. The center serves ABQ RIDE, Amtrak, Greyhound Lines, and the New Mexico Rail Runner Express commuter rail line."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dallas Municipal Building", "paragraph_text": "The Dallas Municipal Building is a Dallas Landmark located along S. Harwood Street between Main and Commerce Street in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas that served as the city's fourth City Hall. The structure is also a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and a contributing property in the Harwood Street Historic District, located across the street from Main Street Garden Park."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Richmond is located at 37\u00b032\u2032N 77\u00b028\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff37.533\u00b0N 77.467\u00b0W\ufeff / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, \u221277.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F (8\u201312 \u00b0C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3\u20135 in (8\u201313 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "The Melbourne rail network has its origins in privately built lines from the 1850s gold rush era, and today the suburban network consists of 209 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop, a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place. The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as direct interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide and beyond which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station in Spencer Street. In the 2013\u20132014 financial year, the Melbourne rail network recorded 232.0 million passenger trips, the highest in its history. Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and rail yards are also used for freight. The Overland to Adelaide departs Southern Cross twice a week, while the XPT to Sydney departs twice a day."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Metropolitan Avenue/Lorimer Street station", "paragraph_text": "Metropolitan Avenue/Lorimer Street is an underground New York City Subway station complex shared by the BMT Canarsie Line and the IND Crosstown Line. Located in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, the complex is served by the G and L trains at all times."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Macquarie Street, Hobart", "paragraph_text": "Macquarie Street a major one way street passing through the outskirts of the Hobart Central business district in Tasmania, Australia. Macquarie street is named after Lachlan Macquarie, who oversaw the planning of Hobart\u2019s inner city grid layout. The street forms a One-way couplet with nearby Davey Street connecting traffic from the Southern Outlet in the south with traffic from the Tasman Highway to the east and the Brooker Highway to the north of the city. With annual average daily traffic of 28,500, the road is one of the busier streets in Hobart."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The Richmond area also has two railroad stations served by Amtrak. Each station receives regular service from north of Richmond including Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York. The suburban Staples Mill Road Station is located on a major north-south freight line and receives all service to and from all points south including, Raleigh, Durham, Savannah, Newport News, Williamsburg and Florida. Richmond's only railway station located within the city limits, the historic Main Street Station, was renovated in 2004. As of 2010, the station only receives trains headed to and from Newport News and Williamsburg due to track layout. As a result, the Staples Mill Road station receives more trains and serves more passengers overall."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Newport News, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Newport News is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. It is at the southeastern end of the Virginia Peninsula, on the northern shore of the James River extending southeast from Skiffe's Creek along many miles of waterfront to the river's mouth at Newport News Point on the harbor of Hampton Roads. The area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County. Warwick County was one of the eight original shires of Virginia, formed by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of King Charles I in 1634. The county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land until almost 250 years later."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Additionally, Richmond is gaining attention from the film and television industry, with several high-profile films shot in the metro region in the past few years, including the major motion picture Lincoln which led to Daniel Day-Lewis's third Oscar, Killing Kennedy with Rob Lowe, airing on the National Geographic Channel and Turn, starring Jamie Bell and airing on AMC. In 2015 Richmond will be the main filming location for the upcoming PBS drama series Mercy Street, which will premiere in Winter 2016. Several organizations, including the Virginia Film Office and the Virginia Production Alliance, along with events like the Richmond International Film Festival and French Film Festival, continue to put draw supporters of film and media to the region."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oslo West Station", "paragraph_text": "Oslo West Station () or Oslo V, is a former railway station located in Vika in Oslo, Norway. It was the terminus of the Drammen Line between 1872 and 1980, until the Oslo Tunnel opened. The station remained in use until 1989, when all traffic was moved to the new Oslo Central Station. Until its closure it was the main station for trains on the S\u00f8rland Line, the Drammen Line and the Vestfold Line. There was no passenger rail connection to Oslo \u00d8, the eastern station that served the eastern lines and trains to Bergen. The only connection was the Oslo Port Line that went partially through some of the most trafficked streets in Oslo."}], "question": "Richmond is in a region of a state where Main Street Station is in a city apart from Williamsburg. What is the mean winter daytime temperature in that region?"}
{"id": "4hop3__532614_826380_57233_56883", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Arado River", "paragraph_text": "Arado (plow) River in the north of Portugal. The river's source is the Ger\u00eas Mountain, and the mouth cascades into the Fafi\u00e3o river, (41\u00b042'10.88\"N; 8\u00b0 6'33.50\"W), Fafi\u00e3o place, Cabril village, Montalegre municipality. From Arado cascate (41\u00b043'25.53\"N; 8\u00b0 7'46.98\"W) till the mouth, runs ."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gulf St Vincent", "paragraph_text": "Gulf St Vincent is a large inlet of water on the southern coast of Australia, in the state of South Australia. It is bordered by Yorke Peninsula on its west, the mainland and Fleurieu Peninsula to its east, with its entrance being a line from Troubridge Point on Yorke Peninsula to Cape Jervis on Fleurieu Peninsula."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Castleford", "paragraph_text": "Castleford is a town in the metropolitan borough of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It had a population of 40,210 at the 2011 Census. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, to the north of the town centre the River Calder joins the River Aire and the Aire and Calder Navigation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dock Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Dock Bridge is a pair of vertical lift bridges crossing the Passaic River at Newark, Essex County and Harrison, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, used exclusively for railroad traffic. It is the seventh crossing from the river's mouth at Newark Bay and is upstream from it. Also known as the Amtrak Dock Vertical Lift, it carries Amtrak, NJ Transit, and PATH trains. It is listed on the state and federal registers of historic places."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Conscription in Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1964 compulsory National Service for 20 - year - old males was introduced under the National Service Act (1964). The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years' continuous full - time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. The full - time service requirement was reduced to eighteen months in October 1971."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Winklespruit", "paragraph_text": "Winklespruit is a small seaside resort north of the mouth of the Illovo River in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It forms part of eThekwini. On May 10, 1875 the schooner \"Tonga\" which was carrying wares for Durban was wrecked here. The sailors not wanting the cargo to go to waste set up a store on the river bank and sold the water damaged goods. The store was known by the Afrikaans as winkel \"(shop)\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Legs (song)", "paragraph_text": "After stepping in a mud puddle and bumping into tough - looking but polite bikers at a crosswalk, a pretty salesgirl (Wendy Frazier) enters a burger joint. She places a take - out order but suffers harassment by everyone there except a handsome young cook (David Wakefield) who is also bullied by his co-workers. The salesgirl takes her order, escapes the place and her tormentors, but in her haste leaves her glasses and a food container. The cook retrieves the items and runs after her to the shoe store where she works."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Verde River", "paragraph_text": "The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wakefield River", "paragraph_text": "The river rises above , flowing southward, passing the towns of Watervale and Auburn, where it is fed by several small creeks, and then curves to flow westerly past the town of Balaklava into the head of Gulf St Vincent at Port Wakefield."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Things They Carried", "paragraph_text": "The Things They Carried (1990) is a collection of linked short stories by American novelist Tim O'Brien, about a platoon of American soldiers fighting on the ground in the Vietnam War. His third book about the war, it is based upon his experiences as a soldier in the 23rd Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aniak River", "paragraph_text": "Aniak is a Yup'ik word meaning \"the place where it comes out,\" which refers to the mouth of the Aniak River. This river played a role in the Placer Gold Rush of 1900\u201301, when prospectors from Nome rushed to the Kuskokwim River Delta after hearing of discoveries along the \"Yellow River\", later believed to be the Aniak River because of the yellow tint from silt carried from headwater streams."}], "question": "When was conscription introduced in the country where Wakefield River is located during the time period that The Things They Carried takes place?"}
{"id": "4hop3__155589_826380_57233_56883", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rosta River", "paragraph_text": "Rosta River () is a river in the north of the Kola Peninsula in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is 10\u00a0km in length. The Rosta River originates in the Lake Rogozero and flows into the Kola Bay. The Rosta District of Murmansk takes its name from the river."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lyari River", "paragraph_text": "Lyari River () is a small ephemeral stream that flows through the Pakistani megacity of Karachi from north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea at the Manora channel. It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other one being Malir River. The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long. As a seasonal river it carries the collected water after the rains in the catchment area."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Conscription in Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1964 compulsory National Service for 20 - year - old males was introduced under the National Service Act (1964). The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years' continuous full - time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. The full - time service requirement was reduced to eighteen months in October 1971."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Toilet", "paragraph_text": "A typical flush toilet is a ceramic bowl (pan) connected on the ``up ''side to a cistern (tank) that enables rapid filling with water, and on the`` down'' side to a drain pipe that removes the effluent. When a toilet is flushed, the sewage should flow into a septic tank or into a system connected to a sewage treatment plant. However, in many developing countries, this treatment step does not take place."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tidal River, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Tidal River is a locality in Wilsons Promontory National Park, Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, Australia. It contains the main park administration and service centres as well as a permanent camping ground that takes its name from the Tidal River, which flows past the camping ground to the north."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Panhandle Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Panhandle Bridge (officially the Monongahela River Bridge) carries two rail lines of the Port Authority \"T\" line across the Monongahela River in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The name comes from Pennsylvania Railroad subsidiary Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, also known as the Panhandle Route, which operated over the bridge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bear River (Sustut River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "The Bear River is a river in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest into the Sustut River, which flows southwest into the upper Skeena River."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Indus River", "paragraph_text": "The Indus River (locally called Sindh\u016b) is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, towards Gilgit - Baltistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma: the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa. The only port handling international cargo in the state, the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean-going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year. Both ports are located on the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers, contributing to one of the busiest waterways in the world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Port River", "paragraph_text": "The Port River is the western branch of the largest tidal estuary on the eastern side of Gulf St Vincent. It extends inland through the historic Inner Harbour of Port Adelaide, to the constructed salt-water West Lakes in the north-western suburbs of Adelaide. The lower reaches of the Port River flow between the Lefevre Peninsula, and the \"Section Bank\" and Torrens Island, and form the sea entrance to the port facilities of Adelaide, and connect to the Barker Inlet to the east via the \"North Arm\" and \"Angas Inlet\" which surround Garden Island. Before European settlement of Adelaide's western suburbs and the construction of various flood mitigation channels and levees, the Port River formed one of the outlets of the River Torrens."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gulf St Vincent", "paragraph_text": "Gulf St Vincent is a large inlet of water on the southern coast of Australia, in the state of South Australia. It is bordered by Yorke Peninsula on its west, the mainland and Fleurieu Peninsula to its east, with its entrance being a line from Troubridge Point on Yorke Peninsula to Cape Jervis on Fleurieu Peninsula."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Picard River", "paragraph_text": "The Picard River is a river in Dominica. It rises on the northern slopes of Morne Diablotins, flowing northwest to reach the Caribbean Sea at Prince Rupert Bay on the country's northwestern coast, close to the town of Portsmouth."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kiewa River", "paragraph_text": "The river rises near Clover Power Station, on the slopes of Mount Bogong, the highest mountain in Victoria at . The main river is formed by the confluence of the Kiewa River East branch and West Kiewa River. The Kiewa River flows generally north northwest, joined by eleven minor tributaries, towards its confluence with the Murray River, southeast of Albury and east of Wodonga. The main river descends over its course, sedately through cleared farming country downstream of Mount Beauty; while the West Kiewa River descends over its course, in near-pristine ash and peppermint forest country where the flow is swift, upstream of the town of Mount Beauty."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tuscaloosa, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "The Black Warrior River is bounded along nearly its entire course by a series of locks and dams. They form a chain of narrow reservoirs, providing aids to navigation and barge handling as well as hydroelectric power and drinking water. The Black Warrior River watershed is a vital river basin entirely contained within Alabama, America's leading state for freshwater biodiversity. Near Tuscaloosa, the river flows out of the rocky Cumberland Plateau and enters the sandy East Gulf Coastal Plain. Barge transportation in and out of the Port of Tuscaloosa and other commercial navigation make the Black Warrior a silent giant in the state of Alabama's economy. Though the Port of Tuscaloosa is a small one, it is one of the larger facilities on the Black Warrior River at waterway mile marker 338.5. There are no railway connections at this port as they primarily concentrate on the shipment of dry bulk commodities, including lignite, coal and coal coke. The federal government and the City of Tuscaloosa share the ownership of the Port of Tuscaloosa; the operation of the port is leased out to Powell Sales and has been run by them since 1997."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John T. Loughran Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The John T. Loughran Bridge carries U.S. Route\u00a09W (US\u00a09W) over Rondout Creek between Kingston and Port Ewen, New York, United States. It also crosses over Ferry Street on the Kingston side. It is located just downriver from the historic Kingston-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge, which carried 9W until the Loughran Bridge was constructed. It is just upriver from where the Rondout empties into the Hudson River."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Porto di Mare (Milan Metro)", "paragraph_text": "Porto di Mare (literally \"Sea Port\") is a station on Line 3 of the Milan Metro in Milan, Italy. The station was opened in 1991. It takes the name from a never-realized project of a fluvial port to reach the Po River and consequentially the Adriatic Sea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Leitzaran", "paragraph_text": "The Leitzaran (, or Leizar\u00e1n in Spanish) is a river and a valley in the Navarre and the Basque Country (Spain). It flows into the river Oria from its right."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saint Louis River", "paragraph_text": "The Saint Louis River (abbreviated St. Louis River) is a river in the U.S. states of Minnesota and Wisconsin that flows into Lake Superior. The largest U.S. river to flow into the lake, it is in length and starts east of Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota. The river's watershed covers . Near the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin, the river becomes a freshwater estuary. The lower St. Louis is the only river in the state with whitewater rafting opportunities."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Things They Carried", "paragraph_text": "The Things They Carried (1990) is a collection of linked short stories by American novelist Tim O'Brien, about a platoon of American soldiers fighting on the ground in the Vietnam War. His third book about the war, it is based upon his experiences as a soldier in the 23rd Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly. Dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply. On the French side, the Grand Canal d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic. In some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace."}], "question": "When was conscription introduced in the country where the body of water the Port River flows into is located during the conflict where The Things They Carried took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__5575_55790_34179_23375", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 22 August, one day after the talks broke down with France and Britain, Moscow revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day. This happened while the Soviets were still negotiating with the British and French missions in Moscow. With the Western nations unwilling to accede to Soviet demands, Stalin instead entered a secret Nazi\u2013Soviet pact. On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included: consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power, no membership of a group \"which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "October Revolution", "paragraph_text": "On 20 December 1917 (2 January 1918 new style), the Cheka was created by the decree of Vladimir Lenin. These were the beginnings of the Bolsheviks' consolidation of power over their political opponents. The Red Terror was started in September 1918, following a failed assassination attempt on Lenin's life. The Jacobin Terror was an example for the Soviet Bolsheviks. Leon Trotsky had compared Lenin to Maximilien Robespierre as early as 1904."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Martial law in Poland", "paragraph_text": "Led by General of the Army Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Military Council of National Salvation (Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego, WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the Soviet Union before the declaration in March 1981."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, \"with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Russian Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies (called 'soviets') which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German\u2013Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi\u2013Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Janata Dal", "paragraph_text": "Its second spell of power began in 1996, when the Janata Dal-led United Front coalition came to power, with outside support from the Congress under Sitaram Kesri, choosing H. D. Deve Gowda as their Prime Minister. The Congress withdrew their support in less than a year, hoping to gain power with the support of various United Front constituent groups, and I. K. Gujral became the next Prime Minister. His government too fell in a few months, and in February 1998, the Janata Dal-led coalition lost power to the Bharatiya Janata Party."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Polish culture during World War II", "paragraph_text": "On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, initiating World War II in Europe, and on 17 September, pursuant to the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union. Subsequently, Poland was partitioned again \u2013 between these two powers \u2013 and remained under occupation for most of the war. By 1 October, Germany and the Soviet Union had completely overrun Poland, although the Polish government never formally surrendered, and the Polish Underground State, subordinate to the Polish government-in-exile, was soon formed. On 8 October, Nazi Germany annexed the western areas of pre-war Poland and, in the remainder of the occupied area, established the General Government. The Soviet Union had to temporarily give up the territorial gains it made in 1939 due to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, but permanently re-annexed much of this territory after winning it back in mid-1944. Over the course of the war, Poland lost over 20% of its pre-war population amid an occupation that marked the end of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi -- Soviet Pact, the German -- Soviet Non-aggression Pact or the Nazi German -- Soviet Pact of Aggression (officially: Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), was a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, respectively. The pact was followed by the German - Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1991 Soviet coup d'\u00e9tat attempt", "paragraph_text": "The 1991 Soviet coup d'\u00e9tat attempt, also known as the August Coup (Russian: \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447, tr. Avgustovskiy Putch ``August Putsch ''), was an attempt by members of the government of the USSR to take control of the country from Soviet President and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. The coup leaders were hard - line members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) who were opposed to Gorbachev's reform program and the new union treaty that he had negotiated which decentralized much of the central government's power to the republics. They were opposed, mainly in Moscow, by a short but effective campaign of civil resistance led by Russian president Boris Yeltsin, who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev. Although the coup collapsed in only two days and Gorbachev returned to power, the event destabilized the USSR and is widely considered to have contributed to both the demise of the CPSU and the dissolution of the USSR."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "14.5\u00d7114mm", "paragraph_text": "The 14.5\u00d7114mm (.57 Cal) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Central Asia", "paragraph_text": "With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, five Central Asian countries gained independence -- Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. In all of the new states, former Communist Party officials retained power as local strongmen."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ryazan Power Station", "paragraph_text": "The Ryazan Power Station (also called Novomichurinsk Power Station) is the fifth largest power station in Russia, with an installed capacity of 3,130\u00a0MW. The power station is located in Novomichurinsk of the Ryazan Oblast, Russia. Construction began in 1968 with the first unit going online in 1973. It mainly fires lignite from Moscow and Kansk-Achinsk coal basins."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The pact delineated the spheres of interest between the two powers, confirmed by the supplementary protocol of the German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty amended after the joint invasion of Poland. It remained in force for nearly two years, until the German government of Adolf Hitler ended the pact by launching an attack on the Soviet positions in Eastern Poland during Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918. The Allied Powers, led by the British Empire, France, Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war caused the disintegration of four empires\u2014the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones\u2014as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "None of the above", "paragraph_text": "In 1991, elections that led to the break - up of the Soviet Union, the Soviet version of ``none of above ''led to new elections with new candidates in 200 races of the 1,500 - seat Congress of People's Deputies. More than 100 incumbents representing the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were defeated in the run - off, leading to Boris Yeltsin to later say the`` none of the above'' option ``helped convince the people they had real power even in a rigged election, and (it) played a role in building true democracy. ''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months."}], "question": "This person gained power in Russia after an event that led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government. What year was the version of the pact by this person's successor published?"}
{"id": "4hop1__135861_333458_329398_685167", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gallaratese", "paragraph_text": "Gallaratese is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city. It is located about 7\u00a0km north-west of the city centre. It borders on the \"comune\" of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Uncle Sam", "paragraph_text": "Uncle Sam (initials U.S.) is a common national personification of the American government or the United States in general that, according to legend, came into use during the War of 1812 and was supposedly named for Samuel Wilson. The actual origin is by a legend. Since the early 19th century, Uncle Sam has been a popular symbol of the US government in American culture and a manifestation of patriotic emotion. While the figure of Uncle Sam represents specifically the government, Columbia represents the United States as a nation."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Werder (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Werder is one of the woredas in the Somali Region of Ethiopia, named after its administrative center, Werder. Part of the Werder Zone Werder is bordered on the southwest by the Korahe Zone, on the north by Danot, and on the east by Geladin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marion Carpenter Yazdi", "paragraph_text": "Marion Bernice (n\u00e9e Carpenter) Yazdi, born October 9, 1902 at Marcellus, Cass County, Michigan, died February 2, 1996 at Natick, Middlesex County, Massachusetts or at Wellesley, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, was the first Bah\u00e1'\u00ed student at the University of California at Berkeley, and at Stanford University. She was a daughter of Crowell E. and Elizabeth Carpenter, natives of Michigan and Ohio, respectively, who moved from Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo County, Michigan to Santa Paula, Ventura County, California between the 1910 and 1920 censuses."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arlington, Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "Arlington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, six miles (10\u00a0km) northwest of Boston. The population was 42,844 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Uncle Sam Memorial Statue", "paragraph_text": "The Uncle Sam Memorial Statue is a statue commemorating Samuel Wilson, perhaps the original Uncle Sam, near his birthplace in the center of Arlington, Massachusetts, United States. It was sculpted by Theodore Cotillo Barbarossa. It is located on Mystic Street, adjacent to the Minuteman Bikeway."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Collier Peak", "paragraph_text": "Collier Peak is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. It was named in 1903 after Collier, Dr. Joseph."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jimma Arjo", "paragraph_text": "Jimma Arjo is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It shares the name of one of the subgroups of the Oromo people, the Jimma Arjo. Part of the Misraq Welega Zone, Jimma Arjo is bordered on the southwest by the Didessa River which separates it from the Illubabor Zone, on the northwest by Diga Leka, on the northeast by Guto Wayu, and on the southeast by Nunu Kumba. The administrative center of this woreda is Arjo."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gera (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Gera is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the former Kingdom of Gera, whose territory was approximately the same as the modern woreda. Part of the Jimma Zone, Gera is bordered on the south by the Gojeb River which separates it from the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the northwest by Sigmo, on the north by Setema, on the northeast by Gomma, and on the east by Seka Chekorsa. The administrative center of this woreda is Chira; other towns in Gera include Cheriko and Dusta."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Uncle Sam", "paragraph_text": "Uncle Sam did not get a standard appearance, even with the effective abandonment of Brother Jonathan near the end of the American Civil War, until the well - known ``recruitment ''image of Uncle Sam was first created by James Montgomery Flagg during World War I. The image was inspired by a British recruitment poster showing Lord Kitchener in a similar pose. It is this image more than any other that has influenced the modern appearance of Uncle Sam: an elderly white man with white hair and a goatee, wearing a white top hat with white stars on a blue band, a blue tail coat, and red - and - white - striped trousers."}], "question": "What shares a border with the administrative territorial entity where the person Uncle Sam was named after was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__94645_333458_329398_685167", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Uncle Sam", "paragraph_text": "Uncle Sam (initials U.S.) is a common national personification of the American government or the United States in general that, according to legend, came into use during the War of 1812 and was supposedly named for Samuel Wilson. The actual origin is by a legend. Since the early 19th century, Uncle Sam has been a popular symbol of the US government in American culture and a manifestation of patriotic emotion. While the figure of Uncle Sam represents specifically the government, Columbia represents the United States as a nation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Independence, Louisiana", "paragraph_text": "Independence, originally known as Uncle Sam, is a town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 1,665 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Hammond Micropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Uncle Sam Memorial Statue", "paragraph_text": "The Uncle Sam Memorial Statue is a statue commemorating Samuel Wilson, perhaps the original Uncle Sam, near his birthplace in the center of Arlington, Massachusetts, United States. It was sculpted by Theodore Cotillo Barbarossa. It is located on Mystic Street, adjacent to the Minuteman Bikeway."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Uncle Sam", "paragraph_text": "Uncle Sam did not get a standard appearance, even with the effective abandonment of Brother Jonathan near the end of the American Civil War, until the well - known ``recruitment ''image of Uncle Sam was first created by James Montgomery Flagg during World War I. The image was inspired by a British recruitment poster showing Lord Kitchener in a similar pose. It is this image more than any other that has influenced the modern appearance of Uncle Sam: an elderly white man with white hair and a goatee, wearing a white top hat with white stars on a blue band, a blue tail coat, and red - and - white - striped trousers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Marion Carpenter Yazdi", "paragraph_text": "Marion Bernice (n\u00e9e Carpenter) Yazdi, born October 9, 1902 at Marcellus, Cass County, Michigan, died February 2, 1996 at Natick, Middlesex County, Massachusetts or at Wellesley, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, was the first Bah\u00e1'\u00ed student at the University of California at Berkeley, and at Stanford University. She was a daughter of Crowell E. and Elizabeth Carpenter, natives of Michigan and Ohio, respectively, who moved from Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo County, Michigan to Santa Paula, Ventura County, California between the 1910 and 1920 censuses."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, \"Holy Mountain\"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Uncle Sam (singer)", "paragraph_text": "Uncle Sam (born Sam Turner; May 31, 1971 in Detroit, Michigan, United States) is an American R&B singer. He is best known for being signed to Boyz II Men's Stonecreek Records imprint (distributed by Epic Records) in the late 1990s."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arlington, Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "Arlington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, six miles (10\u00a0km) northwest of Boston. The population was 42,844 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county where the person who Uncle Sam is based on was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__336164_265266_146409_9725", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Order of the British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kaitlin Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "Kaitlin Hopkins (born February 1, 1964) is an American stage, screen, and television actress, the daughter of actress Shirley Knight and stage producer/director Gene Persson."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Whitehall Street", "paragraph_text": "Whitehall Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, about four blocks long. The street begins at the southern end of Broadway, at the intersection with Stone Street. Whitehall Street stretches south to the southern end of FDR Drive, adjacent to the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal, on landfill beyond the site of Peter Stuyvesant's 17th-century house."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Frank T. and Polly Lewis House", "paragraph_text": "The Frank T. and Polly Lewis House is located in Lodi, Wisconsin, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The house is located within the Portage Street Historic District."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Castaways of the Flying Dutchman", "paragraph_text": "Castaways of the Flying Dutchman is the first novel in the \"Castaways\" series by Brian Jacques and was published in 2001. It is based on the legend of the cursed ship the \"Flying Dutchman\". A young boy, Nebuchadnezzar (later Neb (shortened) and Ben (reversed)), and his dog, Denmark (named after the country in which he was found and later Den (shortened) and Ned (reversed)), are the lone survivors of the \"Flying Dutchman\", fated to wander the earth forever immortal and youthful, helping those who need aid."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Grey's Anatomy", "paragraph_text": "On February 10, 2017, ABC renewed Grey's Anatomy for a fourteenth season, which premiered on September 28, 2017. The series' success catapulted such long - running cast members as Pompeo, Dempsey, and Oh to worldwide recognition; they were among the top five highest - earning television actors in 2013."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ahuntsic Park", "paragraph_text": "Ahuntsic Park () is an urban park in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located in the borough of Ahuntsic-Cartierville, and is bordered by Henri Bourassa Boulevard to the north, Saint Hubert Street to the east, Lajeunesse Street to the west and Fleury Street to the south. It is located next to Terminus Henri-Bourassa."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Suntrana, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Suntrana is an unincorporated community in eastern Denali Borough, Alaska, United States. It is located within the census-designated place of Healy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of Paranoia Agent characters", "paragraph_text": "The \"Paranoia Agent\" anime series features an extensive cast of characters created by Satoshi Kon. The series takes place in Musashino, Tokyo, focusing on the serial street assaults caused by an unknown assailant known as Lil' Slugger, and the numerous persons who are affected by them."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southwark Street", "paragraph_text": "Southwark Street is a major street in Bankside in the London Borough of Southwark, in London England, just south of the River Thames. It runs between Blackfriars Road to the west and Borough High Street to the east. It also connects the access routes for London Bridge, Southwark Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge. At the eastern end to the north is Borough Market."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes", "paragraph_text": "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step - parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khlo\u00e9's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khlo\u00e9. Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Northfields, London", "paragraph_text": "Northfields is a largely residential area in the London Borough of Ealing in west London. It is centred on Northfield Avenue, a shopping street of mostly independent shops and restaurants. A small section of Northfields lies within the London borough of Hounslow."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gene Persson", "paragraph_text": "Gene Persson died of a heart attack in Manhattan on June 6, 2008, at the age of 74. He was survived by his current wife of 36 years, actress and artist Ruby Persson, and his three children, Kaitlin Hopkins, an actress; Lukas Persson, a filmmaker and writer; and Markus Persson, a musician."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Altastenberg", "paragraph_text": "Altastenberg is a village in the borough of Winterberg in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is a state-recognised spa, is classed as one of the mountain villages in the borough and, at just under 800 m. above NN, is also the highest village in the Sauerland."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eduard Peti\u0161ka", "paragraph_text": "Eduard Peti\u0161ka died suddenly (in the manner he had anticipated in his poem \"How a Poet Would Like to Die\") during his annual stay at the health resort of Mari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b on 6 June 1987. A plaque with his portrait created by Reon Argondian has been placed on the house at 5, Karlovarsk\u00e1 Street, where he stayed in Mari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Negen Straatjes", "paragraph_text": "The \"9 Straatjes\"' (English: Nine little streets) is a neighborhood of Amsterdam, Netherlands located in the borough Centrum. It consists of nine side streets of the Prinsengracht, Keizersgracht, Herengracht and Singel in central Amsterdam which have been promoting themselves with that name since the 1990s. Together they form a sub-neighborhood within the larger western Grachtengordel (\"Canal Belt\"), one with many small and diverse shops and restaurants. The construction in this area goes back to the first half of the 17th century."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dutchman (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dutchman is a 1966 British drama film directed by Anthony Harvey and starring Shirley Knight and Al Freeman, Jr. It was based on the play \"Dutchman\" by Amiri Baraka (aka Le Roi Jones) who wrote the screenplay adaptation. John Barry wrote the score."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Brondesbury Park", "paragraph_text": "Brondesbury Park is a suburb and electoral ward of the London Borough of Brent. It is the part of Brondesbury which is not interwoven with Kilburn due to the naming of a major tube station (Kilburn) and is centred on Brondesbury Park railway station and the street, an avenue, which shares its name. The area has a number of open spaces, primarily: Queen's Park and Tiverton Green."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Czerniak\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Czerniak\u00f3w is a neighbourhood of the city of Warsaw, located within the borough of Mokot\u00f3w, between the escarpment of the Vistula river and the river itself."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island. Marble Hill is also within the borough of Manhattan, so the highest street number in the borough is 228th Street. However, the numbering continues in the Bronx up to 263rd Street. The lowest number is East First Street\u2014which runs in Alphabet City near East Houston Street\u2014as well as First Place in Battery Park City."}], "question": "What is the highest street number within the borough of where the spouse of Dutchman's cast member died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__336164_265266_146409_1918", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hunting Valley, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 735 people, 284 households, and 241 families residing in the village. The population density was 92.1 people per square mile (35.6/km2). Of the 735 people, 728 of them are white. There were 317 housing units at an average density of 39.7 per square mile (15.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.05% White, 0.14% African American, 0.68% Asian, and 0.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.54% of the population. 17.4% were of English, 17.1% German, 11.0% Irish, 9.0% Italian, 5.7% American and 5.6% Russian ancestry according to Census 2000."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "At the 2010 United States Census, there were 39,558 people, 15,504 households, and 8,558 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,680.8 per square mile (1,421.2/km2). There were 20,013 housing units at an average density of 1,862.2 per square mile (719.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 26.65% (10,543) White, 38.29% (15,148) Black or African American, 0.61% (242) Native American, 15.55% (6,153) Asian, 0.05% (18) Pacific Islander, 14.03% (5,549) from other races, and 4.82% (1,905) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 30.45% (12,044) of the population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Washburn County, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 16,036 people, 6,604 households, and 4,530 families residing in the county. The population density was 20 people per square mile (8/km\u00b2). There were 10,814 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.27% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 1.01% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.12% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. 0.89% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 33.9% were of German, 11.4% Norwegian, 7.0% Irish, 6.2% Swedish, 6.1% English and 5.6% American ancestry."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gongogi", "paragraph_text": "Gongogi is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. It covers , and has a population of 8,082 with a population density of 41 inhabitants per square kilometer. It was named after the Gongogi River which forms the southern border of the municipality."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "In 2016, 162,742 people resided on Guam. Guam has an area of 210 square miles (540 km) and a population density of 775 per square mile (299 / km). Located in Oceania, it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong - Toto - Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile (1,425 / km), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile (46 / km). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet (406 m) above sea level. Since the 1960s, the economy has been supported by two industries: tourism and the United States Armed Forces."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over ten thousand people per square kilometre, ranking among the ten most densely populated areas of the EU."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Altoona, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 10,345 people, 3,850 households, and 2,895 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,835.4 people per square mile (708.2/km\u00b2). There were 3,959 housing units at an average density of 557.3 per square mile (215.3/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.11% White, 0.92% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.41% Pacific Islander, 0.77% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.65% of the population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dutchman (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dutchman is a 1966 British drama film directed by Anthony Harvey and starring Shirley Knight and Al Freeman, Jr. It was based on the play \"Dutchman\" by Amiri Baraka (aka Le Roi Jones) who wrote the screenplay adaptation. John Barry wrote the score."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fontanelle, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 672 people, 304 households, and 164 families residing in the city. The population density was 700.0 inhabitants per square mile (270.3/km2). There were 336 housing units at an average density of 350.0 per square mile (135.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.7% White, 0.1% from other races, and 0.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kaitlin Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "Kaitlin Hopkins (born February 1, 1964) is an American stage, screen, and television actress, the daughter of actress Shirley Knight and stage producer/director Gene Persson."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi). Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Geneva, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 2,226 people, 957 households, and 618 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,486.5 people per square mile (573.0/km\u00b2). There were 1,050 housing units at an average density of 701.2 per square mile (270.3/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.01% White, 0.04% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.45% from other races, and 0.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gene Persson", "paragraph_text": "Gene Persson died of a heart attack in Manhattan on June 6, 2008, at the age of 74. He was survived by his current wife of 36 years, actress and artist Ruby Persson, and his three children, Kaitlin Hopkins, an actress; Lukas Persson, a filmmaker and writer; and Markus Persson, a musician."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Has of Prizren", "paragraph_text": "Hasi has an area of 371\u00a0kilometers square and has a population of around 40,000 in the Republic of Kosovo, while in the Republic of Albania it has an area of 374\u00a0kilometers square and a population of 21,500. In this way, Hasi has an area of 745\u00a0kilometers square and a population of 61,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elk Point, South Dakota", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 1,963 people, 770 households, and 505 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,443.4 inhabitants per square mile (557.3/km2). There were 830 housing units at an average density of 610.3 per square mile (235.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.0% White, 0.3% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 197,790 people, 84,549 households, and 43,627 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,292.6 people per square mile (1,271.3/km\u00b2). There were 92,282 housing units at an average density of 1,536.2 per square mile (593.1/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 38.3% White, 57.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.5% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 2014, the city had an estimated population density of 27,858 people per square mile (10,756/km\u00b2), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States; however, several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey are more dense overall, as per the 2000 Census. Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's population density of 71,672 people per square mile (27,673/km\u00b2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Panora, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 1,124 people, 460 households, and 286 families residing in the city. The population density was 624.4 inhabitants per square mile (241.1/km2). There were 522 housing units at an average density of 290.0 per square mile (112.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.5% White, 0.2% African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Onamia, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 878 people, 349 households, and 167 families residing in the city. The population density was 914.6 inhabitants per square mile (353.1/km2). There were 398 housing units at an average density of 414.6 per square mile (160.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.0% White, 2.3% African American, 9.9% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muqu\u00e9m de S\u00e3o Francisco", "paragraph_text": "Muqu\u00e9m de S\u00e3o Francisco is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. Muqu\u00e9m de S\u00e3o Francisco covers , and has a population of 11,552 with a population density of 3 inhabitants per square kilometer."}], "question": "What is the population density per square kilometer of the place where the spouse of Dutchman's cast member died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__336164_265266_146409_9814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters", "paragraph_text": "William ``Bill ''Turner, Sr. Pirates of the Caribbean character Portrayed by Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd Appearance (s) The Curse of the Black Pearl (mentioned only) Dead Man's Chest At World's End Information Gender Male Occupation The Flying Dutchman crew member, formerly crew member of the Black Pearl Family Will Turner (son) Elizabeth Swann (daughter - in - law) Henry Turner (grandson) Mrs. Turner (wife) Weaponry Cutlass, Knife"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "SAT", "paragraph_text": "Most of the questions on the SAT, except for the optional essay and the grid-in math responses, are multiple choice; all multiple-choice questions have four answer choices, one of which is correct. Thirteen of the questions on the math portion of the SAT (about 22% of all the math questions) are not multiple choice. They instead require the test taker to bubble in a number in a four-column grid."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society", "paragraph_text": "The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society split off from the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1840 over a number of issues, including the increasing influence of anarchism (and an unwillingness to participate in the government's political process), hostility to established religion, and feminism in the latter. Prominent members included the brothers Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Samuel Cornish, Henry H. Garnet, and Theodore S. Wright."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kaitlin Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "Kaitlin Hopkins (born February 1, 1964) is an American stage, screen, and television actress, the daughter of actress Shirley Knight and stage producer/director Gene Persson."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lust for Gold", "paragraph_text": "Lust for Gold is a 1949 American Western film directed by S. Sylvan Simon and starring Ida Lupino and Glenn Ford. The film is about the legendary Lost Dutchman gold mine, starring Ford as the \"Dutchman\" and Lupino as the woman he loves. The historical events are seen through a framing device set in the contemporary 1940s. It was based on the book \"Thunder God's Gold\" by Barry Storm. Part of the film was shot on location in Arizona's Superstition Mountains."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eduard Peti\u0161ka", "paragraph_text": "Eduard Peti\u0161ka died suddenly (in the manner he had anticipated in his poem \"How a Poet Would Like to Die\") during his annual stay at the health resort of Mari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b on 6 June 1987. A plaque with his portrait created by Reon Argondian has been placed on the house at 5, Karlovarsk\u00e1 Street, where he stayed in Mari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vero Lake Estates, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Vero Lake Estates is an unincorporated community in Indian River County, Florida, United States, off CR 510. It contains the western portion of Wabasso Road, although it is not connected to CR 510. The entire area contains a street grid, (77th Street on the south; County Road 512 (95th Street) on the north, and 90th Avenue on the east; 108th Avenue on the west)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "CPU socket", "paragraph_text": "Common sockets have retention clips that apply a constant force, which must be overcome when a device is inserted. For chips with a large number of pins, zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets are preferred. Common sockets include Pin Grid Array (PGA) or Land Grid Array (LGA). These designs apply a compression force once either a handle (PGA type) or a surface plate (LGA type) is put into place. This provides superior mechanical retention while avoiding the risk of bending pins when inserting the chip into the socket. Certain devices use Ball Grid Array (BGA) sockets, although these require soldering and are generally not considered user replaceable."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "155th Street is a major crosstown street considered to form the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights. It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Flinders Street, Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Flinders Street is a notable street in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Running roughly parallel to the Yarra River, Flinders Street forms the southern edge of the Hoddle Grid. It is exactly 1 mi (1.609 km) in length and one and a half chains (99 ft, 30 m) in width. It is named for the explorer Matthew Flinders, erroneously credited with discovering Port Phillip at the time of its naming. It extends eastwards as far as Spring Street and the Treasury Gardens and westwards past Batman's Hill to the Melbourne Docklands. As the closest street to the river, Flinders Street serviced Melbourne's original river port. Customs House, now the site for Victoria's Immigration Museum, is on Flinders Street."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to Bowery. Peretz Square, a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street, First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami's road system is based along the numerical \"Miami Grid\" where Flagler Street forms the east-west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north-south meridian. The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy's (formerly the Burdine's headquarters). The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that, for example, all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have \"NW\" in their address. Because its point of origin is in Downtown, which is close to the coast, therefore, the \"NW\" and \"SW\" quadrants are much larger than the \"SE\" and \"NE\" quadrants. Many roads, especially major ones, are also named (e.g., Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), although, with exceptions, the number is in more common usage among locals."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gene Persson", "paragraph_text": "Gene Persson died of a heart attack in Manhattan on June 6, 2008, at the age of 74. He was survived by his current wife of 36 years, actress and artist Ruby Persson, and his three children, Kaitlin Hopkins, an actress; Lukas Persson, a filmmaker and writer; and Markus Persson, a musician."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dutchman (film)", "paragraph_text": "Dutchman is a 1966 British drama film directed by Anthony Harvey and starring Shirley Knight and Al Freeman, Jr. It was based on the play \"Dutchman\" by Amiri Baraka (aka Le Roi Jones) who wrote the screenplay adaptation. John Barry wrote the score."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Old Ebbitt Grill", "paragraph_text": "Old Ebbitt Grill Old Ebbitt Grill from 15th Street. Restaurant information Established 1856 Current owner (s) Clyde's Restaurant Group Head chef Salvatore Ferro Food type American Dress code Casual Street address 675 15th Street NW City Washington, D.C. Postal / ZIP Code 20005 Country United States Seating capacity 398 Reservations Suggested Website www.ebbitt.com"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Macquarie Street, Hobart", "paragraph_text": "Macquarie Street a major one way street passing through the outskirts of the Hobart Central business district in Tasmania, Australia. Macquarie street is named after Lachlan Macquarie, who oversaw the planning of Hobart\u2019s inner city grid layout. The street forms a One-way couplet with nearby Davey Street connecting traffic from the Southern Outlet in the south with traffic from the Tasman Highway to the east and the Brooker Highway to the north of the city. With annual average daily traffic of 28,500, the road is one of the busier streets in Hobart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harriet Arbuthnot", "paragraph_text": "Born into the periphery of the British aristocracy and married to a politician and member of the establishment, she was perfectly placed to meet all the key figures of the Regency and late Napoleonic eras. Recording meetings and conversations often verbatim, she has today become the \"Mrs. Arbuthnot\" quoted in many biographies and histories of the era. Her observations and memories of life within the British establishment are not confined to individuals but document politics, great events and daily life with an equal attention to detail, providing historians with a clear picture of the events described. Her diaries were themselves finally published in 1950 as The Journal of Mrs Arbuthnot."}], "question": "What document established the numbered street grid of the place where the Dutchman cast member's spouse died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__589564_856098_558205_865128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yazoo City, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Yazoo City is a U.S. city in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It was named after the Yazoo River, which, in turn was named by the French explorer Robert La Salle in 1682 as \"Rivi\u00e8re des Yazous\" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth. It is the county seat of Yazoo County and the principal city of the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Jackson\u2013Yazoo City Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the population was 11,403."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Clinton, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Clinton is a city in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. Situated in the Jackson metropolitan area, it is the tenth largest city in Mississippi. The population was 25,216 at the 2010 United States Census."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WYAB", "paragraph_text": "WYAB 103.9 FM (formerly 93.1 FM) is a radio station serving the city of Jackson, Mississippi, including Madison County, Yazoo County, Rankin County, and Hinds County. The studios of WYAB are located within the Cotton Exchange Plaza in Flora, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jarekus Singleton", "paragraph_text": "Jarekus Singleton (born July 11, 1984 in Clinton, Mississippi, United States) is an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. \"Refuse To Lose\" was his first nationally and internationally distributed album. It was released on the Chicago-based independent blues record label Alligator Records on May 6, 2014. England's \"Blues & Rhythm\" called Singleton \"a great, new blues talent\u2026young, original, soulful and intense\u2026superb, blistering guitar.\" According to \"Living Blues\" magazine, \"Jarekus Singleton is making some serious blues noise...blending modern-day blues and emotionally intense soul with melodic, hot-toned lead guitar, funk-seasoned rhythms and hip-hop flavored lyrics.\" \"The Washington Post\" said, \"Jarekus Singleton is an exciting new young blues guitarist with melody, hooks, swagger and a strong, original voice. His lyrics are modern, personal, acutely poetic and deeply mature.\" \"USA Today\" said of Singleton, \"Stinging blues guitar and potent, original songs herald the emergence of a major new talent.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}], "question": "What location contains the administrative territorial entity that shares a border with the administrative entity of the city where Jerekus Singleton was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__534285_856098_558205_865128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Taryn Foshee", "paragraph_text": "Taryn Leigh Foshee (born April 3, 1985), a Clinton, Mississippi native, is a beauty queen who won the 2003 Miss Clinton pageant while a pupil at Hillcrest Christian School and received a commendation from the Mississippi Legislature."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Clinton, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Clinton is a city in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. Situated in the Jackson metropolitan area, it is the tenth largest city in Mississippi. The population was 25,216 at the 2010 United States Census."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WYAB", "paragraph_text": "WYAB 103.9 FM (formerly 93.1 FM) is a radio station serving the city of Jackson, Mississippi, including Madison County, Yazoo County, Rankin County, and Hinds County. The studios of WYAB are located within the Cotton Exchange Plaza in Flora, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yazoo City, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Yazoo City is a U.S. city in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It was named after the Yazoo River, which, in turn was named by the French explorer Robert La Salle in 1682 as \"Rivi\u00e8re des Yazous\" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth. It is the county seat of Yazoo County and the principal city of the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Jackson\u2013Yazoo City Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the population was 11,403."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "Which city is located in the county sharing a border with the county where Taryn Foshee was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__664539_856098_558205_865128", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WYAB", "paragraph_text": "WYAB 103.9 FM (formerly 93.1 FM) is a radio station serving the city of Jackson, Mississippi, including Madison County, Yazoo County, Rankin County, and Hinds County. The studios of WYAB are located within the Cotton Exchange Plaza in Flora, Mississippi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Clinton, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Clinton is a city in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. Situated in the Jackson metropolitan area, it is the tenth largest city in Mississippi. The population was 25,216 at the 2010 United States Census."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William Joel Blass", "paragraph_text": "Joel Blass was born in Clinton, Mississippi and was educated in Mississippi and Louisiana during the Great Depression. He graduated from Louisiana State University (LSU) School of Law in 1940 and received a commission as second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Infantry through the LSU ROTC program. During World War II, Blass served with the Third Army in Europe through VE Day. He received the Bronze Star and attained the rank of major. Blass returned to military service during the Korean War."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pettai, Karaikal", "paragraph_text": "Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India. Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory. Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yazoo City, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Yazoo City is a U.S. city in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It was named after the Yazoo River, which, in turn was named by the French explorer Robert La Salle in 1682 as \"Rivi\u00e8re des Yazous\" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth. It is the county seat of Yazoo County and the principal city of the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Jackson\u2013Yazoo City Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the population was 11,403."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "What city is found in the county that shares a border with the county where William Joel Bass was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__5575_55790_34179_641220", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918. The Allied Powers, led by the British Empire, France, Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war caused the disintegration of four empires\u2014the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones\u2014as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Joseph Alliluyev", "paragraph_text": "The son of Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, Iosif was seven years old when Stalin, his mother's father and his famous grandfather, died in March 1953. Although he kept a low profile, he did take part in a television interview on Russian Channel One. He spoke about his relationship with his mother and how she fled to the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Death of a Dissident", "paragraph_text": "The life of Alexander Litvinenko has been described in the book at the background of power struggle between different political forces in post-Soviet Russia. The book presents active measures which, according to authors, have been undertaken by Russian state-security services to bring FSB leaders to power, from an attempted coup allegedly organized by Alexander Korzhakov in 1996 to the election of Vladimir Putin, who became popular as a result of the Second Chechen war. However, according to the book, Putin was appointed the Prime minister of Russia as a result of a secret deal with oligarch Boris Berezovsky."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Russian Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies (called 'soviets') which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of Central Asia", "paragraph_text": "With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, five Central Asian countries gained independence -- Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. In all of the new states, former Communist Party officials retained power as local strongmen."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Polish culture during World War II", "paragraph_text": "On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, initiating World War II in Europe, and on 17 September, pursuant to the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union. Subsequently, Poland was partitioned again \u2013 between these two powers \u2013 and remained under occupation for most of the war. By 1 October, Germany and the Soviet Union had completely overrun Poland, although the Polish government never formally surrendered, and the Polish Underground State, subordinate to the Polish government-in-exile, was soon formed. On 8 October, Nazi Germany annexed the western areas of pre-war Poland and, in the remainder of the occupied area, established the General Government. The Soviet Union had to temporarily give up the territorial gains it made in 1939 due to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, but permanently re-annexed much of this territory after winning it back in mid-1944. Over the course of the war, Poland lost over 20% of its pre-war population amid an occupation that marked the end of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 \u2013 March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a \"greater confusion of purpose\", yet led to a war noted for its \"notoriously incompetent international butchery.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The pact delineated the spheres of interest between the two powers, confirmed by the supplementary protocol of the German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty amended after the joint invasion of Poland. It remained in force for nearly two years, until the German government of Adolf Hitler ended the pact by launching an attack on the Soviet positions in Eastern Poland during Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "October Revolution", "paragraph_text": "On 20 December 1917 (2 January 1918 new style), the Cheka was created by the decree of Vladimir Lenin. These were the beginnings of the Bolsheviks' consolidation of power over their political opponents. The Red Terror was started in September 1918, following a failed assassination attempt on Lenin's life. The Jacobin Terror was an example for the Soviet Bolsheviks. Leon Trotsky had compared Lenin to Maximilien Robespierre as early as 1904."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1991 Soviet coup d'\u00e9tat attempt", "paragraph_text": "The 1991 Soviet coup d'\u00e9tat attempt, also known as the August Coup (Russian: \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447, tr. Avgustovskiy Putch ``August Putsch ''), was an attempt by members of the government of the USSR to take control of the country from Soviet President and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. The coup leaders were hard - line members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) who were opposed to Gorbachev's reform program and the new union treaty that he had negotiated which decentralized much of the central government's power to the republics. They were opposed, mainly in Moscow, by a short but effective campaign of civil resistance led by Russian president Boris Yeltsin, who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev. Although the coup collapsed in only two days and Gorbachev returned to power, the event destabilized the USSR and is widely considered to have contributed to both the demise of the CPSU and the dissolution of the USSR."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "None of the above", "paragraph_text": "In 1991, elections that led to the break - up of the Soviet Union, the Soviet version of ``none of above ''led to new elections with new candidates in 200 races of the 1,500 - seat Congress of People's Deputies. More than 100 incumbents representing the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were defeated in the run - off, leading to Boris Yeltsin to later say the`` none of the above'' option ``helped convince the people they had real power even in a rigged election, and (it) played a role in building true democracy. ''"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Baksan Hydroelectric Power Station", "paragraph_text": "The Baksan Hydroelectric Power Station is a small hydroelectric power station on the Baksan River in Atazhukino, Baksansky District, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. It is one of the oldest hydroelectric plants in Russia. It is owned by RusHydro."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, \"with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Of the five original great powers recognised at the Congress of Vienna, only France and the United Kingdom have maintained that status continuously to the present day, although France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and occupied during World War II. After the Congress of Vienna, the British Empire emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories, which signalled the beginning of the Pax Britannica and of the Great Game between the UK and Russia. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say \"All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Azerbaijan People's Government", "paragraph_text": "The Firqah-i Dimukrat, or Azerbaijani Democratic Party (ADP), publicly announced its formation in Tabriz on September 3, 1945 by a group of veteran communists headed by Ja'far Pishevari. After the announcement, the communist, Soviet-supported Tudeh party dissolved its Azerbaijan chapter and ordered its members to join ADP. ADP expanded throughout Iranian Azerbaijan, and initiated a local coup d'\u00e9tat with help from Soviet army, who prevented the Iranian army from intervening. During the first week of September 1945, the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, led by Ja'far Pishevari, a long-time leader of the revolutionary movement in Gilan, declared itself to be in control of Iranian Azerbaijan, promised liberal democratic reforms, and disbanded the local branch of Tudeh. Later in September 1945, at its first congress, the Azerbaijani Democratic Party authorized the formation of a peasant's militia. This militia started a bloodless coup on November 18, 1945 and by November 21, 1945 they had captured all remaining government posts in the province, and Iranian Azerbaijan \"became an autonomous republic under the direction of a 39-member national executive committee\".  The reality of the power seems to have been exercised by Mohammed Biriya, the Minister of Propaganda and head of the local secret police.At the same time, the US was steadily increasing its military assistance to the Iranian government. Under pressure by the Western powers, the Soviet Union revoked its support of the newly created state and the Iranian military succeeded in re-establishing Iranian rule in November 1946. According to Tadeusz Swietochowski:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Martial law in Poland", "paragraph_text": "Led by General of the Army Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Military Council of National Salvation (Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego, WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the Soviet Union before the declaration in March 1981."}], "question": "Who is the child of the person who succeeded the leader who gained power in Russia after the event that led to Soviet government assuming power?"}
{"id": "4hop1__147384_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "What Remains of Edith Finch", "paragraph_text": "The Finches are an American family living on the coast of Washington state. Dubbed ``America's most unfortunate family, ''the Finches believe they are being pursued by a curse; every member of the family, going back at least five generations, has died an untimely death, and only one child from each generation has survived to have children of their own."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Peter Blum", "paragraph_text": "Peter Emil Julius Blum (born 4 May 1925, Trieste, Kingdom of Italy \u2013 died 5 December 1990, London, England, UK) was an Afrikaans poet. As a child, he emigrated to the Union of South Africa with his family. From an early age Blum was already able to speak several languages, including German and Italian."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the West Indies with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa \u2013 September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fens and Anglian system", "paragraph_text": "The Fens and Anglian system is a collection of rivers in East Anglia in England that are navigable and for which the Environment Agency is the navigation authority."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jon Amtrup", "paragraph_text": "He has an extensive sailing background including two Transatlantic crossings, seven Bergen\u2013Shetland races, a lot of solo- and double-handed sailing in Norway and the North Sea. The last five years he has sailed the Norwegian coast a number of times and also circumnavigated Svalbard. He often assists other sailors who ventures into the high latitudes. He is a member of The Explorers Club and Royal Geographical Society."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sor Patrocinio", "paragraph_text": "The Servant of God Mar\u00eda Rafaela de los Dolores y del Patrocinio, O.I.C., more commonly known as Sor Patrocinio (\"Sister Protection\" (of Mary)), also known as \"the nun of the wounds\" (San Clemente, Cuenca, 1811 - Guadalajara, 1891), was a Spanish nun of the Order of the Immaculate Conception. She was prominent in the Spanish social and political spheres in the second half of the 19th century through her influence over Queen Isabel II and the queen's husband, King Francisco de As\u00eds de Borb\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Caravel", "paragraph_text": "A caravel (Portuguese: caravela, IPA: (k\u0250\u027e\u0250\u02c8v\u025bl\u0250)) is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing windward (beating). Caravels were used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, and Bartolomeu Dias all used caravels."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "N\u00e9ria L\u00facio Buzatto", "paragraph_text": "N\u00e9ria L\u00facio Buzatto (born January 13, 1980, in Monte Santo de Minas) is a lawyer and politician of Brazil. She is affiliated with the Workers Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores) (PT). She was a councilor in Patrocinio Paulista, she served for 2 terms and is currently vice mayor of Patrocinio Paulista. She was the first woman to be elected vice mayor of Patrocinio Paulista and the first African-Brazilian to be councilor and mayor of this town. Her mandate was the year of 2007."}], "question": "Who is the child of the Italian navigator sailing for England who explored the eastern coast of the continent where Sor Patrocinio lived when he died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__144108_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jon Amtrup", "paragraph_text": "He has an extensive sailing background including two Transatlantic crossings, seven Bergen\u2013Shetland races, a lot of solo- and double-handed sailing in Norway and the North Sea. The last five years he has sailed the Norwegian coast a number of times and also circumnavigated Svalbard. He often assists other sailors who ventures into the high latitudes. He is a member of The Explorers Club and Royal Geographical Society."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fens and Anglian system", "paragraph_text": "The Fens and Anglian system is a collection of rivers in East Anglia in England that are navigable and for which the Environment Agency is the navigation authority."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Since 1718, transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia. The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it New South Wales. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria, making its capital Melbourne for a time the richest city in the world and the second largest city (after London) in the British Empire."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Caravel", "paragraph_text": "A caravel (Portuguese: caravela, IPA: (k\u0250\u027e\u0250\u02c8v\u025bl\u0250)) is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing windward (beating). Caravels were used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, and Bartolomeu Dias all used caravels."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the West Indies with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Since 1718, transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various criminal offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the 13 Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia. The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Jansz in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it New South Wales. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria, making its capital Melbourne the richest city in the world and the largest city after London in the British Empire."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Melgueiro", "paragraph_text": "David Melgueiro (Porto, ? \u2013 Porto, 1673?) is supposed to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer. He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa \u2013 September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Ron", "paragraph_text": "Jos\u00e9 Ron left his hometown of Guadalajara at age 18 to study acting in the \"Centro de Actuaci\u00f3n de Televisa\". Ron began his acting career in 2004 on the telenovela \"Mujer de madera\" with Edith Gonz\u00e1lez, Ana Patricia Rojo, Jaime Camil and Gabriel Soto. In 2005 he participated in the television series \"Bajo el mismo techo\", where he appeared in 11 episodes. In 2006 he participated in the third season of the telenovela \"Rebelde\" where he played Enzo. In this telenovela he shared credits with Maite Perroni, Dulce Mar\u00eda, Anah\u00ed, Christian Ch\u00e1vez and Alfonso Herrera. In 2006 was one of the protagonist in the telenovela \"C\u00f3digo postal\", in which stood out more as an actor. In 2007, he had a recurring role in the telenovela \"Muchachitas como t\u00fa\". In 2008 made his debut as a protagonist in the telenovela \"Juro que te amo\" where shared credits with Ana Brenda Contreras. In 2010, she received several recognitions for its stakes in the telenovela \"Los exitosos P\u00e9rez\", \"Locas de amor\" and \"Cuando me enamoro\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Paul Signac", "paragraph_text": "Paul Signac was born in Paris on 11 November 1863. He followed a course of training in architecture before deciding at the age of 18 to pursue a career as a painter after attending an exhibit of Monet's work. He sailed around the coasts of Europe, painting the landscapes he encountered. He also painted a series of watercolors of French harbor cities in later years."}], "question": "Who is the child of the Italian navigator sailing for England who explored the eastern coast of the continent where Jose Ron was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__145067_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Since 1718, transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various criminal offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the 13 Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia. The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Jansz in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it New South Wales. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria, making its capital Melbourne the richest city in the world and the largest city after London in the British Empire."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fens and Anglian system", "paragraph_text": "The Fens and Anglian system is a collection of rivers in East Anglia in England that are navigable and for which the Environment Agency is the navigation authority."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lune Aqueduct", "paragraph_text": "The Lune Aqueduct is a navigable aqueduct that carries the Lancaster Canal over the River Lune, on the east side of the city of Lancaster in Lancashire, England. It was completed in 1797 at a total cost of \u00a348,320 18s 10d."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Caravel", "paragraph_text": "A caravel (Portuguese: caravela, IPA: (k\u0250\u027e\u0250\u02c8v\u025bl\u0250)) is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing windward (beating). Caravels were used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, and Bartolomeu Dias all used caravels."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lucy Goes to the Hospital", "paragraph_text": "\"Lucy Goes to the Hospital\" is an episode of the 1950s American television show \"I Love Lucy\" in which the title character, Lucy Ricardo, gives birth to her son, \"Little Ricky,\" after a \"predictably chaotic\" sequence of events. Twelve hours before the broadcast, the actress who played Lucy Ricardo, Lucille Ball, had given birth to Desi Arnaz, Jr. by cesarean section. The episode had actually been filmed on November 14, 1952."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ricardo Cadena", "paragraph_text": "Ricardo Cadena Mart\u00ednez (born 23 October 1969 in Guadalajara, Jalisco) is a Mexican retired professional footballer, who plays at defender during his career, he was a member of the Mexico national team competing at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. He earned one cap for the national A-side, making his only appearance on June 29, 1993."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Willem Barentsz", "paragraph_text": "Willem Barentsz (; anglicized as William Barents or Barentz) (c. 1550 \u2013 20 June 1597) was a Dutch navigator, cartographer, and Arctic explorer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century -- some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the West Indies with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}], "question": "Who is the child of the Italian navigator sailing for England who explored the eastern coast of the continent where Ricardo Cadena was born?"}
{"id": "4hop3__140525_265987_16797_51068", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lopez Tonight", "paragraph_text": "Lopez Tonight is an American late-night television talk show that was hosted by the comedian George Lopez. The hour-long program premiered on November 9, 2009, on cable network TBS. Lopez was the first Mexican-American to host a late-night talk show on an English-language network in the United States. The show featured audience interaction using a high-energy format. The program aired Monday through Thursday at midnight Eastern and Pacific, immediately following \"Conan\". On August 10, 2011, TBS announced that \"Lopez Tonight\" would be canceled. The"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The White Viking", "paragraph_text": "The White Viking (alternative title Embla, , ) is a 1991 film set in Norway and Iceland during the reign of Olaf I of Norway. The film loosely follows actual events."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pee-wee's Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "The premise of the show was that host Pee - wee Herman went to play in a fantastic house (situated in Puppetland) known as the Playhouse, which was filled with toys, gadgets, talking furniture and appliances (e.g., Magic Screen and Chairy) and puppet characters such as Conky The Robot, Pterri the baby Pteranodon and Jambi the Genie (John Paragon), a disembodied genie's head who lives in a jeweled box. The Playhouse was also visited by a regular cast of human characters, including Miss Yvonne (Lynne Marie Stewart), Reba The Mail Lady (S. Epatha Merkerson), Captain Carl (Phil Hartman), Cowboy Curtis (Laurence Fishburne) and a small group of children, The Playhouse Gang."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained \"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \"family monarchy\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Program Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "Program Playhouse was an anthology television series aired on the DuMont Television Network on Wednesdays from June 22 to September 14, 1949."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Georgian architecture", "paragraph_text": "Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover\u2014George I, George II, George III, and George IV\u2014who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture. In America the term \"Georgian\" is generally used to describe all building from the period, regardless of style; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are \"architectural in intention\", and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period, though that covers a wide range."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "In the final, Spain, the European champions, defeated the Netherlands (third - time losing finalists) 1 -- 0 after extra time, with Andr\u00e9s Iniesta's goal in the 116th minute giving Spain their first world title. Spain became the eighth nation to win the tournament and the first European nation to win a World Cup hosted outside its home continent: all previous World Cups held outside Europe had been won by South American nations. As a result of their win, Spain represented the World in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. Host nation South Africa, 2006 champions Italy and 2006 runners - up France were all eliminated in the first round of the tournament. It was the first time that the hosts had been eliminated in the first round. New Zealand, with their three draws, were the only undefeated team in the tournament, but they were also eliminated in the first round."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alice Lewisohn", "paragraph_text": "Alice Lewisohn (1883\u20131972) was the founder of the Neighborhood Playhouse with her sister Irene Lewisohn. Alice was also an actress."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hot Set", "paragraph_text": "Hot Set is an American reality television game show on the Syfy cable network in which a group of production artists compete against each other to create movie sets. Ben Mankiewicz serves as the show's host, with judges being Curt Beech, Lilly Kilvert, and Barry Robison."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Adventure Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "Adventure Playhouse is the umbrella title of an early American television program broadcast on the now defunct DuMont Television Network. The series ran from April to May of 1950."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jazz Casual", "paragraph_text": "Jazz Casual was an occasional series on jazz music on National Educational Television (NET), the predecessor to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). The show was produced by Richard Moore and KQED of San Francisco, California. Episodes ran for 30 minutes. It ran from 1961 to 1968 and was hosted by jazz critic Ralph Gleason. The series had a pilot program in 1960. That episode, however, has been destroyed. 31 episodes were broadcast; 28 episodes survive. Most episodes included short interviews with the group leaders."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8", "paragraph_text": "The season, which was filmed in Spain, was hosted by Rohit Shetty. The season ended on 30 September 2017 with Shantanu Maheshwari was declared the winner while popular TV actress Hina Khan became the runner - up."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jenna Coleman", "paragraph_text": "Jenna - Louise Coleman (born 27 April 1986), professionally known as Jenna Coleman, is an English actress and model. Notable for her work in British television, she is best known for her roles as Jasmine Thomas in the soap opera Emmerdale (2005 -- 2009), Clara Oswald, companion to the Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors in the science fiction series Doctor Who (2012 -- 2015, 2017) and Queen Victoria in the ITV biographical drama series Victoria (2016 -- present)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign", "paragraph_text": "Queen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria. On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a sapphire jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "NET Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "NET Playhouse was an American dramatic television anthology series produced by National Educational Television. NET subsequently merged with WNDT Newark to form WNET, and was superseded by the Public Broadcasting Service, though the NET title did remain. In addition to episodes produced in the United States, the series also aired episodes that were originally produced and broadcast in the United Kingdom. The series occasionally broadcast feature films, such as \"L'Avventura\" and \"Knife in the Water\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son Alfred (\"Affie\") died; \"Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too\", she wrote in her journal. \"It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Comedy Firsts", "paragraph_text": "\"Comedy Firsts\" followed on from ITV's \"Comedy Playhouse\" that had aired in 1993. It followed the same format of a series of one-off comedy pilots. Each episode of \"Comedy Firsts\" aired on Monday at 8pm and had a different cast and writers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Playhouse Creatures", "paragraph_text": "Playhouse Creatures is a 1993 play by April De Angelis, set in the theatre world of 17th century London. It premiered at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in 1993 and has since been revived at the Old Vic in 1997, the Dundee Rep in 2007 and the Chichester Festival Theatre in 2012."}], "question": "Who plays the queen on the network that superseded the network that hosted NET Playhouse?"}
{"id": "4hop3__140525_265987_49541_51068", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "DuMont Royal Theater", "paragraph_text": "DuMont Royal Theater (also known as Royal Playhouse) was an American dramatic anthology television series which ran on the now-defunct DuMont Television Network from April 12, 1951, to June 26, 1952. The half-hour series ran during the summers, and in 1952 it ran on alternate weeks with \"Gruen Playhouse\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arthur Hughes (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Hughes (June 24, 1894 - December 28, 1982) was an American actor on the stage, radio and films. On Broadway, he performed in two dozen plays between 1923 and 1968, including \"Mourning Becomes Electra\" (1931\u201332) and \"Elizabeth the Queen\" (1930\u201331). On television he appeared in \"The DuPont Show of the Week\" and \"Playhouse 90\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jazz Casual", "paragraph_text": "Jazz Casual was an occasional series on jazz music on National Educational Television (NET), the predecessor to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). The show was produced by Richard Moore and KQED of San Francisco, California. Episodes ran for 30 minutes. It ran from 1961 to 1968 and was hosted by jazz critic Ralph Gleason. The series had a pilot program in 1960. That episode, however, has been destroyed. 31 episodes were broadcast; 28 episodes survive. Most episodes included short interviews with the group leaders."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Philippine Idol", "paragraph_text": "Philippine Idol is the first version of the Idol series in the Philippines, the 35th country in the world to air a local \"Idol\" adaptation and the sixth in Asia. The franchise was first awarded by FremantleMedia, 19 Entertainment and CKX, Inc. to ABC Development Corporation (ABC now The 5 Network) in 2006, then to GMA Network in 2008, then ABS-CBN in 2019. Just like the premise of original show \"Pop Idol\", \"Philippine Idol\" aims to find the best singer in the country who can be defined as the \"national\" singer. Local television personality Ryan Agoncillo hosted the program. Ryan Cayabyab (musical composer), Pilita Corrales (singer, known as Asia's Queen of Songs) and Francis Magalona (rapper and producer) were also judges of the show. Agoncillo, Corrales and Magalona auditioned to be part of the program, while Cayabyab was chosen by the program's producers. Meanwhile, actress Heart Evangelista hosted the daily updates program \"I \u2665 Philippine Idol: Exclusive\". Composer Mel Villena was the show's musical director."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Comedy Firsts", "paragraph_text": "\"Comedy Firsts\" followed on from ITV's \"Comedy Playhouse\" that had aired in 1993. It followed the same format of a series of one-off comedy pilots. Each episode of \"Comedy Firsts\" aired on Monday at 8pm and had a different cast and writers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Amy Farrington", "paragraph_text": "Amy Farrington (born September 20, 1966) is an American actress and model that is best known for her role as Stacey Devers on \"The Michael Richards Show\". She was born in Boston, Massachusetts but raised in Garland, a suburb of Dallas, Texas. After attending a musical theatre conservatory program, she worked in local and regional theatres before moving to Chicago. In Chicago, she performed at several theaters including The Bailwick Repertory, The Court Theatre and the Steppenwolf Theatre. Twenty plays later, she moved to Los Angeles. Her first job was as a series regular in a pilot for NBC, followed by the series, \"The Michael Richards Show\" (2000), for the same network. She then went on to star in pilots for several networks and guest-starred and recurred on numerous sitcoms including \"Will & Grace\" (1998), \"Just Shoot Me!\" (1997), \"Malcolm in the Middle\" (2000), \"Two and a Half Men\" (2003), \"The King of Queens\" (1998) and \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" (2006). Young Sheldon (2018)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cricket World Cup", "paragraph_text": "Sri Lanka as a co-host of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was the first host to win the tournament though the final was held in Pakistan. India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win in a final played in their own country. Australia repeated the feat in 2015. England is the only other host to have made the final, in 1979. Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are New Zealand as finalists in 2015; Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003; and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003. In 1987, co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals, but were eliminated by Australia and England respectively. Australia in 1992, England in 1999, South Africa in 2003, and Bangladesh in 2011 have been the host teams that were eliminated in the first round."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "RSPCA Animal Rescue", "paragraph_text": "RSPCA Animal Rescue is an Australian reality television series screening on the Seven Network. The program follows RSPCA Australia inspectors rescue and protect Australian animals. The program is hosted by The Wiggles' Anthony Field."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 -- 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Das Spielhaus", "paragraph_text": "Das Spielhaus (The Playhouse) was a popular puppet theatre television series that played on the second channel of Deutscher Fernsehfunk in the former East Germany."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Adventure Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "Adventure Playhouse is the umbrella title of an early American television program broadcast on the now defunct DuMont Television Network. The series ran from April to May of 1950."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "America's Prom Queen", "paragraph_text": "America's Prom Queen is a reality TV series created by consumer marketer Krishnan Menon and produced by PB&J Television that debuted on ABC Family on March 17, 2008. The show follows 10 girls aspiring for the title of \"America's Prom Queen\". Each week, the girls face a prom-related challenge, and girls will be eliminated until one remains. The show is hosted by former Miss USA, Susie Castillo. On April 21, 2008, Katelyn was crowned America's Prom Queen."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Problem (play)", "paragraph_text": "The Problem is a one-act play by A. R. Gurney. It was originally performed in 1968 in Boston by a theatre group Gurney helped to organize called \"The Theatre For Now\". The reception was quiet but the play later opened to enthusiastic reviews at a popular playhouse in London, England and went on to be broadcast on BBC. Like many other of Gurney's other plays The Problem concerns WASPs of the American northeast."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "NET Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "NET Playhouse was an American dramatic television anthology series produced by National Educational Television. NET subsequently merged with WNDT Newark to form WNET, and was superseded by the Public Broadcasting Service, though the NET title did remain. In addition to episodes produced in the United States, the series also aired episodes that were originally produced and broadcast in the United Kingdom. The series occasionally broadcast feature films, such as \"L'Avventura\" and \"Knife in the Water\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "International Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "International Playhouse is the name of an American television series that was broadcast on the now-defunct DuMont Television Network during 1951."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Steve Stewart", "paragraph_text": "Steve Stewart is an American sportscaster, currently serving as a pregame host and play-by-play announcer on the Kansas City Royals Radio Network. The 2011 season was his fourth with the Royals, his 12th in the Major Leagues and his 20th broadcasting baseball."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lady Godiva Rides Again", "paragraph_text": "The film is most notable for the presence of actresses who were later to become famous. Diana Dors, who appears as a beauty queen, was later marketed as the film's star. It also features Joan Collins in her film debut as an uncredited beauty contestant. Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be executed in England, also appears as an uncredited beauty queen. Ruth, who was four months pregnant at the time, had dyed her hair black and had styled it into a bob."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Murder at the Vicarage", "paragraph_text": "The story was adapted into a play by Moie Charles and Barbara Toy in 1949 and opened at the Playhouse Theatre on 16 December 1949. Miss Marple was played by Barbara Mullen."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Program Playhouse", "paragraph_text": "Program Playhouse was an anthology television series aired on the DuMont Television Network on Wednesdays from June 22 to September 14, 1949."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jenna Coleman", "paragraph_text": "Jenna - Louise Coleman (born 27 April 1986), professionally known as Jenna Coleman, is an English actress and model. Notable for her work in British television, she is best known for her roles as Jasmine Thomas in the soap opera Emmerdale (2005 -- 2009), Clara Oswald, companion to the Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors in the science fiction series Doctor Who (2012 -- 2015, 2017) and Queen Victoria in the ITV biographical drama series Victoria (2016 -- present)."}], "question": "Who plays the 1890-era Queen of England on the network that superceded the network that hosted NET Playhouse?"}
{"id": "4hop1__206440_825820_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "West Aisle Ridge", "paragraph_text": "West Aisle Ridge () in Antarctica is a named from the position of the ridge in a group of three ridges in relation to The Stage."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sebastian Inlet", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Inlet, located in Sebastian Inlet State Park in Brevard County, Florida and Indian River County, Florida, offers surfing and fishing opportunities. It is off State Road A1A just 12 miles north of Vero Beach. There are annual surf tournaments, professional and amateur. Visitors fish there, particularly for Snook and Redfish."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gallaratese", "paragraph_text": "Gallaratese is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city. It is located about 7\u00a0km north-west of the city centre. It borders on the \"comune\" of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dorsa Barlow", "paragraph_text": "Dorsa Barlow is a wrinkle ridge system on the Moon, in Mare Tranquilitatis near the border with Mare Serenitatis, centered at . It is about 110 km long and was named after British crystallographer William Barlow in 1976."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Martin Ridge", "paragraph_text": "Martin Ridge () is a broad ice-covered ridge bordering the west side of upper Moody Glacier in the Queen Alexandra Range, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Major Wilbur E. Martin, U.S.Army, who was in charge of trail operations during U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze, 1963."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bongcheon-dong", "paragraph_text": "Bongcheon or Bongcheon-dong is a statutory division of Gwanak District, Seoul, South Korea. Its name means \"enshrining heaven\" which was derived from its location, northern skirt of Mt. Gwanak, stretching to the mountain ridge. It consists 9 administrative neighbourhoods. District office of Gwanak is located in Bongcheon."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Florida Ridge, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Florida Ridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 18,164 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bee Ridge Woman's Club", "paragraph_text": "The Bee Ridge Woman's Club is a historic woman's club in Sarasota, Florida, United States. The club was founded in 1915 as the Get-Together-Club and took its name as Bee Ridge Woman's club in 1917. In 1922 construction began on a clubhouse and the building was completed in 1923. It is located at 4919 Andrew Avenue. On February 10, 1995, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "McCroskey State Park", "paragraph_text": "McCroskey State Park (full name: Mary Minerva McCroskey State Park) is a public recreation area in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, located in the Palouse region of northern Idaho. The park's stretch along a ridge in Latah and Benewah Counties, along the border with Washington."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James D. Gordon III", "paragraph_text": "James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}], "question": "What position did the officer whose name was named after by the county sharing border with another county having Florida Ridge?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621596_825820_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Clearwater River (Quebec)", "paragraph_text": "The Clearwater River (in French: Rivi\u00e8re \u00e0 l'Eau Claire) is a river flowing on the east shore of Lake Guillaume-Delisle (formerly designated \"Richmond Gulf\"), which empties into the Hudson Bay. The \"Clearwater River\" is located in Nunavik, in the west of the Labrador peninsula, in the administrative region of Nord-du-Qu\u00e9bec, in Quebec, in Canada. This river drains Clearwater Lake into Lac Guillaume-Delisle."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Joseph Martin (general)", "paragraph_text": "General Martin held many positions during his public life. As a very young man he first tried his hand at farming, next he worked for three years as an overseer on the huge plantation of his local Virginia kin, next he was a longhunter, and an explorer on the frontier for friend Patrick Henry, then an early pioneer and builder of Martin's Station in the \"wild west,\" a surveyor of the KY/NC and TN/VA borders, an Indian agent/Indian fighter for Patrick Henry, a member at peace treaties with the Indians, and along with Dr. Thomas Walker, Joseph Martin named the Cumberland region and the Cumberland River, he served as a member of the legislatures of Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina, he was lifelong friends with Gen. Thomas Sumter, he was also friends and brothers-in-law with Col. Benjamin Cleveland (both married Graves sisters), he was unsuccessfully nominated by Patrick Henry to the position of the first governor of the Southwest Territory, was the holder of some 80,000 acres across the Southeastern U.S. at one point. The city of Martinsville, Virginia, was named in his honor during his lifetime."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gera (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Gera is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the former Kingdom of Gera, whose territory was approximately the same as the modern woreda. Part of the Jimma Zone, Gera is bordered on the south by the Gojeb River which separates it from the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the northwest by Sigmo, on the north by Setema, on the northeast by Gomma, and on the east by Seka Chekorsa. The administrative center of this woreda is Chira; other towns in Gera include Cheriko and Dusta."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Indian River Shores, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Indian River Shores is a town on Orchid Island, in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,901 at the 2010 census, up from 3,448 at the 2000 census. It was ranked ninth in Florida locations by per capita income as of 2010."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Aamjiwnaang First Nation", "paragraph_text": "The Aamjiwnaang First Nation (or also known as Chippewas of Sarnia First Nation) is an Ojibwe First Nation band government in southwestern Ontario, Canada. They reside on the Sarnia 45 Indian Reserve, located on the shores of the St. Clair River directly south of Sarnia across from the United States border from Port Huron, Michigan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Beaufort Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jersey Shore", "paragraph_text": "The Jersey Shore is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about 141 miles (227 km) of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties. Many New Jersey residents refer to it simply as ``The Shore '', as in to go or have done something`` down the shore''. While there is no defined border between North Jersey and South Jersey, the Raritan River, Manasquan River, or I - 195 are often mentioned as the border, and as such, most of the shore region is located in South Jersey."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Montcerf-Lytton, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Montcerf-Lytton is a municipality in La Vall\u00e9e-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada. Its territory spans both shores of the D\u00e9sert River, a tributary of the Gatineau River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Choptank River", "paragraph_text": "The Choptank River is a major tributary of the Chesapeake Bay and the largest river on the Delmarva Peninsula. Running for , it rises in Kent County, Delaware, runs through Caroline County, Maryland and forms much of the border between Talbot County, Maryland on the north, and Caroline County and Dorchester County on the east and south. It is located north of the Nanticoke River and its mouth is located south of Eastern Bay. Cambridge, the county seat of Dorchester County, and Denton, the county seat of Caroline County, are located on its south shore."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lac-Matap\u00e9dia, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Lac-Matap\u00e9dia is an unorganized territory in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada. It is named after and located on the northern shores of Lake Matapedia in the Matap\u00e9dia Valley."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sebastian Inlet", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Inlet, located in Sebastian Inlet State Park in Brevard County, Florida and Indian River County, Florida, offers surfing and fishing opportunities. It is off State Road A1A just 12 miles north of Vero Beach. There are annual surf tournaments, professional and amateur. Visitors fish there, particularly for Snook and Redfish."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Orange Bay", "paragraph_text": "Orange Bay is the name of two small bays in Jamaica. One is located at in the parish of Westmoreland, to the north of the resort town of Negril. The other is at in the east, in the parish of Portland, 15 miles west of the capital, Port Antonio. Here the name is shared by a small village on the shore of the bay."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Chaunsky District", "paragraph_text": "Chaunsky District (; Chukchi: ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located on the northern shore of the autonomous okrug and borders with Iultinsky District in the northeast, Anadyrsky District in the southeast, and with Bilibinsky District in the south and west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Pevek. Population: The population of Pevek accounts for 80.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jimma Arjo", "paragraph_text": "Jimma Arjo is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It shares the name of one of the subgroups of the Oromo people, the Jimma Arjo. Part of the Misraq Welega Zone, Jimma Arjo is bordered on the southwest by the Didessa River which separates it from the Illubabor Zone, on the northwest by Diga Leka, on the northeast by Guto Wayu, and on the southeast by Nunu Kumba. The administrative center of this woreda is Arjo."}], "question": "What position did the person who a county is named after and that shares a border with the county where Indian River Shores is located hold?"}
{"id": "4hop1__68461_825820_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "South Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "South Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) on Orchid Island in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,501 at the 2010 census. It is ranked tenth in Florida locations by per capita income as of 2010."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "WEAT", "paragraph_text": "WEAT (107.9 FM, \"Sunny 107-9\") is a radio station licensed to the West Palm Beach, Florida market. It is owned by Alpha Media, through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC. Its studios are in West Palm Beach and its transmitter is located west of Lake Worth, Florida."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vero Lake Estates, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Vero Lake Estates is an unincorporated community in Indian River County, Florida, United States, off CR 510. It contains the western portion of Wabasso Road, although it is not connected to CR 510. The entire area contains a street grid, (77th Street on the south; County Road 512 (95th Street) on the north, and 90th Avenue on the east; 108th Avenue on the west)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kendall Green, Pompano Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Kendall Green was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States, and is now a neighborhood of Pompano Beach, Florida. The population was 3,084 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Stewart S-51D Mustang", "paragraph_text": "The Stewart S-51D Mustang is an American aerobatic homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Jim Stewart and produced by Stewart 51 of Vero Beach, Florida, introduced in 1994. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vero Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "City of Vero Beach, Florida City Nickname (s): Hibiscus City Motto (s): Where the Tropics Begin Location in Indian River County and the state of Florida Vero Beach Location in the United States Vero Beach Vero Beach (the US) Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show all Coordinates: 27 \u00b0 39 \u2032 N 80 \u00b0 23 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 27.650 \u00b0 N 80.383 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 27.650; - 80.383 Coordinates: 27 \u00b0 39 \u2032 N 80 \u00b0 23 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 27.650 \u00b0 N 80.383 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 27.650; - 80.383 Country United States State Florida County Indian River Settled 1870 Incorporated (Vero) 1919 Incorporated (Vero Beach) 1925 Government Type Commission - Manager Area City 13.34 sq mi (34.56 km) Land 11.44 sq mi (29.63 km) Water 1.91 sq mi (4.93 km) 14.31% Elevation 13 ft (4 m) Population (2010) City 15,220 Estimate (2016) 16,751 Density 1,464.38 / sq mi (565.42 / km) Metro 130,100 Census Bureau Time zone Eastern (EST) (UTC - 5) Summer (DST) EDT (UTC - 4) ZIP codes 32960 thru 32969 Area code (s) 772 FIPS code 12 - 74150 GNIS feature ID 0292760 Website http://www.covb.org"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Isle of Normandy", "paragraph_text": "Isle of Normandy or Normandy Island or Normandy Isles or Normandy Isle is a neighborhood of North Beach in the city of Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is located along the eastern shore of Biscayne Bay."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WJLU", "paragraph_text": "WJLU is a Christian radio station broadcasting on 89.7 FM, licensed to New Smyrna Beach, Florida, and serving Daytona Beach, Florida, New Smyrna Beach, Florida, and Deltona, Florida. The station's format consists of Christian contemporary music and Christian talk and teaching. WJLU's programming is also heard on sister station WJLH 90.3 in Flagler Beach, Florida, and is heard locally on translators in Daytona Beach, Florida, DeLand, Florida, and Deltona, Florida. The station began broadcasting on October 7, 1989, and had an ERP of 1,000 watts at 200 feet."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Holly Hill, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Holly Hill is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States. The population was 11,659 at the 2010 census. Holly Hill's city limits lie entirely on the Florida mainland, unlike the larger cities on either side of it, Daytona Beach and Ormond Beach, which encompass both the mainland and the barrier island (beach front) across the Halifax River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sebastian Inlet", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Inlet, located in Sebastian Inlet State Park in Brevard County, Florida and Indian River County, Florida, offers surfing and fishing opportunities. It is off State Road A1A just 12 miles north of Vero Beach. There are annual surf tournaments, professional and amateur. Visitors fish there, particularly for Snook and Redfish."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WZTA", "paragraph_text": "WZTA is a United States AM radio station licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to serve the community of Vero Beach, Florida on the frequency of 1370\u00a0kHz. The station serves the Vero Beach area and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eastern Shores (North Miami Beach)", "paragraph_text": "Eastern Shores is a neighborhood within the city of North Miami Beach in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is located about north of Miami, just south of the city of Aventura."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sylvan Beach Union Chapel", "paragraph_text": "Sylvan Beach Union Chapel is a historic interdenominational church building located at Sylvan Beach in Oneida County, New York. It opened on July 3, 1887 and worship services have been held there every summer since then. The film \"The Sterile Cuckoo\" starring Liza Minnelli was shot in part at the church."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Vero Beach South, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Vero Beach South is a census-designated place (CDP) in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 23,092 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Sebastian\u2013Vero Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pungo, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Pungo is a rural community located in the southern part of the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia and was one of the seven original boroughs when the City of Virginia Beach was created in 1963. The area derives its name from a local Indian tribe, the Machipungo, a branch of the Chesapeake tribe. It was named for a local Indian chief, Machiopungo. Because the community is located in an independent city, there is no individual census for the neighborhood, which was originally part of Princess Anne County until 1963, when the entire county became part of Virginia Beach. Like much of southern Virginia Beach, the area is surrounded by farmland."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Palm Beach International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Palm Beach International Airport (IATA: PBI, ICAO: KPBI, FAA LID: PBI) is a public airport three miles west of Palm Beach, Florida, in West Palm Beach. It serves the Miami metropolitan area. The airport is operated by Palm Beach County's Department of Airports. Road access to the airport is direct from I - 95, Southern Boulevard, and Congress Avenue. The airport is bordered on the west by Military Trail."}], "question": "What was the position held by the person after whom the county sharing a border with Vero Beach Florida's county was named?"}
{"id": "4hop1__416887_825820_833827_690604", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gera (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Gera is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the former Kingdom of Gera, whose territory was approximately the same as the modern woreda. Part of the Jimma Zone, Gera is bordered on the south by the Gojeb River which separates it from the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the northwest by Sigmo, on the north by Setema, on the northeast by Gomma, and on the east by Seka Chekorsa. The administrative center of this woreda is Chira; other towns in Gera include Cheriko and Dusta."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 \u2013 1877) was a Florida settler, who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851 to November 27, 1854 and from January 24, 1855 to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gallaratese", "paragraph_text": "Gallaratese is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city. It is located about 7\u00a0km north-west of the city centre. It borders on the \"comune\" of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sebastian Inlet", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Inlet, located in Sebastian Inlet State Park in Brevard County, Florida and Indian River County, Florida, offers surfing and fishing opportunities. It is off State Road A1A just 12 miles north of Vero Beach. There are annual surf tournaments, professional and amateur. Visitors fish there, particularly for Snook and Redfish."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Theodorus W. Brevard", "paragraph_text": "He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755) an officer in the Continental Army and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays, and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Edisto Beach State Park", "paragraph_text": "Edisto Beach State Park is located on the coast of South Carolina, 50 miles south of Charleston, near the town of Edisto Beach in Colleton County."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "South Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "South Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) on Orchid Island in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,501 at the 2010 census. It is ranked tenth in Florida locations by per capita income as of 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tuymazinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Tuymazinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Sharansky District in the north, Buzdyaksky District in the east, Belebeyevsky District in the southeast and south, Yermekeyevsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Tuymazy (which is administratively separate from the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a064,389."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jumeirah Beach", "paragraph_text": "Jumeira Beach is a white sand beach that is located and named after the Jumeirah district of Dubai, on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It stretches along the coast south of the city's historic district to the junction with The Palm Jumeirah and terminates between the southern end of the Jumeirah Beach Residence (adjacent to the Dubai Marina district) and the port facilities at Jebel Ali."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jimma Arjo", "paragraph_text": "Jimma Arjo is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It shares the name of one of the subgroups of the Oromo people, the Jimma Arjo. Part of the Misraq Welega Zone, Jimma Arjo is bordered on the southwest by the Didessa River which separates it from the Illubabor Zone, on the northwest by Diga Leka, on the northeast by Guto Wayu, and on the southeast by Nunu Kumba. The administrative center of this woreda is Arjo."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}], "question": "What position did the person who the county that shares a border with the one South Beach is located is named after hold?"}
{"id": "4hop1__615074_177384_10012_33224", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Frozen (2013 film)", "paragraph_text": "Princess Elsa of Arendelle possesses cryokinetic magic, often using it to play with her younger sister, Anna. After Elsa accidentally injures Anna with her magic, their parents, the King and Queen, rush both siblings to a colony of trolls led by Grand Pabbie. He heals Anna, but alters her memories to remove traces of Elsa's magic, warning Elsa that she must learn to control her powers. The King and Queen isolate both sisters within the castle. Elsa shuts out Anna, causing a rift between them. Elsa suppresses her magic rather than mastering it, causing her to become more insecure. When the sisters are teenagers, their parents die at sea during a storm."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa\u2019s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865\u20131909), there was the large \u201cpiece of that great African cake\u201d known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819\u2013859)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game)", "paragraph_text": "Sonic the Hedgehog is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis console. The game was first released in North America in June 1991, and in PAL regions and Japan the following month. The game features an anthropomorphic hedgehog named Sonic in a quest to defeat Doctor Robotnik, a scientist who has imprisoned animals in robots and stolen the magical Chaos Emeralds. Sonic the Hedgehog's gameplay involves collecting rings as a form of health and a simple control scheme, with jumping and attacking controlled by a single button."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tejaban", "paragraph_text": "Tejaban is a small village in Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is 70km from Turbat, near a river known as the Kech River. Agricultural activities in Tejaban are possible due to water from the Kech. But the river results in many problems as well. Lack of safe ways to control the water results dangerous consequences in heavy rain seasons as water enters into agricultural lands and destroys the crops. The word Tejaban means \"a lot of water\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Freaky Friday (2003 film)", "paragraph_text": "Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel of the same name by Mary Rodgers. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers \"a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions.\" These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a \"foreign\" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as \"in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the immortal gods, has an incredible power of spells (vi cantaminum) for everything he wishes to.\" Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical \"History of magical arts\" from their supposed Persian origins to Nero's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods. Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus, \"despite his special knowledge of the future, his miraculous cures, and his ability to vanish into thin air\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Black Unicorn", "paragraph_text": "The Black Unicorn is the second novel in the Magic Kingdom of Landover series by Terry Brooks, and the follow-up to \"Magic Kingdom for Sale -- SOLD!\". Published in 1987, the book revolves around the evil wizard Meeks, attempting to wrest control of the kingdom from Ben Holiday, the High Lord and the appearance of a mythical black unicorn in the kingdom."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Intermediair", "paragraph_text": "Intermediair is a weekly Dutch magazine for \"higher educated professionals in the fields of management, consulting, personnel counselling, financial administration and controlling, and law.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oxford University Film Foundation", "paragraph_text": "Some of the original founders of the Oxford Film Foundation, including Rick Stevenson, Michael Hoffman, Andy Paterson and Mark Bentley, went on to form the Oxford Film Company in 1984. The Oxford Film Company instituted Britain's first national screenwriting competition sponsored by Lloyds Bank and later produced a series of feature films, including Hilary and Jackie, while the revived and renamed Oxford University Film Foundation continues to produce films with the students of Oxford University."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mandelholz Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Mandelholz Dam () holds back the Kalte Bode Flood Control Basin (\"Hochwasserschutzbecken Kalte Bode\") which is a flood protection reservoir located between the villages of Elend and K\u00f6nigsh\u00fctte near Wernigerode in the Harz mountains of Germany. It impounds the waters of the Kalte Bode when water levels are high."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hoochie Coochie Man", "paragraph_text": "\"Hoochie Coochie Man\" (originally titled \"I'm Your Hoochie Cooche Man\") is a blues standard written by Willie Dixon and first recorded by Muddy Waters in 1954. The song makes reference to hoodoo folk magic elements and makes novel use of a stop-time musical arrangement. It became one of Waters' most popular and identifiable songs and helped secure Dixon's role as Chess Records' chief songwriter."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Raymond Hawkins", "paragraph_text": "Born on 21 December 1909 and educated at Bedford School, Raymond Hawkins joined the Royal Navy in 1927, serving aboard HMS Iron Duke in 1932 and aboard HMS Resolution in 1933. He served with Submarines between 1935 and 1943, and was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1940. He served aboard HMS Orion in 1943, as Assistant Naval Attach\u00e9 in Paris in 1954, and as Commanding Officer of HMS St Vincent in 1957. He was appointed Director of Marine Engineering in 1961 and Fourth Sea Lord and Vice Controller of the Navy in 1963. Promoted to vice admiral, his job title changed to Chief of Naval Supplies and Transport and Vice-Controller of the Navy in 1964. He retired in 1967."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Six Flags Magic Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Six Flags Magic Mountain Slogan Thrill Capital of the World The Xtreme Park Go Big! Go Six Flags Magic Mountain! Location Valencia, Santa Clarita, California Coordinates 34 \u00b0 25 \u2032 37 ''N 118 \u00b0 35 \u2032 49'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 34.427 \u00b0 N 118.597 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 34.427; - 118.597 Coordinates: 34 \u00b0 25 \u2032 37 ''N 118 \u00b0 35 \u2032 49'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 34.427 \u00b0 N 118.597 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 34.427; - 118.597 Owner Six Flags Opened May 29, 1971 Previous names Magic Mountain - 1971 to 1979 Operating season Year round Visitors per annum 3,365,000 in 2017 Area 262 acres (106 ha) Rides Total 43 Roller coasters 19 Water rides Website sixflags.com/magicMountain"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Education in the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). DepEd is responsible for the K -- 12 basic education; it exercises full and exclusive control over public schools and nominal regulation over private schools, and it also enforces the national curriculum that has been put in place since 2013. CHED and TESDA, on the other hand, are responsible for higher education; CHED regulates the academically - oriented universities and colleges while TESDA oversees the development of technical and vocational education institutions and programs in the country."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lemon Dam", "paragraph_text": "The earthen dam is a project of the United States Bureau of Reclamation and was completed in 1963, at 284 feet high and 1360 feet long at its crest. The dam impounds the Florida River for flood control and irrigation water storage, operated by the local Florida Water Conservancy District. 120 kW of hydroelectric power is generated here."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Magic in the Water", "paragraph_text": "Magic in the Water is a 1995 family film directed by Rick Stevenson and starring Mark Harmon, Joshua Jackson and Sarah Wayne. It is about a fictional lake monster in British Columbia. The film was distributed by TriStar Pictures and produced by Triumph Films."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ankang Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Ankang Dam is gravity dam on the Hanjiang (Han) River near Ankang in Shaanxi Province, China. The main purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production along with other purposes such as flood control and navigation. The dam withholds a reservoir which supplies water to its powerhouse located on the right toe. The power station contains 4 x 200 MW generators for a total installed capacity of 800 MW. On the dam's surface adjacent to the power house are five controlled spillway chutes. The dam also houses five mid-level openings and four base openings for discharging water as well."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Robert Walmsley", "paragraph_text": "Robert Walmsley was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, on 1 February 1941 and was educated at Fettes College in Edinburgh. He joined the Royal Navy as a Dartmouth Cadet in 1958, and went on to read Mechanical Sciences at Queens' College, Cambridge, before taking up a range of seagoing appointments, mainly in submarines, developing an expertise in nuclear propulsion. During his naval career he was at times Chairman of the Naval Nuclear Technical Safety Panel and Director General, Submarines. For three years, he was the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff for Communications, Command, Control and Information Systems. His final naval appointment (in 1994) was as Controller of the Navy and member of the Navy Board as a vice admiral. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1995."}], "question": "What did the nation where the director of Magic in the Water received higher education control?"}
{"id": "4hop1__615074_177384_10012_62279", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Magic of Music", "paragraph_text": "The Magic of Music is a Canadian children's classical music television series which aired on CBC Television from 1955 to 1958."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Through the Dragon's Eye", "paragraph_text": "Through the Dragon's Eye is an educational BBC Look and Read production, which was first aired on BBC Two from 19 September to 28 November 1989, and has been shown regularly ever since. Its plot follows three schoolchildren who are transported to a magical land, which they must save by using their reading skills. The television show was also adapted into a video game for the BBC Micro"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Blacke's Magic", "paragraph_text": "Blacke's Magic is an American crime drama series that aired for 13 episodes on NBC from January 5 to May 7, 1986."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "AGM-28 Hound Dog", "paragraph_text": "The North American Aviation AGM-28 Hound Dog was a supersonic, turbojet-propelled, air-launched cruise missile developed in 1959 for the United States Air Force. It was primarily designed to be capable of attacking Soviet ground-based air defense sites prior to a potential air attack by B-52 Stratofortress long range bombers during the Cold War. The Hound Dog was first given the designation B-77, then redesignated GAM-77, and finally as AGM-28. It was conceived as a temporary standoff missile for the B-52, to be used until the GAM-87 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile was available. Instead, the Skybolt was cancelled within a few years and the Hound Dog continued to be deployed for a total of 15 years until its replacement by newer missiles, including the AGM-69 SRAM and then the AGM-86 ALCM."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Oxford University Film Foundation", "paragraph_text": "Some of the original founders of the Oxford Film Foundation, including Rick Stevenson, Michael Hoffman, Andy Paterson and Mark Bentley, went on to form the Oxford Film Company in 1984. The Oxford Film Company instituted Britain's first national screenwriting competition sponsored by Lloyds Bank and later produced a series of feature films, including Hilary and Jackie, while the revived and renamed Oxford University Film Foundation continues to produce films with the students of Oxford University."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "KEPD 350", "paragraph_text": "Taurus KEPD 350 is a German air-launched cruise missile, manufactured by Taurus Systems and used by Germany, Spain, and South Korea. Taurus Systems GmbH is a partnership between MBDA Deutschland GmbH (formerly LFK) and Saab Bofors Dynamics."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Declarations of war during World War II", "paragraph_text": "1941 - 06 - 22 Nazi Germany Italy Romania Soviet Union A timed - declaration of war was given by Germany at the time of the attack Invasion"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "paragraph_text": "On November 26, 1941, a Japanese task force (the Striking Force) of six aircraft carriers -- Akagi, Kaga, S\u014dry\u016b, Hiry\u016b, Sh\u014dkaku, and Zuikaku -- departed northern Japan en route to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor: 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive combat air patrol (CAP), including nine fighters from the first wave."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ASC Duisburg", "paragraph_text": "ASC Duisburg (Amateur-Schwimm-Club Duisburg), or simply Duisburg is a sports club based in the city of Duisburg, in Germany. The water polo team is among the strongest in Germany and also, ASC has a large swimming department. The \"amateurs\" were a total of six German water polo champions and four German water polo Cup winners."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Timeline of World War II (1939)", "paragraph_text": "1: The Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany starts at 4: 45 a.m. with the Luftwaffe attacking several targets in Poland. The Luftwaffe launches air attacks against Krak\u00f3w, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, and Warsaw. Within five minutes of the Luftwaffe attacks, Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine orders the old Battleship Schleswig - Holstein to open fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea, but the attack is repulsed. By 8: 00 a.m., troops of the German Army, still without a formal declaration of war issued, launch an attack near the Polish town of Mokra."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER", "paragraph_text": "The AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER (Standoff Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response) is an advanced stand off precision-guided, air-launched cruise missile produced by Boeing Defense, Space & Security for the United States Armed Forces and their allies. Developed from the AGM-84E SLAM (Standoff Land Attack Missile) (itself developed by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems from the McDonnell Douglas Harpoon antiship missile), the SLAM-ER is capable of attacking land and sea targets medium to long range (155 nautical miles/270\u00a0km maximum). The SLAM-ER relies on the Global Positioning System (GPS) and infrared imaging for its navigation and control, and it can strike both moving and stationary targets."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi\u2013Soviet economic relations (1934\u201341) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Star Magic Presents", "paragraph_text": "Star Magic Presents is a weekly love anthology program that began airing on the ABS-CBN network in the Philippines from July 29, 2006 to May 10, 2008 The show features artists from Star Magic, the talent management agency of ABS-CBN."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as \"measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites.\" In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS (\"Man Portable AD Systems\": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced \"SAM\" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Britain", "paragraph_text": "Battle of Britain Part of the Second World War An Observer Corps spotter scans the skies of London. Date 10 July -- 31 October 1940 (3 months and 3 weeks) Location British airspace Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom Canada Germany Italy Commanders and leaders Hugh Dowding Keith Park T. Leigh - Mallory Quintin Brand Richard Saul L. Samuel Breadner Zdzis\u0142aw Krasnod\u0119bski Hermann G\u00f6ring Albert Kesselring Hugo Sperrle Hans - J\u00fcrgen Stumpff R.C. Fougier Units involved Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Foreign pilots from (show) Poland New Zealand Czechoslovakia Belgium Australia South Africa France Ireland United States Southern Rhodesia Jamaica Barbados Newfoundland Northern Rhodesia Luftwaffe Corpo Aereo Italiano Strength 1,963 serviceable aircraft 2,550 serviceable aircraft. Casualties and losses 1,542 aircrew killed 422 aircrew wounded 1,744 aircraft destroyed 2,585 aircrew killed and missing, 925 captured, 735 wounded 1,977 aircraft destroyed, 1,634 in combat and 343 non-combat Around 90,000 civilian casualties, 40,000 of them fatal."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and prevented an escalation in air operations. Airfields became water-logged and the 18 Kampfgruppen (bomber groups) of the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwadern (bomber wings) were relocated to Germany for rest and re-equipment."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers \"a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions.\" These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Japan during World War I", "paragraph_text": "In the first week of World War I Japan proposed to the United Kingdom, its ally since 1902, that Japan would enter the war if it could take Germany's Pacific territories. On 7 August 1914, the British government officially asked Japan for assistance in destroying the raiders from the Imperial German Navy in and around Chinese waters. Japan sent Germany an ultimatum on 23 August 1914, which went unanswered; Japan then formally declared war on Germany on 23 August 1914 in the name of the Emperor Taish\u014d. As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Qingdao, Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary, too, on 25 August 1914.Japanese forces quickly occupied German-leased territories in the Far East. On 2 September 1914, Japanese forces landed on China's Shandong province and surrounded the German settlement at Tsingtao (Qingdao).  During October, acting virtually independently of the civil government, the Imperial Japanese Navy seized several of Germany's island colonies in the Pacific - the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands - with virtually no resistance. The Japanese Navy conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids against German-held land targets in Shandong province and ships in Qiaozhou Bay from the seaplane-carrier Wakamiya. On 6 September 1914 a seaplane launched by Wakamiya unsuccessfully attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar with bombs.The Siege of Tsingtao concluded with the surrender of German colonial forces on 7 November 1914."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Magic in the Water", "paragraph_text": "Magic in the Water is a 1995 family film directed by Rick Stevenson and starring Mark Harmon, Joshua Jackson and Sarah Wayne. It is about a fictional lake monster in British Columbia. The film was distributed by TriStar Pictures and produced by Triumph Films."}], "question": "When did Germany launch an air attack on the location where the director of Magic in the Water was educated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__615074_177384_10012_60990", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Great Britain at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Overall medals 1924 Chamonix 45 6 1928 St. Moritz 33 0 0 8 8 1932 Lake Placid 0 0 0 0 -- - 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 39 7 8 1948 St. Moritz 62 0 0 13 10 1952 Oslo 20 0 0 8 11 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 45 0 0 0 0 -- - 1960 Squaw Valley 17 0 0 0 0 -- - 1964 Innsbruck 49 0 0 11 12 1968 Grenoble 46 0 0 0 0 -- - 1972 Sapporo 40 0 0 0 0 -- - 1976 Innsbruck 50 0 0 12 14 1980 Lake Placid 50 0 0 11 14 1984 Sarajevo 54 0 0 11 14 1988 Calgary 57 0 0 0 0 -- - 1992 Albertville 54 0 0 0 0 -- - 1994 Lillehammer 35 0 0 21 20 1998 Nagano 33 0 0 22 22 2002 Salt Lake City 51 0 18 20 2006 Turin 40 0 0 21 22 2010 Vancouver 50 0 0 19 24 2014 Sochi 56 19 20 2018 Pyeongchang 58 0 5 19 17 2022 Beijing Future event Total 11 16 31 19 19"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Canada at the Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Canada (IOC country code CAN) has competed at every Winter Olympic Games, and has won at least one medal each time. By total medals, the country's best performance was in the 2018 Winter Olympic Games where Canadian athletes won 29 medals. Canada set a new record for most gold medals won by a country in a single Winter Olympics with 14 at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada. This achievement surpassed the previous record of 13 gold medals held by the Soviet Union (1976) and Norway (2002). Both Germany and Norway matched the record total of 14 gold metals in Pyeongchang in 2018."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Steven Bradbury", "paragraph_text": "Steven John Bradbury OAM (born 14 October 1973) is an Australian former short track speed skater and four - time Olympian. He is best known for winning the 1,000 m event at the 2002 Winter Olympics after all of his opponents were involved in a last corner pile - up. He was the first athlete from Southern Hemisphere and Australian to win a Winter Olympic gold medal and was also part of the short track relay team that won Australia's first Winter Olympic medal, a bronze in 1994."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States men's national ice hockey team", "paragraph_text": "The United States won gold medals at the 1960 and 1980 Winter Olympics and more recently, silver medals at the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympics. The United States won the 1996 World Cup of Hockey. The team's most recent medal at the World Championships came with a bronze in 2015. They won the tournament in 1933 and 1960. Unlike other nations, the United States does n't typically use its best NHL players in the World Championships even when they're available. Instead, USA Hockey uses this tournament as a platform for young NHLers and college players."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Massimo Giacoppo", "paragraph_text": "Massimo Giacoppo (10 May 1983) is an Italian Water Polo player, part of the Italian team that won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kim So-hee (speed skater)", "paragraph_text": "Kim So-Hee (Hangul: \uae40\uc18c\ud76c, Hanja: \u91d1\u662d\u5e0c) (born September 16, 1976 in Daegu) is a retired female South Korean short track speed skater who competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and in the 1994 Winter Olympics. She won one Gold medal and one Bronze medal from the Olympics. She is the 1992 Overall World Champion for Short-track speed skating, and is the first Woman from South Korea to have become one."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals (1,022 of them gold) at the Summer Olympic Games, the most of any nation, and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games, the second most behind Norway. The U.S. has topped the gold medal count (as the medals are listed on the IOC website, and internationally by tradition) at seventeen Summer Olympics, the most of any nation, and one Winter Olympics. The U.S. holds the record both for the most gold and overall medals won in a single Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kristen Skjeldal", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Skjeldal (born 27 May 1967) is an Olympic champion and cross-country skier from Norway. He has won three olympic medals: two gold and one bronze. He won his first gold medal in the 4 \u00d7 10\u00a0km relay at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. He finished fourth in 30\u00a0km freestyle event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, but was awarded the bronze medal upon Spain's Johann M\u00fchlegg EPO-doping disqualification. Subsequently, devices for blood doping were found at the hotel room of the doctor for the Austrian cross-country team. Since Skjeldal won the bronze behind two Austrians, many regard him as the real olympic champion. Skjeldal also won a gold medal in 4 \u00d7 10\u00a0km relay at those same games."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Winter Olympic Games", "paragraph_text": "Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29. Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals, their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rudolf Potsch", "paragraph_text": "Rudolf Potsch (born May 15, 1937 in Brno, Czechoslovakia) is an ice hockey player who played for the Czechoslovak national team. He won a bronze medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Magic in the Water", "paragraph_text": "Magic in the Water is a 1995 family film directed by Rick Stevenson and starring Mark Harmon, Joshua Jackson and Sarah Wayne. It is about a fictional lake monster in British Columbia. The film was distributed by TriStar Pictures and produced by Triumph Films."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A. J. Mleczko", "paragraph_text": "Allison Jaime \"A.J.\" Mleczko is an American ice hockey player and analyst. She won a gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Buzz Schneider", "paragraph_text": "William Conrad \"Buzz\" Schneider (born September 14, 1954, in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, and raised in Babbitt, Minnesota) is an American former ice hockey player best remembered for his role on the US Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. He was also a member of the US Olympic hockey team at the 1976 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers \"a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions.\" These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Reinfried Herbst", "paragraph_text": "Reinfried Herbst (born 11 October 1978 in Salzburg) is a retired slalom skier from Austria. Herbst won the silver medal for the men's slalom event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oxford University Film Foundation", "paragraph_text": "Some of the original founders of the Oxford Film Foundation, including Rick Stevenson, Michael Hoffman, Andy Paterson and Mark Bentley, went on to form the Oxford Film Company in 1984. The Oxford Film Company instituted Britain's first national screenwriting competition sponsored by Lloyds Bank and later produced a series of feature films, including Hilary and Jackie, while the revived and renamed Oxford University Film Foundation continues to produce films with the students of Oxford University."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John Petroske", "paragraph_text": "John Edward Petroske (born August 6, 1934 in Hibbing, Minnesota) is an ice hockey player who played for the American national team. He won a silver medal at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Great Britain competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018, with 58 competitors in 11 sports. They won five medals in total, one gold and four bronze, ranking 19th in the medal table."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alisa Camplin", "paragraph_text": "Alisa Peta Camplin (born 10 November 1974) is an Australian aerial skier who won gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics, the second ever winter Olympic gold medal for Australia. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Camplin finished third to receive a bronze medal. She is the first Australian skier to win medals at consecutive Winter Olympics, making her one of Australia's best skiers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Petra Dallmann", "paragraph_text": "Petra Dallmann (born 21 November 1978 in Freiburg im Breisgau) is a German swimmer. She won a Bronze medal in 2004 Olympics. She has also won many other medals, including a Gold medal in 2001 World Aquatics Championships."}], "question": "How many medals has the country where the Magic in the Water director was educated won in the Winter Olympics?"}
{"id": "4hop1__615074_177384_10012_45581", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers \"a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions.\" These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mairt\u00edn Crawford", "paragraph_text": "Mairt\u00edn Crawford (25 November 1967 \u2013 11 January 2004) was a poet and journalist who was born and educated in Belfast, Northern Ireland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Presentation Secondary School, Clonmel", "paragraph_text": "Presentation Secondary School, Clonmel is a secondary school run by the Presentation Sisters for the education of girls in Clonmel, County Tipperary in Ireland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy", "paragraph_text": "Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy (born 1 July 1924 in Pallaprolu, Andhra Pradesh, India) moved to the United States to study at New York University. He held several positions at the United Nations and was a driving force behind the Special Committee against Apartheid (of which he was secretary from 1963\u20131965) and its Centre against Apartheid (of which he was director from 1976\u20131983). He also served as director of the UN Trust Fund for South Africa and the Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Loreto Schools, Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "The Loreto Schools are a group of all-girl Roman Catholic schools throughout the world associated with the Sisters of Loreto and run by Loreto Educational Society (Loreto sisters), which in India runs 17 schools and 2 colleges. They originated in Ireland in the 1850s so as to combat the growing Protestant influence in English education in the then British-controlled Ireland. Its chief purpose was to ensure Catholic education for Irish Catholic girls. It spread to India and Australia in the 1870s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Barrett Dam", "paragraph_text": "Barrett Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in southern San Diego County, California in the United States, forming Barrett Lake on Cottonwood Creek. The dam is part of the city of San Diego's local water supply system."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dadaga", "paragraph_text": "Dadaga is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Nagamangala taluk of Mandya district in Karnataka. A lake and channel of Hemavathi water acts as water supply for irrigation conducted here. Many temples can also be found in this place. Government runs a primary and middle Kannada medium school in Dadaga which educates Dadaga and neighboring villages. Coconuts, mangoes, ragi, paddy (rice), wheat, corn, onions, tomatoes, are some of the plants that are cultivated here."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southern California Edison", "paragraph_text": "Southern California Edison (or SCE Corp), the largest subsidiary of Edison International, is the primary electricity supply company for much of Southern California, USA. It provides 14 million people with electricity across a service territory of approximately 50,000 square miles. However, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, San Diego Gas & Electric, Imperial Irrigation District, and some smaller municipal utilities serve substantial portions of the southern California territory. The northern part of the state is generally served by the Pacific Gas & Electric Company of San Francisco."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Koloocheh", "paragraph_text": "Koloocheh (Persian: \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0686\u0647) is a Persian cookie made in various parts of Iran. Koloochehs from southern Iran are brittle biscuits that principally consists of water, sugar, wheat flour and egg white. Koloocheh are souvenirs of Shiraz."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southern Ocean", "paragraph_text": "By way of his voyages in the 1770s, Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Since then, geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean's northern boundary or even existence, considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, instead. However, according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), this situation has no scientific sense since it has different ecosystem and life from the three oceans mentioned before and is located on a southern portion of Earth, hence the name of an ocean. This remains the current official policy of the IHO, since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted. Others regard the seasonally - fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lamon Bay", "paragraph_text": "Lamon Bay is a large bay in the southern part of Luzon island in the Philippines. It is a body of water connecting the southern part of Quezon province to the Pacific Ocean, and bounds the coastal towns of Atimonan, Gumaca, Plaridel, Lopez, Calauag, and the islands of Alabat. It is a rich fishing ground and the home of various living corals. Most parts of the bay consist of gray sand, some parts are filled with rocks, and other living corals. It is gradually sloping to the extent that, during low tide, the water level is low enough to allow one to walk as far as five hundred metres from the shore like in Pulong Pasig of Calauag. The beaches in the towns of Gumaca and Plaridel are sandy and ideal for swimming.. White-sand beaches are found in the villages of Capaluhan, Santo Angel, Talingting, Pangahoy, and Dapdap of Calauag. In some parts of the bay, about ten feet from the beach front, are living corals. The town of Lopez has colonies of corals which are located just about 15 minutes by boat from the shore. Lamon Bay is located at the southern part of Quezon."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Abbott High School", "paragraph_text": "Abbott High School is a public high school located in Abbott, Texas (USA) and classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Abbott Independent School District located in southern Hill County. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education is a scientific journal covering research on water resources published by the Universities Council on Water Resources. It was established in 1964 as \"Water Resources Update\" and obtained its current title in 2004. It publishes three issues per year on special topics. Papers are by invitation and are peer-reviewed. The editor-in-chief is Christopher Lant (Southern Illinois University)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Magic in the Water", "paragraph_text": "Magic in the Water is a 1995 family film directed by Rick Stevenson and starring Mark Harmon, Joshua Jackson and Sarah Wayne. It is about a fictional lake monster in British Columbia. The film was distributed by TriStar Pictures and produced by Triumph Films."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oxford University Film Foundation", "paragraph_text": "Some of the original founders of the Oxford Film Foundation, including Rick Stevenson, Michael Hoffman, Andy Paterson and Mark Bentley, went on to form the Oxford Film Company in 1984. The Oxford Film Company instituted Britain's first national screenwriting competition sponsored by Lloyds Bank and later produced a series of feature films, including Hilary and Jackie, while the revived and renamed Oxford University Film Foundation continues to produce films with the students of Oxford University."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Outsider (1980 film)", "paragraph_text": "Luraschi, who had worked as an assistant director with Stanley Kramer and Roger Vadim, had never been to Ireland until 1976."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Imperial Valley", "paragraph_text": "The Imperial Valley extends southward for 50 miles (80 km) from the southern end of the Salton Sea into Mexico. Part of a trough stretching from the Coachella Valley to the Gulf of California, it is almost entirely below sea level -- 235 feet (72 m) below at the edge of the Salton Sea. Its hot desert climate is characterized by daily temperature extremes. It was once part of the Gulf of California, from which it was cut off by the dam - like deposits of the Colorado River Delta Fan as it carved out the Grand Canyon. Bordered by sand dunes and barren mountains, it was uninhabited until 1901, when the Imperial Canal was opened and diverted Colorado River water into the valley through Mexico. Flood - waters in 1905 -- 07 destroyed the irrigation channels and created the Salton Sea now filled by the New River and irrigation run - off. The rivers in the southern part of the Salton Sea river basin flow south to north."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "R768 road (Ireland)", "paragraph_text": "The R768 road is a regional road in Ireland which connects J7 (Bray South) of the N11 to the junction of the R761 at Irishtown, Bray. The road is commonly known as the \"Southern Cross\" or the \"Southern Bypass\", though it is officially known as the \"Southern Ring Road\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Republic of Ireland", "paragraph_text": "The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo - Irish Treaty. It had the status of dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted, in which the state was named ``Ireland ''and effectively became a republic, with an elected non-executive president as head of state. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948. Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union, in 1973. The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the twentieth century, but during the 1980s and 1990s the British and Irish governments worked with the Northern Ireland parties towards a resolution to`` the Troubles''. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the Irish government and Northern Ireland Executive have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North - South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement."}], "question": "Why is southern Ireland not part of the country where the director of Magic in the Water was educated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__615074_177384_10012_53677", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers \"a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions.\" These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gettysburg Address", "paragraph_text": "Beginning with the now - iconic phrase ``Four score and seven years ago ''-- referring to the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 -- Lincoln examined the founding principles of the United States as stated in the Declaration of Independence. In the context of the Civil War, Lincoln also memorialized the sacrifices of those who gave their lives at Gettysburg and extolled virtues for the listeners (and the nation) to ensure the survival of America's representative democracy: that`` government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.''"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "German declaration of war against the United States", "paragraph_text": "On 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire, Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II. The decision to declare war was made by Adolf Hitler, apparently offhand, almost without consultation. Later that day, the United States declared war on Germany."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oxford University Film Foundation", "paragraph_text": "Some of the original founders of the Oxford Film Foundation, including Rick Stevenson, Michael Hoffman, Andy Paterson and Mark Bentley, went on to form the Oxford Film Company in 1984. The Oxford Film Company instituted Britain's first national screenwriting competition sponsored by Lloyds Bank and later produced a series of feature films, including Hilary and Jackie, while the revived and renamed Oxford University Film Foundation continues to produce films with the students of Oxford University."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the ``United States of America, ''and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers' names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "USS Samuel Chase (APA-26)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Samuel Chase\" (APA-26), launched as SS \"African Meteor\", was an \"Arthur Middleton\" class attack transport manned by the United States Coast Guard during World War II. She was named after Samuel Chase, a signatory to the Declaration of Independence."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "From the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France, Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France, which the US contested as illegal under international law. To man the blockade, Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy. Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair inflamed anti-British sentiment in the US. In 1811, the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt affair, in which 11 British sailors died. Britain supplied Indians who raided American settlers on the frontier, which hindered American expansion and provoked resentment. Historians debate whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war. On June 18, 1812, US President James Madison, after heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress, signed the American declaration of war into law."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United States declaration of war on Japan", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77 - 328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message to the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high - security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt officially pronounced 7 December 1941, as ``a date which will live in infamy ''and asked for a declaration of war on Japan before a joint session of Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that`` We ca n't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years''."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "After a new wave of UN sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice. On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea \"is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression\". On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a \"state of war\" with South Korea and declared that \"The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over\". Speaking on 4 April 2013, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had \"formally informed\" the Pentagon that it had \"ratified\" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii. Hagel also stated that the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a ``police action ''as the United States never formally declared war on its opponents and the operation was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. It has been referred to in the English - speaking world as`` The Forgotten War'' or ``The Unknown War ''because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war, and in relation to the global scale of World War II, which preceded it, and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War, which succeeded it."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776. The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fort Delaware State Park", "paragraph_text": "Fort Delaware State Park is a Delaware state park on Pea Patch Island in New Castle County, Delaware, in the United States. A fortress was built on Pea Patch Island by the United States Army in 1815, near the conclusion of the War of 1812, to protect the harbors of Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The fort was burned and rebuilt in the years prior to the American Civil War, and soon after the start of the war the fort was converted to a Prisoner of War camp. Fort Delaware continued to protect the mouth of the Delaware River through World War I and II. Pea Patch Island and Fort Delaware was declared surplus land by the United States Department of Defense in 1945."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Magic in the Water", "paragraph_text": "Magic in the Water is a 1995 family film directed by Rick Stevenson and starring Mark Harmon, Joshua Jackson and Sarah Wayne. It is about a fictional lake monster in British Columbia. The film was distributed by TriStar Pictures and produced by Triumph Films."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Declaration of war by the United States", "paragraph_text": "For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says ``Congress shall have power to... declare War ''. However, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a`` declaration of war'' nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In the courts, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in Doe v. Bush, said: ``(T) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war. ''in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional`` Declaration of War'' was not required by the Constitution."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Merch Bradt Stewart", "paragraph_text": "Merch Bradt Stewart (June 24, 1875 \u2013 July 3, 1934), often called M. B. Stewart was a writer, educator, and career United States Army officer who became superintendent of the United States Military Academy. Stewart authored several U.S. Army manuals, penned a popular narrative of his considerable experiences as second lieutenant in the Spanish\u2013American War, and in the years preceding World War I wrote essays informing the public on issues of physical and military education."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States declaration of war on Japan", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77 - 328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message for the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Veterans of Foreign Wars", "paragraph_text": "The Veterans of Foreign Wars (officially known as the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States) is a U.S. war veterans organization established on September 29, 1899, whose membership consists of veterans who, as United States Army soldiers, United States Navy sailors, United States Marines, United States Coast Guard sailors, and / or United States Air Force airmen, served the U.S. in wars, campaigns, and expeditions on foreign soil or hostile waters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Declaration of war by the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun. James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase ``make war ''was changed to`` declare war'' in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress. Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war. Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war."}], "question": "When did the United States declare war on the country where the Magic in the Water director was educated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__392401_827497_354093_44892", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hobcaw Barony", "paragraph_text": "Hobcaw Barony is a tract on a peninsula called Waccamaw Neck between the Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Much of Hobcaw Barony is south of US Highway 17. The land was purchased by the investor, philanthropist, presidential advisor, and South Carolina native Bernard M. Baruch between 1905 and 1907 for a winter hunting retreat. Later, his eldest child, Belle W. Baruch, began purchasing the property from her father beginning in 1936. By 1956, Belle owned Hobcaw Barony entirely. Upon her death in 1964, the property was transferred to the Belle W. Baruch Foundation for a nature and research preserve. The property includes more than 37 historic buildings and structures representative of the eras of both 18th & 19th century rice cultivation and 20th century winter retreats. Hobcaw Barony was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1994."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bridge River Rapids", "paragraph_text": "The Bridge River Rapids, also known as the Six Mile Rapids, the Lower Fountain, the Bridge River Fishing Grounds, and in the St'at'imcets language as Sat' or Setl, is a set of rapids on the Fraser River, located in the central Fraser Canyon at the mouth of the Bridge River six miles north of the confluence of Cayoosh Creek with the Fraser and on the northern outskirts of the District of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James B. Garrison Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The James B. Garrison Bridge are two automobile bridges spanning the Pee Dee River/Lake Tillery, between Stanly and Montgomery Counties. The bridges carry NC\u00a024/NC\u00a027/NC\u00a073."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean", "paragraph_text": "Rocks from the North Atlantic Igneous Province have been found in Greenland, the Irminger Basin, Faroe Islands, V\u00f8ring Plateau (off Norway), Faroe - Shetland Basin, Hebrides, Outer Moray Firth and Denmark. The supercontinent known as Pangea existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras and began to rift around 200 million years ago. Pangea had three major phases of breakup. The first major phase began in the Early - Middle Jurassic, taking place between North America and Africa. The second major phase of breakup began in the Early Cretaceous. The South Atlantic Ocean opened around 140 million years ago as Africa separated from South America, and about the same time, India separated from Antarctica and Australia, forming the central Indian Ocean. The final major phase of breakup occurred in the early Cenozoic, as Laurentia separated from Eurasia. As the two plates broke free from each other, the Atlantic Ocean continued to expand."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River", "paragraph_text": "This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Winyah Bay", "paragraph_text": "Winyah Bay is a coastal estuary that is the confluence of the Waccamaw River, the Pee Dee River, the Black River, and the Sampit River in Georgetown County, in eastern South Carolina. Its name comes from the Winyaw, who used to inhabit the region during the eighteenth century. The historic port city of Georgetown is located on the bay, and the bay generally serves as the terminating point for the Grand Strand."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yarriambiack Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Yarriambiack Creek, an inland intermittent watercourse of the Wimmera catchment, is located in the Wimmera region of the Australian state of Victoria. Rising on the northern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, the Yarriambiack Creek flows generally north and drains into Lake Coorong, one of a series of ephemeral lakes, northeast of ."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge () crosses the Yangtze River in Nanjing, Jiangsu. Construction of the bridge started in 2006 and it was completed in 2010. The bridge has two main spans of it is one of the largest arch bridges in the world. It carries six tracks: two for the Beijing\u2013Shanghai High-Speed Railway (opened on 30 June 2011), two for the Shanghai\u2013Wuhan\u2013Chengdu high-speed railway (opened on 22 January 2011) and two for line S3 of the Nanjing Metro (opened on 6 December 2017)."}], "question": "The James B. Garrison bridge crosses a river that flows into a bay that empties into an ocean. When did that ocean start to form?"}
{"id": "4hop1__392401_827497_354093_90181", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Puerto Rico Trench", "paragraph_text": "The Puerto Rico Trench is located on the boundary between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic trench is associated with a complex transition between the Lesser Antilles subduction zone to the south and the major transform fault zone or plate boundary, which extends west between Cuba and Hispaniola through the Cayman Trench to the coast of Central America. The trench is 800 kilometres (497 mi) long and has a maximum depth of 8,648 metres (28,373 ft) or 5.373 miles at Milwaukee Deep, which is the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean and the deepest point not in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cabramatta Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the south-western region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bridge River Rapids", "paragraph_text": "The Bridge River Rapids, also known as the Six Mile Rapids, the Lower Fountain, the Bridge River Fishing Grounds, and in the St'at'imcets language as Sat' or Setl, is a set of rapids on the Fraser River, located in the central Fraser Canyon at the mouth of the Bridge River six miles north of the confluence of Cayoosh Creek with the Fraser and on the northern outskirts of the District of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hobcaw Barony", "paragraph_text": "Hobcaw Barony is a tract on a peninsula called Waccamaw Neck between the Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Much of Hobcaw Barony is south of US Highway 17. The land was purchased by the investor, philanthropist, presidential advisor, and South Carolina native Bernard M. Baruch between 1905 and 1907 for a winter hunting retreat. Later, his eldest child, Belle W. Baruch, began purchasing the property from her father beginning in 1936. By 1956, Belle owned Hobcaw Barony entirely. Upon her death in 1964, the property was transferred to the Belle W. Baruch Foundation for a nature and research preserve. The property includes more than 37 historic buildings and structures representative of the eras of both 18th & 19th century rice cultivation and 20th century winter retreats. Hobcaw Barony was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1994."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Winyah Bay", "paragraph_text": "Winyah Bay is a coastal estuary that is the confluence of the Waccamaw River, the Pee Dee River, the Black River, and the Sampit River in Georgetown County, in eastern South Carolina. Its name comes from the Winyaw, who used to inhabit the region during the eighteenth century. The historic port city of Georgetown is located on the bay, and the bay generally serves as the terminating point for the Grand Strand."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River", "paragraph_text": "This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "James B. Garrison Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The James B. Garrison Bridge are two automobile bridges spanning the Pee Dee River/Lake Tillery, between Stanly and Montgomery Counties. The bridges carry NC\u00a024/NC\u00a027/NC\u00a073."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yarriambiack Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Yarriambiack Creek, an inland intermittent watercourse of the Wimmera catchment, is located in the Wimmera region of the Australian state of Victoria. Rising on the northern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, the Yarriambiack Creek flows generally north and drains into Lake Coorong, one of a series of ephemeral lakes, northeast of ."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}], "question": "What is the deepest part of the ocean emptied into by the bay, that has the river crossed by James B. Garrison Bridge as its mouth?"}
{"id": "4hop1__392401_827497_354093_56103", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hobcaw Barony", "paragraph_text": "Hobcaw Barony is a tract on a peninsula called Waccamaw Neck between the Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Much of Hobcaw Barony is south of US Highway 17. The land was purchased by the investor, philanthropist, presidential advisor, and South Carolina native Bernard M. Baruch between 1905 and 1907 for a winter hunting retreat. Later, his eldest child, Belle W. Baruch, began purchasing the property from her father beginning in 1936. By 1956, Belle owned Hobcaw Barony entirely. Upon her death in 1964, the property was transferred to the Belle W. Baruch Foundation for a nature and research preserve. The property includes more than 37 historic buildings and structures representative of the eras of both 18th & 19th century rice cultivation and 20th century winter retreats. Hobcaw Barony was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1994."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lansdowne River", "paragraph_text": "Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James B. Garrison Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The James B. Garrison Bridge are two automobile bridges spanning the Pee Dee River/Lake Tillery, between Stanly and Montgomery Counties. The bridges carry NC\u00a024/NC\u00a027/NC\u00a073."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dock Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Dock Bridge is a pair of vertical lift bridges crossing the Passaic River at Newark, Essex County and Harrison, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, used exclusively for railroad traffic. It is the seventh crossing from the river's mouth at Newark Bay and is upstream from it. Also known as the Amtrak Dock Vertical Lift, it carries Amtrak, NJ Transit, and PATH trains. It is listed on the state and federal registers of historic places."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jubilee Parkway", "paragraph_text": "The Jubilee Parkway is a pair of parallel concrete viaduct bridges that carry Interstate 10 across Mobile Bay from the George Wallace Tunnel on Blakeley Island in Mobile, Alabama eastbound to Spanish Fort/Daphne, Alabama. The bridges are similar in design to the pre-Hurricane Katrina I-10 Twin Span Bridge near New Orleans, Louisiana. Each of the two bridges is two lanes wide, for a total of four lanes, and long. The parkway was completed in 1978 and crosses the northern portion of Mobile Bay, running roughly parallel to the nearby Battleship Parkway, with which it has an interchange. It was named for the jubilee phenomena that occurs intermittently in Mobile Bay, but is commonly referred to locally and in the media as the \"Bayway\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Allan, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Allan is locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The Cunningham Highway passes through the locality. So does Sandy Creek, a major watercourse which is a tributary of the Condamine River. A section of the eastern boundary is marked by the Condamine."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Atlantic hurricane", "paragraph_text": "An Atlantic hurricane or tropical storm is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean, usually in the summer or fall. A hurricane differs from a cyclone or typhoon only on the basis of location. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River", "paragraph_text": "This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cup and Saucer Creek", "paragraph_text": "Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Winyah Bay", "paragraph_text": "Winyah Bay is a coastal estuary that is the confluence of the Waccamaw River, the Pee Dee River, the Black River, and the Sampit River in Georgetown County, in eastern South Carolina. Its name comes from the Winyaw, who used to inhabit the region during the eighteenth century. The historic port city of Georgetown is located on the bay, and the bay generally serves as the terminating point for the Grand Strand."}], "question": "When do hurricanes occur in the body of water that connects with the coastal estuary fed by the river that passes under the James B. Garrison Bridge?"}
{"id": "4hop1__392401_827497_354093_44528", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Winyah Bay", "paragraph_text": "Winyah Bay is a coastal estuary that is the confluence of the Waccamaw River, the Pee Dee River, the Black River, and the Sampit River in Georgetown County, in eastern South Carolina. Its name comes from the Winyaw, who used to inhabit the region during the eighteenth century. The historic port city of Georgetown is located on the bay, and the bay generally serves as the terminating point for the Grand Strand."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rin\u017ea", "paragraph_text": "The Rin\u017ea (German: Rinse, Rinnse) is a river of Slovenia. It is long and flows through Ko\u010devje. It is the main watercourse of the Ko\u010devje Polje and it is a losing stream. A few kilometers downstream of Ko\u010devje, it goes subterranean. It emerges again as the Bilpa, a tributary of the Kolpa."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Maryland River", "paragraph_text": "Maryland River is a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia. Its upper reaches run close to the border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James B. Garrison Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The James B. Garrison Bridge are two automobile bridges spanning the Pee Dee River/Lake Tillery, between Stanly and Montgomery Counties. The bridges carry NC\u00a024/NC\u00a027/NC\u00a073."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Little River (Wingecarribee)", "paragraph_text": "The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lee Norris", "paragraph_text": "Lee Michael Norris (born September 25, 1981) is an American actor, best known for his roles as Stuart Minkus on Boy Meets World and its spin - off Girl Meets World, as well as Marvin ``Mouth ''McFadden on One Tree Hill."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi", "paragraph_text": "Lake Kyyj\u00e4rvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is a starting point of the Saarij\u00e4rvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hobcaw Barony", "paragraph_text": "Hobcaw Barony is a tract on a peninsula called Waccamaw Neck between the Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Much of Hobcaw Barony is south of US Highway 17. The land was purchased by the investor, philanthropist, presidential advisor, and South Carolina native Bernard M. Baruch between 1905 and 1907 for a winter hunting retreat. Later, his eldest child, Belle W. Baruch, began purchasing the property from her father beginning in 1936. By 1956, Belle owned Hobcaw Barony entirely. Upon her death in 1964, the property was transferred to the Belle W. Baruch Foundation for a nature and research preserve. The property includes more than 37 historic buildings and structures representative of the eras of both 18th & 19th century rice cultivation and 20th century winter retreats. Hobcaw Barony was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1994."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It is from the United States side, that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region, with trees originally only along the watercourses. The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area, while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty, and in the south it is practically barren."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Doubtful Creek", "paragraph_text": "Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray\u2013Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)", "paragraph_text": "Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wolli Creek", "paragraph_text": "Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Reconquista River", "paragraph_text": "The Reconquista River (Spanish, R\u00edo Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bardwell Creek", "paragraph_text": "Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Toongabbie Creek", "paragraph_text": "Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf's basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River", "paragraph_text": "This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Livingston, Guatemala", "paragraph_text": "Livingston is the name of a town in Izabal Department, eastern Guatemala, at the mouth of the R\u00edo Dulce at the Gulf of Honduras. The town serves as the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name. It was Guatemala's main port on the Caribbean Sea before the construction of nearby Puerto Barrios."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Darling Mills Creek", "paragraph_text": "The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dock Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Dock Bridge is a pair of vertical lift bridges crossing the Passaic River at Newark, Essex County and Harrison, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, used exclusively for railroad traffic. It is the seventh crossing from the river's mouth at Newark Bay and is upstream from it. Also known as the Amtrak Dock Vertical Lift, it carries Amtrak, NJ Transit, and PATH trains. It is listed on the state and federal registers of historic places."}], "question": "Where does the Gulf and the ocean that is at the mouth of the river that James B. Garrison Bridge crosses meet?"}
{"id": "4hop3__155271_156475_254885_76356", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay on Puget Sound)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pambula River", "paragraph_text": "Pambula River rises in timbered highlands near the locality of Lochiel and flows generally east, flowing through Pambula Lake, before reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean near the locality of Pambula Beach. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Douro", "paragraph_text": "Major Spanish riverside towns include Soria, Almaz\u00e1n, Aranda de Duero, Tordesillas, Zamora and major Portuguese towns include Miranda do Douro, Foz C\u00f4a, Peso da R\u00e9gua, Lamego, Vila Nova de Gaia, and Porto. The most populous cities along the Douro River are Valladolid and Zamora in Spain, and Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. The latter two are located at the mouth of the Douro at the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Julien Dubuque Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Julien Dubuque Bridge crosses the Mississippi River. It joins the cities of Dubuque, Iowa, and East Dubuque, Illinois. The bridge is part of U.S. Route 20 route. It is one of two automobile bridges over the Mississippi in the area (the Dubuque\u2013Wisconsin Bridge three miles (5\u00a0km) north links Dubuque with Wisconsin), and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Antarctic Plate", "paragraph_text": "The Antarctic Plate is a tectonic plate containing the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and extending outward under the surrounding oceans. After breakup from Gondwana (the southern part of the supercontinent Pangea), the Antarctic plate began moving the continent of Antarctica south to its present isolated location causing the continent to develop a much colder climate. The Antarctic Plate is bounded almost entirely by extensional mid-ocean ridge systems. The adjoining plates are the Nazca Plate, the South American Plate, the African Plate, the Somali Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and, across a transform boundary, the Scotia Plate."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pont de Tolbiac", "paragraph_text": "The pont de Tolbiac is a bridge across the Seine in Paris built between 1879 and 1882 by H.P. Bernard, and J.D.A. P\u00e9rouse. It crosses from the 12th to the 13th arrondissement, linking quai de Bercy to rue Neuve Tolbiac. Its nearest Paris Metro station is Cour Saint-\u00c9milion."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Montrose Swing Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Montrose Swing Bridge is located on the Welland River at the junction with the Queenston Power Canal in the southeast portion of the City of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. It was built ca. 1910 to carry the Canada Southern Railway over the river (click the link to see a discussion of companies who used the Canada Southern tracks over the years). It is a two-track bridge, although only one track remains in use today. It crosses the river at roughly a 45-degree angle."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Central America", "paragraph_text": "Central America (Spanish: Am\u00e9rica Central or Centroam\u00e9rica) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hermitage Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Hermitage Bridge () is a bridge across the Winter Canal along Palace Embankment in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The bridge constitutes part of the Hermitage and Winter Palace ensemble."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gasworks Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Gasworks Bridge, also known as the Old Gasworks Bridge, is an iron bridge across the River Thames at Oxford in England. It is a pedestrian bridge linking St Ebbes to the Grandpont nature reserve. It crosses the river on the reach between Iffley Lock and Osney Lock."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "By the late nineteenth century, technological advances and commercial pressure allowed construction to begin in earnest. Noted canal engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps led an initial attempt by France to build a sea - level canal. Beset by cost overruns due to the severe underestimation of the difficulties in excavating the rugged Panama land, heavy personnel losses in Panama due to tropical diseases, and political corruption in France surrounding the financing of the massive project, the project succeeded in only partially completing the canal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "El Valle (volcano)", "paragraph_text": "El Valle is a stratovolcano in central Panama and is the easternmost volcano along the Central American Volcanic Arc which has been formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate below Central America. Some time prior to 200,000 years ago, the volcano underwent a huge eruption event that caused the top of the volcano to collapse into the empty magma chamber below forming a large caldera. Several lava domes have developed inside the caldera since the collapse\u2014forming Cerro Pajita, Cerro Gaital and Cerro Caracoral peaks. Prior to research in the early 1990s, it was thought that no active volcanism existed within Panama. But radioactive dates from El Valle show that the volcano last erupted as recently as 200,000 years ago."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Victoria Falls Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river forms the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the one - mile - wide (1.6 km) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the American city of San Francisco, California -- the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula -- to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and the United States. It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hochdonn High Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Hochdonn High Bridge (\"Hochbr\u00fccke Hochdonn\" in German) is a railway bridge in the Marsh Railway crossing the Kiel Canal near Hochdonn, Germany. It is a riveted steel bridge, \"exposed to extreme railway traffic\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "North America", "paragraph_text": "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Freixo Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Freixo Bridge () which was inaugurated in 1995 is a Portuguese bridge over the Douro river, connecting Vila Nova de Gaia and Porto. The purpose of its construction was to create an alternative to Arr\u00e1bida and D. Luis I bridges. The designers of he bridge are Ant\u00f3nio Reis and Daniel de Sousa. The bridge with total length of 705 m has 8 spans."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of the Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The idea of the Panama canal dates back to the 1513 discovery of the isthmus by Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa. The narrow land bridge between North and South America houses the Panama Canal, a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The earliest European colonists recognized this potential, and several proposals for a canal were made."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panam\u00e1) is an artificial 82 km (51 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panam\u00e1) is an artificial 77 km (48 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo."}], "question": "Who pushed for a canal across the continent where El Valle is located linking the ocean that the river that Freixo Bridge crosses over drains into and the Pacific Ocean?"}
{"id": "4hop1__254885_85233_287887_70529", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Munyonyo", "paragraph_text": "Munyonyo is an area on the northern shores of Lake Victoria and part of the metropolitan area of Kampala, in Makindye Division. Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mission Valley (El Paso)", "paragraph_text": "Mission Valley is an area of El Paso, Texas, United States, which includes part of Eastside and all Lower Valley districts. It is the third largest area of the city, behind East El Paso and Central El Paso. Hawkins Road and Interstate 10 border the Mission Valley. This location is considered the oldest area of El Paso, dating back to the late 17th century when present-day Texas was under the rule of Nueva Espa\u00f1a (New Spain)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "By total area (water as well as land), the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People's Republic of China, making it the world's third or fourth largest country. China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area, but are larger than Brazil. By land area only (exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, after Russia and China, with Canada in fourth. Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors: (1) The validity of China's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. Both these territories are also claimed by India, so are not counted; and (2) How US calculates its own surface area. Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook, the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "Canada (/ \u02c8k\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 / (listen); French: (kanad\u0251)) is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second - largest country by total area and the fourth - largest country by land area. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium - sized cities, many near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its five largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary and Ottawa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of U.S. states and territories by area", "paragraph_text": "Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Russia", "paragraph_text": "Russia (/ \u02c8r\u028c\u0283\u0259 / (listen); Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0301\u044f, tr. Rossiya; IPA: (r\u0250\u02c8sjij\u0259)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: (r\u0250\u02c8sijsk\u0259j\u0259 fj\u026adj\u026a\u02c8rats\u0268j\u0259)), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one - eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern; about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Ufa, and Kazan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Comer, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Comer is a city in Madison County, Georgia, United States. Comer is the largest city in Madison County based on population and total land area, with an annual population growth rate of approximately 3%."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state's largest urbanized area. Based on population rank, the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "El Valle (volcano)", "paragraph_text": "El Valle is a stratovolcano in central Panama and is the easternmost volcano along the Central American Volcanic Arc which has been formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate below Central America. Some time prior to 200,000 years ago, the volcano underwent a huge eruption event that caused the top of the volcano to collapse into the empty magma chamber below forming a large caldera. Several lava domes have developed inside the caldera since the collapse\u2014forming Cerro Pajita, Cerro Gaital and Cerro Caracoral peaks. Prior to research in the early 1990s, it was thought that no active volcanism existed within Panama. But radioactive dates from El Valle show that the volcano last erupted as recently as 200,000 years ago."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "El Yunque National Forest", "paragraph_text": "El Yunque National Rainforest is located on the slopes of the Sierra de Luquillo mountains, encompassing 28,000 acres (43.753 mi or 113.32 km) of land, making it the largest block of public land in Puerto Rico."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Texas", "paragraph_text": "Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas -- Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country, respectively. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U.S., and El Paso. Texas is nicknamed ``The Lone Star State ''to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The`` Lone Star'' can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texan state seal. The origin of Texas's name is from the word ``Tejas, ''which means`` friends'' in the Caddo language."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North Central Province, Sri Lanka", "paragraph_text": "Provincial council is the main administrative and control body of the North Central Province which is the largest province in the country covered 16% of total country's land area. It consists two districts called Polonnaruwa and Anuradhapure; Anuradhapure is the largest district in the country. NCP also called Wew Bendi Rajje because there are more than 3000 medium and large scale tanks situated in the province. More than 65% of NCP's people depend on basic Agriculture and agro base industries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP. As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America\u2014five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of Santa Rosa", "paragraph_text": "In the 19th century, Nicaragua was beset by political problems, allowing William Walker, an American Southerner seeking to establish English-speaking slavery states in Latin America, to ascend to the Nicaraguan presidency."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Riverside, California", "paragraph_text": "Riverside is the 59th largest city in the United States, 12th largest city in California, and the largest city in California's Inland Empire metro area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 81.4 square miles (210.8 km), of which 81.1 square miles (210 km) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km) (0.37%) is water. The elevation of downtown Riverside is 860 feet (260 m). Hills within the city limits include Mount Rubidoux, a city landmark and tourist attraction. Riverside is surrounded by small and large mountains, some of which get a dusting of winter snow. Many residents also enjoy the many beaches of southern California. Riverside is about a 47 - mile drive to the Pacific Ocean and is close to Orange county and Los Angeles county."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Portage, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Portage is a city in and the county seat of Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 10,662 at the 2010 census making it the largest city in Columbia County. The city is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico. The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north. The state is made up of three geologic regions: Mountains, Plains-Valleys, and Desert, which occur in large bands from west to east. Because of the different geologic regions there are contrasting climates and ecosystems."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of Latin American cities by population", "paragraph_text": "City Image Country Population Year S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil 11,967,825 2015 Mexico City Mexico 8,918,653 2015 Lima Peru 8,894,412 2015 Bogot\u00e1 Colombia 7,862,277 2015 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 6,476,631 2015 6 Santiago Chile 5,507,282 2015 7 Caracas Venezuela 3,289,886 2015 8 Buenos Aires Argentina 3,054,267 2015 9 Salvador Brazil 2,921,087 2015 10 Bras\u00edlia Brazil 2,914,830 2015 11 Fortaleza Brazil 2,591,188 2015 12 Guayaquil Ecuador 2,589,229 2015 13 Quito Ecuador 2,551,721 2015 14 Belo Horizonte Brazil 2,502,557 2015 15 Medell\u00edn Colombia 2,434,647 2015 16 Cali Colombia 2,333,203 2015 17 Havana Cuba 2,117,625 2015 18 Manaus Brazil 2,057,711 2015 19 Curitiba Brazil 1,879,355 2015 20 Ecatepec de Morelos Mexico 1,677,678 2015 21 Maracaibo Venezuela 1,653,211 2015 22 Recife Brazil 1,617,183 2015 23 Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia 1,614,224 2015 24 Porto Alegre Brazil 1,476,867 2015 25 Guadalajara Mexico 1,460,148 2015 26 Bel\u00e9m Brazil 1,439,561 2015 27 Puebla Mexico 1,437,939 2015 28 Goi\u00e2nia Brazil 1,430,697 2015 29 C\u00f3rdoba Argentina 1,414,201 2015 30 Ju\u00e1rez Mexico 1,382,753 2015 31 Montevideo Uruguay 1,379,560 2015 32 Le\u00f3n Mexico 1,349,224 2015 33 Guarulhos Brazil 1,324,781 2015 34 Tijuana Mexico 1,298,475 2015 35 Barranquilla Colombia 1,214,253 2015 36 Tegucigalpa Honduras 1,190,230 2015 37 Zapopan Mexico 1,179,681 2015 38 Campinas Brazil 1,164,098 2015 39 Barquisimeto Venezuela 1,116,182 2015 40 Monterrey Mexico 1,109,171 2015 41 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds Brazil 1,073,893 2015 42 Managua Nicaragua 1,048,134 2015 43 Nezahualc\u00f3yotl Mexico 1,039,867 2015 44 S\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alo Brazil 1,038,081 2015 45 Macei\u00f3 Brazil 1,013,773 2015 46 Callao Peru 1,010,315 2015 47 Santo Domingo Dominican Republic 1,007,997 2015 48 Guatemala City Guatemala 994,078 2015 49 Port - au - Prince Haiti 987,310 2015 50 Rosario Argentina 985,624 2015"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Central America", "paragraph_text": "Countries of Central America Name of territory, with flag Area (km2) Population (2016 est.) Population density (per km2) Capital Official language Human Development Index Belize 7004229660000000000 \u2660 22,966 366,954 7001130000000000000 \u2660 13 Belmopan English 0,715 High Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 \u2660 51,100 4,857,274 7001820000000000000 \u2660 82 San Jos\u00e9 Spanish 0,766 High El Salvador 7004210400000000000 \u2660 21,040 6,344,722 7002292000000000000 \u2660 292 San Salvador Spanish 0,666 Medium Guatemala 7005108890000000000 \u2660 108,890 16,582,469 7002129000000000000 \u2660 129 Guatemala City Spanish 0,627 Medium Honduras 7005112090000000000 \u2660 112,090 9,112,867 7001670000000000000 \u2660 67 Tegucigalpa Spanish 0,606 Medium Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 \u2660 130,373 6,149,928 7001440000000000000 \u2660 44 Managua Spanish 0,631 Medium Panama 7004782000000000000 \u2660 78,200 4,034,119 7001440000000000000 \u2660 44 Panama City Spanish 0,780 High Total 7005523780000000000 \u2660 523,780 7007474483330000000 \u2660 47,448,333 7001800000000000000 \u2660 80 - - -"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bettendorf, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Bettendorf is a city in Scott County, Iowa, United States. It is the 15th largest city of Iowa and the fourth largest city in the \"Quad Cities\". It is part of the Davenport\u2013Moline\u2013Rock Island, IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 33,217 at the 2010 U.S. Census and was estimated to be 35,505 by July 2015."}], "question": "What is the largest city in the area that is part of the largest country of the continent where El Valle is located?"}
{"id": "4hop3__42125_44360_603636_28343", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "HPV vaccine", "paragraph_text": "Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. Available vaccines protect against either two, four or nine types of HPV. All vaccines protect against at least HPV types 16 and 18, which cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer. It is estimated that the vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer and possibly some mouth cancer. They additionally prevent some genital warts, with the vaccines against HPV types 4 and 9 providing greater protection.The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures. The vaccines require two or three doses depending on a person's age and immune status. Vaccinating girls around the ages of nine to thirteen is typically recommended. The vaccines provide protection for at least 5 to 10 years. Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination. Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated. In those already infected, the vaccines are not effective.HPV vaccines are very safe. Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 80% of people. Redness and swelling at the site and fever may also occur. No link to Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome has been found.The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. As of 2017, 71 countries include it in their routine vaccinations, at least for girls. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$47 a dose as of 2014. In the United States, it costs more than US$200. Vaccination may be cost effective in the developing world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Leave No Trace", "paragraph_text": "These principles have been adapted to different activities, ecosystems and environments. Since 1994, Leave No Trace Center For Outdoor Ethics, a non-profit organization also known as Leave No Trace, exists to educate people about their recreational impact on nature as well as the principles of Leave No Trace to prevent and minimize such impacts."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15\u201333 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Citizenship Counts", "paragraph_text": "Citizenship Counts is a non-partisan 501(c)(3) organization based in Arizona that is dedicated to inspiring American youth with a civic education curriculum that teaches them the value and responsibilities of citizenship, promotes pride in American citizenship, and encourages students to be involved in their communities."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1993 Russian constitutional crisis", "paragraph_text": "When asked about the main cause of the events of October 3\u20134, 46% in the 1993 VCIOM poll blamed Rutskoy and Khasbulatov. However, ten years following the crisis, the most popular culprit was the legacy of Mikhail Gorbachev with 31%, closely followed by Yeltsin's policies with 29%."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Establishment of the World Health Organization", "paragraph_text": "The Establishment of World Health Organization occurred on 7 April 1948, when its new constitution was ratified by a twenty-sixth nation. Its establishment followed a period of discussions and consultation following World War II and the formation of the United Nations, of which it formed part."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sophia (robot)", "paragraph_text": "On October 11, 2017, Sophia was introduced to the United Nations with a brief conversation with the United Nations Deputy Secretary - General, Amina J. Mohammed. On October 25, at the Future Investment Summit in Riyadh, the robot was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, becoming the first robot ever to have a nationality. This attracted controversy as some commentators wondered if this implied that Sophia could vote or marry, or whether a deliberate system shutdown could be considered murder. Social media users used Sophia's citizenship to criticize Saudi Arabia's human rights record. As explained by Ali Al - Ahmed, director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs, ``Women (in Saudi Arabia) have since committed suicide because they could n't leave the house, and Sophia is running around (without a male guardian). Saudi law does n't allow non-Muslims to get citizenship. Did Sophia convert to Islam? What is the religion of this Sophia and why is n't she wearing hijab? If she applied for citizenship as a human she would n't get it. ''In December 2017, Sophia's creator David Hanson said in an interview that Sophia will use her citizenship to advocate for women's rights in her now country of citizenship; Newsweek criticized that`` What (Hanson) means, exactly, is unclear ''.."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gilles G. Brunet", "paragraph_text": "After making his way to the USA, and seeking asylum, Artamonov started working with the Defense Intelligence Agency. Soviet agent Igor Kochnov approached Artamonov, and invited him to return home. While Artamonov pretended to agree, and to meet someone to handle his extraction, in Montreal, he informed his FBI handler. Because the meet was in Canada, the RCMP Security Service became involved, and Brunet told his handlers that Artamonov's negotiations to return home were a trap. No one was captured in Montreal, but the Soviets caught up with Artamonov two years later in Vienna, where he died of a drug overdose when they tried to abduct, drug and repatriate him."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Painted turtle", "paragraph_text": "Incubation lasts 72 -- 80 days in the wild and for a similar period in artificial conditions. In August and September, the young turtle breaks out from its egg, using a special projection of its jaw called the egg tooth. Not all offspring leave the nest immediately, though. Hatchlings north of a line from Nebraska to northern Illinois to New Jersey typically arrange themselves symmetrically in the nest and overwinter to emerge the following spring."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sisavangvong University", "paragraph_text": "Sisavangvong University was a university in Vientiane, Laos, established in 1958 and named after King Sisavangvong. Following the exodus of teaching staff in 1975 when the communists came to power in Laos, Sisavangvong University was dissolved and carved up into separate colleges, leaving the country with no degree-awarding institution."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "ISO 3166-2", "paragraph_text": "ISO 3166-2 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for identifying the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. The official name of the standard is \"Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions \u2013 Part 2: Country subdivision code\". It was first published in 1998."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ten Thousand Angels (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Ten Thousand Angels\" is a debut song written by Billy Henderson and Steven Dale Jones, and recorded by American country music artist Mindy McCready. It was released in February 1996 as the first single and title track from the album \"Ten Thousand Angels\". The song reached #6 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}], "question": "The organization that was spawned by thousands of madrasahs emerged in part from Country A. When did the people who are the citizens of the same country as Mikhail Artamonov fail leave Country A?"}
{"id": "4hop3__42125_44360_433100_28343", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "T-64", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, the Kharkiv Malyshev Factory upgraded ten T-64B tanks (originally produced in Kharkiv in 1980) to T-64BM Bulat standard, and a further nineteen were delivered in 2011. These twenty-nine tanks are being upgraded under a \u20b4200\u00a0million ($25.1M) contract signed in April 2009. As of October 2011, the Ukrainian Army has 76 T-64BM Bulat in service. According to Malyshev Factory chief engineer Konstantin Isyak, the T-64BM Bulat is armoured to the level of modern tanks. It has Nizh (Knife) reactive armour, and Varta active protection system. The Bulat weighs , and with its 5TDFM multi-fuel diesel engine can travel at , with a range of . It retains the 125\u2009mm smoothbore gun with an autoloader for 28 rounds, some of which can be guided missiles. It has a 12.7\u2009mm AA machinegun, and a 7.62\u2009mm coaxial machinegun. A 2019 refurbishing program upgraded the fire-control system to model 1A43U and uprated the engine."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cannone da 90/53", "paragraph_text": "The Cannone da 90/53 was an Italian-designed cannon used both in an anti-aircraft role and as an anti-tank gun during World War II. It was one of the most successful anti-aircraft guns to see service during the conflict."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "PTRD-41", "paragraph_text": "The PTRD-41 (Shortened from Russian, \"ProtivoTankovoye Ruzhyo Degtyaryova\"; \"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0436\u044c\u0451 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0414\u0435\u0433\u0442\u044f\u0440\u0451\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1941 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\";\"Degtyaryov Anti-Tank Rifle\") was an anti-tank rifle produced and used from early 1941 by the Soviet Red Army during World War II. It was a single-shot weapon which fired a 14.5\u00d7114mm round. Although unable to penetrate the frontal armor of German tanks, it could penetrate the thinner sides of early-war German tanks as well as thinly armored self-propelled guns."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "M72 LAW", "paragraph_text": "The M72 LAW (Light Anti-Tank Weapon, also referred to as the Light Anti-Armor Weapon or LAW as well as LAWS Light Anti-Armor Weapons System) is a portable one - shot 66 - mm unguided anti-tank weapon. The solid rocket propulsion unit was developed in the newly formed Rohm and Haas research laboratory at Redstone Arsenal in 1959, then the full system was designed by Paul V. Choate, Charles B. Weeks, Frank A. Spinale, et al. at the Hesse - Eastern Division of Norris Thermadore. American production of the weapon began by Hesse - Eastern in 1963, and was terminated by 1983; currently it is produced by Nammo Raufoss AS in Norway and their subsidiary Nammo Talley, Inc. in Arizona."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Marder I", "paragraph_text": "The \"Marder\" I was developed in May 1942 by Major Alfred Becker. It carried the 75\u00a0mm PaK 40 anti-tank gun on a Lorraine chassis. As the gun was relatively large, the original crew compartment superstructure was removed to create the space needed to work the gun. This was done at Baustokommando Becker. The gun was then mounted atop the chassis. Alkett, working in conjunction with Becker, produced the angled armour shielding for the crew compartment. The shielding was relatively light, and was open from above. The shielding provided the crew with protection from blast and small arms fire, but was not intended to stop armour piercing rounds. The vehicle's primary function was to provide mobility to the anti-tank gun. It was not intended as a replacement for a tank."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K)", "paragraph_text": "The 45\u00a0mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K) was a Soviet design adapted from the 45 mm anti-tank gun M1932 (19-K). This was a copy of a German weapon designed by Rheinmetall that was sold to the Soviets before Hitler came to power in 1933 that had been enlarged to to reuse a large stock of old 47mm ammunition. It was used by the Soviet Navy to equip almost all of their ships from 1934 as its primary light anti-aircraft gun until replaced by the fully automatic 37\u00a0mm \"70-K\" gun from 1942 to 1943. It was used in World War II and during the Cold War as the Soviets exported their World War II-era ships to their friends and allies. However it was not very effective as its slow rate of fire and lack of a time fuze required a direct hit to damage targets."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank", "paragraph_text": "The Type 97 Chi-Ha (\u4e5d\u4e03\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6226\u8eca \u30c1\u30cf, Ky\u016bnana-shiki ch\u016b-sensha Chi-ha) was a medium tank used by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Battles of Khalkhin Gol against the Soviet Union, and the Second World War. It was the most widely produced Japanese medium tank of World War II.The 57 mm main gun, designed for infantry support, was a carry over from the Type 89 I-Go medium tank. The suspension was derived from the Type 95 Ha-Go light tank, but used six road wheels instead of four. The 170 hp Mitsubishi air cooled diesel engine was a capable tank engine in 1938.The Type 97's low silhouette and semicircular radio antenna on the turret distinguished the tank from its contemporaries. After 1941, the tank was less effective than most Allied tank designs. In 1942, a new version of the Chi-Ha was produced with a larger three-man turret, and a high-velocity Type 1 47 mm tank gun. It was designated the Type 97-Kai or Type 97 Shinhoto Chi-Ha."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "T-34", "paragraph_text": "The T-34 had well-sloped armour, a relatively powerful engine and wide tracks. The initial T-34 version had a powerful 76.2\u00a0mm gun, and is often called the T-34/76 (originally a World War II German designation, never used by the Red Army). In 1944, a second major version began production, the T-34-85, with a larger 85\u00a0mm gun intended to deal with newer German tanks."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "M247 Sergeant York", "paragraph_text": "The M247 Sergeant York DIVAD (Division Air Defense) was a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG), developed by Ford Aerospace in the late 1970s. Based on the M48 Patton tank, it replaced the Patton's turret with a new one that featured twin radar-directed Bofors 40 mm rapid-fire guns. The vehicle was named after Sergeant Alvin York, a famous World War I hero."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sherman Firefly", "paragraph_text": "The Sherman Firefly was a tank used by the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth and Allied armoured formations in the Second World War. It was based on the US M4 Sherman, but fitted with the powerful 3-inch (76.2\u00a0mm) calibre British 17-pounder anti-tank gun as its main weapon. Originally conceived as a stopgap until future British tank designs came into service, the Sherman Firefly became the most common vehicle mounting the 17-pounder in the war."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pre-dreadnought battleship", "paragraph_text": "Pre-dreadnoughts carried guns of several different calibres, for different roles in ship-to-ship combat. The main armament was four heavy guns, mounted in two centre-line turrets fore and aft. Very few pre-dreadnoughts deviated from this arrangement. These guns were slow-firing, and initially of limited accuracy; but they were the only guns heavy enough to penetrate the thick armour which protected the engines, magazines, and main guns of enemy battleships.The most common calibre for the main armament was 12-inch (305 mm), although some ships used smaller guns because they could attain higher rates of fire; British battleships from the Majestic class onwards carried this calibre, as did French ships from the Charlemagne class (laid down in 1894). Japan, importing most of its guns from Britain, used 12-inch guns. The United States used both 12-inch (305 mm) and 13-inch (330 mm) guns for most of the 1890s until the Maine class (not to be confused with the earlier Maine of Spanish\u2013American War notoriety), laid down in 1899, after which the 12-inch gun was universal. The Russians used both 12 and 10-inch (254 mm) as their main armament; the Petropavlovsk class, Retvizan, Tsesarevich, and Borodino class had 12-inch (305 mm) main batteries while the Peresvet class  mounted 10-inch (254 mm) guns. The first German pre-dreadnought class used an 11-inch (279 mm) gun but decreased to a 9.4-inch (239 mm) gun for the two following classes and returned to 11-inch guns with the Braunschweig class."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "M18 recoilless rifle", "paragraph_text": "The M18 recoilless rifle is a 57 mm shoulder-fired, anti-tank recoilless rifle that was used by the U.S. Army in World War II and the Korean War. Recoilless rifles are capable of firing artillery-type shells at reduced velocities comparable to those of standard cannon, but with greater accuracy than anti-tank weapons that used unguided rockets, and almost entirely without recoil. The M18 was a breech-loaded, single-shot, man-portable, crew-served weapon. It could be used in both anti-tank and anti-personnel roles. The weapon could be both shoulder fired or fired from a prone position. The T3 front grip doubled as an adjustable monopod and the two-piece padded T3 shoulder cradle could swing down and to the rear as a bipod for the gunner. The most stable firing position was from the tripod developed for the water-cooled Browning M1917 machine gun."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fiat 3000", "paragraph_text": "Although 1,400 units were ordered, with deliveries to begin in May 1919, the end of the war caused the original order to be canceled and only 100 were delivered. The first Fiat 3000s entered service in 1921 and were officially designated as the \"carro d'assalto\" Fiat 3000, Mod. 21 (Italian for \"Fiat 3000 assault tank, Model 21\"). Tests of the Model 21 revealed that the armament, consisting of two 6.5\u00a0mm machine guns, was inadequate, and adoption of a 37\u00a0mm gun as main armament was urged."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems of the American forces were also quite capable, although they receive little attention. Their needs could cogently be met with smaller-calibre ordnance beyond using the usual singly-mounted M2 .50 caliber machine gun atop a tank's turret, as four of the ground-used \"heavy barrel\" (M2HB) guns were mounted together on the American Maxson firm's M45 Quadmount weapons system (as a direct answer to the Flakvierling),which were often mounted on the back of a half-track to form the Half Track, M16 GMC, Anti-Aircraft. Although of less power than Germany's 20 mm systems, the typical 4 or 5 combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread many kilometers apart from each other, rapidly attaching and detaching to larger ground combat units to provide welcome defence from enemy aircraft."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "155 GH 52 APU", "paragraph_text": "The 155 GH 52 APU (which stands for \"155 mm gun-howitzer, 52 calibers, auxiliary power unit\"), Finnish designation 155 K 98 (\"155 mm kentt\u00e4kanuuna 1998\" or \"155 mm field gun 1998\"; FDF terminology doesn't recognise gun-howitzers), is a Finnish towed artillery piece developed in 1998. It is largely based on the 155 K 83 with some major enhancements. It can be moved on the field short distances with its own auxiliary diesel engine, which is used in all 56 units used by the Finnish defence forces, is a 78-kilowatt Deutz diesel engine. The Egyptian units are not equipped with the APU."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, the gun proved to be one of the best anti-aircraft guns in the world, as well as particularly deadly against light, medium, and even early heavy tanks."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "SU-76", "paragraph_text": "Design of the SU-76 began in November 1942, when the State Defense Committee ordered the construction of infantry support self-propelled guns armed with the ZiS-3 76.2\u00a0mm anti-tank gun and the M-30 122\u00a0mm howitzer. The T-70 chassis was chosen for mounting the ZiS-3 gun, and was lengthened, adding one road wheel per side, to facilitate better gun mounting. The vehicle was not completely enclosed by armour, the rear roof and upper rear side exposed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}], "question": "When did the people from whom originated the 45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 leave the country out of which the organization spawned from thousands of madrasahs emerged in part?"}
{"id": "4hop3__42125_44360_37128_82102", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "paragraph_text": "There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan, but the lack of any formal warning, particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, ``a date which will live in infamy ''. Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pionersky Radar Station", "paragraph_text": "Pionersky Radar Station () is an early warning radar station near Pionersky in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It is a key part of the Russian early warning system against missile attack and is run by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Soviet\u2013Afghan War", "paragraph_text": "That operation began at 19: 00 hr., when the KGB - led Soviet Zenith Group destroyed Kabul's communications hub, paralyzing Afghan military command. At 19: 15, the assault on Tajbeg Palace began; as planned, president Hafizullah Amin was killed. Simultaneously, other objectives were occupied (e.g., the Ministry of Interior at 19: 15). The operation was fully complete by the morning of December 28, 1979."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be \"baseless\". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2011 Tour of Belgium", "paragraph_text": "The 2011 Tour of Belgium is the 81st edition of the Tour of Belgium cycling stage race. It takes place from 25 May to 29 May 2011 in Belgium. The race is part of the UCI Europe Tour. It begins with a short prologue in Buggenhout, followed by four longer stages, ultimately finishing in Putte."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War", "paragraph_text": "On 15 May 1948, the ongoing civil war transformed into an inter-state conflict between Israel and the Arab states, following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. A combined invasion by Egypt, Jordan and Syria, together with expeditionary forces from Iraq, entered Palestine -- Jordan having declared privately to Yishuv emissaries on 2 May that it would abide by a decision not to attack the Jewish state. The invading forces took control of the Arab areas and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The 10 months of fighting, interrupted by several truce periods, took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Quneitra", "paragraph_text": "Quneitra was founded in the Ottoman era as a way station on the caravan route to Damascus and subsequently became a garrison town of some 20,000 people. In 1946, it became part of the independent Syrian Republic within the Riff Dimashq Governorate and in 1964 became the capital of the split Quneitra Governorate. On 10 June 1967, the last day of the Six-Day War, Quneitra came under Israeli control. It was briefly recaptured by Syria during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, but Israel regained control in its subsequent counter-offensive. The city was almost completely destroyed before the Israeli withdrawal in June 1974. Syria had refused to rebuild the city and actively discouraged resettlement in the area. Israel was heavily criticized by the United Nations for the city's destruction, while Israel has also criticized Syria for not rebuilding Quneitra. During the Syrian Civil War, Quneitra became a clash point between rebel forces and Syrian Arab Army. , it became controlled by the Syrian opposition."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as \"baseless\", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, \"The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry \u2013 the Kahan Commission \u2013 would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Emergency Broadcast System", "paragraph_text": "The Emergency Broadcast System (EBS), occasionally called the Emergency Broadcasting System and sometimes called the Emergency Action Notification System (EANS), is a former emergency warning system used in the United States. It replaced the previous CONELRAD system and was used from 1963 to 1997, at which point it was replaced by the Emergency Alert System."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Origins of the Six-Day War", "paragraph_text": "In April 1967, Syria shot at an Israeli tractor ploughing in the demilitarized zone, which escalated to a prewar aerial clash. In May 1967, following misinformation about Israeli intentions provided by the Soviet Union, Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers who had been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since the Suez conflict, and announced a blockade of Israel's access to the Red Sea (international waters) via the Straits of Tiran, which Israel considered an act of war. Tension escalated, with both sides' armies mobilising. Less than a month later, Israel launched a surprise strike which began the Six - Day War."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Tuzla", "paragraph_text": "The 1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Tuzla was an attack on the 92nd Motorized Brigade of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in the Bosnian city of Tuzla on 15 May 1992. The incident occurred at the road junction of Br\u010danska Malta. At least 50 members of the JNA were killed and 44 wounded during the attacks."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "SS.11", "paragraph_text": "During the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, the Israeli Army was equipped with a large number of SS.11s supplied by France. SS.11 saw action in 1967 during Six-Day War, for instance during the battle of Abu-Ageila."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ghouta chemical attack", "paragraph_text": "The Ghouta chemical attack occurred in Ghouta, Syria during the Syrian Civil War, in the early hours of 21 August 2013. Two opposition-controlled areas in the suburbs around Damascus, Syria were struck by rockets containing the chemical agent sarin. Estimates of the death toll range from at least 281 people to 1,729. The attack was the deadliest use of chemical weapons since the Iran\u2013Iraq War."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. More than a thousand people were killed in the violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded US calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}], "question": "When did the country that warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967 take over the country where the organization that spawned thousands of madrasahs emerged from?"}
{"id": "4hop3__42125_44360_462830_28343", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Citizenship Counts", "paragraph_text": "Citizenship Counts is a non-partisan 501(c)(3) organization based in Arizona that is dedicated to inspiring American youth with a civic education curriculum that teaches them the value and responsibilities of citizenship, promotes pride in American citizenship, and encourages students to be involved in their communities."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Leave No Trace", "paragraph_text": "These principles have been adapted to different activities, ecosystems and environments. Since 1994, Leave No Trace Center For Outdoor Ethics, a non-profit organization also known as Leave No Trace, exists to educate people about their recreational impact on nature as well as the principles of Leave No Trace to prevent and minimize such impacts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sisavangvong University", "paragraph_text": "Sisavangvong University was a university in Vientiane, Laos, established in 1958 and named after King Sisavangvong. Following the exodus of teaching staff in 1975 when the communists came to power in Laos, Sisavangvong University was dissolved and carved up into separate colleges, leaving the country with no degree-awarding institution."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Maria Yudina", "paragraph_text": "After her graduation from the Petrograd Conservatory, Yudina was invited to teach there, which she did until 1930, when she was thrown out of the institution because of her religious convictions and vocal criticism of the Soviet leadership. After being unemployed and homeless for a couple of years, Yudina was invited to teach the graduate piano course at the Tbilisi State Conservatory in 1932\u201333. In 1936, on Heinrich Neuhaus's suggestion, Yudina joined the piano faculty of the Moscow Conservatory, where she taught until 1951. From 1944 to 1960 Yudina taught chamber ensemble and vocal class at the Gnessin Institute (now Gnessin Russian Academy of Music). In 1960 Yudina was thrown out of the Gnessin Institute because of her religious attitudes and advocacy of modern Western music. She continued to perform in public, but her recitals were forbidden to be recorded. After an incident during one of her recitals in Leningrad, when she read Boris Pasternak's poetry from the stage as an encore, Yudina was banned from performing for five years. In 1966, when the ban was lifted, she gave a cycle of lectures on Romanticism at the Moscow Conservatory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "HPV vaccine", "paragraph_text": "Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. Available vaccines protect against either two, four or nine types of HPV. All vaccines protect against at least HPV types 16 and 18, which cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer. It is estimated that the vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer and possibly some mouth cancer. They additionally prevent some genital warts, with the vaccines against HPV types 4 and 9 providing greater protection.The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures. The vaccines require two or three doses depending on a person's age and immune status. Vaccinating girls around the ages of nine to thirteen is typically recommended. The vaccines provide protection for at least 5 to 10 years. Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination. Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated. In those already infected, the vaccines are not effective.HPV vaccines are very safe. Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 80% of people. Redness and swelling at the site and fever may also occur. No link to Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome has been found.The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. As of 2017, 71 countries include it in their routine vaccinations, at least for girls. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$47 a dose as of 2014. In the United States, it costs more than US$200. Vaccination may be cost effective in the developing world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Establishment of the World Health Organization", "paragraph_text": "The Establishment of World Health Organization occurred on 7 April 1948, when its new constitution was ratified by a twenty-sixth nation. Its establishment followed a period of discussions and consultation following World War II and the formation of the United Nations, of which it formed part."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ten Thousand Angels (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Ten Thousand Angels\" is a debut song written by Billy Henderson and Steven Dale Jones, and recorded by American country music artist Mindy McCready. It was released in February 1996 as the first single and title track from the album \"Ten Thousand Angels\". The song reached #6 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Painted turtle", "paragraph_text": "Incubation lasts 72 -- 80 days in the wild and for a similar period in artificial conditions. In August and September, the young turtle breaks out from its egg, using a special projection of its jaw called the egg tooth. Not all offspring leave the nest immediately, though. Hatchlings north of a line from Nebraska to northern Illinois to New Jersey typically arrange themselves symmetrically in the nest and overwinter to emerge the following spring."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Larisa Yudina", "paragraph_text": "Larisa Alexeyevna Yudina (; 22 October 1945 \u2013 8 June 1998) was a journalist and the editor of the opposition newspaper, \"Sovietskaya Kalmykia Sevodnya\" (Soviet Kalmykia Today). She was found dead on 8 June 1998, with multiple knife wounds and a fractured skull, in Elista, the capital of the Republic of Kalmykia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "ISO 3166-2", "paragraph_text": "ISO 3166-2 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for identifying the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. The official name of the standard is \"Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions \u2013 Part 2: Country subdivision code\". It was first published in 1998."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brain", "paragraph_text": "The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15\u201333 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Numerous immigrants have come as merchants and become a major part of the business community, including Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians of European descent reside in the country.[better source needed] The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of Black African descent."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty was a bilateral agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Indonesia that forced Chinese Indonesians with dual nationality of both countries to choose citizenship of just one. It was signed by Zhou Enlai, Premier and Foreign Minister of China, and Sunario, Foreign Minister of Indonesia, on 22 April 1955 during the Asian\u2013African Conference in Bandung. Following ratification by both parties, the treaty came into force on 20 January 1960 after an exchange of the instruments of ratification in Beijing."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sophia (robot)", "paragraph_text": "On October 11, 2017, Sophia was introduced to the United Nations with a brief conversation with the United Nations Deputy Secretary - General, Amina J. Mohammed. On October 25, at the Future Investment Summit in Riyadh, the robot was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, becoming the first robot ever to have a nationality. This attracted controversy as some commentators wondered if this implied that Sophia could vote or marry, or whether a deliberate system shutdown could be considered murder. Social media users used Sophia's citizenship to criticize Saudi Arabia's human rights record. As explained by Ali Al - Ahmed, director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs, ``Women (in Saudi Arabia) have since committed suicide because they could n't leave the house, and Sophia is running around (without a male guardian). Saudi law does n't allow non-Muslims to get citizenship. Did Sophia convert to Islam? What is the religion of this Sophia and why is n't she wearing hijab? If she applied for citizenship as a human she would n't get it. ''In December 2017, Sophia's creator David Hanson said in an interview that Sophia will use her citizenship to advocate for women's rights in her now country of citizenship; Newsweek criticized that`` What (Hanson) means, exactly, is unclear ''.."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West."}], "question": "When did the people living in Larisa Yudina's country of citizenship leave the country at least partially out of which the group spawned by thousands of madrasahs emerged?"}
{"id": "4hop3__42125_44360_23308_28343", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bird migration", "paragraph_text": "Reverse migration, where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly, can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lord of the Flies (1990 film)", "paragraph_text": "One night, as they sleep, the delusional Captain Benson wanders away from the boys and into the jungle, eventually making his way to a cave deep inland. Jack brings all of his hunters to hunt in the jungle, leaving no one watching the fire. The fire goes out, preventing a passing helicopter from noticing them. Ralph blames Jack for failing to keep it going. During the ensuing fight, Jack, tired of listening to Ralph and Piggy, leaves and forms his own camp, taking many of the boys with him. As more and more boys defect to Jack's side, one of the younger boys, Larry, finds Captain Benson in the cave, mistakes him for a monster and stabs him, and then tells the other boys. Jack and his second - in - command Roger (Gary Rule) then go to the cave's entrance and mistakes Captain Benson's dying groans for the sounds of a monster."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nobody to Blame", "paragraph_text": "``Nobody to Blame ''is a song recorded by American country music artist Chris Stapleton. The song was released in November 2015 as the singer's third single overall. Stapleton co-wrote the song with Barry Bales and Ronnie Bowman. It became Stapleton's first top 10 single on the US Country Airplay chart.`` Nobody to Blame'' won Song of the Year at the ACM Awards."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Great Fire of Rome", "paragraph_text": "The Great Fire of Rome was an urban fire in the year AD 64. It caused widespread devastation, before being brought under control after six days. Differing accounts either blame Emperor Nero for initiating the fire or credit him with organizing measures to contain it and provide relief for refugees. According to Tacitus and later Christians, Nero blamed the devastation on the Christian community in the city, initiating the empire's first persecution against the Christians."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Substitute (association football)", "paragraph_text": "The origin of football substitutes goes back to at least the early 1860s as part of English public school football games. The original use of the term ``substitute ''in football was to describe the replacement of players who failed to turn up for matches. For example, in 1863, a match reports states:`` The Charterhouse eleven played a match in cloisters against some old Carthusians but in consequence of the non-appearance of some of those who were expected it was necessary to provide three substitutes. The substitution of absent players happened as early as the 1850s, for example from Eton College where the term ``emergencies'' is used. Numerous references to players acting as a`` substitute ''occur in matches in the mid-1860s where it is not indicated whether these were replacements of absent players or of players injured during the match."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Union for the Mediterranean", "paragraph_text": "The meeting of UfM Senior Officials, composed of ambassadors and senior Foreign Affairs officials appointed individually by the 43 countries of the UfM, is held several times a year, at regular intervals, at the seat of the Secretariat of UfM in Barcelona or in one of the UfM countries. Its role is to discuss regional issues, guide policies and actions of the organization and to label the projects submitted to it. Each country has an equal vote and all decisions are made by consensus."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Black Death", "paragraph_text": "Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a \"great pestilence in the air\". This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Establishment of the World Health Organization", "paragraph_text": "The Establishment of World Health Organization occurred on 7 April 1948, when its new constitution was ratified by a twenty-sixth nation. Its establishment followed a period of discussions and consultation following World War II and the formation of the United Nations, of which it formed part."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1938, the U.S. adopted a succession of increasingly restrictive trade restrictions with Japan. This included terminating its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan in 1939, further tightened by the Export Control Act of 1940. These efforts failed to deter Japan from continuing its war in China, or from signing the Tripartite Pact in 1940 with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, officially forming the Axis Powers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Soul of Country Music", "paragraph_text": "Soul of Country Music is the ninth studio album by American country artist, Connie Smith. The album was released in December 1967 on RCA Victor Records and was produced by Bob Ferguson. With no singles spawned from the album, \"Soul of Country Music\" contained cover versions of popular country music songs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica", "paragraph_text": "Originally, it was to be hosted by Brazil, as suggested by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) in February 2011 due to CONMEBOL's rotation policy of tournaments being held in alphabetical order. However, due to the organization of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics in that country, Brazil decided against also hosting the Copa Am\u00e9rica. CONMEBOL\u2019s president Nicolas Leoz had mentioned the possibility of the tournament being organized in Mexico (despite this country not being a member of CONMEBOL) as part of the federation's centenary celebrations. Brazil and Chile's Football Federations discussed the idea of swapping around the order of being hosts of the 2015 and 2019 tournaments. The swap was made official in May 2012."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Great Depression", "paragraph_text": "By 1932, unemployment had reached 23.6%, peaking in early 1933 at 25%. Drought persisted in the agricultural heartland, businesses and families defaulted on record numbers of loans, and more than 5,000 banks had failed. Hundreds of thousands of Americans found themselves homeless, and began congregating in shanty towns -- dubbed ``Hoovervilles ''-- that began to appear across the country. In response, President Hoover and Congress approved the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, to spur new home construction, and reduce foreclosures. The final attempt of the Hoover Administration to stimulate the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act (ERA) which included funds for public works programs such as dams and the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a Federal agency with the authority to lend up to $2 billion to rescue banks and restore confidence in financial institutions. But $2 billion was not enough to save all the banks, and bank runs and bank failures continued. Quarter by quarter the economy went downhill, as prices, profits and employment fell, leading to the political realignment in 1932 that brought to power Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It is important to note, however, that after volunteerism failed, Hoover developed ideas that laid the framework for parts of the New Deal."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Interlok", "paragraph_text": "\"Interlok\" was withdrawn from the school syllabus on 15 January 2011 following a discussion between the Education Ministry of Malaysia and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. However, this decision was reversed on 28 January 2011 following a discussion between Malaysian prime minister Najib Razak, MIC president G. Palanivel and MIC deputy president S. Subramaniam and deputy prime minister Muhyiddin Yassin. The latest decision effectively retains \"Interlok\" as part of the syllabus in Malaysian schools but amendments were to be made to parts of the novel which were deemed too sensitive to the Indian community."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an \"indirect aggression\" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of \"indirect aggression\" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Constant (I Blame Coco album)", "paragraph_text": "The Constant is the debut studio album by English band I Blame Coco, released on 1 October 2010 by Island Records. The album spawned four singles: \"Caesar\" (which features Swedish singer Robyn), \"Selfmachine\", \"Quicker\" and \"In Spirit Golden\"; the latter was released digitally on 31 October 2010, one week before the album's UK release date."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples."}], "question": "The organization that was spawned by thousands of madrasahs emerged in part from Country A. When did the people who were blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail leave Country A?"}
{"id": "4hop3__42125_44360_8930_28343", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Iron law of oligarchy", "paragraph_text": "The iron law of oligarchy is a political theory, first developed by the German sociologist Robert Michels in his 1911 book, Political Parties. It claims that rule by an elite, or oligarchy, is inevitable as an ``iron law ''within any democratic organization as part of the`` tactical and technical necessities'' of organization."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pacific Rim (film)", "paragraph_text": "Pacific Rim is a 2013 American science fiction action film directed by Guillermo del Toro and starring Charlie Hunnam, Idris Elba, Rinko Kikuchi, Charlie Day, Burn Gorman, Robert Kazinsky, Max Martini, and Ron Perlman. The screenplay was written by Travis Beacham and del Toro from a story by Beacham. The film is set in the future, when Earth is at war with the Kaiju, colossal sea monsters which have emerged from an interdimensional portal on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. To combat the monsters, humanity unites to create the Jaegers, gigantic humanoid mechas, each controlled by at least two pilots, whose minds are joined by a mental link. Focusing on the war's later days, the story follows Raleigh Becket, a washed - up Jaeger pilot called out of retirement and teamed with rookie pilot Mako Mori as part of a last - ditch effort to defeat the Kaiju."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing", "paragraph_text": "The 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing was an incident that occurred on 7 January 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence, in which a European Community Monitor Mission (ECMM) helicopter carrying five European Community (EC) observers was downed by a Yugoslav Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, in the air space above the village of Podrute, near Novi Marof, Croatia. An Italian and a French officer and three Italian non-commissioned officers were killed. Another ECMM helicopter flying in formation with the attacked helicopter made an emergency landing. The second helicopter carried a crew and a visiting diplomat, all of whom survived. The incident was condemned by the United Nations Security Council and the EC. As a result of the incident, the Yugoslav authorities suspended the head of the air force, and the Yugoslav defense minister, General Veljko Kadijevi\u0107, resigned his post. The events followed the end of the first stage of the war in Croatia and closely preceded the country's international recognition."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Marichjhanpi", "paragraph_text": "Marichjhanpi is an island set in the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans in West Bengal, India. It is mostly remembered today for the incident in 1979 when the newly elected Communist Party of India (Marxist) government of West Bengal forcibly evicted thousands of Bengali refugees who had settled on the island. The government's actions resulted in the deaths of many refugees; although the exact number is unknown, researchers believe that at least several hundred people died from police brutality, disease and starvation. The Marichjhanpi massacre forms the backdrop of Amitav Ghosh's novel, \"The Hungry Tide.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Taliban", "paragraph_text": "From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, and largely consisted of students recently trained in madrassas in Pakistan. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991\u201392. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program. Tito was a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as \"national communism\"). In 1951 he implemented a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist countries. A turn towards a model of market socialism brought economic expansion in the 1950s and 1960s and a decline during the 1970s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the \"brotherhood and unity\" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade, and which continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics. He remains a very controversial figure in the Balkans."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "\u017divko Topalovi\u0107", "paragraph_text": "\u017divko Topalovi\u0107 (21 March 1886 in U\u017eice \u2013 11 February 1972 in Vienna) was a Yugoslav socialist politician. Topalovi\u0107 became a leading figure in the Socialist Party of Yugoslavia, founded in 1921."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Domino Day", "paragraph_text": "Domino Day was a world record attempt for the highest number of toppling domino stones, organized from 1998 to 2009 by Endemol Netherlands. Together with Weijers Domino Productions of Robin Paul Weijers, also known as Mr. Domino, parties teamed up to set a new world record. The production was mainly organized at the WTC Expo in Leeuwarden, Netherlands."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Breakup of Yugoslavia", "paragraph_text": "After the Allied victory in World War II, Yugoslavia was set up as a federation of six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. In addition, two autonomous provinces were established within Serbia: Vojvodina and Kosovo. Each of the republics had its own branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia party and a ruling elite, and any tensions were solved on the federal level. The Yugoslav model of state organization, as well as a ``middle way ''between planned and liberal economy, had been a relative success, and the country experienced a period of strong economic growth and relative political stability up to the 1980s, under the rule of president - for - life Josip Broz Tito. After his death in 1980, the weakened system of federal government was left unable to cope with rising economic and political challenges."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Every year a \"Brotherhood and Unity\" relay race is organized in Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia which ends at the \"House of Flowers\" in Belgrade on May 25 \u2013 the final resting place of Tito. At the same time, runners in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina set off for Kumrovec, Tito's birthplace in northern Croatia. The relay is a left-over from Yugoslav times, when young people made a similar yearly trek on foot through Yugoslavia that ended in Belgrade with a massive celebration."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the \"religious sciences\", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and the \"secular sciences\", such as logic, mathematics and philosophy. Some madaris further extended their curriculum to history, politics, ethics, music, metaphysics, medicine, astronomy and chemistry. The curriculum of a madrasah was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madaris were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the 9th century University of al-Qarawiyyin, the 10th century al-Azhar University (the most famous), the 11th century Ni\u1e93\u0101m\u012byah, as well as 75 madaris in Cairo, 51 in Damascus and up to 44 in Aleppo between 1155 and 1260. Many more were also established in the Andalusian cities of C\u00f3rdoba, Seville, Toledo, Granada (Madrasah of Granada), Murcia, Almer\u00eda, Valencia and C\u00e1diz during the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Piston ring", "paragraph_text": "Most automotive pistons have three rings: The top two, while also controlling oil, are primarily for compression sealing (compression rings). Meanwhile, the lower ring is for controlling the supply of oil to the liner, which lubricates the piston skirt and the compression rings (oil control rings). At least two piston rings are found on most piston and cylinder combinations. Typical compression ring designs will have an essentially rectangular cross section or a keystone (right angled trapezoidal) cross section. The periphery will then have either a barrel profile (for the top compression rings) or a taper napier form (for the second compression ring or scraper ring). There are some taper - faced top rings as well, and on some old engines simple plain - faced rings were used."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Carlos Esparza", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Esparza (1828\u2013September 28, 1885), lived in Mexico at the Texas border, and during his life he served as a soldier and the leader of the spy ring of Juan Cortina. In addition, he wrote poetry and proverbs."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Tuzla", "paragraph_text": "The 1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Tuzla was an attack on the 92nd Motorized Brigade of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in the Bosnian city of Tuzla on 15 May 1992. The incident occurred at the road junction of Br\u010danska Malta. At least 50 members of the JNA were killed and 44 wounded during the attacks."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Madame Spy (1942 film)", "paragraph_text": "Madame Spy is a 1942 American spy film directed by Roy William Neill and starring Constance Bennett, Don Porter and John Litel. The screenplay concerns an American intelligence officer who goes undercover and infiltrates a ring of Nazi spies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Isidoro Malmierca Peoli", "paragraph_text": "Born in Havana, he became involved in Cuba's turbulent left-wing politics as a young man, joining the tiny Popular Socialist Party, the Moscow-line predecessor of the Communist Party, during the years of right-wing regimes that preceded the 1959 revolution. The PSP had only a few thousand members, but was well-organized and had strong links with the urban unions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}], "question": "The organization that was spawned by thousands of madrasahs emerged in part from Country A. When did the people who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party leave Country A?"}
{"id": "4hop1__478452_273811_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richard Rorty", "paragraph_text": "Educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University, he had strong interests and training in both the history of philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy, the latter of which came to comprise the main focus of his work at Princeton University in the 1960s. He subsequently came to reject the tradition of philosophy according to which knowledge involves correct representation (a \"mirror of nature\") of a world whose existence remains wholly independent of that representation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Warren Blank", "paragraph_text": "Warren Blank (born July 24, 1948) is an American author, teacher, and businessman. He is best known for authoring books on leadership, such as The 108 Skills of Natural Born Leaders and The 9 Natural Laws of Leadership. He is also the founder and president of The Leadership Group, a leadership training and organizational development firm based in Vero Beach, Florida and Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tabula rasa", "paragraph_text": "The modern idea of the theory, however, is attributed mostly to John Locke's expression of the idea in Essay Concerning Human Understanding (he uses the term ``white paper ''in Book II, Chap. I, 2). In Locke's philosophy, tabula rasa was the theory that at birth the (human) mind is a`` blank slate'' without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences. The notion is central to Lockean empiricism; it serves as the starting point for Locke's subsequent explication (in Book II) of simple ideas and complex ideas. As understood by Locke, tabula rasa meant that the mind of the individual was born blank, and it also emphasized the freedom of individuals to author their own soul. Individuals are free to define the content of their character -- but basic identity as a member of the human species can not be altered. This presumption of a free, self - authored mind combined with an immutable human nature leads to the Lockean doctrine of ``natural ''rights. Locke's idea of tabula rasa is frequently compared with Thomas Hobbes's viewpoint of human nature, in which humans are endowed with inherent mental content -- particularly with selfishness."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Progressive education", "paragraph_text": "In the United States the ``Progressive Education Movement '', starting in the 1880s and lasting for sixty years, helped boost American public schools from a budding idea to the regular norm. John Dewey, a principal figure in this movement from the 1880s to 1904, set the tone for educational philosophy as well as concrete school reforms. His thinking had been influenced by the ideas of Fr\u00f6bel and Herbart. His reactions to the prevailing theories and practices in education, corrections made to these philosophies, and recommendations to teachers and administrators to embrace`` the new education'', provide a vital account of the history of the development of educational thinking in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Dewey placed so - called pragmatism above moral absolutes and helped give rise to situational ethics. Beginning in 1897 John Dewey published a summary of his theory on progressive education in School Journal. His theoretical standpoints are divided into five sections outlined below."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "May Gorslin Preston Slosson", "paragraph_text": "May Gorslin Preston Slosson (10 September 1858, Ilion, New York \u2013 26 November 1943, Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American educator and suffragist. She was the first woman to obtain a doctoral degree in Philosophy in the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spiritism", "paragraph_text": "Spiritism (also called Kardecism) is a spiritualistic philosophy and religious movement started in the 19th century by the French educator Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail, who, under the pen name Allan Kardec, wrote books on \"the nature, origin, and destiny of spirits, and their relation with the corporeal world\". Spiritists refer to Kardec as the religion's codifier."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal", "paragraph_text": "The Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal published and edited by Paul Ernest (University of Exeter). It publishes articles relevant to the philosophy of mathematics education, a subfield of mathematics education that often draws in issues from the philosophy of mathematics. The journal includes articles, graduate student assignments, theses, and other pertinent resources."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature", "paragraph_text": "Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature is a 1979 book by American philosopher Richard Rorty, in which the author attempts to dissolve modern philosophical problems instead of solving them by presenting them as pseudo-problems that only exist in the language-game of epistemological projects culminating in analytic philosophy. In a pragmatist gesture, Rorty suggests that philosophy must get past these pseudo-problems if it is to be productive. The work was considered controversial upon publication, and had its greatest success outside analytic philosophy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz, a pioneer in evolutionary thought; Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle's concept of place (topos); Al-Biruni, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, founder of Illuminationist philosophy; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic; and Ibn Khaldun, a pioneer in the philosophy of history."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mark Rowlands", "paragraph_text": "Mark Rowlands (born 1962) is a Welsh writer and philosopher. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Miami, and the author of several books on the philosophy of mind, the moral status of non-human animals, and cultural criticism. He is known within academic philosophy for his work on the animal mind and is one of the principal architects of the view known as vehicle externalism, or the extended mind, the view that thoughts, memories, desires and beliefs can be stored outside the brain and the skull. His works include \"Animal Rights\" (1998), \"The Body in Mind\" (1999), \"The Nature of Consciousness\" (2001), \"Animals Like Us\" (2002), and a personal memoir, \"The Philosopher and the Wolf\" (2008)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "George Lincoln Burr", "paragraph_text": "George Lincoln Burr (January 30, 1857 \u2013 June 27, 1938) was a U.S. historian, diplomat, author, and educator, best known as a Professor of History and Librarian at Cornell University, and as the closest collaborator of Andrew Dickson White, the first President of Cornell."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy in order to create an \"ecological civilization.\" To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Millicent Mackenzie", "paragraph_text": "Millicent Hughes Mackenzie (1863 in Bristol \u2013 10 December 1942 in Brockweir) was a British professor of education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, the first female professor in Wales and the first appointed to a fully chartered university in the United Kingdom. She wrote on the philosophy of education, founded the Cardiff Suffragette branch, became the only woman Parliamentary Candidate in Wales for 1918, and was a key initiator of Steiner-Waldorf education in the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alexander Hugh Chisholm", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Hugh Chisholm (28 March 1890 \u2014 10 July 1977) also known as Alec Chisholm, was a noted Australian journalist, newspaper editor, author and amateur ornithologist. He was a member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU), President of the RAOU 1939-1940, and Editor of its journal the \"Emu\" 1926-1928. He was elected a Fellow of the RAOU in 1941. He was the first recipient of the Australian Natural History Medallion in 1940 for his work in ornithology and popularising natural history. Chisholm was a prolific writer of articles and books."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "William Ernest Hocking", "paragraph_text": "William Ernest Hocking (August 10, 1873 \u2013 June 12, 1966) was an American idealist philosopher at Harvard University. He continued the work of his philosophical teacher Josiah Royce (the founder of American idealism) in revising idealism to integrate and fit into empiricism, naturalism and pragmatism. He said that metaphysics has to make inductions from experience: \"That which does not work is not true.\" His major field of study was the philosophy of religion, but his 22 books included discussions of philosophy and human rights, world politics, freedom of the press, the philosophical psychology of human nature; education; and more. In 1958 he served as president of the Metaphysical Society of America."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the first president of the university where the author of Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature was educated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__213363_465907_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Timothy Dwight V", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Dwight V (November 16, 1828 \u2013 May 26, 1916) was an American academic, educator, Congregational minister, and President of Yale University (1886\u20131898). During his years as the school's president, Yale's schools first organized as a university. His grandfather was Timothy Dwight IV, who served as President of Yale College ninety years before his grandson's tenure."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Phil Powers (climber)", "paragraph_text": "Phil Powers (born 20 February 1961) is an American alpinist, author and educator. He is famous for his first ascent of the Washburn Face of Denali, as well as his significant leadership roles within the climbing industry."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Model Secondary School for the Deaf", "paragraph_text": "The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89 - 694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sergey Zayashnikov", "paragraph_text": "Sergey Ivanovich Zayashnikov () is the President of the Russian Muay Thai League, martial arts writer, TV commentator, promoter, one of the founders of the Muay Thai in Russia. He is the author of the first book about karate in the USSR (Karate Technique, 1990), co-author of the first book about Russian hand combat in Russia (Russian-Style Hand to Hand Combat,1991), co-author of the first book about Muay Thai in Russia (Thailand boxing, 1992)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Education in the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). DepEd is responsible for the K -- 12 basic education; it exercises full and exclusive control over public schools and nominal regulation over private schools, and it also enforces the national curriculum that has been put in place since 2013. CHED and TESDA, on the other hand, are responsible for higher education; CHED regulates the academically - oriented universities and colleges while TESDA oversees the development of technical and vocational education institutions and programs in the country."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Delirium (Oliver novel)", "paragraph_text": "Delirium is a dystopian young adult novel written by Lauren Oliver, published on January 1, 2011, by HarperCollins (HarperTeen), about a young girl, Lena Haloway, who falls in love in a society where love is seen as a disease. The novel is the first part of a trilogy, followed by Pandemonium."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elmer Ellis", "paragraph_text": "Elmer Ellis (July 27, 1901 \u2013 August 27, 1989) was an American educator and fourteenth president of the University of Missouri, from 1955 to 1966, and first president of the University of Missouri System. He was instrumental in the expansion of the university to include the University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City and University of Missouri\u2013St. Louis. Ellis Library is named in his honor."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Shiranthi Rajapaksa", "paragraph_text": "Shiranthi Wickremesinghe Rajapaksa is the wife of the sixth President of Sri Lanka, Mahinda Rajapaksa and was the First Lady of Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2015. She is a professional in child psychology and pre-school education."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carlo Carfagna", "paragraph_text": "Carlo Carfagna (born in Guarcino, Italy, 1940) is an Italian classical guitarist, author of many musical publications.His musical education takes place at the Conservatory of Rome and Naples, under the guidance of Mario Gangi, which subsequently will be teaching colleague for many years at Santa Cecilia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Little Endless Storybook", "paragraph_text": "The Little Endless Storybook is a picture book by Jill Thompson published by the Vertigo imprint of DC Comics. It features the popular Endless characters from Neil Gaiman's \"The Sandman\" comic book reimagined as toddlers. A second Little Endless Storybook, titled \"Delirium's Party\", was released in 2011."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades", "paragraph_text": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades, also referred to as PSAT, is a government institution of technical vocation education and training higher learning located in Alvear Street, Lingayen, Pangasinan, Philippines. PSAT is duly registered by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. All PSAT programs are accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "George Lincoln Burr", "paragraph_text": "George Lincoln Burr (January 30, 1857 \u2013 June 27, 1938) was a U.S. historian, diplomat, author, and educator, best known as a Professor of History and Librarian at Cornell University, and as the closest collaborator of Andrew Dickson White, the first President of Cornell."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lauren Oliver", "paragraph_text": "As she continued in her writing, Oliver eventually made the switch to writing her own stories and characters, to some success. Writing was not Oliver's only passion, though. She also enjoyed taking ballet, drawing, painting, making collages, singing, acting, experimenting with cooking, and as she puts it, \u201c(trying) to spend my time being as creative and useless as possible.\u201d After finishing high school and moving on to the University of Chicago, Oliver reveals, \u201cI continued to be as impractical as possible by majoring in philosophy and literature...inadvertently aided and abetted in my mission by my older sister, Lizzie, who pursued a Ph.D. in philosophy and cognitive science. This eventually led our parents to resign themselves to the fact that their children would never be lawyers, doctors, or even gainfully employed.\""}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Elizabeth Blanchard (educator)", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Blanchard (1834\u20131891) was an American educator who was the seventh president of Mount Holyoke College (as Principal and Acting President)."}], "question": "Where was the first president of the university Delirium's author attended born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__601487_273811_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richard Alan Cross", "paragraph_text": "Richard Alan Cross is Rev. John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy and former Chair of the Philosophy Department at the University of Notre Dame. Educated at Solihull School, Cross was formerly Professor of Medieval Theology at the University of Oxford and Tutor in Theology at Oriel College, Oxford, and holds a Master of Arts degree and a Doctor of Philosophy degree. His research interests lie in medieval theology and philosophy, especially Duns Scotus; Christology and the philosophy of religion."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "George Lincoln Burr", "paragraph_text": "George Lincoln Burr (January 30, 1857 \u2013 June 27, 1938) was a U.S. historian, diplomat, author, and educator, best known as a Professor of History and Librarian at Cornell University, and as the closest collaborator of Andrew Dickson White, the first President of Cornell."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kim Sterelny", "paragraph_text": "Kim Sterelny (born 1950) is an Australian philosopher and professor of philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences at Australian National University and Victoria University of Wellington. He is the winner of several international prizes in the philosophy of science, and was previously editor of \"Biology and Philosophy\". He is also a member of the Australian Academy of the Humanities."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Arthur F. Holmes", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Frank Holmes (March 15, 1924 \u2013 October 8, 2011) was an English philosopher who served as Professor of Philosophy at Wheaton College in Illinois from 1951 to 1994. He is remembered for his contribution to Christian higher education in the United States not only by teaching and building the philosophy department at Wheaton, but also by writing influential books and articles about the philosophy of Christian education, participating in the creation of the Society of Christian Philosophers, and encouraging his students to go on for graduate study and become academic leaders in their own rights. Wheaton College President Philip Ryken said \"It would be hard to think of anyone who has had a greater impact on Christian higher education than Arthur Holmes.\" Holmes died in Wheaton, Illinois, on October 8, 2011, at age 87."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal", "paragraph_text": "The Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal published and edited by Paul Ernest (University of Exeter). It publishes articles relevant to the philosophy of mathematics education, a subfield of mathematics education that often draws in issues from the philosophy of mathematics. The journal includes articles, graduate student assignments, theses, and other pertinent resources."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Richard Rorty", "paragraph_text": "Educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University, he had strong interests and training in both the history of philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy, the latter of which came to comprise the main focus of his work at Princeton University in the 1960s. He subsequently came to reject the tradition of philosophy according to which knowledge involves correct representation (a \"mirror of nature\") of a world whose existence remains wholly independent of that representation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described \"progressive conservative,\" he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Social justice", "paragraph_text": "While the concept of social justice can be traced through the theology of Augustine of Hippo and the philosophy of Thomas Paine, the term ``social justice ''became used explicitly from the 1840s. A Jesuit priest named Luigi Taparelli is typically credited with coining the term, and it spread during the revolutions of 1848 with the work of Antonio Rosmini - Serbati. In the late industrial revolution, progressive American legal scholars began to use the term more, particularly Louis Brandeis and Roscoe Pound. From the early 20th century it was also embedded in international law and institutions; the preamble to establish the International Labour Organization recalled that`` universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice.'' In the later 20th century, social justice was made central to the philosophy of the social contract, primarily by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice (1971). In 1993, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of human rights education."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Early Childhood Education Act", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1965 by Jule sugarman, Head start was one of the first programs initiated as a result of the Early Childhood Education Act. Its goal is to enhance the social and cognitive development of children offering services in the area of education, health, social and nutrition."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Philosophy and Social Hope", "paragraph_text": "Philosophy and Social Hope is a 1999 book written by philosopher Richard Rorty and published by Penguin. The book is a collection of cultural and political essays intended to reach a wider audience and, like his previous books, it presents Rorty's own version of pragmatism. 'Trotsky and the Wild Orchids' is the most autobiographical piece and explains how he moved from Plato's philosophical framework towards Ludwig Wittgenstein's and John Dewey's anti-essentialism."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marko Ahtisaari", "paragraph_text": "Marko Ahtisaari is the son of Martti Ahtisaari, a former UN diplomat and President of Finland, and Eeva Ahtisaari, the former First Lady of Finland. He attended Columbia University where he studied philosophy, economics and music."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Progressive education", "paragraph_text": "In the United States the ``Progressive Education Movement '', starting in the 1880s and lasting for sixty years, helped boost American public schools from a budding idea to the regular norm. John Dewey, a principal figure in this movement from the 1880s to 1904, set the tone for educational philosophy as well as concrete school reforms. His thinking had been influenced by the ideas of Fr\u00f6bel and Herbart. His reactions to the prevailing theories and practices in education, corrections made to these philosophies, and recommendations to teachers and administrators to embrace`` the new education'', provide a vital account of the history of the development of educational thinking in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Dewey placed so - called pragmatism above moral absolutes and helped give rise to situational ethics. Beginning in 1897 John Dewey published a summary of his theory on progressive education in School Journal. His theoretical standpoints are divided into five sections outlined below."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Harry Allen Overstreet", "paragraph_text": "Harry Allen Overstreet (October 25, 1875 \u2013 August 17, 1970) was an American writer and lecturer, and a popular author on modern psychology and sociology. His 1949 book, \"The Mature Mind\", was a substantial best-seller that sold over 500,000 copies by 1952. Harry Allen Overstreet was born in San Francisco, California, on 25 October 1875. He attended the University of California receiving his B.A. degree in 1899. He taught at Berkeley until 1911. From 1911 to 1936, he was chair of Department of Philosophy and Psychology at City College of New York. Overstreet also taught in the continuing education program of the New School for Social Research. He lectured and worked frequently with his second wife, Bonaro Overstreet."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Journal for Peace and Justice Studies", "paragraph_text": "The Journal for Peace and Justice Studies is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Center for Peace & Justice Education (Villanova University). It covers issues of social justice and peace, informed by the Catholic social tradition. The journal was established in 1988. All issues are available online from the Philosophy Documentation Center."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Journal of Philosophy of Education", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Philosophy of Education is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain. The journal was established in 1967. The journal publishes articles relating to education or educational practice from a philosophical point of view. Specific topics addressed in previous articles include politics, aesthetics, epistemology, curriculum and ethics, and historical aspects of the foregoing."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the first president of the alma mater of Philosophy and Social Hope's author?"}
{"id": "4hop1__41579_465907_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Delta Chi", "paragraph_text": "Delta Chi (\u0394\u03a7) is an international Greek letter collegiate social fraternity formed on October 13, 1890, at Cornell University, initially as a professional fraternity for law students. On April 30, 1922, Delta Chi became a general membership social fraternity, eliminating the requirement for men to be studying law, and opening membership to all areas of study. Delta Chi became one of the first international fraternities to abolish \"hell week\", when it did so on April 22, 1929. Delta Chi is a charter member of the North-American Interfraternity Conference (NIC). As of Fall 2016, Delta Chi has initiated over 113,000 members at over 120 Chapters and Colonies, with 29 Alumni Chapters. Its headquarters is in Iowa City, Iowa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "W. Steve Albrecht", "paragraph_text": "W. Steve Albrecht is the Andersen Alumni Professor at the Marriott School of Management of Brigham Young University (BYU). He is a former president of the American Accounting Association and was previously president of the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. He was also formerly an associate dean of the Marriott School of Management. Albrecht served as the mission president for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Tokyo, Japan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Angier Buchanan Duke", "paragraph_text": "Angier Buchanan Duke (1884\u20131923) was a trustee of Duke University from 1914\u20131923, as well as vice president and president of its Alumni Association."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "HOSA (organization)", "paragraph_text": "HOSA - Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is a national career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post secondary / collegiate students, along with professional, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization which prepares students to enter the healthcare field."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jutta Urpilainen", "paragraph_text": "Born in Lapua, Southern Ostrobothnia, Urpilainen studied at the University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, where she graduated as a Master of Education in 2002. She worked as a school teacher until her election to Parliament. She was also president of the Young European Federalists of Finland in 2001. She has been a member of Kokkola city council since 2001. In 2002, she made a CD of her own Christmas carols.Urpilainen has been a member of Parliament for the Vaasa constituency since 2003. She is a member of the Parliamentary Education and Culture Committee, a deputy member of the Parliamentary Finance Committee. She is also a member of the Advisory Council of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lauren Oliver", "paragraph_text": "As she continued in her writing, Oliver eventually made the switch to writing her own stories and characters, to some success. Writing was not Oliver's only passion, though. She also enjoyed taking ballet, drawing, painting, making collages, singing, acting, experimenting with cooking, and as she puts it, \u201c(trying) to spend my time being as creative and useless as possible.\u201d After finishing high school and moving on to the University of Chicago, Oliver reveals, \u201cI continued to be as impractical as possible by majoring in philosophy and literature...inadvertently aided and abetted in my mission by my older sister, Lizzie, who pursued a Ph.D. in philosophy and cognitive science. This eventually led our parents to resign themselves to the fact that their children would never be lawyers, doctors, or even gainfully employed.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute", "paragraph_text": "Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute (KTEI) is an Aboriginal-owned and controlled post-secondary institution at M'Chigeeng First Nation, on Mnidoo Mnising Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. In the Ojibwe language, Kenjgewin Teg means a place of knowledge. KTEI provides educational initiatives to its member population of 6,800+ people and to students in the surrounding area. Programs are offered to its eight-member First Nations:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "University of Notre Dame", "paragraph_text": "Notre Dame alumni work in various fields. Alumni working in political fields include state governors, members of the United States Congress, and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. A notable alumnus of the College of Science is Medicine Nobel Prize winner Eric F. Wieschaus. A number of university heads are alumni, including Notre Dame's current president, the Rev. John Jenkins. Additionally, many alumni are in the media, including talk show hosts Regis Philbin and Phil Donahue, and television and radio personalities such as Mike Golic and Hannah Storm. With the university having high profile sports teams itself, a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university, including professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey players, such as Joe Theismann, Joe Montana, Tim Brown, Ross Browner, Rocket Ismail, Ruth Riley, Jeff Samardzija, Jerome Bettis, Brett Lebda, Olympic gold medalist Mariel Zagunis, professional boxer Mike Lee, former football coaches such as Charlie Weis, Frank Leahy and Knute Rockne, and Basketball Hall of Famers Austin Carr and Adrian Dantley. Other notable alumni include prominent businessman Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer Saul Bellow, political philosopher, literary critic and author of the New York Times bestseller \"The Closing of the American Mind\" Allan Bloom, ''The Good War\" author Studs Terkel, American writer, essayist, filmmaker, teacher, and political activist Susan Sontag, analytic philosopher and Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature Richard Rorty, and American writer and satirist Kurt Vonnegut are notable alumni."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Global Alliance in Management Education", "paragraph_text": "The CEMS Alumni Association (CAA), founded in 1993 by CEMS graduates  is an international network throughout the world of CEMS graduates. To date, nearly 13,000 CEMS students have graduated and gone on to become CEMS alumni. For the year 2018, the graduation ceremony took place in Malta with CEMS students from CEMS schools on the global network. They numbered above 600 and came together to receive diplomas.The CAA is led by an alumni board and is present in many countries through local committees of CEMS alumni. The local committees  are responsible for keeping in contact with CEMS alumni and organizing professional and social activities. They meet on a regular basis to discuss the activities and development of the association. The alumni board comprises: the CAA President, the CEMS Executive Director, a representative of the CEMS Student Board, a representative of CEMS member schools, 3 local committee representatives, 2 senior alumni and 2 junior alumni. It proposes and develops initiatives to foster career and personal development opportunities of its alumni members and represents alumni interests on the CEMS Executive Board."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Florida International University Alumni Association", "paragraph_text": "The Florida International University Alumni Association is an alumni organization for former students of Florida International University. It is governed by a 32 volunteer member Board of Directors and currently has over 20,000 dues paying members made up of alumni, students, faculty/staff and friends of FIU."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mandaluyong", "paragraph_text": "A good number of city officials of Mandaluyong are alumni of Don Bosco, including incumbent Mayor, Benjamin Abalos, Jr. (HS '79); former Vice Mayor, Renato Sta. Maria (HS '65); City Councilors Edward Bartolome (HS '96), Noel Bernardo (HS '79), and Jonathan Abalos (HS '85). Other notable alumni include \"King of Pinoy Rap,\" Francis Magalona (HS '81); and actor Ricky Davao (HS '78). Meanwhile, the alumni of JRU that includes President Ramon Magsaysay, Roderick Paulate, and Secretary Armand V. Fabella;"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Florida International University College of Arts and Sciences", "paragraph_text": "The Florida International University College of Arts, Education and Sciences is the liberal arts college at Florida International University. Founded in 1965, it is the largest of FIU's 26 schools and colleges, and offers bachelor's degrees, master degree's, doctorates, and first professional degrees. As of 2009, the College of Arts and Sciences has 35,291 alumni, and awards approximately 2,342 degrees annually."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Domingo Faustino Sarmiento", "paragraph_text": "Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (February 15, 1811 \u2013 September 11, 1888) was an Argentine activist, intellectual, writer, statesman and the seventh President of Argentina. His writing spanned a wide range of genres and topics, from journalism to autobiography, to political philosophy and history. He was a member of a group of intellectuals, known as the \"Generation of 1837\", who had a great influence on nineteenth-century Argentina. He was particularly concerned with educational issues and was also an important influence on the region's literature."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Richard M. Siddoway", "paragraph_text": "Richard M. Siddoway (born 1940) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives. Siddoway is also the author of several books including the \"New York Times\" bestseller \"The Christmas Wish\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mary Virginia Terhune", "paragraph_text": "Mary Virginia Terhune (n\u00e9e Hawes, December 21, 1830 \u2013 June 3, 1922), also known by her penname Marion Harland, was an American author who was prolific and bestselling in both fiction and non-fiction genres. Born in Amelia County, Virginia, she began her career writing articles at the age of 14, using various pennames until 1853, when she settled on Marion Harland. Her first novel \"Alone \" was published in 1854 and became an \"emphatic success\" following its second printing the next year. For fifteen years she was a prolific writer of best-selling women's novels, classified then as \"plantation fiction\", as well as writing numerous serial works, short stories, and essays for magazines."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of multilingual presidents of the United States", "paragraph_text": "James A. Garfield knew and taught both Latin and Greek, and he was the first President to campaign in two languages (English and German). He was also ambidextrous. Stories emerged to the effect that Garfield would entertain his friends by having them ask him questions, and then writing the answer in Latin with one hand while simultaneously writing the answer in Greek with the other. However, specifics of these stories are not documented."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the first president of the institution from which the author of Before I Fall graduated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__35633_273811_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ken Hind", "paragraph_text": "Ken Hind was born on 15 September 1949, and educated at Woodhouse Grove School and the University of Leeds, where he was President of the Student Union. He graduated in Law, with an LLB degree, in 1971 and then qualified as a barrister at Gray's Inn in 1973. He was awarded the CBE after leaving Parliament."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and Taipei, with 489 points (493 is the average). Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "C. W. W. Kannangara", "paragraph_text": "As Minister of Education Kannagara was placed in charge of implementing the recommendations. Among the reforms he introduced, which came into operation on 1 October 1945, were to make education free of charge for all students, to ensure that every student was provided with instruction in the religion of his / her parents, to prevent teachers from been exploited by managers of schools by having their wages paid directly by the government and to make adequate provisions for adult education in the country."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute", "paragraph_text": "Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute (KTEI) is an Aboriginal-owned and controlled post-secondary institution at M'Chigeeng First Nation, on Mnidoo Mnising Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. In the Ojibwe language, Kenjgewin Teg means a place of knowledge. KTEI provides educational initiatives to its member population of 6,800+ people and to students in the surrounding area. Programs are offered to its eight-member First Nations:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Educational entrance examination", "paragraph_text": "An estimated 9, 00,000 - 10, 00,000 students of Class X appear for this scholarship exam every year for the 1st stage from which about 5000 are selected for the Stage 2 examination. It is held every year and aims at screening the most gifted students from the general lot -- the students who have a special aptitude for Sciences, Mathematics, Social Sciences and, above all, questions based on analytical reasoning. The most important aspect of the exam is not the percentage a student scores but where he is placed in the descending order of merit list. This directly relates to one's cognitive skills and reasoning ability."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William Coperthwaite", "paragraph_text": "William Coperthwaite attended Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, where he majored in art history. His extra-curricular activities included track and pole vaulting, and he served as vice-president of the Outing Club. He later enrolled in the innovative Putney Graduate School of Teacher Education (Antioch University New England) Master's degree program and in 1972 was awarded a Ph.D in education from Harvard University. Coperthwaite's Harvard research examined the process of instructing groups of students on yurt construction. His dissertation was on native Alaskan culture. One of the many yurts he built leading student groups (in 1976 on the new campus of World College West in Marin County, California) became the subject of a student-composed song; \"Yurt Fever\". Its final verse concluded with \"...a person can stray all over the place, but a Yurt is always a round\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Uma Shankar Dikshit", "paragraph_text": "Born on 12 January 1901 at village Ugu of Unnao district, he got his education from Kanpur. Since his student life he joined the freedom movement and was the Secretary of the District Congress Committee Kanpur during the period when Sh. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was the President of the Committee. "}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Vernon Corea", "paragraph_text": "Vernon Corea was educated at Royal College, Colombo a well known education institution, in Sri Lanka. He represented the school in tennis and was fully involved in the world of drama and the debating society. He was sent by his father to Bishop\u2019s College, Calcutta, India for training into the priesthood. In Calcutta he was elected President of the Ceylon Students Association and acted in drama performances. He felt that the priesthood was not his vocation and returned to Ceylon, after the death of his mother."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Richard Rorty", "paragraph_text": "Educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University, he had strong interests and training in both the history of philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy, the latter of which came to comprise the main focus of his work at Princeton University in the 1960s. He subsequently came to reject the tradition of philosophy according to which knowledge involves correct representation (a \"mirror of nature\") of a world whose existence remains wholly independent of that representation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "No Child Left Behind Act", "paragraph_text": "Supporters of the NCLB claim one of the strong positive points of the bill is the increased accountability that is required of schools and teachers. According to the legislation, schools must pass yearly tests that judge student improvement over the fiscal year. These yearly standardized tests are the main means of determining whether schools live up to required standards. If required improvements are not made, the schools face decreased funding and other punishments that contribute to the increased accountability. According to supporters, these goals help teachers and schools realize the significance and importance of the educational system and how it affects the nation. Opponents of this law say that the punishments only hurt the schools and do not contribute to the improvement of student education."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "First Daughter (2004 film)", "paragraph_text": "First Daughter is a 2004 American romantic comedy released by 20th Century Fox. It stars Katie Holmes as Samantha MacKenzie, daughter of the President of the United States, who enrolls at a college and develops a relationship with another student at the college played by Marc Blucas. The film follows Samantha as she is given a new sense of freedom during her time away from the White House, and the advantages and disadvantages of her college life and education. It co-stars Michael Keaton as the President of the United States and Amerie Rogers as Samantha's roommate, Mia Thompson."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "HOSA (organization)", "paragraph_text": "HOSA - Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is a national career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post secondary / collegiate students, along with professional, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization which prepares students to enter the healthcare field."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nigel Griffiths", "paragraph_text": "Nigel Griffiths was educated at Hawick High School in the Scottish Borders before attending the University of Edinburgh where he was awarded an MA in 1977. He finished his education at Moray House College of Education (now the Moray House School of Education on \"Holyrood Road\" at the University of Edinburgh) in Edinburgh in 1978. He was president of the University of Edinburgh Labour Group in 1976, where he first met and supported Gordon Brown, who was then the student elected Rector of the University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush, who was born when his father, former president George H. W. Bush, was living in New Haven while a student at Yale. In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of former presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, and Bill Clinton, as well as Secretary of State John Kerry. President Clinton met his wife, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, while the two were students at Yale Law School. Former vice presidents John C. Calhoun and Dick Cheney also studied in New Haven (although the latter did not graduate from Yale). Before the 2008 election, the last time there was not a person with ties to New Haven and Yale on either major party's ticket was 1968. James Hillhouse, a New Haven native, served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate in 1801."}], "question": "Where was the first president of the university where Harthorne's student was educated born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__297724_465907_41483_600324", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Prisoner of Birth", "paragraph_text": "A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's \"The Count of Monte Cristo\". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lauren Oliver", "paragraph_text": "As she continued in her writing, Oliver eventually made the switch to writing her own stories and characters, to some success. Writing was not Oliver's only passion, though. She also enjoyed taking ballet, drawing, painting, making collages, singing, acting, experimenting with cooking, and as she puts it, \u201c(trying) to spend my time being as creative and useless as possible.\u201d After finishing high school and moving on to the University of Chicago, Oliver reveals, \u201cI continued to be as impractical as possible by majoring in philosophy and literature...inadvertently aided and abetted in my mission by my older sister, Lizzie, who pursued a Ph.D. in philosophy and cognitive science. This eventually led our parents to resign themselves to the fact that their children would never be lawyers, doctors, or even gainfully employed.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "William Rainey Harper Log House", "paragraph_text": "The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sergey Zayashnikov", "paragraph_text": "Sergey Ivanovich Zayashnikov () is the President of the Russian Muay Thai League, martial arts writer, TV commentator, promoter, one of the founders of the Muay Thai in Russia. He is the author of the first book about karate in the USSR (Karate Technique, 1990), co-author of the first book about Russian hand combat in Russia (Russian-Style Hand to Hand Combat,1991), co-author of the first book about Muay Thai in Russia (Thailand boxing, 1992)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Education in the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). DepEd is responsible for the K -- 12 basic education; it exercises full and exclusive control over public schools and nominal regulation over private schools, and it also enforces the national curriculum that has been put in place since 2013. CHED and TESDA, on the other hand, are responsible for higher education; CHED regulates the academically - oriented universities and colleges while TESDA oversees the development of technical and vocational education institutions and programs in the country."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Timothy Dwight V", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Dwight V (November 16, 1828 \u2013 May 26, 1916) was an American academic, educator, Congregational minister, and President of Yale University (1886\u20131898). During his years as the school's president, Yale's schools first organized as a university. His grandfather was Timothy Dwight IV, who served as President of Yale College ninety years before his grandson's tenure."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Carlo Carfagna", "paragraph_text": "Carlo Carfagna (born in Guarcino, Italy, 1940) is an Italian classical guitarist, author of many musical publications.His musical education takes place at the Conservatory of Rome and Naples, under the guidance of Mario Gangi, which subsequently will be teaching colleague for many years at Santa Cecilia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Shiranthi Rajapaksa", "paragraph_text": "Shiranthi Wickremesinghe Rajapaksa is the wife of the sixth President of Sri Lanka, Mahinda Rajapaksa and was the First Lady of Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2015. She is a professional in child psychology and pre-school education."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "George Lincoln Burr", "paragraph_text": "George Lincoln Burr (January 30, 1857 \u2013 June 27, 1938) was a U.S. historian, diplomat, author, and educator, best known as a Professor of History and Librarian at Cornell University, and as the closest collaborator of Andrew Dickson White, the first President of Cornell."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fall of a Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Fall of a Kingdom is the first novel in the Farsala Trilogy by American author Hilari Bell. It was previously published under the name \"Flame\". The series it was in was also referred to as the \"Book of Sorahb\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Model Secondary School for the Deaf", "paragraph_text": "The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89 - 694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Before I Fall", "paragraph_text": "Before I Fall is a 2010 young adult novel written by Lauren Oliver. It is written in first-person narrative of a teenager who is forced to relive the day of her death every day for a week. In an attempt to understand why this is happening to her, as well as trying to change her fate, she takes new actions each day, some of which are out of character and surprise her family and friends. The book is the basis for the film of the same name released on March 3, 2017."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Brightman Street Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Brightman Street Bridge is a long, four-lane wide drawbridge spanning the Taunton River between the town of Somerset and the city of Fall River, Massachusetts. It was authorized in 1903 by the state legislature, and building took place between 1906 and 1908, when it opened full-time on October 10, 1908. It was closed to vehicular traffic on October 11, 2011."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Falling Waters, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Falling Waters is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Potomac River in Berkeley County, West Virginia. It is located along Williamsport Pike (US 11) north of Martinsburg. According to the 2010 census, Falling Waters has a population of 876. An 1887 \"Scientific American\" article claimed that the first U.S. railroad was built in Falling Waters in 1814."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Census of Quirinius", "paragraph_text": "The Census of Quirinius was a census of Judea taken by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria, upon the imposition of direct Roman rule in 6 CE. The Gospel of Luke uses it as the narrative means to establish the birth of Jesus (), but places it within the reign of Herod the Great, who died 9 years earlier. No satisfactory explanation of the contradiction seems possible, and most scholars think that the author of the gospel made an error."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades", "paragraph_text": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades, also referred to as PSAT, is a government institution of technical vocation education and training higher learning located in Alvear Street, Lingayen, Pangasinan, Philippines. PSAT is duly registered by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. All PSAT programs are accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Three Rivers Village School", "paragraph_text": "Three Rivers Village School is the first democratic school in Pittsburgh, PA. It operates on the Sudbury school model of democratic education. Three Rivers Village School opened in the Fall of 2013 and accepts students from Kindergarten through twelfth grade. It is a tuition-based private school that offers a sliding scale tuition rate. As of Fall 2014, it enrolls around 25 students."}], "question": "What is the birthplace of the first president of the university where the Before I Fall author was educated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__159049_46905_153002_92170", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "RuPaul's Drag Race", "paragraph_text": "RuPaul's Drag Race Genre Reality competition Directed by Nick Murray Judges RuPaul Merle Ginsberg Santino Rice Michelle Visage Billy Brasfield Ross Mathews Carson Kressley Theme music composer RuPaul Opening theme ``RuPaul's Drag Race ''theme (season 1 -- present) Ending theme`` Cover Girl (Put the Bass In Walk)'' (season 1) ``Jealous of My Boogie ''(season 2)`` Main Event'' (season 3) ``The Beginning ''(season 4 -- 5)`` Dance with U'' (season 6) ``Fly Tonight ''(season 7)`` Die Tomorrow'' (season 8) ``Be Someone ''&`` Kitty Girl'' (season 9) ``Rock It (To The Moon) ''(season 10) Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 118 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Fenton Bailey Randy Barbato Tom Campbell RuPaul Steven Corfe Pamela Post Mandy Salangsang Chris McKim Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) World of Wonder Distributor Passion Distribution Release Original network Logo VH1 Picture format NTSC 480i HDTV 1080i Original release February 2, 2009 (2009 - 02 - 02) -- present (present) Chronology Related shows RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars RuPaul's Drag U External links Website"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The One with All the Thanksgivings", "paragraph_text": "``The One with the All the Thanksgivings ''Friends episode Episode no. Season 5 Episode 8 Directed by Kevin S. Bright Written by Gregory S. Malins Production code 467659 Original air date November 19, 1998 Guest appearance (s) Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Morgan Fairchild as Nora Tyler Bing Douglas Looper as The Paramedic Joshua Preston as Young Chandler Alec Mapa as The Housekeeper Michael Winters as the Doctor Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` The One Where Ross Moves In'' Next \u2192 ``The One with Ross's Sandwich ''Friends (season 5) List of Friends episodes"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Fiona Gubelmann as Lori (season 1): Penelope's co-worker. Ariela Barer as Carmen (season 1): Elena's best friend. She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico, but Penelope finds out. She later moves to Austin, Texas to live with her brothers. Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores (season 1) Eric Nenninger as Scott (season 1 -- present): Penelope's co-worker. Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley (season 1 -- present): Penelope's friend. Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine (season 1 -- present): the leader of Penelope's female veteran therapy group. Judy Reyes as Ramona (season 1 -- present): Penelope's friend from the therapy group. Tony Plana as Berto Riera (season 1 -- present): Lydia's late husband. James Mart\u00ednez as Victor Alvarez (season 1 -- present): Penelope's ex-husband. Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro (season 2): a military veteran, EMT, and Penelope's ex-boyfriend Sheridan Pierce as Syd (season 2 -- present): Elena's girlfriend who is non-binary. Ra\u00fal Castillo as Mateo (season 3): Penelope's friend from school who is also a parent"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Beny Alagem", "paragraph_text": "Binyamin ``Beny ''Alagem (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dc\u05d2'\u05dd \u200e) (born 1953 in Israel) is an Israeli American entrepreneur, business executive, hotelier and philanthropist. He is the founder and former Chief Executive of Packard Bell Computers. He is the owner of the Beverly Hilton Hotel and the Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria in Beverly Hills, California."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "paragraph_text": "The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The hotel has been housed in two historic landmark buildings in New York. The first, bearing the same name, was built in two stages, as the Waldorf Hotel and the Astoria Hotel, which accounts for its dual name. That original site was situated on Astor family properties along Fifth Avenue, opened in 1893, and designed by Henry J. Hardenbergh. It was demolished in 1929 to make way for the construction of the Empire State Building. The present building, at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, is a 47 - story 190.5 m (625 ft) Art Deco landmark designed by architects Schultze and Weaver, which was completed in 1931. The current hotel was the world's tallest hotel from 1931 until 1963, when it was surpassed by Moscow's Hotel Ukraina by 7 metres (23 ft). An icon of glamour and luxury, the current Waldorf Astoria is one of the world's most prestigious and best known hotels. Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts is a division of Hilton Hotels, and a portfolio of high - end properties around the world now operate under the name, including in New York City."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson: Rebecca's husband, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's father. Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson (n\u00e9e Malone): Jack's wife, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's mother. Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Kevin's brother. Also played by Niles Fitch (age 15) and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8 -- 10). Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin & Randall's sister. Also played by Hannah Zeile (age 15) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8 -- 10). Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Randall's brother. Also played by Logan Shroyer (age 15) and Parker Bates (ages 8 -- 10). Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson: Randall's wife, and mother of Tess and Annie. Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon: Kate's fianc\u00e9. Ron Cephas Jones as William H. Hill (aka Shakespeare): Randall's biological father. Also played by Jermel Nakia as a youth. Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas: Jack's best friend and Rebecca's second husband. (recurring season 1; main season 2 -- present) Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie: Kate's childhood best friend as well as Kevin's childhood love and ex-wife. Also played by Amanda Leighton (age 15) and Sophia Coto (age 10). (recurring season 1; main season 2 -- present) Eris Baker as Tess Pearson: Randall and Beth's older daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2 -- present) Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson: Randall and Beth's younger daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2 -- present)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "How to Make It in America", "paragraph_text": "How to Make It in America is an American comedy-drama television series that ran on HBO from February 14, 2010, to November 20, 2011. The series follows the lives of Ben Epstein (Bryan Greenberg) and his friend Cam Calderon (Victor Rasuk) as they try to succeed in New York City's fashion scene. The show's second season premiered on October 2, 2011."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Wire", "paragraph_text": "The Wire Intertitle from season 2 Genre Crime drama Serial drama Created by David Simon Starring see List of The Wire characters Theme music composer Tom Waits Opening theme ``Way Down in the Hole ''by The Blind Boys of Alabama (season 1) Tom Waits (season 2) The Neville Brothers (season 3) DoMaJe (season 4) Steve Earle (season 5) Ending theme`` The Fall'' by Blake Leyh Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 60 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) David Simon Robert F. Colesberry Nina Kostroff Noble Producer (s) Karen L. Thorson Ed Burns Joe Chappelle George Pelecanos Eric Overmyer Location (s) Baltimore, Maryland Camera setup Single - camera Running time 55 -- 60 minutes 93 minutes (series finale) Production company (s) Blown Deadline Productions HBO Distributor Warner Bros. Television HBO Enterprises Release Original network HBO Picture format 480i (4: 3 SDTV) (original broadcast) 1080p (16: 9 HDTV) (2014 remaster) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 2, 2002 (2002 - 06 - 02) -- March 9, 2008 (2008 - 03 - 09) External links Website"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of 16 and Pregnant episodes", "paragraph_text": "16 and Pregnant is an American reality television series that debuted on June 11, 2009, on MTV. It follows the stories of pregnant teenage girls in high school dealing with the hardships of teenage pregnancy. Each episode features a different teenage girl, with the episode typically beginning when she is \u200b 4 \u2044 -- 8 months into her pregnancy. The episode typically ends when the baby is a few months old. The series is produced in a documentary format, with an animation on notebook paper showing highlights during each episode preceding the commercial breaks. 16 and Pregnant has spawned three spin - off series: Teen Mom, Teen Mom 2 and Teen Mom 3. Each series follows the lives of four girls from their respective season of 16 and Pregnant as they navigate their first years of motherhood. Another spinoff, Teen Mom: Young and Pregnant, premiered in March, 2018."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "School of Rock (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Freddy (Ricardo Hurtado) is a 12 - year - old schoolboy who is considered the most handsome guy in his class and plays the drums in the band. His best friends are classmates Zack and Lawrence. Unbeknownst to him, Summer has a huge crush on him. At the end of the second season, he begins to have feelings for her."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dance Moms (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "Dance Moms (season 2) Dance Moms Season 2 DVD covers Country of origin United States No. of episodes 30 including 2 specials Release Original network Lifetime Original release January 10 (2012 - 01 - 10) -- September 25, 2012 (2012 - 09 - 25) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 1 Next \u2192 Season 3 List of Dance Moms episodes"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Friends", "paragraph_text": "The second season begins with Rachel waiting at the gate for Ross so she can declare her love for him. However, she discovers that he is dating Julie (Lauren Tom), someone he knew from graduate school. Rachel's attempts to tell Ross she loves him initially mirror his failed attempts in the first season, but the characters do eventually begin a relationship. Joey gets cast in a fictional version of the soap opera, Days of Our Lives, but his character is killed off after he begins to claim that he writes many of his own lines, bringing him into conflict with the show's writers. Chandler gets back together with Janice, his ex-girlfriend from Season One. Monica begins dating Richard (Tom Selleck), a recently divorced family friend 21 years her senior, but they eventually break up."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marlo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Thomas was raised in Beverly Hills, California. Her parents called her Margo as a child, though she soon became known as Marlo, she told \"The New York Times\", because of her childhood mispronunciation of the nickname. She attended Marymount High School in Los Angeles. Thomas graduated from the University of Southern California with a teaching degree: \"I wanted a piece of paper that said I was qualified to do something in the world,\" she said. She also was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gifted (disambiguation)", "paragraph_text": "The Gifted's first season aired from October 2, 2017, to January 15, 2018, over 13 episodes. It received mostly positive reviews from critics and ``solid ''viewership. In January 2018, the series was renewed for a 16 - episode second season, to begin airing on September 25, 2018."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Teen Mom 2", "paragraph_text": "Teen Mom 2 is an American reality television series that premiered January 11, 2011, on MTV. It follows the lives of Jenelle Eason, Chelsea DeBoer, Kailyn Lowry, and Leah Messer from the second season of \"16 and Pregnant\" as they navigate their first years of motherhood. The series also focuses on the themes of their changing relationships between family, friends, and boys, while highlighting the struggles of young mothers raising children. In June 2017, it was announced that former \"Teen Mom 3\" star Briana DeJesus would join the cast of \"Teen Mom 2\". In May 2019, following Eason\u2019s firing from the show, it was announced that \"\" star Jade Cline will be joining the cast."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Cramp Twins", "paragraph_text": "The Cramp Twins is a British-American-Canadian animated series created by cartoonist Brian Wood for Cartoon Network. The show was produced by Sunbow Entertainment from season 1 up to season 2 (being the final television series to be produced by Sunbow before the company was shut down in 2004), Telemagination from season 3 up to season 4 and TV-Loonland AG in association with Cartoon Network Europe. It is about Wayne Cramp (Tom Kenny) and Lucien Cramp (Kath Soucie), not-so identical twin brothers who live with their germophobic mother (Nicole Oliver) and their Western-obsessed father (Ian James Corlett) in the fictional town of Soap City. Wayne and Lucien's personalities clash, and they rarely get along. Wayne has a friend called Dirty Joe (Lee Tockar), who owns a dump, and neighbour Wendy Winkle (Jayne Peterson) has a crush on him, but he hates her. Wayne's and Lucien's teacher is Miss. Hillary Hissy (Cathy Weseluck who also plays Mrs. Winkle). Lucien's friends include environment-friendly Tony Parsons (Terry Klassen, who also plays Tony's dad, Seth) and Mari and Luke Harrison (Adam Little)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Emil Molt", "paragraph_text": "Emil Molt (born 14 April 1876 in Schw\u00e4bisch Gm\u00fcnd, Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg, died 16 June 1936 in Stuttgart) was a German businessman, social reformer and anthroposophist. He was the director of the Waldorf-Astoria-Zigarettenfabrik, and with Rudolf Steiner co-founded the first Waldorf school. Hence, Waldorf education was named after the company."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Friends (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Wheeler as Janice Hosenstein Cosimo Fusco as Paolo Marlo Thomas as Sandra Green Ron Leibman as Leonard Green Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Vincent Ventresca as Fun Bobby Giovanni Ribisi as Frank Buffay, Jr. Joel Beeson as The Hombre Man (Todd) Brittney Powell as Jade Chris Young as Steven Fishman Steve Zahn as Duncan Jean - Claude Van Damme as himself Jon Favreau as Pete Becker Julia Roberts as Susie Charlie Sheen as Ryan Chrissie Hynde as Stephanie Schiffer Arye Gross as Michael Michael McKean as Mr. Rastatter Chris Isaak as Rob Donnen Emily Procter as Annabel Max Wright as Terry Phil Leeds as Mr. Adelman Brooke Shields as Erika Fred Willard as the zookeeper"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The NBA's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City's Ford Center, now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena, for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics, a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC, a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clayton Bennett, relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008\u201309 season, becoming the state's first permanent major league franchise."}], "question": "In Friends Season 2, the mum of the star who waits for Ross at the gate is from a city where the Walforf Astoria is owned by whom?"}
{"id": "4hop1__159049_46905_153002_75857", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gifted (disambiguation)", "paragraph_text": "The Gifted's first season aired from October 2, 2017, to January 15, 2018, over 13 episodes. It received mostly positive reviews from critics and ``solid ''viewership. In January 2018, the series was renewed for a 16 - episode second season, to begin airing on September 25, 2018."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Friends (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Wheeler as Janice Hosenstein Cosimo Fusco as Paolo Marlo Thomas as Sandra Green Ron Leibman as Leonard Green Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Vincent Ventresca as Fun Bobby Giovanni Ribisi as Frank Buffay, Jr. Joel Beeson as The Hombre Man (Todd) Brittney Powell as Jade Chris Young as Steven Fishman Steve Zahn as Duncan Jean - Claude Van Damme as himself Jon Favreau as Pete Becker Julia Roberts as Susie Charlie Sheen as Ryan Chrissie Hynde as Stephanie Schiffer Arye Gross as Michael Michael McKean as Mr. Rastatter Chris Isaak as Rob Donnen Emily Procter as Annabel Max Wright as Terry Phil Leeds as Mr. Adelman Brooke Shields as Erika Fred Willard as the zookeeper"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marlo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Thomas was raised in Beverly Hills, California. Her parents called her Margo as a child, though she soon became known as Marlo, she told \"The New York Times\", because of her childhood mispronunciation of the nickname. She attended Marymount High School in Los Angeles. Thomas graduated from the University of Southern California with a teaching degree: \"I wanted a piece of paper that said I was qualified to do something in the world,\" she said. She also was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "As this season's winner, Jinkx Monsoon walked away with the title of ``America's Next Drag Superstar ''along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics, a one - of - a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel, a headlining spot on Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100 000. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel. The theme song playing during the runway every episode is`` I Bring the Beat'', while the song playing during the credits is ``The Beginning '', both songs are from RuPaul's album Glamazon."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shimmer and Shine", "paragraph_text": "Shimmer and Shine Genre Children's television series Fantasy Created by Farnaz Esnaashari - Charmatz Directed by Fred Osmond (season 1) Matt Engstrom (season 2) Voices of Eva Bella Isabella Cramp Alina Foley Blake Bertrand (seasons 1 - 2) Justin Felbinger (season 3 - present) Dee Bradley Baker Lacey Chabert Nikki SooHoo Theme music composer Joachim Svare and Joleen Belle Opening theme ``Shimmer and Shine ''performed by Melanie Fontana Ending theme`` Shimmer and Shine Instrumental'' Composer (s) Bobby Tahouri Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 45 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Farnaz Esnaashari - Charmatz Dave Palmer Producer (s) Ian Murray Michael Heinz Running time 21 - 22 minutes Production company (s) Nickelodeon Animation Studio Animation services: Guru Studio (season 1) Xentrix Studios (season 1) Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original network Nickelodeon Treehouse TV Original release August 24, 2015 -- present External links Website nickjr.com/shimmer-and-shine"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "It's a Jungle Out There (song)", "paragraph_text": "``It's a Jungle Out There ''is a song written by Randy Newman and used as the theme song for the TV series Monk starting in its second season. In 2004, it won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music. As the first season's theme song`` Monk Theme'' had won the same award the previous year, Monk became the first series to have two different theme songs win an Emmy for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music in consecutive years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Step by Step (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The series' theme song ``Second Time Around ''was written and composed by Jesse Frederick and Bennett Salvay (both wrote the themes for other sitcoms produced by Miller - Boyett Productions such as Full House, Perfect Strangers, and Family Matters), and was performed by Frederick and Teresa James. The full 87 - second version of it was only used during the first season. It was routinely edited over the following three seasons to allow additional time for scenes: the fourth verse was removed and the chorus was truncated in the second season edit, the kid chorus accompanying Jesse Frederick during the chorus' lyrics was removed in the version used during the third season, and the edit heard during most of the fourth season and the entire fifth season (which lasted for only 65 seconds) eliminated the electric guitar / drum / symphonic instrumental at the beginning."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Teen Mom 2", "paragraph_text": "Teen Mom 2 is an American reality television series that premiered January 11, 2011, on MTV. It follows the lives of Jenelle Eason, Chelsea DeBoer, Kailyn Lowry, and Leah Messer from the second season of \"16 and Pregnant\" as they navigate their first years of motherhood. The series also focuses on the themes of their changing relationships between family, friends, and boys, while highlighting the struggles of young mothers raising children. In June 2017, it was announced that former \"Teen Mom 3\" star Briana DeJesus would join the cast of \"Teen Mom 2\". In May 2019, following Eason\u2019s firing from the show, it was announced that \"\" star Jade Cline will be joining the cast."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Feels Like Woah", "paragraph_text": "\"Feels Like Woah\" is the second single from Wes Carr's second studio album, \"The Way the World Looks\". It was released on 7 March 2009 and has been used as the theme song for the 2009 NRL season."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The One with All the Thanksgivings", "paragraph_text": "``The One with the All the Thanksgivings ''Friends episode Episode no. Season 5 Episode 8 Directed by Kevin S. Bright Written by Gregory S. Malins Production code 467659 Original air date November 19, 1998 Guest appearance (s) Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Morgan Fairchild as Nora Tyler Bing Douglas Looper as The Paramedic Joshua Preston as Young Chandler Alec Mapa as The Housekeeper Michael Winters as the Doctor Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` The One Where Ross Moves In'' Next \u2192 ``The One with Ross's Sandwich ''Friends (season 5) List of Friends episodes"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of My Hero Academia episodes", "paragraph_text": "The third season premiered on April 7, 2018. The third season's first opening theme is ``Odd Future ''by Uverworld and the first ending theme is`` Update'' (\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u30c7\u30fc\u30c8) by miwa. The third season's second opening theme is ``Make my Story ''by Lenny Code Fiction and the second ending theme is`` Long Hope Philia'' (\u30ed\u30f3\u30b0\u30db\u30fc\u30d7\u30fb\u30d5\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2) by Masaki Suda."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Friends", "paragraph_text": "The second season begins with Rachel waiting at the gate for Ross so she can declare her love for him. However, she discovers that he is dating Julie (Lauren Tom), someone he knew from graduate school. Rachel's attempts to tell Ross she loves him initially mirror his failed attempts in the first season, but the characters do eventually begin a relationship. Joey gets cast in a fictional version of the soap opera, Days of Our Lives, but his character is killed off after he begins to claim that he writes many of his own lines, bringing him into conflict with the show's writers. Chandler gets back together with Janice, his ex-girlfriend from Season One. Monica begins dating Richard (Tom Selleck), a recently divorced family friend 21 years her senior, but they eventually break up."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Happy Days (TV theme)", "paragraph_text": "The song was first recorded in 1974 by Jim Haas with a group of other session singers for the first two seasons. These versions of the song were used only during the closing credits of Seasons 1 and 2, with an updated version of ``Rock Around the Clock ''by Bill Haley and His Comets used as the opening theme. The song was re-recorded in 1975 with different lyrics for both the opening and closing credits for Seasons 3 through 10. Pratt & McClain released the song as a single in 1976 from their album Pratt & McClain Featuring Happy Days. Bobby Arvon recorded an updated version of the song in 1983 for the opening and closing credits of Season 11, with the same lyrics as the version used for seasons 3 - 10."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eight Is Enough", "paragraph_text": "For the show's first two seasons, an upbeat instrumental piece written by Fred Werner was used as the show's opening theme. Beginning with the show's third season, this was replaced by a slowed - down vocal theme titled ``Eight Is Enough, ''which was sung by series co-star Grant Goodeve. The song had music by Lee Holdridge and lyrics by Molly - Ann Leikin, and was first heard in a longer arrangement on the last episode of the second season titled`` Who's on First?'', which was also performed by Goodeve."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Wire", "paragraph_text": "The Wire Intertitle from season 2 Genre Crime drama Serial drama Created by David Simon Starring see List of The Wire characters Theme music composer Tom Waits Opening theme ``Way Down in the Hole ''by The Blind Boys of Alabama (season 1) Tom Waits (season 2) The Neville Brothers (season 3) DoMaJe (season 4) Steve Earle (season 5) Ending theme`` The Fall'' by Blake Leyh Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 60 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) David Simon Robert F. Colesberry Nina Kostroff Noble Producer (s) Karen L. Thorson Ed Burns Joe Chappelle George Pelecanos Eric Overmyer Location (s) Baltimore, Maryland Camera setup Single - camera Running time 55 -- 60 minutes 93 minutes (series finale) Production company (s) Blown Deadline Productions HBO Distributor Warner Bros. Television HBO Enterprises Release Original network HBO Picture format 480i (4: 3 SDTV) (original broadcast) 1080p (16: 9 HDTV) (2014 remaster) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 2, 2002 (2002 - 06 - 02) -- March 9, 2008 (2008 - 03 - 09) External links Website"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "RuPaul's Drag Race", "paragraph_text": "RuPaul's Drag Race Genre Reality competition Directed by Nick Murray Judges RuPaul Merle Ginsberg Santino Rice Michelle Visage Billy Brasfield Ross Mathews Carson Kressley Theme music composer RuPaul Opening theme ``RuPaul's Drag Race ''theme (season 1 -- present) Ending theme`` Cover Girl (Put the Bass In Walk)'' (season 1) ``Jealous of My Boogie ''(season 2)`` Main Event'' (season 3) ``The Beginning ''(season 4 -- 5)`` Dance with U'' (season 6) ``Fly Tonight ''(season 7)`` Die Tomorrow'' (season 8) ``Be Someone ''&`` Kitty Girl'' (season 9) ``Rock It (To The Moon) ''(season 10) Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 118 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Fenton Bailey Randy Barbato Tom Campbell RuPaul Steven Corfe Pamela Post Mandy Salangsang Chris McKim Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) World of Wonder Distributor Passion Distribution Release Original network Logo VH1 Picture format NTSC 480i HDTV 1080i Original release February 2, 2009 (2009 - 02 - 02) -- present (present) Chronology Related shows RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars RuPaul's Drag U External links Website"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Dawson's Creek home video releases", "paragraph_text": "Because the producers failed to secure the rights when the shows were produced and did not wish to pay for them later, most of the songs that aired in the original broadcasts (and are used in the syndicated run) were replaced in the DVD edition of the show despite the show having a signature sound. Starting with season 3, ``I Do n't Want To Wait ''(the series opening theme song) was also dropped from the DVD releases, to be replaced by Jann Arden's`` Run Like Mad'' (including Adam Field's piano version of Cole's song used in 5.04 ``The Long Goodbye ''), however`` I Do n't Want To Wait'' was still featured when played using non-English language, plus, none of the songs used in the finale were altered on the DVD (including ``I Do n't Wanna Wait '')."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Axel F", "paragraph_text": "``Axel F ''Single by Harold Faltermeyer from the album Beverly Hills Cop (soundtrack) B - side`` Discovery'', ``Shoot Out ''Released December 5, 1984 (US) Format 7``, 12'' Recorded June 23, 1984 Genre Synth - pop Length 3: 01 Label MCA Records MCA 949 Songwriter (s) Harold Faltermeyer Producer (s) Harold Faltermeyer Harold Faltermeyer singles chronology ``Axel F ''(1984)`` The Race Is On'' / ``Starlight Express ''(1987)`` Axel F'' (1984) ``The Race Is On ''/`` Starlight Express'' (1987)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Happy Days", "paragraph_text": "Paramount Home Entertainment and CBS DVD have released the first six seasons of Happy Days on DVD in Region 1, as of December 2, 2014. For the second season, CBS features music replacements due to copyright issues, including the theme song ``Rock Around the Clock ''. (The Complete First Season retains the original opening, as it was released before CBS was involved). Each DVD release after season 2 has contained the original music. (except for seasons 5 and 6) The Sixth Season was released on December 2, 2014. As of June 2016, no more seasons have been planned for release."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 8)", "paragraph_text": "Season eight features the return of the original opening credits and the original opening theme song ``I Do n't Want to Be ''covered by various artists each week, while the original version is featured sporadically. Schwahn wrote 13 out of the 22 episodes, including the final six episodes of the season."}], "question": "Who wrote the theme song for the movie titled with the birth city of the actress playing the mom of the character waiting for Ross starting the second season?"}
{"id": "4hop1__159049_46905_153002_61416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Taylor Armstrong", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Armstrong Armstrong at the 2012 GQ Men of the Year Awards Shana Lynette Hughes (1971 - 06 - 10) June 10, 1971 (age 46) Independence, Kansas, United States Residence Beverly Hills, California, United States Other names Shana Taylor, Shana Ford, Taylor Ford Occupation Television personality, philanthropist Years active 2010 -- present Known for The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Spouse (s) Russell Armstrong (2005 -- 2011; his death) John Bluher (2014 -- present) Children"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Wire", "paragraph_text": "The Wire Intertitle from season 2 Genre Crime drama Serial drama Created by David Simon Starring see List of The Wire characters Theme music composer Tom Waits Opening theme ``Way Down in the Hole ''by The Blind Boys of Alabama (season 1) Tom Waits (season 2) The Neville Brothers (season 3) DoMaJe (season 4) Steve Earle (season 5) Ending theme`` The Fall'' by Blake Leyh Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 60 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) David Simon Robert F. Colesberry Nina Kostroff Noble Producer (s) Karen L. Thorson Ed Burns Joe Chappelle George Pelecanos Eric Overmyer Location (s) Baltimore, Maryland Camera setup Single - camera Running time 55 -- 60 minutes 93 minutes (series finale) Production company (s) Blown Deadline Productions HBO Distributor Warner Bros. Television HBO Enterprises Release Original network HBO Picture format 480i (4: 3 SDTV) (original broadcast) 1080p (16: 9 HDTV) (2014 remaster) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 2, 2002 (2002 - 06 - 02) -- March 9, 2008 (2008 - 03 - 09) External links Website"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of 16 and Pregnant episodes", "paragraph_text": "16 and Pregnant is an American reality television series that debuted on June 11, 2009, on MTV. It follows the stories of pregnant teenage girls in high school dealing with the hardships of teenage pregnancy. Each episode features a different teenage girl, with the episode typically beginning when she is \u200b 4 \u2044 -- 8 months into her pregnancy. The episode typically ends when the baby is a few months old. The series is produced in a documentary format, with an animation on notebook paper showing highlights during each episode preceding the commercial breaks. 16 and Pregnant has spawned three spin - off series: Teen Mom, Teen Mom 2 and Teen Mom 3. Each series follows the lives of four girls from their respective season of 16 and Pregnant as they navigate their first years of motherhood. Another spinoff, Teen Mom: Young and Pregnant, premiered in March, 2018."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "How to Make It in America", "paragraph_text": "How to Make It in America is an American comedy-drama television series that ran on HBO from February 14, 2010, to November 20, 2011. The series follows the lives of Ben Epstein (Bryan Greenberg) and his friend Cam Calderon (Victor Rasuk) as they try to succeed in New York City's fashion scene. The show's second season premiered on October 2, 2011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The One with All the Thanksgivings", "paragraph_text": "``The One with the All the Thanksgivings ''Friends episode Episode no. Season 5 Episode 8 Directed by Kevin S. Bright Written by Gregory S. Malins Production code 467659 Original air date November 19, 1998 Guest appearance (s) Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Morgan Fairchild as Nora Tyler Bing Douglas Looper as The Paramedic Joshua Preston as Young Chandler Alec Mapa as The Housekeeper Michael Winters as the Doctor Episode chronology \u2190 Previous`` The One Where Ross Moves In'' Next \u2192 ``The One with Ross's Sandwich ''Friends (season 5) List of Friends episodes"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gooische Vrouwen", "paragraph_text": "Gooische Vrouwen is a Dutch comedy-drama series, created by Linda de Mol for her brother John de Mol's TV network Tien in 2005, along the lines of Desperate Housewives or Sex and the City. However, after the show's second season, Tien went bankrupt and Gooische Vrouwen was transferred to RTL 4, where it ran for three more seasons until its finale in 2009. After its 42-episode run the show was followed by a theatrically released feature film (also called Gooische Vrouwen) in 2011. The show chronicles the everyday lives of four female friends living in het Gooi (the Dutch equivalent of Beverly Hills)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Real World: Cancun", "paragraph_text": "The Real World: Cancun is the twenty-second season of MTV's reality television series \"The Real World\", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season of \"The Real World\" to be filmed in Mexico."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "The fifth season of The Real Housewives of New Jersey, an American reality television series, was broadcast on Bravo. It aired from June 2, 2013 until October 20, 2013, and was primarily filmed in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey. Its executive producers are Rebecca Toth Diefenbach, Valerie Haselton, Lucilla D'Agostino, Jim Fraenkel, Omid Kahangi, Caroline Self, Tess Gamboa Meyers and Andy Cohen."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gate City FC", "paragraph_text": "Gate City FC was an American soccer club based in Greensboro, North Carolina fielding a first team along with a reserve and alumni/veteran team in other league play. Gate City FC was established in May 2013 and played one season (2014) in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Mid-Atlantic Conference in 2014. The club was owned by local businessman Justin Cox."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "RuPaul's Drag Race", "paragraph_text": "RuPaul's Drag Race Genre Reality competition Directed by Nick Murray Judges RuPaul Merle Ginsberg Santino Rice Michelle Visage Billy Brasfield Ross Mathews Carson Kressley Theme music composer RuPaul Opening theme ``RuPaul's Drag Race ''theme (season 1 -- present) Ending theme`` Cover Girl (Put the Bass In Walk)'' (season 1) ``Jealous of My Boogie ''(season 2)`` Main Event'' (season 3) ``The Beginning ''(season 4 -- 5)`` Dance with U'' (season 6) ``Fly Tonight ''(season 7)`` Die Tomorrow'' (season 8) ``Be Someone ''&`` Kitty Girl'' (season 9) ``Rock It (To The Moon) ''(season 10) Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 118 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Fenton Bailey Randy Barbato Tom Campbell RuPaul Steven Corfe Pamela Post Mandy Salangsang Chris McKim Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) World of Wonder Distributor Passion Distribution Release Original network Logo VH1 Picture format NTSC 480i HDTV 1080i Original release February 2, 2009 (2009 - 02 - 02) -- present (present) Chronology Related shows RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars RuPaul's Drag U External links Website"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dance Moms (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "Dance Moms (season 2) Dance Moms Season 2 DVD covers Country of origin United States No. of episodes 30 including 2 specials Release Original network Lifetime Original release January 10 (2012 - 01 - 10) -- September 25, 2012 (2012 - 09 - 25) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 1 Next \u2192 Season 3 List of Dance Moms episodes"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Real Housewives of Orange County", "paragraph_text": "The Real Housewives of Orange County (abbreviated RHOC) is an American reality television series that premiered on March 21, 2006 on Bravo. It has aired twelve seasons and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in Orange County, California."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Friends (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Wheeler as Janice Hosenstein Cosimo Fusco as Paolo Marlo Thomas as Sandra Green Ron Leibman as Leonard Green Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Vincent Ventresca as Fun Bobby Giovanni Ribisi as Frank Buffay, Jr. Joel Beeson as The Hombre Man (Todd) Brittney Powell as Jade Chris Young as Steven Fishman Steve Zahn as Duncan Jean - Claude Van Damme as himself Jon Favreau as Pete Becker Julia Roberts as Susie Charlie Sheen as Ryan Chrissie Hynde as Stephanie Schiffer Arye Gross as Michael Michael McKean as Mr. Rastatter Chris Isaak as Rob Donnen Emily Procter as Annabel Max Wright as Terry Phil Leeds as Mr. Adelman Brooke Shields as Erika Fred Willard as the zookeeper"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Deborah Theaker", "paragraph_text": "Theaker was born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada. She is best known as Casey Edison on the Lucasfilm science fiction satire \"Maniac Mansion\" which ran from 1990 until 1993. In 1985, Theaker graduated from the University of Saskatchewan and later moved to Toronto, where she became a member of The Second City's resident company. Since 1987, She has played roles in various television shows and movies, including \"The Kids in the Hall\", \"Joey\", \"Howie Mandel's Sunny Skies\", \"Desperate Housewives\", \"Rat Race\", \"Entourage\", \"Bones\", and \"Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events\" as well as the \"Stargate SG-1\" season-eight episode entitled \"Citizen Joe.\" She is a member of Christopher Guest's cinematic repertory company and has appeared in four films and multiple commercials for director Guest. Theaker guest starred in the third season of the acclaimed sitcom \"Husbands\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season. The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 1 and 7), Mark Mylod (episodes 2 and 3), Matt Shakman (episodes 4 and 5) and Alan Taylor (episode 6). This marks Taylor's return to the series after an absence since the second season. Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director, with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons. Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer, after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season. She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons, as well as the end of the sixth season."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills", "paragraph_text": "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Genre Reality Starring Taylor Armstrong Camille Grammer Adrienne Maloof Kim Richards Kyle Richards Lisa Vanderpump Brandi Glanville Yolanda Hadid Carlton Gebbia Joyce Giraud de Ohoven Eileen Davidson Lisa Rinna Erika Girardi Kathryn Edwards Dorit Kemsley Teddi Mellencamp Arroyave Denise Richards Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 175 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Alex Baskin Dave Rupel Douglas Ross Christopher Cullen Toni Gallagher Producer (s) Christopher Cullen Anthony McLemore Ken Schoech Kimberly Goodman Juile Murphy Sally - Anne King Camera setup Multiple Running time 41 -- 43 minutes Production company (s) Evolution Media Distributor NBCUniversal International Television Production Release Original network Bravo Picture format NTSC (480i) HDTV (1080i) Original release October 14, 2010 (2010 - 10 - 14) -- present Chronology Preceded by The Real Housewives of D.C. Followed by The Real Housewives of Miami Related shows Vanderpump Rules Vanderpump Rules After Show External links Website"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Friends", "paragraph_text": "The second season begins with Rachel waiting at the gate for Ross so she can declare her love for him. However, she discovers that he is dating Julie (Lauren Tom), someone he knew from graduate school. Rachel's attempts to tell Ross she loves him initially mirror his failed attempts in the first season, but the characters do eventually begin a relationship. Joey gets cast in a fictional version of the soap opera, Days of Our Lives, but his character is killed off after he begins to claim that he writes many of his own lines, bringing him into conflict with the show's writers. Chandler gets back together with Janice, his ex-girlfriend from Season One. Monica begins dating Richard (Tom Selleck), a recently divorced family friend 21 years her senior, but they eventually break up."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Big Little Lies (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Reese Witherspoon as Madeline Martha Mackenzie Nicole Kidman as Celeste Wright Shailene Woodley as Jane Chapman Alexander Skarsg\u00e5rd as Perry Wright, Celeste's husband Adam Scott as Ed Mackenzie, Madeline's husband Zo\u00eb Kravitz as Bonnie Carlson, Nathan's second wife James Tupper as Nathan Carlson, Madeline's ex-husband Jeffrey Nordling as Gordon Klein, Renata's husband Laura Dern as Renata Klein Kathryn Newton as Abigail Carlson (season 2, recurring season 1), Madeline's elder daughter Sarah Sokolovic as Tori Bachman (season 2, recurring season 1) Meryl Streep as Mary Louise Wright (season 2), Perry's mother Crystal Fox as Elizabeth Howard (season 2)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson: Rebecca's husband, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's father. Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson (n\u00e9e Malone): Jack's wife, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's mother. Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Kevin's brother. Also played by Niles Fitch (age 15) and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8 -- 10). Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin & Randall's sister. Also played by Hannah Zeile (age 15) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8 -- 10). Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Randall's brother. Also played by Logan Shroyer (age 15) and Parker Bates (ages 8 -- 10). Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson: Randall's wife, and mother of Tess and Annie. Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon: Kate's fianc\u00e9. Ron Cephas Jones as William H. Hill (aka Shakespeare): Randall's biological father. Also played by Jermel Nakia as a youth. Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas: Jack's best friend and Rebecca's second husband. (recurring season 1; main season 2 -- present) Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie: Kate's childhood best friend as well as Kevin's childhood love and ex-wife. Also played by Amanda Leighton (age 15) and Sophia Coto (age 10). (recurring season 1; main season 2 -- present) Eris Baker as Tess Pearson: Randall and Beth's older daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2 -- present) Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson: Randall and Beth's younger daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2 -- present)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marlo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Thomas was raised in Beverly Hills, California. Her parents called her Margo as a child, though she soon became known as Marlo, she told \"The New York Times\", because of her childhood mispronunciation of the nickname. She attended Marymount High School in Los Angeles. Thomas graduated from the University of Southern California with a teaching degree: \"I wanted a piece of paper that said I was qualified to do something in the world,\" she said. She also was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta."}], "question": "Who is the husband of Taylor from the Real Housewives of the city where the actor of the mother of the character waiting for Ross is from?"}
{"id": "4hop1__40880_90141_75704_319330", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great Lakes", "paragraph_text": "Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the east - central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called ``inland lakes, ''within the basin. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes: Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Otava (river)", "paragraph_text": "The Otava (German Wottawa) is a river in West and South Bohemia, Czech Republic. It is long and is a left tributary of the Vltava. It is long, and its basin area is about , of which in the Czech Republic. The river flows through several towns, including Su\u0161ice, Strakonice and P\u00edsek. The river's name is of Celtic origin. It is a popular river for water sports. The local dialect of Prachens also uses the name \"Wot\u0101va\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre", "paragraph_text": "Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre (August 28, 1887 \u2013 January 15, 1933) was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. She was a political activist, and \"She worked vigorously for women's suffrage, social issues, and to promote her father's call for a League of Nations, and emerged as a force in the Massachusetts Democratic Party.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cotuh\u00e9 River", "paragraph_text": "Cotuh\u00e9 River () is a river of Colombia. It is part of the Amazon River basin and is a tributary of the Putumayo River."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mapiri River", "paragraph_text": "Mapiri River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Jari River which is part of the Amazon River basin."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Little Wekiva River", "paragraph_text": "The Little Wekiva River is a stream in Greater Orlando area of Florida in the United States. The long, northward flowing stream is a tributary of the Wekiva River, which later joins the St. Johns River, the longest river in the state of Florida. The Little Wekiva drainage basin is about located in the urbanized area north and west of Downtown Orlando.."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Amazon River", "paragraph_text": "At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second (7,400,000 cu ft / s; 209,000,000 L / s; 55,000,000 USgal / s) -- approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum (1,581 cu mi / a), greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean. The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world, with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,720,000 sq mi). The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river's basin. The Amazon enters Brazil with only one - fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Prince Alexander Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Prince Alexander Mountains are a mountain range in Papua New Guinea. The range is located on the northern coast of New Guinea. The Torricelli Mountains lie to the west, and the basin of the Sepik River lies to the south. Mount Turu is a notable peak, located towards the eastern end of the range."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Little Muncy Creek", "paragraph_text": "Little Muncy Creek is the major tributary of Muncy Creek in Lycoming and Sullivan Counties, Pennsylvania, United States. Via Muncy Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna River, it is part of the Susquehanna River drainage basin and waters from it flow ultimately into the Chesapeake Bay."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hudson River", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson River is a 315 - mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, and eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean, between New York City and Jersey City. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Tidal waters influence the Hudson's flow from as far north as Troy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tarnak River", "paragraph_text": "The Tarnak River is a river of Ghazni, Zabul and Kandahar provinces of Afghanistan. It rises in Hazarajat, near , south of the Lomar Pass. It flows towards the south-west for some 350\u00a0km before it joins the Dori River some 30\u00a0km downstream of the Dori-Arghastan confluence, and some 30\u00a0km upstream of the Dori-Arghandab confluence, at . The combined waters of these rivers join the Helmand at , near Lashkargah."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lake Michigan\u2013Huron", "paragraph_text": "Lake Michigan -- Huron (also Huron -- Michigan) is the combined waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, which are joined through the 5 - mile (8.0 km) wide, 20 - fathom (120 ft; 37 m) deep, open - water Straits of Mackinac. Huron and Michigan are hydrologically a single lake because the flow of water through the straits keeps their water levels in near - equilibrium. (Although the flow is generally eastward, the water moves in either direction depending on local conditions.) Combined, Lake Michigan -- Huron is the largest fresh water lake by area in the world. If Lake Huron and Lake Michigan are considered two separate lakes, Lake Superior is larger than either."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lethe Vallis", "paragraph_text": "Lethe Vallis is a valley in the Elysium Planitia on Mars, located at 4\u00b0 North and 206.5\u00b0 West. It is 225\u00a0km long and is named after river Lethe in Katmai National Monument, Alaska, USA. Lethe Vallis originates at the SE margin of the West Elysium Basin (Cerberus Palus). West Elysium Basin probably contained a lake that was 500 km across and received water from Athabasca Vallis. It was probably formed in just days or weeks and had a discharge about like the Mississippi. Some have suggested it was formed from lava flows, but lava would not be able to flow over such a low gradient for so long a distance."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lisitsa River", "paragraph_text": "The Lisitsa River, also known as Bolshaya Lisitsa River (), is a river in Tomsk Oblast in Russia, a right tributary of the Ket River (Ob basin). The river is long, and its basin covers . The Lisitsa River flows over the West Siberian Plain. Its biggest tributary is the Raiga River."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pia\u00e7aca River", "paragraph_text": "Pia\u00e7aca River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Vila Nova River which in turn is part of the Amazon River basin."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panam\u00e1) is an artificial 82 km (51 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of the Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "On October 10, 1913, the dike at Gamboa which had kept the Culebra Cut isolated from Gatun Lake was demolished; the detonation was made telegraphically by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington. On January 7, 1914, the Alexandre La Valley, an old French crane boat, became the first ship to make a complete transit of the Panama Canal under its own steam after working its way across during the final stages of construction."}], "question": "Who's the child of the president when the new link opened that joins the Atlantic and the ocean into which the water in the Amazon Basin flows when moving west?"}
{"id": "4hop1__40880_89644_75704_319330", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre", "paragraph_text": "Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre (August 28, 1887 \u2013 January 15, 1933) was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. She was a political activist, and \"She worked vigorously for women's suffrage, social issues, and to promote her father's call for a League of Nations, and emerged as a force in the Massachusetts Democratic Party.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panam\u00e1) is an artificial 77 km (48 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lethe Vallis", "paragraph_text": "Lethe Vallis is a valley in the Elysium Planitia on Mars, located at 4\u00b0 North and 206.5\u00b0 West. It is 225\u00a0km long and is named after river Lethe in Katmai National Monument, Alaska, USA. Lethe Vallis originates at the SE margin of the West Elysium Basin (Cerberus Palus). West Elysium Basin probably contained a lake that was 500 km across and received water from Athabasca Vallis. It was probably formed in just days or weeks and had a discharge about like the Mississippi. Some have suggested it was formed from lava flows, but lava would not be able to flow over such a low gradient for so long a distance."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of the Panama Canal", "paragraph_text": "On October 10, 1913, the dike at Gamboa which had kept the Culebra Cut isolated from Gatun Lake was demolished; the detonation was made telegraphically by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington. On January 7, 1914, the Alexandre La Valley, an old French crane boat, became the first ship to make a complete transit of the Panama Canal under its own steam after working its way across during the final stages of construction."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf's basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tijuana River", "paragraph_text": "The Arroyo de las Palmas, the main tributary of the Tijuana River, flows out of the mountains to the east into the reservoir behind the Abelardo L. Rodr\u00edguez Dam. Downstream from the Rodr\u00edguez Dam, water flows through Tijuana in a concrete channel to the international border; there it continues west through the Tijuana River Valley for a distance of about nine miles to the estuary and then to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Great Lakes", "paragraph_text": "Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the east - central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called ``inland lakes, ''within the basin. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes: Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne (\"Rhine Gutter\") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Atlantic white-sided dolphin", "paragraph_text": "The Atlantic white-sided dolphin (\"Lagenorhynchus acutus\") is a distinctively coloured dolphin found in the cool to temperate waters of the North Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Southern Ocean", "paragraph_text": "By way of his voyages in the 1770s, Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Since then, geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean's northern boundary or even existence, considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, instead. However, according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), this situation has no scientific sense since it has different ecosystem and life from the three oceans mentioned before and is located on a southern portion of Earth, hence the name of an ocean. This remains the current official policy of the IHO, since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted. Others regard the seasonally - fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cunene River", "paragraph_text": "The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands south to the border with Namibia. It then flows west along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about long, with a drainage basin in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m\u00b3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zanclean flood", "paragraph_text": "According to this model, water from the Atlantic Ocean refilled the dried up basin through the modern - day Strait of Gibraltar. The Mediterranean Basin flooded mostly during a period estimated to have been between several months and two years. Sea level rise in the basin may have reached rates at times greater than ten metres per day (thirty feet per day). Based on the erosion features preserved until modern times under the Pliocene sediment, Garcia - Castellanos et al. estimate that water rushed down a drop of more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) with a discharge of up to 2 \u00d7 10 m / s (7.1 \u00d7 10 cu ft / s), about 1,000 times that of the present day Amazon River. Studies of the underground structures at the Gibraltar Strait show that the flooding channel descended in a rather gradual way toward the bottom of the basin rather than forming a steep waterfall."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Little Muncy Creek", "paragraph_text": "Little Muncy Creek is the major tributary of Muncy Creek in Lycoming and Sullivan Counties, Pennsylvania, United States. Via Muncy Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna River, it is part of the Susquehanna River drainage basin and waters from it flow ultimately into the Chesapeake Bay."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nile", "paragraph_text": "The Nile (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u200e) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an ``international ''river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan."}], "question": "Who is the child of the president when the body of water that connects the atlantic and the ocean where the Amazon Basin flows toward opened?"}
{"id": "4hop1__43880_57596_167044_37967", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adolfo Fern\u00e1ndez Cavada", "paragraph_text": "Adolfo Fern\u00e1ndez Cavada (May 17th, 1832 \u2013 December 18, 1871) was a soldier and diplomat, an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War who served as captain in the Philadelphia 23rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, a regiment of the Union Forces, with his brother, Colonel Federico Fern\u00e1ndez Cavada. He served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac in the battles of Fredericksburg and Gettysburg and was a \"special aide-de-camp\" to General Andrew A. Humphreys. After the war, Fern\u00e1ndez Cavada was appointed as consul in Cienfuegos, Cuba. He joined his brother, who had been in Trinidad, in the Cuban insurrection against Spanish rule and succeeded him as Commander-in-Chief of the Cinco Villas. He was killed in action."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nicholas Montemarano", "paragraph_text": "Nicholas Montemarano (born 1970) is an American writer originally from Queens, New York. He is the author of three novels, \"The Senator's Children\", \"The Book of Why,\" and \"A Fine Place\", and the short story collection \"If the Sky Falls\". His fiction has been published widely in magazines such as \"Esquire, , Tin House, DoubleTake, The Gettysburg Review, The Antioch Review, The Southern Review\", and \"AGNI\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947\u201349 and 1953\u201355, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965, Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash, and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. Since 1995, the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Congress enacted an income tax in October 1913 as part of the Revenue Act of 1913, levying a 1% tax on net personal incomes above $3,000, with a 6% surtax on incomes above $500,000. By 1918, the top rate of the income tax was increased to 77% (on income over $1,000,000, equivalent of 15,300,000 in 2012 dollars) to finance World War I. The average rate for the rich however, was only 15%. The top marginal tax rate was reduced to 58% in 1922, to 25% in 1925 and finally to 24% in 1929. In 1932 the top marginal tax rate was increased to 63% during the Great Depression and steadily increased, reaching 94% (on all income over $200,000, equivalent of 2,500,000 in 2012 dollars) in 1945. During World War II, Congress introduced payroll withholding and quarterly tax payments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to Jos\u00e9 Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border. Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Boonsboro", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Boonsboro took place on July 8, 1863, in Washington County, Maryland, as part of the Retreat from Gettysburg during the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Child benefits in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The first modern child tax credit was introduced in the 1909 'People's Budget' of Lloyd - George. This introduced a \u00a310 income tax allowance per child, for tax payers earning under \u00a3500 per annum. Following extensive Parliamentary debate, the Budget became law as the Finance Act (1909 -- 1910) 1910 on 29 April 1910. Since the income tax rate was then 1 shilling, two pence in the pound (5.83%), the value of the tax credit was therefore 11 shillings and eight pence per child. Since most people did not earn enough to pay tax, this was a subsidy for middle class parents. The nominal value of these tax credits were generally, though not always, increased in line with income tax rates. For instance, by 1916, income tax had increased to five shillings in the pound (25%), and the tax credit to \u00a325, giving a value of the tax credit of \u00a36 5 shillings."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Value-added tax in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Value - added tax or value added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax levied in the United Kingdom by the national government. It was introduced in 1973 and is the third - largest source of government revenue, after income tax and National Insurance. It is administered and collected by HM Revenue and Customs, primarily through the Value Added Tax Act 1994."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War", "paragraph_text": "Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War is an alternate history novel written by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen. It was published in 2003 and became a \"New York Times\" bestseller. It is the first part in a trilogy in which the next books are respectively \"Grant Comes East\" and \"\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Low-Income Housing Tax Credit", "paragraph_text": "The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC - often pronounced \"lie-tech\", Housing Credit) is a dollar-for-dollar tax credit in the United States for affordable housing investments. It was created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) and gives incentives for the utilization of private equity in the development of affordable housing aimed at low-income Americans. LIHTC accounts for the majority (approximately 90%) of all affordable rental housing created in the United States today. As the maximum rent that can be charged is based upon the Area Median Income (\"AMI\"), LIHTC housing remains unaffordable to many low-income (<30% AMI) renters. The credits are also commonly called Section 42 credits in reference to the applicable section of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax credits are more attractive than tax deductions as the \"credits\" provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction in a taxpayer's federal income tax, whereas a tax \"deduction\" only provides a reduction in taxable income. The \"passive loss rules\" and similar tax changes made by TRA86 greatly reduced the value of tax credits and deductions to individual taxpayers. Less than 10% of current credit expenditures are claimed by individual investors."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Return of the Crimson Guard", "paragraph_text": "Return of the Crimson Guard is a fantasy novel by Canadian author Ian Cameron Esslemont, his second book set in the world of the \"Malazan Book of the Fallen\", co-created with friend and colleague Steven Erikson. Chronologically, \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" takes place after the events in Erikson's sixth \"Malazan\" novel, \"The Bonehunters\". \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" is the second of six planned novels by Esslemont to take place in the Malazan world, starting with \"Night of Knives\" and followed by \"Stonewielder\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico. More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico, the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The history of taxation in the United States begins with the colonial protest against British taxation policy in the 1760s, leading to the American Revolution. The independent nation collected taxes on imports (``tariffs ''), whiskey, and (for a while) on glass windows. States and localities collected poll taxes on voters and property taxes on land and commercial buildings. There are state and federal excise taxes. State and federal inheritance taxes began after 1900, while the states (but not the federal government) began collecting sales taxes in the 1930s. The United States imposed income taxes briefly during the Civil War and the 1890s. In 1913, the 16th Amendment was ratified, permanently legalizing an income tax."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tax ladder", "paragraph_text": "Tax ladder is a term sometimes used to refer to the formula for calculating a taxpayer's tax liability in a given year for United States federal personal income tax purposes. The term \"ladder\" is used because as your taxable income increases, you \"climb\" the ladder and your tax rate increases."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Insurance in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Insurance in the United Kingdom, particularly long - term insurance, is divided into different categories. The categorisation is currently set out in sections 333B, and 431B to 431F of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (ICTA) with each category of business given a different tax treatment. The Chartered Insurance Institute is a prominent professional group first chartered in 1913 The Financial Services Authority was formed in 2001 as the regulator. In 2013 the Financial Services Authority was dissolved and financial regulation was instead placed with the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "The Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo is a skyscraper in the city of Santa Cruz on the Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, located on Avenida Tres de Mayo."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Buffett Rule", "paragraph_text": "The Buffett Rule is named after American investor Warren Buffett, who publicly stated in early 2011 that he believed it was wrong that rich people, like himself, could pay less in federal taxes, as a portion of income, than the middle class, and voiced support for increased income taxes on the wealthy. The rule would implement a higher minimum tax rate for taxpayers in the highest income bracket, to ensure that they do not pay a lower percentage of income in taxes than less-affluent Americans. In October 2011, Senate leader Harry Reid (D\u2013Nev.) proposed a 5.6 percent surtax on everyone making over a million dollars a year to pay for new stimulus provisions, but the change did not go through."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Income in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "In terms of global poverty criteria, the United Kingdom is a wealthy country, with virtually no people living on less than \u00a34 a day. In 2012 -- 13, median personal income was approximately \u00a321,000 a year but varies considerably by age, location, data source and occupation. There is both significant income redistribution and income inequality; for instance, in 2013 / 14 income in the top and bottom fifth of households was \u00a380,800 and \u00a35,500, respectively, before taxes and benefits (15: 1). After tax and benefits, household income disparities are significantly reduced to \u00a360,000 and \u00a315,500 (4: 1)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico. ``Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. ''"}], "question": "Who succeeded the author of the Gettysburg: A Novel of the war when income tax started the country where the largest cinco de mayo celebrations take place as Speaker?"}
{"id": "4hop1__43880_57596_167044_678946", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Insurance in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Insurance in the United Kingdom, particularly long - term insurance, is divided into different categories. The categorisation is currently set out in sections 333B, and 431B to 431F of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (ICTA) with each category of business given a different tax treatment. The Chartered Insurance Institute is a prominent professional group first chartered in 1913 The Financial Services Authority was formed in 2001 as the regulator. In 2013 the Financial Services Authority was dissolved and financial regulation was instead placed with the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Low-Income Housing Tax Credit", "paragraph_text": "The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC - often pronounced \"lie-tech\", Housing Credit) is a dollar-for-dollar tax credit in the United States for affordable housing investments. It was created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) and gives incentives for the utilization of private equity in the development of affordable housing aimed at low-income Americans. LIHTC accounts for the majority (approximately 90%) of all affordable rental housing created in the United States today. As the maximum rent that can be charged is based upon the Area Median Income (\"AMI\"), LIHTC housing remains unaffordable to many low-income (<30% AMI) renters. The credits are also commonly called Section 42 credits in reference to the applicable section of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax credits are more attractive than tax deductions as the \"credits\" provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction in a taxpayer's federal income tax, whereas a tax \"deduction\" only provides a reduction in taxable income. The \"passive loss rules\" and similar tax changes made by TRA86 greatly reduced the value of tax credits and deductions to individual taxpayers. Less than 10% of current credit expenditures are claimed by individual investors."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The history of taxation in the United States begins with the colonial protest against British taxation policy in the 1760s, leading to the American Revolution. The independent nation collected taxes on imports (``tariffs ''), whiskey, and (for a while) on glass windows. States and localities collected poll taxes on voters and property taxes on land and commercial buildings. There are state and federal excise taxes. State and federal inheritance taxes began after 1900, while the states (but not the federal government) began collecting sales taxes in the 1930s. The United States imposed income taxes briefly during the Civil War and the 1890s. In 1913, the 16th Amendment was ratified, permanently legalizing an income tax."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Child benefits in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The first modern child tax credit was introduced in the 1909 'People's Budget' of Lloyd - George. This introduced a \u00a310 income tax allowance per child, for tax payers earning under \u00a3500 per annum. Following extensive Parliamentary debate, the Budget became law as the Finance Act (1909 -- 1910) 1910 on 29 April 1910. Since the income tax rate was then 1 shilling, two pence in the pound (5.83%), the value of the tax credit was therefore 11 shillings and eight pence per child. Since most people did not earn enough to pay tax, this was a subsidy for middle class parents. The nominal value of these tax credits were generally, though not always, increased in line with income tax rates. For instance, by 1916, income tax had increased to five shillings in the pound (25%), and the tax credit to \u00a325, giving a value of the tax credit of \u00a36 5 shillings."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nicholas Montemarano", "paragraph_text": "Nicholas Montemarano (born 1970) is an American writer originally from Queens, New York. He is the author of three novels, \"The Senator's Children\", \"The Book of Why,\" and \"A Fine Place\", and the short story collection \"If the Sky Falls\". His fiction has been published widely in magazines such as \"Esquire, , Tin House, DoubleTake, The Gettysburg Review, The Antioch Review, The Southern Review\", and \"AGNI\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Quail, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Quail is a rural small town and census-designated place in Collingsworth County, Texas, United States. The population was 19 at the 2010 census, down from 33 at the 2000 census. The town has a post office, a general store, a small hotel and an income tax service."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rediscovering God in America", "paragraph_text": "Rediscovering God in America is a book written by former House Speaker Newt Gingrich with photography from his wife Callista Gingrich. and a film series based upon the book and narrated by the two Gingriches. The book was a \"New York Times\" bestseller."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War", "paragraph_text": "Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War is an alternate history novel written by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen. It was published in 2003 and became a \"New York Times\" bestseller. It is the first part in a trilogy in which the next books are respectively \"Grant Comes East\" and \"\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico. ``Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "The Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo is a skyscraper in the city of Santa Cruz on the Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, located on Avenida Tres de Mayo."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "State income tax", "paragraph_text": "Nine U.S. states do not level a broad - based individual income tax. Some of these do tax certain forms of personal income:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Congress enacted an income tax in October 1913 as part of the Revenue Act of 1913, levying a 1% tax on net personal incomes above $3,000, with a 6% surtax on incomes above $500,000. By 1918, the top rate of the income tax was increased to 77% (on income over $1,000,000, equivalent of 15,300,000 in 2012 dollars) to finance World War I. The average rate for the rich however, was only 15%. The top marginal tax rate was reduced to 58% in 1922, to 25% in 1925 and finally to 24% in 1929. In 1932 the top marginal tax rate was increased to 63% during the Great Depression and steadily increased, reaching 94% (on all income over $200,000, equivalent of 2,500,000 in 2012 dollars) in 1945. During World War II, Congress introduced payroll withholding and quarterly tax payments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Value-added tax in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Value - added tax or value added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax levied in the United Kingdom by the national government. It was introduced in 1973 and is the third - largest source of government revenue, after income tax and National Insurance. It is administered and collected by HM Revenue and Customs, primarily through the Value Added Tax Act 1994."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico. More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico, the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Income in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "In terms of global poverty criteria, the United Kingdom is a wealthy country, with virtually no people living on less than \u00a34 a day. In 2012 -- 13, median personal income was approximately \u00a321,000 a year but varies considerably by age, location, data source and occupation. There is both significant income redistribution and income inequality; for instance, in 2013 / 14 income in the top and bottom fifth of households was \u00a380,800 and \u00a35,500, respectively, before taxes and benefits (15: 1). After tax and benefits, household income disparities are significantly reduced to \u00a360,000 and \u00a315,500 (4: 1)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tax ladder", "paragraph_text": "Tax ladder is a term sometimes used to refer to the formula for calculating a taxpayer's tax liability in a given year for United States federal personal income tax purposes. The term \"ladder\" is used because as your taxable income increases, you \"climb\" the ladder and your tax rate increases."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Buffett Rule", "paragraph_text": "The Buffett Rule is named after American investor Warren Buffett, who publicly stated in early 2011 that he believed it was wrong that rich people, like himself, could pay less in federal taxes, as a portion of income, than the middle class, and voiced support for increased income taxes on the wealthy. The rule would implement a higher minimum tax rate for taxpayers in the highest income bracket, to ensure that they do not pay a lower percentage of income in taxes than less-affluent Americans. In October 2011, Senate leader Harry Reid (D\u2013Nev.) proposed a 5.6 percent surtax on everyone making over a million dollars a year to pay for new stimulus provisions, but the change did not go through."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Return of the Crimson Guard", "paragraph_text": "Return of the Crimson Guard is a fantasy novel by Canadian author Ian Cameron Esslemont, his second book set in the world of the \"Malazan Book of the Fallen\", co-created with friend and colleague Steven Erikson. Chronologically, \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" takes place after the events in Erikson's sixth \"Malazan\" novel, \"The Bonehunters\". \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" is the second of six planned novels by Esslemont to take place in the Malazan world, starting with \"Night of Knives\" and followed by \"Stonewielder\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to Jos\u00e9 Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border. Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the author of Gettysburg: A Novel of the war after which income tax started in the country holding the largest cinco de mayo celebrations?"}
{"id": "4hop1__57596_67237_857977_55794", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Abraham Lincoln (relief by Schwarz)", "paragraph_text": "The bronze plaque is set in a limestone base and stands near the Indiana Government Center South, at the intersection of West Washington and South Missouri Streets in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. Stewart, an Indianapolis high school student, submitted the winning entry in a citywide design contest to commemorate Lincoln's visit to Indianapolis on 11 February 1861. Lincoln was traveling to Washington D.C. for his inauguration and first term as president of the United States. The bronze plaque's relief depicts Lincoln's profile in a medallion at the center; the U.S. Capitol is on the proper left; a log cabin is on the proper right. The plaque's inscription quotes a speech that Lincoln delivered on 11 February 1861 in Indianapolis. The base remains rough, with the exception of a carved Corinthian column and capital adhered to the southeast corner."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fort Harrison State Park", "paragraph_text": "Fort Harrison, sometimes called Fort Ben, is an Indiana state park located in Lawrence, Indiana, United States, and occupies part of the former site of Fort Benjamin Harrison. The park features a former Citizen's Military Training Camp, Civilian Conservation Corps camp, and World War II prisoner of war camp. There are also picnicking and walking/jogging trails."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Capital gains tax in Australia", "paragraph_text": "A capital gains tax (CGT) was introduced in Australia on 20 September 1985, one of a number of tax reforms by the Hawke / Keating government. The CGT applied only to assets acquired on or after that date, with gains (or losses) on assets owned on that date, called pre-CGT assets, not being subject to a CGT. In calculating the capital gain, the cost of assets held for 1 year or more was indexed by the consumer price index (CPI). This meant the part of a gain due to inflation was not taxed. Indexation was not used if an asset was held for less than 12 months or a sale results in a capital loss. Also, an averaging process was used to calculate the CGT. 20% of a taxpayer's net capital gain was included in income to calculate the taxpayer's average tax rate, and the rate was then applied to all the taxpayer's gross income (i.e., including the capital gain in full). So if a large capital gain were to push a taxpayer into a higher tax bracket in the tax year of sale, the brackets was stretched out, allowing the taxpayer to be taxed at their average tax rate."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoys it the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tax ladder", "paragraph_text": "Tax ladder is a term sometimes used to refer to the formula for calculating a taxpayer's tax liability in a given year for United States federal personal income tax purposes. The term \"ladder\" is used because as your taxable income increases, you \"climb\" the ladder and your tax rate increases."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chateau Moderne", "paragraph_text": "Chateau Moderne was a Manhattan night club which was popular in the 1930s. It was located in a no longer extant building at 42 East 50th Street, between 5th and Madison Avenues. The establishment entered a not guilty plea to income tax evasion in Manhattan United States Federal Court on July 19, 1939."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Puerto Rico", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Ricans are by law natural - born citizens of the United States and may move freely between the island and the mainland. As it is not a state, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress, which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. As a U.S. territory, American citizens residing on the island are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States, and do not pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income. Congress approved a local constitution, allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor. A 2012 referendum showed a majority (54% of those who voted) disagreed with ``the present form of territorial status ''. A second question asking about a new model, had full statehood the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status, although a significant number of people did not answer the second question of the referendum. Another fifth referendum was held on June 11, 2017, with`` Statehood'' and ``Independence / Free Association ''initially as the only available choices. At the recommendation of the Department of Justice, an option for the`` current territorial status'' was added. The referendum showed an overwhelming support for statehood, with 97.18% voting for it, although the voter turnout had a historically low figure of only 22.99% of the registered voters casting their ballots."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)", "paragraph_text": "The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 12 Stat. 755 (1863), entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill, introduced on December 5, 1862, releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3, 1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson, and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to his Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, the District of Columbia, and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The history of taxation in the United States begins with the colonial protest against British taxation policy in the 1760s, leading to the American Revolution. The independent nation collected taxes on imports (``tariffs ''), whiskey, and (for a while) on glass windows. States and localities collected poll taxes on voters and property taxes on land and commercial buildings. There are state and federal excise taxes. State and federal inheritance taxes began after 1900, while the states (but not the federal government) began collecting sales taxes in the 1930s. The United States imposed income taxes briefly during the Civil War and the 1890s. In 1913, the 16th Amendment was ratified, permanently legalizing an income tax."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Civil liberties in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Civil liberties in the United States are certain unalienable rights retained by (as opposed to privileges granted to) citizens of the United States under the Constitution of the United States, as interpreted and clarified by the Supreme Court of the United States and lower federal courts. Civil liberties are simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations. The liberties explicitly defined, make up the Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to privacy. There are also many liberties of people not defined in the Constitution, as stated in the Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and political rights was called \"optimo jure.\" The optimo jure elected their assemblies, whereupon the assemblies elected magistrates, enacted legislation, presided over trials in capital cases, declared war and peace, and forged or dissolved treaties. There were two types of legislative assemblies. The first was the comitia (\"committees\"), which were assemblies of all optimo jure. The second was the concilia (\"councils\"), which were assemblies of specific groups of optimo jure."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The Acta Constitutiva de la Federaci\u00f3n of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Quer\u00e9taro."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Indianapolis", "paragraph_text": "On January 11, 1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6, 1821. In April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, when Marion County, was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832 when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847. Samuel Henderson, the city's first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven - member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen - member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded. Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government relocated to Indianapolis from Corydon, Indiana. In addition to state government offices, a U.S. district court was established at Indianapolis in 1825."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "William Hendricks", "paragraph_text": "William Hendricks (November 12, 1782 \u2013 May 16, 1850) was a Democratic-Republican member of the House of Representatives from 1816 to 1822, the third Governor of Indiana from 1822 to 1825, and an Anti-Jacksonian member of the U.S. Senate from 1825 to 1837. He led much of his family into politics and founded one of the largest political families in Indiana. He was the uncle of Thomas Andrews Hendricks, who was also Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States. Hendricks County was named in his honor. His term as governor was spent repairing the state's finances to later enable large scale internal improvements. The establishment of the basic framework of the state's public school system and the transfer of the capital from Corydon to Indianapolis also occurred during his term."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Low-Income Housing Tax Credit", "paragraph_text": "The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC - often pronounced \"lie-tech\", Housing Credit) is a dollar-for-dollar tax credit in the United States for affordable housing investments. It was created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) and gives incentives for the utilization of private equity in the development of affordable housing aimed at low-income Americans. LIHTC accounts for the majority (approximately 90%) of all affordable rental housing created in the United States today. As the maximum rent that can be charged is based upon the Area Median Income (\"AMI\"), LIHTC housing remains unaffordable to many low-income (<30% AMI) renters. The credits are also commonly called Section 42 credits in reference to the applicable section of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax credits are more attractive than tax deductions as the \"credits\" provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction in a taxpayer's federal income tax, whereas a tax \"deduction\" only provides a reduction in taxable income. The \"passive loss rules\" and similar tax changes made by TRA86 greatly reduced the value of tax credits and deductions to individual taxpayers. Less than 10% of current credit expenditures are claimed by individual investors."}], "question": "There is a city where there is a plaque dedicated to the president who suspended some basic rights during the war when the U.S. started the income tax. When did that city become the capital of Indiana?"}
{"id": "4hop1__43880_57596_67237_816845", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "The Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo is a skyscraper in the city of Santa Cruz on the Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, located on Avenida Tres de Mayo."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The history of taxation in the United States begins with the colonial protest against British taxation policy in the 1760s, leading to the American Revolution. The independent nation collected taxes on imports (``tariffs ''), whiskey, and (for a while) on glass windows. States and localities collected poll taxes on voters and property taxes on land and commercial buildings. There are state and federal excise taxes. State and federal inheritance taxes began after 1900, while the states (but not the federal government) began collecting sales taxes in the 1930s. The United States imposed income taxes briefly during the Civil War and the 1890s. In 1913, the 16th Amendment was ratified, permanently legalizing an income tax."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "State income tax", "paragraph_text": "Nine U.S. states do not level a broad - based individual income tax. Some of these do tax certain forms of personal income:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tad Lincoln", "paragraph_text": "Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln III (April 4, 1853 \u2013 July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln. The nickname \"Tad\" was given to him by his father, who observed that he had a large head and was \"as wiggly as a tadpole\" when he was a baby. Lincoln was known to be impulsive and unrestrained, and he did not attend school during his father's lifetime. He had free run of the White House, and there are stories of him interrupting presidential meetings, collecting animals, and charging visitors to see his father. He died at the age of 18 on July 15, 1871, in Chicago."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoys it the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Republic Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Child benefits in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The first modern child tax credit was introduced in the 1909 'People's Budget' of Lloyd - George. This introduced a \u00a310 income tax allowance per child, for tax payers earning under \u00a3500 per annum. Following extensive Parliamentary debate, the Budget became law as the Finance Act (1909 -- 1910) 1910 on 29 April 1910. Since the income tax rate was then 1 shilling, two pence in the pound (5.83%), the value of the tax credit was therefore 11 shillings and eight pence per child. Since most people did not earn enough to pay tax, this was a subsidy for middle class parents. The nominal value of these tax credits were generally, though not always, increased in line with income tax rates. For instance, by 1916, income tax had increased to five shillings in the pound (25%), and the tax credit to \u00a325, giving a value of the tax credit of \u00a36 5 shillings."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Low-Income Housing Tax Credit", "paragraph_text": "The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC - often pronounced \"lie-tech\", Housing Credit) is a dollar-for-dollar tax credit in the United States for affordable housing investments. It was created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) and gives incentives for the utilization of private equity in the development of affordable housing aimed at low-income Americans. LIHTC accounts for the majority (approximately 90%) of all affordable rental housing created in the United States today. As the maximum rent that can be charged is based upon the Area Median Income (\"AMI\"), LIHTC housing remains unaffordable to many low-income (<30% AMI) renters. The credits are also commonly called Section 42 credits in reference to the applicable section of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax credits are more attractive than tax deductions as the \"credits\" provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction in a taxpayer's federal income tax, whereas a tax \"deduction\" only provides a reduction in taxable income. The \"passive loss rules\" and similar tax changes made by TRA86 greatly reduced the value of tax credits and deductions to individual taxpayers. Less than 10% of current credit expenditures are claimed by individual investors."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tax ladder", "paragraph_text": "Tax ladder is a term sometimes used to refer to the formula for calculating a taxpayer's tax liability in a given year for United States federal personal income tax purposes. The term \"ladder\" is used because as your taxable income increases, you \"climb\" the ladder and your tax rate increases."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to Jos\u00e9 Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border. Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elder law in India", "paragraph_text": "The rights of older persons are the entitlements and independence claimed for senior citizens (i.e. above 60 years of age). Elderly rights are one of the fundamental rights of India. The International Day of older persons is celebrated annually on October 1."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Buffett Rule", "paragraph_text": "The Buffett Rule is named after American investor Warren Buffett, who publicly stated in early 2011 that he believed it was wrong that rich people, like himself, could pay less in federal taxes, as a portion of income, than the middle class, and voiced support for increased income taxes on the wealthy. The rule would implement a higher minimum tax rate for taxpayers in the highest income bracket, to ensure that they do not pay a lower percentage of income in taxes than less-affluent Americans. In October 2011, Senate leader Harry Reid (D\u2013Nev.) proposed a 5.6 percent surtax on everyone making over a million dollars a year to pay for new stimulus provisions, but the change did not go through."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)", "paragraph_text": "The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 12 Stat. 755 (1863), entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill, introduced on December 5, 1862, releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3, 1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson, and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to his Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, the District of Columbia, and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Congress enacted an income tax in October 1913 as part of the Revenue Act of 1913, levying a 1% tax on net personal incomes above $3,000, with a 6% surtax on incomes above $500,000. By 1918, the top rate of the income tax was increased to 77% (on income over $1,000,000, equivalent of 15,300,000 in 2012 dollars) to finance World War I. The average rate for the rich however, was only 15%. The top marginal tax rate was reduced to 58% in 1922, to 25% in 1925 and finally to 24% in 1929. In 1932 the top marginal tax rate was increased to 63% during the Great Depression and steadily increased, reaching 94% (on all income over $200,000, equivalent of 2,500,000 in 2012 dollars) in 1945. During World War II, Congress introduced payroll withholding and quarterly tax payments."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico. More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico, the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Old Age Security", "paragraph_text": "The Old Age Security pension (or OAS or OAS - GIS) is a taxable monthly social security payment available to most Canadians 65 years of age or older with individual income less than $122,843. As of January 2018, the basic amount is C $586.66 per month. At tax time, recipients with a 2017 income of over $74,788 must pay back a portion of their Old Age Security at a rate of 15% of net income. This is often referred to as the ``OAS clawback ''. OAS amounts are indexed to the Canadian Consumer Price Index and are adjusted every calendar quarter if the 3 - month average CPI has increased."}], "question": "Who was the child of the president who suspended basic rights of citizens during the war in which income tax started where the largest Cinco de Mayo celebrations take place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__43880_57596_67237_32086", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Child benefits in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The first modern child tax credit was introduced in the 1909 'People's Budget' of Lloyd - George. This introduced a \u00a310 income tax allowance per child, for tax payers earning under \u00a3500 per annum. Following extensive Parliamentary debate, the Budget became law as the Finance Act (1909 -- 1910) 1910 on 29 April 1910. Since the income tax rate was then 1 shilling, two pence in the pound (5.83%), the value of the tax credit was therefore 11 shillings and eight pence per child. Since most people did not earn enough to pay tax, this was a subsidy for middle class parents. The nominal value of these tax credits were generally, though not always, increased in line with income tax rates. For instance, by 1916, income tax had increased to five shillings in the pound (25%), and the tax credit to \u00a325, giving a value of the tax credit of \u00a36 5 shillings."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Republic Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The history of taxation in the United States begins with the colonial protest against British taxation policy in the 1760s, leading to the American Revolution. The independent nation collected taxes on imports (``tariffs ''), whiskey, and (for a while) on glass windows. States and localities collected poll taxes on voters and property taxes on land and commercial buildings. There are state and federal excise taxes. State and federal inheritance taxes began after 1900, while the states (but not the federal government) began collecting sales taxes in the 1930s. The United States imposed income taxes briefly during the Civil War and the 1890s. In 1913, the 16th Amendment was ratified, permanently legalizing an income tax."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Johnny Carey (Gaelic footballer)", "paragraph_text": "Johnny Carey is a former GAA All Star Gaelic footballer and Garda Superintendent from Bangor Erris, County Mayo, Ireland. He won 2 Connacht Senior Football Championships, in 1967 and 1969, with Mayo and a National Football League medal in 1970. In 1971, he was named at right full back on the inaugural team at the GAA All Stars Awards. He was also manager of the Mayo senior football team between 1977 and 1980."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Low-Income Housing Tax Credit", "paragraph_text": "The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC - often pronounced \"lie-tech\", Housing Credit) is a dollar-for-dollar tax credit in the United States for affordable housing investments. It was created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) and gives incentives for the utilization of private equity in the development of affordable housing aimed at low-income Americans. LIHTC accounts for the majority (approximately 90%) of all affordable rental housing created in the United States today. As the maximum rent that can be charged is based upon the Area Median Income (\"AMI\"), LIHTC housing remains unaffordable to many low-income (<30% AMI) renters. The credits are also commonly called Section 42 credits in reference to the applicable section of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax credits are more attractive than tax deductions as the \"credits\" provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction in a taxpayer's federal income tax, whereas a tax \"deduction\" only provides a reduction in taxable income. The \"passive loss rules\" and similar tax changes made by TRA86 greatly reduced the value of tax credits and deductions to individual taxpayers. Less than 10% of current credit expenditures are claimed by individual investors."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico. More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico, the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "State income tax", "paragraph_text": "Nine U.S. states do not level a broad - based individual income tax. Some of these do tax certain forms of personal income:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Value-added tax in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Value - added tax or value added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax levied in the United Kingdom by the national government. It was introduced in 1973 and is the third - largest source of government revenue, after income tax and National Insurance. It is administered and collected by HM Revenue and Customs, primarily through the Value Added Tax Act 1994."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico. ``Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Congress enacted an income tax in October 1913 as part of the Revenue Act of 1913, levying a 1% tax on net personal incomes above $3,000, with a 6% surtax on incomes above $500,000. By 1918, the top rate of the income tax was increased to 77% (on income over $1,000,000, equivalent of 15,300,000 in 2012 dollars) to finance World War I. The average rate for the rich however, was only 15%. The top marginal tax rate was reduced to 58% in 1922, to 25% in 1925 and finally to 24% in 1929. In 1932 the top marginal tax rate was increased to 63% during the Great Depression and steadily increased, reaching 94% (on all income over $200,000, equivalent of 2,500,000 in 2012 dollars) in 1945. During World War II, Congress introduced payroll withholding and quarterly tax payments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoys it the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Spielberg next directed the historical drama film Lincoln, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln. Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's bestseller Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film covered the final four months of Lincoln's life. Written by Tony Kushner, the film was shot in Richmond, Virginia, in late 2011, and was released in the United States by Disney in November 2012. The film's international distribution was handled by 20th Century Fox. Upon release, Lincoln received widespread critical acclaim, and was nominated for twelve Academy Awards (the most of any film that year) including Best Picture and Best Director for Spielberg. It won the award for Best Production Design and Day-Lewis won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Lincoln, becoming the first three time winner in that category as well as the first to win for a performance directed by Spielberg."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)", "paragraph_text": "The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 12 Stat. 755 (1863), entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill, introduced on December 5, 1862, releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3, 1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson, and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to his Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, the District of Columbia, and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thibaudeau v Canada", "paragraph_text": "Thibaudeau v Canada, [1995] 2 SCR 627 was one of a trilogy of equality rights cases published by a divided Supreme Court of Canada in the spring of 1995. The Court held that the provisions of the \"Income Tax Act\" requiring an ex-wife to include among her taxable income amounts received from ex-husband as alimony for maintenance of children is not a violation of the ex-wife's equality rights under Section 15 of the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Old Age Security", "paragraph_text": "The Old Age Security pension (or OAS or OAS - GIS) is a taxable monthly social security payment available to most Canadians 65 years of age or older with individual income less than $122,843. As of January 2018, the basic amount is C $586.66 per month. At tax time, recipients with a 2017 income of over $74,788 must pay back a portion of their Old Age Security at a rate of 15% of net income. This is often referred to as the ``OAS clawback ''. OAS amounts are indexed to the Canadian Consumer Price Index and are adjusted every calendar quarter if the 3 - month average CPI has increased."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "The Rascacielos de la avenida Tres de Mayo is a skyscraper in the city of Santa Cruz on the Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, located on Avenida Tres de Mayo."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tax ladder", "paragraph_text": "Tax ladder is a term sometimes used to refer to the formula for calculating a taxpayer's tax liability in a given year for United States federal personal income tax purposes. The term \"ladder\" is used because as your taxable income increases, you \"climb\" the ladder and your tax rate increases."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elder law in India", "paragraph_text": "The rights of older persons are the entitlements and independence claimed for senior citizens (i.e. above 60 years of age). Elderly rights are one of the fundamental rights of India. The International Day of older persons is celebrated annually on October 1."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to Jos\u00e9 Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border. Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}], "question": "Who starred in 'Lincoln' as the president who suspended some citizens' basic rights, during the war introducing income tax, in the country that has the largest cinco de mayo celebrations?"}
{"id": "4hop1__89595_67237_857977_55794", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection. Narratives of the early prophets, ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and prayer also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens", "paragraph_text": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of New Zealand. As of 1 January 2017, New Zealand citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 172 countries and territories, ranking the New Zealand passport 5th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Irish and Japanese passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Spring Street Freight House", "paragraph_text": "The Spring Street Freight House is a historic freight house located at Jeffersonville, Indiana. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 2007, after being nominated by the Indiana Department of Transportation. It is one of the few railhouses built in the 1920s still standing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)", "paragraph_text": "The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 12 Stat. 755 (1863), entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill, introduced on December 5, 1862, releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3, 1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson, and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to his Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, the District of Columbia, and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The Acta Constitutiva de la Federaci\u00f3n of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Quer\u00e9taro."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "A Rose for Emily", "paragraph_text": "The story opens with a brief first - person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family falls into hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily's father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, which takes her by surprise. She refuses to give up his corpse, and the townspeople write it off as her grieving process. The townspeople pity Emily not only after her father's death, but also during his life when he would n't let Emily marry."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Indianapolis", "paragraph_text": "On January 11, 1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6, 1821. In April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, when Marion County, was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832 when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847. Samuel Henderson, the city's first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven - member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen - member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded. Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government relocated to Indianapolis from Corydon, Indiana. In addition to state government offices, a U.S. district court was established at Indianapolis in 1825."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mary Birdsall", "paragraph_text": "Mary B. Thistlethwaite Birdsall (1828\u20131894) was born in Pennsylvania to English immigrants. She grew up on a farm near Richmond, Indiana, where she married Thomas Birdsall in 1848. They had three sons together. She was a journalist, a suffragist, and a temperance worker. She began her journalism career as the woman's editor at the \"Indiana Farmer\" newspaper. For about five years she owned \"The Lily\", a newspaper for women, which she purchased from suffragist Amelia Bloomer in 1854. She helped organize the second women's rights convention in Indiana. At that Indiana Convention in 1852, she was elected to be secretary for the newly formed Indiana Woman's Suffrage Association (IWSA), eventually becoming president of the organization. Birdsall was a vice-president at the fourth National Women's Rights Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1853. She was among the first three women to address the Indiana legislature to present the 1859 Women's Rights Petition, speaking for a half-hour in support of women's suffrage. Her Richmond home is a model of progressive architecture as espoused by Catherine Beecher, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Birdsall died in Philadelphia in 1894 and was interred at Earlham Cemetery in Richmond."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Illinois State Capitol", "paragraph_text": "In 1820, with the completion of the new, or ``second '', capitol, Vandalia became the capital of the state. The structure burned soon thereafter and a third capitol quickly rose in 1824 at a cost of $15,000. Soon after its construction, many citizens began to advocate relocating the capitol to a location nearer the center of the state. A bill was introduced in 1833 for a statewide vote to determine a new location from a list of several choices including Alton, Jacksonville, Peoria, Springfield, Vandalia, and the state's actual geographic center. While Alton was the victor, the legislature determined the margin too small to be conclusive, and ignored the vote. In 1836, a young lawyer named Abraham Lincoln, along with colleagues of his of the legal profession, advocated moving the capital to Springfield. That summer the Vandalia capitol building was demolished by local citizens and replaced with the fourth capitol (built at a cost of $16,000) in an effort to keep the capital in Vandalia. Although the new brick structure was extravagant, the General Assembly ignored the gesture and voted to relocate the capital to Springfield on February 25, 1837."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Goraj, Lublin Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Goraj is a village in Bi\u0142goraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Goraj. It lies in historic Lesser Poland, approximately north of Bi\u0142goraj and south of the regional capital Lublin. The village has a population of 1,048. Goraj was formerly a town. It was granted town rights in the 14th century and lost them in 1869."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William Hendricks", "paragraph_text": "William Hendricks (November 12, 1782 \u2013 May 16, 1850) was a Democratic-Republican member of the House of Representatives from 1816 to 1822, the third Governor of Indiana from 1822 to 1825, and an Anti-Jacksonian member of the U.S. Senate from 1825 to 1837. He led much of his family into politics and founded one of the largest political families in Indiana. He was the uncle of Thomas Andrews Hendricks, who was also Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States. Hendricks County was named in his honor. His term as governor was spent repairing the state's finances to later enable large scale internal improvements. The establishment of the basic framework of the state's public school system and the transfer of the capital from Corydon to Indianapolis also occurred during his term."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Belconnen Remand Centre", "paragraph_text": "Belconnen Remand Centre, or BRC, was an Australian remand custody facility located in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The centre opened in 1976 and closed in 2009. At times, it held a small number of illegal immigrants."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Abraham Lincoln (relief by Schwarz)", "paragraph_text": "The bronze plaque is set in a limestone base and stands near the Indiana Government Center South, at the intersection of West Washington and South Missouri Streets in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. Stewart, an Indianapolis high school student, submitted the winning entry in a citywide design contest to commemorate Lincoln's visit to Indianapolis on 11 February 1861. Lincoln was traveling to Washington D.C. for his inauguration and first term as president of the United States. The bronze plaque's relief depicts Lincoln's profile in a medallion at the center; the U.S. Capitol is on the proper left; a log cabin is on the proper right. The plaque's inscription quotes a speech that Lincoln delivered on 11 February 1861 in Indianapolis. The base remains rough, with the exception of a carved Corinthian column and capital adhered to the southeast corner."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New York Times Co. v. United States", "paragraph_text": "President Richard Nixon had claimed executive authority to force the Times to suspend publication of classified information in its possession. The question before the court was whether the constitutional freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment, was subordinate to a claimed need of the executive branch of government to maintain the secrecy of information. The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did protect the right of The New York Times to print the materials."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}], "question": "When did the city where the relief of the president who suspended some basic rights of citizens during the conflict when A Rose for Emily is set become Indiana's capital?"}
{"id": "4hop1__91248_67237_857977_55794", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, \"aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance.\" The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "President Benito Ju\u00e1rez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Ju\u00e1rez had another crisis on his hands; the Ju\u00e1rez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Ju\u00e1rez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio D\u00edaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Ju\u00e1rez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Indianapolis", "paragraph_text": "On January 11, 1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6, 1821. In April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, when Marion County, was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832 when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847. Samuel Henderson, the city's first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven - member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen - member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded. Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government relocated to Indianapolis from Corydon, Indiana. In addition to state government offices, a U.S. district court was established at Indianapolis in 1825."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India", "paragraph_text": "The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)", "paragraph_text": "The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, 12 Stat. 755 (1863), entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill, introduced on December 5, 1862, releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3, 1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson, and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to his Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, the District of Columbia, and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of health care reform in the United States", "paragraph_text": "After the Civil War, the federal government established the first system of medical care in the South, known as the Freedmen's Bureau. The government constructed 40 hospitals, employed over 120 physicians, and treated well over one million sick and dying former slaves. The hospitals were short lived, lasting from 1865 to 1870. Freedmen's Hospital in Washington, DC remained in operation until the late nineteenth century, when it became part of Howard University."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fundamental rights in India", "paragraph_text": "``Fundamental Rights ''are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III (Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mary Birdsall", "paragraph_text": "Mary B. Thistlethwaite Birdsall (1828\u20131894) was born in Pennsylvania to English immigrants. She grew up on a farm near Richmond, Indiana, where she married Thomas Birdsall in 1848. They had three sons together. She was a journalist, a suffragist, and a temperance worker. She began her journalism career as the woman's editor at the \"Indiana Farmer\" newspaper. For about five years she owned \"The Lily\", a newspaper for women, which she purchased from suffragist Amelia Bloomer in 1854. She helped organize the second women's rights convention in Indiana. At that Indiana Convention in 1852, she was elected to be secretary for the newly formed Indiana Woman's Suffrage Association (IWSA), eventually becoming president of the organization. Birdsall was a vice-president at the fourth National Women's Rights Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1853. She was among the first three women to address the Indiana legislature to present the 1859 Women's Rights Petition, speaking for a half-hour in support of women's suffrage. Her Richmond home is a model of progressive architecture as espoused by Catherine Beecher, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Birdsall died in Philadelphia in 1894 and was interred at Earlham Cemetery in Richmond."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The Acta Constitutiva de la Federaci\u00f3n of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Quer\u00e9taro."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Civil liberties in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Civil liberties in the United States are certain unalienable rights retained by (as opposed to privileges granted to) citizens of the United States under the Constitution of the United States, as interpreted and clarified by the Supreme Court of the United States and lower federal courts. Civil liberties are simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations. The liberties explicitly defined, make up the Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to privacy. There are also many liberties of people not defined in the Constitution, as stated in the Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Abraham Lincoln (relief by Schwarz)", "paragraph_text": "The bronze plaque is set in a limestone base and stands near the Indiana Government Center South, at the intersection of West Washington and South Missouri Streets in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. Stewart, an Indianapolis high school student, submitted the winning entry in a citywide design contest to commemorate Lincoln's visit to Indianapolis on 11 February 1861. Lincoln was traveling to Washington D.C. for his inauguration and first term as president of the United States. The bronze plaque's relief depicts Lincoln's profile in a medallion at the center; the U.S. Capitol is on the proper left; a log cabin is on the proper right. The plaque's inscription quotes a speech that Lincoln delivered on 11 February 1861 in Indianapolis. The base remains rough, with the exception of a carved Corinthian column and capital adhered to the southeast corner."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}], "question": "When did the city where a relief of the president during the conflict where the president suspended some basic rights of citizens become the capital of Indiana?"}
{"id": "4hop1__373866_5186_10659_59955", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Azerbaijan", "paragraph_text": "The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim - oriented world. The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. In September 1991, the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno - Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh. The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno - Karabakh War in 1994. These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno - Karabakh, found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hero of Socialist Labour (Albania)", "paragraph_text": "Hero of Socialist Labour () was an honorary title in Albania and other Warsaw Pact countries. It was the highest degree of distinction for exceptional achievements in national economy and culture. It provided a similar status to the title People's Hero of Albania that was awarded for heroic deeds, but unlike the latter, was awarded to citizens who contributed to the development of Albania's industry, agriculture, transportation, trade, science and technology and promoted the might and the glory of Albania."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Vangjush Dako", "paragraph_text": "Vangjush Dako is the current mayor of the city of Durr\u00ebs, Albania. He was elected to the post following the February 2007 local elections. He is a member of the Socialist Party of Albania."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "God's House (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film follows Norman H. Gershman, an American photographer as he travels to Albania, a mostly Muslim country, interviewing and photographing families who rescued Jews during World War II. Along the way Gershman meets Rexhep Hoxha, a Muslim shopkeeper. Rexhep seeks to fulfill a promise made by his father to the Jewish family they sheltered during Nazi occupation. With Gershman's help, Rexhep embarks on a journey across cultural and religious divides to return a set of mysterious books written in Hebrew to the original owners. On his quest, Rexhep discovers the unknown story of his father\u2019s astonishing act of bravery and selflessness."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Florjon Mima", "paragraph_text": "Florjon Prokop Mima is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort \u2013 that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kaliningrad", "paragraph_text": "Kaliningrad (Russian: \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, IPA: (k\u0259lj\u026anj\u026an\u02c8\u0261rat); former German name: K\u00f6nigsberg; Yiddish: \u05e7\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d2\u05e1\u05d1\u05e2\u05e8\u05d2, Kenigsberg; Russian: \u041a\u0451\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0441\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433, tr. Kyonigsberg; Old Prussian: Twangste, Kunnegsgarbs, Knigsberg) is the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The Republic of the Congo (French: R\u00e9publique du Congo), also known as the Congo - Brazzaville, the Congo Republic, West Congo, the former French Congo, or simply the Congo, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Albert Bedouce", "paragraph_text": "Albert Bedouce (8 January 1869, Toulouse \u2013 4 August 1947) was a French politician. He joined at first the French Workers' Party (POF), which in 1902 merged into the Socialist Party of France (PSdF), which in turn merged into the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in 1905. Bedouce was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1906 to 1919 and from 1924 to 1940. He was Minister of Public Works from 1936 to 1937. In the 1939 presidential election Bedouce was the candidate of the SFIO, but lost to Albert Lebrun, the candidate of the Democratic Republican Alliance. On 10 July 1940, he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. For this he was expelled from the SFIO after the Liberation of France. In 1945 he joined, with his associate \u00c9mile Berlia, the newly founded Democratic Socialist Party (PSD)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Proof of Life", "paragraph_text": "The Republic of Tecala, where most of Proof of Life is set, is a fictional South American country. Tecala has long been the scene of an internal conflict between its government forces and the Liberation Army of Tecala (ELT). The ELT was originally a Marxist guerrilla group supported by the Soviet Union, but after the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991, the ELT's primary source of funding fell through, and they began kidnapping people for ransom to fund their operations. A map seen in the film is that of Ecuador. The country's capital Quito was chosen along with the eastern jungle and the nearby city of Ba\u00f1os de Agua Santa in the Ecuadorian Andes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alexandre Martin", "paragraph_text": "Alexandre Martin (27 April 1815 \u2013 28 May 1895), nicknamed Albert l'Ouvrier (\"Albert the Worker\"), was a French socialist statesman of the French Second Republic. He was the first member of the industrial working class to be in French government."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans.[AE]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dissolution of Czechoslovakia", "paragraph_text": "The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia (Czech: Rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska, Slovak: Rozdelenie \u010cesko - Slovenska), which took effect on 1 January 1993, was an event that saw the self - determined split of the federal state of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, entities that had arisen before as the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic in 1969 within the framework of Czechoslovak federalisation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to settle in the north, especially along the Rhine, often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers. Thus Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, invited Jacob ben Yekutiel and his fellow Jews to settle in his lands; and soon after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror likewise extended a welcome to continental Jews to take up residence there. Bishop R\u00fcdiger Huzmann called on the Jews of Mainz to relocate to Speyer. In all of these decisions, the idea that Jews had the know-how and capacity to jump-start the economy, improve revenues, and enlarge trade seems to have played a prominent role. Typically Jews relocated close to the markets and churches in town centres, where, though they came under the authority of both royal and ecclesiastical powers, they were accorded administrative autonomy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Latvia", "paragraph_text": "Seven months later, the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov accused the Baltic states of conspiracy against the Soviet Union. On June 16, 1940, threatening an invasion, Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding that the government be replaced and that an unlimited number of Soviet troops be admitted. Knowing that the Red Army had entered Lithuania a day before, that its troops were massed along the eastern border and mindful of the Soviet military bases in Western Latvia, the government acceded to the demands, and Soviet troops occupied the country on June 17. Staged elections were held July 14 -- 15, 1940, whose results were announced in Moscow 12 hours before the polls closed; Soviet documents show the election results were forged. The newly elected ``People's Assembly ''declared Latvia a Socialist Soviet Republic and applied for admission into the Soviet Union on July 21. Latvia was incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 5, 1940. Latvian diplomatic service continued to function in exile while the republic was under the Soviet control."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more."}], "question": "This country, along with the country in which the meeting for the dissolution of the organization Albania was a member of took place, is where many expelled French Jews relocated to. What country is between this country and Lithuania?"}
{"id": "4hop1__373866_5186_10659_126093", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "On October 11, 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans.[AE]"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Trail of Tears", "paragraph_text": "The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west (usually west of the Mississippi River) that had been designated as Indian Territory. The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The relocated peoples suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve, and many died before reaching their destinations. The forced removals included members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Ponca nations. The phrase ``Trail of Tears ''originates from a description of the removal of many Native American tribes, including the infamous Cherokee Nation relocation in 1838."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Laignel", "paragraph_text": "Andr\u00e9 Laignel (born 4 December 1942 in Paris) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for Central France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "God's House (film)", "paragraph_text": "The film follows Norman H. Gershman, an American photographer as he travels to Albania, a mostly Muslim country, interviewing and photographing families who rescued Jews during World War II. Along the way Gershman meets Rexhep Hoxha, a Muslim shopkeeper. Rexhep seeks to fulfill a promise made by his father to the Jewish family they sheltered during Nazi occupation. With Gershman's help, Rexhep embarks on a journey across cultural and religious divides to return a set of mysterious books written in Hebrew to the original owners. On his quest, Rexhep discovers the unknown story of his father\u2019s astonishing act of bravery and selflessness."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Congress of Deputies", "paragraph_text": "The deputies' term of office finishes four years after their election or when the Cortes are dissolved, which can take place jointly or separately with the dissolution of the Senate. The dissolution's right belongs to the Monarch who exercises it by request of the President of the Government after the deliberation of the Council of Ministers and under its sole responsibility. The dissolution of the Cortes also takes place if there is a failed legislature or two months after a failed investiture session, in this case the Sovereign dissolves the house with the countersign of the President of the Congress of Deputies. During their mandate, the deputies have some guarantees and privileges in order to carry their responsibilities out according to Section 97 of the Spanish Constitution."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to settle in the north, especially along the Rhine, often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers. Thus Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, invited Jacob ben Yekutiel and his fellow Jews to settle in his lands; and soon after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror likewise extended a welcome to continental Jews to take up residence there. Bishop R\u00fcdiger Huzmann called on the Jews of Mainz to relocate to Speyer. In all of these decisions, the idea that Jews had the know-how and capacity to jump-start the economy, improve revenues, and enlarge trade seems to have played a prominent role. Typically Jews relocated close to the markets and churches in town centres, where, though they came under the authority of both royal and ecclesiastical powers, they were accorded administrative autonomy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort \u2013 that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Albert Bedouce", "paragraph_text": "Albert Bedouce (8 January 1869, Toulouse \u2013 4 August 1947) was a French politician. He joined at first the French Workers' Party (POF), which in 1902 merged into the Socialist Party of France (PSdF), which in turn merged into the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in 1905. Bedouce was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1906 to 1919 and from 1924 to 1940. He was Minister of Public Works from 1936 to 1937. In the 1939 presidential election Bedouce was the candidate of the SFIO, but lost to Albert Lebrun, the candidate of the Democratic Republican Alliance. On 10 July 1940, he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. For this he was expelled from the SFIO after the Liberation of France. In 1945 he joined, with his associate \u00c9mile Berlia, the newly founded Democratic Socialist Party (PSD)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Vangjush Dako", "paragraph_text": "Vangjush Dako is the current mayor of the city of Durr\u00ebs, Albania. He was elected to the post following the February 2007 local elections. He is a member of the Socialist Party of Albania."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Florjon Mima", "paragraph_text": "Florjon Prokop Mima is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alexandre Martin", "paragraph_text": "Alexandre Martin (27 April 1815 \u2013 28 May 1895), nicknamed Albert l'Ouvrier (\"Albert the Worker\"), was a French socialist statesman of the French Second Republic. He was the first member of the industrial working class to be in French government."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Poland", "paragraph_text": "In 2011, the ruling Civic Platform won parliamentary elections. Poland joined the European Space Agency in 2012, as well as organised the UEFA Euro 2012 (along with Ukraine). In 2013, Poland also became a member of the Development Assistance Committee. In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the European Council, and resigned as prime minister. The 2015 elections were won by the opposition Law and Justice Party (PiS)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ndri\u00e7im Babasi", "paragraph_text": "Ndri\u00e7im Babasi was a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania. He joined the assembly following local elections in 2011."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and successive Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence from the Russian empire, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Azerbaijan", "paragraph_text": "The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim - oriented world. The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. In September 1991, the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno - Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh. The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno - Karabakh War in 1994. These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno - Karabakh, found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hero of Socialist Labour (Albania)", "paragraph_text": "Hero of Socialist Labour () was an honorary title in Albania and other Warsaw Pact countries. It was the highest degree of distinction for exceptional achievements in national economy and culture. It provided a similar status to the title People's Hero of Albania that was awarded for heroic deeds, but unlike the latter, was awarded to citizens who contributed to the development of Albania's industry, agriculture, transportation, trade, science and technology and promoted the might and the glory of Albania."}], "question": "The People's Socialist Republic of Albania was a member of a pact that held a dissolution meeting in Country A. Who was in charge of country B that many expelled French Jews relocated to along with Country A?"}
{"id": "4hop1__778320_574885_131194_484129", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Carpenter, North Dakota", "paragraph_text": "Carpenter is an unincorporated community in Rolette County, North Dakota, United States. It was established with the opening of the Carpenter post office on April 9, 1903 at the general merchandise store of Anton T. Julseth in Holmes Township. The post office was named for nearby Carpenter Lake, which memorialized a prominent 1878 settler of French ancestry, Henri Charpentier, who drowned in the lake in 1888. Charpentier's surname is sometimes rendered \"Scharpenter\" in contemporary records; Carpenter is the English transliteration. Carpenter is located in the north-northwest of the county, 11 miles west-northwest of Saint John, North Dakota, near the border with Manitoba Province, Canada. Carpenter had a population of 25 in 1960."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marathon County Historical Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Marathon County Historical Museum is museum located in Wausau, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located in the Cyrus Carpenter Yawkey House, a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The house is a significant example of Classical Revival architecture."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania, is a census-designated place located in Conoy Township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, with a zip code of 17502. Bainbridge is located along Pennsylvania Route 441. As of the 2010 census the popululation was 1,355 residents."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Olinger", "paragraph_text": "Olinger, Pennsylvania is a rural fictional town in the southeastern part of the state that serves as the setting for several short stories, such as \"The Alligators\" and one novel (\"The Centaur\") by American writer John Updike. It is based on Updike\u2019s boyhood town of Shillington, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aamjiwnaang First Nation", "paragraph_text": "The Aamjiwnaang First Nation (or also known as Chippewas of Sarnia First Nation) is an Ojibwe First Nation band government in southwestern Ontario, Canada. They reside on the Sarnia 45 Indian Reserve, located on the shores of the St. Clair River directly south of Sarnia across from the United States border from Port Huron, Michigan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Beddington Lake", "paragraph_text": "Beddington Lake is a lake in Washington County, Maine, United States. It is located less than east of the Hancock County border, near the town of Beddington and the intersection of Maine State Routes 9 and 193. The outflow and primary inflow to Beddington Lake is from the Narraguagus River. There are a number of unpaved roads and private residences surrounding the lake."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Carpenter Street School", "paragraph_text": "Carpenter Street School is located in Woodbury, Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. The school was built in 1840 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 21, 1997."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kena (Vilnius)", "paragraph_text": "Kena (also pronounced \"kana\") is a village in Vilnius district municipality, Lithuania. It is located on the state border with Belarus and has railway customs for all passenger trains from/to Belarus and Russia, including transit trains to Kaliningrad Oblast. According to the census of 2001, Kena had 90 residents."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "\u00c5nn", "paragraph_text": "\u00c5nn is a village in \u00c5re Municipality, J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. Located about from the Norwegian border, both the Middle Line and European Route E14 pass through the village. In 2005, \u00c5nn had 70 residents."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Decatur County School District", "paragraph_text": "The Decatur County School District is a public school district in Decatur County, Georgia, United States, based in Bainbridge. It serves the communities of Attapulgus, Bainbridge, Brinson, and Climax."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Carpentered Hen and Other Tame Creatures", "paragraph_text": "The Carpentered Hen is the first poetry collection and first published book by John Updike, published by Harper in 1958."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hen, M\u00f8re og Romsdal", "paragraph_text": "Hen is a former municipality in M\u00f8re og Romsdal county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1902 until its dissolution in 1964. Hen encompassed the valleys extending to the south and east of the Isfjorden in the northeastern part of the present-day Rauma Municipality. The administrative center of Hen was the village of Isfjorden. The area of Hen Municipality is still a parish within the municipality of Rauma. The parish has one church, Hen Church, located in Isfjorden."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sweet William (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Sweet William is a 1975 novel written by Beryl Bainbridge, it was made into a 1980 film of the same name (starring Jenny Agutter and Sam Waterston) for which Bainbridge wrote the screenplay."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Great Falls (Catawba River)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Falls of the Catawba River mark the point at which the river encounters a series of rapids while coursing across the Piedmont Plateau on the border of Lancaster County, South Carolina, and Chester County, South Carolina, near the town of Great Falls. Prior to the creation of the Fishing Creek Reservoir and other artificial lakes by Duke Power, the falls were a major landmark on the river. The rapids could be heard from long distances away, while a major pre-Columbian trading path ran near the left bank. Historically the Great Falls of the Catawba were approximately 4 miles long, with a total elevation drop of 121 feet. (The word \"falls\" was an 18th-century appellation, when any river rapids and vertical waterfalls alike were both referred to as falls.) The creation of the dams at Great Falls, South Carolina has resulted in the top 2 miles of it being completely dry (dewatered) except during times of very high flow. The bottom portion of historical Great Falls is drowned by Cedar Creek dam, another hydroelectric project. As of 2006, interest groups have formed in the Carolinas to restore the Great Falls by altering the dam and restoring flow to the dewatered stretch of Great Falls as part of a major restoration project of the Catawba River. As of 2007, a new licensing arrangement has been agreed to by Duke Energy and several interested parties."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alex Haley House and Museum", "paragraph_text": "Alex Haley House and Museum State Historic Site is one of the Tennessee Historical Commission's state-owned historic sites and is located in Henning, Tennessee, United States. It is open to the public and partially funded by an agreement with the Tennessee Historical Commission. It was originally known as W. E. Palmer House and was the boyhood home of author Alex Haley. He was buried on the grounds. The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In 2010, the site debuted the state-funded Alex Haley Museum and Interpretive Center which features a museum and interpretive center (designed by architect Louis Pounders) with exhibitions covering Haley's life."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county in which Bainbridge is located in the state where the author of The Carpentered Hen and Other Tame Creatures lives?"}
{"id": "4hop1__408272_574885_131194_484129", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kena (Vilnius)", "paragraph_text": "Kena (also pronounced \"kana\") is a village in Vilnius district municipality, Lithuania. It is located on the state border with Belarus and has railway customs for all passenger trains from/to Belarus and Russia, including transit trains to Kaliningrad Oblast. According to the census of 2001, Kena had 90 residents."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Simon Bainbridge", "paragraph_text": "Simon Bainbridge (born 30 August 1952) is a British composer, and a professor and former head of composition at the Royal Academy of Music, London, and visiting professor at the University of Louisville, Kentucky in the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "\u00c5nn", "paragraph_text": "\u00c5nn is a village in \u00c5re Municipality, J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. Located about from the Norwegian border, both the Middle Line and European Route E14 pass through the village. In 2005, \u00c5nn had 70 residents."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Great Falls (Catawba River)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Falls of the Catawba River mark the point at which the river encounters a series of rapids while coursing across the Piedmont Plateau on the border of Lancaster County, South Carolina, and Chester County, South Carolina, near the town of Great Falls. Prior to the creation of the Fishing Creek Reservoir and other artificial lakes by Duke Power, the falls were a major landmark on the river. The rapids could be heard from long distances away, while a major pre-Columbian trading path ran near the left bank. Historically the Great Falls of the Catawba were approximately 4 miles long, with a total elevation drop of 121 feet. (The word \"falls\" was an 18th-century appellation, when any river rapids and vertical waterfalls alike were both referred to as falls.) The creation of the dams at Great Falls, South Carolina has resulted in the top 2 miles of it being completely dry (dewatered) except during times of very high flow. The bottom portion of historical Great Falls is drowned by Cedar Creek dam, another hydroelectric project. As of 2006, interest groups have formed in the Carolinas to restore the Great Falls by altering the dam and restoring flow to the dewatered stretch of Great Falls as part of a major restoration project of the Catawba River. As of 2007, a new licensing arrangement has been agreed to by Duke Energy and several interested parties."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania, is a census-designated place located in Conoy Township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, with a zip code of 17502. Bainbridge is located along Pennsylvania Route 441. As of the 2010 census the popululation was 1,355 residents."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Andrew Jackson Poe", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Jackson Poe (1851\u20131920) was an American artist of the little-known folk art subset known as almshouse or poorhouse painters."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sweet William (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Sweet William is a 1975 novel written by Beryl Bainbridge, it was made into a 1980 film of the same name (starring Jenny Agutter and Sam Waterston) for which Bainbridge wrote the screenplay."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Poorhouse Fair", "paragraph_text": "The Poorhouse Fair (1959) was the first novel by the American author John Updike. A second edition (New York : Knopf, 1977) included an introduction by the author and was slightly revised."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Olinger", "paragraph_text": "Olinger, Pennsylvania is a rural fictional town in the southeastern part of the state that serves as the setting for several short stories, such as \"The Alligators\" and one novel (\"The Centaur\") by American writer John Updike. It is based on Updike\u2019s boyhood town of Shillington, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Aamjiwnaang First Nation", "paragraph_text": "The Aamjiwnaang First Nation (or also known as Chippewas of Sarnia First Nation) is an Ojibwe First Nation band government in southwestern Ontario, Canada. They reside on the Sarnia 45 Indian Reserve, located on the shores of the St. Clair River directly south of Sarnia across from the United States border from Port Huron, Michigan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "State Fair of Texas", "paragraph_text": "State Fair of Texas The State Fair of Texas Genre State fair Dates Starts last Friday of September and last 24 days. 28 September -- 21 October 2018. Location (s) Fair Park 1300 Robert B Cullum Boulevard Dallas, TX 75210 Years active 1886 -- 1916, 1919 -- 41, since 1945. Attendance 2,250,433 (2017) Website Official website"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Fair Play (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Fair Play (in the original Swedish Rent spel) is a novel by Finnish author Tove Jansson, first published in 1989."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Decatur County School District", "paragraph_text": "The Decatur County School District is a public school district in Decatur County, Georgia, United States, based in Bainbridge. It serves the communities of Attapulgus, Bainbridge, Brinson, and Climax."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Beddington Lake", "paragraph_text": "Beddington Lake is a lake in Washington County, Maine, United States. It is located less than east of the Hancock County border, near the town of Beddington and the intersection of Maine State Routes 9 and 193. The outflow and primary inflow to Beddington Lake is from the Narraguagus River. There are a number of unpaved roads and private residences surrounding the lake."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}], "question": "Bainbridge's county, in The Poorhouse Fair book's author's state, borders which county?"}
{"id": "4hop1__366176_574885_131194_484129", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jersey Shore", "paragraph_text": "The Jersey Shore is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about 141 miles (227 km) of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties. Many New Jersey residents refer to it simply as ``The Shore '', as in to go or have done something`` down the shore''. While there is no defined border between North Jersey and South Jersey, the Raritan River, Manasquan River, or I - 195 are often mentioned as the border, and as such, most of the shore region is located in South Jersey."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Niell\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Niell\u00e9 is a town in the far north of Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture and commune of Ouangolodougou Department in Tchologo Region, Savanes District. The border with Mali is located 30 kilometres north of town."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aamjiwnaang First Nation", "paragraph_text": "The Aamjiwnaang First Nation (or also known as Chippewas of Sarnia First Nation) is an Ojibwe First Nation band government in southwestern Ontario, Canada. They reside on the Sarnia 45 Indian Reserve, located on the shores of the St. Clair River directly south of Sarnia across from the United States border from Port Huron, Michigan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania, is a census-designated place located in Conoy Township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, with a zip code of 17502. Bainbridge is located along Pennsylvania Route 441. As of the 2010 census the popululation was 1,355 residents."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dareton, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Dareton is a town in the far west of New South Wales, Australia. The town is located on the Silver City Highway, 1,025 kilometres west of the state capital, Sydney and 20 kilometres from the regional centre, Mildura, across the border in Victoria. Part of the Wentworth Shire local government area, at the , Dareton had a population of 516."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Olinger", "paragraph_text": "Olinger, Pennsylvania is a rural fictional town in the southeastern part of the state that serves as the setting for several short stories, such as \"The Alligators\" and one novel (\"The Centaur\") by American writer John Updike. It is based on Updike\u2019s boyhood town of Shillington, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The most common way for travellers to enter the country seems to be by air. According to the website Lonely Planet, getting into Myanmar is problematic: \"No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border \u2013 you must walk across.\", and states that, \"It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river.\" There are a small number of border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles, such as the border between Ruili (China) to Mu-se, the border between Htee Kee (Myanmar) and Ban Phu Nam Ron (Thailand) (the most direct border between Dawei and Kanchanaburi), and the border between Myawaddy (Myanmar) and Mae Sot (Thailand). At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013. \"From Mae Sai (Thailand) you can cross to Tachileik, but can only go as far as Kengtung. Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but cannot venture farther into Myanmar.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Too Far to Go", "paragraph_text": "Too Far to Go is a collection of short stories by the American author John Updike published in 1979 in conjunction with the showing of a two-hour television movie on the NBC network with Blythe Danner, Michael Moriarty, Kathryn Walker and Glenn Close. The linked stories focus upon the marriage and eventual divorce of Richard and Joan Maple and depict a 1960s New York City and New England milieu through the 1970s typical of much of Updike's fiction. Many of the stories were initially published as occasional stories in \"The New Yorker\" from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s. The story \"Your Lover Just Called\" was later adapted into a playlet by Updike himself. It is included in his collection \"More Matter\" (1999). Most of these stories were also included in Updike's 2003 collection \"\", except those published after 1975; namely, \"Waiting Up\", \"The Red-Herring Theory\", \"Divorcing: A Fragment\", and \"Here Come the Maples\". In August 2009, Everyman's Library published \"The Maples Stories\", a new edition of \"Too Far to Go\", including the final Maples story \"Grandparenting\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Landover, Maryland", "paragraph_text": "Landover is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. Landover is located within very close proximity to Washington D.C. although it does not directly border Washington D.C. unlike its neighboring communities, Chapel Oaks and Fairmount Heights, which directly border Washington D.C. and go all the way up to/ touch the Maryland/ D.C. line. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 23,078."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "\u00c5nn", "paragraph_text": "\u00c5nn is a village in \u00c5re Municipality, J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. Located about from the Norwegian border, both the Middle Line and European Route E14 pass through the village. In 2005, \u00c5nn had 70 residents."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Great Falls (Catawba River)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Falls of the Catawba River mark the point at which the river encounters a series of rapids while coursing across the Piedmont Plateau on the border of Lancaster County, South Carolina, and Chester County, South Carolina, near the town of Great Falls. Prior to the creation of the Fishing Creek Reservoir and other artificial lakes by Duke Power, the falls were a major landmark on the river. The rapids could be heard from long distances away, while a major pre-Columbian trading path ran near the left bank. Historically the Great Falls of the Catawba were approximately 4 miles long, with a total elevation drop of 121 feet. (The word \"falls\" was an 18th-century appellation, when any river rapids and vertical waterfalls alike were both referred to as falls.) The creation of the dams at Great Falls, South Carolina has resulted in the top 2 miles of it being completely dry (dewatered) except during times of very high flow. The bottom portion of historical Great Falls is drowned by Cedar Creek dam, another hydroelectric project. As of 2006, interest groups have formed in the Carolinas to restore the Great Falls by altering the dam and restoring flow to the dewatered stretch of Great Falls as part of a major restoration project of the Catawba River. As of 2007, a new licensing arrangement has been agreed to by Duke Energy and several interested parties."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kaouara", "paragraph_text": "Kaouara is a town in the far north of Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Ouangolodougou Department in Tchologo Region, Savanes District. A border crossing with Burkina Faso is located 16 kilometres northeast of town."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kena (Vilnius)", "paragraph_text": "Kena (also pronounced \"kana\") is a village in Vilnius district municipality, Lithuania. It is located on the state border with Belarus and has railway customs for all passenger trains from/to Belarus and Russia, including transit trains to Kaliningrad Oblast. According to the census of 2001, Kena had 90 residents."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beddington Lake", "paragraph_text": "Beddington Lake is a lake in Washington County, Maine, United States. It is located less than east of the Hancock County border, near the town of Beddington and the intersection of Maine State Routes 9 and 193. The outflow and primary inflow to Beddington Lake is from the Narraguagus River. There are a number of unpaved roads and private residences surrounding the lake."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county in the state where the author of Too Far to Go resides?"}
{"id": "4hop1__173848_574885_131194_484129", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Olinger", "paragraph_text": "Olinger, Pennsylvania is a rural fictional town in the southeastern part of the state that serves as the setting for several short stories, such as \"The Alligators\" and one novel (\"The Centaur\") by American writer John Updike. It is based on Updike\u2019s boyhood town of Shillington, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania, is a census-designated place located in Conoy Township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, with a zip code of 17502. Bainbridge is located along Pennsylvania Route 441. As of the 2010 census the popululation was 1,355 residents."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Beddington Lake", "paragraph_text": "Beddington Lake is a lake in Washington County, Maine, United States. It is located less than east of the Hancock County border, near the town of Beddington and the intersection of Maine State Routes 9 and 193. The outflow and primary inflow to Beddington Lake is from the Narraguagus River. There are a number of unpaved roads and private residences surrounding the lake."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tam Lin (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Tam Lin is a 1991 contemporary fantasy novel by United States author Pamela Dean, who based it on the traditional Scottish border ballad \"Tam Lin\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "\u00c5nn", "paragraph_text": "\u00c5nn is a village in \u00c5re Municipality, J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. Located about from the Norwegian border, both the Middle Line and European Route E14 pass through the village. In 2005, \u00c5nn had 70 residents."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sweet William (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Sweet William is a 1975 novel written by Beryl Bainbridge, it was made into a 1980 film of the same name (starring Jenny Agutter and Sam Waterston) for which Bainbridge wrote the screenplay."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Simon Bainbridge", "paragraph_text": "Simon Bainbridge (born 30 August 1952) is a British composer, and a professor and former head of composition at the Royal Academy of Music, London, and visiting professor at the University of Louisville, Kentucky in the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "PEN/Edward and Lily Tuck Award for Paraguayan Literature", "paragraph_text": "The PEN/Edward and Lily Tuck Award for Paraguayan Literature is awarded by the PEN American Center to honor an author of a major work of Paraguayan literature and the English translator. The award was established by author Lily Tuck to assist with the translation of Paraguayan literature from Spanish or Guarani into English. Tuck won a National Book Award in 2004 for \"The News from Paraguay\", which was set in 19th century Paraguay. Michael Orthofer of \"complete review\" called it \"my new favorite American literary award,\" for its coverage of an overlooked area of world literature."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great Falls (Catawba River)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Falls of the Catawba River mark the point at which the river encounters a series of rapids while coursing across the Piedmont Plateau on the border of Lancaster County, South Carolina, and Chester County, South Carolina, near the town of Great Falls. Prior to the creation of the Fishing Creek Reservoir and other artificial lakes by Duke Power, the falls were a major landmark on the river. The rapids could be heard from long distances away, while a major pre-Columbian trading path ran near the left bank. Historically the Great Falls of the Catawba were approximately 4 miles long, with a total elevation drop of 121 feet. (The word \"falls\" was an 18th-century appellation, when any river rapids and vertical waterfalls alike were both referred to as falls.) The creation of the dams at Great Falls, South Carolina has resulted in the top 2 miles of it being completely dry (dewatered) except during times of very high flow. The bottom portion of historical Great Falls is drowned by Cedar Creek dam, another hydroelectric project. As of 2006, interest groups have formed in the Carolinas to restore the Great Falls by altering the dam and restoring flow to the dewatered stretch of Great Falls as part of a major restoration project of the Catawba River. As of 2007, a new licensing arrangement has been agreed to by Duke Energy and several interested parties."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Antelope Wells, New Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Antelope Wells is a small unincorporated community in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, United States. The community is located along the Mexico \u2013 United States border, in the New Mexico Bootheel region, located across the border from the small settlement of El Berrendo, Chihuahua, Mexico. Despite its name, there are neither antelope nor wells in the area. The name comes from an old ranch, located north of the current community. The only inhabitants of the community are United States Customs and Border Protection employees."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "In the Beauty of the Lilies", "paragraph_text": "In the Beauty of the Lilies is a 1996 novel by John Updike. It takes its title from a line of the abolitionist song \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Decatur County School District", "paragraph_text": "The Decatur County School District is a public school district in Decatur County, Georgia, United States, based in Bainbridge. It serves the communities of Attapulgus, Bainbridge, Brinson, and Climax."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jersey Shore", "paragraph_text": "The Jersey Shore is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about 141 miles (227 km) of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties. Many New Jersey residents refer to it simply as ``The Shore '', as in to go or have done something`` down the shore''. While there is no defined border between North Jersey and South Jersey, the Raritan River, Manasquan River, or I - 195 are often mentioned as the border, and as such, most of the shore region is located in South Jersey."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the state where the author of In the Beauty of the Lilies resides?"}
{"id": "4hop1__555845_574885_131194_484129", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Brazil (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Brazil is a 1994 novel by the American author John Updike. It contains many elements of magical realism. It is a retelling of the ancient tale of Tristan and Isolde, the subject of many works in opera and ballet."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jersey Shore", "paragraph_text": "The Jersey Shore is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about 141 miles (227 km) of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties. Many New Jersey residents refer to it simply as ``The Shore '', as in to go or have done something`` down the shore''. While there is no defined border between North Jersey and South Jersey, the Raritan River, Manasquan River, or I - 195 are often mentioned as the border, and as such, most of the shore region is located in South Jersey."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Leme, S\u00e3o Paulo", "paragraph_text": "Leme is a municipality in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil. The population is 102,412 (2018 est.) in an area of 403 km\u00b2. At the 2000 census, it had 80,757 residents, 40,830 of whom are men and 39,927 women. 65,885 residents are 10 years old or older, and of these, 59,991, or 91.1%, are literate."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Great Falls (Catawba River)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Falls of the Catawba River mark the point at which the river encounters a series of rapids while coursing across the Piedmont Plateau on the border of Lancaster County, South Carolina, and Chester County, South Carolina, near the town of Great Falls. Prior to the creation of the Fishing Creek Reservoir and other artificial lakes by Duke Power, the falls were a major landmark on the river. The rapids could be heard from long distances away, while a major pre-Columbian trading path ran near the left bank. Historically the Great Falls of the Catawba were approximately 4 miles long, with a total elevation drop of 121 feet. (The word \"falls\" was an 18th-century appellation, when any river rapids and vertical waterfalls alike were both referred to as falls.) The creation of the dams at Great Falls, South Carolina has resulted in the top 2 miles of it being completely dry (dewatered) except during times of very high flow. The bottom portion of historical Great Falls is drowned by Cedar Creek dam, another hydroelectric project. As of 2006, interest groups have formed in the Carolinas to restore the Great Falls by altering the dam and restoring flow to the dewatered stretch of Great Falls as part of a major restoration project of the Catawba River. As of 2007, a new licensing arrangement has been agreed to by Duke Energy and several interested parties."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kena (Vilnius)", "paragraph_text": "Kena (also pronounced \"kana\") is a village in Vilnius district municipality, Lithuania. It is located on the state border with Belarus and has railway customs for all passenger trains from/to Belarus and Russia, including transit trains to Kaliningrad Oblast. According to the census of 2001, Kena had 90 residents."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Aamjiwnaang First Nation", "paragraph_text": "The Aamjiwnaang First Nation (or also known as Chippewas of Sarnia First Nation) is an Ojibwe First Nation band government in southwestern Ontario, Canada. They reside on the Sarnia 45 Indian Reserve, located on the shores of the St. Clair River directly south of Sarnia across from the United States border from Port Huron, Michigan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Decatur County School District", "paragraph_text": "The Decatur County School District is a public school district in Decatur County, Georgia, United States, based in Bainbridge. It serves the communities of Attapulgus, Bainbridge, Brinson, and Climax."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Olinger", "paragraph_text": "Olinger, Pennsylvania is a rural fictional town in the southeastern part of the state that serves as the setting for several short stories, such as \"The Alligators\" and one novel (\"The Centaur\") by American writer John Updike. It is based on Updike\u2019s boyhood town of Shillington, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brazilian nationality law", "paragraph_text": "four years of residence in Brazil adequate ability to communicate in Portuguese no prior criminal conviction in either Brazil or any country that Brazil has formal relations with"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gongogi", "paragraph_text": "Gongogi is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. It covers , and has a population of 8,082 with a population density of 41 inhabitants per square kilometer. It was named after the Gongogi River which forms the southern border of the municipality."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alala\u00fa River", "paragraph_text": "Alala\u00fa River is a river forming part of the border between the Amazonas and Roraima states in north-western Brazil, a tributary of the Jauaperi River."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Simon Bainbridge", "paragraph_text": "Simon Bainbridge (born 30 August 1952) is a British composer, and a professor and former head of composition at the Royal Academy of Music, London, and visiting professor at the University of Louisville, Kentucky in the United States."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania, is a census-designated place located in Conoy Township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, with a zip code of 17502. Bainbridge is located along Pennsylvania Route 441. As of the 2010 census the popululation was 1,355 residents."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county in which Bainbridge is located in the state where the author of Brazil lives?"}
{"id": "4hop1__748412_574885_131194_484129", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Olinger", "paragraph_text": "Olinger, Pennsylvania is a rural fictional town in the southeastern part of the state that serves as the setting for several short stories, such as \"The Alligators\" and one novel (\"The Centaur\") by American writer John Updike. It is based on Updike\u2019s boyhood town of Shillington, Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "\u00c5nn", "paragraph_text": "\u00c5nn is a village in \u00c5re Municipality, J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. Located about from the Norwegian border, both the Middle Line and European Route E14 pass through the village. In 2005, \u00c5nn had 70 residents."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gertrude and Claudius", "paragraph_text": "Gertrude and Claudius is a novel by John Updike. It uses the known sources of William Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" to tell a story that draws on a rather straightforward revenge tale in the medieval Denmark depicted by Saxo Grammaticus in his twelfth-century \"Historiae Danicae\", but incorporates extra plot elements added by Fran\u00e7ois de Belleforest in his \"Histoires tragiques\", published in 1576. And, finally, it brings in various elements from Shakespeare's play, including the name \"Corambis\" for Polonius from the \"bad quarto\" of 1603. This story, in its three forms, is primarily concerned with Hamlet (or \"Amleth\" in Saxo) avenging his father's murder, but the story starts earlier. The novel is concerned with that earlier life of Gertrude, Claudius, and old Hamlet, and it ends at the close of Act I, scene ii of \"Hamlet\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Una Vincenzo, Lady Troubridge", "paragraph_text": "Una Vincenzo, Lady Troubridge (born Margot Elena Gertrude Taylor; 8 March 1887 \u2013 24 September 1963) was a British sculptor and translator. She is best known as the long-time lesbian partner of Marguerite Radclyffe Hall, author of \"The Well of Loneliness\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Great Falls (Catawba River)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Falls of the Catawba River mark the point at which the river encounters a series of rapids while coursing across the Piedmont Plateau on the border of Lancaster County, South Carolina, and Chester County, South Carolina, near the town of Great Falls. Prior to the creation of the Fishing Creek Reservoir and other artificial lakes by Duke Power, the falls were a major landmark on the river. The rapids could be heard from long distances away, while a major pre-Columbian trading path ran near the left bank. Historically the Great Falls of the Catawba were approximately 4 miles long, with a total elevation drop of 121 feet. (The word \"falls\" was an 18th-century appellation, when any river rapids and vertical waterfalls alike were both referred to as falls.) The creation of the dams at Great Falls, South Carolina has resulted in the top 2 miles of it being completely dry (dewatered) except during times of very high flow. The bottom portion of historical Great Falls is drowned by Cedar Creek dam, another hydroelectric project. As of 2006, interest groups have formed in the Carolinas to restore the Great Falls by altering the dam and restoring flow to the dewatered stretch of Great Falls as part of a major restoration project of the Catawba River. As of 2007, a new licensing arrangement has been agreed to by Duke Energy and several interested parties."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lester Gertrude Ellen Rowntree", "paragraph_text": "Lester Gertrude Ellen Rowntree (1879-1979), a renowned field botanist and horticulturalist, was a pioneer in the study, propagation, and conservation of California native plants. In numerous journal and magazine articles, books, and public lectures, she shared her extensive knowledge of wildflowers and shrubs while arguing tirelessly for their protection."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beddington Lake", "paragraph_text": "Beddington Lake is a lake in Washington County, Maine, United States. It is located less than east of the Hancock County border, near the town of Beddington and the intersection of Maine State Routes 9 and 193. The outflow and primary inflow to Beddington Lake is from the Narraguagus River. There are a number of unpaved roads and private residences surrounding the lake."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kena (Vilnius)", "paragraph_text": "Kena (also pronounced \"kana\") is a village in Vilnius district municipality, Lithuania. It is located on the state border with Belarus and has railway customs for all passenger trains from/to Belarus and Russia, including transit trains to Kaliningrad Oblast. According to the census of 2001, Kena had 90 residents."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania, is a census-designated place located in Conoy Township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, with a zip code of 17502. Bainbridge is located along Pennsylvania Route 441. As of the 2010 census the popululation was 1,355 residents."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Herman T. Mossberg Residence", "paragraph_text": "Herman T. Mossberg Residence is a house designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. It was built for Herman T. Mossberg and his wife Gertrude in 1948 in South Bend, Indiana, and remains in private hands today. It is one of two Wright residences in South Bend, the other being the K. C. DeRhodes House."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas", "paragraph_text": "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas is a 1933 book by Gertrude Stein, written in the guise of an autobiography authored by Alice B. Toklas, her life partner. In 1998, Modern Library ranked it as one of the 20 greatest English-language nonfiction books of the 20th century."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jersey Shore", "paragraph_text": "The Jersey Shore is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about 141 miles (227 km) of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties. Many New Jersey residents refer to it simply as ``The Shore '', as in to go or have done something`` down the shore''. While there is no defined border between North Jersey and South Jersey, the Raritan River, Manasquan River, or I - 195 are often mentioned as the border, and as such, most of the shore region is located in South Jersey."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aamjiwnaang First Nation", "paragraph_text": "The Aamjiwnaang First Nation (or also known as Chippewas of Sarnia First Nation) is an Ojibwe First Nation band government in southwestern Ontario, Canada. They reside on the Sarnia 45 Indian Reserve, located on the shores of the St. Clair River directly south of Sarnia across from the United States border from Port Huron, Michigan."}], "question": "Which county shares border with the county having Bainbridge in the resident state of the author of Gertrude and Claudius?"}
{"id": "4hop1__279831_764459_131194_484129", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Adam Ravenstahl", "paragraph_text": "Adam Ravenstahl (born November 9, 1984) is a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 20th District which includes the North Side, Strip District, Polish Hill, Stanton Heights, and Lawrenceville neighborhoods of the city of Pittsburgh, as well as parts of the suburbs of Reserve Township, Ross Township and West View."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Great Falls (Catawba River)", "paragraph_text": "The Great Falls of the Catawba River mark the point at which the river encounters a series of rapids while coursing across the Piedmont Plateau on the border of Lancaster County, South Carolina, and Chester County, South Carolina, near the town of Great Falls. Prior to the creation of the Fishing Creek Reservoir and other artificial lakes by Duke Power, the falls were a major landmark on the river. The rapids could be heard from long distances away, while a major pre-Columbian trading path ran near the left bank. Historically the Great Falls of the Catawba were approximately 4 miles long, with a total elevation drop of 121 feet. (The word \"falls\" was an 18th-century appellation, when any river rapids and vertical waterfalls alike were both referred to as falls.) The creation of the dams at Great Falls, South Carolina has resulted in the top 2 miles of it being completely dry (dewatered) except during times of very high flow. The bottom portion of historical Great Falls is drowned by Cedar Creek dam, another hydroelectric project. As of 2006, interest groups have formed in the Carolinas to restore the Great Falls by altering the dam and restoring flow to the dewatered stretch of Great Falls as part of a major restoration project of the Catawba River. As of 2007, a new licensing arrangement has been agreed to by Duke Energy and several interested parties."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Adam Ravenstahl", "paragraph_text": "Ravenstahl graduated from North Catholic High School in Pittsburgh, and then graduated from Robert Morris University with a degree in Business Management. After graduation, he was employed as a Business Analyst for UPMC Health Plan, while participating in numerous community activities, and served as a Democratic Committee Member."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Bainbridge, Pennsylvania, is a census-designated place located in Conoy Township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, with a zip code of 17502. Bainbridge is located along Pennsylvania Route 441. As of the 2010 census the popululation was 1,355 residents."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "E Township, Maine", "paragraph_text": "E is an unincorporated township located in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. It is part of the Central Aroostook Unorganized Territory and borders the towns of Blaine to the east and Westfield to the north. As of the 1990 census, when it was still organized as a plantation, E\u00a0Plantation had 64\u00a0residents. However, in 1990 its residents decided to disorganize the community and give up control to the state in an effort to reduce taxes. K\u201312 education for the community is provided by Maine School Administrative District 42, which also serves neighboring Blaine and Mars Hill. However, because E\u00a0Plantation withdrew from the school district following its disorganization, its students are tuitioned."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mike Miller (American football coach)", "paragraph_text": "Miller graduated in 1988 from Plum High School in Plum, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. He also earned a bachelor's degree in communications from Clarion University of Pennsylvania and a master's degree in education from Robert Morris University."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Antelope Wells, New Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Antelope Wells is a small unincorporated community in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, United States. The community is located along the Mexico \u2013 United States border, in the New Mexico Bootheel region, located across the border from the small settlement of El Berrendo, Chihuahua, Mexico. Despite its name, there are neither antelope nor wells in the area. The name comes from an old ranch, located north of the current community. The only inhabitants of the community are United States Customs and Border Protection employees."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county where Bainsbridge of the state where Adam Ravenstahl was educated located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__29819_370129_146130_161155", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Portrait of Sebasti\u00e1n de Morra", "paragraph_text": "The Portrait of Sebasti\u00e1n de Morra is a painting by Diego Vel\u00e1zquez of Sebastian de Morra, a court dwarf and jester at the court of Philip IV of Spain. It was painted around 1644 and is now in the Prado in Madrid. Not much is documented about De Morra's life, other than the fact that he was brought to Spain by Phillip IV in 1643 and served the court for three years before his death in 1649. It wasn't until Vel\u00e1zquez became a court painter that he showed dwarfs with a warmer and naturalistic style compared to previous paintings. De Morra looks directly at the viewer, motionless, making no hand gestures, leading one critic to suggest that the painting represents a denunciation of the court's treatment of de Morra and other dwarfs. However, recently discovered inventories and previous documents relating to De Morra reveal that it could be known by a different name, El Primo."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Henri Evrard, marquis de Dreux-Br\u00e9z\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Henri Evrard, marquis de Dreux-Br\u00e9z\u00e9 (17621829) was a member of the French nobility who at the age of twenty-seven played a role in the meeting of the states-general in 1789. Br\u00e9z\u00e9 had succeeded his father Thomas as court master of the ceremonies to Louis XVI in 1781."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Daniel Marot", "paragraph_text": "Born in Paris, he was a pupil of Jean Le Pautre and the son of Jean Marot, who was also an architect and engraver. Marot was working independently as an engraver from an early age, making engravings of designs by Jean B\u00e9rain, one of Louis XIV's official designers at the Manufacture des Gobelins, where far more than tapestry was being produced. The family were Huguenots and were part of the wave of \u00e9migr\u00e9s who left France in the year of the Edict of Fontainebleau and Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) to settle in Holland. Daniel Marot brought the fully developed court style of Louis XIV to Holland, and later to London. In the end, the English style which is loosely called \"William and Mary\" owed much to his manner."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marie Anne de Bourbon", "paragraph_text": "Marie Anne de Bourbon, \"L\u00e9gitim\u00e9e de France\" (2 October 1666 \u2013 3 May 1739) was the eldest legitimised daughter (\"fille l\u00e9gitim\u00e9e de France\") of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress Louise de La Valli\u00e8re. At the age of thirteen, she was married to Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and as such was the Princess of Conti by marriage. Her father's favourite daughter, Marie Anne was widowed in 1685 aged 19. She never married again and had no children. Following her mother's retirement to a convent, Marie Anne continued to reside at her father's court and was later her mother's heiress. She later became the Duchess of La Valli\u00e8re in her own right."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries", "paragraph_text": "The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries is an 1812 painting by Jacques-Louis David. It shows French Emperor Napoleon I in uniform in his study at the Tuileries Palace. Despite the detail, it is unlikely that Napoleon posed for the portrait."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Although Wynn's plans for development in the city were scrapped in 2002, the tunnel opened in 2001. The new roadway prompted Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage to build Atlantic City's newest casino. The Borgata opened in July 2003, and its success brought an influx of developers to Atlantic City with plans for building grand Las Vegas style mega casinos to revitalize the aging city."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Old Middletown High School", "paragraph_text": "The Old Middletown High School building in Middletown, Connecticut, in the United States, occupies the southwest corner of Court and Pearl streets. It is situated in a modestly scaled 19th century urban residential neighborhood. Although integrated into its surroundings, the old high school stands out because of its size and Romanesque Revival style."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guillotine", "paragraph_text": "Laquiante, an officer of the Strasbourg criminal court, designed a beheading machine and employed Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer and harpsichord maker, to construct a prototype. Antoine Louis is also credited with the design of the prototype. The memoirs of the official executioner claim that King Louis XVI (an amateur locksmith) recommended that an oblique blade be used instead of a crescent blade, lest the blade not fit all necks (ironically, the king's own was offered up discreetly as an example). The first execution by guillotine was performed on highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier on 25 April 1792. He was executed in front of what is now the city hall of Paris (Place de l'h\u00f4tel de ville). All citizens deemed guilty of a crime punishable by death were from then on executed there, until the scaffold was moved on 21 August to the Place du Carrousel."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Psalter of Saint Louis", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Psalter of St. Louis (Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France MS Latin 10525) was made for Louis sometime between the death of his mother Blanche of Castile in 1253 and his death in 1270. Done in the elaborate Rayonnant style and richly gilded, the manuscript contains 78 miniatures of Old Testament scenes starting at the story of Cain and Abel and ending with the coronation of Saul, a calendar of feast days, prayers and the 150 psalms. The psalter is in excellent condition and considered a relic of Louis IX, who was canonized in 1297."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Louis-Joseph Faure", "paragraph_text": "Louis-Joseph Faure (5 March 1760 \u2013 12 June 1837) was a French jurist and politician who was one of the four authors of the Napoleonic Code."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en cama\u00efeu (\"like cameos\"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of \"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Go\u00fbt grec (\"Greek style\"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the \"Louis XVI\" style to court."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26\u201328 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, Jos\u00e9 I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marc Nicolas Louis P\u00e9cheux", "paragraph_text": "Marc Nicolas Louis P\u00e9cheux (born 28 January 1769 in Bucilly (Aisne) \u2013 1 November 1831 in Paris), was a French general during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, to Antoine, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, and entered the diplomatic service of Austria in Paris in the train of Reichsf\u00fcrst Kaunitz. He became Austrian minister in Turin at the court of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, in St. Petersburg at the court of Catherine the Great, and then Paris at the court of King Louis XV of France in 1766. In Paris, his first work was to strengthen the alliance between France and Austria, which was cemented in 1770 by the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, with Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, afterwards known as Queen Marie Antoinette. When Louis and Marie Antoinette ascended the throne of France in 1774, Mercy-Argenteau became one of the most powerful personages at the French court due to his influence over Marie-Antoinette, which made her unpopular with the French nobility and French people. He was in Paris during the turbulent years that led up to the French Revolution, and gave powerful aid to the finance ministers Lom\u00e9nie de Brienne and Necker. In 1792, he became governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, which had just been reduced to obedience by Austria. There, his ability and experience made him a very successful ruler. Although at first in favor of moderate courses, Mercy-Argenteau supported the action of Austria in making war upon its former ally after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and in July 1794, he was appointed Austrian ambassador to Britain, but he died a few days after his arrival in London."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)", "paragraph_text": "Beethoven was in his mid-thirties during this time; his personal life was troubled by increasing deafness. In the world at large, the period was marked by the Napoleonic Wars, political turmoil in Austria, and the occupation of Vienna by Napoleon's troops in 1805. The symphony was written at his lodgings at the Pasqualati House in Vienna. The final movement quotes from a revolutionary song by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Robert-Joseph Auguste", "paragraph_text": "Robert-Joseph Auguste (1723 \u2013 \"ca\"1805) was a sculptor and royal goldsmith to Louis XV and Louis XVI of France, whose coronation crown he made."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Louis Bernard Bonjean", "paragraph_text": "Louis Bernard Bonjean (4 December 1804 - 21 May 1871) was a French jurist who was a Senator under Napoleon III."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Palace of Versailles", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Versailles (French: Ch\u00e2teau de Versailles; English: / v\u025b\u0259r\u02c8sa\u026a, v\u025c\u02d0r - / vair - SY, vur -; French: (v\u025b\u0281saj)) was the principal royal residence of France from 1682 under Louis XIV until the start of the French Revolution in 1789 under Louis XVI. It is located in the department of Yvelines, in the region of \u00cele - de-France, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of the centre of Paris."}], "question": "When did Napoleon occupy the city where the mother of the woman who brought Louis XVI style to the court died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__29819_370129_621192_21582", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en cama\u00efeu (\"like cameos\"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of \"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Go\u00fbt grec (\"Greek style\"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the \"Louis XVI\" style to court."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Psalter of Saint Louis", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Psalter of St. Louis (Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France MS Latin 10525) was made for Louis sometime between the death of his mother Blanche of Castile in 1253 and his death in 1270. Done in the elaborate Rayonnant style and richly gilded, the manuscript contains 78 miniatures of Old Testament scenes starting at the story of Cain and Abel and ending with the coronation of Saul, a calendar of feast days, prayers and the 150 psalms. The psalter is in excellent condition and considered a relic of Louis IX, who was canonized in 1297."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Louis-Ferdinand C\u00e9line", "paragraph_text": "Louis-Ferdinand C\u00e9line () was the pen name of Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches (; 27 May 1894 \u2013 1 July 1961), a French novelist, pamphleteer and physician. He developed a new style of writing that modernized French literature. His most famous work is the 1932 novel \"Journey to the End of the Night\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "C\u00e9sar Gabriel de Choiseul", "paragraph_text": "After having served in the Army, he was appointed in 1756 ambassador in Vienna, to emperor Francis I and to queen Maria Theresa of Hungary. In 1761, he was plenipotentiary to the Augsburg convention."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Louis II de Beaumont-Bressuire", "paragraph_text": "Louis II de Beaumont-Bressuire also known as Louis II of Beaumont - also known as Louis de Beaumont, and also known as Louis of the Forest, (1407-1477), was a French Knight and Lord of Bressuire, the Plessis-Mac\u00e9, and of Miss\u00e9, and Commequiers, He was also Chamberlain of Louis XI. He also was the brother of \"Andr\u00e9 de Beaumont\", grand master of Crossbowmen of France."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Execution of Louis XVI", "paragraph_text": "The execution of Louis XVI, by means of the guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la R\u00e9volution (``Revolution Square '', formerly Place Louis XV, and renamed Place de la Concorde in 1795) in Paris. The National Convention had convicted the king (17 January 1792) in a near - unanimous vote (while no one voted`` not guilty'', several deputies abstained) and condemned him to death by a simple majority."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Louis Philippe I", "paragraph_text": "Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 \u2013 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848. His father Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans had taken the name \"Philippe \u00c9galit\u00e9\" because he initially supported the French Revolution. However, following the deposition and execution of his cousin King Louis XVI, Louis Philippe fled the country. His father denounced his actions and voted for his death, but was imprisoned and executed that same year. Louis Philippe spent the next 21 years in exile before returning during the Bourbon Restoration. He was proclaimed king in 1830 after his cousin Charles X was forced to abdicate by the July Revolution. The reign of Louis Philippe is known as the July Monarchy and was dominated by wealthy industrialists and bankers. He followed conservative policies, especially under the influence of French statesman Fran\u00e7ois Guizot during the period 1840\u201348. He also promoted friendship with Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria. His popularity faded as economic conditions in France deteriorated in 1847, and he was forced to abdicate after the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1848. He lived out his life in exile in the United Kingdom. His supporters were known as Orl\u00e9anists, as opposed to Legitimists who supported the main line of the House of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Henri Evrard, marquis de Dreux-Br\u00e9z\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Henri Evrard, marquis de Dreux-Br\u00e9z\u00e9 (17621829) was a member of the French nobility who at the age of twenty-seven played a role in the meeting of the states-general in 1789. Br\u00e9z\u00e9 had succeeded his father Thomas as court master of the ceremonies to Louis XVI in 1781."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, to Antoine, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, and entered the diplomatic service of Austria in Paris in the train of Reichsf\u00fcrst Kaunitz. He became Austrian minister in Turin at the court of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, in St. Petersburg at the court of Catherine the Great, and then Paris at the court of King Louis XV of France in 1766. In Paris, his first work was to strengthen the alliance between France and Austria, which was cemented in 1770 by the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, with Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, afterwards known as Queen Marie Antoinette. When Louis and Marie Antoinette ascended the throne of France in 1774, Mercy-Argenteau became one of the most powerful personages at the French court due to his influence over Marie-Antoinette, which made her unpopular with the French nobility and French people. He was in Paris during the turbulent years that led up to the French Revolution, and gave powerful aid to the finance ministers Lom\u00e9nie de Brienne and Necker. In 1792, he became governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, which had just been reduced to obedience by Austria. There, his ability and experience made him a very successful ruler. Although at first in favor of moderate courses, Mercy-Argenteau supported the action of Austria in making war upon its former ally after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and in July 1794, he was appointed Austrian ambassador to Britain, but he died a few days after his arrival in London."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "War of the Spanish Succession", "paragraph_text": "The War of the Spanish Succession (1701 -- 1714) was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II. Charles II had ruled over a vast global empire, and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled the governments of Europe. Attempts to solve the problem by peacefully partitioning the empire among the eligible candidates from the royal houses of France (Bourbon), Austria (Habsburg), and Bavaria (Wittelsbach) ultimately failed, and on his deathbed Charles II fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on his grandnephew Philip, Duke of Anjou, the second eldest grandson of King Louis XIV of France. With Philip ruling in Spain, Louis XIV would secure great advantages for his dynasty, but some statesmen regarded a dominant House of Bourbon as a threat to European stability, jeopardising the balance of power."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "La naissance d'Osiris", "paragraph_text": "La naissance d'Osiris, ou La f\u00eate Pamilie (\"The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia\") is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI. The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac. Cahusac styled the work a \"ballet all\u00e9gorique\" (\"allegorical ballet\"), but it is usually categorised as an \"acte de ballet\". Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince. The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, \"Les beaux jours de l'Amour\", an \"op\u00e9ra-ballet\" Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Charles-Louis Pinson de M\u00e9nerville", "paragraph_text": "Charles-Louis Pinson de M\u00e9nerville (1808\u20131876), the first president of the court of appeals in Algiers, was born in Paris on April 8, 1808."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fox Theatre (St. Louis)", "paragraph_text": "Fox Theatre (St. Louis) The Fox Theatre, St Louis Location 527 N. Grand Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri, United States Owner Fox Associates Type Concert venue Capacity 4,500 Construction Opened 1929 Renovated 1982 Website www.fabulousfox.com Fox Theater U.S. National Register of Historic Places St. Louis Landmark Show map of St. Louis Show map of Missouri Show map of the US Show all Location 527 N. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri Coordinates 38 \u00b0 38 \u2032 19 ''N 90 \u00b0 13 \u2032 54'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.63861 \u00b0 N 90.23167 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.63861; - 90.23167 Coordinates: 38 \u00b0 38 \u2032 19 ''N 90 \u00b0 13 \u2032 54'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.63861 \u00b0 N 90.23167 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.63861; - 90.23167 Built 1929 Architectural style Other, Siamese Byzantine style NRHP reference # 76002261 Added to NRHP October 8, 1976"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Louis LeBel", "paragraph_text": "Louis LeBel (born November 30, 1939) was a puisne justice on the Supreme Court of Canada from 2000 to 2014."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458\u20131490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the Black Army of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and Central Europe was defenseless. At the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, P\u00e1l Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of Medieval times."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Louise \u00c9lisabeth d'Orl\u00e9ans", "paragraph_text": "Louise \u00c9lisabeth d'Orl\u00e9ans was one of the seven daughters of Philippe II, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, and his wife, Fran\u00e7oise Marie de Bourbon. Her mother was a legitimised daughter of Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. She was known as \u00c9lisabeth. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, \u00c9lisabeth was a \"princesse du sang\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "European Union law", "paragraph_text": "Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a \"fundamental\" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training, should be more access, albeit with qualifying periods. In Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid \"structural, staffing and financial problems\" if (mainly German) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Daniel Marot", "paragraph_text": "Born in Paris, he was a pupil of Jean Le Pautre and the son of Jean Marot, who was also an architect and engraver. Marot was working independently as an engraver from an early age, making engravings of designs by Jean B\u00e9rain, one of Louis XIV's official designers at the Manufacture des Gobelins, where far more than tapestry was being produced. The family were Huguenots and were part of the wave of \u00e9migr\u00e9s who left France in the year of the Edict of Fontainebleau and Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) to settle in Holland. Daniel Marot brought the fully developed court style of Louis XIV to Holland, and later to London. In the end, the English style which is loosely called \"William and Mary\" owed much to his manner."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Guillotine", "paragraph_text": "Laquiante, an officer of the Strasbourg criminal court, designed a beheading machine and employed Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer and harpsichord maker, to construct a prototype. Antoine Louis is also credited with the design of the prototype. The memoirs of the official executioner claim that King Louis XVI (an amateur locksmith) recommended that an oblique blade be used instead of a crescent blade, lest the blade not fit all necks (ironically, the king's own was offered up discreetly as an example). The first execution by guillotine was performed on highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier on 25 April 1792. He was executed in front of what is now the city hall of Paris (Place de l'h\u00f4tel de ville). All citizens deemed guilty of a crime punishable by death were from then on executed there, until the scaffold was moved on 21 August to the Place du Carrousel."}], "question": "What caused the death of Loius II of the same country as the mother of the woman who brought Louis XVI style to the court?"}
{"id": "4hop1__29838_370129_146130_161155", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne. In Portugal Tom\u00e1s Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en cama\u00efeu (\"like cameos\"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of \"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Go\u00fbt grec (\"Greek style\"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the \"Louis XVI\" style to court."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Old Middletown High School", "paragraph_text": "The Old Middletown High School building in Middletown, Connecticut, in the United States, occupies the southwest corner of Court and Pearl streets. It is situated in a modestly scaled 19th century urban residential neighborhood. Although integrated into its surroundings, the old high school stands out because of its size and Romanesque Revival style."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hinkle\u2013Murphy House", "paragraph_text": "The Hinkle\u2013Murphy House is a historic building in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was designed in 1886 as a private residence in the Colonial Revival style by William Channing Whitney (later to be the architect of the Minnesota Governor's Residence), and is considered to be the first Georgian Revival style house in Minnesota. The house was occupied successively by Minneapolis businessmen William H. Hinkle and William J. Murphy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Museum for the Macedonian Struggle (Thessaloniki)", "paragraph_text": "The Museum for the Macedonian Struggle is located in the centre of the city Thessaloniki in Central Macedonia, Greece. It occupies a neo-classical building designed by the renowned architect Ernst Ziller and built in 1893. In its six ground-floor rooms the museum graphically illustrates the modern and contemporary history of Greek Macedonia. It presents the social, economic, political and military developments that shaped the presence of Hellenism in the region. This approach enables the visitor to form a global picture, not only of the revolutionary movements in the area, but also of the rapidly changing society of the southern Balkans and its agonizing struggles to balance between tradition and modernization."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, to Antoine, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, and entered the diplomatic service of Austria in Paris in the train of Reichsf\u00fcrst Kaunitz. He became Austrian minister in Turin at the court of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, in St. Petersburg at the court of Catherine the Great, and then Paris at the court of King Louis XV of France in 1766. In Paris, his first work was to strengthen the alliance between France and Austria, which was cemented in 1770 by the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, with Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, afterwards known as Queen Marie Antoinette. When Louis and Marie Antoinette ascended the throne of France in 1774, Mercy-Argenteau became one of the most powerful personages at the French court due to his influence over Marie-Antoinette, which made her unpopular with the French nobility and French people. He was in Paris during the turbulent years that led up to the French Revolution, and gave powerful aid to the finance ministers Lom\u00e9nie de Brienne and Necker. In 1792, he became governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, which had just been reduced to obedience by Austria. There, his ability and experience made him a very successful ruler. Although at first in favor of moderate courses, Mercy-Argenteau supported the action of Austria in making war upon its former ally after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and in July 1794, he was appointed Austrian ambassador to Britain, but he died a few days after his arrival in London."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christine Boyer", "paragraph_text": "Christine Boyer (3 July 1771 \u2013 14 May 1800) was a member of the Bonaparte family as the first wife of Lucien Bonaparte. Born in Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, France, she was the sister of Lucien's housekeeper."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)", "paragraph_text": "Beethoven was in his mid-thirties during this time; his personal life was troubled by increasing deafness. In the world at large, the period was marked by the Napoleonic Wars, political turmoil in Austria, and the occupation of Vienna by Napoleon's troops in 1805. The symphony was written at his lodgings at the Pasqualati House in Vienna. The final movement quotes from a revolutionary song by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kaleva Church", "paragraph_text": "Kaleva Church () is a church located in Kaleva, Tampere, Finland, and designed by Reima and Raili Pietil\u00e4. It was built in 1964\u20131966. The church accommodates approximately 1,120 people. It is considered an example of modern architectural style."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jeppesen Gymnasium", "paragraph_text": "Designed by Harry D. Payne using an art deco design style, Jeppesen Gymnasium's structure consisted of two stories and a basement. It was built of reinforced concrete and steel with masonry walls. Buttresses, columns, and steel trusses supported a sound-absorbing roof. On the south end of the structure were four entrances to a lobby that led to the basketball court itself."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Whitehall Court", "paragraph_text": "Whitehall Court in London, England, is one contiguous building but consists of two separate constructions; the end occupied by the National Liberal Club was designed by Alfred Waterhouse, the major part (including the Royal Horseguards Hotel) was designed by Archer & Green."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Solido", "paragraph_text": "Solido is a French manufacturer of die-cast model cars and trucks based in Oulins, Anet, France, 40 miles west of Paris. Vehicles are usually made of zamac alloy in varying scales, but mostly 1:43 and 1:50. Typically, Solido's main competition in France was Norev, but internationally, Polistil, Corgi Toys, Dinky Toys, Mercury, and Tekno produced similar style toys."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "During the Consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the Infernal Machine) two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, become one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Old Muhlenberg County Jail", "paragraph_text": "The Old Muhlenberg County Jail is a historic jail located on Court Row in Greenville, Kentucky. Built in 1912, the jail was the third used in Greenville. The stucco building was designed in the Mission Revival style. Its design features a red tile roof, a Mission-style dormer with a quatrefoil vent, and porches with hipped tile roofs over the entrances on three sides."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Odessa City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Odessa City Hall is the city hall of Odessa, Ukraine, located at the junction of Primorskiy Boulevard, Chaikovskogo Lane and Pushkinska Street. It occupies a Neoclassical building, built to a design by Francesco Boffo and Gregorio Toricelli in 1828-34."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Harlem Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Harlem Courthouse at 170 East 121st Street on the corner of Sylvan Place \u2013 a remnant of the former Boston Post Road \u2013 in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1891-93 and was designed by Thom & Wilson in the Romanesque Revival style. The brick, brownstone, bluestone, granite and terra cotta building features gables, archways, an octagonal corner tower and a two-faced clock. It was built for the Police and District Courts, but is now used by other city agencies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the \"Louis XVI style\" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762\u201368); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and \"Empire\", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the \"Go\u00fbt grec\" (\"Greek style\") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the \"Louis XVI\" style to court."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Daniel Marot", "paragraph_text": "Born in Paris, he was a pupil of Jean Le Pautre and the son of Jean Marot, who was also an architect and engraver. Marot was working independently as an engraver from an early age, making engravings of designs by Jean B\u00e9rain, one of Louis XIV's official designers at the Manufacture des Gobelins, where far more than tapestry was being produced. The family were Huguenots and were part of the wave of \u00e9migr\u00e9s who left France in the year of the Edict of Fontainebleau and Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) to settle in Holland. Daniel Marot brought the fully developed court style of Louis XIV to Holland, and later to London. In the end, the English style which is loosely called \"William and Mary\" owed much to his manner."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style."}], "question": "When did Napoleon occupy the city where the mother of the stylist of the court in France for more modern design after 1771 died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__29838_370129_146130_761097", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Augsburg Town Hall", "paragraph_text": "The Town Hall of Augsburg (German: \"Augsburger Rathaus\") is the administrative centre of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, and one of the most significant secular buildings of the Renaissance style north of the Alps. It was designed and built by Elias Holl, Stadtbaumeister (Master Builder of the town), in 1615\u20131624. Due to its historic and cultural importance, it is protected by the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Auroville", "paragraph_text": "Auroville (; City of Dawn) is an experimental township in Viluppuram district mostly in the state of Tamil Nadu, India with some parts in the Union Territory of Puducherry in South India. It was founded in 1968 by Mirra Alfassa (known as \"the Mother\") and designed by architect Roger Anger. As stated in Alfassa's first public message in 1965,"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Martin Haller", "paragraph_text": "Martin Emil Ferdinand Haller (1835\u20131925) was a German architect, who designed the Hamburg Rathaus and the building of the Consulate General of the United States in Hamburg, and a member of the Hamburg Parliament."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Solido", "paragraph_text": "Solido is a French manufacturer of die-cast model cars and trucks based in Oulins, Anet, France, 40 miles west of Paris. Vehicles are usually made of zamac alloy in varying scales, but mostly 1:43 and 1:50. Typically, Solido's main competition in France was Norev, but internationally, Polistil, Corgi Toys, Dinky Toys, Mercury, and Tekno produced similar style toys."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the \"Louis XVI style\" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762\u201368); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and \"Empire\", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the \"Go\u00fbt grec\" (\"Greek style\") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the \"Louis XVI\" style to court."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en cama\u00efeu (\"like cameos\"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of \"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Go\u00fbt grec (\"Greek style\"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the \"Louis XVI\" style to court."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Harlem Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Harlem Courthouse at 170 East 121st Street on the corner of Sylvan Place \u2013 a remnant of the former Boston Post Road \u2013 in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1891-93 and was designed by Thom & Wilson in the Romanesque Revival style. The brick, brownstone, bluestone, granite and terra cotta building features gables, archways, an octagonal corner tower and a two-faced clock. It was built for the Police and District Courts, but is now used by other city agencies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alonso Fern\u00e1ndez de Heredia", "paragraph_text": "Alonso Fern\u00e1ndez de Heredia (died March 19, 1782) was a Spanish Captain General and administrator who governed Honduras (1747), Florida (1751\u20131758), Yucatan (in modern-day Mexico; 1758\u2013?), the Captaincy General of Guatemala (1761\u20131771) and Nicaragua (1761\u20131771)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Vienna City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Vienna City Hall (German: \"Wiener Rathaus\") is the seat of local government of Vienna, located on Rathausplatz in the Innere Stadt district. Constructed from 1872 to 1883 in a Neo-Gothic style according to plans designed by Friedrich von Schmidt, it houses the office of the Mayor of Vienna as well as the chambers of the city council and Vienna \"Landtag\" diet."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Guillaume Voiriot", "paragraph_text": "After 1771, he exhibited less often, concentrating on administrative tasks while continuing to paint family members, scientists, writers, actors and musicians. He died in Paris."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "The United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (in case citations, D. Mass.) is the federal district court whose territorial jurisdiction is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. The first court session was held in Boston in 1789. The second term was held in Salem in 1790 and court session locations alternated between the two cities until 1813. That year, Boston became the court's permanent home. A western division was opened in Springfield in 1979 and a central division was opened in Worcester in 1987. The court's main building is the John Joseph Moakley Federal Courthouse on Fan Pier in South Boston."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kaleva Church", "paragraph_text": "Kaleva Church () is a church located in Kaleva, Tampere, Finland, and designed by Reima and Raili Pietil\u00e4. It was built in 1964\u20131966. The church accommodates approximately 1,120 people. It is considered an example of modern architectural style."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, to Antoine, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, and entered the diplomatic service of Austria in Paris in the train of Reichsf\u00fcrst Kaunitz. He became Austrian minister in Turin at the court of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, in St. Petersburg at the court of Catherine the Great, and then Paris at the court of King Louis XV of France in 1766. In Paris, his first work was to strengthen the alliance between France and Austria, which was cemented in 1770 by the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, with Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, afterwards known as Queen Marie Antoinette. When Louis and Marie Antoinette ascended the throne of France in 1774, Mercy-Argenteau became one of the most powerful personages at the French court due to his influence over Marie-Antoinette, which made her unpopular with the French nobility and French people. He was in Paris during the turbulent years that led up to the French Revolution, and gave powerful aid to the finance ministers Lom\u00e9nie de Brienne and Necker. In 1792, he became governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, which had just been reduced to obedience by Austria. There, his ability and experience made him a very successful ruler. Although at first in favor of moderate courses, Mercy-Argenteau supported the action of Austria in making war upon its former ally after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and in July 1794, he was appointed Austrian ambassador to Britain, but he died a few days after his arrival in London."}], "question": "In what district is the Rathaus in the city where the mother of the woman who styled the French court for more modern design died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__29819_370129_146130_761097", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nimfa C. Vilches", "paragraph_text": "Nimfa Cuesta Vilches was a Senior Deputy Court Administrator (DCA) at the Office of the Court Administrator (OCA), Supreme Court of the Philippines. She was a regional trial court judge in Manila until her appointment as Assistant Court Administrator in 2006 and as DCA in 2008. She was a family law expert in the Philippines and in the international legal community."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Palace of Versailles", "paragraph_text": "The Palace of Versailles (French: Ch\u00e2teau de Versailles; English: / v\u025b\u0259r\u02c8sa\u026a, v\u025c\u02d0r - / vair - SY, vur -; French: (v\u025b\u0281saj)) was the principal royal residence of France from 1682 under Louis XIV until the start of the French Revolution in 1789 under Louis XVI. It is located in the department of Yvelines, in the region of \u00cele - de-France, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of the centre of Paris."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Vienna City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Vienna City Hall (German: \"Wiener Rathaus\") is the seat of local government of Vienna, located on Rathausplatz in the Innere Stadt district. Constructed from 1872 to 1883 in a Neo-Gothic style according to plans designed by Friedrich von Schmidt, it houses the office of the Mayor of Vienna as well as the chambers of the city council and Vienna \"Landtag\" diet."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents. Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Daniel Marot", "paragraph_text": "Born in Paris, he was a pupil of Jean Le Pautre and the son of Jean Marot, who was also an architect and engraver. Marot was working independently as an engraver from an early age, making engravings of designs by Jean B\u00e9rain, one of Louis XIV's official designers at the Manufacture des Gobelins, where far more than tapestry was being produced. The family were Huguenots and were part of the wave of \u00e9migr\u00e9s who left France in the year of the Edict of Fontainebleau and Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) to settle in Holland. Daniel Marot brought the fully developed court style of Louis XIV to Holland, and later to London. In the end, the English style which is loosely called \"William and Mary\" owed much to his manner."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Psalter of Saint Louis", "paragraph_text": "The Paris Psalter of St. Louis (Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France MS Latin 10525) was made for Louis sometime between the death of his mother Blanche of Castile in 1253 and his death in 1270. Done in the elaborate Rayonnant style and richly gilded, the manuscript contains 78 miniatures of Old Testament scenes starting at the story of Cain and Abel and ending with the coronation of Saul, a calendar of feast days, prayers and the 150 psalms. The psalter is in excellent condition and considered a relic of Louis IX, who was canonized in 1297."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, to Antoine, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, and entered the diplomatic service of Austria in Paris in the train of Reichsf\u00fcrst Kaunitz. He became Austrian minister in Turin at the court of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, in St. Petersburg at the court of Catherine the Great, and then Paris at the court of King Louis XV of France in 1766. In Paris, his first work was to strengthen the alliance between France and Austria, which was cemented in 1770 by the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, with Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, afterwards known as Queen Marie Antoinette. When Louis and Marie Antoinette ascended the throne of France in 1774, Mercy-Argenteau became one of the most powerful personages at the French court due to his influence over Marie-Antoinette, which made her unpopular with the French nobility and French people. He was in Paris during the turbulent years that led up to the French Revolution, and gave powerful aid to the finance ministers Lom\u00e9nie de Brienne and Necker. In 1792, he became governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, which had just been reduced to obedience by Austria. There, his ability and experience made him a very successful ruler. Although at first in favor of moderate courses, Mercy-Argenteau supported the action of Austria in making war upon its former ally after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and in July 1794, he was appointed Austrian ambassador to Britain, but he died a few days after his arrival in London."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Robert-Joseph Auguste", "paragraph_text": "Robert-Joseph Auguste (1723 \u2013 \"ca\"1805) was a sculptor and royal goldsmith to Louis XV and Louis XVI of France, whose coronation crown he made."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guillotine", "paragraph_text": "Laquiante, an officer of the Strasbourg criminal court, designed a beheading machine and employed Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer and harpsichord maker, to construct a prototype. Antoine Louis is also credited with the design of the prototype. The memoirs of the official executioner claim that King Louis XVI (an amateur locksmith) recommended that an oblique blade be used instead of a crescent blade, lest the blade not fit all necks (ironically, the king's own was offered up discreetly as an example). The first execution by guillotine was performed on highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier on 25 April 1792. He was executed in front of what is now the city hall of Paris (Place de l'h\u00f4tel de ville). All citizens deemed guilty of a crime punishable by death were from then on executed there, until the scaffold was moved on 21 August to the Place du Carrousel."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Augsburg Town Hall", "paragraph_text": "The Town Hall of Augsburg (German: \"Augsburger Rathaus\") is the administrative centre of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, and one of the most significant secular buildings of the Renaissance style north of the Alps. It was designed and built by Elias Holl, Stadtbaumeister (Master Builder of the town), in 1615\u20131624. Due to its historic and cultural importance, it is protected by the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en cama\u00efeu (\"like cameos\"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of \"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Go\u00fbt grec (\"Greek style\"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the \"Louis XVI\" style to court."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "The United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (in case citations, D. Mass.) is the federal district court whose territorial jurisdiction is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. The first court session was held in Boston in 1789. The second term was held in Salem in 1790 and court session locations alternated between the two cities until 1813. That year, Boston became the court's permanent home. A western division was opened in Springfield in 1979 and a central division was opened in Worcester in 1987. The court's main building is the John Joseph Moakley Federal Courthouse on Fan Pier in South Boston."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Polemon II of Pontus", "paragraph_text": "Polemon II's father died in 8 BC. His mother then married King Archelaus of Cappadocia, and the family had moved to Cappadocia, where Polemon II was raised, along with his siblings, at the court of his stepfather. Archelaus died in 17, whereupon Polemon II and his mother moved back to Pontus. From 17 until 38, Polemon II lived as a private citizen in Pontus and assisted his mother in the administration of their realm. When his mother died in 38, Polemon II succeeded his mother as the sole ruler of Pontus, Colchis and Cilicia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government\u2014as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s\u2014or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In April of the same year, the Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Abuja", "paragraph_text": "Abuja (/ \u0259\u02c8bu\u02d0d\u0292\u0259 /) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400 - metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792 - metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "McCormack, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "McCormack is an unorganized territory in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States; located near Hibbing and Balkan Township. The population was 237 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ammerud", "paragraph_text": "Ammerud is a part of Grorud Borough in Oslo, Norway known for its large Le Corbusier style housing blocks. The borough administration is located here."}], "question": "In what district is the Rathaus, in the city where the mother of the woman who brought Louis XV! style to the court, died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__29838_370129_146130_36631", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Constitution of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Article Three describes the court system (the judicial branch), including the Supreme Court. There shall be one court called the Supreme Court. The article describes the kinds of cases the court takes as original jurisdiction. Congress can create lower courts and an appeals process. Congress enacts law defining crimes and providing for punishment. Article Three also protects the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases, and defines the crime of treason."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Old Muhlenberg County Jail", "paragraph_text": "The Old Muhlenberg County Jail is a historic jail located on Court Row in Greenville, Kentucky. Built in 1912, the jail was the third used in Greenville. The stucco building was designed in the Mission Revival style. Its design features a red tile roof, a Mission-style dormer with a quatrefoil vent, and porches with hipped tile roofs over the entrances on three sides."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en cama\u00efeu (\"like cameos\"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of \"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Go\u00fbt grec (\"Greek style\"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the \"Louis XVI\" style to court."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet, and an overall reduction of strength and readiness. The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower, but Congress reversed this initiative and the majority of the lost manpower will come from the active forces. However, Congress did allow for $208 million of reprogramming from fleet modernization to enable some portion of the third of the grounded fleet to resume operations."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Neoclassical architecture", "paragraph_text": "The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the \"Louis XVI style\" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762\u201368); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and \"Empire\", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the \"Go\u00fbt grec\" (\"Greek style\") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the \"Louis XVI\" style to court."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Some, such as the United Kingdom and Prussia (as the founder of the newly formed German state), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento, Japan after the Meiji Restoration, and the United States after its civil war. By the dawn of the 20th century, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of 20th century."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Salt Lake City", "paragraph_text": "The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849. The United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the territorial capital in 1858, and the name was later abbreviated to Salt Lake City. The city's population continued to swell with an influx of Mormon converts and Gold Rush gold seekers, making it one of the most populous cities in the American Old West."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "French Section of the Workers' International", "paragraph_text": "The French Section of the Workers' International (, SFIO) was a French socialist party founded in 1905 and replaced in 1969 by the current Socialist Party (PS). It was created during the 1905 Globe Congress in Paris as a merger between the French Socialist Party and the Socialist Party of France in order to create the French section of the Second International, designated as the party of the workers' movement."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Messerschmitt KR175", "paragraph_text": "The Messerschmitt KR175 microcar (1953\u20131955) was the first vehicle built by Messerschmitt under its 1952 agreement with Fritz Fend. In concept, although not in actual design, it was an extended version of the Fend Flitzer invalid carriage. Approximately 15,000 were built before it was replaced by the Messerschmitt KR200 in 1956."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alonso Fern\u00e1ndez de Heredia", "paragraph_text": "Alonso Fern\u00e1ndez de Heredia (died March 19, 1782) was a Spanish Captain General and administrator who governed Honduras (1747), Florida (1751\u20131758), Yucatan (in modern-day Mexico; 1758\u2013?), the Captaincy General of Guatemala (1761\u20131771) and Nicaragua (1761\u20131771)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "EU\u2013US Privacy Shield", "paragraph_text": "The EU - US Umbrella Agreement, which enters into force on 1 February (2017). To finalize this agreement, the US Congress adopted a new law in 2017, the US Judicial Redress Act, which extends the benefits of the US Privacy Act to Europeans and gives them access to US courts. ''"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mother's Day", "paragraph_text": "In 1908, the U.S. Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, joking that they would also have to proclaim a ``Mother - in - law's Day ''. However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all U.S. states observed the holiday, with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday (the first being West Virginia, Jarvis' home state, in 1910). In 1914, Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother's Day, held on the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Christine Boyer", "paragraph_text": "Christine Boyer (3 July 1771 \u2013 14 May 1800) was a member of the Bonaparte family as the first wife of Lucien Bonaparte. Born in Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, France, she was the sister of Lucien's housekeeper."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Solido", "paragraph_text": "Solido is a French manufacturer of die-cast model cars and trucks based in Oulins, Anet, France, 40 miles west of Paris. Vehicles are usually made of zamac alloy in varying scales, but mostly 1:43 and 1:50. Typically, Solido's main competition in France was Norev, but internationally, Polistil, Corgi Toys, Dinky Toys, Mercury, and Tekno produced similar style toys."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, to Antoine, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, and entered the diplomatic service of Austria in Paris in the train of Reichsf\u00fcrst Kaunitz. He became Austrian minister in Turin at the court of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, in St. Petersburg at the court of Catherine the Great, and then Paris at the court of King Louis XV of France in 1766. In Paris, his first work was to strengthen the alliance between France and Austria, which was cemented in 1770 by the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, with Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, afterwards known as Queen Marie Antoinette. When Louis and Marie Antoinette ascended the throne of France in 1774, Mercy-Argenteau became one of the most powerful personages at the French court due to his influence over Marie-Antoinette, which made her unpopular with the French nobility and French people. He was in Paris during the turbulent years that led up to the French Revolution, and gave powerful aid to the finance ministers Lom\u00e9nie de Brienne and Necker. In 1792, he became governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, which had just been reduced to obedience by Austria. There, his ability and experience made him a very successful ruler. Although at first in favor of moderate courses, Mercy-Argenteau supported the action of Austria in making war upon its former ally after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and in July 1794, he was appointed Austrian ambassador to Britain, but he died a few days after his arrival in London."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harlem Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Harlem Courthouse at 170 East 121st Street on the corner of Sylvan Place \u2013 a remnant of the former Boston Post Road \u2013 in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1891-93 and was designed by Thom & Wilson in the Romanesque Revival style. The brick, brownstone, bluestone, granite and terra cotta building features gables, archways, an octagonal corner tower and a two-faced clock. It was built for the Police and District Courts, but is now used by other city agencies."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}], "question": "The daughter of the woman who restyle the court in France in 1771 died in a city. What agreement replaced the treaties resulting from the congress in that city?"}
{"id": "4hop3__122246_37759_49610_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Last Crossing", "paragraph_text": "A rethinking of the genre of the \"western\", \"The Last Crossing\" is a tale of interwoven lives and stories taking place in the last half of the 19th century, travelling from England to the United States and the Canadian west."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is an American web television series created by Bruce Miller, based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016. The plot follows a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War where women, called ``Handmaids '', are forced into sexual and child - bearing servitude."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government, the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (``The Merchant's Tale '',`` The Parson's Tale'', etc.)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yvonne Strahovski", "paragraph_text": "Yvonne Jaqueline Strzechowski (born 30 July 1982), known professionally as Yvonne Strahovski (), is an Australian actress. She is best known for her roles as CIA Agent Sarah Walker in the NBC spy drama series Chuck (2007\u20132012), Hannah McKay in the Showtime drama series Dexter (2012\u20132013), and CIA Agent Kate Morgan in the Fox event series 24: Live Another Day (2014). She currently stars as Serena Joy Waterford in the Hulu drama series The Handmaid's Tale (2017\u2013present), for which she has received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Tasmania", "paragraph_text": "The University of Tasmania (UTAS) is a public research university and property developer, primarily located in Tasmania, Australia. Founded in 1890, it is Australia's fourth oldest university. Christ College, one of the university's residential colleges, was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country. The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Steven Lamy", "paragraph_text": "Steven Lamy is a professor of international relations and a Vice Dean for the USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences at the University of Southern California. He is also a past Director of the University of Southern California School of International Relations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Production location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Vaughan, Ontario Running time 47 -- 63 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present (present) External links Website"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elisabeth Moss", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Singleton Moss (born July 24, 1982) is an American actor. She is known for her roles as Zoey Bartlet, the youngest daughter of President Josiah Bartlet, on the NBC television series The West Wing (1999 -- 2006); Peggy Olson, secretary - turned - copywriter, on the AMC series Mad Men (2007 -- 2015), which earned her six Emmy Awards nominations and a Golden Globe nomination; Det. Robin Griffin in the BBC miniseries Top of the Lake (2013, 2017), which won her a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film; and Offred on the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series as a producer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Iliad", "paragraph_text": "Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' imminent death and the fall of Troy, although the narrative ends before these events take place. However, as these events are prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, when it reaches an end the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Engleby", "paragraph_text": "Engleby is a novel by the author Sebastian Faulks. It tells the tale of a working-class boy who wins a place at an esteemed university and becomes a suspect in a murder investigation after the disappearance of a girl from a nearby college."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Loyola Marymount University", "paragraph_text": "Loyola Marymount University traces its history through Loyola College, founded in 1917 as the successor to St. Vincent's College which was founded in 1865, and Marymount College, founded in 1933 with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, originally published in 1985. It is set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy, which has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve."}], "question": "When did the founders of Nicholas Kristof's alma mater arrive in the US region where the Handmaid's Tale is set?"}
{"id": "4hop3__122246_37759_159803_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "University of Tasmania", "paragraph_text": "The University of Tasmania (UTAS) is a public research university and property developer, primarily located in Tasmania, Australia. Founded in 1890, it is Australia's fourth oldest university. Christ College, one of the university's residential colleges, was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country. The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "UCL Jill Dando Institute", "paragraph_text": "The UCL Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science (informally the Jill Dando Institute or the JDI) is an institute of crime science located in London, United Kingdom and a part of University College London (UCL). It was founded in 2001, becoming the first university institute in the world devoted specifically to crime science."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "St. Xavier's College, Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "St. Xavier's College is a private, co-educational college located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Founded in 1860 by Fr. Henri Depelchin S.J., it is named after St. Francis Xavier, a Navarre Jesuit of the 16th century, who ministered in India. In 2006, it became the first autonomous college in West Bengal, India, and is affiliated to the University of Calcutta. Currently, the college offers Undergraduate and Postgraduate degrees, Ph. D.s, Diplomas and certificates."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "West Visayas State University", "paragraph_text": "West Visayas State University (informally referred to as West or WVSU) is a public normal research university (a university system) located in Western Visayas region of the Philippines with its main campus in La Paz, Iloilo City. It was established formally in 1924 as Iloilo Normal School under the Philippine normal school system during the American colonial period in the Philippines under the tutelage of the Thomasites, but it dates back its founding 22 years later when the university's College of Education was founded in 1902. It later became West Visayas State College in 1965 and became a university and changed its name to West Visayas State University in 1986."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Loyola Marymount University", "paragraph_text": "Loyola Marymount University traces its history through Loyola College, founded in 1917 as the successor to St. Vincent's College which was founded in 1865, and Marymount College, founded in 1933 with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ellis Clarke", "paragraph_text": "Clarke attended Saint Mary's College, winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938. Ellis Clarke attended University College London of the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port of Spain in 1941, taking up private practice there."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brad Hutto", "paragraph_text": "He is a 1978 graduate of the Honors College of the University of South Carolina and a 1981 graduate of the Georgetown University Law Center. Since 1982, he has practiced law with the firm of Williams & Williams in Orangeburg, S.C."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Emmanuel Christian Seminary", "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Christian Seminary (formerly Emmanuel School of Religion) is the graduate theological seminary of Milligan College. The school is located near Johnson City, Tennessee, United States in Elizabethton, Tennessee city limits and in the community of Milligan. The seminary was founded in 1965 as an freestanding institution, though closely related to Milligan College, but became one of the graduate schools of the college in July 2015. It was founded by church leaders and scholars within the Christian churches and churches of Christ and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) who recognized the need for a seminary rooted in the heritage of the Stone-Campbell wing of the Reformed tradition while still engaging in theological preparation for ministers. The seminary's campus is located on a hill overlooking the Appalachian Mountains of northeast Tennessee."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Santa Monica, California", "paragraph_text": "Santa Monica College is a junior college originally founded in 1929. Many SMC graduates transfer to the University of California system. It occupies 35 acres (14 hectares) and enrolls 30,000 students annually. The Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, associated with the RAND Corporation, is the U.S.'s largest producer of public policy PhDs. The Art Institute of California \u2013 Los Angeles is also located in Santa Monica near the Santa Monica Airport. Universities and colleges within a 22-mile (35 km) radius from Santa Monica include Santa Monica College, Antioch University Los Angeles, Loyola Marymount University, Mount St. Mary's College, Pepperdine University, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Los Angeles, UCLA, USC, West Los Angeles College, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Occidental College (Oxy), Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Valley College, and Emperor's College of Traditional Oriental Medicine."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Howard University College of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The Howard University College of Medicine (HUCM) is an academic division of Howard University, and grants the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Ph.D., MS, and the MPH. HUCM is located at the Howard University Health Sciences Center in Washington, D.C., and was founded in 1868 in response to the city's growing population. With more than 4,000 living alumni, the College has produced a sizeable share of the African-American physicians practicing in this country."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania State University (commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU) is a state - related, land - grant, doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Founded in 1855, the university has a stated threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery. Its University Park campus, the flagship campus, lies within the Borough of State College and College Township. It has two law schools: Penn State Law, on the school's University Park campus, and Dickinson Law, located in Carlisle, 90 miles south of State College. The College of Medicine is located in Hershey. Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state. Penn State has been labeled one of the ``Public Ivies, ''a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "When C\u00e9loron's expedition arrived at Logstown, the Native Americans in the area informed C\u00e9loron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. C\u00e9loron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as \"Old Briton\". C\u00e9loron threatened \"Old Briton\" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British. \"Old Briton\" ignored the warning. Disappointed, C\u00e9loron returned to Montreal in November 1749."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "1689 Boston revolt", "paragraph_text": "In the early 1680s, King Charles II of England began taking steps to reorganize the colonies of New England.  The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was revoked in 1684 after its leaders refused to act on his demands for reforms in the colony, when Charles sought to streamline the administration of the colonies and bring them more closely under crown control. He died in 1685 but his successor continued the efforts, Roman Catholic James II, culminating in his creation of the Dominion of New England. He appointed former New York governor Sir Edmund Andros as dominion governor in 1686. The dominion was composed of the territories of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. In 1688, its jurisdiction was expanded to include New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey.Andros's rule was extremely unpopular in New England. He disregarded local representation, denied the validity of existing land titles in Massachusetts (which had been dependent on the old charter), restricted town meetings, and forced the Church of England into largely Puritan regions.  He also enforced the Navigation Acts which threatened the existence of certain trading practices of New England. The royal troops stationed in Boston were often mistreated by their officers, who were supporters of the governor and often either Anglican or Roman Catholic."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oriel College, Oxford", "paragraph_text": "Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title formerly claimed by University College, whose claim of being founded by King Alfred is no longer promoted). In recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been known as King's College and King's Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (since 1952, Elizabeth II) is the official Visitor of the College."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}], "question": "When did the founders of the school related with Nicholas Kristof arrive in the place where trading practices were threatened?"}
{"id": "4hop3__122246_37759_687329_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Emory Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Emory Kristof (born November 19, 1942) is an American photographer. His work has been published in \"National Geographic Magazine\" and elsewhere."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cullinane College", "paragraph_text": "Cullinane College is an integrated, Co-Educational Secondary school in Wanganui, New Zealand for students in Year 9 to Year 13. Cullinane College was founded in 2003, through the combining of Sacred Heart College (founded in 1880 and operated by the Sisters of St Joseph of Nazareth) and St Augustines College (founded in 1944 and operated by the priests and brothers of the Society of Mary). The college is named after: Sister Vincent Cullinane RSJ and Sister Cuthbert Cullinane RSJ (both important teachers at Sacred Heart College); Father John Cullinane SM (an important teacher at St Augustine's College); and Bishop Peter James Cullinane, first Bishop of Palmerston North (1980-2012). The Bishop of Palmerston North is the proprietor of the college."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Joseph Montgomery", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Montgomery attended the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and graduated in 1755. After a brief time as a school master, he began the study of theology. In 1760 he earned an A.M. degree from the College of Philadelphia (now part of the University of Pennsylvania) and began a ministerial career, serving at several churches in Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Joseph Cummings", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Cummings (March 3, 1817 \u2013 May 7, 1890) was the president of Wesleyan University from 1857-1875, president of Northwestern University from 1881-1890, and had been president of the predecessor of Syracuse University (Genesee College) from 1854 to 1857."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania State University (commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU) is a state - related, land - grant, doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Founded in 1855, the university has a stated threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery. Its University Park campus, the flagship campus, lies within the Borough of State College and College Township. It has two law schools: Penn State Law, on the school's University Park campus, and Dickinson Law, located in Carlisle, 90 miles south of State College. The College of Medicine is located in Hershey. Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state. Penn State has been labeled one of the ``Public Ivies, ''a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Drake University Campus Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Drake University Campus Historic District is located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The historic district contains six buildings. Five of the buildings are collegiate buildings on the Drake University campus and one is a church. The period of significance is from when the university was founded in 1881 to the end of the presidency of Hill M. Bell in 1918. The historic district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1988. It is part of the \"Drake University and Related Properties in Des Moines, Iowa, 1881\u20141918 MPS\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Missouri Western State University", "paragraph_text": "Missouri Western State University was founded in 1915 as a two-year institution called St. Joseph Junior College and held courses in the original location of Central High School at 13th and Patee. In 1933 when Central High School moved to its current location the junior college relocated to the Robidoux Polytechnic High School building at 10th Street between Edmond and Charles. In 1917 it adopted the Griffon as its mascot."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New College of California", "paragraph_text": "New College of California was a college founded in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1971 by former Gonzaga University President, Father John Leary. It ceased operations in early 2008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Joseph Deiss", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Deiss studied economics and social sciences for his first degree at the University of Fribourg. He continued to complete a doctorate at the same university after which he spent some time doing research at King's College at the University of Cambridge."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Joseph O'Rourke (professor)", "paragraph_text": "Joseph O'Rourke is the Olin Professor of Computer Science at Smith College and the founding chair of the Smith computer science department. His main research interest is computational geometry."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cindy Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Cindy Griffin (born July 11, 1969) is an American college basketball coach, currently women's head coach at her alma mater, Saint Joseph's University. She was previously head coach at Loyola University in Maryland and was also an assistant at Vanderbilt."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Steven Lamy", "paragraph_text": "Steven Lamy is a professor of international relations and a Vice Dean for the USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences at the University of Southern California. He is also a past Director of the University of Southern California School of International Relations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Loyola Marymount University", "paragraph_text": "Loyola Marymount University traces its history through Loyola College, founded in 1917 as the successor to St. Vincent's College which was founded in 1865, and Marymount College, founded in 1933 with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Joseph Turney", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Turney was born March 19, 1825 in New England. His parents moved to Cleveland, Ohio in 1834. He first was a blacksmith, and later worked in railroads and banking. In 1865 and 1867 he was elected Treasurer of Cuyahoga county. In 1879 and again in 1881, he was elected on the Republican ticket as Treasurer of Ohio. Afterward, he returned to Cleveland, where he died several years later."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Saint Joseph College and Mother Seton Shrine", "paragraph_text": "Saint Joseph College and Mother Seton Shrine are two closely related campuses in Emmitsburg, Maryland, United States. It forms a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976."}], "question": "When did the founders of the college related with Nicholas Kristof arrive in the birthplace of Joseph Turney?"}
{"id": "4hop3__122246_37759_5844_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was \"tavern\", until the 1970s when the term \"bar\" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was \"public house\" as in England but \"pub culture\" did not spread to Canada. A fake \"English looking\" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, like regular bars. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central to student life, as it would be bad form just to serve alcohol to students without providing some type of basic food. Often these pubs are run by the student's union. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. There are now pubs in the large cities of Canada that cater to anyone interested in a \"pub\" type drinking environment.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A pub /p\u028cb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Coppin State University", "paragraph_text": "Coppin State University is a public historically black university located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is part of the University System of Maryland. The University is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Walter P. Reuther Library", "paragraph_text": "The Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, located on the campus of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, contains millions of primary source documents related to the labor history of the United States, urban affairs, and the Wayne State University Archives. The building is named for UAW President and Congress of Industrial Organizations President Walter Reuther."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "UCL Jill Dando Institute", "paragraph_text": "The UCL Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science (informally the Jill Dando Institute or the JDI) is an institute of crime science located in London, United Kingdom and a part of University College London (UCL). It was founded in 2001, becoming the first university institute in the world devoted specifically to crime science."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Wheeler-Thanhauser Orchid Collection and Species Bank", "paragraph_text": "The Wheeler-Thanhauser Orchid Collection and Species Bank is located within Christy Woods, an 18-acre (73,000 m\u00b2) property located on the southwest corner of the Ball State University campus in Muncie, Indiana, United States. The orchid collection is the largest college maintained collection in the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Green (Dartmouth College)", "paragraph_text": "The Green (formally the College Green) is a grass-covered field and common space at the center of Dartmouth College, an Ivy League university located in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. It was among the first parcels of land obtained by the College upon its founding in 1769, and is the only creation of the 18th century remaining at the center of the campus. After being cleared of pine trees, it initially served as a pasture and later as an athletic field for College sporting events. Today, it is a central location for rallies, celebrations, and demonstrations, and serves as a general, all-purpose recreation area. The College describes the Green as \"historic\" and as the \"emotional center\" of the institution."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oviatt Library", "paragraph_text": "The Delmar T. Oviatt Library serves the California State University, Northridge (CSUN) campus, located in Northridge in the northern San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, California. The library is named for Delmar T. Oviatt, instrumental in the founding of San Fernando Valley State College, CSUN's predecessor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "West Visayas State University", "paragraph_text": "West Visayas State University (informally referred to as West or WVSU) is a public normal research university (a university system) located in Western Visayas region of the Philippines with its main campus in La Paz, Iloilo City. It was established formally in 1924 as Iloilo Normal School under the Philippine normal school system during the American colonial period in the Philippines under the tutelage of the Thomasites, but it dates back its founding 22 years later when the university's College of Education was founded in 1902. It later became West Visayas State College in 1965 and became a university and changed its name to West Visayas State University in 1986."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Donald, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Donald is an unincorporated community in Nicholas County, West Virginia, United States. Donald is located by Richwood Municipal Airport east of Summersville."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oriel College, Oxford", "paragraph_text": "Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title formerly claimed by University College, whose claim of being founded by King Alfred is no longer promoted). In recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been known as King's College and King's Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (since 1952, Elizabeth II) is the official Visitor of the College."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Neuberger Museum of Art", "paragraph_text": "Neuberger Museum of Art is located in Purchase, New York, United States. It is affiliated with Purchase College, part of the State University of New York system. It is the nation's tenth-largest university museum."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Persinger, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Persinger is an unincorporated community in Nicholas County, West Virginia, United States. Persinger is located on West Virginia Route 41 northeast of Summersville."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "University of Tasmania", "paragraph_text": "The University of Tasmania (UTAS) is a public research university and property developer, primarily located in Tasmania, Australia. Founded in 1890, it is Australia's fourth oldest university. Christ College, one of the university's residential colleges, was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country. The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state. Rose State College is located east of Oklahoma City in suburban Midwest City. Oklahoma State University\u2013Oklahoma City is located in the \"Furniture District\" on the Westside. Northeast of the city is Langston University, the state's historically black college (HBCU). Langston also has an urban campus in the eastside section of the city. Southern Nazarene University, which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene, is a university located in suburban Bethany, which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania State University (commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU) is a state - related, land - grant, doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Founded in 1855, the university has a stated threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery. Its University Park campus, the flagship campus, lies within the Borough of State College and College Township. It has two law schools: Penn State Law, on the school's University Park campus, and Dickinson Law, located in Carlisle, 90 miles south of State College. The College of Medicine is located in Hershey. Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state. Penn State has been labeled one of the ``Public Ivies, ''a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "College of William & Mary", "paragraph_text": "The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially the College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second - oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University."}], "question": "When did the founders of the school related with Nicholas Kristof arrive in the place where pubs are located in the United States?"}
{"id": "4hop3__122246_37759_49236_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state. Rose State College is located east of Oklahoma City in suburban Midwest City. Oklahoma State University\u2013Oklahoma City is located in the \"Furniture District\" on the Westside. Northeast of the city is Langston University, the state's historically black college (HBCU). Langston also has an urban campus in the eastside section of the city. Southern Nazarene University, which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene, is a university located in suburban Bethany, which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Engleby", "paragraph_text": "Engleby is a novel by the author Sebastian Faulks. It tells the tale of a working-class boy who wins a place at an esteemed university and becomes a suspect in a murder investigation after the disappearance of a girl from a nearby college."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "In the near future, fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution. With this chaos in place, the totalitarian, Christian theonomic government of ``Gilead ''establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war. Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new, militarized, hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes, in which women are brutally subjugated, and by law are not allowed to work, own property, handle money, or read. Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead, called handmaids, according to an`` extremist interpretation'' of a Biblical account. They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite, where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "West Visayas State University", "paragraph_text": "West Visayas State University (informally referred to as West or WVSU) is a public normal research university (a university system) located in Western Visayas region of the Philippines with its main campus in La Paz, Iloilo City. It was established formally in 1924 as Iloilo Normal School under the Philippine normal school system during the American colonial period in the Philippines under the tutelage of the Thomasites, but it dates back its founding 22 years later when the university's College of Education was founded in 1902. It later became West Visayas State College in 1965 and became a university and changed its name to West Visayas State University in 1986."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is an American web television series created by Bruce Miller, based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016. The plot follows a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War where women, called ``Handmaids '', are forced into sexual and child - bearing servitude."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "University of Montana Western", "paragraph_text": "The University of Montana Western (UMW) is a public university located in Dillon, Montana, United States. It is affiliated with The University of Montana and is part of the Montana University System. The school was founded in 1893 as Montana State Normal School. The college was founded as a center for training teachers. It was formerly known as Western Montana College before becoming part of the Montana University System in 2000. Enrollment of full-time, degree seeking students as of Fall 2018 was 1,221 students."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gilead, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Gilead is a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States. Upon incorporation in 1804, it was named for the large quantity of Balm of Gilead trees in the town center. The population was 209 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government, the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (``The Merchant's Tale '',`` The Parson's Tale'', etc.)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Howard University College of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The Howard University College of Medicine (HUCM) is an academic division of Howard University, and grants the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Ph.D., MS, and the MPH. HUCM is located at the Howard University Health Sciences Center in Washington, D.C., and was founded in 1868 in response to the city's growing population. With more than 4,000 living alumni, the College has produced a sizeable share of the African-American physicians practicing in this country."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Puritan Passions", "paragraph_text": "Puritan Passions is a 1923 silent film directed by Frank Tuttle, based on Percy MacKaye's 1908 play \"The Scarecrow\", which was itself based on Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story \"Feathertop\". The film stars Glenn Hunter, Mary Astor, and stage actor Osgood Perkins. It follows the play faithfully, except that Osgood Perkins' character is called Dickon in the play and Dr. Nicholas in the movie, and Justice Gilead Merton is renamed Justice Gilead Wingate in the film. It is the only theatrical film version \u2013 so far \u2013 of Percy MacKaye's play, though there were previously two silent film versions of Hawthorne's original story."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Steven Lamy", "paragraph_text": "Steven Lamy is a professor of international relations and a Vice Dean for the USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences at the University of Southern California. He is also a past Director of the University of Southern California School of International Relations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Loyola Marymount University", "paragraph_text": "Loyola Marymount University traces its history through Loyola College, founded in 1917 as the successor to St. Vincent's College which was founded in 1865, and Marymount College, founded in 1933 with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. The book was originally published in 1985. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, for whom they serve."}], "question": "When did the founders of the school related with Nicholas Kristof arrive in the place where Gilead is located in The Handmaid's Tale?"}
{"id": "4hop3__122246_37759_6989_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Joseph Montgomery", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Montgomery attended the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and graduated in 1755. After a brief time as a school master, he began the study of theology. In 1760 he earned an A.M. degree from the College of Philadelphia (now part of the University of Pennsylvania) and began a ministerial career, serving at several churches in Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Loyola Marymount University", "paragraph_text": "Loyola Marymount University traces its history through Loyola College, founded in 1917 as the successor to St. Vincent's College which was founded in 1865, and Marymount College, founded in 1933 with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Paolo Manalo", "paragraph_text": "Paolo Manalo is a Filipino poet who teaches at the College of Arts and Letters, University of the Philippines. For a time he served as the literary editor of the Philippines Free Press."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Oriel College, Oxford", "paragraph_text": "Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title formerly claimed by University College, whose claim of being founded by King Alfred is no longer promoted). In recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been known as King's College and King's Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (since 1952, Elizabeth II) is the official Visitor of the College."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Herman Churchill", "paragraph_text": "Herman Churchill (1869\u20131941) was an American historian and college professor. He served as the founding chairman of the History Department of Rhode Island State College, and was the namesake of the \"Herman Churchill Award for Excellence in History\" given annually to the top honors history student at the University of Rhode Island."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania State University (commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU) is a state - related, land - grant, doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Founded in 1855, the university has a stated threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery. Its University Park campus, the flagship campus, lies within the Borough of State College and College Township. It has two law schools: Penn State Law, on the school's University Park campus, and Dickinson Law, located in Carlisle, 90 miles south of State College. The College of Medicine is located in Hershey. Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state. Penn State has been labeled one of the ``Public Ivies, ''a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state. Rose State College is located east of Oklahoma City in suburban Midwest City. Oklahoma State University\u2013Oklahoma City is located in the \"Furniture District\" on the Westside. Northeast of the city is Langston University, the state's historically black college (HBCU). Langston also has an urban campus in the eastside section of the city. Southern Nazarene University, which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene, is a university located in suburban Bethany, which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Steven Lamy", "paragraph_text": "Steven Lamy is a professor of international relations and a Vice Dean for the USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences at the University of Southern California. He is also a past Director of the University of Southern California School of International Relations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "West Visayas State University", "paragraph_text": "West Visayas State University (informally referred to as West or WVSU) is a public normal research university (a university system) located in Western Visayas region of the Philippines with its main campus in La Paz, Iloilo City. It was established formally in 1924 as Iloilo Normal School under the Philippine normal school system during the American colonial period in the Philippines under the tutelage of the Thomasites, but it dates back its founding 22 years later when the university's College of Education was founded in 1902. It later became West Visayas State College in 1965 and became a university and changed its name to West Visayas State University in 1986."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rainbow Six (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Rainbow Six is a techno-thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and released on August 3, 1998. It is the second book to primarily focus on John Clark, one of the recurring characters in the Jack Ryan universe, after \"Without Remorse\" (1993). \"Rainbow Six\" also features his son-in-law Domingo \"Ding\" Chavez, and explores the adventures of a multinational counter-terrorism unit that they formed, codenamed as \"Rainbow\". The title refers to Clark's title as commander of Rainbow. The book debuted at number one on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list, and has since been adapted into a series of video games."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Emory University School of Medicine", "paragraph_text": "The Emory University School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of Emory University and a component of Emory\u2019s Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center. Formerly the Atlanta College for Physicians and Surgeons, it is located on the university's main campus in the Druid Hills neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. The medical school offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, Masters programs in Anesthesiology and Genetic Counseling, degrees in Physical Therapy and Physician Assistant training, joint degree programs with other Emory graduate divisions, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education. Emory University School of Medicine traces its origins back to 1915 when the Atlanta Medical College (founded 1854), the Southern Medical College (1878), and the Atlanta School of Medicine (founded 1905) merged."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oviatt Library", "paragraph_text": "The Delmar T. Oviatt Library serves the California State University, Northridge (CSUN) campus, located in Northridge in the northern San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, California. The library is named for Delmar T. Oviatt, instrumental in the founding of San Fernando Valley State College, CSUN's predecessor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "University of Tasmania", "paragraph_text": "The University of Tasmania (UTAS) is a public research university and property developer, primarily located in Tasmania, Australia. Founded in 1890, it is Australia's fourth oldest university. Christ College, one of the university's residential colleges, was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country. The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Emmanuel Christian Seminary", "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Christian Seminary (formerly Emmanuel School of Religion) is the graduate theological seminary of Milligan College. The school is located near Johnson City, Tennessee, United States in Elizabethton, Tennessee city limits and in the community of Milligan. The seminary was founded in 1965 as an freestanding institution, though closely related to Milligan College, but became one of the graduate schools of the college in July 2015. It was founded by church leaders and scholars within the Christian churches and churches of Christ and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) who recognized the need for a seminary rooted in the heritage of the Stone-Campbell wing of the Reformed tradition while still engaging in theological preparation for ministers. The seminary's campus is located on a hill overlooking the Appalachian Mountains of northeast Tennessee."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "University of Montana Western", "paragraph_text": "The University of Montana Western (UMW) is a public university located in Dillon, Montana, United States. It is affiliated with The University of Montana and is part of the Montana University System. The school was founded in 1893 as Montana State Normal School. The college was founded as a center for training teachers. It was formerly known as Western Montana College before becoming part of the Montana University System in 2000. Enrollment of full-time, degree seeking students as of Fall 2018 was 1,221 students."}], "question": "When did the founders of the school related to Nicholas Kristof arrive in the place served by the Rainbow Times?"}
{"id": "4hop3__122246_37759_68802_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Aquhorthies College", "paragraph_text": "Aquhorthies College or Aquhorthies House, located between Blairdaff and Inverurie in Aberdeenshire, was a Roman Catholic seminary in Scotland from 1799 to 1829. At the time it was the only Catholic seminary in the east of Scotland. The house still stands, it is a Category A listed building and is very close to the Easter Aquhorthies stone circle."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Glen Tonche", "paragraph_text": "The estate's house was built in 1928 as the summer family compound of American businessman Raymond Pitcairn, whose family founded PPG Industries."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Judah Waten", "paragraph_text": "Born in Odessa to a Russian-Jewish family, Judah Waten arrived in Western Australia in 1914. He attended Christian Brothers' College, Perth and, moving to Melbourne in 1926, University High School, Melbourne. He joined the Communist Party of Australia while still at school. Between 1931 and 1933, he visited Europe, became engaged in left-wing political activities in England, and spent three months in Wormwood Scrubs Prison."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nicholas Carriger Estate", "paragraph_text": "The Nicholas Carriger Estate (16-acre) is a collection of buildings located in Sonoma, California, United States. The estate consists of three buildings: the main house built in 1847, a small house, which is a replica of the main house, built in 1860, and a winery, built in 1875. The main house and the Little Carriger house fall in the architectural Greek revival style. There also is a locally quarried \"candy rock\" stone small building next to the main house that may have been used as an ice house. The everflowing Yulupa Spring, which supplied water to the houses and is still flowing, is a short walk along a hillside pathway from the main house. In 1979 the estate was designated a California Historical Landmark, and in 2001, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "University of Montana Western", "paragraph_text": "The University of Montana Western (UMW) is a public university located in Dillon, Montana, United States. It is affiliated with The University of Montana and is part of the Montana University System. The school was founded in 1893 as Montana State Normal School. The college was founded as a center for training teachers. It was formerly known as Western Montana College before becoming part of the Montana University System in 2000. Enrollment of full-time, degree seeking students as of Fall 2018 was 1,221 students."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sallah Shabati", "paragraph_text": "The film begins with Sallah Shabati, a Mizrahi Jewish immigrant, arriving in Israel with his family. Upon arrival he is brought to live in a \"ma'abara\", or transit camp. He is given a broken-down, one-room shack in which to live with his family and spends the rest of the movie attempting to make enough money to purchase adequate housing. His money-making schemes are often comical and frequently satirize the political and social stereotypes in Israel of the time."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Schelf Church", "paragraph_text": "The Schelf Church of St. Nicholas () is an Evangelical Lutheran church dedicated to Saint Nicholas in the Schelfstadt quarter of Schwerin in Germany. The church is owned and used by a congregation within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany. It was originally built in 1238, but was rebuilt in 1713 in the Baroque style after destruction by a storm. It is the family burial place of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, including Sophia Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "University of Tasmania", "paragraph_text": "The University of Tasmania (UTAS) is a public research university and property developer, primarily located in Tasmania, Australia. Founded in 1890, it is Australia's fourth oldest university. Christ College, one of the university's residential colleges, was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country. The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Family Stone", "paragraph_text": "The plot follows the Christmas holiday misadventures of the Stone family in a small New England town when the eldest son, played by Mulroney, brings his uptight girlfriend (played by Parker) home with the intention of proposing to her with a cherished heirloom ring. Overwhelmed by the hostile reception, she begs her sister to join her for emotional support, triggering further complications."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Emory Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Emory Kristof (born November 19, 1942) is an American photographer. His work has been published in \"National Geographic Magazine\" and elsewhere."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sisters of Mercy", "paragraph_text": "In May 1842, at the request of Bishop Fleming, a small colony of Sisters of Mercy crossed the Atlantic to found the congregation at St. John's, Newfoundland. In December 1843 Sr Frances Warde led the first group of Sisters to The United States, beginning in Pittsburgh. The sisters arrived in Perth, Australia in 1846, and in 18t0, a band from Carlow arrived in New Zealand. Sisters from Limerick opened a house in Glasgow in 1849, and in 1868 the English community established a house in Guernsey."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Emmanuel Christian Seminary", "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Christian Seminary (formerly Emmanuel School of Religion) is the graduate theological seminary of Milligan College. The school is located near Johnson City, Tennessee, United States in Elizabethton, Tennessee city limits and in the community of Milligan. The seminary was founded in 1965 as an freestanding institution, though closely related to Milligan College, but became one of the graduate schools of the college in July 2015. It was founded by church leaders and scholars within the Christian churches and churches of Christ and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) who recognized the need for a seminary rooted in the heritage of the Stone-Campbell wing of the Reformed tradition while still engaging in theological preparation for ministers. The seminary's campus is located on a hill overlooking the Appalachian Mountains of northeast Tennessee."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the first stone. In 1907, Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter, and soon joined the University of London, with a focus on science and technology. The college has expanded its coursework to medicine through mergers with St Mary's Hospital. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School. Imperial became an independent university from the University of London during its one hundred year anniversary."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wismer Commons, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Wismer Commons is a residential area of Markham, Ontario, Canada north of 16th Avenue,west of Highway 48 and east of McCowan Road. Wismer Commons is named after the Wismer Family, one of the founding pioneer families of Markham, Ontario. The family of David Wismer, originally from Germany and subsequently Pennsylvania, arrived in Markham Township in 1806."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sanguine Productions", "paragraph_text": "Sanguine Productions Ltd. is a role-playing game production house founded in 1997. Their games include \"Ironclaw\", \"Jadeclaw\", \"Albedo: Platinum Catalyst\", \"Usagi Yojimbo Role-Playing Game\", and \"Noggle Stones Role-Playing Game\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Loyola Marymount University", "paragraph_text": "Loyola Marymount University traces its history through Loyola College, founded in 1917 as the successor to St. Vincent's College which was founded in 1865, and Marymount College, founded in 1933 with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923."}], "question": "When did the people who founded the college related with Nicholas Kristof arrive in the area where the house from family stone is located?"}
{"id": "4hop3__122246_37759_61965_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves", "paragraph_text": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film. The film, an iteration of the legendary English folk tale, was directed by Kevin Reynolds. The film's principal cast includes Kevin Costner as Robin Hood, Morgan Freeman as Azeem, Christian Slater as Will Scarlet, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, and Alan Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Steven Lamy", "paragraph_text": "Steven Lamy is a professor of international relations and a Vice Dean for the USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences at the University of Southern California. He is also a past Director of the University of Southern California School of International Relations."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "University of Montana Western", "paragraph_text": "The University of Montana Western (UMW) is a public university located in Dillon, Montana, United States. It is affiliated with The University of Montana and is part of the Montana University System. The school was founded in 1893 as Montana State Normal School. The college was founded as a center for training teachers. It was formerly known as Western Montana College before becoming part of the Montana University System in 2000. Enrollment of full-time, degree seeking students as of Fall 2018 was 1,221 students."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Km. 0", "paragraph_text": "Km. 0 is a 2000 film from Spain that tells several intertwining tales of mistaken identity and coincidental meetings (that may not be coincidental) that take place near the Kilometre Zero marker in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Little Red Cap (poem)", "paragraph_text": "\"The Little Red Cap\" is a poem by Carol Ann Duffy published by Picador as a part of her 1999 collection of poetry titled \"The World's Wife\". The book consists of poems that are based on old stories and tales in which she reshapes in terms of modern day culture. Duffy is known for her trait to take previous stories, tales, etc. and change them into her own \"What you can do as a poet is take on a story and make it new\" she once said to Barry Wood in an interview. Duffy's Little Red Cap is great model of her style of poetry in the collection. \"The World's Wife\" was created based on stories of heroes that were an inspiration to her. Duffy also believed that these tales and stories did not interpret the truth. Duffy's belief in feminist literary criticism is apparent as she believed that in order to find the truth, the female character was to be dominant. Most of Duffy's poetry has feminist interest. She found that the original Little Red Cap fairy tale was an example of feminism in both fairy tales and English literature. She then found a personal connection within the original story line to help form a dominant female character in her writing."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Journal of Communication Management", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Communication Management is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering public relations and published by Emerald Group Publishing. It was established in 1996. The journal is abstracted and indexed in PsycINFO and Scopus. It is a partner of the European Public Relations Education and Research Association and is the preferred publishing partner of the Chartered Institute of Public Relations. The editor-in-chief since 2016 is Jesper Falkheimer (Lund University), taking over from Anne Gregory (Leeds Metropolitan University)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania State University (commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU) is a state - related, land - grant, doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Founded in 1855, the university has a stated threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery. Its University Park campus, the flagship campus, lies within the Borough of State College and College Township. It has two law schools: Penn State Law, on the school's University Park campus, and Dickinson Law, located in Carlisle, 90 miles south of State College. The College of Medicine is located in Hershey. Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state. Penn State has been labeled one of the ``Public Ivies, ''a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, originally published in 1985. It is set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Emory Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Emory Kristof (born November 19, 1942) is an American photographer. His work has been published in \"National Geographic Magazine\" and elsewhere."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nicholas Bussmann", "paragraph_text": "He is a founder of the Love Song Competition which takes place every year in Berlin. Nicholas Bussmann has collaborated with Toshimaru Nakamura (Alles 3) and Martin Brandlmayr (Kapital band 1) amongst others."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Loyola Marymount University", "paragraph_text": "Loyola Marymount University traces its history through Loyola College, founded in 1917 as the successor to St. Vincent's College which was founded in 1865, and Marymount College, founded in 1933 with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Drake University Campus Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Drake University Campus Historic District is located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The historic district contains six buildings. Five of the buildings are collegiate buildings on the Drake University campus and one is a church. The period of significance is from when the university was founded in 1881 to the end of the presidency of Hill M. Bell in 1918. The historic district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1988. It is part of the \"Drake University and Related Properties in Des Moines, Iowa, 1881\u20141918 MPS\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Last Crossing", "paragraph_text": "A rethinking of the genre of the \"western\", \"The Last Crossing\" is a tale of interwoven lives and stories taking place in the last half of the 19th century, travelling from England to the United States and the Canadian west."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Engleby", "paragraph_text": "Engleby is a novel by the author Sebastian Faulks. It tells the tale of a working-class boy who wins a place at an esteemed university and becomes a suspect in a murder investigation after the disappearance of a girl from a nearby college."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New York Indian Film Festival", "paragraph_text": "The New York Indian Film Festival (NYIFF) is an annual film festival that takes place in New York City, and screens films relating to India, the Indian Diaspora, and the work of Indian filmmakers. The festival began in November 2001 and was founded by Aroon Shivdasani and the Indo-American Arts Council. About 40 films are screened, including features films, shorts, documentaries, and animated films."}], "question": "When did the group that founded the alma mater of Nicholas Kristof arrive where the The Handmaid's Tale is now set?"}
{"id": "4hop3__122246_37759_80070_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Loyola Marymount University", "paragraph_text": "Loyola Marymount University traces its history through Loyola College, founded in 1917 as the successor to St. Vincent's College which was founded in 1865, and Marymount College, founded in 1933 with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "University of Tasmania", "paragraph_text": "The University of Tasmania (UTAS) is a public research university and property developer, primarily located in Tasmania, Australia. Founded in 1890, it is Australia's fourth oldest university. Christ College, one of the university's residential colleges, was founded in 1846 and is the oldest tertiary institution in the country. The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ohrid Swimming Marathon", "paragraph_text": "The Ohrid Swimming Marathon (Macedonian: \u041e\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043d, \"Ohridski Pliva\u010dki Maraton\") is an international Open water swimming competition, established in always taking place in the waters of the Ohrid Lake, Republic of Macedonia. The swimmers are supposed to swim 30\u00a0km from Sveti Naum to the Ohrid harbor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Engleby", "paragraph_text": "Engleby is a novel by the author Sebastian Faulks. It tells the tale of a working-class boy who wins a place at an esteemed university and becomes a suspect in a murder investigation after the disappearance of a girl from a nearby college."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Steven Lamy", "paragraph_text": "Steven Lamy is a professor of international relations and a Vice Dean for the USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences at the University of Southern California. He is also a past Director of the University of Southern California School of International Relations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government, the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (``The Merchant's Tale '',`` The Parson's Tale'', etc.)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Browne (academic)", "paragraph_text": "In 1753, as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University, Browne chose the design for the Oxford Almanack. This included King Alfred, the supposed founder of University College at the time, in front of the Radcliffe Quad, University College's second quadrangle."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nicholas Tate", "paragraph_text": "Dr Nicholas Tate is a historian who was educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and at the universities of Bristol and Liverpool and until July 2011 was the Director-General of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland. Dr Tate is known to be vocal in his education philosophy and is a fierce critic of undue reliance on standardised testing."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, originally published in 1985. It is set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy, which has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Better Call Saul (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The first and second seasons mainly took place in 2002, with season three advancing the storyline to 2003. The fourth season also takes place mainly in 2003, with the last three episodes taking place in 2004. In season four, Jimmy (Bob Odenkirk) and Kim (Rhea Seehorn) struggle to cope with Chuck's (Michael McKean) death. Howard Hamlin (Patrick Fabian) believes that his decision to force Chuck out of HHM led to Chuck's death, and suffers with depression and disengagement from work. Mike (Jonathan Banks) performs security inspections at Madrigal, disregarding the fact that his consulting contract was supposed to be only a paper transaction. Gus (Giancarlo Esposito) has his suspicions about Nacho (Michael Mando) after Hector's (Mark Margolis) stroke. Nacho becomes a mole for Gus inside the Salamanca organization. Gus hires an engineer and construction crew to begin construction of the meth ``superlab ''under the industrial laundry. Lalo Salamanca (Tony Dalton) arrives to begin running the family's drug business."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Km. 0", "paragraph_text": "Km. 0 is a 2000 film from Spain that tells several intertwining tales of mistaken identity and coincidental meetings (that may not be coincidental) that take place near the Kilometre Zero marker in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nicholas Bussmann", "paragraph_text": "He is a founder of the Love Song Competition which takes place every year in Berlin. Nicholas Bussmann has collaborated with Toshimaru Nakamura (Alles 3) and Martin Brandlmayr (Kapital band 1) amongst others."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Iliad", "paragraph_text": "Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' imminent death and the fall of Troy, although the narrative ends before these events take place. However, as these events are prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, when it reaches an end the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War."}], "question": "When did the group that founded the university related with Nicholas Kristof arrive in the location where the Handmaid's Tale takes place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__157807_19788_91191_156667", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Red-bellied black snake", "paragraph_text": "The red - bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a species of elapid snake native to eastern Australia. Though its venom is capable of causing significant morbidity, a bite from it is not generally fatal and is less venomous than other Australian elapid snakes. It is common in woodlands, forests and swamplands of eastern Australia. It is one of Australia's best - known snakes, as it is common in urban areas along the eastern coast of Australia. It has an average total length (including tail) of 1.5 to 2 metres (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 10% of the country's population belong to the Christian community, and 40% continue to hold Indigenous beliefs. These statistics can be misleading, however, as many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their practices with traditional African beliefs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tentacled snake", "paragraph_text": "The tentacled snake or tentacle snake (Erpeton tentaculatum), is a rear-fanged aquatic snake native to South-East Asia. It is the only species of its genus, Erpeton, and the two tentacles on its snout are a unique feature among snakes. The method it uses to catch fish has recently been a subject of research."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first amendment to the US Constitution states ``Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ''The two parts, known as the`` establishment clause'' and the ``free exercise clause ''respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the`` separation of church and state'' doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church - state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Culture of India", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practice Hinduism. Islam (14.2%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many tribal religions, such as Sarnaism, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Atheism and agnostics also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19\u201320% of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in India comprising around 76% of the population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Alternative proposals for the etymology of *Slov\u011bnin\u044a propounded by some scholars have much less support. Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning \"practicer of a common Slavic religion,\" and from that evolved into an ethnonym. S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos, cognate to Ancient Greek \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc\u03c2 la\u00f3s \"population, people,\" which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. Meanwhile, others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907\u20131986) to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Scud", "paragraph_text": "Scud is the name of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was exported widely to both Second and Third World countries. The term comes from the NATO reporting name attached to the missile by Western intelligence agencies. The Russian names for the missile are the R-11 (the first version), and the R-17 (later R-300) Elbrus (later developments). The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one \"true\" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, \"He Who Is\", \"I Am that I Am\", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, \"Al-El\", or \"Al-Elah\" (\"the God\") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Salacca", "paragraph_text": "Salacca is a genus of about 20 species of palms native to Southeast Asia and the eastern Himalayas.They are very short-stemmed palms, with leaves up to 6\u20138 m long. The leaves have a spiny petiole; in most species they are pinnate with numerous leaflets, but some species, notably S. magnifica, have undivided leaves. The fruit grow in clusters at the base of the plants, and are edible in many species, with a reddish-brown scaly skin covering a white pulp and one to two large inedible seeds. The Salak (S. zalacca) or snake fruit is the species most widely grown for its fruit; the firm white pulp has a slight acidic taste. The skin of the snakefruit has a unique texture not unlike that of a snake's skin, rough to the touch in one direction but smooth in the other."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Faith in Me, Faith in You (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Faith in Me, Faith in You\" is a song written by Trey Bruce and Dave Loggins, and recorded by American country music artist Doug Stone. It was released in February 1995 as the first single and title track from his album \"Faith in Me, Faith in You\". The song reached number 13 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in May 1995."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ali", "paragraph_text": "Ali had four children with Fatimah: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali, born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin), and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was Ali's son from another wife from the Bani Hanifa tribe of central Arabia named Khawlah bint Ja'far, whom Ali had married after Fatimah's death."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Calvin bibliography", "paragraph_text": "At the age of twenty - six, Calvin published the first edition of his Institutes of the Christian Religion (Latin title: Institutio Christianae Religionis), a seminal work in Christian theology that is still read by theological students today. It was published in Latin in 1536 and in his native French in 1541, with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 (Latin) and in 1560 (French). The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some learning already and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty, and it vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism to which Calvin says he had been ``strongly devoted ''before his conversion to Protestantism. The overarching theme of the book -- and Calvin's greatest theological legacy -- is the idea of God's total sovereignty, particularly in salvation and election."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "The name Anabaptist, meaning \"one who baptizes again\", was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics.[aa] While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.[ab] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are diveded into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were John of Leiden, Thomas M\u00fcntzer, Kaspar Schwenkfeld, Sebastian Franck, Menno Simons. Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck, Conrad Grebel, Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the first convert to the faith that is widely practiced in the same region where the tentacle snake is native?"}
{"id": "4hop1__38257_19788_91191_156667", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first amendment to the US Constitution states ``Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ''The two parts, known as the`` establishment clause'' and the ``free exercise clause ''respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the`` separation of church and state'' doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church - state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "S\u00e1nchez", "paragraph_text": "Sanchez S\u00e1nchez is the most common surname in the Spanish provinces of C\u00e1ceres and Salamanca Pronunciation Spanish: ('sant\u0283e\u03b8), in Latin America: (' sant\u0283es) Origin Region of origin Spain Meaning ``Son of Sancho ''Other names Variant (s) Sanches"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "The history of Buddhism spans from the 5th century BCE to the present. Buddhism arose in the eastern part of Ancient India, in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha (now in Bihar, India), and is based on the teachings of Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama. This makes it one of the oldest religions practiced today. The religion evolved as it spread from the northeastern region of the Indian subcontinent through Central, East, and Southeast Asia. At one time or another, it influenced most of the Asian continent. The history of Buddhism is also characterized by the development of numerous movements, schisms, and schools, among them the Therav\u0101da, Mah\u0101y\u0101na and Vajray\u0101na traditions, with contrasting periods of expansion and retreat."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "InfoM\u00e1s", "paragraph_text": "On March 11, 2011, Bright House Networks announced it would merge Bay News 9 and Central Florida News 13's respective Spanish-language news channels into a single regional news channel called InfoM\u00e1s, which would produce regional newscasts focused on the Tampa and Orlando areas with reports and political coverage from both areas; plans also called for the launch of a talk show produced out of News 13's Orlando studios, Spanish language broadcasts of professional baseball and basketball games. The channel formally launched on July 12, 2011. The channel maintained reporters based in both Tampa Bay and Central Florida."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Special Marriage Act, 1954", "paragraph_text": "In 1872 Act III, 1872 was enacted but later it was found inadequate for certain desired reforms, and Parliament enacted a new legislation. Henry Sumner Maine first introduced Act III of 1872, which would permit any dissenters to marry whomever they chose under a new civil marriage law. In the final wording, the law sought to legitimize marriages for those willing to renounce their profession of faith altogether (``I do not profess the Hindu, Christian, Jewish, etc. religion ''). It can apply in inter-caste and inter-religion marriages. Overall, the response from local governments and administrators was that they were unanimously opposed to Maine's Bill and believed the legislation encouraged marriages based on lust, which would inevitably lead to immorality."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hwangnam-ppang", "paragraph_text": "Hwangnam bread (named after its region of origin, Hwangnam-dong), also commonly called Gyeongju bread, is a local specialty of Gyeongju City, South Korea. It is a small pastry with a filling of red bean paste. Gyeongju bread was first baked in 1939 at a bakery in Hwangnam-dong in central Gyeongju."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Knowle West Boy", "paragraph_text": "Knowle West Boy is the seventh studio album by musician and producer Tricky, released by Domino Records on 7 July 2008 in Europe, and 9 September 2008 in North America."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Culture of India", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practice Hinduism. Islam (14.2%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many tribal religions, such as Sarnaism, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Atheism and agnostics also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19\u201320% of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in India comprising around 76% of the population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Stirling engine", "paragraph_text": "Robert Stirling invented the first practical example of a closed cycle air engine in 1816, and it was suggested by Fleeming Jenkin as early as 1884 that all such engines should therefore generically be called Stirling engines. This naming proposal found little favour, and the various types on the market continued to be known by the name of their individual designers or manufacturers, e.g., Rider's, Robinson's, or Heinrici's (hot) air engine. In the 1940s, the Philips company was seeking a suitable name for its own version of the 'air engine', which by that time had been tested with working fluids other than air, and decided upon 'Stirling engine' in April 1945. However, nearly thirty years later, Graham Walker still had cause to bemoan the fact such terms as \"hot air engine\" remained interchangeable with \"Stirling engine\", which itself was applied widely and indiscriminately, a situation that continues."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "In this respect, the counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic, since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they are ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity, though in practice many families compromise. A convert generally follows the practice of the beth din that converted him or her. With the integration of Jews from around the world in Israel, North America, and other places, the religious definition of an Ashkenazi Jew is blurring, especially outside Orthodox Judaism."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying \"Long faces don't win wars\". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Islam by country", "paragraph_text": "About 15% of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa, and sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, Russia, and Europe.Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. Despite the scientific consensus, a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools, especially in the United States."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Political philosophy", "paragraph_text": "Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region. However, the enlightenment was an outright attack on religion, particularly Christianity. The most outspoken critic of the church in France was Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, a representative figure of the enlightenment. After Voltaire, religion would never be the same again in France."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ali", "paragraph_text": "Ali had four children with Fatimah: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali, born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin), and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was Ali's son from another wife from the Bani Hanifa tribe of central Arabia named Khawlah bint Ja'far, whom Ali had married after Fatimah's death."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yellowstone National Park", "paragraph_text": "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone was the first National Park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular features. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion."}], "question": "Who was married to the first convert to a religion widely practiced in the region outside of Central America where Eisenhower applied the domino theory?"}
{"id": "4hop1__157807_19788_91191_16530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Red-bellied black snake", "paragraph_text": "The red - bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a species of elapid snake native to eastern Australia. Though its venom is capable of causing significant morbidity, a bite from it is not generally fatal and is less venomous than other Australian elapid snakes. It is common in woodlands, forests and swamplands of eastern Australia. It is one of Australia's best - known snakes, as it is common in urban areas along the eastern coast of Australia. It has an average total length (including tail) of 1.5 to 2 metres (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tentacled snake", "paragraph_text": "The tentacled snake or tentacle snake (Erpeton tentaculatum), is a rear-fanged aquatic snake native to South-East Asia. It is the only species of its genus, Erpeton, and the two tentacles on its snout are a unique feature among snakes. The method it uses to catch fish has recently been a subject of research."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first amendment to the US Constitution states ``Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ''The two parts, known as the`` establishment clause'' and the ``free exercise clause ''respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the`` separation of church and state'' doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church - state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang. Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Languages of the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called ``Thomasites '') who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to`` take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.'' On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President Manuel L. Quez\u00f3n appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages. Their aim was to select a national language among the other regional languages. Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language December 30, 1937, on the basis that it was the most widely spoken and developed local language."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Calvin bibliography", "paragraph_text": "At the age of twenty - six, Calvin published the first edition of his Institutes of the Christian Religion (Latin title: Institutio Christianae Religionis), a seminal work in Christian theology that is still read by theological students today. It was published in Latin in 1536 and in his native French in 1541, with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 (Latin) and in 1560 (French). The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some learning already and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty, and it vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism to which Calvin says he had been ``strongly devoted ''before his conversion to Protestantism. The overarching theme of the book -- and Calvin's greatest theological legacy -- is the idea of God's total sovereignty, particularly in salvation and election."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin. The battle was stopped before either side had achieved victory, and the two parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute. After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator, and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari. Seven months later, in February 658, the two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about 10 miles north west of Maan in Jordon. Amr ibn al-As convinced Abu Musa Ashaari that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali and his supporters were stunned by the decision which had lowered the Caliph to the status of the rebellious Muawiyah I. Ali was therefore outwitted by Muawiyah and Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict and found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters. The most vociferous opponents in Ali's camp were the very same people who had forced Ali into the ceasefire. They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, \"arbitration belongs to God alone.\" This group came to be known as the Kharijites (\"those who leave\"). In 659 Ali's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2011 Census of India", "paragraph_text": "The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015. Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million), while Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India. and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million). According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. For the first time, a ``No religion ''category was added in the 2011 census. 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to`` No Religion'' in India in the 2011 census 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion. Given below is the decade - by - decade religious composition of India until the 2011 census. There are six religions in India that have been awarded ``National Minority ''status - Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis. Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India. As per 2011 census, six major faiths - Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India's 1.21 billion population, while`` other religions, persuasions'' (ORP) count is 8.2 million. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths - 4.957 million - strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million - strong Gond, 506,000 - strong Sari, Donyi - Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate. Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Parliament of the World's Religions", "paragraph_text": "In 1893, the city of Chicago hosted the World Columbian Exposition, an early world's fair. So many people were coming to Chicago from all over the world that many smaller conferences, called Congresses and Parliaments, were scheduled to take advantage of this unprecedented gathering. One of these was the World's Parliament of Religions, an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman (and judge) Charles Carroll Bonney. The Parliament of Religions was by far the largest of the congresses held in conjunction with the Exposition. John Henry Barrows, a clergyman, was appointed as the first chairman of the General Committee of the 1893 Parliament by Charles Bonney."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 10% of the country's population belong to the Christian community, and 40% continue to hold Indigenous beliefs. These statistics can be misleading, however, as many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their practices with traditional African beliefs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, \"Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it.\" Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as \"our beloved sister Church\". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is often referred to as the ``Giant of Africa '', owing to its large population and economy. With 186 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third - largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims, who live mostly in the north. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands."}], "question": "Who was appointed arbitrator by the first convert to the faith of the religion widely practiced in the native country of the tentacle snake?"}
{"id": "4hop1__158139_19788_91191_16530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Demographics of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "In June 2016, New Zealand has an estimated population of 4,693,000, up from the 4,027,947 recorded in the 2006 census. The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010. In M\u0101ori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8. In 2010 the age - standardised mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 (down from 4.8 in 2000) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births. The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2014 - 16 was 83.4 years for females, and 79.9 years for males. Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline. In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent. (The number of people aged 65 and over increased by 22 percent between the 2006 and 2013 censuses.) During early migration in 1858, New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females, but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women, females came to outnumber males in 1971. As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female, with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years and older range."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica) estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A considerable number of Moors and Jews, nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they converted to Catholicism, and afterwards they were known as Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Crist\u00e3os Novos (New Christians or former Jews) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret, as in the case of the secret Jews of Belmonte, who now observe the Jewish faith openly. After 1772 the distinction between Old and New Christians was abolished by decree. Some famous Portuguese New Christians were the mathematician Pedro Nunes and the physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Isabel Bassett Wasson", "paragraph_text": "Isabel Bassett Wasson (January 11, 1897 \u2013 February 21, 1994) was one of the first female petroleum geologists in the United States, the first female ranger at Yellowstone National Park, and also one of the first interpretive rangers (male or female) hired by the National Park Service."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Human sex ratio", "paragraph_text": "In a study around 2002, the natural sex ratio at birth was estimated to be close to 1.06 males / female. Some scholars suggest that countries considered to have significant practices of prenatal sex - selection are those with birth sex ratios of 108 and above (selection against females) and 102 and below (selection against males). This assumption has been questioned by some scholars."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "House finch", "paragraph_text": "The female lays clutches of eggs from February through August, two or more broods per year with 2 to 6 eggs per brood, most commonly 4 or 5. The egg laying usually takes place in the morning, at the rate of one egg per day. The eggs are a pale bluish green with few black spots and a smooth, somewhat glossy surface. In response to mite infestation, which has a more deleterious effect on male chicks than on females, the mother finch may lay eggs containing females first, in order to reduce the length of time male chicks are exposed to mites. This strategy increases the liklihood that representative numbers of both sexes will survive. The female incubates the eggs for 12 to 14 days. Shortly after hatching, she removes the empty eggshells from the nest. The hatchlings are pink with closed eyes and tufts of fluffy down. The female always feeds the young, and the male usually joins in. The young are silent for the first seven or eight days, and subsequently start peeping during feedings. Initially, the mother carries fecal sacs out of the nest, but when the young become older, she no longer carries them all away, allowing droppings to accumulate around the edge of the nest. Before flying, the young often climb into adjacent plants, and usually fledge at about 11 to 19 days after hatching. Dandelion seeds are among the preferred seeds fed to the young. Most birds, even ones with herbivorous leanings as adults, tend to feed their nestlings animal matter in order to give them the protein necessary to grow. House finches are one of the few birds who feed their young only plant matter."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gaye Advert", "paragraph_text": "Gaye Advert (born 29 August 1956), also Gaye Black, is an English punk rock musician, who played bass guitar in the band the Adverts in the late 1970s. She was one of the first female rock stars of the punk rock movement, whom \"The Virgin Encyclopedia of 70s Music\" called the \"first female punk star\". She was \"one of punk\u2019s first female icons\". Dave Thompson wrote that her \"photogenic\" looks, \"panda-eye make-up and omnipresent leather jacket defined the face of female punkdom until well into the next decade\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin. The battle was stopped before either side had achieved victory, and the two parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute. After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator, and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari. Seven months later, in February 658, the two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about 10 miles north west of Maan in Jordon. Amr ibn al-As convinced Abu Musa Ashaari that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali and his supporters were stunned by the decision which had lowered the Caliph to the status of the rebellious Muawiyah I. Ali was therefore outwitted by Muawiyah and Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict and found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters. The most vociferous opponents in Ali's camp were the very same people who had forced Ali into the ceasefire. They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, \"arbitration belongs to God alone.\" This group came to be known as the Kharijites (\"those who leave\"). In 659 Ali's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mary Ellen Smith", "paragraph_text": "Mary Ellen Spear Smith (October 11, 1861 or 1863 \u2013 May 3, 1933) was a politician in British Columbia, Canada. She was the first female Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, and both the first female cabinet minister and the first female Speaker in the British Empire."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Suicide", "paragraph_text": "In many countries the rate of suicide is highest in the middle-aged or elderly. The absolute number of suicides however is greatest in those between 15 and 29 years old, due to the number of people in this age group.  Worldwide, the average age of suicide is between age 30 and 49 for both men and women. This means that half of people who died by suicide were approximately age 40 or younger, and half were older.In the United States the suicide death rate is greatest in Caucasian men older than 80 years, even though younger people more frequently attempt suicide. It is the second most common cause of death in adolescents and in young males is second only to accidental death. In young males in the developed world, it is the cause of nearly 30% of mortality. In the developing world rates are similar, but it makes up a smaller proportion of overall deaths due to higher rates of death from other types of trauma. In South-East Asia, in contrast to other areas of the world, deaths from suicide occur at a greater rate in young females than elderly females."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Indotyphlops braminus", "paragraph_text": "This species is parthenogenetic and all specimens collected so far have been female. They lay eggs or may bear live young. Up to eight offspring are produced - all female and all genetically identical."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bobelle Sconiers Harrell", "paragraph_text": "She was born in Fort Walton Beach, and was the first female student admitted to the School of Pharmacy at what is today Auburn University, and was then Alabama Polytechnic Institute. She graduated in 1944 at the top of her class with Phi Kappa Phi and Cardinal Key honors. She later became one of the first women licensed to practice pharmacy in Florida. She was also licensed to practice pharmacy in Alabama."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The largest of the university's 24 campuses, University Park is almost entirely within the boundaries of State College borough, a site chosen because it is near the geographic center of the state. With an undergraduate acceptance rate of 23 percent, it is the most selective campus in the Penn State system, due primarily to the fact that students select University Park as their first - choice campus at a far greater rate than the university's other undergraduate campuses. During the fall 2016 semester, 41,359 undergraduate students and 8,955 graduate students were enrolled at University Park. Of those, 46.3 percent were female and 40.5 percent were not Pennsylvania residents."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Penny Harrington", "paragraph_text": "Penny E. Harrington (born March 2, 1942) became the first female chief of the Portland Police Bureau, making her the first female to head a major police department in the United States."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pa\u015fakap\u0131s\u0131 Prison", "paragraph_text": "Pa\u015fakap\u0131s\u0131 Prison is a small prison located in \u00dcsk\u00fcdar district of Istanbul, Turkey. First built in 1799 on orders of the Ottoman sultan Selim III as a hunting palace, the facility was used as a school for nuns between 1918 and 1923. In 1928, it was converted to a prison, which it still is at present day (October 2011). Between 2003 and 2008, it had been exclusively used for housing female prisoners. Today, after female prisoners are moved to another facility in 2008, the building still functions as a prison, allocated, this time, for convicted state employees."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rowena Spencer", "paragraph_text": "Rowena Spencer (July 3, 1922May 13, 2014) was an American physician who specialized in pediatric surgery at a time when it was unusual for a female to become a surgeon. She was the first female surgical intern at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, the first female appointed to the full-time surgery staff at Louisiana State University, and the first female surgeon in Louisiana."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}], "question": "Who was appointed arbitrator by the first convert to the faith that is widely practiced in the region where suicides by young females at a greater rate elderly females?"}
{"id": "4hop1__19768_19788_91191_16530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements. They believe that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed. Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain \"separate from the world.\" The Witnesses' literature defines the \"world\" as \"the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants\" and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan. Witnesses are taught that association with \"worldly\" people presents a \"danger\" to their faith, and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Japan", "paragraph_text": "The kanji that make up Japan's name mean 'sun origin', and it is often called the \"Land of the Rising Sun\". Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which make up about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area and often are referred to as home islands. The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions, with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one. Japan is the 2nd most populous island country. The population of 127 million is the world's eleventh largest, of which 98.5% are ethnic Japanese. 90.7% of people live in cities, while 9.3% live in the countryside. About 13.8 million people live in Tokyo, the capital of Japan. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world with over 38 million people.Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, particularly from Western Europe, has characterized Japan's history."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Piney Woods", "paragraph_text": "The Piney Woods is a temperate coniferous forest terrestrial ecoregion in the Southern United States covering 54,400 square miles (141,000 km) of East Texas, southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and southeastern Oklahoma. These coniferous forests are dominated by several species of pine as well as hardwoods including hickory and oak. Historically the most dense part of this forest region was the Big Thicket though the lumber industry dramatically reduced the forest concentration in this area and throughout the Piney Woods during the 19th and 20th centuries. The World Wide Fund for Nature considers the Piney Woods to be one of the critically endangered ecoregions of the United States. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines most of this ecoregion as the South Central Plains."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region are covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can exceed 48 \u00b0C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yellowstone National Park", "paragraph_text": "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone was the first National Park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular features. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin. The battle was stopped before either side had achieved victory, and the two parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute. After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator, and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari. Seven months later, in February 658, the two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about 10 miles north west of Maan in Jordon. Amr ibn al-As convinced Abu Musa Ashaari that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali and his supporters were stunned by the decision which had lowered the Caliph to the status of the rebellious Muawiyah I. Ali was therefore outwitted by Muawiyah and Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict and found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters. The most vociferous opponents in Ali's camp were the very same people who had forced Ali into the ceasefire. They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, \"arbitration belongs to God alone.\" This group came to be known as the Kharijites (\"those who leave\"). In 659 Ali's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Skypoint", "paragraph_text": "Skypoint is a tent-like structure over the intersection of 2nd Avenue and Broadway in downtown Billings, Montana, USA. Its highest point is 73 feet above ground level. There are three \"sails\" that make up the structure. The largest sail can move to let the sun through or to cover the intersection if it rains. Skypoint is part of the plan to revitalize downtown Billings and attract more people to downtown."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "South Asia", "paragraph_text": "India is the largest & fastest growing economy in the region (US $2.180 trillion) and makes up almost 82% of the South Asian economy; it is the world's 7th largest in nominal terms and 3rd largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates (US $8.020 trillion). India is the only member of powerful G - 20 major economies and BRICS from the region. It is the fastest growing major economy in the world and one of the world's fastest registering a growth of 7.3% in FY 2014 -- 15. Pakistan has the next largest economy ($250 billion) and the 5th highest GDP per capita in the region, followed by Bangladesh and then by Sri Lanka which has the 2nd highest per capita and is the 4th largest economy in the region. According to a World Bank report in 2015, driven by a strong expansion in India, coupled with favorable oil prices, from the last quarter of 2014 South Asia become the fastest - growing region in the world"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Web browser", "paragraph_text": "The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pruno (Cilento)", "paragraph_text": "Pruno is a forest in the Campania region of southern Italy. It is the largest woodlands of central Cilento region. The hamlets (\"frazioni\") with this name are situated in the municipalities of Laurino, Valle dell'Angelo and Piaggine, and are considered a singular village."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Islam by country", "paragraph_text": "About 15% of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa, and sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, Russia, and Europe.Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical\u2013hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New Caledonia rain forests", "paragraph_text": "The New Caledonia rain forests are a terrestrial ecoregion, located in New Caledonia in the South Pacific. It is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion, part of the Australasia ecozone."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Parliament of the World's Religions", "paragraph_text": "In 1893, the city of Chicago hosted the World Columbian Exposition, an early world's fair. So many people were coming to Chicago from all over the world that many smaller conferences, called Congresses and Parliaments, were scheduled to take advantage of this unprecedented gathering. One of these was the World's Parliament of Religions, an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman (and judge) Charles Carroll Bonney. The Parliament of Religions was by far the largest of the congresses held in conjunction with the Exposition. John Henry Barrows, a clergyman, was appointed as the first chairman of the General Committee of the 1893 Parliament by Charles Bonney."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christian", "paragraph_text": "According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman\u2014the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity. Christianity is growing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Muslim world, and Oceania."}], "question": "Who was appointed arbitrator by the first convert to the faith that is widely practiced in the region that has the 2nd largest rainforest in the world?"}
{"id": "4hop1__329513_19788_91191_16530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD, largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the official language, while Persian remained the language of both ordinary people and of literature. Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, converted the Iranian people from Sunni Islam to Twelver Shia Islam, and made Twelver Shia Islam the official religion of Iran. Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably lost swaths of its territories in the Caucasus which made part of the concept of Iran for centuries, to neighboring Imperial Russia. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a constitutional monarchy and the country's first Majles (parliament). Following a coup d'\u00e9tat instigated by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran gradually became close allies with the United States and the rest of the West, remained secular, but grew increasingly autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the 1979 Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tai Tham (Unicode block)", "paragraph_text": "Tai Tham is a Unicode block containing characters of the Lanna script used for writing the Northern Thai (Kam Mu'ang), Tai L\u00fc, and Kh\u00fcn languages."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is often referred to as the ``Giant of Africa '', owing to its large population and economy. With 186 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third - largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims, who live mostly in the north. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve", "paragraph_text": "The Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve (), also called Tai Po Kau Special Area, is a nature reserve in the Tai Po area of the New Territories in northern Hong Kong. The area comprises a dense, hilly woodland with countless species of trees and numerous streams and rivers. It is noted by the Hong Kong Bird Watching Society and others as one of the best locations for seeing forest birds in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2011 Census of India", "paragraph_text": "The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015. Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million), while Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India. and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million). According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. For the first time, a ``No religion ''category was added in the 2011 census. 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to`` No Religion'' in India in the 2011 census 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion. Given below is the decade - by - decade religious composition of India until the 2011 census. There are six religions in India that have been awarded ``National Minority ''status - Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis. Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India. As per 2011 census, six major faiths - Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India's 1.21 billion population, while`` other religions, persuasions'' (ORP) count is 8.2 million. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths - 4.957 million - strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million - strong Gond, 506,000 - strong Sari, Donyi - Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate. Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Languages of the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called ``Thomasites '') who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to`` take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.'' On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President Manuel L. Quez\u00f3n appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages. Their aim was to select a national language among the other regional languages. Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language December 30, 1937, on the basis that it was the most widely spoken and developed local language."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in the city."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "We Were in Love", "paragraph_text": "\"We Were in Love\" is a song written by Chuck Cannon and Allen Shamblin, and performed by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in June 1997 as the first single from his album \"Dream Walkin'\". It peaked at number 2 in both the United States and Canada. The song was originally intended for country artist Faith Hill (who placed it on hold for a short period while recording her 1998 album, \"Faith\"), as reported by Keith on \"After MidNite with Blair Garner."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Northern Tai languages", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Tai languages are an established branch of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia. They include the northern Zhuang languages and Bouyei of China, Tai M\u00e8ne of Laos and Yoy of Thailand."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin. The battle was stopped before either side had achieved victory, and the two parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute. After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator, and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari. Seven months later, in February 658, the two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about 10 miles north west of Maan in Jordon. Amr ibn al-As convinced Abu Musa Ashaari that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali and his supporters were stunned by the decision which had lowered the Caliph to the status of the rebellious Muawiyah I. Ali was therefore outwitted by Muawiyah and Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict and found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters. The most vociferous opponents in Ali's camp were the very same people who had forced Ali into the ceasefire. They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, \"arbitration belongs to God alone.\" This group came to be known as the Kharijites (\"those who leave\"). In 659 Ali's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Culture of India", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practice Hinduism. Islam (14.2%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many tribal religions, such as Sarnaism, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Atheism and agnostics also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19\u201320% of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in India comprising around 76% of the population."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Faith in Me, Faith in You (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Faith in Me, Faith in You\" is a song written by Trey Bruce and Dave Loggins, and recorded by American country music artist Doug Stone. It was released in February 1995 as the first single and title track from his album \"Faith in Me, Faith in You\". The song reached number 13 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in May 1995."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Parliament of the World's Religions", "paragraph_text": "In 1893, the city of Chicago hosted the World Columbian Exposition, an early world's fair. So many people were coming to Chicago from all over the world that many smaller conferences, called Congresses and Parliaments, were scheduled to take advantage of this unprecedented gathering. One of these was the World's Parliament of Religions, an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman (and judge) Charles Carroll Bonney. The Parliament of Religions was by far the largest of the congresses held in conjunction with the Exposition. John Henry Barrows, a clergyman, was appointed as the first chairman of the General Committee of the 1893 Parliament by Charles Bonney."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}], "question": "Who was appointed arbitrator by the first convert to the faith that is widely practiced in the region where Tail languages originated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__158139_19788_91191_156667", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Indotyphlops braminus", "paragraph_text": "This species is parthenogenetic and all specimens collected so far have been female. They lay eggs or may bear live young. Up to eight offspring are produced - all female and all genetically identical."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)", "paragraph_text": "White Queen Alice character Alice and the White Queen. Art by John Tenniel (1865) First appearance Through the Looking - Glass Created by Lewis Carroll Portrayed by Anne Hathaway (Alice in Wonderland, Alice Through the Looking Glass) Emma Rigby (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland) Information Species Human Gender Female Occupation Queen Spouse (s) White King Children Lily (a pawn) Nationality Looking - Glass Land"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rowena Spencer", "paragraph_text": "Rowena Spencer (July 3, 1922May 13, 2014) was an American physician who specialized in pediatric surgery at a time when it was unusual for a female to become a surgeon. She was the first female surgical intern at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, the first female appointed to the full-time surgery staff at Louisiana State University, and the first female surgeon in Louisiana."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica) estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A considerable number of Moors and Jews, nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they converted to Catholicism, and afterwards they were known as Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Crist\u00e3os Novos (New Christians or former Jews) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret, as in the case of the secret Jews of Belmonte, who now observe the Jewish faith openly. After 1772 the distinction between Old and New Christians was abolished by decree. Some famous Portuguese New Christians were the mathematician Pedro Nunes and the physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ali", "paragraph_text": "Ali had four children with Fatimah: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali, born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin), and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was Ali's son from another wife from the Bani Hanifa tribe of central Arabia named Khawlah bint Ja'far, whom Ali had married after Fatimah's death."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Maximum Absorbency Garment", "paragraph_text": "Disposable underwear, first introduced in the 1960s as baby's diapers then in 1980 for adult incontinence, appealed to NASA as a more practical option. In 1988, the Maximum Absorbency Garment replaced the DACT for female astronauts. NASA created the name Maximum Absorbency Garment to avoid using trade names. Male astronauts then adapted the MAG as well. In the 1990s, NASA ordered 3,200 of the diapers of the brand name Absorbencies, manufactured by a company that has folded. In 2007, about a third of the supply remained."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tara Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance ``Pilot ''(2008) Last appearance`` A Mother's Work'' (2014) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname (s) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse (s) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Isabel Bassett Wasson", "paragraph_text": "Isabel Bassett Wasson (January 11, 1897 \u2013 February 21, 1994) was one of the first female petroleum geologists in the United States, the first female ranger at Yellowstone National Park, and also one of the first interpretive rangers (male or female) hired by the National Park Service."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Bahamas", "paragraph_text": "The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81 / 1,000 population, death rate of 9.35 / 1,000, and net migration rate of \u2212 2.13 migrant (s) / 1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths / 1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born / woman (2010)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gaye Advert", "paragraph_text": "Gaye Advert (born 29 August 1956), also Gaye Black, is an English punk rock musician, who played bass guitar in the band the Adverts in the late 1970s. She was one of the first female rock stars of the punk rock movement, whom \"The Virgin Encyclopedia of 70s Music\" called the \"first female punk star\". She was \"one of punk\u2019s first female icons\". Dave Thompson wrote that her \"photogenic\" looks, \"panda-eye make-up and omnipresent leather jacket defined the face of female punkdom until well into the next decade\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Suicide", "paragraph_text": "In many countries the rate of suicide is highest in the middle-aged or elderly. The absolute number of suicides however is greatest in those between 15 and 29 years old, due to the number of people in this age group.  Worldwide, the average age of suicide is between age 30 and 49 for both men and women. This means that half of people who died by suicide were approximately age 40 or younger, and half were older.In the United States the suicide death rate is greatest in Caucasian men older than 80 years, even though younger people more frequently attempt suicide. It is the second most common cause of death in adolescents and in young males is second only to accidental death. In young males in the developed world, it is the cause of nearly 30% of mortality. In the developing world rates are similar, but it makes up a smaller proportion of overall deaths due to higher rates of death from other types of trauma. In South-East Asia, in contrast to other areas of the world, deaths from suicide occur at a greater rate in young females than elderly females."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bobelle Sconiers Harrell", "paragraph_text": "She was born in Fort Walton Beach, and was the first female student admitted to the School of Pharmacy at what is today Auburn University, and was then Alabama Polytechnic Institute. She graduated in 1944 at the top of her class with Phi Kappa Phi and Cardinal Key honors. She later became one of the first women licensed to practice pharmacy in Florida. She was also licensed to practice pharmacy in Alabama."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edna Mode", "paragraph_text": "Edna Mode First appearance The Incredibles (2004) Last appearance Incredibles 2 (2018) Created by Brad Bird Voiced by Brad Bird Information Full name Edna Marie Mode Nickname (s) Species Human Gender Female Occupation Fashion designer Costume designer Scientist Auteur"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mary Ellen Smith", "paragraph_text": "Mary Ellen Spear Smith (October 11, 1861 or 1863 \u2013 May 3, 1933) was a politician in British Columbia, Canada. She was the first female Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, and both the first female cabinet minister and the first female Speaker in the British Empire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Demographics of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Demographics of New Zealand Population pyramid taken from the 2013 census Population 4,793,700 Density 17.9 / km (46.4 / sq mi) Growth rate 2.1% Birth rate 12.65 per 1000 pop. Death rate 6.64 per 1000 pop. Life expectancy male 79.9 years female 83.4 years Fertility rate 1.87 births per woman Infant mortality rate 3.58 per 1000 live births Net migration rate 14.72 per 1000 pop. Age structure 0 -- 14 years 19.6% 15 -- 64 years 65.5% 65 and over 14.9% Sex ratio Total 0.97 males / female Under 15 1.05 males / female 15 -- 64 years 0.97 males / female 65 and over 0.87 males / female Nationality Nationality New Zealander Major ethnic European 74.0% Minor ethnic M\u0101ori 14.9% Asian 11.8% Pacific peoples 7.4% Language Official English 96.1% M\u0101ori 3.7% New Zealand Sign Language 0.5%"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "House finch", "paragraph_text": "The female lays clutches of eggs from February through August, two or more broods per year with 2 to 6 eggs per brood, most commonly 4 or 5. The egg laying usually takes place in the morning, at the rate of one egg per day. The eggs are a pale bluish green with few black spots and a smooth, somewhat glossy surface. In response to mite infestation, which has a more deleterious effect on male chicks than on females, the mother finch may lay eggs containing females first, in order to reduce the length of time male chicks are exposed to mites. This strategy increases the liklihood that representative numbers of both sexes will survive. The female incubates the eggs for 12 to 14 days. Shortly after hatching, she removes the empty eggshells from the nest. The hatchlings are pink with closed eyes and tufts of fluffy down. The female always feeds the young, and the male usually joins in. The young are silent for the first seven or eight days, and subsequently start peeping during feedings. Initially, the mother carries fecal sacs out of the nest, but when the young become older, she no longer carries them all away, allowing droppings to accumulate around the edge of the nest. Before flying, the young often climb into adjacent plants, and usually fledge at about 11 to 19 days after hatching. Dandelion seeds are among the preferred seeds fed to the young. Most birds, even ones with herbivorous leanings as adults, tend to feed their nestlings animal matter in order to give them the protein necessary to grow. House finches are one of the few birds who feed their young only plant matter."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The largest of the university's 24 campuses, University Park is almost entirely within the boundaries of State College borough, a site chosen because it is near the geographic center of the state. With an undergraduate acceptance rate of 23 percent, it is the most selective campus in the Penn State system, due primarily to the fact that students select University Park as their first - choice campus at a far greater rate than the university's other undergraduate campuses. During the fall 2016 semester, 41,359 undergraduate students and 8,955 graduate students were enrolled at University Park. Of those, 46.3 percent were female and 40.5 percent were not Pennsylvania residents."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the first convert to the religion widely practiced in the areas where suicides by young females happen at a greater rate than by elderly females?"}
{"id": "4hop1__38257_19788_91191_16530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "In this respect, the counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic, since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they are ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity, though in practice many families compromise. A convert generally follows the practice of the beth din that converted him or her. With the integration of Jews from around the world in Israel, North America, and other places, the religious definition of an Ashkenazi Jew is blurring, especially outside Orthodox Judaism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first amendment to the US Constitution states ``Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ''The two parts, known as the`` establishment clause'' and the ``free exercise clause ''respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the`` separation of church and state'' doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church - state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Political philosophy", "paragraph_text": "Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region. However, the enlightenment was an outright attack on religion, particularly Christianity. The most outspoken critic of the church in France was Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, a representative figure of the enlightenment. After Voltaire, religion would never be the same again in France."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "The history of Buddhism spans from the 5th century BCE to the present. Buddhism arose in the eastern part of Ancient India, in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha (now in Bihar, India), and is based on the teachings of Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama. This makes it one of the oldest religions practiced today. The religion evolved as it spread from the northeastern region of the Indian subcontinent through Central, East, and Southeast Asia. At one time or another, it influenced most of the Asian continent. The history of Buddhism is also characterized by the development of numerous movements, schisms, and schools, among them the Therav\u0101da, Mah\u0101y\u0101na and Vajray\u0101na traditions, with contrasting periods of expansion and retreat."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying \"Long faces don't win wars\". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Parliament of the World's Religions", "paragraph_text": "In 1893, the city of Chicago hosted the World Columbian Exposition, an early world's fair. So many people were coming to Chicago from all over the world that many smaller conferences, called Congresses and Parliaments, were scheduled to take advantage of this unprecedented gathering. One of these was the World's Parliament of Religions, an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman (and judge) Charles Carroll Bonney. The Parliament of Religions was by far the largest of the congresses held in conjunction with the Exposition. John Henry Barrows, a clergyman, was appointed as the first chairman of the General Committee of the 1893 Parliament by Charles Bonney."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin. The battle was stopped before either side had achieved victory, and the two parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute. After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator, and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari. Seven months later, in February 658, the two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about 10 miles north west of Maan in Jordon. Amr ibn al-As convinced Abu Musa Ashaari that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali and his supporters were stunned by the decision which had lowered the Caliph to the status of the rebellious Muawiyah I. Ali was therefore outwitted by Muawiyah and Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict and found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters. The most vociferous opponents in Ali's camp were the very same people who had forced Ali into the ceasefire. They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, \"arbitration belongs to God alone.\" This group came to be known as the Kharijites (\"those who leave\"). In 659 Ali's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Knowle West Boy", "paragraph_text": "Knowle West Boy is the seventh studio album by musician and producer Tricky, released by Domino Records on 7 July 2008 in Europe, and 9 September 2008 in North America."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "On the Origin of Species", "paragraph_text": "Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. Despite the scientific consensus, a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools, especially in the United States."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Special Marriage Act, 1954", "paragraph_text": "In 1872 Act III, 1872 was enacted but later it was found inadequate for certain desired reforms, and Parliament enacted a new legislation. Henry Sumner Maine first introduced Act III of 1872, which would permit any dissenters to marry whomever they chose under a new civil marriage law. In the final wording, the law sought to legitimize marriages for those willing to renounce their profession of faith altogether (``I do not profess the Hindu, Christian, Jewish, etc. religion ''). It can apply in inter-caste and inter-religion marriages. Overall, the response from local governments and administrators was that they were unanimously opposed to Maine's Bill and believed the legislation encouraged marriages based on lust, which would inevitably lead to immorality."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "The Hummers that Schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large \u2013 each weighs 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide \u2013 that they are classified as large trucks, and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them. During the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dutch Republic", "paragraph_text": "In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "After India gained independence in 1947, a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1956, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi. A system was introduced under which the elected Government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nebular hypothesis", "paragraph_text": "The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System (as well as other planetary systems). It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material. The theory was developed by Immanuel Kant and published in his Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (``Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens ''), published in 1755. Originally applied to the Solar System, the process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the Universe. The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) or solar nebular model. It offered explanations for a variety of properties of the Solar System, including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion in the same direction as the Sun's rotation. Some elements of the original nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation, but most elements have been superseded."}], "question": "Who was appointed arbitrator by the first convert to the faith that is widely practiced in the region where the domino theory was applied other than Central America?"}
{"id": "4hop1__19768_19788_91191_156667", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christian", "paragraph_text": "According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman\u2014the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity. Christianity is growing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Muslim world, and Oceania."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one \"true\" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, \"He Who Is\", \"I Am that I Am\", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, \"Al-El\", or \"Al-Elah\" (\"the God\") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Parliament of the World's Religions", "paragraph_text": "In 1893, the city of Chicago hosted the World Columbian Exposition, an early world's fair. So many people were coming to Chicago from all over the world that many smaller conferences, called Congresses and Parliaments, were scheduled to take advantage of this unprecedented gathering. One of these was the World's Parliament of Religions, an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman (and judge) Charles Carroll Bonney. The Parliament of Religions was by far the largest of the congresses held in conjunction with the Exposition. John Henry Barrows, a clergyman, was appointed as the first chairman of the General Committee of the 1893 Parliament by Charles Bonney."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jefferson Memorial Forest", "paragraph_text": "The Jefferson Memorial Forest is a forest located in southwest Louisville, Kentucky, in the Knobs region of Kentucky. At , it is the largest municipal urban forest in the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ali", "paragraph_text": "Ali had four children with Fatimah: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali, born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin), and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was Ali's son from another wife from the Bani Hanifa tribe of central Arabia named Khawlah bint Ja'far, whom Ali had married after Fatimah's death."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pruno (Cilento)", "paragraph_text": "Pruno is a forest in the Campania region of southern Italy. It is the largest woodlands of central Cilento region. The hamlets (\"frazioni\") with this name are situated in the municipalities of Laurino, Valle dell'Angelo and Piaggine, and are considered a singular village."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region are covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can exceed 48 \u00b0C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Goliath birdeater", "paragraph_text": "The Goliath birdeater (Theraphosa blondi) belongs to the tarantula family Theraphosidae. Found in northern South America, it is the largest spider in the world by mass and size, but it is second to the giant huntsman spider by leg - span. It is also called the Goliath bird - eating spider; the practice of calling theraphosids ``bird - eating ''derives from an early 18th - century copper engraving by Maria Sibylla Merian that shows one eating a hummingbird. Despite the spider's name, it only rarely preys on birds."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical\u2013hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Culture of India", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practice Hinduism. Islam (14.2%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many tribal religions, such as Sarnaism, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Atheism and agnostics also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19\u201320% of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in India comprising around 76% of the population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Skypoint", "paragraph_text": "Skypoint is a tent-like structure over the intersection of 2nd Avenue and Broadway in downtown Billings, Montana, USA. Its highest point is 73 feet above ground level. There are three \"sails\" that make up the structure. The largest sail can move to let the sun through or to cover the intersection if it rains. Skypoint is part of the plan to revitalize downtown Billings and attract more people to downtown."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Islam by country", "paragraph_text": "About 15% of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa, and sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, Russia, and Europe.Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Japan", "paragraph_text": "The kanji that make up Japan's name mean 'sun origin', and it is often called the \"Land of the Rising Sun\". Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which make up about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area and often are referred to as home islands. The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions, with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one. Japan is the 2nd most populous island country. The population of 127 million is the world's eleventh largest, of which 98.5% are ethnic Japanese. 90.7% of people live in cities, while 9.3% live in the countryside. About 13.8 million people live in Tokyo, the capital of Japan. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world with over 38 million people.Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, particularly from Western Europe, has characterized Japan's history."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New Caledonia rain forests", "paragraph_text": "The New Caledonia rain forests are a terrestrial ecoregion, located in New Caledonia in the South Pacific. It is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion, part of the Australasia ecozone."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Amazon rainforest", "paragraph_text": "Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. One in ten known species in the world lives in the Amazon rainforest. This constitutes the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world."}], "question": "What is the name of the spouse of the first convert to the faith, that is widely practiced in the region with the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world?"}
{"id": "4hop1__329513_19788_91191_156667", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Faith in Me, Faith in You (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Faith in Me, Faith in You\" is a song written by Trey Bruce and Dave Loggins, and recorded by American country music artist Doug Stone. It was released in February 1995 as the first single and title track from his album \"Faith in Me, Faith in You\". The song reached number 13 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in May 1995."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 10% of the country's population belong to the Christian community, and 40% continue to hold Indigenous beliefs. These statistics can be misleading, however, as many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their practices with traditional African beliefs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Beat Bobby Flay", "paragraph_text": "Beat Bobby Flay Genre Cooking Starring Bobby Flay Judges Various Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 18 No. of episodes 215 Release Original network Food Network Picture format HDTV External links Beat Bobby Flay"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "This Is Us Genre Drama Created by Dan Fogelman Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Parker Bates Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Composer (s) Siddhartha Khosla Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Dan Fogelman Jess Rosenthal Donald Todd Ken Olin Charlie Gogolak John Requa Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Location (s) Los Angeles, California Running time 42 minutes Production company (s) Rhode Island Ave. Productions Zaftig Films 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network NBC Original release September 20, 2016 (2016 - 09 - 20) -- present External links Website"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Because This Is My First Life", "paragraph_text": "Because This is My First Life Promotional poster Original title \uc774\ubc88\uc0dd\uc740\ucc98\uc74c\uc774\ub77c Genre Romantic comedy Created by Studio Dragon Written by Yoon Nan - joong Directed by Park Joon - hwa Starring Lee Min - ki Jung So - min Country of origin South Korea Original language (s) Korean No. of episodes 16 Production Executive producer (s) Lee Jung - hee Running time 60 -- 80 minutes Production company (s) MI Inc. Distributor tvN Release Original network tvN Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release October 9 (2017 - 10 - 09) -- November 28, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 28) External links Website"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Roseland Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Roseland Theater, sometimes called the Roseland Theater and Grill, is a music venue located at 8 Northwest Sixth Avenue in the Old Town Chinatown neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, in the United States. The building was originally a church, constructed by the Apostolic Faith Church in 1922. In 1982, Larry Hurwitz converted the building to a music venue called Starry Night. In 1990, the club's 21-year-old publicity agent was murdered in one of the theater's hallways; Hurwitz was convicted for this murder ten years later. Hurwitz sold the club in 1991, claiming he had lost support from the local music industry. The venue was given its current name during the 1991 ownership transfer. During the 1990s, Double Tee acquired control of the hall's operations, then purchased and renovated the building."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one \"true\" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, \"He Who Is\", \"I Am that I Am\", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, \"Al-El\", or \"Al-Elah\" (\"the God\") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tai Tham (Unicode block)", "paragraph_text": "Tai Tham is a Unicode block containing characters of the Lanna script used for writing the Northern Thai (Kam Mu'ang), Tai L\u00fc, and Kh\u00fcn languages."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The First 48", "paragraph_text": "The First 48 Genre Documentary Narrated by Dion Graham Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 16 No. of episodes 346 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) John X. Kim Alexis Robie Laura Fleury Peter Tarshis Running time 42 minutes Production company (s) ITV Studios America Release Original network A&E Picture format 480i (SDTV) 1080i (HDTV) Original release June 3, 2004 (2004 - 06 - 03) -- present Chronology Related shows After the First 48 The First 48: Missing Persons The Killer Speaks External links Website"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Alternative proposals for the etymology of *Slov\u011bnin\u044a propounded by some scholars have much less support. Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning \"practicer of a common Slavic religion,\" and from that evolved into an ethnonym. S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos, cognate to Ancient Greek \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc\u03c2 la\u00f3s \"population, people,\" which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. Meanwhile, others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907\u20131986) to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ali", "paragraph_text": "Ali had four children with Fatimah: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali, born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin), and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was Ali's son from another wife from the Bani Hanifa tribe of central Arabia named Khawlah bint Ja'far, whom Ali had married after Fatimah's death."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Northern Tai languages", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Tai languages are an established branch of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia. They include the northern Zhuang languages and Bouyei of China, Tai M\u00e8ne of Laos and Yoy of Thailand."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Culture of India", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practice Hinduism. Islam (14.2%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many tribal religions, such as Sarnaism, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Atheism and agnostics also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19\u201320% of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in India comprising around 76% of the population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}], "question": "Who is the spouse of the first convert to the religion widely practiced where Tai languages originated?"}
{"id": "4hop3__513128_20608_92661_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of United States prison systems", "paragraph_text": "Prisoners and prisons appeared in North America simultaneous to the arrival of European settlers. Among the ninety or so men who sailed with the explorer known as Christopher Columbus were a young black man abducted from the Canary Islands and at least four convicts. By 1570, Spanish soldiers in St. Augustine, Florida, had built the first substantial prison in North America. As other European nations began to compete with Spain for land and wealth in the New World, they too turned to convicts to fill out the crews on their ships."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dieter Mahncke", "paragraph_text": "Dieter Mahncke (born 1941 in South-West Africa) is a scholar of foreign policy and security studies, and Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Professor Emeritus of European Foreign Policy and Security Studies at the College of Europe. He is the author of books and articles on European security, arms control, German foreign policy, Berlin, US-European relations and South Africa."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", "paragraph_text": "Land was sighted on November 9, 1620. The passengers had endured miserable conditions for about sixty - five days, and they were led by William Brewster in Psalm 100 as a prayer of thanksgiving. It was confirmed that the area was Cape Cod, within the New England territory recommended by Weston. An attempt was made to sail the ship around the cape towards the Hudson River, also within the New England grant area, but they encountered shoals and difficult currents around Cape Malabar (the old French name for present - day Monomoy). It was decided to turn around, and by November 11 / November 12 the ship was anchored in what is today known as Provincetown Harbor."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maureen Payne", "paragraph_text": "Maureen Payne (date of birth unknown, died 1997, South Africa) was a South Africa Test cricketer. She captained the side for their second series, played against New Zealand in 1971\u201372. She appeared in five Tests for South Africa, claiming eight wickets."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century -- some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Volo (barque)", "paragraph_text": "\"Volo\" had been built at Arendal, Norway in the 1880s and was homeported there. She undertook her final voyage under Captain Olsen, sailing from Goteburg, Sweden, carrying a cargo of Baltic pine timber to Louren\u00e7o Marques, Portuguese East Africa. \"Volo\" was sailing by dead reckoning, and on 5 March 1896 Captain Olsen judged the ship to be 200 miles from the coast. The following day \"Volo\" struck rocks off the coast and was holed, but was carried over the reef and successfully beached between Kwaaihoek and the mouth of the Bushman River."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "First Fleet", "paragraph_text": "The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships that left England on 13 May 1787 to found the penal colony that became the first European settlement in Australia. The Fleet consisted of two Royal Navy vessels, three store ships and six convict transports, carrying between 1,000 and 1,500 convicts, marines, seamen, civil officers and free people (accounts differ on the numbers), and a vast quantity of stores. From England, the Fleet sailed southwest to Rio de Janeiro, then east to Cape Town and via the Great Southern Ocean to Botany Bay, arriving over the period of 18 to 20 January 1788, taking 250 to 252 days from departure to final arrival."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Navy was modernized in the 1880s, and by the 1890s had adopted the naval power strategy of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan\u2014as indeed did every major navy. The old sailing ships were replaced by modern steel battleships, bringing them in line with the navies of Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet, were featured in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt, it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1450 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East (although Herodotus mentioned a claim that the Phoenicians had done so far earlier). Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas (``Cape of Storms ''; Dutch: Stormkaap), which was the original name of the`` Cape of Good Hope''."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site 'San Miguel'. In November 1602, Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno was sent to map the California coast. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizca\u00edno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcal\u00e1. On November 12, 1602, the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensi\u00f3n, a member of Vizca\u00edno's expedition, to celebrate the feast day of San Diego."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (\"Half Moon\" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "St. Augustine, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States. In 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish a colony in the territory claimed by Spain. They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River, calling it la Rivi\u00e8re de Mai (the River May), then sailed northward and established a settlement called Charlesfort at Port Royal Sound in present - day South Carolina. Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France. The Huguenot nobleman Ren\u00e9 de Laudonni\u00e8re, who had participated in the expedition, returned to Florida in 1564 with three ships and 300 Huguenot colonists. He arrived at the mouth of the River May on June 22, 1564, sailed up it a few miles, and founded Fort Caroline."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hernando de Soto", "paragraph_text": "Hernando de Soto (c. 1495 -- May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern - day United States (Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama and most likely Arkansas). He is the first European documented as having crossed the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "NYK Vesta", "paragraph_text": "The NYK Vesta is operated by Nippon Yusen Kaisha and its port of registry is Panama, Panama. It is considered one of the largest container ships in the world. It is a sister ship to the . The \"NYK Vesta\" and her fleet of sister ships all sail in Grand Alliance European Routes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1451 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}], "question": "When did the person who captained the first European ship to sail around the tip of Africa explore the region where Dieter Mahncke was born?"}
{"id": "4hop3__23058_20608_81556_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hernando de Soto", "paragraph_text": "Hernando de Soto (c. 1495 -- May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern - day United States (Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama and most likely Arkansas). He is the first European documented as having crossed the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach \u20b9250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of \u20b9100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zheng He", "paragraph_text": "Zheng He (Chinese: \u912d\u548c; 1371 -- 1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and enslaved court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family, later adopted the conferred surname Zheng from Emperor Yongle. Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. His larger ships stretched 120 meters or more in length. These carried hundreds of sailors on four tiers of decks."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa", "paragraph_text": "Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa (Spanish pronunciation: (\u02c8\u03b2asko \u02c8nu\u0272e\u03b8 \u00f0e \u03b2al\u02c8\u03b2o. a); c. 1475 -- around January 12 -- 21, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dead Men Don't Leave Tips", "paragraph_text": "Dead Men Don't Leave Tips: Adventures X Africa by Brandon Wilson (Pilgrim\u2019s Tales, November 2005) is a non-fiction travel narrative about a couple's honeymoon on a seven-month, 10,000-mile, 17-country trans-African overland safari from London to Cape Town, South Africa."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Japanorama", "paragraph_text": "Japanorama is a series of documentaries presented by Jonathan Ross, exploring various facets of popular culture and trends of modern-day Japan."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lord, I Hope This Day Is Good", "paragraph_text": "``Lord, I Hope This Day is Good ''is a song written by Dave Hanner, and recorded by American country music artist Don Williams. It was released in November 1981 as the third single from the album Especially for You.`` Lord, I Hope This Day is Good'' was Don Williams' twelfth number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of twenty weeks on the country music charts. Hanner also recorded the song as a member of Corbin / Hanner, who released it as the b - side to the 1982 single ``One Fine Morning. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1450 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century -- some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East (although Herodotus mentioned a claim that the Phoenicians had done so far earlier). Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas (``Cape of Storms ''; Dutch: Stormkaap), which was the original name of the`` Cape of Good Hope''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cape of Good Hope SPCA", "paragraph_text": "Established in 1872, the Cape of Good Hope SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) in Cape Town is the founding society of the SPCA movement in South Africa and is the oldest animal welfare organisation in the country. A registered non-profit organisation and Public Benefit Organisation, the society is affiliated to the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals (RSPCA) and are Executive Members of the National Council of SPCAs South Africa (NSPCA), as well as a member of the World Animal Protection organization."}], "question": "When did the person who reached the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa explore the region where the Spanish and Portuguese enslaved the most black people?"}
{"id": "4hop3__513128_20608_51524_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (\"Half Moon\" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "St. Augustine, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States. In 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish a colony in the territory claimed by Spain. They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River, calling it la Rivi\u00e8re de Mai (the River May), then sailed northward and established a settlement called Charlesfort at Port Royal Sound in present - day South Carolina. Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France. The Huguenot nobleman Ren\u00e9 de Laudonni\u00e8re, who had participated in the expedition, returned to Florida in 1564 with three ships and 300 Huguenot colonists. He arrived at the mouth of the River May on June 22, 1564, sailed up it a few miles, and founded Fort Caroline."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dieter Mahncke", "paragraph_text": "Dieter Mahncke (born 1941 in South-West Africa) is a scholar of foreign policy and security studies, and Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Professor Emeritus of European Foreign Policy and Security Studies at the College of Europe. He is the author of books and articles on European security, arms control, German foreign policy, Berlin, US-European relations and South Africa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach \u20b9250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of \u20b9100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Japanorama", "paragraph_text": "Japanorama is a series of documentaries presented by Jonathan Ross, exploring various facets of popular culture and trends of modern-day Japan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sahara with Michael Palin", "paragraph_text": "Sahara with Michael Palin is a four-part BBC television series presented by British comedian and travel presenter Michael Palin, and first broadcast in 2002. In it, Palin travelled around the Sahara in Northern - and Western Africa, meeting people and visiting places. The journey route included the following countries and territories: Gibraltar, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Libya, Tunisia and Algeria."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco Polo once used. When Vasco da Gama bypassed Ottoman controlled routes and established direct trade links with India in 1498, and Christopher Columbus first journeyed to the Bahamas in 1492, the Ottoman Empire was at its zenith."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Diogo Rodrigues", "paragraph_text": "Dom Diogo Rodrigues, Dom Diogo Roiz ( 1490-1496; Lagos, Portugal \u2013 21 April 1577; Colv\u00e1, Goa) was a Portuguese explorer of the Indian Ocean who sailed as an ordinary helmsman under the command of Dom Pedro Mascarenhas around Goa. They sailed from the Cape of Good Hope eastward into little-known waters of the newly discovered route to Goa. It was after him that the island of Rodrigues was\\is named between 4 and 9 February 1528 after discovering it during his only return journey from Goa via Cochin (left on 15 January 1528) to Portugal, following which he rose to the rank of a knight \"(cavaleiro)\". He then returned to Goa and made a mark in the history of the Portuguese empire in the subcontinent around the mid 16th century."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of the sea route to India is the description sometimes used in Europe and among the Portuguese for the first recorded trip made directly from Europe to India via the Atlantic Ocean. It was undertaken under the command of Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama during the reign of King Manuel I in 1497 - 1499. Considered by Europe to be one of the most remarkable voyages of the Age of Discovery, it consolidated the Portuguese maritime presence in Pacific Ocean and that country's dominance of global trade routes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Some Hearts Are Diamonds", "paragraph_text": "Some Hearts Are Diamonds is the second solo album by Chris Norman, released in 1986 by Hansa Records. Dieter Bohlen, formerly of Modern Talking, produced the album and wrote several of the songs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1450 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and traditions about Somalis from explorers and geographers in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. Since 1980, prominent Somalist scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "European colonisation of Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "The spice trade was made possible by the maritime trade route. In 1498, the Portuguese navigator, Vasco da Gama, sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and opened up a sea route from Europe to India. Bringing home samples of exotic oriental products, da Gama greatly increased European interest in the new trade route and the new trade route quickly facilitated the expansion of trade. Eventually, the Dutch wrestled control of it from the Portuguese in the 17th century, and in the 18th century, the British gained control of it from the Dutch. Nevertheless, the spice route greatly increased trading activities, deepened the economic relations between Europe and Southeast Asia and as a result, more European merchants found their way to Southeast Asia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Caravel", "paragraph_text": "A caravel (Portuguese: caravela, IPA: (k\u0250\u027e\u0250\u02c8v\u025bl\u0250)) is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing windward (beating). Caravels were used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, and Bartolomeu Dias all used caravels."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day", "paragraph_text": "Take Our Daughters To Work Day was created in New York City in the summer of 1992 by the Ms. Foundation for Women and its president, Marie C. Wilson, the Women's foundation treasurer, Ms. Daren Ball, and with support from foundation founder Gloria Steinem. The first celebration took place on April 22, 1993, and has since been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April in order for the 37 million children, parents, schools in over 3.5 million workplaces across the country, in addition to participants in over 200 countries around the world, to plan ahead for the annual event. The day has generally been scheduled on a day that is a school day for most children in the United States, and schools are provided with literature and encouraged to promote the program. Educators are provided with materials for incorporating career exploration into school curricula on the day before or after the event."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}], "question": "When did the person who found a route to India by sailing around the Horn of Africa explore the the country in the region where Dieter Mahncke was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__23058_20608_36344_17700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Simeulue Regency", "paragraph_text": "The people of Simeulue are similar to the people in the neighboring Nias Island, speaking 3 languages (Devayan, Sigulai and Lekon) which are distinctly different from the languages spoken in mainland Aceh. The majority of the people of Simeulue are Muslim."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spanish language", "paragraph_text": "It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language -- including speakers with limited competence -- and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "East Prussia", "paragraph_text": "The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nicaragua", "paragraph_text": "Nicaragua (/ \u02ccn\u026ak\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0\u0261w\u0259, - \u02c8r\u00e6\u0261 -, - \u0261ju\u0259 / (listen); Spanish: (nika\u02c8\u027ea\u0263wa)), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua (help info)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third - largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ogwa", "paragraph_text": "Ogwa is a town in Edo State, Nigeria. It is among the constituent communities of Esanland. The people of Ogwa speak the Esan language. The language of Esan people shares the same name as the name of the land itself. Esan and Ishan are interchangeably used to refer to the same place, language and people. Ishan is the anglicized variant for Esan. The Ogwa people in Edo State proudly identify themselves as Esan or Ishan people."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yoruba people", "paragraph_text": "The Yoruba people (Yoruba: \u00ccran Yor\u00f9b\u00e1, lit. 'Yoruba lineage'; also known as \u00c0won omo Yor\u00f9b\u00e1, lit. 'Children of Yoruba', or simply as the Yoruba) are an ethnic group of southwestern and north - central Nigeria, as well as southern and central Benin. Together, these regions are known as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute over 40 million people in total. The majority of this population is from Nigeria, and the Yoruba make up 21% of the country's population, according to the CIA World Factbook, making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba language, which is tonal, and is the Niger - Congo language with the largest number of native speakers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Race (human categorization)", "paragraph_text": "The term \"Hispanic\" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word \"Latino\" is often used as a synonym for \"Hispanic\". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who consider themselves to be of distinct races (Black, White, Amerindian, Asian, and mixed groups). However, there is a common misconception in the US that Hispanic/Latino is a race or sometimes even that national origins such as Mexican, Cuban, Colombian, Salvadoran, etc. are races. In contrast to \"Latino\" or \"Hispanic\", \"Anglo\" refers to non-Hispanic White Americans or non-Hispanic European Americans, most of whom speak the English language but are not necessarily of English descent."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos ind\u00edgenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas \"Amerindian\" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean. Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and M\u00e9tis peoples. Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between \"language\" and \"dialect\" an issue of great political importance. A group speaking a separate \"language\" is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate \"people\", and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state, while a group speaking a \"dialect\" tends to be seen not as \"a people\" in its own right, but as a sub-group, part of a bigger people, which must content itself with regional autonomy.[citation needed] The distinction between language and dialect is thus inevitably made at least as much on a political basis as on a linguistic one, and can lead to great political controversy, or even armed conflict."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish language in the United States has forty - five million Hispanic and Latino Americans that speak Spanish as their first, second or heritage language, and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States, making it the second most spoken language of the United States. With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish - speaking population in the world after Mexico, although it is not an official language of the country. Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second - language speakers. About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English ``very well ''in the 2000 U.S. Census. The United States is among the Spanish - speaking countries that has its own Academy of the Spanish Language."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long - established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish - speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2\u20133% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as \"special request-writers\" (arzuh\u00e2lcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods (mahalles) with their own languages (e.g., Jews, Greeks, Armenians, etc.). In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants would often speak each other's language. In cosmopolitan cities, people often spoke their family languages; many of those who were not ethnic Turks spoke Turkish as a second language."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Decisiones", "paragraph_text": "Decisiones (, \"Decisions\") is a Telemundo-produced Spanish-language television anthology of steamy melodramas about passion and sex in the modern world. The hour-long series features impassioned people thrust into amorous adventures and pushed to their breaking points. Unlike much Spanish-language dramatic fare, each show contains a complete story."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Santa Mar\u00eda Chiquimula", "paragraph_text": "Santa Mar\u00eda Chiquimula is a municipality in the Totonicap\u00e1n department of Guatemala. Located in the western highlands of Guatemala at an altitude of 2130 meters. The municipality has a territory of 211 km2 and a population of around 48,525 people in 2012. The Mayan K\u2019iche\u2019 language is spoken among the indigenous people here, but Spanish is also widely spoken. The main products of the region are corn and black beans."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mbugwe language", "paragraph_text": "Mbugwe or Mbuwe (Kimbugwe) is a Bantu language of spoken by the Mbugwe people of Lake Manyara in the Manyara Region of Central Tanzania. Mbugwe is estimated to be spoken by some 34,000 people."}], "question": "What is the low estimate of the number of people who speak the language of the modern day country where Spanish and Portugese enslaved most of their black people from?"}
{"id": "4hop1__513128_20608_36344_17700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ogwa", "paragraph_text": "Ogwa is a town in Edo State, Nigeria. It is among the constituent communities of Esanland. The people of Ogwa speak the Esan language. The language of Esan people shares the same name as the name of the land itself. Esan and Ishan are interchangeably used to refer to the same place, language and people. Ishan is the anglicized variant for Esan. The Ogwa people in Edo State proudly identify themselves as Esan or Ishan people."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "Nowadays, Galician is resurgent, though in the cities it remains a \"second language\" for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the populace of Galicia understand the language, 91.04 percent speak it, 68.65 percent read it and 57.64 percent write it. The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) remain roughly the same as a decade earlier; the latter two (reading and writing) both show enormous gains: a decade earlier, only 49.3 percent of the population could read Galician, and only 34.85 percent could write it. This fact can be easily explained because of the impossibility of teaching Galician during the Francisco Franco era, so older people speak the language but have no written competence. Galician is the highest-percentage spoken language in its region among the regional languages of Spain."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "East Prussia", "paragraph_text": "The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Simeulue Regency", "paragraph_text": "The people of Simeulue are similar to the people in the neighboring Nias Island, speaking 3 languages (Devayan, Sigulai and Lekon) which are distinctly different from the languages spoken in mainland Aceh. The majority of the people of Simeulue are Muslim."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dieter Mahncke", "paragraph_text": "Dieter Mahncke (born 1941 in South-West Africa) is a scholar of foreign policy and security studies, and Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Professor Emeritus of European Foreign Policy and Security Studies at the College of Europe. He is the author of books and articles on European security, arms control, German foreign policy, Berlin, US-European relations and South Africa."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Spanish language", "paragraph_text": "It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language -- including speakers with limited competence -- and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bantu peoples", "paragraph_text": "Before the expansion of farming and herding peoples, including those speaking Bantu languages, Africa south of the equator was populated by neolithic hunting and foraging peoples. Some of them were ancestral to proto - Khoisan - speaking peoples, whose modern hunter - forager and linguistic descendants, the Khoekhoe and San, occupy the arid regions around the Kalahari desert. The Hadza and Sandawe populations in Tanzania comprise the other modern hunter - forager remnant in Africa of these proto - Khoisan - speaking peoples."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915\u201316). This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on the 24th May 1916. The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at \"more than a million\". The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long - established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish - speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (104,465 or 81.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (5,062 or 3.9%) and French is the third (4,671 or 3.6%). There are 171 people who speak Romansh."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yoruba people", "paragraph_text": "The Yoruba people (Yoruba: \u00ccran Yor\u00f9b\u00e1, lit. 'Yoruba lineage'; also known as \u00c0won omo Yor\u00f9b\u00e1, lit. 'Children of Yoruba', or simply as the Yoruba) are an ethnic group of southwestern and north - central Nigeria, as well as southern and central Benin. Together, these regions are known as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute over 40 million people in total. The majority of this population is from Nigeria, and the Yoruba make up 21% of the country's population, according to the CIA World Factbook, making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba language, which is tonal, and is the Niger - Congo language with the largest number of native speakers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}], "question": "What's the minimum number of people who speak the language used in Dieter Mahncke's birthplace?"}
{"id": "4hop3__23058_20608_51524_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "European colonisation of Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "The spice trade was made possible by the maritime trade route. In 1498, the Portuguese navigator, Vasco da Gama, sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and opened up a sea route from Europe to India. Bringing home samples of exotic oriental products, da Gama greatly increased European interest in the new trade route and the new trade route quickly facilitated the expansion of trade. Eventually, the Dutch wrestled control of it from the Portuguese in the 17th century, and in the 18th century, the British gained control of it from the Dutch. Nevertheless, the spice route greatly increased trading activities, deepened the economic relations between Europe and Southeast Asia and as a result, more European merchants found their way to Southeast Asia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1450 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of the sea route to India is the description sometimes used in Europe and among the Portuguese for the first recorded trip made directly from Europe to India via the Atlantic Ocean. It was undertaken under the command of Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama during the reign of King Manuel I in 1497 - 1499. Considered by Europe to be one of the most remarkable voyages of the Age of Discovery, it consolidated the Portuguese maritime presence in Pacific Ocean and that country's dominance of global trade routes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century -- some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco Polo once used. When Vasco da Gama bypassed Ottoman controlled routes and established direct trade links with India in 1498, and Christopher Columbus first journeyed to the Bahamas in 1492, the Ottoman Empire was at its zenith."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "St. Augustine, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States. In 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish a colony in the territory claimed by Spain. They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River, calling it la Rivi\u00e8re de Mai (the River May), then sailed northward and established a settlement called Charlesfort at Port Royal Sound in present - day South Carolina. Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France. The Huguenot nobleman Ren\u00e9 de Laudonni\u00e8re, who had participated in the expedition, returned to Florida in 1564 with three ships and 300 Huguenot colonists. He arrived at the mouth of the River May on June 22, 1564, sailed up it a few miles, and founded Fort Caroline."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach \u20b9250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of \u20b9100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (\"Half Moon\" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Diogo Rodrigues", "paragraph_text": "Dom Diogo Rodrigues, Dom Diogo Roiz ( 1490-1496; Lagos, Portugal \u2013 21 April 1577; Colv\u00e1, Goa) was a Portuguese explorer of the Indian Ocean who sailed as an ordinary helmsman under the command of Dom Pedro Mascarenhas around Goa. They sailed from the Cape of Good Hope eastward into little-known waters of the newly discovered route to Goa. It was after him that the island of Rodrigues was\\is named between 4 and 9 February 1528 after discovering it during his only return journey from Goa via Cochin (left on 15 January 1528) to Portugal, following which he rose to the rank of a knight \"(cavaleiro)\". He then returned to Goa and made a mark in the history of the Portuguese empire in the subcontinent around the mid 16th century."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and traditions about Somalis from explorers and geographers in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. Since 1980, prominent Somalist scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sahara with Michael Palin", "paragraph_text": "Sahara with Michael Palin is a four-part BBC television series presented by British comedian and travel presenter Michael Palin, and first broadcast in 2002. In it, Palin travelled around the Sahara in Northern - and Western Africa, meeting people and visiting places. The journey route included the following countries and territories: Gibraltar, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Libya, Tunisia and Algeria."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bantu peoples", "paragraph_text": "Before the expansion of farming and herding peoples, including those speaking Bantu languages, Africa south of the equator was populated by neolithic hunting and foraging peoples. Some of them were ancestral to proto - Khoisan - speaking peoples, whose modern hunter - forager and linguistic descendants, the Khoekhoe and San, occupy the arid regions around the Kalahari desert. The Hadza and Sandawe populations in Tanzania comprise the other modern hunter - forager remnant in Africa of these proto - Khoisan - speaking peoples."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Spanish colonization of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories, and financed more of his trans - Atlantic journeys. He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic), in what is present day Haiti on his first voyage. After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people, the town of Isabella was begun in 1493, on his second voyage. In 1496 his brother, Bartholomew, founded Santo Domingo. By 1500, despite a high death rate, there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area. The local Ta\u00edno people continued to resist, refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish - occupied villages. The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. In 1500 the city of Nueva C\u00e1diz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, and it was followed by the founding by Alonso de Ojeda of Santa Cruz in present - day Guajira peninsula. Cuman\u00e1 in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas, in 1501 by Franciscan friars, but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hern\u00e1ndez de Serpa's foundation in 1569. The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mar\u00eda la Antigua del Dari\u00e9n."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Acoma Massacre", "paragraph_text": "The Acoma Massacre was fought in January 1599 between Spanish conquistadors and Acoma Native Americans in what is now New Mexico. After twelve soldiers were killed at Acoma Pueblo in 1598, the Spanish retaliated by launching a punitive expedition, which led to the deaths of around 800 men, women and children during a three - day battle. Several hundred survivors were also enslaved or otherwise severely punished."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Air Austral", "paragraph_text": "Air Austral is an airline based at the Roland Garros Airport in the French overseas department of R\u00e9union in the Indian Ocean. It operates scheduled services from R\u00e9union to metropolitan France, South Africa, Thailand, India and a number of destinations in the Indian Ocean. The company has eight airplanes in the fleet and employs around 900 people."}], "question": "When did the person who found a route to India by sailing around the Horn of Africa explore the region where the Spanish and Portuguese enslaved the most black people?"}
{"id": "4hop3__23058_20608_69139_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cape Healy", "paragraph_text": "Cape Healy () is a prominent, square-shaped rock cape forming the north side of the entrance to Lamplugh Inlet, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It was discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) who explored this coast by land and from the air in 1940, and was named for Joseph D. Healy, a member of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933\u201335, and a dog driver at the USAS East Base, 1939\u201341."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cape Fanning", "paragraph_text": "Cape Fanning () is a cape which forms the north side of the entrance to Violante Inlet, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It was discovered by the United States Antarctic Service in a flight from East Base on December 30, 1940, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Edmund Fanning, of Stonington, CT, and New York City, who in addition to actual Antarctic exploration in connection with his sealing and whaling business also vigorously promoted exploration by others under both private and public auspices. His book, \"Voyages Round the World\", published in 1833, is an authoritative work on early American Antarctic exploration."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Diogo Rodrigues", "paragraph_text": "Dom Diogo Rodrigues, Dom Diogo Roiz ( 1490-1496; Lagos, Portugal \u2013 21 April 1577; Colv\u00e1, Goa) was a Portuguese explorer of the Indian Ocean who sailed as an ordinary helmsman under the command of Dom Pedro Mascarenhas around Goa. They sailed from the Cape of Good Hope eastward into little-known waters of the newly discovered route to Goa. It was after him that the island of Rodrigues was\\is named between 4 and 9 February 1528 after discovering it during his only return journey from Goa via Cochin (left on 15 January 1528) to Portugal, following which he rose to the rank of a knight \"(cavaleiro)\". He then returned to Goa and made a mark in the history of the Portuguese empire in the subcontinent around the mid 16th century."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cape of Good Hope SPCA", "paragraph_text": "Established in 1872, the Cape of Good Hope SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) in Cape Town is the founding society of the SPCA movement in South Africa and is the oldest animal welfare organisation in the country. A registered non-profit organisation and Public Benefit Organisation, the society is affiliated to the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals (RSPCA) and are Executive Members of the National Council of SPCAs South Africa (NSPCA), as well as a member of the World Animal Protection organization."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East (although Herodotus mentioned a claim that the Phoenicians had done so far earlier). Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas (``Cape of Storms ''; Dutch: Stormkaap), which was the original name of the`` Cape of Good Hope''."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Early ties were already visible in the \"Apologie\" of William the Silent, condemning the Spanish Inquisition, which was written by his court minister, the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers. Louise de Coligny, daughter of the murdered Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, married William the Silent, leader of the Dutch (Calvinist) revolt against Spanish (Catholic) rule. As both spoke French in daily life, their court church in the Prinsenhof in Delft held services in French. The practice has continued to the present day. The Prinsenhof is one of the 14 active Walloon churches of the Dutch Reformed Church. The ties between Huguenots and the Dutch Republic's military and political leadership, the House of Orange-Nassau, which existed since the early days of the Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots in the Dutch Republic's colonies. They settled at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and New Netherland in North America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cape Howard", "paragraph_text": "Cape Howard () is a high, flat-topped, snow-covered cape at the extremity of the peninsula separating Lamplugh Inlet and Odom Inlet, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It was discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service who explored along this coast by land and from the air in 1940, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for August Howard, founder of the American Polar Society and editor of \"The Polar Times\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1967 Detroit riot", "paragraph_text": "In Detroit, an estimated 10,000 people participated in the riots, with an estimated 100,000 gathering to watch. Thirty - six hours later, 43 were dead, 33 of whom were black and 10 white. More than 7,200 people were arrested, most of them black. Mayor Jerome Cavanagh lamented upon surveying the damage, ``Today we stand amidst the ashes of our hopes. We hoped against hope that what we had been doing was enough to prevent a riot. It was not enough. ''"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cape Longing", "paragraph_text": "Cape Longing () is a rocky cape on the east coast of Graham Land, Antarctica, forming the south end of a large ice-covered promontory which marks the west side of the south entrance to Prince Gustav Channel. It was discovered by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenski\u00f6ld in 1902, and so named by him because from the position of his winter hut on Snow Hill Island the cape lay in the direction of his \"land of longing\" which he was anxious to explore."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Japanorama", "paragraph_text": "Japanorama is a series of documentaries presented by Jonathan Ross, exploring various facets of popular culture and trends of modern-day Japan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thomas Maclear", "paragraph_text": "Sir Thomas Maclear (17 March 1794 \u2013 14 July 1879) was an Irish-born South African astronomer who became Her Majesty's astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope."}], "question": "When did the person who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 explore the region where the Spanish and Portuguese enslaved the most black people?"}
{"id": "4hop3__23058_20608_59600_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of Kenya", "paragraph_text": "The European and Arab presence in Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, but European exploration of the interior began only in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, from 1920 known as the Kenya Colony."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Japanorama", "paragraph_text": "Japanorama is a series of documentaries presented by Jonathan Ross, exploring various facets of popular culture and trends of modern-day Japan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "South Africa", "paragraph_text": "The name ``South Africa ''is derived from the country's geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, reflecting its origin from the unification of four formerly separate British colonies. Since 1961 the long form name in English has been the`` Republic of South Africa''. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid - Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid - Afrika. Since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa", "paragraph_text": "Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa (Spanish pronunciation: (\u02c8\u03b2asko \u02c8nu\u0272e\u03b8 \u00f0e \u03b2al\u02c8\u03b2o. a); c. 1475 -- around January 12 -- 21, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1450 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century -- some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach \u20b9250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of \u20b9100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "Shell was vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of the sea route to India is the description sometimes used in Europe and among the Portuguese for the first recorded trip made directly from Europe to India via the Atlantic Ocean. It was undertaken under the command of Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama during the reign of King Manuel I in 1497 - 1499. Considered by Europe to be one of the most remarkable voyages of the Age of Discovery, it consolidated the Portuguese maritime presence in Pacific Ocean and that country's dominance of global trade routes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus\u2019s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama\u2019s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hernando de Soto", "paragraph_text": "Hernando de Soto (c. 1495 -- May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern - day United States (Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama and most likely Arkansas). He is the first European documented as having crossed the Mississippi River."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David Fanshawe", "paragraph_text": "Fanshawe was born in Paignton in Devon in 1942. His father was an officer in the Royal Artillery who played a central role in the planning of D-Day. His father's stories of military service in India fired Fanshawe's enthusiasm for travel and adventure. His first ambition was to be an explorer, but when he attended St George's School, Windsor Castle and Stowe School he discovered a love of music. His severe dyslexia, however, prevented him from reading a musical score and becoming a chorister."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people."}], "question": "When did the person who discovered a trade route around the southern tip of Africa to India explore the region where the Spanish and Portuguese enslaved the most black people?"}
{"id": "4hop3__23058_20608_92661_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1450 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century -- some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1451 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of Kenya", "paragraph_text": "The European and Arab presence in Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, but European exploration of the interior began only in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, from 1920 known as the Kenya Colony."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Christmas Island", "paragraph_text": "The first European to sight the island was Richard Rowe of the Thomas in 1615. Captain William Mynors of the Royal Mary, an English East India Company vessel, named the island when he sailed past it on Christmas Day, in 1643. The island was included on English and Dutch navigation charts as early as the beginning of the 17th century, but it was not until 1666 that a map published by Dutch cartographer Pieter Goos included the island. Goos labelled the island \"Mony\" or \"Moni\", the meaning of which is unclear.English navigator William Dampier, aboard the English ship Cygnet, made the earliest recorded visit to the sea around the island in March 1688. He found it uninhabited. Dampier gave an account of the visit which can be found in his Voyages. Dampier was trying to reach Cocos from New Holland. His ship was blown off course in an easterly direction, arriving at Christmas Island twenty-eight days later. Dampier landed at the Dales (on the west coast). Two of his crewmen became the first Europeans to set foot on Christmas Island.Captain Daniel Beeckman of the Eagle passed the island on 5 April 1714, chronicled in his 1718 book, A Voyage to and from the Island of Borneo, in the East-Indies."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Acoma Massacre", "paragraph_text": "The Acoma Massacre was fought in January 1599 between Spanish conquistadors and Acoma Native Americans in what is now New Mexico. After twelve soldiers were killed at Acoma Pueblo in 1598, the Spanish retaliated by launching a punitive expedition, which led to the deaths of around 800 men, women and children during a three - day battle. Several hundred survivors were also enslaved or otherwise severely punished."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa", "paragraph_text": "Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa (Spanish pronunciation: (\u02c8\u03b2asko \u02c8nu\u0272e\u03b8 \u00f0e \u03b2al\u02c8\u03b2o. a); c. 1475 -- around January 12 -- 21, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Francis Drake", "paragraph_text": "Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540 -- 28 January 1596) was an English sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer and explorer of the Elizabethan era. Drake carried out the second circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580, and was the first to complete the voyage as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation. With his incursion into the Pacific Ocean, he claimed what is now California for the English and inaugurated an era of conflict with the Spanish on the western coast of the Americas, an area that had previously been largely unexplored by western shipping."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "First Fleet", "paragraph_text": "The First Fleet was the 11 ships that departed from Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787 to found the penal colony that became the first European settlement in Australia. The Fleet consisted of two Royal Navy vessels, three store ships and six convict transports, carrying between 1,000 and 1,500 convicts, marines, seamen, civil officers and free people (accounts differ on the numbers), and a large quantity of stores. From England, the Fleet sailed southwest to Rio de Janeiro, then east to Cape Town and via the Great Southern Ocean to Botany Bay, arriving over the period of 18 to 20 January 1788, taking 250 to 252 days from departure to final arrival."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site 'San Miguel'. In November 1602, Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno was sent to map the California coast. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizca\u00edno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcal\u00e1. On November 12, 1602, the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensi\u00f3n, a member of Vizca\u00edno's expedition, to celebrate the feast day of San Diego."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Costa Ricans", "paragraph_text": "Costa Ricans (Spanish: Costarricenses), also called Ticos, are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in Central America called Costa Rica. Costa Ricans are predominantly mestizos, whites and castizos (halfway between white and mestizo), but their country is considered a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. As a result, modern - day Costa Ricans do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities. Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattoes, Blacks, Asians, and Amerindians. In addition to the ``Indigenas '', whites, mestizos, blacks and mulattoes, Costa Rica is also home to thousands of Asians. Most of the Chinese and Indians now living in the country are descendants of those that arrived during the 19th century as migrant workers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zheng He", "paragraph_text": "Zheng He (Chinese: \u912d\u548c; 1371 -- 1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and enslaved court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family, later adopted the conferred surname Zheng from Emperor Yongle. Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. His larger ships stretched 120 meters or more in length. These carried hundreds of sailors on four tiers of decks."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East (although Herodotus mentioned a claim that the Phoenicians had done so far earlier). Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas (``Cape of Storms ''; Dutch: Stormkaap), which was the original name of the`` Cape of Good Hope''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Volo (barque)", "paragraph_text": "\"Volo\" had been built at Arendal, Norway in the 1880s and was homeported there. She undertook her final voyage under Captain Olsen, sailing from Goteburg, Sweden, carrying a cargo of Baltic pine timber to Louren\u00e7o Marques, Portuguese East Africa. \"Volo\" was sailing by dead reckoning, and on 5 March 1896 Captain Olsen judged the ship to be 200 miles from the coast. The following day \"Volo\" struck rocks off the coast and was holed, but was carried over the reef and successfully beached between Kwaaihoek and the mouth of the Bushman River."}], "question": "When did the person who captained the first European ship to sail around the tip of Africa explore the region where the Spanish and Portuguese enslaved the most black people?"}
{"id": "4hop3__513128_20608_81556_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz", "paragraph_text": "Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz (Oudewater, 18 September 1871 \u2013 Klerksdorp (South Africa), 2 September 1944) was a Dutch explorer in New Guinea and diplomat in South Africa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "In China, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism, China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated. Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world, particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lord, I Hope This Day Is Good", "paragraph_text": "``Lord, I Hope This Day is Good ''is a song written by Dave Hanner, and recorded by American country music artist Don Williams. It was released in November 1981 as the third single from the album Especially for You.`` Lord, I Hope This Day is Good'' was Don Williams' twelfth number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of twenty weeks on the country music charts. Hanner also recorded the song as a member of Corbin / Hanner, who released it as the b - side to the 1982 single ``One Fine Morning. ''"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cape of Good Hope SPCA", "paragraph_text": "Established in 1872, the Cape of Good Hope SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) in Cape Town is the founding society of the SPCA movement in South Africa and is the oldest animal welfare organisation in the country. A registered non-profit organisation and Public Benefit Organisation, the society is affiliated to the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals (RSPCA) and are Executive Members of the National Council of SPCAs South Africa (NSPCA), as well as a member of the World Animal Protection organization."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1450 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cape James", "paragraph_text": "Cape James is a cape which forms the southern tip of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The name appears on a chart based upon the 1828\u201331 British naval expedition under Captain Henry Foster, and is now well established in international usage."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cape Fanning", "paragraph_text": "Cape Fanning () is a cape which forms the north side of the entrance to Violante Inlet, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It was discovered by the United States Antarctic Service in a flight from East Base on December 30, 1940, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Edmund Fanning, of Stonington, CT, and New York City, who in addition to actual Antarctic exploration in connection with his sealing and whaling business also vigorously promoted exploration by others under both private and public auspices. His book, \"Voyages Round the World\", published in 1833, is an authoritative work on early American Antarctic exploration."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century -- some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Flandres Bay", "paragraph_text": "Flandres Bay is a large bay lying between Cape Renard and Cape Willems, along the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was explored in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, who named it, probably after the historical area of Flandres."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach \u20b9250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of \u20b9100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Japanorama", "paragraph_text": "Japanorama is a series of documentaries presented by Jonathan Ross, exploring various facets of popular culture and trends of modern-day Japan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East (although Herodotus mentioned a claim that the Phoenicians had done so far earlier). Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas (``Cape of Storms ''; Dutch: Stormkaap), which was the original name of the`` Cape of Good Hope''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1451 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dieter Mahncke", "paragraph_text": "Dieter Mahncke (born 1941 in South-West Africa) is a scholar of foreign policy and security studies, and Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Professor Emeritus of European Foreign Policy and Security Studies at the College of Europe. He is the author of books and articles on European security, arms control, German foreign policy, Berlin, US-European relations and South Africa."}], "question": "When did the explorer who reached the Cape of Good Hope explore the country that used to be the country where Dieter Mahncke was born?"}
{"id": "4hop3__513128_20608_69139_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia", "paragraph_text": "Saudi Arabian oil was first discovered by the Americans in commercial quantities at Dammam oil well No. 7 in 1938 in what is now modern day Dhahran."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thomas Maclear", "paragraph_text": "Sir Thomas Maclear (17 March 1794 \u2013 14 July 1879) was an Irish-born South African astronomer who became Her Majesty's astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hobbs Islands", "paragraph_text": "The Hobbs Islands are a group of islands northeast of William Scoresby Bay, Antarctica. The largest island of this group was discovered on February 18, 1931, by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition under Mawson who thought it to be a cape and called it \"Cape Hobbs\" for Professor William H. Hobbs. Later exploration by the \"William Scoresby\" expedition (1936) and the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936\u201337) showed it to be part of an island group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cape of Good Hope SPCA", "paragraph_text": "Established in 1872, the Cape of Good Hope SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) in Cape Town is the founding society of the SPCA movement in South Africa and is the oldest animal welfare organisation in the country. A registered non-profit organisation and Public Benefit Organisation, the society is affiliated to the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals (RSPCA) and are Executive Members of the National Council of SPCAs South Africa (NSPCA), as well as a member of the World Animal Protection organization."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Some Hearts Are Diamonds", "paragraph_text": "Some Hearts Are Diamonds is the second solo album by Chris Norman, released in 1986 by Hansa Records. Dieter Bohlen, formerly of Modern Talking, produced the album and wrote several of the songs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cape Longing", "paragraph_text": "Cape Longing () is a rocky cape on the east coast of Graham Land, Antarctica, forming the south end of a large ice-covered promontory which marks the west side of the south entrance to Prince Gustav Channel. It was discovered by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenski\u00f6ld in 1902, and so named by him because from the position of his winter hut on Snow Hill Island the cape lay in the direction of his \"land of longing\" which he was anxious to explore."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dieter Mahncke", "paragraph_text": "Dieter Mahncke (born 1941 in South-West Africa) is a scholar of foreign policy and security studies, and Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Professor Emeritus of European Foreign Policy and Security Studies at the College of Europe. He is the author of books and articles on European security, arms control, German foreign policy, Berlin, US-European relations and South Africa."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Japanorama", "paragraph_text": "Japanorama is a series of documentaries presented by Jonathan Ross, exploring various facets of popular culture and trends of modern-day Japan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cape Fanning", "paragraph_text": "Cape Fanning () is a cape which forms the north side of the entrance to Violante Inlet, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It was discovered by the United States Antarctic Service in a flight from East Base on December 30, 1940, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Edmund Fanning, of Stonington, CT, and New York City, who in addition to actual Antarctic exploration in connection with his sealing and whaling business also vigorously promoted exploration by others under both private and public auspices. His book, \"Voyages Round the World\", published in 1833, is an authoritative work on early American Antarctic exploration."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Diogo Rodrigues", "paragraph_text": "Dom Diogo Rodrigues, Dom Diogo Roiz ( 1490-1496; Lagos, Portugal \u2013 21 April 1577; Colv\u00e1, Goa) was a Portuguese explorer of the Indian Ocean who sailed as an ordinary helmsman under the command of Dom Pedro Mascarenhas around Goa. They sailed from the Cape of Good Hope eastward into little-known waters of the newly discovered route to Goa. It was after him that the island of Rodrigues was\\is named between 4 and 9 February 1528 after discovering it during his only return journey from Goa via Cochin (left on 15 January 1528) to Portugal, following which he rose to the rank of a knight \"(cavaleiro)\". He then returned to Goa and made a mark in the history of the Portuguese empire in the subcontinent around the mid 16th century."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cape Healy", "paragraph_text": "Cape Healy () is a prominent, square-shaped rock cape forming the north side of the entrance to Lamplugh Inlet, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It was discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) who explored this coast by land and from the air in 1940, and was named for Joseph D. Healy, a member of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933\u201335, and a dog driver at the USAS East Base, 1939\u201341."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cape Howard", "paragraph_text": "Cape Howard () is a high, flat-topped, snow-covered cape at the extremity of the peninsula separating Lamplugh Inlet and Odom Inlet, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It was discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service who explored along this coast by land and from the air in 1940, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for August Howard, founder of the American Polar Society and editor of \"The Polar Times\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East (although Herodotus mentioned a claim that the Phoenicians had done so far earlier). Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas (``Cape of Storms ''; Dutch: Stormkaap), which was the original name of the`` Cape of Good Hope''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dutch colonization of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "On March 27, 1614, the States General would move away from traditional monopolistic endeavors and take a new and freer approach to exploration and commercial development of the New World; the issuance of the General Charter for Those who Discover Any New Passages, Havens, Countries, or Places stated that ``the said undertaking to be laudable, honorable, and serviceable for the prosperity of the United Provinces and wishing that the experiment be free and open to all and every of the inhabitants of this country, have invited and do hereby invite all and every of the inhabitants of the United Netherlands to the aforesaid search. ''"}], "question": "When did the discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 explore the country that used to be the country where Dieter Mahncke was born?"}
{"id": "4hop3__513128_20608_59600_36274", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Japanorama", "paragraph_text": "Japanorama is a series of documentaries presented by Jonathan Ross, exploring various facets of popular culture and trends of modern-day Japan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day", "paragraph_text": "Take Our Daughters To Work Day was created in New York City in the summer of 1992 by the Ms. Foundation for Women and its president, Marie C. Wilson, the Women's foundation treasurer, Ms. Daren Ball, and with support from foundation founder Gloria Steinem. The first celebration took place on April 22, 1993, and has since been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April in order for the 37 million children, parents, schools in over 3.5 million workplaces across the country, in addition to participants in over 200 countries around the world, to plan ahead for the annual event. The day has generally been scheduled on a day that is a school day for most children in the United States, and schools are provided with literature and encouraged to promote the program. Educators are provided with materials for incorporating career exploration into school curricula on the day before or after the event."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (\"Half Moon\" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach \u20b9250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of \u20b9100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cornelis de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Cornelis de Houtman (2 April 1565 \u2013 1 September 1599), brother of Frederick de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who discovered a new sea route from Europe to Indonesia and who thus begun the Dutch spice trade. At the time, the Portuguese Empire held a monopoly on the spice trade, and the voyage was a symbolic victory for the Dutch, even though the voyage itself was a disaster. Houtman was also a spy, having worked against the Portuguese by bringing back to the Netherlands privileged nautical information obtained during his stay in Portugal."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bartolomeu Dias", "paragraph_text": "Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: (ba\u027etulu\u02c8mew \u02c8di. \u0250\u0283); Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1450 -- 29 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "Shell was vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dieter Mahncke", "paragraph_text": "Dieter Mahncke (born 1941 in South-West Africa) is a scholar of foreign policy and security studies, and Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Professor Emeritus of European Foreign Policy and Security Studies at the College of Europe. He is the author of books and articles on European security, arms control, German foreign policy, Berlin, US-European relations and South Africa."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of Kenya", "paragraph_text": "The European and Arab presence in Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, but European exploration of the interior began only in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, from 1920 known as the Kenya Colony."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) was a 17th - century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. The factorij became a settlement outside Fort Amsterdam. The fort was situated on the strategic southern tip of the island of Manhattan and was meant to defend the fur trade operations of the Dutch West India Company in the North River (Hudson River). In 1624, it became a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province in 1625."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo C\u00e3o in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus\u2019s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama\u2019s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz", "paragraph_text": "Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz (Oudewater, 18 September 1871 \u2013 Klerksdorp (South Africa), 2 September 1944) was a Dutch explorer in New Guinea and diplomat in South Africa."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "In China, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism, China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated. Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world, particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "David Fanshawe", "paragraph_text": "Fanshawe was born in Paignton in Devon in 1942. His father was an officer in the Royal Artillery who played a central role in the planning of D-Day. His father's stories of military service in India fired Fanshawe's enthusiasm for travel and adventure. His first ambition was to be an explorer, but when he attended St George's School, Windsor Castle and Stowe School he discovered a love of music. His severe dyslexia, however, prevented him from reading a musical score and becoming a chorister."}], "question": "When did the discoverer of a trade route around the southern tip of Africa to India explore the country that used to be the country where Dieter Mahncke was born?"}
{"id": "4hop3__779797_711630_209582_836568", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as \"a scriptural divorce\". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms \"absolute endangerment of spirituality\" are considered grounds for legal separation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r (or the Peace of Szatm\u00e1r) was a peace treaty concluded at Szatm\u00e1r (present-day Satu Mare, Romania) on 29 April 1711 between the House of Habsburg emperor Charles VI, the Hungarian estates and the Kuruc rebels. It formally ended R\u00e1k\u00f3czi's War of Independence, which had endured since 1703."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor", "paragraph_text": "Otto II (955 \u2013 December 7, 983), called the Red (\"Rufus\"), was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983. A member of the Ottonian dynasty, Otto II was the youngest and sole surviving son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Piney Winston", "paragraph_text": "Piermont ``Piney ''Winston First appearance`` Pilot'' (episode 1.01) Last appearance ``Family Recipe ''(episode 4.08) (Murdered by Clay) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by William Lucking Information Nickname (s) Piney, pine Gender Male Occupation Founding member of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, mechanic and Army Veteran. Title Vice President (1967 - 1991) Family Ellie Winston (granddaughter) Kenny Winston (grandson) Spouse (s) Mary Winston (ex-wife) Children Harry`` Opie'' Winston (son; deceased) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Angela Martin", "paragraph_text": "Angela Martin The Office character Angela Kinsey as Angela Martin. First appearance ``Pilot ''(2005) Last appearance`` Finale'' (2013) Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Angela Kinsey Information Occupation Senior Accountant, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton Family Rachael Martin (sister, Rachael Harris) Spouse (s) Dwight Schrute (2008, 2014 --) Robert Lipton (2011 -- 13) Children Philip Nationality American"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Donika Kastrioti", "paragraph_text": "Donika Kastrioti (n\u00e9e Andronika Arianiti-Muzaka) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg. She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, one of the greatest leaders in the Albanian war against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dorothea of Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Dorothea of Saxony (; 4 October 1563 in Dresden \u2013 13 February 1587 in Wolfenb\u00fcttel) was a Saxon princess from the House of Wettin and by marriage Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor", "paragraph_text": "Otto III was crowned as King of Germany in 983 at the age of three, shortly after his father's death in Southern Italy while campaigning against the Byzantine Empire and the Emirate of Sicily. Though the nominal ruler of Germany, Otto III's minor status ensured his various regents held power over the Empire. His cousin Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, initially claimed regency over the young king and attempted to seize the throne for himself in 984. When his rebellion failed to gain the support of Germany's aristocracy, Henry II was forced to abandon his claims to the throne and to allow Otto III's mother Theophanu to serve as regent until her death in 991. Otto III was then still a child, so his grandmother, the Dowager Empress Adelaide of Italy, served as regent until 994."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg", "paragraph_text": "Born in Weimar, Duchess Anna Dorothea was the daughter of John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Christine Elisabeth of Holstein-Sonderburg."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Frederick the Great", "paragraph_text": "Frederick William considered marrying Frederick to Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the niece of Empress Anna of Russia, but this plan was ardently opposed by Prince Eugene of Savoy. Frederick himself proposed marrying Maria Theresa of Austria in return for renouncing the succession. Instead, Eugene persuaded Frederick William, through Seckendorff, that the crown prince marry Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, a Protestant relative of the Austrian Habsburgs. Although Frederick wrote to his sister that, \"There can be neither love nor friendship between us,\" and he considered suicide, he went along with the wedding on 12 June 1733 despite this. He had little in common with his bride and resented the political marriage as an example of the Austrian political interference which had plagued Prussia since 1701. Once Frederick secured the throne in 1740, he prevented Elisabeth from visiting his court in Potsdam, granting her instead Sch\u00f6nhausen Palace and apartments at the Berliner Stadtschloss. Frederick bestowed the title of the heir to the throne, \"Prince of Prussia\", on his brother Augustus William; despite this, his wife remained devoted to him. In their early married life, the royal couple resided at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin.  Although Frederick gave Elisabeth Christine all the honors befitting her station, he rarely saw her during his reign and never showed her any affection."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Enoch Arden law", "paragraph_text": "The Enoch Arden law is a legal precedent in the United States that grants a divorce or a legal exemption so that a person can remarry, if his or her spouse has been absent without explanation for a certain number of years, typically seven."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}], "question": "From which royal house is Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel's husband who held the same position as Theophanu's husband?"}
{"id": "4hop2__209582_12589_836568_124496", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Brunswick State Railway Company", "paragraph_text": "The Brunswick State Railway Company is not the same as the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway or the Brunswick Railway Company which did not exist when the BLE was founded."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dorothea of Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Dorothea of Saxony (; 4 October 1563 in Dresden \u2013 13 February 1587 in Wolfenb\u00fcttel) was a Saxon princess from the House of Wettin and by marriage Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Big Salmon River (New Brunswick)", "paragraph_text": "The Big Salmon River is a small river in southern New Brunswick, Canada, that flows south into the Bay of Fundy. The river has its source to the southwest of Sussex, New Brunswick. The river flows into the Bay of Fundy near St. Martins, New Brunswick, and serves as the endpoint of the Fundy Trail."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg", "paragraph_text": "Born in Weimar, Duchess Anna Dorothea was the daughter of John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Christine Elisabeth of Holstein-Sonderburg."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fredericton", "paragraph_text": "When New Brunswick became a separate colony from Nova Scotia in 1784, Ste. Anne's Point became the provincial capital, winning out over Parrtown (present - day Saint John) due to its central inland location. This made it less prone to American attack from the sea. A street plan was laid out to the west of the original townsite, King's College (now the University of New Brunswick) was founded, and the locale was renamed ``Frederick's Town '', in honour of the second son of King George III of the United Kingdom, Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York. The name was shortened to Fredericton shortly after the city became the official provincial capital of New Brunswick on 25 April 1785. Thus, in a period of less than three years, the area of Fredericton went from being a sparsely populated region to being the capital of the new colony of New Brunswick."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paul Robichaud", "paragraph_text": "Paul Robichaud (born May 6, 1964 in Tracadie, New Brunswick) is a politician in the province of New Brunswick, Canada."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. Thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg's capital (see also: House of Hanover). Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain (and from 1801, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was William IV. Semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House of Hanover. Her descendants, however, bore her husband's titular name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were concurrently also Electoral Princes of Hanover."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach", "paragraph_text": "Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (28 February 1854, in Weimar, Gro\u00dfherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach \u2013 10 July 1908, in Schlo\u00df Wiligrad near L\u00fcbstorf, (Gro\u00dfherzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin) was the first wife of Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg, Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and of the Duchy of Brunswick."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse Lusatia to close in on Bautzen. Meanwhile, Frederick and Field Marshal Keith would make for Dresden."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Larry Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "Larry Ronald Kennedy (born November 8, 1949 in Perth-Andover, New Brunswick) is a politician in the province of New Brunswick, Canada."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of H\u00f6chst", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of H\u00f6chst (20 June 1622) was fought between a combined Catholic League army led by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and Gonzalo Fern\u00e1ndez de C\u00f3rdoba and a Protestant army commanded by Christian the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, close to the town of H\u00f6chst, today a suburb of the city of Frankfurt am Main. The result was a one-sided Catholic League victory. . The action occurred during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (7 January 1638 - 15 February 1687), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Welf and by her two marriages Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r (or the Peace of Szatm\u00e1r) was a peace treaty concluded at Szatm\u00e1r (present-day Satu Mare, Romania) on 29 April 1711 between the House of Habsburg emperor Charles VI, the Hungarian estates and the Kuruc rebels. It formally ended R\u00e1k\u00f3czi's War of Independence, which had endured since 1703."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New Brunswick Legislature", "paragraph_text": "The New Brunswick Legislature is the legislature of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. Today, the legislature is made of two elements: the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, and the unicameral assembly called the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick. The legislature has existed \"de jure\" since New Brunswick separated from Nova Scotia in 1784, but was not first convened until 1786."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alexei Antonovich of Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "Alexei Antonovich of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg (27 February 1746 \u2013 12 (23) October 1787), was the third son of Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick and Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia, and younger brother of Ivan VI."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Evandale, New Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "Evandale is a community in Canada, in the province of New Brunswick. It is situated on the west bank of the Saint John River, and on New Brunswick Route 102."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "George II of Great Britain", "paragraph_text": "George II (George Augustus; German: Georg II. August; 30 October / 9 November 1683O.S./N.S. \u2013 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Matilda of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Matilda of Habsburg or Melchilde (1253 in Rheinfelden \u2013 23 December 1304 in Munich, Bavaria) was the eldest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenburg. She was regent of Bavaria in the minority of her son."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bolivia, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Bolivia is a town in Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 143 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Brunswick County."}], "question": "The spouse of Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel belonged to a certain family and held the position that elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg. Who is the father of Matilda from that same family?"}
{"id": "4hop2__711630_209582_836568_124496", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach", "paragraph_text": "Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (28 February 1854, in Weimar, Gro\u00dfherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach \u2013 10 July 1908, in Schlo\u00df Wiligrad near L\u00fcbstorf, (Gro\u00dfherzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin) was the first wife of Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg, Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and of the Duchy of Brunswick."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elisabeth of Austria (film)", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of Austria (German: Elisabeth von \u00d6sterreich) is a 1931 German historical drama film directed by Adolf Trotz and starring Lil Dagover, Paul Otto and Maria Matray. It is a biopic of Empress Elisabeth of Austria."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg", "paragraph_text": "Born in Weimar, Duchess Anna Dorothea was the daughter of John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Christine Elisabeth of Holstein-Sonderburg."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Elisabeth von Trapp", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth von Trapp is the granddaughter of Georg and Agatha von Trapp and the daughter of Werner von Trapp. The Trapp Family Singers, which Maria and Georg founded in Austria and brought with them to the United States when they escaped Austria in 1938, included Elisabeth's father, Werner von Trapp."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Asse II mine", "paragraph_text": "The Asse II mine (Schacht Asse II) is a former salt mine used as a deep geological repository for radioactive waste in the Asse Mountains of Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Lower Saxony, Germany."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Crescentius", "paragraph_text": "John Crescentius (Italian: \"Giovanni Crescenzio\") also John II Crescentius or Crescentius III (d. 1012) was the son of Crescentius the Younger (Crescentius II). He succeeded to his father's title of consul and patrician of Rome in 1002 and held it to his death."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brunswick, Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Brunswick is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Tennessee, United States. Brunswick is northeast of the center of Bartlett. Since the town is unincorporated, the boundaries are not officially defined, but it is roughly bounded by the Loosahatchie River to the north, Oliver Creek on the east, U.S. Route 70 to the south, and Germantown Road/Craven Road to the west. Initially, Brunswick was a separate community that formed along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (now owned by CSX Transportation). Many of the same families have lived in Brunswick for multiple generations. Many of these families are buried in Pleasant Hill Cemetery on Brunswick Road, between the railroad tracks and U.S. Route 70."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Matilda of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Matilda of Habsburg or Melchilde (1253 in Rheinfelden \u2013 23 December 1304 in Munich, Bavaria) was the eldest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenburg. She was regent of Bavaria in the minority of her son."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Otto mesi in due ore", "paragraph_text": "The original story comes from the 1806 novel, \"Elisabeth, ou Les exil\u00e9s de Sib\u00e9rie\" (\"Elisabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia\"), written by Sophie Ristaud Cottin. Luigi Marchionni's subsequent play, \"La figlia dell\u2019esiliato, ossia Otto mesi in due ore\" (\"The Daughter of the Exile, or Eight Months in Two Hours\"), first performed in Italy in 1820, was the more immediate basis for Gilardoni's libretto."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William I of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "William I of Geneva ( \u2013 25 July 1195) was Count of Geneva from 1178 to 1195, in succession to his father, Count Amadeus I of Geneva. William's mother was Amadeus' wife, Matilda de Cuiseaux."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Herman II, Count of Winzenburg", "paragraph_text": "Herman II, Count of Winzenburg (died 29 January 1152) was a son of Herman I, Count of Winzenburg and his second wife, Hedwig. She was either Hedwig of Assel-Woltingerode or Hedwig of Carniola-Istria. Herman II succeeded his father as Count of Winzenburg, without achieving the dominant position his father had held. He was a loyal supporter of Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz for many years."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Frederick the Great", "paragraph_text": "Frederick William considered marrying Frederick to Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the niece of Empress Anna of Russia, but this plan was ardently opposed by Prince Eugene of Savoy. Frederick himself proposed marrying Maria Theresa of Austria in return for renouncing the succession. Instead, Eugene persuaded Frederick William, through Seckendorff, that the crown prince marry Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, a Protestant relative of the Austrian Habsburgs. Although Frederick wrote to his sister that, \"There can be neither love nor friendship between us,\" and he considered suicide, he went along with the wedding on 12 June 1733 despite this. He had little in common with his bride and resented the political marriage as an example of the Austrian political interference which had plagued Prussia since 1701. Once Frederick secured the throne in 1740, he prevented Elisabeth from visiting his court in Potsdam, granting her instead Sch\u00f6nhausen Palace and apartments at the Berliner Stadtschloss. Frederick bestowed the title of the heir to the throne, \"Prince of Prussia\", on his brother Augustus William; despite this, his wife remained devoted to him. In their early married life, the royal couple resided at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin.  Although Frederick gave Elisabeth Christine all the honors befitting her station, he rarely saw her during his reign and never showed her any affection."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thomas Carleton", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Carleton (c. 1735 \u2013 2 February 1817) was an Irish-born British Army officer who was promoted to Colonel during the American Revolutionary War after relieving the siege of Quebec in 1776. After the war, he was appointed as Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, and supervised the resettlement of Loyalists from the United States in the province. He held this position until his death."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r (or the Peace of Szatm\u00e1r) was a peace treaty concluded at Szatm\u00e1r (present-day Satu Mare, Romania) on 29 April 1711 between the House of Habsburg emperor Charles VI, the Hungarian estates and the Kuruc rebels. It formally ended R\u00e1k\u00f3czi's War of Independence, which had endured since 1703."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dorothea of Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Dorothea of Saxony (; 4 October 1563 in Dresden \u2013 13 February 1587 in Wolfenb\u00fcttel) was a Saxon princess from the House of Wettin and by marriage Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor", "paragraph_text": "Otto II (955 \u2013 December 7, 983), called the Red (\"Rufus\"), was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983. A member of the Ottonian dynasty, Otto II was the youngest and sole surviving son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Claire Watson", "paragraph_text": "Born in New York City, she studied at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, and later privately with Elisabeth Schumann and Sergius Kagen, in New York. She then left for Europe, where she studied in Vienna with Otto Klemperer. She made her stage debut in Graz, as Desdemona, in 1951."}], "question": "Otto II held the same position as Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel's spouse, who belonged to a certain family. The father of Matilda of that same family is whom?"}
{"id": "4hop2__209582_13954_836568_124496", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Margaret of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Margaret of the Palatinate (German: \"Margarete von der Pfalz\"; 1376 \u2013 26 August 1434, Einville-au-Jard) was the daughter of Rupert of Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg. She married Charles II, Duke of Lorraine on 6 February 1393. Her maternal grandparents were Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg and Elisabeth of Meissen. One of her grandchildren was Margaret of Anjou, Queen Consort of King Henry VI of England."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Frederick the Great", "paragraph_text": "Frederick William considered marrying Frederick to Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the niece of Empress Anna of Russia, but this plan was ardently opposed by Prince Eugene of Savoy. Frederick himself proposed marrying Maria Theresa of Austria in return for renouncing the succession. Instead, Eugene persuaded Frederick William, through Seckendorff, that the crown prince marry Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, a Protestant relative of the Austrian Habsburgs. Although Frederick wrote to his sister that, \"There can be neither love nor friendship between us,\" and he considered suicide, he went along with the wedding on 12 June 1733 despite this. He had little in common with his bride and resented the political marriage as an example of the Austrian political interference which had plagued Prussia since 1701. Once Frederick secured the throne in 1740, he prevented Elisabeth from visiting his court in Potsdam, granting her instead Sch\u00f6nhausen Palace and apartments at the Berliner Stadtschloss. Frederick bestowed the title of the heir to the throne, \"Prince of Prussia\", on his brother Augustus William; despite this, his wife remained devoted to him. In their early married life, the royal couple resided at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin.  Although Frederick gave Elisabeth Christine all the honors befitting her station, he rarely saw her during his reign and never showed her any affection."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elisabeth von Trapp", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth von Trapp is the granddaughter of Georg and Agatha von Trapp and the daughter of Werner von Trapp. The Trapp Family Singers, which Maria and Georg founded in Austria and brought with them to the United States when they escaped Austria in 1938, included Elisabeth's father, Werner von Trapp."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Matilda of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Matilda of Habsburg or Melchilde (1253 in Rheinfelden \u2013 23 December 1304 in Munich, Bavaria) was the eldest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenburg. She was regent of Bavaria in the minority of her son."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "William I of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "William I of Geneva ( \u2013 25 July 1195) was Count of Geneva from 1178 to 1195, in succession to his father, Count Amadeus I of Geneva. William's mother was Amadeus' wife, Matilda de Cuiseaux."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "John was born to Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on 24 December 1166. Henry had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard\u2014Anjou, Normandy and England\u2014and expanded his empire by conquering Brittany. Henry married the powerful Eleanor of Aquitaine, who reigned over the Duchy of Aquitaine and had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France, in addition to being the former wife of Louis VII of France. The result was the Angevin Empire, named after Henry's paternal title as Count of Anjou and, more specifically, its seat in Angers.[nb 2] The Empire, however, was inherently fragile: although all the lands owed allegiance to Henry, the disparate parts each had their own histories, traditions and governance structures. As one moved south through Anjou and Aquitaine, the extent of Henry's power in the provinces diminished considerably, scarcely resembling the modern concept of an empire at all. Some of the traditional ties between parts of the empire such as Normandy and England were slowly dissolving over time. It was unclear what would happen to the empire on Henry's death. Although the custom of primogeniture, under which an eldest son would inherit all his father's lands, was slowly becoming more widespread across Europe, it was less popular amongst the Norman kings of England. Most believed that Henry would divide the empire, giving each son a substantial portion, and hoping that his children would continue to work together as allies after his death. To complicate matters, much of the Angevin empire was held by Henry only as a vassal of the King of France of the rival line of the House of Capet. Henry had often allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor against France, making the feudal relationship even more challenging."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Mysterious Mr. Valentine", "paragraph_text": "The Mysterious Mr. Valentine is a 1946 American film noir crime film directed by Philip Ford starring William Henry, Linda Stirling and Virginia Christine."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brunswick, Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Brunswick is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Tennessee, United States. Brunswick is northeast of the center of Bartlett. Since the town is unincorporated, the boundaries are not officially defined, but it is roughly bounded by the Loosahatchie River to the north, Oliver Creek on the east, U.S. Route 70 to the south, and Germantown Road/Craven Road to the west. Initially, Brunswick was a separate community that formed along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (now owned by CSX Transportation). Many of the same families have lived in Brunswick for multiple generations. Many of these families are buried in Pleasant Hill Cemetery on Brunswick Road, between the railroad tracks and U.S. Route 70."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (7 January 1638 - 15 February 1687), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Welf and by her two marriages Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Paige Matthews", "paragraph_text": "Paige Matthews Charmed character First appearance October 4, 2001 (episode 4.01; ``Charmed Again (Part 1) '') Last appearance May 21, 2006 (episode 8.22;`` Forever Charmed'' Created by Brad Kern Portrayed by Rose McGowan Information Aliases Jo Bennett Spouse (s) Henry Mitchell Children Tamora Mitchell Kat Mitchell Henry Mitchell Jr. Species Charmed One Witch Whitelighter Notable powers Telekinetic Orbing Whitelighter powers Orb - Shield Extended Family Grandparents Penny Halliwell (grandmother; deceased) Allen Halliwell (grandfather; deceased) Parents Patty Halliwell (mother; deceased) Sam Wilder (father) Mr. and Mrs. Matthews (adoptive parents; deceased) Siblings Prue Halliwell (half - sister; deceased) Piper Halliwell (half - sister) Phoebe Halliwell (half - sister) Other Relatives Melinda Warren (ancestor) Charlotte Warren (ancestor)"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Prince Welf Henry of Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Prince Welf Henry of Hanover (\"Welf Heinrich Ernst August Georg Christian Berthold Friedrich Wilhelm Louis Ferdinand Prinz von Hannover\"; 11 March 1923 \u2013 12 July 1997) was the fourth son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and his wife Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia, the only daughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein. The prince was known to his family as \"Welfi.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg", "paragraph_text": "Born in Weimar, Duchess Anna Dorothea was the daughter of John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Christine Elisabeth of Holstein-Sonderburg."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r (or the Peace of Szatm\u00e1r) was a peace treaty concluded at Szatm\u00e1r (present-day Satu Mare, Romania) on 29 April 1711 between the House of Habsburg emperor Charles VI, the Hungarian estates and the Kuruc rebels. It formally ended R\u00e1k\u00f3czi's War of Independence, which had endured since 1703."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach", "paragraph_text": "Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (28 February 1854, in Weimar, Gro\u00dfherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach \u2013 10 July 1908, in Schlo\u00df Wiligrad near L\u00fcbstorf, (Gro\u00dfherzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin) was the first wife of Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg, Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and of the Duchy of Brunswick."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of Hastenbeck", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Hastenbeck (26 July 1757) was fought as part of the Invasion of Hanover during the Seven Years' War between the allied forces of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Brunswick, and the French. The allies were defeated by the French army near Hamelin in the Electorate of Hanover."}], "question": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel's spouse had the same title as Henry's ally and belonged to a certain family. Who is the father of Matilda from that same family?"}
{"id": "4hop2__13954_209582_836568_124496", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Henry O'Leary", "paragraph_text": "Henry O'Leary (May 13, 1832 \u2013 November 7, 1897) was an Irish-born businessman and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Kent County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1873 to 1878."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg", "paragraph_text": "Born in Weimar, Duchess Anna Dorothea was the daughter of John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Christine Elisabeth of Holstein-Sonderburg."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (7 January 1638 - 15 February 1687), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Welf and by her two marriages Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Henry Cavendish", "paragraph_text": "Henry Cavendish was born on 10 October 1731 in Nice, where his family was living at the time. His mother was Lady Anne de Grey, fourth daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, and his father was Lord Charles Cavendish, the third son of William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire. The family traced its lineage across eight centuries to Norman times, and was closely connected to many aristocratic families of Great Britain. Henry's mother died in 1733, three months after the birth of her second son, Frederick, and shortly before Henry's second birthday, leaving Lord Charles Cavendish to bring up his two sons. Cavendish was styles as \"The Honourable Henry Cavendish\".From the age of 11 Henry attended Newcome's School, a private school near London. At the age of 18 (on 24 November 1748) he entered the University of Cambridge in St Peter's College, now known as Peterhouse, but left three years later on 23 February 1751 without taking a degree (at the time, a common practice). He then lived with his father in London, where he soon had his own laboratory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dorothea of Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Dorothea of Saxony (; 4 October 1563 in Dresden \u2013 13 February 1587 in Wolfenb\u00fcttel) was a Saxon princess from the House of Wettin and by marriage Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Frederick the Great", "paragraph_text": "Frederick William considered marrying Frederick to Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the niece of Empress Anna of Russia, but this plan was ardently opposed by Prince Eugene of Savoy. Frederick himself proposed marrying Maria Theresa of Austria in return for renouncing the succession. Instead, Eugene persuaded Frederick William, through Seckendorff, that the crown prince marry Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, a Protestant relative of the Austrian Habsburgs. Although Frederick wrote to his sister that, \"There can be neither love nor friendship between us,\" and he considered suicide, he went along with the wedding on 12 June 1733 despite this. He had little in common with his bride and resented the political marriage as an example of the Austrian political interference which had plagued Prussia since 1701. Once Frederick secured the throne in 1740, he prevented Elisabeth from visiting his court in Potsdam, granting her instead Sch\u00f6nhausen Palace and apartments at the Berliner Stadtschloss. Frederick bestowed the title of the heir to the throne, \"Prince of Prussia\", on his brother Augustus William; despite this, his wife remained devoted to him. In their early married life, the royal couple resided at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin.  Although Frederick gave Elisabeth Christine all the honors befitting her station, he rarely saw her during his reign and never showed her any affection."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Brunswick, Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Brunswick is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Tennessee, United States. Brunswick is northeast of the center of Bartlett. Since the town is unincorporated, the boundaries are not officially defined, but it is roughly bounded by the Loosahatchie River to the north, Oliver Creek on the east, U.S. Route 70 to the south, and Germantown Road/Craven Road to the west. Initially, Brunswick was a separate community that formed along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (now owned by CSX Transportation). Many of the same families have lived in Brunswick for multiple generations. Many of these families are buried in Pleasant Hill Cemetery on Brunswick Road, between the railroad tracks and U.S. Route 70."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "John was born to Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on 24 December 1166. Henry had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard\u2014Anjou, Normandy and England\u2014and expanded his empire by conquering Brittany. Henry married the powerful Eleanor of Aquitaine, who reigned over the Duchy of Aquitaine and had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France, in addition to being the former wife of Louis VII of France. The result was the Angevin Empire, named after Henry's paternal title as Count of Anjou and, more specifically, its seat in Angers.[nb 2] The Empire, however, was inherently fragile: although all the lands owed allegiance to Henry, the disparate parts each had their own histories, traditions and governance structures. As one moved south through Anjou and Aquitaine, the extent of Henry's power in the provinces diminished considerably, scarcely resembling the modern concept of an empire at all. Some of the traditional ties between parts of the empire such as Normandy and England were slowly dissolving over time. It was unclear what would happen to the empire on Henry's death. Although the custom of primogeniture, under which an eldest son would inherit all his father's lands, was slowly becoming more widespread across Europe, it was less popular amongst the Norman kings of England. Most believed that Henry would divide the empire, giving each son a substantial portion, and hoping that his children would continue to work together as allies after his death. To complicate matters, much of the Angevin empire was held by Henry only as a vassal of the King of France of the rival line of the House of Capet. Henry had often allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor against France, making the feudal relationship even more challenging."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Matilda of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Matilda of Habsburg or Melchilde (1253 in Rheinfelden \u2013 23 December 1304 in Munich, Bavaria) was the eldest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenburg. She was regent of Bavaria in the minority of her son."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Matilda of Anjou", "paragraph_text": "Matilda of Anjou, also known as Mahaut (c. 1106 \u2013 1154) was married in 1119 to William Adelin, son and heir apparent of Henry I of England."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Modern Family", "paragraph_text": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom that premiered on ABC on September 23, 2009, which follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their spouses and children."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Margaret of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Margaret of the Palatinate (German: \"Margarete von der Pfalz\"; 1376 \u2013 26 August 1434, Einville-au-Jard) was the daughter of Rupert of Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg. She married Charles II, Duke of Lorraine on 6 February 1393. Her maternal grandparents were Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg and Elisabeth of Meissen. One of her grandchildren was Margaret of Anjou, Queen Consort of King Henry VI of England."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach", "paragraph_text": "Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (28 February 1854, in Weimar, Gro\u00dfherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach \u2013 10 July 1908, in Schlo\u00df Wiligrad near L\u00fcbstorf, (Gro\u00dfherzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin) was the first wife of Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg, Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and of the Duchy of Brunswick."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elisabeth von Trapp", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth von Trapp is the granddaughter of Georg and Agatha von Trapp and the daughter of Werner von Trapp. The Trapp Family Singers, which Maria and Georg founded in Austria and brought with them to the United States when they escaped Austria in 1938, included Elisabeth's father, Werner von Trapp."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Prince Welf Henry of Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Prince Welf Henry of Hanover (\"Welf Heinrich Ernst August Georg Christian Berthold Friedrich Wilhelm Louis Ferdinand Prinz von Hannover\"; 11 March 1923 \u2013 12 July 1997) was the fourth son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and his wife Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia, the only daughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein. The prince was known to his family as \"Welfi.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "William I of Geneva", "paragraph_text": "William I of Geneva ( \u2013 25 July 1195) was Count of Geneva from 1178 to 1195, in succession to his father, Count Amadeus I of Geneva. William's mother was Amadeus' wife, Matilda de Cuiseaux."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paige Matthews", "paragraph_text": "Paige Matthews Charmed character First appearance October 4, 2001 (episode 4.01; ``Charmed Again (Part 1) '') Last appearance May 21, 2006 (episode 8.22;`` Forever Charmed'' Created by Brad Kern Portrayed by Rose McGowan Information Aliases Jo Bennett Spouse (s) Henry Mitchell Children Tamora Mitchell Kat Mitchell Henry Mitchell Jr. Species Charmed One Witch Whitelighter Notable powers Telekinetic Orbing Whitelighter powers Orb - Shield Extended Family Grandparents Penny Halliwell (grandmother; deceased) Allen Halliwell (grandfather; deceased) Parents Patty Halliwell (mother; deceased) Sam Wilder (father) Mr. and Mrs. Matthews (adoptive parents; deceased) Siblings Prue Halliwell (half - sister; deceased) Piper Halliwell (half - sister) Phoebe Halliwell (half - sister) Other Relatives Melinda Warren (ancestor) Charlotte Warren (ancestor)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r (or the Peace of Szatm\u00e1r) was a peace treaty concluded at Szatm\u00e1r (present-day Satu Mare, Romania) on 29 April 1711 between the House of Habsburg emperor Charles VI, the Hungarian estates and the Kuruc rebels. It formally ended R\u00e1k\u00f3czi's War of Independence, which had endured since 1703."}], "question": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel's spouse holds the same position as Henry's ally and was part of a certain family. Who is the father of Matilda from that family?"}
{"id": "4hop4__209582_779797_711630_836568", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as \"a scriptural divorce\". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms \"absolute endangerment of spirituality\" are considered grounds for legal separation."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg", "paragraph_text": "Born in Weimar, Duchess Anna Dorothea was the daughter of John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Christine Elisabeth of Holstein-Sonderburg."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mok Kwai-lan", "paragraph_text": "Mok Kwai-lan (; October 15, 1892 \u2013 November 3, 1982) was the fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Frederick the Great", "paragraph_text": "Frederick William considered marrying Frederick to Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the niece of Empress Anna of Russia, but this plan was ardently opposed by Prince Eugene of Savoy. Frederick himself proposed marrying Maria Theresa of Austria in return for renouncing the succession. Instead, Eugene persuaded Frederick William, through Seckendorff, that the crown prince marry Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, a Protestant relative of the Austrian Habsburgs. Although Frederick wrote to his sister that, \"There can be neither love nor friendship between us,\" and he considered suicide, he went along with the wedding on 12 June 1733 despite this. He had little in common with his bride and resented the political marriage as an example of the Austrian political interference which had plagued Prussia since 1701. Once Frederick secured the throne in 1740, he prevented Elisabeth from visiting his court in Potsdam, granting her instead Sch\u00f6nhausen Palace and apartments at the Berliner Stadtschloss. Frederick bestowed the title of the heir to the throne, \"Prince of Prussia\", on his brother Augustus William; despite this, his wife remained devoted to him. In their early married life, the royal couple resided at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin.  Although Frederick gave Elisabeth Christine all the honors befitting her station, he rarely saw her during his reign and never showed her any affection."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau (Antwerp, 17 September 1580 \u2013 Ch\u00e2teau-Renard, August 1631) was the fifth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse, Charlotte of Bourbon."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor", "paragraph_text": "Otto III was crowned as King of Germany in 983 at the age of three, shortly after his father's death in Southern Italy while campaigning against the Byzantine Empire and the Emirate of Sicily. Though the nominal ruler of Germany, Otto III's minor status ensured his various regents held power over the Empire. His cousin Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, initially claimed regency over the young king and attempted to seize the throne for himself in 984. When his rebellion failed to gain the support of Germany's aristocracy, Henry II was forced to abandon his claims to the throne and to allow Otto III's mother Theophanu to serve as regent until her death in 991. Otto III was then still a child, so his grandmother, the Dowager Empress Adelaide of Italy, served as regent until 994."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Maria Theresa", "paragraph_text": "The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13\u00a0May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Angela Martin", "paragraph_text": "Angela Martin The Office character Angela Kinsey as Angela Martin. First appearance ``Pilot ''(2005) Last appearance`` Finale'' (2013) Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Angela Kinsey Information Occupation Senior Accountant, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton Family Rachael Martin (sister, Rachael Harris) Spouse (s) Dwight Schrute (2008, 2014 --) Robert Lipton (2011 -- 13) Children Philip Nationality American"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Enoch Arden law", "paragraph_text": "The Enoch Arden law is a legal precedent in the United States that grants a divorce or a legal exemption so that a person can remarry, if his or her spouse has been absent without explanation for a certain number of years, typically seven."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sof\u00eda Vergara", "paragraph_text": "Sof\u00eda Vergara Vergara at the 2015 PaleyFest for Modern Family Sof\u00eda Margarita Vergara Vergara (1972 - 07 - 10) July 10, 1972 (age 46) Barranquilla, Colombia Residence Miami, Florida, U.S. Citizenship Colombian American Occupation Actress model television host producer Years active 1995 -- present Spouse (s) Joe Gonzalez (m. 1991; div. 1993) Joe Manganiello (m. 2015) Children Website www.sofiavergara.com"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r (or the Peace of Szatm\u00e1r) was a peace treaty concluded at Szatm\u00e1r (present-day Satu Mare, Romania) on 29 April 1711 between the House of Habsburg emperor Charles VI, the Hungarian estates and the Kuruc rebels. It formally ended R\u00e1k\u00f3czi's War of Independence, which had endured since 1703."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (7 January 1638 - 15 February 1687), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Welf and by her two marriages Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Meg Griffin", "paragraph_text": "Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy (Early version) ``Death Has a Shadow ''(Official version) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert (1999 -- 2000, 2011, 2012) Mila Kunis (1999 -- present) Tara Strong (singing voice) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin (father) Lois Griffin (mother) Chris Griffin (brother) Stewie Griffin (brother) Brian Griffin (dog) Spouse (s) Dr. Michael Milano (ex-fianc\u00e9) Nationality American"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor", "paragraph_text": "Otto II (955 \u2013 December 7, 983), called the Red (\"Rufus\"), was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983. A member of the Ottonian dynasty, Otto II was the youngest and sole surviving son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish", "paragraph_text": "Olivia Mariamne Devenish (16 February 1771 \u2013 26 November 1814), was the spouse of Thomas Stamford Raffles, vice governor of Java (1811\u20131816), from 1805 to 1814. A memorial monument was erected to her memory in the botanical garden of Buitenzorg (Bogor)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dorothea of Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Dorothea of Saxony (; 4 October 1563 in Dresden \u2013 13 February 1587 in Wolfenb\u00fcttel) was a Saxon princess from the House of Wettin and by marriage Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry."}], "question": "Of what family is the husband of Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel who held the position held by the husband of Theophanu?"}
{"id": "4hop3__119484_525322_14777_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: \"I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised.\" Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Duchy of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "The Duchy of Nassau (German: \"Herzogtum Nassau\") was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. It was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and later of the German Confederation. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the House of Nassau. The duchy was named for its historical core city, Nassau, although Wiesbaden rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, it was incorporated into the Province of Hesse-Nassau. The area today is a geographical and historical region, Nassau, and Nassau is also the name of the Nassau Nature Park within the borders of the former duchy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Reichstag (North German Confederation)", "paragraph_text": "The Reichstag was the Parliament of the North German Confederation (), founded after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It functioned until the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. Parliamentary sessions were held in the same building as the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, the Prussian House of Lords, located at 3 Leipziger Stra\u00dfe in Berlin, Germany. The same location is now the home of the German Federal Bundesrat."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "781 Kartvelia", "paragraph_text": "781 Kartvelia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin on January 25, 1914. It was named after the nation of Georgia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "916 America", "paragraph_text": "It was discovered on 7 August 1915 by the Russian astronomer Grigory Nikolaevich Neujmin at Simeis, Russian Empire. Originally designated 916I, it was renamed '916 America' on 24 February 1923 after the Council of Astronomers at Pulkovo Observatory decided to commemorate \"the friendly relations of the astronomical observatories and astronomers\". Another possible reason for the name was as a mark of appreciation for the help given during the 1921 Russian famine by the American Relief Administration under the later President Herbert Hoover."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance", "paragraph_text": "A Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance (Persian: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) or Hubsburg-Iran alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646-\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tragedy in the House of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Tragedy in the House of Habsburg (German: Trag\u00f6die im Hause Habsburg) is a 1924 German silent historical film directed by Alexander Korda and starring Mar\u00eda Corda, K\u00e1lm\u00e1n Z\u00e1tony and Emil Fenyvessy. The film recounts the events of the 1889 Mayerling Incident in which the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire committed suicide. Studio filming was done in Berlin with location shooting in Vienna. The film cost $80,000 to make, but only earned back around half of this at the box office."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joseph Roth", "paragraph_text": "After secondary school, Joseph Roth moved to Lemberg to begin his university studies in 1913, before transferring to the University of Vienna in 1914 to study philosophy and German literature. In 1916, Roth broke off his university studies and volunteered to serve in the Imperial Habsburg army fighting on the Eastern Front, \"though possibly only as an army journalist or censor.\" This experience had a major and long-lasting influence on his life. So, too, did the collapse in 1918 of the Habsburg Empire, which marked the beginning of a pronounced sense of \"homelessness\" that was to feature regularly in his work. As he wrote: \"My strongest experience was the War and the destruction of my fatherland, the only one I ever had, the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Transportpolizei", "paragraph_text": "After German reunification in 1990 the \"Transportpolizei\" was dissolved, with some 1200 of its personnel transferring to the (West) German \"Bahnpolizei\". On April 1, 1992 the \"Bahnpolizei\" was taken over by the German Federal Border Guard (now called the German Federal Police)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}], "question": "Who dissolved the privileges of the country of citizenship of the discoveror of 781 Kartvelia? Who dissolved the privileges of who lead the German States of the North German Confederation or Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__376138_579715_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Masquerade (play)", "paragraph_text": "Masquerade () is a verse play written in 1835 by the Russian Romantic writer Mikhail Lermontov. The four-act play, set in 1830's St. Petersburg aristocratic society, highlights the rebellious spirit and noble mind of the protagonist, Yevgeny Arbenin. It is often compared with Shakespeare's \"Othello\" in its essential story line."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Northern Region, Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Northern Nigeria was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962 it acquired the territory of the British Northern Cameroons, which voted to become a province within Northern Nigeria."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Po\u017earevac was the peace treaty signed in Po\u017earevac (, ), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Austria of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice on the other."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u202c) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 BCE and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pavel Viskovatov", "paragraph_text": "Pavel Alexandrovich Viskovatov (, also: \u0412\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439, Viskovatyi; 6 December 1842 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire \u2013 29 April 1905 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian historian of literature, editor, pedagogue and librettist (his were the lyrics to Anton Rubinstein's opera \"The Demon\", based on Mikhail Lermontov's poem of the same name). The Dorpat University professor of Russian language and literature (since 1873), Viskovatov devoted himself to re-discovering, compiling, and studying the vast and dispersed Lermontov's legacy. He prepared and in 1891 published in Saint Petersburg the first ever edition of The Works of Mikhail Lermontov. Featured here (in volume VI) the first ever comprehensive academic biography written by Viskovatov, has been used as blueprint by all the subsequent Russian biographers ever since."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Josef Philipp Vukassovich", "paragraph_text": "Baron Josef Philipp Vukassovich (; 1755\u00a0\u2013 9 August 1809) was a Croatian soldier who joined the army of Habsburg Monarchy and fought against both Ottoman Empire and the First French Republic. During the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded a brigade in the 1796\u20131797 Italian campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte. He led a division during the Napoleonic Wars and received a fatal wound in action."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Insurance in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Insurance in the United Kingdom, particularly long - term insurance, is divided into different categories. The categorisation is currently set out in sections 333B, and 431B to 431F of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (ICTA) with each category of business given a different tax treatment. The Chartered Insurance Institute is a prominent professional group first chartered in 1913 The Financial Services Authority was formed in 2001 as the regulator. In 2013 the Financial Services Authority was dissolved and financial regulation was instead placed with the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1826 in Norway", "paragraph_text": "The following details notable events from the year 1826 in Norway. Norway is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Key domestic issues include maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness. \"See also\": Norway"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marc Aryan", "paragraph_text": "Henri Markarian, better known as Marc Aryan (14 November 1926 in Valence, France \u2013 30 November 1985 in Ohain, Belgium), was a French-Belgian singer, songwriter, and record producer of Armenian descent born as a French citizen, who also acquired Belgian citizenship after a long residency in the country."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the empire that Masquerade's author is a citizen of, the kingdom that acquired some Thuringian territory, or Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__332945_787102_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Wei\u00dfe Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west. After the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The Prussian territories around Erfurt, M\u00fchlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Marc Aryan", "paragraph_text": "Henri Markarian, better known as Marc Aryan (14 November 1926 in Valence, France \u2013 30 November 1985 in Ohain, Belgium), was a French-Belgian singer, songwriter, and record producer of Armenian descent born as a French citizen, who also acquired Belgian citizenship after a long residency in the country."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Northern Region, Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Northern Nigeria was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962 it acquired the territory of the British Northern Cameroons, which voted to become a province within Northern Nigeria."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kingdom of Italy", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861 -- when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy -- until 1946 -- when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic. The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Supremus", "paragraph_text": "Supremus (; 1915\u20131916) was a group of Russian avant-garde artists led by the \"father\" of Suprematism, Kazimir Malevich. It included Aleksandra Ekster, Liubov Popova, Olga Rozanova, Ivan Kliun, Ivan Puni, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Nina Genke-Meller, Ksenia Boguslavskaya and others."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ilya Chashnik", "paragraph_text": "Ilya Grigorevich Chashnik (1902, Lucyn, Russian Empire, currently Ludza, Latvia - 1929, Leningrad) was a suprematist artist, a pupil of Kazimir Malevich and a founding member of the UNOVIS school."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Wuyue", "paragraph_text": "Wuyue (; Shanghainese: ), 907\u2013978, was an independent coastal kingdom founded during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907\u2013960) of Chinese history. It was ruled by the Qian family, whose family name remains widespread in the kingdom's former territory."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Po\u017earevac was the peace treaty signed in Po\u017earevac (, ), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Austria of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice on the other."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the country where the Supremus founder was a citizen, the kingdom which acquired some Thuringian territory, or the Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__119484_525322_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Po\u017earevac was the peace treaty signed in Po\u017earevac (, ), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Austria of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice on the other."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "French livre", "paragraph_text": "The livre (English: pound) was the currency of Kingdom of France and its predecessor state of West Francia from 781 to 1794. Several different livres existed, some concurrently. The livre was the name of both units of account and coins."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "781 Kartvelia", "paragraph_text": "781 Kartvelia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin on January 25, 1914. It was named after the nation of Georgia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ohio State Route 781", "paragraph_text": "State Route 781 (SR 781) is an east\u2013west state highway in southern Ohio, a U.S. state. The western terminus of SR 781 is at SR 41 about southwest of Peebles in the unincorporated community of Jacksonville. Its eastern terminus is to the southeast at a T-intersection with SR 348, which is approximately northeast of the community of Wamsley."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "916 America", "paragraph_text": "It was discovered on 7 August 1915 by the Russian astronomer Grigory Nikolaevich Neujmin at Simeis, Russian Empire. Originally designated 916I, it was renamed '916 America' on 24 February 1923 after the Council of Astronomers at Pulkovo Observatory decided to commemorate \"the friendly relations of the astronomical observatories and astronomers\". Another possible reason for the name was as a mark of appreciation for the help given during the 1921 Russian famine by the American Relief Administration under the later President Herbert Hoover."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marc Aryan", "paragraph_text": "Henri Markarian, better known as Marc Aryan (14 November 1926 in Valence, France \u2013 30 November 1985 in Ohain, Belgium), was a French-Belgian singer, songwriter, and record producer of Armenian descent born as a French citizen, who also acquired Belgian citizenship after a long residency in the country."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1826 in Norway", "paragraph_text": "The following details notable events from the year 1826 in Norway. Norway is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Key domestic issues include maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness. \"See also\": Norway"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an elected Executive and Legislative Council. In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories (including Saint Helena) the British Overseas Territories. In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Josef Philipp Vukassovich", "paragraph_text": "Baron Josef Philipp Vukassovich (; 1755\u00a0\u2013 9 August 1809) was a Croatian soldier who joined the army of Habsburg Monarchy and fought against both Ottoman Empire and the First French Republic. During the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded a brigade in the 1796\u20131797 Italian campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte. He led a division during the Napoleonic Wars and received a fatal wound in action."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the empire that the discoverer of 781 Kartvelia was a citizen, the kingdom that acquired some Thuringian territory, or Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__119385_525322_14777_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "787 Moskva", "paragraph_text": "Object 1914 UQ, discovered 20 April 1914 by Grigory Neujmin, was named 787 Moskva, after the capital of Russia, Moscow (and retains that name to this day). Object 1934 FD discovered on 19 March 1934 by C. Jackson was given the sequence number 1317. In 1938, G. N. Neujmin found that asteroid 1317 and 787 Moskva were, in fact, the same object. Sequence number 1317 was later reused for the object 1935 RC discovered on 1 September 1935 by Karl Reinmuth; that object is now known as 1317 Silvretta."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen", "paragraph_text": "Prince Albert Casimir of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (11 July 1738, Moritzburg, Electorate of Saxony \u2013 10 February 1822, Vienna) was a German prince from the House of Wettin who married into the Habsburg imperial family. He was noted as an art collector and founded the Albertina in Vienna, one of the largest and finest collections of old master prints and drawings in the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "916 America", "paragraph_text": "It was discovered on 7 August 1915 by the Russian astronomer Grigory Nikolaevich Neujmin at Simeis, Russian Empire. Originally designated 916I, it was renamed '916 America' on 24 February 1923 after the Council of Astronomers at Pulkovo Observatory decided to commemorate \"the friendly relations of the astronomical observatories and astronomers\". Another possible reason for the name was as a mark of appreciation for the help given during the 1921 Russian famine by the American Relief Administration under the later President Herbert Hoover."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Reichstag (North German Confederation)", "paragraph_text": "The Reichstag was the Parliament of the North German Confederation (), founded after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It functioned until the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. Parliamentary sessions were held in the same building as the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, the Prussian House of Lords, located at 3 Leipziger Stra\u00dfe in Berlin, Germany. The same location is now the home of the German Federal Bundesrat."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance", "paragraph_text": "A Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance (Persian: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) or Hubsburg-Iran alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646-\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: \"I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised.\" Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Burkhard Held", "paragraph_text": "Burkhard Held is German painter living and working in Berlin, Germany. His art is based on figuration dissolving into abstraction."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Duchy of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "The Duchy of Nassau (German: \"Herzogtum Nassau\") was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. It was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and later of the German Confederation. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the House of Nassau. The duchy was named for its historical core city, Nassau, although Wiesbaden rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, it was incorporated into the Province of Hesse-Nassau. The area today is a geographical and historical region, Nassau, and Nassau is also the name of the Nassau Nature Park within the borders of the former duchy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Intellectual property", "paragraph_text": "The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the empire that the discoverer of 787 Moskva was a citizen of, the kingdom that lead the North German Confederation, or the Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__376138_579715_14777_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Reichstag (North German Confederation)", "paragraph_text": "The Reichstag was the Parliament of the North German Confederation (), founded after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It functioned until the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. Parliamentary sessions were held in the same building as the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, the Prussian House of Lords, located at 3 Leipziger Stra\u00dfe in Berlin, Germany. The same location is now the home of the German Federal Bundesrat."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Absolute monarchy", "paragraph_text": "Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which one leader has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. These are often, but not always, hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state's authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Duchy of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "The Duchy of Nassau (German: \"Herzogtum Nassau\") was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. It was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and later of the German Confederation. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the House of Nassau. The duchy was named for its historical core city, Nassau, although Wiesbaden rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, it was incorporated into the Province of Hesse-Nassau. The area today is a geographical and historical region, Nassau, and Nassau is also the name of the Nassau Nature Park within the borders of the former duchy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance", "paragraph_text": "A Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance (Persian: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) or Hubsburg-Iran alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646-\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pavel Viskovatov", "paragraph_text": "Pavel Alexandrovich Viskovatov (, also: \u0412\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439, Viskovatyi; 6 December 1842 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire \u2013 29 April 1905 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian historian of literature, editor, pedagogue and librettist (his were the lyrics to Anton Rubinstein's opera \"The Demon\", based on Mikhail Lermontov's poem of the same name). The Dorpat University professor of Russian language and literature (since 1873), Viskovatov devoted himself to re-discovering, compiling, and studying the vast and dispersed Lermontov's legacy. He prepared and in 1891 published in Saint Petersburg the first ever edition of The Works of Mikhail Lermontov. Featured here (in volume VI) the first ever comprehensive academic biography written by Viskovatov, has been used as blueprint by all the subsequent Russian biographers ever since."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Burkhard Held", "paragraph_text": "Burkhard Held is German painter living and working in Berlin, Germany. His art is based on figuration dissolving into abstraction."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joseph Roth", "paragraph_text": "After secondary school, Joseph Roth moved to Lemberg to begin his university studies in 1913, before transferring to the University of Vienna in 1914 to study philosophy and German literature. In 1916, Roth broke off his university studies and volunteered to serve in the Imperial Habsburg army fighting on the Eastern Front, \"though possibly only as an army journalist or censor.\" This experience had a major and long-lasting influence on his life. So, too, did the collapse in 1918 of the Habsburg Empire, which marked the beginning of a pronounced sense of \"homelessness\" that was to feature regularly in his work. As he wrote: \"My strongest experience was the War and the destruction of my fatherland, the only one I ever had, the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: \"I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised.\" Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Transportpolizei", "paragraph_text": "After German reunification in 1990 the \"Transportpolizei\" was dissolved, with some 1200 of its personnel transferring to the (West) German \"Bahnpolizei\". On April 1, 1992 the \"Bahnpolizei\" was taken over by the German Federal Border Guard (now called the German Federal Police)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Masquerade (play)", "paragraph_text": "Masquerade () is a verse play written in 1835 by the Russian Romantic writer Mikhail Lermontov. The four-act play, set in 1830's St. Petersburg aristocratic society, highlights the rebellious spirit and noble mind of the protagonist, Yevgeny Arbenin. It is often compared with Shakespeare's \"Othello\" in its essential story line."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the country the Masquerade author was from, the kingdom which led the German states of the North German Confederation, or the Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__165983_787102_14777_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: \"I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised.\" Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ilya Chashnik", "paragraph_text": "Ilya Grigorevich Chashnik (1902, Lucyn, Russian Empire, currently Ludza, Latvia - 1929, Leningrad) was a suprematist artist, a pupil of Kazimir Malevich and a founding member of the UNOVIS school."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Burkhard Held", "paragraph_text": "Burkhard Held is German painter living and working in Berlin, Germany. His art is based on figuration dissolving into abstraction."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Transportpolizei", "paragraph_text": "After German reunification in 1990 the \"Transportpolizei\" was dissolved, with some 1200 of its personnel transferring to the (West) German \"Bahnpolizei\". On April 1, 1992 the \"Bahnpolizei\" was taken over by the German Federal Border Guard (now called the German Federal Police)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance", "paragraph_text": "A Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance (Persian: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) or Hubsburg-Iran alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646-\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tragedy in the House of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Tragedy in the House of Habsburg (German: Trag\u00f6die im Hause Habsburg) is a 1924 German silent historical film directed by Alexander Korda and starring Mar\u00eda Corda, K\u00e1lm\u00e1n Z\u00e1tony and Emil Fenyvessy. The film recounts the events of the 1889 Mayerling Incident in which the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire committed suicide. Studio filming was done in Berlin with location shooting in Vienna. The film cost $80,000 to make, but only earned back around half of this at the box office."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Intellectual property", "paragraph_text": "The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Knifegrinder", "paragraph_text": "The Knifegrinder Principle of Glittering (, ), or sometimes shortened to The Knifegrinder, is a 1912-13 cubo-futurist painting by Russian artist Kazimir Malevich. It contains both the fragmententation of form associated with futurism as well as abstract geometry related to cubism. it is in the collection of the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Reichstag (North German Confederation)", "paragraph_text": "The Reichstag was the Parliament of the North German Confederation (), founded after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It functioned until the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. Parliamentary sessions were held in the same building as the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, the Prussian House of Lords, located at 3 Leipziger Stra\u00dfe in Berlin, Germany. The same location is now the home of the German Federal Bundesrat."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the empire that The Knife Grinder's creator is a citizen, the kingdom that lead the German states to the North German Confederation, or Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__295256_294724_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sophia (robot)", "paragraph_text": "On October 11, 2017, Sophia was introduced to the United Nations with a brief conversation with the United Nations Deputy Secretary - General, Amina J. Mohammed. On October 25, at the Future Investment Summit in Riyadh, the robot was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, becoming the first robot ever to have a nationality. This attracted controversy as some commentators wondered if this implied that Sophia could vote or marry, or whether a deliberate system shutdown could be considered murder. Social media users used Sophia's citizenship to criticize Saudi Arabia's human rights record. As explained by Ali Al - Ahmed, director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs, ``Women (in Saudi Arabia) have since committed suicide because they could n't leave the house, and Sophia is running around (without a male guardian). Saudi law does n't allow non-Muslims to get citizenship. Did Sophia convert to Islam? What is the religion of this Sophia and why is n't she wearing hijab? If she applied for citizenship as a human she would n't get it. ''In December 2017, Sophia's creator David Hanson said in an interview that Sophia will use her citizenship to advocate for women's rights in her now country of citizenship; Newsweek criticized that`` What (Hanson) means, exactly, is unclear ''.."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eugene Archipenko", "paragraph_text": "Archipenko was born in Kaharlyk in the Russian Empire to Porfiry Antonowych Archipenko and Poroskowia Vassylivna Machowa. He was the older brother to sculptor Alexander Archipenko. In his young adulthood, Eugene Archipenko was employed as a beekeeper and from 1906 to 1909 published the periodical \"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u0434\u0436\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043e\" (\"\"Ukrainian Beekeeper\"\"). Archipenko taught agronomy at St Vladimir University in Kiev and published a number of textbooks on agronomy and beekeeping."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Queen of Sheba (sculpture)", "paragraph_text": "Queen of Sheba is a public art work by artist Alexander Archipenko located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The abstract bronze sculpture includes sloping concave forms, vaguely female curves, and a rounded crown; it is installed on the patio."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1826 in Norway", "paragraph_text": "The following details notable events from the year 1826 in Norway. Norway is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Key domestic issues include maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness. \"See also\": Norway"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Po\u017earevac was the peace treaty signed in Po\u017earevac (, ), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Austria of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice on the other."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an elected Executive and Legislative Council. In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories (including Saint Helena) the British Overseas Territories. In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Monarchy of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of Canada is at the core of both Canada's federal structure and Westminster - style of parliamentary and constitutional democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive (Queen - in - Council), legislative (Queen - in - Parliament), and judicial (Queen - on - the - Bench) branches within both federal and provincial jurisdictions. The sovereign is the personification of the Canadian state and is Queen of Canada as a matter of constitutional law. The current Canadian monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth's eldest son, Prince Charles, is heir apparent."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Josef Philipp Vukassovich", "paragraph_text": "Baron Josef Philipp Vukassovich (; 1755\u00a0\u2013 9 August 1809) was a Croatian soldier who joined the army of Habsburg Monarchy and fought against both Ottoman Empire and the First French Republic. During the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded a brigade in the 1796\u20131797 Italian campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte. He led a division during the Napoleonic Wars and received a fatal wound in action."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marc Aryan", "paragraph_text": "Henri Markarian, better known as Marc Aryan (14 November 1926 in Valence, France \u2013 30 November 1985 in Ohain, Belgium), was a French-Belgian singer, songwriter, and record producer of Armenian descent born as a French citizen, who also acquired Belgian citizenship after a long residency in the country."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the empire that Queen of Sheba's creator is a citizen, the kingdom that acquired some Thuringian territory, or Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__295256_294724_14777_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eugene Archipenko", "paragraph_text": "Archipenko was born in Kaharlyk in the Russian Empire to Porfiry Antonowych Archipenko and Poroskowia Vassylivna Machowa. He was the older brother to sculptor Alexander Archipenko. In his young adulthood, Eugene Archipenko was employed as a beekeeper and from 1906 to 1909 published the periodical \"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u0434\u0436\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043e\" (\"\"Ukrainian Beekeeper\"\"). Archipenko taught agronomy at St Vladimir University in Kiev and published a number of textbooks on agronomy and beekeeping."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Joseph Roth", "paragraph_text": "After secondary school, Joseph Roth moved to Lemberg to begin his university studies in 1913, before transferring to the University of Vienna in 1914 to study philosophy and German literature. In 1916, Roth broke off his university studies and volunteered to serve in the Imperial Habsburg army fighting on the Eastern Front, \"though possibly only as an army journalist or censor.\" This experience had a major and long-lasting influence on his life. So, too, did the collapse in 1918 of the Habsburg Empire, which marked the beginning of a pronounced sense of \"homelessness\" that was to feature regularly in his work. As he wrote: \"My strongest experience was the War and the destruction of my fatherland, the only one I ever had, the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Monarchy of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of Canada is at the core of both Canada's federal structure and Westminster - style of parliamentary and constitutional democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive (Queen - in - Council), legislative (Queen - in - Parliament), and judicial (Queen - on - the - Bench) branches within both federal and provincial jurisdictions. The sovereign is the personification of the Canadian state and is Queen of Canada as a matter of constitutional law. The current Canadian monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth's eldest son, Prince Charles, is heir apparent."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: \"I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised.\" Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Queen of Sheba (sculpture)", "paragraph_text": "Queen of Sheba is a public art work by artist Alexander Archipenko located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The abstract bronze sculpture includes sloping concave forms, vaguely female curves, and a rounded crown; it is installed on the patio."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Intellectual property", "paragraph_text": "The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Transportpolizei", "paragraph_text": "After German reunification in 1990 the \"Transportpolizei\" was dissolved, with some 1200 of its personnel transferring to the (West) German \"Bahnpolizei\". On April 1, 1992 the \"Bahnpolizei\" was taken over by the German Federal Border Guard (now called the German Federal Police)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Reichstag (North German Confederation)", "paragraph_text": "The Reichstag was the Parliament of the North German Confederation (), founded after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It functioned until the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. Parliamentary sessions were held in the same building as the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, the Prussian House of Lords, located at 3 Leipziger Stra\u00dfe in Berlin, Germany. The same location is now the home of the German Federal Bundesrat."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Burkhard Held", "paragraph_text": "Burkhard Held is German painter living and working in Berlin, Germany. His art is based on figuration dissolving into abstraction."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Duchy of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "The Duchy of Nassau (German: \"Herzogtum Nassau\") was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. It was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and later of the German Confederation. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the House of Nassau. The duchy was named for its historical core city, Nassau, although Wiesbaden rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, it was incorporated into the Province of Hesse-Nassau. The area today is a geographical and historical region, Nassau, and Nassau is also the name of the Nassau Nature Park within the borders of the former duchy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "585 Bilkis", "paragraph_text": "Bilkis (minor planet designation: 585 Bilkis) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered by German astronomer August Kopff in 1906 February and was given the Koran name for the Queen of Sheba. Photometric observations at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado in 2006\u20137 were used to build a light curve for this object. The asteroid displayed a rotation period of 8.5742 \u00b1 0.0005 hours and a brightness variation of 0.40 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance", "paragraph_text": "A Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance (Persian: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) or Hubsburg-Iran alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646-\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the empire that Queen of Sheba's creator is a citizen, the kingdom that lead the German states of the North German Confederation, or Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__165983_787102_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Knifegrinder", "paragraph_text": "The Knifegrinder Principle of Glittering (, ), or sometimes shortened to The Knifegrinder, is a 1912-13 cubo-futurist painting by Russian artist Kazimir Malevich. It contains both the fragmententation of form associated with futurism as well as abstract geometry related to cubism. it is in the collection of the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Po\u017earevac was the peace treaty signed in Po\u017earevac (, ), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Austria of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice on the other."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Knife of Never Letting Go", "paragraph_text": "The Knife of Never Letting Go First edition cover Author Patrick Ness Country United Kingdom Language English Series Chaos Walking Genre Young - adult, science fiction Publisher Walker Books Publication date 5 May 2008 Pages 496 pp ISBN 978 - 1 - 4063 - 1025 - 2 OCLC 233261939 Followed by The Ask and the Answer"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sophia (robot)", "paragraph_text": "On October 11, 2017, Sophia was introduced to the United Nations with a brief conversation with the United Nations Deputy Secretary - General, Amina J. Mohammed. On October 25, at the Future Investment Summit in Riyadh, the robot was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, becoming the first robot ever to have a nationality. This attracted controversy as some commentators wondered if this implied that Sophia could vote or marry, or whether a deliberate system shutdown could be considered murder. Social media users used Sophia's citizenship to criticize Saudi Arabia's human rights record. As explained by Ali Al - Ahmed, director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs, ``Women (in Saudi Arabia) have since committed suicide because they could n't leave the house, and Sophia is running around (without a male guardian). Saudi law does n't allow non-Muslims to get citizenship. Did Sophia convert to Islam? What is the religion of this Sophia and why is n't she wearing hijab? If she applied for citizenship as a human she would n't get it. ''In December 2017, Sophia's creator David Hanson said in an interview that Sophia will use her citizenship to advocate for women's rights in her now country of citizenship; Newsweek criticized that`` What (Hanson) means, exactly, is unclear ''.."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ilya Chashnik", "paragraph_text": "Ilya Grigorevich Chashnik (1902, Lucyn, Russian Empire, currently Ludza, Latvia - 1929, Leningrad) was a suprematist artist, a pupil of Kazimir Malevich and a founding member of the UNOVIS school."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wild Grinders", "paragraph_text": "Rob Dyrdek's Wild Grinders, also known simply as Wild Grinders, is an animated television series airing on Nickelodeon's sister channel Nicktoons. The series is created by, produced by, and loosely based on the life of professional skateboarder and reality TV star Rob Dyrdek, with distribution by Moonscoop. It made its second broadcast on U.S. television on April 27, 2012. Various animated shorts featuring the \"Wild Grinders\" characters had previously been seen and continues to be seen on Kabillion, a video on demand channel and streaming video website partially owned by Moonscoop."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Northern Region, Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Northern Nigeria was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962 it acquired the territory of the British Northern Cameroons, which voted to become a province within Northern Nigeria."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u202c) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 BCE and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marc Aryan", "paragraph_text": "Henri Markarian, better known as Marc Aryan (14 November 1926 in Valence, France \u2013 30 November 1985 in Ohain, Belgium), was a French-Belgian singer, songwriter, and record producer of Armenian descent born as a French citizen, who also acquired Belgian citizenship after a long residency in the country."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the country the creator of The Knife Grinder was from, the kingdom which acquired some Thuringian territory, or the Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__332945_787102_14777_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Supremus", "paragraph_text": "Supremus (; 1915\u20131916) was a group of Russian avant-garde artists led by the \"father\" of Suprematism, Kazimir Malevich. It included Aleksandra Ekster, Liubov Popova, Olga Rozanova, Ivan Kliun, Ivan Puni, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Nina Genke-Meller, Ksenia Boguslavskaya and others."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ilya Chashnik", "paragraph_text": "Ilya Grigorevich Chashnik (1902, Lucyn, Russian Empire, currently Ludza, Latvia - 1929, Leningrad) was a suprematist artist, a pupil of Kazimir Malevich and a founding member of the UNOVIS school."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Joseph Roth", "paragraph_text": "After secondary school, Joseph Roth moved to Lemberg to begin his university studies in 1913, before transferring to the University of Vienna in 1914 to study philosophy and German literature. In 1916, Roth broke off his university studies and volunteered to serve in the Imperial Habsburg army fighting on the Eastern Front, \"though possibly only as an army journalist or censor.\" This experience had a major and long-lasting influence on his life. So, too, did the collapse in 1918 of the Habsburg Empire, which marked the beginning of a pronounced sense of \"homelessness\" that was to feature regularly in his work. As he wrote: \"My strongest experience was the War and the destruction of my fatherland, the only one I ever had, the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Duchy of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "The Duchy of Nassau (German: \"Herzogtum Nassau\") was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. It was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and later of the German Confederation. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the House of Nassau. The duchy was named for its historical core city, Nassau, although Wiesbaden rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, it was incorporated into the Province of Hesse-Nassau. The area today is a geographical and historical region, Nassau, and Nassau is also the name of the Nassau Nature Park within the borders of the former duchy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Transportpolizei", "paragraph_text": "After German reunification in 1990 the \"Transportpolizei\" was dissolved, with some 1200 of its personnel transferring to the (West) German \"Bahnpolizei\". On April 1, 1992 the \"Bahnpolizei\" was taken over by the German Federal Border Guard (now called the German Federal Police)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: \"I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised.\" Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Linksruck", "paragraph_text": "Left Shift () was a Trotskyist group in Germany, which was the German affiliate of the International Socialist Tendency (the network founded by the British Socialist Workers Party). In September 2007, Linksruck formally dissolved, and its members regrouped into the Left Party as Marx21 - Network for International Socialism."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance", "paragraph_text": "A Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance (Persian: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) or Hubsburg-Iran alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646-\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen", "paragraph_text": "Prince Albert Casimir of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (11 July 1738, Moritzburg, Electorate of Saxony \u2013 10 February 1822, Vienna) was a German prince from the House of Wettin who married into the Habsburg imperial family. He was noted as an art collector and founded the Albertina in Vienna, one of the largest and finest collections of old master prints and drawings in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tragedy in the House of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Tragedy in the House of Habsburg (German: Trag\u00f6die im Hause Habsburg) is a 1924 German silent historical film directed by Alexander Korda and starring Mar\u00eda Corda, K\u00e1lm\u00e1n Z\u00e1tony and Emil Fenyvessy. The film recounts the events of the 1889 Mayerling Incident in which the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire committed suicide. Studio filming was done in Berlin with location shooting in Vienna. The film cost $80,000 to make, but only earned back around half of this at the box office."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Intellectual property", "paragraph_text": "The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the country the founder of Supremus was from, the kingdom which led the German states of the North German Confederation, or the Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__27810_305569_14777_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "George Kistiakowsky", "paragraph_text": "Born in Kiev in the old Russian Empire, into \"an old Ukrainian Cossack family which was part of the intellectual elite in pre-revolutionary Russia\", Kistiakowsky fled his homeland during the Russian Civil War. He made his way to Germany, where he earned his PhD in physical chemistry under the supervision of Max Bodenstein at the University of Berlin. He emigrated to the United States in 1926, where he joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1930, and became a citizen in 1933."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Intellectual property", "paragraph_text": "The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Burkhard Held", "paragraph_text": "Burkhard Held is German painter living and working in Berlin, Germany. His art is based on figuration dissolving into abstraction."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Duchy of Nassau", "paragraph_text": "The Duchy of Nassau (German: \"Herzogtum Nassau\") was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. It was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and later of the German Confederation. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the House of Nassau. The duchy was named for its historical core city, Nassau, although Wiesbaden rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, it was incorporated into the Province of Hesse-Nassau. The area today is a geographical and historical region, Nassau, and Nassau is also the name of the Nassau Nature Park within the borders of the former duchy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Wedding Hotel", "paragraph_text": "The Wedding Hotel (German: Das Hochzeitshotel) is a 1944 German comedy film directed by Carl Boese and starring Karin Hardt, Ren\u00e9 Deltgen and Walter Janssen. Due to Allied bombing raids on German cities like Berlin, much of the film was shot around Kitzb\u00fchel in Tyrol. It was one of a number of light-hearted German films made in the final year of the Third Reich."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Reichstag (North German Confederation)", "paragraph_text": "The Reichstag was the Parliament of the North German Confederation (), founded after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It functioned until the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. Parliamentary sessions were held in the same building as the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, the Prussian House of Lords, located at 3 Leipziger Stra\u00dfe in Berlin, Germany. The same location is now the home of the German Federal Bundesrat."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of nuclear weapons", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945, two fission bombs were dropped on Japan, standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat. The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project, and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as ``hydrogen bombs ''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Transportpolizei", "paragraph_text": "After German reunification in 1990 the \"Transportpolizei\" was dissolved, with some 1200 of its personnel transferring to the (West) German \"Bahnpolizei\". On April 1, 1992 the \"Bahnpolizei\" was taken over by the German Federal Border Guard (now called the German Federal Police)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Adoration of the Trinity", "paragraph_text": "Adoration of the Trinity (also known as Landauer Altarpiece; German: \"Allerheiligenbild\" or \"Landauer Altar\") is an oil-on-panel painting by German Renaissance artist Albrecht D\u00fcrer, executed in 1511 and now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: \"I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised.\" Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the country the Trinity bomb constructor was from, the kingdom that led the German states of the North German Confederation, or the Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop3__119385_525322_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Northern Region, Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Northern Nigeria was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962 it acquired the territory of the British Northern Cameroons, which voted to become a province within Northern Nigeria."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Josef Philipp Vukassovich", "paragraph_text": "Baron Josef Philipp Vukassovich (; 1755\u00a0\u2013 9 August 1809) was a Croatian soldier who joined the army of Habsburg Monarchy and fought against both Ottoman Empire and the First French Republic. During the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded a brigade in the 1796\u20131797 Italian campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte. He led a division during the Napoleonic Wars and received a fatal wound in action."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1826 in Norway", "paragraph_text": "The following details notable events from the year 1826 in Norway. Norway is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Key domestic issues include maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness. \"See also\": Norway"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Po\u017earevac was the peace treaty signed in Po\u017earevac (, ), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Austria of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice on the other."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u202c) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 BCE and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kingdom of Italy", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861 -- when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy -- until 1946 -- when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic. The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "916 America", "paragraph_text": "It was discovered on 7 August 1915 by the Russian astronomer Grigory Nikolaevich Neujmin at Simeis, Russian Empire. Originally designated 916I, it was renamed '916 America' on 24 February 1923 after the Council of Astronomers at Pulkovo Observatory decided to commemorate \"the friendly relations of the astronomical observatories and astronomers\". Another possible reason for the name was as a mark of appreciation for the help given during the 1921 Russian famine by the American Relief Administration under the later President Herbert Hoover."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Wei\u00dfe Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west. After the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The Prussian territories around Erfurt, M\u00fchlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "787 Moskva", "paragraph_text": "Object 1914 UQ, discovered 20 April 1914 by Grigory Neujmin, was named 787 Moskva, after the capital of Russia, Moscow (and retains that name to this day). Object 1934 FD discovered on 19 March 1934 by C. Jackson was given the sequence number 1317. In 1938, G. N. Neujmin found that asteroid 1317 and 787 Moskva were, in fact, the same object. Sequence number 1317 was later reused for the object 1935 RC discovered on 1 September 1935 by Karl Reinmuth; that object is now known as 1317 Silvretta."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marc Aryan", "paragraph_text": "Henri Markarian, better known as Marc Aryan (14 November 1926 in Valence, France \u2013 30 November 1985 in Ohain, Belgium), was a French-Belgian singer, songwriter, and record producer of Armenian descent born as a French citizen, who also acquired Belgian citizenship after a long residency in the country."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wuyue", "paragraph_text": "Wuyue (; Shanghainese: ), 907\u2013978, was an independent coastal kingdom founded during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907\u2013960) of Chinese history. It was ruled by the Qian family, whose family name remains widespread in the kingdom's former territory."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the Habsburg Monarchy, the kingdom that acquired Thuringian territory, and the country of the discoverer of 787 Moskva?"}
{"id": "4hop3__27810_305569_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Treaty of Passarowitz", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Po\u017earevac was the peace treaty signed in Po\u017earevac (, ), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Austria of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice on the other."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Northern Region, Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Northern Nigeria was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962 it acquired the territory of the British Northern Cameroons, which voted to become a province within Northern Nigeria."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Day After Trinity", "paragraph_text": "The Day After Trinity (a.k.a. The Day After Trinity: J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb) is a 1980 documentary film directed and produced by Jon H. Else in association with KTEH public television in San Jose, California. The film tells the story of J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904\u20131967), the theoretical physicist who led the effort to build the first atomic bomb, tested in July 1945 at Trinity site in New Mexico. Featuring candid interviews with several Manhattan Project scientists, as well as newly declassified archival footage, \"The Day After Trinity\" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature of 1980, and received a Peabody Award in 1981."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "George Kistiakowsky", "paragraph_text": "Born in Kiev in the old Russian Empire, into \"an old Ukrainian Cossack family which was part of the intellectual elite in pre-revolutionary Russia\", Kistiakowsky fled his homeland during the Russian Civil War. He made his way to Germany, where he earned his PhD in physical chemistry under the supervision of Max Bodenstein at the University of Berlin. He emigrated to the United States in 1926, where he joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1930, and became a citizen in 1933."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Josef Philipp Vukassovich", "paragraph_text": "Baron Josef Philipp Vukassovich (; 1755\u00a0\u2013 9 August 1809) was a Croatian soldier who joined the army of Habsburg Monarchy and fought against both Ottoman Empire and the First French Republic. During the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded a brigade in the 1796\u20131797 Italian campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte. He led a division during the Napoleonic Wars and received a fatal wound in action."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Trinity (nuclear test)", "paragraph_text": "Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. It was conducted by the United States Army at 5: 29 a.m. on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (now part of White Sands Missile Range). The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u202c) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 BCE and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Institute of technology", "paragraph_text": "Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kanije Eyalet", "paragraph_text": "The province of Kanije was established in 1600 after the town of Kanije was captured from Habsburgs. This newly conquered area was joined with territory of Zigetvar Province, which was formed in 1596 from some sanjaks of Budin Province (which had been expanded as a result of the Ottoman territorial gains during the Long War) and Bosnia Province. The Kanije Eyalet existed until the capture of Kanije by Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. It was formally ceded to Habsburg Monarchy by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marc Aryan", "paragraph_text": "Henri Markarian, better known as Marc Aryan (14 November 1926 in Valence, France \u2013 30 November 1985 in Ohain, Belgium), was a French-Belgian singer, songwriter, and record producer of Armenian descent born as a French citizen, who also acquired Belgian citizenship after a long residency in the country."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the country the Trinity bomb constructor was from, the kingdom which acquired some Thuringian territory, or the Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "4hop1__177808_814174_723483_78500", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James Turner Morehead (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The first James Turner Morehead (January 11, 1799 \u2013 May 5, 1875) was the younger brother of North Carolina Govorner John Motley Morehead and a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, January 11, 1799; attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1819; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensboro, North Carolina; commissioner of Greensboro in 1832, 1834, and 1835; served as a member of the North Carolina Senate in 1835, 1836, 1838, 1840, and 1842; trustee of the University of North Carolina 1836-1868; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 - March 4, 1853); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress; resumed the practice of his profession; also engaged in agricultural pursuits and operated an iron works; died in Greensboro, Guilford County, N.C., on May 5, 1875; interment in the Presbyterian Cemetery."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New Hampshire Route 97", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 97 (abbreviated NH 97) is a east\u2013west state highway in Salem, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The western terminus of the route is in the center of Salem at New Hampshire Route 28 (Broadway). The eastern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line, where the road continues east as Massachusetts Route 97 and continues on to Haverhill. NH 97 is named Main Street along its entire length."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Forest Oaks, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Forest Oaks is a census-designated place (CDP) in Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,890 as of the 2010 census, up from 3,241 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hadashville, Manitoba", "paragraph_text": "Hadashville is a small community in eastern Manitoba, Canada. It is located about 100 kilometres east of Winnipeg on Highway 11, 2 miles north of the Trans-Canada Highway. Hadashville is located in the Whitemouth River watershed north of the Sandilands Provincial Forest. Administratively, it is part of the Rural Municipality of Reynolds. It has sandy soil, many farms, and is surrounded by the boreal forest. This Whitemouth River area is very close to the western edge of the Canadian Shield, and just north of the United States border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire was won with a plurality by Hillary Clinton and an 0.4% margin, the second closest percentage behind Michigan, on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election. New Hampshire voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College by a popular vote."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in Michigan", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in Michigan was won by Donald Trump on November 8, 2016 with 47.50% of the total votes, over Hillary Clinton's 47.27%. All of Michigan's 16 Electoral Votes were assigned to Trump, contributing to his victory in the 2016 United States presidential election."}], "question": "In the 2016 presidential election, who won the state where the county sharing a border with Forest Oaks' county is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__558903_814174_723483_78500", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Elwood Bundy", "paragraph_text": "Bundy was born to a Quaker family in Guilford County, North Carolina, and moved by covered wagon to a farm near Monrovia, Indiana, with his family at the age of five. He studied briefly in Indianapolis with Barton S. Hays but was primarily self-taught. Bundy did travel to New York to copy paintings at the Metropolitan Museum of Art for a time. He joined the art department of Earlham College in 1887 and took up painting full-time in 1895 from a studio behind his home on West Main Street in Richmond, Indiana. He was a founding member of the Society of Western Artists and was a central influence in the founding of the Richmond Art Museum in 1898. He was known for his portrayal of Indiana landscapes and particularly for his paintings of American beech trees, though he did make brief trips to paint in California and northern Michigan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in California", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in California of November 8, 2016 was won by Democrat Hillary Clinton with a 61.7% majority of the popular vote over Republican Donald Trump. California's 55 electoral votes were assigned to Clinton."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in Texas", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in Texas was won by Republican Donald Trump and his running mate Mike Pence by an 8.99% margin over Democrats Hillary Clinton and Tim Kaine, part of the November 8, 2016 General Election. Texas assigns its 38 Electoral College votes to the state's popular vote winner, but two faithless electors chose other candidates, making Texas the only state in 2016 to give Trump less than the assigned electoral votes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Patriotic Party (Guatemala)", "paragraph_text": "At the legislative elections held on 9 November 2003, the party was part of the Grand National Alliance which won 24.3% of the vote and 47 out of 158 Congressional seats. The presidential candidate of the alliance, \u00d3scar Berger Perdomo, won 34.3% at the presidential elections of the same day. He won 54.1% at the second round and was elected president."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Turner Morehead (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The first James Turner Morehead (January 11, 1799 \u2013 May 5, 1875) was the younger brother of North Carolina Govorner John Motley Morehead and a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, January 11, 1799; attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1819; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensboro, North Carolina; commissioner of Greensboro in 1832, 1834, and 1835; served as a member of the North Carolina Senate in 1835, 1836, 1838, 1840, and 1842; trustee of the University of North Carolina 1836-1868; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 - March 4, 1853); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress; resumed the practice of his profession; also engaged in agricultural pursuits and operated an iron works; died in Greensboro, Guilford County, N.C., on May 5, 1875; interment in the Presbyterian Cemetery."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in North Carolina was won by Republican nominee Donald Trump on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 general election. North Carolina voters chose 15 electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1796 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1796 was the third quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 4 to Wednesday, December 7, 1796. It was the first contested American presidential election, the first presidential election in which political parties played a dominant role, and the only presidential election in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets. Incumbent Vice President John Adams of the Federalist Party defeated former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic - Republican Party."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "President of Ghana", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Republic of Ghana is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana, as well as Commander - in - Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces. The current President of Ghana is Nana Akufo - Addo, who won the 2016 presidential election against the incumbent, John Dramani Mahama, by a margin of 9.45%. Nana Akufo - Addo was sworn into office on 7 January 2017."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New Hampshire Route 97", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 97 (abbreviated NH 97) is a east\u2013west state highway in Salem, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The western terminus of the route is in the center of Salem at New Hampshire Route 28 (Broadway). The eastern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line, where the road continues east as Massachusetts Route 97 and continues on to Haverhill. NH 97 is named Main Street along its entire length."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2000 United States presidential election in Florida", "paragraph_text": "The 2000 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 7, 2000, as part of the nationwide presidential election. Florida, a swing state, had a major recount dispute that took center stage in the election. The outcome of the 2000 United States presidential election was not known for more than a month after balloting because of the extended process of counting and recounting Florida's presidential ballots. State results tallied on election night gave 246 electoral votes to Republican nominee Texas Governor George W. Bush and 255 to Democratic nominee Vice President Al Gore, with New Mexico (5), Oregon (7), and Florida (25) too close to call that evening. Gore won New Mexico and Oregon over the following few days, but the result in Florida would have been decisive however those two states had voted."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1800 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1800 was the fourth United States presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Wednesday, December 3, 1800. In what is sometimes referred to as the ``Revolution of 1800 '', Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic - Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic - Republican rule."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1950 Finnish presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1950, the first time the public had been involved in a presidential election since 1937 as three non-popular elections had taken place in 1940, 1943 and 1946. On 16 and 17 January the public elected presidential electors to an electoral college. They in turn elected the President. The result was a victory for Juho Kusti Paasikivi, who won on the first ballot. The turnout for the popular vote was 63.8%."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2017 French presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 French presidential election was held on 23 April and 7 May 2017. As no candidate won a majority in the first round on 23 April, a run - off was held between the top two candidates, Emmanuel Macron of En Marche! and Marine Le Pen of the National Front (FN), which Macron won by a decisive margin on 7 May. The presidential election was followed by legislative elections to elect members of the National Assembly on 11 and 18 June. Incumbent president Fran\u00e7ois Hollande of the Socialist Party (PS) was eligible to run for a second term, but declared on 1 December 2016 that he would not seek reelection in light of low approval ratings, making him the first incumbent president of the Fifth Republic not to seek re-election."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1824 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the popular vote was recorded, and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by \"very low\" turnout and \"fraud and irregularities\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1936 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "United States presidential election, 1936 \u2190 1932 November 3, 1936 1940 \u2192 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 61.0% 4.1 pp Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Alf Landon Party Democratic Republican Home state New York Kansas Running mate John Nance Garner Frank Knox Electoral vote 523 8 States carried 46 Popular vote 27,747,636 16,679,543 Percentage 60.8% 36.5% Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt / Garner, red denotes states won by Landon / Knox. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. President before election Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic Elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire was won with a plurality by Hillary Clinton and an 0.4% margin, the second closest percentage behind Michigan, on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election. New Hampshire voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College by a popular vote."}], "question": "In the 2016 presidential election, who won the state where the county sharing a border with the county where John Elwood Bundy was born is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__175962_814174_723483_50648", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Hampshire Route 97", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 97 (abbreviated NH 97) is a east\u2013west state highway in Salem, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The western terminus of the route is in the center of Salem at New Hampshire Route 28 (Broadway). The eastern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line, where the road continues east as Massachusetts Route 97 and continues on to Haverhill. NH 97 is named Main Street along its entire length."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James Turner Morehead (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The first James Turner Morehead (January 11, 1799 \u2013 May 5, 1875) was the younger brother of North Carolina Govorner John Motley Morehead and a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, January 11, 1799; attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1819; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensboro, North Carolina; commissioner of Greensboro in 1832, 1834, and 1835; served as a member of the North Carolina Senate in 1835, 1836, 1838, 1840, and 1842; trustee of the University of North Carolina 1836-1868; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 - March 4, 1853); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress; resumed the practice of his profession; also engaged in agricultural pursuits and operated an iron works; died in Greensboro, Guilford County, N.C., on May 5, 1875; interment in the Presbyterian Cemetery."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Browns Summit, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Browns Summit (sometimes called Brown Summit) is a small unincorporated community in Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. It lies just northeast of Greensboro, near the intersection of North Carolina Highway 150 and U.S. Route 29 along the future Interstate 785 in Guilford County, Latitude 36.212\u00b0N & Longitude -79.713\u00b0W. The elevation is above sea level. The single public elementary school is a part of the Guilford County school system. The ZIP Code for Browns Summit is 27214, and it is in the 336 area code."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Akshinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Akshinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. It is located in the south of the krai and borders with Ononsky, Ulyotovsky, and Kyrinsky Districts of Zabaykalsky Krai, as well as with Mongolia. The area of the district is . Administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Aksha. Population: 12,080 (2002 Census); The population of Aksha accounts for 36.9% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "State of New Hampshire Flag Seal Nickname (s): The Granite State Motto (s): Live Free or Die State song (s): ``Old New Hampshire ''Official language English (French allowed for official business with Quebec) Demonym Granite Stater, New Hampshirite Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Largest metro Greater Manchester Area Ranked 46th Total 9,349 sq mi (24,214 km) Width 68 miles (110 km) Length 190 miles (305 km)% water 4.2 Latitude 42 \u00b0 42 \u2032 N to 45 \u00b0 18 \u2032 N Longitude 70 \u00b0 36 \u2032 W to 72 \u00b0 33 \u2032 W Population Ranked 41st Total 1,342,795 (2017 est.) Density 147 / sq mi (56.8 / km) Ranked 21st Median household income $75,675 (1st) Elevation Highest point Mount Washington 6,288 ft (1916.66 m) Mean 1,000 ft (300 m) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood Province of New Hampshire Admission to Union June 21, 1788 (9th) Governor Chris Sununu (R) President of the Senate Chuck Morse (R) Legislature General Court Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Jeanne Shaheen (D) Maggie Hassan (D) U.S. House delegation 1: Carol Shea - Porter (D) 2: Ann McLane Kuster (D) (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC - 5 / - 4 ISO 3166 US - NH Abbreviations NH, N.H. Website www.nh.gov"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kazachinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Kazachinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the krai and borders with Yeniseysky and Motyginsky Districts in the north, Taseyevsky District in the east, Bolshemurtinsky District in the south, and with Pirovsky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Kazachinskoye. Population: The population of Kazachinskoye accounts for 33.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chaunsky District", "paragraph_text": "Chaunsky District (; Chukchi: ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located on the northern shore of the autonomous okrug and borders with Iultinsky District in the northeast, Anadyrsky District in the southeast, and with Bilibinsky District in the south and west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Pevek. Population: The population of Pevek accounts for 80.8% of the district's total population."}], "question": "What is the population of the state where the county sharing a border with the county where Browns Summit can be found is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__558903_814174_723483_50648", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shmidtovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shmidtovsky District () was an administrative district (raion) of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, which existed in 1973\u20132011. As a municipal division, it was, together with Iultinsky Administrative District, incorporated as Iultinsky Municipal District. It was located in the far north of the autonomous okrug and bordered with Iultinsky District in the east, Anadyrsky District in the south, and with Chaunsky District in the west. The area of the district was . Its administrative center was the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Mys Shmidta. Population: The population of Mys Shmidta accounted for 33.5% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fairview, California", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. It borders on the city of Hayward and the census-designated place of Castro Valley. The population was 10,003 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Akshinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Akshinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. It is located in the south of the krai and borders with Ononsky, Ulyotovsky, and Kyrinsky Districts of Zabaykalsky Krai, as well as with Mongolia. The area of the district is . Administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Aksha. Population: 12,080 (2002 Census); The population of Aksha accounts for 36.9% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chaunsky District", "paragraph_text": "Chaunsky District (; Chukchi: ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located on the northern shore of the autonomous okrug and borders with Iultinsky District in the northeast, Anadyrsky District in the southeast, and with Bilibinsky District in the south and west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Pevek. Population: The population of Pevek accounts for 80.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New Hampshire Route 97", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 97 (abbreviated NH 97) is a east\u2013west state highway in Salem, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The western terminus of the route is in the center of Salem at New Hampshire Route 28 (Broadway). The eastern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line, where the road continues east as Massachusetts Route 97 and continues on to Haverhill. NH 97 is named Main Street along its entire length."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "State of New Hampshire Flag Seal Nickname (s): The Granite State Motto (s): Live Free or Die State song (s): ``Old New Hampshire ''Official language English (French allowed for official business with Quebec) Demonym Granite Stater, New Hampshirite Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Largest metro Greater Manchester Area Ranked 46th Total 9,349 sq mi (24,214 km) Width 68 miles (110 km) Length 190 miles (305 km)% water 4.2 Latitude 42 \u00b0 42 \u2032 N to 45 \u00b0 18 \u2032 N Longitude 70 \u00b0 36 \u2032 W to 72 \u00b0 33 \u2032 W Population Ranked 41st Total 1,342,795 (2017 est.) Density 147 / sq mi (56.8 / km) Ranked 21st Median household income $75,675 (1st) Elevation Highest point Mount Washington 6,288 ft (1916.66 m) Mean 1,000 ft (300 m) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood Province of New Hampshire Admission to Union June 21, 1788 (9th) Governor Chris Sununu (R) President of the Senate Chuck Morse (R) Legislature General Court Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Jeanne Shaheen (D) Maggie Hassan (D) U.S. House delegation 1: Carol Shea - Porter (D) 2: Ann McLane Kuster (D) (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC - 5 / - 4 ISO 3166 US - NH Abbreviations NH, N.H. Website www.nh.gov"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kazachinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Kazachinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the krai and borders with Yeniseysky and Motyginsky Districts in the north, Taseyevsky District in the east, Bolshemurtinsky District in the south, and with Pirovsky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Kazachinskoye. Population: The population of Kazachinskoye accounts for 33.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Novolaksky District", "paragraph_text": "Novolaksky District (; Lak: ; , \"Aux Kho\u015ft\") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Khasavyurtovsky District in the northeast, Kazbekovsky District in the southeast, and with the Chechen Republic in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Novolakskoye. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was\u00a028,556, with the population of Novolakskoye accounting for 20.8% of that number."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dnovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Dnovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast and borders with Soletsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the northeast, Volotovsky District, also of Novgorod Oblast, in the east, Dedovichsky District in the south, and with Porkhovsky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Dno. Population: 16,048 (2002 Census); The population of Dno accounts for 67.9% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "James Turner Morehead (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The first James Turner Morehead (January 11, 1799 \u2013 May 5, 1875) was the younger brother of North Carolina Govorner John Motley Morehead and a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, January 11, 1799; attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1819; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensboro, North Carolina; commissioner of Greensboro in 1832, 1834, and 1835; served as a member of the North Carolina Senate in 1835, 1836, 1838, 1840, and 1842; trustee of the University of North Carolina 1836-1868; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 - March 4, 1853); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress; resumed the practice of his profession; also engaged in agricultural pursuits and operated an iron works; died in Greensboro, Guilford County, N.C., on May 5, 1875; interment in the Presbyterian Cemetery."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Elwood Bundy", "paragraph_text": "Bundy was born to a Quaker family in Guilford County, North Carolina, and moved by covered wagon to a farm near Monrovia, Indiana, with his family at the age of five. He studied briefly in Indianapolis with Barton S. Hays but was primarily self-taught. Bundy did travel to New York to copy paintings at the Metropolitan Museum of Art for a time. He joined the art department of Earlham College in 1887 and took up painting full-time in 1895 from a studio behind his home on West Main Street in Richmond, Indiana. He was a founding member of the Society of Western Artists and was a central influence in the founding of the Richmond Art Museum in 1898. He was known for his portrayal of Indiana landscapes and particularly for his paintings of American beech trees, though he did make brief trips to paint in California and northern Michigan."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "What is the population of the state where the county bordering the county where John Elwood Bundy was born is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__177808_814174_723483_50648", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New Hampshire Route 97", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 97 (abbreviated NH 97) is a east\u2013west state highway in Salem, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The western terminus of the route is in the center of Salem at New Hampshire Route 28 (Broadway). The eastern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line, where the road continues east as Massachusetts Route 97 and continues on to Haverhill. NH 97 is named Main Street along its entire length."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "State of New Hampshire Flag Seal Nickname (s): The Granite State Motto (s): Live Free or Die State song (s): ``Old New Hampshire ''Official language English (French allowed for official business with Quebec) Demonym Granite Stater, New Hampshirite Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Largest metro Greater Manchester Area Ranked 46th Total 9,349 sq mi (24,214 km) Width 68 miles (110 km) Length 190 miles (305 km)% water 4.2 Latitude 42 \u00b0 42 \u2032 N to 45 \u00b0 18 \u2032 N Longitude 70 \u00b0 36 \u2032 W to 72 \u00b0 33 \u2032 W Population Ranked 41st Total 1,342,795 (2017 est.) Density 147 / sq mi (56.8 / km) Ranked 21st Median household income $75,675 (1st) Elevation Highest point Mount Washington 6,288 ft (1916.66 m) Mean 1,000 ft (300 m) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood Province of New Hampshire Admission to Union June 21, 1788 (9th) Governor Chris Sununu (R) President of the Senate Chuck Morse (R) Legislature General Court Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Jeanne Shaheen (D) Maggie Hassan (D) U.S. House delegation 1: Carol Shea - Porter (D) 2: Ann McLane Kuster (D) (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC - 5 / - 4 ISO 3166 US - NH Abbreviations NH, N.H. Website www.nh.gov"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chaunsky District", "paragraph_text": "Chaunsky District (; Chukchi: ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located on the northern shore of the autonomous okrug and borders with Iultinsky District in the northeast, Anadyrsky District in the southeast, and with Bilibinsky District in the south and west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Pevek. Population: The population of Pevek accounts for 80.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Akshinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Akshinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. It is located in the south of the krai and borders with Ononsky, Ulyotovsky, and Kyrinsky Districts of Zabaykalsky Krai, as well as with Mongolia. The area of the district is . Administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Aksha. Population: 12,080 (2002 Census); The population of Aksha accounts for 36.9% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hadashville, Manitoba", "paragraph_text": "Hadashville is a small community in eastern Manitoba, Canada. It is located about 100 kilometres east of Winnipeg on Highway 11, 2 miles north of the Trans-Canada Highway. Hadashville is located in the Whitemouth River watershed north of the Sandilands Provincial Forest. Administratively, it is part of the Rural Municipality of Reynolds. It has sandy soil, many farms, and is surrounded by the boreal forest. This Whitemouth River area is very close to the western edge of the Canadian Shield, and just north of the United States border."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James Turner Morehead (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The first James Turner Morehead (January 11, 1799 \u2013 May 5, 1875) was the younger brother of North Carolina Govorner John Motley Morehead and a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, January 11, 1799; attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1819; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensboro, North Carolina; commissioner of Greensboro in 1832, 1834, and 1835; served as a member of the North Carolina Senate in 1835, 1836, 1838, 1840, and 1842; trustee of the University of North Carolina 1836-1868; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 - March 4, 1853); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress; resumed the practice of his profession; also engaged in agricultural pursuits and operated an iron works; died in Greensboro, Guilford County, N.C., on May 5, 1875; interment in the Presbyterian Cemetery."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Forest Oaks, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Forest Oaks is a census-designated place (CDP) in Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,890 as of the 2010 census, up from 3,241 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Shmidtovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shmidtovsky District () was an administrative district (raion) of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, which existed in 1973\u20132011. As a municipal division, it was, together with Iultinsky Administrative District, incorporated as Iultinsky Municipal District. It was located in the far north of the autonomous okrug and bordered with Iultinsky District in the east, Anadyrsky District in the south, and with Chaunsky District in the west. The area of the district was . Its administrative center was the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Mys Shmidta. Population: The population of Mys Shmidta accounted for 33.5% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "What is the population of the state where the county bordering the county where Forest Oaks can be found is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__570723_814174_723483_78500", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in Michigan", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in Michigan was won by Donald Trump on November 8, 2016 with 47.50% of the total votes, over Hillary Clinton's 47.27%. All of Michigan's 16 Electoral Votes were assigned to Trump, contributing to his victory in the 2016 United States presidential election."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "James Turner Morehead (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The first James Turner Morehead (January 11, 1799 \u2013 May 5, 1875) was the younger brother of North Carolina Govorner John Motley Morehead and a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, January 11, 1799; attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1819; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensboro, North Carolina; commissioner of Greensboro in 1832, 1834, and 1835; served as a member of the North Carolina Senate in 1835, 1836, 1838, 1840, and 1842; trustee of the University of North Carolina 1836-1868; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 - March 4, 1853); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress; resumed the practice of his profession; also engaged in agricultural pursuits and operated an iron works; died in Greensboro, Guilford County, N.C., on May 5, 1875; interment in the Presbyterian Cemetery."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire was won with a plurality by Hillary Clinton and an 0.4% margin, the second closest percentage behind Michigan, on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election. New Hampshire voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College by a popular vote."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Colfax, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Colfax is a small unincorporated community located in Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. It is located at (36.11, -80.01) in the western part of the county."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Hampshire Route 97", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 97 (abbreviated NH 97) is a east\u2013west state highway in Salem, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The western terminus of the route is in the center of Salem at New Hampshire Route 28 (Broadway). The eastern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line, where the road continues east as Massachusetts Route 97 and continues on to Haverhill. NH 97 is named Main Street along its entire length."}], "question": "In the 2016 presidential election, who won the state where the county sharing a border with the county where Colfax can be found is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__175962_814174_723483_78500", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in Michigan", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in Michigan was won by Donald Trump on November 8, 2016 with 47.50% of the total votes, over Hillary Clinton's 47.27%. All of Michigan's 16 Electoral Votes were assigned to Trump, contributing to his victory in the 2016 United States presidential election."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "French Algeria", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after Louis Philippe's constitutional monarchy was overthrown in the revolution of 1848, the new government of the Second Republic ended Algeria's status as a colony and declared in the 1848 Constitution the occupied lands an integral part of France. Three civil territories -- Alger, Oran, and Constantine -- were organized as Departments of France (local administrative units) under a civilian government. This made them a part of France proper as opposed to a colony. For the first time, French citizens in the civil territories elected their own councils and mayors; Muslims had to be appointed, could not hold more than one - third of council seats, and could not serve as mayors or assistant mayors. The administration of territories outside the zones settled by colons remained under the French Army. Local Muslim administration was allowed to continue under the supervision of French Army commanders, charged with maintaining order in newly pacified regions, and the bureaux arabes. Theoretically, these areas were closed to European colonization."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Browns Summit, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Browns Summit (sometimes called Brown Summit) is a small unincorporated community in Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. It lies just northeast of Greensboro, near the intersection of North Carolina Highway 150 and U.S. Route 29 along the future Interstate 785 in Guilford County, Latitude 36.212\u00b0N & Longitude -79.713\u00b0W. The elevation is above sea level. The single public elementary school is a part of the Guilford County school system. The ZIP Code for Browns Summit is 27214, and it is in the 336 area code."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New Hampshire Route 97", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 97 (abbreviated NH 97) is a east\u2013west state highway in Salem, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The western terminus of the route is in the center of Salem at New Hampshire Route 28 (Broadway). The eastern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line, where the road continues east as Massachusetts Route 97 and continues on to Haverhill. NH 97 is named Main Street along its entire length."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire was won with a plurality by Hillary Clinton and an 0.4% margin, the second closest percentage behind Michigan, on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election. New Hampshire voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College by a popular vote."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "James Turner Morehead (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The first James Turner Morehead (January 11, 1799 \u2013 May 5, 1875) was the younger brother of North Carolina Govorner John Motley Morehead and a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, January 11, 1799; attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1819; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensboro, North Carolina; commissioner of Greensboro in 1832, 1834, and 1835; served as a member of the North Carolina Senate in 1835, 1836, 1838, 1840, and 1842; trustee of the University of North Carolina 1836-1868; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 - March 4, 1853); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress; resumed the practice of his profession; also engaged in agricultural pursuits and operated an iron works; died in Greensboro, Guilford County, N.C., on May 5, 1875; interment in the Presbyterian Cemetery."}], "question": "In the 2016 presidential election, who won the state where the county sharing a border with the county where Browns Summit can be found is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__781620_814174_723483_29938", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pleasant Garden, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Pleasant Garden is a town in Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 4,489 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James Turner Morehead (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The first James Turner Morehead (January 11, 1799 \u2013 May 5, 1875) was the younger brother of North Carolina Govorner John Motley Morehead and a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, January 11, 1799; attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1819; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensboro, North Carolina; commissioner of Greensboro in 1832, 1834, and 1835; served as a member of the North Carolina Senate in 1835, 1836, 1838, 1840, and 1842; trustee of the University of North Carolina 1836-1868; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 - March 4, 1853); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress; resumed the practice of his profession; also engaged in agricultural pursuits and operated an iron works; died in Greensboro, Guilford County, N.C., on May 5, 1875; interment in the Presbyterian Cemetery."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Appalachian Mountains", "paragraph_text": "Mountains of the Long Range in Newfoundland reach heights of nearly 3,000 ft (900 m). In the Chic-Choc and Notre Dame mountain ranges in Quebec, the higher summits rise to about 4,000 ft (1,200 m) elevation. Isolated peaks and small ranges in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft (300 to 800 m). In Maine several peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Mount Katahdin at 5,267 feet (1,605 m). In New Hampshire, many summits rise above 5,000 ft (1,500 m), including Mount Washington in the White Mountains at 6,288 ft (1,917 m), Adams at 5,771 ft (1,759 m), Jefferson at 5,712 ft (1,741 m), Monroe at 5,380 ft (1,640 m), Madison at 5,367 ft (1,636 m), Lafayette at 5,249 feet (1,600 m), and Lincoln at 5,089 ft (1,551 m). In the Green Mountains the highest point, Mt. Mansfield, is 4,393 ft (1,339 m) in elevation; others include Killington Peak at 4,226 ft (1,288 m), Camel's Hump at 4,083 ft (1,244 m), Mt. Abraham at 4,006 ft (1,221 m), and a number of other heights exceeding 3,000 ft (900 m)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Hampshire Route 97", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 97 (abbreviated NH 97) is a east\u2013west state highway in Salem, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The western terminus of the route is in the center of Salem at New Hampshire Route 28 (Broadway). The eastern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line, where the road continues east as Massachusetts Route 97 and continues on to Haverhill. NH 97 is named Main Street along its entire length."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "How tall are the mountains in the state where the county sharing a border with the county where Pleasant Garden can be found is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__570723_814174_723483_50648", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Michurinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Michurinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Colfax, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Colfax is a small unincorporated community located in Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. It is located at (36.11, -80.01) in the western part of the county."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James Turner Morehead (North Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The first James Turner Morehead (January 11, 1799 \u2013 May 5, 1875) was the younger brother of North Carolina Govorner John Motley Morehead and a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, January 11, 1799; attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1819; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensboro, North Carolina; commissioner of Greensboro in 1832, 1834, and 1835; served as a member of the North Carolina Senate in 1835, 1836, 1838, 1840, and 1842; trustee of the University of North Carolina 1836-1868; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 - March 4, 1853); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress; resumed the practice of his profession; also engaged in agricultural pursuits and operated an iron works; died in Greensboro, Guilford County, N.C., on May 5, 1875; interment in the Presbyterian Cemetery."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chaunsky District", "paragraph_text": "Chaunsky District (; Chukchi: ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located on the northern shore of the autonomous okrug and borders with Iultinsky District in the northeast, Anadyrsky District in the southeast, and with Bilibinsky District in the south and west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Pevek. Population: The population of Pevek accounts for 80.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Moorea-Maiao", "paragraph_text": "Moorea-Maiao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kazachinsky District", "paragraph_text": "Kazachinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the krai and borders with Yeniseysky and Motyginsky Districts in the north, Taseyevsky District in the east, Bolshemurtinsky District in the south, and with Pirovsky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Kazachinskoye. Population: The population of Kazachinskoye accounts for 33.8% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New Hampshire Route 97", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 97 (abbreviated NH 97) is a east\u2013west state highway in Salem, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. The western terminus of the route is in the center of Salem at New Hampshire Route 28 (Broadway). The eastern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line, where the road continues east as Massachusetts Route 97 and continues on to Haverhill. NH 97 is named Main Street along its entire length."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Shmidtovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Shmidtovsky District () was an administrative district (raion) of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, which existed in 1973\u20132011. As a municipal division, it was, together with Iultinsky Administrative District, incorporated as Iultinsky Municipal District. It was located in the far north of the autonomous okrug and bordered with Iultinsky District in the east, Anadyrsky District in the south, and with Chaunsky District in the west. The area of the district was . Its administrative center was the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Mys Shmidta. Population: The population of Mys Shmidta accounted for 33.5% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "State of New Hampshire Flag Seal Nickname (s): The Granite State Motto (s): Live Free or Die State song (s): ``Old New Hampshire ''Official language English (French allowed for official business with Quebec) Demonym Granite Stater, New Hampshirite Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Largest metro Greater Manchester Area Ranked 46th Total 9,349 sq mi (24,214 km) Width 68 miles (110 km) Length 190 miles (305 km)% water 4.2 Latitude 42 \u00b0 42 \u2032 N to 45 \u00b0 18 \u2032 N Longitude 70 \u00b0 36 \u2032 W to 72 \u00b0 33 \u2032 W Population Ranked 41st Total 1,342,795 (2017 est.) Density 147 / sq mi (56.8 / km) Ranked 21st Median household income $75,675 (1st) Elevation Highest point Mount Washington 6,288 ft (1916.66 m) Mean 1,000 ft (300 m) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood Province of New Hampshire Admission to Union June 21, 1788 (9th) Governor Chris Sununu (R) President of the Senate Chuck Morse (R) Legislature General Court Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Jeanne Shaheen (D) Maggie Hassan (D) U.S. House delegation 1: Carol Shea - Porter (D) 2: Ann McLane Kuster (D) (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC - 5 / - 4 ISO 3166 US - NH Abbreviations NH, N.H. Website www.nh.gov"}], "question": "What is the population of the state where the county sharing a border with the county where Colfax can be found is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__405073_460075_604041_20088", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Withlacoochee Railway", "paragraph_text": "The Withlacoochee Railway Company was incorporated under Florida state law chapter 4256, approved May 24, 1893, for the purpose of surveying, operating and maintaining a railroad from some point in or near the town of Madison, Madison County, Florida, upon the most practical route in a northerly direction to the line between the states of Florida and Georgia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WHBK", "paragraph_text": "WHBK is a Southern Gospel formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Marshall, North Carolina, serving Madison County, North Carolina and Northern Buncombe County, North Carolina. WHBK is owned and operated by Seay Broadcasting Company."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Royal Pines, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Royal Pines is a census-designated place (CDP) in Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 4,272 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "In 2015, what happened to the congressional map of the state where the county bordering Royal Pines' county is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__462698_460075_604041_20088", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Withlacoochee Railway", "paragraph_text": "The Withlacoochee Railway Company was incorporated under Florida state law chapter 4256, approved May 24, 1893, for the purpose of surveying, operating and maintaining a railroad from some point in or near the town of Madison, Madison County, Florida, upon the most practical route in a northerly direction to the line between the states of Florida and Georgia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bent Creek, Buncombe County, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Bent Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,287 at the 2010 census. The Bent Creek area has mountain bike trails within the Pisgah National Forest."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WHBK", "paragraph_text": "WHBK is a Southern Gospel formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Marshall, North Carolina, serving Madison County, North Carolina and Northern Buncombe County, North Carolina. WHBK is owned and operated by Seay Broadcasting Company."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}], "question": "In 2015, what happened to the congressional map of the state where the county bordering Bent Creek's county is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__836090_460075_604041_20088", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fairview, Buncombe County, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Fairview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,678 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The unincorporated CDP of Fairview (Buncombe County) should not be confused with the town of Fairview (in Union County), which incorporated in 2001."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Withlacoochee Railway", "paragraph_text": "The Withlacoochee Railway Company was incorporated under Florida state law chapter 4256, approved May 24, 1893, for the purpose of surveying, operating and maintaining a railroad from some point in or near the town of Madison, Madison County, Florida, upon the most practical route in a northerly direction to the line between the states of Florida and Georgia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WHBK", "paragraph_text": "WHBK is a Southern Gospel formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Marshall, North Carolina, serving Madison County, North Carolina and Northern Buncombe County, North Carolina. WHBK is owned and operated by Seay Broadcasting Company."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}], "question": "In 2015, what happened to the congressional map of the state where the county bordering Fairview's county is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__211431_460075_604041_20088", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Withlacoochee Railway", "paragraph_text": "The Withlacoochee Railway Company was incorporated under Florida state law chapter 4256, approved May 24, 1893, for the purpose of surveying, operating and maintaining a railroad from some point in or near the town of Madison, Madison County, Florida, upon the most practical route in a northerly direction to the line between the states of Florida and Georgia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Avery Creek, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Avery Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,950 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "WHBK", "paragraph_text": "WHBK is a Southern Gospel formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Marshall, North Carolina, serving Madison County, North Carolina and Northern Buncombe County, North Carolina. WHBK is owned and operated by Seay Broadcasting Company."}], "question": "In 2015, what happened to the congressional map of the state where the county bordering Avery Creek's county is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__391802_460075_604041_20088", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Weaverville, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Weaverville is a town in Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,120 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Withlacoochee Railway", "paragraph_text": "The Withlacoochee Railway Company was incorporated under Florida state law chapter 4256, approved May 24, 1893, for the purpose of surveying, operating and maintaining a railroad from some point in or near the town of Madison, Madison County, Florida, upon the most practical route in a northerly direction to the line between the states of Florida and Georgia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Taputapuatea", "paragraph_text": "Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792. In 2017 Taputapuatea along with Taputapuatea marae were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "WHBK", "paragraph_text": "WHBK is a Southern Gospel formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Marshall, North Carolina, serving Madison County, North Carolina and Northern Buncombe County, North Carolina. WHBK is owned and operated by Seay Broadcasting Company."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}], "question": "In 2015, what happened to the congressional map of the state where the county bordering Weaverville's county is located?"}
{"id": "4hop3__21888_21866_6070_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Summer of '42", "paragraph_text": "Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one - sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nigerian Civil War", "paragraph_text": "Shortly after extending its blockade to include oil, the Nigerian government launched a ``police action ''to retake the secessionist territory. The war began on the early hours of 6 July 1967 when Nigerian Federal troops advanced in two columns into Biafra. The Biafra strategy had succeeded. The federal government had started the war, and the East was one defending itself. The Nigerian Army offensive was through the north of Biafra led by Colonel Mohammed Shuwa and the local military units were formed as the 1st Infantry Division. The division was led mostly by northern officers. After facing unexpectedly fierce resistance and high casualties, the right - hand Nigerian column advanced on the town of Nsukka which fell on 14 July, while the left - hand column made for Garkem, which was captured on 12 July."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874. However, Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884, and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885. In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands governed by the US. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Marshall Islands has been a United Nations member state since 1991."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Freedom Comes High", "paragraph_text": "Freedom Comes High is a 1944 dramatic short film commissioned by the United States Government during World War II and directed by Lewis Allen."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James Aldridge", "paragraph_text": "Harold Edward James Aldridge (10 July 1918 \u2013 23 February 2015) was an Australian-British writer and journalist. His World War II despatches were published worldwide and he was the author of over 30 books, both fiction and non-fiction works, including war and adventure novels and books for children."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968, when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.:242 Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Jacksonville, like most large cities in the United States, suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War II. The construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War II, the government of the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Mayor W. Haydon Burns' Jacksonville Story resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride. However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class \"white flight\" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before. The city's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 75.8% in 1970 to 55.1% by 2010."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to \"the Near East,\" the Ottoman Empire, and \"the Far East,\" the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia. The Qing response, successful for a time, was in 1756 to establish the Canton System, which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II, the Marshall Islands, along with several other island groups located in Micronesia, passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Webb (judge)", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Flood Webb KBE (21 January 1887 \u2013 11 August 1972) was a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the High Court of Australia. He was President of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East after the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eastern states of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The eastern states of Australia are the states adjoining the east coast of Australia. These are the mainland states of Victoria, Queensland, and New South Wales; the Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory, while not states, are also included. The term usually includes the island state of Tasmania. On some occasions, the state of South Australia is included in this grouping."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of Catch-22 characters", "paragraph_text": "Captain John Yossarian is a fictional character in Joseph Heller's novel Catch - 22 and its sequel Closing Time, and the protagonist of both books. In Catch - 22, Yossarian is a 28 - year - old Captain and B - 25 bombardier in the 256th Bombardment Squadron of the Army Air Corps, stationed on the small island of Pianosa off the Italian mainland during World War II. Yossarian's exploits are based on the experiences of the author; Heller was also a bombardier in the Air Corps, stationed on an island off the coast of Italy during World War II."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sidmouth Rock", "paragraph_text": "The Sidmouth Rock is a rock islet or small island, located in the Southern Ocean, off the southern coast of Tasmania, Australia. The island is situated approximately south-east of South East Cape and is contained within the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site. An erosional remnant of the Tasmanian mainland with a diameter of , the island is estimated to have separated from the Tasmanian mainland at least 15,000 years ago."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}], "question": "A self-governed Australian island was governed by another nation during World War II. When did a European people famous for their far east trade first come to that other nation?"}
{"id": "4hop3__701577_21866_65244_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fredericton", "paragraph_text": "When New Brunswick became a separate colony from Nova Scotia in 1784, Ste. Anne's Point became the provincial capital, winning out over Parrtown (present - day Saint John) due to its central inland location. This made it less prone to American attack from the sea. A street plan was laid out to the west of the original townsite, King's College (now the University of New Brunswick) was founded, and the locale was renamed ``Frederick's Town '', in honour of the second son of King George III of the United Kingdom, Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York. The name was shortened to Fredericton shortly after the city became the official provincial capital of New Brunswick on 25 April 1785. Thus, in a period of less than three years, the area of Fredericton went from being a sparsely populated region to being the capital of the new colony of New Brunswick."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aftermath of World War II", "paragraph_text": "The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era, defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA). Allies during World War II, the US and the USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the Cold War, so called because it never resulted in overt, declared hot war between the two powers but was instead characterized by espionage, political subversion and proxy wars. Western Europe and Japan were rebuilt through the American Marshall Plan whereas Central and Eastern Europe fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and eventually behind an \"Iron Curtain\". Europe was divided into a US-led Western Bloc and a Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. Internationally, alliances with the two blocs gradually shifted, with some nations trying to stay out of the Cold War through the Non-Aligned Movement. The War also saw a nuclear arms race between the two superpowers; part of the reason that the Cold War never became a \"hot\" war was that the Soviet Union and the United States had nuclear deterrents against each other, leading to a mutually assured destruction standoff."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nauru", "paragraph_text": "Settled by people from Micronesia and Polynesia c.\u2009 1000 BCE, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, the country entered into United Nations trusteeship. Nauru gained its independence in 1968, and became a member of the Pacific Community (SPC) in 1969."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Great Depression", "paragraph_text": "The depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Colony of Singapore", "paragraph_text": "The Colony of Singapore was a British Crown colony that existed from 1946 until 1963, when Singapore became part of Malaysia. When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II, the island was handed back to the British in 1945. In 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore together with the Cocos - Keeling and Christmas islands became a separate Crown colony. The colony was governed by the British Empire until it gained partial internal self - governance in 1955."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "In 1524, nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch, the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoul\u00eame by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France, former Count of Angoul\u00eame. The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen (English: ``Half Moon ''), captained by Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch Republic, as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Holland's stadholder. Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company. Instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gurnee Munn", "paragraph_text": "Gurnee Munn (April 30, 1887 - May 7, 1960) was a businessman, president of the American Totalisator Company and former member of the New York Stock Exchange. He served in World War I and World War II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Armenian General Benevolent Union", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, , \"Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun\", ) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. With the onset of World War II, headquarters were moved to New York City, New York."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York", "paragraph_text": "Rensselaer County sits east of the Hudson River in New York's Capital District and borders both Massachusetts and Vermont on the east. The area was originally inhabited by the Mohican Indian tribe until it was bought by the Dutch jeweler and merchant Kiliaen van Rensselaer in 1630 and incorporated into his patroonship Rensselaerswyck (which, in turn, was part of the Dutch colony New Netherland). The area now known as Rensselaer County passed into English hands in 1664, the Dutch regained control of it for a year in 1673, and the English resumed control in 1674. From 1674 until 1776 (the year of American independence), the area was under English or British control."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Fell (judge)", "paragraph_text": "John Fell (1721\u20131798) was an American merchant and jurist. Born in New York City, he was engaged in overseas trade and had acquired a small fleet of ships by the time he moved to Bergen County, New Jersey, in the 1760s, and lived at \"Peterfield\", a home in present-day Allendale, New Jersey that has become known as the \"John Fell House\". He served as judge of the court of common pleas in Bergen County from 1766 to 1774. With the coming of the American Revolutionary War, he became chairman of Bergen County's committee of correspondence and the committee of safety. He was Bergen County's leading delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775. In 1776 Fell was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Bergen County."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kingston, Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Kingston (Norf'k laengwij \"Daun a'Taun\") is the capital of the Australian South Pacific Territory of Norfolk Island. The vice-regal, legislative, administrative and judicial offices are all located in Kingston. The town is the second-oldest in Australia, and is of great historical and cultural significance to all Norfolk Islanders and other Australians."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long - established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish - speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability, and as a world symbol of freedom and cultural diversity."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harrison Salisbury", "paragraph_text": "Harrison Evans Salisbury (November 14, 1908 \u2013 July 5, 1993), was an American journalist and the first regular \"New York Times\" correspondent in Moscow after World War II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (later King James II)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Plymouth Colony", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691 at a location that had previously been surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony and developed as the town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of Massachusetts."}], "question": "When did the controllers of New York prior to it becoming an English colony come to the country responsible for the island Kingston is the capitol of during WWII?"}
{"id": "4hop3__79313_21866_65244_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792 -- 1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica (``British Peace ''), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815 -- 1914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the`` workshop of the world''. The British Empire expanded to include most of India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its own colonies, its dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Colony of Singapore", "paragraph_text": "The Colony of Singapore was a British Crown colony that existed from 1946 until 1963, when Singapore became part of Malaysia. When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II, the island was handed back to the British in 1945. In 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore together with the Cocos - Keeling and Christmas islands became a separate Crown colony. The colony was governed by the British Empire until it gained partial internal self - governance in 1955."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803, following a failed attempt to settle at Sullivan Bay in what is now Victoria. Other British settlements followed, at various points around the continent, many of them unsuccessful. The East India Trade Committee recommended in 1823 that a settlement be established on the coast of northern Australia to forestall the Dutch, and Captain J.J.G. Bremer, RN, was commissioned to form a settlement between Bathurst Island and the Cobourg Peninsula. Bremer fixed the site of his settlement at Fort Dundas on Melville Island in 1824 and, because this was well to the west of the boundary proclaimed in 1788, proclaimed British sovereignty over all the territory as far west as longitude 129\u00b0 East.The new boundary included Melville and Bathurst Islands, and the adjacent mainland. In 1826, the British claim was extended to the whole Australian continent when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (the basis of the later town of Albany), but the eastern border of Western Australia remained unchanged at longitude 129\u00b0 East. In 1824, a penal colony was established near the mouth of the Brisbane River (the basis of the later colony of Queensland). In 1829, the Swan River Colony and its capital of Perth were founded on the west coast proper and also assumed control of King George Sound. Initially a free colony, Western Australia later accepted British convicts, because of an acute labour shortage."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Manpower Directorate (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Manpower Directorate was a division of the Government of Australia established in January, 1942 to be responsible for active service and support industry recruitment during World War II to combat labor shortages in strategic areas. The agency had extensive power and reach in furtherance of this effort:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Bellarosa Connection", "paragraph_text": "The Bellarosa Connection is a 1989 novella by the American author Saul Bellow. The book takes the form of an ongoing dialogue between the Fonstein family about the impact of the Holocaust. This is an especially significant story as it represents, along with \"Mr. Sammler's Planet\", Bellow's most significant commentary on the Holocaust. In the book, the Bellarosa Connection signifies Billy Rose's Madison Square Garden benefit for the Jews of Europe on the most immediate level, but, more deeply, becomes a point of departure for Bellow to consider the American Jewish response to European Jews' experience during World War II. As Bellow's protagonist comes to grips with the past, his experience distances American Jewry's position from that of its European counterparts. The book moves then to Israel in order to present the three major homelands of the World's Jewry."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aftermath of World War II", "paragraph_text": "The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era, defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA). Allies during World War II, the US and the USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the Cold War, so called because it never resulted in overt, declared hot war between the two powers but was instead characterized by espionage, political subversion and proxy wars. Western Europe and Japan were rebuilt through the American Marshall Plan whereas Central and Eastern Europe fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and eventually behind an \"Iron Curtain\". Europe was divided into a US-led Western Bloc and a Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. Internationally, alliances with the two blocs gradually shifted, with some nations trying to stay out of the Cold War through the Non-Aligned Movement. The War also saw a nuclear arms race between the two superpowers; part of the reason that the Cold War never became a \"hot\" war was that the Soviet Union and the United States had nuclear deterrents against each other, leading to a mutually assured destruction standoff."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Robert Crowley (CIA)", "paragraph_text": "A native of Chicago, Illinois and graduate of the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, he served in the US Army in the Pacific theater during World War II. While at West Point, Crowley played for the Army Black Knights men's soccer program, where he was an NSCAA First-Team All-American in 1945. After the war, he remained in the United States Army Reserve, retiring with the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1986."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hart Crag", "paragraph_text": "Hart Crag is a fell in the English Lake District, being one of the Fairfield group of hills in the Eastern Fells."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of extreme points of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island (167 \u00b0 57 'E) Excluding islands: Australian Antarctic Territory (160 \u00b0 00' E) Excluding islands and Australian Antarctic Territory: Cape Byron, New South Wales (153 \u00b0 38 'E)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792\u20131815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica (\"British Peace\"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815\u20131914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the \"workshop of the world\". The British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John Fell (judge)", "paragraph_text": "John Fell (1721\u20131798) was an American merchant and jurist. Born in New York City, he was engaged in overseas trade and had acquired a small fleet of ships by the time he moved to Bergen County, New Jersey, in the 1760s, and lived at \"Peterfield\", a home in present-day Allendale, New Jersey that has become known as the \"John Fell House\". He served as judge of the court of common pleas in Bergen County from 1766 to 1774. With the coming of the American Revolutionary War, he became chairman of Bergen County's committee of correspondence and the committee of safety. He was Bergen County's leading delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775. In 1776 Fell was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Bergen County."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bentley Kassal", "paragraph_text": "Bentley Kassal (born February 28, 1917) is an attorney and litigation counsel with Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom in New York City. He is a retired New York State Assemblyman, a retired judge of the New York State Courts at every level, and a World War II veteran. An early rugby football player, he was a member of the 1940 Harvard Rugby Football team, which was the undefeated champion of the Eastern Rugby League. Kassal is married to Barbara Joan Wax Kassal, a retired business executive from Bonwit Teller in New York City."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers. These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The Mayflower Compact was a social contract."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "In 1524, nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch, the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoul\u00eame by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France, former Count of Angoul\u00eame. The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen (English: ``Half Moon ''), captained by Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch Republic, as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Holland's stadholder. Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company. Instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Malabar Battery", "paragraph_text": "Malabar Battery was a coastal defence battery built in 1943 during World War II at Malabar Headland, Malabar, New South Wales, Australia. The battery is also known as \"Boora Point Battery\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nauru", "paragraph_text": "Settled by people from Micronesia and Polynesia c.\u2009 1000 BCE, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, the country entered into United Nations trusteeship. Nauru gained its independence in 1968, and became a member of the Pacific Community (SPC) in 1969."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York", "paragraph_text": "Rensselaer County sits east of the Hudson River in New York's Capital District and borders both Massachusetts and Vermont on the east. The area was originally inhabited by the Mohican Indian tribe until it was bought by the Dutch jeweler and merchant Kiliaen van Rensselaer in 1630 and incorporated into his patroonship Rensselaerswyck (which, in turn, was part of the Dutch colony New Netherland). The area now known as Rensselaer County passed into English hands in 1664, the Dutch regained control of it for a year in 1673, and the English resumed control in 1674. From 1674 until 1776 (the year of American independence), the area was under English or British control."}], "question": "When did the people who controlled New York before it became and English colony come to the country responsible for the island that is the eastern-most point of Australia?"}
{"id": "4hop3__79313_21866_16214_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Aftermath of World War II", "paragraph_text": "The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era, defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA). Allies during World War II, the US and the USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the Cold War, so called because it never resulted in overt, declared hot war between the two powers but was instead characterized by espionage, political subversion and proxy wars. Western Europe and Japan were rebuilt through the American Marshall Plan whereas Central and Eastern Europe fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and eventually behind an \"Iron Curtain\". Europe was divided into a US-led Western Bloc and a Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. Internationally, alliances with the two blocs gradually shifted, with some nations trying to stay out of the Cold War through the Non-Aligned Movement. The War also saw a nuclear arms race between the two superpowers; part of the reason that the Cold War never became a \"hot\" war was that the Soviet Union and the United States had nuclear deterrents against each other, leading to a mutually assured destruction standoff."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eastern states of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The eastern states of Australia are the states adjoining the east coast of Australia. These are the mainland states of Victoria, Queensland, and New South Wales; the Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory, while not states, are also included. The term usually includes the island state of Tasmania. On some occasions, the state of South Australia is included in this grouping."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Harrison Salisbury", "paragraph_text": "Harrison Evans Salisbury (November 14, 1908 \u2013 July 5, 1993), was an American journalist and the first regular \"New York Times\" correspondent in Moscow after World War II."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New York (state)", "paragraph_text": "Both the Dutch and the British imported African slaves as laborers to the city and colony; New York had the second - highest population of slaves after Charleston, South Carolina. Slavery was extensive in New York City and some agricultural areas. The state passed a law for the gradual abolition of slavery soon after the Revolutionary War, but the last slave in New York was not freed until 1827."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Armenian General Benevolent Union", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, , \"Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun\", ) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. With the onset of World War II, headquarters were moved to New York City, New York."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Malabar Battery", "paragraph_text": "Malabar Battery was a coastal defence battery built in 1943 during World War II at Malabar Headland, Malabar, New South Wales, Australia. The battery is also known as \"Boora Point Battery\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Snowy River", "paragraph_text": "The Snowy River is a major river in south-eastern Australia. It originates on the slopes of Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest mainland peak, draining the eastern slopes of the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales, before flowing through the Alpine National Park and the Snowy River National Park in Victoria and emptying into Bass Strait."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Manpower Directorate (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Manpower Directorate was a division of the Government of Australia established in January, 1942 to be responsible for active service and support industry recruitment during World War II to combat labor shortages in strategic areas. The agency had extensive power and reach in furtherance of this effort:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bundarra-Barraba Important Bird Area", "paragraph_text": "The Bundarra-Barraba Important Bird Area lies in the Northern Tablelands of north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. It is important for the conservation of the endangered regent honeyeater and is classified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Robert Crowley (CIA)", "paragraph_text": "A native of Chicago, Illinois and graduate of the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, he served in the US Army in the Pacific theater during World War II. While at West Point, Crowley played for the Army Black Knights men's soccer program, where he was an NSCAA First-Team All-American in 1945. After the war, he remained in the United States Army Reserve, retiring with the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1986."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Albania (periodical)", "paragraph_text": "Albania was an Albanian periodical published by Faik Konitza, one of the most important figures of Albanian culture in the early decades of the twentieth century. \"Albania\" was published from 1896-7 to 1910 and is widely regarded as the most important Albanian periodical in the beginning of the 20th century and one of the most important Albanian periodicals to have existed until the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named \"Melbourne\" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of extreme points of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island (167 \u00b0 57 'E) Excluding islands: Australian Antarctic Territory (160 \u00b0 00' E) Excluding islands and Australian Antarctic Territory: Cape Byron, New South Wales (153 \u00b0 38 'E)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Bellarosa Connection", "paragraph_text": "The Bellarosa Connection is a 1989 novella by the American author Saul Bellow. The book takes the form of an ongoing dialogue between the Fonstein family about the impact of the Holocaust. This is an especially significant story as it represents, along with \"Mr. Sammler's Planet\", Bellow's most significant commentary on the Holocaust. In the book, the Bellarosa Connection signifies Billy Rose's Madison Square Garden benefit for the Jews of Europe on the most immediate level, but, more deeply, becomes a point of departure for Bellow to consider the American Jewish response to European Jews' experience during World War II. As Bellow's protagonist comes to grips with the past, his experience distances American Jewry's position from that of its European counterparts. The book moves then to Israel in order to present the three major homelands of the World's Jewry."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York\u2014often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part\u2014is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area, the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marsden Park Aerodrome", "paragraph_text": "Marsden Park Aerodrome was an aerodrome constructed by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) near Marsden Park, New South Wales, Australia during World War II."}], "question": "When did the people who first imported slaves to New York come to the country responsible for the eastern-most point of mainland Australia during WWII?"}
{"id": "4hop3__166239_21866_16214_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Harrison Salisbury", "paragraph_text": "Harrison Evans Salisbury (November 14, 1908 \u2013 July 5, 1993), was an American journalist and the first regular \"New York Times\" correspondent in Moscow after World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gurnee Munn", "paragraph_text": "Gurnee Munn (April 30, 1887 - May 7, 1960) was a businessman, president of the American Totalisator Company and former member of the New York Stock Exchange. He served in World War I and World War II."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "De Lisle carbine", "paragraph_text": "The De Lisle carbine or De Lisle Commando carbine was a British firearm used during World War II that was designed with an integrated suppressor. That, combined with its use of subsonic ammunition, made it extremely quiet in action, possibly one of the quietest firearms ever made."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Freedom Comes High", "paragraph_text": "Freedom Comes High is a 1944 dramatic short film commissioned by the United States Government during World War II and directed by Lewis Allen."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Armenian General Benevolent Union", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, , \"Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun\", ) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. With the onset of World War II, headquarters were moved to New York City, New York."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Flight deck cruiser", "paragraph_text": "The flight-deck cruiser was a proposed type of aircraft cruiser, warships combining features of aircraft carriers and light cruisers designed by the United States Navy during the period between World War I and World War II. Several designs were proposed for the type, but none was approved for construction. The final design was developed just before World War II, and the entry of the United States into the war saw the project come to an end."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York (state)", "paragraph_text": "Both the Dutch and the British imported African slaves as laborers to the city and colony; New York had the second - highest population of slaves after Charleston, South Carolina. Slavery was extensive in New York City and some agricultural areas. The state passed a law for the gradual abolition of slavery soon after the Revolutionary War, but the last slave in New York was not freed until 1827."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Samoa", "paragraph_text": "In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "USS Tunxis (AN-90)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Tunxis\" (YN-119/AN-90) was a which was assigned to protect United States Navy ships and harbors during World War II with her anti-submarine nets. Her World War II career was cut short due to the war coming to an end, but, post-war, she was reactivated and served the Navy until she was put into reserve and eventually transferred to Venezuela as Puerto Nutrias."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Fell (judge)", "paragraph_text": "John Fell (1721\u20131798) was an American merchant and jurist. Born in New York City, he was engaged in overseas trade and had acquired a small fleet of ships by the time he moved to Bergen County, New Jersey, in the 1760s, and lived at \"Peterfield\", a home in present-day Allendale, New Jersey that has become known as the \"John Fell House\". He served as judge of the court of common pleas in Bergen County from 1766 to 1774. With the coming of the American Revolutionary War, he became chairman of Bergen County's committee of correspondence and the committee of safety. He was Bergen County's leading delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775. In 1776 Fell was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Bergen County."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves", "paragraph_text": "The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves of 1807 (2 Stat. 426, enacted March 2, 1807) is a United States federal law that stated that no new slaves were permitted to be imported into the United States. It took effect in 1808, the earliest date permitted by the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Abstract expressionism", "paragraph_text": "Abstract expressionism is a post -- World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. Although the term abstract expressionism was first applied to American art in 1946 by the art critic Robert Coates, it had been first used in Germany in 1919 in the magazine Der Sturm, regarding German Expressionism. In the United States, Alfred Barr was the first to use this term in 1929 in relation to works by Wassily Kandinsky."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Francesca Snell", "paragraph_text": "Francesca Snell, also known as Francesca Painter-Snell, (born 28 March 1987) is a New Zealand and British water polo player. She competed for the New Zealand women's national water polo team at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships and for Great Britain in the women's tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics. This was the first ever Olympic GB women's water polo team."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lisle Snell", "paragraph_text": "Lisle Denis Snell is a Norfolk Island politician, who from 20 March 2013 until 17 June 2015 was the final Chief Minister of Norfolk Island. He also served as Minister for Tourism. Both offices were abolished, along with the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island in 2015 by the Government of Australia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Seven Slaves Against the World", "paragraph_text": "Seven Slaves Against the World (Italian: \"Gli schiavi pi\u00f9 forti del mondo\"; also known as Seven Slaves Against Rome) is a 1964 Italian sword-and-sandal adventure film, directed by Michele Lupo, produced by Elio Scardamaglia, written by Lupo and Roberto Gianviti and starring Roger Browne, Gordon Mitchell and Arnaldo Fabrizio. First released in Italy in 1964, it premiered in New York City, United States on August 18, 1965."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Summer of '42", "paragraph_text": "Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one - sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II."}], "question": "When did the people who first imported slaves to New York come to the country that was responsible in WWII for the island where Lisle Snell was born?"}
{"id": "4hop3__621840_21866_65244_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1689 Boston revolt", "paragraph_text": "In the early 1680s, King Charles II of England began taking steps to reorganize the colonies of New England.  The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was revoked in 1684 after its leaders refused to act on his demands for reforms in the colony, when Charles sought to streamline the administration of the colonies and bring them more closely under crown control. He died in 1685 but his successor continued the efforts, Roman Catholic James II, culminating in his creation of the Dominion of New England. He appointed former New York governor Sir Edmund Andros as dominion governor in 1686. The dominion was composed of the territories of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. In 1688, its jurisdiction was expanded to include New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey.Andros's rule was extremely unpopular in New England. He disregarded local representation, denied the validity of existing land titles in Massachusetts (which had been dependent on the old charter), restricted town meetings, and forced the Church of England into largely Puritan regions.  He also enforced the Navigation Acts which threatened the existence of certain trading practices of New England. The royal troops stationed in Boston were often mistreated by their officers, who were supporters of the governor and often either Anglican or Roman Catholic."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Aftermath of World War II", "paragraph_text": "The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era, defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA). Allies during World War II, the US and the USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the Cold War, so called because it never resulted in overt, declared hot war between the two powers but was instead characterized by espionage, political subversion and proxy wars. Western Europe and Japan were rebuilt through the American Marshall Plan whereas Central and Eastern Europe fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and eventually behind an \"Iron Curtain\". Europe was divided into a US-led Western Bloc and a Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. Internationally, alliances with the two blocs gradually shifted, with some nations trying to stay out of the Cold War through the Non-Aligned Movement. The War also saw a nuclear arms race between the two superpowers; part of the reason that the Cold War never became a \"hot\" war was that the Soviet Union and the United States had nuclear deterrents against each other, leading to a mutually assured destruction standoff."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British Government moved Nigeria toward self - government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. On 27 October 1958 Britain agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 October 1960."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Puerto Rico", "paragraph_text": "Located in the northeastern Caribbean, Puerto Rico formed a key part of the Spanish Empire from the early years of the exploration, conquest and colonization of the New World. The island was a major military post during many wars between Spain and other European powers for control of the region in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The smallest of the Greater Antilles, Puerto Rico was a stepping - stone in the passage from Europe to Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the northern territories of South America. Throughout most of the 19th century until the conclusion of the Spanish -- American War, Puerto Rico and Cuba were the last two Spanish colonies in the New World; they served as Spain's final outposts in a strategy to regain control of the American continents. Realizing that it was in danger of losing its two remaining Caribbean territories, the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in Spanish, English and French in order to attract Europeans, with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity and strength with the arrival of new settlers. Free land was offered to those who wanted to populate the islands on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nauru", "paragraph_text": "Settled by people from Micronesia and Polynesia c.\u2009 1000 BCE, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, the country entered into United Nations trusteeship. Nauru gained its independence in 1968, and became a member of the Pacific Community (SPC) in 1969."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (later King James II)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792\u20131815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica (\"British Peace\"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815\u20131914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the \"workshop of the world\". The British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ohrbach's", "paragraph_text": "Ohrbach's was a moderate-priced department store with a merchandising focus primarily on clothing and accessories. From its modest start in 1923 until the chain's demise in 1987, Ohrbach's expanded dramatically after World War II, and opened numerous branch locations in the metro areas of New York, New Jersey and Los Angeles. Its original flagship store was located on Union Square in New York City, and they maintained home and administrative offices in Newark as well as in Los Angeles. The retailer would eventually close the Newark offices in the 1970s. Paul L\u00e1szl\u00f3 designed the Union Square store as well as many of their other stores."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John Fell (judge)", "paragraph_text": "John Fell (1721\u20131798) was an American merchant and jurist. Born in New York City, he was engaged in overseas trade and had acquired a small fleet of ships by the time he moved to Bergen County, New Jersey, in the 1760s, and lived at \"Peterfield\", a home in present-day Allendale, New Jersey that has become known as the \"John Fell House\". He served as judge of the court of common pleas in Bergen County from 1766 to 1774. With the coming of the American Revolutionary War, he became chairman of Bergen County's committee of correspondence and the committee of safety. He was Bergen County's leading delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775. In 1776 Fell was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Bergen County."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kingston, Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Kingston (Norf'k laengwij \"Daun a'Taun\") is the capital of the Australian South Pacific Territory of Norfolk Island. The vice-regal, legislative, administrative and judicial offices are all located in Kingston. The town is the second-oldest in Australia, and is of great historical and cultural significance to all Norfolk Islanders and other Australians."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Daniel Sutherland House", "paragraph_text": "The Daniel Sutherland House is located on Angola Road in Cornwall, New York, United States. It is the late-19th century Stick-Eastlake style home of Sutherland, a grandson of David Sutherland, whose Colonial-era house is located further south on the road."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Colony of Singapore", "paragraph_text": "The Colony of Singapore was a British Crown colony that existed from 1946 until 1963, when Singapore became part of Malaysia. When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II, the island was handed back to the British in 1945. In 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore together with the Cocos - Keeling and Christmas islands became a separate Crown colony. The colony was governed by the British Empire until it gained partial internal self - governance in 1955."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York", "paragraph_text": "Rensselaer County sits east of the Hudson River in New York's Capital District and borders both Massachusetts and Vermont on the east. The area was originally inhabited by the Mohican Indian tribe until it was bought by the Dutch jeweler and merchant Kiliaen van Rensselaer in 1630 and incorporated into his patroonship Rensselaerswyck (which, in turn, was part of the Dutch colony New Netherland). The area now known as Rensselaer County passed into English hands in 1664, the Dutch regained control of it for a year in 1673, and the English resumed control in 1674. From 1674 until 1776 (the year of American independence), the area was under English or British control."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "In 1524, nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch, the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoul\u00eame by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France, former Count of Angoul\u00eame. The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen (English: ``Half Moon ''), captained by Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch Republic, as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Holland's stadholder. Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company. Instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}], "question": "When did the people who controlled New York before it became and English colony come to the country that was responsible for the island where Kingston is located in WWII?"}
{"id": "4hop3__79313_21866_6070_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of extreme points of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island (167 \u00b0 57 'E) Excluding islands: Australian Antarctic Territory (160 \u00b0 00' E) Excluding islands and Australian Antarctic Territory: Cape Byron, New South Wales (153 \u00b0 38 'E)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tornado climatology", "paragraph_text": "Tornadoes have been recorded on all continents except Antarctica and are most common in the middle latitudes where conditions are often favorable for convective storm development. The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, as well as the strongest and most violent tornadoes. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States popularly known as Tornado Alley. Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include significant portions of Europe, South Africa, Philippines, Bangladesh, parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern and southeast Brazil, New Zealand, and far eastern Asia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sidmouth Rock", "paragraph_text": "The Sidmouth Rock is a rock islet or small island, located in the Southern Ocean, off the southern coast of Tasmania, Australia. The island is situated approximately south-east of South East Cape and is contained within the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site. An erosional remnant of the Tasmanian mainland with a diameter of , the island is estimated to have separated from the Tasmanian mainland at least 15,000 years ago."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Age of Discovery", "paragraph_text": "Portugal's neighbouring fellow Iberian rival, Castile, had begun to establish its rule over the Canary Islands, located off the west African coast, in 1402, but then became distracted by internal Iberian politics and the repelling of Islamic invasion attempts and raids through most of the 15th century. Only late in the century, following the unification of the crowns of Castile and Aragon and the completion of the reconquista, did an emerging modern Spain become fully committed to the search for new trade routes overseas. The Crown of Aragon had been an important maritime potentate in the Mediterranean, controlling territories in eastern Spain, southwestern France, major islands like Sicily, Malta, and the Kingdom of Naples and Sardinia, with mainland possessions as far as Greece. In 1492 the joint rulers conquered the Moorish kingdom of Granada, which had been providing Castile with African goods through tribute, and decided to fund Christopher Columbus's expedition in the hope of bypassing Portugal's monopoly on west African sea routes, to reach ``the Indies ''(east and south Asia) by travelling west. Twice before, in 1485 and 1488, Columbus had presented the project to king John II of Portugal, who rejected it."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Manpower Directorate (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Manpower Directorate was a division of the Government of Australia established in January, 1942 to be responsible for active service and support industry recruitment during World War II to combat labor shortages in strategic areas. The agency had extensive power and reach in furtherance of this effort:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803, following a failed attempt to settle at Sullivan Bay in what is now Victoria. Other British settlements followed, at various points around the continent, many of them unsuccessful. The East India Trade Committee recommended in 1823 that a settlement be established on the coast of northern Australia to forestall the Dutch, and Captain J.J.G. Bremer, RN, was commissioned to form a settlement between Bathurst Island and the Cobourg Peninsula. Bremer fixed the site of his settlement at Fort Dundas on Melville Island in 1824 and, because this was well to the west of the boundary proclaimed in 1788, proclaimed British sovereignty over all the territory as far west as longitude 129\u00b0 East.The new boundary included Melville and Bathurst Islands, and the adjacent mainland. In 1826, the British claim was extended to the whole Australian continent when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (the basis of the later town of Albany), but the eastern border of Western Australia remained unchanged at longitude 129\u00b0 East. In 1824, a penal colony was established near the mouth of the Brisbane River (the basis of the later colony of Queensland). In 1829, the Swan River Colony and its capital of Perth were founded on the west coast proper and also assumed control of King George Sound. Initially a free colony, Western Australia later accepted British convicts, because of an acute labour shortage."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia. The Qing response, successful for a time, was in 1756 to establish the Canton System, which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Malabar Battery", "paragraph_text": "Malabar Battery was a coastal defence battery built in 1943 during World War II at Malabar Headland, Malabar, New South Wales, Australia. The battery is also known as \"Boora Point Battery\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Diamond Island (Tasmania)", "paragraph_text": "Diamond Island is a low granite island, with an area of 6.76 ha, in south-eastern Australia. It is part of the Schouten Island Group, lying close to the eastern coast of Tasmania near the Freycinet Peninsula, just off the town of Bicheno. It is sometimes connected to the mainland by a sand spit. It is a nature reserve."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William Webb (judge)", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Flood Webb KBE (21 January 1887 \u2013 11 August 1972) was a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the High Court of Australia. He was President of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East after the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eastern states of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The eastern states of Australia are the states adjoining the east coast of Australia. These are the mainland states of Victoria, Queensland, and New South Wales; the Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory, while not states, are also included. The term usually includes the island state of Tasmania. On some occasions, the state of South Australia is included in this grouping."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Catch-22 characters", "paragraph_text": "Captain John Yossarian is a fictional character in Joseph Heller's novel Catch - 22 and its sequel Closing Time, and the protagonist of both books. In Catch - 22, Yossarian is a 28 - year - old Captain and B - 25 bombardier in the 256th Bombardment Squadron of the Army Air Corps, stationed on the small island of Pianosa off the Italian mainland during World War II. Yossarian's exploits are based on the experiences of the author; Heller was also a bombardier in the Air Corps, stationed on an island off the coast of Italy during World War II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Flight deck cruiser", "paragraph_text": "The flight-deck cruiser was a proposed type of aircraft cruiser, warships combining features of aircraft carriers and light cruisers designed by the United States Navy during the period between World War I and World War II. Several designs were proposed for the type, but none was approved for construction. The final design was developed just before World War II, and the entry of the United States into the war saw the project come to an end."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lota, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Lota is an eastern coastal outer suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is east of the CBD. The suburb is of primarily post-war residential make-up but is gradually being developed with modern beachside properties."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Summer of '42", "paragraph_text": "Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one - sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island (i/\u02c8n\u0254\u02d0rf\u0259k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd/; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston."}], "question": "When did the people who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island come to the country responsible for the eastern-most point of mainland Australia during WWII?"}
{"id": "4hop3__621840_21866_6070_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874. However, Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884, and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885. In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands governed by the US. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Marshall Islands has been a United Nations member state since 1991."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "First Army Division East", "paragraph_text": "First Army Division East was established by Department of the Army Permanent Order 156-7 to provide training and readiness oversight and mobilization operations for an area of responsibility spanning 27 states and territories east of the Mississippi River. First Army Division East is responsible for mobilizing, training, readiness oversight and deploying the United States' Reserve and National Guard Soldiers, and selected Sailors and Airmen along with members of multiple interagency and governmental entities."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Poum", "paragraph_text": "Poum is a commune in the North Province of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The town of Poum (Latitude: 20\u00b0 13' 59\" south, longitude: 164\u00b0 1' 23\" east) is located in the far northwest, located on the southern part of Banare Bay, with Mouac Island just offshore."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II, the Marshall Islands, along with several other island groups located in Micronesia, passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William Webb (judge)", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Flood Webb KBE (21 January 1887 \u2013 11 August 1972) was a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the High Court of Australia. He was President of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East after the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Art theft and looting during World War II", "paragraph_text": "Art theft and looting occurred on a massive scale during World War II. It originated with the policies of the Axis countries, primarily Nazi Germany and Japan, which systematically looted occupied territories. Near the end of the war the Soviet Union, in turn, began looting reclaimed and occupied territories. \"The grand scale of looted artwork by the Nazis has resulted in the loss of many pieces being scattered across the world.\" (Minyard, 2007)"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Samoa", "paragraph_text": "From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918\u20131919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to \"the Near East,\" the Ottoman Empire, and \"the Far East,\" the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island (i/\u02c8n\u0254\u02d0rf\u0259k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd/; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Summer of '42", "paragraph_text": "Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one - sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Territory of Norfolk Island Teratri a 'Norf'k Ailen (Norfuk) Flag Coat of arms Motto: ``Inasmuch ''Anthem:`` God Save the Queen'' (official) ``Come ye Blessed ''Status External Territory Capital Kingston 29 \u00b0 02 \u2032 S 167 \u00b0 57 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 29.03 \u00b0 S 167.95 \u00b0 E \ufeff / - 29.03; 167.95 Largest city Burnt Pine Official languages English Norfuk Demonym Norfolk Islander Sovereign state Australia Government part of Australia Monarch Elizabeth II Administrator Eric Hutchinson Establishment Separation from Colony of Tasmania 1 November 1856 Transfer of Territory from UK to Australia 1 July 1914 Area Total 34.6 km (13.4 sq mi) Water (%) negligible Population 2016 census census 1,748 Density 61.9 / km (160.3 / sq mi) HDI (2008) 0.958 very high Currency Australian dollar (AUD) Time zone NFT (Norfolk Island Time) (UTC + 11: 00) Drives on the left Calling code 672 ISO 3166 code NF Internet TLD. nf"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kingston, Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Kingston (Norf'k laengwij \"Daun a'Taun\") is the capital of the Australian South Pacific Territory of Norfolk Island. The vice-regal, legislative, administrative and judicial offices are all located in Kingston. The town is the second-oldest in Australia, and is of great historical and cultural significance to all Norfolk Islanders and other Australians."}], "question": "When did the people developing a far east trade and beginning to frequent the island come to the country governing the island having Kingston during World War II?"}
{"id": "4hop3__621840_21866_16214_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Armenian General Benevolent Union", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, , \"Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun\", ) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. With the onset of World War II, headquarters were moved to New York City, New York."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John Cecil Jones", "paragraph_text": "John Cecil Jones was an honorably-discharged World War II corporal and veteran who was tortured and lynched near Minden, in Webster Parish, Louisiana by a mob in 1946. His 17-year-old cousin Albert Harris, Jr. was tortured and left for dead alongside Jones. This was the only known post-World War II lynching to occur in Louisiana, and it involved multiple well-known local individuals, politicians, and a cover-up by multiple law enforcement entities."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "First Army Division East", "paragraph_text": "First Army Division East was established by Department of the Army Permanent Order 156-7 to provide training and readiness oversight and mobilization operations for an area of responsibility spanning 27 states and territories east of the Mississippi River. First Army Division East is responsible for mobilizing, training, readiness oversight and deploying the United States' Reserve and National Guard Soldiers, and selected Sailors and Airmen along with members of multiple interagency and governmental entities."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Harrison Salisbury", "paragraph_text": "Harrison Evans Salisbury (November 14, 1908 \u2013 July 5, 1993), was an American journalist and the first regular \"New York Times\" correspondent in Moscow after World War II."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Chichester House (Kingston, New York)", "paragraph_text": "The Chichester House is located on Fair Street in Kingston, New York, United States. It is a brick house in the Second Empire style built around 1870. In 2001 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) along with the similar nearby Boice House."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Summer of '42", "paragraph_text": "Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one - sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ohrbach's", "paragraph_text": "Ohrbach's was a moderate-priced department store with a merchandising focus primarily on clothing and accessories. From its modest start in 1923 until the chain's demise in 1987, Ohrbach's expanded dramatically after World War II, and opened numerous branch locations in the metro areas of New York, New Jersey and Los Angeles. Its original flagship store was located on Union Square in New York City, and they maintained home and administrative offices in Newark as well as in Los Angeles. The retailer would eventually close the Newark offices in the 1970s. Paul L\u00e1szl\u00f3 designed the Union Square store as well as many of their other stores."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Freedom Comes High", "paragraph_text": "Freedom Comes High is a 1944 dramatic short film commissioned by the United States Government during World War II and directed by Lewis Allen."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John T. Loughran Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The John T. Loughran Bridge carries U.S. Route\u00a09W (US\u00a09W) over Rondout Creek between Kingston and Port Ewen, New York, United States. It also crosses over Ferry Street on the Kingston side. It is located just downriver from the historic Kingston-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge, which carried 9W until the Loughran Bridge was constructed. It is just upriver from where the Rondout empties into the Hudson River."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Flight deck cruiser", "paragraph_text": "The flight-deck cruiser was a proposed type of aircraft cruiser, warships combining features of aircraft carriers and light cruisers designed by the United States Navy during the period between World War I and World War II. Several designs were proposed for the type, but none was approved for construction. The final design was developed just before World War II, and the entry of the United States into the war saw the project come to an end."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Demetz", "paragraph_text": "Andr\u00e9 Demetz was a French general, who fought in World War II and later rose to high rank after the war. Demetz was the first commander of the 25th Airborne Division during a period in which the French Army was redefining itself following the defeats and internal conflicts of World War II. He later commanded a military region, was Military Governor of Paris, and also served as the Chief of Staff for Administration and Logistics at NATO Headquarters."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kingston, Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Kingston (Norf'k laengwij \"Daun a'Taun\") is the capital of the Australian South Pacific Territory of Norfolk Island. The vice-regal, legislative, administrative and judicial offices are all located in Kingston. The town is the second-oldest in Australia, and is of great historical and cultural significance to all Norfolk Islanders and other Australians."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gurnee Munn", "paragraph_text": "Gurnee Munn (April 30, 1887 - May 7, 1960) was a businessman, president of the American Totalisator Company and former member of the New York Stock Exchange. He served in World War I and World War II."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jacob Rice (New York)", "paragraph_text": "Jacob Rice (March 7, 1847 Trier, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia \u2013 July 1930 Kingston, Ulster County, New York) was an American politician from New York."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Fell (judge)", "paragraph_text": "John Fell (1721\u20131798) was an American merchant and jurist. Born in New York City, he was engaged in overseas trade and had acquired a small fleet of ships by the time he moved to Bergen County, New Jersey, in the 1760s, and lived at \"Peterfield\", a home in present-day Allendale, New Jersey that has become known as the \"John Fell House\". He served as judge of the court of common pleas in Bergen County from 1766 to 1774. With the coming of the American Revolutionary War, he became chairman of Bergen County's committee of correspondence and the committee of safety. He was Bergen County's leading delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775. In 1776 Fell was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Bergen County."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Samoa", "paragraph_text": "From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918\u20131919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs."}], "question": "When did the people who first imported slaves to New York come to the land that was responsible during World War II for the territory where Kingston is the capital?"}
{"id": "4hop3__166239_21866_6070_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Flight deck cruiser", "paragraph_text": "The flight-deck cruiser was a proposed type of aircraft cruiser, warships combining features of aircraft carriers and light cruisers designed by the United States Navy during the period between World War I and World War II. Several designs were proposed for the type, but none was approved for construction. The final design was developed just before World War II, and the entry of the United States into the war saw the project come to an end."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "German submarine U-859", "paragraph_text": "German submarine \"U-859\" was a Type IXD2 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War II. She was one of a select number of U-boats to join \"Monsun Gruppe\" or Monsoon Group, which operated in the Far East alongside the Imperial Japanese Navy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William Webb (judge)", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Flood Webb KBE (21 January 1887 \u2013 11 August 1972) was a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the High Court of Australia. He was President of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East after the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Kula Gulf", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Kula Gulf (Japanese: \u30af\u30e9\u6e7e\u591c\u6226) took place in the early hours of 6 July 1943 during World War II and was between United States and Japanese ships off the coast of Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arthur C. Harmon", "paragraph_text": "Lt. Col. Arthur C. Harmon (June 26, 1925 \u2013 May 10, 2006) was a member of the World War II era African American U.S. Army Air Force contingent known as the Tuskegee Airmen. He was recalled by the military in 1951 and served in the Far East Air Forces and Strategic Air Command."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "De Lisle carbine", "paragraph_text": "The De Lisle carbine or De Lisle Commando carbine was a British firearm used during World War II that was designed with an integrated suppressor. That, combined with its use of subsonic ammunition, made it extremely quiet in action, possibly one of the quietest firearms ever made."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Freedom Comes High", "paragraph_text": "Freedom Comes High is a 1944 dramatic short film commissioned by the United States Government during World War II and directed by Lewis Allen."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Christmas Island", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Christmas Island was a small engagement which began on 31 March 1942, during World War II. Because of a mutiny by Indian soldiers against their British officers, Japanese troops were able to occupy Christmas Island without any resistance. The United States Navy submarine caused severe damage to the Japanese cruiser ."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Summer of '42", "paragraph_text": "Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one - sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great Depression", "paragraph_text": "The depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Terry Woodgate", "paragraph_text": "Born in East Ham, London, Woodgate was at home on either wing. He made his Second Division debut before World War II, against Bradford Park Avenue on 7 April 1939. During World War II Woodgate served with the Essex Regiment and the Royal Artillery. Woodgate gained a regular place in the Hammers team after the war and was ever-present during the 1950-51 season. He went on to make 275 appearances for the east London club, scoring 52 goals. He scored a hat-trick in seven minutes against Plymouth Argyle in 1946."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to \"the Near East,\" the Ottoman Empire, and \"the Far East,\" the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Rennell Island", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Rennell Island (Japanese: \u30ec\u30f3\u30cd\u30eb\u5cf6\u6c96\u6d77\u6226) took place on 29\u201330 January 1943. It was the last major naval engagement between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Guadalcanal Campaign of World War II. It occurred in the South Pacific between Rennell Island and Guadalcanal in the southern Solomon Islands."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lisle Snell", "paragraph_text": "Lisle Denis Snell is a Norfolk Island politician, who from 20 March 2013 until 17 June 2015 was the final Chief Minister of Norfolk Island. He also served as Minister for Tourism. Both offices were abolished, along with the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island in 2015 by the Government of Australia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}], "question": "When did the people who developed a far east trade come to the country that was responsible during WWII for the island where Lisle Snell was born?"}
{"id": "4hop3__21888_21866_16214_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Freedom Comes High", "paragraph_text": "Freedom Comes High is a 1944 dramatic short film commissioned by the United States Government during World War II and directed by Lewis Allen."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hotel Berlin", "paragraph_text": "Hotel Berlin is a drama film set in Berlin near the close of World War II, made by Warner Bros. in late 1944 to early 1945. Directed by Peter Godfrey, it stars Faye Emerson, Helmut Dantine, Raymond Massey and Andrea King. It is based on the novel \"Hotel Berlin '43\" by Vicki Baum (New York, 1944), a sequel to \"Menschen im Hotel\", which was itself adapted to film as \"Grand Hotel\" (1932)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Samoa", "paragraph_text": "From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918\u20131919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Manpower Directorate (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Manpower Directorate was a division of the Government of Australia established in January, 1942 to be responsible for active service and support industry recruitment during World War II to combat labor shortages in strategic areas. The agency had extensive power and reach in furtherance of this effort:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968, when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.:242 Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Aldridge", "paragraph_text": "Harold Edward James Aldridge (10 July 1918 \u2013 23 February 2015) was an Australian-British writer and journalist. His World War II despatches were published worldwide and he was the author of over 30 books, both fiction and non-fiction works, including war and adventure novels and books for children."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Samoa", "paragraph_text": "In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "William T. Carneal", "paragraph_text": "William T. Carneal (April 25, 1920 \u2013 July 7, 1944) was a United States Army soldier who was killed on Saipan but whose remains were not found until 69 years after his death in March 2013 by Kuentai, a non-profit organization that searches for Japanese soldiers that died during World War II."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Andr\u00e9 Demetz", "paragraph_text": "Andr\u00e9 Demetz was a French general, who fought in World War II and later rose to high rank after the war. Demetz was the first commander of the 25th Airborne Division during a period in which the French Army was redefining itself following the defeats and internal conflicts of World War II. He later commanded a military region, was Military Governor of Paris, and also served as the Chief of Staff for Administration and Logistics at NATO Headquarters."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New York (state)", "paragraph_text": "Both the Dutch and the British imported African slaves as laborers to the city and colony; New York had the second - highest population of slaves after Charleston, South Carolina. Slavery was extensive in New York City and some agricultural areas. The state passed a law for the gradual abolition of slavery soon after the Revolutionary War, but the last slave in New York was not freed until 1827."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wareo", "paragraph_text": "Wareo is a village on the Huon Peninsula, in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. The village was liberated by the Australian Army during World War II in December 1943."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Armenian General Benevolent Union", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, , \"Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun\", ) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. With the onset of World War II, headquarters were moved to New York City, New York."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gurnee Munn", "paragraph_text": "Gurnee Munn (April 30, 1887 - May 7, 1960) was a businessman, president of the American Totalisator Company and former member of the New York Stock Exchange. He served in World War I and World War II."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eastern states of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The eastern states of Australia are the states adjoining the east coast of Australia. These are the mainland states of Victoria, Queensland, and New South Wales; the Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory, while not states, are also included. The term usually includes the island state of Tasmania. On some occasions, the state of South Australia is included in this grouping."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Daylight saving time in Australia", "paragraph_text": "Daylight saving was first used in Australia during World War I, and was applied in all states. It was used again during the Second World War. A drought in Tasmania in 1967 led to the reintroduction of daylight saving in that state during the summer, and this was repeated every summer since then. In 1971, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory followed Tasmania by observing daylight saving. Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not. Queensland abandoned daylight saving time in 1972."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harrison Salisbury", "paragraph_text": "Harrison Evans Salisbury (November 14, 1908 \u2013 July 5, 1993), was an American journalist and the first regular \"New York Times\" correspondent in Moscow after World War II."}], "question": "There is a country A that was responsible during WWII for the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself. When did the same people who first imported slaves to New York come to country A?"}
{"id": "4hop3__21888_21866_65244_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792\u20131815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica (\"British Peace\"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815\u20131914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the \"workshop of the world\". The British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Of the five original great powers recognised at the Congress of Vienna, only France and the United Kingdom have maintained that status continuously to the present day, although France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and occupied during World War II. After the Congress of Vienna, the British Empire emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories, which signalled the beginning of the Pax Britannica and of the Great Game between the UK and Russia. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say \"All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.\""}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australian Capital Territory", "paragraph_text": "The need for a national territory was flagged by colonial delegates during the Federation conventions of the late 19th century. Section 125 of the Australian Constitution provided that, following Federation in 1901, land would be ceded freely to the new Federal Government. The territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911, two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913. The floral emblem of the ACT is the royal bluebell and the bird emblem is the gang - gang cockatoo."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Armenian General Benevolent Union", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, , \"Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun\", ) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. With the onset of World War II, headquarters were moved to New York City, New York."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British Government moved Nigeria toward self - government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. On 27 October 1958 Britain agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 October 1960."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent; it generally established North Carolina's borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665, a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owing to disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latter became a crown colony in 1729."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Colony of Singapore", "paragraph_text": "The Colony of Singapore was a British Crown colony that existed from 1946 until 1963, when Singapore became part of Malaysia. When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II, the island was handed back to the British in 1945. In 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore together with the Cocos - Keeling and Christmas islands became a separate Crown colony. The colony was governed by the British Empire until it gained partial internal self - governance in 1955."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "In 1524, nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch, the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoul\u00eame by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France, former Count of Angoul\u00eame. The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen (English: ``Half Moon ''), captained by Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch Republic, as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Holland's stadholder. Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company. Instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Macau", "paragraph_text": "Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire, after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557. Originally governing under Chinese authority and sovereignty, Portugal was given perpetual occupation rights for Macau in 1887. Macau remained under Portuguese control until 1999, when it was returned to China. As a special administrative region, Macau maintains a separate political and economic system apart from mainland China."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1689 Boston revolt", "paragraph_text": "In the early 1680s, King Charles II of England began taking steps to reorganize the colonies of New England.  The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was revoked in 1684 after its leaders refused to act on his demands for reforms in the colony, when Charles sought to streamline the administration of the colonies and bring them more closely under crown control. He died in 1685 but his successor continued the efforts, Roman Catholic James II, culminating in his creation of the Dominion of New England. He appointed former New York governor Sir Edmund Andros as dominion governor in 1686. The dominion was composed of the territories of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. In 1688, its jurisdiction was expanded to include New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey.Andros's rule was extremely unpopular in New England. He disregarded local representation, denied the validity of existing land titles in Massachusetts (which had been dependent on the old charter), restricted town meetings, and forced the Church of England into largely Puritan regions.  He also enforced the Navigation Acts which threatened the existence of certain trading practices of New England. The royal troops stationed in Boston were often mistreated by their officers, who were supporters of the governor and often either Anglican or Roman Catholic."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "The colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on the division in 1629 of a land grant given in 1622 by the Council for New England to Captain John Mason (former governor of Newfoundland) and Sir Ferdinando Gorges (who founded Maine). The colony was named New Hampshire by Mason after the English county of Hampshire, one of the first Saxon shires. Hampshire was itself named after the port of Southampton, which was known previously as simply ``Hampton ''."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874. However, Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884, and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885. In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands governed by the US. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Marshall Islands has been a United Nations member state since 1991."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Four-Story Mistake", "paragraph_text": "The Four-Story Mistake is a children's novel written and illustrated by Elizabeth Enright, published by Farrar & Rinehart in 1942. It is the second book in the Melendy family series which Enright inaugurated in 1941. The family leaves World War II-era New York City for a house in the country, a house that is an adventure in itself."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (later King James II)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Fell (judge)", "paragraph_text": "John Fell (1721\u20131798) was an American merchant and jurist. Born in New York City, he was engaged in overseas trade and had acquired a small fleet of ships by the time he moved to Bergen County, New Jersey, in the 1760s, and lived at \"Peterfield\", a home in present-day Allendale, New Jersey that has become known as the \"John Fell House\". He served as judge of the court of common pleas in Bergen County from 1766 to 1774. With the coming of the American Revolutionary War, he became chairman of Bergen County's committee of correspondence and the committee of safety. He was Bergen County's leading delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775. In 1776 Fell was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Bergen County."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}], "question": "When did the controllers of New York prior to becoming an English colony come to the country responsible for the only non-mainland Australian territory that governs itself during WWII?"}
{"id": "4hop3__701577_21866_6070_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Summer of '42", "paragraph_text": "Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one - sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Great Depression", "paragraph_text": "The depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "German submarine U-859", "paragraph_text": "German submarine \"U-859\" was a Type IXD2 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War II. She was one of a select number of U-boats to join \"Monsun Gruppe\" or Monsoon Group, which operated in the Far East alongside the Imperial Japanese Navy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Freedom Comes High", "paragraph_text": "Freedom Comes High is a 1944 dramatic short film commissioned by the United States Government during World War II and directed by Lewis Allen."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kingston, Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Kingston (Norf'k laengwij \"Daun a'Taun\") is the capital of the Australian South Pacific Territory of Norfolk Island. The vice-regal, legislative, administrative and judicial offices are all located in Kingston. The town is the second-oldest in Australia, and is of great historical and cultural significance to all Norfolk Islanders and other Australians."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "USS Tunxis (AN-90)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Tunxis\" (YN-119/AN-90) was a which was assigned to protect United States Navy ships and harbors during World War II with her anti-submarine nets. Her World War II career was cut short due to the war coming to an end, but, post-war, she was reactivated and served the Navy until she was put into reserve and eventually transferred to Venezuela as Puerto Nutrias."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Italian Renaissance", "paragraph_text": "The European Renaissance began in Tuscany (Central Italy), and centred in the city of Florence. Florence, one of the several city - states of the peninsula, rose to economic prominence by providing credit for European monarchs and laying down the groundwork for capitalism and banking. The Renaissance later spread to Venice, heart of a mediterranean empire and in control of the trade routes with the east since the end of the crusades and the voyages of Marco Polo, where the remains of ancient Greek culture were brought together and provided humanist scholars with new texts. Finally the Renaissance had a significant effect on the Papal States and Rome, largely rebuilt by Humanist and Renaissance popes (such as Alexander VI and Julius II), who were frequently involved in Italian politics, in arbitrating disputes between competing colonial powers and in opposing the Reformation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to \"the Near East,\" the Ottoman Empire, and \"the Far East,\" the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William Webb (judge)", "paragraph_text": "Sir William Flood Webb KBE (21 January 1887 \u2013 11 August 1972) was a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the High Court of Australia. He was President of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East after the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jakarta Stock Exchange", "paragraph_text": "Originally opened in 1912 under the Dutch colonial government, it was re-opened in 1977 after several closures during World War I and World War II. After being reopened in 1977, the exchange was under the management of the newly created Capital Market Supervisory Agency (\"Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal\", or Bapepam), which answered to the Ministry of Finance. Trading activity and market capitalization grew alongside the development of Indonesia's financial markets and private sector \u2013 highlighted by a major bull run in 1990. On July 13, 1992, the exchange was privatized under the ownership of Jakarta Exchange Inc. As a result, the functions of Bapepam changed to become the Capital Market Supervisory Agency. On March 22, 1995 JSX launched the Jakarta Automated Trading System (JATS). In September 2007, Jakarta Stock Exchange and Surabaya Stock Exchange merged to form the Indonesian Stock Exchange by the Indonesian Minister of Finance."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Joe Colquhoun", "paragraph_text": "Born in Harrow, Middlesex, Joe Colquhoun served in the Royal Navy during World War II, and won a place at Kingston upon Thames School of Art on his return. His career in comics began in 1951 in Jungle Trails, and he went on to work for IPC Media on titles such as \"Lion\", and later \"Tiger\", where he drew \"Roy of the Rovers\" for six years, from 1954 to 1960, despite having no interest in football."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island (i/\u02c8n\u0254\u02d0rf\u0259k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd/; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of Christmas Island", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Christmas Island was a small engagement which began on 31 March 1942, during World War II. Because of a mutiny by Indian soldiers against their British officers, Japanese troops were able to occupy Christmas Island without any resistance. The United States Navy submarine caused severe damage to the Japanese cruiser ."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Flight deck cruiser", "paragraph_text": "The flight-deck cruiser was a proposed type of aircraft cruiser, warships combining features of aircraft carriers and light cruisers designed by the United States Navy during the period between World War I and World War II. Several designs were proposed for the type, but none was approved for construction. The final design was developed just before World War II, and the entry of the United States into the war saw the project come to an end."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors."}], "question": "When did the people who developed a far east trade come to the country that was responsible in WWII for the island that has the capital of Kingston?"}
{"id": "4hop3__166239_21866_65244_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "De Lisle carbine", "paragraph_text": "The De Lisle carbine or De Lisle Commando carbine was a British firearm used during World War II that was designed with an integrated suppressor. That, combined with its use of subsonic ammunition, made it extremely quiet in action, possibly one of the quietest firearms ever made."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great Depression", "paragraph_text": "The depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Armenian General Benevolent Union", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, , \"Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun\", ) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. With the onset of World War II, headquarters were moved to New York City, New York."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lisle Snell", "paragraph_text": "Lisle Denis Snell is a Norfolk Island politician, who from 20 March 2013 until 17 June 2015 was the final Chief Minister of Norfolk Island. He also served as Minister for Tourism. Both offices were abolished, along with the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island in 2015 by the Government of Australia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British Government moved Nigeria toward self - government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. On 27 October 1958 Britain agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 October 1960."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York", "paragraph_text": "Rensselaer County sits east of the Hudson River in New York's Capital District and borders both Massachusetts and Vermont on the east. The area was originally inhabited by the Mohican Indian tribe until it was bought by the Dutch jeweler and merchant Kiliaen van Rensselaer in 1630 and incorporated into his patroonship Rensselaerswyck (which, in turn, was part of the Dutch colony New Netherland). The area now known as Rensselaer County passed into English hands in 1664, the Dutch regained control of it for a year in 1673, and the English resumed control in 1674. From 1674 until 1776 (the year of American independence), the area was under English or British control."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Archibald Roosevelt", "paragraph_text": "Archibald Bulloch \"Archie\" Roosevelt (April 10, 1894\u00a0\u2013 October 13, 1979), the fifth child of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, was a distinguished U.S. Army officer and commander of U.S. forces in both World War I and II. In both conflicts he was wounded. He earned the Silver Star with three oak leaf clusters, Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster and the French Croix de guerre. After World War II, he became a successful businessman and the founder of a New York City bond brokerage house, as well as a spokesman for conservative political causes."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Colony of Singapore", "paragraph_text": "The Colony of Singapore was a British Crown colony that existed from 1946 until 1963, when Singapore became part of Malaysia. When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II, the island was handed back to the British in 1945. In 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore together with the Cocos - Keeling and Christmas islands became a separate Crown colony. The colony was governed by the British Empire until it gained partial internal self - governance in 1955."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (later King James II)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of the United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The history of the United States Army began in 1775. From its formation, the United States Army has been the primary land based part of the United States Armed Forces. The Army's main responsibility has been in fighting land battles and military occupation. The Corps of Engineers also has a major role in controlling rivers inside the United States. The Continental Army was founded in response to a need for professional soldiers in the American Revolutionary War to fight the invading British Army. Until the 1940s, the Army was relatively small in peacetime. In 1947, the Air Force became completely independent of the Army Air Forces. The Army was under the control of the War Department until 1947, and since then the Defense Department. The U.S. Army fought the Indian Wars of the 1790s, the War of 1812 (1812 -- 15), American Civil War (1861 -- 65), Spanish -- American War (1898), World War I (1917 -- 18), World War II (1941 -- 45), Korean War (1950 -- 53) and Vietnam War (1965 -- 71). Following the Cold War's end in 1991, Army has focused primarily on Western Asia, and also took part in the 1991 Gulf War and war in Iraq, and the war in Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "John Fell (judge)", "paragraph_text": "John Fell (1721\u20131798) was an American merchant and jurist. Born in New York City, he was engaged in overseas trade and had acquired a small fleet of ships by the time he moved to Bergen County, New Jersey, in the 1760s, and lived at \"Peterfield\", a home in present-day Allendale, New Jersey that has become known as the \"John Fell House\". He served as judge of the court of common pleas in Bergen County from 1766 to 1774. With the coming of the American Revolutionary War, he became chairman of Bergen County's committee of correspondence and the committee of safety. He was Bergen County's leading delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775. In 1776 Fell was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Bergen County."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Harrison Salisbury", "paragraph_text": "Harrison Evans Salisbury (November 14, 1908 \u2013 July 5, 1993), was an American journalist and the first regular \"New York Times\" correspondent in Moscow after World War II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "In 1524, nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch, the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoul\u00eame by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France, former Count of Angoul\u00eame. The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen (English: ``Half Moon ''), captained by Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch Republic, as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Holland's stadholder. Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company. Instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Beauvoir De Lisle", "paragraph_text": "General Sir Henry de Beauvoir De Lisle, (27 July 1864 \u2013 16 July 1955) was a British Army General who served in the Second Boer War and World War I."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aftermath of World War II", "paragraph_text": "The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era, defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA). Allies during World War II, the US and the USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the Cold War, so called because it never resulted in overt, declared hot war between the two powers but was instead characterized by espionage, political subversion and proxy wars. Western Europe and Japan were rebuilt through the American Marshall Plan whereas Central and Eastern Europe fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and eventually behind an \"Iron Curtain\". Europe was divided into a US-led Western Bloc and a Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. Internationally, alliances with the two blocs gradually shifted, with some nations trying to stay out of the Cold War through the Non-Aligned Movement. The War also saw a nuclear arms race between the two superpowers; part of the reason that the Cold War never became a \"hot\" war was that the Soviet Union and the United States had nuclear deterrents against each other, leading to a mutually assured destruction standoff."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nauru", "paragraph_text": "Settled by people from Micronesia and Polynesia c.\u2009 1000 BCE, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, the country entered into United Nations trusteeship. Nauru gained its independence in 1968, and became a member of the Pacific Community (SPC) in 1969."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}], "question": "When did the same people as those who controlled New York before the English come to the country that was responsible during WWII for the birthplace of Lisle Snell?"}
{"id": "4hop3__701577_21866_16214_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Abstract expressionism", "paragraph_text": "Abstract expressionism is a post -- World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. Although the term abstract expressionism was first applied to American art in 1946 by the art critic Robert Coates, it had been first used in Germany in 1919 in the magazine Der Sturm, regarding German Expressionism. In the United States, Alfred Barr was the first to use this term in 1929 in relation to works by Wassily Kandinsky."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Armenian General Benevolent Union", "paragraph_text": "The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, , \"Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun\", ) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. With the onset of World War II, headquarters were moved to New York City, New York."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Summer of '42", "paragraph_text": "Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one - sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gurnee Munn", "paragraph_text": "Gurnee Munn (April 30, 1887 - May 7, 1960) was a businessman, president of the American Totalisator Company and former member of the New York Stock Exchange. He served in World War I and World War II."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Freedom Comes High", "paragraph_text": "Freedom Comes High is a 1944 dramatic short film commissioned by the United States Government during World War II and directed by Lewis Allen."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harrison Salisbury", "paragraph_text": "Harrison Evans Salisbury (November 14, 1908 \u2013 July 5, 1993), was an American journalist and the first regular \"New York Times\" correspondent in Moscow after World War II."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eliphalet Williams Bliss", "paragraph_text": "Eliphalet Williams Bliss (April 12, 1836 \u2013 July 21, 1903) was an American manufacturer and inventor who established the E. W. Bliss Company of Brooklyn, New York. His company supplied the US Navy with Whitehead and Bliss-Leavitt torpedoes, as well as projectiles for its naval guns during the Spanish\u2013American War, World War I and World War II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Samoa", "paragraph_text": "In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Flight deck cruiser", "paragraph_text": "The flight-deck cruiser was a proposed type of aircraft cruiser, warships combining features of aircraft carriers and light cruisers designed by the United States Navy during the period between World War I and World War II. Several designs were proposed for the type, but none was approved for construction. The final design was developed just before World War II, and the entry of the United States into the war saw the project come to an end."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Colour Scheme", "paragraph_text": "Colour Scheme is a detective novel by Ngaio Marsh; it is the twelfth novel to feature Roderick Alleyn, and was first published in 1943. The novel takes place in New Zealand during World War II; the plot involves suspected Nazi activity at a hot springs resort on the coast of New Zealand's Northland region and a gruesome murder whose solution exposes the spies. Alleyn himself is working for military intelligence in their counterespionage division. Marsh's next novel \"Died in the Wool\" also concerns Alleyn's counterespionage work in New Zealand."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jacob Rice (New York)", "paragraph_text": "Jacob Rice (March 7, 1847 Trier, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia \u2013 July 1930 Kingston, Ulster County, New York) was an American politician from New York."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "USS Tunxis (AN-90)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Tunxis\" (YN-119/AN-90) was a which was assigned to protect United States Navy ships and harbors during World War II with her anti-submarine nets. Her World War II career was cut short due to the war coming to an end, but, post-war, she was reactivated and served the Navy until she was put into reserve and eventually transferred to Venezuela as Puerto Nutrias."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kingston, Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Kingston (Norf'k laengwij \"Daun a'Taun\") is the capital of the Australian South Pacific Territory of Norfolk Island. The vice-regal, legislative, administrative and judicial offices are all located in Kingston. The town is the second-oldest in Australia, and is of great historical and cultural significance to all Norfolk Islanders and other Australians."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Fell (judge)", "paragraph_text": "John Fell (1721\u20131798) was an American merchant and jurist. Born in New York City, he was engaged in overseas trade and had acquired a small fleet of ships by the time he moved to Bergen County, New Jersey, in the 1760s, and lived at \"Peterfield\", a home in present-day Allendale, New Jersey that has become known as the \"John Fell House\". He served as judge of the court of common pleas in Bergen County from 1766 to 1774. With the coming of the American Revolutionary War, he became chairman of Bergen County's committee of correspondence and the committee of safety. He was Bergen County's leading delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775. In 1776 Fell was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Bergen County."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves", "paragraph_text": "The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves of 1807 (2 Stat. 426, enacted March 2, 1807) is a United States federal law that stated that no new slaves were permitted to be imported into the United States. It took effect in 1808, the earliest date permitted by the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Freely", "paragraph_text": "Freely was born in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up there and in Ireland. He dropped out of high school and joined the U.S. Navy at the age of 17 for the last two years of World War\u00a0II, serving with a commando unit in Burma and China. He did his undergraduate work at the traditional American Catholic college, Iona College in New Rochelle, New York, under the G.I. Bill."}], "question": "When did the first importers of slaves to New York come to the country responsible for the island Kingston is the capitol of during WWII?"}
{"id": "4hop1__451899_308728_804360_76814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sa-Hali Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Sa-Hali Secondary School is a public high school in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. It is a part of School District 73 Kamloops/Thompson. Sa-Hali serves grades 8-12 and it operates on a two semester system."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Action of 4 April 1941", "paragraph_text": "The Action of 4 April 1941 was a naval battle fought during the Atlantic Campaign of the Second World War. A German commerce raider encountered a British auxiliary cruiser and sank her with heavy losses after an hour of fighting."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (Vancouver)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School is a public secondary school located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Churchill Secondary is one of two International Baccalaureate schools (along with Britannia Secondary School) and one of three French Immersion secondary schools in Vancouver. It is named after the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Waterloo, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School is a high school operated by the Waterloo Region District School Board (WRDSB) in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It opened in September 2004 and provides both academic and vocational programs to 1,563 students as of the 2010-11 school year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Second World War (book series)", "paragraph_text": "The Second World War is a history of the period from the end of the First World War to July 1945, written by Winston Churchill. Churchill labelled the \"moral of the work\" as follows: \"In War: Resolution, In Defeat: Defiance, In Victory: Magnanimity, In Peace: Goodwill\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geographical Names Board of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The Geographical Names Board of Canada (GNBC) is a national committee with a secretariat in Natural Resources Canada, part of the Government of Canada, which authorizes the names used on official federal government maps of Canada created since 1897. The board consists of 27 members, one from each of the provinces and territories, and others from departments of the Government of Canada. The board also is involved with names of areas in the Antarctic through the Antarctic Treaty."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lincoln Northeast High School", "paragraph_text": "Lincoln Northeast High School is a public high school in Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Lincoln Public Schools district and was established in 1941 when three rival schools (Bethany, Havelock and Jackson) were combined into one. The school is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and has been rated \"AA\" by the Nebraska Department of Education since 1943."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School (FKSS) is a high school located in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada, named after Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey. The school, under founding Principal Allan MacLeod, adopted a self-directed learning system. FKSS is one of School District 79 Cowichan Valley's four mainstream secondary schools."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Norkam Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "NorKam Senior Secondary School is a public high school in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. It is a part of School District 73 Kamloops/Thompson. Norkam is a senior high school as it includes grades 10-12."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School is located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is a separate Catholic high school within the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board. The school mascot is the Colt."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chadron Senior High School", "paragraph_text": "Chadron Senior High School is a public secondary school located in Chadron, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Chadron Public Schools school district."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Markville Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Markville Secondary School (commonly known as MSS or Markville) is a public high school located in the community of Unionville within the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is one of 32 high schools administered by the York Region District School Board."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Barton Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Barton Secondary School (BSS) is located at 75 Palmer Road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and is a part of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board. Officially opened in 1961, Barton Secondary School has a September 2008 enrolment of 955, and has 28 primary languages spoken within the school by students aside from English. The school's mission statement is \"Educating students to become lifelong learners and contributing citizens in a challenging, changing, multi-cultural world.\" Students are required by Provincial Law to complete 30 mandatory credits and the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) within their secondary school career. The school also offers special education classes as well as an ESL program. The HWDSB announced on 24 May 2012 that Barton Secondary School would be closed, along with Hill Park Secondary School and Mountain Secondary School with the students to be consolidated into a new, $25 million school. The school was renamed Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School and is expected to remain in service until the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School is built. In July 2018, the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board got approval on building the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School. Construction is to last about 2 years. Construction started on September 27, 2018."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada. Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies, British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20, 1871. Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby. In British Columbia: A History (1958) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers. Chad Reimer says, ``in many aspects, it still has not been surpassed ''. Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Beaufort Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Champlain, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Champlain is a municipality, located in Les Chenaux Regional County Municipality and the administrative region the Mauricie, in the province of Quebec, Canada. Located on the north shore of St. Lawrence River, Champlain is also part of the metropolitan area of Trois-Rivi\u00e8res."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beaconsfield High School (Quebec)", "paragraph_text": "Beaconsfield High School (commonly referred to as Beaconsfield High or BHS) is a secondary school located in the Montreal area suburb of Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada. Beaconsfield High is part of The Lester B. Pearson School Board. Previously, it was considered to be the flagship high school of the now defunct Lakeshore School Board."}], "question": "The Action of 4 April 1941 was part of a conflict that an author titled his book after. When did the region where a school named after that author is located become a province of Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop1__449203_308728_804360_76814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Breskens Pocket", "paragraph_text": "The Breskens Pocket was a pocket of fortified German resistance against the Canadian First Army in the Battle of the Scheldt during the Second World War. It was chiefly situated on the southern shore of the Scheldt estuary in the southern Netherlands, near the Belgian border. It was named after the town of Breskens, which was later freed from German occupation during Operation \"Switchback\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sa-Hali Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Sa-Hali Secondary School is a public high school in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. It is a part of School District 73 Kamloops/Thompson. Sa-Hali serves grades 8-12 and it operates on a two semester system."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Second World War (book series)", "paragraph_text": "The Second World War is a history of the period from the end of the First World War to July 1945, written by Winston Churchill. Churchill labelled the \"moral of the work\" as follows: \"In War: Resolution, In Defeat: Defiance, In Victory: Magnanimity, In Peace: Goodwill\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geographical Names Board of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The Geographical Names Board of Canada (GNBC) is a national committee with a secretariat in Natural Resources Canada, part of the Government of Canada, which authorizes the names used on official federal government maps of Canada created since 1897. The board consists of 27 members, one from each of the provinces and territories, and others from departments of the Government of Canada. The board also is involved with names of areas in the Antarctic through the Antarctic Treaty."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Markville Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Markville Secondary School (commonly known as MSS or Markville) is a public high school located in the community of Unionville within the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is one of 32 high schools administered by the York Region District School Board."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School is located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is a separate Catholic high school within the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board. The school mascot is the Colt."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Northern Secondary School (Sturgeon Falls)", "paragraph_text": "Northern Secondary School, or simply Northern, is a secondary school in the town of Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, in the Nipissing District of Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Near North District School Board."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beaconsfield High School (Quebec)", "paragraph_text": "Beaconsfield High School (commonly referred to as Beaconsfield High or BHS) is a secondary school located in the Montreal area suburb of Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada. Beaconsfield High is part of The Lester B. Pearson School Board. Previously, it was considered to be the flagship high school of the now defunct Lakeshore School Board."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hastings High School (Michigan)", "paragraph_text": "Hastings High School is a public secondary school in Hastings, Michigan, United States, serving students in grades 9\u201312. The school is part of the Hastings Area School System, which includes one junior high school and four elementary schools. The mascot, the Saxons, is inexplicably named after the losing side of the battle of Hastings."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chadron Senior High School", "paragraph_text": "Chadron Senior High School is a public secondary school located in Chadron, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Chadron Public Schools school district."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Humberview Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Humberview Secondary School (formerly The Humberview School, or Humberview Senior Public School) is a high school in Bolton, Caledon, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the four secondary schools in Caledon, the others being Robert F. Hall Catholic Secondary School in Caledon East, Ontario, St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in Bolton, Ontario, and Mayfield Secondary School. The year 2003 was a double cohort year for the school."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Waterloo, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School is a high school operated by the Waterloo Region District School Board (WRDSB) in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It opened in September 2004 and provides both academic and vocational programs to 1,563 students as of the 2010-11 school year."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (Vancouver)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School is a public secondary school located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Churchill Secondary is one of two International Baccalaureate schools (along with Britannia Secondary School) and one of three French Immersion secondary schools in Vancouver. It is named after the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Champlain, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Champlain is a municipality, located in Les Chenaux Regional County Municipality and the administrative region the Mauricie, in the province of Quebec, Canada. Located on the north shore of St. Lawrence River, Champlain is also part of the metropolitan area of Trois-Rivi\u00e8res."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada. Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies, British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20, 1871. Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby. In British Columbia: A History (1958) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers. Chad Reimer says, ``in many aspects, it still has not been surpassed ''. Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket, in Croatia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kalabo District", "paragraph_text": "Kalabo District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province. The capital lies at Kalabo. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 114,806 people. The district has 3 Secondary Schools namely Kalabo Secondary School, Nalionwa Day School and Lukona Secondary School, of which Kalabo Secondary School is the main school established in 1966. The district has attractive places that attract tourists, places like the liuwa national Park, and Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital.The main Hospital in the district is Kalabo District Hospital seconded by Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, Yuka is sometimes refred to as UK."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School (FKSS) is a high school located in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada, named after Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey. The school, under founding Principal Allan MacLeod, adopted a self-directed learning system. FKSS is one of School District 79 Cowichan Valley's four mainstream secondary schools."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beaufort Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores."}], "question": "The Battle of the Scheldt is part of the same conflict that an author titled his book after. When did the region where a school named after that author is located become a province of Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop1__817292_308728_804360_76814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sa-Hali Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Sa-Hali Secondary School is a public high school in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. It is a part of School District 73 Kamloops/Thompson. Sa-Hali serves grades 8-12 and it operates on a two semester system."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Centre de documentation coll\u00e9giale", "paragraph_text": "The Centre de documentation coll\u00e9giale (CDC) is a specialised library in education for all the post-secondary colleges and CEGEP in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is located in Montreal (LaSalle), Qu\u00e9bec, Canada."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada. Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies, British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20, 1871. Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby. In British Columbia: A History (1958) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers. Chad Reimer says, ``in many aspects, it still has not been surpassed ''. Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Second World War (book series)", "paragraph_text": "The Second World War is a history of the period from the end of the First World War to July 1945, written by Winston Churchill. Churchill labelled the \"moral of the work\" as follows: \"In War: Resolution, In Defeat: Defiance, In Victory: Magnanimity, In Peace: Goodwill\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "District of Ungava", "paragraph_text": "The District of Ungava was a regional administrative district of Canada's Northwest Territories from 1895 to 1920, although it effectively ceased operation in 1912. It covered the northern portion of what is today Quebec, the interior of Labrador, and the offshore islands to the west and north of Quebec, which are now part of Nunavut."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School is located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is a separate Catholic high school within the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board. The school mascot is the Colt."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Narraguagus Jr/Sr High School", "paragraph_text": "Narraguagus Jr/Sr High School is a regional secondary school in Harrington, Maine providing education to the communities of Addison, Cherryfield, Columbia, Columbia Falls, Harrington, and Milbridge. The school is operated by Maine School Administrative District 37 and is named for the Narraguagus River, which flows through the towns of Cherryfield and Milbridge."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (Vancouver)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School is a public secondary school located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Churchill Secondary is one of two International Baccalaureate schools (along with Britannia Secondary School) and one of three French Immersion secondary schools in Vancouver. It is named after the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Champlain, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Champlain is a municipality, located in Les Chenaux Regional County Municipality and the administrative region the Mauricie, in the province of Quebec, Canada. Located on the north shore of St. Lawrence River, Champlain is also part of the metropolitan area of Trois-Rivi\u00e8res."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Operation Hardboiled", "paragraph_text": "Operation Hardboiled was a Second World War military deception. Undertaken by the Allies in 1942, it was the first attempt at deception by the London Controlling Section (LCS) and was designed to convince the Axis powers that the Allies would soon invade German-occupied Norway. The LCS had recently been established to plan deception across all theatres, but had struggled for support from the unenthusiastic military establishment. The LCS had little guidance in strategic deception, an activity pioneered by Dudley Clarke the previous year, and was unaware of the extensive double agent system controlled by MI5. As a result, Hardboiled was planned as a real operation rather than a fictional one. Clarke had already found this approach to be wasteful in time and resources, preferring to present a \"story\" using agents and wireless traffic."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cranford High School", "paragraph_text": "Cranford High School is a four-year public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades, located in Cranford, in Union County, New Jersey, United States, and operating as the lone secondary school of the Cranford Township Public Schools. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools since 1929."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chadron Senior High School", "paragraph_text": "Chadron Senior High School is a public secondary school located in Chadron, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Chadron Public Schools school district."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shanghai University Law School", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai University Law School, operated by the Shanghai Judicial Bureau and Shanghai University, is one of the largest law schools under university in China. Authorized by the Shanghai Municipal Government, the Shanghai Administrative Institute of Politics & Law (SACIPL), and Shanghai University, the school is operated under one administration with multiple programs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Waterloo, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School is a high school operated by the Waterloo Region District School Board (WRDSB) in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It opened in September 2004 and provides both academic and vocational programs to 1,563 students as of the 2010-11 school year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Markville Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Markville Secondary School (commonly known as MSS or Markville) is a public high school located in the community of Unionville within the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is one of 32 high schools administered by the York Region District School Board."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Beaufort Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Barton Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Barton Secondary School (BSS) is located at 75 Palmer Road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and is a part of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board. Officially opened in 1961, Barton Secondary School has a September 2008 enrolment of 955, and has 28 primary languages spoken within the school by students aside from English. The school's mission statement is \"Educating students to become lifelong learners and contributing citizens in a challenging, changing, multi-cultural world.\" Students are required by Provincial Law to complete 30 mandatory credits and the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) within their secondary school career. The school also offers special education classes as well as an ESL program. The HWDSB announced on 24 May 2012 that Barton Secondary School would be closed, along with Hill Park Secondary School and Mountain Secondary School with the students to be consolidated into a new, $25 million school. The school was renamed Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School and is expected to remain in service until the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School is built. In July 2018, the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board got approval on building the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School. Construction is to last about 2 years. Construction started on September 27, 2018."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Model Secondary School for the Deaf", "paragraph_text": "The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89 - 694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School (FKSS) is a high school located in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada, named after Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey. The school, under founding Principal Allan MacLeod, adopted a self-directed learning system. FKSS is one of School District 79 Cowichan Valley's four mainstream secondary schools."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}], "question": "Operation Hardboiled was part of the same conflict that an author titled his book after. When did the region where a school named after that author is located become a province of Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop1__695579_308728_804360_76814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School (FKSS) is a high school located in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada, named after Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey. The school, under founding Principal Allan MacLeod, adopted a self-directed learning system. FKSS is one of School District 79 Cowichan Valley's four mainstream secondary schools."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Centre de documentation coll\u00e9giale", "paragraph_text": "The Centre de documentation coll\u00e9giale (CDC) is a specialised library in education for all the post-secondary colleges and CEGEP in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is located in Montreal (LaSalle), Qu\u00e9bec, Canada."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Second World War (book series)", "paragraph_text": "The Second World War is a history of the period from the end of the First World War to July 1945, written by Winston Churchill. Churchill labelled the \"moral of the work\" as follows: \"In War: Resolution, In Defeat: Defiance, In Victory: Magnanimity, In Peace: Goodwill\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (Vancouver)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School is a public secondary school located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Churchill Secondary is one of two International Baccalaureate schools (along with Britannia Secondary School) and one of three French Immersion secondary schools in Vancouver. It is named after the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "HMS Bloxham", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Bloxham\" was a Hunt class minesweeper of the Royal Navy from World War I. She was originally to be named \"Brixham\", but this was changed to avoid any conflict between the vessel name and a coastal location."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada. Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies, British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20, 1871. Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby. In British Columbia: A History (1958) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers. Chad Reimer says, ``in many aspects, it still has not been surpassed ''. Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School is located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is a separate Catholic high school within the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board. The school mascot is the Colt."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Klahowya Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Klahowya Secondary School (or KSS) is a secondary school located in Silverdale, Washington and is in the Central Kitsap School District. Klahowya Secondary School was constructed in 1996-1997 as a 132,000 square foot facility with 20 classrooms for grades 7-12. In 2015, the school expanded to include sixth graders, and in 2018 a new wing was added."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Riverview Rural High School", "paragraph_text": "Riverview Rural High School is a secondary school located in Coxheath, Nova Scotia, Canada, a suburb of Sydney, Nova Scotia. It is attended by approximately 1000 students in grades 9 to 12. The school falls under the jurisdiction of the Cape Breton \u2013 Victoria Regional School Board, and is one of the two main high schools in the region, along with Sydney Academy. Red is the school colour, along with white."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Waterloo, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School is a high school operated by the Waterloo Region District School Board (WRDSB) in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It opened in September 2004 and provides both academic and vocational programs to 1,563 students as of the 2010-11 school year."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "HMS Middleton (L74)", "paragraph_text": "HMS \"Middleton\" was a Type II Hunt class destroyer of the Royal Navy and served in the Second World War. Her role was providing support for minelaying operations in the Atlantic and anti-aircraft protection for the North Russian convoys. At the end of the Second World War, \"Middleton\" returned to Portsmouth having achieved no less than six battle honours during her brief four years of active service. She remained in reserve until 1955 and was broken up in February 1958."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Markville Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Markville Secondary School (commonly known as MSS or Markville) is a public high school located in the community of Unionville within the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is one of 32 high schools administered by the York Region District School Board."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Beaconsfield High School (Quebec)", "paragraph_text": "Beaconsfield High School (commonly referred to as Beaconsfield High or BHS) is a secondary school located in the Montreal area suburb of Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada. Beaconsfield High is part of The Lester B. Pearson School Board. Previously, it was considered to be the flagship high school of the now defunct Lakeshore School Board."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Northern Secondary School (Sturgeon Falls)", "paragraph_text": "Northern Secondary School, or simply Northern, is a secondary school in the town of Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, in the Nipissing District of Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Near North District School Board."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia)", "paragraph_text": "Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school located in Beckley, West Virginia, (USA), teaching grades nine through twelve. It is one of four secondary schools in the Raleigh County School District. In 1967, it moved from its original location to its current location at 400 Stanaford Road."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Beaufort Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kalabo District", "paragraph_text": "Kalabo District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province. The capital lies at Kalabo. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 114,806 people. The district has 3 Secondary Schools namely Kalabo Secondary School, Nalionwa Day School and Lukona Secondary School, of which Kalabo Secondary School is the main school established in 1966. The district has attractive places that attract tourists, places like the liuwa national Park, and Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital.The main Hospital in the district is Kalabo District Hospital seconded by Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, Yuka is sometimes refred to as UK."}], "question": "HMS Middleton was used in the same conflict that an author titled his book after. When did the region where a school named after that author is located become a province of Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop1__727827_308728_804360_76814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School (FKSS) is a high school located in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada, named after Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey. The school, under founding Principal Allan MacLeod, adopted a self-directed learning system. FKSS is one of School District 79 Cowichan Valley's four mainstream secondary schools."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Waterloo, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School is a high school operated by the Waterloo Region District School Board (WRDSB) in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It opened in September 2004 and provides both academic and vocational programs to 1,563 students as of the 2010-11 school year."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Beaconsfield High School (Quebec)", "paragraph_text": "Beaconsfield High School (commonly referred to as Beaconsfield High or BHS) is a secondary school located in the Montreal area suburb of Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada. Beaconsfield High is part of The Lester B. Pearson School Board. Previously, it was considered to be the flagship high school of the now defunct Lakeshore School Board."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Beaufort Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Champlain, Quebec", "paragraph_text": "Champlain is a municipality, located in Les Chenaux Regional County Municipality and the administrative region the Mauricie, in the province of Quebec, Canada. Located on the north shore of St. Lawrence River, Champlain is also part of the metropolitan area of Trois-Rivi\u00e8res."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Erskine, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Erskine is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within the County of Stettler No. 6. Previously an incorporated municipality, Erskine dissolved from village status on May 10, 1946 to become part of the Municipal District of Waverly No. 367."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Convoys SG-6/LN-6", "paragraph_text": "Convoy SG-6 was a supply convoy of merchant and troop ships during the Second World War. It was one of the numbered SG Convoys from Sydney to Greenland. The convoy was split into two groups with \"Chatham\" being escorted by USCG \"Mojave\" in a formation coded SG-6F, while the remainder were with SG-6S. SG-6F was found and attacked on 27 September 1942 by , sinking \"Chatham\", while contacted SG-6S, sinking 1 ship and damaging another. Convoy LN-6, which was a supply convoy from Quebec City to Goose Bay, was nearby and its escort broke off to conduct rescue operations."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Second World War (book series)", "paragraph_text": "The Second World War is a history of the period from the end of the First World War to July 1945, written by Winston Churchill. Churchill labelled the \"moral of the work\" as follows: \"In War: Resolution, In Defeat: Defiance, In Victory: Magnanimity, In Peace: Goodwill\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Angel\u012bna Ku\u010dva\u013cska", "paragraph_text": "Angel\u012bna Ku\u010dva\u013cska was born on 6 December 1998 in Saldus, Latvia. Her father died when she was 12 years old. She is a student at Riga 1st secondary school."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (Vancouver)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School is a public secondary school located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Churchill Secondary is one of two International Baccalaureate schools (along with Britannia Secondary School) and one of three French Immersion secondary schools in Vancouver. It is named after the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Markville Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Markville Secondary School (commonly known as MSS or Markville) is a public high school located in the community of Unionville within the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is one of 32 high schools administered by the York Region District School Board."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Woodstock Elementary School (Utah)", "paragraph_text": "Woodstock Elementary School is a public primary school in Murray, Utah, USA, serving students in grades PS-6. The school is part of the Granite School District, with 75% of admission based on the locations of students' homes and 25% based on School Choice. Founded in 1906 as 26 District School (or Greebville School), it originally served both primary and secondary students. The school has relocated and its physical structure been replaced several times during its history, but has maintained the Woodstock name."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Norkam Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "NorKam Senior Secondary School is a public high school in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. It is a part of School District 73 Kamloops/Thompson. Norkam is a senior high school as it includes grades 10-12."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada. Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies, British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20, 1871. Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby. In British Columbia: A History (1958) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers. Chad Reimer says, ``in many aspects, it still has not been surpassed ''. Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Triam Udom Suksa Pattanakarn School", "paragraph_text": "Triam Udom Suksa Pattanakarn School (, commonly abbreviated as Triampat, is a high school located in Bangkok, Thailand. It admits lower-secondary and upper-secondary students (\"mathayom\" 1\u20136, equivalent to grades 7\u201312). Founded in 1978 as a campus school of Triam Udom Suksa School, Bangkok, Thailand which is preparatory school for Chulalongkorn University. Triam Udom Suksa Pattanakarn School has among the top 3 highest university entry rates for Thai high-schools, and its students consistently score among the top in national standardized tests."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sa-Hali Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Sa-Hali Secondary School is a public high school in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. It is a part of School District 73 Kamloops/Thompson. Sa-Hali serves grades 8-12 and it operates on a two semester system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Barton Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Barton Secondary School (BSS) is located at 75 Palmer Road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and is a part of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board. Officially opened in 1961, Barton Secondary School has a September 2008 enrolment of 955, and has 28 primary languages spoken within the school by students aside from English. The school's mission statement is \"Educating students to become lifelong learners and contributing citizens in a challenging, changing, multi-cultural world.\" Students are required by Provincial Law to complete 30 mandatory credits and the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) within their secondary school career. The school also offers special education classes as well as an ESL program. The HWDSB announced on 24 May 2012 that Barton Secondary School would be closed, along with Hill Park Secondary School and Mountain Secondary School with the students to be consolidated into a new, $25 million school. The school was renamed Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School and is expected to remain in service until the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School is built. In July 2018, the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board got approval on building the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School. Construction is to last about 2 years. Construction started on September 27, 2018."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Geographical Names Board of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The Geographical Names Board of Canada (GNBC) is a national committee with a secretariat in Natural Resources Canada, part of the Government of Canada, which authorizes the names used on official federal government maps of Canada created since 1897. The board consists of 27 members, one from each of the provinces and territories, and others from departments of the Government of Canada. The board also is involved with names of areas in the Antarctic through the Antarctic Treaty."}], "question": "Convoys SG-6/LN-6 was used the same conflict that an author titled his book after. When did the region where a school named after that author is located become a province of Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop1__597979_308728_804360_76814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (Vancouver)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School is a public secondary school located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Churchill Secondary is one of two International Baccalaureate schools (along with Britannia Secondary School) and one of three French Immersion secondary schools in Vancouver. It is named after the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sibi Sathyaraj", "paragraph_text": "Sibi did his schooling in Sherwood Hall Senior Secondary School and Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School and went to Loyola College where he completed a degree in commerce."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium\u2014grammar, rhetoric, logic\u2014were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial secondary schools spread, and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise. Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. Lay literacy rates rose, but were still low; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Waterloo, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School is a high school operated by the Waterloo Region District School Board (WRDSB) in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It opened in September 2004 and provides both academic and vocational programs to 1,563 students as of the 2010-11 school year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Barton Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Barton Secondary School (BSS) is located at 75 Palmer Road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and is a part of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board. Officially opened in 1961, Barton Secondary School has a September 2008 enrolment of 955, and has 28 primary languages spoken within the school by students aside from English. The school's mission statement is \"Educating students to become lifelong learners and contributing citizens in a challenging, changing, multi-cultural world.\" Students are required by Provincial Law to complete 30 mandatory credits and the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) within their secondary school career. The school also offers special education classes as well as an ESL program. The HWDSB announced on 24 May 2012 that Barton Secondary School would be closed, along with Hill Park Secondary School and Mountain Secondary School with the students to be consolidated into a new, $25 million school. The school was renamed Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School and is expected to remain in service until the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School is built. In July 2018, the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board got approval on building the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School. Construction is to last about 2 years. Construction started on September 27, 2018."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School (FKSS) is a high school located in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada, named after Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey. The school, under founding Principal Allan MacLeod, adopted a self-directed learning system. FKSS is one of School District 79 Cowichan Valley's four mainstream secondary schools."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Second World War (book series)", "paragraph_text": "The Second World War is a history of the period from the end of the First World War to July 1945, written by Winston Churchill. Churchill labelled the \"moral of the work\" as follows: \"In War: Resolution, In Defeat: Defiance, In Victory: Magnanimity, In Peace: Goodwill\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada. Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies, British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20, 1871. Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby. In British Columbia: A History (1958) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers. Chad Reimer says, ``in many aspects, it still has not been surpassed ''. Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WMTH", "paragraph_text": "WMTH-FM, located in Park Ridge, Illinois, was among the first high school radio stations in the United States when it was licensed in 1959. Established by the Student Council at Maine Township High School, now Maine East High School, the station went on the air during December 1959. The station became known as \"The Voice of Maine Township\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beaconsfield High School (Quebec)", "paragraph_text": "Beaconsfield High School (commonly referred to as Beaconsfield High or BHS) is a secondary school located in the Montreal area suburb of Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada. Beaconsfield High is part of The Lester B. Pearson School Board. Previously, it was considered to be the flagship high school of the now defunct Lakeshore School Board."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kalabo District", "paragraph_text": "Kalabo District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province. The capital lies at Kalabo. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 114,806 people. The district has 3 Secondary Schools namely Kalabo Secondary School, Nalionwa Day School and Lukona Secondary School, of which Kalabo Secondary School is the main school established in 1966. The district has attractive places that attract tourists, places like the liuwa national Park, and Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital.The main Hospital in the district is Kalabo District Hospital seconded by Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, Yuka is sometimes refred to as UK."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Riverview Rural High School", "paragraph_text": "Riverview Rural High School is a secondary school located in Coxheath, Nova Scotia, Canada, a suburb of Sydney, Nova Scotia. It is attended by approximately 1000 students in grades 9 to 12. The school falls under the jurisdiction of the Cape Breton \u2013 Victoria Regional School Board, and is one of the two main high schools in the region, along with Sydney Academy. Red is the school colour, along with white."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Humberview Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Humberview Secondary School (formerly The Humberview School, or Humberview Senior Public School) is a high school in Bolton, Caledon, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the four secondary schools in Caledon, the others being Robert F. Hall Catholic Secondary School in Caledon East, Ontario, St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in Bolton, Ontario, and Mayfield Secondary School. The year 2003 was a double cohort year for the school."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Foreman Went to France", "paragraph_text": "The Foreman Went to France (released in the USA as Somewhere in France ) is a 1942 British Second World War war film starring Clifford Evans, Tommy Trinder, Constance Cummings and Gordon Jackson. It was based on the real-life wartime exploits of Welsh munitions worker Melbourne Johns, who rescued machinery used to make guns for Spitfires and Hurricanes. It was an Ealing film made in 1941 with the support of the War Office and the Free French Forces. The script was by J.B.Priestley and reflects both optimism about an eventual victory and the sense that the post war world would have to be different from that of the 1930s. All of the 'heroes' are portrayed as ordinary people caught up in the war. The score was written by William Walton."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ashland Community High School", "paragraph_text": "Ashland Community High School was located in Ashland, Maine, USA. It was part of Maine School Administrative District 32, or MSAD\u00a032, which serves Ashland, Garfield Plantation, Masardis, Oxbow, Portage Lake and Sheridan, Maine. There was a student population of 200 in school grades 7\u201312, with eighteen faculty members as well as administrators, a counselor and three support personnel. The school had achieved accredited status with the New England Association of Schools and Colleges."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Whittlesea Secondary College", "paragraph_text": "Whittlesea Secondary College is located in the township of Whittlesea, Victoria, Australia. It is set on the grounds of the former Whittlesea Technical High School, a link maintained today in the school's array of subjects including science, automotive repair, woodworking, metalworking, sewing and home economics. The school recently opened its new sports and performance center."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Northern Secondary School (Sturgeon Falls)", "paragraph_text": "Northern Secondary School, or simply Northern, is a secondary school in the town of Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, in the Nipissing District of Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Near North District School Board."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School is located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is a separate Catholic high school within the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board. The school mascot is the Colt."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Centre de documentation coll\u00e9giale", "paragraph_text": "The Centre de documentation coll\u00e9giale (CDC) is a specialised library in education for all the post-secondary colleges and CEGEP in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is located in Montreal (LaSalle), Qu\u00e9bec, Canada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Narraguagus Jr/Sr High School", "paragraph_text": "Narraguagus Jr/Sr High School is a regional secondary school in Harrington, Maine providing education to the communities of Addison, Cherryfield, Columbia, Columbia Falls, Harrington, and Milbridge. The school is operated by Maine School Administrative District 37 and is named for the Narraguagus River, which flows through the towns of Cherryfield and Milbridge."}], "question": "The Foreman Went to France is a film with the same subject that an author titled his book after. When did the region where a school named after that author is located become a province of Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop2__726160_33366_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Operation FS", "paragraph_text": "Operation FS was the name of the Imperial Japanese plan to invade and occupy Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia in the south Pacific during the Pacific conflict of World War II. The operation was set to be executed in July or August 1942 following the \"MO\", \"RY\", and \"MI\" (Battle of Midway) operations."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen", "paragraph_text": "The 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division \"Prinz Eugen\" (7. SS-Freiwilligen Gebirgs-Division \"Prinz Eugen\") was a German mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II in Yugoslavia. Formed in 1941 from \"Volksdeutsche\" (ethnic German) volunteers and conscripts from the Banat, Independent State of Croatia (NDH), Hungary and Romania, it fought a counter-insurgency campaign against communist-led Yugoslav Partisan resistance forces in the occupied Serbia, NDH and Montenegro. It was given the title \"Prinz Eugen\" after Prince Eugene of Savoy, an outstanding military leader of the Habsburg Empire who liberated the Banat and Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire in the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u201318. It was initially named the SS-\"Freiwilligen\"-Division \"Prinz Eugen\" (SS-Volunteer Division \"Prinz Eugen\")."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Schitt's Creek", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Levy came up with the idea for the show while watching reality television. He told Out.com, ``I had been watching some reality TV at the time and was concentrating on what would happen if one of these wealthy families would lose everything. Would the Kardashians still be the Kardashians without their money? ''He turned to his father Eugene Levy to help develop the show; Eugene Levy came up with series title. Daniel Levy made the intentional decision to make the location of Schitt's Creek vague for viewers, but in August 2018 stated that is in Canada."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of Latvia", "paragraph_text": "The First Latvian National Awakening began in the 1850s and continued to bear fruit after World War I when, after two years of struggle in the Latvian War of Independence, Latvia finally won sovereign independence, as recognised by Soviet Russia in 1920 and by the international community in 1921. The Constitution of Latvia was adopted in 1922. Political instability and effects of the Great Depression led to the May 15, 1934 coup d'\u00e9tat by Prime Minister K\u0101rlis Ulmanis. Latvia's independence was interrupted in June -- July 1940, when the country was occupied and incorporated into the Soviet Union. In 1941 it was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany, then reconquered by the Soviets in 1944 -- 45."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take K\u00f6nigsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "I'll Never Break Your Heart", "paragraph_text": "The song was written by singer-songwriters Eugene Wilde and Albert Manno and produced by Veit Renn and Timmy Allen. It was later included on their US debut album as well as their fourth single in the US right after \"Backstreet's Back\" reissue on March 31, 1998."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eugene Mailloux", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Mailloux (1878 in Stoney Point, Ontario \u2013 1929) was the founder and president of Canada's first grocery store chain, M & P, in the early 1900s."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Killer Klowns from Outer Space", "paragraph_text": "Killer Klowns from Outer Space is a 1988 American science fiction horror comedy film written, directed and produced by the Chiodo Brothers, and starring Grant Cramer, Suzanne Snyder, John Allen Nelson and John Vernon. It is the only film to be written and directed by the Chiodo Brothers. The film is about a clan of evil aliens from an unknown region, who all resemble circus clowns. They arrive on Earth and invade a small town in order to capture, kill, and harvest the human inhabitants to use as sustenance."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dumfries, New Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "Dumfries is an unincorporated community in York County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is named for Dumfries, Scotland, the original home of Adam Allen, an early settler."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eugene Allen", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Allen (July 14, 1919 \u2013 March 31, 2010) was an American waiter and butler who worked for the US government at the White House for 34 years until he retired as the head butler in 1986."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wil Haygood", "paragraph_text": "Wil Haygood (born September 19, 1954, in Columbus, Ohio) is an American journalist and author who is known for his 2008 article \"A Butler Well Served by this Election\" in \"The Washington Post\" about Eugene Allen, which served as the basis for the 2013 movie \"The Butler\". Since then, Haygood has written a book about Allen, \"The Butler: A Witness to History\". While being interviewed on the radio program \"Conversations with Allan Wolper\" on WBGO 88.3FM, Haygood revealed that he had tracked down another White House butler. At the last minute, this butler, who had served three presidents, refused to be interviewed; the man's family apparently did not want his story out against the parallel story of the election of President Barack Obama."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Raymond Triboulet", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Triboulet (3 October 1906 \u2013 26 May 2006) was a French politician. He was a leading World War II resistance fighter who helped U.S., Canadian, and British troops invade France, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Paul Allen", "paragraph_text": "Allen was born on January 21, 1953, in Seattle, Washington, to Kenneth Sam Allen and Edna Faye (n\u00e9e Gardner) Allen. Allen attended Lakeside School, a private school in Seattle, where he befriended the two-years-younger Bill Gates, with whom he shared an enthusiasm for computers. They used Lakeside's Teletype terminal to develop their programming skills on several time-sharing computer systems. They also used the laboratory of the Computer Science Department of the University of Washington, doing personal research and computer programming; on at least one occasion in 1971 they were banned from the laboratory for abuse of their privileges there. According to Allen, in their teenage years he and Bill Gates would go dumpster-diving for computer program code. After graduating and obtaining a perfect SAT score of 1600, Allen went to Washington State University, where he joined Phi Kappa Theta fraternity. He dropped out after two years to work as a programmer for Honeywell in Boston, near Harvard University where Bill Gates had ended up. Allen later convinced Gates to drop out of Harvard in order to create Microsoft."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Windsor Review", "paragraph_text": "The Windsor Review is a bi-annual journal publishing new and established contemporary literary fiction, non-fiction interviews and poetry, as well as visual artists from Canada and around the world. It was established in 1965 by Eugene McNamara, and was originally named \"University of Windsor Journal\". The Windsor Review is one of Canada's oldest continuously published literary magazines, celebrating its 50th year in 2015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Your Uncle Dudley", "paragraph_text": "Your Uncle Dudley is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Eugene Forde and written by Allen Birkin, Joseph Hoffman and Dore Schary. The film stars Edward Everett Horton, Lois Wilson, John McGuire, Rosina Lawrence, Alan Dinehart and Marjorie Gateson. The film was released on December 13, 1935, by 20th Century Fox."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Glory (religion)", "paragraph_text": "Glory (from the Latin gloria, ``fame, renown '') is used to describe the manifestation of God's presence as perceived by humans according to the Christian religion."}], "question": "What religion was the person who occupied the same employer as Eugene Allen when the US invaded Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop2__71053_726160_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792 -- 1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica (``British Peace ''), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815 -- 1914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the`` workshop of the world''. The British Empire expanded to include most of India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its own colonies, its dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dale Eugene Wayrynen", "paragraph_text": "Dale Eugene Wayrynen (January 18, 1947 \u2013 May 18, 1967) was a United States Army enlisted soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration \u2014 the Medal of Honor \u2014 for his actions in the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fort Harrison State Park", "paragraph_text": "Fort Harrison, sometimes called Fort Ben, is an Indiana state park located in Lawrence, Indiana, United States, and occupies part of the former site of Fort Benjamin Harrison. The park features a former Citizen's Military Training Camp, Civilian Conservation Corps camp, and World War II prisoner of war camp. There are also picnicking and walking/jogging trails."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful maritime power."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War inflicted great financial costs on all of the combatants, including the United States of America, France, Spain and Great Britain. France and Great Britain spent 1.3 billion livres and 250 million pounds, respectively. The United States spent $400 million in wages for its troops. Spain increased its military spending from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million reales in 1779."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "From the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France, Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France, which the US contested as illegal under international law. To man the blockade, Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy. Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair inflamed anti-British sentiment in the US. In 1811, the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt affair, in which 11 British sailors died. Britain supplied Indians who raided American settlers on the frontier, which hindered American expansion and provoked resentment. Historians debate whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war. On June 18, 1812, US President James Madison, after heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress, signed the American declaration of war into law."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive, but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "British America", "paragraph_text": "English America (later British America) refers to the English territories in North America (including Bermuda), Central America, the Caribbean, and Guyana from 1607 to 1783. Formally, the British colonies in North America were known as British America and the British West Indies until 1776, when the Thirteen Colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard declared their independence and formed the United States of America. After that, the term British North America was used to describe the remainder of Britain's continental North American possessions. That term was first used informally in 1783, but it was uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Territorial evolution of North America since 1763", "paragraph_text": "The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the major war known by Americans as the French and Indian War and by Canadians as the Seven Years' War / Guerre de Sept Ans, or by French - Canadians, La Guerre de la Conqu\u00eate. It was signed by Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. Preferring to keep Guadeloupe, France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The House I Live In (2012 film)", "paragraph_text": "The House I Live In, directed by Eugene Jarecki, is a 2012 documentary film about the War on Drugs in the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eugene Ashley Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Ashley Jr. (October 12, 1930 or 1931 \u2013 February 7, 1968) was a United States Army Special Forces soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Your Uncle Dudley", "paragraph_text": "Your Uncle Dudley is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Eugene Forde and written by Allen Birkin, Joseph Hoffman and Dore Schary. The film stars Edward Everett Horton, Lois Wilson, John McGuire, Rosina Lawrence, Alan Dinehart and Marjorie Gateson. The film was released on December 13, 1935, by 20th Century Fox."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eugene Tobin", "paragraph_text": "Flying Officer Eugene Quimby \"Red\" Tobin (4 January 1917 \u2013 7 September 1941) was an American pilot who flew with the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain in World War II. He was one of 11 American pilots who flew with RAF Fighter Command between 10 July and 31 October 1940, thereby qualifying for the Battle of Britain clasp to the 1939\u201345 campaign star."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "I'll Never Break Your Heart", "paragraph_text": "The song was written by singer-songwriters Eugene Wilde and Albert Manno and produced by Veit Renn and Timmy Allen. It was later included on their US debut album as well as their fourth single in the US right after \"Backstreet's Back\" reissue on March 31, 1998."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eugene Allen", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Allen (July 14, 1919 \u2013 March 31, 2010) was an American waiter and butler who worked for the US government at the White House for 34 years until he retired as the head butler in 1986."}], "question": "What is the religion of the person who occupied the place that employed Eugene Allen during the war between Britain and America?"}
{"id": "4hop2__33366_13193_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of nuclear weapons", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945, two fission bombs were dropped on Japan, standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat. The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project, and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as ``hydrogen bombs ''."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Viet Cong", "paragraph_text": "In response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case -- Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974. With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng headquarters in L\u1ed9c Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all - weather roads that could be used year - round, even during the monsoon. Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975, with now - excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction, the communists delivered nearly 365,000 tons of war mat\u00e9riel to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Paint It Black", "paragraph_text": "The song plays during the end credits of the films Full Metal Jacket and The Devil's Advocate. In TV, it was used as the opening theme song to the series Tour of Duty and for the end credits to part five of The Vietnam War documentary series. It was featured in the Call of Duty: Black Ops III and The Mummy trailers. The Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball use the song as part of their ``Black Out ''promotions. An orchestral arrangement of the song has been used in multiple episodes of the TV series Westworld. R&B singer Ciara would later cover the song for the soundtrack of the 2015 film The Last Witch Hunter."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to \"Free Vietnam\" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Technology during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The invention of the atomic bomb meant that a single aircraft could carry a weapon so powerful it could burn down entire cities, making conventional warfare against a nation with an arsenal of them suicidal. Following the conclusion of the European Theater in May 1945, two atomic bombs were then employed against the Empire of Japan in August during the Pacific Theater, effectively terminating the war, which averted the need for invading mainland Japan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cold War", "paragraph_text": "Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War, but ultimately persisted thereafter. Moderate and conservative parties in Europe, as well as social democrats, gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance, while European and American Communists, financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations, adhered to Moscow's line, although dissent began to appear after 1956. Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "As an important railroad and road junction and production center, Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II, including the Oil Campaign. Targets included the AFA (St\u00f6cken), the Deurag-Nerag refinery (Misburg), the Continental plants (Vahrenwald and Limmer), the United light metal works (VLW) in Ricklingen and Laatzen (today Hanover fairground), the Hanover/Limmer rubber reclamation plant, the Hanomag factory (Linden) and the tank factory M.N.H. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen (Badenstedt). Forced labourers were sometimes used from the Hannover-Misburg subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. Residential areas were also targeted, and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids. More than 90% of the city center was destroyed in a total of 88 bombing raids. After the war, the Aegidienkirche was not rebuilt and its ruins were left as a war memorial."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years. The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons, and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails, especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field, despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Operation FS", "paragraph_text": "Operation FS was the name of the Imperial Japanese plan to invade and occupy Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia in the south Pacific during the Pacific conflict of World War II. The operation was set to be executed in July or August 1942 following the \"MO\", \"RY\", and \"MI\" (Battle of Midway) operations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 1 September, Germany invaded Poland from the west. Within the first few days of the invasion, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs. These executions took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of German occupation. The Luftwaffe also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and carrying out a bombing campaign. The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at Minsk allegedly \"for urgent aeronautical experiments\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Raymond Triboulet", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Triboulet (3 October 1906 \u2013 26 May 2006) was a French politician. He was a leading World War II resistance fighter who helped U.S., Canadian, and British troops invade France, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "1968 in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "US troop numbers peaked in 1969 with President Johnson approving an increased maximum number of US troops in Vietnam at 549,500. The year was the most expensive in the Vietnam war with the American spending US $77.4 billion (US $544 billion in 2018) on the war. The year also became the deadliest of the Vietnam War for America and its allies with 27,915 South Vietnamese (ARVN) soldiers killed and the Americans suffering 16,592 killed compared to around two hundred thousand of the communist forces killed. The deadliest week of the Vietnam War for the USA was during the Tet Offensive specifically February 11 -- 17, 1968, during which period 543 Americans were killed in action, and 2547 were wounded."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ted Belcher", "paragraph_text": "Ted Belcher (July 21, 1924 \u2013 November 19, 1966) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in the Vietnam War. He was also a recipient of a Purple Heart, a National Defense Medal, and both the Vietnam Service and Vietnam Campaign Medals."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tonkin campaign", "paragraph_text": "The Tonkin Campaign was an armed conflict fought between June 1883 and April 1886 by the French against, variously, the Vietnamese, Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army and the Chinese Guangxi and Yunnan armies to occupy Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and entrench a French protectorate there.  The campaign, complicated in August 1884 by the outbreak of the Sino-French War and in July 1885 by the C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng nationalist uprising in Annam, which required the diversion of large numbers of French troops, was conducted by the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, supported by the gunboats of the Tonkin Flotilla.  The campaign officially ended in April 1886, when the expeditionary corps was reduced in size to a division of occupation, but Tonkin was not effectively pacified until 1896."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Strategic bombing during World War II", "paragraph_text": "Strategic bombing during World War II began on 1 September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) began bombing cities and the civilian population in Poland in an indiscriminate aerial bombardment campaign. As the war continued to expand, bombing by both the Axis and the Allies increased significantly. The RAF began bombing Germany in March 1940. In September 1940, the Luftwaffe began targeting British cities in 'The Blitz'. After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the Luftwaffe attacked Soviet cities and infrastructure. From 1942 onward, the British bombing campaign against Germany became less restrictive and increasingly targeted industrial sites and eventually, civilian areas. When the United States began flying bombing missions against Germany, it reinforced these efforts and controversial firebombings were carried out against Hamburg (1943), Dresden (1945), and other German cities."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the building whose future occupants helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War during the conflict when the US invaded Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop2__71053_13193_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1968 in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "US troop numbers peaked in 1969 with President Johnson approving an increased maximum number of US troops in Vietnam at 549,500. The year was the most expensive in the Vietnam war with the American spending US $77.4 billion (US $544 billion in 2018) on the war. The year also became the deadliest of the Vietnam War for America and its allies with 27,915 South Vietnamese (ARVN) soldiers killed and the Americans suffering 16,592 killed compared to around two hundred thousand of the communist forces killed. The deadliest week of the Vietnam War for the USA was during the Tet Offensive specifically February 11 -- 17, 1968, during which period 543 Americans were killed in action, and 2547 were wounded."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Hitler's interest in this strategy forced G\u00f6ring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to G\u00f6ring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of British imports by sea top priority. This strategy had been recognised before the war, but Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain had got in the way of striking at Britain's sea communications and diverted German air strength to the campaign against the RAF and its supporting structures. The OKL had always regarded the interdiction of sea communications of less importance than bombing land-based aircraft industries."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Operation Menu", "paragraph_text": "Operation Menu was the codename of a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 until 26 May 1970 as part of both the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and Base Areas of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN \u2014 commonly referred to during the Vietnam War as the North Vietnamese Army [NVA]) and forces of the Viet Cong (NLF), which utilized them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The impact of the bombing campaign on the Khmer Rouge guerrillas, the PAVN, and Cambodian civilians in the bombed areas is disputed by historians."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years. The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons, and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails, especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field, despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dale Eugene Wayrynen", "paragraph_text": "Dale Eugene Wayrynen (January 18, 1947 \u2013 May 18, 1967) was a United States Army enlisted soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration \u2014 the Medal of Honor \u2014 for his actions in the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Clifford Chester Sims", "paragraph_text": "Clifford Chester Sims (June 18, 1942 \u2013 February 21, 1968) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9) or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war is therefore considered a Cold War - era proxy war."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ted Belcher", "paragraph_text": "Ted Belcher (July 21, 1924 \u2013 November 19, 1966) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in the Vietnam War. He was also a recipient of a Purple Heart, a National Defense Medal, and both the Vietnam Service and Vietnam Campaign Medals."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tonkin campaign", "paragraph_text": "The Tonkin Campaign was an armed conflict fought between June 1883 and April 1886 by the French against, variously, the Vietnamese, Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army and the Chinese Guangxi and Yunnan armies to occupy Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and entrench a French protectorate there.  The campaign, complicated in August 1884 by the outbreak of the Sino-French War and in July 1885 by the C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng nationalist uprising in Annam, which required the diversion of large numbers of French troops, was conducted by the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, supported by the gunboats of the Tonkin Flotilla.  The campaign officially ended in April 1886, when the expeditionary corps was reduced in size to a division of occupation, but Tonkin was not effectively pacified until 1896."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Viet Cong", "paragraph_text": "In response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case -- Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974. With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng headquarters in L\u1ed9c Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all - weather roads that could be used year - round, even during the monsoon. Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975, with now - excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction, the communists delivered nearly 365,000 tons of war mat\u00e9riel to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Call of Duty: WWII", "paragraph_text": "Call of Duty: WWII is an upcoming first - person shooter video game developed by Sledgehammer Games and published by Activision for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the fourteenth primary installment and first Call of Duty series game to be set primarily during World War II since Call of Duty: World at War in 2008. The game is set in European theatre of the war. The campaign is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division, and follows their battles in the Western Front, while the multiplayer expands on different fronts not seen in the campaign. The game is scheduled to be released worldwide on November 3, 2017."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Webster Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Webster Anderson (July 15, 1933 \u2013 August 30, 2003) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peter Strasser", "paragraph_text": "Peter Strasser (1 April 1876 \u2013 5 August 1918) was chief commander of German Imperial Navy Zeppelins during World War I, the main force operating bombing campaigns from 1915 to 1917. He was killed when flying the war's last airship raid over Great Britain."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnam War (), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America () or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war, considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some, lasted 19 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973, and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, resulting in all three countries becoming communist in 1975."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the building whose authorities helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War during the war between Britain and America?"}
{"id": "4hop1__863446_308728_804360_76814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada. Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies, British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20, 1871. Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby. In British Columbia: A History (1958) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers. Chad Reimer says, ``in many aspects, it still has not been surpassed ''. Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Riverview Rural High School", "paragraph_text": "Riverview Rural High School is a secondary school located in Coxheath, Nova Scotia, Canada, a suburb of Sydney, Nova Scotia. It is attended by approximately 1000 students in grades 9 to 12. The school falls under the jurisdiction of the Cape Breton \u2013 Victoria Regional School Board, and is one of the two main high schools in the region, along with Sydney Academy. Red is the school colour, along with white."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Humberview Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Humberview Secondary School (formerly The Humberview School, or Humberview Senior Public School) is a high school in Bolton, Caledon, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the four secondary schools in Caledon, the others being Robert F. Hall Catholic Secondary School in Caledon East, Ontario, St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in Bolton, Ontario, and Mayfield Secondary School. The year 2003 was a double cohort year for the school."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Centre de documentation coll\u00e9giale", "paragraph_text": "The Centre de documentation coll\u00e9giale (CDC) is a specialised library in education for all the post-secondary colleges and CEGEP in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is located in Montreal (LaSalle), Qu\u00e9bec, Canada."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geographical Names Board of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The Geographical Names Board of Canada (GNBC) is a national committee with a secretariat in Natural Resources Canada, part of the Government of Canada, which authorizes the names used on official federal government maps of Canada created since 1897. The board consists of 27 members, one from each of the provinces and territories, and others from departments of the Government of Canada. The board also is involved with names of areas in the Antarctic through the Antarctic Treaty."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Second World War (book series)", "paragraph_text": "The Second World War is a history of the period from the end of the First World War to July 1945, written by Winston Churchill. Churchill labelled the \"moral of the work\" as follows: \"In War: Resolution, In Defeat: Defiance, In Victory: Magnanimity, In Peace: Goodwill\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Waterloo, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School is a high school operated by the Waterloo Region District School Board (WRDSB) in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It opened in September 2004 and provides both academic and vocational programs to 1,563 students as of the 2010-11 school year."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hamish Forbes", "paragraph_text": "Major Sir Hamish Stewart Forbes, 7th Baronet, MBE, MC, KStJ (15 February 1916 \u2013 3 September 2007) was a British Army officer who served in the Welsh Guards in the Second World War, spending over 5 years in German custody as a prisoner of war. In later life, he was patron of the Lonach Highland and Friendly Society from 1984 until his death."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kalabo District", "paragraph_text": "Kalabo District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province. The capital lies at Kalabo. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 114,806 people. The district has 3 Secondary Schools namely Kalabo Secondary School, Nalionwa Day School and Lukona Secondary School, of which Kalabo Secondary School is the main school established in 1966. The district has attractive places that attract tourists, places like the liuwa national Park, and Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital.The main Hospital in the district is Kalabo District Hospital seconded by Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, Yuka is sometimes refred to as UK."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Barton Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Barton Secondary School (BSS) is located at 75 Palmer Road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and is a part of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board. Officially opened in 1961, Barton Secondary School has a September 2008 enrolment of 955, and has 28 primary languages spoken within the school by students aside from English. The school's mission statement is \"Educating students to become lifelong learners and contributing citizens in a challenging, changing, multi-cultural world.\" Students are required by Provincial Law to complete 30 mandatory credits and the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) within their secondary school career. The school also offers special education classes as well as an ESL program. The HWDSB announced on 24 May 2012 that Barton Secondary School would be closed, along with Hill Park Secondary School and Mountain Secondary School with the students to be consolidated into a new, $25 million school. The school was renamed Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School and is expected to remain in service until the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School is built. In July 2018, the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board got approval on building the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School. Construction is to last about 2 years. Construction started on September 27, 2018."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (Vancouver)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School is a public secondary school located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Churchill Secondary is one of two International Baccalaureate schools (along with Britannia Secondary School) and one of three French Immersion secondary schools in Vancouver. It is named after the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School (FKSS) is a high school located in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada, named after Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey. The school, under founding Principal Allan MacLeod, adopted a self-directed learning system. FKSS is one of School District 79 Cowichan Valley's four mainstream secondary schools."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Klahowya Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Klahowya Secondary School (or KSS) is a secondary school located in Silverdale, Washington and is in the Central Kitsap School District. Klahowya Secondary School was constructed in 1996-1997 as a 132,000 square foot facility with 20 classrooms for grades 7-12. In 2015, the school expanded to include sixth graders, and in 2018 a new wing was added."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Markville Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Markville Secondary School (commonly known as MSS or Markville) is a public high school located in the community of Unionville within the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is one of 32 high schools administered by the York Region District School Board."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Beaconsfield High School (Quebec)", "paragraph_text": "Beaconsfield High School (commonly referred to as Beaconsfield High or BHS) is a secondary school located in the Montreal area suburb of Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada. Beaconsfield High is part of The Lester B. Pearson School Board. Previously, it was considered to be the flagship high school of the now defunct Lakeshore School Board."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Model Secondary School for the Deaf", "paragraph_text": "The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89 - 694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beaufort Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores."}], "question": "Hamish Forbes served in the same conflict that an author titled his book after. When did the region where a school named after that author is located become a province of Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop2__13193_33366_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Operation Menu", "paragraph_text": "Operation Menu was the codename of a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 until 26 May 1970 as part of both the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and Base Areas of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN \u2014 commonly referred to during the Vietnam War as the North Vietnamese Army [NVA]) and forces of the Viet Cong (NLF), which utilized them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The impact of the bombing campaign on the Khmer Rouge guerrillas, the PAVN, and Cambodian civilians in the bombed areas is disputed by historians."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of nuclear weapons", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945, two fission bombs were dropped on Japan, standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat. The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project, and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as ``hydrogen bombs ''."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ted Belcher", "paragraph_text": "Ted Belcher (July 21, 1924 \u2013 November 19, 1966) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in the Vietnam War. He was also a recipient of a Purple Heart, a National Defense Medal, and both the Vietnam Service and Vietnam Campaign Medals."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Raymond Triboulet", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Triboulet (3 October 1906 \u2013 26 May 2006) was a French politician. He was a leading World War II resistance fighter who helped U.S., Canadian, and British troops invade France, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hanover", "paragraph_text": "As an important railroad and road junction and production center, Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II, including the Oil Campaign. Targets included the AFA (St\u00f6cken), the Deurag-Nerag refinery (Misburg), the Continental plants (Vahrenwald and Limmer), the United light metal works (VLW) in Ricklingen and Laatzen (today Hanover fairground), the Hanover/Limmer rubber reclamation plant, the Hanomag factory (Linden) and the tank factory M.N.H. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen (Badenstedt). Forced labourers were sometimes used from the Hannover-Misburg subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. Residential areas were also targeted, and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids. More than 90% of the city center was destroyed in a total of 88 bombing raids. After the war, the Aegidienkirche was not rebuilt and its ruins were left as a war memorial."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Technology during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The invention of the atomic bomb meant that a single aircraft could carry a weapon so powerful it could burn down entire cities, making conventional warfare against a nation with an arsenal of them suicidal. Following the conclusion of the European Theater in May 1945, two atomic bombs were then employed against the Empire of Japan in August during the Pacific Theater, effectively terminating the war, which averted the need for invading mainland Japan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "If Day", "paragraph_text": "If Day was an elaborate campaign to promote the purchase of Victory Bonds. These bonds, which were loans to the government to allow for increased war spending, were sold to individuals and corporations throughout Canada.  If Day was the second Victory Loan campaign of the Second World War. The campaign began on 16 February 1942, and continued until 9 March. Manitoba's fundraising target was $45 million ($620 million in 2011 dollars), including $24.5 million from Winnipeg. The Greater Winnipeg Victory Loan committee, a regional branch of the National War Finance Committee, organized If Day under chairman John Draper Perrin. The organizers believed that bringing the war (or, rather, a simulation thereof) to people's homes would result in a change of attitude among those not directly affected by the war.The committee drew up a map of Manitoba, which was divided into 45 sections, each representing $1 million of their fundraising target. As money came in from those selling Victory Bonds, the sections were \"reclaimed\" from the Nazi invaders. The map was posted at the corner of Portage and Main, the city's central intersection. The campaign was publicized in local newspapers for a few days before the event, although the \"invasion\" took many citizens by surprise. To prevent a rush to emergency shelters, residents of neighbouring northern Minnesota were also warned because radio broadcasts dramatizing the event could be received in that area. Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft painted to look like German fighter planes flew over the city on 18 February 1942. Selkirk, a small town northeast of Winnipeg, held its own fundraising simulation, a one-hour blackout and mock bombing, on 18 February 1942 in preparation for the main If Day event."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Operation FS", "paragraph_text": "Operation FS was the name of the Imperial Japanese plan to invade and occupy Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia in the south Pacific during the Pacific conflict of World War II. The operation was set to be executed in July or August 1942 following the \"MO\", \"RY\", and \"MI\" (Battle of Midway) operations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paint It Black", "paragraph_text": "The song plays during the end credits of the films Full Metal Jacket and The Devil's Advocate. In TV, it was used as the opening theme song to the series Tour of Duty and for the end credits to part five of The Vietnam War documentary series. It was featured in the Call of Duty: Black Ops III and The Mummy trailers. The Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball use the song as part of their ``Black Out ''promotions. An orchestral arrangement of the song has been used in multiple episodes of the TV series Westworld. R&B singer Ciara would later cover the song for the soundtrack of the 2015 film The Last Witch Hunter."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1968 in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "US troop numbers peaked in 1969 with President Johnson approving an increased maximum number of US troops in Vietnam at 549,500. The year was the most expensive in the Vietnam war with the American spending US $77.4 billion (US $544 billion in 2018) on the war. The year also became the deadliest of the Vietnam War for America and its allies with 27,915 South Vietnamese (ARVN) soldiers killed and the Americans suffering 16,592 killed compared to around two hundred thousand of the communist forces killed. The deadliest week of the Vietnam War for the USA was during the Tet Offensive specifically February 11 -- 17, 1968, during which period 543 Americans were killed in action, and 2547 were wounded."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Viet Cong", "paragraph_text": "In response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case -- Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974. With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng headquarters in L\u1ed9c Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all - weather roads that could be used year - round, even during the monsoon. Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975, with now - excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction, the communists delivered nearly 365,000 tons of war mat\u00e9riel to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 1 September, Germany invaded Poland from the west. Within the first few days of the invasion, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs. These executions took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of German occupation. The Luftwaffe also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and carrying out a bombing campaign. The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at Minsk allegedly \"for urgent aeronautical experiments\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cold War", "paragraph_text": "Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War, but ultimately persisted thereafter. Moderate and conservative parties in Europe, as well as social democrats, gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance, while European and American Communists, financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations, adhered to Moscow's line, although dissent began to appear after 1956. Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Middle Eastern theatre of World War I", "paragraph_text": "The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I saw action between 29 October 1914 and 30 October 1918. The combatants were, on one side, the Ottoman Empire (including Kurds and some Arab tribes), with some assistance from the other Central Powers; and on the other side, the British (with the help of Jews, Greeks, Assyrians and the majority of the Arabs, along with Indians under its empire), the Russians (with the help of Armenians) and the French from among the Allied Powers. There were five main campaigns: the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, the Mesopotamian Campaign, the Caucasus Campaign, the Persian Campaign, and the Gallipoli Campaign. There were also several minor campaigns: the Senussi Campaign, Arab Campaign, and South Arabia Campaign."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years. The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons, and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails, especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field, despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Strategic bombing during World War II", "paragraph_text": "Strategic bombing during World War II began on 1 September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) began bombing cities and the civilian population in Poland in an indiscriminate aerial bombardment campaign. As the war continued to expand, bombing by both the Axis and the Allies increased significantly. The RAF began bombing Germany in March 1940. In September 1940, the Luftwaffe began targeting British cities in 'The Blitz'. After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the Luftwaffe attacked Soviet cities and infrastructure. From 1942 onward, the British bombing campaign against Germany became less restrictive and increasingly targeted industrial sites and eventually, civilian areas. When the United States began flying bombing missions against Germany, it reinforced these efforts and controversial firebombings were carried out against Hamburg (1943), Dresden (1945), and other German cities."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the building whose authorities helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War during the conflict when the US invaded Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop2__726160_71053_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Your Uncle Dudley", "paragraph_text": "Your Uncle Dudley is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Eugene Forde and written by Allen Birkin, Joseph Hoffman and Dore Schary. The film stars Edward Everett Horton, Lois Wilson, John McGuire, Rosina Lawrence, Alan Dinehart and Marjorie Gateson. The film was released on December 13, 1935, by 20th Century Fox."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Territorial evolution of North America since 1763", "paragraph_text": "The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the major war known by Americans as the French and Indian War and by Canadians as the Seven Years' War / Guerre de Sept Ans, or by French - Canadians, La Guerre de la Conqu\u00eate. It was signed by Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. Preferring to keep Guadeloupe, France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "I'll Never Break Your Heart", "paragraph_text": "The song was written by singer-songwriters Eugene Wilde and Albert Manno and produced by Veit Renn and Timmy Allen. It was later included on their US debut album as well as their fourth single in the US right after \"Backstreet's Back\" reissue on March 31, 1998."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War inflicted great financial costs on all of the combatants, including the United States of America, France, Spain and Great Britain. France and Great Britain spent 1.3 billion livres and 250 million pounds, respectively. The United States spent $400 million in wages for its troops. Spain increased its military spending from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million reales in 1779."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful maritime power."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive, but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen", "paragraph_text": "The 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division \"Prinz Eugen\" (7. SS-Freiwilligen Gebirgs-Division \"Prinz Eugen\") was a German mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II in Yugoslavia. Formed in 1941 from \"Volksdeutsche\" (ethnic German) volunteers and conscripts from the Banat, Independent State of Croatia (NDH), Hungary and Romania, it fought a counter-insurgency campaign against communist-led Yugoslav Partisan resistance forces in the occupied Serbia, NDH and Montenegro. It was given the title \"Prinz Eugen\" after Prince Eugene of Savoy, an outstanding military leader of the Habsburg Empire who liberated the Banat and Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire in the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u201318. It was initially named the SS-\"Freiwilligen\"-Division \"Prinz Eugen\" (SS-Volunteer Division \"Prinz Eugen\")."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fort Harrison State Park", "paragraph_text": "Fort Harrison, sometimes called Fort Ben, is an Indiana state park located in Lawrence, Indiana, United States, and occupies part of the former site of Fort Benjamin Harrison. The park features a former Citizen's Military Training Camp, Civilian Conservation Corps camp, and World War II prisoner of war camp. There are also picnicking and walking/jogging trails."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dale Eugene Wayrynen", "paragraph_text": "Dale Eugene Wayrynen (January 18, 1947 \u2013 May 18, 1967) was a United States Army enlisted soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration \u2014 the Medal of Honor \u2014 for his actions in the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eugene Ashley Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Ashley Jr. (October 12, 1930 or 1931 \u2013 February 7, 1968) was a United States Army Special Forces soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The House I Live In (2012 film)", "paragraph_text": "The House I Live In, directed by Eugene Jarecki, is a 2012 documentary film about the War on Drugs in the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "From the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France, Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France, which the US contested as illegal under international law. To man the blockade, Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy. Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair inflamed anti-British sentiment in the US. In 1811, the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt affair, in which 11 British sailors died. Britain supplied Indians who raided American settlers on the frontier, which hindered American expansion and provoked resentment. Historians debate whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war. On June 18, 1812, US President James Madison, after heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress, signed the American declaration of war into law."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eugene Tobin", "paragraph_text": "Flying Officer Eugene Quimby \"Red\" Tobin (4 January 1917 \u2013 7 September 1941) was an American pilot who flew with the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain in World War II. He was one of 11 American pilots who flew with RAF Fighter Command between 10 July and 31 October 1940, thereby qualifying for the Battle of Britain clasp to the 1939\u201345 campaign star."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eugene Allen", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Allen (July 14, 1919 \u2013 March 31, 2010) was an American waiter and butler who worked for the US government at the White House for 34 years until he retired as the head butler in 1986."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive, but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes."}], "question": "What is the religion of the US president occupying the building employing Eugene Allen during the war between Britain and America?"}
{"id": "4hop2__13193_71053_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ted Belcher", "paragraph_text": "Ted Belcher (July 21, 1924 \u2013 November 19, 1966) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in the Vietnam War. He was also a recipient of a Purple Heart, a National Defense Medal, and both the Vietnam Service and Vietnam Campaign Medals."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Operation Menu", "paragraph_text": "Operation Menu was the codename of a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 until 26 May 1970 as part of both the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and Base Areas of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN \u2014 commonly referred to during the Vietnam War as the North Vietnamese Army [NVA]) and forces of the Viet Cong (NLF), which utilized them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The impact of the bombing campaign on the Khmer Rouge guerrillas, the PAVN, and Cambodian civilians in the bombed areas is disputed by historians."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years. The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons, and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails, especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field, despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Call of Duty: WWII", "paragraph_text": "Call of Duty: WWII is an upcoming first - person shooter video game developed by Sledgehammer Games and published by Activision for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the fourteenth primary installment and first Call of Duty series game to be set primarily during World War II since Call of Duty: World at War in 2008. The game is set in European theatre of the war. The campaign is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division, and follows their battles in the Western Front, while the multiplayer expands on different fronts not seen in the campaign. The game is scheduled to be released worldwide on November 3, 2017."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Peter Strasser", "paragraph_text": "Peter Strasser (1 April 1876 \u2013 5 August 1918) was chief commander of German Imperial Navy Zeppelins during World War I, the main force operating bombing campaigns from 1915 to 1917. He was killed when flying the war's last airship raid over Great Britain."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Clifford Chester Sims", "paragraph_text": "Clifford Chester Sims (June 18, 1942 \u2013 February 21, 1968) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tonkin campaign", "paragraph_text": "The Tonkin Campaign was an armed conflict fought between June 1883 and April 1886 by the French against, variously, the Vietnamese, Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army and the Chinese Guangxi and Yunnan armies to occupy Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and entrench a French protectorate there.  The campaign, complicated in August 1884 by the outbreak of the Sino-French War and in July 1885 by the C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng nationalist uprising in Annam, which required the diversion of large numbers of French troops, was conducted by the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, supported by the gunboats of the Tonkin Flotilla.  The campaign officially ended in April 1886, when the expeditionary corps was reduced in size to a division of occupation, but Tonkin was not effectively pacified until 1896."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Hitler's interest in this strategy forced G\u00f6ring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to G\u00f6ring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of British imports by sea top priority. This strategy had been recognised before the war, but Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain had got in the way of striking at Britain's sea communications and diverted German air strength to the campaign against the RAF and its supporting structures. The OKL had always regarded the interdiction of sea communications of less importance than bombing land-based aircraft industries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Viet Cong", "paragraph_text": "In response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case -- Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974. With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng headquarters in L\u1ed9c Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all - weather roads that could be used year - round, even during the monsoon. Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975, with now - excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction, the communists delivered nearly 365,000 tons of war mat\u00e9riel to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Strategic bombing during World War II", "paragraph_text": "Strategic bombing during World War II began on 1 September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) began bombing cities and the civilian population in Poland in an indiscriminate aerial bombardment campaign. As the war continued to expand, bombing by both the Axis and the Allies increased significantly. The RAF began bombing Germany in March 1940. In September 1940, the Luftwaffe began targeting British cities in 'The Blitz'. After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the Luftwaffe attacked Soviet cities and infrastructure. From 1942 onward, the British bombing campaign against Germany became less restrictive and increasingly targeted industrial sites and eventually, civilian areas. When the United States began flying bombing missions against Germany, it reinforced these efforts and controversial firebombings were carried out against Hamburg (1943), Dresden (1945), and other German cities."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dale Eugene Wayrynen", "paragraph_text": "Dale Eugene Wayrynen (January 18, 1947 \u2013 May 18, 1967) was a United States Army enlisted soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration \u2014 the Medal of Honor \u2014 for his actions in the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "During the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the used for anti-aircraft barrages. A 2-inch rocket using HE or wire obstacle warheads was introduced first to deal with low-level or dive bombing attacks on smaller targets such as airfields. The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnam War (), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America () or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war, considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some, lasted 19 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973, and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, resulting in all three countries becoming communist in 1975."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1968 in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "US troop numbers peaked in 1969 with President Johnson approving an increased maximum number of US troops in Vietnam at 549,500. The year was the most expensive in the Vietnam war with the American spending US $77.4 billion (US $544 billion in 2018) on the war. The year also became the deadliest of the Vietnam War for America and its allies with 27,915 South Vietnamese (ARVN) soldiers killed and the Americans suffering 16,592 killed compared to around two hundred thousand of the communist forces killed. The deadliest week of the Vietnam War for the USA was during the Tet Offensive specifically February 11 -- 17, 1968, during which period 543 Americans were killed in action, and 2547 were wounded."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the building whose authorities helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War during the war between Britain and America?"}
{"id": "4hop2__71053_767313_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "President of Cuba", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: Presidente de la Rep\u00fablica de Cuba), officially called President of the Council of State (Spanish: Presidente del Consejo de Estado de Cuba) between 1976 and 2019, is the head of the Council of State of Cuba. The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019. The president is the second most powerful position, after the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba.Under the 1901 constitution, Cuba had a presidential system based on that of the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the ``United States of America, ''and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers' names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base (Andrews AFB, AAFB) is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of Veterans Affairs of the United States of America Seal of the Department of Veterans Affairs Flag of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs Incumbent David Shulkin since February 14, 2017 United States Department of Veterans Affairs Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 38 U.S.C. \u00a7 303 Formation March 15, 1989 First holder Ed Derwinski Succession Seventeenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Salary Executive Schedule, level 1 Website www.VA.gov"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Military leadership in the American Civil War", "paragraph_text": "Jefferson Davis was named provisional president on February 9, 1861, and assumed similar commander - in - chief responsibilities as would Lincoln; on November 6, 1861 Davis was elected President of the Confederate States of America under the Confederate Constitution. Alexander H. Stephens was appointed as Vice President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, and later assumed identical vice presidential responsibilities as Hannibal Hamlin did. Several men served the Confederacy as Secretary of War, including Leroy Pope Walker, Judah P. Benjamin, George W. Randolph, James Seddon, and John C. Breckinridge. Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War inflicted great financial costs on all of the combatants, including the United States of America, France, Spain and Great Britain. France and Great Britain spent 1.3 billion livres and 250 million pounds, respectively. The United States spent $400 million in wages for its troops. Spain increased its military spending from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million reales in 1779."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Rex Tillerson since February 1, 2017 United States Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 228 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy John Sullivan Salary $205,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Secretary to the President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary to the President (sometimes dubbed the president's Private Secretary or Personal Secretary) was a former 19th and early 20th century White House position that carried out all the tasks now spread throughout the modern White House Office. The Secretary would act as a buffer between the President and the public, keeping the President's schedules and appointments, managing his correspondence, managing the staff, communicating to the press as well as being a close aide and advisor to the President in a manner that often required great skill and discretion. In terms of rank it is a precursor to the modern White House Chief of Staff."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Executive Order 9066", "paragraph_text": "Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942. This order authorized the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones, clearing the way for the incarceration of Japanese Americans, German Americans, and Italian Americans in U.S. concentration camps."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jefferson Davis", "paragraph_text": "Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 -- December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the only President of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. As a member of the Democratic Party, he represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives prior to switching allegiance to the Confederacy. He was appointed as the United States Secretary of War, serving from 1853 to 1857, under President Franklin Pierce."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Confederate States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Secretary of State was the head of the Confederate States State Department from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. There were three people who served the position in this time. The department crumbled with the Confederate States of America in May 1865, marking the end of the war."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Mike Pompeo since April 26, 2018 Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 229 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy Deputy Secretary of State Salary $210,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and Attorney General, are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments. Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level (currently $205,700)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Confederate States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Army (C.S.A.) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis (1808 - 1889), a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy on the Hudson River at West Point, New York, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War (1846 - 1848), later a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War in the administration of 14th President Franklin Pierce (1853 - 1857). By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Baruch Plan", "paragraph_text": "The Baruch Plan was a proposal by the United States government, written largely by Bernard Baruch but based on the Acheson\u2013Lilienthal Report, to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) during its first meeting in June 1946. The United States, Great Britain and Canada called for an international organization to regulate atomic energy and President Truman responded by asking Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson and David E. Lilienthal to draw up a plan. Baruch's version of the proposal was rejected by the Soviet Union, who feared the plan would preserve the American nuclear monopoly. Its collapse led to the beginning of the Cold War arms race."}], "question": "What is the religion of the person who occupied the jurisdiction that the Secretary to the President of the United States serves during the war between Britain and America?"}
{"id": "4hop2__653844_33366_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Waiting for Caroline", "paragraph_text": "Waiting for Caroline is a 1969 Canadian drama film directed by Ron Kelly and starring Alexandra Stewart, Fran\u00e7ois Tass\u00e9, and William Needles. It was produced by the National Film Board of Canada."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Operation FS", "paragraph_text": "Operation FS was the name of the Imperial Japanese plan to invade and occupy Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia in the south Pacific during the Pacific conflict of World War II. The operation was set to be executed in July or August 1942 following the \"MO\", \"RY\", and \"MI\" (Battle of Midway) operations."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take K\u00f6nigsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tahindesar", "paragraph_text": "Tahindesar is a small populated place in the province of Rajasthan, India. Most of the population are of Hindu religion and speak Rajasthani."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Caroline Harrison", "paragraph_text": "She secured funding for an extensive renovation of the White House and oversaw the work. Interested in history and preservation, in 1890 she helped found the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and served as its first President General."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Memory Keeper's Daughter", "paragraph_text": "In early March of 1964, Dr. David Henry is forced to deliver his wife Norah's twins with the help of a nurse, Caroline Gill. Their first child, a boy they name Paul, is born a healthy perfect child, but when the second baby is born, Phoebe, David notices she has Down syndrome. David, recalling the possibility of a heart defect and early death (which his younger sister June had had; dying at the young age of twelve) and decides that the baby girl will be placed in an institution."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harrison (name)", "paragraph_text": "Harrison is a common patronymic surname of English origin. It may also be spelled Harrisson, Harryson or Harrysson. Harrison means ``son of Harry ''. Early records suggest that the surnames Harrison and Harris were used interchangeably by some families. Harrison is the 42nd most common surname in England and 123rd most common in the United States. The surname was first recorded in 1355, in London, England."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "William Henry Harrison", "paragraph_text": "William Henry Harrison Sr. (February 9, 1773 -- April 4, 1841) was an American military officer, a principal contributor in the War of 1812, and the ninth president of the United States (1841). He was the last president born before the American Revolution, and died of pneumonia just 31 days into his term, thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. He was the first president to die in office, and his death sparked a brief constitutional crisis. Its resolution left unsettled Constitutional questions as to the presidential line of succession until the passage of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967. Harrison was a son of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V and in turn was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd United States President (1889 -- 1893)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "It Don't Come Easy", "paragraph_text": "``It Do n't Come Easy ''is a song by English musician Ringo Starr that was released as a non-album single in April 1971. Apart from in North America, where`` Beaucoups of Blues'' had been a single in October 1970, it was Starr's first single release since the break - up of the Beatles. The song was a commercial success, peaking at number 1 in Canada and number 4 in both the US and UK singles charts. The recording was produced by Starr's former bandmate George Harrison, who also made an uncredited contribution as a composer. Starr performed the song with Harrison at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 and it has remained one of his most popular hits as a solo artist."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Henderson Point, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Henderson Point is a census-designated place (CDP) in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States. It is part of the Gulfport\u2013Biloxi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 170 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government. According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Raymond Triboulet", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Triboulet (3 October 1906 \u2013 26 May 2006) was a French politician. He was a leading World War II resistance fighter who helped U.S., Canadian, and British troops invade France, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Archibald Harrison", "paragraph_text": "Archibald Harrison (May 27, 1834 \u2013 June 16, 1924) was a farmer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Sunbury County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1870 to 1874 as a Liberal member."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cris de Vera", "paragraph_text": "De Vera made his first movie after World War II when war struck Manila in Death March, a film by Leopoldo Salcedo with Philippine Pictures, about a Prisoner of War when the Japanese invaded the Philippines and made a Death March from Bataan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II, which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941, as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand. The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma, which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier. Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang (consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively), and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime (which controlled the coastal regions of China)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the place where Caroline Harrison died during the conflict when the US invaded Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop1__139773_88110_67938_29962", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Global Positioning System", "paragraph_text": "The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space - based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bank of Montreal", "paragraph_text": "On June 23, 1817, John Richardson and eight merchants signed the Articles of Association to establish the Bank of Montreal in a rented house in Montreal, Quebec. The bank officially began conducting business on November 3, 1817, making it Canada's oldest bank. BMO's Institution Number (or bank number) is 001. In Canada, the bank operates as \"BMO Bank of Montreal\" and has more than 900 branches, serving over seven million customers. The company also has substantial operations in the Chicago area and elsewhere in the United States, where it operates as \"BMO Harris Bank\". BMO Capital Markets is BMO's investment and corporate banking division, while the wealth management division is branded as BMO Nesbitt Burns. The company is ranked at number 131 on the Forbes Global 2000 list."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "NatureServe conservation status", "paragraph_text": "The NatureServe conservation status system, maintained and presented by NatureServe in cooperation with the Natural Heritage Network, was developed in the United States in the 1980s by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) as a means for ranking or categorizing the relative imperilment of species of plants, animals, or other organisms, as well as natural ecological communities, on the global, national and/or subnational levels. These designations are also referred to as NatureServe ranks, NatureServe statuses, or Natural Heritage ranks. While the Nature Conservancy is no longer substantially involved in the maintenance of these ranks, the name TNC ranks is still sometimes encountered for them."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nippon Telegraph and Telephone", "paragraph_text": ", commonly known as NTT, is a Japanese telecommunications company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Ranked 55th in Fortune Global 500, NTT is the fourth largest telecommunications company in the world in terms of revenue, as well as the third largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota and MUFG, as of September 2018."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha\u2212World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami \"America's Cleanest City\", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the \"Capital of Latin America\", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Man in the Sky", "paragraph_text": "The Man in the Sky (released in the U.S. as Decision Against Time) is a 1957 thriller drama film starring Jack Hawkins and produced by Ealing Films, Michael Balcon's new company, set up after Rank had sold Ealing Studios in Ealing Green, West London, to the BBC in 1955. Balcon, who had run the company on behalf of Rank since 1944, left Rank in 1956 and set up the new company, striking a distribution and production deal with MGM. This was the first Ealing production to be made at MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, North London."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having \"exported\" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between \"exports\" and \"imports\" as a \"trade balance\", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having \"imported\" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a \"trade surplus\" of 10,712.342 million US$."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alberto dos Santos Franco", "paragraph_text": "Alberto dos Santos Franco the Admiral Franco (Rio de Janeiro, December 5, 1913 - S\u00e3o Paulo, May 4, 2011) was an officer of the Navy of Brazil. In his career, reached the rank of rear admiral"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "EU Business School", "paragraph_text": "2016, Online MBA ranked number 1 for global online rankings. MBA and EMBA programs were elected as top tier European programs."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Carol Burnett Show", "paragraph_text": "The Carol Burnett Show: 50th Anniversary Special (December 3, 2017) -- featured some of the most popular clips of comedy and music from the entire run of the show. Included dozens of celebrities, both live and recorded, to reminisce with Carol. December 3, 2017: 1.5 rating; 15.2 million viewers (time slot rank: fourth) December 27, 2017: 0.6 rating; 5.26 million viewers (time slot rank: fourth)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alberto Alcocer", "paragraph_text": "Alberto Alcocer Torra (born December 17, 1942, in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish businessman. He is owner, with his cousin Alberto Cortina, of Alcor Holding, a patrimonial society owner of 12.5% of Grupo ACS, the major Spanish construction company, and of 21% of the wastebasket company, Ence. As of March 2011, according to Forbes, he is ranked 13th richest in Spain and 993rd globally with an estimated net worth of $1.2 billion."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Rachel Maddow Show", "paragraph_text": "The Rachel Maddow Show (also abbreviated TRMS) is a daily news and opinion television program that airs on MSNBC, running in the 9:00\u00a0pm ET timeslot Monday through Friday. It is hosted by Rachel Maddow, who gained a public profile via her frequent appearances as a progressive pundit on programs aired by MSNBC. It is based on her former radio show of the same name. The show debuted on September 8, 2008."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ruger LC9", "paragraph_text": "The Ruger LC9 (standing for \"Lightweight Compact 9mm\") is a 9mm caliber, recoil-operated, locked breech, Hammer fired, semi-automatic pistol announced by Sturm, Ruger & Co. at the 2011 SHOT Show. This pistol has safety features, including a loaded chamber indicator and magazine disconnect safety, that allow it to be sold in Massachusetts."}], "question": "The Rachel Maddow Show is found in the channel which has an MS in its name that stands for the name of Company A. In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked Company B, which Company A struck a deal with to provide DOS operating system, ranked where globally?"}
{"id": "4hop1__477137_308728_804360_76814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hugh Alexander Pollock", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Alexander Pollock (29 July 1888 \u2013 6 November 1971) was a British publishing editor, who served as a soldier in the Royal Scots Fusiliers in the First World War and in the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps in the Second World War. Married three times, he was the first husband of Enid Blyton, and then Ida Pollock, both writers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Second World War (book series)", "paragraph_text": "The Second World War is a history of the period from the end of the First World War to July 1945, written by Winston Churchill. Churchill labelled the \"moral of the work\" as follows: \"In War: Resolution, In Defeat: Defiance, In Victory: Magnanimity, In Peace: Goodwill\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Waterloo, Ontario)", "paragraph_text": "Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School is a high school operated by the Waterloo Region District School Board (WRDSB) in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It opened in September 2004 and provides both academic and vocational programs to 1,563 students as of the 2010-11 school year."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Northern Secondary School (Sturgeon Falls)", "paragraph_text": "Northern Secondary School, or simply Northern, is a secondary school in the town of Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, in the Nipissing District of Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Near North District School Board."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot Catholic Secondary School is located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is a separate Catholic high school within the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board. The school mascot is the Colt."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Beaconsfield High School (Quebec)", "paragraph_text": "Beaconsfield High School (commonly referred to as Beaconsfield High or BHS) is a secondary school located in the Montreal area suburb of Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada. Beaconsfield High is part of The Lester B. Pearson School Board. Previously, it was considered to be the flagship high school of the now defunct Lakeshore School Board."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Markville Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Markville Secondary School (commonly known as MSS or Markville) is a public high school located in the community of Unionville within the city of Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is one of 32 high schools administered by the York Region District School Board."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada. Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies, British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20, 1871. Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby. In British Columbia: A History (1958) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers. Chad Reimer says, ``in many aspects, it still has not been surpassed ''. Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Provinces and territories of Canada", "paragraph_text": "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) -- were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second - largest country by area."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beaufort Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kalabo District", "paragraph_text": "Kalabo District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province. The capital lies at Kalabo. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 114,806 people. The district has 3 Secondary Schools namely Kalabo Secondary School, Nalionwa Day School and Lukona Secondary School, of which Kalabo Secondary School is the main school established in 1966. The district has attractive places that attract tourists, places like the liuwa national Park, and Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital.The main Hospital in the district is Kalabo District Hospital seconded by Yuka Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, Yuka is sometimes refred to as UK."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Mystery of Cloomber", "paragraph_text": "The Mystery of Cloomber is a novel by the British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It is narrated by John Fothergill West, a Scot who has moved with his family from Edinburgh to Wigtownshire to care for the estate of his father's half brother, William Farintosh. It was first published in 1888 in the Pall Mall Gazette."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Imperial College London", "paragraph_text": "The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Royal Dublin Fusiliers", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Dublin Fusiliers was an Irish infantry Regiment of the British Army created in 1881, one of eight Irish regiments raised and garrisoned in Ireland, with its home depot in Naas. The Regiment was created by the amalgamation of two British Army regiments in India, the Royal Bombay Fusiliers and Royal Madras Fusiliers, with Dublin and Kildare militia units as part of the Childers Reforms that created larger regiments and linked them with \"Regimental Districts\". Both regular battalions of the Regiment fought in the Second Boer War. In the First World War, a further six battalions were raised and the regiment saw action on the Western Front, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. In the course of the war three Victoria Cross were awarded."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Barton Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Barton Secondary School (BSS) is located at 75 Palmer Road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and is a part of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board. Officially opened in 1961, Barton Secondary School has a September 2008 enrolment of 955, and has 28 primary languages spoken within the school by students aside from English. The school's mission statement is \"Educating students to become lifelong learners and contributing citizens in a challenging, changing, multi-cultural world.\" Students are required by Provincial Law to complete 30 mandatory credits and the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) within their secondary school career. The school also offers special education classes as well as an ESL program. The HWDSB announced on 24 May 2012 that Barton Secondary School would be closed, along with Hill Park Secondary School and Mountain Secondary School with the students to be consolidated into a new, $25 million school. The school was renamed Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School and is expected to remain in service until the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School is built. In July 2018, the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board got approval on building the new Nora Frances Henderson Secondary School. Construction is to last about 2 years. Construction started on September 27, 2018."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (Vancouver)", "paragraph_text": "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School is a public secondary school located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Churchill Secondary is one of two International Baccalaureate schools (along with Britannia Secondary School) and one of three French Immersion secondary schools in Vancouver. It is named after the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Humberview Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Humberview Secondary School (formerly The Humberview School, or Humberview Senior Public School) is a high school in Bolton, Caledon, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the four secondary schools in Caledon, the others being Robert F. Hall Catholic Secondary School in Caledon East, Ontario, St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in Bolton, Ontario, and Mayfield Secondary School. The year 2003 was a double cohort year for the school."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia)", "paragraph_text": "Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school located in Beckley, West Virginia, (USA), teaching grades nine through twelve. It is one of four secondary schools in the Raleigh County School District. In 1967, it moved from its original location to its current location at 400 Stanaford Road."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School", "paragraph_text": "Frances Kelsey Secondary School (FKSS) is a high school located in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada, named after Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey. The school, under founding Principal Allan MacLeod, adopted a self-directed learning system. FKSS is one of School District 79 Cowichan Valley's four mainstream secondary schools."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Geoffrey Coles", "paragraph_text": "Coles was killed in action during the First World War, serving as a private with the Royal Fusiliers near Festubert. He was buried at Brown's Road Military Cemetery nearby."}], "question": "The Royal Scots Fusiliers served in the same conflict that an author titled his book after. When did the region where a school named after that author is located become a province of Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop2__767313_33366_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "North Korea", "paragraph_text": "Executive power is vested in the Cabinet of North Korea, which is headed by Premier Pak Pong-ju. The Premier represents the government and functions independently. His authority extends over two vice-premiers, 30 ministers, two cabinet commission chairmen, the cabinet chief secretary, the president of the Central Bank, the director of the Central Bureau of Statistics and the president of the Academy of Sciences. A 31st ministry, the Ministry of People's Armed Forces, is under the jurisdiction of the State Affairs Commission."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Rex Tillerson since February 1, 2017 United States Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 228 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy John Sullivan Salary $205,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Canfield Spencer", "paragraph_text": "John Canfield Spencer (January 8, 1788 \u2013 May 17, 1855) was an American lawyer, politician, judge and United States Cabinet secretary in the administration of President John Tyler."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of Veterans Affairs of the United States of America Seal of the Department of Veterans Affairs Flag of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs Incumbent David Shulkin since February 14, 2017 United States Department of Veterans Affairs Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 38 U.S.C. \u00a7 303 Formation March 15, 1989 First holder Ed Derwinski Succession Seventeenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Salary Executive Schedule, level 1 Website www.VA.gov"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base (Andrews AFB, AAFB) is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or jurisprudence constante, for both itself and all lower courts."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "USMLE Step 1", "paragraph_text": "The USMLE Step 1 (more commonly just Step 1 or colloquially, The Boards) is the first part of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. It aims to assess whether medical school students or graduates can apply important concepts of the foundational sciences fundamental to the practice of medicine. US medical students, as well as non-US medical students who wish to seek licensure to practice medicine in the US, typically take Step 1 at the end of the second year of medical school. Graduates of international medical schools (i.e., those outside the US or Canada) must also take Step 1 if they want to practice in the US. Graduates from international medical schools must apply through ECFMG, and the registration fee is $915. For 2016, the NBME registration fee for the test is $600, with additional charges for applicants who choose a testing region outside the United States or Canada."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term \"Civil Religion\" to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States. His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy: \"Considering the separation of church and state, how is a president justified in using the word 'God' at all? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and Attorney General, are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments. Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level (currently $205,700)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Mike Pompeo since April 26, 2018 Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 229 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy Deputy Secretary of State Salary $210,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Secretary of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of Homeland Security of the United States Seal of the Department of Homeland Security Flag of the Secretary of Homeland Security Incumbent Kirstjen Nielsen since December 6, 2017 United States Department of Homeland Security Style Madam Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 6 U.S.C. \u00a7 112 Formation January 24, 2003 (14 years ago) (2003 - 01 - 24) First holder Tom Ridge Succession Eighteenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Salary Executive Schedule, level 1 Website www.dhs.gov"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Mike Pompeo since April 26, 2018 Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 228 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy Deputy Secretary of State Salary $205,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On Saturday, 24 June 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea. Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act, paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler's aggressions in the 1930s, with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War. However, President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States Secretary of the Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of the Air Force (SecAF, or SAF / OS) is the head of the Department of the Air Force, a component organization within the Department of Defense of the United States. The Secretary of the Air Force is appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Secretary reports to the Secretary of Defense and / or the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and is by statute responsible for and has the authority to conduct all the affairs of the Department of the Air Force."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David F. Houston", "paragraph_text": "David Franklin Houston (February 17, 1866 \u2013 September 2, 1940) was an American academic, businessman and conservative Democratic politician. He served under President Wilson as the 5th Secretary of Agriculture and the 48th United States Secretary of the Treasury."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Secretary to the President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary to the President (sometimes dubbed the president's Private Secretary or Personal Secretary) was a former 19th and early 20th century White House position that carried out all the tasks now spread throughout the modern White House Office. The Secretary would act as a buffer between the President and the public, keeping the President's schedules and appointments, managing his correspondence, managing the staff, communicating to the press as well as being a close aide and advisor to the President in a manner that often required great skill and discretion. In terms of rank it is a precursor to the modern White House Chief of Staff."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the jurisdiction of the Secretary to the President of the United States during the conflict when the US invaded Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop1__346453_88110_67938_29962", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "EU Business School", "paragraph_text": "2016, Online MBA ranked number 1 for global online rankings. MBA and EMBA programs were elected as top tier European programs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around \u20ac752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008\u201309 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of \u20ac366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated \u20ac401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac484.6 million."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012. Its US$74 billion GDP made it the fifth-largest contributor city to India's overall GDP in 2011\u201312. Its per capita annual income in 2011 was \u20b944300 (US$660). As of 2006[update], the largest employers in the city were the governments of Andhra Pradesh (113,098 employees) and India (85,155). According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed. The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "SASid- insurance development", "paragraph_text": "SASid Insurance Development is a privately held insurance company that operates out of Janesville, Wisconsin, United States. The company is a member of the Better Business Bureau. Inc 5000 ranked SASid No. 1530 in the 2008 list \"Fastest growing private companies in America\" based on revenue growth from 2004 through 2007 fiscal years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year. It is listed in Greenpeace\u2019s Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are. In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5.1 from 4.9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Richard Lui", "paragraph_text": "Richard Lui (born ) is an American journalist and news anchor for MSNBC and NBC News. Lui anchors Early Today on NBC and is a dayside anchor for MSNBC at 30 Rockefeller Plaza. He was formerly at CNN Worldwide. At CNN Worldwide he became the first Asian American male to anchor a daily, national cable news show when he solo anchored the 10 a.m. hour on CNN Headline News (2007 to 2010). Mediaite ranked Lui among the top 100 in news buzz on its \"Power Grid Influence Index of TV Anchors and Hosts\" and one of \"The 50 Sexiest in TV News\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Man in the Sky", "paragraph_text": "The Man in the Sky (released in the U.S. as Decision Against Time) is a 1957 thriller drama film starring Jack Hawkins and produced by Ealing Films, Michael Balcon's new company, set up after Rank had sold Ealing Studios in Ealing Green, West London, to the BBC in 1955. Balcon, who had run the company on behalf of Rank since 1944, left Rank in 1956 and set up the new company, striking a distribution and production deal with MGM. This was the first Ealing production to be made at MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, North London."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, the university's Marriott School of Management received a No. 5 ranking by BusinessWeek for its undergraduate programs, and its MBA program was ranked by several sources: No. 22 ranking by BusinessWeek, No. 16 by Forbes, and No. 29 by U.S. News & World Report. Among regional schools the MBA program was ranked No. 1 by The Wall Street Journal's most recent ranking (2007), and it was ranked No. 92 among business schools worldwide in 2009 by Financial Times. For 2009, the university's School of Accountancy, which is housed within the Marriott School, received two No. 3 rankings for its undergraduate program\u2014one by Public Accounting Report and the other by U.S. News & World Report. The same two reporting agencies also ranked the school's MAcc program No. 3 and No. 8 in the nation, respectively. In 2010, an article in the Wall Street Journal listing institutions whose graduates were the top-rated by recruiters ranked BYU No. 11. Using 2010 fiscal year data, the Association of University Technology Managers ranked BYU No. 3 in an evaluation of universities creating the most startup companies through campus research."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha\u2212World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami \"America's Cleanest City\", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the \"Capital of Latin America\", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having \"exported\" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between \"exports\" and \"imports\" as a \"trade balance\", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having \"imported\" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a \"trade surplus\" of 10,712.342 million US$."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alberto dos Santos Franco", "paragraph_text": "Alberto dos Santos Franco the Admiral Franco (Rio de Janeiro, December 5, 1913 - S\u00e3o Paulo, May 4, 2011) was an officer of the Navy of Brazil. In his career, reached the rank of rear admiral"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Global Positioning System", "paragraph_text": "The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space - based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nippon Telegraph and Telephone", "paragraph_text": ", commonly known as NTT, is a Japanese telecommunications company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Ranked 55th in Fortune Global 500, NTT is the fourth largest telecommunications company in the world in terms of revenue, as well as the third largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota and MUFG, as of September 2018."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "NatureServe conservation status", "paragraph_text": "The NatureServe conservation status system, maintained and presented by NatureServe in cooperation with the Natural Heritage Network, was developed in the United States in the 1980s by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) as a means for ranking or categorizing the relative imperilment of species of plants, animals, or other organisms, as well as natural ecological communities, on the global, national and/or subnational levels. These designations are also referred to as NatureServe ranks, NatureServe statuses, or Natural Heritage ranks. While the Nature Conservancy is no longer substantially involved in the maintenance of these ranks, the name TNC ranks is still sometimes encountered for them."}], "question": "This company is what the letters 'MS' in the name of Richard Lui's employer stand for. What was the 2011 Forbes global rank by revenue of the company that stuck a deal with this other company to provide the DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop2__33366_653844_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Harrison Township, Knox County, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "Harrison Township is one of thirty townships in Knox County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 81 at the 2000 census. A 2006 estimate placed the township's population at 80."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Whig Party (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844 and General Zachary Taylor of Kentucky in 1848. Another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey, was the Whig Party's last presidential nominee in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president and both died in office. John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrison's death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became President after Taylor's death in 1850, was the last Whig President."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "William Henry Harrison", "paragraph_text": "William Henry Harrison Sr. (February 9, 1773 -- April 4, 1841) was an American military officer, a principal contributor in the War of 1812, and the ninth president of the United States (1841). He was the last president born before the American Revolution, and died of pneumonia just 31 days into his term, thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. He was the first president to die in office, and his death sparked a brief constitutional crisis. Its resolution left unsettled Constitutional questions as to the presidential line of succession until the passage of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967. Harrison was a son of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V and in turn was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd United States President (1889 -- 1893)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Caroline Harrison", "paragraph_text": "She secured funding for an extensive renovation of the White House and oversaw the work. Interested in history and preservation, in 1890 she helped found the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and served as its first President General."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Archibald Harrison", "paragraph_text": "Archibald Harrison (May 27, 1834 \u2013 June 16, 1924) was a farmer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Sunbury County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1870 to 1874 as a Liberal member."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Operation FS", "paragraph_text": "Operation FS was the name of the Imperial Japanese plan to invade and occupy Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia in the south Pacific during the Pacific conflict of World War II. The operation was set to be executed in July or August 1942 following the \"MO\", \"RY\", and \"MI\" (Battle of Midway) operations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Henderson Point, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Henderson Point is a census-designated place (CDP) in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States. It is part of the Gulfport\u2013Biloxi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 170 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harrison (name)", "paragraph_text": "Harrison is a common patronymic surname of English origin. It may also be spelled Harrisson, Harryson or Harrysson. Harrison means ``son of Harry ''. Early records suggest that the surnames Harrison and Harris were used interchangeably by some families. Harrison is the 42nd most common surname in England and 123rd most common in the United States. The surname was first recorded in 1355, in London, England."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take K\u00f6nigsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fort Harrison State Park", "paragraph_text": "Fort Harrison, sometimes called Fort Ben, is an Indiana state park located in Lawrence, Indiana, United States, and occupies part of the former site of Fort Benjamin Harrison. The park features a former Citizen's Military Training Camp, Civilian Conservation Corps camp, and World War II prisoner of war camp. There are also picnicking and walking/jogging trails."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cris de Vera", "paragraph_text": "De Vera made his first movie after World War II when war struck Manila in Death March, a film by Leopoldo Salcedo with Philippine Pictures, about a Prisoner of War when the Japanese invaded the Philippines and made a Death March from Bataan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Memory Keeper's Daughter", "paragraph_text": "In early March of 1964, Dr. David Henry is forced to deliver his wife Norah's twins with the help of a nurse, Caroline Gill. Their first child, a boy they name Paul, is born a healthy perfect child, but when the second baby is born, Phoebe, David notices she has Down syndrome. David, recalling the possibility of a heart defect and early death (which his younger sister June had had; dying at the young age of twelve) and decides that the baby girl will be placed in an institution."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "It Don't Come Easy", "paragraph_text": "``It Do n't Come Easy ''is a song by English musician Ringo Starr that was released as a non-album single in April 1971. Apart from in North America, where`` Beaucoups of Blues'' had been a single in October 1970, it was Starr's first single release since the break - up of the Beatles. The song was a commercial success, peaking at number 1 in Canada and number 4 in both the US and UK singles charts. The recording was produced by Starr's former bandmate George Harrison, who also made an uncredited contribution as a composer. Starr performed the song with Harrison at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 and it has remained one of his most popular hits as a solo artist."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Raymond Triboulet", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Triboulet (3 October 1906 \u2013 26 May 2006) was a French politician. He was a leading World War II resistance fighter who helped U.S., Canadian, and British troops invade France, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Waiting for Caroline", "paragraph_text": "Waiting for Caroline is a 1969 Canadian drama film directed by Ron Kelly and starring Alexandra Stewart, Fran\u00e7ois Tass\u00e9, and William Needles. It was produced by the National Film Board of Canada."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Burnstick Lake", "paragraph_text": "Burnstick Lake is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the northern shore of Burnstick Lake, in Clearwater County, south of Caroline."}], "question": "What is the religion of the person who occupied Caroline Harrison's place of death during the war when US invaded Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop1__297671_88110_67938_55242", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ed Roberts (computer engineer)", "paragraph_text": "Henry Edward ``Ed ''Roberts (September 13, 1941 -- April 1, 2010) was an American engineer, entrepreneur and medical doctor who invented the first commercially successful personal computer in 1975. He is most often known as`` the father of the personal computer''. He founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1970 to sell electronics kits to model rocketry hobbyists, but the first successful product was an electronic calculator kit that was featured on the cover of the November 1971 issue of Popular Electronics. The calculators were very successful and sales topped one million dollars in 1973. A brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974. Roberts then developed the Altair 8800 personal computer that used the new Intel 8080 microprocessor. This was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, and hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for this $397 computer kit."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Peri Tarr", "paragraph_text": "Peri Tarr received her BS in Zoology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1986, and her MS and PhD in Computer Science from the University of Massachusetts Amherst (1992 and 1996, respectively). Between her BS and MS/PhD, she worked full-time at the University of Massachusetts Physical Plant, attempting to introduce an automated system to help with the Plant's operations. After receiving her PhD, she joined the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center as a Research Staff Member in 1996, where she worked on and led various projects relating to issues of software composition, morphogenic software, and aspect-oriented software development."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "IBM Personal Computer", "paragraph_text": "The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of tablet computers", "paragraph_text": "The tablet computer and the associated special operating software is an example of pen computing technology, and the development of tablets has deep historical roots. The first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1914. The first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting text recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bernard Galler", "paragraph_text": "Bernard A. Galler (October 3, 1928 in Chicago \u2013 September 4, 2006 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American mathematician and computer scientist at the University of Michigan who was involved in the development of large-scale operating systems and computer languages including the MAD programming language and the Michigan Terminal System operating system."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "LG CNS", "paragraph_text": "LG CNS (Korean: \uc5d8\uc9c0 \uc528\uc5d4\uc5d0\uc2a4) is a subsidiary of LG Corporation founded in 1987 that provides information technology services including consulting, System Integration, Network Integration, Business Process Outsourcing, and Information Technology Outsourcing. Originally, LG CNS only focused on computer engineering such as designing, developing and operating computer network systems for LG Group. Then, the firm expanded its target customers from LG Group to other private organizations and governments. LG CNS also focuses on global markets running worldwide development centers and has overseas subsidiaries. Currently, LG CNS \u201cis Korea\u2019s largest IT service provider and has implemented a number of large-scale public IT infrastructure projects and played a major role in the Korean government's e-Korea initiative.\u201d"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "Compaq, who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s, initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end, overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place. Apple's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system, which unified Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dangerous Dave", "paragraph_text": "Dangerous Dave is a 1988 computer game by John Romero. It was developed for the Apple II and MS-DOS as an example game to accompany his article about his GraBASIC, an Applesoft BASIC add-on, for the \"UpTime\" disk magazine."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Algebra", "paragraph_text": "The roots of algebra can be traced to the ancient Babylonians, who developed an advanced arithmetical system with which they were able to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion. The Babylonians developed formulas to calculate solutions for problems typically solved today by using linear equations, quadratic equations, and indeterminate linear equations. By contrast, most Egyptians of this era, as well as Greek and Chinese mathematics in the 1st millennium BC, usually solved such equations by geometric methods, such as those described in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Euclid's Elements, and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. The geometric work of the Greeks, typified in the Elements, provided the framework for generalizing formulae beyond the solution of particular problems into more general systems of stating and solving equations, although this would not be realized until mathematics developed in medieval Islam.By the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change. The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects, usually lines, that had letters associated with them. Diophantus (3rd century AD) was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations, and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Virtual memory", "paragraph_text": "The concept of virtual memory was first developed by German physicist Fritz-Rudolf G\u00fcntsch at the Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin in 1956 in his doctoral thesis, Logical Design of a Digital Computer with Multiple Asynchronous Rotating Drums and Automatic High Speed Memory Operation; it described a machine with 6 100-word blocks of primary core memory and an address space of 1,000 100-word blocks, with hardware automatically moving blocks between primary memory and secondary drum memory. Paging was first implemented at the University of Manchester as a way to extend the Atlas Computer's working memory by combining its 16,384 words of primary core memory with an additional 98,304 words of secondary drum memory. The first Atlas was commissioned in 1962 but working prototypes of paging had been developed by 1959. In 1961, the Burroughs Corporation independently released the first commercial computer with virtual memory, the B5000, with segmentation rather than paging.Before virtual memory could be implemented in mainstream operating systems, many problems had to be addressed. Dynamic address translation required expensive and difficult-to-build specialized hardware; initial implementations slowed down access to memory slightly. There were worries that new system-wide algorithms utilizing secondary storage would be less effective than previously used application-specific algorithms. By 1969, the debate over virtual memory for commercial computers was over; an IBM research team led by David Sayre showed that their virtual memory overlay system consistently worked better than the best manually controlled systems. Throughout the 1970s, the IBM 370 series running their virtual-storage based operating systems provided a means for business users to migrate multiple older systems into fewer, more powerful, mainframes that had improved price/performance. The first minicomputer to introduce virtual memory was the Norwegian NORD-1; during the 1970s, other minicomputers implemented virtual memory, notably VAX models running VMS."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "Encouraged by these successes, Nintendo soon turned its attention to the North American market. Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari\u2019s name as the name Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System. The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983. However, Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its Coleco Adam computer with Nintendo's Donkey Kong game. This violation of Atari's exclusive license with Nintendo to publish the game for its own computer systems delayed the implementation of Nintendo's game console marketing contract with Atari. Atari's CEO Ray Kassar was fired the next month, so the deal went nowhere, and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.g[\u203a]"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Quiver (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Quiver is a 3D first-person shooter released in March 1997. It was developed by ADvertainment Software and published by ESD games. (Both companies seem to have disappeared; the links provided in the game's manual are broken.) The game was designed for MS-DOS, and it runs in up to 800\u00d7600 resolution."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "ABC (medicine)", "paragraph_text": "ABC and its variations are initialism mnemonics for essential steps used by both medical professionals and lay persons (such as first aiders) when dealing with a patient. In its original form it stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The protocol was originally developed as a memory aid for rescuers performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the most widely known use of the initialism is in the care of the unconscious or unresponsive patient, although it is also used as a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of patients in many acute medical and trauma situations, from first - aid to hospital medical treatment. Airway, breathing, and circulation are all vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective. Since its development, the mnemonic has been extended and modified to fit the different areas in which it is used, with different versions changing the meaning of letters (such as from the original 'Circulation' to 'Compressions') or adding other letters (such as an optional ``D ''step for Disability or Defibrillation)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Windows XP", "paragraph_text": "Windows XP is a personal computer operating system produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and broadly released for retail sale on October 25, 2001."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Digital Research", "paragraph_text": "Digital Research was purchased by Novell in 1991, primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. FlexOS had already been adopted as the basis for Siemens S5-DOS/MT, IBM 4680 OS and 4690 OS, whereas Multiuser DOS evolved further into independent products like Datapac System Manager, IMS REAL/32 and REAL/NG. Continued development of the DR\u00a0DOS line led to non-DRI products such as Novell PalmDOS, Novell DOS, Caldera OpenDOS and Dell RMK."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Ed Show", "paragraph_text": "On July 30, 2015, MSNBC president Tim Griffin announced that the series had been cancelled in an effort to transition the network's daytime programming to more breaking news reporting and less political commentary and opinion. The program aired its final episode on July 31, 2015."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brain (computer virus)", "paragraph_text": "Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986, and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS - DOS. It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. Brain was written by brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi, from Lahore, Pakistan."}], "question": "This company is what the letters 'MS' stand for in the name of The Ed Show's original broadcaster. Who led the development of the PC by the company that struck a deal with this other company to provide the DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop2__33366_726160_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "I'll Never Break Your Heart", "paragraph_text": "The song was written by singer-songwriters Eugene Wilde and Albert Manno and produced by Veit Renn and Timmy Allen. It was later included on their US debut album as well as their fourth single in the US right after \"Backstreet's Back\" reissue on March 31, 1998."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eugene Mailloux", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Mailloux (1878 in Stoney Point, Ontario \u2013 1929) was the founder and president of Canada's first grocery store chain, M & P, in the early 1900s."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Your Uncle Dudley", "paragraph_text": "Your Uncle Dudley is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Eugene Forde and written by Allen Birkin, Joseph Hoffman and Dore Schary. The film stars Edward Everett Horton, Lois Wilson, John McGuire, Rosina Lawrence, Alan Dinehart and Marjorie Gateson. The film was released on December 13, 1935, by 20th Century Fox."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen", "paragraph_text": "The 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division \"Prinz Eugen\" (7. SS-Freiwilligen Gebirgs-Division \"Prinz Eugen\") was a German mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II in Yugoslavia. Formed in 1941 from \"Volksdeutsche\" (ethnic German) volunteers and conscripts from the Banat, Independent State of Croatia (NDH), Hungary and Romania, it fought a counter-insurgency campaign against communist-led Yugoslav Partisan resistance forces in the occupied Serbia, NDH and Montenegro. It was given the title \"Prinz Eugen\" after Prince Eugene of Savoy, an outstanding military leader of the Habsburg Empire who liberated the Banat and Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire in the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u201318. It was initially named the SS-\"Freiwilligen\"-Division \"Prinz Eugen\" (SS-Volunteer Division \"Prinz Eugen\")."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wil Haygood", "paragraph_text": "Wil Haygood (born September 19, 1954, in Columbus, Ohio) is an American journalist and author who is known for his 2008 article \"A Butler Well Served by this Election\" in \"The Washington Post\" about Eugene Allen, which served as the basis for the 2013 movie \"The Butler\". Since then, Haygood has written a book about Allen, \"The Butler: A Witness to History\". While being interviewed on the radio program \"Conversations with Allan Wolper\" on WBGO 88.3FM, Haygood revealed that he had tracked down another White House butler. At the last minute, this butler, who had served three presidents, refused to be interviewed; the man's family apparently did not want his story out against the parallel story of the election of President Barack Obama."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Full-time", "paragraph_text": "Full - time employment is employment in which a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his / her employer. Full - time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part - time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sickleave, and health insurance. Part - time jobs are mistakenly thought by some to not be careers. However, legislation exists to stop employers from discriminating against part - time workers so this should not be a factor when making decisions on career advancement. They generally pay more than part - time jobs per hour, and this is similarly discriminatory if the pay decision is based on part - time status as a primary factor. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full - time employment or part - time employment. This is a matter generally to be determined by the employer (US Department of Labor). The definition by employer can vary and is generally published in a company's Employee Handbook. Companies commonly require from 35 to 40 hours per week to be defined as full - time and therefore eligible for benefits."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Schitt's Creek", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Levy came up with the idea for the show while watching reality television. He told Out.com, ``I had been watching some reality TV at the time and was concentrating on what would happen if one of these wealthy families would lose everything. Would the Kardashians still be the Kardashians without their money? ''He turned to his father Eugene Levy to help develop the show; Eugene Levy came up with series title. Daniel Levy made the intentional decision to make the location of Schitt's Creek vague for viewers, but in August 2018 stated that is in Canada."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Killer Klowns from Outer Space", "paragraph_text": "Killer Klowns from Outer Space is a 1988 American science fiction horror comedy film written, directed and produced by the Chiodo Brothers, and starring Grant Cramer, Suzanne Snyder, John Allen Nelson and John Vernon. It is the only film to be written and directed by the Chiodo Brothers. The film is about a clan of evil aliens from an unknown region, who all resemble circus clowns. They arrive on Earth and invade a small town in order to capture, kill, and harvest the human inhabitants to use as sustenance."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paul Allen", "paragraph_text": "Allen was born on January 21, 1953, in Seattle, Washington, to Kenneth Sam Allen and Edna Faye (n\u00e9e Gardner) Allen. Allen attended Lakeside School, a private school in Seattle, where he befriended the two-years-younger Bill Gates, with whom he shared an enthusiasm for computers. They used Lakeside's Teletype terminal to develop their programming skills on several time-sharing computer systems. They also used the laboratory of the Computer Science Department of the University of Washington, doing personal research and computer programming; on at least one occasion in 1971 they were banned from the laboratory for abuse of their privileges there. According to Allen, in their teenage years he and Bill Gates would go dumpster-diving for computer program code. After graduating and obtaining a perfect SAT score of 1600, Allen went to Washington State University, where he joined Phi Kappa Theta fraternity. He dropped out after two years to work as a programmer for Honeywell in Boston, near Harvard University where Bill Gates had ended up. Allen later convinced Gates to drop out of Harvard in order to create Microsoft."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dumfries, New Brunswick", "paragraph_text": "Dumfries is an unincorporated community in York County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is named for Dumfries, Scotland, the original home of Adam Allen, an early settler."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Treaty of B\u00e4rwalde", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of B\u00e4rwalde (; ; ) of 23 January 1631 was a treaty concluding an alliance between the Swedish Empire and the Kingdom of France  during the Thirty Years' War, shortly after Sweden had invaded Northern Germany then occupied by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor's forces. The treaty obliged Sweden to maintain an army of 36,000 troops, and France to fund the Swedish army with an annually 400,000 Reichsthalers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Latvia", "paragraph_text": "The First Latvian National Awakening began in the 1850s and continued to bear fruit after World War I when, after two years of struggle in the Latvian War of Independence, Latvia finally won sovereign independence, as recognised by Soviet Russia in 1920 and by the international community in 1921. The Constitution of Latvia was adopted in 1922. Political instability and effects of the Great Depression led to the May 15, 1934 coup d'\u00e9tat by Prime Minister K\u0101rlis Ulmanis. Latvia's independence was interrupted in June -- July 1940, when the country was occupied and incorporated into the Soviet Union. In 1941 it was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany, then reconquered by the Soviets in 1944 -- 45."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Windsor Review", "paragraph_text": "The Windsor Review is a bi-annual journal publishing new and established contemporary literary fiction, non-fiction interviews and poetry, as well as visual artists from Canada and around the world. It was established in 1965 by Eugene McNamara, and was originally named \"University of Windsor Journal\". The Windsor Review is one of Canada's oldest continuously published literary magazines, celebrating its 50th year in 2015."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eugene Allen", "paragraph_text": "Eugene Allen (July 14, 1919 \u2013 March 31, 2010) was an American waiter and butler who worked for the US government at the White House for 34 years until he retired as the head butler in 1986."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II, which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941, as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand. The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma, which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier. Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang (consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively), and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime (which controlled the coastal regions of China)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Glory (religion)", "paragraph_text": "Glory (from the Latin gloria, ``fame, renown '') is used to describe the manifestation of God's presence as perceived by humans according to the Christian religion."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take K\u00f6nigsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the building of Eugene Allen's employer during the conflict when the US invaded Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop2__653844_71053_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Harrison W. Call", "paragraph_text": "Harrison W. Call served in the California legislature. He served in the United States Army in the Mexican Expedition (1916\u20131917) and World War I."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Caroline Harrison", "paragraph_text": "She secured funding for an extensive renovation of the White House and oversaw the work. Interested in history and preservation, in 1890 she helped found the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and served as its first President General."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Whig Party (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844 and General Zachary Taylor of Kentucky in 1848. Another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey, was the Whig Party's last presidential nominee in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president and both died in office. John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrison's death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became President after Taylor's death in 1850, was the last Whig President."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Louise of Great Britain", "paragraph_text": "Louise of Great Britain (originally Louisa; 18 December 1724 \u2013 19 December 1751) was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1746 until her death, as the first wife of King Frederick V. She was the youngest surviving daughter of King George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "British America", "paragraph_text": "English America (later British America) refers to the English territories in North America (including Bermuda), Central America, the Caribbean, and Guyana from 1607 to 1783. Formally, the British colonies in North America were known as British America and the British West Indies until 1776, when the Thirteen Colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard declared their independence and formed the United States of America. After that, the term British North America was used to describe the remainder of Britain's continental North American possessions. That term was first used informally in 1783, but it was uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Territorial evolution of North America since 1763", "paragraph_text": "The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the major war known by Americans as the French and Indian War and by Canadians as the Seven Years' War / Guerre de Sept Ans, or by French - Canadians, La Guerre de la Conqu\u00eate. It was signed by Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. Preferring to keep Guadeloupe, France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fort Harrison State Park", "paragraph_text": "Fort Harrison, sometimes called Fort Ben, is an Indiana state park located in Lawrence, Indiana, United States, and occupies part of the former site of Fort Benjamin Harrison. The park features a former Citizen's Military Training Camp, Civilian Conservation Corps camp, and World War II prisoner of war camp. There are also picnicking and walking/jogging trails."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe (\"Paris is well worth a Mass\"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender", "paragraph_text": "The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that formalized the surrender of the Empire of Japan, marking the end of World War II. It was signed by representatives from the Empire of Japan, the United States of America, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Dominion of New Zealand. The signing took place on the deck of USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful maritime power."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Daniel Hoghton", "paragraph_text": "Major-General Daniel Hoghton (27 August 1770 \u2013 16 May 1811) was a talented and experienced British Army officer who served during the Napoleonic Wars with distinction until his death during combat with the French at the Battle of Albuera in the Peninsula War. His death brought general mourning in Britain and a monument to his memory was raised in St Paul's Cathedral."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach", "paragraph_text": "John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (18 October 1654 \u2013 22 March 1686) succeeded his father Albert II as margrave of Ansbach in 1667. He married his second wife Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach on 4 November 1681. Their daughter Wilhelmine Charlotte Caroline, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Caroline of Ansbach) married George II of Great Britain before he became king."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Wake Up My Love", "paragraph_text": "\"Wake Up My Love\" is a song by English rock musician George Harrison from his 1982 album \"Gone Troppo\". Released as the A-side of the album's lead single, it peaked at number 53 in the United States but failed to chart in Britain. Harrison included the track on his 1989 compilation album \"Best of Dark Horse\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Magnolia, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Magnolia is a city in Harrison County, Iowa in the United States of America. The population was 183 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "George II of Great Britain", "paragraph_text": "George II Portrait by Thomas Hudson, 1744 King of Great Britain and Ireland Elector of Hanover (more...) Reign 11 / 22 June 1727 -- 25 October 1760 Coronation 11 / 22 October 1727 Predecessor George I Successor George III Prime Ministers See list (show) Robert Walpole Lord Wilmington Henry Pelham The Duke of Newcastle The Duke of Devonshire 30 October / 9 November 1683 Herrenhausen Palace, or Leine Palace, Hanover 25 October 1760 (1760 - 10 - 25) (aged 76) Kensington Palace, London Burial 11 November 1760 Westminster Abbey, London Spouse Caroline of Ansbach (m. 1705; d. 1737) Issue Detail Frederick, Prince of Wales Anne, Princess of Orange Princess Amelia Princess Caroline Prince George William William, Duke of Cumberland Mary, Landgravine of Hesse - Kassel Louisa, Queen of Denmark and Norway Full name George Augustus German: Georg August House Hanover Father George I of Great Britain Mother Sophia Dorothea of Celle Religion Protestant Signature"}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the place where Caroline Harrison died during the war between Britain and America?"}
{"id": "4hop1__140262_88110_67938_29962", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart", "paragraph_text": "The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart is an American political news talk show that aired on MSNBC. The show premiered on January 11, 2010, and hosted by Jose Diaz-Balart. The program aired in the 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. timeslot on weekdays."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Man in the Sky", "paragraph_text": "The Man in the Sky (released in the U.S. as Decision Against Time) is a 1957 thriller drama film starring Jack Hawkins and produced by Ealing Films, Michael Balcon's new company, set up after Rank had sold Ealing Studios in Ealing Green, West London, to the BBC in 1955. Balcon, who had run the company on behalf of Rank since 1944, left Rank in 1956 and set up the new company, striking a distribution and production deal with MGM. This was the first Ealing production to be made at MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, North London."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bank of Montreal", "paragraph_text": "On June 23, 1817, John Richardson and eight merchants signed the Articles of Association to establish the Bank of Montreal in a rented house in Montreal, Quebec. The bank officially began conducting business on November 3, 1817, making it Canada's oldest bank. BMO's Institution Number (or bank number) is 001. In Canada, the bank operates as \"BMO Bank of Montreal\" and has more than 900 branches, serving over seven million customers. The company also has substantial operations in the Chicago area and elsewhere in the United States, where it operates as \"BMO Harris Bank\". BMO Capital Markets is BMO's investment and corporate banking division, while the wealth management division is branded as BMO Nesbitt Burns. The company is ranked at number 131 on the Forbes Global 2000 list."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "PricewaterhouseCoopers", "paragraph_text": "PricewaterhouseCoopers (doing business as PwC) is a multinational professional services network with headquarters in London, United Kingdom. PwC ranks as the second largest professional services firm in the world and is one of the Big Four auditors, along with Deloitte, EY and KPMG.PwC is a network of firms in 158 countries, 721 locations, with 250,930 people. As of 2015, 22% of the workforce worked in Asia, 26% in North America and the Caribbean and 32% in Western Europe. The company's global revenues were $37.7 billion in FY 2017, of which $16 billion was generated by its Assurance practice, $9.46 billion by its Tax practice and $12.25 billion by its Advisory practice. PwC provides services to 420 out of 500 Fortune 500 companies.The firm was formed in 1998 by a merger between Coopers & Lybrand and Price Waterhouse. Both firms had histories dating back to the 19th century. The trading name was shortened to PwC in September 2010 as part of a rebranding effort.As of 2017, PwC is the 5th-largest privately owned company in the United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "EU Business School", "paragraph_text": "2016, Online MBA ranked number 1 for global online rankings. MBA and EMBA programs were elected as top tier European programs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "NatureServe conservation status", "paragraph_text": "The NatureServe conservation status system, maintained and presented by NatureServe in cooperation with the Natural Heritage Network, was developed in the United States in the 1980s by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) as a means for ranking or categorizing the relative imperilment of species of plants, animals, or other organisms, as well as natural ecological communities, on the global, national and/or subnational levels. These designations are also referred to as NatureServe ranks, NatureServe statuses, or Natural Heritage ranks. While the Nature Conservancy is no longer substantially involved in the maintenance of these ranks, the name TNC ranks is still sometimes encountered for them."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around \u20ac752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008\u201309 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of \u20ac366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated \u20ac401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac484.6 million."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Global Positioning System", "paragraph_text": "The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space - based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "MobiFone", "paragraph_text": "Vietnam Mobile Telecom Services One Member Limited Liability Company (with the brand MobiFone ) is a major Vietnamese mobile network operator headquartered in Trung Hoa Nhan Chinh, Hanoi. Founded on 16 April 1993, as a Global System for Mobile Communications launcher, MobiFone is the first and currently third largest telecommunications provider in Vietnam."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having \"exported\" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between \"exports\" and \"imports\" as a \"trade balance\", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having \"imported\" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a \"trade surplus\" of 10,712.342 million US$."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alberto Alcocer", "paragraph_text": "Alberto Alcocer Torra (born December 17, 1942, in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish businessman. He is owner, with his cousin Alberto Cortina, of Alcor Holding, a patrimonial society owner of 12.5% of Grupo ACS, the major Spanish construction company, and of 21% of the wastebasket company, Ence. As of March 2011, according to Forbes, he is ranked 13th richest in Spain and 993rd globally with an estimated net worth of $1.2 billion."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "T-Mobile US", "paragraph_text": "T - Mobile US provides wireless voice and data services in the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands under the T - Mobile and MetroPCS brands (which it acquired in a reverse takeover in 2013, resulting in the company going public on the NASDAQ stock exchange), and also serves as the host network for many mobile virtual network operators. The company has annual revenues of over $40 billion. In 2015, Consumer Reports named T - Mobile the number one American wireless carrier. In 2017, T - Mobile was ranked # 1 in Customer Service Satisfaction by Nielsen."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}], "question": "This company is what the letters 'MS' stand for in the name of the broadcaster of The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart. What was the 2011 Forbes global rank by revenue of the company that struck a deal with this other company to provide the DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop2__71053_653844_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Susannah Harrison", "paragraph_text": "Susannah Harrison (1752\u20131784) was an English working-class religious poet. Her 1780 collection \"Songs in the Night\" went through at least twenty-one editions in Britain and America, making it \"one of the best selling collections written by a laboring-class poet in the late eighteenth century\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Martin Van Buren", "paragraph_text": "With Jackson's strong support, Van Buren faced little opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention, and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election. He was the first president to be born a United States citizen. Of Dutch ancestry, he is the only president who spoke English as a second language. As president, Van Buren was blamed for the depression of 1837; hostile newspapers called him ``Martin Van Ruin ''. He attempted to cure the economic problems by keeping control of federal funds in an independent treasury, rather than in state banks, but Congress would not approve of this until 1840. In foreign affairs, he denied the application of Texas for admission to the Union, unwilling to upset the balance of free and slave states in the Missouri Compromise, and hoping to avoid war with Mexico over Texas annexation. Additionally, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada proved to be strained from the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair. In the 1840 election, Van Buren was voted out of office, losing to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fort Harrison State Park", "paragraph_text": "Fort Harrison, sometimes called Fort Ben, is an Indiana state park located in Lawrence, Indiana, United States, and occupies part of the former site of Fort Benjamin Harrison. The park features a former Citizen's Military Training Camp, Civilian Conservation Corps camp, and World War II prisoner of war camp. There are also picnicking and walking/jogging trails."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender", "paragraph_text": "The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that formalized the surrender of the Empire of Japan, marking the end of World War II. It was signed by representatives from the Empire of Japan, the United States of America, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Dominion of New Zealand. The signing took place on the deck of USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Caroline Harrison", "paragraph_text": "She secured funding for an extensive renovation of the White House and oversaw the work. Interested in history and preservation, in 1890 she helped found the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and served as its first President General."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "French Huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. The Wars of Religion precluded a return voyage, and the outpost was abandoned. In 1564, Ribault's former lieutenant Ren\u00e9 Goulaine de Laudonni\u00e8re launched a second voyage to build a colony; he established Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. War at home again precluded a resupply mission, and the colony struggled. In 1565 the Spanish decided to enforce their claim to La Florida, and sent Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, who established the settlement of St. Augustine near Fort Caroline. Men\u00e9ndez' forces routed the French and executed most of the Protestant captives."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Daniel Hoghton", "paragraph_text": "Major-General Daniel Hoghton (27 August 1770 \u2013 16 May 1811) was a talented and experienced British Army officer who served during the Napoleonic Wars with distinction until his death during combat with the French at the Battle of Albuera in the Peninsula War. His death brought general mourning in Britain and a monument to his memory was raised in St Paul's Cathedral."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Whig Party (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844 and General Zachary Taylor of Kentucky in 1848. Another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey, was the Whig Party's last presidential nominee in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president and both died in office. John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrison's death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became President after Taylor's death in 1850, was the last Whig President."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "George II of Great Britain", "paragraph_text": "George II Portrait by Thomas Hudson, 1744 King of Great Britain and Ireland Elector of Hanover (more...) Reign 11 / 22 June 1727 -- 25 October 1760 Coronation 11 / 22 October 1727 Predecessor George I Successor George III Prime Ministers See list (show) Robert Walpole Lord Wilmington Henry Pelham The Duke of Newcastle The Duke of Devonshire 30 October / 9 November 1683 Herrenhausen Palace, or Leine Palace, Hanover 25 October 1760 (1760 - 10 - 25) (aged 76) Kensington Palace, London Burial 11 November 1760 Westminster Abbey, London Spouse Caroline of Ansbach (m. 1705; d. 1737) Issue Detail Frederick, Prince of Wales Anne, Princess of Orange Princess Amelia Princess Caroline Prince George William William, Duke of Cumberland Mary, Landgravine of Hesse - Kassel Louisa, Queen of Denmark and Norway Full name George Augustus German: Georg August House Hanover Father George I of Great Britain Mother Sophia Dorothea of Celle Religion Protestant Signature"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British America", "paragraph_text": "English America (later British America) refers to the English territories in North America (including Bermuda), Central America, the Caribbean, and Guyana from 1607 to 1783. Formally, the British colonies in North America were known as British America and the British West Indies until 1776, when the Thirteen Colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard declared their independence and formed the United States of America. After that, the term British North America was used to describe the remainder of Britain's continental North American possessions. That term was first used informally in 1783, but it was uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wake Up My Love", "paragraph_text": "\"Wake Up My Love\" is a song by English rock musician George Harrison from his 1982 album \"Gone Troppo\". Released as the A-side of the album's lead single, it peaked at number 53 in the United States but failed to chart in Britain. Harrison included the track on his 1989 compilation album \"Best of Dark Horse\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe (\"Paris is well worth a Mass\"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Louise of Great Britain", "paragraph_text": "Louise of Great Britain (originally Louisa; 18 December 1724 \u2013 19 December 1751) was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1746 until her death, as the first wife of King Frederick V. She was the youngest surviving daughter of King George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach", "paragraph_text": "John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (18 October 1654 \u2013 22 March 1686) succeeded his father Albert II as margrave of Ansbach in 1667. He married his second wife Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach on 4 November 1681. Their daughter Wilhelmine Charlotte Caroline, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Caroline of Ansbach) married George II of Great Britain before he became king."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harrison W. Call", "paragraph_text": "Harrison W. Call served in the California legislature. He served in the United States Army in the Mexican Expedition (1916\u20131917) and World War I."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the place where Caroline Harrison died during the war between Britain and America?"}
{"id": "4hop2__33366_767313_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Mike Pompeo since April 26, 2018 Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 228 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy Deputy Secretary of State Salary $205,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "USMLE Step 1", "paragraph_text": "The USMLE Step 1 (more commonly just Step 1 or colloquially, The Boards) is the first part of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. It aims to assess whether medical school students or graduates can apply important concepts of the foundational sciences fundamental to the practice of medicine. US medical students, as well as non-US medical students who wish to seek licensure to practice medicine in the US, typically take Step 1 at the end of the second year of medical school. Graduates of international medical schools (i.e., those outside the US or Canada) must also take Step 1 if they want to practice in the US. Graduates from international medical schools must apply through ECFMG, and the registration fee is $915. For 2016, the NBME registration fee for the test is $600, with additional charges for applicants who choose a testing region outside the United States or Canada."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Rex Tillerson since February 1, 2017 United States Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 228 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy John Sullivan Salary $205,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "David F. Houston", "paragraph_text": "David Franklin Houston (February 17, 1866 \u2013 September 2, 1940) was an American academic, businessman and conservative Democratic politician. He served under President Wilson as the 5th Secretary of Agriculture and the 48th United States Secretary of the Treasury."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "North Korea", "paragraph_text": "Executive power is vested in the Cabinet of North Korea, which is headed by Premier Pak Pong-ju. The Premier represents the government and functions independently. His authority extends over two vice-premiers, 30 ministers, two cabinet commission chairmen, the cabinet chief secretary, the president of the Central Bank, the director of the Central Bureau of Statistics and the president of the Academy of Sciences. A 31st ministry, the Ministry of People's Armed Forces, is under the jurisdiction of the State Affairs Commission."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term \"Civil Religion\" to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States. His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy: \"Considering the separation of church and state, how is a president justified in using the word 'God' at all? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Secretary of Commerce", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of Commerce of the United States Seal of the Department of Commerce Flag of the Secretary of Commerce Incumbent Wilbur L. Ross since February 28, 2017 United States Department of Commerce Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 1501 Precursor Secretary of Commerce and Labor Formation March 15, 1913; 104 years ago (1913 - 03 - 15) First holder William Cox Redfield Succession Tenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Commerce Salary Executive Schedule, level 1 Website www.commerce.gov"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Secretary to the President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary to the President (sometimes dubbed the president's Private Secretary or Personal Secretary) was a former 19th and early 20th century White House position that carried out all the tasks now spread throughout the modern White House Office. The Secretary would act as a buffer between the President and the public, keeping the President's schedules and appointments, managing his correspondence, managing the staff, communicating to the press as well as being a close aide and advisor to the President in a manner that often required great skill and discretion. In terms of rank it is a precursor to the modern White House Chief of Staff."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base (Andrews AFB, AAFB) is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of Veterans Affairs of the United States of America Seal of the Department of Veterans Affairs Flag of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs Incumbent David Shulkin since February 14, 2017 United States Department of Veterans Affairs Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 38 U.S.C. \u00a7 303 Formation March 15, 1989 First holder Ed Derwinski Succession Seventeenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Salary Executive Schedule, level 1 Website www.VA.gov"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On Saturday, 24 June 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea. Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act, paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler's aggressions in the 1930s, with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War. However, President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of Housing and Urban Development of the United States Seal of the Department of Housing and Urban Development Flag of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Incumbent Ben Carson since March 2, 2017 United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 3532 Formation September 9, 1965; 52 years ago (1965 - 09 - 09) First holder Robert C. Weaver Succession Thirteenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Salary Executive Schedule, level 1 Website www.hud.gov"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and Attorney General, are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments. Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level (currently $205,700)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Secretary of the Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of the Air Force (SecAF, or SAF / OS) is the head of the Department of the Air Force, a component organization within the Department of Defense of the United States. The Secretary of the Air Force is appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Secretary reports to the Secretary of Defense and / or the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and is by statute responsible for and has the authority to conduct all the affairs of the Department of the Air Force."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John Canfield Spencer", "paragraph_text": "John Canfield Spencer (January 8, 1788 \u2013 May 17, 1855) was an American lawyer, politician, judge and United States Cabinet secretary in the administration of President John Tyler."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada."}], "question": "What was the religion of the person occupying the jurisdiction of the Secretary to the President of the United States during the conflict when the US invaded Canada?"}
{"id": "4hop2__767313_71053_57110_249291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Confederate States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Army (C.S.A.) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis (1808 - 1889), a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy on the Hudson River at West Point, New York, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War (1846 - 1848), later a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War in the administration of 14th President Franklin Pierce (1853 - 1857). By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Mike Pompeo since April 26, 2018 Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 228 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy Deputy Secretary of State Salary $205,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "President of Cuba", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: Presidente de la Rep\u00fablica de Cuba), officially called President of the Council of State (Spanish: Presidente del Consejo de Estado de Cuba) between 1976 and 2019, is the head of the Council of State of Cuba. The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019. The president is the second most powerful position, after the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba.Under the 1901 constitution, Cuba had a presidential system based on that of the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War inflicted great financial costs on all of the combatants, including the United States of America, France, Spain and Great Britain. France and Great Britain spent 1.3 billion livres and 250 million pounds, respectively. The United States spent $400 million in wages for its troops. Spain increased its military spending from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million reales in 1779."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of Veterans Affairs of the United States of America Seal of the Department of Veterans Affairs Flag of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs Incumbent David Shulkin since February 14, 2017 United States Department of Veterans Affairs Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 38 U.S.C. \u00a7 303 Formation March 15, 1989 First holder Ed Derwinski Succession Seventeenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Salary Executive Schedule, level 1 Website www.VA.gov"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lorenzo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Lorenzo Thomas (October 26, 1804 \u2013 March 2, 1875) was a career United States Army officer who was Adjutant General of the Army at the beginning of the American Civil War. After the war, he was appointed temporary Secretary of War by U.S. President Andrew Johnson, precipitating Johnson's impeachment."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Burning of Washington", "paragraph_text": "President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the ``United States Capital for a Day. ''President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jefferson Davis", "paragraph_text": "Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 -- December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the only President of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. As a member of the Democratic Party, he represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives prior to switching allegiance to the Confederacy. He was appointed as the United States Secretary of War, serving from 1853 to 1857, under President Franklin Pierce."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Confederate States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Secretary of State was the head of the Confederate States State Department from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. There were three people who served the position in this time. The department crumbled with the Confederate States of America in May 1865, marking the end of the war."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Secretary to the President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary to the President (sometimes dubbed the president's Private Secretary or Personal Secretary) was a former 19th and early 20th century White House position that carried out all the tasks now spread throughout the modern White House Office. The Secretary would act as a buffer between the President and the public, keeping the President's schedules and appointments, managing his correspondence, managing the staff, communicating to the press as well as being a close aide and advisor to the President in a manner that often required great skill and discretion. In terms of rank it is a precursor to the modern White House Chief of Staff."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Rex Tillerson since February 1, 2017 United States Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 228 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy John Sullivan Salary $205,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Military leadership in the American Civil War", "paragraph_text": "Jefferson Davis was named provisional president on February 9, 1861, and assumed similar commander - in - chief responsibilities as would Lincoln; on November 6, 1861 Davis was elected President of the Confederate States of America under the Confederate Constitution. Alexander H. Stephens was appointed as Vice President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, and later assumed identical vice presidential responsibilities as Hannibal Hamlin did. Several men served the Confederacy as Secretary of War, including Leroy Pope Walker, Judah P. Benjamin, George W. Randolph, James Seddon, and John C. Breckinridge. Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Andrews Air Force Base", "paragraph_text": "Andrews Air Force Base (Andrews AFB, AAFB) is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews is the home base of two Boeing VC - 25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "James Madison (bishop)", "paragraph_text": "James Madison (August 27, 1749 \u2013 March 6, 1812) was the first bishop of the Diocese of Virginia of The Episcopal Church in the United States, one of the first bishops to be consecrated to the new church after the American Revolution. He also served as the eighth president of the College of William and Mary."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fort Harrison State Park", "paragraph_text": "Fort Harrison, sometimes called Fort Ben, is an Indiana state park located in Lawrence, Indiana, United States, and occupies part of the former site of Fort Benjamin Harrison. The park features a former Citizen's Military Training Camp, Civilian Conservation Corps camp, and World War II prisoner of war camp. There are also picnicking and walking/jogging trails."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Secretary of State", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Mike Pompeo since April 26, 2018 Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. \u00a7 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789; 229 years ago (1789 - 07 - 27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy Deputy Secretary of State Salary $210,700 annually (Executive Schedule I) Website www.state.gov"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Baruch Plan", "paragraph_text": "The Baruch Plan was a proposal by the United States government, written largely by Bernard Baruch but based on the Acheson\u2013Lilienthal Report, to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) during its first meeting in June 1946. The United States, Great Britain and Canada called for an international organization to regulate atomic energy and President Truman responded by asking Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson and David E. Lilienthal to draw up a plan. Baruch's version of the proposal was rejected by the Soviet Union, who feared the plan would preserve the American nuclear monopoly. Its collapse led to the beginning of the Cold War arms race."}], "question": "What is the religion of the person who occupied the place where the Secretary of the President of the United State holds jurisdiction during the war between Britain and America?"}
{"id": "4hop1__588005_88110_67938_29962", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around \u20ac752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008\u201309 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of \u20ac366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated \u20ac401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac484.6 million."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having \"exported\" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between \"exports\" and \"imports\" as a \"trade balance\", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having \"imported\" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a \"trade surplus\" of 10,712.342 million US$."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, the university's Marriott School of Management received a No. 5 ranking by BusinessWeek for its undergraduate programs, and its MBA program was ranked by several sources: No. 22 ranking by BusinessWeek, No. 16 by Forbes, and No. 29 by U.S. News & World Report. Among regional schools the MBA program was ranked No. 1 by The Wall Street Journal's most recent ranking (2007), and it was ranked No. 92 among business schools worldwide in 2009 by Financial Times. For 2009, the university's School of Accountancy, which is housed within the Marriott School, received two No. 3 rankings for its undergraduate program\u2014one by Public Accounting Report and the other by U.S. News & World Report. The same two reporting agencies also ranked the school's MAcc program No. 3 and No. 8 in the nation, respectively. In 2010, an article in the Wall Street Journal listing institutions whose graduates were the top-rated by recruiters ranked BYU No. 11. Using 2010 fiscal year data, the Association of University Technology Managers ranked BYU No. 3 in an evaluation of universities creating the most startup companies through campus research."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Up (TV program)", "paragraph_text": "Up, currently branded as Up with David Gura, is a news and opinion television program that airs weekends on MSNBC at 8:00\u00a0a.m. ET. The program debuted September 17, 2011 as \"Up with Chris Hayes\", and was hosted by Hayes until March 2013 when he left for \"All In with Chris Hayes\", a new MSNBC weekday primetime program. Steve Kornacki's first episode aired April 13, 2013; he left in October 2015 for MSNBC dayside. The program ended in January 2016 for MSNBC's special political coverage. MSNBC Live aired in its place with Alex Witt and Frances Rivera from 2016 to 2018. The program was revived in 2018 with David Gura as host."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "NatureServe conservation status", "paragraph_text": "The NatureServe conservation status system, maintained and presented by NatureServe in cooperation with the Natural Heritage Network, was developed in the United States in the 1980s by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) as a means for ranking or categorizing the relative imperilment of species of plants, animals, or other organisms, as well as natural ecological communities, on the global, national and/or subnational levels. These designations are also referred to as NatureServe ranks, NatureServe statuses, or Natural Heritage ranks. While the Nature Conservancy is no longer substantially involved in the maintenance of these ranks, the name TNC ranks is still sometimes encountered for them."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nippon Telegraph and Telephone", "paragraph_text": ", commonly known as NTT, is a Japanese telecommunications company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Ranked 55th in Fortune Global 500, NTT is the fourth largest telecommunications company in the world in terms of revenue, as well as the third largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota and MUFG, as of September 2018."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Global Positioning System", "paragraph_text": "The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space - based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bank of Montreal", "paragraph_text": "On June 23, 1817, John Richardson and eight merchants signed the Articles of Association to establish the Bank of Montreal in a rented house in Montreal, Quebec. The bank officially began conducting business on November 3, 1817, making it Canada's oldest bank. BMO's Institution Number (or bank number) is 001. In Canada, the bank operates as \"BMO Bank of Montreal\" and has more than 900 branches, serving over seven million customers. The company also has substantial operations in the Chicago area and elsewhere in the United States, where it operates as \"BMO Harris Bank\". BMO Capital Markets is BMO's investment and corporate banking division, while the wealth management division is branded as BMO Nesbitt Burns. The company is ranked at number 131 on the Forbes Global 2000 list."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Man in the Sky", "paragraph_text": "The Man in the Sky (released in the U.S. as Decision Against Time) is a 1957 thriller drama film starring Jack Hawkins and produced by Ealing Films, Michael Balcon's new company, set up after Rank had sold Ealing Studios in Ealing Green, West London, to the BBC in 1955. Balcon, who had run the company on behalf of Rank since 1944, left Rank in 1956 and set up the new company, striking a distribution and production deal with MGM. This was the first Ealing production to be made at MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, North London."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alberto Alcocer", "paragraph_text": "Alberto Alcocer Torra (born December 17, 1942, in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish businessman. He is owner, with his cousin Alberto Cortina, of Alcor Holding, a patrimonial society owner of 12.5% of Grupo ACS, the major Spanish construction company, and of 21% of the wastebasket company, Ence. As of March 2011, according to Forbes, he is ranked 13th richest in Spain and 993rd globally with an estimated net worth of $1.2 billion."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alberto dos Santos Franco", "paragraph_text": "Alberto dos Santos Franco the Admiral Franco (Rio de Janeiro, December 5, 1913 - S\u00e3o Paulo, May 4, 2011) was an officer of the Navy of Brazil. In his career, reached the rank of rear admiral"}], "question": "Up was originally broadcasted by the company with MS in its name that stands for Company A. In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked Company B, which Company A struck a deal with to provide DOS operating system, what rank globally?"}
{"id": "4hop1__346453_88110_67938_13402", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "It Don't Come Easy", "paragraph_text": "``It Do n't Come Easy ''UK picture sleeve Single by Ringo Starr B - side`` Early 1970'' Released 9 April 1971 (UK) 16 April 1971 (US) Format 7 ''vinyl Recorded 8 and 11 March, October 1970, Trident Studios, London Genre Rock Length 3: 00 Label Apple Songwriter (s) Richard Starkey Producer (s) George Harrison Ringo Starr singles chronology ``Beaucoups of Blues'' (1970)`` It Do n't Come Easy ''(1971) ``Back Off Boogaloo'' (1972)`` Beaucoups of Blues ''(1970) ``It Do n't Come Easy'' (1971)`` Back Off Boogaloo ''(1972)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richard Lui", "paragraph_text": "Richard Lui (born ) is an American journalist and news anchor for MSNBC and NBC News. Lui anchors Early Today on NBC and is a dayside anchor for MSNBC at 30 Rockefeller Plaza. He was formerly at CNN Worldwide. At CNN Worldwide he became the first Asian American male to anchor a daily, national cable news show when he solo anchored the 10 a.m. hour on CNN Headline News (2007 to 2010). Mediaite ranked Lui among the top 100 in news buzz on its \"Power Grid Influence Index of TV Anchors and Hosts\" and one of \"The 50 Sexiest in TV News\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chicago \"L\"", "paragraph_text": "Chicago's ``L ''provides 24 - hour service on some portions of its network, being one of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to do so. The oldest sections of the Chicago`` L'' started operations in 1892, making it the second - oldest rapid transit system in the Americas, after New York City's elevated lines."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kindergarten", "paragraph_text": "The vast majority of Afghan families were never exposed to this system, and many of these families were in opposition to these programs due to the belief that it diminishes the central role of the family and inculcates children with Soviet values. With the onset of civil war after the Soviet withdrawal, the number of kindergartens dropped rapidly. By 1995, only 88 functioning facilities serving 2,110 children survived, and the Taliban restrictions on female employment eliminated all of the remaining centers in areas under their control. In 2007, there were about 260 kindergarten/pre-school centers serving over 25,000 children. Though every government center is required to have an early childhood center, at present, no governmental policies deal with early childhood and no institutions have either the responsibility or the capacity to provide such services."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saburro Peak", "paragraph_text": "Saburro Peak is a peak in Antarctica to the south of Doll Peak in the south part of Ravens Mountains, Britannia Range. Named after Colonel Richard M.Saburro, Commander, Operation DEEP FREEZE who was assigned to this position from the 109 AG of the New York Air National Guard. Saburro was the first US Air Force Commander of Operation DEEP FREEZE following 45 years of command by the US Navy. The Operation provides military logistics support to the National Science Foundation's US Antarctic Program."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", "paragraph_text": "Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988. The school's academic programs include BSBA, MBA, Professional MBA (PMBA), Executive MBA (EMBA), MS in Finance, MS in Supply Chain Management, MS in Customer Analytics, Master of Accounting, Global Master of Finance Dual Degree program, and Doctorate programs, as well as non-degree executive education. In 2002, an Executive MBA program was established in Shanghai, in cooperation with Fudan University."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brain (computer virus)", "paragraph_text": "Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986, and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS - DOS. It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. Brain was written by brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi, from Lahore, Pakistan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Dickerson", "paragraph_text": "Mount Dickerson is a prominent mountain, standing 6\u00a0km (4\u00a0mi) east of Mount Kirkpatrick in the Queen Alexandra Range in East Antarctica. The mountain was named by US-ACAN for LCDR Richard G. Dickerson, US Navy, VX-6 aircraft commander during US naval operations in 1964."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "ASCII", "paragraph_text": "DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "GODI", "paragraph_text": "GODI is a package management system for the OCaml programming language. It provides dependency management for OCaml similar to the way CPAN provides package management for Perl. GODI is derived from the NetBSD pkgsrc system."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "HM Prison Tarrengower", "paragraph_text": "HM Prison Tarrengower is a women's prison located in Maldon, Victoria, Australia. It focuses on release preparation for the women, and provides them with programs and employment opportunities, also allowing them to build confidence and skill sets when it comes to gaining and maintaining employment both whilst in custody and also upon their release."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "CDC SCOPE", "paragraph_text": "SCOPE, an acronym for Supervisory Control Of Program Execution, was the name used by the Control Data Corporation for a number of operating system projects in the 1960s."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 is a US labor law governing the federal law of occupational health and safety in the private sector and federal government in the United States. It was enacted by Congress in 1970 and was signed by President Richard Nixon on December 29, 1970. Its main goal is to ensure that employers provide employees with an environment free from recognized hazards, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions. The Act created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Filename extension", "paragraph_text": "When the Internet age first arrived, those using Windows systems that were still restricted to 8.3 filename formats had to create web pages with names ending in. HTM, while those using Macintosh or UNIX computers could use the recommended. html filename extension. This also became a problem for programmers experimenting with the Java programming language, since it requires source code files to have the four - letter suffix. java and compiles object code output files with the five - letter. class suffix."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}], "question": "Richard Lui is employed by the company that has MS in its name that stands for Company A. What programming did the company that Company A struck a deal with to provide DOS operating system use in the 1970s?"}
{"id": "4hop1__140262_88110_67938_55242", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Peri Tarr", "paragraph_text": "Peri Tarr received her BS in Zoology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1986, and her MS and PhD in Computer Science from the University of Massachusetts Amherst (1992 and 1996, respectively). Between her BS and MS/PhD, she worked full-time at the University of Massachusetts Physical Plant, attempting to introduce an automated system to help with the Plant's operations. After receiving her PhD, she joined the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center as a Research Staff Member in 1996, where she worked on and led various projects relating to issues of software composition, morphogenic software, and aspect-oriented software development."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Packet switching", "paragraph_text": "The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET, due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Quiver (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Quiver is a 3D first-person shooter released in March 1997. It was developed by ADvertainment Software and published by ESD games. (Both companies seem to have disappeared; the links provided in the game's manual are broken.) The game was designed for MS-DOS, and it runs in up to 800\u00d7600 resolution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart", "paragraph_text": "The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart is an American political news talk show that aired on MSNBC. The show premiered on January 11, 2010, and hosted by Jose Diaz-Balart. The program aired in the 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. timeslot on weekdays."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "IBM Personal Computer", "paragraph_text": "The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Windows XP", "paragraph_text": "Windows XP is a personal computer operating system produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and broadly released for retail sale on October 25, 2001."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Open Blueprint", "paragraph_text": "Open Blueprint was an IBM framework developed in the early 1990s (and released in March 1992) that provided a standard for connecting network computers. The open blueprint structure reduced redundancy by combining protocols."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "LG CNS", "paragraph_text": "LG CNS (Korean: \uc5d8\uc9c0 \uc528\uc5d4\uc5d0\uc2a4) is a subsidiary of LG Corporation founded in 1987 that provides information technology services including consulting, System Integration, Network Integration, Business Process Outsourcing, and Information Technology Outsourcing. Originally, LG CNS only focused on computer engineering such as designing, developing and operating computer network systems for LG Group. Then, the firm expanded its target customers from LG Group to other private organizations and governments. LG CNS also focuses on global markets running worldwide development centers and has overseas subsidiaries. Currently, LG CNS \u201cis Korea\u2019s largest IT service provider and has implemented a number of large-scale public IT infrastructure projects and played a major role in the Korean government's e-Korea initiative.\u201d"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bernard Galler", "paragraph_text": "Bernard A. Galler (October 3, 1928 in Chicago \u2013 September 4, 2006 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American mathematician and computer scientist at the University of Michigan who was involved in the development of large-scale operating systems and computer languages including the MAD programming language and the Michigan Terminal System operating system."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chicago \"L\"", "paragraph_text": "Chicago's ``L ''provides 24 - hour service on some portions of its network, being one of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to do so. The oldest sections of the Chicago`` L'' started operations in 1892, making it the second - oldest rapid transit system in the Americas, after New York City's elevated lines."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Arista Networks", "paragraph_text": "Arista Networks (previously Arastra) is a computer networking company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, USA. The company designs and sells multilayer network switches to deliver software-defined networking (SDN) solutions for large datacenter, cloud computing, high-performance computing and high-frequency trading environments. Arista's products include an array of 10/25/40/50/100 Gigabit Ethernet low-latency cut-through switches, including the 7124SX, which remained the fastest switch using SFP+ optics through September 2012, with its sub-500ns latency, as well as the 7500 series, Arista\u2019s award-winning modular 10G/40G/100Gbit/s switch. Arista's own Linux-based network operating system, EOS (Extensible Operating System), runs on all Arista products."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Digital Research", "paragraph_text": "Digital Research was purchased by Novell in 1991, primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. FlexOS had already been adopted as the basis for Siemens S5-DOS/MT, IBM 4680 OS and 4690 OS, whereas Multiuser DOS evolved further into independent products like Datapac System Manager, IMS REAL/32 and REAL/NG. Continued development of the DR\u00a0DOS line led to non-DRI products such as Novell PalmDOS, Novell DOS, Caldera OpenDOS and Dell RMK."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dangerous Dave", "paragraph_text": "Dangerous Dave is a 1988 computer game by John Romero. It was developed for the Apple II and MS-DOS as an example game to accompany his article about his GraBASIC, an Applesoft BASIC add-on, for the \"UpTime\" disk magazine."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Packet switching", "paragraph_text": "In the early 1960s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault - tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted then - established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth, largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the Bell System. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of British computer scientist Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) in 1965. Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in the decade following, including the incorporation of the concept in the early ARPANET in the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "OS4000", "paragraph_text": "OS4000 is a proprietary operating system introduced by GEC Computers Limited in 1977 as the successor to GEC DOS, for its range of GEC 4000 series 16-bit, and later 32-bit, minicomputers. OS4000 was developed through to late 1990s, and has been in a support-only mode since then."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Brain (computer virus)", "paragraph_text": "Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986, and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS - DOS. It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. Brain was written by brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi, from Lahore, Pakistan."}], "question": "The letters MS in the name of the network broadcasting The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart stand for a company. Who led the development of the personal computer made by the entity striking a deal to provide dos operating system with this company?"}
{"id": "4hop1__346453_88110_67938_55242", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of tablet computers", "paragraph_text": "The tablet computer and the associated special operating software is an example of pen computing technology, and the development of tablets has deep historical roots. The first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1914. The first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting text recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "MIPS RISC/os", "paragraph_text": "RISC/os is a discontinued UNIX operating system developed by MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. from 1985 to 1992, for their computer workstations and servers, such as the MIPS M/120 server or MIPS Magnum workstation. It was also known as UMIPS or MIPS OS."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Legends of Might and Magic", "paragraph_text": "Legends of Might and Magic is a first-person shooter video game developed by Jon Van Caneghem through New World Computing and published by the 3DO Company in 2001. As a spin-off of the \"Might and Magic\" franchise, \"Legends\" has a fantasy theme. Reviews likened the game to a medieval \"Counter-Strike\", but criticized it for being a mediocre clone."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Algebra", "paragraph_text": "The roots of algebra can be traced to the ancient Babylonians, who developed an advanced arithmetical system with which they were able to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion. The Babylonians developed formulas to calculate solutions for problems typically solved today by using linear equations, quadratic equations, and indeterminate linear equations. By contrast, most Egyptians of this era, as well as Greek and Chinese mathematics in the 1st millennium BC, usually solved such equations by geometric methods, such as those described in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Euclid's Elements, and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. The geometric work of the Greeks, typified in the Elements, provided the framework for generalizing formulae beyond the solution of particular problems into more general systems of stating and solving equations, although this would not be realized until mathematics developed in medieval Islam.By the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change. The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects, usually lines, that had letters associated with them. Diophantus (3rd century AD) was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations, and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Richard Lui", "paragraph_text": "Richard Lui (born ) is an American journalist and news anchor for MSNBC and NBC News. Lui anchors Early Today on NBC and is a dayside anchor for MSNBC at 30 Rockefeller Plaza. He was formerly at CNN Worldwide. At CNN Worldwide he became the first Asian American male to anchor a daily, national cable news show when he solo anchored the 10 a.m. hour on CNN Headline News (2007 to 2010). Mediaite ranked Lui among the top 100 in news buzz on its \"Power Grid Influence Index of TV Anchors and Hosts\" and one of \"The 50 Sexiest in TV News\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brain (computer virus)", "paragraph_text": "Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986, and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS - DOS. It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. Brain was written by brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi, from Lahore, Pakistan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "ABC (medicine)", "paragraph_text": "ABC and its variations are initialism mnemonics for essential steps used by both medical professionals and lay persons (such as first aiders) when dealing with a patient. In its original form it stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The protocol was originally developed as a memory aid for rescuers performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the most widely known use of the initialism is in the care of the unconscious or unresponsive patient, although it is also used as a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of patients in many acute medical and trauma situations, from first - aid to hospital medical treatment. Airway, breathing, and circulation are all vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective. Since its development, the mnemonic has been extended and modified to fit the different areas in which it is used, with different versions changing the meaning of letters (such as from the original 'Circulation' to 'Compressions') or adding other letters (such as an optional ``D ''step for Disability or Defibrillation)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bernard Galler", "paragraph_text": "Bernard A. Galler (October 3, 1928 in Chicago \u2013 September 4, 2006 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American mathematician and computer scientist at the University of Michigan who was involved in the development of large-scale operating systems and computer languages including the MAD programming language and the Michigan Terminal System operating system."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Digital Research", "paragraph_text": "Digital Research was purchased by Novell in 1991, primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. FlexOS had already been adopted as the basis for Siemens S5-DOS/MT, IBM 4680 OS and 4690 OS, whereas Multiuser DOS evolved further into independent products like Datapac System Manager, IMS REAL/32 and REAL/NG. Continued development of the DR\u00a0DOS line led to non-DRI products such as Novell PalmDOS, Novell DOS, Caldera OpenDOS and Dell RMK."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "Compaq, who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s, initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end, overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place. Apple's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system, which unified Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dangerous Dave", "paragraph_text": "Dangerous Dave is a 1988 computer game by John Romero. It was developed for the Apple II and MS-DOS as an example game to accompany his article about his GraBASIC, an Applesoft BASIC add-on, for the \"UpTime\" disk magazine."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Windows Vista", "paragraph_text": "Windows Vista is an operating system that was produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs. Development was completed on November 8, 2006, and over the following three months, it was released in stages to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business customers and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, it was released worldwide and was made available for purchase and download from the Windows Marketplace; it is the first release of Windows to be made available through a digital distribution platform. The release of Windows Vista came more than five years after the introduction of its predecessor, Windows XP, the longest time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows desktop operating systems."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Windows XP", "paragraph_text": "Windows XP is a personal computer operating system produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and broadly released for retail sale on October 25, 2001."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Quiver (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Quiver is a 3D first-person shooter released in March 1997. It was developed by ADvertainment Software and published by ESD games. (Both companies seem to have disappeared; the links provided in the game's manual are broken.) The game was designed for MS-DOS, and it runs in up to 800\u00d7600 resolution."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Campaign (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Campaign is a strategy war game developed and published by Empire Interactive. It was released in 1992 for MS-DOS and in 1993 for the Amiga and Atari ST."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "LG CNS", "paragraph_text": "LG CNS (Korean: \uc5d8\uc9c0 \uc528\uc5d4\uc5d0\uc2a4) is a subsidiary of LG Corporation founded in 1987 that provides information technology services including consulting, System Integration, Network Integration, Business Process Outsourcing, and Information Technology Outsourcing. Originally, LG CNS only focused on computer engineering such as designing, developing and operating computer network systems for LG Group. Then, the firm expanded its target customers from LG Group to other private organizations and governments. LG CNS also focuses on global markets running worldwide development centers and has overseas subsidiaries. Currently, LG CNS \u201cis Korea\u2019s largest IT service provider and has implemented a number of large-scale public IT infrastructure projects and played a major role in the Korean government's e-Korea initiative.\u201d"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "IBM Personal Computer", "paragraph_text": "The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida."}], "question": "This company is what the letters 'MS' stand for in the name of Richard Lui's employer. Who led the development of the personal computer by a company who struck a deal with this company to provide the DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop1__329343_88110_67938_13402", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Letter case", "paragraph_text": "Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "ASCII", "paragraph_text": "DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "ABC (medicine)", "paragraph_text": "ABC and its variations are initialism mnemonics for essential steps used by both medical professionals and lay persons (such as first aiders) when dealing with a patient. In its original form it stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The protocol was originally developed as a memory aid for rescuers performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the most widely known use of the initialism is in the care of the unconscious or unresponsive patient, although it is also used as a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of patients in many acute medical and trauma situations, from first - aid to hospital medical treatment. Airway, breathing, and circulation are all vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective. Since its development, the mnemonic has been extended and modified to fit the different areas in which it is used, with different versions changing the meaning of letters (such as from the original 'Circulation' to 'Compressions') or adding other letters (such as an optional ``D ''step for Disability or Defibrillation)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Welfare", "paragraph_text": "AFDC (originally called Aid to Dependent Children) was created during the Great Depression to alleviate the burden of poverty for families with children and allow widowed mothers to maintain their households. The New Deal employment program such as the Works Progress Administration primarily served men. Prior to the New Deal, anti-poverty programs were primarily operated by private charities or state or local governments; however, these programs were overwhelmed by the depth of need during the Depression. The United States has no national program of cash assistance for non-disabled poor individuals who are not raising children."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Filename extension", "paragraph_text": "When the Internet age first arrived, those using Windows systems that were still restricted to 8.3 filename formats had to create web pages with names ending in. HTM, while those using Macintosh or UNIX computers could use the recommended. html filename extension. This also became a problem for programmers experimenting with the Java programming language, since it requires source code files to have the four - letter suffix. java and compiles object code output files with the five - letter. class suffix."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "CDC SCOPE", "paragraph_text": "SCOPE, an acronym for Supervisory Control Of Program Execution, was the name used by the Control Data Corporation for a number of operating system projects in the 1960s."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Good Mourning (Grey's Anatomy)", "paragraph_text": "``Good Mourning ''is the first episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 103rd episode overall. It was written by Krista Vernoff and directed by Ed Ornelas. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on September 24, 2009. In`` Good Mourning'', the physicians are seen dealing with the revelation that a dead John Doe is their beloved co-worker Dr. George O'Malley (T.R. Knight), and dealing with the aftermath of Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl)'s near - death experience. Further storylines include Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Stevens trying to decide whether or not to donate O'Malley's organs and Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) being offered Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.)'s chief of surgery job."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "CBC Television", "paragraph_text": "Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself. CBC O&O stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT, do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP). All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are \"CB\" (an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada, but to Chile) and the last letter is \"T\". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with \"CF\" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Digital Research", "paragraph_text": "Digital Research was purchased by Novell in 1991, primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. FlexOS had already been adopted as the basis for Siemens S5-DOS/MT, IBM 4680 OS and 4690 OS, whereas Multiuser DOS evolved further into independent products like Datapac System Manager, IMS REAL/32 and REAL/NG. Continued development of the DR\u00a0DOS line led to non-DRI products such as Novell PalmDOS, Novell DOS, Caldera OpenDOS and Dell RMK."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WRFW", "paragraph_text": "WRFW (88.7 FM) is a Class A radio station licensed to the UW System Board of Regents and operates in River Falls, Wisconsin. WRFW is an affiliate of Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR), and airs news and talk programming from WPR's \"Ideas Network\". The station also broadcasts local news, sports information, and entertainment programming. The broadcast studios are located in North Hall on the University of Wisconsin-River Falls campus."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WHKP", "paragraph_text": "WHKP is a radio station broadcasting at 1450 on the AM dial in Hendersonville, North Carolina. The call letters stand for Where the Heavens Kiss the Peaks."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Database", "paragraph_text": "Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Invasion (Grey's Anatomy)", "paragraph_text": "``Invasion ''is the fifth episode of the 6th season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 107th episode overall. It was written by Mark Wilding and directed by Tony Phelan. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on October 15, 2009. In the episode, the physicians of Seattle Grace Hospital must learn to co-operate with new Mercy West residents, who do not act in a kind manner to them. Other storylines include Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez)'s father returning to the hospital to condemn her homosexuality, and Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) putting her career into jeopardy after administering the wrong treatment to a patient."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dr. Nancy", "paragraph_text": "On December 23, 2009, MSNBC announced that it cancelled the program due to low ratings. Its final broadcast appeared on December 17, 2009."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}], "question": "Dr. Nancy's original broadcaster is a company with MS that stands for the name of Company A. What programming did the company that Company A struck a deal with to provide DOS operating system use in the 1970s?"}
{"id": "4hop1__297671_88110_67938_29962", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Ed Show", "paragraph_text": "On July 30, 2015, MSNBC president Tim Griffin announced that the series had been cancelled in an effort to transition the network's daytime programming to more breaking news reporting and less political commentary and opinion. The program aired its final episode on July 31, 2015."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nippon Telegraph and Telephone", "paragraph_text": ", commonly known as NTT, is a Japanese telecommunications company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Ranked 55th in Fortune Global 500, NTT is the fourth largest telecommunications company in the world in terms of revenue, as well as the third largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota and MUFG, as of September 2018."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Man in the Sky", "paragraph_text": "The Man in the Sky (released in the U.S. as Decision Against Time) is a 1957 thriller drama film starring Jack Hawkins and produced by Ealing Films, Michael Balcon's new company, set up after Rank had sold Ealing Studios in Ealing Green, West London, to the BBC in 1955. Balcon, who had run the company on behalf of Rank since 1944, left Rank in 1956 and set up the new company, striking a distribution and production deal with MGM. This was the first Ealing production to be made at MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, North London."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arsenal F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Arsenal's financial results for the 2014\u201315 season show group revenue of \u00a3344.5m, with a profit before tax of \u00a324.7m. The footballing core of the business showed a revenue of \u00a3329.3m. The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenizes and compares clubs' annual revenue. They put Arsenal's footballing revenue at \u00a3331.3m (\u20ac435.5m), ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs. Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as \u00a3100.4m, more than any other football stadium in the world."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alberto Alcocer", "paragraph_text": "Alberto Alcocer Torra (born December 17, 1942, in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish businessman. He is owner, with his cousin Alberto Cortina, of Alcor Holding, a patrimonial society owner of 12.5% of Grupo ACS, the major Spanish construction company, and of 21% of the wastebasket company, Ence. As of March 2011, according to Forbes, he is ranked 13th richest in Spain and 993rd globally with an estimated net worth of $1.2 billion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having \"exported\" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between \"exports\" and \"imports\" as a \"trade balance\", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having \"imported\" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a \"trade surplus\" of 10,712.342 million US$."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Global Positioning System", "paragraph_text": "The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space - based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "NatureServe conservation status", "paragraph_text": "The NatureServe conservation status system, maintained and presented by NatureServe in cooperation with the Natural Heritage Network, was developed in the United States in the 1980s by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) as a means for ranking or categorizing the relative imperilment of species of plants, animals, or other organisms, as well as natural ecological communities, on the global, national and/or subnational levels. These designations are also referred to as NatureServe ranks, NatureServe statuses, or Natural Heritage ranks. While the Nature Conservancy is no longer substantially involved in the maintenance of these ranks, the name TNC ranks is still sometimes encountered for them."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around \u20ac752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008\u201309 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of \u20ac366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated \u20ac401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac484.6 million."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bank of Montreal", "paragraph_text": "On June 23, 1817, John Richardson and eight merchants signed the Articles of Association to establish the Bank of Montreal in a rented house in Montreal, Quebec. The bank officially began conducting business on November 3, 1817, making it Canada's oldest bank. BMO's Institution Number (or bank number) is 001. In Canada, the bank operates as \"BMO Bank of Montreal\" and has more than 900 branches, serving over seven million customers. The company also has substantial operations in the Chicago area and elsewhere in the United States, where it operates as \"BMO Harris Bank\". BMO Capital Markets is BMO's investment and corporate banking division, while the wealth management division is branded as BMO Nesbitt Burns. The company is ranked at number 131 on the Forbes Global 2000 list."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "EU Business School", "paragraph_text": "2016, Online MBA ranked number 1 for global online rankings. MBA and EMBA programs were elected as top tier European programs."}], "question": "This company is what the letters 'MS' stand for in the name of The Ed Show's original broadcaster. What was the 2011 Forbes global rank by revenue of the company that struck a deal with this other company to provide the DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop1__588005_88110_67938_13402", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "CBC Television", "paragraph_text": "Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself. CBC O&O stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT, do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP). All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are \"CB\" (an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada, but to Chile) and the last letter is \"T\". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with \"CF\" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "ABC (medicine)", "paragraph_text": "ABC and its variations are initialism mnemonics for essential steps used by both medical professionals and lay persons (such as first aiders) when dealing with a patient. In its original form it stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The protocol was originally developed as a memory aid for rescuers performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the most widely known use of the initialism is in the care of the unconscious or unresponsive patient, although it is also used as a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of patients in many acute medical and trauma situations, from first - aid to hospital medical treatment. Airway, breathing, and circulation are all vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective. Since its development, the mnemonic has been extended and modified to fit the different areas in which it is used, with different versions changing the meaning of letters (such as from the original 'Circulation' to 'Compressions') or adding other letters (such as an optional ``D ''step for Disability or Defibrillation)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Letter case", "paragraph_text": "Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Database", "paragraph_text": "Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Welfare", "paragraph_text": "AFDC (originally called Aid to Dependent Children) was created during the Great Depression to alleviate the burden of poverty for families with children and allow widowed mothers to maintain their households. The New Deal employment program such as the Works Progress Administration primarily served men. Prior to the New Deal, anti-poverty programs were primarily operated by private charities or state or local governments; however, these programs were overwhelmed by the depth of need during the Depression. The United States has no national program of cash assistance for non-disabled poor individuals who are not raising children."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "ASCII", "paragraph_text": "DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "GODI", "paragraph_text": "GODI is a package management system for the OCaml programming language. It provides dependency management for OCaml similar to the way CPAN provides package management for Perl. GODI is derived from the NetBSD pkgsrc system."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Up (TV program)", "paragraph_text": "Up, currently branded as Up with David Gura, is a news and opinion television program that airs weekends on MSNBC at 8:00\u00a0a.m. ET. The program debuted September 17, 2011 as \"Up with Chris Hayes\", and was hosted by Hayes until March 2013 when he left for \"All In with Chris Hayes\", a new MSNBC weekday primetime program. Steve Kornacki's first episode aired April 13, 2013; he left in October 2015 for MSNBC dayside. The program ended in January 2016 for MSNBC's special political coverage. MSNBC Live aired in its place with Alex Witt and Frances Rivera from 2016 to 2018. The program was revived in 2018 with David Gura as host."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chicago \"L\"", "paragraph_text": "Chicago's ``L ''provides 24 - hour service on some portions of its network, being one of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to do so. The oldest sections of the Chicago`` L'' started operations in 1892, making it the second - oldest rapid transit system in the Americas, after New York City's elevated lines."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "CDC SCOPE", "paragraph_text": "SCOPE, an acronym for Supervisory Control Of Program Execution, was the name used by the Control Data Corporation for a number of operating system projects in the 1960s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WLBC-FM", "paragraph_text": "WLBC-FM is a FM radio station broadcasting on a frequency of 104.1 MHz and located in Muncie, Indiana. The WLBC call letters were originally used on its AM station at 1340kHz (the present day WXFN) and also used as WLBC-TV Channel 49 before it became public television station WIPB in the 1970s. Its current format is Hot A/C (Hot Adult Contemporary), featuring an adult blend of the 90s, and today. In the 1970s WLBC-FM (previously WMUN) was one of the first Indiana FM stations with a contemporary hit format competing with crosstown AM daytimer WERK (now an FM station) which at first used the \"Solid Gold\" automated hit music package produced by Drake-Chenault Enterprises while WLBC-AM aired traditional middle of the road programming."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Wizard of Oz on television", "paragraph_text": "From the beginning The Wizard of Oz was telecast in color, although few people owned color television sets in 1956. Except for 1961, all U.S. telecasts have been in color, an effect that seemed much more striking in the early 1960s, when there were still relatively few color programs on television. It was not televised in color in 1961 because color telecasts had to be paid for by their sponsors, who declined to do so that year. Between 1956 and 1965, the Wizard of Oz showings were rare exceptions to the black and white program schedule at CBS. During this period, CBS had the ability to broadcast programs in color, but generally chose not to do so unless a sponsor paid for a film or program to be shown in color. During this period, the competing network NBC was owned by RCA, which by 1960 manufactured 95% of the color sets sold in the U.S. Hence, CBS perceived that increased use of color broadcasting would primarily benefit its rival by promoting sales of RCA color television sets."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "WHKP", "paragraph_text": "WHKP is a radio station broadcasting at 1450 on the AM dial in Hendersonville, North Carolina. The call letters stand for Where the Heavens Kiss the Peaks."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}], "question": "This company is what the letters 'MS' in the name of Up's original broadcaster stand for. What programming was used in the 1970s by a company that struck a deal with this other company to provide the DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop1__329343_88110_67938_29962", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sony Music", "paragraph_text": "With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Man in the Sky", "paragraph_text": "The Man in the Sky (released in the U.S. as Decision Against Time) is a 1957 thriller drama film starring Jack Hawkins and produced by Ealing Films, Michael Balcon's new company, set up after Rank had sold Ealing Studios in Ealing Green, West London, to the BBC in 1955. Balcon, who had run the company on behalf of Rank since 1944, left Rank in 1956 and set up the new company, striking a distribution and production deal with MGM. This was the first Ealing production to be made at MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, North London."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "EU Business School", "paragraph_text": "2016, Online MBA ranked number 1 for global online rankings. MBA and EMBA programs were elected as top tier European programs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nippon Telegraph and Telephone", "paragraph_text": ", commonly known as NTT, is a Japanese telecommunications company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Ranked 55th in Fortune Global 500, NTT is the fourth largest telecommunications company in the world in terms of revenue, as well as the third largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota and MUFG, as of September 2018."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Global Positioning System", "paragraph_text": "The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space - based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having \"exported\" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between \"exports\" and \"imports\" as a \"trade balance\", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having \"imported\" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a \"trade surplus\" of 10,712.342 million US$."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dr. Nancy", "paragraph_text": "On December 23, 2009, MSNBC announced that it cancelled the program due to low ratings. Its final broadcast appeared on December 17, 2009."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "NatureServe conservation status", "paragraph_text": "The NatureServe conservation status system, maintained and presented by NatureServe in cooperation with the Natural Heritage Network, was developed in the United States in the 1980s by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) as a means for ranking or categorizing the relative imperilment of species of plants, animals, or other organisms, as well as natural ecological communities, on the global, national and/or subnational levels. These designations are also referred to as NatureServe ranks, NatureServe statuses, or Natural Heritage ranks. While the Nature Conservancy is no longer substantially involved in the maintenance of these ranks, the name TNC ranks is still sometimes encountered for them."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around \u20ac752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008\u201309 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of \u20ac366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated \u20ac401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac484.6 million."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha\u2212World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami \"America's Cleanest City\", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the \"Capital of Latin America\", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "SASid- insurance development", "paragraph_text": "SASid Insurance Development is a privately held insurance company that operates out of Janesville, Wisconsin, United States. The company is a member of the Better Business Bureau. Inc 5000 ranked SASid No. 1530 in the 2008 list \"Fastest growing private companies in America\" based on revenue growth from 2004 through 2007 fiscal years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}], "question": "This company is what the letters 'MS' stand for in the name of Dr. Nancy's original broadcaster. What was the 2011 Forbes global rank by revenue of the company that struck a deal with this other company to provide the DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop1__588005_88110_67938_55242", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "IBM Personal Computer", "paragraph_text": "The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Quiver (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Quiver is a 3D first-person shooter released in March 1997. It was developed by ADvertainment Software and published by ESD games. (Both companies seem to have disappeared; the links provided in the game's manual are broken.) The game was designed for MS-DOS, and it runs in up to 800\u00d7600 resolution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Algebra", "paragraph_text": "The roots of algebra can be traced to the ancient Babylonians, who developed an advanced arithmetical system with which they were able to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion. The Babylonians developed formulas to calculate solutions for problems typically solved today by using linear equations, quadratic equations, and indeterminate linear equations. By contrast, most Egyptians of this era, as well as Greek and Chinese mathematics in the 1st millennium BC, usually solved such equations by geometric methods, such as those described in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Euclid's Elements, and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. The geometric work of the Greeks, typified in the Elements, provided the framework for generalizing formulae beyond the solution of particular problems into more general systems of stating and solving equations, although this would not be realized until mathematics developed in medieval Islam.By the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change. The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects, usually lines, that had letters associated with them. Diophantus (3rd century AD) was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations, and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brain (computer virus)", "paragraph_text": "Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986, and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS - DOS. It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. Brain was written by brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi, from Lahore, Pakistan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fremont Street Experience", "paragraph_text": "The 2004 upgrade features a 12.5 - million LED display and more color combinations than the original display. The old control system was replaced by a central control room using 10 computers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Up (TV program)", "paragraph_text": "Up, currently branded as Up with David Gura, is a news and opinion television program that airs weekends on MSNBC at 8:00\u00a0a.m. ET. The program debuted September 17, 2011 as \"Up with Chris Hayes\", and was hosted by Hayes until March 2013 when he left for \"All In with Chris Hayes\", a new MSNBC weekday primetime program. Steve Kornacki's first episode aired April 13, 2013; he left in October 2015 for MSNBC dayside. The program ended in January 2016 for MSNBC's special political coverage. MSNBC Live aired in its place with Alex Witt and Frances Rivera from 2016 to 2018. The program was revived in 2018 with David Gura as host."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dangerous Dave", "paragraph_text": "Dangerous Dave is a 1988 computer game by John Romero. It was developed for the Apple II and MS-DOS as an example game to accompany his article about his GraBASIC, an Applesoft BASIC add-on, for the \"UpTime\" disk magazine."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of tablet computers", "paragraph_text": "The tablet computer and the associated special operating software is an example of pen computing technology, and the development of tablets has deep historical roots. The first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1914. The first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting text recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "MIPS RISC/os", "paragraph_text": "RISC/os is a discontinued UNIX operating system developed by MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. from 1985 to 1992, for their computer workstations and servers, such as the MIPS M/120 server or MIPS Magnum workstation. It was also known as UMIPS or MIPS OS."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "ABC (medicine)", "paragraph_text": "ABC and its variations are initialism mnemonics for essential steps used by both medical professionals and lay persons (such as first aiders) when dealing with a patient. In its original form it stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The protocol was originally developed as a memory aid for rescuers performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the most widely known use of the initialism is in the care of the unconscious or unresponsive patient, although it is also used as a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of patients in many acute medical and trauma situations, from first - aid to hospital medical treatment. Airway, breathing, and circulation are all vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective. Since its development, the mnemonic has been extended and modified to fit the different areas in which it is used, with different versions changing the meaning of letters (such as from the original 'Circulation' to 'Compressions') or adding other letters (such as an optional ``D ''step for Disability or Defibrillation)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Macintosh", "paragraph_text": "Compaq, who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s, initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end, overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place. Apple's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system, which unified Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "OS4000", "paragraph_text": "OS4000 is a proprietary operating system introduced by GEC Computers Limited in 1977 as the successor to GEC DOS, for its range of GEC 4000 series 16-bit, and later 32-bit, minicomputers. OS4000 was developed through to late 1990s, and has been in a support-only mode since then."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Peri Tarr", "paragraph_text": "Peri Tarr received her BS in Zoology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1986, and her MS and PhD in Computer Science from the University of Massachusetts Amherst (1992 and 1996, respectively). Between her BS and MS/PhD, she worked full-time at the University of Massachusetts Physical Plant, attempting to introduce an automated system to help with the Plant's operations. After receiving her PhD, she joined the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center as a Research Staff Member in 1996, where she worked on and led various projects relating to issues of software composition, morphogenic software, and aspect-oriented software development."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Digital Research", "paragraph_text": "Digital Research was purchased by Novell in 1991, primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. FlexOS had already been adopted as the basis for Siemens S5-DOS/MT, IBM 4680 OS and 4690 OS, whereas Multiuser DOS evolved further into independent products like Datapac System Manager, IMS REAL/32 and REAL/NG. Continued development of the DR\u00a0DOS line led to non-DRI products such as Novell PalmDOS, Novell DOS, Caldera OpenDOS and Dell RMK."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "LG CNS", "paragraph_text": "LG CNS (Korean: \uc5d8\uc9c0 \uc528\uc5d4\uc5d0\uc2a4) is a subsidiary of LG Corporation founded in 1987 that provides information technology services including consulting, System Integration, Network Integration, Business Process Outsourcing, and Information Technology Outsourcing. Originally, LG CNS only focused on computer engineering such as designing, developing and operating computer network systems for LG Group. Then, the firm expanded its target customers from LG Group to other private organizations and governments. LG CNS also focuses on global markets running worldwide development centers and has overseas subsidiaries. Currently, LG CNS \u201cis Korea\u2019s largest IT service provider and has implemented a number of large-scale public IT infrastructure projects and played a major role in the Korean government's e-Korea initiative.\u201d"}], "question": "Up was originally broadcasted by the company with MS in its name that stands for Company A. Who led the development of the personal computer from the company that Company A had a deal with to provide DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop1__139773_88110_67938_13402", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rex Is Not Your Lawyer", "paragraph_text": "\"Rex Is Not Your Lawyer\", from Universal Media Studios and BermanBraun, was first sold to NBC in Spring 2007 (on a \"first-look\" agreement through BermanBraun) but the production was stalled because of the Writer's Strike. The program was re-considered and then rejected for the 2008 season as well. With new programming executives in charge at NBC, and Barry Schindel from \"Law & Order\" on board as showrunner, the show was recommissioned in October 2009."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "I Bet You Will", "paragraph_text": "I Bet You Will was an Internet webcast, and later a show on MTV that paid people to do outrageous things for money. In 2008, reruns of the program began to air on Spike. It was created by Morgan Spurlock. The show was hosted by Spurlock, musician/TV host/model Willa Ford, musician Jive Jones, comedian Godfrey, and Hescher."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Randy Merriman", "paragraph_text": "Randy Merriman (1918\u20132002) was an American television producer, game show host and radio broadcaster. He was the first host of The Big Payoff game show on NBC (working with assistant and former Miss America Bess Myerson) which he began in 1951 and exited in 1957 to be replaced by Bob Paige. Merriman was also involved in the show's production. Prior to that, Merriman hosted a radio game show at KSTP (AM) broadcasting to Minneapolis-St. Paul. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked in radio broadcasting, doing pre-game radio shows for the Minnesota Twins."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "CDC SCOPE", "paragraph_text": "SCOPE, an acronym for Supervisory Control Of Program Execution, was the name used by the Control Data Corporation for a number of operating system projects in the 1960s."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "ASCII", "paragraph_text": "DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Challenge (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Challenge (originally known as Road Rules: All Stars, followed by Real World / Road Rules Challenge) is a reality game show on MTV that is spun off from the network's two reality shows, Real World and Road Rules. It features alumni from these two shows, in addition to first - time cast members called 'Fresh Meat', alumni from Are You the One?, and relatives of these cast members called 'Bloodlines', competing against one another for a cash prize. The Challenge is currently hosted by T.J. Lavin. The series premiered on June 1, 1998. The title of the show was originally Road Rules: All Stars before it was renamed Real World / Road Rules Challenge by the show's 2nd season, then later abridged to simply The Challenge by the show's 19th season. The series initially used no hosts but instead a former cast member who had been kicked off his or her season, providing assignments as ``Mr. ''or`` Ms. Big'' (David ``Puck ''Rainey, David Edwards, and Gladys Sanabria served this role). Later on, however, the series began using hosts: Eric Nies and Mark Long co-hosted a season, and Jonny Moseley and Dave Mirra hosted various seasons before T.J. Lavin became the show's regular host by the 11th season."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rod, Jane and Freddy", "paragraph_text": "Rod, Jane and Freddy were a singing trio who appeared in children's programming on the British TV channel ITV in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. They starred both in the long-running series \"Rainbow\" and their own 15-minute show, The Rod, Jane and Freddy Show. The trio have also made guest appearances in other children's TV shows including \"The Sooty Show\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Wizard of Oz on television", "paragraph_text": "From the beginning The Wizard of Oz was telecast in color, although few people owned color television sets in 1956. Except for 1961, all U.S. telecasts have been in color, an effect that seemed much more striking in the early 1960s, when there were still relatively few color programs on television. It was not televised in color in 1961 because color telecasts had to be paid for by their sponsors, who declined to do so that year. Between 1956 and 1965, the Wizard of Oz showings were rare exceptions to the black and white program schedule at CBS. During this period, CBS had the ability to broadcast programs in color, but generally chose not to do so unless a sponsor paid for a film or program to be shown in color. During this period, the competing network NBC was owned by RCA, which by 1960 manufactured 95% of the color sets sold in the U.S. Hence, CBS perceived that increased use of color broadcasting would primarily benefit its rival by promoting sales of RCA color television sets."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Rachel Maddow Show", "paragraph_text": "The Rachel Maddow Show (also abbreviated TRMS) is a daily news and opinion television program that airs on MSNBC, running in the 9:00\u00a0pm ET timeslot Monday through Friday. It is hosted by Rachel Maddow, who gained a public profile via her frequent appearances as a progressive pundit on programs aired by MSNBC. It is based on her former radio show of the same name. The show debuted on September 8, 2008."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Speaker", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker is a 2009 British television series, broadcast on BBC Two. It is a talent show type series that aimed to find the best young speaker in the United Kingdom. The show is narrated by Jane Horrocks. The three judges are stand-up comedian Jo Brand, former basketball player and psychologist John Amaechi and Jeremy Stockwell."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Drift: The Unmooring of American Military Power", "paragraph_text": "Drift: The Unmooring of American Military Power is a 2012 book by Rachel Maddow. Her first book, \"Drift\" explores the premise that the manner in which the United States goes to war has gradually become more secretive and less democratic. In \"Drift\", Maddow examines how American declarations of war have incrementally shifted from being congressionally approved to being centralized in the hands of the American president. The book's scope spans from the Vietnam War to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WOCA", "paragraph_text": "WOCA is a commercial radio station in Ocala, Florida, broadcasting to the Ocala area on 1370 AM. WOCA broadcasts a variety of syndicated and conservative-leaning programs, including \"The Glenn Beck Program\" and \"The Clark Howard Show\" each weekday, and Fox Sports Radio on weekends. The station also produces shows for a number of local commentators. WOCA signed on on November 19, 1957 as WHYS. In 1959, the call letters were changed to WKOS. In 1965, the station adopted a Top 40 format as WWKE. The station then switched to the current calls, WOCA in 1983."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Somebody's Gotta Do It", "paragraph_text": "Somebody's Gotta Do It is a program that originally aired on CNN and now airs on TBN with host Mike Rowe. The show premiered on October 8, 2014. On May 13, 2016, Mike Rowe announced on his website MikeRowe.com that CNN and he had agreed to end production of the show. Rowe is currently looking for an alternative channel to air a new season of the show that would avoid preemption and interruption from political and news events."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pakapaka", "paragraph_text": "Pakapaka is an Argentine television channel and website providing shows and original programming for children ages 2 to 12 and their families. Launched initially as a programming section in the Encuentro television channel on September 23, 2007, and later as a digital terrestrial television and FTA channel on September 17, 2010, although regular transmissions begun on September 9. It is operated by Argentina's Ministry of Education."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Dawson's Creek home video releases", "paragraph_text": "Because the producers failed to secure the rights when the shows were produced and did not wish to pay for them later, most of the songs that aired in the original broadcasts (and are used in the syndicated run) were replaced in the DVD edition of the show despite the show having a signature sound. Starting with season 3, ``I Do n't Want To Wait ''(the series opening theme song) was also dropped from the DVD releases, to be replaced by Jann Arden's`` Run Like Mad'' (including Adam Field's piano version of Cole's song used in 5.04 ``The Long Goodbye ''), however`` I Do n't Want To Wait'' was still featured when played using non-English language, plus, none of the songs used in the finale were altered on the DVD (including ``I Do n't Wanna Wait '')."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Database", "paragraph_text": "Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation."}], "question": "There is a company A that provided the DOS operating system to the company that is represented by the MS in the abbreviation for the broadcaster of The Rachel Maddow Show. What programming did company A use in the 1970s?"}
{"id": "4hop1__140262_88110_67938_13402", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WCDE", "paragraph_text": "WCDE is a Christian Worship formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Elkins, West Virginia & serves Metro Elkins with programming from the Air 1 radio network. WCDE is owned and operated by Davis and Elkins College."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Wizard of Oz on television", "paragraph_text": "From the beginning The Wizard of Oz was telecast in color, although few people owned color television sets in 1956. Except for 1961, all U.S. telecasts have been in color, an effect that seemed much more striking in the early 1960s, when there were still relatively few color programs on television. It was not televised in color in 1961 because color telecasts had to be paid for by their sponsors, who declined to do so that year. Between 1956 and 1965, the Wizard of Oz showings were rare exceptions to the black and white program schedule at CBS. During this period, CBS had the ability to broadcast programs in color, but generally chose not to do so unless a sponsor paid for a film or program to be shown in color. During this period, the competing network NBC was owned by RCA, which by 1960 manufactured 95% of the color sets sold in the U.S. Hence, CBS perceived that increased use of color broadcasting would primarily benefit its rival by promoting sales of RCA color television sets."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "CDC SCOPE", "paragraph_text": "SCOPE, an acronym for Supervisory Control Of Program Execution, was the name used by the Control Data Corporation for a number of operating system projects in the 1960s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Scorched (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "Scorched is an Australian television movie broadcast on the Nine Network on 31 August 2008. The telemovie was titled \"Strike Team\", which was ultimately as a decoy due to the state government having been uncomfortable about the premise and plot of the script. Scorched won the International Emmy Award for Digital Program: Fiction in 2009."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chez H\u00e9l\u00e8ne", "paragraph_text": "Chez H\u00e9l\u00e8ne is a children's television series produced by and broadcast on CBC Television. The 15-minute weekday program was broadcast on the English television network to provide viewers with exposure to the French language."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WXPN", "paragraph_text": "WXPN (88.5 FM) is a non-commercial, public FM radio station licensed to The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that broadcasts an adult album alternative (AAA) radio format, along with many other format shows. WXPN produces \"World Cafe\", a music program distributed by NPR to many non-commercial stations in the United States. The station's call sign, which is often abbreviated to XPN, stands for \"Experimental Pennsylvania Network\". The broadcast tower used by WXPN is located at (), in the antenna farm complex in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chicago \"L\"", "paragraph_text": "Chicago's ``L ''provides 24 - hour service on some portions of its network, being one of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to do so. The oldest sections of the Chicago`` L'' started operations in 1892, making it the second - oldest rapid transit system in the Americas, after New York City's elevated lines."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WHKP", "paragraph_text": "WHKP is a radio station broadcasting at 1450 on the AM dial in Hendersonville, North Carolina. The call letters stand for Where the Heavens Kiss the Peaks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "WRFW", "paragraph_text": "WRFW (88.7 FM) is a Class A radio station licensed to the UW System Board of Regents and operates in River Falls, Wisconsin. WRFW is an affiliate of Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR), and airs news and talk programming from WPR's \"Ideas Network\". The station also broadcasts local news, sports information, and entertainment programming. The broadcast studios are located in North Hall on the University of Wisconsin-River Falls campus."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WMMW", "paragraph_text": "WMMW (1470 AM) is a radio station licensed to Meriden, Connecticut. broadcasting a talk radio format. WMMW is part of a three station simulcast, along with 610 WSNG, Torrington and the home base, 1360 WDRC (AM), Hartford. The three stations use the slogan \"The Talk of Connecticut\" featuring a local morning show and syndicated programs the rest of the day, including Michael Savage. The station is owned by Red Wolf Broadcasting and features programming from Fox News Radio, Talk Radio Network and Westwood One. The station provides a blend of issue-oriented talk, news and information."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "ASCII", "paragraph_text": "DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Database", "paragraph_text": "Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Television in the United States", "paragraph_text": "MyNetworkTV originally started as a conventional network with a format primarily consisting of English language telenovelas; however, after experiencing continued low ratings for its prime time - exclusive schedule (even after several programming revamps that followed over the next three years after the initial format faltered), it converted into a ``broadcast syndication service ''in September 2009, adopting a format made up of reruns of series originally aired on other networks for ten hours a week on Monday through Fridays. Ion broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week (though only eighteen hours of its schedule each day consist of entertainment programming, with infomercials and religious programming making up the remainder of the schedule), making the Ion network the largest English - language commercial television network to be totally responsible for its affiliates' programming. Ion differs from other commercial networks in that the majority of its stations are owned - and - operated by its parent company with very few affiliates, and it is distributed exclusively via cable and satellite in markets where the network does not have a local station; Ion was the last of the seven conventional English language commercial broadcast networks to expand into distribution via digital multicasting, having relied entirely on cable and satellite distribution in markets where it otherwise could not maintain a primary affiliation until 2014, when it began accepting subchannel - only affiliates through deals with Telemundo Station Group and Media General."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart", "paragraph_text": "The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart is an American political news talk show that aired on MSNBC. The show premiered on January 11, 2010, and hosted by Jose Diaz-Balart. The program aired in the 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. timeslot on weekdays."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "CBC Television", "paragraph_text": "Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself. CBC O&O stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT, do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP). All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are \"CB\" (an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada, but to Chile) and the last letter is \"T\". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with \"CF\" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "CBC Television", "paragraph_text": "Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming. However, they may opt out of some CBC programming in order to air locally produced programs, syndicated series or programs purchased from other broadcasters, such as CTV Two, which do not have a broadcast outlet in the same market. In these cases, the CBC programming being displaced may be broadcast at a different time than the network, or may not be broadcast on the station at all. Most private affiliates generally opt out of CBC's afternoon schedule and Thursday night arts programming. Private affiliates carry the 10 p.m. broadcast of The National as a core part of the CBC schedule, but generally omitted the 11 p.m. repeat (which is no longer broadcast). Most private affiliates produce their own local newscasts for a duration of at least 35 minutes. Some of the private affiliates have begun adding CBC's overnight programming to their schedules since the network began broadcasting 24 hours a day."}], "question": "The Rundown with Jos\u00e9 Diaz-Balart is broadcasted by the network with MS in its name that stands for the name of Company A. In 2011 Forbes ranked the company which Company A struck a deal with to provide DOS operating system in what place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__329343_88110_67938_55242", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Quiver (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Quiver is a 3D first-person shooter released in March 1997. It was developed by ADvertainment Software and published by ESD games. (Both companies seem to have disappeared; the links provided in the game's manual are broken.) The game was designed for MS-DOS, and it runs in up to 800\u00d7600 resolution."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "IBM Personal Computer", "paragraph_text": "The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brain (computer virus)", "paragraph_text": "Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986, and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS - DOS. It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. Brain was written by brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi, from Lahore, Pakistan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Campaign (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Campaign is a strategy war game developed and published by Empire Interactive. It was released in 1992 for MS-DOS and in 1993 for the Amiga and Atari ST."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Algebra", "paragraph_text": "The roots of algebra can be traced to the ancient Babylonians, who developed an advanced arithmetical system with which they were able to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion. The Babylonians developed formulas to calculate solutions for problems typically solved today by using linear equations, quadratic equations, and indeterminate linear equations. By contrast, most Egyptians of this era, as well as Greek and Chinese mathematics in the 1st millennium BC, usually solved such equations by geometric methods, such as those described in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Euclid's Elements, and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. The geometric work of the Greeks, typified in the Elements, provided the framework for generalizing formulae beyond the solution of particular problems into more general systems of stating and solving equations, although this would not be realized until mathematics developed in medieval Islam.By the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change. The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects, usually lines, that had letters associated with them. Diophantus (3rd century AD) was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations, and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Digital Research", "paragraph_text": "Digital Research was purchased by Novell in 1991, primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. FlexOS had already been adopted as the basis for Siemens S5-DOS/MT, IBM 4680 OS and 4690 OS, whereas Multiuser DOS evolved further into independent products like Datapac System Manager, IMS REAL/32 and REAL/NG. Continued development of the DR\u00a0DOS line led to non-DRI products such as Novell PalmDOS, Novell DOS, Caldera OpenDOS and Dell RMK."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "MIPS RISC/os", "paragraph_text": "RISC/os is a discontinued UNIX operating system developed by MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. from 1985 to 1992, for their computer workstations and servers, such as the MIPS M/120 server or MIPS Magnum workstation. It was also known as UMIPS or MIPS OS."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "LG CNS", "paragraph_text": "LG CNS (Korean: \uc5d8\uc9c0 \uc528\uc5d4\uc5d0\uc2a4) is a subsidiary of LG Corporation founded in 1987 that provides information technology services including consulting, System Integration, Network Integration, Business Process Outsourcing, and Information Technology Outsourcing. Originally, LG CNS only focused on computer engineering such as designing, developing and operating computer network systems for LG Group. Then, the firm expanded its target customers from LG Group to other private organizations and governments. LG CNS also focuses on global markets running worldwide development centers and has overseas subsidiaries. Currently, LG CNS \u201cis Korea\u2019s largest IT service provider and has implemented a number of large-scale public IT infrastructure projects and played a major role in the Korean government's e-Korea initiative.\u201d"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Windows XP", "paragraph_text": "Windows XP is a personal computer operating system produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and broadly released for retail sale on October 25, 2001."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "OS4000", "paragraph_text": "OS4000 is a proprietary operating system introduced by GEC Computers Limited in 1977 as the successor to GEC DOS, for its range of GEC 4000 series 16-bit, and later 32-bit, minicomputers. OS4000 was developed through to late 1990s, and has been in a support-only mode since then."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Legends of Might and Magic", "paragraph_text": "Legends of Might and Magic is a first-person shooter video game developed by Jon Van Caneghem through New World Computing and published by the 3DO Company in 2001. As a spin-off of the \"Might and Magic\" franchise, \"Legends\" has a fantasy theme. Reviews likened the game to a medieval \"Counter-Strike\", but criticized it for being a mediocre clone."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dr. Nancy", "paragraph_text": "On December 23, 2009, MSNBC announced that it cancelled the program due to low ratings. Its final broadcast appeared on December 17, 2009."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dangerous Dave", "paragraph_text": "Dangerous Dave is a 1988 computer game by John Romero. It was developed for the Apple II and MS-DOS as an example game to accompany his article about his GraBASIC, an Applesoft BASIC add-on, for the \"UpTime\" disk magazine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bernard Galler", "paragraph_text": "Bernard A. Galler (October 3, 1928 in Chicago \u2013 September 4, 2006 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American mathematician and computer scientist at the University of Michigan who was involved in the development of large-scale operating systems and computer languages including the MAD programming language and the Michigan Terminal System operating system."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Good Mourning (Grey's Anatomy)", "paragraph_text": "``Good Mourning ''is the first episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 103rd episode overall. It was written by Krista Vernoff and directed by Ed Ornelas. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on September 24, 2009. In`` Good Mourning'', the physicians are seen dealing with the revelation that a dead John Doe is their beloved co-worker Dr. George O'Malley (T.R. Knight), and dealing with the aftermath of Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl)'s near - death experience. Further storylines include Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Stevens trying to decide whether or not to donate O'Malley's organs and Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) being offered Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.)'s chief of surgery job."}], "question": "This company is what the letters 'MS' stand for in the name of Dr. Nancy's original broadcaster. Who led the development of a computer by the business that struck a deal with this company to provide the DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop1__297671_88110_67938_13402", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "CDC SCOPE", "paragraph_text": "SCOPE, an acronym for Supervisory Control Of Program Execution, was the name used by the Control Data Corporation for a number of operating system projects in the 1960s."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Camelot (musical)", "paragraph_text": "The New York critics' reviews of the original production were mixed. Fortunately for the show, Ed Sullivan approached Lerner and Loewe to create a segment for his television variety program, celebrating the fifth anniversary of My Fair Lady. They decided to do very little from their previous hit and instead to perform four highlights from Camelot. The show stimulated ticket sales, and Camelot achieved an unprecedented advance sale of three and a half million dollars. Robert Goulet received favorable reviews, most notably for his rendition of the show - stopping romantic ballad ``If Ever I Would Leave You '', which became his signature song."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Good Mourning (Grey's Anatomy)", "paragraph_text": "``Good Mourning ''is the first episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 103rd episode overall. It was written by Krista Vernoff and directed by Ed Ornelas. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on September 24, 2009. In`` Good Mourning'', the physicians are seen dealing with the revelation that a dead John Doe is their beloved co-worker Dr. George O'Malley (T.R. Knight), and dealing with the aftermath of Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl)'s near - death experience. Further storylines include Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Stevens trying to decide whether or not to donate O'Malley's organs and Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) being offered Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.)'s chief of surgery job."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "WRFW", "paragraph_text": "WRFW (88.7 FM) is a Class A radio station licensed to the UW System Board of Regents and operates in River Falls, Wisconsin. WRFW is an affiliate of Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR), and airs news and talk programming from WPR's \"Ideas Network\". The station also broadcasts local news, sports information, and entertainment programming. The broadcast studios are located in North Hall on the University of Wisconsin-River Falls campus."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pakapaka", "paragraph_text": "Pakapaka is an Argentine television channel and website providing shows and original programming for children ages 2 to 12 and their families. Launched initially as a programming section in the Encuentro television channel on September 23, 2007, and later as a digital terrestrial television and FTA channel on September 17, 2010, although regular transmissions begun on September 9. It is operated by Argentina's Ministry of Education."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WXPN", "paragraph_text": "WXPN (88.5 FM) is a non-commercial, public FM radio station licensed to The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that broadcasts an adult album alternative (AAA) radio format, along with many other format shows. WXPN produces \"World Cafe\", a music program distributed by NPR to many non-commercial stations in the United States. The station's call sign, which is often abbreviated to XPN, stands for \"Experimental Pennsylvania Network\". The broadcast tower used by WXPN is located at (), in the antenna farm complex in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Randy Merriman", "paragraph_text": "Randy Merriman (1918\u20132002) was an American television producer, game show host and radio broadcaster. He was the first host of The Big Payoff game show on NBC (working with assistant and former Miss America Bess Myerson) which he began in 1951 and exited in 1957 to be replaced by Bob Paige. Merriman was also involved in the show's production. Prior to that, Merriman hosted a radio game show at KSTP (AM) broadcasting to Minneapolis-St. Paul. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked in radio broadcasting, doing pre-game radio shows for the Minnesota Twins."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "ASCII", "paragraph_text": "DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WMMW", "paragraph_text": "WMMW (1470 AM) is a radio station licensed to Meriden, Connecticut. broadcasting a talk radio format. WMMW is part of a three station simulcast, along with 610 WSNG, Torrington and the home base, 1360 WDRC (AM), Hartford. The three stations use the slogan \"The Talk of Connecticut\" featuring a local morning show and syndicated programs the rest of the day, including Michael Savage. The station is owned by Red Wolf Broadcasting and features programming from Fox News Radio, Talk Radio Network and Westwood One. The station provides a blend of issue-oriented talk, news and information."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WHKP", "paragraph_text": "WHKP is a radio station broadcasting at 1450 on the AM dial in Hendersonville, North Carolina. The call letters stand for Where the Heavens Kiss the Peaks."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WLBC-FM", "paragraph_text": "WLBC-FM is a FM radio station broadcasting on a frequency of 104.1 MHz and located in Muncie, Indiana. The WLBC call letters were originally used on its AM station at 1340kHz (the present day WXFN) and also used as WLBC-TV Channel 49 before it became public television station WIPB in the 1970s. Its current format is Hot A/C (Hot Adult Contemporary), featuring an adult blend of the 90s, and today. In the 1970s WLBC-FM (previously WMUN) was one of the first Indiana FM stations with a contemporary hit format competing with crosstown AM daytimer WERK (now an FM station) which at first used the \"Solid Gold\" automated hit music package produced by Drake-Chenault Enterprises while WLBC-AM aired traditional middle of the road programming."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "ABC (medicine)", "paragraph_text": "ABC and its variations are initialism mnemonics for essential steps used by both medical professionals and lay persons (such as first aiders) when dealing with a patient. In its original form it stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The protocol was originally developed as a memory aid for rescuers performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the most widely known use of the initialism is in the care of the unconscious or unresponsive patient, although it is also used as a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of patients in many acute medical and trauma situations, from first - aid to hospital medical treatment. Airway, breathing, and circulation are all vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective. Since its development, the mnemonic has been extended and modified to fit the different areas in which it is used, with different versions changing the meaning of letters (such as from the original 'Circulation' to 'Compressions') or adding other letters (such as an optional ``D ''step for Disability or Defibrillation)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WOCA", "paragraph_text": "WOCA is a commercial radio station in Ocala, Florida, broadcasting to the Ocala area on 1370 AM. WOCA broadcasts a variety of syndicated and conservative-leaning programs, including \"The Glenn Beck Program\" and \"The Clark Howard Show\" each weekday, and Fox Sports Radio on weekends. The station also produces shows for a number of local commentators. WOCA signed on on November 19, 1957 as WHYS. In 1959, the call letters were changed to WKOS. In 1965, the station adopted a Top 40 format as WWKE. The station then switched to the current calls, WOCA in 1983."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Ed Show", "paragraph_text": "On July 30, 2015, MSNBC president Tim Griffin announced that the series had been cancelled in an effort to transition the network's daytime programming to more breaking news reporting and less political commentary and opinion. The program aired its final episode on July 31, 2015."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Wizard of Oz on television", "paragraph_text": "From the beginning The Wizard of Oz was telecast in color, although few people owned color television sets in 1956. Except for 1961, all U.S. telecasts have been in color, an effect that seemed much more striking in the early 1960s, when there were still relatively few color programs on television. It was not televised in color in 1961 because color telecasts had to be paid for by their sponsors, who declined to do so that year. Between 1956 and 1965, the Wizard of Oz showings were rare exceptions to the black and white program schedule at CBS. During this period, CBS had the ability to broadcast programs in color, but generally chose not to do so unless a sponsor paid for a film or program to be shown in color. During this period, the competing network NBC was owned by RCA, which by 1960 manufactured 95% of the color sets sold in the U.S. Hence, CBS perceived that increased use of color broadcasting would primarily benefit its rival by promoting sales of RCA color television sets."}], "question": "The Ed Show was originally broadcasted by the company with MS in its name that stands for Company A. What programming did the company that Company A struck a deal with to provide dos operating system use in the 1970s?"}
{"id": "4hop1__139773_88110_67938_55242", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Star Trek", "paragraph_text": "While the show initially enjoyed high ratings, the average rating of the show at the end of its first season dropped to 52nd out of 94 programs. Unhappy with the show's ratings, NBC threatened to cancel the show during its second season. The show's fan base, led by Bjo Trimble, conducted an unprecedented letter - writing campaign, petitioning the network to keep the show on the air. NBC renewed the show, but moved it from primetime to the ``Friday night death slot '', and substantially reduced its budget. In protest Roddenberry resigned as producer and reduced his direct involvement in Star Trek, which led to Fred Freiberger becoming producer for the show's third and final season. Despite another letter - writing campaign, NBC cancelled the series after three seasons and 79 episodes."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "MS-DOS", "paragraph_text": "MS - DOS (/ \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8d\u0252s / em - ess - DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86 - based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS - DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS - DOS, are sometimes referred to as ``DOS ''(which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system). MS - DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brain (computer virus)", "paragraph_text": "Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986, and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS - DOS. It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. Brain was written by brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi, from Lahore, Pakistan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Quiver (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Quiver is a 3D first-person shooter released in March 1997. It was developed by ADvertainment Software and published by ESD games. (Both companies seem to have disappeared; the links provided in the game's manual are broken.) The game was designed for MS-DOS, and it runs in up to 800\u00d7600 resolution."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "Encouraged by these successes, Nintendo soon turned its attention to the North American market. Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari\u2019s name as the name Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System. The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983. However, Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its Coleco Adam computer with Nintendo's Donkey Kong game. This violation of Atari's exclusive license with Nintendo to publish the game for its own computer systems delayed the implementation of Nintendo's game console marketing contract with Atari. Atari's CEO Ray Kassar was fired the next month, so the deal went nowhere, and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.g[\u203a]"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Digital Research", "paragraph_text": "Digital Research was purchased by Novell in 1991, primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. FlexOS had already been adopted as the basis for Siemens S5-DOS/MT, IBM 4680 OS and 4690 OS, whereas Multiuser DOS evolved further into independent products like Datapac System Manager, IMS REAL/32 and REAL/NG. Continued development of the DR\u00a0DOS line led to non-DRI products such as Novell PalmDOS, Novell DOS, Caldera OpenDOS and Dell RMK."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dangerous Dave", "paragraph_text": "Dangerous Dave is a 1988 computer game by John Romero. It was developed for the Apple II and MS-DOS as an example game to accompany his article about his GraBASIC, an Applesoft BASIC add-on, for the \"UpTime\" disk magazine."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Algebra", "paragraph_text": "The roots of algebra can be traced to the ancient Babylonians, who developed an advanced arithmetical system with which they were able to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion. The Babylonians developed formulas to calculate solutions for problems typically solved today by using linear equations, quadratic equations, and indeterminate linear equations. By contrast, most Egyptians of this era, as well as Greek and Chinese mathematics in the 1st millennium BC, usually solved such equations by geometric methods, such as those described in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Euclid's Elements, and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. The geometric work of the Greeks, typified in the Elements, provided the framework for generalizing formulae beyond the solution of particular problems into more general systems of stating and solving equations, although this would not be realized until mathematics developed in medieval Islam.By the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change. The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects, usually lines, that had letters associated with them. Diophantus (3rd century AD) was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations, and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Rachel Maddow Show", "paragraph_text": "The Rachel Maddow Show (also abbreviated TRMS) is a daily news and opinion television program that airs on MSNBC, running in the 9:00\u00a0pm ET timeslot Monday through Friday. It is hosted by Rachel Maddow, who gained a public profile via her frequent appearances as a progressive pundit on programs aired by MSNBC. It is based on her former radio show of the same name. The show debuted on September 8, 2008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "LG CNS", "paragraph_text": "LG CNS (Korean: \uc5d8\uc9c0 \uc528\uc5d4\uc5d0\uc2a4) is a subsidiary of LG Corporation founded in 1987 that provides information technology services including consulting, System Integration, Network Integration, Business Process Outsourcing, and Information Technology Outsourcing. Originally, LG CNS only focused on computer engineering such as designing, developing and operating computer network systems for LG Group. Then, the firm expanded its target customers from LG Group to other private organizations and governments. LG CNS also focuses on global markets running worldwide development centers and has overseas subsidiaries. Currently, LG CNS \u201cis Korea\u2019s largest IT service provider and has implemented a number of large-scale public IT infrastructure projects and played a major role in the Korean government's e-Korea initiative.\u201d"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Virtual memory", "paragraph_text": "The concept of virtual memory was first developed by German physicist Fritz-Rudolf G\u00fcntsch at the Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin in 1956 in his doctoral thesis, Logical Design of a Digital Computer with Multiple Asynchronous Rotating Drums and Automatic High Speed Memory Operation; it described a machine with 6 100-word blocks of primary core memory and an address space of 1,000 100-word blocks, with hardware automatically moving blocks between primary memory and secondary drum memory. Paging was first implemented at the University of Manchester as a way to extend the Atlas Computer's working memory by combining its 16,384 words of primary core memory with an additional 98,304 words of secondary drum memory. The first Atlas was commissioned in 1962 but working prototypes of paging had been developed by 1959. In 1961, the Burroughs Corporation independently released the first commercial computer with virtual memory, the B5000, with segmentation rather than paging.Before virtual memory could be implemented in mainstream operating systems, many problems had to be addressed. Dynamic address translation required expensive and difficult-to-build specialized hardware; initial implementations slowed down access to memory slightly. There were worries that new system-wide algorithms utilizing secondary storage would be less effective than previously used application-specific algorithms. By 1969, the debate over virtual memory for commercial computers was over; an IBM research team led by David Sayre showed that their virtual memory overlay system consistently worked better than the best manually controlled systems. Throughout the 1970s, the IBM 370 series running their virtual-storage based operating systems provided a means for business users to migrate multiple older systems into fewer, more powerful, mainframes that had improved price/performance. The first minicomputer to introduce virtual memory was the Norwegian NORD-1; during the 1970s, other minicomputers implemented virtual memory, notably VAX models running VMS."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Speaker", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker is a 2009 British television series, broadcast on BBC Two. It is a talent show type series that aimed to find the best young speaker in the United Kingdom. The show is narrated by Jane Horrocks. The three judges are stand-up comedian Jo Brand, former basketball player and psychologist John Amaechi and Jeremy Stockwell."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "OS4000", "paragraph_text": "OS4000 is a proprietary operating system introduced by GEC Computers Limited in 1977 as the successor to GEC DOS, for its range of GEC 4000 series 16-bit, and later 32-bit, minicomputers. OS4000 was developed through to late 1990s, and has been in a support-only mode since then."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "IBM Personal Computer", "paragraph_text": "The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2400 A.D.", "paragraph_text": "2400 A.D. is a role-playing video game designed by Chuck Bueche and published by Origin Systems in 1987. It was developed for MS-DOS and the Apple II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "MIPS RISC/os", "paragraph_text": "RISC/os is a discontinued UNIX operating system developed by MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. from 1985 to 1992, for their computer workstations and servers, such as the MIPS M/120 server or MIPS Magnum workstation. It was also known as UMIPS or MIPS OS."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Die Oliver Pocher Show", "paragraph_text": "Die Oliver Pocher Show was a late-night show with Oliver Pocher shown by Sat.1 in Germany on Fridays. The show is a mix of late-night comedy and personality. Each broadcast begins with stand-up comedy. There are generally two celebrity guests. During the first season, Pocher's father Gerard frequently appeared on the show as a sidekick."}], "question": "The Rachel Maddow Show was originally broadcasted by the company with MS in its name that stands for Company A. Who led the development of the personal computer from the company that Company A had a deal with to provide DOS operating system?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_10895_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new equipment. The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion, about 54% of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget. For FY 2017, President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion, which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as \"Black Caribbean\", 0.8% as \"Black African\", and 0.2% as \"Black other\". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is \"black and minority ethnic\" (BME), but sometimes the term \"black\" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of \"African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war material through the Lend - Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers. The U.S. economic sanctions on Japan, as part of the effort to deter Japanese military aggression in Asia and the Pacific, was a major cause of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Angel Island Immigration Station", "paragraph_text": "Angel Island Immigration Station was an immigration station located in San Francisco Bay which operated from January 21, 1910 to November 5, 1940, where immigrants entering the United States were detained and interrogated. Angel Island (California) is an island in San Francisco Bay. It is currently a State Park administered by California State Parks and a California Historical Landmark. The island was originally a fishing and hunting site for Coastal Miwok Indians, then it was a haven for Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala. Later, it was developed as a cattle ranch, then, starting with the Civil War, the island served as a U.S. Army post. During the island's Immigration Station period, the island held hundreds of thousands of immigrants, the majority from China, Japan, India, Mexico and the Philippines. The detention facility was considered ideal because of its isolated location, making it very easy to control immigrants, contain outbreaks of disease, and enforce the new immigration laws. The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the title Angel Island, U.S. Immigration Station, and is a National Historic Landmark."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "James Richmond (Medal of Honor)", "paragraph_text": "James Richmond (1843 \u2013 June 3, 1864) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Charles H. Barker", "paragraph_text": "Charles Heyward Barker (April 12, 1935 \u2013 June 4, 1953) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Levi Shoemaker", "paragraph_text": "Levi Shoemaker (June 25, 1840 \u2013 April 3, 1917) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brooke Army Medical Center", "paragraph_text": "San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) \u2014 the inpatient capabilities at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC)\u2014 is situated at Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, and is part of the U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM). BAMC is the command element over all Army medical facilities in the San Antonio area, including SAMMC (SAMMC is no longer the term used; BAMC is the name of the hospital and is responsible for the administrative and clinical oversight of the Army healthcare facilities in San Antonio). The term SAMMC solely applies to the inpatient capabilities within the hospital at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC). The hospital as a whole as well as the outlying clinics are considered BAMC. It is a University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and USUHS teaching hospital and is home to the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center. The USAISR Burn Center is part of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command located at Fort Detrick, Maryland."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Plenary power", "paragraph_text": "In regard to immigration law, Congress, under the Plenary Power Doctrine, has the power to make immigration policy subject to judicial oversight. The Executive Branch is charged with enforcing the immigration laws passed by Congress. The doctrine is based on the concept that immigration is a question of national sovereignty, relating to a nation's right to define its own borders. Courts generally refrain from interfering in immigration matters. Historically, the U.S. Supreme Court has taken a hands - off approach when asked to review the political branches' immigration decisions and policy - making. The Center for Immigration Studies, an organization with a slant toward isolationism, suggests there is a movement to ``erode ''political - branch control over immigration in favor of a judge - administered system and that the results have created national security concerns. The U.S. Supreme Court case Zadvydas v. Davis is cited as an example of the U.S. Supreme Court not following plenary power precedent."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Clifton T. Speicher", "paragraph_text": "Clifton T. Speicher (March 25, 1931 \u2013 June 14, 1952) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who posthumously received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Demographic history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "In the early years of the U.S., immigration was only about 6,000 people a year on average, including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. The French Revolution, starting in 1789, and the Napoleonic Wars from 1792 to 1814 severely limited immigration from Europe. The War of 1812 (1812 -- 1814) with Britain again prevented any significant immigration. By 1808 Congress had banned the importation of slaves, slowing that human traffic to a trickle."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George S. Patton", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1885 to a family with an extensive military background (with members having served in the United States Army and Confederate States Army), Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more commonly known as the ``Patton Sword '', and partially due to his skill in the sport, he competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Patton first saw combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916, taking part in America's first military action using motor vehicles. He later joined the newly formed United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces and saw action in World War I, commanding the U.S. tank school in France before being wounded while leading tanks into combat near the end of the war. In the interwar period, Patton remained a central figure in the development of armored warfare doctrine in the U.S. Army, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. Rising through the ranks, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division at the time of the American entry into World War II."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Department of State", "paragraph_text": "The Executive Branch and the U.S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visiernational crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:"}], "question": "Following the conflict after which Britain encouraged immigration of workers, a war developed where the US military branch originally in the US army helped protect the UK. This war was between the US and what other country?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_79276_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gospel Hump Wilderness", "paragraph_text": "The Gospel Hump Wilderness is a federally-protected wilderness area that covers of the state of Idaho. Managed by the U.S. Forest Service in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it received wilderness designation on February 24, 1978 through the passage of the Endangered American Wilderness Act and is part of Nez Perce National Forest. As part of the National Wilderness Preservation System, the Gospel Hump Wilderness is an area where human development and use are restricted and people are to remain only visitors."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "Through times of war and rebellion, peace and estrangement, as well as becoming friends and allies, Britain and the US cemented these deeply rooted links during World War II into what is known as the ``Special Relationship. ''In long - term perspective, the historian Paul Johnson has called it the`` cornerstone of the modern, democratic world order''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The war against Germany involved aid to Britain, her allies, and the Soviet Union, with the U.S. supplying munitions until it could ready an invasion force. U.S. forces were first tested to a limited degree in the North African Campaign and then employed more significantly with British Forces in Italy in 1943 -- 45, where U.S. forces, representing about a third of the Allied forces deployed, bogged down after Italy surrendered and the Germans took over. Finally the main invasion of France took place in June 1944, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force engaged in the area bombardment of German cities and systematically targeted German transportation links and synthetic oil plants, as it knocked out what was left of the Luftwaffe post Battle of Britain in 1944. With the Soviets unstoppable in the east, and the Allies unstoppable in the west, Germany was squeezed to death. Berlin fell to the Soviets in May 1945, and with Adolf Hitler dead, the Germans surrendered."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft. In 1910, Mexico was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to American towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The United States joined World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and other allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "M1 carbine", "paragraph_text": "The M1 carbine (formally the United States Carbine, Caliber .30, M1) is a lightweight, easy to use, .30 carbine (7.62x33 mm) semi-automatic carbine that was a standard firearm for the U.S. military during World War II, the Korean War and well into the Vietnam War. The M1 carbine was produced in several variants and was widely used by not only the U.S. military, but by military, paramilitary and police forces around the world. It has also been a popular civilian firearm."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "George S. Patton", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1885 to a family with an extensive military background (with members having served in the United States Army and Confederate States Army), Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more commonly known as the ``Patton Sword '', and partially due to his skill in the sport, he competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Patton first saw combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916, taking part in America's first military action using motor vehicles. He later joined the newly formed United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces and saw action in World War I, commanding the U.S. tank school in France before being wounded while leading tanks into combat near the end of the war. In the interwar period, Patton remained a central figure in the development of armored warfare doctrine in the U.S. Army, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. Rising through the ranks, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division at the time of the American entry into World War II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "428th Field Artillery Brigade", "paragraph_text": "The 428th Field Artillery Brigade is a training unit under the United States Field Artillery School, a formation under TRADOC. The brigade trains all officers and enlisted personnel from the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps as well as allied nation military personnel in field artillery core competencies in order to provide proficient integrators of lethal and non-lethal fires to the operational force."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States in World War I", "paragraph_text": "The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917 and ended November 11, 1918 during World War I. The U.S. was an independent power and did not officially join the Allies. It closely cooperated with the Allies militarily but acted alone in diplomacy. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General John Pershing, Commander - in - Chief (C - in - C) of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in the summer of 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. During the war the U.S. mobilized over 4 million military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths, including around 45,000 who died due to the 1918 Spanish Flu outbreak (30,000 before they even reached France). The war saw a dramatic expansion of the United States government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the U.S. Armed Forces. After a relatively slow start in mobilizing the economy and labor force, by spring 1918, the nation was poised to play a role in the conflict. Under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson, the war represented the climax of the Progressive Era as it sought to bring reform and democracy to the world, although there was substantial public opposition to U.S. entry into the war."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war material through the Lend - Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers. The U.S. economic sanctions on Japan, as part of the effort to deter Japanese military aggression in Asia and the Pacific, was a major cause of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence & advising/training roles, they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. American forces effectively established and maintained control of the \"traditional\" battlefield, however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. On a tactical level, American soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brooke Army Medical Center", "paragraph_text": "San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) \u2014 the inpatient capabilities at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC)\u2014 is situated at Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, and is part of the U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM). BAMC is the command element over all Army medical facilities in the San Antonio area, including SAMMC (SAMMC is no longer the term used; BAMC is the name of the hospital and is responsible for the administrative and clinical oversight of the Army healthcare facilities in San Antonio). The term SAMMC solely applies to the inpatient capabilities within the hospital at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC). The hospital as a whole as well as the outlying clinics are considered BAMC. It is a University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and USUHS teaching hospital and is home to the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center. The USAISR Burn Center is part of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command located at Fort Detrick, Maryland."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Department of State", "paragraph_text": "The Executive Branch and the U.S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visiernational crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:"}], "question": "Following the conflict during which Britain became allies with the US, a war developed where the US military branch originally in the US army helped protect the UK. This war was between the US and what other country?"}
{"id": "4hop3__297971_14284_35004_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William Kettner", "paragraph_text": "William \"Bill\" Kettner (November 20, 1864 \u2013 November 11, 1930) was a former US Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served four terms in Congress from 1913 through 1921 and is credited with bringing many U.S. Navy facilities to San Diego."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sue S. Dauser", "paragraph_text": "Sue S. Dauser became a Navy Nurse in September 1917, subsequently serving with Naval Base Hospital Number 3 in the U.S. and in Edinburgh, Scotland during World War I, holding the grade of Chief Nurse for most of that period. Following World War I, she was placed in charge of nursing activities at the U.S. Naval Hospital at San Diego, California. During the 1920s, Chief Nurse Dauser served on board several ships and in overseas billets in Guam and the Philippines as well as in naval hospitals in the U.S. She tended President Warren G. Harding during his fatal illness in 1923."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the \"Treaty of Cahuenga\" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican\u2013American War of 1846\u201348, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was \"for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco,\" and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Robert Mosher", "paragraph_text": "Robert Mosher (September 27, 1920 \u2013 July 26, 2015) was an American architect who operated primarily in Southern California. Mosher was an admirer of the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, and a pioneer of the post-war modernist architecture movement in San Diego. He is best known for designing the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, and the University of California, San Diego's John Muir College."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lake in the Hills, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "The village is most known for its rampant residential growth which occurred most heavily in the 1990s. Once a sleepy lakeside village of cottages and small ranches, its population skyrocketed as developers flocked to the area in the 1990s. Its population increased by 17,000 people (a nearly 400% increase) over this period, making it one of the most rapidly growing suburbs of Chicago and in the United States at that time. At the height of its building boom, the village issued over 1,000 residential building permits in 1995."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865). During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called \"Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night\" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hudson Township, Mackinac County, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Hudson Township is a civil township of Mackinac County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the township population was 214."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "USA-214", "paragraph_text": "USA-214, known before launch as Advanced Extremely High Frequency 1 or AEHF SV-1, is a military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force. It is the first of four spacecraft to be launched as part of the Advanced Extremely High Frequency program, which will replace the earlier Milstar system."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field. It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. It served over 17 million passengers in 2005, and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year. It is located on San Diego Bay three miles (4.8 km) from downtown. San Diego International Airport maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States including Hawaii, as well as to Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. In addition, the city itself operates two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM). By 2015, the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport, with passengers walking across the U.S.\u2013Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly-independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. In 1850, it became part of the United States following the Mexican\u2013American War and the admission of California to the union."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called \"New San Diego\", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called \"New Town\" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}], "question": "Following the period in which San Diego's population nearly doubled a war, in which the operator of the USA-214 helped protect the UK, developed between the U.S. and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_10729_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Frank S. Gile", "paragraph_text": "Frank S. Gile (September 15, 1847 \u2013 March 19, 1898) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for helping to free his grounded ship."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Abel G. Cadwallader", "paragraph_text": "Abel G. Cadwallader (1841 \u2013 July 6, 1907) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Hatcher's Run."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "M1 carbine", "paragraph_text": "The M1 carbine (formally the United States Carbine, Caliber .30, M1) is a lightweight, easy to use, .30 carbine (7.62x33 mm) semi-automatic carbine that was a standard firearm for the U.S. military during World War II, the Korean War and well into the Vietnam War. The M1 carbine was produced in several variants and was widely used by not only the U.S. military, but by military, paramilitary and police forces around the world. It has also been a popular civilian firearm."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence & advising/training roles, they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. American forces effectively established and maintained control of the \"traditional\" battlefield, however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. On a tactical level, American soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charles H. Barker", "paragraph_text": "Charles Heyward Barker (April 12, 1935 \u2013 June 4, 1953) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Clifton T. Speicher", "paragraph_text": "Clifton T. Speicher (March 25, 1931 \u2013 June 14, 1952) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who posthumously received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Confederate States Army", "paragraph_text": "The Confederate States Army (C.S.A.) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis (1808 - 1889), a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy on the Hudson River at West Point, New York, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War (1846 - 1848), later a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War in the administration of 14th President Franklin Pierce (1853 - 1857). By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "George S. Patton", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1885 to a family with an extensive military background (with members having served in the United States Army and Confederate States Army), Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more commonly known as the ``Patton Sword '', and partially due to his skill in the sport, he competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Patton first saw combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916, taking part in America's first military action using motor vehicles. He later joined the newly formed United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces and saw action in World War I, commanding the U.S. tank school in France before being wounded while leading tanks into combat near the end of the war. In the interwar period, Patton remained a central figure in the development of armored warfare doctrine in the U.S. Army, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. Rising through the ranks, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division at the time of the American entry into World War II."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Levi Shoemaker", "paragraph_text": "Levi Shoemaker (June 25, 1840 \u2013 April 3, 1917) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Computer", "paragraph_text": "Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war material through the Lend - Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers. The U.S. economic sanctions on Japan, as part of the effort to deter Japanese military aggression in Asia and the Pacific, was a major cause of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Computer Fraud and Abuse Act", "paragraph_text": "The original 1984 bill was enacted in response to concern that computer - related crimes might go unpunished. The House Committee Report to the original computer crime bill characterized the 1983 techno - thriller film WarGames -- in which a young Matthew Broderick breaks into a U.S. military supercomputer programmed to predict possible outcomes of nuclear war and unwittingly almost starts World War III -- as ``a realistic representation of the automatic dialing and access capabilities of the personal computer. ''"}], "question": "The US military that was originally part of the US Army helped protect the UK during a certain war. Following the war where computers were first used for military applications, this war developed between US and who?"}
{"id": "4hop1__36547_60398_14284_54080", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Josh Seefried", "paragraph_text": "Josh Seefried (born February 6, 1986) is an LGBT rights activist, a former captain in the United States Air Force, and a former co-chairman on the Board of Directors of \"OutServe-SLDN,\" an association of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender members of the U.S. Military. A graduate from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 2009, Josh was formerly known by his pseudonym JD Smith during his campaign to end the discrimination against lesbians, gays and bisexuals serving openly in the United States military."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of the United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The history of the United States Army began in 1775. From its formation, the United States Army has been the primary land based part of the United States Armed Forces. The Army's main responsibility has been in fighting land battles and military occupation. The Corps of Engineers also has a major role in controlling rivers inside the United States. The Continental Army was founded in response to a need for professional soldiers in the American Revolutionary War to fight the invading British Army. Until the 1940s, the Army was relatively small in peacetime. In 1947, the Air Force became completely independent of the Army Air Forces. The Army was under the control of the War Department until 1947, and since then the Defense Department. The U.S. Army fought the Indian Wars of the 1790s, the War of 1812 (1812 -- 15), American Civil War (1861 -- 65), Spanish -- American War (1898), World War I (1917 -- 18), World War II (1941 -- 45), Korean War (1950 -- 53) and Vietnam War (1965 -- 71). Following the Cold War's end in 1991, Army has focused primarily on Western Asia, and also took part in the 1991 Gulf War and war in Iraq, and the war in Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sergei Khudyakov", "paragraph_text": "Whilst in Baku, he joined the Bolsheviks and organized the Red Guards of Baku in April 1918. While he was in Astrakhan during the Russian Civil War, he was saved from drowning in a steamer sunk by a British gunboat by his friend, Sergei Khudyakov, who was later be killed fighting the Whites. Khanferiants adopted Sergei's name as his own as memorial to the man who saved his life. He continued to serve as a cavalry officer until 1920. In 1929, Khudyakov was admitted to the Tiflis Cavalry School, and in 1931 went to Moscow to attend the Zhukovskii Military Air Academy. He graduated with honors in 1936. Khudyakov became head of the Operations Branch of the Air Staff in 1937 and Chief of Logistics Management Air Force in 1938."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "M1 carbine", "paragraph_text": "The M1 carbine (formally the United States Carbine, Caliber .30, M1) is a lightweight, easy to use, .30 carbine (7.62x33 mm) semi-automatic carbine that was a standard firearm for the U.S. military during World War II, the Korean War and well into the Vietnam War. The M1 carbine was produced in several variants and was widely used by not only the U.S. military, but by military, paramilitary and police forces around the world. It has also been a popular civilian firearm."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975. The U.S. involvement in South Vietnam stemmed from 20 long years of political and economic action. These had the common incentive of ending the growing communist domination in Vietnam. At the time, French forces, allies of the U.S., were backed by America -- President Harry S. Truman provided progressively increasing amounts of financial and military assistance to French forces fighting in Vietnam. From the spring of 1950, their involvement increased from just assisting French troops to providing direct military assistance to the associated states (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia). Eventually, U.S. missions were carried out at a more constant rate by sending out increasing number of military assistance from the United States. Their main intent was to restrict the Communist domination that was present in the government of Vietnam as it would soon lead to a chain of neighbouring countries adopting the same. This would have resulted in a change in balance of power throughout Southeast Asia. Essentially, the U.S. saw their major security interests being disturbed due to the rise of the communist expansion and strived to take any measure to end it. Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3,812,000. The conflict also resulted in 58,318 US soldiers dead."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation. The highest-ranking military officer in the Department of the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, who exercises supervision over Air Force units, and serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Air Force combat and mobility forces are assigned, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, to the Combatant Commanders, and neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor the Chief of Staff have operational command authority over them."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975. The U.S. involvement in South Vietnam stemmed from 20 long years of political and economic action. These had the common incentive of ending the growing communist domination in Vietnam. At the time, French forces, allies of the U.S., were backed by America -- President Harry S. Truman provided progressively increasing amounts of financial and military assistance to French forces fighting in Vietnam. From the spring of 1950, their involvement increased from just assisting French troops to providing direct military assistance to the associated states (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia). Eventually, U.S. missions were carried out at a more constant rate by sending out increasing number of military assistance from the United States. Their main intent was to restrict the Communist domination that was present in the government of Vietnam as it would soon lead to a chain of neighbouring countries adopting the same. This would have resulted in a change in balance of power throughout Southeast Asia. The U.S. foreign policy establishment saw national security interests being disturbed due to the rise of this communist expansion and strived to take any measure to end it. Their actions came to be questioned by other segments of government and society, however, including the US congress.."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Occupation of Gori", "paragraph_text": "The Occupation of Gori was the military occupation of Gori and its surrounding areas by Russian military forces, which started on 13 August 2008 as part of the Russo-Georgian War, and ended with the withdrawal of Russian units from the city on 22 August 2008."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range from \"Friday Name Tags\" in flying units to an annual \"Mustache Month.\" The use of \"challenge coins\" is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the \"roof stomp\", practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cold War", "paragraph_text": "By the 1970s, both sides had become interested in making accommodations in order to create a more stable and predictable international system, inaugurating a period of d\u00e9tente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union. D\u00e9tente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (1983), and the ``Able Archer ''NATO military exercises (1983). The United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika (`` reorganization'', 1987) and glasnost (``openness '', c. 1985) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland. Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully (with the exception of the Romanian Revolution) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia, Cambodia and South Yemen. The United States remained as the world's only superpower."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Force Protection Europe", "paragraph_text": "Force Protection Europe (FPE) is the European subsidiary of Force Protection Inc, which was acquired by General Dynamics in 2011. The UK based company developed the Foxhound, a light-weight mine-protected military vehicle, which was developed to replace the Snatch Land Rover. FPE won a \u00a3180 million contract from the British Ministry of Defence in 2010 to supply 200 Foxhound vehicles. Following the acquisition by General Dynamics in December 2011, the Foxhound is marketed as part of General Dynamics Land Systems vehicle portfolio."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Charles Sweeney", "paragraph_text": "Major General Charles W. Sweeney (December 27, 1919 -- July 16, 2004) was an officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II and the pilot who flew Bockscar carrying the Fat Man atomic bomb to the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Separating from active duty at the end of World War II, he later became an officer in the Massachusetts Air National Guard as the Army Air Forces transitioned to an independent U.S. Air Force, eventually rising to the rank of Major General."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Pentagon", "paragraph_text": "The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. As a symbol of the U.S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U.S. Department of Defense."}], "question": "The organization that the US Air Forces adopted \"Challenge Coins\" from was originally part of this military branch. What event symbolizes the end of the war that the military branch that helped protect UK from?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_81954_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "USNS Sgt. Morris E. Crain (T-AK-244)", "paragraph_text": "USNS \"Sgt. Morris E. Crain\" (T-AK-244) was a built at the end of World War II and served in the war prior to its demilitarization as a commercial cargo vessel. From post-war to 1950 she served the U.S. Army as a transport named USAT \"Morris E. Crain\". In 1950 she was acquired by the U.S. Navy and assigned to the Military Sea Transportation Service. In 1975 she ended her career and was placed into reserve."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federal Reserve Act", "paragraph_text": "The passing of the Federal Reserve act of 1913 carried implications both domestically and internationally for the United States economic system. The absence of a central banking structure in the U.S. previous to this act left a financial essence that was characterized by immobile reserves and inelastic currency. Creating the Federal Reserve gave the Federal Reserve control to regulate inflation, even though the government control over such powers would eventually lead to decisions that were controversial. Some of the most prominent implications include the internationalization of the U.S. Dollar as a global currency, the impact from the perception of the Central Bank structure as a public good by creating a system of financial stability (Parthemos 19 - 28), and the Impact of the Federal Reserve in response to economic panics. The Federal Reserve Act also permitted national banks to make mortgage loans for farm land, which had not been permitted previously."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "U.E. (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "U.E. () \"means conventional\" unit in English or \"\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\" in Russian. It is a euphemism for US Dollar (USD) (1 U.E. = 1 USD) and was used in the Soviet era and 1990s in Russia when Russia's economy, currency etc. were in turmoil and Russian shopkeepers etc. did not want to overtly be seen pricing products in USD"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States two-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862. The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two - dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue production of all United States Notes, which included the two - dollar bill. The two - dollar denomination was not immediately reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the two - dollar bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976, production of the two - dollar denomination was resumed and the two - dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then. It was estimated that if the two - dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one - dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($112 million adjusted for inflation) over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States Department of Defense", "paragraph_text": "United States Department of Defense Department overview Formed September 18, 1947; 70 years ago (1947 - 09 - 18) (as National Military Establishment) Preceding Department U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Type Executive Department Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County, Virginia, United States 38 \u00b0 52 \u2032 16 ''N 77 \u00b0 3 \u2032 21'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.87111 \u00b0 N 77.05583 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.87111; - 77.05583 Coordinates: 38 \u00b0 52 \u2032 16 ''N 77 \u00b0 3 \u2032 21'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.87111 \u00b0 N 77.05583 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.87111; - 77.05583 Employees 742,000 (civilian) 1,300,000 (active duty military) 826,000 (National Guard and reserve): 2.87 million total (2016) Annual budget US $530.1 billion (2010) US $549.1 billion (2011) US $553.0 billion (est. 2012) US $496.1 billion (2015) US $534.3 billion (base FY2016) Department executives Jim Mattis, Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan, Deputy Secretary Child agencies U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Website www.defense.gov"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States twenty-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The United States twenty - dollar bill ($20) is a denomination of U.S. currency. The seventh U.S. President (1829 -- 1837), Andrew Jackson, has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928; the White House is featured on the reverse."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States two-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862. The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all two dollar United States Notes from production. The $2 bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the $2 bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976 production of the two - dollar denomination was resumed and the two - dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then. It was estimated that if the two - dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one - dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($109 million adjusted for inflation) over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "George S. Patton", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1885 to a family with an extensive military background (with members having served in the United States Army and Confederate States Army), Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more commonly known as the ``Patton Sword '', and partially due to his skill in the sport, he competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Patton first saw combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916, taking part in America's first military action using motor vehicles. He later joined the newly formed United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces and saw action in World War I, commanding the U.S. tank school in France before being wounded while leading tanks into combat near the end of the war. In the interwar period, Patton remained a central figure in the development of armored warfare doctrine in the U.S. Army, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. Rising through the ranks, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division at the time of the American entry into World War II."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States ten-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The United States ten - dollar bill ($10) is a denomination of U.S. currency. The obverse of the bill features the portrait of Alexander Hamilton, who served as the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. The reverse features the U.S. Treasury Building. All $10 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four separate occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the \"National Army\" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers. It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the \"career\" soldiers were known as the \"Regular Army\" with the \"Enlisted Reserve Corps\" and \"Officer Reserve Corps\" augmented to fill vacancies when needed."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reserve currency", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, the international financial system was governed by a formal agreement, the Bretton Woods System. Under this system the United States dollar was placed deliberately as the anchor of the system, with the US government guaranteeing other central banks that they could sell their US dollar reserves at a fixed rate for gold."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States two-dollar bill", "paragraph_text": "The United States two - dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. The third U.S. President (1801 -- 09), Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features an engraving of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Throughout the $2 bill's pre-1929 life as a large - sized note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, silver certificate, Treasury or ``Coin ''Note and Federal Reserve Bank Note. When U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. Production went on until 1966, when the series was discontinued. Ten years passed before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design. Two - dollar bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation, has also inspired urban legends and occasionally has created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases."}], "question": "The U.S military branch originally part of the Army helped protect the UK during a war following the period in which San Diego's population nearly doubled. That war was between the U.S. and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_161178_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gospel Hump Wilderness", "paragraph_text": "The Gospel Hump Wilderness is a federally-protected wilderness area that covers of the state of Idaho. Managed by the U.S. Forest Service in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it received wilderness designation on February 24, 1978 through the passage of the Endangered American Wilderness Act and is part of Nez Perce National Forest. As part of the National Wilderness Preservation System, the Gospel Hump Wilderness is an area where human development and use are restricted and people are to remain only visitors."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "XM806", "paragraph_text": "The XM806 was spun out from the cancelled XM307 and was developed by General Dynamics to augment the M2. General Dynamics received a $9 million contract for the weapon. It was expected to be deployed starting at the end of fiscal year 2012. Delays caused its planned deployment to be pushed to 2013 or 2014. The XM806 was cancelled in July 2012, with the Army using the money allocated to upgrade their M2 machine guns to the M2A1 version."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Knight's Armament Company LMG", "paragraph_text": "The Knight's Armament Company Light Assault Machine Gun (LAMG) is a light machine gun system developed by Eugene Stoner and manufactured by Knight's Armament Company (KAC). It was previously known as the Knight's Armament Company LMG as well as the KAC Stoner 99 LMG which was used to differentiate it from the earlier ArmaLite Stoner 63 LMG and ARES Stoner 86 LMG it is derived from."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Heavy machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The modern definition refers to a class of large-caliber (generally .50 or 12.7mm) machine guns, pioneered by John Moses Browning with the M2 machine gun.  These weapons are designed to provide increased range, penetration and destructive power against vehicles, buildings, aircraft and light fortifications beyond the standard rifle calibers used in medium or general-purpose machine gun, or the intermediate cartridges used in light machine guns. In this sense, the \"heavy\" aspect of the weapon refers to its superior power and range over light- and medium-caliber weapons, in addition to its weight. This class of machine gun came into widespread use during World War II, when the M2 was used widely in fortifications, on vehicles and in aircraft by American forces. A similar HMG capacity was later fielded by the Soviets in the form of Vasily Degtyaryov's DShK in 12.7\u00d7108mm. The ubiquitous German MG42 general-purpose machine gun, though well-suited against infantry, lacked the M2's anti-fortification and anti-vehicle capability, a fact that was noted and lamented by the Germans. The continued need for a longer-range machine gun with anti-materiel capability to bridge the gap between exclusively anti-infantry weapons and exclusively anti-materiel weapons has led to the widespread adoption and modernization of the class, and most nations' armed forces are equipped with some type of HMG."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941\u201342 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sedgley OSS .38", "paragraph_text": "The Sedgley OSS .38 glove pistol or Sedgley Fist Gun is a World War II firearm. It was designed by Stanley M. Haight and manufactured by Sedgley Co. of Philadelphia for the U.S. Marines and the U.S. Navy. Its official designation by the US Navy was Hand Firing Mechanism, Mk 2."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "PM M1910", "paragraph_text": "The PM M1910 (Russian: \u041f\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0451\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1910 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \"Pulemyot Maxima obraztsa 1910 goda\" or \"Maxim's machine gun model 1910\") was a heavy machine gun used by the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and the Red Army during Russian Civil War and World War II. Later, the gun saw service in the Korean War and the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Brooke Army Medical Center", "paragraph_text": "San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) \u2014 the inpatient capabilities at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC)\u2014 is situated at Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, and is part of the U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM). BAMC is the command element over all Army medical facilities in the San Antonio area, including SAMMC (SAMMC is no longer the term used; BAMC is the name of the hospital and is responsible for the administrative and clinical oversight of the Army healthcare facilities in San Antonio). The term SAMMC solely applies to the inpatient capabilities within the hospital at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC). The hospital as a whole as well as the outlying clinics are considered BAMC. It is a University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and USUHS teaching hospital and is home to the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center. The USAISR Burn Center is part of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command located at Fort Detrick, Maryland."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Daewoo Precision Industries K3", "paragraph_text": "The Daewoo Precision Industries K3 is a South Korean light machine-gun. It is the third indigenous firearm developed in South Korea by the Agency for Defense Development, following the Daewoo Precision Industries K1 submachine gun and Daewoo Precision Industries K2 assault rifle. It is manufactured by Daewoo Precision Industries, current S&T Motiv. The K3 is capable of firing both 5.56\u00d745mm NATO and .223 Remington rounds like the K2 assault rifle. The K3 light machine gun entered service since 1989, replacing M60 machine gun from frontline use."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Department of State", "paragraph_text": "The Executive Branch and the U.S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visiernational crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "George S. Patton", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1885 to a family with an extensive military background (with members having served in the United States Army and Confederate States Army), Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more commonly known as the ``Patton Sword '', and partially due to his skill in the sport, he competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Patton first saw combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916, taking part in America's first military action using motor vehicles. He later joined the newly formed United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces and saw action in World War I, commanding the U.S. tank school in France before being wounded while leading tanks into combat near the end of the war. In the interwar period, Patton remained a central figure in the development of armored warfare doctrine in the U.S. Army, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. Rising through the ranks, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division at the time of the American entry into World War II."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Force Protection Europe", "paragraph_text": "Force Protection Europe (FPE) is the European subsidiary of Force Protection Inc, which was acquired by General Dynamics in 2011. The UK based company developed the Foxhound, a light-weight mine-protected military vehicle, which was developed to replace the Snatch Land Rover. FPE won a \u00a3180 million contract from the British Ministry of Defence in 2010 to supply 200 Foxhound vehicles. Following the acquisition by General Dynamics in December 2011, the Foxhound is marketed as part of General Dynamics Land Systems vehicle portfolio."}], "question": "The US military that was originally part of the US Army helped protect the UK during a certain war. Following the conflict where light machine M2 guns were used, this war developed between US and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_37798_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Brooke Army Medical Center", "paragraph_text": "San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) \u2014 the inpatient capabilities at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC)\u2014 is situated at Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, and is part of the U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM). BAMC is the command element over all Army medical facilities in the San Antonio area, including SAMMC (SAMMC is no longer the term used; BAMC is the name of the hospital and is responsible for the administrative and clinical oversight of the Army healthcare facilities in San Antonio). The term SAMMC solely applies to the inpatient capabilities within the hospital at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC). The hospital as a whole as well as the outlying clinics are considered BAMC. It is a University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and USUHS teaching hospital and is home to the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center. The USAISR Burn Center is part of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command located at Fort Detrick, Maryland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Clifton T. Speicher", "paragraph_text": "Clifton T. Speicher (March 25, 1931 \u2013 June 14, 1952) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who posthumously received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four separate occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the \"National Army\" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers. It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the \"career\" soldiers were known as the \"Regular Army\" with the \"Enlisted Reserve Corps\" and \"Officer Reserve Corps\" augmented to fill vacancies when needed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Levi Shoemaker", "paragraph_text": "Levi Shoemaker (June 25, 1840 \u2013 April 3, 1917) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Apocalypse Now", "paragraph_text": "Marlon Brando as Colonel Walter E. Kurtz, a highly decorated U.S. Army Special Forces officer with the 5th Special Forces Group who goes rogue. He runs his own military unit out of Cambodia and is feared as much by the US military as by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Iraq War", "paragraph_text": "The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States - led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3 -- 4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred as part of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush following the September 11 terrorist attacks."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Upbeat in Music", "paragraph_text": "Upbeat in Music is a 1943 short film produced as part of \"The March of Time\" series distributed theatrically by 20th Century Fox. The film has significant history as being early film appearances of Frank Sinatra and Perry Como. The film also features footage of Glenn Miller in uniform as a captain in the United States Army Air Forces leading the U.S. Army Training Command Band."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant. Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion. Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred. According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians. In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively. According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth. By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa. In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined. Almost as many lived in each of Nigeria and China as in all of Europe. China is home to world's largest Protestant minority.[af]"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Charles H. Barker", "paragraph_text": "Charles Heyward Barker (April 12, 1935 \u2013 June 4, 1953) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "James Richmond (Medal of Honor)", "paragraph_text": "James Richmond (1843 \u2013 June 3, 1864) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George S. Patton", "paragraph_text": "Born in 1885 to a family with an extensive military background (with members having served in the United States Army and Confederate States Army), Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more commonly known as the ``Patton Sword '', and partially due to his skill in the sport, he competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Patton first saw combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916, taking part in America's first military action using motor vehicles. He later joined the newly formed United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces and saw action in World War I, commanding the U.S. tank school in France before being wounded while leading tanks into combat near the end of the war. In the interwar period, Patton remained a central figure in the development of armored warfare doctrine in the U.S. Army, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. Rising through the ranks, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division at the time of the American entry into World War II."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Grumman", "paragraph_text": "The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a leading 20th century U.S. producer of military and civilian aircraft. Founded on December 6, 1929, by Leroy Grumman and partners, it merged in 1994 with Northrop Corporation to form Northrop Grumman."}], "question": "Following the conflict after which much of the spread of Protestantism occurred in the 20th century, a war developed where the US military branch originally in the US army helped protect the UK. This war was between the US and what other country?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_6035_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "DD Form 214", "paragraph_text": "The DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty, generally referred to as a \"DD 214\", is a document of the United States Department of Defense, issued upon a military service member's retirement, separation, or discharge from active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States, e.g., U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Marine Corps, or U.S. Navy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brooke Army Medical Center", "paragraph_text": "San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) \u2014 the inpatient capabilities at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC)\u2014 is situated at Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, and is part of the U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM). BAMC is the command element over all Army medical facilities in the San Antonio area, including SAMMC (SAMMC is no longer the term used; BAMC is the name of the hospital and is responsible for the administrative and clinical oversight of the Army healthcare facilities in San Antonio). The term SAMMC solely applies to the inpatient capabilities within the hospital at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC). The hospital as a whole as well as the outlying clinics are considered BAMC. It is a University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and USUHS teaching hospital and is home to the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center. The USAISR Burn Center is part of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command located at Fort Detrick, Maryland."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Know Your Enemy: Japan", "paragraph_text": "Know Your Enemy: Japan is an American propaganda film directed by Frank Capra, commissioned by the U.S. War Department. Completion was delayed by disputes between the Hollywood producers and Washington. The original intention of the film was to prepare U.S. soldiers for war before deployment in the Pacific, though ultimately it never realized this purpose due to the war's abrupt end soon after the film's completion."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charles H. Barker", "paragraph_text": "Charles Heyward Barker (April 12, 1935 \u2013 June 4, 1953) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Levi Shoemaker", "paragraph_text": "Levi Shoemaker (June 25, 1840 \u2013 April 3, 1917) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "United States Department of State", "paragraph_text": "The Executive Branch and the U.S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visiernational crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. On the European front, U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that captured North Africa and Sicily, and later fought in Italy. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany, millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role. In the Pacific War, U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control. Following the Axis surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the Army Air Forces separated from the army to become the United States Air Force in September 1947 after decades of attempting to separate. Also, in 1948, the army was desegregated by order of President Harry S. Truman."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Clifton T. Speicher", "paragraph_text": "Clifton T. Speicher (March 25, 1931 \u2013 June 14, 1952) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who posthumously received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new equipment. The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion, about 54% of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget. For FY 2017, President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion, which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Comics", "paragraph_text": "The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tank\u014dbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets\u2014in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Richmond (Medal of Honor)", "paragraph_text": "James Richmond (1843 \u2013 June 3, 1864) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}], "question": "The US military that was originally part of the US Army helped protect the UK during a certain war. During the period that is considered the start of modern comics in Japan, this war developed between US and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__680906_14284_35004_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sue S. Dauser", "paragraph_text": "Sue S. Dauser became a Navy Nurse in September 1917, subsequently serving with Naval Base Hospital Number 3 in the U.S. and in Edinburgh, Scotland during World War I, holding the grade of Chief Nurse for most of that period. Following World War I, she was placed in charge of nursing activities at the U.S. Naval Hospital at San Diego, California. During the 1920s, Chief Nurse Dauser served on board several ships and in overseas billets in Guam and the Philippines as well as in naval hospitals in the U.S. She tended President Warren G. Harding during his fatal illness in 1923."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly-independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. In 1850, it became part of the United States following the Mexican\u2013American War and the admission of California to the union."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "William Kettner", "paragraph_text": "William \"Bill\" Kettner (November 20, 1864 \u2013 November 11, 1930) was a former US Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served four terms in Congress from 1913 through 1921 and is credited with bringing many U.S. Navy facilities to San Diego."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Robert Mosher", "paragraph_text": "Robert Mosher (September 27, 1920 \u2013 July 26, 2015) was an American architect who operated primarily in Southern California. Mosher was an admirer of the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, and a pioneer of the post-war modernist architecture movement in San Diego. He is best known for designing the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, and the University of California, San Diego's John Muir College."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Opheim Air Force Station", "paragraph_text": "Opheim Air Force Station (ADC ID: P-26, NORAD ID: Z-26) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is located west of Opheim, Montana. It was closed in 1979."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865). During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called \"Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night\" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lake in the Hills, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "The village is most known for its rampant residential growth which occurred most heavily in the 1990s. Once a sleepy lakeside village of cottages and small ranches, its population skyrocketed as developers flocked to the area in the 1990s. Its population increased by 17,000 people (a nearly 400% increase) over this period, making it one of the most rapidly growing suburbs of Chicago and in the United States at that time. At the height of its building boom, the village issued over 1,000 residential building permits in 1995."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Delacombe, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Delacombe is a large and rapidly growing industrial/residential suburb on the south west rural-urban fringe of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The population at the was 6,297 making it the fourth most populated in the Ballarat urban area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harry M. Wegeforth", "paragraph_text": "Harry Milton Wegeforth (born Harry Milton Wegefarth, January 7, 1882 \u2013 June 25, 1941) was an American physician who founded the Zoological Society of San Diego and the San Diego Zoo. As a doctor he operated a thriving practice in San Diego, served briefly as president of the City Board of Health and as a surgeon for the San Diego and Arizona Railway, and established a hospital and clinic in the city's downtown district. He is best known, however, for founding the Zoological Society, which grew out of his involvement with the Panama\u2013California Exposition in 1916, and for being the driving force behind the creation and early growth of the Zoo."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}], "question": "The US military branch operated P-26 Peashooter and helped protect the UK during a certain war. Following the conflict that caused San Diego's population to grow rapidly, this certain war developed between US and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__501029_14284_35004_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Delacombe, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Delacombe is a large and rapidly growing industrial/residential suburb on the south west rural-urban fringe of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The population at the was 6,297 making it the fourth most populated in the Ballarat urban area."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lake in the Hills, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "The village is most known for its rampant residential growth which occurred most heavily in the 1990s. Once a sleepy lakeside village of cottages and small ranches, its population skyrocketed as developers flocked to the area in the 1990s. Its population increased by 17,000 people (a nearly 400% increase) over this period, making it one of the most rapidly growing suburbs of Chicago and in the United States at that time. At the height of its building boom, the village issued over 1,000 residential building permits in 1995."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865). During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called \"Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night\" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly-independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. In 1850, it became part of the United States following the Mexican\u2013American War and the admission of California to the union."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel", "paragraph_text": "The Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel is an American unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by Lockheed Martin and operated by the United States Air Force for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). While the USAF has released few details on the UAV's design or capabilities, defense analysts believe that it is a stealth aircraft fitted with aerial reconnaissance equipment."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sue S. Dauser", "paragraph_text": "Sue S. Dauser became a Navy Nurse in September 1917, subsequently serving with Naval Base Hospital Number 3 in the U.S. and in Edinburgh, Scotland during World War I, holding the grade of Chief Nurse for most of that period. Following World War I, she was placed in charge of nursing activities at the U.S. Naval Hospital at San Diego, California. During the 1920s, Chief Nurse Dauser served on board several ships and in overseas billets in Guam and the Philippines as well as in naval hospitals in the U.S. She tended President Warren G. Harding during his fatal illness in 1923."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "William Kettner", "paragraph_text": "William \"Bill\" Kettner (November 20, 1864 \u2013 November 11, 1930) was a former US Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served four terms in Congress from 1913 through 1921 and is credited with bringing many U.S. Navy facilities to San Diego."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bello Jibrin Gada", "paragraph_text": "A few weeks after being appointed Minister of Culture and Tourism, in January 2009 Gada gave his support to the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation (NTDC), which was concerned about the rapidly growing number of tourism operators that were not accredited by the NTDC."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Harry M. Wegeforth", "paragraph_text": "Harry Milton Wegeforth (born Harry Milton Wegefarth, January 7, 1882 \u2013 June 25, 1941) was an American physician who founded the Zoological Society of San Diego and the San Diego Zoo. As a doctor he operated a thriving practice in San Diego, served briefly as president of the City Board of Health and as a surgeon for the San Diego and Arizona Railway, and established a hospital and clinic in the city's downtown district. He is best known, however, for founding the Zoological Society, which grew out of his involvement with the Panama\u2013California Exposition in 1916, and for being the driving force behind the creation and early growth of the Zoo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}], "question": "Following the period in which San Diego's population nearly doubled a war, in which the operator of the RQ-170 Sentinel helped protect the UK, developed between the U.S. and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__627478_14284_35004_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865). During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called \"Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night\" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly-independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. In 1850, it became part of the United States following the Mexican\u2013American War and the admission of California to the union."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field. It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. It served over 17 million passengers in 2005, and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year. It is located on San Diego Bay three miles (4.8 km) from downtown. San Diego International Airport maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States including Hawaii, as well as to Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. In addition, the city itself operates two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM). By 2015, the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport, with passengers walking across the U.S.\u2013Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lake in the Hills, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "The village is most known for its rampant residential growth which occurred most heavily in the 1990s. Once a sleepy lakeside village of cottages and small ranches, its population skyrocketed as developers flocked to the area in the 1990s. Its population increased by 17,000 people (a nearly 400% increase) over this period, making it one of the most rapidly growing suburbs of Chicago and in the United States at that time. At the height of its building boom, the village issued over 1,000 residential building permits in 1995."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "AGM-28 Hound Dog", "paragraph_text": "The North American Aviation AGM-28 Hound Dog was a supersonic, turbojet-propelled, air-launched cruise missile developed in 1959 for the United States Air Force. It was primarily designed to be capable of attacking Soviet ground-based air defense sites prior to a potential air attack by B-52 Stratofortress long range bombers during the Cold War. The Hound Dog was first given the designation B-77, then redesignated GAM-77, and finally as AGM-28. It was conceived as a temporary standoff missile for the B-52, to be used until the GAM-87 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile was available. Instead, the Skybolt was cancelled within a few years and the Hound Dog continued to be deployed for a total of 15 years until its replacement by newer missiles, including the AGM-69 SRAM and then the AGM-86 ALCM."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "AGM-86 ALCM", "paragraph_text": "The AGM-86 ALCM is an American subsonic air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) built by Boeing and operated by the United States Air Force. This missile was developed to increase the effectiveness and survivability of the Boeing B-52H Stratofortress bomber. In combination, the missile dilutes an enemy's forces and complicates air defense of its territory."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "San Diego Spirit", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association. The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California. The team began play in 2001. The league announced on September 15, 2003 it was suspending operations."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Kettner", "paragraph_text": "William \"Bill\" Kettner (November 20, 1864 \u2013 November 11, 1930) was a former US Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served four terms in Congress from 1913 through 1921 and is credited with bringing many U.S. Navy facilities to San Diego."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sue S. Dauser", "paragraph_text": "Sue S. Dauser became a Navy Nurse in September 1917, subsequently serving with Naval Base Hospital Number 3 in the U.S. and in Edinburgh, Scotland during World War I, holding the grade of Chief Nurse for most of that period. Following World War I, she was placed in charge of nursing activities at the U.S. Naval Hospital at San Diego, California. During the 1920s, Chief Nurse Dauser served on board several ships and in overseas billets in Guam and the Philippines as well as in naval hospitals in the U.S. She tended President Warren G. Harding during his fatal illness in 1923."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Delacombe, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Delacombe is a large and rapidly growing industrial/residential suburb on the south west rural-urban fringe of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The population at the was 6,297 making it the fourth most populated in the Ballarat urban area."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the \"Treaty of Cahuenga\" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican\u2013American War of 1846\u201348, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was \"for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco,\" and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}], "question": "The US military that operates AGM-86 ALCM and helped protect the UK during a certain war. Following the conflict that led to San Diego's rapid population growth, this war developed between US and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_76873_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Department of State", "paragraph_text": "The Executive Branch and the U.S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visiernational crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Clifton T. Speicher", "paragraph_text": "Clifton T. Speicher (March 25, 1931 \u2013 June 14, 1952) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who posthumously received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "With the advent of Rolling Thunder, American airbases and facilities needed to be constructed and manned for the aerial effort. The defense of those bases would not be entrusted to the South Vietnamese. So, on March 8, 1965, 3,500 United States Marines came ashore at Da Nang as the first wave of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, adding to the 25,000 U.S. military advisers already in place. On May 5 the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade became the first U.S. Army ground unit committed to the conflict in South Vietnam. On August 18, Operation Starlite began as the first major U.S. ground operation, destroying an NLF stronghold in Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i Province. The NLF learned from their defeat and subsequently tried to avoid fighting an American - style ground war by reverting to small - unit guerrilla operations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Memoirs of a Geisha", "paragraph_text": "Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical novel by American author Arthur Golden, published in 1997. The novel, told in first person perspective, tells the story of a fictional geisha working in Kyoto, Japan, before and after World War II."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "DD Form 214", "paragraph_text": "The DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty, generally referred to as a \"DD 214\", is a document of the United States Department of Defense, issued upon a military service member's retirement, separation, or discharge from active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States, e.g., U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Marine Corps, or U.S. Navy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Springfield Model 1861", "paragraph_text": "The Springfield Model 1861 was a Mini\u00e9-type rifled musket shoulder-arm used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the American Civil War. Commonly referred to as the \"Springfield\" (after its original place of production, Springfield, Massachusetts), it was the most widely used U.S. Army weapon during the Civil War, favored for its range, accuracy, and reliability."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Levi Shoemaker", "paragraph_text": "Levi Shoemaker (June 25, 1840 \u2013 April 3, 1917) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new equipment. The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion, about 54% of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget. For FY 2017, President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion, which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "USNS Sgt. Morris E. Crain (T-AK-244)", "paragraph_text": "USNS \"Sgt. Morris E. Crain\" (T-AK-244) was a built at the end of World War II and served in the war prior to its demilitarization as a commercial cargo vessel. From post-war to 1950 she served the U.S. Army as a transport named USAT \"Morris E. Crain\". In 1950 she was acquired by the U.S. Navy and assigned to the Military Sea Transportation Service. In 1975 she ended her career and was placed into reserve."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "James Richmond (Medal of Honor)", "paragraph_text": "James Richmond (1843 \u2013 June 3, 1864) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg."}], "question": "The US military that was originally part of the US Army helped protect the UK during a certain war. Following the conflict that Memoirs of Geisha takes place in, this war developed between US and who?"}
{"id": "4hop1__755843_60398_14284_54080", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James R. Garrison", "paragraph_text": "James R. Garrison (June 22, 1838 \u2013 April 19, 1908) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Frank S. Gile", "paragraph_text": "Frank S. Gile (September 15, 1847 \u2013 March 19, 1898) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for helping to free his grounded ship."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fort Washita", "paragraph_text": "Fort Washita is the former United States military post and National Historic Landmark located in Durant, Oklahoma on SH 199. Established in 1842 by General (later President) Zachary Taylor to protect citizens of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations from the Plains Indians it was later abandoned by Federal forces at the beginning of the American Civil War. Confederate troops held the post until the end of the war when they burned the remaining structures. It was never reoccupied by the United States military. After years in private hands the Oklahoma Historical Society bought the fort grounds in 1962 and restored the site. Today the Fort Washita Historic Site and Museum is a tourist attraction and hosts several events throughout the year."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cold War", "paragraph_text": "By the 1970s, both sides had become interested in making accommodations in order to create a more stable and predictable international system, inaugurating a period of d\u00e9tente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union. D\u00e9tente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (1983), and the ``Able Archer ''NATO military exercises (1983). The United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika (`` reorganization'', 1987) and glasnost (``openness '', c. 1985) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland. Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully (with the exception of the Romanian Revolution) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia, Cambodia and South Yemen. The United States remained as the world's only superpower."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Theodore R. Davis", "paragraph_text": "Theodore R. Davis (1840\u20131894) was a 19th-century American artist, who made numerous drawings of significant military and political events during the American Civil War and its aftermath."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "On April 22, 1971, Kerry appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with thousands of other veterans in which he and other Vietnam War veterans threw their medals and service ribbons over a fence erected at the front steps of the United States Capitol building to dramatize their opposition to the war. Jack Smith, a Marine, read a statement explaining why the veterans were returning their military awards to the government. For more than two hours, almost 1000 angry veterans tossed their medals, ribbons, hats, jackets, and military papers over the fence. Each veteran gave his or her name, hometown, branch of service and a statement. Kerry threw some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw. As Kerry threw his decorations over the fence, his statement was: \"I'm not doing this for any violent reasons, but for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new equipment. The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion, about 54% of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget. For FY 2017, President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion, which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Pentagon", "paragraph_text": "The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. As a symbol of the U.S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U.S. Department of Defense."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "At the beginning of the Han dynasty, every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military. The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhao's (r. 87\u201374 BC) reign. Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers. The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces: infantry, cavalry or navy. The year of active service was served either on the frontier, in a king's court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital. A small professional (paid) standing army was stationed near the capital."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Occupation of Gori", "paragraph_text": "The Occupation of Gori was the military occupation of Gori and its surrounding areas by Russian military forces, which started on 13 August 2008 as part of the Russo-Georgian War, and ended with the withdrawal of Russian units from the city on 22 August 2008."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tempelfjorden", "paragraph_text": "Tempelfjorden is a fjord branch at the inner end of Sassenfjorden, a part of Isfjorden at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is located between Sabine Land and B\u00fcnsow Land."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Wilmot Hyde Bradley", "paragraph_text": "Wilmot Hyde Bradley, a.k.a. \"Bill\" Bradley (4 April 1899 in New Haven, CT \u2013 12 April 1979 in Bangor, ME) was a co-founder (1943) and Chief of the Branch of Military Geology and Chief Geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey from 1944 to 1959."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kenneth R. Shadrick", "paragraph_text": "Shadrick was born in Harlan County, Kentucky, one of 10 children. After dropping out of high school in 1948, he joined the U.S. Army, and spent a year of service in Japan before being dispatched to South Korea at the onset of the Korean War in 1950 along with his unit, the 34th Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Division. During a patrol, Shadrick was killed by the machine gun of a North Korean T-34 tank, and his body was taken to an outpost where journalist Marguerite Higgins was covering the war. Higgins later reported that he was the first soldier killed in the war, a claim that was repeated in media across the United States. His life was widely profiled, and his funeral drew hundreds of people."}], "question": "A US military branch used to be a part of the branch that Kenneth R. Shadrick is a part of and helped protect UK during a war. Which event symbolized the end of that war?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_30390_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States Department of State", "paragraph_text": "The Executive Branch and the U.S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visiernational crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war material through the Lend - Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers. The U.S. economic sanctions on Japan, as part of the effort to deter Japanese military aggression in Asia and the Pacific, was a major cause of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Charles H. Barker", "paragraph_text": "Charles Heyward Barker (April 12, 1935 \u2013 June 4, 1953) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calculation problem,\" Hayek wrote that \"there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance.\" Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes \"[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state.\" Bernard Harcourt says that \"Hayek was adamant about this.\" In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote:"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "James Richmond (Medal of Honor)", "paragraph_text": "James Richmond (1843 \u2013 June 3, 1864) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, Hayek began the \u2018Abuse of Reason\u2019 project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science. Usually, scientism involves combining the philosophers' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Clifton T. Speicher", "paragraph_text": "Clifton T. Speicher (March 25, 1931 \u2013 June 14, 1952) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who posthumously received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new equipment. The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion, about 54% of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget. For FY 2017, President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion, which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "DD Form 214", "paragraph_text": "The DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty, generally referred to as a \"DD 214\", is a document of the United States Department of Defense, issued upon a military service member's retirement, separation, or discharge from active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States, e.g., U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Marine Corps, or U.S. Navy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Levi Shoemaker", "paragraph_text": "Levi Shoemaker (June 25, 1840 \u2013 April 3, 1917) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}], "question": "The US military that was originally part of the US Army helped protect the UK during a certain war. Following the war where Hayek worked on Abuse of Reason, this war developed between US and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__303612_14284_35004_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bello Jibrin Gada", "paragraph_text": "A few weeks after being appointed Minister of Culture and Tourism, in January 2009 Gada gave his support to the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation (NTDC), which was concerned about the rapidly growing number of tourism operators that were not accredited by the NTDC."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lake in the Hills, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "The village is most known for its rampant residential growth which occurred most heavily in the 1990s. Once a sleepy lakeside village of cottages and small ranches, its population skyrocketed as developers flocked to the area in the 1990s. Its population increased by 17,000 people (a nearly 400% increase) over this period, making it one of the most rapidly growing suburbs of Chicago and in the United States at that time. At the height of its building boom, the village issued over 1,000 residential building permits in 1995."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the \"Treaty of Cahuenga\" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican\u2013American War of 1846\u201348, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was \"for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco,\" and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Robert Mosher", "paragraph_text": "Robert Mosher (September 27, 1920 \u2013 July 26, 2015) was an American architect who operated primarily in Southern California. Mosher was an admirer of the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, and a pioneer of the post-war modernist architecture movement in San Diego. He is best known for designing the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, and the University of California, San Diego's John Muir College."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sue S. Dauser", "paragraph_text": "Sue S. Dauser became a Navy Nurse in September 1917, subsequently serving with Naval Base Hospital Number 3 in the U.S. and in Edinburgh, Scotland during World War I, holding the grade of Chief Nurse for most of that period. Following World War I, she was placed in charge of nursing activities at the U.S. Naval Hospital at San Diego, California. During the 1920s, Chief Nurse Dauser served on board several ships and in overseas billets in Guam and the Philippines as well as in naval hospitals in the U.S. She tended President Warren G. Harding during his fatal illness in 1923."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field. It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. It served over 17 million passengers in 2005, and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year. It is located on San Diego Bay three miles (4.8 km) from downtown. San Diego International Airport maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States including Hawaii, as well as to Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. In addition, the city itself operates two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM). By 2015, the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport, with passengers walking across the U.S.\u2013Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Harry M. Wegeforth", "paragraph_text": "Harry Milton Wegeforth (born Harry Milton Wegefarth, January 7, 1882 \u2013 June 25, 1941) was an American physician who founded the Zoological Society of San Diego and the San Diego Zoo. As a doctor he operated a thriving practice in San Diego, served briefly as president of the City Board of Health and as a surgeon for the San Diego and Arizona Railway, and established a hospital and clinic in the city's downtown district. He is best known, however, for founding the Zoological Society, which grew out of his involvement with the Panama\u2013California Exposition in 1916, and for being the driving force behind the creation and early growth of the Zoo."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "USA-211", "paragraph_text": "USA-211, or Wideband Global Satcom 3 (WGS-3) is an American military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force as part of the Wideband Global Satcom programme. Launched in 2009, it was the third WGS satellite, and final Block I spacecraft, to reach orbit. It is stationed at 12\u00b0\u00a0west in Geostationary orbit."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly-independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. In 1850, it became part of the United States following the Mexican\u2013American War and the admission of California to the union."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called \"New San Diego\", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called \"New Town\" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865). During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called \"Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night\" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}], "question": "Following the period in which San Diego's population nearly doubled a war, in which the operator of the USA-211 helped protect the UK, developed between the U.S. and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__60398_14284_3571_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Clifton T. Speicher", "paragraph_text": "Clifton T. Speicher (March 25, 1931 \u2013 June 14, 1952) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who posthumously received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. The Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng, also known as Front national de lib\u00e9ration du Sud - Vi\u00eat Nam or FNL (the National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare, and had launched armed struggles from 1959 onward. U.S. involvement escalated in 1960 under President John F. Kennedy, with troop levels gradually surging under the MAAG program from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783) -- before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gospel Hump Wilderness", "paragraph_text": "The Gospel Hump Wilderness is a federally-protected wilderness area that covers of the state of Idaho. Managed by the U.S. Forest Service in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it received wilderness designation on February 24, 1978 through the passage of the Endangered American Wilderness Act and is part of Nez Perce National Forest. As part of the National Wilderness Preservation System, the Gospel Hump Wilderness is an area where human development and use are restricted and people are to remain only visitors."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "James Richmond (Medal of Honor)", "paragraph_text": "James Richmond (1843 \u2013 June 3, 1864) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Military budget of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new equipment. The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion, about 54% of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget. For FY 2017, President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion, which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lorenzo Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Lorenzo Thomas (October 26, 1804 \u2013 March 2, 1875) was a career United States Army officer who was Adjutant General of the Army at the beginning of the American Civil War. After the war, he was appointed temporary Secretary of War by U.S. President Andrew Johnson, precipitating Johnson's impeachment."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Levi Shoemaker", "paragraph_text": "Levi Shoemaker (June 25, 1840 \u2013 April 3, 1917) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. The Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng, also known as Front national de lib\u00e9ration du Sud - Vi\u00eat Nam or FNL (the National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare, and had launched armed struggles from 1959 onward. U.S. involvement escalated in 1960 under Kennedy, with troop levels gradually surging under the MAAG program, from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "\"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Charles H. Barker", "paragraph_text": "Charles Heyward Barker (April 12, 1935 \u2013 June 4, 1953) was a United States Army soldier in the Korean War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "May 1, 1950 -- After the capture of Hainan Island from Chinese Nationalist forces by the Chinese People's Liberation Army, President Truman approves $10 million in military assistance for anti-communist efforts in Indochina. The Defense Attach\u00e9 Office was established in Saigon in May 1950, a formal recognition of Viet Nam (vice French IndoChina). This was the beginning of formal U.S. military personnel assignments in Viet Nam. U.S. Naval, Army and Air Force personnel established their respective attaches at this time."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of the United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947 with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. The Act created the National Military Establishment, later renamed the United States Department of Defense, which was composed of four of the five branches, the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and a newly created Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was divided between the Army for land - based operations and the Navy and Marine Corps for sea - based operations from aircraft carrier and amphibious aircraft. The Army created the first antecedent of the Air Force on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. The predecessor organizations leading up to today's U.S. Air Force are:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}], "question": "The U.S military branch that was originally part of the Army helped protect the UK during a war which coincided with more people keeping dogs as pets. That war was between the U.S. and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__792626_14284_35004_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sue S. Dauser", "paragraph_text": "Sue S. Dauser became a Navy Nurse in September 1917, subsequently serving with Naval Base Hospital Number 3 in the U.S. and in Edinburgh, Scotland during World War I, holding the grade of Chief Nurse for most of that period. Following World War I, she was placed in charge of nursing activities at the U.S. Naval Hospital at San Diego, California. During the 1920s, Chief Nurse Dauser served on board several ships and in overseas billets in Guam and the Philippines as well as in naval hospitals in the U.S. She tended President Warren G. Harding during his fatal illness in 1923."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert Mosher", "paragraph_text": "Robert Mosher (September 27, 1920 \u2013 July 26, 2015) was an American architect who operated primarily in Southern California. Mosher was an admirer of the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, and a pioneer of the post-war modernist architecture movement in San Diego. He is best known for designing the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, and the University of California, San Diego's John Muir College."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bello Jibrin Gada", "paragraph_text": "A few weeks after being appointed Minister of Culture and Tourism, in January 2009 Gada gave his support to the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation (NTDC), which was concerned about the rapidly growing number of tourism operators that were not accredited by the NTDC."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly-independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. In 1850, it became part of the United States following the Mexican\u2013American War and the admission of California to the union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "William Kettner", "paragraph_text": "William \"Bill\" Kettner (November 20, 1864 \u2013 November 11, 1930) was a former US Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served four terms in Congress from 1913 through 1921 and is credited with bringing many U.S. Navy facilities to San Diego."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Woodland Township, Fulton County, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Woodland Township is one of twenty-six townships in Fulton County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 415 and it contained 195 housing units."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field. It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. It served over 17 million passengers in 2005, and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year. It is located on San Diego Bay three miles (4.8 km) from downtown. San Diego International Airport maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States including Hawaii, as well as to Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. In addition, the city itself operates two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM). By 2015, the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport, with passengers walking across the U.S.\u2013Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado", "paragraph_text": "Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a naval installation located across the bay from San Diego, California. The base, situated on the Silver Strand, between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on \u2010 base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Delacombe, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Delacombe is a large and rapidly growing industrial/residential suburb on the south west rural-urban fringe of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The population at the was 6,297 making it the fourth most populated in the Ballarat urban area."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the \"Treaty of Cahuenga\" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican\u2013American War of 1846\u201348, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was \"for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco,\" and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Boulevard, California", "paragraph_text": "Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At the 2010 census, it had a population of 315. The area is rural desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "USA-195", "paragraph_text": "USA-195, or Wideband Global Satcom 1 (WGS-1) is an American military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force as part of the Wideband Global Satcom programme. Launched in 2007, it was the first WGS satellite to reach orbit. It is stationed at a longitude of 174.8\u00b0\u00a0east."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area", "paragraph_text": "Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area in San Diego in San Diego County on California\u2019s south coast. It consists of a 25-acre wetland and a 12-acre natural channel connecting to the San Diego River estuary. It is flushed by salt water from the estuary as well as rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood. It is owned and maintained by the City of San Diego as a natural park."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865). During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called \"Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night\" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier."}], "question": "The operator of the USA-195 helped protect the UK during a war. Following the event that led to San Diego's rapid population growth, this war developed between the US and who?"}
{"id": "4hop3__136720_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Broken Spears", "paragraph_text": "The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico (Spanish title: \"Visi\u00f3n de los vencidos: Relaciones ind\u00edgenas de la conquista\") is a book by Miguel Le\u00f3n-Portilla, translating selections of Nahuatl-language accounts of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. It was first published in Spanish in 1959, and in English in 1962. The most recent English edition was published in 2007 ()."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Green Acre Estates, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Green Acre Estates is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Parkland County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the west side of Range Road 274, south of Highway 628. It is adjacent to the Town of Stony Plain to the northwest and the designated place of Garden Grove Estates to the south."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Relaciones peligrosas", "paragraph_text": "Relaciones peligrosas (English: Dangerous Affairs), originally known as \"F\u00edsica o Qu\u00edmica\" (\"Physics or Chemistry\"), is an American Spanish-language telenovela produced by Telemundo Studios, Miami. It is an adaptation of the Spanish television series \"F\u00edsica o Qu\u00edmica\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "West Village, Detroit", "paragraph_text": "West Village is a historic district roughly bounded by Jefferson, Kercheval, Parker, and Seyburn Avenues in Detroit, Michigan. Adjacent to the west is the Islandview neighborhood, and adjacent to the east is Indian Village. The district received its name in the mid 20th century because of its location just west of the more well-known Indian Village Historic District. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "East Glenville, New York", "paragraph_text": "East Glenville is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) in Schenectady County, New York, United States. The population was 6,616 at the 2010 census. The CDP includes the adjacent hamlet of Alplaus."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nambucca River", "paragraph_text": "Nambucca River rises below Killiekrankie Mountain on the Dorrigo Plateau, part of the Great Dividing Range, and flows generally east southeast, joined by four tributaries including Taylors Arm, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, at Nambucca Heads. The river descends over its course; adjacent to the towns of Bowraville, Macksville and Nambucca Heads."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Geological history of Earth", "paragraph_text": "During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold (\"continental climate\") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "East Coast of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The East Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. This area is also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard. The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "African Meeting House", "paragraph_text": "The fa\u00e7ade of the African Meeting House is an adaptation of a design for a townhouse published by Boston architect Asher Benjamin. In addition to its religious and educational activities, the meeting house became a place for celebrations and political and anti-slavery meetings. The African Meeting House was remodeled by the congregation in the 1850s."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Georgetown, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Georgetown is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wilkes-Barre Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States, adjacent to the city of Wilkes-Barre. The CDP population was 1,640 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Panorama Heights, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Panorama Heights is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Parkland County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the west side of Range Road 274, south of Highway 633. It is adjacent to the designated places of Erin Estates to the north and Grandmuir Estates to the west."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where Relaciones Peligrosas is set meet the body of water where Tropical Storm Allison ended up?"}
{"id": "4hop3__136405_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nambucca River", "paragraph_text": "Nambucca River rises below Killiekrankie Mountain on the Dorrigo Plateau, part of the Great Dividing Range, and flows generally east southeast, joined by four tributaries including Taylors Arm, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, at Nambucca Heads. The river descends over its course; adjacent to the towns of Bowraville, Macksville and Nambucca Heads."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Benjamin Morrell", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Morrell (July 5, 1795 \u2013 1838 or 1839?) was an American sea captain, explorer and trader who made a number of voyages, mainly to the Atlantic, the Southern Ocean and the Pacific Islands. In a ghost-written memoir, \"A Narrative of Four Voyages\", which describes his sea-going life between 1823 and 1832, Morrell included numerous claims of discovery and achievement, many of which have been disputed by geographers and historians, and in some cases have been proved false. He ended his career as a fugitive, having wrecked his ship and misappropriated parts of the salvaged cargo."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Melbourne Football Club", "paragraph_text": "Norm Smith became Melbourne's coach in 1952, and the following season Ron Barassi played his first game. These two were to take Melbourne to new heights in the coming years. The Demons made the Grand Final in 1954, losing to Footscray, won the flag in 1955, 1956 and 1957, lost to Collingwood in 1958, and then won again in 1959 and 1960 with Smith as coach and Barassi as captain."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha", "paragraph_text": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha(\u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0920) is an educational institution established in 1963 in Daulatabad, India. The place is near to Choudwar Municipal area and adjacent to Cuttack City. It is in the state of Orissa, India."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Panorama Heights, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Panorama Heights is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Parkland County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the west side of Range Road 274, south of Highway 633. It is adjacent to the designated places of Erin Estates to the north and Grandmuir Estates to the west."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Georgetown, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Georgetown is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wilkes-Barre Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States, adjacent to the city of Wilkes-Barre. The CDP population was 1,640 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "African Meeting House", "paragraph_text": "The fa\u00e7ade of the African Meeting House is an adaptation of a design for a townhouse published by Boston architect Asher Benjamin. In addition to its religious and educational activities, the meeting house became a place for celebrations and political and anti-slavery meetings. The African Meeting House was remodeled by the congregation in the 1850s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southern Ocean", "paragraph_text": "By way of his voyages in the 1770s, Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Since then, geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean's northern boundary or even existence, considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, instead. However, according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), this situation has no scientific sense since it has different ecosystem and life from the three oceans mentioned before and is located on a southern portion of Earth, hence the name of an ocean. This remains the current official policy of the IHO, since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted. Others regard the seasonally - fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd", "paragraph_text": "Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd is a 1952 film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, along with Charles Laughton, who reprised his role as the infamous pirate from the 1945 film \"Captain Kidd\". It was the second film in SuperCinecolor, a three-color version of the two-color process Cinecolor."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Captain Ron", "paragraph_text": "When the Harveys arrive at the island, they discover that the yacht, the \"Wanderer\", is in terrible condition. Upon hearing this, the yacht broker cancels his plan to send an experienced captain to help them sail it to Miami, and instead hires a local sailor, Captain Ron Rico, a one-eyed man with a very laid back attitude, and Navy veteran who claims to have piloted the USS \"Saratoga\". He launches immediately when he sees the car he arrived in roll off the dock and sink. Its owner arrives at the dock and shoots at him."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Herder, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Herder is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Red Deer County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the south side of Highway 11, east of Red Deer. It is adjacent to the designated place of Balmoral SE to the northeast."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where Captain Ron takes place meet the body of water where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__702016_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Subnautica", "paragraph_text": "Subnautica is a survival adventure game developed and published by Unknown Worlds Entertainment. It allows the player to freely explore the ocean on an alien planet, known as planet 4546B, collecting resources to survive. Subnautica was first released in early access for Microsoft Windows in December 2014, Mac OS X in June 2015, and for Xbox One in May 2016. The full release out of early access was in January 2018 Exclusive for PC on Steam, with a version for the PlayStation 4 also planned for a later date."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Planet Soul", "paragraph_text": "Planet Soul was a house duo from Miami, Florida, composed of producer George Acosta and singer Nadine Renee. They released one album in 1996, entitled \"Energy and Harmony\", and are primarily remembered as a one-hit wonder for their song \"Set U Free\", which peaked at number 26 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in early 1996. Brenda Dee did lead vocals on their second biggest hit, Feel The Music and went on to tour for the group throughout the US and Europe. She was lead vocals on the completion of their debut album, Energy & Harmony which was co-written by Veronica Barrios and produced by the group\u2019s creator, George Acosta."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Adult contemporary music", "paragraph_text": "A more elaborate form of urban AC is the rhythmic oldies format, which focuses primarily on \"old school\" R&B and soul hits from the 1960s to the 1990s, including Motown and disco hits. The format includes soul or disco artists such as ABBA, The Village People, The Jackson 5, Donna Summer, Tina Charles, Gloria Gaynor and the Bee Gees. Rhythmic oldies stations still exist today, but target African-Americans as opposed to a mass audience."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Greek underworld", "paragraph_text": "In mythology, the Greek underworld is an otherworld where souls go after death. The original Greek idea of afterlife is that, at the moment of death, the soul is separated from the corpse, taking on the shape of the former person, and is transported to the entrance of the Underworld. The Underworld itself -- sometimes known as the realm of Hades -- is described as being either at the outer bounds of the ocean or beneath the depths or ends of the earth. It is considered the dark counterpart to the brightness of Mount Olympus with the kingdom of the dead corresponding to the kingdom of the gods. Hades is a realm invisible to the living, made solely for the dead."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nebular hypothesis", "paragraph_text": "The birth of the modern widely accepted theory of planetary formation -- the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) -- can be traced to the Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov. His 1969 book Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the Earth and the planets, which was translated to English in 1972, had a long - lasting effect on the way scientists think about the formation of the planets. In this book almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and some of them solved. Safronov's ideas were further developed in the works of George Wetherill, who discovered runaway accretion. While originally applied only to the Solar System, the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe; as of 1 December 2017 astronomers have discovered 3,710 extrasolar planets in our galaxy."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Typhoon", "paragraph_text": "A typhoon differs from a cyclone or hurricane only on the basis of location. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Stax Museum of American Soul Music", "paragraph_text": "The Stax Museum of American Soul Music is a museum located in Memphis, Tennessee, at 926 East McLemore Avenue, the former location of Stax Records. It is operated by Soulsville USA, which also operates the adjacent Stax Music Academy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Geological history of Earth", "paragraph_text": "South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000\u2013100,000 years."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jumeirah Beach", "paragraph_text": "Jumeira Beach is a white sand beach that is located and named after the Jumeirah district of Dubai, on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It stretches along the coast south of the city's historic district to the junction with The Palm Jumeirah and terminates between the southern end of the Jumeirah Beach Residence (adjacent to the Dubai Marina district) and the port facilities at Jebel Ali."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kempark", "paragraph_text": "Kempark (sometimes spelled Kemp Park) is a community in Gloucester-Southgate Ward in the south end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Prior to amalgamation in 2001, it located in City of Gloucester. The community is located at the south end of Conroy Road when it meets with Bank Street. It is located right next to the village of Leitrim, Ontario. It is about 12\u00a0km south of Downtown Ottawa. The community is home to approximately 200 people."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A,A", "paragraph_text": "The A,A is a sculpture by artist Jim Sanborn, located on the campus of the University of Houston, adjacent to the M.D. Anderson Library."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "H\u0101lona Blowhole", "paragraph_text": "H\u0101lona Blowhole is a rock formation and a blowhole on the island of Oahu, Hawaii off of Hanauma Bay at H\u0101lona Point overlooking the Pacific Ocean. In Hawaiian \"h\u0101lona\" means \"lookout\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sunset Beach, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Sunset Beach is a small unincorporated community located between the cities of Seaside and Warrenton in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Sunset Beach is located between U.S. Route 101, Neacoxie Lake and the Pacific Ocean. It serves as the northernmost access to the resort community of Surf Pines, and provides motor vehicle beach access. The \"Fort to Sea Trail\", which follows the route used by the Lewis and Clark Expedition when hiking from Fort Clatsop to the Pacific Ocean, ends at the beach access. A beach of the same name is west of the community."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Menemsha, Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "Menemsha is a small fishing village located in the town of Chilmark on the island of Martha's Vineyard in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on the east coast of Menemsha Pond, adjacent to the opening into the Vineyard Sound on the pond's northern end. The village's historic harbor serves as the point of departure for local fishermen, some from multi-generational fishing families, as well as charter boats to the Elizabeth Islands and elsewhere. Besides charter fishing and cruises, other amenities are the public beach adjacent to the harbor and the bicycle ferry across Menemsha Pond to Aquinnah. Menemsha is the location of a United States Coast Guard station, Coast Guard Station Menemsha, and was once known as Menemsha Creek. It was the shooting background for the fictional \"Amity Island\" of Steven Spielberg's 1975 film \"Jaws\"."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where Planet Soul was formed in meet the body of water where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__136590_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha", "paragraph_text": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha(\u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0920) is an educational institution established in 1963 in Daulatabad, India. The place is near to Choudwar Municipal area and adjacent to Cuttack City. It is in the state of Orissa, India."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kung Fu Tai Chi", "paragraph_text": "Kung Fu Tai Chi (also commonly known as Kung Fu Magazine) is a United States magazine covering martial arts and combat sports (mainly Chinese Martial Arts). \"Kung Fu Tai Chi\" magazine began publication 1992 and is owned by TC Media, Inc. The magazine was started as a quarterly. In 1996 its frequency was switched to bimonthly and in 2000 to monthly. In 2001 it again became a bimonthly magazine. The headquarters is in Fremont, California. In 2009 Kung Fu Magazine started a YouTube account and posts videos on covering the full spectrum of Chinese martial arts and demonstrations."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kung Fury", "paragraph_text": "Sometime in the early 1980s, Miami-Dade Police Department detective Kung Fury and his partner Dragon apprehend a red ninja in a back alley, but Dragon is sliced in half by the ninja while Kung Fury is suddenly struck by lightning and bitten by a cobra, giving him extraordinary kung fu powers that enable him to defeat his foe. Years later in 1985, after defeating a rogue arcade machine robot, Kung Fury quits the force when he is assigned to partner with Triceracop, fearing that he would lose another partner in the line of duty. Meanwhile, Adolf Hitler, a.k.a. \"Kung F\u00fchrer\", enters the timeline and remotely guns down the police chief and attacks the precinct through a mobile phone. Intent to avenge the chief, Kung Fury has computer whiz Hackerman send him back in time to kill Hitler in Nazi Germany. A glitch in the system, however, sends him back into the Viking Age. After Kung Fury meets the Viking valkyries Barbarianna and Katana, the Norse god Thor sends him to Nazi Germany for him to finish his job."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chiau Wen-yan", "paragraph_text": "Chiau Wen-yan received his M.A. (1989) and Ph.D. (1991) from the University of Pennsylvania, U.S. after earning his B.S. (1976) and LL.M. (1980) degrees in Taiwan. He's honored with \"2015 National Cheng Kung University Distinguished Alumni Award\" in November 2015 and \u201cLifetime Contribution Award\u201d by Taiwan Institute of Landscape Architects in January 2016. Chiau's specialties are environmental planning and management, especially with regard to the areas of city and regional planning, climate change, coastal zone management, wetland conservation, ecotourism, underwater heritage, ocean policies and environmental law. In fact, Chiau drafted Taiwan's Environmental Education Act, which was passed in 2010. In 1995 and again in 2001, the Canadian Trade Office in Taipei honored him with the \u201cCanadian Studies Award\u201d for his research on coastal zone management and marine protected areas in Canada. Chiau served as a representative of the Chinese Taipei Delegation in the APEC Working Group Meeting on Marine Resource Conservation and Fisheries, which led to the common APEC journals for the \u201cMarine Resource Conservation Working Group\u201d and the \u201cFisheries Working Group.\u201d He also held the post of editor of the international journal \u201cOcean and Coastal Management.\u201d"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cursor's Fury", "paragraph_text": "Cursor's Fury is a 2006 high fantasy novel by American writer Jim Butcher. It is book three of the \"Codex Alera\" novel series. It takes place approximately two years after the events in book two, \"Academ's Fury\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fury of Five", "paragraph_text": "Fury of Five (also commonly known as Fury of V) is an American rock band from Asbury Park, New Jersey."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "African Meeting House", "paragraph_text": "The fa\u00e7ade of the African Meeting House is an adaptation of a design for a townhouse published by Boston architect Asher Benjamin. In addition to its religious and educational activities, the meeting house became a place for celebrations and political and anti-slavery meetings. The African Meeting House was remodeled by the congregation in the 1850s."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fist of Fury II", "paragraph_text": "Fist of Fury II (, a.k.a. Chinese Connection 2 and Fist of Fury Part II), is a 1977 Hong Kong kung fu film directed by Iksan Lahardi and Tso-nam Lee, and starring Bruce Li and Lo Lieh. It is the sequel to Bruce Lee\u2019s 1972's \"Fist of Fury\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A Dangerous Age", "paragraph_text": "\"A Dangerous Age\" began as an hour-long drama for CBC-TV, where the 24-year-old Furie worked as a writer, and received critical praise when it was released in the UK where Furie was recognized as a fresh talent; however, it was ignored in Canada."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of Kung Fu Panda characters", "paragraph_text": "Grand Master Oogway Kung Fu Panda character First appearance Kung Fu Panda (2008) Last appearance Kung Fu Panda 3 Voiced by Randall Duk Kim (film and TV series) Greg Baldwin (video game) Information Species Gal\u00e1pagos tortoise Combat style Shaolinquan and T'ai chi ch'uan Age Nearly 1,000 years old"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pak Tam Chung", "paragraph_text": "Pak Tam Chung () is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is administratively under the Sai Kung District."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Huang Chih-hsiung", "paragraph_text": "Huang was placed third on the Kuomintang's legislators-at-large candidate list for the December 2004 legislative election, just behind Legislative Speaker Wang Jing-pyng and Deputy Legislative Speaker Chiang Pin-kung, and he subsequently won a seat in the sixth Legislative Yuan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "High Road to China", "paragraph_text": "While Brian G. Hutton ended up as the final director, originally, \"High Road to China\" was helmed by John Huston, before being replaced by Sidney J. Furie. The musical score was composed by John Barry. It was the 27th highest-grossing film of 1983, bringing in $28,445,927 at the domestic box office."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Sound and the Fury", "paragraph_text": "The Sound and the Fury is a novel written by the American author William Faulkner. It employs a number of narrative styles, including stream of consciousness. Published in 1929, \"The Sound and the Fury\" was Faulkner's fourth novel, and was not immediately successful. In 1931, however, when Faulkner's sixth novel, \"Sanctuary\", was published\u2014a sensationalist story, which Faulkner later claimed was written only for money\u2014\"The Sound and the Fury\" also became commercially successful, and Faulkner began to receive critical attention."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}], "question": "Where does the ocean that the city where Kung Fury takes place is next to meet the place where it ended up?"}
{"id": "4hop3__136295_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ocean", "paragraph_text": "Saline water covers approximately 361,000,000 km2 (139,000,000 sq mi) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the Earth's biosphere. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As the world ocean is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, it is integral to life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. The World Ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species, but because much of it is unexplored, the number of species that exist in the ocean is much larger, possibly over two million. The origin of Earth's oceans is unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean eon and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oceanic trench", "paragraph_text": "Trench Ocean Maximum Depth Mariana Trench Pacific Ocean 11,034 m (36,201 ft) Tonga Trench Pacific Ocean 10,882 m (35,702 ft) Philippine Trench Pacific Ocean 10,545 m (34,596 ft) Kuril -- Kamchatka Trench Pacific Ocean 10,542 m (34,587 ft) Kermadec Trench Pacific Ocean 10,047 m (32,963 ft) Izu - Bonin Trench (Izu - Ogasawara Trench) Pacific Ocean 9,810 m (32,190 ft) Japan Trench Pacific Ocean 10,375 m (34,039 ft) Puerto Rico Trench Atlantic Ocean 8,800 m (28,900 ft) South Sandwich Trench Atlantic Ocean 8,428 m (27,651 ft) Peru -- Chile Trench or Atacama Trench Pacific Ocean 8,065 m (26,460 ft)"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Typhoon", "paragraph_text": "A typhoon differs from a cyclone or hurricane only on the basis of location. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "East Coast of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The East Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. This area is also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard. The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Marine habitats", "paragraph_text": "Marine habitats can be divided into coastal and open ocean habitats. Coastal habitats are found in the area that extends from as far as the tide comes in on the shoreline out to the edge of the continental shelf. Most marine life is found in coastal habitats, even though the shelf area occupies only seven percent of the total ocean area. Open ocean habitats are found in the deep ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hillsboro Inlet", "paragraph_text": "Hillsboro Inlet in Pompano Beach, Florida, USA is an inlet from the Atlantic Ocean that connects the ocean to the Intracoastal Waterway."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "8th & Ocean", "paragraph_text": "8th & Ocean is an American reality series about a group of models living in Miami, Florida that premiered on MTV on March 7, 2006. The series aired for ten episodes, ending its run on May 9, 2006. The creators of \"8th & Ocean\" are also responsible for \"\", a show also airing on MTV. The theme song for the show is \"Beautiful Love\" by the Christian rock band The Afters."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "USS Malanao (AG-44)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Malanao\" (AG-44) was a commercial cargo ship acquired by the U.S. Navy during World War II. She was used to transport cargo in the South Pacific Ocean, and was decommissioned after the end of the war."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pacific Ocean", "paragraph_text": "The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "North America", "paragraph_text": "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Indian Ocean", "paragraph_text": "Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians reached most of the far flung islands and atolls and populated them, almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa, the Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished.  Maldivians, on their annual trade trip, took their oceangoing trade ships to Sri Lanka rather than mainland India, which is much closer, because their ships were dependent of the Indian Monsoon Current.Arabic missionaries and merchants began to spread Islam along the western shores of the Indian Ocean from the 8th century, if not earlier.  A Swahili stone mosque dating to the 8th-15th centuries have been found in Shanga, Kenya.  Trade across the Indian Ocean gradually introduced Arabic script and rice as a staple in Eastern Africa.From 1405 to 1433 admiral Zheng He said to have led large fleets of the Ming Dynasty on several treasure voyages through the Indian Ocean, ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa.In 1497 Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and became the first European to sail to India (with the help of an Indian sailor) and later the Far East. The European ships, armed with heavy cannon, quickly dominated trade. Portugal achieved pre-eminence by setting up forts at the important straits and ports. Their hegemony along the coasts of Africa and Asia lasted until the mid 17th century. Later, the Portuguese were challenged by other European powers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Geological history of Earth", "paragraph_text": "During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold (\"continental climate\") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where 8th & Ocean is in meet where it ends up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__865363_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WNDE", "paragraph_text": "WNDE (1260 AM) is a Sports formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Indianapolis, Indiana, serving the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The station, which began broadcasting in 1924, is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. The WNDE broadcast license is held by Capstar TX LLC."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "KPHW", "paragraph_text": "KPHW (104.3 FM) is a commercial Top 40 (CHR) station licensed to Kaneohe, Hawaii, and serves the Honolulu radio market. The SummitMedia outlet known as Power 104.3 (billed as \"Hawaii's Hit Music Channel\"), broadcasts at 104.3\u00a0MHz with an ERP of 75\u00a0kW. It is also transmitting on Oceanic Time Warner Cable digital channel 858 for the entire state of Hawaii. The station's studios are located in Downtown Honolulu and its transmitter is located east of Diamond Head, Hawaii."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "KPBD", "paragraph_text": "KPBD (89.3 FM) is a defunct American non-commercial educational radio station that was licensed to serve the community of Big Spring, the county seat of Howard County, Texas. The station's broadcast license was held by Paulino Bernal Evangelism. The station began broadcasting in June 2005 and went dark in May 2009 which led to the cancellation of the station's broadcast license in June 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WRNX", "paragraph_text": "WRNX (100.9 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts. The station is owned by iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by CC Licenses, LLC."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "KFGY", "paragraph_text": "KFGY is a commercial radio station licensed to Healdsburg, California, broadcasting to the Santa Rosa, California area on 92.9 FM. Its programming is also broadcast on translator K300AO at 107.9\u00a0MHz, licensed to Santa Rosa."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WRLS-FM", "paragraph_text": "WRLS-FM (92.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States. The station's broadcast license is held by Vacationland Broadcasting, Inc."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hockey Night in Canada", "paragraph_text": "The \"Hockey Night in Canada\" brand is owned by the CBC and was exclusively used by CBC Sports through the end of the 2013\u201314 NHL season. Beginning in the 2014\u201315 NHL season, the brand is being licensed to Rogers Communications for Sportsnet-produced Saturday NHL broadcasts airing on CBC Television as well as the Rogers-owned City and Sportsnet networks. Rogers had secured exclusive national multimedia rights to NHL games beginning in 2014\u201315, and sublicensed Saturday night and playoff games to CBC. This sub-license agreement has been extended through the end of the Rogers deal with the NHL."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WXBQ-FM", "paragraph_text": "WXBQ-FM is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Bristol, Virginia, serving the Tri-Cities. WXBQ-FM is owned and operated by Bristol Broadcasting Company, Inc."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KAPE", "paragraph_text": "KAPE (1550 AM, \"Cape Radio 1550\") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WEDR", "paragraph_text": "WEDR (99.1 FM, \"99 Jamz\") is an urban-formatted radio station serving the South Florida region and licensed to Miami, Florida. WEDR has an unusually wide music selection for a mainstream urban-formatted radio station that ranges from typical hip-hop and R&B to reggaeton. This is because South Florida is a very diversified region that has various music tastes. WEDR's studio is located in Hollywood, Florida. The station is owned by Cox Media Group alongside sister stations WHQT, WFEZ and WFLC."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WDBS", "paragraph_text": "WDBS is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Sutton, West Virginia, serving Central West Virginia. WDBS is owned and operated by Summit Media Broadcasting, LLC."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WRMN", "paragraph_text": "WRMN (1410 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Elgin, Illinois. The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "KAGH-FM", "paragraph_text": "KAGH-FM (104.9 FM, \"Today's Country 104.9\") is a radio station licensed to serve Crossett, Arkansas, United States. The station is owned by Crossett Radio and licensed to Peggy S. Medlin's Ashley County Broadcasters, Inc."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WOLR", "paragraph_text": "WOLR (91.3 FM) is a Christian contemporary music formatted radio station licensed to serve the community of Lake City, Florida, United States. The station's broadcast license is held by Faith Radio Network, Inc."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "WRMG", "paragraph_text": "WRMG (1430 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Red Bay, Alabama. The station is owned by Ivy Broadcasting and licensed to Jack W. Ivy, Sr. It airs a Classic Country format."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "WALQ", "paragraph_text": "WALQ (1130 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Carrville, Alabama. The station's broadcast license is held by Westburg Broadcasting Montgomery, LLC. The station was established in 1979. , the station is temporarily dark for financial reasons and seeking authorization from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to remain silent for up to one year."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city to which WEDR is licensed to broadcast meet the body of water where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__823226_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Joe McPhee", "paragraph_text": "Joe McPhee (born November 3, 1939) is an American jazz multi-instrumentalist born in Miami, Florida, a player of tenor, alto, and soprano saxophone, the trumpet, flugelhorn and valve trombone. McPhee grew up in Poughkeepsie, New York, and is most notable for his free jazz work done from the late 1960s to the present day."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "East Glenville, New York", "paragraph_text": "East Glenville is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) in Schenectady County, New York, United States. The population was 6,616 at the 2010 census. The CDP includes the adjacent hamlet of Alplaus."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Streams of Expression", "paragraph_text": "Streams of Expression is the 20th studio album by American jazz musician Joe Lovano to be released on the Blue Note label. It was released in 2006 and features a five-part \"Streams of Expression Suite,\" three-part \"Birth of the Cool Suite,\" and three other shorter works. The \"Birth of the Cool Suite\" was conducted by Gunther Schuller and utilizes melodic themes inspired by Miles Davis' work from his 1948 and 1950 nonet. The album also features George Garzone, Ralph Lalama, Gary Smulyan, and Tim Hagans."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "You've Got Mail", "paragraph_text": "After both break up with their significant others, Joe realizes his feelings towards Kathleen after a conversation with his father and begins building a face - to - face relationship with her, still keeping his online identity a secret. He arranges a meeting between her and NY152, but just before she is about to meet the latter, he reveals his feelings for her. Confused with her feelings for Joe, Kathleen decides to go anyway. Upon arriving at the meeting place, she realizes that Joe and NY152 are the same person when he called for his pet dog Brinkley, whose name he initially revealed online, and admits that she ``wanted it to be him ''."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Three Stooges Meet Hercules", "paragraph_text": "The Three Stooges Meet Hercules is a 1962 comedy film directed by Edward Bernds. It is the third feature film to star the Three Stooges after their 1959 resurgence in popularity. By this time, the trio consisted of Moe Howard, Larry Fine, and Joe DeRita (dubbed \"Curly Joe\"). Released by Columbia Pictures, \"The Three Stooges Meet Hercules\" was directed by long-time Stooges director Edward Bernds. It was the most financially successful of the Stooges' feature films."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "An American Opera", "paragraph_text": "An American Opera: The Greatest Pet Rescue Ever! is a multi-award-winning documentary film by Tom McPhee chronicling the events following Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana when pet owners were forced to evacuate without their pets. \"An American Opera\" follows the pets, vets, owners, officials, rescuers, and adopters of animals as they try to remedy the situation, revealing that not everyone had the same goal of saving animals. Tom McPhee directed, narrated, and produced the film with the production companies Man Smiling Moving Pictures and Cave Studio."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Last Boy Scout", "paragraph_text": "Joe reveals to Jimmy that when he was in the Secret Service, he witnessed Baynard torturing a woman in a hotel room and assaulted the senator to thwart the attack. Baynard retaliated by having Joe fired from the Secret Service for refusing to cover up the incident. At Joe's house, Jimmy meets Joe's abrasive daughter Darian (Danielle Harris). When Joe catches Jimmy attempting to use illegal painkillers in the bathroom, Joe kicks him out. As Jimmy leaves, he is asked by Darian to sign a football trading card, stating that Joe was a fan of Jimmy's and never watched another game after he was banned from the league. He leaves her with the signed card, ``To the daughter of the last Boy Scout. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "African Meeting House", "paragraph_text": "The fa\u00e7ade of the African Meeting House is an adaptation of a design for a townhouse published by Boston architect Asher Benjamin. In addition to its religious and educational activities, the meeting house became a place for celebrations and political and anti-slavery meetings. The African Meeting House was remodeled by the congregation in the 1850s."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Yang Meng", "paragraph_text": "Yang Meng was the third son of Yang Xingmi, a major warlord at the end of Tang Dynasty as the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Huainan Circuit (\u6dee\u5357, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). It is not known when he was born, although his immediately older brother Yang Longyan was born in 897 and his immediately younger brother Yang Pu was born in 900, placing a timeframe on his birth date. His mother's name was not recorded in history."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Herder, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Herder is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Red Deer County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the south side of Highway 11, east of Red Deer. It is adjacent to the designated place of Balmoral SE to the northeast."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wilber Morris", "paragraph_text": "Wilber Morris recorded widely, and performed with such musicians as Pharoah Sanders, Sonny Simmons, Alan Silva, Joe McPhee, Horace Tapscott, Butch Morris, Arthur Blythe, Charles Gayle, William Parker, and Billy Bang, Charles Tyler, Dennis Charles, Roy Campbell, Avram Fefer, Alfred 23 Harth, Borah Bergman and Rashied Ali."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where Joe McPhee was born meet the body of water where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__54418_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story", "paragraph_text": "The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story Promotional poster Starring \u00c9dgar Ram\u00edrez Darren Criss Ricky Martin Pen\u00e9lope Cruz Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network FX Original release January 17 -- March 21, 2018 Season chronology \u2190 Previous The People v. O.J. Simpson List of American Crime Story episodes"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lamerica", "paragraph_text": "Lamerica is a 1994 Italian drama film directed by Gianni Amelio. It entered the competition at the 51st Venice International Film Festival, in which Amelio won the Golden Osella for Best Director. The film was selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Stolen Children", "paragraph_text": "The Stolen Children () is a 1992 Italian film directed by Gianni Amelio. The film was selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 65th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mi vedrai tornare", "paragraph_text": "Mi vedrai tornare (\"You will see me back\") is a 1966 Italian musicarello film directed by Ettore Maria Fizzarotti. The title is a reference to the Gianni Morandi's eponymous song."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "L'intrepido", "paragraph_text": "L'intrepido is a 2013 Italian comedy film directed by Gianni Amelio. It was screened in the main competition section of the 70th Venice International Film Festival and in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story", "paragraph_text": "According to multiple set reports and photos, principal photography of season 2 began at the beginning of May 2017, in Miami. As revealed by Darren Criss via his Twitter account, shooting ended during the week of November 13."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Keys to the House", "paragraph_text": "The Keys to the House (Italian title: \"Le chiavi di casa\") is an Italian 2004 dramatic family film based on the story \"Born Twice\" (Italian title: \"Nati due volte\") telling the story of a young father meeting his handicapped son for the first time and attempts to forge a relationship with the teenager. The film was directed by Gianni Amelio."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "One Night for Love", "paragraph_text": "One Night for Love or Appointment With an Unknown Woman () is a 1968 Greek black and white drama film directed and written by Vasilis Georgiadis and starring Elena Nathanail, Giannis Voglis and Dimitris Murat. It was produced by Damaskinos-Michailidis."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "House of Pleasure for Women", "paragraph_text": "House of Pleasure for Women () is a 1976 satirical comedy film written and directed by Pupi Avati and starring Gigi Proietti, Christian De Sica, Al Lettieri, Gianni Cavina and Vincent Gardenia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dascha Polanco", "paragraph_text": "Dascha Polanco (born December 3, 1982) is a Dominican - American actress. She is known for playing the character Dayanara ``Daya ''Diaz on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black. As of January 2018, she has a recurring role on The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story as Detective Lori Weider."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Castle of Blood", "paragraph_text": "Castle of Blood () is a 1964 horror film directed by Antonio Margheriti and Sergio Corbucci. The film stars Barbara Steele, Arturo Dominici and Georges Rivi\u00e8re. The film was initially commissioned to director Sergio Corbucci who had Gianni Grimaldi and Bruno Corbucci set to write the film. A scheduling conflict led to Corbucci's friend Margheriti being hired to complete the film. To avoid going overtime, Corbucci was brought in to film one scene."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dascha Polanco", "paragraph_text": "Dascha Polanco (born December 3, 1982) is a Dominican American actress. She is known for playing the character Dayanara ``Daya ''Diaz on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black. As of January 2018, she has a recurring role on The Assasination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story", "paragraph_text": "The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story is the second season of the FX true crime anthology television series American Crime Story. The season premiered on January 17, 2018, and concluded on March 21, 2018. It consists of a total of 9 episodes, and explores the murder of designer Gianni Versace by serial killer Andrew Cunanan, based on Maureen Orth's book Vulgar Favors: Andrew Cunanan, Gianni Versace, and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Treloi polyteleias", "paragraph_text": "Treli politelias or Treloi polyteleias () is a 1963 Greek film directed by Stefanos Fotiadis and starring Giorgos Pantzas, Mimis Fotopoulos and Giannis Gkionakis."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to US city filming the assassination of Gianni Versace meet the ocean basin where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__147225_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Herbert Saffir", "paragraph_text": "On 21 November 2007 Herbert Saffir died of a heart attack at South Miami Hospital in Miami according to his son, Richard Saffir. He was 90 years old."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Partners (2014 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Partners is an American sitcom starring Kelsey Grammer and Martin Lawrence on FX. The show centers on two Chicago lawyers from vastly different backgrounds who develop a partnership after they unexpectedly meet in court on the worst day of their lives. This was Lawrence's first TV series since his eponymous Fox series ended its five season run back in 1997."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Saffir\u2013Simpson scale", "paragraph_text": "The Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHS), formerly the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane scale (SSHS), classifies hurricanes -- Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms -- into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds. To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical cyclone must have maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph (33 m / s; 64 kn; 119 km / h) (Category 1). The highest classification in the scale, Category 5, consists of storms with sustained winds exceeding 156 mph (70 m / s; 136 kn; 251 km / h)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of BMW", "paragraph_text": "At BMW's annual general meeting on 9 December 1959, Dr. Hans Feith, chairman of BMW's supervisory board, proposed a merger with Daimler - Benz. The dealers and small shareholders opposed this suggestion and rallied around a counter-proposal by Dr. Friedrich Mathern, which gained enough support to stop the merger. At that time, the Quandt Group, led by half - brothers Herbert and Harald Quandt, had recently increased their holdings in BMW and had become their largest shareholder. By the end of November 1960, the Quandts owned two - thirds of BMW's stock between them."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Valle di Comino", "paragraph_text": "The Valle di Comino is a valley in the province of Frosinone, in Lazio in central Italy. It runs from San Biagio Saracinisco to Vicalvi and is adjacent to the Abruzzi mountains. It grossly corresponds to the upper valley of the Melfa river, which runs through it before joining the Liri."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bert Hinkler", "paragraph_text": "Herbert John Louis Hinkler (8 December 1892 \u2013 7 January 1933), better known as Bert Hinkler, was a pioneer Australian aviator (dubbed \"Australian Lone Eagle\") and inventor. He designed and built early aircraft before being the first person to fly solo from England to Australia, and the first person to fly solo across the Southern Atlantic Ocean. He married in 1932 at the age of 39, and died less than a year later after crashing into remote countryside near Florence, Italy during a solo flight record attempt."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "East Coast of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The East Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. This area is also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard. The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "SS Conte di Savoia", "paragraph_text": "SS \"Conte di Savoia\" (\"Count of Savoy\") was an Italian ocean liner built in 1932 at the Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico, Trieste."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geological history of Earth", "paragraph_text": "During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold (\"continental climate\") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Herbert Quandt", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Quandt was born in Pritzwalk, the second son of G\u00fcnther Quandt (1881\u20131954) and Antonie \"Toni\" Quandt (born Ewald). Antonie died of the Spanish flu in 1918."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "8th & Ocean", "paragraph_text": "8th & Ocean is an American reality series about a group of models living in Miami, Florida that premiered on MTV on March 7, 2006. The series aired for ten episodes, ending its run on May 9, 2006. The creators of \"8th & Ocean\" are also responsible for \"\", a show also airing on MTV. The theme song for the show is \"Beautiful Love\" by the Christian rock band The Afters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where Herbert Saffir lived when he died meet the body of water where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__132400_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Michigan\u2013Michigan State football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Michigan -- Michigan State football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans First meeting October 12, 1898, Ann Arbor Michigan 36, State Agricultural College Latest meeting October 7, 2017, Ann Arbor Michigan State 14, Michigan 10 Next meeting 2018, East Lansing Trophy Paul Bunyan Trophy, Michigan leads, 36 -- 27 -- 2 Statistics Meetings total 110 All - time series Michigan leads, 69 -- 36 -- 5 Largest victory Michigan, 119 -- 0 (1902) Longest win streak Michigan, 14 (1916 -- 29) Longest unbeaten streak Michigan, 18 (1916 -- 1933) Current win streak Michigan State, 1 (2017 -- present)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lansing, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Lansing is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Lansing Township, Mower County, Minnesota, United States. Its population was 181 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Grant M. Hudson", "paragraph_text": "Hudson engaged in the insurance business in Lansing, Michigan. He was State purchasing agent in 1939 and State tax commissioner in 1940. Hudson died in Kalamazoo and was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery in Lansing."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jumeirah Beach", "paragraph_text": "Jumeira Beach is a white sand beach that is located and named after the Jumeirah district of Dubai, on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It stretches along the coast south of the city's historic district to the junction with The Palm Jumeirah and terminates between the southern end of the Jumeirah Beach Residence (adjacent to the Dubai Marina district) and the port facilities at Jebel Ali."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lansing-Dreiden", "paragraph_text": "Lansing-Dreiden was founded in Miami, Florida. Their body of work includes music, multimedia artwork (in the form of drawings, collages, sculpture and video), and the literary journal \"Death Notice\". Rather than calling themselves a band, they prefer to be categorized as \"a company that sees no distinction between art and commerce.\" (\"Seattle Weekly\", Feb. 5, 2005)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "M-143 (Michigan highway)", "paragraph_text": "M-143, also known as Michigan Avenue, is a previously unsigned spur state trunkline highway in the south central region of the US state of Michigan. The M-143 portion of Michigan Avenue runs from the East Lansing city limit to a junction with M-43 at Grand River Avenue. This highway is the second time that there has been an M-143 in Michigan. The first was a connection to the original Cheboygan State Park. The current is a remnant of M-43 in the Lansing area."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Michigan\u2013Michigan State football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Michigan -- Michigan State football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans First meeting October 12, 1898, Ann Arbor Michigan 39, State Agricultural College 2 Latest meeting October 7, 2017, Ann Arbor Michigan State 14, Michigan 10 Next meeting 2018, East Lansing Trophy Paul Bunyan Trophy, Michigan leads, 36 -- 27 -- 2 Statistics Meetings total 110 All - time series Michigan leads, 69 -- 36 -- 5 Largest victory Michigan, 119 -- 0 (1902) Longest win streak Michigan, 14 (1916 -- 29) Longest unbeaten streak Michigan, 18 (1916 -- 1933) Current win streak Michigan State, 1 (2017 -- present)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Manistique, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Manistique, formerly Monistique, is the only incorporated city in and the county seat of Schoolcraft County of the U.S. state of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,097. The city lies on the north shore of Lake Michigan, adjacent the southwest corner of Manistique Township. Manistique was founded where the Manistique River flows into Lake Michigan, forming a kind of natural harbor, which has since been improved with breakwaters, dredging, and a lighthouse. The city takes its name from the Manistique River. The economy also depends heavily on tourism."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ocean", "paragraph_text": "Saline water covers approximately 361,000,000 km2 (139,000,000 sq mi) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the Earth's biosphere. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As the world ocean is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, it is integral to life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. The World Ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species, but because much of it is unexplored, the number of species that exist in the ocean is much larger, possibly over two million. The origin of Earth's oceans is unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean eon and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Massachusetts Bay", "paragraph_text": "Massachusetts Bay is a bay on the Atlantic Ocean that forms part of the central coastline of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Seafloor spreading", "paragraph_text": "Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geological history of Earth", "paragraph_text": "South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000\u2013100,000 years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Austin Township, Mower County, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Austin Township is a township in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,396 at the 2000 census. The largest city partially in the township is Austin with a population of 24,718 people. The northern parts of the city of Austin are in Lansing Township. All other population centers are unincorporated areas."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Whitehall Street", "paragraph_text": "Whitehall Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, about four blocks long. The street begins at the southern end of Broadway, at the intersection with Stone Street. Whitehall Street stretches south to the southern end of FDR Drive, adjacent to the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal, on landfill beyond the site of Peter Stuyvesant's 17th-century house."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where Lansing-Dreiden was formed in meet the body of water where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__128865_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WIOD", "paragraph_text": "WIOD (610 AM) is a talk radio-formatted radio station in Miami, Florida, owned by iHeartMedia. Its studios are located at the iHeart Broadcasting Complex in Miramar and the transmitter site is in North Bay Village next to studios and offices of FOX Television affiliate WSVN. Most of WIOD's weekday schedule is made up of nationally syndicated talk programs, including Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Glenn Beck and George Noory. A weekday morning news-talk program is hosted by Jimmy Cefalo."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yallourn", "paragraph_text": "Yallourn, Victoria was a company town in Victoria, Australia built between the 1920s and 1950s to house employees of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria, who operated the nearby Yallourn Power Station complex. However, expansion of the adjacent open-cut brown coal mine led to the closure and removal of the town in the 1980s. Whilst the township no longer exists, at the , the adjacent region classified as Yallourn had a population of 251."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guildhall, Vermont", "paragraph_text": "Guildhall is a town in and the shire town (county seat) of Essex County, Vermont, United States. The population was 261 at the 2010 census. According to a large sign in the town center, it is the only town in the world so named. The name derives from a meeting house on the square called the Guildhall."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Town meeting", "paragraph_text": "A town meeting is a form of direct democratic rule, used primarily in portions of the United States -- principally in New England -- since the 17th century, in which most or all the members of a community come together to legislate policy and budgets for local government. This is a town - or city - level meeting where decisions are made, in contrast with town hall meetings held by state and national politicians to answer questions from their constituents, which have no decision - making power."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sevenoaks railway station", "paragraph_text": "Sevenoaks railway station was opened on 2 March 1868. It was formerly known as \"\"Tubs Hill\"\", after the adjacent area. There is a second station, on the branch to Swanley Junction, which opened on 2 June 1862. The station is named after the Bat & Ball local inn which is now closed, and serves the north end of the town."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Aurora, Waushara County, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Aurora is a town in Waushara County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 971 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Auroraville is located in the town, and the city of Berlin is adjacent to the town."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "East Coast of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The East Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. This area is also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard. The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rural Municipality of Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Hanover is a rural municipality in southeastern Manitoba, Canada, southeast of Winnipeg. It is located in Division No. 2. The city of Steinbach and town of Niverville are adjacent to Hanover and operate as separate urban municipalities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Barughutu", "paragraph_text": "Barughutu is a census town in Mandu (community development block) of Ramgarh district in the state of Jharkhand, India. Barughutu is adjacent to Ghatotand, where Tata Steel's West Bokaro Colliery is situated."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection. Thunderstorms caused by this activity are usually weak and can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives more than occasional thunder and small hail showers. The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h), an event that was not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and was widespread across the Pacific Northwest."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Glenmarie Cove", "paragraph_text": "Glenmarie Cove is a freehold gated residential enclave located in the south of the royal town of Klang in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. It is adjacent to other new and modern townships such as Bandar Botanic and Bukit Tinggi."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where WIOD is licensed meet the body of water where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__136350_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "Date April 19, 1775 -- September 3, 1783 (8 years, 4 months and 15 days) Ratification effective: May 12, 1784 (9 years and 23 days) Location Eastern North America, Caribbean Sea, Indian subcontinent, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean Result Allied victory: Peace of Paris British recognition of American independence End of the First British Empire British retention of Canada and Gibraltar Territorial changes Great Britain cedes to the United States the area east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Great Britain cedes East Florida, West Florida, and Menorca to Spain Great Britain cedes Tobago and Senegal to France Dutch Republic cedes Negapatnam to Great Britain"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Austin & Ally", "paragraph_text": "Set in Miami, \"Austin & Ally\" is about the relationship between two very different musicians: extroverted and fun-loving singer and instrumentalist Austin Moon, and introverted and awkward songwriter Ally Dawson, who is also a singer, but has a bad case of stage fright."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Herder, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Herder is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Red Deer County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the south side of Highway 11, east of Red Deer. It is adjacent to the designated place of Balmoral SE to the northeast."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jollyville, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Jollyville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Travis and Williamson counties in Texas. It is a neighborhood in north Austin. The population was 16,151 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha", "paragraph_text": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha(\u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0920) is an educational institution established in 1963 in Daulatabad, India. The place is near to Choudwar Municipal area and adjacent to Cuttack City. It is in the state of Orissa, India."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Troubling a Star", "paragraph_text": "Troubling a Star () is the last full-length novel in the Austin family series by Madeleine L'Engle. The young adult suspense thriller, published in 1994, reunites L'Engle's most frequent protagonist, Vicky Austin, with Adam Eddington, both of whom become enmeshed in international intrigue as they travel separately to Antarctica. The story takes place several months after the end of \"A Ring of Endless Light\", the novel in which Vicky and Adam first met."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "East Glenville, New York", "paragraph_text": "East Glenville is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) in Schenectady County, New York, United States. The population was 6,616 at the 2010 census. The CDP includes the adjacent hamlet of Alplaus."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ben Breedlove", "paragraph_text": "Ben Breedlove grew up in Austin, Texas, where he was a senior at Westlake High School. Ben lived with his parents along with his older sister Ally and younger brother Jake. In 2010, he began making video blogs on YouTube, in which he dealt out relationship advice to his peers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Austin & Ally", "paragraph_text": "Austin & Ally is an American comedy television series created by Kevin Kopelow and Heath Seifert that aired on Disney Channel from December 2, 2011 to January 10, 2016. The series stars Ross Lynch, Laura Marano, Raini Rodriguez, and Calum Worthy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "African Meeting House", "paragraph_text": "The fa\u00e7ade of the African Meeting House is an adaptation of a design for a townhouse published by Boston architect Asher Benjamin. In addition to its religious and educational activities, the meeting house became a place for celebrations and political and anti-slavery meetings. The African Meeting House was remodeled by the congregation in the 1850s."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\" during the World War II  and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the \"Four Policemen\" or \"Four Sheriffs\" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower \u2013 not Marshall \u2013 would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}], "question": "Where does the ocean that is next to the city where Austin and Ally takes place in meet with where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__143995_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kiev-Sviatoshyn Raion", "paragraph_text": "Kiev-Sviatoshyn Raion () is a raion (district) in Kiev Oblast of Ukraine, adjacent to the city of Kiev which serves as the administrative center for the raion. The city of Kiev itself does not belong to the raion. Population: ."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay on Puget Sound)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kempark", "paragraph_text": "Kempark (sometimes spelled Kemp Park) is a community in Gloucester-Southgate Ward in the south end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Prior to amalgamation in 2001, it located in City of Gloucester. The community is located at the south end of Conroy Road when it meets with Bank Street. It is located right next to the village of Leitrim, Ontario. It is about 12\u00a0km south of Downtown Ottawa. The community is home to approximately 200 people."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "An American Opera", "paragraph_text": "An American Opera: The Greatest Pet Rescue Ever! is a multi-award-winning documentary film by Tom McPhee chronicling the events following Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana when pet owners were forced to evacuate without their pets. \"An American Opera\" follows the pets, vets, owners, officials, rescuers, and adopters of animals as they try to remedy the situation, revealing that not everyone had the same goal of saving animals. Tom McPhee directed, narrated, and produced the film with the production companies Man Smiling Moving Pictures and Cave Studio."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mesquite, Nevada", "paragraph_text": "Mesquite is a U.S. city in Clark County, Nevada, adjacent to the Arizona state line and 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Las Vegas on Interstate 15. As of 2015, the United States Census estimates that the city had a population of 17,496. The city is located in the Virgin River valley adjacent to the Virgin Mountains in the northeastern part of the Mojave Desert. It is home to a growing retirement community, as well as several casino resorts and golf courses."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Joe McPhee", "paragraph_text": "Joe McPhee (born November 3, 1939) is an American jazz multi-instrumentalist born in Miami, Florida, a player of tenor, alto, and soprano saxophone, the trumpet, flugelhorn and valve trombone. McPhee grew up in Poughkeepsie, New York, and is most notable for his free jazz work done from the late 1960s to the present day."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jumeirah Beach", "paragraph_text": "Jumeira Beach is a white sand beach that is located and named after the Jumeirah district of Dubai, on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It stretches along the coast south of the city's historic district to the junction with The Palm Jumeirah and terminates between the southern end of the Jumeirah Beach Residence (adjacent to the Dubai Marina district) and the port facilities at Jebel Ali."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "You've Got Mail", "paragraph_text": "After both break up with their significant others, Joe realizes his feelings towards Kathleen after a conversation with his father and begins building a face - to - face relationship with her, still keeping his online identity a secret. He arranges a meeting between her and NY152, but just before she is about to meet the latter, he reveals his feelings for her. Confused with her feelings for Joe, Kathleen decides to go anyway. Upon arriving at the meeting place, she realizes that Joe and NY152 are the same person when he called for his pet dog Brinkley, whose name he initially revealed online, and admits that she ``wanted it to be him ''."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang", "paragraph_text": "Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang (released in the United States and Canada as Nanny McPhee Returns) is a 2010 fantasy comedy family film directed by Susanna White, produced by Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Lindsay Doran with music by James Newton Howard and co-produced by StudioCanal, Relativity Media, Working Title Films and Three Strange Angels. It is a sequel to the 2005 film \"Nanny McPhee\". It was adapted by Emma Thompson from Christianna Brand's \"Nurse Matilda\" books. Thompson reprises her role as Nanny McPhee, and the film also stars Maggie Gyllenhaal, Ralph Fiennes, Rhys Ifans, Ewan McGregor, Asa Butterfield and Maggie Smith. The film was theatrically released on August 20, 2010 by Universal Pictures."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Whitehall Street", "paragraph_text": "Whitehall Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, about four blocks long. The street begins at the southern end of Broadway, at the intersection with Stone Street. Whitehall Street stretches south to the southern end of FDR Drive, adjacent to the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal, on landfill beyond the site of Peter Stuyvesant's 17th-century house."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sunset Beach, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Sunset Beach is a small unincorporated community located between the cities of Seaside and Warrenton in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Sunset Beach is located between U.S. Route 101, Neacoxie Lake and the Pacific Ocean. It serves as the northernmost access to the resort community of Surf Pines, and provides motor vehicle beach access. The \"Fort to Sea Trail\", which follows the route used by the Lewis and Clark Expedition when hiking from Fort Clatsop to the Pacific Ocean, ends at the beach access. A beach of the same name is west of the community."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Three Stooges Meet Hercules", "paragraph_text": "The Three Stooges Meet Hercules is a 1962 comedy film directed by Edward Bernds. It is the third feature film to star the Three Stooges after their 1959 resurgence in popularity. By this time, the trio consisted of Moe Howard, Larry Fine, and Joe DeRita (dubbed \"Curly Joe\"). Released by Columbia Pictures, \"The Three Stooges Meet Hercules\" was directed by long-time Stooges director Edward Bernds. It was the most financially successful of the Stooges' feature films."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Browns Valley, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Browns Valley is a city in Traverse County, Minnesota, United States, adjacent to the South Dakota border. The population was 589 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mill City, Butte County, California", "paragraph_text": "Mill City is a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States. It was located adjacent to and shared a post office with Magalia (then, Dogtown)."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where Joe McPhee was born in meet where it ends up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__145038_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Whitehall Street", "paragraph_text": "Whitehall Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, about four blocks long. The street begins at the southern end of Broadway, at the intersection with Stone Street. Whitehall Street stretches south to the southern end of FDR Drive, adjacent to the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal, on landfill beyond the site of Peter Stuyvesant's 17th-century house."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sunset Beach, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Sunset Beach is a small unincorporated community located between the cities of Seaside and Warrenton in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Sunset Beach is located between U.S. Route 101, Neacoxie Lake and the Pacific Ocean. It serves as the northernmost access to the resort community of Surf Pines, and provides motor vehicle beach access. The \"Fort to Sea Trail\", which follows the route used by the Lewis and Clark Expedition when hiking from Fort Clatsop to the Pacific Ocean, ends at the beach access. A beach of the same name is west of the community."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Messina Conference", "paragraph_text": "The conference was held from 1 to 3 June 1955 at the Italian city of Messina, Sicily. It was a meeting of the foreign ministers of all six member states of the ECSC, and it would lead to the creation of the European Economic Community. The delegations of the six participating countries were headed by Johan Willem Beyen (Netherlands), Gaetano Martino (Italy), Joseph Bech (Luxembourg), Antoine Pinay (France), Walter Hallstein (Germany), and Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium). Joseph Bech was chairman of the meeting."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mesquite, Nevada", "paragraph_text": "Mesquite is a U.S. city in Clark County, Nevada, adjacent to the Arizona state line and 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Las Vegas on Interstate 15. As of 2015, the United States Census estimates that the city had a population of 17,496. The city is located in the Virgin River valley adjacent to the Virgin Mountains in the northeastern part of the Mojave Desert. It is home to a growing retirement community, as well as several casino resorts and golf courses."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Browns Valley, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Browns Valley is a city in Traverse County, Minnesota, United States, adjacent to the South Dakota border. The population was 589 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jumeirah Beach", "paragraph_text": "Jumeira Beach is a white sand beach that is located and named after the Jumeirah district of Dubai, on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It stretches along the coast south of the city's historic district to the junction with The Palm Jumeirah and terminates between the southern end of the Jumeirah Beach Residence (adjacent to the Dubai Marina district) and the port facilities at Jebel Ali."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oncius", "paragraph_text": "In Greek mythology, Oncius (Ancient Greek: \u1f4d\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \"Onkios\") or Oncus (\u1f4d\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \"Onkos\") was a son of Apollo and a ruler over Onceium (Onkeion), a region of Arcadia adjacent to Thelpusa, as well as eponym of a city Oncae. He owned a herd of horses, in which Demeter tried to hide from Poseidon's advances, changing herself into a mare. Poseidon did mate with her in the shape of a stallion, which resulted in the birth of the fantastic horse Arion. Oncius kept Arion and later gave him away to Heracles as the latter was starting a military campaign against Elis."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Doghole River", "paragraph_text": "The Doghole River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The river is part of the James Bay drainage basin. It flows from Doghole Lake, where the outlet is part of the Mishkeegogamang First Nation Osnaburgh Indian Reserve No. 63B, to the northeast shore of Lake St. Joseph; oddly, the mouth is not on Doghole Bay, adjacent to the east. Lake St. Joseph is the source of the Albany River, which flows to James Bay."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kiev-Sviatoshyn Raion", "paragraph_text": "Kiev-Sviatoshyn Raion () is a raion (district) in Kiev Oblast of Ukraine, adjacent to the city of Kiev which serves as the administrative center for the raion. The city of Kiev itself does not belong to the raion. Population: ."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay on Puget Sound)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Joseph Rosendo", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Rosendo (born September 20, 1946, Miami, Florida) is an American travel journalist, broadcaster, television personality and public speaker. Since 2007 he has been the executive producer, host, director and writer of the American Public Television series \"Joseph Rosendo\u2019s Travelscope\" which has aired on PBS and Public Television Stations in the United States and Canada with 117 episodes in distribution. Season 9 was released in the fall of 2016 and Season 10 is slated for an early 2018 release."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Liberty Bridge (Budapest)", "paragraph_text": "Szabads\u00e1g h\u00edd (in English: Liberty Bridge or Freedom Bridge) in Budapest, Hungary, connects Buda and Pest across the River Danube. It is the third southernmost public road bridge in Budapest, located at the southern end of the City Centre. It was originally named Ferenc J\u00f3zsef h\u00edd (Franz Joseph Bridge)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mill City, Butte County, California", "paragraph_text": "Mill City is a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States. It was located adjacent to and shared a post office with Magalia (then, Dogtown)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kempark", "paragraph_text": "Kempark (sometimes spelled Kemp Park) is a community in Gloucester-Southgate Ward in the south end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Prior to amalgamation in 2001, it located in City of Gloucester. The community is located at the south end of Conroy Road when it meets with Bank Street. It is located right next to the village of Leitrim, Ontario. It is about 12\u00a0km south of Downtown Ottawa. The community is home to approximately 200 people."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the birth city of Joseph Rosendo meet the ocean basin where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__128516_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mesquite, Nevada", "paragraph_text": "Mesquite is a U.S. city in Clark County, Nevada, adjacent to the Arizona state line and 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Las Vegas on Interstate 15. As of 2015, the United States Census estimates that the city had a population of 17,496. The city is located in the Virgin River valley adjacent to the Virgin Mountains in the northeastern part of the Mojave Desert. It is home to a growing retirement community, as well as several casino resorts and golf courses."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lae War Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "The Lae War Cemetery, established in 1944, is located adjacent to the Botanical Gardens in the centre of the city of Lae, the capital of Morobe Province, in Papua New Guinea. The cemetery is managed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aurora, Waushara County, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Aurora is a town in Waushara County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 971 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Auroraville is located in the town, and the city of Berlin is adjacent to the town."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Whitehall Street", "paragraph_text": "Whitehall Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, about four blocks long. The street begins at the southern end of Broadway, at the intersection with Stone Street. Whitehall Street stretches south to the southern end of FDR Drive, adjacent to the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal, on landfill beyond the site of Peter Stuyvesant's 17th-century house."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WEDR", "paragraph_text": "WEDR (99.1 FM, \"99 Jamz\") is an urban-formatted radio station serving the South Florida region and licensed to Miami, Florida. WEDR has an unusually wide music selection for a mainstream urban-formatted radio station that ranges from typical hip-hop and R&B to reggaeton. This is because South Florida is a very diversified region that has various music tastes. WEDR's studio is located in Hollywood, Florida. The station is owned by Cox Media Group alongside sister stations WHQT, WFEZ and WFLC."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rural Municipality of Hanover", "paragraph_text": "Hanover is a rural municipality in southeastern Manitoba, Canada, southeast of Winnipeg. It is located in Division No. 2. The city of Steinbach and town of Niverville are adjacent to Hanover and operate as separate urban municipalities."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Moche River", "paragraph_text": "The Moche River is one of the rivers of the Pacific Ocean slope, located in the northern coast of Peru, in La Libertad Region. On both sides of this river is the milenary Moche Valley. The Moche river goes through east to west the metropolitan area of Trujillo and its mouth is located in the Pacific Ocean in the limits of Moche and Victor Larco both towns of Trujillo city."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beaver Dam, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Beaver Dam is a city in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States, along Beaver Dam Lake and the Beaver Dam River. The estimated population was 16,564 in 2016, making it the largest city primarily located in Dodge County. It is the principal city of the Beaver Dam Micropolitan Statistical area. The city is adjacent to the Town of Beaver Dam."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "National Museum of Aleppo", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Aleppo () is the largest museum in the city of Aleppo, Syria, and was founded in 1931. It is located in the heart of the northern city on Baron Street, adjacent to the famous Baron Hotel and near the Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower. The majority of the museum's exhibitions are devoted to the archaeology of Syria, with most of the finds coming from archaeological sites of the northern part of the country."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mill City, Butte County, California", "paragraph_text": "Mill City is a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States. It was located adjacent to and shared a post office with Magalia (then, Dogtown)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jumeirah Beach", "paragraph_text": "Jumeira Beach is a white sand beach that is located and named after the Jumeirah district of Dubai, on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It stretches along the coast south of the city's historic district to the junction with The Palm Jumeirah and terminates between the southern end of the Jumeirah Beach Residence (adjacent to the Dubai Marina district) and the port facilities at Jebel Ali."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bayview, Humboldt County, California", "paragraph_text": "Bayview (also, Bay View) is a census-designated place (CDP) located adjacent to the City of Eureka in Humboldt County, California, United States. The population was 2,510 at the 2010 census, up from 2,359 at the 2000 census. Many locals consider this area as part of \"Pine Hill.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hightower High School", "paragraph_text": "Hightower High School is a secondary school (grades 9-12) located at 3333 Hurricane Lane, Missouri City, Texas, United States, adjacent to The Fort Bend Parkway Toll Road."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where WEDR is in meet where it ends up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__136852_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Medea Dome", "paragraph_text": "Medea Dome () is a snow dome, high, marking the eastern end of Philippi Rise on the east coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1953, and was named in 1956 by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in association with Jason Peninsula; in Greek mythology Medea helped Jason to obtain the Golden Fleece and later became his wife."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Amar Mahal Palace", "paragraph_text": "The Amar Mahal Palace is a palace in Jammu, in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, India, which has now been converted into a Museum. It was built in the nineteenth century for Raja Amar Singh, a Dogra king by a French architect on the lines of a French Chateau. The palace was donated to the Hari-Tara charitable trust by Dr. Karan Singh for use as a museum. It has many exhibits including a golden throne weighing 120\u00a0kg, Pahari miniature and Kangra miniature paintings, a library of 25,000 antique books and many rare art collections."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Antunes Sobrinho", "paragraph_text": "The Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed, along with the rest of the city of Bras\u00edlia, by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated in 1958. One of the first structures built in the republic's new capital city, the \"Alvorada\" lies on a peninsula at the margins of Lake Parano\u00e1. The principles of simplicity and modernity, that in the past characterized the great works of architecture, motivated Niemeyer. The viewer has an impression of looking at a glass box, softly landed on the ground with the support of thin external columns. The building has an area of 7,000 m2 with three floors consisting of the basement, landing, and second floor. The auditorium, kitchen, laundry, medical center, and administration offices are at basement level. The rooms used by the presidency for official receptions are on the landing. The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace. The building also has a library, a heated Olympic-sized swimming pool, a music room, two dining rooms and various meeting rooms. A chapel and heliport are in adjacent buildings."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Golden Girls", "paragraph_text": "After six consecutive seasons in the top 10, and the seventh season at number 30, \"The Golden Girls\" came to an end when Bea Arthur chose to leave the series. In the hour-long series finale, which aired in May 1992, Dorothy meets and marries Blanche's uncle Lucas (Leslie Nielsen) and moves to Hollingsworth Manor in Atlanta, Georgia. Sophia was to join her, but in the end, she stays behind with the other women in Miami. This led into the spin-off series, \"The Golden Palace\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Linq", "paragraph_text": "It originally opened in 1959 as the 180 - room Flamingo Capri motel, located adjacent to the Flamingo hotel and casino. Ralph Engelstad purchased the property in 1971, and added a casino the following year. In 1977, the hotel had 650 rooms, after the completion of its Imperial Palace Tower. The resort was later reopened as the Asian - themed Imperial Palace in 1979."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Smaller ceremonies such as the reception of new ambassadors take place in the \"1844 Room\". Here too, the Queen holds small lunch parties, and often meetings of the Privy Council. Larger lunch parties often take place in the curved and domed Music Room, or the State Dining Room. Since the bombing of the palace chapel in World War II, royal christenings have sometimes taken place in the Music Room. The Queen's first three children were all baptised there. On all formal occasions, the ceremonies are attended by the Yeomen of the Guard in their historic uniforms, and other officers of the court such as the Lord Chamberlain."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "East Glenville, New York", "paragraph_text": "East Glenville is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) in Schenectady County, New York, United States. The population was 6,616 at the 2010 census. The CDP includes the adjacent hamlet of Alplaus."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Herder, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Herder is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Red Deer County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the south side of Highway 11, east of Red Deer. It is adjacent to the designated place of Balmoral SE to the northeast."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"Nasze Przebiegi\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "St James's Palace", "paragraph_text": "St James's Palace is the most senior royal palace in the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, although no longer the principal residence of the monarch, it is the ceremonial meeting place of the Accession Council and the London residence of several members of the royal family."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha", "paragraph_text": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha(\u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0920) is an educational institution established in 1963 in Daulatabad, India. The place is near to Choudwar Municipal area and adjacent to Cuttack City. It is in the state of Orissa, India."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Golden Palace", "paragraph_text": "\"The Golden Palace\" begins where \"The Golden Girls\" had ended, in the quartet's now-sold Miami house. With Dorothy Zbornak having married and left in the previous series finale, the three remaining roommates (Sophia Petrillo, Rose Nylund, and Blanche Devereaux) decide to invest in a Miami hotel that is up for sale. The hotel, however, is revealed to have been stripped of all of its personnel in an effort to appear more profitable, leaving only two employees: Roland Wilson, the hotel's manager, and Chuy Castillos, the hotel's chef. This requires the women to perform all the tasks of the hotel's staff."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews, also designed by Nash, where the royal carriages, including the Gold State Coach, are housed. This rococo gilt coach, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1760, has painted panels by G. B. Cipriani. It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since George IV. It was last used for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "African Meeting House", "paragraph_text": "The fa\u00e7ade of the African Meeting House is an adaptation of a design for a townhouse published by Boston architect Asher Benjamin. In addition to its religious and educational activities, the meeting house became a place for celebrations and political and anti-slavery meetings. The African Meeting House was remodeled by the congregation in the 1850s."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Montevideo", "paragraph_text": "The Palacio Taranco is located in front of the Plaza Zabala, in the heart of Ciudad Vieja. It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo's first theatre (of 1793), during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture. The palace was designed by French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n who also designed the Petit Palais and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It passed to the city from the heirs of the Tarancos in 1943, along with its precious collection of Uruguayan furniture and draperies and was deemed by the city as an ideal place for a museum; in 1972 it became the Museum of Decorative Arts of Montevideo and in 1975 it became a National Heritage Site. The Decorative Arts Museum has an important collection of European paintings and decorative arts, ancient Greek and Roman art and Islamic ceramics of the 10th\u201318th century from the area of present-day Iran. The palace is often used as a meeting place by the Uruguayan government."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where The Golden Palace is in meet where it ends up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__136488_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "West Village, Detroit", "paragraph_text": "West Village is a historic district roughly bounded by Jefferson, Kercheval, Parker, and Seyburn Avenues in Detroit, Michigan. Adjacent to the west is the Islandview neighborhood, and adjacent to the east is Indian Village. The district received its name in the mid 20th century because of its location just west of the more well-known Indian Village Historic District. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Panorama Heights, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Panorama Heights is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Parkland County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the west side of Range Road 274, south of Highway 633. It is adjacent to the designated places of Erin Estates to the north and Grandmuir Estates to the west."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "African Meeting House", "paragraph_text": "The fa\u00e7ade of the African Meeting House is an adaptation of a design for a townhouse published by Boston architect Asher Benjamin. In addition to its religious and educational activities, the meeting house became a place for celebrations and political and anti-slavery meetings. The African Meeting House was remodeled by the congregation in the 1850s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "East Coast of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The East Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. This area is also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard. The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nambucca River", "paragraph_text": "Nambucca River rises below Killiekrankie Mountain on the Dorrigo Plateau, part of the Great Dividing Range, and flows generally east southeast, joined by four tributaries including Taylors Arm, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, at Nambucca Heads. The river descends over its course; adjacent to the towns of Bowraville, Macksville and Nambucca Heads."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Extralarge", "paragraph_text": "Extralarge (original title: \"Detective Extralarge\", aka \"Zwei Supertypen in Miami\") is a television series starring Bud Spencer, Philip Michael Thomas, and Michael Winslow."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nelson, Caerphilly", "paragraph_text": "Nelson () is a village and community in the County Borough of Caerphilly, Wales. It sits five miles north of Caerphilly and ten miles north of Cardiff, at the lower end of the Taff Bargoed Valley, and lies adjacent to Treharris, Trelewis and Quakers Yard."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "East Glenville, New York", "paragraph_text": "East Glenville is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) in Schenectady County, New York, United States. The population was 6,616 at the 2010 census. The CDP includes the adjacent hamlet of Alplaus."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Whitehall Street", "paragraph_text": "Whitehall Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, about four blocks long. The street begins at the southern end of Broadway, at the intersection with Stone Street. Whitehall Street stretches south to the southern end of FDR Drive, adjacent to the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal, on landfill beyond the site of Peter Stuyvesant's 17th-century house."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Herder, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Herder is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Red Deer County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the south side of Highway 11, east of Red Deer. It is adjacent to the designated place of Balmoral SE to the northeast."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Georgetown, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Georgetown is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wilkes-Barre Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States, adjacent to the city of Wilkes-Barre. The CDP population was 1,640 at the 2010 census."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where Extralarge is located meet the body of water where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__595531_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Diana Bar", "paragraph_text": "Diana Bar is a beach library and gallery in P\u00f3voa de Varzim, Portugal. Before being a public library it was a historic caf\u00e9 with the same name. It is located in the south end of the city's main waterfront avenue, the Banhos Avenue (\"Avenida dos Banhos\", literally Baths Avenue)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "8th and 9th Streets run parallel to each other, beginning at Avenue D, interrupted by Tompkins Square Park at Avenue B, resuming at Avenue A and continuing to Sixth Avenue. West 8th Street is an important local shopping street. 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Mark's Place, but it is counted in the length below."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pleasant View, Toronto", "paragraph_text": "Pleasant View is a neighbourhood in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada that is located in the district of North York at the northern end of the city. It is bordered by Victoria Park to the East, Sheppard Avenue to the South, Highway 404 to the west and the Finch hydro corridor to the north (north of Finch Avenue). The neighbourhood is home to several high-rise apartment and condominium buildings, such as The Clippers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New Hampshire Route 1A", "paragraph_text": "New Hampshire Route 1A is an long state highway located in southeast New Hampshire. The route runs along the Atlantic coastline from the Massachusetts border north to Rye, then turns toward downtown Portsmouth. The southern terminus is at the Massachusetts state line in Seabrook where it continues south as Massachusetts Route 1A. The northern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 1 in downtown Portsmouth. For the length of the road's run along the shore, its local name is Ocean Boulevard. In Portsmouth, it is known as Miller Avenue and Sagamore Avenue."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hurricane Katrina effects by region", "paragraph_text": "By August 31, eighty percent (80%) of the city of New Orleans was flooded by Hurricane Katrina, with some parts of the city under 20 feet (6.1 m), of water. Over 50 breaches in region's levee system were catalogued, five of which resulted in massive flooding of New Orleans. The 17th Street Canal levee was just south of the Hammond Highway Bridge. Levees adjacent to London Avenue breached in two locations: one near Robert E. Lee Boulevard and one between Filmore Avenue and Mirabeau Avenue. Two breaches also occurred in the Industrial Canal adjacent to Surekote Road. Levee repair efforts were undertaken, involving reinforcing the levees with 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) sandbags deployed by U.S. Army Chinook and Black Hawk helicopters. The 17th Street Canal levee repair was completed by September 5, 2005 and subsequently, the three canals were repaired all the way to Lake Pontchartrain. The Army Corps of Engineers added flood gates to the three canals."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Avenue D (band)", "paragraph_text": "Avenue D was an American electroclash duo from Miami, Florida. Based in New York City, the duo consisted of Debbie D. (Debbie Attias) and Daphne D. (Daphne Gomez-Mena). They were prot\u00e9g\u00e9s of Larry Tee, and performed for his parties. Their music is an energetic, humorous and sexually explicit mix of hip hop, electro, and new wave."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Avenue D (Manhattan)", "paragraph_text": "Avenue D is the easternmost named avenue in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, east of Avenue C and west of the FDR Drive. It runs between East 13th and Houston Streets, and continues south of Houston Street as Columbia Street until Delancey Street and Abraham Kazan Street until its end at Grand Street. Avenues A, B, C and D are the origin of the name of the section of the East Village neighborhood through which they run, Alphabet City."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "D (New York City Subway service)", "paragraph_text": "On February 22, 2004, full service on the Manhattan Bridge was restored and D trains were extended via the north tracks of the bridge to Brooklyn, replacing the W as the Fourth Avenue Express (late nights local) and West End Local to Coney Island -- Stillwell Avenue. The D was moved to the West End Line instead of returning to the Brighton Line, which it had run on since 1967, to provide 24 - hour service to both the Concourse Line and West End Line and avoid running two separate (B and D) shortened services outside of weekdays. This eliminated the need to run late - night and / or weekend shuttles on the West End Line as done prior to 2002."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "13th Street is in three parts. The first is a dead end from Avenue C. The second starts at a dead end, just before Avenue B, and runs to Greenwich Avenue, and the third part is from Eighth Avenue to Tenth Avenue."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Arthur M. Parker House", "paragraph_text": "The Arthur M. Parker House (also known as the Parker House) is a historic house located at 8115 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, directly adjacent to the Frederick K. Stearns House."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "West Village, Detroit", "paragraph_text": "West Village is a historic district roughly bounded by Jefferson, Kercheval, Parker, and Seyburn Avenues in Detroit, Michigan. Adjacent to the west is the Islandview neighborhood, and adjacent to the east is Indian Village. The district received its name in the mid 20th century because of its location just west of the more well-known Indian Village Historic District. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jane and Finch", "paragraph_text": "Jane and Finch is a neighbourhood located in the northwest end of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in the district of North York. Centred at the intersection of Jane Street and Finch Avenue West, the area is roughly bounded by Highway 400 to the west, Driftwood Avenue to the east, Sheppard Avenue to the south, and Steeles Avenue to the north. The intersection itself was the location of a historic hamlet named Elia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Five Corners, Jersey City", "paragraph_text": "Five Corners is a neighborhood located at the intersection of Summit Avenue, Newark Avenue, and Hoboken Avenue in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States, and is situated in the northeastern portion of the larger Journal Square district. The name of the intersection is used for the neighborhood radiating from the crossing, which is adjacent to the Hilltop, just south of Bergen Arches and The Divided Highway."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stax Museum of American Soul Music", "paragraph_text": "The Stax Museum of American Soul Music is a museum located in Memphis, Tennessee, at 926 East McLemore Avenue, the former location of Stax Records. It is operated by Soulsville USA, which also operates the adjacent Stax Music Academy."}], "question": "Where does the ocean next to the city where Avenue D formed meet where it ends up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__479097_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jumeirah Beach", "paragraph_text": "Jumeira Beach is a white sand beach that is located and named after the Jumeirah district of Dubai, on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It stretches along the coast south of the city's historic district to the junction with The Palm Jumeirah and terminates between the southern end of the Jumeirah Beach Residence (adjacent to the Dubai Marina district) and the port facilities at Jebel Ali."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "WFMK", "paragraph_text": "WFMK (99.1 FM) is an adult contemporary radio station licensed to East Lansing, Michigan and serving the Lansing radio market. The station is owned by Townsquare Media and broadcasts in HD radio."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A,A", "paragraph_text": "The A,A is a sculpture by artist Jim Sanborn, located on the campus of the University of Houston, adjacent to the M.D. Anderson Library."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Grant M. Hudson", "paragraph_text": "Hudson engaged in the insurance business in Lansing, Michigan. He was State purchasing agent in 1939 and State tax commissioner in 1940. Hudson died in Kalamazoo and was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery in Lansing."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nuguria", "paragraph_text": "Nuguria or the Nuguria Islands, also known as the Abgarris or Fead Islands, are a Polynesian outlier and islands of Papua New Guinea. They are located nearly 150\u00a0km from the northern end of Buka island, in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and consist of two closely spaced atoll formations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Impression 5 Science Center", "paragraph_text": "The Impression 5 Science Center, is a science museum located in downtown Lansing, Michigan. Formerly known as the \"Impression 5 Museum\", the center is located in a historic wagon works factory on the Grand River. The name, \"Impression 5\", refers to the five senses."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kempark", "paragraph_text": "Kempark (sometimes spelled Kemp Park) is a community in Gloucester-Southgate Ward in the south end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Prior to amalgamation in 2001, it located in City of Gloucester. The community is located at the south end of Conroy Road when it meets with Bank Street. It is located right next to the village of Leitrim, Ontario. It is about 12\u00a0km south of Downtown Ottawa. The community is home to approximately 200 people."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lansing, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Lansing is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Lansing Township, Mower County, Minnesota, United States. Its population was 181 as of the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Menemsha, Massachusetts", "paragraph_text": "Menemsha is a small fishing village located in the town of Chilmark on the island of Martha's Vineyard in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on the east coast of Menemsha Pond, adjacent to the opening into the Vineyard Sound on the pond's northern end. The village's historic harbor serves as the point of departure for local fishermen, some from multi-generational fishing families, as well as charter boats to the Elizabeth Islands and elsewhere. Besides charter fishing and cruises, other amenities are the public beach adjacent to the harbor and the bicycle ferry across Menemsha Pond to Aquinnah. Menemsha is the location of a United States Coast Guard station, Coast Guard Station Menemsha, and was once known as Menemsha Creek. It was the shooting background for the fictional \"Amity Island\" of Steven Spielberg's 1975 film \"Jaws\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Michigan\u2013Michigan State football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Michigan -- Michigan State football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans First meeting October 12, 1898, Ann Arbor Michigan 36, State Agricultural College Latest meeting October 7, 2017, Ann Arbor Michigan State 14, Michigan 10 Next meeting 2018, East Lansing Trophy Paul Bunyan Trophy, Michigan leads, 36 -- 27 -- 2 Statistics Meetings total 110 All - time series Michigan leads, 69 -- 36 -- 5 Largest victory Michigan, 119 -- 0 (1902) Longest win streak Michigan, 14 (1916 -- 29) Longest unbeaten streak Michigan, 18 (1916 -- 1933) Current win streak Michigan State, 1 (2017 -- present)"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lansing-Dreiden", "paragraph_text": "Lansing-Dreiden was founded in Miami, Florida. Their body of work includes music, multimedia artwork (in the form of drawings, collages, sculpture and video), and the literary journal \"Death Notice\". Rather than calling themselves a band, they prefer to be categorized as \"a company that sees no distinction between art and commerce.\" (\"Seattle Weekly\", Feb. 5, 2005)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Michigan\u2013Michigan State football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "Michigan -- Michigan State football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans First meeting October 12, 1898, Ann Arbor Michigan 39, State Agricultural College 2 Latest meeting October 7, 2017, Ann Arbor Michigan State 14, Michigan 10 Next meeting 2018, East Lansing Trophy Paul Bunyan Trophy, Michigan leads, 36 -- 27 -- 2 Statistics Meetings total 110 All - time series Michigan leads, 69 -- 36 -- 5 Largest victory Michigan, 119 -- 0 (1902) Longest win streak Michigan, 14 (1916 -- 29) Longest unbeaten streak Michigan, 18 (1916 -- 1933) Current win streak Michigan State, 1 (2017 -- present)"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "WVFN", "paragraph_text": "WVFN (730 AM, \"The Game\") is a radio station licensed to East Lansing, Michigan, broadcasting a sports radio format. It broadcasts on AM frequency 730\u00a0kHz and is under the ownership of Townsquare Media. 730 AM is a Mexican and Canadian clear-channel frequency."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Typhoon", "paragraph_text": "A typhoon differs from a cyclone or hurricane only on the basis of location. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Geological history of Earth", "paragraph_text": "South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000\u2013100,000 years."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the US city in which Lansing-Dreiden was formed meet the ocean basin where it ended up at?"}
{"id": "4hop3__137061_30587_159979_44003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha", "paragraph_text": "Nigamananda Bidyapitha(\u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0920) is an educational institution established in 1963 in Daulatabad, India. The place is near to Choudwar Municipal area and adjacent to Cuttack City. It is in the state of Orissa, India."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Long Beach Township Beach Patrol", "paragraph_text": "The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol (LBTBP) was founded in 1936 to meet the growing demand for an ocean rescue force in the growing ocean community known as Long Beach Island, specifically Long Beach Township, New Jersey, United States. The organization employs over 200 full and part-time staff including lifeguards, office/headquarters staff and other positions relevant to its services. The Long Beach Township Beach Patrol guards of ocean beaches and two bay beaches and is one of the largest beach patrols in the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Duke of York Column", "paragraph_text": "The Duke of York Column is a monument in London, England, to Prince Frederick, Duke of York, the second eldest son of King George III. The designer was Benjamin Dean Wyatt. It is sited where Regent Street meets The Mall, a purposefully wide endpoint of Regent Street known as Waterloo Place and Gardens, in between the two terraces of Carlton House Terrace and their tree-lined squares. The three very wide flights of steps down to The Mall adjoining are known as the Duke of York Steps. The column was completed in December 1832 and the statue of the Duke of York, by Sir Richard Westmacott, was raised on 10 April 1834."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Execution of Louis XVI", "paragraph_text": "The execution of Louis XVI, by means of the guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la R\u00e9volution (``Revolution Square '', formerly Place Louis XV, and renamed Place de la Concorde in 1795) in Paris. The National Convention had convicted the king (17 January 1792) in a near - unanimous vote (while no one voted`` not guilty'', several deputies abstained) and condemned him to death by a simple majority."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucat\u00e1n Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world, comprising one - sixth of the United States' total production."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Georgetown, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Georgetown is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wilkes-Barre Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States, adjacent to the city of Wilkes-Barre. The CDP population was 1,640 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Place de la Concorde", "paragraph_text": "The Place de la Concorde (French pronunciation: \u200b (plas d\u0259 la k\u0254\u0303k\u0254\u0281d)) is one of the major public squares in Paris, France. Measuring 8.64 hectares (21.3 acres) in area, it is the largest square in the French capital. It is located in the city's eighth arrondissement, at the eastern end of the Champs - \u00c9lys\u00e9es. It was the site of many notable public executions during the French Revolution."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "paragraph_text": "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Stranahan Theater", "paragraph_text": "The Stranahan Theater is a 2,424 seat concert hall located in Toledo, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1969 and was formerly called Masonic Auditorium. The theater's foyer is 3,000 square feet (300 m\u00b2) and the adjacent Great Hall features 10,000 square feet (1,000 m\u00b2) of meeting space. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the theater."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Step Up Revolution", "paragraph_text": "Step Up Revolution (also known as Step Up 4: Miami Heat, and previously titled Step Up 4Ever) is a 2012 American 3D dance film and the fourth installment in the \"Step Up\" film series. It was released on July 27, 2012. The film was directed by Scott Speer and stars Ryan Guzman and Kathryn McCormick, the latter from the sixth season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The film features choreography by Jamal Sims, Christopher Scott, Chuck Maldonado and Travis Wall. The production design was created by Carlos A. Menendez. Unlike the first three films, produced by Touchstone Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, this film was produced by Summit Entertainment and Offspring Entertainment without Disney's involvement and distributed by Lionsgate. This is also the first Summit Entertainment film after being acquired by Lionsgate in January 2012."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wipro", "paragraph_text": "At the end of December 31, 2015, its employee strength was 170,664. Abid Ali Neemuchwala was appointed as Wipro's CEO after T.K. stepped down in early 2016."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Herder, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Herder is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Red Deer County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the south side of Highway 11, east of Red Deer. It is adjacent to the designated place of Balmoral SE to the northeast."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Early American currency", "paragraph_text": "During the American Revolution, the colonies became independent states. Freed from British monetary regulations, they issued paper money to pay for military expenses. The Continental Congress also issued paper money during the Revolution, known as Continental currency, to fund the war effort. Both state and Continental currency depreciated rapidly, becoming practically worthless by the end of the war. This depreciation was caused by the government printing large amounts of currency in order to meet the demands of war."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John F. Thorson", "paragraph_text": "The United States Army ship which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "East Glenville, New York", "paragraph_text": "East Glenville is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) in Schenectady County, New York, United States. The population was 6,616 at the 2010 census. The CDP includes the adjacent hamlet of Alplaus."}], "question": "Where does the ocean adjacent to the city where Step Up Revolution takes place me meet where it ends up?"}
{"id": "4hop1__598511_279957_708038_263523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Disorder (band)", "paragraph_text": "Disorder are a hardcore punk band that formed in the Bristol area of the United Kingdom in 1980, and has existed with varying line-ups to this day. Disorder are a band who aligned with politically charged punk bands ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in Fairfield County."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "White River Junction Historic District", "paragraph_text": "White River Junction Historic District is a historic district in the unincorporated village of White River Junction, within the town of Hartford, Vermont. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and its boundaries were increased in 2002. It originally encompassed the central portion of the village's business district, and was then expanded to include a broader array of resources."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}], "question": "What is located in the capitol of the state where Disorder was formed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__128699_279957_708038_263523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in Fairfield County."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WXBQ-FM", "paragraph_text": "WXBQ-FM is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Bristol, Virginia, serving the Tri-Cities. WXBQ-FM is owned and operated by Bristol Broadcasting Company, Inc."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Coquimbito", "paragraph_text": "Coquimbito is a rural district in the Maip\u00fa Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina. It is located in the southeast of the metropolitan area of Mendoza (the provincial capital), and is administratively part of the municipality of Maip\u00fa. The name refers to the Chilean port city of Coquimbo."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "White River Junction Historic District", "paragraph_text": "White River Junction Historic District is a historic district in the unincorporated village of White River Junction, within the town of Hartford, Vermont. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and its boundaries were increased in 2002. It originally encompassed the central portion of the village's business district, and was then expanded to include a broader array of resources."}], "question": "What is in the city serving as the capitol of the state where WXBQ-FM is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__259102_378572_279957_45958", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Beyond Good and Evil", "paragraph_text": "Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future () is a book by philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche that expands the ideas of his previous work, \"Thus Spoke Zarathustra\", with a more critical and polemical approach. It was first published in 1886."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Caucasus Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Caucasus Governorate (, \"Kavkazskaya guberniya\") was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1802 until 1822. Its seat was located in Georgiyevsk. The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire. In 1822, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the administrative center in Stavropol."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Contract with America", "paragraph_text": "The Contract with America was introduced six weeks before the 1994 Congressional election, the first mid-term election of President Bill Clinton's Administration, and was signed by all but two of the Republican members of the House and all of the Party's non-incumbent Republican Congressional candidates."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2018 Georgia gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, concurrently with other statewide and local elections to elect the next Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal is term - limited and thus can not seek reelection to a third consecutive term. The primary elections were held on May 22, 2018, and a primary runoff was held on July 24, 2018, between Republican candidates Casey Cagle and Brian Kemp. The Democratic nominee is Stacey Abrams, the Republican nominee is Brian Kemp, and the Libertarian nominee is Ted Metz."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7, 2017. There were seven candidates. Candidates for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey run on the same ticket and thus are elected at the same time. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie, who was re-elected to a second term in 2013, was term - limited and could not run for a third consecutive term."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Beyond Good and Evil 2", "paragraph_text": "Beyond Good and Evil 2 is an upcoming action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montpellier and published by Ubisoft. It is a prequel to Beyond Good & Evil released in 2003. Its development was characterized in the media by uncertainty, doubt and rumors about the game's future, until it was officially announced at Ubisoft's E3 2017 conference, although no release window or target platform has been revealed."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "She Is Beyond Good and Evil", "paragraph_text": "\"She Is Beyond Good and Evil\" is a song by English post-punk band The Pop Group. It was released as a single on March 2, 1979, through Radar Records. This song has been covered by the indie rock musician St. Vincent."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2018 Kansas gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "On August 7, 2018, Kobach appeared headed for victory over incumbent Governor Jeff Colyer in the Republican gubernatorial primary by an initial margin of 191 votes. By August 9, 2018, his lead stood at 121 votes, but discrepancies in some counties needed resolution, and provisional and absentee ballots may not have been counted in some counties. Democratic Senator Laura Kelly easily won the Democratic nomination. Independent Greg Orman, who finished second in the 2014 U.S. Senate race against incumbent Republican Pat Roberts, is running for governor, again as an independent candidate."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2018 Connecticut gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "As Connecticut does not have gubernatorial term limits, incumbent Democratic Governor Dannel Malloy is eligible to run for a third term, but has declined to do so. After the resignation of Kansas Governor Sam Brownback in January of 2018, Malloy became the most unpopular governor in the United States.. The general election will be between 2006 Democratic Senate nominee and businessman Ned Lamont, and Republican businessman Bob Stefanowski."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2000 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 2000. Republican candidate George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st President George H.W. Bush, narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Al Gore, the incumbent vice president. It was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Idealists in Distress From Bristol", "paragraph_text": "Idealists in Distress From Bristol is a live performance anthology album by English post-punk band The Pop Group, released in 2007."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Frank Orren Lowden", "paragraph_text": "Frank Orren Lowden (January 26, 1861 \u2013 March 20, 1943) was a Republican Party politician who served as the 25th Governor of Illinois and as a United States Representative from Illinois. He was also a candidate for the Republican presidential nominations in 1920 and 1928."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2019 Mississippi gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2019 Mississippi gubernatorial election will take place on November 5, 2019 to choose the next Governor of Mississippi. Incumbent Republican Governor Phil Bryant is ineligible to run for a third term due to term limits."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2018 Alaska gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Alaska gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Alaska. Incumbent Governor Bill Walker is running for re-election to a second term again as an Independent candidate. In the primaries for recognized political parties, candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor run separately. The winners of each respective primary for Governor and Lieutenant Governor then become a joint ticket in the general election for their political party."}], "question": "Who are the republican candidates running for governor in the US state containing the city having the performer of She Is Beyond Good and Evil?"}
{"id": "4hop1__465004_279957_708038_263523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alfie Biggs", "paragraph_text": "Biggs grew up as one of 8 children in the Knowle West area of Bristol where he attended Ilminster Avenue and Connaught Road schools."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "White River Junction Historic District", "paragraph_text": "White River Junction Historic District is a historic district in the unincorporated village of White River Junction, within the town of Hartford, Vermont. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and its boundaries were increased in 2002. It originally encompassed the central portion of the village's business district, and was then expanded to include a broader array of resources."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in Fairfield County."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}], "question": "What is located in the capitol of the state where Alfie Biggs was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__832895_279957_708038_263523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tumaraa", "paragraph_text": "Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Choke (music collective)", "paragraph_text": "Choke was the name of a Bristol music collective formed in 2001. It supported D.I.Y music in the city through non-profit events and publications. It was also the name of a related magazine, club night and Internet forum."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in Fairfield County."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "White River Junction Historic District", "paragraph_text": "White River Junction Historic District is a historic district in the unincorporated village of White River Junction, within the town of Hartford, Vermont. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and its boundaries were increased in 2002. It originally encompassed the central portion of the village's business district, and was then expanded to include a broader array of resources."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces."}], "question": "What is located in the capitol of the state where Choke was formed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__132397_279957_708038_263523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yukon", "paragraph_text": "Yukon (/ \u02c8ju\u02d0k\u0252n /; French: (jyk\u0254\u0303); also commonly called the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three federal territories (the other two are the Northwest Territories and Nunavut). The territory has the smallest population of any province or territory in Canada, with 35,874 people. Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukon's only city."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shire of Mirani", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Mirani was a local government area located in the North Queensland region of Queensland, Australia. The shire, administered from the town of Mirani, covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1916 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Mackay and the Shire of Sarina to form the Mackay Region."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Darwin, Northern Territory", "paragraph_text": "Darwin (/ \u02c8d\u0251\u02d0rw\u026an / (listen) DAR - win) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia. Situated on the Timor Sea, Darwin is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory, with a population of 142,300. It is the smallest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities, and acts as the Top End's regional centre."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in Fairfield County."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KOAN Sound", "paragraph_text": "KOAN Sound is an electronic music production duo from Bristol, United Kingdom. The duo consists of Will Weeks and Jim Bastow. The name is taken from the word k\u014dan. A track from the \"Max Out EP\" is titled \"One Hand Clap\" \u2013 a reference to a well-known k\u014dan with the implied answer of silence, an element used in their music to draw extreme contrast."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Tarn\u00f3w is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarn\u00f3w County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the city of Tarn\u00f3w, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "White River Junction Historic District", "paragraph_text": "White River Junction Historic District is a historic district in the unincorporated village of White River Junction, within the town of Hartford, Vermont. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and its boundaries were increased in 2002. It originally encompassed the central portion of the village's business district, and was then expanded to include a broader array of resources."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "What junction is found in the city, that is the capital of the state that also contains the city, where KOAN Sound was formed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__356941_378572_279957_45958", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Archangelgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Archangelgorod Governorate (, \"Arkhangelogorodskaya guberniya\"), or the Government of Archangelgorod, was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Tsardom of Russia and then the Russian Empire, which existed from 1708 until 1780. Its seat was in Archangel (modern Arkhangelsk). The governorate was located in the north of the Russian Empire and bordered Siberia Governorate in the east, Kazan Governorate in the southeast, Moscow and Ingermanland Governorates in the southwest, Sweden (later independent Finland) in the west, and Norway in north-west. In the north, the governorate was limited by the White and Barents Seas."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mike Harmon (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Mike Harmon (born October 16, 1966 in Harrodsburg, Kentucky) is an American politician currently serving as the Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts. Harmon was previously a Republican member of the Kentucky House of Representatives representing District 54. Harmon was a 2011 candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky. In 2015, Harmon was elected state Auditor, defeating Democratic incumbent Adam Edelen. He was the only Republican statewide candidate run unopposed in the primary."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kakisa Lake", "paragraph_text": "Kakisa Lake is a large lake located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is fed by the Kakisa River, and near to the community of Kakisa. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Coles Bashford", "paragraph_text": "Coles Bashford (January 24, 1816 \u2013 April 25, 1878) was an American lawyer and politician who became the fifth Governor of Wisconsin, and one of the founders of the U.S. Republican Party. His one term as governor ended in a bribery scandal that ended in him fleeing Wisconsin, but he was later instrumental in the government of the newly formed Arizona Territory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2018 Alaska gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Alaska gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Alaska. Incumbent Governor Bill Walker is running for re-election to a second term again as an Independent candidate. In the primaries for recognized political parties, candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor run separately. The winners of each respective primary for Governor and Lieutenant Governor then become a joint ticket in the general election for their political party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Contract with America", "paragraph_text": "The Contract with America was introduced six weeks before the 1994 Congressional election, the first mid-term election of President Bill Clinton's Administration, and was signed by all but two of the Republican members of the House and all of the Party's non-incumbent Republican Congressional candidates."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2018 Connecticut gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "As Connecticut does not have gubernatorial term limits, incumbent Democratic Governor Dannel Malloy is eligible to run for a third term, but has declined to do so. After the resignation of Kansas Governor Sam Brownback in January of 2018, Malloy became the most unpopular governor in the United States.. The general election will be between 2006 Democratic Senate nominee and businessman Ned Lamont, and Republican businessman Bob Stefanowski."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7, 2017. There were seven candidates. Candidates for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey run on the same ticket and thus are elected at the same time. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie, who was re-elected to a second term in 2013, was term - limited and could not run for a third consecutive term."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Frank Orren Lowden", "paragraph_text": "Frank Orren Lowden (January 26, 1861 \u2013 March 20, 1943) was a Republican Party politician who served as the 25th Governor of Illinois and as a United States Representative from Illinois. He was also a candidate for the Republican presidential nominations in 1920 and 1928."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Idealists in Distress From Bristol", "paragraph_text": "Idealists in Distress From Bristol is a live performance anthology album by English post-punk band The Pop Group, released in 2007."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Edward R. McGlynn", "paragraph_text": "Edward R. McGlynn, an American Republican Party politician, served as Chief of Staff to New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean. He is the brother of Richard McGlynn, a former Superior Court Judge and state utilities regulator who lost the 1981 Republican gubernatorial primary to Kean. His father, William E. McGlynn, was a two-term Councilman in Kearny, New Jersey and an unsuccessful candidate for Congress against Peter Rodino in 1954."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Caucasus Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Caucasus Governorate (, \"Kavkazskaya guberniya\") was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1802 until 1822. Its seat was located in Georgiyevsk. The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire. In 1822, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the administrative center in Stavropol."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2018 Kansas gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "On August 7, 2018, Kobach appeared headed for victory over incumbent Governor Jeff Colyer in the Republican gubernatorial primary by an initial margin of 191 votes. By August 9, 2018, his lead stood at 121 votes, but discrepancies in some counties needed resolution, and provisional and absentee ballots may not have been counted in some counties. Democratic Senator Laura Kelly easily won the Democratic nomination. Independent Greg Orman, who finished second in the 2014 U.S. Senate race against incumbent Republican Pat Roberts, is running for governor, again as an independent candidate."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "We Are All Prostitutes (album)", "paragraph_text": "We Are All Prostitutes is a compilation album by English post-punk band The Pop Group, released in April 1998 by Radar Records. It comprises tracks from the band's second album, the compilation \"We Are Time\" and the singles \"We Are All Prostitutes\" and \"Where There's a Will There's a Way\"."}], "question": "Who is the Republican gubernatorial candidate in the state where the We Are All Prostitutes performer formed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__136711_279957_708038_263523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "One-to-many (data model)", "paragraph_text": "In systems analysis, a one - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity -- relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one biological mother."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Protecting Our Children", "paragraph_text": "Protecting Our Children is a British documentary television series about social workers in the child protection department in Bristol. Lesley Sharp narrates the series, which was shown on BBC Two from 30 January - 13 February 2012."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in Fairfield County."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "White River Junction Historic District", "paragraph_text": "White River Junction Historic District is a historic district in the unincorporated village of White River Junction, within the town of Hartford, Vermont. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and its boundaries were increased in 2002. It originally encompassed the central portion of the village's business district, and was then expanded to include a broader array of resources."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve", "paragraph_text": "Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve is a protected area in the Northern Territory of Australia located in the locality of Ghan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}], "question": "What is located in the capitol of the state where Protecting Out Children is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__194697_378572_279957_45958", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Idealists in Distress From Bristol", "paragraph_text": "Idealists in Distress From Bristol is a live performance anthology album by English post-punk band The Pop Group, released in 2007."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Edward R. McGlynn", "paragraph_text": "Edward R. McGlynn, an American Republican Party politician, served as Chief of Staff to New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean. He is the brother of Richard McGlynn, a former Superior Court Judge and state utilities regulator who lost the 1981 Republican gubernatorial primary to Kean. His father, William E. McGlynn, was a two-term Councilman in Kearny, New Jersey and an unsuccessful candidate for Congress against Peter Rodino in 1954."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2018 Alaska gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Alaska gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Alaska. Incumbent Governor Bill Walker is running for re-election to a second term again as an Independent candidate. In the primaries for recognized political parties, candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor run separately. The winners of each respective primary for Governor and Lieutenant Governor then become a joint ticket in the general election for their political party."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2000 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 2000. Republican candidate George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st President George H.W. Bush, narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Al Gore, the incumbent vice president. It was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Caucasus Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Caucasus Governorate (, \"Kavkazskaya guberniya\") was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1802 until 1822. Its seat was located in Georgiyevsk. The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire. In 1822, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the administrative center in Stavropol."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Levi Woodbury", "paragraph_text": "Levi Woodbury (December 22, 1789September 4, 1851) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, a U.S. Senator, the 9th Governor of New Hampshire, and cabinet member in three administrations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cabinet of Curiosities (album)", "paragraph_text": "Cabinet of Curiosities is a compilation album by English post-punk band The Pop Group, released on 20 October 2014 through Freaks R Us."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7, 2017. There were seven candidates. Candidates for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey run on the same ticket and thus are elected at the same time. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie, who was re-elected to a second term in 2013, was term - limited and could not run for a third consecutive term."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2018 Kansas gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "On August 7, 2018, Kobach appeared headed for victory over incumbent Governor Jeff Colyer in the Republican gubernatorial primary by an initial margin of 191 votes. By August 9, 2018, his lead stood at 121 votes, but discrepancies in some counties needed resolution, and provisional and absentee ballots may not have been counted in some counties. Democratic Senator Laura Kelly easily won the Democratic nomination. Independent Greg Orman, who finished second in the 2014 U.S. Senate race against incumbent Republican Pat Roberts, is running for governor, again as an independent candidate."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Novgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Novgorod Governorate (, \"Novgorodskaya guberniya\", Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod. The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Archangelgorod Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Archangelgorod Governorate (, \"Arkhangelogorodskaya guberniya\"), or the Government of Archangelgorod, was an administrative division (a \"guberniya\") of the Tsardom of Russia and then the Russian Empire, which existed from 1708 until 1780. Its seat was in Archangel (modern Arkhangelsk). The governorate was located in the north of the Russian Empire and bordered Siberia Governorate in the east, Kazan Governorate in the southeast, Moscow and Ingermanland Governorates in the southwest, Sweden (later independent Finland) in the west, and Norway in north-west. In the north, the governorate was limited by the White and Barents Seas."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2018 Georgia gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, concurrently with other statewide and local elections to elect the next Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal is term - limited and thus can not seek reelection to a third consecutive term. The primary elections were held on May 22, 2018, and a primary runoff was held on July 24, 2018, between Republican candidates Casey Cagle and Brian Kemp. The Democratic nominee is Stacey Abrams, the Republican nominee is Brian Kemp, and the Libertarian nominee is Ted Metz."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2019 Mississippi gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2019 Mississippi gubernatorial election will take place on November 5, 2019 to choose the next Governor of Mississippi. Incumbent Republican Governor Phil Bryant is ineligible to run for a third term due to term limits."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2018 Connecticut gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "As Connecticut does not have gubernatorial term limits, incumbent Democratic Governor Dannel Malloy is eligible to run for a third term, but has declined to do so. After the resignation of Kansas Governor Sam Brownback in January of 2018, Malloy became the most unpopular governor in the United States.. The general election will be between 2006 Democratic Senate nominee and businessman Ned Lamont, and Republican businessman Bob Stefanowski."}], "question": "Who is the Republican gubernatorial candidate in the state where the Cabinet of Curiosities performer formed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__657200_279957_708038_263523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Texas\u2013Indian wars", "paragraph_text": "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the ``Lords of the Plains. ''Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Theodore Plucknett", "paragraph_text": "Plucknett was born on 2 January 1897 in Bristol. Plucknett completed his early education at Alderman Newton's School in Leicester and then Bacup and Rawstenstall school in Newchurch, Lancashire. He completed his degree in History at London University and graduated with second class honours. He later completed his masters at University College London before his twenty-first birthday. He was also awarded the Alexander prize of the Royal Historical Society. For his masters Plucknett's speciality was the fifteenth-century council; he would later go on to write his PhD thesis on \"Statutes and their Interpretation in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century\". He received his PhD from Emmanuel College, Cambridge and studied under the tutorship of H. D. Hazeltine."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in Fairfield County."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "White River Junction Historic District", "paragraph_text": "White River Junction Historic District is a historic district in the unincorporated village of White River Junction, within the town of Hartford, Vermont. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and its boundaries were increased in 2002. It originally encompassed the central portion of the village's business district, and was then expanded to include a broader array of resources."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "What junction is found in the city that is the capital of the state which contains the birthplace of Theodore Plucknett?"}
{"id": "4hop1__425013_378572_279957_24004", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ofu Airport", "paragraph_text": "Ofu Airport is a public airport located one mile (2\u00a0km) southeast of the village of Ofu on the island of Ofu in American Samoa, an unincorporated territory of the United States. This airport is publicly owned by Government of American Samoa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Idealists in Distress From Bristol", "paragraph_text": "Idealists in Distress From Bristol is a live performance anthology album by English post-punk band The Pop Group, released in 2007."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gauchar", "paragraph_text": "Gauchar is a Hill Town located in Karnaprayag tehsil within Chamoli district of Uttarakhand state in India. Gauchar is situated on the left bank of river Alaknanda and is en route the celebrated holy destination of Badrinath. Situated at an altitude of above the sea level, Gauchar is surrounded by seven mountains. Gauchar is well known for its historic trade fair. This quiet little town is unique in terms of its geographical location and topography. Gauchar is located on one of the largest pieces of flatland in this mountainous region of Uttarakhand."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of the largest six in the country (based on market capitalisation) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank and Telstra), as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Servus Credit Union", "paragraph_text": "Servus Credit Union is a member-owned, community-based financial institution based in Edmonton, Alberta, and in 2015 became the second largest credit union in Canada and the largest credit union in Alberta. Servus has around 380,000 members who are served by close to 2,400 employees from 102 locations in 59 communities across Alberta and as of 2016 has $13.2 billion in assets under its administration."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Times Square Ball", "paragraph_text": "The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City's Times Square. Located on the roof of One Times Square, the ball is a prominent part of a New Year's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop, where the ball descends 141 feet (43 m) in 60 seconds down a specially designed flagpole, beginning at 11: 59: 00 p.m. ET, and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year. In recent years, the festivities have been preceded by live entertainment, including performances by musicians."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Iberian Peninsula", "paragraph_text": "The Iberian Peninsula / a\u026a \u02c8b\u026a\u0259ri\u0259n p\u0259\u02c8n\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 /, also known as Iberia / a\u026a \u02c8b\u026a\u0259ri\u0259 /, is located in the southwest corner of Europe. The peninsula is principally divided between Portugal and Spain, comprising most of their territory. It also includes Andorra, and a small part of France along the peninsula's northeastern edge, as well as Gibraltar on its south coast, a small peninsula that forms an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. With an area of approximately 582,000 km (225,000 sq mi), it is the second largest European peninsula, after the Scandinavian."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Airlines Group", "paragraph_text": "American Airlines Group, Inc. is an American publicly traded airline holding company headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It was formed December 9, 2013, in the merger of AMR Corporation, the parent company of American Airlines, and US Airways Group, the parent company of US Airways. The airline groups together form the largest airline in the world, with more than 6,700 daily flights to 350 locations in 56 countries worldwide, about $40 billion in operating revenue, over 100,000 employees, and plans to take delivery of 607 new aircraft, including 517 narrowbody aircraft and 90 widebody international aircraft. The integration of American Airlines and US Airways was completed when the Federal Aviation Administration granted a single operating certificate for both carriers on April 8, 2015."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "We Are Time", "paragraph_text": "We Are Time is a compilation album by English post-punk band The Pop Group. It was released on June 13, 1980, through the record labels Rough Trade and Y."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization and a Fortune 1000 company, is headquartered in New Haven. Two more Fortune 1000 companies are based in Greater New Haven: the electrical equipment producers Hubbell, based in Orange, and Amphenol, based in Wallingford. Eight Courant 100 companies are based in Greater New Haven, with four headquartered in New Haven proper. New Haven-based companies traded on stock exchanges include NewAlliance Bank, the second largest bank in Connecticut and fourth-largest in New England (NYSE: NAL), Higher One Holdings (NYSE: ONE), a financial services firm United Illuminating, the electricity distributor for southern Connecticut (NYSE: UIL), Achillion Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: ACHN), Alexion Pharmaceuticals (NasdaqGS: ALXN), and Transpro Inc. (AMEX: TPR). Vion Pharmaceuticals is traded OTC (OTC BB: VIONQ.OB). Other notable companies based in the city include the Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company (the candy-making division of the Hershey Company), the American division of Assa Abloy (one of the world's leading manufacturers of locks), Yale University Press, and the Russell Trust Association (the business arm of the Skull and Bones Society). The Southern New England Telephone Company (SNET) began operations in the city as the District Telephone Company of New Haven in 1878; the company remains headquartered in New Haven as a subsidiary of AT&T Inc., now doing business as AT&T Connecticut, and provides telephone service for all but two municipalities in Connecticut."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes", "paragraph_text": "Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (; Arpitan: \"\"; ; ) was an administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes. It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south. The region was named after the Rh\u00f4ne and the Alps mountain range. Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris. Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "The 2012\u20132013 Cypriot financial crisis led to an agreement with the Eurogroup in March 2013 to split the country's second largest bank, the Cyprus Popular Bank (also known as Laiki Bank), into a \"bad\" bank which would be wound down over time and a \"good\" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a \u20ac10 billion bailout from the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, often referred to as the \"troika\", the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant haircut on uninsured deposits, a large proportion of which were held by wealthy Russians who used Cyprus as a tax haven. Insured deposits of \u20ac100,000 or less were not affected."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Federal Reserve", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers. It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board (FRB). Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, located in cities throughout the nation, regulate and oversee privately owned commercial banks. Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in, and can elect some of the board members of, the Federal Reserve Bank of their region. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets monetary policy. It consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents, though only five bank presidents vote at a time (the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one - year voting terms). There are also various advisory councils. Thus, the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components. It has a structure unique among central banks, and is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury, an entity outside of the central bank, prints the currency used."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of Yale University further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital. Other large employers include St. Raphael Hospital, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Southern Connecticut State University, Assa Abloy Manufacturing, the Knights of Columbus headquarters, Higher One, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Covidien and United Illuminating. Yale and Yale-New Haven are also among the largest employers in the state, and provide more $100,000+-salaried positions than any other employer in Connecticut.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "When John DeStefano, Jr., became mayor of New Haven in 1995, he outlined a plan to transform the city into a major cultural and arts center in the Northeast, which involved investments in programs and projects other than sports franchises. As nearby Bridgeport built new sports facilities, the brutalist New Haven Coliseum rapidly deteriorated. Believing the upkeep on the venue to be a drain of tax dollars, the DeStefano administration closed the Coliseum in 2002; it was demolished in 2007. New Haven's last professional sports team, the New Haven County Cutters, left in 2009. The DeStefano administration did, however, see the construction of the New Haven Athletic Center in 1998, a 94,000-square-foot (8,700 m2) indoor athletic facility with a seating capacity of over 3,000. The NHAC, built adjacent to Hillhouse High School, is used for New Haven public schools athletics, as well as large-scale area and state sporting events; it is the largest high school indoor sports complex in the state."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven was the location of one of Jim Morrison's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors. The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to \"Peace Frog\" which include the line \"...blood in the streets in the town of New Haven...\" This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert.[citation needed] This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors (1991), starring Val Kilmer as Morrison, with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena."}], "question": "What publicly traded bank second in size in the state where the We Are Time performer was formed is based in New Haven?"}
{"id": "4hop1__719526_279957_708038_263523", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Saulkrasti Municipality", "paragraph_text": "Saulkrasti Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Andy Parfitt", "paragraph_text": "Andrew John Parfitt (born 24 September 1958, Bristol) is the Executive Director of Talent for ad agency Saatchi & Saatchi. He was the Controller of BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom, and held that role from 1998\u20132011, taking over from Matthew Bannister. He was also the controller of BBC Radio 1Xtra, BBC Asian Network, BBC Popular Music and BBC Switch. He was recently appointed Chair of the UK charity Youth Music."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bristol Mum Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Bristol Mum Festival is an annual festival in Bristol, Connecticut which includes a Mum Parade in Connecticut. The festival celebrates chrysanthemums, formerly a major product of the town, and was first held on Sunday, October 7, 1962. Opening ceremonies kicked off the celebration, now known as the Bristol Mum Festival. Amidst the floral carpet of the former Bristol Nurseries on Chippens Hill. Ralph Joerres, the first Chairman of the Festival opened the festivities inviting everyone to the first Open House events which were welcoming Bristolites to the American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol Water Company and the newly remodeled North Side Bank & Trust Company. The members of the Chamber of Commerce and City of Bristol officials assembled a list of activities to take place over six days. They wanted to focus on the positive things happening in Bristol."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "White River Junction Historic District", "paragraph_text": "White River Junction Historic District is a historic district in the unincorporated village of White River Junction, within the town of Hartford, Vermont. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and its boundaries were increased in 2002. It originally encompassed the central portion of the village's business district, and was then expanded to include a broader array of resources."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kiri Territory", "paragraph_text": "Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County", "paragraph_text": "Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 is the Hungarian name for the T\u00e2rnava Mic\u0103 River. The capital of the county was \"Dics\u0151szentm\u00e1rton\" (now T\u00e2rn\u0103veni)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge funds in Fairfield County."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pangi Territory", "paragraph_text": "Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Pangi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "What is located in the capitol of the state where Andy Parfitt was born?"}
{"id": "4hop2__129311_316459_41402_28014", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alsace", "paragraph_text": "In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Americano (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Americano\" is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga, taken from her second studio album, \"Born This Way\" (2011). The song was written and produced by Gaga with DJ White Shadow and Fernando Garibay. \"Americano\" was influenced by the events surrounding the repeal of the controversial California Proposition 8\u2014a ballot proposition that defined marriage as a union between opposite-sex couples, thereby prohibiting and invalidating same-sex marriage throughout the state\u2014as well as the growing struggles of Mexican immigrants. It combines mariachi, house, and techno genres with elements from Latin music. Lyrically, the song talks about a lesbian themed romantic relationship."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, and the British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there. The British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish. Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain in 1783, after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, and the settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets and plats. They soon named the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Culture of India", "paragraph_text": "Arranged marriages have long been the norm in Indian society. Even today, the majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parents and other respected family-members. In the past, the age of marriage was young. The average age of marriage for women in India has increased to 21 years, according to 2011 Census of India. In 2009, about 7% of women got married before the age of 18.In most of the marriages the bride's family provide a dowry to the bridegroom. Traditionally, the dowry was considered a woman's share of the family wealth, since a daughter had no legal claim on her natal family's real estate. It also typically included portable valuables such as jewellery and household goods that a bride could control throughout her life. Historically, in most families the inheritance of family estates passed down the male line. Since 1956, Indian laws treat males and females as equal in matters of inheritance without a legal will. Indians are increasingly using a legal will for inheritance and property succession, with about 20 percent using a legal will by 2004.In India, the divorce rate is low \u2014 1% compared with about 40% in the United States. These statistics do not reflect a complete picture, though. There is a dearth of scientific surveys or studies on Indian marriages where the perspectives of both husbands and wives were solicited in-depth. Sample surveys suggest the issues with marriages in India are similar to trends observed elsewhere in the world. The divorce rates are rising in India. Urban divorce rates are much higher. Women initiate about 80 percent of divorces in India."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Equality Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Equality Alabama was formed by the 2002 merger of the Gay and Lesbian Alliance of Alabama and Equality Begins at Home of Central Alabama. The organization began to increase its activity prior to the 2005 referendum that banned same-sex marriage in the state. Representatives for the organization have stated that the additional visibility was in reaction to increasingly anti-gay legislation being brought forth in the state government. Proposed, but thus far not enacted, state legislation has included banning the adoption of children by LGBT people and prohibiting libraries from purchasing literature that portrays homosexuality as an acceptable lifestyle."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Same-sex marriage in New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Same-sex marriage in New Zealand has been legal since 19 August 2013. A bill for legalisation was passed by the New Zealand House of Representatives on 17 April 2013 by 77 votes to 44 and received royal assent on 19 April. It entered into force on 19 August, to allow time for the Department of Internal Affairs to make the necessary changes for marriage licensing and related documentation. New Zealand became the first country in Oceania, the fourth in the Southern Hemisphere, and the fifteenth overall to allow same-sex couples to marry."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lois Waisbrooker", "paragraph_text": "Lois Waisbrooker (21 February 1826 \u2013 3 October 1909) was an American feminist author, editor, publisher, and campaigner of the later nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. She wrote extensively on issues of sex, marriage, birth control, and women's rights, plus related areas of radical thought like free speech, anarchism, spiritualism and genocide of men. She is perhaps best remembered for her 1893 novel \"A Sex Revolution\" in which she advocated mass genocide of men to reduce them to 10 percent of the human population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Noah's Arc (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Noah's Arc is an American cable television dramedy. The series, which predominantly features gay black and Latino characters, focused on many socially relevant issues, including same sex dating, same-sex marriage, same-sex parenthood, HIV and AIDS awareness, infidelity, promiscuity, homophobia, gay bashing. It ran from October 19, 2005, to October 4, 2006. After its cancellation, a film was produced entitled \"\", which was released theatrically in 2008."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rodney Croome", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Croome became the fifth National Director of Australian Marriage Equality. On 8 May 2013 Croome debated Patrick Langrell on Same Sex Marriage at the University of New South Wales. In September 2013 Rodney Croome wrote to the group Community Action Against Homophobia CAAH expressing his concerns in regards to the radical campaigning methods they use in same-sex marriage campaigns saying, \"It is a double standard to demand respect for same-sex relationships without showing the same respect in return\". Croome supports Australia's trans and intersex communities in their quest for marriage equality saying, \"the marriage equality campaign must be inclusive of all loving committed couples regardless of sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex status\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charles Edmund Nugent", "paragraph_text": "Nugent served in the naval brigade in the invasions of Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadaloupe during the French Revolutionary Wars and, when William Cornwallis assumed command of the blockade of Brest, Nugent was selected to serve as his Captain of the Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He never commanded any fleet or naval station but did rise to the highest rank in the Navy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "paragraph_text": "The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in the kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Scotland between 1639 and 1651. The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts; it included the abolition of the monarchy and the execution of the kingdoms' monarch, Charles I, by the English Parliament in 1649."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland", "paragraph_text": "Same - sex marriage has been legal in Ireland since 16 November 2015. A referendum on 22 May 2015 amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that marriage is recognised irrespective of the sex of the partners. The measure was signed into law by the President of Ireland as the Thirty - fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on 29 August 2015. The Marriage Act 2015, passed by the Oireachtas on 22 October 2015 and signed into law by the Presidential Commission on 29 October 2015, gave legislative effect to the amendment. Marriages of same - sex couples in Ireland began being recognised from 16 November 2015 and the first marriage ceremonies of same - sex couples in Ireland occurred on 17 November 2015."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Same-sex marriage in Sweden", "paragraph_text": "On 22 October 2009, the governing board of the Church of Sweden, voted 176\u201362 in favour of allowing its priests to wed same-sex couples in new gender-neutral church ceremonies, including the use of the term marriage. Same-sex marriages have been performed by the church since 1 November 2009."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Will Smith", "paragraph_text": "Smith donated $4,600 to the 2008 presidential campaign of Democrat Barack Obama. On December 11, 2009, Smith and his wife hosted the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway to celebrate Obama's winning of the prize.In 2012, Smith stated he supported legalizing same-sex marriage."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Marriage Act 1961 (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "Part II (s. 10 - 21) deals with the marriageable age and the marriage of minors. In the original 1961 Act, marriageable age was set at 16 for females and 18 for males. The marriageable age was equalised in 1991 by the Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 1991 which raised the marriageable age of females to 18."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Immokolee", "paragraph_text": "Immokolee (also known as the Dorothy Binney Palmer House) is a historic home in Fort Pierce, Florida. It is located at 8431 Immokolee Road. On July 29, 1994, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government\u2014as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s\u2014or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In April of the same year, the Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he answered \"Soy el Rey de Espa\u00f1a y no el de B\u00e9lgica\" (\"I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium\")\u2014a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion. The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Likewise, in 2010, King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand."}], "question": "When did same-sex marriage become legal in the country that gained control of the state where Immokolee is located after the conflict Charles Edmund Nugent participated in?"}
{"id": "4hop2__129311_316459_41402_64918", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Iraq War", "paragraph_text": "The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States - led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3 -- 4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred as part of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush following the September 11 terrorist attacks."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Immokolee", "paragraph_text": "Immokolee (also known as the Dorothy Binney Palmer House) is a historic home in Fort Pierce, Florida. It is located at 8431 Immokolee Road. On July 29, 1994, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "114th United States Congress", "paragraph_text": "The One Hundred Fourteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2017, during the final two full years of Barack Obama's presidency. The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate (and control of both houses of Congress) for the first time since the 109th Congress. With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929 -- 1931."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Continental Congress", "paragraph_text": "The Second Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775, at Philadelphia's State House, passing the resolution for independence the following year on July 2, 1776, and publicly asserting the decision two days later with the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the declaration, and John Adams was a leader in the debates in favor of its adoption. John Hancock of Massachusetts was the president during those debates. To govern during the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress continued, meeting at various locations, until it became the Congress of the Confederation when the Articles of Confederation were ratified on March 1, 1781."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "On June 1, 1812, President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. After Madison's message, the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 (61%) in favor of the first declaration of war. The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 (59%) vote in favour. The conflict began formally on June 18, 1812, when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day. This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history. The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991, while not a formal declaration of war, was a closer vote. None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war; critics of war subsequently referred to it as ``Mr. Madison's War. ''"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", "paragraph_text": "President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20, 1898.. In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21. On the same day, the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba. On April 23, Spain stated that it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory. On April 25, the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21, the day the blockade of Cuba had begun. The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender control of Cuba, but due to Spain not replying soon enough, the United States had assumed Spain had ignored the ultimatum and continued to occupy Cuba."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America's revolutionaries. By the 1750s, Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America, and second in the British Empire, behind London. The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War; the Second Continental Congress, which signed the United States Declaration of Independence, during the war; and the Constitutional Convention (1787) after the war. Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mali", "paragraph_text": "In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, which Tuareg rebels took control of by April and declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March and later fighting between Tuareg and Islamist rebels. In response to Islamist territorial gains, the French military launched Op\u00e9ration Serval in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States declaration of war on Japan", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77 - 328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message to the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high - security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mexican\u2013American War", "paragraph_text": "The Mexican -- American War, also known as the Mexican War in the United States and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Mexico) from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas. Mexico had considerable instability under the caudillo leadership of President / General Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna, with many constitutional changes leading up to the conflict. Mexico still considered Texas to be its northeastern province and a part of its territory, and did not recognize the Republic of Texas, which had seceded from Mexico in the 1836 Texas Revolution a decade earlier. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area, and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, Polk cited this in his request that Congress declare war."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "First Continental Congress", "paragraph_text": "The Congress met from September 5 to October 26, 1774. Peyton Randolph presided over the proceedings; Henry Middleton took over as President of the Congress from October 22 to 26. Charles Thomson, leader of Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence, was selected to be Secretary of the Continental Congress."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Declaration of war by the United States", "paragraph_text": "For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says ``Congress shall have power to... declare War ''. However, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a`` declaration of war'' nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In the courts, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in Doe v. Bush, said: ``(T) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war. ''in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional`` Declaration of War'' was not required by the Constitution."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Iraq War", "paragraph_text": "The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States - led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3 -- 4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred under the pretext of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of US President George W. Bush following the September 11 terror attacks."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt officially pronounced 7 December 1941, as ``a date which will live in infamy ''and asked for a declaration of war on Japan before a joint session of Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that`` We ca n't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, and the British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there. The British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish. Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain in 1783, after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, and the settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets and plats. They soon named the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charles Edmund Nugent", "paragraph_text": "Nugent served in the naval brigade in the invasions of Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadaloupe during the French Revolutionary Wars and, when William Cornwallis assumed command of the blockade of Brest, Nugent was selected to serve as his Captain of the Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He never commanded any fleet or naval station but did rise to the highest rank in the Navy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Charles Carroll of Carrollton", "paragraph_text": "Charles Carroll (September 19, 1737 -- November 14, 1832), known as Charles Carroll of Carrollton or Charles Carroll III to distinguish him from his similarly named relatives, was a wealthy Maryland planter and an early advocate of independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress and Confederation Congress and later as first United States Senator for Maryland. He was the only Catholic signatory of the Declaration of Independence."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Russia and the American Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Empire's role in the American Revolutionary War was part of a global conflict of colonial supremacy between the Thirteen Colonies and the Kingdom of Great Britain. Prior to the onset of the war, the Russian Empire had already begun exploration along North America's west coast; and, the year following the combat's conclusion, the Eurasian empire established its first colony in Alaska. Although the Russian Empire did not directly send troops or supplies to the colonies or British Empire during the war, it responded to the Declaration of Independence, played a role in international diplomacy, and contributed to the lasting legacy of the American Revolution abroad."}], "question": "Who was president, when congress declared war on the country, that gained control of the state that contains Immokolee, after the war where Charles Edmund Nugent served was over?"}
{"id": "4hop2__129311_316459_41402_67067", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hurlburt Field", "paragraph_text": "Hurlburt Field Part of Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) Located near: Mary Esther, Florida Hurlburt Field Location of Hurlburt Field, Florida Coordinates 30 \u00b0 25 \u2032 40 ''N 086 \u00b0 41 \u2032 22'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 30.42778 \u00b0 N 86.68944 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 30.42778; - 86.68944 \ufeff (Hurlburt Field) Coordinates: 30 \u00b0 25 \u2032 40 ''N 086 \u00b0 41 \u2032 22'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 30.42778 \u00b0 N 86.68944 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 30.42778; - 86.68944 \ufeff (Hurlburt Field) Site information Controlled by United States Air Force Site history Built 1942 In use 1942 -- present Garrison information Garrison 1st Special Operations Wing"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Louisiana Purchase was by far the largest territorial gain in U.S. history. Stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, the purchase doubled the size of the United States. Before 1803, Louisiana had been under Spanish control for forty years. Although Spain aided the rebels in the American Revolutionary War, the Spanish did n't want the Americans to settle in their territory."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "War of the Spanish Succession", "paragraph_text": "The War of the Spanish Succession (1701 -- 1714) was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II. Charles II had ruled over a vast global empire, and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled the governments of Europe. Attempts to solve the problem by peacefully partitioning the empire among the eligible candidates from the royal houses of France (Bourbon), Austria (Habsburg), and Bavaria (Wittelsbach) ultimately failed, and on his deathbed Charles II fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on his grandnephew Philip, Duke of Anjou, the second eldest grandson of King Louis XIV of France. With Philip ruling in Spain, Louis XIV would secure great advantages for his dynasty, but some statesmen regarded a dominant House of Bourbon as a threat to European stability, jeopardising the balance of power."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, and the British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there. The British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish. Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain in 1783, after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, and the settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets and plats. They soon named the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cutler (community), Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Cutler is an unincorporated community located in the town of Cutler, Juneau County, Wisconsin, United States. Cutler is located on Wisconsin Highway 21 west of Necedah. The community was named in honor of Charles \"Fred\" Cutler, who had been the Juneau County clerk for thirty years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Charles Edmund Nugent", "paragraph_text": "Nugent served in the naval brigade in the invasions of Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadaloupe during the French Revolutionary Wars and, when William Cornwallis assumed command of the blockade of Brest, Nugent was selected to serve as his Captain of the Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He never commanded any fleet or naval station but did rise to the highest rank in the Navy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "For over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated \"Wild Fields\" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine, known as New Russia during Russian imperial times, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion, and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians, many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens.(ch 1)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Edmund I", "paragraph_text": "On 26 May 946, Edmund was murdered by Leofa, an exiled thief, while attending St Augustine's Day Mass in Pucklechurch (South Gloucestershire). John of Worcester and William of Malmesbury add some lively detail by suggesting that Edmund had been feasting with his nobles, when he spotted Leofa in the crowd. He attacked the intruder in person, but in the event, Leofa killed him. Leofa was killed on the spot by those present. A recent article re-examines Edmund's death and dismisses the later chronicle accounts as fiction. It suggests the king was the victim of a political assassination.Edmund's sister Eadgyth, the wife of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, died earlier the same year, as Flodoard's Annales for 946 report.Edmund was succeeded as king by his brother Eadred, king from 946 until 955. Edmund's sons later ruled England as:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mali", "paragraph_text": "In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, which Tuareg rebels took control of by April and declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March and later fighting between Tuareg and Islamist rebels. In response to Islamist territorial gains, the French military launched Op\u00e9ration Serval in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ted Nugent", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, Nugent appeared as himself in a third - season episode of That '70s Show entitled ``Backstage Pass ''. Donna Pinciotti (Laura Prepon), who works for radio station WFPP, obtains tickets to the upcoming Ted Nugent concert for the entire gang. Following the concert, her boss Max (Howard Hesseman) gives Donna a backstage pass to meet Nugent, where he volunteers to sit for an interview. Meanwhile, Steven Hyde (Danny Masterson) and Fez (Wilmer Valderrama) try to sell unauthorized concert t - shirts accidentally spelled Tad Nugent."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of the Sound", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of the Sound took place on 8 November 1658 (29 October O.S.) during the Second Northern War, near the Sound or \u00d8resund, just north of the Danish capital, Copenhagen. Sweden had invaded Denmark and an army under Charles X of Sweden had Copenhagen itself under siege. The Dutch fleet was sent to prevent Sweden from gaining control of both sides of the Sound and thereby controlling access to the Baltic Sea as well as of its trade."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2015 NBA Finals", "paragraph_text": "The 2015 NBA Finals was the championship series of the 2014 -- 15 season of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the conclusion of the season's playoffs. The Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors defeated the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers in six games (4 -- 2) for the Warriors' first title in 40 years and their fourth in franchise history, becoming the first team since the 1990 -- 91 Chicago Bulls to win a championship without any prior Finals experience from any player on their roster. Golden State's Andre Iguodala was named the Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Takelot I", "paragraph_text": "Takelot I was the son of Osorkon I and Queen Tashedkhons who ruled Egypt for thirteen years according to Manetho. Takelot would marry Queen Kapes who bore him Osorkon II. Initially, Takelot was believed to be an ephemeral Dynasty 22 Pharaoh since no monuments at Tanis or Lower Egypt could be conclusively linked to his reign, or mentioned his existence, except for the famous Stela of Pasenhor, which dates to Year 37 of Shoshenq V."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Francisco Franco", "paragraph_text": "Francisco Franco Bahamonde (/ \u02c8fr\u00e6\u014bko\u028a /; Spanish: (f\u027ean\u02c8\u03b8isko \u02c8f\u027ea\u014bko \u03b2a. a\u02c8monde); 4 December 1892 -- 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939, after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, until his death in 1975. This period in Spanish history is commonly known as Francoist Spain."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Love in the Rough", "paragraph_text": "Love in the Rough is a 1930 American Pre-Code comedy film directed by Charles Reisner and written by Sarah Y. Mason, Joseph Farnham and Robert E. Hopkins. The film stars Robert Montgomery, Dorothy Jordan, Benny Rubin, J. C. Nugent, Penny Singleton and Tyrell Davis."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Immokolee", "paragraph_text": "Immokolee (also known as the Dorothy Binney Palmer House) is a historic home in Fort Pierce, Florida. It is located at 8431 Immokolee Road. On July 29, 1994, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "David Cooksey", "paragraph_text": "David Cooksey gained a degree in metallurgy at St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford (Hon Fellow 1995). He embarked on a career as an industrial engineer, rising through the management of the company Formica International, and finally leading the management buy-out of a subsidiary in 1971."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. The Republic of the Congo was established on the 28th of November 1958 but gained independence from France in 1960. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has ruled for 35 of the past 40 years."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Edmund Charles Wyldbore Smith", "paragraph_text": "Sir Edmund Charles Wyldbore Smith (15 January 1877 - 18 October 1938) was a British civil servant, diplomat, and businessman."}], "question": "Who was the dictator who ruled for 40 years the country that gained control of the state where Immokolee is located after the conflict Charles Edmund Nugent participated in?"}
{"id": "4hop1__706195_611797_580996_425305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Brotha Lynch Hung", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Danell Mann (born January 10, 1969), better known by his stage name Brotha Lynch Hung, is an American rapper and record producer from Sacramento, California. Since the release of his debut EP \"24 Deep\" in 1993, Brotha Lynch Hung has sold 3.4 million CDs through 15 different projects independently, and has been described as an innovator of horrorcore and one of the forefathers of the genre, along with being one of the most prominent rappers to emerge out of the Sacramento rap scene."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rio Linda, California", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento\u2013Arden-Arcade\u2013Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 15,106, up from 10,466 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Book III", "paragraph_text": "Book III is a compilation album by Brotha Lynch Hung, the third and final in a series released throughout 2002 that began with \"\". The tracks are compiled from Lynch's studio albums and other artists' albums he featured on."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Darrington Unit", "paragraph_text": "The Darrington Unit (DA) is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) men's prison located in unincorporated Brazoria County, Texas, near Sandy Point, and with a Rosharon, Texas postal address; it is not inside the Rosharon census-designated place. The unit is along Farm to Market Road 521, north of Rosharon, and about south of Downtown Houston. The prison has about of land. The prison has the Region III Administrative Office of the Windham School District."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rio Linda High School", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District."}], "question": "What county includes a city that borders the birthplace of Book III's performer?"}
{"id": "4hop1__53706_795904_580996_425305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "California Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "Rumors of the discovery of gold were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan. Brannan hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies, and walked through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting ``Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River! ''"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Henry Haight", "paragraph_text": "Henry Haight (1820\u20131869) was an American exchange banker and pioneer. He was the manager of the Banking House of Page, Bacon & Co. in San Francisco during the California gold rush era."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Redeeming Love", "paragraph_text": "Redeeming Love, by Francine Rivers is a historical romance novel set in the 1850s Gold Rush in California. The story is inspired by the Book of Hosea from the Bible. Its central theme is the redeeming love of God towards sinners."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Emory Creek Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Emory Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the west side of the Fraser River just south of the town of Yale. It commemorates the location of a large boomtown, variously known as Emory, Emory Bar or Emory City, that first rose during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush but became a major construction town during the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Black Hills Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "The Black Hills Gold Rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States. It began in 1874 following the Custer Expedition and reached a peak in 1876-77."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rio Linda High School", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of Sacramento, California", "paragraph_text": "The history of Sacramento, California, began with its founding by Samuel Brannan and John Augustus Sutter, Jr. in 1848 around an embarcadero that his father, John Sutter, Sr. constructed at the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers a few years prior."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mother lode", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Mother Lode is most famously the name given to a long alignment of hard - rock gold deposits stretching northwest - southeast in the Sierra Nevada of California. It was discovered in the early 1850s, during the California gold rush. The California Mother Lode is a zone from 1.5 to 6 kilometres (0.93 to 3.73 mi) wide and 190 kilometres (120 mi) long, between Georgetown on the north and Mormon Bar on the south."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mill City, Butte County, California", "paragraph_text": "Mill City is a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States. It was located adjacent to and shared a post office with Magalia (then, Dogtown)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Atlantic City, Wyoming", "paragraph_text": "Atlantic City is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fremont County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 37 at the 2010 census. The community is a small mining settlement in a gulch near South Pass in southwestern Wyoming. It was founded as a mining camp following the 1867 gold rush in the region. The town declined following the end of the placer gold rush in the early 1870s, but continued to exist as advances in mining technology allowed further extraction of gold. From the 1960s until 1983, it was the location of US Steel iron ore mine. The town is accessible by gravel roads from nearby Wyoming Highway 28."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Andrade Port of Entry", "paragraph_text": "The Andrade Port of Entry is the easternmost and lowest volume border crossing in California, USA. It is located 2 miles south of Interstate 8, and about 2000 feet west of the Colorado River, in Imperial County opposite the Los Algodones border crossing in Baja California, Mexico. It is a minor port in comparison to the larger Calexico West and Calexico East Ports of Entry. In spite of its remote desert location, it supports significant tourist traffic volume. The Andrade-Los Algodones border crossing is also Mexico's northernmost port of entry. The port ranked 11th for pedestrian crossings in 2010, with more than one million people processed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Apple Dumpling Gang", "paragraph_text": "The Apple Dumpling Gang is a 1971 novel by Jack Bickham, about a group of orphaned children during the California gold rush. They encounter a gambler who reluctantly helps them, as well as a pair of hapless robbers who are after the gold the children have found."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dog Town, California", "paragraph_text": "Dog Town (also, Dogtown and Dogtown Diggings) is a ghost town in Mono County, California. Today, Dog Town is a defunct gold rush era town in Mono County, California."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rio Linda, California", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento\u2013Arden-Arcade\u2013Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 15,106, up from 10,466 at the 2000 census."}], "question": "In which county is the city sharing a border with the work location of someone who went to California during the gold rush?"}
{"id": "4hop1__660242_611797_580996_425305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rio Linda High School", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "British West Africa", "paragraph_text": "British West Africa, or the British West African Settlements, constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 24 November 1888) an administrative entity under a governor - in - chief (comparable in rank to a Governor - general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rio Linda, California", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento\u2013Arden-Arcade\u2013Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 15,106, up from 10,466 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Donald E. Hillman", "paragraph_text": "Donald Edison Hillman (August 24, 1918 \u2013 March 16, 2012) was an American World War II flying ace and prisoner of war credited with five enemy aircraft destroyed. He was also the first American pilot, in 1952, to make a deep-penetration overflight of Soviet territory for the purpose of aerial reconnaissance."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "24 Deep", "paragraph_text": "24 Deep is the debut studio EP by American rapper Brotha Lynch Hung. It was released in 1993 through Black Market Records."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brotha Lynch Hung", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Danell Mann (born January 10, 1969), better known by his stage name Brotha Lynch Hung, is an American rapper and record producer from Sacramento, California. Since the release of his debut EP \"24 Deep\" in 1993, Brotha Lynch Hung has sold 3.4 million CDs through 15 different projects independently, and has been described as an innovator of horrorcore and one of the forefathers of the genre, along with being one of the most prominent rappers to emerge out of the Sacramento rap scene."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}], "question": "What county is the town that shares a border with the birthplace of 24 Deep's performer located in?"}
{"id": "4hop1__712043_611797_580996_425305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brotha Lynch Hung", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Danell Mann (born January 10, 1969), better known by his stage name Brotha Lynch Hung, is an American rapper and record producer from Sacramento, California. Since the release of his debut EP \"24 Deep\" in 1993, Brotha Lynch Hung has sold 3.4 million CDs through 15 different projects independently, and has been described as an innovator of horrorcore and one of the forefathers of the genre, along with being one of the most prominent rappers to emerge out of the Sacramento rap scene."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of Colorado", "paragraph_text": "The United States Congress passed an enabling act on March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the Territory of Colorado to become a state. On August 1, 1876 (28 days after the Centennial of the United States), U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting the state of Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker ``Centennial State ''. The borders of the new state coincided with the borders established for the Colorado Territory."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rio Linda, California", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento\u2013Arden-Arcade\u2013Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 15,106, up from 10,466 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Appearances: Book 1", "paragraph_text": "Appearances: Book 1 is a compilation album by rapper Brotha Lynch Hung, released on January 19, 2002 on Black Market Records, Lynch's old label ran by Cedric Singleton. It is the first in a trilogy of compilation albums released throughout 2002. After Lynch released his second LP, Loaded, he began a long-standing feud with Cedric over the rights to his back catalogue (including 24 Deep, Season Of Da Siccness and Loaded). To compile Book 1, Cedric scraped together a lot of either stolen Lynch songs, or songs from other underground rappers' albums that featured Lynch. This is basically a bootleg; it is rumored Lynch receives no profit whatsoever on anything Black Market put out after Loaded. The vast majority of these songs came from other artists' albums: 'Tremendous' was taken from Sicx's LP, 'It's Real' came from a Mr. Serv-on album, 'Candy Wit' Slam' from Dubb Sak's LP, etc."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Giovanni Cifolelli", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his \"Method for the mandolin\" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eritrean\u2013Ethiopian War", "paragraph_text": "Eritrean -- Ethiopian War Part of the conflicts in the Horn of Africa Date 6 May 1998 -- 18 June 2000 (2 years, 1 month, 1 week and 5 days) Location Eritrean -- Ethiopian border, southern Eritrea, Tigray Result Ethiopian military victory Eritrean international courts victory Eritrean failure to push out Ethiopian occupation of some disputed territories and the border town of Badme and Tsorona Refugee displacement and humanitarian crises of Eritreans and Ethiopians Algiers Agreement (2000) Territorial changes Ethiopia occupies all disputed territories Belligerents Eritrea Ethiopia Commanders and leaders Isaias Afewerki Sebhat Ephrem Negasso Gidada Meles Zenawi Tsadkan Gebre - Tensae Strength 100,000 -- 120,000 (1998) 150,000 (2000) 300,000 -- 350,000 Casualties and losses 19,000 killed (Eritrean claim) 123,000 killed (Ethiopian clandestine opposition claim) 150,000 killed (other estimates) 70,000 -- 100,000 killed on both sides (ICG estimate) 300,000 killed on both sides (other estimates)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Wife of Manoah", "paragraph_text": "The wife of Manoah is an unnamed figure the Book of Judges. She is introduced in Judges 13:2 as barren woman. The angel of the Lord appears to her and tells her she will have a son. She later gives birth to Samson."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens", "paragraph_text": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of New Zealand. As of 1 January 2017, New Zealand citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 172 countries and territories, ranking the New Zealand passport 5th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Irish and Japanese passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rio Linda High School", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District."}], "question": "In what county is located the town that shares a border with the birth city of the rapper who made the album Appearances: Book 1?"}
{"id": "4hop1__288384_611797_580996_425305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rio Linda High School", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Maramagambo Forest", "paragraph_text": "Maramagambo Forest is located in Bushenyi, Uganda. It is part of the Queen Elizabeth National Park and is located in the southern part of the park. It is famously associated with its Bat Cave where a tourist from the Netherlands was exposed to Marburg virus present in the bats that live in the volcanic tube cave and developed Marburg virus disease. Following this outbreak, the cave was closed until the construction of a viewing platform with support from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The forest is bordered by two crater lakes named Lake Kyasanduka and Lake Nyamasingiri. Many chimpanzees, red-tailed monkeys and Bates's pygmy antelopes can be found here."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Brotha Lynch Hung", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Danell Mann (born January 10, 1969), better known by his stage name Brotha Lynch Hung, is an American rapper and record producer from Sacramento, California. Since the release of his debut EP \"24 Deep\" in 1993, Brotha Lynch Hung has sold 3.4 million CDs through 15 different projects independently, and has been described as an innovator of horrorcore and one of the forefathers of the genre, along with being one of the most prominent rappers to emerge out of the Sacramento rap scene."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Virus (album)", "paragraph_text": "The Virus is the fourth studio album by American rapper Brotha Lynch Hung, released through Black Market Records on November 13, 2001. \"The Virus\" is the follow-up to \"EBK4\". Like \"EBK4\", this album was also rumored to have been released without the consent of Lynch due to ongoing disputes with Black Market. It was Lynch's final studio album released through Black Market Records, although there would be several subsequent compilations released on the label."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rio Linda, California", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento\u2013Arden-Arcade\u2013Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 15,106, up from 10,466 at the 2000 census."}], "question": "What county is the town that shares a border with the birthplace of The Virus' performer located in?"}
{"id": "4hop1__301359_292543_580996_425305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jeff Watson (guitarist)", "paragraph_text": "Jeff Watson (born November 5, 1956 in Sacramento, California) is an American guitarist originally known as one of the founding members and lead guitarist of the band Night Ranger, in which he has played as co-guitarist with guitarist Brad Gillis. He appeared as a special guest on Douglas Docker's Docker's Guild project. Watson has also released solo albums. In 2007, he left the band to pursue other opportunities and Reb Beach replaced him on tour. During 2009 Jeff was part of Dennis DeYoung's travelling band."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "HD 39225", "paragraph_text": "HD 39225, also known as HR 2028, is a variable star in the northern constellation Auriga, located around 620\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, red-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of around 6.04. This is a suspected runaway star that is moving away from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of 98\u00a0km/s."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "HD 35520", "paragraph_text": "HD 35520 is a star in association in the constellation Auriga. Located around 645 parsecs distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 1355 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 7068 K."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Effect of Sun angle on climate", "paragraph_text": "The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to the Earth's orbit around the Sun and the Earth's rotation around its tilted axis. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter. Change in day length is another factor. (See also season.)"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rio Linda, California", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento\u2013Arden-Arcade\u2013Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 15,106, up from 10,466 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rio Linda High School", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Around the Sun (Jeff Watson album)", "paragraph_text": "Around the Sun is a solo album by 8 finger tapping guitarist Jeff Watson. Jeff Watson features two guest vocalists on this album; Steve Walsh from the band Kansas and Aaron Hagar. It was first released in 1993, then it was re-issued in 1999."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Delta Coronae Australis", "paragraph_text": "Delta Coronae Australis (\u03b4 CrA), is a star located in the constellation Corona Australis. Located around 179 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 53 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4801 K. It is an orange giant of spectral type K1III that is around 1.64 times as massive as the Sun."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sun City Hilton Head", "paragraph_text": "Del Webb's Sun City Hilton Head (often shortened to Sun City Hilton Head or Sun City locally) is an age-restricted master planned community located in the Okatie area of Beaufort and Jasper counties in the Lowcountry region of South Carolina. Although not a separate incorporated community or census-designated place, there are close to 10,000 permanent residents within three major phases of the community, which is clustered around its golf courses and community centers. The community is also renowned for its political activism, with many local, state, and national candidates for political office stopping in Sun City while in the area. Sun City is included within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Heliocentrism", "paragraph_text": "Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Historically, Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos, but at least in the medieval world, Aristarchus's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}], "question": "What county is the town that shares a border with the birthplace of Around the Sun's performer located in?"}
{"id": "4hop1__398821_611797_580996_425305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rio Linda, California", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento\u2013Arden-Arcade\u2013Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 15,106, up from 10,466 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Brotha Lynch Hung", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Danell Mann (born January 10, 1969), better known by his stage name Brotha Lynch Hung, is an American rapper and record producer from Sacramento, California. Since the release of his debut EP \"24 Deep\" in 1993, Brotha Lynch Hung has sold 3.4 million CDs through 15 different projects independently, and has been described as an innovator of horrorcore and one of the forefathers of the genre, along with being one of the most prominent rappers to emerge out of the Sacramento rap scene."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "EBK4", "paragraph_text": "EBK4 is the third studio album by rapper Brotha Lynch Hung, released through Black Market Records on June 27, 2000 as a followup to 1997's \"Loaded\". Some of the songs on the album were not completed (didn't have all the verses recorded, etc.) in time for the release date. Due to disputes with the record label over this and other issues, Black Market released the album without the consent of Brotha Lynch Hung, featuring other artists off the label to complete unfinished songs where extra verses were needed."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rio Linda High School", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}], "question": "What county is the town that shares a border with the birthplace of EBK4's performer located in?"}
{"id": "4hop1__717777_611797_580996_425305", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brotha Lynch Hung", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Danell Mann (born January 10, 1969), better known by his stage name Brotha Lynch Hung, is an American rapper and record producer from Sacramento, California. Since the release of his debut EP \"24 Deep\" in 1993, Brotha Lynch Hung has sold 3.4 million CDs through 15 different projects independently, and has been described as an innovator of horrorcore and one of the forefathers of the genre, along with being one of the most prominent rappers to emerge out of the Sacramento rap scene."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Mart\u00ed d'Emp\u00faries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Emp\u00faries or Emp\u00f2rion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Emp\u00faries moved to Castell\u00f3 d'Emp\u00faries place less exposed to attack."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Geography of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and Iran to the southwest while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many - a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Coathanga Strangla", "paragraph_text": "Coathanga Strangla is the 7th studio album from Brotha Lynch Hung. It was released on April 5, 2011. It is the second album released through Strange Music, and second album of the Coathanga Strangla concept trilogy. On February 21 the first song \"Mannibalector\" was released on the Brotha Lynch Hung Blog. On March 4 the single \"Spit It Out\" was released. On March 9 the single and video \"Coathanga\" was released."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rio Linda High School", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rio Linda, California", "paragraph_text": "Rio Linda is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento\u2013Arden-Arcade\u2013Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 15,106, up from 10,466 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "In which county is the city sharing a border with the birthplace of the Coathanga Strangla performer?"}
{"id": "4hop1__6362_14336_78396_54865", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Scud", "paragraph_text": "Scud is the name of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was exported widely to both Second and Third World countries. The term comes from the NATO reporting name attached to the missile by Western intelligence agencies. The Russian names for the missile are the R-11 (the first version), and the R-17 (later R-300) Elbrus (later developments). The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert F. Overmyer", "paragraph_text": "Robert Franklyn \"Bob\" Overmyer (July 14, 1936 \u2013 March 22, 1996), (Col, USMC), was an American test pilot, naval aviator, aeronautical engineer, physicist, United States Marine Corps officer and USAF/NASA astronaut. Overmyer was selected by the Air Force as an astronaut for its Manned Orbiting Laboratory in 1966. Upon cancellation of this program in 1969, he became a NASA astronaut and served support crew duties for the Apollo program, Skylab program and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. In 1976, he was assigned to the Space Shuttle program and flew as pilot on STS-5 in 1982 and as commander on STS-51-B in 1985. He was selected as a lead investigator into the Space Shuttle \"Challenger\" disaster and retired from NASA in 1986. Ten years later, Overmyer died in Duluth, Minnesota while testing the Cirrus VK-30 composite homebuilt aircraft."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Aerospace Defence Forces Branch, \"short\": ASDFB ( was a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for aerospace defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was established on the 1 December 2011 and replaced the Russian Space Forces. The ASDFB was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Colonel General Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012. On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander. Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English, it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as \"air and space\" instead."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The White Man's Burden", "paragraph_text": "``The White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands ''(1899), by Rudyard Kipling, is a poem about the Philippine -- American War (1899 -- 1902), in which he invites the United States to assume colonial control of that country."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an \"air defence ground environment\", defined as \"the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Armenia is a member of more than 40 international organisations, including the United Nations; the Council of Europe; the Asian Development Bank; the Commonwealth of Independent States; the World Trade Organization; World Customs Organization; the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation; and La Francophonie. It is a member of the CSTO military alliance, and also participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego World Affairs Council", "paragraph_text": "The San Diego World Affairs Council (SDWAC) is an American non-profit organization providing educational programs and activities focusing upon international relations, economics, politics and the culture of people in foreign countries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kingdom of Iceland", "paragraph_text": "On 1 December 1918, the Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark, recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state, an independent country in personal union with Denmark through a common monarch. The Kingdom of Iceland established its own flag and coat of arms and asked that Denmark represent its foreign affairs and defence interests on its behalf while retaining full control over its foreign affairs and defence. Iceland opened its first Embassy in 1920. The Act would be reviewed in 1940 and could be revoked three years later if agreement to continue it could not be reached."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Radisson Hotel Group", "paragraph_text": "Country Inns & Suites by Radisson (CI&S) is an American hotel brand owned by the Radisson Hotel Group, which accommodates both business and leisure travelers. CI&S hotels are mainly independently owned and operated, and franchised under licensing agreements with Radisson Hotel Group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "British America", "paragraph_text": "English America (later British America) refers to the English territories in North America (including Bermuda), Central America, the Caribbean, and Guyana from 1607 to 1783. Formally, the British colonies in North America were known as British America and the British West Indies until 1776, when the Thirteen Colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard declared their independence and formed the United States of America. After that, the term British North America was used to describe the remainder of Britain's continental North American possessions. That term was first used informally in 1783, but it was uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Star Trek: Discovery", "paragraph_text": "CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries. In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z. Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and CraveTV, with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access. In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut. This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety, and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Country Fried Planet", "paragraph_text": "Country Fried Planet or CFP is an American television program that is aired on the Country Music Television cable network. It is hosted by stand-up comedian. Bill Engvall."}], "question": "Man in Space Soonest was created by this organization that also created tactics of air defence suppression with Country A. When did the people who owned Country A before its independence lose the American colonies?"}
{"id": "4hop1__6362_14336_78396_79067", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an \"air defence ground environment\", defined as \"the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "CFRK-FM", "paragraph_text": "CFRK-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 92.3 FM in Fredericton, New Brunswick owned by Stingray. The station airs a country music format branded as \"Fredericton's New Country 92.3\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Intrepid Journeys", "paragraph_text": "Intrepid Journeys is a New Zealand television series, which screens on TV ONE in New Zealand and on Vibrant TV Network in the United States. Making its debut in 2003, the show focuses on New Zealand celebrities who travel to exotic countries to see that country's history, culture and people."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ian Ewen-Street", "paragraph_text": "Ian Ewen-Street (born 1949) is a New Zealand politician. He was a member of the Green Party and a Member of the New Zealand Parliament for the Greens from 1999 to 2005. He has been prominent in advocacy for organic farming, organic gardening and biosecurity in New Zealand."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ace Lightning", "paragraph_text": "Ace Lightning is a British/Canadian children's television series co-produced by the BBC and Alliance Atlantis, which originally broadcast in the United Kingdom but was also aired in other countries including the United States, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The show was filmed in Canada, but the program was set in America. It ran for two seasons, and spawned a number of merchandising products."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "KCLV-FM", "paragraph_text": "KCLV-FM (99.1 FM, \"Country 99\") is a radio station licensed to serve Clovis, New Mexico. The station is owned by Zia Broadcasting Company. It airs a Country music format."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as \"measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites.\" In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS (\"Man Portable AD Systems\": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced \"SAM\" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens", "paragraph_text": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of New Zealand. As of 1 January 2017, New Zealand citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 172 countries and territories, ranking the New Zealand passport 5th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Irish and Japanese passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Aerospace Defence Forces Branch, \"short\": ASDFB ( was a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for aerospace defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was established on the 1 December 2011 and replaced the Russian Space Forces. The ASDFB was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Colonel General Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012. On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander. Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English, it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as \"air and space\" instead."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kingdom of Iceland", "paragraph_text": "On 1 December 1918, the Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark, recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state, an independent country in personal union with Denmark through a common monarch. The Kingdom of Iceland established its own flag and coat of arms and asked that Denmark represent its foreign affairs and defence interests on its behalf while retaining full control over its foreign affairs and defence. Iceland opened its first Embassy in 1920. The Act would be reviewed in 1940 and could be revoked three years later if agreement to continue it could not be reached."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans known to reach New Zealand were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island in Golden Bay (he named it Murderers' Bay) in December 1642 and sailed northward to Tonga following an attack by local M\u0101ori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them Staten Landt, after the States General of the Netherlands, and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. It was subsequently anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour who visited the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during 1769 -- 1770. Cook returned to New Zealand on both of his subsequent voyages."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Armenia is a member of more than 40 international organisations, including the United Nations; the Council of Europe; the Asian Development Bank; the Commonwealth of Independent States; the World Trade Organization; World Customs Organization; the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation; and La Francophonie. It is a member of the CSTO military alliance, and also participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, supported by Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. However, the USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program were distributed to various Eastern European countries. The United States and Russia would work together in space with the Shuttle\u2013Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries."}], "question": "Man in Space Soonest was created by this organization that also created tactics of air defence suppression with Country A. When did the people who owned Country A before its independence arrive in New Zealand?"}
{"id": "4hop1__6362_14336_78396_92860", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", "paragraph_text": "Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization, countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented. In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration, which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies: via compulsory licensing or parallel imports, even before patent expiration."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Leaders of the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "He left his country on a French steamer in 1911 and traveled extensively around the world participating actively in the Communist International before returning to Vietnam in 1941. He then organized and led the Viet Minh to fight for Vietnamese Independence. He became more popular for his declaration of Vietnam independence from France, which paraphrased a part of the U.S declaration of independence that says ``All men are created equal... ''Since 1945, he became a prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). In the late 1950s, Ho Chi Minh organized another communist guerrilla movement widely known as Viet Cong in South Vietnam."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "paragraph_text": "The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 miles northeast of Delhi (now Old Delhi). It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities formally to have ended until 8 July 1859."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Armenia is a member of more than 40 international organisations, including the United Nations; the Council of Europe; the Asian Development Bank; the Commonwealth of Independent States; the World Trade Organization; World Customs Organization; the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation; and La Francophonie. It is a member of the CSTO military alliance, and also participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Aerospace Defence Forces Branch, \"short\": ASDFB ( was a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for aerospace defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was established on the 1 December 2011 and replaced the Russian Space Forces. The ASDFB was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Colonel General Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012. On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander. Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English, it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as \"air and space\" instead."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, supported by Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. However, the USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program were distributed to various Eastern European countries. The United States and Russia would work together in space with the Shuttle\u2013Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Eugene F. Lally", "paragraph_text": "Eugene F. Lally (August 14, 1934 \u2013 July 28, 2014) was American aerospace engineer. He worked in the early 1960s on U.S. interplanetary space programs. Beside his space programs he was also an inventor and developed non-space products with his own company \"Dynamic Development Co.\" which he founded in the early 1960s. He later became an active amateur photographer and lubrication product entrepreneur. Lally contributed articles for popular space, astrobiology, photography, travel, and archaeology magazines. He was also a speaker at local space exploration and extraterrestrial intelligence (UFO) society meetings where he gave first-hand accounts of the early U.S. space program, commentaries on current U.S. space exploration activities and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991\u201392. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program. Tito was a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as \"national communism\"). In 1951 he implemented a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist countries. A turn towards a model of market socialism brought economic expansion in the 1950s and 1960s and a decline during the 1970s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the \"brotherhood and unity\" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade, and which continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics. He remains a very controversial figure in the Balkans."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Star Trek: Discovery", "paragraph_text": "CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries. In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z. Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and CraveTV, with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access. In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut. This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety, and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an \"air defence ground environment\", defined as \"the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as \"measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites.\" In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS (\"Man Portable AD Systems\": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced \"SAM\" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dutch Republic", "paragraph_text": "In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries."}], "question": "Man in Space Soonest was created by this organization that also created tactics of air defence suppression with Country A. Who was the first to declare mutiny against the same people who owned Country A before it gained independence?"}
{"id": "4hop1__6362_14336_78396_42428", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "In September 1760, and before any hostilities erupted, Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst. Amherst granted Vaudreuil's request that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes. The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Scud", "paragraph_text": "Scud is the name of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was exported widely to both Second and Third World countries. The term comes from the NATO reporting name attached to the missile by Western intelligence agencies. The Russian names for the missile are the R-11 (the first version), and the R-17 (later R-300) Elbrus (later developments). The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991\u201392. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program. Tito was a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as \"national communism\"). In 1951 he implemented a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist countries. A turn towards a model of market socialism brought economic expansion in the 1950s and 1960s and a decline during the 1970s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the \"brotherhood and unity\" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade, and which continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics. He remains a very controversial figure in the Balkans."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as \"measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites.\" In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS (\"Man Portable AD Systems\": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced \"SAM\" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an \"air defence ground environment\", defined as \"the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Caf\u00e9, con aroma de mujer", "paragraph_text": "Caf\u00e9, con aroma de mujer (\"Coffee, with the scent of a woman\") is a 1994 Colombian telenovela, produced by then programming company RCN TV on state-owned Canal A. It was written and created by Fernando Gait\u00e1n. It was broadcast in several countries throughout Latin America, North America and Europe."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "STS-51-G", "paragraph_text": "STS-51-G was the 18th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the fifth flight of Space Shuttle \"Discovery\". The seven-day mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on June 17, 1985, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 24. Sultan Salman Al Saud of Saudi Arabia was on board as a payload specialist; Al Saud became the first Arab, the first Muslim, and the first member of a royal family to fly into space. It was also the first Space Shuttle mission which flew without at least one astronaut from the pre-Shuttle era among its crew."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Armenia is a member of more than 40 international organisations, including the United Nations; the Council of Europe; the Asian Development Bank; the Commonwealth of Independent States; the World Trade Organization; World Customs Organization; the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation; and La Francophonie. It is a member of the CSTO military alliance, and also participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "CKLC-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKLC-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 98.9 FM in Kingston, Ontario. The station currently airs a country music format and is branded on-air as Pure Country 99. The station is owned and operated by Bell Media which also owns sister station CFLY-FM."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Star Trek: Discovery", "paragraph_text": "CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries. In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z. Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and CraveTV, with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access. In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut. This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety, and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, supported by Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. However, the USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program were distributed to various Eastern European countries. The United States and Russia would work together in space with the Shuttle\u2013Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station."}], "question": "What requests were made to the owner of the eventual country which created tactics for air defence suppression with the organization that ran the Man in Space Soonest program?"}
{"id": "4hop1__574156_688974_106426_157788", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Spilsby railway station", "paragraph_text": "Spilsby railway station was a railway station in the market town of Spilsby, Lincolnshire, England. The station stood on a four mile long branch line between Spilsby and Firsby Junction, where it connected with the main line from Cleethorpes to London, and was opened on 1 May 1868. However, traffic on the line soon slumped, and the line was bought by the Great Northern Railway in 1890. In 1939 passenger services on the line were suspended, leaving only a goods service which itself ceased in 1958, when the railway station and line were closed."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Landsborough railway station, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Landsborough railway station was one of the main railway stations on the Navarre railway line in Victoria, Australia. The station was located 14\u00bd miles (23\u00a0km) from its connection with the Avoca railway line and approximately 5 miles (7\u00a0km) west of the township of Landsborough which is situated in the Shire of Pyrenees, north west of Melbourne, Victoria. Originally the station was to be known as 'Warlip Station', but was changed to 'Landsborough Station', shortly before the line opened in May 1914."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kidstreet", "paragraph_text": "\"Kidstreet\" was produced by Blair Murdoch at CFAC/CKKX in Calgary and aired on the CanWest Global and WIC in Canada, with reruns later airing on America One in the United States. In the final season, production moved to CKVU-TV in Vancouver, where Frank simultaneously hosted \"The Next Line\". \"Kidstreet\", produced by Northstar Syndications, later Blair Murdoch Productions, was one of Murdoch's longest running game shows airing new episodes for 5 seasons."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Khanewal Junction railway station", "paragraph_text": "Khanewal Junction railway station ((Urdu and ) is located in the city of Khanewal, Punjab province of Pakistan. It is a major railway station of Pakistan Railways and the junction of Khanewal-Wazirabad branch railway line. It is the stop of all Express trains except Shalimar Express and Night Coach Express."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kensington Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Kensington Canal was a canal, about two miles long, opened in 1828 in London from the River Thames on the parish boundary between Chelsea and Fulham, along the line of Counter's Creek, to a basin near Warwick Road in Kensington. It had one lock near the Kensington Basin and wharves on the Fulham side, south of Lillie bridge. It was not commercially successful, and was purchased by a railway company, which laid a line along the route of the canal on the Fulham side. A second railway line followed in the filled-in littoral of the canal, thus one became London Underground's Wimbledon branch and the other, the West London Line."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of rail tunnels in India by length", "paragraph_text": "Most of the tunnels listed below are located in the Western Ghats, the only mountain range in the country that has good railway connectivity. There are longer tunnels that are under construction in the Himalayas in Jammu & Kashmir, as part of the JUSBRL Project. Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, the 11.2 km long railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range of middle Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir. It is a part of its Udhampur - Srinagar - Baramulla rail link project, India's longest railway tunnel and reduced the distance between Quazigund and Banihal."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "North\u2013South railway (Vietnam)", "paragraph_text": "The North\u2013South railway (, ) is the principal railway line serving the country of Vietnam. It is a single-track metre gauge line connecting the capital Hanoi in the north to Ho Chi Minh City in the south, for a total length of . Trains travelling this line are sometimes referred to as the Reunification Express (referring to the Reunification of Vietnam), although no particular train carries this name officially. The line was established during French colonial rule, and was completed over a period of nearly forty years, from 1899 to 1936. As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network, of which 191 were located along the North\u2013South line."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Final Justice (1988 film)", "paragraph_text": "Final Justice is a 1988 Hong Kong crime film directed by Parkman Wong and starring Danny Lee, who also serves as the film's producer, and Stephen Chow. \"Final Justice\" is Chow's film debut, playing in a dramatic role, which netted him the Taiwan Golden Horse Awards for Best Supporting Actor. Chow would later go on to be the top superstar of Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tokyo", "paragraph_text": "Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Uranagong, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Uranagong is a locality in the Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia. It was the site of a now-closed railway station and siding between 1912 and 1950 on the Oaklands railway line. Although the disused rail-track is in place, no trace of the former station remains."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miles railway station", "paragraph_text": "Miles railway station is located on the Western line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the town of Miles. The station has one platform, opening in 1878."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work  and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lyman Duff", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lyman Poore Duff, (7 January 1865 \u2013 26 April 1955) was the eighth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. He was the longest serving justice of the Supreme Court of Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Brora railway station", "paragraph_text": "Brora railway station is a railway station serving the small town of Brora in the Highland council area of Scotland. The station is on the Far North Line. The station was staffed from 1872 to 1992. The former station buildings are now unused but together with the cast iron footbridge are a listed building."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Suin Line", "paragraph_text": "The original route, abandoned in 1995, was one of the few narrow-gauge railways in South Korea. Opened by the privately owned Chosen Gyeongdong Railway in 1937, it connected Suwon to Namincheon via Ansan and Siheung; in 1942, it was taken over by another private railway, the Chosen Railway (the largest of colonial Korea's privately owned railway companies). The Chosen Railway owned the line until the nationalisation of all railways in Korea after 1945. However, since December 28, 2004, the Suin Line is being reconstructed with standard gauge and double tracking as an integral part of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway network and is opening in three phases."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Luino railway station", "paragraph_text": "Luino railway station is a border railway station in Italy. It divides the Swiss network (line to Cadenazzo) with the Italian one (line to Milan and line to Oleggio)."}], "question": "What is one railway line the country that produced the film The Longest Night in the city where a cast member of Final Justice was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621229_688974_106426_77199", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "On June 1, 1812, President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. After Madison's message, the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 (61%) in favor of the first declaration of war. The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 (59%) vote in favour. The conflict began formally on June 18, 1812, when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day. This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history. The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991, while not a formal declaration of war, was a closer vote. None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war; critics of war subsequently referred to it as ``Mr. Madison's War. ''"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "George VI", "paragraph_text": "In September 1939, Britain and the self - governing Dominions other than Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: ``I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face. ''The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded - up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dragon's Oath", "paragraph_text": "Dragon's Oath is the first of the \"House of Night\" novellas spin-off series, written by American authors P.C. Cast and Kristin Cast. It was published in July 12, 2011 by St. Martin's Press an extension of Macmillan Publishers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Legend of the Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Dragon is a 1990 Hong Kong action-comedy film directed by Danny Lee, starring Stephen Chow, Teresa Mo, Bryan Leung and Yuen Wah."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Erwin Axer", "paragraph_text": "Erwin Axer (1 January 1917 \u2013 5 August 2012) was a Polish theatre director, writer and university professor. A long-time head of Teatr Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesny in Warsaw, he also staged numerous plays abroad, notably in German-speaking countries, in the USA and Leningrad (USSR)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Warriors (Imagine Dragons song)", "paragraph_text": "``Warriors ''is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons for the music video League of Legends 2014 World Championship. In addition,`` Warriors'' was used as the official theme song for WWE Survivor Series (2015) and is featured in The Divergent Series: Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and in the official trailer of USA Network's TV show Colony and final trailer of Wonder Woman. The song was released digitally as a single on September 18, 2014. The music video for the song is currently the most viewed League of Legends video online, with over 100 million views."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "D-War", "paragraph_text": "Originally titled \"Dragon Wars\" (and still referred to by this title in publicity material), \"D-War\" has a long production history in South Korea. The film was announced in 2002 by director Shim Hyung-rae as his follow-up project to 1999's \"Yonggary\". The budget was set at 30 million won (approximately US$35 million), but ultimately went over budget in order to create the various creatures in the film, with some outside estimation as high as $US75 million dollars. The DVD release confirmed that it did indeed cost US$99 million."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "German declaration of war against the United States", "paragraph_text": "On 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire, Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II. The decision to declare war was made by Adolf Hitler, apparently offhand, almost without consultation. Later that day, the United States declared war on Germany."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Virgil", "paragraph_text": "In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jolly Jack's Lost Mine", "paragraph_text": "Jolly Jack's Lost Mine is a legend about a hidden placer mine supposed to be located in the Boundary Country of British Columbia. The mine has been written about by local historians and various magazines. Many have searched for the lost placer mine of Jolly Jack. It is a local legend in the Boundary Country."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "USA Up All Night", "paragraph_text": "USA Up All Night (also known as Up All Night and Up All Night with Rhonda Shear) is an American cable television series that aired weekly on Friday and Saturday nights on the USA Network. The show aired from 1989 to 1998."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States declaration of war on Japan", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77 - 328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message for the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2016 Nobel Peace Prize", "paragraph_text": "The 2016 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos ``for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50 - year - long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people. ''The conflict is the longest running war, and last remaining guerrilla struggle, in the Americas. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually to those who have`` done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses''. The announcement was made on 7 October at a press conference at the Nobel Peace Center, and the formal award ceremony took place on 10 December at the Oslo City Hall."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate", "paragraph_text": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate is a 2011 \"wuxia\" film directed by Tsui Hark and starring Jet Li, Zhou Xun, Chen Kun, Li Yuchun, Gwei Lun-mei, Louis Fan and Mavis Fan. The film is a remake of \"Dragon Gate Inn\" (1966) and \"New Dragon Gate Inn\" (1992) but takes place three years after. Production started on 10 October 2010 and is filmed in 3-D. The film screened out of competition at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012. The film received seven nominations at the 2012 Asian Film Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pasadena Society of Artists", "paragraph_text": "The Pasadena Society of Artists, founded in 1925, is one of the longest-running, nonprofit arts organizations in the state of California, USA."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The New Legend of Shaolin", "paragraph_text": "The New Legend of Shaolin (; released in the United Kingdom as Legend of the Red Dragon) is a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Wong Jing and Corey Yuen, and produced by Jet Li, who also starred in the lead role. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 3 March 1994. This film showcases Hung Hei-kwun's exploits as a rebel against the Qing government. This is one of two films in which Li and Miu Tse play a father-son duo, the other being \"My Father Is a Hero.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George VI", "paragraph_text": "In September 1939, Britain and the self - governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: ``I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face. ''The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded - up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jorah Mormont", "paragraph_text": "Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Jorah is the only son of Jeor Mormont, the honorable lord commander of the Nights Watch of the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011)."}], "question": "When did the US declare war on the country that produced the film The Longest Night in the city where Legend of the Dragon's director was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621229_688974_106426_34971", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "paragraph_text": "Dragon Ball Z (Japanese: \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30ebZ (\u30bc\u30c3\u30c8), Hepburn: Doragon B\u014dru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation. It is the sequel to the Dragon Ball anime and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519-chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama which ran in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump from 1988-1995. Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26, 1989 to January 31, 1996, before getting dubbed in territories including the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, India, and Latin America. It was broadcast in at least 81 countries worldwide. It is part of the Dragon Ball media franchise."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Air Department", "paragraph_text": "Originally, British naval aviation came under the authority of the Commander-in-Chief, The Nore. In February 1915, the RNAS was placed under the command of the Director of the Air Department (Captain Murray Sueter), although disciplinary powers over RNAS personnel were not granted to the Director. In July 1915 a further reorganization occurred when the post of Director of the Air Department was abolished and replaced with that of the Director of the Air Service (Rear-Admiral Charles Vaughan-Lee)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Blue Water High", "paragraph_text": "Blue Water High is an Australian television drama series, broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation on ABC1 and on Austar/Foxtel Nickelodeon channel in Australia and on various channels in many other countries. Each season follows the lives of a young group of students at Solar Blue, a high-performance surf academy where several lucky 16-year-olds are selected for a 12-month-long surfing program on Sydney's northern beaches (Avalon, Sydney, and New South Wales in Australia)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jolly Jack's Lost Mine", "paragraph_text": "Jolly Jack's Lost Mine is a legend about a hidden placer mine supposed to be located in the Boundary Country of British Columbia. The mine has been written about by local historians and various magazines. Many have searched for the lost placer mine of Jolly Jack. It is a local legend in the Boundary Country."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Luftwaffe policy at this point was primarily to continue progressive attacks on London, chiefly by night attack; second, to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands, again chiefly by night attack; and third to disrupt plants and factories during the day by means of fighter-bombers. Kesselring, commanding Luftflotte 2, was ordered to send 50 sorties per night against London and attack eastern harbours in daylight. Sperrle, commanding Luftflotte 3, was ordered to dispatch 250 sorties per night including 100 against the West Midlands. Seeschlange would be carried out by Fliegerkorps X (10th Air Corps) which concentrated on mining operations against shipping. It also took part in the bombing over Britain. By 19/20 April 1941, it had dropped 3,984 mines, \u2153 of the total dropped. The mines' ability to destroy entire streets earned them respect in Britain, but several fell unexploded into British hands allowing counter-measures to be developed which damaged the German anti-shipping campaign."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dragon Express", "paragraph_text": "Dragon Express is a steel roller coaster located at Adventure World in Perth, Western Australia, Australia. The ride is a Zamperla Family Gravity Coaster and has been at the park since 27 September 2003."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "Australia had been shocked by the speedy collapse of British Malaya and Fall of Singapore in which around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the \"battle for Australia\" would now follow. The Japanese established a major base in the Australian Territory of New Guinea in early 1942. On 19 February, Darwin suffered a devastating air raid, the first time the Australian mainland had been attacked. Over the following 19 months, Australia was attacked from the air almost 100 times."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Starry Night Over the Rh\u00f4ne", "paragraph_text": "Starry Night Over the Rh\u00f4ne (September 1888, ) is one of Vincent van Gogh's paintings of Arles at nighttime. It was painted at a spot on the bank of the Rh\u00f4ne that was only a one or two-minute walk from the Yellow House on the Place Lamartine which Van Gogh was renting at the time. The night sky and the effects of light at night provided the subject for some of his more famous paintings, including \"Cafe Terrace at Night\" (painted earlier the same month) and the later canvas from Saint-R\u00e9my, \"The Starry Night\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "paragraph_text": "Dragon Ball Z (Japanese: \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z (\u30bc\u30c3\u30c8), Hepburn: Doragon B\u014dru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation. It is the sequel to the Dragon Ball anime and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519 - chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama. Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26, 1989 to January 31, 1996, before getting dubbed in territories including the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, India and Latin America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lakshminath Bezbaroa", "paragraph_text": "Lakshminath Bezbaroa has however confirmed in his auto-biography that he was born in the autumn on a full-moon night, on which \"\"Lakhmi Puja\"\" ( A Hindu festival of worship of Goddess Lakhmi) is celebrated in India, and to mark the coincidence, he was named by his parents as \"\"Lakshminath\"\" ( A name for Vishnu, the Hindu God and husband of Goddess Lakhmi). This autumn-festival celebrated in the full-moon of Ashvin usually falls in the month of October in any year. As per a NASA web-site data, there was only one full-moon day in the month of November 1868 and that was on 30th but that was not the day of celebration of \"Lakshmi puja\" in that year. Presently, the Assam Sahitya Sabha has settled on a date \"14th October,1864\", that was a full-moon night of Lakshmi Puja in India,for his date of birth."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Legend of the Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Dragon is a 1990 Hong Kong action-comedy film directed by Danny Lee, starring Stephen Chow, Teresa Mo, Bryan Leung and Yuen Wah."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "The Boulton Paul Defiant, despite its poor performance during daylight engagements, was a much better night fighter. It was faster, able to catch the bombers and its configuration of four machine guns in a turret could (much like German night fighters in 1943\u20131945 with Schr\u00e4ge Musik) engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath. Attacks from below offered a larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber (so less chance of evasion), as well as greater likelihood of detonating its bombload. In subsequent months a steady number of German bombers would fall to night fighters."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate", "paragraph_text": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate is a 2011 \"wuxia\" film directed by Tsui Hark and starring Jet Li, Zhou Xun, Chen Kun, Li Yuchun, Gwei Lun-mei, Louis Fan and Mavis Fan. The film is a remake of \"Dragon Gate Inn\" (1966) and \"New Dragon Gate Inn\" (1992) but takes place three years after. Production started on 10 October 2010 and is filmed in 3-D. The film screened out of competition at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012. The film received seven nominations at the 2012 Asian Film Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "The Germans conducted mass air attacks against industrial targets, towns and cities, beginning with raids on London towards the end of the Battle of Britain in 1940, a battle for daylight air superiority between the Luftwaffe and the Royal Air Force over the United Kingdom. By September 1940, the Luftwaffe had failed and the German air fleets (Luftflotten) were ordered to attack London, to draw RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation. Adolf Hitler and Reichsmarschall Hermann G\u00f6ring, commander - in - chief of the Luftwaffe, ordered the new policy on 6 September 1940. From 7 September 1940, London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 out of the following 57 days and nights. Most notable was a large daylight attack against London on 15 September."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Colleen Clinkenbeard", "paragraph_text": "Colleen Smith Clinkenbeard (born April 13, 1980) is an American voice actress, line producer, ADR director and script writer at Funimation who provides the voices for English versions of Japanese anime series. Having starred as Rachel Moore in the long - running detective series Case Closed, she then served as the ADR director on Fullmetal Alchemist which aired on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim and would star in many other popular anime shows including as Monkey D. Luffy in the Funimation dub of One Piece; the young Goku and Gohan in Dragon Ball Z Kai; Yuko Ichihara in xxxHolic, Riza Hawkeye in the Fullmetal Alchemist series and Erza Scarlet in Fairy Tail."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Virgil", "paragraph_text": "In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon (2010) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), with a third feature film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, set for a 2019 release. The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell. The franchise also consists of four short films: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014). A television series following the events of the first film, Dragons: Riders of Berk, began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012. Its second season was renamed Dragons: Defenders of Berk. Set several years later, and as a more immediate prequel to the second film, a new television series, titled Dragons: Race to the Edge, aired on Netflix in June 2015. The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016. A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017, a fifth season in August 2017, and a sixth and final season on February 16, 2018."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president. Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden, suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. By December, the Taliban had been removed as rulers of Kabul, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow, severely hampered by ongoing turmoil and violence within the country."}], "question": "For how many months was Australia attacked from the air by the country filming The Longest Night in the birth city of the director of Legend of the Dragon?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621229_688974_106426_34736", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Warriors (Imagine Dragons song)", "paragraph_text": "``Warriors ''is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons for the music video League of Legends 2014 World Championship. In addition,`` Warriors'' was used as the official theme song for WWE Survivor Series (2015) and is featured in The Divergent Series: Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and in the official trailer of USA Network's TV show Colony and final trailer of Wonder Woman. The song was released digitally as a single on September 18, 2014. The music video for the song is currently the most viewed League of Legends video online, with over 100 million views."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dragon's Oath", "paragraph_text": "Dragon's Oath is the first of the \"House of Night\" novellas spin-off series, written by American authors P.C. Cast and Kristin Cast. It was published in July 12, 2011 by St. Martin's Press an extension of Macmillan Publishers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Legend of the Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Dragon is a 1990 Hong Kong action-comedy film directed by Danny Lee, starring Stephen Chow, Teresa Mo, Bryan Leung and Yuen Wah."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941, on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, or possibly 19 September 1931, beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself started in early December 1941, with the Sino-Japanese War then becoming part of it as a theater of the greater World War II.[nb 9]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "paragraph_text": "Dragon Ball Z (Japanese: \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30ebZ (\u30bc\u30c3\u30c8), Hepburn: Doragon B\u014dru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation. It is the sequel to the Dragon Ball anime and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519-chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama which ran in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump from 1988-1995. Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26, 1989 to January 31, 1996, before getting dubbed in territories including the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, India, and Latin America. It was broadcast in at least 81 countries worldwide. It is part of the Dragon Ball media franchise."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lists of countries by mineral production", "paragraph_text": "Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mercury China Mexico List of countries by mercury production Mica China Russia List of countries by mica production Nickel Philippines Russia List of countries by nickel production Niobium Brazil Canada List of countries by niobium production Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa (tied) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1 Night in China", "paragraph_text": "1 Night in China is a pornographic film directed by Marcos Nunez and featuring professional wrestling personalities Sean Waltman and Joanie Laurer. It was released by Red Light District Video in 2004. While Waltman and Laurer were engaged at the time they made the film, they broke up before it was released. Laurer, who died in April 2016, subsequently made several pornographic films, beginning with \"Another Night in China\" in 2009, which is considered to be a sequel to \"1 Night in China\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sam's Place", "paragraph_text": "\"Sam's Place\" is a 1967 country song written by Red Simpson and recorded by Buck Owens. The single went to number one on the country charts spending three weeks at the top and a total of thirteen weeks on the country charts. The song is about a honky-tonk called \"Sam's Place,\" of which the singer is a regular all-night patron (\"You can always find me down at Sam's Place from the setting sun until the break of day.\"). Other patrons include two women who are nicknamed for their dancing abilities and whose real names happen to rhyme with their respective hometowns: \"Shimmy-Shakin'\" Tina from Pasadena and \"Hootchie-Kootchie\" Hattie from Cincinnati."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The New Legend of Shaolin", "paragraph_text": "The New Legend of Shaolin (; released in the United Kingdom as Legend of the Red Dragon) is a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Wong Jing and Corey Yuen, and produced by Jet Li, who also starred in the lead role. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 3 March 1994. This film showcases Hung Hei-kwun's exploits as a rebel against the Qing government. This is one of two films in which Li and Miu Tse play a father-son duo, the other being \"My Father Is a Hero.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Shou Lung", "paragraph_text": "In the fictional Forgotten Realms campaign setting of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, Shou Lung is a country in the continent of Kara-Tur, which is located to the east of Faer\u00fbn. It is modeled on Imperial China and is arguably the largest and most powerful nation in the world, due to the sheer size of their armies."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jorah Mormont", "paragraph_text": "Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Jorah is the only son of Jeor Mormont, the honorable lord commander of the Nights Watch of the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Virgil", "paragraph_text": "In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon (2010) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), with a third feature film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, set for a 2019 release. The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell. The franchise also consists of four short films: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014). A television series following the events of the first film, Dragons: Riders of Berk, began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012. Its second season was renamed Dragons: Defenders of Berk. Set several years later, and as a more immediate prequel to the second film, a new television series, titled Dragons: Race to the Edge, aired on Netflix in June 2015. The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016. A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017, a fifth season in August 2017, and a sixth and final season on February 16, 2018."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lists of countries by mineral production", "paragraph_text": "Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mercury China Mexico List of countries by mercury production Mica India Russia Mica Nickel Philippines Russia Niobium Brazil Canada Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa (tied) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge is a suspension bridge over the Yangtze River in Nanjing, China. The bridge is the sixth longest span in the world and the third largest in China."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "LSV Berlin", "paragraph_text": "As the tide of the war turned against Germany and Allied forces invaded the country, most military football sides were disbanded. \"LSV Berlin\" was lost in September 1944, before the start of the 1944\u201345 season, its place in the Oberliga being taken by \"SG OrPo Berlin\"."}], "question": "When was China invaded by the country filming The Longest Night in the birth city of the director of Legend of the Dragon?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621229_688974_106426_18278", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Virgil", "paragraph_text": "In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Siege of Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "The Siege of Strasbourg took place during the Franco-Prussian War, and resulted in the French surrender of the fortress on 28 September 1870."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "James Pankow", "paragraph_text": "James Pankow Pankow in 2008 Background information Birth name James Carter Pankow (1947 - 08 - 20) August 20, 1947 (age 70) St. Louis, Missouri United States Genres Rock, adult contemporary, jazz Occupation (s) Musician, songwriter, arranger Instruments Trombone, keyboards, vocals, percussion Years active 1967 (1967) -- present Associated acts Chicago; Toto; Three Dog Night; Earth, Wind, & Fire; The Doobie Brothers; Bee Gees"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dragon's Oath", "paragraph_text": "Dragon's Oath is the first of the \"House of Night\" novellas spin-off series, written by American authors P.C. Cast and Kristin Cast. It was published in July 12, 2011 by St. Martin's Press an extension of Macmillan Publishers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Legend of the Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Dragon is a 1990 Hong Kong action-comedy film directed by Danny Lee, starring Stephen Chow, Teresa Mo, Bryan Leung and Yuen Wah."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as \"V-J Day\" (Victory in Japan). The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay. The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with representatives of several Allied nations, from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The New Legend of Shaolin", "paragraph_text": "The New Legend of Shaolin (; released in the United Kingdom as Legend of the Red Dragon) is a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Wong Jing and Corey Yuen, and produced by Jet Li, who also starred in the lead role. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 3 March 1994. This film showcases Hung Hei-kwun's exploits as a rebel against the Qing government. This is one of two films in which Li and Miu Tse play a father-son duo, the other being \"My Father Is a Hero.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon (2010) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), with a third feature film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, set for a 2019 release. The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell. The franchise also consists of four short films: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014). A television series following the events of the first film, Dragons: Riders of Berk, began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012. Its second season was renamed Dragons: Defenders of Berk. Set several years later, and as a more immediate prequel to the second film, a new television series, titled Dragons: Race to the Edge, aired on Netflix in June 2015. The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016. A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017, a fifth season in August 2017, and a sixth and final season on February 16, 2018."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate", "paragraph_text": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate is a 2011 \"wuxia\" film directed by Tsui Hark and starring Jet Li, Zhou Xun, Chen Kun, Li Yuchun, Gwei Lun-mei, Louis Fan and Mavis Fan. The film is a remake of \"Dragon Gate Inn\" (1966) and \"New Dragon Gate Inn\" (1992) but takes place three years after. Production started on 10 October 2010 and is filmed in 3-D. The film screened out of competition at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012. The film received seven nominations at the 2012 Asian Film Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warriors (Imagine Dragons song)", "paragraph_text": "``Warriors ''is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons for the music video League of Legends 2014 World Championship. In addition,`` Warriors'' was used as the official theme song for WWE Survivor Series (2015) and is featured in The Divergent Series: Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and in the official trailer of USA Network's TV show Colony and final trailer of Wonder Woman. The song was released digitally as a single on September 18, 2014. The music video for the song is currently the most viewed League of Legends video online, with over 100 million views."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Next to Me (Imagine Dragons song)", "paragraph_text": "``Next to Me ''Single by Imagine Dragons from the album Evolve Released February 21, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 21) Format Digital download Length 3: 50 Label Kidinakorner Interscope Songwriter (s) Wayne Sermon Dan Reynolds Alexander Grant Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Producer (s) Alex da Kid Imagine Dragons singles chronology`` Whatever It Takes'' (2017) ``Next to Me ''(2018) Music video`` Next to Me'' on YouTube"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont", "paragraph_text": "Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont (14 May 1914 \u2013 2 August 2006) was a militant communist who took part in the French Resistance during the Second World War, and a French politician. Along with General Leclerc and Henri Rol-Tanguy, he accepted the surrender of Dietrich von Choltitz at the Liberation of Paris."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jolly Jack's Lost Mine", "paragraph_text": "Jolly Jack's Lost Mine is a legend about a hidden placer mine supposed to be located in the Boundary Country of British Columbia. The mine has been written about by local historians and various magazines. Many have searched for the lost placer mine of Jolly Jack. It is a local legend in the Boundary Country."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jorah Mormont", "paragraph_text": "Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Jorah is the only son of Jeor Mormont, the honorable lord commander of the Nights Watch of the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Asphalt 9: Legends", "paragraph_text": "Asphalt 9: Legends The splash screen shown when starting up the game. Developer (s) Gameloft Barcelona Publisher (s) Gameloft Series Asphalt Engine Jet Engine Platform (s) iOS Android Windows 10 Release Soft launch: February 27, 2018 Worldwide: July 25, 2018 Genre (s) Racing Mode (s) Single - player, online multiplayer"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild", "paragraph_text": "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild Primary packaging artwork, depicting Link overlooking Hyrule's landscape Developer (s) Nintendo EPD Publisher (s) Nintendo Director (s) Hidemaro Fujibayashi Producer (s) Eiji Aonuma Programmer (s) Takuhiro Dohta Kenji Matsutani Hiroshi Umemiya Artist (s) Satoru Takizawa Writer (s) Akihito Toda Composer (s) Manaka Kataoka Yasuaki Iwata Series The Legend of Zelda Platform (s) Nintendo Switch, Wii U Release WW: March 3, 2017 Genre (s) Action - adventure Mode (s) Single - player"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945\u201348). He established control by restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators, but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision. The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) because it suspected it was communist."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean King, saying that the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uighurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}], "question": "Who accepted the surrender of the country where the film The Longest Night in the city where Legend of the Dragon's director was born is produced?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621229_688974_106426_88295", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Surrender of Japan", "paragraph_text": "On August 6, 1945, at 8:15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to \"expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\" Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Hours later, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following these events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war. After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'\u00e9tat, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast (\u7389\u97f3\u653e\u9001, Gyokuon-h\u014ds\u014d), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bombing of Dresden in World War II", "paragraph_text": "The bombing of Dresden was a British / American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II in the European Theatre. In four raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 722 heavy bombers of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and 527 of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped more than 3,900 tons of high - explosive bombs and incendiary devices on the city. The bombing and the resulting firestorm destroyed over 1,600 acres (6.5 km) of the city centre. An estimated 22,700 to 25,000 people were killed, although larger casualty figures have been claimed. Three more USAAF air raids followed, two occurring on 2 March aimed at the city's railway marshalling yard and one smaller raid on 17 April aimed at industrial areas."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Table Rock, Wyoming", "paragraph_text": "Table Rock is a ghost town in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, United States. It was a census-designated place at the 2000 census, with a population of 82, but by the 2010 census the population had dropped to 0."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Heinz Barwich", "paragraph_text": "Heinz Barwich (22 July 1911 in Berlin \u2013 10 April 1966 in Cologne) was a German nuclear physicist. He was deputy director of the Siemens Research Laboratory II in Berlin. At the close of World War II, he followed the decision of Gustav Hertz, to go to the Soviet Union for ten years to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project, for which he received the Stalin Prize. He was director of the \"Zentralinstitut f\u00fcr Kernforschung\" (Central Institute for Nuclear Research) at Rossendorf near Dresden. For a few years he was director of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. In 1964 he defected to the West."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Surrender of Japan", "paragraph_text": "On August 6, 1945, at 8: 15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to ``expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. ''Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, after its April 1945 denunciation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact, and in accordance with the Yalta agreements, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. Shortly after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Later in the day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following these events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war. After several more days of behind - the - scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'\u00e9tat, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast (\u7389\u97f3\u653e\u9001, Gyokuon - h\u014ds\u014d), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "USS Indianapolis (CA-35)", "paragraph_text": "In 1945, the sinking of Indianapolis led to the greatest single loss of life at sea, from a single ship, in the history of the US Navy. The ship had just finished a high - speed trip to United States Army Air Force Base at Tinian, to deliver parts of the first atomic bomb ever used in combat (the United States' Little Boy atomic bomb), and was on training duty. At 0015 on 30 July 1945 the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I - 58. The ship, on her way to the Philippines, sank in 12 minutes. Of 1,196 crewmen aboard, approximately 300 went down with the ship. The remaining 900 faced exposure, dehydration, saltwater poisoning, and shark attacks while floating with few lifeboats and almost no food or water. The Navy learned of the sinking when survivors were spotted four days later by the crew of a PV - 1 Ventura on routine patrol. Only 317 survived."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Little Boy", "paragraph_text": "``Little Boy ''was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium - based detonation. It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ). The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "Since 2005, Iran's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the international community following earlier quotes of Iranian leadership favoring the use of an atomic bomb against Iran's enemies and in particular Israel. Many countries have expressed concern that Iran's nuclear program could divert civilian nuclear technology into a weapons program. This has led the UN Security Council to impose sanctions against Iran which had further isolated Iran politically and economically from the rest of the global community. In 2009, the US Director of National Intelligence said that Iran, if choosing to, would not be able to develop a nuclear weapon until 2013."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Korea under Japanese rule", "paragraph_text": "Following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the impending overrun of the Korean peninsula by Russian forces, Japan surrendered to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese occupation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Legend of the Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Dragon is a 1990 Hong Kong action-comedy film directed by Danny Lee, starring Stephen Chow, Teresa Mo, Bryan Leung and Yuen Wah."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Enola Gay", "paragraph_text": "The Enola Gay (/ \u026a\u02c8no\u028al\u0259 /) is a Boeing B - 29 Superfortress bomber, named after Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code - named ``Little Boy '', was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused the near - complete destruction of the city. Enola Gay participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paul Tibbets", "paragraph_text": "Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 -- 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He is best known as the pilot who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Technology during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The invention of the atomic bomb meant that a single aircraft could carry a weapon so powerful it could burn down entire cities, making conventional warfare against a nation with an arsenal of them suicidal. Following the conclusion of the European Theater in May 1945, two atomic bombs were then employed against the Empire of Japan in August during the Pacific Theater, effectively terminating the war, which averted the need for invading mainland Japan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of nuclear weapons", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945, two fission bombs were dropped on Japan, standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat. The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project, and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as ``hydrogen bombs ''."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom, the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties\u2014 with about one third killed\u2014 would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded. News reports of the Spanish Civil War, such as the bombing of Barcelona, supported the 50-casualties-per-tonne estimate. By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks. In addition to high explosive and incendiary bombs the enemy would possibly use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "paragraph_text": "During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed 129,000 -- 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians. They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon (2010) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), with a third feature film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, set for a 2019 release. The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell. The franchise also consists of four short films: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014). A television series following the events of the first film, Dragons: Riders of Berk, began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012. Its second season was renamed Dragons: Defenders of Berk. Set several years later, and as a more immediate prequel to the second film, a new television series, titled Dragons: Race to the Edge, aired on Netflix in June 2015. The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016. A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017, a fifth season in August 2017, and a sixth and final season on February 16, 2018."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Uranium", "paragraph_text": "Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world."}], "question": "When did the US drop the atomic bomb on the country that produced The Longest Night in the city where Legend of the Dragon's director was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621229_688974_106426_157788", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Montreux railway station", "paragraph_text": "Montreux railway station was opened in 1861, when the then Jura\u2013Simplon Railway (JS) opened the Lausanne\u2013Villeneuve section of its standard gauge Simplon railway line to Sion. This line is now owned and operated by SBB-CFF-FFS."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Runcorn railway station, Brisbane", "paragraph_text": "Runcorn railway station is located on the Beenleigh line in Queensland, Australia. It is one of two stations serving the Brisbane suburb of Runcorn, the other being Fruitgrove."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lars Lysgaard", "paragraph_text": "Lars Lysgaard (9 February 1841 \u2013 25 February 1905) was a Norwegian railway engineer. He was among other things director of the Setesdal Line."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Luino railway station", "paragraph_text": "Luino railway station is a border railway station in Italy. It divides the Swiss network (line to Cadenazzo) with the Italian one (line to Milan and line to Oleggio)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Uranagong, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Uranagong is a locality in the Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia. It was the site of a now-closed railway station and siding between 1912 and 1950 on the Oaklands railway line. Although the disused rail-track is in place, no trace of the former station remains."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Merrygoen", "paragraph_text": "Merrygoen is a small township in north-western New South Wales, Australia. The town is a junction point between railway lines to Troy Junction on the Coonamble railway line, and the Gwabegar railway line. The railway station is now closed, however wheat silos and several sidings remain in use. Merrygoen is in the Gap to Dubbo section of the Intrastate Network managed by the Australian Rail Track Corporation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tokyo", "paragraph_text": "Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of rail tunnels in India by length", "paragraph_text": "Most of the tunnels listed below are located in the Western Ghats, the only mountain range in the country that has good railway connectivity. There are longer tunnels that are under construction in the Himalayas in Jammu & Kashmir, as part of the JUSBRL Project. Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, the 11.2 km long railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range of middle Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir. It is a part of its Udhampur - Srinagar - Baramulla rail link project, India's longest railway tunnel and reduced the distance between Quazigund and Banihal."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway", "paragraph_text": "Oulu\u2013Kontiom\u00e4ki railway is a railway line in Finland. The line is owned and maintained by the Finnish Rail Administration. It connects the city of Oulu to station at Kontiom\u00e4ki, which is a junction of five railway lines in Paltamo municipality, approximately north from the city of Kajaani. The line is single-tracked and electrified with a total length of . The traffic is controlled via centralized traffic control by the operator located in Oulu rail traffic control center at Oulu railway station. The line follows the south shore of Oulu River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North\u2013South railway (Vietnam)", "paragraph_text": "The North\u2013South railway (, ) is the principal railway line serving the country of Vietnam. It is a single-track metre gauge line connecting the capital Hanoi in the north to Ho Chi Minh City in the south, for a total length of . Trains travelling this line are sometimes referred to as the Reunification Express (referring to the Reunification of Vietnam), although no particular train carries this name officially. The line was established during French colonial rule, and was completed over a period of nearly forty years, from 1899 to 1936. As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network, of which 191 were located along the North\u2013South line."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The New Legend of Shaolin", "paragraph_text": "The New Legend of Shaolin (; released in the United Kingdom as Legend of the Red Dragon) is a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Wong Jing and Corey Yuen, and produced by Jet Li, who also starred in the lead role. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 3 March 1994. This film showcases Hung Hei-kwun's exploits as a rebel against the Qing government. This is one of two films in which Li and Miu Tse play a father-son duo, the other being \"My Father Is a Hero.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mavila Vishwanathan Nair", "paragraph_text": "Previously a banker, Nair was one of the longest serving chairmen in the history of Indian banking, having served as chairman and managing director of Union Bank of India for six years and Dena Bank for one year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work  and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Virgil", "paragraph_text": "In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Miles railway station", "paragraph_text": "Miles railway station is located on the Western line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the town of Miles. The station has one platform, opening in 1878."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kensington Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Kensington Canal was a canal, about two miles long, opened in 1828 in London from the River Thames on the parish boundary between Chelsea and Fulham, along the line of Counter's Creek, to a basin near Warwick Road in Kensington. It had one lock near the Kensington Basin and wharves on the Fulham side, south of Lillie bridge. It was not commercially successful, and was purchased by a railway company, which laid a line along the route of the canal on the Fulham side. A second railway line followed in the filled-in littoral of the canal, thus one became London Underground's Wimbledon branch and the other, the West London Line."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon (2010) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), with a third feature film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, set for a 2019 release. The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell. The franchise also consists of four short films: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014). A television series following the events of the first film, Dragons: Riders of Berk, began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012. Its second season was renamed Dragons: Defenders of Berk. Set several years later, and as a more immediate prequel to the second film, a new television series, titled Dragons: Race to the Edge, aired on Netflix in June 2015. The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016. A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017, a fifth season in August 2017, and a sixth and final season on February 16, 2018."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Legend of the Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Dragon is a 1990 Hong Kong action-comedy film directed by Danny Lee, starring Stephen Chow, Teresa Mo, Bryan Leung and Yuen Wah."}], "question": "The director of Longest Night in [City-name-here] was born in that city, but the production company was in another country. What's a railway line in that country?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621229_688974_106426_159610", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Legend of the Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Dragon is a 1990 Hong Kong action-comedy film directed by Danny Lee, starring Stephen Chow, Teresa Mo, Bryan Leung and Yuen Wah."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hilda Crosby Standish", "paragraph_text": "Hilda Crosby Standish (1902 \u2013 June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut. In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lists of countries by mineral production", "paragraph_text": "Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mercury China Mexico List of countries by mercury production Mica India Russia Mica Nickel Philippines Russia Niobium Brazil Canada Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa (tied) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge is a suspension bridge over the Yangtze River in Nanjing, China. The bridge is the sixth longest span in the world and the third largest in China."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Heilongdawang Temple", "paragraph_text": "The Heilongdawang Temple (literally Temple of the Great Black Dragon King) is a prominent Chinese folk religion/Shenist temple located in Shanbei, Shaanxi province, in China. The temple enshrines the Black Dragon King with the imperially conferred title of Marquis of the Efficacious Response (\u7075\u5e94\u4faf, \"Lingyinghou\"). Dragon kings (\u9f99\u738b, \"longwang\") are water deities popular in droughty Northern China."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "League of Nations", "paragraph_text": "Following a long record of instigating localised conflicts throughout the 1930s, Japan began a full-scale invasion of China on 7 July 1937. On 12 September, the Chinese representative, Wellington Koo, appealed to the League for international intervention. Western countries were sympathetic to the Chinese in their struggle, particularly in their stubborn defence of Shanghai, a city with a substantial number of foreigners. The League was unable to provide any practical measures; on 4 October, it turned the case over to the Nine Power Treaty Conference."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shou Lung", "paragraph_text": "In the fictional Forgotten Realms campaign setting of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, Shou Lung is a country in the continent of Kara-Tur, which is located to the east of Faer\u00fbn. It is modeled on Imperial China and is arguably the largest and most powerful nation in the world, due to the sheer size of their armies."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "paragraph_text": "Dragon Ball Z (Japanese: \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30ebZ (\u30bc\u30c3\u30c8), Hepburn: Doragon B\u014dru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation. It is the sequel to the Dragon Ball anime and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519-chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama which ran in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump from 1988-1995. Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26, 1989 to January 31, 1996, before getting dubbed in territories including the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, India, and Latin America. It was broadcast in at least 81 countries worldwide. It is part of the Dragon Ball media franchise."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The New Legend of Shaolin", "paragraph_text": "The New Legend of Shaolin (; released in the United Kingdom as Legend of the Red Dragon) is a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Wong Jing and Corey Yuen, and produced by Jet Li, who also starred in the lead role. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 3 March 1994. This film showcases Hung Hei-kwun's exploits as a rebel against the Qing government. This is one of two films in which Li and Miu Tse play a father-son duo, the other being \"My Father Is a Hero.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jolly Jack's Lost Mine", "paragraph_text": "Jolly Jack's Lost Mine is a legend about a hidden placer mine supposed to be located in the Boundary Country of British Columbia. The mine has been written about by local historians and various magazines. Many have searched for the lost placer mine of Jolly Jack. It is a local legend in the Boundary Country."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Winter solstice", "paragraph_text": "The winter solstice (or hibernal solstice), also known as midwinter, is an astronomical phenomenon marking the day with the shortest period of daylight and the longest night of the year. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the December solstice and in the Southern Hemisphere this is the June solstice."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon (2010) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), with a third feature film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, set for a 2019 release. The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell. The franchise also consists of four short films: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014). A television series following the events of the first film, Dragons: Riders of Berk, began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012. Its second season was renamed Dragons: Defenders of Berk. Set several years later, and as a more immediate prequel to the second film, a new television series, titled Dragons: Race to the Edge, aired on Netflix in June 2015. The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016. A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017, a fifth season in August 2017, and a sixth and final season on February 16, 2018."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "LSV Berlin", "paragraph_text": "As the tide of the war turned against Germany and Allied forces invaded the country, most military football sides were disbanded. \"LSV Berlin\" was lost in September 1944, before the start of the 1944\u201345 season, its place in the Oberliga being taken by \"SG OrPo Berlin\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate", "paragraph_text": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate is a 2011 \"wuxia\" film directed by Tsui Hark and starring Jet Li, Zhou Xun, Chen Kun, Li Yuchun, Gwei Lun-mei, Louis Fan and Mavis Fan. The film is a remake of \"Dragon Gate Inn\" (1966) and \"New Dragon Gate Inn\" (1992) but takes place three years after. Production started on 10 October 2010 and is filmed in 3-D. The film screened out of competition at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012. The film received seven nominations at the 2012 Asian Film Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lists of countries by mineral production", "paragraph_text": "Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mercury China Mexico List of countries by mercury production Mica China Russia List of countries by mica production Nickel Philippines Russia List of countries by nickel production Niobium Brazil Canada List of countries by niobium production Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa (tied) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jorah Mormont", "paragraph_text": "Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Jorah is the only son of Jeor Mormont, the honorable lord commander of the Nights Watch of the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Virgil", "paragraph_text": "In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity."}], "question": "When did the country that produced the film The Longest Night in the city where Legend of the Dragon's birthplace invade China?"}
{"id": "4hop1__574156_688974_106426_15871", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Journey to Le Mans", "paragraph_text": "\"Journey to Le Mans\" was released in a limited number of cinemas across the United Kingdom for one night only, which included a Q&A with cast and crew. The DVD was released 14 November by Kaleidoscope Home Entertainment, while a director's cut of the documentary was broadcast on the ITV4 television channel on 4 December 2014."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "EastEnders", "paragraph_text": "As of May 2018, Adam Woodyatt, Gillian Taylforth and Letitia Dean are the only members of the original cast remaining in the show, in their roles of Ian Beale, Kathy Beale and Sharon Watts respectively. Ian Beale is the only character to have appeared continuously from the first episode without officially leaving, and is the longest - serving character in EastEnders. Dot Cotton is the longest - serving female character in the show having served since 1985, whilst Pat Butcher is the longest - serving former character, appearing from 1986 until 2012."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Theatrhythm Final Fantasy", "paragraph_text": "Theatrhythm Final Fantasy is a rhythm video game, developed by indieszero and published by Square Enix for Nintendo 3DS and iOS. Based on the \"Final Fantasy\" video game franchise, the game involves using the touch screen in time to various pieces of music from the series. The game was released in Japan in February 2012, and in North America, Australia and Europe in July 2012. An iOS version was released in December 2012. A sequel, \"\", was released in 2014. A third game based on the \"Dragon Quest\" series, \"Theatrhythm Dragon Quest\", was released in 2015. An arcade game, \"Theatrhythm Final Fantasy: All-Star Carnival\", was released in 2016."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Super Smash Bros.", "paragraph_text": "The gameplay objective differs from that of traditional fighters by aiming to knock opponents off the stage instead of depleting life bars. The original Super Smash Bros., released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64, had a small budget and was originally a Japan - only release, but its domestic success led to a worldwide release. The series achieved even greater success with the release of Super Smash Bros. Melee, which was released in 2001 for the GameCube and became the bestselling game on that system. A third installment, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, was released in 2008 for the Wii. Although HAL Laboratory has been the developer of the first two games, the third game was developed through the collaboration of several companies. The fourth installment, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, were released in 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, respectively. The 3DS installment was the first series title to be released on a handheld platform. A fifth installment, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, is currently in development for the Nintendo Switch and is scheduled to be released on December 7, 2018."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Academy Award for Best Picture", "paragraph_text": "The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards (\"Oscars\") presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929. This award goes to the producers of the film and is the only category in which every member of the Academy is eligible to submit a nomination and vote on the final ballot. Best Picture is the final award of the night and is considered the most prestigious honor of the ceremony."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "In Moderation", "paragraph_text": "In Moderation is the second studio album by 8stops7 and the major label debut for the band. Four songs on this album were re-released and had been included on the band's debut album, \"Birth of a Cynic\". Their initial release on \"Birth of a Cynic\" fell below expectations with only 2,000 albums being produced and no songs from it being issued as a single."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "In December 1993, the Famicom received a similar redesign. It also loads cartridges through a covered slot on the top of the unit and uses non-hardwired controllers. Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001, Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom (AV\u4ed5\u69d8\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30b3\u30f3, Eibui Shiy\u014d Famikon?). Since the new controllers don't have microphones on them like the second controller on the original console, certain games such as the Disk System version of The Legend of Zelda and Raid on Bungeling Bay will have certain tricks that cannot be replicated when played on an HVC-101 Famicom without a modded controller. However, the HVC-101 Famicom is compatible with most NES controllers due to having the same controller port. Nintendo had also released a 3D graphic capable headset. However, this peripheral was never released outside Japan.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Only One You", "paragraph_text": "\"Only One You\" is a song written by Michael Garvin and Bucky Jones, and recorded by American country music artist T.G. Sheppard. It was released in November 1981 as the first single from the album \"Finally!\". \"Only One You\" became his ninth No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in February 1982, spending one week atop the chart as part of a 13-week run within the country chart's top 40."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "In the UK, Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region, two versions of the NES were released; the \"Mattel Version\" and \"NES Version\". When the NES was first released in those countries, it was distributed by Mattel and Nintendo decided to use a lockout chip specific to those countries, different from the chip used in other European countries. When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990, they produced consoles that were then labelled \"NES Version\"; therefore, the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Star Wars: Lethal Alliance", "paragraph_text": "Star Wars: Lethal Alliance is a \"Star Wars\" video game for the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable. It takes place between \"\" and \"\". It was developed by Ubisoft instead of LucasArts, and was released in December 2006."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Final Justice (1988 film)", "paragraph_text": "Final Justice is a 1988 Hong Kong crime film directed by Parkman Wong and starring Danny Lee, who also serves as the film's producer, and Stephen Chow. \"Final Justice\" is Chow's film debut, playing in a dramatic role, which netted him the Taiwan Golden Horse Awards for Best Supporting Actor. Chow would later go on to be the top superstar of Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "A Theory of Justice", "paragraph_text": "A Theory of Justice is a work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls, in which the author attempts to solve the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society) by utilising a variant of the familiar device of the social contract. The resultant theory is known as ``Justice as Fairness '', from which Rawls derives his two principles of justice. Together, they dictate that society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members, limited only by the notion that the liberty of any one member shall not infringe upon that of any other member. Secondly, inequalities either social or economic are only to be allowed if the worst off will be better off than they might be under an equal distribution. Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power, for instance public office."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tamagotchi 64: Minna de Tamagotchi World", "paragraph_text": "Tamagotchi 64: Minna de Tamagotchi World is a Nintendo 64 game released only in Japan in 1997. It is a virtual board game based on the \"Tamagotchi\" toy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Can't Pay? We'll Take It Away!", "paragraph_text": "The first series introduces five initial cast members: Paul Bohill, Steve Pinner, Mike Allonby, Terry Jones, and Steve Wood. The day after the broadcast of the first programme, Allonby died aged 47 at his home in Wales. Both Jones and Wood subsequently only appeared in the first series, with Bohill and Pinner (High Court Solutions) the only two cast members who went on to appear in series two. The first three episodes became the most watched programme on the channel that week, with episodes four and five placing at second and third, respectively."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "StarTropics", "paragraph_text": "StarTropics is an action-adventure video game released by Nintendo in 1990 for the NES. Unlike most of Nintendo's games, it was never released or intended to be released in Japan. It was released only in North America and Europe. It was produced, written and directed by Genyo Takeda of Nintendo Integrated Research & Development (who also developed the \"Punch-Out!!\" series). \"StarTropics\" was followed by a sequel titled \"\", released in 1994."}], "question": "What did Nintendo release exclusively in the country that produced The Longest Night in city A where city A is the birthplace of a cast member of Final Justice?"}
{"id": "4hop1__574156_688974_106426_67916", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "My Old Piano", "paragraph_text": "\"My Old Piano\" is a song by American singer Diana Ross. The song, written and produced by Chic members Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards, was released as the third and final single in the United States, and the second single in the United Kingdom and other countries, from her tenth studio album, \"Diana\" (1980)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Second Seminole War", "paragraph_text": "The Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War, was a conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as Seminoles and the United States, part of a series of conflicts called the Seminole Wars. The Second Seminole War, often referred to as the Seminole War, is regarded as ``the longest and most costly of the Indian conflicts of the United States. ''"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States declaration of war on Japan", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77 - 328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message to the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high - security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Declaration of war by the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun. James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase ``make war ''was changed to`` declare war'' in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress. Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war. Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "After a new wave of UN sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice. On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea \"is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression\". On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a \"state of war\" with South Korea and declared that \"The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over\". Speaking on 4 April 2013, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had \"formally informed\" the Pentagon that it had \"ratified\" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii. Hagel also stated that the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2018 Women's Softball World Championship", "paragraph_text": "2018 Women's Softball World Championship Tournament details Host country Japan Dates 2 -- 12 August 2018 Teams 16 (from 5 continents) Defending champions United States (2016) Final positions Champions United States (11th title) Runner - up Japan Third place Canada Fourth place Australia Tournament statistics Games played 73"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Final Justice (1988 film)", "paragraph_text": "Final Justice is a 1988 Hong Kong crime film directed by Parkman Wong and starring Danny Lee, who also serves as the film's producer, and Stephen Chow. \"Final Justice\" is Chow's film debut, playing in a dramatic role, which netted him the Taiwan Golden Horse Awards for Best Supporting Actor. Chow would later go on to be the top superstar of Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "German declaration of war against the United States", "paragraph_text": "On 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire, Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II. The decision to declare war was made by Adolf Hitler, apparently offhand, almost without consultation. Later that day, the United States declared war on Germany."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Justice, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Justice is a census-designated place in Mingo County, West Virginia, United States. Justice is located on U.S. Route 52 southeast of Gilbert. Justice has a post office with ZIP code 24851. As of the 2010 census, its population was 412."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Samuel Chase", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Chase (April 17, 1741 -- June 19, 1811) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland. He was impeached by the House on grounds of letting his partisan leanings affect his court decisions but was acquitted by the Senate and remained in office."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Convention on the Rights of the Child", "paragraph_text": "The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 (the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child). It came into force on 2 September 1990, after it was ratified by the required number of nations. Currently, 196 countries are party to it, including every member of the United Nations except the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. As such, he is head of the United States federal court system, which functions as the judicial branch of the nation's federal government. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight have the title Associate Justice."}], "question": "When did the United States declare war on the country that produced the film The Longest Night in the city where a cast member of Final Justice was born in?"}
{"id": "4hop1__574156_688974_106426_158894", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having \"exported\" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between \"exports\" and \"imports\" as a \"trade balance\", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having \"imported\" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a \"trade surplus\" of 10,712.342 million US$."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "EastEnders", "paragraph_text": "As of May 2018, Adam Woodyatt, Gillian Taylforth and Letitia Dean are the only members of the original cast remaining in the show, in their roles of Ian Beale, Kathy Beale and Sharon Watts respectively. Ian Beale is the only character to have appeared continuously from the first episode without officially leaving, and is the longest - serving character in EastEnders. Dot Cotton is the longest - serving female character in the show having served since 1985, whilst Pat Butcher is the longest - serving former character, appearing from 1986 until 2012."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A Theory of Justice", "paragraph_text": "A Theory of Justice is a work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls, in which the author attempts to solve the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society) by utilising a variant of the familiar device of the social contract. The resultant theory is known as ``Justice as Fairness '', from which Rawls derives his two principles of justice. Together, they dictate that society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members, limited only by the notion that the liberty of any one member shall not infringe upon that of any other member. Secondly, inequalities either social or economic are only to be allowed if the worst off will be better off than they might be under an equal distribution. Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power, for instance public office."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", "paragraph_text": "2018 Winter Olympics Tournament details Host country South Korea Dates 10 -- 22 February Teams 8 Venue (s) 2 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions United States (2nd title) Runner - up Canada Third place Finland Fourth place Olympic Athletes from Russia Tournament statistics Matches played 22 Goals scored 109 (4.95 per match) Attendance 85,565 (3,889 per match) Scoring leader (s) Alina M\u00fcller (10 points) MVP M\u00e9lodie Daoust \u2190 2014 2022 \u2192"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pedro Ferrero", "paragraph_text": "Pedro Ferrero (born 21 March 1939) is a sailor from Argentina. Ferrero represented his country at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Kiel. Ferrero took 22nd place in the Soling with Ricardo Boneo as helmsman and H\u00e9ctor Campos as fellow crew member. Ferrero second appearance was during the 1976 Summer Olympics in Kingston. Ferrero took 20th place in the Soling as helmsman with Andr\u00e9s Robinson and Jorge R\u00e3o as fellow crew members. In the 1984 Summer Olympics in Long Beach, California, Ferrero took 13th place in the Soling as helmsman with Alberto Llorens and Carlos Sanguinetti as fellow crew members. Ferrero his final Olympic appearance came at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Pusan, Ferrero took 9th place in the Soling with Santiago Lange as helmsman and Ra\u00fal Lena as fellow crew member."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lyman Duff", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lyman Poore Duff, (7 January 1865 \u2013 26 April 1955) was the eighth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. He was the longest serving justice of the Supreme Court of Canada."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Corruption in Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Corruption in Pakistan is widespread, particularly in the government and lower levels of police forces. Transparency International's 2017 Corruption Perception Index ranks the country 117th place out of 180 countries Pakistan saw a significant improvement in its statistics in 2013 when its ranking improved by 12 indices compared to its previous rankings -- 139 out of 174 in 2012, 134 out of 182 in 2011, 143 out of 178 in 2010, and 139 out of 180 in 2009."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Produce 101 (season 2)", "paragraph_text": "Voting comes to a close, and ranking announcements begin. Bae Jin - young, Hwang Min - hyun, Yoon Ji - sung, Lai Guan - lin, Park Woo - jin, Ong Seong - woo, Kim Jae - hwan, and Lee Dae - hwi are announced as 10th to 3rd place, respectively, confirming them for debut. The top 2 trainees are revealed to be Kang Daniel and Park Ji - hoon once again. Kang Daniel once again receives the most votes, confirming his position as the center for Wanna One, with Park Ji - hoon in 2nd place. Finally, 11th place Ha Sung - woon is announced as the final member."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "FIFA World Rankings", "paragraph_text": "The FIFA World Ranking is a ranking system for men's national teams in association football, currently led by Germany. The teams of the member nations of FIFA, football's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest. The rankings were introduced in December 1992, and eight teams (Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain) have held the top position, of which Brazil have spent longest ranked first."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Desmond's", "paragraph_text": "Desmond's was a British television situation comedy broadcast by Channel 4 from 1989 to 1994. With 71 episodes, \"Desmond's\" became Channel 4's longest running sitcom in terms of episodes. The first series was shot in 1988, with the first episode broadcast in January 1989. The show was set in Peckham, London, and featured a predominantly black British Guyanese cast."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Japan", "paragraph_text": "Japan is a member of the ASEAN Plus mechanism, UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, and the G20, and is considered a great power. Its economy is the world's third-largest by nominal GDP and the fourth-largest by purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Something in the Night", "paragraph_text": "Something in the Night is the ninth studio album, and last until 2005's \"All in a Good Time\", by American country rock band Pure Prairie League, released in 1981."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Final Justice (1988 film)", "paragraph_text": "Final Justice is a 1988 Hong Kong crime film directed by Parkman Wong and starring Danny Lee, who also serves as the film's producer, and Stephen Chow. \"Final Justice\" is Chow's film debut, playing in a dramatic role, which netted him the Taiwan Golden Horse Awards for Best Supporting Actor. Chow would later go on to be the top superstar of Hong Kong."}], "question": "What is the rank as an importer of the country that produced The Longest Night in the city where the cast member of Final Justice was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__574156_688974_106426_77199", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "George VI", "paragraph_text": "In September 1939, Britain and the self - governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: ``I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face. ''The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded - up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States declaration of war on Japan", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77 - 328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message for the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "George Coe", "paragraph_text": "George Coe (May 10, 1929 -- July 18, 2015) was an American stage, film and television actor and voice artist. He did voice - over work in video games, movies and TV shows. He was a cast member for the first season of Saturday Night Live and voiced Woodhouse in Archer."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Justice", "paragraph_text": "American Justice is an American criminal justice television program that aired on the A&E Network, hosted by Bill Kurtis. The show features interesting or notable cases, such as the murder of Selena, Scarsdale Diet doctor murder, the Hillside Stranglers, Matthew Shepard, and the Wells Fargo heist, with the stories told by key players, such as police, lawyers, victims, and the perpetrators themselves. More than 250 episodes were produced, making it the longest-running documentary justice show on cable."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battle of the Atlantic", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, and was a major part of the Naval history of World War II. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tim Credeur", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's \"The Ultimate Fighter 7\" and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals. He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor. He fought C.B. Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "George VI", "paragraph_text": "In September 1939, Britain and the self - governing Dominions other than Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: ``I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face. ''The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded - up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Round About Way", "paragraph_text": "\"Round About Way\" is a song written by Steve Dean and Wil Nance, and recorded by the American country music singer George Strait. It was released in January 1998 as the fourth and final single from his CD \"Carrying Your Love With Me\". The song reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in the USA."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "EastEnders", "paragraph_text": "As of May 2018, Adam Woodyatt, Gillian Taylforth and Letitia Dean are the only members of the original cast remaining in the show, in their roles of Ian Beale, Kathy Beale and Sharon Watts respectively. Ian Beale is the only character to have appeared continuously from the first episode without officially leaving, and is the longest - serving character in EastEnders. Dot Cotton is the longest - serving female character in the show having served since 1985, whilst Pat Butcher is the longest - serving former character, appearing from 1986 until 2012."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Final Justice (1988 film)", "paragraph_text": "Final Justice is a 1988 Hong Kong crime film directed by Parkman Wong and starring Danny Lee, who also serves as the film's producer, and Stephen Chow. \"Final Justice\" is Chow's film debut, playing in a dramatic role, which netted him the Taiwan Golden Horse Awards for Best Supporting Actor. Chow would later go on to be the top superstar of Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "USA Up All Night", "paragraph_text": "USA Up All Night (also known as Up All Night and Up All Night with Rhonda Shear) is an American cable television series that aired weekly on Friday and Saturday nights on the USA Network. The show aired from 1989 to 1998."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pasadena Society of Artists", "paragraph_text": "The Pasadena Society of Artists, founded in 1925, is one of the longest-running, nonprofit arts organizations in the state of California, USA."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Theory of Justice", "paragraph_text": "A Theory of Justice is a work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls, in which the author attempts to solve the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society) by utilising a variant of the familiar device of the social contract. The resultant theory is known as ``Justice as Fairness '', from which Rawls derives his two principles of justice. Together, they dictate that society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members, limited only by the notion that the liberty of any one member shall not infringe upon that of any other member. Secondly, inequalities either social or economic are only to be allowed if the worst off will be better off than they might be under an equal distribution. Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power, for instance public office."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pedro Ferrero", "paragraph_text": "Pedro Ferrero (born 21 March 1939) is a sailor from Argentina. Ferrero represented his country at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Kiel. Ferrero took 22nd place in the Soling with Ricardo Boneo as helmsman and H\u00e9ctor Campos as fellow crew member. Ferrero second appearance was during the 1976 Summer Olympics in Kingston. Ferrero took 20th place in the Soling as helmsman with Andr\u00e9s Robinson and Jorge R\u00e3o as fellow crew members. In the 1984 Summer Olympics in Long Beach, California, Ferrero took 13th place in the Soling as helmsman with Alberto Llorens and Carlos Sanguinetti as fellow crew members. Ferrero his final Olympic appearance came at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Pusan, Ferrero took 9th place in the Soling with Santiago Lange as helmsman and Ra\u00fal Lena as fellow crew member."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lyman Duff", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lyman Poore Duff, (7 January 1865 \u2013 26 April 1955) was the eighth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. He was the longest serving justice of the Supreme Court of Canada."}], "question": "When did the USA declare war on the country that produced The Longest Night in the city where a cast member of Final Justice was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621229_688974_106426_67916", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States declaration of war on Japan", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77 - 328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message to the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high - security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "German declaration of war against the United States", "paragraph_text": "On 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire, Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II. The decision to declare war was made by Adolf Hitler, apparently offhand, almost without consultation. Later that day, the United States declared war on Germany."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thornton Township, Buffalo County, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "Thornton Township is one of twenty-six townships in Buffalo County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 181 at the 2000 census. A 2006 estimate placed the township's population at 178. In 1883 the Buffalo County Board of Directors named the township for Samuel W. Thornton, a local politician, farmer, and Civil War soldier."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "paragraph_text": "Dragon Ball Z (Japanese: \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30ebZ (\u30bc\u30c3\u30c8), Hepburn: Doragon B\u014dru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation. It is the sequel to the Dragon Ball anime and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519-chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama which ran in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump from 1988-1995. Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26, 1989 to January 31, 1996, before getting dubbed in territories including the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, India, and Latin America. It was broadcast in at least 81 countries worldwide. It is part of the Dragon Ball media franchise."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon (2010) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), with a third feature film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, set for a 2019 release. The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell. The franchise also consists of four short films: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014). A television series following the events of the first film, Dragons: Riders of Berk, began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012. Its second season was renamed Dragons: Defenders of Berk. Set several years later, and as a more immediate prequel to the second film, a new television series, titled Dragons: Race to the Edge, aired on Netflix in June 2015. The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016. A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017, a fifth season in August 2017, and a sixth and final season on February 16, 2018."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Uncle Sam", "paragraph_text": "Uncle Sam (initials U.S.) is a common national personification of the American government or the United States in general that, according to legend, came into use during the War of 1812 and was supposedly named for Samuel Wilson. The actual origin is by a legend. Since the early 19th century, Uncle Sam has been a popular symbol of the US government in American culture and a manifestation of patriotic emotion. While the figure of Uncle Sam represents specifically the government, Columbia represents the United States as a nation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "War of 1812", "paragraph_text": "On June 1, 1812, President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. After Madison's message, the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 (61%) in favor of the first declaration of war. The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 (59%) vote in favour. The conflict began formally on June 18, 1812, when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day. This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history. The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991, while not a formal declaration of war, was a closer vote. None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war; critics of war subsequently referred to it as ``Mr. Madison's War. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the ``United States of America, ''and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers' names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of the Atlantic", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, and was a major part of the Naval history of World War II. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Second Seminole War", "paragraph_text": "The Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War, was a conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as Seminoles and the United States, part of a series of conflicts called the Seminole Wars. The Second Seminole War, often referred to as the Seminole War, is regarded as ``the longest and most costly of the Indian conflicts of the United States. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Long Island", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Long Island is also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights. It was fought on August 27, 1776 and was the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War to take place after the United States declared its independence on July 4, 1776. It was a victory for the British Army and the beginning of a successful campaign that gave them control of the strategically important city of New York. In terms of troop deployment and fighting, it was the largest battle of the entire war."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Goodpasture Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Goodpasture Bridge spans the McKenzie River near the community of Vida in Lane County, Oregon, United States. It is the second longest covered bridge and one of the most photographed covered bridges in the state. The Goodpasture Bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Domain of the Golden Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The Domain of the Golden Dragon is an unofficial United States Navy award. It is given to crew members of ships which cross the International Date Line. You enter the dragon's empire when you cross the International Date Line by sailing west (say some), or sailing east (say others). With the extensive Navy operations in the Far East since (and before) World War II, this passage has become so common that few initiation ceremonies are actually held. But the certificate, decorated with Chinese - style dragon, is still given out."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The New Legend of Shaolin", "paragraph_text": "The New Legend of Shaolin (; released in the United Kingdom as Legend of the Red Dragon) is a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Wong Jing and Corey Yuen, and produced by Jet Li, who also starred in the lead role. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 3 March 1994. This film showcases Hung Hei-kwun's exploits as a rebel against the Qing government. This is one of two films in which Li and Miu Tse play a father-son duo, the other being \"My Father Is a Hero.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Declaration of war by the United States", "paragraph_text": "For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says ``Congress shall have power to... declare War ''. However, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a`` declaration of war'' nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In the courts, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in Doe v. Bush, said: ``(T) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war. ''in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional`` Declaration of War'' was not required by the Constitution."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Legend of the Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Dragon is a 1990 Hong Kong action-comedy film directed by Danny Lee, starring Stephen Chow, Teresa Mo, Bryan Leung and Yuen Wah."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776. The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia."}], "question": "When did the U.S. declare war on the country that produced The Longest Night in city A which is the birthplace of the director of Legend of the Dragon?"}
{"id": "4hop1__574156_688974_106426_159610", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "League of Nations", "paragraph_text": "Following a long record of instigating localised conflicts throughout the 1930s, Japan began a full-scale invasion of China on 7 July 1937. On 12 September, the Chinese representative, Wellington Koo, appealed to the League for international intervention. Western countries were sympathetic to the Chinese in their struggle, particularly in their stubborn defence of Shanghai, a city with a substantial number of foreigners. The League was unable to provide any practical measures; on 4 October, it turned the case over to the Nine Power Treaty Conference."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "One Tree Hill (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of The Young and the Restless cast members", "paragraph_text": "The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978. Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest - running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013. Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest - running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively. Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest - running cast members. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lyman Duff", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lyman Poore Duff, (7 January 1865 \u2013 26 April 1955) was the eighth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. He was the longest serving justice of the Supreme Court of Canada."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "EastEnders", "paragraph_text": "As of May 2018, Adam Woodyatt, Gillian Taylforth and Letitia Dean are the only members of the original cast remaining in the show, in their roles of Ian Beale, Kathy Beale and Sharon Watts respectively. Ian Beale is the only character to have appeared continuously from the first episode without officially leaving, and is the longest - serving character in EastEnders. Dot Cotton is the longest - serving female character in the show having served since 1985, whilst Pat Butcher is the longest - serving former character, appearing from 1986 until 2012."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Heavenly Days", "paragraph_text": "Heavenly Days is a 1944 film starring Fibber McGee and Molly. It was the third and final feature film to feature the popular radio characters; unlike the two previous entries, none of the radio show's supporting cast members appeared in this film."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "King Arthur (2004 film)", "paragraph_text": "However, on the night when they are to receive their freedom, Bishop Germanus (Ivano Marescotti) sends them on a final and possibly suicidal mission to rescue an important Roman family living north of Hadrian's Wall. Marius Honorius (Ken Stott) faces impending capture by the invading Saxons, who are invading from mainland Europe, led by their king Cerdic (Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd) and his son Cynric (Til Schweiger). According to Germanus, Marius' son Alecto is the Pope's favourite godson and may be ``destined to be Pope one day ''. Though angry, the knights follow Arthur once more but only after he and Lancelot argue over Arthur's deeply held beliefs."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fearless (2006 film)", "paragraph_text": "Fearless, also known as Huo Yuanjia (\u970d\u5143\u7532) in Chinese, and as Jet Li's Fearless in the United Kingdom and in the United States, is a 2006 Chinese-Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Ronny Yu and starring Jet Li. It is loosely based on the life of Huo Yuanjia, a Chinese martial artist who challenged foreign fighters in highly publicized events, restoring pride and nationalism to China at a time when Western imperialism and Japanese manipulation were eroding the country in the final years of the Qing Dynasty before the birth of the Republic of China. Li stated in an interview that the film was his last wushu martial arts epic, a point also made in the film's television promotions and other publicity."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "A Theory of Justice", "paragraph_text": "A Theory of Justice is a work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls, in which the author attempts to solve the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society) by utilising a variant of the familiar device of the social contract. The resultant theory is known as ``Justice as Fairness '', from which Rawls derives his two principles of justice. Together, they dictate that society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members, limited only by the notion that the liberty of any one member shall not infringe upon that of any other member. Secondly, inequalities either social or economic are only to be allowed if the worst off will be better off than they might be under an equal distribution. Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power, for instance public office."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge is a suspension bridge over the Yangtze River in Nanjing, China. The bridge is the sixth longest span in the world and the third largest in China."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the Vietnam War of 1955 to 1975, L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n took an aggressive posture. He saw attack as the key to victory. When the North finally won the war in 1975, L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n and his associates were overly optimistic about the future. The Second Five-Year Plan (1976\u20131980) failed and left the Vietnamese economy in crisis. Vietnam became internationally isolated during L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n's rule. In 1979, the country had invaded Kampuchea and ousted Pol Pot, fought a war with China and became dependent on Soviet economic aid. L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n died in July 1986 and was succeeded by Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Final Justice (1988 film)", "paragraph_text": "Final Justice is a 1988 Hong Kong crime film directed by Parkman Wong and starring Danny Lee, who also serves as the film's producer, and Stephen Chow. \"Final Justice\" is Chow's film debut, playing in a dramatic role, which netted him the Taiwan Golden Horse Awards for Best Supporting Actor. Chow would later go on to be the top superstar of Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lists of countries by mineral production", "paragraph_text": "Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mercury China Mexico List of countries by mercury production Mica China Russia List of countries by mica production Nickel Philippines Russia List of countries by nickel production Niobium Brazil Canada List of countries by niobium production Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa (tied) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pedro Ferrero", "paragraph_text": "Pedro Ferrero (born 21 March 1939) is a sailor from Argentina. Ferrero represented his country at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Kiel. Ferrero took 22nd place in the Soling with Ricardo Boneo as helmsman and H\u00e9ctor Campos as fellow crew member. Ferrero second appearance was during the 1976 Summer Olympics in Kingston. Ferrero took 20th place in the Soling as helmsman with Andr\u00e9s Robinson and Jorge R\u00e3o as fellow crew members. In the 1984 Summer Olympics in Long Beach, California, Ferrero took 13th place in the Soling as helmsman with Alberto Llorens and Carlos Sanguinetti as fellow crew members. Ferrero his final Olympic appearance came at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Pusan, Ferrero took 9th place in the Soling with Santiago Lange as helmsman and Ra\u00fal Lena as fellow crew member."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Justice", "paragraph_text": "American Justice is an American criminal justice television program that aired on the A&E Network, hosted by Bill Kurtis. The show features interesting or notable cases, such as the murder of Selena, Scarsdale Diet doctor murder, the Hillside Stranglers, Matthew Shepard, and the Wells Fargo heist, with the stories told by key players, such as police, lawyers, victims, and the perpetrators themselves. More than 250 episodes were produced, making it the longest-running documentary justice show on cable."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "George Coe", "paragraph_text": "George Coe (May 10, 1929 -- July 18, 2015) was an American stage, film and television actor and voice artist. He did voice - over work in video games, movies and TV shows. He was a cast member for the first season of Saturday Night Live and voiced Woodhouse in Archer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "LSV Berlin", "paragraph_text": "As the tide of the war turned against Germany and Allied forces invaded the country, most military football sides were disbanded. \"LSV Berlin\" was lost in September 1944, before the start of the 1944\u201345 season, its place in the Oberliga being taken by \"SG OrPo Berlin\"."}], "question": "When did the country that produced the film The Longest Night in the city where Final Justice's cast member was born invade China?"}
{"id": "4hop1__621229_688974_106426_24695", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Winter solstice", "paragraph_text": "The winter solstice (or hibernal solstice), also known as midwinter, is an astronomical phenomenon marking the day with the shortest period of daylight and the longest night of the year. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the December solstice and in the Southern Hemisphere this is the June solstice."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Heian period", "paragraph_text": "The Heian period (\u5e73\u5b89\u6642\u4ee3, Heian jidai?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-ky\u014d, or modern Ky\u014dto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family. Heian (\u5e73\u5b89?) means \"peace\" in Japanese."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Pankow", "paragraph_text": "James Pankow Pankow in 2008 Background information Birth name James Carter Pankow (1947 - 08 - 20) August 20, 1947 (age 70) St. Louis, Missouri United States Genres Rock, adult contemporary, jazz Occupation (s) Musician, songwriter, arranger Instruments Trombone, keyboards, vocals, percussion Years active 1967 (1967) -- present Associated acts Chicago; Toto; Three Dog Night; Earth, Wind, & Fire; The Doobie Brothers; Bee Gees"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Something in the Night", "paragraph_text": "Something in the Night is the ninth studio album, and last until 2005's \"All in a Good Time\", by American country rock band Pure Prairie League, released in 1981."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate", "paragraph_text": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate is a 2011 \"wuxia\" film directed by Tsui Hark and starring Jet Li, Zhou Xun, Chen Kun, Li Yuchun, Gwei Lun-mei, Louis Fan and Mavis Fan. The film is a remake of \"Dragon Gate Inn\" (1966) and \"New Dragon Gate Inn\" (1992) but takes place three years after. Production started on 10 October 2010 and is filmed in 3-D. The film screened out of competition at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012. The film received seven nominations at the 2012 Asian Film Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Virgil", "paragraph_text": "In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Heian period", "paragraph_text": "When Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-ky\u014d (Ky\u014dto), which remained the imperial capital for the next 1,000 years, he did so not only to strengthen imperial authority but also to improve his seat of government geopolitically. Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of D\u014dky\u014d and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there. Ky\u014dto had good river access to the sea and could be reached by land routes from the eastern provinces. The early Heian period (784\u2013967) continued Nara culture; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang'an, as was Nara, but on a larger scale than Nara. Kammu endeavoured to improve the Tang-style administrative system which was in use. Known as the ritsury\u014d, this system attempted to recreate the Tang imperium in Japan, despite the \"tremendous differences in the levels of development between the two countries\". Despite the decline of the Taika-Taih\u014d reforms, imperial government was vigorous during the early Heian period. Indeed, Kammu's avoidance of drastic reform decreased the intensity of political struggles, and he became recognized as one of Japan's most forceful emperors."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mavila Vishwanathan Nair", "paragraph_text": "Previously a banker, Nair was one of the longest serving chairmen in the history of Indian banking, having served as chairman and managing director of Union Bank of India for six years and Dena Bank for one year."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dino Dvornik", "paragraph_text": "A son of renowned Croatian actor Boris Dvornik and Dijana Dvornik (n\u00e9e \"Tomi\u0107\"), Miljenko \"Dino\" Dvornik was born in Split, SFR Yugoslavia. He and his elder brother, Dean, would play alongside their father in mainstream 1970s movies and TV shows in Yugoslavia. These included \"Na\u0161e malo misto\" (\"Our Little Place\"), \"Mater\" (\"Mother\") (1976), \"Hajdu\u010dka vremena\" (\"Daredevil's Time\") (1977), \"Priko sinjeg mora\" (\"Over the Great Sea\") (1979) as well as the TV show \"Ljubav je hleb s devet kora\" (\"Love Is a Bread with Nine Crusts\") (1990) and what was to be his final appearance, \"Ta divna splitska no\u0107\" (\"A Wonderful Night in Split\") (2004) by director Arsen A. Ostoji\u0107, a movie which achieved many honors at various film festivals."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Robert Daley (producer)", "paragraph_text": "Robert Daley is an American film producer and former assistant director. He was Clint Eastwood's producing partner from 1971 to 1980. Daley is sometimes confused with the same-named novelist who wrote \"Prince of the City\" and \"Year of the Dragon\", among others."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Bahamas", "paragraph_text": "The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81 / 1,000 population, death rate of 9.35 / 1,000, and net migration rate of \u2212 2.13 migrant (s) / 1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths / 1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born / woman (2010)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shanghai 13", "paragraph_text": "Shanghai 13, also known as The Shanghai Thirteen, is a 1984 Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial arts film written and directed by Chang Cheh and starring an ensemble cast of notable film stars such as Andy Lau, Jimmy Wang Yu, Ti Lung, Chen Kuan-tai, Danny Lee, Bryan Leung, David Chiang, Chiang Sheng, Chi Kuan-chun, Chan Sing, Lu Feng and more."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji", "paragraph_text": "Sixteen eruptions of New Fuji have been recorded since 781. Many of the eruptions occurred in the Heian era, with twelve eruptions between 800 and 1083. Sometimes inactive periods between eruptions lasted for hundreds of years, as in the period between 1083 and 1511, when no eruptions were recorded for over 400 years. At present, there have been no eruptions since the Hoei eruption in 1707 -- 1708, around 300 years ago."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Legend of the Dragon (film)", "paragraph_text": "Legend of the Dragon is a 1990 Hong Kong action-comedy film directed by Danny Lee, starring Stephen Chow, Teresa Mo, Bryan Leung and Yuen Wah."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Heian period", "paragraph_text": "The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The sh\u014den system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be linked to the cultural developments of the Heian period and the \"pursuit of arts\". The major Buddhist temples in Heian-ky\u014d and Nara also made use of the sh\u014den. The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater \"organizational dynamism\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "The How to Train Your Dragon franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of two feature films How to Train Your Dragon (2010) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), with a third feature film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, set for a 2019 release. The franchise is loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell. The franchise also consists of four short films: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014). A television series following the events of the first film, Dragons: Riders of Berk, began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012. Its second season was renamed Dragons: Defenders of Berk. Set several years later, and as a more immediate prequel to the second film, a new television series, titled Dragons: Race to the Edge, aired on Netflix in June 2015. The second season of the show was added to Netflix in January 2016 and a third season in June 2016. A fourth season aired on Netflix in February 2017, a fifth season in August 2017, and a sixth and final season on February 16, 2018."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Heian period", "paragraph_text": "The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-ky\u014d (present day Ky\u014dto\u4eac\u90fd), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-ky\u014d, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time, to Heian. The Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a distant relative of the Emperor and a lesser member of either the Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans. Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four-year term as a magistrate, the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended, and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle- and later-Heian period. Because of their rising military and economic power, the warriors ultimately became a new force in the politics of the court. Their involvement in the H\u014dgen in the late Heian period consolidated their power, and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jorah Mormont", "paragraph_text": "Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Jorah is the only son of Jeor Mormont, the honorable lord commander of the Nights Watch of the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011)."}], "question": "How many years was Heian capital of where the production company of the movie a long night in the birth city of the director of Legend of the Dragon hails?"}
{"id": "4hop1__623551_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Knorr Hut", "paragraph_text": "The Knorr Hut is a mountain hut belonging to the German Alpine Club and located in the Wetterstein Mountains at a height of . Its lies right on the edge of the \"Zugspitzplatt\" where it drops into the Reintalanger in a location with scenic views and is an important base for hikers who can climb up to it on the normal route from the town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen through the Reintal valley to Germany's highest mountain, the Zugspitze."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hadashville, Manitoba", "paragraph_text": "Hadashville is a small community in eastern Manitoba, Canada. It is located about 100 kilometres east of Winnipeg on Highway 11, 2 miles north of the Trans-Canada Highway. Hadashville is located in the Whitemouth River watershed north of the Sandilands Provincial Forest. Administratively, it is part of the Rural Municipality of Reynolds. It has sandy soil, many farms, and is surrounded by the boreal forest. This Whitemouth River area is very close to the western edge of the Canadian Shield, and just north of the United States border."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Letellier, Manitoba", "paragraph_text": "Letellier is a small Francophone community in the Rural Municipality of Montcalm, Manitoba, Canada. It is located at the junction of Highway 75 and Provincial Road 201, approximately 15 kilometres north of the Canada\u2013United States border."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Provincial Archive", "paragraph_text": "The band's third album, \"It's All Shaken Wonder\", was released in Germany in May 2014 and in North America on August 19, 2014 on the Black Box Music label. On June 10, 2014, a four-song EP \"Hide Like A Secret\" was released via iTunes, along with a music video for the first track \"Daisy Garden\". \"It's All Shaken Wonder\" was awarded the Edmonton Music Prize on December 1, 2014. All work up to and including this release was self-produced by the band, and the band's primary songwriter, Craig Schram. Following this release, the project was downsized to a trio with the departure of members Ryan Podlubny in 2014, and Nathan Burge in 2015. Podlubny was replaced by Stephen Tchir, a long-time musical collaborator with both Park and Schram ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cariboo Mountains Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Cariboo Mountains Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located northeast of Likely. Comprising 113,469 ha., the park is located in the Cariboo Mountains between Bowron Lakes Provincial Park (NW) and Wells Gray Provincial Park (SE)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county containing the hamlet Mountain View which shares a province with the city where the band The Provincial Archive formed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__455207_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Humberg (Kaiserslautern)", "paragraph_text": "The Humberg is a mountain in the south of Kaiserslautern, Germany, that stands on the border of the Palatinate forest. With a height of 425 meters, it is the highest point in the area of Kaiserslautern. At its peak, the Humberg Tower () provides a dramatic view of the area below."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mike Lashuk", "paragraph_text": "A native of Edmonton, Lashuk won the Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy for Canadian rookie of the year in the west in 1957, rushing for 164 yards and intercepting 2 passes. He played defensive back for a couple of seasons, with 5 interceptions in 1959 and 4 in 1960. He finally got his chance at fullback, teaming up with Eskimo legend Johnny Bright, rushing for 757 yards in 1961 and leading the team with 802 rushing yards in 1962. He retired after 7 seasons in 1963."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the other county that contains Mountain View, in the province where Mike Lashuk's birthplace is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__493963_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kimberly Joines", "paragraph_text": "Kimberly Joines (born January 27, 1981 in Edmonton) is a Canadian alpine skier. While snowboarding in the year 2000 Kimberly was involved in a snowboarding accident. The accident resulted in spinal cord injuries at the L1/T12 vertebra and consequently she is paralysed from the waist down. She subsequently joined the Canadian para-Alpine ski team. She competed in the 2010 Vancouver Paralympics in five events: Downhill (women\u2019s sitting), Super G (Women\u2019s sitting), Super combined (Women\u2019s sitting), Giant Slalom (Women\u2019s sitting) and Slalom (Women\u2019s sitting)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}], "question": "What U.S. county borders the Canadian county where Kimberly Joines was born in a large city?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_59680", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gran Hotel (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Gran Hotel Genre Historical drama Created by Ram\u00f3n Campos Gema R. Neira Starring Yon Gonz\u00e1lez Amaia Salamanca Adriana Ozores Pedro Alonso Concha Velasco Lloren\u00e7 Gonz\u00e1lez Pep Ant\u00f3n Mu\u00f1oz Country of origin Spain Original language (s) Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Ram\u00f3n Campos Teres Fern\u00e1ndez - Vald\u00e9s Producer (s) Bamb\u00fa Producciones Production location (s) Santander Running time 70 - 80 minutes Release Original network Antena 3 Original release 4 October 2011 (2011 - 10 - 04) -- 25 June 2013 (2013 - 06 - 25) Chronology Related shows El hotel de los secretos External links Website"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Stations of the Cross", "paragraph_text": "These fourteen sites along the Via Dolorosa are where the events of the Stations of the Cross happened, according to tradition. These 14 stops form a route ending at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher that pilgrims have walked for centuries and are the inspiration for the Stations of the Cross in many churches today."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2013 European Cross Country Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 European Cross Country Championships was the 20th edition of the cross country running competition for European athletes which was held in Belgrade, Serbia, on 8 December 2013. The senior individual winners were Alemayehu Bezabeh of Spain and Sophie Duarte of France. A record 571 runners from 37 nations entered the competition, making it Serbia's largest international athletics event in over forty years."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Father Brown (2013 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Father Brown Genre Detective Based on Father Brown short stories by G.K. Chesterton Developed by Rachel Flowerday Tahsin Guner Starring Mark Williams Sorcha Cusack Hugo Speer Tom Chambers Nancy Carroll Alex Price Jack Deam John Burton Emer Kenny Theme music composer Debbie Wiseman Opening theme 'Father Brown Theme' Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of series 6 (seventh commissioned) No. of episodes 70 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Will Trotter John Yorke Producer (s) Ceri Meyrick Caroline Slater Cinematography Stuart Biddlecombe Running time 45 -- 50 minutes Production company (s) BBC Productions Release Original network BBC One (2013 -- present) BBC One HD (2013 -- present) Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 14 January 2013 (2013 - 01 - 14) -- present External links Website"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Renewable energy commercialization", "paragraph_text": "Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "The Melbourne rail network has its origins in privately built lines from the 1850s gold rush era, and today the suburban network consists of 209 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop, a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place. The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as direct interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide and beyond which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station in Spencer Street. In the 2013\u20132014 financial year, the Melbourne rail network recorded 232.0 million passenger trips, the highest in its history. Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and rail yards are also used for freight. The Overland to Adelaide departs Southern Cross twice a week, while the XPT to Sydney departs twice a day."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Voice (American season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The Voice Season 4 Broadcast from March 25 -- June 18, 2013 Judges Adam Levine Shakira Usher Blake Shelton Host (s) Carson Daly Co-host (s) Christina Milian (social media) Broadcaster NBC Winner Danielle Bradbery Origin Cypress, Texas Song ``Born to Fly ''Genre (s) Country Coach Blake Shelton Runner - up Michelle Chamuel Chronology \u25c0 Early 2013 \u25b6"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Still Star-Crossed", "paragraph_text": "Still Star - Crossed Genre Period drama Based on Still Star - Crossed by Melinda Taub Developed by Heather Mitchell Starring Grant Bowler Wade Briggs Torrance Coombs Dan Hildebrand Lashana Lynch Ebon\u00e9e Noel Medalion Rahimi Zuleikha Robinson Sterling Sulieman Susan Wooldridge Anthony Stewart Head Composer (s) Photek Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Shonda Rhimes Betsy Beers Heather Mitchell Michael R. Goldstein Michael Offer Mark Wilding Producer (s) Jos\u00e9 Luis Escolar Location (s) Extremadura, Spain Cinematography George Steel Editor (s) Gregory T. Evans Scott Ashby Matt Ramsey Running time 42 - 43 minutes Production company (s) ShondaLand ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 1080i (16: 9 HDTV) Original release May 29 (2017 - 05 - 29) -- July 29, 2017 (2017 - 07 - 29) Website abc.go.com/shows/still-star-crossed"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}], "question": "How many stations of the cross are in the city where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Butrint is located in 2013?"}
{"id": "4hop1__182438_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alex Taylor (businessman)", "paragraph_text": "In 1904, ill health prompted Taylor to sell his telephone company to the City of Edmonton for $17,000, which later became known as Edmonton Telephones. Taylor died on February 12, 1916. He is buried in the Edmonton Cemetery."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Humberg (Kaiserslautern)", "paragraph_text": "The Humberg is a mountain in the south of Kaiserslautern, Germany, that stands on the border of the Palatinate forest. With a height of 425 meters, it is the highest point in the area of Kaiserslautern. At its peak, the Humberg Tower () provides a dramatic view of the area below."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Strata Range", "paragraph_text": "The Strata Range is a small subrange of the Skeena Mountains of the Interior Mountains, located between the Bell-Irving River and Taylor River in northern British Columbia, Canada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county Mountain View is in from the province where Alex Taylor died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_87066", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Solomon's Temple", "paragraph_text": "According to the Hebrew Bible, Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was the Holy Temple (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05b5\u05bc\u05d9\u05ea \u05be \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05b4\u05bc\u05e7\u05b0\u05d3\u05b8\u05bc\u05e9\u05c1 \u202c: Beit HaMikdash) in ancient Jerusalem before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE and its subsequent replacement with the Second Temple in the 6th century BCE."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "paragraph_text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (known as the LDS Church or, informally, the Mormon Church) is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of nearly 16 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth - largest Christian denomination in the United States. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate", "paragraph_text": "The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate, also known as The Destroying Angel and Daemons Inflicting Divine Vengeance on the Wicked and Intemperate and as The Destruction of the Temple of Vice, is an oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1832. Etty had become famous for nude paintings, and acquired a reputation for tastelessness, indecency and a lack of creativity. With \"The Destroying Angel\" he hoped to disprove his critics with an openly moral piece. The painting is 127.8\u00a0cm by 101.9\u00a0cm (50\u00a0in by 40\u00a0in) and depicts a classical temple under attack from a destroying angel and a group of daemons. Some of the humans appear dead or unconscious, others flee or struggle against the daemons."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "You Can't Make Old Friends", "paragraph_text": "You Ca n't Make Old Friends is the twenty - seventh studio album from American country music artist Kenny Rogers. Released on October 8, 2013 via Warner Bros. Nashville, it is Rogers' first album of original material since 2006's Water & Bridges. Its title track, a duet with Dolly Parton, peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart in December 2013, becoming Rogers' first single released in six years. ``You Ca n't Make Old Friends ''was later included on Parton's 2014 album, Blue Smoke."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Regia", "paragraph_text": "The Regia was a two-part structure in Ancient Rome lying along the Sacra Via at the edge of the Roman Forum that originally served as the residence or one of the main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as the office of the Pontifex Maximus, the highest religious official of Rome. It occupied a triangular patch of terrain between the Temple of Vesta, the Temple of Divus Julius and Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Only the foundations of Republican/Imperial Regia remain. Like the Curia it was destroyed and rebuilt several times, as far back as the Roman monarchy. Studies have found multiple layers of similar buildings with more regular features, prompting the theory that this \"Republican Regia\" was to have a different use."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system \u2013 not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome\u2019s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference \u2013 he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein \u2013 and Hippolytus recognised a \u201cpagan\u201d basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for \"dogmatic reasons \u2013 his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected \u2013 and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite\". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Temple of Artemis", "paragraph_text": "The earliest version of the temple (a temenos) antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, and dates to the Bronze Age. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis, attributed it to the Amazons. In the 7th century BC, it was destroyed by a flood. Its reconstruction, in more grandiose form, began around 550 BC, under the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes. The project was funded by Croesus of Lydia, and took 10 years to complete. This version of the temple was destroyed in 356 BC by Herostratus in an act of arson. The next, greatest and last form of the temple, funded by the Ephesians themselves, is described in Antipater of Sidon's list of the world's Seven Wonders:"}], "question": "What year was the first temple of the city where Christianity originated in the region that became the largest foreign investor of the country where Butrint is located destroyed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__812782_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "St. Albert, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Originally separated from Edmonton by several miles of farmland, the 1980s expansion of Edmonton's city limits placed St. Albert immediately adjacent to the larger city on St. Albert's south and east sides."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Magerrain", "paragraph_text": "The Magerrain is a mountain of the Glarus Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Glarus and St. Gallen in Eastern Switzerland. Reaching an elevation of 2,524 metres above sea level, the Magerrain is the highest summit of the range north of the Walab\u00fctzer Furggle (2,167 m) and the Risitenpass (2,189 m)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mingaladon Township", "paragraph_text": "Mingaladon Township ( ) is located in the northernmost part of Yangon, Myanmar. The township comprises 31 wards, and shares borders with Hmawbi Township in the north, North Okkalapa Township in the east, Insein Township and Shwepyitha Township in the west, and Mayangon Township in the south. Mingaladon is still relatively undeveloped and lacks basic municipal services."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Poovathani", "paragraph_text": "Poovathani is a small village bordering Malappuram and Palakkad Districts in Kerala, India. It is shared by three grama panchayaths: Thachanattukara, Aliparamba] and Thazhekode."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county where Mountain View of the province where St. Albert shares a border with located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__548838_37872_64399_93611", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kashi Vishwanath Temple", "paragraph_text": "The temple has been mentioned in the Puranas including the Kashi Khanda (section) of Skanda Purana. The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb - ud - din Aibak in 1194 CE, when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj as a commander of Mohammad Ghori. The temple was rebuilt by a Gujarati merchant during the reign of Delhi's Sultan Iltutmish (1211 - 1266 CE). It was demolished again during the rule of either Hussain Shah Sharqi (1447 - 1458) or Sikandar Lodhi (1489 - 1517). Raja Man Singh built the temple during Mughal emperor Akbar's rule, but orthodox Hindus boycotted it as he had let the Mughals marry within his family. Raja Todar Mal further re-built the temple with Akbar's funding at its original site in 1585."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Temple of Hercules Victor", "paragraph_text": "Dating from the later 2nd century BC, and perhaps erected by L. Mummius Achaicus, conqueror of the Achaeans and destroyer of Corinth, the temple is 14.8 m in diameter and consists of a circular cella within a concentric ring of twenty Corinthian columns 10.66 m tall, resting on a tuff foundation. These elements supported an architrave and roof, which have disappeared. The original wall of the cella, built of travertine and marble blocks, and nineteen of the originally twenty columns remain but the current tile roof was added later. Palladio's published reconstruction suggested a dome, though this was apparently erroneous. The temple is the earliest surviving marble building in Rome."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur", "paragraph_text": "Brihadeeswarar Temple, also referred to as Rajesvara Peruvudaiyar or Brihadishvara Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest South Indian temple and an exemplary example of a fully realized Tamil architecture. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the ``Great Living Chola Temples '', along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR", "paragraph_text": "Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR (, Spartakiada narodov SSSR) were mass multi-event competitions in the Soviet Union in 1956\u20131991, descendants of the 1928 All-Union Spartakiad that took place in Moscow. The competitions were conducted between constituent republics of the Soviet Union. The competitions also were organized as winter and summer. There were 10 summer Spartakiads and 7 winter Spartakiads."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "paragraph_text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (known as the LDS Church or, informally, the Mormon Church) is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of nearly 16 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth - largest Christian denomination in the United States. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ancient Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 332 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. The administration established by Alexander's successors, the Macedonian Ptolemaic Kingdom, was based on an Egyptian model and based in the new capital city of Alexandria. The city showcased the power and prestige of Hellenistic rule, and became a seat of learning and culture, centered at the famous Library of Alexandria. The Lighthouse of Alexandria lit the way for the many ships that kept trade flowing through the city\u2014as the Ptolemies made commerce and revenue-generating enterprises, such as papyrus manufacturing, their top priority.Hellenistic culture did not supplant native Egyptian culture, as the Ptolemies supported time-honored traditions in an effort to secure the loyalty of the populace. They built new temples in Egyptian style, supported traditional cults, and portrayed themselves as pharaohs. Some traditions merged, as Greek and Egyptian gods were syncretized into composite deities, such as Serapis, and classical Greek forms of sculpture influenced traditional Egyptian motifs. Despite their efforts to appease the Egyptians, the Ptolemies were challenged by native rebellion, bitter family rivalries, and the powerful mob of Alexandria that formed after the death of Ptolemy IV. In addition, as Rome relied more heavily on imports of grain from Egypt, the Romans took great interest in the political situation in the country. Continued Egyptian revolts, ambitious politicians, and powerful opponents from the Near East made this situation unstable, leading Rome to send forces to secure the country as a province of its empire."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur", "paragraph_text": "Brihadishvara Temple, also called Rajarajesvaram or Peruvudaiyar Kovil, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest South Indian temple and an exemplary example of a fully realized Tamil architecture. It is called as Dhakshina Meru of south. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the ``Great Living Chola Temples '', along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the \"commune Latinorum Dianae templum\": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome's inclusive hegemony. Rome's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium: and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur. and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum: Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy, and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste. In 217, Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Regia", "paragraph_text": "The Regia was a two-part structure in Ancient Rome lying along the Sacra Via at the edge of the Roman Forum that originally served as the residence or one of the main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as the office of the Pontifex Maximus, the highest religious official of Rome. It occupied a triangular patch of terrain between the Temple of Vesta, the Temple of Divus Julius and Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Only the foundations of Republican/Imperial Regia remain. Like the Curia it was destroyed and rebuilt several times, as far back as the Roman monarchy. Studies have found multiple layers of similar buildings with more regular features, prompting the theory that this \"Republican Regia\" was to have a different use."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Solomon's Temple", "paragraph_text": "The only source of information on the First Temple is the Tanakh. According to the biblical sources, the temple was constructed under Solomon, during the united monarchy of Israel and Judah. The Bible describes Hiram I of Tyre who furnished architects, workmen and cedar timbers for the temple of his ally Solomon at Jerusalem. He also co-operated with Solomon in mounting an expedition on the Red Sea. 1 Kings 6: 1 puts the date of the beginning of building the temple ``in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel ''. The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE. This puts the date of its construction in the mid-10th century BCE. Schmid and Rupprecht are of the view that the site of the temple used to be a Jebusite shrine which Solomon chose in an attempt to unify the Jebusites and Israelites. 1 Kings 9: 10 says that it took Solomon 20 years altogether to build the Temple and his royal palace. The Temple itself finished being built after 7 years. During the united monarchy the Temple was dedicated to Yahweh, the God of Israel, and housed the Ark of the Covenant. Rabbinic sources state that the First Temple stood for 410 years and, based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah, place construction in 832 BCE and destruction in 422 BCE (3338 AM), 165 years later than secular estimates."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Spartakiad (Albania)", "paragraph_text": "The Spartakiad included a mass gymnastics display, professional and amateurial sports championships. It was the biggest sports event in Albania during communist rule as included hundreds of thousands of participants."}], "question": "When was the first temple built in the city where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Spartakiad is located in 2013?"}
{"id": "4hop1__518157_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Neil King (Canadian football)", "paragraph_text": "Neil King (born September 10, 1988) is a professional Canadian football defensive back who is currently a free agent. He most recently played for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL) for three seasons before he was released by the team on January 15, 2019. He has also played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats for three seasons. He was drafted by the Tiger-Cats 43rd overall in the fifth round of the 2013 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 27, 2013. He played CIS Football for the Saint Mary's Huskies."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in King County, Washington", "paragraph_text": "This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in King County, Washington, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county Mountain View is in from the province where Neil King was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_93611", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "paragraph_text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (known as the LDS Church or, informally, the Mormon Church) is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of nearly 16 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth - largest Christian denomination in the United States. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Temple of Hercules Victor", "paragraph_text": "Dating from the later 2nd century BC, and perhaps erected by L. Mummius Achaicus, conqueror of the Achaeans and destroyer of Corinth, the temple is 14.8 m in diameter and consists of a circular cella within a concentric ring of twenty Corinthian columns 10.66 m tall, resting on a tuff foundation. These elements supported an architrave and roof, which have disappeared. The original wall of the cella, built of travertine and marble blocks, and nineteen of the originally twenty columns remain but the current tile roof was added later. Palladio's published reconstruction suggested a dome, though this was apparently erroneous. The temple is the earliest surviving marble building in Rome."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur", "paragraph_text": "Brihadeeswarar Temple, also referred to as Rajesvara Peruvudaiyar or Brihadishvara Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest South Indian temple and an exemplary example of a fully realized Tamil architecture. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the ``Great Living Chola Temples '', along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Solomon's Temple", "paragraph_text": "The only source of information on the First Temple is the Tanakh. According to the biblical sources, the temple was constructed under Solomon, during the united monarchy of Israel and Judah. The Bible describes Hiram I of Tyre who furnished architects, workmen and cedar timbers for the temple of his ally Solomon at Jerusalem. He also co-operated with Solomon in mounting an expedition on the Red Sea. 1 Kings 6: 1 puts the date of the beginning of building the temple ``in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel ''. The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE. This puts the date of its construction in the mid-10th century BCE. Schmid and Rupprecht are of the view that the site of the temple used to be a Jebusite shrine which Solomon chose in an attempt to unify the Jebusites and Israelites. 1 Kings 9: 10 says that it took Solomon 20 years altogether to build the Temple and his royal palace. The Temple itself finished being built after 7 years. During the united monarchy the Temple was dedicated to Yahweh, the God of Israel, and housed the Ark of the Covenant. Rabbinic sources state that the First Temple stood for 410 years and, based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah, place construction in 832 BCE and destruction in 422 BCE (3338 AM), 165 years later than secular estimates."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the \"commune Latinorum Dianae templum\": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome's inclusive hegemony. Rome's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium: and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur. and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum: Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy, and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste. In 217, Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kashi Vishwanath Temple", "paragraph_text": "The temple has been mentioned in the Puranas including the Kashi Khanda (section) of Skanda Purana. The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb - ud - din Aibak in 1194 CE, when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj as a commander of Mohammad Ghori. The temple was rebuilt by a Gujarati merchant during the reign of Delhi's Sultan Iltutmish (1211 - 1266 CE). It was demolished again during the rule of either Hussain Shah Sharqi (1447 - 1458) or Sikandar Lodhi (1489 - 1517). Raja Man Singh built the temple during Mughal emperor Akbar's rule, but orthodox Hindus boycotted it as he had let the Mughals marry within his family. Raja Todar Mal further re-built the temple with Akbar's funding at its original site in 1585."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Colosseum", "paragraph_text": "Colosseum Location Regio IV Templum Pacis (``Temple of Peace '') Built in 70 -- 80 AD Built by / for Vespasian, Titus Type of structure Amphitheatre Related List of ancient monuments in Rome The Colosseum"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ancient Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 332 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. The administration established by Alexander's successors, the Macedonian Ptolemaic Kingdom, was based on an Egyptian model and based in the new capital city of Alexandria. The city showcased the power and prestige of Hellenistic rule, and became a seat of learning and culture, centered at the famous Library of Alexandria. The Lighthouse of Alexandria lit the way for the many ships that kept trade flowing through the city\u2014as the Ptolemies made commerce and revenue-generating enterprises, such as papyrus manufacturing, their top priority.Hellenistic culture did not supplant native Egyptian culture, as the Ptolemies supported time-honored traditions in an effort to secure the loyalty of the populace. They built new temples in Egyptian style, supported traditional cults, and portrayed themselves as pharaohs. Some traditions merged, as Greek and Egyptian gods were syncretized into composite deities, such as Serapis, and classical Greek forms of sculpture influenced traditional Egyptian motifs. Despite their efforts to appease the Egyptians, the Ptolemies were challenged by native rebellion, bitter family rivalries, and the powerful mob of Alexandria that formed after the death of Ptolemy IV. In addition, as Rome relied more heavily on imports of grain from Egypt, the Romans took great interest in the political situation in the country. Continued Egyptian revolts, ambitious politicians, and powerful opponents from the Near East made this situation unstable, leading Rome to send forces to secure the country as a province of its empire."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rosetta Stone", "paragraph_text": "The stone, carved in black granodiorite during the Hellenistic period, is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais. It was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period, and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in July 1799 by a French soldier named Pierre - Fran\u00e7ois Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic language. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars. Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria and was transported to London. It has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802, and is the most - visited object there."}], "question": "When was the first temple built in the city where Christianity originated that was part of the country that became the largest foreign investor of where Butrint is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__631654_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Humberg (Kaiserslautern)", "paragraph_text": "The Humberg is a mountain in the south of Kaiserslautern, Germany, that stands on the border of the Palatinate forest. With a height of 425 meters, it is the highest point in the area of Kaiserslautern. At its peak, the Humberg Tower () provides a dramatic view of the area below."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gord Mark", "paragraph_text": "Gordon F. Mark (born September 10, 1964) is a Canadian retired ice hockey defenceman. He was drafted in the sixth round, 105 overall, in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft. Mark played 85 National Hockey League games for the New Jersey Devils and Edmonton Oilers."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county where Mountain View of the province where Gord Mark was born is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_53006", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars", "paragraph_text": "The Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars is a mosque built in Cairo, Egypt by the Mamluk Sultan al-Zahir Baybars al-Bunduqdari (r. 1260-1277)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sultan Ahmed Mosque", "paragraph_text": "The Sultan Ahmed Mosque or Sultan Ahmet Mosque (Turkish: Sultan Ahmet Camii) is a historic mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. A popular tourist site, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque continues to function as a mosque today; men still kneel in prayer on the mosque's lush red carpet after the call to prayer. The Blue Mosque, as it is popularly known, was constructed between 1609 and 1616 during the rule of Ahmed I. Its K\u00fclliye contains Ahmed's tomb, a madrasah and a hospice. Hand - painted blue tiles adorn the mosque's interior walls, and at night the mosque is bathed in blue as lights frame the mosque's five main domes, six minarets and eight secondary domes. It sits next to the Hagia Sophia, another popular tourist site."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kashi Vishwanath Temple", "paragraph_text": "The temple has been referred to in Hindu scriptures for a very long time as a central part of worship in the Shaiva philosophy. It has been destroyed and re-constructed a number of times in history. The last structure was demolished by Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor who constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque on its site. The current structure was built on an adjacent site by the Maratha ruler, Ahilya Bai Holkar of Indore in 1780."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur", "paragraph_text": "Brihadeeswarar Temple, also referred to as Rajesvara Peruvudaiyar or Brihadishvara Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest South Indian temple and an exemplary example of a fully realized Tamil architecture. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the ``Great Living Chola Temples '', along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur", "paragraph_text": "Brihadishvara Temple, also called Rajarajesvaram or Peruvudaiyar Kovil, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest South Indian temple and an exemplary example of a fully realized Tamil architecture. It is called as Dhakshina Meru of south. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the ``Great Living Chola Temples '', along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "paragraph_text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (known as the LDS Church or, informally, the Mormon Church) is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of nearly 16 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth - largest Christian denomination in the United States. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Al-Masjid an-Nabawi", "paragraph_text": "The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his migration from Mecca to Medina in 622. He shared in the heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it. In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights. The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque, due to its connection to Muhammad."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Monastery of the Virgins", "paragraph_text": "The Monastery of the Virgins is a structure uncovered during Benjamin Mazar's excavations south of Jerusalem's Temple Mount. The large number of Christian religious finds from the site have prompted its identification with a monastery described by a pilgrim, Theodosius the archdeacon, in his \"De Situ Terrae Sanctae\", a work of the early 6th century. The building was constructed in the 4th century on the remains of an earlier Herodian building identified with the Second Temple courthouse, and was destroyed during the Persian sack of Jerusalem in 614."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Following the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Hindus and Middle-Eastern Muslims have based themselves around Mayfair and Knightsbridge in West London. There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. Large Hindu communities are in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which is home to Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple. London is also home to 42 Hindu temples. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Al-Aqsa Mosque", "paragraph_text": "Al - Aqsa Mosque (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u200e \u200e Al - Masjid al - 'Aq\u1e63\u0101, IPA: (\u0294\u00e6l\u02c8m\u00e6sd\u0292\u026ad \u00e6l\u02c8\u0294\u0251qs\u0295\u0251) (listen), ``the Farthest Mosque ''), also known as Al - Aqsa and Bayt al - Maqdis, is the third holiest site in Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem. Whilst the entire site on which the silver - domed mosque sits, along with the Dome of the Rock, seventeen gates, and four minarets, was itself historically known as the Al - Aqsa Mosque, today a narrower definition prevails, and the wider compound is usually referred to as al - Haram ash - Sharif (`` the Noble Sanctuary''), or the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al - Aqsa during the Night Journey. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration, when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jama Masjid, Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built the Jama Masjid between 1644 and 1656. It was constructed by more than 5000 workers. It was originally called Masjid - i - Jahan - Numa, meaning 'mosque commanding view of the world'. The construction was done under the supervision of Saadullah Khan, wazir (or prime minister) during Shah Jahan's rule. The cost of the construction at the time was one million Rupees. Shah Jahan also built the Taj Mahal, at Agra and the Red Fort in New Delhi, which stands opposite the Jama Masjid. The Jama Masjid was completed in 1656 AD (1066 AH). The mosque was inaugurated by an Imam Bukhari, a mullah from Bukhara, Uzbekistan, on 23 July 1656, on the invitation from Shah Jahan. About 25,000 people can pray in the courtyard at a time and it is sometimes regarded as India's largest mosque. The mosque is commonly called ``Jama ''which means Friday."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Temple (LDS Church)", "paragraph_text": "There are 159 operating temples (which includes 10 previously dedicated, but closed for renovation), 11 under construction, and 19 announced (not yet under construction). At present, there are temples in many U.S. states, as well as in many countries across the world. Several temples are at historical sites of the LDS Church, such as Nauvoo, Illinois and Palmyra, New York. The importance of temples is often emphasized in weekly meetings, and regular participation in ``temple work ''is strongly encouraged for all Latter - day Saints (LDS)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}], "question": "The great mosque constructed in the city where Christianity originated that was part of the country that became the largest foreign investor of where Butrint is located is called what?"}
{"id": "4hop1__358936_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Penny O'Brian", "paragraph_text": "Nicknamed \u05f4Peanuts\u05f4, O'Brian began playing softball at age 14. She started her professional career in Edmonton, and gained notoriety for her blazing speed on the bases as well as in the outfield."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Humberg (Kaiserslautern)", "paragraph_text": "The Humberg is a mountain in the south of Kaiserslautern, Germany, that stands on the border of the Palatinate forest. With a height of 425 meters, it is the highest point in the area of Kaiserslautern. At its peak, the Humberg Tower () provides a dramatic view of the area below."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county Mountain View is in from the province where Penny O'Brian was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_59041", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2015 Egypt bus accident", "paragraph_text": "The 2015 Egypt bus accident occurred on 21 March 2015 when a bus fell off a bridge near Giza in Egypt. It plunged into a canal, killing at least 35, many of whom worked for a private construction company."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Voice (American season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The Voice Season 4 Broadcast from March 25 -- June 18, 2013 Judges Adam Levine Shakira Usher Blake Shelton Host (s) Carson Daly Co-host (s) Christina Milian (social media) Broadcaster NBC Winner Danielle Bradbery Origin Cypress, Texas Song ``Born to Fly ''Genre (s) Country Coach Blake Shelton Runner - up Michelle Chamuel Chronology \u25c0 Early 2013 \u25b6"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Father Brown (2013 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Father Brown Genre Detective Based on Father Brown short stories by G.K. Chesterton Developed by Rachel Flowerday Tahsin Guner Starring Mark Williams Sorcha Cusack Hugo Speer Tom Chambers Nancy Carroll Alex Price Jack Deam John Burton Emer Kenny Theme music composer Debbie Wiseman Opening theme 'Father Brown Theme' Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of series 6 (seventh commissioned) No. of episodes 70 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Will Trotter John Yorke Producer (s) Ceri Meyrick Caroline Slater Cinematography Stuart Biddlecombe Running time 45 -- 50 minutes Production company (s) BBC Productions Release Original network BBC One (2013 -- present) BBC One HD (2013 -- present) Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 14 January 2013 (2013 - 01 - 14) -- present External links Website"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians (see the Babylonian Chronicles). In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text, which corroborates the biblical narrative only in very broad terms, see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of timekeeping devices", "paragraph_text": "The oldest known sundial is from Egypt; it dates back to around 1500 BC (19th Dynasty), and was discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 2013. Sundials have their origin in shadow clocks, which were the first devices used for measuring the parts of a day. Ancient Egyptian obelisks, constructed about 3500 BC, are also among the earliest shadow clocks."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gran Hotel (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Gran Hotel Genre Historical drama Created by Ram\u00f3n Campos Gema R. Neira Starring Yon Gonz\u00e1lez Amaia Salamanca Adriana Ozores Pedro Alonso Concha Velasco Lloren\u00e7 Gonz\u00e1lez Pep Ant\u00f3n Mu\u00f1oz Country of origin Spain Original language (s) Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Ram\u00f3n Campos Teres Fern\u00e1ndez - Vald\u00e9s Producer (s) Bamb\u00fa Producciones Production location (s) Santander Running time 70 - 80 minutes Release Original network Antena 3 Original release 4 October 2011 (2011 - 10 - 04) -- 25 June 2013 (2013 - 06 - 25) Chronology Related shows El hotel de los secretos External links Website"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National debt of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As of April 30, 2018, debt held by the public was $15.3 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion, for a total or ``National Debt ''of $21 trillion. Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries. The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100% by 2028, perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date. As of December 2017, $6.3 trillion or approximately 45% of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors, the largest being China (about $1.18 trillion) then Japan (about $1.06 trillion)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)", "paragraph_text": "Following the siege of 597 BC, the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar installed Zedekiah as tributary king of Judah, at the age of 21. However, Zedekiah revolted against Babylon, and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh Hophra, the king of Egypt. Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah and began a siege of Jerusalem in December 589 BC. During this siege, the duration of which was either 18 or 30 months, the Bible describes the city as enduring horrible deprivation. In 586 BC, after completion of the eleventh year of Zedekiah's reign, Nebuchadnezzar broke through Jerusalem's walls, conquering the city. Zedekiah and his followers attempted to escape but were captured on the plains of Jericho and taken to Riblah. There, after seeing his sons killed, Zedekiah was blinded, bound, and taken captive to Babylon, where he remained a prisoner until his death."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}], "question": "Who was king of Judah at the fall of the city where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Butrint is located in 2013?"}
{"id": "4hop1__434884_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cornelius Demarest House", "paragraph_text": "Cornelius Demarest House is located in Rochelle Park, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cornelius Gallagher (Canadian politician)", "paragraph_text": "Gallagher was born in New Brunswick in 1854, the son of an Irish immigrant father. After attending the schools of his birthplace, he moved west to Winnipeg with his family, and became involved in the family meat packing business, established by his father. He would soon move west again to what would later become the province of Saskatchewan, where he would continue his business, providing his product to the local police establishments and soldiers during the North-West Rebellion. After his contracts expired there, Gallagher would move again further west, to Edmonton, where he would permanently settle."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county Mountain View is in from the province where Cornelius Gallagher died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_46473", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy \u2014 are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Greece, Macedonia \u2014 are generally Greek Orthodox."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)", "paragraph_text": "The siege ended on August 30, 70 CE with the burning and destruction of its Second Temple, and the Romans entered and sacked the Lower City. The destruction of both the first and second temples is still mourned annually as the Jewish fast Tisha B'Av. The Arch of Titus, celebrating the Roman sack of Jerusalem and the Temple, still stands in Rome. The conquest of the city was complete on September 8, 70 CE."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the \"Peace of the Greeks\", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Roman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium R\u014dm\u0101num, Classical Latin: (\u026am\u02c8p\u025b. ri. \u0169\u02d0 ro\u02d0\u02c8ma\u02d0. n\u0169\u02d0); Koine and Medieval Greek: \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1fec\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, tr. Basileia t\u014dn Rh\u014dmai\u014dn) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC -- c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Roman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium R\u014dm\u0101num, Classical Latin: (\u026am\u02c8p\u025b. ri. \u0169\u02d0 ro\u02d0\u02c8ma\u02d0. n\u0169\u02d0); Koine and Medieval Greek: \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1fec\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, tr. Basileia t\u014dn Rh\u014dmai\u014dn) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, with a government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC -- c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's population grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it had been severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dome of the Rock", "paragraph_text": "It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al - Malik during the Second Fitna, built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had in turn been built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 -- 23. The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified."}], "question": "When did Romans destroy the temple in the city where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Leskove is located in 2013?"}
{"id": "4hop1__625933_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mike Bishai", "paragraph_text": "Michael Bishai (born May 30, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. Bishai was never drafted, but played in the National Hockey League with the Edmonton Oilers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Humberg (Kaiserslautern)", "paragraph_text": "The Humberg is a mountain in the south of Kaiserslautern, Germany, that stands on the border of the Palatinate forest. With a height of 425 meters, it is the highest point in the area of Kaiserslautern. At its peak, the Humberg Tower () provides a dramatic view of the area below."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}], "question": "What U.S. county borders the Canadian county where Mike Bishai was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_52278", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Congregation of Christian Brothers", "paragraph_text": "The Holy See formally established the congregation in 1820. This, too, was an unusual event, since the Christian Brothers were the first Irish congregation of men approved by a charter from Rome."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The Xeer legal system is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century. There is no evidence that it developed elsewhere or was greatly influenced by any foreign legal system. The fact that Somali legal terminology is practically devoid of loan words from foreign languages suggests that Xeer is truly indigenous."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of U.S. states and territories by area", "paragraph_text": "Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oxyrhynchus", "paragraph_text": "Since the 1930s, work on the papyri has continued. For many years it was under the supervision of Professor Peter Parsons of Oxford. Eighty large volumes of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri have been published,  and these have become an essential reference work for the study of Egypt between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD. They are also extremely important for the history of the early Christian Church, since many Christian documents have been found at Oxyrhynchus in far earlier versions than those known elsewhere. At least another forty volumes are anticipated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period: The city covered two square kilometers (0.8 sq mi.) and had a population of 200,000. In the five centuries following the Bar Kokhba revolt in the 2nd century, the city remained under Roman then Byzantine rule. During the 4th century, the Roman Emperor Constantine I constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics, Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen, the Church Father in Alexandria, Egypt, who considered it a fabricated story. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "777 (number)", "paragraph_text": "Christian denominations consider seven to be a holy number because Genesis says that God rested on the 7th day and man was created on the 6th day. Because God rested on the 7th day, that is the reason for the observance of the Hebrew Sabbath on the last day of the week. The 7th day of the week is indicated on the Hebrew Lunar calendar containing 13 months of four weeks each. According to the American publication, the Orthodox Study Bible, 777 represents the threefold perfection of the Trinity. The number 777, as triple 7, can be contrasted against triple 6, for the Number of the Beast as 666 (rather than variant 616)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "North Central Province, Sri Lanka", "paragraph_text": "Provincial council is the main administrative and control body of the North Central Province which is the largest province in the country covered 16% of total country's land area. It consists two districts called Polonnaruwa and Anuradhapure; Anuradhapure is the largest district in the country. NCP also called Wew Bendi Rajje because there are more than 3000 medium and large scale tanks situated in the province. More than 65% of NCP's people depend on basic Agriculture and agro base industries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}], "question": "Until the 7th century, who controlled the holy land where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Leskove is located in 2013?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_53006", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Following the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Hindus and Middle-Eastern Muslims have based themselves around Mayfair and Knightsbridge in West London. There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. Large Hindu communities are in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which is home to Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple. London is also home to 42 Hindu temples. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur", "paragraph_text": "Brihadishvara Temple, also called Rajarajesvaram or Peruvudaiyar Kovil, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest South Indian temple and an exemplary example of a fully realized Tamil architecture. It is called as Dhakshina Meru of south. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the ``Great Living Chola Temples '', along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sultan Ahmed Mosque", "paragraph_text": "The Sultan Ahmed Mosque or Sultan Ahmet Mosque (Turkish: Sultan Ahmet Camii) is a historic mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. A popular tourist site, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque continues to function as a mosque today; men still kneel in prayer on the mosque's lush red carpet after the call to prayer. The Blue Mosque, as it is popularly known, was constructed between 1609 and 1616 during the rule of Ahmed I. Its K\u00fclliye contains Ahmed's tomb, a madrasah and a hospice. Hand - painted blue tiles adorn the mosque's interior walls, and at night the mosque is bathed in blue as lights frame the mosque's five main domes, six minarets and eight secondary domes. It sits next to the Hagia Sophia, another popular tourist site."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Al-Masjid an-Nabawi", "paragraph_text": "The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his migration from Mecca to Medina in 622. He shared in the heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it. In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights. The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque, due to its connection to Muhammad."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "paragraph_text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (known as the LDS Church or, informally, the Mormon Church) is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of nearly 16 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth - largest Christian denomination in the United States. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra", "paragraph_text": "The original building was partially destroyed and converted into a mosque by Qutb - ud - Din - Aibak of Delhi in the late 12th century. According to a local legend, after defeating Vigraharaja's nephew Prithviraja III in the Second Battle of Tarain, Muhammad Ghori passed through Ajmer. There, he saw the magnificent temples, and ordered his slave general Qutb - ud - Din - Aibak to destroy them, and construct a mosque -- all within 60 hours (that is, \u200b 2 \u2044 days). The artisans could not build a complete mosque in 60 hours time, but constructed a brick screen wall where Ghori could offer prayers. By the end of the century, a complete mosque was built."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Al-Aqsa Mosque", "paragraph_text": "Al - Aqsa Mosque (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u200e \u200e Al - Masjid al - 'Aq\u1e63\u0101, IPA: (\u0294\u00e6l\u02c8m\u00e6sd\u0292\u026ad \u00e6l\u02c8\u0294\u0251qs\u0295\u0251) (listen), ``the Farthest Mosque ''), also known as Al - Aqsa and Bayt al - Maqdis, is the third holiest site in Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem. Whilst the entire site on which the silver - domed mosque sits, along with the Dome of the Rock, seventeen gates, and four minarets, was itself historically known as the Al - Aqsa Mosque, today a narrower definition prevails, and the wider compound is usually referred to as al - Haram ash - Sharif (`` the Noble Sanctuary''), or the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al - Aqsa during the Night Journey. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration, when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jama Masjid, Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built the Jama Masjid between 1644 and 1656. It was constructed by more than 5000 workers. It was originally called Masjid - i - Jahan - Numa, meaning 'mosque commanding view of the world'. The construction was done under the supervision of Saadullah Khan, wazir (or prime minister) during Shah Jahan's rule. The cost of the construction at the time was one million Rupees. Shah Jahan also built the Taj Mahal, at Agra and the Red Fort in New Delhi, which stands opposite the Jama Masjid. The Jama Masjid was completed in 1656 AD (1066 AH). The mosque was inaugurated by an Imam Bukhari, a mullah from Bukhara, Uzbekistan, on 23 July 1656, on the invitation from Shah Jahan. About 25,000 people can pray in the courtyard at a time and it is sometimes regarded as India's largest mosque. The mosque is commonly called ``Jama ''which means Friday."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kashi Vishwanath Temple", "paragraph_text": "The temple has been referred to in Hindu scriptures for a very long time as a central part of worship in the Shaiva philosophy. It has been destroyed and re-constructed a number of times in history. The last structure was demolished by Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor who constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque on its site. The current structure was built on an adjacent site by the Maratha ruler, Ahilya Bai Holkar of Indore in 1780."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Temple (LDS Church)", "paragraph_text": "There are 159 operating temples (which includes 10 previously dedicated, but closed for renovation), 11 under construction, and 19 announced (not yet under construction). At present, there are temples in many U.S. states, as well as in many countries across the world. Several temples are at historical sites of the LDS Church, such as Nauvoo, Illinois and Palmyra, New York. The importance of temples is often emphasized in weekly meetings, and regular participation in ``temple work ''is strongly encouraged for all Latter - day Saints (LDS)."}], "question": "A country was the largest foreign investor in 2013 of the nation having Leskove. What is the great mosque constructed at the site of the old temple in city originating Christianity with Rome, Egypt, Judea and this country?"}
{"id": "4hop1__313783_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zerbin", "paragraph_text": "Zerbin received two 2012 Edmonton Music Awards: Music Video of the Year and Single of the Year, for \"New Earth\". In July, 2014 \"New Earth\" was voted #51 out of the Top 102 Canadian Songs by listeners of Edmonton's modern rock radio station SONiC 102.9."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Knorr Hut", "paragraph_text": "The Knorr Hut is a mountain hut belonging to the German Alpine Club and located in the Wetterstein Mountains at a height of . Its lies right on the edge of the \"Zugspitzplatt\" where it drops into the Reintalanger in a location with scenic views and is an important base for hikers who can climb up to it on the normal route from the town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen through the Reintal valley to Germany's highest mountain, the Zugspitze."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county where Mountain View of the same province as Zerbin is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_52278", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics, Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen, the Church Father in Alexandria, Egypt, who considered it a fabricated story. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period: The city covered two square kilometers (0.8 sq mi.) and had a population of 200,000. In the five centuries following the Bar Kokhba revolt in the 2nd century, the city remained under Roman then Byzantine rule. During the 4th century, the Roman Emperor Constantine I constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of U.S. states and territories by area", "paragraph_text": "Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oxyrhynchus", "paragraph_text": "Since the 1930s, work on the papyri has continued. For many years it was under the supervision of Professor Peter Parsons of Oxford. Eighty large volumes of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri have been published,  and these have become an essential reference work for the study of Egypt between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD. They are also extremely important for the history of the early Christian Church, since many Christian documents have been found at Oxyrhynchus in far earlier versions than those known elsewhere. At least another forty volumes are anticipated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North Central Province, Sri Lanka", "paragraph_text": "Provincial council is the main administrative and control body of the North Central Province which is the largest province in the country covered 16% of total country's land area. It consists two districts called Polonnaruwa and Anuradhapure; Anuradhapure is the largest district in the country. NCP also called Wew Bendi Rajje because there are more than 3000 medium and large scale tanks situated in the province. More than 65% of NCP's people depend on basic Agriculture and agro base industries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Abrahamic religions", "paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Congregation of Christian Brothers", "paragraph_text": "The Holy See formally established the congregation in 1820. This, too, was an unusual event, since the Christian Brothers were the first Irish congregation of men approved by a charter from Rome."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was, in Prime Minister Winston Churchill's words, the ``soft underbelly ''of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily. Launched on 9 July 1943, Operation Husky was, at the time, the largest amphibious operation ever undertaken. The American seaborne assault by the U.S. 7th Army landed on the southern coast of Sicily between the town of Licata in the west, and Scoglitti in the east and units of the 82nd airborne division parachuted ahead of landings. Despite the elements, the operation was a success and the Allies immediately began exploiting their gains. On 11 August, seeing that the battle was lost, the German and Italian commanders began evacuating their forces from Sicily to Italy. On 17 August, the Allies were in control of the island, U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men (2,237 killed or missing, 5,946 wounded, and 598 captured)."}], "question": "Until the 7th century, who controlled the holy land where Christianity originated in the largest foreign investor of the country where Butrint is located in 2013?"}
{"id": "4hop1__165169_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "William S. Edmiston", "paragraph_text": "Originally a native of Scotland, Edmiston came to Canada to settle in Clover Bar, Northwest Territories in the early 1880s. After living there for about ten years, he relocated to nearby Edmonton where he would employ himself as an architect, the first ever in the town. Engaging in a partnership with another fellow architect, his firm would design some of the first buildings in the newly developing town. He would also involve himself with the town's politics, sitting on the Edmonton Town Council, and later serving out two terms as Mayor of Edmonton, from 1897 to 1899. During his time as mayor, he involved himself in local affairs as well as run his architectural business. He would also lobby for a new bridge to be built over the North Saskatchewan River, connecting Edmonton with the town of Strathcona. He would voluntarily relinquish his position as mayor and not run in the 1899 election, opting to retire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county where Mountain View of the province where William S. Edmiston died is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_62676", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of capitals in Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Islamabad officially became the capital of Pakistan on 14 August 1967, exactly 20 years after the country's independence. Previously, Rawalpindi was the capital, designated in 1958. The first capital of Pakistan was the coastal city of Karachi, which was selected by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Karachi was and still is the largest city and economic capital of Pakistan. It remained the seat of government until 1959, when the military president, Ayub Khan, decided to build a new capital in the north of Pakistan, near the general headquarters of the Pakistani Armed Forces at Rawalpindi."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Christian", "paragraph_text": "The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in Hebrew is \u05e0\u05d5\u05bc\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05d9 (Notzri\u2014\"Nazarene\"), a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05b8\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9\u05d7\u05b7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd (Yehudim Meshihi'im\u2014\"Messianic Jews\")."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zarqa Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Zarqa Governorate (Arabic \"\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621\" \"Mu\u0127\u0101fazat az-Zarq\u0101\u0294\", local dialects \"ez-Zerg\u0101\" or \"ez-Zer'a\") is the third largest governorate in Jordan by population. The capital of Zarqa governorate is Zarqa City, which is the largest city in the governorate. It is located east of the Jordanian capital Amman. The second largest city in the governorate is Russeifa."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/ \u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l /; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Syria", "paragraph_text": "Syria (Arabic: \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u200e S\u016briy\u0101), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u200e al - Jumh\u016br\u012byah al - \u02bbArab\u012byah as - S\u016br\u012byah) is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria's capital and largest city is Damascus. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Syrian Arabs, Greeks, Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, Circassians, Mandeans and Turks. Religious groups include Sunnis, Christians, Alawites, Druze, Isma'ilis, Mandeans, Shiites, Salafis, Yazidis, and Jews. Sunni make up the largest religious group in Syria."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Book of Esther", "paragraph_text": "The Book of Esther, also known in Hebrew as ``the Scroll ''(Megillah), is a book in the third section (Ketuvim,`` Writings'') of the Jewish Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and in the Christian Old Testament. It relates the story of a Hebrew woman in Persia, born as Hadassah but known as Esther, who becomes queen of Persia and thwarts a genocide of her people. The story forms the core of the Jewish festival of Purim, during which it is read aloud twice: once in the evening and again the following morning. Esther is the only book in the Bible that does not explicitly mention God."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Rome", "paragraph_text": "At the peak of Roman imperial power in the 2nd century, the population of the city numbered about a million people, a size that it never attained again until its becoming the capital of the Republic of Italy in 1946; close to three percent of the population of the empire lived within its limits. Following the Crisis of the Third Century and the transfer of the imperial capital to Constantinople in AD 330, Rome entered a period of gradual decline."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ancient Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 332 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. The administration established by Alexander's successors, the Macedonian Ptolemaic Kingdom, was based on an Egyptian model and based in the new capital city of Alexandria. The city showcased the power and prestige of Hellenistic rule, and became a seat of learning and culture, centered at the famous Library of Alexandria. The Lighthouse of Alexandria lit the way for the many ships that kept trade flowing through the city\u2014as the Ptolemies made commerce and revenue-generating enterprises, such as papyrus manufacturing, their top priority.Hellenistic culture did not supplant native Egyptian culture, as the Ptolemies supported time-honored traditions in an effort to secure the loyalty of the populace. They built new temples in Egyptian style, supported traditional cults, and portrayed themselves as pharaohs. Some traditions merged, as Greek and Egyptian gods were syncretized into composite deities, such as Serapis, and classical Greek forms of sculpture influenced traditional Egyptian motifs. Despite their efforts to appease the Egyptians, the Ptolemies were challenged by native rebellion, bitter family rivalries, and the powerful mob of Alexandria that formed after the death of Ptolemy IV. In addition, as Rome relied more heavily on imports of grain from Egypt, the Romans took great interest in the political situation in the country. Continued Egyptian revolts, ambitious politicians, and powerful opponents from the Near East made this situation unstable, leading Rome to send forces to secure the country as a province of its empire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "According to the Bible, the Israelite history of the city began in c. 1000 BCE, with King David's sack of Jerusalem, following which Jerusalem became the City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel. According to the Books of Samuel, the Jebusites managed to resist attempts by the Israelites to capture the city, and by the time of King David were mocking such attempts, claiming that even the blind and lame could defeat the Israelite army. Nevertheless, the masoretic text for the Books of Samuel states that David managed to capture the city by stealth, sending his forces through a ``water shaft ''and attacking the city from the inside. Archaeologists now view this as implausible as the Gihon spring -- the only known location from which water shafts lead into the city -- is now known to have been heavily defended (and hence an attack via this route would have been obvious rather than secretive). The older Septuagint text, however, suggests that rather than by a water shaft, David's forces defeated the Jebusites by using daggers rather than through the water tunnels coming through the Gihon spring. There was another king in Jerusalem, Araunah, during, and possibly before, David's control of the city, according to the biblical narrative, who was probably the Jebusite king of Jerusalem. The city, which at that point stood upon the Ophel, was, according to the biblical account, expanded to the south, and declared by David to be the capital city of the Kingdom of Israel. David also, according to the Books of Samuel, constructed an altar at the location of a threshing floor he had purchased from Araunah; a portion of biblical scholars view this as an attempt by the narrative's author to give an Israelite foundation to a pre-existing sanctuary."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}], "question": "When did the city where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Butrint is located in 2013 become capitol city of the Hebrews?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_87066", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Solomon's Temple", "paragraph_text": "According to the Hebrew Bible, Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was the Holy Temple (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05b5\u05bc\u05d9\u05ea \u05be \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05b4\u05bc\u05e7\u05b0\u05d3\u05b8\u05bc\u05e9\u05c1 \u202c: Beit HaMikdash) in ancient Jerusalem before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE and its subsequent replacement with the Second Temple in the 6th century BCE."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Regia", "paragraph_text": "The Regia was a two-part structure in Ancient Rome lying along the Sacra Via at the edge of the Roman Forum that originally served as the residence or one of the main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as the office of the Pontifex Maximus, the highest religious official of Rome. It occupied a triangular patch of terrain between the Temple of Vesta, the Temple of Divus Julius and Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Only the foundations of Republican/Imperial Regia remain. Like the Curia it was destroyed and rebuilt several times, as far back as the Roman monarchy. Studies have found multiple layers of similar buildings with more regular features, prompting the theory that this \"Republican Regia\" was to have a different use."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (Pashupati). Located on the banks of the Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shivaratri, or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and sadhus.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "paragraph_text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (known as the LDS Church or, informally, the Mormon Church) is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of nearly 16 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth - largest Christian denomination in the United States. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate", "paragraph_text": "The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate, also known as The Destroying Angel and Daemons Inflicting Divine Vengeance on the Wicked and Intemperate and as The Destruction of the Temple of Vice, is an oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1832. Etty had become famous for nude paintings, and acquired a reputation for tastelessness, indecency and a lack of creativity. With \"The Destroying Angel\" he hoped to disprove his critics with an openly moral piece. The painting is 127.8\u00a0cm by 101.9\u00a0cm (50\u00a0in by 40\u00a0in) and depicts a classical temple under attack from a destroying angel and a group of daemons. Some of the humans appear dead or unconscious, others flee or struggle against the daemons."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Monastery of the Virgins", "paragraph_text": "The Monastery of the Virgins is a structure uncovered during Benjamin Mazar's excavations south of Jerusalem's Temple Mount. The large number of Christian religious finds from the site have prompted its identification with a monastery described by a pilgrim, Theodosius the archdeacon, in his \"De Situ Terrae Sanctae\", a work of the early 6th century. The building was constructed in the 4th century on the remains of an earlier Herodian building identified with the Second Temple courthouse, and was destroyed during the Persian sack of Jerusalem in 614."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system \u2013 not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome\u2019s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference \u2013 he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein \u2013 and Hippolytus recognised a \u201cpagan\u201d basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for \"dogmatic reasons \u2013 his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected \u2013 and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite\". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius."}], "question": "In what year was the first temple destroyed in the city where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Leskove is located in 2013?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_71142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Islam by country", "paragraph_text": "About 15% of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa, and sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, Russia, and Europe.Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the \"Peace of the Greeks\", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (636\u2013637)", "paragraph_text": "In 634, Abu Bakr died and was succeeded by Umar, who continued his own war of conquest. In May 636, Emperor Heraclius launched a major expedition to regain the lost territory, but his army was defeated decisively at the Battle of Yarmouk in August 636. Thereafter, Abu Ubaidah, the Muslim commander - in - chief of the Rashidun army in Syria, held a council of war in early October 636 to discuss future plans. Opinions of objectives varied between the coastal city of Caesarea and Jerusalem. Abu Ubaidah could see the importance of both these cities, which had resisted all Muslim attempts at capture. Unable to decide on the matter, he wrote to Caliph Umar for instructions. In his reply, the caliph ordered them to capture the latter. Accordingly, Abu Ubaidah marched towards Jerusalem from Jabiya, with Khalid ibn Walid and his mobile guard leading the advance. The Muslims arrived at Jerusalem around early November, and the Byzantine garrison withdrew into the fortified city."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mawdud", "paragraph_text": "In 1113 Toghtekin of Damascus, tired of the ravages by the Christian forces against his territories, appealed to Mawdud to join him to invade the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The two pillaged Galilee and besieged Tiberias, though without being able to capture it. On June 28, however, the Muslims defeated King Baldwin I of Jerusalem's army at the Battle of Al-Sannabra. Reinforcements saved the Christian forces from total annihilation and prevented the Muslim commanders from exploiting the victory, and ultimately forced them to retreat to Damascus due to a lack of supplies."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "After World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement\u2014in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy\u2014there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the House of Saud took over the Hijaz, and regimes led by army officers came to power in Iran and Turkey. \"[B]oth illiberal currents of the modern Middle East,\" writes de Bellaigne, \"Islamism and militarism, received a major impetus from Western empire-builders.\" As often happens in countries undergoing social crisis, the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators and modernizers, such as Muhammad Abduh, largely had to yield to retrograde currents."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of Uhud", "paragraph_text": "The battle was fought on Saturday, 22 December 624 (7 Shawwal AH 3 in the Islamic calendar) at the valley located in front of Mount Uhud. It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated. The Battle of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, preceded by the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated a larger Meccan army."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Said Ramadan", "paragraph_text": "He was the son-in-law of Hassan al-Banna, the Muslim Brotherhood's founder, and emerged as one of the brotherhood's main leaders in the 1950s. Ramadan was often accused by the Egyptian government of Gamal Abdul Nasser of being in the CIA's pay; after being expelled from Egypt for his activities, Ramadan moved to Saudi Arabia where he was one of the original members of the constituent council of the Muslim World League, a charity and missionary group funded by the Saudi government. From the 1950s, he was considered the Muslim Brotherhood's unofficial \"foreign minister.\" He reestablished branches of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia between 1956 and 1958."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Religion in Jordan", "paragraph_text": "Sunni Islam is the dominant religion in Jordan. Muslims make up about 93% of the country's population. There are also a small number of Ahmadi Muslims, and some Shiites. Many Shia are Iraqi and Lebanese refugees.The country also boasts one of the oldest Christian communities in the world, coexisting with the rest of the population. They made up about 4.2% of the population when the country had 5 million inhabitants in 2005 (Who are the Christians in the Middle East, Betty Jane & J. Martin Bailey, pp. 168\u2013169). down from 20% in the 1930s, due to several reasons, mainly due to high rates of Muslim immigration into the country. More than half are Greek Orthodox. The rest are Latin or Greek Rite Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Protestants and Armenians., ibid. Jordanian Christians in  a country of almost 10 million are thought to number 250,000-400,000 excluding tens of thousands of Syrian and Iraqi Christians in the country. A 2015 study estimates some 6,500 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.There are around 20,000 to 32,000 Druze living mostly in the north of Jordan, while there are fewer than 800 Jordanian Bah\u00e1'\u00eds mainly living in Addassia village near the Jordan Valley.There are no legal restrictions on Jews, but in 2006 there were reported to be no Jewish citizens. Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and religious minorities practice freely in Jordan, however, with specific restrictions."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christian", "paragraph_text": "According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman\u2014the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity. Christianity is growing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Muslim world, and Oceania."}], "question": "Who led the Muslim forces that retook the city originating Christianity with Rome, Egypt, Judea and the nation being the largest foreign investor in 2013 of the country having Butrint."}
{"id": "4hop1__830823_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mount Whyte", "paragraph_text": "Mount Whyte is a mountain in Alberta, Canada located in Banff National Park, near Lake Louise. The mountain can be seen from the Trans-Canada Highway, and offers views of the Valley of the Ten Peaks, including the Chateau Lake Louise."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Szelment", "paragraph_text": "Szelment is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Szypliszki, within Suwa\u0142ki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. Szelment is located 15\u00a0km north of Suwa\u0142ki. It is also home to a 1000m cable car line, the second-longest in Poland. It is located 6.0\u00a0km from the nearest city in Lithuania, Salaperaugis."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ten Second Epic", "paragraph_text": "Ten Second Epic was a Canadian five-piece alternative rock band from Edmonton. The band formed in 2002 consisting of Andrew Usenik (vocals), Daniel Carriere (guitar), Craig Spelliscy (guitar), Sandy MacKinnon (bass guitar) and Patrick Birtles (drums). TSE released three full-length albums in the course of their career, \"Count Yourself In\", \"Hometown\" and \"Better Off\". The band officially announced their breakup on February 25, 2014, and did their final tour in May 2014."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes", "paragraph_text": "Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (; Arpitan: \"\"; ; ) was an administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes. It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south. The region was named after the Rh\u00f4ne and the Alps mountain range. Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris. Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tathlina Lake", "paragraph_text": "Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}], "question": "What county shares a border with the county where Mountain View of the province where Ten Second Epic is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_59041", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians (see the Babylonian Chronicles). In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text, which corroborates the biblical narrative only in very broad terms, see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gran Hotel (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Gran Hotel Genre Historical drama Created by Ram\u00f3n Campos Gema R. Neira Starring Yon Gonz\u00e1lez Amaia Salamanca Adriana Ozores Pedro Alonso Concha Velasco Lloren\u00e7 Gonz\u00e1lez Pep Ant\u00f3n Mu\u00f1oz Country of origin Spain Original language (s) Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Ram\u00f3n Campos Teres Fern\u00e1ndez - Vald\u00e9s Producer (s) Bamb\u00fa Producciones Production location (s) Santander Running time 70 - 80 minutes Release Original network Antena 3 Original release 4 October 2011 (2011 - 10 - 04) -- 25 June 2013 (2013 - 06 - 25) Chronology Related shows El hotel de los secretos External links Website"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Father Brown (2013 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Father Brown Genre Detective Based on Father Brown short stories by G.K. Chesterton Developed by Rachel Flowerday Tahsin Guner Starring Mark Williams Sorcha Cusack Hugo Speer Tom Chambers Nancy Carroll Alex Price Jack Deam John Burton Emer Kenny Theme music composer Debbie Wiseman Opening theme 'Father Brown Theme' Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of series 6 (seventh commissioned) No. of episodes 70 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Will Trotter John Yorke Producer (s) Ceri Meyrick Caroline Slater Cinematography Stuart Biddlecombe Running time 45 -- 50 minutes Production company (s) BBC Productions Release Original network BBC One (2013 -- present) BBC One HD (2013 -- present) Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 14 January 2013 (2013 - 01 - 14) -- present External links Website"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Qutuz", "paragraph_text": "The battle of Ain Jalut which was fought on 3 September 1260 was one of the most important battles and a turning point in history. In 1250, only ten years before the battle of Ain Jalut, the same Bahariyya Mamluks (Qutuz, Baibars and Qalawun) led Egypt against the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France. The Mongol army at Ain Jalut that was led by Kitbuqa, a Nestorian Christian Naiman Turk, was accompanied by the Christian king of Cilician Armenia and by the Christian prince of Antioch. After the fall of Khawarezm, Baghdad and Syria, Egypt was the last citadel of Islam in the Middle East, and the existence of crusade beach-heads along the coast of the Levant were forming a serious menace to the Islamic World. Therefore, the future of Islam and of the Christian west as well depended on the outcome of that battle which was fought between two of the most powerful fighters of the Middle Ages, the Mamluks and the Mongols accompanied by some Christian crusaders."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)", "paragraph_text": "Following the siege of 597 BC, the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar installed Zedekiah as tributary king of Judah, at the age of 21. However, Zedekiah revolted against Babylon, and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh Hophra, the king of Egypt. Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah and began a siege of Jerusalem in December 589 BC. During this siege, the duration of which was either 18 or 30 months, the Bible describes the city as enduring horrible deprivation. In 586 BC, after completion of the eleventh year of Zedekiah's reign, Nebuchadnezzar broke through Jerusalem's walls, conquering the city. Zedekiah and his followers attempted to escape but were captured on the plains of Jericho and taken to Riblah. There, after seeing his sons killed, Zedekiah was blinded, bound, and taken captive to Babylon, where he remained a prisoner until his death."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "National debt of the United States", "paragraph_text": "As of April 30, 2018, debt held by the public was $15.3 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion, for a total or ``National Debt ''of $21 trillion. Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries. The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100% by 2028, perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date. As of December 2017, $6.3 trillion or approximately 45% of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors, the largest being China (about $1.18 trillion) then Japan (about $1.06 trillion)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of timekeeping devices", "paragraph_text": "The oldest known sundial is from Egypt; it dates back to around 1500 BC (19th Dynasty), and was discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 2013. Sundials have their origin in shadow clocks, which were the first devices used for measuring the parts of a day. Ancient Egyptian obelisks, constructed about 3500 BC, are also among the earliest shadow clocks."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century."}], "question": "Who was the king of Judah when the city where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Leskove is located in 2013 fell?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_59680", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Voice (American season 4)", "paragraph_text": "The Voice Season 4 Broadcast from March 25 -- June 18, 2013 Judges Adam Levine Shakira Usher Blake Shelton Host (s) Carson Daly Co-host (s) Christina Milian (social media) Broadcaster NBC Winner Danielle Bradbery Origin Cypress, Texas Song ``Born to Fly ''Genre (s) Country Coach Blake Shelton Runner - up Michelle Chamuel Chronology \u25c0 Early 2013 \u25b6"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Stations of the Cross", "paragraph_text": "These fourteen sites along the Via Dolorosa are where the events of the Stations of the Cross happened, according to tradition. These 14 stops form a route ending at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher that pilgrims have walked for centuries and are the inspiration for the Stations of the Cross in many churches today."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ethnic groups in the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "The Philippines are inhabited by more than 175 ethnolinguistic nations, the majority of whose languages are Austronesian in origin. Many of these nations converted to Christianity, particularly the lowland - coastal nations, and adopted many foreign elements of culture. Ethnolinguistic nations include the Ivatan, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano, Visayans (Masbate\u00f1o, Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Waray, Butuanon, Romblomanon, Kamayo, Cuyonon, and Surigaonon), Zamboangue\u00f1o, Subanon, and more."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "X", "paragraph_text": "There are very few English words that start with \u27e8 x \u27e9 (the fewest number of any letter). When \u27e8 x \u27e9 does start a word, it is usually pronounced / z / (e.g. xylophone, xenophobia, and xanthan); in rare recent loanwords or foreign proper names, it can also be pronounced / s / (e.g. the obsolete Vietnamese monetary unit xu) or / \u0283 / (e.g. Chinese names starting with Xi like Xiaomi or Xinjiang). Many of the words that start with \u27e8 x \u27e9 are of Greek origin, or standardized trademarks (Xerox) or acronyms (XC). In abbreviations, it can represent ``trans - ''(e.g. XMIT for transmit, XFER for transfer),`` cross -'' (e.g. X-ing for crossing, XREF for cross-reference), ``Christ - ''as shorthand for the labarum (e.g. Xmas for Christmas, Xian for Christian), the`` crys -'' in crystal (XTAL), or various words starting with ``ex - ''(e.g. XL for extra large, XOR for exclusive - or)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "The Melbourne rail network has its origins in privately built lines from the 1850s gold rush era, and today the suburban network consists of 209 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop, a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place. The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as direct interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide and beyond which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station in Spencer Street. In the 2013\u20132014 financial year, the Melbourne rail network recorded 232.0 million passenger trips, the highest in its history. Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and rail yards are also used for freight. The Overland to Adelaide departs Southern Cross twice a week, while the XPT to Sydney departs twice a day."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gran Hotel (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Gran Hotel Genre Historical drama Created by Ram\u00f3n Campos Gema R. Neira Starring Yon Gonz\u00e1lez Amaia Salamanca Adriana Ozores Pedro Alonso Concha Velasco Lloren\u00e7 Gonz\u00e1lez Pep Ant\u00f3n Mu\u00f1oz Country of origin Spain Original language (s) Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Ram\u00f3n Campos Teres Fern\u00e1ndez - Vald\u00e9s Producer (s) Bamb\u00fa Producciones Production location (s) Santander Running time 70 - 80 minutes Release Original network Antena 3 Original release 4 October 2011 (2011 - 10 - 04) -- 25 June 2013 (2013 - 06 - 25) Chronology Related shows El hotel de los secretos External links Website"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2013 European Cross Country Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 European Cross Country Championships was the 20th edition of the cross country running competition for European athletes which was held in Belgrade, Serbia, on 8 December 2013. The senior individual winners were Alemayehu Bezabeh of Spain and Sophie Duarte of France. A record 571 runners from 37 nations entered the competition, making it Serbia's largest international athletics event in over forty years."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Renewable energy commercialization", "paragraph_text": "Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Father Brown (2013 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Father Brown Genre Detective Based on Father Brown short stories by G.K. Chesterton Developed by Rachel Flowerday Tahsin Guner Starring Mark Williams Sorcha Cusack Hugo Speer Tom Chambers Nancy Carroll Alex Price Jack Deam John Burton Emer Kenny Theme music composer Debbie Wiseman Opening theme 'Father Brown Theme' Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of series 6 (seventh commissioned) No. of episodes 70 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Will Trotter John Yorke Producer (s) Ceri Meyrick Caroline Slater Cinematography Stuart Biddlecombe Running time 45 -- 50 minutes Production company (s) BBC Productions Release Original network BBC One (2013 -- present) BBC One HD (2013 -- present) Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 14 January 2013 (2013 - 01 - 14) -- present External links Website"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}], "question": "How many stations of the cross are in the city where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Leskove is located in 2013?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_46473", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy \u2014 are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Greece, Macedonia \u2014 are generally Greek Orthodox."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Roman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium R\u014dm\u0101num, Classical Latin: (\u026am\u02c8p\u025b. ri. \u0169\u02d0 ro\u02d0\u02c8ma\u02d0. n\u0169\u02d0); Koine and Medieval Greek: \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1fec\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, tr. Basileia t\u014dn Rh\u014dmai\u014dn) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, with a government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC -- c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's population grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it had been severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Regia", "paragraph_text": "The Regia was a two-part structure in Ancient Rome lying along the Sacra Via at the edge of the Roman Forum that originally served as the residence or one of the main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as the office of the Pontifex Maximus, the highest religious official of Rome. It occupied a triangular patch of terrain between the Temple of Vesta, the Temple of Divus Julius and Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Only the foundations of Republican/Imperial Regia remain. Like the Curia it was destroyed and rebuilt several times, as far back as the Roman monarchy. Studies have found multiple layers of similar buildings with more regular features, prompting the theory that this \"Republican Regia\" was to have a different use."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)", "paragraph_text": "The siege ended on August 30, 70 CE with the burning and destruction of its Second Temple, and the Romans entered and sacked the Lower City. The destruction of both the first and second temples is still mourned annually as the Jewish fast Tisha B'Av. The Arch of Titus, celebrating the Roman sack of Jerusalem and the Temple, still stands in Rome. The conquest of the city was complete on September 8, 70 CE."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the \"Peace of the Greeks\", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dome of the Rock", "paragraph_text": "It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al - Malik during the Second Fitna, built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had in turn been built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 -- 23. The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest."}], "question": "In what year was the temple destroyed in the city where Christianity originated near the largest foreign investor of the country where Butrint is located in 2013?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_93611", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Solomon's Temple", "paragraph_text": "The only source of information on the First Temple is the Tanakh. According to the biblical sources, the temple was constructed under Solomon, during the united monarchy of Israel and Judah. The Bible describes Hiram I of Tyre who furnished architects, workmen and cedar timbers for the temple of his ally Solomon at Jerusalem. He also co-operated with Solomon in mounting an expedition on the Red Sea. 1 Kings 6: 1 puts the date of the beginning of building the temple ``in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel ''. The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE. This puts the date of its construction in the mid-10th century BCE. Schmid and Rupprecht are of the view that the site of the temple used to be a Jebusite shrine which Solomon chose in an attempt to unify the Jebusites and Israelites. 1 Kings 9: 10 says that it took Solomon 20 years altogether to build the Temple and his royal palace. The Temple itself finished being built after 7 years. During the united monarchy the Temple was dedicated to Yahweh, the God of Israel, and housed the Ark of the Covenant. Rabbinic sources state that the First Temple stood for 410 years and, based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah, place construction in 832 BCE and destruction in 422 BCE (3338 AM), 165 years later than secular estimates."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kashi Vishwanath Temple", "paragraph_text": "The temple has been mentioned in the Puranas including the Kashi Khanda (section) of Skanda Purana. The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb - ud - din Aibak in 1194 CE, when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj as a commander of Mohammad Ghori. The temple was rebuilt by a Gujarati merchant during the reign of Delhi's Sultan Iltutmish (1211 - 1266 CE). It was demolished again during the rule of either Hussain Shah Sharqi (1447 - 1458) or Sikandar Lodhi (1489 - 1517). Raja Man Singh built the temple during Mughal emperor Akbar's rule, but orthodox Hindus boycotted it as he had let the Mughals marry within his family. Raja Todar Mal further re-built the temple with Akbar's funding at its original site in 1585."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rosetta Stone", "paragraph_text": "The stone, carved in black granodiorite during the Hellenistic period, is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais. It was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period, and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in July 1799 by a French soldier named Pierre - Fran\u00e7ois Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic language. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars. Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria and was transported to London. It has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802, and is the most - visited object there."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Regia", "paragraph_text": "The Regia was a two-part structure in Ancient Rome lying along the Sacra Via at the edge of the Roman Forum that originally served as the residence or one of the main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as the office of the Pontifex Maximus, the highest religious official of Rome. It occupied a triangular patch of terrain between the Temple of Vesta, the Temple of Divus Julius and Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Only the foundations of Republican/Imperial Regia remain. Like the Curia it was destroyed and rebuilt several times, as far back as the Roman monarchy. Studies have found multiple layers of similar buildings with more regular features, prompting the theory that this \"Republican Regia\" was to have a different use."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Temple of Hercules Victor", "paragraph_text": "Dating from the later 2nd century BC, and perhaps erected by L. Mummius Achaicus, conqueror of the Achaeans and destroyer of Corinth, the temple is 14.8 m in diameter and consists of a circular cella within a concentric ring of twenty Corinthian columns 10.66 m tall, resting on a tuff foundation. These elements supported an architrave and roof, which have disappeared. The original wall of the cella, built of travertine and marble blocks, and nineteen of the originally twenty columns remain but the current tile roof was added later. Palladio's published reconstruction suggested a dome, though this was apparently erroneous. The temple is the earliest surviving marble building in Rome."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur", "paragraph_text": "Brihadishvara Temple, also called Rajarajesvaram or Peruvudaiyar Kovil, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest South Indian temple and an exemplary example of a fully realized Tamil architecture. It is called as Dhakshina Meru of south. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the ``Great Living Chola Temples '', along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "paragraph_text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (known as the LDS Church or, informally, the Mormon Church) is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of nearly 16 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth - largest Christian denomination in the United States. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Colosseum", "paragraph_text": "Colosseum Location Regio IV Templum Pacis (``Temple of Peace '') Built in 70 -- 80 AD Built by / for Vespasian, Titus Type of structure Amphitheatre Related List of ancient monuments in Rome The Colosseum"}], "question": "When was the first temple built in the city where Christianity originated that was part of the country that became the largest foreign investor of where Leskove is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_71142", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Religion in Jordan", "paragraph_text": "Sunni Islam is the dominant religion in Jordan. Muslims make up about 93% of the country's population. There are also a small number of Ahmadi Muslims, and some Shiites. Many Shia are Iraqi and Lebanese refugees.The country also boasts one of the oldest Christian communities in the world, coexisting with the rest of the population. They made up about 4.2% of the population when the country had 5 million inhabitants in 2005 (Who are the Christians in the Middle East, Betty Jane & J. Martin Bailey, pp. 168\u2013169). down from 20% in the 1930s, due to several reasons, mainly due to high rates of Muslim immigration into the country. More than half are Greek Orthodox. The rest are Latin or Greek Rite Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Protestants and Armenians., ibid. Jordanian Christians in  a country of almost 10 million are thought to number 250,000-400,000 excluding tens of thousands of Syrian and Iraqi Christians in the country. A 2015 study estimates some 6,500 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.There are around 20,000 to 32,000 Druze living mostly in the north of Jordan, while there are fewer than 800 Jordanian Bah\u00e1'\u00eds mainly living in Addassia village near the Jordan Valley.There are no legal restrictions on Jews, but in 2006 there were reported to be no Jewish citizens. Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and religious minorities practice freely in Jordan, however, with specific restrictions."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Islam by country", "paragraph_text": "About 15% of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa, and sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, Russia, and Europe.Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Uhud", "paragraph_text": "The battle was fought on Saturday, 22 December 624 (7 Shawwal AH 3 in the Islamic calendar) at the valley located in front of Mount Uhud. It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated. The Battle of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, preceded by the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated a larger Meccan army."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "After World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement\u2014in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy\u2014there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the House of Saud took over the Hijaz, and regimes led by army officers came to power in Iran and Turkey. \"[B]oth illiberal currents of the modern Middle East,\" writes de Bellaigne, \"Islamism and militarism, received a major impetus from Western empire-builders.\" As often happens in countries undergoing social crisis, the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators and modernizers, such as Muhammad Abduh, largely had to yield to retrograde currents."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Christian", "paragraph_text": "According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman\u2014the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity. Christianity is growing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Muslim world, and Oceania."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the \"Peace of the Greeks\", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mawdud", "paragraph_text": "In 1113 Toghtekin of Damascus, tired of the ravages by the Christian forces against his territories, appealed to Mawdud to join him to invade the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The two pillaged Galilee and besieged Tiberias, though without being able to capture it. On June 28, however, the Muslims defeated King Baldwin I of Jerusalem's army at the Battle of Al-Sannabra. Reinforcements saved the Christian forces from total annihilation and prevented the Muslim commanders from exploiting the victory, and ultimately forced them to retreat to Damascus due to a lack of supplies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (636\u2013637)", "paragraph_text": "In 634, Abu Bakr died and was succeeded by Umar, who continued his own war of conquest. In May 636, Emperor Heraclius launched a major expedition to regain the lost territory, but his army was defeated decisively at the Battle of Yarmouk in August 636. Thereafter, Abu Ubaidah, the Muslim commander - in - chief of the Rashidun army in Syria, held a council of war in early October 636 to discuss future plans. Opinions of objectives varied between the coastal city of Caesarea and Jerusalem. Abu Ubaidah could see the importance of both these cities, which had resisted all Muslim attempts at capture. Unable to decide on the matter, he wrote to Caliph Umar for instructions. In his reply, the caliph ordered them to capture the latter. Accordingly, Abu Ubaidah marched towards Jerusalem from Jabiya, with Khalid ibn Walid and his mobile guard leading the advance. The Muslims arrived at Jerusalem around early November, and the Byzantine garrison withdrew into the fortified city."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Said Ramadan", "paragraph_text": "He was the son-in-law of Hassan al-Banna, the Muslim Brotherhood's founder, and emerged as one of the brotherhood's main leaders in the 1950s. Ramadan was often accused by the Egyptian government of Gamal Abdul Nasser of being in the CIA's pay; after being expelled from Egypt for his activities, Ramadan moved to Saudi Arabia where he was one of the original members of the constituent council of the Muslim World League, a charity and missionary group funded by the Saudi government. From the 1950s, he was considered the Muslim Brotherhood's unofficial \"foreign minister.\" He reestablished branches of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia between 1956 and 1958."}], "question": "Who led the Muslim forces that retook the city where Christianity originated in the region that became the largest foreign investor of the county where Leskove is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_62676", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/ \u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l /; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u200e, Arabic: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u200e), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Rome", "paragraph_text": "At the peak of Roman imperial power in the 2nd century, the population of the city numbered about a million people, a size that it never attained again until its becoming the capital of the Republic of Italy in 1946; close to three percent of the population of the empire lived within its limits. Following the Crisis of the Third Century and the transfer of the imperial capital to Constantinople in AD 330, Rome entered a period of gradual decline."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "According to the Bible, the Israelite history of the city began in c. 1000 BCE, with King David's sack of Jerusalem, following which Jerusalem became the City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel. According to the Books of Samuel, the Jebusites managed to resist attempts by the Israelites to capture the city, and by the time of King David were mocking such attempts, claiming that even the blind and lame could defeat the Israelite army. Nevertheless, the masoretic text for the Books of Samuel states that David managed to capture the city by stealth, sending his forces through a ``water shaft ''and attacking the city from the inside. Archaeologists now view this as implausible as the Gihon spring -- the only known location from which water shafts lead into the city -- is now known to have been heavily defended (and hence an attack via this route would have been obvious rather than secretive). The older Septuagint text, however, suggests that rather than by a water shaft, David's forces defeated the Jebusites by using daggers rather than through the water tunnels coming through the Gihon spring. There was another king in Jerusalem, Araunah, during, and possibly before, David's control of the city, according to the biblical narrative, who was probably the Jebusite king of Jerusalem. The city, which at that point stood upon the Ophel, was, according to the biblical account, expanded to the south, and declared by David to be the capital city of the Kingdom of Israel. David also, according to the Books of Samuel, constructed an altar at the location of a threshing floor he had purchased from Araunah; a portion of biblical scholars view this as an attempt by the narrative's author to give an Israelite foundation to a pre-existing sanctuary."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Book of Esther", "paragraph_text": "The Book of Esther, also known in Hebrew as ``the Scroll ''(Megillah), is a book in the third section (Ketuvim,`` Writings'') of the Jewish Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and in the Christian Old Testament. It relates the story of a Hebrew woman in Persia, born as Hadassah but known as Esther, who becomes queen of Persia and thwarts a genocide of her people. The story forms the core of the Jewish festival of Purim, during which it is read aloud twice: once in the evening and again the following morning. Esther is the only book in the Bible that does not explicitly mention God."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Israel (/\u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l/ or /\u02c8\u026azri\u02d0\u0259l/; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Yisr\u0101'el; Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medi\u02c8nat jis\u0281a\u02c8\u0294el] ( listen); Arabic: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Dawlat Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u02c8\u0294i\u02d0l]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of capitals in Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Islamabad officially became the capital of Pakistan on 14 August 1967, exactly 20 years after the country's independence. Previously, Rawalpindi was the capital, designated in 1958. The first capital of Pakistan was the coastal city of Karachi, which was selected by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Karachi was and still is the largest city and economic capital of Pakistan. It remained the seat of government until 1959, when the military president, Ayub Khan, decided to build a new capital in the north of Pakistan, near the general headquarters of the Pakistani Armed Forces at Rawalpindi."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Christian", "paragraph_text": "The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in Hebrew is \u05e0\u05d5\u05bc\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05d9 (Notzri\u2014\"Nazarene\"), a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05b8\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9\u05d7\u05b7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd (Yehudim Meshihi'im\u2014\"Messianic Jews\")."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zarqa Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Zarqa Governorate (Arabic \"\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621\" \"Mu\u0127\u0101fazat az-Zarq\u0101\u0294\", local dialects \"ez-Zerg\u0101\" or \"ez-Zer'a\") is the third largest governorate in Jordan by population. The capital of Zarqa governorate is Zarqa City, which is the largest city in the governorate. It is located east of the Jordanian capital Amman. The second largest city in the governorate is Russeifa."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}], "question": "When did the city where Christianity originated that was part of the country that became the largest foreign investor of where Leskove is located become the capital of the Hebrews?"}
{"id": "4hop1__526119_37872_64399_68196", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Leskov\u00eb", "paragraph_text": "Leskov\u00eb is a village in the former municipality of Zhep\u00eb in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "State church of the Roman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Nicene Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD, when Emperor Theodosius I made it the Empire's sole authorized religion. The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Catholic Church each claim to be the historical continuation of this church in its original form, but do not identify with it in the caesaropapist form that it took later. Unlike Constantine I, who with the Edict of Milan of 313 AD had established tolerance for Christianity without placing it above other religions and whose involvement in matters of the Christian faith extended to convoking councils of bishops who were to determine doctrine and to presiding at their meetings, but not to determining doctrine himself, Theodosius established a single Christian doctrine (specified as that professed by Pope Damasus I of Rome and Pope Peter II of Alexandria) as the Empire's official religion."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "In 1517, Jerusalem was taken over by the Ottoman Empire and enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent, including the construction of the walls of what is now known as the Old City of Jerusalem (although some foundations were remains of genuine antique walls). The rule of Suleiman and subsequent Ottoman Sultans brought an age of ``religious peace ''; Jew, Christian and Muslim enjoyed freedom of religion and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque on the same street. The city remained open to all religions, although the empire's faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 \u2013 March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a \"greater confusion of purpose\", yet led to a war noted for its \"notoriously incompetent international butchery.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hundred Years' Croatian\u2013Ottoman War", "paragraph_text": "Pope Leo X called Croatia the \"Antemurale Christianitatis\" (\"Bulwark of Christianity\") in 1519, given that Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Turks. The advancement of the Ottoman Empire in Europe was stopped in 1593 on Croatian soil (Battle of Sisak). Nevertheless, the Muslim Ottoman Empire occupied parts of Croatia from the 16th to the end of the 17th century."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz (reigned 1861\u20131876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Greek War of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (, \"Elliniki Epanastasi\", or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the \u0391\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \"Agonas\", \"Struggle\"; Ottoman: \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \"Yunan \u0130syan\u0131\", \"Greek Uprising\"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. The Greeks were later assisted by the Russian Empire, Great Britain, and the Kingdom of France, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, the eyalets of Egypt, Algeria, and Tripolitania, and the Beylik of Tunis."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sarkis Diranian", "paragraph_text": "Sarkis Diranian (; 1854 in Constantinople, now Istanbul, Ottoman Empire - 1938 in Paris, France ) was an Armenian orientalist painter. Originally from the Ottoman Empire, he was established for many years in Paris."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dhimiter \u00c7ani", "paragraph_text": "Dhimiter \u00c7ani (1904 in Kor\u00e7\u00eb, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire \u2013 1990) was an Albanian sculptor. He graduated at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma in Rome, Italy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity."}], "question": "When did the Ottoman empire take over the city where Christianity originated that was part of the country that became the largest foreign investor of where Leskove is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__37252_37872_64399_68196", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts \u2013 designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God\u2019s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors\u2019 humility and an acknowledgement of God\u2019s omniscience."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Crimean War", "paragraph_text": "France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hundred Years' Croatian\u2013Ottoman War", "paragraph_text": "Pope Leo X called Croatia the \"Antemurale Christianitatis\" (\"Bulwark of Christianity\") in 1519, given that Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Turks. The advancement of the Ottoman Empire in Europe was stopped in 1593 on Croatian soil (Battle of Sisak). Nevertheless, the Muslim Ottoman Empire occupied parts of Croatia from the 16th to the end of the 17th century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Early centers of Christianity", "paragraph_text": "The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26 -- 36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church -- the Greek noun \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dhimiter \u00c7ani", "paragraph_text": "Dhimiter \u00c7ani (1904 in Kor\u00e7\u00eb, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire \u2013 1990) was an Albanian sculptor. He graduated at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma in Rome, Italy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sarkis Diranian", "paragraph_text": "Sarkis Diranian (; 1854 in Constantinople, now Istanbul, Ottoman Empire - 1938 in Paris, France ) was an Armenian orientalist painter. Originally from the Ottoman Empire, he was established for many years in Paris."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Trade exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactures from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf of freedom, their countries were promulgating a vigorous African slave trade of their own. Charles George Gordon is known as the saint of all British colonial officers. A dedicated Christian, he spent his time between assignments living among the poor and donating his salary on their behalf. He won Ottoman confidence as a junior officer in the Crimean War. In his later career he became a high official in the Ottoman Empire, working as Governor of Egypt for the Ottoman khedive for the purpose of conducting campaigns against slavers and slavery in Egypt and the Sudan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Greek War of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (, \"Elliniki Epanastasi\", or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the \u0391\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \"Agonas\", \"Struggle\"; Ottoman: \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \"Yunan \u0130syan\u0131\", \"Greek Uprising\"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. The Greeks were later assisted by the Russian Empire, Great Britain, and the Kingdom of France, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, the eyalets of Egypt, Algeria, and Tripolitania, and the Beylik of Tunis."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia, both in Northern Greece, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, Constantinople. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied Yemen and Algeria, frequently as provincial governors."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz (reigned 1861\u20131876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "In 1517, Jerusalem was taken over by the Ottoman Empire and enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent, including the construction of the walls of what is now known as the Old City of Jerusalem (although some foundations were remains of genuine antique walls). The rule of Suleiman and subsequent Ottoman Sultans brought an age of ``religious peace ''; Jew, Christian and Muslim enjoyed freedom of religion and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque on the same street. The city remained open to all religions, although the empire's faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}], "question": "When did the Ottoman Empire take over the city where Christianity originated in the region that became the largest foreign investor in 2013 of the country Butrint is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__832023_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Herbert Charles Wilson", "paragraph_text": "Wilson was born in 1859 in what would become the province of Ontario. The son of a manufacturer, Wilson's family had extensive business interests in the area of Picton, Ontario. Wilson studied medicine and moved to Edmonton in 1882, one of the first physicians to settle there. He was appointed to official medical positions and, for several years, owned a drugstore in town. He served as a consultant to First Nations reserves near Edmonton and also became a director of many local corporations. He was elected to the Territorial council in 1885, and soon became its speaker. During his speakership, he helped to change the council's rules and procedures. He left territorial politics after six years, citing health reasons. He maintained a medical practice in town for many years, and went to considerable efforts to keep up with the latest practices."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mountain, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Mountain is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 860 at the 2000 census. The census-designated place of Mountain is located within the town. The unincorporated communities of Bonita and Mountain are located in the town."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Humberg (Kaiserslautern)", "paragraph_text": "The Humberg is a mountain in the south of Kaiserslautern, Germany, that stands on the border of the Palatinate forest. With a height of 425 meters, it is the highest point in the area of Kaiserslautern. At its peak, the Humberg Tower () provides a dramatic view of the area below."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county Mountain View is in from the province where Herbert Charles Wilson died?"}
{"id": "4hop1__549202_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marco Cyncar", "paragraph_text": "Marco Cyncar (born April 13, 1958) is a former Canadian Football League receiver who played eleven seasons for the Edmonton Eskimos. He was a member of four Grey Cup Championship teams in Edmonton."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Humberg (Kaiserslautern)", "paragraph_text": "The Humberg is a mountain in the south of Kaiserslautern, Germany, that stands on the border of the Palatinate forest. With a height of 425 meters, it is the highest point in the area of Kaiserslautern. At its peak, the Humberg Tower () provides a dramatic view of the area below."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Malacat\u00e1n", "paragraph_text": "Malacat\u00e1n is a municipality in the San Marcos department of Guatemala, located to the west of San Marcos town. It is fairly close to the border with Mexico - the border-crossing point is in the nearby village of El Carmen."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county Mountain View is in from the province where Marco Cyncar was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__472113_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "C2orf27", "paragraph_text": "The mRNA is 1,222bp in length and is located at 2q21.2 with a total of five exons in \"Homo sapiens\". Other sources list \"C2orf27B\" as a paralog but this is unlikely due the fact that the locations of both genes are in the same place on chromosome 2. It seems to be generally accepted that they are the same gene. Other gene aliases include \"C2orf27\" and chromosome 2 open reading frame 27A. The gene is surrounded upstream by POTEKP and downstream by ANKRD30BL."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Humberg (Kaiserslautern)", "paragraph_text": "The Humberg is a mountain in the south of Kaiserslautern, Germany, that stands on the border of the Palatinate forest. With a height of 425 meters, it is the highest point in the area of Kaiserslautern. At its peak, the Humberg Tower () provides a dramatic view of the area below."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "H\u00f6rnli", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6rnli mountain is located on the territory of the community of Fischenthal, in the Z\u00fcrcher Oberland, in the eastern part of canton of Z\u00fcrich, in Switzerland. It is high."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gene Dub", "paragraph_text": "Dub is noted for his award-winning residential architecture, including condo conversions, and the historic restoration and adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. His most well-known building is Edmonton City Hall, which was completed in 1992. He is also known for his 2008 competition entry to create crystalline welcome features for the City of Edmonton which was narrowly defeated by city council, and his 2009 proposal for a new downtown arena district. He was inducted as a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts in 2014."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "F\u00fcrstein", "paragraph_text": "The F\u00fcrstein is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county Mountain View is in from the province where Gene Dub was born?"}
{"id": "4hop2__34188_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics \u2013 on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to September 1988, a group of Azerbaijani intellectuals began working for a new organization called the Popular Front of Azerbaijan, loosely based on the Estonian Popular Front. On September 17, when gun battles broke out between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Stepanakert, two soldiers were killed and more than two dozen injured. This led to almost tit-for-tat ethnic polarization in Nagorno-Karabakh's two main towns: The Azerbaijani minority was expelled from Stepanakert, and the Armenian minority was expelled from Shusha. On November 17, 1988, in response to the exodus of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, a series of mass demonstrations began in Baku's Lenin Square, lasting 18 days and attracting half a million demonstrators. On December 5, 1988, the Soviet militia finally moved in, cleared the square by force, and imposed a curfew that lasted ten months."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. The closure of Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because Armenia depends on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials. Land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate or unreliable. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth. The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Azerbaijan", "paragraph_text": "The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim - oriented world. The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. In September 1991, the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno - Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh. The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno - Karabakh War in 1994. These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno - Karabakh, found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide. Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War and citing it as the reason, Turkey illegally closed its land border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nagorno-Karabakh War", "paragraph_text": "On 2 January 1992 Ayaz Mutalibov assumed the office of the presidency of Azerbaijan. Officially, the newly created Republic of Armenia publicly denied any involvement in providing any weapons, fuel, food, or other logistics to the secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh. Ter-Petrosyan later did admit to supplying them with logistical supplies and paying the salaries of the separatists, but denied sending any of its own men to combat. Armenia faced a debilitating blockade by the now Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as pressure from neighboring Turkey, which decided to side with Azerbaijan and build a closer relationship with it. In early February, the Azerbaijani villages of Mal\u0131b\u0259yli, Karadagly and Agdaban were conquered and their population evicted, leading to at least 99 civilian deaths and 140 wounded.The only land connection Armenia had with Karabakh was through the narrow, mountainous Lachin corridor which could only be reached by helicopters. The region's only airport was in the small town of Khojaly, which was seven km (4.3 miles) north of the capital Stepanakert with an estimated population of 6,000\u201310,000 people. Khojaly had been serving as an artillery base from which GRAD missiles were launched upon the civilian population of capital Stepanakert:"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0581\u056b), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sahakanuysh", "paragraph_text": "Sahakanuysh was the daughter of Prince of Gardman Sahak Sevada. She had two brothers - Grigor the Great, prince of Khachen (Nagorno-Karabakh Republic), and Hovhannes-Senekerim, prince of Parisos. The latter was situated in Utik province of Armenia (nowadays - Azerbaijan). Her sister Shahandukht married to Smbat Syuni, and became the first queen of Syunik kingdom."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quickly decided to run before the nationalist wind and on May 28, allowed Armenians to unfurl the red-blue-gold First Armenian Republic flag for the first time in almost 70 years. On June 15, 1988, the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution formally approving the idea of Nagorno Karabakh joining Armenia. Armenia, formerly one of the most loyal Republics, had suddenly turned into the leading rebel republic. On July 5, 1988, when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan's Zvartnots International Airport, shots were fired and one student protester was killed. In September, further large demonstrations in Yerevan led to the deployment of armored vehicles. In the autumn of 1988 almost all the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists, with over 100 killed in the process \u2013 this, after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan. On November 25, 1988, a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tofig Ismayilov (politician)", "paragraph_text": "He was killed in a helicopter which was shot down by Armenian forces near the Karakend village of Khojavend district in Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan. There were no survivors of the crash."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewellery making, information and communication technology, and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_8914_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shanghai Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Shanghai Museum is a museum of ancient Chinese art, situated on the People's Square in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, China. Rebuilt at its current location in 1996, it is considered one of China's first world-class modern museums."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Electric motor", "paragraph_text": "In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887\u201388 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the \"L\". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhou Mi (badminton)", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Mi (Chinese: \u5468\u871c; pinyin: Zh\u014du M\u00ec; Jyutping: zau1 mat6; born February 18, 1979 in Nanning, Guangxi) is a Chinese female badminton player. During much of her career she represented the People's Republic of China, but since 2007 she has represented Hong Kong which has a sports program and teams independent from those of the mainland. In 2010, she received a 2-year ban, for failing a drugs test."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person who considered Tito too independent to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_18302_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of paper", "paragraph_text": "Paper is a white material primarily used for writing, first invented in ancient China. Although contemporary precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian Americas, respectively, these materials are not defined as true paper. The first papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25 - 220 C.E.), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. During the 8th century, Chinese papermaking spread to the Islamic world, where pulp mills and paper mills were used for money making. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to medieval Europe, where it was refined with the earliest known paper mills utilizing waterwheels. Later Western improvements to the papermaking process came in the 19th century with the invention of wood - based papers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Electric motor", "paragraph_text": "In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887\u201388 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the \"L\". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States in the Korean War", "paragraph_text": "At the conclusion of World War II the Allied nations began the process of disarmament of Axis controlled regions. Japan occupied Korea at this time and had been in control since 1910. In 1945, the decision was made to have American Marines forces oversee Japanese surrender and disarmament south of the 38th parallel and the Soviet Union would facilitate the change of power to the north. At the time there was no political motivation and seemed to be a logical and convenient plan of action. The original agreement and intent was to create a unified and independent Korea out of the post Japanese occupation era. Instead each side of the 38th parallel established its own government under the influence of the occupational country; the United States in South Korea and the Soviet Union in North Korea. Both new Korean governments discredited the other and claimed to be the only legitimate political system. Tensions between the North and South escalated and each side began to petition foreign powers for resources and support. South Korea wanted weapons and supplies from Truman and the United States government while North Korea sought help from Stalin and the Soviet Union. The United States was still war weary from the disruptive World War II campaign and refused South Korea's request for weapons and troops. North Korea convinced the Soviet Union to supply them with the weapons and support they requested. This decision coincided with the United States withdrawing the last remaining combat troops from South Korea. North Korea saw its opportunity and attacked South Korean forces at the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950 and thus initiating the Korean War."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lidocaine", "paragraph_text": "Lidocaine is also the most important class - 1b antiarrhythmic drug; it is used intravenously for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias (for acute myocardial infarction, digoxin poisoning, cardioversion, or cardiac catheterization) if amiodarone is not available or contraindicated. Lidocaine should be given for this indication after defibrillation, CPR, and vasopressors have been initiated. A routine preventative dose is no longer recommended after a myocardial infarction as the overall benefit is not convincing."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2", "paragraph_text": "In 1986, thirteen years after the events of the first film, two high school seniors, Buzz (Barry Kinyon) and Rick (Chris Douridas), race along a desolate stretch of Texas highway, en route to the Texas - OU football game at the Dallas Cotton Bowl. Heavily intoxicated, they use their car phone to call and harass on - air radio DJ Vanita ``Stretch ''Brock (Caroline Williams). Unable to convince them to hang up, Stretch is forced to keep the line open. While passing a pickup truck, Buzz and Rick are attacked by Leatherface (Bill Johnson), who emerges from the back of the truck. Leatherface rips up the roof using his chainsaw. After a short struggle, Rick tries shooting Leatherface with his revolver but Leatherface fatally slices off part of the driving Buzz's head, and the car ends up crashing and killing Rick."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pasquale Cicogna", "paragraph_text": "Pasquale Cicogna was the Doge of Venice from 1585 to 1595. He supported the claim of Henry of Navarre to the French throne, and convinced Pope Sixtus V to support Henry in exchange for his conversion to Catholicism."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sea of Japan naming dispute", "paragraph_text": "A dispute exists over the international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan, Korea (North and South) and Russia. In 1992, objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. The Japanese government supports the exclusive use of the name ``Sea of Japan ''(\u65e5\u672c\u6d77), while South Korea supports the alternative name`` East Sea'' (Hangul: \ub3d9\ud574; Hanja: \u6771\u6d77), and North Korea supports the name ``Korean East Sea ''(Chos\u014fn'g\u016dl: \uc870\uc120\ub3d9\ud574; Hancha: \u671d\u9bae\u6771\u6d77). Currently, most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan (or equivalent translation) exclusively, and far fewer maps include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea, often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name. The International Hydrographic Organization, the international governing body for the naming of bodies of water around the world, in 2012 decided not to change the current single name`` Sea of Japan'' rejecting South Korea's request to use ``East Sea ''together with`` Sea of Japan''."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Car", "paragraph_text": "A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation. Most definitions of car say they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four tires, and mainly transport people rather than goods. Cars came into global use during the 20th century, and developed economies depend on them. The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car when German inventor Karl Benz patented his Benz Patent - Motorwagen. Cars became widely available in the early 20th century. One of the first cars that were accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced animal - drawn carriages and carts, but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other parts of the world."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "By spring 1950, Stalin believed the strategic situation had changed. The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China, and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea\u2014which had seemingly much less strategic significance. The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with the US embassy in Moscow, and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation. Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino\u2013Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Louren\u00e7o da Silva de Mendou\u00e7a", "paragraph_text": "Louren\u00e7o da Silva de Mendou\u00e7a (1620\u20131698), probably born in Brazil, went to Lisbon in 1681, then Madrid in 1682 where he became procurator-general of the Confraternity of Our Lady, Star of the Negroes, a charitable lay society in Brazil and Portuguese Africa. Louren\u00e7o, claiming to be descended from kings of Kongo and Angola, travelled to Rome in 1684 to protest to the Pope against slavery. His petitions, which presented a firsthand account of the cruelties inflicted by slavery, supported by Capuchin missionaries, convinced the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and led directly to the March 20th, 1686 condemnation by Pope Innocent XI."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)", "paragraph_text": "Rachel McAdams as Irene Adler, an American femme fatale from New Jersey who outwitted Holmes, as chronicled in Doyle's story ``A Scandal in Bohemia ''. A skilled professional thief, as well as a divorc\u00e9e, Adler is no longer married to Godfrey Norton and needs Holmes' help for the case. Downey convinced Ritchie to cast McAdams, arguing she would not look too young to be his love interest. In this aspect the film considerably departs from Doyle's original, where Holmes never met Adler again after the one occasion where she outwitted (and greatly impressed) him; the film conversely implies that the two of them met many times and later had an intermittent, hotly consummated love affair."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}], "question": "Zhou traveled with a Chinese delegation to convince the person who was convinced the US was no longer interested in Korea to support the country where the first car was invented. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in the destination of this delegation?"}
{"id": "4hop1__518643_27692_695507_571416", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mountain View, Alberta", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located along Highway 5 approximately west of Cardston and east of Waterton Lakes National Park near the United States border. It is also a kickoff point for visitors to Police Outpost Provincial Park, 18 kilometers to the south."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rudozem", "paragraph_text": "Rudozem (Bulgarian Cyrillic: \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c) is a town in southern Bulgaria, near the Greek border, located in the Rhodope Mountains, where the Elhovo and Chepino rivers flow into the Arda, and is part of Smolyan Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Rudozem Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,583 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mountain View Unit", "paragraph_text": "Mountain View Unit is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison housing female offenders in Gatesville, Texas. The unit, with about of land, is located north of central Gatesville on Farm to Market Road 215. The prison is located in a 45-minute driving distance from Waco. In addition to its other functions, Mountain View Unit houses the state's female death row inmates."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Herbert Collins", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Collins (1885\u20131975) was a British architect, born in Edmonton, London. He designed many of the suburban developments in the city of Southampton in the 1920s and 1930s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Ginini", "paragraph_text": "The summit of the mountain is located within the ACT, and is the third highest mountain in the Territory. The ACT portion of the mountain is located in Bimberi Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park and the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park. It is often climbed by bushwalkers from Corin Dam, as it is a few hours' hike. The mountain is close to the Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Providence Mountains State Recreation Area", "paragraph_text": "The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Churchill Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Churchill Mountains are a mountain range group of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. They border on the western side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between Byrd Glacier and Nimrod Glacier."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mann Ranges", "paragraph_text": "The Mann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. It is located in the far northwest of South Australia, with a small section running over the border into the Northern Territory. It is part of the geological region known as the Musgrave Block, which also includes the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges. Mountains in this region were formed in the Petermann Orogeny (600\u2013550 million years ago)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chelyabinsk", "paragraph_text": "Chelyabinsk () is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia. Population:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Whetstone International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is a public use airport at the Canada\u2013US border, in Port of Del Bonita, Glacier County, Montana, south of Del Bonita, Cardston County, Alberta. The airport is owned by the U.S. state of Montana and is operated by the Montana Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division. It is located northwest of the city of Cut Bank, Montana."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bayshore/NASA station", "paragraph_text": "Bayshore/NASA is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), located in Mountain View, California. Bayshore/NASA is served by the Mountain View\u2013Winchester light rail line."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "West Richwoods, Arkansas", "paragraph_text": "West Richwoods is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. West Richwoods is located on Arkansas Highway 9, southwest of Mountain View. The Samuel Brown House and the West Richwoods Church & School, which are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located in West Richwoods."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Keele Peak", "paragraph_text": "Keele Peak, in Yukon, Canada is the highest peak in the Mackenzie Mountains at . With a prominence measure of it is one of Canada's most prominent peaks. It is located about 25\u00a0km from the Canol Road not far from the Northwest Territories border."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mount Markab", "paragraph_text": "Mount Markab is a striking mountain in Antarctica, with a pointed peak which provides a notable landmark. It is located on the north side of the Pegasus Mountains, about northeast of Gurney Point, on the west coast of Palmer Land. The mountain was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Markab in the constellation of Pegasus."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "St\u00e4feliflue", "paragraph_text": "The St\u00e4feliflue (1,922 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Obwalden."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}], "question": "Which county shares a border with the county Mountain View is in from the province where Herbert Collins was born?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_8912_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Conflict (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Conflict is a hex-based NES war game where the player is a commander who must lead his forces to victory. The player can earn fame points by occupying cities and airports and destroying units of the opponent's army; fame points are lost by losing units of one's army in battle or retreating from battles. The goal of each of the 16 scenarios is to destroy the enemy's flag tank. The first player controls the blue (Western Bloc) forces while the computer (or second player) controls red (Eastern Bloc) troops."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Utz (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Utz is a novel written by the British author Bruce Chatwin, first published in 1988. The novel follows the fortunes of Kaspar Utz who lives in Czechoslovakia during the Cold War. Utz is a collector of Meissen porcelain and finds a way to travel outside the eastern bloc to acquire new pieces. Whilst in the West, Utz often considers defecting but he would be unable to take his collection with him and so, a prisoner of his collection, he is unable to leave."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of paper", "paragraph_text": "Paper is a white material primarily used for writing, first invented in ancient China. Although contemporary precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian Americas, respectively, these materials are not defined as true paper. The first papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25 - 220 C.E.), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. During the 8th century, Chinese papermaking spread to the Islamic world, where pulp mills and paper mills were used for money making. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to medieval Europe, where it was refined with the earliest known paper mills utilizing waterwheels. Later Western improvements to the papermaking process came in the 19th century with the invention of wood - based papers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Confederation of Independent Poland", "paragraph_text": "Confederation of Independent Poland (KPN, ) is a Polish nationalist political party founded on 1 September 1979 by Leszek Moczulski and others declaring support for the pre-war traditions of Sanacja and J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski. It was the first independent political party that was publicly proclaimed in the Eastern Bloc, it was however unrecognized by the People's Republic of Poland government and its chief activists were arrested several times. It didn't participate in the Polish Roundtable Negotiations."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cold War", "paragraph_text": "The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term ``cold ''is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of the Northern Dynasties", "paragraph_text": "The History of the Northern Dynasties () is one of the official Chinese historical works in the \"Twenty-Four Histories\" canon. The text contains 100 volumes and covers the period from 386 to 618, the histories of Northern Wei, Western Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Zhou, Northern Qi, and Sui dynasty. Like the \"History of the Southern Dynasties\", the book was started by Li Dashi and compiled from texts of the \"Book of Wei\" and \"Book of Zhou\". Following his death, Li Yanshou (\u674e\u5ef6\u5bff), son of Li Dashi, completed the work on the book between 643 and 659. Unlike most of the rest of the Twenty-Four Histories, this work was not commissioned by the state."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a delegation to convince the person Tito was considered second to in the Eastern bloc to support the country that invented the first car in the world. How did they counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__8914_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Electric motor", "paragraph_text": "In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887\u201388 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the \"L\". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zhou Mi (badminton)", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Mi (Chinese: \u5468\u871c; pinyin: Zh\u014du M\u00ec; Jyutping: zau1 mat6; born February 18, 1979 in Nanning, Guangxi) is a Chinese female badminton player. During much of her career she represented the People's Republic of China, but since 2007 she has represented Hong Kong which has a sports program and teams independent from those of the mainland. In 2010, she received a 2-year ban, for failing a drugs test."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person who considered Tito too independent to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_23297_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty was a bilateral agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Indonesia that forced Chinese Indonesians with dual nationality of both countries to choose citizenship of just one. It was signed by Zhou Enlai, Premier and Foreign Minister of China, and Sunario, Foreign Minister of Indonesia, on 22 April 1955 during the Asian\u2013African Conference in Bandung. Following ratification by both parties, the treaty came into force on 20 January 1960 after an exchange of the instruments of ratification in Beijing."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Albert Coady Wedemeyer", "paragraph_text": "General Albert Coady Wedemeyer (July 9, 1897 \u2013 December 17, 1989) was a United States Army commander who served in Asia during World War II from October 1943 to the end of the war. Previously, he was an important member of the War Planning Board which formulated plans for the Invasion of Normandy. He was General George Marshall's chief consultant when in the Spring of 1942 he traveled to London with General Marshall and a small group of American military men to consult with the British in an effort to convince the British to support the cross channel invasion. Wedemeyer was a staunch anti-communist. While in China during the years 1944 to 1945 he was Chiang Kai-shek's Chief of Staff and commanded all American forces in China. Wedemeyer supported Chiang's struggle against Mao Zedong and in 1947 President Truman sent him back to China to render a report on what actions the United States should take. During the Cold War, Wedemeyer was a chief supporter of the Berlin Airlift."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\", anticipating potential \"territorial and political rearrangements\" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet\u2013Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ukraine", "paragraph_text": "Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia with their Ukrainian population became part of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.In 1940, the Soviets annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region. But it ceded the western part of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. These territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the Paris peace treaties of 1947."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Emanuel Nobel", "paragraph_text": "Emanuel Nobel was a very forward-looking businessman, just like his father, who had instigated the construction of Russia's first pipeline and the world's first oil tanker in 1878, as well as the world's first railway tank cars in 1883. On 16 February 1898 Emanuel signed a licence agreement in Berlin with Rudolf Diesel, after having heard Diesel describing his new engine in a public lecture. The agreement allowed Nobel to build the world's first diesel engine plant in St Petersburg, and the engines were used to propel Branobel's fleet of oil tankers. Emanuel led Baku to a dominating role in the global oil industry and Branobel activities soon developed throughout the Caspian Sea, operating also in Grozny and Dosser."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Robert Curthose", "paragraph_text": "Upon his return, Robert \u2013 urged by Flambard and several Anglo-Norman barons \u2013 claimed the English crown, on the basis of the short-lived agreement of 1087, and in 1101 led an invasion to oust his brother Henry.  He landed at Portsmouth with his army, but the lack of popular support among the English (Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, was decidedly against him and the Charter of Liberties issued at Henry's coronation was well liked) as well as Robert's own mishandling of the invasion tactics enabled Henry to resist the invasion. Robert was forced by diplomacy to renounce his claim to the English throne in the Treaty of Alton. It is said that Robert was a brilliant field commander but a terrible strategist in the First Crusade."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", "paragraph_text": "Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Joseph Stalin waited until 17 September before launching his own invasion of Poland. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and the Salla region of Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertza region). It was only in 1989 that the Soviet Union admitted the existence of the secret protocol of the Nazi - Soviet pact regarding the planned divisions of these territories. The invasion of Bukovina violated the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere agreed with the Axis."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person who broke agreement with Bukovina's invasion to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_401288_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bofu", "paragraph_text": "Bofu (?\u2013771 CE) (), sometimes referred to as Bopan (\u4f2f\u76d8), was the son of Chinese Zhou dynasty monarch King You of Zhou and his concubine Bao Si. After Baosi entered the royal palace, King You deposed Queen Shen (\u7533\u540e) and her son Crown Prince Yijiu, replacing them with Baosi and Bofu. King You and Bofu were both killed in 771 CE by Quanrong nomads at Mount Li near Xi'an in present-day Shaanxi. Another source says that Bofu lived and contended for the throne with Queen Shen's son, King Ping of Zhou."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of paper", "paragraph_text": "Paper is a white material primarily used for writing, first invented in ancient China. Although contemporary precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian Americas, respectively, these materials are not defined as true paper. The first papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25 - 220 C.E.), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. During the 8th century, Chinese papermaking spread to the Islamic world, where pulp mills and paper mills were used for money making. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to medieval Europe, where it was refined with the earliest known paper mills utilizing waterwheels. Later Western improvements to the papermaking process came in the 19th century with the invention of wood - based papers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Shang dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Shang \u5546 Kingdom c. 1600 BC -- c. 1046 BC Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. Capital Yin (modern Anyang) Languages Old Chinese Religion Chinese folk religion Government monarchy Historical era Bronze Age Established c. 1600 BC Zhou conquest c. 1046 BC Area 1122 BC est. 1,250,000 km (480,000 sq mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Xia dynasty Zhou dynasty Today part of China"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Joseph Alliluyev", "paragraph_text": "The son of Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, Iosif was seven years old when Stalin, his mother's father and his famous grandfather, died in March 1953. Although he kept a low profile, he did take part in a television interview on Russian Channel One. He spoke about his relationship with his mother and how she fled to the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gabbar Singh (character)", "paragraph_text": "Danny Denzongpa was the first choice of Gabbar but had to miss out because he was shooting for Dharmatma in Afghanistan. Amjad Khan was almost dropped from the project because Javed Akhtar found his voice too weak for Gabbar Singh's role but was later convinced. For his preparation for the role Amjad read Abhishapth Chambal, a book on Chambal dacoits written by Taroon Kumar Bhaduri (actress Jaya Bhaduri's father). Sanjeev Kumar also wanted to play the role of Gabbar Singh, but Salim - Javed ``felt he had the audience's sympathy through roles he'd done before; Gabbar had to be completely hateful. ''"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gongbo", "paragraph_text": "Gongbo (, died 845 BC) was the third ruler of the ancient Chinese state of Qin, founded when his grandfather Feizi was granted a small fief at Qin by King Xiao of Zhou. Gongbo succeeded his father, the Marquis of Qin, who died in 848 BC, and ruled for three years. He died in 845 BC and was succeeded by his son Qin Zhong."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Northern Qi", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Qi () was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Wenxuan, and it was ended following attacks from Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince Svetlana Alliluyeva's father to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__8908_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier. On 28 June, the other member countries expelled Yugoslavia, citing \"nationalist elements\" that had \"managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership\" of the CPY. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; 'I will shake my little finger and there will be no more Tito,' Stalin remarked. The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged \"Titoists\". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito, none of which succeeded. In a correspondence between the two leaders, Tito openly wrote:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 to Tito. King Peter II, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the Tehran Conference. This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the Dalmatian island of Vis, the Treaty of Vis (Vi\u0161ki sporazum) was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the AVNOJ) with the government in exile of King Peter II. The Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mao Zemin", "paragraph_text": "Mao Zemin (\u6bdb\u6cfd\u6c11; April 3, 1896 \u2013 September 27, 1943), also using Zhou Bin (\u5468\u5f6c) as his alias, was born in Xiangtan, Hunan province. He was the head of the state bank of the Chinese Soviet Republic in Ruijin and also the Minister of National Economic Department. He was a younger brother of Mao Zedong, and joined the Communist Party of China early on. During World War II, he was sent to Xinjiang by the Party central committee in 1938. He and Chen Tanqiu were arrested by the warlord Sheng Shicai while at \u00dcr\u00fcmqi, Xinjiang. Zemin was executed on September 27, 1943."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide, whereas it was limited by most Communist countries. A number[quantify] of Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe. Tito met many world leaders during his rule, such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev; Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter; other political leaders, dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Yasser Arafat, Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, Georges Pompidou, Queen Elizabeth II, Hua Guofeng, Kim Il Sung, Sukarno, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Suharto, Idi Amin, Haile Selassie, Kenneth Kaunda, Gaddafi, Erich Honecker, Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu, J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r and Urho Kekkonen. He also met numerous celebrities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "On 12 September 1944, King Peter II called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito's leadership and stated that those who did not were \"traitors\", by which time Tito was recognized by all Allied authorities (including the government-in-exile) as the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, in addition to commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav forces. On 28 September 1944, the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) reported that Tito signed an agreement with the Soviet Union allowing \"temporary entry\" of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory which allowed the Red Army to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia. With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance, the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive which succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing a retreat beyond Yugoslav borders. After the Partisan victory and the end of hostilities in Europe, all external forces were ordered off Yugoslav territory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Electric motor", "paragraph_text": "In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887\u201388 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the \"L\". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan \u0110ilas, Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107 and Boris Kidri\u010d. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent \"Comrade Walter\" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorki\u0107, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}], "question": "A Soviet Premier recognized Tito. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of Mnemiopsis in the sea visited by Zhou with a Chinese delegation to convince this person to support the country inventing the first car in the world?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_8952_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Northern Qi", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Qi () was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Wenxuan, and it was ended following attacks from Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds, and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations. The door opens after 37 seconds from the 5th floor. Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweights, and cabin pressure control to help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes. The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of paper", "paragraph_text": "Paper is a white material primarily used for writing, first invented in ancient China. Although contemporary precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian Americas, respectively, these materials are not defined as true paper. The first papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25 - 220 C.E.), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. During the 8th century, Chinese papermaking spread to the Islamic world, where pulp mills and paper mills were used for money making. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to medieval Europe, where it was refined with the earliest known paper mills utilizing waterwheels. Later Western improvements to the papermaking process came in the 19th century with the invention of wood - based papers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Shang dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Shang \u5546 Kingdom c. 1600 BC -- c. 1046 BC Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. Capital Yin (modern Anyang) Languages Old Chinese Religion Chinese folk religion Government monarchy Historical era Bronze Age Established c. 1600 BC Zhou conquest c. 1046 BC Area 1122 BC est. 1,250,000 km (480,000 sq mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Xia dynasty Zhou dynasty Today part of China"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The Tito-Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the Sl\u00e1nsk\u00fd trial in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a \"national path to socialism,\" which Tito espoused."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person who pressured Checkoslovakia to conduct purges to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__8952_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Northern Qi", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Qi () was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Wenxuan, and it was ended following attacks from Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Shang dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Shang \u5546 Kingdom c. 1600 BC -- c. 1046 BC Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. Capital Yin (modern Anyang) Languages Old Chinese Religion Chinese folk religion Government monarchy Historical era Bronze Age Established c. 1600 BC Zhou conquest c. 1046 BC Area 1122 BC est. 1,250,000 km (480,000 sq mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Xia dynasty Zhou dynasty Today part of China"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The Tito-Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the Sl\u00e1nsk\u00fd trial in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a \"national path to socialism,\" which Tito espoused."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds, and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations. The door opens after 37 seconds from the 5th floor. Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweights, and cabin pressure control to help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes. The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person who pressured Checkoslovakia to conduct purges to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__8960_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "On 26 June 1950, the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan \u0110ilas and Tito about \"self-management\" (samoupravljanje): a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced profit sharing and workplace democracy in previously state-run enterprises which then became the direct social ownership of the employees. On 13 January 1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the entire social order in Yugoslavia. Tito also succeeded Ivan Ribar as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953. After Stalin's death Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss normalization of relations between two nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologized for wrongdoings by Stalin's administration. Tito visited the USSR in 1956, which signaled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing. However, the relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia would reach another low in the late 1960s. Commenting on the crisis, Tito concluded that:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Volkswagen Beetle", "paragraph_text": "In the 1999 Car of the Century competition, to determine the world's most influential car in the 20th century, the Type 1 came fourth, after the Ford Model T, the Mini, and the Citro\u00ebn DS."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}], "question": "Zhou traveled with a Chinese delegation to convince the person with whom Tito's belief in self-determination caused a rift to support the country where the first car was invented. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in the destination of this delegation?"}
{"id": "4hop2__8913_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obreg\u00f3n, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obreg\u00f3n) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tito & Tarantula", "paragraph_text": "Tito & Tarantula is an American chicano rock/blues rock band formed in Hollywood California in 1992 by singer/songwriter/guitarist Tito Larriva."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan \u0110ilas, Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107 and Boris Kidri\u010d. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent \"Comrade Walter\" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorki\u0107, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Congress of Vienna", "paragraph_text": "Tsar Alexander I controlled the Russian delegation which was formally led by the foreign minister, Count Karl Robert Nesselrode. The tsar had two main goals, to gain control of Poland and to promote the peaceful coexistence of European nations. He succeeded in forming the Holy Alliance (1815), based on monarchism and anti-secularism, and formed to combat any threat of revolution or republicanism."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mack Rides", "paragraph_text": "Mack Rides traces its roots back to 1780 when Paul Mack, a young entrepreneur, started building carriages and stagecoaches. The Mack Company began building organ wagons and caravans for traveling showmen in 1880, commencing the company's involvement in the amusement industry. Its first wooden roller coaster was built in 1921, the first car ride in 1936, and the first wooden bobsled ride in 1951. By 1952 Mack Rides started increasing its exports of rides to the U.S. market."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person Tito had an uneasy alliance with to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__8929_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 to Tito. King Peter II, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the Tehran Conference. This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the Dalmatian island of Vis, the Treaty of Vis (Vi\u0161ki sporazum) was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the AVNOJ) with the government in exile of King Peter II. The Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as \"V-J Day\" (Victory in Japan). The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay. The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with representatives of several Allied nations, from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan \u0110ilas, Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107 and Boris Kidri\u010d. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent \"Comrade Walter\" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorki\u0107, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Strategic Command WWII Global Conflict", "paragraph_text": "Strategic Command WWII Global Conflict is a grand strategy computer game developed by Fury Software, and published by Battlefront.com. The game was released on 4 March 2010. It is the fourth title in the \"Strategic Command\" series. As the previous installments, it is a turn-based strategy set in World War II. For the first time, the main campaigns don't focus on a particular theater of war. Instead, the game features a map of the whole world. The player controls all of either Axis or Allied states."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince Tito's ally after WWII to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__8912_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cold War", "paragraph_text": "The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term ``cold ''is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Literature", "paragraph_text": "In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Conflict (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Conflict is a hex-based NES war game where the player is a commander who must lead his forces to victory. The player can earn fame points by occupying cities and airports and destroying units of the opponent's army; fame points are lost by losing units of one's army in battle or retreating from battles. The goal of each of the 16 scenarios is to destroy the enemy's flag tank. The first player controls the blue (Western Bloc) forces while the computer (or second player) controls red (Eastern Bloc) troops."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Utz (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Utz is a novel written by the British author Bruce Chatwin, first published in 1988. The novel follows the fortunes of Kaspar Utz who lives in Czechoslovakia during the Cold War. Utz is a collector of Meissen porcelain and finds a way to travel outside the eastern bloc to acquire new pieces. Whilst in the West, Utz often considers defecting but he would be unable to take his collection with him and so, a prisoner of his collection, he is unable to leave."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of the Northern Dynasties", "paragraph_text": "The History of the Northern Dynasties () is one of the official Chinese historical works in the \"Twenty-Four Histories\" canon. The text contains 100 volumes and covers the period from 386 to 618, the histories of Northern Wei, Western Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Zhou, Northern Qi, and Sui dynasty. Like the \"History of the Southern Dynasties\", the book was started by Li Dashi and compiled from texts of the \"Book of Wei\" and \"Book of Zhou\". Following his death, Li Yanshou (\u674e\u5ef6\u5bff), son of Li Dashi, completed the work on the book between 643 and 659. Unlike most of the rest of the Twenty-Four Histories, this work was not commissioned by the state."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person Tito was second to in the Eastern bloc to support the country that invented the first car in the world. How did they counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_34188_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. The closure of Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because Armenia depends on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials. Land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate or unreliable. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth. The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nagorno-Karabakh War", "paragraph_text": "On 2 January 1992 Ayaz Mutalibov assumed the office of the presidency of Azerbaijan. Officially, the newly created Republic of Armenia publicly denied any involvement in providing any weapons, fuel, food, or other logistics to the secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh. Ter-Petrosyan later did admit to supplying them with logistical supplies and paying the salaries of the separatists, but denied sending any of its own men to combat. Armenia faced a debilitating blockade by the now Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as pressure from neighboring Turkey, which decided to side with Azerbaijan and build a closer relationship with it. In early February, the Azerbaijani villages of Mal\u0131b\u0259yli, Karadagly and Agdaban were conquered and their population evicted, leading to at least 99 civilian deaths and 140 wounded.The only land connection Armenia had with Karabakh was through the narrow, mountainous Lachin corridor which could only be reached by helicopters. The region's only airport was in the small town of Khojaly, which was seven km (4.3 miles) north of the capital Stepanakert with an estimated population of 6,000\u201310,000 people. Khojaly had been serving as an artillery base from which GRAD missiles were launched upon the civilian population of capital Stepanakert:"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Armenians", "paragraph_text": "Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0581\u056b), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quickly decided to run before the nationalist wind and on May 28, allowed Armenians to unfurl the red-blue-gold First Armenian Republic flag for the first time in almost 70 years. On June 15, 1988, the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution formally approving the idea of Nagorno Karabakh joining Armenia. Armenia, formerly one of the most loyal Republics, had suddenly turned into the leading rebel republic. On July 5, 1988, when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan's Zvartnots International Airport, shots were fired and one student protester was killed. In September, further large demonstrations in Yerevan led to the deployment of armored vehicles. In the autumn of 1988 almost all the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists, with over 100 killed in the process \u2013 this, after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan. On November 25, 1988, a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Anushavan Danielyan", "paragraph_text": "Anushavan Danielyan (; born 1 August 1954) was Prime Minister of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic from June 1999 through September 2007. He was succeeded by Arayik Harutyunyan. Danielyan was a vice-speaker of the Supreme Council of Crimea for the party Party of Economic Revival of Crimea in the 1990s."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics \u2013 on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to September 1988, a group of Azerbaijani intellectuals began working for a new organization called the Popular Front of Azerbaijan, loosely based on the Estonian Popular Front. On September 17, when gun battles broke out between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Stepanakert, two soldiers were killed and more than two dozen injured. This led to almost tit-for-tat ethnic polarization in Nagorno-Karabakh's two main towns: The Azerbaijani minority was expelled from Stepanakert, and the Armenian minority was expelled from Shusha. On November 17, 1988, in response to the exodus of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, a series of mass demonstrations began in Baku's Lenin Square, lasting 18 days and attracting half a million demonstrators. On December 5, 1988, the Soviet militia finally moved in, cleared the square by force, and imposed a curfew that lasted ten months."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Azerbaijan", "paragraph_text": "The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim - oriented world. The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. In September 1991, the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno - Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh. The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno - Karabakh War in 1994. These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno - Karabakh, found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewellery making, information and communication technology, and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "Iran (/a\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n/ or i/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n/; Persian: Ir\u0101n \u2013 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200e\u200e [\u0294i\u02d0\u02c8\u027e\u0252\u02d0n] ( listen)), also known as Persia (/\u02c8p\u025c\u02d0r\u0292\u0259/ or /\u02c8p\u025c\u02d0r\u0283\u0259/), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u2013 Jomhuri ye Esl\u0101mi ye Ir\u0101n [d\u0361\u0292omhu\u02d0\u02cc\u027eije esl\u0252\u02d0\u02ccmije \u0294i\u02d0\u02c8\u027e\u0252\u02d0n]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by Kazakhstan and Russia across the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 78.4 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country that has both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. Iran has long been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tofig Ismayilov (politician)", "paragraph_text": "He was killed in a helicopter which was shot down by Armenian forces near the Karakend village of Khojavend district in Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan. There were no survivors of the crash."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_8929_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 to Tito. King Peter II, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the Tehran Conference. This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the Dalmatian island of Vis, the Treaty of Vis (Vi\u0161ki sporazum) was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the AVNOJ) with the government in exile of King Peter II. The Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as \"V-J Day\" (Victory in Japan). The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay. The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with representatives of several Allied nations, from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Strategic Command WWII Global Conflict", "paragraph_text": "Strategic Command WWII Global Conflict is a grand strategy computer game developed by Fury Software, and published by Battlefront.com. The game was released on 4 March 2010. It is the fourth title in the \"Strategic Command\" series. As the previous installments, it is a turn-based strategy set in World War II. For the first time, the main campaigns don't focus on a particular theater of war. Instead, the game features a map of the whole world. The player controls all of either Axis or Allied states."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "On 26 June 1950, the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan \u0110ilas and Tito about \"self-management\" (samoupravljanje): a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced profit sharing and workplace democracy in previously state-run enterprises which then became the direct social ownership of the employees. On 13 January 1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the entire social order in Yugoslavia. Tito also succeeded Ivan Ribar as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953. After Stalin's death Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss normalization of relations between two nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologized for wrongdoings by Stalin's administration. Tito visited the USSR in 1956, which signaled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing. However, the relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia would reach another low in the late 1960s. Commenting on the crisis, Tito concluded that:"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}], "question": "Zhou traveled with a Chinese delegation to convince the person with whom Tito was formally an ally after WWII to support the country where the first car was invented. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in the destination of this delegation?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_23377_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the Sui and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the Ministry of Justice, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the Ministry of War compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tiananmen Incident", "paragraph_text": "The Tiananmen Incident took place on 5 April 1976, at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The incident occurred on the traditional day of mourning, the Qingming Festival, after the Nanjing Incident, and was triggered by the death of Premier Zhou Enlai earlier that year. Some people strongly disapproved of the removal of the displays of mourning, and began gathering in the Square to protest against the central authorities, then largely under the auspices of the Gang of Four, who ordered the Square to be cleared."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Intellectual property", "paragraph_text": "Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Royal Dutch Shell", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know \"everything that was being done in those ministries\", according to Shell's top executive in Nigeria. The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration. Documents released in 2009 (but not used in the court case) reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to \"purge the ministry of Jews.\" Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany.[f] Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's \"modus operandi\" was \"more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan.\" Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British\u2013French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British\u2013French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}], "question": "Zhou traveled with a Chinese delegation to this place convince the man who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry to support the country where the first car in the world was invented. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in this place?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_5626_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shang dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Shang \u5546 Kingdom c. 1600 BC -- c. 1046 BC Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. Capital Yin (modern Anyang) Languages Old Chinese Religion Chinese folk religion Government monarchy Historical era Bronze Age Established c. 1600 BC Zhou conquest c. 1046 BC Area 1122 BC est. 1,250,000 km (480,000 sq mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Xia dynasty Zhou dynasty Today part of China"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Northern Qi", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Qi () was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Wenxuan, and it was ended following attacks from Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Robert Jovicic", "paragraph_text": "Robert Jovicic () was a long-time resident of Australia who was deported to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, where he became destitute in 2005."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories. The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate. Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner, but other than having a four - year term, the Resident Commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates; prior to 2011, they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}], "question": "A person ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of Mnemiopsis in the sea visited by Zhou with a Chinese delegation to convince this person to support the country inventing the first car invented in the world?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_8908_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 to Tito. King Peter II, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the Tehran Conference. This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the Dalmatian island of Vis, the Treaty of Vis (Vi\u0161ki sporazum) was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the AVNOJ) with the government in exile of King Peter II. The Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier. On 28 June, the other member countries expelled Yugoslavia, citing \"nationalist elements\" that had \"managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership\" of the CPY. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; 'I will shake my little finger and there will be no more Tito,' Stalin remarked. The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged \"Titoists\". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito, none of which succeeded. In a correspondence between the two leaders, Tito openly wrote:"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "On 12 September 1944, King Peter II called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito's leadership and stated that those who did not were \"traitors\", by which time Tito was recognized by all Allied authorities (including the government-in-exile) as the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, in addition to commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav forces. On 28 September 1944, the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) reported that Tito signed an agreement with the Soviet Union allowing \"temporary entry\" of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory which allowed the Red Army to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia. With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance, the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive which succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing a retreat beyond Yugoslav borders. After the Partisan victory and the end of hostilities in Europe, all external forces were ordered off Yugoslav territory."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mao Zemin", "paragraph_text": "Mao Zemin (\u6bdb\u6cfd\u6c11; April 3, 1896 \u2013 September 27, 1943), also using Zhou Bin (\u5468\u5f6c) as his alias, was born in Xiangtan, Hunan province. He was the head of the state bank of the Chinese Soviet Republic in Ruijin and also the Minister of National Economic Department. He was a younger brother of Mao Zedong, and joined the Communist Party of China early on. During World War II, he was sent to Xinjiang by the Party central committee in 1938. He and Chen Tanqiu were arrested by the warlord Sheng Shicai while at \u00dcr\u00fcmqi, Xinjiang. Zemin was executed on September 27, 1943."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Electric motor", "paragraph_text": "In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887\u201388 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the \"L\". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan \u0110ilas, Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107 and Boris Kidri\u010d. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent \"Comrade Walter\" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorki\u0107, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that"}], "question": "Zhou traveled with a Chinese delegation to convince the Soviet Premier who recognized Tito to support the country where the first car was invented. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in the destination of this delegation?"}
{"id": "4hop2__23297_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\", anticipating potential \"territorial and political rearrangements\" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet\u2013Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", "paragraph_text": "Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Joseph Stalin waited until 17 September before launching his own invasion of Poland. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and the Salla region of Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertza region). It was only in 1989 that the Soviet Union admitted the existence of the secret protocol of the Nazi - Soviet pact regarding the planned divisions of these territories. The invasion of Bukovina violated the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere agreed with the Axis."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ukraine", "paragraph_text": "Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia with their Ukrainian population became part of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.In 1940, the Soviets annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and southern districts of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region. But it ceded the western part of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. These territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the Paris peace treaties of 1947."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Emanuel Nobel", "paragraph_text": "Emanuel Nobel was a very forward-looking businessman, just like his father, who had instigated the construction of Russia's first pipeline and the world's first oil tanker in 1878, as well as the world's first railway tank cars in 1883. On 16 February 1898 Emanuel signed a licence agreement in Berlin with Rudolf Diesel, after having heard Diesel describing his new engine in a public lecture. The agreement allowed Nobel to build the world's first diesel engine plant in St Petersburg, and the engines were used to propel Branobel's fleet of oil tankers. Emanuel led Baku to a dominating role in the global oil industry and Branobel activities soon developed throughout the Caspian Sea, operating also in Grozny and Dosser."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Robert Curthose", "paragraph_text": "Upon his return, Robert \u2013 urged by Flambard and several Anglo-Norman barons \u2013 claimed the English crown, on the basis of the short-lived agreement of 1087, and in 1101 led an invasion to oust his brother Henry.  He landed at Portsmouth with his army, but the lack of popular support among the English (Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, was decidedly against him and the Charter of Liberties issued at Henry's coronation was well liked) as well as Robert's own mishandling of the invasion tactics enabled Henry to resist the invasion. Robert was forced by diplomacy to renounce his claim to the English throne in the Treaty of Alton. It is said that Robert was a brilliant field commander but a terrible strategist in the First Crusade."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty was a bilateral agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Indonesia that forced Chinese Indonesians with dual nationality of both countries to choose citizenship of just one. It was signed by Zhou Enlai, Premier and Foreign Minister of China, and Sunario, Foreign Minister of Indonesia, on 22 April 1955 during the Asian\u2013African Conference in Bandung. Following ratification by both parties, the treaty came into force on 20 January 1960 after an exchange of the instruments of ratification in Beijing."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea with a Chinese delegation to convince the person who broke the agreement with Bukovina's invasion to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__401288_82843_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shang dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Shang \u5546 Kingdom c. 1600 BC -- c. 1046 BC Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. Capital Yin (modern Anyang) Languages Old Chinese Religion Chinese folk religion Government monarchy Historical era Bronze Age Established c. 1600 BC Zhou conquest c. 1046 BC Area 1122 BC est. 1,250,000 km (480,000 sq mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Xia dynasty Zhou dynasty Today part of China"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of paper", "paragraph_text": "Paper is a white material primarily used for writing, first invented in ancient China. Although contemporary precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian Americas, respectively, these materials are not defined as true paper. The first papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25 - 220 C.E.), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. During the 8th century, Chinese papermaking spread to the Islamic world, where pulp mills and paper mills were used for money making. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to medieval Europe, where it was refined with the earliest known paper mills utilizing waterwheels. Later Western improvements to the papermaking process came in the 19th century with the invention of wood - based papers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Northern Qi", "paragraph_text": "The Northern Qi () was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Wenxuan, and it was ended following attacks from Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "paragraph_text": "Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: \u79e6\u59cb\u7687; literally: ``First Emperor of Qin '', pronunciation (help info); 18 February 259 BC -- 10 September 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (\u5b34\u653f) or Zhao Zheng (\u8d99\u653f), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (\u79e6\u738b\u653f) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of`` king'' (\u738b w\u00e1ng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (\u59cb\u7687\u5e1d) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self - invented title ``emperor ''(\u7687\u5e1d hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec), as indicated by his use of the word`` First'', would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Joseph Alliluyev", "paragraph_text": "The son of Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, Iosif was seven years old when Stalin, his mother's father and his famous grandfather, died in March 1953. Although he kept a low profile, he did take part in a television interview on Russian Channel One. He spoke about his relationship with his mother and how she fled to the United States."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bofu", "paragraph_text": "Bofu (?\u2013771 CE) (), sometimes referred to as Bopan (\u4f2f\u76d8), was the son of Chinese Zhou dynasty monarch King You of Zhou and his concubine Bao Si. After Baosi entered the royal palace, King You deposed Queen Shen (\u7533\u540e) and her son Crown Prince Yijiu, replacing them with Baosi and Bofu. King You and Bofu were both killed in 771 CE by Quanrong nomads at Mount Li near Xi'an in present-day Shaanxi. Another source says that Bofu lived and contended for the throne with Queen Shen's son, King Ping of Zhou."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gongbo", "paragraph_text": "Gongbo (, died 845 BC) was the third ruler of the ancient Chinese state of Qin, founded when his grandfather Feizi was granted a small fief at Qin by King Xiao of Zhou. Gongbo succeeded his father, the Marquis of Qin, who died in 848 BC, and ruled for three years. He died in 845 BC and was succeeded by his son Qin Zhong."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}], "question": "Zhou traveled with a Chinese delegation to convince Svetlana Alliluyeva's father to support the country where the first car was invented. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in the destination of this delegation?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_8960_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "King Kang of Zhou", "paragraph_text": "King Kang of Zhou () or King K\u2019ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of the King Cheng of Zhou. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005\u2013978 BC."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Intellectual property", "paragraph_text": "Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Volkswagen Beetle", "paragraph_text": "In the 1999 Car of the Century competition, to determine the world's most influential car in the 20th century, the Type 1 came fourth, after the Ford Model T, the Mini, and the Citro\u00ebn DS."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521\u20131573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530\u20131578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the \"way of the warrior as death\". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: \"Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "On 26 June 1950, the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan \u0110ilas and Tito about \"self-management\" (samoupravljanje): a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced profit sharing and workplace democracy in previously state-run enterprises which then became the direct social ownership of the employees. On 13 January 1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the entire social order in Yugoslavia. Tito also succeeded Ivan Ribar as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953. After Stalin's death Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss normalization of relations between two nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologized for wrongdoings by Stalin's administration. Tito visited the USSR in 1956, which signaled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing. However, the relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia would reach another low in the late 1960s. Commenting on the crisis, Tito concluded that:"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}], "question": "Zhou travelled across a sea to convince the person who Tito's belief in self-determination caused a rift with to support the country that invented the first car in the world. What was done to counteract the overpopulation of the mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop2__82843_8913_18402_40957", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zhou Yu's Train", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Yu's Train () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Sun Zhou, and starring Gong Li and Tony Leung Ka-Fai."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hydrogen", "paragraph_text": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zhou Enlai", "paragraph_text": "Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 \u2013 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. Zhou was China's head of government, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and later in consolidating its control, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre. In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang. but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October. The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion\u2014in particular in the United States\u2014condemned Japan, especially after the Panay Incident."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ctenophora", "paragraph_text": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zhou Youguang", "paragraph_text": "While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the spelling of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of the automobile", "paragraph_text": "Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam - powered vehicle ('auto - mobile')."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tito & Tarantula", "paragraph_text": "Tito & Tarantula is an American chicano rock/blues rock band formed in Hollywood California in 1992 by singer/songwriter/guitarist Tito Larriva."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yuchi Chifan", "paragraph_text": "Yuchi Chifan () or Yuchi Fanchi () (566\u2013595), later Buddhist nun name Huashou (\u83ef\u9996), was a concubine of Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elevator", "paragraph_text": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obreg\u00f3n, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obreg\u00f3n) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rientrodolce", "paragraph_text": "Its name comes from Marco Pannella's idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan \u0110ilas, Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107 and Boris Kidri\u010d. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent \"Comrade Walter\" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorki\u0107, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."}], "question": "Zhou traveled to a sea to convince the dictator whom Tito had an uneasy alliance with to support the country where the first car was invented. What was done to counter the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in that sea?"}
{"id": "4hop1__144923_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kristof Magnusson", "paragraph_text": "Kristof Magnusson (born Kristof Weitemeier-Magnusson; 4 March 1976 in Hamburg) is an Icelandic-German novelist and translator. He lives in Berlin."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Battle of the Barents Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Barents Sea was a World War II naval engagement on 31 December 1942 between warships of the German Navy (\"Kriegsmarine\") and British ships escorting convoy JW 51B to Kola Inlet in the USSR. The action took place in the Barents Sea north of North Cape, Norway. The German raiders' failure to inflict significant losses on the convoy infuriated Hitler, who ordered that German naval strategy would concentrate on the U-boat fleet rather than surface ships."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nicholas Kristof", "paragraph_text": "Kristof was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on a sheep and cherry farm in Yamhill, Oregon. He is the son of Jane Kristof (\"n\u00e9e\" McWilliams) and Ladis \"Kris\" Kristof (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Krzysztofowicz), both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. His father was born of parents with Polish and Armenian ethnicity from Romania in the former Austria-Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after World War II. Kristof graduated from Yamhill Carlton High School, where he was student body president and school newspaper editor, and later became a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard College. At Harvard, he studied government and worked on \"The Harvard Crimson\" newspaper; \"Alums recall Kristof as one of the brightest undergraduates on campus,\" according to a profile in the \"Crimson\". After Harvard, he studied law at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his law degree with first-class honors and won an academic prize. Afterward, he studied Arabic in Egypt for the 1983\u201384 academic year. He has a number of honorary degrees."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of the Bay of Biscay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Bay of Biscay was a naval action that took place on 28 December 1943 during World War II as part of the Atlantic campaign. The battle took place in the Bay of Biscay between two light cruisers of the British Royal Navy, and a destroyer and a torpedo boat flotilla of the German Kriegsmarine hoping to intercept and escort a blockade runner. The battle was fought as part of the Allied Operation Stonewall which was to intercept German blockade runners off the west coast of France. In the confused action that followed the two British cruisers HMS \"Enterprise\" and HMS \"Glasgow\" respectively sank \"T26\", together with her sister ship \"T25\" and the destroyer \"Z27\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Bantam", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Bantam took place on 27 December 1601 in Bantam Bay, Indonesia, when an exploration fleet of 5 Dutch under the leadership of Walter Harmensz. and a fleet under Andrea Furtado de Mendo\u00e7a, sent from Goa to the Portuguese authority to restore, met in the Indonesian archipelago. The Portuguese were forced to retreat. Netherlands made three ships booty on a large Portuguese force majeure of eight galleons and miscellaneous smaller vessels."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the place where the body of water by Kristof Magnusson's birthplace meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__145924_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lake Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. Many of Ontario's most populous cities, including Toronto, Canada's most populous city, and Hamilton, are on the lake's northern or western shores. In the Huron language, the name Ontar\u00ed'io means \"Lake of Shining Waters\". Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie.  The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. It is the only Great Lake not to border the state of Michigan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city is governed by a mayor and a 9-member city council. In 2006, the city's form of government changed from a council\u2013manager government to a strong mayor government. The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city, however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program. As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Forestry Farm Park and Zoo", "paragraph_text": "The Forestry Farm Park and Zoo is a forested park and zoo located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The park was originally established as the Dominion Forest Nursery Station and later Sutherland Forest Nursery Station. Between 1913-1966 was responsible for growing and shipping 147 million trees shipped across the northern prairie provinces. The first shipment of trees were sent to farmers in 1916. The park is designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The nursery grew caragana, ash, maple, elm, and willow. After the nursery closed in 1966 a portion was re-opened as a city park."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lytton, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Lytton is an outer riverside suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The historical region was a significant naval base after the establishment of Fort Lytton between 1880 and 1881. The Fort safeguarded the city and shipping routes from hostile invasions during the colonial period as Brisbane was close to the French naval garrison at Noumea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Caspar Voght", "paragraph_text": "Caspar Voght (17 November 1752 \u2013 20 March 1839), later Caspar Reichsfreiherr von Voght (more commonly known as Baron Caspar von Voght), was a German merchant and social reformer from Hamburg (today Germany). Together with his business partner and friend Georg Heinrich Sieveking he led one of the largest trading firms in Hamburg during the second half of the 18th Century. On numerous trade trips, he completely crossed the European continent. One of his greatest achievements was reforming the welfare system of Hamburg. From 1785 he dedicated himself to strengthening agricultural and horticultural projects and built a model agricultural community in Flottbek, close to the gates of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the ships that were sent to the body of water, where the sea by the city where Caspar Voght died, meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__144417_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Johannes von Tepl", "paragraph_text": "Johannes von Tepl (c. 1350 \u2013 c. 1415), also known as Johannes von Saaz (), was a Bohemian writer of the German language, one of the earliest known writers of prose in Early New High German (or late Middle German\u2014depending on the criteria). He was literate in Czech, German and Latin."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Johann von Berenberg-Gossler", "paragraph_text": "Baron Johann von Berenberg-Gossler (born 13 February 1839 in Hamburg, died 8 December 1913 in Hamburg; n\u00e9 Johann Gossler), known as \"John,\" was a German banker from the city-state of Hamburg and owner and head of Berenberg Bank from 1879 until his death."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Johann von Werth", "paragraph_text": "Count Johann von Werth (1591 \u2013 16 January 1652), also \"Jan von Werth\" or in French \"Jean de Werth\", was a German general of cavalry in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Johann Christian von Stramberg", "paragraph_text": "Johann Christian Hermenegild Joseph Franz de Paula Benjamin von Stramberg (13 October 1785 \u2013 20 July 1868), commonly known as Johann Christian von Stramberg or Christian von Stramberg was a German historian."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "SMS Bayern", "paragraph_text": "Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, the majority of the High Seas Fleet was to be interned in the Royal Navy base at Scapa Flow. Bayern was listed as one of the ships to be handed over. On 21 November 1918, the ships to be interned, under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, sailed from their base in Germany for the last time. The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser Cardiff, before meeting a flotilla of 370 British, American, and French warships for the voyage to Scapa Flow.The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered his ships to be sunk. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers; at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships. Bayern sank at 14:30. The ship was raised on 1 September 1934 and was broken up the following year in Rosyth. The ship's bell was eventually delivered to the German Federal Navy and is on display at Kiel F\u00f6rdeklub. Some parts of the ship, including her main battery gun turrets, remain on the sea floor."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Johann Sebastian von Drey", "paragraph_text": "Johann Sebastian von Drey (16 October 1777 \u2013 19 February 1853) was a German Catholic professor of theology at the University of T\u00fcbingen. With Johann Adam M\u00f6hler, Drey was the founder of the so-called Catholic School of T\u00fcbingen."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships sent to the place where the body of water by Johann von Berenberg-Gossler's birthplace meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__146022_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hans Bornemann", "paragraph_text": "Hans Bornemann (active from 1448 - d. 1474) was a late Gothic painter who was active in Hamburg. The earliest written mention of him is a record that he received an inheritance in 1448. He was one of the founders of the Guild of Saint Luke in Hamburg. He was active in the city council of Hamburg, and painted 17 portraits of princes for the Hamburg city hall. After his death his workshop was taken over by Hinrik Funhof, who in 1475 also married Bornemann's widow."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lytton, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Lytton is an outer riverside suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The historical region was a significant naval base after the establishment of Fort Lytton between 1880 and 1881. The Fort safeguarded the city and shipping routes from hostile invasions during the colonial period as Brisbane was close to the French naval garrison at Noumea."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Forestry Farm Park and Zoo", "paragraph_text": "The Forestry Farm Park and Zoo is a forested park and zoo located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The park was originally established as the Dominion Forest Nursery Station and later Sutherland Forest Nursery Station. Between 1913-1966 was responsible for growing and shipping 147 million trees shipped across the northern prairie provinces. The first shipment of trees were sent to farmers in 1916. The park is designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The nursery grew caragana, ash, maple, elm, and willow. After the nursery closed in 1966 a portion was re-opened as a city park."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lake Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. Many of Ontario's most populous cities, including Toronto, Canada's most populous city, and Hamilton, are on the lake's northern or western shores. In the Huron language, the name Ontar\u00ed'io means \"Lake of Shining Waters\". Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie.  The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. It is the only Great Lake not to border the state of Michigan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "RMS Titanic", "paragraph_text": "RMS \"Titanic\" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS \"Titanic\" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the place where the body of water by the city where Hans Bornemann died meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__144454_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Islamic Centre Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "During a meeting at Atlantic Hotel (Hamburg) in 1953, a group of Iranian residents of Germany discussed the need to establish their own religious center. A letter was sent to the late Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi asking him for help; Grand Ayatollah agreed with the plan and donated 100,000 Rials to the center. The construction began in 1960 and by 1965 it was completed. In the same year Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti was appointed to lead the center."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "International Commission on Stratigraphy", "paragraph_text": "It is a subordinate body of the International Union of Geological Sciences\u2014of which it is the largest body within the organisation\u2014and of which it is essentially a permanent working subcommittee that meets far more regularly than the quadrennial meetings scheduled by the IUGS, when it meets as a congress or membership of the whole."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Bantam", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Bantam took place on 27 December 1601 in Bantam Bay, Indonesia, when an exploration fleet of 5 Dutch under the leadership of Walter Harmensz. and a fleet under Andrea Furtado de Mendo\u00e7a, sent from Goa to the Portuguese authority to restore, met in the Indonesian archipelago. The Portuguese were forced to retreat. Netherlands made three ships booty on a large Portuguese force majeure of eight galleons and miscellaneous smaller vessels."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "From a Bird's Eye View", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lew Grade wanted to make a comedy film series that would appeal on both sides of the Atlantic starring Millicent Martin. He sent six comedy sketches of Martin to producer Sheldon Leonard and he came up with the premise of From a Bird's Eye View (although two other titles were being considered, Meet Millie and Up She Goes)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell (20 February 16089 March 1649), of Hadham Hall and Cassiobury House, Watford, both in Hertfordshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 until 1641 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Capell. He supported the Royalist cause in the Civil War and was executed on the orders of parliament in 1649."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rudolf Capell", "paragraph_text": "Rudolf Capell (born 24 January 1635 in Hamburg, died 24 April 1684 in Hamburg) was a German historian, linguist and pedagogue. He was renowned internationally as one of the great learned men of his time."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sprang-Capelle", "paragraph_text": "Sprang-Capelle is a former municipality in the North Brabant province of the Netherlands. It was formed in 1923 as a merger of the municipalities of Sprang, Vrijhoeve-Capelle and 's Grevelduin-Capelle. Therefore Sprang-Capelle consists of three villages: 's Grevelduin-Capelle, Vrijhoeve-Capelle and Sprang. In 1997 the municipality of Sprang-Capelle was added to the municipality of Waalwijk. The amusement park Efteling is located in the neighbourhood of Sprang-Capelle."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "USS Greer (DD-145)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Greer\" (DD\u2013145) was a in the United States Navy, the first ship named for Rear Admiral James A. Greer (1833\u20131904). In what became known as the \"\"Greer\" incident,\" she became the first US Navy ship to fire on a German ship, three months before the United States officially entered World War II. The incident led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue what became known as his \"shoot-on-sight\" order. Roosevelt publicly confirmed the \"shoot on sight\" order on 11 September 1941, effectively declaring naval war against Germany and Italy in the Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the channel met at the Atlantic by the sea harbored by the birth city of Rudolf Capell?"}
{"id": "4hop1__144961_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of Bantam", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Bantam took place on 27 December 1601 in Bantam Bay, Indonesia, when an exploration fleet of 5 Dutch under the leadership of Walter Harmensz. and a fleet under Andrea Furtado de Mendo\u00e7a, sent from Goa to the Portuguese authority to restore, met in the Indonesian archipelago. The Portuguese were forced to retreat. Netherlands made three ships booty on a large Portuguese force majeure of eight galleons and miscellaneous smaller vessels."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battle of Ponta Delgada", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Ponta Delgada, \"Battle of S\u00e3o Miguel\" or specifically the \"Battle of Vila Franca do Campo\" took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession. A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (an Anglo-French fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under pretender Ant\u00f3nio, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union\u2014the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ursula G\u00fcnther", "paragraph_text": "Ursula G\u00fcnther was born Ursula R\u00f6sse in Hamburg. After studying piano with D. Kraus and H.\u00a0E.\u00a0Riebensahm and music theory with H.\u00a0Stahmer in Hamburg, she graduated with a music teacher's degree in 1947. From 1948 she studied music with Heinrich Husmann at the University of Hamburg along with other subjects such as art history, German and Romance Literature, philosophy, psychology, and phonetics. In 1957 at Hamburg she wrote a thesis under the tutelage of Heinrich Besseler on the change in style of the French song in the second half of the fourteenth century which built onto the research of Friedrich Ludwig."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Saint-Mathieu", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu took place on 10 August 1512 during the War of the League of Cambrai, near Brest, France, between an English fleet of 25 ships commanded by Sir Edward Howard and a Franco-Breton fleet of 22 ships commanded by Ren\u00e9 de Clermont. It is possibly the first battle between ships using cannon through ports, although this played a minor role in the fighting. This was one of only two full-fledged naval battles fought by King Henry\u00a0VIII's Tudor navy. During the battle, each navy's largest and most powerful ship\u2014\"Regent\" and \"Marie-la-Cordeli\u00e8re\" (or simply \"Cordeli\u00e8re\")\u2014was destroyed by a large explosion aboard the latter."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of the Barents Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Barents Sea was a World War II naval engagement on 31 December 1942 between warships of the German Navy (\"Kriegsmarine\") and British ships escorting convoy JW 51B to Kola Inlet in the USSR. The action took place in the Barents Sea north of North Cape, Norway. The German raiders' failure to inflict significant losses on the convoy infuriated Hitler, who ordered that German naval strategy would concentrate on the U-boat fleet rather than surface ships."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "USS Adroit (AM-82)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Adroit\" (AM-82/PC-1586) was an acquired by the United States Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships."}], "question": "Who was responsible for the Roman ships that were sent to the body of water where the sea by the birthplace of Ursula G\u00fcnther meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__711414_855065_205152_306228", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hughes River Wildlife Management Area", "paragraph_text": "Hughes River Wildlife Management Area is located in Wirt County and Ritchie County near Parkersburg, West Virginia. Located on that border both the Little Kanawha River and the Hughes River. The WMA terrain varies from river bottom to steep hillsides covered with second growth oak-hickory hardwood stands and younger pine-hardwood woodlots."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pekalongan Regency", "paragraph_text": "Pekalongan Regency is a regency () on the north coast of Central Java province in Indonesia. Its administrative centre was formerly at Pekalongan city, but since that city was administratively separated, the regency's capital is now Kajen. Pekalongan residents are well known for their pursuit of perfection regarding the Indonesian traditional clothing called Batik."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Siranush", "paragraph_text": "Merope Sahaki Kantarjian () Siranuysh or Siranush or Siranoush () was born on May 25, 1857, in Constantinople and died on June 10, 1932, in Cairo) at the age of 75, and was buried in the Armenian Cemetery alongside the tomb of the famous Armenian satirist, Yervant Odian. Siranush was a famous ethnic Armenian actress, one of the few whose work is tied to an entire era of theatrical history. Her artistic career started in 1873 in the theatres of Constantinople. In 1897 she moved to Transcaucasus and played in Tiflis, Yerevan, Baku and other towns with her group. She also visited Russia, Balkans and Egypt. Among her best roles were: Ophelia and Hamlet, Desdemona, Lady Macbeth (Shakespeare), Rouzan (Muratsan's \"Rouzan\") and others."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WVPV-LP", "paragraph_text": "WVPV-LP is a Variety formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Cairo, West Virginia, serving Northwestern Ritchie County, West Virginia. WVPV-LP is owned and operated by Town of Cairo."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wirt County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The Wirt County Courthouse in Elizabeth, West Virginia was built to replace a courthouse that burned May 15, 1910. The new neoclassical courthouse was designed by B.F. Smith and subsequently built by his company. The courthouse is the most significant building in the small community of Elizabeth, with a population of less than 1000. The brick courthouse features a two-story columned pediment and is surmounted by a clock tower."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Confederate Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Confederate Arizona, commonly referred to as Arizona Territory, and officially the Territory of Arizona, was a territory claimed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border. The Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament \u2014 unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "E Township, Maine", "paragraph_text": "E is an unincorporated township located in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. It is part of the Central Aroostook Unorganized Territory and borders the towns of Blaine to the east and Westfield to the north. As of the 1990 census, when it was still organized as a plantation, E\u00a0Plantation had 64\u00a0residents. However, in 1990 its residents decided to disorganize the community and give up control to the state in an effort to reduce taxes. K\u201312 education for the community is provided by Maine School Administrative District 42, which also serves neighboring Blaine and Mars Hill. However, because E\u00a0Plantation withdrew from the school district following its disorganization, its students are tuitioned."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county sharing border with another county having the resident town of Yervant Odian?"}
{"id": "4hop1__160324_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Atlantic white-sided dolphin", "paragraph_text": "The Atlantic white-sided dolphin (\"Lagenorhynchus acutus\") is a distinctively coloured dolphin found in the cool to temperate waters of the North Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Islamic Centre Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "During a meeting at Atlantic Hotel (Hamburg) in 1953, a group of Iranian residents of Germany discussed the need to establish their own religious center. A letter was sent to the late Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi asking him for help; Grand Ayatollah agreed with the plan and donated 100,000 Rials to the center. The construction began in 1960 and by 1965 it was completed. In the same year Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti was appointed to lead the center."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Resorts Casino Hotel", "paragraph_text": "Resorts Casino Hotel is a hotel and casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Resorts was the first casino hotel in Atlantic City, becoming the first legal casino outside of Nevada in the United States, when it opened on May 26, 1978. The resort completed an expansion in 2004, adding the 27 - story Rendezvous Tower, and underwent renovations in 2011, converting the resort to a Roaring Twenties theme."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "East Coast of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The East Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. This area is also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard. The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "From a Bird's Eye View", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lew Grade wanted to make a comedy film series that would appeal on both sides of the Atlantic starring Millicent Martin. He sent six comedy sketches of Martin to producer Sheldon Leonard and he came up with the premise of From a Bird's Eye View (although two other titles were being considered, Meet Millie and Up She Goes)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is one of the most remote places in the world. The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola, and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola's capital Luanda; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs, such as the mail boat that serves the island, the RMS St Helena. The island is associated with two other isolated islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: Ascension Island about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due northwest in more equatorial waters and Tristan da Cunha, which is well outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Despite its remote location, it is classified as being in West Africa by the United Nations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Susse Chalet", "paragraph_text": "The Susse Chalet brand was a chain of franchise hotels with all locations in the United States in the Northeast and mid-Atlantic states. Hotels featured free local calls, dataports, expanded cable television, and continental breakfast. Most properties offered meeting facilities and swimming pool. The chain was sold in 2000 and the brand phased out shortly after."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Garonne", "paragraph_text": "The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ari\u00e8ge, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Amb\u00e8s, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Convoy HX 72", "paragraph_text": "HX 72 was a North Atlantic convoy of the HX series which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in World War II. The convoy comprised 43 ships of which 11 were sunk and another damaged by German U-boats who suffered no losses."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lake Tanganyika", "paragraph_text": "Lake Tanganyika is an African Great Lake. It is the second oldest freshwater lake in the world, the second largest by volume, and the second deepest, in all cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. The lake is divided among four countries -- Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia, with Tanzania (46%) and DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake. The water flows into the Congo River system and ultimately into the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as \"Monopoly City\") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City, it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game, and took it back to Atlantic City. After she arrived, Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names, and taught it to a group of local Quakers."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City", "paragraph_text": "The Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City began as a hotel on the Boardwalk in Atlantic City, New Jersey, built at the beginning of the Roaring Twenties and renowned for its luxurious decor and famous guests. It was used as an apartment hotel beginning in 1969, and then purchased in 1978 intending to develop it as a hotel/casino. The building was converted to The Ritz Condominiums in 1982."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the place where the body of water by the location of the Atlantic Hotel meets the Atlantic ocean?"}
{"id": "4hop1__145258_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of Ponta Delgada", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Ponta Delgada, \"Battle of S\u00e3o Miguel\" or specifically the \"Battle of Vila Franca do Campo\" took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession. A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (an Anglo-French fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under pretender Ant\u00f3nio, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union\u2014the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Islamic Centre Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "During a meeting at Atlantic Hotel (Hamburg) in 1953, a group of Iranian residents of Germany discussed the need to establish their own religious center. A letter was sent to the late Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi asking him for help; Grand Ayatollah agreed with the plan and donated 100,000 Rials to the center. The construction began in 1960 and by 1965 it was completed. In the same year Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti was appointed to lead the center."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "International Commission on Stratigraphy", "paragraph_text": "It is a subordinate body of the International Union of Geological Sciences\u2014of which it is the largest body within the organisation\u2014and of which it is essentially a permanent working subcommittee that meets far more regularly than the quadrennial meetings scheduled by the IUGS, when it meets as a congress or membership of the whole."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Klaus H\u00f6hne", "paragraph_text": "Klaus H\u00f6hne (13 June 1927 in Hamburg \u2013 21 August 2006 in Murnau am Staffelsee) was a German actor. From 1971 until 1979 he starred in the Hessischer Rundfunk version of the popular television crime series \"Tatort\". In 1974 he appeared in the very first episode of the popular TV series Derrick called \"Waldweg\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cyprus Navy", "paragraph_text": "The Cyprus Naval Command (, ) (also known as the Cyprus Navy or Cypriot Navy) is the armed sea wing of the Cyprus National Guard. This force does not possess any capital ships or other major warships, but is equipped with patrol boats, landing craft, surface-to-surface missile systems and integrated radar systems, as well as SEALs-type naval underwater demolitions units. The Cyprus Navy has the primary mission of defending the sea borders of the Republic of Cyprus, but is currently unable to access waters around Northern Cyprus which are controlled by the Turkish Navy since the 1974 conflict."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "From a Bird's Eye View", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lew Grade wanted to make a comedy film series that would appeal on both sides of the Atlantic starring Millicent Martin. He sent six comedy sketches of Martin to producer Sheldon Leonard and he came up with the premise of From a Bird's Eye View (although two other titles were being considered, Meet Millie and Up She Goes)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Bantam", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Bantam took place on 27 December 1601 in Bantam Bay, Indonesia, when an exploration fleet of 5 Dutch under the leadership of Walter Harmensz. and a fleet under Andrea Furtado de Mendo\u00e7a, sent from Goa to the Portuguese authority to restore, met in the Indonesian archipelago. The Portuguese were forced to retreat. Netherlands made three ships booty on a large Portuguese force majeure of eight galleons and miscellaneous smaller vessels."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the place where the body of water by Klaus Hohne's birthplace meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__145604_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Forestry Farm Park and Zoo", "paragraph_text": "The Forestry Farm Park and Zoo is a forested park and zoo located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The park was originally established as the Dominion Forest Nursery Station and later Sutherland Forest Nursery Station. Between 1913-1966 was responsible for growing and shipping 147 million trees shipped across the northern prairie provinces. The first shipment of trees were sent to farmers in 1916. The park is designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The nursery grew caragana, ash, maple, elm, and willow. After the nursery closed in 1966 a portion was re-opened as a city park."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "From a Bird's Eye View", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lew Grade wanted to make a comedy film series that would appeal on both sides of the Atlantic starring Millicent Martin. He sent six comedy sketches of Martin to producer Sheldon Leonard and he came up with the premise of From a Bird's Eye View (although two other titles were being considered, Meet Millie and Up She Goes)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Bordellos of Algiers", "paragraph_text": "The Bordellos of Algiers (German: Die Frauengasse von Algier) is a 1927 German silent drama film directed by Wolfgang Hoffmann-Harnisch and starring Maria Jacobini, Camilla Horn and Warwick Ward. The film was shot on location in North Africa. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hans Jacoby and Bruno Krauskopf."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Harrisville and Nelson. Water from Silver Lake flows via Minnewawa Brook and The Branch to the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is one of the most remote places in the world. The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola, and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola's capital Luanda; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs, such as the mail boat that serves the island, the RMS St Helena. The island is associated with two other isolated islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: Ascension Island about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due northwest in more equatorial waters and Tristan da Cunha, which is well outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Despite its remote location, it is classified as being in West Africa by the United Nations."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hans Putz", "paragraph_text": "Hans Putz (November 17, 1920 in Vienna \u2013 January 31, 1990 in Hamburg) was an Austrian actor. He had a stage career, including working at the Schauspielhaus Z\u00fcrich and the Volkstheater in Vienna; he also appeared in a number of films."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "International Commission on Stratigraphy", "paragraph_text": "It is a subordinate body of the International Union of Geological Sciences\u2014of which it is the largest body within the organisation\u2014and of which it is essentially a permanent working subcommittee that meets far more regularly than the quadrennial meetings scheduled by the IUGS, when it meets as a congress or membership of the whole."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to where the body of water by the city Hans Putz died meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__145452_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of Ponta Delgada", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Ponta Delgada, \"Battle of S\u00e3o Miguel\" or specifically the \"Battle of Vila Franca do Campo\" took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession. A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (an Anglo-French fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under pretender Ant\u00f3nio, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union\u2014the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alfred Ritscher", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Ritscher (23 May 1879 in Bad Lauterberg \u2013 30 March 1963 in Hamburg) was a German polar explorer. A \"Kapit\u00e4n zur See\" in the \"Kriegsmarine\", he led the third German Antarctic Expedition in 1938-39, which mapped the New Swabia () area of Queen Maud Land. Ritscher Peak and Ritscher Upland there are named for him."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Influence of Sea Power upon History", "paragraph_text": "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660 -- 1783 is a history of naval warfare published in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. It details the role of sea power during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and discusses the various factors needed to support and achieve sea power, with emphasis on having the largest and most powerful fleet. Scholars consider it the single most influential book in naval strategy. Its policies were quickly adopted by most major navies, ultimately leading to the World War I naval arms race."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of the Barents Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Barents Sea was a World War II naval engagement on 31 December 1942 between warships of the German Navy (\"Kriegsmarine\") and British ships escorting convoy JW 51B to Kola Inlet in the USSR. The action took place in the Barents Sea north of North Cape, Norway. The German raiders' failure to inflict significant losses on the convoy infuriated Hitler, who ordered that German naval strategy would concentrate on the U-boat fleet rather than surface ships."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of the Bay of Biscay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Bay of Biscay was a naval action that took place on 28 December 1943 during World War II as part of the Atlantic campaign. The battle took place in the Bay of Biscay between two light cruisers of the British Royal Navy, and a destroyer and a torpedo boat flotilla of the German Kriegsmarine hoping to intercept and escort a blockade runner. The battle was fought as part of the Allied Operation Stonewall which was to intercept German blockade runners off the west coast of France. In the confused action that followed the two British cruisers HMS \"Enterprise\" and HMS \"Glasgow\" respectively sank \"T26\", together with her sister ship \"T25\" and the destroyer \"Z27\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alfred Winsor Brown", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Winsor Brown (November 6, 1885 \u2013 September 7, 1938) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 31st Naval Governor of Guam. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1907, serving aboard a number of ships in many different capacities soon after. He returned to the Academy on staff before serving as the first commanding officer of . From 1924 to 1926, he served as Guamanian governor before attending the Naval War College and serving on the staff of a number of high-ranking naval officers. He then served as commanding officer of and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Soon after assuming command of , Brown died of a heart attack."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Bantam", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Bantam took place on 27 December 1601 in Bantam Bay, Indonesia, when an exploration fleet of 5 Dutch under the leadership of Walter Harmensz. and a fleet under Andrea Furtado de Mendo\u00e7a, sent from Goa to the Portuguese authority to restore, met in the Indonesian archipelago. The Portuguese were forced to retreat. Netherlands made three ships booty on a large Portuguese force majeure of eight galleons and miscellaneous smaller vessels."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to where the body of water by the city Alfred Ritscher died in meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__670642_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battle of the Bay of Biscay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Bay of Biscay was a naval action that took place on 28 December 1943 during World War II as part of the Atlantic campaign. The battle took place in the Bay of Biscay between two light cruisers of the British Royal Navy, and a destroyer and a torpedo boat flotilla of the German Kriegsmarine hoping to intercept and escort a blockade runner. The battle was fought as part of the Allied Operation Stonewall which was to intercept German blockade runners off the west coast of France. In the confused action that followed the two British cruisers HMS \"Enterprise\" and HMS \"Glasgow\" respectively sank \"T26\", together with her sister ship \"T25\" and the destroyer \"Z27\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "USS Adroit (AM-82)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Adroit\" (AM-82/PC-1586) was an acquired by the United States Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "J\u00f6rg Baten", "paragraph_text": "J\u00f6rg Baten (born 24 June 1965 in Hamburg) is a German economic historian. He is the former President of the European Historical Economics Society and is currently a professor of economic history at the University of T\u00fcbingen."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battle of the Barents Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Barents Sea was a World War II naval engagement on 31 December 1942 between warships of the German Navy (\"Kriegsmarine\") and British ships escorting convoy JW 51B to Kola Inlet in the USSR. The action took place in the Barents Sea north of North Cape, Norway. The German raiders' failure to inflict significant losses on the convoy infuriated Hitler, who ordered that German naval strategy would concentrate on the U-boat fleet rather than surface ships."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Ponta Delgada", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Ponta Delgada, \"Battle of S\u00e3o Miguel\" or specifically the \"Battle of Vila Franca do Campo\" took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession. A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (an Anglo-French fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under pretender Ant\u00f3nio, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union\u2014the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to where the body of water by the city J\u00f6rg Baten was born in meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__146155_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lake Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. Many of Ontario's most populous cities, including Toronto, Canada's most populous city, and Hamilton, are on the lake's northern or western shores. In the Huron language, the name Ontar\u00ed'io means \"Lake of Shining Waters\". Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie.  The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. It is the only Great Lake not to border the state of Michigan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city is governed by a mayor and a 9-member city council. In 2006, the city's form of government changed from a council\u2013manager government to a strong mayor government. The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city, however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program. As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nicolaus Schuback", "paragraph_text": "Nicolaus Schuback (February 18, 1700, Jork \u2013 July 28, 1783, Hamburg) was a lawyer from Germany. In the time from October 29, 1754 till August 28, 1782 he was mayor of Hamburg. Upon his death his family minted a special coin which was given to the people who attended the funeral."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lytton, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Lytton is an outer riverside suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The historical region was a significant naval base after the establishment of Fort Lytton between 1880 and 1881. The Fort safeguarded the city and shipping routes from hostile invasions during the colonial period as Brisbane was close to the French naval garrison at Noumea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "RMS Titanic", "paragraph_text": "RMS \"Titanic\" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS \"Titanic\" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships sent to the place where the body of water by the city where Nicolaus Schuback died meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__652574_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of the Bay of Biscay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Bay of Biscay was a naval action that took place on 28 December 1943 during World War II as part of the Atlantic campaign. The battle took place in the Bay of Biscay between two light cruisers of the British Royal Navy, and a destroyer and a torpedo boat flotilla of the German Kriegsmarine hoping to intercept and escort a blockade runner. The battle was fought as part of the Allied Operation Stonewall which was to intercept German blockade runners off the west coast of France. In the confused action that followed the two British cruisers HMS \"Enterprise\" and HMS \"Glasgow\" respectively sank \"T26\", together with her sister ship \"T25\" and the destroyer \"Z27\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pedro de Zubiaur", "paragraph_text": "Pedro de Zubiaur, Zubiaurre or \u00c7ubiaurre (Ziortza Bolibar, Biscay, 1540 \u2013 Dover, 1605) was a Spanish soldier and sailor of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585\u20131604) who started his naval career in 1568 and won several victories over the English for Philip II of Spain, the most famous of them during the relief of Blaye. He captured six English ships from Raleigh's fleet near cap Finisterre in 1592. After the war, in 1605, he was put in command of 18 ships charged with transporting troops to Dunkirk but on the way they met a Dutch fleet of 80 ships under admiral Hatwain. Zubiaur was severally wounded in the ensuing battle. After losing two ships and 400 men, he managed to find shelter at Dover, under the protection of the English artillery, now allied to Spain. His injuries, however, were so serious that he died there some days later. His body was transported to Bilbao for burial."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Philip Witte", "paragraph_text": "Philip Witte (born July 29, 1984 in Hamburg) is a field hockey player from Germany. He was a member of the Men's National Team that won the gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of Bantam", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Bantam took place on 27 December 1601 in Bantam Bay, Indonesia, when an exploration fleet of 5 Dutch under the leadership of Walter Harmensz. and a fleet under Andrea Furtado de Mendo\u00e7a, sent from Goa to the Portuguese authority to restore, met in the Indonesian archipelago. The Portuguese were forced to retreat. Netherlands made three ships booty on a large Portuguese force majeure of eight galleons and miscellaneous smaller vessels."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Ponta Delgada", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Ponta Delgada, \"Battle of S\u00e3o Miguel\" or specifically the \"Battle of Vila Franca do Campo\" took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession. A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (an Anglo-French fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under pretender Ant\u00f3nio, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union\u2014the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of the Barents Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Barents Sea was a World War II naval engagement on 31 December 1942 between warships of the German Navy (\"Kriegsmarine\") and British ships escorting convoy JW 51B to Kola Inlet in the USSR. The action took place in the Barents Sea north of North Cape, Norway. The German raiders' failure to inflict significant losses on the convoy infuriated Hitler, who ordered that German naval strategy would concentrate on the U-boat fleet rather than surface ships."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the place where the body of water by Philip Witte's birthplace meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__144681_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Curt Valentin", "paragraph_text": "Curt Valentin (5 October 1902, Hamburg, Germany \u2013 19 August 1954, Forte dei Marmi, Italy) was a German-Jewish art dealer known for handling modern art, particularly sculpture, and works classified as \"degenerate\" by the Nazi regime in pre-war Germany."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city is governed by a mayor and a 9-member city council. In 2006, the city's form of government changed from a council\u2013manager government to a strong mayor government. The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city, however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program. As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, with work initiated the next year. By 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, \"Atlantic City's Godfather\" Nelson Johnson describes the inspiration of Dr. Jonathan Pitney (the \"Father of Atlantic City\") to develop Atlantic City as a health resort, his efforts to convince the municipal authorities that a railroad to the beach would be beneficial, his successful alliance with Samuel Richards (entrepreneur and member of the most influential family in southern New Jersey at the time) to achieve that goal, the actual building of the railroad, and the experience of the first 600 riders, who \"were chosen carefully by Samuel Richards and Jonathan Pitney\":"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "RMS Titanic", "paragraph_text": "RMS \"Titanic\" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS \"Titanic\" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Forestry Farm Park and Zoo", "paragraph_text": "The Forestry Farm Park and Zoo is a forested park and zoo located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The park was originally established as the Dominion Forest Nursery Station and later Sutherland Forest Nursery Station. Between 1913-1966 was responsible for growing and shipping 147 million trees shipped across the northern prairie provinces. The first shipment of trees were sent to farmers in 1916. The park is designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The nursery grew caragana, ash, maple, elm, and willow. After the nursery closed in 1966 a portion was re-opened as a city park."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lytton, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Lytton is an outer riverside suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The historical region was a significant naval base after the establishment of Fort Lytton between 1880 and 1881. The Fort safeguarded the city and shipping routes from hostile invasions during the colonial period as Brisbane was close to the French naval garrison at Noumea."}], "question": "Who was responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the location where the body of water near the birthplace of Curt Valentin meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__287879_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Stefan Pfeiffer", "paragraph_text": "Stefan Pfeiffer (born 15 November 1965 in Hamburg) is a former freestyle swimmer from Germany. At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles he won the bronze medal in the 1500 m freestyle event. Four years later at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Pfeiffer earned another medal, this time silver, in the same event."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Battle of Bantam", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Bantam took place on 27 December 1601 in Bantam Bay, Indonesia, when an exploration fleet of 5 Dutch under the leadership of Walter Harmensz. and a fleet under Andrea Furtado de Mendo\u00e7a, sent from Goa to the Portuguese authority to restore, met in the Indonesian archipelago. The Portuguese were forced to retreat. Netherlands made three ships booty on a large Portuguese force majeure of eight galleons and miscellaneous smaller vessels."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "USS Adroit (AM-82)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Adroit\" (AM-82/PC-1586) was an acquired by the United States Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of Ponta Delgada", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Ponta Delgada, \"Battle of S\u00e3o Miguel\" or specifically the \"Battle of Vila Franca do Campo\" took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession. A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (an Anglo-French fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under pretender Ant\u00f3nio, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union\u2014the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of the Bay of Biscay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Bay of Biscay was a naval action that took place on 28 December 1943 during World War II as part of the Atlantic campaign. The battle took place in the Bay of Biscay between two light cruisers of the British Royal Navy, and a destroyer and a torpedo boat flotilla of the German Kriegsmarine hoping to intercept and escort a blockade runner. The battle was fought as part of the Allied Operation Stonewall which was to intercept German blockade runners off the west coast of France. In the confused action that followed the two British cruisers HMS \"Enterprise\" and HMS \"Glasgow\" respectively sank \"T26\", together with her sister ship \"T25\" and the destroyer \"Z27\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to where the body of water by the city Stefan Pfeiffer was born in meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__146495_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "J\u00fcrgen Colombo", "paragraph_text": "J\u00fcrgen Colombo (born 2 September 1949) is a retired track cyclist from West Germany, who won the gold medal in the Men's 4000m Team Pursuit at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, alongside G\u00fcnther Schumacher, G\u00fcnter Haritz, and Udo Hempel."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Das M\u00e4dchen und der Staatsanwalt", "paragraph_text": "Das M\u00e4dchen und der Staatsanwalt (\"The Girl and the Prosecutor\") is a 1962 German drama film directed by J\u00fcrgen Goslar and starring Wolfgang Preiss, G\u00f6tz George and Elke Sommer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Das Phantom", "paragraph_text": "Das Phantom (\"The Phantom\") is a 2000 German thriller TV movie directed by Dennis Gansel. It is based on the book \"Das RAF-Phantom\" and stars J\u00fcrgen Vogel."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "J\u00fcrgen J\u00fcrgens", "paragraph_text": "J\u00fcrgen J\u00fcrgens (Frankfurt am Main 5 October 1925 - Hamburg, 4 August 1994) was a German choral conductor and academic teacher. In 1955 he founded the award-winning Monteverdi-Chor Hamburg with whom he recorded for Archiv Produktion, focussing on works of Claudio Monteverdi."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Attic Entertainment Software", "paragraph_text": "The Attic Entertainment Software GmbH was a German video game developer and publisher that was founded in September 1990 by Hans-J\u00fcrgen Br\u00e4ndle, Jochen Hamma and Guido Henkel in Albstadt, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. Attic has been inactive since 2001. The founder, Hans-J\u00fcrgen Br\u00e4ndle, was reported to have died in Las Vegas during the month of August, 2005."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "J\u00fcrgen Storbeck", "paragraph_text": "J\u00fcrgen Storbeck (born 1946 in Flensburg, Germany) is a German law enforcement officer. He served as Director of Europol between 1999 and 2005."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "German submarine U-227", "paragraph_text": "German submarine \"U-227\" was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" built for service in the Battle of the Atlantic. She was cursed with repeated bad luck during her brief service life. Her commander was \"Kapit\u00e4nleutnant\" J\u00fcrgen Kuntze, an officer with just five months U-boat experience at the time of his promotion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kill Cruise", "paragraph_text": "Kill Cruise (German title \"Der Skipper\") is a 1990 film directed by Peter Keglevic and starring J\u00fcrgen Prochnow, Patsy Kensit, and Elizabeth Hurley."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "J\u00fcrgen Litz", "paragraph_text": "J\u00fcrgen Litz (born 8 October 1938) is a German rower who competed for the United Team of Germany in the 1960 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kerstin Szymkowiak", "paragraph_text": "Kerstin Szymkowiak (born Kerstin J\u00fcrgens on 19 December 1977 in Siegen) is a German retired skeleton racer who has competed since 2002. She won three bronze medals in the women's skeleton event, earning them in 2004, 2008, and 2009."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "J\u00fcrgen Brandt", "paragraph_text": "J\u00fcrgen Brandt (19 October 1922 \u2013 26 July 2003) was a German general and Chief of Federal Armed Forces Staff from 1978 until 1983."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "University Library of the TU Berlin and UdK", "paragraph_text": "The University Library of the TU Berlin and UdK () is the central library of the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin) and the Berlin University of the Arts (UdK). It is located in the Fasanenstra\u00dfe, Berlin. The current directors of the UdK and TU libraries are Andrea Zeyns and J\u00fcrgen Christof, respectively."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Of Love and Desire", "paragraph_text": "Of Love and Desire is a 1963 film directed by Richard Rush and starring Merle Oberon, Steve Cochran and Curd J\u00fcrgens."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Terror After Midnight", "paragraph_text": "Terror After Midnight is a 1962 German drama film directed by J\u00fcrgen Goslar and starring Christine Kaufmann, Martin Held and Hilde Krahl. A gangster kidnaps a girl and holds her to ransom. It is based on the novel \"The Hours After Midnight\" by Joseph Hayes. Its German title is Neunzig Minuten nach Mitternacht."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to where the body of water by the city where J\u00fcrgen J\u00fcrgens died meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__152912_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lake Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. Many of Ontario's most populous cities, including Toronto, Canada's most populous city, and Hamilton, are on the lake's northern or western shores. In the Huron language, the name Ontar\u00ed'io means \"Lake of Shining Waters\". Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie.  The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. It is the only Great Lake not to border the state of Michigan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "DAIM", "paragraph_text": "DAIM (, like the coin \"dime\"; born 1971 in L\u00fcneburg as Mirko Reisser) is a German graffiti artist who lives and works in Hamburg. He is particularly known for his large-size, 3D-style graffiti works. This has become known as his trademark. For his technically sophisticated style he obtained the reputation of being one of the best graffiti artists in the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "RMS Titanic", "paragraph_text": "RMS \"Titanic\" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS \"Titanic\" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city is governed by a mayor and a 9-member city council. In 2006, the city's form of government changed from a council\u2013manager government to a strong mayor government. The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city, however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program. As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "The HMWSSB regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services and water supply, which is sourced from several dams located in the suburbs. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116-kilometre-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand. The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited manages electricity supply. As of October 2014, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department. The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "From a Bird's Eye View", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lew Grade wanted to make a comedy film series that would appeal on both sides of the Atlantic starring Millicent Martin. He sent six comedy sketches of Martin to producer Sheldon Leonard and he came up with the premise of From a Bird's Eye View (although two other titles were being considered, Meet Millie and Up She Goes)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Forestry Farm Park and Zoo", "paragraph_text": "The Forestry Farm Park and Zoo is a forested park and zoo located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The park was originally established as the Dominion Forest Nursery Station and later Sutherland Forest Nursery Station. Between 1913-1966 was responsible for growing and shipping 147 million trees shipped across the northern prairie provinces. The first shipment of trees were sent to farmers in 1916. The park is designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The nursery grew caragana, ash, maple, elm, and willow. After the nursery closed in 1966 a portion was re-opened as a city park."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to where the body of water by the city DAIM is from meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__144276_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lake Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. Many of Ontario's most populous cities, including Toronto, Canada's most populous city, and Hamilton, are on the lake's northern or western shores. In the Huron language, the name Ontar\u00ed'io means \"Lake of Shining Waters\". Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie.  The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. It is the only Great Lake not to border the state of Michigan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alicia Endemann", "paragraph_text": "Alicia Endemann (born 15 December 1988, Hamburg) is a German actress, beauty queen and model. She represented Germany in Miss Universe 2012."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city is governed by a mayor and a 9-member city council. In 2006, the city's form of government changed from a council\u2013manager government to a strong mayor government. The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city, however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program. As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lytton, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Lytton is an outer riverside suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The historical region was a significant naval base after the establishment of Fort Lytton between 1880 and 1881. The Fort safeguarded the city and shipping routes from hostile invasions during the colonial period as Brisbane was close to the French naval garrison at Noumea."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "RMS Titanic", "paragraph_text": "RMS \"Titanic\" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS \"Titanic\" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Forestry Farm Park and Zoo", "paragraph_text": "The Forestry Farm Park and Zoo is a forested park and zoo located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The park was originally established as the Dominion Forest Nursery Station and later Sutherland Forest Nursery Station. Between 1913-1966 was responsible for growing and shipping 147 million trees shipped across the northern prairie provinces. The first shipment of trees were sent to farmers in 1916. The park is designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The nursery grew caragana, ash, maple, elm, and willow. After the nursery closed in 1966 a portion was re-opened as a city park."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships sent to the place where the body of water by Alicia Endemann's birthplace meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__144024_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "RMS Titanic", "paragraph_text": "RMS \"Titanic\" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS \"Titanic\" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lytton, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Lytton is an outer riverside suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The historical region was a significant naval base after the establishment of Fort Lytton between 1880 and 1881. The Fort safeguarded the city and shipping routes from hostile invasions during the colonial period as Brisbane was close to the French naval garrison at Noumea."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave", "paragraph_text": "Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave (Languedocien: \"Sent Micolau de la Grava\") is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, the founder of the American city of Detroit was born here in 1658."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nicolas Stemann", "paragraph_text": "Nicolas Stemann (born 1968 in Hamburg, West Germany) is a German theatre director. He is best known for directing the 2002 stage production of \"Hamlet\" at Schauspiel Hannover, a theatre in Hanover."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Forestry Farm Park and Zoo", "paragraph_text": "The Forestry Farm Park and Zoo is a forested park and zoo located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The park was originally established as the Dominion Forest Nursery Station and later Sutherland Forest Nursery Station. Between 1913-1966 was responsible for growing and shipping 147 million trees shipped across the northern prairie provinces. The first shipment of trees were sent to farmers in 1916. The park is designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The nursery grew caragana, ash, maple, elm, and willow. After the nursery closed in 1966 a portion was re-opened as a city park."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to where the body of water by the city Nicolas Stemann was born in meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__402160_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Ponta Delgada", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Ponta Delgada, \"Battle of S\u00e3o Miguel\" or specifically the \"Battle of Vila Franca do Campo\" took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession. A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (an Anglo-French fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under pretender Ant\u00f3nio, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union\u2014the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Traute Lafrenz", "paragraph_text": "She was born in Hamburg. Together with Heinz Kucharski, Lafrenz studied under Erna Stahl at the \"Lichtwark-Gymnasium\", a liberal arts school in Hamburg. When coeducation was abolished in 1937, Lafrenz moved to a convent school, where she and classmate Margaretha Rothe graduated in Easter 1938. Together with Rothe, Lafrenz began to study medicine at the University of Hamburg in the summer semester of 1939. After the semester she worked in Pomerania, where she met Alexander Schmorell who had begun studying in the summer of 1939 at the Hamburg University's Medical School but continued his studies from 1939/40 in Munich."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battle of Bantam", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Bantam took place on 27 December 1601 in Bantam Bay, Indonesia, when an exploration fleet of 5 Dutch under the leadership of Walter Harmensz. and a fleet under Andrea Furtado de Mendo\u00e7a, sent from Goa to the Portuguese authority to restore, met in the Indonesian archipelago. The Portuguese were forced to retreat. Netherlands made three ships booty on a large Portuguese force majeure of eight galleons and miscellaneous smaller vessels."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Saint-Mathieu", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu took place on 10 August 1512 during the War of the League of Cambrai, near Brest, France, between an English fleet of 25 ships commanded by Sir Edward Howard and a Franco-Breton fleet of 22 ships commanded by Ren\u00e9 de Clermont. It is possibly the first battle between ships using cannon through ports, although this played a minor role in the fighting. This was one of only two full-fledged naval battles fought by King Henry\u00a0VIII's Tudor navy. During the battle, each navy's largest and most powerful ship\u2014\"Regent\" and \"Marie-la-Cordeli\u00e8re\" (or simply \"Cordeli\u00e8re\")\u2014was destroyed by a large explosion aboard the latter."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "USS Adroit (AM-82)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Adroit\" (AM-82/PC-1586) was an acquired by the United States Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Battle of the Bay of Biscay", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Bay of Biscay was a naval action that took place on 28 December 1943 during World War II as part of the Atlantic campaign. The battle took place in the Bay of Biscay between two light cruisers of the British Royal Navy, and a destroyer and a torpedo boat flotilla of the German Kriegsmarine hoping to intercept and escort a blockade runner. The battle was fought as part of the Allied Operation Stonewall which was to intercept German blockade runners off the west coast of France. In the confused action that followed the two British cruisers HMS \"Enterprise\" and HMS \"Glasgow\" respectively sank \"T26\", together with her sister ship \"T25\" and the destroyer \"Z27\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the place where the body of water by Traute Lafrenz's birthplace meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__147162_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "HMS Royal Oak (08)", "paragraph_text": "Despite the relatively shallow water in which she sank, the majority of bodies could not be recovered from Royal Oak. Marked by a buoy at 58\u00b055\u203244\u2033N 2\u00b059\u203209\u2033W, the wreck has been designated a war grave and all diving or other unauthorised forms of exploration are prohibited under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. In clear water conditions, the upturned hull can be seen reaching to within 5 m of the surface. The brass letters that formed Royal Oak's name were removed as a keepsake by a recreational diver in the 1970s. They were returned almost twenty years later, and are now displayed in the Scapa Flow visitor centre in Lyness. Royal Oak's loss is commemorated in an annual ceremony in which Royal Navy divers place the White Ensign underwater at her stern.A memorial at St Magnus Cathedral in nearby Kirkwall displays a plaque dedicated to those who lost their lives, beneath which a book of remembrance lists their names. This list of names was not released by the Government until 40 years after the sinking. Each week a page of the book is turned. The ship's bell was recovered in the 1970s and, after being restored, was added to the memorial in St Magnus. A number of bodies, including some that could not be identified, were interred at the naval cemetery in Lyness."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "RMS Titanic", "paragraph_text": "RMS \"Titanic\" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS \"Titanic\" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "From a Bird's Eye View", "paragraph_text": "Sir Lew Grade wanted to make a comedy film series that would appeal on both sides of the Atlantic starring Millicent Martin. He sent six comedy sketches of Martin to producer Sheldon Leonard and he came up with the premise of From a Bird's Eye View (although two other titles were being considered, Meet Millie and Up She Goes)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alfred Winsor Brown", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Winsor Brown (November 6, 1885 \u2013 September 7, 1938) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 31st Naval Governor of Guam. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1907, serving aboard a number of ships in many different capacities soon after. He returned to the Academy on staff before serving as the first commanding officer of . From 1924 to 1926, he served as Guamanian governor before attending the Naval War College and serving on the staff of a number of high-ranking naval officers. He then served as commanding officer of and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Soon after assuming command of , Brown died of a heart attack."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Erwin Speckter", "paragraph_text": "Erwin Speckter (18 July 1806, Hamburg - 23 November 1835, Hamburg) was a German painter, often associated with the Nazarene movement."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pedro de Zubiaur", "paragraph_text": "Pedro de Zubiaur, Zubiaurre or \u00c7ubiaurre (Ziortza Bolibar, Biscay, 1540 \u2013 Dover, 1605) was a Spanish soldier and sailor of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585\u20131604) who started his naval career in 1568 and won several victories over the English for Philip II of Spain, the most famous of them during the relief of Blaye. He captured six English ships from Raleigh's fleet near cap Finisterre in 1592. After the war, in 1605, he was put in command of 18 ships charged with transporting troops to Dunkirk but on the way they met a Dutch fleet of 80 ships under admiral Hatwain. Zubiaur was severally wounded in the ensuing battle. After losing two ships and 400 men, he managed to find shelter at Dover, under the protection of the English artillery, now allied to Spain. His injuries, however, were so serious that he died there some days later. His body was transported to Bilbao for burial."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Plankton", "paragraph_text": "Plankton (singular plankter) are the diverse collection of organisms that live in the water column of large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Monte Santiago", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Monte Santiago was fought on 7\u20138 April 1827, between the Argentine Navy and Brazilian Imperial Navy, during the Cisplatine War. It was a decisive Brazilian victory, with the allied forces losing its best ships. The battle is highlighted by Argentine historians as one of the most courageous and ferocious naval encounters in the country's history. On that day, Sgt. Mayor Francis Drummond (engaged to Admiral Brown's daughter Elisa) died on deck, firing his marooned ship's cannons instead of retreating."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to where the body of water by the city Erwin Speckter died meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__144128_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Forestry Farm Park and Zoo", "paragraph_text": "The Forestry Farm Park and Zoo is a forested park and zoo located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The park was originally established as the Dominion Forest Nursery Station and later Sutherland Forest Nursery Station. Between 1913-1966 was responsible for growing and shipping 147 million trees shipped across the northern prairie provinces. The first shipment of trees were sent to farmers in 1916. The park is designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The nursery grew caragana, ash, maple, elm, and willow. After the nursery closed in 1966 a portion was re-opened as a city park."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "RMS Titanic", "paragraph_text": "RMS \"Titanic\" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS \"Titanic\" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lytton, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Lytton is an outer riverside suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The historical region was a significant naval base after the establishment of Fort Lytton between 1880 and 1881. The Fort safeguarded the city and shipping routes from hostile invasions during the colonial period as Brisbane was close to the French naval garrison at Noumea."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city is governed by a mayor and a 9-member city council. In 2006, the city's form of government changed from a council\u2013manager government to a strong mayor government. The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city, however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program. As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Peter Heppner", "paragraph_text": "Peter Heppner (born 7 September 1967 in Hamburg) is the former lead singer of the German electronica/synth pop band Wolfsheim, and has collaborated with many other electronic music acts, such as Paul van Dyk, Schiller, and Goethes Erben."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Naval Base San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Naval Base San Diego, which locals refer to as 32nd Street Naval Station, is the second largest Surface Ship base of the United States Navy and is located in San Diego, California. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 190 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over 977 acres (3.95 km) of land and 326 acres (1.32 km) of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lake Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. Many of Ontario's most populous cities, including Toronto, Canada's most populous city, and Hamilton, are on the lake's northern or western shores. In the Huron language, the name Ontar\u00ed'io means \"Lake of Shining Waters\". Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie.  The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. It is the only Great Lake not to border the state of Michigan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Cape of Good Hope", "paragraph_text": "A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east - southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the channel met at the Atlantic by the sea harbored by the birth city of Peter Heppner?"}
{"id": "4hop1__146032_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "RMS Titanic", "paragraph_text": "RMS \"Titanic\" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS \"Titanic\" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city is governed by a mayor and a 9-member city council. In 2006, the city's form of government changed from a council\u2013manager government to a strong mayor government. The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city, however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program. As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "paragraph_text": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16\u201317 June 1795 (28\u201329 Prairial an III of the French Republican Calendar)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lytton, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Lytton is an outer riverside suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The historical region was a significant naval base after the establishment of Fort Lytton between 1880 and 1881. The Fort safeguarded the city and shipping routes from hostile invasions during the colonial period as Brisbane was close to the French naval garrison at Noumea."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Herbert (Family Guy)", "paragraph_text": "John Herbert Family Guy character First appearance ``To Love and Die in Dixie ''Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Mike Henry Information Full name John Herbert Gender Male Occupation U.S Army Air force pilot in World War II Nationality American"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Herbert Lichtenfeld", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Lichtenfeld (16 June 1927 in Leipzig \u2013 11 December 2001 in Hamburg) was one of the most successful television screenplay writers in Germany. He wrote over 300 film scripts. Many of his scripts were successful in Germany."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ekulu River", "paragraph_text": "The River Ekulu is a long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the place where the body of water by the city in which Herbert Lichtenfeld died meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__145521_131905_55331_34700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Curt Kosswig", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Curt Kosswig (sometimes spelled \"Ko\u00dfwig\") (30 October 1903, Berlin \u2013 29 March 1982, Hamburg) was a German zoologist and geneticist who spent most of his career at the University of Istanbul (1937\u20131955) and Hamburg University (1955\u20131969). Curt Kosswig is known as the Father of Turkish Zoology."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Malta Summit", "paragraph_text": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "North Sea", "paragraph_text": "The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Saint-Mathieu", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu took place on 10 August 1512 during the War of the League of Cambrai, near Brest, France, between an English fleet of 25 ships commanded by Sir Edward Howard and a Franco-Breton fleet of 22 ships commanded by Ren\u00e9 de Clermont. It is possibly the first battle between ships using cannon through ports, although this played a minor role in the fighting. This was one of only two full-fledged naval battles fought by King Henry\u00a0VIII's Tudor navy. During the battle, each navy's largest and most powerful ship\u2014\"Regent\" and \"Marie-la-Cordeli\u00e8re\" (or simply \"Cordeli\u00e8re\")\u2014was destroyed by a large explosion aboard the latter."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of Bantam", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Bantam took place on 27 December 1601 in Bantam Bay, Indonesia, when an exploration fleet of 5 Dutch under the leadership of Walter Harmensz. and a fleet under Andrea Furtado de Mendo\u00e7a, sent from Goa to the Portuguese authority to restore, met in the Indonesian archipelago. The Portuguese were forced to retreat. Netherlands made three ships booty on a large Portuguese force majeure of eight galleons and miscellaneous smaller vessels."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Castlehaven", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on 6 December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson and consisting of four warships. The Spanish convoy was protected by fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur were either sunk, captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Aircraft carrier", "paragraph_text": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Silver Lake (Madison, New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "Silver Lake is a water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Frigate action of 29 May 1794", "paragraph_text": "The frigate action of 29 May 1794\u2014not to be confused with the much larger fleet action of 29 May 1794 that took place in the same waters at the same time\u2014was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a Royal Navy frigate and a French Navy frigate. The action formed a minor part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, a campaign which culminated in the battle of the Glorious First of June, and was unusual in that the French ship \"Castor\" had only been in French hands for a few days at the time of the engagement. \"Castor\" had previously been a British ship, seized on 19 May by a French battle squadron in the Bay of Biscay and converted to French service while still at sea. While the main fleets manoeuvered around one another, \"Castor\" was detached in pursuit of a Dutch merchant ship and on 29 May encountered the smaller independently cruising British frigate HMS \"Carysfort\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "USS Adroit (AM-82)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Adroit\" (AM-82/PC-1586) was an acquired by the United States Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of Ponta Delgada", "paragraph_text": "The naval Battle of Ponta Delgada, \"Battle of S\u00e3o Miguel\" or specifically the \"Battle of Vila Franca do Campo\" took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession. A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (an Anglo-French fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under pretender Ant\u00f3nio, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union\u2014the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary General of NATO (French: Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OTAN) is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. However, the Secretary General does not have any military command role, and political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander the Secretary General is one of the foremost officials of NATO. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "USS Chelan County (LST-542)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"LST\u2013542\" was the lead ship of her class of tank landing ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later named USS \"Chelan County\" (LST-542) for the county in Washington, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The \"LST-542\"-class was built with a water-distilling plant and heavier armament than the earlier , which slightly decreased their payload."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Greek ironclad Hydra", "paragraph_text": "Hydra () was an ironclad warship of the Greek Navy, named for Hydra, one of the Saronic Gulf islands which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The lead ship of her class of ironclads, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1892. She was armed with a main battery of three guns and five guns, and had a top speed of ."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of the Barents Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of the Barents Sea was a World War II naval engagement on 31 December 1942 between warships of the German Navy (\"Kriegsmarine\") and British ships escorting convoy JW 51B to Kola Inlet in the USSR. The action took place in the Barents Sea north of North Cape, Norway. The German raiders' failure to inflict significant losses on the convoy infuriated Hitler, who ordered that German naval strategy would concentrate on the U-boat fleet rather than surface ships."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gumti Water Fountain", "paragraph_text": "The Gumti Water Fountain is a monument in Faisalabad, Pakistan preserved from the British Raj era. It was built during the early nineteenth century and was a general meeting place of the city folk for local town meetings."}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible, for the ships that were sent to the body of water, where the sea by the place where Curt Kosswig died, meets the Atlantic?"}
{"id": "4hop1__309536_489527_823060_610794", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hush Hush (Alexis Jordan song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Hush Hush\" is a song by American recording artist Alexis Jordan, taken from her self-titled debut album (2011). It was released as the album's third single on June 10, 2011. The dance-pop song was written by Autumn Rowe, Petr Brdi\u010dko, Stargate and Sandy Vee. Alexis called the song \"feisty\" and that it was a song that \"unleashes a fiery side of her personality\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "WWNQ", "paragraph_text": "WWNQ is a radio station licensed to Forest Acres, South Carolina, serving the Columbia, South Carolina market. Owned by Midlands Media Group LLC, the station broadcasts a country music format branded as 94.3 The Dude."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Forest Acres, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Forest Acres is a city in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 10,361 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Can't Count Me Out", "paragraph_text": "Can't Count Me Out is the sixth studio album by American R&B/jazz singer Miki Howard, released in 1997 under Hush Records. Howard's first studio recording in four years, the album contains a mixture of soulful ballads, some groovy R&B and a duet with father Clay Graham of gospel group, \"The Pilgrim Jubilees\". Also featured are a few cover tunes, including Janis Ian's \"At Seventeen\" produced by Robby Takac, member of the rock group Goo Goo Dolls, and Stevie Wonder's \"I Love Every Little Thing About You\", a duet with pop/R&B singer Terence Trent D'Arby with Chaka Khan singing background vocals."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jason Blum", "paragraph_text": "Jason Ferus Blum (; born February 20, 1969) is an American film producer. He is the founder and CEO of eponymous company Blumhouse Productions, which has produced such film franchises as \"Paranormal Activity\", \"The Purge\", and \"\"Insidious\". He also produced the critically acclaimed and commercially successful films \"Sinister\" (2012), \"Oculus\" (2013), \"The Gift\" (2015), \"Hush\" (2016), \"Split\" (2016), \"\" (2016), \"Happy Death Day\" (2017), \"Upgrade\" (2018), \"Halloween\" (2018), and \"Us\" (2019)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mohammed Chaara", "paragraph_text": "Mohammed Chaara (born 16 August 1980 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands) is a Moroccan-Dutch television and film actor. Chaara started his career in soap opera Goudkust as \"Samir\" and is best known for his appearances in films \"Hush Hush Baby\" and \"Schnitzel Paradise\". Chaara is a Muslim."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New Arrangement", "paragraph_text": "New Arrangement is an album by Jackie DeShannon, released by Columbia Records (PC 33500) in 1975. It contains the first recording of \"Bette Davis Eyes\", written by Donna Weiss and Jackie DeShannon in 1974 and covered by Kim Carnes on the album \"Mistaken Identity\" (1981). Another song, \"Boat to Sail,\" that features Brian Wilson and then-wife Marilyn singing backing vocals, was covered by The Carpenters in their 1976 album \"A Kind of Hush\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The DEFinition", "paragraph_text": "The DEFinition is the tenth studio album by American rapper LL Cool J, released on August 31, 2004 by Def Jam Recordings. Produced by Timbaland, N.O. Joe and 7 Aurelius, the album peaked at number 4 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 and spawned two singles: \"Headsprung\" and \"Hush\". It was certified Gold by the RIAA for selling over 500,000 copies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alexis Jordan", "paragraph_text": "Alexis Jordan (born April 7, 1992) is an American singer and actress from Columbia, South Carolina. Jordan rose to fame as a contestant on the first season of \"America's Got Talent\" in 2006 at the age of 14. After being eliminated from the show, she began to upload cover songs to YouTube, which received millions of views. The exposure led Jordan to the attention of Norwegian production team Stargate and American rapper Jay Z, who both went on to sign her to their joint label, StarRoc."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}], "question": "Which county contains the city sharing border with the birth city of the performer of Hush Hush?"}
{"id": "4hop1__407978_489527_823060_610794", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Forest Acres, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Forest Acres is a city in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 10,361 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Berhale (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Berahle is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea. Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tiyarabora."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Happiness (Alexis Jordan song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Happiness\" is the debut single by American singer and 2006 \"America's Got Talent\" contestant Alexis Jordan. It is the lead single from her self-titled debut studio album, released in the United States on September 7, 2010. The upbeat dance-pop and house rhythm behind the track was heavily sampled from electronic artist deadmau5's \"Brazil (2nd Edit)\" (released two years prior to \"Happiness\"). The lyrics were written by Autumn Rowe and Petr Brdi\u010dko, and the track was re-edited for the lyrics by Stargate."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WWNQ", "paragraph_text": "WWNQ is a radio station licensed to Forest Acres, South Carolina, serving the Columbia, South Carolina market. Owned by Midlands Media Group LLC, the station broadcasts a country music format branded as 94.3 The Dude."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alexis Jordan", "paragraph_text": "Alexis Jordan (born April 7, 1992) is an American singer and actress from Columbia, South Carolina. Jordan rose to fame as a contestant on the first season of \"America's Got Talent\" in 2006 at the age of 14. After being eliminated from the show, she began to upload cover songs to YouTube, which received millions of views. The exposure led Jordan to the attention of Norwegian production team Stargate and American rapper Jay Z, who both went on to sign her to their joint label, StarRoc."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gelukkig zijn", "paragraph_text": "\"Gelukkig zijn\" (translated: \"Being happy\", English version: \"Could It Be Happiness\") was the Belgian entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1975, performed in Dutch and English by Ann Christy. When performing the song at Eurovision in Stockholm, Christy sang the first verse and chorus in Dutch and the rest in English."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", "paragraph_text": "The Canada -- United States border (French: Fronti\u00e8re entre le Canada et les \u00c9tats - Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Fronti\u00e8re internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}], "question": "In which county is the city sharing a border with the Happiness performer's birthplace?"}
{"id": "4hop1__213544_489527_823060_610794", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Swan Miara", "paragraph_text": "Swan Miara is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Girl", "paragraph_text": "Gender influences the pattern of child labor. Girls tend to be asked by their families to perform more domestic work in their parental home than boys are, and often at younger ages than boys. Employment as a paid domestic worker is the most common form of child labor for girls. In some places, such as East and Southeast Asia, parents often see work as a domestic servant as a good preparation for marriage. Domestic service, however, is among the least regulated of all professions, and exposes workers to serious risks, such as violence, exploitation and abuse by the employers, because the workers are often isolated from the outside world. Child labor has a very negative effect on education. Girls either stop their education, or, when they continue it, they are often subjected to a double burden, or a triple burden of work outside the home, housework in the parental home, and schoolwork. This situation is common in places such as parts of Asia and Latin America."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Forest Acres, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Forest Acres is a city in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 10,361 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina W\u0142odawa", "paragraph_text": "Gmina W\u0142odawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in W\u0142odawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. Its seat is the town of W\u0142odawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Virginia, Lempira", "paragraph_text": "Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador. Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alexis Jordan", "paragraph_text": "Alexis Jordan (born April 7, 1992) is an American singer and actress from Columbia, South Carolina. Jordan rose to fame as a contestant on the first season of \"America's Got Talent\" in 2006 at the age of 14. After being eliminated from the show, she began to upload cover songs to YouTube, which received millions of views. The exposure led Jordan to the attention of Norwegian production team Stargate and American rapper Jay Z, who both went on to sign her to their joint label, StarRoc."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Adaba (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Adaba is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba. Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "La Rosiere de Pessac", "paragraph_text": "La Rosi\u00e8re de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thirukkanur", "paragraph_text": "Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India. It one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk. It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mount Bosworth", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park. It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Good Girl (Alexis Jordan song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Good Girl\" is a song by American recording artist Alexis Jordan, taken from her self-titled debut album. It was released as the album's second single on February 18, 2011. The dance-pop song was written by Autumn Rowe, Stargate, Petr Brdi\u010dko, Sandy Vee and Espionage, and it was produced by Stargate and Sandy Vee. Jordan has said the song is a \"girl\u2019s anthem\" about how \"you can better yourself, even if your past isn\u2019t as good as your present.\" \"Good Girl\" debuted at number six in the United Kingdom, and charted at number fifteen in Ireland. In the United States, the song peaked at the top of the Hot Dance Club Songs chart."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WWNQ", "paragraph_text": "WWNQ is a radio station licensed to Forest Acres, South Carolina, serving the Columbia, South Carolina market. Owned by Midlands Media Group LLC, the station broadcasts a country music format branded as 94.3 The Dude."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}], "question": "In what county is the city that shares a border with the birthplace of the singer of Good Girl?"}
{"id": "4hop1__209755_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day", "paragraph_text": "Take Our Daughters To Work Day was created in New York City in the summer of 1992 by the Ms. Foundation for Women and its president, Marie C. Wilson, the Women's foundation treasurer, Ms. Daren Ball, and with support from foundation founder Gloria Steinem. The first celebration took place on April 22, 1993, and has since been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April in order for the 37 million children, parents, schools in over 3.5 million workplaces across the country, in addition to participants in over 200 countries around the world, to plan ahead for the annual event. The day has generally been scheduled on a day that is a school day for most children in the United States, and schools are provided with literature and encouraged to promote the program. Educators are provided with materials for incorporating career exploration into school curricula on the day before or after the event."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Hastings reenactment", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Hastings reenactment is a yearly reenactment of the Battle of Hastings, held at Battle Abbey in Battle, East Sussex, UK, and drawing participants from around the world. It takes place every year on the weekend nearest 14 October on the site of the historical battle, although is often arranged across the hill rather than up it, to take account of the smaller number of participants and the need for spectators."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Damadola airstrike", "paragraph_text": "On 13 January 2006 the Central Intelligence Agency fired missiles into the Pakistani village of Damadola () in the Bajaur (Urdu: \u0628\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0691 ) tribal area, about seven kilometres (4.5 miles) from the Afghan border, killing at least 18 people. Originally the Bajaur tribal area government claimed that at least four foreign members of al-Qaeda were among the dead. United States and Pakistani officials later admitted that no al-Qaeda leaders perished in the strike and that only local villagers were killed. The attack purportedly targeted Ayman al-Zawahiri, second-in-command of al-Qaeda after Osama bin Laden, who was thought to be in the village."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Electronic Language International Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Festival Internacional de Linguagem Eletr\u00f4nica (FILE; English: Electronic Language International Festival) is a New media art festival that usually takes place in three different cities of Brazil: S\u00e3o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre and it has also participated in other events around the world. It is the biggest art & technology festival in Brazil, and it serves as a lead indicator of the plurality of the work created in the interactive art field not only nationally but also internationally."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Huang Shih-hsu", "paragraph_text": "Huang Shih-hsu (; born 30 November 1975 in Pingtung, Taiwan, old name: Huang Shih-chun and Huang Pei-yi) is a Taiwanese weightlifter representing Chinese Taipei. She participated at the 2010 Asian Games in the 69 kg event finishing 5th. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the -69 kg event, finishing in 7th place. At the same event in the 2014 Asian Games, she claimed third place."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Into Thin Air", "paragraph_text": "In the book, Jon Krakauer described the events leading up to his eventual decision to participate in an Everest expedition in May 1996, despite having mostly given up mountain climbing years before. The 1996 season expedition recorded 8 deaths, the third most on Everest in a single day (the April 2015 Nepal earthquake caused the most, at least 19 deaths), including Krakauer's guide Andy Harris. Initially, Krakauer, a journalist for adventure magazine Outside, stated that his intentions to climb Everest were purely professional. The original magazine story was to have Krakauer climb only to base camp, and report on the commercialization of the mountain. However, the idea of Everest reawakened his childhood desire for climbing the mountain. Krakauer asked his editor to put off the story for a year so that he could train for a climb to the summit. From there, the book chronologically moves between events that take place on the mountain and the unfolding tragedy which takes place during the push to the summit. In the book, Krakauer alleges that essential safety methods adopted over the years by experienced guides on Everest are sometimes compromised by the competition between rival guiding agencies to get their clients to the summit."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by the agency participating in the Damadola airstrike took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__545983_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Fort Irwin National Training Center", "paragraph_text": "Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of . It is located northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kathleen Christison", "paragraph_text": "For sixteen years, Christison worked as a political analyst for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Between 1963 and 1972, her work concentrated on Vietnam. The last seven years before her resignation from the agency in 1979 saw her work there centered on the Middle East; and according to Robert Dreyfuss's 2005 book \"Devil's Game: How The United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam\" (p.\u00a0160), \"Kathy Christison ... headed the CIA's Egypt desk from 1973 to 1977.\" Since leaving the CIA, Christison has worked as a free-lance author. She and her husband, Bill Christison, have gained recognition as vocal critics of Israel. Her articles have been published extensively by the Journal of Palestine Studies and CounterPunch as well as in the Electronic Intifada and Adbusters. She is also the author of two books: \"Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy\" (1999 & 2001) and \"The Wound of Dispossession: Telling the Palestinian Story\" (2002)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Love and Action in Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Love And Action In Chicago is a 1999 American action romantic comedy starring Courtney B. Vance, Regina King and Kathleen Turner. The film, written and directed by Dwayne Johnson-Cochran, in his directorial debut, focuses on a celibate hired assassin finding love with a quirky accountant in the Windy City."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Technical Education Center Osceola", "paragraph_text": "The Technical Education Center Osceola (TECO) is an institution in unincorporated Osceola County, Florida, United States designed to train individuals for entry-level employment and to improve current job skills for employed students. In August 1999 the \"Professional And Technical High School (PATHS)\" opened on TECO\u2019s Central Florida campus. PATHS allows high school students from all over the Osceola County School District to take advantage of TECO\u2019s technical programs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}], "question": "Where was the president who led the country when the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Kathleen Christison's employer took place assassinated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__728900_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Billy Waugh", "paragraph_text": "William \"Billy\" Waugh (born December 1, 1929), is a former United States Army Special Forces soldier and Central Intelligence Agency paramilitary operations officer who served more than 50 years between the U.S. Army's Green Berets and the CIA's Special Activities Division (renamed Special Activities Center in 2016 )."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Clayton Knight Committee", "paragraph_text": "The Clayton Knight Committee, was founded by Billy Bishop and Clayton Knight in 1940. Homer Smith and several German \u00e9migr\u00e9s, who wanted America to join the war against the Axis powers, provided funding for the secret and unlawful commissioning agency. Its mission was to bring Americans to Canada in order to prepare and battle for the Allies while the US was still neutral. By Canada allowing the training to take place on their soil, it is considered the most important contribution it made to the Allied air war. This was before the US declared war on Japan and Germany. The committee was forced to defend itself from opposing forces such as, \"pacifists and isolationists, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "World Tour of Scotland", "paragraph_text": "World Tour of Scotland is a six-part television series \u2014 the first of Billy Connolly's \"world tours\" \u2014 originally broadcast by the BBC in July and August 1994. It involves his touring around his homeland for 54 nights during early 1994, beginning in Greenock and visiting cities and towns and performing live on stage to audiences. However, this, like all his other tours, involves more than just shows: he visits numerous places of historic and scenic value, as well as some places that resonate with his own upbringing."}], "question": "Billy Waugh's employer trained Cuban exiles in an operation under a president who was assassinated where?"}
{"id": "4hop1__296998_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Brian Kelley (CIA officer)", "paragraph_text": "Brian Kelley (January 8, 1943 \u2013 September 19, 2011) was an American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent. Kelley received the Distinguished Career Intelligence Medal for his service."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Edward J. Kelley", "paragraph_text": "Edward J. Kelley (1883 \u2013 May 13, 1960) was a one-term Democratic mayor of Norwalk, Connecticut from 1945 to 1947. He defeated Republican Ray Werme and Socialist Irving Freese. Kelley had previously been president of the Norwalk Common Council. He served in the Connecticut Senate from 1943 to 1945, filling the unexpired term of Stanley P. Mead."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}], "question": "Where was the president who led the country when the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Brian Kelley's employer took place assassinated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__155702_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's artistic individual all-around", "paragraph_text": "These are the results of the men's individual all-around competition, one of eight events for male competitors in artistic gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The qualification and final rounds took place on September 18, 20, and 22nd at the Olympic Gymnastics Hall."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1886 United States House of Representatives elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Virginia Hall", "paragraph_text": "Virginia Hall Goillot DSC Croix de Guerre (6 April 1906 \u2013 8 July 1982) was an American spy with the British Special Operations Executive during World War II and later with the American Office of Strategic Services and the Special Activities Division of the Central Intelligence Agency. She was known by many aliases, including \"Marie Monin\", \"Germaine\", \"Diane\", \"Marie of Lyon\", \"Camille\", and \"Nicolas\". The Germans gave her the nickname \"Artemis\". The Gestapo reportedly considered her \"the most dangerous of all Allied spies\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WrestleMania IV", "paragraph_text": "WrestleMania IV was the fourth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on March 27, 1988, at the Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The announced attendance of the event was 19,199, drawing a 6.5 buyrate on PPV."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Aspen City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Aspen City Hall, known in the past as Armory Hall, Fraternal Hall, is located at the intersection of South Galena Street and East Hopkins Avenue in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is a brick building dating to the 1890s. In 1975 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fort Irwin National Training Center", "paragraph_text": "Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of . It is located northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Return of the Crimson Guard", "paragraph_text": "Return of the Crimson Guard is a fantasy novel by Canadian author Ian Cameron Esslemont, his second book set in the world of the \"Malazan Book of the Fallen\", co-created with friend and colleague Steven Erikson. Chronologically, \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" takes place after the events in Erikson's sixth \"Malazan\" novel, \"The Bonehunters\". \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" is the second of six planned novels by Esslemont to take place in the Malazan world, starting with \"Night of Knives\" and followed by \"Stonewielder\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention, the Federal Convention, or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia) took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in the old Pennsylvania State House (later known as Independence Hall because of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence there eleven years before) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the league of states and first system of government under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, (which were first proposed in 1776, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1778 and only finally unanimously ratified by the Original Thirteen States by 1781), the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington of Virginia, former commanding general of the Continental Army in the late American Revolutionary War (1775 - 1783), to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the Constitution of the United States, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States and indeed of worldwide historical, political and social influence."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Diving at the 1972 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, four diving events were contested during a competition that took place at the Olympiapark Swimming Hall, from August 27 to September 4 (August 31, rest day), comprising 90 divers from 25 nations."}], "question": "What is the location of the assassination of the person who was president when an event took place involving the training of cuban exiles by Virginia Hall's place of employment?"}
{"id": "4hop1__702857_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Colour Scheme", "paragraph_text": "Colour Scheme is a detective novel by Ngaio Marsh; it is the twelfth novel to feature Roderick Alleyn, and was first published in 1943. The novel takes place in New Zealand during World War II; the plot involves suspected Nazi activity at a hot springs resort on the coast of New Zealand's Northland region and a gruesome murder whose solution exposes the spies. Alleyn himself is working for military intelligence in their counterespionage division. Marsh's next novel \"Died in the Wool\" also concerns Alleyn's counterespionage work in New Zealand."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi, before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams. British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "1987 Tunisian coup d'\u00e9tat", "paragraph_text": "The 1987 Tunisian coup d'\u00e9tat involved the bloodless ousting of the ageing President of Tunisia Habib Bourguiba on 7 November 1987, and his replacement as President by his recently appointed Prime Minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The action was justified by reference to Bourguiba's failing health and Article 57 of the country's constitution. Reports later surfaced to indicate that the Italian intelligence services had been involved in planning it."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vikram Sood", "paragraph_text": "Vikram Sood is the former head of India's foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), and an advisor to the Observer Research Foundation, an independent public policy think tank in New Delhi. Sood was an officer of the Indian Postal Service (IPoS) before he joined the intelligence organisation R&AW and later served as its spymaster from 2000 to 2003. He retired as a career intelligence officer with 31 years of service on 31 March 2003. He trained under the mentorship of B. Raman. He is the author of the book \"The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage\" published in 2018, which according to Sood is not a memoir but a beginner's guide to intelligence and espionage."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christian Frei", "paragraph_text": "Frei studied television at the Department of Journalism and Communications of the University of Fribourg. In 1981, he directed his first documentary short film, \"Die Stellvertreterin\". After co-directing \"Fortfahren\" with Ivo Kummer in 1984, he became an independent filmmaker and producer. He made another short film, \"Der Radwechsel\". Then he moved on to feature-length documentaries with \"Ricardo, Miriam y Fidel\" (1997). With this striking portrait of a Cuban father and his daughter, torn between faith in the revolutionary ideas and the desire to emigrate to the United States, Frei takes a critical look at Cuban society. Carefully avoiding taking sides, he leaves it up to the spectator to form his own opinion."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Studies in Intelligence", "paragraph_text": "Studies in Intelligence is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal on intelligence that is published by the Center for the Study of Intelligence, a group within the United States Central Intelligence Agency. It contains both classified and unclassified articles on the methodology and history of the field of intelligence gathering."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A People's History of American Empire", "paragraph_text": "A People's History of American Empire is a 2008 graphic history by Howard Zinn, Mike Konopacki, and Paul Buhle. The book combines material from Zinn's history book \"A People's History of the United States\" and his autobiography \"You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train\" with new material from other sources, most notably George Lipsitz's \"\" and Jim Zwick's \"\". Various historic subjects are covered as well as Zinn's own history of involvement in activism and historic events. The book was the last of Zinn's books that was published within his lifetime."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Abu Bakr Atiku", "paragraph_text": "Abu Bakr Atiku dan Shehu was born to the second wife of Usman dan Fodio in 1782. He was involved, as were all his siblings, in studies directed by his father in Degel until the family and some followers were exiled in 1804. Like his brother Muhammed Bello and his sister Nana Asma\u2019u, he dedicated significant part of his early years to study and wrote poetry, history, and on Islamic studies. Many of his works of history and poetry survive and are considered key texts of the era."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Steve Fuller (sociologist)", "paragraph_text": "Steve William Fuller (born 12 July 1959) is an American philosopher-sociologist in the field of science and technology studies. He has published in the areas of social epistemology, academic freedom, and the subjects of intelligent design and transhumanism."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Keys to the Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Keys to the Kingdom is a fantasy\u2013adventure book series written by Garth Nix, published in seven books between 2003 and 2010. The series chronicles the adventures of Arthur Penhaligon, an asthmatic 12-year-old boy who is chosen to become the Rightful Heir of the House, the center of the universe. The core storyline involves Arthur attempting to defeat the Morrow Days, the criminal Trustees of the House. The series takes place over a span of three weeks (time moves at different speeds at different locations in the series)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by the publisher of Studies in Intelligence took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__28392_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Clayton Knight Committee", "paragraph_text": "The Clayton Knight Committee, was founded by Billy Bishop and Clayton Knight in 1940. Homer Smith and several German \u00e9migr\u00e9s, who wanted America to join the war against the Axis powers, provided funding for the secret and unlawful commissioning agency. Its mission was to bring Americans to Canada in order to prepare and battle for the Allies while the US was still neutral. By Canada allowing the training to take place on their soil, it is considered the most important contribution it made to the Allied air war. This was before the US declared war on Japan and Germany. The committee was forced to defend itself from opposing forces such as, \"pacifists and isolationists, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks", "paragraph_text": "Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks were first made by the Indian authorities who said that the Mumbai attacks were directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan. American intelligence agencies also agree with this attribution. Pakistan initially contested this attribution, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009. To back up its accusations, the Indian government supplied a dossier to Pakistan's high commission in Delhi. The Pakistan government dismissed the dossier as \"not evidence,\" but also announced that it had detained over a hundred members of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, a charity linked with Lashkar-e-Taiba. In February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik agreed that \"some part of the conspiracy\" did take place in Pakistan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nashville (film)", "paragraph_text": "Nashville is a 1975 American satirical musical comedy-drama film directed by Robert Altman. The film takes a snapshot of people involved in the country music and gospel music businesses in Nashville, Tennessee. The characters' efforts to succeed or hold on to their success are interwoven with the efforts of a political operative and a local businessman to stage a concert rally before the state's presidential primary for a populist outsider running for President on the Replacement Party ticket."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Army Stadium, Rawalpindi", "paragraph_text": "Army Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. It is the home of the Pakistan Army FC. It is also made use by the Pakistan Army for train purposes. The stadium has a capacity of 7,000."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Railway electrification system", "paragraph_text": "A few lines of the Paris M\u00e9tro in France operate on a four-rail power scheme because they run on rubber tyres which run on a pair of narrow roadways made of steel and, in some places, concrete. Since the tyres do not conduct the return current, the two guide rails provided outside the running 'roadways' double up as conductor rails, so at least electrically it is a four-rail scheme. One of the guide rails is bonded to the return conventional running rails situated inside the roadway so a single polarity supply is required. The trains are designed to operate from either polarity of supply, because some lines use reversing loops at one end, causing the train to be reversed during every complete journey. The loop was originally provided to save the original steam locomotives having to 'run around' the rest of the train saving much time. Today, the driver does not have to change ends at termini provided with such a loop, but the time saving is not so significant as it takes almost as long to drive round the loop as it does to change ends. Many of the original loops have been lost as lines were extended."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Train to Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Train To Pakistan is a historical novel by Khushwant Singh, published in 1956. It recounts the Partition of India in August 1947. Instead of depicting the Partition in terms of only the political events surrounding it, Singh digs into a deep local focus, providing a human dimension which brings to the event a sense of reality, horror, and believability."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them until the last year of that war and in 2014 changed its RPA training syllabus again, in the face of large aircraft losses in training, and in response to a GAO report critical of handling of drone programs. Paul Scharre has reported that the cultural divide between the USAF and US Army has kept both services from adopting each other's drone handing innovations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wanted (2008 film)", "paragraph_text": "Location plate shooting took place in Chicago in April 2007. Several chase scenes, including one with a low flying helicopter, were shot in Chicago over two days, on Wacker Drive along the Chicago River, between Columbus Drive and LaSalle Street. The opening scene was filmed using the Carbide & Carbon Building. Production moved to the Czech Republic later in May, scheduled for 12 weeks of shooting, which included a scene in Pern\u0161tejn Castle. Using a former sugar factory in Prague, production designer John Myhre constructed a large textile factory as part of an industrial world, the setting of a mythological environment in which looms create fabrics that weavers interpret as assassination orders. Afterward, filming moved to Budapest, then returned to Chicago in August. While the actors performed many of their own stunts, with free running and parkour in some of the action scenes, and Angelina Jolie being actually strapped to the hood of a moving Dodge Viper, some of the especially high - risk sequences required digital doubles instead. Two full - sized train cars were built, a Chicago 'L' for a training scene where Fox and Wesley run atop a train, and a Czech Pendolino for the derailment, which was stationed in a gimbal equipped with hydraulics to allow the car to tilt and roll as the train crashed. The film originally had both an alternate opening and an alternate ending. The alternate opening, a flashback to ancient times describing the history of the Fraternity and the Loom of Fate, is available on the special edition DVD and Blu - ray."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "paragraph_text": "The Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community, but failing to elicit any response despite the External Affairs minister Swaran Singh meeting with foreign ministers of other countries. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees, it was economical to go to war against Pakistan. On 28 April 1971, the Gandhi cabinet had ordered the Chief of the Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw to ``Go into East Pakistan ''. Defected East Pakistan military's officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan. In 1971, there was a strong wave of Indian - supported Bangladeshi nationalism in the East. The situation became violent and the systematic targeted killings of unarmed multi-ethic Pakistanis living in East started. Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative in east with high - profile assassinations of number of those Bengali politicians who were loyal to Pakistan became common in the East. According to Jussi Hanhim\u00e4ki, Finnish historian of terrorism, the Bengali terrorism in East is somewhat`` a forgotten episode of annals of terrorism.'' The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill - treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacted violently in order to restore the writ of the government."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Point of No Return (1993 film)", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Hayward (Bridget Fonda) is a violent and unstable drug addict found guilty of murdering a police officer, and is sentenced to death by lethal injection. Her death is faked, and a secret government agent named Bob (Gabriel Byrne) informs her that she is to become an assassin. She is given a makeover and training that transform her into a beautiful woman, and she is also trained as a killer. Her career as an assassin goes well at first. Then, after a mission goes awry, the agency sends in Victor (Harvey Keitel), a ``cleaner, ''to kill everyone and destroy the bodies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Khanewal Junction railway station", "paragraph_text": "Khanewal Junction railway station ((Urdu and ) is located in the city of Khanewal, Punjab province of Pakistan. It is a major railway station of Pakistan Railways and the junction of Khanewal-Wazirabad branch railway line. It is the stop of all Express trains except Shalimar Express and Night Coach Express."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by the US agency running its drones in Pakistan took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__151053_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Abu Bakr Atiku", "paragraph_text": "Abu Bakr Atiku dan Shehu was born to the second wife of Usman dan Fodio in 1782. He was involved, as were all his siblings, in studies directed by his father in Degel until the family and some followers were exiled in 1804. Like his brother Muhammed Bello and his sister Nana Asma\u2019u, he dedicated significant part of his early years to study and wrote poetry, history, and on Islamic studies. Many of his works of history and poetry survive and are considered key texts of the era."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Steve Fuller (sociologist)", "paragraph_text": "Steve William Fuller (born 12 July 1959) is an American philosopher-sociologist in the field of science and technology studies. He has published in the areas of social epistemology, academic freedom, and the subjects of intelligent design and transhumanism."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christian Frei", "paragraph_text": "Frei studied television at the Department of Journalism and Communications of the University of Fribourg. In 1981, he directed his first documentary short film, \"Die Stellvertreterin\". After co-directing \"Fortfahren\" with Ivo Kummer in 1984, he became an independent filmmaker and producer. He made another short film, \"Der Radwechsel\". Then he moved on to feature-length documentaries with \"Ricardo, Miriam y Fidel\" (1997). With this striking portrait of a Cuban father and his daughter, torn between faith in the revolutionary ideas and the desire to emigrate to the United States, Frei takes a critical look at Cuban society. Carefully avoiding taking sides, he leaves it up to the spectator to form his own opinion."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vikram Sood", "paragraph_text": "Vikram Sood is the former head of India's foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), and an advisor to the Observer Research Foundation, an independent public policy think tank in New Delhi. Sood was an officer of the Indian Postal Service (IPoS) before he joined the intelligence organisation R&AW and later served as its spymaster from 2000 to 2003. He retired as a career intelligence officer with 31 years of service on 31 March 2003. He trained under the mentorship of B. Raman. He is the author of the book \"The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage\" published in 2018, which according to Sood is not a memoir but a beginner's guide to intelligence and espionage."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Keys to the Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Keys to the Kingdom is a fantasy\u2013adventure book series written by Garth Nix, published in seven books between 2003 and 2010. The series chronicles the adventures of Arthur Penhaligon, an asthmatic 12-year-old boy who is chosen to become the Rightful Heir of the House, the center of the universe. The core storyline involves Arthur attempting to defeat the Morrow Days, the criminal Trustees of the House. The series takes place over a span of three weeks (time moves at different speeds at different locations in the series)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Colour Scheme", "paragraph_text": "Colour Scheme is a detective novel by Ngaio Marsh; it is the twelfth novel to feature Roderick Alleyn, and was first published in 1943. The novel takes place in New Zealand during World War II; the plot involves suspected Nazi activity at a hot springs resort on the coast of New Zealand's Northland region and a gruesome murder whose solution exposes the spies. Alleyn himself is working for military intelligence in their counterespionage division. Marsh's next novel \"Died in the Wool\" also concerns Alleyn's counterespionage work in New Zealand."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Studies in Intelligence", "paragraph_text": "Studies in Intelligence is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal on intelligence that is published by the Center for the Study of Intelligence, a group within the United States Central Intelligence Agency. It contains both classified and unclassified articles on the methodology and history of the field of intelligence gathering."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Point of No Return (1993 film)", "paragraph_text": "Maggie Hayward (Bridget Fonda) is a violent and unstable drug addict found guilty of murdering a police officer, and is sentenced to death by lethal injection. Her death is faked, and a secret government agent named Bob (Gabriel Byrne) informs her that she is to become an assassin. She is given a makeover and training that transform her into a beautiful woman, and she is also trained as a killer. Her career as an assassin goes well at first. Then, after a mission goes awry, the agency sends in Victor (Harvey Keitel), a ``cleaner, ''to kill everyone and destroy the bodies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association, and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16, 2007. Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as Native American powwows and ceremonial events, and include festivals (as examples) in Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Czech, Jewish, Arab, Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "London Book Fair", "paragraph_text": "The London Book Fair (LBF) is a large book-publishing trade fair held annually, usually in April, in London, England. LBF is a global marketplace for rights negotiation and the sale and distribution of content across print, audio, TV, film and digital channels. The 50th event will take place in 2020."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1987 Tunisian coup d'\u00e9tat", "paragraph_text": "The 1987 Tunisian coup d'\u00e9tat involved the bloodless ousting of the ageing President of Tunisia Habib Bourguiba on 7 November 1987, and his replacement as President by his recently appointed Prime Minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The action was justified by reference to Bourguiba's failing health and Article 57 of the country's constitution. Reports later surfaced to indicate that the Italian intelligence services had been involved in planning it."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi, before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams. British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course."}], "question": "Where was the president who led the country when the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by the publisher of Studies in Intelligence took place assassinated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__157315_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fort Irwin National Training Center", "paragraph_text": "Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of . It is located northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fraochy Bay", "paragraph_text": "Fraochy Bay is a Scottish Gaelic Cartoon created by Neillydubh Animation Limited and produced by Moja TV for BBC Alba and funded by MG Alba. The series is set in the fictional town of Fraochy Bay, notionally located somewhere off the west coast of Scotland, with no central theme other than an exploration of the slightly odd characters and surreal events that take place in and around the town."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cursor's Fury", "paragraph_text": "Cursor's Fury is a 2006 high fantasy novel by American writer Jim Butcher. It is book three of the \"Codex Alera\" novel series. It takes place approximately two years after the events in book two, \"Academ's Fury\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Crown evolved out of Morgan's 2006 film The Queen and 2013 stage play The Audience. The series is intended to last 60 episodes over six seasons, with 10 one - hour episodes per season, covering Elizabeth's life from her younger years to her reign, and with new actors being cast every two seasons. Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the first two seasons, alongside Matt Smith as Prince Philip, and Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret. For the third and fourth seasons, Olivia Colman will take over as the Queen, Tobias Menzies as Prince Philip, and Helena Bonham Carter as Princess Margaret. Filming for the series takes place at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, with location shooting throughout the United Kingdom."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Return of the Crimson Guard", "paragraph_text": "Return of the Crimson Guard is a fantasy novel by Canadian author Ian Cameron Esslemont, his second book set in the world of the \"Malazan Book of the Fallen\", co-created with friend and colleague Steven Erikson. Chronologically, \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" takes place after the events in Erikson's sixth \"Malazan\" novel, \"The Bonehunters\". \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" is the second of six planned novels by Esslemont to take place in the Malazan world, starting with \"Night of Knives\" and followed by \"Stonewielder\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Philip Giraldi", "paragraph_text": "Philip Giraldi (born c. 1946) is a former counter-terrorism specialist and military intelligence officer of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and a columnist and television commentator who is the Executive Director of the Council for the National Interest.. As an author and analyst, Giraldi writes a regular column for the alternative media outlet Unz Review. He is especially controversial for the many articles he has written denouncing Judaism and Jews whom he has compared to \"a bottle of rat poison\" and for his denial of the Nazi Holocaust."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1886 United States House of Representatives elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Philip Giraldi's employer took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__169730_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Doyler S\u00e1nchez", "paragraph_text": "Doyler Eustoquio S\u00e1nchez Guerrero (born 12 October 1988 in C\u00facuta, Colombia) is a Colombian weightlifter. He competed in the 69 kg event at the 2012 Summer Olympics and finished 14th. S\u00e1nchez won the bronze in the 69kg event of the 2011 Pan American Games."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Child labour", "paragraph_text": "Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gustavo S\u00e1nchez Mart\u00ednez", "paragraph_text": "Gustavo S\u00e1nchez Mart\u00ednez (born 3 May 1994 in Mexico City) is a disabled swimmer (born without left hand and both legs) who won four medals for Mexico at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He competed in five events, 50m freestyle (5th place), 100m freestyle (1st place), 200m freestyle (1st place), 150m medley (2nd place), 50m backstroke (3rd place). Gustavo became well known at World Championships in Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2010, where he won three bronze medals. His biggest rivals in the pools are David Smetanine from France and Richard Oribe from Spain. Outside swimming he enjoys science fiction, video games, and is a fan of The Doors."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "David S\u00e1nchez Morales", "paragraph_text": "David S\u00e1nchez Morales (August 26, 1925 \u2013 May 8, 1978) was a Central Intelligence Agency operative who worked in Cuba and Chile."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Eliseo Grenet", "paragraph_text": "Eliseo Grenet S\u00e1nchez (12 June 1893 in Havana \u2013 4 December 1950) was a Cuban pianist and a leading composer/arranger of the day. He composed music for stage shows and films, and some famous Cuban dance music. Eliseo was one of three musical brothers, all composers, the others being Emilio (\"'Neno',\" 1901\u20131941) and Ernesto (1908\u20131981). Emilio went on composing even after having a leg bitten off by a shark in 1930; Ernesto was a drummer who became leader of the Tropicana's orchestra."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ninety Miles Project", "paragraph_text": "Ninety Miles Project is both a jazz album and documentary film recorded on Havana, Cuba, in May 2010, and features American jazz artists Christian Scott, Stefon Harris, and David S\u00e1nchez. The project also features Cuban composers and artists Rember Duharte and Harold Lopez Nussa. The album was released in 2010 on Concord Picante Records. The follow-up record, \"Ninety Miles Live at Cubadisco\", was released on September 24, 2012."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David Samanez Ocampo", "paragraph_text": "David Samanez Ocampo (4 November 1865 \u2013 13 July 1947), the son of Jos\u00e9 Samanez, served as Interim President of Peru, officially as the President of the Southern Junta, during the transitional period of March to December 1931. He oversaw changes to the electoral statutes that effectively brought the vote to the masses, leading to the critical \u2013 if highly controversial \u2013 presidential election of December 1931, when S\u00e1nchez Cerro defeated Victor Ra\u00fal Haya de la Torre. Instrumental in his appointment was his reputation and high prestige among politicians of all factions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gonzalo G\u00fcell", "paragraph_text": "Gonzalo G\u00fcell y Morales de los R\u00edos (16 February 1895 in Havana, Cuba \u2013 2 September 1985 in Coral Gables, Miami-Dade County, Florida USA) was a Cuban lawyer and a career diplomat (1919\u20131959)."}], "question": "Where was the president who led the country when the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by David S\u00e1nchez Morales' employer took place assassinated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__474847_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Esther Cleveland", "paragraph_text": "Esther Cleveland (September 9, 1893 \u2013 June 25, 1980) was the second child of Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States, and his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Grover Cleveland", "paragraph_text": "Cleveland entered the White House as a bachelor, and his sister Rose Cleveland joined him, to act as hostess for the first two years of his administration. Unlike the previous bachelor president James Buchanan, Cleveland did not remain a bachelor for long. In 1885 the daughter of Cleveland's friend Oscar Folsom visited him in Washington. Frances Folsom was a student at Wells College. When she returned to school, President Cleveland received her mother's permission to correspond with her, and they were soon engaged to be married. On June 2, 1886, Cleveland married Frances Folsom in the Blue Room at the White House. He was the second president to wed while in office, and has been the only president married in the White House. This marriage was unusual, since Cleveland was the executor of Oscar Folsom's estate and had supervised Frances's upbringing after her father's death; nevertheless, the public took no exception to the match. At 21 years, Frances Folsom Cleveland was the youngest First Lady in history, and the public soon warmed to her beauty and warm personality."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cleveland Classic", "paragraph_text": "The Cleveland Squash Classic is an annual women's squash tournament that takes place in Cleveland, Ohio, United States in February. It is part of the WSA World Tour."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cleveland Cram", "paragraph_text": "Cleveland C. Cram (December 21, 1917, Waterville, Minnesota \u2013 January 9, 1999) was a station chief and historian for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1886 United States House of Representatives elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hughey, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Hughey is an unincorporated community located in the town of Cleveland, Taylor County, Wisconsin, United States. The community was named for Elmer K. Hughey, a president of a lumber company based in Stillwater, Minnesota."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Princeton University Graduate College", "paragraph_text": "It was dedicated on October 22, 1913, during the tenure of the first dean of the Graduate School, Andrew Fleming West, and was the first residential college in the United States devoted solely to postgraduate liberal studies. The group of Collegiate Gothic buildings was designed by Ralph Adams Cram and located on a hill, one-half mile west of the main campus. Its most prominent architectural landmark is the 173-ft-high Cleveland Tower, which features one of the largest carillons in the United States. Cleveland Tower adjoins the Old Graduate College, which also includes Procter Hall, the Van Dyke Library, Pyne Tower, and North Court. In 1962, the New Graduate College (colloquially, \"new GC\") was built to expand the Old Graduate College to the south-west, although it features a more modern architectural style."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richard Anuszkiewicz", "paragraph_text": "Anuszkiewicz trained at the Cleveland Institute of Art in Cleveland, Ohio (1948\u20131953), and then with Josef Albers at the Yale University School of Art and Architecture in New Haven, Connecticut (1953\u20131955) where he earned his Masters of Fine Arts."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Cleveland Cram's employer took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__856392_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Lay of the Land", "paragraph_text": "\"The Lay of the Land\" takes place in the fall of 2000, and Ford's character Frank Bascome is preparing for Thanksgiving at his home in Sea Clift, New Jersey. His son Paul, who is now a greeting card designer in Kansas City, Paul's girlfriend, who has only one hand, and Frank's daughter, Clarissa, who is an on-and-off lesbian, are all expected to attend. Frank has ordered a ready-made organic meal to be delivered on the holiday."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Peacekeeper", "paragraph_text": "The Peacekeeper (also known as Hellbent) is a 1997 Canadian-American action film directed by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Forestier, and starring Dolph Lundgren, Michael Sarrazin, Montel Williams, and Roy Scheider. The film follows U.S. Air Force Major Frank Cross, who is the only man who can prevent the president being assassinated. He must also thwart an imposing nuclear holocaust. The threat is from a terrorist group, which has stolen the President's personal communications computer; it has the capability of launching the U.S. arsenal. The film was shot on location in the city of Montreal, Quebec."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Frank Snepp", "paragraph_text": "Frank Warren Snepp (born May 3, 1943) is a journalist and former chief analyst of North Vietnamese strategy for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Saigon during the Vietnam War. For five out of his eight years as a CIA officer, he worked as interrogator, agent debriefer, and chief strategy analyst in the United States Embassy, Saigon; he was awarded the Intelligence Medal of Merit for his work. Snepp is currently a producer for KNBC-TV in Los Angeles, California. He was one of the first whistle blowers who revealed the inner workings, secrets and failures of the national security services in the 1970s. As a result of a loss in a 1980 court case brought by the CIA, all of Snepp's publications require prior approval by the CIA."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}], "question": "Where did the assassination occur of the president who carried out the invasion for which Frank Snepp's employer trained Cuban exiles?"}
{"id": "4hop1__394347_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Andrew B. VanHuys Round Barn", "paragraph_text": "The Andrew B. VanHuys Round Barn is a round barn near Lebanon, Indiana, United States. Built in 1912, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "James Bruce Round Barn", "paragraph_text": "The James Bruce Round Barn is a round barn located near the Stephenson County, Illinois city of Freeport, United States. The barn was constructed in 1914 by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers, who were responsible for at least a dozen round barns in the area. The barn features a single hip roof design which was probably influenced by the Agricultural Experiment Stations at the University of Illinois and the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison. The Bruce Round Barn was the last known round barn designed by the Shaffer\u2013Haas team. The building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission in 1984."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "This Old House", "paragraph_text": "The show was inspired by a similar feature in This Old House Magazine. It takes place in ``the loft ''of a rural barn somewhere in the Boston area. The regulars on the show are O'Connor, Tom Silva, Richard Trethewey, Roger Cook and Scott Caron. Norm Abram does not appear on Ask This Old House."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tracy Barnes", "paragraph_text": "Charles Tracy Barnes (August 2, 1911 \u2013 February 18, 1972) was a senior staff member at the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving as principal manager of CIA operations in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'\u00e9tat and the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wickfield Round Barn", "paragraph_text": "The Wickfield Round Barn is a historic building located near Cantril in rural Van Buren County, Iowa, United States. Originally called Silvers Sale Pavilion, it was built in 1919 by Alva Hunt for $20,000. The true round barn measures in diameter. Frank Silvers, a successful hog breeder and businessman, operated the largest Hampshire hog farm in the world. The first floor had seating for 700 people. Silvers' business offices were also located on the first floor. The structure is constructed of clay tile and features an aerator. The two-pitch roof features eight dormers on the lower part and four dormers on the upper part of the roof. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986. There are no round barns in Iowa used as sale barns any longer, and this one is used for storage."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Tracy Barnes' employer took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__727308_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Fellowship (FGFCMI)", "paragraph_text": "On September 18 & 19, 1962 Gordon Lindsay, who was a prominent voice in the movement at the time, held a convention at the Baker Hotel in Dallas for interested ministers. Plans were laid and the Full Gospel Fellowship of Churches & Ministers International was born. Temporary officers were elected to serve until the great National Convention in latter part of June 1963. John Mears President, J.C. Hibbard Vice-President, Gordon Lindsay Secretary-Treasurer, W. A. Raiford Executive Secretary. June 28, 1963, A. C. Valdez was elected president."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sinner Take All", "paragraph_text": "Sinner Take All is a 1936 murder mystery film directed by Errol Taggart and starring Bruce Cabot and Margaret Lindsay."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sebastian Moran", "paragraph_text": "Colonel Sebastian Moran is a character in the stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. An enemy of Sherlock Holmes, he first appears in the short story \"The Adventure of the Empty House\". Holmes once described him as \"the second most dangerous man in London,\" the most dangerous being Professor Moriarty, Moran's employer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lindsay Moran", "paragraph_text": "Lindsay Moran (born 18 December 1969) is a former clandestine officer for the Central Intelligence Agency. She is a freelance writer whose articles have appeared in \"The New York Times\", \"The Washington Post\", and \"USA Today\". In 2005, she published her memoir \"Blowing My Cover, My Life As A Spy\", in which she wrote about her experiences as a case officer from 1998 to 2003."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Lindsay Moran's employer took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__209777_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Clayton Knight Committee", "paragraph_text": "The Clayton Knight Committee, was founded by Billy Bishop and Clayton Knight in 1940. Homer Smith and several German \u00e9migr\u00e9s, who wanted America to join the war against the Axis powers, provided funding for the secret and unlawful commissioning agency. Its mission was to bring Americans to Canada in order to prepare and battle for the Allies while the US was still neutral. By Canada allowing the training to take place on their soil, it is considered the most important contribution it made to the Allied air war. This was before the US declared war on Japan and Germany. The committee was forced to defend itself from opposing forces such as, \"pacifists and isolationists, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Haviland Smith", "paragraph_text": "Haviland Smith is a retired CIA station chief who worked in Prague, Berlin, Langley, Beirut, and Tehran, primarily on issues related to the Soviet Union. He also served as chief of the counterrorism staff and as executive assistant to the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Frank Carlucci. He is a graduate of Exeter, Dartmouth College, and the University of London. He served in the U.S. Army at the United States Army Security Agency before joining the CIA. He is retired and lives in Williston, Vermont."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}], "question": "Where was the president who led the country when the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Haviland Smith's employer took place assassinated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__841280_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Duane Clarridge", "paragraph_text": "Duane Ramsdell \"Dewey\" Clarridge (April 16, 1932 \u2013 April 9, 2016) was an American senior operations officer for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and supervisor for more than 30 years. Clarridge was the chief of the Latin American division from 1981 to 1987 and a key figure in the Iran-Contra Affair."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Technical Education Center Osceola", "paragraph_text": "The Technical Education Center Osceola (TECO) is an institution in unincorporated Osceola County, Florida, United States designed to train individuals for entry-level employment and to improve current job skills for employed students. In August 1999 the \"Professional And Technical High School (PATHS)\" opened on TECO\u2019s Central Florida campus. PATHS allows high school students from all over the Osceola County School District to take advantage of TECO\u2019s technical programs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Fort Irwin National Training Center", "paragraph_text": "Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of . It is located northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Duane Lake, New York", "paragraph_text": "Duane Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Schenectady County, New York, United States. The population was 323 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Duane Clarridge's employer took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__618382_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fort Irwin National Training Center", "paragraph_text": "Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of . It is located northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Technical Education Center Osceola", "paragraph_text": "The Technical Education Center Osceola (TECO) is an institution in unincorporated Osceola County, Florida, United States designed to train individuals for entry-level employment and to improve current job skills for employed students. In August 1999 the \"Professional And Technical High School (PATHS)\" opened on TECO\u2019s Central Florida campus. PATHS allows high school students from all over the Osceola County School District to take advantage of TECO\u2019s technical programs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "National Museum of African American History and Culture", "paragraph_text": "The museum's groundbreaking ceremony took place on February 22, 2012. President Barack Obama and museum director Bunch were among the speakers at the ceremony. Actress Phylicia Rash\u0101d was the Master of Ceremonies for the event, which also featured poetry and music performed by Denyce Graves, Thomas Hampson, and the Heritage Signature Chorale."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thomas Twetten", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Twetten (born 1935) was a Central Intelligence Agency case officer. From 1991 to 1993, he was Deputy Director of Operations (DDO)."}], "question": "Where was the president who led the country when the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Thomas Twetten's employer took place assassinated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__647651_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bill Young (CIA officer)", "paragraph_text": "William (Bill) Young (28 October 1934 \u2013 1 April 2011) was a Central Intelligence Agency paramilitary officer in the famed Special Activities Division born in Berkeley, California and raised in Burma and Thailand. Although he was Caucasian, he was reared in the local hill tribe culture. Because his father and brother already worked for the CIA and knew Bill Lair, the Agency knew of his extensive cultural contacts with the Lahu people and other Southeast Asian hill tribes. With command of several Asian languages, he was made a natural recruiter of local guerrillas for the CIA's covert operations in the secret war in the Kingdom of Laos. He was then considered for the position of case officer to Hmong Vang Pao. He was passed over in favor of sending him on an extended reconnaissance of the Kingdom of Laos. His tour ranged westward from his start at Long Tieng\u2014which he reported as well-sited for operations in the Plain of Jars\u2014back to familiar territory in the Golden Triangle."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Solo: A Star Wars Story", "paragraph_text": "Solo: A Star Wars Story, or simply Solo, is a 2018 American space Western film based on the Star Wars character Han Solo. Directed by Ron Howard, it was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the second Star Wars anthology film following 2016's Rogue One. The plot takes place over ten years prior to the events of A New Hope, and explores the early adventures of Han Solo and Chewbacca, as the pair are involved in a heist within the criminal underworld and meet a young Lando Calrissian. The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo, alongside Woody Harrelson, Emilia Clarke, Donald Glover, Thandie Newton, Phoebe Waller - Bridge, Joonas Suotamo, and Paul Bettany."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "William Alfred Young", "paragraph_text": "William Alfred Young (4 April 1863 \u2013 1 July 1911) served as President of the Council, and Magistrate of the British Overseas Territory of Pitcairn Island three times, between 1897 and 1908. Young was the son of Simon Young and the younger brother of Benjamin Stanley Young, both had held the office before him. Young married Mercy Amelia Lawrence Young, the daughter of Moses Young who had held the office of Magistrate multiple times."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Full employment", "paragraph_text": "The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3% was full employment. For the United States, economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s. Recently, economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a ``range ''of possible unemployment rates. For example, in 1999, in the United States, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gives an estimate of the`` full - employment unemployment rate'' of 4 to 6.4%. This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment, plus & minus the standard error of the estimate."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Peacekeeper", "paragraph_text": "The Peacekeeper (also known as Hellbent) is a 1997 Canadian-American action film directed by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Forestier, and starring Dolph Lundgren, Michael Sarrazin, Montel Williams, and Roy Scheider. The film follows U.S. Air Force Major Frank Cross, who is the only man who can prevent the president being assassinated. He must also thwart an imposing nuclear holocaust. The threat is from a terrorist group, which has stolen the President's personal communications computer; it has the capability of launching the U.S. arsenal. The film was shot on location in the city of Montreal, Quebec."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "William G. LeDuc House", "paragraph_text": "The William G. LeDuc House, also known as the LeDuc Historic Estate, located at 1629 Vermillion Street in Hastings, Minnesota, United States, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built over several years, and completed in 1865, by William G. LeDuc who came to Minnesota in 1850 from Ohio. He was an attorney who represented a party to a suit involving Vermillion Falls, southeast of the homesite. As payment for his services, Le Duc received the land where he built his house. LeDuc was a Civil War veteran and U.S. Commissioner of Agriculture under President Hayes (1877-1881)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yuk Young-soo", "paragraph_text": "Yuk Young-soo ( November 29, 1925 \u2013 August 15, 1974) was the wife of the 3rd South Korean president Park Chung-hee and the mother of the 11th South Korean president Park Geun-hye. She was killed in 1974 during an attempted assassination of her husband, Park Chung-hee."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by the employer of William Young took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__155315_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "James Bruce Round Barn", "paragraph_text": "The James Bruce Round Barn is a round barn located near the Stephenson County, Illinois city of Freeport, United States. The barn was constructed in 1914 by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers, who were responsible for at least a dozen round barns in the area. The barn features a single hip roof design which was probably influenced by the Agricultural Experiment Stations at the University of Illinois and the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison. The Bruce Round Barn was the last known round barn designed by the Shaffer\u2013Haas team. The building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission in 1984."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fraochy Bay", "paragraph_text": "Fraochy Bay is a Scottish Gaelic Cartoon created by Neillydubh Animation Limited and produced by Moja TV for BBC Alba and funded by MG Alba. The series is set in the fictional town of Fraochy Bay, notionally located somewhere off the west coast of Scotland, with no central theme other than an exploration of the slightly odd characters and surreal events that take place in and around the town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tracy Barnes", "paragraph_text": "Charles Tracy Barnes (August 2, 1911 \u2013 February 18, 1972) was a senior staff member at the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving as principal manager of CIA operations in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'\u00e9tat and the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tracy-Causer Block", "paragraph_text": "The Tracy-Causer Block is an historic commercial building located at 505-509 Fore Street in the Old Port commercial district of Portland, Maine. Built in 1866 as a mixed-used residential and commercial building, it is a rare surviving example of this type of building in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Return of the Crimson Guard", "paragraph_text": "Return of the Crimson Guard is a fantasy novel by Canadian author Ian Cameron Esslemont, his second book set in the world of the \"Malazan Book of the Fallen\", co-created with friend and colleague Steven Erikson. Chronologically, \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" takes place after the events in Erikson's sixth \"Malazan\" novel, \"The Bonehunters\". \"Return of the Crimson Guard\" is the second of six planned novels by Esslemont to take place in the Malazan world, starting with \"Night of Knives\" and followed by \"Stonewielder\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1886 United States House of Representatives elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Fort Irwin National Training Center", "paragraph_text": "Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of . It is located northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}], "question": "Where was the president who led the country when the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Tracy Barnes' employer took place assassinated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__818597_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of presidents of the United States by age", "paragraph_text": "The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gregg Tafralis", "paragraph_text": "Gregg Tafralis (\"Gregory Louis Tafralis;\" born April 9, 1958 in San Francisco, California) is a former track and field athlete from the United States, who set the best world year performance in the men's shot put event in 1992. He competed for his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics, finishing in ninth place."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gregg Steinhafel", "paragraph_text": "Gregg Steinhafel (born 1954) is an American business executive, and the former President, CEO and Chairman of the Board of Target Corporation."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Shadowers", "paragraph_text": "The Shadowers is a novel by Donald Hamilton first published in 1964, continuing the exploits of assassin Matt Helm. It was the seventh novel of the series."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Donald Gregg", "paragraph_text": "Donald Phinney Gregg (born December 5, 1927) is a retired American politician, CIA employee, and U.S. Ambassador to South Korea. Gregg worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for 31 years, from 1951 to 1982. He was a National Security Council advisor (1979\u20131982) and National Security Advisor to U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush (1982\u20131989), United States Ambassador to Korea (1989\u20131993), and the chairman of the board of The Korea Society (until 2009), where he called for greater engagement with North Korea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of The Lion King characters", "paragraph_text": "Simba (voiced by Matthew Broderick in the films, Cam Clarke in Timon & Pumbaa, Rob Lowe in The Lion Guard, and Donald Glover in the 2019 remake) is the son of Mufasa and Sarabi. Simba grows up to take Mufasa's place as King of Pride Rock and becomes the father of Kiara and Kion."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Solo: A Star Wars Story", "paragraph_text": "Solo: A Star Wars Story, or simply Solo, is a 2018 American space Western film based on the Star Wars character Han Solo. Directed by Ron Howard, it was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the second Star Wars anthology film following 2016's Rogue One. The plot takes place over ten years prior to the events of A New Hope, and explores the early adventures of Han Solo and Chewbacca, as the pair are involved in a heist within the criminal underworld and meet a young Lando Calrissian. The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo, alongside Woody Harrelson, Emilia Clarke, Donald Glover, Thandie Newton, Phoebe Waller - Bridge, Joonas Suotamo, and Paul Bettany."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "The current Director is Christopher A. Wray, who assumed the role on August 2, 2017 after being confirmed by the U.S. Senate, taking over from acting Director Andrew McCabe after the dismissal of former Director James Comey by President Donald Trump."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the US president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by the agency employing Donald Gregg took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__624844_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Assassin for Hire", "paragraph_text": "Assassin for Hire is a 1951 British crime film directed by Michael McCarthy and starring Sydney Tafler, Ronald Howard and Katharine Blake. Its plot follows a contract killer who becomes stricken with remorse when he is led to believe he has murdered his brother."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day", "paragraph_text": "Take Our Daughters To Work Day was created in New York City in the summer of 1992 by the Ms. Foundation for Women and its president, Marie C. Wilson, the Women's foundation treasurer, Ms. Daren Ball, and with support from foundation founder Gloria Steinem. The first celebration took place on April 22, 1993, and has since been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April in order for the 37 million children, parents, schools in over 3.5 million workplaces across the country, in addition to participants in over 200 countries around the world, to plan ahead for the annual event. The day has generally been scheduled on a day that is a school day for most children in the United States, and schools are provided with literature and encouraged to promote the program. Educators are provided with materials for incorporating career exploration into school curricula on the day before or after the event."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1968 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "Incumbent Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson had been the early front - runner for his party's nomination, but he announced his withdrawal from the race after anti-Vietnam War candidate Eugene McCarthy finished second in the New Hampshire primary. McCarthy, former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and Vice President Humphrey emerged as the three major candidates in the Democratic primaries until Kennedy was assassinated in June 1968. Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which saw numerous anti-war protests. Nixon entered the 1968 Republican primaries as the front - runner, and he defeated Nelson Rockefeller, Ronald Reagan, and other candidates at the 1968 Republican National Convention to win his party's nomination. Governor George Wallace of Alabama ran on the American Independent Party ticket, campaigning in favor of racial segregation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joseph J. McCarthy", "paragraph_text": "President Harry S. Truman presented the Medal of Honor to McCarthy in ceremonies at the White House, held on October 5, 1945. As Truman presented the Medal, he told McCarthy, ``I'd rather have one of these than be President. ''"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "1968 Democratic National Convention", "paragraph_text": "The convention was held during a year of violence, political turbulence, and civil unrest, particularly riots in more than 100 cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4. The convention also followed the assassination of Democratic presidential hopeful Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, on June 5. Both Kennedy and Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running for the Democratic Nomination at the time."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mary McCarthy (CIA)", "paragraph_text": "Mary O'Neil McCarthy (born 1945) is a former United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee who last worked in the Office of the Inspector General. In her career, she was an intelligence analyst and National Intelligence Officer for Warning."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Mary McCarthy's employer took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__715301_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A People's History of American Empire", "paragraph_text": "A People's History of American Empire is a 2008 graphic history by Howard Zinn, Mike Konopacki, and Paul Buhle. The book combines material from Zinn's history book \"A People's History of the United States\" and his autobiography \"You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train\" with new material from other sources, most notably George Lipsitz's \"\" and Jim Zwick's \"\". Various historic subjects are covered as well as Zinn's own history of involvement in activism and historic events. The book was the last of Zinn's books that was published within his lifetime."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Howard Hart", "paragraph_text": "Howard Phillips Hart (born as Howard Lester Phillips, Jr.; October 16, 1940 \u2013 April 30, 2017) was an American Central Intelligence Agency officer. He worked as the CIA chief of station in Islamabad, Pakistan from May 1981 until 1984. He was succeeded by William Piekney in the summer of 1984. He died on April 30, 2017."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Captain America: The Winter Soldier", "paragraph_text": "Principal photography began on April 1, 2013, at the Raleigh Manhattan Beach Studios in Los Angeles, under the working title Freezer Burn. Scenes taking place on the Lemurian Star were filmed on the Sea Launch Commander, docked in Long Beach, California. In early May, Dominic Cooper confirmed he would return as Howard Stark. On May 14, 2013, production moved to Washington, D.C. with filming taking place at the National Mall and the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. The following day, Garry Shandling was spotted on set reprising his Iron Man 2 role of Senator Stern. Other filming locations in Washington, D.C. included the Willard Hotel and Dupont Circle."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Calamity Jane and Sam Bass", "paragraph_text": "Calamity Jane and Sam Bass is a 1949 American Technicolor Western film directed by George Sherman starring Yvonne de Carlo, Howard Duff and Dorothy Hart."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Solo: A Star Wars Story", "paragraph_text": "Solo: A Star Wars Story, or simply Solo, is a 2018 American space Western film based on the Star Wars character Han Solo. Directed by Ron Howard, it was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the second Star Wars anthology film following 2016's Rogue One. The plot takes place over ten years prior to the events of A New Hope, and explores the early adventures of Han Solo and Chewbacca, as the pair are involved in a heist within the criminal underworld and meet a young Lando Calrissian. The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo, alongside Woody Harrelson, Emilia Clarke, Donald Glover, Thandie Newton, Phoebe Waller - Bridge, Joonas Suotamo, and Paul Bettany."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}], "question": "Where was the president who led the country when the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Howard Hart's employer took place assassinated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__784249_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fort Irwin National Training Center", "paragraph_text": "Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of . It is located northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Technical Education Center Osceola", "paragraph_text": "The Technical Education Center Osceola (TECO) is an institution in unincorporated Osceola County, Florida, United States designed to train individuals for entry-level employment and to improve current job skills for employed students. In August 1999 the \"Professional And Technical High School (PATHS)\" opened on TECO\u2019s Central Florida campus. PATHS allows high school students from all over the Osceola County School District to take advantage of TECO\u2019s technical programs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Hugh Price (intelligence)", "paragraph_text": "After leaving the Central Intelligence Agency, Price joined the private security business Kroll Inc. as head of its crisis management group. He joined Lehman Brothers in December 2001 as head of Global Security."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by Hugh Price's employer took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__485797_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David Shapira", "paragraph_text": "David S. Shapira is an American businessman. He serves as Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Giant Eagle, Inc. He joined the company in 1971 and has been President and CEO since 1980. He has also been involved in philanthropic causes. Until 2009, he was the chairman of Carnegie Mellon University's Board of Trustees."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "David Chavchavadze", "paragraph_text": "Prince David Chavchavadze (May 20, 1924 \u2013 October 5, 2014) was an American author and a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer of Georgian-Russian origin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018. A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fort Irwin National Training Center", "paragraph_text": "Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of . It is located northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "A Child from the South", "paragraph_text": "A Child From the South was a 1991 television movie about a Nadia (played by Josette Simon), a young journalist, in political exile from South Africa since her father's assassination twenty years earlier and her return to cover a United Nations conference."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "German Autumn", "paragraph_text": "The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in late 1977 associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF) insurgent group, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa airplane \"Landshut\" by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany on 7 April 1977, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker J\u00fcrgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the \"Landshut\", the death of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Barcelona International Comic Fair", "paragraph_text": "It takes place in the city of Barcelona since 1981, and is an event of reference on the Spanish comic market."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Book of Nehemiah", "paragraph_text": "The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}], "question": "Where was the president who led the country when the event involving the training of Cuban exiles by David Chavchavadze's employer took place assassinated?"}
{"id": "4hop1__588279_90185_38263_767555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Republic Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", "paragraph_text": "The plot is set in a fictional history of real - world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with liberty, and the Templars, who desire peace through order. The story is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime, and take back the city from Templar control. The open world design lets players freely roam London."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Homeland (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The series stars Claire Danes as Carrie Mathison, a Central Intelligence Agency officer with bipolar disorder, and Damian Lewis as Nicholas Brody, a U.S. Marine Corps Scout Sniper. Mathison had come to believe that Brody, who was held captive by al-Qaeda as a prisoner of war, was \"turned\" by the enemy and poses a threat to the United States. The series focuses on a storyline that evolves from this premise, together with Mathison's ongoing covert work."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "World Tour of Scotland", "paragraph_text": "World Tour of Scotland is a six-part television series \u2014 the first of Billy Connolly's \"world tours\" \u2014 originally broadcast by the BBC in July and August 1994. It involves his touring around his homeland for 54 nights during early 1994, beginning in Greenock and visiting cities and towns and performing live on stage to audiences. However, this, like all his other tours, involves more than just shows: he visits numerous places of historic and scenic value, as well as some places that resonate with his own upbringing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War", "paragraph_text": "November 1, 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dark Desire", "paragraph_text": "Dark Desire is the second book in Christine Feehan\u2019s Dark Series. It takes place roughly 25 years after the events in \"Dark Prince\"."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nuclear Union", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear Union is a cancelled post-apocalyptic role-playing video game. It was developed by Best Way, and was to be published by 1C Company, to be released in 2014 for Microsoft Windows. The story begins during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, with the majority of the narrative and gameplay taking place in an alternate, modern-day Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "T in the Park 2010", "paragraph_text": "T in the Park 2010 was a music festival that took place in Balado, Scotland from 8\u201311 July 2010. It was the seventeenth event to take place. The festival was headlined by Kasabian, Muse and Eminem. Tickets for the event sold out on 26 February 2010."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Uzeyir Hajibeyov International Music Festival is held in September, since 2009, in Azerbaijan. Musical events are held in several cities of Azerbaijan, and the main ceremonies take place in Baku."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Eternal Frame", "paragraph_text": "The Eternal Frame (1975) is a video-based art installation documenting the reenactment of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza in a collaboration between two San Francisco-based artist collectives: T.R. Uthco (Diane Andrews Hall, Doug Hall, Jody Procter) and Ant Farm (Chip Lord, Doug Michels, Curtis Schreier). The artists taking on the roles of Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, and others, rehearsed extensively to ensure verisimilitude, and when they performed the reenactment, it was executed with a striking attention to detail. While part of the video shows the artists playing on America's obsession with the media (T. R. Uthco's Jody Procter in his role as a Secret Service agent tells a camera, \"We've always been worried about Dallas\u2013it's a rough city, a gun city\"), ultimately the video shows that the sacred images of the assassination cannot be mocked. This piece can be seen as a commentary on the pervasive media culture in America, as it explores how the Kennedy assassination itself became a new type of media event."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "A People's History of American Empire", "paragraph_text": "A People's History of American Empire is a 2008 graphic history by Howard Zinn, Mike Konopacki, and Paul Buhle. The book combines material from Zinn's history book \"A People's History of the United States\" and his autobiography \"You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train\" with new material from other sources, most notably George Lipsitz's \"\" and Jim Zwick's \"\". Various historic subjects are covered as well as Zinn's own history of involvement in activism and historic events. The book was the last of Zinn's books that was published within his lifetime."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States Secretary of Homeland Security", "paragraph_text": "Secretary of Homeland Security of the United States Seal of the Department of Homeland Security Flag of the Secretary of Homeland Security Incumbent Kirstjen Nielsen since December 6, 2017 United States Department of Homeland Security Style Madam Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument 6 U.S.C. \u00a7 112 Formation January 24, 2003 (14 years ago) (2003 - 01 - 24) First holder Tom Ridge Succession Eighteenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Salary Executive Schedule, level 1 Website www.dhs.gov"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "On 25 November 2002, the Homeland Security Act was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush, designating the Coast Guard to be placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The transfer of administrative control from the U.S. Department of Transportation to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was completed the following year, on 1 March 2003."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Vasile Lucaciu", "paragraph_text": "In March 1917, Vasile Lucaciu was a member of a group of exiled Romanian Habsburg subjects who were sent as a delegation to the United States to campaign for Romania's cause."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Baudilio Palma", "paragraph_text": "Baudilio Palma (Santa Catarina Mita, Jutiapa, 1874 \u2013 Guatemala City, 17 December 1930) was acting President of Guatemala, in place of general L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, from 13 to 17 December 1930, when he was deposed and probably assassinated after coup d'\u00e9tat led by general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras, who appointed himself as president. Several authors argue that he might not have been killed, but went into exile to El Salvador, where he would have died on 19 June 1944."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish -- American War (Spanish: Guerra hispano - americana or Guerra hispano - estadounidense; Filipino: Digmaang Espanyol - Amerikano) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion", "paragraph_text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasi\u00f3n de Playa Gir\u00f3n or Invasi\u00f3n de Bah\u00eda de Cochinos or Batalla de Gir\u00f3n) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also some US military personnel), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro."}], "question": "Where was the assassination of the president under whom the event, that involved the training of Cuban exiles by the organization that is the main subject of Homeland, took place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__833841_765799_282674_759393", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Apulia", "paragraph_text": "It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. Across the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, it faces Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, and Montenegro. Its capital city is Bari."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sinzongo", "paragraph_text": "Sinzongo is a village in the Lobaye region in the Central African Republic southwest of the capital, Bangui and near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Carre\u00f1o", "paragraph_text": "Carre\u00f1o is a municipality in the autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered by Corvera de Asturias on the west, Goz\u00f3n on the north, the Cantabrian Sea on the north and east, and Gij\u00f3n on the east and south. Its capital is Cand\u00e1s."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chol Kiri District", "paragraph_text": "Chol Kiri District () is a district (\"srok\") in the east of Kampong Chhnang Province, in central Cambodia. The district capital is Chol Kiri town located around 8 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Chhnang by road. Chol Kiri District is the easternmost district of Kampong Chhnang. The district shares a border with Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham provinces to the east. Most of the district is low lying floodplain and the Tonl\u00e9 Sap river runs through the district roughly from north to south. This proximity to the river and the lack of high land make Chol Kiri one of the most flood prone districts in the country. The Kampong Chhnang Department of Development has estimated that both Chol Kiri and Kampong Leaeng districts are flooded for six months of the year and that after the floodwaters have receded drinking water sources are left contaminated."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cargo 360", "paragraph_text": "On July 30, 2007 Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired Southern Air and merged the two airlines into one, giving birth to Southern Air Holdings, Inc. Consequently, Cargo 360 was absorbed into Southern Air in January 2008 and ceased operating under its own colors."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Koh Sotin District", "paragraph_text": "Koh Sotin District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road. The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Capital Bars", "paragraph_text": "Capital Bars plc (formerly known as Break for the Border Group plc) is an Irish leisure company based in Dublin. Its core business is the acquisition, development and operation of bars, hotels and restaurants, all based in Dublin city centre. Brothers Desmond and Liam O'Dwyer control the company as Joint Managing Directors. After acquiring Capital Bars in 2001, the O\u2019Dwyers took the company private the following year."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jerome Quinn", "paragraph_text": "Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Amy McKenzie", "paragraph_text": "Amy McKenzie (born August 2, 1959 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is an American producer, director, and actress. She is one of the founders of the New Age Vaudeville theatre company and the Third Avenue Playhouse."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "European Central Bank", "paragraph_text": "Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the key is adjustable. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ou Reang Ov District", "paragraph_text": "Ou Reang Ov District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Tboung Khmum Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Ou Reang Ov town located around 30 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by road. Ou Reang Ov lies on the border where Tboung Khmum, Kampong Cham and Prey Veng provinces meet; the town of Prey Veng is only 42 kilometres away by road."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients. The creations of the Ottoman Palace's kitchens filtered to the population, for instance through Ramadan events, and through the cooking at the Yal\u0131s of the Pashas, and from there on spread to the rest of the population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John C. Petersen", "paragraph_text": "John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 \u2013 July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Province of Toledo", "paragraph_text": "Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile\u2013La Mancha. It is bordered by the provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, C\u00e1ceres, and \u00c1vila. Its capital is the city of Toledo."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pulaski High School", "paragraph_text": "Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia (i/n\u0259\u02c8m\u026abi\u0259/, /n\u00e6\u02c8-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German:  Republik Namibia (help\u00b7info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibi\u00eb) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county where Amy McKenzie was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__690653_765799_282674_759393", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Krasnolipie", "paragraph_text": "Krasnolipie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pulaski High School", "paragraph_text": "Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ciel\u0119tnik", "paragraph_text": "Ciel\u0119tnik () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Jerome Quinn", "paragraph_text": "Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Pesanggrahan is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, one of the administrative city which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict. To the west of Pesanggrahan Subdistrict is Tangerang Regency, Banten Province."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tymce", "paragraph_text": "Tymce (, \"Tymtsi\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubacz\u00f3w, within Lubacz\u00f3w County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Lubacz\u00f3w and east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ujso\u0142y is a rural gmina (administrative district) in \u017bywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the village of Ujso\u0142y, which lies approximately south of \u017bywiec and south of the regional capital Katowice."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Darial, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 23' 35N 73\u00b0 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John C. Petersen", "paragraph_text": "John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 \u2013 July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pietraszki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Pietraszki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Go\u0142dap within Go\u0142dap County Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Pietraszki lies close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. and is approximately west of Go\u0142dap and northeast of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant - governor for each UT. There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Goleszewo", "paragraph_text": "Goleszewo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Braniewo and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nakaseke", "paragraph_text": "Nakaseke is a town in Nakaseke District in the Central Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal and commercial center of the district. However, the political and administrative capital in the district is Butalangu."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rodnowo", "paragraph_text": "Rodnowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of Bartoszyce and north of the regional capital Olsztyn."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Main Hall (Lawrence University)", "paragraph_text": "Main Hall is an academic building on the campus of Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin. Constructed in 1853, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Daylight saving time by country", "paragraph_text": "Australia Oceania Austral / South First Sunday October First Sunday April Main article: Daylight saving time in Australia DST used only in Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Lord Howe Island."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Naas River", "paragraph_text": "The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia."}], "question": "What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the county whose capital is also the location of the Main Hall of Lawrence University?"}
{"id": "4hop1__129029_378185_282674_759393", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Krasnovishersky District", "paragraph_text": "Krasnovishersky District () is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk. Population: The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71.4% of the district's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "WRJQ", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Schuelke from Appleton, Wisconsin, United States, owns and operates WRJQ. Studios are located in his house on the north side of Appleton."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Notogawa, Shiga", "paragraph_text": "Notogawa Station (Location: N35.179899,E136.165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi. The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west. The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Paczk\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Paczk\u00f3w is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, on the Czech border. Its seat is the town of Paczk\u00f3w, which lies approximately west of Nysa and west of the regional capital Opole."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John C. Petersen", "paragraph_text": "John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 \u2013 July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gmina G\u0142ucho\u0142azy", "paragraph_text": "Gmina G\u0142ucho\u0142azy is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, on the Czech border. Its seat is the town of G\u0142ucho\u0142azy, which lies approximately south of Nysa and south-west of the regional capital Opole."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Pulaski High School", "paragraph_text": "Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblas\u0107 or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vob\u0142as\u0107\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jerome Quinn", "paragraph_text": "Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bi\u0142goraj County", "paragraph_text": "Bi\u0142goraj County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bi\u0142goraj, which lies south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogr\u00f3d, lying south of Bi\u0142goraj, J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, lying east of Bi\u0142goraj, and Frampol, north of Bi\u0142goraj."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gmina Micha\u0142owo", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Micha\u0142owo is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus. Its seat is the town of Micha\u0142owo, which lies approximately east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok. (Micha\u0142owo gained town status on 1 January 2009 \u2013 prior to that the district was classed as a rural gmina.)"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Namangan", "paragraph_text": "Namangan (also in ) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Namangan Region. Namangan is located in the northern edge of the Fergana Valley, less than 30\u00a0km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The city is served by Namangan Airport."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mian Haji Sahib", "paragraph_text": "Mian Haji Sahib is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 22' 50N 73\u00b0 20' 40E with an altitude of 479 metres (1574 feet)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bann Na Mohra", "paragraph_text": "Bann Na Mohra is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 27' 50N 73\u00b0 22' 10E with an altitude of 562 metres (1847 feet)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Darial, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33\u00b0 23' 35N 73\u00b0 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dareton, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Dareton is a town in the far west of New South Wales, Australia. The town is located on the Silver City Highway, 1,025 kilometres west of the state capital, Sydney and 20 kilometres from the regional centre, Mildura, across the border in Victoria. Part of the Wentworth Shire local government area, at the , Dareton had a population of 516."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gallaratese", "paragraph_text": "Gallaratese is a district (\"quartiere\") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city. It is located about 7\u00a0km north-west of the city centre. It borders on the \"comune\" of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county in which the town served by WRJQ is located?"}
{"id": "4hop3__673447_132409_146285_35031", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's 3 miles team race", "paragraph_text": "The men's 3 miles team race was a unique event featured only at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. In the team race, each competing nation sent five athletes. For each heat, the top three athletes from each nation had their placings counted as part of the team score, though good performances by the other two could also help the team by worsening the scores of other teams. Team scores were arrived at by adding the rankings of the top three runners from the team, with low scores being desirable. Thus, a team that took the first three places in a heat would receive 1+2+3=6 points, the best possible score."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alexander Golitzen", "paragraph_text": "Prince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a Russian-born American production designer who oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#30) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area. Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense. Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion. In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels. In 2013, however, the magazine ranked Seattle No. 9 on its list of the Best Places for Business and Careers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities, behind the park system of Minneapolis. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester. As of the 2013 U.S. Census, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of 712,239 people. North Charleston is the second-largest city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area and ranks as the third-largest city in the state; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next-largest cities. These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas along with the city of Charleston form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010. The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner (with a 2000 population of 9,123)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley region, in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. This area of Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by wooded ridges, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The western section of the Tennessee Valley, where the depressions become broader and the ridges become lower, is called the Great Valley. In this valley are numerous towns and two of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the 3rd largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the 4th largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl, whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state's largest urbanized area. Based on population rank, the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13\u201325, 2007 indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an area of approximately 900 acres (3.6 km2). Guam Department of Agriculture (GDA) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres (10 km2) on October 25; approximately 0.5 miles (800 m) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation. CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, American Samoa, Palau, New Britain, West Irian, New Ireland, Pak Island and Manus Island (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Mauritius, and Reunion."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is \"the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones\". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez \"the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990\u20132000 was 5.3 percent. Ju\u00e1rez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole\". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Iron Curtain", "paragraph_text": "The Iron Curtain took physical shape in the form of border defenses between the countries of western and eastern Europe. These were some of the most heavily militarised areas in the world, particularly the so - called ``inner German border ''-- commonly known as die Grenze in German -- between East and West Germany. The inner German border was marked in rural areas by double fences made of steel mesh (expanded metal) with sharp edges, while near urban areas a high concrete barrier similar to the Berlin Wall was built. The installation of the Wall in 1961 brought an end to a decade during which the divided capital of divided Germany was one of the easiest places to move west across the Iron Curtain."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bangladesh", "paragraph_text": "Dhaka is Bangladesh's capital and largest city. There are 12 city corporations which hold mayoral elections: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, Chittagong, Comilla,  Khulna, Mymensingh, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Barisal, Rangpur, Gazipur and Narayanganj. Mayors are elected for five-year terms. Altogether there are 506 urban centres in Bangladesh among which 43 cities have a population of more than 100000."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "You Were on My Mind", "paragraph_text": "``You Were on My Mind ''is a popular song written by Sylvia Fricker in 1962 in a bathtub in a suite at the Hotel Earle in Greenwich Village. She wrote it in the bathroom because`` it was the only place... the cockroaches would not go''. It was originally performed by Fricker and her then husband - to - be Ian Tyson as the duo Ian & Sylvia and they recorded it for their 1964 album, Northern Journey. It was published in sheet form by M. Witmark & Sons of New York City in 1965. In 1965 the song was covered in an up - tempo version, with slightly altered lyrics and melody by the California pop quintet We Five. Their recording reached # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1965 and topped the Billboard easy listening chart for five weeks. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 4 song of 1965. The performance by We Five is noteworthy for the gradual buildup in intensity, starting off somewhat flowing and gentle, increasing in intensity in the third stanza and remaining so through the fourth stanza. The fifth and final stanza starts off gently and concludes very intensely, ending with a series of guitar chords."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Jakarta (/ d\u0292 \u0259\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0rt\u0259 /, Indonesian pronunciation: (d\u0292a\u02c8karta)), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital of Indonesia, which was formerly known as Batavia during Dutch East Indies and Sunda Kelapa during Sunda Kingdom. Located on the northwest coast of the world's most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the center of economics, culture and politics of Indonesia, with a population of 10,075,310 as of 2014. Greater Jakarta metropolitan area, which is known as Jabodetabek (a name formed by combining the initial syllables of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi), is the second largest urban agglomeration and 2nd largest city area in the world after Tokyo, with a population of 30,214,303 inhabitants as of 2010 census. Jakarta's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of many communities and cultures. Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status, yet is commonly referred to as a city. The Jakarta provincial government administers five administrative cities and one administrative regency."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Papa Roach", "paragraph_text": "Papa Roach is an American rock band from Vacaville, California, formed in 1993. The original lineup consisted of lead vocalist Jacoby Shaddix, guitarist Jerry Horton, drummer Dave Buckner, bassist Will James, and trombonist Ben Luther."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Infest (album)", "paragraph_text": "Infest is the second studio album and major-label debut by the American rock band Papa Roach. It was released on April 25, 2000 through DreamWorks Records, and became the 20th highest-selling album of 2000 in the United States. The sound of the album is nu metal and rap metal. Many of the album songs contains rapping and hip hop influences. It was certified 3\u00d7 Platinum in the U.S. on July 18, 2001, and peaked at \u00a05 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart. This album earned the band a Grammy nomination for Best New Artist. \"Infest\" has sold more than seven million copies worldwide with three million in U.S. and is their best-selling album to date."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP. As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America\u2014five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3] London is a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London is one of the world's leading investment destinations, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times."}], "question": "In the top five largest urban areas in the US state in which the band performing Infest was formed, where does the death city of Alexander Golitzen rank?"}
{"id": "4hop3__719125_132409_146285_35031", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "You Were on My Mind", "paragraph_text": "``You Were on My Mind ''is a popular song written by Sylvia Fricker in 1962 in a bathtub in a suite at the Hotel Earle in Greenwich Village. She wrote it in the bathroom because`` it was the only place... the cockroaches would not go''. It was originally performed by Fricker and her then husband - to - be Ian Tyson as the duo Ian & Sylvia and they recorded it for their 1964 album, Northern Journey. It was published in sheet form by M. Witmark & Sons of New York City in 1965. In 1965 the song was covered in an up - tempo version, with slightly altered lyrics and melody by the California pop quintet We Five. Their recording reached # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1965 and topped the Billboard easy listening chart for five weeks. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 4 song of 1965. The performance by We Five is noteworthy for the gradual buildup in intensity, starting off somewhat flowing and gentle, increasing in intensity in the third stanza and remaining so through the fourth stanza. The fifth and final stanza starts off gently and concludes very intensely, ending with a series of guitar chords."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#30) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area. Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense. Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion. In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels. In 2013, however, the magazine ranked Seattle No. 9 on its list of the Best Places for Business and Careers."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bangladesh", "paragraph_text": "Dhaka is Bangladesh's capital and largest city. There are 12 city corporations which hold mayoral elections: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, Chittagong, Comilla,  Khulna, Mymensingh, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Barisal, Rangpur, Gazipur and Narayanganj. Mayors are elected for five-year terms. Altogether there are 506 urban centres in Bangladesh among which 43 cities have a population of more than 100000."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nominal wealth (financial and non-financial assets) per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list. Z\u00fcrich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities with the highest quality of life in the world, with the former ranked 2nd globally, according to Mercer."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl, whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state's largest urbanized area. Based on population rank, the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP. As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America\u2014five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alexander Golitzen", "paragraph_text": "Prince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a Russian-born American production designer who oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Papa Roach", "paragraph_text": "Papa Roach is an American rock band from Vacaville, California, formed in 1993. The original lineup consisted of lead vocalist Jacoby Shaddix, guitarist Jerry Horton, drummer Dave Buckner, bassist Will James, and trombonist Ben Luther."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world. Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is \"the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones\". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez \"the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990\u20132000 was 5.3 percent. Ju\u00e1rez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole\". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Scars (Papa Roach song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Scars\" is the second single from the band Papa Roach's fourth album, \"Getting Away with Murder\", and seventh released single in total. As with several of their other songs, Papa Roach has performed \"Scars\" live with Spanish lyrics."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3] London is a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London is one of the world's leading investment destinations, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Iron Curtain", "paragraph_text": "The Iron Curtain took physical shape in the form of border defenses between the countries of western and eastern Europe. These were some of the most heavily militarised areas in the world, particularly the so - called ``inner German border ''-- commonly known as die Grenze in German -- between East and West Germany. The inner German border was marked in rural areas by double fences made of steel mesh (expanded metal) with sharp edges, while near urban areas a high concrete barrier similar to the Berlin Wall was built. The installation of the Wall in 1961 brought an end to a decade during which the divided capital of divided Germany was one of the easiest places to move west across the Iron Curtain."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's 3 miles team race", "paragraph_text": "The men's 3 miles team race was a unique event featured only at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. In the team race, each competing nation sent five athletes. For each heat, the top three athletes from each nation had their placings counted as part of the team score, though good performances by the other two could also help the team by worsening the scores of other teams. Team scores were arrived at by adding the rankings of the top three runners from the team, with low scores being desirable. Thus, a team that took the first three places in a heat would receive 1+2+3=6 points, the best possible score."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas are Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego\u2013Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pulo, Cabuyao", "paragraph_text": "Barangay Pulo (PSGC: 043404013) is one of the eighteen (18) urbanized barangays comprising the city of Cabuyao in the province of Laguna, Philippines. It lies for about 3 kilometers away from the city proper of Cabuyao and is situated along the national highway. According to the 2010 Census, it has a population of 15,124 inhabitants (grew from 13,193 in Census 2007), making it ranked as the 6th largest barangay in Cabuyao when it comes to population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Jakarta (/ d\u0292 \u0259\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0rt\u0259 /, Indonesian pronunciation: (d\u0292a\u02c8karta)), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital of Indonesia, which was formerly known as Batavia during Dutch East Indies and Sunda Kelapa during Sunda Kingdom. Located on the northwest coast of the world's most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the center of economics, culture and politics of Indonesia, with a population of 10,075,310 as of 2014. Greater Jakarta metropolitan area, which is known as Jabodetabek (a name formed by combining the initial syllables of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi), is the second largest urban agglomeration and 2nd largest city area in the world after Tokyo, with a population of 30,214,303 inhabitants as of 2010 census. Jakarta's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of many communities and cultures. Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status, yet is commonly referred to as a city. The Jakarta provincial government administers five administrative cities and one administrative regency."}], "question": "Where does the city where Alexander Golitzen died rank in the top five largest urban areas of the state where Scars' performers were formed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__129029_765799_282674_759393", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ottawa", "paragraph_text": "Ottawa (/ \u02c8\u0252t\u0259w\u0259 / (listen), / - w\u0251\u02d0 /; French pronunciation: \u200b (\u0254tawa)) is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec; the two form the core of the Ottawa -- Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). As of 2016, Ottawa had a city population of 964,743 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth - largest city and the fifth - largest CMA in Canada."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "John C. Petersen", "paragraph_text": "John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 \u2013 July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Province of Toledo", "paragraph_text": "Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile\u2013La Mancha. It is bordered by the provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, C\u00e1ceres, and \u00c1vila. Its capital is the city of Toledo."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Goz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Goz\u00f3n is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Its capital is the town of Luanco (also called Lluanco). The Cantabrian Sea lies on its northern edge, and it is bordered to the south by Corvera de Asturias, to the west by Avil\u00e9s, and to the east by Carre\u00f1o."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "WRJQ", "paragraph_text": "Aaron Schuelke from Appleton, Wisconsin, United States, owns and operates WRJQ. Studios are located in his house on the north side of Appleton."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mouloud", "paragraph_text": "Mouloud () is a town located in the southern Dikhil region of Djibouti. It is located around 102 kilometers south of the capital, Djibouti City."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Yangon", "paragraph_text": "Yangon (Burmese: \u101b\u1014\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1037, MLCTS rankun mrui, pronounced (j\u00e0\u0274\u0261\u00f2\u028a\u0274 mjo\u0330); formerly known as Rangoon, literally: ``End of Strife '') is the capital of the Yangon Region of Myanmar, also known as Burma. Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006, when the military government relocated the capital to the purpose - built city of Naypyidaw in central Myanmar. With over 7 million people, Yangon is Myanmar's largest city and its most important commercial centre."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Apulia", "paragraph_text": "It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. Across the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, it faces Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, and Montenegro. Its capital city is Bari."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "During colonial times, Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722, and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766. Construction of Tryon Palace, which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon, began in 1767 and was completed in 1771. In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital, as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast. Officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital, the city was named after Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the \"lost colony\" on Roanoke Island."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Koh Sotin District", "paragraph_text": "Koh Sotin District () is a district (\"srok\") located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road. The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Baranya County", "paragraph_text": "The county lies in southern Hungary, on the border with Croatia. The River Drava forms part of its southern border, and the River Danube its eastern border. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, and B\u00e1cs-Kiskun. The capital of Baranya county is P\u00e9cs."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gmina Chojna", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Chojna is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, on the German border. Its seat is the town of Chojna, which lies approximately south of Gryfino and south of the regional capital Szczecin."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jerome Quinn", "paragraph_text": "Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paramun", "paragraph_text": "Paramun () is a village in Tran Municipality, Pernik Province. It is located in western Bulgaria, 66\u00a0km from the capital city of Sofia and 14\u00a0km from the town of Tran, near the Serbian border. The toponym is of Byzantine Greek origin, from the loanword \"paramun\" meaning \"guard, watch, sentry\". It was rendered as \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae in Greek and was retained in medieval Serbian as . The name was first mentioned in 1451 and 1453."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pulaski High School", "paragraph_text": "Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hillsboro, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Hillsboro is a city in Vernon County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,417 at the 2010 census. The city is located within the Town of Hillsboro. Hillsboro is known as the Czech Capital of Wisconsin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dareton, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Dareton is a town in the far west of New South Wales, Australia. The town is located on the Silver City Highway, 1,025 kilometres west of the state capital, Sydney and 20 kilometres from the regional centre, Mildura, across the border in Victoria. Part of the Wentworth Shire local government area, at the , Dareton had a population of 516."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gmina G\u0142ucho\u0142azy", "paragraph_text": "Gmina G\u0142ucho\u0142azy is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, on the Czech border. Its seat is the town of G\u0142ucho\u0142azy, which lies approximately south of Nysa and south-west of the regional capital Opole."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Moscow", "paragraph_text": "Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, making it Europe's most populated inland city. The city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral with its brightly coloured domes. With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders -- more than any other major city -- even before its expansion in 2012. The city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation."}], "question": "What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county where the city served by WRJQ is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__58323_375563_161848_59873", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John H. Caldwell", "paragraph_text": "John Homer Caldwell (born November 28, 1928) is a retired American nordic skier who competed in the 1952 Winter Olympics, then became a cross-country ski coach and authority on cross-country skiing. He wrote a series of books that helped popularize and develop understanding of recreational cross-country skiing in the United States. Consequently, Caldwell has been called the \"father\" and \"guru\" of Nordic skiing in North America."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9, nicknamed \"Maysso\" (10 February 1884 \u2013 6 September 1914), was a French rugby union player who appeared three times for the country's national team, and was also the first rugby international from any country to die in action in World War I. A native of Lavernose, a village near Toulouse, he played as scrum-half and fly-half and is credited to this day by Stade Toulousain as the strategist of the club's first great teams in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Zimbabwe at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Zimbabwe participated for the first time at the Olympic Games under its current name in 1980, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then. Previously, it competed at the Games under the name Rhodesia in 1928, 1960 and 1964. The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi marked Zimbabwe's first participation at the Winter Olympic Games, with Oskar Hauser, the Austrian born Zimbabwean, participating in the biathlon."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Soon (Tanya Tucker song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Soon\" is a song written by Bob Regan and Casey Kelly, and recorded by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released in October 1993 as the first single and title track from the album \"Soon\". The song reached #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Albania at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Albania first participated at the Summer Olympic Games in 1972. They missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have appeared in all games since then. They made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. The country has not yet won an Olympic medal, and along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is the only European non-microstate without an Olympic medal. They have been represented by the Albanian National Olympic Committee since 1972."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Zealand dollar", "paragraph_text": "The New Zealand dollar (sign: $; code: NZD) (M\u0101ori: T\u0101ra o Aotearoa) is the currency and legal tender of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, the Ross Dependency, Tokelau, and a British territory, the Pitcairn Islands. Within New Zealand, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with ``NZ $''sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies. In the context of currency trading, it is often informally called the`` Kiwi'', since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Black Mask", "paragraph_text": "The Black Mask (published in some countries as Raffles: Further Adventures of the Amateur Cracksman) is the second collection of stories written by Ernest William Hornung in the A. J. Raffles series concerning a gentleman thief in late Victorian London. It was first published in 1901."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United States dollar", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1958 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "A record total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 member nations of the Asian Games Federation participated in the Games. The number of participating countries was also greatest in comparison to the first two editions of the Games."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kamilla and the Thief", "paragraph_text": "Kamilla and the Thief (\"Kamilla og Tyven\") is a Norwegian family movie from 1988 directed by Grete Salomonsen and produced by her husband Odd Hynnekleiv. The movie is an adaption from a Norwegian children's novel by Kari Vinje, and is the first feature film of renowned Norwegian actor Dennis Storh\u00f8i and also stars 1980s pop idol Morten Harket in a minor role. \"Kamilla and the Thief\" was a huge success in Norway, selling half a million tickets (in a country of about 4 million people). It was so popular that a sequel was made, Kamilla and the Thief II, which was released the year after. In 2005 both movies were digitally restored and released on DVD."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1994 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "Brazil won the tournament after beating Italy 3 -- 2 in a penalty shootout at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California near Los Angeles, after the game had ended 0 -- 0 after extra time. It was the first World Cup final to be decided on penalties. The victory made Brazil the first nation to win four World Cup titles. Greece, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia made their first appearances at the tournament, as did Russia, following the breakup of the Soviet Union. A united Germany team took part in the tournament, as the country was reunified in 1990, a few months after West Germany's victory in the 1990 World Cup."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ticks (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Ticks ''is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in March 2007 as the first single from the album 5th Gear. It reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs Chart and was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour. Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 2018", "paragraph_text": "Forty - three countries participated in the contest, equalling the record of the 2008 and 2011 editions. Russia returned after their absence from the previous edition, and for the first time since 2011, no country withdrew from the contest."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eiluned Lewis", "paragraph_text": "Born in Penstrowed near Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Lewis was educated at Levana School, Wimbledon, and Westfield College, London. She had a long period of work on the \"Sunday Times\", where she became assistant editor, and from 1944 until her death in 1979 she also wrote for the magazine \"Country Life\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Messenger (Zusak novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Messenger is a 2002 Novel by Markus Zusak, and winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic; in both countries the release date was 8 July 2000, the first time a book in the series was published in both countries at the same time. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, in 2001. The book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Book Thief (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Book Thief is a 2013 World War II war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie N\u00e9lisse. The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni. The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era. Taught to read by her kind - hearted foster father, the girl begins ``borrowing ''books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home. The film features a musical score by Oscar - winning composer John Williams."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Demon Thief", "paragraph_text": "Demon Thief is a book in Darren Shan's \"Demonata\" series. Though it is the second book in the series, it is a prequel to \"Lord Loss\", the first book in the series. The protagonist is also different from that of the first book. The narrator here is a new character called Kernel Fleck, as opposed to Grubbs Grady, the protagonist of the first book. Demon Thief takes place about thirty years before \"Lord Loss\" so most of the characters from the first book did not appear, though a few did. It was also actually the sixth book of the Demonata to be written, although it was the second released."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Where Dead Voices Gather", "paragraph_text": "Where Dead Voices Gather is a book by Nick Tosches. It is, in part, a biography of Emmett Miller, one of the last minstrel singers. Just as importantly, it depicts Tosches' search for information about Miller, about whom he initially wrote in his book \"Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock and Roll\". It is also a study of minstrelsy and its connection to American folk music, country music, the blues and ultimately, rock and roll. In that way, it is a companion volume to his other books of music journalism, \"Country\" and \"Unsung Heroes of Rock N' Roll\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1952 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games. New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games."}], "question": "What is the currency called in the country located near the country of citizenship of the author of The Book Thief?"}
{"id": "4hop1__58323_375563_161848_59035", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ticks (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Ticks ''is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in March 2007 as the first single from the album 5th Gear. It reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs Chart and was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour. Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Messenger (Zusak novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Messenger is a 2002 Novel by Markus Zusak, and winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "On 6 February 1840, Hobson and about forty M\u0101ori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands. Copies of the Treaty were subsequently taken around the country to be signed by other chiefs. A significant number refused to sign or were not asked but, in total, more than five hundred M\u0101ori eventually signed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cracker Barrel", "paragraph_text": "Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme. The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969; its first store was in Lebanon, Tennessee, which remains the company headquarters. The chain's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s. As of September 18, 2012, the chain operates 639 stores in 43 states."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eiluned Lewis", "paragraph_text": "Born in Penstrowed near Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Lewis was educated at Levana School, Wimbledon, and Westfield College, London. She had a long period of work on the \"Sunday Times\", where she became assistant editor, and from 1944 until her death in 1979 she also wrote for the magazine \"Country Life\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "1952 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games. New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Book Thief (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Book Thief is a 2013 World War II war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie N\u00e9lisse. The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni. The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era. Taught to read by her kind - hearted foster father, the girl begins ``borrowing ''books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home. The film features a musical score by Oscar - winning composer John Williams."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Albania at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Albania first participated at the Summer Olympic Games in 1972. They missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have appeared in all games since then. They made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. The country has not yet won an Olympic medal, and along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is the only European non-microstate without an Olympic medal. They have been represented by the Albanian National Olympic Committee since 1972."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2012 African Cross Country Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 2nd African Cross Country Championships was an international cross country running competition for African athletes which was held on 18 March 2012 in Cape Town's Keurboom Park in South Africa. Organised by the Confederation of African Athletics and Athletics South Africa, it was the first time that the competition represented that year's foremost event in the sport, as the IAAF World Cross Country Championships was not held. Twenty-one nations entered athletes into the event and 160 runners participated in the races."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John H. Caldwell", "paragraph_text": "John Homer Caldwell (born November 28, 1928) is a retired American nordic skier who competed in the 1952 Winter Olympics, then became a cross-country ski coach and authority on cross-country skiing. He wrote a series of books that helped popularize and develop understanding of recreational cross-country skiing in the United States. Consequently, Caldwell has been called the \"father\" and \"guru\" of Nordic skiing in North America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1923 International Cross Country Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 1923 International Cross Country Championships was held in Maisons-Laffitte, France, at the Hippodrome de Maisons-Laffitte on March 25, 1923. Athletes from Belgium were participating for the first time. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 2018", "paragraph_text": "Forty - three countries participated in the contest, equalling the record of the 2008 and 2011 editions. Russia returned after their absence from the previous edition, and for the first time since 2011, no country withdrew from the contest."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Helen Epstein (HIV/AIDS journalist)", "paragraph_text": "Helen Epstein (born 1961) is an American writer, molecular biologist, and independent consultant specializing in public health in developing countries. She has conducted research on reproductive health and AIDS in Africa for such organizations as the Rockefeller Foundation, the Population Council, and Human Rights Watch, and her articles have appeared in \"The New York Review of Books\", \"The New York Times Magazine\", \"Granta Magazine\", and many other publications. Her research interests include the right to health care in developing countries and the relationship between poverty and health in industrialized countries."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Demon Thief", "paragraph_text": "Demon Thief is a book in Darren Shan's \"Demonata\" series. Though it is the second book in the series, it is a prequel to \"Lord Loss\", the first book in the series. The protagonist is also different from that of the first book. The narrator here is a new character called Kernel Fleck, as opposed to Grubbs Grady, the protagonist of the first book. Demon Thief takes place about thirty years before \"Lord Loss\" so most of the characters from the first book did not appear, though a few did. It was also actually the sixth book of the Demonata to be written, although it was the second released."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1958 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "A record total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 member nations of the Asian Games Federation participated in the Games. The number of participating countries was also greatest in comparison to the first two editions of the Games."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Black Mask", "paragraph_text": "The Black Mask (published in some countries as Raffles: Further Adventures of the Amateur Cracksman) is the second collection of stories written by Ernest William Hornung in the A. J. Raffles series concerning a gentleman thief in late Victorian London. It was first published in 1901."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Soon (Tanya Tucker song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Soon\" is a song written by Bob Regan and Casey Kelly, and recorded by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released in October 1993 as the first single and title track from the album \"Soon\". The song reached #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic; in both countries the release date was 8 July 2000, the first time a book in the series was published in both countries at the same time. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, in 2001. The book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Where Dead Voices Gather", "paragraph_text": "Where Dead Voices Gather is a book by Nick Tosches. It is, in part, a biography of Emmett Miller, one of the last minstrel singers. Just as importantly, it depicts Tosches' search for information about Miller, about whom he initially wrote in his book \"Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock and Roll\". It is also a study of minstrelsy and its connection to American folk music, country music, the blues and ultimately, rock and roll. In that way, it is a companion volume to his other books of music journalism, \"Country\" and \"Unsung Heroes of Rock N' Roll\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9, nicknamed \"Maysso\" (10 February 1884 \u2013 6 September 1914), was a French rugby union player who appeared three times for the country's national team, and was also the first rugby international from any country to die in action in World War I. A native of Lavernose, a village near Toulouse, he played as scrum-half and fly-half and is credited to this day by Stade Toulousain as the strategist of the club's first great teams in the early 20th century."}], "question": "A country that is in same the region as The Book Thief's author's home country took part in their first Winter Olympics in 1952. When was that country founded?"}
{"id": "4hop1__58323_375563_161848_51357", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lord Voldemort", "paragraph_text": "In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Voldemort is initially only heard, possessing the scratchy, weak voice heard in the first film. By the film's climax, however, he appears in his physical form for the first time, played by Ralph Fiennes. As in the book, Voldemort is shown clad in dark black robes, being tall and emaciated, with no hair and yellowish teeth; his wand has a white tone and the handle appears to be made of bone; his finger nails are long and pale blue while his toe nails appear to be infected. Unlike in the book, his pupils are not cat - like and his eyes are blue, because producer David Heyman felt that his evil would not be able to be seen and would not fill the audience with fear (his eyes do briefly take on a snake - like appearance when he opens them after turning human, but quickly turn normal). As in the book, the film version of Voldemort has snake - like slit nostrils with the flesh of his nose significantly pressed back. Ralph Fiennes' nose was not covered in makeup on the set, but was digitally removed in post-production. In this first appearance, Voldemort also has a forked tongue, but this element was removed for the subsequent films."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1958 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "A record total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 member nations of the Asian Games Federation participated in the Games. The number of participating countries was also greatest in comparison to the first two editions of the Games."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Soon (Tanya Tucker song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Soon\" is a song written by Bob Regan and Casey Kelly, and recorded by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released in October 1993 as the first single and title track from the album \"Soon\". The song reached #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Albania at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Albania first participated at the Summer Olympic Games in 1972. They missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have appeared in all games since then. They made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. The country has not yet won an Olympic medal, and along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is the only European non-microstate without an Olympic medal. They have been represented by the Albanian National Olympic Committee since 1972."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Little penguin", "paragraph_text": "The little penguin breeds along the entire coastline of New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, and southern Australia (including roughly 20,000 pairs on Babel Island). Australian colonies exist in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia. Little penguins have also been reported from Chile (where they are known as ping\u00fcino peque\u00f1o or ping\u00fcino azul) (Isla Cha\u00f1aral 1996, Playa de Santo Domingo, San Antonio, 16 March 1997) and South Africa, but it is unclear whether these birds were vagrants. As new colonies continue to be discovered, rough estimates of the world population are around 350,000 - 600,000 animals."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Skin and Other Stories", "paragraph_text": "Skin and Other Stories is a collection of short stories written by Roald Dahl. It was published in 2000 by Puffin Books, a division of Penguin Putnam Books. Many these stories first appeared in the Dahl book, \"Someone Like You\", and also includes the story \"The Surgeon,\" originally published in \"Playboy\" magazine in 1986."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9, nicknamed \"Maysso\" (10 February 1884 \u2013 6 September 1914), was a French rugby union player who appeared three times for the country's national team, and was also the first rugby international from any country to die in action in World War I. A native of Lavernose, a village near Toulouse, he played as scrum-half and fly-half and is credited to this day by Stade Toulousain as the strategist of the club's first great teams in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Demon Thief", "paragraph_text": "Demon Thief is a book in Darren Shan's \"Demonata\" series. Though it is the second book in the series, it is a prequel to \"Lord Loss\", the first book in the series. The protagonist is also different from that of the first book. The narrator here is a new character called Kernel Fleck, as opposed to Grubbs Grady, the protagonist of the first book. Demon Thief takes place about thirty years before \"Lord Loss\" so most of the characters from the first book did not appear, though a few did. It was also actually the sixth book of the Demonata to be written, although it was the second released."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ticks (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Ticks ''is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in March 2007 as the first single from the album 5th Gear. It reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs Chart and was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour. Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1952 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games. New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Book Thief (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Book Thief Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Percival Produced by Karen Rosenfelt Ken Blancato Screenplay by Michael Petroni Trudy White (novel) Based on The Book Thief by Markus Zusak Starring Geoffrey Rush Emily Watson Sophie N\u00e9lisse Narrated by Roger Allam Music by John Williams Cinematography Florian Ballhaus Edited by John Wilson Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Sunswept Entertainment Studio Babelsberg TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 3, 2013 (2013 - 10 - 03) (Mill Valley Film Festival) November 27, 2013 (2013 - 11 - 27) (United States) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Germany Language English German Budget $19 million Box office $76.6 million"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Uthiripookkal", "paragraph_text": "The film is considered as a breakthrough in commercial Tamil cinema and has been lauded by many film makers. In a 2002 interview with \"The Hindu\", Mani Ratnam remarked \"If I get anywhere near what Mahendran did in \"Udhiri Pookkal\", I\u2019ll be a happy man.\" \"The Times of India\" wrote \"1979 was the year of \"Uthiripookkal\"\". IBN Live included the film in its list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time in 2013."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Messenger (Zusak novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Messenger is a 2002 Novel by Markus Zusak, and winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Ad\u00e9lie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Where Dead Voices Gather", "paragraph_text": "Where Dead Voices Gather is a book by Nick Tosches. It is, in part, a biography of Emmett Miller, one of the last minstrel singers. Just as importantly, it depicts Tosches' search for information about Miller, about whom he initially wrote in his book \"Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock and Roll\". It is also a study of minstrelsy and its connection to American folk music, country music, the blues and ultimately, rock and roll. In that way, it is a companion volume to his other books of music journalism, \"Country\" and \"Unsung Heroes of Rock N' Roll\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kamilla and the Thief", "paragraph_text": "Kamilla and the Thief (\"Kamilla og Tyven\") is a Norwegian family movie from 1988 directed by Grete Salomonsen and produced by her husband Odd Hynnekleiv. The movie is an adaption from a Norwegian children's novel by Kari Vinje, and is the first feature film of renowned Norwegian actor Dennis Storh\u00f8i and also stars 1980s pop idol Morten Harket in a minor role. \"Kamilla and the Thief\" was a huge success in Norway, selling half a million tickets (in a country of about 4 million people). It was so popular that a sequel was made, Kamilla and the Thief II, which was released the year after. In 2005 both movies were digitally restored and released on DVD."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "North Korea at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1964, appearing only in the Winter Olympic Games that year. Eight years later in 1972, the nation first participated at the Summer Olympic Games. Since then, the nation has appeared in every Summer Games, except when North Korea joined the Soviet - led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics, and when they boycotted the 1988 Games in Seoul, South Korea."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Book Thief (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Book Thief is a 2013 World War II war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie N\u00e9lisse. The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni. The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era. Taught to read by her kind - hearted foster father, the girl begins ``borrowing ''books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home. The film features a musical score by Oscar - winning composer John Williams."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Madagascar (franchise) characters", "paragraph_text": "Mort Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar (2005) Voiced by Andy Richter (films, TV series and specials, The Penguins of Madagascar) Dee Bradley Baker (first video game) Matt Nolan (second and third video games) Information Species Goodman's mouse lemur"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 2018", "paragraph_text": "Forty - three countries participated in the contest, equalling the record of the 2008 and 2011 editions. Russia returned after their absence from the previous edition, and for the first time since 2011, no country withdrew from the contest."}], "question": "A country near The Book Thief author's nation first took part in the winter Olympics in 1952. In that country where do blue penguins breed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__58323_375563_161848_76762", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 2018", "paragraph_text": "Forty - three countries participated in the contest, equalling the record of the 2008 and 2011 editions. Russia returned after their absence from the previous edition, and for the first time since 2011, no country withdrew from the contest."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9, nicknamed \"Maysso\" (10 February 1884 \u2013 6 September 1914), was a French rugby union player who appeared three times for the country's national team, and was also the first rugby international from any country to die in action in World War I. A native of Lavernose, a village near Toulouse, he played as scrum-half and fly-half and is credited to this day by Stade Toulousain as the strategist of the club's first great teams in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Book Thief (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Book Thief is a 2013 World War II war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie N\u00e9lisse. The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni. The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era. Taught to read by her kind - hearted foster father, the girl begins ``borrowing ''books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home. The film features a musical score by Oscar - winning composer John Williams."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 2017", "paragraph_text": "Twenty - six countries participated in the final, with all 42 participating countries eligible to vote. The running order for the final was revealed after the second semi-final qualifiers' press conference on 11 May."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nobody to Blame", "paragraph_text": "``Nobody to Blame ''is a song recorded by American country music artist Chris Stapleton. The song was released in November 2015 as the singer's third single overall. Stapleton co-wrote the song with Barry Bales and Ronnie Bowman. It became Stapleton's first top 10 single on the US Country Airplay chart.`` Nobody to Blame'' won Song of the Year at the ACM Awards."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Albania at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Albania first participated at the Summer Olympic Games in 1972. They missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have appeared in all games since then. They made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. The country has not yet won an Olympic medal, and along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is the only European non-microstate without an Olympic medal. They have been represented by the Albanian National Olympic Committee since 1972."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John H. Caldwell", "paragraph_text": "John Homer Caldwell (born November 28, 1928) is a retired American nordic skier who competed in the 1952 Winter Olympics, then became a cross-country ski coach and authority on cross-country skiing. He wrote a series of books that helped popularize and develop understanding of recreational cross-country skiing in the United States. Consequently, Caldwell has been called the \"father\" and \"guru\" of Nordic skiing in North America."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Book Thief (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Book Thief Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Percival Produced by Karen Rosenfelt Ken Blancato Screenplay by Michael Petroni Trudy White (novel) Based on The Book Thief by Markus Zusak Starring Geoffrey Rush Emily Watson Sophie N\u00e9lisse Narrated by Roger Allam Music by John Williams Cinematography Florian Ballhaus Edited by John Wilson Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Sunswept Entertainment Studio Babelsberg TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 3, 2013 (2013 - 10 - 03) (Mill Valley Film Festival) November 27, 2013 (2013 - 11 - 27) (United States) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Germany Language English German Budget $19 million Box office $76.6 million"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic; in both countries the release date was 8 July 2000, the first time a book in the series was published in both countries at the same time. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, in 2001. The book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1952 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games. New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "In Color (song)", "paragraph_text": "``In Color ''is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Jamey Johnson. It is the first single from his second album, That Lonesome Song, which was initially released to digital retailers in 2007, and was released on August 5, 2008 on Mercury Nashville Records. Johnson co-wrote the song with James Otto and Lee Thomas Miller. In January 2009,`` In Color'' became Johnson's first Top Ten country hit. The song was later included on the compilation album, Now That's What I Call Country Volume 2, in 2009."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Independence of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The principles behind the independence of New Zealand began before New Zealand even became a British colony in 1840. There had been minor rebellions in Canada, and in order to avoid making the mistakes which had led to the American revolution, Lord Durham was commissioned to make a report on the government of colonies which contained a substantial British population. The principles of self - government within the Empire were laid down in the Durham Report and first put into operation in Nova Scotia in 1848. Canada, New Zealand, and the Australian colonies very soon followed suit. The British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 to grant the colony's settlers the right to self - governance, only 12 years (in 1853) after the founding of the colony. New Zealand was therefore to all intents and purposes independent in domestic matters from its earliest days as a British colony."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Black Mask", "paragraph_text": "The Black Mask (published in some countries as Raffles: Further Adventures of the Amateur Cracksman) is the second collection of stories written by Ernest William Hornung in the A. J. Raffles series concerning a gentleman thief in late Victorian London. It was first published in 1901."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Helen Epstein (HIV/AIDS journalist)", "paragraph_text": "Helen Epstein (born 1961) is an American writer, molecular biologist, and independent consultant specializing in public health in developing countries. She has conducted research on reproductive health and AIDS in Africa for such organizations as the Rockefeller Foundation, the Population Council, and Human Rights Watch, and her articles have appeared in \"The New York Review of Books\", \"The New York Times Magazine\", \"Granta Magazine\", and many other publications. Her research interests include the right to health care in developing countries and the relationship between poverty and health in industrialized countries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "1923 International Cross Country Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 1923 International Cross Country Championships was held in Maisons-Laffitte, France, at the Hippodrome de Maisons-Laffitte on March 25, 1923. Athletes from Belgium were participating for the first time. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ticks (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Ticks ''is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in March 2007 as the first single from the album 5th Gear. It reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs Chart and was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour. Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "India at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The 2012 Summer Olympics saw an 83 - member Indian contingent participating in the games and setting a new best for the country with a total of six medals. Wrestler Sushil Kumar became the first Indian with multiple individual Olympic medals (bronze at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and silver at the 2012 Summer Olympics) since Norman Pritchard in 1900. Saina Nehwal won bronze medal in badminton in Women's singles getting the country's first Olympic medal in badminton. Pugilist Mary Kom became the first Indian woman to win a medal in boxing with her bronze medal finish in Women's flyweight category."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eiluned Lewis", "paragraph_text": "Born in Penstrowed near Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Lewis was educated at Levana School, Wimbledon, and Westfield College, London. She had a long period of work on the \"Sunday Times\", where she became assistant editor, and from 1944 until her death in 1979 she also wrote for the magazine \"Country Life\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Messenger (Zusak novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Messenger is a 2002 Novel by Markus Zusak, and winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Where Dead Voices Gather", "paragraph_text": "Where Dead Voices Gather is a book by Nick Tosches. It is, in part, a biography of Emmett Miller, one of the last minstrel singers. Just as importantly, it depicts Tosches' search for information about Miller, about whom he initially wrote in his book \"Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock and Roll\". It is also a study of minstrelsy and its connection to American folk music, country music, the blues and ultimately, rock and roll. In that way, it is a companion volume to his other books of music journalism, \"Country\" and \"Unsung Heroes of Rock N' Roll\"."}], "question": "When was independence obtained for the country that is in the region of the Book Thief's author's nation and was a first time participant in the 1952 Winter Olympics?"}
{"id": "4hop1__58323_375563_161848_91683", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "God Save the Queen", "paragraph_text": "It is the national anthem of the United Kingdom and one of two national anthems used by New Zealand since 1977, as well as for several of the UK's territories that have their own additional local anthem. It is also the royal anthem -- played specifically in the presence of the monarch -- of all the aforementioned countries, as well as Australia (since 1984), Canada (since 1980), Barbados and Tuvalu. In countries not previously part of the British Empire, the tune of ``God Save the Queen ''has provided the basis for various patriotic songs, though still generally connected with royal ceremony. In the United States, the melody is used for the patriotic song`` My Country, 'Tis of Thee''. The melody is also used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein, ``Oben am jungen Rhein ''."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room", "paragraph_text": "\"Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers. It was released in July 1984 as the first single from the album \"It's All in the Game\". \"Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room\" was Merle Haggard's thirty-second number one country single as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart. Haggard wrote the song with Freddy Powers and Sherill Rodgers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "This Time (Dwight Yoakam album)", "paragraph_text": "This Time is the fifth album by American country music artist Dwight Yoakam. Three of its tracks barely missed the top spot on the Billboard Hot Country Singles charts, each peaking at No. 2: \"Ain't That Lonely Yet,\" \"A Thousand Miles from Nowhere,\" and \"Fast as You,\" the latter being his last Top 10 single. Two other tracks also rose into the charts: \"Try Not to Look So Pretty\" at No. 14 and \"Pocket of a Clown\" at No. 22. The album itself peaked at No. 4 on the Top Country Albums chart. Yoakam wrote or co-wrote all except for one of the tracks on this album."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "1952 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games. New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic; in both countries the release date was 8 July 2000, the first time a book in the series was published in both countries at the same time. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, in 2001. The book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Sweetness at the Bottom of the Pie", "paragraph_text": "The Sweetness at the Bottom of the Pie is a mystery by Alan Bradley published in 2009. Set in the English countryside in 1950, it features Flavia de Luce, an 11-year-old amateur sleuth who pulls herself away from her beloved chemistry lab in order to clear her father in a murder investigation. Bradley, a first-time novelist, wrote the book after winning the 2007 Debut Dagger Award and selling the publishing rights in three countries, based on the first chapter and a synopsis. Well received by critics as an old-fashioned mystery featuring an unforgettable protagonist, the novel has won multiple awards and is the first in a proposed 10-book series."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Somebody Wrote Love", "paragraph_text": "Somebody Wrote Love is the fourth studio album by Canadian country music artist George Canyon. In 2007, the album won Canyon a Juno Award for Country Recording of the Year."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John H. Caldwell", "paragraph_text": "John Homer Caldwell (born November 28, 1928) is a retired American nordic skier who competed in the 1952 Winter Olympics, then became a cross-country ski coach and authority on cross-country skiing. He wrote a series of books that helped popularize and develop understanding of recreational cross-country skiing in the United States. Consequently, Caldwell has been called the \"father\" and \"guru\" of Nordic skiing in North America."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "1958 Asian Games", "paragraph_text": "A record total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 member nations of the Asian Games Federation participated in the Games. The number of participating countries was also greatest in comparison to the first two editions of the Games."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Book Thief (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Book Thief is a 2013 World War II war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie N\u00e9lisse. The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni. The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era. Taught to read by her kind - hearted foster father, the girl begins ``borrowing ''books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home. The film features a musical score by Oscar - winning composer John Williams."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Messenger (Zusak novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Messenger is a 2002 Novel by Markus Zusak, and winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "A Brief History of Time", "paragraph_text": "A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes is a popular - science book on cosmology (the study of the universe) by British physicist Stephen Hawking. It was first published in 1988. Hawking wrote the book for nonspecialist readers with no prior knowledge of scientific theories."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "God Defend New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "``God Defend New Zealand ''was written as a poem in the 1870s by Irish - born, Victorian - raised immigrant Thomas Bracken of Dunedin. A competition to compose music for the poem was held in 1876 by The Saturday Advertiser and judged by three prominent Melbourne musicians, with a prize of ten guineas. The winner of the competition was the Tasmanian - born John Joseph Woods of Lawrence, New Zealand who composed the melody in a single sitting the evening after finding out about the competition. The song was first performed at the Queen's Theatre, Princes Street, Dunedin, on Christmas Day, 1876. In 1897, Prime Minister Richard Seddon presented a copy of words and music to Queen Victoria."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "North Korea at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1964, appearing only in the Winter Olympic Games that year. Eight years later in 1972, the nation first participated at the Summer Olympic Games. Since then, the nation has appeared in every Summer Games, except when North Korea joined the Soviet - led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics, and when they boycotted the 1988 Games in Seoul, South Korea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Albania at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Albania first participated at the Summer Olympic Games in 1972. They missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have appeared in all games since then. They made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. The country has not yet won an Olympic medal, and along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is the only European non-microstate without an Olympic medal. They have been represented by the Albanian National Olympic Committee since 1972."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Where Dead Voices Gather", "paragraph_text": "Where Dead Voices Gather is a book by Nick Tosches. It is, in part, a biography of Emmett Miller, one of the last minstrel singers. Just as importantly, it depicts Tosches' search for information about Miller, about whom he initially wrote in his book \"Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock and Roll\". It is also a study of minstrelsy and its connection to American folk music, country music, the blues and ultimately, rock and roll. In that way, it is a companion volume to his other books of music journalism, \"Country\" and \"Unsung Heroes of Rock N' Roll\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Demon Thief", "paragraph_text": "Demon Thief is a book in Darren Shan's \"Demonata\" series. Though it is the second book in the series, it is a prequel to \"Lord Loss\", the first book in the series. The protagonist is also different from that of the first book. The narrator here is a new character called Kernel Fleck, as opposed to Grubbs Grady, the protagonist of the first book. Demon Thief takes place about thirty years before \"Lord Loss\" so most of the characters from the first book did not appear, though a few did. It was also actually the sixth book of the Demonata to be written, although it was the second released."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9, nicknamed \"Maysso\" (10 February 1884 \u2013 6 September 1914), was a French rugby union player who appeared three times for the country's national team, and was also the first rugby international from any country to die in action in World War I. A native of Lavernose, a village near Toulouse, he played as scrum-half and fly-half and is credited to this day by Stade Toulousain as the strategist of the club's first great teams in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Abdullahi Qarshe", "paragraph_text": "Abdullahi Qarshe (, ) (1924\u20131994) was a Somali musician, poet and playwright known as the \"Father of Somali music\". In 1957 he wrote and composed the Somali National Anthem, Qolobaa Calankeed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Eiluned Lewis", "paragraph_text": "Born in Penstrowed near Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Lewis was educated at Levana School, Wimbledon, and Westfield College, London. She had a long period of work on the \"Sunday Times\", where she became assistant editor, and from 1944 until her death in 1979 she also wrote for the magazine \"Country Life\"."}], "question": "Who wrote the anthem of the nation that first participated in the Olympics in 1952, that is located near the citizenship country, of the author of the 2005 book Thief?"}
{"id": "4hop1__415796_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gibbs Point", "paragraph_text": "Gibbs Point, a rock point on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northern area of the continent of Antarctica, was named for African American Antarctic explorer, George W. Gibbs, Jr. on September 2, 2009. On that date, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (U.S. Board on Geographic Names) confirmed the place name in Antarctica for Gibbs as the first black explorer to set foot on the continent. Gibbs Point is a rock point forming the northwest entrance to Gaul Cove, on the northeast of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral (European Portuguese: (\u02c8pe\u00f0\u027eu \u02c8a\u026bv\u0250r (\u0268) \u0283 k\u0250\u02c8\u03b2\u027ea\u026b) or Brazilian Portuguese: (\u02c8ped\u027eu \u02c8awva\u027eis ka\u02c8b\u027eaw); c. 1467 or 1468 -- c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly - opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India -- bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jordan Romero", "paragraph_text": "Jordan Romero (born July 12, 1996) is an American mountain climber who was 13 years old when he allegedly reached the summit of Mount Everest. Romero was accompanied by his father Paul Romero, his step - mother Karen Lundgren, and three Sherpas, Ang Pasang Sherpa, Lama Dawa Sherpa, and Lama Karma Sherpa. The previous record for youngest to climb Everest was held by Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal who was 16 years old when he reached the summit in 2001. He was inspired to climb the tallest mountains of each continent when he saw a painting in the hallway of his school that had the seven continents' highest mountains. Upon successfully hiking the Vinson Massif in December 2011 at the age of 15 years, 5 months, 12 days, Romero became the youngest climber in the world to complete the Seven Summits, a title previously held by George Atkinson. After this experience, Romero wrote a novel for children called ``No Summit Out Of Sight. ''"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Camilo Romero", "paragraph_text": "Camilo Romero (born March 30, 1970 in Guadalajara, Jalisco) is a retired professional footballer from Mexico, who played as a left back during his career."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spice trade", "paragraph_text": "The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast. in south India -- the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wilkins Runway", "paragraph_text": "Wilkins Runway is a single runway aerodrome operated by Australia, located on upper glacier of the ice sheet Preston Heath, Budd Coast, Wilkes Land, on the continent of Antarctica, but southeast of the actual coast. It is named after Sir Hubert Wilkins, a pioneer of Antarctic aviation and exploration."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jordan Romero", "paragraph_text": "Jordan Romero (born July 12, 1996) is an American mountain climber who was 13 years old when he reached the summit of Mount Everest. Romero was accompanied by his father Paul Romero, his step - mother Karen Lundgren, and three Sherpas, Ang Pasang Sherpa, Lama Dawa Sherpa, and Lama Karma Sherpa. The previous record for youngest to climb Everest was held by Ming Kipa of Nepal who was 15 years old when she reached the summit in 2009. He was inspired to climb the tallest mountains of each continent when he saw a painting in the hallway of his school that had the seven continents' highest mountains. Upon successfully hiking the Vinson Massif in December 2011 at the age of 15 years, 5 months, 12 days, Romero became the youngest climber in the world to complete the Seven Summits, a title previously held by George Atkinson."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pennell Coast", "paragraph_text": "Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period. In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David Melgueiro", "paragraph_text": "David Melgueiro (Porto, ? \u2013 Porto, 1673?) is supposed to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer. He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jordan Romero", "paragraph_text": "Jordan Romero (born July 12, 1996) is an American mountain climber who was 13 years old when he allegedly reached the summit of Mount Everest. Romero was accompanied by his father Paul Romero, his step - mother Karen Lundgren, and three Sherpas, Ang Pasang Sherpa, Lama Dawa Sherpa, and Lama Karma Sherpa. The previous record for youngest to climb Everest was held by Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal who was 16 years old when he reached the summit in 2001. Romero was inspired to climb the tallest mountains of each continent when he saw a painting in the hallway of his school that had the seven continents' highest mountains. Upon successfully hiking the Vinson Massif in December 2011 at the age of 15 years, 5 months, 12 days, Romero became the youngest climber in the world to complete the Seven Summits, a title previously held by George Atkinson. After this experience, Romero wrote a novel for children called ``No Summit Out Of Sight. ''"}], "question": "Whose Italian navigator father explored the east coast of the continental region where later Camilo Romero was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__370129_621192_10659_126093", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Let them eat cake", "paragraph_text": "While the phrase is commonly attributed to Queen Marie Antoinette, there is no record of her having said it. It appears in book six of Jean - Jacques Rousseau's Confessions, his autobiography (whose first six books were written in 1765, when Marie Antoinette was nine years of age, and published in 1782). The context of Rousseau's account was his desire to have some bread to accompany some wine he had stolen; however, feeling he was too elegantly dressed to go into an ordinary bakery, he recollected the words of a ``great princess '':"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mlle Raucourt", "paragraph_text": "Fran\u00e7oise Marie Antoinette Saucerotte, called Mlle Raucourt (3\u00a0March 1756 \u2013 15\u00a0January 1815) was a French actress, engaged at the Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise in 1772-1799, where she became famous as a tragedienne."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Poland", "paragraph_text": "In 2011, the ruling Civic Platform won parliamentary elections. Poland joined the European Space Agency in 2012, as well as organised the UEFA Euro 2012 (along with Ukraine). In 2013, Poland also became a member of the Development Assistance Committee. In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the European Council, and resigned as prime minister. The 2015 elections were won by the opposition Law and Justice Party (PiS)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg", "paragraph_text": "Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg (baptised Victoria Marie Augustine Louise Antoinette Caroline Leopoldine; 8 May 1878 \u2013 14 October 1948) was the eldest daughter of Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Princess Elisabeth of Anhalt."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion, and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to be stationed in Sinai. Nasser commended Eisenhower, stating he played the \"greatest and most decisive role\" in stopping the \"tripartite conspiracy\". By the end of December, British and French forces had totally withdrawn from Egyptian territory, while Israel completed its withdrawal in March 1957 and released all Egyptian prisoners of war. As a result of the Suez Crisis, Nasser brought in a set of regulations imposing rigorous requirements for residency and citizenship as well as forced expulsions, mostly affecting British and French nationals and Jews with foreign nationality, as well as some Egyptian Jews."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Engen", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Engen was fought between France and Austria on 3 May 1800 as a part of the 1800 campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars. It resulted in a French victory under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau against the Austrians under General Kray."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Duchess Marie Antoinette of Mecklenburg", "paragraph_text": "Duchess Marie Antoinette of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, also \"Manette\" (Marie Antoinette Margarethe Mathilde; 28 May 1884 \u2013 26 October 1944) was the second daughter of Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg and the Austrian-born Princess Marie of Windisch-Graetz."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "James Nicholas Joubert", "paragraph_text": "Reverend James Mary Hector Nicholas Joubert de la Muraille, of the Society of Saint-Sulpice, was born in France, on September 6, 1777. A teacher at St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore, he co-founded the Oblate Sisters of Providence along with Mother Mary Lange. He died in 1843."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times. Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. Jews were required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363. In the late Roman Empire, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and enter into various local occupations. But, after Christianity became the official religion of Rome and Constantinople in 380, Jews were increasingly marginalized."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anne-Antoinette Diderot", "paragraph_text": "Anne-Antoinette Diderot (born Anne-Antoinette Champion 22 February 1710 \u2013 10 April 1796) was the wife of the pioneer encyclopedist Denis Diderot and the mother of his only surviving child, Marie-Ang\u00e9lique Diderot (1753\u20131824)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, to Antoine, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, and entered the diplomatic service of Austria in Paris in the train of Reichsf\u00fcrst Kaunitz. He became Austrian minister in Turin at the court of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, in St. Petersburg at the court of Catherine the Great, and then Paris at the court of King Louis XV of France in 1766. In Paris, his first work was to strengthen the alliance between France and Austria, which was cemented in 1770 by the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, with Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, afterwards known as Queen Marie Antoinette. When Louis and Marie Antoinette ascended the throne of France in 1774, Mercy-Argenteau became one of the most powerful personages at the French court due to his influence over Marie-Antoinette, which made her unpopular with the French nobility and French people. He was in Paris during the turbulent years that led up to the French Revolution, and gave powerful aid to the finance ministers Lom\u00e9nie de Brienne and Necker. In 1792, he became governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, which had just been reduced to obedience by Austria. There, his ability and experience made him a very successful ruler. Although at first in favor of moderate courses, Mercy-Argenteau supported the action of Austria in making war upon its former ally after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and in July 1794, he was appointed Austrian ambassador to Britain, but he died a few days after his arrival in London."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ir\u00e8ne N\u00e9mirovsky", "paragraph_text": "Ir\u00e8ne N\u00e9mirovsky (; 24 February 1903 \u2013 17 August 1942) was a novelist of Ukrainian Jewish origin born in Kiev Ukraine under the Russian Empire; she lived more than half her life in France, and wrote in French, but was denied French citizenship. Arrested as a Jew under the racial laws \u2013 which did not take into account her conversion to Roman Catholicism \u2013 she died at Auschwitz at the age of 39. N\u00e9mirovsky is best known for the posthumously published \"Suite fran\u00e7aise."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "C\u00e9sar Gabriel de Choiseul", "paragraph_text": "After having served in the Army, he was appointed in 1756 ambassador in Vienna, to emperor Francis I and to queen Maria Theresa of Hungary. In 1761, he was plenipotentiary to the Augsburg convention."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge", "paragraph_text": "Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (translated as \"The Knight of Maison-Rouge: A Novel of Marie Antoinette\" or \"The Knight of the Red House\") was written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re. It is related to a series referred to as the Marie Antoinette romances, though technically not part of that series as the characters of Joseph Balsamo (also known as Cagliostro) and Doctor Gilbert do not appear in the novel, and many of the other series protagonists have died by the start of this novel. The novel takes place shortly after the end of the series, following the death of Louis XVI. Set in Paris during the Reign of Terror, the novel follows the adventures of a brave young man named Maurice Lindey who unwittingly implicates himself in a Royalist plot to rescue Marie Antoinette from prison. Maurice is devoted to the Republican cause, but his infatuation with a beautiful young woman leads him into the service of the mysterious Knight of Maison-Rouge, the mastermind behind the plot."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were two distinct Jewish populations. One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition and concentrated in the southwest, while the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, and speaking mainly Yiddish. The two communities were so separate and different that the National Assembly emancipated them separately in 1790 and 1791."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rose Bertin", "paragraph_text": "Marie-Jeanne Rose Bertin (2 July 1747, Abbeville, Picardy, France \u2013 22 September 1813, \u00c9pinay-sur-Seine) was a French milliner (\"Marchandes de modes\"), known as the dressmaker to Queen Marie Antoinette. She was the first celebrated French fashion designer and is widely credited with having brought fashion and \"haute couture\" to the forefront of popular culture."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans.[AE]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Edmund Burke", "paragraph_text": "The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5\u20136 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was \"pure foppery\". Edward Gibbon, however, reacted differently: \"I adore his chivalry\". Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron, that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage, she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it. Price had rejoiced that the French king had been \"led in triumph\" during the October Days, but to Burke this symbolised the opposing revolutionary sentiment of the Jacobins and the natural sentiments of those who shared his own view with horror\u2014that the ungallant assault on Marie-Antoinette\u2014was a cowardly attack on a defenceless woman."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard, vicomte de Saint-Priest", "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard, vicomte de Saint-Priest (1789 \u2013 February 26, 1881), was a French politician and diplomat during the Bourbon Restoration. He was the son of Fran\u00e7ois-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest, one of King Louis XVI of France's last ministers. Born during the opening days of the French Revolution, he was the godson of Queen Marie Antoinette."}], "question": "Who was in charge of the country where many expelled French Jews relocated to, along with the country Marie Antoinette's mother was from?"}
{"id": "4hop3__668721_132409_223216_35031", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WEBZ", "paragraph_text": "WEBZ is a commercial Urban Adult Contemporary radio station located in Mexico Beach, Florida (Panama City metro). Owned by iHeartMedia, the station broadcasts at 99.3 MHz. WEBZ airs an Urban Adult Contemporary format branded as \"99-3 The Beat\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ranipet", "paragraph_text": "Ranipet also known as Ranipettai (lit. Queen's colony) is a suburb town and industrial hub of Vellore city in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. It is a medium-sized community located about 20 kilometers from the Vellore city center (from Vellore Fort) and also Ranipet is a part of vellore metropolitan area and 100 kilometers from Chennai, the fourth largest urban area in India. It is a major industrial town located on NH 4 Chennai-Bangalore highway."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "KMJQ", "paragraph_text": "KMJQ, (Majic 102.1), is an Urban Adult Contemporary-formatted radio station located in Houston, Texas. Owned by Radio One, it is one of the most well-programmed heritage urban contemporary stations in the U.S. and has a strong listenership repertoire among listeners in Houston. Co-owned with KBXX and KROI, its studios are located in the Greenway Plaza district, and its 100\u00a0kW transmitter is based outside Missouri City, Texas. It is one of the high-ranking stations in Greater Houston, commanding a Top 5 position according to Arbitron, with KMJQ sometimes reaching number-one on many reports."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States. The Miami metropolitan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in the United States, and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States. As of 2008[update], the United Nations estimates that the Miami Urban Agglomeration is the 44th-largest in the world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Chinatown, Sydney", "paragraph_text": "Chinatown (Chinese: \u96ea\u68a8\u83ef\u57e0 or \u6089\u5c3c\u5510\u4eba\u8857) is an urban locality in the southern part of the Sydney central business district, in New South Wales, Australia. It is located in Haymarket, between Central station and Darling Harbour. It is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney and is Australia's largest Chinatown."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas are Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego\u2013Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "KKSS", "paragraph_text": "KKSS (97.3 FM) is a commercial radio station located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, broadcasting to the Santa Fe and Albuquerque, New Mexico, area. KKSS airs an urban-leaning rhythmic Top 40 music format branded as \"Kiss 97.3\". Owned by American General Media, its studios are located in Northeast Albuquerque (a mile north of Central Avenue) and the transmitter tower is located west of Los Alamos."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Chihuahua (state)", "paragraph_text": "The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is \"the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones\". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez \"the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990\u20132000 was 5.3 percent. Ju\u00e1rez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole\". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Charleston had an estimated population of 134,385 in 2016. The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was 761,155 residents in 2016, the third - largest in the state and the 78th - largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England, which accounts for almost 80% of the total population of the islands. In elsewhere on Great Britain and on Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around, or close to, a few large cities. The largest urban area by far is the Greater London Urban Area with 9 million inhabitants. Other major populations centres include Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million), West Yorkshire Urban Area (1.6 million) in England, Greater Glasgow (1.2 million) in Scotland and Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million) in Ireland.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population. The population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 620,602 as of July 2014. As of 2014, the Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,322,429, and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,459,758 (Chamber of Commerce) residents, making it Oklahoma's largest metropolitan area. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county or borough)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jakarta", "paragraph_text": "Jakarta (/ d\u0292 \u0259\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0rt\u0259 /, Indonesian pronunciation: (d\u0292a\u02c8karta)), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital of Indonesia, which was formerly known as Batavia during Dutch East Indies and Sunda Kelapa during Sunda Kingdom. Located on the northwest coast of the world's most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the center of economics, culture and politics of Indonesia, with a population of 10,075,310 as of 2014. Greater Jakarta metropolitan area, which is known as Jabodetabek (a name formed by combining the initial syllables of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi), is the second largest urban agglomeration and 2nd largest city area in the world after Tokyo, with a population of 30,214,303 inhabitants as of 2010 census. Jakarta's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of many communities and cultures. Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status, yet is commonly referred to as a city. The Jakarta provincial government administers five administrative cities and one administrative regency."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami (/ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi/; Spanish pronunciation: [mai\u02c8ami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Papa Roach", "paragraph_text": "Papa Roach is an American rock band from Vacaville, California, formed in 1993. The original lineup consisted of lead vocalist Jacoby Shaddix, guitarist Jerry Horton, drummer Dave Buckner, bassist Will James, and trombonist Ben Luther."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state's largest urbanized area. Based on population rank, the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "...To Be Loved", "paragraph_text": "\"...To Be Loved\" is the first single from the band Papa Roach's fourth album, \"The Paramour Sessions\", and eighth released single in total. The song is a slight return to the band early work, starting with a rapping introduction, but as the introduction goes the rapping then goes into fast screaming making it different from the usual rapping of the band's early releases. Most of the song is singing with Jacoby singing in the verses and also choruses. The song follows the band's hard rock sound of their previous album. The song hit American radio stations on August 7, 2006. The song was played in full on Kerrang! Radio in the United Kingdom on August 1, 2006 and has since become available to download via the iTunes Store and Walmart Downloads store as a radio edit version. On September 18 the single became available in UK stores as a 7\" vinyl picture disc with a complimentary Papa Roach sticker. The CD was released on October 11, 2006. The song was used as the official theme song for \"WWE Raw\" on the USA Network from October 9, 2006 to November 9, 2009. The song has risen to #8 on the \"Mainstream Rock Tracks\" and #14 on the \"Modern Rock Tracks\" and played during the theatrical trailer of the 2008 film Never Back Down."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pathology (band)", "paragraph_text": "Pathology is an American death metal band from San Diego, California, formed in 2006 by drummer Dave Astor (previously with The Locust and Cattle Decapitation). The band were signed to Victory Records for an over three-year period, but now are currently signed to Sevared Records, an independent New York-based death metal label."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "University of Kansas", "paragraph_text": "The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, and the special education program second, by U.S. News & World Report's 2016 rankings. USN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U.S. universities."}], "question": "Where does the city Pathology was formed in rank among the top five largest urban areas in the state the performer of The Paramour Sessions was formed?"}
{"id": "4hop1__720392_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Since 1718, transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia. The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it New South Wales. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria, making its capital Melbourne for a time the richest city in the world and the second largest city (after London) in the British Empire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Leopold and Astrid Coast", "paragraph_text": "The Leopold and Astrid Coast () is that portion of the coast of Antarctica lying between the western extremity of the West Ice Shelf, at 81\u00b024\u2032E, and Cape Penck, at 87\u00b043\u2032E. It is located in the eastern half of Princess Elizabeth Land. It was discovered and explored in an airplane flight from the Norwegian ship \"Thorshavn\" on January 17, 1934, by Lieutenant Alf Gunnestad and Captain Nils Larsen. The coast was named by Lars Christensen, Norwegian whaling magnate and leader of the expedition, for King Leopold and Queen Astrid of Belgium."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Megacable", "paragraph_text": "Since June 2006, Megacable has been in direct competition with Telmex\u2014offering telephone service in the city of Guadalajara under Megaf\u00f3n."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian / Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 -- c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa \u2013 September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Melgueiro", "paragraph_text": "David Melgueiro (Porto, ? \u2013 Porto, 1673?) is supposed to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer. He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Since 1718, transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various criminal offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the 13 Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia. The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Jansz in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it New South Wales. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria, making its capital Melbourne the richest city in the world and the largest city after London in the British Empire."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}], "question": "Who is the son of the Italian navigator who sailed for England and explored the eastern coast of the continent in which Megacable's headquarters are located in?"}
{"id": "4hop1__423666_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa \u2013 September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Spice trade", "paragraph_text": "The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast. in south India -- the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Juan Diego Covarrubias", "paragraph_text": "Juan Diego Covarrubias (born Juan Diego Covarrubias Aceves on March 24, 1987 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, M\u00e9xico) is a Mexican actor."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral (European Portuguese: (\u02c8pe\u00f0\u027eu \u02c8a\u026bv\u0250r (\u0268) \u0283 k\u0250\u02c8\u03b2\u027ea\u026b) or Brazilian Portuguese: (\u02c8ped\u027eu \u02c8awva\u027eis ka\u02c8b\u027eaw); c. 1467 or 1468 -- c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly - opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India -- bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pennell Coast", "paragraph_text": "Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period. In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "David Melgueiro", "paragraph_text": "David Melgueiro (Porto, ? \u2013 Porto, 1673?) is supposed to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer. He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian / Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 -- c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bryan Coast", "paragraph_text": "Bryan Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica along the south shore of the Bellingshausen Sea between Pfrogner Point and the northern tip of the Rydberg Peninsula. To the west is Eights Coast, and to the east is English Coast. The eastern end of this coast was discovered from the air during flights of the United States Antarctic Service (1939\u201341) and the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (1947\u201348). The entire coast was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1961\u201367. Originally named George Bryan Coast after R. Admiral George S. Bryan, Hydrographer of the U.S. Navy, 1938\u201346, under whose direction noteworthy contributions to polar geography were made, the name has been shortened for the sake of brevity."}], "question": "Who is the child of the Italian navigator who sailed for England to explore the east coast of the continent Bryan Fernando's birthplace is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__43880_84706_481701_661423", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to Jos\u00e9 Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border. Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lang Leve...", "paragraph_text": "Lang Leve... [\"Long Live...\"] is a comical Flemish television program presented in Belgium on vtm by Jonas van Geel. In each episode, a celebrity guest takes his or her place in the \"throne\" and is roasted by van Geel using a series of acted vignettes about the celebrity's life."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Republic Day (India)", "paragraph_text": "The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dominique Loiseau", "paragraph_text": "Dominique Loiseau (16 February 1949 \u2013 18 September 2013) was a French and Swiss watchmaker who worked at the highest levels of complex horology from the mid 1970s onwards He was the creator of several notable timepieces, including six Montres de Sables, the Rose de Temps clock, the Renaissance or Capriccio pocket watches and the Blancpain 1735 wristwatch. In 2011 he presented, the Loiseau 1f4, one of the most complicated automatic watches with eight patents. Loiseau announced in 2012 a collaboration with Swiss watch manufacturer Girard-Perregaux."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eton College", "paragraph_text": "Eton's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called \"Fourth of June\", a celebration of the birthday of King George III, Eton's greatest patron. This day is celebrated with the Procession of Boats, in which the top rowing crews from the top four years row past in vintage wooden rowing boats. Similar to the Queen's Official Birthday, the \"Fourth of June\" is no longer celebrated on 4 June, but on the Wednesday before the first weekend of June. Eton also observes St. Andrew's Day, on which the Eton wall game is played.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico. ``Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. ''"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Al-Farabi Kazakh National University", "paragraph_text": "KazNU is the oldest classical university of the Republic established by a Decree of the Kazakh Regional Committee (KRC) office dated November 13, 1933. One year after Kazakhstan's 1990 declaration of independence, the name was changed to Al-Farabi Kazakh State University. According to the QS World University Rankings KazNU takes 207th place in the rating of the best universities of the world."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "The relationships above are valid for only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions, but they do indicate that a lamp operated at much lower than rated voltage could last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions, albeit with greatly reduced light output. The \"Centennial Light\" is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore, California, since 1901. However, the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb. A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908. It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States", "paragraph_text": "According to a Rasmussen poll conducted in 2007, six presidents -- George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and John F. Kennedy -- were rated favorably by at least 80% of Americans."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day", "paragraph_text": "Take Our Daughters To Work Day was created in New York City in the summer of 1992 by the Ms. Foundation for Women and its president, Marie C. Wilson, the Women's foundation treasurer, Ms. Daren Ball, and with support from foundation founder Gloria Steinem. The first celebration took place on April 22, 1993, and has since been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April in order for the 37 million children, parents, schools in over 3.5 million workplaces across the country, in addition to participants in over 200 countries around the world, to plan ahead for the annual event. The day has generally been scheduled on a day that is a school day for most children in the United States, and schools are provided with literature and encouraged to promote the program. Educators are provided with materials for incorporating career exploration into school curricula on the day before or after the event."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Boy Scout Memorial", "paragraph_text": "The Boy Scout Memorial is a public artwork by American sculptor Donald De Lue, located at The Ellipse in Washington, D.C., United States. This sculpture was surveyed in 1993 as part of the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program. The \"Boy Scout Memorial\" serves as a tribute to the Boy Scouts of America."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saundarya Rajesh", "paragraph_text": "Saundarya Rajesh (born 26 August 1968) is an entrepreneur from Pondicherry, India. She is the founder-president of AVTAR Career Creators, FLEXI Careers India, and is the managing-trustee of AVTAR Human Capital Trust. She is best known for her work in the area of flexible working, second careers for women, and increasing women's workforce participation in India. She has a PhD in human resources and is based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Take Your Dog to Work Day", "paragraph_text": "2018 marks the 20th annual celebration of Take Your Dog To Work Day and the event is scheduled for Friday, June 22."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Festa Junina", "paragraph_text": "Festas Juninas (, \"June Festivals\"), also known as festas de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o for their part in celebrating the nativity of St. John the Baptist (June 24), are the annual Brazilian celebrations adapted from European Midsummer that take place in the southern midwinter. These festivities, which were introduced by the Portuguese during the colonial period (1500\u20131822), are celebrated during the month of June nationwide. The festival is mainly celebrated on the eves of the Catholic solemnities of Saint Anthony, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico. More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico, the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "George Washington (DeLue)", "paragraph_text": "George Washington (alternately titled George Washington as Master Mason) is a public artwork by American sculptor Donald De Lue, located on the grounds of the Indiana Statehouse, in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The bronze statue of George Washington that occupies the Indiana Statehouse south lawn is one of several copies of a 1959 original wax cast at the Modern Art Foundry in Long Island, New York."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Five Faces of Woman", "paragraph_text": "Five Faces of Woman (Spanish: Cinco rostros de mujer) is a 1947 Mexican musical film directed by Gilberto Mart\u00ednez Solares and starring Arturo de C\u00f3rdova, Pepita Serrador and Ana Mar\u00eda Campoy. The film's art direction was by Jorge Fernandez."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Douglas McCulloh", "paragraph_text": "Douglas McCulloh (born 1959, in Los Angeles) is an American photographer notable for conceptual photographic projects based on \u201csystematic randomness\u201d and chance operations. McCulloh\u2019s work is \u201can extension of the traditions of street photography, social documentary photography, oral history and Surrealist chance operations,\u201d states photo historian Jonathan Green. \u201cAs such, it is grounded in some of the century\u2019s most powerful conceptual currents.\u201d McCulloh is one of six photographers who in 2006 transformed an F-18 jet hangar into the world\u2019s largest camera to make the world\u2019s largest photograph. McCulloh also curates exhibitions, most notably \"Sight Unseen: International Photography by Blind Artists\", the first major museum exhibition of work by blind photographers. McCulloh, under the nom-de-plume \u201cQuoteman,\u201d has also collected and posted online thousands of quotations about photography."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Abraham Jacob van der Aa", "paragraph_text": "Abraham Jacob van der Aa (7 December 1792, Amsterdam \u2013 21 March 1857, Gorinchem) was a Dutch writer best known for his dictionaries, one of notable people and the other of notable places in the Netherlands."}], "question": "What is another notable work by the creator of an art piece named after the best rated president of the country where the largest Cinco de Mayo celebrations take place?"}
{"id": "4hop1__193837_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wilkins Runway", "paragraph_text": "Wilkins Runway is a single runway aerodrome operated by Australia, located on upper glacier of the ice sheet Preston Heath, Budd Coast, Wilkes Land, on the continent of Antarctica, but southeast of the actual coast. It is named after Sir Hubert Wilkins, a pioneer of Antarctic aviation and exploration."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian / Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 -- c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spice trade", "paragraph_text": "The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast. in south India -- the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pennell Coast", "paragraph_text": "Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period. In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Arist\u00f3teles Sandoval", "paragraph_text": "Jorge Arist\u00f3teles Sandoval D\u00edaz (born in Guadalajara Jalisco on January 22, 1974) is a Mexican politician belonging to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He served as Governor of Jalisco from 2013 to 2018."}], "question": "Who is the son of the Italian navigator who sailed for England to explore the eastern coast of the continent where Arist\u00f3teles Sandoval's birthplace is located?"}
{"id": "4hop1__208845_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gibbs Point", "paragraph_text": "Gibbs Point, a rock point on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northern area of the continent of Antarctica, was named for African American Antarctic explorer, George W. Gibbs, Jr. on September 2, 2009. On that date, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (U.S. Board on Geographic Names) confirmed the place name in Antarctica for Gibbs as the first black explorer to set foot on the continent. Gibbs Point is a rock point forming the northwest entrance to Gaul Cove, on the northeast of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "I Love Lucy", "paragraph_text": "Originally set in an apartment building in New York City, \"I Love Lucy\" centers on Lucy Ricardo (Lucille Ball) and her singer/bandleader husband Ricky Ricardo (Desi Arnaz), along with their best friends and landlords Fred Mertz (William Frawley) and Ethel Mertz (Vivian Vance). During the second season, Lucy and Ricky have a son named Ricky Ricardo Jr. (\"Little Ricky\"), whose birth was timed to coincide with Ball's real-life birth of her son Desi Arnaz Jr."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pennell Coast", "paragraph_text": "Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period. In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wilkins Runway", "paragraph_text": "Wilkins Runway is a single runway aerodrome operated by Australia, located on upper glacier of the ice sheet Preston Heath, Budd Coast, Wilkes Land, on the continent of Antarctica, but southeast of the actual coast. It is named after Sir Hubert Wilkins, a pioneer of Antarctic aviation and exploration."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa \u2013 September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian / Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 -- c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Samuel Robles", "paragraph_text": "Samuel Robles holds degrees from the Universidad Cat\u00f3lica Santa Mar\u00eda La Antigua, the College-Conservatory of Music at the University of Cincinnati, the University of Chicago, and North-West University (South Africa). He began music studies at 10, and has been a pupil of Hannes Taljaard, Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon, Allen Otte, Joel Hoffman, Rodney Winther, Aristides \"Tille\" Valderrama, and Dino Nugent. He has taught at Florida State University - Panama, Balboa Academy, and The International School of Panama."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon", "paragraph_text": "Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon (born 1962, in Guadalajara, M\u00e9xico) is a Mexican-American composer and chair of the composition department at Eastman School of Music. His \"Comala\" (2010, Bridge Records 9325) was a finalist for the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for Music and he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1995, a Mozart Medal in 1994, and a Lillian Fairchild Award in 2011. He was a student of George Crumb."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Spice trade", "paragraph_text": "The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast. in south India -- the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral (European Portuguese: (\u02c8pe\u00f0\u027eu \u02c8a\u026bv\u0250r (\u0268) \u0283 k\u0250\u02c8\u03b2\u027ea\u026b) or Brazilian Portuguese: (\u02c8ped\u027eu \u02c8awva\u027eis ka\u02c8b\u027eaw); c. 1467 or 1468 -- c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly - opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India -- bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "David Melgueiro", "paragraph_text": "David Melgueiro (Porto, ? \u2013 Porto, 1673?) is supposed to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer. He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}], "question": "Whose navigator father explored the east coast of the continental region in which Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon would later be born?"}
{"id": "4hop3__373573_132409_371500_35031", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#30) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area. Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense. Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion. In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels. In 2013, however, the magazine ranked Seattle No. 9 on its list of the Best Places for Business and Careers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Blue Springs, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Blue Springs is a city located in the U.S. state of Missouri and within Jackson County. Blue Springs is located 19 miles (31 km) east of downtown Kansas City, Missouri and is the eighth largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 United States Census the population was 52,575, tying it for 10th largest city in the state of Missouri with St. Peters. In 2010, CNN / Money Magazine ranked Blue Springs 49th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas are Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego\u2013Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ranipet", "paragraph_text": "Ranipet also known as Ranipettai (lit. Queen's colony) is a suburb town and industrial hub of Vellore city in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. It is a medium-sized community located about 20 kilometers from the Vellore city center (from Vellore Fort) and also Ranipet is a part of vellore metropolitan area and 100 kilometers from Chennai, the fourth largest urban area in India. It is a major industrial town located on NH 4 Chennai-Bangalore highway."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States. The Miami metropolitan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in the United States, and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States. As of 2008[update], the United Nations estimates that the Miami Urban Agglomeration is the 44th-largest in the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Kathmandu(/\u02cck\u0251\u02d0tm\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8du\u02d0/; Nepali pronunciation: [k\u0251\u0288\u02b0m\u0251\u0273\u0256u]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as \"KTM\" or the \"tri-city\". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami (/ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi/; Spanish pronunciation: [mai\u02c8ami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Veoh", "paragraph_text": "Veoh is an Internet television company based in San Diego, California. It allows users to find and watch major studio content, independent productions and user-generated material. The company is a subsidiary of Israeli start-up Qlipso."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2017 population of 8,622,698 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles (784 km), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world's most populous metacities, with an estimated 20.3 million people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23.7 million residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, and sports. The city's fast pace defines the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Papa Roach", "paragraph_text": "Papa Roach is an American rock band from Vacaville, California, formed in 1993. The original lineup consisted of lead vocalist Jacoby Shaddix, guitarist Jerry Horton, drummer Dave Buckner, bassist Will James, and trombonist Ben Luther."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pune", "paragraph_text": "Pune (Marathi pronunciation: (pu\u0273e); English: / \u02c8pu\u02d0n\u0259 /;), formerly spelled Poona (1857 -- 1978), is the second largest city in the Indian state of Maharashtra, after Mumbai. It is the ninth most populous city in the country with an estimated population of 3.13 million. Along with its industrial twin Pimpri - Chinchwad as well as the three cantonment towns of Pune, Khadki and Dehu Road, Pune forms the urban core of the eponymous Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR). According to the 2011 census, the urban area has a combined population of 5.05 million while the population of the metropolitan region is estimated at 7.27 million. Situated 560 metres (1,837 feet) above sea level on the Deccan plateau on the right bank of the Mutha river, Pune is also the administrative headquarters of its namesake district. In the 18th century, the city was the seat of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire and so was one of the most important political centres on the Indian subcontinent."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Still Swingin'", "paragraph_text": "Still Swingin' is a song by the American rock band Papa Roach released as the first single from their album \"The Connection\" on June 24, 2012. The single was well received by the fans for the return of the rap-style vocals of the band's early work. The track was produced by Tylias, an indie dubstep and hip-hop producer from the underground of the music scene. The embrace of this aggregate had polarized opinions, some calling it new and fresh to the songs and another calling it an aberration of their style and even the band, but mostly it was well received. A music video was released on August 30 as lead singer Jacoby Shaddix recovered from a vocal surgery."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population. The population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 620,602 as of July 2014. As of 2014, the Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,322,429, and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,459,758 (Chamber of Commerce) residents, making it Oklahoma's largest metropolitan area. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county or borough)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dharwad", "paragraph_text": "Dharwad is the district headquarters of Dharwad district in the state of Karnataka, India. It was merged with the city of Hubballi in 1961 to form the twin cities of Hubballi-Dharwad. It covers an area of 200.23\u00a0km\u00b2 and is located 430\u00a0km northwest of Bengaluru, on NH-48, between Bengaluru and Pune."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2017 population of 8,622,698 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles (784 km), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world's most populous megacities, with an estimated 20,320,876 people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23,876,155 residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, and sports. The city's fast pace defines the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Charleston had an estimated population of 134,385 in 2016. The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was 761,155 residents in 2016, the third - largest in the state and the 78th - largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "The Baylor College of Medicine has annually been considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation; likewise, the MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990. The Menninger Clinic, a renowned psychiatric treatment center, is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital System. With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare hospital system is the third largest long term acute care provider nationally."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Orange County, California", "paragraph_text": "Orange County is included in the Los Angeles - Long Beach - Anaheim, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Thirty - four incorporated cities are located in the county; the newest is Aliso Viejo, which was incorporated in 2001. Anaheim was the first city, incorporated in 1870, when the region was still part of neighboring Los Angeles County. Whereas most population centers in the United States tend to be identified by a major city, there is no defined urban center in Orange County. It is mostly suburban except for some traditionally urban areas at the centers of the older cities of Anaheim, Fullerton, Huntington Beach, Orange, and Santa Ana. There are several edge city - style developments such as Irvine Business Center, Newport Center, and South Coast Metro."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census."}], "question": "In the top five largest urban areas in the state the performers of Still Swingin' were formed in, where does the city Veoh's headquarters is located rank?"}
{"id": "4hop1__6362_14336_78396_71721", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "CFRK-FM", "paragraph_text": "CFRK-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 92.3 FM in Fredericton, New Brunswick owned by Stingray. The station airs a country music format branded as \"Fredericton's New Country 92.3\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Orlan space suit", "paragraph_text": "The Orlan space suit ( meaning sea eagle) is a series of semi-rigid one-piece space suit models designed and built by NPP Zvezda. They have been used for spacewalks (EVAs) in the Russian space program, the successor to the Soviet space program, and by space programs of other countries, including NASA."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Member states of NATO", "paragraph_text": "NATO has added new members seven times since its founding in 1949, and since 2017 NATO has had 29 members. Twelve countries were part of the founding of NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1952, Greece and Turkey became members of the Alliance, joined later by West Germany (in 1955) and Spain (in 1982). In 1990, with the reunification of Germany, NATO grew to include the former country of East Germany. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council. In 1997, three former Warsaw Pact countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO. After this fourth enlargement in 1999, the Vilnius group of The Baltics and seven East European countries formed in May 2000 to cooperate and lobby for further NATO membership. Seven of these countries joined in the fifth enlargement in 2004. The Adriatic States Albania and Croatia joined in the sixth enlargement in 2009, Montenegro in 2017."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas, being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States. GSM, the missionary body of the \"Hapdong\" General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea. In addition there are many Korean-American Presbyterians in the United States, either with their own church sites or sharing space in pre-existing churches as is the case in Australia, New Zealand and even Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia with Korean immigration."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ace Lightning", "paragraph_text": "Ace Lightning is a British/Canadian children's television series co-produced by the BBC and Alliance Atlantis, which originally broadcast in the United Kingdom but was also aired in other countries including the United States, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The show was filmed in Canada, but the program was set in America. It ran for two seasons, and spawned a number of merchandising products."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nauru", "paragraph_text": "Settled by people from Micronesia and Polynesia c.\u2009 1000 BCE, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, the country entered into United Nations trusteeship. Nauru gained its independence in 1968, and became a member of the Pacific Community (SPC) in 1969."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kingdom of Iceland", "paragraph_text": "On 1 December 1918, the Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark, recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state, an independent country in personal union with Denmark through a common monarch. The Kingdom of Iceland established its own flag and coat of arms and asked that Denmark represent its foreign affairs and defence interests on its behalf while retaining full control over its foreign affairs and defence. Iceland opened its first Embassy in 1920. The Act would be reviewed in 1940 and could be revoked three years later if agreement to continue it could not be reached."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "New Zealand (M\u0101ori: Aotearoa [a\u0254\u02c8t\u025ba\u027e\u0254a]) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses\u2014the North Island (Te Ika-a-M\u0101ui), and the South Island (Te Waipounamu)\u2014and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an \"air defence ground environment\", defined as \"the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ian Ewen-Street", "paragraph_text": "Ian Ewen-Street (born 1949) is a New Zealand politician. He was a member of the Green Party and a Member of the New Zealand Parliament for the Greens from 1999 to 2005. He has been prominent in advocacy for organic farming, organic gardening and biosecurity in New Zealand."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces (Estonian: Kaitsev\u00e4gi), which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maav\u00e4gi (Army), Merev\u00e4gi (Navy), \u00d5huv\u00e4gi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League). The Estonian National Defence Policy aim is to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters, airspace and its constitutional order. Current strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, develop the armed forces for interoperability with other NATO and EU member forces, and participation in NATO missions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces", "paragraph_text": "The Aerospace Defence Forces Branch, \"short\": ASDFB ( was a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for aerospace defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was established on the 1 December 2011 and replaced the Russian Space Forces. The ASDFB was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Colonel General Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012. On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander. Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English, it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as \"air and space\" instead."}], "question": "Country A has created tactics for air defence suppression in agreement with NATO members and the organization that ran the Man in Space Soonest. When was New Zealand settled by the people who owned country A before it became a country?"}
{"id": "4hop1__334693_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral (European Portuguese: (\u02c8pe\u00f0\u027eu \u02c8a\u026bv\u0250r (\u0268) \u0283 k\u0250\u02c8\u03b2\u027ea\u026b) or Brazilian Portuguese: (\u02c8ped\u027eu \u02c8awva\u027eis ka\u02c8b\u027eaw); c. 1467 or 1468 -- c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly - opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India -- bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gibbs Point", "paragraph_text": "Gibbs Point, a rock point on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northern area of the continent of Antarctica, was named for African American Antarctic explorer, George W. Gibbs, Jr. on September 2, 2009. On that date, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (U.S. Board on Geographic Names) confirmed the place name in Antarctica for Gibbs as the first black explorer to set foot on the continent. Gibbs Point is a rock point forming the northwest entrance to Gaul Cove, on the northeast of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Adrianos Komnenos", "paragraph_text": "Born in , Adrianos Komnenos was the fourth and second-to-last son (and seventh overall child) of the \"domestikos ton scholon\" John Komnenos, the younger brother of Emperor Isaac I Komnenos (r. 1057\u20131059) and Anna Dalassene. According to the historian Nikephoros Bryennios, after John's death, Anna entrusted Adrianos and his younger brother Nikephoros to tutors, and gave them an encyclopedic education."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yuppi du", "paragraph_text": "Yuppi du is a 1975 Italian comedy film directed by Adriano Celentano. It was entered into the 1975 Cannes Film Festival."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pennell Coast", "paragraph_text": "Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period. In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Uriel Adriano", "paragraph_text": "Uriel Avigdor Adriano Ruiz (born April 30, 1990 in Guadalajara) is a taekwondo practitioner from Mexico. Adriano won the gold medal in the men's lightweight (under 74\u00a0kg) division at the 2013 World Taekwondo Championships in Puebla."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Spice trade", "paragraph_text": "The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast. in south India -- the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian / Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 -- c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wilkins Runway", "paragraph_text": "Wilkins Runway is a single runway aerodrome operated by Australia, located on upper glacier of the ice sheet Preston Heath, Budd Coast, Wilkes Land, on the continent of Antarctica, but southeast of the actual coast. It is named after Sir Hubert Wilkins, a pioneer of Antarctic aviation and exploration."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}], "question": "Who was fathered by the Italian navigator who explored the east cost of the land mass where Uriel Adriano was later born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__473013_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century \u2013 particularly under Henry the Navigator \u2013 gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pennell Coast", "paragraph_text": "Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period. In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian / Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 -- c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral (European Portuguese: (\u02c8pe\u00f0\u027eu \u02c8a\u026bv\u0250r (\u0268) \u0283 k\u0250\u02c8\u03b2\u027ea\u026b) or Brazilian Portuguese: (\u02c8ped\u027eu \u02c8awva\u027eis ka\u02c8b\u027eaw); c. 1467 or 1468 -- c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly - opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India -- bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Humberto \u00c1lvarez Macha\u00edn", "paragraph_text": "Humberto \u00c1lvarez Macha\u00edn is a Mexican physician from Guadalajara, Mexico, who was accused of aiding in the torture and killing of the American Drug Enforcement Administration agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, in February 1985. \u00c1lvarez is a resident and citizen of Mexico."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Spice trade", "paragraph_text": "The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast. in south India -- the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "David Melgueiro", "paragraph_text": "David Melgueiro (Porto, ? \u2013 Porto, 1673?) is supposed to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer. He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan."}], "question": "Who is the child of the Italian navigator who sailed for England, and explored the eastern coast of the continent, where the place of death of Enrique Camarena is found?"}
{"id": "4hop1__395045_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Wilkins Runway", "paragraph_text": "Wilkins Runway is a single runway aerodrome operated by Australia, located on upper glacier of the ice sheet Preston Heath, Budd Coast, Wilkes Land, on the continent of Antarctica, but southeast of the actual coast. It is named after Sir Hubert Wilkins, a pioneer of Antarctic aviation and exploration."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral (European Portuguese: (\u02c8pe\u00f0\u027eu \u02c8a\u026bv\u0250r (\u0268) \u0283 k\u0250\u02c8\u03b2\u027ea\u026b) or Brazilian Portuguese: (\u02c8ped\u027eu \u02c8awva\u027eis ka\u02c8b\u027eaw); c. 1467 or 1468 -- c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly - opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India -- bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Inquisidor", "paragraph_text": "Inquisidor (Spanish for Inquisitor) is the current ring name of Juan Miguel Escalante Grande (born March 24, 1977 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico) who is a Mexican \"luchador enmascarado\", or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) portraying a \"rudo\" (\"Bad guy\") wrestling character. Unlike most \"enmascarados\" Inquisidor's birthname is a matter of public record, often masked wrestlers in Mexico keep their private lives secret from the wrestling fans, but Inquisidor used to wrestle unmasked under the ring names Vaquerito (\"Little Cowboy\") and Vaquero (\"Cowboy\") ."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa \u2013 September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gibbs Point", "paragraph_text": "Gibbs Point, a rock point on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northern area of the continent of Antarctica, was named for African American Antarctic explorer, George W. Gibbs, Jr. on September 2, 2009. On that date, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (U.S. Board on Geographic Names) confirmed the place name in Antarctica for Gibbs as the first black explorer to set foot on the continent. Gibbs Point is a rock point forming the northwest entrance to Gaul Cove, on the northeast of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian / Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 -- c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David Melgueiro", "paragraph_text": "David Melgueiro (Porto, ? \u2013 Porto, 1673?) is supposed to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer. He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}], "question": "Who's the son of the Italian navigator famous for sailing for the English and exploring the eastern coast of the continent Inquisidor was born?"}
{"id": "4hop1__370129_621192_10659_23296", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tunisia", "paragraph_text": "That said, an important number of genetic and other historical studies point out to the predominance of the Amazighs in Tunisia. An Ottoman influence has been particularly significant in forming the Turco-Tunisian community. Other peoples have also migrated to Tunisia during different periods of time, including West Africans, Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians (Punics), Jews, and French settlers. By 1870 the distinction between the Arabic-speaking mass and the Turkish elite had blurred.From the late 19th century to after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of French and Italians (255,000 Europeans in 1956), although nearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left after Tunisia became independent. The history of the Jews in Tunisia goes back some 2,000 years. In 1948 the Jewish population was an estimated 105,000, but by 2013 only about 900 remained.The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers. Numerous civilizations and peoples have invaded, migrated to, or have been assimilated into the population over the millennia, with influences of population from Phoenicians/Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Spaniards, Ottoman Turks and Janissaries, and French. There was a continuing inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from Arabia.After the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from Spain, many Spanish Muslims and Jews also arrived. According to Matthew Carr, \"As many as eighty thousand Moriscos settled in Tunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis, which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, or Andalusia Alley.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge", "paragraph_text": "Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (translated as \"The Knight of Maison-Rouge: A Novel of Marie Antoinette\" or \"The Knight of the Red House\") was written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re. It is related to a series referred to as the Marie Antoinette romances, though technically not part of that series as the characters of Joseph Balsamo (also known as Cagliostro) and Doctor Gilbert do not appear in the novel, and many of the other series protagonists have died by the start of this novel. The novel takes place shortly after the end of the series, following the death of Louis XVI. Set in Paris during the Reign of Terror, the novel follows the adventures of a brave young man named Maurice Lindey who unwittingly implicates himself in a Royalist plot to rescue Marie Antoinette from prison. Maurice is devoted to the Republican cause, but his infatuation with a beautiful young woman leads him into the service of the mysterious Knight of Maison-Rouge, the mastermind behind the plot."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Territorial evolution of Germany", "paragraph_text": "After invading Poland in 1939, Germany annexed the lands it was forced to give to a reformed Poland in 1919 -- 1922 by the Treaty of Versailles, including the ``Polish Corridor '', West Prussia, the Province of Posen, and East Upper Silesia. The Volkstag of the Free City of Danzig voted to become a part of Germany again, although Poles and Jews were deprived of their voting rights and all non-Nazi political parties were banned. Parts of Poland that had not been part of Wilhelmine Germany were also incorporated into the Reich."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans.[AE]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rabat", "paragraph_text": "The French invaded Morocco in 1912 and established a protectorate. The French administrator of Morocco, General Hubert Lyautey, decided to relocate the country's capital from Fez to Rabat. Among other factors, rebellious citizens had made Fez an unstable place. Sultan Moulay Youssef followed the decision of the French and moved his residence to Rabat. In 1913, Gen. Lyautey hired Henri Prost who designed the Ville Nouvelle (Rabat's modern quarter) as an administrative sector. When Morocco achieved independence in 1955, Mohammed V, the then King of Morocco, chose to have the capital remain at Rabat."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)\u2014the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide \"conclusive evidence\" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them\u2014this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as \"among the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\" But the origin of \u2018most persecuted minority\u2019 statement is unclear."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, to Antoine, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, and entered the diplomatic service of Austria in Paris in the train of Reichsf\u00fcrst Kaunitz. He became Austrian minister in Turin at the court of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, in St. Petersburg at the court of Catherine the Great, and then Paris at the court of King Louis XV of France in 1766. In Paris, his first work was to strengthen the alliance between France and Austria, which was cemented in 1770 by the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, with Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, afterwards known as Queen Marie Antoinette. When Louis and Marie Antoinette ascended the throne of France in 1774, Mercy-Argenteau became one of the most powerful personages at the French court due to his influence over Marie-Antoinette, which made her unpopular with the French nobility and French people. He was in Paris during the turbulent years that led up to the French Revolution, and gave powerful aid to the finance ministers Lom\u00e9nie de Brienne and Necker. In 1792, he became governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, which had just been reduced to obedience by Austria. There, his ability and experience made him a very successful ruler. Although at first in favor of moderate courses, Mercy-Argenteau supported the action of Austria in making war upon its former ally after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and in July 1794, he was appointed Austrian ambassador to Britain, but he died a few days after his arrival in London."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alps", "paragraph_text": "By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops\u2014the country follows the doctrine of \"armed neutrality\" with all males required to have military training\u2014a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000. The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country, and threatening to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and passes in the event of a Nazi invasion, and then they retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks where conditions were harsher and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rose Bertin", "paragraph_text": "Marie-Jeanne Rose Bertin (2 July 1747, Abbeville, Picardy, France \u2013 22 September 1813, \u00c9pinay-sur-Seine) was a French milliner (\"Marchandes de modes\"), known as the dressmaker to Queen Marie Antoinette. She was the first celebrated French fashion designer and is widely credited with having brought fashion and \"haute couture\" to the forefront of popular culture."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to \"Zion\" and the \"Land of Israel\", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities\u2014Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed\u2014and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "C\u00e9sar Gabriel de Choiseul", "paragraph_text": "After having served in the Army, he was appointed in 1756 ambassador in Vienna, to emperor Francis I and to queen Maria Theresa of Hungary. In 1761, he was plenipotentiary to the Augsburg convention."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were two distinct Jewish populations. One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition and concentrated in the southwest, while the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, and speaking mainly Yiddish. The two communities were so separate and different that the National Assembly emancipated them separately in 1790 and 1791."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Edmund Burke", "paragraph_text": "The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5\u20136 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was \"pure foppery\". Edward Gibbon, however, reacted differently: \"I adore his chivalry\". Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron, that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage, she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it. Price had rejoiced that the French king had been \"led in triumph\" during the October Days, but to Burke this symbolised the opposing revolutionary sentiment of the Jacobins and the natural sentiments of those who shared his own view with horror\u2014that the ungallant assault on Marie-Antoinette\u2014was a cowardly attack on a defenceless woman."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pierre Chaillet", "paragraph_text": "Pierre Chaillet (1900\u20131972) was a French Catholic priest of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), who was recognised as Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem for his work to protect Jews from the Nazi Holocaust."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard, vicomte de Saint-Priest", "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard, vicomte de Saint-Priest (1789 \u2013 February 26, 1881), was a French politician and diplomat during the Bourbon Restoration. He was the son of Fran\u00e7ois-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest, one of King Louis XVI of France's last ministers. Born during the opening days of the French Revolution, he was the godson of Queen Marie Antoinette."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\", anticipating potential \"territorial and political rearrangements\" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet\u2013Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Duchess Marie Antoinette of Mecklenburg", "paragraph_text": "Duchess Marie Antoinette of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, also \"Manette\" (Marie Antoinette Margarethe Mathilde; 28 May 1884 \u2013 26 October 1944) was the second daughter of Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg and the Austrian-born Princess Marie of Windisch-Graetz."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to settle in the north, especially along the Rhine, often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers. Thus Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, invited Jacob ben Yekutiel and his fellow Jews to settle in his lands; and soon after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror likewise extended a welcome to continental Jews to take up residence there. Bishop R\u00fcdiger Huzmann called on the Jews of Mainz to relocate to Speyer. In all of these decisions, the idea that Jews had the know-how and capacity to jump-start the economy, improve revenues, and enlarge trade seems to have played a prominent role. Typically Jews relocated close to the markets and churches in town centres, where, though they came under the authority of both royal and ecclesiastical powers, they were accorded administrative autonomy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anne-Antoinette Diderot", "paragraph_text": "Anne-Antoinette Diderot (born Anne-Antoinette Champion 22 February 1710 \u2013 10 April 1796) was the wife of the pioneer encyclopedist Denis Diderot and the mother of his only surviving child, Marie-Ang\u00e9lique Diderot (1753\u20131824)."}], "question": "After the Nazis, who invaded the country many expelled French Jews relocated to, along with the country Marie Antoinette's mother was a citizen of?"}
{"id": "4hop1__58323_375563_161848_87084", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ticks (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Ticks ''is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in March 2007 as the first single from the album 5th Gear. It reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs Chart and was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour. Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Beyond the Grave", "paragraph_text": "Beyond the Grave is the fourth book in \"The 39 Clues\" series first published in June 2, 2009 and written by Jude Watson. Thematically the novel uses Biblical knowledge, prophecy, and spiritual topics to explore the afterlife. Amy and Dan Cahill, the protagonists, travel to Egypt because of a clue they discovered in \"The Sword Thief\". The symbols in the middle of the book translate \"Alistair was there the night they died.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Zimbabwe at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Zimbabwe participated for the first time at the Olympic Games under its current name in 1980, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then. Previously, it competed at the Games under the name Rhodesia in 1928, 1960 and 1964. The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi marked Zimbabwe's first participation at the Winter Olympic Games, with Oskar Hauser, the Austrian born Zimbabwean, participating in the biathlon."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 2018", "paragraph_text": "Forty - three countries participated in the contest, equalling the record of the 2008 and 2011 editions. Russia returned after their absence from the previous edition, and for the first time since 2011, no country withdrew from the contest."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Soon (Tanya Tucker song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Soon\" is a song written by Bob Regan and Casey Kelly, and recorded by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released in October 1993 as the first single and title track from the album \"Soon\". The song reached #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1952 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games. New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Football is the most popular sport amongst Somalis. Important competitions are the Somalia League and Somalia Cup. The multi-ethnic Ocean Stars, Somalia's national team, first participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then. The equally diverse Somali beach soccer team also represents the country in international beach soccer competitions. In addition, several international footballers such as Mohammed Ahamed Jama, Liban Abdi, Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim have played in European top divisions."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Book Thief (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Book Thief is a 2013 World War II war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie N\u00e9lisse. The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni. The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era. Taught to read by her kind - hearted foster father, the girl begins ``borrowing ''books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home. The film features a musical score by Oscar - winning composer John Williams."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Mayssonni\u00e9, nicknamed \"Maysso\" (10 February 1884 \u2013 6 September 1914), was a French rugby union player who appeared three times for the country's national team, and was also the first rugby international from any country to die in action in World War I. A native of Lavernose, a village near Toulouse, he played as scrum-half and fly-half and is credited to this day by Stade Toulousain as the strategist of the club's first great teams in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3", "paragraph_text": "Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 is a platform game developed by Nintendo for the Game Boy in 1994. It is the first video game to feature Wario as both a playable character and the main character, as well as the first appearance of Captain Syrup and her Brown Sugar Pirates, recurring villains in the \"Wario Land\" series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans known to reach New Zealand were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island in Golden Bay (he named it Murderers' Bay) in December 1642 and sailed northward to Tonga following an attack by local M\u0101ori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them Staten Landt, after the States General of the Netherlands, and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. It was subsequently anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour who visited the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during 1769 -- 1770. Cook returned to New Zealand on both of his subsequent voyages."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", "paragraph_text": "The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic; in both countries the release date was 8 July 2000, the first time a book in the series was published in both countries at the same time. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, in 2001. The book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2009 European Cross Country Championships", "paragraph_text": "The 2009 European Cross Country Championships was a continental cross country running competition that was held on 13 December 2009 near Dublin city, Fingal in Ireland. Dublin was selected as the host city in 2007 and the event was the first time that a major European athletics championships took place in Ireland. The six men's and women's races in the championship programme took place in Santry Demense on a looped course with flat and grassy ground. The 16th edition of the European Cross Country Championships featured 323 athletes from 30 nations."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "North Korea at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1964, appearing only in the Winter Olympic Games that year. Eight years later in 1972, the nation first participated at the Summer Olympic Games. Since then, the nation has appeared in every Summer Games, except when North Korea joined the Soviet - led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics, and when they boycotted the 1988 Games in Seoul, South Korea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Niagara River", "paragraph_text": "The Niagara River and Falls have been known outside of North America since the late 17th century, when Father Louis Hennepin, a French explorer, first witnessed them. He wrote about his travels in \"A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America\" (1698)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto, Venetian: Zuan Chabotto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of the mainland of North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Albania at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Albania first participated at the Summer Olympic Games in 1972. They missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have appeared in all games since then. They made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. The country has not yet won an Olympic medal, and along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is the only European non-microstate without an Olympic medal. They have been represented by the Albanian National Olympic Committee since 1972."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Messenger (Zusak novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Messenger is a 2002 Novel by Markus Zusak, and winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "High-definition television", "paragraph_text": "In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard, as specified in the Digital TV Group (DTG) D-book, on digital terrestrial television."}], "question": "Who was the first European explorer to land in the country near the country the author of The Book Thief is from?"}
{"id": "4hop1__781855_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wilkins Runway", "paragraph_text": "Wilkins Runway is a single runway aerodrome operated by Australia, located on upper glacier of the ice sheet Preston Heath, Budd Coast, Wilkes Land, on the continent of Antarctica, but southeast of the actual coast. It is named after Sir Hubert Wilkins, a pioneer of Antarctic aviation and exploration."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "David Melgueiro", "paragraph_text": "David Melgueiro (Porto, ? \u2013 Porto, 1673?) is supposed to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer. He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gibbs Point", "paragraph_text": "Gibbs Point, a rock point on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northern area of the continent of Antarctica, was named for African American Antarctic explorer, George W. Gibbs, Jr. on September 2, 2009. On that date, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (U.S. Board on Geographic Names) confirmed the place name in Antarctica for Gibbs as the first black explorer to set foot on the continent. Gibbs Point is a rock point forming the northwest entrance to Gaul Cove, on the northeast of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Spice trade", "paragraph_text": "The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast. in south India -- the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral (European Portuguese: (\u02c8pe\u00f0\u027eu \u02c8a\u026bv\u0250r (\u0268) \u0283 k\u0250\u02c8\u03b2\u027ea\u026b) or Brazilian Portuguese: (\u02c8ped\u027eu \u02c8awva\u027eis ka\u02c8b\u027eaw); c. 1467 or 1468 -- c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly - opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India -- bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tit\u00e1n (wrestler)", "paragraph_text": "Tit\u00e1n (born September 15, 1990 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico) is a Mexican \"luchador enmascarado\", or masked professional wrestler, who is working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) portraying a \"tecnico\" (\"Good guy\") wrestling character. Titan's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. He previously worked under the ring name Palacio Negro from 2008 to 2011."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa \u2013 September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo."}], "question": "Who is the son of the Italian navigator who sailed for England and explored the eastern coast of the continent Tit\u00e1n was born in?"}
{"id": "4hop1__549172_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Messiah Stradivarius", "paragraph_text": "The Messiah - Salabue Stradivarius of 1716 is a violin made by the Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona. It is considered to be the only Stradivarius in existence in \"as new\" state. It is in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Antonio Gallardo", "paragraph_text": "Antonio Gallardo Palacios (born April 19, 1989 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico) is a Mexican footballer who plays as a midfielder for Club Necaxa on loan from C.D. Guadalajara."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral (European Portuguese: (\u02c8pe\u00f0\u027eu \u02c8a\u026bv\u0250r (\u0268) \u0283 k\u0250\u02c8\u03b2\u027ea\u026b) or Brazilian Portuguese: (\u02c8ped\u027eu \u02c8awva\u027eis ka\u02c8b\u027eaw); c. 1467 or 1468 -- c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly - opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India -- bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian / Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 -- c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gibbs Point", "paragraph_text": "Gibbs Point, a rock point on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northern area of the continent of Antarctica, was named for African American Antarctic explorer, George W. Gibbs, Jr. on September 2, 2009. On that date, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (U.S. Board on Geographic Names) confirmed the place name in Antarctica for Gibbs as the first black explorer to set foot on the continent. Gibbs Point is a rock point forming the northwest entrance to Gaul Cove, on the northeast of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n", "paragraph_text": "Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n (; Palos de la Frontera, Spain, c. 1462 \u2013 after 1514) was a Spanish navigator, explorer, and \"conquistador\", the younger of the Pinz\u00f3n brothers. Along with his older brother, Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n (\"c.\" 1441 \u2013 \"c.\" 1493), who captained the \"Pinta\", he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the \"Ni\u00f1a\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site 'San Miguel'. In November 1602, Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno was sent to map the California coast. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizca\u00edno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcal\u00e1. On November 12, 1602, the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensi\u00f3n, a member of Vizca\u00edno's expedition, to celebrate the feast day of San Diego."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pennell Coast", "paragraph_text": "Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period. In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Spice trade", "paragraph_text": "The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast. in south India -- the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Catacomb of Pontian", "paragraph_text": "The Catacomb(s) of Pontian is one of the catacombs of Rome on the Via Portuensis, notable for containing the original tombs of Pope Anastasius I (399\u2013401) and his son Pope Innocent I (401\u2013417). The Catacomb was discovered by famed Italian explorer Antonio Bosio in 1618."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa \u2013 September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo."}], "question": "What's the name of the son of the Italian navigator who sailed for England to explore the eastern coast of the continent Antonio Gallardo was born in?"}
{"id": "4hop1__613094_508773_85832_745702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Spice trade", "paragraph_text": "The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast. in south India -- the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Paula Santiago", "paragraph_text": "Paula Santiago (born 1969 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican mixed media artist whose works have been displayed at the Monterrey Museum of Modern Art and several galleries in Europe and North America. Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gibbs Point", "paragraph_text": "Gibbs Point, a rock point on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northern area of the continent of Antarctica, was named for African American Antarctic explorer, George W. Gibbs, Jr. on September 2, 2009. On that date, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (U.S. Board on Geographic Names) confirmed the place name in Antarctica for Gibbs as the first black explorer to set foot on the continent. Gibbs Point is a rock point forming the northwest entrance to Gaul Cove, on the northeast of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ximena Navarrete", "paragraph_text": "Jimena \"Ximena\" Navarrete Rosete (born February 22, 1988 in Guadalajara) is a Mexican actress, TV Host, model and beauty queen who won Miss Universe 2010, becoming the second Mexican to do so. She was previously named as Nuestra Belleza M\u00e9xico 2009."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian / Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 -- c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pennell Coast", "paragraph_text": "Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast. Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period. In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Cabot", "paragraph_text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Northwest Passage", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia. An ice - bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year. Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable for ice navigation."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "paragraph_text": "Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral", "paragraph_text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral (European Portuguese: (\u02c8pe\u00f0\u027eu \u02c8a\u026bv\u0250r (\u0268) \u0283 k\u0250\u02c8\u03b2\u027ea\u026b) or Brazilian Portuguese: (\u02c8ped\u027eu \u02c8awva\u027eis ka\u02c8b\u027eaw); c. 1467 or 1468 -- c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly - opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India -- bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia", "paragraph_text": "Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa \u2013 September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Exploration of North America", "paragraph_text": "Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Frederick de Houtman", "paragraph_text": "Frederick de Houtman (1571 \u2013 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia. He made observations of the southern stars and possibly contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Willem Janszoon", "paragraph_text": "On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea. After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait. The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through it. On 26 February 1606, Janzoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa. This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent. Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "David Melgueiro", "paragraph_text": "David Melgueiro (Porto, ? \u2013 Porto, 1673?) is supposed to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer. He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "paragraph_text": "Sebastian Cabot (Italian and , ; , \"Gaboto\" or \"Cabot\"; 1474 \u2013 December 1557) was an Italian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic. He was the son of Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty - nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales."}], "question": "Who's the son of the Italian navigator for the English who explored the east coast of the continent Ximena Navarete was born in?"}
{"id": "2hop__129784_40413", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cole Cold", "paragraph_text": "The Cole Cold line was launched in 1981 to replace the company's traditional \"Red Spot\" brand. In 18 months following the launch, S. M. Jaleel's market share grew from 1% to 30%. In some areas of the Caribbean, the company S.M. Jaleel is actually called Cole Cold rather than the brand name. This proves the close association that this brand has with the consumers. It is mainly known for its 2L and 20oz packages. It is the leading flavored carbonated soft drink beverage in Trinidad. The brand has been successful in the market since the early 1980s. Pear D is one of the Cole cold flavors that is known to be the premium beverage and today it still continues to be one of the most popular flavors. Pear D is also now available in cans. The name Jaliter had been given to the brand because it is a combination of the company name and the name of a one-litre package. Since that name had been given to it, the 2L package had also inherited this name as well as the other competitor 2L package."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "MasterChef Australia (series 9)", "paragraph_text": "For the last round, Ben and Diana faced the longest pressure test yet in which they have to recreate Kirsten Tibballs' Trio of Fruits dessert made of chocolate disguised as an apple, pear and mandarin. In six hours, Both Ben and Diana struggled with the final task, failing to make the sugar - crusted liquor center for the apple, which came out like a jelly rather than a liquid. In the tasting, Diana's trio of fruit received praise in flavor but the chocolate in her mandarin is thick and lacking in mandarin flavor. Ben had a better replication despite accidentally covering his pear with too much tempered chocolate. Diana scored 33 points (8 points each from all the judges except Matt who gave 9 points), tallying to the overall score of 90 points. Ben scored 35 points (9 each from all of the judges except Gary who gave 8 points), but it was n't enough to beat Diana finalizing the score of 89 points."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wonnangatta River", "paragraph_text": "The Wonnangatta River is a perennial river of the Mitchell River catchment, located in the Alpine and East Gippsland regions of the Australian state of Victoria."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Australian humpback dolphin", "paragraph_text": "The Australian humpback dolphin (\"Sousa sahulensis\") is a species of humpback dolphin and the fourth recognized humpback dolphin species chronologically. The specific name \"sahulensis\" is derived from the Sahul Shelf, located between northern Australia and southern New Guinea, where the Australian humpback dolphins occur."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland are sown for grain, mostly in the state's west. More than 50% of this area is sown for wheat, 33% for barley and 7% for oats. A further 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) is sown for hay. In 2003\u201304, Victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley. Victorian farms produce nearly 90% of Australian pears and third of apples. It is also a leader in stone fruit production. The main vegetable crops include asparagus, broccoli, carrots, potatoes and tomatoes. Last year, 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tenochtitlan", "paragraph_text": "Traditionally, the name Tenochtitlan was thought to come from Nahuatl tetl [\u02c8tet\u026c] (\"rock\") and n\u014dchtli [\u02c8no\u02d0t\u0283t\u026ci] (\"prickly pear\") and is often thought to mean, \"Among the prickly pears [growing among] rocks\". However, one attestation in the late 16th-century manuscript known as \"the Bancroft dialogues\" suggest the second vowel was short, so that the true etymology remains uncertain."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Goodnight, Bull Creek!", "paragraph_text": "Goodnight, Bull Creek! is the third studio album by Australian rock musician Kevin Mitchell, under his pseudonym Bob Evans. It was released through EMI on 3 April 2009. The album was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee, with producer Brad Jones (Sheryl Crow). The title of the album comes from the Perth suburb of Bull Creek where Mitchell lived between the ages of 5 and 18. Mitchell has said using it in the title of his album \"was just something that gave me a cheap thrill ... to name it in a song (\"Someone So Much\"). Then I took it to the next step of it being the title of the record. It made sense.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pallone di Gravina", "paragraph_text": "The Pallone di Gravina is a firm, cow's milk cheese from the regions of Basilicata and Apulia in south-east Italy. It is made in the \"pasta filata\" style weighing between , in a pear-like shape, ball or balloon (\"pallone\"), and was traditionally produced in the area of the city of Gravina, in the Murgia area of the province of Bari. Today, however, production is centred on the province of Matera."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Holt, Australian Capital Territory", "paragraph_text": "Holt (postcode: 2615) is a suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra, located within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. It was gazetted on 2 July 1970 and was named after Harold Holt, Prime Minister of Australia 1966-67. Streets are named after sportsmen and sportswomen."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lake Helena", "paragraph_text": "Lake Helena is a body of water along Prickly Pear Creek in the Helena Valley of Lewis and Clark County in southwestern Montana. It is in size and is above sea level."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Deddick River", "paragraph_text": "The Deddick River is a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, located in the Alpine region of the Australian state of Victoria."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dry Creek Valley AVA", "paragraph_text": "At the turn of the 20th century, Dry Creek Valley was one of California's most prominent producers of Zinfandel. During Prohibition, much of the valley was converted to plum, pear, and prune trees, and much of the fruit was processed by Sunsweet Growers in Healdsburg. Since the resurgence of wine grape production in the 1970s, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel have become the most planted varieties, and Dry Creek Valley AVA has become one of the state's top Zinfandel producers. Sauvignon blanc has become the most important white grape varietal produced in the valley."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Birnbrot", "paragraph_text": "Birnbrot (literally \"pear bread\") or \"Birnweggen\" (literally \"pear buns\") are a traditional pastry originating in Switzerland with a filling of dried pears. They exist throughout Switzerland and popular variations include \"B\u00fcndener Birnbrot\" (from the Kanton Graub\u00fcnden), \"Glarner Birnbrot\" (from the Kanton Glarus), \"Toggenburger Birnbrot\" (from Toggenburg (district) and \"Luzerner Birnweggen\" (from Luzern)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Berriwillock", "paragraph_text": "Berriwillock is a town in the Mallee region in the north-west of the Australian state of Victoria. Berriwillock is north-west of the state capital, Melbourne. Nearby towns include Boigbeat (about north west and Culgoa south east."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Buchan River", "paragraph_text": "The Buchan River ( ) is a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, located in the Alpine region of the Australian state of Victoria."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Adams City, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Adams City is an unincorporated community located in Adams County, Colorado, United States. Much of it was incorporated into Commerce City in 1952."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Suggan Buggan River", "paragraph_text": "The Suggan Buggan River is a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, located in the Alpine region of the Australian state of Victoria."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Erinsborough", "paragraph_text": "Erinsborough is the fictional suburb in which the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\" is set. The show focuses on the domestic and professional lives of the people who live and work in the suburb. \"Neighbours\" storylines primarily centre on the residents of Ramsay Street and the other locations within Erinsborough such as The Waterhole, Harold's Store, Lassiter's Hotel and Erinsborough High School. Erinsborough was originally going to be named Erinsfield and it is a loose anagram of \"Neighbours\". Throughout much of the show's run it was not stated which city of Australia Erinsborough was located in. The rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne meant that scripts did not mention that Erinsborough was a suburb of the latter city until 1994. Since the 2000s it has been explicitly stated that Erinsborough is a suburb of Melbourne."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Annoying Orange", "paragraph_text": "The show is centered on Orange (voiced by Dane Boedigheimer), who resides on a fruit cart display in a kitchen with other objects such as his best friend, Pear, an irritable Bartlett pear (also voiced by Boedigheimer). Other fruits include Passion, a sensible passion fruit and Orange's love interest played by iJustine, an arrogant grapefruit (voiced by Robert Jennings), a tiny miserable and frustrated but hot - blooded apple known as Midget Apple (though he prefers the name Little Apple), a happy - go - lucky and slightly eccentric marshmallow of ambiguous gender, and an elderly lemon named Grandpa Lemon, all of whom were not main characters until later episodes."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lewis Kemp House", "paragraph_text": "The Lewis Kemp House is a historic pioneer farmstead in the city of Dayton, Ohio, United States. Built for one of the area's earliest residents, it was a religious center in its first years, while later years saw its expansion to its present form. Now located among much newer houses, it is Dayton's oldest surviving residence, and it has been named a historic site."}], "question": "What percentage of Australian pears are grown in the state containing Berriwillock?"}
{"id": "2hop__161324_5187", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "14.5\u00d7114mm", "paragraph_text": "The 14.5\u00d7114mm (.57 Cal) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "\u0141\u00f3d\u017a Ghetto", "paragraph_text": "The \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Ghetto or Litzmannstadt Ghetto (after the Nazi German name of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a) was a World War II ghetto established by the Nazi German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma following the 1939 invasion of Poland. It was the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto. Situated in the city of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, and originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the \"Judenfrei\" province of Warthegau, the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre, manufacturing war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the German Army. The number of people incarcerated in it was augmented further by the Jews deported from the Third Reich territories."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Soviet propaganda and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought against the Nazis in various ways for a decade prior to signing the Pact. Upon signing the pact, Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists that \"fascism is a matter of taste\". For its part, Nazi Germany also did a public volte-face regarding its virulent opposition to the Soviet Union, though Hitler still viewed an attack on the Soviet Union as \"inevitable\".[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of \"containment\" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to \"roll back\". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi\u2013Soviet economic relations (1934\u201341) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania", "paragraph_text": "The 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania was an oral ultimatum which Joachim von Ribbentrop, Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany, presented to Juozas Urb\u0161ys, Foreign Minister of Lithuania on 20 March 1939. The Germans demanded that Lithuania give up the Klaip\u0117da Region (also known as the Memel Territory) which had been detached from Germany after World War I, or the Wehrmacht would invade Lithuania. The Lithuanians had been expecting the demand after years of rising tension between Lithuania and Germany, increasing pro-Nazi propaganda in the region, and continued German expansion. It was issued just five days after the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia. The 1924 Klaip\u0117da Convention had guaranteed the protection of the status quo in the region, but the four signatories to that convention did not offer any material assistance. The United Kingdom and France followed a policy of appeasement, while Italy and Japan openly supported Germany, and Lithuania was forced to accept the ultimatum on 22 March. It proved to be the last territorial acquisition for Germany before World War II, producing a major downturn in Lithuania's economy and escalating pre-war tensions for Europe as a whole."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Richard Hildebrandt", "paragraph_text": "From 1943 until his capture in 1945, he led the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (\"SS-Rasse und Siedlungshauptamt\"; RuSHA). He held the rank of SS-\"Obergruppenf\u00fchrer\". He was convicted in the phase of the Nuremberg trials known as the RuSHA Trial, for measures put into force in the furtherance of the \"germanization\" component of the Generalplan Ost program in the Danzig-West Prussia area. This involved the resettlement of Germans in the Nazi occupied territory after ejecting the native families from those lands. As RuSHA chief, he was also responsible for conducting the official Race test on the population of the occupied territories for racial selection. He was executed for war crimes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Occupation of the Baltic states", "paragraph_text": "The occupation of the Baltic states was the military occupation of the three Baltic states -- Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania -- by the Soviet Union under the auspices of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact on 14 June 1940 followed by their incorporation into the USSR as constituent republics, unrecognised by most Western powers. On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany attacked the USSR and within weeks occupied the Baltic territories. In July 1941, the Baltic territory was incorporated into the Reichskommissariat Ostland of the Third Reich. As a result of the Baltic Offensive of 1944, the Soviet Union recaptured most of the Baltic states and trapped the remaining German forces in the Courland pocket until their formal surrender in May 1945. The Soviet ``annexation occupation ''(Annexionsbesetzung or occupation sui generis) of the Baltic states lasted until August 1991, when the Baltic states regained independence."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "After the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 began the Second World War, Warsaw was defended till September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population \u2013 several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city \u2013 herded into the Warsaw Ghetto. The city would become the centre of urban resistance to Nazi rule in occupied Europe. When the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of Hitler's \"Final Solution\" on 19 April 1943, Jewish fighters launched the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the Ghetto held out for almost a month. When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, with only a few managing to escape or hide."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi -- Soviet Pact, the German -- Soviet Non-aggression Pact or the Nazi German - Soviet Pact of Aggression (officially: Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), was a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, respectively. The pact was followed by the German - Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sudetendeutsches Freikorps", "paragraph_text": "Sudetendeutsches Freikorps (Sudeten German Free Corps, also known as the Freikorps Sudetenland, Freikorps Henlein and Sudetendeutsche Legion) was a paramilitary Nazi organization founded on 17 September 1938 in Germany on direct order of Adolf Hitler. The organization was composed mainly of ethnic German citizens of Czechoslovakia with pro-Nazi sympathies who were sheltered, trained and equipped by the German army and who were conducting cross border terrorist operations into Czechoslovak territory from 1938 to 1939. They played an important part in Hitler's successful effort to occupy Czechoslovakia and annex the region known as Sudetenland into the Third Reich under Nazi Germany."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30", "paragraph_text": "The Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30 was a Soviet autocannon widely used in military aircraft of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. It was designed by A.E. Nudelman and A.A. Rikhter, entering service in 1954."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", "paragraph_text": "Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Joseph Stalin waited until 17 September before launching his own invasion of Poland. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and the Salla region of Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertza region). It was only in 1989 that the Soviet Union admitted the existence of the secret protocol of the Nazi - Soviet pact regarding the planned divisions of these territories. The invasion of Bukovina violated the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere agreed with the Axis."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Strike of the 100,000", "paragraph_text": "The Strike of the 100,000 () was an 8-day strike in German-occupied Belgium which took place from 10\u201318 May 1941. It was led by Julien Lahaut, head of the Belgian Communist Party (\"Parti Communiste de Belgique\" or PCB), even though the Nazi\u2014Soviet Pact was still in force. The object of the strike was to demand a wage increase though it was also an act of passive resistance to the German occupation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German\u2013Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi\u2013Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution."}], "question": "Who was the president of the territory occupied by the Nazis in 1939, during the Warsaw Pact's dissolution?"}
{"id": "2hop__230_48943", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In January 2013, Destiny's Child released Love Songs, a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, Life Is But a Dream, first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film, which she directed and produced herself, featured footage from her childhood, her as a mother and businesswoman, recording, rehearsing for live performances, and her return to the spotlight following Blue Ivy's birth. Its DVD release in November 2013 was accompanied by footage from the Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live concerts and a new song, \"God Made You Beautiful\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a global publishing agreement with Warner/Chappell Music, which would cover her future songwriting and then-upcoming studio album."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at the First Couple's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, Obsessed. She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife who learns of a woman's obsessive behavior over her husband. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than Cadillac Records\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Burl Ives -- voice of Sam the Snowman (``A Holly Jolly Christmas, ''`` Silver and Gold,'' ``Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '') Stan Francis -- voice of Santa Claus (`` Jingle, Jingle, Jingle'') Janis Orenstein -- voice of Clarice (``There's Always Tomorrow '') Billie Mae Richards -- voice of Rudolph (`` We're A Couple Of Misfits'') Paul Soles -- voice of Hermey (``We're A Couple Of Misfits '') Maury Laws -- musical director of the Videocraft TV Musical Decca Concert Orchestra (side B instrumentals) Herbert Rehbein -- conductor, Decca Concert Orchestra"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Super Bowl halftime shows", "paragraph_text": "Date: Feb 3, 2013 Location: Mercedes - Benz Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana) Performers: Beyonc\u00e9, Destiny's Child Producer: Ricky Kirshner Director: Hamish Hamilton Sponsor: Pepsi References: Setlist: ``Run The World (Girls) ''(Intro) / Vince Lombardi`` Excellence'' speech voiceover ``Love on Top ''(chorus a cappella) (Beyonc\u00e9)`` Crazy in Love'' (Beyonc\u00e9) ``End of Time ''(Beyonc\u00e9)`` Baby Boy'' (Beyonc\u00e9) ``Bootylicious ''(Destiny's Child)`` Independent Women Part I'' (Destiny's Child) ``Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) ''(Beyonc\u00e9 featuring Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams)`` Halo'' (Beyonc\u00e9)"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thriller (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Thriller ''has appeared on multiple greatest hits compilation albums from Jackson, including HIStory (1995), Number Ones (2003), The Essential Michael Jackson (2005) and Michael Jackson's This Is It (2009) and was remixed for the Immortal album in 2011. The song has a voice - over from actor Vincent Price."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song in B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am... World Tour and 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most-successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack was released. She was also honorary chair of the 2013 Met Gala. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, Epic, released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film, Austin Powers in Goldmember, which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly, a single mother whom Gooding's character falls in love with. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyonc\u00e9 as \"the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century..... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\" When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote, \"Why Beyonc\u00e9? [...] Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with Crazy in Love and Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It), not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles \u2013 particularly R&B singles \u2013 regained their status as pop's favourite medium. [...] [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years.\" In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 made the Time 100 list, Baz Luhrmann writing \"no one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2014 the reigning national voice.\" In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)", "paragraph_text": "The Victory Tour was a concert tour of the United States and Canada by The Jacksons between July and December 1984. It was the only tour with all six Jackson brothers, even though Jackie was injured for most of it. The group performed 55 concerts to an audience of approximately 2 million. Most came to see Michael, whose album Thriller had been dominating the popular music world at the time. Many consider it to be his Thriller tour, with most of the songs on the set list coming from his Off the Wall and Thriller albums. The tour reportedly grossed approximately $75 million ($181 million in 2018 dollars) and set a new record for the highest-grossing tour. It showcased Michael's single decorated glove, black sequined jacket and moonwalk."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28, 2011 in the US. 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\", which both attained moderate success. The fourth single \"Love on Top\" was a commercial success in the US. 4 also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9 concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose. When she presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\" and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of The Guardian Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of The Independent wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the Daily News and Stephanie Classen of Star Phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album I Am... Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth solo album, 4, was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie with additional influences by The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film Dreamgirls, the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the soundtrack album. In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24 million.[note 1] Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9's vocal range spans four octaves. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". While another critic says she is a \"Vocal acrobat, being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly, and in key. Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. The Daily Mail calls Beyonc\u00e9's voice \"versatile\", capable of exploring power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop. Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyonc\u00e9's strange rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance, Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 May 2013, where she, along with Cameron Diaz, John Legend and Kylie Minogue, described inspiration from their mothers, while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women, leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert. Beyonc\u00e9 said about her mother Tina Knowles that her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\" With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult, visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls. Beyonc\u00e9 is also taking part in \"Miss a Meal\", a food-donation campaign, and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "In 2011, documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyonc\u00e9 was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi. Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts; a spokesperson for Beyonc\u00e9 later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years, and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute."}], "question": "Who is the voice on Thriller, by the artist who performed at the first concert Beyonc\u00e9 attended?"}
{"id": "2hop__7855_7888", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Napier, New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Napier is a popular tourist city, with a unique concentration of 1930s Art Deco architecture, built after much of the city was razed in the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake. It also has one of the most photographed tourist attractions in the country, a statue on Marine Parade called Pania of the Reef. Thousands of people flock to Napier every February for the Tremains Art Deco Weekend event, a celebration of its Art Deco heritage and history. Other notable tourist events attracting many outsiders to the region annually include F.A.W.C! Food and Wine Classic events, and the Mission Estate Concert at Mission Estate and Winery in the suburb of Taradale."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Taejongdae", "paragraph_text": "Taejongdae is a natural park of Busan, South Korea with magnificent cliffs facing the open sea on the southernmost tip of island of Yeongdo-gu. It is a representative visitor attraction of Busan where has dense evergreen trees and several facilities for tourists such as an observatory, an amusement park, a light house, a cruise ship terminal. It is said that its name to have taken from King Taejong Muyeol (604 - 661), the 29th king of Silla Kingdom who liked to practice archery the place after the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Taejongdae is designated as the 28 Busan monument, along with Oryukdo Island."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aruba Natural Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Aruba Natural Bridge was a tourist attraction in Aruba that was formed naturally out of coral limestone. It collapsed on September 2, 2005."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west, and Regent's Park to the north. Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. Primrose Hill in the northern part of Regent's Park at 256 feet (78 m) is a popular spot to view the city skyline."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wiener Riesenrad", "paragraph_text": "The Wiener Riesenrad (German for Vienna Giant Wheel), or Riesenrad, is a tall Ferris wheel at the entrance of the Prater amusement park in Leopoldstadt, the 2nd district of Austria's capital Vienna. It is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions, and symbolises the district as well as the city for many people. Constructed in 1897, it was the world's tallest extant Ferris wheel from 1920 until 1985."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties, attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb. The park remains popular among New Haveners, and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse, constructed in 1847, and the Lighthouse Point Carousel, constructed in 1916. Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of Southwest Ledge Light at the entrance of the harbor, which remains in service to this day. Both of the lighthouses and the carousel are listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cullen Gardens and Miniature Village", "paragraph_text": "Cullen Gardens & Miniature Village was a popular tourist attraction in Whitby, Ontario, Canada. Officially opened in May 1980 by founder Len Cullen and his wife, Connie, the Gardens were a major tourist attraction in Whitby for 25 years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cherating", "paragraph_text": "Cherating is a beach town in Pahang, Malaysia, located about 47\u00a0km north of Kuantan. Popular tourist attractions are the beaches along the Chendor Beach with many hotels and resorts. Cherating is also the location of Asia\u2019s first Club Mediterranee (\"Club Med\")."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jordan", "paragraph_text": "According to the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Jordan is home to around 100,000 archaeological and tourist sites. Some very well preserved historical cities include Petra and Jerash, the former being Jordan's most popular tourist attraction and an icon of the kingdom. Jordan is part of the Holy Land and has several biblical attractions that attract pilgrimage activities. Biblical sites include: Al - Maghtas -- a traditional location for the Baptism of Jesus, Mount Nebo, Umm ar - Rasas, Madaba and Machaerus. Islamic sites include shrines of the prophet Muhammad's companions such as' Abd Allah ibn Rawahah, Zayd ibn Harithah and Muadh ibn Jabal. Ajlun Castle built by Muslim Ayyubid leader Saladin in the 12th century AD during his wars with the Crusaders, is also a popular tourist attraction."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Original Starbucks", "paragraph_text": "The Pike Place Starbucks store, commonly called the Original Starbucks, is the first Starbucks store, established in 1971 at Pike Place Market in downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. The store has kept its early appearance over time and is subject to design guidelines due to its historic significance. The store is considered a tourist attraction and often hosts a crowd."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lewis Smith Lake", "paragraph_text": "The most popular tourist attraction on Smith lake is the Indian head cliff jump. It's 70 feet (21m) and is located on the south shoreline of Smith lake. It's considered the most dangerous cliff jump located on Smith lake. There have already been two deaths reported where the victims just did n't surface. The bodies were later found."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Shimla", "paragraph_text": "Shimla is home to a number of buildings that are styled in the Tudorbethan and neo-Gothic architectures dating from the colonial era, as well as multiple temples and churches. The colonial architecture and churches, the temples and the natural environment of the city attracts tourists. Attractions include the Viceroy Lodge, the Christ Church, the Jakhoo Temple, the Mall Road and the Ridge, which together form the city centre. The Kalka\u2013Shimla Railway line built by the British, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is also a major tourist attraction. Owing to its steep terrain, Shimla hosts the mountain biking race MTB Himalaya, which started in 2005 and is regarded as the biggest event of its kind in South Asia. Shimla also has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. Apart from being a tourism centre, the city is also an educational hub with a number of colleges and research institutions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Instead, Nanjing, as a popular tourist destination, hosts a series of government-organised events throughout the year. The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill, the largest plum collection in China, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "San Antonio River Walk", "paragraph_text": "The San Antonio River Walk (also known as Paseo del R\u00edo or simply as The River Walk) is a city park and network of walkways along the banks of the San Antonio River, one story beneath the streets of San Antonio, Texas, USA. Lined by bars, shops, restaurants, nature, public artwork, and the five historic missions, the River Walk is an important part of the city's urban fabric and a tourist attraction in its own right."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jos\u00e9 Antunes Sobrinho", "paragraph_text": "Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes (Portuguese for Square of the Three Powers) is a plaza in Bras\u00edlia. The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal branches around the plaza: the Executive, represented by the Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto (presidential office); the Legislative, represented by the National Congress (Congresso Nacional); and the Judicial branch, represented by the Supreme Federal Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal). It is a tourist attraction in Bras\u00edlia, designed by L\u00facio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer as a place where the three branches would meet harmoniously."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tangeh Savashi", "paragraph_text": "Tangeh Savashi (Persian: \u062a\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0634\u06cc) or Tangeh Vashi (Persian: \u062a\u0646\u06af \u0648\u0627\u0634\u06cc) is a gorge and mountain pass in the Alborz range of Iran (Persia). It is a popular tourist attraction in Tehran Province."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Tourism, especially religious tourism, is an important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological, other historical and biblical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound. In 2013, a record of 3.54 million tourists visited Israel with the most popular site of attraction being the Western Wall with 68% of tourists visiting there. Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Montfort Castle", "paragraph_text": "The site is now a national park inside the Nahal Kziv nature reserve, and is an important tourist destination attracting many visitors from inside and outside Israel."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "B\u00ecnh Qu\u1edbi Tourist Village", "paragraph_text": "The Binh Quoi Tourist Village (L\u00e0ng Du L\u1ecbch B\u00ecnh Qu\u1edbi in Vietnamese) is a tourist attraction in the B\u00ecnh Th\u1ea1nh District of Ho Chi Minh City, in southern Vietnam."}], "question": "What are three natural attractions of the Chinese city considered to be a place that is popular with tourists?"}
{"id": "2hop__9657_90181", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially AIDS."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aladje", "paragraph_text": "Born in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau to a father of Portuguese descent, Aladje started playing organized football with Calcio Padova in Italy. In summer 2012 he was acquired by Serie A club A.C. ChievoVerona, but never represented the team officially, first being loaned to F.C. Aprilia in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Canchungo", "paragraph_text": "Canchungo is a town located in the western Cacheu Region of Guinea-Bissau formerly known as Vila Teixeira Pinto after Major Teixeira Pinto, the colonial officer that pacified the area."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It lies mostly between latitudes 11\u00b0 and 13\u00b0N (a small area is south of 11\u00b0), and longitudes 13\u00b0 and 17\u00b0W."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Portuguese Guinea", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese Guinea (), called the Overseas Province of Guinea from 1951, was a West African colony of Portugal from the late 15th century until 10 September 1974, when it gained independence as Guinea-Bissau."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Caetano N'Tchama", "paragraph_text": "Caetano N'Tchama (born 1955) is a Guinea-Bissau politician and former Prime Minister. He held that position from 19 February 2000 to 19 March 2001 and is a member of the Social Renewal Party (PRS)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, part of the Mali Empire; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire. Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast, as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere. Previously slaves had been traded by Arabs north to the northern part of Africa and into the Middle East."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonized as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Puerto Rico Trench", "paragraph_text": "The Puerto Rico Trench is located on the boundary between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic trench is associated with a complex transition between the Lesser Antilles subduction zone to the south and the major transform fault zone or plate boundary, which extends west between Cuba and Hispaniola through the Cayman Trench to the coast of Central America. The trench is 800 kilometres (497 mi) long and has a maximum depth of 8,648 metres (28,373 ft) or 5.373 miles at Milwaukee Deep, which is the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean and the deepest point not in the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Guinea-Bissau (i/\u02c8\u0261\u026ani b\u026a\u02c8sa\u028a/, GI-nee-bi-SOW), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: Rep\u00fablica da Guin\u00e9-Bissau, pronounced: [\u0281e\u02c8publik\u0250 d\u0250 \u0261i\u02c8n\u025b bi\u02c8saw]), is a country in West Africa. It covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,704,000."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "West Africa", "paragraph_text": "West Africa, also called Western Africa and the West of Africa, is the westernmost subregion of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 18 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea - Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the island of Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe and Togo. The population of West Africa is estimated at about 362 million people as of 2016..."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, President Rachide Sambu-balde Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1 died. He belonged to PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde), one of the two major political parties in Guinea-Bissau, along with the PRS (Party for Social Renewal). There are more than 20 minor parties."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy. According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 50% of women in Guinea Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation. In 2010, Guinea Bissau had the 7th highest maternal mortality rate in the world."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Republic of Guinea - Bissau Rep\u00fablica da Guin\u00e9 - Bissau (Portuguese) Flag Emblem Motto: ``Unidade, Luta, Progresso ''(Portuguese)`` Unity, Struggle, Progress'' Anthem: Esta \u00e9 a Nossa P\u00e1tria Bem Amada (Portuguese) This is Our Beloved Homeland Location of Guinea - Bissau (dark blue) -- in Africa (light blue & dark grey) -- in the African Union (light blue) Capital and largest city Bissau 11 \u00b0 52 \u2032 N 15 \u00b0 36 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 11.867 \u00b0 N 15.600 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 11.867; - 15.600 Official languages Portuguese Recognised national languages Upper Guinea Creole Ethnic groups 22.5% Balanta 28.5% Fula 8.3% Manjaca 14.7% Mandinka 9.1% Papel > 1% others Demonym Bissau - Guinean Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Jos\u00e9 M\u00e1rio Vaz Prime Minister Aristides Gomes Legislature National People's Assembly Independence from Portugal Declared 24 September 1973 Recognized 10 September 1974 Area Total 36,125 km (13,948 sq mi) (134th) Water (%) 22.4 Population 2016 estimate 1,815,698 (148th) Density 46.9 / km (121.5 / sq mi) (154th) GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate Total $3.071 billion Per capita $1,805 GDP (nominal) 2017 estimate Total $1.295 billion Per capita $761 Gini (2002) 35 medium HDI (2015) 0.424 low 178th Currency West African CFA franc (XOF) Time zone GMT (UTC + 0) Drives on the right Calling code + 245 ISO 3166 code GW Internet TLD. gw"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese natives comprise a very small percentage of Guinea-Bissauans. After Guinea-Bissau gained independence, most of the Portuguese nationals left the country. The country has a tiny Chinese population. These include traders and merchants of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry from Macau, a former Asian Portuguese colony."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Most Portuguese and Mesti\u00e7os speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages. French is also taught in schools because Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations. Guinea-Bissau is a full member of the Francophonie."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Guinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation; it averages 26.3 \u00b0C (79.3 \u00b0F). The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in) although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October. From December through April, the country experiences drought."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions (regi\u00f5es) and one autonomous sector (sector aut\u00f3nomo). These, in turn, are subdivided into 37 Sectors. The regions are:"}], "question": "What is the deepest part of the ocean to the west of Guinea-Bissau?"}
{"id": "2hop__28352_67090", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sfumato", "paragraph_text": "Leonardo da Vinci became the most prominent practitioner of sfumato, for instance, in Virgin of the Rocks and in his famous painting of the Mona Lisa. Leonardo da Vinci described sfumato as ``without lines or borders, in the manner of smoke or beyond the focus plane ''."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Smoking ban in England", "paragraph_text": "On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales. Smoking restrictions would be phased in, with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006, in enclosed public places by 2007, and pubs, bars and restaurants (except pubs not serving food) by the end of 2008."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Smoking ban in England", "paragraph_text": "A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "S7 Airlines Flight 778", "paragraph_text": "S7 Airlines Flight 778 (RU778/SBI778) was an Airbus A310-300 on a scheduled domestic passenger flight, flying from Moscow Domodedovo to Irkutsk, when it crashed upon landing at Irkutsk International Airport at 07:44 local time on 9 July 2006 (8 July, 22:44 UTC). The plane overshot the runway, sliding over several hundred metres of wet runway and grass. It crashed through a concrete barricade, hit a group of private garages and burst into flames. Television pictures showed smoking ruins of the Airbus with only the tail section intact. It took two hours for local firefighters from five different fire stations to extinguish the blaze."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Leaving on a Jet Plane", "paragraph_text": "``Leaving on a Jet Plane ''is a song written by John Denver in 1966 and most famously recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary. The original title of the song was`` Babe, I Hate to Go'', as featured on his 1966 studio album John Denver Sings, but Denver's then producer Milt Okun convinced him to change the title. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded the song for their 1967 Album 1700 but only released it as a single in 1969."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Finders Keepers, Lovers Weepers!", "paragraph_text": "Finders Keepers, Lovers Weepers! is a 1968 film by Russ Meyer. The story involves the goings-on at a topless go-go bar on the Sunset Strip. Meyer himself makes an appearance in this film. The composition Finlandia by Jean Sibelius is used in one of the film's love scenes."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dirty Pair: Project Eden", "paragraph_text": "Dirty Pair: Project Eden, known in Japan as Dirty Pair: The Movie (\u30c0\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30da\u30a2, Daati Pea Gekijou - ban), is a feature - length anime film based on the Dirty Pair anime series, originally released in Japan on November 28, 1986. The movie was originally licensed in North America in 1994 by Streamline Pictures, but was later redubbed and released on DVD on November 9, 2003 by ADV Films. The Streamline version was directed by Carl Macek."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of smoking bans in the United States", "paragraph_text": "New York City, From May 18, 2014 everyone under the age of 21 was banned from buying cigarettes, tobacco products and e-cigarettes. Effective May 23, 2011, smoking was banned in all parks, boardwalks, beaches, recreation centers, swimming pools and pedestrian plazas. On March 30, 2003, smoking was banned in all enclosed workplaces, including bars and restaurants; exempts tobacco bars, owner - operated bars, separately ventilated smoking rooms in bars, private clubs with no employees, private functions organized for the promotion and sampling of tobacco products, and retail tobacco shops. Shortly after, on July 24, 2003, the statewide smoking ban came into effect. New York City may suspend or revoke a business's license if it has been found guilty of violating this law three times within 12 months."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hookah lounge", "paragraph_text": "Many hookah lounges in the United States have modernistic elements such as glass tables, plasma televisions, and oxygen bars. Most bars in the U.S. require patrons to be at least 18 years of age to smoke shisha and 18 years of age to purchase (exceptions are Utah, Arizona, Alabama, and New Jersey: 19 years of age to smoke; New York is 21 years of age)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Smoking in Ireland", "paragraph_text": "Smoking in workplaces in Ireland was banned on 29 March 2004, making Ireland the first country in the world to institute an outright ban on smoking in workplaces. From that date onwards, under the Public Health (Tobacco) Acts, it has been illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces. The ban is strictly enforced and includes bars, restaurants, clubs, offices, public buildings, company cars, trucks, taxis and vans. A private residence is considered a workplace when tradespeople, such as plumbers or electricians, are working there. \u20ac3,000 is the maximum fine on the spot, while a prison sentence can also be given at a later time for violators. The law exempts dwellings, prisons, nursing homes, psychiatric wards, hotel rooms charitable accommodation and college dorm rooms. Certain buildings such as some hospitals forbid smoking anywhere in the grounds."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Plane (river)", "paragraph_text": "The Plane is a river in Brandenburg, Germany, left tributary of the Havel. Its total length is . The Plane originates in the High Fl\u00e4ming Nature Park, near Rabenstein. It flows north through Planetal and Golzow. The Plane joins the Havel in the Breitlingsee lake west of Brandenburg an der Havel."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A \"lock-in\" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of smoking bans in the United States", "paragraph_text": "No statewide smoking ban. Instead, Tennessee's 2007 statewide smoking law, the Non-Smoker Protection Act, prohibits smoking statewide in all public places in Tennessee, except as exempted; (1) any business, including a bar or restaurant, that does not serve persons under 21, (2) designated hotel / motel smoking rooms, (3) tobacco industry - related facilities, (4) outdoor areas and areas with an open garage door, (5) nursing homes, (6) designated smoking areas not accessible to the general public in businesses with three or fewer employees, (7) private clubs, (8) private residences and vehicles unless it is being used for child care, daycare, or public transportation of children, (9) retail tobacco stores, and (10) commercial vehicles occupied solely by the operator. Local governments are preempted from regulating smoking."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of smoking bans in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Statewide smoking ban: On May 1, 2010, after being signed into law by Governor Jennifer Granholm on December 18, 2009, the Dr. Ron Davis Law took effect, banning smoking statewide in all enclosed, indoor workplaces in Michigan, as well as the outdoor patios of bars and restaurants. The law exempts only cigar bars, retail tobacco stores, private home offices, company vehicles including commercial trucks, and Detroit's three casinos' gambling floors. The law is silent as to whether local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state, though it prohibits state or local health departments from enacting any smoking rules different than the law. In December 2011, a judge dismissed fines against a Warren, Michigan bar owner who had claimed that his bar's Keno machines classified his establishment as a casino exempt from the ban."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Love in a Puff", "paragraph_text": "Love in a Puff () is a 2010 Hong Kong romantic comedy directed by Pang Ho-cheung and starring Shawn Yue and Miriam Yeung. The plot revolves around the love story of Cherie and Jimmy, two smokers who met at an outdoor smoking area subsequent to the ban of all indoor smoking areas in Hong Kong. The film is classified as a category 3 film in Hong Kong."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met \u2013 no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history. The hijackers \u2013 members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell \u2013 intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House, or the U.S. Capitol. No flights had survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nicotine marketing", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, cigarette companies advertised frequently on television programs. To combat this move by the cigarette companies, the Federal Communications Commission required television stations to air anti-smoking advertisements at no cost to the organizations providing such advertisements. In 1970, Congress took their anti-smoking initiative one step further and passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, banning the advertising of cigarettes on television and radio starting on January 2, 1971. After the television ban, most cigarette advertising took place in magazines, newspapers, and on billboards. However, in 1999 all cigarette billboard advertisements were replaced with anti-smoking messages, with some of these anti-smoking messages playing parodies of cigarette companies advertising figures and slogans. Since 1984, cigarette companies have also been forced to place Surgeon's General warnings on all cigarette packs and advertisements because of the passing of the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. Restrictions on cigarette companies became even tighter in 2010 with the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. The act prohibits tobacco companies from sponsoring sports, music, and other cultural events and also prevents the display of their logos or products on T - shirts, hats, or other apparel. The constitutionality of both this act and the Food and Drug Administration's new graphic cigarette warning labels are being questioned under cigarette companies' first amendment rights."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of smoking bans in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Statewide smoking ban: Since January 1, 1995, smoking has been banned in all enclosed workplaces in California, including bars and restaurants (bars were excluded until January 1, 1998); these following areas were exempt until June 9, 2016: meeting and banquet rooms except while food or beverage functions are taking place (including set - up, service, and clean - up activities or when the room is being used for exhibit activities), retail or wholesale tobacco shops and private smokers lounges (i.e. cigar bars), truck cabs / tractors if no nonsmoking employees are present, theatrical production sites if smoking is an integral part of the story, medical research or treatment sites if smoking is integral to the research or treatment being conducted, private residences except homes licensed as family day care homes during the hours of operation and in those areas where children are present, and patient smoking areas in long - term health care facilities."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "9\u00d721mm", "paragraph_text": "The 9\u00d721mm pistol cartridge (also known as the 9\u00d721mm IMI or 9\u00a0mm IMI) was designed by Israel Military Industries for those markets where military service cartridges, like the 9\u00d719mm Parabellum, are banned by law for civilian use."}], "question": "Smoking was banned in bars when at the intended destinations of the 9/11 planes?"}
{"id": "2hop__140174_7262", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adult contemporary music", "paragraph_text": "Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Air Supply, Seals and Crofts, America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whose Rumours (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade. By 1977, some radio stations, like New York's WTFM and NBC-owned WYNY, had switched to an all-soft rock format. By the 1980s, tastes had changed and radio formats reflected this change, including musical artists such as Journey. Walter Sabo and his team at NBC brought in major personalities from the AM Band to the FM Band taking the format from a background to a foreground listening experience. The addition of major radio stars such as Dan Daniel, Steve O'Brien, Dick Summers, Don Bleu and Tom Parker made it possible to fully monetize the format and provide the foundation for financial success enjoyed to this day"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "WNIJ", "paragraph_text": "WNIJ (89.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to DeKalb, Illinois. The station is owned by Northern Illinois University, and is the flagship of Northern Public Radio's news/talk network, airing NPR news and adult album alternative) music programming."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "KGAC", "paragraph_text": "KGAC (91.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to St. Peter, Minnesota, serving the St. Peter, Mankato, New Ulm area. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "High Voltage Radio", "paragraph_text": "High Voltage Radio (identified as Triple M's High Voltage Radio in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide and Mix 94.5's High Voltage Radio in Perth) was a pop up Digital Radio station broadcasting nationally in Australia while AC/DC were touring the country in 2010. The station was part of Austereo's Triple M Network and only played AC/DC music."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Most recent season or competition: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Sport Basketball Founded 1939 No. of teams 68 (since 2011) Most recent champion (s) Villanova (3rd title) Most titles UCLA (11 titles) TV partner (s) NCAA March Madness (CBS / TBS / TNT / TruTV) CBS Sports Network (re-airs) Galavision (Spanish - coverage) Official website NCAA.com"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "December Bride", "paragraph_text": "December Bride is an American sitcom that aired on the CBS television network from 1954 to 1959, adapted from the original CBS radio network series of the same name that aired from June 1952 through September 1953."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "KNGA", "paragraph_text": "KNGA (90.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to St. Peter, Minnesota, serving the St. Peter, Mankato, New Ulm area. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"News and Information\" network, originating from KNOW in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Upcoming season or competition: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Sport College basketball Founded 1939 No. of teams 68 (since 2011) Most recent champion (s) North Carolina (6th title) Most titles UCLA (11 titles) TV partner (s) CBS TNT TruTV TBS CBS Sports Network (re-airs) Galavision (Spanish - coverage) Official website NCAA.com"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "KBPN", "paragraph_text": "KBPN (88.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Brainerd, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"News and Information\" network, originating from KNOW in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "WCDE", "paragraph_text": "WCDE is a Christian Worship formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Elkins, West Virginia & serves Metro Elkins with programming from the Air 1 radio network. WCDE is owned and operated by Davis and Elkins College."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "KNWF", "paragraph_text": "KNWF (91.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Fergus Falls, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"News and Information\" network, originating from KNOW in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KCMF", "paragraph_text": "KCMF (89.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Fergus Falls, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "WHDI (FM)", "paragraph_text": "WHDI (91.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Sister Bay, Wisconsin, and serving the Door County area. The station is part of Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR), and airs WPR's \"Ideas Network\", consisting of news and talk programming."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WCFR", "paragraph_text": "WCFR is an AM radio station licensed to Springfield, Vermont. It broadcasts hits from the 80's and 90's with 5,000 watts during the day. Programming is also simulcast on translator W293BH, 106.5 FM. The station carries Boston Red Sox baseball from the Red Sox Radio Network And Boston Bruins Hockey."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WMMI", "paragraph_text": "WMMI (830 AM) is an AM radio station located in Shepherd, Michigan. It specializes in news and talk programming from a variety of providers, such as Michigan Radio Network, Michigan Talk Radio Network, Radio America, and Premiere Networks."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York Giants Radio Network", "paragraph_text": "The New York Giants Radio Network is a broadcast radio network based in New York City, the official radio broadcaster of the New York Giants. The network's radio broadcasts are currently flagshipped at WFAN, a station owned by CBS Radio. Overflow radio casts air on WCBS, WFAN's corporate sibling"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WMLS", "paragraph_text": "WMLS (88.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Grand Marais, Minnesota. The station is owned by Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), and airs MPR's \"Classical Music Network\", originating from KSJN in Minneapolis/St. Paul."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "KYCM", "paragraph_text": "KYCM (89.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Alamogordo, New Mexico. The station is owned by Your Christian Companion Network, Inc. It airs a Religious radio format."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Frasier", "paragraph_text": "Frasier is an American sitcom that was broadcast on NBC for 11 seasons, premiering on September 16, 1993, and concluding on May 13, 2004. The program was created and produced by David Angell, Peter Casey, and David Lee (as Grub Street Productions) in association with Grammnet (2004) and Paramount Network Television. The series was created as a spin-off of \"Cheers\", continuing the story of psychiatrist Frasier Crane as he returned to his hometown of Seattle and started building a new life as a radio advice show host while reconnecting with his father and brother and making new friends. \"Frasier\" stars Kelsey Grammer, Jane Leeves, David Hyde Pierce, Peri Gilpin, and John Mahoney. The show was critically acclaimed, with the show itself and the cast winning thirty-seven Primetime Emmy Awards, a record at the time for a scripted series. It also won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series for five consecutive years. As of 2019, the possibility of a revival is being discussed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "KVRA", "paragraph_text": "KVRA is a non-commercial Christian Worship music radio station in Sisters, Oregon, broadcasting to the Bend, Oregon area on 89.3 FM. KVRA airs programming from the Air 1 radio network."}], "question": "Who was prominent in the radio division of the network that aired Frasier?"}
{"id": "2hop__145301_83179", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards", "paragraph_text": "Whoopi Goldberg (born 1955), an actress, comedian and talk - show host, received her fourth distinct award in 2002. Between 1985 and 2009, Goldberg received a total of 6 awards. Goldberg is the first African American winner, the first to win the Oscar as their second award, and the first to win two of their awards in the same year (she won both her first Daytime Emmy and her Tony in 2002)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "NHK Hall", "paragraph_text": "The NHK Hall is a concert hall located at the NHK Broadcasting Center, the main headquarters of Japan's public broadcaster NHK. The hall is the main venue for the NHK Symphony Orchestra, but it has also played host to other events, such as the 1979 Japan Music Awards, and NHK's annual New Year's Eve special \"K\u014dhaku Uta Gassen\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2013 Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny stampede", "paragraph_text": "The 2013 Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny stampede occurred as crowds departed a New Year's Eve fireworks display in the early hours of 1 January 2013 near the F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny Stadium in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. It resulted in 61 deaths and over 200 injuries, mostly women and children. This was the second time in four years that a fatal stampede occurred at the stadium."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Santa Monica, California", "paragraph_text": "The Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome (carousel) is a National Historic Landmark. It sits on the Santa Monica Pier, which was built in 1909. The La Monica Ballroom on the pier was once the largest ballroom in the US and the source for many New Year's Eve national network broadcasts. The Santa Monica Civic Auditorium was an important music venue for several decades and hosted the Academy Awards in the 1960s. McCabe's Guitar Shop is still a leading acoustic performance space as well as retail outlet. Bergamot Station is a city-owned art gallery compound that includes the Santa Monica Museum of Art. The city is also home to the California Heritage Museum and the Angels Attic dollhouse and toy museum."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "CCTV New Year's Gala", "paragraph_text": "The CCTV New Year's Gala, also known as the Spring Festival Gala, and commonly abbreviated in Chinese as Chunwan, is a Chinese New Year special produced by China Central Television (CCTV). Shown on the eve of Chinese New Year on its flagship CCTV-1, cable channel CCTV-3, satellite channel CCTV-4, second flagship CCTV-7, children's channel CCTV-14, ultra high definition channel and internationally through the China Global Television Network, the broadcast has a yearly viewership of over 700 million viewers, making it one of the premier television events of China."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Riverway Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The stadium includes the oval, a 1013-seat grandstand and supporting facilities, a practice oval and cricket practice nets. The design was modeled on Brisbane\u2019s Gabba cricket ground specifications and has a six turf wicket block. Riverway Stadium has a maximum capacity of 10,000+ This was achieved on New Year's Eve 2007 when 10,024 people attended a Twenty20 cricket match featuring the Queensland and the Victoria. The stadium is also home to the Thuringowa Bulldogs AFL club, and the AFL's local regional office. In June 2009, the stadium hosted a 4-day first class match between Pakistan A and the Australia A cricket team. The stadium also hosted some matches of the 2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup which was held in Australia from 11 August 2012. India emerged as the winner of Under-19 Cricket World Cup after beating Australia in the final at the Riverway Stadium."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jacob Marley", "paragraph_text": "In A Christmas Carol, Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story. Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve (as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843, this would have made the date of his passing December 24, 1836)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tony Parenti", "paragraph_text": "Tony Parenti (6 August 1900 \u2013 17 April 1972) was an American jazz clarinettist and saxophonist born in New Orleans, perhaps best known for his decades of work in New York City."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tyson Ritter", "paragraph_text": "Ritter and actress Elena Satine were engaged in April 2013 and married on New Year's Eve that year. He has been best friends with bandmate Nick Wheeler ever since they met in high school."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gene Pierson", "paragraph_text": "Gene Pierson (born Giancarlo Salvestrin, 29 April 1946) is a musician, who had an early solo career in New Zealand and then in Australia. His 1960s and early 1970s songs, \"Love, Love, Love\", \"You Got to Me\" and \"Reach Out\", achieved local chart success in Australia and New Zealand. He launched AC/DC at Chequers on New Year's Eve 1974 and later became a publisher and music producer in Australia."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Always Be the Winners", "paragraph_text": "Always Be the Winners is a 1994 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Jacky Pang and starring Tony Leung Chiu-Wai, Tony Leung Ka-fai, Eric Tsang, Sandra Ng, Ekin Cheng and Charine Chan. The film was released during the Chinese New Year period of 1994 to celebrate the holidays."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sydney New Year's Eve", "paragraph_text": "In 1976, the Sydney Committee decided to reconstitute a failing Waratah Festival as the Festival of Sydney. At the first meeting of its Programme Committee, they agreed that New Year's Eve should launch the new festival, a 'big bang affair'. Focusing on the harbour and adjacent areas, it would include a sail - past of decorated craft, music, and a 'spectacular fireworks display at midnight'. With this, the Festival of Sydney made New Year's Eve official for the first time. Stephen Hall was its Executive Director from 1977 to 1994.. The 1979 / 80 brochure for the Festival featured an image of the fireworks over the Sydney Opera House and the slogan ``Get into the 80's with a bang ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tony Chursky", "paragraph_text": "Tony Chursky (born June 13, 1953 in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada) is a former Canadian national soccer team and NASL goalkeeper."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Vacanze di Natale '95", "paragraph_text": "Vacanze di Natale '95 (also known as \"Christmas Vacation \u201995\") is a 1995 Italian comedy film directed by Neri Parenti."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Peggy Wehmeyer", "paragraph_text": "Margaret \"Peggy\" Wehmeyer (born 1955) is an American journalist who served for seven years as the religion correspondent on the ABC news television network, before becoming the host and editor of World Vision Report."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "C'mon, Have A Go!", "paragraph_text": "C'mon, Have A Go! was an Australian television game show broadcast on the Seven Network in 1985 and 1986. The show was hosted by Tony Young."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tony Tripoli", "paragraph_text": "Tony Tripoli (born December 2, 1969) is an American actor, host, comedian and LGBT rights activist from Los Angeles, California."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve", "paragraph_text": "New Year's Rockin 'Eve is primarily broadcast from Times Square in New York City, providing coverage of the New Year's Eve festivities held there, culminating with the long - running ball drop leading to midnight and the New Year. The special also features pre-recorded segments featuring performances by popular musicians; since the 2017 -- 18 edition, these concert segments (branded since the 2014 - 15 edition as the ``Billboard Hollywood Party '') have been presented from a studio in Los Angeles by Ciara. Since the 2016 -- 17 edition, Lucy Hale has hosted additional coverage and performances from New Orleans."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Being Eve", "paragraph_text": "Being Eve is a television series from New Zealand, originally shown on TV3 from 2001\u20132002, and rebroadcast on The N. \"Being Eve\" focuses on a teenage girl, Eve Baxter, and her daily problems. Her parents are divorced but live next door to each other. Eve was in love with a boy named Adam. They broke up at the beginning of the second season, and she ends up with another boy named Sam Hooper, with whom she had her first kiss when they were kids."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cactus Flower (film)", "paragraph_text": "Actor Role Other notes Walter Matthau Dr. Julian Winston a dentist Ingrid Bergman Stephanie Dickinson Dr. Winston's assistant Goldie Hawn Toni Simmons Dr. Winston's girlfriend Jack Weston Harvey Greenfield a friend and patient of Dr. Winston Rick Lenz Igor Sullivan a writer and Toni's neighbor Vito Scotti Se\u00f1or Arturo S\u00e1nchez a diplomat and patient of Dr. Winston Irene Hervey Mrs. Durant a patient of Dr. Winston Eve Bruce Georgia a date of Harvey Greenfield's Irwin Charone Record Store Manager Toni's employer Matthew Saks nephew one of Mrs. Dickinson's nephews"}], "question": "Who hosted New Years Eve in the place where Tony Parenti was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__30885_77849", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Chief Justice of the United States Incumbent John Roberts since September 29, 2005 Style The Honorable (formal) Mr. Chief Justice (informal) Your Honor (when addressed directly in court) Appointer Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Term length Life tenure Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Inaugural holder John Jay as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court September 26, 1789 Formation March 4, 1789"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oliver Ellsworth", "paragraph_text": "Oliver Ellsworth (April 29, 1745\u00a0\u2013 November 26, 1807) was an American lawyer, judge, politician, and diplomat. He was a framer of the United States Constitution, a United States Senator from Connecticut, and the third Chief Justice of the United States. Additionally, Ellsworth received 11 electoral votes in the 1796 presidential election."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Meghalaya High Court", "paragraph_text": "The current Chief Justice is the Hon'ble Mr. Justice Mohammad Yaqoob Mir who took oath as Chief Justice on 21 May 2018."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election", "paragraph_text": "Madras Presidency legislative council election, 1923 \u2190 1920 31 October - 10 November 1923 1926 \u2192 98 seats in Madras Legislative Council First party Second party Third party Leader Sir P. Theagaroya Chetty C.R. Reddy S. Srinivasa Iyengar Party Justice Party Anti-Ministerialists SP Seats won 44 37 11 Seat change - 21 + 37 + 11 Chief Minister before election Panagal Raja Justice Party Elected Chief Minister Panagal Raja Justice Party"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States", "paragraph_text": "John Jay resigned as Chief Justice on June 29, 1795, after being elected Governor of New York. The subsequent nomination of John Rutledge as Chief Justice was rejected by a vote of 10 -- 14 on December 15, 1795. Rutledge's strident and vocal opposition to the Jay Treaty may have been the main reason for his rejection. Because he had been a recess appointment, Rutledge served as Chief Justice for one term. Washington nominated Associate Justice William Cushing to replace him as Chief Justice, but Cushing declined the role. Washington then successfully appointed Oliver Ellsworth to serve as the next Chief Justice."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chief Justice of Ghana", "paragraph_text": "The current Chief Justice is Sophia Akuffo. She succeeded Georgina Wood who was Ghana's first female Chief Justice. Akuffo was sworn in as Chief Justice by President Akufo - Addo on 19 June 2017."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Chief Justice of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The first Chief Justice was Sir Abdul Rashid. The current Chief Justice is Mian Saqib Nisar; incumbent since 31 December 2016."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "William Howard Taft", "paragraph_text": "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 -- March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909 -- 1913) and the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921 -- 1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for re-election by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third - party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position in which he served until a month before his death."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "During their investigation of Noriega, Kerry's staff found reason to believe that the Pakistan-based Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) had facilitated Noriega's drug trafficking and money laundering. This led to a separate inquiry into BCCI, and as a result, banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991. In December 1992, Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, a Republican from Colorado, released The BCCI Affair, a report on the BCCI scandal. The report showed that the bank was crooked and was working with terrorists, including Abu Nidal. It blasted the Department of Justice, the Department of the Treasury, the Customs Service, the Federal Reserve Bank, as well as influential lobbyists and the CIA."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ministry of Law and Justice (Pakistan)", "paragraph_text": "The ministry's political executive figure is known as the Minister for Law, Justice and Human Rights, who must be an elected legislator and Parliamentarian. The Minister for Justice is associated with enforcing laws and administration of government judicial departments, and is a public face of the government in legal services required by the state. The ministry is also represented by the Attorney General as the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government, representing it in civilian Supreme Court cases, and assisting the Minister for Justice and the government in legal cases. Both the Minister for Justice and Attorney General are nominated by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, and are members of the Cabinet. As of November 2012, the Minister for Justice is Parliamentarian Mr. Zahid Hamid and the current Attorney General is Ashtar Ausaf Ali."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "The Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan (Urdu: \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u202c \u200e) is the head of government in Pakistan following the dissolution of the National Assembly. The purpose of this post is to ensure free and fair elections are held. The current Caretaker PM is former Chief Justice Nasirul Mulk, who took office on 1 June, after the National Assembly dissolved."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2009 Indian Premier League", "paragraph_text": "As the second season of the IPL coincided with multi-phase 2009 Indian general elections, in the aftermath of the 3 March 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team the Government of India refused to commit security by Indian paramilitary forces. As a result, the BCCI decided to host the second season of the league outside India. On 24 March 2009, the BCCI officially announced that the second season of the IPL was to be held in South Africa. Though India did not host the second season, the format of the tournament remained unchanged from the 2008 season format."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Karnataka Lokayukta", "paragraph_text": "In 1966, a report by the Administrative Reforms Commission recommended the setting up of Lokpal at the federal level and Lokayukta in the states, for the redressal of citizen's grievances. Therefore, Maharashtra established its Lokayukta in 1971. \ufffc \ufffc The Lokayukta Ordinance Act 1979, was excercised by D. Devaraj Urs, then Chief Minister of Karnataka, and the first Lokayukta to be appointed was then retired Chief Justice of Rajasthan High court, Justice C. Honniah. The same institution was abolished when R. Gundu Rao became the chief minister of Karnataka, after the demise of D. Devaraj Urs. The institution was again re introduced after Ramakrishna Hegde, became then Chief Minister of Karnataka, and introduced the Lokayukta and Upa Lokayukta Bill in the assembly as their 1983 election promise. It came into force through the Karnataka Lokayukta Act, 1984. Then, Mysore State Vigilance Commission which formed in 1965 to investigate corruption cases in the state was abolished. The pending cases before the commission was transferred to the newly formed Lokayukta. It had two jurisdictions: to investigate corruption and to probe government inaction."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dipak Misra", "paragraph_text": "Justice Dipak Misra (born 3 October 1953) is the Chief Justice of India. He is the 45th Chief Justice of India (CJI), succeeding the 44th CJI, Justice J.S. Khehar. He is a judge of the Supreme Court of India and a former Chief Justice of the Patna and Delhi High Courts. He is the nephew of Justice Ranganath Mishra, who was the 21st CJI during 1990 - 91. He hails from the State of Odisha."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan Incumbent Justice Sardar Muhammad Raza Khan since 06 December 2014 Term length 3 Years Formation 25 March 1956 First holder FM Khan Website Election Commission of Pakistan"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 persons have served as chief justice. The first was John Jay (1789 -- 1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Four -- Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chief Justice of Singapore", "paragraph_text": "The Chief Justice of Singapore is the highest post in the judicial system of Singapore. The Chief Justice is appointed by the President, chosen from candidates recommended by the Prime Minister. The incumbent Chief Justice is Sundaresh Menon."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Laura Denvir Stith", "paragraph_text": "Laura Denvir Stith (born October 30, 1953) has been a judge on the Supreme Court of Missouri since 2001. She was elected by her fellow Supreme Court justices to serve a two-year term as Chief Justice, from July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2009, becoming the second woman to serve as Missouri's highest-ranking jurist."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Beveridge Thomson", "paragraph_text": "Sir James Beveridge Thomson, KBE, SMN, PMN, PJK (24 March 1902 \u2013 31 March 1983), was a Scottish jurist and barrister who was the Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Malaysia. He was also Chief Justice of Fiji."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Government of West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The chief executive of West Virginia is the governor of West Virginia, who is elected to a four - year term at the same time as presidential elections. The governor is sworn in the January following the November election. A governor may only serve two consecutive terms. A governor may run for a third term, but an interceding election must occur. Democrat Jim Justice was elected governor in 2016, defeating Bill Cole in the general election."}], "question": "The present Chief Justice of the country where BCCI was based is whom?"}
{"id": "2hop__144605_21582", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Francesco Suriano", "paragraph_text": "Francesco Suriano (1445-after 1481) was an Italian friar of the Franciscan order, who wrote a guide for travel to the Holy Land."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Franciscan Friars of Killarney", "paragraph_text": "The Franciscan Friars of Killarney is a 1911 American silent documentary produced by Kalem Company. It was directed by Sidney Olcott."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Blera", "paragraph_text": "Blera is a small town and \"comune\" in the northern Lazio region of Italy. It was known during the Middle Ages as Bieda, an evolved form of its ancient name, which was restored in the twentieth century. It is the birthplace of Pope Sabinian; Pope Paschal II was also originally thought to be from here."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Luca Pacioli", "paragraph_text": "Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes Paccioli or Paciolo; c. 1447 -- 1517) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and a seminal contributor to the field now known as accounting. He is referred to as ``The Father of Accounting and Bookkeeping ''in Europe and he was the first person to publish a work on the double - entry system of book - keeping in this continent. He was also called Luca di Borgo after his birthplace, Borgo Sansepolcro, Tuscany."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Louis the Stammerer", "paragraph_text": "Louis II, known as Louis the Stammerer (; 1 November 846 \u2013 10 April 879), was the King of Aquitaine and later the King of West Francia. He was the eldest son of emperor Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orl\u00e9ans. Louis the Stammerer was physically weak and outlived his father by only two years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Juliane Louise of East Frisia", "paragraph_text": "Princess Louise Juliane of East Frisia (16 November 1657 in Aurich \u2013 30 October 1715 in Hamburg) was the eldest daughter of Prince Enno Louis of East Frisia and his second wife Justine Sophie of Barby."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Louis II de Beaumont-Bressuire", "paragraph_text": "Louis II de Beaumont-Bressuire also known as Louis II of Beaumont - also known as Louis de Beaumont, and also known as Louis of the Forest, (1407-1477), was a French Knight and Lord of Bressuire, the Plessis-Mac\u00e9, and of Miss\u00e9, and Commequiers, He was also Chamberlain of Louis XI. He also was the brother of \"Andr\u00e9 de Beaumont\", grand master of Crossbowmen of France."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Friar's Club", "paragraph_text": "\"The Friar's Club\" is the 128th episode of NBC sitcom \"Seinfeld\". This was the 18th episode for the seventh season. It aired on March 7, 1996."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Julius Ellsberry", "paragraph_text": "Julius Ellsberry (August 22, 1921 \u2013 December 7, 1941) was an American killed during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He was the first Alabamian killed in World War II, and one of the first Americans to die in the Pacific during World War II. He was killed while aboard ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Julian Alfred Steyermark", "paragraph_text": "Julian Alfred Steyermark was born in St. Louis, Missouri as the only child of the businessman Leo L. Steyermark and Mamie I. Steyermark (\"n\u00e9e\" Isaacs). He studied at the Henry Shaw School of Botany at Washington University in St. Louis, where he completed his Ph.D. in 1933. His distinguished career included the Field Museum of Chicago, the \"Instituto Bot\u00e1nico\" of Caracas, and he was with the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis from 1984 until his death. Steyermark's major works were his \"Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana\", \"Flora of Missouri\", and his \"Flora of Guatemala\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Louis of Burgundy", "paragraph_text": "Louis of Burgundy (1297 \u2013 August 2, 1316), Prince of Achaea and titular King of Thessalonica, was a younger son of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy and Agnes of France."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Julian C. Smith", "paragraph_text": "Julian Constable Smith (September 11, 1885 \u2013 November 5, 1975) was a United States Marine Corps general who served for 37 years, including service in Nicaragua (Navy Cross) and during World War II's Battle of Tarawa (Distinguished Service Medal)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "II - The Final Option", "paragraph_text": "II - The Final Option is an album by the German band Die Krupps. It was released in 1993. A double CD special edition was released the same year, containing the same track listing with demo versions on the second CD."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Trampolene", "paragraph_text": "\"Trampolene\" is a song by the English singer-songwriter Julian Cope. It is the second single released in support of his third album \"Saint Julian\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jacques Majorelle", "paragraph_text": "Jacques Majorelle (March 7, 1886 \u2013 October 14, 1962), son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Acad\u00e9mie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, \"Les Jardins Majorelle\" in Marrakech."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458\u20131490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the Black Army of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and Central Europe was defenseless. At the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, P\u00e1l Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of Medieval times."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Friar Julian", "paragraph_text": "Friar Julian () was one of a group of Hungarian Dominican friars who, in 1235, left Hungary in order to find those Magyars who \u2014 according to the chronicles \u2014 remained in the eastern homeland. After travelling a great distance, Friar Julian reached the capital of Volga Bulgaria, where he was told that the Magyars lived only two days' travel away. Julian found them, and despite the gap of at least 300\u2013400 years since the split between the Magyars that invaded and settled in Pannonia and those that were found in Bashkiria, their language remained mutually intelligible, and they were able to communicate."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Luca Pacioli", "paragraph_text": "Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes Paccioli or Paciolo; c. 1447 -- 1517) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and an early contributor to the field now known as accounting. He is referred to as ``The Father of Accounting and Bookkeeping ''in Europe and he was the first person to publish a work on the double - entry system of book - keeping on the continent. He was also called Luca di Borgo after his birthplace, Borgo Sansepolcro, Tuscany."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ahron Daum", "paragraph_text": "Die Feiertage Israels, Die j\u00fcdischen Feiertage in er Sicht der Tradition (Herchen Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, vol. I, 1993, p. 556, vol. II, 1994, p. 557)"}], "question": "What was the cause of death of Louis II, formerly of the country where Friar Julian was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__80311_88367", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Georgia General Assembly", "paragraph_text": "The House of Representatives elects its own Speaker and a Speaker Pro Tempore. The Speaker Pro Tempore becomes Speaker in case of the death, resignation, or permanent disability of the Speaker. The Speaker Pro Tempore serves until a new Speaker is elected. The House also has as an officer the Clerk of the House of Representatives."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Seal of the Speaker Flag of the Speaker Incumbent Paul Ryan since October 29, 2015 United States House of Representatives Style Mr. Speaker (Informal and within the House) The Honorable (Formal) Status Presiding officer Seat United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. Nominator Major parties (normally) Appointer The House sworn in by the Dean Term length At the House's pleasure Elected at the start of each session of Congress, and upon a vacancy Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4, 1789; 229 years ago (1789 - 03 - 04) First holder Frederick Muhlenberg April 1, 1789 Succession Second Deputy Speaker pro tempore Salary US $223,500 annually Website www.speaker.gov"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Speaker of the Lok Sabha", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Speaker of the Lok Sabha", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, \"often the reverse of what he has desired\" because Members of Congress, \"resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "In New Zealand, the Speaker of the House of Representatives (M\u0101ori: Te Mana Whakaw\u0101 o te Whare) is the individual who chairs the country's legislative body, the New Zealand House of Representatives. The individual who holds the position is elected by members of the House from among their number in the first session after each general election. The current Speaker is Trevor Mallard, who was initially elected on 7 November 2017."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "The current House Speaker of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is former President and now Congresswoman Gloria Macapagal Arroyo from Pampanga. She was elected to the office on July 23, 2018, and is the first woman and 21st person to serve as Speaker."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Petroleum in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Petroleum in the United States has been a major industry since shortly after the oil discovery in the Oil Creek area of Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859. The petroleum industry includes exploration for, production, processing (refining), transportation, and marketing of natural gas and petroleum products. As of 2008, the U.S. was the world's third - largest oil producer (after Saudi Arabia and Russia), producing 8.5 million barrels of oil and natural gas liquids per day. The leading oil - producing area in the United States in 2014 was Texas (3.17 million barrels (504,000 m) per day), followed by the federal zone of the Gulf of Mexico (1.40 million barrels (223,000 m) per day), followed by North Dakota (1.09 million barrels (173,000 m) per day) and California (0.50 million barrels (79,000 m) per day)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The speaker is elected from the legislature of Texas, by a vote of its fellow members. On the first day of each regular session, the members may nominate a fellow member, and a record vote is held to determine who the speaker will be. The Secretary of State calls the House to order, and presides over the chamber until a speaker is elected."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new Parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP in the 2015 general election and was re-elected, unopposed, as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new Parliament on 18 May 2015 and again on 13 June 2017."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "The current House Speaker of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is Congressman Pantaleon Alvarez from Davao del Norte. He was elected to the office on July 25, 2016; and is the 20th person to serve as Speaker."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Arthur N. Dare", "paragraph_text": "Arthur N. Dare (May 25, 1850 in Onondaga County, New York \u2013 September 4, 1923) was a Minnesota Republican politician and Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives. The publisher of the \"Star News\" in Elk River, Minnesota, Dare was first elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1894. Dare served three terms, becoming speaker in 1899."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Texas House of Representatives. The Speaker's main duties are to conduct meetings of the House, appoint committees, and enforce the Rules of the House. The current speaker is Joe Straus, a Republican from San Antonio, who was first elected Speaker on January 13, 2009."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party. The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference, depending on whichever party has more voting members. The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Federal House of Representatives of Nigeria. Yakubu Dogara, the current speaker, was elected on June 9, 2015."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Seal of the Speaker of the House Flag of the Speaker of the House Incumbent Paul Ryan since October 29, 2015 U.S. Congress U.S. House of Representatives Style Mr. or Madame Speaker (Informal and within the House) The Honorable (Formal) Type Presiding officer of one chamber in a bicameral legislature Residence Washington, D.C. Seat United States Capitol, District of Columbia, U.S. Nominator Anyone who is qualified to be a representative; in practice member of the house and party leadership. Nominations are submitted to the Clerk, but anyone eligible can be voted for as the Speaker, even without being formally nominated. Appointer U.S. House of Representatives Elected by the House, sworn in by the Dean Term length At the House's pleasure; elected at the start of each session of Congress, and upon a vacancy Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Formation March 4, 1789; 228 years ago (1789 - 03 - 04) First holder Frederick Muhlenberg April 1, 1789 Succession Second Deputy The Speaker can delegate to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore, presiding over the House in his absence Salary $223,500 / year Website Speaker.gov"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. Outgoing Speaker Nancy Pelosi ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kariya Munda", "paragraph_text": "In the 2009-2014 Lok Sabha, Mrs. Meira Kumar (its speaker) and Sri Kariya Munda (Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha) were unanimously elected to their posts. Hailing Mr. Munda's election, the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh hoped that the spirit of accommodation seen in the election of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, would continue through the duration of the 15th Lok Sabha. Pranab Mukherjee, then the Leader of the House [former President of India], was glad that a 32-year-old unbroken tradition of having the Deputy Speaker from the Opposition, which had begun in 1977, the very 1st year when Sri Munda entered the Lok Sabha, had been carried forward, with his unanimous election. Advani, the BJP stalwart, echoed similar sentiments. Munda has been a 7-time MP from Khunti constituency of Jharkhand State."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin. He was elected to the office on October 29, 2015, and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker. On April 11, 2018, Ryan announced he will not seek re-election in the 2018 mid-terms, and thus a new Speaker will take office in 2019."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "House of Representatives (Nigeria)", "paragraph_text": "The current House of Representatives, formed following elections held in April 2015, has a total of 360 members who are elected in single - member constituencies using the simple majority (or first - past - the - post) system. Members serve four - year terms. The Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the house."}], "question": "Who elects the speaker of the house, in the state that produces most of the oil in the U.S.?"}
{"id": "2hop__130339_54221", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "South Branch Penobscot River", "paragraph_text": "The South Branch Penobscot River is a river in Somerset County, Maine. Its source, Penobscot lake, the north end of which at () is about from the Canada\u2013United States border in Sandy Bay (Maine Township\u00a05, Range\u00a03, NBKP). This section of the border runs along the height of land separating the watersheds of the Penobscot River and the Monument River, which feeds into the Saint Lawrence River."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "North Branch Millers River", "paragraph_text": "The North Branch of the Millers River is a river in southwestern New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts in the United States. It is a tributary of the Millers River, which flows west to the Connecticut River, which in turn flows south to Long Island Sound, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Greenbush, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Greenbush, officially the Town of Greenbush, is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, on the Penobscot River. The town's population was 1,491 at the 2010 United States Census."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Parramatta River", "paragraph_text": "The Parramatta River is an intermediate tide dominated, drowned valley estuary located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. With an average depth of , the Parramatta River is the main tributary of Sydney Harbour, a branch of Port Jackson. Secondary tributaries include the smaller Lane Cove and Duck rivers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "\u00cele de Nantes", "paragraph_text": "The \u00eele de Nantes (Island of Nantes) is an island located in the centre of the city of Nantes, France, surrounded by two branches of the Loire River - the \"bras de la Madeleine\" (branch of the Madeleine) at the north and the \"bras de Pirmil\" (branch of Pirmil) at the south. It is one of the eleven neighbourhoods of Nantes."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eddington, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Eddington is a town located on the eastern side of the Penobscot River in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 2,225."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alcohol laws of Maine", "paragraph_text": "Alcohol may be sold between the hours of 5am and 1am each day of the week. On New Year's Day, alcohol may be sold until 2 a.m."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Blue Branch, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Blue Branch is an unincorporated community in Benton County, Missouri, United States. Blue Branch is located across the Osage River from Warsaw, near U.S. Route 65."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alcohol laws of Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Another inconsistency involves the difference between legal ages for buying and selling alcoholic beverages. The legal age for purchase is 21, as in all U.S. states. However, the legal age for selling or serving alcoholic beverages in a licensed establishment is 20. In the case of packaged beer, the legal selling age is 18, as long as the person is supervised by someone who is at least 20."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Great Works Dam", "paragraph_text": "The Great Works Dam was a dam on the Penobscot River between Old Town and Bradley in Penobscot County, Maine, USA. The original Great Works Dam was constructed in the 1830s and replaced between 1887 and 1900. The dam was originally owned by the Penobscot Chemical Fibre Company and was acquired by Diamond International Corporation in 1968 along with the adjacent mill. The dam and powerhouse were sold several more times, and in 2010 the Penobscot River Restoration Trust bought the dam from PPL Corporation based on an agreement that was signed in 2004. On June 11, 2012, deconstruction of the dam began"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Rock River (Mississippi River tributary)", "paragraph_text": "The river begins with three separate branches which flow into the Horicon Marsh. The northermost branch, the West Branch, begins just to the west of the village of Brandon in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin and flows east and then south to Horicon Marsh. The South Branch rises north of Fox Lake in Dodge County and flows east through Waupun to the marsh. The East Branch rises southeast of Allenton in Washington County just west of the Niagara Escarpment, and flows north and west through Theresa to the marsh. Leaving the marsh, it meanders southward to the Illinois border ending about 300 miles later at the Mississippi River at the Quad Cities in Illinois and Iowa. During its course it passes through Watertown, collects the Crawfish River in Jefferson, and receives the Bark River at Fort Atkinson. In northern Rock County it receives the Yahara River, and flows southward through Janesville and Beloit into northern Illinois, where it receives the Pecatonica River 5 miles (8 km) south of the state line."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Caledonia River", "paragraph_text": "The Caledonia River rises below Minogues Lookout within the Snowy Range of the Great Dividing Range. The river flows generally south then south by west and then south, joined by the five tributaries including the Caledonia River East Branch (which is also joined by the Caledonia River Middle Branch), before reaching its confluence with the Macalister River, near The Sisters, in the Shire of Wellington. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Legal drinking age", "paragraph_text": "Mexico 18 The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico. But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years, and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bantu expansion", "paragraph_text": "The Bantu people originally came from West Africa, in the modern day Cameroon. The linguistic core of the Bantu family of languages, a branch of the Niger -- Congo language family, was located in the adjoining region of Cameroon and Nigeria. From this core, expansion began about 3,000 years ago, with one stream going into East Africa, and other streams going south along the African coast of Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south - to - north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. The expansion eventually reached South Africa, probably as early as 300 AD."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Branch River (New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "The Branch River is an long river located in eastern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Salmon Falls River, part of the Piscataqua River watershed leading to the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "North Branch Birch River", "paragraph_text": "The North Branch Birch River is a river in Aroostook County, Maine, in the United States. From the outlet of a small pond () in Maine Township\u00a016, Range\u00a08, WELS, it runs about east and about south to its confluence with the South Branch in the town of Eagle Lake to form the Birch River. It is part of the Fish River watershed, draining north to the Saint John River and ultimately southeast to the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick, Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "East Branch Mohawk River (New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "The East Branch of the Mohawk River is a river in northern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Mohawk River, which flows west to the Connecticut River, which in turn flows south to Long Island Sound, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mokihinui River", "paragraph_text": "The Mokihinui River's headwaters are located in the Glasgow Range and its mouth is on the Tasman Sea. There is little human habitation near the river: the localities of Mokihinui and Summerlea are near the river's mouth, Seddonville is a few kilometres up the river, and just prior to its terminus, State Highway 67 crosses the river outside Mokihinui. In the rugged back country behind Seddonville at the Mokihinui Forks, the river splits into two branches, north and south. The catchment of these two branches is a large inland basin of almost wholly unmodified forest."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Albeni Falls Dam", "paragraph_text": "Albeni Falls Dam is located on the Pend Oreille River between Oldtown, Idaho, and Priest River, Idaho. It is located on the site of a natural waterfall named Albeni Falls, named after early pioneer Albeni Poirier."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Allagash River", "paragraph_text": "The Allagash River is a tributary of the Saint John River, approximately long, in northern Maine in the United States. It drains in a remote and scenic area of wilderness in the Maine North Woods north of Mount Katahdin. The name \"Allagash\" comes from the Abenaki language, a dialect of the Algonquin languages, spoken by the Penobscot Tribe The word, \"/walak\u00e9sk\u02b8iht\u0259k\u02b8/\", means \"bark stream\"."}], "question": "How early in the day can you purchase alcohol in the state where the South Branch Penobscot River is found?"}
{"id": "2hop__70020_60220", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Government of Telangana", "paragraph_text": "Government of Telangana is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Telangana, India. The state government is headed by the Governor of Telangana as the nominal head of state, with a democratically elected Chief Minister as the real head of the executive. The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested. The state government maintains its capital at Hyderabad and is seated at the Government Secretariat or the Sachivalayam."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tara (plantation)", "paragraph_text": "Tara is the name of a fictional plantation in the state of Georgia, in the historical novel Gone with the Wind (1936) by Margaret Mitchell. In the story, Tara is located 5 miles (8 km) from Jonesboro (originally spelled Jonesborough), in Clayton County, on the east side of the Flint River about 20 miles (32 km) south of Atlanta."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Santa, Ilocos Sur", "paragraph_text": "Due to Santa's natural setting (the ridge of Mount Tetas de Santa in the east; the winding Abra River and delta in the north and NW of Santa; and the South China Sea to the west), then Governor-General of the Philippines Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. on his visit in 1925 exclaimed: \u201cThe mountain in the east, the winding roping river in the north, and the immense sea in the west make Santa a poetic town.\u201d"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2018 Connecticut gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "As Connecticut does not have gubernatorial term limits, incumbent Democratic Governor Dannel Malloy is eligible to run for a third term, but has declined to do so. After the resignation of Kansas Governor Sam Brownback in January of 2018, Malloy became the most unpopular governor in the United States.. The general election will be between 2006 Democratic Senate nominee and businessman Ned Lamont, and Republican businessman Bob Stefanowski."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn", "paragraph_text": "``Frankly, my dear, I do n't give a damn ''is a line from the 1939 film Gone with the Wind starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh. The line is spoken by Rhett Butler (Gable), as his last words to Scarlett O'Hara (Leigh), in response to her tearful question:`` Where shall I go? What shall I do?'' Scarlett clings to the hope that she can win him back. This line is also partially spoken by Rhett Butler in Margaret Mitchell's novel Gone with the Wind, published in 1936, from which the film is derived."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gone with the Wind (film)", "paragraph_text": "Gone with the Wind Theatrical pre-release poster Directed by Victor Fleming Produced by David O. Selznick Screenplay by Sidney Howard Based on Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Starring Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Ernest Haller Edited by Hal C. Kern James E. Newcom Production companies Selznick International Pictures Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew's Inc. Release date December 15, 1939 (1939 - 12 - 15) (Atlanta premiere) Running time 221 minutes 234 -- 238 minutes (with overture, intermission, entr'acte, and exit music) Country United States Language English Budget $3.85 million Box office > $390 million"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rhett Butler", "paragraph_text": "Rhett Butler Gone with the Wind character Clark Gable as Rhett Butler in the Gone with the Wind film trailer First appearance Gone with the Wind Last appearance Rhett Butler's People Created by Margaret Mitchell Portrayed by Clark Gable Timothy Dalton Information Occupation Blockade runner (discharged) Socialite Title Captain Family Steven Butler (father) Eleanor Butler (mother) Rosemary Butler (younger sister) Ross Butler (younger brother) Spouse (s) Scarlett O'Hara (first wife) Anne Hampton (second wife) Children Eugenie Victoria ``Bonnie Blue ''Butler (daughter) Katie Colum`` Cat'' Butler (daughter)"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gone with the Wind (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Gone with the Wind is a novel by American writer Margaret Mitchell, first published in 1936. The story is set in Clayton County and Atlanta, both in Georgia, during the American Civil War and Reconstruction Era. It depicts the struggles of young Scarlett O'Hara, the spoiled daughter of a well - to - do plantation owner, who must use every means at her disposal to claw her way out of poverty following Sherman's destructive ``March to the Sea ''. This historical novel features a Bildungsroman or coming - of - age story, with the title taken from a poem written by Ernest Dowson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ona Munson", "paragraph_text": "Ona Munson (born Owena Wolcott; June 16, 1903 -- February 11, 1955) was an American actress perhaps best known for her portrayal of madam Belle Watling in Gone with the Wind (1939)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Wind Done Gone", "paragraph_text": "The Wind Done Gone (2001) is the first novel written by Alice Randall. It is a bestselling historical novel that tells an alternative account of the story in the American novel \"Gone with the Wind\" (1936) by Margaret Mitchell. While the story of \"Gone with the Wind\" focuses on the life of the daughter of a wealthy slave owner, Scarlett O'Hara, \"The Wind Done Gone\" tells the story of the life of one of her slaves, Cynara, during the same time period and events."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Denise Ilitch", "paragraph_text": "Denise Ilitch (born November 1955) is a Detroit-area businessperson, lawyer, and member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan. Ilitch was rumored to be a Democratic Party candidate for Governor of Michigan in 2010, after having met with the White House in early January to discuss a potential run, though she later declined to run."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2018 California gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 California gubernatorial election will be held on November 6, 2018, to elect the next Governor of California. Incumbent Democratic Governor Jerry Brown will be ineligible to run for re-election due to term limits."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2017 Virginia gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The Virginia gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7, 2017. The incumbent governor, Democrat Terry McAuliffe, was not eligible to run for re-election due to term limits established by the Virginia Constitution. Virginia is the only state that prohibits its governor from serving consecutive terms."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kelda Roys", "paragraph_text": "Kelda Helen Roys (born June 24, 1979) is an American tech entrepreneur, business owner, attorney, and a former Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. In 2017, Roys announced that she would run for Governor of Wisconsin in 2018. She was defeated in the Democratic primary."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2017 \u2190 2013 November 7, 2017 2021 \u2192 Turnout 38.5% (1.1%) Nominee Phil Murphy Kim Guadagno Party Democratic Republican Running mate Sheila Oliver Carlos Rendo Popular vote 1,203,110 899,583 Percentage 56.0% 41.9% Results by county Murphy 40 -- 50% 50 -- 60% 60 -- 70% 70 -- 80% 80 -- 90% Guadagno 50 -- 60% 60 -- 70% Governor before election Chris Christie Republican Elected Governor Phil Murphy Democratic"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2018 Florida gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "Florida gubernatorial election, 2018 \u2190 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 \u2192 Nominee Ron DeSantis Andrew Gillum Party Republican Democratic Running mate Jeanette N\u00fa\u00f1ez Chris King Incumbent Governor Rick Scott Republican"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Government of West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "The chief executive of West Virginia is the governor of West Virginia, who is elected to a four - year term at the same time as presidential elections. The governor is sworn in the January following the November election. A governor may only serve two consecutive terms. A governor may run for a third term, but an interceding election must occur. Democrat Jim Justice was elected governor in 2016, defeating Bill Cole in the general election."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2018 New York gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "New York gubernatorial election, 2018 \u2190 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 \u2192 Nominee Andrew Cuomo Marc Molinaro Howie Hawkins Party Democratic Republican Green Running mate Kathy Hochul Julie Killian Jia Lee Nominee Larry Sharpe Stephanie Miner Party Libertarian Serve America Movement Running mate Andrew Hollister Michael Volpe Incumbent Governor Andrew Cuomo Democratic"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2018 Georgia gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the next Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal is term - limited and thus can not seek reelection to a third consecutive term. The primary elections were held on May 22, 2018 and a primary runoff will be held on July 24, 2018 between Republican candidates Casey Cagle and Brian Kemp. The Democrats have nominated Stacey Abrams."}], "question": "Which democrat is running for governor of the state where Gone With The Wind was set?"}
{"id": "2hop__10624_8539", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bible translations into English", "paragraph_text": "Partial Bible translations into languages of the English people can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English. More than 450 translations into English have been written."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "St Etheldreda's Church", "paragraph_text": "For many years, St Etheldreda's church was the oldest Roman Catholic church building in England, but since 1971 it has been surpassed by the 12th century church of Ss Leonard & Mary in Malton, North Yorkshire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Medieval literature", "paragraph_text": "Since Latin was the language of the Roman Catholic Church, which dominated Western and Central Europe, and since the Church was virtually the only source of education, Latin was a common language for medieval writings, even in some parts of Europe that were never Romanized. However, in Eastern Europe, the influence of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox Church made Greek and Old Church Slavonic the dominant written languages."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden Age, lasted until the 13th century. This scholarship was aided by several factors. The use of a single language, Arabic, allowed communication without need of a translator. Access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, along with Indian sources of learning, provided Muslim scholars a knowledge base to build upon."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Russian Synodal Bible", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Synodal Bible (Russian: \u0421\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434, The Synodal Translation) is a Russian non-Church Slavonic translation of the Bible commonly used by the Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Baptists and other Protestant as well as Roman Catholic communities in Russia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century. Medicine was also studied, especially in southern Italy, where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Google Translate", "paragraph_text": "Launched in April 2006 as a statistical machine translation service, it used United Nations and European Parliament transcripts to gather linguistic data. Rather than translating languages directly, it first translates text to English and then to the target language. During a translation, it looks for patterns in millions of documents to help decide on the best translation. Its accuracy has been criticized and ridiculed on several occasions. In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine - Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) - which translates ``whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar ''. Originally only enabled for a few languages in 2016, GNMT is gradually being used for more languages."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Yoga Sutras of Patanjali", "paragraph_text": "The Yoga S\u016btras of Pata\u00f1jali are 196 Indian sutras (aphorisms). The Yoga Sutras were compiled prior to 400 CE by Sage Patanjali, taking materials about yoga from older traditions. The Yoga S\u016btras of Pata\u00f1jali was the most translated ancient Indian text in the medieval era, having been translated into about forty Indian languages and two non-Indian languages: Old Javanese and Arabic. The text fell into obscurity for nearly 700 years from the 12th to 19th century, and made a comeback in late 19th century due to the efforts of Swami Vivekananda, the Theosophical Society and others. It gained prominence again as a comeback classic in the 20th century."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Translation", "paragraph_text": "The period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages\u2014a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages (although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things, such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther's into German, Jakub Wujek's into Polish, and the King James Bible's translators' into English. Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day, as demonstrated by, for example, the King James Only movement."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ralph Milner", "paragraph_text": "Ralph Milner (born at Slackstead, Hampshire, England, early in the sixteenth century; executed at Winchester, 7 July 1591) was an English Roman Catholic layman. He is a Catholic martyr, beatified in 1929."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Quran", "paragraph_text": "The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of paper", "paragraph_text": "Paper spread to India in the 7th century. However, the use of paper was not widespread there until the 12th century."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Message (Bible)", "paragraph_text": "The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language was created by Eugene H. Peterson and published in segments from 1993 to 2002. It is an idiomatic translation of the original languages of the Bible. The Message was translated by Peterson from the original languages. It is a highly idiomatic translation, using contemporary slang from the US rather than a more neutral International English, and it falls on the extreme dynamic end of the dynamic and formal equivalence spectrum."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Belarus", "paragraph_text": "Belarusian literature began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture, such as the 12th-century poetry of Cyril of Turaw.By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian. It was published in Prague and Vilnius sometime between 1517 and 1525, making it the first book printed in Belarus or anywhere in Eastern Europe. The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century; one prominent writer was Yanka Kupala. Many Belarusian writers of the time, such as U\u0142adzimir \u017dy\u0142ka, Kazimir Svayak, Yakub Kolas, \u0179mitrok Biadula, and Maksim Haretski, wrote for Nasha Niva, a Belarusian-language paper published that was previously published in Vilnius but now is published in Minsk."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks. In architecture and sculpture, the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent. The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch and the dome. Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it. Its significance is perhaps best reflected in its endurance and influence, as is seen in the longevity and lasting importance of works of Virgil and Ovid. Latin, the Republic's primary language, remains used for liturgical purposes by the Roman Catholic Church, and up to the 19th century was used extensively in scholarly writings in, for example, science and mathematics. Roman law laid the foundations for the laws of many European countries and their colonies.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "The Greco-Egyptian scientist Claudius Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain (\u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 - meg\u00e1lis Brettanias) and to Ireland as little Britain (\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 - mikris Brettanias) in his work Almagest (147\u2013148 AD). In his later work, Geography (c. 150 AD), he gave these islands the names Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona (the Isle of Man), suggesting these may have been names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest. The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Great Britain, after which Britain became the more commonplace name for the island called Great Britain."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "A German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle Ages, ultimately as a result of the formation of the kingdom of Germany within East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 9th century. The process was gradual and lacked any clear definition, and the use of exonyms designating \"the Germans\" develops only during the High Middle Ages. The title of rex teutonicum \"King of the Germans\" is first used in the late 11th century, by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII, to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV. Natively, the term ein diutscher (\"a German\") is used for the people of Germany from the 12th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Czech language", "paragraph_text": "Bohemia (as Czech civilization was known by then) increased in power over the centuries, as its language did in regional importance. This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348. Here, early Czech literature (a biblical translation, hymns and hagiography) flourished. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well. Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe. Canon law was also studied, and around 1140 a monk named Gratian (fl. 12th century), a teacher at Bologna, wrote what became the standard text of canon law\u2014the Decretum."}], "question": "Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses the language Almagest was translated into?"}
{"id": "2hop__144435_55201", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Warrumbungle National Park", "paragraph_text": "Warrumbungle National Park is a heritage listed national park located in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The national park is located approximately northwest of Sydney and contained within . The park attracts approximately visitors per annum."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cocoparra National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Cocoparra National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Riverina region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The national park is situated southwest of Sydney and northeast of ."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kara Kara National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Kara Kara National Park is a national park located in the Wimmera/Goldfields region of Victoria, Australia. The national park is situated approximately north-west of Melbourne, west of the Sunraysia Highway, and to the south of the town of St Arnaud."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Carter County, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Carter County, Kentucky, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Shenandoah National Park", "paragraph_text": "Shenandoah National Park / \u02c8\u0283\u025bn\u0259n\u02ccdo\u028a\u0259 / (often / \u02c8\u0283\u00e6n\u0259n\u02ccdo\u028a\u0259 /) is a national park that encompasses part of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the U.S. state of Virginia. The park is long and narrow, with the broad Shenandoah River and Valley on the west side, and the rolling hills of the Virginia Piedmont on the east. Although the scenic Skyline Drive is likely the most prominent feature of the park, almost 40% of the land area 79,579 acres (124.342 sq mi; 32,204 ha; 322.04 km) has been designated as wilderness and is protected as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. The highest peak is Hawksbill Mountain at 4,051 feet (1,235 m)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Crater Lake National Park", "paragraph_text": "Crater Lake National Park is a United States National Park located in southern Oregon. Established in 1902, Crater Lake National Park is the fifth - oldest national park in the U.S. and the only national park in Oregon. The park encompasses the caldera of Crater Lake, a remnant of a destroyed volcano, Mount Mazama, and the surrounding hills and forests."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "North Cascades National Park", "paragraph_text": "North Cascades National Park is a United States National Park located in the state of Washington. The park is the largest of the three National Park Service units that comprise the North Cascades National Park Service Complex. Several national wilderness areas and British Columbia parkland adjoin the National Park. The park features rugged mountain peaks and protects portions of the North Cascades range."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Toorale National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Toorale National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Far West region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The national park is located approximately southwest of , at the junction of the Darling and Warrego rivers. The national park is located adjacent to both the Darling River and the Gundabooka National Park, located to the south-east of the park, and the Toorale State Conservation Area, located to the north-west of the park. The park is jointly managed by the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service and the local indigenous Kurnu-Baakandji people."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Katavi National Park", "paragraph_text": "Katavi National Park is a Tanzanian national park created in 1974 and is located in Katavi Region, Tanzania. It is a very remote park that is less frequently visited than other Tanzanian national parks. The park is approximately in area, which makes it the third largest national park in Tanzania. The park encompasses the Katuma River and the seasonal Lake Katavi and Lake Chada floodplains."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Culgoa National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Culgoa National Park is a protected national park that is located in the north-west region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The national park is located approximately northwest of Sydney. The nearest town is , away. The park's northern boundary is defined by part of the state border between New South Wales and Queensland."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Roy Sullivan", "paragraph_text": "Roy Cleveland Sullivan (February 7, 1912 -- September 28, 1983) was a United States park ranger in Shenandoah National Park in Virginia. Between 1942 and 1977, Sullivan was hit by lightning on seven different occasions and survived all of them. For this reason, he gained a nickname ``Human Lightning Conductor ''and`` Human Lightning Rod''. Sullivan is recognized by Guinness World Records as the person struck by lightning more recorded times than any other human being."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Roy Sullivan", "paragraph_text": "Roy Cleveland Sullivan (February 7, 1912 \u2013 September 28, 1983) was a United States park ranger in Shenandoah National Park in Virginia. Between 1942 and 1977, Sullivan was hit by lightning on seven different occasions and survived all of them. For this reason, he gained a nickname \"Human Lightning Conductor\" and \"Human Lightning Rod\". Sullivan is recognized by Guinness World Records as the person struck by lightning more recorded times than any other human being."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jacques-Cartier National Park", "paragraph_text": "Jacques-Cartier National Park is located in the Laurentian Mountains along the Jacques-Cartier River valley, to the west of Quebec Route 175. Jacques-Cartier is a 30 minutes drive from Qu\u00e9bec City. Grands-Jardins National Park is located to the northeast of the park, while the Laurentian Wildlife Reserve is located to the north. The park is also located near the Canadian Forces military base CFB Valcartier."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Crater Lake National Park", "paragraph_text": "Crater Lake National Park is an American national park located in southern Oregon. Established in 1902, Crater Lake is the fifth - oldest national park in the United States and the only national park in Oregon. The park encompasses the caldera of Crater Lake, a remnant of a destroyed volcano, Mount Mazama, and the surrounding hills and forests."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Grasslands National Park", "paragraph_text": "Grasslands National Park is a Canadian national park located near the village of Val Marie, Saskatchewan, and one of 44 national parks and park reserves in Canada's national park system (though one of only two in Saskatchewan itself). This national park is north from the American state of Montana and lies adjacent to the international boundary."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Maybelle Carter", "paragraph_text": "Maybelle Carter was born Maybelle Addington on May 10, 1909, in Nickelsville, Virginia. She was the daughter of Margaret Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Kilgore; 1879 \u2013 1960) and Hugh Jackson Addington (1877 \u2013 1929). According to family lore, the Addington family of Virginia is descended from former British prime minister Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Port Campbell National Park", "paragraph_text": "The Port Campbell National Park is a national park in the south-western district of Victoria, Australia. The national park is situated approximately south-west of Melbourne and approximately east of Warrnambool. The park is located adjacent to the Great Otway National Park and the Bay of Islands Coastal Park."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kenozersky National Park", "paragraph_text": "Kenozersky National Park () is a national park in the north of Russia, located in Kargopolsky and Plesetsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast. It was established December\u00a028, 1991. Since 2004, the National Park has the status of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Buchanan's Birthplace State Park", "paragraph_text": "Buchanan's Birthplace State Park is an Pennsylvania state park near Cove Gap, in Peters Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is on Pennsylvania Route 16 along Tuscarora Mountain. Buchanan's Birthplace State Park was created from land donated to the state by Harriet Lane in honor of her uncle, the 15th President of the United States, James Buchanan."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Anita Carter", "paragraph_text": "Ina Anita Carter (March 31, 1933 \u2013 July 29, 1999), the youngest daughter of Ezra and Mother Maybelle Carter, was a versatile American singer who experimented with several different types of music and played upright bass with her sisters Helen Carter and June Carter Cash and mother Maybelle Carter as Mother Maybelle and The Carter Sisters. The trio joined the \"Grand Ole Opry\" radio show in 1950 (Anita was 17 years old at the time), opened shows for Elvis Presley, and joined \"The Johnny Cash Show\" in 1971. As a solo artist, and with her family, Carter recorded for a number of labels including RCA Victor, Cadence, Columbia, Audiograph, United Artists, Liberty and Capitol. Chet Atkins praised her talent on the bass and used her on many of his record productions. She played 12-string guitar and autoharp with the family after giving up the bass in later years."}], "question": "Where is Shenandoah National Park located in the state where Maybelle Carter was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__1969_8140", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Schott NYC", "paragraph_text": "Schott NYC (Schott Bros) is an American clothing manufacturing company located in New York City. The company was founded in 1913 by brothers Irving and Jack Schott. Schott NYC was the first company to put a zipper on a jacket and they created the classic Perfecto motorcycle jacket, which was made popular by films such as \"The Wild One\" (1953). The company made clothing for the United States Armed Forces during World War II and later also for American law enforcement. Schott NYC is still owned by the Schott family and still manufacture much of their clothing in the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "George Aaron Barton", "paragraph_text": "Reverend George Aaron Barton, Ph.D. (12 November 1859 \u2013 28 June 1942) was a Canadian author, Episcopal clergyman, and professor of Semitic languages and the history of religion."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language\u2014that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a \"national religion\"\u2014was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general \"religion\" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists, the very word \"national\" was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown. During the debate over the establishment clause, Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government (in which the states retained their individual sovereignty), which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "It's Alright with Me", "paragraph_text": "It's Alright with Me is recording artist Patti LaBelle's third album, released on Epic Records in 1979. This album was released in quick succession following the release of the singer's sophomore solo album, \"Tasty\", released in March 1979. The album was produced by hitmaker Skip Scarborough. The album became successful upon release due to the popularity of the songs \"Come What May\" and \"Music is My Way of Life\", the latter finding chart success on the dance chart. \"Come What May\" became a popular song during LaBelle's live showcases shortly after its release."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Koine Greek", "paragraph_text": "Literary Koine was the medium of much of post-classical Greek literary and scholarly writing, such as the works of Plutarch and Polybius. Koine is also the language of the Christian New Testament, of the Septuagint (the 3rd - century BC Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible), and of most early Christian theological writing by the Church Fathers. In this context, Koine Greek is also known as ``Biblical '',`` New Testament'', ``ecclesiastical ''or`` patristic'' Greek. It continues to be used as the liturgical language of services in the Greek Orthodox Church."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "NYC 22", "paragraph_text": "NYC 22 (pronounced NYC 2-2) is an American police procedural drama that aired on CBS from April 15 to August 11, 2012, as a mid-season replacement for \"\". On May 13, 2012, CBS canceled the series after one season."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "What a Diff'rence a Day Made", "paragraph_text": "``What a Diff'rence a Day Made '', also recorded as`` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes'', is a popular song originally written in Spanish by Mar\u00eda Grever, a Mexican songwriter, in 1934 with the title ``Cuando vuelva a tu lado ''(`` When I Return to Your Side''). The song is also known in English as ``What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '', as popularized by Dinah Washington."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kristen Rudisill", "paragraph_text": "Kristen Rudisill completed her B.A. in Religion at Bryn Mawr College in 1997. She got her A.M. in the History of Religion at the University of Chicago Divinity School. She completed her Ph.D. in Asian Cultures and Languages at the University of Texas at Austin in 2007\u20132008."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "During his period in Milan, Montini was known as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. Montini went new ways in pastoral care, which he reformed. He used his authority to ensure that the liturgical reforms of Pius XII were carried out at the local level and employed innovative methods to reach the people of Milan: Huge posters announced that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957. More than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals and lay persons delivered 7,000 sermons in the period not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and other places, where people meet. His goal was the re-introduction of faith to a city without much religion. \"If only we can say Our Father and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Iranian languages", "paragraph_text": "The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as \"Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan\", and \"Younger Avestan\". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its \"old\" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Les Chansones Populaires", "paragraph_text": "Les Chansones Populaires (French for \"Popular Songs\") is the third studio album by the Serbian/Yugoslavian new wave band Elektri\u010dni Orgazam. It was released in 1983 by Jugoton. The album contains nine covers of popular English language songs."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \"Norman\" culture in the north of France. The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'o\u00efl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the regional language that survives today."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Normans", "paragraph_text": "The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this Norman creativity. The former, with their violence, caused the wanton destruction of many Norman edifices; the latter, with its assault on religion, caused the purposeful destruction of religious objects of any type, and its destabilisation of society resulted in rampant pillaging."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Most Greeks are Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church. During the first centuries after Jesus Christ, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking. There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other Christian denominations like Greek Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims. About 2,000 Greeks are members of Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism congregations."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Christianity (59%), particularly Catholicism (33%), was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014, followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City, over half living in Brooklyn. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10% of the city's public schoolchildren, followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% self-identified with no organized religious affiliation."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "French Wars of Religion", "paragraph_text": "The French Wars of Religion refers to a prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed / Calvinist Protestants) in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598. It is estimated that three million people perished in this period from violence, famine, or disease in what is considered the second deadliest religious war in European history (surpassed only by the Thirty Years' War, which took eight million lives)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "George W. Pace", "paragraph_text": "George Wendell Pace (born 1929) was an American professor of religion at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. He was a popular writer and speaker on religion in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and is known for being publicly criticized by Apostle Bruce R. McConkie in 1982."}], "question": "What is the liturgical language of the third most popular religion in NYC?"}
{"id": "2hop__134103_126848", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mikkelin Kampparit", "paragraph_text": "Mikkelin Kampparit is a bandy club in Mikkeli, Finland. The team colours are black and white. The club was founded in 1972, the same year as when Finland's Bandy Association separated from the Finnish Football Association."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Toronto Marlies", "paragraph_text": "The team is named after the former Toronto Marlboros, a junior hockey team that played in Toronto from 1904 to 1989, the last 62 years of that time under common ownership with the Leafs. The team was long known as the ``Marlies ''to fans and media alike. To avoid any potential association with the similarly named cigarette brand, MLSE uses the abbreviated form as the team's official nickname."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Aleksandr Mordovin", "paragraph_text": "Aleksandr Mordovin (, 3 February 1873 \u2013 31 March 1938) was a Russian fencer. He competed in three events at the 1912 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Princess Olga Andreevna Romanoff", "paragraph_text": "Princess Olga Andreevna Romanoff (born 8 April 1950) is a Russian princess and descendant of the House of Romanov. She is the president of the Romanov Family Association."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Aleksandr Yuryevich Romanov", "paragraph_text": "Aleksandr Yuryevich Romanov (; born April 4, 1992) is a Russian football defender who last played for FC Volochanin-Ratmir Vyshny Volochyok."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Inagh-Kilnamona GAA", "paragraph_text": "Inagh-Kilnamona GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in the parish of Inagh and Kilnamona, County Clare in Ireland. The club field teams in hurling. The present club was formed in 2008 when Inagh GAA and Kilnamona GAA merged to form one club."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aleksandr Ogorodnikov", "paragraph_text": "Aleksandr Ogorodnikov (born 8 September 1967) is a Russian former water polo player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Romanovs: An Imperial Family", "paragraph_text": "The Romanovs: An Imperial Family (, ) is a 2000 Russian film about the last days of Tsar Nicholas II and his family. The Russian title implies both the Imperial Crown of Russia and the crown of thorns associated with martyrs. The film premiered at the 22nd annual Moscow Film Festival."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alexander Kostetsky", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Kostetsky (Russ. \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439, Ukr. \u041e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0446\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439;, November 14, 1954 in Kiev \u2013 January 4, 2010 in Kiev) was a Ukrainian painter and sculptor. His name has various transliterations into English and variants include Aleksandr Kostetsky, Alexander Kostecky, Alexander Kostetski and Aleksandr Kosteckij. His artist stile is Magic Realism."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ice dance", "paragraph_text": "Ice dancing, then known as ``rhythmic skating, ''was a demonstration event at the 1968 Winter Olympics at Grenoble, won by the team of Diane Towler and Bernard Ford of Great Britain. It became an official medal event eight years later in 1976 at Innsbruck, with the first title won by Lyudmila Pakhomova / Aleksandr Gorshkov."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Liberated Earth", "paragraph_text": "The Liberated Earth () is a 1946 Soviet war drama film directed by  Aleksandr Medvedkin and starring Vera Altayskaya, Aleksandr Khvylya and Emma Tsesarskaya. The film was made at the Sverdlovsk Film Studio."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of Russian monarchs", "paragraph_text": "The Time of Troubles came to a close with the election of Michael Romanov as Tsar in 1613. Michael officially reigned as Tsar, though his father, the Patriarch Philaret (died 1633) initially held the real power. However, Michael's descendents would rule Russia, first as Tsars and later as Emperors, until the Russian Revolution of 1917. Peter the Great (reigned 1682 - 1725), a grandson of Michael Romanov, reorganized the Russian state along more Western lines, establishing the Russian Empire in 1721."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "India men's national field hockey team", "paragraph_text": "After their gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics, the team's performance declined through the next three decades, with the team failing to win a medal at the Olympics or the World Cup. In 2016, the Indian men's team won its first ever silver medal in Champions Trophy and reached the knockout stage of the Olympics for the first time in 36 years. As of 2018, the team is ranked fifth in the world. From February 2018, the Government of Odisha has started sponsoring the Indian national field hockey team, both men and women team. In a first - of - its - kind association, the state has decided to support the India's field hockey team for next five years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "European Club Association", "paragraph_text": "Formed on the dissolution of the G-14 group in January 2008, as from the 2017-19 membership cycle, the European Club Association represents 232 clubs, made up of 109 Ordinary Members and 123 Associated Members, with at least one from each of the 54 national associations. The precise number of Ordinary Member clubs from each member association will be established every two years at the end of the UEFA season on the basis of the UEFA ranking of its member associations according to the following principles:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gleb Shulpyakov", "paragraph_text": "Gleb Yuryevich Shulpyakov (; born 28 January 1971) is a Russian poet, essayist, novelist and translator. He lives in Moscow."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Assam Football Association", "paragraph_text": "Assam Football Association was formed in 1951, but the game of football has been played since before independence of India. The game of Football was introduced by and an institution and some individual persons. It is affiliated to the All India Football Federation, Assam council of sports and Assam Olympic association. The association controls men and women football game in the state of Assam. The game of football is very much popular in the four district viz. Dibrugarh, Kokrajhar, Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao. The team of Association member is four years. The Nature of election of office bearers is based on the affiliated district units of football to Assam Football Association."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Erin's Own GAA (Waterford)", "paragraph_text": "Erin's Own GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Waterford City, Ireland. The club enters teams in both GAA codes each year, which includes two adult hurling teams and two adult Gaelic football team in the Waterford County Championships."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alexander Pavlovich", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Yuryevich Pavlovich (, , born 12 July 1988) is a Belarusian professional ice hockey player who is currently playing for HC Dinamo Minsk in the Kontinental Hockey League. He previously played with Shakhtar Soligorsk in the Belarusian Extraleague."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "FC Volochanin-Ratmir Vyshny Volochyok", "paragraph_text": "FC Volochanin-Ratmir Vyshny Volochyok () is an association football club from Vyshny Volochyok, Russia, founded in 1989. It spent a lot of seasons in the Russian Second Division. It played professionally from 1991 and was called, in the past, FC Volochanin Vyshny Volochyok (1989\u20131998), FC Volochanin-89 Vyshny Volochyok (1999\u20132002). As of September 2012, the team plays in the Russian amateur championship, Golden Ring zone."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aleksandrs Ker\u010ds", "paragraph_text": "Aleksandrs Ker\u010ds (born March 16, 1967) is a Latvian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played five games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Edmonton Oilers. He also appeared in several World Championships and the 2002 Winter Olympics for the Latvian national team. Previously, he represented the Soviet Union at the 1987 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships."}], "question": "In what year was Aleksandr Yuryevich Romanov's team formed?"}
{"id": "2hop__75413_75208", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens", "paragraph_text": "St. Helens produced an additional five explosive eruptions between May and October 1980. Through early 1990 at least 21 periods of eruptive activity had occurred. The volcano remains active, with smaller, dome - building eruptions continuing into 2008."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mount Shasta", "paragraph_text": "During the last 10,000 years, Mount Shasta has erupted an average of every 800 years, but in the past 4,500 years the volcano has erupted an average of every 600 years. The last significant eruption on Mount Shasta may have occurred about two centuries ago."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Volcano", "paragraph_text": "Scientists usually consider a volcano to be erupting or likely to erupt if it is currently erupting, or showing signs of unrest such as unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas emissions. Most scientists consider a volcano active if it has erupted in the last 10,000 years (Holocene times) -- the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program uses this definition of active. Most volcanoes are situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire. An estimated 500 million people live near active volcanoes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pineapple", "paragraph_text": "Pineapple production -- 2016 Country (millions of tonnes) Costa Rica 2.9 Brazil 2.7 Philippines 2.6 Thailand 1.9 India 1.9 Indonesia 1.3 World 25.8 Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Langila", "paragraph_text": "Langila is one of the most active volcanoes of New Britain, Papua New Guinea. It consists of four overlapping volcanic cones on the eastern flank of an older extinct volcano, Talawe. Talawe is the largest volcano in Cape Gloucester. There have been dozens of recorded eruptions since the 19th century from three separate volcanic craters at the summit of Langila. The most recent eruptive cycle of Langila began in August 2006 and continued into early 2007. Volcanic activity at Langila consists of Strombo-Vulcanian and Vulcanian eruptions and lava flows. Langila is one of the most active volcanoes in the Bismark archipelago. The smallest crater is crater number 3."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shield volcano", "paragraph_text": "A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They are named for their low profile, resembling a warrior's shield lying on the ground. This is caused by the highly fluid (low viscosity) lava they erupt which travels farther than lava erupted from stratovolcanoes. This results in the steady accumulation of broad sheets of lava, building up the shield volcano's distinctive form. The shape of shield volcanoes is due to the low viscosity of their mafic lava."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Haleakal\u0101", "paragraph_text": "Until recently, East Maui Volcano was thought to have last erupted around 1790, based largely on comparisons of maps made during the voyages of La Perouse and George Vancouver. Recent advanced dating tests, however, have shown that the last eruption was more likely to have been in the 17th century. These last flows from the southwest rift zone of Haleakal\u0101 make up the large lava deposits of the Ahihi Kina `u / La Perouse Bay area of South Maui."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Emuruangogolak", "paragraph_text": "Emuruangogolak is an active shield volcano straddling the Gregory Rift in Kenya, in Eastern Africa. It has a caldera on its summit. The last known eruption was a trachyte flow which occurred in 1910. Steam vents and fumarolic activity continues from fissures within the caldera and along the flanks of the volcano. Several maar lakes exist in the rift valley adjacent to the volcano. The volcano's summit is at elevation, and its formation is calculated to have been 38,000\u00a0years ago."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pacaya", "paragraph_text": "Pacaya is an active complex volcano in Guatemala, which first erupted approximately 23,000\u00a0years ago and has erupted at least 23 times since the Spanish invasion of Guatemala. Pacaya rises to an elevation of . After being dormant for over 70 years, it began erupting vigorously in 1961 and has been erupting frequently since then. Much of its activity is Strombolian, but occasional Plinian eruptions also occur, sometimes showering the area of the nearby Departments with ash."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yellowstone National Park", "paragraph_text": "Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles (8,983 km), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high - elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of the world's geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly - intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone. In 1978, Yellowstone was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Turrialba Volcano", "paragraph_text": "Turrialba Volcano is an active volcano in central Costa Rica that has been explosively eruptive in recent years including 2016 and in January, March and April 2017. Visitors used to be able to hike down into the main crater, but increased volcanic activity in 2014 - 17, resulting in large clouds of volcanic ash, has caused the surrounding Turrialba Volcano National Park to close."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Takahe", "paragraph_text": "Mount Takahe is a large, snow-covered shield volcano standing 64\u00a0km SE of Toney Mountain in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. It is roughly circular, about 29\u00a0km across, and has a caldera up to 8\u00a0km wide. At 780 cubic km, it is a massive volcano. The volcano may have last erupted during the Holocene, and thus it is probably a potentially active volcano."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hudson Mountains", "paragraph_text": "On January, 2008, the British Antarctic Survey scientists led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal \"Nature Geoscience\") that 2,200 years ago, a volcano had a subglacial eruption under the Antarctic ice sheet, based on airborne survey with radar images. Described as the biggest eruption in Antarctica in the last 10,000 years, the volcanic ash was found deposited on the ice surface under the Hudson Mountains, close to Pine Island Glacier."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Babuyan Claro Volcano", "paragraph_text": "Babuyan Claro Volcano, also known as Mount Pangasun, is a volcano located on Babuyan Island, the northernmost of the Babuyan group of islands in Luzon Strait, north of the main island of Luzon in the Philippines. It is classified as one of the active volcanoes of the country with the last confirmed eruption in 1860."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nevado del Ruiz", "paragraph_text": "The volcano usually generates Plinian eruptions, which produce swift - moving currents of hot gas and rock called pyroclastic flows. These eruptions often cause massive lahars (mud and debris flows), which pose a threat to human life and the environment. The impact of such an eruption is increased as the hot gas and lava melt the mountain's snowcap, adding large quantities of water to the flow. On November 13, 1985, a small eruption produced an enormous lahar that buried and destroyed the town of Armero in Tolima, causing an estimated 25,000 deaths. This event later became known as the Armero tragedy -- the deadliest lahar in recorded history. Similar but less deadly incidents occurred in 1595 and 1845, consisting of a small explosive eruption followed by a large lahar."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Etna", "paragraph_text": "Volcanic activity first took place at Etna about 500,000 years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the ancient coastline of Sicily. About 300,000 years ago, volcanism began occurring to the southwest of the summit (centre top of volcano) then, before activity moved towards the present centre 170,000 years ago. Eruptions at this time built up the first major volcanic edifice, forming a stratovolcano in alternating explosive and effusive eruptions. The growth of the mountain was occasionally interrupted by major eruptions, leading to the collapse of the summit to form calderas."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens", "paragraph_text": "1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens Photograph of the eruption column, May 18, 1980. Volcano Mount St. Helens Date May 18, 1980; 38 years ago (1980 - 05 - 18) Time 8: 32 am PDT Type Plinian, Pel\u00e9an Location Skamania County, Washington, U.S. 46 \u00b0 12 \u2032 1 ''N 122 \u00b0 11 \u2032 12'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 46.20028 \u00b0 N 122.18667 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 46.20028; - 122.18667 VEI 5 Impact Approximately 57 deaths, about $1.1 billion in property damage; caused a partial collapse of the volcano's flank, deposited ash in 11 U.S. states and five Canadian provinces Map of eruption deposits"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mauna Loa", "paragraph_text": "Mauna Loa's most recent eruption occurred from March 24 to April 15, 1984. No recent eruptions of the volcano have caused fatalities, but eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed villages, and the city of Hilo is partly built on lava flows from the late 19th century. Because of the potential hazards it poses to population centers, Mauna Loa is part of the Decade Volcanoes program, which encourages studies of the world's most dangerous volcanoes. Mauna Loa has been monitored intensively by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory since 1912. Observations of the atmosphere are undertaken at the Mauna Loa Observatory, and of the Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, both located near the mountain's summit. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park covers the summit and the southeastern flank of the volcano, and also incorporates K\u012blauea, a separate volcano."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Iverson Creek Volcano", "paragraph_text": "Iverson Creek Volcano is an eroded volcanic outcrop in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is one of the volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and last erupted in the Pleistocene period."}], "question": "When was the last volcanic eruption in the place that produces the most pineapple in the world?"}
{"id": "2hop__18254_92564", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Constantine VI", "paragraph_text": "Constantine VI (, \"K\u014dnstantinos VI\"; 771 \u2013 before 805) was Byzantine Emperor from 780 to 797. The only child of Emperor Leo IV, Constantine was named co-emperor with him at the age of five in 776 and succeeded him as sole Emperor in 780, aged nine. His mother Irene exercised control over him as regent until 790, assisted by her chief minister Staurakios and eventually only the Byzantine emperor ruled without motherhood."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d; pinyin: Yu\u00e1n Ch\u00e1o), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Mongolian: Yehe Yuan Ulus[a]), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia and Korea. It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native language (i.e. Mongolian) and the 'Phags-pa script."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Patrick Warburton", "paragraph_text": "Patrick John Warburton (born November 14, 1964) is an American actor. In television, he is known for playing David Puddy on Seinfeld, the title role on The Tick, Jeb Denton on Less Than Perfect, Jeff Bingham on Rules of Engagement, and Lemony Snicket on A Series of Unfortunate Events. His voice roles include Kronk in The Emperor's New Groove and its sequels, paraplegic police officer Joe Swanson on Family Guy, Brock Samson on The Venture Bros, Lok in the Tak and the Power of Juju video game series and in the television series and Flynn in Skylanders video games. In advertising he has played a ``control enthusiast ''in a series of commercials for National Car Rental."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yalu River", "paragraph_text": "The Korean side of the river was heavily industrialized during the period of Japanese rule (1910 -- 1945), and by 1945 almost 20% of Imperial Japan's total industrial output originated in Korea. During the Korean War, the movement of United Nations troops approaching the river precipitated massive Chinese intervention from around Dandong. In the course of the conflict every bridge across the river except one was destroyed. The one remaining bridge was the Sino -- Korean Friendship Bridge connecting Sinuiju, North Korea to Dandong, China. During the war the valley surrounding the western end of the river also became the focal point of a series of dogfights for air superiority over North Korea, earning the nickname ``MiG Alley ''in reference to the MiG - 15 fighters flown by the combined North Korean, Chinese and Soviet forces."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Yi Hong", "paragraph_text": "Yi Hong (born 1974 in Seoul) is a descendant of the Joseon Dynasty rulers, who works as a model and entertainer. She is the eldest daughter of His Highness Prince Yi Seok of Korea by his second wife, Donkgo Jeonghui, and a great-granddaughter of Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire. She is commonly referred to as \"the last Imperial princess\" by the public in South Korea."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Emperor Go-Kameyama", "paragraph_text": "Emperor Go-Kameyama (\u5f8c\u4e80\u5c71\u5929\u7687, Go-Kameyama Tenn\u014d) (c. 1347 \u2013 May 10, 1424) was the 99th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 1383 to October 21, 1392, becoming the last Emperor of the Southern Court.  His personal name was Hironari (\u7199\u6210)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold. The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and\u2014by agreement with the United States\u2014occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered. By 1948, two separate governments had been set up. Both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces\u2014supported by the Soviet Union and China\u2014invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. On that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83: Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation and dispatch of the UN Forces in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of Korea", "paragraph_text": "After the end of WWII in 1945, the Allies divided the country into a northern area, protected by the Soviets, and a southern area protected primarily by the United States. In 1948, when the powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government, this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea. The peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel: the ``Republic of Korea ''was created in the south, with the backing of the US and Western Europe, and the`` Democratic People's Republic of Korea'' in the north, with the backing of the Soviets and the communist People's Republic of China. The new premier of North Korea, Kim il - Sung launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. After immense material and human destruction, the conflict ended with a cease - fire in 1953. The two nations officially remain at war because a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yongzheng Emperor", "paragraph_text": "The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 \u2013 8 October 1735), born Yinzhen, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1722 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, the Yongzheng Emperor's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, the Yongzheng Emperor used military force to preserve the dynasty's position. His reign was known for being despotic, efficient, and vigorous."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Patrick Warburton", "paragraph_text": "Patrick John Warburton (born November 14, 1964) is an American comedic actor and voice actor. In television, he is known for playing David Puddy on Seinfeld, the title role on The Tick, Jeb Denton on Less Than Perfect, Jeff Bingham on Rules of Engagement, and Lemony Snicket on A Series of Unfortunate Events. His voice roles include Kronk in The Emperor's New Groove and its sequels, paraplegic police officer Joe Swanson on Family Guy, Brock Samson on The Venture Bros, Lok in the Tak and the Power of Juju video game series and in the television series and Flynn in Skylanders video games. In advertising he has played a ``control enthusiast ''in a series of commercials for National Car Rental."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor on the Ming throne."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Patrick Warburton", "paragraph_text": "Patrick John Warburton (born November 14, 1964) is an American actor and voice artist. In television, he is known for playing David Puddy on Seinfeld, the title role on The Tick, Jeb Denton on Less Than Perfect, Jeff Bingham on Rules of Engagement, and Lemony Snicket on A Series of Unfortunate Events. His voice roles include Kronk in The Emperor's New Groove and its sequels, paraplegic police officer Joe Swanson on Family Guy, Brock Samson on The Venture Bros, Lok in the Tak and the Power of Juju video game series and in the television series, and Flynn in the Skylanders video games. In advertising he has played a ``control enthusiast ''in a series of commercials for National Car Rental."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that \"Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule\", and yet \"despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan\". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Division of Korea", "paragraph_text": "The division of Korea between North and South Korea occurred after World War II, ending the Empire of Japan's 35 - year rule over Korea in 1945. The United States and the Soviet Union each occupied a portion of the peninsula, with the boundary between their zones of control along the 38th parallel."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mandate of Heaven", "paragraph_text": "It was said that the peasant group of the Ming dynasty were the real selectors which allowed for the Mandate of Heaven to be claimed by the ruler. As a prospective candidate to the Mandate, they could please the peasantry group in order to win favor amongst the dynasty. It was solely politics from beginning to end and an attempt from the emperor to maintain a favorable act towards Heaven. Many emperors within the Qing dynasty looked immensely within themselves trying to come to terms with their ruling if natural disasters occurred within their time. This was interpreted as a warning of Heaven's displeased wrath towards an emperors ruling, such that the Mandate under their rule was unstable. Furthermore, Qing emperors would take their advisors feedback very seriously when pertaining to ruling and take it upon themselves to reflect on their current decisions of the dynastic overview in hopes that it favors Heaven. Towards the end of the Qing dynasty, as the Peoples Republic of China began to become established, there was no more Mandate to be claimed as it became a ritual of the past. Especially since there was no formal statement or writing of the Mandate of Heaven."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Emperor of Japan", "paragraph_text": "The Emperor of Japan is the head of the Imperial Family and the traditional head of state of Japan. According to the 1947 constitution, he is ``the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people ''and he has`` no powers related to government''. Historically, he was also the highest authority of the Shinto religion. In Japanese, the Emperor is called Tenn\u014d (\u5929\u7687), which translates to ``heavenly sovereign ''. In English, the use of the term Mikado (\u5e1d) for the Emperor was once common, but is now considered obsolete."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kim Kuk-thae", "paragraph_text": "Kim Kuk-thae (; 27 August 1924 \u2013 13 December 2013) was an elder apparatchik of the Workers' Party of Korea, the ruling party in North Korea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Edward VII", "paragraph_text": "Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841\u00a0\u2013 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Korea under Japanese rule", "paragraph_text": "Korea under Japanese rule began with the end of the short - lived Korean Empire in 1910 and ended at the conclusion of World War II in 1945. Japanese rule of Korea was the outcome of a process that began with the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876, whereby a complex coalition of the Meiji government, military, and business officials sought to integrate Korea both politically and economically into the Empire of Japan. A major stepping - stone towards the Japanese occupation of Korea was the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905, in which the then - Korean Empire was declared a protectorate of Japan. The annexation of Korea by Japan was set up in the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910, which was never actually signed by the Korean Regent, Gojong."}], "question": "What is the emperor's role in the country that ruled Korea in 1910?"}
{"id": "2hop__99174_47509", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1936 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The 1936 Summer Olympics (German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1936), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in 1936 in Berlin, Germany. Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona, Spain, on 26 April 1931, at the 29th IOC Session in Barcelona (two years before the Nazis came to power). It marked the second and final time the International Olympic Committee gathered to vote in a city that was bidding to host those Games."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2020 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The games are planned to be held from 24 July to 9 August 2020 in Tokyo. The city was announced as the host at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. It will also become the largest city ever in Asia to host the Summer Olympics, a distinction currently held by Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics. It will be the second time that Tokyo hosts the Olympics; it previously hosted the 1964 games."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Summer Olympic Games", "paragraph_text": "The Summer Olympics has been hosted on five continents by a total of nineteen different countries. The United States has hosted the Games more times than any other nation (in 1904, 1932, 1984 and 1996). The Games have also been held three times in Great Britain (in 1908, 1948 and 2012); twice each in Greece (1896, 2004), France (1900, 1924), Germany (1936, 1972) and Australia (1956, 2000); and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Japan (1964), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008) and Brazil (2016)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup", "paragraph_text": "Russia was announced as the hosts on 2 December 2010 after the country was awarded the hosting rights of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played in four different stadiums across four cities: Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, and Sochi. It was the first time Russia has hosted the tournament, and the third time the Confederations Cup has been held in the European continent. As hosts, Russia qualified automatically for the tournament; they were joined by the six winners of the FIFA confederation championships and the 2014 FIFA World Cup champions, Germany."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2020 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad (Japanese: \u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u56de\u30aa\u30ea\u30f3\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u7af6\u6280\u5927\u4f1a, Hepburn: Dai Sanj\u016bni - kai Orinpikku Ky\u014dgi Taikai) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. This will be the second time the Summer Games have been held in Tokyo, the first time being the 1964 Summer Olympics, and the fourth time that Japan has hosted the Olympics overall, following the Winter Olympics held in Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998. They will be the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "Canada ( ) is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern border with the United States, stretching some , is the world's longest bi-national land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Russia at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Olympic Committee was created in 1991 and recognized in 1993. The Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and the Russian Federation hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter Olympics and the second Olympics held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998), both in Japan. It was also the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2020 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The games are planned to be held from 24 July to 9 August 2020 in Tokyo. The city was announced as the host at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. It will also become the largest city ever in East Asia to host the Summer Olympics, a distinction currently held by Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics. It will be the 2nd time Tokyo hosts the Olympics; they previously hosted in 1964."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup", "paragraph_text": "Russia was announced as the host on 2 December 2010 after the country was awarded the hosting rights of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played in four different stadiums across four cities: Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, and Sochi. It was the first time Russia has hosted the tournament, and the third time the Confederations Cup has been held in the European continent. As hosts, Russia qualified automatically for the tournament; they were joined by the six winners of the FIFA confederation championships and the 2014 FIFA World Cup champions, Germany."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Olympic Games host cities", "paragraph_text": "In 2022, Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics), Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Tokyo (1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics) and Beijing (2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics). In addition, Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics. London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028. The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games, more than any other country, followed by France with five editions. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "France at the 1900 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "France was the host of the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. France was one of many nations that had competed in the 1896 Summer Olympics in Greece and had returned to compete at the 1900 Games."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "2018 Women's Softball World Championship", "paragraph_text": "2018 Women's Softball World Championship Tournament details Host country Japan Dates 2 -- 12 August 2018 Teams 16 (from 5 continents) Defending champions United States (2016) Final positions Champions United States (11th title) Runner - up Japan Third place Canada Fourth place Australia Tournament statistics Games played 73"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2010 Winter Olympics medal table", "paragraph_text": "Athletes from 26 NOCs won at least one medal, and athletes from 19 of these NOCs secured at least one gold. For the first time, Canada won a gold medal at an Olympic Games it hosted, having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. In contrast to the lack of gold medals at these previous Olympics, the Canadian team finished first overall in gold medal wins, and became the first host nation -- since Norway in 1952 -- to lead the gold medal count, with 14 medals. In doing so, it also broke the record for the most gold medals won by a NOC at a single Winter Olympics (the previous was 13, set by the Soviet Union in 1976 and matched by Norway in 2002). The United States placed first in total medals -- its second time doing so in a Winter Games -- and set a new record for most medals won by a NOC at a single Winter Olympics, with 37 (the previous record was 36, established by Germany in 2002). Athletes from Slovakia and Belarus won the first Winter Olympic gold medals for their nations."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Meryl Davis", "paragraph_text": "Meryl Elizabeth Davis (born January 1, 1987) is an American ice dancer. With partner Charlie White, she is the 2014 Olympic champion, the 2010 Olympic silver medalist, a two-time (2011, 2013) World champion, five-time Grand Prix Final champion (2009\u20132013), three-time Four Continents champion (2009, 2011, 2013) and six-time U.S. national champion (2009\u20132014). They also won a bronze medal in the team event at the 2014 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bern", "paragraph_text": "Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals. Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver, Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Japan at the 1972 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Japan was the host nation for the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. It was the first time that Japan had hosted the Winter Olympic Games, but second time overall after the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "2010 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines. Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC), headed by John Furlong. The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia. Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta. Metro Vancouver is the  largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics, although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics. They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Olympic Games host cities", "paragraph_text": "The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe (32 editions) and North America (12 editions); seven Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania. In 2010, Singapore became Southeast Asia's first Olympic host city for the inaugural Summer Youth Olympics, while Rio de Janeiro became South America's first Olympic host city with the 2016 Summer Olympics, followed by Buenos Aires with the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. The 2022 Summer Youth Olympics in Dakar will become the first - ever Games to be held on the African continent. Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Central America and the Caribbean."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2018 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: \uc81c 23 \ud68c\ub3d9\uacc4\uc62c\ub9bc\ud53d, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was a major multi-sport event held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony. Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. This marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics, and the second time the Olympic games have been held in the country, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo, Japan (1972), and Nagano, Japan (1998), and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia. It was the first of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, preceding Tokyo 2020 (Summer) and Beijing 2022 (Winter)."}], "question": "How many times has the continent that Canada is on hosted the Olympics?"}
{"id": "2hop__130493_50648", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David L. Shirk Ranch", "paragraph_text": "The David L. Shirk Ranch is a historic ranch located in the Guano Valley of eastern Lake County, Oregon, United States. The ranch was originally homesteaded in 1881. It was purchased by David L. Shirk in 1883. He operated the ranch until 1914. The property was acquired by the United States Government in 1942. The ranch is now administered by the Bureau of Land Management. The remaining historic ranch buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Semevolos Farm", "paragraph_text": "The Semevolos Farm near Butte, North Dakota, United States, is a farm that was homesteaded by John and Rose Semevolos in 1903, and one or more of its buildings were developed in 1906. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Benjamin, Utah", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin is a census-designated place (CDP) in Utah County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Provo\u2013Orem Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,145 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "State of New Hampshire Flag Seal Nickname (s): The Granite State Motto (s): Live Free or Die State song (s): ``Old New Hampshire ''Official language English (French allowed for official business with Quebec) Demonym Granite Stater, New Hampshirite Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Largest metro Greater Manchester Area Ranked 46th Total 9,349 sq mi (24,214 km) Width 68 miles (110 km) Length 190 miles (305 km)% water 4.2 Latitude 42 \u00b0 42 \u2032 N to 45 \u00b0 18 \u2032 N Longitude 70 \u00b0 36 \u2032 W to 72 \u00b0 33 \u2032 W Population Ranked 41st Total 1,342,795 (2017 est.) Density 147 / sq mi (56.8 / km) Ranked 21st Median household income $75,675 (1st) Elevation Highest point Mount Washington 6,288 ft (1916.66 m) Mean 1,000 ft (300 m) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood Province of New Hampshire Admission to Union June 21, 1788 (9th) Governor Chris Sununu (R) President of the Senate Chuck Morse (R) Legislature General Court Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Jeanne Shaheen (D) Maggie Hassan (D) U.S. House delegation 1: Carol Shea - Porter (D) 2: Ann McLane Kuster (D) (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC - 5 / - 4 ISO 3166 US - NH Abbreviations NH, N.H. Website www.nh.gov"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Waite, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Waite is a town in Washington County, Maine, United States. The town was named after Benjamin Waite, a lumberman. The population was 101 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Benjamin F. Tracy", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Franklin Tracy (April 26, 1830August 6, 1915) was a United States political figure who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1889 through 1893, during the administration of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Homestead, Modoc County, California", "paragraph_text": "Homestead is an unincorporated community in Modoc County, California. It is located on the Southern Pacific Railroad northwest of Newell, at an elevation of 4035 feet (1230 m)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Homestead Valley, Marin County, California", "paragraph_text": "Homestead Valley is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It lies at an elevation of 33 feet (10 m). For census purposes, Homestead Valley is aggregated with Tamalpais Valley into the census-designated place, Tamalpais-Homestead Valley."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jackson Homestead", "paragraph_text": "The Jackson Homestead, located at 527 Washington Street, in the village of Newton Corner, in Newton, Massachusetts, is an historic house that served as a station on the Underground Railroad before the Civil War."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Erin Aldrich", "paragraph_text": "Erin Marie Aldrich (born December 27, 1977 in Dallas, Texas) is an American high jumper and volleyball player. After graduating Lake Highlands High School, she played volleyball at the highest level, competing for the United States women's national volleyball team. She competed at the university level for the Texas Longhorns in both sports."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ledyard, New York", "paragraph_text": "Ledyard is a town in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 1,886 at the 2010 census. The name of the town is from General Benjamin Ledyard, an early settler. Ledyard is on the western edge of the county and is southwest of Auburn."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tupanatinga", "paragraph_text": "Tupanatinga is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 306\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 19.026 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Benjamin Aldrich Homestead", "paragraph_text": "The Benjamin Aldrich Homestead is a historic homestead east of the terminus of Aldrich Road, slightly east of Piper Hill in Colebrook, New Hampshire. Developed beginning in 1846, it is the oldest surviving farm property in the town. Its farmstead includes the original 1846 house and barns of the period. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Anderson, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Anderson is a city in the Denali Borough, Alaska, United States, and the borough's only incorporated community. At the 2010 census the population was 246, down from 367 at the 2000 census. The city is named after one of the original homesteaders."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Shandy Hall (Ohio)", "paragraph_text": "Shandy Hall is the name of a homestead museum located in Harpersfield, Ohio, owned and maintained by the Western Reserve Historical Society."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brindabella Station", "paragraph_text": "Brindabella Station, sometimes referred to as the Brindabella Homestead, is located within the Brindabella Ranges in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It was the childhood home of the Australian author Miles Franklin. Brindabella was first settled by the Franklin family in 1846, but they were unable to settle permanently until 1861 due to Aboriginal settlement in the region. In the 20th century, the station was a favorite fishing spot of Malcolm Fraser."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Indian Shaker Church and Gulick Homestead", "paragraph_text": "The Indian Shaker Church and Gulick Homestead are an ensemble of historic buildings in The Dalles, Oregon, United States. Built by Henry Gulick directly on the Columbia riverbank in the 1890s, it is the only remaining 19th century fishing homestead in Oregon. Gulick, an employee of the locally-important Seufert salmon canning concern, included a church building in the complex in \"ca.\" 1896 for his wife, Harriet, a member of the Wasco people. The church was the smallest of five Indian Shaker Church congregations in the state."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Benjamin Harrison IV", "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Harrison IV (1693 \u2013 July 12, 1745) was an American Virginia planter, politician, and Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. He was the son of Benjamin Harrison III and the father of Benjamin Harrison V, who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and the fifth governor of Virginia. Harrison built the homestead of Berkeley Plantation, which is believed to be the oldest three-story brick mansion in Virginia and is the ancestral home to two presidents: his grandson William Henry Harrison, and his great-great-grandson Benjamin Harrison. The Harrison family and the Carter family were both powerful families in Virginia, and they were united when Harrison married Anne Carter, the daughter of Robert \"King\" Carter. His family also forged ties to the Randolph family, as four of his children married four grandchildren of William Randolph I."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Split estate", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, a split estate is an estate where the property rights to the surface and the underground are split between two parties. It is the result of Homestead Acts such as the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971) or the Stock-Raising Homestead Act (1916). A split estate is similar to the Broad Form Deed, a type of legal document created in the United States in the early 1900s. These documents were used to sever property into mineral and surface rights, just like a split estate today."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bureau of Land Management", "paragraph_text": "The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior that administers more than 247.3 million acres (1,001,000 km) of public lands in the United States which constitutes one - eighth of the landmass of the country. President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies: the General Land Office and the Grazing Service. The agency manages the federal government's nearly 700 million acres (2,800,000 km) of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal, state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862. Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming."}], "question": "The Benjamin Aldrich Homestead can be visited in a state that has how many people?"}
{"id": "2hop__106315_59035", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Green, Green Grass of Home", "paragraph_text": "``Green, Green Grass of Home '', written by Claude`` Curly'' Putman, Jr. and first recorded by singer Johnny Darrell, is a country song originally made popular by Porter Wagoner in 1965, when it reached No. 4 on the country chart. That same year it was sung by Bobby Bare, and later Tom Jones, in 1966, when it became a worldwide No. 1 hit. The song had also been recorded the previous year in 1965 by Jerry Lee Lewis, and included on his album Country Songs for City Folks (later re-issued as All Country), and Jones had learned the song from Lewis's version."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "On 6 February 1840, Hobson and about forty M\u0101ori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands. Copies of the Treaty were subsequently taken around the country to be signed by other chiefs. A significant number refused to sign or were not asked but, in total, more than five hundred M\u0101ori eventually signed."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home", "paragraph_text": "``I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home ''is a song written by Dewayne Blackwell and recorded by American country music artist David Frizzell. It was released in April 1982 as the first single from the album The Family's Fine, But This One's All Mine.`` I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home'' was David Frizzell's only number one on the country chart as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 14 weeks in country music's top 40."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Home (Dixie Chicks album)", "paragraph_text": "Home is the sixth studio album by American country band Dixie Chicks, released in 2002 on Monument/Columbia Records. It is notable for its acoustic bluegrass sound, which stands in contrast with their previous two country pop albums."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Summa Akron City Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Summa Akron City Hospital, part of Summa Health System, was founded in 1892 in Akron, Ohio, United States. From the first accredited radiology department in the country to the first adult open heart surgery in Akron (and one of the first in the country), Summa Akron City Hospital has achieved national recognition as a healthcare provider."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Benson (surname)", "paragraph_text": "Benson is a common patronymic surname of English origin meaning ``son of Ben ''(Benedict, Benjamin, Bennett). Benson is uncommon as a first name, but quite common as a surname in English speaking countries."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Tip of My Fingers", "paragraph_text": "\"The Tip of My Fingers,\" also titled \"The Tips of My Fingers,\" is a song written and originally recorded by American country music singer Bill Anderson. First included on his 1962 album \"Bill Anderson Sings Country Heart Songs\", the song was a Top Ten country single for him in 1960."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cracker Barrel", "paragraph_text": "Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme. The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969; its first store was in Lebanon, Tennessee, which remains the company headquarters. The chain's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s. As of September 18, 2012, the chain operates 639 stores in 43 states."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Our First Home", "paragraph_text": "Our First Home is a New Zealand reality television series. The first series premiered on 8 February 2015 and ran SundayTuesday at 7:30 pm. The series is hosted by Goran Paladin. In July 2015 a second series was commissioned."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of countries that border only one other country", "paragraph_text": "There are generally three possible arrangements by which a country can have a single border. The first is with a divided island such a Haiti and the Dominican Republic, or Ireland and the United Kingdom. The second is a peninsular relationship, where the first country borders the second and is otherwise surrounded by sea, while the second country borders other countries, as with Portugal and Spain, Denmark and Germany, or Canada and the United States. The third is the circumstance where the first country is a small country that is landlocked and completely surrounded by the second, larger country, as with The Vatican and Italy, or Lesotho and South Africa."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Xanax 25", "paragraph_text": "Xanax 25 is an American alternative rock group that formed in New York, NY in 1991. The band was originally named Sleeper, but was renamed due to trademark issues that arose. The band most often explained that they took the name after the brother to King Gelimer - \"Zano\". Xanax 25 found only modest success in their home country, but were significantly more successful in the Moldavian republic. The band disbanded in 1997 under somewhat mysterious circumstances."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Green, Green Grass of Home", "paragraph_text": "``Green, Green Grass of Home '', written by Claude`` Curly'' Putman, Jr. and first recorded by singer Johnny Darrell, is a country song originally made popular by Porter Wagoner in 1965, when it reached No. 4 on the country chart. That same year it was sung by Bobby Bare, and later Tom Jones, in 1966, when it became a worldwide No. 1 hit. The song had also been recorded the previous year in 1965 by Jerry Lee Lewis, and included on his album Country Songs for City Folks (later re-issued as All Country), and Jones had learned the song from Lewis' version."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fabada asturiana", "paragraph_text": "Fabada asturiana, often simply known as fabada, is a rich Spanish bean stew, originally from and most commonly found in the autonomous community of Principality of Asturias, but widely available throughout the whole of Spain and in Spanish restaurants worldwide. Canned fabada is sold in most supermarkets across the country."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nando's", "paragraph_text": "Nando's is an international casual dining restaurant chain originating in South Africa. Founded in 1987, Nando's operates about 1,000 outlets in 30 countries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Home Ain't where His Heart Is (Anymore)", "paragraph_text": "\"Home Ain't Where His Heart Is (Anymore)\" is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian country music artist Shania Twain. It was released in July 1996 as the seventh single from her album \"The Woman in Me\". It was written by Twain and Mutt Lange. The song became the first from \"The Woman in Me\" not to reach the top 20 of the country charts. \"Home Ain't Where His Heart Is (Anymore)\" was also included in a medley on Twain's Come on Over Tour, but was not included on her 2004 \"Greatest Hits\" release."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Downtown (Lady Antebellum song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Downtown\" is a song recorded by American country music group Lady Antebellum. It was released on January 22, 2013, as the first single from their fifth studio album \"Golden\". The song was written by Luke Laird, Shane McAnally, and Natalie Hemby. It was originally planned to be sung by fellow country act Miranda Lambert."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Growing Up Is Getting Old", "paragraph_text": "Growing Up Is Getting Old is the second studio album by American country music singer Jason Michael Carroll. It was released on April 28, 2009 via Arista Nashville. Its lead-off single, \"Where I'm From\" charted in the Top 40 on the Hot Country Songs chart. The second single from the album was \"Hurry Home.\" As with his first album, Carroll worked with producer Don Gehman."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Russky Newsweek", "paragraph_text": "Russky Newsweek or \"Newsweek Russia\" was a Russian language news magazine published in Russia between 2004 and 2010 as the Russian edition of \"Newsweek\". It was the first news magazine with a Western origin published in the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "paragraph_text": "``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''One of earliest U.S. vinyl releases (A-side) Single by John Denver and Taffy Nivert from the album Poems, Prayers & Promises Released August 1971 Format 7'' vinyl, 12 ''vinyl, maxi, CD, digital download, cassette single, DataPlay single Recorded 1971 Genre Country Length 3: 08 Label RCA Records Songwriter (s) Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert, John Denver Producer (s) Milton Okun, Susan Ruskin John Denver and Taffy Nivert singles chronology`` Friends With You'' (1971) ``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''(1971)`` Everyday'' (1972) ``Friends With You ''(1971)`` Take Me Home, Country Roads'' (1971) ``Everyday ''(1972) Olivia Newton - John singles chronology`` What Is Life'' (1972) What Is Life 1972 ``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''(1973) Take Me Home, Country Roads1973`` Let Me Be There'' (1973) Let Me Be There 1973 B - side B - side of one of earliest U.S. vinyl singles Audio sample file help"}], "question": "When was the place where Our First Home originated founded as a country?"}
{"id": "2hop__15439_79490", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Rogers Dam", "paragraph_text": "Rogers Dam is an earth-filled embankment dam on the Muskegon River in Mecosta Township, Michigan, United States. It is located about south of Big Rapids. Construction of the dam began in 1905, and its power plant was commissioned in March 1906. Owned and operated by Consumers Energy, the primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation. On December 22, 1921, the original power plant was destroyed in a fire. It was rebuilt with an increased installed capacity in 1922. The rebuild cost approximately $450,000. It is the oldest hydroelectric power plant operated by Consumers Energy who owns the Hardy and Croton dams downstream of Rogers Dam."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Niobium", "paragraph_text": "Columbium (symbol \"Cb\") was the name originally bestowed by Hatchett upon his discovery of the metal in 1801. The name reflected that the type specimen of the ore came from America (Columbia). This name remained in use in American journals\u2014the last paper published by American Chemical Society with columbium in its title dates from 1953\u2014while niobium was used in Europe. To end this confusion, the name niobium was chosen for element 41 at the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam in 1949. A year later this name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) after 100 years of controversy, despite the chronological precedence of the name columbium.  This was a compromise of sorts; the IUPAC accepted tungsten instead of wolfram in deference to North American usage; and niobium instead of columbium in deference to European usage. While many US chemical societies and government organizations typically use the official IUPAC name, some metallurgists and metal societies still use the original American name, \"columbium\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jacksonville Ice", "paragraph_text": "The facility served as the home arena for the Jacksonville Bullets, which were owned by Jacksonville Ice owner Bob Sabourin. Later, the Jacksonville Barracudas of the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) used it for training and as an alternate arena when scheduling conflicts precluded them from using their usual venue, the Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena. The Barracudas would later play their 2007\u20132008 season at the rink. The facility has also been used by the various amateur hockey and ice skating clubs, and by the University of Florida Gators club hockey team."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "CSX Transportation", "paragraph_text": "CSX Transportation (reporting mark CSXT) is a Class I railroad operating in the eastern United States and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, the railroad operates approximately 21,000 route miles (34,000 km) of track."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Janesville Assembly Plant", "paragraph_text": "Janesville Assembly Plant is a former automobile factory owned by General Motors located in Janesville, Wisconsin. Opened in 1919, it was the oldest operating GM plant when it was largely idled in December 2008, and ceased all remaining production on April 23, 2009."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Marmelos Zero Power Plant", "paragraph_text": "The Marmelos Zero Power Plant is a decommissioned hydroelectric power plant on the Paraibuna River in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Inaugurated in 1889, plant was the first major hydroelectric power plant constructed in South America, specifically for public use. It was purchased by CEMIG in 1980 and now serves as a museum. The Marmelos IA and II downstream are still in operation and are serviced by the original dam."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New Deal", "paragraph_text": "Several New Deal programs remain active and those operating under the original names include the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC), the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "In 1513, Spanish explorers landed in Florida and claimed their discovery for Spain (see Spanish Florida). The first Europeans to visit the area were Spanish missionaries and explorers from this period. In February 1562, French naval officer Jean Ribault and a 150 settlers arrived seeking land for a safe haven for the French Huguenots, Protestants suffering religious persecution in France. Ribault explored the mouth of the St. Johns River before moving north and establishing the colony of Charlesfort on what is now Parris Island, South Carolina. Ribault returned to France for supplies, but tensions from French Wars of Religion had broken out during his absence. His return to Florida was delayed as a result. Without leadership or provisions, the colonists abandoned Charlesfort. In 1564 Ribault's former lieutenant, Ren\u00e9 Goulaine de Laudonni\u00e8re, launched a new expedition to found a colony on the St. Johns River. On June 22, 1564, the settlers established Fort Caroline atop the St. Johns Bluff."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "B\u00fcnyan", "paragraph_text": "B\u00fcnyan is a town and a district of Kayseri Province in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The town's former name was \"Sar\u0131msakl\u0131\", meaning \"land of garlic\" in reference to the region's considerable production of the Alliaceae plant, and this name is sometimes still used in the region."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Botany", "paragraph_text": "Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify \u2013 and later cultivate \u2013 edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999), which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina received $280 million USD in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010, and Dell's contract with the state requires them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Samcor", "paragraph_text": "Ford South Africa was based in Port Elizabeth (now part of the Eastern Cape province) and had been operating since 1923. In the early 1980s, it had both a vehicle assembly plant and an engine plant in Struandale, together with an older assembly plant in Neave. After the merger with Sigma and the formation of Samcor, the engine plant continued to be operated by Samcor and in 2015 is still operating under Ford ownership. Both the assembly plants were closed and all vehicle production transferred to Samcor's Silverton Assembly Plant in Pretoria. The Struandale assembly plant was subsequently sold to Delta Motor Corporation (General Motors)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Baikal MP-153", "paragraph_text": "The Baikal MP-153 is a 12 gauge gas-operated semi-automatic shotgun manufactured by Kalashnikov Concern (originally by the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant) in Russia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Janesville Assembly Plant", "paragraph_text": "Janesville Assembly Plant is a former automobile factory owned by General Motors located in Janesville, Wisconsin. Opened in 1919, it was the oldest operating GM plant when it was largely idled in December 2008, and ceased all remaining production on April 23, 2009. The demolition of the plant began in April 2018."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dell", "paragraph_text": "By the late 2000s, Dell's \"configure to order\" approach of manufacturing\u2014delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities. Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010. Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in \u0141od\u017a in Poland."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tejo Power Station (history)", "paragraph_text": "The location chosen for this new building was plotted where the original Tejo Power Station still stood. Despite being made up of a combination of workshops and warehouses, before demolishing it, a new location had to be found to accommodate these roles that were complementary but indispensable to the plant's operation. Thus the decision was made to purchase the property and buildings where the old sugar refinery Senna Sugar Estates, Ltd. (owned by the \"Companhia de A\u00e7\u00facar de Mo\u00e7ambique\" - Mozambique Sugar Company\u00ac) used to lie, located on the power station's east side."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Botany", "paragraph_text": "In the mid-16th century, \"botanical gardens\" were founded in a number of Italian universities \u2013 the Padua botanical garden in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location. These gardens continued the practical value of earlier \"physic gardens\", often associated with monasteries, in which plants were cultivated for medical use. They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject. Lectures were given about the plants grown in the gardens and their medical uses demonstrated. Botanical gardens came much later to northern Europe; the first in England was the University of Oxford Botanic Garden in 1621. Throughout this period, botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Botany", "paragraph_text": "The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunki\u00e6r whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements. Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle, Nikolai Vavilov (1887\u20131943) produced accounts of the biogeography, centres of origin, and evolutionary history of economic plants."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Jacksonville, Florida Consolidated city -- county City of Jacksonville Top, left to right: Downtown Jacksonville, Riverplace Tower, statue in Memorial Park, Jacksonville Skyway, Florida Theatre, Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center, Hemming Park Flag Seal Nickname (s): ``Jax '',`` The River City'', ``J - ville '',`` The Bold New City of the South'' Motto (s): Where Florida Begins Location in Duval County and the state of Florida Jacksonville Location in the United States Jacksonville Jacksonville (the US) Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show all Coordinates: 30 \u00b0 20 \u2032 13 ''N 81 \u00b0 39 \u2032 41'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 30.33694 \u00b0 N 81.66139 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 30.33694; - 81.66139 Coordinates: 30 \u00b0 20 \u2032 13 ''N 81 \u00b0 39 \u2032 41'' W \ufeff / \ufeff 30.33694 \u00b0 N 81.66139 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 30.33694; - 81.66139 Country United States State Florida County Duval Founded 1822 Incorporated 1832 Consolidated 1968 Named for Andrew Jackson Government Type Strong Mayor -- Council Body Jacksonville City Council Mayor Lenny Curry (R) Area Total 874.64 sq mi (2,265.30 km) Land 747.45 sq mi (1,935.87 km) Water 127.19 sq mi (329.42 km) Elevation 16 ft (5 m) Population (2010) Total 821,784 Estimate (2017) 892,062 Rank 1st in Florida 12th in United States Density 1,178.17 / sq mi (454.89 / km) Urban 1,065,219 (US: 40th) Metro 1,504,980 (US: 39th) CSA 1,631,488 (US: 34th) Demonym (s) Jacksonvillian, Jaxson Time zone UTC \u2212 5 (Eastern (EST)) Summer (DST) UTC \u2212 4 (EDT) ZIP Codes 32099, 32201 -- 32212, 32214 -- 32241, 32244 -- 32247, 32250, 32254 -- 32260, 32266, 32267, 32277, 32290 Area code (s) 904 FIPS code 12 - 35000 GNIS feature ID 0295003 Airport Jacksonville International Airport Interstates Waterways St. Johns River, Fall Creek, Arlington River Website City of Jacksonville"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Old Museum of Wisteria", "paragraph_text": "The Old Museum of Wisteria is a small historical building and museum, where Su Dongpo is believed to have spent the final years of his life in Changzhou, China. It was originally known as the Sun pavilion. Records indicate that in the year 1172, the pavilion and a statue were built in memory of Su Dongpo. Originally constructed during the Ming Dynasty, much of the original pavilion remains. The lintel is carved in a design known as 'Fangsheng'\u2014bars of stone are placed on it, each having four characters carved upon it: , , and . The present name of the museum derives from Wisteria plantings which are said to have been planted, along with begonias, by Su Dongpo himself."}], "question": "what was the original name of the jacksonville found in the state where Dell still manufactures Alienware?"}
{"id": "2hop__79201_33987", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "230th Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 3rd Dismounted Brigade was a formation of the British Army in the First World War. It was formed in Egypt in February 1916 by absorbing the Eastern Mounted Brigade and the South Eastern Mounted Brigade. The brigade served as part of the Western Frontier Force and the Suez Canal Defences."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Rafa", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Rafa, also known as the Action of Rafah, fought on 9 January 1917, was the third and final battle to complete the recapture of the Sinai Peninsula by British forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. The Desert Column of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) attacked an entrenched Ottoman Army garrison at El Magruntein to the south of Rafah, close to the frontier between the Sultanate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, to the north and east of Sheikh Zowaiid. The attack marked the beginning of fighting in the Ottoman territory of Palestine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Northern Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "Governor Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Allies of World War II", "paragraph_text": "At the start of the war on 1 September 1939, the Allies consisted of France, Poland and the United Kingdom, and dependent states, such as the British India. Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth: Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. After the start of the German invasion of North Europe till the Balkan Campaign, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece and Yugoslavia joined the Allies. After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. The United States provided war materiel and money all along, and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Lugou Bridge Incident of 1937, but officially joined the Allies in 1941."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Last of the Mohicans", "paragraph_text": "It is the second book of the Leatherstocking Tales pentalogy and the best known to contemporary audiences. The Pathfinder, published 14 years later in 1840, is its sequel. The Last of the Mohicans is set in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. During this war, both the French and the British used Native American allies, but the French were particularly dependent, as they were outnumbered in the Northeast frontier areas by the more numerous British colonists."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Siege of Bastogne", "paragraph_text": "After the successful invasion of Normandy and the subsequent eastward push through France, the Allied front lines extended from Nijmegen in the north down to neutral Switzerland in the south. The valuable port city of Antwerp had been captured during the push, and by the time winter arrived, the Allies even had control of German territory near the city of Aachen. Adolf Hitler soon laid out a plan to attack the Allied lines in Belgium and Luxembourg; 25 divisions would launch a surprise attack through the Ardennes, with the aim of crossing the Meuse River (called Maas in German and Dutch) and recapturing Antwerp. Despite major misgivings from his senior commanders, including Gerd von Rundstedt and Walther Model, the plan was not modified and the jump-off date was eventually set as 16 December 1944. Meanwhile, the Allied commanders considered the Ardennes area to be unsuitable for a large-scale German attack, mainly because of terrain issues. In addition, intelligence reports suggested that the only German divisions stationed in the area were weary, and in the weeks leading up to the assault, no Allied commander saw reason to believe that an attack was imminent. Bastogne, a hub city that commanded several important roads in the area, was defended mainly by the 28th Infantry Division, which had seen continuous fighting from 22 July to 19 November, before being assigned to this relatively quiet area. The Allies believed only an infantry division was present opposite the 28th Infantry, and they believed any attack along this sector would be limited in scale. The seven roads in and out of Bastogne were critical to the movement of German armor, making Allied retention of the roads imperative."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "American Indian Wars", "paragraph_text": "When the British made peace with the Americans in the Treaty of Paris (1783), they ceded a vast amount of Native American territory (without the consent of the indigenous peoples) to the United States. The United States treated the Native Americans who had fought with the British as enemy allies, a conquered people who had lost their land. The federal government of the United States was eager to expand, and the national government did so by purchasing Native American land in treaties and through warfare."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "The Japanese responded to the Allied attacks by launching an offensive of their own into India in the middle of March, across the mountainous and densely forested frontier. This attack, codenamed Operation U-Go, was advocated by Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, the recently promoted commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army; Imperial General Headquarters permitted it to proceed, despite misgivings at several intervening headquarters. Although several units of the British Fourteenth Army had to fight their way out of encirclement, by early April they had concentrated around Imphal in Manipur state. A Japanese division which had advanced to Kohima in Nagaland cut the main road to Imphal, but failed to capture the whole of the defences at Kohima. During April, the Japanese attacks against Imphal failed, while fresh Allied formations drove the Japanese from the positions they had captured at Kohima."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals (in present-day Elizabethton) was attacked (1776) by Dragging Canoe and his warring faction of Cherokee who were aligned with the British Loyalists. These renegade Cherokee were referred to by settlers as the Chickamauga. They opposed North Carolina's annexation of the Washington District and the concurrent settling of the Transylvania Colony further north and west. The lives of many settlers were spared from the initial warrior attacks through the warnings of Dragging Canoe's cousin, Nancy Ward. The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains, to engage, and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jacob Cuyler", "paragraph_text": "Jacob Glen Cuyler was an American of Dutch origin who was an important character in the settlement of the British 1820 Settlers to the Eastern Cape, South Africa"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Charleroi", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Charleroi (), or the Battle of the Sambre, was fought on 21 August 1914, by the French Fifth Army and the German 2nd and 3rd armies, during the Battle of the Frontiers. The French were planning an attack across the Sambre River, when the Germans attacked first, forced back the French from the river and nearly cut off the French retreat by crossing the Meuse around Dinant and getting behind the French right flank. The French were saved by a counter-attack at Dinant and the re-direction of the 3rd Army to the north-west in support of the 2nd Army, rather than south-west."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Raid on Groton", "paragraph_text": "The Raid on Groton happened during King William's War, on July 18, 1694, at Groton, Massachusetts. This was one of numerous attacks against the settlement in the late 17th and early 18th centuries; the village was also raided in 1707 during Queen Anne's War. The French and their First Nations allies did a brisk trade in ransoming captives; some of the youngest captives were adopted by Mohawk families."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers. On occasion, the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements, along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor. The court also encouraged commoners, such as farmers, merchants, landowners, and hired laborers, to voluntarily migrate to the frontier."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Appalachian Mountains", "paragraph_text": "Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains (except in the northern regions where the Great Lakes formed the boundary). Although the line was adjusted several times to take frontier settlements into account and was impossible to enforce as law, it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians. The Proclamation Line can be seen as one of the grievances which led to the American Revolutionary War. Many frontier settlers held that the defeat of the French opened the land west of the mountains to English settlement, only to find settlement barred by the British King's proclamation. The backcountry settlers who fought in the Illinois campaign of George Rogers Clark were motivated to secure their settlement of Kentucky."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Italian invasion of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "On 17 June, using the headquarters of the British 6th Infantry Division, the headquarters of the WDF (Lieutenant-General O'Connor) was formed to control all troops facing the Italians in Cyrenaica, a force of about 10,000 men, with aircraft, tanks and guns. O'Connor was to organise aggressive patrolling along the frontier and set out to dominate no-man's land by creating \"jock columns\", mobile combined-arms formations based on units of 7th Armoured Division. These small, well-trained, regular forces made the first attacks on Italian convoys and fortified positions across the border. British patrols closed up to the frontier wire on 11 June, with orders to dominate the area, harass the garrisons of the frontier forts and set ambushes along the Via Balbia and inland tracks.Some Italian troops were unaware that war had been declared and seventy were captured on the track to Sidi Omar. Patrols ranged north to the coast road between Bardia and Tobruk, west to Bir el Gubi and south to Giarabub. Within a week, the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) had seized Fort Capuzzo and at an ambush east of Bardia, captured the 10th Army Engineer-in-Chief, Brigadier General Romolo La Strucci. Italian reinforcements arrived at the frontier, began to conduct reconnaissance patrols, improved the frontier defences and recaptured Fort Capuzzo. On 13 August, the British raids were stopped to conserve the serviceability of vehicles; the 7th Support Group took over to observe the wire for 97 kilometres (60 mi) from Sollum to Fort Maddalena, ready to fight delaying actions if the Italians invaded Egypt."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Allies of World War II", "paragraph_text": "At the start of the war on 1 September 1939, the Allies consisted of France, Poland and the United Kingdom, as well as their dependent states, such as British India. Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth: Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, and Yugoslavia joined the Allies. After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. The United States provided war materiel and money all along, and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, but officially joined the Allies in 1941."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "C. E. T. Warren", "paragraph_text": "Lieutenant Charles Esme Thornton Warren MBE (1912-1988) was a bestselling British author, a Second World War Royal Navy submariner, and one of the first Allied 'human torpedo charioteers', practising methods of clandestine attack upon enemy harbours and ships."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of Albuera", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Albuera (16 May 1811) was a battle during the Peninsular War. A mixed British, Spanish and Portuguese corps engaged elements of the French Arm\u00e9e du Midi (Army of the South) at the small Spanish village of Albuera, about 20\u00a0kilometres (12\u00a0mi) south of the frontier fortress-town of Badajoz, Spain."}], "question": "What percentage of South Tucson residents are of the ethnicity that was an ally of the British on the frontier?"}
{"id": "2hop__16545_53006", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra", "paragraph_text": "The original building was partially destroyed and converted into a mosque by Qutb - ud - Din - Aibak of Delhi in the late 12th century. According to a local legend, after defeating Vigraharaja's nephew Prithviraja III in the Second Battle of Tarain, Muhammad Ghori passed through Ajmer. There, he saw the magnificent temples, and ordered his slave general Qutb - ud - Din - Aibak to destroy them, and construct a mosque -- all within 60 hours (that is, \u200b 2 \u2044 days). The artisans could not build a complete mosque in 60 hours time, but constructed a brick screen wall where Ghori could offer prayers. By the end of the century, a complete mosque was built."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Harrison New York Temple", "paragraph_text": "The Harrison New York Temple, previously known as the White Plains New York Temple, was a planned temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that was to be constructed in Harrison, New York. Construction of the temple was to take place on a 24-acre site purchased by the LDS Church at the intersection of Interstate 287 and Hutchinson River Parkway. Reportedly, efforts had been underway until 2004, but construction was never started and eventually suspended. After delays by lawsuits and objections by local officials, this temple was removed from the list on the LDS Church's official temple website soon after the dedication of the Manhattan New York Temple. Any decision to build a temple on this site would constitute a new announcement."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sumer", "paragraph_text": "The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sultan Ahmed Mosque", "paragraph_text": "The Sultan Ahmed Mosque or Sultan Ahmet Mosque (Turkish: Sultan Ahmet Camii) is a historic mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. A popular tourist site, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque continues to function as a mosque today; men still kneel in prayer on the mosque's lush red carpet after the call to prayer. The Blue Mosque, as it is popularly known, was constructed between 1609 and 1616 during the rule of Ahmed I. Its K\u00fclliye contains Ahmed's tomb, a madrasah and a hospice. Hand - painted blue tiles adorn the mosque's interior walls, and at night the mosque is bathed in blue as lights frame the mosque's five main domes, six minarets and eight secondary domes. It sits next to the Hagia Sophia, another popular tourist site."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Al-Aqsa Mosque", "paragraph_text": "Al - Aqsa Mosque (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u200e \u200e Al - Masjid al - 'Aq\u1e63\u0101, IPA: (\u0294\u00e6l\u02c8m\u00e6sd\u0292\u026ad \u00e6l\u02c8\u0294\u0251qs\u0295\u0251) (listen), ``the Farthest Mosque ''), also known as Al - Aqsa and Bayt al - Maqdis, is the third holiest site in Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem. Whilst the entire site on which the silver - domed mosque sits, along with the Dome of the Rock, seventeen gates, and four minarets, was itself historically known as the Al - Aqsa Mosque, today a narrower definition prevails, and the wider compound is usually referred to as al - Haram ash - Sharif (`` the Noble Sanctuary''), or the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al - Aqsa during the Night Journey. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration, when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Ali Pasha Complex", "paragraph_text": "The K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Ali Pasha Complex () is a mosque complex designed and built between 1580 and 1587 by Mimar Sinan, who at the time was in his 90s. The mosque itself was constructed in 1578-1580."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kashi Vishwanath Temple", "paragraph_text": "The temple has been referred to in Hindu scriptures for a very long time as a central part of worship in the Shaiva philosophy. It has been destroyed and re-constructed a number of times in history. The last structure was demolished by Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor who constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque on its site. The current structure was built on an adjacent site by the Maratha ruler, Ahilya Bai Holkar of Indore in 1780."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Al-Masjid an-Nabawi", "paragraph_text": "The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his migration from Mecca to Medina in 622. He shared in the heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it. In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights. The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque, due to its connection to Muhammad."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Islam in Australia", "paragraph_text": "The first mosque in Australia was built in 1861 at Marree, South Australia. The Great Mosque of Adelaide was built in 1888 by the descendants of the Afghan cameleers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mosque of the Martyrs", "paragraph_text": "The Mosque of the Martyrs (), also popularly known as the Turkish Mosque, is a mosque in Baku, Azerbaijan, near the Martyrs' Lane. The mosque was built in the beginning of the 1990s with assistance of the Turkish government. The mosque currently is used as an official residence of religious attach\u00e9 of the Turkish embassy. The mosque has been under construction since 2009."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gelgel, Indonesia", "paragraph_text": "Gelgel is a village (desa) that is situated in the regency (kabupaten) of Klungkung, on the Island of Bali, Indonesia. The village, which lies four kilometers south of the regency capital Semarapura, not far from the coast, contains a number of culturally interesting structures. It is known for its pottery and handwoven ceremonial songket cloth. The village mainly owes its fame to the kingdom of Gelgel, which dominated Bali from perhaps the early 16th century to 1686. There are no traces left today of the old royal palace (puri). The old ancestral shrine of the ruling dynasti, Pura Jero Agung, is still standing in the old palace area. To the east of Pura Jero Agung is another old temple, Pura Dasar, which is a lowland counterpart of the \"mother temple\" of Bali, Pura Besakih. The village also contains the oldest mosque of Bali, which was built by Javanese retainers of the old kings."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chitti Gatti", "paragraph_text": "Chitti Gatti is a hamlet located in Gandhian (village) of Inayatabad union council, of Mansehra area, of Hazara, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Since early times, it is especially notable for two Hindu festivals which occur on 6th Phagan and on 1st Baisakh, as mentioned by an early Settlement Report;, dedicated to the worship of the deity Shiva. The present old Shiva Temple here on this site, which has been recently restored, was originally constructed by a Raja of Jammu in the 1830s as an act of devotion. According to the latest archaeological research, there were probably earlier Hindu temples on this same site, but the ancient \"Shiva Lingam\" (or \"Ling\") inside the temple's precincts is truly ancient and at least 2000 years old. The temple and \"Lingam\" still attract many Hindu pilgrims and tourists each year, especially at the time of the annual \"Maha Shivratri' festival."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Birmingham Alabama Temple", "paragraph_text": "In 1998, when the LDS Church announced the intent to build a temple in Alabama two sites were originally considered. The first site revealed that the earth was too unstable for construction of the necessary size. Obstacles also prevented the project from being built on the second site. Finally in April 1999, the LDS Church selected a third site and decided that the temple would be built in the suburb of Gardendale where the church already owned property to build a meetinghouse. The excess land proved an adequate size for one of the LDS Church's new smaller temples. From the groundbreaking to the dedication of the temple took only eleven months."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Eutaw Place Temple", "paragraph_text": "Eutaw Place Temple is a large, eclectically-styled former synagogue on Eutaw Place in the Bolton Hill neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. The temple was constructed to serve the German Jewish immigrant community. Originally built as a synagogue for the Temple Oheb Shalom congregation, the property was sold to the Prince Hall Masons in 1960. It was built in 1892 as the second home of the Oheb Shalom congregation, and borrows design elements from the Great Synagogue of Florence. The architect was Joseph Evans Sperry of Baltimore."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur", "paragraph_text": "Brihadishvara Temple, also called Rajarajesvaram or Peruvudaiyar Kovil, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest South Indian temple and an exemplary example of a fully realized Tamil architecture. It is called as Dhakshina Meru of south. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the ``Great Living Chola Temples '', along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dome of the Rock", "paragraph_text": "It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al - Malik during the Second Fitna, built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had in turn been built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 -- 23. The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jama Masjid, Delhi", "paragraph_text": "It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1644 and 1656 at a cost of 1 million rupees, and was inaugurated by an imam from Bukhara, present - day Uzbekistan. The mosque was completed in 1656 AD with three great gates, four towers and two 40 m high minarets constructed of strips of red sandstone and white marble. The courtyard can accommodate more than 25,000 persons. There are three domes on the terrace which are surrounded by the two minarets. On the floor, a total of 899 black borders are marked for worshippers. The architectural plan of Badshahi Masjid, built by Shah Jahan's son Aurangzeb at Lahore, Pakistan, is similar to the Jama Masjid, Delhi."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Mosaic", "paragraph_text": "Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family."}], "question": "The great mosque built in the same city as the Dome of the Rock is called what?"}
{"id": "2hop__75579_61019", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tallahassee, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Tallahassee / \u02cct\u00e6l\u0259\u02c8h\u00e6si / is the capital of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County. Tallahassee became the capital of Florida, then the Florida Territory, in 1824. In 2016, the population was 190,894, making it the 7th - largest city in the U.S state of Florida, and the 126th - largest city in the United States. The population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 379,627 as of 2016. Tallahassee is the largest city in the Florida Panhandle region, and the main center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "Georgia has had five different capitals in its history. The first was Savannah, the seat of government during British colonial rule, followed by Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta, the capital city from 1868 to the present day. The state legislature has gathered for official meetings in other places, most often in Macon and especially during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "State of Georgia Flag Seal Nickname (s): Peach State, Empire State of the South Motto (s): Wisdom, Justice, Moderation State song (s): ``Georgia on My Mind ''Official language English Spoken languages English, Spanish (7.42%) Demonym Georgian Capital (and largest city) Atlanta Largest metro Atlanta metropolitan area Area Ranked 24th Total 59,425 sq mi (153,909 km) Width 230 miles (370 km) Length 298 miles (480 km)% water 2.6 Latitude 30.356 -- 34.985 \u00b0 N Longitude 80.840 -- 85.605 \u00b0 W Population Ranked 8th Total 10,310,371 (2016 est.) Density 165 / sq mi (65.4 / km) Ranked 18th Median household income $50,768 (39th) Elevation Highest point Brasstown Bald 4,784 ft (1,458 m) Mean 600 ft (180 m) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood Province of Georgia Admission to Union January 2, 1788 (4th) Governor Nathan Deal (R) Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle (R) Legislature Georgia General Assembly Upper house State Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Johnny Isakson (R) David Perdue (R) U.S. House delegation 10 Republicans, 4 Democrats (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC \u2212 5 / \u2212 4 ISO 3166 US - GA Abbreviations GA, Ga. Website www.georgia.gov"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "East Columbus, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "East Columbus is a district in Columbus, Georgia. The area is roughly bounded by Macon Road to the north, Buena Vista Road to the south, Schatulga Road and Fort Benning to the east, and I-185 to the west."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kaindy", "paragraph_text": "Kaindy (; ; sometimes written: \"Kayyngdy\") is a city in the Chuy Region of Kyrgyzstan. It became a city in 2012. Its population was 7,526 in 2009. It is the capital of Panfilov District, Kyrgyzstan. It features the railroad station closest to the Kazakhstan border on the north route of the Kyrgyz Railways and is the first town one enters when traveling to Kyrgyzstan by train."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Timeline of women's colleges in the United States", "paragraph_text": "1821: Clinton Female Seminary in Clinton, Georgia; later merged to become Georgia Female College (now Wesleyan College in Macon) chartered in 1836; the first college charted from its inception as a full college for women."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Paralia, Pieria", "paragraph_text": "Paralia (, \"Paral\u00eda\", meaning \"beach\") is a tourist seaside settlement and a former municipality in the eastern part of the Pieria regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Katerini, of which it is a municipal unit. The seat of the municipality was in Kallithea. The 2011 census reported a population of 1,124 for the village of Paralia, and 6,803 for the municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 24.344 km, the community 1.849 km.. Paralia Katerinis actually translated \"Beach of Katerini\" and is the closest beach to the capital city of Katerini."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ethel, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Ethel is a city in Macon County, Missouri, United States. The population was 62 at the 2010 census, at which time it was a town."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "Georgia is a state in the Southeastern United States. It began as a British colony in 1733, the last and furthest south of the original Thirteen Colonies. Named after King George II of Great Britain, the Province of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina down to Spanish Florida and New France along Louisiana (New France), also bordering to the west towards the Mississippi River. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. In 1802 -- 1804, western Georgia was split to the Mississippi Territory, which later split to form Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819. Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States. From 2007 to 2008, 14 of Georgia's counties ranked among the nation's 100 fastest - growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South. Atlanta, the state's capital and most populous city, has been named a global city."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Randolph-Macon Academy", "paragraph_text": "Randolph-Macon Academy (R-MA) is a coeducational college preparatory school for students in grades 6\u201312 and postgraduates in Front Royal, Virginia, US. The school was founded in 1892 and features both boarding and day programs. Randolph-Macon Academy is affiliated with the United Methodist Church."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Edge Hill, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Edge Hill is a city in Glascock County, Georgia, United States. The population was 24 at the 2010 census. It is the smallest incorporated city in Georgia by population."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Habakkala", "paragraph_text": "Habakkala is a small town in Sri Lanka. It is located within Southern Province. The closest city to Habakkala is Bentota"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Georgia (country)", "paragraph_text": "Georgia (Georgian: \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd, translit.: sakartvelo, IPA: [s\u0251k\u02b0\u0251rt\u02b0v\u025bl\u0254] (listen)) known until 1995 as the Republic of Georgia (Georgian: \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0, translit.: sakartvelos resp'ublik'a) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres (26,911 sq mi), and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million. Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "paragraph_text": "St. John's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supports a sizable retail, service and business sector. The provincial government is the largest employer in the city, followed by Memorial University. With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s, the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it \u2013 oil and gas \u2013 as opposed to what swims in or travels across it. The city is the centre of the oil and gas industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities. ExxonMobil Canada is headquartered in St. John's and companies such as Chevron, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city. Three major offshore oil developments, Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose, are in production off the coast of the city and a fourth development, Hebron, is expected to be producing oil by 2017."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Macon, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Macon / \u02c8me\u026ak\u0259n / (officially Macon -- Bibb County) is a city located in the state of Georgia, United States. Macon lies near the geographic center of the state, approximately 85 miles (137 km) south of Atlanta, hence the city's nickname ``The Heart of Georgia. ''"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Charlie Harris (baseball)", "paragraph_text": "Charles Jenkins Harris (October 21, 1877 \u2013 March 14, 1963) was an American third baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Baltimore Orioles in 1899. He was 5'8\" and weighs 200 pounds. He attended Mercer University. He was born in Macon, Georgia, and died in Gainesville, Florida. He batted and threw right-handed."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dalton, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Dalton is a city in Whitfield County, Georgia, United States. It is the county seat of Whitfield County and the principal city of the Dalton, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Murray and Whitfield counties."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Duross Fitzpatrick", "paragraph_text": "Born in Macon, Georgia, Fitzpatrick was in the United States Marine Corps from 1954 to 1957, and thereafter received a Bachelor of Science in Finance from the University of Georgia in 1961 and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Georgia School of Law in 1966. He was in private practice in Macon from 1966 to 1967, and then in Cochran, Georgia until 1986."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Blanton Winship", "paragraph_text": "Blanton Winship was born in Macon, Georgia, and graduated from Mercer University in 1889. He received a law degree from the University of Georgia in 1893, where he also played football for one year."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tobermory, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Tobermory is a small community located at the northern tip of the Bruce Peninsula in the municipality of Northern Bruce Peninsula. It is northwest of Toronto. The closest city to Tobermory is Owen Sound, south of Tobermory and connected by Highway 6. Due to similar harbour conditions it was named after Tobermory (; ), the capital of the Isle of Mull in the Scottish Inner Hebrides."}], "question": "Before the closest city to Macon became the capital, what was the capital of Georgia?"}
{"id": "2hop__160092_83548", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Solidarity (Polish trade union)", "paragraph_text": "Solidarity (Polish: Solidarno\u015b\u0107, pronounced (s\u0254li\u02c8darn\u0254\u0255t\u0361\u0255) (listen); full name: Independent Self - governing Labour Union ``Solidarity ''-- Niezale\u017cny Samorz\u0105dny Zwi\u0105zek Zawodowy`` Solidarno\u015b\u0107'' (\u0272eza\u02c8l\u025b\u0290n\u0268 sam\u0254\u02c8\u0290\u0254ndn\u0268 \u02c8zvj\u0254\u0303z\u025bk zav\u0254\u02c8d\u0254v\u0268 s\u0254li\u02c8darn\u0254\u0255t\u0361\u0255)) is a Polish labour union that was founded on 17 September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa. It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by a communist party. Its membership reached 9.5 million members before its September 1981 Congress (when it reached 10 million), which constituted one third of the total working - age population of Poland."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff \"to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Latvia", "paragraph_text": "The First Latvian National Awakening began in the 1850s and continued to bear fruit after World War I when, after two years of struggle in the Latvian War of Independence, Latvia finally won sovereign independence, as recognised by Soviet Russia in 1920 and by the international community in 1921. The Constitution of Latvia was adopted in 1922. Political instability and effects of the Great Depression led to the May 15, 1934 coup d'\u00e9tat by Prime Minister K\u0101rlis Ulmanis. Latvia's independence was interrupted in June -- July 1940, when the country was occupied and incorporated into the Soviet Union. In 1941 it was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany, then reconquered by the Soviets in 1944 -- 45."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Armenia is also a member of the Council of Europe, maintaining friendly relations with the European Union, especially with its member states such as France and Greece. A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenia's population would be in favor of joining the EU. Several Armenian officials have also expressed the desire for their country to eventually become an EU member state, some[who?] predicting that it will make an official bid for membership in a few years.[citation needed] In 2004 its forces joined KFOR, a NATO-led international force in Kosovo. It is also an observer member of the Eurasian Economic Community and the Non-Aligned Movement."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gleiwitz incident", "paragraph_text": "The Gleiwitz incident was a part of a larger operation carried out by Abwehr and SS forces. Other orchestrated incidents were conducted along the Polish-German border at the same time as the Gleiwitz attack, such as a house burning in the Polish Corridor and spurious propaganda. The project was called Operation Himmler and comprised incidents giving the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany. German newspapers and politicians, including Adolf Hitler, had made accusations against Polish authorities for months before the 1939 invasion of organising or tolerating violent ethnic cleansing of ethnic Germans living in Poland. On 1 September 1939, the day following the Gleiwitz attack, Germany launched Fall Weiss (Case White) the invasion of Poland, which precipitated World War II in Europe. Hitler cited the border incidents in a speech in the Reichstag on the same day, with three of them called very serious, as justification for his invasion of Poland. Hitler had told his generals on 22 August, \"I will provide a propagandistic casus belli. Its credibility doesn't matter. The victor will not be asked whether he told the truth\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "Relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew. Nowadays, relations are getting better. In some instances, Ashkenazi communities have accepted significant numbers of Sephardi newcomers, sometimes resulting in intermarriage."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Some critics of Stalin's policy, such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov, claim that Stalin's primary motive for signing the Soviet\u2013German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe.[citation needed] This idea is supported by Albert L. Weeks.[page needed] Claims by Suvorov that Stalin planned to invade Germany in 1941 are debated by historians with, for example, David Glantz opposing such claims, while Mikhail Meltyukhov supports them.[citation needed] The authors of The Black Book of Communism consider the pact a crime against peace and a \"conspiracy to conduct war of aggression.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "LSV Berlin", "paragraph_text": "As the tide of the war turned against Germany and Allied forces invaded the country, most military football sides were disbanded. \"LSV Berlin\" was lost in September 1944, before the start of the 1944\u201345 season, its place in the Oberliga being taken by \"SG OrPo Berlin\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Central African Republic", "paragraph_text": "By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a \"Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la R\u00e9publique\" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a \"Mixed Electoral Commission\", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Raymond Triboulet", "paragraph_text": "Raymond Triboulet (3 October 1906 \u2013 26 May 2006) was a French politician. He was a leading World War II resistance fighter who helped U.S., Canadian, and British troops invade France, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Konrad Adenauer", "paragraph_text": "Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (German: (\u02c8k\u0254n\u0281a\u02d0t \u02c8h\u025b\u0250\u032fman \u02c8jo\u02d0z\u0259f \u02c8a\u02d0d\u0259\u02ccna\u028a\u032f\u0250) (listen); 5 January 1876 -- 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963. He led his country from the ruins of World War II to a productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with France, the United Kingdom and the United States. During his years in power West Germany achieved democracy, stability, international respect and economic prosperity (``Wirtschaftswunder '', German for`` economic miracle''). He was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a Christian Democratic party that under his leadership became one of the most influential parties in the country."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Handicraft Guild", "paragraph_text": "The Handicraft Guild was an organization central to Arts and Crafts movement active in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, from 1904 to 1918. The Handicraft guild was founded, led, and staffed primarily by women, making it historically significant to women's art movements nationwide."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Renewable energy commercialization", "paragraph_text": "Public policy and political leadership helps to \"level the playing field\" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the \"Energiewende\" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jews", "paragraph_text": "Western Europe's largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in France, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants). The United Kingdom has a Jewish community of 292,000. In Eastern Europe, there are anywhere from 350,000 to one million Jews living in the former Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. In Germany, the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population, despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former Soviet Union since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Thousands of Israelis also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Klaus Mehnert", "paragraph_text": "Klaus Mehnert (October 10, 1906, Moscow, Russia \u2013 January 2, 1984, Freudenstadt, Germany) was a globetrotting German political scientist and a journalist. As a scholar, he was a prolific author; as a journalist, he practiced in the USSR as a correspondent, in China as a publisher, and in Germany. He was a professor at two American universities before World War II. In the late 1970s he authored several books on recent youth led political movements (youth movements) in various Western countries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cultural Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve Chinese Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known outside China simply as Maoism) as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked Mao's return to a position of power after the failures of his Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and negatively affected both the economy and society of the country to a significant degree. An estimated 500,000 to 2,000,000 people were killed.The movement was launched in May 1966, after Mao alleged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. To eliminate his rivals within the Communist Party of China (CPC), Mao insisted that revisionists be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread armed clashes between conservative and radical factions in all walks of life, as a result of Mao's open call for \"all-round civil war\" against the conservatives in the communist party establishment. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period, Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Jehovah's Witnesses had its origins in the Bible Student movement, which developed in the United States in the 1870s among followers of Christian Restorationist minister Charles Taze Russell. Bible Student missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and the first overseas branch was opened in London in 1900. The group took on the name International Bible Students Association and by 1914 it was also active in Canada, Germany, Australia and other countries. The movement split into several rival organizations after Russell's death in 1916, with one -- led by Russell's successor, Joseph ``Judge ''Rutherford -- retaining control of both his magazine, The Watch Tower, and his legal and publishing corporation, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Siegfried Lorenz (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Siegfried Lorenz (born 26 November 1930) is a former senior party functionary of the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED / \"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands\") in East Germany. He was a member of the Politb\u00fcro of The Party's Central Committee in Berlin and First Secretary of the party's Karl-Marx-Stadt regional leadership team. During his career held a number of positions with the country's FDJ (Free German Youth movement)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of \"containment\" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to \"roll back\". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bardoli Satyagraha", "paragraph_text": "The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, in the state of Gujarat, India during the period of the British Raj, was a major episode of civil disobedience and revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. The movement was eventually led by Vallabhbhai Patel, and its success gave rise to Patel becoming one of the main leaders of the independence movement."}], "question": "Who led the movement against communism in the country invaded by Germany in 1939?"}
{"id": "2hop__136473_45434", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "KIPR", "paragraph_text": "KIPR (92.3 FM, \"Power 92 Jams\") is a commercial radio station carrying an urban contemporary format located in Little Rock, Arkansas and licensed to Pine Bluff. It is owned by Cumulus Media. The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located in Jefferson, south of Pine Bluff. Due to the transmitter location emitting 100 kilowatts, the signal covers most of Central Arkansas including places like Brinkley, North Little Rock, Gould, Fordyce and Dumas."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "WQDY-FM", "paragraph_text": "WQDY-FM, on air as \"Classic Hits 92.7 & 95.3\", is an American radio station licensed to Calais, Maine. The station simulcasts on WALZ-FM Machias, Maine (95.3 FM). The station carries a classic hits format, with a heavy emphasis on local sports, including Boston Red Sox baseball. Previous to the station buying Top 40 WCRQ in 2003, which changed it's format to country in 2019, WQDY-FM was also carried on AM 1230 WQDY."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gun laws in Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "A license is required to carry a loaded handgun either openly or concealed. Such permits are issued through the Department of Safety to qualified residents 21 years or 18 years old if the applicant is active duty, reservist, guardsman, or honorably discharged from their branch of service, DD - 214 must mention 'pistol qualification' in order to be exempt from 8 hour safety course must have a valid military ID. The length of the term for the initial license is determined by the age of the applicant. If renewed properly and on time, the license is renewed every 5 years. Tennessee recognizes any valid, out - of - state permit for carrying a handgun as long as the permittee is not a resident of Tennessee. Nonresidents are not issued permits unless they are regularly employed in the state. Such persons are then required to obtain Tennessee permits even if they have home state permits unless their home state has entered into a reciprocity agreement with Tennessee. Permittees may carry handguns in most areas except civic centers, public recreation buildings and colleges. Businesses or landowners posting ``no carry ''signs may prohibit gun carry on any portion of their properties."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "KFKA", "paragraph_text": "KFKA (\"NoCo's Home for News, Sports and Talk\") on 1310 AM is a radio station licensed to Greeley, Colorado that serves the Fort Collins-Greeley area. It is the flagship station for the University of Northern Colorado Bears football and basketball radio network. It also carries a full slate of high school football and basketball games."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gun laws in Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Open carry of a handgun without a permit is legal in Virginia at age 18, withstanding other applicable laws. Concealed carry of a handgun is allowed for persons who hold a valid CHP (concealed handgun permit), comply with certain restrictions, or who hold certain positions. Virginia shall issue a CHP to applicants 21 years of age or older, provided that they meet certain safety training requirements and do not have any disqualifying criminal convictions. Consuming an alcoholic beverage in ABC on - premises licensed restaurants and clubs, while carrying a concealed handgun, is prohibited; nor may any person carry a concealed handgun in a public place while under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs. Any person permitted to carry a concealed firearm may not carry one in such manner in a public place while intoxicated. Possession of a firearm can compound the penalty for various other offenses, including illegal drug possession. Open carry while intoxicated is not addressed in the law and can presumed to be legal unless otherwise specified."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gun laws in Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Illinois was the last state to pass a law to allow the concealed carry of firearms by citizens. The state's original handgun carry ban was enacted in 1949, with the ban's most recent revision being enacted in 1962. The pre-existing law forbade concealed carry, and generally prohibited open carry, except in counties that had enacted ordinances allowing open carry. On December 11, 2012, a three - judge panel of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in the case of Moore v. Madigan, ruled that Illinois' concealed carry ban was unconstitutional, and gave the state 180 days to change its laws. Subsequently, the court granted a 30 - day extension of the deadline. On July 9, 2013, Illinois enacted the Firearm Concealed Carry Act, which established a system for the issuing of concealed carry licenses. On September 12, 2013, the Illinois Supreme Court, in the case of People v. Aguilar, also ruled that the state's Aggravated Unlawful Use of a Weapon law, which completely prohibited concealed carry, was unconstitutional. On January 5, 2014, the state police began accepting applications for licenses to carry concealed handguns. On February 28, 2014, the state police announced that they had begun issuing concealed carry licenses."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WCFR", "paragraph_text": "WCFR is an AM radio station licensed to Springfield, Vermont. It broadcasts hits from the 80's and 90's with 5,000 watts during the day. Programming is also simulcast on translator W293BH, 106.5 FM. The station carries Boston Red Sox baseball from the Red Sox Radio Network And Boston Bruins Hockey."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gun laws in Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Open carry is legal anywhere concealed carry is legal. It is legal for all adults who are 18 years of age or older unless they are prohibited from possession of firearms. A license is not required unless in a taxpayer - owned building or within 1000 feet of school property and not on private property."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "GNOME", "paragraph_text": "GNOME was started on August 15 1997 by Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena as a free software project to develop a desktop environment and applications for it. It was founded in part because K Desktop Environment, which was growing in popularity, relied on the Qt widget toolkit which used a proprietary software license until version 2.0 (June 1999). In place of Qt, GTK (GIMP Toolkit) was chosen as the base of GNOME. GTK uses the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a free software license that allows software linking to it to use a much wider set of licenses, including proprietary software licenses. GNOME itself is licensed under the LGPL for its libraries, and the GNU General Public License (GPL) for its applications."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gun laws in Washington", "paragraph_text": "As a general rule, a person may legally open - carry in Washington state in any place it is legal to possess a loaded handgun, as long as it does not manifest ``an intent to intimidate another or (warrant) alarm for the safety of other persons. ''To open - carry a handgun in a vehicle (e.g, car, bus, etc...) a person must have a valid concealed pistol license. The county sheriff or city police chief shall issue a concealed pistol license to any applicant, age 21 or older, who meets certain requirements, including no felony convictions, no misdemeanor domestic violence convictions, and no outstanding warrants. Open carrying of firearms is not prohibited by law, although trouble with some law enforcement agencies has been encountered while open carrying in the past, most notably in a case in Ellensburg, Washington."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gun laws in Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Indiana is a ``shall issue ''state for the License To Carry a Handgun. A license to carry will be issued to individuals age 18 or older who meet a number of legal requirements. Currently both limited term and unlimited lifetime licenses are available."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "KVEN", "paragraph_text": "KVEN (1450 AM, \"SportsRadio 1450\") is a sports radio station licensed to Ventura, California, carrying the national CBS Sports Network but no locally-originated programming. It is owned by Cumulus Media and broadcasts at a power of 1,000 watts."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "KRNI", "paragraph_text": "KRNI (AM) is a radio station licensed to Mason City, Iowa. The station is owned by the University of Northern Iowa. KRNI is an affiliate of Iowa Public Radio, and carries the network's \"News and Information\" service."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "KNSK", "paragraph_text": "KNSK (91.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Fort Dodge, Iowa. The station is owned by Iowa State University. KNSK is an affiliate of Iowa Public Radio, and carries the network's \"News and Information\" and \"Studio One\" services."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gun laws in the United States by state", "paragraph_text": "Carry license required? No Yes GC Ch. 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a ``shall - issue ''license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are`` chemically dependent'' or ``incapable of exercising sound judgment '', and those in arrears for taxes or child support."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Doonby", "paragraph_text": "Sam Doonby (John Schneider) is a mysterious drifter who gets off a bus one afternoon in a small Texas town to change and improve the lives of all he comes in contact with. It is a story of greed and envy, played out against the backdrop of the classic country and blues music that is performed in Leroy\u2019s Bar. The film has been described by the producers as \"Crazy Heart\"-meets-\"It's A Wonderful Life\", while Schneider described it as \"\"It's A Wonderful Life\" without the Wonderful.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gun laws in Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required? No No Firearm registration? No No Owner license required? No No Carry permits required? No No Missouri is a ``shall issue ''state for concealed carry. Permitless carry took effect on January 1, 2017. Open carry permitted? Yes Yes Open carry is permitted. As of October 11, 2014, a valid CCW overrides local laws against Open Carry, state wide. State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes Local governments are allowed to regulate open carry and the discharge of firearms (except in self defense); however, ccw permit holders are exempt from ordinances banning open carry. Assault weapon law? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction? No No NFA weapons restricted? No No Peaceable journey law? Yes Yes Background checks required for private sales? No No"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gun laws in Texas", "paragraph_text": "The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a ``Concealed Handgun License ''or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC`` License To Carry'' and at the same time the laws changed to include ``Open Carry ''. Permits are issued on a non-discretionary (`` shall - issue'') basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an ``unrestricted ''state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed - carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "KICJ", "paragraph_text": "KICJ (88.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Mitchellville, Iowa, serving the Des Moines area. The station is owned by the University of Northern Iowa. KICJ is an affiliate of Iowa Public Radio, and carries the network's classical service."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "WCCL", "paragraph_text": "WCCL is an American radio station physically located in Johnstown, Pennsylvania located at 101.7 FM, but licensed to the community of Central City, Pennsylvania. The oldies formatted station currently carries a syndicated feed of Westwood One's \"Good Time Oldies\" format. The station is owned by Forever Media, LLC."}], "question": "If Sam Doonby had wanted to carry a firearm, what license would he have needed?"}
{"id": "2hop__152910_34991", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cindy Schreyer", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia \"Cindy\" Schreyer (born January 21, 1963) is an American professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour. She also competed as Cindy McCurdy from 1998 to 2000."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Austin, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Officially chartered in 1839, the Texas Congress designated the name of Austin for the new city. According to local folklore, Stephen F. Austin, the ``father of Texas ''for whom the new capital city was named, negotiated a boundary treaty with the local Native Americans at the site of the present - day Treaty Oak after a few settlers were killed in raids. After the republic purchased several hundred acres to establish the city, Lamar renamed it in honor of Stephen F. Austin in March 1839. The city's original name is honored by local businesses such as Waterloo Ice House and Waterloo Records, as well as Waterloo Park downtown."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron, and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority. Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital, although some argue that the plan was to annex areas which would lead to a cantonization of the West Bank into three blocs, which the Palestinian delegation likened to South African \"bantustans\", a loaded word that was disputed by the Israeli and American negotiators. Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "William LeBaron Putnam", "paragraph_text": "Born in Bath, Maine, Putnam received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Bowdoin College in 1855, where he was a member of the Peucinian Society. He read law in 1858 to be admitted to the Maine Bar. He worked as a lawyer in private practice in Portland, Maine from 1858 to 1891. Putnam served as a city council member in Portland from 1860 to 1861, a member of the board of aldermen in 1862, and as Mayor of Portland from 1869 to 1870. He was a commissioner to negotiate American fishing rights in Canada from 1887 to 1888."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cynthia Barboza", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Jane Barboza (born February 7, 1987) is an American volleyball player. She is an outside hitter who played at Stanford University for four years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cynthia Jenkins", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Jenkins (July 21, 1924 \u2013 October 31, 2001) was an American librarian, community activist and politician from New York."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cynthia Ona Innis", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Ona Innis (born 1969) is an American painter, sculptor and visual artist raised in San Diego and based out of Oakland. Her work has been described as \"paintings one doesn't look at so much as immerse oneself in\", as well as \"sensual\", \"organic\" and \"science fiction-y\" where \"a futuristic heaven-meets-hell\". Innis graduated with a B.A. from the University of California at Berkeley and earned her post-graduate M.F.A. from Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. She has received the San Francisco Arts Commission Honorarium, the James D. Phelan Award in printmaking, a MacDowell Colony Fellowship and Residency award, and the James D. Phelan Award in painting, among other awards and recognition."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "University of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber and Donald Johanson, who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as \"Lucy\" in the Afar Triangle region, psychologist John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Restless Heart discography", "paragraph_text": "Restless Heart is an American country music band founded in 1984 by John Dittrich, Paul Gregg, Dave Innis, Greg Jennings, and Larry Stewart. Active from 1984 to 1994, in 1998, and from 2002 onward, the band has released eight studio albums, seven compilation albums, and two live albums. Its second through fifth studio albums \u2014 \"Wheels\", \"Big Dreams in a Small Town\", \"Fast Movin' Train\", and \"Big Iron Horses\" \u2014 have all been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cynthia Nixon", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Ellen Nixon (born April 9, 1966) is an American actress. She is known for her portrayal of Miranda Hobbes in the HBO series, Sex and the City (1998 -- 2004), for which she won the 2004 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She reprised the role in the films Sex and the City (2008) and Sex and the City 2 (2010). Other film credits include Amadeus (1984), The Pelican Brief (1993), Little Manhattan (2005), 5 Flights Up (2014), James White (2015), and playing Emily Dickinson in A Quiet Passion (2016)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the \"Treaty of Cahuenga\" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican\u2013American War of 1846\u201348, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was \"for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco,\" and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cynthia Soto", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Soto was a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 4th District from 2001 to 2019."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Innis Chonnell", "paragraph_text": "Innischonnell (Scottish Gaelic: Innis Chonaill) is an island in Loch Awe, Scotland. It is part of Kilchrenan and Dalavich parish, in Argyll. The island is fourteen miles east of Kilmartin, Argyll."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Accounts of Chemical Research", "paragraph_text": "Accounts of Chemical Research is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society containing overviews of basic research and applications in chemistry and biochemistry. It was established in 1968 and the editor-in-chief is Cynthia J. Burrows (University of Utah)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cynthia McWilliams", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Kaye McWilliams is an American actress, known for her performances on the television series series Real Husbands of Hollywood, Prison Break, and Nashville."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sand\u00f8y", "paragraph_text": "Sand\u00f8y is an island municipality in M\u00f8re og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Romsdal region. The administrative centre is the village of Steinshamn. Other villages include Ona and Myklebost. The municipality is spread out over many islands in the mouth of the vast Romsdal Fjord. The Flatflesa Lighthouse and Ona Lighthouse protect the boats traveling around the municipality. The Nord\u00f8y Fixed Link project is scheduled to be constructed from 2018 until 2023 and it will include three undersea tunnels and several bridges that will connect the main islands of Sand\u00f8y Municipality and the islands of Haram Municipality to the mainland."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ona Munson", "paragraph_text": "Ona Munson (born Owena Wolcott; June 16, 1903 -- February 11, 1955) was an American actress perhaps best known for her portrayal of madam Belle Watling in Gone with the Wind (1939)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "ONA Group", "paragraph_text": "The ONA Group (Omnium Nord-Africain, Arabic: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0627) was established in 1934 and dissolved in 2010 and succeeded by Societe Nationale d'Investissement."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cynthia Rhodes", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Rhodes (born November 21, 1956) is an American retired actress, singer and dancer. Her film roles include Tina Tech in Flashdance (1983), Jackie in Staying Alive (1983) and Penny in Dirty Dancing (1987)."}], "question": "What was established after negotiations over the city of origin of Cynthia Ona Innis between the Mexicans and Americans?"}
{"id": "2hop__146058_13584", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zoo Aquarium de Madrid", "paragraph_text": "The Madrid Zoo Aquarium is a zoo and aquarium located in the Casa de Campo in Madrid, Spain. The zoo is owned by the city, but is managed by the international entertainment operator Parques Reunidos. Opened in 1770, it is one of the largest zoos in Spain and one of the few zoos in the world that houses giant pandas."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ensanche Sur", "paragraph_text": "Ensanche Sur de Alcorc\u00f3n is a new neighbourhood, currently under construction, placed on the South of Alcorc\u00f3n (Madrid, Spain). It borders on the South with the city of Fuenlabrada and on the South-East with the city of M\u00f3stoles. The total area is 1,981,469 m, including 500,000 m for green zones, and around 300,000 m for social public purposes."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "San Sebasti\u00e1n metropolitan area", "paragraph_text": "San Sebasti\u00e1n metropolitan area is an area in the province of Gipuzkoa (Spain) which extends into France. It includes, besides the city of San Sebasti\u00e1n, a number of nearby municipalities, some of them bordering. Its total population is 405,099 inhabitants, with its extension of 372.86 square kilometres. It is the 19 th urban agglomeration of Spain in terms of population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Navacerrada Dam", "paragraph_text": "Navacerrada Dam is a reservoir at Navacerrada in the Community of Madrid, Spain. At an elevation of 1200 m, its maximum surface area is ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Cl\u00e1sico. From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities. The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Humanes de Madrid", "paragraph_text": "Humanes de Madrid is a town in Spain. It is located in the Madrid Metropolitan Area, in the Community of Madrid. It had a population of 17,379 in 2008."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Joan Or\u00f3", "paragraph_text": "Joan Or\u00f3 i Florensa (; October 26, 1923 in Lleida, Spain \u2013 September 2, 2004 in Barcelona, Spain) was a Spanish biochemist, whose research has been of importance in understanding the origin of life. He participated in several NASA missions, including Apollo mission to the Moon and the Viking lander. He received the Oparin Medal, awarded by the International"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "The nickname cul\u00e9 for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul (English: arse), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Ind\u00fastria, sat with their culs over the stand. In Spain, about 25% of the population is said to be Bar\u00e7a sympathisers, second behind Real Madrid, supported by 32% of the population. Throughout Europe, Barcelona is the favourite second-choice club. The club's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003\u201304 season to 170,000 in September 2009, the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Caf\u00e9 Comercial", "paragraph_text": "The Caf\u00e9 Comercial is a caf\u00e9 located at the Glorieta de Bilbao in central Madrid, Spain. It is one of the city's oldest caf\u00e9s, founded 21 March 1887 in the era of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain. It was a center for literary tertulias in the period following the Spanish Civil War. A remnant of Madrid's golden age, it was also one of the first Madrid caf\u00e9s to employ women among those serving tables."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "El Cl\u00e1sico", "paragraph_text": "El Cl\u00e1sico Team kits Locale Spain Teams Barcelona Real Madrid Latest meeting Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Barcelona Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a (16 August 2017) Next meeting Real Madrid v Barcelona La Liga (23 December 2017) Stadiums Camp Nou (Barcelona) Santiago Bernab\u00e9u (Real Madrid) Statistics Meetings total Competitive matches: 235 Exhibition matches: 34 Total matches: 269 Most wins Competitive matches: Real Madrid (95) Exhibition matches: Barcelona (20) Total matches: Barcelona (111) Most player appearances Manolo Sanch\u00eds (43) Top scorer Lionel Messi (25) Largest victory Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey (19 June 1943)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "La Moraleja", "paragraph_text": "La Moraleja is an affluent residential district of Alcobendas municipality in northern Community of Madrid, Spain, in the Madrid metropolitan area; located next to El Soto and El Encinar de los Reyes. The Spanish version of Beverly Hills, it is home to some of Spain's wealthiest people with sprawling mansions and several luxury golf courses such as La Moraleja Golf Club Madrid."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "International College Spain", "paragraph_text": "It is the only school in the Madrid metropolitan area to offer the full International Baccalaureate Programme in English. However, this school does not offer extended maths. International College Spain is a day school, offering both primary and secondary education to children from 3 to 18 years of age within an international community of over 50 different nationalities."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Province of Toledo", "paragraph_text": "Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile\u2013La Mancha. It is bordered by the provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, C\u00e1ceres, and \u00c1vila. Its capital is the city of Toledo."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "El Cl\u00e1sico", "paragraph_text": "Player Club La Liga Copa Super Cup League Cup Europe Total Lionel Messi Barcelona 18 -- 6 -- 26 Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano Real Madrid 14 -- -- 18 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 9 5 -- -- 18 Ra\u00fal Real Madrid 11 -- -- 15 C\u00e9sar Barcelona 12 -- -- -- 14 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 10 -- -- 14 Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s Real Madrid 9 -- -- 14 Santillana Real Madrid 9 -- -- 12 Hugo S\u00e1nchez Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Juanito Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Josep Samitier Barca / Real 6 -- -- -- 10 Estanislao Basora Barcelona 8 -- -- -- 9 Jaime Lazcano Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- -- 8 Karim Benzema Real Madrid 6 -- -- 8 Iv\u00e1n Zamorano Real Madrid -- -- 8 Eulogio Mart\u00ednez Barcelona 5 -- -- 8 Luis Su\u00e1rez Barcelona -- -- 8 Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Real Madrid -- 8 -- -- -- 8"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Real Madrid CF", "paragraph_text": "Real Madrid Club de F\u00fatbol (Spanish pronunciation: [re\u02c8al ma\u02c8\u00f0\u027ei\u00f0 \u02c8klu\u03b2 \u00f0e \u02c8fu\u00f0\u03b2ol] (listen), meaning Royal Madrid Football Club), commonly referred to as Real Madrid, is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "El Cl\u00e1sico", "paragraph_text": "El Cl\u00e1sico Team kits -- Real Madrid in white, Barcelona in blue and red Locale Spain Teams Barcelona Real Madrid Latest meeting Barcelona 5 -- 1 Real Madrid La Liga (28 October 2018) Next meeting Real Madrid v. Barcelona La Liga (3 March 2019) Stadiums Camp Nou (Barcelona) Santiago Bernab\u00e9u (Real Madrid) Statistics Meetings total Competitive matches: 238 Exhibition matches: 34 Total matches: 272 Most wins Competitive matches: Real Madrid (95) Exhibition matches: Barcelona (20) Total matches: Barcelona (113) Most player appearances Manolo Sanch\u00eds (43) Top scorer Lionel Messi (26) Largest victory Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey (19 June 1943)"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "El Cl\u00e1sico", "paragraph_text": "Player Club La Liga Copa Super Cup League Cup Europe Total Lionel Messi Barcelona 17 -- 6 -- 25 Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano Real Madrid 14 -- -- 18 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 8 5 -- -- 17 Ra\u00fal Real Madrid 11 -- -- 15 C\u00e9sar Barcelona 12 -- -- -- 14 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 10 -- -- 14 Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s Real Madrid 9 -- -- 14 Santillana Real Madrid 9 -- -- 12 Hugo S\u00e1nchez Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Juanito Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Josep Samitier Barca / Real 6 -- -- -- 10 Estanislao Basora Barcelona 8 -- -- -- 9 Jaime Lazcano Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- -- 8 Karim Benzema Real Madrid 6 -- -- 8 Iv\u00e1n Zamorano Real Madrid -- -- 8 Eulogio Mart\u00ednez Barcelona 5 -- -- 8 Luis Su\u00e1rez Barcelona -- -- 8 Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Real Madrid -- 8 -- -- -- 8"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Adolphe Mengotti", "paragraph_text": "Adolphe Mengotti (born 12 November 1901, in Valladolid, Spain -1984) was a Swiss football (soccer) player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He played for Servette FC and Real Madrid."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "Valencia (/v\u0259\u02c8l\u025bnsi\u0259/; Spanish: [ba\u02c8len\u03b8ja]), or Val\u00e8ncia (Valencian: [va\u02c8lensia]), is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 million people. Valencia is Spain's third largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million. The city has global city status. The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "1981 European Cup Final", "paragraph_text": "The 1981 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Real Madrid of Spain on 27 May 1981 at the Parc des Princes, Paris, France. It was the final match of the 1980 -- 81 season of Europe's premier cup competition, the European Cup. Liverpool were appearing in their third final, after two appearances in 1977 and 1978. Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final, they had previously won the competition six times and lost twice."}], "question": "Besides the areas of Spain, what differences are there between Real Madrid and the city where Joan Oro died?"}
{"id": "2hop__159748_19759", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yuan dynasty", "paragraph_text": "There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants. As a result, Tibetan Buddhism was established as the de facto state religion. The top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a Sakya Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) at court. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power. Furthermore, Mongol patronage of Buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of Buddhist art. Mongolian Buddhist translations, almost all from Tibetan originals, began on a large scale after 1300. Many Mongols of the upper class such as the Jalayir and the Oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized Confucian scholars and institutions. A considerable number of Confucian and Chinese historical works were translated into the Mongolian language."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908\u20131981) wrote in 1961: \"The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He.\""}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mah\u0101y\u0101na considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the \u0101gamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Hinduism is the religion of 79.8% of New Delhi's population. There are also communities of Muslims (12.9%), Sikhs (5.4%), Jains (1.1%) and Christians (0.9%) in Delhi. Other religious groups (2.5%) include Parsis, Buddhists and Jews."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Pataliputra", "paragraph_text": "Two important early Buddhist councils are recorded in early Buddhist texts as being held here, the First Buddhist council immediately following the death of the Buddha and the Second Buddhist council in the reign of Ashoka. Jain and Brahmanical sources identify Udayabhadra, son of Ajatashatru, as the king who first established Pataliputra as the capital of Magadha."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Muhammad Mueenuddeen I", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Mueenuddeen I was the sultan of the Maldives from 1798 to 1835. He ruled for 37 years, 1 month and 4 days."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Africa", "paragraph_text": "Africans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs, and statistics on religious affiliation are difficult to come by since they are often a sensitive topic for governments with mixed religious populations. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, Islam is the largest religion in Africa, followed by Christianity. According to Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, 45% of the population are Christians, 40% are Muslims, and 10% follow traditional religions. A small number of Africans are Hindu, Buddhist, Confucianist, Baha'i, or Jewish. There is also a minority of people in Africa who are irreligious."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Malaysia Federal Route 78", "paragraph_text": "Kuala Kedah Highway, Federal Route 78, is a major highway in Kedah, Malaysia. It is also a main route to Langkawi Island via Kuala Kedah."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Republic of Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain Durga Puja festivals, Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporate Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of Buddhist religion."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Maldives", "paragraph_text": "After the long Buddhist period of Maldivian history, Muslim traders introduced Islam. Maldivians converted to Islam by the mid-12th century. The islands have had a long history of Sufic orders, as can be seen in the history of the country such as the building of tombs. They were used until as recently as the 1980s for seeking the help of buried saints. They can be seen next to some old mosques and are considered a part of Maldives's cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Roger Corless", "paragraph_text": "Roger Corless studied at King's College London (B.D., 1961) and the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison (Ph.D., Buddhist Studies, 1973). His special interests were Pure Land Buddhism, Christian Spirituality, and Buddhist-Christian Dialogue."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Statute of Marlborough", "paragraph_text": "The Statute of Marlborough (52 Hen 3) was a set of laws passed by King Henry III of England in 1267."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sultanah Bahiyah Highway", "paragraph_text": "The Sultanah Bahiyah Highway (Malay: Lebuhraya Sultanah Bahiyah), Federal Route 255 (formerly Alor Setar Bypass and Jalan Sultanah, both Kedah State Route K139) is a major highway bypass in Alor Star, Kedah, Malaysia. It was named after the late Sultanah Bahiyah, a first consort of Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah. The Kilometre Zero is located at Alor Setar North."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sanghamitta", "paragraph_text": "Sa\u1e45ghamitt\u0101 (Sa\u1e45ghamitr\u0101 in Sanskrit) was the eldest daughter of Emperor Ashoka (304 BC -- 232 BC) and his first wife, Devi. Together with her brother Mahinda, she entered an order of Buddhist monks. The two siblings later went to Sri Lanka to spread the teachings of Buddha at the request of King Devanampiya Tissa (250 BC -- 210 BC) who was a contemporary of Ashoka. Ashoka was initially reluctant to send his daughter on an overseas mission. However, because of the insistence of Sangamitra herself, he finally agreed. She was sent to Sri Lanka together with several other nuns to start the nun - lineage of Bhikkhunis (a fully ordained female Buddhist monastic) at the request of King Tissa to ordain queen Anul\u0101 and other women of Tissa's court at Anuradhapura who desired to be ordained as nuns after Mahindra converted them to Buddhism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ali Umar", "paragraph_text": "Ali Umar, Commissioner of Sports of Maldives (born 5 August 1980) was a Maldivian footballer until 2013. He retired his professional football career and he was a Member of the normalization committee appointed by FIFA to Football Association of Maldives from 2 December 2014 to 31 May 2016. Later he was elected to vice president and as an executive committee member for Football Association of Maldives. In March 27th 2018 he was appointed as the Commissioner of Sports of Maldives."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism /\u02c8bud\u026az\u0259m/ is a nontheistic religion[note 1] or philosophy (Sanskrit: \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e dharma; Pali: \u0927\u092e\u094d\u092e dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha (\"the awakened one\"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[note 1] He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving. Buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Maldives Olympic Committee", "paragraph_text": "Maldives Olympic Committee (IOC code: MDV) is the National Olympic Committee representing Maldives. It was also the body responsible for Maldives' representation at the Commonwealth Games."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BCE) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism, and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral."}], "question": "In 1267, which king of Kedah converted to the religion that reached the Maldives after Buddhism?"}
{"id": "2hop__5206_5187", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "14.5\u00d7114mm", "paragraph_text": "The 14.5\u00d7114mm (.57 Cal) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi -- Soviet Pact, the German -- Soviet Non-aggression Pact or the Nazi German - Soviet Pact of Aggression (officially: Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), was a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, respectively. The pact was followed by the German - Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30", "paragraph_text": "The Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30 was a Soviet autocannon widely used in military aircraft of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. It was designed by A.E. Nudelman and A.A. Rikhter, entering service in 1954."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "We Sammarinese", "paragraph_text": "In 2011 the Pact for San Marino government collapsed, causing the disbandment of its component lists. We Sanmarinese, now a fully free party, decided to accept a federative pact with the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, entering into a new government of national unity. NS run in the Sanmarinese election of 2012 as party of the ultimately victorious PDCS."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "BRDM-2", "paragraph_text": "The BRDM-2 entered service with the Soviet Army in 1962. It was first publicly shown in 1966. It replaced the BRDM-1 in the Soviet and Warsaw Pact armies. Production started in 1962 and went on until 1989, with 7,200 vehicles produced (mostly for export)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi -- Soviet Pact, the German -- Soviet Non-aggression Pact or the Nazi German -- Soviet Pact of Aggression (officially: Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), was a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, respectively. The pact was followed by the German - Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of \"containment\" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to \"roll back\". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20\u201340%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force \u2013 in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies \u2013 jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song \"My Way\"."}], "question": "Who was the president of the country the pact conquered prior to and during its dissolution?"}
{"id": "2hop__37181_27290", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to Misrata, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city \u2013 including the Arab Nationalist Movement, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the Muslim Brotherhood \u2013 claiming he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his \"charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis\". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, \"Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio.\" Lebanese sympathizers of Nasser and the Egyptian embassy in Beirut\u2014the press center of the Arab world\u2014bought out Lebanese media outlets to further disseminate Nasser's ideals. Nasser also enjoyed the support of Arab nationalist organizations, both civilian and paramilitary, throughout the region. His followers were numerous and well-funded, but lacked any permanent structure and organization. They called themselves \"Nasserites\", despite Nasser's objection to the label (he preferred the term \"Arab nationalists\")."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed \"the disastrous situation\". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine (\"Saladin The Victorious\"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, \"men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets\" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, \"Nasser will never die.\" As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, \"One hundred million human beings\u2014the Arabs\u2014are orphans.\" Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that \"Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together.\""}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him\u2014although Nasser's involvement was never established\u2014and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being \"a tool of the imperialists\". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with about half of its former arsenals and broke diplomatic relations with Israel. Nasser cut relations with the US following the war, and, according to Aburish, his policy of \"playing the superpowers against each other\" ended. In November, Nasser accepted UN Resolution 242, which called for Israel's withdrawal from territories acquired in the war. His supporters claimed Nasser's move was meant to buy time to prepare for another confrontation with Israel, while his detractors believed his acceptance of the resolution signaled a waning interest in Palestinian independence."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries\u2014an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent \"sedition\". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such \"Arab homeland\" and \"Arab nation\" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954\u201355, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab \"peoples\" or the \"Arab region\". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, \"We are your soldiers, Gamal!\" Nasser retracted his decision the next day."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the \"Arab notion of glory\", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to \"Glory of the Arabs\"\u2014a rare name in Egypt."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and \"perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism\". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, although \"Amer had absolute authority over the armed forces, Nasser had his ways of knowing what was really going on\". Moreover, Amer anticipated an impending Israeli attack and advocated a preemptive strike. Nasser refused the call upon determination that the air force lacked pilots and Amer's handpicked officers were incompetent. Still, Nasser concluded that if Israel attacked, Egypt's quantitative advantage in manpower and arms could stave off Israeli forces for at least two weeks, allowing for diplomacy towards a ceasefire. Towards the end of May, Nasser increasingly exchanged his positions of deterrence for deference to the inevitability of war, under increased pressure to act by both the general Arab populace and various Arab governments. On 26 May Nasser declared, \"our basic objective will be to destroy Israel\". On 30 May, King Hussein committed Jordan in an alliance with Egypt and Syria."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled \"Voltaire, the Man of Freedom\". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that \"any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR\". On 15 July, US marines landed in Lebanon, and British special forces in Jordan, upon the request of those countries' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces. Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked. On 19 July, for the first time, he declared that he was opting for full Arab union, although he had no plan to merge Iraq with the UAR. While most members of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) favored Iraqi-UAR unity, Qasim sought to keep Iraq independent and resented Nasser's large popular base in the country."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup."}], "question": "What school did Nasser attend in the city where the Arab League has its headquarters?"}
{"id": "2hop__144399_36631", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Indian Independence Act 1947", "paragraph_text": "The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee and the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten, after representatives of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and the Sikh community came to an agreement with Lord Mountbatten on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan. This plan was the last plan for independence."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Gustavo Zanatta", "paragraph_text": "Gustavo Zanatta Gasper\u00edn (born 28 January 1951) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Oaxaca as replacement of Eviel P\u00e9rez Maga\u00f1a."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "European Monetary Agreement", "paragraph_text": "The European Monetary Agreement was an agreement signed in Paris on 5 August 1955. Administered by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), it is the successor of the European Payments Union. It provides a multilateral settlement system. The agreement was terminated by OECD in 1972, as its aims were largely replaced by the International Monetary Fund."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mar\u00eda Concepci\u00f3n Fajardo", "paragraph_text": "Mar\u00eda Concepci\u00f3n Fajardo Mu\u00f1oz is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. As of 2014 she served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Quintana Roo as replacement of F\u00e9lix Gonz\u00e1lez Canto."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hans Zerny", "paragraph_text": "Hans Zerny (11 June 1887, Vienna-W\u00e4hring \u2013 14 September 1945, Vienna) was an Austrian entomologist best known for his studies of Lepidoptera."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paris Peace Accords", "paragraph_text": "The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968, after various lengthy delays. As a result of the accord, the International Control Commission (ICC) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) to fulfill the agreement. The main negotiators of the agreement were United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd; the two men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts, although L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd refused to accept it."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Messerschmitt KR175", "paragraph_text": "The Messerschmitt KR175 microcar (1953\u20131955) was the first vehicle built by Messerschmitt under its 1952 agreement with Fritz Fend. In concept, although not in actual design, it was an extended version of the Fend Flitzer invalid carriage. Approximately 15,000 were built before it was replaced by the Messerschmitt KR200 in 1956."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "paragraph_text": "The story \u2013 part historical, part legend, and part mythical \u2013 romanticises and dramatises the lives of feudal lords and their retainers, who tried to replace the dwindling Han dynasty or restore it. While the novel follows hundreds of characters, the focus is mainly on the three power blocs that emerged from the remnants of the Han dynasty, and would eventually form the three states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The novel deals with the plots, personal and military battles, intrigues, and struggles of these states to achieve dominance for almost 100 years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Veterans Day", "paragraph_text": "Congress amended the bill on June 1, 1954, replacing ``Armistice ''with`` Veterans,'' and it has been known as Veterans Day since."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hans Christian Andersen Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Hans Christian Andersen Museum is a museum dedicated to famous author Hans Christian Andersen in Odense, Denmark. It is located in the building which is thought his birthplace, a small yellow house on the corner of Hans Jensens Str\u00e6de and Bangs Boder in the old town. In 1908, the house was opened as the Hans Christian Andersen Museum. It documents his life from his childhood years as the son of a struggling shoemaker, to his schooling, career as an author, and later life, with artefacts providing an insight into his acquaintances and adventures. Andersen's childhood home is on Munkem\u00f8llestr\u00e6de not far from the cathedral. He lived in the little half-timbered house from the age of two until he was 14. Opened as a museum in 1930, the house contains an exhibition of the cobbling tools used by his father and other items based on Andersen's own descriptions."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "FATCA agreement between Canada and the United States", "paragraph_text": "The FATCA agreement is an international agreement signed between Canada and the United States that allows the implementation of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (an Act of the U.S. Congress) in Canada. It is one of 30 intergovernmental agreements the US has concluded with other countries to implement the FATCA."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that require the Congress to pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds, and those agreements that impose long-term, complex legal obligations on the United States. For example, the deal by the United States, Iran and other countries is not a Treaty."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "EU\u2013US Privacy Shield", "paragraph_text": "The EU - US Umbrella Agreement, which enters into force on 1 February (2017). To finalize this agreement, the US Congress adopted a new law in 2017, the US Judicial Redress Act, which extends the benefits of the US Privacy Act to Europeans and gives them access to US courts. ''"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Some, such as the United Kingdom and Prussia (as the founder of the newly formed German state), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento, Japan after the Meiji Restoration, and the United States after its civil war. By the dawn of the 20th century, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of 20th century."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "North American Free Trade Agreement", "paragraph_text": "Before sending it to the United States Senate Clinton added two side agreements, the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), to protect workers and the environment, and also allay the concerns of many House members. They also required U.S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own. After much consideration and emotional discussion, the US House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17, 1993, 234 -- 200. The agreement's supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats. The bill passed the Senate on November 20, 1993, 61 -- 38. Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed it into law on December 8, 1993; the agreement went into effect on January 1, 1994. Clinton, while signing the NAFTA bill, stated that ``NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good - paying American jobs. If I did n't believe that, I would n't support this agreement. ''NAFTA then replaced the previous Canada - US FTA."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Norma Violeta D\u00e1vila Salinas", "paragraph_text": "Norma Violeta D\u00e1vila Salinas is a Mexican teacher and politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. As of 2014 she served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Coahuila as replacement of \u00d3scar Pimentel Gonz\u00e1lez."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "UGM-96 Trident I", "paragraph_text": "The UGM-96 Trident I, or Trident C4, was an American submarine-launched ballistic missile, built by Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Sunnyvale, California. First deployed in 1979, the Trident I replaced the Poseidon missile. It was retired in 2005, having been replaced by the Trident II. In 1980, the Royal Navy requested Trident I missiles under the Polaris Sales Agreement. In 1982, this was changed to Trident IIs. It was the first Trident missile to enter service."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Founding Fathers of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The newly founded country of the United States had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament. The U.S. adopted the Articles of Confederation, a declaration that established a national government with a one - house legislature. Its ratification by all thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name: the Congress of the Confederation, which met from 1781 to 1789. The Constitutional Convention took place during the summer of 1787, in Philadelphia. Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton was to create a new frame of government rather than amending the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution and the replacement of the Continental Congress with the United States Congress."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Benito Ch\u00e1vez Montenegro", "paragraph_text": "Benito Ch\u00e1vez Montenegro (born 2 July 1947) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Jalisco as replacement of Javier Gu\u00edzar Mac\u00edas."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Articles of Confederation", "paragraph_text": "Articles of Confederation Page I of the Articles of Confederation Created November 15, 1777 Ratified March 1, 1781 Location National Archives Author (s) Continental Congress Signatories Continental Congress Purpose First constitution for the United States; replaced by the current United States Constitution on September 13, 1788"}], "question": "What agreement replaced the Congress named for the city where Hans Zerny was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__144435_75059", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1983 Avensa Douglas DC-9 crash", "paragraph_text": "The 1983 Avensa Douglas DC-9 crash occurred on 11 March 1983 when an Avensa Douglas DC-9 airliner on a domestic flight in Venezuela from Caracas Airport to Barquisimeto Airport where it landed hard, slid off of the runway and exploded. Twenty-two passengers and one crew member died."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mozart's birthplace", "paragraph_text": "Mozart's birthplace (German: ' or ') was the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart at No. 9 Getreidegasse in Salzburg, Austria. The Mozart family resided on the third floor from 1747 to 1773. Mozart himself was born here on 27 January 1756. He was the seventh child of Leopold Mozart, who was a musician of the Salzburg Royal Chamber."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wave Hill walk-off", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, the Labor government of Gough Whitlam finally negotiated with Vesteys to give the Gurindji back a portion of their land. This was a landmark in the land rights movement in Australia for Indigenous Australians. The handback took place on 16 August 1975 at Kalkaringi. Gough Whitlam addressed Vincent Lingiari and the Gurindji people, saying:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Buchanan's Birthplace State Park", "paragraph_text": "Buchanan's Birthplace State Park is an Pennsylvania state park near Cove Gap, in Peters Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is on Pennsylvania Route 16 along Tuscarora Mountain. Buchanan's Birthplace State Park was created from land donated to the state by Harriet Lane in honor of her uncle, the 15th President of the United States, James Buchanan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "District of Columbia retrocession", "paragraph_text": "In 1846, the area of 31 square miles (80 km) which was ceded by Virginia was returned, leaving 69 square miles (179 km) of territory originally ceded by Maryland as the current area of the District in its entirety. 21st - century proposals to return the remaining portion of the District of Columbia to the state of Maryland are cited as one way to provide full voting representation in Congress and return local control of the city to its residents."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nigeria Airways Flight 2120", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 was a chartered passenger flight from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to Sokoto, Nigeria on 11 July 1991, which caught fire shortly after takeoff from King Abdulaziz International Airport and crashed while attempting to return for an emergency landing, killing all 247 passengers and 14 crew members on board. The aircraft was a Douglas DC-8 operated by Nationair for Nigeria Airways. Flight 2120 is the deadliest accident involving a DC-8 and remains the deadliest aviation disaster involving a Canadian airline."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Back in Black", "paragraph_text": "Back in Black is the seventh studio album by Australian rock band AC / DC. Produced by Robert John ``Mutt ''Lange, the album was released on 25 July 1980 by Albert Productions and Atlantic Records. By the late 1970s, AC / DC began to achieve significant popularity outside their native Australia, with high - energy live performances and a string of successful albums. In 1978, they paired with producer Lange and recorded their international breakthrough, Highway to Hell. Back in Black is the band's first album with vocalist Brian Johnson, replacing Bon Scott, who had died in February of the same year, shortly before the band started recording the album. Instead of disbanding, the group decided to continue with Johnson."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wonder Woman (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Wonder Woman, known from seasons 2 - 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name. The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman / Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr. It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979. The show's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II. The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s, with the title changed to The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, and a complete change of cast other than Carter and Waggoner. Waggoner's character was changed to Steve Trevor Jr., the son of his original character."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "1946 KLM Douglas DC-3 Amsterdam accident", "paragraph_text": "The 1946 KLM Douglas DC-3 Amsterdam accident was the crash of a KLM Royal Dutch Airlines flight from London to Amsterdam on 14 November 1946. The accident occurred as the Douglas DC-3 was attempting to land at Amsterdam's airport in poor weather. All 26 passengers and crew on board were killed in the accident."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Janette Carter", "paragraph_text": "Janette Carter (July 2, 1923 \u2013 January 22, 2006) was the last surviving child of A.P. and Sara Carter, of Carter Family musical fame. In 1976, she and community members built an 880-seat amphitheater, the Carter Family Fold, beside the store her father operated in Southwestern Virginia. Today, the Carter Family Fold attracts more than 50,000 visitors a year."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Canon EOS D30", "paragraph_text": "The Canon EOS D30 is a discontinued 3.1-megapixel professional digital single lens reflex camera (DSLR) body, initially announced by Canon on May 17, 2000. It is part of the Canon EOS line of cameras and uses the EF lens mount. The EOS D30 was Canon's first \"home grown\" digital SLR. Before that point Canon had a contract with Kodak to rebrand the Kodak 2-megapixel DCS 520 as Canon EOS D2000 and the 6-megapixel DCS 560 as Canon EOS D6000 digital SLRs, which combined Kodak digital backs and Canon camera bodies."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Maybelle Carter", "paragraph_text": "Maybelle Carter was born Maybelle Addington on May 10, 1909, in Nickelsville, Virginia. She was the daughter of Margaret Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Kilgore; 1879 \u2013 1960) and Hugh Jackson Addington (1877 \u2013 1929). According to family lore, the Addington family of Virginia is descended from former British prime minister Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "This Land Is Your Land", "paragraph_text": "``This Land Is Your Land ''is one of the United States' most famous folk songs. Its lyrics were written by American folk singer Woody Guthrie in 1940, based on an existing melody, a Carter Family tune called`` When the World's on Fire'', in critical response to Irving Berlin's ``God Bless America. ''When Guthrie was tired of hearing Kate Smith sing`` God Bless America'' on the radio in the late 1930s, he sarcastically wrote ``God Blessed America for Me ''before renaming it`` This Land Is Your Land.''"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Direct current", "paragraph_text": "The term DC is used to refer to power systems that use only one polarity of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero - frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. For example, the voltage across a DC voltage source is constant as is the current through a DC current source. The DC solution of an electric circuit is the solution where all voltages and currents are constant. It can be shown that any stationary voltage or current waveform can be decomposed into a sum of a DC component and a zero - mean time - varying component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anita Carter", "paragraph_text": "Ina Anita Carter (March 31, 1933 \u2013 July 29, 1999), the youngest daughter of Ezra and Mother Maybelle Carter, was a versatile American singer who experimented with several different types of music and played upright bass with her sisters Helen Carter and June Carter Cash and mother Maybelle Carter as Mother Maybelle and The Carter Sisters. The trio joined the \"Grand Ole Opry\" radio show in 1950 (Anita was 17 years old at the time), opened shows for Elvis Presley, and joined \"The Johnny Cash Show\" in 1971. As a solo artist, and with her family, Carter recorded for a number of labels including RCA Victor, Cadence, Columbia, Audiograph, United Artists, Liberty and Capitol. Chet Atkins praised her talent on the bass and used her on many of his record productions. She played 12-string guitar and autoharp with the family after giving up the bass in later years."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Delta Air Lines Flight 9570", "paragraph_text": "Delta Air Lines Flight 9570 crashed on 30 May 1972 at the Greater Southwest International Airport in Fort Worth, Texas, while conducting a training flight. The aircraft, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14, began to oscillate about the roll axis after crossing the runway threshold during a landing approach, then rolled rapidly to the right and struck the runway with the right wing low. This flight's crash has been attributed to wake turbulence behind a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 that made a touch-and-go landing ahead of it. The plane's occupants consisted of three pilots and an FAA inspector, all of whom were killed in the crash and subsequent fire. The resulting investigation prompted changes to the minimum distance that aircraft must keep when following \"heavy\" aircraft."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Give It Up to Me", "paragraph_text": "\"Give It Up to Me\" is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira featuring American rapper Lil Wayne, taken from the deluxe version of the former's eighth studio album \"She Wolf\". It was released on 19 October 2009, by Epic Records as the third single from the album. The song was written by Shakira, Amanda Ghost, Dwayne Carter and Timbaland. Timbaland also served as the producer of the song. Musically, \"Give It Up to Me\" is a synthpop and hip hop song that incorporates sexually-suggestive lyrics. The song features uncredited vocals from Timbaland."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Justice Society of America", "paragraph_text": "The Justice Society of America (JSA) is a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The team was conceived by editor Sheldon Mayer and writer Gardner Fox during the Golden Age of Comic Books. The JSA first appeared in \"All Star Comics\" #3 (Winter 1940\u20131941), making it the first team of superheroes in comic books. The original members of the Justice Society of America were Doctor Fate, Hour-Man, the Spectre, the Sandman (Wesley Dodds), the Atom (Al Pratt), the Flash (Jay Garrick), Green Lantern (Alan Scott), and Hawkman (Carter Hall)."}], "question": "When did DC give land back to the state where Maybelle Carter was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__132091_6424", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lacus Somniorum", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Somniorum is a plain located in the northeastern part of the Moon's near side. It is located at selenographic coordinates 38.0\u00b0 N, 29.2\u00b0 E, and has a diameter of 384 kilometers. (It is the largest of the lunar features designated \"Lacus\".) The name is Latin for Lake of Dreams, a title given to this feature by Riccioli."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ismenius Lacus quadrangle", "paragraph_text": "The Ismenius Lacus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is located in the northwestern portion of Mars\u2019 eastern hemisphere and covers 0\u00b0 to 60\u00b0 east longitude (300\u00b0 to 360\u00b0 west longitude) and 30\u00b0 to 65\u00b0 north latitude. The quadrangle uses a Lambert conformal conic projection at a nominal scale of 1:5,000,000 (1:5M). The Ismenius Lacus quadrangle is also referred to as MC-5 (Mars Chart-5). The southern and northern borders of the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle are approximately and wide, respectively. The north-to-south distance is about (slightly less than the length of Greenland). The quadrangle covers an approximate area of 4.9 million square km, or a little over 3% of Mars\u2019 surface area. The Ismenius Lacus quadrangle contains parts of Acidalia Planitia, Arabia Terra, Vastitas Borealis, and Terra Sabaea."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lacus Gaudii", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Gaudii (Latin for \"Lake of Joy\") is a small lunar mare in the Terra Nivium region of the Moon. It is located at 16.3\u00b0 N, 12.3\u00b0 E and is 89\u00a0km in diameter."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aurorae Sinus", "paragraph_text": "Aurorae Sinus is a dark feature in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. Together with albedo features contributed by Aonius Sinus and Solis Lacus, it is part of a feature known as the \"eye of Mars\"."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lacus Spei", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Spei (Latin for \"Lake of Hope\") is a small lunar mare that is located in the northeastern part of the Moon's near side. To the north is the crater Mercurius and to the west-southwest lies Schumacher."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lacus Timoris", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Timoris (Latin for \"Lake of Fear\") is a small lunar mare on the Moon. It is located at 39.4\u00b0 S, 27.9\u00b0 W and is 154 km in diameter."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Moon landing", "paragraph_text": "Mission Mass (kg) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Surveyor 1 292 Atlas -- Centaur 30 May 1966 Landing Success -- 11,000 pictures returned, first U.S. Moon landing Oceanus Procellarum 002.45 S 043.22 W Surveyor 2 292 Atlas -- Centaur 20 September 1966 Landing Failure -- midcourse engine malfunction, placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater Sinus Medii 004.00 S 011.00 W Surveyor 3 302 Atlas -- Centaur 20 April 1967 Landing Success -- 6,000 pictures returned; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use Oceanus Procellarum 002.94 S 336.66 E Surveyor 4 282 Atlas -- Centaur 14 July 1967 Landing Failure -- radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown Sinus Medii unknown Surveyor 5 303 Atlas -- Centaur 8 September 1967 Landing Success -- 19,000 photos returned, first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor Mare Tranquillitatis 001.41 N 023.18 E Surveyor 6 300 Atlas -- Centaur 7 November 1967 Landing Success -- 30,000 photos returned, robot arm & alpha scatter science, engine restart, second landing 2.5 m away from first Sinus Medii 000.46 N 358.63 E Surveyor 7 306 Atlas -- Centaur 7 January 1968 Landing Success -- 21,000 photos returned; robot arm & alpha scatter science; laser beams from Earth detected Tycho Crater 041.01 S 348.59 E"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Daniel Hale Williams", "paragraph_text": "Daniel Hale Williams (January 18, 1856 -- August 4, 1931) was an African - American general surgeon, who in 1893 performed the second documented, successful pericardium surgery in the United States to repair a wound. He founded Chicago's Provident Hospital, the first non-segregated hospital in the United States, and also founded an associated nursing school for African Americans."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "B\u00fcrg (crater)", "paragraph_text": "B\u00fcrg is a prominent lunar impact crater in the northeast part of the Moon. It lies within the lava-flooded, ruined crater formation designated Lacus Mortis. To the south and southeast is the crater pair Plana and Mason. To the west, beyond the rim of Lacus Mortis, is the prominent crater Eudoxus."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lacus Autumni", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Autumni (Latin for \"Lake of Autumn\") is a region of lunar mare that lies near the western limb of the Moon. Along this side of the lunar surface is a huge impact basin centered on the Mare Orientale. Two concentric mountain rings surround the Orientale mare, the inner ring being named Montes Rook and an outer ring called the Montes Cordillera. Lacus Autumni lies in the northeastern quadrant of the gap between these two mountain rings. This section of the lunar surface is difficult to observe directly from the Earth."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lacus Luxuriae", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Luxuriae (Latin for \"Lake of Luxury\") is a small lunar mare on the far side of Moon. It is located at 19.0\u00b0 N, 176.0\u00b0 E and is 50 km in diameter."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lacus Lenitatis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Lenitatis (Latin for \"Lake of Softness\") is a small lunar mare in the Terra Nivium region on the Moon. It is located at 14.3\u00b0 N, 12.1\u00b0 E and is 78\u00a0km in diameter."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lacus Mortis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Mortis, Latin for \"Lake of Death\", is a plain of basaltic lava flows in the northeastern part of the Moon. It lies just to the south of the elongated Mare Frigoris, being separated by a slender arm of rugged ground. To the south is the Lacus Somniorum, separated from"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Lacus Odii", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Odii (Latin for \"Lake of Hate\") is a small lunar mare in the Terra Nivium region on the Moon. It is located at 19.0\u00b0 N, 7.0\u00b0 E and is 70\u00a0km in diameter."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ontario Lacus", "paragraph_text": "Ontario Lacus is a lake composed of methane, ethane and propane near the south pole of Saturn's moon Titan. Its character as a hydrocarbon lake was confirmed by observations from the \"Cassini\" spacecraft, published in the 31 July 2008 edition of \"Nature\". Ontario Lacus has a surface area of about , about 20% smaller than its terrestrial namesake, Lake Ontario in North America. In April 2012, it was announced that it may be more like a mudflat or salt pan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lacus Hiemalis", "paragraph_text": "Lacus Hiemalis (Latin for \"Lake of Winter\") is a small lunar mare in the Terra Nivium region on the Moon. It is located at 15.0\u00b0 N, 14.0\u00b0 E and is 50\u00a0km in diameter."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Terra Sabaea", "paragraph_text": "Terra Sabaea is a large area on Mars. Its coordinates are and it covers at its broadest extent. It was named in 1979 after a classic albedo feature on the planet. Terra Sabaea is fairly large and parts of it are found in five quadrangles: Arabia quadrangle, Syrtis Major quadrangle, Iapygia quadrangle, Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, and Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Centauri Montes", "paragraph_text": "Centauri Montes is a group of mountains in the Hellas quadrangle of Mars, located at . It is 270 km across and was named after the albedo feature Centauri Lacus."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Noctis Labyrinthus", "paragraph_text": "Noctis Labyrinthus (Latin: \"labyrinth of the night\") is a region of Mars between Valles Marineris and the Tharsis upland. It is located in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle. The region is notable for its maze-like system of deep, steep-walled valleys. The valleys and canyons of this region formed by faulting and many show classic features of grabens, with the upland plain surface preserved on the valley floor. In some places the valley floors are rougher, disturbed by landslides, and there are places where the land appears to have sunk down into pit-like formations. It is thought that this faulting was triggered by volcanic activity in the Tharsis region. Research described in December 2009 found a variety of minerals, including clays, sulfates, and hydrated silicas, in some of the layers."}], "question": "When was the second successful landing on the place where Lacus Gaudii is found?"}
{"id": "2hop__157761_21711", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Museu d'Art Jaume Morera", "paragraph_text": "The Museu d'Art Jaume Morera (Jaume Morera Art Museum) is a museum in Lleida (Catalonia) created by the Diputaci\u00f3 de Lleida and the Lleida City Council (\"La Paeria\") with the collaboration of the painter Jaume Morera i Gal\u00edcia. It is the museum of modern and contemporary art of the city of Lleida. Today is municipally owned and receives financial support from the \"Diputaci\u00f3 de Lleida\" and the Department of Culture of the Generalitat of Catalonia. Its entrance is free."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pasqual Maragall Foundation", "paragraph_text": "The Pasqual Maragall Foundation for Research on Alzheimer was founded to answer publicly the commitment made by Pasqual Maragall, President of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of Catalonia 2003\u20132006) and Mayor of Barcelona (1982\u20131997), in October 2007, when he announced that he had been diagnosed with the disease."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josep Dom\u00e8nech i Estap\u00e0", "paragraph_text": "His works in Barcelona include the church of Sant Andreu del Palomar (1881, with Pere Falqu\u00e9s), Teatre Poliorama and Reial Acad\u00e8mia de les Ci\u00e8ncies (1883), Palau de la Just\u00edcia - Palace of Justice courthouse (1887-1908, with Enric Sagnier i Villavecchia), Palau Montaner, now the Delegaci\u00f3n del Gobierno Espa\u00f1ol (Delegation of the Spanish Government) in Barcelona (1889-1896, with Llu\u00eds Dom\u00e8nech i Montaner), the University of Barcelona's Faculty of Medicine (1904), Modelo prison (1904, with Salvador Vinyals i Sabat\u00e9), the Amparo de Santa Luc\u00eda / Empar de Santa Ll\u00facia home for the blind, which eventually became the Museu de la Ci\u00e8ncia de Barcelona, now known as CosmoCaixa Barcelona (1904-1909), the Fabra Observatory (1906), Catalana de Gas i electricitat building and water tower (1908), the Church of Our Lady of Carmen (Esgl\u00e9sia de la Mare de D\u00e9u del Carme) and Carmelite convent (1910-1921, finished by his son Josep Dom\u00e8nech i Mansana) and Magoria station (1912). He also headed the construction of the Hospital Cl\u00ednic (1895-1906), based on a design by Ignasi C. Bartrol\u00ed (1881). In the town of Viladrau, he built the Hotel Bofill (1898)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pedro Madue\u00f1o", "paragraph_text": "Pedro Madue\u00f1o Palma (La Carlota, C\u00f3rdoba, 1961) is a Spanish photographer. Graphic reporter for newspaper La Vanguardia (Barcelona) since 1983-2015. In 2015 he is appointed Deputy to the Director of La Vanguardia with responsibility for the image area of this newspaper. President of the jury of the God\u00f3 Prize for Photojournalism of the Conde de Barcelona Foundation. He has been associate professor at the University Pompeu Fabra, since 2008 he teaches graduate students at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. He is the author of the official image of Prince Felipe de Borb\u00f3n y Grecia between 2002\u20132010, and he is also the author in 2010 of the official image of the President of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Artur Mas. He photographed Salvador Dal\u00ed during the last three years of the artist\u2019s life."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Centre de documentation et d'\u00e9tude sur la langue internationale", "paragraph_text": "The Centre de documentation et d'\u00e9tude sur la langue internationale (CDELI; English: Center for documentation and study about the international language) in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, was founded in 1967 by . It is the main branch of the city's library and contains more than 20,000 bibliographic units. Interlinguistically neutral (thus \"la langue internationale\"), CDELI aims to preserve documents in and about all kinds of constructed languages: it offers, in addition to Esperanto books and periodicals, the richest collections of materials about Volap\u00fck and Occidental, among others."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Barcelona Metro stations", "paragraph_text": "Lines L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L9, L10, L11 and the Funicular de Montju\u00efc are administered by Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), the city's transit company. Lines L6, L7, L8 and L12 are in origin commuter train services with extended frequency and integrated into the metro network, numbered as such, and run by the public Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC), which belongs to the Catalan government or Generalitat de Catalunya."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Axel Oxenstierna palace", "paragraph_text": "Axel Oxenstierna palace in the Old Town of Stockholm was designed by architect Jean de la Vall\u00e9e to Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna and the construction started in 1653."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la M\u00fasica, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect F\u00e9lix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "ANF Industrie", "paragraph_text": "Ateliers de Construction du Nord de la France was a French locomotive manufacturer, based at Crespin in the Arrondissement of Valenciennes, northern France. Later known as ANF Industrie or ANF the company was acquired by Bombardier Transportation in 1989 and is now part of Bombardier Transport France S.A.S."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Flavio Manzoni", "paragraph_text": "Manzoni studied Architecture at University of Florence, specializing in industrial design. In 1993 he joined the Centro Stile Lancia, and three years later he was made responsible for Interior Design of the marque. He worked on various projects such as the interiors of the Lancia Dialogos and the Maserati 3200 GT. In 1999, he moved to Barcelona to become Interior Design Director at SEAT, and working in the interiors of the production cars SEAT Altea and SEAT Le\u00f3n, and the concept cars SEAT Salsa and SEAT Tango."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's pommel horse", "paragraph_text": "These are the results of the men's pommel horse competition, one of eight events for male competitors in artistic gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. The qualification and final rounds took place on July 27, 29 and August 2 at the Palau d'Esports de Barcelona."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Agathe de La Fontaine", "paragraph_text": "Agathe de La Fontaine (born 27 March 1972) is a French actress. Her film roles include \"Train de vie\" (1998), which shared the 1999 Sundance World Cinema Audience Award with \"Run Lola Run\", and \"Love in Paris\", the sequel to \"9\u00bd Weeks\". La Fontaine was married to former football player Emmanuel Petit."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estaci\u00f3 del Nord (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, Estaci\u00f3n de Val\u00e8ncia-Joaqu\u00edn Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. Valencia Airport is situated 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Valencia city centre. Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km (110 mi) south of Valencia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Palau Track and Field Team", "paragraph_text": "Palau Track and Field Team was a Palauan association football club which competed in the Palau Soccer League, the top level league in Palau, in the inaugural season in 2004, when they finished third. Due to fragmentary records, it is not known how many other seasons they competed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Castillo de San Marcos", "paragraph_text": "The Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States. Located on the western shore of Matanzas Bay in the city of St. Augustine, Florida, the fort was designed by the Spanish engineer Ignacio Daza. Construction began in 1672, 107 years after the city's founding by Spanish Admiral and conquistador Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, when Florida was part of the Spanish Empire. The fort's construction was ordered by Governor Francisco de la Guerra y de la Vega after the destructive raid by the English privateer Robert Searles in 1668. Work proceeded under the administration of Guerra's successor, Manuel de Cendoya in 1671, and the first coquina stones were laid in 1672. The construction of the core of the current fortress was completed in 1695, though it would undergo many alterations and renovations over the centuries."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Palau G\u00fcell", "paragraph_text": "The Palau G\u00fcell (, ) is a mansion designed by the architect Antoni Gaud\u00ed for the industrial tycoon Eusebi G\u00fcell and built between 1886 and 1888. It is situated on the Carrer Nou de la Rambla, in the El Raval neighbourhood of the city of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site \"Works of Antoni Gaud\u00ed\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Complexe Maisonneuve", "paragraph_text": "Complexe Maisonneuve is an office building complex in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Complexe Maisonneuve is located on De la Gaucheti\u00e8re Street West between University Street and Beaver Hall Hill. It is situated facing Victoria Square in the Quartier international district of Downtown Montreal, and is linked to Montreal's Underground City and Square-Victoria-OACI Station on the Montreal Metro. The complex consists of two buildings, the Tour de la Banque Nationale and 700 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re. It was constructed in 1983, and the two towers share an underground base six floors deep."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Biib Strykers", "paragraph_text": "Biib Strykers is a Palauan association football club founded in 2012 which played in the Palau Soccer League, the top level league in Palau in the Spring League 2012."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace (Palau De La M\u00fasica) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gothic architecture", "paragraph_text": "The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris."}], "question": "When was the Palau de la Generalitat in the city where he moved to in 1999 constructed?"}
{"id": "2hop__146534_33939", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Isseke", "paragraph_text": "Isseke is an administrative ward in the Manyoni district of the Singida Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 8,966."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bashnet", "paragraph_text": "Bashnet is an administrative ward in Babati District of Manyara Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 17,298."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Blandford St Mary", "paragraph_text": "Blandford St Mary is a village and civil parish in the North Dorset district of Dorset, England. The village is on the south bank of the River Stour, immediately opposite the larger town of Blandford Forum. The village grew up around the Badger Brewery, owned by Hall and Woodhouse, which is based there. At the 2001 census it had a population of 1,233. The appropriate electoral ward is called 'Portman' with naturally the most populous area being south of the river. The ward includes Bryanston School and also runs south west almost to Thornicombe. The total ward population at the abovementioned census was 2,436."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nduruma", "paragraph_text": "Nduruma is an administrative ward in the Arumeru district of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 10,316."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mafyeko", "paragraph_text": "Mafyeko is an administrative ward in the Chunya district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 3,388."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mary Jane Croft", "paragraph_text": "Mary Jane Croft (February 15, 1916 -- August 24, 1999) was an American actress best known for her roles as Betty Ramsey on I Love Lucy, Ms. Daisy Enright on the radio and television versions of Our Miss Brooks, Mary Jane Lewis on The Lucy Show and Here's Lucy, and Clara Randolph on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Only Four You", "paragraph_text": "Only Four You is a 1985 album by the American vocal girl group Mary Jane Girls. Released on February 14, 1985, this is the second and last studio album released by the group. As with their debut album, \"Mary Jane Girls\", the album was produced and written by Rick James."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Man Behind the Mask", "paragraph_text": "The Man Behind the Mask is a 1936 British mystery film directed by Michael Powell and starring Hugh Williams, Jane Baxter, Ronald Ward, Maurice Schwartz, George Merritt, Henry Oscar and Peter Gawthorne. A man assaults and switches places with another at a masked ball, and then attempts a major theft \u2013 casting suspicion on the original man."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mary Jane Ward", "paragraph_text": "Mary Jane Ward (August 27, 1905 in Fairmount, Indiana - February 17, 1981, in Tucson, Arizona) was an American novelist whose semi-autobiographical book \"The Snake Pit\" was made into an Oscar-winning film."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The One Where Rachel Smokes", "paragraph_text": "Joanna Gleason as Kim Clozzi Jane Sibbett as Carol Megan Ward as Nancy Judy Kain as The Casting Director Jim Wise as Kyle Jack Allen & Charlie Allen as Ben Matt Weinberg as Raymond"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bangata", "paragraph_text": "Bangata is an administrative ward in the Arumeru district of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 7,612."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ifumbo", "paragraph_text": "Ifumbo is an administrative ward in the Chunya district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 5,615."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910. At about this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson after the war, due to the clean dry air. Over the following years the city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of Pima County, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Themi", "paragraph_text": "Themi is an administrative ward in the Arusha District of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 8,618."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mary Jane Harper Cried Last Night", "paragraph_text": "Mary Jane Harper Cried Last Night is a Golden Globe nominated CBS television film starring Susan Dey as an abusive mother. The film, which aired in October 1977, was written and produced by Joanna Lee and featured a supporting cast including Rhea Perlman, Kevin McCarthy and Natasha Ryan as Mary Jane Harper."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Raymond H. Burke", "paragraph_text": "Raymond H. Burke was born in Nicholsville, Ohio, the son of Daniel Fletcher Burke and Mary Jane McNair. Fletcher Burke was born in Iowa and was a farmer, mechanic, and machinist who died in the Cincinnati flood of 1884; Mary McNair Burke died when Raymond was six. Raymond went to Clermont County, Ohio to live with his maternal grandparents. Hugh McNair was born in Scotland worked as a blacksmith and was later a postmaster in Clermont County. There Raymond Burke attended Jackson School and then worked on a farm and in the village while studying to teach in rural schools. He taught at Pendleton School near Point Pleasant, Ohio in 1899 and 1900. He was a student at Oberlin Academy (1900\u201302) and Oberlin College (1902\u201305) to get a teaching certificate and was graduated with a Bachelor of Science from the University of Chicago in 1906."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Most Beautiful Woman in Paris", "paragraph_text": "The Most Beautiful Woman in Paris (German: Die sch\u00f6nste Frau von Paris) is a 1928 German silent film directed by Jacob Fleck and Luise Fleck and starring  Elga Brink, Werner Fuetterer and Warwick Ward."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ndago", "paragraph_text": "Ndago is an administrative ward in the Iramba district of the Singida Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 12,332."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mdandu", "paragraph_text": "Mdandu is a town and ward in Wanging'ombe District of Njombe Region in the southern highlands of Tanzania, East Africa. As of 2002, the population of the ward was 26,149."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Elizabeth I of England", "paragraph_text": "Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, aged 15. His will ignored the Succession to the Crown Act 1543, excluded both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, and instead declared as his heir Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary. Jane was proclaimed queen by the Privy Council, but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days. On 3 August 1553, Mary rode triumphantly into London, with Elizabeth at her side."}], "question": "In 1900, what was the population of the place where Mary Jane Ward died?"}
{"id": "2hop__36547_14702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "AGM-86 ALCM", "paragraph_text": "The AGM-86 ALCM is an American subsonic air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) built by Boeing and operated by the United States Air Force. This missile was developed to increase the effectiveness and survivability of the Boeing B-52H Stratofortress bomber. In combination, the missile dilutes an enemy's forces and complicates air defense of its territory."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipment, leadership, and education, personnel, and facilities spectrum. These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security, but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation. It should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "53rd Electronic Warfare Group", "paragraph_text": "The group was activated again on 15 April 1993 as the 68th Electronic Combat Group. It provided operational and technical electronic combat expertise for US combat air forces from 1993 to 1998 when it was inactivated and replaced by the 53d Electronic Warfare Group due to USAF policy that groups carry the same number as their parent wing. Two years later USAF once again acted to preserve this historic unit by consolidating it with the organization that had replaced it. The group performed electronic warfare (EW) technology assessments; tested, developed, managed, and maintained EW systems hardware and software to meet Combat Air Force (CAF) mission requirements, since 1998."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their service's principal \"warriors\" working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft. Air Force officers have never felt they needed the formal social \"distance\" from their enlisted force that is common in the other U.S. armed services. Although the paradigm is changing, for most of its history, the Air Force, completely unlike its sister services, has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought, not its enlisted force, the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force. When the enlisted force did go into harm's way, such as members of multi-crewed aircraft, the close comradeship of shared risk in tight quarters created traditions that shaped a somewhat different kind of officer/enlisted relationship than exists elsewhere in the military."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including \"No One Comes Close\" and Uno Ab Alto (\"One From On High\"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used \"Aim High\" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used \"Cross into the Blue\", \"We've been waiting for you\" and \"Do Something Amazing\", \"Above All\", and the newest one, as of 7 October 2010, considered a call and response, \"Aim high\" followed with the response, \"Fly-Fight-Win\" Each wing, group, or squadron usually has its own slogan(s). Information and logos can usually be found on the wing, group, or squadron websites."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 573", "paragraph_text": "United Nations Security Council resolution 573, adopted on 4 October 1985, after hearing a complaint by Tunisia, the Council condemned an air raid on the country by the Air Force of Israel on 1 October. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) headquarters was targeted in the attack, after Israel had responded to the murder of three Israeli citizens in Cyprus."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "8th Fighter Wing", "paragraph_text": "The United States Air Force 8th Fighter Wing is the host unit at Kunsan Air Base, Republic of Korea and is assigned to Seventh Air Force. Seventh Air Force falls under Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). The Wing's 8th Operations Group is the successor of the 8th Pursuit Group, one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Carnival", "paragraph_text": "Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, S\u00e3o Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in S\u00e3oNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In S\u00e3o Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival S\u00e3o Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Bell P-63 Kingcobra", "paragraph_text": "The Bell P-63 Kingcobra is an American fighter aircraft developed by Bell Aircraft in World War II from the Bell P-39 Airacobra in an attempt to correct that aircraft's deficiencies. Although the P-63 was not accepted for combat use by the United States Army Air Forces, it was adopted by the Soviet Air Force."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jack E. Steele", "paragraph_text": "Jack E. Steele (January 27, 1924 \u2013 January 19, 2009) was an American medical doctor and retired US Air Force colonel, most widely known for coining the word bionics."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775. In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time militias which could also be called into the service of the army."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "TrueMajority", "paragraph_text": "TrueMajority was a progressive advocacy group in the United States. In September 2007, TrueMajority and its related organization TrueMajorityACTION merged with USAction. By 2008, the combined groups had over 700,000 members, making it, together with MoveOn, one of the two largest liberal advocacy groups in the United States."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Secretary of the Air Force", "paragraph_text": "The Secretary of the Air Force (SecAF, or SAF / OS) is the head of the Department of the Air Force, a component organization within the Department of Defense of the United States. The Secretary of the Air Force is appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Secretary reports to the Secretary of Defense and / or the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and is by statute responsible for and has the authority to conduct all the affairs of the Department of the Air Force."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Heckler & Koch HK417", "paragraph_text": "The Heckler & Koch HK417 is a battle rifle designed and manufactured by Heckler & Koch in Germany. It is the larger caliber version of the HK416, and chambered for the full-power 7.62\u00d751mm NATO rifle cartridge. It is a gas-operated, selective fire rifle with a rotating bolt. The HK417 is intended for use in roles where the greater penetrative power, stopping power, and range of the 7.62\u00d751mm cartridge are required. It has been adopted for service by a number of armed forces, special forces, and police organizations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Triple bottom line", "paragraph_text": "The triple bottom line (or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL) is an accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and financial. Some organizations have adopted the TBL framework to evaluate their performance in a broader perspective to create greater business value. Business writer John Elkington claims to have coined the phrase in 1994."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bermuda", "paragraph_text": "Construction began in 1941 of two airbases consisting of 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi) of land, largely reclaimed from the sea. For many years, Bermuda's bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet. The principal installation, Kindley Air Force Base on the eastern coast, was transferred to the US Navy in 1970 and redesignated Naval Air Station Bermuda. As a naval air station, the base continued to host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was sometimes prefixed by 'Light' or 'Heavy' (LAA or HAA) to classify a type of gun or unit. Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AA, AAA or triple-A, an abbreviation of anti-aircraft artillery; \"ack-ack\" (from the spelling alphabet used by the British for voice transmission of \"AA\"); and archie (a World War I British term probably coined by Amyas Borton and believed to derive via the Royal Flying Corps from the music-hall comedian George Robey's line \"Archibald, certainly not!\")."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States Air Force", "paragraph_text": "Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range from \"Friday Name Tags\" in flying units to an annual \"Mustache Month.\" The use of \"challenge coins\" is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the \"roof stomp\", practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement."}], "question": "What group combined with the branch of the military that the US Air Force adopted \"Challenge Coins\" from?"}
{"id": "2hop__101756_20590", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jean Stonell", "paragraph_text": "Jean Stonell (30 December 1928 \u2013 27 July 2008) was a New Zealand cricketer. She played in four Test matches between 1957 and 1966."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sweden", "paragraph_text": "Sweden is the sixteenth-richest country in the world in terms of GDP (gross domestic product) per capita and a high standard of living is experienced by its citizens. Sweden is an export-oriented mixed economy. Timber, hydropower and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy with a heavy emphasis on foreign trade. Sweden's engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports, while telecommunications, the automotive industry and the pharmaceutical industries are also of great importance. Sweden is the ninth-largest arms exporter in the world. Agriculture accounts for 2% of GDP and employment. The country ranks among the highest for telephone and Internet access penetration.Trade unions, employers' associations and collective agreements cover a large share of the employees in Sweden. The high coverage of collective agreements is achieved despite the absence of state mechanisms extending collective agreements to whole industries or sectors. Both the prominent role of collective bargaining and the way in which the high rate of coverage is achieved reflect the dominance of self-regulation (regulation by the labour market parties themselves) over state regulation in Swedish industrial relations. When the Swedish Ghent system was changed in 2007, resulting in considerably raised fees to unemployment funds, a substantial decline in union density and density of unemployment funds occurred."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Papua New Guinea", "paragraph_text": "Elections in 1972 resulted in the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister Michael Somare, who pledged to lead the country to self - government and then to independence. Papua New Guinea became self - governing on 1 December 1973 and achieved independence on 16 September 1975. The country joined the United Nations (UN) on 10 October 1975 by way of Security Council Resolution 375 and General Assembly resolution 3368. The 1977 national elections confirmed Michael Somare as Prime Minister at the head of a coalition led by the Pangu Party. However, his government lost a vote of confidence in 1980 and was replaced by a new cabinet headed by Sir Julius Chan as prime minister. The 1982 elections increased Pangu's plurality, and parliament again chose Somare as prime minister. In November 1985, the Somare government lost another vote of no confidence, and the parliamentary majority elected Paias Wingti, at the head of a five - party coalition, as prime minister. A coalition, headed by Wingti, was victorious in very close elections in July 1987. In July 1988, a no - confidence vote toppled Wingti and brought to power Rabbie Namaliu, who a few weeks earlier had replaced Somare as leader of the Pangu Party."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The English Teacher", "paragraph_text": "This novel, dedicated to Narayan's wife Rajam is not only autobiographical but also poignant in its intensity of feeling. The story is a series of experiences in the life of Krishna, an English teacher, and his quest towards achieving inner peace and self - development."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Timeline of women's suffrage", "paragraph_text": "Some women in the Isle of Man (geographically part of the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom) gained the right to vote in 1881. Though it did not achieve nationhood until 1907, the colony of New Zealand was the first self - governing country in the world in which all women had the right to vote in, but not to stand for, parliamentary elections in 1893, followed closely by the colony of South Australia in 1894 (which, unlike New Zealand, allowed women to stand for Parliament). In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was granted during the age of liberty between 1718 and 1772."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Traces (Jean-Jacques Goldman album)", "paragraph_text": "Traces is a 1989 album recorded by French singer-songwriter Jean-Jacques Goldman. It was his second live album and his seventh album overall. It was recorded during the singer's tour 1988, between March and December, in various countries (France, Congo, Belgium). The album was released on 13 March 1989 and spawned two singles which achieved success in France : \"Il changeait la vie\" (#14), which preceded the album's release, and \"Peur de rien blues\" (#17). The album was successful on the French chart."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Norma Jean Riley", "paragraph_text": "\"Norma Jean Riley\" is a song written by Rob Honey, Monty Powell and Dan Truman, and recorded by American country music group Diamond Rio. It was released in March 1992 as the fourth single from their self-titled album. Unlike the four other singles released from the album, a music video was not made for this song."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Swaraj", "paragraph_text": "Swar\u0101j (Hindi: \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c swa - ``self '', raj`` rule'') can mean generally self - governance or ``self - rule '', and was used synonymously with`` home - rule'' by Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati and later on by Mahatma Gandhi, but the word usually refers to Gandhi's concept for Indian independence from foreign domination. Swaraj lays stress on governance, not by a hierarchical government, but by self governance through individuals and community building. The focus is on political decentralisation. Since this is against the political and social systems followed by Britain, Gandhi's concept of Swaraj advocated India's discarding British political, economic, bureaucratic, legal, military, and educational institutions. S. Satyamurti, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru were among a contrasting group of Swarajists who laid the foundation for parliamentary democracy in India."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dieu a besoin des hommes", "paragraph_text": "Dieu a besoin des hommes (\"God Needs Man\") is a 1950 French drama film directed by Jean Delannoy. At the 1st Berlin International Film Festival it won the Special Prize for an Excellent Film Achievement."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jeans On", "paragraph_text": "``Jeans On ''is a song by British musician David Dundas from his 1977 self - titled debut album. Released as a single the previous year, it was first featured as a television advertising jingle for Brutus Jeans. The popularity of the commercial eventually led to the recording of`` Jeans On'' as a full - length song, with some lyrical changes."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest there. This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840, which created the Province of Canada. Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the British North America Act, 1867 by the British Parliament, Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into the Dominion of Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of international relations. Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies federating in 1901. The term \"dominion status\" was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ard\u00e8le ou la Marguerite", "paragraph_text": "Ard\u00e8le ou la Marguerite is a 1948 play by French dramatist Jean Anouilh. It was the first of his self-styled pi\u00e8ces grin\u00e7antes - i.e., 'grating' black comedies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Himachal Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The Federation of Nigeria was granted full independence on 1 October 1960 under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self - government for the country's three regions. From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the ``House of Representatives. ''Jaja Wachuku replaced Sir Frederick Metcalfe of Britain. Notably, as First Speaker of the House, Jaja Wachuku received Nigeria's Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on 1 October 1960, from Princess Alexandra of Kent, The Queen's representative at the Nigerian independence ceremonies."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves toward majority rule, declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing \"loyalty and devotion\" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade. As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Private school", "paragraph_text": "Legally, only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India. They will have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get Recognition (a form of license) from the government. Critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world. While official data does not capture the real extent of private schooling in the country, various studies have reported unpopularity of government schools and an increasing number of private schools. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), which evaluates learning levels in rural India, has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools. A key difference between the government and private schools is that the medium of education in private schools is English while it is the local language in government schools."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Poverty in the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "The Human Development Index, as defined by the United Nations, is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and having a decent standard of living. For the Philippines, the HDI increased by 16.5% between 1980 and 2013. The country ranked 117 out of 187 countries in 2013. The HDI in 2013 was 0.660, which implied that the Philippines was under the medium human development group (which needs an HDI of 0.614). The nation's HDI was higher than the average for countries in the medium human development group, but lower than the average of the countries in East Asia and Pacific (0.703)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation, established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members. Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s, but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence. The British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and Montserrat opted to retain ties with Britain, while Guyana achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, British Honduras, became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "Beginning the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America. In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation, and formed self-governing independent states. The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self-governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War (also called American War of Independence)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly."}], "question": "When did the country that Jean Stonell lived in achieve self-government?"}
{"id": "2hop__152910_58480", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kelly Kovach Schoenly", "paragraph_text": "Kelly Kovach Schoenly is an American softball coach and former softball player. She has been the head softball coach at Ohio State since June 2012. She previously served as the head softball coach at Miami (Ohio) from 2006 to 2012. She has also been an assistant coach at Michigan and Penn State."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tom Herman", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Joseph Herman III (born June 2, 1975) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head football coach at The University of Texas at Austin. He was previously the head coach at the University of Houston."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tom Craft", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Jay Craft (born November 12, 1953) is the head football coach at Riverside Community College in Riverside, CA, and was the head football coach at San Diego State University (SDSU) from 2002-2005 and at Palomar College in San Marcos, CA from 1983-2000. Craft has also been the associate head coach and offensive coordinator at Mount San Antonio College in Walnut, CA."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alex Ball", "paragraph_text": "Alex Ball (born 4 August 1981) is a footballer who played in The Football League for Bristol City. Ball is now a youth academy coach at Southampton after joining from his post as Head of youth development at Bristol City."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "LaSalle Thompson", "paragraph_text": "LaSalle Thompson III (born June 23, 1961) is an American former professional basketball player, who spent most of his 15-year career with the Kansas City/Sacramento Kings and Indiana Pacers. The 6'10\", 245-pound Thompson spent time at both the center and power forward positions during his playing career. He later served as an assistant coach for the Charlotte Bobcats, during head coach Larry Brown's tenure and for the New York Knicks during head coach Mike Woodson's tenure."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bill Walkenbach", "paragraph_text": "Bill Walkenbach is an American college baseball coach, currently the head coach of Division III Claremont-Mudd-Scripps. Previously, he was the head coach at Cornell from 2009 season to 2015 season and at Franklin & Marshall from 2006 to 2008. Walkenbach led both of these schools to an NCAA Tournament appearance."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Guy Boucher", "paragraph_text": "Guy Boucher (born August 3, 1971) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach. Boucher is the current head coach of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was the head coach of the Tampa Bay Lightning from 2010 -- 2013 and SC Bern from 2014 -- 15. He previously coached in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. He has coached various Canadian international teams."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Herbert McQuillan", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Raymond \"Hub\" McQuillan (October 25, 1891 \u2013 November 25, 1972) was an American football and basketball coach in the United States. He served as the head football coach at Stetson University from 1923 to 1934 and again from 1955 to 1956, compiling a record of 55\u201344\u20138. McQuillan was also the head basketball coach at Stetson from 1924 to 1935, at Texas A&M University from 1935 to 1941, and at Texas Christian University from 1941 to 1948, amassing a career college basketball record of 220\u2013224."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Fox (American football)", "paragraph_text": "John Fox Fox in 2010 Chicago Bears Position: Head coach Date of birth: (1955 - 02 - 08) February 8, 1955 (age 62) Place of birth: Virginia Beach, Virginia Career information High school: Chula Vista (CA) Castle Park College: San Diego State Undrafted: 1978 Career history As player: Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1978) * * Offseason and / or practice squad member only As coach: San Diego State (1978) Graduate assistant U.S. International (1979) Defensive backs coach Boise State (1980) Defensive backs coach Long Beach State (1981) Defensive backs coach Utah (1982) Defensive backs coach Kansas (1983) Defensive backs coach Iowa State (1984) Defensive backs coach Los Angeles Express (1985) Defensive backs coach Pittsburgh (1986 -- 1988) Defensive coordinator & defensive backs coach Pittsburgh Steelers (1989 -- 1991) Defensive backs coach San Diego Chargers (1992 -- 1993) Defensive backs coach Los Angeles Raiders (1994 -- 1995) Defensive coordinator St. Louis Rams (1996) Personnel consultant New York Giants (1997 -- 2001) Defensive coordinator Carolina Panthers (2002 -- 2010) Head coach Denver Broncos (2011 -- 2014) Head coach Chicago Bears (2015 -- present) Head coach Career highlights and awards NFC Championship (2000, 2003) AFC Championship (2013) Head coaching record Regular season: 128 -- 113 (. 531) Postseason: 8 -- 7 (. 533) Career: 136 -- 120 (. 531) Coaching stats at PFR"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Pawlowski", "paragraph_text": "John Pawlowski is an American baseball coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at Western Kentucky. He has also served as the head coach at Auburn and the College of Charleston."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Anthony Lynn", "paragraph_text": "Anthony Ray Lynn (born December 21, 1968) is a former American football running back and current head coach for the Los Angeles Chargers of the NFL. Lynn began his professional coaching career with the Denver Broncos in 2000 as a special teams assistant, then the offensive coordinator for the Buffalo Bills before becoming the Chargers head coach in 2017."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mohammad Shahid Jabbar", "paragraph_text": "Mohammad Shahid Jabbar is the current head coach of the Odisha women's football team. He served as the head coach of the India women's national football team from 2010 to 2012."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Harland Svare", "paragraph_text": "Harland James Svare (born November 25, 1930) is an American former professional football player and coach. Svare was a linebacker who played eight seasons with the Los Angeles Rams and New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL) from 1953 to 1960. He was the Rams head coach from midway the 1962 season through 1965, and the San Diego Chargers head coach from 1971 through 1973."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kirsty Carline", "paragraph_text": "Kirsty Carline (n\u00e9e Broughton) is a New Zealand netball coach and retired netball player. Carline is the daughter of prominent netball coach Robyn Broughton, a former Silver Ferns assistant coach and head coach of the Southern Sting and Southern Steel, and presently head coach of the Central Pulse."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Andy Reid", "paragraph_text": "Andrew Walter Reid (born March 19, 1958) is an American football coach who is the current head coach for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). Reid was previously the head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles, a position he held from 1999 to 2012. From 2001 to 2012, he was also the Eagles' executive vice president of football operations, effectively making him the team's general manager. He led the Eagles to five National Football Conference (NFC) championship games, including four consecutive appearances from 2001 - 2004, and one Super Bowl appearance in 2004. Reid was fired by Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie following the 2012 season and reached an agreement to become the head coach of the Chiefs five days later. Reid played college football at Brigham Young University."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jim Zalesky", "paragraph_text": "Jim Zalesky is an American college wrestling coach and is currently the head wrestling coach for the Oregon State Beavers and a member of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame. Prior to joining the Beavers, he was the coach of the University of Iowa wrestling team from 1998\u20132006. At Iowa, he succeeded Dan Gable as head coach, under whom he was a three-time NCAA champion. He guided the Hawkeyes to NCAA team championships in 1998, 1999, and 2000."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cynthia Ona Innis", "paragraph_text": "Cynthia Ona Innis (born 1969) is an American painter, sculptor and visual artist raised in San Diego and based out of Oakland. Her work has been described as \"paintings one doesn't look at so much as immerse oneself in\", as well as \"sensual\", \"organic\" and \"science fiction-y\" where \"a futuristic heaven-meets-hell\". Innis graduated with a B.A. from the University of California at Berkeley and earned her post-graduate M.F.A. from Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. She has received the San Francisco Arts Commission Honorarium, the James D. Phelan Award in printmaking, a MacDowell Colony Fellowship and Residency award, and the James D. Phelan Award in painting, among other awards and recognition."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bill Belichick", "paragraph_text": "Bill Belichick Belichick in 2017 New England Patriots Position: Head coach Born: (1952 - 04 - 16) April 16, 1952 (age 66) Nashville, Tennessee Career information College: Wesleyan University Career history As coach: Baltimore Colts (1975) Special assistant Detroit Lions (1976) Assistant special teams coach Detroit Lions (1977) Receivers coach Denver Broncos (1978) Assistant special teams coach & defensive assistant New York Giants (1979) Special teams coach & defensive assistant New York Giants (1980 -- 1984) Linebackers coach & special teams coach New York Giants (1985 -- 1990) Defensive coordinator Cleveland Browns (1991 -- 1995) Head coach New England Patriots (1996) Assistant head coach & defensive backs coach New York Jets (1997 -- 1999) Assistant head coach & defensive coordinator New England Patriots (2000 -- present) Head coach Career highlights and awards As a head coach: 5 \u00d7 Super Bowl champion (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI) 3 \u00d7 AP NFL Coach of the Year (2003, 2007, 2010) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team 8x AFC Champion (2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017) As a defensive coordinator: 2 \u00d7 Super Bowl champion (XXI, XXV) Head coaching record Regular season: 252 -- 119 (. 679) Postseason: 28 -- 11 (. 718) Career: 280 -- 130 (. 683) Coaching stats at PFR"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marco Aur\u00e9lio Motta", "paragraph_text": "Marco Aur\u00e9lio Motta (born 1960 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a volleyball coach from Brazil. He is the head coach of the Turkey women's national team since 2011."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Los Angeles Chargers", "paragraph_text": "The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football team based in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The Chargers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division. The team was founded on August 14, 1959, and began play on September 10, 1960, as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL), and spent its first season in Los Angeles, before moving to San Diego in 1961 to become the San Diego Chargers. The Chargers joined the NFL as result of the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970, and played their home games at SDCCU Stadium. The return of the Chargers to Los Angeles was announced for the 2017 season, just one year after the Rams had moved back to the city from St. Louis. The Chargers will play their home games at the StubHub Center until the opening in 2020 of the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, which they will share with the Rams."}], "question": "Who is the head coach for the Chargers, in the city that Cynthia Ona Innis is from?"}
{"id": "2hop__158664_50122", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Suzette Raines", "paragraph_text": "Suzette Marie Raines is an American politician and a Republican member of the West Virginia House of Delegates representing District 35 since January 12, 2013."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "USRowing", "paragraph_text": "USRowing is the national governing body for the sport of rowing in the United States. It serves to promote the sport on all levels of competition, including the selection and training of those who represent the US at international level."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Charles E. Jefferson", "paragraph_text": "Charles E. Jefferson is a former Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives, who represented the 67th District from April 2001 to July 2014. He served as Assistant Majority Leader. He resigned from the Illinois House of Representatives July 1, 2014. He was a member of the Winnebago County Board prior to serving as a State Representative."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Debbie Wasserman Schultz", "paragraph_text": "Wasserman Schultz was elected chair of the Democratic National Committee in May 2011, replacing Tim Kaine. On July 28, 2016, Wasserman Schultz resigned from her position after WikiLeaks released a collection of stolen emails indicating that Wasserman Schultz and other members of the DNC staff had exercised bias against Senator Bernie Sanders and in favor of Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic primaries. She was subsequently appointed honorary chair of the Clinton campaign's \"50 state program\".[73]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Theodore Sedgwick", "paragraph_text": "Theodore Sedgwick (May 9, 1746January 24, 1813) was an American attorney, politician and jurist, who served in elected state government and as a Delegate to the Continental Congress, a U.S. Representative, and a United States Senator from Massachusetts. He served as the fourth Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was appointed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in 1802 and served there the rest of his life."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Debbie Wasserman Schultz", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Wasserman Schultz (; born September 27, 1966) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Florida's 23rd congressional district, first elected to Congress in 2004. A Democrat, she is a past Chair of the Democratic National Committee."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ivan Schultz", "paragraph_text": "Ivan Schultz (November 22, 1891 in Baldur, Manitoba \u2013 March 5, 1974) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1930 to 1955, and was a prominent cabinet minister in the governments of John Bracken, Stuart Garson and Douglas Campbell."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "H\u00f6gre mark", "paragraph_text": "H\u00f6gre mark is a song written by Staffan Hellstrand, and recorded by Idde Schultz on 1995 album Idde Schultz, and released as a single the same year. She also recorded the song with lyrics in English, as Higher Ground, which was released as a single in 1996. samt tog med p\u00e5\u00a8den engelskspr\u00e5kiga versionen av albumet \"Idde Schultz\" samma \u00e5r."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Texas's 16th congressional district", "paragraph_text": "Texas District 16 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional district that serves El Paso and the surrounding area in the state of Texas. The current Representative from District 16 is Beto O'Rourke."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Go Go Power Rangers", "paragraph_text": "``Go Go Power Rangers ''is a single by Ron Wasserman who recorded the song as`` Aaron Waters - The Mighty RAW.'' It was released by Saban Records, later renamed Saban Music Group of Saban Capital Group, on CD and cassette formats in the US on December 2, 1994, and in the UK December 14, 1994. The song serves as the opening theme for the first three seasons of the original Power Rangers series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. The song, with minor alterations of its lyrics, was also used for the mini-series Alien Rangers. The titular refrain, ``Go Go Power Rangers! '', has become a popular catchphrase associated with the show, and it has been used in several other themes for the series."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "541 Deborah", "paragraph_text": "Deborah (minor planet designation: 541 Deborah) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered by Max Wolf on August 4, 1904. The semi-major axis of the orbit lies just inside the 5/2 Kirkwood gap, located at 2.824\u00a0AU. It was named after the biblical character Deborah."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kay Khan", "paragraph_text": "Kay Khan is an American state legislator serving in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. She has represented Newton in the Massachusetts House of Representatives since 1995. She was originally appointed by Speaker Robert DeLeo in 2009 to serve as the House Chair of the Joint Committee on Children, Families, and Persons with Disabilities, and has served in this capacity ever since."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Idde Schultz", "paragraph_text": "Idde Schultz, \"Eva Ann-Ida Schultz\", born 1 September 1963 in Stockholm, Sweden is a Swedish female singer and guitarist. She's a member in the band Docenterna and former member of Lars Winnerb\u00e4ck's band Hovet. She's sister to Irma Schultz Keller. She has scored record successes at the Swedish charts during the mid-late 1990s and the 2000s."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sabrina Jeffries", "paragraph_text": "Sabrina Jeffries is the pen name of a best-selling American author of romance novels, who also writes under the pen names Deborah Martin and Deborah Nicholas."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bob Wasserman", "paragraph_text": "Robert \"Bob\" Wasserman (January 12, 1934 \u2013 December 29, 2011) was an American politician and retired police chief, who served as the Mayor of Fremont, California, from 2004 to 2011. He has been credited with integrating Fremont's economy and workforce with into the larger Silicon Valley during his tenures as mayor and a city councilman."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Olin D. Johnston", "paragraph_text": "Olin DeWitt Talmadge Johnston (November 18, 1896April 18, 1965) was a Democratic Party politician from the US state of South Carolina. He served as the 98th Governor of South Carolina, 1935\u20131939 and 1943\u20131945, and represented the state in the United States Senate from 1945 until his death from pneumonia in Columbia, South Carolina in 1965."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Larry A. Wasserman", "paragraph_text": "Larry A. Wasserman is a Canadian statistician and a professor in the Department of Statistics and the Machine Learning Department at Carnegie Mellon University."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Duncan Lamont Clinch", "paragraph_text": "Duncan Lamont Clinch (April 6, 1787 \u2013 October 28, 1849) was an American army officer and served as a commander during the First and Second Seminole Wars. He also served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Deborah Ferguson", "paragraph_text": "Deborah Ferguson (born in Parkin, Arkansas) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Arkansas House of Representatives representing District 51 since January 14, 2013."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Climate of Florida", "paragraph_text": "Statewide, the highest rainfall amounts occur during the summer months. In northern Florida, there is a weak winter secondary maximum while statewide the driest months of the year are during the spring. During El Ni\u00f1o, Florida sees greater rainfall between November and March. Due to the lack of the secondary maximum across the peninsula, a distinct dry season is seen in the averages from winter through spring. This dry season provokes brush fires annually as temperatures rise during the late spring, before they fade during early June as the rainy season gets underway."}], "question": "When does it rain the most in the state where Deborah Wasserman Schultz served as a US Representative?"}
{"id": "2hop__145716_29055", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of bridges of Pittsburgh", "paragraph_text": "A 2006 study determined that Pittsburgh has 446 bridges, and with its proximity to three major rivers and countless hills and ravines, Pittsburgh is known as ``The City of Bridges ''. The city of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County are the largest owners of great bridges in the country, in proper proportion to their size, with the possible exception of the City of New York, which is built on an island and surrounded by large bodies of water."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Br\u00fccke Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Br\u00fccke Museum in Berlin houses the world's largest collection of works by \"Die Br\u00fccke\" (\"The Bridge\"), an early 20th-century expressionist movement."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Geojedo", "paragraph_text": "Geojedo or Geoje Island (also often spelled Koje Island) is the principal island of Geoje City, on the southern coast of Gyeongsangnam-do province, South Korea. It is joined to land by two bridges from nearby Tongyeong. Gohyeon is the largest town on the island. The Busan-Geoje Fixed Link was open in December 2010 and provides a more direct connection to the city of Busan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Bordellos of Algiers", "paragraph_text": "The Bordellos of Algiers (German: Die Frauengasse von Algier) is a 1927 German silent drama film directed by Wolfgang Hoffmann-Harnisch and starring Maria Jacobini, Camilla Horn and Warwick Ward. The film was shot on location in North Africa. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hans Jacoby and Bruno Krauskopf."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Belfast", "paragraph_text": "Belfast (/ \u02c8b\u025blf\u0251\u02d0st / or / - f\u00e6st /; from Irish: B\u00e9al Feirste, meaning ``rivermouth of the sandbanks '') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, and the second largest on the island of Ireland. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 333,871 in 2015. Belfast was granted city status in 1888."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Great Britain", "paragraph_text": "Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island, and the ninth-largest island in the world. In 2011, Great Britain had a population of about people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of Great Britain, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, form the British Isles archipelago."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Akimiski Island", "paragraph_text": "Akimiski Island is the largest island in James Bay (a southeasterly extension of Hudson Bay), Canada, which is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the territory of Nunavut. It has an area of , making it the 163rd largest island in the world, and Canada's 29th largest island. Akimiski Island is only from the province of Ontario. From the western side of the island, one can see the Ontario coastline."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jalaur River", "paragraph_text": "Jalaur River, also known as Jalaud River, is the second longest river in Panay island and the second largest by drainage basin, only Panay River in Capiz has the longest and the largest river system in Panay. Jalaur river ranked 17th largest river system in the Philippines in terms of drainage basin size. It has an estimated drainage area of and travels from its source to its mouth in the Guimaras Strait. It drains the eastern portion of the island and traverses through Passi City and the towns of Leganes, Zarraga, Dumangas, Barotac Nuevo, Pototan, Dingle, San Enrique, Duenas, and Calinog."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Staten Island", "paragraph_text": "Staten Island / \u02ccst\u00e6t\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd / is the southernmost and westernmost of the five boroughs of New York City in the U.S. state of New York. Located in the southwest portion of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park located at the southern tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a 2017 Census -- estimated population of 479,458 Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third - largest in land area at 58.5 sq mi (152 km). The borough is coextensive with Richmond County and until 1975 was referred to as the Borough of Richmond. Its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has sometimes been called ``the forgotten borough ''by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Conspiracy in Genoa", "paragraph_text": "The Conspiracy in Genoa (German: Die Verschw\u00f6rung zu Genua) is a 1921 German silent historical drama film directed by Paul Leni and starring Wilhelm Diegelmann, Maria Fein and Fritz Kortner. It is an adaptation of the 1783 play \"Fiesco\" by Friedrich Schiller."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lynden Pindling International Airport", "paragraph_text": "Lynden Pindling International Airport (IATA: NAS, ICAO: MYNN), formerly known as Nassau International Airport (1957 - 2006), is the largest airport in the Bahamas and the largest international gateway into the country. It is a major hub for Bahamasair and is located in western New Providence island near the capital city of Nassau."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Belle Isle Park (Michigan)", "paragraph_text": "Belle Isle Park, more commonly known simply as Belle Isle (/ b\u025bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l /), is a 982 - acre (1.534 sq mi; 397 ha) island park in the Detroit River between Michigan and Ontario. The U.S. - Canada border is in the channel south of Belle Isle such that the island is not in Canada. Owned by the city of Detroit, Belle Isle is managed as a state park by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources through a 30 - year lease initiated in 2013; it was previously a city park. Belle Isle is the largest city - owned island park in the United States and is the third largest island in the Detroit River after Grosse Ile and Fighting Island. It is connected to mainland Detroit by the MacArthur Bridge."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maria Island National Park", "paragraph_text": "Maria Island National Park occupies the whole of Maria Island off the east coast of Tasmania, Australia, 69\u00a0km (straight-line distance) northeast of Hobart or about 90 kilometres by road to Triabunna followed by a ferry ride. The island has had a mixed history, including two convict eras, two industrial eras, a farming era and, finally, becoming the national park that it is today. Maria Island is a mecca for visitors, providing an array of interests for the daytripper or overnight visitor to the island."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is 450 kilometres (280 mi) south-east of London, 287 kilometres (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of Brussels, 774 kilometres (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 kilometres (239 mi) north-east of Nantes, and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-east of Rouen. Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the \u00cele Saint-Louis and the larger \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream of the city, established around 7600 BC. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft). Montmartre gained its name from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, first bishop of Paris, atop the Mons Martyrum, \"Martyr's mound\", in 250."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Anna Maria, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Anna Maria is a city in Manatee County, Florida, United States. The population was 1,814 at the 2000 census. According to the 2005 U.S. Census Bureau's estimates, the city grew slightly to 1,867. The city occupies the northern part of Anna Maria Island and is one of three municipalities on the island. The others are Holmes Beach in the center and Bradenton Beach in the south."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Holmes Beach, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Holmes Beach is a city on Anna Maria Island in Manatee County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Bradenton\u2013Sarasota\u2013Venice Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city occupies the central part of Anna Maria Island and is one of three municipalities on the island. The others are Bradenton Beach in the south and Anna Maria in the north."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Banggai Island", "paragraph_text": "Banggai Island is the second largest of the Banggai Islands, an archipelago located at the far eastern end of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The largest island is Peleng, smaller islands of the group are Bowokan, Labobo, Kebongan, Kotudan, Tropettenando, Timpau, Salue Besar, Salue Kecil, Masepe, and Bangkulu."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Maria Deraismes", "paragraph_text": "Born in Paris, Maria Deraismes grew up in Pontoise in the city's northwest outskirts. From a prosperous middle-class family, she was well educated and raised in a literary environment. She wrote several literary works and soon developed a reputation as a very capable communicator. She became active in promoting women's rights."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Demographics of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The demographics of New Zealand encompass the gender, ethnic, religious, geographic, and economic backgrounds of the 4.8 million people living in New Zealand. New Zealanders, informally known as ``Kiwis '', predominantly live in urban areas on the North Island. The five largest cities are Auckland (with one - third of the country's population), Christchurch (in the South Island, the largest island of the New Zealand archipelago), Wellington, Hamilton and Tauranga. Few New Zealanders live on New Zealand's smaller islands. Waiheke Island (near Auckland) is easily the most populated smaller island with 9,520 residents, while Great Barrier Island, the Chatham and Pitt Islands and Stewart Island each have populations below 1,000. New Zealand is part of a realm and most people born in the realm's external territories of Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue are entitled to New Zealand passports. In 2006, more people who identified themselves with these islands lived in New Zealand than on the Islands themselves."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bettendorf, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Bettendorf is a city in Scott County, Iowa, United States. It is the 15th largest city of Iowa and the fourth largest city in the \"Quad Cities\". It is part of the Davenport\u2013Moline\u2013Rock Island, IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 33,217 at the 2010 U.S. Census and was estimated to be 35,505 by July 2015."}], "question": "What is the largest island in the city where Maria Deraismes died?"}
{"id": "2hop__29209_29022", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "French fashion", "paragraph_text": "Paris acts as the center of the fashion industry and holds the name of global fashion capital. The city is home to many prime designers, including Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Givenchy, Pierre Cardin, Yves Saint Laurent, Dior, Jean Paul Gaultier, Herm\u00e8s, Lanvin, Chlo\u00e9, Rochas, and C\u00e9line."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "KHYM", "paragraph_text": "KHYM is a Christian radio station broadcasting on 103.9 FM, licensed to Copeland, Kansas and serving the areas of Dodge City, Kansas, Garden City, Kansas, and Liberal, Kansas. The station is owned by Great Plains Christian Radio. KHYM began broadcasting December 23, 1997."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century, particularly in the domain of haute couture, clothing hand-made to order for private clients. It is home of some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and Chanel, and of many well-known fashion designers, including Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Christophe Josse and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre and other city locations, is among the top four events of the international fashion calendar, along with the fashion weeks in Milan, London and New York. Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company, L'Or\u00e9al, and three of the five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories; Louis Vuitton, Herm\u00e9s and Cartier."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Herbert Kasper", "paragraph_text": "Herbert Kasper (born New York City December 12, 1926) is an American fashion designer who is known as Kasper. He studied English and advertising at New York University and fashion at the Parsons School of Design in New York from 1951\u201353 and l'Ecole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne  in 1953. He left NYU to serve in the US Army in Europe. After WWII he enrolled at Parson and then returned to Paris for two years developing his skills in design. He had positions at Jacques Fath, Christian Dior and Marcel Rochas. When he returned to the US, he worked for Mr. Fred, a milliner, where his reputation grew. His talent was for making inexpensive clothes look \"exquisite\" and expensive, which endeared him to several other Seventh Avenue manufactures in the 1950s. He then worked as a dress designer for Penart, Lord & Taylor in New York. His works were known as Kasper of Penart. In the 1960s he started to make clothing under his own label. In 1963, he won the Coty Award for American designers."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "KLMP", "paragraph_text": "KLMP (88.3 FM), known as \"The Light\", is a radio station in Rapid City, South Dakota airing a Christian Talk format."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Moweaqua, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Moweaqua is a city in Shelby and Christian counties, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,831 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Christian Quarter", "paragraph_text": "The Christian Quarter (, \"\u1e24\u0101rat al-Na\u1e63\u0101r\u0101\"; , \"Ha-Rova ha-Notsri\") is one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem, the other three being the Jewish Quarter, the Muslim Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. The Christian Quarter is situated in the northwestern corner of the Old City, extending from the New Gate in the north, along the western wall of the Old City as far as the Jaffa Gate, along the Jaffa Gate - Western Wall route in the south, bordering on the Jewish and Armenian Quarters, as far as the Damascus Gate in the east, where it borders on the Muslim Quarter. The Christian quarter contains about 40 Christian holy places. Among them is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of Christianity's holiest places. Most of its residents are Palestinian Christians, despite their dwindling numbers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Supersize vs Superskinny", "paragraph_text": "Supersize vs Superskinny is a British television programme on Channel 4 that features information about dieting and extreme eating lifestyles. One of the main show features is a weekly comparison between an overweight person, and an underweight person. The two are brought to a feeding clinic, and live together for five days (later on two days), swapping diets all supervised by Dr Christian Jessen."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dendermonde", "paragraph_text": "The city is an administrative, commercial, educational, and medical centre for the surrounding region. The current Mayor of Dendermonde is Piet Buyse (Christian Democratic and Flemish)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great Fire of Rome", "paragraph_text": "The Great Fire of Rome was an urban fire in the year AD 64. It caused widespread devastation, before being brought under control after six days. Differing accounts either blame Emperor Nero for initiating the fire or credit him with organizing measures to contain it and provide relief for refugees. According to Tacitus and later Christians, Nero blamed the devastation on the Christian community in the city, initiating the empire's first persecution against the Christians."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the \"Mountain of Martyrs\" (Mons Martyrum), eventually \"Montmartre\". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Amadou Ciss\u00e9 Dia", "paragraph_text": "Amadou Ciss\u00e9 Dia (2 June 1915 \u2013 1 November 2002) was a Senegalese politician and playwright. Born in Saint-Louis, Senegal, he wrote plays in French including \"Les Derniers Jours de Lat Dior\", which concerns a griot's praise for Lat-Dior. In politics he served as President of the National Assembly of Senegal from 1968 to 1983 and as Minister of the Interior. He was reportedly nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in the year Willy Brandt won."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "In 1517, Jerusalem was taken over by the Ottoman Empire and enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent, including the construction of the walls of what is now known as the Old City of Jerusalem (although some foundations were remains of genuine antique walls). The rule of Suleiman and subsequent Ottoman Sultans brought an age of ``religious peace ''; Jew, Christian and Muslim enjoyed freedom of religion and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque on the same street. The city remained open to all religions, although the empire's faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "KJIL", "paragraph_text": "KJIL is a Christian radio station broadcasting on 99.1 FM, licensed to Copeland, Kansas and serving the areas of Dodge City, Kansas, Garden City, Kansas, and Liberal, Kansas. The station is owned by Great Plains Christian Radio."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as \"convinced atheists.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Christian", "paragraph_text": "The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26, after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: \"[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.\" The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26:28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, \"Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.\" The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4:16, which exhorts believers: \"Yet if [any man suffer] as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Religion in Iraq", "paragraph_text": "Christianity was brought to Iraq in 40's AD/CE by Thomas the Apostle, Thaddaeus of Edessa and his pupils Aggagi and Mari. Thomas and Thaddeus belonged to the twelve Apostles. Iraq's Chaldean minority represents roughly 3% of the population (earlier CIA Factbook), mostly living in Northern Iraq, concentrated in the Ninewa and Dahuk governorates. There are no official statistics, and estimates vary greatly. In 1950 Christians may have numbered 10\u201312% of the population of 5.0 million. They were 8% or 1.4 in a population of 16.3 million in 1987 and 1.5 million in 2003 of 26 million. Emigration has been high since the 1970s. Since the 2003 Iraq War, Iraqi Christians have been relocated to Syria in significant but unknown numbers. There has been no official census since 2003 the Christian population in Iraq numbers 1.2\u20132.1 Million."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alison Nix", "paragraph_text": "Alison Nix (born June 19, 1988) is an American fashion model. She has modeled for Dior, Hugo Boss, Givenchy, Marc by Marc Jacobs, Vivienne Westwood, Diane von F\u00fcrstenberg, Dolce & Gabbana, Hussein Chalayan, Jean Paul Gaultier, John Galliano, Lanvin, Narciso Rodriguez, Yohji Yamamoto, Vogue Italia, Numero, and others."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Humanism", "paragraph_text": "The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts of Patristic literature as well as pagan authors. In 1439, while employed in Naples at the court of Alfonso V of Aragon (at the time engaged in a dispute with the Papal States) the humanist Lorenzo Valla used stylistic textual analysis, now called philology, to prove that the Donation of Constantine, which purported to confer temporal powers on the Pope of Rome, was an 8th-century forgery. For the next 70 years, however, neither Valla nor any of his contemporaries thought to apply the techniques of philology to other controversial manuscripts in this way. Instead, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks in 1453, which brought a flood of Greek Orthodox refugees to Italy, humanist scholars increasingly turned to the study of Neoplatonism and Hermeticism, hoping to bridge the differences between the Greek and Roman Churches, and even between Christianity itself and the non-Christian world. The refugees brought with them Greek manuscripts, not only of Plato and Aristotle, but also of the Christian Gospels, previously unavailable in the Latin West."}], "question": "Who brought Christianity to the city Dior is from?"}
{"id": "2hop__73047_92225", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gdynia Sports Arena", "paragraph_text": "Gdynia Sports Arena (known in Poland as Hala Sportowo-Widowiskowa Gdynia) is an indoor arena that is located in Gdynia, Poland. It is the home of the professional Euroleague Basketball club Arka Gdynia. The arena opened on December 22, 2008, and it has a seating capacity of 5,500 for basketball games."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "NFL regular season", "paragraph_text": "From 1961 through 1977, the NFL schedule consisted of fourteen regular season games played over fourteen weeks, except in 1966. Opening weekend typically was the weekend after Labor Day, or rarely two weekends after Labor Day. Teams played six or seven exhibition games. In 1966 (and 1960), the NFL had an odd number of franchises, so one team was idle each week. In 1978, the league changed the schedule to include sixteen regular season games and four exhibition games. From 1978 through 1989, the sixteen games were played over sixteen weeks."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Richmond is not home to any major league professional sports teams, but since 2013, the Washington Redskins of the National Football League have held their summer training camp in the city. There are also several minor league sports in the city, including the Richmond Kickers of the USL Professional Division (third tier of American soccer) and the Richmond Flying Squirrels of the Class AA Eastern League of Minor League Baseball (an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants). The Kickers began playing in Richmond in 1993, and currently play at City Stadium. The Squirrels opened their first season at The Diamond on April 15, 2010. From 1966 through 2008, the city was home to the Richmond Braves, a AAA affiliate of the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball, until the franchise relocated to Georgia."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Opening Day", "paragraph_text": "Opening Day is the day on which professional baseball leagues begin their regular season. For Major League Baseball and most of the minor leagues, this day typically falls during the first week of April."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Spring training", "paragraph_text": "Spring training typically starts in mid-February and continues until just before Opening Day of the regular season, traditionally the first week of April. In some years, teams not scheduled to play on Opening Day will play spring training games that day. Pitchers and catchers report to spring training first because pitchers benefit from a longer training period. A few days later, position players arrive and team practice begins."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Live Oak Taylor", "paragraph_text": "George Edward \"Live Oak\" Taylor (February 3, 1851 \u2013 February 19, 1888) was an American professional baseball outfielder. Most famous for serving as a substitute with the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, baseball's first all-professional team, on their west coast road trip in the latter half of that season, he later went on to play three seasons in Major League Baseball. He played 2 games in 1877 with the Hartford Dark Blues, 24 games in 1879 with the Troy Trojans, and 41 games in 1884 with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada", "paragraph_text": "League Teams Recent Average Attendance 2009 Avg. Attendance% Change since 2009 Games per team per year Ref National Football League 32 7004673960000000000 \u2660 67,396 (2017) 65,043 + 4% 16 Major League Baseball 30 7004300420000000000 \u2660 30,042 (2017) 30,300 \u2212 1% 162 Canadian Football League 9 7004246440000000000 \u2660 24,644 (2017) 28,054 -- 12% 18 Major League Soccer 22 7004221120000000000 \u2660 22,112 (2017) 16,037 + 38% 34 National Basketball Association 30 7004178840000000000 \u2660 17,884 (2017) 17,520 + 2% 82 National Hockey League 31 7004174220000000000 \u2660 17,422 (2017) 17,460 0% 82"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Toccara Williams", "paragraph_text": "Toccara Williams is a former basketball point guard who played for the WNBA's San Antonio Silver Stars in the 2004 season. Prior to playing in the WNBA, she played college basketball at Texas A&M from 2000\u201304. In her senior year, she led the nation for steals per game among Division I teams with an average of 4.1 steals per game. She was then selected in the third round of the 2004 WNBA Draft. Toccara also played professionally overseas in Turkey, Korea, China, and Israel. Williams now has a non profit organization called Sweet Rebound that is geared towards the youth by utilizing sports as a platform for education."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Major League Baseball schedule", "paragraph_text": "The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), played over approximately six months -- a total of 2,430 games, plus the postseason. The regular season runs from late March / early April to late September / early October, followed by the postseason which can run to early November. The season begins with the official Opening Day, and, as of 2018, runs 261\u20442 weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October. One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States before the official Opening Day. It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year, provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series, Championship Series, and World Series with each series going the distance (5 games in the Division Series, 7 games in the League Championship Series / World Series)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Chicago Cubs", "paragraph_text": "The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2018 Major League Baseball season", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29, 2018, and is scheduled to end on September 30. The Postseason will begin on October 2. The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23, and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Monday Night Football", "paragraph_text": "To avoid any scheduling unfairness where, just before the first playoff game, a team may have five days off and others six, there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season. From 2003 to 2005, one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the Monday Night Football banner. Starting in 2006, when the series moved to cable, two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during ``NFL Kickoff Weekend ''."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Major League Baseball schedule", "paragraph_text": "The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), played over approximately six months -- a total of 2,430 games, plus the postseason. The regular season runs from late March / early April to late September / early October, followed by the postseason which can run to early November. The season begins with the official Opening Day, and, as of 2018, runs 261\u20442 weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October. One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States before the official Opening Day. It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year, provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series, Championship Series, and World Series with each series going the distance (5 games in the Division Series, 7 games each in the League Championship Series / World Series)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New Jersey Devils", "paragraph_text": "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1974. The Scouts moved to Denver, Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies. In 1982, they moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey and took their current name. For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey, the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford and played their home games at Brendan Byrne Arena (later renamed to Continental Airlines Arena). Before the 2007 -- 08 season, the Devils relocated to Newark and now play their home games at Prudential Center."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "National Football League Christmas games", "paragraph_text": "After the NFL held two Divisional Playoff games on Christmas Day 1971, the league avoided any more games on Christmas Day until 1989. Since then, the NFL has held occasional games on Christmas Day in some years, as part of week 16 or 17 of the regular season. Two games were played each Christmas Day from 2004 to 2006 and then from 2016 to 2017."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mathare United F.C.", "paragraph_text": "Mathare United Football Club is a professional association football club, based in Nairobi, Kenya. They currently compete in the Kenyan Premier League, the top tier of the Kenyan football league system, and won their first and only league title during the 2008 season. The club plays its home games at the Moi International Sports Centre in Kasarani."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of winless seasons", "paragraph_text": "A winless season is a regular season in which a sports team fails to win any of their games. The antithesis of a perfect season, this ignominy has been suffered twelve times in professional American football, six times in arena football, three times in professional Canadian football, once each in American professional lacrosse and box lacrosse, more than twenty - five times in major Australian football leagues, thirteen times in top - level rugby league, at least twice in top - level rugby union, and twice in English county cricket."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply \"The Game\". While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the country's best as it often was a century ago during football's early days (it won the Rose Bowl in 1920), both it and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. The stadium's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game. Seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport, Walter Camp (former captain of the Yale football team), suggested widening the field to open up the game. But the stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface. So, other steps had to be taken. Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vegas Golden Knights", "paragraph_text": "The Vegas Golden Knights are a professional ice hockey team based in the Las Vegas metropolitan area. The team began play in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season, and is a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team is owned by Black Knight Sports & Entertainment, a consortium led by Bill Foley, and plays its home games at T - Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game", "paragraph_text": "The Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game is an annual college football game played on the opening weekend of the NCAA Division I FBS season in Atlanta, Georgia. The event coincides with Labor Day weekend in the United States. From its inception in 2008 until 2016, the game was held in the Georgia Dome. The Georgia Dome's replacement, Mercedes - Benz Stadium, hosts the game starting in 2017."}], "question": "In 2018, when was the opening day of the league that plays the most games in pro sports?"}
{"id": "2hop__146285_35034", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nagasaki", "paragraph_text": "On August 9, 1945 the population was estimated to be 263,000. As of 1 March 2017, the city had population of 425,723 and a population density of 1,000 persons per km2."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Taylorsville, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Taylorsville is a town in Alexander County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,098 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Alexander County."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "East Asia", "paragraph_text": "The East Asian people comprise around 1.6 billion people. About 38% of the population of Asia and 22%, or over one fifth, of all the people in the world live in East Asia. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340 / sq mi), about three times the world average of 45 / km (120 / sq mi)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ruovesi", "paragraph_text": "It is located in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is ."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Taher District", "paragraph_text": "Taher is a district in Jijel Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Taher. It is one of the largest districts of the province, in area, population, and population density."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alexander Golitzen", "paragraph_text": "Prince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a Russian-born American production designer who oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Malax", "paragraph_text": "It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Ostrobothnia region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is ."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Eureka County, Nevada", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 1,651 people, 666 households, and 440 families residing in the county. The population density was 0.39 people per square mile (0.15/km\u00b2).  There were 1,025 housing units at an average density of 0.25 per square mile (0.09/km\u00b2)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Paulo", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o (Portuguese for Saint Sebastian) is a Brazilian municipality, located on the southeast coast of Brazil, in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo. The population in 2009 was 76,344, its density was 182.5/km\u00b2 and the area is 403\u00a0km\u00b2. The Tropic of Capricorn lies 25\u00a0km north. The municipality existed since 1636 and formed a part of the old hereditary captaincy of Santo Amaro."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Fontanelle, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 672 people, 304 households, and 164 families residing in the city. The population density was 700.0 inhabitants per square mile (270.3/km2). There were 336 housing units at an average density of 350.0 per square mile (135.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.7% White, 0.1% from other races, and 0.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Muqu\u00e9m de S\u00e3o Francisco", "paragraph_text": "Muqu\u00e9m de S\u00e3o Francisco is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. Muqu\u00e9m de S\u00e3o Francisco covers , and has a population of 11,552 with a population density of 3 inhabitants per square kilometer."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "K\u00f6lner Akademie", "paragraph_text": "Die K\u00f6lner Akademie - \"Damals und Heute\" are a German baroque and classical music orchestra founded in 1996 and based in Cologne. They are led by the American conductor Michael Alexander Willens who studied at the Juilliard School in New York."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Vikav\u00e5gen", "paragraph_text": "Vikav\u00e5gen is a village in \u00d8ygarden municipality in Hordaland county, Norway. The village lies on the southeastern coast of the island of Toft\u00f8yna, in the southernmost part of \u00d8ygarden. The village has a population (2013) of 604, giving the village a population density of ."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000, distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. National census results in the past few decades have been disputed. The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542. The only breakdown available was by gender: males numbered 71,709,859, females numbered 68,293,08. On June 2012, President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "As of the 2010 census, there were 579,999 people, 230,233 households, and 144,120 families residing in the city. The population density was 956.4 inhabitants per square mile (321.9/km\u00b2). There were 256,930 housing units at an average density of 375.9 per square mile (145.1/km\u00b2)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dog", "paragraph_text": "The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available \u2013 all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 2014, the city had an estimated population density of 27,858 people per square mile (10,756/km\u00b2), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States; however, several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey are more dense overall, as per the 2000 Census. Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's population density of 71,672 people per square mile (27,673/km\u00b2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had the highest population density with 12,400 people per km2. Surrounding inner city suburbs experienced an increase in population density between 2012 and 2013; Carlton (9,000 people per km2) and Fitzroy (7,900)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kinnula", "paragraph_text": "It is located in the Central Finland region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is ."}], "question": "In 2009, what was the population density in the city where Alexander Golitzen died?"}
{"id": "2hop__62137_51357", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand's conservation areas and national parks. Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000, a period of 438 days. Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003. The series was shot at over 150 different locations, with seven different units shooting, as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown. Along with Jackson directing the whole production, other unit directors included John Mahaffie, Geoff Murphy, Fran Walsh, Barrie Osbourne, Rick Porras, and any other assistant director, producer, or writer available. Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds, and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result, he only got around four hours of sleep a night. Due to the remoteness of some of the locations, the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time. The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification. The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle - earth. In disguise as Annatar, or ``Lord of Gifts '', he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power. He then forged the One Ring himself in the fires of Mount Doom."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He has played Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Munder in Ghost Ship, Kirill in The Bourne Supremacy, Black Hat in Priest, John Grimm in Doom, William Cooper in Red, Gavin in Pete's Dragon, Vincent in The Loft, Vaako in the second and third installments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He plays Skurge in the 2017 Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Ad\u00e9lie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in second and third installments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He will play Skurge in the Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok set for a November 3, 2017 release."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Aragorn", "paragraph_text": "Aragorn II, son of Arathorn is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He is one of the main protagonists of \"The Lord of the Rings\". Aragorn was a Ranger of the North, first introduced with the name Strider at Bree, as the Hobbits continued to call him throughout \"The Lord of the Rings\". He was eventually revealed to be the heir of Isildur and rightful claimant to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor. He was also a confidant of Gandalf and an integral part of the quest to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sarah McLeod", "paragraph_text": "Sarah McLeod (born 18 July 1971) is a New Zealand film and television actress. Her most notable role was in the Peter Jackson films The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King as Rosie Cotton, a female hobbit who marries Samwise Gamgee. Her daughter Maisy played Rosie and Sam's baby. McLeod also co-starred in the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street as Cindy Watson from 2008 to 2009."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arwen", "paragraph_text": "Arwen Und\u00f3miel is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. She appears in the novel \"The Lord of the Rings\", usually published in three volumes. Arwen is one of the half-elven (Peredhil) who lived during the Third Age."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cool and the Crazy", "paragraph_text": "Cool and the Crazy is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi and starring Jared Leto and Alicia Silverstone. The story revolves around an unhappily married couple in the late 1950s who both lead separate affairs. The film was Bakshi's first feature-length live-action film, being primarily known as a director of animated films which heavily utilize live-action sequences, such as \"Fritz the Cat\", \"Heavy Traffic\", \"Wizards\", \"American Pop\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring is an artefact that appears as the central plot element in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954 -- 55). It is described in an earlier story, The Hobbit (1937), as a magic ring of invisibility. In the sequel, The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien ascribes to the Ring a darker character, with malevolent power going far beyond conferring invisibility: it was created by Sauron the Dark Lord as part of his design to win domination over Middle - earth. The Lord of the Rings concerns the quest to destroy the Ring to keep Sauron from fulfilling his design."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Music of The Lord of the Rings film series", "paragraph_text": "The music of The Lord of the Rings film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. The scores are often considered to represent the greatest achievement in the history of film music in terms of length of the score, the size of the staged forces, the unusual instrumentation, the featured soloists, the multitude of musical styles and the number of leitmotifs used."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ian Holm", "paragraph_text": "Holm raised his profile in 1997 with two prominent roles, as the stressed but gentle priest Vito Cornelius in The Fifth Element and the tormented plaintiff's lawyer in The Sweet Hereafter. In 2001 he starred in From Hell as the physician Sir William Withey Gull. The same year he appeared as Bilbo Baggins in the blockbuster film The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, having previously played Bilbo's nephew Frodo Baggins in a 1981 BBC Radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings. He reappeared in the trilogy in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), for which he shared a SAG award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. He reprised his role as the elder Bilbo Baggins in the movie The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Little penguin", "paragraph_text": "The little penguin breeds along the entire coastline of New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, and southern Australia (including roughly 20,000 pairs on Babel Island). Australian colonies exist in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia. Little penguins have also been reported from Chile (where they are known as ping\u00fcino peque\u00f1o or ping\u00fcino azul) (Isla Cha\u00f1aral 1996, Playa de Santo Domingo, San Antonio, 16 March 1997) and South Africa, but it is unclear whether these birds were vagrants. As new colonies continue to be discovered, rough estimates of the world population are around 350,000 - 600,000 animals."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Penguin", "paragraph_text": "The largest living species is the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri): on average, adults are about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 35 kg (77 lb).  The smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor), also known as the fairy penguin, which stands around 40 cm (16 in) tall and weighs 1 kg (2.2 lb). Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are generally found in temperate or even tropical climates (see also Bergmann's rule). Some prehistoric species attained enormous sizes, becoming as tall or as heavy as an adult human. These were not restricted to Antarctic regions; on the contrary, subantarctic regions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region around 2,000 km south of the equator 35 mya, in a climate decidedly warmer than today."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Karl Urban", "paragraph_text": "Karl - Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, \u00c9omer in the second and third instalments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in the second and third instalments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard ``Bones ''McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short - lived television series Almost Human. He plays Skurge in the 2017 Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bilbo Baggins", "paragraph_text": "In Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film series, a prequel to The Lord of the Rings, the young Bilbo is portrayed by Martin Freeman while Ian Holm reprises his role as an older Bilbo in An Unexpected Journey (2012) and The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Gollum", "paragraph_text": "Gollum is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He was introduced in the 1937 fantasy novel \"The Hobbit\", and became an important character in its sequel, \"The Lord of the Rings\". Gollum was a Stoor Hobbit of the River-folk, who lived near the Gladden Fields. Originally known as Sm\u00e9agol, he was corrupted by the One Ring and later named Gollum after his habit of making \"a horrible swallowing noise in his throat\"."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "In 1957, The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award. Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s. The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 ``Big Read ''survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the`` Nation's best - loved book''. In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite ``book of the millennium ''. The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aragorn", "paragraph_text": "Aragorn Middle - Earth character Full Name Aragorn II Elessar Telcontar Race Men Gender Male Kingdoms and Cultures Reunited Kingdom D\u00fanedain House of Isildur N\u00famen\u00f3rean Title (s) King of the Reunited Kingdom Birth 1 March, T.A. 2931 Death 1 March, F.A. 120 (age 210) Once Owned And\u00faril Ring of Barahir Sceptre of Ann\u00faminas Notable Aliases Elessar (Elfstone) Telcontar (``Strider '') Thorongil (`` Eagle of the Star'') Estel (``Hope '') Family Spouse (s) Arwen Parentage Arathorn II and Gilraen; Elrond (foster father) Children Eldarion, at least two daughters Other Notable Relations Isildur An\u00e1rion Elendil Elros Book Appearances The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Portrayed By Viggo Mortensen Major character in The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Portrayals in adaptations The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (film) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (film) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (film)"}], "question": "Where do blue penguins live in the country where the film Lord of Rings was filmed?"}
{"id": "2hop__12658_73916", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace. According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Emotion", "paragraph_text": "In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842\u20131910) and Carl Lange (1834\u20131900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James\u2013Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Willowgrove, Saskatoon", "paragraph_text": "Willowgrove is a primarily residential neighbourhood located in northeast Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. It comprises a mix of mainly single-family detached houses and fewer multiple-unit dwellings. As of 2011, the area is home to 3,973 residents. The neighbourhood is considered a middle to high-income area, with an average family income of $96,002, an average dwelling value of $218,357 and a home ownership rate of 84.8%."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Milwaukee", "paragraph_text": "The median income for a household in the city is $32,216, and the median income for a family is $37,879. Males have a median income of $32,244 versus $26,013 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,181. 21.3% of the population and 17.4% of families are below the poverty line. In 2010, rent increased an averaged 3% for home renters in Milwaukee. Out of the total population, 31.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mister Sterling", "paragraph_text": "Mister Sterling is an American television serial drama created by Lawrence O'Donnell that ran from January to March in 2003. It starred Josh Brolin as an idealistic United States Senator, and featured Audra McDonald, William Russ, David Noro\u00f1a, and James Whitmore as members of his staff. Despite mostly positive reviews, the show, which aired on NBC on Friday nights, was cancelled after 10 episodes after the show only ranked 58th in the yearly ratings (9.83 million viewers, 6.7/12 rating/share)"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Income in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "According to the OECD the average household net - adjusted disposable income per capita is $27,029 a year (in USD, ranked 14 / 36 OECD countries), the average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at $60,778 (in USD, ranked 8 / 36), and the average net - adjusted disposable income of the top 20% of the population is an estimated $57,010 a year, whereas the bottom 20% live on an estimated $10,195 a year giving a ratio of 5.6 (in USD, ranked 25 / 36)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Golden Retriever", "paragraph_text": "The average lifespan for a Golden Retriever is about 11 to 12 years. They are susceptible to specific ailments, so should be taken to a veterinarian for yearly checkups."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bill Ferrario", "paragraph_text": "William James Ferrario (born September 22, 1978 in Scranton, Pennsylvania) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League primarily with the Green Bay Packers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of countries by GDP (nominal)", "paragraph_text": "The United States is the world's largest economy with a GDP of approximately $18.56 trillion, notably due to high average incomes, a large population, capital investment, moderate unemployment, high consumer spending, a relatively young population, and technological innovation. Tuvalu is the world's smallest national economy with a GDP of about $32 million because of its very small population, a lack of natural resources, reliance on foreign aid, negligible capital investment, demographic problems, and low average incomes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F) and nights generally between 16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) and 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari Valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March\u2013May and another in September\u2013November."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of taxation in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Congress enacted an income tax in October 1913 as part of the Revenue Act of 1913, levying a 1% tax on net personal incomes above $3,000, with a 6% surtax on incomes above $500,000. By 1918, the top rate of the income tax was increased to 77% (on income over $1,000,000, equivalent of 15,300,000 in 2012 dollars) to finance World War I. The average rate for the rich however, was only 15%. The top marginal tax rate was reduced to 58% in 1922, to 25% in 1925 and finally to 24% in 1929. In 1932 the top marginal tax rate was increased to 63% during the Great Depression and steadily increased, reaching 94% (on all income over $200,000, equivalent of 2,500,000 in 2012 dollars) in 1945. During World War II, Congress introduced payroll withholding and quarterly tax payments."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Economic inequality", "paragraph_text": "Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth. IMF economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth. Developing countries with high inequality have \"succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years\" but \"longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Annual training", "paragraph_text": "Annual training refers to the yearly training period conducted by all National Guard and Reserve components of the United States military pursuant to law and military service directives."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of countries by GDP (nominal)", "paragraph_text": "The United States is the world's largest economy with a GDP of approximately $19.39 trillion, notably due to high average incomes, a large population, capital investment, moderate unemployment, high consumer spending, a relatively young population, and technological innovation. Tuvalu is the world's smallest national economy, with a GDP of about $32 million, because of its very small population, a lack of natural resources, reliance on foreign aid, negligible capital investment, demographic problems, and low average incomes."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Botswana", "paragraph_text": "Since independence, Botswana has had one of the fastest growth rates in per capita income in the world. Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to an upper middle-income country. Although Botswana was resource-abundant, a good institutional framework allowed the country to reinvest resource-income in order to generate stable future income. By one estimate, it has the fourth highest gross national income at purchasing power parity in Africa, giving it a standard of living around that of Mexico.The Ministry of Trade and Industry of Botswana is responsible for promoting business development throughout the country. According to the International Monetary Fund, economic growth averaged over 9% per year from 1966 to 1999. Botswana has a high level of economic freedom compared to other African countries. The government has maintained a sound fiscal policy, despite consecutive budget deficits in 2002 and 2003, and a negligible level of foreign debt. It earned the highest sovereign credit rating in Africa and has stockpiled foreign exchange reserves (over $7 billion in 2005/2006) amounting to almost two and a half years of current imports."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Household income in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Another common measurement of personal income is the mean household income. Unlike the median household income, which divides all households in two halves, the mean income is the average income earned by American households. In the case of mean income, the income of all households is divided by the number of all households. The mean income is usually more affected by the relatively unequal distribution of income which tilts towards the top. As a result, the mean tends to be higher than the median income, with the top earning households boosting it. Overall, the mean household income in the United States, according to the US Census Bureau 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, was $72,641."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Biodiversity", "paragraph_text": "In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that \"the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago\". Of that number, 39% accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone, 39% for the marine wildlife gone, and 76% for the freshwater wildlife gone. Biodiversity took the biggest hit in Latin America, plummeting 83 percent. High-income countries showed a 10% increase in biodiversity, which was canceled out by a loss in low-income countries. This is despite the fact that high-income countries use five times the ecological resources of low-income countries, which was explained as a result of process whereby wealthy nations are outsourcing resource depletion to poorer nations, which are suffering the greatest ecosystem losses."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Impact factor", "paragraph_text": "The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field; journals with higher impact factors are often deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for journals listed in the Journal Citation Reports."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Arbor Creek, Saskatoon", "paragraph_text": "Arbor Creek is a primarily residential neighbourhood located in northeast Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is mostly made up of low-density single detached dwellings. As of 2006, the area is home to 4,654 residents. The neighbourhood is considered a high-income area, with an average family income of $99,631, an average dwelling value of $327,262 and a home ownership rate of 92.5%."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Asthma", "paragraph_text": "From 2000 to 2010, the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $3,600, whereas the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay for adults increased from $5,200 to $6,600. In 2010, Medicaid was the most frequent primary payer among children and adults aged 18\u201344 years in the United States; private insurance was the second most frequent payer. Among both children and adults in the lowest income communities in the United States there is a higher rates of hospital stays for asthma in 2010 than those in the highest income communities."}], "question": "What is the average yearly income for someone of the same nationality as William James?"}
{"id": "2hop__136861_45499", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Kallikaks", "paragraph_text": "The Kallikaks is an American sitcom television series starring David Huddleston which centers around a family from Appalachia that moves to California to run a decrepit gasoline station. The show aired from August 3 to August 31, 1977."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The second youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was Fortune Ferguson in 1927 for rape in Florida. The youngest person ever to be sentenced to death in the United States was James Arcene, a Native American, for his role in a robbery and murder committed when he was ten years old. He was, however, 23 years old when he was actually executed on June 18, 1885. The last execution of a juvenile was convicted murderer Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under the age of 19 at the time of execution since at least 1964."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guillotine", "paragraph_text": "The guillotine remained France's standard method of judicial execution until as recently as the abolition of capital punishment in 1981. The last person to be executed in France was Hamida Djandoubi, who was guillotined on 10 September 1977."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Robert McGladdery", "paragraph_text": "Robert Andrew McGladdery (18 October 1935 -- 20 December 1961) was the last person to be executed in Northern Ireland."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Heresy", "paragraph_text": "The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rainey Bethea", "paragraph_text": "Rainey Bethea (c. 1909 -- August 14, 1936) was the last person to be publicly executed in the United States. Bethea, who confessed to the rape and murder of a 70 - year - old woman named Lischia Edwards, was convicted of her rape and publicly hanged in Owensboro, Kentucky. Mistakes in performing the hanging and the surrounding media circus contributed to the end of public executions in the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ronald Ryan", "paragraph_text": "Ronald Joseph Ryan (21 February 1925 -- 3 February 1967) was the last person to be legally executed in Australia. Ryan was found guilty of shooting and killing warder George Hodson during an escape from Pentridge Prison, Victoria, in 1965. Ryan's hanging was met with some of the largest public protests in the history of Australia and led to the end of capital punishment. The death penalty was abolished in 1985."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Prime Minister of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control over all matters of internal and foreign policy. The last holder of this position was Nawaz Sharif who was recently disqualified by the Supreme Court. He was replaced by interim Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi. The Prime Minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and therefore is usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The Constitution of Pakistan vests the executive powers in the Prime Minister, who is responsible for appointing the Cabinet as well as running the executive branch, taking and authorising executive decisions, appointments and recommendations that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Michael Manning (murderer)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Manning was an Irish murderer who became the twenty - ninth and last person to be executed in the Republic of Ireland."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hamida Djandoubi", "paragraph_text": "Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u200e \u200e; September 22, 1949 -- September 10, 1977) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer. He moved to Marseille, France, in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped, tortured and murdered 22 - year - old \u00c9lisabeth Bousquet, his former girlfriend. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed in September that year. He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hamida Djandoubi", "paragraph_text": "Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u200e; September 22, 1949 -- September 10, 1977) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer. He moved to Marseille, France, in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped, tortured and murdered 22 - year - old \u00c9lisabeth Bousquet, his former girlfriend. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed in September that year. He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thomas Aikenhead", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Aikenhead (\u00a0\u2013 8 January 1697) was a Scottish student from Edinburgh, who was prosecuted and executed at the age of 20 on a charge of blasphemy under the Act against Blasphemy 1661 and Act against Blasphemy 1695. He was the last person on the island of Great Britain to be executed for blasphemy. His execution happened 85 years after the death of Edward Wightman (1612), the last person to be burned at the stake for heresy in England."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Josef Jakobs", "paragraph_text": "Josef Jakobs (30 June 1898 \u2013 15 August 1941) was a German spy and the last person to be executed at the Tower of London. He was captured shortly after parachuting into the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Convicted of espionage under the Treachery Act 1940, Jakobs was shot by a military firing squad. He was not hanged because he was captured as an enemy combatant."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Capital punishment in Texas", "paragraph_text": "The Supreme Court decision in Gregg v. Georgia in 1976 once again allowed for the death penalty to be imposed. (A Texas case was a companion case in the Gregg decision and was upheld by the Court; the Court stated that Texas' death penalty scheme could potentially result in fewer death penalty cases, an irony given that post-Gregg Texas has by far executed more inmates than any other state.) However, the first execution in Texas after this decision would not take place until December 7, 1982 with that of Charles Brooks, Jr... Brooks was also the first person to be judicially executed by lethal injection in the world, and the first African American to be executed in the United States since 1967."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "A new device for granting assent was created during the reign of King Henry VIII. In 1542, Henry sought to execute his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, whom he accused of committing adultery; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder, to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text. Henry decided that \"the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime\" in his presence \"might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom\". Therefore, parliament inserted a clause into the Act of Attainder, providing that assent granted by Commissioners \"is and ever was and ever shall be, as good\" as assent granted by the sovereign personally. The procedure was used only five times during the 16th century, but more often during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially when George III's health began to deteriorate. Queen Victoria became the last monarch to personally grant assent in 1854."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hamida Djandoubi", "paragraph_text": "Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u200e; September 22, 1949 -- September 10, 1977) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer. He moved to Marseille, France, in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped, tortured and murdered 22 - year - old \u00c9lisabeth Bousquet, his former girlfriend. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed by guillotine in September that year. He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Capital punishment in Texas", "paragraph_text": "Texas changed its execution laws in 1923, requiring the executions be carried out on the electric chair and that they take place at the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville (also known as Huntsville Unit). From 1928 until 1965, this was also home to the state's male death row. The first executions on the electric chair were on February 8, 1924, when Charles Reynolds, Ewell Morris, George Washington, Mack Matthews, and Melvin Johnson had their death sentences carried out. The five executions were the most carried out on a single day in the state. The state would conduct multiple executions on a single day on several other occasions, the last being on September 5, 1951. Since then, the state has not executed more than one person on a single day, though there is no law prohibiting it. A total of 361 people were electrocuted in Texas, with the last being Joseph Johnson on July 30, 1964."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Capital punishment in Belgium", "paragraph_text": "Capital punishment in Belgium was formally abolished on August 1, 1996 for all crimes, in both peacetime and wartime. The last execution for crimes committed in peacetime took place in July 1863, when in Ypres a farmer was executed for murder. The last execution for an ordinary crime took place on 26 March 1918 at Veurne Prison when Emile Ferfaille, a military officer found guilty of killing his pregnant girlfriend, was guillotined. This was the first execution to be carried out since 1863. The guillotine that was used had to be imported from France."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Clarence Ray Allen", "paragraph_text": "Allen was executed by lethal injection on January 17, 2006, the day after his 76th birthday, at California's San Quentin State Prison. He became the second - oldest inmate to be executed in the United States since 1976 (John B. Nixon of Mississippi was executed in 2005 at age 77) and, as of 2018, the last inmate executed in California. Allen was assisted in the death chamber by four correctional officers, though a media observer stated that he was clearly moving under his own power. To the surprise of everyone present, the warden indicated that he needed an additional injection of the lethal potassium in order to stop his surprisingly healthy heart. Allen wrote in his final statement, which was read immediately following the execution, ``My last words will be 'Hoka hey, it's a good day to die. Thank you very much. I love you all. Goodbye.' ''"}], "question": "The last execution in the same state following the airing of The Kallikaks was when?"}
{"id": "2hop__36643_49779", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power, while some believe that India remains a middle power."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", "paragraph_text": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (informally Millionaire) is an international television game show franchise of British origin, created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight. In its format, currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television, large cash prizes are offered for correctly answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing (or, in some cases, random) difficulty. The maximum cash prize (in the original British version) was one million pounds. Most international versions offer a top prize of one million units of the local currency."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chris Harrison", "paragraph_text": "Christopher Bryan Harrison (born July 26, 1971) is an American television and game show host, best known for his role as host of the ABC reality television dating show, The Bachelor since 2002, and its spin - offs The Bachelorette since 2003, Bachelor Pad from 2010 to 2012, Bachelor in Paradise since 2014, the first season of Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise in 2015, Bachelor Live in 2016, and The Bachelor Winter Games in 2018. He has also served as the host of the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? since 2015."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "According to Joshua Baron \u2013 a \"researcher, lecturer, and consultant on international conflict\" \u2013 since the early 1960s direct military conflicts and major confrontations have \"receded into the background\" with regards to relations among the great powers. Baron argues several reasons why this is the case, citing the unprecedented rise of the United States and its predominant position as the key reason. Baron highlights that since World War Two no other great power has been able to achieve parity or near parity with the United States, with the exception of the Soviet Union for a brief time. This position is unique among the great powers since the start of the modern era (the 16th century), where there has traditionally always been \"tremendous parity among the great powers\". This unique period of American primacy has been an important factor in maintaining a condition of peace between the great powers."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Everybody's Equal", "paragraph_text": "Everybody's Equal is a game show that originally aired on ITV from 7 June 1989 to 22 July 1991 and hosted by Chris Tarrant. It was later revived under the name Whittle and aired on Channel 5 from 31 March to 30 December 1997 with Tim Vine as host. Versions also existed in many European countries, plus Canada. Elements of the show resemble Tarrant's future hit \"Who Wants to be a Millionaire?\", particularly its \"Fastest Finger First\" game."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "When Love Comes to Town (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "When Love Comes to Town is an Australian dating reality television series that first aired on the Nine Network on 20 May 2014. The series is hosted by Natalie Gruzlewski, who previously also hosted a similar series The Farmer Wants a Wife."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Police", "paragraph_text": "The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Carpenter (game show contestant)", "paragraph_text": "John Carpenter (born c. 1968) is an American game show contestant and IRS agent. He is best known for becoming the first top prize winner on the United States version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He held the record for the largest single win in United States game show history, until it was broken by Rahim Oberholtzer who won $1.12 million on another U.S. quiz show, Twenty One. Carpenter was also the first top prize winner among all international versions of the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? series."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Jude the Apostle", "paragraph_text": "Among some Roman Catholics, Saint Jude is venerated as the ``patron saint of lost causes ''. This practice stems from the belief that few Christians invoked him for misplaced fear of praying to Christ's betrayer, Judas Iscariot, because of their similar names. The ignored Jude thus supposedly became quite eager to assist anyone who sought his help, to the point of interceding in the most dire of circumstances. The Church also wanted to encourage veneration of this`` forgotten'' apostle, and maintained that Saint Jude would intercede in any lost cause to prove his sanctity and zeal for Christ."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Politics Among Nations", "paragraph_text": "Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace is a political science book by Hans Morgenthau published in 1948."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This \"subset\" of great powers \u2013 France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States \u2013 consider maintaining a \"state of peace\" as desirable. As evidence, Baron outlines that since the Cuban missile crisis (1962) during the Cold War, these influential Western nations have resolved all disputes among the great powers peacefully at the United Nations and other forums of international discussion."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Into the Badlands (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "In a territory known as the Badlands, the former state of Oklahoma, a feudal society has developed to fill the power vacuum left by the war. Barons control land and monopolies over commodities like opium and fuel, trading amongst themselves to maintain the peace. Each baron is served by a massive workforce of slaves called cogs, as well as a prostitute class called dolls. A baron maintains power through a corps of young men and women called clippers: highly trained and loyal warriors. clippers are forbidden from marrying and having children lest their loyalties be divided. Each clipper force is captained by a regent."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Judith Keppel", "paragraph_text": "Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel (born 18 August 1942) was the first one - million - pound winner on the television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in the United Kingdom. She is also the only woman in the United Kingdom to have won it and also the first person to win a million pounds or more on a British television game show. She has appeared on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads since 2003."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recognized \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "End of World War II in Europe", "paragraph_text": "Paris Peace Conference ended on 10 February 1947 with the signing of peace treaties by the wartime Allies with the minor European Axis powers (Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland; although Italy by some was considered a major power)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The Company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fur Peace Ranch", "paragraph_text": "Jorma Kaukonen's Fur Peace Ranch is located in Meigs County, Ohio, United States, near Pomeroy. The ranch hosts weekend workshops for guitarists. Among the distinguished staff members are Larry Campbell, Warren Haynes, and Tommy Emmanuel. Concerts from the ranch are released on the radio show \"Live From Jorma Kaukonen's Fur Peace Ranch\", on WOUB and PRX stations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Papal States", "paragraph_text": "The Papal States (), officially the State of the Church (, ; ; also \"\"), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia successfully unified the Italian Peninsula by conquest in a campaign virtually concluded in 1861 and definitively in 1870. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes Rome), Marche, Umbria and Romagna, and portions of Emilia. These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (American game show)", "paragraph_text": "The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16, 1999 to June 27, 2002, and was hosted by Regis Philbin. The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16, 2002, and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31, 2013. Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season, Terry Crews in the following season (2014 -- 15), and Chris Harrison, who began hosting on September 14, 2015."}], "question": "Who is the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire host, in the country whose primacy has factored into maintaining peace among powers?"}
{"id": "2hop__12039_11954", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sharon Johnston", "paragraph_text": "A native of Sault Ste. Marie, she completed her studies in physiotherapy and occupational therapy at the University of Toronto and received a BSc degree at the University of Western Ontario and an MSc degree at McGill University. She also graduated as a Doctor of Philosophy in rehabilitation science at McGill."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "David Lin", "paragraph_text": "David Lin graduated with a bachelor and master of commerce degree from the National Chengchi University in Taiwan. He earned his master of science degree from Georgetown University in the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Robert Wayman", "paragraph_text": "Robert Wayman attended Northwestern University where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in science engineering and a Master of Business Administration degree."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Smash Lab", "paragraph_text": "The \"Smash Lab\" team is composed of Deanne Bell (scientist), Chuck Messer (engineer), Nick Blair (designer, season 1 only), Kevin Cook (creative expert, season 1 only), Reverend Gadget (fabricator, season 2 only), and Nathaniel Taylor (artisan, season 2 only). Blair has a degree in industrial design, and both Bell and Cook have degrees in mechanical engineering. Messer has an undergraduate degree in industrial engineering as well as a graduate degree in industrial design."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "The University of Houston System's annual impact on the Houston area's economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, $3.13 billion in total economic benefit and 24,000 local jobs generated. This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. System produces every year who enter the workforce in Houston and throughout the state of Texas. These degree-holders tend to stay in Houston. After five years, 80.5% of graduates are still living and working in the region."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Paolo Del Bianco", "paragraph_text": "Born in Florence, Italy, Paolo Del Bianco graduated at the University of Florence in 1972 with a degree in architecture. In the period 1972\u20131975 he was assistant professor at the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Florence. He then focused on building construction for the hotel industry. He designed and built hotels and a conference center in Florence, later overseeing their management."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Martin Earwicker", "paragraph_text": "Earwicker graduated with a degree in physics from the University of Surrey. He previously worked as Managing Director of the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency and head of Science and Engineering at the Office of Science and Technology\u201a part of the Department of Trade and Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2000."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Margaret Altmann", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Altmann was born in Berlin, Germany. She worked in farm management. She attended the University of Bonn for rural economics. She received her PhD from Bonn in 1928. After graduation, she stayed in Germany and worked in the government farm industry, focusing on the breeding of dairy animals. In 1933, she relocated to the United States. She attended Cornell University. She received her second PhD from Cornell, with a degree in animal breeding from the psychobiology department. Altmann became a citizen of the United States in 1933."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Matt Burch", "paragraph_text": "Burch graduated from the University of Kansas in 1999 with a degree in computer engineering and is married to Mary Burch."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Enrique Bola\u00f1os", "paragraph_text": "Enrique Jos\u00e9 Bola\u00f1os Geyer (born May 13, 1928) was the President of Nicaragua from January 10, 2002 to January 10, 2007. He received his education in the United States, graduating with a bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering from Saint Louis University in 1962."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Obi Emelonye", "paragraph_text": "Obi Emelonye, a former professional footballer and law professional graduated from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, with BA (Hons) Theatre Arts degree (1990). He went on to study for an LLB Law degree from the University of Wolverhampton (1998). He completed a post-graduate degree in Legal Practice from London Metropolitan University (2002) and practised Law for a few years before focusing on his first love: film."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "One wave of the population boom ended abruptly in the mid-1980s, as oil prices fell precipitously. The space industry also suffered in 1986 after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated shortly after launch. There was a cutback in some activities for a period. In the late 1980s, the city's economy suffered from the nationwide recession. After the early 1990s recession, Houston made efforts to diversify its economy by focusing on aerospace and health care/biotechnology, and reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry. Since the increase of oil prices in the 2000s, the petroleum industry has again increased its share of the local economy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Steven L. Miller", "paragraph_text": "Steven L. Miller is a businessman who has been a prominent leader in the American oil industry, serving as Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, and C.E.O. of Shell Oil Company from 1999 to his retirement in 2002. A native of Kansas City, Missouri, he was born in 1945, and graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1967. He currently resides in Houston, Texas, where he promotes volunteer work through his company, SLM Discovery Ventures."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Denise Nurse", "paragraph_text": "Denise Nurse studied Law and graduated from the University of Liverpool in 1997. She then studied at University of Law for her professional degrees."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury", "paragraph_text": "Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury passed his matriculation examination from Dinajpur Zilla School in the 1937 and acquired his B.A. degree in 1942 from Ripon College, Kolkata, Later, he acquired a master's degree in Islamic History from the University of Calcutta in 1945."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Monique Mehta", "paragraph_text": "Monique Mehta graduated from Colgate University with degrees in sociology and women's studies. In 2006 she graduated with her Juris Doctorate from Brooklyn Law School."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bachelor's degree", "paragraph_text": "A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years (depending on institution and academic discipline). In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelor's degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. In countries with qualifications frameworks, bachelor's degrees are normally one of the major levels in the framework (sometimes two levels where non-honours and honours bachelor's degrees are considered separately), although some qualifications titled bachelor's degrees may be at other levels (e.g. MBBS) and some qualifications with non-bachelor's titles may be classified as bachelor's degrees (e.g. the Scottish MA and Canadian MD)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Brian Alspach", "paragraph_text": "Brian Alspach was born on May 29, 1938 in North Dakota. He attended the University of Washington from 1957 to 1961, receiving his B.A. in 1961. He taught at a junior high school for one year before beginning his graduate studies. In 1964 he received his master's degree and in 1966 he obtained his Ph.D. from the University of California, Santa Barbara under the supervision of Paul Kelly. He taught at Simon Fraser University for 33 years. He retired from there in 1998. He currently works as an adjunct professor at the University of Regina and has been there since 1999. He is responsible for creating an industrial mathematics degree at Simon Fraser University."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Barrel (unit)", "paragraph_text": "In the worldwide oil industry, an oil barrel is defined as 42 US gallons, which is about 7002159000000000000 \u2660 159 litres or 35 imperial gallons. In Canada, oil companies measure oil in cubic metres but convert to barrels on export, since most of Canada's oil production is exported to the US. The nominal conversion factor is 1 cubic metre = 6.2898 oil barrels, but conversion is generally done by custody transfer meters on the border since the exact conversion factor depends on oil density and temperature."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Adly Mansour", "paragraph_text": "Mansour was born in Cairo. He graduated from Cairo University Law School in 1967, earned a postgraduate degree in law in 1969, studied economics and earned a postgraduate degree in management science from Cairo University in 1970. He later attended France's \u00c9cole nationale d'administration (ENA) and graduated in 1977."}], "question": "When did the city retaining most University of Houston graduates begin to regain its dependence on the oil industry?"}
{"id": "2hop__131706_49960", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lake Dora (Western Australia)", "paragraph_text": "Lake Dora is a seasonal salt lake located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It lies between the vegetated sand fields of the Great Sandy and Gibson Deserts. The Rudall River occasionally flows into Lake Dora."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Utah Symphony", "paragraph_text": "The Utah Symphony is an American orchestra based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The orchestra's principal venue is Abravanel Hall. In addition to its Salt Lake City subscription concerts, the orchestra travels around the Intermountain West serving communities throughout Utah. The orchestra accompanies the Utah Opera in four productions per year at Salt Lake's Capitol Theatre. In addition, the Utah Symphony and Utah Opera have a summer residency at the Deer Valley Music Festival, located in Park City, Utah. The orchestra receives funding from the Utah State Legislature for educational concerts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Salt Lake City", "paragraph_text": "Salt Lake City (often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC) is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, which has a population of 1,153,340 (2014 estimate). Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City - Ogden - Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120 - mile (190 km) segment of the Wasatch Front, comprising a population of 2,423,912 as of 2014. It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin (the other is Reno, Nevada)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "99 West", "paragraph_text": "99 West City Creek condominium tower (originally known as Promontory on South Temple) is a residential condominium building in the City Creek development in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The building rises tall, making it the third-tallest building in Salt Lake City, and contains 30 floors. Construction was completed before the official grand opening of the City Creek mall. The tower contains 185 individually-owned residential units."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sandy Lake, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Sandy Lake is an unincorporated community Native American village located in Turner Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota, United States. Its name in the Ojibwe language is \"Gaa-mitaawangaagamaag\", meaning \"Place of the Sandy-shored Lake\". The village is administrative center for the Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa, though the administration of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation, District II, is located in the nearby East Lake."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Salt Lake City", "paragraph_text": "Salt Lake City (often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC) is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, which has a population of 1,153,340 (2014 estimate). Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City -- Ogden -- Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120 - mile (190 km) segment of the Wasatch Front, comprising a population of 2,423,912 as of 2014. It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin (the other is Reno, Nevada)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Grantsville, Utah", "paragraph_text": "Grantsville is the second most populous city in Tooele County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Salt Lake City, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 9,063 on the 2011 report of the American Community Survey, a branch of the U.S. Census Bureau. The city has grown slowly and steadily throughout most of its existence, but rapid increases in growth occurred during the 1970s and 1990s. Recent rapid growth has been attributed to the nearby Deseret Peak recreational center, the Miller Motorsports Park raceway and to the newly built Wal-Mart Distribution Center located just outside the city. It is quickly becoming a bedroom community for commuters into the Salt Lake valley."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Minneapolis", "paragraph_text": "Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sandy City Bank", "paragraph_text": "The Sandy City Bank, at 212 E. Main St. in Sandy, Utah, was built in 1907. It includes Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals and Italian Renaissance architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "W. Mont Ferry", "paragraph_text": "William Montague Ferry (March 12, 1871 \u2013 January 11, 1938) was an American politician. He was a Utah State Senator and the 17th mayor of Salt Lake City."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jim Dabakis", "paragraph_text": "Jim Dabakis is an American politician from Salt Lake City, Utah. A Democrat, he served as a member of the Utah State Senate, where he represented the state's 2nd senate district."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Salt Lake City", "paragraph_text": "The Congress organized the Utah Territory out of the ``State of Deseret ''in 1850, and a few months later on January 6, 1851 the city was formally organized as`` The City of the Great Salt Lake''. Originally, Fillmore, Utah was the territorial capital, but in 1856 it was moved to Salt Lake City, where it has stayed ever since. The city's name was officially changed to ``Salt Lake City ''at the same time."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jackie Biskupski", "paragraph_text": "Jackie Biskupski (born January 11, 1966) is an American Democratic politician, and the Mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah. Upon taking office, Biskupski became Salt Lake City's 35th mayor, the city's first openly gay mayor, and the second female mayor (after Deedee Corradini). She is a former member of the Utah House of Representatives, representing the 30th District in Salt Lake County from 1999 to 2011."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dumb and Dumber", "paragraph_text": "Some of the external street scenes were filmed in Salt Lake City, and the airport scene was filmed at Salt Lake City International Airport."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hugh W. Pinnock", "paragraph_text": "Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Crown Point, Indiana", "paragraph_text": "Crown Point is a city in and the county seat of Lake County, Indiana, United States. The population was 27,317 at the 2010 census. The city was incorporated in 1868. On October 31, 1834, Solon Robinson and his family became the first settlers to an area that later became Crown Point. Because of its location, Crown Point is known as the \"Hub of Lake County\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Madison, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1829 on an isthmus between Lake Monona and Lake Mendota, Madison was named the capital of the Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and became the capital of the state of Wisconsin when it was admitted to the Union in 1848. That same year, the University of Wisconsin was founded in Madison and the state government and university have become the city's two largest employers. The city is also known for its lakes, restaurants, and extensive network of parks and bike trails, with much of the park system designed by landscape architect John Nolen."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Indian Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's 3000 metres", "paragraph_text": "The women's 3000 m speed skating competition for the 2002 Winter Olympics was held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States."}], "question": "when did salt lake city become the capital of the state hosting The Sandy City Bank?"}
{"id": "2hop__38738_30873", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Not Too Young To Run", "paragraph_text": "In April, 2018, the Nigeria's Senate resolved to transmit the Not Too Young To Run bill to the President of Nigeria. On May 21, 2018, 55 youth - led organizations gave President Buhari an 8day ultimatum to assent on the bill. On 29 May 2018, Nigeria's President Buhari announced in his' democracy day 'national address that he planned to sign the bill into law. He subsequently signed the bill on the 31st of May 2018. On May 31, 2018, Muhammadu Buhari signed the Not Too Young To Run bill into law."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as playing a key role in speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York. However, the IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) had been regulated by both European and U.S. authorities since its purchase of the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001. Mr Greenberger was later corrected on this matter."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933", "paragraph_text": "The legislation was enacted in June 1933 during the Great Depression in the United States as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislative program. Section 7 (a) of the bill, which protected collective bargaining rights for unions, proved contentious (especially in the Senate), but both chambers eventually passed the legislation. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933. The Act had two main sections (or ``titles ''). Title I was devoted to industrial recovery, authorizing the promulgation of industrial codes of fair competition, guaranteed trade union rights, permitted the regulation of working standards, and regulated the price of certain refined petroleum products and their transportation. Title II established the Public Works Administration, outlined the projects and funding opportunities it could engage in. Title II also provided funding for the Act."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "After Kerry's third qualifying wound, he was entitled per Navy regulations to reassignment away from combat duties. Kerry's preferred choice for reassignment was as a military aide in Boston, New York or Washington, D.C. On April 11, 1969, he reported to the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service, where he would remain on active duty for the following year as a personal aide to an officer, Rear Admiral Walter Schlech. On January 1, 1970 Kerry was temporarily promoted to full Lieutenant. Kerry had agreed to an extension of his active duty obligation from December 1969 to August 1970 in order to perform Swift Boat duty. John Kerry was on active duty in the United States Navy from August 1966 until January 1970. He continued to serve in the Naval Reserve until February 1978."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\" In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization. In 1995, President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Second Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals, while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices. State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right, per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "On July 6, John Kerry selected John Edwards as his running mate, shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, held later that month. Days before Kerry announced Edwards as his running mate, Kerry gave a short list of three candidates: Sen John Edwards, Rep Dick Gephardt, and Gov Tom Vilsack. Heading into the convention, the Kerry/Edwards ticket unveiled their new slogan\u2014a promise to make America \"stronger at home and more respected in the world.\" Kerry made his Vietnam War experience the prominent theme of the convention. In accepting the nomination, he began his speech with, \"I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty.\" He later delivered what may have been the speech's most memorable line when he said, \"the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom\", a quote that later appeared in a Kerry/Edwards television advertisement."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas, announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons. Kerry ran, and as in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor, he did not receive the endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention. Congressman James Shannon, a favorite of House Speaker Tip O'Neill, was the early favorite to win the nomination, and he \"won broad establishment support and led in early polling.\" Again as in 1982, however, Kerry prevailed in a close primary."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries, John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals, including Sen. John Edwards (D-North Carolina.), former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sagging campaign in New Hampshire and the February 3, 2004, primary states like Arizona, South Carolina and New Mexico. Kerry then went on to win landslide victories in Nevada and Wisconsin. Kerry thus won the Democratic nomination to run for President of the United States against incumbent George W. Bush. On July 6, 2004, he announced his selection of John Edwards as his running mate. Democratic strategist Bob Shrum, who was Kerry's 2004 campaign adviser, wrote an article in Time magazine claiming that after the election, Kerry had said that he wished he'd never picked Edwards, and that the two have since stopped speaking to each other. In a subsequent appearance on ABC's This Week, Kerry refused to respond to Shrum's allegation, calling it a \"ridiculous waste of time.\""}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Second Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self defence, but ``Like most rights, the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited... ''. It is``... not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose.'' ``Nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms. ''while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices. State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right, per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Second Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals, while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices. State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gun Control Act of 1968", "paragraph_text": "The Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA or GCA68) is a U.S. federal law that regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners. It primarily focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers and importers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Federal Aviation Administration", "paragraph_text": "On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year \"cooling off\" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated. The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word \"customer\" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. The bill died in a Senate committee that year."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Most analyses place Kerry's voting record on the left within the Senate Democratic caucus. During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative groups and the Bush campaign, who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal's top Senate liberal. However, that rating was based only upon voting on legislation within that past year. In fact, in terms of career voting records, the National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate. Most analyses find that Kerry is at least slightly more liberal than the typical Democratic Senator. Kerry has stated that he opposes privatizing Social Security, supports abortion rights for adult women and minors, supports same-sex marriage, opposes capital punishment except for terrorists, supports most gun control laws, and is generally a supporter of trade agreements. Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China, but opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Affirmative action in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: \"there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power to the Commission to require hiring, firing, and promotion to meet a racial 'quota.' [. . .] Title VII is designed to encourage the hiring on basis of ability and qualifications, not race or religion.\" Title VII prohibits discrimination. Humphrey was the silent hero of the bill's passing through Congress. He pledged that the bill required no quotas, just nondiscrimination. Doing so, he convinced many pro-business Republicans, including Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (IL) to support Title VII.:78\u201380"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In 1970, Kerry had considered running for Congress in the Democratic primary against hawkish Democrat Philip J. Philbin of Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district, but deferred in favour of Robert Drinan, a Jesuit priest and anti-war activist, who went on to defeat Philbin. In February 1972, Kerry's wife bought a house in Worcester, with Kerry intending to run against the 4th district's ageing thirteen-term incumbent Democrat, Harold Donohue. The couple never moved in. After Republican Congressman F. Bradford Morse of the neighbouring 5th district announced his retirement and then resignation to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations. The couple instead rented an apartment in Lowell, so that Kerry could run to succeed him."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "PlusGirot", "paragraph_text": "PlusGirot \"(formerly PostGirot)\" is a Swedish money transaction system, owned by Nordea. \"PlusGirot\" is one of two proprietary clearing systems used for regular transactions such as bill payments in Sweden."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed \"The Volcker Rule\", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes."}], "question": "When did kerry run for a seat in the outfit that passed a reform bill?"}
{"id": "2hop__153875_93327", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lost to the Living", "paragraph_text": "Lost to the Living is the title of the third full-length album by Daylight Dies and was to be released by Candlelight Records on June 24, 2008, but was delayed until July 14, 2008 due to problems with printing the album."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Love Island (series 1)", "paragraph_text": "The first series of Love Island began on 7 June 2015 with a live special of the show hosted by Caroline Flack on ITV2, and ended on 15 July 2015. It is the first from the revived series, but third overall. The series was narrated by Iain Stirling. The series aired every night of the week except Friday, however the Saturday episode was used as a weekly catch - up entitled ``Love Island: The Weekly Hot List ''rather than a nightly highlights episode. The average viewers for this series was 570,000."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "This Guy's in Love with You", "paragraph_text": "``This Guy's in Love with You ''is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, and recorded by Herb Alpert. Although known primarily for his trumpet playing as the leader of the Tijuana Brass, Alpert sang lead vocals on this solo recording, arranged by Bacharach."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Billy Joel", "paragraph_text": "On December 11, 2008, Joel recorded his own rendition of \"Christmas in Fallujah\" during a concert at Acer Arena in Sydney and released it as a live single in Australia only. It is the only official release of Joel performing \"Christmas in Fallujah\", as Cass Dillon sang on the 2007 studio recording and the handful of times the song was played live in 2007. Joel sang the song throughout his December 2008 tour of Australia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kurt Seyit ve \u015eura", "paragraph_text": "Kurt Seyit ve \u015eura is about the adventures of two people in love who during WWI Russia are forced to leave their lives and family behind during the Russian Revolution and escape to Istanbul. The journey of Kurt Seyit Eminof (K\u0131van\u00e7 Tatl\u0131tu\u011f), a lieutenant from Crimea, and \u015eura (Farah Zeynep Abdullah), the beautiful daughter of a noble Russian family, tells their tale from the days of magnificence in Petrograd, to the Carpathian front line, from the riots, to the revolution, from Alushta to occupied Istanbul, to Pera in the 1920's. It is the journey of their love."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Licence to Kill (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "Licence to Kill Soundtrack album by Michael Kamen Released 1989 Recorded 1989 Label MCA Records Producer Joel Sill Michael Kamen chronology Renegades (1989) Renegades 1989 Licence to Kill (1989) Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) Lethal Weapon 2 1989 James Bond soundtrack chronology The Living Daylights (1987) The Living Daylights 1987 Licence to Kill (1989) Licence to Kill1989 GoldenEye (1995) GoldenEye 1995 Singles from Licence to Kill ``Licence To Kill ''Released: 1989`` If You Asked Me To'' Released: 12 June 1989"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an \"s\") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English (\"the change has been virtually accomplished\"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. (\"Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an \"s\") is commonly used.\") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without \"time\"), daylight savings (without \"time\"), and daylight time."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Harry Loves Lisa", "paragraph_text": "Harry Loves Lisa is an American reality television series on TV Land starring Harry Hamlin and Lisa Rinna, a married couple. The series follows the couple and their two preteen daughters as they live a hectic Hollywood lifestyle."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The X Factor (British series 7)", "paragraph_text": "For their qualifying song, and their first as a group, at judges' houses, One Direction sang an acoustic version of ``Torn ''. In week 1 of the live shows, they performed`` Viva la Vida'' and were safe for the week. Week 2 was ``Musical Heroes ''and One Direction sang`` My Life Would Suck Without You'', which received positive comments from the judges; Minogue called them ``five heartthrobs ''and praised their performance, Cole called them`` cute'', and Cowell said ``You are the most exciting pop band in the country right now. ''They sang`` Nobody Knows'' in week 3 and ``Total Eclipse of the Heart ''in week 4. In week 4, girl band Belle Amie were eliminated, leaving One Direction as Cowell's last remaining act. They sang`` Kids in America'' in week 5, ``Something About the Way You Look Tonight ''in week 6, and`` All You Need Is Love'' in week 7. They were safe each week, never once being in the bottom two. For weeks 8 and 9, they performed ``Summer of 69 ''and`` You Are So Beautiful'' in week 8 and ``Only Girl (in the World) ''and`` Chasing Cars'' in week 9. They were safe both times, making it to the final live show, being the first ever manufactured group to do so. In week 10, they performed ``Your Song ''. After performing`` Torn'' in the final, One Direction finished in third place behind runner - up Rebecca Ferguson and winner Matt Cardle."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The series is set in the small Oxfordshire hamlet of Lark Rise and the wealthier neighbouring market town of Candleford towards the end of the 19th century. The series chronicles the daily lives of farm workers, craftsmen, and gentry, observing the characters in loving, boisterous, and competing communities of families, rivals, friends, and neighbours."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Times", "paragraph_text": "In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: \"The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read.\""}, {"idx": 11, "title": "If Loving You Is Wrong", "paragraph_text": "If Loving You Is Wrong is an American prime time television soap opera created, executive produced, written, and directed by Tyler Perry. The series focuses on the lives and relationships of a group of five husbands and wives who live on the same street (Castillo Lane) in the fictional community of Maxine. The show stars Amanda Clayton, Edwina Findley, Heather Hemmens, Zulay Henao, and April Parker Jones as the five female leads Alex, Kelly, Marcie, Esperanza and Natalie on ``their quest to find love in the midst of managing very complex lives. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Daddy Sang Bass", "paragraph_text": "\"Daddy Sang Bass\" is a 1968 single written by Carl Perkins, with lines from the chorus of \"Will the Circle Be Unbroken?\" and recorded by Johnny Cash. \"Daddy Sang Bass\" was Johnny Cash's sixty-first release on the country chart. The song went to No.\u00a01 on the \"Billboard\" country chart for 6 weeks and spent a total of 19 weeks on the chart. The single reached No.\u00a056 on the \"Cashbox\" pop singles chart in 1969. \"Daddy Sang Bass\" was also released on the Columbia Records Hall of Fame Series as a 45, #13-33153, b/w \"Folsom Prison Blues\" (live version). The record was nominated in the CMA awards category of Single of the Year by the Country Music Association (CMA) in 1969."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Lady with the Dog", "paragraph_text": "The story beautifully captures the quiet desperation of the two protagonists, their dissatisfaction with their meaningless lives and loveless marriages, and their craving for something better. Their deep love for each other fills that void and radically transforms their outlook on life. But that love also breaks their hearts, for, in 19th century Russia, they find it almost impossible to break away and start a new life together."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Living Daylights", "paragraph_text": "The Living Daylights is a 1987 British spy film, the fifteenth entry in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Timothy Dalton as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by John Glen, the film's title is taken from Ian Fleming's short story \"The Living Daylights\", the plot of which also forms the basis of the first act of the film. It was the last film to use the title of an Ian Fleming story until the 2006 instalment \"Casino Royale\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shadow of the Dragon", "paragraph_text": "Shadow of the Dragon is a 1993 book written by Sherry Garland. It chronicles Danny Vo and Nguyen Sang Le, two ethnic Vietnamese living in Houston; Danny is Americanized while Sang Le has difficulty adjusting to American culture and society."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "From Russia with Love (soundtrack)", "paragraph_text": "``Opening Titles: James Bond Is Back / From Russia with Love / James Bond Theme ''(different arrangement from that heard in the film)`` Tania Meets Klebb'' ``Meeting in St. Sophia ''`` The Golden Horn'' * ``Girl Trouble ''`` Bond Meets Tania'' ``007 ''`` Gypsy Camp'' ``Death of Grant ''`` From Russia with Love'' -- Matt Monro ``Spectre Island ''`` Guitar Lament'' * ``Man Overboard / SMERSH in Action ''`` James Bond with Bongos'' ``Stalking ''`` Leila Dances'' * ``Death of Kerim ''`` 007 Takes the Lektor''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Octopussy and The Living Daylights", "paragraph_text": "Octopussy and The Living Daylights (sometimes published as Octopussy) is the fourteenth and final James Bond book written by Ian Fleming in the Bond series. The book is a collection of short stories published posthumously in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape on 23 June 1966."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "To Russia with Love (album)", "paragraph_text": "To Russia with Love is a 1994 album by Mannheim Steamroller. The album was recorded in St. Petersburg's Philharmonia Hall."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Daylight saving time in Australia", "paragraph_text": "The choice of whether to use daylight saving time (DST) in Australia is a matter for the individual states and territories. However, during World War I and World War II all states and territories had daylight saving. In 1968 Tasmania became the first state since the war to practise daylight saving. In 1971, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory followed Tasmania by observing daylight saving. Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not. Queensland abandoned daylight saving time in 1972. Queensland and Western Australia have observed daylight saving over the past 40 years from time to time on trial bases."}], "question": "Who sang From Russia With Love, in the series of films that The Living Daylights was in?"}
{"id": "2hop__129377_14487", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Casalarreina", "paragraph_text": "Casalarreina is a town located in the province of La Rioja, Spain. It is located 47 kilometers from Logro\u00f1o, the capital of La Rioja, in the north-west."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Robert M. La Follette House", "paragraph_text": "Robert M. La Follette House is a historic house located at 733 Lakewood Boulevard in Maple Bluff, Wisconsin, United States. The house was the home of Robert M. La Follette, Wisconsin governor and U.S. Congressman and presidential candidate, from 1905 until his death in 1925. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Las Vegas Valley", "paragraph_text": "Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas metropolitan area Metropolitan area Las Vegas -- Paradise - Henderson, NV MSA Left - right from top: Las Vegas Strip, Stratosphere Tower, Fremont Street Experience, Waldorf Astoria Las Vegas, Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, The District at Green Valley Ranch Las Vegas Valley Location within Nevada Las Vegas Valley Location within the United States Las Vegas Valley Location within North America Show map of Nevada Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates: 36 \u00b0 19 \u2032 N 115 \u00b0 14 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 36.317 \u00b0 N 115.233 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 36.317; - 115.233 Coordinates: 36 \u00b0 19 \u2032 N 115 \u00b0 14 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 36.317 \u00b0 N 115.233 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 36.317; - 115.233 Country United States State Nevada Principal city Las Vegas Other major cities - Henderson - North Las Vegas Population (2018 estimate) Total 2,227,053 Time zone UTC \u2212 8 (PST) Summer (DST) UTC \u2212 7 (PDT) Area code (s) 702 725"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "La Nau", "paragraph_text": "La Nau (literally \"The Nave\") is the former building of the old Universidad Literaria in Valencia, and is today one of the smaller buildings of the modern Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia. The street itself is known as the \"carrer de la Nau\" after the building. It was built in 1497 and remodelled in 1830. The courtyard is now used for a cafe and exhibitions."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Vange Leonel", "paragraph_text": "Vange Leonel was born in S\u00e3o Paulo in 1963; great-granddaughter of General Ataliba Leonel, who fought in the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution, and cousin of former Tit\u00e3s member Nando Reis, her first musical ventures were with the post-punk band Nau (Portuguese for \"carrack\"), which was founded in 1985. Nau released an eponymous album by CBS in 1987, and also took part in the compilation \"N\u00e3o S\u00e3o Paulo, Vol. 2\", released by Baratos Afins; however, it would disband in 1989, after plans for a second studio album fell through, and Vange followed with a solo career."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Deh Now-ye Khaleseh", "paragraph_text": "Deh Now-ye Khaleseh (, also Romanized as Deh Now-ye Kh\u0101le\u015feh, Deh Now-e Kh\u0101le\u015feh, and Deh Now Kh\u0101le\u015feh; also known as Deh-i-Nau, Deh Nau, Deh Now, and Deh Now-ye Ken\u0101r G\u016bsheh) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,519, in 657 families."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Surrender of a Confederate Soldier", "paragraph_text": "Surrender of a Confederate Soldier is an 1873 painting by Julian Scott in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum. The painting depicts an injured soldier of the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War (1861 to 1865) waiving an improvised flag of surrender. The soldier is accompanied by black man and a woman holding an infant: the black man is presumed to be the soldier's slave, and the woman and infant are presumed to be his wife and child."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kamela, Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Kamela is an unincorporated community in Union County, Oregon, United States. It is located west of Interstate 84 about 20 miles northwest of La Grande."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Fuenmayor", "paragraph_text": "Fuenmayor is a town located in the province of La Rioja, Spain. It is located ten kilometers from Logro\u00f1o, the capital of La Rioja."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Surrender of Lord Cornwallis", "paragraph_text": "The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis is an oil painting by John Trumbull. The painting was completed in 1820, and hangs in the rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Primaris Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Primaris Airlines was an American charter airline located in Enterprise, Nevada, in the United States. It operated domestic and international services. Its main base was McCarran International Airport, Las Vegas."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "La Joya, New Mexico", "paragraph_text": "La Joya is a census-designated place in Socorro County, New Mexico, United States. The community is located on the east bank of the Rio Grande, north of Socorro. Its population was 82 as of the 2010 census. La Joya has a post office with ZIP code 87028, which opened on February 28, 1883."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "La Plata Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The La Plata Mountains are a small subrange of the San Juan Mountains in the southwestern part of Colorado, United States. They are located on the border between Montezuma and La Plata counties, about northwest of Durango. Their name is Spanish for \"silver\"."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Josef Naus", "paragraph_text": "Josef Naus (1793\u20131871) was an officer and surveying technician, known for leading the first ascent of Germany's highest mountain, the Zugspitze. Variations of his name are Karl Naus or Joseph Naus."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Surrender of General Burgoyne", "paragraph_text": "The Surrender of General Burgoyne is an oil painting by John Trumbull. The painting was completed in 1821, and hangs in the rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Unity, Kennebec County, Maine", "paragraph_text": "Unity is an unorganized territory (township) in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. The population was 43 at the 2010 census. The township was a former plantation that surrendered its organization in 1942."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tom\u00e9 de Sousa", "paragraph_text": "Tom\u00e9 de Sousa (1503-1579) was the first governor-general of the Portuguese colony of Brazil from 1549 until 1553. He was a nobleman and soldier born in Rates, P\u00f3voa de Varzim. Sousa was born a noble and participated in military expeditions in Africa, fought the Moors and commanded the nau \"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o\" to Portuguese India, part of the armada of Fern\u00e3o de Andrade."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "La Grange (community), Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "La Grange is an unincorporated community located in the town of La Grange, Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. La Grange is located on U.S. Route 12."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sopris, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Sopris was an unincorporated community located in Las Animas County, Colorado, United States. The town is now under the surface of Trinidad Lake in Trinidad Lake State Park."}], "question": "When did the city where La Nau is located surrender to King James I of Aragon?"}
{"id": "2hop__46862_76291", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of the Kuomintang", "paragraph_text": "The Kuomintang (Traditional Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8; Simplified Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u515a; Hanyu Pinyin: Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 Gu\u00f3m\u00ednd\u01ceng; Initials: KMT or GMD) is a Chinese political party that ruled China 1927 -- 48 and then moved to Taiwan. The name translates as ``China's National People's Party ''and was historically referred to as the Chinese Nationalists. The Party was initially founded on August 25, 1912, by Sun Yat - sen but dissolved in November 1913. It reformed on October 10th 1919, again led by Sun Yat - sen, and became the ruling party in China. After Sun's death, the party was dominated from 1927 to 1975 by Chiang Kai - shek. Though the KMT lost the civil war with the Communist Party of China in 1949, the party took control of Taiwan and remains a major political party of the Republic of China based in Taiwan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China.\" It also states that the Ming dynasty \"inherited the right to rule Tibet\" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. China Daily states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled People's Daily, the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that China Daily had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "African-American candidates for President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Major party, African American candidates for President of the United States could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965) opened up political participation to blacks in the South. Also, party changes to give more weight to candidates' performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders' negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. In 2008, Senator Barack Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States, the first African American to win the office."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act", "paragraph_text": "The Kansas -- Nebraska Act divided the nation and pointed it toward civil war. The Act itself virtually nullified the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The turmoil over the act split both the Democratic and Whig parties and gave rise to the Republican Party, which split the United States into two major political camps, the Republican North and the Democratic South."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary", "paragraph_text": "Senate Judiciary Committee Standing committee Active United States Senate 115th Congress History Formed December 10, 1816 Leadership Chair Chuck Grassley (R) Since January 3, 2015 Ranking member Dianne Feinstein (D) Since January 3, 2017 Structure Seats 21 members Political parties Majority (11) Republican (11) Minority (10) Democratic (10) Jurisdiction Policy areas Federal judiciary, civil procedure, criminal procedure, civil liberties, copyrights, patents, trademarks, naturalization, constitutional amendments, congressional apportionment, state and territorial boundary lines Oversight authority Department of Justice, Department of Homeland Security, federal judicial nominations House counterpart House Committee on the Judiciary Meeting place 226 Dirksen Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. Website judiciary.senate.gov Rules Rule XXV. 1. (m), Standing Rules of the Senate Rules of Procedure U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "James Buchanan", "paragraph_text": "James Buchanan Jr. (/ bju\u02d0\u02c8k\u00e6n\u0259n /; April 23, 1791 -- June 1, 1868) was the 15th President of the United States (1857 -- 61), serving immediately prior to the American Civil War. Historians fault him for his failure to address the issue of slavery, bringing the nation to the brink of the Civil War. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the 17th United States Secretary of State and had served in the Senate and House of Representatives before becoming president."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Anthony Higgins (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Anthony C. Higgins (October 1, 1840 \u2013 June 26, 1912) was a lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the Civil War and a member of the Republican Party, who served as United States Senator from Delaware."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, the state elected a Republican Governor (Pat McCrory) and Lieutenant Governor (Dan Forest) for the first time in more than two decades, while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate. Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control, with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats' four. In the 2014 mid-term elections, Republican David Rouzer won the state's Seventh Congressional District seat, increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10-3 in favor of the GOP."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Slavery in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The thirteenth amendment, abolishing slavery except as punishment for a crime, was passed by the Senate in April 1864, and by the House of Representatives in January 1865. The amendment did not take effect until it was ratified by three fourths of the states, which occurred on December 6, 1865, when Georgia ratified it. On that date, all remaining slaves became officially free."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zebulon Baird Vance", "paragraph_text": "Zebulon Baird Vance (May 13, 1830\u00a0\u2013 April 14, 1894) was a Confederate military officer in the American Civil War, the 37th and 43rd Governor of North Carolina, and U.S. Senator. A prolific writer, Vance became one of the most influential Southern leaders of the Civil War and postbellum periods. As a leader of the \"New South\", Vance favored the rapid modernization of the southern economy, railroad expansion, school construction, and reconciliation with the North."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2014 United States Senate elections", "paragraph_text": "The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections", "paragraph_text": "The United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Montana", "paragraph_text": "However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "First Party System", "paragraph_text": "The First Party System is a model of American politics used in history and political science to periodize the political party system that existed in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824. It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic - Republican Party, formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, usually called at the time the ``Republican Party. ''The Federalists were dominant until 1800, while the Republicans were dominant after 1800."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Henry Smith Lane", "paragraph_text": "Henry Smith Lane (February 24, 1811 \u2013 June 19, 1881) was a United States Representative, Senator, and the 13th Governor of Indiana; he was by design the shortest-serving Governor of Indiana, having made plans to resign the office should his party take control of the Indiana General Assembly and elect him to the United States Senate. He held that office for only two days, and was known for his opposition to slavery. A Whig until the party collapsed, he supported compromise with the south. He became an early leader in the Republican Party starting in 1856 serving as the president of the first party convention, delivering its keynote address, and was influential in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became a full-fledged abolitionist, and in the Senate he was a pro-Union advocate and a strong supporter of the war effort to end the rebellion."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Southern Party", "paragraph_text": "The Southern Party (SP) was a minor political party in the United States that operated exclusively in the South. The party supported states' rights and increased Southern cultural and regionalist activism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reconstruction era", "paragraph_text": "Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson both took moderate positions designed to bring the South back into the union as quickly as possible, while Radical Republicans in Congress sought stronger measures to upgrade the rights of African Americans, including the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, while curtailing the rights of former Confederates, such as through the provisions of the Wade -- Davis Bill. Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincoln's last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The Party Control Committee oversaw the party discipline of the Party members and candidate Party members in terms of their observance of the programme and regulations of the Party, state discipline and Party ethics. It administered punishments, including expulsions from the Party. The Party Control Committee also considered the appeals of Party members punished by their local Party organizations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "First Indochina War", "paragraph_text": "Then the U.S. government gradually began supporting the French in their war effort, primarily through the Mutual Defense Assistance Act, as a means of stabilizing the French Fourth Republic in which the French Communist Party was a significant political force. A dramatic shift occurred in American policy after the victory of Mao Zedong's Communist Party of China in the Chinese Civil War. By 1949, however, the United States became concerned about the spread of communism in Asia, particularly following the end of the Chinese Civil War, and began to strongly support the French as the two countries were bound by the Cold War Mutual Defense Programme."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865. The amendment was ratified by the required number of states on December 6, 1865. On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed its adoption. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War."}], "question": "When did the political party in favor of harsh punishments for the South after the civil war gain control of the Senate?"}
{"id": "2hop__36852_7769", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations. The Grand Secretariat,[f] which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial chancery. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming formed the core of the Qing \"Outer Court,\" which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Widespread drought in North China, combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government, created conditions that led to the emergence of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, or \"Boxers.\" In 1900, local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered foreign missionaries and large numbers of Chinese Christians, then converged on Beijing to besiege the Foreign Legation Quarter. A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies (the Eight-Nation Alliance) then entered China without diplomatic notice, much less permission. Cixi declared war on all of these nations, only to lose control of Beijing after a short, but hard-fought campaign. She fled to Xi'an. The victorious allies drew up scores of demands on the Qing government, including compensation for their expenses in invading China and execution of complicit officials."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Yang Sisters", "paragraph_text": "The Yang Sisters is a Singaporean sitcom on MediaCorp Channel 5. As Honey, the eldest of three sisters (her siblings are played by Liow Shi Suen and Kym Ng) Pei Pei is a kungfu master whose No. 1 mission in life is to hook a husband for her tomboyish daughter Qing Qing. Hoping that Qing Qing will find her 'feminine self' in Singapore, Honey sends her to her sisters in Singapore."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In 1750 the Ambans and the majority of the Han Chinese and Manchus living in Lhasa were killed in a riot, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called Kashag, but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Taiwan under Qing rule", "paragraph_text": "Taiwan under Qing rule refers to the rule of the Qing dynasty over Formosa (modern-day Taiwan) from 1683 to 1895. The Qing court sent an army led by general Shi Lang and annexed Taiwan in 1683. It was governed as Taiwan Prefecture of Fokien Province (Fujian) until the declaration of Fokien-Taiwan Province in 1887. Qing rule over Taiwan ended when Taiwan was ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the \"Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet\". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border. Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ordered a Chinese official, Zeng Guofan, to organize regional and village militias into an emergency army called tuanlian. Zeng Guofan's strategy was to rely on local gentry to raise a new type of military organization from those provinces that the Taiping rebels directly threatened. This new force became known as the Xiang Army, named after the Hunan region where it was raised. The Xiang Army was a hybrid of local militia and a standing army. It was given professional training, but was paid for out of regional coffers and funds its commanders \u2014 mostly members of the Chinese gentry \u2014 could muster. The Xiang Army and its successor, the Huai Army, created by Zeng Guofan's colleague and mentee Li Hongzhang, were collectively called the \"Yong Ying\" (Brave Camp)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Qing dynasty, also known as the Qing Empire, officially the Great Qing (English: / t\u0283 \u026a\u014b /), was the last imperial dynasty of China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mexican\u2013American War", "paragraph_text": "Before the secession of Texas, Mexico comprised almost 1,700,000 sq mi (4,400,000 km), but by 1849 it was just under 800,000 square miles (2,100,000 km). Another 30,000 square miles (78,000 km) were sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, so the total reduction of Mexican territory was more than 55%, or 900,000 square miles (2,300,000 km)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894\u20131895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three decades after the Meiji Restoration set a feudal Japan on course to emulate the Western nations in their economic and technological achievements. Finally, in December 1894, the Qing government took concrete steps to reform military institutions and to re-train selected units in westernized drills, tactics and weaponry. These units were collectively called the New Army. The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander, General Yuan Shikai, who used his position to build networks of loyal officers and eventually become President of the Republic of China."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Losing Days", "paragraph_text": "Losing Days is an EP released by Frank Turner on Sept. 1, 2013 via Xtra Mile. Losing Days was the third single from Turner's fourth studio album \"Tape Deck Heart\". The other three songs on this EP were recorded during the Tape Deck Heart sessions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thomas Willoughby Newton", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Willoughby Newton died in New York City on 22 September 1853, aged 49, and is buried in the historic Mount Holly Cemetery in Little Rock. Newton County, Arkansas was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Forbidden City", "paragraph_text": "After being the home of 24 emperors -- 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty -- the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use, until he was evicted after a coup in 1924. The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925. In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders by Chiang Kai - shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Imperial City, Beijing", "paragraph_text": "The Imperial City () is a section of the city of Beijing in the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the Forbidden City at its center. It refers to the collection of gardens, shrines, and other service areas between the Forbidden City and the Inner City of ancient Beijing. The Imperial City was surrounded by a wall and accessed through seven gates and it includes historical places such as the Forbidden City, Tiananmen, Zhongnanhai, Beihai Park, Zhongshan Park, Jingshan, Imperial Ancestral Temple, and Xiancantan."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Nanjing, with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres (2,548 sq mi), is situated in the heartland of drainage area of lower reaches of Yangtze River, and in Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south side of the city. The city is 300 kilometres (190 mi) west-northwest of Shanghai, 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) south-southeast of Beijing, and 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) east-northeast of Chongqing. The downstream Yangtze River flows from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, through Anhui and Jiangsu to East Sea, north to drainage basin of downstream Yangtze is Huai River basin and south to it is Zhe River basin, and they are connected by the Grand Canal east to Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang (\u4e0b\u6c5f, Downstream River) region, with Jianghuai (\u6c5f\u6dee) stressing northern part and Jiangzhe (\u6c5f\u6d59) stressing southern part. The region is also known as Dongnan (\u6771\u5357, South East, the Southeast) and Jiangnan (\u6c5f\u5357, River South, south of Yangtze)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "USS Pampero (1853)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Pampero\" (1853) was a large () and capacious ship-rigged vessel purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Navy as a storeship to provision the fleet and as a collier to supply the fleet\u2019s need for coal for their steam engines."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Miles Gloriosus (play)", "paragraph_text": "Miles Gloriosus is a comedic play written by Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254\u2013184 B.C.). The title can be translated as \"The Swaggering Soldier\" or \"Vainglorious Soldier\". His source for \"Miles Gloriosus\" was a Greek play, now lost, called \"Alazon\" or \"The Braggart\". Although the characters in \"Miles Gloriosus\" speak Latin, they are Greeks and largely have Greek names, clothing, and customs. The action takes place in Ephesus, a Greek city on the coast of Asia Minor, famous for its Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Upper Klamath Lake", "paragraph_text": "Upper Klamath Lake (sometimes called Klamath Lake) (Klamath:? ews, ``lake '') is a large, shallow freshwater lake east of the Cascade Range in south - central Oregon in the United States. The largest body of fresh water by surface area in Oregon, it is approximately 25 miles (40 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide and extends northwest from the city of Klamath Falls. It sits at an average elevation of 4,140 feet (1,260 m)."}], "question": "How large, in miles, is the city the Qing lost in 1853?"}
{"id": "2hop__128516_30593", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bristol Motor Speedway", "paragraph_text": "Bristol Motor Speedway, formerly known as Bristol International Raceway and Bristol Raceway, is a NASCAR short track venue located in Bristol, Tennessee. Constructed in 1960, it held its first NASCAR race on July 30, 1961. Despite its short length, Bristol is among the most popular tracks on the NASCAR schedule because of its distinct features, which include extraordinarily steep banking, an all concrete surface, two pit roads, and stadium - like seating. It has also been named one of the loudest NASCAR tracks."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wendy Venturini", "paragraph_text": "Wendy Venturini (born January 30, 1979 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American reporter for the Performance Racing Network (PRN). She works as broadcaster for Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races and sometimes as a pit reporter for races on PRN. She had been a pit reporter in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, and reporter for NASCAR Race Day. Venturini is a 2000 graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "NASCAR Speedway Division", "paragraph_text": "The NASCAR Speedway Division was a short-lived series brought forth in 1952 by NASCAR president and founder Bill France Sr. The series consisted of open-wheel race cars competing with stock engines. The idea of the series was to draw from the popularity of other open-wheel racing events such as the Indianapolis 500."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2018 Advance Auto Parts Clash", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Advance Auto Parts Clash is a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race held on February 11, 2018, at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. Contested over 75 laps, it was the first exhibition race of the 2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series season."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Greg Biffle", "paragraph_text": "Gregory Jack Biffle (born December 23, 1969) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He is inactive as of 2017, last driving in the No. 16 Ford Fusion for Roush Fenway Racing. After racing in the NASCAR Winter Heat Series in the mid-1990s, he was recommended to Jack Roush by former announcer Benny Parsons. He was the 1998 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Rookie of the Year. He won the 2000 Craftsman Truck championship. He reprised this progression in the NASCAR Busch Series, winning the 2001 Rookie of the Year, immediately followed by winning the 2002 championship. Biffle drove in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series for Roush from 2003 until 2016, winning 19 races in the No. 16 Ford. He currently is an analyst for NBC Sports' show NASCAR America."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Spencer Gallagher", "paragraph_text": "Spencer Gallagher (born November 20, 1989) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Monster Energy Cup Series, driving the No. 23 Toyota Camry for BK Racing, part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 23 Chevrolet Camaro, and part-time the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, driving the No. 2 Chevrolet Silverado for GMS Racing. He is also the third of four sons of Allegiant Air's CEO, Maurice J. Gallagher Jr. In 2018, Gallagher announced that he would step away from full-time racing at the end of the 2018 season to take on a managerial role at GMS Racing."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2017 Daytona 500", "paragraph_text": "The 2017 Daytona 500, the 59th running of the event, was held on February 26, 2017, and was won by Kurt Busch. This was Busch's 1st Daytona 500 win. Ryan Blaney finished 2nd, and A.J. Allmendinger finished 3rd. This race was contested for 200 laps on the 2.5 - mile (4.0 km) asphalt superspeedway. It was the first race of the 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series season, and also marked the 1st race for Monster Energy as the new title sponsor for NASCAR's top series, replacing Sprint. Jeffrey Earnhardt made NASCAR history when he became the 1st ever 4th generation driver to compete in the Daytona 500."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Barney Hall", "paragraph_text": "Barney Hall (June 24, 1932January 26, 2016) was an American sports commentator for Motor Racing Network, formerly calling NASCAR races. Hall broadcast races for over 50 years. Hall is considered as one of the best NASCAR commentators of all-time. MRN director David Hyatt stated, \"Motor Racing Network is \u2018The Voice of NASCAR\u2019 and Barney Hall is the voice of MRN.\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Denny Hamlin", "paragraph_text": "James Dennis Alan ``Denny ''Hamlin (born November 18, 1980) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes full - time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 11 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing, and part - time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 20 Camry for JGR. He has won 30 NASCAR Cup Series races, including the Daytona 500 in 2016, where he also posted the smallest winning margin in that race's history."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "NASCAR RaceDay", "paragraph_text": "NASCAR RaceDay (also known as NASCAR RaceDay fueled by Sunoco) is an American pre-race television show on Fox Sports 1 that precedes all NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race broadcasts. Part of the \"Fox NASCAR\" series, the show previously aired on Fox Sports Net and Speed. \"NASCAR RaceDay\" is hosted by Shannon Spake with analysis from Bobby Labonte and Jamie McMurray from the Fox Sports studio in Charlotte, North Carolina. Alan Cavanna and Kaitlyn Vincie report from the track"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "WEDR", "paragraph_text": "WEDR (99.1 FM, \"99 Jamz\") is an urban-formatted radio station serving the South Florida region and licensed to Miami, Florida. WEDR has an unusually wide music selection for a mainstream urban-formatted radio station that ranges from typical hip-hop and R&B to reggaeton. This is because South Florida is a very diversified region that has various music tastes. WEDR's studio is located in Hollywood, Florida. The station is owned by Cox Media Group alongside sister stations WHQT, WFEZ and WFLC."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wendell Scott", "paragraph_text": "Wendell Oliver Scott (August 29, 1921 \u2013 December 23, 1990) was an American stock car racing driver. He was one of the first African-American drivers in NASCAR, and the first African-American to win a race in the Grand National Series, NASCAR's highest level."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Roush Fenway Racing", "paragraph_text": "Roush Fenway Racing, originally Roush Racing, is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, and the Xfinity Series. Once one of NASCAR's largest premier racing teams, Roush runs teams in the Monster Energy Cup Series, Xfinity Series, and formerly in the Camping World Truck Series and ARCA Racing Series. In the NASCAR Cup Series, the team fields the No. 6 Ford Fusion full - time for Trevor Bayne, and the No. 17 Fusion full - time for Ricky Stenhouse Jr. In the Xfinity Series, the team currently fields the No. 16 Ford Mustang full - time for Ryan Reed, and the No. 60 Mustang part - time for Ty Majeski"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Memorial Peppe Greco", "paragraph_text": "The Memorial Peppe Greco is an annual men's 10 kilometres road race which takes place in Scicli, Italy. Also known as the Scicli 10km, the race was created in 1990 by Giovanni Voi. The course consists of ten one-kilometre laps on the streets of the city, which includes a difficult 300-metre stretch uphill over cobblestones."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2018 Daytona 500", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Daytona 500, the 60th running of the event, was a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race held on February 18, 2018, contested over 207 laps -- extended from 200 laps due to an overtime finish -- on the 2.5 - mile (4.0 km) asphalt superspeedway. It was the first race of the 2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series season."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Danica Patrick", "paragraph_text": "In January 2018, it was announced that Patrick would be reunited with longtime partner GoDaddy for sponsorship of the ``Danica Double ''and assistance as she moved on to her life as a business woman and entrepreneur. For her final NASCAR race at the 2018 Daytona 500, Patrick signed with Premium Motorsports to drive its No. 7 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 after discussions with Chip Ganassi Racing did not yield in a race seat. Her final Daytona 500 came to an early end when she was involved in a six - car accident on lap 102, placing 35th in the final results. Patrick concluded her NASCAR career without scoring any wins, and finished in the top ten in 3.6% of her 191 races. On March 7, 2018, it was announced that her final Indianapolis 500 appearance would be in a third car for Ed Carpenter Racing."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Auto racing is also popular in the area. The Richmond International Raceway (RIR) has hosted NASCAR Sprint Cup races since 1953, as well as the Capital City 400 from 1962 \u2212 1980. RIR also hosted IndyCar's Suntrust Indy Challenge from 2001 \u2212 2009. Another track, Southside Speedway, has operated since 1959 and sits just southwest of Richmond in Chesterfield County. This .333-mile (0.536 km) oval short-track has become known as the \"Toughest Track in the South\" and \"The Action Track\", and features weekly stock car racing on Friday nights. Southside Speedway has acted as the breeding grounds for many past NASCAR legends including Richard Petty, Bobby Allison and Darrell Waltrip, and claims to be the home track of NASCAR superstar Denny Hamlin."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Carlos Pardo", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Alberto Pardo Est\u00e9vez (September 15, 1975 \u2013 June 14, 2009) was a Mexican stock car racing driver from Mexico City. He was the first driver to win the NASCAR Mexico Corona Series championship."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ronnie Silver", "paragraph_text": "Ronnie Silver (born July 20, 1951) is a former American stock car racer and crew chief. He raced in the NASCAR Busch Series for eight seasons, winning two races."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. As well as having all four major professional teams, Miami is also home to the Major League Soccer expansion team led by David Beckham, Sony Ericsson Open for professional tennis, numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses. The city streets has hosted professional auto races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas. The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval hosts NASCAR national races."}], "question": "Where do NASCAR races take place in the city where WEDR is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__129447_135145", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nassacher H\u00f6he", "paragraph_text": "Nassacher H\u00f6he is a mountain of Bavaria, Germany. The highest point of the Hassberge. It is 512 m above NN."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elisabeth of Austria (film)", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of Austria (German: Elisabeth von \u00d6sterreich) is a 1931 German historical drama film directed by Adolf Trotz and starring Lil Dagover, Paul Otto and Maria Matray. It is a biopic of Empress Elisabeth of Austria."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth of Hesse (4 March 1502, Marburg \u2013 6 December 1557, Schmalkalden) was a Hessian princess and by marriage Hereditary Princess of Saxony. After the death of her husband, Hereditary Prince John of Saxony, she managed her Wittum, the Saxon districts of Rochlitz and Kriebstein and other possessions, independently. This earned her the nickname \"Elisabeth of Rochlitz\"."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Elisabeth R\u00f6ckel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth R\u00f6ckel (15 March 1793, baptised \"Maria Eva\", Neunburg vorm Wald \u2013 3 March 1883 in Weimar) was a German soprano opera singer and the wife of the composer Johann Nepomuk Hummel."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia", "paragraph_text": "Princess Tatiana Konstantinovna of Russia (Russian: \u041a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430; 23 January 1890 \u2013 28 August 1979) was the third child and oldest daughter of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia and wife, Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Princess D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, Baroness Silfverschi\u00f6ld", "paragraph_text": "Princess D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, Baroness Silfverschi\u00f6ld (D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Elisabeth Sibylla; born 2 June 1938) is the third child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\u00e4sterbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and granddaughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden. Her younger brother is King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 \u2013 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart. Elisabeth of the Palatinate is a philosopher best known for her correspondence with Ren\u00e9 Descartes. She was critical of Descartes' dualistic metaphysics and her work anticipated the metaphysical concerns of later philosophers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (28 August 1691 \u2013 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Maria Antonietta Giuseppina Leopoldina; 16 March 1851 \u2013 12 September 1938) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and by her marriage to Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta, claimant to the defunct throne of the Two Sicilies."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gabriela von Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Gabriela von Habsburg was born in Luxembourg, the fourth child of Otto von Habsburg, the erstwhile crown prince of Austria, and his wife, Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. She was baptised with the names \"Gabriela Maria Charlotte Felicitas Elisabeth Antonia\". According to her birth certificate, her last name is \"of Austria-Hungary\" (\"von \u00d6sterreich-Ungarn\")."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Princess Elisabeth of Waldeck and Pyrmont", "paragraph_text": "Princess Elisabeth of Waldeck and Pyrmont (; 6 September 187323 November 1961) was the youngest daughter of George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont and wife of Alexander, 2nd Prince of Erbach-Sch\u00f6nberg."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Elisabeth of Swabia", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth of Swabia (renamed Beatrice; March/May 1205 \u2013 5 November 1235), was a German princess member of the House of Hohenstaufen and by marriage Queen consort of Castile and Leon."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Princess Amalia of Sweden", "paragraph_text": "Princess Amalia of Sweden (Amalia Maria Charlotta; 22 February 1805 in Stockholm \u2013 31 August 1853 in Oldenburg) was a Swedish princess, daughter of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) MGM Television White Oak Pictures The Littlefield Company Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria", "paragraph_text": "Archduke G\u00e9za of Austria (given names: \"G\u00e9za Ladislaus Euseb Gerhard Rafael Albert Maria\"; born 14 November 1940, in Budapest), in Austria and Hungary only known by law as G\u00e9za Habsburg-Lothringen, is the son of Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria (1895\u20131957) and his wife Princess Anna of Saxony (1903\u20131976); thus, he is a grandson of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and great-great-grandson (on his father's mother's side) of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Bavaria (Sissi). G\u00e9za is a Faberg\u00e9 expert and has published many books and articles on the jewellers Peter Carl Faberg\u00e9 and Victor Mayer. He is the curator of several major international Faberg\u00e9 exhibitions. Habsburg famously coined the term Fauxberg\u00e9."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria was born at Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, the second child and first daughter of Prince Franz of Bavaria (1875\u20131957), (son of Ludwig III of Bavaria and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este) and his wife, Princess Isabella Antonie of Cro\u00ff (1890\u20131982), (daughter of Karl Alfred, Duke of Cro\u00ff and Princess Ludmilla of Arenberg)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marie Elisabeth of France", "paragraph_text": "Marie Elisabeth of France (27 October 1572 \u2013 2 April 1578), was a French princess and member of the House of Valois."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen", "paragraph_text": "Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen (23 September 1853 \u2013 22 February 1923) was the only daughter of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, by his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia. She was notable as a musician and composer. One of her most famous works is \"Romanze\" in F major for clarinet and piano."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elisabeth von Trapp", "paragraph_text": "Elisabeth von Trapp is the granddaughter of Georg and Agatha von Trapp and the daughter of Werner von Trapp. The Trapp Family Singers, which Maria and Georg founded in Austria and brought with them to the United States when they escaped Austria in 1938, included Elisabeth's father, Werner von Trapp."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain", "paragraph_text": "Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (Mar\u00eda Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 \u2013 19 September 1785) was a Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia. She was the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia."}], "question": "Who was the mother of Princess Maria Elisabeth, of the state where Nassacher H\u00f6he is located?"}
{"id": "2hop__104350_8583", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia \u2013 such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jire\u010dek Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period \u2013 although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[citation needed] In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic, while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population. At the time of the Magyar migration, the present-day Hungary was inhabited by Slavs, numbering about 200,000, and by Romano-Dacians who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Magyars. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north. In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria where they were Slavicized."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers. The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East\u2013West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavic (chiefly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins), though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs. For a more comprehensive list, see the ethnocultural subdivisions. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them \u2013 even within the individual ethnic groups themselves \u2013 are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "\u0160K Slovan Bratislava", "paragraph_text": "\u0160K Slovan Bratislava (, \"Bratislava Slav\") is a football club based in Bratislava, Slovakia, that plays in the Slovak Super Liga. Founded as 1. \u010cs\u0160K Bratislava in 1919, the club changed its name to Slovan Bratislava in 1953. Slovan is the most successful team in Slovakia with the most titles in both league and cup in the country."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "The word \"Slavs\" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939\u20131945), Yugoslavia (1943\u20131992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992\u20132003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003\u20132006)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rhona Simpson", "paragraph_text": "She twice represented Great Britain at the Summer Olympics (1996 and 2000). Simpson became top scorer at the 2006 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier in Rome, Italy, alongside Kaori Chiba (Japan), Tomomi Komori (Japan) and Maryna Vynohradova (Ukraine), scoring six goals."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "T\u00f3th", "paragraph_text": "T\u00f3th (sometimes Toth) is a very common surname in Hungary, meaning ``Slav ''and later`` Slovak'' in old Hungarian (now spelt t\u00f3t)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jerzy Zag\u00f3rski", "paragraph_text": "Jerzy Zag\u00f3rski (3 December 1907 in Kiev \u2013 5 August 1984 in Warsaw) was a Polish poet, essayist and translator. Member of literary group \u017bagary. Awarded the Righteous Among the Nations together with his wife Maria (Maryna) Zag\u00f3rska, translator of belles-lettres."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Contact lens", "paragraph_text": "A contact lens, or simply contact, is a thin lens placed directly on the surface of the eye. Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide, and they can be worn to correct vision, for cosmetic, or therapeutic reasons. In 2004, it was estimated that 125 million people worldwide use contact lenses, including 28 to 38 million in the United States. In 2010, the worldwide market for contact lenses was estimated at $6.1 billion, while the US soft lens market was estimated at $2.1 billion. Multiple analysts estimated that the global market for contact lenses would reach $11.7 billion by 2015. As of 2010, the average age of contact lens wearers globally was 31 years old, and two-thirds of wearers were female.People choose to wear contact lenses for many reasons. Aesthetics and cosmetics are the main motivating factors for people who want to avoid wearing glasses or to change the appearance of their eyes. Others wear contact lenses for functional or optical reasons. When compared with spectacles, contact lenses typically provide better peripheral vision, and do not collect moisture (from rain, snow, condensation etc.) or perspiration. This can make them preferable for sports and other outdoor activities. Contact lens wearers can also wear sunglasses, goggles, or other eyewear of their choice without having to fit them with prescription lenses or worry about compatibility with glasses. Additionally, there are conditions such as keratoconus and aniseikonia that are typically corrected better with contact lenses than with glasses."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Maryna Pryshchepa", "paragraph_text": "Maryna Pryshchepa (Ukrainian: \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0430; born 28 July 1983 in Kiev, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian judoka. She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics (Beijing) in the -78 kg event and lost her opening match to Heide Wollert. Four years later in London, she participated in the -78 kg tournament of the 2012 Summer Olympics and was eliminated in her first match by Audrey Tcheum\u00e9o of France."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kievan Rus'", "paragraph_text": "After the Rus' attack on Constantinople in 860, the Byzantine Patriarch Photius sent missionaries north to convert the Rus' and the Slavs. Prince Rastislav of Moravia had requested the Emperor to provide teachers to interpret the holy scriptures, so in 863 the brothers Cyril and Methodius were sent as missionaries, due to their knowledge of the Slavonic language. The Slavs had no written language, so the brothers devised the Glagolitic alphabet, later developed into Cyrillic, and standardized the language of the Slavs, later known as Old Church Slavonic. They translated portions of the Bible and drafted the first Slavic civil code and other documents, and the language and texts spread throughout Slavic territories, including Kievan Rus\u2019. The mission of Cyril and Methodius served both evangelical and diplomatic purposes, spreading Byzantine cultural influence in support of imperial foreign policy. In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus' had accepted a bishop, and in 874 he speaks of an \"Archbishop of the Rus'.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mavro Orbini", "paragraph_text": "Mavro Orbini (1563\u20131614) was a Ragusan chronicler, notable for his work \"The Realm of the Slavs\" (1601) which influenced Slavic ideology and historiography in the later centuries."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Czech language", "paragraph_text": "Around the sixth century AD, a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe. According to legend they were led by a hero named \u010cech, from whom the word \"Czech\" derives. The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia, whose first ruler (Rastislav of Moravia) invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country. These missionaries, Constantine and Methodius, helped to convert the Czechs from traditional Slavic paganism to Christianity and established a church system. They also brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the West Slavs, whose language was previously unwritten. This language, later known as Proto-Czech, was beginning to separate from its fellow West Slavic hatchlings Proto-Slovak, Proto-Polish and Proto-Sorbian. Among other features, Proto-Czech was marked by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/\u0263/) and consistent stress on the first syllable."}], "question": "Who did the Slavs have contact with in the country where Maryna Pryshchepa is from?"}
{"id": "2hop__130737_26923", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shalbatana Vallis", "paragraph_text": "Shalbatana Vallis is an ancient water-worn channel on Mars, located in the Oxia Palus quadrangle at 7.8\u00b0 north latitude and 42.1\u00b0 west longitude. It is the westernmost of the southern Chryse outflow channels. Beginning in a zone of chaotic terrain, at 0\u00b0 latitude and 46\u00b0 W longitude, it ends in Chryse Planitia."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Neritic zone", "paragraph_text": "In marine biology, the neritic zone, also called coastal waters, the coastal ocean or the sublittoral zone, refers to that zone of the ocean where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the photic zone. It extends from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf, with a relatively shallow depth extending to about 200 meters (667 feet). Above the neritic zone lie the intertidal (or eulittoral) and supralittoral zones; below it the continental slope begins, descending from the continental shelf to the abyssal plain and the pelagic zone."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Model Laboratory School", "paragraph_text": "Model Laboratory School is a semi-private laboratory school located on the campus of Eastern Kentucky University, in Richmond, Kentucky, United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Granger, Wyoming", "paragraph_text": "Granger is a town in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 139 at the 2010 census. It is located near the confluence of the Blacks Fork and the Hams Fork rivers. The geography of the area is flat with semi-arid scrub."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ixhuatl\u00e1n de Madero", "paragraph_text": "Ixhuatl\u00e1n de Madero is a Municipality in Veracruz, Mexico. It is located in north zone of the State of Veracruz, about 376\u00a0km from state capital Xalapa, in the region called Huasteca Baja. It is one of 212 municipalities in Veracruz. It has an area of 598.81 km\u00b2. It is located at ."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture. Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 \u00b0F (17 \u00b0C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 inches (1,020 mm) and up to 56 inches (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 \u00b0F (14 \u00b0C), with an annual rainfall under 17 inches (430 mm)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Chad Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Chad Basin is the largest endorheic basin in Africa, centered on Lake Chad. It has no outlet to the sea and contains large areas of desert or semi-arid savanna. The drainage basin is roughly coterminous with the sedimentary basin of the same name, but extends further to the northeast and east. The basin spans eight countries, including most of Chad and a large part of Niger. The region has an ethnically diverse population of about 30 million people as of 2011, growing rapidly."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Daylight saving time in the United States", "paragraph_text": "By 1962, the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation. The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89 - 387). Beginning in 1967, the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time: clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2: 00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2: 00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so. If a state chose to observe DST, the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST (Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the act was amended (P.L. 92 - 267), allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone. The newly created Department of Transportation (DOT) was given power to enforce the law. As of 2014, the following states and territories are not observing DST: Arizona, Hawaii, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Red Sea (state)", "paragraph_text": "Geographically, in the east, bordering the state, is the Red Sea. Inland, mountains run from north to south, which are interrupted by arid plains. To the northwest is the Nubian Desert. The Siyal Islands are located in the disputed area between Egypt and Sudan in the northeast."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Malka Mari", "paragraph_text": "Malka Mari is a settlement in Kenya's Eastern Province. Owed to its high concentration of wildlife, Malkamari National Park was gazetted in the year 1989. The park is situated along the Kenya-Ethiopia border along the Daua River. The river is in the extreme north eastern part of the country on the Mandera plateau. The climate in Malkamari National Park is hot and dry, implying that the area scrubby and semi arid grassland is dominant. The Daua River is surrounded by palms and riparian woodland."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Karaganda Region", "paragraph_text": "The area is arid and flat, given to plains with occasional hills and seasonal streams. Karkaraly National Park, covering 90,300 hectares, is located in the region, as well as Kyzylarai mountain oasis, known for its natural environment and historical sights.The Ishim (Esil) River, a tributary of the Irtysh River, begins in Karaganda Region; the Nura River is the region's other major river. Both river are replenished with water from the Irtysh, supplied by the 451 km long Irtysh\u2013Karaganda Canal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mediterranean climate", "paragraph_text": "A Mediterranean climate / \u02ccm\u025bd\u026at\u0259\u02c8re\u026ani\u0259n / or dry summer climate is characterized by rainy winters and dry summers. While the climate receives its name from the Mediterranean Basin, these are generally located on the western coasts of continents, between roughly 30 and 45 degrees north and south of the equator, typically between oceanic climates towards the poles (where they tend to be wetter), and semi-arid and arid climates towards the equator (where they tend to be drier)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region. Oklahoma lies in a transition zone between humid continental climate to the north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, south and eastern portions of the state. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth. An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year\u2014one of the highest rates in the world."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "KGYN", "paragraph_text": "KGYN (1210 AM) is a radio station licensed to Guymon, Oklahoma, United States. The station serves the southwestern Kansas area, and carries a talk format. The station is currently owned by Steckline Communications. KGYN broadcasts 10,000 watts on a protected signal and can be heard in 7 states during daytime power and most of the western half of the United States during night time power. As of Monday, February 22, 2010, at 9A.M., KGYN flipped from the Dial Global \"Mainstream Country\" format to the network's \"Classic Country\" format."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chad", "paragraph_text": "Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second - largest in Africa. The capital N'Djamena is the largest city."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia extends from 17\u00b0S to 25\u00b0S: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid (mean rain above 500 mm) through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid from 150 to 300 mm (these three regions are inland from the western escarpment) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, Warmbad for instance, are mid-40 \u00b0C maxima recorded."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The semi-arid high plains in the state's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannahs cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mount Morungole", "paragraph_text": "Mount Morungole lies within the Kidepo Valley National Park, north-east Uganda, Africa. It is in the rugged, semi-arid Karamoja province near the border with the Sudan. Neighbouring peaks are Mount Zulia, and the Labwor and Dodoth Hills reach heights in excess of 2,000 meters."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pooncarie", "paragraph_text": "Pooncarie is a village in south-western New South Wales, Australia in Wentworth Shire. It is on the eastern side of the Darling River between Wentworth and Menindee. The surrounding region of Pooncarie is semi-arid with an outback landscape rich in eucalypt woodlands"}], "question": "Where in the US state having KGYN does the semi-arid zone begin?"}
{"id": "2hop__144182_30625", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "God's Plan (song)", "paragraph_text": "``God's Plan ''Eric Bellinger remix artwork Single by Drake from the EP Scary Hours and from the album Scorpion Released January 19, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 19) Recorded 2017 in Toronto, Canada Genre Trap pop pop - rap Length 3: 18 Label OVO Sound Young Money Cash Money Songwriter (s) Aubrey Graham Ronald LaTour Daveon Jackson Matthew Samuels Noah Shebib Producer (s) Cardo Yung Exclusive Boi - 1da Drake singles chronology`` No Complaints'' (2017) ``God's Plan ''(2018)`` Diplomatic Immunity'' (2018) Music video ``God's Plan ''on YouTube"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Dallas Municipal Building", "paragraph_text": "The Dallas Municipal Building is a Dallas Landmark located along S. Harwood Street between Main and Commerce Street in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas that served as the city's fourth City Hall. The structure is also a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and a contributing property in the Harwood Street Historic District, located across the street from Main Street Garden Park."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Adrien de Pauger", "paragraph_text": "Adrien de Pauger (died 9 June 1726) was the French engineer and cartographer who designed the streets of the Vieux Carre, today known as the \"French Quarter\", and drew the original map of the city that became New Orleans, Louisiana. De Pauger was appointed in 1720 by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to draw up the plans for the new city. De Pauger arrived in the settlement on March 29, 1721. The plan was completed later in 1721, which was a significant step to establishing permanence in the French settlement. De Pauger also selected many of the street names such as Bourbon Street and Royal Street as well as others. This street plan is still in place today. Working with Bienville's chief engineer Pierre Le Blond de La Tour, they empressed slave labor to construct the settlement making use of water-resistant cypress wood for raised cottage construction. Slaves under de Pauger labored under the rules of Code Noir, which defined the conditions of slaves in the French Colonial Empire."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "This article covers numbered east-west streets in Manhattan, New York City. Major streets have their own linked articles; minor streets are discussed here. The streets do not run exactly east\u2013west, because the grid plan is aligned with the Hudson River rather than with the cardinal directions. \"West\" is approximately 29 degrees north of true west."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nanhui New City", "paragraph_text": "Nanhui New City () is a planned city located in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China. It was formerly called Lingang New City (\u4e34\u6e2f\u65b0\u57ce) until renamed in April 2012."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Raleigh, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The city's location was chosen, in part, for being within 11 mi (18 km) of Isaac Hunter's Tavern, a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators. No known city or town existed previously on the chosen city site. Raleigh is one of the few cities in the United States that was planned and built specifically to serve as a state capital. Its original boundaries were formed by the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets. The plan, a grid with two main axes meeting at a central square and an additional square in each corner, was based on Thomas Holme's 1682 plan for Philadelphia."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Macquarie Street, Hobart", "paragraph_text": "Macquarie Street a major one way street passing through the outskirts of the Hobart Central business district in Tasmania, Australia. Macquarie street is named after Lachlan Macquarie, who oversaw the planning of Hobart\u2019s inner city grid layout. The street forms a One-way couplet with nearby Davey Street connecting traffic from the Southern Outlet in the south with traffic from the Tasman Highway to the east and the Brooker Highway to the north of the city. With annual average daily traffic of 28,500, the road is one of the busier streets in Hobart."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The City Planning Commission, tasked with guiding growth and development of the city, has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan. Much of the city's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007\u20132012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter. The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning mapping that would streamline future community preferences and development, which the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs to be added to Philadelphia in 2035."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Colon Street", "paragraph_text": "Colon Street is a historical street in downtown Cebu City that is often called the oldest and the shortest national road in the Philippines. It is named after Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n (Christopher Columbus). It traces its origins to the town plan by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Spanish conquistador who arrived in the Philippines to establish a colony in 1565."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cork (city)", "paragraph_text": "The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, including Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon Point. Others are available in the city centre. These include the recently[when?] completed development of two large malls The Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street, and new the retail street called \"Opera Lane\" off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street. The Grand Parade scheme, on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, was planning-approved for 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) of retail space, with work commencing in 2016. Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. As of 2015[update] this area has been impacted by the post-2008 downturn, with many retail spaces available for let.[citation needed] Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city. Outside the city centre is Mahon Point Shopping Centre."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Irish Channel, New Orleans", "paragraph_text": "Irish Channel (French: \"Manche irlandaise\", Irish: \"Cain\u00e9al na h\u00c9ireann\") is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. A subdistrict of the Central City/Garden District Area, its boundaries as defined by the New Orleans City Planning Commission are: Magazine Street to the north, First Street to the east, the Mississippi River to the south and Toledano Street to the west."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wilson Cruz", "paragraph_text": "Wilson Cruz (born Wilson Echevarr\u00eda; December 27, 1973) is an American actor known for playing Rickie Vasquez on My So - Called Life, Angel in the Broadway production of Rent and the recurring character Junito on Noah's Arc. As an openly gay man of Puerto Rican ancestry, he has served as an advocate for gay youth, especially gay youth of color."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Danny Vasquez", "paragraph_text": "Danny Vasquez (born December 3, 1985 in Miami, Florida) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Miami FC in the USL First Division."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "God's Plan (song)", "paragraph_text": "``God's Plan ''Eric Bellinger remix cover Single by Drake from the EP Scary Hours Released January 19, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 19) Recorded 2017 in Toronto, Canada Genre Trap pop pop - rap Length 3: 18 Label OVO Sound Young Money Cash Money Songwriter (s) Aubrey Graham Ronald LaTour Daveon Jackson Matthew Samuels Noah Shebib Producer (s) Cardo Yung Exclusive Boi - 1da Drake singles chronology`` No Complaints'' (2017) ``God's Plan ''(2018)`` Diplomatic Immunity'' (2018) Music video ``God's Plan ''on YouTube"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of New York City", "paragraph_text": "During the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration, a visionary development proposal called the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada. By 1835, New York City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eric Vasquez", "paragraph_text": "Eric Vasquez (born November 18, 1982 in Miami, Florida) is an American soccer player, who last played as a midfielder for Miami FC."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jones Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The William A. Jones Memorial Bridge is a bridge that spans the Pasig River in the Philippines connecting the Manila area of Binondo on Rosario Street (\"Calle Rosario\", now Quintin Paredes Street), with the center of city in Ermita. The previous bridge that connected the two areas was the Puente Grande (Great Bridge), later called the Puente de Espa\u00f1a (Bridge of Spain) located one block upriver on Nueva Street (\"Calle Nueva\", now E. T. Yuchengco Street). That span was considered as the oldest established in the Philippines."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Eric Richter", "paragraph_text": "Eric Richter (born February 5, 1974) is an American musician and singer-songwriter from Denver, Colorado. He's best known for fronting the influential 90's emo band Christie Front Drive. He moved to New York City in 1996 and helped create the post-rock/electronica quintet Antarctica."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami's road system is based along the numerical \"Miami Grid\" where Flagler Street forms the east-west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north-south meridian. The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy's (formerly the Burdine's headquarters). The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that, for example, all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have \"NW\" in their address. Because its point of origin is in Downtown, which is close to the coast, therefore, the \"NW\" and \"SW\" quadrants are much larger than the \"SE\" and \"NE\" quadrants. Many roads, especially major ones, are also named (e.g., Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), although, with exceptions, the number is in more common usage among locals."}], "question": "What is the name for the street plan where Eric Vasquez was born?"}
{"id": "2hop__129466_89612", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "American Civil Liberties Union", "paragraph_text": "The ACLU is led by a president and an executive director, Susan N. Herman and Anthony Romero, respectively, in 2015. The president acts as chairman of the ACLU's board of directors, leads fundraising, and facilitates policy - setting. The executive director manages the day - to - day operations of the organization. The board of directors consists of 80 persons, including representatives from each state affiliate, as well as at - large delegates. The organization has its headquarters in 125 Broad Street, a 40 - story skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan, New York City."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mountain, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Mountain is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 860 at the 2000 census. The census-designated place of Mountain is located within the town. The unincorporated communities of Bonita and Mountain are located in the town."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Guillotine", "paragraph_text": "The guillotine remained France's standard method of judicial execution until the abolition of capital punishment in 1981. The last person to be executed in France was Hamida Djandoubi, who was guillotined on 10 September 1977."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ochoco Mountains", "paragraph_text": "The Ochoco Mountains are a mountain range in central Oregon in the United States, located at the western end of the Blue Mountains. They were formed when Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic rocks were slowly uplifted by volcanic eruptions to form the Clarno Formation. Today, the highest point in the range is Lookout Mountain. The dominant vegetation on the west side of the range is old-growth ponderosa pine; on the east side, western juniper is common. The western area of the mountains is administered by the Ochoco National Forest, while the southeastern section is part of the Malheur National Forest. The Ochoco Mountains are used for hiking, camping, bird watching, rockhounding, and hunting, as well as cross-country skiing in the winter."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Section, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Section is a town in Jackson County, Alabama, United States and is included in the Chattanooga-Cleveland-Dalton, TN-GA-AL Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the population of the town was 770, an increase of one person (769) from 2000. Section is located on top of Sand Mountain."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Capital punishment in Oregon", "paragraph_text": "Name Date of execution Victim Governor Douglas Franklin Wright September 6, 1996 William Marks and 2 others John Kitzhaber Harry Charles Moore May 16, 1997 Thomas Lauri and Barbara Cunningham"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Silvio Mondinelli", "paragraph_text": "Silvio Mondinelli (nicknamed \"Gnaro\", born 24 June 1958), is an Italian mountaineer. In the year 2007, he became the 13th person to climb the 14 eight-thousanders. He is the 6th person to accomplish that feat without the use of supplementary oxygen. He was 49 years old when he summited the last of the 14 summits, a task he started in 1993 and finished in 2007."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Hamida Djandoubi", "paragraph_text": "Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u200e; September 22, 1949 -- September 10, 1977) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer. He moved to Marseille, France, in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped, tortured and murdered 22 - year - old \u00c9lisabeth Bousquet, his former girlfriend. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed by guillotine in September that year. He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hamida Djandoubi", "paragraph_text": "Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u200e; September 22, 1949 -- September 10, 1977) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer. He moved to Marseille, France, in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped, tortured and murdered 22 - year - old \u00c9lisabeth Bousquet, his former girlfriend. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed in September that year. He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Robert McGladdery", "paragraph_text": "Robert Andrew McGladdery (18 October 1935 -- 20 December 1961) was the last person to be executed in Northern Ireland."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The second youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was Fortune Ferguson in 1927 for rape in Florida. The youngest person ever to be sentenced to death in the United States was James Arcene, a Native American, for his role in a robbery and murder committed when he was ten years old. He was, however, 23 years old when he was actually executed on June 18, 1885. The last execution of a juvenile was convicted murderer Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under the age of 19 at the time of execution since at least 1964."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Joseph Lewis Clark", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Lewis Clark, (15 January 1949 \u2013 May 2, 2006), was executed by the State of Ohio. He was the 21st person executed by Ohio since the state resumed executions in 1999. Clark was sentenced to die on November 28, 1984 for the murder of 22-year-old David Manning during a gas station hold-up in Toledo, though he also confessed to the separate murder of a convenience store employee."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Teresa Lewis", "paragraph_text": "Lewis was executed on September 23, 2010, at 9 p.m. by lethal injection, at Greensville Correctional Center near Jarratt. This made her the 12th woman to be executed in the United States since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976. Lewis was the first woman to be executed in Virginia by lethal injection; the last woman to be executed in the state was Virginia Christian, who died in the electric chair in 1912. Lewis was also the first woman to be executed in the U.S. since Frances Newton in 2005 in the state of Texas, and the second woman to be executed since serial killer Aileen Wuornos in 2002 in the state of Florida. She was cremated after her execution."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Capital punishment in Texas", "paragraph_text": "Texas changed its execution laws in 1923, requiring the executions be carried out on the electric chair and that they take place at the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville (also known as Huntsville Unit). From 1928 until 1965, this was also home to the state's male death row. The first executions on the electric chair were on February 8, 1924, when Charles Reynolds, Ewell Morris, George Washington, Mack Matthews, and Melvin Johnson had their death sentences carried out. The five executions were the most carried out on a single day in the state. The state would conduct multiple executions on a single day on several other occasions, the last being on September 5, 1951. Since then, the state has not executed more than one person on a single day, though there is no law prohibiting it. A total of 361 people were electrocuted in Texas, with the last being Joseph Johnson on July 30, 1964."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Capital punishment in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Keanapuka Mountain", "paragraph_text": "Keanapuka Mountain is a mountain located on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai. It rises 4,000\u00a0ft above the ocean floor and is located near the border of Na Pali Coast State Park. Due to its location, the mountain receives intense amounts of rain."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Anna Maria Schwegelin", "paragraph_text": "Anna Maria Schwegelin or \"Schw\u00e4gelin\" (1729\u20131781) was an alleged German (Bavarian) witch, long considered the last person to be executed for witchcraft in Germany."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hamida Djandoubi", "paragraph_text": "Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u200e \u200e; September 22, 1949 -- September 10, 1977) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer. He moved to Marseille, France, in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped, tortured and murdered 22 - year - old \u00c9lisabeth Bousquet, his former girlfriend. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed in September that year. He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thomas Aikenhead", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Aikenhead (\u00a0\u2013 8 January 1697) was a Scottish student from Edinburgh, who was prosecuted and executed at the age of 20 on a charge of blasphemy under the Act against Blasphemy 1661 and Act against Blasphemy 1695. He was the last person on the island of Great Britain to be executed for blasphemy. His execution happened 85 years after the death of Edward Wightman (1612), the last person to be burned at the stake for heresy in England."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Guillotine", "paragraph_text": "The guillotine remained France's standard method of judicial execution until as recently as the abolition of capital punishment in 1981. The last person to be executed in France was Hamida Djandoubi, who was guillotined on 10 September 1977."}], "question": "Who was the last person executed in the state where the Ochoco Mountains are located?"}
{"id": "2hop__103966_126088", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ole Rasmussen (footballer, born 1952)", "paragraph_text": "Ole Bo Rasmussen (born 19 March 1952) is a Danish former football player, who played professionally for German club Hertha BSC. He played 41 games and scored one goal for the Denmark national football team, and represented his country at the 1984 European Championship."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress, which was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years, during which Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD. As of July 2013, about 100 political prisoners remain imprisoned, while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Caroline Bos", "paragraph_text": "Caroline Bos (born 1959, Rotterdam) is a Dutch architect. She is a co-founder of UNStudio, a large award-winning architecture firm in Amsterdam. Bos writes, lectures and teaches architecture at various schools. Her architectural drawings and models are shown at museums like MoMA."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bo (dog)", "paragraph_text": "Bo (born October 9, 2008) is a pet dog of the Obama family, the former First Family of the United States. Bo is a male Portuguese Water Dog. President Barack Obama and his family were given the dog as a gift after months of speculation about the breed and identity of their future pet. The final choice was made in part because Malia Obama's allergies dictated a need for a hypoallergenic breed. Bo has occasionally been called ``First Dog ''. In August 2013, Bo was joined by Sunny, a female dog of the same breed."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Het Zwartland", "paragraph_text": "Het Zwartland is a hamlet of the village Zemst-Bos, in Flemish Brabant, Belgium. It is part of the municipality of Zemst. It has a size of 70 hectares and has 47 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mohamed Wurie Jalloh", "paragraph_text": "Mohamed Wurie Jalloh (born October 3, 1956) is a Sierra Leonean politician who is currently serving as the deputy mayor of Bo, the second largest city in Sierra Leone. He is an elected councilor in the Bo City Council and a member of the Sierra Leone People's Party."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bo Guagua", "paragraph_text": "Bo Kuangyi (born 17 December 1987), more commonly known as Bo Guagua, is the second son of former Chinese politician Bo Xilai, and the only child of Gu Kailai, his father's second wife. Bo attended Harrow School, read PPE at Oxford University, and studied for a master's degree at Harvard University. In 2016, Bo graduated from Columbia Law School with a Juris Doctor degree."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jean-Baptiste Dubos", "paragraph_text": "Jean-Baptiste Dubos (; 14 December 1670 \u2013 23 March 1742), also referred to as l'Abb\u00e9 Du Bos, was a French author."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "ISO 3166-2:BO", "paragraph_text": "ISO 3166-2:BO is the entry for the Plurinational State of Bolivia in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British Rail Class 23", "paragraph_text": "The British Rail Class 23 were a class of ten Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives built by the English Electric Company (EE) in 1959. The power unit used was a Napier Deltic T9-29 9-cylinder engine of driving an EE generator, which powered the four traction motors. They were numbered from D5900 to D5909."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ghosts Can't Do It", "paragraph_text": "Ghosts Can't Do It is a 1989 American romantic crime fantasy comedy film written and directed by John Derek, and starring Bo Derek and Anthony Quinn."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover", "paragraph_text": "``You Ca n't Judge a Book by the Cover ''is a 1962 song by rock and roll pioneer Bo Diddley. Written by Willie Dixon, the song was one of Diddley's last record chart hits. Unlike many of his well - known songs,`` You Ca n't Judge a Book by the Cover'' does not rely on the Bo Diddley beat. A variety of rock and other performers have recorded renditions of the song."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yesteryou, Yesterme, Yesterday", "paragraph_text": "Yesteryou, Yesterme, Yesterday (\u8a18\u5f97...\u9999\u8549\u6210\u719f\u6642) is a 1993 Hong Kong Cantonese comedy-drama film directed by Samson Chiu and starring Fung Bo Bo, Ellen Lo, Eric Tsang, John Tang and Roy Wong."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "HLA-C", "paragraph_text": "HLA-C is a locus on chromosome 6, which encodes for a large number of HLA-C alleles that are Class-I MHC receptors. HLA-C, localized proximal to the HLA-B locus, is located on the distal end of the HLA region. Most HLA-C:B haplotypes are in strong linkage disequilibrium and many are as ancient as the human species itself."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Skip-Bo", "paragraph_text": "The deck consists of 162 cards, twelve each of the numbers 1 through 12 and eighteen ``SKIP - BO ''wild cards which may be played as any number. Alternatively, the 162 cards could be three regular decks of playing cards, including the jokers, with ace to queen corresponding to 1 to 12 and the kings and jokers corresponding to the SKIP - BO cards. Before 1980, the commercial game consisted of four decks of regular playing cards with eight SKIP - BO cards replacing the standard two jokers in each deck. In addition, the aces, twos and threes in the fourth deck were marked SKIP - BO. The remainder of the fourth deck was discarded."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Signs", "paragraph_text": "Patricia Kalember as Colleen Hess, the deceased wife of Graham, mother of Morgan and Bo and Merrill's sister - in - law. She is seen only in Graham's flashbacks."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mannish Boy", "paragraph_text": "\"Mannish Boy\" (or \"Manish Boy\" as it was originally titled) is a blues standard by Muddy Waters. First recorded in 1955, the song is both an arrangement of and an \"answer song\" to Bo Diddley's \"I'm a Man\", which was in turn inspired by Waters' and Willie Dixon's \"Hoochie Coochie Man\". \"Mannish Boy\" features a repeating stop-time figure on one chord throughout the song and is credited to Waters, Mel London, and Bo Diddley."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Liefde is een kaartspel", "paragraph_text": "\"Liefde is een kaartspel\" (\"Love is a Card Game\") was the Belgian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1996, performed in Dutch by Lisa del Bo."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bo Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Bo Stadium is a newly built multi-purpose stadium located in Bo, Sierra Leone. The stadium has an all-seated capacity of 10,000, making it the second largest stadium in Sierra Leone after the national stadium in Freetown. The stadium was planned and constructed by Chinese contractors. It is mostly use for soccer games and is the home stadium of Sierra Leone Premier League clubs Bo Rangers and Nepean Stars. Bo Stadium is the occasionall home of the Sierra Leone national under 20 and under 17 teams"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hlaing Bo Bo", "paragraph_text": "Hlaing Bo Bo (born 8 July 1996) is a Burmese footballer who plays for Yadanarbon and the Myanmar national football team."}], "question": "In 2011, who was in charge of the country where Hlaing Bo Bo lives?"}
{"id": "2hop__93714_55121", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Lone Hand (1919 film)", "paragraph_text": "The Lone Hand is a 1919 short Western film directed by George Holt and featuring Hoot Gibson. A print is preserved in the Library of Congress collection."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "There But For The", "paragraph_text": "There But For The is a 2011 novel by Scottish author Ali Smith, first published in the UK by Hamish Hamilton and in the US by Pantheon, and set in 2009 and 2010 in Greenwich, London. It was cited by both \"The Guardian\" book review and the \"Publishers Weekly\" as one of the best books of the year. and was also longlisted for the 2012 Orange Prize for Fiction."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Law Rides Again", "paragraph_text": "The Law Rides Again is a 1943 American Western film, directed by Alan James and starring Ken Maynard and Hoot Gibson."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Printed circuit board", "paragraph_text": "The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "One Law for All", "paragraph_text": "One Law for All is a 1920 American short Western film directed by Leo D. Maloney and featuring Hoot Gibson."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Margaret Ogola", "paragraph_text": "The River and the Source, a novel which is a set book used in Kenya schools and has won the Jomo Kenyatta Prize for Literature in (1995) and the 1995 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book in Africa. It has been translated into Italian, Lithuanian and Spanish. The book describes the changing lives of 4 generations of Kenyan women."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Compact disc", "paragraph_text": "As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "His Nose in the Book", "paragraph_text": "His Nose in the Book is a 1920 American short Western film directed by B. Reeves Eason and featuring Hoot Gibson."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The New Superintendent", "paragraph_text": "The New Superintendent is a 1911 American short drama film directed by Francis Boggs, featuring Hoot Gibson as an extra."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bible", "paragraph_text": "The Old Testament canon entered into Christian use in the Greek Septuagint translations and original books, and their differing lists of texts. In addition to the Septuagint, Christianity subsequently added various writings that would become the New Testament. Somewhat different lists of accepted works continued to develop in antiquity. In the 4th century a series of synods produced a list of texts equal to the 39, 46, 51, or 54 - book canon of the Old Testament and to the 27 - book canon of the New Testament that would be subsequently used to today, most notably the Synod of Hippo in 393 CE. Also c. 400, Jerome produced a definitive Latin edition of the Bible (see Vulgate), the canon of which, at the insistence of the Pope, was in accord with the earlier Synods. With the benefit of hindsight it can be said that this process effectively set the New Testament canon, although there are examples of other canonical lists in use after this time."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Face in the Watch", "paragraph_text": "The Face in the Watch is a 1919 American short Western film directed by Edward A. Kull and featuring Hoot Gibson."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Trail of the Holdup Man", "paragraph_text": "The Trail of the Holdup Man is a 1919 American short Western film directed by George Holt and featuring Hoot Gibson."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Florida Territory", "paragraph_text": "The Territory of Florida was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 30, 1822, until March 3, 1845, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Florida. Originally the Spanish territory of La Florida, and later the provinces of East and West Florida, it was ceded to the United States as part of the 1819 Adams -- On\u00eds Treaty. It was governed by the Florida Territorial Council."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Champion Liar", "paragraph_text": "The Champion Liar is a 1920 short Western film directed by and starring Hoot Gibson for Universal Film Manufacturing Co."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Who Was the Man?", "paragraph_text": "Who Was the Man? is a 1921 American short Western film directed by Lee Kohlmar, released by Universal Film Mfg. Co. and featuring Hoot Gibson."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Big Catch", "paragraph_text": "The Big Catch is a 1920 short Western film released by the Universal Film Mfg. Co. (later to become Universal Pictures), written by Ford Beebe, directed by Leo D. Maloney and starring Hoot Gibson."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "How to Train Your Dragon", "paragraph_text": "How to Train Your Dragon is a series of twelve children's books, written by British author Cressida Cowell. The books are set in a fictional Viking world and focus on the experiences of protagonist Hiccup as he overcomes great obstacles on his journey of Becoming a Hero, the Hard Way. The books were published by Hodder Children's Books in the UK and by Little, Brown and Company in the US. The first book was published in 2003 and the last one in 2015. As of 2015, the series has sold more than seven million copies around the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hoot (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The main character Roy Eberhardt moves to Florida and into the town of Coconut Cove, where his classmate Dana Matherson starts bullying him. On the bus to school, Roy sees a boy running barefoot outside. Roy tries to leave the bus, but Dana viciously chokes and strangles him. He escapes after punching Dana in the face, breaking his nose, and then exiting the bus. But Roy ca n't catch the running boy because a golf ball hits Roy in the head. The school suspends him from the bus for two weeks and orders Roy to write an apology to Dana. Roy calls for a truce, but Dana refuses to accept."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Glass Geishas", "paragraph_text": "Glass Geishas is a 2012 thriller novel by English author Susanna Quinn and was released on 1 June 2012 by Hodder & Stoughton. The book primarily focuses on a young English girl that becomes part of the Japanese hostess and sex industry. Of the novel, Quinn stated that she used her experiences as a hostess in Japan as inspiration for the book."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Flush (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Flush is a young adult novel by Carl Hiaasen first published in 2005, and set in Hiaasen's native Florida. It is his second young adult novel, after \"Hoot\". The plot is similar to that of \"Hoot\" but it doesn't have the same cast and is not a continuation/sequel. The plot centers around Noah Underwood, a boy whose father enlists his help to catch a repeat environmental offender in the act. Noah Underwood\u2019s Dad failed to prove that the \"Coral Queen\" was dumping their waste in Thunder Beach. So Noah and his sister Abbey will find a way to tell the community about the \"Coral Queen\"'s secret."}], "question": "When did the state where the book Hoot is set, become part of the U.S.?"}
{"id": "2hop__130737_26916", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region. Oklahoma lies in a transition zone between humid continental climate to the north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, south and eastern portions of the state. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth. An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year\u2014one of the highest rates in the world."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hurricane Deck, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Hurricane Deck is an unincorporated community in Camden County, Missouri, United States, on the Lake of the Ozarks. It is part of the lake's resort area, and according to one source is named for a tornado which struck the area, tornadoes once being called \"hurricanes\" locally."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Severe weather occurs regularly in North Carolina. On the average, a hurricane hits the state once a decade. Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include Hurricane Fran, Hurricane Floyd, and Hurricane Hazel, the strongest storm to make landfall in the state, as a Category 4 in 1954. Hurricane Isabel stands out as the most damaging of the 21st century. Tropical storms arrive every 3 or 4 years. In addition, many hurricanes and tropical storms graze the state. In some years, several hurricanes or tropical storms can directly strike the state or brush across the coastal areas. Only Florida and Louisiana are hit by hurricanes more often. Although many people believe that hurricanes menace only coastal areas, the rare hurricane which moves inland quickly enough can cause severe damage; for example, in 1989, Hurricane Hugo caused heavy damage in Charlotte and even as far inland as the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northwestern part of the state. On the average, North Carolina has 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year, with some storms becoming severe enough to produce hail, flash floods, and damaging winds."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tornado climatology", "paragraph_text": "The United States has the most tornadoes of any country. Many of these form in an area of the central (with some definitions including Southern) United States known as Tornado Alley. This area extends into Canada, particularly the Prairie Provinces and Ontario; however, activity in Canada is less frequent and intense than that of the US. The high frequency of tornadoes in North America is largely due to geography, as moisture from the Gulf of Mexico is easily advected into the midcontinent with few topographic barriers in the way. The Rocky Mountains block Pacific - sourced moisture and buckle the atmospheric flow, forcing drier air at mid-levels of the troposphere due to downsloping winds and causing cyclogenesis downstream to the east of the mountains. Downsloping winds off the Rockies force the formation of a dry line when the flow aloft is strong, while the Gulf of Mexico fuels abundant low - level moisture. This unique topography allows for frequent collisions of warm and cold air, the conditions that breed strong, long - lived storms throughout the year. This area extends into Canada, particularly Ontario and the Prairie Provinces, and strong tornadoes can also occur in northern Mexico."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tornado outbreak of April 8\u20139, 1999", "paragraph_text": "The April 8\u20139, 1999 tornado outbreak was a widespread tornado outbreak that affected the United States in early April 1999. It is best known for producing an F4 that killed four people in the Blue Ash and Montgomery, Ohio areas."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Texas Tornado (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Texas Tornado\" is a song written by Bobby Braddock, and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Lawrence. It was released in April 1995 as the third single from Lawrence's album \"I See It Now\". It became his sixth Number One hit on the \"Billboard\" country singles charts and also reached number-one on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Telstar (instrumental)", "paragraph_text": "``Telstar ''is a 1962 instrumental written and produced by Joe Meek for the English band the Tornados. The track reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in December 1962 (the second British recording to reach No. 1 on that chart in the year, after`` Stranger on the Shore'' in May), and was also a number one hit in the UK Singles Chart. It was the second instrumental single to hit No. 1 in 1962 on both the US and UK weekly charts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Booker High School (Sarasota, Florida)", "paragraph_text": "Booker High School is a high school located in Sarasota, Florida. It is located in north Sarasota and is part of the school district of Sarasota County. The athletic teams are known as the Tornadoes."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Edgewater, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Edgewater is a census-designated place in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. It is northeast from the Birmingham suburb of Pleasant Grove. Its population was 883 at the 2010 census. This area was damaged by tornadoes on April 15, 1956 and April 8, 1998. The 1998 tornado was rated an F5 on the Fujita scale."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Music Tapes for Clouds and Tornadoes", "paragraph_text": "Music Tapes for Clouds and Tornadoes is an album by The Music Tapes, a project consisting mainly of Neutral Milk Hotel's Julian Koster, released in 2008 by Merge Records. Koster spent nine years recording the album using mainly antique hardware and such as a 1895 Edison wax cylinder recorder, a 1940's wire recorder, a \"state of the art hard drive\", and reel to reel tape recorders."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Storm Chasers (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Storm Chasers is an American documentary reality television series that premiered on October 17, 2007, on the Discovery Channel. Produced by Original Media, the program follows several teams of storm chasers as they attempt to intercept tornadoes in Tornado Alley in the United States. The show was canceled at the end of its 5th season by Discovery Communications on January 21, 2012."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Because of Oklahoma's position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely over relatively short distances and can change drastically in a short time. As an example, on November 11, 1911, the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 \u00b0F (28 \u00b0C) in the afternoon (the record high for that date), then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state, causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees, down to 17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C) at midnight (the record low for that date); thus, both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date. This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area, such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front, resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour over the course of a day."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "KGYN", "paragraph_text": "KGYN (1210 AM) is a radio station licensed to Guymon, Oklahoma, United States. The station serves the southwestern Kansas area, and carries a talk format. The station is currently owned by Steckline Communications. KGYN broadcasts 10,000 watts on a protected signal and can be heard in 7 states during daytime power and most of the western half of the United States during night time power. As of Monday, February 22, 2010, at 9A.M., KGYN flipped from the Dial Global \"Mainstream Country\" format to the network's \"Classic Country\" format."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City has a very active severe weather season from March through June, especially during April and May. Being in the center of what is colloquially referred to as Tornado Alley, it is prone to especially frequent and severe tornadoes, as well as very severe hailstorms and occasional derechoes. Tornadoes have occurred in every month of the year and a secondary smaller peak also occurs during autumn, especially October. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world, with about 150 tornadoes striking within the city limits since 1890. Since the time weather records have been kept, Oklahoma City has been struck by thirteen violent tornadoes, eleven F/EF4s and two F/EF5. On May 3, 1999 parts of southern Oklahoma City and nearby suburban communities suffered from one of the most powerful tornadoes on record, an F5 on the Fujita scale, with wind speeds estimated by radar at 318 mph (510 km/h). On May 20, 2013, far southwest Oklahoma City, along with Newcastle and Moore, was hit again by a EF5 tornado; it was 0.5 to 1.3 miles (0.80 to 2.09 km) wide and killed 23 people. Less than two weeks later, on May 31, another outbreak affected the Oklahoma City area, including an EF1 and an EF0 within the city and a tornado several miles west of the city that was 2.6 miles (4.2 km) in width, the widest tornado ever recorded."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tornado climatology", "paragraph_text": "Tornadoes have been recorded on all continents except Antarctica and are most common in the middle latitudes where conditions are often favorable for convective storm development. The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, as well as the strongest and most violent tornadoes. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States popularly known as Tornado Alley. Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include significant portions of Europe, South Africa, Philippines, Bangladesh, parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern and southeast Brazil, New Zealand, and far eastern Asia."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per year, many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical storms along the coastal plain. Tornadoes from thunderstorms are a risk, especially in the eastern part of the state. The western Piedmont is often protected by the mountains, which tend to break up storms as they try to cross over; the storms will often re-form farther east. Also a weather phenomenon known as \"cold air damming\" often occurs in the northwestern part of the state, which can also weaken storms but can also lead to major ice events in winter."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tornadoes in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Although the period in which most tornadoes strike (``tornado season '') is March through June, tornadoes - including violent tornadoes and major tornado outbreaks - have been documented in the United States during every month of the year. Two examples of this are when a series of tornadoes hit the state of Indiana on November 22, 1992, and injured at least nine people. Another notable non-season tornado was where a tornado struck the area of McLean County, Illinois. Even though the tornado was during a winter month, it blew 20 railroad cars off their tracks, and hauled a camper over 100 yards (91 m)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Greensburg (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Greensburg is an American television series broadcast on the Planet Green television network. The show takes place in Greensburg, Kansas, and is about rebuilding the town in a sustainable way after being hit by the May 2007 EF5 tornado."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "October 2013 North American storm complex", "paragraph_text": "The October 2013 North American storm complex was a blizzard and tornado outbreak that affected the Northwest, Rockies, and much of the Midwest. Twenty two tornadoes were confirmed as the system moved eastward across the eastern half of the United States, including two that were rated as EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita scale."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ellington, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Ellington is a city in Reynolds County, Missouri, United States. The population was 987 at the 2010 census. In 1925, the infamous Tri-State Tornado began just northwest of Ellington."}], "question": "Annually, how many tornadoes hit the state the KGYN is in?"}
{"id": "2hop__105158_8974", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "China\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "On March 1, 1979, the two countries formally established embassies in each other's capitals. In 1979, outstanding private claims were resolved and a bilateral trade agreement was completed. Vice President Walter Mondale reciprocated Vice Premier Deng's visit with an August 1979 trip to China. This visit led to agreements in September 1980 on maritime affairs, civil aviation links, and textile matters, as well as a bilateral consular convention."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Germany\u2013Norway relations", "paragraph_text": "Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1905, after Norway\u2019s independence. During World War II, Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany, lasting from 1940 until 1945. Germany has an embassy in Oslo, and Norway has an embassy in Berlin and two consulates, in D\u00fcsseldorf and Hamburg."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. One notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown. Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garc\u00eda."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kiribati", "paragraph_text": "Kiribati maintains close relations with its Pacific neighbours, Australia, New Zealand, Republic of China (Taiwan), Japan and Fiji. The first three of these provide the majority of the country's foreign aid. Taiwan and Japan also have specified-period licences to fish in Kiribati's waters. There are four resident diplomatic missions headquartered in Kiribati: the Embassies of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Cuba and the High Commissions of Australia and New Zealand."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Embassy of Bulgaria, London", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of Bulgaria in London is the diplomatic mission of Bulgaria in the United Kingdom. Diplomatic relations between the two countries date from 1879 and there has been a Bulgarian embassy in London since 1903. The embassy is currently housed in a building on the east side of Queen's Gate, just within the City of Westminster, which is Grade II listed."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "paragraph_text": "``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''One of earliest U.S. vinyl releases (A-side) Single by John Denver and Taffy Nivert from the album Poems, Prayers & Promises Released August 1971 Format 7'' vinyl, 12 ''vinyl, maxi, CD, digital download, cassette single, DataPlay single Recorded 1971 Genre Country Length 3: 08 Label RCA Records Songwriter (s) Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert, John Denver Producer (s) Milton Okun, Susan Ruskin John Denver and Taffy Nivert singles chronology`` Friends With You'' (1971) ``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''(1971)`` Everyday'' (1972) ``Friends With You ''(1971)`` Take Me Home, Country Roads'' (1971) ``Everyday ''(1972) Olivia Newton - John singles chronology`` What Is Life'' (1972) What Is Life 1972 ``Take Me Home, Country Roads ''(1973) Take Me Home, Country Roads1973`` Let Me Be There'' (1973) Let Me Be There 1973 B - side B - side of one of earliest U.S. vinyl singles Audio sample file help"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Guilty of Treason", "paragraph_text": "Guilty of Treason is a 1950 American drama film directed by Felix E. Feist and starring Charles Bickford, Bonita Granville and Paul Kelly. Also known by the alternative title Treason, it is an anti-communist and anti-Soviet film about the story of J\u00f3zsef Mindszenty, a Roman Catholic cardinal from Hungary. Mindszenty spoke out against the Nazi occupation of his country during World War II, as well as the later Communist regime. Because of his opposition to the Soviet regime, Mindszenty was arrested and tortured. After his release, he took refuge in the US Embassy in Budapest for many years, maintaining his support for the Hungarians who wanted an end to the Russian occupation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (Indus River valley of North India) and Anxi (the Parthian Empire). All of these countries eventually received Han embassies. These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire, bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "China\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "Relations with China began under George Washington, leading to the 1845 Treaty of Wangxia. The United States was allied to the Republic of China during the Pacific War, but broke off relations with China for 25 years when the communist government took over, until Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. Since Nixon, every successive U.S. president has toured China. Relations between the two countries have generally been stable with some periods of open conflict, most notably during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Currently, China and the United States have mutual political, economic, and security interests, including but not limited to the proliferation of nuclear weapons, although there are unresolved concerns relating to the role of democracy in the government in China and human rights in both respective countries. Relations with China have strained under Barack Obama's Asia pivot strategy, ongoing maritime disputes in the South China Sea, and a trade war in 2018."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Cultural Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve Chinese Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known outside China simply as Maoism) as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked Mao's return to a position of power after the failures of his Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and negatively affected both the economy and society of the country to a significant degree. An estimated 500,000 to 2,000,000 people were killed.The movement was launched in May 1966, after Mao alleged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. To eliminate his rivals within the Communist Party of China (CPC), Mao insisted that revisionists be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread armed clashes between conservative and radical factions in all walks of life, as a result of Mao's open call for \"all-round civil war\" against the conservatives in the communist party establishment. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period, Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Embassy of the United States, Beijing", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of the United States in Beijing is the diplomatic mission of the United States in China. It serves as the administrative office of the United States Ambassador to China. The embassy complex is in Chaoyang District, Beijing."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China", "paragraph_text": "Since its founding in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has had a diplomatic tug - of - war with its rival in Taiwan, the Republic of China (ROC). Throughout the Cold War, both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all China and allowed countries to recognize either one or the other. Until the 1970s, most Western countries recognized the ROC while the communist bloc and third world countries generally recognized the PRC. This gradually shifted and today only 19 UN member states recognize the ROC while the PRC is recognized by the United Nations and the majority (175) of sovereign states around the world and Palestine. Both the ROC and the PRC maintain the requirement of recognizing its view of the One - China policy to establish or maintain diplomatic relations."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nationalist government", "paragraph_text": "The following year, Chiang Kai - shek became the de facto leader of the Kuomintang (KMT). Chiang led the Northern Expedition through China with the intention of defeating the warlords and unifying the country. Chiang received the help of the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party; however, he soon dismissed his Soviet advisors. He was convinced, not without reason, that they wanted to get rid of the KMT (also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party) and take over. Chiang decided to strike first and purged the Communists, killing thousands of them. At the same time, other violent conflicts took place in the south of China where the Communist Party fielded superior numbers and were massacring Nationalist supporters. These events eventually led to the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalist Party and the Communist Party. Chiang Kai - shek pushed the Communist Party into the interior as he sought to destroy them, and moved the Nationalist Government to Nanjing in 1927. Leftists within the KMT still allied to the communists, lead by Wang Jingwei, had established a rival Nationalist Government in Wuhan two months earlier, but soon joined Chiang in Nanjing in August 1927. By the following year, Chiang's army had captured Beijing after overthrowing the Beiyang government and unified the entire nation, at least nominally, marking the beginning the Nanjing Decade."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Red Dirt Road", "paragraph_text": "Red Dirt Road is the eighth studio album for country duo Brooks & Dunn, released in 2003 on Arista Nashville. Certified platinum for sales of one million copies in the U.S., the album produced three top ten singles: \"Red Dirt Road\" (#1 on the Hot Country Songs chart), \"You Can't Take the Honky-Tonk out of the Girl\" (#3) and \"That's What She Gets for Lovin' Me\" (#6)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "BR-158", "paragraph_text": "BR-158 is a federal highway of Brazil. One of the longest highways in the country, the road connects Altamira, Par\u00e1, to Santana do Livramento on the Uruguayan border where it joins Route 5 (Uruguay)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Politics of China", "paragraph_text": "The politics of the People's Republic of China takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential socialist republic run by a single party, the Communist Party of China. State power within the People's Republic of China (PRC) is exercised through the Communist Party, the Central People's Government and their provincial and local representation. The Communist Party of China uses Internal Reference to manage and monitor internal disagreements among the people of People's Republic of China. Document Number Nine was circulated among the Chinese Communist Party in 2013 by Xi -- Li Administration to tighten control of the ideological sphere in China to ensure the supreme leadership of the Communist State will not be challenged by Western influences."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "High Road to China", "paragraph_text": "Filming for \"High Road to China\" took place in Yugoslavia with a crew of 231 (145 Yugoslavs, 60 British, 15 Italians, 10 Americans, and one Frenchman). They also added 50 Yugoslav actors to the speaking cast and hired 4,000 extras. Headquarters for the film company was in the small Adriatic coastal town of Opatija, Croatia, located on the northwest coast of the Gulf of Rijeka at the foot of Mt. Ucka. It was filmed in Opatija and Istria, Croatia. Scenes set in Afghanistan were shot at Kamenjak near Rijeka, while scenes set in Turkey were filmed at Volosko, and the final battle in China was shot in Boljun."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Armenia\u2013Singapore relations", "paragraph_text": "Armenia\u2013Singapore relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Armenia and Singapore. Neither country has a resident ambassador. The Embassy of Armenia in Beijing, China is accredited to Singapore. Singapore has no representation in Armenia."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sociology of the Internet", "paragraph_text": "Governments are also getting online. Some countries, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia use filtering and censoring software to restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet. In the United Kingdom, they also use software to locate and arrest various individuals they perceive as a threat. Other countries including the United States, have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material such as child pornography illegal but do not use filtering software. In some countries Internet service providers have agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Embassy of the United Kingdom, Beijing", "paragraph_text": "The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Beijing (or British Embassy, Beijing) is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in the People's Republic of China. It is one of Britain's largest overseas embassies. It is located at \"11 Guang Hua Lu\", in the Chaoyang District. The current British Ambassador to China is Barbara Woodward."}], "question": "the country where 'High Road to China' was shot was the only communist country to have an embassy where?"}
{"id": "2hop__146285_34994", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hallow's Victim", "paragraph_text": "Hallow's Victim is the second studio album by the American doom metal band Saint Vitus. It was released in 1985 by SST Records. This album was the last to feature original singer Scott Reagers until their seventh album, \"Die Healing\" (1995). Reagers also appears on \"The Walking Dead\" EP that was released the same year. It remained the only Saint Vitus album not to be officially released on CD until SST officially released the album on CD in combination with \"The Walking Dead\" in 2010."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mack the Knife", "paragraph_text": "``Die Moritat von Mackie Messer ''(later known as`` Mack the Knife'' or ``The Ballad of Mack the Knife '') is a song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper, or, as it is known in English, The Threepenny Opera. It premiered in Berlin in 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The song has become a popular standard recorded by many artists, including a US and UK number one hit for Bobby Darin in 1959."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hochschule f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums", "paragraph_text": "Hochschule f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums, or Higher Institute for Jewish Studies, was a rabbinical seminary, established in Berlin in 1872 and closed down by the Nazi government of Germany in 1942. Upon the order of the government, the name was officially changed (1883\u20131923 and 1933\u201342) to Lehranstalt f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft des Judentums."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Die gro\u00dfe Liebe", "paragraph_text": "Die gro\u00dfe Liebe (\"The Great Love\") is a German drama film of the National Socialist period, made by Rolf Hansen, starring Zarah Leander and Viktor Staal. It premiered in Berlin in 1942 and went on to become the most commercially successful film in the history of the Third Reich."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2022 Winter Olympics", "paragraph_text": "The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIVeme Jeux olympiques d'hiver) (Chinese: \u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5c4a\u51ac\u5b63\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a; pinyin: D\u00ec \u00c8rsh\u00eds\u00ec Ji\u00e8 D\u014dngj\u00ec \u00c0ol\u00ednp\u01d0k\u00e8 Y\u00f9nd\u00f2nghu\u00ec), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is a multi-sport event that will take place in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province, China from 4 to 20 February 2022. It will be the third consecutive Olympic Games held in East Asia, after Pyeongchang 2018 and Tokyo 2020. Having previously hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing will become the first city to ever host both the Summer and the Winter Olympic Games. It will also become the largest city ever to host the Winter Olympics, a distinction currently held by Vancouver which hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Boulder Dam Hotel", "paragraph_text": "The Boulder Dam Hotel, also known as the Boulder City Inn, is a hotel located in Boulder City, Nevada that is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. It was designed in the Colonial Revival style by architect Henry Smith. The hotel was built to accommodate official visitors and tourists during the building of Boulder Dam, now Hoover Dam."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "paragraph_text": "The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the \"White Slave Traffic Act,\" or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, it was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935. In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chennai", "paragraph_text": "In 1996, the Government of Tamil Nadu officially changed the name from Madras to Chennai. At that time many Indian cities underwent a change of name. However, the name Madras continues in occasional use for the city, as well as for places named after the city such as University of Madras, IIT Madras, Madras Institute of Technology, Madras Medical College, Madras Veterinary College, Madras Christian College."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "K\u00f6lner Akademie", "paragraph_text": "Die K\u00f6lner Akademie - \"Damals und Heute\" are a German baroque and classical music orchestra founded in 1996 and based in Cologne. They are led by the American conductor Michael Alexander Willens who studied at the Juilliard School in New York."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alexander Graham Bell", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. The family home was at 16 South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Alexander Graham Bell's birthplace. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (1845\u201370) and Edward Charles Bell (1848\u201367), both of whom would die of tuberculosis. His father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace (n\u00e9e Symonds). Born as just \"Alexander Bell\", at age 10 he made a plea to his father to have a middle name like his two brothers.[N 6] For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name \"Graham\", chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a Canadian being treated by his father who had become a family friend. To close relatives and friends he remained \"Aleck\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hellenistic period", "paragraph_text": "Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged \u2013 Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, \"everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them\"."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alexander Krein", "paragraph_text": "In 1896, at the early age of 14, Alexander Krein entered the Moscow Conservatory where his studies included cello classes with Alexander von Glehn and composition lessons with Sergei Taneyev and Boleslav Yavorsky. His first works were published by P. Jurgenson in 1901. During the years immediately prior to the 1917 Revolution, he was on the faculty of the People's Conservatory in Moscow. In 1917, he was appointed as director of the artistic wing of the Muzo-Narkompros, the music section of a newly formed ministry of arts and education. Throughout the 1920s, Krein was widely regarded as the leader of a Jewish national school in Russia (which included his brother Grigori and his nephew Julian). Among those he influenced were minor composers such as Sinovii Feldman. After the formation of the Soviet Union, he held a variety of official and semi-official music administration posts. He died April 1951 in Staraya Ruza. His son, Alexander Kron, was a Soviet playwright."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Loop Live", "paragraph_text": "The Loop Live festival is a music festival in Bulgaria. Since 2007 it is held once a year on Prince Alexander of Battenberg Square in the capital city Sofia. It's a free music event and always includes a host of new and popular artists. The festival is televised usually a week afterwards on City TV."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hermann Budzislawski", "paragraph_text": "Hermann Budzislawski (11 February 1901 \u2013 28 April 1978) was a German journalist with a particular focus on Economics and Politics. As a young man in the 1930s he came to prominence as editor in chief of the political weekly magazine Die Weltb\u00fchne during the publication's . After 1945 he returned from a period of several years in New York City to resume his journalistic work and to become a radio commentator with Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk, based in Leipzig, where he also now pursued a successful career as a professor of media sciences at the university."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alexander Golitzen", "paragraph_text": "Prince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a Russian-born American production designer who oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Diamondhead, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Diamondhead is a city in southeastern Hancock County, Mississippi, United States. The city is located just over northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is part of the Gulfport\u2212Biloxi Metropolitan Statistical Area. In February 2012, Diamondhead was officially incorporated as a city. At the time of the 2010 census, when Diamondhead was an unincorporated census-designated place, the population was 8,425. The city population, with slightly different boundaries, was estimated at 8,217 in 2016."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Real Janelle", "paragraph_text": "Released in 1994 by Kill Rock Stars, The Real Janelle would become Bratmobile's last studio recording in six years. Though released before \"The Peel Session\", that was recorded a year prior. The record offers more clarity in its sound and its thought from their full-length record \"Pottymouth\", \"Brat Girl\" being an answer to the type of emotional abuse touched on in \"And I Live In A Town Where The Boys Amputate Their Heart\" and the low-ley, tense \"Yeah, Huh\" being almost a set-up for the full force of the heavy punk-rocking \"Die.\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer\u2019s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Philippine presidential line of succession", "paragraph_text": "If both the President and the Vice President die, become permanently disabled, are removed from office, or resign - the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, will act as President until a President or Vice-President is elected and qualifies."}], "question": "What year was the city where Alexander Golitzen died founded?"}
{"id": "2hop__106187_34736", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941, on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, or possibly 19 September 1931, beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself started in early December 1941, with the Sino-Japanese War then becoming part of it as a theater of the greater World War II.[nb 9]"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "KBCR-FM", "paragraph_text": "KBCR-FM (96.9 FM, \"Big Country Radio\") is a radio station licensed and broadcasting to Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA. The station broadcasts a country music format and is currently owned by Don Tlapek, through licensee Blizzard Broadcasting LLC."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ex on the Beach (British series 8)", "paragraph_text": "Ex on the Beach Series 8 Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 8 Release Original network MTV Original release 20 March 2018 -- present Season chronology \u2190 Previous Series 7"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Naruto: Shippuden (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Naruto: Shippuden (Season 7) Season 7 Cover Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 8 Release Original network TV Tokyo Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 6 Next \u2192 Season 8 List of Naruto: Shippuden episodes"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "KCLV-FM", "paragraph_text": "KCLV-FM (99.1 FM, \"Country 99\") is a radio station licensed to serve Clovis, New Mexico. The station is owned by Zia Broadcasting Company. It airs a Country music format."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "CRI Vientiane", "paragraph_text": "CRI Vientiane at 93.0 FM is a radio station in Vientiane, Laos. It is part of China Radio International. It broadcasts primarily in English. According to China Radio International, this is the third overseas radio station launch after CRI Nairobi Kenya 91.9 FM."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "CFRK-FM", "paragraph_text": "CFRK-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 92.3 FM in Fredericton, New Brunswick owned by Stingray. The station airs a country music format branded as \"Fredericton's New Country 92.3\"."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "CIKZ-FM", "paragraph_text": "CIKZ-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 106.7 FM in Kitchener, Ontario. The station airs a country music format branded as \"Country 106.7\". The station is owned by Rogers Media which also owns sister stations CHYM-FM and CKGL."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "CKHL-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKHL-FM is a Canadian radio station, that broadcasts a country music format branded as YL Country at 102.1 FM in High Level, Alberta, Canada."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "FM-8", "paragraph_text": "The FM-8 (Fujitsu Micro 8) is a personal computer developed and manufactured by Fujitsu in May 1981. It was Fujitsu's second microcomputer released to the public after the LKIT-8 kit computer, and the first in the \"FM\" series. The FM-8 would later be replaced by two new models in November 1982\u00a0\u2013 the FM-11, aimed at businesses and the FM-7 aimed at the mass market."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "FM-7", "paragraph_text": "The FM-7 (\"Fujitsu Micro 7\") is a home computer created by Fujitsu. It was first released in 1982 and was sold in Japan and Spain. It is a stripped-down version of Fujitsu's earlier FM-8 computer, and during development it was referred to as the \"FM-8 Jr.\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lists of countries by mineral production", "paragraph_text": "Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mercury China Mexico List of countries by mercury production Mica India Russia Mica Nickel Philippines Russia Niobium Brazil Canada Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa (tied) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Samurai", "paragraph_text": "In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Ky\u016bsh\u016b. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jan Schnider", "paragraph_text": "Jan Schnider (born January 7, 1983 in Oensingen) is a beach volleyball player from Switzerland, who with his team mate Martin Laciga is representing his native country at the 2008 Summer Olympics, in Beijing, China."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "KKSY-FM", "paragraph_text": "KKSY-FM (96.5 FM, \"96.5 Kiss Country\") is a 100,000 watt radio station in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It is a country music formatted station owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of Michelin 3-star restaurants", "paragraph_text": "Countries by number of 3 - star restaurants in November 2017 Rank Country Number Japan 28 France 27 United States 14 Germany 11 5 China 10 6 Italy 9 6 Spain 9 7 United Kingdom 5 8 Switzerland 9 Belgium 10 South Korea"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WKCY-FM", "paragraph_text": "WKCY-FM is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Harrisonburg, Virginia, serving the Central Shenandoah Valley. WKCY-FM is owned and operated by iHeartCommunications, Inc."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "CJCI-FM", "paragraph_text": "CJCI-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 97.3 FM in Prince George, British Columbia, owned by Vista Radio. The station currently airs a country music format using its on-air brand name as Country 97 FM."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of countries by lithium production", "paragraph_text": "Rank Country / Region lithium mine production (tonnes) World 36,000 Australia 14,300 Chile 12,000 Argentina 5,700 China 2,000 Zimbabwe 900 6 Portugal 200 7 Brazil 200"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "WXBQ-FM", "paragraph_text": "WXBQ-FM is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Bristol, Virginia, serving the Tri-Cities. WXBQ-FM is owned and operated by Bristol Broadcasting Company, Inc."}], "question": "When did the country where the FM-7 originated invade China?"}
{"id": "2hop__128782_34053", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "S. Thomas' College, Gurutalawa", "paragraph_text": "S. Thomas' College, Gurutalawa is a private school situated in the town of Gurutalawa in the Uva Province of Sri Lanka. It is an Anglican school administrated by the Church of Ceylon."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fort Coffee, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Fort Coffee is a town in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, United States. Originally constructed as a U. S. Army fort in 1834, it was named for U. S. General John Coffee, a veteran of the Seminole Wars. It is part of the Fort Smith, Arkansas-Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 424 at the 2010 census, a gain of 2.9 percent from 412 at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Better Man (Little Big Town song)", "paragraph_text": "``Better Man ''Single by Little Big Town from the album The Breaker Released October 20, 2016 (2016 - 10 - 20) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4: 21 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter (s) Taylor Swift Producer (s) Jay Joyce Little Big Town singles chronology`` One of Those Days'' (2016) ``Better Man ''(2016)`` Happy People'' (2017) ``One of Those Days ''(2016)`` Better Man'' (2016) ``Happy People ''(2017) Music video`` Better Man'' on YouTube"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gwalior", "paragraph_text": "As of 2011's India census, Gwalior had a population of 1,069,276. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Gwalior has an average literacy rate of 84.14%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 89.64% and female literacy is 77.92%. In Gwalior, about 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. The city's metropolitan population, which includes the commuter town of Morar Cantonment, was of 1,117,740."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "KFFN", "paragraph_text": "KFFN (1490 AM) is a commercial radio station located in Tucson, Arizona. KFFN airs all sports programming syndicated by ESPN Radio. The station originates a local sports program weekdays, The Zach Clark Show."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Florence, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Florence (O'odham: S - auppag) is a town, 61 miles (98 km) southeast of Phoenix, in Pinal County of Arizona, United States. Florence, which is the county seat of Pinal County, is one of the oldest towns in that county and is regarded as a National Historic District with over 25 buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The population of Florence was 30,770 at the 2015 census."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kitulgala", "paragraph_text": "Kitulgala is a small town in the west of Sri Lanka. It is in the wet zone rain forest, which gets two monsoons each year, and is one of the wettest places in the country. Nevertheless, it comes alive in the first three months of the year, especially in February, the driest month. The Academy Award-winning \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\" was filmed on the Kelani River near Kitulgala, although nothing remains now except the concrete foundations for the bridge (and, supposedly, the submerged train cars that plunged into the river in the climactic scene). Kitulgala is also a base for white-water rafting, which starts a few kilometres upstream and also popular as a location for adventure based training programs."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tunkwa Provincial Park", "paragraph_text": "Tunkwa Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the northern Thompson Plateau between the towns of Logan Lake (S) and Savona (N)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eureka, California", "paragraph_text": "Annual precipitation averages 40.3 inches or 1,024 millimetres. Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 119 days each year. The wettest ``rain year ''was from July 1889 to June 1890 with 73.30 inches (1,861.8 mm) and the driest from July 1976 to June 1977 with 17.56 inches (446.0 mm). The greatest monthly precipitation was 23.21 inches (589.5 mm) in December 2002. The greatest 24 - hour precipitation was 6.79 inches (172.5 mm) on December 27, 2002. However, historic`` 100'' year dramatic weather events such as the Christmas Week flood of 1955 and, especially, the Christmas flood of 1964, which severely damaged the region, may not be reflected in records listed herein. Snowfall on the coast happens occasionally, averaging only 0.2 inches or 0.0051 metres as of the 1981 -- 2010 normals, but only five years during that period received measurable snowfall."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "At the University of Arizona, where records have been kept since 1894, the record maximum temperature was 115 \u00b0F (46 \u00b0C) on June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995, and the record minimum temperature was 6 \u00b0F (\u221214 \u00b0C) on January 7, 1913. There are an average of 150.1 days annually with highs of 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) or higher and an average of 26.4 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. Average annual precipitation is 11.15 in (283 mm). There is an average of 49 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1905 with 24.17 in (614 mm) and the driest year was 1924 with 5.07 in (129 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 7.56 in (192 mm) in July 1984. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 4.16 in (106 mm) on October 1, 1983. Annual snowfall averages 0.7 in (1.8 cm). The most snow in one year was 7.2 in (18 cm) in 1987. The most snow in one month was 6.0 in (15 cm) in January 1898 and March 1922."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "My Town (Montgomery Gentry song)", "paragraph_text": "``My Town ''Single by Montgomery Gentry from the album My Town Released June 3, 2002 Recorded 2002 Genre Country Length 4: 10 (single edit) 4: 46 (album version) Label Columbia Nashville Songwriter (s) Reed Nielsen Jeffrey Steele, Julian Williams Producer (s) Blake Chancey Montgomery Gentry singles chronology`` Did n't I'' (2002) ``My Town ''(2002)`` Speed'' (2002) ``Did n't I ''(2002)`` My Town'' (2002) ``Speed ''(2002)"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, Southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm) of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150 in (380 cm). This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Serial (podcast)", "paragraph_text": "The last episode of season two of Serial was released March 31, 2016. The producers of Serial launched the podcast S - Town on March 28, 2017. Season three's release date is planned to be sometime in 2018."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nohkalikai Falls", "paragraph_text": "Nohkalikai Falls is the tallest plunge waterfall in India. Its height is 1115 feet (340 metres), making it as the highest waterfall in India. The waterfall is located near Cherrapunji, one of the wettest places on Earth. Nohkalikai Falls are fed by the rainwater collected on the summit of comparatively small plateau and decrease in power during the dry season in December - February. Below the falls there has formed a plunge pool with unusual green colored water."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "James S. Alban", "paragraph_text": "James S. Alban (1810 \u2013 1862) was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate. The town and community of Alban was named in his honor."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "George Wickham", "paragraph_text": "George Wickham Gender Male Occupation Officer in Colonel Forster's regiment. Income Less than 100 pounds a year. Family Spouse (s) Lydia Bennet Romantic interest (s) Georgiana Darcy Elizabeth Bennet Mary King"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nohkalikai Falls", "paragraph_text": "Nohkalikai Falls is the tallest plunge waterfall in India. Its height is 1115 feet (340 metres). The waterfall is located near Cherrapunji, one of the wettest places on Earth. Nohkalikai Falls are fed by the rainwater collected on the summit of a comparatively small plateau and decrease in power during the dry season in December - February. Below the falls there has formed a plunge pool with unusual green colored water."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "S. Thomas' College, Bandarawela", "paragraph_text": "S. Thomas' College, Bandarawela is a selective entry boys' private school situated in the town of Bandarawela in the Uva Province of Sri Lanka. It is an Anglican school administrated by the Church of Ceylon and also a brother school to S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia. Situated in a picturesque landscape covered by mountains, it is known to be the most prestigious school in Bandarawela and one of the prestigious schools in the country."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Oberschlei\u00dfheim station", "paragraph_text": "Oberschlei\u00dfheim station is located in the town of Oberschlei\u00dfheim in the German state of Bavaria and is served by the Munich S-Bahn. It lies on the Munich\u2013Regensburg railway, about 20 kilometres from the Munich Central Station (\"Hauptbahnhof\")."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dirt Road Anthem", "paragraph_text": "``Dirt Road Anthem ''Single by Jason Aldean from the album My Kinda Party Released April 4, 2011 Format Digital download Recorded Genre Country rap Length 3: 50 Label Broken Bow Songwriter (s) Brantley Gilbert Colt Ford Producer (s) Michael Knox Jason Aldean singles chronology`` Do n't You Wanna Stay'' (2010) ``Dirt Road Anthem ''(2011)`` Tattoos on This Town'' (2011) ``Do n't You Wanna Stay ''(2010)`` Dirt Road Anthem'' (2011) ``Tattoos on This Town ''(2011) Alternative cover"}], "question": "What was the wettest year in the town where KFFN is licensed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__139773_88110_35692", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shelby Corcoran", "paragraph_text": "Shelby Corcoran is a recurring fictional character from the Fox musical comedy-drama series \"Glee\". Portrayed by actress Idina Menzel, Shelby was introduced in the fourteenth episode of the show as the coach of Vocal Adrenaline, a rival show choir to New Directions, the show's primary musical group. Fans had lobbied for Menzel to be cast as Rachel Berry's (Lea Michele) biological mother, due to the strong physical resemblance between Menzel and Michele. After it is revealed that Shelby is, in fact, Rachel's biological mother, Shelby discloses that she had signed a contract that stated that she could not seek out her daughter until she was eighteen. She tells Rachel that instead of trying to act like mother and daughter, they should just be grateful that they have met, and maintain their distance."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Bodyguard (1992 film)", "paragraph_text": "Frank, Rachel, Rachel's driver Henry (Christopher Birt), Rachel's son Fletcher (DeVaughn Nixon), and her sister Nicki (Michele Lamar Richards) then travel to a large lakefront cabin in the mountains, the home of Frank's father, Herb (Ralph Waite). The next day, Fletcher is almost killed when a bomb explodes inside the boat he rode moments before. After finding footprints around the cabin and sabotaged automobiles, Frank realizes that Rachel's stalker has followed them. After securing the house for the night, Frank learns that Rachel's obsessive stalker and the person trying to kill her are not the same person. Angry and drunk, Nicki admits that during a drug - induced fit of jealousy she hired a hitman to kill Rachel, but that the letters from the stalker came before that. However, she can not call it off because she does not know the killer's identity."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Microsoft Security Essentials", "paragraph_text": "Support for MSE has officially ended for Windows Vista and Windows XP.  Older versions still function on those systems and definition updates remain available. It is still supported on Windows 7 until January 14, 2020.Microsoft Security Essentials does not run on Windows 8 and later, which has its own security subsystem, Windows Defender. On September 13, 2011, at the Build conference in Anaheim, California, Microsoft unveiled the developer preview of Windows 8, which had a security component capable of preventing an infected USB flash memory from compromising the system during the boot process. On September 15, Windows 8 developer's blog confirmed that Windows Defender in Windows 8 would take over the role of virus protection. In an included video, Jason Garms of Microsoft showed how Windows Defender is registered with Action Center as an AV and spyware protection tool, and how it blocks drive-by malware.  On March 3, 2012, Softpedia reviewed the consumer preview of Windows 8 and noted the similarity in appearance of Windows Defender and Microsoft Security Essentials 4.0 Beta. According to Softpedia, Windows 8 Setup requires Microsoft Security Essentials to be uninstalled before upgrading from Windows 7."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Star Trek", "paragraph_text": "While the show initially enjoyed high ratings, the average rating of the show at the end of its first season dropped to 52nd out of 94 programs. Unhappy with the show's ratings, NBC threatened to cancel the show during its second season. The show's fan base, led by Bjo Trimble, conducted an unprecedented letter - writing campaign, petitioning the network to keep the show on the air. NBC renewed the show, but moved it from primetime to the ``Friday night death slot '', and substantially reduced its budget. In protest Roddenberry resigned as producer and reduced his direct involvement in Star Trek, which led to Fred Freiberger becoming producer for the show's third and final season. Despite another letter - writing campaign, NBC cancelled the series after three seasons and 79 episodes."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Charles Jurine", "paragraph_text": "Charles Jurine (1751\u20131819) was a Swiss zoologist who, inspired by a letter by Lazzaro Spallanzani to the Geneva Natural History Society, set about showing that bats used their ears to navigate. He corresponded with Spallanzani, who confirmed his findings but their work was largely ignored until the 20th century when Donald Griffin and G. W. Pierce proposed echolocation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Family Biz", "paragraph_text": "Family Biz is a Canadian television show, filmed in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada starring Doug Murray, Ephraim Ellis and Kate Corbett. Created by James Nadler, the show is currently airing on YTV and France 2. The first episode was shown on YTV. The show has been rated \"C8+\" in Canada, where it ran for one season from March 6 to December 8, 2009."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Windows 8", "paragraph_text": "Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company's goal for Windows to be \"everywhere on every kind of device without compromise.\" Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed \"Jupiter\", which would be used to make \"immersive\" applications using XAML (similarly to Windows Phone and Silverlight) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored application store."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Last Reality Show", "paragraph_text": "The Last Reality Show () is a Swedish TV series that aired on TV 6 in Sweden the spring of 2012. The show portrays a zombie apocalypse as seen through the eyes of the cast and crew of a reality show. The title of the series refers to the name of said reality show being produced which is to bring forth the ultimate Swedish reality star (reality show stars of Swedish reality shows play themselves) as well that the fact that almost every episode features the death of one of the reality stars. The show featured 8 episodes. The series was created and produced by Tord Danielsson, directed by Oskar Mellander and photographed by Anders Jacobsson of Evil Ed fame."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Speaker", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker is a 2009 British television series, broadcast on BBC Two. It is a talent show type series that aimed to find the best young speaker in the United Kingdom. The show is narrated by Jane Horrocks. The three judges are stand-up comedian Jo Brand, former basketball player and psychologist John Amaechi and Jeremy Stockwell."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Windows 8", "paragraph_text": "On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview, the beta version of Windows 8, build 8250. Alongside other changes, the build removed the Start button from the taskbar for the first time since its debut on Windows 95; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen, the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8, the desktop was an ``app ''itself, and not the primary interface of the operating system. Windows president Steven Sinofsky said more than 100,000 changes had been made since the developer version went public. The day after its release, Windows 8 Consumer Preview had been downloaded over one million times. Like the Developer Preview, the Consumer Preview expired on January 15, 2013."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "MSNBC", "paragraph_text": "MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. MSNBC is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "PDQ (game show)", "paragraph_text": "PDQ and Baffle are American television game shows created by Heatter-Quigley Productions. Both shows' objective was to guess a given word or phrase in the shortest amount of time with the fewest letters given as possible."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sen kv\u00e4ll med Luuk", "paragraph_text": "Sen kv\u00e4ll med Luuk (Late night with Luuk) was one of Sweden's and TV4's most popular talk shows ever and started airing in 1996. Kristian Luuk's show had ratings around 1.5 million viewers every week. Kristian had many celebrity guests like Cher, Whitney Houston, Madonna, Kylie Minogue, Janet Jackson and Mariah Carey. In 2004, after 8 years of broadcasting the show, Kristian Luuk decided to quit the talk show and started his new project God Afton Sverige, which turned out to be a failure."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Drift: The Unmooring of American Military Power", "paragraph_text": "Drift: The Unmooring of American Military Power is a 2012 book by Rachel Maddow. Her first book, \"Drift\" explores the premise that the manner in which the United States goes to war has gradually become more secretive and less democratic. In \"Drift\", Maddow examines how American declarations of war have incrementally shifted from being congressionally approved to being centralized in the hands of the American president. The book's scope spans from the Vietnam War to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Toga se niko nije setio", "paragraph_text": "Toga se niko nije setio is a quiz show produced by Prva Srpska Televizija. The show is unique because it tasks players with finding obscure answers to questions and trying to obtain a low score. It started airing on April 5, 2014. The show is the local version of \"Pointless\", produced by Endemol UK."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Rachel Maddow Show", "paragraph_text": "The Rachel Maddow Show (also abbreviated TRMS) is a daily news and opinion television program that airs on MSNBC, running in the 9:00\u00a0pm ET timeslot Monday through Friday. It is hosted by Rachel Maddow, who gained a public profile via her frequent appearances as a progressive pundit on programs aired by MSNBC. It is based on her former radio show of the same name. The show debuted on September 8, 2008."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nothing Trivial", "paragraph_text": "Nothing Trivial is a New Zealand comedy-drama television series, produced by South Pacific Pictures. The series is created by the duo of Gavin Strawhan and the co-creator of \"Outrageous Fortune\", Rachel Lang. The pair, who also created the shows \"Go Girls\" and \"This Is Not My Life\", both write and executive produce the show."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "The \"Fan Save\" was introduced in the fourteenth season. During the finals, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde", "paragraph_text": "For two months, Jekyll reverts to his former sociable manner, but in early January, he starts refusing visitors. Dr. Hastie Lanyon, a mutual acquaintance of Jekyll and Utterson, dies of shock after receiving information relating to Jekyll. Before his death, Lanyon gives Utterson a letter to be opened after Jekyll's death or disappearance. In late February, during another walk with Enfield, Utterson starts a conversation with Jekyll at a window of his laboratory. Jekyll suddenly slams the window and disappears. In early March, Jekyll's butler, Mr. Poole, visits Utterson and says Jekyll has secluded himself in his laboratory for weeks. Utterson and Poole break into the laboratory, where they find Hyde wearing Jekyll's clothes and apparently dead from suicide. They find a letter from Jekyll to Utterson. Utterson reads Lanyon's letter, then Jekyll's. Lanyon's letter reveals his deterioration resulted from the shock of seeing Hyde drink a serum that turned him into Jekyll. Jekyll's letter explains that he had indulged in unstated vices and feared discovery. He found a way to transform himself and thereby indulge his vices without fear of detection. Jekyll's transformed personality, Hyde, was evil, self - indulgent, and uncaring to anyone but himself. Initially, Jekyll controlled the transformations with the serum, but one night in August, he became Hyde involuntarily in his sleep."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Windows 8", "paragraph_text": "On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview, the beta version of Windows 8, build 8250. Alongside other changes, the build removed the Start button from the taskbar for the first time since its debut on Windows 95; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen, the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8, the desktop was an \"app\" itself, and not the primary interface of the operating system. Windows president Steven Sinofsky said more than 100,000 changes had been made since the developer version went public. The day after its release, Windows 8 Consumer Preview had been downloaded over one million times. Like the Developer Preview, the Consumer Preview expired on January 15, 2013."}], "question": "When did the company that is represented by the letters \"ms\" in the name of the network airing The Rachel Maddow Show begin work on Windows 8?"}
{"id": "3hop2__49541_140817_51068", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Blue Marble", "paragraph_text": "The Blue Marble was not the first clear image taken of an illuminated face of Earth, since similar shots from the ATS - 3 satellite had already been made as early as 1967. The Apollo 17 image, however, released during a surge in environmental activism during the 1970s, became a symbol of the environmental movement, as a depiction of Earth's frailty, vulnerability, and isolation amid the vast expanse of space. NASA archivist Mike Gentry has speculated that The Blue Marble is among the most widely distributed images in human history."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Faerie Queene", "paragraph_text": "Throughout The Faerie Queene, Spenser creates ``a network of allusions to events, issues, and particular persons in England and Ireland ''including Mary, Queen of Scots, the Spanish Armada, the English Reformation, and even the Queen herself. It is also known that James VI of Scotland read the poem, and was very insulted by Duessa -- a very negative depiction of his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots. The Faerie Queene was then banned in Scotland. This led to a significant decrease in Elizabeth's support for the poem. Within the text, both the Faerie Queene and Belphoebe serve as two of the many personifications of Queen Elizabeth, some of which are`` far from complimentary''."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Merritt Patterson", "paragraph_text": "Merritt Patterson (born September 2, 1990) is a Canadian actress. She is known for playing Olivia on the short - lived Pretty Little Liars spin - off Ravenswood, and for playing Ophelia on E! network's television series The Royals."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen. She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters: the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts. Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger. Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen. The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture. It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband, the King. The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating that, ``The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant. ''"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "NBC", "paragraph_text": "After Mutual's appeals were rejected by the FCC, RCA filed its own appeal to overturn the divestiture order. However, in 1941, the company decided to sell NBC Blue in the event its appeal was denied. The Blue Network was formally named NBC Blue Network, Inc. and NBC Red became NBC Red Network, Inc. for corporate purposes. Both networks formally divorced their operations on January 8, 1942, with the Blue Network being referred to on-air as either \"Blue\" or \"Blue Network\", and Blue Network Company, Inc. serving as its official corporate name. NBC Red, meanwhile, became known on-air as simply \"NBC\". Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. placed a $7.5 million bid for NBC Blue, an offer that was rejected by NBC executive Mark Woods and RCA president David Sarnoff."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 -- 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Blue Bloods (season 8)", "paragraph_text": "Blue Bloods (season 8) Season 8 U.S. DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 29, 2017 (2017 - 09 - 29) -- May 11, 2018 (2018 - 05 - 11) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 7 List of Blue Bloods episodes"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sam Fletcher (soccer)", "paragraph_text": "Sam Fletcher (1890 in Manchester, England \u2013 22 January 1972 in Cranston, Rhode Island) was an English football (soccer) full back who played professionally in England, Canada and the United States. He later coached the Brown University soccer team."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Frederic Jones", "paragraph_text": "Frederic Jones (1832 \u2013 8 September 1890) was a New Zealand politician. Originally from England, he settled in the colony in 1863 for health reasons."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Big Blue Marble", "paragraph_text": "Big Blue Marble was a half-hour children's television series that ran from 1974 to 1983 on numerous syndicated and PBS TV stations."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, originally the Crown Jewels of England, are 140 royal ceremonial objects kept in the Tower of London, which include the regalia and vestments worn by British kings and queens at their coronations."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Philip Maud", "paragraph_text": "Brigadier General Philip Maud CMG, CBE (8 August 1870 \u2013 28 February 1947) was an English officer of the British Army, who is most notable for setting the \"Maud Line\", an imaginary border in Kenya, which set the original position of the disputed Ilemi Triangle. Maud is also celebrated in the field of rugby union playing international rugby for England, and in the 1890/91 season became one of the original members of the Barbarians Football Club."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Acid rain", "paragraph_text": "The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles. Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Blue Bloods (season 7)", "paragraph_text": "Blue Bloods (season 7) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 23, 2016 (2016 - 09 - 23) -- May 5, 2017 (2017 - 05 - 05) Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 6 Next \u2192 Season 8 List of Blue Bloods episodes"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Helena Bonham Carter as The Red Queen. She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters: the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts. Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger. Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen. The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture. It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband, the King. The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating that, ``The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant. ''"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Flag of Earth", "paragraph_text": "A flag designed by John McConnell in 1969 for the first Earth Day is a dark blue field charged with The Blue Marble, a famous NASA photo of the Earth as seen from outer space. The first edition of McConnell's flag used screen - printing and used different colors: ocean and land were blue and the clouds were white. McConnell presented his flag to the United Nations as a symbol for consideration."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Blue Bloods (season 8)", "paragraph_text": "Blue Bloods (season 8) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 29, 2017 (2017 - 09 - 29) -- present Season chronology \u2190 Previous Season 7 List of Blue Bloods episodes"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Shuter", "paragraph_text": "John Shuter (9 February 1855 Thornton Heath, Surrey, England \u2013 5 July 1920, Blackheath, Kent, England) was a cricketer who played for England and Surrey in the late 19th century. He is best remembered for captaining Surrey to a string of wins in the County Championship around the time it became official in 1890, aided by the bowler George Lohmann and back up by John Sharpe and William Lockwood. Shuter first led Surrey to the County Championship in 1887. They then came first in 1888, tied with Lancashire and Nottinghamshire in 1889, and won again in 1890, 1891 and 1892. Shuter was a batsman and chiefly an off-side player."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bear in the Big Blue House", "paragraph_text": "Bear in the Big Blue House was initially produced from 1997 to 2006. The voice actress for ``Luna ''the moon was played by Lynne Thigpen, who abruptly died due to a cerebral hemorrhage. Thigpen's death led to a three - year hiatus of Bear in the Big Blue House. A planned film version of Bear was also put on hold. Two years after Thigpen's death, Tara Mooney, who voiced the character Shadow, in an interview with Ray D'Arcy on Today FM stated:`` The crew's hearts just were n't in it anymore''. Thigpen's friends and family established a non-profit foundation, The Lynne Thigpen - Bobo Lewis Foundation, to help young actors and actresses learn how to survive and succeed in New York theater and to mentor the next generation of Broadway stars. After the hiatus and the spin - off Breakfast with Bear, new episodes returned to the Disney Channel in April 2006, with the last episode airing on April 28, 2006. Thigpen was posthumously nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for voicing Luna the moon in Bear in the Big Blue House, but lost to Jeff Corwin."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jenna Coleman", "paragraph_text": "Jenna - Louise Coleman (born 27 April 1986), professionally known as Jenna Coleman, is an English actress and model. Notable for her work in British television, she is best known for her roles as Jasmine Thomas in the soap opera Emmerdale (2005 -- 2009), Clara Oswald, companion to the Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors in the science fiction series Doctor Who (2012 -- 2015, 2017) and Queen Victoria in the ITV biographical drama series Victoria (2016 -- present)."}], "question": "Who is the actress that plays the Queen of England in 1890, on the original network of Big Blue Marble?"}
{"id": "3hop2__19506_79276_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jeroniki", "paragraph_text": "Jeroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Choroszcz and west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Canada", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the Seven Years' War and the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763), France ceded almost all of its remaining territory in mainland North America, except for fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon where its fishermen could dry their fish. France had already secretly ceded its vast Louisiana territory to Spain under the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) in which King Louis XV of France had given his cousin King Charles III of Spain the entire area of the drainage basin of the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains. France and Spain kept the Treaty of Fontainebleau secret from other countries until 1764. In return for acquiring Canada, Britain returned to France its most important sugar - producing colony, Guadeloupe, which the French at the time considered more valuable than Canada. (Guadeloupe produced more sugar than all the British islands combined, and Voltaire had notoriously dismissed Canada as ``Quelques arpents de neige '',`` A few acres of snow'')."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031'\u00a0E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011'\u00a0E. The region extends as a sector about 2600\u00a0km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000\u00a0km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "Through times of war and rebellion, peace and estrangement, as well as becoming friends and allies, Britain and the US cemented these deeply rooted links during World War II into what is known as the ``Special Relationship. ''In long - term perspective, the historian Paul Johnson has called it the`` cornerstone of the modern, democratic world order''."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict. France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida. (Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba.) France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Great Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Burney Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The treaty between Kingdom of Siam and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland commonly known as the Burney Treaty was signed at Bangkok on 20 June 1826 by Henry Burney, an agent of British East India Company, for the United Kingdom, and King Rama III for Siam. It followed an earlier treaty of 24 February 1826, in which Siam became an ally of Britain against the Kingdom of Ava (Burma), with which Britain was at war. A Siamese army was raised and equipped, but took no serious part in the war due to ill-feeling and suspicion arising from the Siamese invasion of Kedah in 1821."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "The phrase \"51st state\" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term \"51st state\" in reference to their own countries."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Midnight sun", "paragraph_text": "Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle, apart from research stations, the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle: the Canadian Yukon, Nunavut, and Northwest Territories; the nations of Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Greenland), Russia; and the State of Alaska in the United States. A quarter of Finland's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle, and at the country's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer. In Svalbard, Norway, the northernmost inhabited region of Europe, there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August. The extreme sites are the poles, where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year. The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Adams\u2013On\u00eds Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The Adams -- On\u00eds Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America against the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution; and also during the Latin American Wars of Independence. Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams -- On\u00eds Treaty in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas. The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean, in exchange for the U.S. paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing the US claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British \"returned\" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Louisiana (New France)", "paragraph_text": "In the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau, France ceded Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to Spain, its ally in the war, as compensation for the loss of Spanish Florida to Britain. Even after France had lost its claim to Louisiana, settlement of Upper Louisiana by French - speakers continued for the next four decades. French explorers and frontiersmen, such as Pedro Vial, were often employed as guides and interpreters by the Spanish and later by the Americans. The Spanish lieutenant governors at St. Louis maintained the traditional ``Illinois Country ''nomenclature, using titles such as`` commander in chief of the western part and districts of Illinois'' and administrators commonly referred to their capital St. Louis ``of the Ylinuses ''."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Greater Hesse", "paragraph_text": "Greater Hesse () was the provisional name given for a section of German territory created by the US military administration in at the end of World War II. It was formed by the Allied Control Council on 19 September 1945 and became the modern German state of Hesse on 1 December 1946."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ma\u0142ynka", "paragraph_text": "Ma\u0142ynka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba). France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive, but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive, but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "France\u2013United Kingdom relations", "paragraph_text": "The French and British fought each other and made treaties with Native American tribes to gain control of North America. Both nations coveted the Ohio Territory and in 1753 a British expedition there led by George Washington clashed with a French force. Shortly afterwards the French and Indian War broke out, initially taking place only in North America but in 1756 becoming part of the wider Seven Years' War in which Britain and France were part of opposing coalitions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}], "question": "During a war the US and Britain became allies. Following that war Bia\u0142ystok and Przemy\u015bl were returned to what country along with the region they had originally acquired in the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn?"}
{"id": "3hop1__103890_10659_126093", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "\u00c1gnes Osztolyk\u00e1n", "paragraph_text": "\u00c1gnes Osztolyk\u00e1n (born 3 November 1974, Csenger, Hungary) is a Hungarian politician and Romani activist, who was a member of the National Assembly of Hungary between 2010 and 2014. She is a recipient of the 2011 International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to \"Zion\" and the \"Land of Israel\", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities\u2014Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed\u2014and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort \u2013 that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tunisia", "paragraph_text": "That said, an important number of genetic and other historical studies point out to the predominance of the Amazighs in Tunisia. An Ottoman influence has been particularly significant in forming the Turco-Tunisian community. Other peoples have also migrated to Tunisia during different periods of time, including West Africans, Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians (Punics), Jews, and French settlers. By 1870 the distinction between the Arabic-speaking mass and the Turkish elite had blurred.From the late 19th century to after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of French and Italians (255,000 Europeans in 1956), although nearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left after Tunisia became independent. The history of the Jews in Tunisia goes back some 2,000 years. In 1948 the Jewish population was an estimated 105,000, but by 2013 only about 900 remained.The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers. Numerous civilizations and peoples have invaded, migrated to, or have been assimilated into the population over the millennia, with influences of population from Phoenicians/Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Spaniards, Ottoman Turks and Janissaries, and French. There was a continuing inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from Arabia.After the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from Spain, many Spanish Muslims and Jews also arrived. According to Matthew Carr, \"As many as eighty thousand Moriscos settled in Tunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis, which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, or Andalusia Alley.\""}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sarah's Key", "paragraph_text": "\"Sarah's Key\" follows a journalist's present-day investigation into the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup of Jews in German-occupied Paris in 1942. It tells the story of a young girl's experiences during and after these events, illustrating the participation of the French bureaucracy as well as French citizens hiding and protecting Sarah from the French authorities."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tr\u1ea7n Cao V\u00e2n", "paragraph_text": "Tr\u1ea7n Cao V\u00e2n (\u9673\u9ad8\u96f2, 1866\u20131916) was a mandarin of the Nguy\u1ec5n Dynasty who was best known for his activities in attempting to expel the French colonial powers in Vietnam. He orchestrated an attempt to expel the French and install Emperor Duy T\u00e2n as the boy ruler of an independent Vietnam, but the uprising failed. V\u00e2n was executed while Duy T\u00e2n was exiled by the French."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jewish Historical Museum, Belgrade", "paragraph_text": "It focuses on Belgradian Jews from the 2nd century until World War II, encompassing the lives of Jews who lived in Serbia and Yugoslavia. There is a predominance of memorial displays as well as a large collection of documents and photographs which attest to the Holocaust in which many Jewish families were totally decimated."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "\u00c1gnes Konkoly", "paragraph_text": "\u00c1gnes Konkoly (born 23 July 1987) is a Hungarian model, wedding planner and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Hungary 2012 and represented her country in the Miss Universe 2012 pageants."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battle of Fornovo", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Fornovo took place southwest of the city of Parma on 6 July 1495. The Holy League, an alliance comprising notably the Republic of Venice, was able to temporarily expel the French from the Italian Peninsula. It was the first major battle of the Italian Wars."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Meyers", "paragraph_text": "Meyers is a surname of English origin; many branches of the Meyers family trace their origins to Anglo - Saxon England. The name is derived from the Old English name Maire, meaning ``mayor '', or an officer in charge of legal matters. The English surname may also mean`` physician'' (from mire, Old French), or ``marsh ''(from myrr, Old Norse)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624  Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "No evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily itinerant traders or artisans. A substantial Jewish population emerged in northern Gaul by the Middle Ages, but Jewish communities existed in 465 CE in Brittany, in 524 CE in Valence, and in 533 CE in Orleans. Throughout this period and into the early Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures, mostly through conversion to Christianity.[better source needed] King Dagobert I of the Franks expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629. Jews in former Roman territories faced new challenges as harsher anti-Jewish Church rulings were enforced."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were two distinct Jewish populations. One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition and concentrated in the southwest, while the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, and speaking mainly Yiddish. The two communities were so separate and different that the National Assembly emancipated them separately in 1790 and 1791."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city. Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Gr\u00fcselhorn (see below, Museums, Mus\u00e9e historique);. A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Trail of Tears", "paragraph_text": "The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west (usually west of the Mississippi River) that had been designated as Indian Territory. The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The relocated peoples suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve, and many died before reaching their destinations. The forced removals included members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Ponca nations. The phrase ``Trail of Tears ''originates from a description of the removal of many Native American tribes, including the infamous Cherokee Nation relocation in 1838."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Poland", "paragraph_text": "In 2011, the ruling Civic Platform won parliamentary elections. Poland joined the European Space Agency in 2012, as well as organised the UEFA Euro 2012 (along with Ukraine). In 2013, Poland also became a member of the Development Assistance Committee. In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the European Council, and resigned as prime minister. The 2015 elections were won by the opposition Law and Justice Party (PiS)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans.[AE]"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", "paragraph_text": "Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to settle in the north, especially along the Rhine, often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers. Thus Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, invited Jacob ben Yekutiel and his fellow Jews to settle in his lands; and soon after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror likewise extended a welcome to continental Jews to take up residence there. Bishop R\u00fcdiger Huzmann called on the Jews of Mainz to relocate to Speyer. In all of these decisions, the idea that Jews had the know-how and capacity to jump-start the economy, improve revenues, and enlarge trade seems to have played a prominent role. Typically Jews relocated close to the markets and churches in town centres, where, though they came under the authority of both royal and ecclesiastical powers, they were accorded administrative autonomy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Regensburg Synagogue", "paragraph_text": "The original Regensburg Synagogue, erected between 1210 and 1227, was an edifice in Old Romanesque style in Regensburg, southern Germany, on the site of the former Jewish hospital, in the center of the ghetto, where the present Neue Pfarre stands. Two etchings made by Albrecht Altdorfer of the synagogue shortly before it was destroyed on February 22, 1519, provide the first portrait of an actual architectural monument in European printmaking. In 1519 following the death of Emperor Maximilian, who had long been a protector of the Jews in the imperial cities, extracting from them substantial taxes in exchange, the city of Regensburg, which blamed its economic troubles on its prosperous Jewish community, expelled the 500 Jews. The Jews themselves had demolished the interior of their venerable synagogue, on the site of which a chapel was built in honor of the Virgin. According to a chronicle the exiles settled, under the protection of the Duke of Bavaria, on the opposite bank of the Danube, in Stadt-am-Hof, and in villages in the vicinity; from these they were expelled in the course of the same century."}], "question": "Who was once prime minister of the country that accepted French Jews after their expulsion, along with \u00c1gnes Konkoly's home country?"}
{"id": "3hop2__131820_39793_61019", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "European Central Bank", "paragraph_text": "The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.[dated info] The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015[update] the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002\u20132005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Other Fortune 500 companies, while not headquartered in the area, do have a major presence. These include SunTrust Bank (based in Atlanta), Capital One Financial Corporation (officially based in McLean, Virginia, but founded in Richmond with its operations center and most employees in the Richmond area), and the medical and pharmaceutical giant McKesson (based in San Francisco). Capital One and Altria company's Philip Morris USA are two of the largest private Richmond-area employers. DuPont maintains a production facility in South Richmond known as the Spruance Plant. UPS Freight, the less-than-truckload division of UPS and formerly known as Overnite Transportation, has its corporate headquarters in Richmond."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bank of Indiana", "paragraph_text": "The state Bank of Indiana was a government chartered banking institution established in 1833 in response to the state's shortage of capital caused by the closure of the Second Bank of the United States by the administration of President Andrew Jackson. The bank operated for twenty-six years and allowed the state to finance its internal improvements, stabilized the state's currency problems, and encouraged greater private economic growth. The bank closed in 1859. The profits were then split between the shareholders, allowing depositors to exchange their bank notes for federal notes, and the bank's buildings and infrastructure were sold and reincorporated as the privately owned Second Bank of Indiana."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Thombattu", "paragraph_text": "Thombattu is a village in Kundapura Taluk in Karnataka, India. It is in the Udupi district. It is located 45\u00a0km towards North from District headquarters Udupi. 26\u00a0km from Kundapura. 410\u00a0km from State capital Bangalore. Kota, Udupi, Karkala, Sagar are the nearby cities."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Central Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "Central Bank of India, a government - owned bank, is one of the oldest and largest commercial banks in India. It is based in Mumbai which is the financial capital of India and capital city of state of Maharashtra. The bank has 4730 branches, 5319 ATM's and 4 extension counters across 27 Indian states and three Union Territories. At present, Central Bank of India has overseas office at Nairobi, Hong Kong and a joint venture with Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, and the Zambian government. The Zambian government holds 40 per cent stake and each of the banks has 20 per cent. Recently it has also opened a representative office at Nairobi in Kenya."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Crocker National Bank", "paragraph_text": "Crocker National Bank was a United States bank headquartered in San Francisco, California. It was acquired by and merged into Wells Fargo Bank in 1986."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Padalur", "paragraph_text": "Padalur is a village in Alathur Taluk, Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu State. Padalur is a main town in Alathur talku and is located 2\u00a0km from Taluk office and 16.9\u00a0km from the District headquarters Perambalur . It is 284\u00a0km from State Capital Chennai."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Citibank Australia", "paragraph_text": "Citibank Australia was opened in 1985 and was one of the first foreign banks to be granted a banking licence in Australia, besides being one of the largest international banks in the country. Since 2001, the national headquarters have been located at the Citigroup Centre, Sydney."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "ICICI Bank", "paragraph_text": "ICICI Bank, stands for Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, is an Indian multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, with its registered office in Vadodara. In 2017, it is the third largest bank in India in terms of assets and third in term of market capitalisation. It offers a wide range of banking products and financial services for corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels and specialised subsidiaries in the areas of investment banking, life, non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management. The bank has a vast network of 4,850 branches and 14,404 ATMs in India, and has a presence in 19 countries including India."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "State Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "State Bank of India State Bank Bhavan at Nariman Point in Mumbai Type Public Traded as NSE: SBIN BSE: 500112 LSE: SBID BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent Industry Banking, financial services Founded 2 June 1806, Bank of Calcutta 27 January 1921, Imperial Bank of India 1 July 1955, State Bank of India 2 June 1956, nationalization Headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Area served Worldwide Key people Rajnish Kumar (Chairman) Products Consumer banking, corporate banking, finance and insurance, investment banking, mortgage loans, private banking, private equity, savings, securities, asset management, wealth management, credit cards Revenue \u20b9298,640.45 crore (US $47 billion) (2017) Operating income \u20b950,847.90 crore (US $7.9 billion) (2017) Profit \u20b910,484.10 crore (US $1.6 billion) (2017) Total assets \u20b92,705,966.30 crore (US $420 billion) (2017) Total equity \u20b9144,274.65 crore (US $22 billion) (2016) Owner Government of India (61.23%) Number of employees 209,567 (2017) Capital ratio 13.12% (2016) Website sbi.co.in Footnotes / references"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "Georgia has had five different capitals in its history. The first was Savannah, the seat of government during British colonial rule, followed by Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta, the capital city from 1868 to the present day. The state legislature has gathered for official meetings in other places, most often in Macon and especially during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mountain Trade and Development Bank", "paragraph_text": "Mountain Trade and Development Bank was founded in August 2010, five and one half years after the cessation of hostilities between South Sudan and Sudan and the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in Naivasha, Kenya. With headquarters in the capital city of Juba, the bank has plans to expand to other South Sudanese states. The board of trustees chairman said the banks aims included \"empowering the people from the Nuba Mountains to boost their economic development as well to assist South Sudanese in poverty reduction efforts\""}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bank of America Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Bank of America Stadium is a 75,523 - seat football stadium located on 33 acres (13 ha) in uptown Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It is the home facility and headquarters of the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League. The stadium opened in 1996 as Ericsson Stadium before Bank of America purchased the naming rights in 2004. Former Panthers president Danny Morrison called it ``(A) classic American stadium ''due to its bowl design and other features."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bageshwar", "paragraph_text": "Bageshwar is a town and a municipal board in Bageshwar district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is located at a distance of 470\u00a0km from the National Capital New Delhi and 332\u00a0km from the State Capital Dehradun. Bageshwar is known for its scenic beauty, Glaciers, Rivers and Temples. It is also the administrative headquarters of Bageshwar district."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "State Bank of India", "paragraph_text": "State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational, public sector banking and financial services company. It is a government - owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra. On 1st April, 2017, State Bank of India, which is India's largest Bank merged with five of its Associate Banks (State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur, State Bank of Hyderabad, State Bank of Mysore, State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore) and Bharatiya Mahila Bank with itself. This is the first ever large scale consolidation in the Indian Banking Industry. With the merger, State Bank of India will enter the league of top 50 global banks with a balance sheet size of \u20b933 trillion, 278,000 employees, 420 million customers, and more than 24,000 branches and 59,000 ATMs. SBI's market share will increase to 22 percent from 17 per cent. It has 198 offices in 37 countries; 301 correspondents in 72 countries. The company is ranked 232nd on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "WEKL", "paragraph_text": "WEKL, known on-air as \"102.3 K-Love\", is a Contemporary Christian radio station in the United States, licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Augusta, Georgia, broadcasting on 102.3\u00a0MHz with an ERP of 1.5\u00a0kW. Its studios are located at the Augusta Corporate Center with the market\u2019s other iHeartMedia owned sister stations in Augusta, and the transmitter is located in Augusta near Fort Gordon."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Amalgamated Bank of Chicago", "paragraph_text": "The Amalgamated Bank of Chicago (ABOC) is a commercial bank headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, United States. In addition to its downtown Chicago office, the bank has a branch office in Warrenville, Illinois."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sokoto North", "paragraph_text": "Sokoto North is a Local Government Area in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the state capital of Sokoto."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Baltimore Grand", "paragraph_text": "Baltimore Grand is a historic bank building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It occupies two historic bank buildings, the former Western National Bank (1881, remodeled 1912) and the former Eutaw Savings Bank (1887, remodeled 1911), which were connected in 1989 and adaptively reused to create a commercial catering and banquet facility. It features a large arched window above the entrance portico that is framed by paired fluted pilasters with Corinthian capitals extending to the cornice line."}], "question": "What was the capital of the state where WEKL is located, before the city where SunTrust Bank is headquartered?"}
{"id": "3hop1__158848_66089_90367", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) from the half-way point."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing. Likewise, The Berney Arms in Norfolk has no road access. It may be reached by foot or by boat, and by train as it is served by the nearby Berney Arms railway station, which likewise has no road access and serves no other settlement."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ponte dell'Accademia", "paragraph_text": "The Ponte dell'Accademia is one of only four bridges to span the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy. It crosses near the southern end of the canal, and is named for the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia, which from 1807 to 2004 was housed in the Scuola della Carit\u00e0 together with the Gallerie dell'Accademia, which is still there. The bridge links the sestieri of Dorsoduro and San Marco."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the financial backing of various Arab states. The war resumed in March 1969. In November, Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Port Said Governorate", "paragraph_text": "Port Said Governorate ( \"\") is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. It is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Mediterranean Sea at the northern gate of the Suez Canal, making it the second most important harbor in Egypt. Its capital is the city of Port Said, and is the home of the Suez Canal Authority historical administrative building and the Lighthouse of Port Said."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Crossing the Red Sea", "paragraph_text": "According to the Exodus account, Moses held out his staff and the Red Sea was parted by God. The Israelites walked on the exposed dry ground and crossed the sea, followed by the Egyptian army. Moses again moved his staff once the Israelites had crossed and the sea closed again, drowning the whole Egyptian army."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "paragraph_text": "Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the \"Palestine issue\" to Arafat."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Suez Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Suez Canal (Arabic: \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u200e qan\u0101t as - suw\u0113s) is an artificial sea - level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it was officially opened on 17 November 1869. The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans, in turn reducing the journey by approximately 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi). It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez. Its length is 193.30 km (120.11 mi), including its northern and southern access channels. In 2012, 17,225 vessels traversed the canal (average 47 per day)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of transcontinental countries", "paragraph_text": "The modern convention for the land boundary between Asia and Africa runs along the Isthmus of Suez and the Suez Canal in Egypt. The border continues through the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. In antiquity, Egypt had been considered part of Asia, with the Catabathmus Magnus escarpment taken as the boundary with Africa (Libya)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Sacrow\u2013Paretz Canal", "paragraph_text": "The Sacrow\u2013Paretz Canal, or Sacrow-Paretzer-Kanal in German, is a canal in the German state of Brandenburg. It provides a short cut for vessels navigating the River Havel, linking the Jungfernsee, near Potsdam, with Paretz."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Asia", "paragraph_text": "Asia is the largest continent on Earth. It covers 8.8% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area), and has the largest coastline, at 62,800 kilometres (39,022 mi). Asia is generally defined as comprising the eastern four - fifths of Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma -- Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas. It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Asia is subdivided into 48 countries, three of them (Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkey) having part of their land in Europe."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "In 1951, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain, under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. However, Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow. Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name \"Neptune\" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as \"sea king star\" (\u6d77\u738b\u661f), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Dalain Van (\u0414\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d \u0432\u0430\u043d), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon (\u03a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In Hebrew, \"Rahab\" (\u05e8\u05d4\u05d1), from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms, was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term \"Neptun\" (\u05e0\u05e4\u05d8\u05d5\u05df) is commonly used. In M\u0101ori, the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the M\u0101ori god of the sea. In Nahuatl, the planet is called Tl\u0101locc\u012btlalli, named after the rain god Tl\u0101loc."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Red Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "230th Brigade (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The 3rd Dismounted Brigade was a formation of the British Army in the First World War. It was formed in Egypt in February 1916 by absorbing the Eastern Mounted Brigade and the South Eastern Mounted Brigade. The brigade served as part of the Western Frontier Force and the Suez Canal Defences."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "While G\u00f6ring was optimistic the Luftwaffe could prevail, Hitler was not. On 17 September he postponed Operation Sea Lion (as it turned out, indefinitely) rather than gamble Germany's newly gained military prestige on a risky cross-Channel operation, particularly in the face of a sceptical Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. In the last days of the battle, the bombers became lures in an attempt to draw the RAF into combat with German fighters. But their operations were to no avail; the worsening weather and unsustainable attrition in daylight gave the OKL an excuse to switch to night attacks on 7 October."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III, linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the \"jugular vein of the Empire\". In 1875, the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha's 44 percent shareholding in the Suez Canal for \u00a34 million (\u00a3340 million in 2013). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which made the Canal officially neutral territory."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Theodoric I", "paragraph_text": "Because the Romans had to fight against the Franks, who plundered Cologne and Trier in 435, and because of other events Theodoric saw the chance to conquer Narbo Martius (in 436) to obtain access to the Mediterranean Sea and the roads to the Pyrenees. But Litorius, with the aid of the Huns, prevented the capture of the city and drove the Visigoths back to their capital Tolosa. Theodoric's offer of peace was refused, but the king won the decisive battle at Tolosa, and Litorius soon died in Gothic imprisonment from the injuries which he had received in this battle. Avitus went \u2013 according to the orders of A\u00ebtius \u2013 to Tolosa and offered a peace treaty which Theodoric accepted. Perhaps the Romans recognized at that time the sovereignty of the Visigoth state."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat", "paragraph_text": "The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981. Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel - Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The assassination was undertaken by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Cape Route", "paragraph_text": "The European - Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869."}], "question": "The Suez Canal links the sea that Theodoric tried to gain access to and another sea. What did God do when the Israelites tried to cross that other sea?"}
{"id": "3hop1__157807_19788_19761", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of reptiles of Alabama", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. state of Alabama is home to 93 indigenous reptile species, not including subspecies. Indigenous species include one species of crocodilian, 12 lizard species, 49 snake species, and 31 turtle species. Three native species have possibly been extirpated from the state. These include the eastern indigo snake, southern hognose snake and the mimic glass lizard."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct. Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith. According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Nepal, there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley. They have a National Office located in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baha'is also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu. Islam is practised in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.2% of the population of Nepal.[citation needed] It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Franciscan Apostolic Sisters", "paragraph_text": "The Franciscan Apostolic Sisters (F.A.S.) is a Roman Catholic religious congregation that was founded in the Philippines in 1953 by Father Gerardo Z. Filippeto, O.F.M.. Father Gerardo was a missionary in the remote Northeastern region of the nation. He founded this congregation of Franciscan tertiary sisters to help in the work of the missions and spreading the Gospel in that region."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Influence of the French Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The French Revolution had a major impact on Europe and the New World. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history. In the short - term, France lost thousands of her countrymen in the form of \u00e9migr\u00e9s, or emigrants who wished to escape political tensions and save their lives. A number of individuals settled in the neighboring countries (chiefly Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and Prussia), however quite a few also went to the United States. The displacement of these Frenchmen led to a spread of French culture, policies regulating immigration, and a safe haven for Royalists and other counterrevolutionaries to outlast the violence of the French Revolution. The long - term impact on France was profound, shaping politics, society, religion and ideas, and polarizing politics for more than a century. The closer other countries were, the greater and deeper was the French impact, bringing liberalism and the end of many feudal or traditional laws and practices. However, there was also a conservative counter-reaction that defeated Napoleon, reinstalled the Bourbon kings, and in some ways reversed the new reforms."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Marshall Islands", "paragraph_text": "A number of vessels visiting the islands were attacked and their crews killed. In 1834, Captain DonSette and his crew were killed. Similarly, in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship. Later that year a whaler's boat crew were killed. In 1852 the San Francisco-based ships Glencoe and Sea Nymph were attacked and everyone aboard except for one crew member were killed. The violence was usually attributed as a response to the ill treatment of the natives in response to petty theft, which was a common practice. In 1857, two missionaries successfully settled on Ebon, living among the natives through at least 1870.:3"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Red-bellied black snake", "paragraph_text": "The red - bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a species of elapid snake native to eastern Australia. Though its venom is capable of causing significant morbidity, a bite from it is not generally fatal and is less venomous than other Australian elapid snakes. It is common in woodlands, forests and swamplands of eastern Australia. It is one of Australia's best - known snakes, as it is common in urban areas along the eastern coast of Australia. It has an average total length (including tail) of 1.5 to 2 metres (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Nepal is a secular state under the Interim Constitution, which was promulgated on January 15, 2007. The Interim Constitution provides for freedom to practice one's religion. The Interim Constitution also specifically denies the right to convert another person. The now - defunct constitution of 1990, which was in effect until January 15, 2007, described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. The Government generally did not interfere with the practice of other religious groups, and religious tolerance was broadly observed; however, there were some restrictions."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Corn snake", "paragraph_text": "The corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) is a North American species of rat snake that subdues its small prey by constriction. It is found throughout the southeastern and central United States. Their docile nature, reluctance to bite, moderate adult size, attractive pattern, and comparatively simple care make them popular pet snakes. Though superficially resembling the venomous copperhead and often killed as a result of this mistaken identity, corn snakes are harmless and beneficial to humans. Corn snakes lack functional venom and help control populations of wild rodent pests that damage crops and spread disease."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the common European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake; none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life, with weasels, polecats, wildcats, most shrews, moles, water voles, roe deer and common toads also being absent from Ireland. This pattern is also true for birds and insects. Notable exceptions include the Kerry slug and certain species of wood lice native to Ireland but not Great Britain."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tentacled snake", "paragraph_text": "The tentacled snake or tentacle snake (Erpeton tentaculatum), is a rear-fanged aquatic snake native to South-East Asia. It is the only species of its genus, Erpeton, and the two tentacles on its snout are a unique feature among snakes. The method it uses to catch fish has recently been a subject of research."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David Leslie (Oregon politician)", "paragraph_text": "David Leslie (1797 \u2013 March 1, 1869) was an American missionary and pioneer in what became the state of Oregon. A native of New Hampshire, he joined Jason Lee as a missionary at the Methodist Mission in the Oregon Country in 1836. In that region he participated in the early movement to start a government and his home was used for some of these meetings. With the closing of the mission he became a founder of the city of Salem, Oregon, and board member of the Oregon Institute, which later became Willamette University."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pandemic", "paragraph_text": "HIV originated in Africa, and spread to the United States via Haiti between 1966 and 1972. AIDS is currently a pandemic, with infection rates as high as 25% in southern and eastern Africa. In 2006, the HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women in South Africa was 29.1%. Effective education about safer sexual practices and bloodborne infection precautions training have helped to slow down infection rates in several African countries sponsoring national education programs. Infection rates are rising again in Asia and the Americas. The AIDS death toll in Africa may reach 90\u2013100 million by 2025."}], "question": "Which missionary helped spread the religion widely practiced in the native country of the tentacled snake?"}
{"id": "3hop2__105577_57233_56883", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Your Cheatin' Heart (film)", "paragraph_text": "Parker introduced Hamilton to Hank Williams' ex-wife Audrey. The two got along well and Audrey lobbied on Hamilton's behalf. Hamilton said, ``Audrey wanted the movie to happen, especially to make her son, Hank Williams Jr., a singing star the same way she had pushed Big Hank to stardom. ''The idea was that Williams Jr would dub the singing in the movie and release the soundtrack album under his name; Hamilton wanted to perform the songs himself --`` that was the key to the character'' -- but knew the only way he would get the part was to agree to be dubbed. With Audrey's support, Hamilton got the part, his signing being announced in November 1963."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Conscription in Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1964 compulsory National Service for 20 - year - old males was introduced under the National Service Act (1964). The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years' continuous full - time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. The full - time service requirement was reduced to eighteen months in October 1971."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Poggenpohl", "paragraph_text": "In 1892, the brand Poggenpohl was established as a white lacquer furniture company founded by Freidemir Poggenpohl. Poggenpohl was successful with introducing ergonomic work-top heights, and storage innovations aimed at improving the kitchen. In 1923, Poggenpohl introduced a free-standing commodious cupboard called \"The Ideal\" which was also adopted by American cabinet manufacturer Kitchen Maid. The Poggenpohl cupboard was the forerunner of \"The Fitted Kitchen\" in the \"Era of the Commodious Cupboard\". The company continued to create new products and techniques; in 1928, it introduced the reform kitchen, a significant innovation in the industry, and in 1930, it created the 'ten-layer polished lacquer technique'."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Velk\u00e1 pardubick\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Velk\u00e1 pardubick\u00e1 is a famous cross-country steeplechase run in Pardubice, Czech Republic since 1874. It takes place every year on the second Sunday in October."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Absorption of water", "paragraph_text": "Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of ATP, generated by the root respiration: as the root cells actively take part in the process, it is called active absorption. According to Renner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well - watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process. The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption. In this process energy is required."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "KitchenAid", "paragraph_text": "The first machine to carry the KitchenAid name was the ten - quart C - 10 model, introduced in 1918 and built at Hobart's Troy Metal Products subsidiary in Springfield, Ohio. Prototype models were given to the wives of factory executives, and the product was named when one stated ``I do n't care what you call it, but I know it's the best kitchen aid I've ever had! ''They were initially marketed to the farmhouse kitchen and were available in hardware stores. But owing to the difficulty in convincing retailers to take up the product, the company recruited a mostly female sales force, which sold the mixers door - to - door. The C - 10 machine was also marketed heavily toward soda fountains and small commercial kitchens, and was also sold under the FountainAid and BakersAid model names."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Humanitarian civic assistance activities", "paragraph_text": "In the United States Department of Defense, Humanitarian Civic Assistance (HCA) is relief and development activities that take place in the context of an overseas military exercise, training or operation. Under the HCA program, U.S. military personnel participating in overseas deployments carry out humanitarian activities such as road and school construction, vaccination of children and animals, and well-digging. HCA programs are often executed with the involvement of host-country civilian and military personnel. U.S. National Guard or reserve units are involved in many HCA activities."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jesus, Take the Wheel", "paragraph_text": "\"Jesus, Take the Wheel\" is a song written by Brett James, Hillary Lindsey and Gordie Sampson, and recorded by American country music artist Carrie Underwood. It was released in October 2005 as the first single from Underwood's debut album \"Some Hearts\". The ballad tells of a woman seeking help from Jesus in an emergency, ultimately letting Jesus take control of her life."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Things They Carried", "paragraph_text": "The Things They Carried (1990) is a collection of linked short stories by American novelist Tim O'Brien, about a platoon of American soldiers fighting on the ground in the Vietnam War. His third book about the war, it is based upon his experiences as a soldier in the 23rd Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Honda CBR900RR", "paragraph_text": "The Honda CBR900RR, also known as the FireBlade in some countries, is a 900 cc sport bike, part of the CBR series introduced in 1992 by Honda. It was the first of a series of large-displacement Honda models to carry the RR suffix. The development of the first generation CBR900RR was led by Tadao Baba."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Little Shop of Horrors (film)", "paragraph_text": "A three - girl ``Greek chorus ''-- Crystal, Ronnette, and Chiffon -- introduce the movie, warning the audience that some horror is coming their way (`` Prologue: Little Shop of Horrors''). Seymour Krelborn (Rick Moranis) and his colleague, Audrey (Ellen Greene), work at Mushnik's Flower Shop in a run - down, rough neighborhood referred to as ``Skid Row ''in the slums of New York City. They lament that they can not escape the neighborhood (`` Skid Row'' (Downtown) ``). Struggling from a lack of customers, Mr. Mushnik (Vincent Gardenia) decides to close the store, but Audrey suggests he may have more success by displaying an unusual plant that Seymour owns. Immediately attracting a customer, Seymour explains he bought the plant, which he dubbed`` Audrey II '', from a Chinese flower shop during a solar eclipse (``Da - Doo''). Attracting business to Mushnik's shop, the plant soon starts dying, worrying Seymour. Accidentally pricking his finger, he then discovers Audrey II needs human blood to thrive (`` Grow for Me '')."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Until the Light Takes Us", "paragraph_text": "Until the Light Takes Us is a 2008 American documentary film about Norwegian black metal by the directors Aaron Aites and Audrey Ewell. It was released on December 4, 2009."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of the United Kingdom during the First World War", "paragraph_text": "The British Army during World War I was small in size when compared to the other major European powers. In 1914, the British had a small, largely urban English, volunteer force of 400,000 soldiers, almost half of whom were posted overseas to garrison the British Empire. (In August 1914, 74 of the 157 infantry battalions and 12 of the 31 cavalry regiments were posted overseas.) This total included the Regular Army and reservists in the Territorial Force. Together they formed the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), for service in France and became known as the Old Contemptibles. The mass of volunteers in 1914\u20131915, popularly known as Kitchener's Army, was destined to go into action at the battle of the Somme. In January 1916, conscription was introduced, and by the end of 1918, the army had reached its peak of strength of four million men."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "I Really Hate My Job", "paragraph_text": "\"I Really Hate My Job\" is the story of the lives of five women stuck working in a second-rate London restaurant with delusions of grandeur. The action takes place over a single evening. Customers come and go, unaware of the real concerns of these women: a rat or two in the kitchen, bitter arguments about life and art, as well as a coup d'\u00e9tat in the kitchen, all overshadowed by the anticipation of a booking by a famous Hollywood film star."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places. In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as \"military specialists\" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. At the start of the war, three-fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Big Brother 17 (American season)", "paragraph_text": "Audrey, Jace, James, and Shelli were the final four competitors remaining, but all fell off at the same time; upon review of the footage, James was determined to have fallen off last, so he was named the first Head of Household. The HouseGuests were told about the BB Takeover, in which a new twist would be introduced every week. Addressing the viewing public, Julie revealed the final twist, which would be kept secret from the HouseGuests. Known as the Twin Twist, a pair of identical twins would be taking turns competing as one, earning the right to play as individuals, provided they survive the first five evictions."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Little Shop of Horrors (film)", "paragraph_text": "A three - girl ``Greek chorus ''-- Crystal, Ronnette, and Chiffon -- introduce the movie, warning the audience that some horror is coming their way (`` Prologue: Little Shop of Horrors''). Seymour Krelborn (Rick Moranis) and his colleague, Audrey (Ellen Greene), work at Mushnik's Flower Shop in a run - down, rough neighborhood in New York City referred to as ``Skid Row ''. They lament that they can not escape the neighborhood (`` Skid Row'' (Downtown) ``). Struggling from a lack of customers, Mr. Mushnik (Vincent Gardenia) decides to close the store, but Audrey suggests he may have more success by displaying an unusual plant that Seymour owns. Immediately attracting a customer, Seymour explains he bought the plant, which he dubbed`` Audrey II '', from a Chinese flower shop during a solar eclipse (``Da - Doo''). Attracting business to Mushnik's shop, the plant soon starts dying, worrying Seymour. Accidentally pricking his finger, he then discovers Audrey II needs human blood to thrive (`` Grow for Me '')."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "In the Night Kitchen", "paragraph_text": "In the Night Kitchen is a popular and controversial children's picture book, written and illustrated by Maurice Sendak, and first published in 1970. The book depicts a young boy's dream journey through a surreal baker's kitchen where he assists in the creation of a cake to be ready by the morning. \"In the Night Kitchen\" has been described by Sendak as part of a trilogy of books based on psychological development from \"In the Night Kitchen\" (toddler) to \"Where the Wild Things Are\" (pre-school) to \"Outside Over There\" (pre-adolescent). It was a Caldecott Honor recipient in 1971. It was adapted into a five-minute animated short film in 1987 by Gene Deitch."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Audrey's Kitchen", "paragraph_text": "Audrey's Kitchen is a satirical television cooking series produced by Working Dog Productions in Melbourne, Australia, for ABC Television. Each episode is only three minutes in length and features fictional writer, chef, life coach and choreographer Audrey Gordon, played by Australian actress Heidi Arena. The first series of ten episodes aired in 2012. The second series started airing in 2013."}], "question": "When was conscription introduced in the country where Audrey's Kitchen is produced, during the war in which The Things They Carried is set?"}
{"id": "3hop2__49541_140194_51068", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gladys Bronwyn Stern", "paragraph_text": "Gladys Bronwyn Stern or GB Stern (17 June 1890 \u2013 20 September 1973), born Gladys \"Bertha\" Stern in London, England, wrote many novels, short stories, plays, memoirs, biographies and literary criticism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Rose Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville", "paragraph_text": "Rose Constance Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville (\"n\u00e9e\" Bowes-Lyon; 6 May 1890 \u2013 17 November 1967) was the third daughter of the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne by his wife, Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck, and an elder sister of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 -- 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sally Struthers", "paragraph_text": "Sally Anne Struthers (born July 28, 1947) is an American actress, voice artist, spokeswoman and activist. She played the roles of Gloria Stivic, the daughter of Archie and Edith Bunker (played by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton) on All in the Family, for which she won two Emmy awards, and Babette on Gilmore Girls. She was the voice of Charlene Sinclair on the ABC sitcom Dinosaurs and Rebecca Cunningham on the Disney animated series TaleSpin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Blackadder II", "paragraph_text": "Blackadder II is the second series of the BBC sitcom \"Blackadder\", written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, which aired from 9 January 1986 to 20 February 1986. The series is set in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558\u20131603), and sees the principal character, Edmund, Lord Blackadder, as a Tudor courtier attempting to win the favour of the Queen while avoiding execution by decapitation, a fate that befell many of her suitors."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Shuter", "paragraph_text": "John Shuter (9 February 1855 Thornton Heath, Surrey, England \u2013 5 July 1920, Blackheath, Kent, England) was a cricketer who played for England and Surrey in the late 19th century. He is best remembered for captaining Surrey to a string of wins in the County Championship around the time it became official in 1890, aided by the bowler George Lohmann and back up by John Sharpe and William Lockwood. Shuter first led Surrey to the County Championship in 1887. They then came first in 1888, tied with Lancashire and Nottinghamshire in 1889, and won again in 1890, 1891 and 1892. Shuter was a batsman and chiefly an off-side player."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "When Dinosaurs Roamed America", "paragraph_text": "When Dinosaurs Roamed America (shortened to When Dinosaurs Roamed outside of the U.S.) is a two-hour American television program (produced in the style of a traditional nature documentary) that first aired on the Discovery Channel on July 15, 2001. The show features the reign of the dinosaurs in America over the course of more than 160 million years, through five different segments, each with their own variety of flora and fauna. Unlike \"Walking with Dinosaurs\", the show's creatures are almost entirely composed of computer-generated imagery, and is also one of the first documentaries to depict dromaeosaurs and therizinosaurs with nearly full coats of feathers."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of North American dinosaurs", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from North America. North America has a rich dinosaur fossil record with great diversity of dinosaurs."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Merritt Patterson", "paragraph_text": "Merritt Patterson (born September 2, 1990) is a Canadian actress. She is known for playing Olivia on the short - lived Pretty Little Liars spin - off Ravenswood, and for playing Ophelia on E! network's television series The Royals."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "DinoSquad", "paragraph_text": "DinoSquad is an American animated television series that was produced by DiC Entertainment Corporation and aired on the KEWLopolis block on CBS from November 3, 2007 - September 12, 2009. Reruns of the show used to air in syndication as part of the Cookie Jar Kids Network block. The show ran on Cookie Jar Toons. This show, along with \"Sushi Pack\", was one of the last series produced by DiC before the company was acquired by and folded into Cookie Jar. The show was about five teenagers, each with the power to turn into a respective dinosaur. They use this power to fight the villainous Victor Veloci, who is intent on returning the world to the age of dinosaurs by turning humans and animals into new mutant dinosaurs and accelerating global warming."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sam Fletcher (soccer)", "paragraph_text": "Sam Fletcher (1890 in Manchester, England \u2013 22 January 1972 in Cranston, Rhode Island) was an English football (soccer) full back who played professionally in England, Canada and the United States. He later coached the Brown University soccer team."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Ilona Massey Show", "paragraph_text": "The Ilona Massey Show was a DuMont Television Network variety show hosted by actress Ilona Massey and featuring musician Irving Fields. Massey sang on a set built to resemble a nightclub. The show aired Mondays from November 1, 1954, to January 3, 1955 for a total of 10 episodes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lady Godiva Rides Again", "paragraph_text": "The film is most notable for the presence of actresses who were later to become famous. Diana Dors, who appears as a beauty queen, was later marketed as the film's star. It also features Joan Collins in her film debut as an uncredited beauty contestant. Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be executed in England, also appears as an uncredited beauty queen. Ruth, who was four months pregnant at the time, had dyed her hair black and had styled it into a bob."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sally Struthers", "paragraph_text": "Sally Anne Struthers (born July 28, 1947) is an American actress, spokeswoman and activist. She played the roles of Gloria Stivic, the daughter of Archie and Edith Bunker (played by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton) on All in the Family, for which she won two Emmy awards, and Babette on Gilmore Girls. She was the voice of Charlene Sinclair on the ABC sitcom Dinosaurs and Rebecca Cunningham on the Disney animated series TaleSpin."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Helena Bonham Carter as The Red Queen. She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters: the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts. Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger. Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen. The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture. It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband, the King. The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating that, ``The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant. ''"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jenna Coleman", "paragraph_text": "Jenna - Louise Coleman (born 27 April 1986), professionally known as Jenna Coleman, is an English actress and model. Notable for her work in British television, she is best known for her roles as Jasmine Thomas in the soap opera Emmerdale (2005 -- 2009), Clara Oswald, companion to the Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors in the science fiction series Doctor Who (2012 -- 2015, 2017) and Queen Victoria in the ITV biographical drama series Victoria (2016 -- present)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Veitch (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "John Gould Veitch (19 July 1869 \u2013 3 October 1914) was an English amateur footballer, who played for the Corinthian club in the 1890s. He made one appearance for England playing at inside left in 1894, in which he scored a hat trick."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Dinosaurs!", "paragraph_text": "The Dinosaurs!, American television miniseries produced by WHYY-TV for PBS in 1992, featuring some of the then-modern theories about dinosaurs and how they lived. It aired four episodes from November 22 to November 25, 1992."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dinosaur!", "paragraph_text": "Dinosaur! is a 1985 American television documentary film about dinosaurs. It was first broadcast in the United States on November 5, 1985, on CBS. Directed by Robert Guenette and written by Steven Paul Mark, \"Dinosaur!\" was hosted by the American actor Christopher Reeve, who some years before had played the leading role of \"Superman\"."}], "question": "Who played the 1890 queen of england on the network airing The Dinosaurs!?"}
{"id": "3hop2__106971_30152_20999", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lae Bombers", "paragraph_text": "The Lae Bombers (known as the Lae LBC Bombers for sponsorship reasons) are a rugby league team that represent the Morobe Province in the PNG NRL competition. They have been involved in the tournament since its inception in 1990. They play their home-ground matched in the city of Lae, the second largest city in Papua New Guinea."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977\u20131991)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lae War Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "The Lae War Cemetery, established in 1944, is located adjacent to the Botanical Gardens in the centre of the city of Lae, the capital of Morobe Province, in Papua New Guinea. The cemetery is managed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "9 Mile, Lae", "paragraph_text": "9 Mile is a large village in the Markham Valley of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. It lies along the Highlands Highway from the center of Lae between the foothills of the Atzera Range and the Markham River. The Atzera Range starts at Bugandi and runs adjacent to the Markham River has an elevation of 280 meters above sea level. northwest of Lae, southeast of Nadzab. The landscape is typically lowland rainforest."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition \u2014 first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) \u2014 that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Lae Sar", "paragraph_text": "Lae Sar (; translated Deceive or Tricky) is a 2006 Myanmar comedy drama film directed by Thein Maung (Phoenix), who is mainly involved in directing TV commercials."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from Le\u00f3n. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Mint (facility)", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in the Roman Empire, dating from about the 4th century BC, significantly influenced later development of coin minting in Europe."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lae Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Lae Airfield is a former World War II airfield and later, civilian airport located at Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. The airport was closed in the 1980s, in favour of Lae Nadzab Airport, which was able to accommodate larger jet aircraft. The airport was known as Lae Drome or Lae Aerodrome"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish State. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200e) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe."}], "question": "How were the people that the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire made coins to proclaim independence from, expelled from the country where Lae Sar was produced?"}
{"id": "3hop2__107291_30152_20999", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200e) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition \u2014 first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) \u2014 that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Coinage of India", "paragraph_text": "The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: that of Indian independence. India's two major political parties\u2014the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League\u2014had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of the British Raj, and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Said Ramadan", "paragraph_text": "He was the son-in-law of Hassan al-Banna, the Muslim Brotherhood's founder, and emerged as one of the brotherhood's main leaders in the 1950s. Ramadan was often accused by the Egyptian government of Gamal Abdul Nasser of being in the CIA's pay; after being expelled from Egypt for his activities, Ramadan moved to Saudi Arabia where he was one of the original members of the constituent council of the Muslim World League, a charity and missionary group funded by the Saudi government. From the 1950s, he was considered the Muslim Brotherhood's unofficial \"foreign minister.\" He reestablished branches of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia between 1956 and 1958."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from Le\u00f3n. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Communications in Somalia", "paragraph_text": "There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mint (facility)", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in the Roman Empire, dating from about the 4th century BC, significantly influenced later development of coin minting in Europe."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977\u20131991)."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mohinga", "paragraph_text": "Mohinga (, ) is a rice noodle and fish soup from Myanmar and is an essential part of Burmese cuisine. It is considered by many to be the national dish of Myanmar. It is readily available in most parts of the country. In major cities, street hawkers and roadside stalls sell dozens of dishes of mohinga to the locals and passers-by. Usually eaten for breakfast, today the dish is being consumed more and more throughout the day."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pegangsaan, Menteng", "paragraph_text": "Pegangsaan is an administrative village in the Menteng district of Indonesia. It has a postal code of 10320. This administrative village is also known as the location of the house where the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read."}], "question": "How were the people that the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire made coins to proclaim independence from, expelled from the country where Mohinga is eaten?"}
{"id": "3hop1__29191_9248_24905", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sid French", "paragraph_text": "Sid French (1920\u20131979) was a British communist activist and organiser, former Surrey district secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) and the founding general secretary of the New Communist Party of Britain."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Valencian Marxist Front", "paragraph_text": "Valencian Marxist Front (in Valencian: \"Front Marxista Valenci\u00e0\"), an underground communist group in the Valencian Community, Spain, founded in 1954 by youth active in Lo Rat Penat. It disappeared in 1962, when its members joined either the Valencian Socialist Party or the Communist Party of Spain (later forming the Communist Party of the Valencian Country)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On August 19, 1989, the Russian Orthodox Parish of Saints Peter and Paul announced it would be switching to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. On September 2, 1989, tens of thousands across Ukraine protested a draft election law that reserved special seats for the Communist Party and for other official organizations: 50,000 in Lviv, 40,000 in Kiev, 10,000 in Zhytomyr, 5,000 each in Dniprodzerzhynsk and Chervonohrad, and 2,000 in Kharkiv. From September 8\u201310, 1989, writer Ivan Drach was elected to head Rukh, the People's Movement of Ukraine, at its founding congress in Kiev. On September 17, between 150,000 and 200,000 people marched in Lviv, demanding the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. On September 21, 1989, exhumation of a mass grave begins in Demianiv Laz, a nature preserve south of Ivano-Frankivsk. On September 28, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukraine Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, a holdover from the Brezhnev era, was replaced by Vladimir Ivashko."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Communism in Korea", "paragraph_text": "Alexandra Kim, a Korean who lived in Russia, is sometimes credited as the first Korean communist. She had joined the Bolsheviks in 1916. In 1917, Vladimir Lenin sent her to Siberia to mobilize Koreans there against the counter-revolutionary forces and the Allied Expeditionary Forces. In Khabarovsk Kim was in charge of external affairs at the Far - Eastern Department of the Party. There she met with Yi Dong - Wi, Kim Rip and other Korean independence fighters. Together they founded the Korean People's Socialist Party, the first Korean communist party on June 28, 1918."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eurolot", "paragraph_text": "Eurolot S.A. (previously styled as EuroLOT) was a Polish regional airline based in Warsaw. Apart from its own flights under the \"eurolot.com\" brand, it operated short-haul flights for LOT Polish Airlines, as well as ad-hoc charter flights. Its main base was Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport (when operating for LOT), whilst its own flights centre on its hubs at John Paul II Krak\u00f3w Airport and Gda\u0144sk Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa Airport. The airline had its head office in the LOT Polish Airlines headquarters in Warsaw. Eurolot ended operations on 31 March 2015."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional \"leading role\" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius, was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU. However, Lithuania\u2019s governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow's control \u2013 a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Solidarity (Polish trade union)", "paragraph_text": "Solidarity (Polish: Solidarno\u015b\u0107, pronounced (s\u0254li\u02c8darn\u0254\u0255t\u0361\u0255) (listen); full name: Independent Self - governing Labour Union ``Solidarity ''-- Niezale\u017cny Samorz\u0105dny Zwi\u0105zek Zawodowy`` Solidarno\u015b\u0107'' (\u0272eza\u02c8l\u025b\u0290n\u0268 sam\u0254\u02c8\u0290\u0254ndn\u0268 \u02c8zvj\u0254\u0303z\u025bk zav\u0254\u02c8d\u0254v\u0268 s\u0254li\u02c8darn\u0254\u0255t\u0361\u0255)) is a Polish labour union that was founded on 17 September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa. It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by a communist party. Its membership reached 9.5 million members before its September 1981 Congress (when it reached 10 million), which constituted one third of the total working - age population of Poland."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "In the late 12th-century, a school of polyphony was established at the Notre-Dame. A group of Parisian aristocrats, known as Trouv\u00e8res, became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadors were also popular. During the reign of Francois I, the lute became popular in the French court, and a national musical printing house was established. During the Renaissance era, the French Boleroroyals \"disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy\". Baroque-era composers include Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and Fran\u00e7ois Couperin and were popular. The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795. By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music. Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique), Charles Gounod (Faust), Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns (Samson et Delilah), L\u00e9o Delibes (Lakm\u00e9) and Jules Massenet (Tha\u00efs), among others. Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon; Impressionist composers Claude Debussy ((La Mer) and Maurice Ravel (Bol\u00e9ro) also made significant contributions to piano (Clair de lune, Miroirs), orchestra, opera (Pall\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande), and other musical forms. Foreign-born composers have made their homes in Paris and have made significant contributions both with their works and their influence. They include Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin (Poland), Franz Liszt (Hungary), Jacques Offenbach (Germany), and Igor Stravinsky (Russia)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hans Modrow", "paragraph_text": "Hans Modrow (; born 27 January 1928) is a German left-wing politician, best known as the last communist premier of East Germany and the country's \"de facto\" leader from 1989 to 1990. He was convicted of electoral fraud by the Dresden District Court in 1995. He is currently the honorary Chairman of the Left Party."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Camilla Ravera", "paragraph_text": "Ravera participated in the founding of the Italian Communist Party in 1921. She was General Secretary of the party from 1927 until 1930 following the arrest of Antonio Gramsci."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: \"indygenat\") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Moroccan Communist Party", "paragraph_text": "The first congress of the Moroccan Communist Party, held in April 1946 issued an appeal to the people of Morocco to join forces in the struggle for independence, for democratic freedoms and improving the situation of the workers. In the manifesto \"For the unification and independence of Morocco\", issued in August 1946, the party the need to create a united national front. Communists actively participated in armed struggles against the French colonial authorities in the period 1953-1956. After the proclamation of the sovereign State of Morocco in 1956, the party advocated strengthening national independence, the evacuation of foreign troops from Morocco, the elimination of foreign military bases, liberation of the country from foreign domination monopolies, for the nationalization of banks, mining companies, agrarian reform, raising the standard of living of the masses. The party was banned at several occasions, and its leaders were harassed by authorities. In July 1968 the Moroccan Communist Party founded the Party of Liberation and Socialism, which was banned in 1969. In 1974, this party was re-founded as the Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS), which is today one of the major left-wing parties in Morocco and scored sixth (with 5.4% of the votes) in the Moroccan parliamentary election, 2007."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Communist Workers' Party of Bulgaria", "paragraph_text": "Communist Workers' Party of Bulgaria was a council communist party in the Kingdom of Bulgaria. It was founded in September 1921, and was modelled after the Communist Workers' Party of Germany. It was founded at a conference in the city of Slivnu, a centre of the textile industry, January 7-January 10, 1922. The leadership of the party was based in Varna. The party had around 1000 members, and published \"Rabotchnik Iskra\" (Workers' Spark). The party was affiliated to the Communist Workers' International."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ludovic-Oscar Frossard", "paragraph_text": "Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (5 March 1889 \u2013 11 February 1946), also known as L.-O. Frossard or Oscar Frossard, was a French socialist and communist politician. He was a founding member in 1905 and Secretary-General of the French Socialist Party (SFIO) from 1918 to 1920, as well as a founding member and Secretary-General of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1920 to 1922."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Constantin P\u00eervulescu", "paragraph_text": "Constantin P\u00eervulescu (November 10, 1895, V\u00e2lcea County \u2013 July 11, 1992, Roman) was a Romanian communist politician, one of the founders of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), who, as time went on, became an active opponent of s leader Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu. Briefly expelled from the Party in 1960, he was re-admitted and elected to the Party Revision Committee in 1974."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as \"magnates\" (Polish singular: \"magnat\", plural: \"magnaci\") and \"mo\u017cny\" (\"magnate\", \"oligarch\"; plural: \"mo\u017cni\"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "paragraph_text": "A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: \"Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ...\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Chen Xitong", "paragraph_text": "Chen Xitong (; June 10, 1930 \u2013 June 2, 2013) was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and the Mayor of Beijing until he was removed from office on charges of corruption in 1995."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Pierre C\u00e9lor", "paragraph_text": "Pierre C\u00e9lor (1902, Tulle, Corr\u00e8ze - 1957) was a member of the French Communist Party from 1923, becoming one of the four secretaries of its Central Committee in 1929, beside Maurice Thorez and Henri Barb\u00e9. However, he fell into disgrace after the Comintern and in 1942 he joined the Parti populaire fran\u00e7ais (PPF) of Jacques Doriot. After the Second World War he participated in the anti-Communist review Est&Ouest and became close to traditional Catholics."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Polish Workers' Party", "paragraph_text": "The Polish Workers' Party (, PPR) was a communist party in Poland from 1942 to 1948. It was founded as a reconstitution of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) and merged with the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) in 1948 to form the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). From the end of World War II the PPR ruled Poland, with the Soviet Union exercising overall control. During the PPR years, the conspiratorial as well as legally permitted centers of opposition activity were largely eliminated, while the communist (also characterized as state socialist) system was gradually established in the country."}], "question": "In 1989, who led the Communist Party of the country where, besides the nation where Frederic Chopin was from, Polish nobles were most likely to be found?"}
{"id": "3hop1__103751_24918_24939", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2018 Georgia gubernatorial election", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the next Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal is term - limited and thus can not seek reelection to a third consecutive term. The primary elections were held on May 22, 2018 and a primary runoff will be held on July 24, 2018 between Republican candidates Casey Cagle and Brian Kemp. The Democrats have nominated Stacey Abrams."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)", "paragraph_text": "Declaration of Independence is a 12 - by - 18 - foot (3.7 by 5.5 m) oil - on - canvas painting by American John Trumbull depicting the presentation of the draft of the Declaration of Independence to Congress. It was based on a much smaller version of the same scene, presently held by the Yale University Art Gallery. Trumbull painted many of the figures in the picture from life, and visited Independence Hall to depict the chamber where the Second Continental Congress met. The oil - on - canvas work was commissioned in 1817, purchased in 1819, and placed in the United States Capitol rotunda in 1826."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Margaret Harshaw", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Harshaw (12 May 1909 \u2013 7 November 1997) was an American opera singer and voice teacher who sang for 22 consecutive seasons at the Metropolitan Opera from November 1942 to March 1964. She began her career as a mezzo-soprano in the early 1930s but then began performing roles from the soprano repertoire in 1950. She sang a total of 39 roles in 25 works at the Met and was heard in 40 of the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts. She was also active as a guest artist with major opera houses in Europe and North and South America."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ike Hampton", "paragraph_text": "Isaac Bernard Hampton (born August 22, 1951 in Camden, South Carolina) is a former Major League Baseball catcher. He was signed by the New York Mets as an amateur free agent on August 22, 1970 and played for the Mets (1974) and the California Angels (1975\u20131979)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Grace Rock", "paragraph_text": "Grace Rock is a rock in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica lying off the southeast coast of Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1961 after the British sealing vessel \"Grace\" (Captain H. Rowe) from Plymouth, which visited the South Shetland Islands in 1821\u201322."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito's visits to the United States avoided most of the Northeast due to large minorities of Yugoslav emigrants bitter about communism in Yugoslavia. Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters, who would frequently burn the Yugoslav flag. During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s emigrants shouted \"Tito murderer\" outside his New York hotel, for which he protested to United States authorities."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ethella Chupryk", "paragraph_text": "Ethella Chupryk (Hungarian: Etelka Csuprik, Ukrainian: \u0415\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a, \"Etella Chupryk\", born 1964) is a Ukrainian pianist and Assistant Professor of piano at the Mykola Lysenko National Music Academy in Lviv, Ukraine."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "Iran received access to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, around 40% of the population of Iran are Internet users. Iran ranks 24th among countries by number of Internet users. According to the statistics provided by the web information company of Alexa, Google Search and Yahoo! are the most used search engines in Iran. Over 80% of the users of Telegram, a cloud-based instant messaging service, are from Iran. Instagram is the most popular online social networking service in Iran. Direct access to Facebook has been blocked in Iran since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, due to organization of the opposition movements on the website; but however, Facebook has around 12 to 17 million users in Iran who are using virtual private networks and proxy servers to access the website. Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store of Digikala, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and more than 2.3 million subscribers. Digikala is the most visited online store in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the most visited websites in Iran."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "1945 Broadway Consolidated Liberator crash", "paragraph_text": "The 1945 Broadway Consolidated Liberator crash occurred on 22 November 1945 when a Royal Air Force Consolidated Liberator C Mk VIII transport crashed shortly after take-off from RAF Merryfield with the loss of all 27 on board."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "paragraph_text": "Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon B. Johnson. Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census \u2013 the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). By the end of 1967, the Liberals' initially popular support for the war in Vietnam was causing increasing public protest."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Take as Needed for Pain", "paragraph_text": "Take as Needed for Pain is the second album by American sludge metal band Eyehategod, released on November 22, 1993. It was reissued in 2006 as part of Century Media's 20th Anniversary series of reissues, with 6 bonus tracks, taken from rare 7\" records and splits."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "State banquets also take place in the Ballroom; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state. On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal \"white tie and decorations\", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV. The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps. On this grand occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the royal family proceed through them, beginning at the great north doors of the Picture Gallery. As Nash had envisaged, all the large, double-mirrored doors stand open, reflecting the numerous crystal chandeliers and sconces, creating a deliberate optical illusion of space and light."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GWF) chairwoman, withdrew from the torch-running ceremony, protesting against China's actions in Tibet. Several hundred protesters were present, along with Olympic supporters. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit. Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris. They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as \"the mastodon of stagnation.\" The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev. On February 26, 1989, between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv, marking the anniversary of the death of 19th Century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Roger Allen LaPorte", "paragraph_text": "Roger Allen LaPorte (July 16, 1943 \u2013 November 10, 1965) is best known as a protester of the Vietnam War who set himself on fire in front of the United Nations building in New York City on November 9, 1965, to protest the United States involvement in the war. A former seminarian, he was a 22-year-old member of the Catholic Worker Movement at the time of his death."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "East Germany\u2013West Germany football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "On national team level West Germany played its first post-war international on 22 November 1950 against Switzerland in Stuttgart, while East Germany played their first game against Poland on 21 September 1952 in Warsaw and its 293rd and last on 12 September 1990 against Belgium in Brussels. The two sides met just once on senior national team level, on 22 June 1974, in a group game of the 1974 FIFA World Cup, held in West Germany. The game in Hamburg, in front of 62,000, was won 1 -- 0 by the guest team courtesy to a goal by J\u00fcrgen Sparwasser. East Germany finished the tournament in sixth place while West Germany won the FIFA World Cup. For the East it was the only participation while the West won the 1954 and 1990 editions as well. The two countries never met again at this level despite West Germany frequently requesting a rematch but the East declining, despite strong interest from East German players, coaches and fans. With the German reunification a special game between the two former countries was planned for 21 November 1990 in Leipzig but was cancelled after a fatal shooting of a supporter at a game between FC Sachsen Leipzig and FC Berlin by the police on 3 November. West and East Germany had been drawn against each other for the qualifying of the 1992 UEFA European Football Championship but the latter was withdrawn because of the German reunification."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Georges B\u00e9gu\u00e9", "paragraph_text": "Georges B\u00e9gu\u00e9 was born 22 November 1911 in P\u00e9rigueux, France. His father was a railway engineer and the family moved to Egypt when B\u00e9gu\u00e9 was a child. B\u00e9gu\u00e9 also trained as an engineer at University of Hull where he learned English and met his wife. He went through his military service as a signaller."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president."}], "question": "Who met on November 22, 1989 with the leader who visited the country of Ethella Chupryk during protests earlier that year?"}
{"id": "3hop2__57233_106240_56883", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jesus, Take the Wheel", "paragraph_text": "\"Jesus, Take the Wheel\" is a song written by Brett James, Hillary Lindsey and Gordie Sampson, and recorded by American country music artist Carrie Underwood. It was released in October 2005 as the first single from Underwood's debut album \"Some Hearts\". The ballad tells of a woman seeking help from Jesus in an emergency, ultimately letting Jesus take control of her life."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Avatar (2009 film)", "paragraph_text": "Avatar Theatrical release poster Directed by James Cameron Produced by James Cameron Jon Landau Written by James Cameron Starring Sam Worthington Zoe Saldana Stephen Lang Michelle Rodriguez Sigourney Weaver Music by James Horner Cinematography Mauro Fiore Edited by James Cameron John Refoua Stephen E. Rivkin Production company Lightstorm Entertainment Dune Entertainment Ingenious Media Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 10, 2009 (2009 - 12 - 10) (London premiere) December 17, 2009 (2009 - 12 - 17) (United Kingdom) December 18, 2009 (2009 - 12 - 18) (United States) Running time 161 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $237 million $9 million+ (re-release) Box office $2.788 billion"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "That's the Thing About Love", "paragraph_text": "\"That's the Thing About Love\" is a song written by Richard Leigh and Gary Nicholson, and recorded by American country music artist Don Williams. It was released in March 1984 as the first single from the album \"Cafe Carolina\". \"That's the Thing About Love\" was Don Williams sixteenth number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for a week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the chart."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Things They Carried", "paragraph_text": "The Things They Carried (1990) is a collection of linked short stories by American novelist Tim O'Brien, about a platoon of American soldiers fighting on the ground in the Vietnam War. His third book about the war, it is based upon his experiences as a soldier in the 23rd Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Avatar (2009 film)", "paragraph_text": "Development of Avatar began in 1994, when Cameron wrote an 80 - page treatment for the film. Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron's 1997 film Titanic, for a planned release in 1999, but, according to Cameron, the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film. Work on the language of the film's extraterrestrial beings began in 2005, and Cameron began developing the screenplay and fictional universe in early 2006. Avatar was officially budgeted at $237 million. Other estimates put the cost between $280 million and $310 million for production and at $150 million for promotion. The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing (using the RealD 3D, Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats), and for ``4D ''experiences in select South Korean theaters. The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Titanic (1997 film)", "paragraph_text": "Titanic Theatrical release poster Directed by James Cameron Produced by James Cameron Jon Landau Written by James Cameron Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Kate Winslet Billy Zane Kathy Bates Frances Fisher Bernard Hill Jonathan Hyde Danny Nucci David Warner Bill Paxton Music by James Horner Cinematography Russell Carpenter Edited by Conrad Buff James Cameron Richard A. Harris Production company Paramount Pictures 20th Century Fox Lightstorm Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures (North America) 20th Century Fox (International) Release date November 1, 1997 (1997 - 11 - 01) (Tokyo) December 19, 1997 (1997 - 12 - 19) (United States) Running time 195 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $2.187 billion"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jesus, Take the Wheel", "paragraph_text": "``Jesus, Take the Wheel ''is a song written by Brett James, Hillary Lindsey, and Gordie Sampson, and recorded by American country music artist Carrie Underwood. It was released in October 2005 as the first single from Underwood's debut album Some Hearts. The ballad tells of a woman seeking help from Jesus in an emergency, ultimately letting Jesus take control of her life."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Happiness Is You", "paragraph_text": "Happiness Is You is the 24th album by country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1966 (see 1966 in music). It contains, among others, \"Guess Things Happen That Way\", a re-recording of one of Cash's earliest Sun songs. The record reached No. 10 on the Country charts. The LP was originally to be titled \"That's What You Get For Lovin' Me\", taking its title from the Gordon Lightfoot tune included in the album, and promo copies and some early commercial pressings show this title on the label."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gossip from the Forest", "paragraph_text": "Gossip from the Forest is a novel by the Australian author Thomas Keneally which deals with the negotiations surrounding the ending of World War I."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Absorption of water", "paragraph_text": "Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of ATP, generated by the root respiration: as the root cells actively take part in the process, it is called active absorption. According to Renner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well - watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process. The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption. In this process energy is required."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "'Bout Changes 'n' Things Take 2", "paragraph_text": "'Bout Changes 'n' Things Take 2 is a 1967 album by Eric Andersen and was released on the Vanguard Records label. It is nearly the same album as his previous release, with changes in the song sequencing and the addition of additional instruments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Holly Holliday", "paragraph_text": "Holly Holliday is a recurring fictional character from the Fox musical comedy-drama series \"Glee\". Portrayed by actress Gwyneth Paltrow, the character appeared in three episodes during the show's second season, and two episodes during the fifth season, and was Paltrow's first-ever role in a scripted television show. Holly was developed by \"Glee\" co-creator Ryan Murphy, a personal friend of Paltrow's, who suggested that she showcase her vocal and dancing abilities ahead of the release of her film \"Country Strong\", in which she played a country singer. Introduced as a substitute teacher who takes the place of glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) while he is ill, she forms a romantic bond with Will, but decides to break up with him and takes a teaching job in another town after realizing that he is still in love with Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Progression (album)", "paragraph_text": "Progression is Markus Schulz's second Artist Album and was released in 2007. This progressive trance album was released under exclusive license in the United States and Canada to Ultra Records Inc. The album features the vocals of Kate Cameron, Anita Kelsey, Carrie Skipper and Dauby Talles. It also includes collaborations with Chakra and Andy Moor."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Things to Come", "paragraph_text": "Things to Come (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' Things to Come) is a 1936 British black-and-white science fiction film from United Artists, produced by Alexander Korda, directed by William Cameron Menzies, and written by H. G. Wells. The film stars Raymond Massey, Ralph Richardson, Cedric Hardwicke, Pearl Argyle, and Margaretta Scott."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning", "paragraph_text": "\"Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning\" is a song written by Gary P. Nunn and Donna Farar, and recorded by American country music artist Willie Nelson. It was released in October 1982 as the third single from his album \"Always on My Mind\". The song reached number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart and number one on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Friday Show", "paragraph_text": "The Friday Show is an Australian television news and commentary program broadcast weekly on Sky News Australia, hosted by Rita Panahi. The show was a replacement of axed format \"Keneally and Cameron\", and as such debuted without promotion, surprising regular viewers of the former program."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Conscription in Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1964 compulsory National Service for 20 - year - old males was introduced under the National Service Act (1964). The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years' continuous full - time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. The full - time service requirement was reduced to eighteen months in October 1971."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Some Things Are Meant to Be (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Some Things Are Meant to Be\" is a song written Michael Garvin and Gordon Payne, and recorded by American country music artist Linda Davis. It was released in December 1995 as the first single and title track from the album \"Some Things Are Meant to Be\". The song reached number 13 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Keneally and Cameron", "paragraph_text": "Keneally and Cameron is an Australian television news and commentary program broadcast weekly on Sky News Australia from 2014 to 2015, co-hosted by former NSW Premier Kristina Keneally and former Federal Liberal Minister Ross Cameron. The show was a replacement of axed format \"The Contrarians\", which Keneally and Cameron had co-hosted since mid-2014."}], "question": "When was conscription introduced in the country where Keneally and Cameron was broadcast, during the conflict in which The Things They Carried is set?"}
{"id": "3hop1__17192_78396_69613", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bobcat", "paragraph_text": "Johnson et al. reported Lynx shared a clade with the puma, leopard cat (Prionailurus), and domestic cat (Felis) lineages, dated to 7.15 million years ago (mya); Lynx diverged first, approximately 3.24 million years ago.The bobcat is believed to have evolved from the Eurasian lynx, which crossed into North America by way of the Bering Land Bridge during the Pleistocene, with progenitors arriving as early as 2.6 million years ago. The first wave moved into the southern portion of North America, which was soon cut off from the north by glaciers. This population evolved into modern bobcats around 20,000 years ago. A second population arrived from Asia and settled in the north, developing into the modern Canada lynx. Hybridization between the bobcat and the Canada lynx may sometimes occur."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Province of Maryland", "paragraph_text": "The Province of Maryland was an English and later British colony in North America that existed from 1632 until 1776, when it joined the other twelve of the Thirteen Colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Maryland. Its first settlement and capital was St. Mary's City, in the southern end of St. Mary's County, which is a peninsula in the Chesapeake Bay and is also bordered by four tidal rivers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of the potato", "paragraph_text": "The first potatoes to arrive in North America from Europe were sent to Gov. Francis Wyatt of Virginia at Jamestown by Nathaniel Butler. There were two large cedar boxes that were filled with different vegetables, among them were potatoes. The very first potatoes grown in North America were planted in Derry New Hampshire in the year 1719. Idaho did n't begin growing potatoes until 1836."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Niagara River", "paragraph_text": "The Niagara River and Falls have been known outside of North America since the late 17th century, when Father Louis Hennepin, a French explorer, first witnessed them. He wrote about his travels in \"A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America\" (1698)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Maroun al-Ras", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Maroun al-Ras was a battle of the 2006 Lebanon War that took place in Maroun ar-Ras, a small village in southern Lebanon on the border with Israel, and Jall ad-Dayr, a nearby Hizbullah stronghold. This battle was the first serious ground battle in the 2006 Lebanon war. It was fought to a large extent by elite forces on both sides and would have huge consequences for the future of the war. Although Israeli forces captured most of the town, they did not fully secure it."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fred Astaire Dance Studios", "paragraph_text": "The company was co-founded by Astaire along with Charles and Chester Casanave in 1947. Astaire divested his interest in the chain in 1966, while agreeing the continued use of his name by the franchise. The studios became franchised in 1950; currently there are no corporate owned studios. Each franchise is individually owned & operated. Currently there are 140 Fred Astaire studios in the United States alone. As of December 2010, Fred Astaire Dance Studios will now be franchising around the world and has studios opened in countries like Lebanon and South Africa."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Horses in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The horse evolved in the Americas, but became extinct between 8,000 and 12,000 years ago. When the Spanish arrived on the American mainland in the 16th century, they brought horses with them and re-established the animals on the continent."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cumberland Gap", "paragraph_text": "In 1775 Daniel Boone, hired by the Transylvania Company, arrived in the region leading a company of men to widen the path through the gap to make settlement of Kentucky and Tennessee easier. On his arrival Boone discovered that Martin had beaten him to Powell Valley, where Martin and his men were clearing land for their own settlement -- the westernmost settlement in English colonial America at the time. By the 1790s the trail that Boone and his men built had been widened to accommodate wagon traffic and sometimes became known as the Wilderness Road."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Subway (restaurant)", "paragraph_text": "As of June 2017, Subway has approximately 44,000 stores worldwide, all independently owned. located in 112 countries. These locations are largely concentrated in North America, with about 26,400 in the United States (plus about 3,300 in Canada and 1,000 in Mexico), which is almost as many U.S. locations as McDonald's and Starbucks combined. Outside North America, the countries with the most locations are Australia (approximately 1,400), Brazil (approximately 2,200) and the United Kingdom (approximately 2,300)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Indigenous peoples in Canada", "paragraph_text": "The first inhabitants of North America arrived in Canada at least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival. It is believed the inhabitants entered the Americas pursuing Pleistocene mammals such as the giant beaver, steppe wisent, musk ox, mastodons, woolly mammoths and ancient reindeer (early caribou). One route hypothesized is that people walked south by way of an ice - free corridor on the east side of the Rocky Mountains, and then fanned out across North America before continuing on to South America. The other conjectured route is that they migrated, either on foot or using primitive boats, down the Pacific Coast to the tip of South America, and then crossed the Rockies and Andes. Evidence of the latter has been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of metres following the last ice age."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "British colonization of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The English, and later the British, were among the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Megalomyrmex drifti", "paragraph_text": "Megalomyrmex drifti is a Neotropical species of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. The species is widespread in tropical South America, north through Central America to southern Mexico."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lebanese people", "paragraph_text": "The Lebanese people (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u200e / ALA - LC: ash - sha\u02bbb al - Lubn\u0101n\u012b Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: (e\u0283\u02c8\u0283a\u0295eb ell\u026ab\u02c8ne\u02d0ne)) are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon. The term may also include those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state. The religious groups among the Lebanese people are Shias (27%), Sunnis (27%), Maronites (21%), Greek Orthodox (8%), Melkites (5%), Druze (5.6%), Protestants (1%). There is a large diaspora in North America, South America, Europe, Australia and Africa."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Avatar (band)", "paragraph_text": "On October 24, 2017, Avatar released a new single called ``A Statue of the King '', along with the announcement that they will release their seventh album,`` Avatar Country'', on January 12, 2018. It was also announced the dates of the new Avatar tour, Called ``Avatar Country Tour '', which starts in January 2018 in North America and arrives in Europe in March of the same year."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2014 FIFA World Cup", "paragraph_text": "In the final, Germany defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 to win the tournament and secure the country's fourth world title, the first after the German reunification in 1990, when as West Germany they also beat Argentina in the World Cup final. Germany became the first European team to win a World Cup staged in the Americas, and this result marked the third consecutive title won by a European team, after Italy in 2006 and Spain in 2010."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Triangular trade", "paragraph_text": "Historically the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of winds and currents during the age of sail. For example, from the main trading nations of Western Europe it was much easier to sail westwards after first going south of 30 N latitude and reaching the so - called ``trade winds ''; thus arriving in the Caribbean rather than going straight west to the North American mainland. Returning from North America, it is easiest to follow the Gulf Stream in a northeasterly direction using the westerlies. A similar triangle to this, called the volta do mar was already being used by the Portuguese, before Christopher Columbus' voyage, to sail to the Canary Islands and the Azores. Columbus simply expanded the triangle outwards, and his route became the main way for Europeans to reach, and return from, the Americas."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Starbucks", "paragraph_text": "The first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo, Japan, in 1996. On December 4, 1997, the Philippines became the third market to open outside North America with its first branch in the country located at 6750 Ayala Building in Makati City, Philippines. Starbucks entered the U.K. market in 1998 with the $83 million USD acquisition of the then 56 - outlet, UK - based Seattle Coffee Company, re-branding all the stores as Starbucks. In September 2002, Starbucks opened its first store in Latin America, at Mexico City. Currently, there are over 500 locations in Mexico and there are plans for the opening of up to 850 by 2018."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of South America", "paragraph_text": "In the last million years since the Late Miocene, South America became connected with the continent of North America via the Panama Block that closed the marine Bolivar Trough, leading to the Great American Interchange, the interchange of biota from both continents. The first species discovered to have made the northward migration was Pliometanastes, a fossil ground sloth species, roughly the size of a modern black bear. Several migrations to the Southern Hemisphere were undertaken by tougher, North American mammal carnivores; fewer species migrated in the opposite direction from south to north. The result of the intrusion of North American fauna was that hundreds of South American species became extinct in a relatively short time and that about 60% of present - day South American mammals have evolved from North American species. However, some species were able to adapt and spread into North America. Apart from Pliometanastes, during the Irvingtonian stage of the mammal land stages, around 1.9 Ma, species as Pampatherium, a giant armadillo, ground sloth Megatherium, giant anteater Myrmecophaga, a Neogene capybara (Hydrochoerus), Meizonyx, opossum Didelphis, and Mixotoxodon followed the route north. The terror bird Titanis was the only discovered South American carnivore species who made the journey into North America."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}], "question": "When did the original owners of the land that became the country securing southern Lebanon arrive in North America?"}
{"id": "3hop1__127837_157828_162309", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Yugoslavia at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, formed as a joint state by only Montenegro and Serbia after the breakup of Yugoslavia, from 1992\u20132002 (due to UN ban allowed to compete as Independent Olympic Participants at the 1992 Summer Olympics and was not allowed to compete at 1994 Winter Olympics)Two of the successor nations (Croatia and Slovenia) began to compete as independent teams at the Olympics starting at the 1992 Winter Games and Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 1992 Summer Games and as of the 2008 Summer Olympics, all six successor nations, former socialist republics, have participated independently. Kosovo, a former autonomous province, made its Olympic debut as an independent national team at the 2016 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Serbia at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Serbia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912 as the Kingdom of Serbia. Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team after ninety-six years at the 2008 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Norfolk Island", "paragraph_text": "Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk, a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons; however, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island. The act is long-titled: \"An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island.\" The \"language known as 'Norf'k'\" is described as the language \"that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island\". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English. 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Togo", "paragraph_text": "Togo is a multilingual country. According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, many of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members. Of the 39 languages, the sole official language is French. Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975: Ew\u00e9 (Ewe: \u00c8\u028begbe; French: Ev\u00e9) and Kabiy\u00e9; they are also the two most widely spoken indigenous languages."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Languages of India", "paragraph_text": "The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22 languages, which have been referred to as scheduled languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. Classical language status is given to languages which have a rich heritage and independent nature."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Madagascar", "paragraph_text": "The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. The numerous dialects of Malagasy, which are generally mutually intelligible, can be clustered under one of two subgroups: eastern Malagasy, spoken along the eastern forests and highlands including the Merina dialect of Antananarivo, and western Malagasy, spoken across the western coastal plains. French became the official language during the colonial period, when Madagascar came under the authority of France. In the first national Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic. Madagascar is a francophone country, and French is mostly spoken as a second language among the educated population and used for international communication.No official languages were recorded in the Constitution of 1992, although Malagasy was identified as the national language. Nonetheless, many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French were official languages, eventually leading a citizen to initiate a legal case against the state in April 2000, on the grounds that the publication of official documents only in the French language was unconstitutional. The High Constitutional Court observed in its decision that, in the absence of a language law, French still had the character of an official language.In the Constitution of 2007, Malagasy remained the national language while official languages were reintroduced: Malagasy, French, and English. English was removed as an official language from the constitution approved by voters in the November 2010 referendum. The outcome of the referendum, and its consequences for official and national language policy, are not recognized by the political opposition, who cite lack of transparency and inclusiveness in the way the election was organized by the High Transitional Authority."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of territorial entities where English is an official language", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 54 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Catalan language", "paragraph_text": "Catalan (/\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u00e6n/; autonym: catal\u00e0 [k\u0259t\u0259\u02c8la] or [kata\u02c8la]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Olympic Games ceremony", "paragraph_text": "Each country's delegation is led by a sign with the name of their country and by their nation's flag. Traditionally, Greece always enters first and leads the parade because of its historical status as the progenitor of the Olympics, and the host nation enters last. All other participating teams enter after Greece and before the host nation, in order according to a language selected by the organizing committee for those games, which is usually the dominant language in the area of the host city. Announcers announce each country's name in English, French and the dominant language of the area of the host city, if neither English nor French is the dominant language."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Guyana", "paragraph_text": "Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language. The majority of the population, however, speak Guyanese Creole, an English - based creole language, as a first language. Guyana is part of the Anglophone Caribbean. CARICOM, of which Guyana is a member, is headquartered in Guyana's capital and largest city, Georgetown. In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Up to 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages official status), which was seen by them as \"a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation.\" Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language. Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system. Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools. It is expected of private schools to follow the same policy as state schools, and \"English language\" is a compulsory subject. As in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Serbian language", "paragraph_text": "Serbian (\u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 / srpski, pronounced [sr\u0329\u0302pski\u02d0]) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs. It is the official language of Serbia, co-official in the territory of Kosovo, and one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, it is a recognized minority language in Montenegro, where it is spoken by the relative majority of the population, as well as in Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Languages of Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Namibia, despite its scant population, is home to a wide diversity of languages, from multiple language families: Indo - European, Bantu, and the various Khoisan families. When Namibia was administered by South Africa, Afrikaans, German, and English enjoyed an equal status as official languages. Upon Namibian independence in 1990, English was enshrined as the nation's sole official language in the constitution of Namibia. German and Afrikaans were stigmatised as having colonial overtones, while the rising of Mandela's Youth League and the 1951 Defiance Campaign spread English among the masses as the language of the campaign against apartheid."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Moldova at the 1996 Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Moldova competed in the Summer Olympic Games as an independent nation for the first time at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. Previously, Moldovan athletes competed for the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kuhinjica", "paragraph_text": "Kuhinjica (Serbian Cyrillic: \u041a\u0443\u0445\u0438\u045a\u0438\u0446\u0430) is a popular culinary magazine in Serbia, published by Scorpion production. The first issue came out in April 2007. Besides the magazine, there are also a TV serial and a web site with more than 15.000 recipes."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kazakhstan at the Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Kazakhstan first participated at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then. Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakh athletes competed as part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics, and were also part of the Unified Team in 1992."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunication Union, World Meteorological Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, Universal Postal Union, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, International Organization for Standardization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, International Mathematical Olympiad. The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975."}], "question": "When did the country that has the same co-official language as the one Kuhinjica is in first attend the Olympics games as an independent team?"}
{"id": "3hop2__9951_14777_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny (, ? \u2013 23 March 1750) was a mathematician, engineer, cartographer, and professor. He was a leading representative of science and technology in the 18th century Kingdom of Hungary and Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides. She wrote of \"her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war\", and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state \"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\". At her behest, a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Seven Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved every European great power of the time and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (including Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (including the Austrian - led Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Bourbon Spain, and Sweden) on the other. Meanwhile, in India, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, with the support of the French, tried to crush a British attempt to conquer Bengal."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance", "paragraph_text": "A Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance (Persian: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) or Hubsburg-Iran alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646-\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. However, there was no real systemic continuity from the Western Roman Empire to its German successor which was famously described as \"not holy, not Roman, and not an empire\", as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and \"Germany\" remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Imperialism", "paragraph_text": "Not a maritime power, and not a nation-state, as it would eventually become, Germany\u2019s participation in Western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century. The participation of Austria was primarily as a result of Habsburg control of the First Empire, the Spanish throne, and other royal houses.[further explanation needed] After the defeat of Napoleon, who caused the dissolution of that Holy Roman Empire, Prussia and the German states continued to stand aloof from imperialism, preferring to manipulate the European system through the Concert of Europe. After Prussia unified the other states into the second German Empire after the Franco-German War, its long-time Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck (1862\u201390), long opposed colonial acquisitions, arguing that the burden of obtaining, maintaining, and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits. He felt that colonies did not pay for themselves, that the German bureaucratic system would not work well in the tropics and the diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract Germany from its central interest, Europe itself."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Peace of Westphalia", "paragraph_text": "The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westf\u00e4lischer Friede) was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabr\u00fcck and M\u00fcnster, effectively ending the European wars of religion. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618 -- 1648) in the Holy Roman Empire between the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies on one side and the Protestant powers (Sweden, Denmark, Dutch, and Holy Roman principalities) and their Catholic (France) Anti-Habsburg allies on the other. The treaties also ended the Eighty Years' War (1568 -- 1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognising the independence of the Dutch Republic."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "paragraph_text": "After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the territory became part of the Habsburg Austrian Empire, and subsequently the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867. Bohemia retained its name and formal status as a separate Kingdom of Bohemia until 1918, known as a crown land within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and its capital Prague was one of the empire's leading cities. The Czech language (called the Bohemian language in English usage until the 19th century) was the main language of the Diet and the nobility until 1627 (after the Bohemian Revolt was suppressed). German was then formally made equal with Czech and eventually prevailed as the language of the Diet until the Czech National Revival in the 19th century. German was also widely used as the language of administration in many towns after the return of Germans immigrated and populated some areas of the country in the 13th century after the Migration Period. The royal court used the Czech, Latin, and German languages, depending on the ruler and period."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "German revolutions of 1848\u201349", "paragraph_text": "In 1848, Austria was the predominant German state. It was considered the successor to the Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved by Napoleon in 1806, and was not resurrected by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.  German Austrian chancellor Klemens von Metternich had dominated Austrian politics from 1815 until 1848."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Germany during World War I", "paragraph_text": "During World War I, the German Empire was one of the Central Powers that lost the war. It began participation in the conflict after the declaration of war against Serbia by its ally, Austria - Hungary. German forces fought the Allies on both the eastern and western fronts, although German territory itself remained relatively safe from widespread invasion for most of the war, except for a brief period in 1914 when East Prussia was invaded. A tight blockade imposed by the Royal Navy caused severe food shortages in the cities, especially in the winter of 1916 -- 17, known as the Turnip Winter. At the end of the war, Germany's defeat and widespread popular discontent triggered the German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 which overthrew the monarchy and established the Weimar Republic."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Reichstag (North German Confederation)", "paragraph_text": "The Reichstag was the Parliament of the North German Confederation (), founded after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It functioned until the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. Parliamentary sessions were held in the same building as the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, the Prussian House of Lords, located at 3 Leipziger Stra\u00dfe in Berlin, Germany. The same location is now the home of the German Federal Bundesrat."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tragedy in the House of Habsburg", "paragraph_text": "Tragedy in the House of Habsburg (German: Trag\u00f6die im Hause Habsburg) is a 1924 German silent historical film directed by Alexander Korda and starring Mar\u00eda Corda, K\u00e1lm\u00e1n Z\u00e1tony and Emil Fenyvessy. The film recounts the events of the 1889 Mayerling Incident in which the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire committed suicide. Studio filming was done in Berlin with location shooting in Vienna. The film cost $80,000 to make, but only earned back around half of this at the box office."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges held in Poland by the empire that the British sided with against the Ottomans, the Kingdom that acquired Thuringian territory in 1815, and the Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "3hop1__38523_38412_9725", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zestienhoven (district)", "paragraph_text": "Zestienhoven is a neighborhood of Rotterdam, Netherlands and is part of the borough Overschie. Zestienhoven is the largest district in Overschie, but is sparsely populated. The Polder Zestienhoven is within the district, east of the urban area of Overschie. On the east side is the neighborhood Schiebroek and on the north side Rotterdam The Hague Airport."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Northfields, London", "paragraph_text": "Northfields is a largely residential area in the London Borough of Ealing in west London. It is centred on Northfield Avenue, a shopping street of mostly independent shops and restaurants. A small section of Northfields lies within the London borough of Hounslow."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that \"The Bronx is burning\": in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. Numerous fires had previously broken out in the Bronx prior to this fire. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, \"There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning\". Historians of New York City frequently point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline. A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning is in production in 2006, chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Houses at 838-862 Brightridge Street", "paragraph_text": "The Houses at 838-862 Brightridge Street in the Perry South neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, were built in 1887 on both sides of what was then called Brighton Place. Twelve houses were built on the north side of the street and 13 were built on the south side. They are similar in size and floor plan to the row houses on Charles Street that were also built by William A. Stone, who later became governor of Pennsylvania. The Brightridge Street row houses were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 1, 1984."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Soundview, Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Soundview is a working - class neighborhood geographically located in the Clason Point section of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 9. Its boundaries, starting from the North and moving clockwise are the Cross-Bronx Expressway to the North, White Plains Road to the East, Lacombe Avenue to the South, and the Bronx River to the West. The Bruckner Expressway bisects the neighborhood horizontally along the center and the Bronx River Parkway runs north to south. Soundview Avenue is the primary thoroughfare through Soundview."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools). There are also several public charter schools. Private schools range from \u00e9lite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum. In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as \"Scullers' Row\" due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project, a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic Area Code and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980. Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and percentage of white residents. 320,640 whites called the Bronx home, of which 168,570 were non-Hispanic whites. The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. People of Italian descent numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. People of Irish descent numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. German Americans and Polish Americans made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island. Marble Hill is also within the borough of Manhattan, so the highest street number in the borough is 228th Street. However, the numbering continues in the Bronx up to 263rd Street. The lowest number is East First Street\u2014which runs in Alphabet City near East Houston Street\u2014as well as First Place in Battery Park City."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thomas Keller Medal", "paragraph_text": "The Thomas Keller Medal is given by the International Rowing Federation (FISA) for an outstanding international career in the sport of rowing. It is the highest honor in rowing and is awarded to any athlete within five years of his/her retirement from the sport. It recognizes an exceptional rowing career as well as exemplary sportsmanship."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Church Street Row", "paragraph_text": "Church Street Row is a group of nine residential buildings along the south side of Church Street (US 44/NY 55) between Academy and Hamilton streets in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Macombs Dam Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Macombs Dam Bridge ( ) spans the Harlem River in New York City, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx near Yankee Stadium. It is the third-oldest bridge in New York City and, along with the 155th Street Viaduct, was designated a New York City Landmark in January 1992. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx (/ br\u0252\u014bks /) is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City within the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of Queens, across the East River. Since 1914, the borough has had the same boundaries as Bronx County, the third-most densely populated county in the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zeil", "paragraph_text": "The Zeil () is a street in the city centre of Frankfurt, Germany. The name, which dates back to the 14th century, is derived from the German word \"Zeile\" \"row\" and originally referred to a row of houses on the eastern end of the north side; the name was not extended to the entire street until later."}], "question": "What is the highest street number within the borough that's on the other side of the river nicknamed Scullers Row from the Bronx?"}
{"id": "3hop1__105581_24918_24939", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "2000 World Series", "paragraph_text": "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 21 New York Mets -- 3, New York Yankees -- 4 (12 innings) Yankee Stadium 4: 51 55,913 October 22 New York Mets -- 5, New York Yankees -- 6 Yankee Stadium 3: 30 56,059 October 24 New York Yankees -- 2, New York Mets -- 4 Shea Stadium 3: 39 55,299 October 25 New York Yankees -- 3, New York Mets -- 2 Shea Stadium 3: 20 55,290 5 October 26 New York Yankees -- 4, New York Mets -- 2 Shea Stadium 3: 32 55,292"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ike Hampton", "paragraph_text": "Isaac Bernard Hampton (born August 22, 1951 in Camden, South Carolina) is a former Major League Baseball catcher. He was signed by the New York Mets as an amateur free agent on August 22, 1970 and played for the Mets (1974) and the California Angels (1975\u20131979)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "BTR-60", "paragraph_text": "An order to enter the BTR-60P into Soviet Army service was issued on 13 December 1959. However, production did not start until 1960. The first BTR-60P\"s\" were delivered in 1960. It first entered service with the Soviet Army and later the Soviet naval infantry. The BTR-60 entered service with the Soviet military at the time when the USSR was arming on a mass scale. In the early 1960s, it replaced the BTR-152 in the role of the basic APC. The BTR-60P was first seen by the West in 1961. The BTR-60PA entered service with the Soviet Army in 1963, the BTR-60PA-1 and BTR-60PAI entered service in 1965, the BTR-60PB in 1966, the BTR-60PZ in 1972 and the BTR-60PBK in 1975. As newer models of the BTR-60 appeared, the older ones were gradually withdrawn from front-line service. A number of old BTR-60P\"s\" were converted into repair vehicles."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito's visits to the United States avoided most of the Northeast due to large minorities of Yugoslav emigrants bitter about communism in Yugoslavia. Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters, who would frequently burn the Yugoslav flag. During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s emigrants shouted \"Tito murderer\" outside his New York hotel, for which he protested to United States authorities."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Reforms encouraged private enterprise and greatly relaxed restrictions on freedom of speech and religious expression. Tito subsequently went on a tour of the Americas. In Chile, two government ministers resigned over his visit to that country. In the autumn of 1960 Tito met President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the United Nations General Assembly meeting. Tito and Eisenhower discussed a range of issues from arms control to economic development. When Eisenhower remarked that Yugoslavia's neutralism was \"neutral on his side\", Tito replied that neutralism did not imply passivity but meant \"not taking sides\"."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Roger Allen LaPorte", "paragraph_text": "Roger Allen LaPorte (July 16, 1943 \u2013 November 10, 1965) is best known as a protester of the Vietnam War who set himself on fire in front of the United Nations building in New York City on November 9, 1965, to protest the United States involvement in the war. A former seminarian, he was a 22-year-old member of the Catholic Worker Movement at the time of his death."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Buckingham Palace", "paragraph_text": "State banquets also take place in the Ballroom; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state. On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal \"white tie and decorations\", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV. The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps. On this grand occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the royal family proceed through them, beginning at the great north doors of the Picture Gallery. As Nash had envisaged, all the large, double-mirrored doors stand open, reflecting the numerous crystal chandeliers and sconces, creating a deliberate optical illusion of space and light."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GWF) chairwoman, withdrew from the torch-running ceremony, protesting against China's actions in Tibet. Several hundred protesters were present, along with Olympic supporters. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "BRDM-2", "paragraph_text": "The BRDM-2 (\"Boyevaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina\", \u0411\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0414\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430, literally \"Combat Reconnaissance/Patrol Vehicle\") is an amphibious armoured patrol car used by Russia and the former Soviet Union. It was also known under the designations BTR-40PB, BTR-40P-2 and GAZ 41-08. This vehicle, like many other Soviet designs, has been exported extensively and is in use in at least 38 countries. It was intended to replace the earlier BRDM-1, compared to which it had improved amphibious capabilities and better armament."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "Iran received access to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, around 40% of the population of Iran are Internet users. Iran ranks 24th among countries by number of Internet users. According to the statistics provided by the web information company of Alexa, Google Search and Yahoo! are the most used search engines in Iran. Over 80% of the users of Telegram, a cloud-based instant messaging service, are from Iran. Instagram is the most popular online social networking service in Iran. Direct access to Facebook has been blocked in Iran since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, due to organization of the opposition movements on the website; but however, Facebook has around 12 to 17 million users in Iran who are using virtual private networks and proxy servers to access the website. Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store of Digikala, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and more than 2.3 million subscribers. Digikala is the most visited online store in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the most visited websites in Iran."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Take Me to Your World / I Don't Wanna Play House", "paragraph_text": "Take Me to Your World / I Don't Wanna Play House is the second studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Tammy Wynette. It was released on January 22, 1968, by Epic Records."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "East Germany\u2013West Germany football rivalry", "paragraph_text": "On national team level West Germany played its first post-war international on 22 November 1950 against Switzerland in Stuttgart, while East Germany played their first game against Poland on 21 September 1952 in Warsaw and its 293rd and last on 12 September 1990 against Belgium in Brussels. The two sides met just once on senior national team level, on 22 June 1974, in a group game of the 1974 FIFA World Cup, held in West Germany. The game in Hamburg, in front of 62,000, was won 1 -- 0 by the guest team courtesy to a goal by J\u00fcrgen Sparwasser. East Germany finished the tournament in sixth place while West Germany won the FIFA World Cup. For the East it was the only participation while the West won the 1954 and 1990 editions as well. The two countries never met again at this level despite West Germany frequently requesting a rematch but the East declining, despite strong interest from East German players, coaches and fans. With the German reunification a special game between the two former countries was planned for 21 November 1990 in Leipzig but was cancelled after a fatal shooting of a supporter at a game between FC Sachsen Leipzig and FC Berlin by the police on 3 November. West and East Germany had been drawn against each other for the qualifying of the 1992 UEFA European Football Championship but the latter was withdrawn because of the German reunification."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag", "paragraph_text": "Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29, 2013, while the Wii U was released on October 29, 2013 in North America, November 21, 2013 in Australia, November 22, 2013 in Europe and November 28, 2013 in Japan. The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1, 2013 release date. It was announced on March 1, 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4, and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One. Both versions were launch titles, with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29, 2013 in North America and Europe, respectively, and November 22, 2013 worldwide for Xbox One."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Christer Johansson (skier)", "paragraph_text": "Christer Johansson (born November 11, 1950 in Bjurholm, V\u00e4sterbotten) was a former Swedish cross-country skier who competed in the 1970s. He earned a gold medal in the 4 x 10\u00a0km at the 1978 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti. He also participated at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck with a 21st place on the 30\u00a0km and a 4th place on the 4\u00a010\u00a0km."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "BTR-4", "paragraph_text": "The BTR-4 \"Bucephalus\" (BTR; / Bronetransporter, literally Armoured Transporter) is an amphibious 8x8 wheeled armoured personnel carrier (APC) designed in Ukraine by the Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau (SOE KMDB) as a private venture. The prototype, which was designed as a private venture, was unveiled at the Aviasvit 2006 exhibition held in Ukraine in June 2006. It is currently operated by Iraq, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, and Ukraine, with up to 500 vehicles produced for all operators. It is availible in multiple different configurations, including but not limited to an ambulance, armoured recovery vehicle, and infantry support version. They have seen action in both the War in Donbass, and the capture of Jurf Al Nasr from ISIL."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "George VI", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought he was after his job. The King replied: \"You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!\""}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as \"the mastodon of stagnation.\" The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev. On February 26, 1989, between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv, marking the anniversary of the death of 19th Century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "BTR-D", "paragraph_text": "The BTR-D is a Soviet airborne multi-purpose tracked armoured personnel carrier which was introduced in 1974 and first seen by the West in 1979 during the Soviet\u2013Afghan War. BTR-D stands for \"Bronetransportyor Desanta\" (\u0411\u0422\u0420, \u0411\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0414\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430, literally \"armoured transporter of the Airborne\"). It is based on the BMD-1 airborne IFV. NATO gave it the designation BMD M1979."}], "question": "Who met on November 22 with the guy visiting the country behind the BTR-4?"}
{"id": "3hop2__20335_9951_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "House of Windsor", "paragraph_text": "The name was changed from Saxe - Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor in 1917 because of anti-German sentiment in the British Empire during World War I. During the reign of the Windsors, major changes took place in British society. The British Empire participated in the First and Second World Wars, ending up on the winning side both times, but subsequently lost its status as a superpower during decolonisation. Much of Ireland broke with the United Kingdom and the remnants of the Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13,000,000 sq mi (33,670,000 km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase \"the empire on which the sun never sets\" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance", "paragraph_text": "A Habsburg\u2013Persian alliance (Persian: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc-\u0647\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) or Hubsburg-Iran alliance (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646-\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af) was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired. The Company's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline. The rebellion took six months to suppress, with heavy loss of life on both sides. The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858, establishing the British Raj, where an appointed governor-general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India. India became the empire's most valuable possession, \"the Jewel in the Crown\", and was the most important source of Britain's strength."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 7001230000000000000 \u2660 23% of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000 km (13,700,000 sq mi), 7001240000000000000 \u2660 24% of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase ``the empire on which the sun never sets ''was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, after which Wales too gradually came under control of Anglo-Normans. The process was completed in the 13th century when the Principality of Wales became a client state of the English kingdom. Meanwhile, Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married them, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its greatest extent in 1921."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Powder keg of Europe", "paragraph_text": "The powder keg of Europe or Balkan powder keg was the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century preceding World War I. There were a number of overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as the Russian Empire, the Austro - Hungarian Empire, the German Empire and, to a lesser degree, the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom and Kingdom of Italy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, then the First Consul of the French Republic, hoping to re-establish an empire in North America, regained ownership of Louisiana. However, France's failure to put down the revolt in Saint - Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military. The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands, but quickly accepted the bargain. The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Before the purchase was finalized, the decision faced Federalist Party opposition; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory. Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory, but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bukovina", "paragraph_text": "A region of Moldavia during the Middle Ages, the territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1774 to 1918, an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. After World War I, Romania established its control over Bukovina. In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union in violation of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, and currently is part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny (, ? \u2013 23 March 1750) was a mathematician, engineer, cartographer, and professor. He was a leading representative of science and technology in the 18th century Kingdom of Hungary and Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "By 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Z\u00e4hringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldst\u00e4tten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kingdom of Judah", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b7\u05de\u05b0\u05dc\u05b6\u05db\u05b6\u05ea \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b8\u05d4 \u200e, Mamlekhet Yehud\u0101h) was an Iron Age kingdom of the Southern Levant. The Hebrew Bible depicts it as the successor to a United Monarchy, but historians are divided about the veracity of this account. In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated, limited to small rural settlements, most of them unfortified. Jerusalem, the kingdom's capital, likely did not emerge as a significant administrative centre until the end of the 8th century; prior to this archaeological evidence suggests its population was too small to sustain a viable kingdom. In the 7th century its population increased greatly, prospering under Assyrian vassalage (despite Hezekiah's revolt against the Assyrian king Sennacherib), but in 605 the Assyrian Empire was defeated, and the ensuing competition between the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt and the Neo-Babylonian Empire for control of the Eastern Mediterranean led to the destruction of the kingdom in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582, the deportation of the elite of the community, and the incorporation of Judah into a province of the Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Prior to the creation of the UK, Wales had been conquered and annexed by the Kingdom of England. This meant that the United Kingdom created in 1707 by the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland encompassed all of Great Britain. The Kingdom of Ireland merged with this state in 1801 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. There are fourteen British Overseas Territories, the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land mass and was the largest empire in history. British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the Habsburg Monarchy, the kingdom that acquired Thuringian territory, and the empire that sided with the British Empire before WWI?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37746_6070_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Annapolis Conference", "paragraph_text": "The Annapolis Conference was a Middle East peace conference held on 27 November 2007, at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The conference aimed to revive the Israeli\u2013Palestinian peace process and implement the \"\"Roadmap for peace\"\". The conference ended with the issuing of a joint statement from all parties. After the Annapolis Conference, the negotiations were continued."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened to Levant Company, and soon known also as The Turkey Company, in 1581. In 1582, the ship The Great Susan transported the first ambassador, William Harebone, to the Ottoman Porte (government of the Ottoman Empire) at Constantinople. Compared to Anatolia, Levant also means \"land of the rising sun,\" but where Anatolia always only meant the projection of land currently occupied by the Republic of Turkey, Levant meant anywhere in the domain ruled by the Ottoman Porte. The East India Company (short for a much longer formal name) was chartered in 1600 for trade to the East Indies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Earth Summit", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, the Rio Summit, the Rio Conference, and the Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Big Ten Football Championship Game", "paragraph_text": "The Big Ten Football Championship Game is a college football game that is held by the Big Ten Conference each year since 2011 to determine the conference's season champion. The championship game will pit the division champions from the conference's West and East divisions in a game held after the regular season has been completed. The game is held the first Saturday of December at 8 PM Eastern."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "World Summit for Social Development", "paragraph_text": "The World Summit for Social Development was a conference held in Copenhagen from 6 -- 12 March 1995. It aimed to ``establish a people - centered framework for social development (,) to build a culture of cooperation and partnership and to respond to the immediate needs of those who are most affected by human distress. ''"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Evergreen Marine", "paragraph_text": "Evergreen Marine Corporation () ( ), is a Taiwanese container transportation and shipping company headquartered in Luzhu District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Its principal trading routes are the Far East to North America, Central America and the Caribbean; the Far east to northern Europe and the east Mediterranean; Europe to the east coast of North America; the Far East to Australia, Mauritius, South Africa and South America; and an intra Asia service linking ports in Asia to the Middle East, Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. With over 150 container ships it is part of the Evergreen Group conglomerate of transportation firms and associated companies. Evergreen calls on 240 ports worldwide in about 80 countries, and is the fifth largest company of its type. The company's activities include: shipping, construction of containers and ships, management of ports, and engineering and real estate development. Subsidiaries and divisions include Uniglory Marine Corp. (Taiwan), Evergreen UK Ltd. (UK), and shipping company Italia Marittima S.p.A. (Italy)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio 2012, Rio + 20 (Portuguese pronunciation: (\u02c8\u0281i. u \u02c8maj\u0292 \u02c8v\u0129t\u0283i)), or Earth Summit 2012 was the third international conference on sustainable development aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global community. Hosted by Brazil in Rio de Janeiro from 13 to 22 June 2012, Rio + 20 was a 20 - year follow - up to the 1992 Earth Summit / United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in the same city, and the 10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to \"the Near East,\" the Ottoman Empire, and \"the Far East,\" the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Parliament of the World's Religions", "paragraph_text": "In 1893, the city of Chicago hosted the World Columbian Exposition, an early world's fair. So many people were coming to Chicago from all over the world that many smaller conferences, called Congresses and Parliaments, were scheduled to take advantage of this unprecedented gathering. One of these was the World's Parliament of Religions, an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman (and judge) Charles Carroll Bonney. The Parliament of Religions was by far the largest of the congresses held in conjunction with the Exposition. John Henry Barrows, a clergyman, was appointed as the first chairman of the General Committee of the 1893 Parliament by Charles Bonney."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mukhisa Kituyi", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Mukhisa Kituyi (born 1956) of Kenya became Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD on 1 September 2013. Immediately prior, Kituyi was Chief Executive of the Kenya Institute of Governance, based in Nairobi. He served as Kenya's Minister of Trade and Industry from 2002 to 2007."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia. The Qing response, successful for a time, was in 1756 to establish the Canton System, which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Russky Island", "paragraph_text": "The 2012 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit was held on Russky Island and about US$6 billion was set aside for the development of the island and Vladivostok in preparation for the summit and construction of the site for the 2012 APEC conference that was also planned and built as a new campus for the Far Eastern Federal University. Plans include the potential to develop the island as a large scale tourist resort, and the construction of the official residence of the Russian President in the Russian Far East in Boyarin Bay were approved by the APEC summit. The Russky Bridge between Russky Island and Vladivostok was completed in July 2012, and has the longest cable-stayed bridge span in the world at ."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Maldives", "paragraph_text": "Since the 12th century AD there were also influences from Arabia in the language and culture of the Maldives because of the conversion to Islam and its location as a crossroads in the central Indian Ocean. This was due to the long trading history between the far east and the middle east."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Things to Come", "paragraph_text": "Things to Come (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' Things to Come) is a 1936 British black-and-white science fiction film from United Artists, produced by Alexander Korda, directed by William Cameron Menzies, and written by H. G. Wells. The film stars Raymond Massey, Ralph Richardson, Cedric Hardwicke, Pearl Argyle, and Margaretta Scott."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Here Comes the Zoo", "paragraph_text": "Here Comes the Zoo is an album by the band Local H. It was released on March 5, 2002 on Palm Pictures. This was their first album not released on Island Records. Starting with this album, every release so far has been on a different label."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "\u00cele Marc", "paragraph_text": "\u00cele Marc is one of the Canadian arctic islands in Nunavut, Canada. It lies in the Boyer Strait, south of Massey Island, and north-west of Alexander Island."}], "question": "When did the people who developed a far east trade and frequented St. Helena, come to the country where the Massey conference was held?"}
{"id": "3hop2__79276_14253_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alpnach Air Base", "paragraph_text": "The Air Base Alpnach (ICAO code LSMA) is a Swiss Air Force airfield near the town Alpnach in Canton of Obwalden in Switzerland. It has a concrete runway with a length of and a width of , as well as several taxiways and hangars."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "Through times of war and rebellion, peace and estrangement, as well as becoming friends and allies, Britain and the US cemented these deeply rooted links during World War II into what is known as the ``Special Relationship. ''In long - term perspective, the historian Paul Johnson has called it the`` cornerstone of the modern, democratic world order''."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Burney Treaty", "paragraph_text": "The treaty between Kingdom of Siam and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland commonly known as the Burney Treaty was signed at Bangkok on 20 June 1826 by Henry Burney, an agent of British East India Company, for the United Kingdom, and King Rama III for Siam. It followed an earlier treaty of 24 February 1826, in which Siam became an ally of Britain against the Kingdom of Ava (Burma), with which Britain was at war. A Siamese army was raised and equipped, but took no serious part in the war due to ill-feeling and suspicion arising from the Siamese invasion of Kedah in 1821."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tanks in World War I", "paragraph_text": "The development of tanks in World War I was a response to the stalemate that had developed on the Western Front. Although vehicles that incorporated the basic principles of the tank (armour, firepower, and all - terrain mobility) had been projected in the decade or so before the War, it was the alarmingly heavy casualties of the start of its trench warfare that stimulated development. Research took place in both Great Britain and France, with Germany only belatedly following the Allies' lead."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Uzbekistan", "paragraph_text": "Following 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., Uzbekistan approved the U.S. Central Command's request for access to an air base, the Karshi-Khanabad airfield, in southern Uzbekistan. However, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases after the Andijan massacre and the U.S. reaction to this massacre. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Passive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft. Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War. During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Printed circuit board", "paragraph_text": "The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Petrie Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Petrie Airfield was a World War II military airfield located just to the south of the North Pine River in Petrie, Queensland, Australia. After the war, the airfield was dismantled and the area is now part of the urban area of Petrie-Strathpine."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "France in the American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "France allied with the United States during the American Revolutionary War (American War of Independence 1775 -- 1783) in 1778, declared war on Great Britain, and sent its armies and navy to fight Britain while providing money and mat\u00e9riel to arm the new republic. French intervention made a decisive contribution to the U.S. victory in the war. Motivated by a long - term rivalry with Britain and by revenge for its territorial losses during the French and Indian War, France began secretly sending supplies in 1775. Spain and the Netherlands joined France, making it a global war in which the British had no major allies. France incurred a debt of over 1 billion livres."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tsili Tsili Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Tsili Tsili (Tsile-Tsile) Airfield is a former World War II airfield in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. The airfield was abandoned after the war and today has almost totally returned to its natural state."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Portim\u00e3o Airport", "paragraph_text": "Portim\u00e3o Airport is a small airport in \"Montes de Alvor\", near the city of Portim\u00e3o in Algarve, Portugal. The airport has one single short asphalt runway in the 11/29 direction and is mainly used by general aviation, with parachuting being common from the airfield."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sevastopol International Airport", "paragraph_text": "The airfield was first constructed in June 1941, during the third year of World War II. Initially it housed a military fighter aviation unit. Constructed without a hardened runway, after the war the airfield received a concrete runway, but remained exclusively in use by the military. During the second half of the 1980s, after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, the airfield was significantly increased and improved, as the airfield was to be used by him when travelling to the presidential dacha on the southern coast of the Crimea, near the cape of Foros. Subsequently, it was also allowed to use the airfield for civilian purposes."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Green", "paragraph_text": "The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "United States in World War I", "paragraph_text": "The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917 and ended November 11, 1918 during World War I. The U.S. was an independent power and did not officially join the Allies. It closely cooperated with the Allies militarily but acted alone in diplomacy. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General John Pershing, Commander - in - Chief (C - in - C) of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in the summer of 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. During the war the U.S. mobilized over 4 million military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths, including around 45,000 who died due to the 1918 Spanish Flu outbreak (30,000 before they even reached France). The war saw a dramatic expansion of the United States government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the U.S. Armed Forces. After a relatively slow start in mobilizing the economy and labor force, by spring 1918, the nation was poised to play a role in the conflict. Under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson, the war represented the climax of the Progressive Era as it sought to bring reform and democracy to the world, although there was substantial public opposition to U.S. entry into the war."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Allies of the Night", "paragraph_text": "Allies of the Night is the eighth book of The Saga of Darren Shan by Darren Shan (his real name, Darren O'Shaughnessy). It is part of the \"Vampire War\" trilogy, which comprises three books: \"Hunters of the Dusk\", \"Allies of the Night\" and \"Killers of the Dawn\". \"Allies of the Night\" was first published in Great Britain by HarperCollins in 2002. It was then published in the \"Vampire War\" Trilogy in 2005."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Statesmen of World War I", "paragraph_text": "Statesmen of World War I is an oil on canvas painting by Sir James Guthrie, completed in 1930, shortly before Guthrie's death. It was commissioned by South African financier Sir Abraham Bailey, 1st Baronet to commemorate the politicians and statesmen of Britain and its allies who held office during the First World War. It was donated to the National Portrait Gallery in 1930, shortly after it was completed."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Punta Prieta Airstrip", "paragraph_text": "Punta Prieta Airstrip is a public paved airstrip located South of Punta Prieta, Municipality of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, a small town located just in the middle of The Valle de los Cirios Protected Natural Area, beside the Federal Highway 1. The runway runs North-South, parallel to the highway. The airfield is used solely for general aviation purposes."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Airport", "paragraph_text": "At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very differently though."}], "question": "Following the war where Britain and the US became deeply linked, the war where some airfield runways were painted green was between the US and what country?"}
{"id": "3hop1__17192_78396_21003", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cracker Barrel", "paragraph_text": "Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme. The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969; its first store was in Lebanon, Tennessee, which remains the company headquarters. The chain's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s. As of September 18, 2012, the chain operates 639 stores in 43 states."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Myo Min Zaw", "paragraph_text": "Myo Min Zaw studied English at the University of Yangon, where he became active in the pro-democracy group All Burma Federation of Student Unions (ABFSU). In December 1996, he participated in a student protest, and following the closing of Burma's universities, remaining involved in the pro-democracy movement."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of Maroun al-Ras", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Maroun al-Ras was a battle of the 2006 Lebanon War that took place in Maroun ar-Ras, a small village in southern Lebanon on the border with Israel, and Jall ad-Dayr, a nearby Hizbullah stronghold. This battle was the first serious ground battle in the 2006 Lebanon war. It was fought to a large extent by elite forces on both sides and would have huge consequences for the future of the war. Although Israeli forces captured most of the town, they did not fully secure it."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fred Astaire Dance Studios", "paragraph_text": "The company was co-founded by Astaire along with Charles and Chester Casanave in 1947. Astaire divested his interest in the chain in 1966, while agreeing the continued use of his name by the franchise. The studios became franchised in 1950; currently there are no corporate owned studios. Each franchise is individually owned & operated. Currently there are 140 Fred Astaire studios in the United States alone. As of December 2010, Fred Astaire Dance Studios will now be franchising around the world and has studios opened in countries like Lebanon and South Africa."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "British Raj", "paragraph_text": "This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India). It lasted until 1947, when Britain \u2032 s Indian Empire was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Dominion of India (later the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern part of which, still later, became the People's Republic of Bangladesh). At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'\u00e9tat in 1962, a military dictatorship."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of South Africa", "paragraph_text": "Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo - Boer or South African War (1899 -- 1902), the Union of South Africa was created as a dominion of the British Empire in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal Colony, Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony. The country became a self - governing nation state within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act. The dominion came to an end on 31 May 1961 as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming a sovereign state named Republic of South Africa. A republican constitution was adopted."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of the Middle East, which began:"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "British rule in Burma", "paragraph_text": "British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of \"Burma\" as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. The region under British control was known as British Burma. Various portions of Burmese territories, including Arakan (Rakhine State), Tenasserim were annexed by the British after their victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War; Lower Burma was annexed in 1852 after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The annexed territories were designated the \"minor\" province (a Chief Commissionership), \"British Burma\", of British India in 1862."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "Although the advance in the Arakan had been halted to release troops and aircraft for the Battle of Imphal, the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma, aided by the Chindits operating against the Japanese lines of communication. In the middle of 1944 the Chinese Expeditionary Force invaded northern Burma from Yunnan province. They captured a fortified position at Mount Song. By the time campaigning ceased during the monsoon rains, the NCAC had secured a vital airfield at Myitkyina (August 1944), which eased the problems of air resupply from India to China over \"The Hump\"."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of South Africa", "paragraph_text": "Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo - Boer or South African War (1899 -- 1902), the Union of South Africa was created as a dominion of the British Empire in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal Colony, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. The country became a self - governing nation state within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act. The dominion came to an end on 31 May 1961 as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming a sovereign state named Republic of South Africa. A republican constitution was adopted."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Burma. Burma's education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom. Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon. Many ethnic minorities, particularly the Karen in the southeast and the Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast, practice Christianity. According to the The World Factbook, the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32%. However, the exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40%, which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report (official US report)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Myanmar Airways International", "paragraph_text": "The airline was founded by the government before independence in 1946 as Union of Burma Airways. It initially operated domestic services only. International services were added in 1950. The name was changed to Burma Airways in December 1972, and then to Myanma Airways on April 1, 1989, following the renaming of the country from Burma to Myanmar. International services were transferred to Myanmar Airways International, which was set up in 1993."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dominion of Ceylon", "paragraph_text": "Between 1948 and 1972, Ceylon was an independent country in the Commonwealth of Nations that shared a monarch with Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and certain other sovereign states. In 1948, the British Colony of Ceylon was granted independence as Ceylon. In 1972, the country became a republic within the Commonwealth, and its name was changed to Sri Lanka. It was an island country in South Asia, located about 31 kilometres (19.3 mi) off the southern coast of India."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Donna Reed Show", "paragraph_text": "Episodes revolve around the lightweight and humorous sorts of situations and problems a middle - class family experienced in the late 1950s and the early 1960s set in fictional Hilldale, state never mentioned."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "International Monetary Fund", "paragraph_text": "The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of ``189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. ''Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. As of 2016, the fund had SDR 477 billion (about $668 billion)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "International Monetary Fund", "paragraph_text": "The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of ``189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. ''Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1944 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. As of 2016, the fund had SDR 477 billion (about $666 billion)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s. Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas. Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement. U Wisara, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}], "question": "What were some of the problems experienced during the colonization of Burma, by the country that owned the nation that secured southern Lebanon in 1978, before it achieved statehood?"}
{"id": "3hop2__131820_145390_61019", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Clark's Lookout State Park", "paragraph_text": "Clark's Lookout State Park is a Montana state park located one mile north of the community of Dillon. The park encompasses the hill overlooking the Beaverhead River that William Clark climbed on August 13, 1805, during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. From the vantage point, Clark took various compass readings and sketched a map of the Beaverhead Valley. The park offers picnicking, interpretive signage, and a chance to make the climb that Clark made and stand where he stood."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Indian Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Clarks Mills, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Clarks Mills is an unincorporated community located in the town of Cato, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. Clarks Mills is northeast of Valders."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bras\u00edlia", "paragraph_text": "Bras\u00edlia was planned and developed by L\u00facio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location. The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx. The city's design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities, such as the Hotel Sector, the Banking Sector and the Embassy Sector. Bras\u00edlia was chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its modernist architecture and uniquely artistic urban planning. It has also been named \"City of Design\" by UNESCO in October 2017 and has been part of the Creative Cities Network since then."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Xex\u00e9u", "paragraph_text": "Xex\u00e9u is a city in Pernambuco, Brazil. It is located in Zona da mata Pernambucana from the state capital Recife."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WEKL", "paragraph_text": "WEKL, known on-air as \"102.3 K-Love\", is a Contemporary Christian radio station in the United States, licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Augusta, Georgia, broadcasting on 102.3\u00a0MHz with an ERP of 1.5\u00a0kW. Its studios are located at the Augusta Corporate Center with the market\u2019s other iHeartMedia owned sister stations in Augusta, and the transmitter is located in Augusta near Fort Gordon."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Oscar Clark", "paragraph_text": "Oscar Clark (born February 20, 1989 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American former road racing cyclist, who competed professionally between 2010 and 2017 for the , Realcyclist.com Cycling Team and squads."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Canhotinho", "paragraph_text": "Canhotinho (\"Little Left-handed\") is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 223\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 24.381 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Minneola, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Minneola is a city in Clark County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 745."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Athens, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Athens (formally known as Athens - Clarke County) is a consolidated city -- county in the U.S. state of Georgia, in the northeastern part of the state about an hour's drive from the global city of Atlanta. It comprises the former city of Athens proper (the county seat) and Clarke County. The University of Georgia, the state's flagship public research university, is located in this college town, and contributed to its initial growth. In 1991, after a vote the preceding year, the original city abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County, referred to jointly as Athens - Clarke County. As of the 2010 census, the consolidated city - county (including all of Athens - Clarke County except Winterville and a portion of Bogart) had a total population of 115,452; all of Clarke County had a population of 116,714. Athens is the sixth - largest city in Georgia, and the principal city of the Athens - Clarke County, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a population of 192,541 as of the 2010 census. Athens - Clarke County has the smallest geographical area of a county in Georgia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Grover Cleveland Birthplace", "paragraph_text": "The Grover Cleveland Birthplace is a registered historic site located in Caldwell, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. It is the only house museum dedicated to U.S. President Grover Cleveland."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Francisco de Yare", "paragraph_text": "The city of San Francisco de Paula de Yare is the capital of the Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar Municipality, in the state of Miranda in Venezuela. It is located in the Middle Tuy Valley, approximately south of Caracas."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "Georgia has had five different capitals in its history. The first was Savannah, the seat of government during British colonial rule, followed by Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta, the capital city from 1868 to the present day. The state legislature has gathered for official meetings in other places, most often in Macon and especially during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Quipap\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Quipap\u00e1 is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 186\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 25.603 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o, Cear\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o is a municipality in the state of Cear\u00e1, in the Northeast region of Brazil. located 55\u00a0km away from Fortaleza, the capital of the state. Reden\u00e7\u00e3o in Portuguese means redemption, and the city has this name because it was the first city in Brazil that abolished its slaves."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bras\u00edlia", "paragraph_text": "Bras\u00edlia was planned and developed by L\u00facio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer in 1956 to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location. The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx. The city's design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities, such as the Hotel Sector, the Banking Sector and the Embassy Sector. Bras\u00edlia was chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its modernist architecture and uniquely artistic urban planning."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charles Ives House", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Ives House, also known as Charles Ives Birthplace, is located on Mountainville Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame structure built in 1780 and expanded on since. Over the course of the 19th century it was the residence of several generations of Iveses, a family important in the city's history. In 1874 it was the birthplace of Charles Ives, who became an internationally recognized composer in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Branson, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "In 1983, Branson began its transformation into a major tourist attraction when the Roy Clark Celebrity Theatre opened and began to bring famous country music stars to Branson. Many of the performers who have had their own theaters in Branson first discovered Branson when they performed at this venue. The Roy Clark Celebrity Theatre at the Lodge of the Ozarks has been called the ``birthplace of Branson celebrity theatres ''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Champaner", "paragraph_text": "Champaner (\u0a9a\u0abe\u0a82\u0aaa\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab0), formarly known as Muhammadpur, is a historical city in the state of Gujarat, in western India. It is located in Panchmahal district, 47 kilometres from the city of Vadodara. The city was briefly the capital of the Sultanate of Gujarat."}], "question": "What was the capital of the state where WEKL is located, before it was moved to the city where Oscar Clark was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__136488_30587_83479", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Linda Baker", "paragraph_text": "Linda L. Baker (born 1948) is an American schoolteacher and politician from Maine. Baker, a Republican from Topsham, Maine, represents District 23 in the Maine Senate. District 23 encompasses all of Sagadahoc County, Maine and the adjacent town of Dresden."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February -- 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese - controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five - week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Battle of the Atlantic", "paragraph_text": "As an island nation, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods. Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight. In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war: the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting. From 1942 onwards, the Axis also sought to prevent the build - up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe. The defeat of the U-boat threat was a pre-requisite for pushing back the Axis. The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies -- the German blockade failed -- but at great cost: 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk in the Atlantic for the loss of 783 U-boats (the majority being Type VII submarines) and 47 German surface warships, including 4 battleships (Scharnhorst, Bismarck, Gneisenau, and Tirpitz), 9 cruisers, 7 raiders, and 27 destroyers. Of the U-boats, 519 were sunk by British, Canadian, or other allied forces, while 175 were destroyed by American forces; 15 were destroyed by Soviets and 73 were scuttled by their crews before the end of the war for various causes."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "UEFA Euro 2008 Final", "paragraph_text": "The UEFA Euro 2008 Final was a football match that took place on 29 June 2008 at the Ernst-Happel-Stadion in Vienna, Austria, to determine the winner of the UEFA Euro 2008. Spain defeated Germany 1\u20130 with a 33rd-minute goal from Fernando Torres. This was only the second time in European Championship history that the champions had won every match in the group stage; the other team to do so was France in 1984. Spain were also the first team since Germany in 1996 to win the tournament undefeated. Despite the one-goal margin of victory, it was a fairly dominant performance by Spain."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February \u2013 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps and Navy landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese-controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five-week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arctic", "paragraph_text": "The Arctic (/ \u02c8\u0251\u02d0rkt\u026ak / or / \u02c8\u0251\u02d0rt\u026ak /) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Northern Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost - containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of FIFA World Cup records and statistics", "paragraph_text": "1930: Argentina, 18 goals 1934: Italy, 12 goals 1938: Hungary, 15 goals 1950: Brazil, 22 goals 1954: Hungary, 27 goals 1958: France, 23 goals 1962: Brazil, 14 goals 1966: Portugal, 17 goals 1970: Brazil, 19 goals 1974: Poland, 16 goals 1978: Argentina & Netherlands, 15 goals each 1982: France, 16 goals 1986: Argentina, 14 goals 1990: West Germany, 15 goals 1994: Sweden, 15 goals 1998: France, 15 goals 2002: Brazil, 18 goals 2006: Germany, 14 goals 2010: Germany, 16 goals 2014: Germany, 18 goals 2018: Belgium, 16 goals"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of Olustee", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Olustee or Battle of Ocean Pond was fought in Baker County, Florida on February 20, 1864, during the American Civil War. It was the only major battle fought in Florida during the war."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Schmidt Ocean Institute", "paragraph_text": "The Schmidt Ocean Institute is a non-profit private foundation focused on oceanography, founded in March 2009 by Eric Schmidt and Wendy Schmidt. The Institute\u2019s goal is to advance ocean exploration, discovery, and knowledge using technological advances, data-rich observation and analysis, and open sharing of information."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Woden Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "The Woden Cemetery is the main cemetery in Canberra, the capital of Australia. It is located adjacent to the Woden Town Centre."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of Mohi", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Mohi (today Muhi), also known as Battle of the Saj\u00f3 River or Battle of the Tisza River (11 April 1241), was the main battle between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe. It took place at Muhi, southwest of the Saj\u00f3 River. After the invasion, Hungary lay in ruins. Nearly half of the inhabited places had been destroyed by the invading armies. Around 15\u201325 percent of the population was lost, mostly in lowland areas, especially in the Great Hungarian Plain, the southern reaches of the Hungarian plain in the area now called the Banat and in southern Transylvania."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Rheinberg", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Rheinberg took place on 12 June 1758 in Rheinberg, Germany during the Seven Years' War. A French force under the command of Comte de Clermont and an Anglo-German force under the command of the Duke of Brunswick fought a largely indecisive battle. It was a precursor to the more decisive Battle of Krefeld nine days later."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", "paragraph_text": "2016 Women's Olympic Football Tournament Tournament details Host country Brazil Dates 3 -- 19 August 2016 Teams 12 (from 6 confederations) Venue (s) 7 (in 6 host cities) Final positions Champions Germany (1st title) Runners - up Sweden Third place Canada Fourth place Brazil Tournament statistics Matches played 26 Goals scored 66 (2.54 per match) Attendance 635,885 (24,457 per match) Top scorer (s) Melanie Behringer (5 goals) Fair play award Sweden \u2190 2012 2020 \u2192"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Extralarge", "paragraph_text": "Extralarge (original title: \"Detective Extralarge\", aka \"Zwei Supertypen in Miami\") is a television series starring Bud Spencer, Philip Michael Thomas, and Michael Winslow."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2002\u201303 SV Werder Bremen season", "paragraph_text": "SV Werder Bremen retained its 6th place in Bundesliga with a solid season, in spite of key players Frank Rost and Torsten Frings leaving prior to the season. Coach Thomas Schaaf bought Johan Micoud as replacement for Frings, with the French ex-Parma player making an instant impact in Germany, while Ailton once again hit 16 goals, finishing third in the goal scoring charts."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head. There were several reasons behind this war. As German nationalism grew strongly inside the German Confederation and neither could decide on how Germany was going to be unified into a nation-state. The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia. The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the final battle of the German war (Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz) the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charge at Kaukab", "paragraph_text": "The Charge at Kaukab took place on 30 September 1918 about south of Damascus during the pursuit by Desert Mounted Corps following the decisive Egyptian Expeditionary Force victory at the Battle of Megiddo and the Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. As the Australian Mounted Division rode along the main road north, which connects the Galilee with Damascus via Quneitra, units of the division charged a Turkish rearguard position located across the main road on the ridge at Kaukab."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of Bunker Hill", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, which was peripherally involved in the battle. It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which later became known as Breed's Hill."}], "question": "What was the main goal of Germany in the battle of the ocean region adjacent to the city where the series Extralarge is set?"}
{"id": "3hop1__152912_131905_41948", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Green Lake (Chisago City, Minnesota)", "paragraph_text": "Green Lake is a lake in Chisago City, Minnesota, United States. This lake is sometimes also referred to as \"Big Green Lake\" because it is connected to Little Green Lake by a channel. Green Lake was named from the fact its waters are green from the high algae content."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Irish Channel, New Orleans", "paragraph_text": "Irish Channel (French: \"Manche irlandaise\", Irish: \"Cain\u00e9al na h\u00c9ireann\") is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. A subdistrict of the Central City/Garden District Area, its boundaries as defined by the New Orleans City Planning Commission are: Magazine Street to the north, First Street to the east, the Mississippi River to the south and Toledano Street to the west."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hamburg", "paragraph_text": "Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster (\"Inner Alster\") and Au\u00dfenalster (\"Outer Alster\"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharh\u00f6rn, and Nigeh\u00f6rn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or \"vital energy\" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150\u2013c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` Sea of Brittany''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Black Lake (Michigan)", "paragraph_text": "Black Lake is located in Cheboygan and Presque Isle counties in northern Michigan, United States. With a surface area of , it is the seventh largest inland lake in Michigan. The largest body of water in the Black River watershed, it drains through the Lower Black and Cheboygan rivers into Lake Huron. Black Lake is a summer destination for many families from the suburban Detroit area and from other nearby states as well as residents of the neighboring town of Onaway."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lake Texcoco", "paragraph_text": "Tenochtitlan was founded on an islet in the western part of the lake in the year 1325. Around it, the Aztecs created a large artificial island using a system similar to the creation of chinampas. To overcome the problems of drinking water, the Aztecs built a system of dams to separate the salty waters of the lake from the rain water of the effluents. It also permitted them to control the level of the lake. The city also had an inner system of channels that helped to control the water."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jezero (crater)", "paragraph_text": "Jezero ( or ) is a crater on Mars located at in the Syrtis Major quadrangle. The diameter of the crater is about . Thought to have once been flooded with water, the crater contains a fan-delta deposit rich in clays. The lake in the crater was present when valley networks were forming on Mars. Besides having a delta, the crater shows point bars and inverted channels. From a study of the delta and channels, it was concluded that the lake did not experience times when the water went down. It probably formed when there was continual surface runoff."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Isle of Wight", "paragraph_text": "During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel. As sea levels rose, the river valley became flooded, and the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "The last glacial ran from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000\u201324,000 BP. The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum (Last Glacial Maximum). During this time, the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. The English Channel, the Irish Channel and most of the North Sea were dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Dead Horse Bay", "paragraph_text": "Dead Horse Bay is a small water body off Barren Island, between the Gerritsen Inlet and Rockaway Inlet in the New York City borough of Brooklyn."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Human hair growth", "paragraph_text": "During the telogen or resting phase (also known as shedding phase) the follicle remains dormant for one to four months. Ten to fifteen percent of the hairs on one's head are in this phase of growth at any given time. In this phase the epidermal cells lining the follicle channel continue to grow as normal and may accumulate around the base of the hair, temporarily anchoring it in place and preserving the hair for its natural purpose without taxing the body's resources needed during the growth phase."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Systole", "paragraph_text": "When the smaller, upper atria chambers contract in late diastole, they send blood down to the larger, lower ventricle chambers. When the lower chambers are filled and the valves to the atria are closed, the ventricles undergo isovolumetric contraction (contraction of the ventricles while all valves are closed), marking the first stage of systole. The second phase of systole sends blood from the left ventricle to the aorta and body extremities, and from the right ventricle to the lungs. Thus, the atria and ventricles contract in alternating sequence. The left and right atria feed blood, at the same time, into the ventricles. Then, the left and right ventricles contract simultaneously as well."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "English Channel", "paragraph_text": "The English Channel (French: la Manche, ``The Sleeve ''; German: \u00c4rmelkanal,`` Sleeve Channel''; Breton: Mor Breizh, ``Sea of Brittany ''; Cornish: Mor Bretannek,`` British Sea''), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Forward Harbour", "paragraph_text": "Forward Harbour was a cannery town in the Johnstone Strait region of the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada, located on the inlet of the same name, which is on the mainland side of Wellbore Channel, to the east of Hardwicke Island. Nearby on the same vicinity on the Mainland, though fronting on other bodies of water, are Jackson Bay to the immediate north, off Sunderland Channel, and Heydon Bay, British Columbia to the east on Loughborough Inlet."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "DAIM", "paragraph_text": "DAIM (, like the coin \"dime\"; born 1971 in L\u00fcneburg as Mirko Reisser) is a German graffiti artist who lives and works in Hamburg. He is particularly known for his large-size, 3D-style graffiti works. This has become known as his trademark. For his technically sophisticated style he obtained the reputation of being one of the best graffiti artists in the world."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Federal judiciary of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Besides these federal courts, described as Article III courts, there are other adjudicative bodies described as Article I or Article IV courts in reference to the article of the Constitution from which the court's authority stems."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Steam power during the Industrial Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The industrial use of steam power started with Thomas Savery in 1698. He constructed and patented in London the first engine, which he called the ``Miner's Friend ''since he intended it to pump water from mines. Early versions used a soldered copper boiler which burst easily at low steam pressures. Later versions with iron boiler were capable of raising water about 46 meters (150 feet). The Savery engine had no moving parts other than hand - operated valves. The steam once admitted into the cylinder was first condensed by an external cold water spray, thus creating a partial vacuum which drew water up through a pipe from a lower level; then valves were opened and closed and a fresh charge of steam applied directly on to the surface of the water now in the cylinder, forcing it up an outlet pipe discharging at higher level. The engine was used as a low - lift water pump in a few mines and numerous water works, but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hubert Latham", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Charles Hubert Latham (10 January 1883 \u2013 25 June 1912) was a French aviation pioneer. He was the first person to attempt to cross the English Channel in an aeroplane. Due to engine failure during his first of two attempts to cross the Channel, he became the first person to land an aeroplane on a body of water."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne (\"Rhine Gutter\") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake."}], "question": "Besides the Irish Channel and the sea for which the artist DAIM's home city is a port, what else was lowered in the last cold phase?"}
{"id": "3hop2__161616_152874_77103", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Indian Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Austin, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Austin, Texas, began in the 1830s when Anglo - American settlers arrived in Central Texas. In 1837 settlers founded the village of Waterloo on the banks of the Colorado River, the first permanent settlement in the area. By 1839, Waterloo would adopt the name Austin and become the capital of the Republic of Texas."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Luwu Regency", "paragraph_text": "Luwu Regency (Kabupaten Luwu in Indonesian) is a regency of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The administrative capital lies at Belopa, since the former capital of Palopo became an independent municipality (city) in 2006, at which date Luwu Regency was split into Palopo city, North Luwu Regency, and East Luwu Regency, with the residue remaining as the new Luwu Regency. The first Regent of the reduced Luwu Regency was H. M. Basmin Mattayang from 2004-2009, then Ir. H. Andi Mudzakkar replaced him as Regent from 2009-2014 following the first direct election in Luwu. Luwu is well known for its natural resources, such as rice, cocoa, coconut, banana, \"sagu\" (sago), \"rambutan\", \"langsat\", and others."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alberton, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "The Township of Alberton is a community in the Rainy River District of Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is made up of the two geographic townships Crozier and Roddick. The township borders Fort Frances to the east, La Vallee to the west, the unincorporated geographical township of Miscampbell to the north, and the city of International Falls (Minnesota, United States) to the south."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chinantla", "paragraph_text": "Chinantla is a village in Chinantla Municipality of the state of Puebla, Mexico. It is situated in the southeastern part of the state, and lies some 220 km (136.7mi) from the city of Puebla, the state's capital."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tocuyito", "paragraph_text": "Tocuyito is a city of Venezuela, capital of the Libertador Municipality in Carabobo State. It is part of the metropolitan area of Valencia. This city is considered the entry point to Valencia from the motorways that lead to the Southwest (Barquisimeto) and South (towards Cojedes)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Andy Roddick", "paragraph_text": "In 2015, Roddick played for the Austin Aces in World Team Tennis. This was his eighth season in World Team Tennis and the fifth team for which he has played. He was also the 2015 Champion of the QQQ Champions Series; a feat that he repeated again in 2017."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thomas George Roddick", "paragraph_text": "Thomas George Roddick attended the Model and Normal Schools in Truro, Nova Scotia and graduated from the Medical Faculty of McGill University in 1868 with the highest honours, winning the Holmes Gold Medal and Final Prize. From 1868 to 1874, he was Assistant House Surgeon at the Montreal General Hospital. In 1872, he was appointed Lecturer on Hygiene at McGill University. He was appointed a Demonstrator of Anatomy in 1874 and in 1875 was named Professor of Clinical Surgery. Earlier in 1877, Roddick traveled to Edinburgh to witness Joseph Lister's medical antiseptic system. Roddick returned to Montreal later that year and introduced Joseph Lister's antiseptic system, primarily his 'carbolic spray,' revolutionizing the way medicine was practiced in Montreal's Hospitals."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Petr\u00f3polis, Rio Grande do Sul", "paragraph_text": "Petr\u00f3polis is a neighbourhood in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. It was created by Law 2022 from December 7, 1959."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Champaner", "paragraph_text": "Champaner (\u0a9a\u0abe\u0a82\u0aaa\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab0), formarly known as Muhammadpur, is a historical city in the state of Gujarat, in western India. It is located in Panchmahal district, 47 kilometres from the city of Vadodara. The city was briefly the capital of the Sultanate of Gujarat."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Madison, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1829 on an isthmus between Lake Monona and Lake Mendota, Madison was named the capital of the Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and became the capital of the state of Wisconsin when it was admitted to the Union in 1848. That same year, the University of Wisconsin was founded in Madison and the state government and university have become the city's two largest employers. The city is also known for its lakes, restaurants, and extensive network of parks and bike trails, with much of the park system designed by landscape architect John Nolen."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "City of Geelong", "paragraph_text": "The City of Geelong was a local government area about southwest of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The city covered an area of , and existed from 1849 until 1993."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tupanatinga", "paragraph_text": "Tupanatinga is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 306\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 19.026 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ring the Alarm", "paragraph_text": "\"Ring the Alarm\" is a song recorded by American singer Beyonc\u00e9 for her second studio album, \"B'Day\" (2006). It was written by Knowles, Kasseem \"Swizz Beatz\" Dean and Sean Garrett. Columbia Records released \"Ring the Alarm\" as the second single from \"B'Day\" in the United States on October 17, 2006, while \"Irreplaceable\" (2006) was serviced as the album's second international and third US single. The song's development was motivated by Knowles' role in the Broadway musical adaptation \"Dreamgirls\" (2006). The cover art of \"Ring the Alarm\" proved controversial because Knowles used alligators during the photography session. PETA declared that Knowles' posing with a baby alligator was arguably abusive to an animal."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vegakollai", "paragraph_text": "Vegakkollai is 24.1\u00a0km far from its district head Cuddalore. It is 173\u00a0km far from its Tamil Nadu state capital city Chennai."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Suga Mama", "paragraph_text": "The accompanying music video for \"Suga Mama\" was released to British music channels in April 2007. It was shot in black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina Matsoukas alongside Knowles for the B'Day Anthology Video Album, which was released the same month; \"Suga Mama\" was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the video album. It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light, and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to \"slowly become a woman\" during the video, adding \"Well, a sexier woman \u2013 I'm always a woman.\"Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars, which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc. Though she is from Texas, she had never previously been on mechanical bull. There were no problems during warm-ups, but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster, causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot, leaning back and turning around. To minimize the time Knowles spent on the bull, the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second (see frame rate) and Knowles sang twice as quickly, but it wasn't until 4:00 am that they completed work."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Quipap\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Quipap\u00e1 is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 186\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 25.603 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o, Cear\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o is a municipality in the state of Cear\u00e1, in the Northeast region of Brazil. located 55\u00a0km away from Fortaleza, the capital of the state. Reden\u00e7\u00e3o in Portuguese means redemption, and the city has this name because it was the first city in Brazil that abolished its slaves."}], "question": "When did the city Andy Roddick is from become the capital of the state Knowles is from?"}
{"id": "3hop2__69814_161178_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Reva APC", "paragraph_text": "The REVA Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC) is a mine-protected vehicle. It is produced by Integrated Convoy Protection. The vehicle\u2019s V-shaped hull offers protection against land mines and Improvised Explosive Devices (IED)s. The vehicle has space for at least 10 passengers. Ten firing ports are also available. Two light machine guns can be used and cover a 360-degree on roller bearing turret hatches."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Heavy machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The modern definition refers to a class of large-caliber (generally .50 or 12.7mm) machine guns, pioneered by John Moses Browning with the M2 machine gun.  These weapons are designed to provide increased range, penetration and destructive power against vehicles, buildings, aircraft and light fortifications beyond the standard rifle calibers used in medium or general-purpose machine gun, or the intermediate cartridges used in light machine guns. In this sense, the \"heavy\" aspect of the weapon refers to its superior power and range over light- and medium-caliber weapons, in addition to its weight. This class of machine gun came into widespread use during World War II, when the M2 was used widely in fortifications, on vehicles and in aircraft by American forces. A similar HMG capacity was later fielded by the Soviets in the form of Vasily Degtyaryov's DShK in 12.7\u00d7108mm. The ubiquitous German MG42 general-purpose machine gun, though well-suited against infantry, lacked the M2's anti-fortification and anti-vehicle capability, a fact that was noted and lamented by the Germans. The continued need for a longer-range machine gun with anti-materiel capability to bridge the gap between exclusively anti-infantry weapons and exclusively anti-materiel weapons has led to the widespread adoption and modernization of the class, and most nations' armed forces are equipped with some type of HMG."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "14.5\u00d7114mm", "paragraph_text": "The 14.5\u00d7114mm (.57 Cal) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "MG 11", "paragraph_text": "The MG 11 was based on the water-cooled Maxim machine gun, which had been developed by Hiram Stevens Maxim in 1885. The MG 11 was the last of a series of Swiss derivatives of the Maxim machine gun."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "M1917 Browning machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The M1917 Browning machine gun is a heavy machine gun used by the United States armed forces in World War I, World War II, Korea; it has also been used by other nations. It was a crew served, belt-fed, water-cooled machine gun that served alongside the much lighter air-cooled Browning M1919. It was used at the battalion level, and often mounted on vehicles (such as a jeep). There were two main iterations: the M1917, which was used in World War I and the M1917A1, which was used thereafter. The M1917, which was used on some aircraft as well as in a ground role, had a cyclic rate of 450 rounds per minute. The M1917A1 had a cyclic rate of 450 to 600 rounds per minute."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "MG 13", "paragraph_text": "The MG 13 was introduced into service in 1930, where it served as the standard light machine gun until 1935. It was superseded by the MG 34 and then later the MG 42."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "XM806", "paragraph_text": "The XM806 was spun out from the cancelled XM307 and was developed by General Dynamics to augment the M2. General Dynamics received a $9 million contract for the weapon. It was expected to be deployed starting at the end of fiscal year 2012. Delays caused its planned deployment to be pushed to 2013 or 2014. The XM806 was cancelled in July 2012, with the Army using the money allocated to upgrade their M2 machine guns to the M2A1 version."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zastava M72", "paragraph_text": "The Zastava M72 is a light machine gun developed and manufactured by then Yugoslav Zastava Arms company. Generally, the M72 is almost a direct copy of the Soviet RPK light machine gun, the only visual differences being in barrel, wooden stock, no side rail mount and slightly in design of the wooden handguard."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Battle Clash", "paragraph_text": "Battle Clash is a mecha-themed light gun shooting game produced by Nintendo and Intelligent Systems and released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1992. The game supports the Super Nintendo's light gun, the Super Scope. It was followed by \"\" during the following year."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Magpul FMG-9", "paragraph_text": "The Magpul FMG-9 is a prototype for a new generation of folding submachine guns, designed by Magpul Industries in 2008. Like other folding machine guns, it would be used for concealed carry and can be disguised as anything from a small package to an extra laptop battery. It is made out of a light-weight polymer material rather than metal, making it very light and easy to carry. It was developed for potential use by personal protection details such as the United States Secret Service."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "ZB-53", "paragraph_text": "The ZB-53 was designed by V\u00e1clav Holek and Miroslav Rol\u010d\u00edk of the Zbrojovka Brno works as a replacement for the Schwarzlose machine gun of World War I origin. Based on the earlier vz. 35 machine gun, the prototype was tested in 1936 and the following year the new machine gun was adopted by the Czechoslovak Army with the designation TK vz. 37 (\"Heavy Machine Gun Mark 1937\"). It was introduced as the standard machine gun of Czechoslovak LT-35 and LT-38 tanks. Czechoslovakia exported the gun to Romania, Yugoslavia, Argentina, Afghanistan, Iran and China (large numbers used during the Second Sino-Japanese War), while UK bought a license and started to produce its own version, known as the Besa machine gun (over 60,000 pieces made). During the German occupation of the factory, large numbers were produced for the Waffen-SS until 1942."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Zastava M77", "paragraph_text": "The Zastava M77 is a 7.62mm light machine gun developed and manufactured by Zastava Arms. It is an AK-47 variant."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Germany (1945\u20131990)", "paragraph_text": "The Cold War divided Germany between the Allies in the west and Soviets in the east. Germans had little voice in government until 1949 when two states emerged:"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Knight's Armament Company LMG", "paragraph_text": "The Knight's Armament Company Light Assault Machine Gun (LAMG) is a light machine gun system developed by Eugene Stoner and manufactured by Knight's Armament Company (KAC). It was previously known as the Knight's Armament Company LMG as well as the KAC Stoner 99 LMG which was used to differentiate it from the earlier ArmaLite Stoner 63 LMG and ARES Stoner 86 LMG it is derived from."}, {"idx": 15, "title": ".50 BMG", "paragraph_text": "During World War II the .50 BMG was primarily used in the M2 Browning machine gun, in both its \"light barrel\" aircraft mount version and the \"heavy barrel\" (HB) version on ground vehicles, for anti-aircraft purposes. An upgraded variant of the M2 Browning HB machine gun used during World War II is still in use today. Since the mid-1950s, some armored personnel carriers and utility vehicles have been made to withstand 12.7\u00a0mm machine gun fire, restricting the destructive capability of the M2. It still has more penetrating power than lighter weapons such as general-purpose machine guns, though it is significantly heavier and more cumbersome to transport. Its range and accuracy, however, are superior to light machine guns when fixed on tripods, and it has not been replaced as the standard caliber for Western vehicle-mounted machine guns (Soviet and CIS armored vehicles mount 12.7\u00d7108mm NSVs, which are ballistically similar to .50 BMGs)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Degtyaryov machine gun", "paragraph_text": "The Degtyaryov machine gun (Russian: \u041f\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0451\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u0433\u0442\u044f\u0440\u0451\u0432a \u041f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \"Pulemyot Degtyaryova Pekhotny\" \"Degtyaryov's infantry machine gun\") or DP-27 is a light machine gun firing the 7.62\u00d754mmR cartridge that was primarily used by the Soviet Union, with service trials starting in 1927 followed by general deployment in 1928. Besides being the standard Soviet infantry light machine gun (LMG) during WWII, with various modifications it was used in aircraft as a flexible defensive weapon, and it equipped almost all Soviet tanks in WWII as either a flexible bow machine gun or a co-axial machine gun controlled by the gunner. It was improved in 1943 producing the DPM, but it was replaced in 1946 with the RP-46 which improved on the basic DP design by converting it to use belt feed. The DP machine gun was supplemented in the 1950s by the more modern RPD machine gun and entirely replaced in Soviet service by the general purpose PK machine gun in the 1960s."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ultimax 100", "paragraph_text": "The Ultimax 100 is a Singapore-made 5.56mm light machine gun, developed by the Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS, now ST Kinetics) by a team of engineers under the guidance of American firearms designer L. James Sullivan. The weapon is extremely accurate due to its constant-recoil operating system. It is considered one of the most lightweight machine guns in the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "T7 Combat Car", "paragraph_text": "In November 1936, the US Army's cavalry branch decided to modernize and needed a fully armored vehicle, capable of keeping up with the cavalry and of fulfilling regular combat duties. Prohibited from developing tanks by the National Defense Act of 1920 which defined \"tanks\" as the responsibility of the infantry, the phrase \"combat car\" was used as a legal formality. The T5 Combat Car had been built on similar lines to the infantry's T2 Light Tank, leading to the M1 Combat Car. After the T4 Combat Car had been tested, the Ordnance Committee recommended working on a road-track convertible tank design. The T6 Combat Car design was cancelled but in November 1936 the Chief of Cavalry ordered that work continue on designing a convertible tank. Designed and built at the Rock Island Arsenal between 1937 and 1938, the T7 Combat Car was based on the M1 Combat Car but with an extended chassis and a convertible suspension \u2013 the ability to travel using wheels or tracks. Theoretically, it was more versatile than a conventional tank, having the ability to move with and without tracks on roads, much like the Christie designed tanks. The main gun of the project was traditional \u2013 one .50 cal (12.7\u00a0mm) M2 Browning heavy machine gun and three .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) M1919 machine guns. However, this armament was useful only against infantry, and was inadequate for use against other tanks of the period."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Daewoo Precision Industries K3", "paragraph_text": "The Daewoo Precision Industries K3 is a South Korean light machine-gun. It is the third indigenous firearm developed in South Korea by the Agency for Defense Development, following the Daewoo Precision Industries K1 submachine gun and Daewoo Precision Industries K2 assault rifle. It is manufactured by Daewoo Precision Industries, current S&T Motiv. The K3 is capable of firing both 5.56\u00d745mm NATO and .223 Remington rounds like the K2 assault rifle. The K3 light machine gun entered service since 1989, replacing M60 machine gun from frontline use."}], "question": "Following the conflict where M2 light machine guns were first used, the struggle in which Germany was divided into two separate countries developed between the U.S. and what nation?"}
{"id": "3hop2__30390_19506_23299", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Territory of the Saar Basin", "paragraph_text": "The Territory of the Saar Basin (, ; ) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. It had its own flag (adopted on July 28, 1920): a blue, white, and black horizontal tricolour. The blue and white stood for Bavaria, and white and black for Prussia, out of whose lands the Saar Territory was formed. Initially, the occupation was under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles. Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbr\u00fccken. The territory closely corresponds with the modern German state of Saarland, but was slightly smaller in area. After a plebiscite was held in 1935, it was returned to Germany."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Canada", "paragraph_text": "With the end of the Seven Years' War and the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763), France ceded almost all of its remaining territory in mainland North America, except for fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon where its fishermen could dry their fish. France had already secretly ceded its vast Louisiana territory to Spain under the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) in which King Louis XV of France had given his cousin King Charles III of Spain the entire area of the drainage basin of the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains. France and Spain kept the Treaty of Fontainebleau secret from other countries until 1764. In return for acquiring Canada, Britain returned to France its most important sugar - producing colony, Guadeloupe, which the French at the time considered more valuable than Canada. (Guadeloupe produced more sugar than all the British islands combined, and Voltaire had notoriously dismissed Canada as ``Quelques arpents de neige '',`` A few acres of snow'')."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Juchnowiec Dolny", "paragraph_text": "Juchnowiec Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "British Antarctic Territory", "paragraph_text": "The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60\u00b0S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Suicide of Jason Altom", "paragraph_text": "Jason Altom (6 October 1971 \u2013 15 August 1998) was a Ph.D. student working in the research group of Nobel laureate Elias James Corey at Harvard University. He killed himself by taking potassium cyanide in 1998, citing in his suicide note \"abusive research supervisors\" as one reason for taking his life. Altom was studying a complex natural product and felt enormous pressure to finish the molecule before starting his academic career."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031' E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011' E. The region extends as a sector about 2600 km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000 km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Colonial history of New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "European colonization of New Jersey started soon after the 1609 exploration of its coast and bays by Sir Henry Hudson. Part of the state was settled by Dutch and Swedish as New Netherland and New Sweden. In 1664, the entire area was surrendered to the English, and given its name. With of the Treaty of Westminster in 1674, they formally gained control of the region until the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ma\u0142ynka", "paragraph_text": "Ma\u0142ynka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bondary", "paragraph_text": "Bondary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Micha\u0142owo, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Micha\u0142owo and south-east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calculation problem,\" Hayek wrote that \"there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance.\" Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes \"[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state.\" Bernard Harcourt says that \"Hayek was adamant about this.\" In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote:"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Midnight sun", "paragraph_text": "Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle, apart from research stations, the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle: the Canadian Yukon, Nunavut, and Northwest Territories; the nations of Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Greenland), Russia; and the State of Alaska in the United States. A quarter of Finland's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle, and at the country's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer. In Svalbard, Norway, the northernmost inhabited region of Europe, there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August. The extreme sites are the poles, where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year. The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New Swabia", "paragraph_text": "New Swabia (Norwegian and ) was an unrecognized Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20\u00b0E and 10\u00b0W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wilkes Land", "paragraph_text": "Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory. It fronts on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from Cape Hordern in 100\u00b031'\u00a0E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136\u00b011'\u00a0E. The region extends as a sector about 2600\u00a0km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000\u00a0km\u00b2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pi\u0142atowszczyzna", "paragraph_text": "Pi\u0142atowszczyzna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gr\u00f3dek, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately north-east of Gr\u00f3dek and east of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, Hayek began the \u2018Abuse of Reason\u2019 project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science. Usually, scientism involves combining the philosophers' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Koplany", "paragraph_text": "Koplany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Juchnowiec Ko\u015bcielny and south-west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jeroniki", "paragraph_text": "Jeroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choroszcz, within Bia\u0142ystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Choroszcz and west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}], "question": "Bia\u0142ystok, Przemy\u015bi, and the territory given to Poland in the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn, were returned to what country, after the war when Haydek started working on Abuse of Reason?"}
{"id": "3hop2__69814_30390_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of Germany (1945\u20131990)", "paragraph_text": "The Cold War divided Germany between the Allies in the west and Soviets in the east. Germans had little voice in government until 1949 when two states emerged:"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic subjects of central planning, trade cycle theory, the division of knowledge, and entrepreneurial adaptation especially, differ greatly from the opinions of macroeconomic \"Marshallian\" economists in the tradition of John Maynard Keynes and the microeconomic \"Walrasian\" economists in the tradition of Abba Lerner."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Suicide of Jason Altom", "paragraph_text": "Jason Altom (6 October 1971 \u2013 15 August 1998) was a Ph.D. student working in the research group of Nobel laureate Elias James Corey at Harvard University. He killed himself by taking potassium cyanide in 1998, citing in his suicide note \"abusive research supervisors\" as one reason for taking his life. Altom was studying a complex natural product and felt enormous pressure to finish the molecule before starting his academic career."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that \"there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927\u20131931 (and the 1931\u20132007) historical scene\". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and B\u00f6hm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the \"Law and Society\" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont P\u00e8lerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Three-domain system", "paragraph_text": "The three - domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1977 that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria (now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea). Woese argued that, on the basis of differences in 16S rRNA genes, these two groups and the eukaryotes each arose separately from an ancestor with poorly developed genetic machinery, often called a progenote. To reflect these primary lines of descent, he treated each as a domain, divided into several different kingdoms. Woese initially used the term ``kingdom ''to refer to the three primary phylogenic groupings, and this nomenclature was widely used until the term`` domain'' was adopted in 1990."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as \"very fruitful\". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the \"sense data\" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Partition of Bengal (1905)", "paragraph_text": "Due to these political protests, the two parts of Bengal were reunited on 12 December 1911. A new partition which divided the province on linguistic, rather than religious grounds followed, with the Hindi, Oriya and Assamese areas separated to form separate administrative units: Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west, and Assam Province to the east. The administrative capital of British India was moved from Calcutta to New Delhi as well."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of industrialisation", "paragraph_text": "Belgium was the first country to develop a proper industry in continental Europe and was the second in the world (after the United Kingdom). In Germany, Austria, Bohemia and Scandinavian countries a real modern industrialisation started only in 1840s. In Poland, Slovakia, Hungary after 1880 and in Baltics, Ukraine and Russia after 1890."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ralf Braun", "paragraph_text": "Ralf Braun (born 24 January 1973 in Berlin) is a retired backstroke swimmer from Germany, who competed for his native country at two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1996 (Atlanta, Georgia)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Outsiders (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The Outsiders is a coming - of - age novel by S.E. Hinton, first published in 1967 by Viking Press. Hinton was 15 when she started writing the novel, but did most of the work when she was 16 and a junior in high school. Hinton was 18 when the book was published. The book follows two rival groups, the Greasers and the Socs (pronounced by the author as / \u02c8so\u028a\u0283\u026az /, short for Socials), who are divided by their socioeconomic status. The story is told in first - person narrative by protagonist Ponyboy Curtis."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Korea", "paragraph_text": "After the end of WWII in 1945, the Allies divided the country into a northern area, protected by the Soviets, and a southern area protected primarily by the United States. In 1948, when the powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government, this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea. The peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel: the ``Republic of Korea ''was created in the south, with the backing of the US and Western Europe, and the`` Democratic People's Republic of Korea'' in the north, with the backing of the Soviets and the communist People's Republic of China. The new premier of North Korea, Kim il - Sung launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. After immense material and human destruction, the conflict ended with a cease - fire in 1953. The two nations officially remain at war because a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. On the European front, U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that captured North Africa and Sicily, and later fought in Italy. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany, millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role. In the Pacific War, U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control. Following the Axis surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the Army Air Forces separated from the army to become the United States Air Force in September 1947 after decades of attempting to separate. Also, in 1948, the army was desegregated by order of President Harry S. Truman."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: \u201cThe human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.\u201d"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calculation problem,\" Hayek wrote that \"there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance.\" Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes \"[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state.\" Bernard Harcourt says that \"Hayek was adamant about this.\" In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote:"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1954 Tour de France", "paragraph_text": "The 1954 Tour de France was the first time that the Tour had started outside France, as it started in Amsterdam. Also new was the team time trial. Although around 1930 the Tour had seen stages in which the teams started separately, in 1954 the team time trial format was reintroduced in a way that only the team time counted. Also the split stages were reintroduced. Stage 4 was divided into two parts: the team time trial of 10.4 km (part A), and a regular stage of 131 km (part B), both run on the same day. Similarly, stage 21 was divided into a regular stage of 134 km (part A) and an individual time trial of 72 km (part B), also both run on the same day. There were two rest days, in Bordeaux and Lyon."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, Hayek began the \u2018Abuse of Reason\u2019 project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science. Usually, scientism involves combining the philosophers' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics."}], "question": "After the war when Haydek started working on Abuse of Reason, the conflict where Germany was divided into two separate countries developed between the U.S. and what nation?"}
{"id": "3hop1__125798_146409_9814", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Solid Documents", "paragraph_text": "Established in Redmond, Washington in 2001, Solid Documents, LLC was founded by CEO Michael Cartwright with the goal of becoming the leader in document productivity software. Cartwright leveraged his extensive software development, document management, internationalization, and localization experience to establish an organization with the vision of the Portable Document Format (PDF) as the universally-acceptable, standardized format for document interchange."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to Bowery. Peretz Square, a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street, First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "EDP Renov\u00e1veis", "paragraph_text": "EDPR was established in 2007 to hold and operate the growing renewable energy assets of parent company Energias de Portugal (EDP Group), Portugal\u00b4s largest utility company headquartered in Lisbon. EDP Renov\u00e1veis is the fourth-largest generator of wind energy globally."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mr. Darcy", "paragraph_text": "Fitzwilliam Darcy Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet by C.E. Brock (1895) She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me. Full name Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy Gender Male Age 28 Income \u00a310,000 + / year (equivalent to \u00a3600,000 in 2016) Primary residence Pemberley, near Lambton, Derbyshire Family Spouse (s) Elizabeth Bennet Romantic interest (s) Elizabeth Bennet Parents Mr. Darcy and Lady Anne Darcy (n\u00e9e Fitzwilliam) Sibling (s) Georgiana Darcy"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Elliot Park, Minneapolis", "paragraph_text": "Elliot Park is a neighborhood within the larger Central community in Minneapolis, MN, United States. It is bordered on the north by the Downtown West and Downtown East neighborhoods, on the west by Loring Park, on the east by Cedar-Riverside, and on the south by Phillips. Its official boundaries are 5th Avenue South to the northwest, 5th Street South to the northeast Highway 55 to the east, the Interstate 94/Interstate 35W commons to the south, and 4th Avenue South to the west. The neighborhood occupies both the Downtown Minneapolis street grid (running parallel to the Mississippi River) and the South Minneapolis street grid (running north-south and east-west), creating many triangular street corners where the two grids meet. Once the home of some of Minneapolis's wealthiest citizens, Elliot Park has recently begun a gentrification process that is returning the neighborhood to a popular place to live in Minneapolis."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Those Were the Days (song)", "paragraph_text": "Mary Hopkin's 1968 version of the song, produced by Paul McCartney, became a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, behind McCartney's own band The Beatles' hit ``Hey Jude ''. In France the song was at no. 1 in the very first edition of the singles sales chart launched by the Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque in October 1968."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island. Marble Hill is also within the borough of Manhattan, so the highest street number in the borough is 228th Street. However, the numbering continues in the Bronx up to 263rd Street. The lowest number is East First Street\u2014which runs in Alphabet City near East Houston Street\u2014as well as First Place in Battery Park City."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "Film Director Writer (s) Producer (s) A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) Wes Craven Wes Craven Robert Shaye A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge (1985) Jack Sholder David Chaskin A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987) Chuck Russell Wes Craven, Frank Darabont, Chuck Russell, Bruce Wagner A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988) Renny Harlin Brian Helgeland, Jim Wheat, Ken Wheat Robert Shaye and Rachel Talalay A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child (1989) Stephen Hopkins Leslie Bohem Robert Shaye and Rupert Harvey Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991) Rachel Talalay Michael De Luca Robert Shaye and Aron Warner Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994) Wes Craven Wes Craven Marianne Maddalena Freddy vs. Jason (2003) Ronny Yu Damian Shannon & Mark Swift Sean S. Cunningham A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010) Samuel Bayer Wesley Strick and Eric Heisserer Michael Bay, Andrew Form and Brad Fuller"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "PATH (rail system)", "paragraph_text": "PATH A PATH train of PA - 5 cars on the Newark -- World Trade Center line, crossing the Passaic River en route to the World Trade Center Overview Owner Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Locale Newark / Hudson County, New Jersey and Manhattan, New York Transit type Rapid transit Number of lines Number of stations 13 (1 planned for the PATH extension to Newark in 2018) Daily ridership 270,016 (2016) Annual ridership 76,565,452 (2015) Operation Began operation February 25, 1908 Operator (s) Port Authority Trans - Hudson Technical System length 13.8 mi (22.2 km) Track gauge 4 ft 8 \u2044 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge Electrification 600 V (DC) Third Rail (hide) System map Legend 33rd Street 28th Street closed 23rd Street 19th Street closed 14th Street unbuilt branch to Astor Place 9th Street Christopher Street Hudson Terminal closed World Trade Center Uptown and Downtown Hudson Tubes under Hudson River NY NJ Exchange Place Newport Grove Street Hoboken Terminal Waldo Yard Journal Square PATH Lift Bridge over Hackensack River Manhattan Transfer closed Harrison Car Maintenance Facility Harrison Centre Street Bridge \u2502 Dock Bridge over Passaic River Park Place closed Newark Penn Station This diagram: view talk edit"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Macquarie Street, Hobart", "paragraph_text": "Macquarie Street a major one way street passing through the outskirts of the Hobart Central business district in Tasmania, Australia. Macquarie street is named after Lachlan Macquarie, who oversaw the planning of Hobart\u2019s inner city grid layout. The street forms a One-way couplet with nearby Davey Street connecting traffic from the Southern Outlet in the south with traffic from the Tasman Highway to the east and the Brooker Highway to the north of the city. With annual average daily traffic of 28,500, the road is one of the busier streets in Hobart."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "CPU socket", "paragraph_text": "Common sockets have retention clips that apply a constant force, which must be overcome when a device is inserted. For chips with a large number of pins, zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets are preferred. Common sockets include Pin Grid Array (PGA) or Land Grid Array (LGA). These designs apply a compression force once either a handle (PGA type) or a surface plate (LGA type) is put into place. This provides superior mechanical retention while avoiding the risk of bending pins when inserting the chip into the socket. Certain devices use Ball Grid Array (BGA) sockets, although these require soldering and are generally not considered user replaceable."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kaitlin Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "Kaitlin Hopkins (born February 1, 1964) is an American stage, screen, and television actress, the daughter of actress Shirley Knight and stage producer/director Gene Persson."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "I'd Die Without You", "paragraph_text": "\"I'd Die Without You\" is a song by American R&B duo P.M. Dawn. It was released in October 1992 as the lead single from their second album, \"The Bliss Album...?\". It peaked at number 3 on \"Billboard\"'s Hot 100 chart and at number 16 on the Hot R&B Singles chart in 1992."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gene Persson", "paragraph_text": "Gene Persson died of a heart attack in Manhattan on June 6, 2008, at the age of 74. He was survived by his current wife of 36 years, actress and artist Ruby Persson, and his three children, Kaitlin Hopkins, an actress; Lukas Persson, a filmmaker and writer; and Markus Persson, a musician."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Edward Nicholas Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Brownsville, Canada West (present-day Ontario), the son of Benjamin Hopkins, an Irish immigrant, and Margaret Loucks. He worked on the family farm until he was 14 and then was employed in cheese production. Hopkins came west in 1882, settling on land near Moose Jaw. He was president of the Grain Growers Association and of the Dairymen's Association of the Northwest Territories. Hopkins married Minnie Latham in 1889. She migrated to Moose Jaw with her parents from England six years earlier. Hopkins was first elected to the House of Commons in a 1923 by-election. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1925. Moose Jaw's restaurant Hopkins Dining Parlour is named after him."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "155th Street is a major crosstown street considered to form the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights. It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "This article covers numbered east-west streets in Manhattan, New York City. Major streets have their own linked articles; minor streets are discussed here. The streets do not run exactly east\u2013west, because the grid plan is aligned with the Hudson River rather than with the cardinal directions. \"West\" is approximately 29 degrees north of true west."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aspen City Hall", "paragraph_text": "Aspen City Hall, known in the past as Armory Hall, Fraternal Hall, is located at the intersection of South Galena Street and East Hopkins Avenue in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is a brick building dating to the 1890s. In 1975 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}], "question": "What document established a numbered street grid in the neighborhood where the father of Kaitlin Hopkins died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__49236_89752_75165", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Catholic Church in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Catholic Church in the United States is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome. With 70.4 million members, it is the largest religious denomination in the United States, comprising 22% of the population as of 2017. The United States has the fourth largest Catholic population in the world after Brazil, Mexico and the Philippines, the largest Catholic minority population, and the largest English - speaking Catholic population. The central leadership body of the Catholic Church in the United States is the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New England", "paragraph_text": "The states of New England have a combined area of 71,991.8 square miles (186,458 km), making the region slightly larger than the state of Washington and larger than England. Maine alone constitutes nearly one - half of the total area of New England, yet is only the 39th - largest state, slightly smaller than Indiana. The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S., including the smallest state -- Rhode Island."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "In the near future, fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution. With this chaos in place, the totalitarian, Christian theonomic government of ``Gilead ''establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war. Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new, militarized, hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes, in which women are brutally subjugated, and by law are not allowed to work, own property, handle money, or read. Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead, called handmaids, according to an`` extremist interpretation'' of a Biblical account. They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite, where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maine", "paragraph_text": "State of Maine \u00c9tat de Maine (French) Flag Seal Nickname (s): ``The Pine Tree State ''`` Vacationland'' Motto (s): ``Dirigo ''(Latin for`` I lead'', ``I guide '', or`` I direct'') State song (s): ``State of Maine Song ''Official language None Spoken languages English: 92% French: 5% Other: \u2264 3% Demonym Mainer Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Largest metro Greater Portland Area Ranked 39th Total 35,385 sq mi (91,646 km) Width 210 miles (338 km) Length 320 miles (515 km)% water 13.5 Latitude 42 \u00b0 58 \u2032 N to 47 \u00b0 28 \u2032 N Longitude 66 \u00b0 57 \u2032 W to 71 \u00b0 5 \u2032 W Population Ranked 42nd Total 1,335,907 (2017 est.) Density 43.0 / sq mi (16.6 / km) Ranked 38th Median household income $50,756 (40th) Elevation Highest point Mount Katahdin 5,270 ft (1606.4 m) Mean 600 ft (180 m) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood District of Maine (Massachusetts) Admission to Union March 15, 1820 (23rd) Governor Paul LePage (R) President of the Senate Michael Thibodeau (R) Legislature Maine Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Susan Collins (R) Angus King (I) U.S. House delegation Chellie Pingree (D) Bruce Poliquin (R) (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC \u2212 5 / \u2212 4 ISO 3166 US - ME Abbreviations ME, Me. Website www.maine.gov"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arlington, Texas", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's estimate, the city had a population of 396,394 in 2017, making it the second-largest city in the county (after Fort Worth) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area. Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas, and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. The book was originally published in 1985. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, for whom they serve."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Colorado Springs, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the largest city by area in Colorado as well as the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County, Colorado, United States. Colorado Springs is located in the east central portion of the state. It is situated on Fountain Creek and is located 60 miles (97 km) south of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Blooming Grove, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Blooming Grove is an unincorporated community in northeastern North Bloomfield Township, Morrow County, Ohio, United States. The community is located at the junction of State Route 97 and Morrow County Road 20. The nearest city is Galion, Ohio, located to the northwest. Mount Gilead, the county seat of Morrow County, is located southwest of Blooming Grove on State Route 61."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Claridon, Marion County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Claridon is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Ohio, United States. Claridon is located on Ohio State Route 95, east of Marion, between Marion and Mt. Gilead. The community is served by River Valley Local School District."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Blue Springs, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Blue Springs is a city located in the U.S. state of Missouri and within Jackson County. Blue Springs is located 19 miles (31 km) east of downtown Kansas City, Missouri and is the eighth largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 United States Census the population was 52,575, tying it for 10th largest city in the state of Missouri with St. Peters. In 2010, CNN / Money Magazine ranked Blue Springs 49th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Mississippi ( (listen)) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States. Mississippi is bordered to north by Tennessee, to the east by Alabama, to the south by the Gulf of Mexico, to the southwest by Louisiana, and to the northwest by Arkansas.  Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River.  Jackson is both the state's capital and largest city.  Greater Jackson, with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018, is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greenville County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Greenville County is a county located in the state of South Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 451,225, making it the most populous county in the state. In 2017, the estimated population of the county was 506,837. Its county seat is Greenville. The county is also home to the Greenville County School District, the largest school system in South Carolina. County government is headquartered at Greenville County Square."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government, the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (``The Merchant's Tale '',`` The Parson's Tale'', etc.)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "June Osborne, renamed Offred (Elisabeth Moss), is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford (Joseph Fiennes) and his wife Serena Joy (Yvonne Strahovski). Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment. Offred, who is named after her male master like all Handmaids, can remember the ``time before '', when she was married and had a daughter, a job, a bank account, and her own name and identity, but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter. The Waterfords, key players in the rise of Gilead, have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) MGM Television White Oak Pictures The Littlefield Company Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wheatland, California", "paragraph_text": "Wheatland is the second-largest city by population in Yuba County, California, United States. The population was 3,456 at the 2010 census, up from 2,275 at the 2000 census. Wheatland is located southeast of Marysville."}], "question": "What is the population of the largest state in the region where Gilead is found in The Handmaid's Tale?"}
{"id": "3hop1__145427_106426_67916", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States declaration of war on Japan", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77 - 328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message to the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high - security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred (primarily) on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the ``United States of America, ''and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now sovereign states and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers' names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Charles Ives House", "paragraph_text": "The Charles Ives House, also known as Charles Ives Birthplace, is located on Mountainville Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame structure built in 1780 and expanded on since. Over the course of the 19th century it was the residence of several generations of Iveses, a family important in the city's history. In 1874 it was the birthplace of Charles Ives, who became an internationally recognized composer in the early 20th century."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "American Revolutionary War", "paragraph_text": "The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Allies of World War II", "paragraph_text": "The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939 -- 1945). The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German, Japanese and Italian aggression."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)", "paragraph_text": "On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked a special joint session of the United States Congress for a declaration of war against the German Empire. Congress responded with the declaration on April 6."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "San Miguel de Allende", "paragraph_text": "San Miguel de Allende (Spanish pronunciation: (san mi'\u0263el de a'\u028eende)) is a city and municipality located in the far eastern part of the state of Guanajuato in central Mexico. It is part of the macroregion of Baj\u00edo. It is 274 km (170 mi) from Mexico City, 86 km (53 mi) from Queretaro, and 97 km (60 mi) from the state capital of Guanajuato. Historically, the town is important as being the birthplace of Mexican General Ignacio Allende, whose surname was added to the town's name in 1826, as well as the first municipality declared independent of Spanish rule by the nascent insurgent army during the Mexican War of Independence. San Miguel de Allende was also a critical epicenter during the historic Chichimeca War (1540 - 1590) where the Chichimeca Confederation defeated the Spanish Empire in the initial colonization war. Today, the town is a proclaimed World Heritage Site, attracting thousands of tourists and new residents from abroad every year."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Second Seminole War", "paragraph_text": "The Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War, was a conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as Seminoles and the United States, part of a series of conflicts called the Seminole Wars. The Second Seminole War, often referred to as the Seminole War, is regarded as ``the longest and most costly of the Indian conflicts of the United States. ''"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Military history of the United States during World War II", "paragraph_text": "On 11 December 1941, Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Declaration of war by the United States", "paragraph_text": "The last time the United States declared war on any nation was in 1942, when war was declared against Axis - allied Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania, because President Franklin Roosevelt thought it was improper to engage in hostilities against a country without a declaration of war. Since then, every American president has used military force without a declaration of war."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kearney, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Kearney is a city in Clay County, Missouri, United States. The population per the 2010 U.S. Census was 8,381. It is most famous for being the birthplace of Jesse James, and there is an annual festival in the third weekend of September to recognize the notorious outlaw."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Buchanan's Birthplace State Park", "paragraph_text": "Buchanan's Birthplace State Park is an Pennsylvania state park near Cove Gap, in Peters Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is on Pennsylvania Route 16 along Tuscarora Mountain. Buchanan's Birthplace State Park was created from land donated to the state by Harriet Lane in honor of her uncle, the 15th President of the United States, James Buchanan."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "War in Afghanistan (2001\u2013present)", "paragraph_text": "The War in Afghanistan (or the U.S. War in Afghanistan; code named Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan (2001 -- 2014) and Operation Freedom's Sentinel (2015 -- present)) followed the United States invasion of Afghanistan of October 7, 2001. The U.S. was supported initially by the United Kingdom and Canada and later by a coalition of over 40 countries, including all NATO members. The war's public aims were to dismantle al - Qaeda and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power. The War in Afghanistan is the second longest war in United States history, behind the Vietnam War."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America's revolutionaries. By the 1750s, Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America, and second in the British Empire, behind London. The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War; the Second Continental Congress, which signed the United States Declaration of Independence, during the war; and the Constitutional Convention (1787) after the war. Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "San Diego", "paragraph_text": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor", "paragraph_text": "On December 8, 1941, Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire. The Japanese document discussed world peace and the disruptive actions of the United States and the United Kingdom. The document claimed all avenues for averting war had been exhausted by the Government of Japan."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sandia Peak Tramway", "paragraph_text": "The Sandia Peak Tramway is an aerial tramway located adjacent to Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. It stretches from the northeast edge of the city to the crestline of the Sandia Mountains and has the world's third longest single span. It is the longest aerial tram in the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941)", "paragraph_text": "December 11, 1941, the United States Congress declared war upon Germany (Pub. L. 77 -- 331, Sess. 1, ch. 564, 55 Stat. 796), hours after Germany declared war on the United States after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The vote was 88 -- 0 in the Senate and 393 -- 0 in the House."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "You Wenhui", "paragraph_text": "You Wenhui (; born October 20, 1979 in Shanghai) is a female Chinese beach volleyball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics."}], "question": "When did the United States declare war on the country where the Longest Night film, titled after the birth city of You Wenhui, was set?"}
{"id": "3hop2__30390_14253_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Airport", "paragraph_text": "At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very differently though."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Uzbekistan", "paragraph_text": "Following 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., Uzbekistan approved the U.S. Central Command's request for access to an air base, the Karshi-Khanabad airfield, in southern Uzbekistan. However, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases after the Andijan massacre and the U.S. reaction to this massacre. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that \"there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927\u20131931 (and the 1931\u20132007) historical scene\". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and B\u00f6hm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "During World War II, Hayek began the \u2018Abuse of Reason\u2019 project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science. Usually, scientism involves combining the philosophers' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Yellow Christ", "paragraph_text": "The Yellow Christ (in French: Le Christ jaune) is a painting executed by Paul Gauguin in 1889 in Pont-Aven. Together with \"The Green Christ\", it is considered to be one of the key works of Symbolism in painting."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sevastopol International Airport", "paragraph_text": "The airfield was first constructed in June 1941, during the third year of World War II. Initially it housed a military fighter aviation unit. Constructed without a hardened runway, after the war the airfield received a concrete runway, but remained exclusively in use by the military. During the second half of the 1980s, after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, the airfield was significantly increased and improved, as the airfield was to be used by him when travelling to the presidential dacha on the southern coast of the Crimea, near the cape of Foros. Subsequently, it was also allowed to use the airfield for civilian purposes."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: \u201cThe human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.\u201d"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "On Sentinel Peak (also known as \"'A' Mountain\"), just west of downtown, there is a giant \"A\" in honor of the University of Arizona. Starting in about 1916, a yearly tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the \"A\", which was visible for miles. However, at the beginning of the Iraq War, anti-war activists painted it black. This was followed by a paint scuffle where the \"A\" was painted various colors until the city council intervened. It is now red, white and blue except when it is white or another color decided by a biennial election. Because of the three-color paint scheme often used, the shape of the A can be vague and indistinguishable from the rest of the peak. The top of Sentinel Peak, which is accessible by road, offers an outstanding scenic view of the city looking eastward. A parking lot located near the summit of Sentinel Peak was formerly a popular place to watch sunsets or view the city lights at night."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the \"Law and Society\" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont P\u00e8lerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Portim\u00e3o Airport", "paragraph_text": "Portim\u00e3o Airport is a small airport in \"Montes de Alvor\", near the city of Portim\u00e3o in Algarve, Portugal. The airport has one single short asphalt runway in the 11/29 direction and is mainly used by general aviation, with parachuting being common from the airfield."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as \"very fruitful\". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Licata Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Licata Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Italy, located in the vicinity of Licata, Sicily. It was a temporary fighter airfield constructed in the immediate aftermath of Operation Husky by Army Engineers using Pierced Steel Planking for its runway, parking and dispersal areas, not designed for heavy aircraft or for long-term use."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calculation problem,\" Hayek wrote that \"there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance.\" Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes \"[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state.\" Bernard Harcourt says that \"Hayek was adamant about this.\" In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tsili Tsili Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Tsili Tsili (Tsile-Tsile) Airfield is a former World War II airfield in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. The airfield was abandoned after the war and today has almost totally returned to its natural state."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Suicide of Jason Altom", "paragraph_text": "Jason Altom (6 October 1971 \u2013 15 August 1998) was a Ph.D. student working in the research group of Nobel laureate Elias James Corey at Harvard University. He killed himself by taking potassium cyanide in 1998, citing in his suicide note \"abusive research supervisors\" as one reason for taking his life. Altom was studying a complex natural product and felt enormous pressure to finish the molecule before starting his academic career."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Passive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft. Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War. During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921. Although Hayek met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought. In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein, when both were officers during World War I. After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials; and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Alpnach Air Base", "paragraph_text": "The Air Base Alpnach (ICAO code LSMA) is a Swiss Air Force airfield near the town Alpnach in Canton of Obwalden in Switzerland. It has a concrete runway with a length of and a width of , as well as several taxiways and hangars."}], "question": "Following the war during which Hayek began work on Abuse of Reason, a conflict in which some airfield runways were painted green, developed between the U.S. and what nation?"}
{"id": "3hop2__161616_147012_77103", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "The Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Mary's area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun and then Hampton. Archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Ghaziabad district (pronounced [\u0263a\u02d0zi\u02d0a\u02d0\u02c8ba\u02d0d\u032a \u02c8z\u026ala\u02d0]) is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India of National Capital Region.  The city of Ghaziabad is the administrative headquarters of the district. This district is part of Meerut Division.  It has become a major bedroom community for Delhi."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Austin, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Austin, Texas, began in the 1830s when Anglo - American settlers arrived in Central Texas. In 1837 settlers founded the village of Waterloo on the banks of the Colorado River, the first permanent settlement in the area. By 1839, Waterloo would adopt the name Austin and become the capital of the Republic of Texas."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England", "paragraph_text": "Christianisation of the Anglo - Saxon Kingdoms began in AD 597, influenced by Celtic Christianity from the north - west and by the Roman church from the south - east, gradually replacing Anglo - Saxon polytheism which had been introduced to what is now England over the course of the 5th and 6th centuries with the arrival of the Anglo - Saxons. The first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine took office in 597 AD. In 601, he baptized the first Christian Anglo - Saxon king, \u00c6thelberht of Kent. The last pagan Anglo - Saxon / Jutish king, Arwald, died in 686."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Big Sky Country (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Big Sky Country\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter and guitarist, Chris Whitley. It was the second single to be released from his 1991 d\u00e9but album, \"Living with the Law\", and became a hit single in the United States, rising to #35 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart in 1991."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Live from KCRW", "paragraph_text": "Live from KCRW is the fourth live album by the Australian alternative rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. It was released on 29\u00a0November 2013\u00a0on Bad Seed Ltd. The album features a live radio session recorded for KCRW on 18\u00a0April 2013\u00a0at Apogee Studio in Los Angeles, California, United States. The session, which featured a stripped-down line-up performing songs from the band's back catalogue and their most recent release, \"Push the Sky Away\" (2013), was recorded by Bob Clearmountain."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Reluctant Widow (film)", "paragraph_text": "The Reluctant Widow is a 1950 British historical drama film directed by Bernard Knowles and starring Jean Kent, Guy Rolfe, Paul Dupuis and Lana Morris. It is based on the novel \"The Reluctant Widow\" by Georgette Heyer, with the screenplay written by Gordon Wellesley and others. The screenplay concerns a governess who marries a British aristocrat, and inherits his country house when he dies. The ongoing Napoleonic Wars see her become embroiled with a spy ring."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mechtilde", "paragraph_text": "Saint Mechtilde of Hackeborn (1240/1241 \u2013 19 November 1298) was a Saxon Christian saint (from what is now Germany) and a Benedictine nun. In the modern Benedictine calendar, her feast is celebrated on the anniversary of her death, November 19. She died in the monastery of Helfta."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Suga Mama", "paragraph_text": "The accompanying music video for \"Suga Mama\" was released to British music channels in April 2007. It was shot in black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina Matsoukas alongside Knowles for the B'Day Anthology Video Album, which was released the same month; \"Suga Mama\" was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the video album. It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light, and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to \"slowly become a woman\" during the video, adding \"Well, a sexier woman \u2013 I'm always a woman.\"Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars, which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc. Though she is from Texas, she had never previously been on mechanical bull. There were no problems during warm-ups, but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster, causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot, leaning back and turning around. To minimize the time Knowles spent on the bull, the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second (see frame rate) and Knowles sang twice as quickly, but it wasn't until 4:00 am that they completed work."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "City of Geelong", "paragraph_text": "The City of Geelong was a local government area about southwest of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The city covered an area of , and existed from 1849 until 1993."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Madison, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1829 on an isthmus between Lake Monona and Lake Mendota, Madison was named the capital of the Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and became the capital of the state of Wisconsin when it was admitted to the Union in 1848. That same year, the University of Wisconsin was founded in Madison and the state government and university have become the city's two largest employers. The city is also known for its lakes, restaurants, and extensive network of parks and bike trails, with much of the park system designed by landscape architect John Nolen."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Austin City Limits", "paragraph_text": "Austin City Limits (ACL) is an American public television music program recorded live in Austin, Texas, by Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) member television station KLRU, and broadcast on many PBS stations around the United States. The show helped Austin to become widely known as the \"Live Music Capital of the World\", and is the only television show to receive the National Medal of Arts, which it was awarded in 2003. It also won a rare institutional Peabody Award in 2011 \"for its more than three decades of presenting and preserving eclectic American musical genres.\" For the first 12 seasons (1976\u201387), \"Austin City Limits\" was produced by the Southwest Texas Public Broadcasting Council. Beginning in season 13 (1988), \"Austin City Limits\" moved to its current production home at Austin's PBS affiliate KLRU, the Capital of Texas Public Telecommunications Council. The show was created in 1974 by Bill Arhos, Bruce Scafe, and Paul Bosner."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "London", "paragraph_text": "With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "paragraph_text": "Bayar was pardoned in 1966. Full political rights were restored to him in 1974, but he declined an invitation to become a life member of the Senate, on the grounds that one can represent the people only if elected. He died on 22 August 1986 in Istanbul at the age of 103 after a brief illness. From 24 April 1978, when former Paraguay President Federico Ch\u00e1vez died, until his own death Bayar was the world's oldest living former head of state."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Xex\u00e9u", "paragraph_text": "Xex\u00e9u is a city in Pernambuco, Brazil. It is located in Zona da mata Pernambucana from the state capital Recife."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sky Saxon", "paragraph_text": "In 2008, Saxon and the Seeds collaborated on some new songs and recordings with Billy Corgan of the Smashing Pumpkins. Saxon later appeared in the music video of the Smashing Pumpkins' song \"Superchrist\". Sky Saxon's last performance and recording was done in Austin, Texas."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Valencia", "paragraph_text": "With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Frederick John Knowles", "paragraph_text": "Corporal Frederick John Knowles (born 1895 in Nairn, Moray, Scotland; died 1979) was a Scottish World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Indian Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}], "question": "When did the death city of Sky Saxon become the capital of the US state having Knowles?"}
{"id": "3hop2__106842_65244_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability, and as a world symbol of freedom and cultural diversity."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Thirteen Colonies", "paragraph_text": "In 1606, King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in North America. The London Company established the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1607, the first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent. The Plymouth Company founded the Popham Colony on the Kennebec River, but it was short - lived. The Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects, culminating with Plymouth Colony in 1620 which was settled by the English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims. The Dutch, Swedish, and French also established successful North American colonies at roughly the same time as the English, but they eventually came under the English crown. The Thirteen Colonies were complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732, although the term ``Thirteen Colonies ''became current only in the context of the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "In 1524, nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch, the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoul\u00eame by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France, former Count of Angoul\u00eame. The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen (English: ``Half Moon ''), captained by Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch Republic, as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Holland's stadholder. Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company. Instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long - established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish - speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name \"Begraafplaats van de Neger\" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term \"black\" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Thirteen Colonies", "paragraph_text": "In 1606, King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in North America. The first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, established 1607. The Plymouth Company did found the Popham Colony on the Kennebec River, but it was short - lived. The Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects, culminating with Plymouth Colony, which was settled by the English Puritans who are known today as the Pilgrims. The Dutch, Swedish, and French also established successful North American colonies at roughly the same time as the English, but they eventually came under the English crown. The 13 colonies were complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732, although the term ``Thirteen Colonies ''became current only in the context of the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "@Seven", "paragraph_text": "At Seven, commonly stylised as @Seven, was a New Zealand comedy show where Petra Bagust and other comedians present the \"real news\" from the last 24 hours from New Zealand and the rest of the world. The show replaced \"Campbell Live\", a New Zealand current-affairs program for the Summer Holidays in 2009/2010 whilst \"Campbell Live\" took a break. \"@Seven\" finished for the 2009/2010 summer holiday break on 22 January 2010 and was replaced with the normal TV3 7pm show, \"Campbell Live\". \"@Seven\" did not return the following summer break instead TV3 screened re-runs of \"Modern Family\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "German Americans", "paragraph_text": "None of the German states had American colonies. In the 1670s, the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia. Immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with eight million arrivals from Germany. Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States -- more than doubling the entire population of the country. By 2010, their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants, reflecting a jump of 6 million people since 2000."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa\u2019s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865\u20131909), there was the large \u201cpiece of that great African cake\u201d known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819\u2013859)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (later King James II)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of New York (state)", "paragraph_text": "The history of New York begins around 10,000 BC, when the first native peoples arrived. By 1100 AD, New York's main native cultures, the Iroquoian and Algonquian, had developed. European discovery of New York was led by the French in 1524 and the first land claim came in 1609 by the Dutch. As part of New Netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans. In 1664, England renamed the colony New York, after the Duke of York (later James II & VII.) New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "England's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck there of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown, thereby founding the Colony of Virginia. The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland, but was largely unsuccessful. In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous trans-Atlantic voyage: Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics (1634), Rhode Island (1636) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut (1639) for Congregationalists. The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York. This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in exchange for Suriname. In 1681, the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Fredericton", "paragraph_text": "When New Brunswick became a separate colony from Nova Scotia in 1784, Ste. Anne's Point became the provincial capital, winning out over Parrtown (present - day Saint John) due to its central inland location. This made it less prone to American attack from the sea. A street plan was laid out to the west of the original townsite, King's College (now the University of New Brunswick) was founded, and the locale was renamed ``Frederick's Town '', in honour of the second son of King George III of the United Kingdom, Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York. The name was shortened to Fredericton shortly after the city became the official provincial capital of New Brunswick on 25 April 1785. Thus, in a period of less than three years, the area of Fredericton went from being a sparsely populated region to being the capital of the new colony of New Brunswick."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", "paragraph_text": "The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present - day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. The Pilgrims' leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist separatist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 16th -- 17th century Holland in the Netherlands. The Pilgrims held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. As a separatist group, they were also concerned that they might lose their English cultural identity if they remained in the Netherlands, so they arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America. The colony was established in 1620 and became the second successful English settlement in North America (after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607). The Pilgrims' story became a central theme of the history and culture of the United States."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Plymouth Colony", "paragraph_text": "Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691. The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth, a location previously surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony and developed as the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of the modern state of Massachusetts."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", "paragraph_text": "The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present - day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. The Pilgrims' leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist separatist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 17th - century Holland in the Netherlands. They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. They were also concerned that they might lose their English cultural identity if they remained in the Netherlands, so they arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America. The colony was established in 1621 and became the second successful English settlement in North America (after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607). The Pilgrims' story became a central theme of the history and culture of the United States."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful maritime power."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Staten Island", "paragraph_text": "The towns of Staten Island were dissolved in 1898 with the consolidation of the City of Greater New York, as Richmond County became one of the five boroughs of the expanded city. Although consolidated into the City of Greater New York in 1898, the county sheriff of Staten Island maintained control of the jail system, unlike the other boroughs who had gradually transferred control of the jails to the Department of Correction. The jail system was not transferred until January 1, 1942. Today, Staten Island is the only borough without a New York City Department of Correction major detention center."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Charles Stanford (politician)", "paragraph_text": "Charles Stanford (April 26, 1819 Watervliet (now Colonie), Albany County, New York \u2013 August 24, 1885) was an American merchant, newspaper publisher and politician from New York."}], "question": "One country sent the first European colonists to New York. When did that country explore the country that later had a TV show called @Seven?"}
{"id": "3hop1__136590_30587_83479", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February -- 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese - controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five - week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Fist of Fury II", "paragraph_text": "Fist of Fury II (, a.k.a. Chinese Connection 2 and Fist of Fury Part II), is a 1977 Hong Kong kung fu film directed by Iksan Lahardi and Tso-nam Lee, and starring Bruce Li and Lo Lieh. It is the sequel to Bruce Lee\u2019s 1972's \"Fist of Fury\"."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Christine (1983 film)", "paragraph_text": "Although the car in the film is identified as a 1958 Plymouth Fury -- and in 1983 radio ads promoting the film, voiceover artists announced, ``she's a '57 Fury ''-- two other Plymouth models, the Belvedere and the Savoy, were also used to portray the malevolent automobile onscreen. John Carpenter placed ads throughout Southern California searching for models of the car, and was able to purchase twenty - four of them in various states of disrepair, which were used to build a total of seventeen models of the Fury."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fury in the Pacific", "paragraph_text": "Fury in the Pacific is a 1945 American documentary short film about a pair of World War II battles in the Pacific: the Battle of Peleliu and the Battle of Angaur. It was co-produced by the United States Army, United States Navy, and the United States Marines, and directed by a series of combat cameraman \u2014 of whom nine became casualties of the battles they were filming. The film is especially noteworthy for its praise of the fighting abilities of Japanese soldiers (a rarity for American propaganda during World War II), and its fast-paced editing."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Mohi", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Mohi (today Muhi), also known as Battle of the Saj\u00f3 River or Battle of the Tisza River (11 April 1241), was the main battle between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe. It took place at Muhi, southwest of the Saj\u00f3 River. After the invasion, Hungary lay in ruins. Nearly half of the inhabited places had been destroyed by the invading armies. Around 15\u201325 percent of the population was lost, mostly in lowland areas, especially in the Great Hungarian Plain, the southern reaches of the Hungarian plain in the area now called the Banat and in southern Transylvania."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kung Fury", "paragraph_text": "Sometime in the early 1980s, Miami-Dade Police Department detective Kung Fury and his partner Dragon apprehend a red ninja in a back alley, but Dragon is sliced in half by the ninja while Kung Fury is suddenly struck by lightning and bitten by a cobra, giving him extraordinary kung fu powers that enable him to defeat his foe. Years later in 1985, after defeating a rogue arcade machine robot, Kung Fury quits the force when he is assigned to partner with Triceracop, fearing that he would lose another partner in the line of duty. Meanwhile, Adolf Hitler, a.k.a. \"Kung F\u00fchrer\", enters the timeline and remotely guns down the police chief and attacks the precinct through a mobile phone. Intent to avenge the chief, Kung Fury has computer whiz Hackerman send him back in time to kill Hitler in Nazi Germany. A glitch in the system, however, sends him back into the Viking Age. After Kung Fury meets the Viking valkyries Barbarianna and Katana, the Norse god Thor sends him to Nazi Germany for him to finish his job."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Battle of Olustee", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Olustee or Battle of Ocean Pond was fought in Baker County, Florida on February 20, 1864, during the American Civil War. It was the only major battle fought in Florida during the war."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cursor's Fury", "paragraph_text": "Cursor's Fury is a 2006 high fantasy novel by American writer Jim Butcher. It is book three of the \"Codex Alera\" novel series. It takes place approximately two years after the events in book two, \"Academ's Fury\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Woden Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "The Woden Cemetery is the main cemetery in Canberra, the capital of Australia. It is located adjacent to the Woden Town Centre."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Battle of Rheinberg", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Rheinberg took place on 12 June 1758 in Rheinberg, Germany during the Seven Years' War. A French force under the command of Comte de Clermont and an Anglo-German force under the command of the Duke of Brunswick fought a largely indecisive battle. It was a precursor to the more decisive Battle of Krefeld nine days later."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of the Atlantic", "paragraph_text": "As an island nation, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods. Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight. In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war: the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting. From 1942 onwards, the Axis also sought to prevent the build - up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe. The defeat of the U-boat threat was a pre-requisite for pushing back the Axis. The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies -- the German blockade failed -- but at great cost: 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk in the Atlantic for the loss of 783 U-boats (the majority being Type VII submarines) and 47 German surface warships, including 4 battleships (Scharnhorst, Bismarck, Gneisenau, and Tirpitz), 9 cruisers, 7 raiders, and 27 destroyers. Of the U-boats, 519 were sunk by British, Canadian, or other allied forces, while 175 were destroyed by American forces; 15 were destroyed by Soviets and 73 were scuttled by their crews before the end of the war for various causes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Isted", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Isted (; ) took place on 25 July 1850 near the village of Idstedt (Danish: \"Isted\"), in what is today Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The battle was part of the First Schleswig War."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of Bunker Hill", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, which was peripherally involved in the battle. It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which later became known as Breed's Hill."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2002\u201303 SV Werder Bremen season", "paragraph_text": "SV Werder Bremen retained its 6th place in Bundesliga with a solid season, in spite of key players Frank Rost and Torsten Frings leaving prior to the season. Coach Thomas Schaaf bought Johan Micoud as replacement for Frings, with the French ex-Parma player making an instant impact in Germany, while Ailton once again hit 16 goals, finishing third in the goal scoring charts."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Arctic", "paragraph_text": "The Arctic (/ \u02c8\u0251\u02d0rkt\u026ak / or / \u02c8\u0251\u02d0rt\u026ak /) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Northern Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost - containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February \u2013 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps and Navy landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese-controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five-week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Woorim, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Woorim is a suburb of the Moreton Bay Region in Queensland, Australia on the eastern, or ocean, side of Bribie Island, adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. In the , the suburb recorded a population of 1,765 persons, with a median age of 53 years."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Captain America: The Winter Soldier", "paragraph_text": "Two years after the Battle of New York, Steve Rogers works in Washington, D.C. for the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. under Director Nick Fury, while adjusting to contemporary society. Rogers and Agent Natasha Romanoff are sent with S.H.I.E.L.D.'s counter-terrorism S.T.R.I.K.E. team, led by Agent Rumlow, to free hostages aboard a S.H.I.E.L.D. vessel from Georges Batroc and his mercenaries. Mid-mission, Rogers discovers Romanoff has another agenda: to extract data from the ship's computers for Fury. Rogers returns to the Triskelion, S.H.I.E.L.D.'s headquarters, to confront Fury and is briefed about Project Insight: three Helicarriers linked to spy satellites, designed to preemptively eliminate threats. Unable to decrypt the data recovered by Romanoff, Fury becomes suspicious about Insight and asks senior S.H.I.E.L.D. official Alexander Pierce to delay the project."}], "question": "What was Germany's main goal when fighting in the ocean near detective Kung Fury's town?"}
{"id": "3hop1__5844_89752_75165", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Catholic Church in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Catholic Church in the United States is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome. With 70.4 million members, it is the largest religious denomination in the United States, comprising 22% of the population as of 2017. The United States has the fourth largest Catholic population in the world after Brazil, Mexico and the Philippines, the largest Catholic minority population, and the largest English - speaking Catholic population. The central leadership body of the Catholic Church in the United States is the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are located in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and 65 percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010, with 1,252,987 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents. Between 2000 and 2010, the cities that led the state in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Mississippi ( (listen)) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States. Mississippi is bordered to north by Tennessee, to the east by Alabama, to the south by the Gulf of Mexico, to the southwest by Louisiana, and to the northwest by Arkansas.  Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River.  Jackson is both the state's capital and largest city.  Greater Jackson, with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018, is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mecklenburg County, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Mecklenburg County is a county located on the border in the southwestern part of the state of North Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 919,628. It increased to 1,034,070 as of the 2015 estimate, making it the most populous county in North Carolina and the first county in the Carolinas to surpass 1 million in population. Its county seat and largest city is Charlotte."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wheatland, California", "paragraph_text": "Wheatland is the second-largest city by population in Yuba County, California, United States. The population was 3,456 at the 2010 census, up from 2,275 at the 2000 census. Wheatland is located southeast of Marysville."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Arlington, Texas", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's estimate, the city had a population of 396,394 in 2017, making it the second-largest city in the county (after Fort Worth) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area. Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas, and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Jacksonville, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Jacksonville is a city in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 12,548, which is a 49% increase since 2000. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area. Jacksonville State University is located here, which is a center of commerce and one of the largest employers in the area."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States. The Miami metropolitan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in the United States, and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States. As of 2008[update], the United Nations estimates that the Miami Urban Agglomeration is the 44th-largest in the world."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083  (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 \u2013 the third-largest in the state \u2013 and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Greenville County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Greenville County is a county located in the state of South Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 451,225, making it the most populous county in the state. In 2017, the estimated population of the county was 506,837. Its county seat is Greenville. The county is also home to the Greenville County School District, the largest school system in South Carolina. County government is headquartered at Greenville County Square."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Maine", "paragraph_text": "State of Maine \u00c9tat de Maine (French) Flag Seal Nickname (s): ``The Pine Tree State ''`` Vacationland'' Motto (s): ``Dirigo ''(Latin for`` I lead'', ``I guide '', or`` I direct'') State song (s): ``State of Maine Song ''Official language None Spoken languages English: 92% French: 5% Other: \u2264 3% Demonym Mainer Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Largest metro Greater Portland Area Ranked 39th Total 35,385 sq mi (91,646 km) Width 210 miles (338 km) Length 320 miles (515 km)% water 13.5 Latitude 42 \u00b0 58 \u2032 N to 47 \u00b0 28 \u2032 N Longitude 66 \u00b0 57 \u2032 W to 71 \u00b0 5 \u2032 W Population Ranked 42nd Total 1,335,907 (2017 est.) Density 43.0 / sq mi (16.6 / km) Ranked 38th Median household income $50,756 (40th) Elevation Highest point Mount Katahdin 5,270 ft (1606.4 m) Mean 600 ft (180 m) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood District of Maine (Massachusetts) Admission to Union March 15, 1820 (23rd) Governor Paul LePage (R) President of the Senate Michael Thibodeau (R) Legislature Maine Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Susan Collins (R) Angus King (I) U.S. House delegation Chellie Pingree (D) Bruce Poliquin (R) (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC \u2212 5 / \u2212 4 ISO 3166 US - ME Abbreviations ME, Me. Website www.maine.gov"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit (/d\u1d7b\u02c8tr\u0254\u026at/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States\u2013Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A pub /p\u028cb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968. Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the Southeast, and the 12th most populous in the United States. Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "New England", "paragraph_text": "The states of New England have a combined area of 71,991.8 square miles (186,458 km), making the region slightly larger than the state of Washington and larger than England. Maine alone constitutes nearly one - half of the total area of New England, yet is only the 39th - largest state, slightly smaller than Indiana. The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S., including the smallest state -- Rhode Island."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of municipalities in Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Michigan is a state located in the Midwestern United States. According to the 2010 United States Census, Michigan is the 8th most populous state with 7006988412900000000 \u2660 9,884,129 inhabitants but the 22nd largest by land area spanning 56,538.90 square miles (146,435.1 km) of land. Michigan is divided into 83 counties and contains 533 incorporated municipalities consisting of cities and villages. Specifically, Michigan has 276 cities, 257 villages, and 1,240 townships."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Charleston had an estimated population of 134,385 in 2016. The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was 761,155 residents in 2016, the third - largest in the state and the 78th - largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census. Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Colorado Springs, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the largest city by area in Colorado as well as the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County, Colorado, United States. Colorado Springs is located in the east central portion of the state. It is situated on Fountain Creek and is located 60 miles (97 km) south of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver."}], "question": "What is the population of the largest state in the region of the U.S. where pubs are found?"}
{"id": "3hop1__131820_59747_54362", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of municipalities in Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "The largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta with 420,003 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Edge Hill with 24 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Augusta, a consolidated city - county, which spans 302.47 sq mi (783.4 km), while Edge Hill and Santa Claus are tied for the smallest at 0.18 sq mi (0.47 km) each."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968. Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the Southeast, and the 12th most populous in the United States. Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population. The population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 620,602 as of July 2014. As of 2014, the Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,322,429, and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,459,758 (Chamber of Commerce) residents, making it Oklahoma's largest metropolitan area. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county or borough)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Mississippi ( (listen)) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States. Mississippi is bordered to north by Tennessee, to the east by Alabama, to the south by the Gulf of Mexico, to the southwest by Louisiana, and to the northwest by Arkansas.  Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River.  Jackson is both the state's capital and largest city.  Greater Jackson, with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018, is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami (/ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi/; Spanish pronunciation: [mai\u02c8ami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Wheatland, California", "paragraph_text": "Wheatland is the second-largest city by population in Yuba County, California, United States. The population was 3,456 at the 2010 census, up from 2,275 at the 2000 census. Wheatland is located southeast of Marysville."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Tucson (/\u02c8tu\u02d0s\u0252n/ /tu\u02d0\u02c8s\u0252n/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is  located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "WEKL", "paragraph_text": "WEKL, known on-air as \"102.3 K-Love\", is a Contemporary Christian radio station in the United States, licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Augusta, Georgia, broadcasting on 102.3\u00a0MHz with an ERP of 1.5\u00a0kW. Its studios are located at the Augusta Corporate Center with the market\u2019s other iHeartMedia owned sister stations in Augusta, and the transmitter is located in Augusta near Fort Gordon."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arlington, Texas", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's estimate, the city had a population of 396,394 in 2017, making it the second-largest city in the county (after Fort Worth) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area. Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas, and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tomendeh", "paragraph_text": "Tomendeh is a village in Kono District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. Virtually all homes in the village were burned during the Sierra Leone civil war. The Kono make up the largest ethnic group in the village and their Kono language is most widely spoken language in the village."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are located in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and 65 percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010, with 1,252,987 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents. Between 2000 and 2010, the cities that led the state in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Fruitland, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Fruitland is a city in Muscatine County, Iowa, United States. The population was 977 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Muscatine Micropolitan Statistical Area. A large coal-burning power plant, owned by Mid-American Energy, is located southeast of Fruitland, in Louisa County."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nevada", "paragraph_text": "Nevada (Spanish for ``snowy ''; see pronunciations) is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, but the 9th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Nearly three - quarters of Nevada's people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas -- Paradise metropolitan area where three of the state's four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada's capital is Carson City. Nevada is officially known as the`` Silver State'' because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the ``Battle Born State '', because it achieved statehood during the Civil War (the words`` Battle Born'' also appear on the state flag); as the ``Sagebrush State '', for the native plant of the same name; and as the`` Sage - hen State''. Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast and Utah to the east."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Atlanta in the American Civil War", "paragraph_text": "In 1864, as feared by Jeremy F. Gilmer, Atlanta did indeed become the target of a major Union invasion. The area now covered by metropolitan Atlanta was the scene of several fiercely contested battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, Battle of Ezra Church and the Battle of Jonesboro. On September 1, 1864, Confederate Gen. John Bell Hood evacuated Atlanta, after a five - week siege mounted by Union Gen. William Sherman, and ordered all public buildings and possible Confederate assets destroyed."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Charleston had an estimated population of 134,385 in 2016. The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was 761,155 residents in 2016, the third - largest in the state and the 78th - largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit (/d\u1d7b\u02c8tr\u0254\u026at/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States\u2013Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jersey City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Jersey City is the second-most - populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the county's largest city. As of 2016, the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that Jersey City's population was 264,152, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, an increase of about 6.7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 77th - largest in the nation."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083  (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 \u2013 the third-largest in the state \u2013 and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wichita, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Wichita (/ \u02c8w\u026at\u0283\u026at\u0254\u02d0 / WITCH - i - taw) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas. Located in south - central Kansas on the Arkansas River, it is the county seat of Sedgwick County and the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area which had an estimated population of 644,610 in 2015. As of 2017, the city of Wichita had an estimated population of 391,586."}], "question": "During the Civil War who ordered the burning of the most populous city in the state where WEKL radio is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__102055_30152_20999", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mint (facility)", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in the Roman Empire, dating from about the 4th century BC, significantly influenced later development of coin minting in Europe."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories. Many of those had inhabited these lands for centuries, developing a unique culture. Germans were also forced to leave the former eastern territories of Germany, which were annexed by Poland (Silesia, Pomerania, parts of Brandenburg and southern part of East Prussia) and the Soviet Union (northern part of East Prussia). Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200e) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Aung San Oo", "paragraph_text": "Aung San Oo () is the elder brother of State Counsellor of Myanmar and Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi; the two are the only surviving children of Burmese independence leader Aung San. Aung San Oo is an engineer. Aung San Oo has been described by the Burmese Lawyers' Council and the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma as a potential surrogate of the junta in an attempt to humiliate Aung San Suu Kyi and place her in an untenable position. \"Time\" magazine reports that, according to Burmese exiles and observers in Rangoon, the junta used the alleged surrogacy of Aung San Oo and his lawsuit as an act of spite against the National League for Democracy leader."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2014 Scottish independence referendum", "paragraph_text": "A referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom took place on Thursday 18 September 2014. The referendum question, which voters answered with ``Yes ''or`` No'', was ``Should Scotland be an independent country? ''The`` No'' side won, with 2,001,926 (55.3%) voting against independence and 1,617,989 (44.7%) voting in favour. The turnout of 84.6% was the highest recorded for an election or referendum in the United Kingdom since the introduction of universal suffrage."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish State. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Somalis in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Somalis in the United Kingdom include British citizens and residents born in, or with ancestors from, Somalia. It is thought that the United Kingdom (UK) is home to the largest Somali community in Europe, with an estimated 98,000 Somali - born immigrants residing in the UK in 2016 according to the Office for National Statistics. The majority of these live in England, with the largest number found in London. Smaller Somali communities exist in Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Liverpool, Leicester, Milton Keynes, Sheffield and Cardiff."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition \u2014 first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) \u2014 that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ye Ko Oo", "paragraph_text": "Ye Ko Oo (born 20 August 1994) is a Burmese footballer who plays as a midfielder for Yadanarbon in Myanmar National League. He played for silver medalist Myanmar U23 at the 2015 SEA Games. He has also participated in matches at the 2010 AFC President's Cup, 2011 AFC President's Cup, and 2015 AFC Cup with his club Yadanarbon FC."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Communications in Somalia", "paragraph_text": "There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English."}], "question": "How were the people that the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire made coins to proclaim independence from, expelled from the country where Ye Ko Oo holds citizenship?"}
{"id": "3hop2__105895_30152_20999", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pegangsaan, Menteng", "paragraph_text": "Pegangsaan is an administrative village in the Menteng district of Indonesia. It has a postal code of 10320. This administrative village is also known as the location of the house where the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish State. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: that of Indian independence. India's two major political parties\u2014the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League\u2014had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of the British Raj, and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977\u20131991)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition \u2014 first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) \u2014 that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200e) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Coinage of India", "paragraph_text": "The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Phoe Pyonn Cho", "paragraph_text": "Phoe Pyonn Cho is a 1955 Myanmar drama film directed by Mya Maung. The film picked up three Myanmar Academy Awards including Best Film, Best Actor, Best Child Actor."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mint (facility)", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in the Roman Empire, dating from about the 4th century BC, significantly influenced later development of coin minting in Europe."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from Le\u00f3n. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers."}], "question": "How were the people that the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire made coins to proclaim independence from, expelled from the country where Phoe Pyonn Cho was produced?"}
{"id": "3hop1__137065_39743_24526", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, Southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm) of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150 in (380 cm). This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.6 \u00b0F (0.3 \u00b0C); however, temperatures usually drop to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) several times per winter, and reach 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) several days each winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 \u00b0F (24.7 \u00b0C) in July and an average humidity level of 72%. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). In the warmer months, the dew point, a measure of atmospheric moisture, ranges from 57.3 \u00b0F (14.1 \u00b0C) in June to 62.0 \u00b0F (16.7 \u00b0C) in August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from \u221215 \u00b0F (\u221226 \u00b0C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on July 9, 1936."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bucharest", "paragraph_text": "Bucharest has a humid continental climate (Dfa), with warm to hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the city's winters can get windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F), sometimes even to \u221220 \u00b0C (\u22124 \u00b0F). In summer, the average temperature is 23 \u00b0C (73 \u00b0F) (the average for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 \u00b0C (95 to 104 \u00b0F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer are low, occasional heavy storms occur. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 \u00b0C (63 and 72 \u00b0F), and precipitation during spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley massif, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing an estimated 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near \u221215 \u00b0C (5 \u00b0F), but can drop below \u221240 \u00b0C (\u221240 \u00b0F) with severe wind chills. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s \u00b0C (70s \u00b0F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 \u00b0C (77 to 86 \u00b0F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200\u20132,300 metres (3,900\u20137,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100\u20133,300 metres (6,900\u201310,800 ft). Under K\u00f6ppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28\u201330 \u00b0C (82\u201386 \u00b0F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 \u00b0C (50.2 \u00b0F)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Haggis Baggis", "paragraph_text": "Haggis Baggis is an American game show that aired on NBC from 1958 to 1959. Jack Linkletter hosted the primetime version while Fred Robbins and Dennis James did the daytime show. The announcer was Bill Wendell, with some editions announced by Jerry Damon."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts. Average temperatures exceed 32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F) during summer and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) in winter. Except at cool mountain elevations, the inland monthly temperatures are 2\u20137 \u00b0C (4\u201313 \u00b0F) warmer than around Melbourne (see chart). Victoria's highest maximum temperature since World War II, of 48.8 \u00b0C (119.8 \u00b0F) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009, during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F (8\u201312 \u00b0C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3\u20135 in (8\u201313 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Virginia in the American Civil War", "paragraph_text": "Most of the battles in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War took place in Virginia because the Confederacy had to defend its national capital at Richmond, and public opinion in the North demanded that the Union move ``On to Richmond! ''The successes of Robert E. Lee in defending Richmond are a central theme of the military history of the war. The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capitol, was home to the family of Confederate leader Jefferson Davis."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Phoenix, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification BWh), typical of the Sonoran Desert. Phoenix has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild to warm winters. The city is located within the sunniest region in the world. Measuring 3,872 hours of bright sunshine annually, Phoenix receives the most sunshine of any major city on Earth. Average high temperatures in summer are the hottest of any major city in the United States. On average, there are 107 days annually with a high of at least 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C) including most days from late May through early October. Highs top 110 \u00b0 F (43 \u00b0 C) an average of 18 days during the year. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all - time recorded high of 122 \u00b0 F (50 \u00b0 C). Despite the city's claim to the most extreme heat in summer, however, it does not have the highest average annual temperature in the contiguous United States. In that respect, it comes second to Miami; Phoenix has an average daily temperature of 75 \u00b0 F (24 \u00b0 C), compared to Miami's 77 \u00b0 F (25 \u00b0 C)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Delhi features a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh). The warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high temperature above 39 \u00b0C (102 \u00b0F). The hottest day of the year is 22 May, with an average high of 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) and low of 28 \u00b0C (82 \u00b0F). The cold season lasts from 26 November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). The coldest day of the year is 4 January, with an average low of 2 \u00b0C (36 \u00b0F) and high of 14 \u00b0C (57 \u00b0F). In early March, the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with an increase in humidity. The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 2 to 47 \u00b0C (35.6 to 116.6 \u00b0F), with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being \u22122.2 and 48.4 \u00b0C (28.0 and 119.1 \u00b0F), respectively. The annual mean temperature is 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 \u00b0C (55 to 90 \u00b0F). The highest temperature recorded in July was 45 \u00b0C (113 \u00b0F) in 1931. The average annual rainfall is approximately 886 mm (34.9 in), most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August. The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently characterized by rain. Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 \u00b0F (4.8 \u00b0C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 \u00b0F (\u22127 \u00b0C). Summers are sunny, dry and warm, with August, the warmest month, averaging 66.1 \u00b0F (18.9 \u00b0C), and with temperatures reaching 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 3.1 days per year, although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 \u00b0F. The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 \u00b0F (39 \u00b0C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 \u00b0F (\u22129 \u00b0C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 \u00b0F (22 \u00b0C) the day the official record high was set. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 16 thru March 10, allowing a growing season of 250 days."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the state, with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s \u00b0F (6\u20133 \u00b0C) for highs in the winter and falling into the low 20s \u00b0F (\u22125 \u00b0C) or lower on winter nights. Relatively cool summers have temperatures rarely rising above 80 \u00b0F (27 \u00b0C). Average snowfall in many areas exceeds 30 in (76 cm) per year, and can be heavy at the higher elevations; for example, during the Blizzard of 1993 more than 60 in (152 cm) of snow fell on Mount Mitchell over a period of three days. Mount Mitchell has received snow in every month of the year."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Bill Jefferson Show", "paragraph_text": "The Bill Jefferson Show is a television program featuring traditional country music and airing on WPXR-TV, the ION network affiliate in Roanoke, Virginia. The program is filmed in Rocky Mount, Virginia, the beginning of the \"crooked road\" which is an area known for its contribution to traditional American music. The show airs in 39 regions encompassing central and southwest Virginia as well as parts of West Virginia and North Carolina. Notable is the fact that it is reminiscent of the early days of country and western music with cast members dressed in country/western attire and the use of instrumentation such as steel guitar, banjo and fiddle."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Pass the Buck (American game show)", "paragraph_text": "Pass the Buck is a game show that aired on CBS television's daytime lineup from April 3 to June 30, 1978. The series was hosted by Bill Cullen and was created by Bob Stewart. Bob Clayton was the announcer."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The January daily average is 33.0 \u00b0F (0.6 \u00b0C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) during thaws and dips to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 \u00b0F (25.6 \u00b0C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2, allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry; February's average of 2.64 inches (67 mm) makes it the area's driest month. The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 \u00b0F (15 \u00b0C) to 64.5 \u00b0F (18 \u00b0C)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of 26.6 \u00b0C (80 \u00b0F), although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 \u00b0C (89 \u00b0F), the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to \u22124.1 \u00b0C (25 \u00b0F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to \u22128.8 \u00b0C (16 \u00b0F). Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Richmond is located at 37\u00b032\u2032N 77\u00b028\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff37.533\u00b0N 77.467\u00b0W\ufeff / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, \u221277.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 \u00b0F (24.2 \u00b0C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs even just a few miles west of Atlantic City exceed 85 \u00b0F (29 \u00b0C) in July. Near the coast, temperatures reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on an average of only 6.8 days a year, but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City Int'l.[a] Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.5 \u00b0F (2 \u00b0C). Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25, allowing a growing season of 239 days. Extreme temperatures range from \u22129 \u00b0F (\u221223 \u00b0C) on February 9, 1934 to 104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C) on August 7, 1918.[b]"}], "question": "What is the average winter daytime temperature in the region where Richmond is found, in the state where The Bill Jefferson show is filmed?"}
{"id": "3hop2__62137_6070_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor and musician. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ian Holm", "paragraph_text": "Holm raised his profile in 1997 with two prominent roles, as the stressed but gentle priest Vito Cornelius in The Fifth Element and the tormented plaintiff's lawyer in The Sweet Hereafter. In 2001 he starred in From Hell as the physician Sir William Withey Gull. The same year he appeared as Bilbo Baggins in the blockbuster film The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, having previously played Bilbo's nephew Frodo Baggins in a 1981 BBC Radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings. He reappeared in the trilogy in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), for which he shared a SAG award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. He reprised his role as the elder Bilbo Baggins in the movie The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String is a 2003 American made for cable erotic film written and directed by Terry M. West. It is based on the novel \"The Lord of the Rings\" by J. R. R. Tolkien."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Qing dynasty", "paragraph_text": "However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia. The Qing response, successful for a time, was in 1756 to establish the Canton System, which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Russky Island", "paragraph_text": "The 2012 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit was held on Russky Island and about US$6 billion was set aside for the development of the island and Vladivostok in preparation for the summit and construction of the site for the 2012 APEC conference that was also planned and built as a new campus for the Far Eastern Federal University. Plans include the potential to develop the island as a large scale tourist resort, and the construction of the official residence of the Russian President in the Russian Far East in Boyarin Bay were approved by the APEC summit. The Russky Bridge between Russky Island and Vladivostok was completed in July 2012, and has the longest cable-stayed bridge span in the world at ."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring is an artefact that appears as the central plot element in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954 -- 55). It is described in an earlier story, The Hobbit (1937), as a magic ring of invisibility. In the sequel, The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien ascribes to the Ring a darker character, with malevolent power going far beyond conferring invisibility: it was created by Sauron the Dark Lord as part of his design to win domination over Middle - earth. The Lord of the Rings concerns the quest to destroy the Ring to keep Sauron from fulfilling his design."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand's conservation areas and national parks. Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000, a period of 438 days. Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003. The series was shot at over 150 different locations, with seven different units shooting, as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown. Along with Jackson directing the whole production, other unit directors included John Mahaffie, Geoff Murphy, Fran Walsh, Barrie Osbourne, Rick Porras, and any other assistant director, producer, or writer available. Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds, and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result, he only got around four hours of sleep a night. Due to the remoteness of some of the locations, the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time. The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification. The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Figwit", "paragraph_text": "Bret McKenzie, half of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords and a Wellington native, first landed a small role as an extra in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. He appears sitting next to Aragorn during the council in Rivendell scene. When it is decided that the Ring must be destroyed, Frodo offers to take the Ring to Mordor, and Elrond proclaims the formation of the Fellowship of the Ring. The elf was dubbed ``Figwit ''by Tolkien fan Iris Hadad; after seeing Frodo agree to take the ring, saying`` I will take it'', the film switches to a shot where Figwit can be seen standing on the far right, and Hadad's initial reaction was ``Frodo is grea... who is THAT?!? ''Later, Hadad corresponded with her university friend Sherry de Andres, and the two created the first Figwit fan website, www.figwitlives.net, calling him`` Legolas for the thinking woman''."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Indian Ocean", "paragraph_text": "Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians reached most of the far flung islands and atolls and populated them, almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa, the Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished.  Maldivians, on their annual trade trip, took their oceangoing trade ships to Sri Lanka rather than mainland India, which is much closer, because their ships were dependent of the Indian Monsoon Current.Arabic missionaries and merchants began to spread Islam along the western shores of the Indian Ocean from the 8th century, if not earlier.  A Swahili stone mosque dating to the 8th-15th centuries have been found in Shanga, Kenya.  Trade across the Indian Ocean gradually introduced Arabic script and rice as a staple in Eastern Africa.From 1405 to 1433 admiral Zheng He said to have led large fleets of the Ming Dynasty on several treasure voyages through the Indian Ocean, ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa.In 1497 Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and became the first European to sail to India (with the help of an Indian sailor) and later the Far East. The European ships, armed with heavy cannon, quickly dominated trade. Portugal achieved pre-eminence by setting up forts at the important straits and ports. Their hegemony along the coasts of Africa and Asia lasted until the mid 17th century. Later, the Portuguese were challenged by other European powers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Industrial Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were British. By the mid-18th century Britain controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Evergreen Marine", "paragraph_text": "Evergreen Marine Corporation () ( ), is a Taiwanese container transportation and shipping company headquartered in Luzhu District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Its principal trading routes are the Far East to North America, Central America and the Caribbean; the Far east to northern Europe and the east Mediterranean; Europe to the east coast of North America; the Far East to Australia, Mauritius, South Africa and South America; and an intra Asia service linking ports in Asia to the Middle East, Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. With over 150 container ships it is part of the Evergreen Group conglomerate of transportation firms and associated companies. Evergreen calls on 240 ports worldwide in about 80 countries, and is the fifth largest company of its type. The company's activities include: shipping, construction of containers and ships, management of ports, and engineering and real estate development. Subsidiaries and divisions include Uniglory Marine Corp. (Taiwan), Evergreen UK Ltd. (UK), and shipping company Italia Marittima S.p.A. (Italy)."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "In 1957, The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award. Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s. The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 ``Big Read ''survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the`` Nation's best - loved book''. In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite ``book of the millennium ''. The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle - earth. In disguise as Annatar, or ``Lord of Gifts '', he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power. He then forged the One Ring himself in the fires of Mount Doom."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Aragorn", "paragraph_text": "Aragorn Middle - Earth character Full Name Aragorn II Elessar Telcontar Race Men Gender Male Kingdoms and Cultures Reunited Kingdom D\u00fanedain House of Isildur N\u00famen\u00f3rean Title (s) King of the Reunited Kingdom Birth 1 March, T.A. 2931 Death 1 March, F.A. 120 (age 210) Once Owned And\u00faril Ring of Barahir Sceptre of Ann\u00faminas Notable Aliases Elessar (Elfstone) Telcontar (``Strider '') Thorongil (`` Eagle of the Star'') Estel (``Hope '') Family Spouse (s) Arwen Parentage Arathorn II and Gilraen; Elrond (foster father) Children Eldarion, at least two daughters Other Notable Relations Isildur An\u00e1rion Elendil Elros Book Appearances The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Portrayed By Viggo Mortensen Major character in The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Portrayals in adaptations The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (film) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (film) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (film)"}], "question": "When did the developer of far east trade arrive where The Lord of the Rings wa hot?"}
{"id": "3hop1__37079_34179_23375", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ninety-Three", "paragraph_text": "Ninety-Three (\"Quatrevingt-treize\") is the last novel by the French writer Victor Hugo. Published in 1874, shortly after the bloody upheaval of the Paris Commune, the novel concerns the Revolt in the Vend\u00e9e and Chouannerie \u2013 the counter-revolutionary revolts in 1793 during the French Revolution. It is divided into three parts, but not chronologically; each part tells a different story, offering a different view of historical general events. The action mainly takes place in Brittany and in Paris."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German\u2013Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi\u2013Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Heian period", "paragraph_text": "With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. Three years later, he was appointed shogun in Kyoto. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne. Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya", "paragraph_text": "The 1830s were the golden age of \"Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya\" which in its first two years published works by Alexander Pushkin. In the 1840s Andrey Krayevsky's \"Otechestvennye Zapiski\" became a strong rival. This, as well as the social changes in Russia contributed to \"BDC\"s decline. By 1847, when the subscription figures dropped to 3 thousand, Smirdin has already gone bankrupt. A year later the magazine was acquired by the book trader V.P.Pechatkin who invited Albert Starchevsky as a co-editor. In 1856 Alexander Druzhinin became its editor, to be joined by Alexei Pisemsky. As Druzhinin retired due to poor health, Pisemsky in November 1860 became \"BDC\"s editor-in-chief. He left the magazine in 1863 to be succeeded by Pyotr Boborykin and Nikolai Voskoboynikov. \"Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya\"s final issue came out in April 1865."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fresnes, Val-de-Marne", "paragraph_text": "Fresnes is a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris, next to Antony, Sceaux and Rungis."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Marumakal", "paragraph_text": "Marumakal is a 1952 Malayalam film that marks the acting debut of Prem Nazir. Produced by Paul Kallungal under the banner of M. P. Productions and directed by M. K. Chari, the film stars Prem Nazir in the lead role of the protagonist, and Kedamangalam Sadanandan, T. S. Muthaiah, S. J. Dev, Neyyattinkara Komalam, Revathi, Ammini, S. V. Susheela, Vijayalakshmi and Durga Varma in other roles. \"Marumakal\", which had a delayed release, was a fiasco at the box office. Prem Nazir is credited as Abdul Khader in the film. He was renamed Prem Nazir only after his next release \"Visappinte Vili\". Nazir watched the film from Coastal Talkies, Alappuzha."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Next (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Next is a 2006 techno-thriller novel by Michael Crichton, the last to be published during his lifetime. \"Next\" takes place in the present world, where both the government and private investors spend billions of dollars every year on genetic research. The novel follows many characters, including transgenic animals, in the quest to survive in a world dominated by genetic research, corporate greed, and legal interventions."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 22 August, one day after the talks broke down with France and Britain, Moscow revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day. This happened while the Soviets were still negotiating with the British and French missions in Moscow. With the Western nations unwilling to accede to Soviet demands, Stalin instead entered a secret Nazi\u2013Soviet pact. On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included: consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power, no membership of a group \"which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WWE 2K18", "paragraph_text": "WWE 2K18 is an upcoming professional wrestling video game being developed in a collaboration between Yuke's and Visual Concepts, and to be published by 2K Sports. It is scheduled to be released worldwide on October 17, 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows. The Nintendo Switch version is scheduled to be released in Fall 2017. It is the nineteenth game in the WWE game series (fifth under the WWE 2K banner), and is the sequel to WWE 2K17. It will be the first video game under the WWE 2K banner to be released on a Nintendo platform. This will also be the first video game under the WWE 2K banner to not be released on PlayStation 3 or Xbox 360."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Banner, Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Banner is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Mississippi, United States. Banner is located along Mississippi Highway 9W, north-northwest of Bruce."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New King James Version", "paragraph_text": "The New King James Version (NKJV) is a translation of the Bible published by HarperCollins (a subsidiary of News Corp). The New Testament was published in 1979, the Psalms in 1980, and the full Bible in 1982. It took seven years to complete. The anglicized edition was originally known as the Revised Authorized Version, but the NKJV title is now used universally."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Rockaway Valley Methodist Church", "paragraph_text": "It was built in 1842 and added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places in 1976. The next year, in 1977, it was added to the National Register."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Twelfth Doctor", "paragraph_text": "The Doctor The Twelfth Doctor Doctor Who character Peter Capaldi as the Twelfth Doctor First regular appearance ``The Time of the Doctor ''Last regular appearance`` Twice Upon a Time'' Portrayed by Peter Capaldi Preceded by Matt Smith Succeeded by Jodie Whittaker Information Tenure 25 December 2013 -- 25 December 2017 No of series Appearances 35 stories (40 episodes) Companions Clara Oswald River Song Nardole Bill Potts Chronology Series Series 8 (2014) Series 9 (2015) Series 10 (2017) Previous version Eleventh Doctor Next version Thirteenth Doctor"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Central Asia Counternarcotics Initiative", "paragraph_text": "The Central Asia Counternarcotics Initiative (CACI) is an American proposed plan to tackle illegal drug trafficking in Central Asia. The plan was proposed during the Third Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact Partners on Combating Illicit Traffic in Opiates Originating in Afghanistan, which took place in Vienna on 16 February 2012."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "USB", "paragraph_text": "The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s), which should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia. Signatures were collected in Tartu, and students assembled in the university's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government. At a demonstration on May 1, 1987, young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an official ban. On August 15, 1987, former political prisoners formed the MRP-AEG group (Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), which was headed by Tiit Madisson. In September 1987, the Edasi newspaper published a proposal by Edgar Savisaar, Siim Kallas, Tiit Made, and Mikk Titma calling for Estonia's transition to autonomy. Initially geared toward economic independence, then toward a certain amount of political autonomy, the project, Isemajandav Eesti (\"A Self-Managing Estonia\") became known according to its Estonian acronym, IME, which means \"miracle\". On October 21, a demonstration dedicated to those who gave their lives in the 1918\u20131920 Estonian War of Independence took place in V\u00f5ru, which culminated in a conflict with the militia. For the first time in years, the blue, black, and white national tricolor was publicly displayed."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Henri \u00c9tienne Sainte-Claire Deville", "paragraph_text": "He was born in the island of St Thomas in the Danish West Indies, where his father was French consul. Together with his elder brother Charles he was educated in Paris at the coll\u00e8ge Rollin. In 1844, having graduated as a doctor of medicine and doctor of science, he was appointed to organize the new faculty of science at Besan\u00e7on, where he acted as dean and professor of chemistry from 1845 to 1851. Returning to Paris in the latter year he succeeded Antoine J\u00e9r\u00f4me Balard at the \u00c9cole Normale, and in 1859 became professor at the Sorbonne in place of J. B. A. Dumas, for whom he had begun to lecture in 1853. He died at Boulogne-sur-Seine."}], "question": "What year was the version of the pact of the person succeeding the Soviet Premier next to whom a Paris Commune banner was placed published?"}
{"id": "3hop1__155271_156475_44892", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alexander Hamilton Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Alexander Hamilton Bridge carries eight lanes of traffic over the Harlem River in New York City between the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx, connecting the Trans-Manhattan Expressway in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan and the Cross-Bronx Expressway, as part of Interstate 95 and U.S. 1. The bridge opened to traffic on January 15, 1963, the same day that the Cross-Bronx Expressway was completed. For 2011, the New York City Department of Transportation, which operates and maintains the bridge, reported an average daily traffic volume in both directions of 182,174; having reached a peak ADT of 192,848 in 1990."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Chetwynd River", "paragraph_text": "The Chetwynd River rises southwest of , and flows generally west by north before reaching its confluence with the Glenelg River west of . The river descends over its course. It can be crossed by vehicle (in order from upstream) at the east end of Steep Gully road, Nareen, then Tites bridge on Careys road, Nareen, then at the Casterton-Edenhope road about one mile south of Chetwynd, and again on the same road at the bridge 40 yards east of the Chetwynd T-junction, and finally just east of the northernmost point of the Chetwynd Junction road."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Freixo Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Freixo Bridge () which was inaugurated in 1995 is a Portuguese bridge over the Douro river, connecting Vila Nova de Gaia and Porto. The purpose of its construction was to create an alternative to Arr\u00e1bida and D. Luis I bridges. The designers of he bridge are Ant\u00f3nio Reis and Daniel de Sousa. The bridge with total length of 705 m has 8 spans."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gordie Howe International Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Gordie Howe International Bridge (), previously known during development as the Detroit River International Crossing and the New International Trade Crossing, is a project to build a cable-stayed bridge and border crossing across the Detroit River. The crossing will connect Detroit and Windsor by linking Interstate\u00a075 and Interstate\u00a096 in Michigan with the new extension of Highway\u00a0401 (called the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway) in Ontario. This route will provide uninterrupted traffic flow, as opposed to the current configuration with the nearby Ambassador Bridge, which connects to city streets on the Ontario side. The bridge will be named after Canadian ice hockey player Gordie Howe, who was best known for his tenure with the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Founders Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Founders Bridge is one of the three highway bridges over the Connecticut River in Hartford, Connecticut. The steel stringer bridge carries the Route 2 expressway, and also crosses over Interstate 91 (which runs parallel to the river). the bridge had an average daily traffic of 29,200."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Guillemard Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Guillemard Bridge (Malay: Jambatan Guillemard Jawi: \u062c\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646 \u06ac\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f) is a single track railway truss bridge located in Kusial, in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia. It is two of the oldest railway bridges in the country after Victoria Bridge in Perak. The bridge was constructed between May 1920 and July 1924 by The Metro Carriage Wagon & Finance Co. Ltd based in Wednesbury, England as a crossing over the Kelantan River. The bridge was officially opened on 1925 by the late Almarhum Sultan Muhammad IV of Kelantan and was named after the British Governor for the Straits Settlements, Sir Laurence Guillemard (1920 - 1927)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Rama VI Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Rama VI Bridge () is a railway bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, in Thailand, connecting the districts Bang Sue and Bang Phlat. It was the first bridge to cross the Chao Phraya River. Construction started in December 1922 during the reign of Rama VI to link the Northern and Eastern rail lines with the southern rail lines. It was officially opened on 1 January 1927. The bridge was severely damaged during World War II, was repaired 1950-1953 and officially reopened on 12 December 1953."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Southampton", "paragraph_text": "The River Test runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the New Forest. There are bridges over the Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at Redbridge in the south and the M27 motorway to the north. The River Itchen runs through the middle of the city and is bridged in several places. The northernmost bridge, and the first to be built, is at Mansbridge, where the A27 road crosses the Itchen. The original bridge is closed to road traffic, but is still standing and open to pedestrians and cyclists. The river is bridged again at Swaythling, where Woodmill Bridge separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river. Further south is Cobden Bridge which is notable as it was opened as a free bridge (it was originally named the Cobden Free Bridge), and was never a toll bridge. Downstream of the Cobden Bridge is the Northam Railway Bridge, then the Northam Road Bridge, which was the first major pre-stressed concrete bridge to be constructed in the United Kingdom. The southernmost, and newest, bridge on the Itchen is the Itchen Bridge, which is a toll bridge."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The road continues over the Jiajiang Bridge, crossing the smaller Jiajiang branch of the river, into the Jianye District of Nanjing."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean", "paragraph_text": "Rocks from the North Atlantic Igneous Province have been found in Greenland, the Irminger Basin, Faroe Islands, V\u00f8ring Plateau (off Norway), Faroe - Shetland Basin, Hebrides, Outer Moray Firth and Denmark. The supercontinent known as Pangea existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras and began to rift around 200 million years ago. Pangea had three major phases of breakup. The first major phase began in the Early - Middle Jurassic, taking place between North America and Africa. The second major phase of breakup began in the Early Cretaceous. The South Atlantic Ocean opened around 140 million years ago as Africa separated from South America, and about the same time, India separated from Antarctica and Australia, forming the central Indian Ocean. The final major phase of breakup occurred in the early Cenozoic, as Laurentia separated from Eurasia. As the two plates broke free from each other, the Atlantic Ocean continued to expand."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Taemas Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Taemas Bridge is a two-lane road bridge crossing the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. The bridge crosses on the river just before it enters Lake Burrinjuck, which has been created by the Burrinjuck Dam. The bridge is a key part of the road between Yass and Wee Jasper, and from there, to Tumut. The bridge is around 26 kilometres from Yass and 22 kilometres from Wee Jasper. The current bridge was completed in 1931 and is over 200 metres in length."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hanging Bridge at Chekaguda, Rayagada", "paragraph_text": "Hanging Bridge at Chekaguda is Odisha's second hanging bridge near Rayagada in Orissa, India over the Nagavali River. The bridge links the town of Rayagada to the villages of Mariguda, Chakaguda etc. The bridge is mainly a medium of communication as well as a tourist attraction. The bridge is open all the year round (subject to weather) and people may cross it without a fee."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Eudora Kaw River Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Eudora Kaw River Bridge is an automobile and pedestrian crossing of the Kansas River located just north of Eudora, Kansas. A girder bridge, it is the first bridge over the river for almost four miles, as the Highway 2 Bridge is far off to the east."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Burlington\u2013Bristol Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Burlington\u2013Bristol Bridge is a truss bridge with a lift span crossing the Delaware River from Burlington, New Jersey to Bristol Township, Pennsylvania in the United States. Construction of the bridge started on April 1, 1930, and the bridge opened to traffic on May 2, 1931. The bridge carries NJ 413 and PA 413."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Merchants Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Merchants Bridge, officially the Merchants Memorial Mississippi Rail Bridge, is a rail bridge crossing the Mississippi River between St. Louis, Missouri, and Venice, Illinois. The bridge is owned by the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis. It opened in May 1889 and crossed the river north of the Eads Bridge."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dartford Crossing", "paragraph_text": "The Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing, commonly known as the Dartford Crossing and until 1991 the Dartford Tunnel, is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, carrying the A282 road between Dartford in Kent in the south and Thurrock in Essex in the north. It consists of two bored tunnels and the cable-stayed Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. The only fixed road crossing of the Thames east of Greater London, it is the busiest estuarial crossing in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of over 130,000 vehicles. It opened in stages: the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980 and the bridge in 1991. The crossing, although not officially designated a motorway, is considered part of the M25 motorway's route, using the tunnels northbound and bridge southbound. Described as one of the most important road crossings in Britain, it suffers from heavy traffic and congestion."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Top Gear controversies", "paragraph_text": "The Top Gear presenters go across Burma and Thailand in lorries with the goal of building a bridge over the river Kwai. After building a bridge over the Kok River, Clarkson is quoted as saying ``That is a proud moment, but there's a slope on it. ''as a native crosses the bridge, 'slope' being a pejorative for Asians."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "North Kansas Avenue Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The North Kansas Avenue Bridge is a four lane, automobile and pedestrian crossing of the Kansas River at Topeka, Kansas, U.S.A. The bridge connects downtown Topeka to North Topeka. It is open to traffic."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dartford Crossing", "paragraph_text": "The Dartford - Thurrock River Crossing, commonly known as the Dartford Crossing and until 1991 the Dartford Tunnel, is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, carrying the A282 road between Dartford in Kent to the south with Thurrock in Essex to the north. It consists of two bored tunnels and the cable - stayed Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. The only fixed road crossing of the Thames east of Greater London, it is the busiest estuarial crossing in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of over 130,000 vehicles. It opened in stages: the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980 and the bridge in 1991. The crossing, although not officially designated a motorway, is considered part of the M25 motorway's route, using the tunnels northbound and bridge southbound. Described as one of the most important road crossings in Britain, it suffers from heavy traffic and congestion."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Douro", "paragraph_text": "Major Spanish riverside towns include Soria, Almaz\u00e1n, Aranda de Duero, Tordesillas, Zamora and major Portuguese towns include Miranda do Douro, Foz C\u00f4a, Peso da R\u00e9gua, Lamego, Vila Nova de Gaia, and Porto. The most populous cities along the Douro River are Valladolid and Zamora in Spain, and Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. The latter two are located at the mouth of the Douro at the Atlantic Ocean."}], "question": "When did the ocean that the river crossed by Freixo Bridge flows into, start to expand?"}
{"id": "3hop2__30152_106971_20999", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from Le\u00f3n. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lae War Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "The Lae War Cemetery, established in 1944, is located adjacent to the Botanical Gardens in the centre of the city of Lae, the capital of Morobe Province, in Papua New Guinea. The cemetery is managed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lae Bombers", "paragraph_text": "The Lae Bombers (known as the Lae LBC Bombers for sponsorship reasons) are a rugby league team that represent the Morobe Province in the PNG NRL competition. They have been involved in the tournament since its inception in 1990. They play their home-ground matched in the city of Lae, the second largest city in Papua New Guinea."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mint (facility)", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in the Roman Empire, dating from about the 4th century BC, significantly influenced later development of coin minting in Europe."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977\u20131991)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Communications in Somalia", "paragraph_text": "There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lae Sar", "paragraph_text": "Lae Sar (; translated Deceive or Tricky) is a 2006 Myanmar comedy drama film directed by Thein Maung (Phoenix), who is mainly involved in directing TV commercials."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Butterfly and Flowers", "paragraph_text": "Butterfly and Flowers (, or \"Peesua lae dokmai\") is a 1985 Thai drama film directed by Euthana Mukdasanit, set in Muslim-majority southern Thailand. The film was screened at the 1985 Hawaii International Film Festival, one of the earliest Thai films to gain exposure outside Thailand."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200e) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition \u2014 first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) \u2014 that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lae Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Lae Airfield is a former World War II airfield and later, civilian airport located at Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. The airport was closed in the 1980s, in favour of Lae Nadzab Airport, which was able to accommodate larger jet aircraft. The airport was known as Lae Drome or Lae Aerodrome"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "9 Mile, Lae", "paragraph_text": "9 Mile is a large village in the Markham Valley of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. It lies along the Highlands Highway from the center of Lae between the foothills of the Atzera Range and the Markham River. The Atzera Range starts at Bugandi and runs adjacent to the Markham River has an elevation of 280 meters above sea level. northwest of Lae, southeast of Nadzab. The landscape is typically lowland rainforest."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish State. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution."}], "question": "How were the people the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire proclaimed independence from expelled from the country that released Lae Sar?"}
{"id": "3hop2__136582_23308_28343", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Kabul Express", "paragraph_text": "\"Kabul Express\" is the first fictional film for director Kabir Khan who has made several documentaries over the years in Afghanistan. According to him \"Kabul Express\" is loosely based on his and his friend Rajan Kapoor's experiences in post-taliban Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tripartite Struggle", "paragraph_text": "The Tripartite Struggle for control of northern India took place in the ninth century. The struggle was between the Pratihara Empire, the Pala Empire and the Rashtrakuta Empire."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry \"has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis,\" a Washington Post report stated in May 2011, as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of Osama bin Laden \"has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet,\" the report continued, as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from Kabul to Pakistan. Among matters discussed during the May visit to Pakistan, under the general rubric of \"recalibrating\" the bilateral relationship, Kerry sought and retrieved from the Pakistanis the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike. In 2013, Kerry met with Pakistan's army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani to discuss the peace process with the Taliban in Afghanistan."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lord of the Flies (1990 film)", "paragraph_text": "One night, as they sleep, the delusional Captain Benson wanders away from the boys and into the jungle, eventually making his way to a cave deep inland. Jack brings all of his hunters to hunt in the jungle, leaving no one watching the fire. The fire goes out, preventing a passing helicopter from noticing them. Ralph blames Jack for failing to keep it going. During the ensuing fight, Jack, tired of listening to Ralph and Piggy, leaves and forms his own camp, taking many of the boys with him. As more and more boys defect to Jack's side, one of the younger boys, Larry, finds Captain Benson in the cave, mistakes him for a monster and stabs him, and then tells the other boys. Jack and his second - in - command Roger (Gary Rule) then go to the cave's entrance and mistakes Captain Benson's dying groans for the sounds of a monster."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Intelsat 603", "paragraph_text": "Intelsat 603 was launched at 11:52:31 UTC on 14 March 1990, atop a Commercial Titan III carrier rocket, flight number CT-2, with an Orbus-21S upper stage. The launch took place from Launch Complex 40 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and was intended to place Intelsat 603 into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. The Orbus-21S failed to separate from the Titan's second stage, and as a result it was unable to fire, leaving Intelsat 603 in low Earth orbit."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1938, the U.S. adopted a succession of increasingly restrictive trade restrictions with Japan. This included terminating its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan in 1939, further tightened by the Export Control Act of 1940. These efforts failed to deter Japan from continuing its war in China, or from signing the Tripartite Pact in 1940 with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, officially forming the Axis Powers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sally (Flight of the Conchords)", "paragraph_text": "Jemaine (Jemaine Clement) and Bret (Bret McKenzie) attend a party thrown by their friend Dave (Arj Barker). In the crowd Jemaine spots a beautiful woman, Sally (Rachel Blanchard), inspiring him to sing ``Most Beautiful Girl (In the Room) ''. Jemaine and Sally leave the party and eventually go back to the band's apartment, but just as they begin kissing, Bret disturbs them by turning on the light, and an embarrassed Sally leaves. The next morning, Jemaine blames her departure on`` the whole situation with the light''. However, Bret suggests it was because he used to date her himself."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Muhammad Abu Tir", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Hassan Abu Tir (, also known as-Sheikh Abu Mus'ab, 1951) is a member of Hamas and a representative on the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) for his East Jerusalem constituency. He was elected to the position in the Palestinian legislative elections that were held on 25 January 2006. Abu Tir is known for his bright orange henna-dyed beard which separates him from most other politicians and members of his community. He tended to keep a low media profile before he was placed in Israeli prison for four years: On 29 June 2006, Abu Tir was arrested by Israeli military authorities in the 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict. He was held until June 2010, after which Israel ordered him to leave the country because he refused to resign from the Hamas legislature. On June, 2010, he was rearrested after he failed to leave East Jerusalem."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "International School of Kabul", "paragraph_text": "The International School of Kabul (ISK) was a private co-educational K-12 school in Kabul, Afghanistan. Founded in 2003 as Kabul International Academy (KIA), the International School of Kabul provided a college-prep level U.S. (English speaking) curriculum to the children of expatriate families within the international development community and to repatriated and resident Afghans. A gift from the U.S. government in the form of a USAID grant in 2005 provided the necessary fiscal support to successfully expand the school, which was then re-chartered under the name ISK. The school closed in 2015."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "March 2012 Damascus bombings", "paragraph_text": "The March 2012 Damascus bombings were two large car bombs that exploded in front of the air intelligence and criminal security headquarters in the Syrian capital of Damascus. At least 27 people were reported killed and over a 140 injured in the fourth major bombing since the beginning of the uprising and the second in the city. As in previous cases, the opposition blamed the government for orchestrating attacks, while the government placed the blame on terrorists and foreign groups."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an \"indirect aggression\" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of \"indirect aggression\" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Dowding accepted that as AOC, he was responsible for the day and night defence of Britain, and the blame, should he fail, would be laid at his door. When urgent changes and improvements needed to be made, Dowding seemed reluctant to act quickly. The Air Staff felt that this was due to his stubborn nature and reluctance to cooperate. Dowding's opponents in the Air Ministry, already critical of his handling of the day battle (see Battle of Britain Day and the Big Wing controversy), were ready to use these failings as a cudgel with which to attack him and his abilities."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "In 1944, Rab Butler introduced the Education Act 1944 which amongst other changes, including the introduction of the Tripartite System, included raising the school leaving age to 15. Although the act should have been brought into effect as from September 1939, it was not implemented because of the effects of World War II, but was eventually enforced from April 1947. The comprehensive school system has since replaced the Tripartite System brought in by this act across most of England. This act also recommended compulsory part - time education for all children until the age of 18, but was dropped, in similar fashion to the 1918 Act, to cut spending after World War II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The quick and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day War by Israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world. The defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries, was blamed on the secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes. A steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics ensued. Ba'athism, Arab socialism, and Arab nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb gained ground."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brigham Young University", "paragraph_text": "In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon \"expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others.\" These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that \"infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor.\" The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows \"religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly\", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: \"The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately.\""}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nobody to Blame", "paragraph_text": "``Nobody to Blame ''is a song recorded by American country music artist Chris Stapleton. The song was released in November 2015 as the singer's third single overall. Stapleton co-wrote the song with Barry Bales and Ronnie Bowman. It became Stapleton's first top 10 single on the US Country Airplay chart.`` Nobody to Blame'' won Song of the Year at the ACM Awards."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2002, IBM acquired PwC consulting. In 2003 it initiated a project to redefine company values. Using its Jam technology, it hosted a three-day Internet-based online discussion of key business issues with 50,000 employees. Results were data mined with sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) for common themes. Three emerged, expressed as: \"Dedication to every client's success\", \"Innovation that matters\u2014for our company and for the world\", and \"Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships\". Another three-day Jam took place in 2004, with 52,000 employees discussing ways to implement company values in practice."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hamidullah Amin", "paragraph_text": "Hamidullah Amin (born 1941) is an Afghan politician from Bagrami District, Kabul Province, was serving as the chancellor of Kabul University from 2008 to 2016. He also worked at the university prior to fleeing Afghanistan in 1988."}], "question": "When did those blamed for the Tripartite discussion failure leave the land shown in Kabul Express?"}
{"id": "3hop1__147135_33897_81096", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jimmy Bryan", "paragraph_text": "James Ernest Bryan (January 28, 1926 \u2013 June 19, 1960) was an American racecar driver who won the 1958 Indianapolis 500. Born in Phoenix, Arizona, Bryan died as a result of injuries sustained in a champ car race at Langhorne Speedway."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lee Brayton", "paragraph_text": "Lee Brayton (born August 13, 1933) is a former American racing driver from Coldwater, Michigan. He competed in the USAC Championship Car series from 1972 to 1975, making 16 starts with a best finish of 10th three times (twice at Michigan International Speedway and once at Texas World Speedway). He attempted to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 in 1972, 1973, and 1974, but after missing the field his first year, was taken out of contention by practice crashes the following two years. His son, Scott Brayton, was a long-time CART and IRL driver, who was killed in a crash during a practice run. Lee Brayton owns Brayton Engineering, an engineering firm that helped build the Buick V6 IndyCar engine as well as fielding a car in the CART series, primarily for Scott, from 1981 to 1986 and then fielded an Indy Racing League car in 2002. They entered two cars in the 2001 Indianapolis 500 for Memo Gidley and Steve Knapp but both missed the field, their single car assault on the field in 2002 with John de Vries again failed. Their last Indy Car event came at the Michigan 400 in 2002 with Scott Harrington at the wheel."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lance Norick", "paragraph_text": "Lance Norick (born September 20, 1968) is an American stock car and sprint car racing driver, and a professional remote control car racer. A former competitor in the NASCAR Busch Series and Craftsman Truck Series, he is the son of former Oklahoma City mayor Ron Norick."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Tucson (/\u02c8tu\u02d0s\u0252n/ /tu\u02d0\u02c8s\u0252n/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is  located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Klenk", "paragraph_text": "The Klenk-Meteor was a racing car which competed in the 1954 German Grand Prix. The car was based on the established German marque of Veritas which was active between 1948 and 1953. Veritas is chiefly remembered as a manufacturer of sports cars and successful Formula Two racing cars. The company closed when its founder, Ernst Loof, became ill. He subsequently died in 1956. The Klenk-Meteor entered for the 1954 German Grand Prix was essentially a Veritas Formula Two car. The car was owned and prepared by the noted German racing driver Hans Klenk who intended to race it himself in the Grand Prix. However, Klenk's career as a racing driver came to an end when he suffered injuries in an accident while working as a test driver for Mercedes-Benz. The car was driven in the Grand Prix by another German, Theo Helfrich. He retired on lap 8 with engine failure."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cochise", "paragraph_text": "Cochise (; in Apache: Shi-ka-She or A-da-tli-chi \u2013 \"having the quality or strength of an oak\", after the whites called him \"Cochise\", the Apache adopted it as \"K'uu-ch'ish\" or \"Cheis\" \"oak\"; c.\u00a01805\u00a0\u2013 June 8, 1874) was leader of the \"Chihuicahui\" local group of the Chokonen (\"central\" or \"real\" Chiricahua) and principal chief (or \"nantan\") of the Chokonen band of the Chiricahua Apache. A key war leader during the Apache Wars, he led an uprising against the U.S. government which began in 1861, and persisted until a peace treaty in 1872. Cochise County, Arizona is named after him."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "ALFA 40/60 HP", "paragraph_text": "The ALFA 40/60 HP is a road car and race car made by Italian car manufacturer ALFA (later to become Alfa Romeo). This model was made between 1913 and 1922 and was designed by Giuseppe Merosi, as were all other Alfas at that time. The 40/60 HP has a 6082 cc straight-4 engine with overhead valves, which produced and its top speed was . The race model 40-60 HP Corsa had and a top speed of , and it also won its own category in the Parma-Berceto race."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2007 Monaco Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "The 2007 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 27 May 2007 at the Circuit de Monaco. It was the fifth round of the 2007 Formula One season. The 78-lap race was won by Fernando Alonso for the McLaren team, from a pole position start. Lewis Hamilton finished second in the other McLaren car, with Felipe Massa third in a Ferrari car."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ronnie Bucknum", "paragraph_text": "He was the father of Jeff Bucknum, an Indy Racing League and American Le Mans Series driver. Ronnie Bucknum died in San Luis Obispo, California following complications from diabetes."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Johnnie Parsons", "paragraph_text": "Johnnie Woodrow Parsons (July 4, 1918 \u2013 September 8, 1984) was an American race car driver from Los Angeles, California who won the Indianapolis 500 in 1950."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2001 Honda Indy 300", "paragraph_text": "The 2001 Honda Indy 300 was a Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) motor race held on 28 October 2001 at the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit in Surfers Paradise, Queensland, in front of a crowd of 110,187 people. It was the twentieth and penultimate round of the 2001 CART season, the eleventh iteration of the Honda Indy 300 and the last race of 2001 to be held outside the United States. The 65-lap race was won by Cristiano da Matta of the Newman-Haas Racing team who began from third. Michael Andretti finished second for Team Green and Forsythe Racing driver Alex Tagliani took third."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "1936 Vanderbilt Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 1936 Vanderbilt Cup (formally known as I George Vanderbilt Cup) was a Grand Prix that was held on 12 October 1936 at Roosevelt Raceway near Westbury, Long Island, New York City, USA. It was the fourth and last race of the 1936 AAA Championship Car season, not counting the non-championship events. The race, contested over 75 laps of 6.39\u00a0km (3.97\u00a0mi), was won by Tazio Nuvolari driving a Alfa Romeo 12C-36 after starting from eighth position."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Desert Diamond West Valley Phoenix Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "After a hiatus of eleven years, the race was revived by the Verizon IndyCar Series in 2016. It was held on Saturday night under the lights. Long considered a popular Indy car track, Phoenix has a rich history of open wheel races, including a spectacular crash involving Johnny Rutherford (1980), and the final career victory for Indy legend Mario Andretti (1993)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1965 Australian Tourist Trophy", "paragraph_text": "The 1965 Australian Tourist Trophy was a motor race staged at the Lakeside circuit in Queensland, Australia on 14 November 1965. It was the ninth annual Australian Tourist Trophy race. The race was open to sports cars as defined by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS) in its Appendix C regulations, and it was recognized by CAMS as the Australian championship for sports cars. It was won by Ian Geoghegan driving a Lotus 23b."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2014 Beijing ePrix", "paragraph_text": "The 2014 Beijing ePrix, formally the 2014 FIA Formula E Evergrande Spring Beijing ePrix, was a Formula E motor race that was held on 13 September 2014 at the Beijing Olympic Green Circuit in Beijing, China. It was the first Championship race of the single-seater, electrically powered racing car series' inaugural season. The race was won by Lucas di Grassi for the Audi Sport ABT team, ahead of Franck Montagny and Sam Bird."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Homero Richards", "paragraph_text": "Homero Richards (born June 8, 1976) is a Mexican race car driver from Mexico City. Richards won back-to-back championships in the Panam GP Series (Latin American Formula Renault championship), in 2004 and 2005. He made his first and only Champ Car World Series start in 2005 at Aut\u00f3dromo Hermanos Rodr\u00edguez."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jeff Altenburg", "paragraph_text": "Jeff Altenburg is a professional race car driver born in the USA. He has won sixteen national championships in both amateur and professional racing."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Danny Kelley", "paragraph_text": "Danny Kelley (born 1964 in Orange City, Florida) is an American stock car racing driver. He is a former competitor in the ARCA Racing Series."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Logan Gomez", "paragraph_text": "Logan Gomez (born December 16, 1988) is an American race car driver from Crown Point, Indiana who most notably competed in the Firestone Indy Lights Series (formerly the Indy Pro Series)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tony Renna", "paragraph_text": "Anthony James \"Tony\" Renna (November 23, 1976 \u2013 October 22, 2003) was an American race car driver who raced in the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series. He made seven starts for Kelley Racing in 2002 and 2003 including the 2003 Indianapolis 500. His best finish was fourth place at Michigan International Speedway in 2002. Renna signed to drive for Chip Ganassi Racing for the 2004 IndyCar Series season alongside Scott Dixon, but during an offseason tire test at Indianapolis Motor Speedway on October 22, 2003, his car spun and became airborne, smashed into the catch fence and shredded apart. Renna died instantly."}], "question": "Who won the Indy car race in the largest city of the present day state where Cochise died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__106845_5188_6375", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Cracker Barrel", "paragraph_text": "Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme. The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969; its first store was in Lebanon, Tennessee, which remains the company headquarters. The chain's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s. As of September 18, 2012, the chain operates 639 stores in 43 states."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "World Happiness Report", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 reiteration was released on 14 March and focused on the relation between happiness and migration. As per 2018 Happiness Report, Finland is the happiest country in the world, with Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Switzerland holding the next top positions. The World Happiness Report 2018 ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, and 117 countries by the happiness of their immigrants. The main focus of this year's report, in addition to its usual ranking of the levels and changes in happiness around the world, is on migration within and between countries. The overall rankings of country happiness are based on the pooled results from Gallup World Poll surveys from 2015 -- 2017, and show both change and stability. Four countries have held the top spot in the last four reports: Denmark, Switzerland, Norway and now Finland. All the top countries tend to have high values for all six of the key variables that have been found to support well - being: income, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom, trust and generosity. Among the top countries, differences are small enough that year - to - year changes in the rankings are to be expected."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of \"containment\" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to \"roll back\". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "A Generation", "paragraph_text": "\"A Generation\" is set in Wola, a working-class section of Warsaw, in 1942 and tells the stories of two young men at odds with the Germans occupation of Poland. The young protagonist, Stach (Tadeusz \u0141omnicki), is living in squalor on the outskirts of the city and carrying out wayward acts of theft and rebellion. After a friend is killed attempting to heist coal from a German supply train, he finds work as an apprentice at a furniture workshop, where he becomes involved in an underground communist resistance cell guided first by a friendly journeyman there who in turn introduces Stach to the beautiful Dorota (Urszula Modrzy\u0144ska). An outsider, Jasio Krone (Tadeusz Janczar), the temperamental son of an elderly veteran, is initially reluctant to join the struggle but finally commits himself, running relief operations in the Jewish ghetto during the uprising there."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Act Naturally", "paragraph_text": "\"Act Naturally\" is a song written by Johnny Russell and Voni Morrison, originally recorded by Buck Owens and the Buckaroos, whose version reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Country Singles chart in 1963, his first chart-topper. In 2002, Shelly Fabian of About.com ranked the song number 169 on her list of the Top 500 Country Music Songs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ocean Front Property", "paragraph_text": "Ocean Front Property is the seventh studio album by American country music artist George Strait, released on January 12, 1987 by MCA Records. It is certified 2\u00d7 Multi-platinum by the RIAA. It is the first album to debut at #1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums Chart. It was ranked #5 on CMT's list of \"40 Greatest Albums in Country Music\" in 2006."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20\u201340%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Society of Communist Czechoslovakia", "paragraph_text": "Czechoslovakia, of all the East European countries, entered the postwar era with a relatively balanced social structure and an equitable distribution of resources. Despite some poverty, overall it was a country of relatively well-off workers, small-scale producers, farmers, and a substantial middle class. Nearly half the population was in the middle-income bracket. Ironically, perhaps, it was balanced and relatively prosperous Czechoslovakia that carried nationalization and income redistribution further than any other East European country. By the mid-1960s, the complaint was that leveling had gone too far. Earning differentials between blue-collar and white-collar workers were lower than in any other country in Eastern Europe. Further, equitable income distribution was combined in the late 1970s with relative prosperity. Along with East Germany and Hungary, Czechoslovakia enjoyed one of the highest standards of living of any of the Warsaw Pact countries through the 1980s."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Haakon Bruun-Hanssen", "paragraph_text": "Haakon Stephen Bruun-Hanssen (born 8 July 1960 in Bergen) is a Norwegian officer with the rank of Admiral and Inspector General of the Navy. He was appointed head of the operational headquarters of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Chief of Defence in 2013."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force \u2013 in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies \u2013 jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song \"My Way\"."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mercer Quality of Living Survey", "paragraph_text": "The Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks 231 cities from Vienna to Baghdad on quality of life. Countries with cities commonly ranked in the top 50 include Austria, Switzerland, New Zealand, Germany, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Australia, Sweden and the United States. Vienna has been ranked first for eight consecutive years."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Space Race", "paragraph_text": "Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles), then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces."}], "question": "Who was the first person to control a spacecraft, from the country the top-ranking Warsaw Pact operatives came from, despite it being headquartered in the country of A Generation?"}
{"id": "3hop1__40070_40004_33224", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Midwest Museum of Natural History", "paragraph_text": "The Midwest Museum of Natural History is a 501(c)3 organization located in Sycamore, Illinois. In 1875, the structure was built as the home of the Universalist Church in Sycamore. In the 1920s the building underwent dramatic changes, becoming the Sycamore Community Center, complete with basketball courts, a swimming pool, and hip hangout, Teen Town. In February 2004, this 129-year-old building was overhauled once again with a top-to-bottom 1.2 million dollar renovation. This included the creation of exhibit halls, classrooms, offices, collection storage, and a new roof and climate controls to help preserve Museum specimens."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Delaware and Hudson Canal Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Delaware and Hudson Canal Museum is a museum in High Falls, New York, United States specializing in the history and culture of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. It is located in a Gothic Revival chapel built in 1885 which was purchased by the Delaware & Hudson Canal Historical Society in 1975. The building is a contributing property to the High Falls Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of Smithsonian museums", "paragraph_text": "The Smithsonian museums are the most widely visible part of the United States' Smithsonian Institution and consist of nineteen museums and galleries as well as the National Zoological Park. Seventeen of these collections are located in Washington D.C., with eleven of those located on the National Mall. The remaining ones are in New York City and Chantilly, Virginia. As of 2010, one museum, the Arts and Industries Building, is closed in preparation for a substantial renovation, and its newest museum building, the National Museum of African American History and Culture, opened in 2016."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tarvasp\u00e4\u00e4", "paragraph_text": "The Gallen-Kallela Museum, located in Tarvasp\u00e4\u00e4, Espoo, Finland and built between 1911 and 1913 was a home and studio for Finnish painter Akseli Gallen-Kallela. The atelier building Tarvasp\u00e4\u00e4 has been a museum since 1961."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Naval War College Museum", "paragraph_text": "The Naval War College Museum in Newport, Rhode Island, is one of 10 official museums operated by the United States Navy, under the direction of the Naval History & Heritage Command and in co-operation with the Naval War College. It is located at Building 10, Luce Avenue, Naval Station Newport. It is located in the building which first house the Naval War College, a structure built in the early 19th century to house Newport's poor. The building is a contributing element to a National Historic Landmark District, along with Luce Hall, the college's first purpose-built building, in recognition of the War College's historical significance."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dubai Museum", "paragraph_text": "Dubai Museum (Arabic: \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u062f\u0628\u064a\u200e) is the main museum in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is located in the Al Fahidi Fort (Arabic: \u062d\u0635\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u200e), built in 1787 and is the oldest existing building in Dubai."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Virginia Randolph Cottage", "paragraph_text": "The Virginia Randolph Cottage, now the Virginia E. Randolph Museum is a museum at 2200 Mountain Road in Glen Allen, Virginia. The museum is dedicated to the history of Virginia E. Randolph (1874\u20131958), an African-American vocational educator in the area for 55 years. The building, built in 1937 and housing Randolph's home economics classrooms, is a National Historic Landmark in recognition of her legacy as a trainer of vocational teachers, and her remains are interred on the grounds. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "National Air and Space Museum", "paragraph_text": "The National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, also called the NASM, is a museum in Washington, D.C.. It was established in 1946 as the National Air Museum and opened its main building on the National Mall near L'Enfant Plaza in 1976. In 2016, the museum saw approximately 7.5 million visitors, making it the second most visited museum in the world, and the most visited museum in the United States. The museum contains the Apollo 11 command module, the Friendship 7 capsule which was flown by John Glenn, Charles Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis, the Bell X-1 which broke the sound barrier, and the Wright brothers' plane near the entrance."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions and houses the Dead Sea scrolls, along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art. Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, is the world central archive of Holocaust-related information. Beth Hatefutsoth (the Diaspora Museum), on the campus of Tel Aviv University, is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world. Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are high-quality artspaces in many towns and kibbutzim. Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad is the largest art museum in the north of the country."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Monroe Doctrine", "paragraph_text": "The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as ``the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. ''At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued on December 2, 1823 at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved, or were at the point of gaining, independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa\u2019s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865\u20131909), there was the large \u201cpiece of that great African cake\u201d known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819\u2013859)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Fridericianum", "paragraph_text": "Having sold soldiers to the British, Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel used his riches to build the world\u2019s first public museum building, which was to stand on the recently laid out parade square in Kassel. The Fridericianum was designed by Huguenot architect Simon Louis du Ry for Landgrave Friedrich II and opened in 1779 as the world's first purpose-built public museum. An encyclopedic museum, the Fridericianum originally housed the state library of Hesse, the art collections of the Hessian landgraves, including the \u201cModern Statue Gallery\u201d, as well as a medal, machinery and watch room, a print room, a manuscripts room and map gallery, scientific instruments, cork models of Roman architecture, and wax figures of historic Hessian landgraves. The Fridericianum also contained a library built to house 100,000 volumes, and was connected to the medieval Zwehrenturm tower, which had been made into an observatory."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of \"containment\" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to \"roll back\". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "National Museum of Kandy", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum of Kandy in Kandy, Sri Lanka is located next to the Temple of the Tooth in part of the former Royal Palace of Kandy. The primary exhibits are housed in the \"Palle Vahala\" building, which was the former home of the King's harem. A secondary exhibition is located in the main palace building. The museum is maintained by the Department of National Museums."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning \"the stone house of arms and ammunition\". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th\u201319th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yale University", "paragraph_text": "Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Uniopolis Town Hall", "paragraph_text": "The Uniopolis Town Hall is a historic village hall and museum in Uniopolis, Ohio, United States. Built in 1875, this Gothic Revival structure was built as a church, the Divinity Church of the United Brethren in Christ. The building ceased to be used for this purpose in 1900, when it was purchased by the village of Uniopolis and converted into a village hall. After more than ninety years of service as a village hall, the building began a process of conversion into the museum of the Uniopolis Historical Society."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Much of Richmond's early architecture was destroyed by the Evacuation Fire in 1865. It is estimated that 25% of all buildings in Richmond were destroyed during this fire. Even fewer now remain due to construction and demolition that has taken place since Reconstruction. In spite of this, Richmond contains many historically significant buildings and districts. Buildings remain from Richmond's colonial period, such as the Patteson-Schutte House and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum (Richmond, Virginia), both built before 1750."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era."}], "question": "What was controlled on the African continent by the country that was opposed by the man who built the National Museum in Kathmandu?"}
{"id": "3hop1__157807_19788_8140", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of reptiles of Alabama", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. state of Alabama is home to 93 indigenous reptile species, not including subspecies. Indigenous species include one species of crocodilian, 12 lizard species, 49 snake species, and 31 turtle species. Three native species have possibly been extirpated from the state. These include the eastern indigo snake, southern hognose snake and the mimic glass lizard."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Red-bellied black snake", "paragraph_text": "The red - bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a species of elapid snake native to eastern Australia. Though its venom is capable of causing significant morbidity, a bite from it is not generally fatal and is less venomous than other Australian elapid snakes. It is common in woodlands, forests and swamplands of eastern Australia. It is one of Australia's best - known snakes, as it is common in urban areas along the eastern coast of Australia. It has an average total length (including tail) of 1.5 to 2 metres (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Sidney Faithorn Green", "paragraph_text": "The Rev. Sidney Faithorn Green (1841\u20131916) was a British clergyman who, during the Ritualist controversies in the Church of England, was imprisoned for 20 months for liturgical practice contrary to the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Salacca", "paragraph_text": "Salacca is a genus of about 20 species of palms native to Southeast Asia and the eastern Himalayas.They are very short-stemmed palms, with leaves up to 6\u20138 m long. The leaves have a spiny petiole; in most species they are pinnate with numerous leaflets, but some species, notably S. magnifica, have undivided leaves. The fruit grow in clusters at the base of the plants, and are edible in many species, with a reddish-brown scaly skin covering a white pulp and one to two large inedible seeds. The Salak (S. zalacca) or snake fruit is the species most widely grown for its fruit; the firm white pulp has a slight acidic taste. The skin of the snakefruit has a unique texture not unlike that of a snake's skin, rough to the touch in one direction but smooth in the other."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Togo", "paragraph_text": "Togo is a multilingual country. According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, many of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members. Of the 39 languages, the sole official language is French. Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975: Ew\u00e9 (Ewe: \u00c8\u028begbe; French: Ev\u00e9) and Kabiy\u00e9; they are also the two most widely spoken indigenous languages."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tentacled snake", "paragraph_text": "The tentacled snake or tentacle snake (Erpeton tentaculatum), is a rear-fanged aquatic snake native to South-East Asia. It is the only species of its genus, Erpeton, and the two tentacles on its snout are a unique feature among snakes. The method it uses to catch fish has recently been a subject of research."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish language in the United States has forty - five million Hispanic and Latino Americans that speak Spanish as their first, second or heritage language, and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States, making it the second most spoken language of the United States. With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish - speaking population in the world after Mexico, although it is not an official language of the country. Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second - language speakers. About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English ``very well ''in the 2000 U.S. Census. The United States is among the Spanish - speaking countries that has its own Academy of the Spanish Language."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the common European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake; none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life, with weasels, polecats, wildcats, most shrews, moles, water voles, roe deer and common toads also being absent from Ireland. This pattern is also true for birds and insects. Notable exceptions include the Kerry slug and certain species of wood lice native to Ireland but not Great Britain."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Languages of Sierra Leone", "paragraph_text": "Sierra Leone is a multilingual country. English is the de facto official language, and Krio is the most widely spoken and is spoken in different countries."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Nepal is a secular state under the Interim Constitution, which was promulgated on January 15, 2007. The Interim Constitution provides for freedom to practice one's religion. The Interim Constitution also specifically denies the right to convert another person. The now - defunct constitution of 1990, which was in effect until January 15, 2007, described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. The Government generally did not interfere with the practice of other religious groups, and religious tolerance was broadly observed; however, there were some restrictions."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 1% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ed, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples."}], "question": "Where the tentacle snake is is native, the most practiced religion employs what as its liturgical language?"}
{"id": "3hop2__161616_153072_77103", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Di Yi", "paragraph_text": "Di Yi (Chinese: \u5e1d\u4e59) was a king of the Shang dynasty of China from 1101BC to 1076 BC. His capital was at Yin."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "City of Geelong", "paragraph_text": "The City of Geelong was a local government area about southwest of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The city covered an area of , and existed from 1849 until 1993."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vegakollai", "paragraph_text": "Vegakkollai is 24.1\u00a0km far from its district head Cuddalore. It is 173\u00a0km far from its Tamil Nadu state capital city Chennai."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Petr\u00f3polis, Rio Grande do Sul", "paragraph_text": "Petr\u00f3polis is a neighbourhood in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. It was created by Law 2022 from December 7, 1959."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tocuyito", "paragraph_text": "Tocuyito is a city of Venezuela, capital of the Libertador Municipality in Carabobo State. It is part of the metropolitan area of Valencia. This city is considered the entry point to Valencia from the motorways that lead to the Southwest (Barquisimeto) and South (towards Cojedes)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "City of Benalla", "paragraph_text": "The City of Benalla was a local government area about northeast of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The city, which was completely surrounded by the Shire of Benalla, covered an area of , and existed from 1948 until 1994."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Korea", "paragraph_text": "In 1392, the general Yi Seong-gye overthrew the Goryeo dynasty after he staged a coup and defeated General Choe Yeong. Yi Seong-gye named his new dynasty Joseon and moved the capital from Kaesong to Hanseong (formerly Hanyang; modern-day Seoul) and built the Gyeongbokgung palace. In 1394, he adopted Confucianism as the country's official ideology, resulting in much loss of power and wealth by the Buddhists. The prevailing philosophy of the Joseon dynasty was Neo-Confucianism, which was epitomized by the seonbi class, scholars who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Wonik Yi", "paragraph_text": "Wonik Yi moved to the United States in 1982 and has been teaching Tukong Moosul in Austin, Texas since then. The Tukong Moosul taught by Yi at his facility in Austin is taught in a similar style to the forms he learned in South Korea."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Quipap\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Quipap\u00e1 is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 186\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 25.603 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (\u5efa\u696d), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Suga Mama", "paragraph_text": "The accompanying music video for \"Suga Mama\" was released to British music channels in April 2007. It was shot in black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina Matsoukas alongside Knowles for the B'Day Anthology Video Album, which was released the same month; \"Suga Mama\" was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the video album. It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light, and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to \"slowly become a woman\" during the video, adding \"Well, a sexier woman \u2013 I'm always a woman.\"Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars, which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc. Though she is from Texas, she had never previously been on mechanical bull. There were no problems during warm-ups, but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster, causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot, leaning back and turning around. To minimize the time Knowles spent on the bull, the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second (see frame rate) and Knowles sang twice as quickly, but it wasn't until 4:00 am that they completed work."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Chinantla", "paragraph_text": "Chinantla is a village in Chinantla Municipality of the state of Puebla, Mexico. It is situated in the southeastern part of the state, and lies some 220 km (136.7mi) from the city of Puebla, the state's capital."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Austin, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Austin, Texas, began in the 1830s when Anglo - American settlers arrived in Central Texas. In 1837 settlers founded the village of Waterloo on the banks of the Colorado River, the first permanent settlement in the area. By 1839, Waterloo would adopt the name Austin and become the capital of the Republic of Texas."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ring the Alarm", "paragraph_text": "\"Ring the Alarm\" is a song recorded by American singer Beyonc\u00e9 for her second studio album, \"B'Day\" (2006). It was written by Knowles, Kasseem \"Swizz Beatz\" Dean and Sean Garrett. Columbia Records released \"Ring the Alarm\" as the second single from \"B'Day\" in the United States on October 17, 2006, while \"Irreplaceable\" (2006) was serviced as the album's second international and third US single. The song's development was motivated by Knowles' role in the Broadway musical adaptation \"Dreamgirls\" (2006). The cover art of \"Ring the Alarm\" proved controversial because Knowles used alligators during the photography session. PETA declared that Knowles' posing with a baby alligator was arguably abusive to an animal."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Tupanatinga", "paragraph_text": "Tupanatinga is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 306\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 19.026 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o, Cear\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o is a municipality in the state of Cear\u00e1, in the Northeast region of Brazil. located 55\u00a0km away from Fortaleza, the capital of the state. Reden\u00e7\u00e3o in Portuguese means redemption, and the city has this name because it was the first city in Brazil that abolished its slaves."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Champaner", "paragraph_text": "Champaner (\u0a9a\u0abe\u0a82\u0aaa\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab0), formarly known as Muhammadpur, is a historical city in the state of Gujarat, in western India. It is located in Panchmahal district, 47 kilometres from the city of Vadodara. The city was briefly the capital of the Sultanate of Gujarat."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Xex\u00e9u", "paragraph_text": "Xex\u00e9u is a city in Pernambuco, Brazil. It is located in Zona da mata Pernambucana from the state capital Recife."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Xichang Qingshan Airport", "paragraph_text": "Xichang Qingshan Airport () is an airport serving Xichang, the capital city of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, China. The airport started an expansion project in February 2010."}], "question": "When did the city where Wonik Yi taught became the capital of the state where Knowles is from?"}
{"id": "3hop2__107225_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Esperanto", "paragraph_text": "Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist from Bia\u0142ystok, then part of the Russian Empire but now part of Poland. According to Zamenhof, he created the language to reduce the \"time and labour we spend in learning foreign tongues\" and to foster harmony between people from different countries: \"Were there but an international language, all translations would be made into it alone\u00a0... and all nations would be united in a common brotherhood.\" His feelings and the situation in Bia\u0142ystok may be gleaned from an extract from his letter to Nikolai Borovko:"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hawaii", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hawai \u02bbi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders. Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Boris Kolker", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Kolker learned Esperanto in 1957 and is the author of articles on interlinguistics, book reviews and three famous Esperanto textbooks for students of different levels. Due to the great popularity of his book eo:Voja\u011do en Esperanto-lando (Travels in Esperanto-Land), which is both a proficiency course in Esperanto and a guidebook to Esperanto culture, he is known to many as a guide to Esperanto-Land.Kolker is a member of the Academy of Esperanto, an honorary member of the World Esperanto Association (Universala Esperanto Asocio), and an associate editor of the monthly magazine Monato. For two decades he headed a large-scale Esperanto correspondence course in Russia that graduated around 900 students. He also taught Esperanto at American universities in San Francisco and Hartford."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Crown of Aragon", "paragraph_text": "Crown of Aragon Corona d'Arag\u00f3n (Aragonese) Corona d'Arag\u00f3 (Catalan) Corona Aragonum (Latin) Corona de Arag\u00f3n (Spanish) Aragoiko koroa (Basque) Composite monarchy, confederation of kingdoms, or individual polities ruled by one king 1162 -- 1716 Standard Coat of arms Territories subject to the Crown of Aragon in 1441 Capital see Capital below Languages Official languages: Aragonese, Catalan, Latin Minority languages: Occitan, Sardinian, Corsican, Neapolitan, Sicilian, Castilian, Basque, Greek, Maltese, Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic Religion Majority religion: Roman Catholic Minority religions: Sunni Islam, Sephardic Judaism, Greek Orthodoxy Government Feudal monarchy subject to pacts Monarch 1162 -- 1164 Petronilla (first) 1479 - 1504 1479 -- 1516 Isabella I and Ferdinand II 1700 -- 1716 Charles III (last) Legislature Cortz d'Arag\u00f3n Corts Catalanes Corts Valencianes Historical era Middle Ages / Early modern period Union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona 1162 Conquest of the Kingdom of Majorca 1231 Conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia 1238 -- 1245 Conquest of the Kingdom of Sardinia 1324 -- 1420 Union of Ferdinand II and Isabella I 19 October 1469 Conquest of the Kingdom of Naples 1501 -- 1504 Nueva Planta decrees 1716 Area 1443 250,000 km (97,000 sq mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Aragon County of Barcelona Habsburg Spain Today part of Andorra France Greece Italy Malta Spain Tunisia"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kontakto", "paragraph_text": "Kontakto is an Esperanto magazine published by TEJO and supported by the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA). The magazine has readers in about 90 countries of the world. It started in 1963 through a proposal of the UEA committee by Humphrey Tonkin, who became its first editor in chief and who provided a magazine that touched on topics of interest to Esperanto youth. The magazine often used the slogan \"In Esperanto, but not about Esperanto.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Monato", "paragraph_text": "Monato is a monthly magazine produced in Esperanto which carries articles on politics, culture and economics. It is printed in Belgium and distributed to readers in 65 countries. The title simply means \"month\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kazimierz Bein", "paragraph_text": "He was also, for a time, a prominent Esperanto author, translator and activist, until in 1911 he suddenly, without explanation, abandoned the Esperanto movement. Bein became at least as well known for his involvement with Esperanto as for his medical accomplishments, and as much for the manner in which he left the Esperanto movement as for what he had accomplished within it."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny (, ? \u2013 23 March 1750) was a mathematician, engineer, cartographer, and professor. He was a leading representative of science and technology in the 18th century Kingdom of Hungary and Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u202c) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)", "paragraph_text": "The United Monarchy (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u202c) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 BCE and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bukovina", "paragraph_text": "A region of Moldavia during the Middle Ages, the territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1774 to 1918, an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. After World War I, Romania established its control over Bukovina. In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union in violation of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, and currently is part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Hundred Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Hundred Years' War Clockwise, from top left: The Battle of La Rochelle, The Battle of Agincourt, The Battle of Patay, Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orl\u00e9ans Date 24 May 1337 -- 19 October 1453 Location France, the Low Countries, Great Britain, Iberian peninsula Result French victory House of Valois retains the French throne English claims to the French throne de facto abandoned Strengthening of the French monarchy Rise of nationalistic identities in England and France Decline of chivalry Decline of feudalism Territorial changes France acquired the English continental possessions England retained ownership of the Channel Islands and Calais Belligerents Kingdom of France County of Flanders Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Lorraine Republic of Genoa Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Majorca Avignon Papacy Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Duchy of Aquitaine English Kingdom of France Duchy of Brittany Duchy of Burgundy County of Flanders County of Hainaut Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Papal States Commanders and leaders Philip VI (1337 - 1350) John II (1350 - 1364) Charles V (1364 - 1380) Charles VI (1380 - 1422) Charles VII (1422 - 1453) Edward III (1337 - 1377) Richard II (1377 - 1399) Henry IV (1399 - 1413) Henry V (1413 - 1422) Henry VI (1422 - 1453)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Esperanto", "paragraph_text": "After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto as well as writing original prose and verse, the first book of Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw on July 26, 1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades, at first primarily in the Russian Empire and Central Europe, then in other parts of Europe, the Americas, China, and Japan. In the early years, speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals, but in 1905 the first World Congress of Esperanto speakers was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Since then world congresses have been held in different countries every year, except during the two World Wars. Since the Second World War, they have been attended by an average of more than 2000 people and up to 6000 people."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges held in Poland by the empire where Esperanto originated, the Kingdom that acquired some Thuringian territory in 1815, and the Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "3hop2__158985_9988_70784", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned the term and the subdivision in favor of Middle East, North Africa and various forms of Asia. In many cases, such as France, no distinct regional substructures have been employed. Each country has its own French diplomatic apparatus, although regional terms, including Proche-Orient and Moyen-Orient, may be used in a descriptive sense. The most influential agencies in the United States still using Near East as a working concept are as follows."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Czarnog\u0142owy", "paragraph_text": "Czarnog\u0142owy () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przybiern\u00f3w, within Goleni\u00f3w County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately east of Przybiern\u00f3w, north of Goleni\u00f3w, and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Holmeswood", "paragraph_text": "Holmeswood is a small agricultural village in West Lancashire, in the north-west of England. It lies just north of the Martin Mere Wetland Centre and to the south of North Meols about six miles east of the Irish Sea coast at Southport."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ko\u0142zin", "paragraph_text": "Ko\u0142zin is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Sian\u00f3w, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately north of Sian\u00f3w, north-east of Koszalin, and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "Subsequently with the disgrace of \"Near East\" in diplomatic and military circles, \"Middle East\" prevailed. However, \"Near East\" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kolonia Wola Szyd\u0142owiecka", "paragraph_text": "Kolonia Wola Szyd\u0142owiecka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bolim\u00f3w, within Skierniewice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately east of Bolim\u00f3w, north-east of Skierniewice, and north-east of the regional capital \u0141\u00f3d\u017a."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Smogor\u00f3wka Dolistowska", "paragraph_text": "Smogor\u00f3wka Dolistowska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goni\u0105dz, within Mo\u0144ki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Goni\u0105dz, north-east of Mo\u0144ki, and north-west of the regional capital Bia\u0142ystok."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Water resources", "paragraph_text": "Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water.  The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis.  Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is usually only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. However, there is growth in desalination for agricultural use, and highly populated areas such as Singapore or California. The most extensive use is in the Persian Gulf."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "We\u0142dk\u00f3wko", "paragraph_text": "We\u0142dk\u00f3wko (German: \"Klein Voldekow\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tychowo, within Bia\u0142ogard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Tychowo, east of Bia\u0142ogard, and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Striation Valley", "paragraph_text": "Striation Valley is a valley trending south-east towards George VI Sound, lying immediately north of Jupiter Glacier, near the east coast of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The valley was first surveyed by a field party from the Department of Geography at the University of Aberdeen, with British Antarctic Survey support, in 1978-79. The name derives from glacial striations found on rocks in the valley. The site lies within Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.147."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Brzyska Wola", "paragraph_text": "Brzyska Wola (, \"Brys\u2019ka Volia\") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kury\u0142\u00f3wka, within Le\u017cajsk County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Kury\u0142\u00f3wka, north-east of Le\u017cajsk, and north-east of the regional capital Rzesz\u00f3w."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Palouse", "paragraph_text": "The Palouse ( ) is a distinct geographic region of the northwestern United States, encompassing parts of north central Idaho, southeastern Washington, and, by some definitions, parts of northeast Oregon. It is a major agricultural area, primarily producing wheat and legumes. Situated about north of the Oregon Trail, the region experienced rapid growth in the late 19th century and was once Washington's most populous region, surpassing even the Puget Sound area."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Drat\u00f3w", "paragraph_text": "Drat\u00f3w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ludwin, within \u0141\u0119czna County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Ludwin, north-east of \u0141\u0119czna, and north-east of the regional capital Lublin."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "M\u00e1riap\u00f3cs", "paragraph_text": "M\u00e1riap\u00f3cs is a small town in Szabolcs-Szatm\u00e1r-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary. It lies near Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1za. It is an important place for pilgrimage. It has a Byzantine Catholic church, which houses the Weeping Madonna, an enormous ornate iconostasis that now takes pride of place above the altar. This icon is not the original, but an 18th-century copy. The original one is kept in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dammam", "paragraph_text": "Having been built from the ground up, the Dammam Area was designed from the outset on the principles of modern urban planning. Residential areas are separate from commercial sections, roads are broad and straight and buildings conform to a master plan. One of the main features of the development of the area is land reclamation. Vast stretches of the shallow Persian Gulf waters have been filled, with hotels and office buildings occupying what were once marshes. Water for household, urban and industrial use is provided by desalination plants that supply approximately seven million cubic feet of treated water to the area each day. The availability of water underpins the urban and industrial growth of the Dammam Area, and provisions have been made for expanding existing desalination facilities to meet future growth."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams (plus one currently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m3 (1.2\u00d71010 cu ft). Water desalination plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought. The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "North Gosford, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "North Gosford is a south-eastern suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia immediately north-east of Gosford's central business district. It is part of the local government area."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Hertfordshire", "paragraph_text": "Hertfordshire is the county immediately north of London and is part of the East of England region, a mainly statistical unit. A significant minority of the population across all districts are City of London commuters. To the east is Essex, to the west is Buckinghamshire and to the north are Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire."}], "question": "What region lies to the north of where the most growth is taking place in desalination for agricultural use and the region that Near East became?"}
{"id": "3hop2__131820_153009_61019", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "Georgia has had five different capitals in its history. The first was Savannah, the seat of government during British colonial rule, followed by Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta, the capital city from 1868 to the present day. The state legislature has gathered for official meetings in other places, most often in Macon and especially during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o, Cear\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o is a municipality in the state of Cear\u00e1, in the Northeast region of Brazil. located 55\u00a0km away from Fortaleza, the capital of the state. Reden\u00e7\u00e3o in Portuguese means redemption, and the city has this name because it was the first city in Brazil that abolished its slaves."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Xalapa Symphony Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The Orquesta Sinf\u00f3nica de Xalapa is a Mexican orchestra located in the city of Xalapa, the capital of the state of Veracruz. It was founded in 1929, and is considered the oldest symphony orchestra in Mexico."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "The emergence of Susa as a city, as determined by radiocarbon dating, dates back to early 4,395 BC. There are dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau, pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the 4th millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, Iran was home to several civilizations including Elam, Jiroft, and Zayande River. Elam, the most prominent of these civilizations, developed in the southwest of Iran, alongside those in Mesopotamia. The emergence of writing in Elam was paralleled to Sumer, and the Elamite cuneiform was developed since the 3rd millennium BC."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Merrill, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Merrill is a village located in Jonesfield Township in Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The 2010 Census places the population at 778."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Quipap\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Quipap\u00e1 is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 186\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 25.603 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "WEKL", "paragraph_text": "WEKL, known on-air as \"102.3 K-Love\", is a Contemporary Christian radio station in the United States, licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Augusta, Georgia, broadcasting on 102.3\u00a0MHz with an ERP of 1.5\u00a0kW. Its studios are located at the Augusta Corporate Center with the market\u2019s other iHeartMedia owned sister stations in Augusta, and the transmitter is located in Augusta near Fort Gordon."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tupanatinga", "paragraph_text": "Tupanatinga is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 306\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 19.026 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Xex\u00e9u", "paragraph_text": "Xex\u00e9u is a city in Pernambuco, Brazil. It is located in Zona da mata Pernambucana from the state capital Recife."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "United States Capitol", "paragraph_text": "The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision to locate the capital was contentious, but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thombattu", "paragraph_text": "Thombattu is a village in Kundapura Taluk in Karnataka, India. It is in the Udupi district. It is located 45\u00a0km towards North from District headquarters Udupi. 26\u00a0km from Kundapura. 410\u00a0km from State capital Bangalore. Kota, Udupi, Karkala, Sagar are the nearby cities."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Irma, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Irma is an unincorporated community located in Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States. Irma is located on U.S. Route 51 north of Merrill, in the town of Birch. Irma has a post office with ZIP code 54442."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Tacotalpa", "paragraph_text": "Tacotalpa is a small town in the southern Mexican state of Tabasco, the seat of the municipality of the same name. The city is located about 100 miles south of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and about 50 kilometers from the state capital Villahermosa, near the border with the state of Chiapas. Tacotalpa is located near the Usumacinta River. In 2010, the population of the town consisted of 8,071 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rocklea, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Rocklea is a large suburb of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. The suburb is located 9\u00a0kilometres south of the city. The west of the suburb is bordered by the Oxley Creek. The suburb's name is derived from the Rocky Waterholes in the area."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Champaner", "paragraph_text": "Champaner (\u0a9a\u0abe\u0a82\u0aaa\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab0), formarly known as Muhammadpur, is a historical city in the state of Gujarat, in western India. It is located in Panchmahal district, 47 kilometres from the city of Vadodara. The city was briefly the capital of the Sultanate of Gujarat."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dutch Corners, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Dutch Corners is an unincorporated community located in the town of Schley, Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States. Dutch Corners is located at the intersection of County Highways C and G east-northeast of Merrill."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Merrill Elam", "paragraph_text": "Merrill Elam is an American architect and educator based in Atlanta, Georgia. She is a principal with Mack Scogin in Mack Scogin Merrill Elam Architects where their work spans between buildings, interiors, planning, graphics and exhibition design, and research."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "During colonial times, Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722, and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766. Construction of Tryon Palace, which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon, began in 1767 and was completed in 1771. In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital, as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast. Officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital, the city was named after Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the \"lost colony\" on Roanoke Island."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Crows Nest, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Crows Nest is a town in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia. The town is located on the New England Highway, from the state capital, Brisbane and from the nearby city of Toowoomba. It is within the Toowoomba Region local government area. At the 2016 Census, Crows Nest had a population of 2,160."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harriet Elam-Thomas", "paragraph_text": "Harriet Lee Elam-Thomas (born 1941) is a United States diplomat and university professor who directs the Diplomacy Program under International and Global Studies at the University of Central Florida (UCF) in Orlando, Florida. From 2000 to 2002, Thomas served as the United States Ambassador to Senegal."}], "question": "What did the city where Merrill Elam is from replace as capital of the state with WEKL?"}
{"id": "3hop1__158139_19788_8140", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Etah district", "paragraph_text": "The district has a population density of 717 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,860/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was  12.77%. Etah has a sex ratio of 863 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.27%."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bhuntar", "paragraph_text": "As of 2005 India census, Bhuntar had a population of 5260. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Bhuntar has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 84% and female literacy of 76%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Bhuntar has an Airport which connects big cities like Delhi via air. Bhuntar is center for accessing areas such as Kasol, Manikaran and Manali."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Khajuraho (town)", "paragraph_text": "As of 2011, the Indian census stated that Khajuraho had a population of 24,481. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Khajuraho has an average literacy rate of 53%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 62%, and female literacy is 43%. In Khajuraho, 19% of the population is under six years of age."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kiranipura", "paragraph_text": "At the 2001 India census, Kiranipura had a population of 4941. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Kiranipura had an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy 66%. In Kiranipura, 12% of the population were under 6 years of age."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "House finch", "paragraph_text": "The female lays clutches of eggs from February through August, two or more broods per year with 2 to 6 eggs per brood, most commonly 4 or 5. The egg laying usually takes place in the morning, at the rate of one egg per day. The eggs are a pale bluish green with few black spots and a smooth, somewhat glossy surface. In response to mite infestation, which has a more deleterious effect on male chicks than on females, the mother finch may lay eggs containing females first, in order to reduce the length of time male chicks are exposed to mites. This strategy increases the liklihood that representative numbers of both sexes will survive. The female incubates the eggs for 12 to 14 days. Shortly after hatching, she removes the empty eggshells from the nest. The hatchlings are pink with closed eyes and tufts of fluffy down. The female always feeds the young, and the male usually joins in. The young are silent for the first seven or eight days, and subsequently start peeping during feedings. Initially, the mother carries fecal sacs out of the nest, but when the young become older, she no longer carries them all away, allowing droppings to accumulate around the edge of the nest. Before flying, the young often climb into adjacent plants, and usually fledge at about 11 to 19 days after hatching. Dandelion seeds are among the preferred seeds fed to the young. Most birds, even ones with herbivorous leanings as adults, tend to feed their nestlings animal matter in order to give them the protein necessary to grow. House finches are one of the few birds who feed their young only plant matter."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Human sex ratio", "paragraph_text": "In a study around 2002, the natural sex ratio at birth was estimated to be close to 1.06 males / female. Some scholars suggest that countries considered to have significant practices of prenatal sex - selection are those with birth sex ratios of 108 and above (selection against females) and 102 and below (selection against males). This assumption has been questioned by some scholars."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Demographics of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Demographics of New Zealand Population pyramid taken from the 2013 census Population 4,793,700 Density 17.9 / km (46.4 / sq mi) Growth rate 2.1% Birth rate 12.65 per 1000 pop. Death rate 6.64 per 1000 pop. Life expectancy male 79.9 years female 83.4 years Fertility rate 1.87 births per woman Infant mortality rate 3.58 per 1000 live births Net migration rate 14.72 per 1000 pop. Age structure 0 -- 14 years 19.6% 15 -- 64 years 65.5% 65 and over 14.9% Sex ratio Total 0.97 males / female Under 15 1.05 males / female 15 -- 64 years 0.97 males / female 65 and over 0.87 males / female Nationality Nationality New Zealander Major ethnic European 74.0% Minor ethnic M\u0101ori 14.9% Asian 11.8% Pacific peoples 7.4% Language Official English 96.1% M\u0101ori 3.7% New Zealand Sign Language 0.5%"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gwalior", "paragraph_text": "As of 2011's India census, Gwalior had a population of 1,069,276. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Gwalior has an average literacy rate of 84.14%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 89.64% and female literacy is 77.92%. In Gwalior, about 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. The city's metropolitan population, which includes the commuter town of Morar Cantonment, was of 1,117,740."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Raisinghnagar", "paragraph_text": "In the 2011 India census, the town of Raisinghnagar had a population of 28,330. Males constituted 53.25% (15085) of the population and females 46.75% (13245). In 2011, Raisinghnagar had an average literacy rate of above 72.08% (20423)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pennsylvania State University", "paragraph_text": "The largest of the university's 24 campuses, University Park is almost entirely within the boundaries of State College borough, a site chosen because it is near the geographic center of the state. With an undergraduate acceptance rate of 23 percent, it is the most selective campus in the Penn State system, due primarily to the fact that students select University Park as their first - choice campus at a far greater rate than the university's other undergraduate campuses. During the fall 2016 semester, 41,359 undergraduate students and 8,955 graduate students were enrolled at University Park. Of those, 46.3 percent were female and 40.5 percent were not Pennsylvania residents."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Suicide", "paragraph_text": "In many countries the rate of suicide is highest in the middle-aged or elderly. The absolute number of suicides however is greatest in those between 15 and 29 years old, due to the number of people in this age group.  Worldwide, the average age of suicide is between age 30 and 49 for both men and women. This means that half of people who died by suicide were approximately age 40 or younger, and half were older.In the United States the suicide death rate is greatest in Caucasian men older than 80 years, even though younger people more frequently attempt suicide. It is the second most common cause of death in adolescents and in young males is second only to accidental death. In young males in the developed world, it is the cause of nearly 30% of mortality. In the developing world rates are similar, but it makes up a smaller proportion of overall deaths due to higher rates of death from other types of trauma. In South-East Asia, in contrast to other areas of the world, deaths from suicide occur at a greater rate in young females than elderly females."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Indotyphlops braminus", "paragraph_text": "This species is parthenogenetic and all specimens collected so far have been female. They lay eggs or may bear live young. Up to eight offspring are produced - all female and all genetically identical."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Suicide", "paragraph_text": "Globally as of 2012, death by suicide occurs about 1.8 times more often in males than females. In the Western world, males die three to four times more often by means of suicide than do females. This difference is even more pronounced in those over the age of 65, with tenfold more males than females dying by suicide. Suicide attempts and self-harm are between two and four times more frequent among females. Researchers have attributed the difference between attempted and completed suicides among the sexes to males using more lethal means to end their lives. However, separating intentional suicide attempts from non-suicidal self-harm is not currently done in the United States when gathering statistics at the national level.China has one of the highest female suicide rates in the world and is the only country where it is higher than that of men (ratio of 0.9). In the Eastern Mediterranean, suicide rates are nearly equivalent between males and females. The highest rate of female suicide is found in South Korea at 22 per 100,000, with high rates in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific generally.A number of reviews have found an increased risk of suicide among transgender, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. Among transgender persons rates of attempted suicide are about 40% compared to a general population rate of 5%. This is believed to in part be due to  social stigmatisation."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Demographics of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "In June 2016, New Zealand has an estimated population of 4,693,000, up from the 4,027,947 recorded in the 2006 census. The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010. In M\u0101ori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8. In 2010 the age - standardised mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 (down from 4.8 in 2000) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births. The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2014 - 16 was 83.4 years for females, and 79.9 years for males. Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline. In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent. (The number of people aged 65 and over increased by 22 percent between the 2006 and 2013 censuses.) During early migration in 1858, New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females, but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women, females came to outnumber males in 1971. As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female, with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years and older range."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bihar", "paragraph_text": "After the 2011 Census, Bihar was the third most populous state of India with total population of 104,099,452 (54,278,157 male and 49,821,295 female). Nearly 89% of Bihar's population lived in rural areas. The density was 1,106. The sex ratio was 918 females per 1000 males. Almost 58% of Bihar's population was below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. Most of Bihar's population belongs to Indo - Aryan - speaking ethnic groups along with few Dravidian - speaking and Austroasiatic - speaking people mostly in Chhotanagpur Plateau (now part of Jharkhand). It also attracted Punjabi Hindu refugees during the Partition of British India in 1947. Bihar has a total literacy rate of 63.82% (75.7% for males and 53% for females), recording a growth of 20% in female literacy over the period of a decade."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Donkey", "paragraph_text": "A male donkey or ass is called a jack, a female a jenny or jennet; a young donkey is a foal. Jack donkeys are often used to mate with female horses to produce mules; the biological ``reciprocal ''of a mule, from a stallion and jenny as its parents instead, is called a hinny."}], "question": "What is the liturgical language of the religion prevalent in the region where young women are more likely to kill themselves than elderly women?"}
{"id": "3hop1__104346_36344_17700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sichuan", "paragraph_text": "Garz\u00ea Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan are populated by Tibetans and Qiang people. Tibetans speak the Khams and Amdo Tibetan, which are Tibetic languages, as well as various Qiangic languages. The Qiang speak Qiangic languages and often Tibetic languages as well. The Yi people of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southern Sichuan speak the Nuosu language, which is one of the Lolo-Burmese languages; Yi is written using the Yi script, a syllabary standardized in 1974. The Southwest University for Nationalities has one of China's most prominent Tibetology departments, and the Southwest Minorities Publishing House prints literature in minority languages. In the minority inhabited regions of Sichuan, there is bi-lingual signage and public school instruction in non-Mandarin minority languages."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "J\u00e8rriais", "paragraph_text": "J\u00e8rriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, one of the Channel Islands off the coast of France. It has been in decline over the past century as English has increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration. There are very few people who speak J\u00e8rriais as a mother tongue and, owing to the age of the remaining speakers, their numbers decrease annually. Despite this, efforts are being made to keep the language alive."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Vietnamese in Malaysia", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnamese Malaysians consists of people of full or partial Vietnamese descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. The estimated number of people who speak Vietnamese in Malaysia is 70,000 in the country."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%)."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish language in the United States has forty - five million Hispanic and Latino Americans that speak Spanish as their first, second or heritage language, and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States, making it the second most spoken language of the United States. With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish - speaking population in the world after Mexico, although it is not an official language of the country. Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second - language speakers. About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English ``very well ''in the 2000 U.S. Census. The United States is among the Spanish - speaking countries that has its own Academy of the Spanish Language."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "East Prussia", "paragraph_text": "The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "The Slavic autonym *Slov\u011bnin\u044a is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo \"word\", originally denoting \"people who speak (the same language),\" i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting \"foreign people\" \u2013 n\u011bmci, meaning \"mumbling, murmuring people\" (from Slavic *n\u011bm\u044a \u2013 \"mumbling, mute\")."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered \"most German\", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long - established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish - speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Do You Speak American?", "paragraph_text": "Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how different people throughout the United States of America speak. The book and documentary look at the evolution of America's way of speaking from the English language to various ways of speaking in regions throughout the country. Divisions of ethnicity, geography and social status and how they affect how Americans communicate are addressed. As part of the project, MacNeil traveled across the country conducting interviews with ordinary people as well as experts such as William Labov."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Marius Visser", "paragraph_text": "Marius Visser (born 24 April 1982 in Walvis Bay) is a rugby union player for Namibia and the heaviest player at the 2007 Rugby World Cup at 140 kilograms. While due to play for the Lyon team subsequent to the World Cup, he retired after the discovery of irreversible spinal problems."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Galicia (Spain)", "paragraph_text": "Nowadays, Galician is resurgent, though in the cities it remains a \"second language\" for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the populace of Galicia understand the language, 91.04 percent speak it, 68.65 percent read it and 57.64 percent write it. The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) remain roughly the same as a decade earlier; the latter two (reading and writing) both show enormous gains: a decade earlier, only 49.3 percent of the population could read Galician, and only 34.85 percent could write it. This fact can be easily explained because of the impossibility of teaching Galician during the Francisco Franco era, so older people speak the language but have no written competence. Galician is the highest-percentage spoken language in its region among the regional languages of Spain."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tajikistan", "paragraph_text": "The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Gonja language", "paragraph_text": "The Gonja language is a North Guang language spoken by an estimated 230,000 people, almost all of whom are of the Gonja ethnic group of northern Ghana. Related to Guang languages in the south of Ghana, it is spoken by about a third of the population in the northern region. The Brong-Ahafo and Volta regions lie to the south of the Gonja-speaking area, while Dagombas, Mamprussis and Walas are to the north. Its dialects are Gonja and Choruba."}], "question": "What is the low estimate for the number of people who speak the language spoken in the country Marius Visser is from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__86482_39743_24526", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge is a bridge spanning the Mississippi River in the U. S. city of Sauk Rapids, Minnesota. Construction began on September 26, 2005; the bridge was completed in September 2007 and opened to traffic on October 23, 2007. The official dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony took place on November 16, 2007. The bridge replaced the former Sauk Rapids Bridge, located a short distance downriver, which was demolished in the fall and winter of 2007-2008."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Climate of California", "paragraph_text": "During the cooler winter months (October -- March), the Coachella Valley regularly has the warmest winter temperatures out of any place west of the Rocky Mountains. East Los Angeles, the Gateway Cities, and parts of the San Gabriel Valley average the warmest winter high temps (72 \u00b0 F, 22 \u00b0 C) in all of the western U.S., and Santa Monica averages the warmest winter lows (52 \u00b0 F, 11 \u00b0 C) in all of the western U.S. Palm Springs, a city in the Coachella Valley, averages high / low / mean temperatures of 75 \u00b0 F / 50 \u00b0 F / 63 \u00b0 F, (24 \u00b0 C / 10 \u00b0 C / 17 \u00b0 C) respectively during the period of cooler weather from November to April."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of 26.6 \u00b0C (80 \u00b0F), although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 \u00b0C (89 \u00b0F), the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to \u22124.1 \u00b0C (25 \u00b0F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to \u22128.8 \u00b0C (16 \u00b0F). Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Chesapeake Bay Bridge\u2013Tunnel", "paragraph_text": "The Chesapeake Bay Bridge -- Tunnel (CBBT) is a 23 - mile (37 km) bridge -- tunnel crossing at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, the Hampton Roads harbor, and nearby mouths of the James and Elizabeth Rivers in the American state of Virginia. It connects Northampton County on the Delmarva Peninsula and Eastern Shore with Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Chesapeake, and Portsmouth on the Western Shore and South side / Tidewater which are part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of eight close cities around the harbor's shores and peninsula. The Bridge - Tunnel originally combined 12 miles (19 km) of trestle, two 1 - mile - long (1.6 km) tunnels, four artificial islands, four high - level bridges, approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) of causeway, and 5.5 miles (8.9 km) of northeast and southwest approach roads -- crossing the Chesapeake Bay and preserving traffic on the Thimble Shoals and Chesapeake dredged shipping channels leading to the Atlantic. It replaced vehicle ferry services that operated from South Hampton Roads and from the Virginia Peninsula since the 1930s. Financed by toll revenue bonds, the Bridge -- Tunnel was opened on April 15, 1964, and remains one of only ten bridge -- tunnel systems in the world, three of which are located in the water dominated Hampton Roads area of Tidewater Virginia."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Additionally, Richmond is gaining attention from the film and television industry, with several high-profile films shot in the metro region in the past few years, including the major motion picture Lincoln which led to Daniel Day-Lewis's third Oscar, Killing Kennedy with Rob Lowe, airing on the National Geographic Channel and Turn, starring Jamie Bell and airing on AMC. In 2015 Richmond will be the main filming location for the upcoming PBS drama series Mercy Street, which will premiere in Winter 2016. Several organizations, including the Virginia Film Office and the Virginia Production Alliance, along with events like the Richmond International Film Festival and French Film Festival, continue to put draw supporters of film and media to the region."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Phoenix, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification BWh), typical of the Sonoran Desert. Phoenix has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild to warm winters. The city is located within the sunniest region in the world. Measuring 3,872 hours of bright sunshine annually, Phoenix receives the most sunshine of any major city on Earth. Average high temperatures in summer are the hottest of any major city in the United States. On average, there are 107 days annually with a high of at least 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C) including most days from late May through early October. Highs top 110 \u00b0 F (43 \u00b0 C) an average of 18 days during the year. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all - time recorded high of 122 \u00b0 F (50 \u00b0 C). Despite the city's claim to the most extreme heat in summer, however, it does not have the highest average annual temperature in the contiguous United States. In that respect, it comes second to Miami; Phoenix has an average daily temperature of 75 \u00b0 F (24 \u00b0 C), compared to Miami's 77 \u00b0 F (25 \u00b0 C)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.6 \u00b0F (0.3 \u00b0C); however, temperatures usually drop to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) several times per winter, and reach 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) several days each winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 \u00b0F (24.7 \u00b0C) in July and an average humidity level of 72%. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). In the warmer months, the dew point, a measure of atmospheric moisture, ranges from 57.3 \u00b0F (14.1 \u00b0C) in June to 62.0 \u00b0F (16.7 \u00b0C) in August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from \u221215 \u00b0F (\u221226 \u00b0C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on July 9, 1936."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley massif, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing an estimated 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near \u221215 \u00b0C (5 \u00b0F), but can drop below \u221240 \u00b0C (\u221240 \u00b0F) with severe wind chills. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s \u00b0C (70s \u00b0F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 \u00b0C (77 to 86 \u00b0F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F)."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the state, with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s \u00b0F (6\u20133 \u00b0C) for highs in the winter and falling into the low 20s \u00b0F (\u22125 \u00b0C) or lower on winter nights. Relatively cool summers have temperatures rarely rising above 80 \u00b0F (27 \u00b0C). Average snowfall in many areas exceeds 30 in (76 cm) per year, and can be heavy at the higher elevations; for example, during the Blizzard of 1993 more than 60 in (152 cm) of snow fell on Mount Mitchell over a period of three days. Mount Mitchell has received snow in every month of the year."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Manwel Dimech Bridge", "paragraph_text": "Manwel Dimech Bridge is a beam bridge at San \u0120iljan, Malta. It is named after Manuel Dimech, and was officially inaugurated on 18 September 1971 by the Minister of Public Works, Lorry Sant. The bridge is approximately 130m long and 32m wide, and spans over Wied G\u0127omor. It is part of Mikiel Anton Vassalli Road (popularly known as Regional Road) just beyond the tunnels on the way to Paceville and St. Andrew\u2019s. A commemorative plaque close to the bridge reports that the construction of the bridge, the road and the tunnels were aided by the Chinese government. The tunnels are named after Sun Yat-sen, and the bridge on the other side of the tunnels is named after \u0120u\u017c\u00e8 Ellul Mercer. The bridge was thoroughly restored and reinforced in 2008 amid some controversy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Delhi features a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh). The warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high temperature above 39 \u00b0C (102 \u00b0F). The hottest day of the year is 22 May, with an average high of 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) and low of 28 \u00b0C (82 \u00b0F). The cold season lasts from 26 November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). The coldest day of the year is 4 January, with an average low of 2 \u00b0C (36 \u00b0F) and high of 14 \u00b0C (57 \u00b0F). In early March, the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with an increase in humidity. The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 2 to 47 \u00b0C (35.6 to 116.6 \u00b0F), with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being \u22122.2 and 48.4 \u00b0C (28.0 and 119.1 \u00b0F), respectively. The annual mean temperature is 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 \u00b0C (55 to 90 \u00b0F). The highest temperature recorded in July was 45 \u00b0C (113 \u00b0F) in 1931. The average annual rainfall is approximately 886 mm (34.9 in), most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August. The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bucharest", "paragraph_text": "Bucharest has a humid continental climate (Dfa), with warm to hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the city's winters can get windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F), sometimes even to \u221220 \u00b0C (\u22124 \u00b0F). In summer, the average temperature is 23 \u00b0C (73 \u00b0F) (the average for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 \u00b0C (95 to 104 \u00b0F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer are low, occasional heavy storms occur. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 \u00b0C (63 and 72 \u00b0F), and precipitation during spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The January daily average is 33.0 \u00b0F (0.6 \u00b0C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) during thaws and dips to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 \u00b0F (25.6 \u00b0C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2, allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry; February's average of 2.64 inches (67 mm) makes it the area's driest month. The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 \u00b0F (15 \u00b0C) to 64.5 \u00b0F (18 \u00b0C)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Richmond is located at 37\u00b032\u2032N 77\u00b028\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff37.533\u00b0N 77.467\u00b0W\ufeff / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, \u221277.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently characterized by rain. Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 \u00b0F (4.8 \u00b0C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 \u00b0F (\u22127 \u00b0C). Summers are sunny, dry and warm, with August, the warmest month, averaging 66.1 \u00b0F (18.9 \u00b0C), and with temperatures reaching 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 3.1 days per year, although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 \u00b0F. The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 \u00b0F (39 \u00b0C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 \u00b0F (\u22129 \u00b0C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 \u00b0F (22 \u00b0C) the day the official record high was set. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 16 thru March 10, allowing a growing season of 250 days."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 \u00b0F (24.2 \u00b0C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs even just a few miles west of Atlantic City exceed 85 \u00b0F (29 \u00b0C) in July. Near the coast, temperatures reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on an average of only 6.8 days a year, but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City Int'l.[a] Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.5 \u00b0F (2 \u00b0C). Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25, allowing a growing season of 239 days. Extreme temperatures range from \u22129 \u00b0F (\u221223 \u00b0C) on February 9, 1934 to 104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C) on August 7, 1918.[b]"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F (8\u201312 \u00b0C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3\u20135 in (8\u201313 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Victoria (Australia)", "paragraph_text": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts. Average temperatures exceed 32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F) during summer and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) in winter. Except at cool mountain elevations, the inland monthly temperatures are 2\u20137 \u00b0C (4\u201313 \u00b0F) warmer than around Melbourne (see chart). Victoria's highest maximum temperature since World War II, of 48.8 \u00b0C (119.8 \u00b0F) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009, during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dartford Crossing", "paragraph_text": "The Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing, commonly known as the Dartford Crossing and until 1991 the Dartford Tunnel, is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, carrying the A282 road between Dartford in Kent in the south and Thurrock in Essex in the north. It consists of two bored tunnels and the cable-stayed Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. The only fixed road crossing of the Thames east of Greater London, it is the busiest estuarial crossing in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of over 130,000 vehicles. It opened in stages: the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980 and the bridge in 1991. The crossing, although not officially designated a motorway, is considered part of the M25 motorway's route, using the tunnels northbound and bridge southbound. Described as one of the most important road crossings in Britain, it suffers from heavy traffic and congestion."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sichuan", "paragraph_text": "Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general it has strong monsoonal influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, the Sichuan Basin (including Chengdu) in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa or Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild to cool, dry and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China's lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation. However, due to high altitude and its inland location, many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a subarctic climate (K\u00f6ppen Dwc)- featuring extremely cold winters down to -30 \u00b0C and even cold summer nights. The region is geologically active with landslides and earthquakes. Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 \u00b0C. The southern part of the province, including Panzhihua and Xichang, has a sunny climate with short, very mild winters and very warm to hot summers."}], "question": "What is the average winter daytime temperature in the region containing Richmond, in the state that has a bridge that turns into a tunnel?"}
{"id": "3hop1__137061_30587_83479", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Congress of Vienna", "paragraph_text": "Tsar Alexander I controlled the Russian delegation which was formally led by the foreign minister, Count Karl Robert Nesselrode. The tsar had two main goals, to gain control of Poland and to promote the peaceful coexistence of European nations. He succeeded in forming the Holy Alliance (1815), based on monarchism and anti-secularism, and formed to combat any threat of revolution or republicanism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "2002\u201303 SV Werder Bremen season", "paragraph_text": "SV Werder Bremen retained its 6th place in Bundesliga with a solid season, in spite of key players Frank Rost and Torsten Frings leaving prior to the season. Coach Thomas Schaaf bought Johan Micoud as replacement for Frings, with the French ex-Parma player making an instant impact in Germany, while Ailton once again hit 16 goals, finishing third in the goal scoring charts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Flag of Vietnam", "paragraph_text": "The flag of Vietnam, or ``red flag with a gold star ''(c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf sao v\u00e0ng), was designed in 1940 and used during an uprising against French rule in southern Vietnam that year. Red symbolizes the goals of social revolution behind the Vietnamese, national uprising. The star represents the five main classes in Vietnamese society -- intellectuals, farmers, workers, businesspeople and military personnel."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Battle of Bunker Hill", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, which was peripherally involved in the battle. It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which later became known as Breed's Hill."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Arctic", "paragraph_text": "The Arctic (/ \u02c8\u0251\u02d0rkt\u026ak / or / \u02c8\u0251\u02d0rt\u026ak /) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Northern Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost - containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Battle of Olustee", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Olustee or Battle of Ocean Pond was fought in Baker County, Florida on February 20, 1864, during the American Civil War. It was the only major battle fought in Florida during the war."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "USS San Jacinto (CG-56)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"San Jacinto\" (CG-56) is a in the United States Navy. She is named for the Battle of San Jacinto, the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Battle of Mohi", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Mohi (today Muhi), also known as Battle of the Saj\u00f3 River or Battle of the Tisza River (11 April 1241), was the main battle between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe. It took place at Muhi, southwest of the Saj\u00f3 River. After the invasion, Hungary lay in ruins. Nearly half of the inhabited places had been destroyed by the invading armies. Around 15\u201325 percent of the population was lost, mostly in lowland areas, especially in the Great Hungarian Plain, the southern reaches of the Hungarian plain in the area now called the Banat and in southern Transylvania."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of FIFA World Cup records and statistics", "paragraph_text": "1930: Argentina, 18 goals 1934: Italy, 12 goals 1938: Hungary, 15 goals 1950: Brazil, 22 goals 1954: Hungary, 27 goals 1958: France, 23 goals 1962: Brazil, 14 goals 1966: Portugal, 17 goals 1970: Brazil, 19 goals 1974: Poland, 16 goals 1978: Argentina & Netherlands, 15 goals each 1982: France, 16 goals 1986: Argentina, 14 goals 1990: West Germany, 15 goals 1994: Sweden, 15 goals 1998: France, 15 goals 2002: Brazil, 18 goals 2006: Germany, 14 goals 2010: Germany, 16 goals 2014: Germany, 18 goals 2018: Belgium, 16 goals"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Museum of the American Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Museum of the American Revolution (formerly The American Revolution Center) is a Philadelphia museum dedicated to telling the story of the American Revolution. The museum was opened to the public on April 19, 2017, the anniversary of the first battle of the war, Lexington and Concord, on April 19, 1775."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Isted", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Isted (; ) took place on 25 July 1850 near the village of Idstedt (Danish: \"Isted\"), in what is today Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The battle was part of the First Schleswig War."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February -- 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese - controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five - week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Step Up Revolution", "paragraph_text": "Step Up Revolution (also known as Step Up 4: Miami Heat, and previously titled Step Up 4Ever) is a 2012 American 3D dance film and the fourth installment in the \"Step Up\" film series. It was released on July 27, 2012. The film was directed by Scott Speer and stars Ryan Guzman and Kathryn McCormick, the latter from the sixth season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The film features choreography by Jamal Sims, Christopher Scott, Chuck Maldonado and Travis Wall. The production design was created by Carlos A. Menendez. Unlike the first three films, produced by Touchstone Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, this film was produced by Summit Entertainment and Offspring Entertainment without Disney's involvement and distributed by Lionsgate. This is also the first Summit Entertainment film after being acquired by Lionsgate in January 2012."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle of the Atlantic", "paragraph_text": "As an island nation, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods. Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight. In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war: the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting. From 1942 onwards, the Axis also sought to prevent the build - up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe. The defeat of the U-boat threat was a pre-requisite for pushing back the Axis. The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies -- the German blockade failed -- but at great cost: 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk in the Atlantic for the loss of 783 U-boats (the majority being Type VII submarines) and 47 German surface warships, including 4 battleships (Scharnhorst, Bismarck, Gneisenau, and Tirpitz), 9 cruisers, 7 raiders, and 27 destroyers. Of the U-boats, 519 were sunk by British, Canadian, or other allied forces, while 175 were destroyed by American forces; 15 were destroyed by Soviets and 73 were scuttled by their crews before the end of the war for various causes."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Linux Documentation Project", "paragraph_text": "The LDP publishes many HowTo documents, which instruct a user on the specific steps to take to achieve a desired goal.  These goals are sometimes very specific, such as configuring a particular modem, and sometimes very broad, such as how to administer a network for an ISP."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February -- 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese - controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five - week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February \u2013 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps and Navy landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese-controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five-week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Battle of Leuven (1831)", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Leuven was a battle of the Ten Days' Campaign during the Belgian Revolution. The battle took place on 12 August and officially ended on 13 August 1831. The Dutch army defeated the Belgian rebels, but were forced to withdraw in order to avoid war with France, as a large French army under Mar\u00e9chal G\u00e9rard had crossed the border to support the Belgian rebels. They concluded a truce with the Belgians, allowing them to take the city for a few hours on 13 August."}], "question": "What was Germany's main goal in the battle of the ocean that is next to the setting of Step Up Revolution?"}
{"id": "3hop2__28476_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hundred Years' War", "paragraph_text": "Hundred Years' War Clockwise, from top left: The Battle of La Rochelle, The Battle of Agincourt, The Battle of Patay, Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orl\u00e9ans Date 24 May 1337 -- 19 October 1453 Location France, the Low Countries, Great Britain, Iberian peninsula Result French victory House of Valois retains the French throne English claims to the French throne de facto abandoned Strengthening of the French monarchy Rise of nationalistic identities in England and France Decline of chivalry Decline of feudalism Territorial changes France acquired the English continental possessions England retained ownership of the Channel Islands and Calais Belligerents Kingdom of France County of Flanders Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Lorraine Republic of Genoa Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Majorca Avignon Papacy Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Duchy of Aquitaine English Kingdom of France Duchy of Brittany Duchy of Burgundy County of Flanders County of Hainaut Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Papal States Commanders and leaders Philip VI (1337 - 1350) John II (1350 - 1364) Charles V (1364 - 1380) Charles VI (1380 - 1422) Charles VII (1422 - 1453) Edward III (1337 - 1377) Richard II (1377 - 1399) Henry IV (1399 - 1413) Henry V (1413 - 1422) Henry VI (1422 - 1453)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kingdom of Judah", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b7\u05de\u05b0\u05dc\u05b6\u05db\u05b6\u05ea \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b8\u05d4 \u200e, Mamlekhet Yehud\u0101h) was an Iron Age kingdom of the Southern Levant. The Hebrew Bible depicts it as the successor to a United Monarchy, but historians are divided about the veracity of this account. In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated, limited to small rural settlements, most of them unfortified. Jerusalem, the kingdom's capital, likely did not emerge as a significant administrative centre until the end of the 8th century; prior to this archaeological evidence suggests its population was too small to sustain a viable kingdom. In the 7th century its population increased greatly, prospering under Assyrian vassalage (despite Hezekiah's revolt against the Assyrian king Sennacherib), but in 605 the Assyrian Empire was defeated, and the ensuing competition between the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt and the Neo-Babylonian Empire for control of the Eastern Mediterranean led to the destruction of the kingdom in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582, the deportation of the elite of the community, and the incorporation of Judah into a province of the Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny (, ? \u2013 23 March 1750) was a mathematician, engineer, cartographer, and professor. He was a leading representative of science and technology in the 18th century Kingdom of Hungary and Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "County of Gorizia", "paragraph_text": "While the Lienz area was administrated with the Tyrolean crown land, the \"inner county\" of Gorizia remained an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Inner Austrian Archdukes as part of the Austrian Circle, governed by a \"capitano\". Its territory included the Isonzo Valley down to Aquileia, the area of Cormons and Duino, and the former Venetian fortress of Gradisca, which was conquered by Imperial troops in 1511. Monfalcone formed a Venetian exclave in the county from 1420 to 1797. In 1647 Emperor Ferdinand III separated the \"Principality of Gradisca\" from Gorizia for his courtier Johann Anton von Eggenberg, until in 1747 both were again merged to form the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, a crown land of the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Battle of Domstadtl", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Domstadtl, also spelled Domstadt, Czech Doma\u0161ov, was a battle between Habsburg Monarchy and Kingdom of Prussia at a Moravian village Doma\u0161ov nad Byst\u0159ic\u00ed during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) on 30 June 1758, preceded by a minor clash at Guntramovice (Gundersdorf) on 28 June. Austrians under the command of Major General Ernst Gideon von Laudon and Major General Joseph von Siskovits attacked and destroyed a supply convoy bound for the Prussian army besieging Olomouc (Olm\u00fctz). The Austrian victory saved the city and the Prussian King Frederick the Great was forced to leave Moravia."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bukovina", "paragraph_text": "A region of Moldavia during the Middle Ages, the territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1774 to 1918, an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. After World War I, Romania established its control over Bukovina. In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union in violation of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, and currently is part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Paisius of Hilendar", "paragraph_text": "Paisius was born in the Samokov eparchy of the time, probably in the town of Bansko. He established himself in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos in 1745, where he was later a hieromonk and deputy-abbot. Collecting materials for two years through hard work and even visiting the Habsburg Monarchy, he finished his \"Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya\" in 1762 in the Zograf Monastery. The book was the first attempt to write a complete history of Bulgaria and attempted to awake and strengthen Bulgarian national consciousnesses."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "General Archive of the Crown of Aragon", "paragraph_text": "It was founded in 1318 in Barcelona by the king James II of Aragon the Just as unified archive of all the territories of the Crown of Aragon. It was the single central archive of the Crown from 1318-1348, in which the Courts of Zaragoza created the Archive of the Kingdom of Aragon. In 1419 also was created the Royal Archives of Valencia, where were deposited the funds of the courts of economic control of the administration of the kingdom and the Rational Master File of the Kingdom of Valencia."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, after which Wales too gradually came under control of Anglo-Normans. The process was completed in the 13th century when the Principality of Wales became a client state of the English kingdom. Meanwhile, Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married them, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its greatest extent in 1921."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "First Great Awakening", "paragraph_text": "The First Great Awakening (sometimes Great Awakening) or Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its American Colonies between the 1730s and 1740s. The revival movement had a permanent impact on Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion. The Great Awakening marked the emergence of Anglo - American evangelicalism as a transdenominational movement within the Protestant churches. In the United States, the term Great Awakening is most often used, while in the United Kingdom, it is referred to as the Evangelical Revival."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hawaii", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hawai \u02bbi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders. Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Crown of Aragon", "paragraph_text": "Crown of Aragon Corona d'Arag\u00f3n (Aragonese) Corona d'Arag\u00f3 (Catalan) Corona Aragonum (Latin) Corona de Arag\u00f3n (Spanish) Aragoiko koroa (Basque) Composite monarchy, confederation of kingdoms, or individual polities ruled by one king 1162 -- 1716 Standard Coat of arms Territories subject to the Crown of Aragon in 1441 Capital see Capital below Languages Official languages: Aragonese, Catalan, Latin Minority languages: Occitan, Sardinian, Corsican, Neapolitan, Sicilian, Castilian, Basque, Greek, Maltese, Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic Religion Majority religion: Roman Catholic Minority religions: Sunni Islam, Sephardic Judaism, Greek Orthodoxy Government Feudal monarchy subject to pacts Monarch 1162 -- 1164 Petronilla (first) 1479 - 1504 1479 -- 1516 Isabella I and Ferdinand II 1700 -- 1716 Charles III (last) Legislature Cortz d'Arag\u00f3n Corts Catalanes Corts Valencianes Historical era Middle Ages / Early modern period Union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona 1162 Conquest of the Kingdom of Majorca 1231 Conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia 1238 -- 1245 Conquest of the Kingdom of Sardinia 1324 -- 1420 Union of Ferdinand II and Isabella I 19 October 1469 Conquest of the Kingdom of Naples 1501 -- 1504 Nueva Planta decrees 1716 Area 1443 250,000 km (97,000 sq mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Aragon County of Barcelona Habsburg Spain Today part of Andorra France Greece Italy Malta Spain Tunisia"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, then the First Consul of the French Republic, hoping to re-establish an empire in North America, regained ownership of Louisiana. However, France's failure to put down the revolt in Saint - Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military. The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands, but quickly accepted the bargain. The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Before the purchase was finalized, the decision faced Federalist Party opposition; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory. Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory, but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the empire in control during the national awakening, the kingdom acquiring some Thuringian territory or Habsburg Monarchy?"}
{"id": "3hop1__17192_78396_79067", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "ASB Bank", "paragraph_text": "ASB Bank, commonly stylised as ASB, is a bank owned by Commonwealth Bank of Australia, operating in New Zealand. It provides a range of financial services including retail, business and rural banking, funds management, as well as insurance through its Sovereign Limited subsidiary, and investment and securities services through its ASB Group Investments and ASB Securities divisions. ASB also operates BankDirect, a branchless banking service that provides service via phone, Internet, EFTPOS and ATMs only."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Intrepid Journeys", "paragraph_text": "Intrepid Journeys is a New Zealand television series, which screens on TV ONE in New Zealand and on Vibrant TV Network in the United States. Making its debut in 2003, the show focuses on New Zealand celebrities who travel to exotic countries to see that country's history, culture and people."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Public radio was introduced in New Zealand in 1922. A state-owned television service began in 1960. Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations. New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with a large number of Australian and local shows. The number of New Zealand films significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the New Zealand Film Commission started assisting local film-makers and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement. The highest-grossing New Zealand films are Hunt for the Wilderpeople, Boy, The World's Fastest Indian, Once Were Warriors and Whale Rider. The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives, have encouraged some producers to shoot big-budget productions in New Zealand, including Avatar, The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, The Chronicles of Narnia, King Kong and The Last Samurai. The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the state retains ownership of some television and radio stations. Since 1994, Freedom House has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media in 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "H\u00e4agen-Dazs", "paragraph_text": "H\u00e4agen - Dazs (US: / \u02c8h\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259nd\u00e6s /, UK: / \u02cch\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259n\u02c8d\u0251\u02d0z /) is an American ice cream brand, established by Reuben and Rose Mattus in the Bronx, New York, in 1961. Starting with only three flavors: vanilla, chocolate, and coffee, the company opened its first retail store in Brooklyn, New York, on November 15, 1976. The business now has franchises throughout the United States and many other countries around the world including Japan, the United Kingdom, Australia, India, China, Lebanon, New Zealand, and Brazil."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Military history of New Zealand during World War II", "paragraph_text": "There was also a strong sentimental link between the former British colony and the United Kingdom, with many seeing Britain as the ``mother country ''or`` Home''. The New Zealand Prime Minister of the time Michael Joseph Savage summed this up at the outbreak of war with a broadcast on 5 September (largely written by the Solicitor - General Henry Cornish) that became a popular cry in New Zealand during the war:"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Fred Astaire Dance Studios", "paragraph_text": "The company was co-founded by Astaire along with Charles and Chester Casanave in 1947. Astaire divested his interest in the chain in 1966, while agreeing the continued use of his name by the franchise. The studios became franchised in 1950; currently there are no corporate owned studios. Each franchise is individually owned & operated. Currently there are 140 Fred Astaire studios in the United States alone. As of December 2010, Fred Astaire Dance Studios will now be franchising around the world and has studios opened in countries like Lebanon and South Africa."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens", "paragraph_text": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of New Zealand. As of 1 January 2017, New Zealand citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 172 countries and territories, ranking the New Zealand passport 5th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Irish and Japanese passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kate Sheppard", "paragraph_text": "Kate Sheppard promoted women's suffrage by organising petitions and public meetings, by writing letters to the press, and by developing contacts with politicians. She was the editor of The White Ribbon, the first woman-operated newspaper in New Zealand. Through her skilful writing and persuasive public speaking, she successfully advocated women's suffrage. Her pamphlets Ten Reasons Why the Women of New Zealand Should Vote and Should Women Vote? contributed to the cause. This work culminated in a petition with 30,000 signatures calling for women's suffrage that was presented to parliament, and the successful extension of the franchise to women in 1893. As a result, New Zealand became the first country to establish universal suffrage."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Douglas Mary McKain", "paragraph_text": "Douglas Mary McKain (20 July 1789 \u2013 3 April 1873) was a New Zealand nurse, midwife and businesswoman. She was born Douglas Mary Dunsmore in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland on 20 July 1789 and died 3 April 1873 in Napier. She arrived in New Zealand as a widow, accompanied by four sons and a daughter, on the ship \"Olympus\", which arrived in Port Nicholson (Wellington) in April 1841."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hunting", "paragraph_text": "New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alfred Ludlam", "paragraph_text": "Alfred Ludlam (1810 \u2013 8 November 1877) was a leading New Zealand politician, horticulturist and farmer who owned land at Wellington and in the Hutt Valley. A member of three of New Zealand's four earliest parliaments, he was also a philanthropist and a founder of Wellington's Botanic Garden."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tony Rogers (athlete)", "paragraph_text": "Tony Rogers (born 30 April 1957 in Huntly) is a retired middle distance runner from New Zealand, who represented his native country in the men's 1,500 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics, finishing in ninth place. He also competed at the 1982 Commonwealth Games, and later became High Performance Manager for Athletics New Zealand."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans known to reach New Zealand were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island in Golden Bay (he named it Murderers' Bay) in December 1642 and sailed northward to Tonga following an attack by local M\u0101ori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them Staten Landt, after the States General of the Netherlands, and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. It was subsequently anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour who visited the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during 1769 -- 1770. Cook returned to New Zealand on both of his subsequent voyages."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Battle of Maroun al-Ras", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Maroun al-Ras was a battle of the 2006 Lebanon War that took place in Maroun ar-Ras, a small village in southern Lebanon on the border with Israel, and Jall ad-Dayr, a nearby Hizbullah stronghold. This battle was the first serious ground battle in the 2006 Lebanon war. It was fought to a large extent by elite forces on both sides and would have huge consequences for the future of the war. Although Israeli forces captured most of the town, they did not fully secure it."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dominion of Ceylon", "paragraph_text": "Between 1948 and 1972, Ceylon was an independent country in the Commonwealth of Nations that shared a monarch with Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and certain other sovereign states. In 1948, the British Colony of Ceylon was granted independence as Ceylon. In 1972, the country became a republic within the Commonwealth, and its name was changed to Sri Lanka. It was an island country in South Asia, located about 31 kilometres (19.3 mi) off the southern coast of India."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kate Sheppard", "paragraph_text": "Katherine Wilson Sheppard (n\u00e9e Catherine Wilson Malcolm; 10 March 1848 \u2013 13 July 1934) was the most prominent member of the women's suffrage movement in New Zealand and the country's most famous suffragist. Born in Liverpool, England, she emigrated to New Zealand with her family in 1868. There she became an active member of various religious and social organisations, including the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). In 1887 she was appointed the WCTU's National Superintendent for Franchise and Legislation, a position she used to advance the cause of women's suffrage in New Zealand."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Internet in New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Internet access is widely available in New Zealand. Like Australia, it first became accessible to university students in the country in 1989. As of October 2015, there are 1,926,000 broadband connections and 53,000 dialup connections in New Zealand, of which 1,661,000 are residential and 316,000 are business or government. (For reference, there are 1,679,800 households in New Zealand as of September 2013.)"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Demographics of Sydney", "paragraph_text": "Significant overseas born populations Country of Birth Population (2011) United Kingdom 155,065 China 146,853 India 86,767 New Zealand 77,297 Vietnam 69,405 Philippines 61,122 Lebanon 54,215 South Korea 39,694 Italy 39,155 Hong Kong 36,804 South Africa 31,681 Fiji 29,598 Iraq 28,594 Greece 28,192 Indonesia 24,707"}], "question": "The group that owned an area before it became a country securing southern Lebanon arrived in New Zealand when?"}
{"id": "3hop2__92920_23308_28343", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Muhammad Abu Tir", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Hassan Abu Tir (, also known as-Sheikh Abu Mus'ab, 1951) is a member of Hamas and a representative on the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) for his East Jerusalem constituency. He was elected to the position in the Palestinian legislative elections that were held on 25 January 2006. Abu Tir is known for his bright orange henna-dyed beard which separates him from most other politicians and members of his community. He tended to keep a low media profile before he was placed in Israeli prison for four years: On 29 June 2006, Abu Tir was arrested by Israeli military authorities in the 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict. He was held until June 2010, after which Israel ordered him to leave the country because he refused to resign from the Hamas legislature. On June, 2010, he was rearrested after he failed to leave East Jerusalem."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bekka & Billy", "paragraph_text": "Bekka & Billy was an American country music duo consisting of singer-songwriters Bekka Bramlett and Billy Burnette, who first worked together as members of Fleetwood Mac. Their eponymous debut album was released by Almo Sounds in April 1997. While their debut single, \"Patient Heart,\" failed to chart in the United States, it reached No.\u00a096 on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "She'll Leave You with a Smile", "paragraph_text": "\"She'll Leave You with a Smile\" is a song written by Odie Blackmon and Jay Knowles, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in September 2002 as the third and last single from his album \"The Road Less Traveled\". It was his 38th Number One hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. It became his 50th number 1 single (on combined charts) in December 2002. It was also a hit on the Hot 100, peaking at number 23 and becoming Strait's most successful crossover single to date."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest", "paragraph_text": "The United Kingdom has finished last in three contests. Jemini's infamous 2003 ``nul points ''result was the first time that the country had come last in the contest, something that was then repeated in 2008 with Andy Abraham, who received 14 points and in 2010 with Josh Dubovie, who received 10 points. In 2016, the UK failed to reach the top 10 for the seventh consecutive time, with the duo Joe and Jake finishing 24th. In 2017, the UK improved on their result by coming 15th with Lucie Jones, their best result in the contest since Blue in 2011."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bangladesh", "paragraph_text": "The first major intergovernmental organization joined by Bangladesh was the Commonwealth of Nations in 1972. The country joined the United Nations in 1974, and has been elected twice to the UN Security Council. Ambassador Humayun Rashid Choudhury was elected president of the UN General Assembly in 1986. Bangladesh relies on multilateral diplomacy in the World Trade Organization. It is a major contributor to UN peacekeeping, providing 113,000 personnel to 54 UN missions in the Middle East, the Balkans, Africa and the Caribbean in 2014.In addition to membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations, Bangladesh pioneered regional cooperation in South Asia. Bangladesh is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), an organization designed to strengthen relations and promote economic and cultural growth among its members. It has hosted several summits, and two Bangladeshi diplomats were the organization's secretary-general."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an \"indirect aggression\" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of \"indirect aggression\" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "The quick and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day War by Israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world. The defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries, was blamed on the secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes. A steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics ensued. Ba'athism, Arab socialism, and Arab nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb gained ground."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Keys to the Highway", "paragraph_text": "Keys to the Highway is the sixth studio album by country music artist Rodney Crowell, released in 1989 by Columbia Records (see 1989 in country music). It peaked at number 15 on the Top Country Albums chart. The songs, \"Many a Long and Lonesome Highway\", \"If Looks Could Kill\", \"My Past Is Present\", \"Now That We're Alone\" and \"Things I Wish I'd Said\" were released as singles. The last single failed to reach the top 40."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Adolescence", "paragraph_text": "A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this transition varies drastically by culture. In some countries, such as the United States, adolescence can last nearly a decade, but in others, the transition\u2014often in the form of a ceremony\u2014can last for only a few days."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1938, the U.S. adopted a succession of increasingly restrictive trade restrictions with Japan. This included terminating its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan in 1939, further tightened by the Export Control Act of 1940. These efforts failed to deter Japan from continuing its war in China, or from signing the Tripartite Pact in 1940 with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, officially forming the Axis Powers."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "20th SAARC summit", "paragraph_text": "20th SAARC summit Host country Sri Lanka Date 2018 Participants Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Follows 19th SAARC summit Precedes 21st SAARC summit Website Saarc"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation", "paragraph_text": "The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia. Its member states include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 3.8% (US $2.9 trillion) of the global economy, as of 2015."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation", "paragraph_text": "The SAARC member states imposed a stipulation for Afghanistan to hold a general election; the non-partisan elections were held in late 2005. Despite initial reluctance and internal debates, Afghanistan joined SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales", "paragraph_text": "In 1944, Rab Butler introduced the Education Act 1944 which amongst other changes, including the introduction of the Tripartite System, included raising the school leaving age to 15. Although the act should have been brought into effect as from September 1939, it was not implemented because of the effects of World War II, but was eventually enforced from April 1947. The comprehensive school system has since replaced the Tripartite System brought in by this act across most of England. This act also recommended compulsory part - time education for all children until the age of 18, but was dropped, in similar fashion to the 1918 Act, to cut spending after World War II."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Nobody to Blame", "paragraph_text": "``Nobody to Blame ''is a song recorded by American country music artist Chris Stapleton. The song was released in November 2015 as the singer's third single overall. Stapleton co-wrote the song with Barry Bales and Ronnie Bowman. It became Stapleton's first top 10 single on the US Country Airplay chart.`` Nobody to Blame'' won Song of the Year at the ACM Awards."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991\u201392. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program. Tito was a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as \"national communism\"). In 1951 he implemented a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist countries. A turn towards a model of market socialism brought economic expansion in the 1950s and 1960s and a decline during the 1970s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the \"brotherhood and unity\" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade, and which continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics. He remains a very controversial figure in the Balkans."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ride (Shelly Fairchild album)", "paragraph_text": "Ride is the debut album of American country music artist Shelly Fairchild, released in March 2005 (see 2005 in country music) on Columbia Records. It includes the singles \"You Don't Lie Here Anymore\", \"Tiny Town\" and \"Kiss Me\". Although \"You Don't Lie Here Anymore\" reached #35 on the U.S. country singles charts in late 2004, the other two singles failed to chart."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "War on Terror", "paragraph_text": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Brett Beavers", "paragraph_text": "Brett Beavers (born in Waco, Texas), is an American country music songwriter and producer and the co-author of the book \"Something Worth Leaving Behind\"."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sultan bin Saif II", "paragraph_text": "Sultan bin Saif II was the fifth of the Yaruba dynasty of Imams of Oman, a member of the Ibadi sect. He ruled from 1711 to 1718. After his death, leaving a young son as his successor, the country degenerated into civil war."}], "question": "When did the country blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail leave the country being the last member of SAARC?"}
{"id": "3hop1__137011_39743_24526", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sichuan", "paragraph_text": "Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general it has strong monsoonal influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, the Sichuan Basin (including Chengdu) in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa or Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild to cool, dry and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China's lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation. However, due to high altitude and its inland location, many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a subarctic climate (K\u00f6ppen Dwc)- featuring extremely cold winters down to -30 \u00b0C and even cold summer nights. The region is geologically active with landslides and earthquakes. Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 \u00b0C. The southern part of the province, including Panzhihua and Xichang, has a sunny climate with short, very mild winters and very warm to hot summers."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Worst Week", "paragraph_text": "On May 20, 2009, CBS announced its new season schedule and canceled \"Worst Week\". A previously unaired episode entitled \"The Party\" aired on June 6, 2009. \"Worst Week\" is set in Manassas, Virginia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the state, with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s \u00b0F (6\u20133 \u00b0C) for highs in the winter and falling into the low 20s \u00b0F (\u22125 \u00b0C) or lower on winter nights. Relatively cool summers have temperatures rarely rising above 80 \u00b0F (27 \u00b0C). Average snowfall in many areas exceeds 30 in (76 cm) per year, and can be heavy at the higher elevations; for example, during the Blizzard of 1993 more than 60 in (152 cm) of snow fell on Mount Mitchell over a period of three days. Mount Mitchell has received snow in every month of the year."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Richmond is located at 37\u00b032\u2032N 77\u00b028\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff37.533\u00b0N 77.467\u00b0W\ufeff / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, \u221277.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 \u00b0F (24.2 \u00b0C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs even just a few miles west of Atlantic City exceed 85 \u00b0F (29 \u00b0C) in July. Near the coast, temperatures reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on an average of only 6.8 days a year, but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City Int'l.[a] Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.5 \u00b0F (2 \u00b0C). Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25, allowing a growing season of 239 days. Extreme temperatures range from \u22129 \u00b0F (\u221223 \u00b0C) on February 9, 1934 to 104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C) on August 7, 1918.[b]"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Climate of California", "paragraph_text": "During the cooler winter months (October -- March), the Coachella Valley regularly has the warmest winter temperatures out of any place west of the Rocky Mountains. East Los Angeles, the Gateway Cities, and parts of the San Gabriel Valley average the warmest winter high temps (72 \u00b0 F, 22 \u00b0 C) in all of the western U.S., and Santa Monica averages the warmest winter lows (52 \u00b0 F, 11 \u00b0 C) in all of the western U.S. Palm Springs, a city in the Coachella Valley, averages high / low / mean temperatures of 75 \u00b0 F / 50 \u00b0 F / 63 \u00b0 F, (24 \u00b0 C / 10 \u00b0 C / 17 \u00b0 C) respectively during the period of cooler weather from November to April."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley massif, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing an estimated 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near \u221215 \u00b0C (5 \u00b0F), but can drop below \u221240 \u00b0C (\u221240 \u00b0F) with severe wind chills. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s \u00b0C (70s \u00b0F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 \u00b0C (77 to 86 \u00b0F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Plymouth", "paragraph_text": "Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of 26.6 \u00b0C (80 \u00b0F), although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 \u00b0C (89 \u00b0F), the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to \u22124.1 \u00b0C (25 \u00b0F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to \u22128.8 \u00b0C (16 \u00b0F). Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dallol (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Dallol is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. This woreda is named for the former mining settlement of Dallol, which set the record for the hottest inhabited place on Earth, with an average temperature of 34\u00b0 C. Located at the northernmost point of the Administrative Zone 2, Dallol's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Koneba, on the west by the Tigray Region, on the north by Eritrea, and on the east and south by Berhale. Detailed information is not available for the settlements in this woreda."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Phoenix, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification BWh), typical of the Sonoran Desert. Phoenix has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild to warm winters. The city is located within the sunniest region in the world. Measuring 3,872 hours of bright sunshine annually, Phoenix receives the most sunshine of any major city on Earth. Average high temperatures in summer are the hottest of any major city in the United States. On average, there are 107 days annually with a high of at least 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C) including most days from late May through early October. Highs top 110 \u00b0 F (43 \u00b0 C) an average of 18 days during the year. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all - time recorded high of 122 \u00b0 F (50 \u00b0 C). Despite the city's claim to the most extreme heat in summer, however, it does not have the highest average annual temperature in the contiguous United States. In that respect, it comes second to Miami; Phoenix has an average daily temperature of 75 \u00b0 F (24 \u00b0 C), compared to Miami's 77 \u00b0 F (25 \u00b0 C)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The January daily average is 33.0 \u00b0F (0.6 \u00b0C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) during thaws and dips to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 \u00b0F (25.6 \u00b0C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2, allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry; February's average of 2.64 inches (67 mm) makes it the area's driest month. The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 \u00b0F (15 \u00b0C) to 64.5 \u00b0F (18 \u00b0C)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200\u20132,300 metres (3,900\u20137,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100\u20133,300 metres (6,900\u201310,800 ft). Under K\u00f6ppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28\u201330 \u00b0C (82\u201386 \u00b0F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 \u00b0C (50.2 \u00b0F)."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Germany", "paragraph_text": "Most of Germany has a temperate seasonal climate dominated by humid westerly winds. The country is situated in between the oceanic Western European and the continental Eastern European climate. The climate is moderated by the North Atlantic Drift, the northern extension of the Gulf Stream. This warmer water affects the areas bordering the North Sea; consequently in the northwest and the north the climate is oceanic. Germany gets an average of 789 mm (31 in) of precipitation per year; there is no consistent dry season. Winters are cool and summers tend to be warm: temperatures can exceed 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F).The east has a more continental climate: winters can be very cold and summers very warm, and longer dry periods can occur. Central and southern Germany are transition regions which vary from moderately oceanic to continental. In addition to the maritime and continental climates that predominate over most of the country, the Alpine regions in the extreme south and, to a lesser degree, some areas of the Central German Uplands have a mountain climate, with lower temperatures and more precipitation.Though the German climate is rarely extreme, there are occasional spikes of cold or heat. Winter temperatures can sometimes drop to two-digit negative temperatures for a few days in a row. Conversely, summer can see periods of very high temperatures for a week or two. The recorded extremes are a maximum of 40.3 \u00b0C (104.5 \u00b0F) (July 2015, in Kitzingen), and a minimum of \u221237.8 \u00b0C (\u221236.0 \u00b0F) (February 1929, in Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.6 \u00b0F (0.3 \u00b0C); however, temperatures usually drop to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) several times per winter, and reach 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) several days each winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 \u00b0F (24.7 \u00b0C) in July and an average humidity level of 72%. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). In the warmer months, the dew point, a measure of atmospheric moisture, ranges from 57.3 \u00b0F (14.1 \u00b0C) in June to 62.0 \u00b0F (16.7 \u00b0C) in August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from \u221215 \u00b0F (\u221226 \u00b0C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on July 9, 1936."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently characterized by rain. Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 \u00b0F (4.8 \u00b0C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 \u00b0F (\u22127 \u00b0C). Summers are sunny, dry and warm, with August, the warmest month, averaging 66.1 \u00b0F (18.9 \u00b0C), and with temperatures reaching 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 3.1 days per year, although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 \u00b0F. The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 \u00b0F (39 \u00b0C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 \u00b0F (\u22129 \u00b0C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 \u00b0F (22 \u00b0C) the day the official record high was set. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 16 thru March 10, allowing a growing season of 250 days."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bucharest", "paragraph_text": "Bucharest has a humid continental climate (Dfa), with warm to hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the city's winters can get windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F), sometimes even to \u221220 \u00b0C (\u22124 \u00b0F). In summer, the average temperature is 23 \u00b0C (73 \u00b0F) (the average for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 \u00b0C (95 to 104 \u00b0F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer are low, occasional heavy storms occur. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 \u00b0C (63 and 72 \u00b0F), and precipitation during spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Paris", "paragraph_text": "Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb\u202f) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 \u00b0C (59 and 77 \u00b0F), and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above 32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F). Some years have even witnessed long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) for weeks, surged up to 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was 17.6 \u00b0C (63.7 \u00b0F), with an average minimum temperature of 12.9 \u00b0C (55.2 \u00b0F) and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 \u00b0C (74.7 \u00b0F)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Geography of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau (the Intermontane Plateaus) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada. Precipitation averages less than 15 inches (38 cm). The Southwest is a hot desert, with temperatures exceeding 100 \u00b0F (37.8 \u00b0C) for several weeks at a time in summer. The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September, which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F (8\u201312 \u00b0C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3\u20135 in (8\u201313 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year."}], "question": "What is the average winter daytime temperature in the region that contains Richmond, in the state where Worst Week was set?"}
{"id": "3hop1__159748_91191_156667", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ali", "paragraph_text": "Ali had four children with Fatimah: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali, born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin), and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was Ali's son from another wife from the Bani Hanifa tribe of central Arabia named Khawlah bint Ja'far, whom Ali had married after Fatimah's death."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ibrahim Mohamed Solih", "paragraph_text": "Solih was born on Hinnavaru Island but moved to the Maldives' capital island of Mal\u00e9 at a young age for education, and he has been a resident since. He is one of 13 children. He is married to Fazna Ahmed and they have a daughter named Sarah and a son named Yaman.Solih is one of the closest friends of former President Mohamed Nasheed, who is also the first cousin of Solih's wife Fazna. Solih and President Nasheed played an instrumental role in establishing multiparty democracy in the Maldives. Ibrahim Mohamed Solih has been a senior figure in the party and leads the first Parliamentary Group of the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) in 2009."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands.[citation needed] A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique. A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro, and settled in a small island. A fort, named Fort Coligny, was built to protect them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian Native Americans. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who captured part of the Huguenots. The Portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to Catholicism. The Huguenots of Guanabara, as they are now known, produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the Portuguese. This was their death sentence. This document, the Guanabara Confession of Faith, became the first Protestant confession of faith in the whole of the Americas.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Maldives", "paragraph_text": "After the long Buddhist period of Maldivian history, Muslim traders introduced Islam. Maldivians converted to Islam by the mid-12th century. The islands have had a long history of Sufic orders, as can be seen in the history of the country such as the building of tombs. They were used until as recently as the 1980s for seeking the help of buried saints. They can be seen next to some old mosques and are considered a part of Maldives's cultural heritage."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of 24 characters", "paragraph_text": "Teri Bauer 24 character Leslie Hope as Teri Bauer First appearance Day 1 -- Episode 1 Last appearance Day 1 -- Episode 24 Portrayed by Leslie Hope Days Information Spouse (s) Jack Bauer Children Kim Bauer"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Hinduism is the religion of 79.8% of New Delhi's population. There are also communities of Muslims (12.9%), Sikhs (5.4%), Jains (1.1%) and Christians (0.9%) in Delhi. Other religious groups (2.5%) include Parsis, Buddhists and Jews."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Pataliputra", "paragraph_text": "Two important early Buddhist councils are recorded in early Buddhist texts as being held here, the First Buddhist council immediately following the death of the Buddha and the Second Buddhist council in the reign of Ashoka. Jain and Brahmanical sources identify Udayabhadra, son of Ajatashatru, as the king who first established Pataliputra as the capital of Magadha."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mr. Darcy", "paragraph_text": "Fitzwilliam Darcy Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet by C.E. Brock (1895) She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me. Full name Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy Gender Male Age 28 Income \u00a310,000 + / year (equivalent to \u00a3600,000 in 2016) Primary residence Pemberley, near Lambton, Derbyshire Family Spouse (s) Elizabeth Bennet Romantic interest (s) Elizabeth Bennet Parents Mr. Darcy and Lady Anne Darcy (n\u00e9e Fitzwilliam) Sibling (s) Georgiana Darcy"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "83% of the total population adheres to Christianity, making it the most common religion in Swaziland. Anglican, Protestant and indigenous African churches, including African Zionist, constitute the majority of the Christians (40%), followed by Roman Catholicism at 20% of the population. On 18 July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya, was elected Anglican Bishop of Swaziland, becoming the first woman to be a bishop in Africa. 15% of the population follows traditional religions; other non-Christian religions practised in the country include Islam (1%), the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith (0.5%), and Hinduism (0.2%). There are 14 Jewish families."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Maldives Olympic Committee", "paragraph_text": "Maldives Olympic Committee (IOC code: MDV) is the National Olympic Committee representing Maldives. It was also the body responsible for Maldives' representation at the Commonwealth Games."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Boeddhistische Omroep Stichting", "paragraph_text": "Boeddhistische Omroep Stichting (abbr. BOS: English: \"Buddhist Broadcasting Foundation\") was a special broadcaster on the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system, which was allowed to broadcast on radio and television because of their religious background. It was one of the \"2.42 broadcasters\" (named after the Article 2.42 of the \"Mediawet\", the Dutch media law, which allowed faith-based broadcasters to get airtime on radio and TV without having to have any members). The broadcaster was known for broadcasting from a Buddhist perspective."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rachel Berry", "paragraph_text": "Rachel Berry Glee character Lea Michele as Rachel Berry First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Dreams Come True'' Created by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Ian Brennan Portrayed by Lea Michele Information Occupation Actress Singer Formerly: High school student College student Waitress Co-director of the glee club Family Hiram Berry (father) LeRoy Berry (father) Shelby Corcoran (biological mother) Beth Corcoran (adoptive sister) Spouse (s) Jesse St. James (husband) Significant other (s) Finn Hudson (ex-fianc\u00e9, deceased) Brody Weston (ex-boyfriend) Noah Puckerman (ex-boyfriend) Sam Evans (ex-boyfriend) Religion Jewish Nationality American"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "2011 Census of India", "paragraph_text": "The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015. Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million), while Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India. and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million). According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. For the first time, a ``No religion ''category was added in the 2011 census. 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to`` No Religion'' in India in the 2011 census 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion. Given below is the decade - by - decade religious composition of India until the 2011 census. There are six religions in India that have been awarded ``National Minority ''status - Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis. Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India. As per 2011 census, six major faiths - Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India's 1.21 billion population, while`` other religions, persuasions'' (ORP) count is 8.2 million. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths - 4.957 million - strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million - strong Gond, 506,000 - strong Sari, Donyi - Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate. Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Buddhism", "paragraph_text": "Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mah\u0101y\u0101na considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the \u0101gamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths and minority Muslim sects practised by Egyptians, such as the small Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and Ahmadi community, are not recognised by the state and face persecution since they are labelled as far right groups that threaten Egypt's national security. Individuals, particularly Baha'is and atheists, wishing to include their religion (or lack thereof) on their mandatory state issued identification cards are denied this ability (see Egyptian identification card controversy), and are put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith. A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first amendment to the US Constitution states ``Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ''The two parts, known as the`` establishment clause'' and the ``free exercise clause ''respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the`` separation of church and state'' doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church - state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one \"true\" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, \"He Who Is\", \"I Am that I Am\", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, \"Al-El\", or \"Al-Elah\" (\"the God\") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism."}], "question": "What is the name of the spouse of the first convert to the faith that reached the Maldives after Buddhism?"}
{"id": "3hop1__77966_91191_16530", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Constantine the Great and Christianity", "paragraph_text": "During the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (306 -- 337 AD), Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire. Historians remain uncertain about Constantine's reasons for favoring Christianity, and theologians and historians have often argued about which form of Early Christianity he subscribed to. There is no consensus among scholars as to whether he adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth, or, as claimed by Eusebius, encouraged her to convert to the faith himself. Some scholars question the extent to which he should be considered a Christian emperor: ``Constantine saw himself as an 'emperor of the Christian people'. If this made him a Christian is the subject of... debate, ''although he allegedly received a baptism shortly before his death."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Christian", "paragraph_text": "The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia (Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the ex-USSR) have a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called[by whom?] Scythia - Christians already lived there. Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia (301 AD) and in Georgia (337 AD), later in the Great Russian Principality (Kyivan Rus, Russian: \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, ca 988 AD). People of that time used to denote themselves Christians (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435) and Russians (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435). Both terms had strong Christian connotations.[citation needed] It is also interesting that in time the term \"\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435\" acquired the meaning \"peasants of Christian faith\" and later \"peasants\" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term \"\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435\" retained its religious meaning and the term \"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\" began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,[citation needed] which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the \"Pravoslav faith\" (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 - Orthodox faith) or \"Russian faith\" (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430) from earliest times became almost as known as the original \"Christian faith\" (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430). Also in some contexts the term \"cossack\" (\u043a\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a - free man by the will of God) was used[by whom?] to denote \"free\" Christians of steppe origin and Russian language."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Apostolic Faith Church", "paragraph_text": "The founder of the Apostolic Faith Church was Florence L. Crawford. Crawford was a participant in the Azusa Street Revival. This revival began in 1906 at the Apostolic Faith Mission in Los Angeles. The Azusa Street Mission, as it was called, quickly became the center of the Apostolic Faith movement mainly through the publication of The Apostolic Faith newspaper. Seymour appointed Crawford as the state director of the Pacific Coast Apostolic Faith movement where she would help other missions and churches join the movement. Crawford's break with Seymour was complete by 1911. She began an independent work in Portland, Oregon, with the same name as Seymour's mission and most of the churches under her supervision followed her."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "The first item of business on Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of faith. This contrasts with the formal style of \"Prayers\", which is the first item of business in meetings of the House of Commons. Speakers are drawn from across Scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The first amendment to the US Constitution states ``Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ''The two parts, known as the`` establishment clause'' and the ``free exercise clause ''respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the`` separation of church and state'' doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church - state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Elias Zoghby", "paragraph_text": "Elias Zoghby was born on January 9, 1912, in Cairo. His mother, Hanne Ishak Yared, was a Melkite Greek Catholic and his father, Abdallah Mikail Zoghby, was an Antiochian Orthodox convert and former Maronite Catholic. The couple had recently emigrated from Lebanon and settled in Cairo's Arb-el-Guenena neighborhood. The area had a Melkite church nearby which his parents attended. Elias and his siblings were baptized into the Melkite faith and raised in a devout household, attending liturgy daily, reading the bible together as a family and praying the Office every afternoon."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "paragraph_text": "Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin. The battle was stopped before either side had achieved victory, and the two parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute. After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator, and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari. Seven months later, in February 658, the two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about 10 miles north west of Maan in Jordon. Amr ibn al-As convinced Abu Musa Ashaari that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali and his supporters were stunned by the decision which had lowered the Caliph to the status of the rebellious Muawiyah I. Ali was therefore outwitted by Muawiyah and Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict and found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters. The most vociferous opponents in Ali's camp were the very same people who had forced Ali into the ceasefire. They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, \"arbitration belongs to God alone.\" This group came to be known as the Kharijites (\"those who leave\"). In 659 Ali's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "August 2013 Tripoli bombing", "paragraph_text": "On 23 August 2013 two mosques were bombed in Tripoli, Lebanon. 47 people were killed and five hundred more injured in what has been called the \"biggest and deadliest\" bombing in Tripoli since the end of Lebanon's Civil War. and the bombings are widely considered to be part of the spillover of the Syrian Civil War into Lebanon."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Parliament of the World's Religions", "paragraph_text": "In 1893, the city of Chicago hosted the World Columbian Exposition, an early world's fair. So many people were coming to Chicago from all over the world that many smaller conferences, called Congresses and Parliaments, were scheduled to take advantage of this unprecedented gathering. One of these was the World's Parliament of Religions, an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman (and judge) Charles Carroll Bonney. The Parliament of Religions was by far the largest of the congresses held in conjunction with the Exposition. John Henry Barrows, a clergyman, was appointed as the first chairman of the General Committee of the 1893 Parliament by Charles Bonney."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Culture of India", "paragraph_text": "According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practice Hinduism. Islam (14.2%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many tribal religions, such as Sarnaism, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Atheism and agnostics also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19\u201320% of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in India comprising around 76% of the population."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "2011 Census of India", "paragraph_text": "The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015. Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million), while Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India. and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million). According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. For the first time, a ``No religion ''category was added in the 2011 census. 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to`` No Religion'' in India in the 2011 census 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion. Given below is the decade - by - decade religious composition of India until the 2011 census. There are six religions in India that have been awarded ``National Minority ''status - Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis. Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India. As per 2011 census, six major faiths - Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India's 1.21 billion population, while`` other religions, persuasions'' (ORP) count is 8.2 million. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths - 4.957 million - strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million - strong Gond, 506,000 - strong Sari, Donyi - Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate. Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Religion in Lebanon", "paragraph_text": "Lebanon has several different main religions. The country has the most religiously diverse society of all states within the Middle East, comprising 18 recognized religious sects. The main two religions are Islam (Shia and Sunni) with 54% of followers and Christianity (the Maronite Church, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, the Protestant Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church) with 40.4% of followers. There is also the Druze minority religion, which under the Lebanese political division (Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation) the Druze community is designated as one of the five Lebanese Muslim communities (Sunni, Shia, Druze, Alawi, and Ismaili)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one \"true\" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, \"He Who Is\", \"I Am that I Am\", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, \"Al-El\", or \"Al-Elah\" (\"the God\") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, \"Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it.\" Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as \"our beloved sister Church\". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "William Jennings Bryan", "paragraph_text": "William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 -- July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, standing three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States. He also served in the United States House of Representatives and as the United States Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. Because of his faith in the wisdom of the common people, he was often called ``The Great Commoner ''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands.[citation needed] A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique. A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro, and settled in a small island. A fort, named Fort Coligny, was built to protect them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian Native Americans. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who captured part of the Huguenots. The Portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to Catholicism. The Huguenots of Guanabara, as they are now known, produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the Portuguese. This was their death sentence. This document, the Guanabara Confession of Faith, became the first Protestant confession of faith in the whole of the Americas.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Church of Scotland", "paragraph_text": "At the time of the 2001 census, the number of respondents who gave their religion as Church of Scotland was 2,146,251 which amounted to 42.4% of the population of Scotland.  In 2008 the Church of Scotland had around 995 active ministers, 1,118 congregations, and its official membership at 398,389 comprised about 7.5% of the population of Scotland. Official membership is down some 66.5% from its peak in 1957 of 1.32 million. In the 2011 national census, 32% of Scots identified their religion as \"Church of Scotland\", more than any other faith group, but falling behind the total of those without religion for the first time. However, by 2013 only 18% of Scots self-identified as Church of Scotland. The Church of Scotland Guild, the Kirk's historical women's movement and open to men and women since 1997, is still the largest voluntary organisation in Scotland."}], "question": "Who was appointed arbitrator by the first convert to the faith called the most common religion in Lebanon?"}
{"id": "3hop2__30152_101905_20999", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition \u2014 first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) \u2014 that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200e) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "David Htan", "paragraph_text": "David Htan (; born 13 May 1990) is a burmese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Myanmar national football team and Shan United. David Htan suddenly moved to Shan United F.C. in May 2018."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens", "paragraph_text": "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of New Zealand. As of 1 January 2017, New Zealand citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 172 countries and territories, ranking the New Zealand passport 5th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Irish and Japanese passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish State. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Communications in Somalia", "paragraph_text": "There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mint (facility)", "paragraph_text": "At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in the Roman Empire, dating from about the 4th century BC, significantly influenced later development of coin minting in Europe."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from Le\u00f3n. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Somalis in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Somalis in the United Kingdom include British citizens and residents born in, or with ancestors from, Somalia. It is thought that the United Kingdom (UK) is home to the largest Somali community in Europe, with an estimated 98,000 Somali - born immigrants residing in the UK in 2016 according to the Office for National Statistics. The majority of these live in England, with the largest number found in London. Smaller Somali communities exist in Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Liverpool, Leicester, Milton Keynes, Sheffield and Cardiff."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories. Many of those had inhabited these lands for centuries, developing a unique culture. Germans were also forced to leave the former eastern territories of Germany, which were annexed by Poland (Silesia, Pomerania, parts of Brandenburg and southern part of East Prussia) and the Soviet Union (northern part of East Prussia). Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}], "question": "How were the people, who the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire issued new to coins to proclaim their independence from, expelled from the country that David Htan is a citizen of?"}
{"id": "3hop2__79512_6070_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Aragorn", "paragraph_text": "Aragorn Middle - Earth character Full Name Aragorn II Elessar Telcontar Race Men Gender Male Kingdoms and Cultures Reunited Kingdom D\u00fanedain House of Isildur N\u00famen\u00f3rean Title (s) King of the Reunited Kingdom Birth 1 March, T.A. 2931 Death 1 March, F.A. 120 (age 210) Once Owned And\u00faril Ring of Barahir Sceptre of Ann\u00faminas Notable Aliases Elessar (Elfstone) Telcontar (``Strider '') Thorongil (`` Eagle of the Star'') Estel (``Hope '') Family Spouse (s) Arwen Parentage Arathorn II and Gilraen; Elrond (foster father) Children Eldarion, at least two daughters Other Notable Relations Isildur An\u00e1rion Elendil Elros Book Appearances The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Portrayed By Viggo Mortensen Major character in The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Portrayals in adaptations The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (film) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (film) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (film)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Evergreen Marine", "paragraph_text": "Evergreen Marine Corporation () ( ), is a Taiwanese container transportation and shipping company headquartered in Luzhu District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Its principal trading routes are the Far East to North America, Central America and the Caribbean; the Far east to northern Europe and the east Mediterranean; Europe to the east coast of North America; the Far East to Australia, Mauritius, South Africa and South America; and an intra Asia service linking ports in Asia to the Middle East, Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. With over 150 container ships it is part of the Evergreen Group conglomerate of transportation firms and associated companies. Evergreen calls on 240 ports worldwide in about 80 countries, and is the fifth largest company of its type. The company's activities include: shipping, construction of containers and ships, management of ports, and engineering and real estate development. Subsidiaries and divisions include Uniglory Marine Corp. (Taiwan), Evergreen UK Ltd. (UK), and shipping company Italia Marittima S.p.A. (Italy)."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ian Holm", "paragraph_text": "Holm raised his profile in 1997 with two prominent roles, as the stressed but gentle priest Vito Cornelius in The Fifth Element and the tormented plaintiff's lawyer in The Sweet Hereafter. In 2001 he starred in From Hell as the physician Sir William Withey Gull. The same year he appeared as Bilbo Baggins in the blockbuster film The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, having previously played Bilbo's nephew Frodo Baggins in a 1981 BBC Radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings. He reappeared in the trilogy in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), for which he shared a SAG award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. He reprised his role as the elder Bilbo Baggins in the movie The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "In 1957, The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award. Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s. The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 ``Big Read ''survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the`` Nation's best - loved book''. In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite ``book of the millennium ''. The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring is an artefact that appears as the central plot element in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954 -- 55). It is described in an earlier story, The Hobbit (1937), as a magic ring of invisibility. In the sequel, The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien ascribes to the Ring a darker character, with malevolent power going far beyond conferring invisibility: it was created by Sauron the Dark Lord as part of his design to win domination over Middle - earth. The Lord of the Rings concerns the quest to destroy the Ring to keep Sauron from fulfilling his design."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Indian Ocean", "paragraph_text": "Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians reached most of the far flung islands and atolls and populated them, almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa, the Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished.  Maldivians, on their annual trade trip, took their oceangoing trade ships to Sri Lanka rather than mainland India, which is much closer, because their ships were dependent of the Indian Monsoon Current.Arabic missionaries and merchants began to spread Islam along the western shores of the Indian Ocean from the 8th century, if not earlier.  A Swahili stone mosque dating to the 8th-15th centuries have been found in Shanga, Kenya.  Trade across the Indian Ocean gradually introduced Arabic script and rice as a staple in Eastern Africa.From 1405 to 1433 admiral Zheng He said to have led large fleets of the Ming Dynasty on several treasure voyages through the Indian Ocean, ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa.In 1497 Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and became the first European to sail to India (with the help of an Indian sailor) and later the Far East. The European ships, armed with heavy cannon, quickly dominated trade. Portugal achieved pre-eminence by setting up forts at the important straits and ports. Their hegemony along the coasts of Africa and Asia lasted until the mid 17th century. Later, the Portuguese were challenged by other European powers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Mare Frigoris", "paragraph_text": "Mare Frigoris (the \"Sea of Cold\") is a lunar mare in the far north of the Moon. It is located in the outer rings of the Procellarum basin, just north of Mare Imbrium, and stretches east to north of Mare Serenitatis. It is just north of the dark crater Plato."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Industrial Revolution", "paragraph_text": "The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were British. By the mid-18th century Britain controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken, with an overall budget of $281 million (some sources say $310 - $330 million), the entire project took eight years, with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand, Jackson's native country. Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the book's general storyline, they do omit some of the novel's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Billy Boyd (actor)", "paragraph_text": "Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor and musician. He played Peregrin ``Pippin ''Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen in Seed of Chucky."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the G-Strings: The Femaleship of the String is a 2003 American made for cable erotic film written and directed by Terry M. West. It is based on the novel \"The Lord of the Rings\" by J. R. R. Tolkien."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sarah McLeod", "paragraph_text": "Sarah McLeod (born 18 July 1971) is a New Zealand film and television actress. Her most notable role was in the Peter Jackson films The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King as Rosie Cotton, a female hobbit who marries Samwise Gamgee. Her daughter Maisy played Rosie and Sam's baby. McLeod also co-starred in the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street as Cindy Watson from 2008 to 2009."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Figwit", "paragraph_text": "Bret McKenzie, half of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords and a Wellington native, first landed a small role as an extra in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. He appears sitting next to Aragorn during the council in Rivendell scene. When it is decided that the Ring must be destroyed, Frodo offers to take the Ring to Mordor, and Elrond proclaims the formation of the Fellowship of the Ring. The elf was dubbed ``Figwit ''by Tolkien fan Iris Hadad; after seeing Frodo agree to take the ring, saying`` I will take it'', the film switches to a shot where Figwit can be seen standing on the far right, and Hadad's initial reaction was ``Frodo is grea... who is THAT?!? ''Later, Hadad corresponded with her university friend Sherry de Andres, and the two created the first Figwit fan website, www.figwitlives.net, calling him`` Legolas for the thinking woman''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle - earth. In disguise as Annatar, or ``Lord of Gifts '', he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power. He then forged the One Ring himself in the fires of Mount Doom."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Russky Island", "paragraph_text": "The 2012 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit was held on Russky Island and about US$6 billion was set aside for the development of the island and Vladivostok in preparation for the summit and construction of the site for the 2012 APEC conference that was also planned and built as a new campus for the Far Eastern Federal University. Plans include the potential to develop the island as a large scale tourist resort, and the construction of the official residence of the Russian President in the Russian Far East in Boyarin Bay were approved by the APEC summit. The Russky Bridge between Russky Island and Vladivostok was completed in July 2012, and has the longest cable-stayed bridge span in the world at ."}], "question": "When did the people who developed a far east trade and frequented Saint Helena, come to the country where Lord of the Rings was filmed?"}
{"id": "3hop2__68802_37759_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "First university in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Harvard University calls itself ``the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States ''and this claim is rarely challenged. It is possible to disagree what year should be taken as Harvard's`` real'' founding date (Harvard uses the earliest possible one, 1636, when the institution was chartered by the Massachusetts Bay Colony). However, Harvard has operated since 1650 under the same corporation, the ``President and Fellows of Harvard College ''; it thus has an unbroken institutional history dating back to the mid seventeenth century (an official Harvard web page for the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences claims,`` Founded in 1636, Harvard is America's oldest university'')."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sallah Shabati", "paragraph_text": "The film begins with Sallah Shabati, a Mizrahi Jewish immigrant, arriving in Israel with his family. Upon arrival he is brought to live in a \"ma'abara\", or transit camp. He is given a broken-down, one-room shack in which to live with his family and spends the rest of the movie attempting to make enough money to purchase adequate housing. His money-making schemes are often comical and frequently satirize the political and social stereotypes in Israel of the time."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Edward Cochrane McLean", "paragraph_text": "Born on October 16, 1903, in Hoosick Falls, New York, McLean received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Williams College in 1924 and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1929. While at Harvard, he served on the \"Harvard Law Review\" with Lee Pressman and knew Alger Hiss. (In the mid-1930s, both Pressman and Hiss became members of the Ware Group, a Soviet underground apparatus founded by Harold Ware, succeeded by Whittaker Chambers)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called \"New College\" or \"the college at New Towne\". In 1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London. In 1639, the college was renamed Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard, who was an alumnus of the University of Cambridge. He had left the school \u00a3779 and his library of some 400 books. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Family Stone", "paragraph_text": "The plot follows the Christmas holiday misadventures of the Stone family in a small New England town when the eldest son, played by Mulroney, brings his uptight girlfriend (played by Parker) home with the intention of proposing to her with a cherished heirloom ring. Overwhelmed by the hostile reception, she begs her sister to join her for emotional support, triggering further complications."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Nahum Hardy House", "paragraph_text": "The Nahum Hardy House is a historic house at 724 Lexington Street in Waltham, Massachusetts. The -story wood frame house was built c. 1845, and is a well-preserved local example of a Greek Revival side-hall house. It has a fully pedimented gable end, a full entablature with dentil-like peg moulding, and a single-story porch with Tuscan columns (probably a later addition). The corner boards are pilastered. The house stands on land purchased by Nahum Hardy from Harvard College in 1839."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the city\u2014Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Leverett Saltonstall I", "paragraph_text": "Leverett Saltonstall (June 13, 1783 \u2013 May 8, 1845), was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts who also served as Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, President of the Massachusetts Senate, the first Mayor of Salem, Massachusetts and a Member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard College."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Alan A. Stone", "paragraph_text": "Stone graduated from Harvard College in 1950, where he majored in psychology and played on the Varsity Football team []. He studied at the Boston Psychoanalytic Institute and earned his M.D. from Yale Medical School in 1955. He pursued his joint interest in the intersection of law, psychology, and psychiatry first as a lecturer at Harvard Law School in 1969, and later through a joint appointment with Harvard Medical School in 1972. In 1978, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. He later lectured at Stanford before returning to Harvard."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wismer Commons, Ontario", "paragraph_text": "Wismer Commons is a residential area of Markham, Ontario, Canada north of 16th Avenue,west of Highway 48 and east of McCowan Road. Wismer Commons is named after the Wismer Family, one of the founding pioneer families of Markham, Ontario. The family of David Wismer, originally from Germany and subsequently Pennsylvania, arrived in Markham Township in 1806."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "College of William & Mary", "paragraph_text": "The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially the College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second - oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sanguine Productions", "paragraph_text": "Sanguine Productions Ltd. is a role-playing game production house founded in 1997. Their games include \"Ironclaw\", \"Jadeclaw\", \"Albedo: Platinum Catalyst\", \"Usagi Yojimbo Role-Playing Game\", and \"Noggle Stones Role-Playing Game\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sisters of Mercy", "paragraph_text": "In May 1842, at the request of Bishop Fleming, a small colony of Sisters of Mercy crossed the Atlantic to found the congregation at St. John's, Newfoundland. In December 1843 Sr Frances Warde led the first group of Sisters to The United States, beginning in Pittsburgh. The sisters arrived in Perth, Australia in 1846, and in 18t0, a band from Carlow arrived in New Zealand. Sisters from Limerick opened a house in Glasgow in 1849, and in 1868 the English community established a house in Guernsey."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Facebook", "paragraph_text": "Facebook is a social networking service launched on February 4, 2004. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommate and fellow Harvard University student Eduardo Saverin. The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and gradually most universities in the United States and Canada, corporations, and by September 2006, to everyone with a valid email address along with an age requirement of being 13 and older."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Stefan Brecht", "paragraph_text": "The son of playwright and poet Bertolt Brecht and actress Helene Weigel, Stefan Brecht was born in Berlin. He chose to stay in the United States when his family, who had arrived in Santa Monica, California in 1941, returned to Europe. Brecht studied at UCLA and Harvard on the G.I. Bill, and after receiving a doctorate in philosophy at Harvard he taught philosophy at the University of Miami. He pursued further study of Hegel and Marx at the \u00c9cole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes in Paris. A son was born in Germany in 1954."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of the State House in downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall, Memorial Church, and the majority of the freshman dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. Each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall and library. The facilities were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Women remained segregated at Radcliffe, though more and more took Harvard classes. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools, which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college, also became more diverse in the post-World War II period."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and the Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869\u20131909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College."}], "question": "When did the religious group that founded Harvard College arrive in the region where the house in The Family Stone is located?"}
{"id": "3hop1__161433_33952_34109", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jeffrey Peterson", "paragraph_text": "In 2005, Peterson was appointed to the cross-border transactions committee of the Arizona Department of Real Estate. The committee is focused on international real estate transactions between residents of Arizona and Mexico. In the same year, he was appointed as the chairman of the Technology Subcommittee of the 2006 Executive Bond Committee, by Phoenix Mayor Phil Gordon. The $850 million bond initiative was approved by voters in March 2006. He also financially supported the March 25, 2006, and April 10, 2006, reform marches organized by immigrants and he was a co-host at a June 1, 2006, fundraiser for Arizona Senatorial candidate Jim Pederson, featuring former president, Bill Clinton. Jeffrey held a fundraiser at his residence for Barack Obama featuring Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean and actress Scarlett Johansson on August 21, 2008. Peterson was named as a co-host at an October 19, 2016 fundraising event for Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton featuring Chelsea Clinton at a private residence in Phoenix.In 2013, Peterson was appointed to the Board of Directors of the U.S. Philippines Society, a Washington, D.C. based private sector initiative chaired by U.S. Ambassador John Negroponte and former AIG Chairman Maurice \"Hank\" Greenberg. A prominent picture of Peterson with Benigno Aquino III, former President of the Philippines, was set at the Malaca\u00f1ang Palace and featured in a 2017 print publication.According to Maricopa County's property records, Peterson owned a residence in the same condominium as Arizona Senator John McCain."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's 100 metres", "paragraph_text": "Rank Lane Name Nation Time Notes 01! 7 Shelly - Ann Fraser - Pryce Jamaica 10.75 02! 5 Carmelita Jeter United States 10.78 SB 03! Veronica Campbell - Brown Jamaica 10.81 SB 9 Tianna Madison United States 10.85 PB 5 8 Allyson Felix United States 10.89 PB 6 Kelly - Ann Baptiste Trinidad and Tobago 10.94 7 Murielle Ahoure Ivory Coast 11.00 8 6 Blessing Okagbare Nigeria 11.01 Wind: + 1.5 m / s"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Puzzle Place", "paragraph_text": "The Puzzle Place is an American children's television series produced by KCET in Los Angeles and Lancit Media in New York City. Although production was dated and premiered on two Los Angeles PBS stations, KCET and KLCS, on September 15, 1994, it did not officially premiere on all PBS stations nationwide until January 16, 1995, with its final episode airing on December 4, 1998, and reruns airing until March 31, 2000. It became one of PBS Kids most popular series on the line-up since \"Barney & Friends\" and \"Sesame Street\". It follows a multi-ethnic group of kids (puppets) from different parts of the United States who hang out at \"the Puzzle Place\", which is a teen hangout themed around jigsaw puzzle pieces. In each episode the characters are confronted with an everyday conflict usually encountered in childhood and even early teenage years, such as making moral decisions, sharing, racism, and sexism."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit (/d\u1d7b\u02c8tr\u0254\u026at/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States\u2013Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Staunton, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Staunton is the second largest city in Macoupin County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 5,139."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Peggy Littleton", "paragraph_text": "Peggy \"Peg\" Littleton is the county commissioner for Colorado Springs, Colo., the second-largest city in Colorado and the 41st-largest city in the United States. Her Commissioner District 5 is a jurisdiction of El Paso County, Colo., the state's most populous county."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "The Tucson metro area is served by many local television stations and is the 68th largest designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 433,310 homes (0.39% of the total U.S.). It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona (Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise) The major television networks serving Tucson are: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KMSB-TV 11 (Fox), KOLD-TV 13 (CBS), KTTU 18 (My Network TV) and KWBA 58 (The CW). KUAT-TV 6 is a PBS affiliate run by the University of Arizona (as is sister station KUAS 27)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Buxtehude", "paragraph_text": "Buxtehude (), officially the Hanseatic City of Buxtehude (, ()), is a town on the Este River in Northern Germany, belonging to the district of Stade in Lower Saxony. It is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region and attached to the city's S-Bahn rapid transit network. Buxtehude is a medium-sized town and the second largest municipality in the Stade district (\"Landkreis\"). It lies on the southern border of the Altes Land in close proximity to the city-state of Hamburg. To the west lie the towns of Horneburg and Stade and to the south there are a number of incorporated villages featuring mostly upscale housing, e.g. Ottensen and Apensen."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Arlington, Texas", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's estimate, the city had a population of 396,394 in 2017, making it the second-largest city in the county (after Fort Worth) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area. Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas, and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Beijing railway station", "paragraph_text": "Beijing railway station (), or simply Beijing station (), is a passenger railway station in Dongcheng District, Beijing. The station is located just southeast of the city centre inside the Second Ring Road with Beijing Station Street to the north and the remnants of the city wall between Chongwenmen and Dongbianmen to the south. The Beijing railway station opened in 1959 and was the largest train station in China at the time. Though superseded by the larger Beijing West and Beijing South stations, this station remains the only one located inside the old walled city. Trains entering and leaving the station pass by the Dongbianmen corner tower. With gilded eaves and soaring clock towers, the architecture of the railway blends traditional Chinese and socialist realist influence."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sochi railway station", "paragraph_text": "Sochi railway station () () is the largest of the four railway stations in Sochi, and one of the largest railway stations in Krasnodar Krai. It is part of North Caucasus Railway and located in the Tsentralny City District of Sochi."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "West Mineral, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "West Mineral is a city in Cherokee County, Kansas, United States. It is the home of Big Brutus, the second largest electric shovel in the world. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 185."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "David Hardt", "paragraph_text": "David Hardt is an American Politician from the State of Texas. He is the former President of the Young Democrats of America (2007\u20132009), a former member of the Democratic National Committee and Executive Committee of the DNC. He was elected as the President of the Dallas County Young Democrats in 2005, which during his tenure grew to become the second largest chapter of Young Democrats in the Nation."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "WFNY", "paragraph_text": "WFNY (1440 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Gloversville, New York, United States. Programming primarily consists of what is known as a Variety format, focusing on Pop music from the 50's to the 80's, along with community oriented local productions, national news and business news from Fox News Radio and the local weather forecast, as the station has no local news department. WFNY serves the area of Upstate NY including the Mohawk Valley, Southern Adirondacks, and portions of the Capital Region. The station is owned by local businessman Michael A. Sleezer."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "American Experience", "paragraph_text": "American Experience is a television program airing on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television stations in the United States. The program airs documentaries, many of which have won awards, about important or interesting events and people in American history."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Austin City Limits", "paragraph_text": "Austin City Limits (ACL) is an American public television music program recorded live in Austin, Texas, by Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) member television station KLRU, and broadcast on many PBS stations around the United States. The show helped Austin to become widely known as the \"Live Music Capital of the World\", and is the only television show to receive the National Medal of Arts, which it was awarded in 2003. It also won a rare institutional Peabody Award in 2011 \"for its more than three decades of presenting and preserving eclectic American musical genres.\" For the first 12 seasons (1976\u201387), \"Austin City Limits\" was produced by the Southwest Texas Public Broadcasting Council. Beginning in season 13 (1988), \"Austin City Limits\" moved to its current production home at Austin's PBS affiliate KLRU, the Capital of Texas Public Telecommunications Council. The show was created in 1974 by Bill Arhos, Bruce Scafe, and Paul Bosner."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jersey City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Jersey City is the second-most - populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the county's largest city. As of 2016, the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that Jersey City's population was 264,152, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, an increase of about 6.7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 77th - largest in the nation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Southern California", "paragraph_text": "Within southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the country's largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Red Green Show", "paragraph_text": "The Red Green Show is a Canadian television comedy that aired on various channels in Canada, with its ultimate home at CBC Television, and on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) stations in the United States, from 1991 until the series finale 7 April 2006, on CBC. \"The Red Green\" Show is essentially a cross between a sitcom and a sketch comedy series, and is a parody of home improvement, do-it-yourself, fishing, and other outdoors shows (particularly \"The Red Fisher Show\"). Reruns currently air on CBC Television, The Comedy Network, and various Public Broadcasting Service stations. It was produced by S&S Productions, which is owned by Steve and Morag Smith. Directors on the series include Steve Smith, Rick Green and William G. Elliott."}], "question": "What is the PBS state in the second largest city in the state the committee is focusing?"}
{"id": "3hop2__76873_14253_64554", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Star Wars: Lethal Alliance", "paragraph_text": "Star Wars: Lethal Alliance is a \"Star Wars\" video game for the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable. It takes place between \"\" and \"\". It was developed by Ubisoft instead of LucasArts, and was released in December 2006."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Military history of the United States", "paragraph_text": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Memoirs of a Geisha", "paragraph_text": "Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical novel by American author Arthur Golden, published in 1997. The novel, told in first person perspective, tells the story of a fictional geisha working in Kyoto, Japan, before and after World War II."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tsili Tsili Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Tsili Tsili (Tsile-Tsile) Airfield is a former World War II airfield in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. The airfield was abandoned after the war and today has almost totally returned to its natural state."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Petrie Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Petrie Airfield was a World War II military airfield located just to the south of the North Pine River in Petrie, Queensland, Australia. After the war, the airfield was dismantled and the area is now part of the urban area of Petrie-Strathpine."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Uzbekistan", "paragraph_text": "Following 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., Uzbekistan approved the U.S. Central Command's request for access to an air base, the Karshi-Khanabad airfield, in southern Uzbekistan. However, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases after the Andijan massacre and the U.S. reaction to this massacre. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Red", "paragraph_text": "The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens.\""}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alpnach Air Base", "paragraph_text": "The Air Base Alpnach (ICAO code LSMA) is a Swiss Air Force airfield near the town Alpnach in Canton of Obwalden in Switzerland. It has a concrete runway with a length of and a width of , as well as several taxiways and hangars."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Love and War in the Apennines", "paragraph_text": "Love and War in the Apennines is a 1971 Second World War memoir (with some changes of names and people and places, and some composite characters) by Eric Newby. It was dramatised as the 2001 film \"In Love and War\" starring Callum Blue and Barbora Bobu\u013eov\u00e1."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Troll Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Troll Airfield is an airstrip located from the research station Troll in Princess Martha Coast in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Owned and operated by the Norwegian Polar Institute, it consists of a runway on glacial blue ice on the Antarctic ice sheet. The airport is located at above mean sea level and is from the coast."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "On Sentinel Peak (also known as \"'A' Mountain\"), just west of downtown, there is a giant \"A\" in honor of the University of Arizona. Starting in about 1916, a yearly tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the \"A\", which was visible for miles. However, at the beginning of the Iraq War, anti-war activists painted it black. This was followed by a paint scuffle where the \"A\" was painted various colors until the city council intervened. It is now red, white and blue except when it is white or another color decided by a biennial election. Because of the three-color paint scheme often used, the shape of the A can be vague and indistinguishable from the rest of the peak. The top of Sentinel Peak, which is accessible by road, offers an outstanding scenic view of the city looking eastward. A parking lot located near the summit of Sentinel Peak was formerly a popular place to watch sunsets or view the city lights at night."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Green", "paragraph_text": "The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens.\""}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Portim\u00e3o Airport", "paragraph_text": "Portim\u00e3o Airport is a small airport in \"Montes de Alvor\", near the city of Portim\u00e3o in Algarve, Portugal. The airport has one single short asphalt runway in the 11/29 direction and is mainly used by general aviation, with parachuting being common from the airfield."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Soviet Union\u2013United States relations", "paragraph_text": "The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of d\u00e9tente."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kofi Annan", "paragraph_text": "On 23 February 2012, Annan was appointed as the UN-Arab League envoy to Syria, in an attempt to end the civil war taking place. He developed a six-point plan for peace:"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "paragraph_text": "Passive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft. Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War. During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Licata Airfield", "paragraph_text": "Licata Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Italy, located in the vicinity of Licata, Sicily. It was a temporary fighter airfield constructed in the immediate aftermath of Operation Husky by Army Engineers using Pierced Steel Planking for its runway, parking and dispersal areas, not designed for heavy aircraft or for long-term use."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces. The United States Marine Corps landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 and on Nanumea and Nukufetau in August 1943. The Japanese had already occupied Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati, but were delayed by the losses at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The islanders assisted the American forces to build airfields on Funafuti, Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships. On Funafuti the islanders shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build the airfield and to build naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale. A Naval Construction Battalion (Seabees) built a sea plane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet for seaplane operations by both short and long range seaplanes and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale, with runways also constructed to create Nanumea Airfield and Nukufetau Airfield. USN Patrol Torpedo Boats (PTs) were based at Funafuti from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Airport", "paragraph_text": "At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very differently though."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sevastopol International Airport", "paragraph_text": "The airfield was first constructed in June 1941, during the third year of World War II. Initially it housed a military fighter aviation unit. Constructed without a hardened runway, after the war the airfield received a concrete runway, but remained exclusively in use by the military. During the second half of the 1980s, after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, the airfield was significantly increased and improved, as the airfield was to be used by him when travelling to the presidential dacha on the southern coast of the Crimea, near the cape of Foros. Subsequently, it was also allowed to use the airfield for civilian purposes."}], "question": "Following the conflict where Memoirs of a Geisha is set, the struggle in which some airfield runways were painted green, developed between the U.S. and what nation?"}
{"id": "3hop1__104252_36344_17700", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Becoming Phill", "paragraph_text": "Tshuutheni Emvula(born October 19, 1981 in Berlin, Germany),sometimes known as Becoming Phill is an entrepreneur, hip hop record producer, DJ, composer, and video editor from Windhoek, Namibia. He has produced for various Namibian and international artists including Ricky Rick, Gazza (musician), Black Vulcanite, Sunny Boy (rapper), TeQuila, Qonja, RUN N.A.M.S., Lize Ehlers, Zeus (musician)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Languages of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language, minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Vietnamese in Malaysia", "paragraph_text": "The Vietnamese Malaysians consists of people of full or partial Vietnamese descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. The estimated number of people who speak Vietnamese in Malaysia is 70,000 in the country."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin, with an additional share of loanwords of 20%. The main foreign influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century and culminating in the French period has been French and (northern) French, accounting for an estimated 6.8%, or more than a third of all loanwords. Latin, that has been spoken for centuries in the south of the Low Countries, and has since then for centuries plaid a major role as the language of science and religion, follows with 6.1%. High German and Low German, influential until the mid of the 19th century, account for 2.7%, but are mostly unrecognizable since many German loanwords have been \"Dutchified\", e.g. German \"Fremdling\" become Dutch \"vreemdeling\". From English, Dutch has taken over words since the middle of the 19th century, as a consequence of the gaining power of Britain and the United States. The share of English loanwords is about 1.5%, but this number is still on the increase. Conversely, Dutch contributed many loanwords to English, accounting for 1.3%."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tajikistan", "paragraph_text": "The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Up to 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages official status), which was seen by them as \"a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation.\" Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language. Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system. Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools. It is expected of private schools to follow the same policy as state schools, and \"English language\" is a compulsory subject. As in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Simeulue Regency", "paragraph_text": "The people of Simeulue are similar to the people in the neighboring Nias Island, speaking 3 languages (Devayan, Sigulai and Lekon) which are distinctly different from the languages spoken in mainland Aceh. The majority of the people of Simeulue are Muslim."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Gonja language", "paragraph_text": "The Gonja language is a North Guang language spoken by an estimated 230,000 people, almost all of whom are of the Gonja ethnic group of northern Ghana. Related to Guang languages in the south of Ghana, it is spoken by about a third of the population in the northern region. The Brong-Ahafo and Volta regions lie to the south of the Gonja-speaking area, while Dagombas, Mamprussis and Walas are to the north. Its dialects are Gonja and Choruba."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered \"most German\", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "East Prussia", "paragraph_text": "The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "J\u00e8rriais", "paragraph_text": "J\u00e8rriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, one of the Channel Islands off the coast of France. It has been in decline over the past century as English has increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration. There are very few people who speak J\u00e8rriais as a mother tongue and, owing to the age of the remaining speakers, their numbers decrease annually. Despite this, efforts are being made to keep the language alive."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "History of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long - established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish - speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Namibia", "paragraph_text": "Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dutch language", "paragraph_text": "Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes vo\u00ebl (\"bird\") and regen becomes re\u00ebn (\"rain\"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Spanish language in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Spanish language in the United States has forty - five million Hispanic and Latino Americans that speak Spanish as their first, second or heritage language, and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States, making it the second most spoken language of the United States. With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish - speaking population in the world after Mexico, although it is not an official language of the country. Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second - language speakers. About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English ``very well ''in the 2000 U.S. Census. The United States is among the Spanish - speaking countries that has its own Academy of the Spanish Language."}], "question": "What is the low estimate of the number of people in Southern Africa who speak the chief language of the country of origin of the artist Becoming Phill?"}
{"id": "3hop2__106842_16214_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves", "paragraph_text": "The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves of 1807 (2 Stat. 426, enacted March 2, 1807) is a United States federal law that stated that no new slaves were permitted to be imported into the United States. It took effect in 1808, the earliest date permitted by the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of New York (state)", "paragraph_text": "The history of New York begins around 10,000 BC, when the first native peoples arrived. By 1100 AD, New York's main native cultures, the Iroquoian and Algonquian, had developed. European discovery of New York was led by the French in 1524 and the first land claim came in 1609 by the Dutch. As part of New Netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans. In 1664, England renamed the colony New York, after the Duke of York (later James II & VII.) New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "2016 World Series", "paragraph_text": "The Cubs defeated the Indians when they won 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908. Game 7, an 8 -- 7 victory in extra innings, marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings and the first since 1997 (which, coincidentally, also featured the Indians). It was also the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start. The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3 - 1 deficit to win a best - of - seven World Series, following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates, the 1958 New York Yankees, the 1968 Detroit Tigers, the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates, and the 1985 Kansas City Royals."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "In a New York Minute (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"In a New York Minute\" is a song written by Tom Shapiro, Michael Garvin and Chris Waters, and recorded by American country music artist Ronnie McDowell. It was released in January 1985 as the first single and title track from his album \"In a New York Minute\". The song reached #5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in May 1985 and #1 on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name \"Begraafplaats van de Neger\" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term \"black\" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Poland Comes First", "paragraph_text": "Poland Comes First (), also rendered as Poland is the Most Important, and abbreviated to PJN, was a centre-right, conservative liberal, political party in Poland. It was formed as a more moderate breakaway group from Law and Justice (PiS). By early 2011, the party had eighteen members of the Sejm, one member of the Senate, and three members of the European Parliament. Poland Comes First ceased to exist as a political party in December 2013, when it joined the new centre-right party led by Jaros\u0142aw Gowin named Poland Together."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Liberia is a country in West Africa which was founded, established, colonized, and controlled by citizens of the United States and ex-Caribbean slaves as a colony for former African American slaves and their free black descendants. It is one of only two sovereign countries in the world that were started by citizens and ex-Caribbean slaves of a political power as a colony for former slaves of the same political power, the other being Sierra Leone, established by Great Britain. In 1847, Liberia proclaimed its independence from the American Colonization Society (ACS)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York\u2014often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part\u2014is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area, the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy", "paragraph_text": "An Act to protect the commerce of the United States and punish the crime of piracy is an 1819 United States federal statute against piracy, amended in 1820 to declare participating in the slave trade or robbing a ship to be piracy as well. The last execution for piracy in the United States was of slave trader Nathaniel Gordon in 1862 in New York, under the amended act."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Dada", "paragraph_text": "Picabia's travels tied New York, Z\u00fcrich and Paris groups together during the Dadaist period. For seven years he also published the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, New York City, Z\u00fcrich, and Paris from 1917 through 1924."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is additionally a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America. Some of the city's media conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York. Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Seven Slaves Against the World", "paragraph_text": "Seven Slaves Against the World (Italian: \"Gli schiavi pi\u00f9 forti del mondo\"; also known as Seven Slaves Against Rome) is a 1964 Italian sword-and-sandal adventure film, directed by Michele Lupo, produced by Elio Scardamaglia, written by Lupo and Roberto Gianviti and starring Roger Browne, Gordon Mitchell and Arnaldo Fabrizio. First released in Italy in 1964, it premiered in New York City, United States on August 18, 1965."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2016 World Series", "paragraph_text": "The Cubs defeated the Indians when they won 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908. Game 7, an 8 -- 7 victory in extra innings, marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings and the first since 1997 (which, coincidentally, also featured the Indians). It was also the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start. The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3 - 1 deficit to win a best - of - seven World Series, following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates, the 1958 New York Yankees, the 1968 Detroit Tigers, the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates, and the 1985 Kansas City Royals. This was the second time and the first since 1948 where the World Series score was even."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "@Seven", "paragraph_text": "At Seven, commonly stylised as @Seven, was a New Zealand comedy show where Petra Bagust and other comedians present the \"real news\" from the last 24 hours from New Zealand and the rest of the world. The show replaced \"Campbell Live\", a New Zealand current-affairs program for the Summer Holidays in 2009/2010 whilst \"Campbell Live\" took a break. \"@Seven\" finished for the 2009/2010 summer holiday break on 22 January 2010 and was replaced with the normal TV3 7pm show, \"Campbell Live\". \"@Seven\" did not return the following summer break instead TV3 screened re-runs of \"Modern Family\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Carlos Davis", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Davis was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Aida Ester Minamora (November 20, 1912 \u2013 September 23, 1993), an art collector and world traveler from Santa Ana, El Salvador who never became an American citizen, and James (June 22, 1911 \u2013 January 24, 1956), a San Francisco native who co-managed the Davis Hardwood Company\u2014the first American company to import Philippine hardwood. He has a sister, Louisa Aida Davis (February 8, 1950\u2013present), who was also born in San Francisco. The Davis children were raised in San Francisco, New York City, and Europe. Carlos Davis attended Town School for Boys, The Allen-Stevenson School (New York City), Riverdale Country School (New York City), New York University's undergraduate program in Spain, London University, and Georgetown University (Washington, D.C.),"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New York (state)", "paragraph_text": "Both the Dutch and the British imported African slaves as laborers to the city and colony; New York had the second - highest population of slaves after Charleston, South Carolina. Slavery was extensive in New York City and some agricultural areas. The state passed a law for the gradual abolition of slavery soon after the Revolutionary War, but the last slave in New York was not freed until 1827."}], "question": "When did the people who first imported slaves to New York come to the country which created the show @Seven?"}
{"id": "3hop1__125798_146409_1918", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vit\u00f3ria do Jari", "paragraph_text": "Vit\u00f3ria do Jari (\"Jari's Victory\") is a municipality located in the southernmost tip of the state of Amap\u00e1 in Brazil. Its population is 14,680 and its area is . Vit\u00f3ria do Jari has a population density of 5.9 inhabitants per square kilometer."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eureka County, Nevada", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 1,651 people, 666 households, and 440 families residing in the county. The population density was 0.39 people per square mile (0.15/km\u00b2).  There were 1,025 housing units at an average density of 0.25 per square mile (0.09/km\u00b2)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fontanelle, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 672 people, 304 households, and 164 families residing in the city. The population density was 700.0 inhabitants per square mile (270.3/km2). There were 336 housing units at an average density of 350.0 per square mile (135.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.7% White, 0.1% from other races, and 0.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dow City, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 510 people, 219 households, and 137 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,593.8 inhabitants per square mile (615.4/km2). There were 242 housing units at an average density of 756.3 per square mile (292.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.1% White, 0.2% Native American, 6.1% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.0% of the population."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kaitlin Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "Kaitlin Hopkins (born February 1, 1964) is an American stage, screen, and television actress, the daughter of actress Shirley Knight and stage producer/director Gene Persson."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gongogi", "paragraph_text": "Gongogi is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. It covers , and has a population of 8,082 with a population density of 41 inhabitants per square kilometer. It was named after the Gongogi River which forms the southern border of the municipality."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Panora, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 1,124 people, 460 households, and 286 families residing in the city. The population density was 624.4 inhabitants per square mile (241.1/km2). There were 522 housing units at an average density of 290.0 per square mile (112.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.5% White, 0.2% African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 2014, the city had an estimated population density of 27,858 people per square mile (10,756/km\u00b2), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States; however, several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey are more dense overall, as per the 2000 Census. Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's population density of 71,672 people per square mile (27,673/km\u00b2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2011 Census of India", "paragraph_text": "Population Total 1,210,854,977 Males 623,724,248 Females 586,469,174 Literacy Total 74% Males 82.10% Females 65.50% Density of population per km 382 Sex ratio per 1000 males 940 females Child sex ratio (0 -- 6 age group) per 1000 males 919"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gene Persson", "paragraph_text": "Gene Persson died of a heart attack in Manhattan on June 6, 2008, at the age of 74. He was survived by his current wife of 36 years, actress and artist Ruby Persson, and his three children, Kaitlin Hopkins, an actress; Lukas Persson, a filmmaker and writer; and Markus Persson, a musician."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hinsdale County, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 790 people, 359 households, and 246 families residing in the county.  The population density was 0.7 people per square mile (0.3/km\u00b2).  There were 1,304 housing units at an average density of 1.2 per square mile (0.5/km\u00b2).  The racial makeup of the county was 97.34% White, 1.52% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.38% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races.  1.52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "In 2016, 162,742 people resided on Guam. Guam has an area of 210 square miles (540 km) and a population density of 775 per square mile (299 / km). Located in Oceania, it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong - Toto - Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile (1,425 / km), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile (46 / km). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet (406 m) above sea level. Since the 1960s, the economy has been supported by two industries: tourism and the United States Armed Forces."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000, distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. National census results in the past few decades have been disputed. The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542. The only breakdown available was by gender: males numbered 71,709,859, females numbered 68,293,08. On June 2012, President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Beaver Bay, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 181 people, 84 households, and 48 families residing in the city. The population density was 247.9 inhabitants per square mile (95.7/km2). There were 187 housing units at an average density of 256.2 per square mile (98.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.7% White, 1.1% African American, 1.7% Native American, and 5.5% from two or more races."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Harrisburg, South Dakota", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 4,089 people, 1,423 households, and 1,133 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,648.8 inhabitants per square mile (636.6/km2). There were 1,507 housing units at an average density of 607.7 per square mile (234.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.8% White, 0.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Geneva, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 2,226 people, 957 households, and 618 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,486.5 people per square mile (573.0/km\u00b2). There were 1,050 housing units at an average density of 701.2 per square mile (270.3/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.01% White, 0.04% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.45% from other races, and 0.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dergajen", "paragraph_text": "Dergajen (or \"Derge Agen\") is a Tigrayan tabia (municipality) located 19 kilometers east of Kwiha, Ethiopia. The administrative center of the tabia is located in the village of Aragure. A weekly market is organized in Aragure. According to the 2007 census, 9524 people were living in the tabia, which results in a population density of 68 inhabitants per square kilometer."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Onamia, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 878 people, 349 households, and 167 families residing in the city. The population density was 914.6 inhabitants per square mile (353.1/km2). There were 398 housing units at an average density of 414.6 per square mile (160.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.0% White, 2.3% African American, 9.9% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Friend, Nebraska", "paragraph_text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 1,174 people, 475 households, and 326 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,473.4 people per square mile (566.6/km\u00b2). There were 516 housing units at an average density of 647.6 per square mile (249.0/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.64% White, 0.26% Native American, 0.34% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.85% of the population."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muqu\u00e9m de S\u00e3o Francisco", "paragraph_text": "Muqu\u00e9m de S\u00e3o Francisco is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. Muqu\u00e9m de S\u00e3o Francisco covers , and has a population of 11,552 with a population density of 3 inhabitants per square kilometer."}], "question": "What is the population density per square kilometer of the neighborhood where the father of Kaitlin Hopkins died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__131820_59747_51805", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "DJ Kool Herc", "paragraph_text": "Clive Campbell (born April 16, 1955), better known by his stage name DJ Kool Herc, is a Jamaican -- American DJ who is credited with helping originate hip hop music in the early -- 1970s in The Bronx, New York City. Known as the ``Founder of Hip - Hop ''and`` Father of Hip - Hop'', Campbell began playing hard funk records of the sort typified by James Brown as an alternative both to the violent gang culture of the Bronx and to the nascent popularity of disco in the 1970s. Campbell began to isolate the instrumental portion of the record, which emphasized the drum beat -- the ``break ''-- and switch from one break to another."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Arlington, Texas", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's estimate, the city had a population of 396,394 in 2017, making it the second-largest city in the county (after Fort Worth) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area. Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas, and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Beat Street", "paragraph_text": "Beat Street is a 1984 American drama dance film featuring New York City hip hop culture of the early 1980s, breakdancing, DJing, and graffiti."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of municipalities in Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "The largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta with 420,003 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Edge Hill with 24 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Augusta, a consolidated city - county, which spans 302.47 sq mi (783.4 km), while Edge Hill and Santa Claus are tied for the smallest at 0.18 sq mi (0.47 km) each."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hip hop", "paragraph_text": "Hip hop, or hip - hop, is a subculture and art movement developed in the Bronx in New York City during the late 1970s. The origins of the word are often disputed. It is also argued as to whether hip hop started in the South or West Bronx. While the term hip hop is often used to refer exclusively to hip hop music (also called rap), hip hop is characterized by nine elements, of which only four elements are considered essential to understand hip - hop musically. The main elements of hip - hop consist of four main pillars. Afrika Bambaataa of the hip hop collective Zulu Nation outlined the pillars of hip hop culture, coining the terms: ``rapping ''(also called MCing or emceeing), a rhythmic vocal rhyming style (orality); DJing (and turntablism), which is making music with record players and DJ mixers (aural / sound and music creation); b - boying / b - girling / breakdancing (movement / dance); and graffiti art. Other elements of hip hop subculture and arts movements beyond the main four are: hip hop culture and historical knowledge of the movement (intellectual / philosophical); beatboxing, a percussive vocal style; street entrepreneurship; hip hop language; and hip hop fashion and style, among others. The fifth element is commonly considered either street knowledge, hip hop fashion or beatboxing however it is often debated."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta", "paragraph_text": "Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta is the second installment of the Growing Up Hip Hop reality television franchise on WE tv. The series premiered on May 25, 2017, and chronicles the lives of the children of hip hop legends in Atlanta. On November 2, 2017, WE tv announced that Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta was renewed for a second season, which will premiere on January 11, 2018. The series was created by Datari Turner and is executive produced by Datari Turner Productions and Entertainment One Studios."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Love & Hip Hop: Miami", "paragraph_text": "Love & Hip Hop: Miami is the fourth installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise. It premiered on January 1, 2018 on VH1 and chronicles the lives of several people in the Miami area, involved with hip hop music. The show features appearances from notable figures associated with Southern hip hop, as well as Latin music and reggaeton."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Will Ashon", "paragraph_text": "Ashon was educated at Countesthorpe Community College and Balliol College, Oxford. In the mid-1990s he worked as a music journalist specialising in hip hop for publications including \"Trace\", \"Muzik\" and \"Hip Hop Connection\". In 1997 he started the record label Big Dada Recordings in conjunction with Ninja Tune, signing and releasing albums by artists including Roots Manuva, Diplo, Speech Debelle and Wiley."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WEKL", "paragraph_text": "WEKL, known on-air as \"102.3 K-Love\", is a Contemporary Christian radio station in the United States, licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Augusta, Georgia, broadcasting on 102.3\u00a0MHz with an ERP of 1.5\u00a0kW. Its studios are located at the Augusta Corporate Center with the market\u2019s other iHeartMedia owned sister stations in Augusta, and the transmitter is located in Augusta near Fort Gordon."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, \"From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale\". Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue \"an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway\" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hip Hop Caucus", "paragraph_text": "The Hip Hop Caucus (HHC) is a national, non-profit organization in the United States, which aims to promote political activism for young U.S. voters using hip-hop music and culture."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Love & Hip Hop", "paragraph_text": "On October 30, 2017, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Miami, the Miami - based spin - off of Love & Hip Hop, would make its series premiere on January 1, 2018."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta", "paragraph_text": "Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta is the second installment of the Growing Up Hip Hop reality television franchise on WE tv. The series premiered on May 25, 2017, and chronicles the lives of the children of hip hop legends in Atlanta. On November 2, 2017, WE tv announced that Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta was renewed for a second season, which premiered on January 11, 2018. The series was created by Datari Turner and is executive produced by Datari Turner Productions and Entertainment One Studios."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tunnel of Love (EP)", "paragraph_text": "Tunnel of Love is the fourth EP by American hip hop group Insane Clown Posse, released on June 11, 1996 by Psychopathic Records. It is the third and final \"sideshow\" entry in the group's Dark Carnival saga."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Paris to Purple City", "paragraph_text": "Paris to Purple City is the second album by Purple City, released on November 8, 2005 through Babygrande Records. The album was a collaboration between Purple City members Agallah and Un Kasa and French hip hop artists."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood", "paragraph_text": "Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood is the third installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise. It premiered on September 15, 2014 on VH1 and chronicles the lives of several people in the Hollywood area, involved with hip hop music. On April 13, 2017, VH1 announced the show's return for a fourth season, which premiered on July 24, 2017."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta", "paragraph_text": "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta is the second installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise. It premiered June 18, 2012 on VH1, and chronicles the lives of several people in Atlanta involved with hip hop music. Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta is the highest - rated installment of the Love & Hip Hop franchise. On January 30, 2017, VH1 announced the show's return for the sixth season, which premiered on March 6, 2017."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Enough of No Love", "paragraph_text": "\"Enough of No Love\" is a song by Grammy-nominated American R&B singer-songwriter Keyshia Cole. It serves as the lead single from her fifth studio album, \"Woman to Woman\". It features American hip-hop artist Lil Wayne. It was released for digital download in the United States on July 3, 2012. It is her first single to reach the top 10 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart since 2009's \"Trust\".It debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at 84. As of July 10, 2013 it sold over 70,000 copies in the US."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Love & Hip Hop: New York", "paragraph_text": "Love & Hip Hop: New York (originally known as simply Love & Hip Hop) is the original installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise on VH1. The series premiered on March 6, 2011, and chronicles the lives of several people in New York City (and nearby areas, including New Jersey, and Yonkers), involved with hip hop music. The show features appearances from notable figures associated with East Coast hip hop. Its success has produced the spin - offs Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, Chrissy & Mr. Jones, Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood, K. Michelle: My Life, Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood, Leave It To Stevie and Love & Hip Hop: Miami."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kyle Rapps", "paragraph_text": "Kyle Sutton (born 1980), better known by his stage name Kyle Rapps, is an American hip hop artist from New York City."}], "question": "When was the debut of the Love and Hip Hop series set in the most populated city of the state where WEKL is found?"}
{"id": "3hop1__155358_83025_30151", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Pambula River", "paragraph_text": "Pambula River rises in timbered highlands near the locality of Lochiel and flows generally east, flowing through Pambula Lake, before reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean near the locality of Pambula Beach. The river descends over its course."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Igara\u00e7u River", "paragraph_text": "The Igara\u00e7u River, also called the Igarassu River, is a distributary of the Parna\u00edba River in northern Piau\u00ed state in Brazil. It flows from its origin on the Parnaiba River southwest of the city of Parna\u00edba to the mouth on the Atlantic Ocean near the city of Lu\u00eds Correia."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Arabian Sea", "paragraph_text": "The Arabian Sea, also known as Sea of Oman, is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Peninsula, and on the east by India. Historically the sea has been known by other names including the Erythraean Sea and the Persian Sea. Its total area is 3,862,000 km (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 metres (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west, connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab - el - Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Alcovy River", "paragraph_text": "The Alcovy River (pronunciation: al-CO-vee) is a tributary of the Ocmulgee River in north-central Georgia in the United States. Via the Ocmulgee River, it is part of the watershed of the Altamaha River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Humaya River", "paragraph_text": "The Humaya River is a river in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, that connects to the Tamazula River in the city of Culiac\u00e1n to form the Culiac\u00e1n River. The source of the river is the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains. The water flows from the north of the city. The water then flows to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lyari Expressway Resettlement Project", "paragraph_text": "Lyari Expressway Resettlement Project (LERP) is a civic project in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan to provide replacement housing in developed suburbs for people displaced by the construction of the Lyari Expressway. Over 250,000 residents of the land near the Lyari River were left homeless by the construction of the highway, but provided land and compensation for relocation in areas including new developments Hawke's Bay, Baldia and Taiser Town."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Monocacy River", "paragraph_text": "The Monocacy River is a free-flowing left tributary to the Potomac River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Chesapeake Bay. The river is long, with a drainage area of about . It is the largest Maryland tributary to the Potomac."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Coppermine River", "paragraph_text": "The Coppermine River is a river in the North Slave and Kitikmeot regions of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in Canada. It is 845 kilometres (525 mi) long. It rises in Lac de Gras, a small lake near Great Slave Lake, and flows generally north to Coronation Gulf, an arm of the Arctic Ocean. The river freezes in winter but may still flow under the ice."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pigg River", "paragraph_text": "The Pigg River is a river in south-central Virginia in the United States. It is a tributary of the Roanoke River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean via Albemarle Sound."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ishikari River", "paragraph_text": "It originates from Mount Ishikari in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group and flows through Asahikawa and Sapporo. Major tributaries of the river include the Ch\u016bbetsu, Ury\u016b, Sorachi and Toyohira rivers. Until 40,000 years ago, it flowed into the Pacific Ocean near Tomakomai. Lava from the volcanic Shikotsu mountains dammed the river and moved its mouth to the Ishikari Bay."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "List of rivers of France", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of rivers that are at least partially in France. The rivers are grouped by sea or ocean. The rivers flowing into the sea are sorted along the coast. Rivers flowing into other rivers are listed by the rivers they flow into. Some rivers (e.g. S\u00fbre/Sauer) do not flow through France themselves, but they are mentioned for having French tributaries. They are given in \"italics\". For clarity, only rivers that are longer than 50\u00a0km (or have longer tributaries) are shown."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Nambucca River", "paragraph_text": "Nambucca River rises below Killiekrankie Mountain on the Dorrigo Plateau, part of the Great Dividing Range, and flows generally east southeast, joined by four tributaries including Taylors Arm, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, at Nambucca Heads. The river descends over its course; adjacent to the towns of Bowraville, Macksville and Nambucca Heads."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lyari River", "paragraph_text": "Lyari River () is a small ephemeral stream that flows through the Pakistani megacity of Karachi from north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea at the Manora channel. It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other one being Malir River. The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long. As a seasonal river it carries the collected water after the rains in the catchment area."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Marlo, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Marlo is a small village in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. It is located east near the mouth of the Snowy River where the Snowy River meets and flows into the Southern Ocean."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "East Branch Mohawk River (New Hampshire)", "paragraph_text": "The East Branch of the Mohawk River is a river in northern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Mohawk River, which flows west to the Connecticut River, which in turn flows south to Long Island Sound, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "River Swilly", "paragraph_text": "The River Swilly rises near \"Glendore\", a mountain in County Donegal, and flows for around through Letterkenny before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean at Lough Swilly."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Siuslaw River", "paragraph_text": "The Siuslaw River ( ) is a river, about long, that flows to the Pacific Ocean coast of Oregon in the United States. It drains an area of about in the Central Oregon Coast Range southwest of the Willamette Valley and north of the watershed of the Umpqua River."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sella River (Bay of Biscay)", "paragraph_text": "The Sella is a river located in northwest Spain. It flows through the region of Asturias from the Picos de Europa to the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean at Ribadesella."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sandy River (South Carolina)", "paragraph_text": "The Sandy River and its tributary the Little Sandy River are short rivers in north-central South Carolina in the United States. The Sandy is a tributary of the Broad River; via the Broad and Congaree Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Santee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean."}], "question": "Who did the Ottomans ally with in defying the Portuguese economic monopoly in the ocean which contains the sea that the Lyari River flows into?"}
{"id": "3hop2__161616_132395_77103", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Music for Films Volume 2", "paragraph_text": "Music for Films Volume 2 is an album by Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois, and Roger Eno. On the back cover Eno states, \"I released the first volume of Music for Films in 1978, and it contained samples of my work, spanning the period of 1975-78. This second volume picks up where the first left off, but is somewhat different in that it contains fewer pieces with greater average length.\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Indian Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nanjing", "paragraph_text": "Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: \u5357\u4eac, \"Southern Capital\") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means \"Southern Capital\" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (\u6c5f\u5be7), whose former character Jiang (\u6c5f, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (\u5be7, simplified form \u5b81, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (\u4eac) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (\u91d1\u9675, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Heavy Seas of Love", "paragraph_text": "\"Heavy Seas of Love\" is the fifth single by Damon Albarn, from his solo debut album, \"Everyday Robots\". It was released as a single in digital formats on 27 April 2014, via Warner Bros. Records in the US. The song features Brian Eno and The Leytonstone City Mission Choir."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Madison, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1829 on an isthmus between Lake Monona and Lake Mendota, Madison was named the capital of the Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and became the capital of the state of Wisconsin when it was admitted to the Union in 1848. That same year, the University of Wisconsin was founded in Madison and the state government and university have become the city's two largest employers. The city is also known for its lakes, restaurants, and extensive network of parks and bike trails, with much of the park system designed by landscape architect John Nolen."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Ghaziabad district (pronounced [\u0263a\u02d0zi\u02d0a\u02d0\u02c8ba\u02d0d\u032a \u02c8z\u026ala\u02d0]) is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India of National Capital Region.  The city of Ghaziabad is the administrative headquarters of the district. This district is part of Meerut Division.  It has become a major bedroom community for Delhi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ciskei", "paragraph_text": "Ciskei and all of the other homelands were reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994, after the first post-apartheid elections. Along with Transkei, Ciskei became part of the new Eastern Cape Province, with its capital becoming the capital of the new province, and the former territory of the Ciskei forming parts of the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, the Chris Hani District Municipality and the Amathole District Municipality, as of 2016."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jim Eno", "paragraph_text": "Jim Eno (born February 8, 1966) is the drummer and one of the founding members of the Austin, Texas band Spoon. He is also a record producer and a semiconductor chip designer."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Irasburg, Vermont", "paragraph_text": "Irasburg is a town in Orleans County, Vermont, United States. Irasburg was established in 1781 when the land was granted to Ira Allen, Roger Enos, Jerusha Enos (wife of Roger Enos), Jerusha Enos, Jr. (wife of Ira Allen), Roger Enos, Jr. and others by the Vermont General Assembly. Ira Allen later obtained the rights of the other proprietors, and he deeded the town to Jerusha Enos, Jr. as a wedding gift."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Destiny's Child", "paragraph_text": "Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best - known line - up comprised Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best - selling second album, The Writing's on the Wall (1999), which contained the number - one singles ``Bills, Bills, Bills ''and`` Say My Name''. Despite critical and commercial success, the group was plagued by internal conflict and legal turmoil, as Roberson and Luckett attempted to split from the group's manager Mathew Knowles, citing favoritism of Knowles and Rowland."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Ring the Alarm", "paragraph_text": "\"Ring the Alarm\" is a song recorded by American singer Beyonc\u00e9 for her second studio album, \"B'Day\" (2006). It was written by Knowles, Kasseem \"Swizz Beatz\" Dean and Sean Garrett. Columbia Records released \"Ring the Alarm\" as the second single from \"B'Day\" in the United States on October 17, 2006, while \"Irreplaceable\" (2006) was serviced as the album's second international and third US single. The song's development was motivated by Knowles' role in the Broadway musical adaptation \"Dreamgirls\" (2006). The cover art of \"Ring the Alarm\" proved controversial because Knowles used alligators during the photography session. PETA declared that Knowles' posing with a baby alligator was arguably abusive to an animal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jim Dabakis", "paragraph_text": "Jim Dabakis is an American politician from Salt Lake City, Utah. A Democrat, he served as a member of the Utah State Senate, where he represented the state's 2nd senate district."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Palermo", "paragraph_text": "The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. The Nizami influence can still be seen in the culture of the Hyderabadi Muslims. The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Suga Mama", "paragraph_text": "The accompanying music video for \"Suga Mama\" was released to British music channels in April 2007. It was shot in black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina Matsoukas alongside Knowles for the B'Day Anthology Video Album, which was released the same month; \"Suga Mama\" was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the video album. It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light, and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to \"slowly become a woman\" during the video, adding \"Well, a sexier woman \u2013 I'm always a woman.\"Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars, which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc. Though she is from Texas, she had never previously been on mechanical bull. There were no problems during warm-ups, but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster, causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot, leaning back and turning around. To minimize the time Knowles spent on the bull, the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second (see frame rate) and Knowles sang twice as quickly, but it wasn't until 4:00 am that they completed work."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kingdom of Saxony", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Saxony (), lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. The kingdom was formed from the Electorate of Saxony. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. It became a free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of Austin, Texas", "paragraph_text": "The recorded history of Austin, Texas, began in the 1830s when Anglo - American settlers arrived in Central Texas. In 1837 settlers founded the village of Waterloo on the banks of the Colorado River, the first permanent settlement in the area. By 1839, Waterloo would adopt the name Austin and become the capital of the Republic of Texas."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Juho Karvonen", "paragraph_text": "Juho Karvonen (14 December 1888, Eno - 8 February 1966, Eno) was a Finnish logger and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1945 to 1962, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP)."}], "question": "When did the city that Jim Eno formed in become the capital of the state that Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles is from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__8143_91191_156667", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "God", "paragraph_text": "There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one \"true\" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, \"He Who Is\", \"I Am that I Am\", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, \"Al-El\", or \"Al-Elah\" (\"the God\") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Constantine the Great and Christianity", "paragraph_text": "During the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (306 -- 337 AD), Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire. Historians remain uncertain about Constantine's reasons for favoring Christianity, and theologians and historians have often argued about which form of Early Christianity he subscribed to. There is no consensus among scholars as to whether he adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth, or, as claimed by Eusebius, encouraged her to convert to the faith himself. Some scholars question the extent to which he should be considered a Christian emperor: ``Constantine saw himself as an 'emperor of the Christian people'. If this made him a Christian is the subject of... debate, ''although he allegedly received a baptism shortly before his death."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Izzie Stevens", "paragraph_text": "Dr. Izzie Stevens Grey's Anatomy character The Season 6 Promotional Photo of Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens First appearance ``A Hard Day's Night ''(1.01) March 27, 2005 Last appearance`` I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked'' (6.12) January 21, 2010 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Katherine Heigl Information Full name Isobel Katherine Stevens Title M.D. Family Robbie Stevens (Mother) Hannah Klein (Daughter) Spouse (s) Alex Karev (divorced) Significant other (s) Hank Denny Duquette (fianc\u00e9, deceased) George O'Malley (deceased) Alex Karev (divorced) Religion Catholicism"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ali", "paragraph_text": "Ali had four children with Fatimah: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali, born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin), and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was Ali's son from another wife from the Bani Hanifa tribe of central Arabia named Khawlah bint Ja'far, whom Ali had married after Fatimah's death."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Huguenots", "paragraph_text": "The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands.[citation needed] A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique. A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro, and settled in a small island. A fort, named Fort Coligny, was built to protect them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian Native Americans. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who captured part of the Huguenots. The Portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to Catholicism. The Huguenots of Guanabara, as they are now known, produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the Portuguese. This was their death sentence. This document, the Guanabara Confession of Faith, became the first Protestant confession of faith in the whole of the Americas.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2011 Census of India", "paragraph_text": "The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015. Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million), while Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India. and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million). According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. For the first time, a ``No religion ''category was added in the 2011 census. 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to`` No Religion'' in India in the 2011 census 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion. Given below is the decade - by - decade religious composition of India until the 2011 census. There are six religions in India that have been awarded ``National Minority ''status - Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis. Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India. As per 2011 census, six major faiths - Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India's 1.21 billion population, while`` other religions, persuasions'' (ORP) count is 8.2 million. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths - 4.957 million - strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million - strong Gond, 506,000 - strong Sari, Donyi - Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate. Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Dominic Toretto", "paragraph_text": "Dominic Toretto The Fast and the Furious character Dominic Toretto in Fast Five First appearance The Fast and the Furious Created by Gary Scott Thompson Portrayed by Vin Diesel Information Nickname (s) Dom Gender Male Occupation Street racer Mechanic Small business owner Family Brian Marcos Toretto (son) Mia Toretto (sister) Brian O'Conner (brother - in - law) Jack O'Conner (nephew) Unnamed niece Spouse (s) Letty Ortiz Significant other (s) Elena Neves (ex-girlfriend; deceased) Children Brian Marcos Toretto (with Elena) Nationality American Affiliation Crew members / his ``family '': Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Jesse Leon Vince Han Seoul - Oh Rico Santos Tego Leo Roman Pearce Tej Parker Gisele Yashar Cara Mirtha Luke Hobbs Ramsey Deckard Shaw"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Identity of the first male Muslim", "paragraph_text": "One account in Tabari says that the first male convert is Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali is the first person to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jews", "paragraph_text": "The Hebrew Bible, a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews, established the first of the Abrahamic religions, which are now practiced by 54% of the world. Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a \"way of life,\" which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, Jewish culture, and Jewish identity rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient Hellenic world, in Europe before and after The Age of Enlightenment (see Haskalah), in Islamic Spain and Portugal, in North Africa and the Middle East, India, China, or the contemporary United States and Israel, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities, each as authentically Jewish as the next."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "83% of the total population adheres to Christianity, making it the most common religion in Swaziland. Anglican, Protestant and indigenous African churches, including African Zionist, constitute the majority of the Christians (40%), followed by Roman Catholicism at 20% of the population. On 18 July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya, was elected Anglican Bishop of Swaziland, becoming the first woman to be a bishop in Africa. 15% of the population follows traditional religions; other non-Christian religions practised in the country include Islam (1%), the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith (0.5%), and Hinduism (0.2%). There are 14 Jewish families."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "Egypt recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths and minority Muslim sects practised by Egyptians, such as the small Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and Ahmadi community, are not recognised by the state and face persecution since they are labelled as far right groups that threaten Egypt's national security. Individuals, particularly Baha'is and atheists, wishing to include their religion (or lack thereof) on their mandatory state issued identification cards are denied this ability (see Egyptian identification card controversy), and are put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith. A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "North African campaign", "paragraph_text": "The campaign was fought between the Allies, many of whom had colonial interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century, and the Axis Powers. The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German - occupied Europe. The United States officially entered the war in December 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa on 11 May 1942."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Iran were in flux during the late sixth and early seventh centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it. Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula. All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad (d. 632). After his death, Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia, starting with Syria in 634\u2013635 and reaching Egypt in 640\u2013641, Persia between 637 and 642, North Africa in the later seventh century, and the Iberian Peninsula in 711. By 714, Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula in a region they called Al-Andalus.The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-eighth century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman economy. Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Rachel Berry", "paragraph_text": "Rachel Berry Glee character Lea Michele as Rachel Berry First appearance ``Pilot ''Last appearance`` Dreams Come True'' Created by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Ian Brennan Portrayed by Lea Michele Information Occupation Actress Singer Formerly: High school student College student Waitress Co-director of the glee club Family Hiram Berry (father) LeRoy Berry (father) Shelby Corcoran (biological mother) Beth Corcoran (adoptive sister) Spouse (s) Jesse St. James (husband) Significant other (s) Finn Hudson (ex-fianc\u00e9, deceased) Brody Weston (ex-boyfriend) Noah Puckerman (ex-boyfriend) Sam Evans (ex-boyfriend) Religion Jewish Nationality American"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Molly Price", "paragraph_text": "Molly Price Molly Evan Price (1966 - 12 - 15) December 15, 1966 (age 50) North Plainfield, New Jersey, U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1991 -- present Spouse (s) Derek Kelly (m. 2001) Children"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Operation Torch", "paragraph_text": "Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the Anglo - American invasion of French North Africa during the North African Campaign of the Second World War which started on 8 November 1942. It is the first major operation that US troops undertook in the European / North African theatre of World War II."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Islam by country", "paragraph_text": "About 15% of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa, and sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, Russia, and Europe.Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Muammar Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "Gaddafi's ideological worldview was moulded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of European colonialists in Libya. He was driven by a sense of \"divine mission\", believing himself a conduit of Allah's will, and thought that he must achieve his goals \"no matter what the cost\". Raised within the Sunni branch of Islam, Gaddafi called for the implementation of sharia within Libya. He desired unity across the Islamic world, and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere. On a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert. He also funded the construction and renovation of two mosques in Africa, including Uganda's Kampala Mosque. He nevertheless clashed with conservative Libyan clerics as to his interpretation of Islam. Many criticised his attempts to encourage women to enter traditionally male-only sectors of society, such as the armed forces. Gaddafi was keen to improve women's status, though saw the sexes as \"separate but equal\" and therefore felt women should usually remain in traditional roles."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Samoa", "paragraph_text": "Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. As such, ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side-by-side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture is centred around the principle of v\u0101fealoa'i, the relationships between people. These relationships are based on respect, or fa'aaloalo. When Christianity was introduced in Samoa, most Samoan people converted. Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian."}], "question": "Who was the spouse of the first convert to the dominant religion of North Africa?"}
{"id": "3hop1__106845_5188_63702", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Generation", "paragraph_text": "\"A Generation\" is set in Wola, a working-class section of Warsaw, in 1942 and tells the stories of two young men at odds with the Germans occupation of Poland. The young protagonist, Stach (Tadeusz \u0141omnicki), is living in squalor on the outskirts of the city and carrying out wayward acts of theft and rebellion. After a friend is killed attempting to heist coal from a German supply train, he finds work as an apprentice at a furniture workshop, where he becomes involved in an underground communist resistance cell guided first by a friendly journeyman there who in turn introduces Stach to the beautiful Dorota (Urszula Modrzy\u0144ska). An outsider, Jasio Krone (Tadeusz Janczar), the temperamental son of an elderly veteran, is initially reluctant to join the struggle but finally commits himself, running relief operations in the Jewish ghetto during the uprising there."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "14.5\u00d7114mm", "paragraph_text": "The 14.5\u00d7114mm (.57 Cal) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Society of Communist Czechoslovakia", "paragraph_text": "Czechoslovakia, of all the East European countries, entered the postwar era with a relatively balanced social structure and an equitable distribution of resources. Despite some poverty, overall it was a country of relatively well-off workers, small-scale producers, farmers, and a substantial middle class. Nearly half the population was in the middle-income bracket. Ironically, perhaps, it was balanced and relatively prosperous Czechoslovakia that carried nationalization and income redistribution further than any other East European country. By the mid-1960s, the complaint was that leveling had gone too far. Earning differentials between blue-collar and white-collar workers were lower than in any other country in Eastern Europe. Further, equitable income distribution was combined in the late 1970s with relative prosperity. Along with East Germany and Hungary, Czechoslovakia enjoyed one of the highest standards of living of any of the Warsaw Pact countries through the 1980s."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Korean Air", "paragraph_text": "Korean Air's international passenger division and related subsidiary cargo division together serve 127 cities in 44 countries, while its domestic division serves 12 destinations. It is among the top 20 airlines in the world in terms of passengers carried and is also the top-ranked international cargo airline. Incheon International Airport serves as Korean Air's international hub. Korean Air also maintains a satellite headquarters campus at Incheon. The majority of Korean Air's pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based in Seoul."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of \"containment\" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to \"roll back\". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Allies of World War II", "paragraph_text": "At the start of the war on 1 September 1939, the Allies consisted of France, Poland and the United Kingdom, as well as their dependent states, such as British India. Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth: Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, and Yugoslavia joined the Allies. After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. The United States provided war materiel and money all along, and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, but officially joined the Allies in 1941."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "World Happiness Report", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 reiteration was released on 14 March and focused on the relation between happiness and migration. As per 2018 Happiness Report, Finland is the happiest country in the world, with Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Switzerland holding the next top positions. The World Happiness Report 2018 ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, and 117 countries by the happiness of their immigrants. The main focus of this year's report, in addition to its usual ranking of the levels and changes in happiness around the world, is on migration within and between countries. The overall rankings of country happiness are based on the pooled results from Gallup World Poll surveys from 2015 -- 2017, and show both change and stability. Four countries have held the top spot in the last four reports: Denmark, Switzerland, Norway and now Finland. All the top countries tend to have high values for all six of the key variables that have been found to support well - being: income, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom, trust and generosity. Among the top countries, differences are small enough that year - to - year changes in the rankings are to be expected."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Haakon Bruun-Hanssen", "paragraph_text": "Haakon Stephen Bruun-Hanssen (born 8 July 1960 in Bergen) is a Norwegian officer with the rank of Admiral and Inspector General of the Navy. He was appointed head of the operational headquarters of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Chief of Defence in 2013."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Antoni Listowski", "paragraph_text": "Antoni Listowski (29 March 1865, Warsaw - 13 September 1927, Warsaw) was a Polish military officer. He reached the rank of general and took part in the Polish-Soviet War."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20\u201340%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria)."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30", "paragraph_text": "The Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30 was a Soviet autocannon widely used in military aircraft of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. It was designed by A.E. Nudelman and A.A. Rikhter, entering service in 1954."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force \u2013 in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies \u2013 jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song \"My Way\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces."}], "question": "When did the country the top-ranking Warsaw Pact operatives came from, despite it being headquartered in the country where A Generation is set, become allies with the U.S.?"}
{"id": "3hop1__145427_106426_92916", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nuclear arms race", "paragraph_text": "Behind the scenes, the Soviet government was working on building its own atomic weapons. During the war, Soviet efforts had been limited by a lack of uranium but new supplies in Eastern Europe were found and provided a steady supply while the Soviets developed a domestic source. While American experts had predicted that the Soviet Union would not have nuclear weapons until the mid-1950s, the first Soviet bomb was detonated on August 29, 1949, shocking the entire world. The bomb, named ``First Lightning ''by the West, was more or less a copy of`` Fat Man'', one of the bombs the United States had dropped on Japan in 1945."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Korea under Japanese rule", "paragraph_text": "Following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the impending overrun of the Korean peninsula by Russian forces, Japan surrendered to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese occupation."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "From November 1940 \u2013 February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. The next night, a large force hit Coventry. \"Pathfinders\" from 12 Kampfgruppe 100 (Bomb Group 100 or KGr 100) led 437 bombers from KG 1, KG 3, KG 26, KG 27, KG 55 and Lehrgeschwader 1 (1st Training Wing, or LG 1) which dropped 394 short tons (357 t) of high explosive, 56 short tons (51 t) of incendiaries, and 127 parachute mines. Other sources say 449 bombers and a total of 530 short tons (480 t) of bombs were dropped. The raid against Coventry was particularly devastating, and led to widespread use of the phrase \"to conventrate\". Over 10,000 incendiaries were dropped. Around 21 factories were seriously damaged in Coventry, and loss of public utilities stopped work at nine others, disrupting industrial output for several months. Only one bomber was lost, to anti-aircraft fire, despite the RAF flying 125 night sorties. No follow up raids were made, as OKL underestimated the British power of recovery (as Bomber Command would do over Germany from 1943\u20131945). The Germans were surprised by the success of the attack. The concentration had been achieved by accident. The strategic effect of the raid was a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "paragraph_text": "During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people, most of whom were civilians. They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Loge continued during October. According to German sources, 9,000 short tons (8,200 t) of bombs were dropped in that month, of which about 10 percent of which was dropped in daylight. Over 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) was aimed at London during the night. Attacks on Birmingham and Coventry were subject to 500 short tons (450 t) of bombs between them in the last 10 days of October. Liverpool suffered 200 short tons (180 t) of bombs dropped. Hull and Glasgow were attacked, but 800 short tons (730 t) of bombs were spread out all over Britain. The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester was targeted and 12 short tons (11 t) of bombs dropped against it. Little tonnage was dropped on Fighter Command airfields; Bomber Command airfields were hit instead."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Five nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 t) of bombs. In November 1940, 6,000 sorties and 23 major attacks (more than 100 tons of bombs dropped) were flown. Two heavy (50 short tons (45 t) of bombs) attacks were also flown. In December, only 11 major and five heavy attacks were made."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven. Thereafter bombing operations were against ports and shipping and propaganda leaflet drops. Operations were planned to minimize civilian casualties. From 15 May 1940 \u2013 the day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam \u2013 the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine, attacking industrial and transportation targets. Operations were carried out every night thereafter."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony", "paragraph_text": "Every August 6, \"A-Bomb Day\", the city of Hiroshima holds the Peace Memorial Ceremony to console the victims of the atomic bombs and to pray for the realization of lasting world peace. The ceremony is held in front of the Memorial Cenotaph in the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Participants include the families of the deceased and people from all over the world. This traditional ceremony began in 1947 by the then Hiroshima Mayor Shinzo Hamai."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "paragraph_text": "In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, \"First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon.\" Initially, Eisenhower was characterized by hopes for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Boles\u0142aw Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as East\u2013West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "paragraph_text": "By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. On August 6, the U.S. dropped a uranium gun - type (Little Boy) bomb on Hiroshima, and American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan's surrender, warning it to ``expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. ''Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium implosion - type (Fat Man) bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Within the first two to four months following the bombings, the acute effects of the atomic bombings had killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "John von Neumann", "paragraph_text": "Along with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Enola Gay", "paragraph_text": "The Enola Gay (/ \u026a\u02c8no\u028al\u0259 /) is a Boeing B - 29 Superfortress bomber, named after Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code - named ``Little Boy '', was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused the near - complete destruction of the city. Enola Gay participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Blitz", "paragraph_text": "The attitude of the Air Ministry was in contrast to the experiences of the First World War when a few German bombers caused physical and psychological damage out of all proportion to their numbers. Around 280 short tons (250 t) (9,000 bombs) had been dropped, killing 1,413 people and injuring 3,500 more. Most people aged 35 or over remembered the threat and greeted the bombings with great trepidation. From 1916\u20131918, German raids had diminished against countermeasures which demonstrated defence against night air raids was possible."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Enola Gay", "paragraph_text": "The Enola Gay (/ \u026a\u02c8no\u028al\u0259 \u02c8\u0261e\u026a /) is a Boeing B - 29 Superfortress bomber, named for Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code - named ``Little Boy '', was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused unprecedented destruction. Enola Gay participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "TNT equivalent", "paragraph_text": "6998150000000000000 \u2660 1.5 \u00d7 10 -- 6998200000000000000 \u2660 2 \u00d7 10 17.4 -- 23.2 GWh The Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, exploded with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ), and the Fat Man atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, exploded with an energy of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ). The modern nuclear weapons in the United States arsenal range in yield from 0.3 kt (1.3 TJ) to 1.2 Mt (5.0 PJ) equivalent, for the B83 strategic bomb."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "You Wenhui", "paragraph_text": "You Wenhui (; born October 20, 1979 in Shanghai) is a female Chinese beach volleyball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pacific War", "paragraph_text": "On 6 August 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history. In a press release issued after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Truman warned Japan to surrender or \"...expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\" Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki, the last nuclear attack in history. More than 140,000\u2013240,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings. The necessity of the atomic bombings has long been debated, with detractors claiming that a naval blockade and aerial bombing campaign had already made invasion, hence the atomic bomb, unnecessary. However, other scholars have argued that the bombings shocked the Japanese government into surrender, with Emperor finally indicating his wish to stop the war. Another argument in favor of the atomic bombs is that they helped avoid Operation Downfall, or a prolonged blockade and bombing campaign, any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians. Historian Richard B. Frank wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability to mount an amphibious invasion of Hokkaid\u014d."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of nuclear weapons", "paragraph_text": "Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945, two fission bombs were dropped on Japan, standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat. The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project, and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as ``hydrogen bombs ''."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Making of the Atomic Bomb", "paragraph_text": "The Making of the Atomic Bomb is a contemporary history book written by the American journalist and historian Richard Rhodes, first published by Simon & Schuster in 1987. It won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, the National Book Award for Nonfiction, and a National Book Critics Circle Award. The narrative covers people and events from early 20th century discoveries leading to the science of nuclear fission, through the Manhattan Project and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki."}], "question": "When were the atom bombs dropped on the country that produced the film The Longest Night, titled after the city where You Wenhui was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__5671_34179_23375", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German\u2013Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi\u2013Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Far Eastern Republic", "paragraph_text": "The Far Eastern Republic (), sometimes called the Chita Republic, was a nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of the Russian Far East. Although theoretically independent, it largely came under the control of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), which envisaged it as a buffer state between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan during the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922. Its first president was Alexander Krasnoshchyokov."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "National Insurance", "paragraph_text": "NI was first introduced by the National Insurance Act 1911 and expanded by the Labour government in 1948. The system was subjected to numerous amendments in succeeding years."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ielemia Ministry", "paragraph_text": "The Ielemia Ministry was the 11th ministry of the Government of Tuvalu, led by Prime Minister Apisai Ielemia. It succeeded the First Toafa Ministry following the 2006 election, but was voted out of office after the 2010 election and was succeeded by the Second Toafa Ministry, led by Maatia Toafa."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya", "paragraph_text": "The 1830s were the golden age of \"Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya\" which in its first two years published works by Alexander Pushkin. In the 1840s Andrey Krayevsky's \"Otechestvennye Zapiski\" became a strong rival. This, as well as the social changes in Russia contributed to \"BDC\"s decline. By 1847, when the subscription figures dropped to 3 thousand, Smirdin has already gone bankrupt. A year later the magazine was acquired by the book trader V.P.Pechatkin who invited Albert Starchevsky as a co-editor. In 1856 Alexander Druzhinin became its editor, to be joined by Alexei Pisemsky. As Druzhinin retired due to poor health, Pisemsky in November 1860 became \"BDC\"s editor-in-chief. He left the magazine in 1863 to be succeeded by Pyotr Boborykin and Nikolai Voskoboynikov. \"Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya\"s final issue came out in April 1865."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The pact delineated the spheres of interest between the two powers, confirmed by the supplementary protocol of the German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty amended after the joint invasion of Poland. It remained in force for nearly two years, until the German government of Adolf Hitler ended the pact by launching an attack on the Soviet positions in Eastern Poland during Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917\u20131946), Council of Ministers (1946\u20131978) and Council of Ministers\u2013Government (1978\u20131991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as \"Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR\" and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title \"President\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "In a Glass Darkly", "paragraph_text": "In a Glass Darkly is a collection of five short stories by Sheridan Le Fanu, first published in 1872, the year before his death. The second and third are revised versions of previously published stories, and the fourth and fifth are long enough to be called novellas."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "We Sammarinese", "paragraph_text": "In 2011 the Pact for San Marino government collapsed, causing the disbandment of its component lists. We Sanmarinese, now a fully free party, decided to accept a federative pact with the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, entering into a new government of national unity. NS run in the Sanmarinese election of 2012 as party of the ultimately victorious PDCS."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "First Dudley Senanayake cabinet", "paragraph_text": "The First Dudley Senanayake cabinet was the central government of Ceylon led by Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake between 1952 and 1953. It was formed in March 1952 after the death of Senanayake's predecessor D. S. Senanayake and it ended in October 1953 with Senanayake's resignation."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Denham Ministry", "paragraph_text": "The Denham Ministry was the 26th ministry of the Government of Queensland and was led by Premier Digby Denham, who led the Ministerialist party consisting of a mixture of liberals and conservatives. It succeeded the Kidston Ministry on 7 February 1911. The ministry was followed by the Ryan Ministry on 1 June 1915 after the government was defeated by the Labor Party at the 1915 state election on 22 May, at which several of the ministers including Denham himself lost their seats."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of chief ministers of West Bengal", "paragraph_text": "Since 1947, there have been eight Chief Ministers of West Bengal. The first was Prafulla Chandra Ghosh of the Indian National Congress, who was succeeded by his party - mates Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy and Prafulla Chandra Sen. A decade of instability followed, marred by fractious coalition governments and frequent impositions of President's rule. The instability ended with 1977 election victory of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM). Headed by Jyoti Basu, the CPM - led Left Front government was in office for over 23 years (1977 -- 2000), making Basu India's longest - serving chief minister ever. Left rule in West Bengal continued for another 10 years under Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, before its defeat in the 2011 election by the Trinamool Congress. Appointed on 20 May 2011, Trinamool leader Mamata Banerjee is the current incumbent, the state's first woman chief minister."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "D. S. Senanayake cabinet", "paragraph_text": "The D. S. Senanayake cabinet was the central government of Ceylon led by Prime Minister D. S. Senanayake between 1947 and 1952. It was formed in September 1947 after the parliamentary election and it ended in March 1952 with Senanayake's death. The Senanayake cabinet led Ceylon to independence in February 1948."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Round Table Conferences (India)", "paragraph_text": "The Congress had boycotted the first conference was requested to come to a settlement by Sapru, M.R. Jayakar and V.S. Srinivasa Sastri. A settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin known as the Gandhi -- Irwin Pact was reached and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference. By this time, there was a coalition Government in Britain with a Conservative majority. It was held in London in September 1931. The discussion led to the passing of the Government Of India act of 1935."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "Spring 1989 saw the people of the Soviet Union exercising a democratic choice, albeit limited, for the first time since 1917, when they elected the new Congress of People's Deputies. Just as important was the uncensored live TV coverage of the legislature's deliberations, where people witnessed the previously feared Communist leadership being questioned and held accountable. This example fueled a limited experiment with democracy in Poland, which quickly led to the toppling of the Communist government in Warsaw that summer \u2013 which in turn sparked uprisings that overthrew communism in the other five Warsaw Pact countries before the end of 1989, the year the Berlin Wall fell. These events showed that the people of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union did not support Gorbachev's drive to modernize Communism; rather, they preferred to abandon it altogether."}], "question": "What year saw the publication of the version of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, by the successor of the first leader of the RSFSR government?"}
{"id": "3hop1__132400_30587_83479", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February \u2013 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps and Navy landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese-controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five-week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Battle of Olustee", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Olustee or Battle of Ocean Pond was fought in Baker County, Florida on February 20, 1864, during the American Civil War. It was the only major battle fought in Florida during the war."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lansing-Dreiden", "paragraph_text": "Lansing-Dreiden was founded in Miami, Florida. Their body of work includes music, multimedia artwork (in the form of drawings, collages, sculpture and video), and the literary journal \"Death Notice\". Rather than calling themselves a band, they prefer to be categorized as \"a company that sees no distinction between art and commerce.\" (\"Seattle Weekly\", Feb. 5, 2005)"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nied (Frankfurt am Main)", "paragraph_text": "Nied is a city district of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is part of the \"Ortsbezirk West\" and is subdivided into the \"Stadtbezirke\" Nied-Nord and Nied-S\u00fcd."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "R\u00f6delheim", "paragraph_text": "R\u00f6delheim is a city district of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is part of the \"Ortsbezirk Mitte-West\" and is subdivided into the \"Stadtbezirke\" R\u00f6delheim-Ost and R\u00f6delheim-West."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Ci\u0219migiu Gardens", "paragraph_text": "The Ci\u0219migiu Gardens or Ci\u0219migiu Park () are a public park near the center of Bucharest, Romania, spanning areas on all sides of an artificial lake. The gardens' creation was an important moment in the history of Bucharest. They form the oldest and, at 16 hectares, the largest park in city's central area. The main entrance is from Regina Elisabeta Boulevard, in front of the City Hall; there is another major entrance at the \u0218tirbei Vod\u0103 Street, near the Cre\u021bulescu Palace. The southwestern corner of the park is adjacent to the Gheorghe Laz\u0103r High School."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Woden Cemetery", "paragraph_text": "The Woden Cemetery is the main cemetery in Canberra, the capital of Australia. It is located adjacent to the Woden Town Centre."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Woorim, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Woorim is a suburb of the Moreton Bay Region in Queensland, Australia on the eastern, or ocean, side of Bribie Island, adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. In the , the suburb recorded a population of 1,765 persons, with a median age of 53 years."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February -- 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese - controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five - week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Eureka Marsh", "paragraph_text": "Eureka Marsh (\"previously known as Palco Marsh\") is an area adjacent to Humboldt Bay on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Humboldt County, California."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Humaya River", "paragraph_text": "The Humaya River is a river in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, that connects to the Tamazula River in the city of Culiac\u00e1n to form the Culiac\u00e1n River. The source of the river is the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains. The water flows from the north of the city. The water then flows to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Templo Mayor", "paragraph_text": "The Templo Mayor (Spanish for ``Main Temple '') was one of the main temples of the Aztecs in their capital city of Tenochtitlan, which is now Mexico City. Its architectural style belongs to the late Postclassic period of Mesoamerica. The temple was called the Hu\u0113yi Te\u014dcalli (we: \u02c8i teo\u02d0\u02c8kali) in the Nahuatl language and dedicated simultaneously to two gods, Huitzilopochtli, god of war, and Tlaloc, god of rain and agriculture, each of which had a shrine at the top of the pyramid with separate staircases. The spire in the center of the adjacent image was devoted to Quetzalcoatl in his form as the wind god, Ehecatl. The Great Temple devoted to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, measuring approximately 100 by 80 m (328 by 262 ft) at its base, dominated the Sacred Precinct. Construction of the first temple began sometime after 1325, and it was rebuilt six times. The temple was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521 to make way for the new cathedral. Today, the archeological site lies just to the northeast of the Zocalo, or main plaza of Mexico City, in the block between Seminario and Justo Sierra streets."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Battle of the Atlantic", "paragraph_text": "As an island nation, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods. Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight. In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war: the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting. From 1942 onwards, the Axis also sought to prevent the build - up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe. The defeat of the U-boat threat was a pre-requisite for pushing back the Axis. The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies -- the German blockade failed -- but at great cost: 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk in the Atlantic for the loss of 783 U-boats (the majority being Type VII submarines) and 47 German surface warships, including 4 battleships (Scharnhorst, Bismarck, Gneisenau, and Tirpitz), 9 cruisers, 7 raiders, and 27 destroyers. Of the U-boats, 519 were sunk by British, Canadian, or other allied forces, while 175 were destroyed by American forces; 15 were destroyed by Soviets and 73 were scuttled by their crews before the end of the war for various causes."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Congress of Vienna", "paragraph_text": "Tsar Alexander I controlled the Russian delegation which was formally led by the foreign minister, Count Karl Robert Nesselrode. The tsar had two main goals, to gain control of Poland and to promote the peaceful coexistence of European nations. He succeeded in forming the Holy Alliance (1815), based on monarchism and anti-secularism, and formed to combat any threat of revolution or republicanism."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Indo-Australian Plate", "paragraph_text": "The Indo - Australian Plate is a major tectonic plate that includes the continent of Australia and surrounding ocean, and extends northwest to include the Indian subcontinent and adjacent waters. It was formed by the fusion of Indian and Australian plates 43 million years ago. Recent studies, and seismic events such as the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes, suggest that the Indo - Australian Plate may have broken up into two or three separate plates due primarily to stresses induced by the collision of the Indo - Australian Plate with Eurasia along the Himalayas, and that the Indian Plate and Australian Plate have been separate since at least 3 million years ago."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston\u2013North Charleston\u2013Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, \"where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean.\""}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February -- 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese - controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five - week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of FIFA World Cup records and statistics", "paragraph_text": "1930: Argentina, 18 goals 1934: Italy, 12 goals 1938: Hungary, 15 goals 1950: Brazil, 22 goals 1954: Hungary, 27 goals 1958: France, 23 goals 1962: Brazil, 14 goals 1966: Portugal, 17 goals 1970: Brazil, 19 goals 1974: Poland, 16 goals 1978: Argentina & Netherlands, 15 goals each 1982: France, 16 goals 1986: Argentina, 14 goals 1990: West Germany, 15 goals 1994: Sweden, 15 goals 1998: France, 15 goals 2002: Brazil, 18 goals 2006: Germany, 14 goals 2010: Germany, 16 goals 2014: Germany, 18 goals 2018: Belgium, 16 goals"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "San Francisco", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco is located on the West Coast of the United States at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula and includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay within its boundaries. Several picturesque islands\u2014Alcatraz, Treasure Island and the adjacent Yerba Buena Island, and small portions of Alameda Island, Red Rock Island, and Angel Island\u2014are part of the city. Also included are the uninhabited Farallon Islands, offshore in the Pacific Ocean. The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a \"seven-by-seven-mile square\", a common local colloquialism referring to the city's shape, though its total area, including water, is nearly ."}], "question": "What was Germany's main goal in the battle of the ocean region adjacent to the city where Lansing-Dreiden was formed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__19768_19788_8140", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Presbyterianism", "paragraph_text": "Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship. However, there is not one fixed \"Presbyterian\" worship style. Although there are set services for the \"Lord's Day\", one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed),[clarification needed] or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by probably most American Presbyterians). Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc. They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc. Many, incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary. Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Languages of Italy", "paragraph_text": "There are approximately 34 living spoken languages and related dialects in Italy, most of which are indigenous evolutions of Vulgar Latin, and thus are classified as Romance languages. Although they are sometimes referred to as regional languages, there is no uniformity within any Italian region, and speakers from one locale within a region are typically very aware of features that distinguish their local language from the speech of other places nearby. The official and most widely spoken language is Italian, a descendant of Tuscan."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Africa", "paragraph_text": "Africans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs, and statistics on religious affiliation are difficult to come by since they are often a sensitive topic for governments with mixed religious populations. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, Islam is the largest religion in Africa, followed by Christianity. According to Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, 45% of the population are Christians, 40% are Muslims, and 10% follow traditional religions. A small number of Africans are Hindu, Buddhist, Confucianist, Baha'i, or Jewish. There is also a minority of people in Africa who are irreligious."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "A small, landlocked kingdom, Swaziland is bordered in the North, West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East. Swaziland has a land area of 17,364 km2. Swaziland has four separate geographical regions. These run from North to South and are determined by altitude. Swaziland is located at approximately 26\u00b030'S, 31\u00b030'E. Swaziland has a wide variety of landscapes, from the mountains along the Mozambican border to savannas in the east and rain forest in the northwest. Several rivers flow through the country, such as the Great Usutu River."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Dialect", "paragraph_text": "In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Greeks", "paragraph_text": "Most Greeks are Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church. During the first centuries after Jesus Christ, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking. There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other Christian denominations like Greek Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims. About 2,000 Greeks are members of Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism congregations."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jefferson Memorial Forest", "paragraph_text": "The Jefferson Memorial Forest is a forest located in southwest Louisville, Kentucky, in the Knobs region of Kentucky. At , it is the largest municipal urban forest in the United States."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Piney Woods", "paragraph_text": "The Piney Woods is a temperate coniferous forest terrestrial ecoregion in the Southern United States covering 54,400 square miles (141,000 km) of East Texas, southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and southeastern Oklahoma. These coniferous forests are dominated by several species of pine as well as hardwoods including hickory and oak. Historically the most dense part of this forest region was the Big Thicket though the lumber industry dramatically reduced the forest concentration in this area and throughout the Piney Woods during the 19th and 20th centuries. The World Wide Fund for Nature considers the Piney Woods to be one of the critically endangered ecoregions of the United States. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines most of this ecoregion as the South Central Plains."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical\u2013hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Christian", "paragraph_text": "As of the early 21st century, Christianity has approximately 2.4 billion adherents. The faith represents about a third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world. Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world's population for around 100 years. The largest Christian denomination is the Roman Catholic Church, with 1.17 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pruno (Cilento)", "paragraph_text": "Pruno is a forest in the Campania region of southern Italy. It is the largest woodlands of central Cilento region. The hamlets (\"frazioni\") with this name are situated in the municipalities of Laurino, Valle dell'Angelo and Piaggine, and are considered a singular village."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Skypoint", "paragraph_text": "Skypoint is a tent-like structure over the intersection of 2nd Avenue and Broadway in downtown Billings, Montana, USA. Its highest point is 73 feet above ground level. There are three \"sails\" that make up the structure. The largest sail can move to let the sun through or to cover the intersection if it rains. Skypoint is part of the plan to revitalize downtown Billings and attract more people to downtown."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Canada", "paragraph_text": "Canada (French: (kanad\u0251)) is a country located in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second - largest country by total area. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border. As a whole, Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land area being dominated by forest and tundra. Consequently, its population is highly urbanized, with 82 percent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium - sized cities, many near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "New Caledonia rain forests", "paragraph_text": "The New Caledonia rain forests are a terrestrial ecoregion, located in New Caledonia in the South Pacific. It is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion, part of the Australasia ecozone."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Karnataka", "paragraph_text": "Karnataka is a state in the south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. Only a small part of the state corresponds to the Carnatic region. The capital and largest city is Bangalore (Bengaluru). Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the south. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the classical languages of India, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state alongside Konkani, Tulu, and Sanskrit. Karnataka also has the only 3 naturally Sanskrit - speaking districts in India."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Buddhism by country", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism is a religion practiced by an estimated 488 million in the world, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 9% to 10% of the world's total population."}], "question": "What is the liturgical language of a widely practiced religion in the region with the 2nd largest rainforest in the world?"}
{"id": "3hop1__146104_33897_81096", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Jeff Altenburg", "paragraph_text": "Jeff Altenburg is a professional race car driver born in the USA. He has won sixteen national championships in both amateur and professional racing."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Logan Gomez", "paragraph_text": "Logan Gomez (born December 16, 1988) is an American race car driver from Crown Point, Indiana who most notably competed in the Firestone Indy Lights Series (formerly the Indy Pro Series)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lee Lozowick", "paragraph_text": "Lee Lozowick (aka Lee Khepa Baul or Lee K\u1e63ep\u0101 Baul, November 18, 1943 - November 16, 2010) was an American spiritual teacher, author, poet, lyricist and singer from Prescott, Arizona. He wrote over forty books on spiritual practice and parenting, many of which have been translated into French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and other languages. Some of the titles include: \"In the Fire\", \"Conscious Parenting\", \"The Alchemy of Transformation\", \"The Alchemy of Love and Sex\", \"The Only Grace is Loving God\", and \"Enlightened Duality\" (with M Young). He presented himself as a representative of the \"Western Baul\" tradition."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Phenix City, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Phenix City is a city in Lee and Russell counties in the State of Alabama, and the county seat of Russell County. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 32,822."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit (/d\u1d7b\u02c8tr\u0254\u026at/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States\u2013Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population. The population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 620,602 as of July 2014. As of 2014, the Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,322,429, and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,459,758 (Chamber of Commerce) residents, making it Oklahoma's largest metropolitan area. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county or borough)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state's largest urbanized area. Based on population rank, the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lee Lozowick", "paragraph_text": "Lee Lozowick was born on November 18, 1943, to Ukrainian-American artist Louis Lozowick and Adele Turner, who had married in 1933 and lived in South Orange, New Jersey."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Tucson (/\u02c8tu\u02d0s\u0252n/ /tu\u02d0\u02c8s\u0252n/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is  located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Homero Richards", "paragraph_text": "Homero Richards (born June 8, 1976) is a Mexican race car driver from Mexico City. Richards won back-to-back championships in the Panam GP Series (Latin American Formula Renault championship), in 2004 and 2005. He made his first and only Champ Car World Series start in 2005 at Aut\u00f3dromo Hermanos Rodr\u00edguez."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Danny Kelley", "paragraph_text": "Danny Kelley (born 1964 in Orange City, Florida) is an American stock car racing driver. He is a former competitor in the ARCA Racing Series."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Johnson City, Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Johnson City is a city in Washington, Carter, and Sullivan counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee, with most of the city being in Washington County. As of the 2010 census, the population of Johnson City was 63,152, and by 2015 the estimated population was 66,027, making it the ninth - largest city in the state."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968. Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the Southeast, and the 12th most populous in the United States. Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lance Norick", "paragraph_text": "Lance Norick (born September 20, 1968) is an American stock car and sprint car racing driver, and a professional remote control car racer. A former competitor in the NASCAR Busch Series and Craftsman Truck Series, he is the son of former Oklahoma City mayor Ron Norick."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Arlington, Texas", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's estimate, the city had a population of 396,394 in 2017, making it the second-largest city in the county (after Fort Worth) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area. Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas, and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lee Brayton", "paragraph_text": "Lee Brayton (born August 13, 1933) is a former American racing driver from Coldwater, Michigan. He competed in the USAC Championship Car series from 1972 to 1975, making 16 starts with a best finish of 10th three times (twice at Michigan International Speedway and once at Texas World Speedway). He attempted to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 in 1972, 1973, and 1974, but after missing the field his first year, was taken out of contention by practice crashes the following two years. His son, Scott Brayton, was a long-time CART and IRL driver, who was killed in a crash during a practice run. Lee Brayton owns Brayton Engineering, an engineering firm that helped build the Buick V6 IndyCar engine as well as fielding a car in the CART series, primarily for Scott, from 1981 to 1986 and then fielded an Indy Racing League car in 2002. They entered two cars in the 2001 Indianapolis 500 for Memo Gidley and Steve Knapp but both missed the field, their single car assault on the field in 2002 with John de Vries again failed. Their last Indy Car event came at the Michigan 400 in 2002 with Scott Harrington at the wheel."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Jersey City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Jersey City is the second-most - populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the county's largest city. As of 2016, the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that Jersey City's population was 264,152, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, an increase of about 6.7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 77th - largest in the nation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "1936 Vanderbilt Cup", "paragraph_text": "The 1936 Vanderbilt Cup (formally known as I George Vanderbilt Cup) was a Grand Prix that was held on 12 October 1936 at Roosevelt Raceway near Westbury, Long Island, New York City, USA. It was the fourth and last race of the 1936 AAA Championship Car season, not counting the non-championship events. The race, contested over 75 laps of 6.39\u00a0km (3.97\u00a0mi), was won by Tazio Nuvolari driving a Alfa Romeo 12C-36 after starting from eighth position."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Desert Diamond West Valley Phoenix Grand Prix", "paragraph_text": "After a hiatus of eleven years, the race was revived by the Verizon IndyCar Series in 2016. It was held on Saturday night under the lights. Long considered a popular Indy car track, Phoenix has a rich history of open wheel races, including a spectacular crash involving Johnny Rutherford (1980), and the final career victory for Indy legend Mario Andretti (1993)."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Greenville, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Greenville is a city in Hunt County, Texas, United States, approximately northeast of Dallas. It is the county seat and largest city of Hunt County. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 25,557, and in 2017 the estimated population was 27,443."}], "question": "Who won the 1993 indy car race in the city with the largest population, in the state where Lee Lozowick died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__25177_36635_87083", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\""}, {"idx": 1, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, the state elected a Republican Governor (Pat McCrory) and Lieutenant Governor (Dan Forest) for the first time in more than two decades, while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate. Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control, with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats' four. In the 2014 mid-term elections, Republican David Rouzer won the state's Seventh Congressional District seat, increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10-3 in favor of the GOP."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given censorial powers, which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans. Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate to 900. This robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige, and made it increasingly subservient to him. While the assemblies continued to meet, he submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election, and all bills to the assemblies for enactment. Thus, the assemblies became powerless and were unable to oppose him."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mayor\u2013council government", "paragraph_text": "In a weak - mayor system, the mayor has no formal authority outside of the council; the mayor can not appoint or remove officials, and lacks veto power over council votes. As such, the mayor's influence is solely based on personality in order to accomplish desired goals."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This \"subset\" of great powers \u2013 France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States \u2013 consider maintaining a \"state of peace\" as desirable. As evidence, Baron outlines that since the Cuban missile crisis (1962) during the Cold War, these influential Western nations have resolved all disputes among the great powers peacefully at the United Nations and other forums of international discussion."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with UN Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Phonograph record", "paragraph_text": "Vinyl's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten, nor was its durability. In the late 1930s, radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl, so they would not break in the mail. In the mid-1940s, special DJ copies of records started being made of vinyl also, for the same reason. These were all 78 rpm. During and after World War II, when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac, particularly the six-minute 12-inch (30 cm) 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to United States troops in World War II. In the 1940s, radio transcriptions, which were usually on 16-inch records, but sometimes 12-inch, were always made of vinyl, but cut at 33 1\u20443 rpm. Shorter transcriptions were often cut at 78 rpm."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India", "paragraph_text": "Host organization Location Permanent Representative Took office Ref. Conference on Disarmament Geneva Amandeep Gill United Nations New York City Syed Akbaruddin (Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations) January 2016 Geneva Ajit Kumar World Trade Organization Geneva Mr. J.S. Deepak,"}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances\u2014the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the \"Big Three\". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\"  and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the \"Four Policemen\" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Winner, South Dakota", "paragraph_text": "Winner is a city in Tripp County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 2,897 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Tripp County. Winner also serves as the administrative center of neighboring Todd County, which does not have its own county seat. The nearest airport is Winner Regional Airport."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States and the United Nations", "paragraph_text": "United States of America United Nations membership Membership Full member Since October 24, 1945 (1945 - 10 - 24) UNSC seat Permanent Permanent Representative Nikki Haley"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Franco-Prussian War", "paragraph_text": "The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king, Wilhelm I, uniting Germany as a nation-state. The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsa\u00df-Lothringen).The German conquest of France and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power, that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, became factors in the causes of World War I."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "1982 French cantonal elections", "paragraph_text": "\"Cantonale\" elections to renew canton general councillors were held in France on 14 and 21 March 1982. The left, in power since 1981, lost 8 and 98 seats to the right, which controlled 59 presidencies out of 95. The Socialists only lost 10 seats, but the Communists lost 45."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful maritime power."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recognized \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "United Nations Security Council", "paragraph_text": "The Security Council consists of fifteen members. The great powers that were the victors of World War II -- the Soviet Union (now represented by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, France, the Republic of China (now represented by the People's Republic of China), and the United States -- serve as the body's five permanent members. These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary - General. The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two - year terms. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2018 United States Senate elections", "paragraph_text": "Elections to the United States Senate will be held on November 6, 2018, with 33 of the 100 seats in the Senate being contested in regular elections whose winners will serve six - year terms from January 3, 2019, until January 3, 2025. Currently, Democrats are expected to have 23 seats up for election along with 2 independents who caucus with them. Republicans are expected to have 8 seats up for election. The seats up for election in 2018 were last up for election in 2012, although some seats may have special elections if incumbents die or resign, as has already happened in Alabama. Democrats gained a net 2 seats in the 2016 Senate elections."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Security Council ``veto power ''refers to the power of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to veto any`` substantive'' resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to ``procedural ''votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary - General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors."}], "question": "Who holds veto power in the organization that the winners of the conflict that affected shellac availability were awarded permanent seats on, along with France?"}
{"id": "3hop1__157807_19788_19759", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "David Hayter", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 1998 Metal Gear Solid Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty Solid Snake 2002 Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem Roman Legionnaire 1 / Roman Legionnaire 2 / Angkor Thom Guard Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater Naked Snake / Big Boss 2005 Metal Gear Acid 2 Snake 2006 Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Naked Snake 2008 Super Smash Bros. Brawl Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots Old Snake / Himself Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker Snake (Big Boss) 2011 Star Wars: The Old Republic Jedi Knight Male 2013 Marvel Heroes Winter Soldier 2013 - 15 R\u00e9publique Daniel Zager 2014 Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty! Mudokons 2015 Dragon Age: Inquisition Lieutenant Renn The Descent DLC 2016 The Long Dark Jeremiah Deponia Doomsday Old Rufus 2018 Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night Gebel"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Salacca", "paragraph_text": "Salacca is a genus of about 20 species of palms native to Southeast Asia and the eastern Himalayas.They are very short-stemmed palms, with leaves up to 6\u20138 m long. The leaves have a spiny petiole; in most species they are pinnate with numerous leaflets, but some species, notably S. magnifica, have undivided leaves. The fruit grow in clusters at the base of the plants, and are edible in many species, with a reddish-brown scaly skin covering a white pulp and one to two large inedible seeds. The Salak (S. zalacca) or snake fruit is the species most widely grown for its fruit; the firm white pulp has a slight acidic taste. The skin of the snakefruit has a unique texture not unlike that of a snake's skin, rough to the touch in one direction but smooth in the other."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Sultanah Bahiyah Highway", "paragraph_text": "The Sultanah Bahiyah Highway (Malay: Lebuhraya Sultanah Bahiyah), Federal Route 255 (formerly Alor Setar Bypass and Jalan Sultanah, both Kedah State Route K139) is a major highway bypass in Alor Star, Kedah, Malaysia. It was named after the late Sultanah Bahiyah, a first consort of Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah. The Kilometre Zero is located at Alor Setar North."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tentacled snake", "paragraph_text": "The tentacled snake or tentacle snake (Erpeton tentaculatum), is a rear-fanged aquatic snake native to South-East Asia. It is the only species of its genus, Erpeton, and the two tentacles on its snout are a unique feature among snakes. The method it uses to catch fish has recently been a subject of research."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Red-bellied black snake", "paragraph_text": "The red - bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a species of elapid snake native to eastern Australia. Though its venom is capable of causing significant morbidity, a bite from it is not generally fatal and is less venomous than other Australian elapid snakes. It is common in woodlands, forests and swamplands of eastern Australia. It is one of Australia's best - known snakes, as it is common in urban areas along the eastern coast of Australia. It has an average total length (including tail) of 1.5 to 2 metres (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the common European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake; none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life, with weasels, polecats, wildcats, most shrews, moles, water voles, roe deer and common toads also being absent from Ireland. This pattern is also true for birds and insects. Notable exceptions include the Kerry slug and certain species of wood lice native to Ireland but not Great Britain."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Plains garter snake", "paragraph_text": "The Plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix) is a species of garter snake native to most of the central United States as far north as Canada and as far south as Texas. It has a distinctive orange or yellow stripe from its head to tail, and the rest of its body is mainly a gray - green color. The snake is commonly found living near water sources such as streams and ponds, but can also be found in urban areas and vacant lots. Although the IUCN lists the species as ``Least Concern '', some states have given it their own special status. This species is mildly venomous, although the venom is not toxic to humans."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct. Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith. According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Nepal, there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley. They have a National Office located in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baha'is also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu. Islam is practised in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.2% of the population of Nepal.[citation needed] It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Statute of Marlborough", "paragraph_text": "The Statute of Marlborough (52 Hen 3) was a set of laws passed by King Henry III of England in 1267."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Malaysia Federal Route 78", "paragraph_text": "Kuala Kedah Highway, Federal Route 78, is a major highway in Kedah, Malaysia. It is also a main route to Langkawi Island via Kuala Kedah."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of reptiles of Alabama", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. state of Alabama is home to 93 indigenous reptile species, not including subspecies. Indigenous species include one species of crocodilian, 12 lizard species, 49 snake species, and 31 turtle species. Three native species have possibly been extirpated from the state. These include the eastern indigo snake, southern hognose snake and the mimic glass lizard."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Green Snake", "paragraph_text": "A storm takes place while Fat-hoi goes into the forest and he attacks two Snake spirits. But after he noticed that they were only preventing rain from hitting a woman giving birth, he also releases them. Again, he is haunted by sins of the human mind, primarily the female body. The two snakes, White Snake (Joey Wong) and Green Snake (Maggie Cheung), are later seen on the rooftop of a festival where Green Snake participates while White Snake eyes a local scholar Hsui Xien (Wu Hsing-Kuo). The two have been training for many centuries to take human form and experience the love, freedom and wisdom that is supposedly only available to humans. White Snake is the more experienced one and proceeds to get engaged to Hsui Xien, with whom she plans to have a child which would complete her passage into the mortal realm; Green Snake is the younger and more impulsive of the two sisters but she is not yet quite convinced of the benefits of the human world. They both move into their magically created house and start a successful medical practice in the town. Other than Hsui Xien's visit, the two gets another visit unexpectedly from a buffoonish Taoist whom Green Snake leaves the household to take care of. Because of White Snake's beautiful charms, Hsui Xien, once known as the toughest and most dedicated scholar of the village, is starting to lose his reputation."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saint Patrick's Day", "paragraph_text": "According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted \"thousands\". Patrick's efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove \"snakes\" out of Ireland, despite the fact that snakes were not known to inhabit the region."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908\u20131981) wrote in 1961: \"The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He.\""}], "question": "Who converted to the religion now widely practiced throughout the native territory of the tentacle snake?"}
{"id": "3hop1__24941_24918_24939", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito's visits to the United States avoided most of the Northeast due to large minorities of Yugoslav emigrants bitter about communism in Yugoslavia. Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters, who would frequently burn the Yugoslav flag. During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s emigrants shouted \"Tito murderer\" outside his New York hotel, for which he protested to United States authorities."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "1951 LOT Li-2 Tuszyn air disaster", "paragraph_text": "The 1951 LOT Li-2 Tuszyn air disaster occurred on 15 November 1951 when a LOT Polish Airlines Lisunov Li-2 flew into power lines near Tuszyn, crashed and burst into flames. All 15 passengers and 3 crew died. It was the first LOT aircraft disaster since the end of World War II."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Vassili Nesterenko", "paragraph_text": "Vassili Nesterenko (sometimes romanized as Vasilii) was born in Krasny Kut Village, Antratsyt Raion, Luhansk Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialistic Republic (now Ukraine). He had a diploma from the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. In 1972 Nesterenko was elected a corresponding member of Academy of Sciences of Byelorussian Soviet Socialistic Republic in the field of Nuclear Power Plants. He worked on the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mesa Redonda fire", "paragraph_text": "The Mesa Redonda fire occurred on Saturday, 29 December 2001 in Lima, Peru. The disaster killed at least 291 people and injured at least another 134."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roger Allen LaPorte", "paragraph_text": "Roger Allen LaPorte (July 16, 1943 \u2013 November 10, 1965) is best known as a protester of the Vietnam War who set himself on fire in front of the United Nations building in New York City on November 9, 1965, to protest the United States involvement in the war. A former seminarian, he was a 22-year-old member of the Catholic Worker Movement at the time of his death."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Unnamed Zone", "paragraph_text": "The Unnamed Zone () is a 2006 Spanish documentary film by director Carlos Rodr\u00edguez about the lives of three young Ukrainian children directly affected by the 1986 Chernobyl disaster."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake", "paragraph_text": "The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as \"the mastodon of stagnation.\" The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev. On February 26, 1989, between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv, marking the anniversary of the death of 19th Century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103", "paragraph_text": "Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103 was a Boeing 727-2L5 with 10 crew and 147 passengers on board that collided with a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 on 22 December 1992. All 157 people onboard flight 1103 were killed, while the crew of the MiG-23 ejected and survived. It was the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in Libya at the time."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Accra Sports Stadium disaster", "paragraph_text": "The Accra Sport Stadium disaster occurred at the Ohene Djan Stadium, Accra, Ghana on May 9, 2001. It took the lives of 126 people, making it the worst stadium disaster to have ever taken place in Africa."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award", "paragraph_text": "The award's only tie occurred in the National League in 1979, when Keith Hernandez and Willie Stargell received an equal number of points. There have been 18 unanimous winners, who received all the first - place votes. The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 22, followed by the St. Louis Cardinals with 17 winners. The award has never been presented to a member of the following four teams: Arizona Diamondbacks, Miami Marlins, New York Mets, and Tampa Bay Rays. The most recent recipients are Mike Trout in the American League and Kris Bryant in the National League."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Andreas (film)", "paragraph_text": "On December 17, 2013 Variety reported that the film would be shot at Village Roadshow Studios in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The production was set to start in April 2014 in Queensland, with locations including Ipswich and Brisbane. On March 20, 2014, it was announced that Gods of Egypt had started production in Australia, and San Andreas was set to begin soon after. On April 16, 2014, Johnson tweeted photos from the training for the film.Filming began on April 22, 2014 in Australia and was also shot in the Los Angeles area, Bakersfield, and San Francisco. On May 12, shooting took place in the Lockyer Valley. On May 10\u201311, shooting was taking place in Los Angeles and then production went back to Australia to complete the rest of shooting. On May 17, second unit was filming scenes in Bakersfield where a helicopter was spotted, while Johnson was busy in Gold Coast. On June 22, the crew was spotted filming disaster scenes on Elizabeth Street in Brisbane."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kano air disaster", "paragraph_text": "The Kano air disaster was a chartered Boeing 707 passenger flight on 22 January 1973 that crashed while attempting to land at Kano International Airport. It is the deadliest aviation disaster ever to take place in Nigeria, as 176 passengers and crew perished in the crash. There were 26 survivors."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On September 30, 1989, thousands of Belorussians, denouncing local leaders, marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities. Later, they gathered in the city center near the government's headquarters, where speakers demanded resignation of Yefrem Sokolov, the republic's Communist Party leader, and called for the evacuation of half a million people from the contaminated zones."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "1996 Belgian Air Force Hercules accident", "paragraph_text": "The 1996 Belgian Air Force Hercules accident is an aviation accident that occurred on 15 July 1996 at Eindhoven Airport, the Netherlands. The disaster involved a Belgian Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft and resulted in the death of 34 passengers. The incident is known as the \"Hercules disaster\" () in the Netherlands and Belgium."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "International Day for Disaster Reduction", "paragraph_text": "The International Day for Disaster Reduction (IDDR) encourages every citizen and government to take part in building more disaster resilient communities and nations. The United Nations General Assembly designated October 13 as the International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction as part of its proclamation of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "1945 Broadway Consolidated Liberator crash", "paragraph_text": "The 1945 Broadway Consolidated Liberator crash occurred on 22 November 1945 when a Royal Air Force Consolidated Liberator C Mk VIII transport crashed shortly after take-off from RAF Merryfield with the loss of all 27 on board."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Malari incident", "paragraph_text": "The Malari incident (; , short for \"Malapetaka Lima Belas Januari\", \"Fifteenth of January Disaster\") was a student demonstration and riot that happened from 15 to 16 January 1974. In reaction to a state visit by the Japanese Prime Minister, Kakuei Tanaka, students held a demonstration protesting corruption, high prices, and inequality in foreign investments. After provocation by suspected agent provocateurs, the demonstrations became riots, which eventually turned into a pogrom. By the end of the incident, 11 protestors had been killed and hundreds of cars and buildings destroyed."}], "question": "Who met with the leader, who visited the country where the Chernobyl Disaster occurred. while the protests were taking place?"}
{"id": "3hop1__6989_89752_75165", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Mississippi ( (listen)) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States. Mississippi is bordered to north by Tennessee, to the east by Alabama, to the south by the Gulf of Mexico, to the southwest by Louisiana, and to the northwest by Arkansas.  Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River.  Jackson is both the state's capital and largest city.  Greater Jackson, with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018, is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Charleston had an estimated population of 134,385 in 2016. The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was 761,155 residents in 2016, the third - largest in the state and the 78th - largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Colorado Springs, Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the largest city by area in Colorado as well as the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County, Colorado, United States. Colorado Springs is located in the east central portion of the state. It is situated on Fountain Creek and is located 60 miles (97 km) south of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cerulean Lake", "paragraph_text": "Cerulean Lake is located in Glacier National Park, in the U. S. state of Montana. Cerulean Lake is in a cirque surrounded by high peaks including Rainbow Peak to the west, which rises more than above the lake. Melt from Rainbow Glacier to the west enters Cerulean lake via Rainbow Creek and other sources."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mecklenburg County, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Mecklenburg County is a county located on the border in the southwestern part of the state of North Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 919,628. It increased to 1,034,070 as of the 2015 estimate, making it the most populous county in North Carolina and the first county in the Carolinas to surpass 1 million in population. Its county seat and largest city is Charlotte."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fort Bliss", "paragraph_text": "Fort Bliss is a United States Army post in the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas, with its headquarters located in El Paso, Texas. Named in honor of LTC William Bliss (1815 - 1853), a mathematical genius who was the son - in - law of President Zachary Taylor, Ft. Bliss has an area of about 1,700 square miles (4,400 km); it is the largest installation in FORSCOM (United States Army Forces Command) and second - largest in the Army overall (the largest being the adjacent White Sands Missile Range). The portion of the post located in El Paso County, Texas, is a census - designated place with a population of 8,591 as of the time of the 2010 census. Fort Bliss provides the largest contiguous tract (1,500 sq mi or 3,900 km) of restricted airspace in the Continental United States, used for missile and artillery training and testing, and at 992,000 acres boasts the largest maneuver area (ahead of the National Training Center, which has 642,000 acres)."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Montauk, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Montauk is an unincorporated community in southwestern Dent County, Missouri, United States. It is located on Route 119, on the Current River and is in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways. Montauk State Park, famed for its rainbow and brown trout, is here."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Greenville County, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Greenville County is a county located in the state of South Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 451,225, making it the most populous county in the state. In 2017, the estimated population of the county was 506,837. Its county seat is Greenville. The county is also home to the Greenville County School District, the largest school system in South Carolina. County government is headquartered at Greenville County Square."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083  (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 \u2013 the third-largest in the state \u2013 and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Centre Daily Times", "paragraph_text": "The Centre Daily Times is a daily newspaper located in State College, Pennsylvania in the United States. It is the hometown newspaper for State College and the Pennsylvania State University, one of the best-known and largest universities in the country, with more than 45,000 students attending the main campus."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Maine", "paragraph_text": "State of Maine \u00c9tat de Maine (French) Flag Seal Nickname (s): ``The Pine Tree State ''`` Vacationland'' Motto (s): ``Dirigo ''(Latin for`` I lead'', ``I guide '', or`` I direct'') State song (s): ``State of Maine Song ''Official language None Spoken languages English: 92% French: 5% Other: \u2264 3% Demonym Mainer Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Largest metro Greater Portland Area Ranked 39th Total 35,385 sq mi (91,646 km) Width 210 miles (338 km) Length 320 miles (515 km)% water 13.5 Latitude 42 \u00b0 58 \u2032 N to 47 \u00b0 28 \u2032 N Longitude 66 \u00b0 57 \u2032 W to 71 \u00b0 5 \u2032 W Population Ranked 42nd Total 1,335,907 (2017 est.) Density 43.0 / sq mi (16.6 / km) Ranked 38th Median household income $50,756 (40th) Elevation Highest point Mount Katahdin 5,270 ft (1606.4 m) Mean 600 ft (180 m) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood District of Maine (Massachusetts) Admission to Union March 15, 1820 (23rd) Governor Paul LePage (R) President of the Senate Michael Thibodeau (R) Legislature Maine Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Susan Collins (R) Angus King (I) U.S. House delegation Chellie Pingree (D) Bruce Poliquin (R) (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC \u2212 5 / \u2212 4 ISO 3166 US - ME Abbreviations ME, Me. Website www.maine.gov"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Catholic Church in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Catholic Church in the United States is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome. With 70.4 million members, it is the largest religious denomination in the United States, comprising 22% of the population as of 2017. The United States has the fourth largest Catholic population in the world after Brazil, Mexico and the Philippines, the largest Catholic minority population, and the largest English - speaking Catholic population. The central leadership body of the Catholic Church in the United States is the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New England", "paragraph_text": "The states of New England have a combined area of 71,991.8 square miles (186,458 km), making the region slightly larger than the state of Washington and larger than England. Maine alone constitutes nearly one - half of the total area of New England, yet is only the 39th - largest state, slightly smaller than Indiana. The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S., including the smallest state -- Rhode Island."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Wheatland, California", "paragraph_text": "Wheatland is the second-largest city by population in Yuba County, California, United States. The population was 3,456 at the 2010 census, up from 2,275 at the 2000 census. Wheatland is located southeast of Marysville."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Much of Minnesota's northern forest underwent logging at some time, leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as in the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest, where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400,000 acres (162,000 ha) of unlogged land. Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about one third of the state forested. Nearly all of Minnesota's prairies and oak savannas have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten, elk, woodland caribou, and bison, others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive. The state has the nation's largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska, and supports healthy populations of black bears, moose, and gophers. Located on the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to birds of prey, including the largest number of breeding pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states, as of 2007, red-tailed hawks, and snowy owls. The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye, bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, and streams in the southeast and northeast are populated by brook, brown, and rainbow trout."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census. Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Arlington, Texas", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's estimate, the city had a population of 396,394 in 2017, making it the second-largest city in the county (after Fort Worth) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area. Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas, and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "The capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755 residents."}], "question": "What is the population of the largest state in the region of the U.S. served by the Rainbow Times?"}
{"id": "3hop2__37746_65244_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of New York (state)", "paragraph_text": "The history of New York begins around 10,000 BC, when the first native peoples arrived. By 1100 AD, New York's main native cultures, the Iroquoian and Algonquian, had developed. European discovery of New York was led by the French in 1524 and the first land claim came in 1609 by the Dutch. As part of New Netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans. In 1664, England renamed the colony New York, after the Duke of York (later James II & VII.) New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thomas Story", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Story (1670?\u20131742) was an English Quaker convert and friend of William Penn, whose writings were very influential to Quakers. In 1698, he visited colonial America, lectured to Quakers there, and held positions in the Pennsylvania colony."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Province of New York", "paragraph_text": "When the English arrived, the colony somewhat vaguely included claims to all of the present U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Vermont, along with inland portions of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Maine in addition to eastern Pennsylvania. Much of this land was soon reassigned by the crown, leaving the territory of the modern State of New York, including the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, and future Vermont. The territory of western New York was disputed with the Iroquois Indian nation, and also disputed between the English and the French from their northern colonial province of New France (modern eastern Canada). Vermont was disputed with the Province of New Hampshire to the east."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Thirteen Colonies", "paragraph_text": "In 1606, King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in North America. The London Company established the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1607, the first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent. The Plymouth Company founded the Popham Colony on the Kennebec River, but it was short - lived. The Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects, culminating with Plymouth Colony in 1620 which was settled by the English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims. The Dutch, Swedish, and French also established successful North American colonies at roughly the same time as the English, but they eventually came under the English crown. The Thirteen Colonies were complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732, although the term ``Thirteen Colonies ''became current only in the context of the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", "paragraph_text": "The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present - day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. The Pilgrims' leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist separatist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 17th - century Holland in the Netherlands. They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. They were also concerned that they might lose their English cultural identity if they remained in the Netherlands, so they arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America. The colony was established in 1621 and became the second successful English settlement in North America (after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607). The Pilgrims' story became a central theme of the history and culture of the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "National Child Labor Committee", "paragraph_text": "Edgar Gardner Murphy, an American clergyman and author, is credited with proposing the National Child Labor Committee following a conference between Murphy's Alabama Child Labor Committee, and the New York Child Labor Committee. The conference culminated on April 25, 1904 at a mass meeting held in Carnegie Hall, New York City. At the meeting, both men and women concerned with the plight of working children overwhelmingly supported the formation of the National Child Labor Committee, and Felix Adler was elected its first Chairman."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Stamp Act 1765", "paragraph_text": "The Stamp Act was very unpopular among colonists. A consensus considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent -- consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant. Their slogan was ``No taxation without representation. ''Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests. The Stamp Act Congress held in New York City was the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure; it petitioned Parliament and the King. Local protest groups led by colonial merchants and landowners established connections through Committees of Correspondence, creating a loose coalition that extended from New England to Maryland. Protests and demonstrations initiated by a new secret organization called the Sons of Liberty often turned violent and destructive as the masses became involved. Very soon, all stamp tax distributors were intimidated into resigning their commissions, and the tax was never effectively collected."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Will Horton", "paragraph_text": "In reaction to the killing of Will, ``fans were outraged in a way rarely seen before in Days history, not comprehending the purpose of killing a legacy character... who we watched grow from birth in real time onscreen '', according to soap journalist Hope Campbell. On January 23, 2017 news broke that Days of Our Lives had a new headwriter in Ron Carlivati, a Daytime Emmy Award - winner for headwriting at One Life to Live and a two - time Writers Guild of America Award - winner for headwriting at General Hospital. Then on May 8 news broke of Chandler Massey's return as Will, and Carlivati engaged fans on twitter with an exclaim of`` Whaaaattt??? Will Horton is dead! Or is he! How can this be?! Tune in and find out!'' Carlivati talked about his motivation to bring back Massey in an interview with Soap Opera Digest, saying ``it seemed like the death of Will Horton was not a popular decision and was viewed as a mistake. I wanted to take a look at that and see if there was a way to repair some of that damage. ''In September 2017, in an interview with the New York Post, Massey opened up about Will's revival, stating:`` Will certainly would n't be the first person to come back from the dead. They (the writers) have a medically plausible explanation.''"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "2018 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Atlantic Coast Conference held at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York from March 6 -- 10, 2018. It was the 65th annual edition of the tournament, and the second year in a row being held at Barclays Center. The Virginia Cavaliers entered the tournament as the top seed, with a 17 -- 1 conference record (28 -- 2 overall) under the guidance of Tony Bennett. UVA also began the tournament unanimously ranked No. 1 in the country in both major polls."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)", "paragraph_text": "The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present - day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. The Pilgrims' leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist separatist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 16th -- 17th century Holland in the Netherlands. The Pilgrims held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. As a separatist group, they were also concerned that they might lose their English cultural identity if they remained in the Netherlands, so they arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America. The colony was established in 1620 and became the second successful English settlement in North America (after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607). The Pilgrims' story became a central theme of the history and culture of the United States."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "New Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "In 1524, nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch, the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoul\u00eame by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France, former Count of Angoul\u00eame. The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen (English: ``Half Moon ''), captained by Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch Republic, as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Holland's stadholder. Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company. Instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thirteen Colonies", "paragraph_text": "In 1606, King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in North America. The first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, established 1607. The Plymouth Company did found the Popham Colony on the Kennebec River, but it was short - lived. The Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects, culminating with Plymouth Colony, which was settled by the English Puritans who are known today as the Pilgrims. The Dutch, Swedish, and French also established successful North American colonies at roughly the same time as the English, but they eventually came under the English crown. The 13 colonies were complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732, although the term ``Thirteen Colonies ''became current only in the context of the American Revolution."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name \"Begraafplaats van de Neger\" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term \"black\" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa\u2019s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865\u20131909), there was the large \u201cpiece of that great African cake\u201d known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819\u2013859)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "International Women's Day", "paragraph_text": "After the Socialist Party of America organised a Women's Day on February 28, 1909 in New York, the 1910 International Socialist Woman's Conference suggested a Women's Day be held annually. After women gained suffrage in Soviet Russia in 1917, March 8 became a national holiday there. The day was then predominantly celebrated by the socialist movement and communist countries until it was adopted in 1975 by the United Nations."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "England's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck there of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown, thereby founding the Colony of Virginia. The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland, but was largely unsuccessful. In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous trans-Atlantic voyage: Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics (1634), Rhode Island (1636) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut (1639) for Congregationalists. The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York. This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in exchange for Suriname. In 1681, the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Staten Island", "paragraph_text": "The towns of Staten Island were dissolved in 1898 with the consolidation of the City of Greater New York, as Richmond County became one of the five boroughs of the expanded city. Although consolidated into the City of Greater New York in 1898, the county sheriff of Staten Island maintained control of the jail system, unlike the other boroughs who had gradually transferred control of the jails to the Department of Correction. The jail system was not transferred until January 1, 1942. Today, Staten Island is the only borough without a New York City Department of Correction major detention center."}], "question": "When did the people controlling New York before it became an English colony come to the country holding the Massey conference?"}
{"id": "3hop1__157807_19788_39234", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tentacled snake", "paragraph_text": "The tentacled snake or tentacle snake (Erpeton tentaculatum), is a rear-fanged aquatic snake native to South-East Asia. It is the only species of its genus, Erpeton, and the two tentacles on its snout are a unique feature among snakes. The method it uses to catch fish has recently been a subject of research."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Buddhism by country", "paragraph_text": "Buddhism is a religion practiced by an estimated 488 million in the world, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 9% to 10% of the world's total population."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tajikistan", "paragraph_text": "The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Islam in Central Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam in Central Asia has existed since the beginning of Islamic history. Islam is the most widely practiced religion in Central Asia. The Hanafi school of thought of Sunnism is the most popular, with Shiism of Imami and Ismaili denominations predominating in the Pamir plateau and the western Tian Shan mountains (almost exclusively Ismailis), while boasting to a large minority population in the Zarafshan river valley, from Samarkand to Bukhara (almost exclusively Imamis). Islam came to Central Asia in the early part of the 8th century as part of the Muslim conquest of the region. Many well-known Islamic scientists and philosophers came from Central Asia, and several major Muslim empires, including the Timurid Empire and the Mughal Empire, originated in Central Asia. In the 20th century, severe restrictions on religious practice were enacted by the Soviet Union in Soviet Central Asia and the People's Republic of China in Xinjiang. Concerns about Islamic radicalism and religious freedom in the region persist to this day."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Green Snake", "paragraph_text": "A storm takes place while Fat-hoi goes into the forest and he attacks two Snake spirits. But after he noticed that they were only preventing rain from hitting a woman giving birth, he also releases them. Again, he is haunted by sins of the human mind, primarily the female body. The two snakes, White Snake (Joey Wong) and Green Snake (Maggie Cheung), are later seen on the rooftop of a festival where Green Snake participates while White Snake eyes a local scholar Hsui Xien (Wu Hsing-Kuo). The two have been training for many centuries to take human form and experience the love, freedom and wisdom that is supposedly only available to humans. White Snake is the more experienced one and proceeds to get engaged to Hsui Xien, with whom she plans to have a child which would complete her passage into the mortal realm; Green Snake is the younger and more impulsive of the two sisters but she is not yet quite convinced of the benefits of the human world. They both move into their magically created house and start a successful medical practice in the town. Other than Hsui Xien's visit, the two gets another visit unexpectedly from a buffoonish Taoist whom Green Snake leaves the household to take care of. Because of White Snake's beautiful charms, Hsui Xien, once known as the toughest and most dedicated scholar of the village, is starting to lose his reputation."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities \u2013 sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman \"domestic\" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Nepal is a secular state under the Interim Constitution, which was promulgated on January 15, 2007. The Interim Constitution provides for freedom to practice one's religion. The Interim Constitution also specifically denies the right to convert another person. The now - defunct constitution of 1990, which was in effect until January 15, 2007, described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. The Government generally did not interfere with the practice of other religious groups, and religious tolerance was broadly observed; however, there were some restrictions."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dutch Republic", "paragraph_text": "In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the \"public\" or \"privileged\" church in the Republic."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Egypt", "paragraph_text": "The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ancient Egyptian agriculture", "paragraph_text": "The civilization of Ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding. The river's predictability and the fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of the first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. This was possible because of the ingenuity of the Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation. Their farming practices allowed them to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat and barley, and industrial crops, such as flax and papyrus."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "In 66 CE, the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire in what is now known as the First Jewish -- Roman War or Great Revolt. Roman legions under future emperor Titus reconquered and subsequently destroyed much of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Also the Second Temple was burnt and all that remained was the great external (retaining) walls supporting the esplanade on which the Temple had stood, a portion of which has become known as the Western Wall. Titus' victory is commemorated by the Arch of Titus in Rome. Agrippa II died c. 94 CE, which brought the Herodian dynasty to an end almost thirty years after the destruction of the Second Temple. After the end of this revolt, Jews continued to live in Jerusalem in significant numbers, and were allowed to practice their religion, only if they paid the Jewish Tax."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practiced on lakes, notably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tonsure", "paragraph_text": "Tonsure (/ \u02c8t\u0252n\u0283\u0259r /) is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word t\u014dns\u016bra (meaning ``clipping ''or`` shearing'') and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "In European countries which were most profoundly influenced by the Reformation, Protestantism still remains the most practiced religion. These include the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom. In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary, it remains one of the most popular religions. Although Czech Republic was the site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements, there are only few Protestant adherents; mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the Catholic Habsburgs, restrictions during the Communist rule, and also the ongoing secularization. Over the last several decades, religious practice has been declining as secularization has increased. According to a 2012 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Protestants made up 12% of the EU population. According to Pew Research Center, Protestants constituted nearly one fifth (or 17.8%) of the continent's Christian population in 2010. Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15% of all Europeans in 2009, while Noll claims that less than 12% of them lived in Europe in 2010."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kathmandu", "paragraph_text": "Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in the city."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}], "question": "What empire brought the practices with them of the religion widely practiced in the native country of the tantacle snake?"}
{"id": "3hop1__125798_146409_9725", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "North Acton", "paragraph_text": "North Acton is a place in London, UK, and within the London Borough of Ealing. It is part of Acton and runs adjacent to the industrial district of Park Royal. Historically part of the Municipal Borough of Acton in the county of Middlesex, it has formed part of the London Borough of Ealing since 1965."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Frank T. and Polly Lewis House", "paragraph_text": "The Frank T. and Polly Lewis House is located in Lodi, Wisconsin, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The house is located within the Portage Street Historic District."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hackney Empire", "paragraph_text": "The Hackney Empire is a theatre on Mare Street, in the London Borough of Hackney, built in 1901 as a music hall."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Northfields, London", "paragraph_text": "Northfields is a largely residential area in the London Borough of Ealing in west London. It is centred on Northfield Avenue, a shopping street of mostly independent shops and restaurants. A small section of Northfields lies within the London borough of Hounslow."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Negen Straatjes", "paragraph_text": "The \"9 Straatjes\"' (English: Nine little streets) is a neighborhood of Amsterdam, Netherlands located in the borough Centrum. It consists of nine side streets of the Prinsengracht, Keizersgracht, Herengracht and Singel in central Amsterdam which have been promoting themselves with that name since the 1990s. Together they form a sub-neighborhood within the larger western Grachtengordel (\"Canal Belt\"), one with many small and diverse shops and restaurants. The construction in this area goes back to the first half of the 17th century."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Suntrana, Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Suntrana is an unincorporated community in eastern Denali Borough, Alaska, United States. It is located within the census-designated place of Healy."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The Bronx /\u02c8br\u0252\u014bks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Edward Nicholas Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Brownsville, Canada West (present-day Ontario), the son of Benjamin Hopkins, an Irish immigrant, and Margaret Loucks. He worked on the family farm until he was 14 and then was employed in cheese production. Hopkins came west in 1882, settling on land near Moose Jaw. He was president of the Grain Growers Association and of the Dairymen's Association of the Northwest Territories. Hopkins married Minnie Latham in 1889. She migrated to Moose Jaw with her parents from England six years earlier. Hopkins was first elected to the House of Commons in a 1923 by-election. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1925. Moose Jaw's restaurant Hopkins Dining Parlour is named after him."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kaitlin Hopkins", "paragraph_text": "Kaitlin Hopkins (born February 1, 1964) is an American stage, screen, and television actress, the daughter of actress Shirley Knight and stage producer/director Gene Persson."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "London Borough of Barking and Dagenham", "paragraph_text": "Barking and Dagenham () is a London borough in East London, England. It lies around 9 miles (14.4\u00a0km) east of Central London. It is an Outer London borough and the south is within the London Riverside section of the Thames Gateway; an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration. At the 2011 census it had a population of 187,000, the majority of which are within the Becontree estate. The local authority is Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council. Barking and Dagenham was one of six London boroughs to host the 2012 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council", "paragraph_text": "Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council Whole council elected every four years Coat of arms Type Type London borough council of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Houses Unicameral Term limits None History Founded 1 April 1965 Preceded by Chelsea Borough Council Kensington Borough Council New session started 22 May 2013 (Municipal year 2013 / 2014) Leadership Leader Elizabeth Campbell, Conservative Since 19 Jul 2017 Mayor Cllr Marie - Therese Rossi Since May 2017 Structure Seats 50 councillors Political groups Executive (40) Conservative (40) Opposition (10) Labour (7) Liberal Democrat (3) Elections Voting system Plurality - at - large Last election 22 May 2014 Next election 2018 Meeting place Town Hall, Hornton Street Website www.rbkc.gov.uk"}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Altastenberg", "paragraph_text": "Altastenberg is a village in the borough of Winterberg in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is a state-recognised spa, is classed as one of the mountain villages in the borough and, at just under 800 m. above NN, is also the highest village in the Sauerland."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ahuntsic Park", "paragraph_text": "Ahuntsic Park () is an urban park in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located in the borough of Ahuntsic-Cartierville, and is bordered by Henri Bourassa Boulevard to the north, Saint Hubert Street to the east, Lajeunesse Street to the west and Fleury Street to the south. It is located next to Terminus Henri-Bourassa."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Whitehall Street", "paragraph_text": "Whitehall Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, about four blocks long. The street begins at the southern end of Broadway, at the intersection with Stone Street. Whitehall Street stretches south to the southern end of FDR Drive, adjacent to the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal, on landfill beyond the site of Peter Stuyvesant's 17th-century house."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island. Marble Hill is also within the borough of Manhattan, so the highest street number in the borough is 228th Street. However, the numbering continues in the Bronx up to 263rd Street. The lowest number is East First Street\u2014which runs in Alphabet City near East Houston Street\u2014as well as First Place in Battery Park City."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Dead Boyz Don't Scream", "paragraph_text": "Dead Boyz Don't Scream is a 2006 homoerotic slasher film starring Monique Parent with male models familiar from \"Playgirl\" magazine."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gene Persson", "paragraph_text": "Gene Persson died of a heart attack in Manhattan on June 6, 2008, at the age of 74. He was survived by his current wife of 36 years, actress and artist Ruby Persson, and his three children, Kaitlin Hopkins, an actress; Lukas Persson, a filmmaker and writer; and Markus Persson, a musician."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Garratt Lane", "paragraph_text": "Garratt Lane is a long street (numbered to 1085) in the London Borough of Wandsworth, part of the A217 road. It connects Wandsworth High Street to Tooting Broadway and is approximately long. It passes through Earlsfield and Summerstown, before their late 19th century development, fields of Wandsworth."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Suicide", "paragraph_text": "Globally as of 2012, death by suicide occurs about 1.8 times more often in males than females. In the Western world, males die three to four times more often by means of suicide than do females. This difference is even more pronounced in those over the age of 65, with tenfold more males than females dying by suicide. Suicide attempts and self-harm are between two and four times more frequent among females. Researchers have attributed the difference between attempted and completed suicides among the sexes to males using more lethal means to end their lives. However, separating intentional suicide attempts from non-suicidal self-harm is not currently done in the United States when gathering statistics at the national level.China has one of the highest female suicide rates in the world and is the only country where it is higher than that of men (ratio of 0.9). In the Eastern Mediterranean, suicide rates are nearly equivalent between males and females. The highest rate of female suicide is found in South Korea at 22 per 100,000, with high rates in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific generally.A number of reviews have found an increased risk of suicide among transgender, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. Among transgender persons rates of attempted suicide are about 40% compared to a general population rate of 5%. This is believed to in part be due to  social stigmatisation."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Stuyvesant Square", "paragraph_text": "Stuyvesant Square is the name of both a park and its surrounding neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The park is located between 15th Street, 17th Street, Rutherford Place, and Nathan D. Perlman Place (formerly Livingston Place). Second Avenue divides the park into two halves, east and west, and each half is surrounded by the original cast-iron fence."}], "question": "What is the highest street number in the place where Kaitlin Hopkin's dad died?"}
{"id": "3hop1__26222_36635_87083", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1982 French cantonal elections", "paragraph_text": "\"Cantonale\" elections to renew canton general councillors were held in France on 14 and 21 March 1982. The left, in power since 1981, lost 8 and 98 seats to the right, which controlled 59 presidencies out of 95. The Socialists only lost 10 seats, but the Communists lost 45."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ludwigsparkstadion", "paragraph_text": "Ludwigsparkstadion is a multi-purpose stadium in Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany. It was built in 1953 and holds 35,303 people. After renovation from 2016 to 2017 which costs about \u20ac 16 million, the capacity is reduced to around 16,000 seats."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "M-239 (Michigan highway)", "paragraph_text": "M-239 is a north\u2013south state trunkline highway in Berrien County in the extreme southwestern corner of the US state of Michigan connecting State Road\u00a039 (SR\u00a039) in Indiana to Interstate\u00a094 (I-94). The highway was designated in 1963, and it provided the only connection from the southern end of I-94 into Indiana until 1972."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east\u2013west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest\u2013southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members\u2014the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan\u2014because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Security Council ``veto power ''refers to the power of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to veto any`` substantive'' resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to ``procedural ''votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary - General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Blue Water Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Blue Water Bridge is a twin-span international bridge across the St. Clair River that links Port Huron, Michigan, United States, and Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. The Blue Water Bridge connects Highway 402 in Ontario with both Interstate 69 (I-69) and Interstate 94 (I-94) in Michigan."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\""}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Dartmouth Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Dartmouth Bridge is a steel girder bridge that spans the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, between the Cedar-Riverside area and the University of Minnesota campus area. It carries I-94/US\u00a012/US\u00a052. It was built in 1964 and was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas. It is named for its proximity to Dartmouth Avenue SE, just north of the bridge."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United Nations Security Council", "paragraph_text": "The Security Council consists of fifteen members. The great powers that were the victors of World War II -- the Soviet Union (now represented by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, France, the Republic of China (now represented by the People's Republic of China), and the United States -- serve as the body's five permanent members. These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary - General. The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two - year terms. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances\u2014the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the \"Big Three\". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\"  and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the \"Four Policemen\" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recognized \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Conflict theories", "paragraph_text": "Conflict theories are perspectives in sociology and social psychology that emphasize a materialist interpretation of history, dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward existing social arrangements, and political program of revolution or, at least, reform. Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, such as class conflict, and generally contrast historically dominant ideologies. It is therefore a macro level analysis of society. Karl Marx is the father of the social conflict theory, which is a component of the four paradigms of sociology. Certain conflict theories set out to highlight the ideological aspects inherent in traditional thought. While many of these perspectives hold parallels, conflict theory does not refer to a unified school of thought, and should not be confused with, for instance, peace and conflict studies, or any other specific theory of social conflict."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Billy Mitchell", "paragraph_text": "Mitchell served in France during World War I and, by the conflict's end, commanded all American air combat units in that country. After the war, he was appointed deputy director of the Air Service and began advocating increased investment in air power, believing that this would prove vital in future wars. He argued particularly for the ability of bombers to sink battleships and organized a series of bombing runs against stationary ships designed to test the idea."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Chrysler Pacifica (1999 concept vehicle)", "paragraph_text": "The Chrysler Pacifica was a concept luxury minivan created by DaimlerChrysler under the Chrysler marque in 1999. The Pacifica was built in commemoration of the Chrysler minivan's 15th anniversary and was intended to be a more upscale variant of the Town & Country with an LHS inspired front fascia and a raised roof, which included a skylight and overhead storage bins. It could seat up to six, with four front and rear captain's chairs and fold-out jump seats on each of the rear seats. The 2nd row seats featured power footrests. The concept also had a golf bag rack in the trunk space that could hold up to four golf bags."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with UN Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council", "paragraph_text": "The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council (UNSC):"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Roman Republic", "paragraph_text": "Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given censorial powers, which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans. Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate to 900. This robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige, and made it increasingly subservient to him. While the assemblies continued to meet, he submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election, and all bills to the assemblies for enactment. Thus, the assemblies became powerless and were unable to oppose him."}], "question": "Who hold veto power in the organization in which winners of the conflict when I-94 was built were allotted permanent seats?"}
{"id": "3hop1__157807_19788_10117", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang. Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Salacca", "paragraph_text": "Salacca is a genus of about 20 species of palms native to Southeast Asia and the eastern Himalayas.They are very short-stemmed palms, with leaves up to 6\u20138 m long. The leaves have a spiny petiole; in most species they are pinnate with numerous leaflets, but some species, notably S. magnifica, have undivided leaves. The fruit grow in clusters at the base of the plants, and are edible in many species, with a reddish-brown scaly skin covering a white pulp and one to two large inedible seeds. The Salak (S. zalacca) or snake fruit is the species most widely grown for its fruit; the firm white pulp has a slight acidic taste. The skin of the snakefruit has a unique texture not unlike that of a snake's skin, rough to the touch in one direction but smooth in the other."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Religion in Israel", "paragraph_text": "Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle. Religion has played a central role in Israel's history. Israel is also the only country in the world where a majority of citizens are Jewish. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in 2011 was 75.4% Jewish, 20.6% Arab, and 4.1% minority groups. The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2019 was 74.2% Jewish, 17.8% Muslim, 2.0% Christian, and 1.6% Druze, with the remaining 4.4% including faiths such as Samaritanism and Baha'iism, and irreligious people with no faith.Israel does not have a constitution. While the Basic Laws of Israel that serve in place of a constitution define the country as a \"Jewish state\", these Basic Laws, coupled with Knesset statutes, decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel, and various elements of the common law current in Israel, offer some protection for free practice of religion in the country. Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that places \"high\" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. Legal accommodation of the non-Jewish communities follows the pattern and practice of the Ottoman and British administrations, with some important modifications. Israeli law officially recognizes five religions, all belonging to the Abrahamic family of religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druzeism, and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Furthermore, the law formally recognizes ten separate sects of Christianity: the Roman, Armenian, Maronite, Greek, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholic Churches; the Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church; the Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church; the Armenian Apostolic Church; and Anglicanism."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Red-bellied black snake", "paragraph_text": "The red - bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a species of elapid snake native to eastern Australia. Though its venom is capable of causing significant morbidity, a bite from it is not generally fatal and is less venomous than other Australian elapid snakes. It is common in woodlands, forests and swamplands of eastern Australia. It is one of Australia's best - known snakes, as it is common in urban areas along the eastern coast of Australia. It has an average total length (including tail) of 1.5 to 2 metres (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Crassula picturata", "paragraph_text": "Crassula picturata is a species of plant in the Crassulaceae family, native to Cape Province in South Africa. It is a stemless plant with triangular, dark green leaves measuring approximately 10\u201312\u00a0cm long by 1\u00a0cm wide."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "List of reptiles of Alabama", "paragraph_text": "The U.S. state of Alabama is home to 93 indigenous reptile species, not including subspecies. Indigenous species include one species of crocodilian, 12 lizard species, 49 snake species, and 31 turtle species. Three native species have possibly been extirpated from the state. These include the eastern indigo snake, southern hognose snake and the mimic glass lizard."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry told Christianity Today in October 2004 \"I'm a Catholic and I practice, but at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions... I've spent some time reading and thinking about religion and trying to study it, and I've arrived at not so much a sense of the differences, but a sense of the similarities in so many ways.\" He said that he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story which connects with readers."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as \"civil religion\" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222\u2013589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The d\u00e9b\u00e2cle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014, variously named \"Three Rectifications and One Demolition\" operations or \"Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities\" according to the locality. These regulations have led to cases of demolition of churches and folk religion temples, or the removal of crosses from churches' roofs and spires. An exemplary case was that of the Sanjiang Church."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right`` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices.'' It also states ``no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion. ''"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Freedom of religion in Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Nepal is a secular state under the Interim Constitution, which was promulgated on January 15, 2007. The Interim Constitution provides for freedom to practice one's religion. The Interim Constitution also specifically denies the right to convert another person. The now - defunct constitution of 1990, which was in effect until January 15, 2007, described the country as a ``Hindu Kingdom, ''although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. The Government generally did not interfere with the practice of other religious groups, and religious tolerance was broadly observed; however, there were some restrictions."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Xu Demei", "paragraph_text": "Xu Demei (; born May 23, 1967 in Zhejiang) is a former track and field athlete from PR China, who competed for her native country in the women's javelin throw event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Her biggest success was winning the world title in 1991, a week after China's first ever gold medal at the World Championships in Athletics by shot putter Huang Zhihong."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "David Hayter", "paragraph_text": "Year Title Role Notes 1998 Metal Gear Solid Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty Solid Snake 2002 Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem Roman Legionnaire 1 / Roman Legionnaire 2 / Angkor Thom Guard Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater Naked Snake / Big Boss 2005 Metal Gear Acid 2 Snake 2006 Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Naked Snake 2008 Super Smash Bros. Brawl Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots Old Snake / Himself Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker Snake (Big Boss) 2011 Star Wars: The Old Republic Jedi Knight Male 2013 Marvel Heroes Winter Soldier 2013 - 15 R\u00e9publique Daniel Zager 2014 Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty! Mudokons 2015 Dragon Age: Inquisition Lieutenant Renn The Descent DLC 2016 The Long Dark Jeremiah Deponia Doomsday Old Rufus 2018 Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night Gebel"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the common European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake; none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life, with weasels, polecats, wildcats, most shrews, moles, water voles, roe deer and common toads also being absent from Ireland. This pattern is also true for birds and insects. Notable exceptions include the Kerry slug and certain species of wood lice native to Ireland but not Great Britain."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "paragraph_text": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Tentacled snake", "paragraph_text": "The tentacled snake or tentacle snake (Erpeton tentaculatum), is a rear-fanged aquatic snake native to South-East Asia. It is the only species of its genus, Erpeton, and the two tentacles on its snout are a unique feature among snakes. The method it uses to catch fish has recently been a subject of research."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 23.02% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.62% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 3.92% in 2004. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 74.36% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}], "question": "How long ago did the most widely practiced religion in the native country of the tentacle snake arrive in Zhejiang?"}
{"id": "3hop1__145427_106426_18278", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Winter solstice", "paragraph_text": "The winter solstice (or hibernal solstice), also known as midwinter, is an astronomical phenomenon marking the day with the shortest period of daylight and the longest night of the year. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the December solstice and in the Southern Hemisphere this is the June solstice."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Help Me Make It Through the Night", "paragraph_text": "``Help Me Make It Through the Night ''Song by Kris Kristofferson from the album Kristofferson A-side`` Help Me Make It Through the Night'' Released 1970 Recorded 1969 Genre Country Length 2: 24 Label Monument Songwriter (s) Kris Kristofferson Producer (s) Fred Foster"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Surrender of Japan", "paragraph_text": "On August 6, 1945, at 8:15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to \"expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\" Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Hours later, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following these events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war. After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'\u00e9tat, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast (\u7389\u97f3\u653e\u9001, Gyokuon-h\u014ds\u014d), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "World Scout Jamboree", "paragraph_text": "It was in 1920 that the first World Scout Jamboree was realized, held in the Olympia halls in Kensington, London. Symbolically, the Jamboree site bore the name of the birthplace of the Olympic Games, Olympia. 8,000 Scouts from 34 countries attended the event."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Surrender of Japan", "paragraph_text": "On August 6, 1945, at 8: 15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to ``expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. ''Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, after its April 1945 denunciation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact, and in accordance with the Yalta agreements, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. Shortly after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Later in the day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following these events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war. After several more days of behind - the - scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'\u00e9tat, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast (\u7389\u97f3\u653e\u9001, Gyokuon - h\u014ds\u014d), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Annibale Bergonzoli", "paragraph_text": "Annibale Bergonzoli (1 November 1884 \u2013 31 July 1973), nicknamed \"\"barba elettrica\"\", \"Electric Whiskers\", was an Italian Lieutenant General who served during World War I, the Spanish Civil War and World War II. In 1940 he commanded the defences of Bardia, Libya. In February 1941, after the disastrous Battle of Beda Fomm, Bergonzoli surrendered to Australian forces. He was held as a prisoner in India and the USA before being repatriated to Italy. Bergonzoli settled in his birthplace, Cannobio, and died there in 1973."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "One Thrilling Night", "paragraph_text": "The newlywed country bumpkins from Connecticut, Mr. and Mrs. Horace Jason (John Beal and Wanda McKay), check into the Hotel Clarke in New York City, prepared to spend their first night together as a married couple. It is also their first and last night before Horace joins the Army."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "All Night Long (All Night)", "paragraph_text": "``All Night Long (All Night) ''7'' cover Single by Lionel Richie from the album Ca n't Slow Down B - side`` Wandering Stranger ''Released August 31, 1983 Format 7 ``, 12'' Length 4: 20 (Single edit) 6: 19 (Album version) Label Motown Songwriter (s) Lionel Richie Producer (s) Lionel Richie James Anthony Carmichael Lionel Richie singles chronology`` My Love ''(1983) ``All Night Long (All Night)'' (1983)`` Running with the Night ''(1983) ``My Love'' (1983)`` All Night Long (All Night) ''(1983) ``Running with the Night'' (1983)"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night, as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors. On April 2, 1865, General Godfrey Weitzel, commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops, accepted the city's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained. The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed-"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Harry S. Truman Bridge", "paragraph_text": "The Harry S Truman Bridge is a vertical lift rail drawbridge over the Missouri River connecting Jackson County, Missouri with Clay County, Missouri in Kansas City, Missouri. It has a 427 foot main span, and is the tenth longest span in the United States."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "NBC Sunday Night Football", "paragraph_text": "NBC Sunday Night Football NBC Sunday Night Football logo Also known as Sunday Night Football on NBC Genre American football telecasts Directed by Drew Esocoff Presented by Commentators: English: Cris Collinsworth Al Michaels Michele Tafoya Studio hosts: Tony Dungy Rodney Harrison Dan Patrick Mike Tirico Spanish: Ren\u00e9 Giraldo Edgar L\u00f3pez Theme music composer John Williams (main theme) Chris DeStefano, Brett James and Priscilla Renea (opening theme) Opening theme ``Oh, Sunday Night ''performed by Carrie Underwood Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 245 (as of January 13, 2018) Production Producer (s) Fred Gaudelli Location (s) Various NFL stadiums (game telecasts and Super Bowl pre-game shows) Pre-game show: Studio 8G / 8H, GE Building, New York City (2006 -- 2013) NBC Sports Headquarters, Stamford, Connecticut (2014 -- present) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 210 minutes or until game ends (inc. adverts) Production company (s) National Football League NBC Sports Release Original network NBC Universo via Telemundo Deportes (2014 -- present) (Spanish simulcasts of select games) Picture format 480i (SDTV) 1080i (HDTV) Original release August 6, 2006 (2006 - 08 - 06) -- present Chronology Preceded by ESPN Sunday Night Football Related shows NFL on NBC Football Night in America External links Website"}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Korean War", "paragraph_text": "On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945\u201348). He established control by restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators, but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision. The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) because it suspected it was communist."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "You Wenhui", "paragraph_text": "You Wenhui (; born October 20, 1979 in Shanghai) is a female Chinese beach volleyball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont", "paragraph_text": "Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont (14 May 1914 \u2013 2 August 2006) was a militant communist who took part in the French Resistance during the Second World War, and a French politician. Along with General Leclerc and Henri Rol-Tanguy, he accepted the surrender of Dietrich von Choltitz at the Liberation of Paris."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "NBC Sunday Night Football", "paragraph_text": "NBC Sunday Night Football NBC Sunday Night Football logo Also known as Sunday Night Football on NBC Genre American football telecasts Directed by Drew Esocoff Presented by Commentators: English: Cris Collinsworth Al Michaels Michele Tafoya Studio hosts: Tony Dungy Rodney Harrison Mike Tirico Liam McHugh Spanish: Ren\u00e9 Giraldo Edgar L\u00f3pez Theme music composer John Williams (main theme) Chris DeStefano, Brett James and Priscilla Renea (opening theme) Opening theme ``Oh, Sunday Night ''performed by Carrie Underwood Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 245 (as of January 13, 2018) Production Producer (s) Fred Gaudelli Location (s) Various NFL stadiums (game telecasts and Super Bowl pre-game shows) Pre-game show: Studio 8G / 8H, GE Building, New York City (2006 -- 2013) NBC Sports Headquarters, Stamford, Connecticut (2014 -- present) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 210 minutes or until game ends (inc. adverts) Production company (s) National Football League NBC Sports Release Original network NBC Universo via Telemundo Deportes (2014 -- present) (Spanish simulcasts of select games) Picture format 480i (SDTV) 1080i (HDTV) Original release August 6, 2006 (2006 - 08 - 06) -- present Chronology Preceded by ESPN Sunday Night Football Related shows NFL on NBC Football Night in America External links Website"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Surrender of Japan", "paragraph_text": "On August 6, 1945, at 8: 15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to ``expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. ''Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Later in the day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following these events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war. After several more days of behind - the - scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'\u00e9tat, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast (\u7389\u97f3\u653e\u9001, Gyokuon - h\u014ds\u014d), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Night Moves", "paragraph_text": "``Night Moves ''Single by Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band from the album Night Moves Released December 1976 (1976 - 12) Format 7'' Recorded 1976 Nimbus Nine Studios, Toronto, Ontario Genre Heartland rock Length 5: 25 (album version) 3: 20 (single version) Label Capitol Songwriter (s) Bob Seger Producer (s) Jack Richardson Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band singles chronology`` Nutbush City Limits ''(1976) ``Night Moves'' (1976)`` The Fire Down Below ''(1977)"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Night Manager (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Night Manager Genre Drama Espionage Based on The Night Manager by John le Carr\u00e9 Screenplay by David Farr Directed by Susanne Bier Starring Tom Hiddleston Hugh Laurie Olivia Colman Tom Hollander Tobias Menzies Elizabeth Debicki Alistair Petrie Douglas Hodge Antonio de la Torre Music by Victor Reyes Country of origin United Kingdom Original language (s) English No. of episodes 6 (list of episodes) Production Producer (s) Rob Bullock Cinematography Michael Snyman Running time 58 minutes Production company (s) The Ink Factory BBC Demarest Films AMC Distributor IMG Release Original network BBC One (UK) AMC (US) Picture format 16: 9 1080i Audio format Stereo First shown in United Kingdom Original release 21 February 2016 (2016 - 02 - 21) -- present External links BBC website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03g13rt AMC website www.amc.com/shows/the-night-manager"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Charn", "paragraph_text": "Charn is a fictional city appearing in the 1955 book \"The Magician's Nephew\", the sixth book published in C. S. Lewis's \"Chronicles of Narnia\", written as a prequel to \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\". Charn, and the world of which it is the capital city, are the birthplace of Jadis, the evil White Witch who later takes over Narnia. When visited briefly by Digory and Polly, the protagonists of the novel, the city is totally deserted, lifeless and crumbling, under a dying sun. Rivers have dried up, and neither weeds nor insects live. All life on the world of Charn had been destroyed by Jadis through an evil magic spell. In the novel, the city stands as an example of the dead end that can result if a civilization succumbs to evil."}], "question": "Who accepted surrender of the country producing The Longest Night in the birth country of You Wenhui?"}
{"id": "3hop2__62137_65244_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Aragorn", "paragraph_text": "Aragorn Middle - Earth character Full Name Aragorn II Elessar Telcontar Race Men Gender Male Kingdoms and Cultures Reunited Kingdom D\u00fanedain House of Isildur N\u00famen\u00f3rean Title (s) King of the Reunited Kingdom Birth 1 March, T.A. 2931 Death 1 March, F.A. 120 (age 210) Once Owned And\u00faril Ring of Barahir Sceptre of Ann\u00faminas Notable Aliases Elessar (Elfstone) Telcontar (``Strider '') Thorongil (`` Eagle of the Star'') Estel (``Hope '') Family Spouse (s) Arwen Parentage Arathorn II and Gilraen; Elrond (foster father) Children Eldarion, at least two daughters Other Notable Relations Isildur An\u00e1rion Elendil Elros Book Appearances The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Portrayed By Viggo Mortensen Major character in The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Portrayals in adaptations The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (film) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (film) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (film)"}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Independence of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The principles behind the independence of New Zealand began before New Zealand even became a British colony in 1840. There had been minor rebellions in Canada, and in order to avoid making the mistakes which had led to the American revolution, Lord Durham was commissioned to make a report on the government of colonies which contained a substantial British population. The principles of self - government within the Empire were laid down in the Durham Report and first put into operation in Nova Scotia in 1848. Canada, New Zealand, and the Australian colonies very soon followed suit. The British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 to grant the colony's settlers the right to self - governance, only 12 years (in 1853) after the founding of the colony. New Zealand was therefore to all intents and purposes independent in domestic matters from its earliest days as a British colony."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Bronx", "paragraph_text": "The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a \"free bridge\" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "One Ring", "paragraph_text": "The One Ring is an artefact that appears as the central plot element in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954 -- 55). It is described in an earlier story, The Hobbit (1937), as a magic ring of invisibility. In the sequel, The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien ascribes to the Ring a darker character, with malevolent power going far beyond conferring invisibility: it was created by Sauron the Dark Lord as part of his design to win domination over Middle - earth. The Lord of the Rings concerns the quest to destroy the Ring to keep Sauron from fulfilling his design."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Province of New York", "paragraph_text": "When the English arrived, the colony somewhat vaguely included claims to all of the present U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Vermont, along with inland portions of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Maine in addition to eastern Pennsylvania. Much of this land was soon reassigned by the crown, leaving the territory of the modern State of New York, including the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, and future Vermont. The territory of western New York was disputed with the Iroquois Indian nation, and also disputed between the English and the French from their northern colonial province of New France (modern eastern Canada). Vermont was disputed with the Province of New Hampshire to the east."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hugo Weaving", "paragraph_text": "Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is an English - Australian film and stage actor. He is best known for playing Agent Smith in The Matrix trilogy (1999 -- 2003), Elrond in The Lord of the Rings (2001 -- 2003) and The Hobbit (2012 -- 2014) film trilogies, V in V for Vendetta (2006), Red Skull in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and Tom Doss in Hacksaw Ridge (2016)."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand's conservation areas and national parks. Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000, a period of 438 days. Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003. The series was shot at over 150 different locations, with seven different units shooting, as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown. Along with Jackson directing the whole production, other unit directors included John Mahaffie, Geoff Murphy, Fran Walsh, Barrie Osbourne, Rick Porras, and any other assistant director, producer, or writer available. Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds, and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result, he only got around four hours of sleep a night. Due to the remoteness of some of the locations, the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time. The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification. The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "New Amsterdam", "paragraph_text": "In 1524, nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch, the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoul\u00eame by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France, former Count of Angoul\u00eame. The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen (English: ``Half Moon ''), captained by Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch Republic, as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Holland's stadholder. Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company. Instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Orlando Bloom", "paragraph_text": "Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom (born 13 January 1977) is an English actor. After having his breakthrough as Legolas in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, he rose to fame by further appearing in epic fantasy, historical epic, and fantasy adventure films. His other roles include Legolas in The Hobbit trilogy, Will Turner in the Pirates of the Caribbean series, and Paris in Troy (2004)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Sarah McLeod", "paragraph_text": "Sarah McLeod (born 18 July 1971) is a New Zealand film and television actress. Her most notable role was in the Peter Jackson films The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King as Rosie Cotton, a female hobbit who marries Samwise Gamgee. Her daughter Maisy played Rosie and Sam's baby. McLeod also co-starred in the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street as Cindy Watson from 2008 to 2009."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Province of Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Sir Robert Heath, attorney - general of King Charles I of England, was granted the Cape Fear region of America, incorporated as the Province of Carolana, in 1629. The charter was unrealized and ruled invalid, and a new charter was issued to a group of eight English noblemen, the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It was not until 1663 that the province became officially known as ``Carolina. ''Charles II granted the land to the eight Lords Proprietors in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660. Charles II intended for the newly created province to serve as an English bulwark to contest lands claimed by Spanish Florida and prevent their northward expansion. Led informally by Anthony Ashley - Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, the Province of Carolina was controlled from 1663 to 1729 by these lords and their heirs."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "paragraph_text": "In 1957, The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award. Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s. The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 ``Big Read ''survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the`` Nation's best - loved book''. In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite ``book of the millennium ''. The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)", "paragraph_text": "The Lord of the Rings The poster for the series is a montage that features a range of characters and scenes from all three films Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Peter Jackson Barrie M. Osborne Fran Walsh Tim Sanders Screenplay by Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Stephen Sinclair (The Two Towers) Based on The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Liv Tyler Viggo Mortensen Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Bernard Hill Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Miranda Otto David Wenham Brad Dourif Karl Urban John Noble Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis (See below) Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by John Gilbert (The Fellowship of the Ring) Michael J. Horton Jabez Olssen (The Two Towers) Jamie Selkirk (The Return of the King) Production company WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 19 December 2001 (2001 - 12 - 19) (The Fellowship of the Ring) 18 December 2002 (2002 - 12 - 18) (The Two Towers) 17 December 2003 (2003 - 12 - 17) (The Return of the King) Running time 558 minutes (theatrical edition length) Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $281,000,000 Box office $2,917,506,956"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "After the Spanish in the 16th century, the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia. The latter had grown rapidly and land was less available. Nathaniel Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants. He settled south of the Chowan River and east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655. By 1663, this northeastern area of the Province of Carolina, known as the Albemarle Settlements, was undergoing full-scale English settlement. During the same period, the English monarch Charles II gave the province to the Lords Proprietors, a group of noblemen who had helped restore Charles to the throne in 1660. The new province of \"Carolina\" was named in honor and memory of King Charles I (Latin: Carolus). In 1712, North Carolina became a separate colony. Except for the Earl Granville holdings, it became a royal colony seventeen years later. A large revolt happened in the state in 1711 known as Cary's Rebellion."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Christopher Lee", "paragraph_text": "Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee CBE CStJ (27 May 1922 -- 7 June 2015) was an English character actor, singer, and author. With a career spanning nearly 70 years, Lee was well known for portraying villains and became best known for his role as Count Dracula in a sequence of Hammer Horror films. His other film roles include Francisco Scaramanga in the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), Saruman in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001 -- 2003) and The Hobbit film trilogy (2012 -- 2014), and Count Dooku in the second and third films of the Star Wars prequel trilogy (2002 & 2005)."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York", "paragraph_text": "Rensselaer County sits east of the Hudson River in New York's Capital District and borders both Massachusetts and Vermont on the east. The area was originally inhabited by the Mohican Indian tribe until it was bought by the Dutch jeweler and merchant Kiliaen van Rensselaer in 1630 and incorporated into his patroonship Rensselaerswyck (which, in turn, was part of the Dutch colony New Netherland). The area now known as Rensselaer County passed into English hands in 1664, the Dutch regained control of it for a year in 1673, and the English resumed control in 1674. From 1674 until 1776 (the year of American independence), the area was under English or British control."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (later King James II)."}], "question": "When did the people who controlled New York before it became an English colony, come to the country where Lord of the Rings was filmed?"}
{"id": "3hop1__104350_24918_24991", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Humanitarian civic assistance activities", "paragraph_text": "In the United States Department of Defense, Humanitarian Civic Assistance (HCA) is relief and development activities that take place in the context of an overseas military exercise, training or operation. Under the HCA program, U.S. military personnel participating in overseas deployments carry out humanitarian activities such as road and school construction, vaccination of children and animals, and well-digging. HCA programs are often executed with the involvement of host-country civilian and military personnel. U.S. National Guard or reserve units are involved in many HCA activities."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "List of Moscow Kremlin towers", "paragraph_text": "The following is a list of towers of Moscow Kremlin. The Kremlin Wall is a defensive wall that surrounds the Moscow Kremlin, recognizable by the characteristic notches and its towers. The original walls were likely a simple wooden fence with guard towers built in 1156. The Kremlin is flanked by 19 towers with a 20th, the Koutafia Tower, not part of its walls."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "Iran received access to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, around 40% of the population of Iran are Internet users. Iran ranks 24th among countries by number of Internet users. According to the statistics provided by the web information company of Alexa, Google Search and Yahoo! are the most used search engines in Iran. Over 80% of the users of Telegram, a cloud-based instant messaging service, are from Iran. Instagram is the most popular online social networking service in Iran. Direct access to Facebook has been blocked in Iran since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, due to organization of the opposition movements on the website; but however, Facebook has around 12 to 17 million users in Iran who are using virtual private networks and proxy servers to access the website. Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store of Digikala, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and more than 2.3 million subscribers. Digikala is the most visited online store in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the most visited websites in Iran."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Velk\u00e1 pardubick\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Velk\u00e1 pardubick\u00e1 is a famous cross-country steeplechase run in Pardubice, Czech Republic since 1874. It takes place every year on the second Sunday in October."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sam's Place", "paragraph_text": "\"Sam's Place\" is a 1967 country song written by Red Simpson and recorded by Buck Owens. The single went to number one on the country charts spending three weeks at the top and a total of thirteen weeks on the country charts. The song is about a honky-tonk called \"Sam's Place,\" of which the singer is a regular all-night patron (\"You can always find me down at Sam's Place from the setting sun until the break of day.\"). Other patrons include two women who are nicknamed for their dancing abilities and whose real names happen to rhyme with their respective hometowns: \"Shimmy-Shakin'\" Tina from Pasadena and \"Hootchie-Kootchie\" Hattie from Cincinnati."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yu Lihua", "paragraph_text": "Yu Lihua was born in Shanghai and went to university in Taiwan, taking history at National Taiwan University. Then she went to the United States to do a graduate degree in journalism at UCLA and then to teach Chinese literature in the Department of Comparative University at the State University of New York."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Kremlin, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Kremlin is an unincorporated community located in the town of Pembine, Marinette County, Wisconsin, United States. Kremlin is located on the Canadian National Railway southeast of Niagara."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as \"the mastodon of stagnation.\" The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev. On February 26, 1989, between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv, marking the anniversary of the death of 19th Century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Maryna Pryshchepa", "paragraph_text": "Maryna Pryshchepa (Ukrainian: \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0430; born 28 July 1983 in Kiev, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian judoka. She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics (Beijing) in the -78 kg event and lost her opening match to Heide Wollert. Four years later in London, she participated in the -78 kg tournament of the 2012 Summer Olympics and was eliminated in her first match by Audrey Tcheum\u00e9o of France."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Muhammad's first revelation", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Jibr\u012bl, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour, near Mecca."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Massac Memorial Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Massac Memorial Hospital is a 25-bed general medical and surgical hospital located in Metropolis, Illinois, United States. In 2011, the hospital had 1,002 admissions, 10,031 emergency department visits, and 25,365 outpatient visits."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kremlin Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Kremlin Senate () is a building within the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin in Russia. Initially constructed from 1776 to 1787, it originally housed the Moscow branch of the Governing Senate, the highest judiciary and legislative office of Imperial Russia. Currently, it houses the Russian presidential administration and is a highly secured and restricted area closed to the public. At present, only the southern corner fa\u00e7ade, opposite the Tsar Cannon can be viewed."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Foreign students' department for Armenian diaspora established in 1957 later was enlarged and the enrollment of foreign students began. Nowadays the YSMU is a Medical Institution corresponding to international requirements, trains medical staff for not only Armenia and neighbor countries, i.e. Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Georgia, but also many other leading countries all over the world. A great number of foreign students from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation study together with Armenian students. Nowadays the university is ranked among famous higher Medical Institutions and takes its honorable place in the World Directory of Medical Schools published by the WHO."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Reforms encouraged private enterprise and greatly relaxed restrictions on freedom of speech and religious expression. Tito subsequently went on a tour of the Americas. In Chile, two government ministers resigned over his visit to that country. In the autumn of 1960 Tito met President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the United Nations General Assembly meeting. Tito and Eisenhower discussed a range of issues from arms control to economic development. When Eisenhower remarked that Yugoslavia's neutralism was \"neutral on his side\", Tito replied that neutralism did not imply passivity but meant \"not taking sides\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Kamelanc'", "paragraph_text": "Kamel Jdayni Houari (born 13 May 1980 in Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre), better known as Kamelancien later shortened into Kamelanc', is a francophone rapper of Moroccan origin. He grew up in Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, a town in the suburbs of Paris."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the \"smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets\", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were \"radicals\" who \"trampled human rights\" and whose activities were condemned by \"the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit\"."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "First Quarter Storm", "paragraph_text": "The First Quarter Storm () was a period of civil unrest in the Philippines, composed of a series of heavy demonstrations, protests, and marches against the government from January to March 1970, or the first quarter of 1970. Student activists played a large role in these demonstrations, expressing their condemnation of the country's economic crisis and rampant imperialism. These violent protests, along with the subsequent protests they inspired, were collectively a major factor that led to the declaration of Martial Law in 1972."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay", "paragraph_text": "Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GWF) chairwoman, withdrew from the torch-running ceremony, protesting against China's actions in Tibet. Several hundred protesters were present, along with Olympic supporters. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Josip Broz Tito", "paragraph_text": "Tito's visits to the United States avoided most of the Northeast due to large minorities of Yugoslav emigrants bitter about communism in Yugoslavia. Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters, who would frequently burn the Yugoslav flag. During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s emigrants shouted \"Tito murderer\" outside his New York hotel, for which he protested to United States authorities."}], "question": "What was lowered after the departure from the Kremlin by the leader who visited the country Maryna Pryshchepa is from, during the protests there?"}
{"id": "3hop1__158139_19788_19761", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Birmingham, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "In the city, the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.1 males."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cherokee County, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "In the county, the population was spread out with 20.60% under the age of 18, 6.50% from 18 to 24, 24.40% from 25 to 44, 28.80% from 45 to 64, and 19.70% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 94.20 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.70 males."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Columbia County, Florida", "paragraph_text": "In the county, the population was spread out with 25.40% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 27.70% from 25 to 44, 24.00% from 45 to 64, and 14.00% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 102.90 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.70 males."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kaufman County, Texas", "paragraph_text": "In the county, the population was spread out with 29.20% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 29.50% from 25 to 44, 22.40% from 45 to 64, and 10.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Estill County, Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "In the county, the population was spread out with 24.20% under the age of 18, 9.10% from 18 to 24, 29.20% from 25 to 44, 24.20% from 45 to 64, and 13.50% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 93.80 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Appling County, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "In the county, the population was spread out with 27.10% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 28.50% from 25 to 44, 23.50% from 45 to 64, and 11.80% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 97.10 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.30 males."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Suicide", "paragraph_text": "Globally as of 2012, death by suicide occurs about 1.8 times more often in males than females. In the Western world, males die three to four times more often by means of suicide than do females. This difference is even more pronounced in those over the age of 65, with tenfold more males than females dying by suicide. Suicide attempts and self-harm are between two and four times more frequent among females. Researchers have attributed the difference between attempted and completed suicides among the sexes to males using more lethal means to end their lives. However, separating intentional suicide attempts from non-suicidal self-harm is not currently done in the United States when gathering statistics at the national level.China has one of the highest female suicide rates in the world and is the only country where it is higher than that of men (ratio of 0.9). In the Eastern Mediterranean, suicide rates are nearly equivalent between males and females. The highest rate of female suicide is found in South Korea at 22 per 100,000, with high rates in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific generally.A number of reviews have found an increased risk of suicide among transgender, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. Among transgender persons rates of attempted suicide are about 40% compared to a general population rate of 5%. This is believed to in part be due to  social stigmatisation."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Des Moines, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Age spread: 24.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kiranipura", "paragraph_text": "At the 2001 India census, Kiranipura had a population of 4941. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Kiranipura had an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy 66%. In Kiranipura, 12% of the population were under 6 years of age."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Demographics of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Demographics of New Zealand Population pyramid taken from the 2013 census Population 4,793,700 Density 17.9 / km (46.4 / sq mi) Growth rate 2.1% Birth rate 12.65 per 1000 pop. Death rate 6.64 per 1000 pop. Life expectancy male 79.9 years female 83.4 years Fertility rate 1.87 births per woman Infant mortality rate 3.58 per 1000 live births Net migration rate 14.72 per 1000 pop. Age structure 0 -- 14 years 19.6% 15 -- 64 years 65.5% 65 and over 14.9% Sex ratio Total 0.97 males / female Under 15 1.05 males / female 15 -- 64 years 0.97 males / female 65 and over 0.87 males / female Nationality Nationality New Zealander Major ethnic European 74.0% Minor ethnic M\u0101ori 14.9% Asian 11.8% Pacific peoples 7.4% Language Official English 96.1% M\u0101ori 3.7% New Zealand Sign Language 0.5%"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Suicide", "paragraph_text": "In many countries the rate of suicide is highest in the middle-aged or elderly. The absolute number of suicides however is greatest in those between 15 and 29 years old, due to the number of people in this age group.  Worldwide, the average age of suicide is between age 30 and 49 for both men and women. This means that half of people who died by suicide were approximately age 40 or younger, and half were older.In the United States the suicide death rate is greatest in Caucasian men older than 80 years, even though younger people more frequently attempt suicide. It is the second most common cause of death in adolescents and in young males is second only to accidental death. In young males in the developed world, it is the cause of nearly 30% of mortality. In the developing world rates are similar, but it makes up a smaller proportion of overall deaths due to higher rates of death from other types of trauma. In South-East Asia, in contrast to other areas of the world, deaths from suicide occur at a greater rate in young females than elderly females."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Indotyphlops braminus", "paragraph_text": "This species is parthenogenetic and all specimens collected so far have been female. They lay eggs or may bear live young. Up to eight offspring are produced - all female and all genetically identical."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bird", "paragraph_text": "Incestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "House finch", "paragraph_text": "The female lays clutches of eggs from February through August, two or more broods per year with 2 to 6 eggs per brood, most commonly 4 or 5. The egg laying usually takes place in the morning, at the rate of one egg per day. The eggs are a pale bluish green with few black spots and a smooth, somewhat glossy surface. In response to mite infestation, which has a more deleterious effect on male chicks than on females, the mother finch may lay eggs containing females first, in order to reduce the length of time male chicks are exposed to mites. This strategy increases the liklihood that representative numbers of both sexes will survive. The female incubates the eggs for 12 to 14 days. Shortly after hatching, she removes the empty eggshells from the nest. The hatchlings are pink with closed eyes and tufts of fluffy down. The female always feeds the young, and the male usually joins in. The young are silent for the first seven or eight days, and subsequently start peeping during feedings. Initially, the mother carries fecal sacs out of the nest, but when the young become older, she no longer carries them all away, allowing droppings to accumulate around the edge of the nest. Before flying, the young often climb into adjacent plants, and usually fledge at about 11 to 19 days after hatching. Dandelion seeds are among the preferred seeds fed to the young. Most birds, even ones with herbivorous leanings as adults, tend to feed their nestlings animal matter in order to give them the protein necessary to grow. House finches are one of the few birds who feed their young only plant matter."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium\u2014grammar, rhetoric, logic\u2014were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial secondary schools spread, and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise. Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. Lay literacy rates rose, but were still low; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Pandemic", "paragraph_text": "HIV originated in Africa, and spread to the United States via Haiti between 1966 and 1972. AIDS is currently a pandemic, with infection rates as high as 25% in southern and eastern Africa. In 2006, the HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women in South Africa was 29.1%. Effective education about safer sexual practices and bloodborne infection precautions training have helped to slow down infection rates in several African countries sponsoring national education programs. Infection rates are rising again in Asia and the Americas. The AIDS death toll in Africa may reach 90\u2013100 million by 2025."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Rajasthan", "paragraph_text": "In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "New Hope, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "In the city, the population was spread out with 21.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males."}], "question": "Which missionary helped to spread the most widely practiced religion in the place suicide by young females occur at a greater rate than elderly females?"}
{"id": "3hop2__49541_139715_51068", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sam Fletcher (soccer)", "paragraph_text": "Sam Fletcher (1890 in Manchester, England \u2013 22 January 1972 in Cranston, Rhode Island) was an English football (soccer) full back who played professionally in England, Canada and the United States. He later coached the Brown University soccer team."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Baker Ropp House", "paragraph_text": "Baker Ropp House is a historic home located at Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia USA. It was built between 1890 and 1892, and is an \"L\"-shaped, two-story, brick Queen Anne-style dwelling. It is five bays wide, has a gable roof, and sits on a fieldstone foundation. It features a two-story, polygonal brick window bay and two-story frame porch. Also on the property are a brick smokehouse (1890-1892) and privy / shed (1890-1892)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Somerset Victoria County History", "paragraph_text": "The Somerset Victoria County History is an encyclopaedic history of the county of Somerset in England, forming part of the overall Victoria County History of England founded in 1899 in honour of Queen Victoria. With ten volumes published in the series A History of the County of Somerset, the Somerset VCH is among the most substantial of the Victoria County Histories."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gladys Bronwyn Stern", "paragraph_text": "Gladys Bronwyn Stern or GB Stern (17 June 1890 \u2013 20 September 1973), born Gladys \"Bertha\" Stern in London, England, wrote many novels, short stories, plays, memoirs, biographies and literary criticism."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Queens Gate, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Queens Gate is a census-designated place (CDP) in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,464 at the 2010 census. The area was part of the Tyler Run-Queens Gate CDP at the 2000 census."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "A Place of Our Own", "paragraph_text": "A Place of Our Own is a daily program about child care that airs on PBS, produced in Los Angeles by KCET. It was hosted by Debi Gutierrez and has been recently hosted by Elizabeth Sanchez. The Spanish-language version is \"Los Ni\u00f1os en Su Casa\" (\"Our Children at Home\"), seen on PBS and on the Spanish-language public television network V-me. Their version is hosted by Alina Rosario."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "That year, Queen began The Works Tour, the first tour to feature keyboardist Spike Edney as an extra live musician. The tour featured nine sold-out dates in October in Bophuthatswana, South Africa, at the arena in Sun City. Upon returning to England, they were the subject of outrage, having played in South Africa during the height of apartheid and in violation of worldwide divestment efforts and a United Nations cultural boycott. The band responded to the critics by stating that they were playing music for fans in South Africa, and they also stressed that the concerts were played before integrated audiences. Queen donated to a school for the deaf and blind as a philanthropic gesture but were fined by the British Musicians' Union and placed on the United Nations' blacklisted artists."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John Shuter", "paragraph_text": "John Shuter (9 February 1855 Thornton Heath, Surrey, England \u2013 5 July 1920, Blackheath, Kent, England) was a cricketer who played for England and Surrey in the late 19th century. He is best remembered for captaining Surrey to a string of wins in the County Championship around the time it became official in 1890, aided by the bowler George Lohmann and back up by John Sharpe and William Lockwood. Shuter first led Surrey to the County Championship in 1887. They then came first in 1888, tied with Lancashire and Nottinghamshire in 1889, and won again in 1890, 1891 and 1892. Shuter was a batsman and chiefly an off-side player."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Rules of chess", "paragraph_text": "The rooks are placed on the outside corners, right and left edge. The knights are placed immediately inside of the rooks. The bishops are placed immediately inside of the knights. The queen is placed on the central square of the same color of that of the player: white queen on the white square and black queen on the black square. The king takes the vacant spot next to the queen. The pawns are placed one square in front of all of the other pieces."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "A Place in England", "paragraph_text": "A Place in England is a novel by Melvyn Bragg, first published in 1970. It is the second part of Bragg's Cumbrian Trilogy."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Queen Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 -- 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Merritt Patterson", "paragraph_text": "Merritt Patterson (born September 2, 1990) is a Canadian actress. She is known for playing Olivia on the short - lived Pretty Little Liars spin - off Ravenswood, and for playing Ophelia on E! network's television series The Royals."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jenna Coleman", "paragraph_text": "Jenna - Louise Coleman (born 27 April 1986), professionally known as Jenna Coleman, is an English actress and model. Notable for her work in British television, she is best known for her roles as Jasmine Thomas in the soap opera Emmerdale (2005 -- 2009), Clara Oswald, companion to the Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors in the science fiction series Doctor Who (2012 -- 2015, 2017) and Queen Victoria in the ITV biographical drama series Victoria (2016 -- present)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Rose Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville", "paragraph_text": "Rose Constance Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville (\"n\u00e9e\" Bowes-Lyon; 6 May 1890 \u2013 17 November 1967) was the third daughter of the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne by his wife, Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck, and an elder sister of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "In February 1981, Queen travelled to South America as part of The Game Tour, and became the first major rock band to play in Latin American stadiums. The tour included five shows in Argentina, one of which drew the largest single concert crowd in Argentine history with an audience of 300,000 in Buenos Aires and two concerts at the Morumbi Stadium in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, where they played to an audience of more than 131,000 people in the first night (then the largest paying audience for a single band anywhere in the world) and more than 120,000 people the following night. In October of the same year, Queen performed for more than 150,000 fans on 9 October at Monterrey (Estadio Universitario) and 17 and 18 at Puebla (Estadio Zaragoza), Mexico. On 24 and 25 November, Queen played two sell out nights at the Montreal Forum, Quebec, Canada. One of Mercury's most notable performances of The Game's final track, \"Save Me\", took place in Montreal, and the concert is recorded in the live album, Queen Rock Montreal."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Veitch (footballer)", "paragraph_text": "John Gould Veitch (19 July 1869 \u2013 3 October 1914) was an English amateur footballer, who played for the Corinthian club in the 1890s. He made one appearance for England playing at inside left in 1894, in which he scored a hat trick."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Helena Bonham Carter as The Red Queen. She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters: the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts. Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger. Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen. The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture. It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband, the King. The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating that, ``The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant. ''"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Faerie Queene", "paragraph_text": "Throughout The Faerie Queene, Spenser creates ``a network of allusions to events, issues, and particular persons in England and Ireland ''including Mary, Queen of Scots, the Spanish Armada, the English Reformation, and even the Queen herself. It is also known that James VI of Scotland read the poem, and was very insulted by Duessa -- a very negative depiction of his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots. The Faerie Queene was then banned in Scotland. This led to a significant decrease in Elizabeth's support for the poem. Within the text, both the Faerie Queene and Belphoebe serve as two of the many personifications of Queen Elizabeth, some of which are`` far from complimentary''."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen. She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters: the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts. Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger. Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen. The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture. It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband, the King. The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating that, ``The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant. ''"}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of English monarchs", "paragraph_text": "This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs."}], "question": "Who is the actress that plays the Queen of England in 1890, on the network that airs A Place of Our Own?"}
{"id": "3hop1__145427_106426_15871", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "Designed by Masayuki Uemura, the designer of the original Famicom, the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday, November 21, 1990 for \u00a525,000 (US$210). It was an instant success; Nintendo's initial shipment of 300,000 units sold out within hours, and the resulting social disturbance led the Japanese government to ask video game manufacturers to schedule future console releases on weekends. The system's release also gained the attention of the Yakuza, leading to a decision to ship the devices at night to avoid robbery."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system\u2014the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's \"Ultra Games\" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. However, competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New Nintendo 3DS", "paragraph_text": "The New Nintendo 3DS is a handheld game console developed by Nintendo. It is the fourth system in the Nintendo 3DS family of handheld consoles, following the original Nintendo 3DS, the Nintendo 3DS XL, and the Nintendo 2DS. The system was released in Japan on October 11, 2014, in Australia and New Zealand on November 21, 2014, on January 6, 2015 in Europe in a special Club Nintendo - exclusive ``Ambassador Edition '', and at retail in Europe on February 13, 2015. Like the original 3DS, the New Nintendo 3DS also has a larger variant, the New Nintendo 3DS XL, released in all three regions. In North America, the New Nintendo 3DS XL was released on February 13, 2015, while the standard - sized New Nintendo 3DS was released later on September 25, 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tamagotchi 64: Minna de Tamagotchi World", "paragraph_text": "Tamagotchi 64: Minna de Tamagotchi World is a Nintendo 64 game released only in Japan in 1997. It is a virtual board game based on the \"Tamagotchi\" toy."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze", "paragraph_text": "Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze Packaging artwork Developer (s) Retro Studios Publisher (s) Nintendo Director (s) Ryan Harris Vince Joly Producer (s) Kensuke Tanabe Composer (s) David Wise Daisuke Matsuoka Minako Hamano Shinji Ushiroda Series Donkey Kong Country Donkey Kong Platform (s) Wii U, Nintendo Switch Release Wii U JP: February 14, 2014 NA: February 21, 2014 EU: February 21, 2014 AU: February 22, 2014 Nintendo Switch JP: May 3, 2018 WW: May 4, 2018 Genre (s) Platformer Mode (s) Single - player, multiplayer"}, {"idx": 5, "title": "New Nintendo 2DS XL", "paragraph_text": "The New Nintendo 2DS XL (branded as New Nintendo 2DS LL in Japan) is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo. It is the sixth system in the Nintendo 3DS family of handheld consoles, following the original Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo 3DS XL, Nintendo 2DS, New Nintendo 3DS, and New Nintendo 3DS XL. It was released in Australia and New Zealand on 15 June 2017, in Japan and South Korea on 13 July 2017, and in North America and Europe on 28 July 2017."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Ant Nation", "paragraph_text": "Ant Nation is a real time strategy video game from Konami for WiiWare and Nintendo DS. The WiiWare version was released on July 13, 2009 in North America and the Nintendo DS version was released on September 8, 2009."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "You Wenhui", "paragraph_text": "You Wenhui (; born October 20, 1979 in Shanghai) is a female Chinese beach volleyball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "In December 1993, the Famicom received a similar redesign. It also loads cartridges through a covered slot on the top of the unit and uses non-hardwired controllers. Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001, Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom (AV\u4ed5\u69d8\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30b3\u30f3, Eibui Shiy\u014d Famikon?). Since the new controllers don't have microphones on them like the second controller on the original console, certain games such as the Disk System version of The Legend of Zelda and Raid on Bungeling Bay will have certain tricks that cannot be replicated when played on an HVC-101 Famicom without a modded controller. However, the HVC-101 Famicom is compatible with most NES controllers due to having the same controller port. Nintendo had also released a 3D graphic capable headset. However, this peripheral was never released outside Japan.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system \"failed miserably\".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Super Smash Bros.", "paragraph_text": "The gameplay objective differs from that of traditional fighters by aiming to knock opponents off of the stage instead of depleting life bars. The original Super Smash Bros., released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64, had a small budget and was originally a Japan - only release, but its domestic success led to a worldwide release. The series achieved even greater success with the release of Super Smash Bros. Melee, which was released in 2001 for the GameCube and became the best - selling game on that system. A third installment, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, was released in 2008 for the Wii. Although HAL Laboratory has been the developer of the first two titles, the third game was developed through the collaboration of several companies. The fourth and fifth installments, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, were released in 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, respectively. The 3DS installment was the first series title to be released on a handheld platform."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Assassin's Creed Odyssey", "paragraph_text": "The game was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and (in Japan only) for Nintendo Switch on October 5, 2018. It was praised for its open world, visuals, combat, story, and characters, while receiving criticism for some reliance on grinding, microtransactions, and for feeling bloated."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Picross 3D", "paragraph_text": "Picross 3D, known in Japan as , is a puzzle video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It was released in Japan in March 2009, in Europe in March 2010, and in North America in May 2010. It uses similar nonogram mechanics to \"Picross DS\", but it puts it in 3D. Outside Japan, the game is part of Nintendo's Touch! Generations brand. A sequel, \"\", was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan in October 2015, in North America in September 2016, and in Europe and Australia in December 2016."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Adventures of Lolo", "paragraph_text": "\"Adventures of Lolo\" was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by HAL America for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was released in North America on 20 April 1989 and in Europe in February 1991. A Nintendo representative commented that Nintendo was \"trying to stretch the kids' imaginations\" with \"Lolo\". It was re-released for the Wii's Virtual Console on 8 June 2007 in North America and on 6 August 2007 in PAL regions. It was also re-released for the Wii U's Virtual Console by Nintendo in North America on 15 May 2014 and in PAL regions on 21 August 2014 as well as for the Nintendo 3DS in PAL regions on 16 October 2014 and in North America on 8 January 2015, and then re-released again for the Nintendo Switch Virtual Console in December of 2018."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Battle Clash", "paragraph_text": "Battle Clash is a mecha-themed light gun shooting game produced by Nintendo and Intelligent Systems and released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1992. The game supports the Super Nintendo's light gun, the Super Scope. It was followed by \"\" during the following year."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Art Academy (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Art Academy, also known as Art Academy: Learn painting and drawing techniques with step-by-step training in the PAL regions and in Japan, is an art training software for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It was developed by Headstrong Games, and published by Nintendo. \"Art Academy\" was originally a two-part training application only available for download via the DSiWare service since 2009. It was later re-released in 2010 as a fully compiled, retail-able DS Game Card with added features, thus also making it available for original Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite users."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "StarTropics", "paragraph_text": "StarTropics is an action-adventure video game released by Nintendo in 1990 for the NES. Unlike most of Nintendo's games, it was never released or intended to be released in Japan. It was released only in North America and Europe. It was produced, written and directed by Genyo Takeda of Nintendo Integrated Research & Development (who also developed the \"Punch-Out!!\" series). \"StarTropics\" was followed by a sequel titled \"\", released in 1994."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Super Smash Bros.", "paragraph_text": "The gameplay objective differs from that of traditional fighters by aiming to knock opponents off the stage instead of depleting life bars. The original Super Smash Bros., released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64, had a small budget and was originally a Japan - only release, but its domestic success led to a worldwide release. The series achieved even greater success with the release of Super Smash Bros. Melee, which was released in 2001 for the GameCube and became the bestselling game on that system. A third installment, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, was released in 2008 for the Wii. Although HAL Laboratory has been the developer of the first two games, the third game was developed through the collaboration of several companies. The fourth installment, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, were released in 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, respectively. The 3DS installment was the first series title to be released on a handheld platform. A fifth installment, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, is currently in development for the Nintendo Switch and is scheduled to be released on December 7, 2018."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Donkey Kong Country Returns", "paragraph_text": "Donkey Kong Country Returns is a side - scrolling platformer video game developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the Wii console. The game was released first in North America in November 2010, and in PAL regions and Japan the following month. A stereoscopic port of the game, titled Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in May 2013, and in Japan the following month."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Longest Night in Shanghai", "paragraph_text": "The Longest Night in Shanghai () is a 2007 film produced by Japan's Movie Eye Entertainment and directed by Chinese director Zhang Yibai. It is a rare collaboration between China and Japan."}], "question": "What did Nintendo release exclusively in the country that provided the setting of the Longest Night film, titled after the city where You Wenhui was born?"}
{"id": "3hop1__119402_102039_49195", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)", "paragraph_text": "C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) is a long-period comet discovered on 17 August 2014 by Terry Lovejoy using a Schmidt\u2013Cassegrain telescope. It was discovered at apparent magnitude 15 in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is the fifth comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy. Its blue-green glow is the result of organic molecules and water released by the comet fluorescing under the intense UV and optical light of the Sun as it passes through space."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "C/2013 R1", "paragraph_text": "C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) is a long-period comet discovered on 7 September 2013 by Terry Lovejoy using a Schmidt\u2013Cassegrain telescope. It is the fourth comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy. C/2013 R1 crossed the celestial equator on 14 October 2013, becoming a better Northern Hemisphere object."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "California Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "The California Gold Rush (1848 -- 1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought approximately 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. The sudden influx of immigration and gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy, and California became one of the few American states to go directly to statehood without first being a territory, in the Compromise of 1850. The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and resulted in a precipitous population decline from disease, genocide and starvation. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory, to the home state of the first presidential nominee for the new Republican Party, in 1856."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Terry Lovejoy", "paragraph_text": "Terry Lovejoy (born 20 November 1966) is an information technologist from Thornlands, Queensland, Australia, most widely known as an amateur astronomer. He has discovered six comets, including C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy), the first Kreutz Sungrazing comet discovered by ground-based observation in over 40 years. He is also known for popularizing procedures for modifying consumer-grade digital cameras so that they can be used for digital camera astrophotography."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Black Hill, Victoria", "paragraph_text": "Black Hill is a suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia in the northeast of the city. It is named after the major landmark, Black Hill, on which there was extensive and highly profitable open-cut gold mining from the early 1850s during the Victoria gold rush. The hill was originally given its indigenous name, Bowdun, by surveyor William Urquhart."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Redeeming Love", "paragraph_text": "Redeeming Love, by Francine Rivers is a historical romance novel set in the 1850s Gold Rush in California. The story is inspired by the Book of Hosea from the Bible. Its central theme is the redeeming love of God towards sinners."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "When You Dance I Can Really Love", "paragraph_text": "\"When You Dance I Can Really Love\" is the ninth track on Neil Young's 1970 album \"After the Gold Rush\". It was written by Young."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Rock Creek, British Columbia", "paragraph_text": "Rock Creek is an unincorporated settlement in the Boundary Country of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. Located at the confluence of the Kettle River with the eponymous Rock Creek, site of the Rock Creek Gold Rush of 1860, the community also lies at the junction of British Columbia Highway 33 (from Kelowna via Big White) and British Columbia Highway 3, otherwise known as the Crowsnest Highway, which runs across the south of the province."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Comet Machholz", "paragraph_text": "Comet Machholz, formally designated C/2004 Q2, is a long-period comet discovered by Donald Machholz on August 27, 2004. It reached naked eye brightness in January 2005. Unusual for such a relatively bright comet, its perihelion was farther from the Sun than the Earth's orbit."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Liberia is a country in West Africa which was founded, established, colonized, and controlled by citizens of the United States and ex-Caribbean slaves as a colony for former African American slaves and their free black descendants. It is one of only two sovereign countries in the world that were started by citizens and ex-Caribbean slaves of a political power as a colony for former slaves of the same political power, the other being Sierra Leone, established by Great Britain. In 1847, Liberia proclaimed its independence from the American Colonization Society (ACS)."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Germansen Landing", "paragraph_text": "Germansen Landing is an unincorporated settlement on the Omineca River, at the confluence of that river and its tributary the Germansen, in the Northern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The settlement was a focus of the Omineca Gold Rush of the 1860s. A Hudson Bay Supply post there supplied the miners and trappers. Placer mining continued into the 1930s, when the Depression created a market for gold."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Dog Town, California", "paragraph_text": "Dog Town (also, Dogtown and Dogtown Diggings) is a ghost town in Mono County, California. Today, Dog Town is a defunct gold rush era town in Mono County, California."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gold mining in Colorado", "paragraph_text": "On June 22, 1850, a wagon train bound for California crossed the South Platte River just north of the confluence with Clear Creek, and followed Clear Creek west for six miles. Lewis Ralston dipped his gold pan in a stream flowing into Clear Creek, and found almost $5 in gold (about a quarter of a troy ounce) in his first pan. John Lowery Brown, who kept a diary of the party's journey from Georgia to California, wrote on that day: ``Lay bye. Gold found. ''In a notation above the entry, he wrote,`` We called this Ralston's Creek because a man of that name found gold here.'' Ralston continued on to California, but returned to 'Ralston's Creek' with the Green Russell party eight years later. Members of this party founded Auraria (later absorbed into Denver City) in 1858 and touched off the gold rush to the Rockies. The confluence of Clear Creek and Ralston Creek, the site of Colorado's first gold discovery is now in Arvada, Colorado."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "California Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "The California Gold Rush (1848 -- 1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. The sudden influx of immigration and gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy, and California became one of the few American states to go directly to statehood without first being a territory, in the Compromise of 1850. The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and resulted in a precipitous population decline from disease, genocide and starvation. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory to the home state of the first nominee for the Republican Party."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Felix Pedro", "paragraph_text": "Felice Pedroni (April 16, 1858 \u2013 July 22, 1910), known best to Americans by his Hispanicized alias Felix Pedro, was an Italian immigrant whose discovery of gold in Interior Alaska marked the beginning of the 1902 Fairbanks Gold Rush."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Black Hills Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "The Black Hills Gold Rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States. It began in 1874 following the Custer Expedition and reached a peak in 1876-77."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)", "paragraph_text": "C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) is a non-periodic comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy on 15 March 2007. Its perihelion was 27 March 2007, while its closest approach to Earth was 25 April 2007 in Hercules at a distance of 0.44 AU. Maximum apparent magnitude was approximately +8."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yukon", "paragraph_text": "Yukon's historical major industry was mining (lead, zinc, silver, gold, asbestos and copper). The government acquired the land from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870 and split it from the Northwest Territories in 1898 to fill the need for local government created by the population influx of the gold rush."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Australian gold rushes", "paragraph_text": "The first gold rush in Australia began in May 1851 after prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered payable gold near Orange, at a site he called Ophir. Hargraves had been to the Californian goldfields and had learned new gold prospecting techniques such as panning and cradling. Hargraves was offered rewards by the Colony of New South Wales and the Colony of Victoria. Before the end of the year, the gold rush had spread to many other parts of the state where gold had been found, not just to the west, but also to the south and north of Sydney."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pike's Peak Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "The participants in the gold rush were known as ``Fifty - Niners ''after 1859, the peak year of the rush and often used the motto Pike's Peak or Bust! But in fact the location of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush was 85 miles (137 km) north of Pike's Peak. It was only named Pike's Peak Gold Rush because of how well known and important Pike's Peak was."}], "question": "Who was involved in the gold rush in the country where the discoverer of C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) is a citizen?"}
{"id": "3hop1__107161_5188_23307", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20\u201340%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria)."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an \"indirect aggression\" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of \"indirect aggression\" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "All That I Love", "paragraph_text": "All That I Love is a film about a young musician, Janek, in a coastal city of Poland during the early period of the Solidarity strikes, martial law in Poland, manifestations, and general political turmoil. Janek's father is an official of the local military police, and while he utilizes that connection to secure rehearsal space for his punk band (in the officer's hall of the police barracks), he rebels against the official repression of lyrical freedom and political activism. His love interest, Basia, is the daughter of an active Solidarity member, who initially forbids Basia from seeing Janek due to his governmental connections."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "World Happiness Report", "paragraph_text": "The 2018 reiteration was released on 14 March and focused on the relation between happiness and migration. As per 2018 Happiness Report, Finland is the happiest country in the world, with Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Switzerland holding the next top positions. The World Happiness Report 2018 ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, and 117 countries by the happiness of their immigrants. The main focus of this year's report, in addition to its usual ranking of the levels and changes in happiness around the world, is on migration within and between countries. The overall rankings of country happiness are based on the pooled results from Gallup World Poll surveys from 2015 -- 2017, and show both change and stability. Four countries have held the top spot in the last four reports: Denmark, Switzerland, Norway and now Finland. All the top countries tend to have high values for all six of the key variables that have been found to support well - being: income, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom, trust and generosity. Among the top countries, differences are small enough that year - to - year changes in the rankings are to be expected."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "14.5\u00d7114mm", "paragraph_text": "The 14.5\u00d7114mm (.57 Cal) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force \u2013 in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies \u2013 jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song \"My Way\"."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "From April\u2013July, Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, while no actual negotiations took place during that time period. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov, allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, not only with Britain and France."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Immigration to Canada", "paragraph_text": "Permanent Residents Admitted in 2015, by Top 10 Source Countries Rank Country Number Percentage Philippines 50,846 18.7 India 39,530 14.5 China 19,532 7.2 Iran 11,669 4.3 5 Pakistan 11,329 4.2 6 Syria 9,853 3.6 7 United States 7,522 3.0 8 France 5,807 2.0 9 United Kingdom 5,451 2.0 10 Nigeria 4,133 2.0 Top 10 Total 165,672 61.5 Other 106,173 38.5 Total 271,845 100"}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor", "paragraph_text": "Beginning in 1938, the U.S. adopted a succession of increasingly restrictive trade restrictions with Japan. This included terminating its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan in 1939, further tightened by the Export Control Act of 1940. These efforts failed to deter Japan from continuing its war in China, or from signing the Tripartite Pact in 1940 with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, officially forming the Axis Powers."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Boiron", "paragraph_text": "Boiron () is a manufacturer of homeopathic products, headquartered in France and with an operating presence in 59 countries worldwide. It is the largest manufacturer of homeopathic products in the world. In 2004, it employed a workforce of 2,779 and had a turnover of \u20ac 313 million. It is currently a member of the CAC Small 90 stock index."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Virginia Environmental Law Journal", "paragraph_text": "The Virginia Environmental Law Journal is a law review edited by students at the University of Virginia School of Law. The journal covers research and discussion in the areas of environmental and natural resource law, on a broad array of topics from environmental justice to corporate liability. The Journal is perennially ranked among the top five environmental law journals in the country."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989."}], "question": "All That I Love is from the country where the Warsaw Pact was headquartered. What month did Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, France, and where the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from?"}
{"id": "3hop2__93776_30645_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New Dragon Gate Inn", "paragraph_text": "New Dragon Gate Inn is a 1992 Hong Kong \"wuxia\" film directed by Raymond Lee and produced by Tsui Hark, starring Brigitte Lin, Tony Leung Ka-fai, Maggie Cheung, and Donnie Yen. It was released as Dragon Inn in North America."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Netherland", "paragraph_text": "On August 27, 1664, four English frigates led by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland's surrender. They met no resistance because numerous citizens' requests had gone unheeded for protection by a suitable Dutch garrison against ``the deplorable and tragic massacres ''by the natives. That lack of adequate fortification, ammunition, and manpower made New Amsterdam defenseless, as well as the indifference from the West India Company to previous pleas for reinforcement of men and ships against`` the continual troubles, threats, encroachments and invasions of the English neighbors.'' Stuyvesant negotiated successfully for good terms from his ``too powerful enemies ''. In the Articles of Transfer, he and his council secured the principle of religious tolerance in Article VIII, which assured that New Netherlanders`` shall keep and enjoy the liberty of their consciences in religion'' under English rule. The Articles were largely observed in New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley, but they were immediately violated by the English along the Delaware River, where pillaging, looting, and arson were undertaken under the orders of English officer Sir Robert Carr, Kt. who had been dispatched to secure the valley. Many Dutch settlers were sold into slavery in Virginia on Carr's orders, and an entire Mennonite settlement was wiped out, led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near modern Lewes, Delaware. The 1667 Treaty of Breda ended the Second Anglo - Dutch War; the Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland, and the status quo was maintained, with the Dutch occupying Suriname and the nutmeg island of Run."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Philabundance", "paragraph_text": "Philabundance is a non-profit food bank that serves the Philadelphia and Delaware Valley region of Pennsylvania, United States. It is the largest such organization in the region."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pete's Dragon (2016 film)", "paragraph_text": "Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand, with Lowery directing. Rehearsals began early January 2015, while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26, 2015, set to last through April. Live - action filming locations included Bay of Plenty, Taupo and Wellington, while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios. On February 10, 2015, a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced. Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua, before transferring to Tapanui, where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film, and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks. Production concluded on April 30, 2015."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Pete's Dragon (1977 film)", "paragraph_text": "Pete's Dragon is a 1977 American live - action animated musical fantasy comedy film directed by Don Chaffey, produced by Jerome Courtland and Ron Miller, and written by Malcolm Marmorstein. It is based on an unpublished short story of the same name, written by classical Hollywood writer Seton I. Miller. It stars Helen Reddy, Jim Dale, Mickey Rooney, Red Buttons, Shelley Winters, and Charlie Callas. It revolves around an orphaned boy raised by an abusive hillbilly family who is friends with a dragon named Elliott."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate", "paragraph_text": "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate is a 2011 \"wuxia\" film directed by Tsui Hark and starring Jet Li, Zhou Xun, Chen Kun, Li Yuchun, Gwei Lun-mei, Louis Fan and Mavis Fan. The film is a remake of \"Dragon Gate Inn\" (1966) and \"New Dragon Gate Inn\" (1992) but takes place three years after. Production started on 10 October 2010 and is filmed in 3-D. The film screened out of competition at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012. The film received seven nominations at the 2012 Asian Film Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Flame in the Valley", "paragraph_text": "Flame in the Valley () is a 1967 South Korean film directed by Kim Soo-yong. It was awarded Best Film at the Blue Dragon Film Awards ceremony."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New Fist of Fury", "paragraph_text": "New Fist of Fury is a 1976 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Lo Wei and starring Jackie Chan. It is the first of several films that Lo directed Chan in, and the first using Chan's stage name Sing Lung (literally meaning \"becoming a dragon\", by which Chan is still known today in Asia)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wyoming, Delaware", "paragraph_text": "Wyoming is a town in Kent County, Delaware, United States. It was named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. It is part of the Dover, Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,313 at the 2010 census."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Friends School Mullica Hill", "paragraph_text": "Friends School Mullica Hill is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, Commission on Elementary Schools, and is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools, the Association of Delaware Valley Independent Schools and the New Jersey Association of Independent Schools."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Pete's Dragon (2016 film)", "paragraph_text": "Pete's Dragon premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on August 8, 2016 and was theatrically distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States in 2D, Disney Digital 3 - D, and RealD 3D formats on August 12, 2016. The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed $143 million worldwide against a $65 million production budget."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century, with the first settlements founded by the Dutch, who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn, New Jersey. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony. In 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina (present day Wilmington, Delaware) and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland. In 1648, the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the Schuylkill near the present-day Eastwick section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area. The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm, named New Korsholm after a town that is now in Finland. In 1655, a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence, although the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia, religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664, but the situation did not really change until 1682, when the area was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Charles Thomas (governor)", "paragraph_text": "Charles Thomas (June 23, 1790 \u2013 February 8, 1848) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Outing Riley", "paragraph_text": "Outing Riley is a 2004 comedy film about a gay man coming out to his three brothers written, directed, and starring Pete Jones. It was screened at the 2004 Chicago International Film Festival and released on video in 2007."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pete's Dragon (2016 film)", "paragraph_text": "In 1977, Pete Healy, a five - year - old boy, is on a road trip with his parents when their car flips off the road following a near - collision with a deer. Pete's mom and dad are killed, but Pete survives the accident and is chased into the forest by a pack of wolves. He is rescued by a huge dragon with green fur, yellow eyes, and wings. The dragon quickly bonds with Pete and becomes protective of the boy. Pete names the dragon ``Elliot ''after the character of a lost puppy from his favorite book."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dragon Ball GT", "paragraph_text": "Unlike the previous anime series in the Dragon Ball franchise, Dragon Ball GT does not adapt the manga series written by Akira Toriyama, but tells an original story conceived by the Toei Animation staff using the same characters and universe from the original Dragon Ball manga and it continues the story where Dragon Ball Z had left off. Toriyama did, however, come up with the Dragon Ball GT name, which stands for ``Grand Touring ''in reference to the series having the characters travel through the universe, and designed the appearances of the main cast. Toriyama himself referred to GT as a`` side story of the original Dragon Ball''."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Red Lion, Delaware", "paragraph_text": "Red Lion is an unincorporated community in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. Red Lion is located at the intersection of Delaware Route 7 and Delaware Route 71 northwest of Delaware City and southwest of New Castle."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "This Divided State", "paragraph_text": "This Divided State is a documentary film by first-time filmmaker Steven Greenstreet that details the conflict that erupted at Utah Valley State College, now called Utah Valley University, when controversial figure Michael Moore was scheduled to come speak on campus shortly before the 2004 presidential election."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Matt Nagy", "paragraph_text": "Matt Nagy (born April 24, 1978) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the head coach of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Delaware, and subsequently was signed as a street free agent by the New York Dragons of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played for the Dragons, Carolina Cobras, Georgia Force and Columbus Destroyers of the AFL for six seasons before beginning his NFL coaching career."}], "question": "When did the first settlers to the Delaware Valley, come to the country where the new Pete's Dragon was filmed?"}
{"id": "3hop2__49236_37759_74563", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "In the near future, fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution. With this chaos in place, the totalitarian, Christian theonomic government of ``Gilead ''establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war. Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new, militarized, hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes, in which women are brutally subjugated, and by law are not allowed to work, own property, handle money, or read. Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead, called handmaids, according to an`` extremist interpretation'' of a Biblical account. They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite, where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "First university in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Harvard University calls itself ``the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States ''and this claim is rarely challenged. It is possible to disagree what year should be taken as Harvard's`` real'' founding date (Harvard uses the earliest possible one, 1636, when the institution was chartered by the Massachusetts Bay Colony). However, Harvard has operated since 1650 under the same corporation, the ``President and Fellows of Harvard College ''; it thus has an unbroken institutional history dating back to the mid seventeenth century (an official Harvard web page for the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences claims,`` Founded in 1636, Harvard is America's oldest university'')."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and the Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869\u20131909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Production location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Vaughan, Ontario Running time 47 -- 63 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present (present) External links Website"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Claridon, Marion County, Ohio", "paragraph_text": "Claridon is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Ohio, United States. Claridon is located on Ohio State Route 95, east of Marion, between Marion and Mt. Gilead. The community is served by River Valley Local School District."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. The book was originally published in 1985. Set in a near - future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government. The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form ``of Fred ''; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, for whom they serve."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called \"New College\" or \"the college at New Towne\". In 1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London. In 1639, the college was renamed Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard, who was an alumnus of the University of Cambridge. He had left the school \u00a3779 and his library of some 400 books. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "June Osborne, renamed Offred (Elisabeth Moss), is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford (Joseph Fiennes) and his wife Serena Joy (Yvonne Strahovski). Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment. Offred, who is named after her male master like all Handmaids, can remember the ``time before '', when she was married and had a daughter, a job, a bank account, and her own name and identity, but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter. The Waterfords, key players in the rise of Gilead, have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Boston", "paragraph_text": "The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the city\u2014Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "History of Facebook", "paragraph_text": "Facebook is a social networking service launched on February 4, 2004. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommate and fellow Harvard University student Eduardo Saverin. The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and gradually most universities in the United States and Canada, corporations, and by September 2006, to everyone with a valid email address along with an age requirement of being 13 and older."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of the Puritans in North America", "paragraph_text": "Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ancilla College", "paragraph_text": "Ancilla College, near Donaldson, Indiana, is a two-year private liberal arts college that admits both men and women students. Ancilla College was founded by the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ in 1937 as an extension of DePaul University for the training of novices and candidates of the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ. In 1966 the college started admitting the public as a private liberal arts community college. Ancilla College focuses on serving the seven surrounding counties of Indiana. Ancilla College grants associate degrees in multiple programs, from which Ancilla graduates may easily transfer to a four-year college or university, especially via the transfer agreements that Ancilla College has with 14 Indiana colleges and universities. The Latin word \"ancilla\" means \"handmaid or servant,\" a reference to the college's sponsor, The Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "The Handmaid's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer (s) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer (s) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location (s) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company (s) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 (2017 - 04 - 26) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale"}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Edward Cochrane McLean", "paragraph_text": "Born on October 16, 1903, in Hoosick Falls, New York, McLean received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Williams College in 1924 and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1929. While at Harvard, he served on the \"Harvard Law Review\" with Lee Pressman and knew Alger Hiss. (In the mid-1930s, both Pressman and Hiss became members of the Ware Group, a Soviet underground apparatus founded by Harold Ware, succeeded by Whittaker Chambers)."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Samira Wiley", "paragraph_text": "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "College of William & Mary", "paragraph_text": "The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially the College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second - oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University."}], "question": "When did the founders of Harvard College arrive in US region having Gilead in the handmaid's tale?"}
{"id": "3hop1__5844_89752_54221", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "After the outbreak of World War I the Defence of the Realm Act was passed by Parliament in 1914. One section of the Act concerned the hours pubs could sell alcohol, as it was believed that alcohol consumption would interfere with the war effort. It restricted opening hours for licensed premises to luncheon (12: 00 to 14: 40) and supper (18: 30 to 21: 30). In the late 1980s the licensing laws in England and Wales became less restricted and allowed pubs to allow the consumption of alcohol on the premises from 11: 00 until 23: 00, although nightclubs were allowed to stay open much later. Significantly revised rules were introduced in November 2005, when hour limits were scrapped, and pubs were allowed to apply for licences as permissive as ``24 hours a day ''. In practice, most pubs chose to apply for more restrictive licences."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Alcohol proof", "paragraph_text": "The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity. 50% alcohol was defined as 100 proof."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Mississippi ( (listen)) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States. Mississippi is bordered to north by Tennessee, to the east by Alabama, to the south by the Gulf of Mexico, to the southwest by Louisiana, and to the northwest by Arkansas.  Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River.  Jackson is both the state's capital and largest city.  Greater Jackson, with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018, is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "A pub /p\u028cb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "After the outbreak of World War I the Defence of the Realm Act was passed by Parliament in 1914. One section of the Act concerned the hours pubs could sell alcohol, as it was believed that alcohol consumption would interfere with the war effort. It restricted opening hours for licensed premises to luncheon (12: 00 to 14: 40) and supper (18: 30 to 22: 30). In the late 1980s the licensing laws in England and Wales became less restricted and allowed pubs to allow the consumption of alcohol on the premises from 11: 00 until 23: 00, although nightclubs were allowed to stay open much later. Significantly revised rules were introduced in November 2005, when hour limits were scrapped, and pubs were allowed to apply for licences as permissive as ``24 hours a day ''. In practice, most pubs chose not to apply for licences past midnight."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon", "paragraph_text": "Heinold's First and Last Chance is a waterfront saloon opened by John (Johnny) M. Heinold in 1883 on Jack London Square in Oakland, California, United States. The name \"First and Last Chance\" refers to the time in which for many sailors, the pub was the first and last chance to drink alcohol heavily before or after a long voyage."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Alcohol laws of Maine", "paragraph_text": "Alcohol may be sold between the hours of 5am and 1am each day of the week. On New Year's Day, alcohol may be sold until 2 a.m."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Challenge 21", "paragraph_text": "Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 are part of a scheme in the United Kingdom, introduced by the British Beer and Pub Association (BBPA), with the intention of preventing young people gaining access to age restricted products including cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. Under the scheme, customers attempting to buy age - restricted products are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21 or 25, even though the minimum age to buy alcohol and cigarettes in the UK is 18."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Legal drinking age", "paragraph_text": "Mexico 18 The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico. But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years, and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Florida", "paragraph_text": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Prohibition in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA", "paragraph_text": "The Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area covering 29,914 square miles (77,477 square kilometers, or 19,144,960 acres) located along the Upper Mississippi River and its tributaries in northwest Illinois, northeast Iowa, southeast Minnesota and southwest Wisconsin. Certified by the United States Department of the Treasury's Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau on July 22, 2009, it is the largest AVA in the United States. The AVA encompasses an area 50 times larger than the Bordeaux wine regions of France."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to \"24-hour drinking\". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Destiny USA", "paragraph_text": "Destiny USA (previously known as the Carousel Center, 1990 -- 2012) is a six - story super-regional shopping and entertainment complex on the shore of Onondaga Lake in Syracuse, New York. It is the sixth largest shopping center in the United States, and the largest mall in the state of New York. Main anchor stores include J.C. Penney, Macy's, and Lord & Taylor. Other major stores include At Home, Best Buy, Dick's Sporting Goods, Forever 21, DSW, Old Navy, Nordstrom Rack, Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th, and TJ Maxx."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "New England", "paragraph_text": "The states of New England have a combined area of 71,991.8 square miles (186,458 km), making the region slightly larger than the state of Washington and larger than England. Maine alone constitutes nearly one - half of the total area of New England, yet is only the 39th - largest state, slightly smaller than Indiana. The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S., including the smallest state -- Rhode Island."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Blue Springs, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Blue Springs is a city located in the U.S. state of Missouri and within Jackson County. Blue Springs is located 19 miles (31 km) east of downtown Kansas City, Missouri and is the eighth largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 United States Census the population was 52,575, tying it for 10th largest city in the state of Missouri with St. Peters. In 2010, CNN / Money Magazine ranked Blue Springs 49th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Alcohol laws of Kentucky", "paragraph_text": "Another inconsistency involves the difference between legal ages for buying and selling alcoholic beverages. The legal age for purchase is 21, as in all U.S. states. However, the legal age for selling or serving alcoholic beverages in a licensed establishment is 20. In the case of packaged beer, the legal selling age is 18, as long as the person is supervised by someone who is at least 20."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Beer in Australia", "paragraph_text": "Prior to metrication in Australia, one could buy beer in glasses of size 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15 and 20 (imperial) fluid ounces. Each sized glass had a different name in each Australian state. These were replaced by glasses of size 115, 140, 170, 200, 285, 425 and 570 ml. As Australians travel more, the differences are decreasing. In the 21st century, most pubs no longer have a glass smaller than 200 ml (7 imp fl oz); typically available are 200 ml, 285 ml and 425 ml, and increasingly many pubs now have pints (570 ml, 20 imp fl oz). It is also common for pubs & hotels to serve a large jug which will be filled to approximately 1100ml."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wheeler-Thanhauser Orchid Collection and Species Bank", "paragraph_text": "The Wheeler-Thanhauser Orchid Collection and Species Bank is located within Christy Woods, an 18-acre (73,000 m\u00b2) property located on the southwest corner of the Ball State University campus in Muncie, Indiana, United States. The orchid collection is the largest college maintained collection in the United States."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oz and Hugh Raise the Bar", "paragraph_text": "Oz and Hugh Raise the Bar is a BBC television programme in which wine personality and expert Oz Clarke and comedian and actor Hugh Dennis travel across Ireland and the United Kingdom in order to sample and discover the wide array of British and Irish Alcoholic beverages. In this series they collected different beverages from each location before selling them at a pub in Shustoke. Currently only one series has been made."}], "question": "How early can you buy alcohol in the largest state of the U.S. region where pubs are found/"}
{"id": "3hop1__151522_67938_29962", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Houston", "paragraph_text": "In 2006, the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the Category of \"Best Places for Business and Careers\" by Forbes magazine. Foreign governments have established 92 consular offices in Houston's metropolitan area, the third highest in the nation. Forty foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here and 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations. Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston, providing financial assistance to the international community."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sohag", "paragraph_text": "K\u00f6ppen - Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh). Luxor, Minya, Sohag, Qena and Asyut have the widest difference of temperatures between days and nights of any city in Egypt, with almost 16 \u00b0 C (29 \u00b0 F) difference. Sohag is one of the warmest places in Egypt due to its place in the east side of Sahara in North Africa. Sohag is ranked the 5th driest place in Egypt and the 9th globally. Also ranked 4th warmest place in Egypt and 296th globally."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alberto dos Santos Franco", "paragraph_text": "Alberto dos Santos Franco the Admiral Franco (Rio de Janeiro, December 5, 1913 - S\u00e3o Paulo, May 4, 2011) was an officer of the Navy of Brazil. In his career, reached the rank of rear admiral"}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Production and Operations Management", "paragraph_text": "\"Production and Operations Management\" is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Production and Operations Management Society. It is listed as one of the 45 journals used by the \"Financial Times\" to compile its business-school research ranks and \"Bloomberg Businessweek\"'s Top 20 Journals. According to ISI Journal Citation Reports, the journal is ranked 5th out of 37 titles in the engineering and manufacturing category and 17th out of 74 in the operations research and management science category."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha\u2212World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami \"America's Cleanest City\", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the \"Capital of Latin America\", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "EU Business School", "paragraph_text": "2016, Online MBA ranked number 1 for global online rankings. MBA and EMBA programs were elected as top tier European programs."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Der Internist", "paragraph_text": "Der Internist (\"The Internist\") is a monthly German language medical journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. In 2007, it was ranked among the largest German scientific journals in terms of revenue."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "NatureServe conservation status", "paragraph_text": "The NatureServe conservation status system, maintained and presented by NatureServe in cooperation with the Natural Heritage Network, was developed in the United States in the 1980s by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) as a means for ranking or categorizing the relative imperilment of species of plants, animals, or other organisms, as well as natural ecological communities, on the global, national and/or subnational levels. These designations are also referred to as NatureServe ranks, NatureServe statuses, or Natural Heritage ranks. While the Nature Conservancy is no longer substantially involved in the maintenance of these ranks, the name TNC ranks is still sometimes encountered for them."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Global Positioning System", "paragraph_text": "The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space - based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "SkiFree", "paragraph_text": "SkiFree is a single-player skiing computer game created by Chris Pirih and released with \"Microsoft Entertainment Pack 3\" for Windows and DOS in October 1991. The player controls a skier on a mountain slope, avoiding obstacles while racing against time or performing stunts for points, depending on the game mode."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Bank of Montreal", "paragraph_text": "On June 23, 1817, John Richardson and eight merchants signed the Articles of Association to establish the Bank of Montreal in a rented house in Montreal, Quebec. The bank officially began conducting business on November 3, 1817, making it Canada's oldest bank. BMO's Institution Number (or bank number) is 001. In Canada, the bank operates as \"BMO Bank of Montreal\" and has more than 900 branches, serving over seven million customers. The company also has substantial operations in the Chicago area and elsewhere in the United States, where it operates as \"BMO Harris Bank\". BMO Capital Markets is BMO's investment and corporate banking division, while the wealth management division is branded as BMO Nesbitt Burns. The company is ranked at number 131 on the Forbes Global 2000 list."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "IBM", "paragraph_text": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company)."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "CP/M-86", "paragraph_text": "CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC\u00a0DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The DOS Plus, FlexOS, and DR\u00a0DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "BeiDou", "paragraph_text": "In December 2011, Xinhua stated that \"[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities.\" The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alberto Alcocer", "paragraph_text": "Alberto Alcocer Torra (born December 17, 1942, in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish businessman. He is owner, with his cousin Alberto Cortina, of Alcor Holding, a patrimonial society owner of 12.5% of Grupo ACS, the major Spanish construction company, and of 21% of the wastebasket company, Ence. As of March 2011, according to Forbes, he is ranked 13th richest in Spain and 993rd globally with an estimated net worth of $1.2 billion."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having \"exported\" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between \"exports\" and \"imports\" as a \"trade balance\", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having \"imported\" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a \"trade surplus\" of 10,712.342 million US$."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Man in the Sky", "paragraph_text": "The Man in the Sky (released in the U.S. as Decision Against Time) is a 1957 thriller drama film starring Jack Hawkins and produced by Ealing Films, Michael Balcon's new company, set up after Rank had sold Ealing Studios in Ealing Green, West London, to the BBC in 1955. Balcon, who had run the company on behalf of Rank since 1944, left Rank in 1956 and set up the new company, striking a distribution and production deal with MGM. This was the first Ealing production to be made at MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, North London."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "History of Microsoft", "paragraph_text": "DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its real success. IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP / M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP / M clone called 86 - DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US $100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft did not have an operating system when they closed the deal with IBM and IBM had not done their homework. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP / M, IBM marketed both CP / M and PC DOS for US $240 and US $40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. 35 of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "FC Barcelona", "paragraph_text": "In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around \u20ac752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008\u201309 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of \u20ac366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated \u20ac401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac484.6 million."}], "question": "In 2011, Forbes ranked the company that the publisher of SkiFree made a deal with to provide DOS. at what global revenue ranking?"}
{"id": "3hop2__131820_153044_61019", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "During colonial times, Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722, and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766. Construction of Tryon Palace, which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon, began in 1767 and was completed in 1771. In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital, as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast. Officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital, the city was named after Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the \"lost colony\" on Roanoke Island."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "Georgia has had five different capitals in its history. The first was Savannah, the seat of government during British colonial rule, followed by Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta, the capital city from 1868 to the present day. The state legislature has gathered for official meetings in other places, most often in Macon and especially during the American Civil War."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Champaner", "paragraph_text": "Champaner (\u0a9a\u0abe\u0a82\u0aaa\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab0), formarly known as Muhammadpur, is a historical city in the state of Gujarat, in western India. It is located in Panchmahal district, 47 kilometres from the city of Vadodara. The city was briefly the capital of the Sultanate of Gujarat."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Rocklea, Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Rocklea is a large suburb of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. The suburb is located 9\u00a0kilometres south of the city. The west of the suburb is bordered by the Oxley Creek. The suburb's name is derived from the Rocky Waterholes in the area."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tupanatinga", "paragraph_text": "Tupanatinga is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 306\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 19.026 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o, Cear\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Reden\u00e7\u00e3o is a municipality in the state of Cear\u00e1, in the Northeast region of Brazil. located 55\u00a0km away from Fortaleza, the capital of the state. Reden\u00e7\u00e3o in Portuguese means redemption, and the city has this name because it was the first city in Brazil that abolished its slaves."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Quipap\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Quipap\u00e1 is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 186\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 25.603 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sara Blakely", "paragraph_text": "Sara Treleaven Blakely (born February 27, 1971) is an American billionaire businesswoman, and founder of Spanx, an American intimate apparel company with pants and leggings, founded in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2012, Blakely was named in \"Time\" magazine's \"Time 100\" annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. As of 2014, she is listed as the 93rd most powerful woman in the world by \"Forbes\"."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Canhotinho", "paragraph_text": "Canhotinho (\"Little Left-handed\") is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 223\u00a0km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (Ibge 2009) population of 24.381 inhabitants."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Xex\u00e9u", "paragraph_text": "Xex\u00e9u is a city in Pernambuco, Brazil. It is located in Zona da mata Pernambucana from the state capital Recife."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Sokoto State", "paragraph_text": "Sokoto, usually referred to as Sokoto State to distinguish it from the city of Sokoto, is located in the extreme northwest of Nigeria, near to the confluence of the Sokoto River and the Rima River. As of 2005 it has an estimated population of more than 4.2 million. Sokoto City is the modern-day capital of Sokoto State (and its predecessor, the Northwestern State)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Xalapa Symphony Orchestra", "paragraph_text": "The Orquesta Sinf\u00f3nica de Xalapa is a Mexican orchestra located in the city of Xalapa, the capital of the state of Veracruz. It was founded in 1929, and is considered the oldest symphony orchestra in Mexico."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "San Francisco de Yare", "paragraph_text": "The city of San Francisco de Paula de Yare is the capital of the Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar Municipality, in the state of Miranda in Venezuela. It is located in the Middle Tuy Valley, approximately south of Caracas."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Thombattu", "paragraph_text": "Thombattu is a village in Kundapura Taluk in Karnataka, India. It is in the Udupi district. It is located 45\u00a0km towards North from District headquarters Udupi. 26\u00a0km from Kundapura. 410\u00a0km from State capital Bangalore. Kota, Udupi, Karkala, Sagar are the nearby cities."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sowme'eh Sara County", "paragraph_text": "Sowme'eh Sara County () is a county in Gilan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Sowme'eh Sara. This county is located in the west of Gilan and is surrounded by Fuman County, Masal County and Bandar-e Anzali County. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 129,628, in 35,636 families. The county is subdivided into three districts: the Central District, Mirza Kuchek Janghli District, and Tulem District. The county has three cities: Sowme'eh Sara, Marjaghal, and Gurab Zarmikh."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Louisville, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Louisville is a city in Jefferson County, Georgia, United States. It is a former state capital of Georgia and is the county seat of Jefferson County. It is located southwest of Augusta on the Ogeechee River, and its population was 2,493 at the 2010 census, down from 2,712 at the 2000 census. The name is of French origin, but is pronounced \"Lewis-ville\" by locals."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of Kolkata", "paragraph_text": "Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Indian Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Capital Department, Salta", "paragraph_text": "Capital is a department located in Salta Province, Argentina. It is the department of the provincial capital, the city of Salta, and the most populated one."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "WEKL", "paragraph_text": "WEKL, known on-air as \"102.3 K-Love\", is a Contemporary Christian radio station in the United States, licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Augusta, Georgia, broadcasting on 102.3\u00a0MHz with an ERP of 1.5\u00a0kW. Its studios are located at the Augusta Corporate Center with the market\u2019s other iHeartMedia owned sister stations in Augusta, and the transmitter is located in Augusta near Fort Gordon."}], "question": "What was the capital of the US state having WEKL before the city of origin of Sara Blakely?"}
{"id": "3hop2__8533_20335_9331", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hawaii", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hawai \u02bbi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders. Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989\u20131991."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Szlachta", "paragraph_text": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, after which Wales too gradually came under control of Anglo-Normans. The process was completed in the 13th century when the Principality of Wales became a client state of the English kingdom. Meanwhile, Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married them, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its greatest extent in 1921."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Crown of Aragon", "paragraph_text": "Crown of Aragon Corona d'Arag\u00f3n (Aragonese) Corona d'Arag\u00f3 (Catalan) Corona Aragonum (Latin) Corona de Arag\u00f3n (Spanish) Aragoiko koroa (Basque) Composite monarchy, confederation of kingdoms, or individual polities ruled by one king 1162 -- 1716 Standard Coat of arms Territories subject to the Crown of Aragon in 1441 Capital see Capital below Languages Official languages: Aragonese, Catalan, Latin Minority languages: Occitan, Sardinian, Corsican, Neapolitan, Sicilian, Castilian, Basque, Greek, Maltese, Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic Religion Majority religion: Roman Catholic Minority religions: Sunni Islam, Sephardic Judaism, Greek Orthodoxy Government Feudal monarchy subject to pacts Monarch 1162 -- 1164 Petronilla (first) 1479 - 1504 1479 -- 1516 Isabella I and Ferdinand II 1700 -- 1716 Charles III (last) Legislature Cortz d'Arag\u00f3n Corts Catalanes Corts Valencianes Historical era Middle Ages / Early modern period Union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona 1162 Conquest of the Kingdom of Majorca 1231 Conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia 1238 -- 1245 Conquest of the Kingdom of Sardinia 1324 -- 1420 Union of Ferdinand II and Isabella I 19 October 1469 Conquest of the Kingdom of Naples 1501 -- 1504 Nueva Planta decrees 1716 Area 1443 250,000 km (97,000 sq mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Aragon County of Barcelona Habsburg Spain Today part of Andorra France Greece Italy Malta Spain Tunisia"}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Name of Canada", "paragraph_text": "Until the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was commonly used to identify the country. As Canada acquired political authority and autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government began using simply Canada on state documents. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, which refers only to Canada. Later that year, the national holiday was renamed from Dominion Day to Canada Day. Section 4 of the 1867 BNA Act also declares that:"}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kingdom of Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established, after Greece's defeat by Turkey in the Asia Minor Campaign. It lasted until 1935, when it was overthrown by a military coup d'\u00e9tat which restored the monarchy. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship (1967\u20131974), and the Third Republic, the current Greek state, came to be, after a popular referendum."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny", "paragraph_text": "S\u00e1muel Mikoviny (, ? \u2013 23 March 1750) was a mathematician, engineer, cartographer, and professor. He was a leading representative of science and technology in the 18th century Kingdom of Hungary and Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory. In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920, whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria, Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922, and Waldeck did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favorable to state reforms."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Slavs", "paragraph_text": "Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Indigenous decolonization", "paragraph_text": "An example of a tool for personal decolonization is the medicine wheel healing concept derived from a Pan-Indian religious symbol, used in more ancient times by nations of the North American Plains. This concept helps people whose will has been damaged by colonization to balance the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of their self. By creating balance in all these areas of the self a person can find movement on the journey of decolonization and healing from intergenerational trauma. This tool links to the sacred medicine wheel circles created by the aboriginal inhabitants of Western North America."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Welwyn Tool Group", "paragraph_text": "Welwyn Tool Group Limited, is a tool distribution company based in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. The company is responsible for the distribution and after-sales service of products manufactured by Swiss company, Leister Technologies in The United Kingdom and Ireland."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union along with other countries with ethnic Slavs, who were considered \"Untermenschen\" (inferior) according to Nazi racial ideology. Moreover, the anti-Semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and financial capitalism, both of which they opposed. Consequently, Nazi theory held that Slavs in the Soviet Union were being ruled by \"Jewish Bolshevik\" masters. In 1934, Hitler himself had spoken of an inescapable battle against both Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism, the victory in which would lead to \"permanent mastery of the world\", though he stated that they would \"walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us.\" The resulting manifestation of German anti-Bolshevism and an increase in Soviet foreign debts caused German\u2013Soviet trade to dramatically decline.[b] Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post\u2013World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.[clarification needed]"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Thuringia", "paragraph_text": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bukovina", "paragraph_text": "A region of Moldavia during the Middle Ages, the territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1774 to 1918, an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. After World War I, Romania established its control over Bukovina. In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union in violation of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, and currently is part of Ukraine."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Germans", "paragraph_text": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "British Togoland", "paragraph_text": "Following the Second World War, the political status of British Togoland changed \u2013 it became a United Nations Trust Territory, although still administered by the United Kingdom. During the decolonization of Africa, a plebiscite was organised in British Togoland in May 1956 to decide the future of the territory. A majority of voters taking part voted to merge the territory with the neighbouring Gold Coast, a British Crown colony."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, then the First Consul of the French Republic, hoping to re-establish an empire in North America, regained ownership of Louisiana. However, France's failure to put down the revolt in Saint - Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military. The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands, but quickly accepted the bargain. The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Before the purchase was finalized, the decision faced Federalist Party opposition; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory. Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory, but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Late Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels."}], "question": "What dissolved the privileges of the Habsburg Monarchy, the kingdom that acquired Thuringian territory, and the empire that used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?"}
{"id": "3hop2__57233_103539_56883", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Absorption of water", "paragraph_text": "Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of ATP, generated by the root respiration: as the root cells actively take part in the process, it is called active absorption. According to Renner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well - watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process. The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption. In this process energy is required."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places. In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as \"military specialists\" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. At the start of the war, three-fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole", "paragraph_text": "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole, is an epistolary novel by Sue Townsend. It is the second in Adrian Mole series. It focuses on the worries and regrets of a teenage aspiring intellectual and, like its predecessor, takes the form of a diary. The story takes place from 1982 to mid-1983. Notable events in this volume are the breakup and later reconciliation of Adrian and Pandora, Adrian's attempt to run away from home and subsequent breakdown, the birth of his sister Rosie Mole, and Adrian's general worry about his O levels and nuclear war."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Happiness Is You", "paragraph_text": "Happiness Is You is the 24th album by country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1966 (see 1966 in music). It contains, among others, \"Guess Things Happen That Way\", a re-recording of one of Cash's earliest Sun songs. The record reached No. 10 on the Country charts. The LP was originally to be titled \"That's What You Get For Lovin' Me\", taking its title from the Gordon Lightfoot tune included in the album, and promo copies and some early commercial pressings show this title on the label."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mid-twentieth century baby boom", "paragraph_text": "The end of World War II brought a baby boom to many countries, especially Western ones. There is some disagreement as to the precise beginning and ending dates of the post-war baby boom, but it is most often agreed to have begun in the years immediately after the war, though some place it earlier at the increase of births in 1941 - 1943. The boom started to decline as birth rates in the United States started to decline in 1958, though the boom would only grind to a halt 3 years later in 1961, 20 years after it began."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Things They Carried", "paragraph_text": "The Things They Carried (1990) is a collection of linked short stories by American novelist Tim O'Brien, about a platoon of American soldiers fighting on the ground in the Vietnam War. His third book about the war, it is based upon his experiences as a soldier in the 23rd Infantry Division."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Conscription in Australia", "paragraph_text": "In 1964 compulsory National Service for 20 - year - old males was introduced under the National Service Act (1964). The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years' continuous full - time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. The full - time service requirement was reduced to eighteen months in October 1971."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Muntjac", "paragraph_text": "Inhabiting tropical regions, the deer have no seasonal rut, and mating can take place at any time of year; this behaviour is retained by populations introduced to temperate countries. Males have short antlers, which can regrow, but they tend to fight for territory with their \"tusks\" (downward-pointing canine teeth). The presence of these \"tusks\" is otherwise unknown in native British wild deer and can be discriminatory when trying to differentiate a muntjac from an immature native deer, although water deer also have visible tusks; however, they are much less widespread."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served a settings. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Holly Holliday", "paragraph_text": "Holly Holliday is a recurring fictional character from the Fox musical comedy-drama series \"Glee\". Portrayed by actress Gwyneth Paltrow, the character appeared in three episodes during the show's second season, and two episodes during the fifth season, and was Paltrow's first-ever role in a scripted television show. Holly was developed by \"Glee\" co-creator Ryan Murphy, a personal friend of Paltrow's, who suggested that she showcase her vocal and dancing abilities ahead of the release of her film \"Country Strong\", in which she played a country singer. Introduced as a substitute teacher who takes the place of glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) while he is ill, she forms a romantic bond with Will, but decides to break up with him and takes a teaching job in another town after realizing that he is still in love with Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays)."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Mulan (1998 film)", "paragraph_text": "Mulan is a 1998 American animated musical action comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures. It is based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan, and was Disney's 36th animated feature. It was directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook, with story by Robert D. San Souci and screenplay by Rita Hsiao, Philip LaZebnik, Chris Sanders, Eugenia Bostwick - Singer, and Raymond Singer. Ming - Na, Eddie Murphy, Miguel Ferrer and B.D. Wong star in the English version, while Jackie Chan provided the voice of Captain Li Shang for the Chinese dubs of the film. The film's plot takes place in China during the Han dynasty, where Fa Mulan, daughter of aged warrior Fa Zhou, impersonates a man to take her father's place during a general conscription to counter a Hun invasion."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of sugar", "paragraph_text": "Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest in the fifteenth century carried sugar south - west of Iberia. Henry the Navigator introduced cane to Madeira in 1425, while the Spanish, having eventually subdued the Canary Islands, introduced sugar cane to them. In 1493, on his second voyage, Christopher Columbus carried sugarcane seedlings to the New World, in particular Hispaniola."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Stranger Things", "paragraph_text": "The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners, detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped, and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach. As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story, they wanted to introduce the idea of ``childlike sensibilities ''they could offer, and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans. The brothers thought the combination of these things`` was the best thing ever''. To introduce this monster into the narrative, they considered ``bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War ''such as Project MKUltra, which gave a way to ground the monster's existence in science rather than something spiritual. This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period, as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out, which focused on Cold War paranoia. Subsequently, they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s, the decade they were born, as elements of the series, crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror. The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show (among others): Stephen King novels; films produced by Steven Spielberg, John Carpenter, Wes Craven, Robert Zemeckis, George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro; films such as Alien and Stand by Me; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied; and video games such as Silent Hill, The Last of Us, and Dark Souls. The Duffer Brothers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally, including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L., discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Humanitarian civic assistance activities", "paragraph_text": "In the United States Department of Defense, Humanitarian Civic Assistance (HCA) is relief and development activities that take place in the context of an overseas military exercise, training or operation. Under the HCA program, U.S. military personnel participating in overseas deployments carry out humanitarian activities such as road and school construction, vaccination of children and animals, and well-digging. HCA programs are often executed with the involvement of host-country civilian and military personnel. U.S. National Guard or reserve units are involved in many HCA activities."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Honda CBR900RR", "paragraph_text": "The Honda CBR900RR, also known as the FireBlade in some countries, is a 900 cc sport bike, part of the CBR series introduced in 1992 by Honda. It was the first of a series of large-displacement Honda models to carry the RR suffix. The development of the first generation CBR900RR was led by Tadao Baba."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Canadian Armed Forces", "paragraph_text": "At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Velk\u00e1 pardubick\u00e1", "paragraph_text": "Velk\u00e1 pardubick\u00e1 is a famous cross-country steeplechase run in Pardubice, Czech Republic since 1874. It takes place every year on the second Sunday in October."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Jesus, Take the Wheel", "paragraph_text": "\"Jesus, Take the Wheel\" is a song written by Brett James, Hillary Lindsey and Gordie Sampson, and recorded by American country music artist Carrie Underwood. It was released in October 2005 as the first single from Underwood's debut album \"Some Hearts\". The ballad tells of a woman seeking help from Jesus in an emergency, ultimately letting Jesus take control of her life."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Belinda Cotterill", "paragraph_text": "Born in Australia, Belinda Cotterill Attended Chris King's Young Talent School in Gosford, and after went on to acting in TV shows such as \"Police Rescue\" and \"All Saints\". In 2009, she featured in the film \"Bad Bush\", as Maggie."}], "question": "When was conscription introduced in the country Belinda Cotterill was born during the war when The Things They Carried takes place?"}
{"id": "3hop1__119591_102039_49195", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "The Hanging Tree", "paragraph_text": "The Hanging Tree is a 1959 Technicolor Western film directed by Delmer Daves, based on the novelette, \"The Hanging Tree\", written by Dorothy M. Johnson in 1957. Karl Malden took over directing duties for several days when Daves fell ill. The film stars Gary Cooper, Maria Schell, George C. Scott and Malden and is set in the gold fields of Montana during the gold rush of the 1860s and '70s. The story follows a doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, then learns of the man's past and tries to manipulate him."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "When You Dance I Can Really Love", "paragraph_text": "\"When You Dance I Can Really Love\" is the ninth track on Neil Young's 1970 album \"After the Gold Rush\". It was written by Young."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "HD 11506 b", "paragraph_text": "HD 11506 b is an extrasolar planet that orbits the star HD 11506 167 light years away in the constellation of Cetus. This planet was discovered in 2007 by the N2K Consortium using the Keck telescope to detect the radial velocity variation of the star caused by the planet. A second planet, HD 11506 c, was discovered in 2015."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "C/2013 R1", "paragraph_text": "C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) is a long-period comet discovered on 7 September 2013 by Terry Lovejoy using a Schmidt\u2013Cassegrain telescope. It is the fourth comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy. C/2013 R1 crossed the celestial equator on 14 October 2013, becoming a better Northern Hemisphere object."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Josif Chiril\u0103", "paragraph_text": "Josif Chiril\u0103 (sometimes listes as Iosif Chiril\u0103, born 5 January 1983) is a Romanian sprint canoer who has competed since 2004. He won four medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two golds (C-4 500 m: 2005, C-4 1000 m: 2007), a silver (C-2 500 m: 2007), and a bronze (C-4 1000 m: 2009)."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Melbourne", "paragraph_text": "The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid 1851 led to the Victorian gold rush, and Melbourne, which served as the major port and provided most services for the region, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city. Additionally, Melbourne along with the Victorian regional cities of Ballarat and Geelong became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "California Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "The California Gold Rush (1848 -- 1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. The sudden influx of immigration and gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy, and California became one of the few American states to go directly to statehood without first being a territory, in the Compromise of 1850. The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and resulted in a precipitous population decline from disease, genocide and starvation. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory to the home state of the first nominee for the Republican Party."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Australian gold rushes", "paragraph_text": "The first gold rush in Australia began in May 1851 after prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered payable gold near Orange, at a site he called Ophir. Hargraves had been to the Californian goldfields and had learned new gold prospecting techniques such as panning and cradling. Hargraves was offered rewards by the Colony of New South Wales and the Colony of Victoria. Before the end of the year, the gold rush had spread to many other parts of the state where gold had been found, not just to the west, but also to the south and north of Sydney."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Black Hills Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "The Black Hills Gold Rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States. It began in 1874 following the Custer Expedition and reached a peak in 1876-77."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Felix Pedro", "paragraph_text": "Felice Pedroni (April 16, 1858 \u2013 July 22, 1910), known best to Americans by his Hispanicized alias Felix Pedro, was an Italian immigrant whose discovery of gold in Interior Alaska marked the beginning of the 1902 Fairbanks Gold Rush."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Pike's Peak Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "The participants in the gold rush were known as ``Fifty - Niners ''after 1859, the peak year of the rush and often used the motto Pike's Peak or Bust! But in fact the location of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush was 85 miles (137 km) north of Pike's Peak. It was only named Pike's Peak Gold Rush because of how well known and important Pike's Peak was."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Tranquille River", "paragraph_text": "Tranquille River is a river located in the Thompson Country region of British Columbia. The river is located on the north side of Kamloops Lake almost west of Kamloops, near Tranquille, Kamloops. The river was discovered as gold-bearing in 1852. The river has been mined and the total value of gold mined is estimated at $250,000."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)", "paragraph_text": "C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) is a long-period comet discovered on 17 August 2014 by Terry Lovejoy using a Schmidt\u2013Cassegrain telescope. It was discovered at apparent magnitude 15 in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is the fifth comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy. Its blue-green glow is the result of organic molecules and water released by the comet fluorescing under the intense UV and optical light of the Sun as it passes through space."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "HD 11964 c", "paragraph_text": "HD 11964 c is an extrasolar planet approximately 110 light-years away in the constellation of Cetus. The planet was discovered in a close-orbit around the yellow subgiant star HD 11964. The planet has a minimum mass 35 times the mass of Earth and is located in a mildly eccentric orbit which takes almost 38 days to complete. HD 11964 c was a possible planet discovered on the same day as HD 11964 b in 2005. HD 11964 c was first proposed in a paper published in 2007, and finally confirmed with new data presented in a review of multi-planet systems which appeared on the arXiv preprint website in 2008."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Klondike Gold Rush", "paragraph_text": "The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north - western Canada between 1896 and 1899. Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, 1896, and, when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of prospectors. Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain. It has been immortalized in photographs, books, films, and artifacts."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "C/2006 P1", "paragraph_text": "Comet McNaught, also known as the Great Comet of 2007 and given the designation C/2006 P1, is a non-periodic comet discovered on 7 August 2006 by British-Australian astronomer Robert H. McNaught using the Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope. It was the brightest comet in over 40 years, and was easily visible to the naked eye for observers in the Southern Hemisphere in January and February 2007."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tom Creek", "paragraph_text": "Tom Creek is a creek located in the Omineca Country region of British Columbia. The creek flows into Kenny Creek. Tom Creek was discovered in 1869 by the Byrnes Party. The creek yielded gold for more than one hundred years. This creek has been mined for silver and gold. The creek has been mined using wing-damming and hand-mining by Europeans and Chinese miners."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Terry Lovejoy", "paragraph_text": "Terry Lovejoy (born 20 November 1966) is an information technologist from Thornlands, Queensland, Australia, most widely known as an amateur astronomer. He has discovered six comets, including C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy), the first Kreutz Sungrazing comet discovered by ground-based observation in over 40 years. He is also known for popularizing procedures for modifying consumer-grade digital cameras so that they can be used for digital camera astrophotography."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Mother lode", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, Mother Lode is most famously the name given to a long alignment of hard - rock gold deposits stretching northwest - southeast in the Sierra Nevada of California. It was discovered in the early 1850s, during the California gold rush. The California Mother Lode is a zone from 1.5 to 6 kilometres (0.93 to 3.73 mi) wide and 190 kilometres (120 mi) long, between Georgetown on the north and Mormon Bar on the south."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)", "paragraph_text": "C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) is a non-periodic comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy on 15 March 2007. Its perihelion was 27 March 2007, while its closest approach to Earth was 25 April 2007 in Hercules at a distance of 0.44 AU. Maximum apparent magnitude was approximately +8."}], "question": "Who was involved in the gold rush, in the country that the discoverer of C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) is from?"}
{"id": "3hop1__107161_5188_86687", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Russian language", "paragraph_text": "In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20\u201340%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria)."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Member states of NATO", "paragraph_text": "NATO has added new members seven times since its founding in 1949, and since 2017 NATO has had 29 members. Twelve countries were part of the founding of NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1952, Greece and Turkey became members of the Alliance, joined later by West Germany (in 1955) and Spain (in 1982). In 1990, with the reunification of Germany, NATO grew to include the former country of East Germany. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council. In 1997, three former Warsaw Pact countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO. After this fourth enlargement in 1999, the Vilnius group of The Baltics and seven East European countries formed in May 2000 to cooperate and lobby for further NATO membership. Seven of these countries joined in the fifth enlargement in 2004. The Adriatic States Albania and Croatia joined in the sixth enlargement in 2009, Montenegro in 2017."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "14.5\u00d7114mm", "paragraph_text": "The 14.5\u00d7114mm (.57 Cal) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Germany", "paragraph_text": "Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. As of 2011, Germany is the largest contributor to the budget of the European Union (providing 20%) and the third largest contributor to the UN (providing 8%). Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus.The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's third biggest aid donor in 2009 after the United States and France.In 1999, Chancellor Gerhard Schr\u00f6der's government defined a new basis for German foreign policy by taking part in the NATO decisions surrounding the Kosovo War and by sending German troops into combat for the first time since 1945. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies. Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "All That I Love", "paragraph_text": "All That I Love is a film about a young musician, Janek, in a coastal city of Poland during the early period of the Solidarity strikes, martial law in Poland, manifestations, and general political turmoil. Janek's father is an official of the local military police, and while he utilizes that connection to secure rehearsal space for his punk band (in the officer's hall of the police barracks), he rebels against the official repression of lyrical freedom and political activism. His love interest, Basia, is the daughter of an active Solidarity member, who initially forbids Basia from seeing Janek due to his governmental connections."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Member states of NATO", "paragraph_text": "Of the 29 member countries, two are located in North America (Canada and the United States) and 27 are European countries while Turkey is in Eurasia. All members have militaries, except for Iceland which does not have a typical army (but does, however, have a coast guard and a small unit of civilian specialists for NATO operations). Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member nation states, and from 18 February 1952 to 6 May 1955, it added three more member nations, and a fourth on 30 May 1982. After the end of the Cold War, NATO added 13 more member nations (10 former Warsaw Pact members and three former Yugoslav republics) from 12 March 1999 to 5 June 2017."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Society of Communist Czechoslovakia", "paragraph_text": "Czechoslovakia, of all the East European countries, entered the postwar era with a relatively balanced social structure and an equitable distribution of resources. Despite some poverty, overall it was a country of relatively well-off workers, small-scale producers, farmers, and a substantial middle class. Nearly half the population was in the middle-income bracket. Ironically, perhaps, it was balanced and relatively prosperous Czechoslovakia that carried nationalization and income redistribution further than any other East European country. By the mid-1960s, the complaint was that leveling had gone too far. Earning differentials between blue-collar and white-collar workers were lower than in any other country in Eastern Europe. Further, equitable income distribution was combined in the late 1970s with relative prosperity. Along with East Germany and Hungary, Czechoslovakia enjoyed one of the highest standards of living of any of the Warsaw Pact countries through the 1980s."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "NATO", "paragraph_text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / \u02c8ne\u026ato\u028a /; French: Organisation du Trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cognis", "paragraph_text": "Cognis was a worldwide supplier of specialty chemicals and nutritional ingredients, headquartered in Monheim am Rhein, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The company employs about 5,600 people and operates production or service centers in almost 30 countries. Cognis was acquired by BASF in 2010."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "German reunification", "paragraph_text": "Horst Teltschik, Kohl's foreign policy advisor, later recalled that Germany would have paid ``100 billion deutschmarks ''if the Soviets demanded it. The USSR did not make such great demands, however, with Gorbachev stating in February 1990 that`` The Germans must decide for themselves what path they choose to follow''. In May 1990 he repeated his remark in the context of NATO membership while meeting Bush, amazing both the Americans and Germans. This removed the last significant roadblock to Germany being free to choose its international alignments, though Kohl made no secret that he intended for the reunified Germany to inherit West Germany's seats in NATO and the EC."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists", "paragraph_text": "Rank Athlete Nation Sport Sex Marit Bj\u00f8rgen Norway Cross-country 8 15 Ole Einar Bj\u00f8rndalen Norway Biathlon 8 13 Bj\u00f8rn D\u00e6hlie Norway Cross-country 8 0 12 Ireen W\u00fcst Netherlands Speed skating 5 5 11 5 Raisa Smetanina Soviet Union Unified Team Cross-country 5 10 6 Stefania Belmondo Italy Cross-country 5 10 7 Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country 6 0 9 8 Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 5 9 9 Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country 9 10 Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 9 11 Charlotte Kalla Sweden Cross-country 6 0 9 12 Uschi Disl Germany Biathlon 9 13 Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track 6 0 8 14 Ricco Gro\u00df Germany Biathlon 8 Emil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 8 16 Galina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country 8 Kjetil Andr\u00e9 Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 8 Sven Fischer Germany Biathlon 8 19 Karin Enke East Germany Speed skating 8 Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 8 21 Apolo Anton Ohno United States Short track 8 22 Arianna Fontana Italy Short track 5 8"}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces."}], "question": "When did the country where, despite being headquartered in the nation that produced All That I Love, the top-ranking Warsaw Pact operatives originated, agree to a unified Germany inside NATO?"}
{"id": "3hop1__17192_78396_87555", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers. After Hijrah (migration) the madrasa of ``Suffa ''was established in Madina on the east side of the Al - Masjid an - Nabawi mosque. Ubada ibn as - Samit was appointed there by Muhammad as teacher and among the students. In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an, The Hadith, fara'iz, tajweed, genealogy, treatises of first aid, etc. There were also trainings of horse - riding, art of war, handwriting and calligraphy, athletics and martial arts. The first part of madrasa based education is estimated from the first day of`` nabuwwat'' to the first portion of the ``Umaiya ''caliphate."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Demographics of Sydney", "paragraph_text": "Significant overseas born populations Country of Birth Population (2011) United Kingdom 155,065 China 146,853 India 86,767 New Zealand 77,297 Vietnam 69,405 Philippines 61,122 Lebanon 54,215 South Korea 39,694 Italy 39,155 Hong Kong 36,804 South Africa 31,681 Fiji 29,598 Iraq 28,594 Greece 28,192 Indonesia 24,707"}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dominion of Ceylon", "paragraph_text": "Between 1948 and 1972, Ceylon was an independent country in the Commonwealth of Nations that shared a monarch with Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and certain other sovereign states. In 1948, the British Colony of Ceylon was granted independence as Ceylon. In 1972, the country became a republic within the Commonwealth, and its name was changed to Sri Lanka. It was an island country in South Asia, located about 31 kilometres (19.3 mi) off the southern coast of India."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aligarh Institute Gazette", "paragraph_text": "The Aligarh Institute Gazette (Urdu: ) was the first multilingual journal of India, introduced, edited, and published in 1866 by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan which was read widely across the country. Theodore Beck later became its editor."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1223", "paragraph_text": "United Nations Security Council resolution 1223, adopted unanimously on 28 January 1999, after recalling previous resolutions on Israel and Lebanon including 501 (1982), 508 (1982), 509 (1982) and 520 (1982) as well as studying the report by the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) approved in 426 (1978), the Council decided to extend the mandate of UNIFIL for a further six months until 31 July 1999."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Public distribution system", "paragraph_text": "Indian food security system, established by the Government of India under Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution is to distribute subsidized food and non-food items to India's poor. This scheme was first launched in February 1944, during the Second World War and was launched in the current form in June 1947. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar and kerosene, through a network of fair price shops (also known as ration shops) established in several states across the country. Food Corporation of India, a Government - owned corporation, procures and maintains the PDS."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bank of England", "paragraph_text": "In 1998, it became an independent public organisation, wholly owned by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of the government, with independence in setting monetary policy."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute", "paragraph_text": "India sought resolution of the issue at the UN Security Council on 1 January 1948. Following the set - up of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948. The measure imposed an immediate cease - fire and called on the Government of Pakistan 'to secure the withdrawal from the state of Jammu and Kashmir of tribesmen and Pakistani nationals not normally resident therein who have entered the state for the purpose of fighting.' It also asked Government of India to reduce its forces to minimum strength, after which the circumstances for holding a plebiscite should be put into effect 'on the question of Accession of the state to India or Pakistan.' However, it was not until 1 January 1949 that the ceasefire could be put into effect, signed by General Gracey on behalf of Pakistan and General Roy Bucher on behalf of India. However, both India and Pakistan failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences over interpretation of the procedure for and the extent of demilitarisation. One sticking point was whether the Azad Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or at the plebiscite stage."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "Madrasa (Arabic: \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u200e, madrasah, pl. \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633, mad\u0101ris) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion), and whether a school, college, or university. The word is variously transliterated madrasah, medresa, madrassa, madraza, medrese, etc. In the West, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be the only subject studied. In countries like India, not all students in madrasas are Muslims; there is also a modern curriculum."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fred Astaire Dance Studios", "paragraph_text": "The company was co-founded by Astaire along with Charles and Chester Casanave in 1947. Astaire divested his interest in the chain in 1966, while agreeing the continued use of his name by the franchise. The studios became franchised in 1950; currently there are no corporate owned studios. Each franchise is individually owned & operated. Currently there are 140 Fred Astaire studios in the United States alone. As of December 2010, Fred Astaire Dance Studios will now be franchising around the world and has studios opened in countries like Lebanon and South Africa."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Northern Region, Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Northern Nigeria was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962 it acquired the territory of the British Northern Cameroons, which voted to become a province within Northern Nigeria."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Clothing", "paragraph_text": "Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed]"}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Yakutiye Medrese", "paragraph_text": "Yakutiye Medrese is a historical 14th century Madrasa in Erzurum, Turkey. The madrasa was built in 1310 by order of a local governor of the Ilkhanids, Hoca Yakut, and it is named after him."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "H\u00e4agen-Dazs", "paragraph_text": "H\u00e4agen - Dazs (US: / \u02c8h\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259nd\u00e6s /, UK: / \u02cch\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259n\u02c8d\u0251\u02d0z /) is an American ice cream brand, established by Reuben and Rose Mattus in the Bronx, New York, in 1961. Starting with only three flavors: vanilla, chocolate, and coffee, the company opened its first retail store in Brooklyn, New York, on November 15, 1976. The business now has franchises throughout the United States and many other countries around the world including Japan, the United Kingdom, Australia, India, China, Lebanon, New Zealand, and Brazil."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nadeem Iqbal", "paragraph_text": "Nadeem Iqbal (born 3 April 1983 in Rajouri district, India) is a cross-country skier from India. He competed for India at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the 15 kilometre classical race. Iqbal also became the first athlete from Jammu and Kashmir to qualify for the Winter Olympics. Iqbal finished the race in 85th position (out of 92 competitors) nearly 17 minutes behind the winner Dario Cologna of Switzerland."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Cracker Barrel", "paragraph_text": "Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme. The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969; its first store was in Lebanon, Tennessee, which remains the company headquarters. The chain's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s. As of September 18, 2012, the chain operates 639 stores in 43 states."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of Israel", "paragraph_text": "A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late - 19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab -- Jewish tensions. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab -- Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Battle of Maroun al-Ras", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Maroun al-Ras was a battle of the 2006 Lebanon War that took place in Maroun ar-Ras, a small village in southern Lebanon on the border with Israel, and Jall ad-Dayr, a nearby Hizbullah stronghold. This battle was the first serious ground battle in the 2006 Lebanon war. It was fought to a large extent by elite forces on both sides and would have huge consequences for the future of the war. Although Israeli forces captured most of the town, they did not fully secure it."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation. India is also the third-largest Asian economic partner of Israel and the two countries have military as well as extensive space technology ties. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year. Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests. Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel."}], "question": "What was the first madrasa set up in India, by the nation that owned the region that secured southern Lebanon in 1978, prior to it becoming a country?"}
{"id": "3hop1__131820_59747_55153", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "List of municipalities in Georgia (U.S. state)", "paragraph_text": "The largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta with 420,003 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Edge Hill with 24 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Augusta, a consolidated city - county, which spans 302.47 sq mi (783.4 km), while Edge Hill and Santa Claus are tied for the smallest at 0.18 sq mi (0.47 km) each."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mississippi", "paragraph_text": "Mississippi ( (listen)) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States. Mississippi is bordered to north by Tennessee, to the east by Alabama, to the south by the Gulf of Mexico, to the southwest by Louisiana, and to the northwest by Arkansas.  Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River.  Jackson is both the state's capital and largest city.  Greater Jackson, with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018, is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "paragraph_text": "Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968. Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the Southeast, and the 12th most populous in the United States. Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Blue Springs, Missouri", "paragraph_text": "Blue Springs is a city located in the U.S. state of Missouri and within Jackson County. Blue Springs is located 19 miles (31 km) east of downtown Kansas City, Missouri and is the eighth largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 United States Census the population was 52,575, tying it for 10th largest city in the state of Missouri with St. Peters. In 2010, CNN / Money Magazine ranked Blue Springs 49th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "WEKL", "paragraph_text": "WEKL, known on-air as \"102.3 K-Love\", is a Contemporary Christian radio station in the United States, licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Augusta, Georgia, broadcasting on 102.3\u00a0MHz with an ERP of 1.5\u00a0kW. Its studios are located at the Augusta Corporate Center with the market\u2019s other iHeartMedia owned sister stations in Augusta, and the transmitter is located in Augusta near Fort Gordon."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Detroit", "paragraph_text": "Detroit (/d\u1d7b\u02c8tr\u0254\u026at/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States\u2013Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Charleston had an estimated population of 134,385 in 2016. The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was 761,155 residents in 2016, the third - largest in the state and the 78th - largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arlington, Texas", "paragraph_text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's estimate, the city had a population of 396,394 in 2017, making it the second-largest city in the county (after Fort Worth) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area. Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas, and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oklahoma City", "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population. The population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 620,602 as of July 2014. As of 2014, the Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,322,429, and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,459,758 (Chamber of Commerce) residents, making it Oklahoma's largest metropolitan area. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county or borough)."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Loew's Grand Theatre", "paragraph_text": "Loew's Grand Theater, originally DeGive's Grand Opera House, was a movie theater at the corner of Peachtree and Forsyth Streets in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It was most famous as the site of the 1939 premiere of \"Gone with the Wind\", which was attended by the stars of the film, except for the African Americans who appeared in it, who were also excluded from the souvenir program. (They were to be segregated and be in the \"colored-only\" regions if they were to be present in the theaters at all.)"}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tara (plantation)", "paragraph_text": "Tara is the name of a fictional plantation in the state of Georgia, in the historical novel Gone with the Wind (1936) by Margaret Mitchell. In the story, Tara is located 5 miles (8 km) from Jonesboro (originally spelled Jonesborough), in Clayton County, on the east side of the Flint River about 20 miles (32 km) south of Atlanta."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Miami", "paragraph_text": "Miami (/ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi/; Spanish pronunciation: [mai\u02c8ami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wind power in the United States", "paragraph_text": "In 2016, Nebraska became the eighteenth state to have installed over 1,000 MW of wind power capacity. Texas, with over 20,000 MW of capacity, had the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state at the end of 2016. Texas also had more under construction than any other state currently has installed. The state generating the highest percentage of energy from wind power is Iowa. North Dakota has the most per capita wind generation. The Alta Wind Energy Center in California is the largest wind farm in the United States with a capacity of 1548 MW. GE Energy is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Marcella Rabwin", "paragraph_text": "Marcella Rabwin (born 15 May 1908, Richmond, Virginia \u2013 d. 25 December 1998, New York City) was a Hollywood figure and civic leader. She is most remembered as the executive assistant of David O. Selznick on the production of \"Gone with the Wind\"."}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wheatland, California", "paragraph_text": "Wheatland is the second-largest city by population in Yuba County, California, United States. The population was 3,456 at the 2010 census, up from 2,275 at the 2000 census. Wheatland is located southeast of Marysville."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gone with the Wind (film)", "paragraph_text": "Gone with the Wind Theatrical pre-release poster Directed by Victor Fleming Produced by David O. Selznick Screenplay by Sidney Howard Based on Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Starring Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Ernest Haller Edited by Hal C. Kern James E. Newcom Production companies Selznick International Pictures Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew's Inc. Release date December 15, 1939 (1939 - 12 - 15) (Atlanta premiere) Running time 221 minutes 234 -- 238 minutes (with overture, intermission, entr'acte, and exit music) Country United States Language English Budget $3.85 million Box office > $390 million"}, {"idx": 16, "title": "The Wind Done Gone", "paragraph_text": "The Wind Done Gone (2001) is the first novel written by Alice Randall. It is a bestselling historical novel that tells an alternative account of the story in the American novel \"Gone with the Wind\" (1936) by Margaret Mitchell. While the story of \"Gone with the Wind\" focuses on the life of the daughter of a wealthy slave owner, Scarlett O'Hara, \"The Wind Done Gone\" tells the story of the life of one of her slaves, Cynara, during the same time period and events."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Altamont Pass wind farm", "paragraph_text": "The Altamont Pass wind farm is located in the Altamont Pass of the Diablo Range in Northern California. It is one of the earliest wind farms in the United States. The first wind turbines were placed on the Altamont in the early 1980s by Fayette Manufacturing Corporation on land owned by cattle rancher Joe Jess. The wind farm is composed of 4930 relatively small wind turbines of various types, making it at one time the largest wind farm in the world in terms of capacity. Altamont Pass is still one of the largest concentration of wind turbines in the world, with a capacity of 576 megawatts (MW), producing about 125 MW on average and 1.1 terawatt-hours (TWh) yearly. They were installed after the 1970s energy crisis in response to favorable tax policies for investors."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wichita, Kansas", "paragraph_text": "Wichita (/ \u02c8w\u026at\u0283\u026at\u0254\u02d0 / WITCH - i - taw) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas. Located in south - central Kansas on the Arkansas River, it is the county seat of Sedgwick County and the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area which had an estimated population of 644,610 in 2015. As of 2017, the city of Wichita had an estimated population of 391,586."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jersey City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Jersey City is the second-most - populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the county's largest city. As of 2016, the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that Jersey City's population was 264,152, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, an increase of about 6.7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 77th - largest in the nation."}], "question": "When did Gone with the Wind premiere in the largest city by population, in the state where WEKL is located?"}
{"id": "3hop2__105956_16214_84681", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy", "paragraph_text": "An Act to protect the commerce of the United States and punish the crime of piracy is an 1819 United States federal statute against piracy, amended in 1820 to declare participating in the slave trade or robbing a ship to be piracy as well. The last execution for piracy in the United States was of slave trader Nathaniel Gordon in 1862 in New York, under the amended act."}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct M\u0101ori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving M\u0101ori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from M\u0101ori to P\u0101keh\u0101 (European) ownership, and most M\u0101ori subsequently became impoverished."}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Quaker Meeting-house (New York City)", "paragraph_text": "The Quaker Meeting-house on Hester and Elizabeth Streets, Manhattan, New York was a former meetinghouse for the Religious Society of Friends, built in 1818. Recorded in 1876 by the \"New York Express\" that it \u201chas for a long time been the office of the New York Gas Light Company,\u201d now Consolidated Edison. It was presumed demolished."}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840."}, {"idx": 4, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years."}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Multiracial Americans", "paragraph_text": "Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years."}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Blaine Anderson", "paragraph_text": "Kurt begins to mend their relationship in ``Thanksgiving '', just before New Directions loses at Sectionals to the Warblers, and they spend Christmas together in New York City. Though he and Kurt continue to be on good terms, Blaine finds himself developing a crush on his best friend, Sam, which he knows will come to nothing as he knows Sam is not gay; the two of them team up to find evidence that the Warblers cheated at Sectionals, which means New Directions will be competing at Regionals. He ends up going to the Sadie Hawkins dance with Tina Cohen - Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz), who has developed a crush on him, but as friends only. When Kurt comes to Lima for the wedding of glee club director Will (Matthew Morrison) and Emma (Jayma Mays) -- which Emma flees -- he and Blaine make out beforehand, and sleep together afterward, though they do not resume a permanent relationship."}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves", "paragraph_text": "The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves of 1807 (2 Stat. 426, enacted March 2, 1807) is a United States federal law that stated that no new slaves were permitted to be imported into the United States. It took effect in 1808, the earliest date permitted by the United States Constitution."}, {"idx": 8, "title": "New York (state)", "paragraph_text": "Both the Dutch and the British imported African slaves as laborers to the city and colony; New York had the second - highest population of slaves after Charleston, South Carolina. Slavery was extensive in New York City and some agricultural areas. The state passed a law for the gradual abolition of slavery soon after the Revolutionary War, but the last slave in New York was not freed until 1827."}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Seven Slaves Against the World", "paragraph_text": "Seven Slaves Against the World (Italian: \"Gli schiavi pi\u00f9 forti del mondo\"; also known as Seven Slaves Against Rome) is a 1964 Italian sword-and-sandal adventure film, directed by Michele Lupo, produced by Elio Scardamaglia, written by Lupo and Roberto Gianviti and starring Roger Browne, Gordon Mitchell and Arnaldo Fabrizio. First released in Italy in 1964, it premiered in New York City, United States on August 18, 1965."}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Negro Life at the South", "paragraph_text": "Negro Life at the South (1859) is a painting by American artist Eastman Johnson that depicts the private life of African-American slaves in Washington, DC. It was painted in Washington, D.C. and is now owned by the New York Public Library, on permanent loan to the New-York Historical Society. Johnson also created two versions of the painting in the 1870s, now owned by the High Museum of Art in Atlanta."}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of New York (state)", "paragraph_text": "The history of New York begins around 10,000 BC, when the first native peoples arrived. By 1100 AD, New York's main native cultures, the Iroquoian and Algonquian, had developed. European discovery of New York was led by the French in 1524 and the first land claim came in 1609 by the Dutch. As part of New Netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans. In 1664, England renamed the colony New York, after the Duke of York (later James II & VII.) New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies."}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Angelli Spumante & Aperitive", "paragraph_text": "Angelli Spumante & Aperitive is one of the most important producers of alcoholic beverages in Romania, holder of the Angelli brand, leader on the sparkling wine market with a 70% share. The company is based in Bucharest. It was established in 1994 as \"Astese Production SRL\" but changed its name to Angelli Spumante & Aperitive in 2009. The company owns a production facility located in Bucharest, that was built in 1999 with a capacity of 80,000 bottles per day."}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carlos Davis", "paragraph_text": "Carlos Davis was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Aida Ester Minamora (November 20, 1912 \u2013 September 23, 1993), an art collector and world traveler from Santa Ana, El Salvador who never became an American citizen, and James (June 22, 1911 \u2013 January 24, 1956), a San Francisco native who co-managed the Davis Hardwood Company\u2014the first American company to import Philippine hardwood. He has a sister, Louisa Aida Davis (February 8, 1950\u2013present), who was also born in San Francisco. The Davis children were raised in San Francisco, New York City, and Europe. Carlos Davis attended Town School for Boys, The Allen-Stevenson School (New York City), Riverdale Country School (New York City), New York University's undergraduate program in Spain, London University, and Georgetown University (Washington, D.C.),"}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charles Lewis Tiffany", "paragraph_text": "Charles Lewis Tiffany (February 15, 1812 \u2013 February 18, 1902) was a nineteenth century leader in the American jewelry trade and founded New York City's Tiffany & Co. in 1837. Known for his jewelry expertise, Tiffany created the country's first retail catalog and introduced the English standard of sterling silver in imported jewelry in 1851."}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Champagne", "paragraph_text": "Contrary to legend and popular belief, Dom P\u00e9rignon did not invent sparkling wine, though he did make important contributions to the production and quality of both still and sparkling Champagne wines. The oldest recorded sparkling wine is Blanquette de Limoux, which was apparently invented by Benedictine Monks in the Abbey of Saint - Hilaire, near Carcassonne in 1531. They achieved this by bottling the wine before the initial fermentation had ended. Over a century later, the English scientist and physician Christopher Merret documented the addition of sugar to a finished wine to create a second fermentation, six years before Dom P\u00e9rignon set foot in the Abbey of Hautvillers. Merret presented a paper at the Royal Society, in which he detailed what is now called m\u00e9thode champenoise, in 1662. Merret's discoveries coincided also with English glass - makers' technical developments that allowed bottles to be produced that could withstand the required internal pressures during secondary fermentation. French glass - makers at this time could not produce bottles of the required quality or strength. As early as 1663 the poet Samuel Butler referred to ``brisk champagne ''."}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sparkle Friends", "paragraph_text": "Sparkle Friends is a New Zealand animated series produced by Mukpuddy Animation for New Zealand's long running children's show, \"What Now\". The series stars the \"What Now\" presenters as children and a creature named Gun-gi, who vomits gunge, something that features heavily in \"What Now\"."}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb", "paragraph_text": "Lancelot crashes a performance of the Camelot musical, starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere, but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof, where the New York exhibits begin to die. Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back. The moonlight restores the tablet's power, saving the exhibits. They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents, even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life. Back in New York, Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise."}, {"idx": 18, "title": "West Side Story", "paragraph_text": "Two rival teenage gangs, the Jets (White Americans) and the Sharks (Puerto Rican Americans), struggle for control of their neighborhood on the Upper West Side of New York City (Prologue). They are warned by police officers Krupke and Lt. Schrank to stop fighting on their beat. The police chase the Sharks off, and then the Jets plan how they can assure their continued dominance of the street. The Jets' leader, Riff, suggests setting up a rumble with the Sharks. He plans to make the challenge to Bernardo, the Sharks' leader, that night at the neighborhood dance. Riff wants to convince his friend and former member of the Jets, Tony, to meet the Jets at the dance. Some of the Jets are unsure of his loyalty, but Riff is adamant that Tony is still one of them (``Jet Song ''). Riff meets Tony while he's working at Doc's Drugstore to persuade him to come. Tony initially refuses, but Riff wins him over. Tony is convinced that something important is round the corner (`` Something's Coming'')."}, {"idx": 19, "title": "In a New York Minute (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"In a New York Minute\" is a song written by Tom Shapiro, Michael Garvin and Chris Waters, and recorded by American country music artist Ronnie McDowell. It was released in January 1985 as the first single and title track from his album \"In a New York Minute\". The song reached #5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in May 1985 and #1 on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada."}], "question": "When did the people who first imported slaves to New York come to country Sparkle Friends is from?"}